bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applicability and Challenges of Using Machine Translation in Translator Training
Authors: Koletnik Korošec Melita
Published: May 2015

During the last decade, translation as well as translator training have experienced a significant change. This change has been significantly influenced by the development of the Internet and the successive availability of web-based translation resources, such as Google Translate. Their introduction into the translation didactic process and training is no longer a matter of a teacher’s personal preference and IT skills, but a necessity imposed by the ever-swifter advancement of technology. This article presents the experimental results of an ongoing broader research study focusing on the modes and frequency of use of the Internet, Google Translate and Google Translator Toolkit among translation students at the undergraduate level. The preliminary results, presented in this article, are based on a questionnaire which was prepared in relation to the use of Google Translate while considering the latest professional findings. The article concludes with the author’s observations as to the applicability of these resources in translator training and the challenges thereof.
More or Less on the Mark? Translating Harold Pinter’s The Dwarfs: A Novel
Authors: Borowiec Łukasz
Published: May 2015

A literary source text demands the translator’s approach for each process of translation. This approach involves a complex and multifaceted analysis of the source text. As Pinter’s novel The Dwarfs provides rich ground for such analysis, I present a selection of translation issues against the backdrop of a more general problem of translatability. Pinter is a master of English dialogue, which makes its translation a truly daunting task. The conversations between the characters are filled with expressions from cricket, dated British cultural references, puns, literary and Biblical allusions, phrases and formulaic expressions characteristic of Cockney, and numerous allusions to Shakespeare as well as his own earlier plays. I examine the translatability of The Dwarfs by discussing three translation codes: lexical-semantic, cultural and esthetic. Although these are closely interconnected and interdependent, I present a choice of issues within each code in order to submit for consideration the challenges facing a Pinter translator as well as to show the complexity of Pinter’s artistic vision in one of his earliest works.
“The Dignity of Man”: Pinter, Politics, and the Nobel Speech
Authors: Goodspeed Andrew
Published: May 2015

The paper is an examination of Harold Pinter’s Nobel Prize lecture ‘Art, Truth & Politics’ from the political aspect. It argues that Pinter’s speech was widely misreported at the time as being most significant for its political attacks on President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Tony Blair. The paper suggests instead that the lecture given by Pinter is better understood as a message congruent with his long-standing political statements; that it was not an inappropriate eruption of politics into a literary speech; and that these political positions are also relatable to the dramatic work by which he is distinguished.
From Room to Tomb: Moonlight
Authors: Inan Dilek
Published: May 2015

In 1993, a decade of directly political plays was followed by Moonlight, which in the Guardian’s words would “come as a shock to those who have lately pigeonholed Harold Pinter as a writer of bruising polemic” (Billington 1993, 1). Although Moonlight made history as Pinter’s first full length work for the theatre since Betrayal, it should rather be seen as an interval from politics where the playwright re-explores the interior landscapes of his early work, where he returns to the pastoral as a landscape of retreat and fantasy. Indeed, the play’s title suggests a pastoral realm. The heroine retreats into Nature through linguistic idealisation. Moonlight can best be comprehended as Pinter briefly leaving politics to explore new horizons – “his own private griefs and anguish in the most nakedly and unashamedly emotional of all his plays” (Billington 1996, 338). This paper evaluates Moonlight as a reworking of Pinter’s own roots thematically, stylistically and spatially.
“All Them Aliens Had It”: Pinter’s Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Sakellaridou Elizabeth
Published: May 2015

Throughout his life Pinter always showed, both as artist and as social being, a profound respect for the rights of the individual and human dignity. His dramatic output as well as his overt political activity demonstrate his unbroken adherence to the ideology and behaviour of a citizen of the world. My endeavour in this paper will be to argue about what I shall call Pinter’s visceral cosmopolitanism. This approach, on the one hand, reads his political actions through the highly politicized agenda of the contemporary cosmopolitan discourse and, on the other hand, it adopts a more retrospective point of view, which seeks to find a fundamental correspondence between the Pinteresque uncertainty, fear and ambiguity and Immanuel Kant’s rather more ethical understanding of cosmopolitanism, especially his novel idea of hospitality.
Content Analysis of Advertisements in Different Cultures
Authors: Lazović Vesna
Published: May 2015

Increasingly, advertising examples are being analyzed and used as yet another form of communication, on account of their ubiquity (e.g. billboards, Internet, television, magazines). Designed to compel us to purchase products, advertisements have the potential to greatly impact our lives. They show current trends in social preferences, they reveal cultural values and norms of the target audience and, finally, they can be the mirror of the times people live in. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief overview of the findings in previously carried–out research relating to cross–cultural content analysis of advertisements. The reports have addressed both linguistic and extra–linguistic features and trends in advertising and emphasized language– and culture–specific elements. This paper also gives ideas for future studies, since nowadays, due to international marketing and increasing globalization there are more cultural transfers to be explored, as cultures are coming in contact far more frequently.
On Omissions and Substitutions in the Medieval English Translations of the Gospel
Authors: Štrmelj Lidija
Published: May 2015

