bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Field Theory in Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Tsvelik Alexei M.
Published: May 2010

This book is a course in modern quantum field theory as seen through the eyes of a theorist working in condensed matter physics. It contains a gentle introduction to the subject and therefore can be used even by graduate students. The introductory parts include a derivation of the path integral representation, Feynman diagrams and elements of the theory of metals including a discussion of Landau–Fermi liquid theory. In later chapters the discussion gradually turns to more advanced methods used in the theory of strongly correlated systems. The book contains a thorough exposition of such non-perturbative techniques as 1/N-expansion, bosonization (Abelian and non-Abelian), conformal field theory and theory of integrable systems. The book is intended for graduate students, postdoctoral associates and independent researchers working in condensed matter physics.
Qualified Types
Authors: Jones Mark P.
Published: May 2010

This book describes the use of qualified types to provide a general framework for the combination of polymorphism and overloading. For example, qualified types can be viewed as a generalization of type classes in the functional language Haskell and the theorem prover Isabelle. These in turn are extensions of equality types in Standard ML. Other applications of qualified types include extensible records and subtyping. Using a general formulation of qualified types, the author extends the Damas/Milner type inference algorithm to support qualified types, which in turn specifies the set of all possible types for any term. In addition, he describes a new technique for establishing suitable coherence conditions that guarantee the same semantics for all possible translations of a given term. Practical issues that arise in concrete implementations are also discussed, concentrating in particular on the implementation of overloading in Haskell and Gofer, a small functional programming system developed by the author.
War, Peace, and Alliance in Demosthenes' Athens
Authors: Hunt Peter
Published: May 2010

Every Athenian alliance, every declaration of war, and every peace treaty was instituted by a decision of the assembly, where citizens voted after listening to speeches that presented varied and often opposing arguments about the best course of action. The fifteen preserved assembly speeches of the mid-fourth century BC thus provide an unparalleled body of evidence for the way that Athenians thought and felt about interstate relations: to understand this body of oratory is to understand how the Athenians of that period made decisions about war and peace. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of this subject. It deploys insights from a range of fields, from anthropology to international relations theory, in order not only to describe Athenian thinking, but also to explain it. Athenian thinking turns out to have been complex, sophisticated, and surprisingly familiar both in its virtues and its flaws.
Random Graphs
Authors: Kolchin V. F.
Published: May 2010

This book is devoted to the study of classical combinatorial structures such as random graphs, permutations, and systems of random linear equations in finite fields. The author shows how the application of the generalized scheme of allocation in the study of random graphs and permutations reduces the combinatorial problems to classical problems of probability theory on the summation of independent random variables. He concentrates on research by Russian mathematicians, including a discussion of equations containing an unknown permutation and a presentation of techniques for solving systems of random linear equations in finite fields. These results will interest specialists in combinatorics and probability theory and will also be useful in applied areas of probabilistic combinatorics such as communication theory, cryptology, and mathematical genetics.
Planning Lessons and Courses
Authors: Woodward Tessa
Published: May 2010

This book deals with the kinds of everyday questions working teachers face as they plan lessons and courses. Each chapter contains an analysis of the issue under discussion, as well as practical principles and sample activities.
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and regulation of insulin signalling markers by caffeoyl derivatives of chicory (Cichorium intybus) salad leaves
Authors: Muthusamy V. S. , Saravanababu C. , Ramanathan M. , Bharathi Raja R. , Sudhagar S. , Anand S. , Lakshmi B. S.
Published: May 2010

Evaluations of molecular mechanisms of dietary plants with their active molecules are essential for the complete exploration of their nutritive and therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus) salad leaves in inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and evaluated their role in modulating the key markers involved in insulin cell signalling and adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Bioactivity-directed purification studies enlightened the additive effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) along with other caffeic acid derivatives present in methanolic extract ofC. intybus(CME). Incubation of CME and CGA with 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly enhanced the 2-deoxy-d-3[H]-glucose uptake and inhibited adipogenesis through altering the expressions of insulin signalling and adipogenesis markers. Extending to anin vivomodel, the effect of CME was also investigated on insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet with low streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Supplementation of CME for 2 weeks reinstated the insulin sensitivity along with plasma metabolic profile. The present results demonstrate that the caffeoyl derivatives of chicory salad leaves show promising pharmacological effect on energy homoeostasis via PTP1B inhibition bothin vitroandin vivo.
Tarski, Davidson et la signification
Authors: Laurier Daniel
Published: May 2010

Depuis 1967, Donald Davidson defend l'idée qu'une théorie de la signification pour une langue naturelle doit prendre la forme d'une théorie tarskienne de la vérité. Je me propose ici d'exposer les grandes lignes de l a conception davidsonienne de la sémantique des langues naturelles et de chercher à préciser en quel sens une theorie tarskienne de la vérité pour une langue L constitue, selon Davidson, une théorié de la signification pour L. Je ferai pour cela abstraction des obstacles qu'il pourrait y avoir à la réalisation du programme de Davidson (et des stratégies suggérées par ce dernier pour les surmonter).
Grammaire, compositionnalité du sens et réalisme
Authors: Lepage François
Published: May 2010

