bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Epigenetic Alterations Involved in Sepsis: An Overview
Authors: Hassan Fatima Ismail , Didari Tina , Khan Fazlullah , Mojtahedzadeh Mojtaba , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: September 2018

Background:

Sepsis is among the leading causes of death with no specific etiology or treatment. Increase
in health burden in terms of cost, morbidity, and mortality is the reason behind the continuous search for
different treatment modalities which involve several targets/approach and one of them includes the involvement
of epigenetics in sepsis.

Objective:

This review was carried out to explain the epigenetic alterations involved in sepsis, as it affects the
disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment.

Methods:

Information used in this review was obtained from different databases including PUBMED, SCOPUS,
Web of Science, and EMBASE. Keywords were used as search terms.

Result:

In this review, we provided a concise overview of the significant role of epigenetic alterations in sepsis
pathophysiology as it relates to disease progression, diagnosis and treatment derived from in vitro, in vivo, and
human studies. These mechanisms affected various targets and pathways involved in sepsis modulation, which
correlates with morbidity and mortality. Change in DNA methylation pattern, histone modification, and microRNA
regulation has been shown in sepsis models to silence or activate pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF-α
and interleukins, anti-oxidant enzymes, and many signaling pathways. Drugs that target these pathways have
proven effective in sepsis treatment.

Conclusion:

Epigenetic processes involve specific enzymes detected in the blood and other body fluids which can
potentially serve as diagnostic, therapeutic, as well as prognostic tools in sepsis. Epigenetic mechanisms can
provide a highly sensitive and accurate method for sepsis diagnosis using blood and other body fluids.
Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause
Authors: Mumusoglu Sezcan , Yildiz Bulent Okan
Published: September 2018

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises individual components including central obesity,
insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular
disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The menopause per se increases the incidence
of MetS in aging women. The effect(s) of menopause on individual components of MetS include:
i) increasing central obesity with changes in the fat tissue distribution, ii) potential increase in insulin
resistance, iii) changes in serum lipid concentrations, which seem to be associated with increasing
weight rather than menopause itself, and, iv) an association between menopause and hypertension, although
available data are inconclusive. With regard to the consequences of MetS during menopause,
there is no consistent data supporting a causal relationship between menopause and CVD. However,
concomitant MetS during menopause appears to increase the risk of CVD. Furthermore, despite the data
supporting the association between early menopause and increased risk of T2DM, the association between
natural menopause itself and risk of T2DM is not evident. However, the presence and the severity
of MetS appears to be associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Although the mechanism is not clear,
surgical menopause is strongly linked with a higher incidence of MetS. Interestingly, women with polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of MetS during their reproductive years; however,
with menopausal transition, the risk of MetS becomes similar to that of non-PCOS women.
Burnout Prevalence and Associated Factors Among Brazilian Medical Students
Authors: Barbosa Mariana Linhares , Ferreira Bárbara Lopes Rodrigues , Vargas Thaís Nunes , Ney da Silva George Martins , Nardi Antonio Egidio , Machado Sergio , Caixeta Leonardo
Published: September 2018

Objectives:

This study aims to identify the prevalence of burnout and associated factors in Brazilian medical students.

Methods:

In the largest medical school from Central Brazil, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey and a socio-demographic questionnaire were adopted in this cross-sectional study. Correlations among the three dimensions of burnout were verified.

Results:

The evaluation of 399 students revealed a frequency of 12.0% of burnout. Women had a higher rate of burnout (8.0%) than men (4.0%). The fifth period had the higher frequency of burnout (27.1%), while the seventh grade had the lower frequency (2.1%). The students showed high scores only in emotional exhaustion (63.2%). Between the dimensions “emotional exhaustion” and “disbelief” found a significant correlation.

Conclusion:

The fifth period of the Medicine course and the female gender are the most affected by burnout syndrome and therefore, the preventive actions to reduce stress among medical students should be directed mainly at these higher risk categories. The low burnout rate found in our study can attest that the PBL methodology and medical schools strategically located to meet regional demand may represent strategies for the prevention of burnout among medical students.
Management of Chronic and Gestational Hypertension of Pregnancy: A Guide for Primary Care Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Spiro Leah , Scemons Donna
Published: September 2018

Aim:

The aim of this discussion paper is to outline the guidelines, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, about how to manage hypertension before and during pregnancy. Primary providers lack the knowledge to initiate treatment and manage hypertension in patients who are family planning or in the early stages of pregnancy before transferring care to an obstetrician, or perhaps patients who never do transfer care for lack of accessibility or funding. This paper aims to discuss how the Family Nurse Practitioner, or other primary care providers, may safely and efficiently maintain stable blood pressures in patients with hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy.

Background and Implications for Nursing:

Clinicians often defer gestational complications to obstetricians, however, it is crucial that there is a basic understanding of how to manage such issues. Primary practitioners do care for these patients during pre-gestation or fertility planning and oftentimes even during pregnancy in underserved communities with little access to obstetrical / prenatal care.

