bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Crisis: Challenges to Human Resource Management (HRM)
Authors:   Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Gonawan Siti Aisyah , Othman Siti Amira ,   Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Published: January 2023

The pandemic COVID-19 crisis have affected globally in every areas of economic businesses as well as the management of human resource in organization. This studies aims to explore in the challenges faced by Human Resource Management (HRM) functions during the COVID-19 crisis. The method used for this study is by reviewing literature of previous study by exploring how COVID -19 impacted HRM and how HRM cope with the situation. The standard method consists of four fundamental steps: search, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis. It is revealed that the pandemic COVID -19 crisis have impacted and give challenges to the HRM function in an organization. In conclusion, the challenges arise from these pandemic has disrupted human resource strategies in managing the workforce.
Educators' Perception Towards Early Childhood Education in Technology Integration: A Case Study
Authors: Sutiyono Akhmad , Hastomo Tommy , Tanod Mereyke Jessy
Published: January 2023

The use of technology can be integrated into early childhood education to college. Several studies explain that technology can improve the learning process in early childhood education. This study aims to investigate teachers' perceptions of the integration of technology into early childhood learning. The researcher applies a case study as a research design. The data obtained are primary. The research instrument consisted of observations, interviews, and surveys where teachers of private kindergarten schools in Bandar Lampung were research respondents. The study findings show that most teachers show a positive attitude towards using technology in the classroom and have tried to integrate it into learning activities. Meanwhile, there are two obstacles to applying technology in learning English in early childhood: maintaining their attention when using technology devices in the classroom and choosing suitable technology for children
Whose Knowledge Counts? A Reflection on the Field Narratives of Indigenous Health Knowledge and Practices
Authors: Subedi Bamdev
Published: January 2023

Today's world is increasingly recognizing the value of indigenous knowledge and expressing concern over its erosion. The protection of indigenous knowledge has been a global policy priority. This paper draws from a qualitative study conducted in a village setting in South-West Nepal and aims to reflect on the local narratives of the erosion of indigenous health knowledge and practices (IHKPs). Data were collected from healers, patients, and key informants using interview and observation methods and analyzed thematically. The findings are organized in five broad themes: (i) The context of socio-economic change, (ii) Existing health knowledge and practices, (iii) A decline in herbal literacy and home remedy, (iv) Market influence, increased healthcare options, and the shrinking role of traditional healers, and (v) Value perceptions of indigenous knowledge. Though IHKPs remain an inseparable part of community life, the field narratives strongly indicate a decline in home and community-based health practices and an intergenerational loss of herbal knowledge. Taking insight from the critical medical anthropological perspective, this paper discusses the micro-experience and macro-influence and argues for recognizing the health knowledge of indigenous communities. The recognition of knowledge should be a political and policy decision in protecting and promoting IHKPs.
The Possible Role of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Authors: Hamid Zainab A.
Published: January 2023

Background: Autoimmune thyroiditis is one of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The cause of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not clearly identified; however, both genetic and environmental are suggested to play a role in pathogenesis of the disease. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is one of the possible causative agents.Objectives: The aim of this study is to look for the association of H. pylori infection with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Patients and Methods: a case-control study involved patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (n=100) and  control group (hyperthyroidism n=50, healthy persons n=50), the study groups were subjected to serological investigation of anti- H. pyloriIgG antibodies, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, and anti-thyroglobulin antibody(anti-TG Ab) using ELISA technique; besides, demographic data were collected from studygroups.Results: Eighty two percent of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients were females; 57% of Hashimoto’s  thyroiditis patients were positive for anti- H. pyloriIgG antibodies while the positive result was detected in  only 22% of control group and the results were statistically significant (p <0.05). The strength and directionof the relationship between the concentrations of anti-HP IgGAbs and anti-TPO antibodies in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis group revealed positive correlation (r = 0.6241).Conclusion: the infection with H. pylori is one of the possible predisposing factors to etiology Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The association between H. pylori infection and other genetic and environmental factors that are related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis should be studied in depth.
Study of causative bacterial agents and risk factors predisposing to bacterial keratitis in Iraq
Authors: Ismael Munira Ch. , Ibrahim Aida H. , Kadim Raghad L. , Mubarak Estabrak A.
Published: January 2023

Background: Infective keratitis is the most common cause of blindness and preventable ocular morbidity worldwide. There are many published series of infective keratitis from both temperate and tropical parts of the world, and management strategies are well established1.Objective: The current study was aimed to detect the specific bacteria and predisposing factors that predisposed for the bacterial keratitis.Material and methods: Retrospective study of the hospital records of 40 patients who were diagnosed as bacterial keratitis and treated at the Ophthalmology in-patient department of at Ibn Al- haithum Teaching Hospital from May 2015 to December 2015.Patients who don’t have corneal scraping, or culture and sensitivity findings discarded from this study. Predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological data were reviewed. Corneal scrapings were obtained by physicians then were subjected for bacterial culture and biochemical tests.Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacteria isolated at higher percentage 19(47.5%) cases whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated at lower percentage 2(5%). The most common risk factors was foreign body in 10 (25%) followed by contact lenses in 8 (20%) patients.Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria were the most frequent bacterial organisms especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from corneal scraping and corneal ulcer was found to be occurring principally by foreign body followed by contact lens wearing.
Reflection of culture in the stories of Sherzad Hassan
Authors: Barznji Osman Abdul , Hamafaraj Dilan Salam
Published: January 2023