Dans la partie de la philosophic que l'on appelle habituellement philosophie du langage, la vieille opposition entre le réalisme et le nominalisme est toujours actuelle. D'un côté, les thèses nominalistes trouvent de nouveaux défenseurs qui apportent quelquefois des arguments originaux ou qui reprennent d'anciennes argumentations. D'un autre côté le réalisme est violemment attaqué sur tous ses flancs.
Complex Disguises: Reason in Canadian Philosophy
Authors: Goudge Thomas A.
Published: May 2010

A recent aspect of Canadians' concern to discover their “national identity” has been the interest of some Canadians to discover the history of philosophy in their country. Several decades ago this interest scarcely existed. If any questions about the subject had been raised, the chances are they would have elicited sceptical smiles or yawns. Many would simply have denied—and a few still deny—that there is any “Canadian philosophy” at all. Nowadays, however, the climate of opinion is more accommodating, so that those who study and write about what past philosophers in this country have done can expect to receive a serious hearing. No doubt a conclusive case for the study has yet to be stated. But the most extensive speculative statement made thus far is the book by Leslie Armour and Elizabeth Trott which I shall comment on below.
Philosophie analytique de l'action et fondement normatif des sciences de l'homme
Authors: Kaufmann J. Nicolas
Published: May 2010

La philosophie analytique de l'action se réclame du langage ordinaire de l'action comme une des sources de sesdataphilosophiques. Elle se propose d'en examiner le fonctionnement, d'en extraire les concepts clés, de caractériser les formes de propositions dans lesquelles s'expriment nos actions et notre façon spontanée de les comprendre, d'examiner l'articulation propre aux stratégies d'action et au discours qui les justifie, et de faire des « proposals » pour la construction d'une théorie de l'action. En somme, il s'agit d'ériger le langage ordinaire en instance de contrôle aussi bien sur le plan du traitement de problèmes philosophiques que sur celui de la construction de méta-théories des sciences de l'homme. Ce travail sur le langage de l'action peut revêtir plusieurs fonctions: fonction de clarification ou de détection de confusions, fonction thérapeutique pour guérir le langage de maladies philosophiques, c'est-à-dire des pseudo-problèmes, fonction heuristique pour prescrire une diète appropriée au traitement des perplexités philosophiques qui surgissent « quand le langage tourne à vide, non quand il travaille », pour employer le mot de Wittgenstein (1953, #138).
The Surprise Examination Paradox
Authors: Stack Michael
Published: May 2010

A teacher announces to his students that he intends to give them a surprise examination. That is, on one of the next five (let us say) days he will give them an examination and they will not know which particular day it will be. He wants it to be a surprise, and so if on the morning of the examination the students can display knowledge that it will be that day he will cancel the examination. A bright student claims that the examination is impossible. Clearly it cannot be saved for the last day, for there would certainly be no surprise then. But similarly it cannot be given on the second last day, because if it was not given on the first three days, then on the morning of the fourth day the students, knowing that it cannot be given on the last day, would be able to predict that it must be the fourth day and so there is no surprise. And so on. At which point the teacher either forgets about the examination, or else, perhaps more wisely, goes on with his plan to have a surprise examination and succeeds.
Meaning and Evidence
Authors: Bigelow John C.
Published: May 2010

What is it for a person to mean something by an utterance? Until recently, few philosophers have explicitly set themselves the task of answering this question. Of those who have, most have proposed answers which in one way or another analyze the act of meaning by appeal to the utterer's intentions.
Volition Under Hypnosis
Authors: Stevenson J. T.
Published: May 2010

It Seems that a major impetus to philosophical thought about volitional concepts — the concepts of action, purpose, choice, intention, deliberation, freedom, of the voluntary and the like — has often been a reflection on the discoveries and theories of science. Sometimes philosophy is stimulated by a broad-ranging scientific theory. Thus we have recently seen a flurry of debates about B.F. Skinner's Beyond Freedom and Dignity which challenges the validity of our commonsense notions and forces us to clarify and defend them or accept a drastic revision in our conception of ourselves and of human society. Sometimes, on the other hand, it is not a grand theory which excites our interest but rather a new discovery or the investigation of a particular type of phenomenon which generates some new problems or throws light on old ones.
More on Moore on ‘Existence’
Authors: Tully R.E.
Published: May 2010

G.E. Moore divided his well-known essay, “Is Existence a Predicate?” into two parts. The first has become famous as an early example of “ordinary language” analysis, while the second (a mere 2½ pages) has been universally neglected, for what appear to be several obvious reasons:

(1) Moore's arguments in Part I are forthright and seem decisive. He deploys grammar and logic to show how the sentence ‘Tame tigers exist’ differs from ‘Tame tigers growl’, and thus to answer convincingly the question posed by the essay's title. By contrast, the arguments of Part II are compressed, tentative and obscure. It seems neither an obvious nor a needed sequel to Part I.
A Matter of Taste
Authors: Godlovitch Stanley
Published: May 2010

