bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The Highest Powers’: Grotius and the Internationalization of Church and State
Authors: Prior Charles W. A.
Published: February 2014

This paper takes up David Armitage’s suggestion that historians should be alert to the various forms which international thinking took in the early modern period. Specifically, it concentrates on Grotius’s contribution to the effort to conceptualise the relationship of church and state, and to settle their relative jurisdictions. It argues that this effort can (and should) be read as part of a process of establishing a set of norms concerning the power of states. However, where some scholars have argued that an important chapter in the emergence of the modern state lies in the assertion of civil dominance over clerical power, this paper argues that a doctrine of civil religion formed the basis of an emerging logic of Protestant politics.
The Politics of Medical Translations and its Impact upon Medical Knowledge in the Habsburg Monarchy 1770–1830
Authors: Sechel Teodora Daniela
Published: February 2014

This article analyses the politics of medical translation and shows the complexity of knowledge production and circulation in the intercultural and multiethnic contexts of the Habsburg Monarchy. It argues that medical translations, including books, manuals, and brochures, were one of the important tools that contributed to the standardization of medical knowledge and practices in this region. Most of these books were authored by physicians and professors at medical schools in Vienna. They had a great influence upon medical knowledge and practices, thus Vienna was the authority approving what was taught and published. The usage of the same manuals and books implies that more or less the same medical knowledge was shared by the medical practitioners in the Habsburg Monarchy. The medical theories and practices transmitted reflect also the games of influence and power exercised by protomedici and professors at the Vienna University. It was a process of authorization and dissemination of knowledge from the “center” to the provinces.
MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA IN THE EYES OF RUSSIAN OBSERVERS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Taki Victor
Published: February 2014

Taking as its starting point the Enlightenment discourse about Eastern Europe, thc article examines the way Russian elites responded to the emergence of the West-East symbolic divide through discovery and appropriation of their own "Orient." The encounter of the Westernized Russian officer corps and diplomats with the Hellenized Romanian boyar elite of Moldavia and Wallachia in the course of the Russian-Ottoman wars provides an illustration of this phenomenon. Deriving from the classic oppositions between "Europe" and "Orient," "civilization" and "barbarity," the Russian discourse on Moldavia and Wallachia differed from West European models through the recognition of common religion and the similarities between the lifestyle of the Romanian elite and the old Muscovite ways. This interplay of "sameness" and "otherness" served the Russian imperial elite to monopolize the civilizing mission in the region and assert its European identity in the period when the latter became increasingly questioned both intemationally and domestically.
Combinations of Contrastive Discourse Markers in English
Authors: Fraser Bruce
Published: February 2014

Discourse Markers are usually discussed as terms which signal the relationship between two contiguous sentences, S1—DM—S2 (“We started late. Yet, somehow, we arrived on time.”) In the present paper, I examine the class of English Contrastive Discourse Markers (CDMs) to determine what pairs of them occur acceptably in a sentence (“The health care system needs more primary care physicians. However, on the other hand, they are the doctors who are paid at the bottom of the scale.”), those which are unacceptable (“We could go to Jamaica for our vacation this year. On the other hand, nevertheless, we could stay home.”), and others for which the jury is out. Several tentative generalizations, including the role of spoken vs. written language are made but the complete solution is far down the road.
Crito and the Socratic Controversy
Authors: Danzig Gabriel
Published: February 2014

Crito was written in response to popular slanders concerning Socrates’ failure to escape from prison, and accompanying misgivings within the Socratic circle. Plato responds by asking his audience to disregard the slander of the mob and obey the moral expert instead. But he also responds by creating an image of Socrates and his friends widely at odds with the popular slander; by implying that Socrates’ critics were themselves guilty of some of the behaviour they charged against Socrates; by pointing out that Socrates had no viable alternative to death; and, in partial contradiction to all this, by rejecting the popular morality which saw Socrates’ abandonment and death as signs of failure. In the rhetorical climax of the composition, Plato shows that Socrates chose to die rather than victimize or offend the laws of the city, which he represents as sentient beings. The weaknesses that have been perceived in the arguments of the Athenian Laws are not fatal to the composition, because it aims not at a convincing demonstration, but at providing a portrait of Socrates’ own overwhelming conviction of the rightness of his decision.
What Kind of Cosmopolitans Were the Stoics? the Cosmic City in the Early Stoa
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: February 2014

The Stoics are often cited as predecessors of Kantian theories of cosmopolitan justice. After setting out the various types of contemporary cosmopolitanism, I argue that the Stoic doctrine does not match any of these categories. The core of the Cosmic City doctrine in the early Stoa is cosmological and theological, not moral or political. It concerns the Zeus’ governance of the physical universe and the proper relation of our individual natures to the nature of the whole. Although the Stoics do appeal to this doctrine in moral contexts, the underlying concepts of law, autonomy, and citizenship are quite different from their contemporary counterparts. As part of my argument I attempt to explain how this theological doctrine came to be expressed in a de-politicized political vocabulary.
Lessons from the Crito
Authors: Scott Kyle
Published: February 2014