This paper provides the data on the omissions and substitutions of Latin text fragments made in the Old and Middle English translations of St. John’s Gospel. It aims to explore how frequently and for what reasons one or the other translator, or occasionally both of them, turned to these deviations in the process of rendering, and to find out whether there were some significant differences between the translations concerning these procedures. As the translations were composed over a span of more than 3oo years, some of the evidence certainly reveals changes in the understanding and experiencing of biblical and other terms that occurred over the course of time, as reflected in language. These changes are first and foremost what we wish to discuss in this paper, but other matters will be also considered, such as the authors’ priorities in translation and specific features of their language.
A global aerosol classification algorithm incorporating multiple satellite data sets of aerosol and trace gas abundances
Authors: Penning de Vries M. J. M. , Beirle S. , Hörmann C. , Kaiser J. W. , Stammes P. , Tilstra L. G. , Tuinder O. N. E. , Wagner T.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Detecting the optical properties of aerosols using passive satellite-borne measurements alone is a difficult task due to the broad-band effect of aerosols on the measured spectra and the influences of surface and cloud reflection. We present another approach to determine aerosol type, namely by studying the relationship of aerosol optical depth (AOD) with trace gas abundance, aerosol absorption, and mean aerosol size. Our new Global Aerosol Classification Algorithm, GACA, examines relationships between aerosol properties (AOD and extinction Ångström exponent from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), UV Aerosol Index from the second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, GOME-2) and trace gas column densities (NO2, HCHO, SO2 from GOME-2, and CO from MOPITT, the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere instrument) on a monthly mean basis. First, aerosol types are separated based on size (Ångström exponent) and absorption (UV Aerosol Index), then the dominating sources are identified based on mean trace gas columns and their correlation with AOD. In this way, global maps of dominant aerosol type and main source type are constructed for each season and compared with maps of aerosol composition from the global MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) model. Although GACA cannot correctly characterize transported or mixed aerosols, GACA and MACC show good agreement regarding the global seasonal cycle, particularly for urban/industrial aerosols. The seasonal cycles of both aerosol type and source are also studied in more detail for selected 5° × 5° regions. Again, good agreement between GACA and MACC is found for all regions, but some systematic differences become apparent: the variability of aerosol composition (yearly and/or seasonal) is often not well captured by MACC, the amount of mineral dust outside of the dust belt appears to be overestimated, and the abundance of secondary organic aerosols is underestimated in comparison with GACA. Whereas the presented study is of exploratory nature, we show that the developed algorithm is well suited to evaluate climate and atmospheric composition models by including aerosol type and source obtained from measurements into the comparison, instead of focusing on a single parameter, e.g. AOD. The approach could be adapted to constrain the mix of aerosol types during the process of a combined data assimilation of aerosol and trace gas observations.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the northwestern Pacific: seasonal variation and source attribution
Authors: Zhao Y. H. , Zhang L. , Pan Y. P. , Wang Y. S. , Paulot F. , Henze D. K.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Rapid Asian industrialization has led to increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition downwind threatening the marine environment. We present an analysis of the sources and processes controlling atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the northwestern Pacific, using the GEOS-Chem global chemistry model and its adjoint model at 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over the East Asia and its adjacent oceans. We focus our analyses on the marginal seas: the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea. Asian nitrogen emissions in the model are 28.6 Tg N a−1 as NH3 and 15.7 Tg N a−1 as NOx. China has the largest sources with 12.8 Tg N a−1 as NH3 and 7.9 Tg N a−1 as NOx; the high NH3 emissions reflect its intensive agricultural activities. We find Asian NH3 emissions are a factor of 3 higher in summer than winter. The model simulation for 2008–2010 is evaluated with NH3 and NO2 column observations from satellite instruments, and wet deposition flux measurements from surface monitoring sites. Simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the northwestern Pacific ranges 0.8–20 kg N ha−1 a−1, decreasing rapidly downwind the Asian continent. Deposition fluxes average 11.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 (5.0 as reduced nitrogen NHx and 6.9 as oxidized nitrogen NOy) to the Yellow Sea, and 5.6 kg N ha−1 a−1 (2.5 as NHx and 3.1 as NOy) to the South China Sea. Nitrogen sources over the ocean (ship NOx and oceanic NH3) have little contribution to deposition over the Yellow Sea, about 7% over the South China Sea, and become important (greater than 30%) further downwind. We find that the seasonality of nitrogen deposition to the northwestern Pacific is determined by variations in meteorology largely controlled by the East Asian Monsoon and in nitrogen emissions. The model adjoint further estimates that nitrogen deposition to the Yellow Sea originates from sources over China (92% contribution) and the Korean peninsula (7%), and by sectors from fertilizer use (24%), power plants (22%), and transportation (18%). Deposition to the South China Sea shows source contribution from Mainland China (66%), Taiwan (20%), and the rest 14% from the Southeast Asian countries and oceanic NH3 emissions. The adjoint analyses also indicate that reducing Asian NH3 emissions would increase NOy dry deposition to the Yellow Sea (28% offset annually), limiting the effectiveness of NH3 emission controls.
Airborne in situ vertical profiling of HDO / H216O in the subtropical troposphere during the MUSICA remote sensing validation campaign
Authors: Dyroff C. , Sanati S. , Christner E. , Zahn A. , Balzer M. , Bouquet H. , McManus J. B. , González-Ramos Y. , Schneider M.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Vertical profiles of water vapor (H2O) and its isotope ratio D / H expressed as δD(H2O) were measured in situ by the ISOWAT II diode-laser spectrometer during the MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water (MUSICA) airborne campaign. We present recent modifications of the instrument design. The instrument calibration on the ground as well as in flight is described. Based on the calibration measurements, the humidity-dependent uncertainty of our airborne data is determined. For the majority of the airborne data we achieved an accuracy (uncertainty of the mean) of Δ(δD) ≈10‰. Vertical profiles between 150 and ~7000 m were obtained during 7 days in July and August 2013 over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean near Tenerife. The flights were coordinated with ground-based (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, NDACC) and space-based (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, IASI) FTIR remote sensing measurements of δD(H2O) as a means to validate the remote sensing humidity and δD(H2O) data products. The results of the validation are presented in detail in a separate paper (Schneider et al., 2014). The profiles were obtained with a high vertical resolution of around 3 m. By analyzing humidity and δD(H2O) correlations we were able to identify different layers of air masses with specific isotopic signatures. The results are discussed.