Design:

Discussion paper of ACOG guidelines and recommendations regarding safe management of hypertension before, during and after pregnancy.

Data Sources:

Inclusion criteria utilized most current research within the past 5 years, barring one source from the American Heart Association (no more current data) from 2011. This included an examination of current standards of care regarding hypertension during and before pregnancy according to the ACOG. Utilizing keywords such as hypertension, gestational hypertension, pregnancy, pharmacological management of hypertension, ACOG guidelines, treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. The decision to utilize guidelines set forth primarily by ACOG stems from ACOG being the governing body for Obstetricians / Gynecologists. Additionally, “standardization of care improves patient outcomes, which also should translate into a reduction in medical-legal exposure” [2]. As “such guidelines have been developed by specialty organizations such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (the college),” ACOG guidelines are nationally utilized in the care of OB/GYN patients.

Conclusion:

It is essential for primary care clinicians to employ current research regarding hypertension surrounding pregnancy and encourage patients who are family planning to utilize all such data in order to have a healthy and successful pregnancy. In order to do so, thorough practitioners are required to care for patients throughout the spectrum of all health and wellness related situations.
Cytotoxicity of Palladium Nanoparticles Against Aspergillus Niger
Authors: Kumaran Sekar , Abdelhamid Hani Nasser , Hasan Nazim , Wu Hui-Fen
Published: September 2018

Background:

Investigating the bioactivity of nanoscale materials against microorganisms
give a comprehensive, proactive understanding of nanomaterial toxicity and explore their potential for
applications.

Methods:

The aim of this study is to assess the changes in the mycelium growth and proteomics for filamentous
fungi Aspergillus niger (A. niger) caused by palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). In this study,
quantitative analysis of the mycelium growth and protein content of A. niger upon incubation with different
concentrations of Pd NPs (0-1350 ng/mL) were reported. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was also used to analyze the changes of the proteins
content of A. niger in different medium using two different matrices; α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic
acid (CHCA), and sinapinic acid (SA). We found that Pd NPs decrease the mycelium growth of A. niger.

Results:

The protein contents are increased at low concentrations of Pd NPs, while it decreases with
high concentration. MALDI-MS results show change of the protein contents for A. niger upon incubation
with Pd NPs. Mycelia biomass decreases at high concentration of Pd NPs.

Conclusion:

The biological activity of Pd NPs depends on their concentration and cell culture medium.
These new findings may add valuable information about the cytotoxicity of Pd NPs.
Patient and Consumer Safety Risks When Using Conversational Assistants for Medical Information: An Observational Study of Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant (Preprint)
Authors: Bickmore Timothy W. , Trinh Ha , Olafsson Stefan , O'Leary Teresa K , Asadi Reza , Rickles Nathaniel M , Cruz Ricardo
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Conversational assistants, such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant, are ubiquitous and are beginning to be used as portals for medical services. However, the potential safety issues of using conversational assistants for medical information by patients and consumers are not understood.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence and nature of the harm that could result from patients or consumers using conversational assistants for medical information.

METHODS

Participants were given medical problems to pose to Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant, and asked to determine an action to take based on information from the system. Assignment of tasks and systems were randomized across participants, and participants queried the conversational assistants in their own words, making as many attempts as needed until they either reported an action to take or gave up. Participant-reported actions for each medical task were rated for patient harm using an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality harm scale.

RESULTS

Fifty-four subjects completed the study with a mean age of 42 years (SD 18). Twenty-nine (54%) were female, 31 (57%) Caucasian, and 26 (50%) were college educated. Only 8 (15%) reported using a conversational assistant regularly, while 22 (41%) had never used one, and 24 (44%) had tried one “a few times.“ Forty-four (82%) used computers regularly. Subjects were only able to complete 168 (43%) of their 394 tasks. Of these, 49 (29%) reported actions that could have resulted in some degree of patient harm, including 27 (16%) that could have resulted in death.

