bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric Composite Tumor of Alpha Fetoprotein-Producing Carcinoma/Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma and Endocrine Carcinoma with Reference to Cellular Phenotypes
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Koide Naohiko , Kitazawa Masato , Mochizuka Akiyoshi , Ota Hiroyoshi , Miyagawa Shinichi
Published: March 2012

Alpha-fetoprotein-producing carcinoma (AFPC)/hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) are uncommon in the stomach. Composite tumors consisting of these carcinomas and their histologic phenotypes are not well known. Between 2002 and 2007, to estimate the prevalence of composite tumors consisting of tubular adenocarcinoma, AFPC/HAC and NEC, we reviewed specimens obtained from 294 consecutive patients treated surgically for gastric cancer. We examined histological phenotype of tumors of AFPC or NEC containing the composite tumor by evaluating immunohistochemical expressions of MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CDX2, and SOX2. Immunohistochemically, AFPC/HAC dominantly showed the intestinal or mixed phenotype, and NEC frequently showed the gastric phenotype. In the composite tumor, the tubular and hepatoid components showed the gastric phenotype, and the neuroendocrine component showed the mixed type. The unique composite tumor predominantly showed the gastric phenotype, and the hepatoid and neuroendocrine components were considered to be differentiated from the tubular component.
Effects of Anosognosia on Perceived Stress and Cortisol Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Arsenault-Lapierre Genevieve , Whitehead Victor , Lupien Sonia , Chertkow Howard
Published: March 2012

Anosognosia, or unawareness of one’s own cognitive deficits, may cause issues when measuring perceived stress and cortisol levels in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The goal of this study was to examine the effects of anosognosia on perceived stress and salivary cortisol levels in normal elderly (NE) adults, MCI individuals, newly diagnosed AD patients, and long-lasting AD patients, suspected to show more anosognosia. An anosognosia index for perceived stress was computed by subtracting the score on the Perceived Stress Scale measured in the participants and their relative. Cortisol levels were measured four times a day over two nonconsecutive days. Greater anosognosia for dementia correlated with greater anosognosia for perceived stress in the group as a whole. However, no correlation between cortisol levels and either anosognosia for dementia or perceived stress was observed. Our results suggest that measuring perceived stress in AD patients may be influenced by anosognosia.
17.6% Conversion Efficiency Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Reactive Ion Etching with the Damage Removal Etching
Authors: Shim Ji-Myung , Lee Hyun-Woo , Cho Kyeong-Yeon , Seo Jae-Keun , Kim Ji-Soo , Lee Eun-Joo , Choi Jun-Young , Oh Dong-Joon , Shin Jeong-Eun , Kim Ji-Sun , Kong Ji-Hyun , Lee Soo-Hong , Lee Hae-Seok
Published: March 2012

For lower reflectance, we applied a maskless plasma texturing technique using reactive ion etching (RIE) on acidic-textured multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafer. RIE texturing had a deep and narrow textured surface and showed excellent low reflectance. Due to plasma-induced damage, unless the RIE-textured surfaces have the proper damage removal etching (DRE), they have a drop inVocand FF. RIE texturing with a proper DRE had sufficiently higher short circuit current(Isc)than acidic-textured samples without a drop in open circuit voltage(Voc). And in order to improve efficiency of mc-Si solar cell, we applied RIE texturing with optimized DRE condition to selective emitter structure. In comparison with the acidic-textured solar cells, RIE-textured solar cells have above 200 mA absolute gain in Isc. And optimized RIE samples with a DRE by HNO3/HF mixture showed 17.6% conversion efficiency, which were made using an industrial screen printing process with selective emitter structure.
All-trans-Retinoic Acid Ameliorated High Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Rabbits by Inhibiting Platelet Activation and Inflammation
Authors: Zhou Birong , Pan Ying , Hu Zeping , Wang Xiaobian , Han Jianxiong , Zhou Qing , Zhai Zhimin , Wang Yuan
Published: March 2012

Background. All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is effective for many proliferative diseases. We investigated the protective effects of atRA against atherosclerosis.Methods. Rabbits were randomly allocated to receive basal diet or an HFD for 4 weeks. HFD group then received rosuvastatin (3 mg/day), atRA (5 mg/kg/day), or the same volume of vehicle, respectively, for next 8 weeks.Results. HFD group showed increases in plasma lipids and aortic plaque formation. P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding on platelets or deposition on the intima of the aorta also increased significantly as did the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and fibrinogen in plasma. After 8 weeks of treatment with atRA, there was a significant decrease in plasma lipids and improvement in aortic lesions. AtRA also inhibited the expression of P-selectin and fibrinogen binding on platelets and deposition on the intima of the aorta.Conclusion. AtRA can ameliorate HFD-induced AS in rabbits by inhibiting platelet activation and inflammation.
Changes in Electrokinetic Coupling Coefficients of Granite under Triaxial Deformation
Authors: Kuwano Osamu , Yoshida Shingo
Published: March 2012

