bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
María Amparo Ruiz De Burton And The Power Of Her Pen
Authors: Sánchez Rosaura , Pita Beatrice
Published: November 2023

The relative dearth of information on nineteenth-century Latino/Chicano literary history in the American Southwest has slowly been remedied by the discovery of long-neglected texts such as those written by María Amparo Ruiz de Burton and other nineteenth-and early twentieth-century writers. Ruiz de Burton presents us with an intriguing figure, both historically and literarily—a case of an extraordinarily talented woman with a powerful voice, who addressed crucial issues of ethnicity, power, gender, class, and race in her writing.
Lola Rodríguez De Tió And The Puerto Rican Struggle For Freedom
Authors: Acosta-Belén Edna
Published: November 2023

Nation-building is not usually associated with women. The process of engendering nations and nationalizing women in historical research is just beginning to take root, perhaps a long overdue recognition of women’s historical agency even during periods when they were not emancipated and did not have full citizenship rights. Until recently, scant attention was paid to the ways in which patriarchal societies limited the access of women to public life, or the ways in which many women challenged those limitations. In a broad sense, life for women in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico was not that much different than that for many other women in other parts of the Americas.
Jovita González Mireles: A Sense of History and Homeland
Authors: Cotera María Eugenia
Published: November 2023

In a thirteen-page memoir written near the end of her life, Jovita González recounted an incident that resonated throughout her career as a folklorist, historian, writer, and educator. In 1910, González’s par- ents decided to relocate from the borderlands where she was born to San Antonio, in order to improve their children’s educational prospects. Shortly before they made the move, González and her siblings traveled to Mier, a small town on the Mexican side of the Texas-Mexico border to pay a final visit to Mamá Ramoncita, their great-grandmother and the family matriarch.
Luisa Moreno And Latina Labor Activism
Authors: Ruiz Vicki L
Published: November 2023

The era of the Great Depression and World War II stands as the golden era of the American labor movement, the period when auto workers staged a dramatic sit-in at Flint, Michigan; John L. Lewis organized the powerful Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), a national confederation of factory workers; and the charismatic A. Philip Randolph mobilized Afri- can American railroad porters. Luisa Moreno ranks among these heroes of labor history, yet her story is still virtually unknown outside of Latino history.
Carmen Miranda: The High Price of Fame and Bananas
Authors: O’Neil Brian
Published: November 2023

All too often, people garner in death what they had longed for in life. On August 12, 1955, the Brazilian government returned the embalmed body of Carmen Miranda to Rio de Janeiro, the late singer’s childhood home. Since 1939, from the time she began living and working in the United States, Miranda’s relationship with Brazilian critics and officials had been a troubled one. Pundits regularly charged that Miranda had become too “Americanized” in the process of attaining Hollywood stardom. Further, they lambasted Miranda’s screen portrayals, which consisted almost exclusively of playing stereotypical Latina roles—often providing comic relief along the “Souse American Way.”
Children’s Emotional Resolution of MSSB Narratives: Relations With Child Behavior Problems and Parental Psychological Distress
Authors: Oppenheim David
Published: November 2023

The MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB; Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde, & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) includes a series of story beginnings (or stems) describing a range of emotionally evocative, realistic family scenes portrayed using dolls and props that children are asked to complete in action and narration. One of the incentives behind the development of the MSSB involved developing a systematic approach for the study of young children’s emotional worlds. This incentive was sparked by a long clinical tradition demonstrating that play narratives provide a useful and compelling avenue for learning about the inner world of the child (e.g., Erikson, 1950; Winnicott, 1971; Axline, 1947; Freud, 1946). Purportedly, children’s emotional worlds, including central emotion and relational themes, representations and conflicts, as well as defenses and coping mechanisms, are revealed in their play narrations. Studies using the MSSB have supported this conjecture. For example, children’s struggles with moral dilemmas (Buchsbaum & Emde, 1990; Oppenheim, Emde, Hasson, & Warren, 1997), experience of abuse (Buchsbaum, Toth, Clyman, Cicchetti, & Emde, 1993), and emotion dysregulation (Robinson, Herot, Haynes, & Mantz-Simmons, 2000) have all been examined with the MSSB.
Emotional Apprenticeships: The Development of Affect Regulation During the Preschool Years
Authors: Eva Appelman , Dennis Palmer Wolf
Published: November 2023