This research, entitled "Reflection of culture in the stories of Sherzad Hassan", is a new focus on the two sides of "Kurdish culture and story", in which culture has been tried to be revealed in all its details, and on the other hand, the types and characteristics of culture have been discussed in Sherzad Hassan's stories, because culture is related to many aspects such as: (Superstition and the development of science and technology), so here are attempts to clarify those parties directly related to culture, which create effects and reactions on each other, the research has been conducted according to the method (description-analysis, social criticism), the problem of the research is the talk about the influence of culture and the surroundings on storywriters, how this effect has been revealed in Sherzad Hassan's stories, how superstition has become a part of our individuals' culture and thinking, and finally the result of the study has been revealed that this study consists of two main sections, the results and the list of references.
Technostress and Organizational Culture in the Software Industry
Authors: López Galicia Giselle Araceli , Gómez Ortiz Rosa Amalia
Published: January 2023

This paper presents a critical review of the literature of technostress, as well as the organizational culture of employee well-being and the relationship between the two concepts in the software industry workers. To achieve this task, it is important to describe the characteristics of software industry. After that definition and dimensions of technostress and organizational culture are described. Finally, the relationship between technostress and organizational culture is presented.
Organizational Learning Process, CEO Values and Sustainability Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Uganda
Authors: Lwanga Freddie , Korir Micheal , Bonuke Ronald
Published: January 2023

Purpose- The paper aims to examine the moderating effect of CEO personal values on the relationship between the organizational learning process and sustainability performance.Design/Methodology-An explanatory cross-sectional design was used to obtain quantitative data from the managerial staff of 256 medium and large manufacturing firms in Uganda. A survey instrument was used to collect data.Findings-Organizational learning process and the CEO's personal values have a significant positive direct effect on sustainability performance. Further, the CEO's personal values significantly moderate the relationship between the organizational learning process and sustainability performance.Practical Implications- Strategies such as training, teamwork, consultancy engagements, and research facilitate learning processes of knowledge acquisition, sharing, interpretation, and storage which in turn improve sustainability performance. In addition, firms that hire CEOs whose personal value system is inclined towards change and self-transcendence are more likely to foster a culture of continuous organizational learning which improves sustainability performance
INFLUENCE OF THE MODES OF MOTION OF A LOGGING ROAD TRAIN DURING THE HAULING OF TIMBER ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY RECOVERY IN A PNEUMOHYDRAULIC FIFTH WHEEL COUPLING DEVICE
Authors: Posmetev Valeriy , Zelikov V. , Nikonov Vadim , Posmetev Viktor , Chuykov Aleksey , Avdyuhin Aleksandr
Published: January 2023

The necessity of increasing the efficiency of logging road trains by reducing the transport costs spent on hauling timber in existing road and climatic conditions is substantiated. A review of scientific research by foreign scientists is presented, which made it possible to identify the most significant factors influencing transportation costs. A promising design of a recuperative pneumohydraulic fifth wheel coupling device has been proposed, which makes it possible to reduce transportation costs by reducing the amount of fuel used by a road train, to increase the reliability of a logging road train by reducing the dynamic loads that occur between its links when driving over uneven surfaces of a logging road. The mathematical model of the movement of a timber tractor with a semi-trailer equipped with the proposed coupling device, under conditions of frequent accelerations and decelerations, over the unevenness of the logging road has been improved, which makes it possible to perform a preliminary assessment of the energy recovery by the proposed device in various modes of transient processes, as well as to investigate the influence of the main parameters of the recuperative pneumohydraulic fifth wheel coupling device for performance indicators. Two computer programs have been developed to study the performance indicators of a recuperative pneumohydraulic fifth wheel coupling under various transient modes of movement of a logging road train with given parameters of roughness of a logging road. It has been established that the use of the proposed coupling device in a logging road train makes it possible, when driving with randomly repeated decelerations and accelerations, to regenerate power up to 6.5 kW, and also to achieve a value of longitudinal acceleration of the semi-trailer relative to the tractor of 0.72 m/s2. Computer modeling made it possible to establish the value of the optimal diameter of the hydraulic cylinder, which provides the highest value of recuperated power at the lowest value of the acceleration of the semi-trailer relative to the tractor.
DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 PADA KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR FOOD AND BEVERAGE
Authors: Juwari Juwari
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze financial performance before and during the Covid-19 pandemic based on Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt to Assets Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity in Food And Beverage Sub-Sector companies. The data analysis method uses a normality test, namely Shapiro Wilk, and a hypothesis test, namely paired t-test samples. The results of the analysis show that there is no significant difference in terms of liquidity ratios, namely the current ratio, quick ratio, debt to assets ratio, solvency ratio, namely debt to equity ratio, and profitability ratio, namely net profit margin and return on equity.  Keywords: Financial Performance, Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt to Assets Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity.
CERVICITIS AS A CAUSE OF PRETERM BIRTH IN WOMEN
Authors: Salmanov Aidyn G. , Artyomenko Volodymyr , Koctjuk Irina M. , Mashyr Nataliia V. , Berestooy Oleg A. , Beraia Dzeneti Y.
Published: January 2023

