bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐tasking as an ancient skill: When one gene does many things well
Authors: Donohue Kathleen
Published: April 2019

Multi‐tasking is in our DNA. Many genes perform more than one function, and the question is how well it can do them all. Pleiotropy is frequently considered to be an adaptive constraint that prevents optimal phenotypes from evolving because of antagonistic indirect selection acting on genetically correlated traits. However, as geneticists increasingly study the effects of genes under more realistic natural environments, even the most well studied genes are expressing fascinating pleiotropic effects. Pleiotropy appears to be utterly common. The genes involved in the regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana, such as FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), offer case examples of such pleiotropy. Studying an ortholog of FLC in Arabis alpina, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), Hughes, Soppe and Albani (2019) present evidence that such pleiotropy in flowering‐time genes persists through taxonomic diversification, albeit the precise function of the genes has evolved in response to taxon‐specific natural selection. Their observation that trait‐specific function can evolve even in highly pleiotropic genes suggests that pleiotropy may not constrain adaptation as much as is commonly assumed.
Heat‐stress induced flowering can be a potential adaptive response to ocean warming for the iconic seagrass Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Marín‐Guirao Lazaro , Entrambasaguas Laura , Ruiz Juan M. , Procaccini Gabriele
Published: April 2019

The Mediterranean Sea is particularly vulnerable to warming and the abrupt declines experienced by the endemic Posidonia oceanica populations after recent heatwaves have forecasted severe consequences for the ecological functions and socio‐economical services this habitat forming species provides. Nevertheless, this highly clonal and long‐lived species could be more resilient to warming than commonly thought since heat‐sensitive plants massively bloomed after a simulated heatwave, which provides the species with an opportunity to adapt to climate change. Taking advantage of this unexpected plant response, we investigated for the first time the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in seagrass flowering through the transcriptomic analysis of bloomed plants. We also aimed to identify if flowering is a stress‐induced response as suggested from the fact that heat‐sensitive but not heat‐tolerant plants flowered. The transcriptomic profiles of flowered plants showed a strong metabolic activation of sugars and hormones and indications of an active transport of these solutes within the plant, most likely to induce flower initiation in the apical meristem. Preflowered plants also activated numerous epigenetic‐related genes commonly used by plants to regulate the expression of key floral genes and stress‐tolerance genes, which could be interpreted as a mechanism to survive and optimize reproductive success under stress conditions. Furthermore, these plants provided numerous molecular clues suggesting that the factor responsible for the massive flowering of plants from cold environments (heat‐sensitive) can be considered as a stress. Heat‐stress induced flowering may thus be regarded as an ultimate response to survive extreme warming events with potential adaptive consequences for the species. Fitness implications of this unexpected stress‐response and the potential consequences on the phenotypic plasticity (acclimation) and evolutionary (adaptation) opportunity of the species to ocean warming are finally discussed.
The ideological work of the daily visual representations of nations
Authors: Dumitrica Delia
Published: April 2019

This paper explores the ideological work performed by the inconspicuous flagging of the nation across four locations: Bucharest (Romania), Rotterdam (the Netherlands), Calgary (Canada) and Madrid (Spain). Using data collected between 2012 and 2016, the paper maps the use of the nation in outdoor signage across different urban landscapes. This mundane flagging of diverse nations performs a triple function: it reproduces the nation as a universal epistemic category, it entrenches mobility within the imaginary of contemporary urban life and it sanitises select mobilities and the power dynamics producing them. The ongoing use of the nation by different objects in our urban surroundings participates in the naturalisation of nationalism, furthering existing trends in the commercialisation of the nation and its reinvention as an innocuous brand addressing a global marketplace.
Reconciling nursing's art and science dualism: Toward a processual logic of nursing
Authors: Bender Miriam , Holmes Dave
Published: April 2019

There is an enduring debate in nursing regarding the art–science dualism, involving an articulation of two distinct ‘kinds’ of disciplinary knowledge: objective/scientific and subjective/artistic. Nursing identifies both as necessary, yet unbridgeable, which creates problems in constructing a coherent disciplinary knowledge base. We describe how this problem arises based on an ontological assumption of two different kinds of ‘stuff’ in the world: that with essential determinate properties and that without essential properties. We experiment with a solution by ontologically understanding the world as made from a single kind: That the most irreducible element of the world is process, in that reality is a continuous construction whereby subject and object are products, not independent constituents, of reality. Process philosophy overcomes nursing's ontological bifurcation and enables nursing's art–science dualism to be re‐conceptualized as a cohesive logic of skilled reality production. An unavoidable implication of a process turn in nursing philosophy is that the disciplinary goal no longer becomes a privileged ‘body of knowledge’ that authorizes, which has always been a defining challenge in nursing. Rather, and more productively perhaps, the aim is for greater sophistication and plurality in its ongoing commitment to attuning to reality in ways that shape disciplinary attainment.
Two Kinds of Logical Impossibility
Authors: Sandgren Alexander , Tanaka Koji
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we argue that a distinction ought to be drawn between two ways in which a given world might be logically impossible. First, a world w might be impossible because the laws that hold at w are different from those that hold at some other world (say the actual world). Second, a world w might be impossible because the laws of logic that hold in some world (say the actual world) are violated at w. We develop a novel way of modelling logical possibility that makes room for both kinds of logical impossibility. Doing so has interesting implications for the relationship between logical possibility and other kinds of possibility (for example, metaphysical possibility) and implications for the necessity or contingency of the laws of logic.
Field crop phenomics: enabling breeding for radiation use efficiency and biomass in cereal crops
Authors: Furbank Robert T. , Jimenez‐Berni Jose A. , George‐Jaeggli Barbara , Potgieter Andries B. , Deery David M.
Published: April 2019