In any discussion about evaluation, particularly in ethics and aesthetics, there always exists a small recalcitrant group denying any purpose to the enterprise. Although they may be called relativists or extreme subjectivists or some such name to distinguish them from others who seek the basis of merit in the ‘thing itself’, they are best characterized by the two slogans frequently touted in times of intractable disagreement. These are, of course, the suave Chacun à Son Goût and the more pontifical de Gustibus non Disputandum. The first is frequently tossed out when someone displays growing signs of disapproval at another's unrepentant preference, while the second takes the stage when he who disapproves attempts to alter the choice already made. The import of these slogans is that there is an impregnable, irreducible sovereignty in matters of taste.
Esthétique et production littéraire
Authors: Bouchard Guy
Published: May 2010

«Le concept de production, déclarait Jean Ricardou, élimine deux illusions inverses: la création, l'expression» (ETG: 144). Ricardou condamne également l'inspiration, ainsi que l'imitation réaliste. Les quatre conceptions majeures qui ont hanté, et tenté l'histoire de l'esthétique depuis Platon se trouvent donc récusées au profit d'une théorie permettant d'accéder, par rapport au texte, «à une intelligibilité nouvelle: celle des lois de sa production, celle des principe [sic] de sa génération et de son organisation» (ETG: 143). Bien qu'elle concerne spécifiquement la littérature romanesque (et, à l'occasion, le cinéma), cette prise de position présente, à notre avis, un intérêt pour l'ensemble de la philosophie de l'art qu'elle pourrait, si elle s'avérait ou, du moins, se révélait opératoire, faire accéder «a une intelligibilité nouvelle». Aussi nous proposons-nous de l'examiner triptyquement: en produisant, d'abord, une fiction qui nous servira de texte-témoin; en analysant, ensuite, cette fiction en termes de production textuelle; en tentant de vérifier, enfin, si quelque autre type d'interprétation n'est pas également possible et, puisque la réponse sera affirmative, en tirant les conséquences de ce dédoublement de l'interprétation.
Perception
Authors: Odegard Douglas
Published: May 2010

I Shall offer a realist theory of perception which in an important sense is neither direct nor representational nor causal.

Let us say that we directly perceive something if perceiving it enables us to know of its existence without having evidence of its existence. In this sense, direct perception allows us to have “direct knowledge” of what we perceive. For example, I see after-images directly, since I can know of their existence without having visual evidence of their existence. I do not have to look at them with my eyes. Granted, I do need evidence in order to know that they are after-images; but not in order to know of their existence as colours or shapes. Also, I do have to see them in order to know that they exist. But this is not a condition of having evidence. It is only a condition of their existence, which in turn is a truth condition of my knowing.
La fonction épistémologique de la sociologie de la connaissance
Authors: Lagueux Maurice
Published: May 2010

Depuis Plus de deux millénaries, comme chacun sait, le besoin de connaître s'est imposé comme l'un des besoins les plus fondamentaux des hommes et des sociétés humaines. Et comme dès Socrate, il se trouvait tourné résolument non plus vers le seul monde ambiant mais vers l'homme lui-même et ses moindres mouvements intérieurs, il n'en fallait pas plus pour que prenne racine le projet, circulaire mais légitime, de faire de ce besoin de connaître l'objet, à son tour, d'une connaissance nouvelle. Une certaine gnoséologie était née si l'on choisit de désigner par ce terme les tentatives les plus diverses pour rendre compte d'un objet aussi singulier. Mieux encore, il allait suffire de préciser, parmi les questions portant sur le phénomène cognitif comme tel, celles portant sur son fondement, c'est-à-dire sur son bien-fondé ou plus exactement sur ses « conditions de possibilité » pour que prenne à peu près forme l'enquêate plus proprement épistémologique sur la connaissance, enquête qui fut entrevue il y a fort longtemps sans doute, mais dont le type classique nous fut fourni par Kant.
Kierkegaard on philosophy
Authors: Johnson Ralph H.
Published: May 2010

At The end of the Concluding Unscientific Postscript, in the Appendix entitled “For an Understanding with the Reader,” Johannes Climacus, the pseudonymous author, renders the following verdict:

So then the book is superfluous; let no one therefore take the pains to appeal to it as an authority; for he who thus appeals to it has eo ipso misunderstood it.
Hume's Attack on Abstract Ideas: Real and Imagined
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: May 2010

A very material question has been started concerning abstract or general ideas, whether they be general or particular in the mind's conception of them. A great philosopher [Dr. Berkeley] has disputed the receiv'd opinion in this particular, and has asserted, that all general ideas are nothing but particular ones, annexed to a certain term, which gives them a more extensive signification, and makes them recall upon occasion other individuals, which are similar to them. As I look upon this to be one of the greatest and most valuable discoveries that has been made of late years in the republic of letters, I shall here endeavour to confirm it by some arguments, which I hope will put it beyond all doubt and controversy.
The Primary/Secondary Quality Distinction: Berkeley, Locke, and the Foundations of Corpuscularian Science
Authors: Davidson Arnold I. , Hornstein Norbert
Published: May 2010

