bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Most Likely to Secede: Can the US “Go Gorbachev”?
Authors: Hastings Tom ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: August 2022

While secessionists have had their dreams, both furtive and as announced intentions, throughout American history, we may be entering a period of increased fervor for various ideologically driven campaigns that either seek new state boundary shifts, annexation of portions of the US to Canada or other nation-states, or outright sovereignty as new nation-states. The contestation between perfervid far-right ideologues often associated with Donald Trump and a leftist eco-racial justice amalgam of groups and individuals mutually coalescing around complete separation is not unimaginable presently. There are also dreams and talk of complete independence for descendants of slaves and some indigenous tribes. What are the trends and tendencies in the world around these questions and how might they be expressing themselves in the US? If the culture wars militate separations, can we avoid a devolution into US Civil War 2.0?
Educating Women
Authors: Duran Jane ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: August 2022

The general consequentialist argument for the global education of girls is examined with a view toward explicating the necessity of sensitivity to cultural factors. The work of Nussbaum, Chen and Yousafzai is alluded to, and it is concluded that educational work for girls and women cannot meaningfully be done without some advertence to local cultural standards, even if they seem restrictive.
Justice Essayed, Everyday, Every Day
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R. ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a curricular justification for teaching undergraduate college students in the United States about the practice of management. This justification turns on a conception of management as the routine, daily practice of seeking just relationships between an organization and distinct constituents of that organization. This search is an act of essay, the verb. With this interpretation of managerial practice as routine justice inquiry, I convene teachers from dozens of academic disciplines in a hypothetical endeavor to re-purpose managerial practice for purposes of General Education teaching. The resulting justification is an alternative to the customary defense that teaching about business and management enhances a college’s cash flow through substantial enrollments in those classes, a defense that stops well short of anything intellectual, much less curricular.
The Political Representation of Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Magaña Pablo ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: August 2022

This article provides a survey of the emerging debate on the political representation of nonhuman animals. In Section 1, I identify some of the reasons why the interests of animals are often disregarded in policy-making, and present two arguments why these interests should be considered. In Section 2, I introduce four institutional proposals that have been discussed in the relevant literature. Section 3 attempts to make explicit the underlying logic of each proposal (i.e. which specific problems it wants to tackle). Section 4 discusses some of the main normative pros and cons of each proposal.
Controle social e indicadores educacionais em municípios cearenses
Authors: Marques Lara Loiola , Aquino Cíntia Vanessa Monteiro Germano , Silva Clayton Robson Moreira da
Published: August 2022

