bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced bacillary load in elderly patients with active extrapulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Peru: analysis of confirmatory culture after acid-fast bacilli test
Authors: Moya-Salazar Jeel , Samán Jonathan , Pasco Israel A. , Moya-Salazar Marcia M. , Rojas-Zumaran Víctor , Contreras-Pulache Hans
Published: November 2024

Background

Older adults with tuberculosis (TB) present unusual clinical features and can be challenging to diagnose. Culture after evaluation of sputum smear (AFB) may result in improved diagnosis performance, however it has not yet been evaluated in Peruvian older adults. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic relation of TB culture after the AFB in patients aged ≥ 65 years derived for the diagnosis of pulmonary (PTB) and extra-pulmonary (EPTB) in Lima, Peru.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was developed in Lima, Peru, in order to evaluate the relationship of TB culture after AFB test in older adults (≥ 65 years) during the PTB and EPTB diagnosis. The frequency of contaminated cultures and the discrepancies between the conventional AFB test and Ogawa-Kudoh culture were analyzed.

Results

Of the 10,461 sputum and 2,536 extrapulmonary samples analyzed during 2015–2017, PTB was diagnosed in 282 (2.7%) and EPTB in 88 (3.5%), respectively. The performance of AFB in the diagnosis of PTB had a sensitivity of 78.2% and specificity of 99.8%. The performance of AFB in EPTB had a sensitivity of 45.5% and specificity of 99.9%. Negative AFB with positive culture was more frequent in ≥ 82 years (p = 0.031). We determined a good agreement in the diagnosis of PTB (κ = 0.84) and moderate for EPTB (κ = 0.55).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that diagnosis through culture should be performed after the AFB smear evaluation due to the moderate performance of AFB, especially in patients ≥ 82 years old.
Changes in gut flora in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: He Xingyan , Zhang Yuxin
Published: November 2024

Background

Epilepsy is a prevalent chronic neurological disorder that is strongly associated with a wide range of psychological, cognitive and social problems. It affects a significant proportion of the global population and has a number of complex etiologies. A growing body of research indicates that there is a strong association between epilepsy and the gut microbiota. Indeed, a substantial body of research has investigated the potential role of epilepsy in relation to the gut microbiota, examining alterations in the abundance, diversity, and relative abundance of the gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy.

Methods

This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and included multiple studies that met specific criteria. A keyword search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two independent researchers. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between patients with epilepsy and gut flora was conducted using the R 4.3.4 software.

Results

The results of the analyses indicated that the intestinal flora of patients with epilepsy did not differ significantly in alpha diversity compared to healthy controls. However, the relative abundance of specific flora, such as Verrucomicrobia and Ackermannia was significantly increased in patients, whereas Lactobacillus was significantly decreased.

Conclusion

The relationship between epilepsy and gut flora is reciprocal. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that there were no statistically significant alterations in the overall characteristics of the intestinal flora of the patients. However, significant changes were observed in the relative abundance of certain phyla and genera. Consequently, it is hypothesized that epilepsy can cause changes in the relative abundance of specific flora in patients. Furthermore, in conjunction with previous studies, it is believed that changes in intestinal flora can also have an effect on seizures. For example, Lactobacillus may be a beneficial genus that potentially reduces seizures. Conversely, the effect of Akkermansia is two-sided.
Identification of altered immune cell types and molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease progression by single-cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Lin Hua , Su Li , Mao Daniel , Yang Grace , Huang Qi , Lan Yating , Zeng Jingyi , Song Wenyi , Liang Guining , Wei Qingyan , Zou Donghua , Li Rongjie , Zou Chanhua
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual loss of cognitive function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Methods

Data from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in the GSE181279 dataset and gene chips in the GSE63060 and GSE63061 datasets were collected and analyzed to identify immune cell types and differentially expressed genes. Cell communication, pseudotime trajectory, enrichment analysis, co- expression network, and short time-series expression miner were analyzed to identify disease-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms.

Results

We identified eight cell types (B cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, gamma-delta T cells, CD8+ T cells, Tem/Temra cytotoxic T cells, Tem/Trm cytotoxic T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells) using scRNA-seq. AD samples were enriched in monocytes, CD8+ T cells, Tem/Temra cytotoxic T cells, and Tem/Trm cytotoxic T cells, whereas samples from healthy controls were enriched in natural killer and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Five co-expression modules that were identified through weighted gene correlation network analysis were enriched in immune- inflammatory pathways. Candidate genes with higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values were screened, and the expression trend of Ubiquitin-Fold Modifier Conjugating Enzyme 1 (UFC1) gradually decreased from healthy controls to mild cognitive impairment and then to AD.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that peripheral immune cells may be a potential therapeutic target for AD. Candidate genes, particularly UFC1, may serve as potential biomarkers for progression of AD.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and exploration of prognostic factors: a case series
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Yang Junfeng , Fan Yu , Jiang Changchun
Published: November 2024

Background

This study examined the etiology, treatment response, and prognosis of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) at a single institution.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with CVST between January 2016 and December 2020 at Baotou Central Hospital. The data were collected from patient charts, including sex, age, comorbidities, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol drinking, symptoms at onset, radiological location, examinations, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) at admission, National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) at admission, modified Rankin scale (mRS) at admission, and treatments.