Recent interpretations of Locke's primary/secondary quality distinction have tended to emphasize Locke's relationship to the corpuscularian science of his time, especially to that of Boyle. Although this trend may have corrected the unfortunate tendency to view Locke in isolation from his scientific contemporaries, it nevertheless has resulted in some over- simplifications and distortions of Locke's general enterprise. As everyone now agrees, Locke was attempting to provide a philosophicalfoundationfor English corpuscularianism and one must therefore look not only at the current scientific hypotheses but also at the nature of the philosophical foundation Locke was attempting to erect. In particular, Locke made an attempt, based on epistemological principles, to give a philosophical justification of atomistic corpuscularianism. Moreover, he was not content to give this justification post hoc—the epistemological foundation was prior to, and determined the framework for, the details of the correct scientific theory. Locke's epistemology made legitimate an atomistic theory, one making crucial use of the notion of solidity in the definition of the elementary particles, although it did not prejudge the details of this theory.
Composantes du Laboratoire politique: sur la réception de L'anomalie sauvage: puissance et pouvoir chez Spinoza d'Antonio Negri
Authors: Hébert Robert
Published: May 2010

A force de lire à chaud les débats actuels de la philosophie et s'habituer aux diverses technicalités d'interprétation s'alimentant de la structure ouverte du texte philosophique; à force de dépouiller catalogues (prestigieux) d'éditeurs et programmes de congrès avec la rapidité de celui qui se sait dans le coup de la contemporanéité la plus sophistiquée, nous oublions parfois la pertinence et le sens de l'étrangeté radicale des classiques. Nous préférons croire que de leur hauteur à première vue inaccessible, un peu surannée, les philosophes de cette époque et—par une métonymie à la limite typographique—les textes classiques modélent des paysages intérieurs révolus, raffinent la quintessence d'une civilisation qui aurait manqué (de) nos propres moyens d'action « plus réels », plus appropries à la conscience foncièrement progressiste qui nous tenaille.
Reason, Value and Desire
Authors: Narveson Jan
Published: May 2010

The general subject of Professor Bond's book,Reason and Value, is, as the title implies, the relation between reason and value, or more precisely the connections between concepts of motivation and value, with reasons as the contested notion in between. Bond offers a thesis that at least appears to go very much against the current trend on these matters. Whereas most recent theorists of note have tied justificatory reasons as well as explanatory reasons to desire, thus holding, in effect, that values are somehow a function of desire, Bond wishes to cut the link between value and desire altogether. The first three chapters are devoted to developing this argument, mainly negatively. He distinguishes between “motivating” and “grounding” (or “justifying”) reasons in the customary way (e.g., Baier distinguishes “explanatory” from “justificatory” reasons to much the same effect'), and argues that “whereas desire or wanting and the reasons tied to it belong to the theory of motivation, where they are central, reason, in the sense of the reason(s) that a person has for or against doing a thing, is tied essentially to value, and the two are not to be confused” (9). “… The existence of grounding reasons (though not of motivating reasons) has no internal or necessary connection with desires of any kind” (37). “… All value isnecessarilyobjective, in the sense that it is never a function of desire (or will); nothing is ever valuable or desirablein virtue of beingdesired” (84). “Value is notto any extent whatevera function or product of desire” (155).
Intuitions in Ethics
Authors: Bayles Michael D.
Published: May 2010

Philosophers, like ordinary people, are likely to retain practices long after the conditions which justified them have disappeared. At a recent philosophical convention, subtle arguments concerning abortion appealed to intuitions about exceedingly odd cases and allegedly widely agreed upon intuitions (that I doubted were shared by many reflective people). Such appeals to intuitions, especially about particular cases, are quite common among philosophers. Yet, during this century the traditional theoretical bases for such appeals to intuitions have generally been abandoned. New theoretical bases have been developed, but they are of dubious soundness, and even if sound, do not support the appeals to intuitions so commonly made in applied ethics. Perhaps critics of such appeals to intuitions have failed to capture the bit of good sense that is likely to underlie a widespread practice among intelligent and reflective people that seems to outlive its justification.
Velocity distribution function and correlations in a granular Poiseuille flow
Authors: ALAM MEHEBOOB , CHIKKADI V. K.
Published: May 2010

