bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of oil in whole flaxseed by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Bhatty R. S.
Published: July 2007

A near‐infrared reflectance (NIR) Infralyzer 500 was calibrated for determination of oil with samples of ground and whole flaxseed grown over three years. Wavelength selection by the computer software interfaced with the Infralyzer, analytical and regression statistic data, such as standard deviation of laboratory analysis (SDx), correlation coefficient, standard error of estimate (SEE), standard error of prediction (SEP), and the SDx/SEP ratio showed that calibration of the instrument with whole flaxseed was equal in precision to that obtained with the ground flaxseed. Growth location or seed moisture content had no effect on oil content of whole flaxseed determined by the NIR. The whole seed calibration allowed rapid, nondestructive screening for oil in flaxseed at greatly reduced cost.
Fatty acid composition of some pine seed oils
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Bayard Corinne C.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of seeds from seven species of the genusPinus (P. pinaster, P. griffithii, P. pinea, P. koraiensis, P. sylvestris, P. mughus, andP. nigra) was established. Pine seeds are rich in oil (31–68% by weight) and contain several unusual polymethylene‐interrupted unsaturated fatty acids with acis‐5 ethylenic bond. These are thecis‐5,cis‐9 18:2,cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18:3,cis‐5,cis‐11 20:2, andcis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14 20:3 acids, with a trace ofcis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18:4 acid. Their percentage relative to total fatty acids varies from a low of 3.1% (P. pinea) to a high of 30.3% (P. sylvestris), depending on the species. The majorcis‐5 double bond‐containing acid is generally thecis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18:3 acid (pinolenic acid). In all species, linoleic acid represents approximately one‐half the total fatty acids, whereas the content of oleic acid varies in the range 14–36% inversely to the sum of fatty acids containing acis‐5 ethylenic bond. The easily available seeds fromP. koraiensis appear to be a good source of pinolenic acid: their oil content isca. 65%, and pinolenic represents about 15% of total fatty acids. These values appear to be rather constant.Pinus pinaster, which is grown on several thousand acres in the southwest of France, is an interesting source ofcis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14 20:3 acid (7% in the oil, which isca. 35% of the dehulled seed weight), an acid sharing in common three double bonds with arachidonic acid. Apparently,P. sylvestris seed oil contains the highest level ofcis‐5 double bond‐containing acids among pine seed oils that have ever been analyzed.
Configurational purity of lesquerolic acid
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Hayes Douglas
Published: July 2007

Conversion of the methyl ester of lesquerolic acid, (R)‐14‐hydroxy‐Z‐11‐eicosenoic acid, to a carbamate with (S)‐1‐(1′‐naphthyl)ethylisocyanate gave a single diastereomer. Comparisons of elution orders of the relevant diastereomers obtained from the racemic ester and from a sample of lesquerolic acid synthesized from ricinoleic acid, (R)‐12‐hydroxy‐Z‐9‐octadecenoic acid, were consistent with the original assignment of (R)‐configuration for the longer‐chain acid. Although the configuration had not been in doubt, this work demonstrates the configurational purity of the lesquerolic acid.
Solvent extraction engineering and design
Authors: Becker K. W.
Published: July 2007

Many component parts of solvent extraction plants are standardied. However, factors such as different raw materials, meal and oil product requirements, company marketing practices, local economic conditions, future design considerations, layout requirements, individual company standardization programs, utilities characteristics and structural considerations always vary from plant to plant. Therefore, the design of solvent extraction plants can never be completely standardized. Economic considerations must be given for each individual case for steam economizing facilities, mineral oil recovery systems, integration of a new plant with existing plant facilities, and location and availability of existing facilities. Safety and housekeeping cannot be separated from good design. An unprofitable and unsafe plant is never a bargain.
Automated quantitative analysis of isolated (nonconjugated) trans isomers using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy incorporating improvements in the procedure
Authors: Sleeter Ronald T. , Matlock Mark G.
Published: July 2007

A method for determining the isolated (nonconjugated)trans isomer content of fats and oils was developed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which permits automatic sample analysis and calculation of percenttrans content. Integrated band areas were used as a measure of the intensity of the band associated with thetrans C=C double bond. Measured band areas for samples with known percenttrans content were fit with a second order polynomial, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.99998 and a standard error of estimate of 0.11 over the range of 0 to 50%trans content. This technique also allows the analysis of neat samples, a significant improvement over current procedures in that it eliminates the need for dilution by volatile solvents and any attendant errors.
Preparation and surfactant properties of diglycerol esters of fatty acids
Authors: Kumar T. Naveen , Sastry Y. S. R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acid mono‐ and diesters of diglycerol constitute the major portion of commercial polyglycerol esters; hence, their composition influences the performance of the latter as emulsifiers. The correlation of structure of the fatty acids in the mono‐ and diesters with surfactant properties is of interest. Linear diglycerol was isolated from polymerized glycerol by acetonation, fractional distillation and regeneration. Diglycerol mono‐ and diesters of undecenoic, lauric, stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids were prepared by reacting diglycerol and fatty acids in a refluxing mixture of acetonitrile‐tetrahydrofuran (75:25) in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid and molecular sieves. Mono‐ and diesters were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and their purities were ascertained by thin layer chromatography and determination of saponification value. The structures were confirmed by periodic acid oxidation, chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy. Surfactant properties of the esters were determined. Monoesters showed higher ability in surface tension reduction, emulsification and foaming than the diesters. Short‐chain fatty acid esters showed better surfactant properties than the long‐chain fatty acid esters. The presence of a central double bond in the lipophilic part of the monoesters reduced emulsion stability. The presence of a hydroxy group in acyl chain retarded foaming and surface tension reducing power.
A colorimetric method for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils
Authors: Baker Doris
Published: July 2007