Electrokinetic phenomena are believed to be the most likely origin of electromagnetic signals preceding or accompanying earthquakes. The intensity of the source current due to the electrokinetic phenomena is determined by the fluid flux and the electrokinetic coupling coefficient called streaming current coefficient; therefore, how the coefficient changes before rupture is essential. Here, we show how the electrokinetic coefficients change during the rock deformation experiment up to failure. The streaming current coefficient did not increase before failure, but continued to decrease up to failure, which is explained in terms of the elastic closure of capillary. On the other hand, the streaming potential coefficient, which is the product of the streaming current coefficient and bulk resistivity of the rock, increased at the onset of dilatancy. It may be due to change in bulk resistivity. Our result indicates that the zeta potential of the newly created surface does not change so much from that of the preexisting fluid rock interface.
Numerical Analysis of a Linear‐Implicit Average Scheme for Generalized Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers Equation
Authors: Che Hai-tao , Pan Xin-tian , Zhang Lu-ming , Wang Yi-ju
Published: March 2012

A linear‐implicit finite difference scheme is given for the initial‐boundary problem of GBBM‐Burgers equation, which is convergent and unconditionally stable. The unique solvability of numerical solutions is shown. A priori estimate and second‐order convergence of the finite difference approximate solution are discussed using energy method. Numerical results demonstrate that the scheme is efficient and accurate.
Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Induced by PDGF-BB Is Involved in Nitric Oxide Formation
Authors: Huang Jing , Li Li-Sheng , Yang Dan-Li , Gong Qi-Hai , Deng Jiang , Huang Xie-Nan
Published: March 2012

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has been reported to suppress the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This study aimed to observe the role of nitric oxide (NO) in Rg1-antiproliferative effect. VSMCs from the thoracic aorta of SD rats were cultured by tissue explant method, and the effect of Rg1 (20 mg⋅L-1, 60 mg⋅L-1, and 180 mg⋅L-1) on platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. For probing the mechanisms, the content of NO in supernatant and cGMP level in VSMCs was measured by nitric oxide kit and cGMP radio-immunity kit, respectively; the expressions of protooncogene c-fos and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA in the VSMCs were detected by real-time RT-PCR; the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was detected with Fura-2/AM-loaded VSMCs. Comparing with that in normal group, Rg1 180 mg⋅L-1did not change the absorbance of MTT and cell percent of G0/G1, G2/M, and S phase in normal cells (P>0.05). Contrarily, PDGF-BB could increase the absorbance of MTT (P<0.01) and the percent of the S phase cells but decrease the G0/G1phase cell percent in the cell cycle, accompanied with an upregulating c-fos mRNA expression (P<0.01), which was reversed by additions of Rg1(20 mg⋅L-1, 60 mg⋅L-1, and 180 mg⋅L-1). Rg1 administration could also significantly increase the NO content in supernatant and the cGMP level in VSMCs, as well as the eNOS mRNA expression in the cells, in comparison of that in the group treated with PDGF-BB alone (P<0.01). Furthermore, Rg1 caused a further increase in the elevated [Ca2+]iinduced by PDGF-BB. It was concluded that Rg1 could inhibit the VSMC proliferation induced by PDGF-BB through restricting the G0/G1phase to S-phase progression in cell cycle. The mechanisms may be related to the upregulation of eNOS mRNA and the increase of the formation of NO and cGMP.
Recent Developments of Flexible CdTe Solar Cells on Metallic Substrates: Issues and Prospects
Authors: Aliyu M. M. , Islam M. A. , Hamzah N. R. , Karim M. R. , Matin M. A. , Sopian K. , Amin N.
Published: March 2012

This study investigates the key issues in the fabrication of CdTe solar cells on metallic substrates, their trends, and characteristics as well as effects on solar cell performance. Previous research works are reviewed while the successes, potentials, and problems of such technology are highlighted. Flexible solar cells offer several advantages in terms of production, cost, and application over glass-based types. Of all the metals studied as substrates for CdTe solar cells, molybdenum appears the most favorable candidate, while close spaced sublimation (CSS), electrodeposition (ED), magnetic sputtering (MS), and high vacuum thermal evaporation (HVE) have been found to be most common deposition technologies used for CdTe on metal foils. The advantages of these techniques include large grain size (CSS), ease of constituent control (ED), high material incorporation (MS), and low temperature process (MS, HVE, ED). These invert-structured thin film CdTe solar cells, like their superstrate counterparts, suffer from problems of poor ohmic contact at the back electrode. Thus similar strategies are applied to minimize this problem. Despite the challenges faced by flexible structures, efficiencies of up to 13.8% and 7.8% have been achieved in superstrate and substrate cell, respectively. Based on these analyses, new strategies have been proposed for obtaining cheaper, more efficient, and viable flexible CdTe solar cells of the future.
Histopathologic and Radiologic Assessment of Chemotherapeutic Response in Ewing's Sarcoma: A Review
Authors: García-Castellano José M. , Atallah Yordi Nagib , Reyes Carolina , Healey John H.
Published: March 2012