Probability distribution functions of fluctuation velocities (P(ux) andP(uy), whereuxanduyare the fluctuation velocities in thex- andy-directions, respectively; the gravity is acting along the periodicx-direction and the flow is bounded by two walls parallel to they-direction) and the density and the spatial velocity correlations are studied using event-driven simulations for an inelastic smooth hard disk system undergoing gravity-driven granular Poiseuille flow (GPF). It is shown that for GPF with smooth and/or perfectly rough walls the Maxwellian/Gaussian is the leading-order distribution over a wide range of densities in the quasi-elastic limit, which is a surprising result, especially for a dilute granular gas for which the Knudsen number belongs to the transitional flow regime. The signature of wall-roughness-induced dissipation mainly shows up in theP(ux) distribution in the form of a sharp peak for negative velocities in the near-wall region. BothP(ux) andP(uy) distributions become asymmetric with increasing dissipation at any density, and the emergence of density waves, which appear in the form of sinuous wave/slug at low-to-moderate values of mean density, makes these asymmetries stronger, especially in the presence of a slug. At high densities, the flow degenerates into a dense plug (where the density approaches its maximum limit and the shear rate is negligibly small) around the channel centreline and two shear layers (where the shear rate is high and the density is low) near the walls. The distribution functions within the shear layer follow the characteristics of those at moderate mean densities. Within the dense plug, the high-velocity tails of bothP(ux) andP(uy) appear to undergo a transition from Gaussian in the quasi-elastic limit to power-law distributions at large inelasticity of particle collisions. For dense flows, it is shown that although the density correlations play a significant role in enhancing the velocity correlations when the collisions are sufficiently inelastic, they do not induce velocity correlations when the collisions are quasi-elastic for which the distribution functions are close to Gaussian. The combined effect of enhanced density and velocity correlations around the channel centreline with increasing inelastic dissipation seems to be responsible for the emergence of non-Gaussian high-velocity tails of distribution functions.
Diagnosing the causes of territory abandonment by the Endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus: the importance of traditional pastoralism and regional conservation
Authors: Mateo-Tomás Patricia , Olea Pedro P.
Published: May 2010

Identifying threats to declining species and prescribing ways of preventing their extinction are basic challenges for biodiversity conservation. We analysed the causes underlying the loss of territories of the Endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus in a key population at the north-western edge of its distribution in Europe by developing multi-scale models that combined factors from nest site to landscape. We used generalized linear models and an information-theoretic approach to identify the optimal combination of scales and resolutions that could explain territorial abandonment. Those models combining nest-site and landscape scales considerably improved prediction ability compared to those considering only one scale. The best combined model had a high predictive ability (96.9% of correctly classified cases). Small cliffs at high altitudes in rugged areas with declining livestock (especially of sheep and goats) increased the likelihood of territory abandonment. Our findings highlight the importance of developing region-specific multi-scale models to determine reliably the factors driving territory loss and of designing effective conservation strategies accordingly. Conservation measures for the studied population should be developed at two spatial scales. At the smaller scale it is necessary to closely control nest sites to avoid direct disturbances. At a larger scale it is essential to implement policies that can support traditional pastoralism.
Prior residency does not always pay off – co-infections inDaphnia
Authors: LOHR JENNIFER N. , YIN MINGBO , WOLINSKA JUSTYNA
Published: May 2010

The epidemiological and ecological processes which govern the success of multiple-species co-infections are as yet unresolved. Here we investigated prior versus late residency within hosts, meaning which parasite contacts the host first, to determine if the outcomes of intra-host competition are altered. We infected a single genotype of the waterfleaDaphnia galeatawith both the intestinal protozoanCaullerya mesniliand the haemolymph fungusMetschnikowiasp. (single genotype of each parasite species), as single infections, simultaneous co-infections and as sequential co-infections, with each parasite given 4 days prior residency. Simultaneous co-infections were significantly more virulent than both single infections and sequential co-infections, as measured by a decreased host life span and fecundity. Further, in addition to theDaphniahost, the parasites also suffered fitness decreases in simultaneous co-infections, as measured by spore production. The sequential co-infections, however, had mixed effects:C. mesnilibenefited from prior residency, whereasMetschnikowiasp. experienced a decline in fitness. Our results show that multiple-species co-infections ofDaphniamay be more virulent than single infections, and that prior residency does not always provide a competitive advantage.
Molecular characterization ofNeospora caninumMAG1, a dense granule protein secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole, and associated with the cyst wall and the cyst matrix
Authors: GUIONAUD CHRISTOPHE , HEMPHILL ANDREW , MEVISSEN MEIKE , ALAEDDINE FERIAL
Published: May 2010

