bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
228c - Wristbands, hair and biomonitoring – How relevant are these alternative tools for internal dose evaluation?
Authors: Duca Radu Corneliu
Published: June 2024

Occupational biomonitoring studies performed under European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) and Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) are intended to support European circular economy strategies and identify challenges related to occupational health and safety. Workers involved in the e-waste recycling are potentially exposed to a wide variety of toxic chemicals. In this context, apart from the more classical industrial hygiene (dust fraction, wipes) and biomonitoring (urine and blood) matrices, alternative matrices like silicon wristbands, SWB; floor settled dust, FSD (for industrial hygiene measurement); and hair (for biomonitoring) were explored. The results obtained for the alternative environmental and biological matrices could distinguish the different groups of workers. For instance, in E-Waste survey higher levels of metals were obtained in the hair samples from battery worker (Cd: 0.10 – 3.10 µg/g; Cr: 2.85 - 141 µg/g; Pb: 0.69 – 751 µg/g) vs controls (Cd: 0.10 – 0.12 µg/g; Cr: 3.33 - 21.6 µg/g; Pb: 0.38 – 4.79 µg/g). Hair levels were further correlated with the settled dust metals levels. Moreover, positive correlation between FSD levels and urinary metabolite concentration was found for all phthalates, with the strongest correlation for DEHP (RSperman 0.689, p<0.05). In addition, a strong and positive correlation was observed between FSD and SWB results for PBDE and PCB supporting the use of these two types of hygiene sampling approaches for reliable external exposure assessment and characterization. Overall, alternative matrices are giving access to an extended window of exposure reflecting longer periods of exposure, which are not captured by classical matrices.

Presented on behalf of the HBM4EU occupational study project team.
256a - What are ACGIH BEIs®?
Authors: Hopf Nancy
Published: June 2024

The BEI® committee developed BEIs to equip Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety professionals to effectively integrate biomonitoring into exposure assessment programs. Biological monitoring is the measure of an exposure biomarker in breath, urine, or blood samples, and reflects total chemical uptake. Most BEI® are derived from TLV–TWA, aligning BEI determinant concentration with absorbed amounts at TLV–TWA airborne exposure. Certain BEI® (e.g., lead, CO) prevent adverse health effects directly, while others use population-based values (POPs), especially valuable for carcinogens under ALARA principles. Before setting up a biological monitoring program, why, who, and what to sample need to be determined. The BEI® documentation details how, when, and where to sample, along with transport, storage, analysis, and reporting. The when and why of biological monitoring hinge on diverse occupational exposure routes, recognizing skin absorption and non-occupational factors. Biological monitoring complements air sampling by including all routes of exposure (inhalation, skin absorption, and non-occupational exposures) and in most cases, reflect work-related factors, often adjustable to reduce exposure or implement workplace changes. The ultimate goal is to prevent adverse health effects, ensuring a safe workplace for all.
256c - Why and how to use BEI® notations?
Authors: Nylander-French Leena
Published: June 2024

Notations provide essential guidance in correctly using the BEI®’s numerical value, which is based on a direct relationship with the TLV–TWA or to prevent the development of an adverse health effect. BEI notation is assigned on the basis of available data from the scientific literature when it assist in the interpretation of the biological data. For example, when determinant may be present in the collected biological specimen due to other sources than occupational exposure or is observed following the exposure to other chemicals. Several BEI®s are now based on the level of the determinant in the background, i.e., level observed in non-exposed population (a POP-value). The interpretation of POP-value is that a measurement at or above this level will have a high probability of resulting from an occupational exposure. These POP BEI®s are especially valuable in the case of carcinogens based on the principle of “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA). Notation used by the BEI committee will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the correct use and interpretation of BEI notations when evaluating biological monitoring data and designing control measures for worker protection.
256d - Barriers to developing BEIs® for adipates
Authors: Grassman Jean
Published: June 2024

The committee reviewed the feasibility of developing BEIs® for adipates, chemicals that are widely used in the manufacture of a remarkable variety of products as plasticizers, emollients and lubricants. Their usage is likely to increase as they can substitute for phthalates. This assessment focused on eleven adipates that are esters of adipic acid for which occupational exposure values have not been assigned. Adipates are lipophilic with low vapor pressures which suggests that in occupational settings, the primary route of exposure would be through skin. Skin exposure is supported by studies noting the excretion of urinary metabolites after application of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) -containing sunscreen. Despite the possibility of worker exposure, no occupational assessments were found. Background exposure is a concern since small surveillance studies of urinary metabolites of two adipates, diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) and DnBA provide evidence of exposure among the general population lacking known occupational exposure. Research on human toxicity is non-existent while animal models suggest little adverse effect at low doses. Robust analytical methods for the quantitation of specific urinary metabolites have been described for three of the adipates -- DEHA, DnBA, and diisononyl adipate (DINA). Accordingly, it was not possible to establish a meaningful value of BEI® for any of the selected adipates given the lack of evidence of systemic adverse health effects, the likely high background levels in those without occupational exposure, and the lack of studies demonstrating a relationship between the urine measures and existing guidelines, biological changes, or health risk.
381a - Advances in respirator design and performance testing
Authors: Brosseau, Lisa
Published: June 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated considerable research and innovation in respirator and mask design, use and performance (fit) testing. For example, innovations to improve fit, such as mask fitters and face seal additions, proved effective but were often not evaluated for comfort or performance over time. The use of 3D facial scans and 3D printers allowed for the creation of personalized respirators, but product regulation and certification were generally not considered. Innovations for improving the fit of negative pressure respirators in the presence of facial hair showed some promise, but further assessment is needed. These and other new approaches will be described and discussed in terms of future applications, research needs, and regulatory challenges.
11 Stony brook medicine – respiratory protection in a NY public hospital before, during and post COVID-19
Authors: O’Hare Ellen , Crawford Laurie
Published: June 2024

