bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’avenir de l’écologie : une pensée globale, un geste local
Authors: Rosnay Joël de
Published: January 2024

The Future of Ecology : Global Thinking, Local Action.

The ecological approach is founded on a global view of our planet as a System and on an awareness of the fact that the earth’s resources are being plundered by man. It also presupposes a new way of thinking whereby informed and environmentally aware citizens would allow their behaviour to be influenced by ecological considerations.
Les projets publics à la recherche d’un statut : le cas des pays en développement
Authors: Claisse Alain , Mikulowski Witold
Published: January 2024

Public Projects in Need of a Legal Statiis : the Case of Developing Countries

A large number of means are available for these projects. In some countries, the international aid (investment, technical assistance) exceeds 80% of the investment budget. The only rules applicable to these autonomous mini-structures are those established by financial backers. It is advisable that a general legal framework lay down, nationally, standard rules for the negotiation, the conception, the management and the follow-up of these projects. At the same time, this framework should make easier the most profitable transfer of goods and activities during the «post-project» phase.
Royaume-Uni. Les agences d’exécution et leur impact sur le Civil Service
Authors: Stevens Anne
Published: January 2024

United Kingdom.

The Executive Agencies and their Impact on the Civil Service

Following the publication of the report “The next steps” made by the Efficiency Unit, the Executive Agencies that have since been created (30 within 2 years) represent an in-depth reform in the style and methods of government. These executive agencies are managed by a chief executive and use management methods geared towards efficiency and improvement of services rendered to the public. This reform will have consequences on the civil service which already appears less monolithic.
CEE. La spécificité de la fonction publique communautaire : l’exemple de la Commission
Authors: Figueiredo Lopes Antonio de
Published: January 2024

EEC

The Specificity of the Civil Service : the Case of the Commission

Based on the career System, the Community Civil Service is divided into 4 categories, each of which resorts to compétitive examinations for recruitment. Its originality stems from the fact that it is a young and relatively small organisation with spécifie tasks and a multinational staff. Being committed to a modernization plan, the Community Civil Service administration maintains close ties with administrations of other countries, notably in the field of community affairs training for civil servants of the different countries within the Community.
L’administration de la justice au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Bell John
Published: January 2024

Judicial Administration in Great Britain.

Judicial organization and administration in Scotland, Northern Ireland and England are separate. They do, however, contain a large number of common elements : mainly the considerable increase in the number of litigations. The solution has been to extend the powers of the lower jurisdictions and to decentralize the activities of the higher jurisdictions : a limit on the verbal nature of debates, preliminary selection procedures to limit the number of appeals, etc. On the other hand, the procedures for recruiting magistrates (from among solicitors and barristers) makes it difficult to increase their numbers.
L’exemple de la Cour internationale de justice
Authors: Guillaume Gilbert
Published: January 2024

Administration of International Law.

The United Nations’ legal organ, the International Court of Justice, has a Clerk’s Office which enables it to carry out its judicial function in full independence. The staff of this office, who are international civil servants, perform functions related to the Court’s judicial activities as well as administrative tasks. Enjoying a certain autonomy vis-à-vis the United Nations, the Court, for example, has drawn up its own personnel regulations.
Les centres de responsabilité ou le renouveau à la portée de chaque service public ?
Authors: Tonnerre Loïc
Published: January 2024

Centers of Responsibility : Towards Revival within the Public Service.

The «Centers of Responsibility», whose conditions for creation were established in the beginning of 1990, have been enjoying great popularity. Resting on volunteers, they are to be set up in Government services with specified missions and homogenous personnel. The resources to be allocated to specific objectives are laid down by contract and an agreement, concluded at ministerial level, provides for the easing up of certain management procedures. An annual assessment is used to evaluate the quality of management results. Flexible and well adapted to local circumstances, this formula appears to be very promising in the perspective of revamping the public service.
Le changement dans les organisations
Authors: Crozier Michel
Published: January 2024

Organizational Change : The Crisis in the Administration.