InNeospora caninumandToxoplasma gondii, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) is synthesized at the time of infection. During tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite stage conversion, the PV is later transformed into a tissue cyst that allows parasites to survive in their host for extended periods of time. We report on the characterization of NcMAG1, theN. caninumorthologue ofT. gondiiMAG1 (matrix antigen 1; TgMAG1). The 456 amino acid predicted NcMAG1 protein is 54% identical to TgMAG1. By immunoblotting, a rabbit antiserum raised against recombinant NcMAG1 detected a major product of ~67 kDa in extracts ofN. caninumtachyzoite-infected Vero cells, which was stained more prominently in extracts of infected Vero cells treated to inducein vitrobradyzoite conversion. Immunofluorescence and TEM localized the protein mainly within the cyst wall and the cyst matrix. In both tachyzoites and bradyzoites, NcMAG1 was associated with the parasite dense granules. Comparison between NcMAG1 and TgMAG1 amino acid sequences revealed that the C-terminal conserved regions exhibit 66% identity, while the N-terminal variable regions exhibit only 32% identity. Antibodies against NcMAG1-conserved region cross-reacted with the orthologuous protein inT. gondiibut those against the variable region did not. This indicates that the variable region possesses unique antigenic characteristics.
A new mechanism for science-policy transfer and biodiversity governance?
Authors: SOBERON JORGE M. , SARUKHAN JOSE K.
Published: May 2010

New initiatives are being proposed to create knowledge-transfer mechanisms between biodiversity science and so-called ‘decision makers’ that are apparently ignoring some of the significant differences to which biodiversity governance is subject at different scales. Shifting scales seriously change the rules of knowledge transfer; some implications of this are explored. Appropriate scope and focus are vital for international initiatives. There is no substitute for the full development of local capacities, and the multinational lending agencies interested in the conservation of biodiversity, the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and others should support such national efforts and establish regional training facilities to help generate the human and basic institutional capacities needed.
VICTIMS OF THE VICTIMS: Human trophies worn by sacrificed soldiers from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan
Authors: Spence Michael W. , White Christine D. , Longstaffe Fred J. , Law Kimberley R.
Published: May 2010

The large series of sacrificial victims excavated from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid (ca.a.d.200) includes 72 males identified as soldiers. Although most of these wore pendants of imitation human maxillae, four soldiers each had between seven and eleven real human maxillae. Dental dimensions indicate that most, and perhaps all, of these trophies were from males. Dental attrition levels suggest a broader and flatter age profile for the pendants than for the soldiers, with a significantly higher mean age. The oxygen-isotope ratios in the dental phosphate of the pendant teeth, which indicate the geographic origins of those individuals, point to their derivation from three different regions, one of them probably in or near the Basin of Mexico itself. Apparently the soldiers had fought in more than one campaign, and the early interactions of Teotihuacan with more distant societies had sometimes involved an element of violence.
THE LINEAGE MODEL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN LATE CLASSIC NORTHWESTERN BELIZE
Authors: Hageman Jon B.
Published: May 2010

Central topics of anthropological study from the 1940s through the 1970s, kinship and lineage became largely discredited during the 1980s. Recent scholarship, however, has indicated that kinship and lineage, when considered as the products of social activity, can make important contributions to studies of living and past populations. This paper explores lineage as a model of social organization distinguished by specific activities practiced by members of Late Classic Maya social groups. This model is derived from cross-cultural literature on lineages, but practices associated with lineage organization are historically and culturally specific. A suite of archaeological correlates, based on practices endemic to the Late Classic Maya, is evaluated against a test case from northwestern Belize. The implications of a landscape populated by lineages during the Classic period argue that archaeological investigations of hinterland areas are an important complement to more traditional studies focused on nucleated site centers.
HOUSE RULES?: The practice of social organization in Classic-period Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Hutson Scott R. , Magnoni Aline , Stanton Travis W.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents results of excavations from three house lots at Chunchucmil, a Classic-period site in northwestern Yucatan, Mexico. Each of the three house lots contains multiple residential structures organized around patios with temples on the east side of the patio. The boundaries of the house lots are clearly marked by low walls that encircle the architecture and non-mounded space. These house lots were occupied by multiple-family groups that held a common identity. Inequality existed within these groups insofar as one residence in each group was larger and better constructed than the others. In discussing the succession of leadership within these groups, we argue that social organization resembled the flexible house society model presented by Claude Lévi-Strauss, as opposed to rule-guided models based solely on descent or kinship. The practical nature of social organization is seen in the type of modifications found on the east structures of these groups.
ADVANCED CONSERVATIVE LIBERALISM: PARTY AND PRINCIPLE IN TROLLOPE'S PARLIAMENTARY NOVELS
Authors: Craig David M.
Published: May 2010

When, on 17 November 1868, Anthony Trollope came bottom of the poll at Beverley in Yorkshire, his cherished ambition to become a Liberal MP was at an end. He had advocated the key elements of the liberal program – Irish Church disestablishment and national education – but this mattered little in a notoriously corrupt borough which was shortly to be stripped of its representation (Tingay). He later explained in hisAutobiography(1883) that since he was deprived of a parliamentary seat, he instead used characters in his fiction “for the expression of my political or social convictions . . . they have served me as safety-valves by which to deliver my soul” (112–13). This reflection starkly conveys the sense of a man literally bursting with opinions, but it sits oddly with the common view of critics that Trollope's parliamentary novels depicted political life primarily in social terms; that unlike Disraeli he was not especially interested in exploring issues and testing convictions; and that he had “very few political ideas” (Brantlinger 209).
“GREATLY ALTERED”: THE LIFE OF SYDNEY OWENSON'S INDIAN NOVEL
Authors: Parsons Cóilín
Published: May 2010