Results

The study included 31 patients (13 males and 18 females) aged 39.0 (interquartile range, 30.0–53.0) years. Three (9.7%) patients had a history of hypertension, one (3.2%) had a history of stroke, four (12.9%) had thrombotic disorders, six (19.4%) were pregnant (including three who delivered), four (12.9%) were smoking, and four (12.9%) were drinking alcohol. The GCS at admission was 15.0 (IQR, 15.0–15.0), the NIHSS at admission was 0.0 (IQR, 0.0–2.0), and the mRS at admission was 0.0 (IQR, 0.0–0.0). The patients were grouped according to their mRS (>0 vs. 0); there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the patient characteristics (all p > 0.05). Only an NIHSS of >0 at follow-up was associated with a 3-month mRS >0 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The median age of the patients with CVST was 39 years. The majority were female (58%), 13% had thrombotic disorders, and 19% were or were recently pregnant. Only a NIHSS of >0 at follow-up was associated with a 3-month mRS >0.
A neuromorphic event data interpretation approach with hardware reservoir
Authors: Li Hanrui , Kumar Dayanand , El-Atab Nazek
Published: November 2024

Event cameras have shown unprecedented success in various computer vision applications due to their unique ability to capture dynamic scenes with high temporal resolution and low latency. However, many existing approaches for event data representation are typically algorithm-based, limiting their utilization and hardware deployment. This study explores a hardware event representation approach for event data utilizing a reservoir encoder implemented with analog memristor. The inherent stochastic and non-linear characteristics of the memristors enable the effective and low-cost feature extraction of temporal information from event streams as a reservoir encoder. We propose a simplified memristor model and memristor-based reservoir circuit specifically for processing dynamic visual information and extracting feature in event data. Experimental results with four event datasets demonstrate that our approach achieves superior accuracy over other methods, highlighting the potential of memristor-based event processing system.
Neural oscillations and memory: unraveling the mechanisms of anesthesia-induced amnesia
Authors: Liu Hui , Yang Zhanfei , Chen Yuxuan , Yang Fei , Cao Xue , Zhou Gao , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2024

General anesthesia is a widely used medical practice, affecting more than 300 million patients annually. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms through which anesthetic agents induce amnesia remain poorly understood. This review explores the impact of general anesthetics on memory function, with a particular focus on the role of neural oscillations in anesthesia-induced memory suppression. Neural oscillations, such as theta, gamma, delta oscillations, slow oscillations (SO), spindles, and sharp wave ripples (SWR), are critical for memory formation and consolidation. Various anesthetics modulate these oscillations in ways that affect memory, even at subanesthetic concentrations. We highlight recent findings on the molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms by which general anesthetics influence memory-related neural oscillations, including the inhibition of synaptic plasticity, alterations in spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), and disruption of cross-frequency couplings like theta-gamma and SO-spindle-SWR. Additionally, the review addresses the significance of age in anesthesia-related memory loss, with elderly patients being particularly vulnerable to long-term cognitive decline. Electrophysiological techniques, such as Electroencephalography (EEG); and advanced neuromodulation techniques, such as chemogenetics, and optogenetics, have provided insights into the neural dynamics underpinning anesthesia-induced amnesia, yet the causal relationship between EEG rhythms and memory impairment remains to be fully elucidated. This review underscores the importance of further research into the interaction between anesthesia, neural oscillations, and memory. Understanding these mechanisms will not only advance theoretical knowledge of general anesthesia but also aid in the development of safer anesthetic strategies to mitigate postoperative cognitive dysfunction, especially in high-risk populations.
Harnessing the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Allium spp.: current insights and future directions
Authors: Gorrepati Kalyani , Krishna Ram , Singh Saurabh , Shirsat Dhananjay V. , Soumia P.S. , Mahajan Vijay
Published: November 2024

Apart from the culinary usage, Alliums are known for their therapeutic potential since antiquity. Alliums contain diverse bioactive compounds such as, sulfur-containing compounds (allicin, diallyl sulfides), flavonoids, and saponins. These compounds have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective activities and treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Despite encouraging preclinical results, translating these findings into clinical practice remains difficult, necessitating more rigorous human trials and molecular research. One of the major constrain in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of these bioactive compound is to develop large-scale extraction techniques besides improving their stability, solubility, and bioavailability. The current scenario urges to focus research on optimizing the bioavailability of these compounds, evaluate their synergistic effects with existing therapies, as well as their long-term safety. This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of Allium spp. and suggests the key avenues for future research aiming at realising their full clinical potential.
Modification of the active centre of nattokinase to enhance its thermostability using a strategy based on molecular dynamics simulation, steered dynamics simulation, and conservative prediction
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhu Wenhui , Chen Liangqi , Tang Xiyu , Ma Aixia , Ma Yuwei , Li Tongli , Li Xingrui , Ma Ye , Li Jinyao
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The poor thermostability of nattokinase represents a significant limitation in its potential applications. Additionally, there is a notable absence of studies focused on modifying residues within the active site region of nattokinase with the aim of enhancing its catalytic properties. Furthermore, the direct utilisation of directed evolution often yields unfavourable outcomes, with a considerable workload being a common consequence.

