bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards High-Capacity Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Comparative Performance Study of Commercially Available Polymer Binders and Silicon Nanopowders
Authors: Brezesinski Torsten , Erk Christoph , Sommer Heino , Weidmann Christoph , Janek Juergen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Effect of Microwave Treatment On the Mn3+ Concentration of Spinel Cathode Material Studied By XPS, XRD and Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Jafta Charl Jeremy , Mathe Mkhulu K. , Manyala Ncholu , Ozoemena Kenneth I.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Improving the Stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 As a High-Power Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries By MgO Coating
Authors: Alva Gabriela , Kim Chunjoong , Yi Tanghong , Cabana Jordi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Impact of Selected Air Pollutants On Spatial PEMFC Performance
Authors: Reshetenko Tatyana V. , St-Pierre Jean
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Trend in Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Transition Metal Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Suntivich Jin , Shao-Horn Yang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
in Situ Electrochemical XAFS Study On ORR Activity and Degradation Behavior of Core-Shell Catalyst
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Orikasa Yuki , Takesue Yuki , Inoue Hideo , Nakamura Masashi , Minato Taketoshi , Hoshi Nagahiro , Uchimoto Yoshiharu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effective Diffusivity Measurement of Partially-Saturated Diffusion Media
Authors: Hwang Gi Suk , Grant Joseph , Weber Adam Z.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Novel Characterization Technique for the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Properties of a Gdl
Authors: Kuwertz Rafael , Turek Thomas , Kunz Ulrich
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Physico-Chemical Modeling of Degradation Phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Authors: Ghelichi Mahdi , Melchy Pierre-Éric Alix , Eikerling Michael
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Increase Porosity of Anodes in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells
Authors: Rice Cynthia A. , Bauskar Akshay , Mandal Pratiti , Litster Shawn
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Vertically-Oriented Polymer Electrolyte Nanofiber Catalyst Support for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Komini Babu Siddharth , Litster Shawn
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Oxygen-Reduction Reaction Analysis of Zirconium-Oxide Catalysts By Using EC-XPS
Authors: Matsumoto Masashi , Imai Hideto , Miyazaki Takashi , Fujieda Shinji , Ishihara Akimitsu , Ota Ken-ichiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In-Situ Vibrational Spectroscopy of Pt Oxides Formation On the Low Index Planes of Pt
Authors: Hoshi Nagahiro , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Sakai Nanami , Suzuki Syunsuke , Nakamura Tetsuya , Nakamura Masashi , Sugawara Seiho , Sekiba Toru , Shinohara Kazuhiko , Ikeda Katsuyoshi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Activity and Stability of Sub-Stoichiometric Titanium Oxide Supported Pt Nano-Particles
Authors: Ioroi Tsutomu , Nagai Tsukasa , Asahi Masafumi , Yamazaki Shin-ichi , Fujiwara Naoko , Siroma Zyun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Durability of Cathode Catalysts Under Gas Exchange Start-Up Operation for Fuel Cell Vehicles
Authors: Yamashita Yuya , Itami Shunsuke , Iwanari Toru , Takano Jun , Kodama Mika , Kakinuma Katsuyoshi , Hara Masanori , Uchida Makoto , Uchida Hiroyuki , Watanabe Masahiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Performance of Nitrogen-Modified Commercial Catalysts in Acid and Alkaline Media
Authors: Wood Kevin Nathaniel , Pylypenko Svitlana , Corpuz April , Joghee Prabhuram , Dameron Arrelaine , Dinh Huyen N. , Gennett Thomas , O'Hayre Ryan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Porous Ring Disk Electrode Model for Oxygen Reduction By Non-Precious Electrocatalysts
Authors: Calabrese Barton Scott , Leonard Nathaniel
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Fuel Permeability On MEA Performances Using Quaternized Multiblock Copolymers
Authors: Asazawa Koichiro , Nishino Eriko , Miyake Junpei , Uchida Makoto , Miyateke Kenji , Watanabe Masahiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In Situ Degradation Measurements of a DMFC By a Dynamic Hydrogen Reference Electrode
Authors: Aoun Nadia , Kunz Ulrich , Turek Thomas
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nickel-Cerium Alloys for Borohydride Oxidation
Authors: Santos Diogo M.F. , Sljukic Biljana , Macciò Daniele , Saccone Adriana , Sequeira Cesar , Amaral Luis
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Palladium Alloy Catalysts Synthesized By Sacrificial Support Method for the Electrooxidation of Ethylene Glycol in Alkaline Environment
Authors: Cremers Carsten , Bayer Domnik , Jung Florina , Jurzinsky Tilman , Serov Alexey , Atanassov Plamen , Pinkwart Karsten , Tübke Jens
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Transformation Study of Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole Using Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 Anode: Kinetics and Energy Cost Evolution
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Miwa Douglas W , Motheo Artur de Jesus
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Enhanced Photocurrent and Crystallinity of Modified Selenium Films With Underpotential Deposited Bismuth Or Lead
Authors: Coelho Dyovani , Machado Sergio Antonio Spinola
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Ordered Vanadium Oxide Inverted Opal Li-Ion Battery Electrodes and Optical Probing of Phase Changes
Authors: Armstrong Eileen , Khunsin Worawut , Osiak Michal , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M. , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Relationship between the Copper Complexes Condition in Aqueous Solution and Its Reduction Potentials to Synthesize CIGS Alloy Nano Materials
Authors: Fujiki Hironari , Yokoyama Shun , Takahashi Hideyuki , Tohji Kazuyuki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Charge and Molecular Transport At Large Area, Single Layer Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Ritzert Nicole L. , Rodríguez-López Joaquín , Tan Cen , Mann Jason A. , Dichtel William R. , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Structural Variation in the γ/β-MnO2 Series and Its Influence On Cathodic Cyclability
Authors: Donne Scott W , Bailey Mark R
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Grain Refinement Species On the Gold Electroplating in a Non-Cyanide Bath
Authors: Kim Minjeong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mass Transport and Electrochemical Factors Influencing Stainless Steel Pitting and Repassivation in Neutral Chloride Media
Authors: Srinivasan Jayendran , McGrath Michael , Kelly Robert G.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Investigation of Localized Corrosion and the Role of Transport in Lightweight Alloys Using Microkinetic Models With First-Principles Link