Ewing’s sarcoma is a highly malignant tumor that metastasizes rapidly and is thus associated with a low survival rate. The intensification of chemotherapy has been shown to improve the overall survival of patients with Ewing’s sarcoma. However, intensified chemotherapy can lead to increased toxicity or even the development of secondary malignancies. The stratification of patients with Ewing’s sarcoma into “good” and “poor” responders may help guide the administration of progressively more intensified chemotherapy. Thus, an accurate assessment of the chemotherapeutic response, as well as the extent of chemotherapy-induced tumor necrosis, is critical for avoiding potential treatment-related complications in these patients. This paper reviews the methods currently used to evaluate chemotherapeutic response in Ewing’s sarcoma, focusing specifically on histopathologic and imaging analyses, and discusses novel therapies and imaging methods that may help improve the overall survival of these patients.
Surgery and Radiosurgery for Acromegaly: A Review of Indications, Operative Techniques, Outcomes, and Complications
Authors: Marquez Yvette , Tuchman Alexander , Zada Gabriel
Published: March 2012

Among multimodality treatments for acromegaly, the goals of surgical intervention are to balance maximal tumor resection while preserving normal pituitary function and maintaining patient safety. The resection of growth hormone-(GH-) secreting pituitary adenomas in the hands of experienced surgeons results in hormonal remission in 50–70% of patients. Acromegalic patients often have medical comorbidities and anatomical variations complicating anesthesia and surgical management. Despite these challenges, complications such as CSF leak or new hypopituitarism following surgery remain uncommon. Over the past decade, endoscopic approaches to pituitary tumors have improved visualization and facilitated identification of additional tumor using angled telescopes. Patients with persistent acromegaly following surgery require continued medical and/or radiation-based interventions. The adjunctive use of stereotactic radiosurgery offers hormonal remission in 40–50% of patients. In this article, the current preoperative evaluation, indications for surgery, surgical approaches, role of radiosurgery, complications, and remission criteria following operative resection of GH adenomas are reviewed.
Effects of Homogenization Scheme ofTiO2Screen-Printing Paste for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ito Seigo , Takahashi Kaoru , Yusa Shin-ich , Imamura Takahiro , Tanimoto Kenji
Published: March 2012

TiO2porous electrodes have been fabricated for photoelectrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using TiO2screen-printing paste from nanocrystalline TiO2powder dried from the synthesized sol. We prepared the TiO2screen-printing paste by two different methods to disperse the nanocrystalline TiO2powder: a “ball-milling route” and a “mortal-grinding route.” The TiO2ball-milling (TiO2-BM) route gave monodisperse TiO2nanoparticles, resulting in high photocurrent density (14.2 mA cm−2) and high photoconversion efficiency (8.27%). On the other hand, the TiO2mortal-grinding (TiO2-MG) route gave large aggregate of TiO2nanoparticles, resulting in low photocurrent density (11.5 mA cm−2) and low photoconversion efficiency (6.43%). To analyze the photovoltaic characteristics, we measured the incident photon-to-current efficiency, light absorption spectroscopy, and electrical impedance spectroscopy of DSCs.
The Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Stroke in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the US: A Literature Review
Authors: Zhang Younan , Chapman Ann-Marie , Plested Melanie , Jackson Daniel , Purroy Francisco
Published: March 2012

Background. Although the burden of stroke in terms of mortality and disability has been well documented in previous years, data after 2000 are limited. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify the epidemiology of stroke in the US and EU5 nations from data published in 2000 and later.Methods. Data from literature databases and online sources were collated to identify information relating to the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke from the year 2000 onwards.Results and Conclusions. Twenty-three data sources were identified. The incidence of and mortality due to stroke both increase with age and are greater in males compared to females. Stroke is a common problem and likely to worsen in the US and EU5 as their populations age. However, pre-2000 trends of decreasing stroke mortality over time have continued after 2000, reflecting a consistent improvement in the treatment and care of patients with stroke.
A Malignant Granular Cell Tumor Excised with Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Crowe David , Ayli Elias E. , Gloster Hugh M.
Published: March 2012

Malignant granular cell tumors are extremely rare, aggressive neoplasms displaying rapid growth and frequent associated metastatic disease. Excision and evaluation for metastatic disease are mandatory. We present a 54-year-old patient with a malignant granular cell tumor, treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Cutaneous granular cell tumors are uncommon neoplasms, likely of perineural origin. Most follow a benign and uneventful course, with wide local excision being the treatment of choice (Enzinger, 1988). The malignant granular cell tumor is an extremely rare, aggressive variant, which provides a diagnostic challenge and management dilemma, especially with early presentation when it may be mistaken for other entities. There is also controversy regarding surgical management and follow-up of both benign and malignant granular cell tumors.
Some Identities on Bernoulli and Euler Numbers
Authors: Kim D. S. , Kim T. , Choi J. , Kim Y. H.
Published: March 2012

Recently, Kim introduced the fermionic p‐adic integral on ℤp. By
using the equations of the fermionic and bosonic p‐adic integral on ℤp, we give some
interesting identities on Bernoulli and Euler numbers.
On f(R) Theories in Two-Dimensional Spacetime
Authors: Ahmed M. A.
Published: March 2012

In recent years, theories in which the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian is replaced by a function f(R) of the Ricci Scalar have been extensively studied in four-dimensional spacetime. In this paper we carry out an analysis of such theories in two-dimensional spacetime with focus on cosmological implications. Solutions to the cosmological field equations are obtained and their properties are analysed. Inflationary solutions are also obtained and discussed. Quantization is then carried out, the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is set up, and its exact solutions are obtained.
PV Maximum Power‐Point Tracking by Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Sedaghati Farzad , Nahavandi Ali , Badamchizadeh Mohammad Ali , Ghaemi Sehraneh , Abedinpour Fallah Mehdi
Published: March 2012