The aim: To evaluate the prevalence of preterm birth and to determine the role of cervicitis as a cause of preterm birth in women in Ukraine.
Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective multicentre cohort study from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2021. This study included pregnant women aged 17-50 years admitted to the labor ward at the 13 hospitals from 10 regions of Ukraine.
Results: Of the 8151 participants, the prevalence of preterm birth was 2226 (27.3%, [95% CI 26.8 – 27.8]) whereas 5925 (72.7% [95% CI 72.2-73.2]) delivered at term. Preterm birth associated with cervicitis was 76.3% (4,388/2666). History of cervicitis, maternal age, previous preterm labor or premature birth, and pregnancy with twins, triplets or other multiples were identified as independent risk factors of preterm birth.
Conclusions: Preterm birth in Ukraine is widespread, the number of which tends to increase. Infection and inflammation of the cervix seem to play a significant role for preterm birth. Early detection and treatment of cervicitis can reduce the risk of preterm birth. Women who have a history of poor pregnancy outcomes are at greater risk of poor outcomes in following pregnancies. Health providers should be aware of this risk when treating patients with a history of poor pregnancy outcomes.
ARTICULATOR APPLICATION IN ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Hutovska Iryna , Kuroiedova Vira
Published: January 2023

The aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the indications for the use of articulator in orthodontics based on the results of the analysis of scientific and foreign literature. Materials and methods: 23 scientific sources were selected, from more than 11 countries over the past 39 years (1981 – 2020) devoted to the use of orthodontics articula¬tors. As a result of processing 23 key international scientific papers on the use of articulators in orthodontics, we can talk about three areas of opinion regarding this problem. Conclusions: To sum up 30.34% of authors consider the articulator to be an obligatory orthodontist’s tool for correct diagnosis. The idea of 34.78% of specialists is that the articulator cannot simulate the physiology of the TMJ – therefore, it is more a source of additional errors than an assistant in the orthodontic diagnostics. The rest of the scientists (34.78%) agree that it is advisable to use the articulator selectively – namely, if the doctor deals with “complex” orthodontic pathologies.
Expedição geográfica na fronteira do Brasil com a França: entre encantamento e estranhamento
Authors: Castro Iná Elias de , Ribeiro Rafael Winter , Azevedo Daniel A. de
Published: January 2023

Observar, apreender e aprender sobre o espaço geográfico constituem tarefas intelectuais nada banais. Esse é o ponto de partida para a pesquisa instigada pela experiência de atravessar a fronteira do Amapá com a Guiana Francesa. Organizada como uma expedição exploratória de geografia política, a viagem proporcionou estranhamento e encantamento. O texto tem um duplo objetivo: refletir sobre as variações das formas do contato com o terreno (trabalho de campo, excursão e expedição) e o conhecimento geográfico sobre os lugares no século XXI, e trazer a experiência de viagem a partir da cidade de Oiapoque no Amapá até Caiena, uma fronteira de características muito particulares. Tomando como ponto de partida que esta não é uma fronteira comum, a questão proposta é: o que a experiência de atravessá-la nos revela sobre as escalas da geografia política e sobre a geopolítica percebidas e praticadas em cada um dos seus lados?
Perspectivas da governança fundiária: Projeto regulariza Amazônia cooperação bilateral Brasil-União Europeia
Authors: Ribeiro Alyson Fernando Alves
Published: January 2023

Cet article est le fruit d'une recherche post doctorale. Il vise à analyser les résultats du projet Regulariza Amazonia. Un partenariat Incra - Union européenne qui vise à améliorer et accélérer le processus d'attribution et de régularisation foncière des terres publiques dans le cadre du Programme Terra Legal dans quatre États : Pará, Mato Grosso, Amazonas et Amapá. De cette coopération bilatérale entre l'Incra et l'Union européenne, avec un axe stratégique du point de vue de la gouvernance foncière, les différents déploiements pour l'espace agraire de l'Amazonie méritent d'être investigués, étant fondamental pour la construction épistémique de la réflexion sur la (re)production de l'espace agraire de l'Amazonie et ses (re)significations dans l'espace-temps. Le projet a promu des actions qui concernent la modernisation opérationnelle et technique de la collecte des acquis foncièrs en Amazonie. Il a realisé des conseils et a promu des innovations dans la gestion du domaine public portées par l'Incra : Support technique au Système de Gestion Foncière ; Actualisation et adaptation du Panneau d'Intelligence Territoriale (PIT) ; Structuration et maintenance de la base de données géospatiales ; Amélioration méthodologique de la chambre technique d'attribution du domaine public fédéral. Déformant sa finalité, le support technique méthodologique dans la modernisation de la gestion foncière de l'INCRA devient les propres contradictions institutionnelles de l'autarcie, dans un engrenage pour le marché foncier global (land global).
Los Protocolos de Escribanos de Córdoba: posibilidades y límites para el estudio de las movilidades en el último cuarto del siglo XVI
Authors: Navarro Constanza González , Marschoff María , Silvetti Noelia N. , Tapia Justo R.
Published: January 2023

