bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera
Authors: ALEXANDRE ALEXANDRE P. , MENEZES NAÉRCIO A.
Published: January 2017

The taxonomic status of all the nominal genera of the Ariidae are reviewed and ariid genera are diagnosed by exclusive characters as well as by a combination of internal and external morphological features. The results are based on a phylogenetic analysis undertaken by the senior author (Marceniuk, 2003). The species so far recognized are taxonomically reevaluated and considered as valid, inquirendae or synonyms under each diagnosed genus based on direct examination of specimens or use of diagnostic characters available in the literature. A key to identification of genera is provided based on morphological characters that can be easily recognized. In the new classification proposed, Ariidae comprises the following twenty six valid genera: Amissidens, Arius, Aspistor, Bagre, Batrachocephalus, Brustiarius, Cathorops, Cephalocassis, Cinetodus, Cochlefelis, Cryptarius, Doiichthys, Galeichthys, Genidens, Hemiarius, Ketengus, Nedystoma, Nemapteryx, Neoarius, Netuma, Notarius, Osteogeneiosus, Pachyula, Plicofollis, Potamarius and Sciades. Three new genera are erected. The nominal genera Bagre Oken, 1817, Glanis, Stearopterus, Breviceps non Merrem, 1820, Felichthys, Ailurichthys, Mystus non Scopoli, 1777 and Anemanotus are considered junior synonyms of Bagre Cloquet, 1816. Hexanematichthys, Sciadeichthys, Selenaspis, Ariopsis and Leptarius are synonyms of Sciades. The nominal genus Pseudarius is an objective synonym, and Ariodes a subjective synonym, of Arius. Sciadeops is synonymous with Notarius. Catastoma and Sarcogenys are synonyms of Netuma. Tetranesodon is preliminary considered junior synonym of Pachyula. Hemipimelodus is a synonym of Cephalocassis. Septobranchus is a junior synonym of Cinetodus, and Guiritinga is a new synonym of Genidens.
Descriptions of four new species of Semia Matsumura (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Psithyristriini) from Vietnam, with a key to the species of Semia
Authors: EMERY DAVID L. , LEE YOUNG JUNE , PHAM HONG-THAI
Published: January 2017

This paper provides descriptions of four new species of the genus Semia Matsumura, 1917 from Vietnam: Semia magna sp. nov., Semia spiritus sp. nov., Semia pallida sp. nov., and Semia albusequi sp. nov. A key to the 13 species of Semia is provided.
Strobelitatea, a replacement name for Strobeliella Cazzaniga, 1981 (Gastropoda: Tateidae), non Nordsieck, 1977 (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae)
Authors: CAZZANIGA NÉSTOR J.
Published: January 2017

When I proposed the name Strobeliella for a genus of supposedly microphallic snails in the family Hydrobiidae, I was unaware that it was a junior homonym of Clausilia (Strobeliella) published four years before by Nordsieck (1977).
Winter Nocturnal Air Temperature Distribution for a Mesoscale Plain of a Snow-Covered Region: Field Meteorological Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Yazaki Tomotsugu , Fukushima Hirokazu , Hirota Tomoyoshi , Iwata Yukiyoshi , Wajima Atsushi , Yokota Ayumi
Published: January 2017

Winter air temperatures strongly affect crop overwintering and cold resource usage. To clarify how winter air temperature distributions are formed in a mesoscale plain, field observations and simulations were conducted for the Tokachi region in Japan. Results elucidating the winter climate within the plain revealed that the winter mean air temperature at each site was correlated closely with the mean daily minimum air temperature. The daily minimum air temperature was not correlated with altitude, suggesting that local variation of the daily minimum temperature influences the temperature distribution. Observations at different distances from the upwind mountains revealed that nocturnal air temperatures were higher for stronger winds closer to the mountain foot. Low temperatures associated with wind speed suggest that radiative cooling strongly affects the temperature distribution. Wind and temperature conditions in the boundary layer influence the degree of drop in nocturnal air temperature and its distribution. The wind speed and direction, respectively, affect the extent and direction of the high-temperature zone from the northwest mountain foot. Simulations with a spatial resolution of 2 km reproduced the observed temperatures, but the error exceeded 5°C at sites having complex terrain under moderate or strong wind conditions. A higher-resolution model of 0.5 km showed that simulated temperatures approach the observed temperatures in association with a local wind system of down-valley drainage flow. In conclusion, the synoptic background, wind strength and direction over the plain, and microscale valleys affect boundary layer mixing and, thereby, determine the winter air temperature distribution.
Storm Labeling in Three Dimensions (SL3D): A Volumetric Radar Echo and Dual-Polarization Updraft Classification Algorithm
Authors: Starzec Mariusz , Homeyer Cameron R. , Mullendore Gretchen L.
Published: January 2017

