bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive and Sexual Function After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Long-Term Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor Survivors: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Gershenson David M. , Miller Anna M. , Champion Victoria L. , Monahan Patrick O. , Zhao Qianqian , Cella David , Williams Stephen D.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To compare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor survivors with a matched control group of females on menstrual and reproductive outcomes, sexual functioning, and dyadic adjustment.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients met the following criteria: (1) history of malignant ovarian germ cell tumor; (2) treatment with surgery plus platinum-based chemotherapy; (3) age at least 18 years and continuously disease-free with minimum follow-up of 2 years; (4) capability of completing questionnaire and telephone interview; and (5) completion of written informed consent. The control group was drawn from acquaintances recommended by survivors and matched for age, race, and education. Scales with established reliability and validity were used to measure quality-of-life concepts of sexual functioning and social networks.

Results

One hundred thirty-two survivors and 137 controls completed the study. Of 132 survivors, 71 (53.8%) had fertility-sparing surgery. Of fertile survivors, 62 (87.3%) reported still having menstrual periods. Twenty-four survivors reported 37 offspring after cancer treatment. Compared with controls, survivors had significantly greater reproductive concerns (P < .0001), less sexual pleasure (P = .003), and lower scores on the total Sexual Activity Scale Score (P = .001). However, survivors had better dyadic consensus (P = .004), dyadic satisfaction (P = .005), and dyadic cohesion (P = .014).

Conclusion

Women who had fertility-sparing surgery were very likely to retain menstrual function and fertility after chemotherapy. Although there is some increase in gynecologic symptoms and diminution in sexual pleasure, survivors tended to have stronger, more positive relationships with significant others.
Bevacizumab 5 mg/kg Can Be Infused Safely Over 10 Minutes
Authors: Reidy Diane L. , Chung Ki Y. , Timoney John P. , Park Vivian J. , Hollywood Ellen , Sklarin Nancy T. , Muller Raymond J. , Saltz Leonard B.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor. As a result of concerns for potential infusion-related hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), initial phase I trials used a 90-, 60-, 30-minute initial infusion sequence. We sought to determine if the initial prolonged infusion was still necessary and if an infusion time of fewer than 30 minutes could be safely used.

Methods

We used computerized pharmacy records to identify all patients who received bevacizumab at our institution in the first 2 years of commercial availability (February 1, 2004, to June 30, 2006). Our institutional adverse drug reaction reporting program was used to identify any infusion reactions possibly related to bevacizumab, and patient medical records were reviewed for confirmation.

Results

A total of 1,077 patients were treated with 10,606 doses of bevacizumab, and 765 of these patients received a 5-mg/kg dose (total of 8,494 doses). No HSRs occurred with the 90-, 60-, 30-minute infusion sequence in the first 202 patients. The standard infusion rate was then modified to 30 minutes for all bevacizumab doses. No HSRs were encountered. The infusion was again modified to a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/min. Of the 370 patients who received a total of 2,311 doses of bevacizumab at 5 mg/kg over 10 minutes, six (1.6%) experienced events of minor clinical consequence that were possibly consistent with nonserious HSRs.

Conclusion

Ninety- and 60-minute initial infusion times are unnecessary. Use of a standard infusion rate of 0.5 mg/kg/min is safe, logical, and the current policy at our institution.
Treatment-Adjusted Predisposition to Second Malignant Neoplasms After a Solid Cancer in Childhood: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Guérin Sylvie , Hawkins Mike , Shamsaldin Akhtar , Guibout Catherine , Diallo Ibrahima , Oberlin Odile , Brugières Laurence , de Vathaire Florent
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Previous therapy, genetic susceptibility, and the type of first malignant neoplasm (FMN) are known to be associated with the risk of second malignant neoplasm (SMN) among patients treated for a childhood cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the independent role of the FMN in the onset of any SMN.

Patients and Methods

A case-control study nested in a European cohort of 4,581 patients treated for a solid cancer during childhood was conducted. One hundred forty-six patients with an SMN and 417 controls were matched for sex, age at FMN, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the local radiation dose received at the site of SMN for patient cases and at the same site for the matched controls, and follow-up.

Results

A significantly increased risk of developing any SMN was observed after Hodgkin's lymphoma, retinoblastoma, malignant bone tumor, soft tissue sarcoma (STS), and germ cell tumor as FMN, after adjustment for chemotherapy and family cancer syndrome. No significant risk of developing a carcinoma was observed among patients who had developed Hodgkin's lymphoma as FMN. A significantly increased risk of developing a sarcoma was observed among patients who had developed a retinoblastoma (adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 7.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 46), a malignant bone tumor (ORa = 13.3; 95% CI, 1.5 to 117), an STS (ORa = 4.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 18), or a carcinoma (ORa = 9.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 82) as FMN.