A rapid method is presented for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils. The method utilizes the reaction of fatty acids with cupric acetate to form salts whose blue color in benzene solution may be measured colorimetrically. When 65 samples of crude soybean oil were tested by this colorimetric method and the results compared with the results of titration with standard alkali, the correlation was 0.992 with a standard deviation of 0.08% free fatty acid (F.F.A.).
Isolation of a natural isomer of linoleic acid from a seed oil,
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: July 2007

trans‐10‐trans‐12‐Octadecadienoic acid was found to be a component of the glyceride oil of the seeds ofChilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. It was isolated by fractional crystallization of the acids at low temperatures. Identification was made by absorption spectra, by the adduct with maleci anhydride, and by identification of degralative products.

The conjugated triene of the oil was also isolated and identified astrans‐9‐trans‐11‐cis‐13octadecatrienoic acid. in two samples of seed, the diene acid constituted about 9% of the oil and the triene acid 18% and 25%.
Antioxidant effect and antimicrobial activity of phenolic sulfides
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Matsumura Shuichi , Yoshikawa Sadao , Kawada Kazuo , Uchibori Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2007

Some phenolic compounds containing both phenolic hydroxyl groups and sulfide groups in the molecules were prepared by Michael addition and radical addition reactions of ethanethiol and ethanedithiol witho‐, m‐ andp‐vinylphenol. The antioxidant effect of these products on the autoxidation of lard was examined by an oven test at 60°C. The antimicrobial activities of these products were evaluated by an agar dilution method. Three kinds of gram‐positive and three kinds of gram‐negative bacterial strains, as well as six kinds of fungal strains were used for the test. It was found that the Michael addition products showed considerably better antioxidant effects than BHT, whereas the radical addition products did not show any antioxidant effect. The antioxidant effects of these compounds were influenced by the positions of the sulfide groups in their molecules. The phenolic sulfides tested in this report showed good antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi.
Kinetics of demulsification of food protein‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Elizalde B. E. , Pilosof A. M. R. , Dimier L. , Bartholomai G. B.
Published: July 2007

Demulsification of food protein stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions was determined as a function of time. Demulsification conformed to the empirical equation q′‐Q t/(B+t), where q′ is the increase in moisture content of the down layer of emulsions at time t, Q is the maximum increase in moisture content, and B is the time required to gain Q/2. Emulsions separate water according to a second order rate law, which would indicate that flocculation is the rate determining step in demulsification.
Cholesterol oxides III. Autoxidation of cholesterol in sodium stearate and sodium linoleate dispersions
Authors: Zulak I. M. , Maerker G.
Published: July 2007

Cholesterol dispersed in water with sodium stearate at 80°C did not autoxidize in 24 hr when the cholesterol/dispersant ratio was 0.35 or below. At ratios of 0.44 and above, however, autoxidation proceeded smoothly but ceased after 60–70% of the cholesterol was oxidized. Replacement of sodium stearate as dispersant with sodium linoleate caused cholesterol to be oxidized at a cholesterol/dispersant ratio of 0.07, and gave a longer induction period and a higher conversion to 5,6‐epoxide.
Synergistic stabilization of perfluorocarbon‐pluronic F‐68 emulsion by perfluoroalkylated polyhydroxylated surfactants
Authors: Zarif Leila , Manfredi Alexandre , Varescon Christian , Blanc Maurice Le , Riess Jean G.
Published: July 2007

One of the most serious limitations of the first generation of fluorocarbon emulsions destined to serve as injectable oxygen carriers (blood substitutes) is their insufficient, stability. Considerable stabilization of such emulsions has now been achieved by using a combination of Pluronic F‐68, a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer, and of a perfluoroalkylated polyhydroxylated surfactant (PPFS) comprising a C6F13 or C8F17 fluorophilic tail and a hydrophilic head derived from maltose or xylitol. These new surfactants are either soluble in water or dispersible in an aqueous Pluronic F‐68 solution. The tensions at the surface of these solutions and dispersions and at their interface with a typical fluorocarbon, F‐decalin, are discussed. A strong stabilizing effect on F‐decalin emulsions was obtained when small amounts of PPFS were incorporated, the total amount of surfactant used remaining constant. For 20% w/v emulsions, the maximum stabilizing effect was reached when 20–30% of PPFS were present, resulting after one year at 25°C in an up to 10 times smaller increase in particle size than for a reference emulsion prepared with Pluronic F‐68 alone. The effect is even stronger with more concentrated 50% w/v emulsions, reaching a stabilizing ratio of 17 after one year for a one‐to‐one PPFS/Pluronic F‐68 combination. None of the PPFS, when taken alone, permitted the preparation of stable emulsions. The characteristic U‐shape taken after aging, by the particle size vs PPFS/Pluronic F‐68 ratio curves demonstrates a strong synergistic effect of the two surfactants. They also permitted the selection of optimal formulations for the emulsions. The evolution of the particle sizes against time for such formulations was followed for 20% and 75% w/v concentrated F‐decalin emulsions at 4°C, 25°C and 50°C. The best emulsion in terms of stability was obtained with the xylitol derivative C8F17CH=CHCH2OCH2(CHOH)4H; most significantly, temperature, from 4 to 50°C, had little or no effect on the aging of this emulsion over a two month period.
Hydrogenation of dienes with cationic rhodium complexes
Authors: Van Der Plank P. , Van Der Ent A. , Onderdelinden A. L. , Van Oosten H. J.
Published: July 2007

Methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12), itst10,t12 andt10,c12 isomers and methylcis‐9‐octadecenoate (methyl oleate;c9) were hydrogenated with rhodium complexes, the active species of which consisted of [RhL2]+ and [RhL2H2]+ with ligands L=P(C2H5)2C6H5 (catalyst A) P(i‐C4H9)3 (catalyst B) and P(CH3)3 (catalyst C). Using these catalysts the influence of steric effects on the reaction mechanism of hydrogenation of dienes was studied. The reactions were carried out in 2‐propanol at atmospheric hydrogen pressure and ambient temperature. During hydrogenation ofc9 on catalysts A and B, geometrical isomerization mainly occurred, whereas on catalyst C some positional isomerization also took place.C9,c12 was almost exclusively hydrogenated via conjugated intermediates on catalyst A. On catalyst C, one of the double bonds was hydrogenated directly, in most cases. In the absence of hydrogen, catalysts A and B conjugatedc9,c12 very fast. The conjugation activity of catalyst C was much lower. Catalyst C showed a high 1,5‐shift activity for the conjugatedcis, trans andtrans, cis intermediates during hydrogenation, in contrast to catalysts A and B, which showed a poor activity in this respect.T10,t12 was hydrogenated almost exclusively via 1,4‐addition of hydrogen to thecisoid conformation, whereas only a slight preference was found in this mechanism over 1,2‐addition for the hydrogenation oft10,c12. On the sterically unhindered catalysts A and C thetrans double bond int10,c12 was preferentially hydrogenated whereas on catalyst B, with its bulky ligands, thecis double bond was reduced faster than thetrans double bond.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXVI. Hard water detergency of soap‐lime soap dispersant combinations with builders and inorganic salts
Authors: Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Blends of soap and 3 lime soap dispersants—the sulfated tallow alkanolamide (TAM), the coconut‐oil‐derived amido sulfobetaine (CAHSB) and the cocoamido betaine (CAB)—were formulated with 3 builders—sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and trisodium 2‐oxa‐1,1,3‐propane tricarboxylate (OPT). Varying amounts of sodium sulfate were added to these formulations, and the effects of builders and sodium sulfate on detergency at 300 ppm water hardness were studied. At levels below 60%, STPP was not an effective builder for TAM formulations. Dilution of STPP‐built TAM formulations with sodium sulfate substantially decreased detergency. Detergency of TAM formulations was improved by incorporation of NTA or OPT and such formulations could tolerate dilution with sodium sulfate without serious loss in detergency. NTA or STPP improved the detergency of CAB formulations but OPT did not. Addition of sodium sulfate caused some loss in detergency in all CAB formulations. Addition of STPP to CAHSB formulations caused a slight loss in detergency, but addition of NTA or OPT had no appreciable effect. Dilution of STPP‐built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate affected detergency adversely, although not as severely as in STPP‐built TAM formulations. Dilution of NTA‐or OPT‐built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate had little effect on detergency. CAB and particularly CAHSB are superior to TAM in dispersing lime soap curd. Therefore, addition of NTA, STPP, or OPT to the amphoteric formulations did not affect detergency to the same extent as in TAM formulations. Further evidence of the superiority of amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents (lsda) in dispersing lime soap curd was provided by the effectiveness of soap, CAHSB, silicate formulations in detergency studies at 1,000 ppm water hardness.
Modification of selected indian vegetable fats into cocoa butter substitutes by lipase‐catalyzed ester interchange
Authors: Sridhar R. , Lakshminarayana G. , Kaimal T. N. B.
Published: July 2007

A few solid and semi‐solid fats of tree origin in India, namely sal (Shorea robusta), kokum(Garcinia indica), mahua (Madhuca latifolia), dhupa (Vateria indica) and mango (Mangifera indica), were chosen for modification into cocoa butter substitutes by lipase‐catalyzed ester interchange with methyl palmitate and/or stearate. Hexane solutions of mixtures of fat and methyl ester(s) in various molar proportions were passed through a column of Lipozyme™, a lipase fromMucor miehei immobilized on a macroparticulate ion‐exchange resin. The interesterified fats were purified by extraction with 95% ethanol followed by silica column chromatography. Interesterified dhupa, kokum and sal fats compared well with cocoa butter in the total fatty acid composition and the 2‐position of triacylglycerols, as well as glyceride composition. In particular, interesterified kokum fat resembled cocoa butter well in solid fat content and peak melting temperature as determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
A water slurry method of extracting aflatoxin from peanuts
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J.
Published: July 2007