Methods

In order to solve the above problems, a new method based on molecular dynamics simulation, steered dynamics simulation and conservative analysis with site-directed mutagenesis was proposed to screen nattokinase mutants with improved thermal stability. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to explain the mechanism of catalytic performance improvement of positive mutants. Finally, the fermentation process of the positive mutant was optimized.

Results and discussion

Based on these findings, the mutant A216K was selected for a 5.7-fold increase in half-life at 55°C with a small increase in activity, which further enhanced the mutation library of the thermal stability enhancement site in the enzyme’s active centre. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the enhancement of the number of hydrogen bonds within the protein and between the protein and the solvent, as well as the augmentation of the rigidity around the calcium ion binding site and the mutation site, were the primary factors contributing to the improvement of the thermal stability of A216K. It is anticipated that this strategy will provide novel insights into enzyme engineering research.
Addressing knowledge and behavior gaps in breast cancer risks: implications for health promotion and intervention strategies
Authors: Effiong Magdalene Eno , Afolabi Israel Sunmola , Chinedu Shalom Nwodo
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The growing incidence and high mortality rate of breast cancer (BC) in Nigeria is attributed to increased risk levels, poor prognosis and late detection.

Methods

This study aimed at identifying education-based disparities in BC risk knowledge, lifestyle/ dietary patterns among females in Ogun state, Nigeria. Questionnaires were used to obtain data from 1135 study participants across various levels of education and analyzed using Epi-info software and Graphpad prism.

Results

The lifestyle/dietary pattern assessment revealed that the participants in the secondary level smoked the most (4.50%), accompanied by high red wine (31.00%), fruits and vegetable (73.00%) consumption. Graduates had the highest antibiotics intake (54.50%) and alcohol consumption (12.00%), the undergraduates were the most physically inactive (63.90%) with the highest consumption of carbonated drinks (73.90%), postgraduates consumed red meat/smoked foods the most (70.70%).

Discussion

The knowledge of BC risk positively impacted carbonated drinks, physical inactivity, smoking, antibiotics and alcohol intake. However, it did not affect family history, red meat/smoked foods, fruits and vegetables consumption. Overall, Education has an impact on the knowledge of BC risks which influences the lifestyle/dietary patterns of females in Nigeria.
Rhus verniciflua stokes extract, a traditional herbal medicine, combined with first-line chemotherapy for unresectable locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer: a prospective observational pilot study
Authors: Jin Hayun , Lee Su Hyeon , Kim Eun Hye , Park Su Bin , Park Namyoung , Joo Kwang Ro , Yoon Seong Woo
Published: November 2024

Pancreatic cancer is among the most lethal cancers with limited treatment options. Traditional herbal medicines have been explored as potential adjunct therapies for enhancing the effectiveness of standard chemotherapies. In this study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) in combination with first-line chemotherapy for unresectable locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer in a prospective setting. This prospective observational pilot study enrolled patients with confirmed inoperable stage III or IV pancreatic cancer undergoing or scheduled to receive 5-fluorouracil-based or gemcitabine-based first-line chemotherapy with RVS treatment and were followed up for up to 20 months. The primary endpoint was the safety profile of RVS, which was assessed through adverse events. The secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis identified possible prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Of the enrolled 25 patients, 18 completed the follow-up. The median RVS treatment duration was 6.14 months (range 2.23–8.01 months) and the median RVS daily dose was 3.8 capsules/day (range 2.1–5.7 capsules/day). RVS showed a favorable safety profile, with only one case of non-severe pruritus possibly related to RVS treatment. No hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity related to RVS was reported. The ORR and DCR were 5.6% and 72.2%, respectively. The median PFS and OS were 7.24 months (95% CI: 3.15–12.9) and 13.9 months (95% CI: 1.14–27.72), respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that baseline CA19-9 level was an independent prognostic factor for OS, and the daily dose of RVS was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS. In conclusion, RVS can be administered safely to patients with unresectable locally advanced metastatic pancreatic cancer who are undergoing first-line chemotherapy, and the daily dose was an independent prognostic factor for cancer survival. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted to confirm the exact benefits of RVS treatment.