The administration is in crisis. It is a financial and decisional crisis, as well as one of confidence, which can be explained by the difficulties involved in the passage to a post-industrial society. The old System, based on hierarchy, distance and secrecy, is no longer suitable. The administration should take inspiration from the principles of simplicity, autonomy of operational units, and government through culture, as has been applied in some companies. Preparation for decision-making, evaluation of results and use of human resources should be taken into consideration. Above all, investment should be made in knowledge, the major impetus to action.
Table ronde : Quels espaces médiatiques pour la vie de la cité ?
Authors: Cotta Michèle , Danzon Marc , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Kahn Jean-françois , Le Net Michel , Soubie Pierre , Zémor Pierre
Published: January 2024

What is the Role of the Media in Politics ? A Round Table Discussion

Journalists, heads of communication in the public sector and higher civil servants exchange views on the role played by politics in the media, on whether propaganda for social and civil causes is needed, on the respective roles of television and the print media in public communication, and on the search for local communication.
De l’État de droit à la coopération décentralisée
Authors: Zeller Philippe
Published: January 2024

From the Rule of Law to Decentralized CooperationThe development of States towards a market economy can be characterized by a sharp demand for cooperation, a need for assistance in modernizing the central administrations and a shift of power towards the local authorities.
Le contrôle des dépenses communautaires dans les États membres et le principe de subsidiarité
Authors: Vacchia Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2024

The Control of Member States Community Expenses and the Subsidiarity Principle

In terms of public finance, the new dynamics set off by the Single Act of 1986, which found its ultimate expression in the Maastricht Treaty, can be seen in the remarkable increase in financial resources mobilized by the Community. In this regard, the précisé application of the subsidiarity principle has concrète conséquences on sharing control over EC structural funds expenses between the Community and the member States, in a context marked by national will to control public finances.
Pourquoi un ombudsman parlementaire ?
Authors: Rowat Donald Cameron
Published: January 2024

Why is a Legislative Ombudsman Desirable ?

A unique System for protecting citizens against maladministration, the legislative ombudsman presents combined features which make it superior to any other method for the handling of complaints and appeals against bureaucratic behaviour. The most important is its independence from the executive branch of government. Because it meets the citizen’s need for repairing injustice and enhances the accountability of the executive to the legislature, it is not surprising that this institution is expanding at ail levels of government throughout democratic world.
L’ombudsman parlementaire suédois 1970-1990 : une originalité persistante
Authors: Legrand André
Published: January 2024

The Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman 1970-1990 : A Persistent Particularity

Over the past twenty years, the Ombudsman’s role has been very much debated in Sweden. Without questioning the underlying long-accepted organizational and operating principles of this institution, two areas are being reconsidered : the type of control exercised by the Ombudsman and its operating conditions. More specifically, what sort of activities should be privileged : investigating complaints or carrying out inspections ? The Parliament has debated about two points regarding the conditions for exercising control. First, the collegial structure of the institution and, secondly, the question of referral to criminal courts for administration.
Le Médiateur de la République du Sénégal
Authors: Camara Ousmane
Published: January 2024

The Institution of Mediator of the Republic in Senegal.

The Republic’s Mediator has been set up in Senegal in 1991, and granted pendent jurisdiction. It is a sui generis body. To perform his regulatory mission, Mediator benefits from various immunities and guarantees. He has no real making power but his authority enables him to instil republican ethics within institutions.
Enjeux de la politique de la culture au Québec
Authors: Arpin Roland
Published: January 2024

The Challenge of Cultural Policy-Making in Quebec.

Since the establishment of the Ministry of cultural affairs in 1961, Quebec went through a long path leading to a true cultural policy. It is a new policy, because it brings a revision of the means of public intervention : through functional decentralization of financial support to arts, linked to regional cultural development ; by transforming a managing ministry into a driving ministry ; and by the development of municipal partnership. Cultural policy will have to face govemment’s new requirements such as decentralization of responsibilities and the privatisation of some of it’s missions.
Vers la fin de l’État culturel ?
Authors: Saez Guy
Published: January 2024

Towards the End of the Cultural State ?

French cultural policy is frequently presented as a heavily centralized one. Yet things have evolved in recent years, leading to difficulties in understanding the political and administrative landscape of culture. There have been few institutional innovations, but the habits and regulations ruling the relationship between local authorities and central government are placed in a new context, deeply influenced by decentralization. Government has installed new cooperation procedures which are binding for ail partners. In this new pattern, State has abandonned its role of a master of ceremonies, because it is not able any more to set imperative rules and to provide substantial means on its own. So, without an institutional decentralizing reform, cultural policy is being decentralized de facto.
Le mécénat ou comment «désadministrer» la culture ?
Authors: Rigaud Jacques
Published: January 2024

Private Sponsoring.

Private sponsoring is not a way of managing culture, even if governments are sometimes tempted to look at it as additional means for financing public initiative in the cultural field. Between public funding and the market, private sponsoring can be a third sector for cultural financing. In the context of a multipolar cultural policy emerging out of the end of the «cultural State», private sponsoring can only blossom.
L’évaluation des politiques publiques territoriales ou les débuts d’une expérience (en Bretagne notamment)
Authors: Cazanave Gilles
Published: January 2024

The Evaluation of Local Policies... or the First Steps of an Experience (in Brittany amongst others).