CONCLUSIONS

Reliance on conversational assistants for actionable medical information represents a safety risk for patients and consumers. Patients should be cautioned to not use these technologies for answers to medical questions they intend to act on without further consultation from a health care provider.
Models By Science Teacher Candidates for The Teaching the Reutilization of Wastes
Authors: AKSAN Zeynep , ÇELİKER Dilek
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to have science teacher candidates develop models for teaching the subjects of recycling and reutilization of wastes. The study was performed with a total of 30 third-year and fourth-year students attending the Science Education Department of a Turkish University. The study results indicated that all eight models developed by the teachers candidates within the scope of this study emphasized recovery, while four of them also highlighted recycling, and four of them also focused on reutilization. It was observed that all science teacher candidates developed models by using solid wastes. Plastic and paper-cardboard were the most frequently used wastes in models developed within the scope of this study, while metal and composites wastes were not used in any of the teacher candidate models. It was observed that all of the models emphasized the reutilization of wastes for different purposes.
Türkçe 6, 7, 8. Sınıf Öğretim Programının Uluslararası Öğrenci Değerlendirme Programında (PISA) Yoklanan Okuma Becerileri Açısından Analizi (Zonguldak Örneği)
Authors: İNCE Murat , GÖZÜTOK F. Dilek
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırmada, PISA okuma becerileri yeterlikleri ile 2005 Türkçe 6, 7, 8. sınıf öğretim programındaki okuma becerileri kazanımlarının örtüşüp örtüşmediğinin değerlendirilmesi, PISA okuma becerileri testi sonuçlarının 7, 8 ve 9. sınıf öğrencilerinin başarı düzeylerinde eğitim-öğretim yılının başında ve sonunda anlamlı bir fark oluşturup oluşturmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak, Türkçe 6, 7, 8. Sınıf Öğretim Programı Analizi için Ölçütler Formu, Sormaca ve PISA Okuma Becerileri Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Türkçe 6, 7, 8. sınıf öğretim programında yer alan okuma becerileri kazanımlarının, PISA’nın çoğunlukla birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü düzeylerindeki okuma becerileri yeterlikleri ile örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir.
Çocuk Haftası Dergisi ve Çocuk Eğitimi Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: ALABAŞ Ramazan
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırmanın amacı Tahsin Demiray tarafından yayımlanan Çocuk Haftası adlı çocuk dergisinin tanıtımını yapma ve dergiyi çocuk eğitimi açısından incelemektir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden birisi olan doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın dokümanlarını ise Çocuk Haftası dergisinin Ankara Millî Kütüphane’de bulunan 375 sayısı oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada derginin 2 Ocak 1943 ile 25 Şubat 1950 tarihleri arasında yayımlanan bütün sayıları (374 sayı) ve dergi sayılarından ayrı olarak numaralandırılan 30 Ekim 1942 tarihli sayısı incelenmiştir.  Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Tahsin Demiray derginin idare merkezi olarak İstanbul’u belirlemiş ve dergiyi sahibi olduğu Türkiye Basımevi’nde basmıştır. Dergi içeriğinde yer alan yazıların çocuk eğitimi açısından analizi yapıldığında, dergi içeriğinin “eğitime yönelik bilgiler ve çocuk eğitimi, çocukların sahip olması gereken ahlaki değerler, çocukta okuma kültürünü geliştirme ve genel kültür amaçlı bilgiler kazandırma” kategorilerinde yoğunlaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kategoriler içerisinde de “çocukta okuma kültürünü geliştirme ve genel kültür amaçlı bilgiler kazandırma” daha fazla yer tutmuştur. Dergide, çocuğun sahip olması gereken ahlaki değerleri içerisinde ise “vatansever olma, kurallara uyma, çalışkan olma, saygılı olma, doğru/dürüst olma, sorumluluklarını bilme, yardımsever olma, tutumlu olma ve itaat etme” öne çıkmaktadır.
Accuracy of and interobserver agreement regarding thoracic computed tomography for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in dogs
Authors: Mortier Jeremy R. , Mesquita Luis , Ferrandis Inmaculada , McConnell James F. , Maddox Thomas W.
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To characterize CT findings in dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, estimate the accuracy of thoracic CT for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in dogs, and determine interobserver agreement for this method.

DESIGN Retrospective case-control and cross-sectional study.

ANIMALS 26 dogs with confirmed chronic bronchitis and 20 control dogs with unremarkable results of thoracic CT and no recorded history of cough.

PROCEDURES Thoracic CT images of all dogs were interpreted for signs of chronic bronchitis by 2 observers who used specific criteria; observers also used the images to compute the bronchial wall thickness-to-pulmonary artery diameter (BWPA) ratio of the cranial lung lobes. Interobserver agreement was assessed for both diagnostic approaches. Performance of thoracic CT and the BWPA ratio specifically in the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis were evaluated, with the final diagnosis made by the attending internist as the reference standard. Associations between independent variables and the BWPA ratio for all dogs were assessed by linear regression.

RESULTS Accuracy of thoracic CT examination for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was 57%, sensitivity was 46%, and specificity was 90%. Interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50). The BWPA ratio had poor accuracy for discriminating dogs with chronic bronchitis from control dogs. Linear regression revealed that as dog body weight increased, BWPA ratios for the left and right cranial lung lobes decreased slightly but significantly.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggested that thoracic CT and the associated BWPA ratio have limited value in the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in dogs.
Road User Abnormal Trajectory Detection using a Deep Autoencoder
Authors: Roy Pankaj , Bilodeau Guillaume-Alexandre
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we focus on the development of a method that detects abnormal trajectories of road users at traffic intersections. The main difficulty with this is the fact that there are very few abnormal data and the normal ones are insufficient for the training of any kinds of machine learning model. To tackle these problems, we proposed the solution of using a deep autoencoder network trained solely through augmented data considered as normal. By generating artificial abnormal trajectories, our method is tested on four different outdoor urban users scenes and performs better compared to some classical outlier detection methods.
Características y usos de los ftalatos
Authors: Pérez-Andres Leticia , Díaz-Godínez Rubén , Luna-Suárez Silvia , Sánchez Carmen
Published: September 2018

