bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Interactions of Yeast Prions: [SWI+], [PSI+], and [PIN+]
Authors: Du Zhiqiang , Li Liming
Published: April 2014

Multiple prion elements, which are transmitted as heritable protein conformations and often linked to distinct phenotypes, have been identified in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been shown that overproduction of a prion protein Swi1 can promote the de novo conversion of another yeast prion [PSI+] when Sup35 is co-overproduced. However, the mechanism underlying this Pin+ ([PSI+] inducible) activity is not clear. Moreover, how the Swi1 prion ([SWI+]) interacts with other yeast prions is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the Pin+ activity associated with Swi1 overproduction is independent of Rnq1 expression or [PIN+] conversion. We also show that [SWI+] enhances the appearance of [PSI+] and [PIN+]. However, [SWI+] significantly compromises the Pin+ activity of [PIN+] when they coexist. We further demonstrate that a single yeast cell can harbor three prions, [PSI+], [PIN+], and [SWI+], simultaneously. However, under this condition, [SWI+] is significantly destabilized. While the propensity to aggregate underlies prionogenesis, Swi1 and Rnq1 aggregates resulting from overproduction are usually nonheritable. Conversely, prion protein aggregates formed in nonoverexpressing conditions or induced by preexisting prion(s) are more prionogenic. For [PSI+] and [PIN+] de novo formation, heterologous “facilitators,” such as preexisting [SWI+] aggregates, colocalize only with the newly formed ring-/rod-shaped Sup35 or Rnq1 aggregates, but not with the dot-shaped mature prion aggregates. Their colocalization frequency is coordinated with their prion inducibility, indicating that prion–prion interactions mainly occur at the early initiation stage. Our results provide supportive evidence for the cross-seeding model of prionogenesis and highlight a complex interaction network among prions in yeast.
Simulation of mold deformation and pattern interaction in nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Cleveland Nicolas , Sun Hongwei
Published: April 2014

As an emerging manufacturing technique, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) can fabricate micro and nanoscale features of microfluidic devices at very high accuracy and reliability. In high-temperature TNIL process, a polymer melt such as polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is heated beyond the melting temperature so that it behaves predominantly as a fluid during the imprint process. The process parameters such as pressure, temperature, and material properties play critical roles in the NIL process. In this work, the process of thermal nanoimprint lithography (TNIL) is studied computationally with emphasis on the effect of soft-mold deformation on polymer melt flow and finished result by-way-of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) technology. Process is assumed isothermal at 180 °C. Applications of this modeling technique range from micro- and nano-patterns used in micro-channels for biomedical devices to other applications such as biological/particle sensors or super-hydrophobic surfaces. The simulation result is compared to experimental results, and traits observed in TNIL done with soft mold are supported and explained through numerical results.
Estudo eletrencefalográfico das afecções cirúrgicas da fossa posterior
Authors: Pimenta Aloysio Mattos , Pupo Paulo Pinto , Zukerman Eliova
Published: April 2014

Os resultados eletrencefalográficos em 22 casos verificados de afecção cirúrgica da fossa posterior, obtidos com uma rotina de exame detalhado como preconiza Bagchi, são relatados de modo sintético, em quadros comparativos entre dados eletrencefalográficos e neurocirúrgicos. Dessa análise podem-se deduzir as seguintes idéias conclusivas: 1. Dos 22 casos estudados, 9 foram normais e 13 anormais. Entre as anormalidades eletrencefalográficas destacamos: a) surtos de ondas bilaterais e síncronas, substituindo o ritmo de base, de potencial ligeiramente superior ao de base e de freqüência 4 a 7 c/s (ritmo θ) : b) ondas lentas e irregulares, difusas ou localizadas (ondas δ), mas sempre com sensível dispersão temporal em relação às áreas de predominante projeção. 2. As alterações eletrencefalográficas não diferiram em casos de tumores das de lesão de tipo inflamatorio (quadro 1). 3. Os surtos de ritmo 4 a 7 c/s bilateral síncrono não diferençaram afecções da linha mediana das paramedianas (quadro 4). 4. Os casos de EEG normal apareceram preferentemente entre afecções extraparenquimatosas, comparativamente com as de lesão intraparen-quimatosa (quadro 3). 5. Nos casos em que houve nítida lateralização das ondas δ;, o processo era contralateral na fossa posterior (quadro 2). 6. Os surtos de ondas δ difusas apareceram mais freqüentemente nos casos de afecção mediana da fossa posterior (quadro 4).
O líqüido cefalorraqueano na meningite parotidítica
Authors: Iaria César Timo , Longo Rosa Helena , Benini Arnaldo
Published: April 2014

Após rápida revisão da literatura, os autores apresentam os resultados dos exames do liqüido cefalorraquidiano em 12 casos de parotidite epidêmica complicada por meningite. As punções foram tôdas realizadas com finalidade diagnostica e terapêutica (descompressiva) ; todos os pacientes apresentavam sintomas e sinais clínicos agudos de meningite. Da análise realizada concluiu-se o seguinte tipo médio de líquor: aspecto levemente opalescente; incolor; presença de retículo fibrinoso; pressão inicial média de 19 cm de água; 570 células por mm³, sendo 95% de linfomononucleares, 3% de neutrófilos e 2% de plasmócitos; 0,41 g/l de proteínas totais; reação de Pandy fortemente positiva; reação de Weichbrodt negativa; reação de Nonne positiva; reação do benjoim coloidal 00000.02222.00000.0; reação de Takata-Ara negativa; 7,05 g/l de cloretos; 0,62 g/l de glicose; reações sorológicas e provas bacteriológicas negativas. Os autores apresentam também considerações gerais sobre o diagnóstico diferencial, particularmente com a meningite tuberculosa.
General aspects of physalis cultivation
Authors: Muniz Janaína , Kretzschmar Aike Anneliese , Rufato Leo , Pelizza Tânia Regina , Rufato Andrea De Rossi , Macedo Tiago Afonso de
Published: April 2014