Impacts of climate and reclamation on temporal variations in CH4 emissions from different wetlands in China: from 1950 to 2010
Authors: Li T. , Zhang W. , Zhang Q. , Lu Y. , Wang G. , Niu Z. , Raivonen M. , Vesala T.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Natural wetlands are among the most important sources of methane; thus, these areas are important for better understanding long-term temporal variations in atmospheric methane concentration. During the last 60 years, wetlands have experienced extensive conversion and global impacts from climate warming, which makes the estimation of methane emission from wetlands highly uncertain. In this paper, we present a modeling framework, integrating CH4MODwetland, TOPMODEL and TEM models, to analyze the temporal and spatial variations in CH4 emissions from natural wetlands (including inland wetlands, coastal wetlands, lakes and rivers) in China. Our analysis revealed an increase of 25.5%, averaging 0.52 g m−2 per decade, in national CH4 fluxes from 1950 to 2010, which was mainly induced by climate warming. Higher rates of increasing CH4 fluxes occurred in northeastern, northern and northwestern China, associated with large temperature increases. However, decreases in precipitation due to climate warming offset the increase in CH4 fluxes in these regions. The CH4 fluxes from the wetland on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau exhibited a lower rate of increase, which was approximately 25% of that simulated in northeastern China. Although climate warming has accelerated CH4 fluxes, the total amount of national CH4 emissions decreased by approximately 2.35 Tg (1.91–2.81 Tg), i.e., from 4.50 Tg in the early 1950s to 2.15 Tg in the late 2000s, due to a large wetland loss of 17.0 million ha. Of this reduction, 0.26 Tg (0.24–0.28 Tg) was derived from lakes and rivers, 0.16 Tg (0.13–0.20 Tg) from coastal wetlands, and 1.92 Tg (1.54–2.33 Tg) from inland wetlands. Northeastern China had the largest contribution to this reduction, with a loss of 1.68 Tg. The CH4 emissions were reduced by more than half in most regions in China except for the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, where only a 23.3% decrease in CH4 was observed.
A global satellite assisted precipitation climatology
Authors: Funk C. , Verdin A. , Michaelsen J. , Peterson P. , Pedreros D. , Husak G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Accurate representations of mean climate conditions, especially in areas of complex terrain, are an important part of environmental monitoring systems. As high-resolution satellite monitoring information accumulates with the passage of time, it can be increasingly useful in efforts to better characterize the earth's mean climatology. Current state-of-the-science products rely on complex and sometimes unreliable relationships between elevation and station-based precipitation records, which can result in poor performance in food and water insecure regions with sparse observation networks. These vulnerable areas (like Ethiopia, Afghanistan, or Haiti) are often the critical regions for humanitarian drought monitoring. Here, we show that long period of record geo-synchronous and polar-orbiting satellite observations provide a unique new resource for producing high resolution (0.05°) global precipitation climatologies that perform reasonably well in data sparse regions. Traditionally, global climatologies have been produced by combining station observations and physiographic predictors like latitude, longitude, elevation, and slope. While such approaches can work well, especially in areas with reasonably dense observation networks, the fundamental relationship between physiographic variables and the target climate variables can often be indirect and spatially complex. Infrared and microwave satellite observations, on the other hand, directly monitor the earth's energy emissions. These emissions often correspond physically with the location and intensity of precipitation. We show that these relationships provide a good basis for building global climatologies. We also introduce a new geospatial modeling approach based on moving window regressions and inverse distance weighting interpolation. This approach combines satellite fields, gridded physiographic indicators, and in situ climate normals. The resulting global 0.05° monthly precipitation climatology, the Climate Hazards Group's Precipitation Climatology version 1 (CHPclim v.1.0, http://dx.doi.org/10.15780/G2159X), is shown to compare favorably with similar global climatology products, especially in areas with complex terrain and low station densities.
A dynamic marine iron cycle module coupled to the University of Victoria Earth System Model: the Kiel Marine Biogeochemical Model 2 for UVic 2.9
Authors: Nickelsen L. , Keller D. P. , Oschlies A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Marine biological production as well as the associated biotic uptake of carbon in many ocean regions depends on the availability of nutrients in the euphotic zone. While large areas are limited by nitrogen and/or phosphorus, the micronutrient iron is considered the main limiting nutrient in the North Pacific, equatorial Pacific and Southern Ocean. Changes in iron availability via changes in atmospheric dust input are discussed to play an important role in glacial–interglacial cycles via climate feedbacks caused by changes in biological ocean carbon sequestration. Although many aspects of the iron cycle remain unknown, its incorporation into marine biogeochemical models is needed to test our current understanding and better constrain its role in the Earth system. In the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic) iron limitation in the ocean was, until now, simulated pragmatically with an iron concentration masking scheme that did not allow a consistent interactive response to perturbations of ocean biogeochemistry or iron cycling sensitivity studies. Here, we replace the iron masking scheme with a dynamic iron cycle and compare the results to available observations and the previous marine biogeochemical model. Sensitivity studies are also conducted with the new model to test the sensitivity of the model to parameterized iron ligand concentrations, the importance of considering the variable solubility of iron in dust deposition, the importance of considering high-resolution bathymetry for the sediment release of iron, the effect of scaling the sedimentary iron release with temperature and the sensitivity of the iron cycle to a climate change scenario.
Evolution of the human–water relationships in the Heihe River basin in the past 2000 years
Authors: Lu Z. , Wei Y. , Xiao H. , Zou S. , Xie J. , Ren J. , Western A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This paper quantitatively analyzed the evolution of human–water relationships in the Heihe River basin of northern China over the past 2000 years by reconstructing the catchment water balance by partitioning precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff. The results provided the basis for investigating the impacts of societies on hydrological systems. Based on transition theory and the rates of changes of the population, human water consumption and the area of natural oases, the evolution of human–water relationships can be divided into four stages: predevelopment (206 BC–AD 1368), take-off (AD 1368–1949), acceleration (AD 1949–2000), and the start of a rebalancing between human and ecological needs (post AD 2000). Our analysis of the evolutionary process revealed that there were large differences in the rate and scale of changes and the period over which they occurred. The transition of the human–water relationship had no fixed pattern. This understanding of the dynamics of the human–water relationship will assist policy makers in identifying management practices that require improvement by understanding how today's problems were created in the past, which may lead to more sustainable catchment management in the future.
La vinculación ético-jurídica entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión de riesgos en el contexto de la seguridad del paciente
Authors: Milos H Paulina , Larraín S. Ana Isabel
Published: May 2015