Clinical trial registration

https://cris.nih.go.kr, identifier KCT0007496.
Case Report: Early acute kidney failure in an 11-year-old boy with Dent disease type 1
Authors: Murphey Nicolette , Authement Craig , Hillman Paul , Al-Akash Samhar I. , Richardson Kate
Published: November 2024

Dent disease type 1 (Dent 1) is a rare X-linked genetic condition which impacts kidney function and is caused by pathogenic variants in CLCN5. Affected males typically develop low molecular weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and other symptoms. Kidney failure often occurs between the third to fifth decade of life. Here, we report an 11-year-old boy with Dent 1 and a severe kidney disease phenotype. The patient presented with flank pain, nocturnal enuresis, foamy urine, and increased urinary frequency. He was found to have nephrotic-range proteinuria, without hypoalbuminemia, and a significantly decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate at presentation. Further, he did not have hypercalciuria. His family history was remarkable for kidney disease among several relatives including a maternal half-brother and two sons of a maternal great aunt. Due to his symptoms and a strong family history, the patient underwent genetic testing that detected a novel pathogenic variant in CLCN5 [c.791dup (p.Ser265Glnfs*3)]. Given the variability of symptoms among family members and the early onset of severe symptoms in this young patient compared to prior literature, we encourage genetic testing for Dent disease in similarly affected individuals.
Causal relationship between the composition of the Gut Microbiota and central precocious puberty: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Chen Minhong , Huang Xueqin , Huang Wanhong , Ding Chuangang
Published: November 2024

Background

Previous observational research has demonstrated a possible association between the gut microbiota (GM) and central precocious puberty (CPP). Nevertheless, whether there is a causal relationship between the GM and CPP is uncertain due to the possibility of confounding factors influencing the result.

Methods

We collected summary data from genome-wide association studies of the GM (MiBioGen, n = 18,340) and CPP (FinnGen Consortium, 185 case groups and 395,289 controls). Most of the participants were of European origin. Mendelian randomization analysis was utilized to investigate the causal relationship between the GM and CPP using the inverse-variance weighted average technique, the weighted median, and Mendelian randomization Egger. The reliability of the results was evaluated using the leave-one-out test and sensitivity analyses, including heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy testing.

Results

According to the inverse-variance weighted average technique, there was a substantial correlation between CPP and the composition of the GM. Specifically, the relative abundance of the genus Bacteroides (OR 0.222, 95% CI 0.06–0.822, P = 0.024) and Alistipes (OR 0.197, 95% CI 0.056–0.697, P = 0.012), and others, showed significant associations. Furthermore, associations with the phylum Euryarchaeota, the orders Gastranaerophilales, and Rhodospirillales, the families Bacteroidaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae were also observed. Sensitivity analyses and the leave-one-out test generated positive results for the genus Alistipes, implying that this genus is reliable and reduces the risk of CPP.

Conclusions

The composition of the GM may have a causal effect on CPP. The present finding that Alistipes may be protective against CPP is expected to offer novel insights into the management of CPP.
The association between VEGF genetic variations and the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Golshan-Tafti Mohammad , Bahrami Reza , Dastgheib Seyed Alireza , Hosein Lookzadeh Mohamad , Mirjalili Seyed Reza , Yeganegi Maryam , Aghasipour Maryam , Shiri Amirmasoud , Masoudi Ali , Shahbazi Amirhossein , Azizi Sepideh , Noorishadkam Mahmood , Neamatzadeh Hossein
Published: November 2024

Objective

Previous studies on the link between VEGF gene polymorphisms and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis sought to clarify the relationship between genetic variations in the VEGF gene and the risk of BPD.

Methods

Data were collected from multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and CNKI, up to January 5, 2024.

Results

Nineteen case-control studies were analyzed, featuring 1,051 BPD cases and 1,726 healthy neonates. The analysis included four studies on the −460T/C polymorphism (312 cases, 536 controls), four on the −2578C/A polymorphism (155 cases, 279 controls), six on the +405G/C polymorphism (329 cases, 385 controls), and five on the +936C/T polymorphism (225 cases, 526 controls). The meta-analysis suggests that the −460T/C polymorphism may protect against BPD (C vs. T: OR = 0.715, 95% CI 0.543–0.941, p = 0.017; CC vs. TT: OR = 0.478, 95% CI 0.233–0.983, p = 0.045; CC vs. CT + TT: OR = 0.435, 95% CI 0.248–0.764, p = 0.004). No significant associations were found between the −2578C/A, +405G/C, and +936C/T polymorphisms and BPD susceptibility.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis indicates that the C allele of the −460T/C polymorphism may offer protection against BPD. No significant associations were observed for the −2578C/A, +405G/C, and +936C/T polymorphisms.
Novel genomic variants influencing methotrexate delayed clearance in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Choi Jung Yoon , Kwon Hoshik , Kim Hyery , Hong Kyung Taek , Ma Youngeun , Koh Kyung-Nam , Yun Sunmin , Yoo Keon Hee , Song Sang Hoon , Im Ho Joon , Kim Ju Han , Kang Hyoung Jin
Published: November 2024

Background

Methotrexate (MTX) is the primary drug used in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, some patients exhibit delayed clearance of high-dose (HD) MTX, which induces severe nephrotoxicity, mucositis, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. We sought to identify relevant variants associated with delayed clearance of HD-MTX in pediatric patients with ALL.