Authors: Chaudhuri Santanu , Sumer Aslihan , Xiao Jie , Losada Martin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Modeling of the Effect of Crystallographic Orientation On Pit Growth and Shape
Authors: Qidwai Siddiq M , Kota Nithyanand , DeGiorgi Virginia G
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Physically-Constrained Locations in Hlnw Isolation
Authors: Engelhardt George , Kursten Bruno , Macdonald Digby D
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Novel Application of the Scanning Vibrating Probe for Determination of Coupling Currents: Understanding the Mechanisms SCC in 5000 Series Al Alloys
Authors: Williams Krystaufeux Dormas , Bayles Robert , Natishan Paul M. , Macdonald Digby D
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterizaction of TiO2 Materials
Authors: Castañeda Ivan Erick , Uruchurtu Jorge Uruchurtu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Investigating Surfaces By Complimentary Chemical Spectroscopies
Authors: Halada Gary P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Enhancement-Mode Algaas/Ingaas Pseudomorphic High-Electron-Mobility Transistor With a Liquid Phase Oxidized GaAs As Gate Oxide
Authors: Huang Jung-Sheng , Lee Kuan-Wei , Lin Jyun-Jie , Wang Yeong-Her
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Tunable Resistance Coatings Prepared By Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Elam Jeffrey W. , Mane Anil U , Libera Joseph A. , Siegmund Oswald HW , McPhate Jason , Wetstein Matthew J , Elagin Andrey , Minot Michael J , O'Mahony Aileen , Wagner Robert G , Frisch Henry J. , Tong William M , Brodie Alan D. , Kidwingira Françoise , McCord Mark A. , Bevis Christopher F.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Investigation of Bomb Defects: Reducing the Defect From Perhydropolysilazane Layer On Semiconductor
Authors: Lee Chae Jung , Kim Yun Ho , Kim Jin Sung , OH Jung sook , Choi Byoung Deog
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Analysis of Addtive Role for Copper Electroplating Using Microfluidic Channel
Authors: Hayase Masanori , Agarita Yu , Egoshi Haruki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Light Scattering Investigation of 2D and 3D Opal Template Formation On Hydrophilized Surfaces for Ordered Porous Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Armstrong Eileen , Khunsin Worawut , Osiak Michal , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M. , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Efficient Electrochemical System for Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Yang Yuan , Lee Seok Woo , Cui Yi , Chen Gang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
SERS On Ag Dendrites Fabricated On Porous Aluminum Oxide During Anodizing of Electrodeposited Aluminum On Silver
Authors: Rafailovic Lidija D , Nowak Christoph , Rahel Jozef , Kleber Christoph
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Photoelectrochemical Stability of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in Different Solvents
Authors: Parajuli Suman , Alpuche-Aviles Mario A
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Label-Free Detection of Cardiac Troponin-I Using Carbon Nanofiber Based Nanoelectrode Arrays
Authors: Koehne Jessica E. , Periyakaruppan Adaikkappan , Gandhiraman Ram P. , Meyyappan Meyya
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Highly Reproducible SERS-Active Au Nanostructures Prepared By Simple Electrodeposition: Origin of SERS Activity for Electroanalytical Application
Authors: Choi Suhee , An Miri , Kim Jongwon
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Numerical Calculation MODEL Of SIO2 Film Etching By HF Aqueous Solution Using Single Wafer Wet Etcher
Authors: Habuka Hitoshi , Ohashi Shintaro , Mizuno Kosuke , Kinoshita Tetsuo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Use of a Simple Cavitation Cell Set-Up With Replaceable Single Band Filters for Analysis of Sonoluminescence Signal From Megasonic Irradiated Gasified Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Raghavan Srini , Han Zhenxing , Keswani Manish , Beck Mark , Liebscher Eric
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effective Defect Control in TiN Metal Hard Mask Cu/Low-k Dual Damascene Process
Authors: Kabansky Alexander , Tan Samantha S.H. , Hudson Eric A. , Delgadino Gerardo , Gancs Lajos , Marks Jeffrey
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Advanced Wafer Drying Technology for 1x Node and Beyond Using Surface Modification Method
Authors: Orii Takehiko , Watanabe Tsukasa , Toshima Takayuki , Nakamori Mitsunori , Egashira Keisuke , Ido Yasuyuki , Matsumoto Nobuaki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Translation of Particles to Wafers During Spin Coating
Authors: Extrand C. W. , Moon Sung In , Monson Loxie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of Plasma and Wet Processes on Si-Rich Anti-Reflective Coating to Address Selective Trilayer Rework for Sub-20nm Technology Nodes
Authors: Pollet Olivier , Sommer Romain , Lachal Laurent , Barnola Sebastien , De Buttet Come , Richard Claire , Jenny Cecile
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Study of InP Surfaces After Wet Chemical Treatments
Authors: Cuypers Daniel , Dorp Dennis H. van , Tallarida Massimo , Brizzi Simone , Rodriguez Leonard , Conard Thierry , Arnauts Sophia , Schmeisser Dieter , Adelmann Christoph , De Gendt Stefan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Quantitative Analysis of the Metallic Contamination On GaAs and InP Wafers By TXRF and ICPMS Techniques
Authors: Fontaine Hervé , Lardin Thierry
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of N-Rich TiN Capping Layer On Reliability in 20nm Gate-Last High-k/Metal Gate Mosfets
Authors: Bae Kidan , Lee Kyongtaek , Sagong Hyunchul , Choe Minhyeok , Lee Hyunwoo , Kim Sungeun , Kim Kwang-Soo , Park Junekyun , Pae Sangwoo , Park Jongwoo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Temperature Annealing of the Interface State Component of Negative-Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) in Mosfet Devices
Authors: Nguyen Duc , Kambour Kenneth , Kouhestani Camron , Hjalmarson Harold P. , Devine Roderick A.B.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Origins for Fermi Level Control in Metal/High-k/Si Stacks With Inserted Dielectric Layers
Authors: Eizenberg Moshe , Kornblum Lior
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Oxidation Models for Crystalline Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Mertens Robert George , Velez Victor H. , Sundaram Kalpathy B
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Vertical III-V Nanowire-Channels On Si
Authors: Tomioka Katsuhiro , Fukui Takashi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Theoretical Design of Desirable Stack Structure for Resistive Random Access Memories
Authors: Kamiya Katsumasa , Yang Moon Young , Magyari-Kope Blanka , Niwa Masaaki , Nishi Yoshio , Shiraishi Kenji
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Development of An All-Wet-Etch Process Chemistry for the Patterning of Metal Conductors in Igzo Thin-Film-Transistors
Authors: Leschkies Kurtis
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electron Band Alignment At Ge/Oxide and AIII-BV/Oxide Interfaces From Internal Photoemission Experiments
Authors: Afanas'ev Valery V. , Chou Hsing Yi , Houssa Michel , Stesmans Andre
