bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical heterogeneity in a vapor-deposited polymer glass
Authors: Zhang Wengang , Douglas Jack F. , Starr Francis W.
Published: March 2017

Recently, there has been great interest in “ultrastable” glasses formed via vapor deposition, both because of emerging engineering applications of these materials (e.g., active layers in light-emitting diodes and photovoltaics) and, theoretically, as materials for probing the equilibrium properties of glassy materials below their glass transition, based on the conjecture that these materials are equivalent to glassy materials aged over astronomical time scales. We use molecular dynamics simulations to examine the properties of ultrastable vapor-deposited and ordinary polymer glasses. Based on the difference in the energy of the deposited and ordinary films, we estimate the effective cooling rate for the vapor deposited films to be 1 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than that of the ordinary film, depending on the deposition temperature. Similarly, we find an increase in the average segmental relaxation time of the vapor-deposited film compared to the ordinary glass. On the other hand, the normal mode spectrum is essentially identical for the vapor-deposited and the ordinary glass film, suggesting that the high-frequency dynamics should be similar. In short, the segmental relaxation dynamics of the polymer vapor-deposited glass are consistent with those of an ordinary polymer glass with a somewhat slower effective cooling rate. Of course, one would expect a larger effect on dynamics approaching the experimental glass transition, where the cooling rates are much slower than accessible in simulation. To more precisely probe the relationship between the dynamics of these glasses, we examine dynamical heterogeneity within the film. Due to the substantial mobility gradient in the glassy films, we find that it is crucial to distinguish the dynamics of the middle part of the film from those of the entire film. Considering the film as a whole, the average dynamical heterogeneity is dominated by the mobility gradient, and as a consequence the heterogeneity is nearly indistinguishable between the ordinary and vapor deposited glass films. In contrast, in the middle part of the film, where there is almost no mobility gradient, we find the dynamical heterogeneity within the deposited film is somewhat larger than that of the ordinary film at the same temperature. We further show that the scale of the interfacial region grows on cooling in the equilibrium film, but this trend reverses in the glass state. We attribute this reversal in part to a shrinking ratio of the relaxation time in the middle of the film to that of the interfacial layer in the non-equilibrium state. The dynamics in this mobile interfacial layer for the ordinary and deposited film are nearly the same, suggesting that the interfacial region is always in a near-equilibrium state. These results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between interfacial and internal relaxation processes in this emerging class of materials.
Self-assembly in a model colloidal mixture of dimers and spherical particles
Authors: Prestipino Santi , Munaò Gianmarco , Costa Dino , Caccamo Carlo
Published: March 2017

We investigate the structure of a dilute mixture of amphiphilic dimers and spherical particles, a model relevant to the problem of encapsulating globular “guest” molecules in a dispersion. Dimers and spheres are taken to be hard particles, with an additional attraction between spheres and the smaller monomers in a dimer. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, we document the low-temperature formation of aggregates of guests (clusters) held together by dimers, whose typical size and shape depend on the guest concentration χ. For low χ (less than 10%), most guests are isolated and coated with a layer of dimers. As χ progressively increases, clusters grow in size becoming more and more elongated and polydisperse; after reaching a shallow maximum for χ≈50%, the size of clusters again reduces upon increasing χ further. In one case only (χ=50% and moderately low temperature) the mixture relaxed to a fluid of lamellae, suggesting that in this case clusters are metastable with respect to crystal-vapor separation. On heating, clusters shrink until eventually the system becomes homogeneous on all scales. On the other hand, as the mixture is made denser and denser at low temperature, clusters get increasingly larger until a percolating network is formed.
SO2 adsorption on silica supported iridium
Authors: Bounechada Djamela , Anderson David P. , Skoglundh Magnus , Carlsson Per-Anders
Published: March 2017

The interaction of SO2 with Ir/SiO2 was studied by simultaneous in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, exposing the sample to different SO2 concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 ppm in the temperature interval 200–400 °C. Evidences of adsorption of sulfur species in both absence and presence of oxygen are found. For a pre-reduced sample in the absence of oxygen, SO2 disproportionates such that the iridium surface is rapidly saturated with adsorbed S while minor amounts of formed SO3 may adsorb on SiO2. Adding oxygen to the feed leads to the oxidation of sulfide species that either (i) desorb as SO2 and/or SO3, (ii) remain at metal sites in the form of adsorbed SO2, or (iii) spillover to the oxide support and form sulfates (SO42−). Notably, significant formation of sulfates on silica is possible only in the presence of both SO2 and O2, suggesting that SO2 oxidation to SO3 is a necessary first step in the mechanism of formation of sulfates on silica. During the formation of sulfates, a concomitant removal/rearrangement of surface silanol groups is observed. Finally, the interaction of SO2 with Ir/SiO2 depends primarily on the temperature and type of gas components but only to a minor extent on the inlet SO2 concentration.
Vibronic coupling effect on circular dichroism spectrum: Carotenoid–retinal interaction in xanthorhodopsin
Authors: Fujimoto Kazuhiro J. , Balashov Sergei P.
Published: March 2017