Los ftalatos son compuestos químicos que se utilizan principalmente como plastificantes, para dar flexibilidad a diversos materiales en la producción del policloruro de vinilo (PVC). Se producen cantidades enormes de ftalatos a nivel mundial para la producción de productos plásticos, la eliminación de estos plastificante causa efectos de contaminación en el medio ambiente. Los ftalatos se han clasificado en diferentes grupos entre ellos los más destacados son el Di (2etilhexil) ftalato ya que se produce en cantidades grandes en el mundo. El dibutil ftalato es también encontrado en productos de uso personal así como maquillajes, barnices y pinturas. Los ftalatos son biodegradados por microorganismos como bacterias y hongos ya que excretan enzimas que actúan con estos ftalatos para así poder ser degradados sin causar daños en el medioambiente.
Impact of Fiscal Decentralisation on Human Development: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Mehmood  , Sara Sadiq
Published: September 2018

Fiscal decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority and responsibility from central government to sub-national or the local government. It is mostly pre-assumed that fiscal decentralisation can play important role in the efficient allocations of resources and improvement of the political, economic and social activities. Many studies unlock the relationship between federal government and sub-national governments or local government. Fiscal decentralisation theories mostly based on Richard Musgrave’s (1939) functions of government. He defined three roles: stabilisation, allocation and distribution whereas, only the allocation function seems to be appropriate to fiscal decentralisation theory. Because these three functions are not equally suitable for all level of governments and it is necessary for efficiency that each function is properly matched to the level. It is a step forward towards more responsive and efficient governance if the decentralisation is done properly [Oates (1972)]. The logic behind fiscal decentralisation is accountability and efficiency; the smaller organisations are more fragile for accountability than the larger ones. However, decentralisation has not always been effective in the provision of service delivery and hardly accountable due to lack of community participation. If there is no spill over effects and in the absence of diseconomies of scale it could be effective and efficient. The sub-national governments where the externalities are internalised and scale economies are acceptable fiscal responsibilities should be assigned [Rodden, et al. (2003)]. The sub-national governments are much closer to the people and they are better informed to respond according to their demands of goods and services [Hayek (1945); Qian and Weingast (1997)]. Service deliveries are highly dependent on transfers from central governments. It is necessary to increase the revenue autonomy of sub-national governments and it is linked with the service delivery in social sector [Elhiraika (2007)]. Lower level of governments is closer to the people and much aware of the preferences of localities. Service deliveries should be located at the lowest level because decentralised provision of services increases the economic welfare [Oates (1999)].
Economic Reforms in Pakistan: One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Ishrat Husain
Published: September 2018

In 1998 I was invited by Dr Sarfraz Qureshi, the then Director of PIDE to deliver a lecture on “The Political Economy of Reforms: A Case Study of Pakistan”.1 This lecture was subsequently published by PIDE as a monograph. A year later, in December 1999, I had the honour of becoming the Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan and actually participated actively in the formulation and implementation of economic reforms. During the six year period of public policy making I realised that my knowledge about the political economy as manifested in my PIDE lecture was incomplete. The narrative was more complex than I had developed as an outsider. Now, six years later after my retirement from the State Bank of Pakistan I again reflected upon this topic as an observer and analyst rather than a participant. I realised that my learnings have become much richer by applying these different prisms—those of an international development economist, a public policy-maker and now an independent analyst. I am grateful to Dr Rashid Amjad and Dr Musleh ud Din and their colleagues at PIDE for providing me this opportunity to share these learning with my colleagues, peers and other scholars present here today. The political economy of economic reforms and structural adjustment has become focus of growing attention in the literature drawing at the inter-disciplinary tools of analysis and cross-country comparative perspectives. Detailed case studies of country situations do throw useful insights which are not captured through cross-country studies. The key question that is explored by this group of researchers is: if policy and institutional reforms are associated with high economic pay offs, then why are these reform programmes not sustained and implemented consistently? Why are they derailed? I would like to focus the discussion on Pakistan only and address the following questions:
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Heat-sensitive Moxibustion via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Xiaoa Aijiao , Xiaoa Yisheng , OuYang Xin , He Lin , Chen Mingren
Published: September 2018