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Materials Aspects Of Hematite-Based Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Dunwei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Heli
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Achieving High STH Efficiency and Corrosion Resistance: Theoretical Insights
Authors: Ogitsu Tadashi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Correlation Among Band Structure, Charge Transfer and Photocatalytic/ Photoelectrochemical Performance Of Semiconductors
Authors: Wu Nianqiang (Nick)
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of the Heterogeneous Catalyst Attachment Method On O2 Production of WO3 Photoanodes in Acidic Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Spurgeon Joshua M , Velazquez Jesus M
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Drug Screening Arrays At Protein/Protein Interfaces in Cancer
Authors: Krishnan Sadagopan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Regularities of Electroless Deposition of Silver On Porous Silicon for Fabrication of SERS-Active Substrates
Authors: Artsemyeva Ksenya , Bandarenka Hanna , Panarin Andrei , Terekhov Sergei N. , Bondarenko Vitaly P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Ultra-Narrow, High Aspect Ratio Trenches for Use in Miniaturized Poly-Sige Accelerometers
Authors: Ray Chaudhuri Ashesh , Helin Philippe , Severi Simone , Hoof Rita Van , Du Bois Bert , Tilmans Harrie , Francis Laurent , Witvrouw Ann
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Amyloid Conformation On the Response of Field Effect Transistor Biosensor to Sup35NM Protein
Authors: Hideshima Sho , Wustoni Shofarul , Kuroiwa Shigeki , Nakanishi Takuya , Koike-Takeshita Ayumi , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Interconfigurational d-f Luminescence of Ce3+ and Pr3+ in Double Phosphate Hosts
Authors: Bettinelli Marco
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Novel Luminescent and Photoconductive Copolymers
Authors: Cimrova Vera , Výprachtický Drahomír , Kmínek Ivan , Dzhabarov Vagif , Pokorná Veronika
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis Of Fluorescent Nanocomposites Constituted Of GdPO4:Eu3+ and Tb3+ Nanowires Embedded In A Silicon Polymer
Authors: Boyer Damien , Garrido Hernandez Aristeo , Potdevin Audrey , Chadeyron Geneviève , García Murillo Antonieta , de J. Carrillo Romo Felipe , Mahiou Rachid
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabrication and Spectral Investigation of Y2O3:Nd3+ Nano-Particles
Authors: Collins John , Di Bartolo Baldassare , Bilir Gokhan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Spectral Tuning in Nitride Phosphors By Compositional Tailoring
Authors: Xie Rong-Jun , Hirosaki Naoto , Takeda Takashi , Suehiro Takayuki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Li2FexMnyCozSiO4 Nanoparticles Incorporated CNTs As a Novel High Capacity Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Raina Supil , Hsu Shao Hua , Yilmaz Mesut , Akbulut Serkan , Kang Weng Poo , Huang Jin Hua
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(2013 ECS Battery Division Research Award Lecture) On the Challenge of Developing Rechargeable Li-Air Batteries: Is it Real?
Authors: Aurbach Doron , Sharon Daniel , Afri Michal , Frimer Aryeh A , Garsuch Arnd
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Facile Synthesis of Aliovalent Vanadium Doped High Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode With Extraordinary High Temperature Performance
Authors: Kim Min Chul , Jang Won Hee , Kim Hyo Sang , Kim Kwang Jin , Lee Yun Sung
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Dilatometric Study of Lithium Electrode During Its Cycling in Electrolyte Containing Lithium Polysulfides
Authors: Kolosnitsyn Vladimir , Ivanov Alexey , Mochalov Sergey , Kuzmina Elena
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Reactivity of Magnesium Ions With Sn-Based Binary Alloys
Authors: Kitada Atsushi , Kang Yuu , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Murase Kuniaki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Three-Dimensional Modeling the Thermal Behavior of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: YI Jaeshin , Lee Jeongbin , Shin Chee Burm , Han Taeyoung , Park Seongyong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Numerical Modeling of the Sulfur Poisoning Effect On the Ni-YSZ Porous Anode of SOFCs
Authors: Manafi Rasi Negar , Karan Kunal
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Si Fabrication Technologies for Biomedical Applications: Double Stranded DNA Separation
Authors: Majeed Bivragh , Zhang Lei , Tutunjyan Nina , Tezcan Deniz Sabuncuoglu , Fiorini Paolo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nanocomposites, Microfluidics, MEMS and Nems
Authors: Khosla Ajit
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nano-Pored Three-Dimensional PDMS Microchip
Authors: Lee Jeong Hoon , Han Sung Il , Yoo Yong Kyoung
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques for Quality and Safety Inspection of Agro-Food Products
Authors: Kim Moon Sung , Chao Kuanglin , Lefcourt Alan , Chan Diane
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Characterization and Validation of Phage Oligopeptide Probes for Detection of Salmonella Enterica serotypes Using a Magnetoelastic Sensor
Authors: Barbaree James M
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Microbeads for Sampling and Mixing in a Complex Sample
Authors: Owen Drew , Mao Wenbin , Ballard Matt , Alexeev Alex , Hesketh Peter J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Biosensor Based On Magnetic Resonance Relaxation
Authors: Sullivan Marianne , Prorok Bart
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Ethylene Sensor for Fruit Monitoring Based On An Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Oudenhoven Jos F. M. , Zevenbergen Marcel A. G. , Knoben Wout , Wouters Daan , van Schaijk Rob
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Development of a SMART Trap for Asian Ambrosia Beetles
Authors: KIM Dong-Joo , Park Hyejin , Gorzlancyk Austin , Jeong Jaeyoung , Chung Yoonsung , Held David
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of P-Type Na
x
Mn0.65Co0.18Ni0.17O2 cathode Material With High Capacity
Authors: Kataoka Riki , Mukai Takashi , Inoue Kenshi , Yoshizawa Akihiro , Sakai Tetsuo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Seeing Inside a Liquid Metal Battery
Authors: Chung Brice H.V. , Yin Huayi , Sadoway Donald R.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Study On Safety of Internal Short in Li-Ion Batteries for Electrical Vehicles
Authors: Kim Soojin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Stable Reversible Overcharge Protection for High-Voltage Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Chen Guoying , Wang Bin , Richardson Thomas
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Radical Cation Stability Vs. Redox Shuttle Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Odom Susan A , Ergun Selin , Poudel Pramod P. , Elliott Corrine Nina Faye , Ng Nelson
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Modified Water Soluble Binder for Graphite Anode in Li-Ion Battery: Towards a Better Binding Performance
Authors: Yuca Neslihan , Zhao Hui , Battaglia Vince , Liu Gao
Published: February 2020