Since 1990, evaluation of local policies tends to get organized, parallel to that of national policies. It does respond to a real necessity, because of the increased importance of local policies. It leads to a need to examine what is the most appropriate institutional framework, and what are the ways and means for evaluation to be implemented. Success of evaluation relies locally on a long-standing involvment of its promoters and on a pragmatic approach.
La crise du système ministériel et le développement des établissements publics et des autorités administratives indépendantes
Authors: Massera Alberto
Published: January 2024

The Crisis of the Ministerial System and the Development of Autonomous Public Bodies and Independent Administrative Authorities

The organization of ministerial departments is quite different from the principles laid down in the “Cavour Act”. The tendency to concentrate the services within ministries has been reversed as soon as the beginning of the XXth century. Eventually, public administration has become multi-organizational : the ministerial departments have progressively lost their role as an organizational centre to the benefit of other institutions. A quest for unity has become unrealistic, but new rules and organizations have to be defined.
Un renforcement des moyens d’action du parlement : les facilités et l’assistance fournies aux parlementaires dans l’exercice de leur mandat
Authors: Sallenave Étienne
Published: January 2024

Reinforcing Parliament’s Means : Facilities and Assistance to MPs During their Mandate.

The importance of Parliament in a nation’s government system is a result both of the constitutional setting and of the means MPs’ have to play their role. This is why parliamentary assemblies have started important efforts of modernization in the last years. They have done it essentially along two lines : to facilitate MPs’ access to information and documentation, and to give them a permanent supporting staff. Nevertheless, progress made along these lines should not hide the existence of disparities between countries or even within one and the same Parliament
Le «sergent d’armes» de la Chambre des communes
Authors: Norton Philip
Published: January 2024

The Serjeant at Arms of the House of Commons.

The Serjeant at Arms’ functions go back to the XVth century and are essential to the good functionning of the House of Commons. The Serjeant at Arms is still appointed by the Crown, but acts to enforce the House’s orders under control of the Speaker. With his staff, he is responsible for good order, administrative tasks and ceremonial functions.
Le service diplomatique britannique
Authors: Berman Franklin
Published: January 2024

The British Diplomatie Service.

The legal basis of the British Diplomatie Service has been established for the first time as such in by an order in council of 1964. The Foreign Secretary is assisted by a Private Office and political advisers. The Diplomatie Service Régulations define spécifie conditions of service concerning security, service abroad, dismissal, and political and public activities. The structure is very flexible. Where the FCO differs substantially from its foreign counterparts is that the departments are not grouped into fixed divisions. The Foreign Secretary is assisted by four ministers of State, one of them being the Minister for Overseas. Recently the decision has been taken to increase the autonomy of the Assistant Under-Secretaries. However the ultimate budgetary accountability to Parliament lies on the Permanent Under Secretary, head of the Diplomatie Service.
Affaires étrangères et affaires juridiques
Authors: Puissochet Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Foreign Affairs and Legal Affairs.

Legal questions play an important role in drafting a foreign policy and managing external relations. Whereas the compétences of the Jurisconsulte, which have been laid down at the end of the eighteenth century hâve not changed very much since then, the structures have constantly been changing, with the eventual setting up -in 1969-of a directorate for legal affairs in the ministry of Foreign Affairs. The most important part of its role is its Consulting activity. It is dealing as a council with the final drafting of international agreement, their interprétation and the définition of international positions. The function of agent in case of litigations has been constantly growing over recent years.
L’échec du «managérialisme» dans une société managériale : la gestion du secteur public aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Peters Guy
Published: January 2024

The Failure of Managerialism in a Managerial Society : Public Sector Administration in the United States

American government appears made for public sector managerialism. The structure has been decentralized for a number of years, and there is a strong strand of managerial thinking in the society. The paradox is that American government has lagged far behind other democratie govemments in the adoption of managerial reforms. The language has been adopted but the practice often has not. That apparent paradox can be explained in part by the American political culture that places a very low value on the public sector and assumes nonfeasance and malfeasance. This can also be explained by the felt need of both Congress and the President to exercise close control over public administration. The problem is that ail of these factors tend to reinforce the incapacity of the American System to govern effectively and have become virtually self-fulfilling prophecies. The Clinton administration is attempting to break the bonds of political control over bureaucracy, but is running counter to a long historical tradition.
Les trois piliers de la politique de diffusion de l’information publique aux États-Unis
Authors: Gellman Robert M.
Published: January 2024