On the question of civil disobedience the Crito seems out of step with what Socrates says on thematter in other dialogues. This paper argues that Socrates does not abandon his earlier preference for philosophy over the law by choosing to stay and die, but rather, it is because of his preference for philosophy and the philosophic way of life that he ends up not escaping. This paper reaches its conclusion by showing that the argument of the Laws is unpersuasive to Socrates because the Laws are unjust.
Ambition and Corruption isn Xenophon’s Education of Cyrus
Authors: Reisert Joseph R.
Published: February 2014

What knowledge enables Cyrus to rule easily over multitudes? Why does Xenophon convey it in a novel? Cyrus possesses knowledge of ambition’s effects in the honour-loving soul. He perceives that honour-loving men can be ensnared into abject dependence if they can be made to accept any one individual’s will as the sole source of honour; easier still is the task of ruling those far more numerous men whose love of honour is infused with or subordinated to the love of the material rewards that accompany victory. Cyrus creates a hierarchy of dependence, with himself at the apex, and he rules his honour-loving followers easily, creating the institutions of an empire that endured to Xenophon’s own day. Xenophon depicts this arrangement in a historical romance, rather than describe it in a treatise, in ordermore effectively to inspire the love of virtue in his readers.
Politics and Medicine: Plato’s Final Word Part II: A Rivalry Dissolved: The Restoration of Medicine’s Technē Status in the Laws
Authors: Levin Susan B.
Published: February 2014

This article challenges the widespread assumption that Plato’s valuation of medicine remains steady across the corpus. While Plato’s opposition to poetry and sophistry/rhetoric endures, in the Laws he no longer views medicine as a rival concerning phusis and eudaimonia. Why is this dispute laid to rest, even as the others continue? This article argues that the Laws’ developments with a bearing onmedicine stem ultimately from the philosopher-ruler’s disappearance. The deeper appreciation of good medical practice that ensues, combined with an array of sociopolitical mechanisms for detecting injustice, means that the health care setting is no longer—as in the Republic—the crossroads where judgments of the whole person must be made. For the first time, by Plato’s lights, medicine may be a truly self-standing technē.
Nicias in Thucydides and Aristophanes Part I: Nicias and Divine Justice in Thucydides
Authors: Burns Timothy W.
Published: February 2014

Thucydides and Aristophanes, austere historian and ribald comic playwright,
lived in an Athens that had, since Themistocles, been moving from a regime of ancestral piety towards a secular empire. Thucydides suggests an agreement between his understanding and that of the pious Nicias — over and against this move. Aristophanes too is a vigorous proponent of peace, and the conclusions of many of his plays appear to suggest or encourage a conservative disposition towards ancestral piety or the rule of ancestral, divine law.While these first impressions are not entirely misleading, a careful examination of the two thinkers’works, with attention to Nicias and the question of the gods, suggests a more complicated and revealing picture. Neither thinker is in agreement with Nicias, who proves to be representative of a fundamental human delusion. Each, however, sees that delusion as inescapable for political life, and so makes his appeal to more serious readers inconspicuously.
Crossing the Desert: Siyāḥa and Safar as Key Concepts in Early Sufi Literature and Life
Authors: Salamah-Qudsi Arin
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article aims to introduce some inquiries concerning travel as a customary mode of ascetic life among early Sufis in the period between the third/ninth and sixth/twelfth centuries. Two prominent concepts are involved in this discussion: siyāḥa and safar. While safar was a general term that refers to a wide spectrum of traditions and customs included in the medieval Islamic culture of travel, the term siyāḥa indicated the custom of roving in solitude without provisions undertaken by some early ascetics and Sufis. The use of both terms over the course of the period under discussion was subjected to different shifts and developments in Sufi spheres. Critical censure against the early custom of siyāḥa was made essentially out of fear of ignoring the communal religious duties of Islam. Although siyāḥa seems to have been adopted by early ascetics, it was gradually replaced by Sufi authors and theoreticians with the term safar instead. After the fifth/eleventh century, the process of the “stabilization” of Sufi activities in particular spaces contributed to change the early Sufi principle in which spiritual progress was combined with, or even conditioned upon, spatial and physical mobility. However, individual cases in which the early ideal of siyāḥa was preserved should not be neglected.
The Environmental Protection Regimes Governing Maritime Renewable Energies in the EU and Their Implementation in the Marine and Coastal Areas of the South of Spain
Authors: Gutiérrez Castillo Víctor L. , García Blesa Juan J.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to review the configuration and point out the weaknesses of the main legal regimes of environmental protection of the Mediterranean Sea applicable to the implementation of marine renewable energies in the maritime and coastal areas of the EU, focusing on some parts of the south coast of Spain. Renewable energy sources have become a strategic industry for Europe over the last years due, among other things, to the need for finding cheap and clean energy sources. Within this context, marine renewable energies attract a lot of attention from the EU and several Member States. However, the development of this industry without a sound environmental protection and preservation policy and regulation, might well result in a rather negative impact on the affected marine ecosystems. On the other hand, the legal framework established by the EU and other international legal regimes for the protection of the marine environment seems to give much room for Member States putting economic objectives before environmental considerations.
Domestic Workers’ Human Rights Versus Diplomatic Immunity: Developments in International and National Jurisprudence
Authors: Staiano Fulvia
Published: February 2014