In the secondary lithium ion batteries, polymeric binders provide sufficient mechanical strength to the electrodes. The type and amount selection and optimization of the binder may affect the mechanical properties and the electrochemical performance of anodes and may allow signiﬁcant improvements in the electrochemical capacity, efficiency, charging-discharging rate and cyclic life of battery. Poly(vinylidene diﬂuoride) (PVDF) which is the most widely used binder for Li-ion cells has good electrochemical stability and binding capability but has only solubility in an organic solvent. Poly-methacrylic acid (PMAA) is a water soluble binder which is environmentally friendly has been widely used in industry.

However, because of the rigidness of the PMAA polymer, the electrodes go through delamination during production process. We modified the PMAA polymer structure, while maintaining the water solubility, change it to a flexible material. Peel tests show that the graphite laminates using the modified-PMAA material have better binding performance compared to PMAA polymer. Further gain includes improvement of the electrolyte uptake property and improved cell performance for graphite half cells.
Modeling of Transport Mechanism of OH- in Electrolyte of Alkaline Fuel Cell
Authors: Nobuyuki Shimizu , Takaba HIromitsu
Published: February 2020

In recent years, interest has grown in the development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for alkaline fuel cells, which have advantages over PEM fuel cells including cost and performance. In a basic environment using AEMs, sluggish oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode can be significantly improved, leading to high fuel cell efficiency [1]. Catalysts are generally more stable in basic medium so that more options are available for the cathode catalysts from nonprecious metals (such as nickel and silver) and thus potentially reducing the cost of the fuel cells. However, problem exist the degradation by hydrolysis with a base, and development of the electrolyte film with high conductivity. Therefore, in this study, we reveal the electrolyte polymer which have the high conductivity by the molecular dynamics and compare two kinds of polymers and clarify structure to express the high conductivity (diffusibility). As a result we have found that coefficient of OH- increases as increase in the number of the sites of CH2
-N + (CH3)3, and the diffusivity in QPE (quaternized polyethers) is 2.538×10 -9 m2/s and that in PPESK(poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone keton)) is 8.579×10 -10 m2/s. We investigated that which is working predominantly, Grotthuss mechanism and Vehicle mechanism are thought as diffusion mechanism of OH|. We will reveal whether there is regularity in hydrogen bonding and movement of the molecules of the Grotthuss mechanism. Grotthuss mechanism has more diffusion than Vehicle mechanism, because Vehicle mechanism is the diffusion by the OH|moves between sites CH2
-N + (CH3) 3 and depends on the number of sites, but a lot of water molecules keep moving in the Grotthuss mechanism [2] . In addition, by the Grotthuss mechanism of OH|, in the case of molecular movement, OH|moved along conjugate of the hydrogen bonding and was able to confirm a regularity to form H3O2 and H5O3
+. This kind of diffusion behavior of OH|is completely different with that of H+. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism is also investigated using the data of molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry calculation for better understanding of the degradation of polymers by OH|.