The Physalis peruviana L. is an exotic fruit that belongs to the Solanaceae family with recent production in Brazil. This is presented as an alternative production with nutritional potential and economic value. The cape gooseberry plant has a high added value that can be used from its root to the fruit itself. The roots and leaves are rich in medicinal properties that are used in pharmacology. The fruit is sweet and have good content of vitamins A, C, iron, phosphorus and fiber, often used in making jellies, jams, juices and ice creams. To improve the plant canopy, but also contribute to the quality and appearance of the fruit produced some cultural practices such as staking, training systems, pruning and thinning are used. The aim of this review is to provide technical and scientific data about the culture of physalis.
A pertinência dos documentos prescritos nas atividades dos profissionais de manutenção industrial: o caso de uma indústria automobilística
Authors: Carvalho Alex Luis de , Menegon Nilton Luiz
Published: April 2014

Um grande número de trabalhos de manutenção é descrito em procedimentos escritos precisos. Tais procedimentos dizem respeito a um determinado tipo de equipamento/máquina. Nos procedimentos de manutenção, as reparações dos equipamentos são descritas dentro de um padrão de estabilidade e normalidade onde todas as operações ocorrem de acordo com o esperado, como se fossem feitas na oficina, como equipamentos isolados. Mas na realidade, as reparações ocorrem em ambientes complexos. Frequentemente, as regras descritas nos procedimentos devem ser adaptadas, ou por vezes desrespeitadas, para permitir o reparo em condições reais. Este artigo é o resultado de pesquisa realizada em uma área de manutenção de máquinas de uma indústria automobilística, objetivando compreender a pertinência das prescrições para a realização das intervenções de manutenção, sejam elas corretivas ou preventivas. Baseada nos pressupostos metodológicos da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET), centrada na distinção entre trabalho prescrito e trabalho real e entrevistas em autoconfrontação, a atividade efetivamente realizada foi confrontada com a prescrição, evidenciando diversas fontes de variabilidade, constrangimentos e imprevistos que são geridas pelos profissionais durante o curso da ação, mobilizando suas competências, baseadas na experiência e saber acumulado, bem como estratégias de antecipação para o controle das situações e modos operatórios nem sempre conscientes, o que garante "de fato" o compromisso eficaz entre produção e segurança. Os resultados do estudo indicam que essas prescrições, ainda que elaboradas com a participação efetiva dos profissionais, são ineficientes para o trabalho vivo. Os constrangimentos manifestos no trabalho real decorrem da própria lógica da atividade viva, abismo inevitável entre o prescrito e o real.
Pequenas empresas industriais de longa permanência no mercado: uma análise a partir da literatura e de evidências empíricas
Authors: Souza Maria Carolina de Azevedo Ferreira de , Mazzali Leonel , Silveira Rodrigo Lanna Franco da , Bacic Miguel Juan
Published: April 2014

O trabalho visa identificar a influência da idade, tamanho, escopo e efeitos do local sobre a probabilidade de sobrevivência a longo prazo das pequenas empresas industriais. É um estudo descritivo que se apoia em um banco de dados com informações das pequenas empresas industriais da região de Campinas, construído a partir do Cadastro Industrial da Região de Campinas e dados da Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo (SEFAZ). O estudo evidenciou que a amplitude da linha de produtos, a abrangência em termos de mercado e o tamanho exercem influência sobre a probabilidade de sobrevivência das pequenas empresas industriais.
A representação social do escritório de gerenciamento de projetos na percepção de profissionais da área
Authors: Valle José Angelo dos Santos , Ferreira Victor Cláudio Paradela , Joia Luiz Antonio
Published: April 2014

Diversas organizações têm implantado escritórios de gerenciamento de projetos (PMO) em suas estruturas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente artigo é investigar a percepção que profissionais da área de gerenciamento de projetos possuem sobre os escritórios de gerenciamento de projetos. O levantamento dessa percepção foi efetuado tendo como base a teoria das representações sociais. Assim, este trabalho identificou, por meio do método de evocação de palavras associado à teoria das representações sociais, as percepções de 716 profissionais de gerenciamento de projetos, relacionadas ao conceito de escritório de gerenciamento de projetos. Por intermédio da análise das percepções manifestas nesse levantamento, a pesquisa concluiu que a representação social que os profissionais de gerenciamento de projetos fazem acerca do escritório de gerenciamento de projetos é similar à conceituação do papel do escritório de gerenciamento de projetos segundo os guias consagrados de boas práticas de gerenciamento de projetos, o que demonstra um alinhamento entre teoria e prática no que tange ao papel dos escritórios de projeto no Brasil. No entanto, o artigo também identificou uma grande diversidade de expressões caracterizando a representação social do PMO, o que poderia demonstrar uma falta de consenso acerca do real papel dessa estrutura organizacional.
Gestão da educação infantil nas políticas municipais
Authors: Kramer Sonia , Toledo Leonor Pio Borges de , Barros Camila
Published: April 2014