A water slurry method in which 1100 g of comminuted peanuts was blended with 1500 ml of tap water for 3 min in a blender and the aflatoxin in a 130‐g portion of the water slurry was extracted by solvent according to methods similar to those used in Method II of AOAC was compared to the method presently used by the Food Safety and Quality Service, USDA. The proposed water slurry method requires only 180 and 60 ml per sample, respectively, of methanol and hexane compared to the 1650 and 1000 ml, respectively, required by the FSQS method. Blending comminuted peanuts with water reduced the average particle size and distributed the contaminated particles throughout the slurry. Ninety‐four percent of the blended particles passed a sieve with 149‐μ openings compared to only 66% of the unblended product. Variance among analyses with the FSQS method did not differ significantly from the variance among analyses with the slurry method. However, analyses with the slurry method averaged 16% more aflatoxin than with the FSQS method.
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): II. Separation of saturated and Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐ and tetraenoic fatty esters
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) was used to separate a mixture of saturated and monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic and tetraenoic fatty esters. A series of columns containing XN1010 sulfonic acid resin silvered in the range of 17~91% of theoretical (meaning 17~91% of the sulfonic acid protons were replaced by silver ions) were prepared and were used to correlate the percentage silver with the separation and the retention times of unsaturated fatty esters.cis‐Trienoic and tetraenoic fatty esters were eluted with methanol on PARC columns containing 36 and 17% silver. Partial silvering of the resin improved peak shapes while sample elution time and elution volume were reduced. Application of PARC to the separation of mixtures of fatty acids and mixtures of triglycerides was investigated and found to be not feasible with the present system.
Effect of alkyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylate as an additive on emulsion stability
Authors: Shimada H. , Yamazaki K. , Ueno M. , Meguro K.
Published: July 2007

Alkyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylates (R‐PCA), the derivatives of higher alcohols, were prepared and their properties as emulsion stabilizers were estimated using surface tension meter and Multiple Drop methods in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and were compare to those of another system containing a series of edly reduced the interfacial tension compared to a higher alcohol system, and the interfacial tensions for both R‐PCA and higher alcohol systems decreased with the increase of carbon chain length. The stability of oil drops increased greatly by addition of R‐PCA compared to higher alcohol system. In the higher alcohol system, the stability of oil drop showed the minimum at carbon 12. In the R‐PCA system, the stability of oil drops increased greatly with the increase of carbon chain length. A series of R‐PCA was found to be useful as emulsion stabilizers.
Triacylglycerol structure of an african peanut oil
Authors: Sempore G. , Bezard J.
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols were isolated from an African peanut oil, then fractionated by unsaturation into classes, and the triacylglycerol structure was determined on these classes using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Fatty acid analysis of monoacylglycerols and, in some cases, of 1 or 2 classes of diacylglycerols, allowed the proportions of 84 isomers to be calculated. The oil had a high oleic acid content (60.3%) and contained nearly 25% of trioleoylglycerol, the major triacylglycerol. The 4 most abundant isomers together represented more than one‐half of the total triacylglycerols. In 30 isomers, the 2‐position was occupied by linoleic acid, and in 39 isomers, by oleic acid. The very long‐chain saturated fatty acids (20:0, 22:0, 24:0) that formed 5.1% of the fatty acid content of the oil, were not found in the 2‐position. In most cases, each was associated with 2 molecules of an unsaturated fatty acid. The placement of fatty acids, respectively, at the 1,3‐position and the 2‐position was relatively close to a l,3‐random‐2‐random distribution, except for trioleoylglycerol (24.7% instead of 21.7% by the random hypothe‐sis).
The kinetics of the esterification reaction between castor oil and oleic acid
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Dandik L. , Kabasakal O. S.
Published: July 2007

In this study, esterification of castor oil with oleic acid was investigated in view of the reaction kinetics under various conditions. Potassium hydroxide,p‐toluenesulfonic acid and tin chloride (SnCl22H2O) were used as catalysts. Reaction was carried out at 200°C, 225°C and 250° C by using equivalent proportions of the reactants. For tin chloride, experimental data fitted the second‐order rate equation, while for the other catalysts the obtained data fitted the third‐order rate equation.
Chlorophyll and β‐carotene pigments in moroccan virgin olive oils measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Rahmani M. , Csallany A. Saari
Published: July 2007

Chlorophyll and β‐carotene concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in virgin olive oils, which were press‐extracted from green and semi‐black olives. Pheophytin A was found to be the major chlorophyll isomer in all oil samples. The occurrence of this pigment at higher concentrations in oil extracted from green olives is a possible indication of its time‐related destruction during olive ripening. Some evidence for thein vivo existence of pheophytin A is also presented. Beta‐carotene concentration in oils was found to decrease during olive ripening.
Enzymatic modification of soy protein concentrates by fungal and bacterial proteases
Authors: Don L. S. Bernardi , Pilosof A. M. R. , Bartholomai G. B.
Published: July 2007