Reference:

1. M. Tanaka, M. Koike, K. Miyatake, M. Watanabe, Macromolecules,
43, 2657 (2010)

2. G. Merle, M.Wessling, K. Nijmeijer, J. Membrane Science
377, 1 (2011)
Effect of CeO2 Infiltration on the Hybrid Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Ippolito Davide , Deleebeeck Lisa , Hansen Kent Kammer
Published: February 2020

The concept of Hybrid Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (HDCFC) uses a mixture of solid carbon with (Li-K-Na) carbonates, which melt at operating temperature, fed on top of a solid oxide anode. This setup offers several advantages: the presence of carbonates helps both to increase the contact between the solid carbon and the solid oxide electrode and to extend the electrolyte into the solid carbon. Furthermore the HDCFC allows the use of the current SOFC configuration, like commercial anode supported cells.

In this study the performance of anode supported NiO/YSZ│YSZ│LSM/YSZ cells towards direct carbon oxidation has been measured. Particularly, the effect of both CeO2 infiltration into the NiO/YSZ anode and CeO2 infiltration of solid carbon have been investigated between 750°C and 815°C through the use of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The impedance spectra are modeled and discussed with the objective to study the effect of CeO2 infiltration on the processes dominating the impedance response of the anode.

Figures 1 and 2 show the Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra for the CeO2 infiltrated anode cell and the blank cell, respectively. The spectra were recorded at open circuit potential at 815°C, 800°C and 760°C in the presence of 96% N2 and 4% CO2.
Catalyst Layer Durability: The Known Knowns and the Known Unkowns
Authors: Pharoah Jon G. , Harvey David , Karan Kunal , Bellemare-Davis Alexander
Published: February 2020

Catalyst durability and overall electrode longevity remains one of the key aspects required for PEM fuel cell commercialization. Focussing on platinum dissolution, key characteristics such as the operational conditions and the electrode composition have the capability to significantly influence the rate of overall surface area loss. However changes in the composition in turn affect other processes such as carbon corrosion and the baseline performance of the membrane electrode assembly. The mechanistic aspects of platinum dissolution and the key characteristics of the electrode layers are investigated and discussed in the context of increasing lifetimes and the effect on the baseline performance of the MEA. Further, specific characteristics of different Accelerated Stress Tests are discussed in the context the mechanism, surface coverage, and overall degradation rate.
State of the Art First Principles Computational Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of a Nano-Scale Catalyst
Authors: Han Byungchan
Published: February 2020