Plant phenotyping forms the core of crop breeding, allowing breeders to build on physiological traits and mechanistic science to inform their selection of material for crossing and genetic gain. Recent rapid progress in high‐throughput techniques based on machine vision, robotics, and computing (plant phenomics) enables crop physiologists and breeders to quantitatively measure complex and previously intractable traits. By combining these techniques with affordable genomic sequencing and genotyping, machine learning, and genome selection approaches, breeders have an opportunity to make rapid genetic progress. This review focuses on how field‐based plant phenomics can enable next‐generation physiological breeding in cereal crops for traits related to radiation use efficiency, photosynthesis, and crop biomass. These traits have previously been regarded as difficult and laborious to measure but have recently become a focus as cereal breeders find genetic progress from ‘Green Revolution’ traits such as harvest index become exhausted. Application of LiDAR, thermal imaging, leaf and canopy spectral reflectance, Chl fluorescence, and machine learning are discussed using wheat and sorghum phenotyping as case studies. A vision of how crop genomics and high‐throughput phenotyping could enable the next generation of crop research and breeding is presented.
Renal function after combined liver‐kidney transplantation: A longitudinal study of pediatric and adult patients
Authors: Kivelä Jesper M. , Lempinen Marko , Holmberg Christer , Jalanko Hannu , Pakarinen Mikko P. , Isoniemi Helena , Lauronen Jouni
Published: April 2019

It has been proposed that the liver protects the kidney in CLKT. However, few studies have examined long‐term renal function after CLKT and contrasted renal function of CLKT patients to KT patients beyond one year after transplantation. We studied long‐term renal function of CLKT patients and compared renal function of CLKT patients to KT patients between one and five years after transplantation. Patients who underwent CLKT between 1993 and 2011 were included (n = 34; 11 children and 23 adults). Ninety‐six (27 children and 69 adults) KT patients were selected as controls. GFR was estimated (eGFR) and measured (mGFR) with51Cr‐EDTA clearance. Mean mGFR was 63 at one and 70 at ten years after pediatric CLKT. Mean eGFR was 75 at one and 50 at ten years after adult CLKT. Difference in mean mGFR between pediatric CLKT and KT patients was 8 (95% CI −7 to 23) and 11 (95% CI −4 to 26) at one and five years after transplantation, respectively. Difference in mean eGFR between adult CLKT and KT patients was 8 (95% CI −5 to 20) and 1 (95% CI −10 to 12) at one and five years after transplantation, respectively. Longitudinal changes in GFRs were somewhat similar in CLKT and KT patients in both age‐groups but pediatric CLKT patients had on average higher GFRs than pediatric KT patients. In long‐term follow‐up, renal function remains stable in pediatric CLKT patients but declines in adult CLKT patients.
The European regulation of corporate social responsibility: The role of beneficiaries' intermediaries
Authors: Monciardini David , Conaldi Guido
Published: April 2019

Intended beneficiaries have an undeniable relevance to regulation. However, current research has focused mainly on the two‐party relationship between rulemaking and rule‐taking. We attempt to fill this gap by exploring the formal and informal roles that beneficiaries’ intermediaries played in co‐creating European Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rules and associated practices between 2000 and 2017. By linking recent conceptualizations of regulatory intermediaries with the literature on critical political CSR, we offer a more dynamic and contextualized understanding of the roles of beneficiaries’ intermediaries. Specifically, we identify six micro‐dynamics through which they influenced the regulatory process. Notably, our findings highlight how the convergence of interests between three groups of beneficiaries’ intermediaries – the Non‐governmental organization–Investor–Union nexus – had a key role in reshaping CSR rules. We conclude that, in the European context, stronger and better‐coordinated beneficiaries’ intermediaries are crucial in order to achieve more effective corporate conduct regulation.
Non-parametric Bayes Models for Mixed Scale Longitudinal Surveys
Authors: Kunihama Tsuyoshi , Halpern Carolyn T. , Herring Amy H.
Published: April 2019

Modelling and computation for multivariate longitudinal surveys have proven challenging, particularly when data are not all continuous and Gaussian but contain discrete measurements. In many social science surveys, study participants are selected via complex survey designs such as stratified random sampling, leading to discrepancies between the sample and population, which are further compounded by missing data and loss to follow-up. Survey weights are typically constructed to address these issues, but it is not clear how to include them in models. Motivated by data on sexual development, we propose a novel non-parametric approach for mixed scale longitudinal data in surveys. In the approach proposed, the mixed scale multivariate response is expressed through an underlying continuous variable with dynamic latent factors inducing time varying associations. Bias from the survey design is adjusted for in posterior computation relying on a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The approach is assessed in simulation studies and applied to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.
Three‐layer flows in the shallow water limit
Authors: de Melo Viríssimo Francisco , Milewski Paul A.
Published: April 2019