Ischemic stroke is universally acknowledged as a common cause of long-term disability or even death. Suspended moxibustion, an indirect form of moxibustion, is when moxibustion is placed superfcially over the skin without being in contact with it. Some researchers have used this method to treat stroke patients, but strong evidence of its therapeutic effectiveness is lacking.However, the effect of traditional suspended moxibustion has recently been improved with the development of heat-sensitive suspended moxibustion. Our previous studies showed that moxibustion for 35 min provided a more effective treatment strategy than moxibustion for 15 min, and moxibustion by 35 min with tail temperature increase had a better outcome than that without, however,the mechanism underlying the effect is not clear. In this study, we treated the stroke rats with moxibustion by 35min and divided them into non-heat sensitive moxibustion(NHSM) group and heat sensitive moxibustion (HSM) group according to difference in the tail temperature increase, then we compared the effect and investigated the mechanisms between NHSM and HSM. We found that HSM signifcantly decreased tail-ﬂick latency, increased neurological function score, decreased infarct volume, reduced inﬂammatory cells,decreased the expression of inﬂammatory factor ICAM-1 and reduced the expression of NF-κB p65 and p-IKKα/β in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our experimental fndings revealed that HSM exerted its anti-inﬂammatory and neuroprotective effects from MCAO-induced injury by decreasing the expression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
One Case of Autopsy Pathological Analysis of Acute Pancreatitis Combined with Hemorrhage in Pericardial Cavity
Authors: Tan Na , Zheng Hong , Wang Jinjing , Cha Ying , Huang Jiajia , Yang Xiaorong , Wu Xinglong
Published: September 2018

Senile male, physically ft at usual, he died suddenly without any clinical symptoms. By autopsy dissection, it was found that large amount of bleeding was presented in pericardial cavity, the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity had a small amount of hemorrhage, partial pancrea tissue had coagulation necrosis accompanied with infltration of neutrophile granulocyte and degeneration and necrosis of liver cell accompanied with acute or chronic inﬂammation cell infltration. Laboratory examination of the patient when he was alive suggested that liver function and coagulation function had obstacles, there was not any timely clinical process, and he died suddenly. Autopsy examination results suggested that acute pancreatitis caused a large quantity of bleeding in pericardial cavity, which led to cardiac tamponade and it cause acute circulation failure, which initiated cardiac arrest and then death. Coronary heart disease may exert certain facilitation effect in the death process. Patients with pancreatitis, especially the senile and pancreatitis patients with coronary artery disease, should be evaluated and prevented ahead of schedule, for those patients who had coma suddenly, it should be thought that it had possibility of combining with hemorrhage in the interior of pericardial cavity, the patient's doctor should try his or her best to reduce death rate.
ÖN DESİLİKASYON AMAÇLI BOKSİT ZENGİNLEŞTİRME İŞLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE GÜNCEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: Birinci Mustafa , Gök Ramazan
Published: September 2018

Günümüzde ticari alümina üretiminin neredeyse tamamı hammadde kaynağı olarak boksitcevherlerinin kullanıldığı Bayer prosesiyle karşılanmaya devam etmektedir. Bayer prosesinedoğrudan beslenebilir metalurjik kalitedeki boksitler için en önemli kriterlerden birisi cevherintoplam silis miktarının bilinmesidir. Çünkü, boksit liçi sırasında çözünme eğilimi gösteren reaktifsilis aşırı miktarda kostik soda tüketimine yol açmakta ve ciddi oranda alumina kayıplarınaneden olmaktadır. Bundan dolayı boksitin reaktif silis içeriği, Bayer prosesinin etkin ve ekonomikuygulanabilirliği üzerinde belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Silis türlerinin boksitten uzaklaştırılmasıişlemi (ön desilikasyon) birçok alümina üretim tesisinin üzerinde çalıştığı ana konulardan birisidir.Son yıllarda köpük flotasyonu gibi bazı zenginleştirme yöntemlerinin ön desilikasyon amacıyladenendiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, boksit cevherindeki reaktif silisin sebep olduğu başlıcasorunlar ve ön desilikasyon amacıyla uygulanan birtakım zenginleştirme yöntemleri güncelkaynaklardan derlenerek özetlenmiştir. Bu yöntemler arasında gerek silis uzaklaştırma verimigerekse tesis ölçeğinde uygulanabilme bakımından özellikle flotasyonun daha fazla önemkazandığı belirlenmiş ve bu konuda geniş kapsamda bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
The Privatization of Security and the Emergence of Private Security Companies in Crime Control in Nigeria.docx
Authors: Chinwokwu Eke , Igbo Emmanuel
Published: September 2018

This study interrogates the participation
of private security companies in crime control in Nigeria, with focus on the
challenges militating against their performance in security provisioning. The
police are the statutory agency invested with the powers of ensuring the
security of lives and property of citizens in Nigeria. The rising incidence of
crimes such as kidnapping, armed robbery, murder, terrorism, and human
trafficking among others has demonstrated that the police have failed in
providing the required protection for the citizens. The paper argues that the apparent
inability of the police to adequately provide protection for all citizens
provided the nucleus for individuals to search for alternative security
provisioning, which culminated in the emergence of private security companies
in crime control in Nigeria. The study contends that since the emergence of
private security companies into the theatre of security provisioning, they have
played critical role in ensuring security; thereby complementing the efforts of
the police. However, they are confronted with certain challenges which militate
against their performance. Some of the challenges include: lack of firearms, lack
of supervision and lack of cooperation from the police among others. The study
recommends among others: establishment of a security institute, improved synergy
with the police, and government recognition of the private security sector.
Are We There Yet? Understanding Cultural Issues and Making them Central in Psychology and Psychiatry
Authors: Broadway-Horner Matt
Published: September 2018