In the last months of her life, Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan) returned to one of her earliest and most popular works,The Missionary: An Indian Tale(1811), and devoted time between attacks of severe bronchitis to revising it. The revised novel was published in 1859 under the name ofLuxima, the Prophetess: A Tale of India. According to the unattributed preface toLuximait was “greatly altered,” receiving the final touches only a few days before Owenson's death on April 16, 1859 (Luximaiii; preface). The revisions are extensive. Most prominent of all is the excision of tracts of particularly purple prose, and the reining in of some of the elements that markThe Missionaryas a novel of sensibility. These changes were considered prudent even in 1811: an otherwise complimentary notice onThe MissionaryinCritical Reviewurges the author to “divest her style of its luxuriant redundancies, and to write in a more simple and natural manner.” Another reviewer styled the novel “outrageously romantic” (qtd. inMissionary298). Yet despite recent critical consensus that Owenson's 1859 revisions were for the most part cosmetic, it seems unlikely that in her death throes Owenson spent sleepless nights worrying about lukewarm reviews of a novel she had written over forty years earlier.
COSMOPOLITANISM'S ACTUALLY EXISTING BEYOND; TOWARD A VICTORIAN GEOPOLITICAL AESTHETIC
Authors: Goodlad Lauren M. E.
Published: May 2010

Although “cosmopolitanism” is, in many respects, the recognized creation of the eighteenth century, in recent years the idea has made a mark on the theory and practice of Victorian studies. In this essay I offer some reflections on this development while suggesting one future path for a Victorianist cosmopolitan practice. My goal is to limn a theory of what I call “the Victorian geopolitical aesthetic” which, in grasping the globalizing dynamics of the nineteenth century, illuminates the literature and culture of that era. By way of doing so, I will explore cosmopolitan literary study as it has so far developed, describing its focus on ethics. I will also try to update the legacy of historical materialism (including the work of Georg Lukács, Raymond Williams, and Fredric Jameson) by integrating it with newer transnational perspectives such as cosmopolitanism and the new Atlantic studies. My aim is to suggest ways of reading Victorian literature – specifically realist fiction but potentially other genres as well – which recognize the power of literature to engage “actually existing cosmopolitanisms” then and now.
“THE COUNTRY OF THE PLAGUE”: ANTICULTURE AND AUTOETHNOGRAPHY IN DICKENS'S 1850S
Authors: Buzard James
Published: May 2010

This short paper proposes toconsider the transition fromBleak House(1852–53) toLittle Dorrit(1856–57) as a phase of particular significance in Dickens's debate with himself over the claims, benefits, and pitfalls of national and wider forms of belonging. I elideHard Times(1854) because it seems to me that with the composition ofBleak HouseDickens had definitively arrived at the conviction that the twenty-number monthly novel was that one of his novelistic forms best suited to sustained exploration and testing of capacious social networks making claims upon individuals' identification and loyalty. InBleak House– as I have argued inDisorienting Fiction: The Autoethnographic Work of Nineteenth-Century British Novels(2005) – Dickens responds to the false universalism of the Great Exhibition of 1851 by producing his most restrictively “national” of novels, programmatically and demonstratively shutting out a wider world in order to produce an image of Britain that negatively foreshadows the kind of autarkic, autotelic fantasies of single cultures associated with the classic functionalist ethnography of the early twentieth century, as practiced by such luminaries as Bronislaw Malinowski and Franz Boas. “Negatively” is key here, since anticipations of ethnography in nineteenth-century British (autoethnographic) fiction typically involve representation of the nation as “a form ofanticulturewhose features define by opposition the ideals [later] attributed to genuine cultures” (Buzard,Disorienting21). Whereas the fast-disappearing genuine culture of ethnographic literature was credited with the integrated totality of “a sturdy plant growth, each remotest leaf and twig of which is organically fed by the sap at the core” (Sapir 90–93), Britain's culture vouchsafed inBleak Houseand exemplified in the tentacular Court of Chancery presents “a state of disastrous and inescapable interconnection,” “a culture-like vision of social totality that is simply marked with a minus sign” (Buzard,Disorienting21).
COSMOPOLITANISM, FEMINISM, AND THE MOVING BODY
Authors: Walkowitz Judith R.
Published: May 2010

In October 1894, Mrs. Laura OrmistonChant, a feminist purity reformer, successfully challenged the music and dancing license of the Empire Theatre of Varieties before the licensing committee of the London County Council. Mrs. Chant raised two objections to the management of the Empire: first, that “the promenade, an open space behind the dress circle in front of the bar,” where 500 people circulated nightly, was used “as the habitual resort of prostitutes in pursuit of their traffic.” Her “second indictment” was that parts of the performance on stage were exceedingly indecent, including the costumes of the ballet dancers (“London County Council”). Chant had gone to the Empire promenade, twice dressed in her “best” evening gown, and been herself accosted. Her protest, declaredThe Sketch, provoked the “battle of the Empire,” a “great fight . . . waged with a war of words, a battery of correspondence, and a skirmish of sketches” (qtd in Faulk 77). Visually commemorated in the illustrated press and in numerous music hall spoofs, the “Battle of the Empire” was most extensively covered in the correspondence columns of theDaily Telegraph, under the heading, “Prudes on the Prowl.”
ANTI-SLAVERY COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE BLACK ATLANTIC
Authors: Wong Edlie
Published: May 2010