Este artigo apresenta pesquisa sobre políticas públicas e gestão da educação infantil. Focaliza entrevistas realizadas com profissionais responsáveis pela educação infantil em secretarias de educação de 24 municípios. Após apresentar o referencial teórico-metodológico, a concepção de entrevista e como esta foi desenvolvida na pesquisa, o artigo descreve o contexto analisado, o perfil das entrevistadas e analisa os principais resultados, relativos à gestão e cobertura do atendimento, condições (recursos financeiros, materiais e espaço físico), continuidade política, organização e funcionamento das secretarias municipais de educação, relações entre secretarias e instituições, gestão da proposta pedagógica, acesso à educação infantil, lugar social da educação infantil, profissionais de educação infantil, condições de trabalho e formação. Ao final, sistematiza conclusões e prioridades para políticas públicas.
Crítica à razão gestionária na educação: o ponto de vista do trabalho
Authors: Alves Wanderson Ferreira
Published: April 2014

O objetivo no texto é problematizar as ambições da gestão em relação ao trabalho humano e algumas das iniciativas que, no âmbito da educação escolar, atualmente buscam governá-lo e dimensioná-lo. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza teórica que mobiliza as contribuições de estudos na área da educação e também das disciplinas que têm o trabalho como objeto de estudo, especialmente as contribuições da ergonomia da atividade. Partiremos de uma situação concreta, o caso da rede pública estadual de ensino paulista, refletindo sobre o trânsito das ferramentas de gestão do setor privado para o público e sobre a efetividade de tais ferramentas. Abordaremos ainda as contradições e limites dessas ferramentas de gestão - e que são também as contradições e limites da própria gestão - diante da complexidade do trabalho humano. Concluímos então com uma breve síntese das questões tratadas, apontando a necessidade de se trazer o trabalho, suas condições e seus conteúdos para o centro da discussão.
A escola e famílias de territórios metropolitanos de alta vulnerabilidade social: práticas educativas de mães "protagonistas"
Authors: Carvalho-Silva Hamilton Harley de , Batista Antônio Augusto Gomes , Alves Luciana
Published: April 2014

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma investigação que teve por objetivo explorar relações com a escola de famílias moradoras de territórios de alta vulnerabilidade social. Examina práticas educativas de um grupo de mães, aqui consideradas "protagonistas", caracterizado por realizar fortes investimentos na escolarização dos filhos, mesmo que expostas a grandes riscos sociais. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e da observação das famílias, moradoras na periferia da Zona Leste de São Paulo. A análise foi realizada por retratos sociológicos. As conclusões mostram que as mães empreendem alguns esforços, entre outros, para a escolha do estabelecimento de ensino, o acompanhamento da rotina escolar e do dever de casa e o controle das interações sociais dos filhos com o território.
Matemática e texto: práticas de numeramento num livro didático da educação de pessoas jovens e adultas
Authors: Adelino Paula Resende , Fonseca Maria da Conceição Ferreira Reis
Published: April 2014

Este exercício de análise de atividades propostas num livro didático de matemática da Educação de Pessoas Jovens e Adultas (EJA) compõe um estudo desenvolvido no contexto das preocupações com a elaboração de parâmetros para a avaliação de materiais didáticos para esse público. Ao discutir como práticas de numeramento se constituem em atividades sobre números racionais, nossa análise pretende contemplar mais que esforços de promoção da aquisição de habilidades: quer problematizar a dimensão sociocultural das decisões pedagógicas e das práticas matemáticas para cuja apropriação um livro pretende contribuir. Focalizamos aqui práticas que relacionam leitura de textos e aprendizagem matemática, procurando estabelecer interlocução com reflexões sobre letramento e numeramento, sobre peculiaridades do ensino dos números racionais na educação básica e sobre as especificidades da relação dos alunos e das alunas da EJA com conhecimentos matemáticos e com práticas letradas.
Ideologia em problemas matemáticos nos livros didáticos soviéticos da pré-revolução até 1960
Authors: Silva Circe Mary Silva da , Dynnikov Vladimir Ivanovitch
Published: April 2014

A análise dos enunciados de problemas matemáticos em livros soviéticos buscou verificar se houve mudança na ideologia explicitada nos textos antes e após a Revolução de 1917. A análise categorial foi a metodologia de pesquisa para o exame dos problemas em relação ao tema predominante do estudo. Concluímos que antes da revolução a ideologia estava relacionada com o poder da Monarquia russa e da Igreja. A ideologia mudou seu foco e após a revolução os autores de livros didáticos seguiram as diretrizes do Comitê do Partido Soviético. Estas definiam as orientações que deveriam conduzir os jovens russos do primeiro ano escolar até o ensino médio. A ideologia nos enunciados dos livros de matemática de maneira aberta e direta objetivava realçar as realizações na área da tecnologia nacional, progressos na produção agrícola, vantagens do trabalho coletivo, grandes obras nas cidades e modernos meios de transporte.
Registro de Floresta Ombrófila Mista nas regiões sudoeste e sul do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, durante o Pleistoceno/Holoceno
Authors: Bertoldo Édson , Paisani Julio Cesar , Oliveira Paulo Eduardo de
Published: April 2014