Neste texto, apresenta-se resultado de estudo pelo qual se analisou a relação entre controle social e indicadores educacionais. Para tanto, foram investigados os 184 municípios cearenses, no período de 2016 a 2018. O controle social foi medido pelo índice transparência municipal e os indicadores educacionais considerados foram desempenho no Spaece, taxa de aprovação, taxa de abandono e distorção idade/série. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, Anova e teste Tukey. Os resultados indicam que há relação entre controle social e indicadores educacionais, de modo que melhores indicadores educacionais estão associados a um maior nível de transparência municipal.
Morphological Variations of Distal End of Femur: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Goda Jatin B , Patel Shailesh M , Parmar Ajay M
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Apart from intercondylar notch and trochlear groove, the intercondylar line also contributes to knee joint instability. Knowledge of morphological variations of these anatomical landmarks can help in diagnosis as well as planning the treatment. As of now, very limited data is available on morphological variations of trochlear groove and intercondylar line. Aim: To find out normal morphological patterns of shapes of intercondylar notch, depth of trochlear groove and intercondylar line and also to finding out the prevalence of different patterns. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 68 dried human femurs were examined grossly for five months (December 2020 to April 2021) by naked eye from the collection of Anatomy Department, Dr. ND Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research Gujarat, India, for the shape of intercondylar notch, depth of trochlear groove and intercondylar line. All morphological patterns were tabulated and prevalence of each was calculated using excel worksheet. Results: Morphological patterns noted in shapes of intercondylar notch were A-shaped (35.29%), inverted V-shaped (5.88%), M-shaped (2.94%) and inverted U-shaped (55.88%) with highest prevalence of inverted U shape. Three forms of trochlear groove noted were as follows: shallow (29.41%), intermediate (58.82%) and deep (11.76%) with highest prevalence being intermediate type. Intercondylar line was found in straight (36.76%), oblique (50%) and convex (13.23%) forms with highest prevalence of oblique form. Conclusion: The results of the study show that there are considerable variations in the morphology of distal end of femur. Knowledge of these morphological variations may help in making knee prosthesis, diagnosis of osteoarthritis and cruciate ligament surgeries.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography and Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Tool in Suspected Cases of Biliary Obstruction: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Saraf Abhinesh , Puranik Swapnil , Puranik Monika
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Obstructive jaundice is a common and grave form of hepatobiliary disease. It can pose problems in diagnosis and management, particularly intrahepatic cholestasis. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and Ultrasound (USG) are the frontline modality for biliary and pancreatic duct imaging. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of USG and MRCP in assessing the level and cause of biliary obstruction which were compared with pathological or surgical findings. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis in a teriary care hospital from August 2013 to August 2015. Total 60 patients who were referred from the Department of Surgery and Medicine with strong clinical suspicion of biliary obstruction and altered Liver Function Test (LFT) were included in the study. All these patients underwent USG examination within a day of MRCP. Patients with previous biliary surgery and in whom Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was contraindicated were excluded. As a gold standard, the authors used ERCP, histological test and pathological findings after surgical intervention. The data collected was statistically analysed; sensitivity and specificity were calculated by using true and false positive and/or negative fractions. Results: The majority of patients were females and in sixth decade of life. The diagnostic accuracy of USG in detecting level of obstruction was comparable with MRCP. USG was 100% accurate in detecting hilar and suprapancreatic obstructions. In infrapancreatic obstructions diagnostic accuracy of USG was 95% as pancreatic head and peripancreatic region are poorly visualised on ultrasonography due to bowel gas shadows. Diagnostic accuracy of USG in the present study was 98.3%, one false negative case was of a small, soft, 4 mm calculus in distal Common Bile Duct (CBD). Sensitivity and specificity of USG in differentiating cystic from solid masses was 100%. Conclusion: The USG with improved technology and operator experience should be considered as the first choice in the diagnostic imaging of obstructive biliary disease. If the suspicion posed by clinical and laboratory findings are not confirmed at USG, the diagnosis must be achieved with the aid of MRCP.
Association of Severity of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Vasanthan Ratna , Sreenivas Aishwarya , Kumar Krishna
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and identifying its association with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and other Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors will aid in early intervention and prompt treatment. Aim: To determine the association of the severity of NAFLD defined by ultrasonography with the cardiometabolic profile of patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, India. The study was conducted in six months from January to June 2021. All the 100 patients diagnosed in the hospital with NAFLD, during the study period based on history and ultrasound imaging were included. Demographic data, co-morbidities, and data on metabolic profiles were collected. Grayscale B-mode transabdominal ultrasound imaging was used. The severity of NAFLD was assessed and graded by a blinded examiner. One- way ANOVA test was used to compare the severity of NAFLD and metabolic profile. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analysed by using co-Guide software V.1.03. Results: The mean age of the patients were 46.87 years. Majority (65%) were males. There was a statistically significant difference in Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL) (p-value <0.001), Total Cholesterol (TC) (mg/dL) (p-value <0.001), HbA1c (p-value <0.05) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (p-value <0.034) among the patients across the groups graded according to severity of NAFLD. Conclusion: An increase in metabolic parameters like TG, TC, HbA1c, and ALT were observed with the increase in the severity of NAFLD. The grading according to the severity of NAFLD will help in identifying the patients who are at increased CV risk.
Hydranencephaly in a Child with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection- A Clinicoradiological Perspective
Authors: Meena Lokesh , Keisham Miranda Devi , Kundu Pooja , Dev Rahul
Published: August 2022

Hydranencephaly (HE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which there is a complete or near complete absence of bilateral cerebral hemispheres which are replaced by a membranous sac filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). Thalami, brainstem, and cerebellar hemisphere are preserved. A small island of cerebral parenchyma may also be seen along the inner aspect of the calvarium. Several theories regarding its aetiopathogenesis have been postulated with the hypothesis of bilateral occlusion of supraclinoid segment of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) being widely accepted. The authors present a case of a two-month-old male child presenting with increasing head size since birth, associated hydrocephalus and residual parenchymal sleeve visualised on neurosonogram and calcifications depicted on computed tomography. The diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was confirmed serologically and further neurosurgical consultation was advised for increasing head size secondary to hydrocephalus. The HE is usually detected in the second trimester, however can also occur in early or later gestation and has a very poor prognosis.
Parapharyngeal Schwannoma Mimicking Peritonsillar Abscess in a Young Female: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Rehman Amer , Khan Atia , Omakobia Eugene , Sood Sanjai , Kha Samina
Published: August 2022