Black maritime labor was essentialto the capitalist world economy as European nations began to reconsolidate their Atlantic empires in the wake of the Haitian Revolution (1804) and Emancipation in the British West Indies (1838). British merchant vessels plying the waters of these lucrative Atlantic economies were often crewed by those colonial subjects whom they once held as commodities. Atlantic scholarship – most notably Paul Gilroy'sBlack Atlantic– has looked to the chronotope of the seafaring ship in its efforts to chart the cosmopolitan contours of the nineteenth century. For Gilroy, the ship gives figurative expression to a cultural and political remapping of modern racial formations that transcends the “boundaries and integrity of modern nation states” (4). Ships call to mind both the Middle Passage and the mercantile routes that joined the Americas with Europe, Africa, and the plantation zones of the Caribbean. For Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, black maritime circulation thus constituted one aspect of the “many-headed hydra” that unsettled the political sovereignty of European nation-states in the Atlantic world (31).
RELUCTANT COSMOPOLITANISM IN DICKENS'SGREAT EXPECTATIONS
Authors: McBratney John
Published: May 2010

It has recently been suggested, in various quarters, that cosmopolitanism, a concept that has proved broadly useful and popular in Victorian studies in the last several years, may have entered its critical senescence. The reports of its decline are, I believe, greatly exaggerated. I would like to prove the continuing vigor of the concept by using it in a reading of Dickens'sGreat Expectations(1860–61). Conceiving of the cosmopolitan figure as a mediator between native English and colonial subjectivities, I will argue that Pip and Magwitch are reluctant cosmopolitans of indeterminate national identity. Although their final lack of a home country represents a psychological loss, the sympathy they learn to feel for each other – a fellow-feeling between gentleman and convict produced by a transnational irony enacted across class and cultural divides – represents a clear ethical gain, the attainment of a partial universalism that goes to the heart of the moral vision of the novel. Throughout this study, I will seek to extend that “rigorous genealogy of cosmopolitanism” that Amanda Anderson has urged (“Cosmopolitanism” 266).
The impact of nutrition education with and without a school garden on knowledge, vegetable intake and preferences and quality of school life among primary-school students
Authors: Morgan Philip J , Warren Janet M , Lubans David R , Saunders Kristen L , Quick Garbrielle I , Collins Clare E
Published: May 2010

Objective

To investigate the impact of school garden-enhanced nutrition education (NE) on children’s fruit and vegetable consumption, vegetable preferences, fruit and vegetable knowledge and quality of school life.

Design

Quasi-experimental 10-week intervention with nutrition education and garden (NE&G), NE only and control groups. Fruit and vegetable knowledge, vegetable preferences (willingness to taste and taste ratings), fruit and vegetable consumption (24 h recall × 2) and quality of school life (QoSL) were measured at baseline and 4-month follow-up.

Setting

Two primary schools in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia.

Subjects

A total of 127 students in Grades 5 and 6 (11–12 years old; 54 % boys).

Results

Relative to controls, significant between-group differences were found for NE&G and NE students for overall willingness to taste vegetables (P < 0·001) and overall taste ratings of vegetables (P < 0·001). A treatment effect was found for the NE&G group for: ability to identify vegetables (P < 0·001); willingness to taste capsicum (P = 0·04), broccoli (P = 0·01), tomato (P < 0·001) and pea (P = 0·02); and student preference to eat broccoli (P < 0·001) and pea (P < 0·001) as a snack. No group-by-time differences were found for vegetable intake (P = 0·22), fruit intake (P = 0·23) or QoSL (P = 0·98).

Conclusions

School gardens can impact positively on primary-school students’ willingness to taste vegetables and their vegetable taste ratings, but given the complexity of dietary behaviour change, more comprehensive strategies are required to increase vegetable intake.
The origins of governments: from anarchy to hierarchy
Authors: BAKER MATTHEW , BULTE ERWIN , WEISDORF JACOB
Published: May 2010

We analyze development trajectories of early civilizations where population size and technology are endogenous, and derive conditions under which such societies optimally ‘switch’ from anarchy to hierarchy – when it is optimal to elect and support a ruler. The ruler provides an efficient level of law and order, but creams off part of society's surplus for his own consumption. Switching to hierarchy occurs if the state of technology exceeds a threshold value, but societies may also be ‘trapped’ at lower levels of technology, perpetuating conditions of anarchy. We present empirical evidence based on the Standard Cross Cultural Sample that support the model's main predictions.