Dentre as formações florestais do sul e sudeste do Brasil, a Floresta Ombrófila Mista é considerada uma das mais sensíveis às variações climáticas. Vários estudos paleoambientais buscam identificar em que época esse tipo de floresta se estabeleceu no sul do Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o registro da Floresta Ombrófila Mista na região sudoeste e sul do Estado do Paraná, a partir de dados palinológicos e geocronológicos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Conservação Estadual Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico do Buriti, município de Pato Branco, PR, Brasil. Na análise palinológica foi registrado a presença de 37 táxons, sendo que, o registro de Araucaria é de pelo menos 13.400 anos AP 14C (est.), portanto, um dos registros mais antigos já encontrados no Estado do Paraná. A expansão de Araucaria e Podocarpus em torno de 4.210 anos A.P. indica que o clima era mais frio e mais úmido, com chuvas bem distribuídas.
Two new species of Janusia (Malpighiaceae) from Brazil
Authors: Sebastiani Renata , Mamede Maria Candida Henrique
Published: April 2014

Two new Brazilian species of Janusia are described and illustrated: Janusia diminuta, restricted to the Restinga vegetation in Northern Rio de Janeiro State; and Janusia paraensis, which is known from the Amazonian savanna vegetation in Pará State. Their diagnostic features are pointed out and a discussion of their relations to other species of Janusia are provided herewith.
Sinopse das Orchidaceae holoepífitas e hemiepífitas da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, PA, Brasil
Authors: Koch Ana Kelly , Santos João Ubiratan Moreira dos , Ilkiu-Borges Anna Luiza
Published: April 2014

Este trabalho relata o levantamento florístico das Orchidaceae holoepífitas e hemiepífitas na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, localizada nas proximidades da região do Marajó, entre os municípios de Melgaço e Portel, Estado do Pará. Para tanto, foram realizadas quatro coletas não direcionadas de material fértil entre Abril de 2009 e Novembro de 2010. Na FLONA de Caxiuanã a família está representada por 33 espécies e 24 gêneros. Os mais representativos foram Epidendrum, Scaphyglottis, Catasetum, Encyclia e Polystachya, os demais estão representados por apenas uma espécie cada.
Dissection of the Hormetic Curve: Analysis of Components and Mechanisms
Authors: Lushchak Volodymyr I.
Published: April 2014

The relationship between the dose of an effector and the biological response frequently is not described by a linear function and, moreover, in some cases the dose-response relationship may change from positive/adverse to adverse/positive with increasing dose. This complicated relationship is called “hormesis”. This paper provides a short analysis of the concept along with a description of used approaches to characterize hormetic relationships. The whole hormetic curve can be divided into three zones: I — a lag-zone where no changes are observed with increasing dose; II — a zone where beneficial/adverse effects are observed, and III — a zone where the effects are opposite to those seen in zone II. Some approaches are proposed to analyze the molecular components involved in the development of the hormetic character of dose-response relationships with the use of specific genetic lines or inhibitors of regulatory pathways. The discussion is then extended to suggest a new parameter (half-width of the hormetic curve at zone II) for quantitative characterization of the hormetic curve. The problems limiting progress in the development of the hormesis concept such as low reproducibility and predictability may be solved, at least partly, by deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the hormetic dose-effect relationship.
Returning to work after suffering from burnout syndrome: Perceived changes in personality, views, values, and behaviors connected with work
Authors: Bostjancic Eva , Koracin Nika
Published: April 2014

To date only a few studies have focused on returning to work after suffering
from burnout syndrome. Participants were asked about their perceived work
effectiveness, changes in their personal values, and obstacles and support
factors that they encountered when they returned to work. Among the 27
individuals of various professions included in the study, 18 achieved an
average or a high score on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, which was used to
conduct a semi-structured interview. The answers were later processed by
analyzing the content. The results showed that burned-out individuals only
slowly return to work after recovery. When they return to work, they
encounter changes in personality, personal values, and work effectiveness,
and they only receive partial support from the environment. The results draw
attention to insufficient detection of the disease by medical staff and
employers in Slovenia. Recovering from burnout is a long-term process, which
depends most on individuals themselves. At the same time, they can receive
the necessary support from their family and coworkers, especially in terms of
understanding them and partially adapting their responsibilities at work when
they return. This study draws attention to a number of factors that can
influence an individual?s process of returning to work and can be used as a
basis for developing systematic rehabilitation programs.
Click synthesis by Diels-Alder reaction and characterisation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based hydrogels
Authors: Wang Guo-Feng , Chu Hui-Juan , Wei Hong-Liang , Liu Xiao-Qian , Zhao Zi-Xuan , Zhu Jing
Published: April 2014