A short opinion piece on the state of cultural understanding in social sciences. Have we improved on this as an international discipline ? I would suggest that not much has changed but some ripples are making headway.
Liberation through Cooperation: How Library Publishing Can Save Scholarly Journals from Neoliberalism
Authors: Ghamandi Dave S.
Published: September 2018

This commentary examines political and economic aspects of open access (OA) and scholarly journal publishing. Through a discourse of critique, neoliberalism is analyzed as an ideology causing many problems in the scholarly journal publishing industry, including the serials crisis. Two major efforts in the open access movement that promote an increase in OA funded by article-processing charges (APC) —the Open Access 2020 (OA2020) and Pay It Forward (PIF) initiatives—are critiqued as neoliberal frameworks that would perpetuate existing systems of domination and exploitation. In a discourse of possibility, ways of building a post-neoliberal system of journal publishing using new tactics and strategies, merging theory and praxis, and grounding in solidarity and cooperation are presented. This includes organizing journal publishing democratically using cooperatives, which could decommodify knowledge and provide greater open access. The article concludes with a vision for a New Fair Deal, which would revolutionize the system of scholarly journal publishing by transitioning journals to library publishing cooperatives.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO ESPECTRAL DE PROPRIEDADES ÓPTICAS DE AEROSSÓIS EM REGIÃO DE FLORESTA TROPICAL
Authors: Menezes Jorge Almeida de , Palácios Rafael da Silva , Menezes Júnior Evanízio Marinho , Soares Júnior Amazonino , Nogueira José de Souza
Published: September 2018

Aerossóis atmosféricos desempenham um papel importante no equilíbrio de energia do sistema Terra-atmosfera. Medidas de aerossóis foram realizadas em área de floresta tropical utilizando fotômetro solar da rede global AERONET. Dados de 4 anos permitiram classificar as propriedades óticas dos aerossóis, definindo a climatologia para área de floresta tropical. Neste trabalho a profundidade óptica de aerossol (AOD) e expoente Ångström, α(440-870), foram utilizados para a análise espectral de aerossol. Médias de AOD(440nm) de 0,22 (±0,40), com média correspondente de α 1,27(±0,39).  A AOD(440nm) mostra picos distintos para estação seca e chuvosa, sendo que podem estar relacionados com padrões sazonais de aerossóis característicos dessas regiões. O α (440-870) apresentou modos de frequência que se relacionam com os principais tipos de aerossóis presentes em regiões de Floresta. Um cenário principal de aerossóis foi definido como aerossóis oriundos de queima de biomassa, com forte influência de fontes locais de aerossóis poluídos. Mistura de aerossóis estão presentes, enquanto que poeira em suspensão tem uma ocorrência pouco relevante.Palavras-chave: AOD, expoente Ångström, climatologia. SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS IN FOREST REGION ABSTRACT:Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system. Aerosol measurements were performed in rainforest area, Manaus_Embrapa site using solar photometer from the AERONET global network. Data from 4 years allowed to classify the optical properties of the aerosols, defining the climatology for the site. In this work, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent, α (440-870), were used for aerosol spectral analysis. Mean AOD (440nm) of 0,22 (± 0.40), with corresponding mean of α 1,27 (± 0.39). AOD (440nm) shows distinct peaks for dry and rainy season, and may be related to seasonal aerosol patterns characteristic of these regions. The α (440-870) presented frequency modes that relate to the main types of aerosols present in Forest regions. A major aerosol scenario was defined as biomass-based aerosols, with strong influence from local sources of polluted aerosols. Mixtures of aerosols are present, while suspended dust has a slightly relevant occurrence.Keywords: AOD, Ångström exponent, climatology.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY INDEX FOR A WATER-STRESSED BASIN IN BRAZIL: THE CASE STUDY OF RIO VERDE GRANDE BASIN
Authors: Sá Mônica Carvalho de , Vieira Edson de Oliveira , Rodrigues Flavia Mazzer , Albuquerque Lorrana Cavalcanti , Caldeira Núbia Ribeiro
Published: September 2018

MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS E A SUSTENTABILIDADES DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS EM BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA COM ESCASSEZ HÍDRICA NO BRASIL: O CASO DA BACIA DE RIO VERDE GRANDE A bacia de Rio Verde Grande está localizada 87% na parte norte do estado de Minas Gerais e 13% no estado da Bahia, em uma região com clima semiárido, apresentando longos e intensos períodos de seca. Esta característica climática afeta diretamente a disponibilidade de recursos hídricos e, conseqüentemente, o desenvolvimento das principais atividades da região que são pecuária e agricultura irrigada. Não há estudos que avaliem o efeito das mudanças climáticas na disponibilidade de água e na sustentabilidade de atividades com alta demanda de água na bacia de Rio Verde Grande. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças prováveis na disponibilidade de água na bacia de Rio Verde Grande e a sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos para as atividades usuárias de água, utilizando séries sintéticas geradas através de programas de modelagem climática e hidrológica. Este estudo realizou as projeções climáticas utilizando os Global Climate Models do Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Com base nos cálculos dos índices de sustentabilidade e na comparação dos cenários atuais e futuros, observou-se que, mesmo com todas as intervenções propostas pelo Plano de Recursos Hídricos da Bacia Rio Verde Grande implementadas, houve uma redução na sustentabilidade da água Recursos em algumas sub-bacias devido à mudança climática.Palavras-chave: CMIP5, modelo WEAP, vulnerabilidade ABSTRACT: The Rio Verde Grande basin is a water-stressed basin, which is 87% in the northern part of Minas Gerais and 13% in Bahia, Brazil. It has a semi-arid climate with long and intense periods of drought. This climatic directly affects the availability of water resources and the development of the main activities in the region. There are presently no studies that evaluate the effect of climate change on the availability of water in the Rio Verde Grande basin and the sustainability of high water demand activities. The objective of this study was to analyze future changes in the availability of water in the Rio Verde Grande basin, and the sustainability of water for the major water users. This was done using a synthetic series generated through climatic and hydrological modeling programs. This study performed climate projections using the Global Climate Models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The calculation of sustainability indexes and a comparison between current and future scenarios, it was observed that even if all the interventions proposed by the Water Resources Plan of the Rio Verde Grande basin are implemented, there will still be a reduction in the sustainability of water resources in some sub-basins, due to climate change.Keywords: CMIP5, WEAP model, vulnerability.
Kloning dan Analisis Bioinformatika Gen MSP1 Plasmodium falciparum Isolat Kota Jayapura
Authors: Mawardi Arsyam , Aisoi Leonardo E. , Lefaan Paula N.
Published: September 2018

Cloning gene involves the construction of a recombinant plasmid that inserted in a competent cell. On the other hand, genetic engineering requires bioinformatic analysis to be converted into tabulation and data interpretation. The study, titled "cloning block 2 MSP1 gene of Plasmodium falciparumÂ isolate Jayapura city and bioinformatics analysis" is aimed to improve the technique of cloning the MSP1 gene of P. falciparum, initiated the creation of DH5Î± competent cells, ligations and transformations, plasmid isolation, confirmation the recombinant plasmid and able to perform bioinformatics analysis and construct phylogenetic tree. This study began with the manufacture of E. coli DH5Î± competent cells, MSP1 gene ligation in pJET1.2/blunt vector and transformation by using the heat shock transformation method, plasmid isolation of alkali lysis method, then plasmid confirmed by PCR and sequencing method, further sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree construction. The results showed that confirmation of MSP1 gene presence in pJET1.2/blunt with PCR was successful. From a total of 4 positive colonies grown in liquid culture, then isolated plasmid and confirmed with PCR obtained electroferogram bands with a size about 1049 bp indicates the presence of MSP1 gene in plasmid. Based on the results, cloning of MSP1 gene using pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector and competent cell E. coliÂ DH5Î± has been successfully performed.Â Bioinformatics analysis of sequencing result and phylogenetic tree were constructed successfully with 2 clusters isolate of malaria patients from Jayapura city.Â Key words:Â Bioinformatics, cloning gene, heat shock transformation, MSP1,Â P. falciparum.
Analisis Jumlah Sel Eritrosit Darah Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Strain Wistar Sebelum dan Setelah Perlakuan Ekstrak Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus)
Authors: Rahayu Agnes S. , Elieser Elieser
Published: September 2018

The aim of this research was to measure the differences amount of erythrocytes in the blood of the rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain wistarÂ before and after been given of the extract of the red fruid (Pandanus conoideus).Â Â This was a pre experiment with The One Group Pre Test â€“ Post TestÂ only design,Â the extract of red fruit (P. conoideus) was the Â independent variable and the dependentÂ variable was the amount erythrocyte in rat blood. After the acclimatisation program in 7 days, the blood of this 20 rats were taken to measure the erythrocytes.Â For the next 7 days, all of the rats were given the extract of red fruit per oral by the sonde 5m/bb.Â Â The blood were taken again to measure the erythrocytes again, in the day after the last given of the extract of red fruit. The data were tabulated for normality test with Shapiro-wilk (SPSSÂ v.24), homogeneityÂ test, Levene test, and followed by Paired T-Test. The results were show that the mean of the erythrocyte before given the extract of red fruit was 5.54Â x 106/mm3Â and after that was 7.65Â x 106/mm3.Â Â Key words:Â R. novergicus,Â P. conoideus, erythrocyte.
Non-Epistemic Values in Adaptive Management: Framing Possibilities in the Legal Context of Endangered Columbia River Salmon
Authors: Hirsch Shana Lee , Long Jerrold
Published: September 2018