The Three Pillars of United States Government Information Dissemination Policy

The dynamic American marketplace for information goods and services is supported by three constitutional and statutory policies for federal government information activities. These policies are found in the First Amendment to the Constitution, the Freedom of Information Act, and the Copyright Act of 1976 that prohibits the federal government from copyrighting its information. As more records are converted from paper to electronic, these policies work together to minimize monopoly and to maximize public access.
Les méandres de la réforme de l’administration locale
Authors: Seizelet Éric
Published: January 2024

The Twists and Turns of Local Administration Reform

As a “monster of Loch Ness” of administrative reform, decentralisation has constantly been mentioned in several reports since the beginning of the fifties. They have remained unimplemented and it is only in the nineties that government has made a priority of decentralisation. However it seems that the statements made by govemment and the reforms which have been started encounter resistance in central govemment departments. One can only remain astonished when looking at the gap between proposais and realisations in the field of decentralisation. A lot of potential remains unexploited whereas the local level is still the most appropriate for a reactivation of the idea of citizenship and the reconstruction of a political consciousness which has been alienated by the political games of the centre.
Information médicale et régulation de la médecine générale : une approche comparative
Authors: Develay Aude-Emmanuelle , Naiditch Michel , Pouvourville Gérard de
Published: January 2024

Medical Information and Regulation of General Practice Medicine : A Comparative Approach

Most industrialised countries recently came to realise that an efficient regulation of health care services was no longer possible without an evaluation of the precise content of medical activity, particularly through the gathering of medical data. A comparative analysis has been carried out conceming the measures for controlling medical practices in the non-hospital sector in three countries : Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The study shows that the question of control over medical practices has arisen very differently in these three countries and that the response to this question depends upon the general organisation of the System of health care and particularly the mechanisms of macro-economic regulation of health expenditure as well as the mechanisms of micro-economic regulation of the medical profession.
Les deux corps du droit - Essai sur la notion de régulation
Authors: Timsit Gérard
Published: January 2024

Two Bodies of Law : An Essay on the Notion of Régulation.

Regulation (régulation) concerns practices which are ill-defined both on an empirical and on a scientific level. The law appears only to impose legal norms of an abstract and general nature, beyond which nothing seems to exist other than commentary upon, and interpretation of, statute law. It is believed possible, at this juncture, to demonstrate, not only that regulatory practices are identifiable at an epistemological level, which concerns neither the imposition of regulations nor questions of interpretation, but that they are laid down in positive law and respond to the requirements and conditions of what is the necessary modernisation of the administration.
La prophétie de Nesselrode - Réflexions sur l’avenir du métier de diplomate
Authors: Nordenskjöld Fritjof von
Published: January 2024

The Prophecy of Nesselrode - Reflections upon the Future for the Diplomatic Profession

In the past few years, the task of the diplomat has undergone profound modifications linked to changes affecting the diplomatic milieu. Diplomats no longer enjoy a monopoly on foreign policy and new constraints weigh heavily upon the profession. In future, in order to respond to these changes, diplomats must emphasize their general role, master new technologies and open themselves up to dialogue with other actors involved in foreign policy matters.
La défense, instrument de la politique étrangère italienne dans la période post-bipolaire
Authors: Cucchi Giuseppe
Published: January 2024

After the second world war, italian defence policy was restricted essentially to the defence of national territory with the exception of participation in the operations of the United Nations. During the 1980s Italy freed itself from the constraints imposed by the second world war and intervened in Lebanon. Since then further interventions have allowed the military to gain experience. With the end of the bi-polarisation of the world there is a movement towards what has been called the «renationalisation» of security and defence policies.
La codification en Hongrie comme technique d’amélioration du travail législatif
Authors: Graf Tamas
Published: January 2024

Codification in Hungary as a Technique for Improving the Tasks of the Legislature.

In Hungary, codification is a procedure which precedes the adoption of a statute. In this respect, codification concerns the preparation of the legislature's work, and more specifically the drafting of legislation, the writing of texts and their operation. A similar practice of codification to that in France, does not, therefore, exist, yet in recent years the procedure has been used notably in connection with reforms of the legal system and the adoption of the new penal code.
Les services du Premier ministre japonais face aux grands ministères
Authors: Neary Ian
Published: January 2024

The composition and functioning of the office and cabinet of the Prime Minister reflect the difficulties that the Prime Minister has in governing, due notably to the fact that power is shared with administrative vice-ministers. Any reinforcement of the authority of the Prime Minister is carried out via a substantial reform of these two bodies whose missions intersect and, more importantly, whose personnel are one and the same, being in large part composed of civil servants who remain rather too closely attached to their initial administrative origins. This System, which represents a total devolution of power, while having in former times proved worthy, no longer in this day and age allows the government and its head, the Prime Minister, to respond to the diverse internal crises which arise.
Chine : l’administration au sommet de l’État dans un étrange système politique
Authors: Pye Lucian Wilmot
Published: January 2024