The Diels-Alder reaction was used to fabricate hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based hydrogels. First, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) was modified by a carboxyl-containing diene molecule (SFA) which was synthesised from furfurylamine and succinic anhydride. Second, dienophile groups were introduced into HPMC by the coupling reaction with N-maleoyl alanine (AMI) using N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Subsequently, the asprepared furan- and maleimide-modified HPMC were dissolved in water and gelation was observed at a pre-determined temperature after a period of time. The samples thus obtained were characterised by FTIR, NMR, SEM, etc. The gelation time changing with temperature, concentration of the solution, and solvent was measured. It was found that gelation time decreased with increasing temperature and concentration of the solution, and that water had a rate-accelerating effect on Diels-Alder reaction. The swelling behaviour indicates that the hydrogels have a high swelling ratio in water and the swelling ratio increases with the increasing temperature. Taking into consideration that the HPMC-based hydrogels are prepared under mild reaction conditions with an adjustable gelation time and thermal stability, the method described here has a potential application in biomaterials, especially in the areas of tissue-engineering and drug-controlled release carriers.
Intensive 2-phenylethanol production in a hybrid system combined of a stirred tank reactor and an immersed extraction membrane module
Authors: Mihaľ Mário , Goncalves Ramiro , Markoš Jozef
Published: April 2014

Bioconversion of l-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae is connected with the growth of biomass strongly limited by product inhibition. Therefore, fermentation can proceed only at low conversions of l-phenylalanine with very low yield of the desired product, which allows reaching the maximum concentration of 2-phenylethanol, 4 g L−1, in an ordinary batch, fed-batch, or chemostat bioreactor. To minimize capital and operating costs in the bioproduction of chemical specialties where the product inhibits the bioreaction, using a hybrid system based on the application of membrane extraction integrated in the bioreactor to remove the product is a suitable solution. Integration can be done by an external module for membrane extraction or, as a more efficient solution, by an extraction membrane module immersed directly in the bioreactor. Such a hybrid system can be used to remove 2-phenylethanol from the fermentation media and thus to overcome the product inhibition of the biotransformation process. In this paper, a hybrid system consisting of a stirred tank bioreactor (3.5 L) and an immersed extraction hollow fiber membrane module was studied. In the proposed system, the kinetics of 2-phenylethanol extraction from a water solution with and without biomass in the bioreactor to alkanes at different operational conditions was measured. Extraction kinetics was compared with the predictions obtained by a mathematical model. In the hybrid system, two extractive biotransformation experiments were performed and compared with that without product removal. Experimental data were also mathematically predicted with good accuracy between the simulation and the experiment.
Improving Middle School Quality in Poor Countries
Authors: McEwan Patrick J. , Murphy-Graham Erin , Torres Irribarra David , Aguilar Claudia , Rápalo Renán
Published: April 2014

This article evaluates the impact and cost-effectiveness of offering an innovative middle school model—the Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial (SAT)—to Honduran villages instead of traditional middle schools. We identified a matched sample of villages with either type of school and collected baseline data among primary school graduates eligible to enroll in middle schools. After 2 years, the test scores of children residing in SAT villages were 0.2 standard deviations higher than children in other villages, though the per-student cost in SATs was at least 10% lower than traditional schools. The article is one of the few studies to rigorously evaluate a scaled-up instructional reform in a poor country, implemented with an alternative model of teacher recruitment and contracting.
Hidden Gains
Authors: Rauscher Emily
Published: April 2014

Research on early compulsory schooling laws finds minimal effects on attendance but fails to investigate heterogeneous effects. Similarly, research proposes limited contexts in which expansion policies can increase equality but has difficulty separating policy and cohort effects. Capitalizing on within-country variation in timing of early compulsory laws, passed 1852 to 1918, I ask whether they improved equality of school attendance or educational attainment by class, nativity, and race. Based on census data, compulsory laws increased equality of attendance and attainment, particularly among young men in the North, where the laws reduced class and race gaps by over 20%. Early compulsory schooling laws provided “hidden gains,” missed in previous analyses, suggesting policies that raise minimum schooling can increase educational equality in certain contexts.
Building Muslim Women's Resistance Through Tourism Employment
Authors: Mazro'ei Lubna Al , Shaw Susan M.
Published: April 2014

This article explores the meanings and experiences of tourism employment for Muslim women and the role that tourism employment plays in challenging or reinforcing traditional views of Muslim women. Semistructured interviews were conducted with nine local Muslim women working in the
Oman tourism industry. The theoretical paradigm that guided this study was social constructionism, and a constructivist grounded theory methodology was used to interpret and analyze the collected data into themes. The findings indicate that tourism employment could be seen as a site for women's
resistance, particularly for Muslim women seeking to change societal attitudes towards women. Thus, the idea of tourism employment as a site for women's resistance can be seen as a new way of understanding the potential role of tourism employment for women in Muslim societies.
Naturally Occurring Human Phosphorylcholine Antibodies Are Predominantly Products of Affinity-Matured B Cells in the Adult
Authors: Fiskesund Roland , Steen Johanna , Amara Khaled , Murray Fiona , Szwajda Agnieszka , Liu Anquan , Douagi Iyadh , Malmström Vivianne , Frostegård Johan
Published: April 2014

