bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Application of Filter‐Based IR Detector for Polyolefin Characterization with HT‐SEC
Authors: Frijns‐Bruls Tiny , Ortin Alberto , Weusten Jos , Geladé Erik
Published: October 2015

Even though polyolefins are simple polymers from a chemical structure point of view, their full characterization in practice is still an intriguing task. Basic macromolecular characteristics of polyethylene or polypropylene like molar mass moments and their distributions (MMD) but also chain conformation and thus information on long‐chain branching, can be addressed with high‐temperature size‐exclusion chromatography (HT‐SEC). Hyphenation of infrared detection to size‐exclusion chromatography expands possibilities of SEC even more and allows to reveal comonomer incorporation across molecular weight and thus generate a fingerprint of a given catalytic system used in polyolefin synthesis. Multiband filter‐based infrared detector gives an easy and fast access to so‐called short chain branching distribution (SCB) vs MMD by coupling to HT‐SEC. In this work, we summarize recent findings on application of a filter‐based IR detector (IR5‐MCT) towards characterization of polyolefins synthesized with different catalytic systems and varying comonomer types. It is found that for copolymers of polyethylene with 1‐butene, 1‐hexene or 1‐octene (non‐C3), one linear calibration line can be used in the range up to 70 CH3/1000TC, thus covering the range necessary for common applications like for instance HDPE or LLDPE. For ethylene‐propylene copolymers (C3), over the broad range up to 333 CH3/1000TC, the calibration line is best fitted to a second order polynomial. C3 copolymers show a different behavior compared to non‐C3 copolymers, irrespective the amount of comonomer incorporated in the polymer. We show that mixtures of PP and PE homopolymers result in equivalent response as the copolymers of the same average composition and thus can also be used to set up calibration lines. Based on this evaluation practical aspects of IR5‐MCT calibration are discussed.
Periodicity and non‐negativity of solutions for nonlinear neutral differential equations with variable delay via fixed point theorems
Authors: Mesmouli Mouataz Billah , Ardjouni Abdelouaheb , Djoudi Ahcene
Published: October 2015

We use a modification of Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem introduced by Burton to show the periodicity and non‐negativity of solutions for the nonlinear neutral differential equation with variable delay

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma3733:mma3733-math-0001
We invert this equation to construct the sum of a compact map and a large contraction, which is suitable for applying the modification of Krasnoselskii's theorem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong solutions to 3D compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with Navier‐slip condition
Authors: Tang Tong , Gao Hongjun
Published: October 2015

We consider the short time strong solutions to the compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with initial vacuum, in which the velocity field satisfies the Navier‐slip condition. The Navier‐slip condition differs in many aspects from no‐slip conditions, and it has attracted considerable attention in nanoscale and microscale flows research. Inspired by Kato and Lax's idea, we use the Lax–Milgram theorem and contraction mapping argument to prove local existence. Moreover, under the Navier‐slip condition, we establish a criterion for possible breakdown of such solutions at finite time in terms of the temporal integral of L∞ norm of the deformation tensor D(u). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multibreath alveolar oxygen tension imaging
Authors: Clapp Justin , Hamedani Hooman , Kadlecek Stephen , Xin Yi , Shaghaghi Hoora , Siddiqui Sarmad , Rossman Milton D. , Rizi Rahim R.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

This study tested the ability of a multibreath hyperpolarized HP 3He MRI protocol to increase the accuracy of regional alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) measurements by lessening the influence of gas‐flow artifacts. Conventional single‐breath PAO2 measurement has been susceptible to error induced by intervoxel gas flow, particularly when used to study subjects with moderate‐to‐severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

Both single‐breath and multibreath PAO2 imaging schemes were implemented in seven human subjects (one healthy, three asymptomatic smokers, and three COPD). The number and location of voxels with nonphysiologic PAO2 values generated by intervoxel gas flow were compared between the two protocols.

Results

The multibreath scheme resulted in a significantly lower total percentage of nonphysiologic PAO2 values (6.0%) than the single‐breath scheme (13.7%) (P = 0.006). PAO2 maps showed several patterns of gas‐flow artifacts that were present in the single‐breath protocol but mitigated by the multibreath approach. Multibreath imaging also allowed for the analysis of slow‐filling areas that presented no signal after a single breath.

Conclusion

A multibreath approach enhances the accuracy and completeness of noninvasive PAO2 measurement by significantly lessening the proportion of nonphysiologic values generated by intervoxel gas flow. Magn Reson Med 76:1092–1101, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Encourage an atmosphere that's comfortable for trans students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2015

Faculty members are experts on their subject matter, but they might not always be aware of ways they can make their classrooms more inviting for transgender students and other students who do not identify with the traditional gender binary.
Communication key to boosting retention rates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

As an English major from Cornell College, Julie Bryant did not see enrollment services in higher education as an obvious career path. However, when Bryant was hired at Ruffalo Noel Levitz in 1993, a firm that contracts with colleges and universities to offer enrollment management solutions, she realized that the communication skills she'd garnered in college would prove key to helping colleges and universities retain students. “Communication is a powerful way to demonstrate that tuition is a worthwhile investment,” Bryant said. Keeping the focus on clear communication between enrollment services administrators and students helped Bryant develop strategies for colleges and universities to boost retention and completion numbers.
Concrete beams strengthened with prestressed unbonded carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer plates: An experimental study
Authors: Hong Sungnam , Park Sun‐Kyu
Published: October 2015