El fomento de un entorno seguro es una función esencial de las enfermeras, que ocupa cada vez más un lugar central en la gestión del cuidado. El propósito de este artículo es develar la existencia de una relación ético-jurídica entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión de riesgos, en el contexto de la seguridad del paciente. Método: bajo un criterio ético-jurídico se reflexiona sobre la atención de enfermería y la seguridad del paciente. Resultados: se demuestra una vinculación de carácter ético-jurídico entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión de riesgos. Se define a qué orden pertenece dicha vinculación y cómo se integra a la gestión del cuidado. Por último, se propone la supervisión por riesgos. Conclusiones: al demostrar la vinculación ética y jurídica existente entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión de riesgos, la seguridad del paciente se levanta, para las enfermeras y la enfermería, como un imperativo moral y profesional.
Rede social e virtual de apoio ao adolescente que convive com doenças crônicas: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Santos Gabriela Silva dos , Tavares Cláudia Mara de Melo , Ferreira Rejane Eleutério , Pereira Cosme Sueli de Faria
Published: May 2015

Objetivo: identificar o papel do enfermeiro na rede social e virtual de apoio aos adolescentes que convivem com o diagnóstico de doença crônica. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada na base de dados: MEDLINE, LILACS e BDENF, no período de junho a novembro de 2013, com artigos indexados a partir de 2008 até 2013 e os descritores: “enfermagem”, “apoio social”, “adolescentes”, “doenças crônicas” e “rede social”. Resultados: os artigos descrevem que o apoio social de forma direta aos portadores de doenças crônicas ou por meio do apoio que os pais recebem, afetará positivamente no estado de saúde do portador. Conclusão: o enfermeiro deve estar preparado para fornecer o apoio necessário às famílias e ao portador de doença crônica com o objetivo de melhorar a saúde do paciente. Esse apoio por meio das redes sociais virtuais é um novo método que vem conquistando espaço e trazendo grandes benefícios para esses pacientes e seus familiares.
Heart Rate Variability and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Clinical Applications
Authors: Reid-Chung Andrea , Thompson Michael , Thompson Lynda
Published: May 2015