Solubility, foaming capacity and foam stability of denatured soy protein concentrate obtained from toasted flour were improved by proteolysis with fungal or bacterial proteases. Emulsifying capacity was unchanged, but emulsion stability decreased; bacterial protease highly improved oil absorption. Also, the bacterial protease was able to solubilize more protein and gave products which foamed more than those obtained with the fungal enzyme. However, the stabilizing properties of the bacterial modified soy protein concentrate at the air/water or oil/water interface were inferior. By limited hydrolysis up to degree of hydrolysis 10% most functional properties were improved without greatly reducing emulsion stability and water absorption.
The Viscosity of cottonseed oil, fractionation solvents and their solutions
Authors: Kapseu C. , Kayem G. J. , Balesdent D. , Schuffenecker L.
Published: July 2007

Cold fractionation of cottonseed oil is made difficult by the high viscosity of the oil. This study was aimed at demonstrating the effect of solvents on the viscosity of mixtures between 0°C and 25°C with a view to facilitating the fractionation of refined cottonseed oil. The solvents used were acetone, methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, hexane and heptane. Measurements of viscosity were carried out by means of a capillary viscometer. The ratio of the viscosity of cottonseed oil to that of pure solvents is of the order of 300. The viscosities of solutions of various ratios of solvent to oil (1/3, 1/1, 3/1) are between those of cottonseed oil and the pure solvents. The effect of the solvent/oil ratio overrides that of solvent nature. The effect of solvent in reducing the viscosity of cottonseed oil is by descending order: acetone, hexane, methylethylketone, heptane, methylisobutylketone.
A study on the adsorption of dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Okumura O. , Ohbu K. , Yokoi K. , Yamada K. , Saika D.
Published: July 2007

A study was made on the structure, adsorption behavior toward fabrics and dependence upon particle size of an aqueous dispersion of di(hydrogenated tallow)dimethyl ammonium chloride (purified Arquad 2HT), the most widely used softener base. From the results of analyses by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy, it was found that the dispersed phase of Arquad 2HT dispersion consisted of hydrated particles having a similar structure to that of the multilayered liposomes (or vesicles) of phospholipids and that these particles were adsorbed onto fabrics by softening treatment It was also found that finely dispersed particles showed better softening and antistatic performances in addition to a superior storage stability, due to their higher rate and uniformity of adsorption compared to roughly dispersed particles.
Effect of heat treatments on canola press oils. I. Non‐ triglyceride components
Authors: Prior Elizabeth M. , Vadke Vivekenand S. , Sosulski Frank W.
Published: July 2007

Increasing heat treatment given to canola seed prior to pressing resulted in press oils with progressively increasing contents of non‐triglyceride components. Phosphorus and chlorophyll contents ranged from 13 ppm and 7 ppm, respectively, in cold press oil to 64 ppm and 68 ppm, respectively, in oil from heated seeds. Refining reduced the amount of these components to 19 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively, in degummed oil and to 4 ppm and 11 ppm, respectively, in bleached oil. Oil with the lowest amount of non‐triglyceride material was obtained by cold pressing and/or bleaching.

The major sterols wereβ‐sitosterol (55%), campesterol (35%) and brassicasterol (10%), and the major tocopherols were y (60%), α (30%) and δ (10%). The content of sterols and tocopherols ranged from 620 to 773 mg/100 g and from 47 to 64 mg/100 g, respectively, in the press oils. The total content of sterols was reduced by 15% and a further 1% on degumming and bleaching, respectively. The total tocopherol content was reduced by 20% and 60% on degumming and on subsequent bleaching. Refining had no effect on the sterol isomer ratio, but there was a significant relative loss ofα‐tocopherol on bleaching.
Evaluation of nonpolar methyl esters by column and gas chromatography for the assessment of used frying olive oils
Authors: Cuesta C. , Muniz F. J. Sánchez‐ , Hernández I.
Published: July 2007

The measurement of unaltered methyl esters separated from polar methyl esters by column chromatog‐raphy was used to evaluate the alteration of an olive oil that had been used 15 times to fry potatoes. Unaltered methyl ester (the nonpolar fraction) decreased significantly (94.9 ± 0.8%vs 98.2 + 0.5%; p < 0.05), while the polar fraction increased significantly (4.0 ± 0.7%vs 2.1 ± 0.7%; p < 0.05) after 15 fryings. The unrecoverable fraction also increased. In order to avoid column contamination the gas Chromatographic analysis was only done on the nonpolar fractions. Linoleic and oleic acids showed a tendency to decrease while saturated fatty acid tended to increase. The unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio decreased from an initial value of 7.05 to 6.40 in the last frying. Quantitative gas Chromatographic analysis using both the percentage fatty acid composition and the relative amount of unaltered methyl esters showed a significant oleic acid decrease after 15 fryings (75.8 ± 0.6vs 78.9 ± 0.2 mg/100 mg oil; p < 0.05).
Effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid on the conversion and oxidation of13C‐α‐linolenic acid
Authors: Vermunt Susanne H. F. , Mensink Ronald P. , Simonis Marianne M. G. , Hornstra Gerard
Published: July 2007