SBM’s Respiratory Protection Program (RPP) fit tested clinical staff that may perform direct care to patients with confirmed/suspect airborne pathogenic illness (i.e., TB, SARS, smallpox, and measles), support staff and facilities staff. Early 2020, SBM was faced with deficiencies in the RPP. The number of staff requiring immediate fit testing dramatically increased. Most MDs did not comply with the annual fit testing requirement. Off-site medical staff, many never fit tested, were redeployed to COVID-19 units when the clinics closed. Supply chain shortages and counterfeits made providing adequate respiratory protection challenging.

Fit testing solutions:

•Mass fit testing for staff and first responders:

•Lecture halls were secured to provide space for larger groups, social distancing, and rigorous sanitizing.

•Multiple daily fit test sessions provided.

•Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) PAPRs were purchased for staff: not fitting Hospital approved N95s; with religious or medical accommodations; should N95s not be available.

•Reusable half-face elastomeric respirators were secured should N95s not be available.

•Air-line teams used PAPRs to reduce the # of contaminated respirators discarded.

•EH&S’s fit testing data was available when OSHA suspended the requirement for annual fit testing. Concerns about adequate fit were addressed.

•PortaCount was used for: staff previously unable to pass qualitative fit tests, evaluate unfamiliar vendors/respirators to rule out counterfeit masks, aid research for reprocessing N95s and evaluate the interference of skin dressing on fit.

•Research into the integrity of sanitized respirators demonstrated a method that did not compromise fit.

Currently - SBM adopted quantitative fit testing.
13 Reliability of material safety data sheet on paint thinners sold in Korea
Authors: Ha Kwonchul , Woo Sungjun
Published: June 2024

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to verify the reliability of MSDS by collecting and examining paint thinners that are commercially available in Korea.

Methods

25 paint thinners were purchased at a paint store, and provision of MSDS were also checked. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on chemical constituents of thinners using GC-MSD and GC-FID. Reliability is evaluated by calculating the MSDS collecting rate for paint thinners and matching rate between contents and composition of chemical constituents in MSDS and laboratory analysis results.

Results

As a result of qualitative analysis using GC-MSD, 104 chemical substances were detected and the substances with the highest detection rate were identified in the order of toluene, butyl acetate, acetone, xylene, ethylbenzene. The matching rate of 41% was found by comparing the difference between the number of substances laboratory detected and the number of substances listed in the MSDS. Benzene, a carcinogen and not listed in MSDS, was detected in two thinners produced by a small company. When benzene is used, it should be strictly handled based on the Industrial Safety and Health Act, but since it is not listed on the MSDS, it is judged that benzene was not managed as a carcinogen in the workplace where it is used.

Conclusions

Since the reliability of MSDS, which plays an important role in the transmission of hazard information, was evaluated at a low level, it is necessary to secure the reliability systematically and continuously. In particular, carcinogens should be managed more strictly.
31 A proposed database of task-based, area and personal noise exposure measurements suitable for risk assessment in non-mining Southern African workplaces
Authors: Linde Karlien , Linde Stefan , Mundackal Jino
Published: June 2024

Introduction

With the exception of the mining industry, minimal information is readily available regarding occupational noise exposure in Southern Africa. Subsequently, a job-exposure matrix (JEM) linking job activities with indices of exposure may assist health and safety managers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to make decisions regarding occupational noise exposure. However, currently no JEMs are available for Southern African workplaces and SMEs don’t necessarily have access to qualified occupational hygiene practitioners to quantify noise exposure.

Methodology

A review of literature related to occupational noise exposure in Southern African non-mining industries was conducted. Subsequently, a concept database combining noise exposure data with relevant effective control measures was created using published data together with noise exposure data from a South African fruit processing factory.

Results

Limited quantitative occupational noise exposure data was found for South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania, and included woodworking, grain processing and steel industries, amongst others. By using the published and newly gathered data a first version of a database was created which incorporates relevant general control measures that can be used to reduce exposure to noise.