Methods

Whole-exome sequencing of germline DNA was performed in 51 Korean pediatric patients with ALL. A total of 341 HD-MTX infusion data points from 51 patients were analyzed. MTX levels and laboratory measurements reflecting toxicity outcomes were obtained. Correlations between peak serum MTX levels at 24 h and toxicity outcomes were assessed. Analyses were performed to identify variants affecting delayed MTX clearance.

Results

The 24 h MTX level strongly correlated with the subsequent creatinine (Cr) level. Moreover, rs2229866 in contactin 2 (CNTN2), rs200687372 in myotubularin Related Protein 9 (MTMR9), rs777260512 in polymerase iota (POLI), rs16954698 in polycystic kidney disease 1-like 2 (PKD1L2), rs117765468 in NSE1 Homolog, SMC5-SMC6 Complex Component (NSMCE1), and rs1800956 in endoglin (ENG) were identified as candidate variants associated with delayed MTX clearance. In particular, ENG rs1800956 was significantly associated with delayed MTX clearance in all analyses and PKD1L2 rs16954698 was replicated in an external dataset (phs000637.v1.p1) from the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP).

Conclusion

This is the first whole-exome sequencing-based analysis of delayed MTX clearance in pediatric patients with ALL. ENG rs1800956 and PKD1L2 rs16954698 were found to be potentially influential variants associated with delayed MTX clearance. These findings provide insights into HD-MTX-induced nephrotoxicity and may contribute to reducing adverse reactions through treatment modification.
In vitro anti-prostate cancer efficacy and phytochemical composition of the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Vitex doniana (sweet)
Authors: Moriasi Gervason , Ngugi Mathew , Mwitari Peter , Omwenga George
Published: November 2024

Background

Prostate cancer is a significant global health concern, particularly among ageing male populations, with a disproportionately higher burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Conventional treatments, though effective, are costly and cause devastating side effects which limit their clinical benefits. Hence, this study evaluated the in vitro antiprostate cancer properties and secondary metabolites of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate lead extracts of Vitex doniana to explore safer and efficacious natural alternatives based on ethnomedicinal claims.

Methods

Phytochemical profiling was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify secondary metabolites in the extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined through the MTT assay using Vero CCL-81 cells and DU-145 cells. The expression profile of the selected genes (ar, bcl2, caspase-3, cdk1, and p53) in DU-145 cells treated with the study extracts was investigated using RT-qPCR.

Results

GC-MS analysis revealed 10 secondary metabolites in the dichloromethane extract and 27 secondary metabolites in the ethyl acetate extract of V. doniana leaves, with the majority being sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids, and phytosterols. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of V. doniana exhibited low cytotoxicity against normal mammalian epithelial cells (Vero CCL-81), with CC50 values of 1,238.85 μg/mL and 964.81 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, the ethyl acetate leaf extract of the studied plant demonstrated potent anti-prostate cancer activity against DU-145 cells, with an IC50 of 35.68 μg/mL and a high selectivity index (SI) of 27.04. Likewise, the dichloromethane leaf extract of this plant displayed cytotoxic effects (IC50: 287.01 μg/mL) and a selectivity index of 4.32. The reference drug (Doxorubicin) showed a higher toxicity against Vero CCL-81(IC50: 0.41 μg/mL) and DU-145 (IC50: 0.28 μg/mL) cells and a lower selectivity index of 1.46. The DU-145 cells treated with the studied plant extracts exhibited notable upregulation of ar and bcl2, and normalization of caspase 3, cdk1 and p53 expression.

Conclusion

The studied plant extracts possess in vitro anti-prostate cancer properties and could be promising candidates for further preclinical studies aimed at developing novel botanical-based therapies for the management of prostate cancer.
Impact of co-administration of apricot kernels and caffeine on adult male diabetic albino rats
Authors: Nour El-Deen Ahmed El Sayed , Taha Ahmad Mohamad , Elsayed Almoatazbellah , Ali Ahmed Noaman , Taha Reda Samir
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of apricot kernels and caffeine on blood glucose, lipid profile, insulin secretion, and antioxidant effect in diabetic rats. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with apricot kernels, diabetic rats treated with caffeine, and diabetic rats treated with apricot kernels plus caffeine. Fasting samples were collected at the end of the study for analysis, and pieces of liver and pancreatic tissues were removed for histological analysis. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a significant increase in insulin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the kernel and caffeine-treated groups. However, there was little histological alteration in the liver or pancreas, and no significant differences were observed in the histological findings between groups. Overall, it can be concluded that apricot kernel and caffeine had a positive effect in decreasing blood glucose and harmful lipid profile and that caffeine had a synergistic effect on the apricot kernel.
Variations in DNA methylation and the role of regulatory factors in rice (Oryza sativa) response to lunar orbit stressors
Authors: Du Xiaohui , Zhang Yan , Zhang Meng , Sun Yeqing
Published: November 2024