Conclusion

Survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma, retinoblastoma, malignant bone tumor, STS, and germ cell tumor should receive close surveillance because they are at increased risk of developing any SMN.
Main Outcomes of the FRESH START Trial: A Sequentially Tailored, Diet and Exercise Mailed Print Intervention Among Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors
Authors: Demark-Wahnefried Wendy , Clipp Elizabeth C. , Lipkus Isaac M. , Lobach David , Snyder Denise Clutter , Sloane Richard , Peterson Bercedis , Macri Jennifer M. , Rock Cheryl L. , McBride Colleen M. , Kraus William E.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Cancer survivors are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and second primary tumors. Healthful lifestyle practices may improve the health and well-being of survivors. The FRESH START trial tested the efficacy of sequentially tailored versus standardized mailed materials on improving cancer survivors’ diet and exercise behaviors.

Methods

Five hundred forty-three individuals with newly diagnosed locoregional breast or prostate cancer were recruited from 39 states and two provinces within North America. Participants were randomly assigned either to a 10-month program of tailored mailed print materials promoting fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, reducing total/saturated fat intake, and/or increasing exercise or to a 10-month program of nontailored mailed materials on diet and exercise available in the public domain. Telephone surveys conducted at baseline and 1 year assessed body mass index (BMI), dietary consumption, physical activity, and other psychosocial/behavioral indices. Clinical assessments were conducted on a 23% subsample; information was used to validate self-reports.

Results

Five hundred nineteen participants completed the 1-year follow-up (4.4% attrition; sample characteristics: 57 ± 10.8 years old, 83% white, 56% female, 64% overweight/obese, and 0% underweight). Although both arms significantly improved their lifestyle behaviors (P < .05), significantly greater gains occurred in the FRESH START intervention versus the control arm (practice of two or more goal behaviors: +34% v +18%, P < .0001; exercise minutes per week: +59.3 v +39.2 minutes, P = .02; F&V per day: +1.1 v +0.6 servings, P = .01; total fat: −4.4% v –2.1%, P < .0001; saturated fat: −1.3% v –0.3%, P < .0001; and BMI: −0.3 v +0.1 kg/m2, respectively, P = .004).

Conclusion

Mailed material interventions, especially those that are tailored, are effective in promoting healthful lifestyle changes among cancer survivors. Further study is needed to determine sustainability, cost to benefit, and generalizability to other cancer populations.
Monitoring of Kindreds With Hereditary Predisposition for Cutaneous Melanoma and Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome: Results of a Swedish Preventive Program
Authors: Hansson Johan , Bergenmar Mia , Hofer Per-Åke , Lundell Göran , Månsson-Brahme Eva , Ringborg Ulrik , Synnerstad Ingrid , Bratel Annika Ternesten , Wennberg Ann-Marie , Rosdahl Inger
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To evaluate a program initiated in 1987 by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group aiming to provide preventive surveillance to kindreds with hereditary cutaneous melanoma and dysplastic nevus syndrome.

Patients and Methods

Overall, 2,080 individuals belonging to 280 melanoma families were followed for 14 years between 1987 and 2001 at 12 participating centers. Data were registered in a central database.

Results

Among 1,912 skin lesions excised during follow-up, 41 melanomas were removed in 32 individuals. Of these, 15 (37%) were in situ melanomas and 26 (63%) invasive melanomas. The median tumor thickness of invasive melanomas was 0.5 mm. Ulceration was absent in 24 of 26 invasive melanomas (92%) and 12 (46%) lacked vertical growth phase. Compared with melanomas in the general Swedish population, the melanomas identified in these kindreds during follow-up had better prognostic characteristics. All melanomas except one were diagnosed in families with two or more first-degree relatives with melanoma. Diagnosis of melanoma occurred in three of eight kindreds with germline CDKN2A mutations, supporting that families with such mutations are at increased risk for melanoma development. Of the 32 individuals who developed melanoma during follow-up, 21 (66%) had had at least one previously diagnosed melanoma.

Conclusion

This study shows that a coordinated program aimed at detecting and offering skin surveillance in kindreds with hereditary cutaneous melanoma results in a low incidence of melanomas during the follow-up period and that the tumors that do arise have favorable prognostic characteristics.
Electron and ion microprobe analysis of calcium distribution and transport in coral tissues
Authors: Marshall Alan T. , Clode Peta L. , Russell Robert , Prince Kathryn , Stern Richard
Published: June 2007

It is shown by x-ray microanalysis that a gradient of total intracellular Ca concentration exists from the outer oral ectoderm to the inner skeletogenic calicoblastic ectoderm in the coral Galaxea fascicularis. This suggests an increase in intracellular Ca stores in relation to calcification. Furthermore, Ca concentration in the fluid-filled space of the extrathecal coelenteron is approximately twice as high as in the surrounding seawater and higher than in the mucus-containing seawater layer on the exterior of the oral ectoderm. This is indicative of active Ca2+ transport across the oral epithelium. Polyps were incubated in artificial seawater in which all 40Ca was replaced by 44Ca. Imaging Ca2+transport across the epithelia by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) using 44Ca as a tracer showed that Ca2+ rapidly entered the cells of the oral epithelium and that 44Ca reached higher concentrations in the mesogloea and extrathecal coelenteron than in the external seawater layer. Very little Ca2+ was exchanged in the mucocytes, cnidocytes or zooxanthellae. These observations again suggest that Ca2+ transport is active and transcellular and also indicate a hitherto unsuspected role in Ca2+ transport for the mesogloea.
Muscle strain is modulated more with running slope than speed in wild turkey knee and hip extensors
Authors: Roberts Thomas J. , Higginson Brian K. , Nelson Frank E. , Gabaldón Annette M.
Published: June 2007