Conclusions

Noise exposure data that links specific tasks with relevant effective control measures is needed for more work areas in a wider variety of workplaces in Southern Africa. This study created the first version of a database for occupational noise exposures and associated control measures that can be expanded on by other studies and used by SMEs and governmental institutions in the region to share information and best practices.
98 Evaluation of bacteria antibiotic resistance in wastewater sludge from hospitals
Authors: Chen Chih-Ying , Wu Yi-Xuan , Lai Chane-Yu
Published: June 2024

In hospital wastewater treatment plants, some bacteria and heavy metals are accumulated by direct or indirect sedimentation, which may influence the characteristics of bacteria antibiotic resistance. In the research, three kinds of hospital wastewater sludges were collected for subsequently analysis. A BD Phoenix-100 automated interpretation system was used to identify the bacteria species and antibiotic resistance. The metal compositions were analyzed by using ICP-OES.

The results showed that most of the identified bacteria were gram positive coccus, i.e., Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus hominis. The sludge was found to contain high concentration of metals and most of them exceeded the national Water Quality Standards, for instance: Aluminum was averaged 4300 (mg/kg), Chromium 25 (mg/kg), Copper 70(mg/kg), Iron 6140(mg/kg), Nickel 16(mg/kg), Lead 29(mg/kg), and Zinc 618(mg/kg). Bacillus cereus was found to resist antibiotic agents such as AM, FOX, and P; Streptococcus agalactiae was found to resist to FA and GM; Enterococcus faecalis was found to resist to FOX, CC, FA, GM, P, QDA, and SXT; Staphylococcus hominis was found to resist to AM, FOX, OX, P, and SXT. Bacteria increase antibiotic resistance through cross-resistance or co-resistance mechanisms when encountered the environmental stress.

From previous studies, when bacteria expose to excessive concentrations of heavy metals will stimulate the bacteria mutation and force bacteria to alter their genetic to survive, contributing to an increase the antibiotics resistance. Employees who work in wastewater treatment plants are recommended to wear respirators to avoid exposure to suspended sludge aerosols.
107 Wood shavings: From an occupational hazard in poultry facilities to a global health concern
Authors: Gomes Bianca , Dias Marta , Cervantes Renata , Pena Pedro , Viegas Carla
Published: June 2024

Globally, poultry production has been found to constitute a serious threat to global health due to microbial contamination. When considering the poultry environment, one of the primary causes of indoor and outdoor air pollution are animals bedding material. Consequently, chicken bedding material may be an underestimated source of pathogens. Currently, there is a lack of information concerning the impact of the bedding material used on fungal development and the health hazards that may be triggered for workers. The preparation of animals’ bedding is one of the duties that exposes poultry workers to more dust, and fungi and their metabolites (mycotoxins). In fact, some evidence already reported fungal exposure in poultry facilities putting farmers at risk for occupational respiratory diseases. Besides, temperature increases due to climate change may influence the susceptibility of pathogens (bacteria, fungi and parasites) in these facilities. This study aims to assess fungal exposure in poultry facilities during birds’ growth cycle and by considering wood shavings as animals bedding material. This study will allow to characterize the risk of fungal exposure in poultry environment, contribute for awareness and foster workplace solutions that will encourage safer working conditions. Finally, performing an exposure assessment in the poultry industry will help address threats to health and ecosystems by identifying priority areas for action to mitigate microbial exposure, promote a safe environment for workers and animals in poultry facilities, and reduce environmental impact.
111 Grouping strategies for exposures to infectious, trauma and psychosocial risks factors among UK police officers and staff
Authors: Basinas Ioannis , Demou Evangelia , Miller Jessica K , van Tongeren Martie
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to examine if role and rank were important determinants of exposures to traumatic events and psychosocial risk factors for UK police officers and staff. We used self-reported data on job profile (rank, role), demographics (age, gender) and psychosocial and other risk factors available from ‘The Job and Life’ 2018 survey of 15,202 UK police officers and staff. Random effect models were used to investigate the explained variability in the reported exposure of: job quality, traumatic experiences, workplace support, working hours, and handling/contact with potentially infectious materials (e.g. bodily fluids) by rank (5 categories), role (10 or 22 categories), gender (3 categories), age (4 categories) and the combination of these variables. Using job role, the explained variance of traumatic experiences, exposure to infectious material and job quality ranged from 10 to 27%, whereas a combined grouping using role, rank and age accounted for >35% of the total variance of work-life balance. Rank was important for working hours, explaining ~49% of the total variance. Gender and age accounted for ≤ 8% of the total variance for all exposures. These findings suggest that among police officers and staff, the role is an important predictor of exposure to psychosocial and infectious risk factors. These results will be used to develop job exposure matrices that can be employed to investigate the link between these risk factors and health outcomes in the AIRWAVE study, which is a longitudinal study of the UK police workforce.
119 Repeated exposure measurements of isothiazolinones in air on five professional painters in Sweden, Gothenburg
Authors: Möller Rickie , Farbrot Anne , Akdeve Hatice Koca , Höglund Anna Dahlman
Published: June 2024

Isothiazolinoes (ITZs) are chemical compounds that are used as biocides in consumer products such as paints, cleaning spray, shampoo, soap etc. ITZ have skin-sensitizing properties that are well established. However, there are still questions regarding the occupational exposure among professional workers. To assess the airway exposure of ITZ, there was a need for development of exposure measurement methods. This has recently been developed at Occupational and environmental health, Gothenburg.