We formulate and discuss the shallow water limit dynamics of the layered flow with three layers of immiscible fluids of different densities bounded above and below by horizontal walls. We obtain a resulting system of four equations, which may be nonlocal in the non‐Boussinesq case. We provide a systematic way to pass to the Boussinesq limit, and then study those equations, which are first‐order PDEs of mixed type, more carefully. We show that in a symmetric case the solutions remain on an invariant surface and using simple waves we illustrate that this is not the case for nonsymmetric cases. Reduced models consisting of systems of two equations are also proposed and compared to the full system.
Alkali delivery in chronic hemodialysis: Would more acetate be helpful?
Authors: Uribarri Jaime , Oh Man S.
Published: April 2019

The dialysate alkali used in hemodialysis to replace low body alkali levels in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has changed over time from bicarbonate to acetate and finally back to bicarbonate with a small addition of acetate. The ideal way to replace alkali in dialysis patients remains uncertain. Elsewhere in this issue of the journal, Sargent and Gennari, who have contributed greatly to our understanding of dialysis and acid‐base kinetics, suggest that decreasing the currently used concentration of bicarbonate while increasing concentration of acetate in the dialysate may be a much more physiological approach to alkali delivery during hemodialysis. These recommendations are based on results from a series of hemodialysis simulations using mathematical theoretical methods, with the assumption that acetate metabolism will be sufficiently delayed with the higher acetate dialysate and reduce the rate of correction of metabolic acidosis during dialysis. Although valuable in calling attention to the issues surrounding alkali repletion during hemodialysis, these postulations should be tested in clinical trials. We believe, however, that the available evidence suggests that the rate of gain of bicarbonate during dialysis with the higher acetate dialysate would not be slower and that the replacement of some dialysate bicarbonate with acetate will not alter alkali accretion or intradialytic pH.
Echocardiographic screening of 4107 Nigerian school children for rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Ekure Ekanem N. , Amadi Casmir , Sokunbi Ogochukwu , Kalu Nnenna , Olusegun‐Joseph Akinsanya , Kushimo Oyewole , Hassan Olayinka , Ikebudu Desmond , Onyia Sophia , Onwudiwe Chinonso , Nwankwo Victor , Akinwunmi Remi , Awusa Fukpode , Akere Zainab , Dele‐Salawu Olaolu , Ajayi Elizabeth , Ale Olagoke , Muoneke Dorothy , Muenke Maximillian , Kruszka Paul , Beaton Andrea , Sable Craig , Adeyemo Adebowale
Published: April 2019

Objective

Echocardiographic screening for Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) in Africa has revealed prevalence rates in the range of 0.5–7.4%. There are no recent large population‐based studies in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of RHD in a large sample of Nigerian school children.

Methods

Using portable transthoracic echocardiography and auscultation, school children aged 5 years to 16 years in Lagos, Nigeria were screened for RHD. Diagnosis was based on the 2012 World Heart Federation echocardiographic criteria.

Results

The 4107 children screened had mean age of 11.3 years (SD = 2.6) and 2206 (53.7%) were females. There were 38 children with abnormal echocardiograms, of which 11 (0.27%) showed RHD including two cases of definite RHD giving a prevalence of 2.7/1000 [2.9/1000 in the peri‐urban, 2.4/1000 in the urban area). Echocardiography detected RHD 10 times better than auscultation [echocardiography 11 (0.27%) vs. auscultation 1 (0.02%); P = 0.003]. The remaining 27 children with abnormal echocardiograms had congenital heart defects (CHD) giving a prevalence of 6.6/1000 for CHD, a yield higher than for RHD.

Conclusion

Prevalence of RHD among school children in Lagos, South West Nigeria is low compared to other African countries, possibly due to better access to medical care and antibiotic treatment for infections. Our data provides evidence that RHD prevalence may vary substantially within sub‐Saharan Africa, necessitating targeted population‐based sampling to better understand disease burden and distribution. Further work is needed to compare within‐ and between‐country RHD prevalence as a basis for programme planning and control efforts.
Three‐factor prothrombin complex concentrates for refractory bleeding after cardiovascular surgery within an algorithmic approach to haemostasis
Authors: Hashmi Nazish K. , Ghadimi Kamrouz , Srinivasan Amudan J. , Li Yi‐Ju , Raiff Robert D. , Gaca Jeffrey G. , Root Adam G. , Barac Yaron D. , Ortel Thomas L. , Levy Jerrold H. , Welsby Ian J.
Published: April 2019

Background/Objectives

Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) are increasingly administered off‐label in the United States to treat bleeding in cardiovascular surgical patients and carry the potential risk for acquired thromboembolic side‐effects after surgery. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of low‐dose 3‐factor (3F) PCC (20‐30 IU/kg), as part of a transfusion algorithm, reduces bleeding without increasing postoperative thrombotic/thromboembolic complications.

Materials/Methods

After IRB approval, we retrospectively analysed 114 consecutive, complex cardiovascular surgical patients (age > 18 years), between February 2014 and June 2015, that received low‐dose 3F‐PCC (Profilnine®), of which seven patients met established exclusion criteria. PCC was dosed according to an institutional perioperative algorithm. Allogeneic transfusions were recorded before and after PCC administration (n = 107). The incidence of postoperative thromboembolic events was determined within 30 days of surgery, and Factor II levels were measured in a subset of patients (n = 20) as a quality control measure to avoid excessive PCC dosing.