The role of vibronic coupling of antenna carotenoid and retinal in xanthorhodopsin (XR) in its circular dichroism (CD) spectrum is examined computationally. A vibronic exciton model combined with a transition-density-fragment interaction (TDFI) method is developed, and applied to absorption and CD spectral calculations of XR. The TDFI method is based on the electronic Coulomb and exchange interactions between transition densities for individual chromophores [K. J. Fujimoto, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 034101 (2012)], which provides a quantitative description of electronic coupling energy. The TDFI calculation reveals a dominant contribution of the Coulomb interaction to the electronic coupling energy and a negligible contribution of the exchange interaction, indicating that the antenna function of carotenoid results from the Förster type of excitation-energy transfer, not from the Dexter one. The calculated absorption and CD spectra successfully reproduce the main features of the experimental results, which allow us to investigate the mechanism of biphasic CD spectrum observed in XR. The results indicate that vibronic coupling between carotenoid and retinal plays a significant role in the shape of the CD spectrum. Further analysis reveals that the negative value of electronic coupling directly contributes to the biphasic shape of CD spectrum. This study also reveals that the C6—C7 bond rotation of salinixanthin is not the main factor for the biphasic CD spectrum although it gives a non-negligible contribution to the spectral shift. The present method is useful for analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying the chromophore-chromophore interactions in biological systems.
Photon echo in exciton-plasmon nanomaterials: A time-dependent signature of strong coupling
Authors: Blake Adam , Sukharev Maxim
Published: March 2017

We investigate the dynamics of the photon echo exhibited by exciton-plasmon systems under strong coupling conditions. Using a self-consistent model based on coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations, we investigate the femtosecond time dynamics of ensembles of interacting molecules optically coupled to surface plasmon supporting materials. It is shown that observed photon echoes under a two pulse pump-probe sequence are highly dependent on various material parameters such as molecular concentration and periodicity. Simulations of photon echoes in exciton-plasmon materials reveal a unique signature of the strong exciton-plasmon coupling, namely, a double-peak structure in spectra of recorded echo signals. This phenomenon is shown to be related to hybrid states (upper and lower polaritons) in exciton-plasmon systems under strong coupling conditions. It is also demonstrated that the double-peak echo is highly sensitive to mild deviations of the coupling from resonant conditions making it a great tool for ultrafast probes.
Preparation and characterisation of compositionally graded SmCo films
Authors: Dias Andre , Gomez Gabriel , Givord Dominique , Bonfim Marlio , Dempsey Nora M.
Published: March 2017

A compositionally graded SmCo film has been prepared by magnetron sputtering using a Co target partially covered by a Sm foil. The film was deposited onto a 100 mm thermally oxidised Si substrate and then annealed ex-situ. The SmCo film has been used as a test sample to validate an in-house developed scanning MOKE (Magneto-Optic Kerr effect) system incorporating a pulsed magnetic field source capable of producing fields as high as 10 T. A 2D array of hysteresis loops was measured across the entire wafer. The evolution in coercivity measured along a selected 1D strip of the sample is correlated with changes in composition and crystallographic structures measured using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The high field Scanning MOKE system holds much potential for optimizing the extrinsic properties of known hard magnetic phases as well as in the search for new hard magnetic phases.
Electron emission projection imager
Authors: Baturin Stanislav S. , Baryshev Sergey V.
Published: March 2017

A new projection type imaging system is presented. The system can directly image the field emission site distribution on a cathode surface by making use of anode screens in the standard parallel plate configuration. The lateral spatial resolution of the imager is on the order of 1–10 μm. The imaging sensitivity to the field emission current can be better than the current sensitivity of a typical electrometer, i.e., less than 1 nA.
Effect of three-body interactions on the zero-temperature equation of state of HCP solid 4He
Authors: Barnes Ashleigh L. , Hinde Robert J.
Published: March 2017

Previous studies have pointed to the importance of three-body interactions in high density 4He solids. However the computational cost often makes it unfeasible to incorporate these interactions into the simulation of large systems. We report the implementation and evaluation of a computationally efficient perturbative treatment of three-body interactions in hexagonal close packed solid 4He utilizing the recently developed nonadditive three-body potential of Cencek et al. This study represents the first application of the Cencek three-body potential to condensed phase 4He systems. Ground state energies from quantum Monte Carlo simulations, with either fully incorporated or perturbatively treated three-body interactions, are calculated in systems with molar volumes ranging from 21.3 cm3/mol down to 2.5 cm3/mol. These energies are used to derive the zero-temperature equation of state for comparison against existing experimental and theoretical data. The equations of state derived from both perturbative and fully incorporated three-body interactions are found to be in very good agreement with one another, and reproduce the experimental pressure-volume data with significantly better accuracy than is obtained when only two-body interactions are considered. At molar volumes below approximately 4.0 cm3/mol, neither two-body nor three-body equations of state are able to accurately reproduce the experimental pressure-volume data, suggesting that below this molar volume four-body and higher many-body interactions are becoming important.
Chemical aerosol Raman detector
Authors: Aggarwal R. L. , Farrar L. W. , Di Cecca S. , Amin M. , Perkins B. G. , Clark M. L. , Jeys T. H. , Sickenberger D. W. , D’Amico F. M. , Emmons E. D. , Christesen S. D. , Kreis R. J. , Kilper G. K.
Published: March 2017