Phosphorylcholine (PC) is a classic T-independent Ag that is exposed on apoptotic cells, oxidized phospholipids, and bacterial polysaccharides. Experimental as well as epidemiological studies have over the past decade implicated Abs against PC (anti-PC) as anti-inflammatory and a strong protective factor in cardiovascular disease. Although clinically important, little is known about the development of anti-PC in humans. This study was conceived to dissect the human anti-PC repertoire and generate human mAbs. We designed a PC-specific probe to identify, isolate, and characterize PC-reactive B cells from 10 healthy individuals. The donors had all mounted somatically mutated Abs toward PC using a broad variety of Ig genes. PC-reactive B cells were primarily found in the IgM+ memory subset, although significant numbers also were detected among naive, IgG+, and CD27+CD43+ B cells. Abs from these subsets were clonally related, suggesting a common origin. mAbs derived from the same donors exhibited equivalent or higher affinity for PC than the well-characterized murine T-15 clone. These results provide novel insights into the cellular and molecular ontogeny of atheroprotective PC Abs, thereby offering new opportunities for Ab-based therapeutic interventions.
Tyk2-Dependent Bystander Activation of Conventional and Nonconventional Th1 Cell Subsets Contributes to Innate Host Defense against Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Hashiguchi Tomomitsu , Oyamada Akiko , Sakuraba Koji , Shimoda Kazuya , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Iwamoto Yukihide , Yoshikai Yasunobu , Yamada Hisakata
Published: April 2014

IL-12, which is produced in response to intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, promotes the development of pathogen-specific Th1 cells that play an important role in host defense. However, it has also been known that CD44high memory-phenotype CD4 T cells with Th1 functions naturally occur in naive mice, and that lymphopenia-induced proliferation of naive CD4 T cells generates memory-phenotype CD4 T cells with Th1 functions, although their differentiation mechanism and contribution to host defense are unclear. In this study, we analyzed the development and the functions of the different subsets of Th1 cells by using mice lacking tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), a member of the Janus kinase family critically involved in IL-12 signaling. In contrast with the case of conventional Ag-specific Th1 cells, the development of naturally occurring Th1 cells was not impaired in Tyk2-deficient mice. In addition, Th1 cells were normally generated from Tyk2-deficient naive CD4 T cells via lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Nevertheless, all these Th1 subsets, including conventional Ag-induced Th1 cells, produced IFN-γ in response to IL-12 in a Tyk2-dependent manner. Importantly, such Tyk2-dependent bystander IFN-γ production of any Th1 subsets conferred early protection against L. monocytogenes infection. Thus, Tyk2-mediated IL-12 signaling is differentially required for the development of different Th1 cell subsets but similarly induces their bystander IFN-γ production, which contributes to innate host defense against infection with intracellular bacteria.
Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Has Therapeutic Effects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through the Downregulation of TLR4 Signaling via TLR3
Authors: Wang Peng-Fei , Fang Huang , Chen Jing , Lin Sen , Liu Yong , Xiong Xiao-Yi , Wang Yan-Chun , Xiong Ren-Ping , lv Feng-Lin , Wang Jian , Yang Qing-Wu
Published: April 2014

Recent reports have shown that preconditioning with the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, it is unclear whether poly(I:C) treatment after cerebral I/R injury is also effective. We used mouse/rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and cell oxygen-glucose deprivation models to evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of poly(I:C) treatment. Poly(I:C) was i.p. injected 3 h after ischemia (treatment group). Cerebral infarct volumes and brain edemas were significantly reduced, and neurologic scores were significantly increased. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were markedly decreased, whereas IFN-β levels were greatly increased, in the ischemic brain tissues, cerebral spinal fluid, and serum. Injuries to hippocampal neurons and mitochondria were greatly reduced. The numbers of TUNEL-positive and Fluoro-Jade B+ cells also decreased significantly in the ischemic brain tissues. Poly(I:C) treatment increased the levels of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Bcl2 and decreased the level of Bax in the ischemic brain tissues. Moreover, poly(I:C) treatment attenuated the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and cerebral spinal fluid of mice stimulated by LPS. However, the protective effects of poly(I:C) against cerebral ischemia were abolished in TLR3−/− and TLR4−/−mice. Poly(I:C) downregulated TLR4 signaling via TLR3. Poly(I:C) treatment exhibited obvious protective effects 14 d after ischemia and was also effective in the rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model. The results suggest that poly(I:C) exerts therapeutic effects against cerebral I/R injury through the downregulation of TLR4 signaling via TLR3. Poly(I:C) is a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of cerebral infarcts.
Divergent CD4+ T Memory Stem Cell Dynamics in Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections
Authors: Cartwright Emily K. , McGary Colleen S. , Cervasi Barbara , Micci Luca , Lawson Benton , Elliott Sarah T. C. , Collman Ronald G. , Bosinger Steven E. , Paiardini Mirko , Vanderford Thomas H. , Chahroudi Ann , Silvestri Guido
Published: April 2014

Recent studies have identified a subset of memory T cells with stem cell-like properties (TSCM) that include increased longevity and proliferative potential. In this study, we examined the dynamics of CD4+ TSCM during pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques (RM) and nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SM). Whereas SIV-infected RM show selective numeric preservation of CD4+ TSCM, SIV infection induced a complex perturbation of these cells defined by depletion of CD4+CCR5+ TSCM, increased rates of CD4+ TSCM proliferation, and high levels of direct virus infection. The increased rates of CD4+ TSCM proliferation in SIV-infected RM correlated inversely with the levels of central memory CD4+ T cells. In contrast, nonpathogenic SIV infection of SM evidenced preservation of both CD4+ TSCM and CD4+ central memory T cells, with normal levels of CD4+ TSCM proliferation, and lack of selective depletion of CD4+CCR5+ TSCM. Importantly, SIV DNA was below the detectable limit in CD4+ TSCM from 8 of 10 SIV-infected SM. We propose that increased proliferation and infection of CD4+ TSCM may contribute to the pathogenesis of SIV infection in RM.
CD209a Expression on Dendritic Cells Is Critical for the Development of Pathogenic Th17 Cell Responses in Murine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Ponichtera Holly E. , Shainheit Mara G. , Liu Beiyun C. , Raychowdhury Raktima , Larkin Bridget M. , Russo Joanne M. , Salantes D. Brenda , Lai Chao-Qiang , Parnell Laurence D. , Yun Tae J. , Cheong Cheolho , Bunnell Stephen C. , Hacohen Nir , Stadecker Miguel J.
Published: April 2014