This study presents a new storm classification method for objectively stratifying three-dimensional radar echo into five categories: convection, convective updraft, precipitating stratiform, nonprecipitating stratiform, and ice-only anvil. The Storm Labeling in Three Dimensions (SL3D) algorithm utilizes volumetric radar data to classify radar echo based on storm height, depth, and intensity in order to provide a new method for updraft classification and improve upon the limitations of traditional storm classification algorithms. Convective updrafts are identified by searching for three known polarimetric radar signatures: weak-echo regions (bounded and unbounded) in the radar reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ([Formula: see text]), differential radar reflectivity ([Formula: see text]) columns, and specific differential phase ([Formula: see text]) columns. Additionally, leveraging the three-dimensional information allows SL3D to improve upon missed identifications of weak convection and intense stratiform rain in traditional two-dimensional classification schemes. This study presents the results of applying the SL3D algorithm to several cases of high-resolution three-dimensional composites of NEXRAD WSR-88D data in the contiguous United States. Comparisons with a traditional algorithm that uses two-dimensional maps of [Formula: see text] are also shown to illustrate the differences of the SL3D algorithm.
Linking Federal Surveys with Administrative Data to Improve Research on Families
Authors: O’Hara Amy , Shattuck Rachel M. , Goerge Robert M.
Published: January 2017

Linkage of federal, state, and local administrative records to survey data holds great promise for research on families, in particular research on low-income families. Researchers can use administrative records in conjunction with survey data to better measure family relationships and to capture the experiences of individuals and family members across multiple points in time and social and economic domains. Administrative data can be used to evaluate program participation in government social welfare programs, as well as to evaluate the accuracy of reporting on receipt of such benefits. Administrative records can also be used to enhance collection and accuracy of survey and census data and to improve coverage of hard-to-reach populations. This article discusses potential uses of linked administrative and survey data, gives an overview of the linking methodology and infrastructure (including limitations), and reviews social science literature that has used this method to date.
Predicting Asthma Prevalence by Linking Social Media Data and Traditional Surveys
Authors: Dai Hongying , Lee Brian R. , Hao Jianqiang
Published: January 2017

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases that has a profound impact on people’s well-being and our society. In this study, we link multiple large-scale data sources to construct an epidemiological model to predict asthma prevalence across geographic regions. We use: (1) the Social Media Monitoring (SMM) data from Twitter ( N = 500 million tweets/day), (2) the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) ( N = 464,664), and (3) the 2014 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau ( N = 3.5 million per year). We predict asthma prevalence in the traditional survey (BRFSS) using social media information collected from Twitter and socioeconomic factors collected from ACS. The evidence suggests that monitoring asthma-related tweets may provide real-time information that can be used to predict outcomes from traditional surveys.
The Promise, Practicalities, and Perils of Virtually Auditing Neighborhoods Using Google Street View
Authors: Bader Michael D. M. , Mooney Stephen J. , Bennett Blake , Rundle Andrew G.
Published: January 2017

In-person audits to collect data on neighborhood characteristics offer opportunities to study the mechanisms that link neighborhood conditions to unequal outcomes for individuals and communities, but the expense and logistical difficulties associated with conducting neighborhood audits have limited their use. The images collected by Google Street View provide a promising alternative for researchers to measure neighborhood environments across cities and to examine how neighborhood conditions vary across a wider geographic scope. We describe the benefits of using “virtual” neighborhood audits and discuss the practicalities of collecting data from virtual audits. We provide an example of individual- and neighborhood-level inequality in the distribution of disorder for older adults across four cities: New York, San Jose, Philadelphia, and Detroit. Despite the promise of virtual audits, they also introduce perils that must be addressed as research progresses; we introduce and discuss those perils here.
New Trends and Patterns in Western European Immigration to the United States
Authors: Kislev Elyakim
Published: January 2017

This study explores the latest changes in Western European immigration to the United States by integrating several large databases: the U.S. census, the American Community Surveys, the European Social Survey, as well as the Human Development Index and Gini index. Findings show that the number of individuals born in Western Europe but with family origins elsewhere who have been immigrating to and settling in the United States is increasing. I divide the Western European population that immigrates to the United States into seven different subpopulations by their ancestries and explore the characteristics of these populations before and after immigrating to the United States. I also examine their relative success in terms of economic and labor outcomes in America, finding, for example, that some of the least advantaged immigrant groups have some of the best economic outcomes in the United States. The different self-selection and assimilation patterns among these immigrants have implications for U.S. public policy, which we identify and begin to explore.
Quilting a Time-Place Mosaic
Authors: Entwisle Barbara , Hofferth Sandra L. , Moran Emilio F.
Published: January 2017