Say the word “apprentice” and what comes to mind is a cluster of young boys “learning the ropes” of an art or a trade: novices painting the folds of a cloak that the master just sketched, or young tailors learning to make a suit by rolling out bolts of fabric and watching as a more experienced hand places the pattern (Chaiklin & Lave, 1993). Recently, developmental psychologists have borrowed this image in order to challenge predominant views of learning in which acquiring understanding is conceived as an act of individual insight and learning or as the transfer of preexisting information. When viewed as an apprenticeship, learning becomes a sociocultural activity. First, the concept of apprenticeship is a powerful antidote to a view of learning as a solo enterprise: Rodin’s statue of the self-absorbed “Thinker.” In an apprenticeship model, learning is, first and foremost, a social activity.
The Mother-Child Co-construction of an Event Lived by the Preschool Child: The Role of the Mother’s Knowledge of “What Happened”
Authors: Bettens Christine Gertsch , Favez Nicolas , Stern Daniel N
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the mother’s influence on the narrative skills of preschool children. It focuses on the effect of the mother’s knowledge about the referent event on the accuracy of recall and the linguistic structure of the narrative. Compared to other well-investigated maternal factors that influence children’s narrative constructions (such as style of interviewing), the role of the mother’s information about the narrated event has not been directly studied. Yet such knowledge seems particularly relevant in light of the increased need to evaluate the value of children’s testimony as witnesses or victims of abuse, and even in the more familiar context of the daily parent-child separations related to parental work or day care practices: in both cases, the adult may have no knowledge, or only partial knowledge, of the exact content of the events narrated by the child, and not much is known about the level of the child’s recall accuracy when the child is aware of the listener’s degree of ignorance. More generally, the mother’s knowledge or “blindness” about the narrated event may have a different impact on the process of narrative co-construction itself, due to unequal opportunities to contribute to the child’s narrative. Considering the crucial role of co-narratives as the basis of most autobiographical memories in self-development, the clinical import of these issues is evident, and further study is required.
Dialogues of 7-Year-Olds With Their Mothers About Emotional Events: Development of a Typology
Authors: Koren-Karie Nina , Oppenheim David , Haimovich Zipi , Etzion-Carasso Ayelet
Published: November 2023

Much has been learned during the last 30 years about security of attachment in infancy and its origins in sensitive and responsive caregiving relationships (Ains worth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1988; Cassidy & Shaver, 1999). Attention is now shifting to the concept of security during the years following infancy and the processes by which transformations take place from the infant and toddler-era secure base to the “psychological” secure base of the preschooler and school-age child. A number of questions can be asked. What are the dimensions of the parent-child relationships most related to security? What are the contexts in which these dimensions are most readily observed? Do parental sensitivity and responsiveness play the same role as they do in infancy? What is the child’s role in sustaining a “psychological” secure base with the caregiver?

We see mother-child dialogues, particularly around the co-construction of narratives about emotional events, as a promising arena in which to look for answers to these questions (see Thompson, 2000; Waters & Cummings, 2000; Bretherton, 1990; Grossmann, 1999; Oppenheim & Waters, 1995, for a similar point).
Representing Battered Women
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

The pioneers in the battered women’s movement saw shelter as a step toward social justice. Some of the women who called the hotline were fleeing for their lives. Their immediate safety was our first concern. But even for women in the midst of crisis, seeking shelter in the face of what political scientist Donald Downs calls “conspicuous subjugation” was a courageous act of survival that symbolized a desire to preserve autonomy and respect as well as escape harm. Shelters hoped to politicize this desire by linking the mutual support provided within the facility to collective struggles to reform the structures that limited women’s overall opportunities for independence, starting with the law and the helping system.
The Silent Generation of the 1950s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

The 1950s are remembered as a period of stability in natural sciences as well as in society. Former general Dwight Eisenhower was president for most of the decade, and the military was respected by almost everyone. This generation of scientists is characterized by a seriousness of purpose and a devotion to duty, which for many included military service. Nevertheless, there is a clear hint in each interview of not wanting to be trapped in the wrong career.
The Last of the Golden Years: The 1970s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

In their unfettered enthusiasm for unveiling the intrinsic order underlying natural processes, the scientists of the 1970s are most similar to the World War II generation. Both generations came of age during a time of great social upheaval and change. The World War II generation had to overcome the harsh realities of the Great Depression and World War II; in contrast, the scientists who tell their stories in this chapter grew up in the 1960s, when no rule was made that could not be broken.
Natural Sciences at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

Are we currently producing the next generation of Agassiz’s heirs? In these pages, we had glimpses of the lives of some of the people who have discovered something new about our natural world, from before World War II to the present. While they have been fortunate to have inherited Agassiz’s legacy themselves, the world has changed in their lifetimes. Curtis Cate, in Antoine de Saint-Exupery: His Life and Times (New York: Putnam, 1970), pointed out, “For it is one of the great (and greatly overlooked) ironies of our age that while the last war [World War II] was fought by the western democracies in the name of liberty and the ‘dignity of the human individual,’ the values which are now everywhere in the ascendant are unindividual, quantitative, and collective” (571).
The Sacred Works
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