The alliance between a Marxist-Leninist System and a very old bureaucratic tradition which was neglectful of the law has given rise to a System of government which is both peculiar and unique in nature. The secrecy which governs this System makes learning about it particularly difficult. The dominant rules is that power is not attached to a particular function but rather to the person fulfilling that function. At the top of the System are 25 to 35 leaders who have an entourage of assistants - called mishus - who serve as intermediaries and who operate via small working groups. The mishus are the key to the stability and flexibility of the Chinese System, in which written texts and the concept of neutrality do not have the same importance as they do in Western Systems.
Les technologies informatisées et l’administration : vers la construction d’un nouveau modèle
Authors: Belloubet-Frier Nicole , Caron Simon
Published: January 2024

Information Technologies and Administration : Towards construction of a New Model.

It is possible to identify three key ideas within the presentations made at this conference. First, the deployment of new technologies is irreversible. Secondly, it is possible to measure the considerable impact of the technologies upon civil society, law and the administration. Finally, the conditions necessary to ensure their successful instalment may be identified. New tools which result from these changes will no doubt increase the democratic nature of the administration, with the citizen ceasing to be a simple object in order to become the true subject of administrative life.
La répartition des compétences entre l’État central, l’État provincial et les municipalités : structures politiques ou administratives ?
Authors: Philippe Xavier
Published: January 2024

The Distribution of Competences Between the Central State, the Provincial State and Municipalities : Political or Administrative Structures?

It is not easy to put a name to the structure adopted by South Africa in 1996. It is neither a federal state nor a unitary state. The distribution of competences differs markedly in reality when compared with the formal distribution. The Constitution contains a list of exclusive competences, but these are not the most important. Analysis must focus rather on shared competences, the distribution of which will depend upon the administration’s capacities, particularly those of a financial nature, in the face of the needs generated by these new competences.
Dix ans de réformes en Europe centrale et orientale : toujours les mêmes problèmes ?
Authors: Verheijen Tony
Published: January 2024

Central and Eastern Europe : After a Decade of Administrative Reform, Still the Same Old Problems ?

It is surprising to note how the debate on public administration reform in central and Eastern Europe seems to be about repeating the same story over and over again. In front of a mixed picture of success and failure, it is important to note the difference between the development of local government structures and the stagnation level of the central administrations. The European Commission stresses the importance to develop a stable, professional and accountable administration, and most central and east European States have adopted administrative reform strategies. Such reforms are taking place in an environment where there are more «failure factors» than «success factors», that prevent a successful implementation, and thereby seemed condemned to failure, but not if long term strategies were to be developed.
L’échec des réformes en Afrique. Le cas des pays francophones au sud du Sahara
Authors: Rambourg Michel
Published: January 2024

The Setback of African Reforms Study case of Sub-Saharan Francophone Countries.

The setback of reforms in Africa is recalled quite often. The study of the causes of this failure reveals a clear systematic preference for economic development, instead of one for the rehabilitation of public administrations. Conceived by outsiders with the sole objective to reduce public expenses, administrative reforms failed due to errors made by national authorities and international technical assistance. The only way to an African renaissance might be through a new type of «governance», implying a new social pact.
La réforme de la loi «informatique et libertés»
Authors: Mallet Poujol Nathalie
Published: January 2024

The Reform of the French legislation “Informatique et Libertés”

There are two aspects to the issue of transposition in France of the European directive. First, it is necessary to take into account the diversity of methods of processing personal data. Secondly, reform of the French legislative provisions must ensure that the rights of those people concerned remain effectively protected. The uncertainties which surround transposition of the directive arise as a result of both conflicting interests and also the panoptic effects of the new information technologies.
Les entreprises face à la protection des données personnelles : contraintes subies et responsabilités croissantes
Authors: Warusfel Bertrand
Published: January 2024

Companies Facing up to Data Protection : Restrictions Imposed and Increased

Responsibility

Established twenty years ago, for reasons having nothing to do with economic or commercial imperatives, and rather destined at the beginning to give a framework to the practices of the state, the law on data protection in France has not been without effect on private companies. Today, businesses find themselves concerned primarily with the development of data processing and therefore the necessity to ensure data protection. Without adding to the already onerous administrative constraints imposed upon companies, what is needed is an assessment of the increase in responsibility and reflection upon the role of the administrative supervisory authorities.
Réponses à la délinquance des mineurs
Authors: Lazerges Christine
Published: January 2024