Presentamos un análisis de los protocolos de escribanos de la ciudad de Córdoba en el último cuarto del siglo XVI para reconocer las posibilidades y límites que presentan para el estudio de las movilidades de personas y bienes desde y hacia la jurisdicción en cuestión. El estudio se centra en los aspectos metodológicos del estudio de este tipo de documentación y busca destacar el valor de las escrituras públicas, en tanto fuentes seriables, para la historia social y económica a escala local como regional y/o global.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus: Type-Specific Lymphoproliferative Responses in Lymph Nodes Draining the Site of Primary Infection
Authors: Jacobs Robert P. , Aurelian Laure , Cole Gerald A.
Published: January 2023

Cell-mediated immune responses to type 1 and type 2 HSV were studied in rabbits using an in vitro lymphocyte transformation assay. The footpad route of inoculation was used to allow us to study the specificity and degree of localization of the responses. Rabbits inoculated in the hind footpads with infectious HSV-I or HSV-II mount typespecific lymphocyte transformation responses that are localized to draining lymphoid organs. Type-specificity requires careful control of all in vitro culture conditions and reflects the extensive cross-reactivity demonstrated by serologic techniques. While lymphocyte transformation responses can be detected with immune SL and PBL, presumably the result of early escape of antigen into the systemic circulation, responses by draining LNL are significantly greater in magnitude. Distant LNL have not been shown to respond. It is postulated that the augmented local immune response to HSV plays a significant role in controlling recurrent HSV infections.
Suppression of Antibody Responses in Allogeneic Mice by Products of Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Yonkosky Donna , Buffett Rita F. , Bennett Michael
Published: January 2023

A cellfree extract prepared from the spleen cells of C3H mice is capable of suppressing antibody responses to SRBC when extract material is exposed to alloantigens. The observed immunosuppression was attributed to a soluble factor in the extract. This allogeneic suppressive factor (ASF) was detected in extracts prepared from the spleen cells of unirradiated mice as well as those of irradiated mice repopulated with thymocytes, provided that mice were previously immunized with SRBC. Donors of actively suppressive ASF preparations did not need to be previously exposed to alloantigens. Extracts from thymus and marrow cells of unirradiated mice and the spleen cells of irradiated mice repopulated with marrow cells (or no cells) did not contain ASF. C3H thymocytes stimulated with SRBC generated more ASF activity in spleens of C3BF1 hosts than in those of C3H hosts, indicating that alloantigenic stimulation enhances the production or activity of ASF.

Once produced, C3H ASF was able to suppress antibody responses in cell transfer experiments only if exposed to C3BF1 alloantigens of either donor lymphoid cells or irradiated hosts. Once exposed to alloantigens, ASF appears to be capable of suppressing antibody responses of syngeneic C3H or semi-allogeneic C3BF1 cells. When both donor lymphoid cells and hosts were syngeneic with the donor of the ASF, there was enhancement of antibody formation in cell transfer experiments. C3H ASF did not interfere with education of C3BF1 thymocytes to SRBC or with the generation of precusors of anti-SRBC antibody-forming cells by C3BF1 marrow cells. ASF may interfere with cellular cooperative events necessary for humoral immune responses or with terminal differentiation of B cells. Production of ASF could partially account for the suppression of antibody responses observed during graft-vs-host reactions.
A Single Scheme for C3a and C5a Isolation and Characterization of Chemotactic Behavior
Authors: Fernandez H. , Henson P. , Hugli T. E.
Published: January 2023

A four-step procedure was utilized in the isolation of two complement-derived anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) from yeast cell activated human serum. Advantage was taken of one gel filtration and three ion exchange chromatographic steps to obtain two homogeneous products. The carboxypeptidase inhibitor epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) was added to the serum to prevent inactivation of the anaphylatoxins during their generation. Purified C3a and C5a were judged to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), acid PAGE, and cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis. A single precipitin are was detected when each agent was challenged with the corresponding rabbit antibody after immunoelectrophoresis. Recovery of the respective anaphylatoxins from 1 liter of activated serum was 6 to 8 mg for C3a and 400 to 600 µg for C5a. A partial chemical characterization of the C5a revealed that arginine was released from the COOH-terminus by carboxypeptidase B digestion.
Possible Involvement of C4 in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Cooper N. R.
Published: January 2023