A sensitive chemical aerosol Raman detector (CARD) has been developed for the trace detection and identification of chemical particles in the ambient atmosphere. CARD includes an improved aerosol concentrator with a concentration factor of about 40 and a CCD camera for improved detection sensitivity. Aerosolized isovanillin, which is relatively safe, has been used to characterize the performance of the CARD. The limit of detection (SNR = 10) for isovanillin in 15 s has been determined to be 1.6 pg/cm3, which corresponds to 6.3 × 109 molecules/cm3 or 0.26 ppb. While less sensitive, CARD can also detect gases. This paper provides a more detailed description of the CARD hardware and detection algorithm than has previously been published.
Design and analysis of linear oscillatory single-phase permanent magnet generator for free-piston stirling engine systems
Authors: Kim Jeong-Man , Choi Jang-Young , Lee Kyu-Seok , Lee Sung-Ho
Published: March 2017

This study focuses on the design and analysis of a linear oscillatory single-phase permanent magnet generator for free-piston stirling engine (FPSE) systems. In order to implement the design of linear oscillatory generator (LOG) for suitable FPSEs, we conducted electromagnetic analysis of LOGs with varying design parameters. Then, detent force analysis was conducted using assisted PM. Using the assisted PM gave us the advantage of using mechanical strength by detent force. To improve the efficiency, we conducted characteristic analysis of eddy-current loss with respect to the PM segment. Finally, the experimental result was analyzed to confirm the prediction of the FEA.
Tailoring the magnetic order in a supermagnetic metamaterial
Authors: Slöetjes Sam D. , Urdahl Hans Henrik , Grepstad Jostein K. , Folven Erik
Published: March 2017

The emergent magnetism in close-packed assemblies of interacting superparamagnetic particles is commonly referred to as supermagnetism. The magnetic characteristics of such systems are determined by the dipolar coupling between the nanomagnets, rather than the exchange interaction responsible for ferro- and antiferromagnetism in continuous material. The dipolar coupling facilitates tuning of the magnetism, which renders supermagnetic ensembles suitable model systems for exploration of new physics. In this work, we discuss micromagnetic simulations of regular arrays of thin film nanomagnets, with magnetic material parameters typical of the ferromagnetic oxide La0.7Sr0.3MnO3. The ground state supermagnetic order in these systems is primarily determined by the lattice configuration, in that a square lattice results in antiferromagnetic order, whereas a triangular lattice shows ferromagnetic order. We found that a square lattice of circular nanomagnets may be switched from superferromagnetic to superantiferromagnetic order by a small external field applied in the appropriate direction.
A compact fiber optics-based heterodyne combined normal and transverse displacement interferometer
Authors: Zuanetti Bryan , Wang Tianxue , Prakash Vikas
Published: March 2017

While Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) has become a common diagnostic tool for the measurement of normal component of particle motion in shock wave experiments, this technique has not yet been modified for the measurement of combined normal and transverse motion, as needed in oblique plate impact experiments. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a compact fiber-optics-based heterodyne combined normal and transverse displacement interferometer. Like the standard PDV, this diagnostic tool is assembled using commercially available telecommunications hardware and uses a 1550 nm wavelength 2 W fiber-coupled laser, an optical focuser, and single mode fibers to transport light to and from the target. Two additional optical probes capture first-order beams diffracted from a reflective grating at the target free-surface and deliver the beams past circulators and a coupler where the signal is combined to form a beat frequency. The combined signal is then digitized and analyzed to determine the transverse component of the particle motion. The maximum normal velocity that can be measured by this system is limited by the equivalent transmission bandwidth (3.795 GHz) of the combined detector, amplifier, and digitizer and is estimated to be ∼2.9 km/s. Sample symmetric oblique plate-impact experiments are performed to demonstrate the capability of this diagnostic tool in the measurement of the combined normal and transverse displacement particle motion.
Contribution of satellite lines to temperature diagnostics with He-like triplet lines in photoionized plasma
Authors: Wang Feilu , Han Bo , Salzmann David , Zhao Gang
Published: March 2017

In the present paper, the Heα triplet line ratios (resonance, intercombination, and forbidden lines) are computed for photoionized plasmas, when the contributions of nearby satellite lines are taken into account. The computations have been carried out with our radiative-collisional code, RCF, which is based on the flexible atomic code. The calculations of these line ratios have been done for three materials, namely, silicon, magnesium, and neon. Our calculations are used to derive the plasma temperatures for several astronomical objects, where the spectra are emitted from photoionizing plasmas. It is shown that the incorporation of the satellite lines from doubly excited Li-like ions into the Heα triplet lines is necessary to obtain reliable temperature diagnostics for these astrophysical objects.
Layer stacked Co/Pt films with high perpendicular anisotropy sputter deposited at room temperature
Authors: Honda N. , Hinata S. , Saito S.
Published: March 2017