Given that Steffani began his musical education as a choirboy and died as a bishop, it is not surprising that the first and the last of his datable compositions are sacred. At the Basilica del Santo in Padua he presumably was taught plainsong and mensural notation by the maestro di cappella, Antonio Dalla Tavola;from performing as a boy in operas by Carlo Pallavicino he must have learnt something about Venetian stage music. As a teenager in Munich he experienced further sacred polyphony and opera and had organ lessons with the Kapellmeister, Johann Kaspar Kerll. It is probable that Kerll also taught him figured bass and counterpoint and gave him lessons in composition, for when Steffani went to Rome in 1672 to study with Ercole Bernabei, it was to ‘perfect’ himself in his art.
Introduction
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

Depression May be a normal human emotion—a response to loss, disappointment, or failure. Some depressions, however, should more properly be put in the category of common biological diseases, destructive to families, to careers, to relationships. Depression can be lethal. It has been estimated that perhaps somewhere between 10 and 30 percent of depressives and manic-depressives kill themselves. But the figure may actually be lower; obtaining exact figures is extremely difficult. What is known is that since the widespread use of the “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” (SSRIs) such as Prozac, suicide rates have declined substantially in a number of countries.
Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation: Prospects for Northern Mexico
Authors: Cartron Jean-Luc E , Ceballos Gerardo , Felger Richard S
Published: November 2023

conservation biology is a crisis discipline rooted in the realization that the world’s biodiversity is rapidly disappearing. Environmental problems (including loss of species and ecosystems) are mainly the result of explosive human population growth, with an ever-growing demand on natural resources and a steady increase in waste products. Minimizing the negative effects of human activities on the envi-ronment requires a conservation-minded culture, an adequate legal framework that is implemented and enforced, properly trained professionals, and fund-ing. Just as important, minimizing environmental damage requires solid scientific information on the biodiversity and functioning of every ecosystem and on conservation threats at a local, regional, and global scale.
Mexico’s Legal and Institutional Framework for the Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Authors: Székely Alberto , Morales Luis Octavio Martínez , Spalding Mark J , Cartron Dominique
Published: November 2023

Mexico’s environmental legislation has grown rapidly in the last 15 years to progressively de-velop constitutional provisions regarding the con-servation of natural resources that had been in force since 1917. In particular, 2 important amendments to the federal constitution were adopted. The amend-ment to Article 27, published in the Federal Offi-cial Gazette (Diario Oficial de la Federación) on August 10, 1987 (DOF 1987), establishes the power to dictate the necessary measures to preserve and restore ecological balance. At the same time, the new Section XXIX-G of Article 73 grants the federal congress the power to enact laws to ensure concur-rence among the federal, state, and municipal gov-ernments, when acting under their respective jurisdictions, in the areas of environmental protec-tion and preservation and restoration of ecological balance.
Prairie Dogs, Cattle, and Crops: Diversity and Conservation of the Grassland–Shrubland Habitat Mosaic in Northwestern Chihuahua
Authors: Ceballos Gerardo , List Rurik , Pacheco Jesús , Manzano-Fischer Patricia , Santos Georgina , Royo Mario
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest surprises for the Spanish conquistadors, priests, and explorers during their discovery of what is now known as the Chihuahuan Desert Region was a harsh but highly diverse landscape, teeming with unusual wildlife and strange plants. The Camino Real, the historical route that linked Mexico City to Santa Fe in New Mexico, crossed a large part of the Chihuahuan Desert Region. Along that road, the Spaniards marvelled at the sight of apparently endless grasslands, which in fact extended practically uninterrupted from northern Mexico north beyond the Camino Real and the edge of the Chihuahuan Desert Region to southern Canada.
Internet Topology: Discovery and Policy Impact, Part II
Authors: Tangmunarunkit Hongsuda , Govindan Ramesh , Shenker Scott
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we present our initial findings of the impact of policy on Internet paths. In particular, our findings reveal answers to the following questions: How does policy based routing inflate Internet paths? For a source-destination pair, does there exist a detour path and how good is the best detour path compared to the policy path? Does policy routing funnel Internet paths through larger autonomous systems (ASs).
Computation in the Wild
Authors: Forrest Stephanie , Balthrop Justin , Ackley Matthew Glickman David
Published: November 2023