Parapharyngeal Space (PPS) tumours are responsible for 0.5% of head and neck cancers. Presenting features can mimic Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA). A differential diagnosis of PPS tumour should therefore be considered in young, systemically well patients with peritonsillar masses that are refractory to antibiotic therapy. This report focuses on a rare case of parapharyngeal schwannoma in an otherwise fit 29-year-old female, who presented with a three month history of a right sided oropharyngeal swelling and a sensation of ‘something’ in her throat. Blood tests, specifically full blood count and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) were normal and attempts at aspiration under local anaesthetic yielded no pus. As the patient showed no signs of improvement despite Intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics and steroid therapy; further investigations were initiated including Flexible Nasoendoscopy (FNE) and contrast enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the neck. The FNE revealed a right sided parapharyngeal mass which was later confirmed on MRI scanning, measuring 7 cm in craniocaudal dimension arising from the deep lobe of the parotid gland. After a fine needle aspiration yielded inconclusive histological evidence, Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) discussion advised surgical excision. The patient underwent excision of the right parapharyngeal tumour and right partial parotidectomy via a transparotid and transcervical approach utilising a modified blair incision and a facial nerve monitor. Histology confirmed a parapharyngeal schwannoma. Postoperative outcomes have been reassuring as the patient has been disease-free four years postexcision.
Estimation of Stature by using the Length of Ulna in Tribal Male Population of Udaipur District: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Chakra Prabha , Sharma Hina , Prakash KG
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Anthropometry is one of the traditional and conceivably the basic tool of biological anthropology. Height is an important identifying feature of an individual. Estimation of height can be done by measurement of ulna and various regression formulae have been derived by different authors for different regions. Aim: To define correlation and to derive the linear regression equation from the length of ulna in male tribal population of Udaipur region, Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, from February 2019 to January 2020. Male tribal population between the age of 20-40 years, in and around Udaipur district of Rajasthan, were included in this study. Measurement of ulnar length of both right and left sides were recorded along with their height. ANOVA test was done to find out the correlation between height and ulnar length. Regression equation was formulated for the study population. Results: Total 245 males, belonging to Bhil and Meena tribes of Rajasthan, of mean age 31.87 years, were included in this study. The mean length of right ulna was 25.52 cm, of left ulna was 25.82 cm, and mean height was 159.34 cm. The study showed a positive correlation between the length of ulna and total height of male population of Udaipur region, in which the correlation coefficient of right ulna with height was 0.61, and that of left ulna with height was 0.64. Conclusion: A positive correlation exists between the length of ulna and height of an individual.
Comparative Cytomorphometric Study of Exfoliated Squamous Buccal Cells among Patients with Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Healthy Individuals in Saurashtra, Gujarat, India
Authors: Patel Ritika M , Patel Ridhdhish K
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Cytology is a fast, simple, non invasive, and bloodless procedure. Cytology can be useful in cases where biopsy is contraindicated or not needed, such as in systemically compromised patients, inaccessible areas, recurrent malignancies and mass screening. The most common nutritional disorder in the world is iron deficiency and it is more prevalent in India. Exfoliative cytology is becoming increasingly recognized as a standard technique for screening oral pathologies like anaemia. Aim: To compare the Nucleus Diameters (ND), the Cytoplasmic Diameters (CD), and the Nucleus/Cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) in cytological buccal smears of iron deficiency anaemic patients and with normal healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: The case-control study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, G.G hospital connected MP Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, from August 2013 to February 2016, which included 50 healthy individuals and 50 clinically diagnosed patients of iron deficiency anaemia. Exfoliated buccal smears stained with routine Haematoxyline and Eosin staining technique. With the use of ocular micrometer, CD, ND and N/C ratio were calculated. All the parameters were statistically evaluated by using Student t-test. Results: The mean value of nuclear diameter 11.34±0.58 μm and N/C ratio (0.24±0.02) of buccal mucosa was greater while cytoplasmic diameter 46.57±2.03 μm was lesser in iron deficiency anaemia when compared with healthy individuals. A significant difference was not found when comparing different age groups, as well as male versus female cases and male versus female controls. Comparing cases and controls by gender, however produced significant statistical results. Conclusion: Statistically significant difference was found between iron deficiency anaemia patients and normal healthy individuals regarding changes in various parameters of buccal squamous cells. In the case of iron deficiency anaemia, oral exfoliative cytological techniques could be used as an alternative non invasive diagnostic tool.
Multifaceted Health Benefit of Ficus capensis Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Umerah N. N. , Ani P. N. , Oly-Alawuba N. M.
Published: August 2022