The deposition of a Co/Pt layer-stacked film that has a high perpendicular anisotropy and saturation magnetization was investigated using co-sputtering of Co and Pt at room temperature. A film with a high perpendicular anisotropy of 1 × 107 erg/cm3 and a saturation magnetization of 600 emu/cm3 was obtained when 0.62 nm of Co and 0.45 nm of Pt layers were stacked at a high Ar deposition pressure of 4.8 Pa. Although the cause of the high anisotropy is not clear, the high perpendicular anisotropy and saturation magnetization that were obtained fulfill the magnetic property requirement of bit-patterned media for high-density recording.
Direct observation of dynamic crossover in fragile molecular glass formers with 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Sokolowsky Kathleen P. , Fayer Michael D.
Published: March 2017

The dynamics of supercooled liquids of the molecular glass formers benzophenone and ortho-terphenyl were investigated with 2D IR spectroscopy using long-lived vibrational probes. The long lifetimes of the probes enabled structural dynamics of the liquids to be studied from a few hundred femtoseconds to a nanosecond. 2D IR experiments measured spectral diffusion of a vibrational probe, which reports on structural fluctuations of the liquid. Analysis of the 2D IR data provides the frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). Two vibrational probes were examined with equivalent results, demonstrating the observed liquid dynamics are not significantly influenced by the probe molecules. At higher temperatures, the FFCF is a biexponential decay. However, at mild supercooling, the biexponential decay is no longer sufficient, indicating a dynamic crossover. The crossover occurs at a temperature well above the mode-coupling theory critical temperature for the given liquid, indicating dynamic heterogeneity above the critical temperature. Examination of the low temperature data with lifetime density analysis shows that the change is best described as an additional, distinct relaxation that shows behavior consistent with a slow β-process.
SQUID-based current sensing noise thermometry for quantum resistors at dilution refrigerator temperatures
Authors: Kleinbaum Ethan , Shingla Vidhi , Csáthy G. A.
Published: March 2017

We present a dc Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID)-based current amplifier with an estimated input referred noise of only 2.3 fA/Hz. Because of such a low amplifier noise, the circuit is useful for Johnson noise thermometry of quantum resistors in the kΩ range down to mK temperatures. In particular, we demonstrate that our circuit does not contribute appreciable noise to the Johnson noise of a 3.25 kΩ resistor down to 16 mK. Our circuit is a useful alternative to the commonly used High Electron Mobility Transistor-based amplifiers, but in contrast to the latter, it offers a much reduced 1/f noise. In comparison to SQUIDs interfaced with cryogenic current comparators, our circuit has similar low noise levels, but it is easier to build and to shield from magnetic pickup.
Spin wave and spin flip in hexagonal LuMnO3 single crystal
Authors: Chen Xiang-Bai , Guo Peng-Cheng , Huyen Nguyen Thi , Kim Seung , Yang In-Sang , Wang Xueyun , Cheong Sang-Wook
Published: March 2017

Manipulation and control of spin wave and spin flip are crucial for future developments of magnonic and spintronic devices. We present that the spin wave in hexagonal LuMnO3 single crystal can be selectively excited with laser polarization perpendicular to the c-axis of hexagonal LuMnO3 and photon energy ∼1.8 eV. The selective excitation of spin wave also suggests that the spin flip can be selectively controlled in hexagonal manganites. In addition, a microscopic model of the spin wave generation correlated with the four-spin-flip in hexagonal manganites is suggested to account for the line-shape of the observed spin wave.
Balance of excitation and inhibition determines 1/f power spectrum in neuronal networks
Authors: Lombardi F. , Herrmann H. J. , de Arcangelis L.
Published: March 2017

The 1/f-like decay observed in the power spectrum of electro-physiological signals, along with scale-free statistics of the so-called neuronal avalanches, constitutes evidence of criticality in neuronal systems. Recent in vitro studies have shown that avalanche dynamics at criticality corresponds to some specific balance of excitation and inhibition, thus suggesting that this is a basic feature of the critical state of neuronal networks. In particular, a lack of inhibition significantly alters the temporal structure of the spontaneous avalanche activity and leads to an anomalous abundance of large avalanches. Here, we study the relationship between network inhibition and the scaling exponent β of the power spectral density (PSD) of avalanche activity in a neuronal network model inspired in Self-Organized Criticality. We find that this scaling exponent depends on the percentage of inhibitory synapses and tends to the value β = 1 for a percentage of about 30%. More specifically, β is close to 2, namely, Brownian noise, for purely excitatory networks and decreases towards values in the interval [1, 1.4] as the percentage of inhibitory synapses ranges between 20% and 30%, in agreement with experimental findings. These results indicate that the level of inhibition affects the frequency spectrum of resting brain activity and suggest the analysis of the PSD scaling behavior as a possible tool to study pathological conditions.
Simultaneous dual-gas QEPAS detection based on a fundamental and overtone combined vibration of quartz tuning fork
Authors: Wu Hongpeng , Yin Xukun , Dong Lei , Pei Kailong , Sampaolo Angelo , Patimisco Pietro , Zheng Huadan , Ma Weiguang , Zhang Lei , Yin Wangbao , Xiao Liantuan , Spagnolo Vincenzo , Jia Suotang , Tittel Frank K.
Published: March 2017