The explosive growth of the Internet has created new opportunities and risks by increasing the number of contacts between separately administered computing resources. Widespread networking and mobility have blurred many traditional computer system distinctions, including those between operating system and application, network and computer, user and administrator, and program and data. An increasing number of executable codes, including applets, agents, viruses, e mail attachments, and downloadable software, are escaping the confines of their original systems and spreading through communications networks. These pro grams coexist and coevolve with us in our world, not always to good effect.
Origins and Outbreak of the Plague (Spring 1770-Winter 1770/71)
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

Contemporaries believed that the plague came to Moscow in 1770 from Constantinople through the Danubian Principalities, Poland, and the Ukraine. Nobody may ever know precisely where the epidemic started, for there were several possibilities. Enzootic both in the Balkans and the Middle East, plague frequented those regions well into the nineteenth century. The decades before 1770 recorded nearly annual outbreaks, several of which affected southern Poland and approached Russian territory. Natural foci of plague evidently existed along the Black and the Caspian seas and also in the Caucasus. In theory, plague could originate within Russian borders, arrive by avenues other than the Danubian Principalities, or strike several regions simultaneously from different sources. In practice, covert spread over any great distance would be most unlikely.

That the epidemic began on Ottoman territory seems probable, however, because Constantinople constantly harbored and periodically spread plague. The Ottoman imperial capital and giant emporium suffered outbreaks in 1765 and 1768. Newspaper reports attributed rioting in Constantinople in November 1769 to “the increasing pestilential contagion.” Across the Aegean Sea the port of Smyrna, described as “the Magazine of all Asia,” sustained plague annually throughout the period 1757-72, the local French consulate classifying seven of those sixteen manifestations as “very severe.” Plague raged there from February to October 1769 and doubtless afflicted other Ottoman localities. The Ottoman declaration of war on Russia in October 1768 entailed enormous transfers of men and supplies into Bulgaria and the Danubian Principalities, where the Turks ravaged widely. Early in 1769, the Crimean Tatars raided the Ukrainian steppes, but bitter frosts stopped them short of Elizavetgrad. Either these war-related activities or ordinary commerce could have introduced plague-infected rats and infective fleas into the Danubian Principalities, if they were not there already.
The Orlov Mission and the Plague Commission (September 1771-January 1772)
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The Plague Riot dramatized the disasters that unchecked pestilence could inflict on the Russian Empire. To Catherine and her councilors, Moscow’s sudden, violent collapse signified a breakdown of imperial authority in the heartland and the bankruptcy of their piecemeal antiplague efforts. The volatile situation demanded an immediate, revised response from Petersburg. Indeed, this crisis captured Catherine’s full attention for several months and haunted her long afterward. Pressured to act, the Empress hastily improvised a special mission to Moscow to restore order and precautions in concert with a medical administrative council.

As the reports from Moscow worsened, Catherine felt agitated, even ill; “my whole left side aches from head to toe.” But on 10 September her spirits rose in the belief that “the distemper at Moscow, glory to God, has begun to decline.” She still placed hope in her proclamation dispatched on 13 September “for the city of Moscow alone, in order to make the people, if possible, reasonable.” On 15 September, however, her council heard Count Bruce present Eropkin’s report that up to 600 persons were dying each day. Two days later the councilors blanched at Saltykov’s plea for permission to leave the plague-ridden metropolis. Catherine had already resolved to dispatch “a trusted personage” from Petersburg with full authority to save Moscow “from utter ruin.” While the councilors considered whom to send, they endorsed Saltykov’s release for the duration of the crisis and placed Eropkin in charge until Petersburg’s plenipotentiary arrived. Although Catherine granted Saltykov’s wishes, in private she fumed at his ill-timed departure, the more so as she had just received word of the violence at Lefortovo three weeks earlier.
Toward Death
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

Four little diary books survive from the year 1777. Only the months of February, April, July, and August are covered. The whole Landon as we have come to know him is still there, however. He wrote still as an angry observer of wideworld politics; he continued as a testy reporter of his own domestic scene. More or less reconciled to independence, Landon was now more concerned at what he thought was the unjust disregard of his own historic role in the great political struggle of his age.
Small Isolated Populations
Authors: Hochachka Wesley M
Published: November 2023