This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical properties of Ficus capensis fruits and vegetables. Ficus capensis vegetables and fruits were separately plucked, sorted, cleaned and milled using electric blender until the desired particle size was obtained (150 - 850 microns). Analyses of the proximate, mineral, vitamins, phytochemicals and anti-nutrient contents of the vegetables and fruits were carried out using standard methods. Proximate analysis showed that Ficus capensis had a protein mean value of 6.11and 8.02 g/100 g, ash 7.63 and 2.92 g/100 g, fibre 9.82 and 6.33 g/100 g, moisture 43.28 and 45.20 g/100 g, carbohydrate 31.48 and 35.61 g/100 g and fat content of 1.68 and 1.92 g/100 g for the vegetables and fruits respectively. Mineral constituents were iron 14.24 and 11.68 mg/100 g, calcium 25.46 and 24.20 mg/100 g, magnesium 21.48 and 28.10 mg/100 g, zinc 2.42 and 5.22 mg/100 g, sodium 0.51 and 1.25 mg/100 g, potassium 126.80 and 5.01 mg/100 g and phosphorus 0.62 and 1.24 mg/100 g for the vegetables and fruits respectively. However, Ficus capensis had some anti-nutrients such as tannin 4.28 and 1.67 mg/100 g, cyanide 1.97 and 0.09 mg/100 g, oxalate 5.10 and 2.64 mg/100 g, phytate 9.26 and 7.01 mg/100g and saponin 2.97 and 1.20 mg/100 g for the vegetables and fruits respectively. The results showed that the fruits and vegetables of Ficus capensis is an underutilized fruits and vegetable with high nutrient profile especially iron which when incorporated to the diet could help to fight iron in a community with high prevalence of anemia.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth Parameters of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] Variety Parbhani Kranti under South Eastern Plain Zone V of Rajasthan
Authors: Nama Asha , Meena Rakesh Kumar
Published: August 2022

The zero hunger target, poverty elimination and depletion of soil fertility are now becoming major threat to the food security of ever increasing population across the world however, in sustainable agriculture these points are to be considered as significant challenge faced by agriculture scientist and planners. The vegetables can play a major source of minerals, vitamins beside carbohydrates and protein to meet out the malnutrition among mankind. Looking to such a difficult situation a field trial was conducted during kharif 2019 and 2020 on okra at Research Farm of Career Point University, Kota (Rajasthan). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty treatments and their combination with three replications.

The application of 140% RDF + 25 t FYM /ha was found to be the best followed by 80% RDF +3t neem cake/ha and 120% RDF + 3t neem cake/ha with a mean yield of 154.33q/ha, 146.22q/ha and 142.97q/ha along with net return of Rs.202374.43, Rs. 184118.24 and Rs. 176637.37/ha respectively when compared with recommended control (RDF) where only 104.66q/ha yield was recorded with net return of Rs. 150475.31 /ha where NPK @120: 60:60 kg/ha respectively was applied as per their recommendation in which 50% nitrogen with full phosphorus and potash were applied at sowing as basal and remaining 50% nitrogen was applied with two equal split dose at 40 days and 75 days.
An Analysis of Farmers Extent of Adoption and Knowledge of Bt. Cotton in the Jangaon District of Telangana, India
Authors: Srikanth Manga , Jahanara .
Published: August 2022

The study was conducted in Jangaon district of Telangana during the year 2022. The main purpose of this study is to measure the Extent of Adoption and knowledge of Bt cotton in Jangaon District of Telangana. A total 120 respondents were selected purposively from six villages under Lingala ghanpur block because most of the respondents were cotton growers. Descriptive research design was adopted for the study and data was collected by personal interview method by using pre structured interview schedule. This study revealed that the respondents (49.17%) had medium level of adoption followed by low (31.66%) and high (19.16%) levels of adoption among the respondents and also the most of the respondents (38.33%) had high level of knowledge on Bt. Cotton Adoption followed by medium (35%) and low (26.66%) levels of knowledge.
Co-Compost Practising Farmers in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu, India: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Yazhini SP. , Balaji P. , Uma K. , Balasubramaniam P.
Published: August 2022

Combining the human waste with the municipal waste would pave way to much needed solid waste management strategy in the urban areas. The co-compost produced out of this can be used successfully for crop production. The objective of this study is to detect the benefits and constraints faced by the farmers in applying the co-compost in the field. 50 farmers used as a sample for the co-compost developed by the Rural Development Organization (RDO), coonoor were taken for this study. To examine the objectives, a well-structured interview schedule was employed and data were obtained through personal interviews. Garret ranking and Percentage analysis were the tools used for the study. This study envisaged that seed germination and good plant growth with increased in quality of vegetables after using the co-compost. The study also found that weed growth and the price of the co-compost are found to be high by the farmers after using the co-compost. Respondents were optimistic about the innovation’s ability to become sustainable and scalable. The positive impact would largely influence food security, women accreditation, income advancement, and soil restoration for the entire region. The innovation also helped vegetable farmers by improving crop yield through the co-compost application, resulting in higher sale prices in the markets.
Analysis of the Effect of Company Size and Age on Audit Delay by Mediating Profitability on Companies Listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange
Authors: Rohadi Adi , Sulistiyo Heru
Published: August 2022

Aims: This study aims to analyze profitability mediating the influence of company size and age to delay audits.