In murine schistosomiasis, immunopathology and cytokine production in response to parasite eggs are uneven and strain dependent. CBA/J (CBA) mice develop severe hepatic granulomatous inflammation associated with prominent Th17 cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. Such Th17 cells fail to develop in low-pathology C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice, and the reasons for these strain-specific differences in APC reactivity to eggs remain unclear. We show by gene profiling that CBA DCs display an 18-fold higher expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a, a murine homolog of human DC-specific ICAM-3–grabbing nonintegrin, compared with BL/6 DCs. Higher CD209a expression was observed in CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations, but only DCs induced Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Gene silencing in CBA DCs and overexpression in BL/6 DCs demonstrated that CD209a is essential for egg-elicited IL-1β and IL-23 production and subsequent Th17 cell development, which is associated with SRC, RAF-1, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism controlling the development of Th17 cell–mediated severe immunopathology in helminthic disease.
Planning Premises and Design Considerations for Hybrid Operating Room
Authors: Kant Sunil , Gupta Shakti Kumar , Siddharth V
Published: April 2014

The hybrid operating room can be defined as the combination of imaging system and operating table installed in an operating theater room for, e.g. use of an angiography imaging system and operation table in an operation theatre or use of an operating table in angiography room. Shorter patient recovery time, decreased length of stay, streamlined care delivery, improvement in cross-specialty communication, minimized risk for communication-related errors across clinical specialties and lower overall cost of care are some of the advantages of the hybrid operating room. Although no/limited data exists in the literature, the potential disadvantages of hybrid operating suite are cost, infection, prolonged anesthesia and radiation exposure. The primary components of a hybrid operating suite are an imaging system and imaging compatible operation table. Area required for hybrid operating suite varies from 80 to 150 m2. The most common configuration of hybrid operating suite includes a flat panel angiographic X-ray imaging system and surgical equipment for cardiac surgery.

How to cite this article

Siddharth V, Kant S, Chandrashekhar R, Gupta SK. Planning Premises and Design Considerations for Hybrid Operating Room. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):50-56.
Designing and Application of a Renewable Energy Model for a Tertiary Care Research Hospital
Authors: Gupta Shakti Kumar , Sharma Jitendar , Varma Vikas , Anand BS
Published: April 2014

Renewable energy can be harnessed from Solar and Wind energy to augment and substitute for the conventional energy for Healthcare institutes. This is economical and plentily available. This case study aims to design a Renewable energy model. Here various structural data and available expenditure has been utilized from a tertiary care hospital.

How to cite this article

Gupta SK, Sharma J, Varma V, Anand BS. Designing and Application of a Renewable Energy Model for a Tertiary Care Research Hospital. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):57-61.
On the nonlinear feedback loop and energy cycle of the non-dissipative Lorenz model
Authors: Shen B.-W.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In this study, we discuss the role of the nonlinear terms and linear (heating) term in the energy cycle of the three-dimensional (X–Y–Z) non-dissipative Lorenz model (3D-NLM). (X, Y, Z) represent the solutions in the phase space. We first present the closed-form solution to the nonlinear equation d2 X/dτ2+ (X2/2)X = 0, τ is a non-dimensional time, which was never documented in the literature. As the solution is oscillatory (wave-like) and the nonlinear term (X2) is associated with the nonlinear feedback loop, it is suggested that the nonlinear feedback loop may act as a restoring force. We then show that the competing impact of nonlinear restoring force and linear (heating) force determines the partitions of the averaged available potential energy from Y and Z modes, respectively, denoted as APEY and APEZ. Based on the energy analysis, an energy cycle with four different regimes is identified with the following four points: A(X, Y) = (0,0), B = (Xt, Yt), C = (Xm, Ym), and D = (Xt, -Yt). Point A is a saddle point. The initial perturbation (X, Y, Z) = (0, 1, 0) gives (Xt, Yt) = ( √ 2σr , r) and (Xm, Ym) = (2√  σr , 0). σ is the Prandtl number, and r is the normalized Rayleigh number. The energy cycle starts at (near) point A, A+ = (0, 0+) to be specific, goes through B, C, and D, and returns back to A, i.e., A- = (0,0-). From point A to point B, denoted as Leg A–B, where the linear (heating) force dominates, the solution X grows gradually with { KE↑, APEY↓, APEZ↓}. KE is the averaged kinetic energy. We use the upper arrow (↑) and down arrow (↓) to indicate an increase and decrease, respectively. In Leg B–C (or C–D) where nonlinear restoring force becomes dominant, the solution X increases (or decreases) rapidly with {KE↑, APEY↑, APEZ↓} (or {KE↓, APEY↓, APEZ↑}). In Leg D–A, the solution X decreases slowly with {KE↓, APEY↑, APEZ↑ }. As point A is a saddle point, the aforementioned cycle may be only half of a "big" cycle, displaying the wing pattern of a glasswinged butterfly, and the other half cycle is antisymmetric with respect to the origin, namely B = (-Xt, -Yt), C = (-Xm, 0), and D = (-Xt, Yt).
Global Policing and the Case of Kim Dotcom
Authors: Palmer Darren , Warren Ian J
Published: April 2014