The number of offspring that an individual produces in its lifetime, its lifetime reproductive success (LRS), has been of interest to many evolutionary ecologists as a measure of an individual’s realized fitness (Newton 1989b; Partridge 1989). Much of the original interest in measuring LRS stemmed from a desire to identify selection pressures on organisms (Clutton-Brock 1988; Newton 1989b). However, various studies have shown that LRS is only a true measure of fitness under a relatively narrow set of conditions, in particular, when populations are constant in size (e.g., Benton and Grant 2000; Brommer et al. 2002). Even stochastic variation in population size reduces the value of LRS as an approximation of fitness, because young born early and late in a parent’s life may differ in value when a population is increasing or decreasing in size (Cole 1954). The search continues for a robust empirical measure of fitness, because all currently proposed measures have some weaknesses (Brommer et al. 2002; Link et al. 2002).
Segregation Analysis
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Segregation analysis refers to the process of fitting genetic models to data on phenotypes of family members. For this purpose, no molecular data are used, the aim being to test hypotheses about whether one or more major genes and/or polygenes can account for the observed pattern of familial aggregation, the mode of inheritance, and to estimate the parameters of the best-fitting genetic model. As in the previous chapter on familial aggregation, the technique can be applied to various types of traits, including continuous and dichotomous traits and censored survival times. However, the basic techniques are essentially the same, involving only appropriate specification of the penetrance function Pr(Y / G) and the ascertainment model.
Toward a Cartography of Subject Positions
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna
Published: November 2023

His chapter aims to contribute to the current debate on clause structure by discussing the distribution of subjects. Starting from Chomsky (1981, 1986), the sentences in (1) have been assigned the basic clause structure in (2). The preverbal DP position accounts for the distribution of the thematic subject a man in (1a and b) and the expletive subject there in (le). In (le), the grammatical subject a man occupies the complement DP position of the unaccusative verb come: Since then, much work on subjects has shown that this view is too simplistic. A thematic, VP-internal subject position has been argued for also in the case of transitive and intransitive verbs (Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among many others), and a middlefield subject position, spent in a split left model, has been proposed to account for the intermediate placing of the subject in Transitive Expletive Constructions (TECs) in Icelandic (Bobaljik and Jonas 1996) (see (7a) below).
Clitics: Cooccurrence and Mutual Exclusion Patterns
Authors: Manzini M Rita , Savoia Leonardo M
Published: November 2023

Our starting point for this discussion is a set of assumptions, motivated in section 1, which include the idea that clitics correspond to specialized categories and are inserted directly into the positions where they surface. Such categories are ordered in a universal hierarchy. In sections 2-5, we show that within such a framework, it is possible to account for some basic facts about the clitic string without having recourse to anything but a minimalist syntactic component. In particular, no use is made of a specialized morphological component or of optimality-type comparisons between derivations or representations. The main facts addressed include parametrization of the order of clitics (dative-accusative vs. accusative-dative), mutual exclusion of clitics (accusative and dative, object and subject), and the emergence of what are described in the literature as default clitics (“spurious” se) or as opaque forms.
Breath Management
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Before addressing the question more directly, some comment about the appoggio is essential. The term is not narrowly related to the management of airflow during singing. It encompasses a complete system of structural support, during which the muscles of exhalation and those of inspiration maintain an antagonistic balance, inciting a stable but dynamic relationship among the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, which in turn are fully supported by the external laryngeal frame-support system.
Laryngeal And Intralaryngeal Function
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Janwillem van den Berg, noted Dutch scientist and researcher, in his seminal article “Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Voice Production” (Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1: 227–244, 1958), convincingly promulgated the hypothesis that vocal-fold vibration is produced by the coordination of muscle tension and breath pressure. He did so in rejoinder to Raoul Husson’s neurochronaxic principle, which suggested vocal-fold vibration is determined by events initiated by rapid excitation of cells of the recurrent nerve that consequently place the vocal folds into vibration.
Resonance Balancing
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The vocal tract is the supraglottal resonator system, extending from the internal laryngeal lips (vocal folds) to the external lip bastion. (See figures 4.1 and 4.2.) It is a flexible, non fixated system that responds to the articulatory demands of speaking and singing. In its response to the vibrating larynx, it influences the timbres of the singing voice.
Registration
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Why do you designate the passaggio points of male voices over a wider range than those of female voices? For example, you indicate a number of specific pitch designations as passaggi for the several tenor categories, and quite a few for baritones and basses. But you show only a semitone or whole-tone difference among soprano and mezzo-soprano categories, and only about a half-step difference between the mezzo and the contralto.
Healthy Singing
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

An Olympic skater or tennis player displays subtlety and poetic nuance as a consequence of disciplined control of motor responses. Unless the physical instrument is adequately developed and trained to meet performance tasks, there is little possibility of producing high-level artistry. Fortunately for the singer, the musculature of the larynx is an anatomical given.
Performance Concerns
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

No matter how hard it may seem to awaken artistic instincts in some individuals, it must never be overlooked that performance communication can be taught and learned, just as can vocal technique. Standing alone in the niche of the piano, in front of an audience, is not a form of everyday behavior that leads to normal channels of communication. It requires the mastery of certain conventions that go with performance, which are both teachable and learnable. They are not simply the result of an innate ability to communicate; they are acquirable through learning by doing.
A Most Fateful Form of Commerce: The Fall of the Cotton Kingdom
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