Deep space flight imposes higher levels of damage on biological organisms; however, its specific effects on rice remain unclear. To investigate the variations in DNA methylation under deep space flight conditions, this study examined rice seeds carried by Chang’e-5. After 23 days of lunar orbital flight, the samples were planted in an artificial climate chamber and subjected to transcriptome and DNA methylation sequencing during the tillering and heading stages. The methylation patterns in the rice genome exhibited variability in response to lunar orbital stressors. DNA methylation alters the expression and interaction patterns of functional genes, involving biological processes such as metabolism and defense. Furthermore, we employed single-sample analysis methods to assess the gene expression and interaction patterns of different rice individuals. The genes exhibiting changes at the transcriptional and methylation levels varied among the different plants; however, these genes regulate consistent biological functions, primarily emphasizing metabolic processes. Finally, through single-sample analysis, we identified a set of miRNAs induced by lunar orbital stressors that potentially target DNA methylation regulatory factors. The findings of this study broaden the understanding of space biological effects and lay a foundation for further exploration of the mechanisms by which deep space flight impacts plants.
Estimation of potato canopy leaf water content in various growth stages using UAV hyperspectral remote sensing and machine learning
Authors: Guo Faxu , Feng Quan , Yang Sen , Yang Wanxia
Published: November 2024

To ensure national food security amidst severe water shortages, agricultural irrigation must be reduced through scientific innovation and technological progress. Efficient monitoring is essential for achieving water-saving irrigation and ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture. UAV hyperspectral remote sensing has demonstrated significant potential in monitoring large-scale crop leaf water content (LWC). In this study, hyperspectral and LWC data were collected for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) during the tuber formation, growth, and starch accumulation stage in both 2021 and 2022. The hyperspectral data underwent mathematical transformation by multivariate scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal transformation (SNV). Next, feature spectral bands of LWC were selected using Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) and Random Frog (RF). For comparison, both the full-band and feature band were utilized to establish the estimation models of LWC. Modeling methods included partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and BP neural network regression (BP). Results demonstrate that MSC and SNV significantly enhance the correlation between spectral data and LWC. The efficacy of estimation models varied across different growth stages, with optimal models identified as MSC-CARS-SVR (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.51) for tuber formation, SNV-CARS-PLSR (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.42) for tuber growth, and MSC-RF-PLSR (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.55) for starch accumulation. The RPD values of the three optimal models all exceed 2, indicating their excellent predictive performance. Utilizing these optimal models, a spatial distribution map of LWC across the entire potato canopy was generated, offering valuable insights for precise potato irrigation.
Identification of QTL-allele systems of seed size and oil content for simultaneous genomic improvement in Northeast China soybeans
Authors: He Jianbo , Fu Lianshun , Hao Xiaoshuai , Wu Yicun , Wang Mengfan , Zhang Qi , Feng Weidan , Fu Mengmeng , Wang Yanping , Ren Haixiang , Du Weiguang , Wang Wubin , Gai Junyi
Published: November 2024

Northeast China (NEC) is the major production area for soybeans in China, whereas its soybean germplasm has played key roles in world soybean production, especially in the Americas. For plant breeding, genomic selection involves two stages, cross design and progeny selection, with the former determining the latter’s potential. In NEC, one of the major breeding purposes is for 100-seed weight (100SW) and seed oil content (SOC). A diverse sample with 361 NEC soybean germplasm accessions was evaluated for their 100SW and SOC in Tieling, Liaoning, China. Both traits exhibited significant phenotypic, genotypic, and G × E variation, with a trait heritability of 82.38% and 86.26%, respectively. A restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association study (RTM-GWAS) with 15,501 SNPLDB (SNP linkage disequilibrium block) markers identified 80 and 92 QTLs with 230 and 299 alleles for 100SW and SOC, respectively. Corresponding to some increase of the two traits, almost all the alleles in the early maturity groups (MG 0 + 00 + 000) were inherited from the late MGs (MG I+II+III), indicating that genetic recombination was the major motivator in addition to a few allele emergence and some allele exclusion fluctuations among early MGs. Using the 95th percentile as indicator, the prediction of recombination potentials showed that 30.43 g 100SW and 27.73% SOC might be achieved, respectively. Three strategies of simultaneous genomic improvement of both traits in designing optimal crosses, namely, 100SW-first, SOC-first, and 100SW-SOC-balance, were proved to be efficient. Thus, the optimal cross design could be extended to multiple traits based on a relatively thorough identification of the QTL-alleles using RTM-GWAS.
Genome-wide association mapping in exotic × Canadian elite crosses: mining beneficial alleles for agronomic and seed composition traits in soybean
Authors: Fortune Katherine , Torabi Sepideh , Eskandari Milad
Published: November 2024