Responses to Juvénile Delinquency

In 1998 Christine Lazerges and Jean-Pierre Balduck made a report to the Prime Minister on behalf of the inter-ministerial taskforce on the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency. The 135 proposals contained in this report are oriented around the two axes of prevention and repression. Better preventive measures require mobilisation on the part of those responsible for socialisation, in schools and through integration into urban policy issues particularly. Introduction of the repressive measures was initiated by the application of the whole spectrum of measures introduced by the Order of 2 November 1945 on juvenile delinquency, followed by the renewed responses of the police and judicial authorities achieved via a greater specialisation of police, judicial and incarceration structures.
L’administration de l'euro [Expérience d’une naissance monétaire]
Authors: Silguy Yves-Thibault de
Published: January 2024

Administration of the Euro ; In order to accomplish the new tasks involved with the administration of the Euro new modes of operation have been invented : diversified, institutional and regulated where necessary, otherwise informai when this is desirable, with the permanent concem being as far as possible to associate ail actors, European Community or national, public or private, with the taking of decisions. In this respect this action has been carried out in exemplary fashion, and no doubt opens the way for new administrative developments in the public sector. Administration of the euro will undergo further important developments in the years to corne.
Politique et administration sous la Vème République Political Studies, 1974
Authors: Wright Vincent
Published: January 2024

Politics and Administration under the French Fifth Republic ; Accusations of political meddling made against the administration in the Fifth Republic merit deeper reflection upon the relationship between politics and the administration. They would appear to be over simplifications, which do not take account of the much more complex realities of the French political and administrative System. The force of tradition, the importance of what is not said, the extreme extent to which relationships are personalised are among the characteristics which make it impossible to attempt to create a model of the System.
La lutte contre la corruption des fonctionnaires
Authors: Gomez monsivais Guillermo rafael
Published: January 2024

The Fight Against Civil Servants Corruption.

The fight against corruption is a very topical debate in Mexico and numerous mechanisms have been introduced in an attempt to clean-up the Mexican civil service. Civil servants and those in positions of political responsibility are accountable on five fronts : administrative, social, political, civil and criminal. The law, which in this area is extensive, is applied by specialist bodies whose functioning has been reformed in order to render the system more effective. The defeat of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, brought about by political alternance, will require collaboration between civil servants and politicians of different parties in order to sustain and further develop the large clean-up operation already in place.
L’administration extérieure de la Commission européenne et les défis de la mondialisation
Authors: Lamy Pascal
Published: January 2024

The External Policy of the European Commission and the Challenges of Globalisation.

The European Union’s external activities are growing ever more pronounced. Global exchanges, common foreign and security policy, aid to developing countries, and the birth of the Euro are all areas in which there is a need for co-ordinated effort. The external administration of the Commission is trying to adapt to these new requirements. Moreover, the cumulated resources of each Member State are making the European Union the most represented entity at international level, particularly in the area of diplomacy. These huge resources can be utilised more effectively through collaboration between the external administrations of Member States and between these administrations and the Commission.
Les paradoxes du corps préfectoral
Authors: Grémion Catherine
Published: January 2024

The Paradoxes of the Prefectoral Body

There are two dates which stand out in the history of the institution of the prefect during the Fifth Republic. First, the reform of 1964 had the objective of giving the prefect an authority over State services at local level. In fact, as ‘holder of all ministers’powers’, the prefect in practice would be brought into confrontation with heads of service from the different ministries, strengthened by delegations from their various ministers. This reform also created a new organisation, the region, at the head of which is a regional prefect, who is prefect of the department’s territorial administrative centre. Secondly, decentralisation in 1982, while strengthening the prefect’s powers over State services, has radically altered the content of its activities at the heart of administrative territories : prefects are no longer their guardian nor the executive of departments and regions : they must reposition themselves in response to new local authorities elected by universal suffrage, while the instability of their office over time does them a disservice.
Le sport en Allemagne : un modèle libéral de relations entre les autorités publiques et les organisations sportives
Authors: König Walfried
Published: January 2024

Sport in Germany : a liberal Model of Relations between Public Authorities and Sporting Organisations.