This study addresses the applicability and effectiveness of prestressed unbonded carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) for strengthening concrete beams. Three‐ and four‐point flexural tests were conducted up to failure for 10 concrete beams. The cracking, yield, and experimental nominal loads of the prestressed strengthened beams increased with the prestress levels. However, the ultimate loads were similar regardless of the prestress level because beam failure was dominated by rupture of the CFRP plates. Based on the results, the recommended appropriate prestress level for securing the ductility of a prestressed strengthened beam is ≤40% of the tensile strength of the CFRP plate. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2459–2471, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of thermoplastic veils on interlaminar fracture toughness of a glass fiber/vinyl ester composite
Authors: Del Saz‐Orozco Belén , Ray Dipa , Stanley Walter F.
Published: October 2015

The effects of two thermoplastic micro‐veils, polyamide (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) veil, on the interlaminar fracture toughness of a glass fiber/vinyl ester (GF/VE) composite were investigated. The veils incorporated into the composite as interleaving materials were first characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), contact angle and tensile testing in order determine the best candidate as toughening agent for the GF/VE composite. Composite laminates were manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin infusion process. Double cantilever beam (DCB) testing was performed to investigate the Mode I type interlaminar fracture toughness of the composites, which was characterized by critical strain energy release rate (GIC). An increased GIC was obtained by incorporating the PA veil, but it changed negligibly by the addition of the PET veil. The analysis of the composites fracture surface via SEM revealed increased fiber bridging between adjacent plies in the case of PA veil interleaved composites which played a key role in enhancing the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. However, the PET veil present in the interlaminar region did not take part in any energy absorbing mechanism during the delamination, thus keeping the GIC of the composite unaltered. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2501–2508, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
A natural frequency approach to study the blown film helicoidal stability of HDPE bimodal resins and its relation to their rheological behavior
Authors: Treviño‐Quintanilla Cecilia D. , Luna Cabrera Fabián , Bonilla‐Ríos Jaime , Cortes Rodríguez Leonardo F.
Published: October 2015

A quantitative study of the helicoidal bubble stability (HBS) of five different HDPE bimodal resins processed under the same conditions was conducted to determine their natural frequencies and how these are related to molecular weight distribution features and typical viscoelastic data. The natural frequency
, of each resin was obtained by representing the HBS phenomenon as an undamped system under the influence of a harmonic force, whose solution required force balance and Fourier series analyses of video‐recorded oscillations of the bubbles. It was found that
was directly related to the stability grading on these bimodal resins established by experimental technicians running the blown film line. The same trends were observed when comparing with the entanglement index, MwB/Me, the characteristic retardation time t67% obtained from recovery compliance data, and the cross‐over point frequency (COP). These trends were not linear, indicating perhaps the existence of a percolation threshold for
with respect to the entanglement index and to the mentioned rheological parameters. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2910–2921, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization of biaxial strain of poly(l‐lactide) tubes
Authors: Løvdal Alexandra , Andreasen Jens W , Mikkelsen Lars P , Agersted Karsten , Almdal Kristoffer
Published: October 2015

Poly(l‐lactide) in its l‐form has promising mechanical properties. Being a semicrystalline polymer, it can be subjected to strain‐induced crystallization at temperatures above Tg and can thereby become oriented. Following a simultaneous (SIM) biaxial strain process or a sequential (SEQ) biaxial strain process, the mechanical properties of biaxially strained tubes can be further improved. This study investigated these properties in relation to their morphology and crystal orientation. Both processes yield the same mechanical strength and modulus, yet exhibit different crystal orientation. Through further wide angle X‐ray scattering analysis it was found that the SEQ biaxial strain yields larger interplanar spacing and distorted crystals and looser packing of chains. However, this does not influence the mechanical properties negatively. A loss of orientation in SEQ biaxially strained samples at high degrees of strain was detected, but was not seen for SIM biaxial strain and did not correlate with mechanical performance in either case. However, post‐annealing reduced the orientation to the same level in both cases, and the modulus and strength decreased for both SIM and SEQ biaxial strain. It is therefore concluded that mechanical properties after biaxial strain are related to strain‐induced amorphous orientation and the packing of crystals, rather than strain‐induced crystallinity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid label‐free quantitative analysis of the E. coli BL21(DE3) inner membrane proteome
Authors: Papanastasiou Malvina , Orfanoudaki Georgia , Kountourakis Nikos , Koukaki Marina , Sardis Marios Frantzeskos , Aivaliotis Michalis , Tsolis Konstantinos C. , Karamanou Spyridoula , Economou Anastassios
Published: October 2015