In late November 1860, a short article entitled “A Tall Price for a Negro” appeared in the Charleston Courier. It told of a local estate sale where one enslaved man, a carpenter named George, “brought the enormous sum of thirty-five hundred dollars!” The report noted that George “was purchased by Rev. J.P. Boyce” and “that Mr. Boyce was afterwards offered four thousand dollars for him!” Its author added that “judging from the present price of negros, we should say that the ‘peculiar institution’ was far from being unpopular. We don’t wonder that some men are in favor of re-opening the slave trade.” At first glance, this remark calling for a reopening of the transatlantic trade might seem surprising, since the trade in Africans had been outlawed for more than fifty years.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Schwartz Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Substance abuse is often overlooked as a relevant clinical issue despite being a signi1cant cause of medical and psychiatric illness and disability in nursing home residents. The nonspeci1city of alcoholor drug-related presentations in the elderly coupled with a lack of adequate training of health-care professionals in the area may lead to signs of alcoholism or drug abuse being mistaken for age-related changes. Furthermore, physicians seldom screen for problems.
General Approaches to Behavioral Disturbances
Authors: Boyle Lisa L , Porsteinsson, Anton P , Tariot Pierre N
Published: November 2023

Careful surveys have documented that 90% or more of nursing home patients have at least one form of behavioral disturbance, with as many as half exhibiting four or more (Rovner et al., 1986; Tariot et al., 1993). In some cases, the severity of these behavioral syndromes is equivalent to that encountered among psychiatric inpatients (Tariot et al., 1993). Despite the complexity of these problems, most caregivers have little or no mental health training; indeed, most are nonprofessionals. The frequency and severity of behavioral disturbances, combined with the lack of preparedness in most nursing homes, are suf1cient justi1cation for devoting an entire textbook to the subject.
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Karuza Jurgis , Katz Paul R
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of cognitive and behavioral interventions primarily in nursing home settings. The 1rst section de1nes behavioral and cognitive therapies, and discusses their need with frail elderly institutionalized populations. The next section presents a selected review of the empirical literature on behavioral and cognitive interventions in nursing homes. The 1nal section discusses issues in the implementation of these procedures in nursing homes. Although increasing numbers of older adults are residing in assisted-living facilities, and the prevalence of dementia, behavioral problems, and depression are high (e.g., Guber-Baldini, Boustani, Sloane and Zimmerman, 2004), there are few studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral-based interventions speci1cally in assisted-living facilities. A reasonable expectation would be that cognitive and behavioral therapeutic approaches could be implemented effectively in assisted-living settings, but additional empirical work is needed to determine the generalizability of these approaches, especially given the different staf1ng and organizational structure, and regulatory environment, in assistedliving facilities.
Psychiatric Consultation and Liaison
Authors: Moak Gary S
Published: November 2023

As has been made abundantly clear elsewhere in this volume, the prevalence of psychopathology among residents of nursing facilities is high and the need for psychiatric services great. Dementia, depression, and delirium, with their high rates of mood symptoms, psychosis, and behavioral disturbance, represent the most pressing needs of many residents. Contemporary nursing homes are de facto geriatric psychiatry facilities (Reichman et al., 1998). Yet nursing homes are primarily designed for the care of residents’ medical and surgical problems. Despite two decades of regulatory pressure on facilities to address mental health issues and ensure that effective psychiatric treatment is provided to those residents who need it, there has been no redesign of nursing homes to facilitate the internal provision of mental health care. Thus, a mismatch exists between needs of residents and types of services available.
An Overview of Residents, Care Providers, and Regulation of Medical Practice in the Long-Term-Care Continuum
Authors: Gillespie Suzanne M , Katz Paul R
Published: November 2023

The complexity of care within the long-term-care (LTC) continuum has increased dramatically over the past several years. This reLects not only increased acuity in the context of exceedingly frail LTC residents but also a demanding regulatory environment. Insight into these factors is vital to optimizing the care rendered by practitioners in LTC settings. In addition, a basic understanding of how general medical care is provided in LTC is a necessary foundation to providing complementary psychiatric care. In this vein, this chapter will provide an overview of nursing homes, their residents, and care providers. Current 1nancing of LTC and legislative inLuences to care will also be described. Finally, recognizing the recent expansion in assisted living facilities providing LTC, this chapter brieLy discusses trends in assisted living, their regulations and 1nancing.
Armies Without Nations
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