Diplomatic immunities significantly contribute to a protection gap for domestic workers in diplomatic households who are victims of egregious forms of exploitation and abuse, and thus, of serious human rights violations. The abuse of such immunities by diplomatic agents in order to shun judicial review by the courts of the receiving States constitutes indeed a serious obstacle to obtaining redress. The resulting conflict between international rules on immunity and domestic workers’ human rights epitomizes the increasingly frequent challenges posed by international human rights law to classic rules of international law, and raises the issue of how to find balanced solutions to such conflicts. Against this background, the uncertain and discretional character of diplomatic measures prevents them from constituting a tool of legal protection for domestic workers experiencing human rights violations. With that in mind, this contribution inquires on alternative remedies available in international and domestic law, with a specific focus on the relationship between international rules on immunities and two other bodies of law, i.e. international human rights law and peremptory norms of international law.
Language Rights for Indigenous Peoples: The Case of the Russian Federation
Authors: Knyazeva Elena
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The Russian Federation is one of the most multinational and heterogeneous countries in the world. There are forty seven officially recognised indigenous peoples, each with their own language. Majority of them are listed as endangered by UNESCO. 1 The situation can be defined as critical and requiring expeditious measures to revive and develop indigenous languages. This paper seeks to assess contemporary legislative and political situations relating to linguistic rights of indigenous peoples in Russia. There has been very little research on the adequacy of protection afforded to the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples in Russia under domestic law. Therefore, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a basis for a much needed academic discussion.
Pictorial Debates: The Tatar Satirical Journal Yalt-Yolt and Muslim Modernity Discourses, 1906-1917
Authors: Rorlich Azade-Ayse
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The Great Reform era in Russia, as well as the modernist movements in the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim lands represent the background against which the Muslims of the Russian Empire engaged in the scrutiny of the reasons behind the backwardness of their societies and began advocating the compatibility of Islam with modernity. After 1906, the Muslim press became the most important instrument in the creation of the public sphere where issues of tradition and modernity were debated. This essay focuses on the Tatar satirical journal Yalt-Yolt to explore its contribution to the critique of the old Muslim mentalité, as well as its role as an instrument of modernity.
Rethinking the CARICOM Dispute Settlement Mechanism
Authors: Goring Namitasha Wallace
Published: February 2014

This article examines the progress of the CARICOM dispute settlement mechanism from its originally diplomatic procedures to its enhanced legalistic system. A standing judicial institution in CARICOM is a coming of age for this region, and its jurisprudence is now referred to as CARICOM law. These significant legal advances raise many normative questions about the adequacy of the dispute settlement institutions and whether the rules and processes are clearly defined to enable nascent CARICOM law to be the primary tool by which there can be effective regulation of CARICOM integration. In order to answer these questions, this article reviews some of the theories on dispute settlement and also draws on the experiences of similar regional bodies, and concludes that a combination of ideas and mechanisms of dispute resolution is more suited to the Caribbean situation than a uni-lineal or a transplanted regime.
State Responsibility to act with Due Diligence in the Elimination of Violence against Women
Authors: Manjoo Rashida
Published: February 2014

The mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women has for nearly two decades observed and paid attention to the responsibility of the State in general and to the principle of due diligence in particular. The due diligence standard serves as a tool for rights holders to hold States accountable, by providing an assessment framework for ascertaining what constitutes effective fulfilment of a State’s obligations, and for analysing its actions or omissions. While laws, policies and resources are crucial to address violence against women and girls, efforts must include actions to combat the structural and systemic challenges which are a cause and consequence of such violence. This requires recognising that State responsibility to act with due diligence is both a systemic-level responsibility, i.e. the responsibility of States to create good and effective systems and structures that address the root causes and consequences of violence against women; and also an individual-level responsibility, i.e., the responsibility of States to provide each victim with effective measures of prevention, protection, punishment and reparation.
An overview of the hydraulic systems in early land plants
Authors: Strullu-Derrien Christine , Kenrick Paul , Badel Eric , Cochard Hervé , Tafforeau Paul
Published: February 2014