Results

Total allogeneic blood product transfusion reached a mean of 12·4 ± 9·9 units before PCC and 5·0 ± 6·3 units after PCC administration (P < 0·001). The mean PCC dose was 15·8 ± 7·1 IU/kg. Four patients (3·8%) each experienced an ischaemic stroke on postoperative day 1, 2, 4 and 27. Seven patients (6·5%) had acquired venous thromboembolic disease within 10 days of surgery. Median factor II level after transfusion algorithm adherence and PCC administration was 87%.

Conclusions

3F‐PCC use for refractory bleeding after cardiovascular surgery resulted in reduced transfusion of allogeneic blood and blood products. Adherence to this algorithmic approach was associated with an acceptable incidence of postoperative thrombotic/thromboembolic complications.
Synthesis and characterization of highly crystalline Na‐X zeolite from class F fly ash
Authors: Golbad Saeed , Khoshnoud Parisa , Keleney Garrett , Abu‐Zahra Nidal
Published: April 2019

The aim of this research is to illustrate the feasibility of transforming a byproduct of coal combustion process (fly ash) into a highly crystalline zeolite with enhanced ion exchange capacity and molecular sieving ability that can be used in various phase separation applications. The main crystalline phases present were: α‐quartz, Mullite, Hematite, Magnetite and Lime. The hydrothermal synthesis process resulted in the formation of a Na‐A in low alkalinity, and Na‐X (Na88Al88Si104O384 (H2O)172.1) in higher alkalinity – classified as FAU (Faujasite). Physisorption analysis using BET method revealed the presence of micropores. Cation exchange capacity increased, as high as 374 meq/g, by increasing the crystallization time. Highly ordered pore structure, enhanced specific surface area and the presence of a negative charge in the framework of Na‐X zeolite (FAU) make it a strong adsorbent and an effective molecular sieve with high shape/size selectivity for various applications, including petroleum refinery catalytic cracking units.
Investigation of Prospective Kickboxing Coaches’ Self-Esteem in Decision Making and Decision Making Styles
Authors: Nacar Eyyup
Published: April 2019

Decision refers to the act of choosing the most appropriate type of action possible according to present possibilities and conditions in order to achieve an aim. Decision making covers all cognitive and behavioral effort for choosing and preferring in the face of various situations and events. Starting from this point of view, in our study, it was aimed to investigate prospective kickboxing students’ self-esteem in decision making and decision making styles.The study included 62 voluntary prospective coaches, who participated in a kickboxing coaching in the city center of Elazığ in 2017. In order to obtain personal information from the participant prospective coaches in the study, a personal information form (age, gender, years of doing sports) was formed. In order to investigate the self-esteem in decision making and decision making styles of prospective kickboxing coaches, the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, which was originally developed by Mann et al., (1998) and adapted into Turkish by Deniz (2004), was utilized. The obtained data were evaluated by using SPSS statistics package software and the level of significance was regarded as p<0.05.As a result of the study, according to participants’ variables of age, gender and years of doing sports, the comparison of prospective teachers’ decision making and decision making style mean scores did not constitute a statistically significant difference. The self-esteem levels of coaches in decision making were observed to be significantly high.
The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function
Authors: Boujemaa Hajar , Yilmaz Alaaddin , Robic Boris , Koppo Katrien , Claessen Guido , Frederix Ines , Dendale Paul , Völler Heinz , van Loon Luc JC , Hansen Dominique
Published: April 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

How does surgical aortic valve replacement affect cardiopulmonary and muscle function during exercise?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Early after the surgical replacement of the aortic valve a significant decline in pulmonary function was observed, which was followed by a decline in skeletal muscle function in the subsequent weeks of recovery. These date reiterate, despite restoration of aortic valve function, the need for a tailored rehabilitation programme for the respiratory and peripheral muscular system.

Suboptimal post‐operative improvements in functional capacity are often observed after minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (mini‐AVR). It remains to be studied how AVR affects the cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle function during exercise to explain these clinical observations and to provide a basis for improved/tailored post‐operative rehabilitation. Twenty‐two patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) (aortic valve area (AVA) <1.0 cm²) were pre‐operatively compared to 22 healthy controls during submaximal constant‐workload endurance‐type exercise for oxygen uptake (), carbon dioxide output (), respiratory gas exchange ratio, expiratory volume (), ventilatory equivalents for O2 (/) and CO2 (/), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt), heart rate (HR), oxygen pulse (/HR), blood lactate, Borg ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and exercise‐onset kinetics. These exercise tests were repeated at 5 and 21 days after AVR surgery (n = 14), along with echocardiographic examinations. Respiratory exchange ratio and ventilatory equivalents (/ and /) were significantly elevated, and /HR were significantly lowered, and exercise‐onset kinetics were significantly slower in AS patients vs. healthy controls (P < 0.05). Although the AVA was restored by mini‐AVR in AS patients, / and / further worsened significantly within 5 days after surgery, accompanied by elevations in Borg RPE, and RR, and lowered Vt. At 21 days after mini‐AVR, exercise‐onset kinetics further slowed significantly (P < 0.05). A decline in pulmonary function was observed early after mini‐AVR surgery, which was followed by a decline in skeletal muscle function in the subsequent weeks of recovery. Therefore, a tailored rehabilitation programme should include training modalities for the respiratory and peripheral muscular system.
Evaluación de la confiabilidad del Sistema Cualitativo de Calificación para la versión modificada del Test Gestáltico de Bender
Authors: Merino Soto César Ayax , Benites Morales Luis
Published: April 2019