Public violence, a persistent feature of Latin American life since the collapse of Iberian rule in the 1820s, has been especially prominent in Central America. Robert H. Holden shows how public violence shaped the states that have governed Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Linking public violence and patrimonial political cultures, he shows how the early states improvised their authority by bargaining with armed bands or montoneras. Improvisation continued into the twentieth century as the bands were gradually superseded by semi-autonomous national armies, and as new agents of public violence emerged in the form of armed insurgencies and death squads. World War II, Holden argues, set into motion the globalization of public violence. Its most dramatic manifestation in Central America was the surge in U.S. military and police collaboration with the governments of the region, beginning with the Lend-Lease program of the 1940s and continuing through the Cold War. Although the scope of public violence had already been established by the people of the Central American countries, globalization intensified the violence and inhibited attempts to shrink its scope. Drawing on archival research in all five countries as well as in the United States, Holden elaborates the connections among the national, regional, and international dimensions of public violence. Armies Without Nations crosses the borders of Central American, Latin American, and North American history, providing a model for the study of global history and politics.
El Salvador: A Democracy of Violence
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

A purely impressionistic reading of Central America’s past suggests that until 1932, El Salvador may have been the scene of the most frequent and intense public violence. The affiliation of this violence with the name of the Christian savior himself, el Salvador, is not so much ironic as grimly appropriate, as salvadoreños seemed driven to reenact His immolation as their own. After all, what made 1932 the universally regarded turning point in El Salvador’s modern history was the government’s bloody suppression of a peasant uprising rather than the uprising itself; the suppression became known simply as the matanza or “slaughter” of eight to ten thousand partisans and innocent peasants. It came just as Salvadoran public violence was starting to order itself to the requirements of a militarized state that, uniquely in the isthmus, would preserve itself uninterruptedly for nearly six decades.
Transformations
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

The last five chapters have attempted to show how the limits of public violence acquired the expansiveness that came to characterize the republics of Central America during the first century or so of their independence. In either seeking or exercising power, few men could act without being prepared to capture, exile, maim, or kill their opponents. By the 1920s, after a century of turmoil that exceeded anything the isthmus had experienced during the three centuries of Spanish rule, a rising number of public meaculpas by isthmian intellectuals and politicians called attention not only to the extraordinary scope of public violence, but to such associated phenomena as the improvisational character of the state and the persistence of political loyalties that were always more personalistic than institutional or ideological.
Guatemala: “Showcase of Latin America”
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

As the United States was drawn into World War II, the prospect of a closer military relationship with Washington impassioned President Ubico. In June 1940, he assured the United States of his absolute loyalty to the Allied cause. To prove it, he revealed that he would soon issue a decree, already drawn up and awaiting his signature,”stating that anybody whose activities disturbed the independence or security of the State would be immediately shot,” the U.S. ambassador reported. In return for that loyalty, Ubico wanted weapons for what he said was a badly underequipped army. Washington was prepared to cooperate but it had reservations. On the one hand, U.S. political as well as military authorities recognized the strategic necessity of supplying enough arms and training to Guatemala to enable it to defend the country “against the first brunt of sudden internal or external aggression.” On the other hand, Ubico’s munitions wish-list was “inflated,” and the quantity of arms sent should not be so great as to represent a risk in the event the government falls to “an openly pro-German dictator.” The proposed solution was to offer Ubico a large U.S. military mission to train Guatemalan soldiers, but whose real function was to control and protect the transferred arms. But the dictator succeeded in defeating that plan, evidently concerned over both the cost of such a mission (whose members would have to be paid by Guatemala) and the implied affront to nationalist sensibilities. Not until 1945, the year after Ubico’s overthrow, would Guatemala consent to a U.S. military mission, composed of separate army and aviation units.
Angry Speeches and Strange Afflictions
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