Social science is at a pivotal moment. The advent of “big data” from the Internet, social media, and smartphones as well as newly available administrative data from electronic sources has opened the door to new understandings of people and society. That said, realizing this promise requires a vision for the future and a practical plan for reaching it. The articles in this volume begin this work. Each addresses some aspect of data linkage. Each can be considered a patch in a time-place mosaic. This concluding article considers the articles as a collection and how they might be quilted together. It discusses the diversity of sources available, differences in time depth and sociospatial coverage, and the many challenges of using data not designed for research. It identifies the benefits that would cumulate as a set of regional data centers to assemble, link, curate, and share diverse data sources is established and coordinated. These data centers could provide the combination of national coverage, local depth, and temporal precision needed to advance our understanding of the American population.
Looks That Matter
Authors: Lev-On Azi , Waismel-Manor Israel
Published: January 2017

Research demonstrates that good looks matter in politics. The global trend today is toward more visual ballots, which include candidates’ photographs. Because voters are exposed to a candidate’s appearance right before they vote, physical attractiveness may be a significant contributor to electoral success. But does appearance matter equally in high-information elections, where all candidates are well known to voters, and low-information elections, where voters have little or no knowledge of who the candidates are? How does enhancing the photos of candidates through software programs affect their electability? To our knowledge, this article is the first to examine the impact of candidates’ appearance in high- and low-information elections in the field using two experiments involving the manipulation of their appearance. Data for the first study were collected in a low-information election in which a student population was asked to select from a list of fictitious candidates for city council. In this study, we found that the candidates’ looks had an impact on the votes they received. Data for the second study were collected right before a high-information election: A straw poll that took place immediately before the primaries for a major political party in Israel, involving party members selecting from a list of real candidates. Here the candidates’ appearance had no impact on the votes they received, even for the lesser known candidates on the list. The results indicate that the impact of visual manipulation of candidate images does influence voters, but is limited by the informational context of the elections.
The Look of Losing, Then and Now
Authors: Bucy Erik P.
Published: January 2017

This article asks whether losing in a political debate is associated with a set of visible, empirically verifiable nonverbal indicators that correspond to physical weakness, pronounced stress, evasive or fearful behavior, and other outward signs of secondary or subordinate status. To answer this question, a comparative content analysis of the first 1960 and 2012 U.S. presidential debates is performed, contrasting the “losing” performance of Richard Nixon during the first televised presidential debate of 1960 with the “lackluster” performance of Barack Obama during the first televised debate of 2012—arguably the worst night of his political career. Campaign lore and anecdotal accounts suggest in Nixon’s case that negative evaluations were mostly due to his haggard appearance rather than debate performance, but detailed content analysis using biobehaviorally derived expressive categories suggests the vice president’s nonverbal behavior was equally important. For the 2012 debate, particular emphasis is placed on the communicative behavior of President Obama, who appeared evasive and at times dominated by Mitt Romney, which disappointed supporters and gave Romney momentum in the polls. To facilitate comparison, each debate is subjected to a shot-by-shot analysis of the candidates’ nonverbal behavior, including facial expressions, vocal tone, communicative gestures, blink rate, and other nonverbal tics.
The Ecumenical Commitment of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Authors: Laham Gregorios III
Published: January 2017

The Ecumenical Commitment of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has been at the centre of its ecclesiology and theological thought especially in relation to its sister-church the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch since the Second Vatican Council. The Antiochene context has provided a unique and creative context for a renewed ecumenical engagement as viewed through the developing relations between the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. This paper sets out in detail how these relations have developed over the last decades, however, with the caveat that the author, Patriarch Gregorios III who has been deeply involved in these discussions, notes that the significant proposals mentioned in the final part of this article remain to be received within the wider ecclesial communities.
Vladimir Solov’ev and the 19th-Century Pioneers of Catholic-Orthodox Reunion
Authors: Pilch Jeremy
Published: January 2017

This article examines the life and work of the Russian thinker Vladimir Solov’ev (1853-1900) and his involvement in a circle of Catholics committed to the work of Catholic-Orthodox re-union in the late-nineteenth century. It analyses the intellectual influences on his thought in the early 1880s when he became an apologist for the Papacy and the work of reunion. Particular attention is given to the Catholic sources which helped shape Solov’ev’s views. Solov’ev’s own position on the reunion is considered, especially in the light of his relationship with Bishop Strossmayer. Other Catholic friendships are also examined, including those with the Jesuit priests Pirling and Martynov, the Russian convert Princess Volkonsky, and the French journalist Eugene Tavernier. In addition, the importance of lesser known figures such as the Barnabite Fr Tondini and the Polish Jesuit Marian Morawski is explored, as is Solov’ev’s reception of communion from the Byzantine-rite Catholic priest, Fr Nikolai Tolstoi. Far from being an isolated pioneer, Solov’ev emerges as one of a closely connected circle of Catholics committed to Catholic-Orthodox reunion.
Alternative Conceptualizations in International Relations
Authors: Rai Sanchi
Published: January 2017