El presente estudio busca obtener evidencias de confiabilidad para el Sistema Cualitativo de Calificación (Brannigan y Brunner, 2002) aplicado al Test Gestáltico de Bender – Modificado. Los participantes fueron 86 niños, divididos en dos grupos de edad preescolar y escolar; y tres estudiantes que calificaron los diseños en ambos grupos. Los análisis se efectuaron a nivel del puntaje total y del ítem. Los resultados señalan de buenos niveles de confiabilidad intercalificadores y consistencia interna en el grupo de preescolares, mientras que estos niveles fueron más bajos en el grupo de escolares. Estas diferencias establecen la relación entre estos dos aspectos del error de medición, y el énfasis en un adecuado entrenamiento de medidas que requieren el juicio del examinador. Discutimos nuestros resultados considerando la potencial utilidad de esta relativa nueva versión del test Gestáltico de Bender para la práctica clínica y de investigación.
Fiabilidad y validez de constructo del test munsh para medir felicidad, en población de adultos mayores chilenos
Authors: Moyano Díaz Emilio Edmundo , Flores Moraga Ema , Soromaa Heli
Published: April 2019

El objetivo es adaptar y validar preliminarmente la escala de Felicidad del Memorial University of Newfounland (MUNSH) en adultos mayores chilenos. Trescientos adultos de 65 años y más (M=72,8; DS=5,71; Maule, Chile), respondieron el MUNSH, la Escala de Satisfacción Vital de Diener (ESV) y, para validez convergente, la Escala Geriátrica abreviada de Depresión de Yesavage (EGADY). El MUNSH presenta consistencia interna (Cronbach) de 0,90 y correlaciona, apoyando su validez convergente, con ESV (r = 0,623) y con EGADY (r = -0,746). Un análisis factorial para el MUNSH produce una estructura multifactorial con un factor principal explicativo del 31,7% de la varianza. Se discute resultados por género y edad, y se entrega baremos por sexo para el uso del instrumento.
El ranking iberoamericano de Psicología
Authors: López López Wilson
Published: April 2019

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Exploração sexual e trabalho na adolescência: Um estudo de caso
Authors: Dutra-Thomé Luciana , Cerqueira-Santos Elder , Koller Silvia Helena
Published: April 2019

O presente artigo teve como foco a exploração sexual percebida como trabalho, com delineamento de estudo de caso único. O objetivo foi investigar o caso de uma menina de 14 anos, em situação de exploração sexual comercial, que informava em uma entrevista semi-estruturada, ser esta a sua atividade laboral. Foram levantadas categorias relacionadas aos fatores de risco e de proteção na vida da menina, especialmente relacionados ao trabalho. Constatou-se que a jovem percebia a atividade como um trabalho que lhe proporcionava autonomia, subsistência e sobrevivência. No entanto, os efeitos negativos da exploração sexual e de sua percepção desta como atividade laboral eram evidentes sobre sua saúde e seu desenvolvimento. O trabalho juvenil pode ser considerado um fator de risco, principalmente quando as condições laborais não se dão de forma adequada e protegida
Internet y pánico moral: revisión de la investigación sobre la interacción de niños y jóvenes con los nuevos medios
Authors: Marciales Vivas Gloria Patricia , Cabra Torres Fabiola
Published: April 2019

La psicología popular así como la investigación académica comparten la preocupación por los riesgos que afrontan niños y adolescentes con el uso de Internet, tales como la adicción, el cyberbullying, el acoso sexual, entre otros. El concepto de ‘riesgo’ como categoría de análisis se torna imprescindible en la sociedad de la información, así como la búsqueda de respuestas frente a preguntas como cuáles son, qué prevalencia tienen, y qué tan extendidos están tales riesgos en las sociedades actuales. En esta revisión se retoma el concepto sociológico de ‘pánico moral’ como reacción ante la incertidumbre y pérdida de control generados por los medios de comunicación, por las posibilidades que ofrecen de acceso y exposición a contenidos violentos o sexuales desde edades tempranas. Se identifican los principales temas que han sido objeto de estudio, sus alcances, recomendaciones e implicaciones pedagógicas para la reflexión sobre la educación en medios.
Mulheres ciganas: medo, relações intergrupais e confrontos identitários
Authors: Bonomo Mariana , De Souza Lídio , Araujo Trindade Zeidi , Davel Canal Fabiana , Alves Brasil Julia , Mota do Livramento André , Da Silva Milani Patrocínio Ana Paula
Published: April 2019