Linkage between genes regulating the serum levels of complement (C) components and those governing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens has been reported in man. The latter include HL-A and the antigens regulating allogeneic recognition in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). These findings prompted us to investigate whether C components might be related to MHC antigens on the cell surface and participate in cellular immune recognition phenomena. Cultured human lymphoid cells absorbed anti-C4 activity from several antisera in a dose-related manner, suggesting the presence of C4 on the cell surface. However, no evidence for secretion of C4 was found. No relationship between C4 and HL-A antigens was observed as 1) lymphoid cells coated with antisera to C4 were unimpaired in their ability to specifically absorb antibodies to HL-A antigens, 2) nine C4 preparations did not deplete cytolytic potential from HL-A antisera, and 3) no anti-C4 activity was detected in HL-A alloantisera.
Activation of the Alternate Complement Pathway by Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Frank M. M. , Gaither T. , Adkinson F. , Terry W. D. , May J. E.
Published: January 2023

A series of human myeloma proteins were prepared in highly purified form by standard chromatographic techniques. Aliquots were aggregated with bisdiazo-benzidine (BDB) over a wide range of protein and BDB concentrations. The aggregated proteins were tested for their ability to activate the alternate complement pathway in C4-deficient guinea pig serum, as evidenced by their ability to lower the titer of C3-9 after incubation in serum for 1 hr at 37°C. The number of proteins which led to C3-9 fixation/total number of proteins tested was as follows: IgG1, 2/2; IgG2, 1/1; IgG3, 1/1; IgG4, 3/5; IgM, 2/2; IgE, 1/1; IgA, 2/7. Incubation of C4-deficient serum with IgG1 led to most complement fixation. IgG4 was least active on a milligram basis. Both a and b subgroups of IgG4 and both α1 and α2 subgroups of IgA fixed C3-9 in individual cases. In no instance did the unaggregated protein lower the titer of C3-9.
Platelet Function in Man: A Requirement for C5
Authors: Graff K. S. , Leddy J. P. , Breckenridge R. T.
Published: January 2023

Evidence for interactions between the complement and hemostatic systems is most fully developed in the rabbit. In man, such evidence has been less conclusive, in part because human platelets are unresponsive to C activation by several standard stimuli. Zymosan (Z), however, interacts with fresh plasma, apparently via the properdin pathway, to mediate aggregation and non-lytic release reactions by human platelets. The antibiotic, ristocetin, is a standard aggregating agent for human platelets, which had not previously been thought to be C-dependent for its action.

Citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP), washed platelets, and platelet-poor plasma were obtained from normal donors and from two siblings homozygous for hereditary C5 deficiency (C5D). The proband, who has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in remission, has no detectable C5. The younger sibling, who shows no evidence of SLE, has 1 to 2% of normal C5. Other components and standard coagulation assays, including bleeding time and Factor VIII antigen, were normal in both subjects.
C3 Activation by the Classical and Alternative Pathways by Sera and Synovial Fluids from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (R A)
Authors: Hunder G. G. , McDuffie F. C.
Published: January 2023

Low levels of C4 in comparison to C3 and presence of complement-fixing material in certain rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera and synovial fluids have suggested activation of C in RA mainly via classical pathway. We examined consumption of hemolytic C3 via the two pathways by six RA sera and six synovial fluids. For human serum (HS) we compared C3 depletion in presence (EGTA-HS) and absence (NHS) of Mg EGTA and for guinea pig serum in normal (NGPS) and C4-deficient serum (def-GPS).

The six RA sera reduced the C2 sera titer in NHS by 32% to 76% (mean, 51%). The same sera reduced C3 titers of EGTA-HS-by 31% to 62% (mean, 45%). Similarly, the six sera reduced the C3 titer in NGPS by 20% to 98%, (mean, 54%) and in def-GPS by 19% to 82% (mean, 45%). Thus, there is little difference between ability of NHS to activate C3 in presence and absence of classical components.
Release of Phospholipids from Bacterial Surface Structure and Liposomes by the Action of Complement
Authors: Inoue K. , Kinoshita T. , Akiyama Y. , Okada M. , Amano T.
Published: January 2023

When an antibody-sensitized Escherichia coli B (parent strain) is treated with complement in the absence of lysozyme, free fatty acids (FFA) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) are liberated into the lipid fraction of the surrounding medium in addition to a little amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). However, when a phospholipase A-deficient mutant isolated from the parent strain is similarly treated, PE appears in the lipid fraction, but only traces of its degradation products are found. Therefore, most of the degradation of bacterial PE to FFA and LPE observed in the usual immune bactericidal reaction must be the result of the action of bacterial phospholipase A.