We examined the length changes and electromyographic (EMG) activity of two hindlimb muscles in wild turkeys, to determine how these muscles modulate mechanical function with changes in running speed and slope. The muscles studied were the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ILPO), a biarticular knee and hip extensor, and the femorotibialis lateralis (FT), a knee extensor. Muscle length changes were recorded using sonomicrometry, and EMG activity was recorded from indwelling bipolar electrodes as the animals walked and ran at a range of speeds (1–3.5 m s–1). Treadmill slope was also varied, from a 12° uphill slope to a downhill slope of –12°. To test the hypothesis that the strain pattern in active muscles reflects the demand for mechanical work, we compared strain in the ILPO and FT across the range of slopes. Both muscles underwent active lengthen–shorten cycles during stance. We analyzed the lengthening and shortening part of the strain pattern separately to determine the response of muscle strain to surface slope. In both muscles stance phase shortening strain increased over the range of slopes studied, from 7.8±3.5% (ILPO) and 1.9±2.2% (FT) during downhill running at –12°, to 30.3±3.9% (ILPO) and 8.2±5.6% (FT) during uphill running at 12°. Stance-phase lengthening strain was also modulated with slope, from–15.6±3.2% (ILPO) and –22.1±9.6% (FT) during downhill running at –12°, to –4.2±2.5% (ILPO) and–9.0±5.6% (FT) during uphill running at 12°. The results suggest that for the ILPO and FT a change in net mechanical work output with running slope is likely mediated by a change in both the lengthening, energy absorbing portion of the contraction and the shortening, energy producing part of the contraction. We also found changes in the timing of EMG activity, and the relative portion of the stance period spent lengthening, which were consistent with a shift in muscle function from energy absorption during downhill running, to net energy production during uphill running.

Generally, muscle strain was less affected by speed than by slope. Shortening strains were not significantly correlated with running speed. Only FT lengthening strain changed significantly with speed, ranging from–6.8±4.3% at 1 m s–1 to –15.3±4.7%at 3.5 m s–1.

The consistent patterns of strain changes with running slope are evidence that strain pattern is modulated to meet the changes in demand for net mechanical work. The relatively poor relationship between strain and running speed may reflect the fact that changes in running speed during level running are not associated with a change in demand for net mechanical work. Taken together, the speed and slope results suggest that the demand for mechanical work is an important determinant of muscle length patterns in running and walking.
Prolonged deprivation of sleep-like rest raises metabolic rate in the Pacific beetle cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz)
Authors: Stephenson Richard , Chu Karen M. , Lee James
Published: June 2007

Rats respond to sustained sleep deprivation with increased mortality preceded by a rise in resting metabolic rate that may or may not be attributed to dysfunction of the thermoregulatory system. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that deprivation of sleep-like rest will lead to increased metabolic rate in an ectothermic insect, the Pacific beetle cockroach. A mild alerting stimulus consisting of a brief <1% pulse of CO2 and simultaneous 2 s rotation (1 cm motion) of the animal chamber consistently prevented the adoption of a sleep-like resting posture in cockroaches. Two groups of 15 male adult cockroaches were studied; a group targeted for deprivation of sleep-like rest (SD) was presented with one stimulus per minute continuously, and a group of stimulus controls (SC) was given the same number of stimuli per day but scheduled such that the animals received a 3 h interval without stimuli four times per day. This protocol led to significantly increased mortality in the SD group beginning on day 17(averaging 0.57 deaths per day thereafter), but not in the SC group (averaging 0.17 deaths per day throughout). Oxygen consumption(V̇O2) increased significantly after 4 weeks in the SD group but not the SC group. V̇O2 was 82% above pre-deprivation baseline after 35 days in the SD group (P=0.009). Body mass was unchanged throughout. We conclude that sleep-like rest is essential for long-term viability in insects and that prolonged vigilance leads to an increase in whole-animal metabolic rate in this ectothermic species.
Seasonal control of particle clearance by isolated gills from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria
Authors: Gainey Louis F.
Published: June 2007