In this paper, using artificial neural network (ANN) for tracking of maximum power point is discussed. Error back propagation method is used in order to train neural network. Neural network has advantages of fast and precisely tracking of maximum power point. In this method neural network is used to specify the reference voltage of maximum power point under different atmospheric conditions. By properly controling of dc‐dc boost converter, tracking of maximum power point is feasible. To verify theory analysis, simulation result is obtained by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Immunosuppressive Exosomes: A New Approach for Treating Arthritis
Authors: Yang Chenjie , Robbins Paul D.
Published: March 2012

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease and one of the leading causes of disability in the USA. Although certain biological therapies, including protein and antibodies targeting inflammatory factors such as the tumor necrosis factor, are effective in reducing symptoms of RA, these treatments do not reverse disease. Also, although novel gene therapy approaches have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies to treat RA, it is still unclear whether gene therapy can be readily and safely applied to treat the large number of RA patients. Recently, nanosized, endocytic-derived membrane vesicles “exosomes” were demonstrated to function in cell-to-cell communication and to possess potent immunoregulatory properties. In particular, immunosuppressive DC-derived exosomes and blood plasma- or serum-derived exosomes have shown potent therapeutic effects in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune disease including RA. This paper discusses the current knowledge on the production, efficacy, mechanism of action, and potential therapeutic use of immunosuppressive exosomes for arthritis therapy.
Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Developmental Plasticity in Horned Beetles
Authors: Valena Sophie , Moczek Armin P.
Published: March 2012

All developmental plasticity arises through epigenetic mechanisms. In this paper we focus on the nature, origins, and consequences of these mechanisms with a focus on horned beetles, an emerging model system in evolutionary developmental genetics. Specifically, we introduce the biological significance of developmental plasticity and summarize the most important facets of horned beetle biology. We then compare and contrast the epigenetic regulation of plasticity in horned beetles to that of other organisms and discuss how epigenetic mechanisms have facilitated innovation and diversification within and among taxa. We close by highlighting opportunities for future studies on the epigenetic regulation of plastic development in these and other organisms.
Current Perspectives on the Use of Meditation to Reduce Blood Pressure
Authors: Goldstein Carly M. , Josephson Richard , Xie Susan , Hughes Joel W.
Published: March 2012

Meditation techniques are increasingly popular practices that may be useful in preventing or reducing elevated blood pressure. We reviewed landmark studies and recent literature concerning the use of meditation for reducing blood pressure in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals. We sought to highlight underlying assumptions, identify strengths and weaknesses of the research, and suggest avenues for further research, reporting of results, and dissemination of findings. Meditation techniques appear to produce small yet meaningful reductions in blood pressure either as monotherapy or in conjunction with traditional pharmacotherapy. Transcendental meditation and mindfulness-based stress reduction may produce clinically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. More randomized clinical trials are necessary before strong recommendations regarding the use of meditation for high BP can be made.
Support of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Fungal Ocular Infections
Authors: Vanzzini Zago Virginia , Alcantara Castro Marino , Naranjo Tackman Ramon
Published: March 2012

This is a retrospective, and descriptive study about the support that the laboratory of microbiology aids can provide in the diagnosis of ocular infections in patients whom were attended a tertiary-care hospital in México City in a 10-year-time period. We describe the microbiological diagnosis in palpebral mycose; in keratitis caused byFusarium,Aspergillus,Candida, and melanized fungi; endophthalmitis; oneHistoplasmascleritis and one mucormycosis. Nowadays, ocular fungal infections are more often diagnosed, because there is more clinical suspicion and there are easy laboratory confirmations. Correct diagnosis is important because an early medical treatment gives a better prognosis for visual acuity. In some cases, fungal infections are misdiagnosed and the antifungal treatment is delayed.
Multiobjective Optimization of Irreversible Thermal Engine Using Mutable Smart Bee Algorithm
Authors: Gorji-Bandpy M. , Mozaffari A.
Published: March 2012

A new method called mutable smart bee (MSB) algorithm proposed for cooperative optimizing of the maximum power output (MPO) and minimum entropy generation (MEG) of an Atkinson cycle as a multiobjective, multi-modal mechanical problem. This method utilizes mutable smart bee instead of classical bees. The results have been checked with some of the most common optimizing algorithms like Karaboga’s original artificial bee colony, bees algorithm (BA), improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO), Lukasik firefly algorithm (LFFA), and self-adaptive penalty function genetic algorithm (SAPF-GA). According to obtained results, it can be concluded that Mutable Smart Bee (MSB) is capable to maintain its historical memory for the location and quality of food sources and also a little chance of mutation is considered for this bee. These features were found as strong elements for mining data in constraint areas and the results will prove this claim.
Reliable Latency-Aware Routing for Clustered WSNs
Authors: Tufail Ali
Published: March 2012