A dual-gas quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor system based on a frequency division multiplexing technique of a quartz tuning fork (QTF) was developed and experimentally demonstrated. Two beams from two independently modulated lasers are focused at two different positions between the QTF prongs to excite both the QTF fundamental and 1st overtone flexural modes simultaneously. The 2f-wavelength modulation technique is employed by applying two sinusoidal dithers, whose frequencies are equal to a half of the QTF fundamental and 1st overtone frequencies, respectively, to the currents of two excitation lasers. The resonance frequency difference between two flexural modes ensures that the correlated photoacoustic signals generated by different target gases do not interfere with each other. The proposed QEPAS methodology realizes a continuous real-time dual-gas monitoring with a simple setup and small sensor size compared with previous multi-gas QEPAS sensors.
Experimental and numerical 3D study of a Taylor drop rising in a stagnant heavier liquid
Authors: Direito F. J. N. , Morgado A. O. , Rocha L. A. M. , Miranda J. M. , Campos J. B. L. M.
Published: March 2017

The present work concerns 3D numerical simulations and experiments on the rise of individual liquid Taylor drops through vertical columns of stagnant heavier liquids. Asymmetric effects are assessed for different conditions, following the observations in a previous work. Furthermore, the disturbances in the continuous phase due to the Taylor drop are studied. Experiments were performed with pairs of liquids in ranges not studied in the literature. Simulations targeted a broad range of dimensionless numbers and were done in a commercial code, using its implementation of the volume of fluid method in a three-dimensional domain. Results were processed according to relevant dimensionless numbers. Different behaviors are found concerning the existence or not of flow and drop shape asymmetries. Depending on the viscosity ratio, three ranges with different characteristics were identified. Relevant results are also reported concerning drop velocity when compared to the literature two-dimensional model. Drop influence in the surrounding continuous phase is also reported.
Topology changes in a water-oil swirling flow
Authors: Carrión Luis , Herrada Miguel A. , Shtern Vladimir N.
Published: March 2017

This paper reveals the flow topology hidden in the experimental study by Fujimoto and Takeda [“Topology changes of the interface between two immiscible liquid layers by a rotating lid,” Phys. Rev. E 80, 015304(R) (2009)]. Water and silicone oil fill a sealed vertical cylindrical container. The rotating top disk induces the meridional circulation and swirl of both fluids. As the rotation strength Reo increases, the interface takes shapes named, by the authors, hump, cusp, Mt. Fuji, and bell. Our numerical study reproduces the interface geometry and discloses complicated flow patterns. For example at Reo = 752, where the interface has the “Mt. Fuji” shape, the water motion has three bulk cells and the oil motion has two bulk cells. This topology helps explain the interface geometry. In addition, our study finds that the steady axisymmetric flow suffers from the shear-layer instability for Reo > 324, i.e., before the interface becomes remarkably deformed. The disturbance energy is concentrated in the water depth. This explains why the instability does not significantly affect the interface shape in the experiment.
The theoretical link between voltage loss, reduction in field enhancement factor, and Fowler-Nordheim-plot saturation
Authors: Forbes Richard G.
Published: March 2017

With a large-area field electron emitter, when an individual post-like emitter is sufficiently resistive, and current through it is sufficiently large, then voltage loss occurs along it. This letter provides a simple analytical and conceptual demonstration that this voltage loss is directly and inextricably linked to a reduction in the field enhancement factor (FEF) at the post apex. A formula relating apex-FEF reduction to this voltage loss was obtained in the paper by Minoux et al. [Nano Lett. 5, 2135 (2005)] by fitting to numerical results from a Laplace solver. This letter derives the same formula analytically, by using a “floating sphere” model. The analytical proof brings out the underlying physics more clearly and shows that the effect is a general phenomenon, related to reduction in the magnitude of the surface charge in the most protruding parts of an emitter. Voltage-dependent FEF-reduction is one cause of “saturation” in Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots. Another is a voltage-divider effect, due to measurement-circuit resistance. An integrated theory of both effects is presented. Both together, or either by itself, can cause saturation. Experimentally, if saturation occurs but voltage loss is small (<20 V, say), then saturation is more probably due to FEF-reduction than voltage division. In this case, existing treatments of electrostatic interaction ("shielding") between closely spaced emitters may need modification. Other putative causes of saturation exist, so the present theory is a partial story. Its extension seems possible and could lead to a more general physical understanding of the causes of FN-plot saturation.
Research on consumptive capacity and countermeasures of renewable energy of central Tibet
Authors: Liu Dunnan , Yang Mo , Shi Zinan , Ning Liaoyi
Published: March 2017