This paper discusses the clinical applications of heart rate variability (HRV) data in the treatment of clients who have experienced traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). In the authors' clinical practice, HRV data is collected at the initial assessment, at progress assessments, and again after the completion of a course of neurofeedback combined with HRV biofeedback treatment. This paper describes HRV seen in healthy individuals compared to HRV in individuals known to have experienced a TBI. Three clinical case examples are discussed that explore the changes in heart rate variability following traumatic brain injury as well as improvements noted during, and following, a course of neurofeedback combined with HRV biofeedback training. The cases illustrated in this paper demonstrate the impressive changes in heart rate variability that can occur following a traumatic brain injury and also highlight how neurofeedback combined with biofeedback training can be used to improve heart rate variability and ameliorate related cognitive symptoms.
Distinguishing Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Responses: Implications for Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training
Authors: Lagos Leah
Published: May 2015

Recent research has noted a significant overlap between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postconcussion syndrome (PCS). In this article, an argument is made for providing a specialized form of heart rate variability biofeedback that allows for the physiological discharge of trauma among patients who present with comorbid symptoms of PTSD and PCS. Recommendations for clinicians who encounter the manifestation of trauma during their work with PCS patients are provided. Future areas of heart rate variability biofeedback research among PCS and PTSD populations are further delineated.
Treating Postconcussion Syndrome with LORETA Z-Score Neurofeedback and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback: Neuroanatomical/Neurophysiological Rationale, Methods, and Case Examples
Authors: Thompson Michael , Thompson Lynda , Reid-Chung Andrea
Published: May 2015

Media attention has highlighted the critical problem of concussion injuries in sport and the challenge of treating and rehabilitating individuals with traumatic brain injury. The authors present a framework for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography Z-score based neurofeedback and heart rate–variability biofeedback. The article advocates a comprehensive assessment process including the use of a 19-channel quantitative electroencephalogram, a heart rate variability baseline, and symptom severity questionnaires for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and anxiety. The initial medical assessment, neuropsychological assessment, and evoked potential studies also have potential for a more precise assessment of deficits in brain activation patterns, which assists the targeting of neurofeedback training.
Detentiebeleving van strafrechtelijk gedetineerden zonder verblijfsrecht
Authors: Kox Mieke , de Ridder Steven , Vanhouche An-Sofie , Boone Miranda , Beyens Kristel
Published: May 2015

Detention experiences of criminal foreign national prisoners without legal residence

The detention experiences of male criminal foreign national prisoners without legal residence receive little attention in penological literature. A qualitative study amongst 30 prisoners with and 16 prisoners without legal residence in the penitentiary institution Tilburg shows that contacts with the social network and the preparation of the reintegration in society are (more) complicated for foreign national prisoners without legal residence. Besides, communication with the staff is more difficult for this group. These factors have negative impact on their detention experiences. The results show that both deprivation and importation theory apply to foreign national prisoners without legal residence. However, importation aspects – especially the lack of legal residence – may substantially and systematically increase the deprivation and result in additional exclusion and isolation mechanisms for this particular group.
A Comparative Study on Serum Level Concentration of Micronutrients Like Zinc, Copper and Chromium Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Mathewos Geneto  , Melaku Umeta  , Tedla Kebede  , Aklilu Azazh  , Ravi Nagphaul  , Salahuddin Farooq Mohammed
Published: May 2015