India is perceived as the land that gave the concept of non-violence ( ahimsa) to the world through M.K. Gandhi. In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly voted to institute 2 October as the International Day of Non-violence. But what does non-violence entail? In its true essence, non-violence was never to be used as an excuse for non-action. For Gandhi, in a choice between cowardice and violence, violence was advisable. Interestingly and somewhat counter intuitively, the Mahabharata recognizes the virtues and importance of peace but it does not see absolute non-violence as an achievable goal, even if it may be desirable. What it then professes is the concept of ānŗśamsya or non-cruelty, a golden mean between violence and non-violence. The supreme duty in the Mahabharata was not ahimsa but ānŗśamsya. Hence, fighting was not necessarily considered good or desirable, but for a greater good and justice, fighting a war was expected and furthermore, to ensure victory in it was absolutely essential. However, what had to be ensured was adherence to non-cruelty. The aim of this article is to understand and discuss the implications of the concept of aānŗśamsya as given in the Mahabharata.
Music as a Door to the Holy
Authors: Saliers Don E. , Saliers Emily A.
Published: January 2017

When we reflect on music and theology, we find that questions about God and religious practice are also questions about deep human emotions: awe, wonder, fear, grief, sorrow, confusion, joy, hope, gratitude, and ecstatic praise. Music can sound the language of the heart before God and neighbor, into mystery and suffering.
A Catalogue of Ancient Egyptian Sundials
Authors: Symons Sarah , Khurana Himanshi
Published: January 2017

Ancient Egypt furnishes us with examples of different types of sundial from the New Kingdom ( c. 1500 b.c.) onward. Some objects that have been described as sundials are better evidenced as time-keeping devices than others. Hypotheses about the development and even the method of using sundials remain controversial in a few cases. New finds also add to our understanding of the development of sundials in Egypt. Here, we describe an attempt to catalogue ancient Egyptian sundials and the results that are emerging from the investigation.
Chinese Records of Supernovae in a.d. 1408 Revisited
Authors: Wang Guangchao , Sun Xiaochun
Published: January 2017

This article re-examines the Chinese records of the “new star” of a.d. 1408 and evaluates different interpretations by various scholars. Li Qibin was the first to make connections between several records and suggest that these records indicated a supernova explosion. He identified it with a supernova in Cygnus. Richard Stephenson considered that these records might be of a comet or meteor. This difference in interpretation, this article argues, arises from the different criteria used in judging whether a temporary star had been a supernova or not. Further textual investigation may help to improve the judgement. We discovered two new references to this celestial event in the local histories S ichuan zongzhi and Longzhou zhi which suggest that the temporary star observed on 10 September 1408 should be a meteor as Stephenson has claimed, not the same event recorded on 24 October 1408, as Li had claimed. Nevertheless, it seems that all the evidence that we have found does not totally rule out the possibility that the object observed on 24 October might be a supernova or nova. Much ambiguity exists in the original text, making the interpretation of ancient Chinese records of celestial events still a topic of interest.
Self-Reported Inmate Conduct
Authors: Degiorgio Worthy Lisa
Published: January 2017

This article applies Walters’s criteria of dynamic factors in prison assessment to assess the predictive capabilities of the Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) in a sample of offenders from a southeastern state in the United States. Nested negative binomial regression was used, as well as ROC/AUC (receiver operating characteristics/area under the curve) to evaluate accuracy. The results show that beyond the effects of demographic and static variables, dynamic factors incrementally improved model fit and estimated counts of female inmates, non-White inmates, and inmates reporting more disciplinary actions and violent behavior. All PII scales demonstrated accuracy above .50; however, only two were within the range considered acceptable for criminal justice instruments. Practical implications have been discussed.
Feasibility of Multiagency Change Teams Involving the Department of Corrections and Community Substance Abuse Treatment Agencies
Authors: Melnick Gerald , Mckendrick Karen , Lehman Wayne E. K.
Published: January 2017

This study demonstrates the feasibility of forming multiagency change teams including correctional and community agencies involved in the community reentry of prisoners with histories of substance use. The sample included 148 participants from 21 change teams. Results showed that change team members’ perception of their “home” agency affects the change team process, but change teams also develop their own group processes independent of their home agency climate.
Paranormal Belief, Experience, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Authors: Fox Jezz , Williams Carl
Published: January 2017

121 college students completed the Anomalous Experience Inventory and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. Multiple regression analyses provided significant models predicting both Paranormal Experience and Belief; the main predictors were the other subscales of the Anomalous Experience Inventory with the Keirsey variables playing only a minor role.
Sexual Satisfaction among Married Women Age 50 and Older
Authors: Young Michael , Denny George , Young Tamera , Luquis Raffy
Published: January 2017