Tibet is located in the southwest of China, with unique geographical conditions and natural resources, new energy reserves like solar energy and wind resources are in the forefront of other provinces in China, and it is also one of the solar energy resource richest regions in the world. Since central Tibet is the economic center of the Tibet autonomous region and Lhasa is the outside sending end of Qinghai-Tibet DC, developing new energy resources in central Tibet would play an important role in inter-provincial delivery of renewable energy power generation, reducing fossil energy consumption to achieve a clean alternative, and stimulating the economic growth of Tibet. In this paper, the renewable energy consumptive situation in central Tibet was studied. Through the analysis of renewable energy reserves, distribution and utilization, the current situation of the renewable energy development, and the electricity load in Tibet, the solutions and suggestions for new energy generation consumption were put forward in the end.
Control of lateral ferromagnetic domains in Cr2O3/Pt/Co thin film system with positive exchange bias
Authors: Nozaki Tomohiro , Al-Mahdawi Muftah , Pati Satya Prakash , Ye Shujun , Sahashi Masashi
Published: March 2017

We investigated the switching of perpendicular exchange bias (PEB) from a negative to a positive value in an exchange-coupled Cr2O3/Pt/Co heterostructure. With varying the Pt spacer layer thickness or the measurement temperature, two types of intermediate states were found during the switching process: a double hysteresis loop indicating a local PEB and a single hysteresis loop indicating an averaged PEB. We propose a way to control the lateral ferromagnetic domain, which is associated with the type of the intermediate state, through the control of the exchange coupling magnitude.
Antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition in (Zn,Sn,Mn)As2 epitaxial thin films
Authors: Hidaka Shiro , Toyota Hideyuki , Uchitomi Naotaka
Published: March 2017

The magnetization of (Zn,Sn,Mn)As2 thin films epitaxially grown on InP(001) substrates exhibited an anomalous temperature dependence, increasing slightly with temperature, compared with estimates based on the mean-field theory (MFT). Assuming that ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) phases coexist at low temperature, these anomalous magnetic properties can be well explained by an AF-FM transition through a paramagnetic phase. The Néel temperature TN of the AF phase is estimated from the threshold of the difference curve between the experimental and theoretical data, assuming the magnetization of the FM phase, which follows the MFT. The estimated TN rapidly increases by ∼50 K in the range of Mn concentrations where the hexagonal MnAs (h-MnAs) phase precipitates. This can be explained by the superparamagnetic behavior of the precipitated h-MnAs nanoclusters, which possess a high blocking temperature.
Self-propelling rotator driven by soluto-capillary marangoni flows
Authors: Frenkel Mark , Whyman Gene , Shulzinger Evgeny , Starostin Anton , Bormashenko Edward
Published: March 2017

The self-propelled, longstanding rotation of the polymer tubing containing camphor continuing for dozens of hours is reported. The rotator is driven by the solutocapillary Marangoni flows owing to the dissolution of camphor. The phenomenological model of self-propulsion is suggested and verified. Scaling laws describing the quasi-stationary self-propulsion are proposed and tested experimentally. The change in the surface tension, arising from the dissolution of camphor and driving the rotator, is estimated as 0.3 mN/m.
Mode transition of plasma expansion for laser induced breakdown in Air
Authors: Shimamura Kohei , Matsui Kohei , Ofosu Joseph A. , Yokota Ippei , Komurasaki Kimiya
Published: March 2017

High-speed shadowgraph visualization experiments conducted using a 10 J pulse transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser in ambient air provided a state transition from overdriven to Chapman–Jouguet in the laser-supported detonation regime. At the state transition, the propagation velocity of the laser-supported detonation wave and the threshold laser intensity were 10 km/s and 1011 W/m2, respectively. State transition information, such as the photoionization caused by plasma UV radiation, of the avalanche ionization ahead of the ionization wave front can be elucidated from examination of the source seed electrons.
Collective and negotiated design for a clinical trial addressing smoking cessation supports for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers in NSW, SA and Qld – developing a pilot study
Authors: Bovill Michelle , Bar-Zeev Yael , Gruppetta Maree , O'Mara Peter , Cowling Brett , Gould Gillian S.
Published: March 2017

Tobacco smoking leads to one in five deaths of Aboriginal Australians and accounts for 17% of the reversible health gap. One in two Aboriginal women are reported to smoke during pregnancy, with no effective strategies currently available for health practitioners to utilise for supporting Aboriginal women. Aboriginal community participation in primary health research is crucial to implementing ethical research, with a clear benefit to the people and communities involved. However, currently there is little evidence on how Aboriginal programs and interventions are being developed in partnership with Aboriginal people and communities. ‘Indigenous Counselling and Nicotine (ICAN) QUIT in Pregnancy’ aims to address the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy by enhancing health providers’ training in offering evidence-based smoking cessation care to Aboriginal mothers during pregnancy. This paper outlines the participatory research approach adopted for the developmental phase of the ‘ICAN QUIT in Pregnancy’ project developed in partnership with two Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services in NSW, and negotiation processes undertaken to implement a pilot intervention across NSW, SA and Qld.
The Influence of Turbidity on Prey Consumption in the Tessellated Darter
Authors: Kellogg Karen A. , Leipzig‐Scott Peter
Published: March 2017