Study Design:  The design of this research study is correlational.

Place and Duration of Study: Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) issuers in 2019.

Methodology: Its population of 792 companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019, while sample 286 was selected through purposive sampling. The data type is secondary data, collected using documentation and data analysis using multiple linear regression.

Results: Analysis result, size company influential positive significant to profitability. Age company influential positive significant to profitability. Size of company influential negative significant to delay audits. Age company influential negative significant to delay audits. Profitability is an influential negative significant to delay audits. Profitability mediates the negative influence of the size and age company to delay audits.

Conclusion: The results of this study support resource-based view (RBV) theory and signalling theory in explaining audit delay by providing empirical evidence regarding the role of profitability in mediating the effect of firm size and firm age on audit delay.
Water Balance Analyisis of Asa Lake Area and Environs, Ilorin, Kwara State
Authors: Gwari B. M. , Jikantoro M. U. , Yauri Y. A. Birnin , O. Oluremi J.
Published: August 2022

This study  assessed the water availability in Ilorin for increased fisheries production. The study used rainfall secondary data for the period of 20 years obtained from NIMET Office, Ilorin. Evapotranspiration data for the area was empirically generated while water balance model was computed using MATLAB R2007a version in order to ascertain the respective water availability. Regression analysis was used to ascertain  rainfall trends. The findings showed that rainfall amounts vary from one year to another and also there was record of  an increasing trends in the area over the period.  It is also revealed that the period received more rainfall which could better be descriped as wet  years  showing that thare was abudant water resources in Ilorin.  Therefore,  more efforts should be geared towards harnesssing the excess rainwater for various purposes. This is to increase the capacity of water reservoirs and dams across the State for development of pipe borne water network, irrigation farming during insuficiency; and fisheries production. Further investigation is recommended on water balance and its implications for agricultural practice in the study area.
Zooplankton Diversity of Sevsak Stream (Elazıg-TURKIYE)
Authors: Saler Serap
Published: August 2022

The zooplankton and its seasonal distribution of Sevsak Stream has been investigated in 2021. A total of 31 zooplankton species have been recorded in the stream. Among the zooplankton, 19 species belong to Rotifer,9 species to Cladocera and 3 species to Copepoda. In every season, zooplankton species were recorded in various abundance. Highest number of taxa was recorded in spring. In this season also, an increase occurred in the individual numbers of species. Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra dolichoptera and Cyclops vicinus were the most recorded species in the stream. As in the other aquatic habitat, rotifera group was determined as the most recorded species in terms of taxa and number of individuals.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mango Wood Nanocellulose Fibers
Authors: Prasannakumar J. K. , Prakash G. K. , Basavarajappa B. E. , Suresh B.
Published: August 2022

Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquire the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica) a largely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent i.e Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim] Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of synthesized nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images show the synthesized nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 to 34.85 nm. The thermal stability of the obtained nanocellulose was evidenced using TGA/DTA. The thermal studies records that synthesized nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value added material is achieved through a greener pathway.
Probability Risk Model of Claim Amount Affected by a Threshold Value
Authors: Li Qiao , Bao Zhenhua
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we consider a new risk model of claim amount affected by a threshold value. The comparision between the claim interval and the threshold will affect the distribution of claims. The hypothesis of the model is presented and then we derive the roots of the Lundberg equation, and the expected discounted penalty function and its Laplace Transform. Besides, the Gerber- Shiu penalty function and some other functions are given when the initial surplus is zero and when they satifie some defective renewal equations. Some explicit expressions about the ruin probability are obtained too.
Dispersion of Count Data: A Case Study of Poisson Distribution and Its Limitations
Authors: Bektashi Xhavit , Rexhepi Shpëtim , Limani–Bektashi Nora
Published: August 2022

Poisson distribution is one of the widely known distribution in the field of probability and statistics by statisticians. It has been widely applied in modeling of discrete observations including but not limited to the number of customers in a shop within a specified period, the number of accidents occurring within a specified time or the number of claims experienced by an insurance company within a specified period of time. Poisson regression model has been widely used in events where one response variable is influenced directly by other independent variables. One thing about Poisson model is that it is strict on the property of dispersion as it assumes that count data is equidispersed which is not the case in practice. By this assumption, the Poisson model states that the variance of the count data is equal to the mean which is not practically true. In most cases, the variance of real count data is always greater than the mean, a phenomenon described as over dispersion. This gives Poisson model a loss in its frequent use in modelling count observations. This paper seeks to study the concept of dispersion, how Poisson regression is applied and its possible limitations. A deep study of Poisson model is done, its properties up to the fourth moments outlined. A graphical representation of its probability density function is drawn from simulated data and its shape noted under different rates as it resumes symmetry as the rate increases. A histogram is also presented. An application to real data is done in R programing language and proof that Poisson regression is very poor on this analysis given. Finally, a counter distribution appropriate for taking care of over dispersion is analyzed and results compared. AIC is used to conclude that NB is better than Poisson regression model.
Effect of Malathion Toxicity on Body Weight and Blood Profile in Male Rabbits
Authors: Adris M. A. , Elkhair B. M. H. , Rasha M. A. Abd Elbagi
Published: August 2022