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are persistently evolving from merely a notion of microelectronics to a new realm of practical applications. Certain critical applications like disaster management, healthcare, and military not only require exceptionally reliable but also a low-latency source to sink communication. Nevertheless, low source to sink latency is of utmost importance in these kinds of applications. In this paper, a unique latency-sensitive reliable routing protocol for WSNs has been proposed. This protocol uses the concept of hotlines (highly reliable links) and also utilizes alternative routes to reduce the number of hops from the source to the sink. This reduction of hops not only reduces the end-to-end latency but also increases the reliability manifold. The proposed protocol is evaluated with the help of simulation. The simulation suggests that the proposed routing protocol outperforms previously suggested routing protocols in terms of average end-to-end latency and reliability.
Peripheral Leukocytapheresis Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Induced by LipopolysaccharideIn Vivo
Authors: He Zhi-Gao , Huang Jian , Zhou Shun-Gang , He Jing , Chen Fang-Xiang , Huang Xian-Kai
Published: March 2012

The mortality of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) remains high and efforts for prevention and treatments have shown little improvement over the past decades. The present study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of leukocytapheresis (LCAP) to partially eliminate peripheral neutrophils and attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in dogs. A total of 24 healthy male mongrel dogs were enrolled and randomly divided into LPS, LCAP and LCAP-sham groups. All animals were injected with LPS to induce endotoxemia. The serum levels of leucocytes, neutrophil elastase, arterial blood gas, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65 in lung tissues were measured. The histopathology and parenchyma apoptosis of lung tissues were examined. We found that 7, 3, and 7 animals in the LPS, LCAP, and sham-LCAP groups, respectively, developed ALI 36 h after LPS infusion. The levels of NF-κB p65 in lung tissue, neutrophils and elastase in blood, decreased significantly following LCAP. LCAP also alleviated apoptosis, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissues. Collectively, our results show that partial removal of leucocytes from peripheral blood decreases elastase level in serum. This, in turn, attenuates lung injuries and may potentially decrease the incidence of ALI.
Nevirapine-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Impacts Artesunate and Dihydroartemisinin Disposition in HIV-Infected Nigerian Adults
Authors: Fehintola Fatai A. , Scarsi Kimberly K. , Ma Qing , Parikh Sunil , Morse Gene D. , Taiwo Babafemi , Akinola Ibrahim Tope , Adewole Isaac F. , Lindegardh Niklas , Phakderaj Aphiradee , Ojengbede Oladosu , Murphy Robert L. , Akinyinka Olusegun O. , Aweeka Francesca T.
Published: March 2012

Background. Nevirapine- (NVP-) based antiretroviral therapy (ART) and artesunate-amodiaquine are frequently coprescribed in areas of HIV and malaria endemicity. We explored the impact of this practice on artesunate and dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetics.Methods. We conducted a parallel-group pharmacokinetic comparison between HIV-infected patients receiving NVP-based ART (n=10) and ART-naive controls (n=11). Artesunate-amodiaquine 200/600 mg was given daily for three days. Measurement of drug concentrations occurred between 0 and 96 hours after the final dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis.Results. Comparing the NVP group to controls, clearance of artesunate was reduced 50% (1950 versus 2995 L/h;P=0.03), resulting in a 45% increase in the AUC0-96(105 versus 69 ug∗hr/L;P=0.02). The half-life of dihydroartemisinin was shorter in the NVP group (1.6 versuss 3.2 h;P=0.004), but other dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged. A lower conversion of artesunate to dihydroartemisinin was observed in the NVP group (dihydroartemisinin: artesunate AUC0-96=5.6versuss 8.5 in NVP and control groups, respectively,P=0.008).Conclusion. Although NVP-containing ART impacted some pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, overall exposure was similar or better in the NVP group.
Analysis of Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Means to Assess Pluripotency
Authors: Sheridan Steven D. , Surampudi Vasudha , Rao Raj R.
Published: March 2012

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have core properties of unlimited self-renewal and differentiation potential and have emerged as exciting cell sources for applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, understanding of development, and disease etiology. Key among numerous criteria to assess pluripotency includes thein vivoteratoma assay that has been widely proposed as a standard functional assay to demonstrate the pluripotency of hiPSCs. Yet, the lack of reliability across methodologies, lack of definitive clinical significance, and associated expenses bring into question use of the teratoma assay as the “gold standard” for determining pluripotency. We propose use of thein vitroembryoid body (EB) assay as an important alternative to the teratoma assay. This paper summarizes the methodologies for creating EBs from hiPSCs and the subsequent analyses to assess pluripotency and proposes its use as a cost-effective, controlled, and reproducible approach that can easily be adopted to determine pluripotency of generated hiPSCs.
Portulaca oleraceaAmeliorates Diabetic Vascular Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in db/db Mice
Authors: Lee An Sook , Lee Yun Jung , Lee So Min , Yoon Jung Joo , Kim Jin Sook , Kang Dae Gill , Lee Ho Sub
Published: March 2012

Type 2 diabetes is associated with significantly accelerated rates of micro- and macrovascular complications such as diabetic vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of the aqueous extract ofPortulaca oleraceaL. (AP), an edible plant used as a folk medicine, on diabetic vascular complications. The db/db mice were treated with AP (300 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 weeks, and AP treatment markedly lowered blood glucose, plasma triglyceride, plasma level of LDL-cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure in diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, AP significantly increased plasma level of HDL-cholesterol and insulin level. The impairment of ACh- and SNP-induced vascular relaxation of aortic rings were ameliorated by AP treatment in diabetic db/db mice. This study also showed that overexpression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, MMP-2, and ET-1 were observed in aortic tissues of untreated db/db mice, which were significantly suppressed by treatment with AP. We also found that the insulin immunoreactivity of the pancreatic islets remarkably increased in AP treated db/db mice compared with untreated db/db mice. Taken together, AP suppresses hyperglycemia and diabetic vascular inflammation, and prevents the development of diabetic endothelial dysfunction for the development of diabetes and its vascular complications.
Management of Patients Presenting with Acute Subdural Hematoma due to Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm
Authors: Marbacher Serge , Tomasi Ottavio , Fandino Javier
Published: March 2012