The organisation of sport in Germany rests above all with clubs and federations. Given their large degree of autonomy, the development of sport is largely beyond the remit of the state. However, a change is in progress which is gradually weaving new relations between public authorities and sporting organisations. As the place of sport in society grows, the Länder have tended to develop a form of financing for sporting activities ; in the same way the federal state has put into place a number of public policies aimed at promoting sport at the highest level. In this way a real administrative organisation of sport has been constructed which is founded on the cooperation of a number of different bodies ; it reflects the existence of a liberal model of relations between public authorities and sporting organisations.
Conseil de l’Europe, droits de l’homme et prisons : l’impact du Comité européen pour la prévention de la torture sur la réforme des prisons
Authors: Bernard Marie-Julie
Published: January 2024

The Council of Europe, Human Rights and Prisons : the Impact of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture on Prison Reform

Introduced by the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the CPT is aimed at reinforcing the obligations of member States of the Council of Europe towards prisoners. Viewed from the perspective of prevention, one has to question the efficiency of the CPT. Hence, while it has an undeniable influence over national prison policies, the significance of this influence is impossible to calculate. Likewise, the advent of the CPT acts as a source of legitimation for national prison policies which aim to conform to its recommendations.
Effect of exogenous dithiothreitol and lipoic acid on the content of photosynthetic pigments in oilseed rape Brassica napus L.
Authors: Dronzenková Dominika , Karas Milan , Żur Iwona , Moravčíková Jana
Published: January 2024

We studied the effect of exogenous antioxidants dithiothreitol and lipoic acid on the contents of photosynthetic pigments, including total chlorophyll and carotenoids, in the leaves of regenerated shoots of the oilseed rape cultivars Mirakel, Lagonda and Menthal (Brasisca napus L.). The shoots were obtained from hypocotyl segments cultured for six weeks on in vitro regeneration media supplemented with dithiothreitol and lipoic acid at concentrations of 1 mg.dm-3 and 10 mg.dm-3, respectively. The application of DTT and LA resulted in a significant increase in the content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids, maintaining or increasing the Chl/carotenoids ratio in the cultivars Mirakel and Menthal. Unlike the cultivar Menthal, the frequency of explant regeneration significantly decreased in the cultivar Mirakel, which may be attributed to genotype-specific responses. Mirakel exhibited a higher frequency of regeneration under control conditions compared to Lagonda and Menthal. In the leaves of the cultivar Lagonda regenerated in the presence of DTT, there was a significant reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, along with a decrease in the Chl a/Chl b ratio, suggesting a conversion of Chl b to Chl a and a biphasic effect of DTT.
THE EFFECT OF CASH TURNOVER, RECEIVABLE TURNOVER AND TOTAL ASSET TURNOVER TO PROFITABILITY IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE COMPANIES LISTED ON THE IDX DURING THE 2018-2020 PERIOD
Authors: Wahyuningsih Susanti , Widodo Untung , Indriyatni Lies , Yuliati Yuliati
Published: January 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of Cash Turnover, Accounts Receivable Turnover and Total Asset Turnover on Profitability, either partially or simultaneously; The samples used in this study were 22 food and beverage companies listed on the IDX for the period 2018 – 2020. The data used is secondary data. While the method used is multiple linear regression method using the SPSS version 23 program, to obtain a comprehensive picture of the relationship between the independent variables and their dependent variables. The results of this study Cash Turnover has a positive and significant effect on profitability with t count > t tabal (2.662 > 1.979); Receivable turnover has no effect on profitability because t count < t table (-1.583 0.05; and Total Assets Turnover affects profitability, because t count > t table (3.600 > 1.979) with a significance of 0.000 F table (8.273 > 2.57) with a significance of 0.000.
Renal involvement in Takayasu’s arteritis; a mini-review study
Authors: Salesi Mansour , Hosseinpoor Sarah
Published: January 2024

Takayasu’s arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the aorta and its branches. It can also involve other organs, such as the kidneys. Inflammation of the renal artery can lead to hypertension, proteinuria, and progressive loss of kidney function over time. This condition is known as renovascular hypertension. The treatment for Takayasu’s arteritis involves managing symptoms with medications like corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and antihypertensive drugs. Surgical intervention may be necessary if there are complications, such as aneurysms or blockages in the affected blood vessels. Lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and smoking cessation can also help manage better disease management.
Macrophage activation syndrome: a review of recent renal findings
Authors: Hosseinpoor Sarah , Salesi Mansour
Published: January 2024