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance. Many studies have reported an association between diabetes and alterations in the metabolism of several micronutrients. In Ethiopia the study in the relationship between micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Cr) status and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is scanty. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the concentration of the fasting serum zinc, copper and chromium status in T2DM and control subjects.Method: A cross-sectional comparative study, conducted on 108 human subjects divided in to two groups: 54 subjects with the diagnosis of T2DM and the other 54 subjects were grouped as the control. After demographic and anthropometric information gathered, the blood sample was collected for the biochemical analysis. Fasting serum glucose was measured by glucose oxidase methods. The serum concentration of micronutrients namely zinc, copper and chromium were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software.Results: Compared with control groups, T2DM patients had greater BMI (p
Impact of Production Practices on Organoleptic Intensity Scale of Different Rice Cultivars
Authors: Amit Kesarwani  , Madhu Sharma  , Sachin Kumar Vaid  , Shih Shiung Chen
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this research was to relate mean organoleptic scores of organically and conventionally grown rice (n = 5) in japonica cultivars (Taikeng No. 16 and Kaohsiung No. 139). The 0-7 organoleptic scale is used in trials to measure the agronomic practices impact on sensory attributes of rice cultivars. However, the precise relationship between farming system and organoleptic analysis of rice remains independent variables. Judges (n = 10) used a common 0-7 scale to report the 6 sensory attributes viz. appearance, aroma, flavor, cohesion, hardness and overall acceptability while keeping cultivar Taikeng No. 9 as control. The scale ranges from – 3 to + 3 as very poor to excellent. The study demonstrates sensory attributes as inherited trait of rice; while no improvement found in cooking and eating quality under seasonal or agronomic variations. Interestingly, the aroma was reported as only better parameter when grown under organic farming compared to conventional farming (– 0.49 and – 0.62 over control, respectively). Also, the positive co-relationship exists between amylose content and organoleptic analysis while antagonistic link to crude protein content. The study cleared that management method, per se, did not influence any flavory attributes and detected no changes by the sensory panel. Further descriptive analysis needed with different conditions such as variety, degree of milling, growing location and moisture content which also played significant role in determining flavor and eating quality of rice cultivars.
Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Herbal Cream Containing Ethanolic Extracts of Azadirachta indica Leaves and Aloe Vera Gel
Authors: Chukwuemeka Paul Azubuike  , Sandra Ebele Ejimba  , Abel Olusola Idowu  , Issac Adeleke
Published: May 2015

The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem), fresh gel of Aloe vera, combination of the two extracts and the creams formulated with these extracts were evaluated.The preliminary in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts at various concentrations and those of their creams were determined against some microorganisms using the agar cup plate method. The growth inhibition zones of the extracts on the microorganisms were noted. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined by agar dilution method. The physical properties of the creams formulated with these extracts were evaluated using standard procedures.Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible to Neem extract of which Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible with the lowest MIC value (2.5mg/ml). The fungal strain Candida albicans had the lowest MIC value (2.0mg/ml) for the Aloe vera gel extract. The MIC values (mg/ml) of Neem leaves against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were 5.00, 5.00, 2.50, 10.00, 2.50, 5.00 respectively, while MIC of Aloe extract were 8.00, 8.00, 4.00, 8.00, 2.00, 4.00 respectively. Among the formulated creams, the formulation containing equal concentrations of the extracts (1:1) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, however the commercial brand Funbact A® had better antimicrobial activity. Most of the creams showed comparable physical properties.The study showed that the creams containing equal concentrations of the two ethanolic extracts have high potentials as topical antimicrobial agents especially against skin infections due to the tested Gram positive bacteria and Candida albicans.
Regards des habitants de Kangiqsujuaq sur leurs albums de photographies de famille (1960-2012)
Authors: Antomarchi Véronique
Published: May 2015

Cet article présente un terrain effectué en juillet 2012 dans un village du Nunavik (Nord Québec) dans le cadre d’un projet sur l’imagibilité inuit. Mené en accord avec la municipalité de Kangiqsujuaq, ce projet a fédéré une dizaine d’habitants qui ont choisi et commenté quelques photos de leurs albums de famille. Les 35 clichés recueillis ont été scannés et déposés à l’Institut culturel inuit Avataq à Montréal en vue d’assurer la protection et la conservation de ce patrimoine photographique « ordinaire ». Ces clichés ont ensuite été agrandis et viennent de faire l’objet d’une exposition dans la communauté afin de permettre la transmission intergénérationnelle autour de la mémoire collective, familiale, individuelle des habitants du village. L’enjeu essentiel de ce projet repose sur la prise en compte du regard des habitants qui permet une représentation plus appropriée du territoire. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure ce patrimoine photographique pourrait rentrer en ligne de compte dans l’aménagement muséographique des centres de transmission des parcs nationaux, comme ici, en ce qui concerne le parc des Pingualuit, présenté comme l’icône touristique du Nunavik.
Speed-dating à Bruxelles
Authors: Wauthier Pierre-Yves
Published: May 2015

Le speed-dating est un dispositif destiné à produire de la rencontre
hétérosexuelle à connotation sentimentale. Il s’organise en tournantes de rencontre de
quelques minutes entre inconnus du sexe opposé. Il s’adresse a priori à des
célibataires urbains à la recherche d’un partenaire. Il témoigne de changements sociaux
affectant la conjugalité. Lorsque la relation significative antérieure est rompue et lorsque
le réseau social semble vide de partenaire envisageable, le speed-dating apparaît
comme un moyen sécurisé de rencontrer des inconnus afin de résoudre l’injonction moderne du
« libre choix du conjoint », dans un contexte contradictoire qui valorise à la fois la
famille nucléaire et le mode désirant. L’article discute la parenté en tant qu’objet
anthropologique. Il discute également de l’apport du sociologue Jean-Claude Kaufmann sur
l’inversion sexe/amour.
Recovering paleoearthquake slip record in a highly dynamic alluvial and tectonic region (Hope Fault, New Zealand) from airborne lidar
Authors: Manighetti I. , Perrin C. , Dominguez S. , Garambois S. , Gaudemer Y. , Malavieille J. , Matteo L. , Delor E. , Vitard C. , Beauprêtre S.
Published: May 2015