The effects of a diet rich in α‐linolenic acid vs. one rich in oleic acid on the oxidation of uniformly labeled13C‐α‐linolenic acid and its conversion into longer‐chain polyunsaturates (LCP) were investigatedin vivo in healthy human subjects. Volunteers received a diet rich in oleic acid (n=5) or a diet rich in α‐linolenic acid (n=7; 8.3 g/d) for 6 wk before and during the study. After 6 wk, subjects were given 45 mg of13C‐α‐linolenic acid dissolved in olive oil. Blood samples were collected att=0, 5, 11, 24, 96, and 336 h. Breath was sampled and CO2 production was measured each hour for the first 12 h. The mean (±SEM) maximal absolute amount of13C‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in plasma total lipids was 0.04 ±0.01 mg in the α‐linolenic acid group, which was significantly lower (P=0.01) than the amount of 0.12±0.03 mg13C‐EPA in the oleic acid group. Amounts of13C‐docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and13C‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) tended to be lower as well. The mean proportion of labeled α‐linolenic acid (ALA) recovered as13CO2 in breath after 12 h was 20.4% in the ALA and 15.7% in the oleic acid group, which was not significantly different (P=0.12). The cumulative recovery of13C from13C‐ALA in breath during the first 12 h was negatively correlated with the maximal amounts of plasma13C‐EPA (r=−0.58,P=0.047) and13C‐DPA (r=−0.63,P=0.027), but not of13C‐DHA (r=−0.49,P=0.108). In conclusion, conversion of13C‐ALA into its LCP may be decreased on diets rich in ALA, while oxidation of13C‐ALA is negatively correlated with its conversion into LCP. In a few pilot samples, low13C enrichments of n−3 LCP were observed in a diet rich in EPA/DHA as compared to oleic acid.
A high‐fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers
Authors: Cuevas Ada M. , Guasch Viviana , Castillo Oscar , Irribarra Veronica , Mizon Claudio , Martin Alejandra San , Strobel Pablo , Perez Druso , Germain Alfredo M. , Leighton Federico
Published: July 2007

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with atherogenesis and oxidative stress in humans. In rat and rabbit blood vessels, wine polyphenol antioxidants induce vascular relaxationin vitro through the NO‐cGMP pathway. To assess the effect of a regular high‐fat diet (HFD) and moderate red wine consumption on endothelial function (EF), a study was performed in healthy male volunteers. EF was measured as flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, employing high‐resolution ultrasound after an overnight fast. Other clinical and biochemical parameters related to EF were also measured. Six volunteers received a control diet, rich in fruits and vegetables (27% calories as fat) and five volunteers received an HFD (39.5% calories as fat). Measurements were done twice on each volunteer: after a period of 30 d with diet plus 240 mL of red wine/d, and after a period of 30 d with diet, without wine. In the absence of wine, there is a reduction of EF with HFD when compared to the control diet (P=0.014). This loss of EF is not seen when both diets are supplemented with wine for 30 d (P=0.001). Plasma levels ofn−3 fatty acids (R2=0.232,P=0.023) and lycopene (R2=0.223,P=0.020) show a positive correlation with individual EF measurements, but they do not account for the significant differences observed among dietary groups or after wine supplementation. These results help elucidate the deleterious effect of a high‐fat diet and the protective role of wine, n−3 fatty acids and dietary antioxidants in cardiovascular disease.
Octadecadienoic acids of shortenings and margarines
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Brown J. B.
Published: July 2007

A scheme is described to separate the fatty acids of shortenings and margarines into four fractions, the final filtrate of which contains most of the polyunsaturated acids. The nature of the unsaturated acids in these fractions is discussed. It is observed that these fats contain 25–40% oftrans monoethenoic acids and 2–8% of linoleic acid and considerable proportions of both 9,12‐cis, trans ortrans,cis and isolatedcis,trans isomers of linoleic acid.
Urease activity in soybean meal products
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Belter Paul A. , Anderson Robert L.
Published: July 2007

A method which uses direct titration of ammonia as a measure of urease activity was modified for use in the assay of raw and of slightly denatured soybean meal. The modifications which were adopted were the use of glutathione, a presoaking of the sample for 30 min. at 40°C., and making of the assay at 40°C. Data on the urease activity of several varieties of soybeans, and for immature and frost‐damaged soybeans were determined.
Frying performance of palm oil liquid fractions
Authors: Bracco U. , Dieffenbacher A. , Kolarovic L.
Published: July 2007

Palm oil liquid fractions were used as frying media in household and industrial fryers and were compared to standard edible oils and fats, such as soybean, groundnut, sunflower, rapeseed and tallow. The analytical evaluation covered free fatty acids, viscosity, smoke and flame points, oxidized fatty acids, nonelution material (NEM), UV differential spectra, polymers and foam index. These values measure the extent of the oil degradation, i.e., oxidation, hydrolysis, splitting and polymerization. Moreover, they were combined with other analytical procedures (fatty acid composition, keeping qualities such as the time necessary for an oxygen‐absorbing sample to reach a ‐0.5 psi pressure in a closed system) in order to have a large analytical control during the frying processes. The data collected show the suitability of edible oils and fats for frying purposes and indicate that palm oil liquid fractions perform satisfactorily as frying media. They have low degradation and produce fried foods with acceptable keeping qualities.
Biological evaluation of hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Nolew G. A.
Published: July 2007