Malathion is a widely used organophosphorous pesticide that a large number of population are undesirably exposing themselves to severe health risk due to taking up the contaminated foods, water and vegetables. The present study was aims to evaluate the chronic toxicity of orally administered low doses of malathion in rabbits based on the body weight loss and blood profile. The study was conducted on sixty male rabbits, non-adult male rabbits they were divided into three equal groups, thirty rabbits of each group. The rabbits were treated orally with different dose (5 and 15 mg/ kg/day) of malathion for thirty days. After treatment; body weight were recorded and blood samples were collected for blood profile analysis to investigate the health changes. Changes in total body weight in both treatment groups were showed reduction while total body weight in control group showed significant increase (p ≤0.5). The counts of WBC were showed significant increase in low and high dose respectively compared with control group. We concluded that malathion decrease   body weight.
EZ Water and the Origin of Life
Authors: Pollack Gerald H.
Published: August 2022

To create life, the first step should logically be the formation of the condensed system that defines a cell. If the original contents were dispersed widely, then those components would require condensation. Absent the needed condensation forces, those prime substances would have remained scattered, with no particular proclivity to form a cell. Energy is needed for the above-described process. Without energy for the splitting of water molecules, EZ cannot build. The required energy comes from light. Particularly effective, we found, is infrared light. The impacted water is presumably its EZ fraction, whose crystal-like structure allows for information-storage capability. Ordinary liquid water has no such capability: its randomly oriented, rapidly fluctuating molecules would be expected to show no capacity for retention of information. EZ water, on the other hand, seems practically “designed” to carry information.
Parsley Leaves (Petroselinum Sativum) as Corrosion Inhibitors of Steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 in Acid Medium 5% H2SO4
Authors: Obralić Ema , Odobašić Amra , Panić Sanja , Tadić Marijana
Published: August 2022

In this article, the corrosion inhibition of steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 in acidic medium 5% H2SO4 with and without the presence of eco inhibitors of leaf (Petroselinum Sativum) was examined. Inhibitory properties of parsley leaves (Petroselinum Sativum) on steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 were examined by potentiodynamic polarization - Tafel extrapolation, and FTIR method in order to categorize the oxide layer. The test was performed in static medium and with stirring at 600 rpm. By Tafel extrapolation based on changes in corrosion potential, the inhibitor behaves as mixed. Increasing the concentration of inhibitors increases the efficiency of inhibition. Corrosion processes are inhibited by adsorption of organic matter on the surface of steel DIN 2391 St 37-4, forming a film. The obtained results indicate that parsley leaf (Petroselinum Sativum) is an effective eco inhibitor for the tested steel in 5% sulfuric acid.
Andrographis Echioides Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Study Using DNA Barcoding Technique
Authors: Hande Prashant , Kumar B. S. Ajit , Jha Vikas , Bhosale Anjali , Gangurde Subodh
Published: August 2022

With the advancement in various molecular diagnostic tools, DNA Barcoding has emerged as a gold standard molecular diagnostic tool across the globe. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for treating a variety of ailments. Plants of the genus Andrographis have been extensively used for treating different types of ailments. In this study, rarely studied medicinal plant species were isolated, sequenced at the genetic level and studied for their evolutionary characteristics using phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, the identity of A. echioides was confirmed by targeting different barcoding genes such as ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, internal transcribed spacer, RNA polymerase-beta subunit, maturase K, and photosystem II protein D1 genes using a phylogenetic approach. After successful isolation and amplification of genomic DNA, specific primers were utilised for sequencing of each barcoding gene, followed by nucleotide BLAST analysis to determine the sequence percent identity of each gene with that from other plant species. The best homologs were then utilised for conducting phylogenetic analysis which confirmed the identity of the plant as Andrographis echioides.
Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich (Tiliaceae) Leaves
Authors: Ebele Obi Patrick , Estella Odoh Uchenna
Published: August 2022

Aim: The study was aimed at evaluating some pharmacognostic parameters and investigates the anti-diabetic activity of ethanol extract of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf

Methods: The pharmacognostic profiling of Triumfetta cordifolia leaves was carried out using some standard pharmacognostic tools for crude drug standardization such as qualitative and quantitative microscopy, analytical evaluation and phytochemical screening. The plant material was extracted using cold maceration method in ethanol and fractionation was carried out using n-hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. The acute toxicity study was done following standard method. Diabetes in albino wistar rats was intraperitoneally induced using 120 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats where treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the crude extract and 400mg/kg of each of the fractions. Glibenclamide was used as the standard drug (5 mg/kg) and diabetic rats without treatment as negative control. The procedure was also similarly performed using the non-diabetic rats. The administration of all treatments was done orally, once daily for 21 days and blood sera of the blood samples from rats across the groups were collected at the end of the treatment period and the concentrations of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated.