An occupational group that are exposed to ITZ both via skin and airways are professional painters. Therefore, it was an interesting group for testing the exposure measurement method. The exposure measurements for ITZ in air were tested in field on five professional painters with repeated measurements between April 2022 – June 2022 (N=66) working with restorative painting of apartments in Gothenburg. Stationary measurements were performed during both day (N=34) and night (N=15). In addition, product samples (N=29) were taken on products such as paints, putties, and sealants. Quantitative analysis of Metylisothiazolinone (MIT), chloromethylisothaizolinone (CMIT) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT) was performed with HPLC-UV.

The results show the determinants for exposure were type of work task, which products that were used and the concentration of MIT, CMIT and BIT in the products. Especially grinding of patty was a work task that resulted in higher exposures of ITZ. The stationary measurements overnight indicate that ITZ is emitted after working hours.
143 Association of bioaerosol specie, concentration and size distribution during and after work shifting and after guest-visiting in intensive care units
Authors: Yeh Yi-Chiao , Chen Pei-Yu , Kung Pan-Chin , Chang Yu-Nung , Lai Chane-Yu
Published: June 2024

The association of bacteria specie, concentration and size distribution during, after work shifting and after guest-visiting were evaluated in intensive care units (ICUs). Two six-stage viable Andersen cascade impactors were used to collect airborne bacteria and fungi separately in ICUs. Their concentrations and size distributions were determined after culturing. A BD Phoenix-100 automated interpretation system was used to identify the sampled bacteria species. The fungi species were identified by trained medical laboratory technologist.

The results showed that during the work shifting, 33.33% of the sampled bacteria was Pantoea agglomerans. Tatumella ptyseos was about 25%, Rodentibacter pneumotropicus was 16.66%, and Pasteurella multocida was 4.166%. However, after work shifting, 28.57% of the sampled bacteria was Tatumella ptyseos. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was 28.57%, and Actinobacillus lignieresii was 14.29%. After guest-visiting, 75% of the sampled bacteria was Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas fluorescens was about 25%. The total airborne bacteria concentrations in the three periods were 56.77, 16.49, and 9.42 CFU/m3, respectively.

The taxonomic results of the airborne fungi in the three periods were Penicillium oxalicum, Trichophuton spp., Aspergillus niger, and Microsporum (all accounting for 16.66%); Penicillium oxalicum (50%), and Scopulariovsis brevicaulis (50%); and Aspergillus niger (33.33%) and Penicillium oxalicum (33.33%), respectively. The total concentrations of airborne fungi in the three periods were 14.13, 4.71, and 7.07 CFU/m3, correspondingly. The population of medical workers during the work shifting was much higher than those at other periods. Increasing the air change rate per hour during work shifting is recommended to decrease the risk of patient infection.
162 Development and testing of a breath-responsive personal exhaled breath aerosol receiver (BR-PEBAR)
Authors: Lin Ruei-Chun , Chiu Ching-Yi , Huang Sheng-Hsiu , Lin Chih-Wei , Chen Chih-Chieh
Published: June 2024

Masks effectively block larger respiratory droplets, but poor sealing or misuse can lead to particle leakage. Smaller exhaled particles, if virus-carrying, can linger in the air and increase infection risk. To address this issue, this research endeavours to develop the PEBAR by integrating a breath-responsive system. The objective is to optimize energy efficiency and user comfort while concurrently promoting environmental protection.

The core components of the BR-PEBAR include a mask, a microcontroller board, a cartridge, and a DC blower. Initially, we create a program using Arduino to generate code that responds to breathing patterns. This code adjusts to variations in human breathing during system operation using a microcontroller and a pressure sensor inside the mask. Next, we examine how different factors affect the BR-PEBAR’s performance. This includes the location of the pressure sensor, tubing dimensions, and mask fit. The goal is to understand how each variable impacts the mask’s internal pressure and identify the most efficient configuration. Once operational parameters are established, we conduct tests to assess particle capture efficiency (CE) in real-world scenarios.