Increased turbidity and the resulting decreases in water clarity have been shown to alter fish foraging behaviors in potentially detrimental ways. Given the ecological importance of darters of the genus Etheostoma and their dependence on visual cues, we examined the impact of a range of turbidity levels (3.5, 6, 10, 20, 22, and 25 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) on the number of prey consumed by the Tessellated Darter Etheostoma olmstedi. While a study of the Fountain Darter E. fonticola found that turbidity affected prey consumption at slightly elevated levels (≥8.7 NTU), we found no significant differences in consumption by the Tessellated Darter across turbidity levels. While there may be intragenus variation in the use of olfactory cues, another and perhaps more likely explanation is the difference in long‐term exposure to a range of turbidities. The Fountain Darter is endemic to clear, primarily spring‐fed rivers, whereas the Tessellated Darter is, comparatively speaking, a generalist that inhabits a variety of water‐clarity conditions. These data contribute to a growing body of literature highlighting the complex influences of turbidity on aquatic communities and speak to the conservation challenges associated with this ubiquitous environmental issue.

Received April 26, 2016; accepted January 9, 2017 Published online March 30, 2017
Effects of Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Size and Implantation Site on Age-0 Walleye and Muskellunge Tag Retention, Growth, and Survival
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Flammang Mark
Published: March 2017

Fisheries management requires an understanding of the processes regulating populations, including recruitment, growth, mortality, emigration, and immigration. Tagging provides one of the best methods for addressing these questions, and PIT tags represent one of the newest technologies. Passive integrated transponder tags generally have high retention rates and minimal effects on fish growth and survival. Multiple PIT tag sizes are available, but little is known regarding the effects of tag size on tag retention, growth, or survival in fish. Thus, our objectives were to evaluate the effects of three PIT tag sizes (12, 23, and 32 mm) and two implantation sites (dorsal muscle and body cavity) on tag retention, growth, and survival of age-0 Walleyes Sander vitreus and Muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Fish (210 individuals per species per year) were randomly assigned to one of six treatments or a control during 2014 and 2015 and were held for 112 d. Walleye survival was lower in 2014 (87%) than in 2015 (>99%) but did not vary between implantation sites or among tag sizes; Muskellunge survival was 100% during both years. Tag retention over 112 d was nearly 100% in Walleyes regardless of tagging site or tag size. In Muskellunge, tag retention was lower during 2014 (65%) than during 2015 (93%) and was lower when implanted in the body cavity (63%) than in the dorsal muscle (87%); however, tag retention was similar among tag sizes. Walleyes and Muskellunge grew little over the winter, and growth was generally similar among fish with different implantation sites and tag sizes. Collectively, our results indicate that PIT tags larger than 12 mm can be successfully used in Walleyes and Muskellunge and will likely increase the tag detection rates for these species, particularly in studies that use stationary PIT tag antennas.

Received August 24, 2016; accepted January 26, 2017 Published online March 31, 2017
RETRACTED: The quadriceps muscle of knee joint modelling Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Neural Network (PSO-NN)
Authors: Kamaruddin Saadi Bin Ahmad , Tolos Siti Marponga , Hee Pah Chin , Ghani Nor Azura Md , Ramli Norazan Mohamed , Nasir Noorhamizah Binti Mohamed , Kader Babul Salam Bin Ksm , Huq Mohammad Saiful
Published: March 2017

Neural framework has for quite a while been known for its ability to handle a complex nonlinear system without a logical model and can learn refined nonlinear associations gives. Theoretically, the most surely understood computation to set up the framework is the backpropagation (BP) count which relies on upon the minimization of the mean square error (MSE). However, this algorithm is not totally efficient in the presence of outliers which usually exist in dynamic data. This paper exhibits the modelling of quadriceps muscle model by utilizing counterfeit smart procedures named consolidated backpropagation neural network nonlinear autoregressive (BPNN-NAR) and backpropagation neural network nonlinear autoregressive moving average (BPNN-NARMA) models in view of utilitarian electrical incitement (FES). We adapted particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to enhance the performance of backpropagation algorithm. In this research, a progression of tests utilizing FES was led. The information that is gotten is utilized to build up the quadriceps muscle model. 934 preparing information, 200 testing and 200 approval information set are utilized as a part of the improvement of muscle model. It was found that both BPNN-NAR and BPNN-NARMA performed well in modelling this type of data. As a conclusion, the neural network time series models performed reasonably efficient for non-linear modelling such as active properties of the quadriceps muscle with one input, namely output namely muscle force.
Small State Foreign Policy
Authors: Thorhallsson Baldur , Steinsson Sverrir
Published: March 2017