Understanding and controlling the electrochemical stability of nanometerscale catalyst is vital for securing long-term operation of fuel cells. Novel proporty of the increased surface to volume ratio achieved by particle size reduction leads to lower materials cost and higher efficiency, but there are questions as to whether the intrinsic stability of materials also decreases with particle size. In this presentation it is shown that state of the art ab initio computational electrochemistry enables us to to construct Pourbaix diagrams of nano-scale Pt catalysts which determines the stability, passivation, and dissolution behavior as a function of particle size and potential. These results identify underlying mechanism controlling the electrochemical stability of nanoparticles and thus, propose how to design durable catalysts in fuel cell architectures.
Carbon-Based Cerium(III)-Doped Lead Dioxide Anode
Authors: Haque Inam ul
Published: February 2020

Electro-catalytic activity of carbon based cerium doped lead dioxide anodes was investigated. Electrodes were prepared by electrodepositing lead dioxide on carbon based substrates from a bath comprising 1.0 M lead(II) nitrate and 0.1 M and cerium(III) nitrate. Polarization studies of cerium doped lead dioxide electrodes were carried out using 1.0 mM iso-propanol at scan rate 100 mV/min in a three electrode system as shown in Figure 1.

Electro-oxidation of chromium(III) to chromium(VI) was also carried out at the cerium doped lead dioxide electrode (area 30cm2) in a divided cell using 0.3 mM chromium(III) solution. Electrolysis was run for 20 hours and the electrolyte upon analysis by visible spectrophotometry yielded 77.4% conversion of chromium(III) to chromium(VI).

Figure 1: Anodic polarization curves: (a) bare carbon, (b) cerium(III)-doped lead dioxide and (c) cerium(III)-doped lead dioxide in 1.0 mM iso-propanol. Background electrolyte: 1.0 M sulphuric acid and E in volts vs. Ag/AgCl,Cl-

Reference:

J. Kong, S. Shi, L. Kong, X. Zhua and J. Ni, Preparation and characterization of lead dioxide electrodes doped with different rare earth oxides, Electrochim. Acta, 53, 2048 (2007)

*Presently at School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Amides
Authors: Becker James Y. , Golub Tatiana
Published: February 2020

Amide bonds are considered to be stable and therefore, difficult to break. So far, electrochemical oxidation of amides and lactams has afforded almost exclusively products stemming from alkoxylation (in alcohols) and acyloxylation (in acetic and formic acids) products at the α-position to nitrogen [1].

Anodic oxidation of ArNCOCH2Ph in acetonitrile affords low currents and not effective. The minor products obtained do not stem from a cleavage of the benzylic (PhCH2-CO) bond. However, the anodic oxidation of amides with more activated benzylic group such as ArNCOCHPh2undergo three types of bond-cleavage [2], of which routes A (between the benzylic carbon and the carbonyl group) and C (between the ‘N’ atom and aryl group) prevail, as illustrated below.

The selectivity of the cleavage and nature of emerged products is highly dependent on the nature of substituent attached to the aryl group. The type of products obtained and the mechanism involved will be discussed.

References

[1] S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein and R. C. Petersen, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1964, 86, 2745; Ibid., 1966, 88, 4657; M. Finkeistein, K. Nyberg, S. D. Ross and Servin, Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. B, 1978, 32b, 182; M. Lennartz, M. Sadakane and E. Steckhan, Tetrahedron, 1999, 55, 14407.

[2] T. Golub and J.Y. Becker, Org. Biomol. Chem. (OBC),
2012, 10, 3906.
Study of Prelithiated Silicon As Anode in Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Wu James
Published: February 2020

NASA is developing Ultra High Energy (UHE) lithium ion (Li-ion) cell designs and batteries for future exploration mission under NASA Advanced Space Power System project [1]. Development of silicon (Si) as an advanced anode is part of the effort for UHE Li-ion cell designs since Si is regarded as one of the most promising anode due to its high theoretical capacity (~10 times of graphite [2,3]) and its abundance on earth. However, there are challenges associated with using Si as a Li-ion anode mainly due to the significant volume change in Si particles upon Li alloying/de-alloying process. The volume change during the cycling results in degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and/or disintegration of the Si anode electrode, causing significant irreversible capacity loss at initial few cycles and subsequent rapid capacity fade [4].

The formation of SEI layer on Si is slow and difficult to form during the initial few cycles [5], and SEI formation process consumes lithium, which results in partial capacity loss irreversibly. As Si anode is incorporated into the Li-ion full-cell, the irreversible capacity loss at the initial few cycles is significantly higher, and subsequent capacity fade is much faster than those in the corresponding half-cell, which is due to the limited Li in the full-cell. In addition, the Si anode voltage rises quickly at the end of discharge because of the depletion of Li, as shown in Figure 1, which causes the higher cathode voltage cut-off, results in lower utilization of cathode and reduces the overall cell specific capacity. It is expected that the prelithiation of Si anode can help to overcome the initial irreversible capacity loss, lower the voltage rise at the end of discharge, reduce the capacity fade and extend the cycling life.

In this report, the impact of a prelithiated Si anode on SEI formation, the first cycle irreversible capacity loss and the capacity fade has been studied. Various prelithiation methods, including to apply stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) on top of Si anode by spray method has been investigated. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with SEM and other spectroscopy techniques are used to study the SEI formation of prelithiated Si anode vs. non-prelithiated Si anode. Full-cell with reference electrode is constructed to monitor Si anode voltage profile during the cycling and help to understand how prelithiated Si anode help to reduce the irreversible Li loss and extend the cycling life.