One of the key functions of wood is hydraulic conductivity, and the general physical properties controlling this are well characterized in living plants. Modern species capture only a fraction of the known diversity of wood, which is well preserved in a fossil record that extends back over 400 million years to the origin of the vascular plants. Early fossil woods are known to differ in many key respects from woods of modern gymnosperms (e.g., tracheid size, secondary wall thickenings, lignin chemistry, cambium development) and recent discoveries are shedding new light on the earliest stages of wood evolution, raising questions about the performance of these systems and their functions. We provide an overview of the early fossil record focusing on tracheid morphology in the earliest primary and secondary xylem and on cambial development. The fossil record clearly shows that wood evolved in small stature plants prior to the evolution of a distinctive leaf-stem-root organography. The hydraulic properties of fossil woods cannot be measured directly, but with the development of mathematical models it is becoming increasingly feasible to make inferences and quantify performance, enabling comparison with modern woods. Perhaps the most difficult aspect of hydraulic conductance to quantify is the resistance of pits and other highly distinctive and unique secondary wall features in the earliest tracheids. New analytical methods, in particular X-ray synchrotron microtomography (PPC-SRμCT), open up the possibility of creating dynamic, three-dimensional models of permineralized woods facilitating the analysis of hydraulic and biomechanical properties.
Axial conduit widening in woody species: a still neglected anatomical pattern
Authors: Anfodillo Tommaso , Petit Giai , Crivellaro Alan
Published: February 2014

Within a tree the lumen of the xylem conduits varies widely (by at least 1 order of magnitude). Transversally in the stem conduits are smaller close to the pith and larger in the outermost rings. Axially (i.e. from petioles to roots) conduits widen from the stem apex downwards in the same tree ring. This axial variation is proposed as being the most efficient anatomical adjustment for stabilizing hydraulic path-length resistance with the progressive growth in height. The hydrodynamic (i.e. physical) constraint shapes the whole xylem conduits column in a very similar way in different species and environments. Our aim is to provide experimental evidence that the axial conduit widening is an ineluctable feature of the vascular system in plants. If evolution has favoured efficient distribution networks (i.e. total resistance is tree-size independent) the axial conduit widening can be predicted downwards along the stem. Indeed, in order to compensate for the increase in path length with growth in height the conduit size should scale as a power function of tree height with an exponent higher than 0.2. Similarly, this approach could be applied in branches and roots but due to the different lengths of the path roots-leaves the patterns of axial variations of conduit size might slightly deviate from the general widening trend. Finally, we emphasize the importance of sampling standardization with respect to tree height for correctly comparing the anatomical characteristics of different individuals.
Hydraulic and biomechanical optimization in norway spruce trunkwood – a review
Authors: Rosner Sabine
Published: February 2014

Secondary xylem (wood) fulfills many of the functions required for tree survival, such as transport of water and nutrients, storage of water and assimilates, and mechanical support. The evolutionary process has optimized tree structure to maximize survival of the species, but has not necessarily optimized the wood properties needed for lumber. Under the impact of global warming, knowledge about structure-function relationships in tree trunks will become more and more important in order to prognosticate survival prospects of a species, individuals or provenances. Increasing our knowledge on functional wood anatomy can also provide valuable input for the development of reliable, fast, and at best quasi-non-destructive (e.g. wood coring of mature trunks) indirect screening techniques for drought susceptibility of woody species. This review gives an interdisciplinary update of our present knowledge on hydraulic and biomechanical determinants of wood structure within and among trunks of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), which is one of Europe’s economically most important forest tree species. It summarizes what we know so far on 1) withinring variability of hydraulic and mechanical properties, 2) structure-function relationships in mature wood, 3) mechanical and hydraulic demands and their tradeoffs along tree trunks, and 4) the quite complex wood structure of the young trunk associated with mechanical demands of a small tree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature this review is addressed to physiologists, foresters, tree breeders and wood technologists.
Plastic growth response of european beech provenances to dry site conditions
Authors: Stojnic Srdjan , Sass-Klaassen Ute , Orlovic Sasa , Matovic Bratislav , Eilmann Britta
Published: February 2014

Due to projected global warming, there is a great concern about the ability of European beech to adapt to future climate conditions. Provenance trials provide an excellent basis to assess the potential of various provenances to adjust to given climate conditions. In this study we compared the performance of four European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances growing in a provenance trial at the Fruška Gora Mountain, Serbia. Three of the investigated provenances (Höllerbach and Hasbruch from Germany and Vrani Kamen from Croatia) originate from moist sites, with annual precipitation sums being twice as high as at the provenance trial in Serbia. The performance of these provenances are compared to the growth of the local provenance Fruška Gora which is well adapted to dry site conditions. We analysed tree-ring width, mean vessel area, vessel density and water-conductive area for the period from 2006 to 2012. In spite of differences in climate conditions at their place of origin all beech provenances showed a similar pattern in radial increment. Also the wood- anatomical variables showed similar inter-annual patterns for all provenances and no significant differences between the provenances. This indicates that beech provenances from moist environments can adjust to the relatively dry temperate climate in Serbia.
Predictors of meeting physical activity and fruit and vegetable recommendations in 9–11-year-old children
Authors: Beck Jimikaye , De Witt Peter , McNally Janise , Siegfried Scott , Hill James O , Stroebele-Benschop Nanette
Published: February 2014