Biological membranes define cells and cellular compartments and are essential in regulating bidirectional flow of chemicals and signals. Characterizing their protein content therefore is required to determine their function, nevertheless, the comprehensive determination of membrane‐embedded sub‐proteomes remains challenging. Here, we experimentally characterized the inner membrane proteome (IMP) of the model organism E. coli BL21(DE3). We took advantage of the recent extensive re‐annotation of the theoretical E. coli IMP regarding the sub‐cellular localization of all its proteins. Using surface proteolysis of IMVs with variable chemical treatments followed by nanoLC‐MS/MS analysis, we experimentally identified ∼45% of the expressed IMP in wild type E. coli BL21(DE3) with 242 proteins reported here for the first time. Using modified label‐free approaches we quantified 220 IM proteins. Finally, we compared protein levels between wild type cells and those over‐synthesizing the membrane‐embedded translocation channel SecYEG proteins. We propose that this proteomics pipeline will be generally applicable to the determination of IMP from other bacteria.
Controlled radical polymerization of fluorinated methacrylates in supercritical CO2: Synthesis and application of a novel RAFT agent
Authors: Chen Jian‐Gang , Feng Xian , Wang Ming‐Xi , Shen Shukun , Li Yang , Wang Wei , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Jiang Jinqiang , Lu Jian
Published: October 2015

A novel fluorinated reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer agent, S,S‐di‐pentaflourobenzyl trithiocarbonate (DPFBTTC), was designed and synthesized. DPFBTTC and dibenzyl trithiocarbonate (DBTTC) were applied in the polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHMA), hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA), and trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) in scCO2. The polymerization processes were monitored using a high‐pressure in‐situ NIR, through which the polymerization kinetics was investigated and the controllability of DPFBTTC was evaluated. It is found that the controllability of DPFBTTC presented in the order of DFHMA > HFBMA > TFEMA, indicating that DPFBTTC may fit for the controlled polymerization of the highly fluorinated methacrylates. Moreover, the controllability of DPFBTTC is verified to be better than that of DBTTC, possibly resulting from the enhanced accessibility/miscibility of DPFBTTC to the fluorinated monomer used. We believe that the employment of DPFBTTC and the resulted introduction of stable pentafluorobenzyl end groups to the polymer are expected to distinctly improve performances of the polymer, and thus will meet the special application requirements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 825–834
A convenient synthesis of α,α′‐ homo‐ and α,α′‐hetero‐bifunctionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone)s by ring opening polymerization: The potentially valuable precursors for miktoarm star copolymers
Authors: Patil Sachin S. , Tawade Bhausaheb V. , Wadgaonkar Prakash P.
Published: October 2015

Two new ring opening polymerization (ROP) initiators, namely, (3‐allyl‐2‐(allyloxy)phenyl)methanol and (3‐allyl‐2‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)phenyl)methanol each containing two reactive functionalities viz. allyl, allyloxy and allyl, propargyloxy, respectively, were synthesized from 3‐allylsalicyaldehyde as a starting material. Well defined α‐allyl, α′‐allyloxy and α‐allyl, α′‐propargyloxy bifunctionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone)s with molecular weights in the range 4200–9500 and 3600–10,900 g/mol and molecular weight distributions in the range 1.16–1.18 and 1.15–1.16, respectively, were synthesized by ROP of ε‐caprolactone employing these initiators. The presence of α‐allyl, α′‐allyloxy and α‐allyl, α′‐propargyloxy functionalities on poly(ε‐caprolactone)s was confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI‐TOF analysis. The kinetic study of ROP of ε‐caprolactone with both the initiators revealed the pseudo first order kinetics with respect to ε‐caprolactone consumption and controlled behavior of polymerization reactions. The usefulness of α‐allyl, α′‐allyloxy functionalities on poly(ε‐caprolactone) was demonstrated by performing the thiol‐ene reaction with poly(ethylene glycol) thiol to obtain (mPEG)2‐PCL miktoarm star copolymer. α‐Allyl, α′‐propargyloxy functionalities on poly(ε‐caprolactone) were utilized in orthogonal reactions i.e copper catalyzed alkyne‐azide click (CuAAC) with azido functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) followed by thiol‐ene reaction with poly(ethylene glycol) thiol to synthesize PCL‐PNIPAAm‐mPEG miktoarm star terpolymer. The preliminary characterization of A2B and ABC miktoarm star copolymers was carried out by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 844–860
Photoresponsive Cucurbit[8]uril‐Mediated Adhesion of Bacteria on Supported Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Sankaran Shrikrishnan , van Weerd Jasper , Voskuhl Jens , Karperien Marcel , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: October 2015