References:

[1] Mercer C. et al., “Energy Storage Technology Development for Space Exploration”, NASA/TM—2011-216964

[2] Besenhard, J. O.; Yang, J.; Winter, M. J. Power Sources
1997, 68, 87.

[3] Wen, C. J.; Huggins, R. A. J. Solid State Chem.
1981, 37, 271.

[4] Boukamp, B. A.; Lesh, G. C.; Huggins, R. A. J. Electrochem. Soc.
1981, 128, 725-729.

[5] Wu, J. J. and Bennett, W. R. “Fundamental Investigation of Silicon Anode in Lithium-Ion Cells”, NASA/TM, 2012-217739, E-18484
Current Collector Based on Thin Metal Layer for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Sang Woo , Choi Jae-Yong , Cho Kuk Young
Published: February 2020

Flexible lithium battery is an emerging and promising technology for the next generation of flexible devices in various applications such as rollup displays, smart cards, wireless sensors, and wearable computers. Flexible lithium battery requires a mechanical durability against repeated deformation that commonly occurs in flexible electronic devices.

Current collector of commercial lithium-ion battery is made of metallic foil. Metallic foil current collector often suffers from the generation of gap between electrode material and current collector interface under the bending and folding situation, resulting in capacity loss or poor performance at high rate. Thus, a novel metallic structure of current collector is highly needed to improve the performance of flexible lithium battery.

Here we introduce a novel thin metal layer current collector based on flexible polymeric substrate using RF-magnetron sputtering method.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea(2013K000288).

Reference

1. J.-Y. Choi, D. J. Lee, Y. M. Lee, Y.-G. Lee, K. M. Kim, J.-K. Park, K. Y. Cho, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, 2108.

2. J. H. Yun, G.-B. Han, Y. M. Lee, Y.-G Lee, K. M. Kim, J.-K. Park, and K. Y. Cho, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2011, 14, A116.

3. E.-H. Kil, K.-H. Choi, H.-J. Ha, S. Xu, J. A. Rogers, M. R. Kim, Y.-G. Lee, K. M. Kim, K. Y. Cho, and S.-Y. Lee, Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 1395.
W CMP Initiation Mechanism Study Using in-Situ Metrologies
Authors: Xu Kun , Liu Tzu-Yu , Shen Shih-Haur , Wang You , Carlsson Ingemar , Swedek Bogdan , Kitajima Tomohiko , Tu Wen-Chiang
Published: February 2020

W is used in contact metal and has recently been adopted as FinFet replacement gate metal [1]. In W CMP, the removal rate was usually low for an extended time followed by a high and relative constant rate. The W CMP removal mechanism was extensively studied from the chemical point of view [2, 3], but the low initial rate was not reported in the literature. Understanding the mechanism of this low initial rate would help to control W CMP performance more precisely.

The purpose of this work is to reveal the mechanism behind the low initial rate by using various in-situ metrologies on an Applied Materials CMP system [4].

EXPERIMENT

Different W films with varied morphologies were deposited under different deposition conditions using the Applied Materials Centura® system. W morphologies were characterized using Applied Materials SEMVision™. W films were then polished on an Applied Materials Reflexion®LK, using Cabot microelectronics W slurries (A and B with different abrasive types). During polish, optical reflectivity and real-time W thickness measurements were collected in-situ. Polish was stopped at different times and W film surface morphologies were studied and compared using a SEM field of view (FOV) of 1µm.

RESULTS

CVD W film has a rough surface. The degree of roughness is affected by atomic layer deposition (ALD) W precursor types and other deposition conditions. The larger the W grain size, the longer it took for polishing to transit the low rate initiation period as demonstrated by in-situ W thickness monitoring metrology when the film was polished using slurry A. This phenomenon was further confirmed with W slurry B using in-situ optical reflectivity metrology, in-situ W thickness metrology, and SEM images of W film surface morphologies. During the initiation period, optical reflectivity increased with polish time, then reached a stable value, indicating that the process of grain planarization was the root cause of the low initiation rate. W film with larger grain size had lower optical reflectivity and required more time to planarize the grain; the initiation time was also longer. It was not until the grain was planarized that the W film and polishing pad could make full contact and achieve high and stable friction to produce a high and stable removal rate. This study suggests that any removal rate study of W CMP should take into account the initiation: it is important to use consistent polish time and W film with consistent mophology to compare removal rates among different processes.