A 91‐day feeding study evaluated soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated superglycerinated soybean oil and fully hydrogenated superglycerinated rapeseed oil at 7.5% of the diet in rats; a 16‐wk feeding study evaluated soybean oil and the three rapeseed oils or fats at 15% of the diet. Each fat was fed to 40 rats as a mixture with soybean oil making up 20% of a semi‐synthetic diet. No significant differences in body weight gains or diet‐related pathology were seen in the 91‐day study although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had slightly heavier hearts, kidneys and testes than the others. The rats fed the four fully hydrogenated fats ate more feed and had lower feed efficiencies than those fed oils but no differences were seen among the four hydrogenated fats. In the 16‐wk feeding study, no pronounced pathology related to the diet was seen although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had a slightly higher incidence of histiocytic infiltration of cardiac muscle than the rats in the other groups. The female rats fed the three rapeseed oil fats gained significantly less weight and the females fed liquid rapeseed oil had enlarged hearts compared to the other groups. The absorbabilities of the six fats were measured in the 91‐day study when fed as a mixture with soybean oil and as the sole source of dietary fat in a separate 15‐day balance study. The four fully hydrogenated fats were poorly absorbed and the absorption of behenic acid from the two hydrogenated rapeseed oils was found to be 12% and 17% in the balance study and 8‐40% in the feeding study. The adverse biological effects of unhydrogenated rapeseed oil containing erucic acid as reported in the literature do not occur with fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil. In addition, the low absorbability of the fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil is an added factor in its biological inertness.
High performance reversed‐phase chromatography of natural triglyceride mixtures
Authors: El‐Hamdy A. H. , Perkins E. G.
Published: July 2007

High performance reversed‐phase chromatography (HPRC) is an efficient and powerful tool gaining momentum in the separation of triglycerides and other lipid components. In the present study the effect of different variables in triglyceride separation has been studied. It was found that a longer hydrocarbon chain bonded to silica gel as well as the percent coverage improved the separation. Smaller particle size packing increased triglyceride resolution. A decrease in mobile phase polarity by increasing the acetone content resulted in a decrease in the retention time and resolution of triglyceride.
Separation of conjugated methyl octadecadienoate and trienoate geometric isomers by silver‐resin column and preparative gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Emken E. A. , Scholfield C. R. , Davison V. L. , Frankel E. N.
Published: July 2007

Silver‐resin column chromatography, preceded by preparative gas‐liquid chromatography to remove unconjugated esters, has been used to separate conjugated methyl octadecadienoates intocis,cis‐, cis,trans‐, andtrans,trans‐ isomers, also methyl eleostearate into a‐ and ॆ‐isomers in 91 to 100% purity.
Spectrophotometric determination of saturated and alpha, beta‐unsaturated carbonyl in complex systems at a single wavelength
Authors: Jordan Donald E.
Published: July 2007

The simultaneous determination of trace concentrations of saturated and a,ॆ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in simple or complex systems at a single wavelength is described. From the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the alkaline carbonyl‐2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone determined at a precise time‐interval, the total carbonyl, percentage of saturated carbonyl, and ॖg C = O/Absorbance unit are then subsequently calculated from previously determined trilinear parameters. These parameters are calculated from the relative response of known concentrations of pure (99.6+%) saturated anda,ॆ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds prepared by large‐scale high resolution GLC. The method is applicable in simple or complex systems, such as hydrocarbon, aromatic or aliphatic, oxygenated ester, acid, alcohol or ether systems as well as kerosenes and petroleum distillates.
Nonionic detergent degradation. i. thin‐layer chromatography and foaming properties of alcohol polyethoxylates
Authors: Patterson Stella J. , Scott C. C. , Tucker K. B. E.
Published: July 2007

The thin‐layer Chromatographic method for determination of nonionic detergents has been used for the chemical assessment of alcohol polyethoxylates and material derived from them during degradation under simple laboratory conditions. Foaming capacity during degradation was also measured on a representative selection of the materials under test. With one exception (a material with a highly branched alkyl chain) the disappearance of all the alcohol‐ethoxylates tested was rapid; a small increase in time required for complete disappearance was observed with the more highly ethoxylated materials, and with the materials which had some slight branching in the alkyl chain. Residues of the polyethylene glycol type, which were generally more persistent than the original materials, were observed to build up as the original materials disappeared, increasing ethoxylation present in the original material giving rise to increasing quantities of residues. The foaming capacity at every stage of the degradation, that is, foam formation alone or synergistic effect on foam formation because of other detergents, could be closely correlated with the results obtained by using the thin‐layer Chromatographic procedure.
An improved mixed anhydride technique for fatty amide synthesis
Authors: Applewhite T. H. , Binder JANE S.
Published: July 2007

Amides of fatty acids normally prepared in fair‐to‐good yield and purity by conventional mixed carboxylic‐carbonic anhydride techniques can be prepared in higher yield and improved purity by use of a modified method called “inverse addition.” By reversal of the classical order of mixing of the reactants and, with the use of excess alkyl chlorocarbonate, side reactions are suppressed and yields are improved.
Calorimetric studies of the heat of melting of milk fat by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Yoncoskie R. A.
Published: July 2007

A differential thermal analysis calorimeter was used in determining the heat of melting of milk fat. The heat of melting values for milk fat, studied on samples conditioned at different temperatures, varied from 20.4 cal/g (average value) to 25.1 cal/g (average value).
On the extraction of oil from raw comminuted cottonseed kernels with the acetone‐hexane‐water azeotrope
Authors: Frampton Vernon L. , Pepperman Armand B.
Published: July 2007