During Arduino code development, choosing to average five simultaneous readings was selected to maintain balance, ensuring system precision and quick adjustments, as single readings can lead to extreme values and instability. Choosing a pressure sensing point below the mouth preserved mask transparency. Larger tubing diameter and shorter length minimized voltage requirements. After validation, the modified BR-PEBAR effectively managed up to 25 liters/minute with CE consistently above 99.5%. This suits routine respiratory activity and light exertion, reducing environmental pollution and Infection risk.
181 Evaluation of respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica area concentrations in a clay brick factory using a field-based approach
Authors: Linde Stefan , Deysel Jeanré , Engelbrecht Miné , Pretorius Lizé , Lambat Zaakir
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Field-based monitoring methods have been developed for respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica (RCS) to enable exposure results to be obtained on the same day. This study aimed to use these field-based monitoring methods to evaluate respirable dust and RCS concentrations in the workplace air of a clay brick factory.

Methodology

Area monitoring was performed using NIOSH 7602 and the Nanozen DustCount 9000i. Both sampling trains were fixed to a tripod and placed in one of four work areas close to workers for a period of approximately five hours. A total of 13 sets of measurements were collected. Prior to analysis using infrared spectrometry (KBr pellet), 37 mm filters underwent direct-on-filter analysis for silica using a portable FT-IR instrument and NIOSH FAST software.

Results

Median time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were 0.313 mg/m3 (max = 1.659 mg/m3) for respirable dust and 0.090 mg/m3 (max =0.289 mg/m3) for RCS. Significant positive relationships were found between the two methods for respirable dust (Spearman r = 0.853; p<0.01) and RCS (Spearman r = 0.934; p<0.0001). The direct-on-filter analysis of 37 mm filters also correlated strongly with infrared spectrometry (KBr pellet) (Spearman r = 0.990; p<0.0001). Additionally, the DustCount enabled the identification of peak concentrations (max = 7.548 mg/m3) and data showed that the dominant particle sizes were 0.375 µm and 0.468 µm.

Conclusions

The results of this study show on a small scale that field-based techniques can be combined with conventional monitoring techniques to obtain quicker exposure results and more detailed data to better understand exposure to for respirable dust and RCS.
199 Exposure to air pollutants during smart working: a case study
Authors: Borghi Francesca , Spinazzè Andrea , Fanti Giacomo , Albareda Angelica , Ghiraldini Jacopo , Campagnolo Davide , Carminati Alessio , Keller Marta , Rovelli Sabrina , Zellino Carolina , Cattaneo Andrea , Cavallo Domenico Maria
Published: June 2024

Introduction

WFH (Working From Home) is increasingly common, necessitating a careful evaluation of WFH workers’ health. Recent studies have explored various aspects, including its impact on workers’ psychological and physical well-being, highlighting positive and negative aspects of this “new” working mode. This study aims to evaluate one of these aspects: worker exposure to atmospheric pollutants.

Methods

Two monitoring surveys were performed: a long-term and a short-term campaign, both focused on the measurement of personal exposure to size-fractionated PM (Particulate Matter) in WFH and WFO (Working From Office) conditions, through a paired-sample study design.

Results

Results of the long-term campaign show how WFH subject is exposed to higher (up to 4 times) PM concentration, compared to the WFO subject. Specific activities performed by the subjects impacted their exposure concentrations to PM. Also, in the case of short-term campaign, particular activities seem to contribute to a greater worker exposure to PM. Given the potential growth of people WFH, it’s crucial to comprehensively assess these “new domestic offices.” Organizations should evaluate indoor environmental quality (IEQ), occupational exposure to risk factors, and implement mitigation measures as needed to address and manage health risks for WFH employees. Additionally, consideration should be given to other risk factors and health issues, such as those found in traditional office settings (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders, computer vision syndrome).

Conclusions

Monitoring IEQ, in the framework of a comprehensive risk assessment, identifying workplace-specific risks, and implementing appropriate mitigation measures are actions organizations should consider to better understand and address potential health risks associated with WFH conditions.
206 Measurements of diesel exhausts - Comparing elemental carbon and black carbon
Authors: Storsjö Tobias , Tinnerberg Håkan , Berggren Johanna , Molnár Peter
Published: June 2024

Diesel exhaust exposure is a known carcinogen even at low levels of exposure. The new occupational exposure limit for diesel exhausts is based on the measurement of elemental carbon (EC) which went into effect at the beginning of 2023 in EU. The analysis of EC is not extremely expensive, but specialised instrument is needed for the analysis, which may not be accessible everywhere. An alternative method for measure diesel exhaust exposure is black carbon (BC) with an aethalometer, a real time monitoring instrument, making it possible to identify working tasks that are more prone to cause exposure. The EC measurement on the other hand gives an integrated amount, an average over the whole sampling time. There is a large overlap between what is BC and what is EC, so BC could be a good proxy for the EC exposure. The study we have conducted aims to investigate how well the exposure measurement of an aethalometer and measurement of EC correlate in different work environments. In the current study we have measured BC and EC in three types of environments, two occupational and one test chamber study. The two occupational environments studied were in mines and in a warehouse where diesel trucks were used to move wares. The results shows that BC and EC signals have good correlation, but that BC usually gives a higher average exposure over the day. This could be due to multitude of reasons, but one of them could be presence of other light absorbing particles.
209 Evaluating the respiratory protection programs in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry: approach to assessing knowledge, awareness, behaviour, and compliance
Authors: Mohammed Suraiya , van Tongeren Martie , Povey Andrew , Slater Michael
Published: June 2024

The oil and gas industry in Nigeria poses significant health risks to its workers due to exposure to crude oil and petroleum products during various processes. To ensure worker safety and health, the Respiratory Protection Program (RPP) is essential. However, past studies have identified a knowledge-practice gap leading to inadequate safety practices.