When liposomes which were made from a mixture of lipid fractions of sheep erythrocytes and of 14C-labeled E. coli are treated with complement, 14C-phospholipids are also liberated into the surrounding medium, but the degradation products (FFA and LPE) are not observed. Some of the liberated lipids seem to bind with some components of complement, giving a positive IA reaction, and are lighter than liposome particles on isopyenic sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Bystander Hemolysis by Complement Activation in the Fluid Phase
Authors: Lint T. F. , Behrends C. L. , Gewurz H.
Published: January 2023

Activation of guinea pig (GP) C by zymosan (Z), antigen-antibody complexes (Ag-Ab), aggregated human γ-globulin or agarose resulted in hemolysis of bystander GPE, which was optimal at 17°C. Lysis was greatly potentiated by polycations such as poly-l-lysine (PLL) and leukocyte cationic proteins, which counteracted serum -inhibitors (-INH), an activity displayed by a group of serum substances which include lipoproteins, to favor expression of the hemolytic potential of formed in solution. Bystander cell hemolysis also was induced by C activation at 17°C of suitably absorbed human serum using Z or Ag-Ab. This was dependent on serum, cell, and activator concentrations, and was not observed with heat-inactivated sera; it occurred in EGTA when Mg++ (≥6mM for optimum lysis) was added. -INH also inhibited Z-induced lysis in human serum and PLL could be shown to potentiate this lysis provided it was added subsequent to formation of the C5 convertase.
The Molecular Structure of C4 and Its Cleavage Products
Authors: Nagasawa S. , Shiraishi S. , Stroud R. M.
Published: January 2023

Since the cleavage products of C4 are guides to classical pathway activation, we have extended our previous studies (Fed. Proc. 34:965, 1975; Immunochemistry, in press, 1975) in order to characterize the chain structure and the amino termini of the products produced by and the further degradation by the C4b inactivator (C4bI) combined with a high molecular weight (10S) heat and diisopropyl fluorophosphate resistant factor. C4 was purified from plasma by a newly developed method. C4 is obtained with high yields (25 mg from 800 ml of plasma), high stability, and high specific activity. The three chain structure proposed by Schreiber and Müller-Eberhard was confirmed, and the NH2-terminus of the α and γ chains was Glu, whereas that of the β-chain was not detected. By isoelectric focusing, C4 was found to consist of at least five components with an isoelectric point of 5.5 to 5.8. The genetic basis for this micro-heterogeneity is under investigation.
A Simple One-Step Hemolytic Titration of C2 Using C2 Deficient Human Serum (C2D)
Authors: Ngan Bo-Yee , Gelfand E. W. , Minta J. O.
Published: January 2023

The standard method for hemolytic titration of C2 involves a stepwise build-up of cellular intermediates in the complement sequence. The requirements for purified hemolytically active components and cellular intermediates make this assay difficult to perform. As sera from patients with selective deficiency of C2 contain all the other complement components in normal titers, these sera serve as ideal reagents for a one-step hemolytic titration for C2 activity. Accordingly, we have analyzed the optimal conditions of the variables which affect C2 titration in a one-step assay and have compared its sensitivity to that of the standard method. In initial studies, a reaction mixture consisting of equal volumes (0.2 ml) of EA (5 × 108 cells/ml), C2D (1:20) (Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 4:269, 1975) and functionally purified C2 (Cordis Laboratories), produced lysis which was found to be dependent on the incubation time and concentration of C2.
Role of Complement in Antibody-Stimulated Calcium Uptake by Tumor Cells
Authors: Shearer W. T. , Atkinson J. P.
Published: January 2023

Previous investigations have shown that the binding of antibody to cell membrane antigens stimulated the metabolism of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo as measured by incorporation of radioactive nucleosides, cell growth, and tumor nodule size.

When L (transformed mouse fibroblast) cells were treated with anti-L cell antibody in medium depleted of complement, early calcium uptake was stimulated over a broad doseresponse curve. Concomitant cell viability studies demonstrated that stimulation of cell growth occurred at 1:100 and higher dilutions of antiserum whereas cytotoxicity occurred at lower dilutions. Both stimulatory and toxic effects were potentiated by the addition of complement as was the enhanced calcium uptake. Addition of sera deficient in C1R, C2, C4, C3–C9 did not cause an augmentation of calcium uptake in antibody-treated cells whereas C6 deficient serum did produce an augmentation. Augmentation could be specifically restored with C2 deficient serum by C2 and C3–C9 deficient serum by C3 alone.
Properdin Convertase: A Mediator of Properdin Alteration and a C3 Bypass Mechanism Resulting in Reactive Lysis
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Urmson J. R. , Stitzel A. E.
Published: January 2023

When activated properdin convertase () is added to serum, properdin is altered as manifested by a shift in electrophoretic mobility and a decrease in the extent of diffusion using the Mancini technique. Whether this latter observation represents complex formation or loss of antigenic sites is not clear. The degree of alteration is dependent on the concentration of and the time of incubation. at a concentration of 5 × 10-2 mg/ml will interact with serum properdin in 5 to 10 min at 37°C. Subsequent to this interaction, 95% of serum C3–C9 hemolytic activity is consumed. This consumption appears to be mediated by the generation of two distinct enzymatic specificities, one for C3 and one for C5. Thus, can cause consumption of specific C5 hemolytic activity in serum depleted of C3 by a number of means.
Absence of Requirement of Complement Activation for Recovery from Virus Infection
Authors: Strunk R. , John T. J. , Sieber O.
Published: January 2023

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) neutralization by antibody, in vitro, is enhanced by activation of the classical complement pathway (C1,4,2 and 3). This study was designed to test the importance of this mechanism in vivo.