In this work, the development of a photoresponsive platform for the presentation of bioactive ligands to study receptor–ligand interactions has been described. For this purpose, supramolecular host–guest chemistry and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been combined in a microfluidic device. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM‐D) studies on methyl viologen (MV)‐functionalized oligo ethylene glycol‐based self‐assembled monolayers, gel and liquid‐state SLBs have been compared for their nonfouling properties in the case of ConA and bacteria. In combination with bacterial adhesion test, negligible nonspecific bacterial adhesion is observed only in the case of methyl‐viologen‐modified liquid‐state SLBs. Therefore, liquid‐state SLBs have been identified as most suitable for studying specific cell interactions when MV is incorporated as a guest on the surface. The photoswitchable supramolecular ternary complex is formed by assembling cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and an azobenzene–mannose conjugate (Azo–Man) onto MV‐functionalized liquid‐state SLBs and the assembly process has been characterized using QCM‐D and fluorescence techniques. Mannose has been found to enable binding of E. coli via cell‐surface receptors on the nonfouling supramolecular SLBs. Optical switching of the azobenzene moiety allows us to “erase” the bioactive surface after bacterial binding, providing the potential to develop reusable sensors. Localized photorelease of bacterial cells has also been shown indicating the possibility of optically guiding cellular growth, migration, and intercellular interactions.
Cost Effectiveness of a Fast‐Track Protocol for Urgent Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies and Appendectomies
Authors: Trevino Colleen M. , Katchko Karina M. , Verhaalen Amy L. , Bruce Marie L. , Webb Travis P.
Published: October 2015

Background

Fast‐track protocols (FTPs) are used to decrease length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs for elective outpatient procedures. Few institutions have implemented FTP for urgent procedures such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA).

Study design

This is a retrospective single‐institution cohort study including all patients undergoing urgent LC or LA between July 1, 2010 and May 1, 2013. Exclusion criteria included conversion to open procedure, perforated appendicitis, or procedure related to intra‐abdominal injury. Analysis included a comparison of the three study groups: (1) before (PRE) and after (POST) implementation of the fast‐track protocol (FTP), (2) fast‐track cohort (FT) and non‐fast‐track cohort (NFT), and (3) those completing the fast‐track pathway (FT‐C) and those who began but failed to complete the pathway (FT‐F).

Results

There were significant reductions in LOS between all study groups compared: between PRE (n = 256) and POST (n = 472) cohorts by half a day (2.0 vs. 1.5 days, p < 0.02); between FT and NFT (0.68 vs. 1.82 days, p < 0.01); and FT‐C and FT‐F (0.49 vs. 1.05 days, p < 0.01). Total hospital charges were significantly reduced in FT compared with NFT ($22,347 vs. $30,868, p < 0.01) with an average savings of $8521. Total hospital charges were decreased in the FT‐C compared with FT‐F cohorts ($21,971 vs. $22,939, p = 0.3) with an average savings of $968. Readmissions, complications, and satisfaction were similar for all comparison groups.

Conclusions

FTPs for urgent appendectomies and cholecystectomies can significantly reduce hospital costs by reducing LOS without compromising patient outcomes.
Intraoperative Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Colorectal Liver Metastasis Surgery Improves the Identification and Characterization of Nodules
Authors: Hoareau Julien , Venara Aurélien , Lebigot Jérôme , Hamel Jean‐Francois , Lermite Emilie , Caroli‐Bosc Francois Xavier , Aube Christophe
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The sensitivity of preoperative assessment of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) ranges from 74 to 80 %. Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) associated with contrast‐enhanced intraoperative ultrasound (CE‐IOUS) may be able to improve this. Thus, the aims of this study were to assess the value of IOUS and CE‐IOUS for the surgical approach and to determine risk factors both for the detection of new nodules and for the modification of the surgical strategy.

Materials and methods

Forty‐three patients who underwent CRLM surgery were included. These patients had an MRI in the 8 weeks preceding surgery and benefited from intraoperative IOUS and CE‐IOUS.

Results and discussion

The use of IOUS/CE‐IOUS permitted the identification of 43 additional lesions and an improved characterization of nodules in 23 patients with a resulting modification of surgical strategy. Lesions were down‐staged in six patients and up‐staged in six patients. Chemotherapy (p = 0.02) and the presence of nodules in the left lobe (p = 0.04) were predictive factors for finding new nodules at IOUS/CE‐IOUS. The discovery of a new nodule systematically modified surgical management. IOUS/CE‐IOUS improved intraoperative management of liver metastases. The techniques enable pertinent modification of surgical resections and a reduction of residual lesions.
Density-ratio effects on the capture of suspended particles in aquatic systems
Authors: Espinosa-Gayosso Alexis , Ghisalberti Marco , Ivey Gregory N. , Jones Nicole L.
Published: October 2015

Particle capture, whereby suspended particles contact and adhere to a solid surface (a ‘collector’), is important in a range of environmental processes, including suspension feeding by corals and ‘filtering’ by aquatic vegetation. Although aquatic particles are often considered as perfect tracers when estimating capture efficiency, the particle density ratio (${\it\rho}^{+}$) – the ratio of the particle density to the fluid density – can significantly affect capture. In this paper, we use a numerical analysis of particle trajectories to quantify the influence of${\it\rho}^{+}$on particle capture by circular collectors in a parameter space relevant to aquatic systems. As it is generally believed that inertia augments the capture efficiency when the Stokes number ($\mathit{St}$) of the particles exceeds a critical value, we first estimate the critical Stokes number for aquatic-type particles and demonstrate its dependence on both${\it\rho}^{+}$and the Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}$). Second, we analyse how efficiently circular collectors can capture neutrally buoyant (${\it\rho}^{+}=1$), sediment-type (${\it\rho}^{+}=2.6$) and weakly buoyant (${\it\rho}^{+}=0.9$) aquatic particles. Our analysis shows that, for${\it\rho}^{+}>1$, inertia can either augment or diminish capture efficiency, and inertial effects appear well before the critical Stokes number is reached. The role of particle inertia is maximised at Stokes numbers above the critical value and, for sediment-type particles, can result in as much as a fourfold increase in the rate of capture relative to perfect tracers of the same size. Similar but opposite effects are observed for weakly buoyant particles, where capture efficiency can decrease by 60 % relative to the capture of perfect tracers.
Long-term treatment with haloperidol affects neuropeptide S and NPSR mRNA levels in the rat brain
Authors: Palasz Artur , Rojczyk Ewa , Golyszny Milosz , Filipczyk Lukasz , Worthington John J. , Wiaderkiewicz Ryszard
Published: October 2015