Objective:

Childhood obesity represents a significant public health problem. This study examined physical activity and nutrition behaviours and attitudes of 9–11-year-olds, and factors influencing these behaviours.

Design:

Study participants recorded pedometer steps for 7 days and completed physical activity enjoyment, food attitudes and food frequency questionnaires. Fruit and vegetable sales data were collected from schools. The setting for the study was elementary schools in metropolitan Denver, Colorado (USA).

Method:

Logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of meeting physical activity/fruit and vegetable intake recommendations.

Results:

Overall, 42.0% of boys and 44.1% of girls met step count recommendations. Further, 30.9% of boys and 32.8% of girls met step count requirements associated with low risk for overweight/obesity. Enjoyment of physical activity significantly predicted achieving recommendations. Overall, 66.4%, 51.3% and 65.8% of 9–11-year-olds achieved adequate fruit, vegetable, or fruit and vegetable intake, respectively. Enjoyment of fruit/vegetable consumption, perceived parental intake and encouragement and cups of vegetables purchased predicted achieving adequate intake.

Conclusion:

The majority of young people aged 9–11 years failed to meet step count recommendations to prevent the risk for overweight/obesity. A significant proportion also failed to achieve adequate fruit and/or vegetable intake. Future programmes and interventions should affect multiple environments in order to improve child enjoyment of physical activity and fruit/vegetable intake in order to improve the physical, mental and emotional health of children.
Thermomechanical viscoelastic response of a unidirectional graphite/polyimide composite at elevated temperatures using a micromechanical approach
Authors: Sayyidmousavi Alireza , Bougherara Habiba , Falahatgar Seyed Reza , Fawaz Zouheir
Published: February 2014

In this work, the thermomechanical viscoelastic response of a high temperature polymer matrix composite system made up of T650-35 graphite fibers embedded in PMR-15 resin is studied through a micromechanical model based on the assumptions of simplified unit cell method within a temperature range of 250–300℃ corresponding to aerospace engine applications. The advantage of this particular micromechanical model lies in its ability to give closed-form expressions for the effective viscoelastic response of unidirectional composites as well as each of their constituents. Using the experimental data of the creep behavior of thermostable PMR-15 polyimide, the micromechanical model is first calibrated to account for the effect of temperature. The resulting elastic and viscoelastic responses are found to be in good agreement with the existing experimental data. The validated model is then used to predict the behavior of the composite material under different combinations of thermal and mechanical loadings. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of accounting for the viscoelastic effect of the matrix material as the temperature increases. Current works on modeling temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of polymer matrix composites are mainly based on the assumption of thermorheologically simple material. However, through the present approach where the matrix is modeled as a thermorheologically complex material, the effect of temperature on the elastic and viscoelastic response of the composite system can be individually investigated.
Study of asymmetric glass reinforced plastic beams in off-axis four-point bending
Authors: Theotokoglou Efstathios E , Sideridis Emilio P
Published: February 2014

This study deals with the computational study of asymmetric glass reinforced plastic beams in off-axis four-point bending and the comparison of the induced results with experimental and analytical results. The measurement of the interlaminar shear strength of composite beams, an important design variable in many applications, may be successfully performed by the asymmetric bending test. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is adopted throughout the composite beams in order to, on the one hand, correlate with the experimental results and, on the other hand, to obtain the stress distributions at the supports and at the loading points where usually there is an abrupt variation due to the indentation existing because of the noses. From the finite element analysis and the experimental investigation possible crack initiation positions are determined.
Novel electromagnetic modeling approach of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminate for calculation of eddy currents and eddy current testing signals
Authors: Cheng Jun , Ji Hongli , Qiu Jinhao , Takagi Toshiyuki , Uchimoto Tetsuya , Hu Ning
Published: February 2014