Pieces of gill isolated from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria clear colloidal graphite from seawater, and the clearance rates are measurable. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) had a biphasic effect on clearance rates:concentrations from 10–6 to 10–5 mol l–1 5-HT increased clearance, but higher concentrations reduced it. During the summer, the gills were less responsive to 5-HT: the threshold increased from 1×10–6 to 5×10–6 mol l–1, and although the rate was still maximal at 10–5 mol l–1, it was significantly lower than the maximal rate in the winter. At 10–5 mol l–1 5-HT, which maximized clearance, the lateral cilia were active, the interfilament space decreased and the diameter of the water tubes increased. Higher concentrations of 5-HT contracted the gill musculature, which inhibited the lateral cilia, decreased the interfilament space even more and decreased the diameter of the water tubes. The nitric oxide (NO) generator DEANO stimulated clearance in the winter but had no effect during the summer. l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthesis, diminished the effect of 5-HT during the winter but was ineffective during the summer. The diminished response to 5-HT of winter gills treated with l-NAME was statistically equal to the response of the gills to 5-HT during the summer. Dopamine (DA) inhibited clearance, and the gills were more sensitive to DA in winter than in summer. Microscopic examination of untreated gills revealed little or no lateral ciliary activity,and clearance was minimal. Thus, clearance rates of isolated gills behave in a manner consistent with the seasonality and pharmacology of the lateral cilia and branchial musculature.
Swimming kinematics of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris): hydrodynamic analysis of an undulatory mammalian swimmer
Authors: Kojeszewski Tricia , Fish Frank E.
Published: June 2007

The submerged swimming of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), a subspecies of the West Indian manatee, was studied by filming individuals as they swam rectilinearly in a large pool at several rehabilitation centers. The swimming was analyzed using videography to detail the kinematics in conjunction with a hydromechanical model to determine the power output (Pt) and propulsive efficiency(ηp). Manatees swam at velocities of 0.06–1.14 m s–1. Locomotion was accomplished by undulation of the body and caudal fluke. Undulatory locomotion is a rapid and relatively high-powered propulsive mode involved in cruising and migrating by a variety of swimmers. Manatees displayed an undulatory swimming mode by passing a dorso-ventrally oriented traveling wave posteriorly along the body. The propulsive wave traveled at a higher velocity than the forward velocity of the animal. The frequency of the propulsive cycle (f) increased linearly with increasing swimming velocity (U). Amplitude at the tip of the caudal fluke (A) remained constant with respect to U and was 22% of body length. Pt increased curvilinearly with U. The mean ηp, expressing the relationship of the thrust power generated by the paddle-shaped caudal fluke to the total mechanical power, was 0.73. The maximum ηp was 0.82 at 0.95 m s–1. Despite use of a primitive undulatory swimming mode and paddle-like fluke for propulsion, the manatee is capable of swimming with a high efficiency but lower power outputs compared with the oscillatory movements of the high-aspect ratio flukes of cetaceans. The swimming performance of the manatee is in accordance with its habits as an aquatic grazer that seasonally migrates over extended distances.
Happily putting the pieces together: A test of two explanations for the effects of mood on group‐level information processing
Authors: Bramesfeld Kosha D. , Gasper Karen
Published: June 2007

Research on mood and information processing reveals two explanations for how moods might influence decision‐making in a group. Moods may alter group decision making because happy moods are more likely than sad moods to (a) increase people's reliance on accessible knowledge or (b) broaden people's focus so they can build on their knowledge. Consistent with the hypothesis that happy moods broaden‐and‐build on people's knowledge, across two experiments, happy moods promoted group performance more than sad moods because happy moods helped group members move beyond their initial preferences and focus broadly on the full range of information that each group member could provide. Experiment 2 built on these findings by demonstrating that the effects of mood on group performance were particularly strong when the critical information was uniquely, rather than commonly, distributed to group members. These experiments clarify the role of mood in group decision making and suggest that a differential focus on unique/critical information relative to common/non‐critical information may be a key mechanism in understanding the effects of mood on group decision making.
Oxidative Stress Markers Are Associated with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Neuman Robert B , Bloom Heather L , Shukrullah Irfan , Darrow Lyndsey A , Kleinbaum David , Jones Dean P , Dudley Samuel C
Published: June 2007

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with myocardial oxidative stress, and antioxidant agents have demonstrated antiarrhythmic benefit in humans. We compared serum markers of oxidation and associated inflammation in individuals with or without AF.

Methods: Serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were compared in a cross-sectional, case-control design study of 40 male individuals, with or without persistent or permanent AF, who were matched for age, sex, diabetes, and smoking status, known confounding variables for the measurement of oxidative stress. We used derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites (DROMs) and ratios of oxidized to reduced glutathione (Eh GSH) and cysteine (Eh CySH) to quantify oxidative stress. We also measured inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukins 1β and 6, and tumor necrosis factor α.