Knowing the slip amplitudes that large earthquakes produced in prehistorical times is one key to anticipate the magnitude of large forthcoming events. It is long known that the morphology is preserving remnants of paleoearthquake slips in the form of fault‐offset landforms. However, the measured offsets that can be attributed to the most recent paleoearthquakes are generally few along a fault, so that they rarely allow recovering the slip distributions and largest slips of these earthquakes. We acquired ~1 m resolution airborne lidar data on a 30 km stretch of a fast‐slipping strike‐slip fault (eastern Hope Fault, New Zealand) located in a region of high alluvial dynamics where landforms are rapidly evolving. Data analysis reveals >200 offset landforms; only 30% allow a good to moderate quality offset measurement. From these good to moderate quality measures, we recover the slip‐length distributions and largest slips of the four most recent large paleoearthquakes and find evidence of 4–6 prior events. The record suggests that large earthquake slip recurred in multiples of about 4 m along the 30 km stretch. Although they have larger uncertainties, the more numerous lower‐quality offsets that we also measured reveal a similar earthquake slip record. This shows that, although offset landforms are partly degraded in dynamically active landscapes, they store valuable information on paleoearthquake slips. This information might be recovered provided that the morphology is analyzed at high resolution and “continuously” over a significant fault length. Remote lidar data are powerful to perform such analyses.
Arctic sea ice and freshwater sensitivity to the treatment of the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean surface layer
Authors: Roy François , Chevallier Matthieu , Smith Gregory C. , Dupont Frédéric , Garric Gilles , Lemieux Jean‐François , Lu Youyu , Davidson Fraser
Published: May 2015

Global simulations are presented focusing on the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean (AIO) surface layer (SL) in the Arctic. Results are produced using an ocean model (NEMO) coupled to two different sea ice models: the Louvain‐La‐Neuve single‐category model (LIM2) and the Los Alamos multicategory model (CICE4). A more objective way to adjust the sea ice‐ocean drag is proposed compared to a coefficient tuning approach. The air‐ice drag is also adjusted to be more consistent with the atmospheric forcing data set. Improving the AIO SL treatment leads to more realistic results, having a significant impact on the sea ice volume trend, sea ice thickness, and the Arctic freshwater (FW) budget. The physical mechanisms explaining this sensitivity are studied. Improved sea ice drift speeds result in less sea ice accumulation in the Beaufort Sea, correcting a typical ice thickness bias. Sea ice thickness and drag parameters affect how atmospheric stress is transferred to the ocean, thereby influencing Ekman transport and FW retention in the Beaufort Gyre (BG). Increasing sea ice‐ocean roughness reduces sea ice growth in winter by reducing ice deformation and lead fractions in the BG. It also increases the total Arctic FW content by reducing sea ice export through Fram Strait. Similarly, increasing air‐ice roughness increases the total Arctic FW content by increasing FW retention in the BG.
Vertical distribution of precipitation particles in Baiu frontal stratiform intense rainfall around Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: Oue M. , Ohigashi T. , Tsuboki K. , Nakakita E.
Published: May 2015

The vertical distribution of precipitation particles in an intensely precipitating stratiform cloud associated with the Baiu front around Okinawa Island was observed. X‐band polarimetric radar, disdrometer, and hydrometeor videosonde data were used to examine the precipitation processes. The cloud top was approximately 12 km above sea level, as convection was depressed while stratiform regions developed near Okinawa Island. In the rain region below 3 km, the mean median volume diameter of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) estimated from the radar variables was 1.55 mm, and the mean normalized intercept parameter was 104.12 mm−1 m−3 with a mean radar reflectivity of 40.5 dBZe. The DSD indicates that the stratiform precipitation was characterized by higher number concentrations of smaller drops than observed previously in convective cells in a Baiu frontal convective precipitation region around Okinawa Island. The DSD also suggests the presence of larger raindrops than in convective cells embedded in a Baiu frontal stratiform precipitation region around Okinawa Island. In the ice region at 5–6 km, just above the melting layer and 6 km below the cloud top, the differential reflectivity and specific differential phase showed positive values, and videosonde measurements revealed that the number concentration of column‐, plate‐, and capped‐column‐like crystals (maximum dimensions of ≥0.1 mm) was 112 L−1. The high number concentration of these crystals contributed to the intense stratiform rainfall associated with the Baiu front.
Surface vector mapping of magnetic anomalies over the Moon using Kaguya and Lunar Prospector observations
Authors: Tsunakawa Hideo , Takahashi Futoshi , Shimizu Hisayoshi , Shibuya Hidetoshi , Matsushima Masaki
Published: May 2015