Através da Teoria da Identidade Social buscou-se conhecer os estereótipos presentes no imaginário rural associados ao grupo cigano, bem como os sentimentos associados a esta etnia. Foram entrevistadas 10 mulheres rurais, não-ciganas, moradoras de uma comunidade rural brasileira. Realizou-se a organização dos dados através do software Alceste e da Análise de Conteúdo. A análise das informações nos permitiu identificar o sentimento de medo como importante orientador das práticas relacionadas aos ciganos, confirmando características presentes no imaginário social amplamente difundido acerca desta etnia. Estão presentes os clássicos estereótipos de ladrões, malfeitores e amaldiçoados. Discute-se a dinâmica identitária provocada pelo conflito entre a comunidade rural e os ciganos, enfatizando os processos que orientam o campo de identificação e diferenciação endo/exogrupal
Cultura escolar, prácticas de enseñanza y resiliencia en alumnos y profesores de contextos sociales vulnerables
Authors: Villalta Paucar Marco Antonio , Saavedra Guajardo Eugenio
Published: April 2019

Se analiza en qué medida aspectos como la percepción de la cultura institucional, de las prácticas de enseñanza en sala de clase y la resiliencia de alumnos y profesores, están asociados a logros educativos, en instituciones ubicadas en sectores sociales vulnerables. Se presenta un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional, con 502 alumnos y 39 profesores de dos establecimientos educativos con adecuados logros de aprendizaje, ubicados en zonas sociales vulnerables. Se mide percepción de: 1) Cultura Institucional, 2) Prácticas cotidianas de enseñanza y 3) Resiliencia. En los alumnos se encuentra alta correlación entre percepciones de cultura institucional y el trabajo cotidiano de enseñanza. Dichas percepciones tienen correlación moderada con la Resiliencia. En los profesores se encuentra correlación moderada entre sus percepciones de cultura y prácticas de enseñanza, y nula correlación de ambas con la resiliencia. Se profundiza y discuten estos resultados.
Estrés parental, trato rudo y monitoreo como factores asociados a la conducta agresiva
Authors: Cabrera García Victoria Eugenia , González Bernal Martha Rocío , Guevara Marín Ivón Paola
Published: April 2019

Esta investigación examinó el aporte de tres prácticas parentales en la explicación de la conducta agresiva. El interés era indagar asociaciones entre estos factores, las diferencias por nivel socioeconómico y las diferencias en los reportes de ambos padres sobre la conducta agresiva de sus hijos. Participaron 256 parejas, con hijos adolescentes. Los resultados muestran que el estrés parental, el trato rudo y el monitoreo se asocian significativamente con la conducta agresiva. El estrés parental fue el factor con mayor peso predictor. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para los tres factores en los niveles socioeconómicos alto y bajo, pero no entre el medio y el alto. En los reportes de los padres, no se encontraron diferencias para estrés y trato rudo, pero sí para el monitoreo.
Implicaciones clínicas del diagnóstico diferencial temprano entre Retraso de Lenguaje (RL) y Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL)
Authors: Acosta Rodríguez Víctor , Moreno Santana Ana , Axpe Caballero María
Published: April 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias que desde un punto de vista clínico tienen los conceptos de Retraso de Lenguaje (RL) y Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL). Para tal fin se seleccionó una muestra de 6 sujetos con RL y otros 6 con TEL, a través del uso de instrumentos tanto estandarizados como en forma de tareas. Mientras que los niños con RL no recibieron tratamiento alguno, los TEL fueron sometidos a un programa de intervención que perseguía, por un lado, favorecer el desarrollo de la comprensión y la producción lingüística, y, por otro, estimular el progreso de habilidades básicas para la iniciación a la lectura, especialmente el desarrollo narrativo y el procesamiento fonológico. Los contenidos del programa se han secuenciado en orden creciente de complejidad cognitiva. Con el fin de comprobar las semejanzas o diferencias de los sujetos en su desarrollo lingüístico, atendiendo a su grupo de pertenencia, se utilizó la U de Mann-Whitney. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. Así, se destaca una evolución siempre favorable de los sujetos con RL, sin que sean sometidos a intervención alguna, todo lo contrario de lo que ocurre con los niños con TEL. En consecuencia nuestros datos apuntan a que no tiene porqué haber un recorrido desde el RL hasta el TEL, tratándose de categorías diagnósticas diferenciadas
Memória para eventos emocionais: o papel do momento da testagem e do tipo de teste
Authors: Brust Priscila Goergen , Stein Lilian Milnitsky
Published: April 2019

O impacto da emoção no desempenho da memória é amplamente discutido na literatura científica. No presente trabalho, a relação entre memória e emoção foi investigada em três experimentos por meio do Procedimento de Apresentação de Slides. No primeiro experimento, a memória de 128 participantes foi testada por meio de um teste de recordação livre para a versão emocionalmente estimulante ou neutra do Procedimento. No segundo experimento, 75 participantes responderam ao teste de recordação livre para a versão estimulante imediatamente após assisti-la ou uma semana depois. No terceiro experimento, 75 estudantes universitários assistiram à versão estimulante e responderam a um teste de recordação livre ou de reconhecimento uma semana depois. Os resultados indicaram que a memória para situações estimulantes é melhor quando testada imediatamente após a exposição ao estímulo por meio de recordação livre.
Las apropiaciones académicas y los indicadores de impacto
Authors: López López Wilson
Published: April 2019

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Diferentes tipos de incidencia de los procesos cognitivos de revisión sobre la coherencia de textos narrativos: un estudio con niños de 10 años
Authors: De Castro Diana , Correa Miralba
Published: April 2019