Correlates of sexual satisfaction were identified in a sample of older married women. A 70-item questionnaire was mailed to an age-stratified sample of 5,000 married persons, including 1,000 married women over the age of 50. Usable questionnaires were received from 148 participants (14.8% return rate). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis, using sexual satisfaction as the dependent variable, yielded five predictor variables that accounted for a significant portion of the variation in sexual satisfaction (Cumulative R2 = .73). These results serve as a reminder that sexual interactions cannot be compartmentalized but must be considered within the context of the overall marriage relationship. Given the low return rate, interpretations should be limited until replication with an adequate sample has been completed.
Stability of Tringo's Hierarchy of Preference toward Disability Groups: 30 Years Later
Authors: Thomas Adrian
Published: January 2017

The hierarchy of preference toward disability groups was measured for 171 subjects on 16 disabilities. Results indicated that the hierarchy of preference reported by Tringo (1970) exists today despite many efforts by society to remove such stereotypes. Further, the rank-order of the hierarchy appears to be quite stable in that only individuals with cancer show an appreciable change in relative position.
On the Epidemiology of Violent Juvenile Crime in America: A Total Arrest-Referenced Approach
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J. , Roundtree Terry , Camagna Tina F. , Queirolo Sergio S.
Published: January 2017

The catalyst for this study was a widely publicized U.S. government-sponsored report forecasting alarming increases in violent juvenile crime. Working from data for the entire United States given in annual FBI Uniform Crime Reports, the study presented a descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests for criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault attributable to juveniles, 1941–1995. Markedly different patterns resulted from focusing on rates and rates of change calculated for 1-, 5-, and 10-yr. periods. Thus, for example, the most recent 5-yr. trend for criminal homicide indicated an average annual increase of 7.81% in the incidence of arrests attributable to juveniles, with a corresponding projected increase of 117% from 1995 to 2010. An average annual rate increase of 5.13% was indicated over the most recent 10-yr. period, leading to a predicted increase of 77% in 2010 as compared to 1995. By sharp contrast, focusing on the 15.3% rate increase which occurred in the most recent single year led to the expectation that juvenile arrests will account for 229% more of this nation's criminal homicide arrests in 2015 than was the case in 1995. In every case, widely discrepant, 15-yr. projection differences such as those noted above, are magnified considerably if we assume validity of U.S. census estimates concerning increases in the size of America's juvenile population over the time period considered. Results of the study are taken to underscore the importance of qualifying archival data-based inferences about violent juvenile crime, in terms of the specific measure(s) used and time-frame context(s) of the unit(s) of analysis.
Obsession-Compulsion, Locus of Control, Depression, and Hopelessness: A Construct Validity of the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in American and Kuwaiti Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Lester David
Published: January 2017

In samples of 144 American and 209 Kuwaiti college students, the correlations among scores on the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and external locus of control (.26, .25), depression (.31, .55) and hopelessness (.27, .43) were significant and positive in both samples, denoting the construct validity of the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Thus, it can be recommended for use in both countries.
ABC Relaxation Theory and the Factor Structure of Relaxation States, Recalled Relaxation Activities, Dispositions, and Motivations
Authors: Smith Jonathan C. , Wedell Amy B. , Kolotylo Camille J. , Lewis Jacquie E. , Byers Kristie Y. , Segin Christine M.
Published: January 2017

ABC Relaxation Theory proposes 15 psychological relaxation-related states (R-States): Sleepiness, Disengagement, Physical Relaxation, Mental Quiet, Rested/Refreshed, At Ease/At Peace, Energized, Aware, Joy, Thankfulness and Love, Prayerfulness, Childlike Innocence, Awe and Wonder, Mystery, and Timeless/Bound-less/Infinite. The present study summarizes the results of 13 separate factor analyses of immediate relaxation-related states, states associated with recalled relaxation activities, relaxation dispositions, and relaxation motivations on a combined sample of 1,904 individuals (group average ages ranged from 28–40 yr.). Four exploratory factor analyses of Smith Relaxation Inventories yielded 15 items that most consistently and exclusively load (generally at least .70) on six replicated factors’. These items included happy, joyful, energized, rested, at peace, warm, limp, silent, quiet, dozing, drowsy, prayerful, mystery, distant, and indifferent. Subsequent factor analyses restricted to these items and specifying six factors were performed on 13 different data sets. Each yielded the same six-factor solution: Factor 1: Centered Positive Affect, Factor 2: Sleepiness, Factor 3: Disengagement, Factor 4: Physical Relaxation, Factor 5: Mental Quiet, and Factor 6: Spiritual. Implications for ABC Relaxation Theory are discussed.
Psychosocial Predictors of Depression among Central American Immigrants
Authors: Hovey Joseph D.
Published: January 2017