Acute subdural hematoma is a rare presentation of ruptured aneurysms. The rarity of the disease makes it difficult to establish reliable clinical guidelines. Many patients present comatose and differential diagnosis is complicated due to aneurysm rupture results in or mimics traumatic brain injury. Fast decision-making is required to treat this life-threatening condition. Determining initial diagnostic studies, as well as making treatment decisions, can be complicated by rapid deterioration of the patient, and the mixture of symptoms due to the subarachnoid hemorrhage or mass effect of the hematoma. This paper reviews initial clinical and radiological findings, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and outcome of patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by acute subdural hematoma. Clinical strategies used by several authors over the past 20 years are discussed and summarized in a proposed treatment flowchart.
Lymphatics and Lymphangiogenesis in the Eye
Authors: Nakao Shintaro , Hafezi-Moghadam Ali , Ishibashi Tatsuro
Published: March 2012

Lymphatic is a prerequisite for the maintenance of tissue fluid balance and immunity in the body. A body of evidence also shows that lymphangiogenesis plays important roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as tumor metastasis and inflammation. The eye was thought to lack lymphatic vessels except for the conjunctiva; however, advances in the field, including the identification of lymphatic endothelial markers (e.g., LYVE-1 or podoplanin) and lymphangiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF-C), have revealed the exsitence and possible roles of lymphatics and lymphangiogenesis in the eye. Recent studies have shown that corneal limbus, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, orbital meninges, and extraocular muscles contain lymphatic vessels and that the choroid might have a lymphatic-like system. There is no known lymphatic outflow from the eye. However, several lymphatic channels including uveolymphatic pathway might serve the ocular fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, lymphangiogenesis plays important roles in pathological conditions in the eye including corneal transplant rejection and ocular tumor progression. Yet, the role of lymphangiogenesis in most eye diseases, especially inflammatory disease or edema, remains unknown. A better understanding of lymphatic and lymphangiogenesis in the eye will open new therapeutic opportunities to prevent vision loss in ocular diseases.
Protein Kinase C: One Pathway towards the Eradication of Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs
Authors: McKernan Lisa N. , Momjian David , Kulkosky Joseph
Published: March 2012

An effective means to eradicate latent reservoirs in HIV-1-infected individuals remains elusive. Attempts to purge these reservoirs were undertaken over a decade ago without success. The subsequent lapse in further clinical attempts since may have been justified as our knowledge of the mechanisms which underpin the latent state still evolves. Although additional novel molecular antagonists of HIV-1 latency have subsequently been reported, these candidate agents have not been tested in human trials for reservoir ablation. This review provides an overview of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway which can be modulated by small molecular agents to induce the expression of latent HIV-1 from within infected reservoir cells. Some of these agents have been tested against select cancers with seemingly tolerable side effects. As such, modulation of the PKC pathway may yet be a viable mechanism toward HIV-1 reservoir eradication.
Australian Alleculinae: New Genera, New Combinations, and a Lectotype Designation (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Matthews Eric G.
Published: March 2012

Litopous baehrigen. et sp. nov. andScaphinion clavatusgen. et sp. nov. are described. New combinations (previous genus in parentheses) areAethyssius minor(Carter) (TanychilusNewman),Homotrysis subopaca(Carter) (MetistetePascoe),Metistete armataCarter (HomotrysisPascoe),M. opaca(Carter) (Tanychilus),M. punctata(Carter) (MelapsCarter), andNocar subfasciatusCarter (TaxesChampion). A lectotype and two paralectotypes are designated forDimorphochilus diversicollisBorchmann which is removed from synonymy, and the genus is briefly discussed.
Modelling of Water Quality: An Application to a Water Treatment Process
Authors: Juntunen Petri , Liukkonen Mika , Pelo Marja , Lehtola Markku J. , Hiltunen Yrjö
Published: March 2012

The modelling of water treatment processes is challenging because of its complexity, nonlinearity, and numerous contributory variables, but it is of particular importance since water of low quality causes health-related and economic problems which have a considerable impact on people’s daily lives. Linear and nonlinear modelling methods are used here to model residual aluminium and turbidity in treated water, using both laboratory and process data as input variables. The approach includes variable selection to find the most important factors affecting the quality parameters. Correlations of∼0.7–0.9 between the modelled and real values for the target parameters were ultimately achieved. This data analysis procedure seems to provide an efficient means of modelling the water treatment process and defining its most essential variables.
Equilibrium Molecular Interactions in Pure Gases
Authors: Sedunov Boris I.
Published: March 2012