Objective

The brainstem-derived neuropeptide S (NPS) has a multidirectional regulatory activity, especially as a potent anxiolytic factor. Accumulating data suggests that neuroleptics affect peptidergic signalling in various brain structures. However, there is no information regarding the influence of haloperidol on NPS and NPS receptor (NPSR) expression.

Methods

We assessed NPS and NPSR mRNA levels in brains of rats treated with haloperidol using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Chronic haloperidol treatment (4 weeks) led to a striking upregulation of NPS and NPSR expression in the rat brainstem. Conversely, the NPSR mRNA expression was decreased in the hippocampus and striatum.

Conclusions

This stark increase of NPS in response to haloperidol treatment supports the hypothesis that this neuropeptide is involved in the dopamine-dependent anxiolytic actions of neuroleptics and possibly also in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. Furthermore, our findings underline the complex nature of potential interactions between dopamine receptors and brain peptidergic pathways, which has potential clinical applications.
Molecular characterization ofOpisthorchis noverca(Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial COI genes
Authors: Sahu R. , Biswal D.K. , Roy B. , Tandon V.
Published: October 2015

Opisthorchiasis is a public health problem in South-East Asian countries and Eastern Europe. The infection implicates mainly two species ofOpisthorchis, namelyO. viverriniandO. felineus,that occur mostly in fish-eating mammals and humans, although there are rare reports of human cases involving two other species,O. novercaandO. guayaquilensis.Opisthorchis novercahas been reported frequently in dogs and pigs from the Indian subcontinent, with rare reports from cattle and human subjects. With a view to supplementing morphology-based identification of this species, the present study aimed to provide molecular characterization ofO. noverca, using rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mt COI) markers so as to determine its genetic correlation with other species of Opisthorchiidae, and also to generate a taxon-specific molecular marker based on the ITS2 region. The phylogenetic relationship betweenO. novercaand other species of the genus was determined using molecular sequence data. To strengthen the result, secondary structure sequence analyses of ITS2 with hemi-compensatory base changes (hCBCs), and amino acid sequence analyses, were also evaluated. Our results confirm thatO. novercais a distinct and valid species.
The suffering of Christ, humanity and the lepers in Gregory Nazianzen
Authors: Wessel Susan
Published: October 2015

Gregory Nazianzen spoke of a suffering Christ ‘who became weak for us’ in the context of an oration,On Love of the Poor, which dealt at length with the extreme suffering the lepers had endured. The outcasts of the ancient world, lepers figured prominently in Jesus’ ministry as recorded in the Gospels. By juxtaposing their human suffering with divine weakness, Gregory implied that Christ had suffered with the lepers. The comparison not only gave meaning to the human experience of suffering, it also explored the extent of Christ's suffering in the divine economy. There was no affliction too grotesque for Christ to have assumed.

Throughout his life, Gregory developed a notion of collective suffering which is relevant to understanding the magnitude of the suffering of Christ. It made the limitless suffering of humanity seem manageable and contained. It normalised the overwhelming sense of misery by expanding individual suffering into the suffering of the group, the suffering of the group into the suffering of neighbours and finally the suffering of neighbours into the collective suffering of the body of Christ. Christ then experienced the fullness of the human condition as the head of this body.

The lepers served a purpose in this vision of collective suffering. By making the lepers a synecdoche for all human suffering, Gregory allowed Christ to assume their misery without his listeners having to imagine Christ suffering every aspect of their physical and emotional distress. This transference of collective suffering to the body of Christ worked in the following way: the individual suffering of the leper flowed into the collective suffering of the group, which connected with, and was incorporated into, the collective suffering of the Christian body. The result was a relationship of mutual imitation between Christ and humanity. It implied that human beings suffered with Christ, and that Christ suffered with human beings.