Given the narrow genetic base of North American soybean germplasm, which originates from approximately 35 ancestral lines, discovering and introducing useful diversity for key traits in exotic germplasm could potentially enhance diversity in the current elite gene pool. This study explores the potential of exotic germplasm to enhance yield and agronomic traits in the University of Guelph soybean germplasm. We utilized a nested association mapping (NAM) design to develop a population (n = 294) composed of crosses of high-yielding Canadian elite cultivar, OAC Bruton, with four high-yielding exotic lines developed at USDA (Urbana, IL), and we mapped the genetic architecture of agronomic and seed composition traits using association mapping methods. The analysis across three Southwestern Ontario environments revealed seven unique genomic regions underlying agronomic traits and four for seed composition traits, with both desirable and undesirable alleles from the exotic parents. Notably, a region on chromosome 10, co-locating to the E2 maturity locus, was found to be associated with seed yield and maturity. The allele that increased yield by 166 kg/ha was contributed by all exotic parents and was absent in the Canadian-adapted parent. The study underscores the potential of using exotic germplasm to introduce novel genetic diversity into the Canadian elite soybean breeding pool. By identifying exotic-derived beneficial alleles, our findings offer a pathway for enhancing agronomic traits in Canadian soybeans with novel exotic diversity.
Application of APSIM model in winter wheat growth monitoring
Authors: Tan Yunlong , Cheng Enhui , Feng Xuxiang , Zhao Bin , Chen Junjie , Xie Qiaoyun , Peng Hao , Li Cunjun , Lu Chuang , Li Yong , Zhang Bing , Peng Dailiang
Published: November 2024

In the past, the use of remote sensing for winter wheat growth monitoring mainly relied on the relative growth assessment of a single vegetation index, such as normalized Vegetation index (NDVI). This study advanced the methodology by integrating field-measured data with Sentinel-2 data. In addition to NDVI, it innovatively incorporated two parameters, aboveground biomass (AGB) and leaf area index (LAI), for a more comprehensive relative growth assessment. Furthermore, the study employed the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM) model to use LAI and AGB for absolute growth monitoring. The results showed that the simulated LAI and AGB closely match the field-measured values throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat under various conditions (R2 > 0.9). For relative growth monitoring, NDVI showed significant linear positive correlations (r > 0.74 and P< 0.05) with both LAI and AGB simulated by the APSIM model. Overall, this research shows that LAI and AGB obtained from the APSIM model provide a more detailed and accurate approach to monitoring of winter wheat growth. This improved monitoring capability can support effective land management arable and provide technical guidance to advance precision agriculture practices.
Better climate action through the right knowledge? Development and validation of an item-response-theory scale measuring climate effectiveness knowledge
Authors: Simon Clara Elisa , Merten Martin Julian
Published: November 2024

Knowledge about the relative environmental impact and climate-protective potential of different actions (effectiveness knowledge) is important for successful sustainable action. However, there is currently no scale for measuring effectiveness knowledge that meets psychometric quality criteria. We developed a new scale consisting of 16 ranking and choice tasks and tested it on a convenience sample of 278 people from Germany in an online study. The final scale version achieved a reliability of rel = 0.655. This is significantly higher than the reliability of 0.329 achieved by an established knowledge scale used for comparison. Inter-correlation of both scales was moderate to strong, but the new scale is able to explain 3% additional variance in high-impact pro-environmental behavior when controlling for environmental attitude, whereas the established scale is not explaining any additional variance, indicating incremental validity of our scale. We conclude that it is possible to use ranking tasks to measure effectiveness knowledge more reliably in a test-efficient way and provide a set of items which are usable in the contemporary German context.
Speech characteristics that differentiate stuttering and cluttering in Japanese speakers
Authors: Tomisato Shuta , Mori Takanori , Asano Kazumi , Iimura Daichi , Yada Yasuto , Takahashi Saburo , Wasano Koichiro , Kono Takeyuki , Ozawa Hiroyuki
Published: November 2024

Background

Cluttering is a speech disorder distinct from stuttering. Despite this distinction, there is no established method to clearly differentiate the two disorders. This study aimed to use objective criteria to differentiate cluttering from stuttering in Japanese speakers.