Results: Univariate, conditional logistical regression analysis showed that oxidative stress but not inflammatory markers were statistically associated with AF (P <0.05). The increase in the odds ratios for AF for Eh GSH, Eh CySH, and DROMs were 6.1 (95% CI, 1.3–28.3; P = 0.02), 13.6 (95% CI, 2.5–74.1; P = 0.01), and 15.9 (95% CI, 1.7–153.9; P = 0.02), respectively. There was a stronger correlation between Eh GSH and Eh CySH (r = 0.66) than between Eh GSH and DROMs (r = 0.41). In multivariate analysis corrected for statins and other AF risk factors differing between the groups, the association of AF and oxidative stress remained significant.

Conclusions: These data suggest that oxidative stress markers may have predictive value in AF management.
Improved ELISA for Selective Measurement of Adiponectin Multimers and Identification of Adiponectin in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Ebinuma Hiroyuki , Miida Takashi , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Hada Yusuke , Hara Kazuo , Kubota Naoto , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: June 2007

Background: Human serum adiponectin exists in 3 multimer forms: high molecular weight (HMW), middle molecular weight, and low molecular weight (LMW), with some of the latter bound to albumin (Alb)-LMW. Some studies have suggested that adiponectin crosses the blood–brain barrier and plays a central role in energy homeostasis.

Methods: To determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) adiponectin at extremely low concentrations, we modified the protocol of the ELISA system used to assay serum adiponectin. The 3 multimers of adiponectin were measured separately by pretreating CSF with 2 proteases. We measured the CSF adiponectin concentrations in anonymous human samples (n = 19). The molecular sizes of adiponectin in CSF pretreated with proteases or untreated were determined by use of native PAGE and immunoblotting.

Results: The ELISA system measured adiponectin in the range of 1.0–167 μg/L. The between-assay imprecision estimates (CVs) were 6%–17% for the 3 forms. The mean total CSF adiponectin concentration (7.2 μg/L) was ∼1/1000 of the mean concentration in serum. Unlike serum adiponectin, the LMW and Alb-LMW forms predominated in all of the CSF samples. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that most LMW forms were bound to Alb, although the HMW form was detected in some samples.

Conclusions: The modified ELISA system measures the 3 multimers separately and is sufficiently sensitive to measure adiponectin in CSF.
Molecular Signature of Quiescent Satellite Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Fukada So-ichiro , Uezumi Akiyoshi , Ikemoto Madoka , Masuda Satoru , Segawa Masashi , Tanimura Naoki , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Miyagoe-Suzuki Yuko , Takeda Shin'ichi
Published: June 2007

Skeletal muscle satellite cells play key roles in postnatal muscle growth and regeneration. To study molecular regulation of satellite cells, we directly prepared satellite cells from 8- to 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice and performed genome-wide gene expression analysis. Compared with activated/cycling satellite cells, 507 genes were highly upregulated in quiescent satellite cells. These included negative regulators of cell cycle and myogenic inhibitors. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that quiescent satellite cells preferentially express the genes involved in cell-cell adhesion, regulation of cell growth, formation of extracellular matrix, copper and iron homeostasis, and lipid transportation. Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on differentially expressed genes confirmed that calcitonin receptor (CTR) was exclusively expressed in dormant satellite cells but not in activated satellite cells. In addition, CTR mRNA is hardly detected in nonmyogenic cells. Therefore, we next examined the expression of CTR in vivo. CTR was specifically expressed on quiescent satellite cells, but the expression was not found on activated/proliferating satellite cells during muscle regeneration. CTR-positive cells reappeared at the rim of regenerating myofibers in later stages of muscle regeneration. Calcitonin stimulation delayed the activation of quiescent satellite cells. Our data provide roles of CTR in quiescent satellite cells and a solid scaffold to further dissect molecular regulation of satellite cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Comparative Analysis of Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Iris, Pars Plana, and Ciliary Body of the Adult Porcine Eye
Authors: MacNeil Angus , Pearson Rachael A. , MacLaren Robert E. , Smith Alexander J. , Sowden Jane C. , Ali Robin R.
Published: June 2007