In early 2012, 76 heavily armed police conducted a raid on a house in Auckland, New Zealand. The targets were Kim Dotcom, a German national with a NZ residency visa, and several colleagues affiliated with Megaupload, an online subscription-based peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing facility. The alleged offences involved facilitating unlawful file sharing and United States federal criminal copyright violations. Following the raid, several court cases provide valuable insights into emerging ‘global policing’ practices (Bowling and Sheptycki 2012) based on communications between sovereign enforcement agencies.  This article uses these cases to explore the growth of ‘extraterritorial’ police powers that operate ‘across borders’ (Nadelmann 1993) as part of several broader transformations of global policing in the digital age.
La conceptualización de la Historia escolar y sus implicaciones didácticas. Un estudio a partir del recuerdo de estudiantes de BUP
Authors: Parra Monserrat David
Published: April 2014

Este trabajo, basado en la memoria escolar y los recuerdos recogidos a partir de cuarenta entrevistas semi-estructuradas, indaga en los contenidos, los enfoques, las finalidades y las representaciones de unas clases de Historia cursadas por alumnos y alumnas de la provincia de Castellón que estudiaron Historia de España en los últimos años de vigencia del Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente (BUP). El estudio permite detectar la vigencia de una concepción de la Historia que lleva a naturalizar determinadas construcciones histórico-culturales, a rechazar la presencia de la política en las aulas o a defender una idea de objetividad que, sin duda, dificulta el desarrollo de una Historia crítica y socialmente útil.
Distortional Supramolecular Isomers of Polyrotaxane Coordination Polymers: Photoreactivity and Sensing of Nitro Compounds
Authors: Park In‐Hyeok , Medishetty Raghavender , Kim Ja‐Yeon , Lee Shim Sung , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: April 2014

Distortional isomers, or bond‐stretch isomers, differ only in the length of one or more bonds, which is due to crystallographic disorder in most cases. The term distortional isomerism is introduced to describe the structures of polyrotaxane 2D coordination polymers (CPs) that differ only by the relative positions in the neighboring entangled axles. A large ring and a long spacer ligand in 2D CPs yielded four different supramolecular isomers, of which two have an entangled polyrotaxane structure. One pair of CC bonds in the spacer ligand is well‐aligned in one isomer and undergoes [2+2] cycloaddition reaction, whereas the other isomer is photoinert. They also have different sensing efficiency for several aromatic nitro compounds. However, both isomers show selective PL quenching for the Brady’s reagent. Structurally similar supramolecular isomers with different photochemical reactivity and sensing abilities appear to be unprecedented.
Suffrutines A and B: A Pair of Z/E Isomeric Indolizidine Alkaloids from the Roots of Flueggea suffruticosa
Authors: Wu Zhen‐Long , Zhao Bing‐Xin , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Tang Gen‐Yun , Shi Lei , Jiang Ren‐Wang , Liu Xin , Wang Ying , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: April 2014

Suffrutines A (1) and B (2), a pair of novel photochemical Z/E isomeric indolizidine alkaloids, with a unique and highly conjugated C20 skeleton, were isolated from the roots of Flueggea suffruticosa. The structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of NMR spectra and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The light‐induced isomerization and hypothetical biogenetic pathway to 1 and 2, as well as their activity for regulating the morphology of Neuro‐2a cells are also discussed.
A Concise and Versatile Synthesis of Alkaloids from Kopsia tenuis: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Lundurine A and B
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Nakajima Masaya , Nishida Atsushi
Published: April 2014

A total synthesis of (±)‐lundurines A and B is described. These natural products have a unique hexacyclic skeleton which includes a cyclopropane‐fused indoline. A stereospecific construction of the pentasubstituted cyclopropane core was achieved, by radical cyclization using SmI2, with perfect stereoselectivity. Cyclizations to give seven‐ and five‐membered heterocycles, under palladium and ruthenium catalysis, respectively, accomplished the total syntheses. The late‐stage construction of the F ring by ring‐closing metathesis enabled access to the title compounds from a spiroindoline intermediate which is a common structure of other kopsia alkaloids.
Accelerating Spirocyclic Polyketide Synthesis using Flow Chemistry
Authors: Newton Sean , Carter Catherine F. , Pearson Colin M. , de C. Alves Leandro , Lange Heiko , Thansandote Praew , Ley Steven V.
Published: April 2014

Over the past decade, the integration of synthetic chemistry with flow processing has resulted in a powerful platform for molecular assembly that is making an impact throughout the chemical community. Herein, we demonstrate the extension of these tools to encompass complex natural product synthesis. We have developed a number of novel flow‐through processes for reactions commonly encountered in natural product synthesis programs to achieve the first total synthesis of spirodienal A and the preparation of spirangien A methyl ester. Highlights of the synthetic route include an iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenation, iterative Roush crotylations, gold‐catalyzed spiroketalization and a late‐stage cis‐selective reduction.