Methods

Participants were 32 consecutive native-Japanese speakers who visited the Keio University Hospital between July 2020 and January 2023 with a chief complaint of speech disfluency. One physician and two speech-language-hearing therapists concurred on a stuttering or cluttering diagnosis of the 32 patients based on recordings of the Kitsuon kensa-ho test. The frequencies of stuttering-like disfluencies (SDF) and normal disfluencies (NDF) were calculated from the Kitsuon kensa-ho, and the ratio of disfluencies (RDF) was calculated as the ratio of SDF to NDF. Differences between the cluttering and stuttering groups in the RDF and the mean articulatory rate (MAR) for oral reading and a monologue task were tested using the Mann–Whitney U test. ROC curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity that well-distinguished subjects with cluttering from those with stuttering; the experts’ diagnosis was the gold standard.

Results

Of the 32 participants, 12 (38%) were diagnosed with cluttering and 20 (62%) with stuttering. The cluttering and stuttering groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. The RDF on monologue task had the highest sensitivity in diagnosing cluttering, and the MAR on monologue task had the highest specificity. Adopting provisional criteria of a monologue RDF greater than 1.2 and a monologue MAR greater than 7.5 produced a sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.95.

Conclusion

We conclude that combining monologue RDF and monologue MAR well-distinguished cluttering from stuttering. This method provides new objective diagnostic criteria, which can aid clinicians, therapists, and basic researchers.
Impact of perceived threats, benefits, and athlete brand image on attitudes toward naturalized athletes in the context of China
Authors: Lu Haixiang , Liu Dongfeng , Pu Haozhou , Persaud Alan Robert
Published: November 2024

Introduction

China’s implementation of athletic naturalization has sparked controversy, yet empirical studies on the factors influencing public attitudes toward naturalized athletes remain scarce. This study aims to address this gap by constructing a theoretical model based on social identity theory, examining the impact of various psychological variables on respondents’ attitudes toward naturalized athletes in China’s national teams.

Methods

Data were collected from 704 online respondents. Descriptive and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted using SPSS 25.0. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the proposed hypotheses, utilizing SmartPLS 3.0.

Results

The findings indicate that perceived threats negatively impact attitudes (β = −0.134, p < 0.001), while perceived benefits positively influence athlete brand image (β = 0.494, p < 0.001) and attitudes (β = 0.169, p < 0.001). Athlete brand image positively affects attitudes (β = 0.623, p < 0.01) and mediates the relationship between perceived benefits and attitudes. Additionally, sport event involvement positively moderates the relationship between athlete brand image and attitudes. The model explained 33.7% of the variance in athlete brand image and 68.5% of the variance in attitudes.

Discussion

These findings suggest that naturalization decisions should consider the candidates’ overall brand image, with the naturalization process being more transparent and the naturalized athletes’ contribution being effectively communicated to the public. Additionally, fostering public involvement in sport events can create a more favorable atmosphere for athletic naturalization.
An in-depth analysis of the personal factors and their pathways in shaping self-directed learning abilities among undergraduate nursing students
Authors: Li Xiangxiang , Wang Meifang , Feng Xiujuan , Yin Xiumin , Liang Juan
Published: November 2024

Background

Developing self-directed learning in undergraduate nursing students affects not only their learning and their lives, but also their future professional development and the quality of their future practice in clinical nursing. Hence, it is paramount to prioritize and cultivate self-directed learning capabilities among undergraduate nursing students, as this not only enhances their academic pursuits but also equips them with essential lifelong learning skills crucial for the dynamic healthcare landscape.

Objective

To delve into the intricate relationship between metacognitive abilities and self-directed learning practices among nursing students, while concurrently examining the mediating roles of psychological capital and interpersonal communication in this interconnected framework. This exploration aims to provide insights into how these factors interplay to influence the self-directed learning capabilities of nursing students.

Methods

A total of 662 undergraduate nursing students from one university in China were selected as participants in the survey, utilizing stratified random sampling between September 2023 and December 2023. Of these, an impressive 639 students (96.52%) provided valid responses. The Metacognitive Assessment Inventory, Adolescent Sense of Psychological Capital Scale, Supportive Communication Scale, and Self-Directed Learning Ability Scale were employed to comprehensively assess the metacognitive abilities, psychological capital, interpersonal communication skills, and self-directed learning capacities of nursing students. Pearson correlation analysis was subsequently utilized to delve into the related relationships among these variables. To test the mediating effects, the Bootstrap method, specifically Model 6 of the SPSS-Process package devised by Hayes, was applied.

Results

The findings revealed a robust positive correlation among metacognitive ability, psychological capital, interpersonal communication ability, and self-directed learning ability, with all associations reaching statistical significance at P < 0.01. Notably, the mediating roles of psychological capital and interpersonal communication in the relationship between metacognitive ability and self-directed learning were significant, as evidenced by the analysis (R2 = 0.347, F = 67.278, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results indicated that metacognitive ability exerts an indirect influence on self-directed learning through a sequential chain of mediation involving psychological capital and interpersonal communication ability.

Conclusions

This finding highlights the intricate interplay between these factors, suggesting that enhancing nursing students' metacognitive abilities may indirectly bolster their self-directed learning by first fortifying their psychological capital and then fostering stronger interpersonal communication skills.