Photoreceptor loss causes irreversible blindness in many retinal diseases. The identification of suitable donor cell populations is of considerable interest because of their potential use to replace the photoreceptors lost in disease. Stem or progenitor cells that give rise to neurons and glia have been identified in several regions of the brain, including the embryonic retina and the ciliary epithelium of the adult eye, raising the possibility of autologous transplantation. However, there has been little systematic investigation into precisely which regions of the large mammalian adult eye give rise to such cells. Here, we show for the first time using the porcine eye the presence of progenitor cells in additional regions of the adult eye, including the pars plana and iris, regions that, in the human, are readily accessible during routine eye surgery. When cultured in the presence of growth factors, these cells proliferate to form neurospheres comprised of cells expressing retinal progenitor markers. Using an adherent monolayer culture system, these cells could be readily expanded to increase their number more than 1 million-fold and maintain a progenitor phenotype. When grown on the substrate laminin in the presence of serum, cells derived from both spheres and monolayer cultures differentiated into neurons and glia. These results suggest that a population of cells derived from the adult iris, pars plana, and ciliary body of a large mammalian species, the pig, has progenitor properties and neurogenic potential, thereby providing novel sources of donor cells for transplantation studies.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Suliburk James W. , Perrier Nancy D.
Published: June 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the pathophysiology of primary hyperparathyroidism.Discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for primary hyperparathyroidism.Discuss cure of disease and recurrent or persistent disease.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Review: Implications of In Vitro Research on the Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Under Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Wouters An , Pauwels Bea , Lardon Filip , Vermorken Jan B.
Published: June 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Argue why hypoxic regions in solid tumors often contain viable cells that are intrinsically more resistant to treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.Describe how exposure of cells or cell lines to hypoxic conditions has major implications on multiple intracellular pathways.Evaluate the importance of investigating chemoradiotherapy combinations in vitro under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Amifostine: The First Selective-Target and Broad-Spectrum Radioprotector
Authors: Kouvaris John R. , Kouloulias Vassilis E. , Vlahos Lampros J.
Published: June 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Select appropriate multidisciplinary treatment regimens and cytoprotection for clinical trials for patients with head and neck cancer.Identify radiation toxicity for the head and neck, lung, and pelvic irradiated areas.Describe the cytoprotective effect of amifostine against radiation toxicity.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Receptivity to Tobacco Advertising and Promotions Among Young Adolescents as a Predictor of Established Smoking in Young Adulthood
Authors: Gilpin Elizabeth A. , White Martha M. , Messer Karen , Pierce John P.
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We investigated whether receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions during young adolescence predicts young adult smoking 6 years later.

Methods. Two longitudinal cohorts of adolescents drawn from the 1993 and 1996 versions of the California Tobacco Surveys were followed 3 and 6 years later. At baseline, adolescents were aged 12 to 15 years and were not established smokers. The outcome measure was established smoking at final follow-up. Receptivity to cigarette advertising and promotions was included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis along with demographic and other variables.

Results. The rate of established smoking at follow-up was significantly greater among members of the 1993 through 1999 cohort (21.0%) than among members of the 1996 through 2002 cohort (15.6%). However, in both cohorts, having a favorite cigarette advertisement and owning or being willing to use a tobacco promotional item showed nearly identical adjusted odds of future adult smoking (1.46 and 1.84, respectively).

Conclusions. Despite the success of tobacco control efforts in reducing youth smoking, tobacco marketing remains a potent influence on whether young adolescents become established smokers in young adulthood (18–21 years of age).
Disparities in Smoking Between the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Population and the General Population in California
Authors: Gruskin Elisabeth P. , Greenwood Gregory L. , Matevia Marilyn , Pollack Lance M. , Bye Larry L.
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We conducted a large, population-based study to assess tobacco use in California’s lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population.

Methods. Standard measures of tobacco use from 2 separate, statewide household-based studies were used to compare basic prevalence rates in the LGB population and the general population in California. Data were derived from a 2003–2004 survey of LGB individuals living in California as well as from the 2002 version of the California Tobacco Survey, which gathered data on the state’s general population.

Results. Smoking prevalence rates were higher in our sample of lesbians, bisexual women, and women who have sex with women than among women in the general California population. In the case of men, the only significant difference was that rates were higher among gay men than among men in the general population. Disparities in tobacco use between the LGB population and the general population were still evident after we controlled for key demographic variables and in comparisons with other tobacco use indicators such as average cigarette consumption.

Conclusions. Tobacco control efforts targeting the LGB population are needed to reduce this group’s high rate of cigarette smoking.
Use of Consumer Survey Data to Target Cessation Messages to Smokers Through Mass Media
Authors: Nelson David E. , Gallogly Meg , Pederson Linda L. , Barry Matthew , McGoldrick Daniel , Maibach Edward W.
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We identified the mass media channels that reach the most cigarette smokers in an attempt to more effectively target smoking cessation messages.

Methods. Reach estimates and index scores for smokers were taken from 2002–2003 ConsumerStyles and HealthStyles national surveys of adults (N=11660) to estimate overall and demographic-specific exposure measures for television, radio, newspapers, and magazines.

Results. Smokers viewed more television, listened to more radio, and read fewer magazines and newspapers than did nonsmokers. Nearly one third of smokers were regular daytime or late-night television viewers. Selected cable television networks (USA, Lifetime, and Discovery Channel) and selected radio genres, such as classic rock and country, had high reach and were cost-efficient channels for targeting smokers.

Conclusions. Certain mass media channels offer efficient opportunities to target smoking cessation messages so they reach relatively large audiences of smokers at relatively low cost. The approach used in this study can be applied to other types of health risk factors to improve health communication planning and increase efficiency of program media expenditures.
The Impact of Clean Indoor Air Exemptions and Preemption Policies on the Prevalence of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen Among Nonsmoking Bar and Restaurant Workers
Authors: Stark Michael J. , Rohde Kristen , Maher Julie E. , Pizacani Barbara A. , Dent Clyde W. , Bard Ronda , Carmella Steven G. , Benoit Adam R. , Thomson Nicole M. , Hecht Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We studied the impact of clean indoor air law exemptions and preemption policies on the prevalence of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen—4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)—among nonsmoking bar and restaurant workers.