Groups of normal Hartley guinea pigs (GP) and GP genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement (C4D) were infected with HSV by either the intradermal (i.d.) or i.p. route and intranasally with parainfluenza virus, type 3 (Pf3). General condition was monitored and viral cultures were obtained periodically. Multiple blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for determining CH50 and specific activities of C1, C4, and the C3–9 complex, as well as viral antibody.

After i.d. infection with HSV, skin lesion biopsies from normal GP were positive for virus through day 6. CH50, C1, C4, and C3–9 complex activities did not differ from those of sham-injected controls.

Intranasal Pf3 inoculation in normal GP resulted in hoarseness and lethargy.
Immunoglobulin Secretion by Human Splenic Lymphocytes in Vitro: The Effects of Antibodies to IgM and IgD
Authors: Finkelman Fred D. , Lipsky Peter E.
Published: January 2023

The effects of F(ab′)2 fragments of affinity-purified rabbit anti-human µ chain antibody (RaHµ) and rabbit anti-human δ chain antibody (RaHδ) on spontaneous and mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion by normal human spleen cells were studied. IgM and IgG secretion by human spleen cells cultured in vitro was measured by incubating the cells with 3H-amino acids, precipitating the secreted labeled Ig with anti-Ig, and analyzing the precipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both RaHµ and RaHδ suppressed spontaneous and LPS-induced IgM and IgG secretion as well as PWM-stimulated IgG secretion. In different experiments, RaHµ and RaHδ either suppressed or augmented PWM-induced IgM secretion. The anti-Ig induced augmentation of PWM-triggered IgM secretion was most apparent when spleen cells were cultured at lower cell densities or when lower concentrations of anti-Ig were employed. These data indicate that perturbation of B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors with specific anti-Ig antibody can alter markedly the ability of these cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.
Deposition of IgM and Complement at the Dermoepidermal Junction in Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Graft-Vs-Host Disease in Man
Authors: Tsoi Mang-So , Storb Rainer , Jones Evelyn , Weiden Paul L. , Shulman Howard , Witherspoon Robert , Atkinson Kerry , Thomas E. Donnall
Published: January 2023

The presence of cutaneous immunoglobulin and complement was investigated in 88 patients with and without graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation of bone marrow from HLA identical siblings for the treatment of acute leukemia or aplastic anemia. For comparison, skin biopsies from the patients obtained before transplantation, from 58 healthy individuals (mostly marrow donors) and from four syngeneic marrow recipients were studied. A direct immunofluorescent staining technique was used.

Dermo-epidermal IgM deposits were found in 11% of healthy individuals and patients before grafting but were present in 86% of patients with chronic and 39% of patients with acute GVHD. Patients with allogeneic grafts who never had GVHD or who had recovered from it and patients with syngeneic grafts showed findings not different from those in healthy individuals. Findings similar to those with IgM, although less striking, were made for C3, i.e., patients who had chronic or acute GVHD had a high incidence and intensity of C3 deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction. This observation raises the possibility that humoral immunity is involved in the development of GVHD.
The Binding of Murine Immunoglobulins to Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Mackenzie Malcolm R. , Warner Noel L. , Mitchell Graham F.
Published: January 2023

The binding of murine IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 protein molecules to Staphylococcal A protein is presented. Differential elution by sodium thiocyanate gradients is described. Proteins of the IgG2 class (either a or b subclass) require between 1.5 and 2.0 M for complete elution, whereas, IgG1 proteins are fully eluted with only 0.5 M NaSCN. These differential elution patterns can be utilized to distinguish between, or prepare proteins of different Ig classes. It is proposed that this quantitative rather than qualitative distinction between Ig subclass binding to Staph A, indicates the existence of multiple binding sites per molecule, with different markers of such sites being present on the heavy chain of the different Ig classes.
Effects of Antigen-Feeding on Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F.
Published: January 2023

Mice fed sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or horse erythrocytes (HRBC) for 2 or more weeks could not produce significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to the specific erythrocyte used for feeding. Diminished DTH reactions persisted for at least 6 months after feeding was stopped. Although DTH was diminished in vivo, cells sensitized for DTH as well as suppressor cells could be detected in the spleens of SRBC-fed mice. The presence of spleen cells sensitized for DTH was revealed by the transfer of spleen cells from SRBC-fed mice direactly into the footpads of normal mice followed by local SRBC challenge. The presence of suppressor cells was shown by i.v. transfer of spleen cells from SRBC-fed to normal mice. DTH reactions were not suppressed by the transfer of mesenteric lymph node cells, Peyer's patch cells, or serum from fed to normal mice. Spleen cells from fed mice inhibited the production of DTH when transferred into normals before sensitization with SRBC. However, spleen cells from fed mice did not inhibit elicitation of the DTH response when transferred into mice with established DTH immunity. Further, spleen cells sensitized for DTH transferred positive DTH reactions equally well to SRBC-fed and normal mice suggesting that suppression of DTH after SRBC feeding was not mediated by effector blockade. It is clear that immune responses in extraintestinal sites can be altered by exposing the host to antigens by the intestinal route. Therefore, it should be possible to manipulate specifically certain systemic immune responses by antigen-feeding.
Suppression of Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Normal Spleen Cells by Macrophages from Chickens Inoculated with Marek's Disease Virus
Authors: Lee Lucy F. , Sharma Jagdev M. , Nazerian Keyvan , Witter Richard L.
Published: January 2023