The effects of particle size on the rate of ex‐traction of oil from raw comminuted cottonseed kernels with the acetone‐hexane‐water azeotrope were examined. Five samples of cottonseed of different average particle sizes and three extrac‐tion times were used in the investigation. The particles were comminuted in such a manner as to be, as a first approximation, essentially spher‐ical in shape; the concentration gradient of oil in the particles was found to follow the relationship L =r‐A +B where L is the oil content of the extracted seed, r is the particle radius, and A and B are constants. The establishment of the concentration gradient was extremely rapid (within 10 seconds), and the constants A and B assume the same values for each of the three extraction times employed. These two facts in‐dicate that mass oil movement in the particles is a dilatation and occurs too rapidly for diffusion phenomena to be evident.
The effect of dietary fat on fatty acid synthesis in cell‐free preparations of lactating mammary gland
Authors: Coniglio John G. , Bridges Raymond
Published: July 2007

Cell‐free preparations of lactating mammary gland of rats maintained during lactation on a fat‐free diet incorporated C14‐acetate into fatty acids to a greater degree than preparations made from rats fed a similar diet containing 20% fat. The type of fat used did not affect the degree of inhibition of synthesis. C14‐acetate was incorporated mainly into dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids although labeling was observed in fatty acids from 8–18 carbons. The pattern of labeling was not significantly different in the various groups except for slightly decreased amounts of C14 in the shorter chain fatty acids of preparations made from glands of rats on the fat‐free or coconut oilcontaining diet. The fatty acids characteristic of the fed fat became prominent components of the microsomes and mitochondria as well as of the fat floating on the centrifuged homogenates (presumably milk fat).
Heat treatment of vegetable oils III. GC‐MS characterization of cyclic fatty acid monomers in heated sunflower and linseed oils after total hydrogenation
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , LeQuere J. L. , Morin O. , Vatele J. M. , Grandgirard A
Published: July 2007

Fractions of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) were isolated from linseed oil heated at 275°C for 12 hr under nitrogen, at 240°C for 10 hr under nitrogen and at 240°C for 10 hr under air. Cyclic fatty acid monomers fractions were also isolated from a sunflower oil heated at 275°C for 12 hr under nitrogen and at 200°C for 48 hr in a commercial fryer. The CFAM fractions were hydrogenated and their composition studied by gas liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The CFAM in the fraction isolated from heated linseed oil samples were a mixture (1:1) ofcis andtrans cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl isomers, while the CFAM in the fractions isolated from heated sunflower oils were mostly cyclopentyl isomers. The major cyclopentyl isomers weretrans andcis methyl 7‐(2′‐hexylcyclopentyl) ‐heptanoate, methyl 9‐(2′‐butyl‐cyclopentyl)‐nonanoate and methyl 10‐(2′‐propylcyclo‐pentyl)‐decanoate. The major cyclohexyl isomers were thetrans andcis methyl 9‐(2′‐propylcyclohexyl)‐nonanoate which represented about 50% of the CFAM isomers isolated from heated linseed oil samples.
Synthesis of O‐Acyl‐L‐Homoserine by lipase
Authors: Nagao Akihiko , Kito Makoto
Published: July 2007

Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) fromCandida cylindracea andRhizopus delemar were found to catalyze O‐acylation of L‐homoserine or L‐serine with free fatty acids or with fatty acids from triacylglycerol. The active pH range of the reation for O‐acylation was from 7.0 to 8.5. Emulsifying activity of O‐oleoyl‐L‐homoserine was higher than those of conventional surfactants.
Degumming of soybean oil: Quantitative analysis of phospholipids in crude and degummed oil1
Authors: Racicot L. D. , Handel A. P.
Published: July 2007

Phospholipids of crude and degummed soybean oils were isolated and separated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Standards and specific spray reagents were used to identify the phospholipids. Phospholipids identified in the crude and degummed oils were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Several unknown phosphorus‐containing compounds were present. Samples of crude and degummed oil were collected from four soybean oil processors over four consecutive days. Total and individual phospholipids were quantitated by determining the phosphorus content. The total phosphorus content of crude oil varied among companies, with the average ranging from 453 to 676 ppm. The average total phosphorus content of the degummed oil of the four processors ranged from 12 to 84 ppm. Processors removed an average of 86‐98% of the phosphorus present in the crude oil during the degumming process. There was also a daily variation in phosphorus removal within the individual companies. During the degumming process, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine decreased and the proportion of unknown, nonpolar phosphorus compounds increased in samples from all companies. Significantly higher proportions of phosphatidic acid and lyso compounds were found in the degummed oil of some but not all companies.
High pressure differential thermal analysis (HPDTA) of fatty acid methyl esters and triglycerides
Authors: Yamazaki Megumi , Nagao Akihiko , Komamiya Kogaku
Published: July 2007

When using high pressure differential thermal analysis to study the stability of a fatty methyl ester or triglyceride in an atmosphere of air, a departure from the base line in the exothermic curve is observed. The point where an extension line from the base line intersects a tangent line to the departure curve was selected as the transition point in the exothermic curve. For each sample studied, temperature at this transition point showed good reproducibility. The influence of sample container and air pressure upon the temperature of the transition point in the exothermic curve (TTE) was examined. A linear correlation between the number of double bonds in the sample and TTE was observed.