The equilibrium molecular interactions in pure real gases are investigated based on the chemical thermodynamics principles. The parallels between clusters in real gases and chemical compounds in equilibrium media have been used to improve understanding of the real gas structure. A new approach to the equilibrium constants for the cluster fractions and new methods to compute them and their significant parameters from the experimental thermophysical data are developed. These methods have been applied to some real gases, such as Argon and Water vapors and gaseous Alkanes. It is shown that the four-particle clusters make a noticeable contribution in the thermophysical properties of the equilibrium Water vapor. It is shown also that the effective bond energy for dimers in Alkanes linearly grows with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
In Situ Absorption in Rat Intestinal Tract of Solid Dispersion of Annonaceous Acetogenins
Authors: Dang Yun-Jie , Feng Han-Zhou , Zhang Limei , Hu Chun-Hui , Zhu Chun-Yan
Published: March 2012

Isolated fromAnnona squamosa L, Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) exhibit a broad range of biological properties yet absorbed badly due to the low solubility. Solid dispersion in polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) has been developed to increase the solubility and oral absorption of ACGs. The formulation of ACGS-solid dispersion was optimized by a simplex lattice experiment design and carried out by a solvent-fusion method. We studied the absorption property of ACGs in rat’s intestine, which showed there was a good absorption and uptake percentages with solid dispersion. The study on uptake percentage in different regions of rat’s intestine attested that the duodenum had the best permeability, followed by jejunum, ileum, and colon in order with no significant differences. So the paper drew the conclusion that solid dispersion could improve the solubility and oral absorption of annonaceous acetogenins.
Telomere Length Attrition, a Marker of Biological Senescence, Is Inversely Correlated with Triglycerides and Cholesterol in South Asian Males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Harte Alison L. , da Silva Nancy F. , Miller Michelle A. , Cappuccio Francesco P. , Kelly Ann , O’Hare Joseph P. , Barnett Anthony H. , Al-Daghri Nasser M. , Al-Attas Omar , Alokail Majed , Sabico Shaun , Tripathi Gyanendra , Bellary Srikanth , Kumar Sudhesh , McTernan Philip G.
Published: March 2012

South Asians have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) than white Caucasians, for a given BMI. Premature biological ageing, assessed by reduction in telomere length (TL), may be mediated by factors resulting from altered metabolic profiles associated with obesity. We hypothesise that ethnicity and metabolic status represent detrimental factors contributing to premature biological ageing. Therefore we assessed TL in two South Asian, age and BMI-matched cohorts [T2DM (n=142) versus non-T2DM (n=76)] to determine the effects of BMI, gender, lipid and CVD profile on biological ageing. Genomic DNA was obtained from the UKADS cohort; biochemical and anthropometric data was collected and TL was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Our findings indicated a gender-specific effect with reduced TL in T2DM men compared with non-T2DM men (P=0.006). Additionally, in T2DM men, TL was inversely correlated with triglycerides and total cholesterol (r=−0.419,P<0.01;r=−0.443,P<0.01). In summary, TL was reduced amongst South Asian T2DM men and correlated with triglycerides and total cholesterol. This study highlights enhanced biological ageing among South Asian, T2DM men, which appears to be tracked by changes in lipids and BMI, suggesting that raised lipids and BMI may directly contribute to premature ageing.
Active Vibration Control of a Microactuator for the Hard Disk Drive Using Self-Sensing Actuation
Authors: Sasaki Minoru , Inoue Yoshihiro , Yamada Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

This paper presents the self-sensing control of a microactuator for hard disk drives. The microactuator uses a PZT actuator pair installed on the suspension assembly. The self-sensing microactuator forms a combined sensing and actuation mechanism. Direct velocity feedback and positive position feedback are used in this paper. Our experimental results show that both strategies are effective in suppressing vibrational modes and successfully demonstrate the feasibility of using a self-sensing actuator on an HDD suspension assembly.
Predatory Behavior ofCanthon virens(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Predator of Leafcutter Ants
Authors: Forti Luiz Carlos , Rinaldi Isabela Maria Piovesan , Camargo Roberto da Silva , Fujihara Ricardo Toshio
Published: March 2012

We present a detailed description of the predatory behavior of the beetleCanthon virensMannerheim, 1829, on the leafcutter antAttasp. We observed 51 acts of predation, which were also recorded on film and subjected to behavioral analysis.Canthon virensexhibited 28 behaviors while predating uponAttasp. queens. Adult beetles search for queens while flying in a zigzag pattern, 15 to 20 cm above the ground. After catching a queen, the predator stands on its back and starts cutting the queen cervix. Once the prey is decapitated, the predator rolls it until an insurmountable obstacle is reached. The distance from the site of predation to the obstacle can vary widely and is unpredictable. The beetle rolling the queen also buries it in a very peculiar way: first, it digs a small hole and pulls the queen inside, while another beetle is attached to the prey. The burial process takes many hours (up to 12) and may depend on the hardness of the soil and the presence of obstacles. In general, one or two beetles are found in a chamber with the queen after it is buried. They make the brood balls, which serve as food for the offspring. This study contributes to the knowledge of the predatory behavior ofCanthon virens, a predator poorly studied in Brazil and widespread in the country.
Paclitaxel Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of the F8-IL2 Immunocytokine to EDA-Fibronectin–Positive Metastatic Human Melanoma Xenografts
Authors: Moschetta Michele , Pretto Francesca , Berndt Alexander , Galler Kerstin , Richter Petra , Bassi Andrea , Oliva Paolo , Micotti Edoardo , Valbusa Giovanni , Schwager Kathrin , Kaspar Manuela , Trachsel Eveline , Kosmehl Hartwig , Bani Maria Rosa , Neri Dario , Giavazzi Raffaella
Published: March 2012