We have provided preliminary global maps of three components of the lunar magnetic anomaly on the surface applying the surface vector mapping (SVM) method. The data used in the present study consist of about 5 million observations of the lunar magnetic field at 10–45 km altitudes by Kaguya and Lunar Prospector. The lunar magnetic anomalies were mapped at 0.2° equi‐distance points on the surface by the SVM method, showing the highest intensity of 718 nT in the Crisium antipodal region. Overall features on the SVM maps indicate that elongating magnetic anomalies are likely to be dominant on the Moon except for the young large basins with the impact demagnetization. Remarkable demagnetization features suggested by previous studies are also recognized at Hertzsprung and Kolorev craters on the farside. These features indicate that demagnetized areas extend to about 1–2 radii of the basins/craters. There are well‐isolated central magnetic anomalies at four craters: Leibnitz, Aitken, Jules Verne, and Grimaldi craters. Their magnetic poles through the dipole source approximation suggest occurrence of the polar wander prior to 3.3–3.5 Ga. When compared with high‐albedo markings at several magnetic anomalies such as the Reiner Gamma anomalies, three‐dimensional structures of the magnetic field on/near the surface are well correlated with high‐albedo areas. These results indicate that the global SVM maps are useful for the study of the lunar magnetic anomalies in comparison with various geological and geophysical data.
Observations and modeling of hillslope throughflow temperatures in a coastal forested catchment
Authors: Leach J. A. , Moore R. D.
Published: May 2015

A growing body of research on stream thermal regimes has highlighted the importance of heat advection associated with surface water and groundwater interactions, such as hyporheic exchange, groundwater discharge, and hillslope throughflow inputs. Existing catchment models that predict stream temperature use a variety of approaches to estimate throughflow temperatures, but none has been evaluated against field measurements of throughflow temperature. In this study, throughflow temperatures were monitored over two winters at 50 locations adjacent to a headwater stream (11 ha catchment area) located in the rain‐on‐snow zone of the Pacific Northwest. Existing approaches to estimate throughflow temperature under or overpredicted throughflow temperatures by up to 5°C, or were unable to represent the influence of transient snow cover. Therefore, a conceptual‐parametric model that is computationally efficient was developed that simulates hillslope hydrology and throughflow temperatures. The model structure includes an upslope reservoir that drains into a downslope reservoir that, in turn, drains into the stream. Vertical and lateral energy and water fluxes are simulated using simplified process representations. The model successfully predicts throughflow temperatures and highlights the dominant role of throughflow advection and the influence of snow cover on stream thermal regimes during high flow periods and rain‐on‐snow events.
Optimizing irradiance estimates for coastal and inland water imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Thompson David R. , Seidel Felix C. , Gao Bo Cai , Gierach Michelle M. , Green Robert O. , Kudela Raphael M. , Mouroulis Pantazis
Published: May 2015

Next generation orbital imaging spectrometers, with advanced global remote sensing capabilities, propose to address outstanding ocean science questions related to coastal and inland water environments. These missions require highly accurate characterization of solar irradiance in the critical 380–600 nm spectral range. However, the irradiance in this spectral region is temporally variable and difficult to measure directly, leading to considerable variance between different models. Here we optimize an irradiance estimate using data from the NASA airborne Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM), leveraging spectrally smooth in‐scene targets. We demonstrate improved retrievals for both PRISM and the Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer.
Bubbles attenuate elastic waves at seismic frequencies: First experimental evidence
Authors: Tisato Nicola , Quintal Beatriz , Chapman Samuel , Podladchikov Yury , Burg Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2015

The migration of gases from deep to shallow reservoirs can cause damageable events. For instance, some gases can pollute the biosphere or trigger explosions and eruptions. Seismic tomography may be employed to map the accumulation of subsurface bubble‐bearing fluids to help mitigating such hazards. Nevertheless, how gas bubbles modify seismic waves is still unclear. We show that saturated rocks strongly attenuate seismic waves when gas bubbles occupy part of the pore space. Laboratory measurements of elastic wave attenuation at frequencies <100 Hz are modeled with a dynamic gas dissolution theory demonstrating that the observed frequency‐dependent attenuation is caused by wave‐induced‐gas‐exsolution‐dissolution (WIGED). This result is incorporated into a numerical model simulating the propagation of seismic waves in a subsurface domain containing CO2‐gas bubbles. This simulation shows that WIGED can significantly modify the wavefield and illustrates how accounting for this physical mechanism can potentially improve the monitoring and surveying of gas bubble‐bearing fluids in the subsurface.