Esta investigación se enmarca en la Psicología del Desarrollo Cognitivo, su propósito es identificar los procesos de revisión en las reescrituras elaboradas por niños de 10 años y su incidencia en el establecimiento de la coherencia de textos narrativos. El análisis cualitativo y estadístico de tres producciones escritas y dos conversatorios de 30 niños de 10 años, permite identificar tanto los diferentes tipos de incidencia que tiene la revisión sobre la coherencia, como las trayectorias que siguen los niños para lograr transformaciones a nivel estructural y discursivo. El análisis de los cambios que los niños realizan en sus producciones escritas, permite c-conocer las transformaciones en la coherencia y da cuenta de avances, retrocesos, oscilaciones y permanencia en los desempeños. Finalmente, se identifican funcionamientos mentales decisivos en el establecimiento de la coherencia y dimensiona la importancia de propuestas educativas que focalicen en la revisión.
Factores familiares y sociales de alto riesgo asociados al trabajo infantil en ciudades de la Costa Caribe colombiana
Authors: Romero Mendoza Vanessa , Amar Amar José Juan , Palacio Jorge , Madariaga Orozco Camilo , Sierra Crisson Eloísa , Quintero González Sandra Milena
Published: April 2019

Se describen los factores familiares y sociales de alto riesgo asociados al trabajo infantil. La muestra, de carácter intencional, estuvo constituida por 835 niños, niñas y adolescentes entre 6 y 17 años (M = 10.6 años y DE = 2.2) de las ciudades de Barranquilla, Santa Marta y Cartagena, que participaron en el proyecto “Edúcame primero, Colombia” durante 2008. Los resultados presentan datos relevantes sobre el estado sociodemográfico de los niños participantes, sus características familiares y condiciones sociales, que permitirán establecer una línea base actualizada y abrir camino para la construcción de estrategias de intervención efectivas sobre un flagelo que azota a los niños, niñas y jóvenes no solo de Colombia, sino del mundo.
Información cognitiva a partir de pruebas de gran escala: el método de representación del espacio de reglas
Authors: Artavia Medrano Álvaro , Larreamendy-Joerns Fernando
Published: April 2019

En los últimos años, ha existido una creciente demanda para que las pruebas estandarizadas de rendimiento académico brinden información de mayor utilidad para los procesos educativos, manteniendo las ventajas de su proceso técnico de elaboración, y agregando información diagnóstica cuyo objetivo sea mejorar las áreas evidenciadas como deficientes por los estudiantes. El presente artículo aboga por el método de representación del espacio de reglas (rule space) de Tatsuoka (1983, 2009) como una opción para incorporar los beneficios de la evaluación cognitiva diagnóstica a las prácticas actuales de evaluación. El artículo explica brevemente el proceso de resolución de problemas, según la teoría del procesamiento de la información; presenta las bases para el análisis de los ítems, con miras a la aplicación del método y lo expone con especial énfasis en la elaboración de la matriz Q, como modelo cognitivo que permite la interpretación de resultados, de tal manera que el desempeño en una prueba se pueda vincular con inferencias específicas acerca del conocimiento y las habilidades de los examinados.
Nuevas formas de muestreo para minorías y poblaciones ocultas: muestras por encuestado conducido en una población de inmigrantes sudamericanos
Authors: Cárdenas Castro José Manuel , Yañez Yañez Susan Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

El Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) es un método de muestreo para poblaciones ocultas o de difícil acceso. Se trata de un procedimiento que permite realizar estimaciones de la representatividad de la muestra en aquellos grupos en que desconocemos el marco muestral. En este estudio, se presenta tanto la descripción teórica de dicha forma de muestreo como el reporte de su aplicación práctica en el caso de minorías étnicas (inmigrantes bolivianos, peruanos y colombianos) en el norte de Chile. El estudio comenzó con ocho semillas y se reclutó una muestra total de 109 personas provenientes de Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. La información resultante del procedimiento RDS informa de un patrón similar de reclutamiento entre hombres y mujeres, reflejando que los tamaños de las redes de ambos grupos no difieren significativamente.
La construcción del proyecto migratorio y las razones de emigrar en la población de África subsahariana de habla francesa. Un estudio intercontinental Europa - África
Authors: VELANDIA TORRES Carlos Roberto , LACASSAGNE Marie-Françoise
Published: April 2019

Este estudio da cuenta de las razones de los ciudadanos de África subsahariana francófona para establecerse en Europa y particularmente en Francia mediante la creación de un marco comprensivo innovador que vincula tres ejes temáticos: la motivación, las migraciones y África y sus relaciones con Europa. 155 participantes en ambos continentes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre su proyecto migratorio real o posible. Los resultados plantean un plano general de acercamiento a los imaginarios y la realidad de los migrantes en el contexto francés, marcado por la reflexión sobre la identidad nacional, los controles migratorios, un clima político reticente a la migración y un tejido social caracterizado por un creciente multiculturalismo. Palabras clave: Migración, Motivación, África, Europa
Maltrato infantil y representaciones de apego: defensas, memoria y estrategias, una revisión
Authors: Fresno Rodríguez Andrés , Spencer Contreras Rosario , Retamal Castro Tania
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre la influencia del maltrato infantil en la conformación de las representaciones del apego. Se describen los principales postulados teóricos respecto de los efectos del maltrato en los procesos defensivos, los sistemas de memoria y las estrategias de apego, elementos discutidos a través de la presentación de un modelo integrativo, el cual es contrastado con estudios empíricos. Se constata que el maltrato infantil afecta la calidad de las representaciones del apego, sin embargo se aprecia que los estudios no logran dar cuenta de toda la complejidad del fenómeno del maltrato. Los postulados teóricos abordados en este trabajo son marginalmente puestos a prueba en las investigaciones que se reportan.
Social Construction and Relationalism: A Conversation with Kenneth Gergen
Authors: Aceros Juan C.
Published: April 2019