Size matters in international relations. Owing to their unique vulnerabilities, small states have different needs, adopt different foreign policies, and have a harder time achieving favorable foreign policy outcomes than large states. Small states show a preference for multilateral organizations because they reduce the power asymmetry between states, decrease the transaction costs of diplomacy, and impose constraints on large states. Small state security policies vary widely depending on domestic and international conditions. Despite the inherent disadvantages to being small, small states can compensate for the limitations of their size and exert influence on world politics, provided that they use the appropriate strategies.
Collaborative Care
Authors: Fink-Samnick Ellen
Published: March 2017

The past two decades have witnessed a surge in the growth of initiatives and funding to weave physical and behavioral health care, particularly with identification of the high costs incurred by their comorbidity. In response, a robust body of evidence now demonstrates the effectiveness of what is referred to as collaborative care. A wide range of models transverse the developmental lifespan, diagnostic categories, plus practice settings (e.g., primary care, specialty medical care, community-based health centers, clinics, and schools). This article will discuss the foundational elements of collaborative care, including the broad sweep of associated definitions and related concepts. Contemporary models will be reviewed along with identified contextual topics for practice. Special focus will be placed on the diverse implications collaborative care poses for the health and behavioral health workforce, especially social workers.
Ageism and Retirement
Authors: McDonald Lynn
Published: March 2017

Retirement is a modest social institution that appeared in most industrialized nations near the start of the 20th century. The aim of retirement was to solve the societal dilemma of an increasingly aged labor force by moving older workers systematically out of their jobs so as to not cause them financial harm (Atchley, 1980, p. 264). Although retirement has been considered benign since its inception, the history of retirement indicates that it is one of the main progenitors of ageism in society today (Atchley, 1982, 1993; Haber & Gratton, 1994; McDonald, 2013; Walker, 1990). Retirement and its accompanying stereotypes have been used as a tool for the management of the size and composition of the labor force contingent on the dictums of current markets in any given historical era. Ever-changing ideologies about older adults that extend from negative to positive ageism have been utilized by business, government, the public, and the media to support whatever justification is required in a particular era, with little thought to the harm perpetrated on older adults. Unfortunately, society has subscribed to these justifications en masse, including older adults themselves. In this article the ageism embedded in retirement is examined to make what is implicit explicit to social work practitioners and policymakers in the field of aging.
Bowel Symptoms
Authors: Chow Kimberly , Koranteng Lauren
Published: March 2017

Constipation, diarrhea, and bowel obstruction are three common and distressing symptoms in palliative care patients. These symptoms rarely occur without other clinical manifestations of disease, and their management must be considered in light of comorbid disease. Constipation, diarrhea, and bowel obstruction affect a person’s quality of life, eligibility for certain therapies, and may even be life-threatening. This chapter discusses the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN)’s role in the assessment, prevention, and management of these common bowel symptoms. as well as the global issues surrounding management. The causes and pharmacological treatment of these three bowel symptoms are discussed and detailed medication treatment regimens are presented in tabular form.
Anxiety
Authors: Gatto Maria , Thomas Patricia , Berger Ann
Published: March 2017

Anxiety is an inherent aspect of human existence. Anxiety and chronic diseases are interchangeable in their causal relationship: chronic diseases can exacerbate symptoms of anxiety, and anxiety disorders can lead to chronic diseases. Anxiety is a specific symptom emphasized in the National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care Clinical Practice Guidelines. Assessment is interdisciplinary and must address both the psychological and psychiatric aspects of care. To assure appropriate management, an understanding of etiologies for anxiety across populations and disease states is essential. Treatment relies on evidence-based pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies to maximize patient and family coping and quality of life.
Delirium
Authors: Burhenn Peggy S.
Published: March 2017

This chapter provides an overview of delirium, differentiating among hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed subtypes. Delirium is a common, serious medical problem that is underrecognized by healthcare providers. Evidence suggests that frequent assessment of patients can result in increased recognition of delirium, which will allow for earlier intervention. Limited data are available on effective interventions for delirium once it begins; however, proactive prevention strategies have been successful. Various screening tools are recommended to identify patients with delirium. The multiple predisposing and precipitating factors that can complicate determining the cause are explored. There is a review of the assessment and interventions for delirium management and prevention protocols that target its risk factors, as well as a brief discussion of the principles of pharmacological management and previously cited recommendations. Education of staff, patients, and family members is vital.
Pediatric Palliative Care Across the Continuum
Authors: Battista Vanessa , Santucci Gina
Published: March 2017

Pediatric palliative care (PPC) is an essential service for children living with chronic and/or life-threatening conditions. Pediatric palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of children with life-threatening illnesses and their families. Pediatric palliative care can be provided in tertiary care facilities, community health centers, and in children’s homes. Terminially ill children die in the hospital and at home, necessitating more home-based PPC and hospice services. A variety of factors must be considered when caring for children and families in their home setting. It is essential to proactively identify and manage pain as well as other symptoms. There should also be attention paid to other areas important to the child: psychological, social, or spiritual domains of care.