Methods.secondhand smoke were compared with results from participants who were exposed to it.

Results. Participants exposed to workplace secondhand smoke were more likely to have any detectable level of NNAL (P=.005) and higher mean levels of NNAL (P < .001) compared with nonexposed participants. Increased levels of NNAL were also associated with hours of a single workplace exposure (P=.005).

Conclusions. Nonsmoking employees left unprotected from workplace secondhand smoke exposure had elevated levels of a tobacco-specific carcinogen in their bodies. All workers—including bar and restaurant workers—should be protected from indoor workplace exposure to cancer-causing secondhand smoke.
Legal Risks to Employers Who Allow Smoking in the Workplace
Authors: Zellers Leslie , Thomas Meliah A. , Ashe Marice
Published: June 2007

There is mounting evidence that documents the dangers of exposure to secondhand smoke, including in the workplace. In states that permit workplace smoking, employers face significant legal risks from employees who are exposed to secondhand smoke on the job. Employers have been held liable for employee exposure to secondhand smoke in numerous cases, including those based on workers’ compensation, state and federal disability law, and the duty to provide a safe workplace. Given this liability risk, employers should voluntarily adopt smoke-free workplace policies. Such policies do more than fulfill an employer’s legal obligation to provide a safe workplace; they also reduce the risk of litigation, potentially reduce workers’ compensation premiums, and protect employees from harm.
Implications of the Normative Fallacy in Young Adult Smokers Aged 19–24 Years
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Selby Peter L.
Published: June 2007

We used a random-digit-dialed survey of 434 smokers to demonstrate that approximately three quarters of young adult (aged 19–24 years) smokers overestimated by 20% or more the proportion of their peers who smoked. The effect of this normative fallacy was significantly greater in young adult smokers than in smokers aged 25 years or older. Because of the strength of this false consensus effect in young adult smokers, normative feedback interventions might be especially effective in this age group.
Social Factors, Psychopathology, and Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy
Authors: Gilman Stephen E. , Breslau Joshua , Subramanian S.V. , Hitsman Brian , Koenen Karestan C.
Published: June 2007

We investigated the relative importance of sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders for smoking among 453 pregnant women in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Women with less than a high school education and those with current-year nicotine dependence had the highest risk of smoking (90.5%), compared with women with a college degree and without nicotine dependence (3.9%). More effective and accessible interventions for nicotine dependence among pregnant smokers are needed.
Quit Attempts and Intention to Quit Cigarette Smoking Among Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Fagan Pebbles , Augustson Erik , Backinger Cathy L. , O’Connell Mary E. , Vollinger Robert E. , Kaufman Annette , Gibson James T.
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We investigated variables associated with quitting behaviors among current, daily, and nondaily young adult smokers in the United States.

Methods. Data from the national 2003 Tobacco Use Special Cessation Supplement to the Current Population Survey were analyzed to identify factors associated with quit attempts and serious intention to quit among young adult smokers aged 18 to 30 years (n=7912).

Results. Daily smokers who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day, had their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, and smoked no usual type were less likely than were their comparison groups to have 1 more or quit attempts. Nondaily smokers who were male, Hispanic, and smoked no usual type of cigarette were also less likely than were their comparison groups to report 1 or more quit attempts. Although unemployed nondaily smokers were more likely than were the employed to report intention to quit, nondaily smokers with an annual family income of $25 000 to $49 000 were less likely than were higher-income families to report intention to quit.

Conclusions. Nicotine dependence measures were significantly associated with quitting and intention to quit among daily smokers, but sociodemographics were associated with quitting and intention to quit among nondaily smokers.
Continued Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Urban Young Adult Women: Findings From the Reach for Health Longitudinal Study
Authors: Stueve Ann , O’Donnell Lydia
Published: June 2007

We examined smoking and smoking cessation among 538 young inner-city women who had been followed from early adolescence to young adulthood. Results showed that 14.3% of these young women had smoked in middle school, 26.4% had smoked in high school, and 21.9% had smoked at age 19 or 20 years, when many were rearing children, pregnant, or considering pregnancy. Young women who were raising children were more likely than those who were not to currently smoke or to have smoked in the past. Partner violence victimization was an independent risk factor for continued smoking. If improvements in smoking cessation rates are to be achieved, public health efforts must address factors underlying early and continued smoking.
Lost and found possible selves: Goals, development, and well‐being
Authors: King Laura A. , Hicks Joshua A.
Published: June 2007

How do the goals we once cherished but can no longer pursue relate to maturity?
Mentoring adult learners: Realizing possible selves
Authors: Fletcher Sarah
Published: June 2007

This chapter explores how incorporating the possible selves construct within a supportive and challenging mentoring relationship can assist in personal and professional growth.
Possible selves in adult education
Authors: Rossiter Marsha
Published: June 2007