Courts have determined that adaptive management does not satisfy the Endangered Species Act's requirement to use the ‘best available science’. This is due, in part, to the failure to recognise the role of non-epistemic values in science. We examine the role of values in the legal controversy over the scientific reports and adaptive management plans for endangered salmon in the Columbia River Basin. To do this, we employ philosophical concepts related to risk and uncertainty that demonstrate how non-epistemic values are internal to science. We describe how, because adaptive management is a method for dealing with inductive risk, by remaining flexible, responsive and adaptive in those circumstances where the costs of making a mistake are very high, it requires special attention to ensure that it remains useful. We conclude that, because non-epistemic values will inevitably influence the ‘best available science’, it is critical that they are clarified in any adaptive management planning so that we can ensure the salmon conservation that the ESA mandates. Fortunately, because adaptive management is iterative in nature and includes opportunities for engagement between policymakers and scientists, it enables clarification of non-epistemic values through making standards of evidence transparent, acknowledging aims and goals and dealing with uncertainty at the institutional level.
Development of an intervention to expedite cancer diagnosis through primary care: a protocol
Authors: Stanciu Marian Andrei , Law Rebecca-Jane , Nafees Sadia , Hendry Maggie , Yeo Seow Tien , Hiscock Julia , Lewis Ruth , Edwards Rhiannon T , Williams Nefyn H , Brain Katherine , Brocklehurst Paul , Carson-Stevens Andrew , Dolwani Sunil , Emery Jon , Hamilton William , Hoare Zoe , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Rubin Greg , Smits Stephanie , Vedsted Peter , Walter Fiona , Wilkinson Clare , Neal Richard D ,   The WICKED Team on behalf of
Published: September 2018

Background

GPs can play an important role in achieving earlier cancer diagnosis to improve patient outcomes, for example through prompt use of the urgent suspected cancer referral pathway. Barriers to early diagnosis include individual practitioner variation in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, professional expectations, and norms.

Aim

This programme of work (Wales Interventions and Cancer Knowledge about Early Diagnosis [WICKED]) will develop a behaviour change intervention to expedite diagnosis through primary care and contribute to improved cancer outcomes.

Design & setting

Non-experimental mixed-method study with GPs and primary care practice teams from Wales.

Method

Four work packages will inform the development of the behaviour change intervention. Work package 1 will identify relevant evidence-based interventions (systematic review of reviews) and will determine why interventions do or do not work, for whom, and in what circumstances (realist review). Work package 2 will assess cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of GPs, as well as primary care teams’ perspectives on cancer referral and investigation (GP survey, discrete choice experiment [DCE], interviews, and focus groups). Work package 3 will synthesise findings from earlier work packages using the behaviour change wheel as an overarching theoretical framework to guide intervention development. Work package 4 will test the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, and determine methods for measuring costs and effects of subsequent behaviour change in a randomised feasibility trial.

Results

The findings will inform the design of a future effectiveness trial, with concurrent economic evaluation, aimed at earlier diagnosis.

Conclusion

This comprehensive, evidence-based programme will develop a complex GP behaviour change intervention to expedite the diagnosis of symptomatic cancer, and may be applicable to countries with similar healthcare systems.
Rigid and Flexible Quantification in Plural Predicate Logic
Authors: Champollion Lucas , Bledin Justin , Li Haoze
Published: September 2018

Noun phrases with overt determiners, such as some apples or a quantity of milk, differ from bare noun phrases like apples or milk in their contribution to aspectual composition. While this has been attributed to syntactic or algebraic properties of these noun phrases, such accounts have explanatory shortcomings. We suggest instead that the relevant property that distinguishes between the two classes of noun phrases derives from two modes of existential quantification, one of which holds the values of a variable fixed throughout a quantificational context while the other allows them to vary. Inspired by Dynamic Plural Logic and Dependence Logic, we propose Plural Predicate Logic as an extension of Predicate Logic to formalize this difference. We suggest that temporal for-adverbials are sensitive to aspect because of the way they manipulate quantificational contexts, and that analogous manipulations occur with spatial for-adverbials, habituals, and the quantifier all.
The Main Belt Asteroid Shape Distribution from Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Mommert Michael , McNeill Andrew , Trilling David E. , Moskovitz Nicholas , Delbo’ Marco
Published: September 2018

Gaia Data Release 2 includes observational data for 14099 pre-selected asteroids. From the sparsely sampled G-band photometry, we derive lower-limit light curve amplitudes for 11665 main belt asteroids (MBA) in order to provide constraints on the distribution of shapes in the asteroid main belt. Assuming a triaxial shape model for each asteroid, defined through the axial aspect ratios a > b and b = c, we find an average b/a = 0.80 ± 0.04 for the ensemble, which is in agreement with previous results. By combining the Gaia data with asteroid properties from the literature, we investigate possible correlations of the aspect ratio with size, semimajor axis, geometric albedo, and intrinsic color. Based on our model simulations, we find that MBAs greater than 50 km in diameter on average have higher b/a aspect ratios (are rounder) than smaller asteroids. We furthermore find significant differences in the shape distribution of MBAs as a function of the other properties that do not affect the average aspect ratios. We conclude that a more detailed investigation of shape distribution correlations requires a larger data sample than is provided in Gaia Data Release 2.