John Finch wore a grim, implacable expression as he resurrected painful memories of his little daughter’s death. It was all very well for ministers to preach submission to God’s will, but what about Elizabeth Clawson’s role in bringing about his child’s untimely end? Whatever God’s ultimate motives in allowing this to happen, John Finch was convinced that a witch had murdered his daughter. He wanted revenge.
The First Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The reaction of Alexander Pantages to the band’s audition at his Pantages Theater is surely the stuff of showbiz legend. One imagines him exclaiming in a Greek-accented English: “You boys are terrific. I don’t care what kind of act you make up, I’ve got to have that music”1— only a slight dramatization of Baquet’s story as given in the preceding chapter. But we have yet to hear from a major witness to the band’s career, Henry Morgan Prince, who as “Old Joe” (or “Old Black Joe”) was the much-appreciated singer and dancer with the group. What follows, although composed as an objective account, summarizes a 1959 interview with Prince.
The Second Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The creole band that Bill Johnson had brought together in Los Angeles in the spring of 1914 almost certainly didn’t have a show business career in mind at the outset; they were still a dance band. Once Henry Morgan Prince linked up with them, however, it’s possible, even likely, that vaudeville became one of their options— indeed, that may have been the reason for the association in the first place. Considering the enthusiastic applause that greeted them at virtually every stop on the Pantages tour, it must have become obvious that they might have a future in vaudeville.
The Final Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The Unplanned and decidedly messy break-up of the Creole Band in Boston wouldn’t have endeared them to Marcus Loew or the Shuberts. Who brought them back together for what might in retrospect be called a lame-duck season? And why? By the fall of 1917, the “jazz” craze was in full bloom, with the word cropping up with increasing frequency on record labels, sheet music and orchestration covers, newspaper and magazine articles. Not only that; it was widely believed that the music had originated in New Orleans. Very likely it would have occurred to Bill Johnson and to his former bandmates that, despite its problems, the Creole Band could rightfully cash in on the steadily growing popularity for jazz music, even if many Americans were not very clear as to what it was.
Unwillingly to School
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The nation and society into which Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born, the place in which he was born, and the parents to whom he was born, were all remarkable. The world into which he was born, on 30 November 1874, was one in which the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was, to put it bluntly, ‘top nation’. Its industries and commerce had caused it to be known as the ‘workshop of the world’. Its merchant shipping fleet outstripped all others and its shipyards made many of the others’ ships. London was Europe’s biggest city and the world’s financial capital. Britain’s foreign investments and all the informal authority that went with them far exceeded those of France and the Netherlands, its nearest rivals. The overseas Empire subject to British sovereignty was unmatched in scale and resources; a global fact to which the attention of other powers was drawn by two events closely following Winston’s birth: Prime Minister Disraeli’s bold acquisition of a controlling share in the Suez Canal in 1875; and the spectacular proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India in 1877. The British navy, by far the world’s largest and most prestigious, was proudly believed to maintain over the world’s waterways a beneficent Pax Britannica.
Willingly to War
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Sandhurst suited him better than Harrow. He had no trouble with the work there, got into no serious scrapes (the one nearest to seriousness, involving some slight damage to property and his first public oration to a rowdy crowd at the Empire Theatre, is amusingly described in My Early Life), excelled on the equestrian side, and passed out with honours, eighth out of 150.1 The original family plan had been for him to go into the infantry, but, to his hard-up mother’s distress, he insisted on accepting the embrace of a very smart, exclusive and expensive cavalry regiment, the 4th Hussars. The life of an officer in so prestigious and gorgeously-apparelled an outfit, once he was through the painful rigours of the riding school, was easy and delightful, but the glamour of manoeuvres, the luxuries of the mess, the excitements of the polo field, and the social round of parties and balls (where in any case he was not at his best), did not for long satisfy him. From when he was commissioned in February 1895 until he became a Member of Parliament five years later, Winston was a soldier, but a soldier of a most uncommon kind; and not only because he quickly tired of routine soldiering and spent as much time as he could away from his regiment. He also improved his mind by serious solitary study while seeking to prepare himself for public life by making himself ‘a celebrity’; he shamelessly pulled strings to involve himself in such active service adventures as garrison duty could not provide, and he discovered that he could earn a handsome income by journalism (war correspondence), book-writing (campaign histories and a novel) and public-speaking.
Clementine and the Commons
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Churchill entered the House of Commons as MP for Oldham and, to nobody’s surprise, as a Conservative Unionist. Nothing else was to be expected of so conspicuous a son of so conspicuous a Conservative father. What was surprising, and to the great majority of Conservatives offensive, was that within four years the son had crossed the floor to join the Liberals. This was the first of the string of pools of political hot water through which he would have to swim; and it was potentially the most embarrassing, for it concerned the qualities most revered in family and political life: loyalty of son to father, and loyalty of member to party. The question concerning the father is the easier to deal with, for his father’s Conservatism was undeniably idiosyncratic. Lord Randolph had been anything but the party manager’s ideal of being one of the MPs who, as the Palace of Westminster sentry sings of them in Gilbert and Sullivan’s Iolanthe, ‘do just what their leaders tell ‘em to’. Lord Randolph’s associates then, and historians since, have found it difficult to make out where opportunism ended and principle began. They have been unable to determine how radical and democratic his vaunted Tory Democracy actually was. There was, however, no doubt that he had enjoyed flirting with Liberalism in his last years, even to the point of remarking that Home Rule - the Gladstonian Liberals’ proposed solution to the Irish question, a measure abhorrent to good imperialists - was the only obstacle between them and him. Winston made the most of these Liberal and democratic inclinations in the heavyweight biography of his father on which he soon began working.