By integrating literary techniques and contexts into theological analysis, this article examines the various ways in which Gregory construed the suffering of Christ.
The Pauline Epistles in Tertullian's Bible
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: October 2015

The question of the fate of Paulinism in late antiquity, a point of controversy in early Christian studies especially since Adolf von Harnack, has benefited from fresh attention in recent research, even as, simultaneously, there is ever less agreement among New Testament scholars on the question of what Paulinism actually is. This state of affairs comes sharply into focus in Todd Still and David Wilhite's edited volumeTertullian and Paul, the first in a new series from T&T Clark on the reception of Paul in the church fathers. Reading and assessingTertullian and Paulis a sometimes dizzying experience of intertextuality. The reader encounters, for example, Margaret MacDonald reading Elizabeth Clark reading Tertullian reading Paul. What is more, Paul himself is reading, for example, Second Isaiah, who is reading First Isaiah, who is reading parts of the Pentateuch, and so on. One thinks of Derrida's notion ofdifférance, in which any given text refers to other texts, which refer to still other texts, which refer to still other texts, and so on, ad infinitum.
Intersectionality and the social meanings of variation: Class, ethnicity, and social practice
Authors: Kirkham Sam
Published: October 2015

This article examines how the social meanings of phonetic variation in a British adolescent community are influenced by a complex relationship between ethnicity, social class, and social practice. I focus on the realisation of thehappyvowel in Sheffield English, which is reported to be a lax variant [ε̈] amongst working-class speakers but is undergoing change towards a tense variant [i] amongst middle-class speakers. I analyse the acoustic realisation of this vowel across four female communities of practice in a multiethnic secondary school and find that the variable's community-wide associations of social class are projected onto the ethnographic category of school orientation, which I suggest is a more local interpretation of class relations. Ethnographic evidence and discourse analysis reveal that local meanings of thehappyvowel vary further within distinctive community of practice styles, which is the result of how ethnicity and social class intersect in structuring local social practices. (Intersectionality, indexicality, social meaning, identity, ethnicity, social class)*
‘Putting a face on a community’: Genre, identity, and institutional regulation in the telling (and retelling) of oral coming-out narratives
Authors: DiDomenico Stephen M.
Published: October 2015

Public and scholarly discourse has established the ‘coming-out story’ as a culturally significant narrative genre for gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-identifying (LGBTQ) individuals. Yet what happens when this genre is disciplined and managed for institutional ends? This study examines the process of how several LGBTQ individuals learn to narrate their coming-out experiences through trainings for a university's LGBTQ-themed speaker panels. Data include ethnographic observations and audio recordings related to training activities such as practice tellings and peer feedback sessions. Analysis focuses on the discursive practices through which training participants manage a pair of narrative dilemmas that stem from an institutional variation of the coming-out genre. This article contributes to literature on narrative and genre by demonstrating how a regulated form of personal narrative is learned and enforced to achieve the larger ideological aims of an institution. It also contributes to knowledge about identity as a fluid concept. (Coming-out story, genre, narrative, identity, ideology, performance, LGBTQ)*
The electoral foundations to noncompliance: addressing the puzzle of unlawful state aid in the European Union
Authors: Franchino Fabio , Mainenti Marco
Published: October 2015

Electoral institutions shape the incentives of governments to rely on distributive measures and to comply with international obligations because of the misalignment they may engender between the collective objectives of a government party and the individual objectives of its members in the legislature. We use this argument to explain the puzzle of unlawful state aid measures in the European Union (EU). Existing theories of EU compliance and implementation offer no convincing explanation to their persistence and patterns. Using data from 2000 to 2012, we find that an increase of district magnitude improves compliance. However, compliance decreases with higher magnitude where either party leaders have no control over the ballot rank or other electoral rules strengthen the incentives to search for a personal vote. We also provide evidence for the effects of electoral reforms on compliance. These results have implications for the broader literature on compliance with international regimes.
Non-commutative Iwasawa theory for elliptic curves with multiplicative reduction
Authors: DELBOURGO DANIEL , LEI ANTONIO
Published: October 2015

Let$E_{/{\mathbb{Q}}}$be a semistable elliptic curve, andp≠ 2 a prime of bad multiplicative reduction. For each Lie extension$\mathbb{Q}$FT/$\mathbb{Q}$with Galois groupG∞≅$\mathbb{Z}$p⋊$\mathbb{Z}$p×, we constructp-adicL-functions interpolating Artin twists of the Hasse–WeilL-series of the curveE. Through the use of congruences, we next prove a formula for the analytic λ-invariant over the false Tate tower, analogous to Chern–Yang Lee's results on its algebraic counterpart. If one assumes the Pontryagin dual of the Selmer group belongs to the$\mathfrak{M}_{\mathcal{H}}$(G∞)-category, the leading terms of its associated Akashi series can then be computed, allowing us to formulate a non-commutative Iwasawa Main Conjecture in the multiplicative setting.
Skill Learning and Human Brain Evolution: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Stout Dietrich , Khreisheh Nada
Published: October 2015

Increasing reliance on skill-intensive subsistence strategies appears to be a hallmark of human evolution, with wide-ranging implications for sociality, brain size, life-history and cognitive adaptations. These parameters describe a human technological niche reliant on efficient intergenerational reproduction of increasingly complex foraging techniques, including especially the production and effective use of tools. The archaeological record provides a valuable source of evidence for tracing the emergence of this modern human condition, but interpretation of this evidence remains challenging and controversial. Application of methods from psychology and neuroscience to Palaeolithic tool-making experiments offers new avenues for establishing empirical links between technological behaviours, neurocognitive substrates and archaeologically observable material residues. Here we review recent progress and highlight key challenges for the future.
‘A Place Full of Whispers’: Socializing the Quarry Landscape of the Wadi Hammamat
Authors: Bloxam Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