The present study investigated the relationship between stress and depression associated with acculturation among Central American immigrants (64 women, 14 men) and identified the best predictors of depression among Central American immigrants. Elevated acculturative stress was significantly associated with higher depression. Family dysfunction, ineffective social support, lack of hopefulness toward the future, and low socioeconomic status were also significantly associated with high depression. The overall findings suggest that Central American immigrants who report high acculturative stress may be “at risk” for experiencing depression and that effective family and social support, hopefulness toward the future, and socioeconomic status may serve to protect against depression during acculturation.
Smoking Acquisition: Peer Influence and Self-Selection
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Eddy James M. , Fitzhugh Eugene C.
Published: January 2017

The study examined and contrasted the extent that peer influence and self-selection for smoking peers may affect acquisition of smoking by adolescents. Data for a U.S. national cohort sample of adolescents ( N = 4,444) who were nonsmokers in the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Surveys and were re-interviewed in 1993 were included. The information included measures of smoking behavior and smoking status of both boys’ and girls’ best friends. Analysis demonstrated that, although the effects of both peer influence and self-selection of smoking friends occurred, self-selection may play a greater role in adolescents’ beginning to smoke. This implies that, while teaching adolescents to resist peer pressure may be necessary, it is perhaps more important to identify factors that influence adolescents’ decisions in choosing friends who smoke. This could lead to more effective preventive strategies.
Verification of Impression of Voice in Relation to Occupational Categories
Authors: Yamada Natsuko , Hakoda Yuji , Yuda Emiko , Kusuhara Akiko
Published: January 2017

The present study examined how personality traits, physical characteristics, and occupational categories derived from listening to human voices are related to each other. Stimuli were 25 tape-recorded male vocal samples. In Study 1, 114 undergraduate and graduate students rated each of the 25 voices on 22 personality traits and 11 vocal characteristics. Participants were also given a list of 34 occupational categories from which they selected one suitable, occupational category for each of the 25 voices. Of 34 occupations, 20 occupations selected most frequently were used in Study 2 wherein 90 junior college students rated the voices on the 20 occupational categories. Factor analyses produced three factors for personality characteristics, for vocal characteristics, and for occupational categories. Also, significant correlations among those factors (both positive and negative) indicated participants consistently attributed particular personality and vocal characteristics to specific voices and assigned those voices to particular occupational categories. Stereotypical perception of voices is discussed in terms of earwitness identification.
Silencing the Self and Feminist Identity Development
Authors: Witte Tricia H. , Sherman Martin F.
Published: January 2017

The present study investigated the relation between Jack's 1991 concept of “silencing the self” and Downing and Roush's 1985 stage model of feminist identity development among college women. Analysis indicated that passively accepting women's oppression and adhering to traditional gender roles in interpersonal relationships (Passive Acceptance) was related to silencing the self. These results have important implications for silencing the self and women's development. Specifically, these findings may encourage many young women to acknowledge women's oppression and question the traditional gender roles that promote submission and thereby decrease the potential risk for self-silencing.
Factor Analysis of Social Skills Inventory Responses of Italians and Americans
Authors: Galeazzi Aldo , Franceschina Emilio , Holmes George R.
Published: January 2017

The Social Skills Inventory is a 90-item self-report procedure designed to measure social and communication skills. The inventory measures six dimensions, namely, Emotional Expressivity, Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Control, Social Expressivity, Social Sensitivity, and Social Control. The Italian version was administered in several cities in Northern Italy to 500 Italian participants ranging in age from 15 to 59 years. Factor analysis appears to confirm the adequacy of the inventory for the Italian adult population. Results indicate strong similarities between the Italian and American populations with respect to the measure of social skills. Indexes of internal reliability and test-retest reliability are good for almost all subscales of the inventory, which should encourage the use of this inventory with Italian samples.
Trends in Mass Murder
Authors: Lester David
Published: January 2017

From 1976 to 1996, the proportion of murder incidents with 5 or more victims showed no linear trend or association with selected social indicators, e.g., birth rate, unemployment rate, and homicide rate.
Students Prefer the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Brosvic Gary M.
Published: January 2017

Students responded to a questionnaire after completing classroom examinations using either Scantron forms or the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique. Factor analysis of students’ responses yielded six scales unrelated to students’ grades and not differing by sex, course, or instructor. Students evaluated on the latter technique scored significantly higher on scales measuring ease of understanding and ease of completing response requirements, perceived fairness of and preference for an answer-until-correct procedure, and enhanced involvement in the test-taking process.
Differences in Schwartz's Value Survey between High and Low Scorers on the Ecoscale
Authors: Clump Michael , Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Sharpe J. Patrick
Published: January 2017