This study aims to assess the RPPs in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry by evaluating workers’ knowledge, awareness, behaviour, and compliance regarding respiratory protection while aligning with the hierarchy of controls. It has four main objectives:

Assess the overall control program in reducing respiratory hazards, following the hierarchy of control.

Evaluate the functional and effective elements of the RPP in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry.

Determine if knowledge and awareness of respiratory protection vary by location or processes.

Evaluate employee compliance with the RPP.

The study will employ a mixed-method approach, combining open-ended qualitative data collected through interviews with industrial hygienists and numerical quantitative data obtained from questionnaire surveys of health and safety officers and workers in selected oil and gas companies. The COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation - Behavior) model will guide the development of questions for both approaches.

The findings aim to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current RPP, offering insights for improvement. This will significantly enhance occupational health and safety practices within the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Notably, this study is groundbreaking in Nigeria, as it utilizes the COM-B model to examine the behaviour of oil and gas workers in complying with respiratory protection measures, making it a pioneering effort in this field.
216 Exposure based adaptation as an application of inhalation TTC values
Authors: Hahn Stefan , Bitsch Annette
Published: June 2024

The European regulation on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) requires generation of information on the intrinsic properties (including hazard) of registered substances depending on their tonnage. In situations where human or environmental exposure is absent or not significant, exposure-based adaptation (EBA) may be considered. EBA comprises all types of modifications of the standard information requirements, of which the exposure based waiving (EBW) is an option that allows to waive higher tier mammalian toxicity studies. In order to justify for a defined endpoint the omission of the standard information requirement, a high level of confidence is needed to demonstrate no or no significant exposure.

Thresholds for toxicological concern (TTC) are used to decide on acceptable oral intakes. This concept has recently been expanded to inhalation route of exposure. These values can easily be converted in inhalation exposure levels or vapour pressures below which no concern exist. These cut off criteria provide the basis for robust science-based EBA justifications and can be used to identify the most relevant exposure route(s) for new testing proposals. Even though, this approach is more challenging for dermal uptake iTTC values can be used together with PBK modelling and dermal uptake to calculate maximal external exposure concentrations below which human exposure is considered safe, and which can be applied for exposure-based waiving.
217 Effects of workplace violence on Taiwan hospital security guards’ mental and physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Lin Tzu-Hsien , Lee Ying Han , Chen Chiu-Ying , Wu Yun-Hsuan , Lai Chane-Yu , Lee Patricia Chiao-Tzu
Published: June 2024

Aims

We investigated the mental and physical health (MPH) effects of workplace violence (WPV) on Taiwan hospital security guards during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three hospitals in Taiwan from July, 2021 to June, 2022. All security guards in the selected hospitals were asked to complete a semi-structured ‘violence questionnaire’ addressing type (physical, psychological, verbal violence, and sexual harassment) and 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire (Taiwan version) (CHQ-12).

Results

A total of 110 hospital guards out of 120 completed the questionnaire. In all, 46% indicated they had experienced some form of WPV, 42% had experienced verbal violence (VV), 31% had experienced physical violence (PHV) 14% had experienced psychological violence (PSV) and 6% had experienced sexual harassment (SH). The CHQ-12 scores of victims and others were 3.5±2.4 and 2.1±1.1, respectively (p<.001). The correlation coefficients between WPV and MPH were.29 (p<.01),.27, (p<.01),.39 (p<.001).12 (p=.23) and.29 (p<.01) for VV, PHV, PSV, SH and any type of WPV, respectively.

Conclusions

Hospital security guards in Taiwan who experienced WPV during the COVID-19 pandemic had higher CHQ-12 scores indicating poor MPH than those who had not experienced WPV. WPV would significantly affect MPH, except for SH.
239 Telework occupational health measures, government guidelines, and corporate governance: Insights from Taiwanese-listed companies
Authors: Lin Ro-Ting , Li Chia-Jung
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Telework increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting the Taiwanese government to issue two guidelines for companies. We assessed the disclosure practices aligning with these telework guidelines of Taiwanese-listed companies. Additionally, we explored the association between their disclosure and corporate governance, with a specific focus on occupational health measures.