The wealth of inscriptions at the Wadi Hammamat greywacke quarries (Egyptian Eastern Desert) have made it a key place to pursue enquiries about the social organization of expeditions to procure resources. Analysis of this textual material alone has, however, given us only a partial view of the social milieu that maintained quarrying from the fourth millennium bc to the fifth century ad. This article presents a fresh perspective on Egyptian quarrying that aims to balance the more accepted (and persistent) perceptions of overriding state control of these activities with viewpoints gained from recent archaeological survey of the Wadi Hammamat quarries. Practically and theoretically, a holistic approach is taken that contextualizes the textual sources and other elements of the archaeological record within the quarry landscape as a series of material complexes. Cross-cultural and comparative approaches to interpreting the data have enabled both reappraisal and augmentation of the ways in which we understand the social interplay between local and regional kin-groups within notions of state control of these activities. The article argues for the essential roles played by kinship ties and linkages to place, through the continual inscribing of names, as parts of the underlying human narrative that maintained quarrying here for generations.
Clocked lambda calculus
Authors: ENDRULLIS JÖRG , HENDRIKS DIMITRI , KLOP JAN WILLEM , POLONSKY ANDREW
Published: October 2015

One of the best-known methods for discriminating λ-terms with respect to β-convertibility is due to Corrado Böhm. The idea is to compute the infinitary normal form of a λ-term M, the Böhm Tree (BT) of M. If λ-terms M, N have distinct BTs, then M ≠βN, that is, M and N are not β-convertible. But what if their BTs coincide? For example, all fixed point combinators (FPCs) have the same BT, namely λx.x(x(x(. . .))).

We introduce a clocked λ-calculus, an extension of the classical λ-calculus with a unary symbol τ used to witness the β-steps needed in the normalization to the BT. This extension is infinitary strongly normalizing, infinitary confluent and the unique infinitary normal forms constitute enriched BTs, which we call clocked BTs. These are suitable for discriminating a rich class of λ-terms having the same BTs, including the well-known sequence of Böhm's FPCs.

We further increase the discrimination power in two directions. First, by a refinement of the calculus: the atomic clocked λ-calculus, where we employ symbols τp that also witness the (relative) positions p of the β-steps. Second, by employing a localized version of the (atomic) clocked BTs that has even more discriminating power.
HOI-02 induces apoptosis and G2-M arrest in esophageal cancer mediated by ROS
Authors: Zhang C , Liu K , Yao K , Reddy K , Zhang Y , Fu Y , Yang G , Zykova T A , Shin S H , Li H , Ryu J , Jiang Y-n , Yin X , Ma W , Bode A M , Dong Z , Dong Z
Published: October 2015

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules that perform essential functions in living organisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that many types of cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of ROS. Conversely, generation of ROS has become an effective method to kill cancer cells. (E)-3-hydroxy-3-(4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-yl) indolin-2-one, which is an NO2 group-containing compound designated herein as HOI-02, generated ROS and, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased esophageal cancer cell viability and inhibited anchorage-independent growth, followed by apoptosis and G2-M arrest. Moreover, results of an in vivo study using a patient-derived xenograft mouse model showed that HOI-02 treatment suppressed the growth of esophageal tumors, without affecting the body weight of mice. The expression of Ki-67 was significantly decreased with HOI-02 treatment. In addition, the phosphorylation of c-Jun, and expression of p21, cleaved caspase 3, and DCFH-DA were increased in the HOI-02-treated group compared with the untreated control group. In contrast, treatment of cells with (E)-3-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-yl)-3-hydroxyindolin-2-one, which is an NH2 group-containing compound designated herein as HOI-11, had no effect. Overall, we identified HOI-02 as an effective NO2 group-containing compound that was an effective therapeutic or preventive agent against esophageal cancer cell growth.
RILP suppresses invasion of breast cancer cells by modulating the activity of RalA through interaction with RalGDS
Authors: Wang Z , Zhou Y , Hu X , Chen W , Lin X , Sun L , Xu X , Hong W , Wang T
Published: October 2015

RILP (Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein) is a key regulator for late endosomal/lysosomal trafficking, and probably a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. However, the role of RILP in other cancers and the underlying mechanism for RILP in regulating the invasion of cancer cells remain to be investigated. In this study, we showed that overexpression of RILP in breast cancer cells inhibits the migration and invasion, whereas the depletion of RILP by RNAi-mediated knockdown promotes the migration and invasion. We identified RalGDS (Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator) as a novel interacting partner for RILP, and truncation analysis revealed the N-terminal region of RILP is responsible for interacting with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain of RalGDS. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that RalGDS can be recruited to the late endosomal compartments by RILP. Further investigations indicated that the overexpression of RILP inhibits the activity of RalA, a downstream target of RalGDS. Our data suggest that RILP suppresses the invasion of breast cancer cells by interacting with RalGDS to inhibit its GEF activity for RalA.
A bacterial metabolite induces glutathione-tractable proteostatic damage, proteasomal disturbances, and PINK1-dependent autophagy in C. elegans
Authors: Martinez B A , Kim H , Ray A , Caldwell G A , Caldwell K A
Published: October 2015