Spleen cells from chickens 7 days after inoculation with Marek's disease virus (MDV) responded poorly to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Addition of these cells to syngeneic normal spleen cells caused a marked suppression of the PHA response of the normal cells. The MDV spleen cells also inhibited the DNA synthesis of MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. The suppressive activity is attributed to the presence in MDV spleen cells of a population of suppressor cells with characteristics typical of macrophages. The suppressor cell activity was not removable by treatment with anti-T or anti-B serum with C, but it was reversible by treatment with carrageenan or carbonyl iron/magnet, by passage through glass wool column, and by adherence to plastic Petri dishes. The adherent MDV spleen cells also showed strong suppressor cell activity against syngeneic normal spleen cells.
Tumor Cell Cytostasis by Macrophages and Antibody in Vitro
Authors: Pasternack Gary R. , Johnson Robert J. , Shin Hyun S.
Published: January 2023

In a murine system, macrophages, in concert with antibody, were shown to suppress iododeoxyuridine incorporation by tumor cells. The mechanism of suppression did not involve phagocytosis or lysis. The generation of suppressed tumor cells was resolved into a contact-dependent step and a contact-independent step. The first step was one-hit with respect to macrophages and multi-hit with respect to antibody.
Idiotype-Specific Transplantation Resistance to MOPC-315: Abrogation by Post-Immunization Thymectomy
Authors: Daley Michael J. , Gebel Howard M. , Lynch Richard G.
Published: January 2023

The idiotype-specific myeloma transplantation resistance induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with the DNP-binding IgAλ2 protein produced by plasmacytoma MOPC-315 is ablated by post-immunization thymectomy. Sham-thymectomy has no effect. The ablative effect of thymectomy is observed in mice challenged subcutaneously with MOPC-315 cells either 3 days after thymectomy, or after a rest period of 44 days after thymectomy. These observations suggest that short-lived, thymic-dependent suppressive factors may play a role in the idiotype-specific myeloma graft resistance.
Release of Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 from Lymphoblastoid Cells: Partial Characterization and Antigenicity of Shed Material
Authors: Freimuth William W. , Esselman Walter J. , Miller Harold C.
Published: January 2023

The ability of shed Thy-1 antigenic moiety from S.49.1 (Thy-1.2, H-2d) and BW5147 (Thy-1.1, H-2k) lymphoblastoid cells to induce primary antibody responses to Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 was investigated by using thymocytes as target cells for a plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Addition of S.49.1 culture medium to AKR/J (Thy-1.1, H-2k) spleen cells induced a significant anti-Thy-1.2 PFC response against target CBA/J (Thy-1.2, H-2k) thymocytes. In the reciprocal protocol anti-Thy-1.1 PFC responses against target AKR/J thymocytes were elicited by CBA/J spleen cells cultured with BW5147 cell culture medium. Congenic anti-Thy-1.1 sera added to immunizing culture medium provided still another test of specificity because anti-Thy-1.1 PFC responses were abrogated whereas anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses remained unaffected. In the reverse experiment, addition of congenic anti-Thy-1.2 sera blocked the induction of anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses.

Kinetics of Thy-1.2 release from S.49.1 cells was studied by radiolabeling the lymphoblastoid cells with 14C-galactose or 14C-glucosamine followed by specific immunoprecipitation of solubilized cell-associated Thy-1.2 and of shed Thy-1.2 with anti-Thy-1.2 sera. Rapid disappearance of radiolabeled Thy-1.2 from S.49.1 cells occurred during the first 2 hr of incubation followed by a gradual synthesis of Thy-1.2 over the next 10 hr. A second phase of release took place between 11.5 and 27.5 hr of incubation. Shed radiolabeled Thy-1.2 appeared rapidly in the culture medium during the first 11.5 hr phase of incubation when more than 60% of the labeled Thy-1.2 material was found to be released. Accumulation of Thy-1.2 in culture medium continued during the prolonged periods of incubation and provided increased anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses.

The molecular properties of shed Thy-1.2 were studied by chromatography of supernatants from a 45 hr culture of 14C-glucosamine labeled S.49.1 cells on a Sepharose-6B column. Thy-1.2 antigenic activity was primarily detected in fractions from a 14C-radioactive peak of greater than 2 × 106 daltons. In addition, Thy-1 antigenic activity was found in fractions with a m.w. estimated at 3 × 105 daltons. These results indicate that Thy-1 is synthesized and released as a large complex from lymphoblastoid cells.