Due to the heterogeneous nature and electric anisotropy, it is challenging to establish a numerical model to analyze the electromagnetic properties of multilayer carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate. In this study, we focus on the exploration of an effective electromagnetic modeling approach for calculation of eddy currents in CFRP laminate composite, as well as eddy current testing signals due to surface cracks. In order to prove the feasibility of modeling CFRP laminate with homogeneous anisotropic layers, the electrical parameters in the three directions are measured, and eddy current path in CFRP is investigated according to the measurement results. A finite element solver based on reduced magnetic vector potential ( A r) formulation and edge elements is developed to enable the eddy current simulation of anisotropic CFRP material, which avoids matching the discretization of source coils with the rest of conductor mesh, and can easily solve the field continuity problem in the interface between two adjacent fiber layers of CFRP laminate. The A r formulation and way to calculate the eddy current testing signals are described. To validate of the developed simulation code, a comparison is conducted between the calculated signals and experimental results of thin-opening cracks in a CFRP test piece, which indicates the simulation code can predict eddy current testing signals with good precision.
Comparing Official and Self-report Records of Offending across Gender and Race/Ethnicity in a Longitudinal Study of Serious Youthful Offenders
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Schubert Carol A. , Brame Robert
Published: February 2014

Objectives:

Researchers have used both self-reports and official records to measure the prevalence and frequency of crime and delinquency. Few studies have compared longitudinally the validity of these two measures across gender and race/ethnicity in order to assess concordance.

Methods:

Using data from the Pathways to Desistance, a longitudinal study of 1,354 serious youthful offenders, we compare official records of arrest and self-reports of arrest over seven years.

Results:

Findings show moderate agreement between self-reports and official arrests, which is fairly stable over time and quite similar across both gender and race/ethnicity. We do not find any race differences in the prevalence of official arrests, but do observe a gender difference in official arrests that is not accounted for by self-reported arrests.

Conclusions:

Further work on issues on the validity and reliability of different forms of offending data across demographic groups is needed.
The effects of surface energy and roughness on the hydrophobicity of woven fabrics
Authors: Shim Myoung Hee , Kim Jooyoun , Park Chung Hee
Published: February 2014

The wetting behavior of a hydrophobic rough surface is investigated on a surface fabricated by applying low surface tension materials such as silicone or fluoropolymer to polyester woven fabric consisting of multifilament yarns. The roughness factor of various woven fabrics can be calculated by Wenzel’s and Cassie–Baxter’s equations. For the fabrics treated with silicone or fluoropolymer, the Cassie–Baxter model was applied, showing a level of agreement for the fabric specimens non-textured filament fibers between the predicted contact angles and the measured values. More precisely, the fabrics treated with silicone or fluoropolymer represent the transitional state between the Wenzel type and the Cassie–Baxter type; that is, the fractional contact area between the water and air f2 is greater than zero, and the sum of the fractional contact areas for solid–water f1 and air–water f2 is greater than 1. A surface with lower energy and higher roughness gave f1 +  f2 close to 1 with smaller f1 and larger f2, which resulted in a high contact angle.
Dorothy Day's Transposition of Thérèse's “Little Way”
Authors: Hooper J. Leon
Published: February 2014

[Despite initial disdain, Dorothy Day (1897–1980) eventually published an extended study of Thérèse of Lisieux, declaring Thérèse's “little way” as the method par excellence of the social transformation practiced by Catholic Workers. To transpose convincingly the Little Way from an insular 19th-century French convent to the New York City streets of the Great Depression and World War II, Day had to (re)construct both Thérèse's interior life and her social loving. She did so in a distinctly Roman Catholic manner.]
Cornel West's Challenge to the Catholic Evasion of Black Theology
Authors: Doak Mary C.
Published: February 2014

[The author contends that the thought of Cornel West is an underutilized resource for overcoming the marginalization of Black and womanist theology. His multidisciplinary and pragmatic approach to the question of what it means to be human challenges us to take seriously the interrelationship of various forms of oppression as a theological problem. Instead of countercultural, liberationist, postmodern, or public theologies, we need to combine these insights in the development of a more integral theology, an approach in which the perspectives of Black theologians must be central.
Flannery O'connor's Use of Symbol, Roger Haight's Christology, and the Religious Writer
Authors: Yaghjian Lucretia B.
Published: February 2014

[The author argues that Flannery O'Connor's fiction and critical prose are informed by a theological understanding of symbol, a narrative Christology from below, and a consciousness of her task as a religious writer of modernity. This places her work in mutually constructive conversation with the writing of postmodern Christology, represented, for instance, by Roger Haight's Jesus Symbol of God.]
Toward Global Ethics
Authors: Cahill Lisa Sowle
Published: February 2014

[Several earlier essays in this journal have explored questions such as whether it is possible to speak of intercultural dialogue about the common good in an era of globalization, or whether one can even seek a “global ethics.” These questions are more poignant and critical since the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The author here argues that a revised concept of the common good can still be useful. She brings to bear on global ethics some aspects of Aquinas's view of practical reason, especially its historical contextuality and its interdependence with moral virtue.]
Images of God within Systematic Theology
Authors: Bracken Joseph A.
Published: February 2014