What does the possible selves construct add to our understanding of adult learning and our capacity to foster it? Implications in relation to transformative learning are discussed.
Photoresponse Properties of CdSe Single‐Nanoribbon Photodetectors
Authors: Jiang Y. , Zhang W. J. , Jie J. S. , Meng X. M. , Fan X. , Lee S.‐T.
Published: June 2007

Photodetectors are fabricated from individual single‐crystal CdSe nanoribbons, and the photoresponse properties of the devices are studied systematically. The photodetector shows a high sensitivity towards excitation wavelength with a sharp cut‐off at 710 nm, corresponding to the bandgap of CdSe. The device exhibits a high photo‐to‐dark current ratio of five orders of magnitude at 650 nm, and can function with excellent stability, reproducibility, and high response speed (< 1 ms) in a wide range of switching frequency (up to 300 Hz). The photocurrent of the device shows a power‐law dependence on light intensity. This finding together with the analysis of the light intensity‐dependent response speed reveals the existence of various traps at different energy levels (shallow and deep) in the bandgap. Coating with a thin SiO2 isolating layer increases the photocurrent but decreases the response speed of the CdSe nanoribbon, which is attributed to reduction of recombination centers on ribbon surface.
A 2‐Mb critical region implicated in the microcephaly associated with terminal 1q deletion syndrome
Authors: Hill Anthony D. , Chang Bernard S. , Hill R. Sean , Garraway Levi A. , Bodell Adria , Sellers William R. , Walsh Christopher A.
Published: June 2007

Patients with distal deletions of chromosome 1q have a recognizable syndrome that includes microcephaly, hypoplasia or agenesis of the corpus callosum, and psychomotor retardation. Although these symptoms have been attributed to deletions of 1q42‐1q44, the minimal chromosomal region involved has not been identified. Using microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we have mapped the deleted regions in seven patients with terminal deletions of chromosome 1q to define a 2.0‐Mb microcephaly critical region including the 1q43‐1q44 boundary and no more than 11 genes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overlapping phenotype of Wolf–Hirschhorn and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes in a girl with der(4)t(4;11)(pter;pter)
Authors: Mikhail Fady M. , Sathienkijkanchai Achara , Robin Nathaniel H. , Prucka Sandra , Biggerstaff Julie Sanford , Komorowski Jan , Andersson Robin , Bruder Carl E.G. , Piotrowski Arkadiusz , de Ståhl Teresita Diaz , Dumanski Jan P. , Carroll Andrew J.
Published: June 2007

We report on an 8‐month‐old girl with a novel unbalanced chromosomal rearrangement, consisting of a terminal deletion of 4p and a paternal duplication of terminal 11p. Each of these is associated with the well‐known clinical phenotypes of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), respectively. She presented for clinical evaluation of dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, atrial septal defect (ASD), and left hydronephrosis. High‐resolution cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal female karyotype, but subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a der(4)t(4;11)(pter;pter). Both FISH and microarray CGH studies clearly demonstrated that the WHS critical regions 1 and 2 were deleted, and that the BWS imprinted domains (ID) 1 and 2 were duplicated on the der(4). Parental chromosome analysis revealed that the father carried a cryptic balanced t(4;11)(pter;pter). As expected, our patient manifests findings of both WHS (a growth retardation syndrome) and BWS (an overgrowth syndrome). We compare her unique phenotypic features with those that have been reported for both syndromes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion 22q11.2: Report of a complex meiotic mechanism of origin
Authors: Nogueira Sintia Iole , Hacker April M. , Bellucco Fernanda T. S. , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Christofolini Denise Maria , Cernach Mirlene C. , Melaragno Maria Isabel , Emanuel Beverly S.
Published: June 2007

We report on the case of a patient with a typical de novo 3 Mb 22q11.2 deletion. Haplotype reconstruction of the family, using polymorphic markers flanking the deleted region, demonstrated a complex mechanism of origin of the deletion, involving one intrachromosomal and two interchromosomal events. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hot compaction of polyoxymethylene. II. Structural characterization
Authors: Al Jebawi K. , Sixou B. , Séguéla R. , Vigier G.
Published: June 2007

The structural characterization of sintered polyoxymethylene was carried out to determine the mechanism of sintering. Thermal behavior and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) of sintered samples reveal that an improvement in either crystal size or perfection, or both, takes place during the sintering process, in comparison with compression‐molding from the melt. The loss modulus data also give evidence of crystal reorganization during sintering that improves the continuity of the crystalline phase and enhances its mechanical contribution. These findings eliminate the occurrence of major melting during sintering. However, the high mobility of the chains in the crystalline phase in the temperature range of the melting onset suggests that short range rearrangements of the chains in the crystalline lamellae are likely to occur during the time of the process. The proposed mechanism of sintering is that of crystallographic welding of crystals from neighboring particles, as a result of the combined effect of plastic flow and temperature during the hot compaction operation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007