Results: The results of the qualitative microscopic evaluation of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf revealed paracytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, wavy wall epidermal cells and prismatic calcium oxalate. Quantitative microscopic study gave 23.67 ± 0.58 stomata number, 0.023 ± 0.00058 stomata index, 18.33 ± 1.53 Palisade ratio and 10.67 ± 0.58 vein-islet number while the analytical standard revealed 9.3 total ash, 3.5 water soluble ash and 1.34 acid insoluble ash. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, Tannins, flavonoids steroids and terpenoids in the Triumfetta cordifolia leaves ethanol extract (TCEE). A significant reduction (P≤0.05) in fasted blood sugar level of diabetic rats was observed during treatment with Triumfetta cordifolia leaves extract and the blood sugar level lowering potential was comparable to the glibenclamide’s group. There was improvement of body weight in TCEE treated groups and ethylacetate fraction group. The Leaf extract of Triumfetta cordifolia showed a high significant (P≤0.05) ameliorating potential on liver’s degenerating hepatocytes evidenced by the comparable reduction in AST, ALT and ALP levels with the glibenclamide’s and diabetic’s groups.

Conclusion: The overall results showed that Triumfetta cordifolia leaf possesses blood sugar lowering and liver hepatocytes regenerating potentials while the pharmacognostic profiling of the plant can serve as a reference and guide for future researchers.
The Effect of Dietary Supplement on Glutathione Level in Rats
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Mahmoud Ahmed , El-Dreny Elshahat Gomaa , Shaheen Marwa Mustafa
Published: August 2022

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to decreased glutathione inside the body. Some supplements may promote and stimulate glutathione production in the liver. This article aims to investigate the impact of different supplements on enhancing glutathione synthesis in rats’ livers. For this purpose 42 rats (male albino) were separated into 7 groups, each including 6 animals with average weights ranging between 150 and 160 g. Group 1 (control) and different groups consumed a basal diet for 8 weeks, whereas group 2 received 500 mg/kg bw of L-cysteine daily. Group 3 received 250 mg/kg bw of methionine, while group 4 got 250 mg/kg of L cysteine plus 125 mg/kg of methionine daily. Spirulina (20 mg/kg bw), turmeric (500 mg/kg bw), and dried garlic (500 mg/kg bw), respectively, were given to groups 5, 6, and 7.

Results: Utilizing the various dietary supplements decreased levels of liver function enzymes, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde while enhancing levels antioxidant enzymes of liver, and increased glutathione of kidneys and liver. However, cysteine alone at 500 mg/kg bw decreased glutathione formation in the liver and kidneys. Compared to the amino acid supplements (group 2, 3, 4) used, spirulina, turmeric, and dried garlic had a significant impact on reducing liver function enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, urea, and malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzymes, and glutathione while turmeric supplement showed the best influence. Using dietary supplements did not result in any pathological modifications in the liver tissues, but there were some unsatisfactory minor alterations. However, group 2 showed considerable pathological developments in the liver tissues.

Conclusion: According to the findings, using the suggested dietary supplement except for cysteine alone can promote and encourage glutathione synthesis in different organs, especially the liver, hence alleviating the effects of oxidative stress associated with several illnesses.
Variability and Selection Indices in Two F2 Populations of Brinjal from Intra-specific Hybridization
Authors: Sivasankarreddy Kasireddy , Sarmah Prabalee , Sarma Debojit , Barua Purna Kanta , Gogoi Sailen
Published: August 2022

Two F2 populations of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) from intra-specific hybridizations MLC-1 x Longai (oblong) and MLC-3 x Longai (oblong) attempted in 2015-16 were evaluated for eight quantitative traits using genetic variability parameters, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as per cent of mean, correlation and selection indices in the year 2017-18. The characters viz., number of fruits per plant (0.794) and number of branches per plant (0.633) recorded positive and highly significant correlations with yield per plant in F2 plants of MLC-1 x Longai (oblong), whereas the characters viz., number of fruits per plant (0.819), average fruit weight (0.700) and fruit volume (0.593) recorded positive and highly significant correlations with yield per plant in F2 plants of MLC-3 x Longai (oblong). Selection indices for yield selection were constructed in both the F2 populations using the characters with highly significant yield correlations. Based on the efficient selection index, the genotypes were given scores or ranks and the best 5% plants were selected in both F2 populations i.e., plant number 2, 12, 10, 3, 11 and 19 in F2 plants of MLC-1 x Longai (oblong) and plant number 105, 28, 107, 26, 22 and 109 in F2 plants of MLC-3 x Longai (oblong) for constituting the third generation, evaluated in the year 2018-19. A comparative evaluation of the performance of the two populations arising from one common parent i.e. Longai showed that population generated from cross MLC-1 x Longai (oblong)was more promising than MLC-3 x Longai (oblong).
General Overview of Climate Change and Global Warming: Their Effect on Microorganisms
Authors: Elshafei Ali Mohamed
Published: August 2022

Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures brought on by the greenhouse effect. Sunlight heats the earth's surface, but certain gases in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, trapping the heat as it radiates back into space. Greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere, causing the Earth to warm. This process leads to climate change, which is also known as rapid climate change. Numerous factors that contribute to global warming have negative effects on people, plants, and animals. Both natural and human-caused factors may contribute to these issues.  The modern world faces significant issues due to global warming and climate change. In this regard, microbes have a significant impact on the environment as users or producers of greenhouse gases. Due to its capacity to thrive in a variety of climatic situations and to its particular metabolic characteristics, microbial diversity in diverse ecosystems has a significant impact on climate change by reducing its negative effects. There are a variety of potential roles for mitigation that microorganisms and their biological constituents can play by supplying a forward response. They offer a great deal of potential, particularly when used to treat and lower greenhouse gas emissions through nutrient recycling. This review article gives a general overview of the argument over public policy and the science behind global warming. It takes into account the elements   contribute to rising near-surface air temperatures, greenhouse gases potential ecological and societal impacts of temperature increases and the influence of climatic and environmental change on microorganisms.
Influence of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrition on Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv. Sweet Charlie
Authors: Nagavalli Poojitha , Prasad V. M.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was carried out during 2021-2022 to see the effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on growth, yield and quality of strawberry cv. Sweet Charlie with 7+1 treatments with different combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients  (Vermicompost,  FYM,  and  NPK)  replicated  thrice  in Randomized Block Design. Observations were recorded for vegetative growth, fruit yield, and quality. In different combinations of (organic manure and inorganic manure) the treatment T7 (30%Vermicompost + 30% FYM + 40% NPK) recorded highest plant height, plant spread, number of leaves and flowers as compared to T0 (control + NPK). Plant treatment T7 (30%Vermicompost + 30% FYM + 40% NPK) registered earliest flowering and also highest number of flowers per plant. The maximum fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and yield were recorded with plants treated with T7 (30%Vermicompost + 30% FYM + 40% NPK) followed by T8 (20%Vermicompost + 20% FYM + 60% NPK) at 90 DAP. The maximum Benefit: Cost ratio (1: 3.42) was recorded in T7 (30%FYM + 30% Vermicompost + 40% NPK) than T8 (20%FYM + 20% Vermicompost + 60% NPK) Due to its high productivity, The highest yield and best quality fruit were recorded in the combination of T7 (30%FYM + 30% Vermicompost + 40% NPK).
Interaction Effect of Phosphorus and Boron on Yield Components, Productivity Parameters and Quality Traits of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
Authors: Nema Saumya , Pandey S. B. , Kumar Anil , Sachan Ravindra , Sirohiya Abhishek , Singh Ashish Kumar
Published: August 2022

A field trial was conducted on sandy loam soil having low status of organic carbon and accessible nitrogen, medium in accessible phosphorous and high in accessible potassium at pot house of department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of C.S.A.U.A&T, Kanpur (campus) under Indo-Gangetic Plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, amid Rabi season of 2021-22. The experiment comprised of 16 treatment combinations in Factorial randomized block design with three replications. Lentil variety Lentil Shekhar 2 (KLB-303) was grown with the recommended agronomic practices. On the premise of the comes about exuded from the present investigation, it might be concluded that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1+ 2.5 kg Boron ha-1 significantly recorded maximum yield components viz. no. of pod plant -1 (71), Seed pod -1 (1.84) and Seed Index (3.23 g). Similarly, among the productivity parameters such as grain yield (15.67 q ha-1), straw yield (28.22 q ha-1), biological yield (43.89 q ha-1) and harvest index (35.70%) was also associated with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1+ 2.5 kg Boron ha-1. Among the quality traits maximum protein content (22.40%) and protein yield (351.00 kg ha-1) was also associated with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1+ 2.5 kg Boron ha-1. The present experiment clearly points out the significance of balanced use of Phosphorus and Boron nutrients in Lentil for improving the yield components, yield and quality of Lentil crop.