The pathogenesis of Macrophage activation syndrome consists of excessive macrophage and T-cell activation, leading to the uncontrolled release of cytokines and chemokines, which can cause multi-organ dysfunction. The diagnostic criteria for MAS include fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypofibrinogenemia, hemophagocytosis, low or absent natural killer cell activity, elevated ferritin levels, and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels. Kidney involvement in this disease included glomerular changes, including mesangial expansion, endocapillary proliferation, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Renal biopsy in MAS may also show evidence of macrophage infiltration and activation, such as the presence of hemophagocytic macrophages within the glomeruli and interstitium. These macrophages may contain phagocytosed erythrocytes, platelets, and other cells, indicating ongoing hemophagocytosis. The presence of hemophagocytic macrophages on renal biopsy is highly suggestive of MAS and can help differentiate it from other causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Management of macrophage activation syndrome-associated kidney involvement involves treating the underlying autoimmune disorder and controlling the systemic inflammation. This may include the use of immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and biological agents. Supportive measures, such as renal replacement therapy, may be necessary in severe cases of renal dysfunction.
Investigating the potential association between hypertension and cancer: unveiling onco-hypertension as an innovative concept
Authors: Jafari Mohsen , Rastegar-Kashkouli Ali , Yousefi Pourya , Moammer Farzaneh , Taravati Amir Mohammad , Shahrokh Seyedeh Ghazal , Rostami Koushan , Jafari Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2024

Hypertension and cancer show a possible association, with hypertension being a result of cancer and its treatments and also serving as a potential risk factor for the development of cancer. The term "onco-hypertension" describes the presence of hypertension in individuals who have been diagnosed with cancer. Among individuals with cancer, hypertension is the most common coexisting medical condition, occurring in 38% of cases. Cancer-related hypertension involves various mechanisms, including tumor-related factors, coexisting conditions, renal dysfunction, hormonal abnormalities, and stress-related inflammation. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy-targeted therapies and immunotherapies have the potential to influence the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), sodium balance, and fluid retention. Epidemiological studies suggest a potential link between hypertension and specific types of cancer, although the exact reasons and underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Antihypertensive medications have varying associations with cancer risk. Diuretics are linked to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), thiazide medications to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to a potential increased risk of lung cancer. However, studies on angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) show inconclusive results. Managing onco-hypertension may require pharmacological interventions in addition to lifestyle modifications. Antihypertensive medications commonly used include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers. Factors such as overall health, cancer stage, concomitant medications, treatment interactions, efficacy, tolerability, and side effects guide medication selection.
Effects of local policies and public goods on tourism in rural areas: Exploring spatial dependence patterns
Authors: Czyżewski Bazyli , Iaromenko Sergii , Kryszak Łukasz
Published: January 2024

The main objective of this paper is to compare the effects of the occurrence of public goods versus local government expenditures on the development of touristic facilities in rural areas. The specific objective focuses on identifying patterns of spatial dependence and analysing the distance bands in which spatial effects occur, especially accounting for backwash effects. The analysis provides insight into the spillovers that are usually omitted while building spatial development plans. The robust-VCE Poisson Spatial Durbin Model based on data from the entire population of counties in Poland was used. We found that local policies, spending, and spatial planning can compensate for a lower endowment of public goods. The negative spatial effect of the occurrence of public goods generally exceeded the positive effect of clustering.
Age as a differentiating factor in consumer behaviour in the context of the implementation of circular waste management
Authors: Ostrowska Izabela
Published: January 2024

The aim of the article is to determine differences in getting rid of unnecessary but operational items from households by young and older people. This is a significant problem from the point of view of the implementation of the principles of the circular economy because successful implementation of the circular economy system in municipalities depends on the habits and behaviour of consumers. The article is of a research nature. The survey was conducted in January 2020 using the CAWI method on a representative sample of n=1012 adult Polish residents aged 18 to 60. In the case of most of the product categories studied, there are differences in the way young and older people deal with unnecessary items. Younger people are more willing to buy new things, but on a positive note, they also often declare willingness to resell products they no longer need. However, an unfavourable phenomenon is the inclination of young people to store unnecessary items in their households. Older people - in the case of most of the products tested - are willing to give them free of charge to people in need. By knowing which groups of subjects deal with unnecessary objects less responsibly, one will be able to take targeted actions to change their behaviour.
Labour market in sustainability transitions: a systematic literature review
Authors: Rollnik-Sadowska Ewa
Published: January 2024

The study objective is to analyse scientific literature relating to the labour market in sustainability transitions and identify emerging research directions and implemented research methods. A bibliometric analysis method was used to review the literature from the SCOPUS database. Moreover, an in-depth review of selected publications that fall into the field of social sciences was made. In literature, it is recognised that there is a scarcity of research linking the labour market and sustainability. However, in the analysed period of 1997-2023, a gradual growth was noticed in the number of publications. Four thematic clusters were identified in relation to green growth, twin transition, green employment and sustainable European labour market policy issues. The majority of authors based their study results on a critical analysis of literature, case study and database analysis. Even though qualitative research is popular among researchers studying the labour market in sustainability transitions, foresight methodology has not been used so far. The topics researched to an insufficient extent include, among others, career ecosystem, precarious employment, digital transformation, just transition, artificial intelligence or the future of work.