REFERENCE

1. Dick James, “Intel’s 22-nm Tri-gate Transistors Exposed,” http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/intels-22-nm-tri-gate-transistors-exposed/, April 23, 2012

2. W.A. Kneer et.al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (9), 3041, 1997.

3. Y. Seo et. al., Mat. Sci. and Eng. B 118281, 2005.

4. D. Bennett et. al., Semi. Fabtech, 22, 33, 2004.
(Invited) Quantum Capacitance Measurement of Bilayer Graphene
Authors: Nagashio Kosuke , Kanayama Kaoru , Nishimura Tomonori , Toriumi Akira
Published: February 2020

The ability to electrostatically tune the band gap in bilayer graphene attracts great attention. Although the theory predicts the band gap of ~250meV, the off-current is considerably reduced only at the temperature lower than 1 mK and generally high at room temperature. This is explained by the variable range hopping in gap states. However, there should be intrinsically no interface states in graphene because there is no dangling bonds on the basal plane. The origin for the gap states is still open question. Moreover, in the actual device operation, the high on-current as well as the low off-current are crucial. There are four sub-bands in bilayer graphene; two in the conduction bands and two in the valence bands. However, the contribution of the sub-bands to the electrical transport for on-current is quite limited due to the unreliable quality of the high-ktop gate insulator on bilayer graphene.

Recently, we demonstrate the ultra-high displacement of ~8 V/nm (n=~4×1013 cm-2) in bilayer graphene using the solid state Y2O3 top gate [1], which has been reached only by the ion gating so far. The ultra-high displacement provides the access to both the carrier response issue in the largely-opened band gap and the inter-band scattering issue at the high carrier density. In this study, we focus on the quantum capacitance (C
Q) measurements [2] for bilayer graphene because the density of states (DOS) can be extracted through C
Q=e
2
DOSand the scattering issues can be excluded. The frequency dispersion in C-V curve reveals that the carriers in bilayer graphene electrically communicate with trap sites within the band gap. The local breakdown of A-B stacking, which results in the local conduction sites, might be the origin for the gap states. Moreover, the systematic comparison of I-V and C-V curves reveals that the filling of carriers in the high energy sub-bands results in the reduction of the conductivity due to the inter-band scattering.

[1] K. Nagashio, K. Kanayama, T. Nishimura, A. Toriumi, IEDM Tech. 2013.

[2] K. Nagashio, T. Nishimura, A. Toriumi, APL, 2013, 102, 173507.
Growth of the Manganese Silicide/Silicon Nanowire Heterostructures and Their Physical Properties
Authors: Hsieh Yu-Shun , Huang Chun-Wei , Chiu Chung-Hua , Lu Kuo-Chang , Wu Wen-Wei
Published: February 2020

Metal silicide nanowires (NWs) are of great interesting materials with diverse physical properties. Among these silicides, manganese silicides nanostructures have been attracted wide attention due to their several potential applications, including microelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics and thermoelectric devices. In this work, we exhibited the formation of pure manganese silicide and manganese silicide/silicon nanowire heterostructures through solid state reaction with line contacts between manganese pads and silicon NWs. The growth process, structure and composition analysis of manganese silicide NWs have been investigated by in-situ ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy (UHV-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. The growth rates and the formation of various manganese silicide phases under thermal effect were systematically studied. We also characterized the dynamic diffusion of manganese atoms in the growth process and discussed the formation mechanism. Furthermore, we have investigated the electrical transport properties and fabricated field effect transistors (FETs) of the manganese silicide/silicon/manganese silicide nanowire heterostructures based devices. In addition to fundamental science, the significance of the study will be helpful for future processing techniques in nanotechnology and related applications.
Field Experience from Li-Ion Bess Delivering Primary Frequency Regulation in the Danish Energy Market
Authors: Swierczynski Maciej , Stroe Daniel Ioan , Teodorescu Remus , Laerke Rasmus , Kjaer Philip Carne
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Li-ion batteries, after dominating the sector of portable electronics, are currently entering into a new market of the short and medium time stationary energy storage applications. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are considered to play a key role in the integration of the renewables in the grids of the high wind energy penetration and to participate in the future grids ancillary services. Nevertheless, they are currently missing market mechanisms and incentives for ESSs, which could attract potential investors and be economic viable.

This paper will present results and one year field experience gained from operation of the 1.6MW /0.4MWh Li-ion battery energy storage (BESS) demonstrator used for providing primary frequency regulation on the Danish market. Moreover, the results from the periodic check-ups of the Li-ion BESS performance degradation and ageing will be presented.

System description

The ESS, located in Western Denmark, is composed of two Li-ion battery containers connected in parallel, through the power converter system, to the MV bus of the transformer, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The first ESS (ESS1) is based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4/C) battery cells (3.3V/2.3Ah) and it can deliver 0.4 MW/ 0.1MWh. The second ESS (ESS2) is based on lithium titanate oxide (LMO2/Li4Ti5O12) battery cells (2.3V/60Ah) and it can deliver 1.2 MW/ 0.3MWh.

Lifetime

Periodical reference performance tests of the both Li-ion BESSs were performed for a period of one year in order to determine and analyze the performance degradation, which is caused by delivering the PFR service. The reference performance tests consists of capacity test, hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC test) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on some battery modules removed from the BESS for a duration of the reference performance tests.

Economic analyses

High prices of the primary frequency regulation service, low BESS utilization factor and low depth of discharge cycles (Fig. 2) are making this service potentially economic viable on the Danish market. Thus, economic calculations will be provided including revenues, predicted lifetime of the BESSs and auxiliary power consumption (cooling systems of the BESS, cooling of the converter, etc).