[While respecting the freedom of expression inherent in Sally McFague's notion of “metaphorical theology,” the author argues that the choice of a single governing image or set of interrelated images (e.g., the notion of God as a community of divine persons) is much more suitable for expansion into a systematic theology adequately representing the God-world relationship. At the same time, he recognizes that systematic theologies are only models or symbolic representations of a reality that is in itself humanly incomprehensible.]
The Teaching Authority of Episcopal Conferences
Authors: Sullivan Francis A.
Published: February 2014

[Pope John Paul II in Apostolos suos has decreed that doctrinal statements to be issued by episcopal conferences either must have been approved unanimously, or, if approved by a two-thirds majority, must have received the recognitio of the Holy See. The author argues that these requirements are consistent with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger's opinion that the teaching authority of bishops belongs only to individual bishops, and to the entire college with the pope.]
Salvation and Liberation in the Practical-Critical Soteriology of Schillebeeckx
Authors: Simon Derek J.
Published: February 2014

[The practical-critical soteriology of Schillebeeckx understands and orients the experience of salvation in relation to liberating political praxis and social emancipation. Practical-critical soteriology develops the claim that liberation is intrinsic to and constitutive for the experience and interpretation of eschatological salvation. The interaction between liberation and salvation in his soteriology can be described as an interdependent yet fragmented identity amid productive difference. Schillebeeckx's soteriology constructs their identity and difference on the basis of the biblical dialectic regarding the lifepraxis, execution, and Resurrection of Jesus, the eschatological advocate of God's preferential solidarity.]
Lonergan's Contribution to Ecumenism
Authors: Clifford Catherine E.
Published: February 2014

[The author suggests that the reception of ecumenical consensus is related to an adequate appreciation of theological method. The functional approach outlined in Bernard Lonergan's Method in Theology provides a framework for reflecting on the role of ecumenical consensus statements and their relation to diverse expressions of the apostolic faith in the past, present, and future. She then proposes that ecumenical dialogues not limit themselves to the elaboration of consensus but make explicit the implications in relation to past judgments and future articulations of faith.]
Bonaventure and the Sin of the Church
Authors: Anderson C. Colt
Published: February 2014

[The author describes how the medieval tradition answered the question of whether one can legitimately speak of collective ecclesial sin. Using principally Bonaventure as a focal point, he examines how the notion of ecclesial sin functioned simultaneously as reform rhetoric and an ecclesial apologetic of humility. Finally, he applies Bonaventure's analysis of ecclesial sin to the present crisis regarding sexual abuse of minors to show how this idea can function even today to exhort believers to maintain unity as they struggle for reform.]
New Voices in the Tradition: Medieval Hagiography Revisited
Authors: Mayeski Marie Anne
Published: February 2014

[The author argues for the use of hagiographical texts to expand the evidence for the theological tradition, precisely during the early Middle Ages when more obvious sources are wanting. Her thesis is that there is sound basis for reading the lives of the saints through the lens of doctrinal theology. After giving this evidence, she then exemplifies the value of such a reading by an ecclesiological analysis of Rudolf of Saxony's life of St. Leoba, a companion of St. Boniface.]
Responsibility for Human Rights: Contributions from Bernard Lonergan
Authors: Haughey John C.
Published: February 2014

[The moral category of human rights has been in jeopardy since the beginning of the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) because of an indefiniteness about the complementary category of whose responsibility it is to meet their moral claims. Lonergan's understanding of responsibility is presented here as valuable for supplying this hiatus. Even though he did not directly address the topic of human rights, his understanding of the universal, invariant structures of consciousness, and several of his other ethical insights are analyzed for their value for completing human rights theory.]
The Open Debate: Moral Theology and the Lives of Gay and Lesbian Persons
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: February 2014

[In this final section of the Notes on Moral Theology the author explores the extensive work of Catholic moral theologians reflecting on morality and the lives of gay and lesbian persons. He demonstrates that moral theologians not only critically engage a variety of statements by the different offices of the magisterium, but also investigate the topic by using the resources of the tradition: Scripture, the natural law, theological writings, and human experience. The result is a highly responsible open theological debate that studies not only the lives of some believers but the Church itself.]
Hindu Views of Religious Others: Implications for Christian Theology
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: February 2014

[Classical Hindu thinkers perfected their orthodoxy and orthopraxis in part by critiquing alternatives. Relying on hierarchies in knowledge, education, morality, and even human nature, they judged other positions defective versions of their own. Theists additionally found God implicitly present in other incomplete, misguided beliefs providentially permitted by God for a time. Likewise, Hindu theorists of the 20th century, in the light of colonialism and missionary critique, ranked Hinduism's spiritual practice above externalist, historicist, and doctrine-oriented Western religiosity. While none of these Hindu views is identical to dominant Catholic ones, a comparison illumines what is and what is not unique in similar Christian claims.]
Reception of Vatican II in the United States
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P.
Published: February 2014