The selective delivery of bioactive agents to tumors reduces toxicity and enhances the efficacy of anticancer therapies. In this study, we show that the antibody F8, which recognizes perivascular and stromal EDA-fibronectin (EDA-Fn), when conjugated to interleukin-2 (F8-IL2) can effectively inhibit the growth of EDA-Fn–expressing melanomas in combination with paclitaxel. We obtained curative effects with paclitaxel administered before the immunocytokine. Coadministration of paclitaxel increased the uptake of F8 in xenografted melanomas, enhancing tumor perfusion and permeability. Paclitaxel also boosted the recruitment of F8-IL2–induced natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor, suggesting a host response as part of the observed therapeutic benefit. In support of this likelihood, NK cell depletion impaired the antitumor effect of paclitaxel plus F8-IL2. Importantly, this combination reduced both the tumor burden and the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules. The combination did not cause cumulative toxicity. Together, our findings offer a preclinical proof that by acting on the tumor stroma paclitaxel potentiates the antitumor activity elicited by a targeted delivery of IL2, thereby supporting the use of immunochemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1814–24. ©2012 AACR.
Peptides Mimicking the Unique ARTS-XIAP Binding Site Promote Apoptotic Cell Death in Cultured Cancer Cells
Authors: Edison Natalia , Reingewertz Tali-Haviv , Gottfried Yossi , Lev Tali , Zuri Dotan , Maniv Inbal , Carp Marie-Jeanne , Shalev Gil , Friedler Assaf , Larisch Sarit
Published: March 2012

Purpose: XIAP [X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein] is the best characterized mammalian caspase inhibitor. XIAP is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, and genetic inactivation of XIAP in mice protects against lymphoma. Therefore, XIAP is an attractive target for anticancer therapy. IAP antagonists based on a conserved IAP-binding motif (IBM), often referred to as “Smac-mimetics,” are currently being evaluated for cancer therapy in the clinic. ARTS (Sept4_i2) is a mitochondrial proapoptotic protein which promotes apoptosis by directly binding and inhibiting XIAP via a mechanism that is distinct from all other known IAP antagonists. Here, we investigated the ability of peptides derived from ARTS to antagonize XIAP and promote apoptosis in cancer cell lines.

Experimental Design: The ability of synthetic peptides, derived from the C-terminus of ARTS, to bind to XIAP, stimulate XIAP degradation, and induce apoptosis was examined. We compared the response of several cancer cell lines to different ARTS-derived peptides. Pull-down assays were used to examine binding to XIAP, and apoptosis was evaluated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling, caspase activation, and Western blot analyses of caspase substrates.

Results: The C-terminus of ARTS contains a unique sequence, termed ARTS-IBM (AIBM), which is important for binding to XIAP and cell killing. AIBM peptides can bind to XIAP-BIR3, penetrate cancer cells, reduce XIAP levels, and promote apoptosis.

Conclusions: Short synthetic peptides derived from the C-terminus of ARTS are sufficient for binding to XIAP and can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. These results provide proof-of-concept for the feasibility of developing ARTS-based anticancer therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2569–78. ©2012 AACR.
The CXCR2 Antagonist, SCH-527123, Shows Antitumor Activity and Sensitizes Cells to Oxaliplatin in Preclinical Colon Cancer Models
Authors: Ning Yan , Labonte Melissa J. , Zhang Wu , Bohanes Pierre O. , Gerger Armin , Yang Dongyun , Benhaim Leonor , Paez David , Rosenberg David O. , Nagulapalli Venkata Kalyan C. , Louie Stan G. , Petasis Nicos A. , Ladner Robert D. , Lenz Heinz-Josef
Published: March 2012

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Recent studies showed that interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) are significantly upregulated in both the tumor and its microenvironment, and act as key regulators of proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Our previous study showed that IL-8 overexpression in colorectal cancer cells triggers the upregulation of the CXCR2-mediated proliferative pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the CXCR2 antagonist, SCH-527123, inhibits colorectal cancer proliferation and if it can sensitize colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin both in vitro and in vivo. SCH-527123 showed concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects in HCT116, Caco2, and their respective IL-8–overexpressing variants colorectal cancer cell lines. Moreover, SCH-527123 was able to suppress CXCR2-mediated signal transduction as shown through decreased phosphorylation of the NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/AKT pathway. These findings corresponded with decreased cell migration and invasion, while increased apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines. In vivo results verified that SCH-527123 treatment decreased tumor growth and microvessel density when compared with vehicle-treated tumors. Importantly, these preclinical studies showed that the combination of SCH-527123 and oxaliplatin resulted in a greater decrease in cell proliferation, tumor growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis that was superior to single-agent treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting CXCR2 may block tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In addition, CXCR2 blockade may further sensitize colorectal cancer to oxaliplatin treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(6); 1353–64. ©2012 AACR.