The hypothesis that High ECOSCALE and Low ECOSCALE groups would have different value profiles was tested using 319 introductory psychology students (187 women and 132 men). The participants completed the ECOSCALE and Schwartz's Value Survey for partial course credit, after which the means of the two groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses of variance on Schwartz's Value Survey. Analysis indicated that the groups scoring high and low on the ECOSCALE had significantly different Value profiles, which supported the hypothesis. In addition, the High ECOSCALE group scored significantly lower on the Power scale and significantly higher on the Universalism and Benevolence scales.
Shame-Focused Coping Styles and Their Associations with Self-Esteem
Authors: Yelsma Paul , Brown Norman M. , Elison Jeff
Published: January 2017

109 college man and 76 college women ranging in age from 17 to 50 years and having an average age of 21 yr. completed Coopersmith's Self-esteem Scale and Elison's Compass of Shame Scale which measures four shame-focused coping styles. The total Compass of Shame score was significantly correlated with the Self-esteem scores. Scores on three of the shame coping subscales, Attack Self, Withdrawal, and Attack Other, were significantly correlated with Self-esteem scores; the Avoidance subscale was not. No significant sex differences were found either on self-esteem or any of the four, shame-coping subscales. A regression model that examined the predictive associations between four subscales of shame and Self-esteem indicated that shame scores accounted for 32% of the variance in Self-esteem.
Moral injury and original sin: The applicability of Augustinian moral psychology in light of combat trauma
Authors: Powers Brian S.
Published: January 2017

Veterans of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan often experience moral injury as an ambiguous sense of guilt or deep confusion or annihilation of a sense of what is good and right. Augustine argued that as personal agents, our willing follows that which we desire—the problem is that our desires are externally and internally distorted and our willing thus follows goods that are twisted and false. I argue that an Augustinian framework of human willing in pursuit of distorted goods holds a great deal of explanatory power in terms of the pathology of human violence and the phenomenon of moral injury in combat veterans. As several prominent psychological studies suggest, evolutionary, societal, and cultural forces condition our capacity to make critical moral decisions. Those studying moral injury in combatants have observed the profound guilt that eventually results from their participation in acts of violence and even in support of missions whose moral “good” they come to question. An Augustinian framework recognizes both the power of these external forces and the distortable nature of our own moral values and therefore allows us to locate moral injury in the realm of systemic, widespread societal and cultural problems. This definition allows the experience of differing levels of participation in wartime violence from “front-line combat” to support missions to be understood as valid experiences of moral injury while simultaneously recognizing that one’s active agency is required in order to experience moral injury. Further, this framework may resonate with veterans who experience hopelessness as a result of reflection on the malleability of human willing and its profound vulnerability to outside forces.
Book Review: Subhoranjan Dasgupta, Democratic Governance and Politics of the Left in South Asia
Authors: Sirajuddeen Mohammed
Published: January 2017

Subhoranjan Dasgupta, Democratic Governance and Politics of the Left in South Asia, New Delhi, Aakar Books, 2015, 272 pp., ₹695, ISBN: 978-93-5002-319-8 (Hardcover).
Emotional intelligence, trauma severity, and emotional expression
Authors: Kao Min C , Chen Yung Y
Published: January 2017

This study investigated Emotional Intelligence (EI) as a moderator for the association between emotional expression and adaptive trauma processing, as measured by depressive symptoms. Using Pennebaker’s written emotional expression paradigm, 105 participants were assigned to either a conventional trauma-writing or religious trauma-writing condition. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and again at one-month post writing. No significant association between EI and religiousness was found at baseline. Results indicated a three-way interaction among EI, trauma severity, and writing condition on depressive symptoms at follow-up. For the religious trauma-writing condition only, there was a significant difference between high- versus low-EI participants who experienced more severe trauma in depressive symptoms at follow-up, such that low-EI participants registered less depressive symptoms than high-EI participants; while there was no significant difference between low versus high EI for participants with less severe trauma. These findings encourage further investigation of the conditions under which religion may be a beneficial factor in trauma adaptation.
Epistemological Dominance and Social Inequality
Authors: Cech Erin A. , Metz Anneke , Smith Jessi L. , deVries Karen
Published: January 2017

Can epistemologies anchor processes of social inequality? In this paper, we consider how epistemological dominance in science, engineering, and health (SE&H) fields perpetuates disadvantages for students who enter higher education with alternative epistemologies. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Native American students enrolled at two US research universities who adhere to or revere indigenous epistemologies, we find that epistemological dominance in SE&H degree programs disadvantages students through three processes. First, it delegitimizes Native epistemologies and marginalizes and silences students who value them. Second, in the process of imparting these dominant scientific epistemologies, SE&H courses sometimes require students to participate in pedagogical practices that challenge indigenous ways of knowing. Third, students encounter epistemological imperialism: most students in the sample are working to earn SE&H degrees in order to return to tribal communities to “give back,” yet, because the US laws regulating the practice of SE&H extend onto tribal lands, students must earn credentials in epistemologies that devalue, delegitimate, and threaten indigenous knowledge ways to practice on tribal lands. We examine how students navigate these experiences, discuss the implications of these findings for SE&H education, and describe how epistemological dominance may serve as a mechanism of inequality reproduction more broadly.
Living Arrangements of Mothers and Their Adult Children Over the Life Course
Authors: Wiemers Emily E. , Slanchev Vladislav , McGarry Kathleen , Hotz V. Joseph
Published: January 2017