Methodology

We collected data from sustainability reports of 295 Taiwanese-listed companies for the years 2020 and 2021, including their disclosure of corporate telework strategies and occupational health measures aligned with government guidelines. We performed McNemar test and General Estimating Equation to compare responses between the two years and investigate any connections with corporate governance rankings.

Results

We found a significant increase in telework adoption by surveyed companies, particularly in 2021 (68%). Mentions of government guidelines also increased (67%) in 2021. Companies with stronger corporate governance were more inclined to adopt online occupational health measures, including occupational health services (RR = 2.03; p < 0.001) and mental health promotion initiatives (RR = 2.01; p = 0.032). However, assessments of home workspace environments remained relatively limited.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the significant uptick in the disclosure of telework-related strategies following the issuance of government guidelines. Furthermore, they shed light on the substantial impact of corporate governance on the implementation of occupational health measures. As telework continues to evolve, the complementary roles of government guidelines and corporate governance remain central in shaping work arrangements and ensuring the well-being of the workforce.
288 The trend of promotion and disclosure of occupational mental health in Taiwanese companies
Authors: Chang Chieh-Wen , Lin Ro-Ting
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Under Taiwan’s Occupational Safety and Health Facilities Regulations, companies must create a plan to prevent diseases arising from abnormal workloads. Enacted in 2014, this regulation came with accompanying guidelines. The Financial Supervisory Commission also required listed companies to release sustainability reports that same year. This study analyses the trend of Taiwanese companies disclosing disease prevention plans related to abnormal workloads from 2014 to 2020.

Methodology

The study focuses on listed Taiwanese companies that released sustainability reports and underwent corporate governance evaluations. We employed content analysis to evaluate if these companies disclosed plans for preventing diseases from abnormal workloads in their reports. We particularly examined disclosure patterns before and after regulatory revisions.

Results

The study revealed a consistent rise in overall disclosure of plans for preventing diseases from abnormal workloads, increasing from 9% in 2014 to 50% in 2020. Companies with higher governance scores showed a substantial increase, from 10% in 2014 to 63% in 2020, particularly rising 14% in 2019. Similarly, companies with lower governance scores also notably improved, going from 8% in 2014 to 42% in 2020, particularly rising 11% in 2015.

Conclusion

Companies are increasingly disclosing disease prevention programs related to work abnormalities. High governance score companies saw a remarkable 53% increase, emphasizing their strong commitment to transparency and sustained safety measures. Even companies with lower governance scores experienced a significant 34% rise, indicating a growing focus on occupational safety and health. This upward trend suggests a collective push towards achieving 100% disclosure.
330 What can Futurama teach us about the future of occupational hygiene
Authors: Mott Joe , Kelly-Burkett Lee
Published: June 2024

Using the world of the show, Futurama, this poster will give an overview of the significant do’s and don’ts from the perspective of an Occupational Hygienist, with a view to prolonging worker health and avoiding unnecessary exposure to risks, injuries, and illnesses.
325 Empowering exposure risk decision-making: leveraging statistical tools for good decisions and resource optimization
Authors: Logan Perry , Hewett Paul
Published: June 2024

In the dynamic landscape of occupational hygiene, making informed and precise exposure risk decisions is paramount. These decisions not only safeguard the well-being of workers but also efficiently allocate limited resources. Join us for an engaging session at the IOHA conference as we delve into the art and science of strengthening exposure risk decision-making.

Our session will illuminate the path to mastery by exploring the effective use of both traditional and Bayesian statistical analysis tools. Through real-world examples and practical applications, we will demonstrate how these tools can be harnessed to make accurate exposure risk decisions based on monitoring data. What’s more, these invaluable insights can be attained through freely available statistical resources, ensuring accessibility to all.

Key Highlights:

1.Traditional and Bayesian Analysis: Gain a comprehensive understanding of how traditional and Bayesian statistical analysis tools can be employed to enhance exposure risk decision-making.

2.Real-Life Applications: Dive into case studies and practical examples that showcase the practicality and efficacy of these statistical methods in real-world scenarios.

3.Resource Optimization: Discover how precision in exposure risk decisions can optimize the allocation of limited resources, promoting efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

4.AIHA Exposure Decision Analysis Registry: Learn about the FREE AIHA Exposure Decision Analysis Registry and how it can further enrich your exposure decision-making toolbox.

Your active engagement in this session will enrich your knowledge and guide your next steps in refining your exposure decision-making capabilities. Together, we’ll embark on a journey towards safer workplaces, resource optimization, and more informed decisions. Join us in the pursuit of excellence in occupational hygiene and risk management.
79 PDC: Biological monitoring for chemical exposures at work
Authors: Jones Kate , Baldwin Peter
Published: June 2024

Biological monitoring is the analysis of hazardous substances, or their metabolites, in a worker’s urine, blood or breath and is used to assess their exposure to chemicals by inhalation, ingestion or absorption through the skin. It is particularly valuable where the control of exposure relies on personal protective equipment or to investigate the behavioural aspects of exposure controls.