Kenneth Gergen is one of the most widely known contributors to social constructionist thought in the world today. Since the publication of his paper “Social Psychology as History” he has become a central player in what is known as the Social Psychology Crisis. In his academic career, and from what he has called ‘Relational Theory’, Gergen has revisited a significant number of psychological constructs and has proposed various dialogical and collaborative practices in therapy, organizational development, education, community development, social work and peace-building, among other things. This paper is a conversation with Gergen in which together we explore the particular way in which he understands the social constructionist movement. It is also a conversation about relational theory and related practices.
Caracterización de estudiantes desde sus potencialidades y Talentos Académicos en la región de Antofagasta, Chile
Authors: García Cepero Maria Caridad , Proestakis Alejandro N , Lillo Olivares América , Muñoz Eduardo M. , López Valladares Carolina , Guzmán Garay Maria Isabel
Published: April 2019

La coyuntura actual de políticas educativas de cobertura, calidad, equidad y diversidad imponen desafíos a los establecimientos educacionales, especialmente a los municipales, los cuales deben desarrollar estrategias orientadas a satisfacer las necesidades de los estudiantes que se encuentran en sus aulas, capitalizando sus fortalezas. Esta investigación es de naturaleza exploratoria con una metodología mixta explicativa. Se presentan los resultados de la primera fase del estudio que corresponde al análisis de proyectos educativos y a la caracterización de estudiantes sobresalientes. Se analizaron los resultados obtenidos de 1.536 estudiantes provenientes de 18 establecimientos educacionales de las comunas de Antofagasta y Calama (Chile). A partir del análisis y de acuerdo a indicadores de talento académico, la muestra fue caracterizada en cuatro grupos de estudiantes: estudiantes sobresalientes, sub-nominados, sobre-exigidos y promedio. La categoría de estudiantes subnominados plantea cuestionamientos referentes a la metodología de identificación de estudiantes con talento en los programas chilenos, fuertemente cimentada en la nominación docente. Se advierte la necesidad de generar rutas alternativas, como la autonominación. Para concluir, se hacen algunas sugerencias alrededor de las políticas públicas en relación con la educación para estudiantes sobresalientes en particular para Chile, pero pueden ser en buena medida transferidas a otros casos a través de Iberoamérica.
Juvenile Criminal Behavior and Peers’ Influences: A Comparative Study in the Brazilian Context
Authors: Rezende Bazon Marina , Estevão Ruth
Published: April 2019

This study investigates aspects of living with peers in adolescent offenders in the Brazilian context based on the social and personal control behavior theory developed by Marc Le Blanc and his colleagues. Both comparative and quantitative approaches were used to study two groups: Delinquents/adjudicated and control. A questionnaire developed by Le Blanc and adapted to the reality of the study was applied to 75 participants. A significant level of 0.05 was adopted and the data analysis showed that delinquents developed poor relationships suggesting an experience of greater socio-emotional isolation. This refers to the problematic experience in one of the major developmental tasks of this period. Further studies should be developed to analyze the interactions between the coexisting aspects in the family, at school and with peers.
Narraciones escritas en niños con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL)
Authors: Soriano-Ferrer Manuel , Contreras-González Mª Carmen
Published: April 2019

El presente estudio examinó las narraciones escritas, así como la influencia de las variables lingüísticas sobre la competencia narrativa de los niños con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL). Veinticinco niños con TEL y 25 niños con desarrollo normal del lenguaje, equilibrados en edad e inteligencia, realizaron una tarea de narración escrita. Los resultados indican que ambos grupos difieren en la producción de narraciones. Los niños con TEL no solo escribieron historias más cortas, sino también de menor organización y coherencia. Además cometieron significativamente más errores de ortografía natural y de sintaxis. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica mostraron que diferentes medidas lingüísticas –memoria secuencial auditiva, comprensión auditiva y expresión verbal– tienen un peso predictivo de la competencia narrativa.
Recepción de series televisivas y formación de esquemas cognoscitivos asociados a sus personajes: un estudio con niños y adolescentes costarricenses
Authors: Pérez Sánchez Rolando , Torres Fernández David
Published: April 2019

El estudio indaga la asociación entre el visionado televisivo, específicamente la intensidad de uso de la televisión y la valoración de series de televisión, en la formación de esquemas de personas. Compara la organización categorial ante una serie de televisión en un grupo de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Se estudiaron variables cognoscitivas y psicomediáticas, como variables intervinientes. Los resultados muestran diferencias entre los grupos de edad con respecto a la accesibilidad y variabilidad del contenido de los esquemas y la participación diferencial de las variables cognoscitivas y psicomediáticas. Se discuten sus implicaciones para el estudio de la comprensión del mensaje televisivo, específicamente de las series televisivas, y para el desarrollo de las competencias para la recepción televisiva.