Early in the last century, it was commonplace for elderly women to live with their adult children. Over time, the prevalence of this type of living arrangement declined, as incomes increased. In more recent decades, coresidence between adult children and their retirement-age parents has become more common, as children rely on parental support later into adulthood. We use panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the living arrangements of older mothers and their adult children over the life course. We pay particular attention to the relationship between coresidence and indicators of parental and child needs. Our results suggest that for much of the life course, coresidence serves to benefit primarily the adult children rather than their older mother. We also highlight a little known phenomenon, that of children who never leave the parental home and remain coresident well into their later adult years.
Does Protecting Older Workers From Discrimination Make It Harder to Get Hired? Evidence From Disability Discrimination Laws
Authors: Neumark David , Song Joanne , Button Patrick
Published: January 2017

We explore the effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of older workers. A concern with antidiscrimination laws is that they may reduce hiring by raising the cost of terminations and—in the specific case of disability discrimination laws—raising the cost of employment because of the need to accommodate disabled workers. Moreover, disability discrimination laws can affect nondisabled older workers because they are fairly likely to develop work-related disabilities, but are generally not protected by these laws. Using state variation in disability discrimination protections, we find little or no evidence that stronger disability discrimination laws lower the hiring of nondisabled older workers. We similarly find no evidence of adverse effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of disabled older workers.
Employment Support for the Transition to Retirement
Authors: Stapleton David C. , Schimmel Hyde Jody
Published: January 2017

As workers near retirement, many experience a medical event that limits the ability to work. Public programs provide health insurance and income support for these individuals, but that support is often not adequate to protect against poverty following the onset of a new health condition. Moreover, these policies generally are not designed to encourage continuing work rather than premature retirement. In this article, we propose a new type of program—Employment Support for the Transition to Retirement—designed to encourage older workers with health limitations to remain in the workforce, reducing their reliance on federal disability and early retirement benefits. We illustrate that a simple version of this type of program could significantly reduce poverty in the target population, would cost less per participant than existing programs, and could potentially contribute to greater economic security and reduced growth in federal expenditures as an element of social security policy reforms.
Health Status, Health Shocks, and Asset Adequacy Over Retirement Years
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey L. , Haveman Robert , Wolfe Barbara
Published: January 2017

This article uses data on a sample of retirees drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine changes in health over the retirement years and to estimate the effects of health changes in retirement on wealth. Using the framework of item response theory, we develop a novel measure of health that makes use of multiple indicators of physical health that are available in the HRS. We find that large negative shocks to the health of male retirees and their spouses are frequent in retirement and that when such shocks do occur, recovery to the preshock level of health is rare. Using a dynamic panel data model, we then estimate short- and long-run effects of changes in health on wealth. While our estimated short-run effects are modest, long-run estimates of the impact of health shocks on wealth are large, ranging from a 12% to 20% reduction in wealth by the 10th year, following a permanent one standard deviation decrease in health.
The Sochi Olympics, Celebration Capitalism, and Homonationalist Pride
Authors: Travers Ann , Shearman Mary
Published: January 2017

In July 2013, the Russian government passed two anti-LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) laws that drew international criticism. Russia’s impending hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games inspired more sustained international attention to these laws than might have otherwise been the case. In this article, we apply the mutually supporting frameworks of queer/trans necropolitics and celebration capitalism to a content analysis of coverage of the Sochi Olympics in the Advocate and Xtra, the leading LGBT publications in the United States and Canada, respectively. We contend that the Advocate and Xtra participated in a homonationalist process of manufacturing consent as the United States, Canada, the West in general, and the Olympic Games were glorified while issues relating to racism and colonialism in Russia, the United States, and Canada were ignored and these geopolitical formations in general were falsely generalized as safe havens for LGBT people. This conclusion is based on two key observations. First, we noted complete silence about racist and ethnic violence in Russia and in the specific site of Sochi in the Advocate and only one (unelaborated) acknowledgment of Sochi as a historical site of ethnic cleansing in Xtra. Second, in spite of the recent expansion of formal citizenship rights for LGBT people, more uniformly in Canada than in the United States, Advocate and Xtra coverage failed to acknowledge the dissonance between American and Canadian governments positioning themselves as LGBT and human rights leaders and the harm these National Security States continue to deliver to racialized, impoverished, and gender and sexual minority populations.