This course provides an introduction to biological monitoring, the practicalities associated with it and how it can be a useful and cost-effective tool for occupational hygiene and health professionals to assess and control exposure to substances in the workplace. Delegates will be shown how to use biological monitoring to assess chemical exposures and how to interpret biological monitoring results in order to protect worker health. The course includes practical, interactive learning elements using relevant case studies to enhance learning.

Agenda

•Introduction to Biological Monitoring

•Practicalities of setting up a biological monitoring programme

•View from a hygienist – case studies from actual site visits

•Practical session – group work around a case study

•Interpreting BM results – including guidance values and when to take action

•Monitoring in Practice – examples of how to implement a biological monitoring programme

Learning outcomes

•Understand the fundamentals of biological monitoring

•Understand the practicalities of establishing a biological monitoring programme

•Understand how biological monitoring can enhance the services that occupational hygiene and health professionals offer

•Be able to use biological monitoring to assess chemical exposures

•Know how to interpret and act on results from biological monitoring reports
150 PDC on workplace air exposure assessment using freeware apps Part I: Basic characterisation and measurement processing
Authors: van Balen Peter , Scheffers Theo , Emonds Robert
Published: June 2024

The purpose of these two consecutive IOHA exposure assessment PDC’s is to train assessors in broad accepted strategies and in the assumptions, use and differences of supporting apps and tools.

Part I works with the EN 689 (2018), BOHS-NVvA (2011/22) and AIHA (ed. 4; 2015) strategies and the high-quality apps supportive for a reproducible basic characterisation of exposure profiles, including exposure range finding, need for direct controls or Similar Exposure Group (SEG) formation and sampling.

Tools and instruments like AIHA IHEST and EN689 Annex A support a professional basic characterisation. To distinguish between safe, unsafe and profiles to be monitored, exposure modelling apps exist like AIHA IHMOD and several hybrid models collected in the TREXMO hub (i.e. ECETOC TRA, Stoffenmanager, ART). When sampling is performed the Excel application IH-Aligner helps to convert lab results to TWA (=time-weighted average) exposure levels in accordance with the reference period of the Occupational Exposure Limit Values (OELV). Measurement uncertainty-based confidence intervals are constructed for the individual outcome and to perform individual and small sample screening comparison with the OELV. IH-Aligner automatically prepares worksheets with the TWA exposure values for direct export to several recognized compliance testing apps which will be trained in Part II of the PDC.

Participants need to bring their own laptop with Windows OS, the software installed and the links to the online apps. Participants will receive in advance IH-Aligner, links to download the other apps, instructions and example data sets. If time permits, exposure profiles datasets of participants will be discussed.
229 Exposure and risk assessment for elongate mineral particles
Authors: Korchevskiy Andrey , Darnton Lucy , Case Bruce , Rasmuson James
Published: June 2024

Asbestos and other fibrous minerals remain significant occupational and environmental concerns worldwide. Despite being effectively banned from commercial utilization in the Western world, asbestos is still produced and utilized in many countries. Exposure to so called “legacy” asbestos, still present in buildings and other objects and products, also causes concerns.

This Professional Development Course (PDC) will present a framework for exposure assessment and risk characterization based on the most advanced methods and recently published models. We will show the applications of quantitative risk assessment for different situations that occupational and environmental health professionals worldwide may encounter. Examples will include potential exposure to erionite fibers during forestry activities; exposure to legacy asbestos in buildings with partially disturbed asbestos-containing materials; exposure of populations near current or former mines or other point sources such as former asbestos cement plants and shipyards; exposure during recreational activities at sites containing naturally occurring asbestos (NOA), and others. Participants will review the most recent scientific approaches to the pathogenesis and pathology of asbestos-associated diseases, important for hazard identification and a proper understanding of the health effects of asbestos.

The most innovative approaches to asbestos exposure assessment will be characterized, including real time monitoring instruments, artificial intelligence tools, and exposure reconstruction from the lung burden levels.

The PDC will be presented by the leading scientists in the area of asbestos risk assessment, known for their numerous peer-reviewed publications. As an added value, participants will be provided with copies of some of the most recent papers authored by the presenters, and the asbestos “risk calculator” for practical utilization.
A loss-of-function variant in KLF4 affecting zinc finger motifs causes progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia
Authors: Wang Zijuan , Zhang Zeqiao , Liu Jun , Wang Huijun , Lin Zhimiao
Published: June 2024

We identified a novel de novo variant (c.1234C > A, p.His412Asn) in KLF4, which is located within the first zinc finger motifs of KLF4, in a patient with progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia. By dual-luciferase reporter assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated that the KLF4 variant is a loss-of-function mutation, and the expression of SLURP1 and DSG1, both of which are transcriptionally regulated by KLF4, was downregulated.