Gene-by-environment interactions are thought to underlie the majority of idiopathic cases of neurodegenerative disease. Recently, we reported that an environmental metabolite extracted from Streptomyces venezuelae increases ROS and damages mitochondria, leading to eventual neurodegeneration of C. elegans dopaminergic neurons. Here we link those data to idiopathic disease models that predict loss of protein handling as a component of disorder progression. We demonstrate that the bacterial metabolite leads to proteostatic disruption in multiple protein-misfolding models and has the potential to synergistically enhance the toxicity of aggregate-prone proteins. Genetically, this metabolite is epistatically regulated by loss-of-function to pink-1, the C. elegans PARK6 homolog responsible for mitochondrial maintenance and autophagy in other animal systems. In addition, the metabolite works through a genetic pathway analogous to loss-of-function in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which we find is also epistatically regulated by loss of PINK-1 homeostasis. To determine remitting counter agents, we investigated several established antioxidants and found that glutathione (GSH) can significantly protect against metabolite-induced proteostasis disruption. In addition, GSH protects against the toxicity of MG132 and can compensate for the combined loss of both pink-1 and the E3 ligase pdr-1, a Parkin homolog. In assessing the impact of this metabolite on mitochondrial maintenance, we observe that it causes fragmentation of mitochondria that is attenuated by GSH and an initial surge in PINK-1-dependent autophagy. These studies mechanistically advance our understanding of a putative environmental contributor to neurodegeneration and factors influencing in vivo neurotoxicity.
Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics
Authors: Hanlon Damien , Backes Claudia , Doherty Evie , Cucinotta Clotilde S. , Berner Nina C. , Boland Conor , Lee Kangho , Harvey Andrew , Lynch Peter , Gholamvand Zahra , Zhang Saifeng , Wang Kangpeng , Moynihan Glenn , Pokle Anuj , Ramasse Quentin M. , McEvoy Niall , Blau Werner J. , Wang Jun , Abellan Gonzalo , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas , Sanvito Stefano , O’Regan David D. , Duesberg Georg S. , Nicolosi Valeria , Coleman Jonathan N.
Published: October 2015

Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) is a new two-dimensional material which is of great interest for applications, mainly in electronics. However, its lack of environmental stability severely limits its synthesis and processing. Here we demonstrate that high-quality, few-layer BP nanosheets, with controllable size and observable photoluminescence, can be produced in large quantities by liquid phase exfoliation under ambient conditions in solvents such as N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP). Nanosheets are surprisingly stable in CHP, probably due to the solvation shell protecting the nanosheets from reacting with water or oxygen. Experiments, supported by simulations, show reactions to occur only at the nanosheet edge, with the rate and extent of the reaction dependent on the water/oxygen content. We demonstrate that liquid-exfoliated BP nanosheets are potentially useful in a range of applications from ultrafast saturable absorbers to gas sensors to fillers for composite reinforcement.
The matrix protein Fibulin-5 is at the interface of tissue stiffness and inflammation in fibrosis
Authors: Nakasaki Manando , Hwang Yongsung , Xie Yun , Kataria Sunny , Gund Rupali , Hajam Edries Y. , Samuel Rekha , George Renu , Danda Debashish , M.J. Paul , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Shen Zhouxin , Briggs Steve , Varghese Shyni , Jamora Colin
Published: October 2015

Fibrosis is a pervasive disease in which the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) compromises tissue function. Although the underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown, matrix stiffness is increasingly appreciated as a contributor to fibrosis rather than merely a manifestation of the disease. Here we show that the loss of Fibulin-5, an elastic fibre component, not only decreases tissue stiffness, but also diminishes the inflammatory response and abrogates the fibrotic phenotype in a mouse model of cutaneous fibrosis. Increasing matrix stiffness raises the inflammatory response above a threshold level, independent of TGF-β, to stimulate further ECM secretion from fibroblasts and advance the progression of fibrosis. These results suggest that Fibulin-5 may be a therapeutic target to short-circuit this profibrotic feedback loop.
Antroquinonol Lowers Brain Amyloid-β Levels and Improves Spatial Learning and Memory in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Chang Wen-Han , Chen Miles C. , Cheng Irene H.
Published: October 2015

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The deposition of brain amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which are cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP), is one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Aβ-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative isolated from Antrodia camphorata, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines via activating the nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which is downregulated in AD. Therefore, we examined whether antroquinonol could improve AD-like pathological and behavioral deficits in the APP transgenic mouse model. We found that antroquinonol was able to cross the blood-brain barrier and had no adverse effects via oral intake. Two months of antroquinonol consumption improved learning and memory in the Morris water maze test, reduced hippocampal Aβ levels and reduced the degree of astrogliosis. These effects may be mediated through the increase of Nrf2 and the decrease of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) levels. These findings suggest that antroquinonol could have beneficial effects on AD-like deficits in APP transgenic mouse.