[The Second Vatican Council has been received in stages in the United States. Pope John XXIII's opening address and the council's awareness of the interplay between doctrine and life, between faith and history, shaped the first generation of Church leaders and enabled them to develop a distinctive pastoral vision. Within a contested field of changing practices, they creatively engaged the historical process, balanced contraries and rooted public actions in classic traditions of religious anthropology. A recovery of this now obscured vision might prove helpful in the Church's present difficulties.]
Multiple Religious Belonging: Opportunities and Challenges for Theology and Church
Authors: Phan Peter C.
Published: February 2014

[The author first examines the growing phenomenon of multiple religious belonging by outlining the theology of religions known as “inclusive pluralism” which serves as its theological underpinning. Next he offers a composite sketch of multiple religious belonging on the basis of concrete experiences of well-known Christian practitioners of multiple religious belonging. He concludes by offering several suggestions regarding the theological education of future church ministers in a religiously plural world.]
The Typological Approach of Syriac Sacramental Theology
Authors: Beggiani Seely Joseph
Published: February 2014

[For the early Syriac writers, the universe, having been created by the Word, is by nature symbolic and finds completion in the Incarnation. Salvation history is a succession of types and antitypes that await realization in Christ. His theandric actions on earth bring forth new types, the Church and the mysteries/sacraments. The mysteries in turn are types foreshadowing the heavenly fulfillment. The author proposes that a theology of sacrament can be developed recognizing type and symbol as the proper vehicles of the divine presence in Creation.]
Challenges to the Role of Theological Anthropology in Feminist Theologies
Authors: Teevan Donna
Published: February 2014

[Convictions about human personhood, rooted in an analysis of women's experience, are often foundational to Catholic feminist theologians. Drawing on the work of Mary McClintock Fulkerson and Rebecca Chopp, the author identifies challenges to Catholic feminist theological anthropology. Fulkerson and Chopp adopt a poststructuralist approach to human personhood, emphasizing the relationships that exist among human consciousness, language, and politics. Although poststructuralism's understanding of subjectivity differs significantly from that of most Euro-American Catholic feminists, it does offer ideas that Catholic feminists need to explore further.]
Quaestio Disputata Reply to Richard Gaillardetz on the Ordinary Universal Magisterium and to Francis Sullivan
Authors: Welch Lawrence J.
Published: February 2014

[The author replies to criticisms of his work on the ordinary universal magisterium and to his interpretation of the work of Francis A. Sullivan. He offers further reflections on the ordinary universal magisterium based on issues stimulated by Gaillardetz's reading of Sullivan. While acknowledging that the consensus of theologians can be a way to recognize the infallible teachings of the ordinary universal magisterium, the author argues that the consensus of theologians is neither necessary in order to know them, nor the only way to know them. He responds to Gaillardetz's claim that a papal confirmation of the infallible teachings of the ordinary and universal magisterium should function like that of a notary.]
Reply to Lawrence J. Welch
Authors: Sullivan Francis A.
Published: February 2014

[In the course of his critique of Richard Gaillardetz's views on the ordinary universal magisterium, Professor Welch also called into question certain formulations on that topic articulated in various writings of Francis Sullivan. To clarify his own position and to elucidate further his own convictions, Sullivan here expatiates on his original intention and contextualizes several earlier statements. Central to the argument is his distinction between criterion and condition.]
The Mystery of Divine Providence
Authors: Tavard George H.
Published: February 2014

[Catastrophic events, both personal and collective, raise the question of divine Providence. How can an infinitely good Creator allow the kind of evil that puts the divine goodness in doubt? The question has been faced since patristic times. Theories of predestination have been proposed. Spirituals have adored God in the mystery of divine Providence. There seems to be no other solution than hope in the midst of despair.]
The Vocation of the Theologian
Authors: Donovan Mary Ann
Published: February 2014

[Today theologians are as often lay as cleric. Vatican II reshaped the nature of this vocation as a charism located with the prophetic office of the people of God. Originally theologians were bishops, then monks, then Scholastic thinkers. Prior to Vatican II, changes in theology affected the theological vocation: a shift in the understanding of the magisterium, changes in methodology, and renewed attention to Pneumatology enabled the birth of the new cadre. However, the relation between the institutional Church and its lay theologians remains a work in progress.]
Intervention, Just War, and U.S. National Security
Authors: Himes Kenneth R.
Published: February 2014

[Both the Bush administration's national security strategy and the war with Iraq have provoked wide-ranging reaction and comment. Questions of how to assess the Bush doctrine and/or the Iraqi conflict provoke a reconsideration of the just war tradition. New grounds for just cause are being proposed as well as developments in other areas of just war thinking, including proposals for an entirely new set of criteria, a jus post bellum.]