bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civil-Military Agonies in Nigeria: Pains of an Unaccomplished Transition
Authors: Welch Claude E.
Published: June 2007

The armed forces of Nigeria, in power for nearly three-quarters of the country'sindependent history, show little willingness to return to the barracks. Even if civilian rulewere restored, deep-rooted beliefs and practices will ensure that officers continue to playmajor political roles. The aborted 1993 presidential elections(generally regarded as fair anddecisive, but won by a candidate disliked by senior army leaders) manifested seriouslingering obstacles to military disengagement from politics. Successful establishment of a"Third Republic" along paths attempted earlier appears unlikely to succeed, due in particu-lar to limited military professionalism, ethnic tensions, and uncertainty about the nature ofdemocratization.
Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance
Authors: Schiff Rebecca L.
Published: June 2007

This article offers a new theory for examining civil-military relations. The current theory assumes that the military should remain separate from civilian political institutions in order to prevent domestic military intervention. By contrast, concordance theory, proposed in this article, argues that three partners-the military, the political elites, and the citizenry should aim for a cooperative relationship that may or may not entail the separation of political and military institutions. As a descriptive and prescriptive theory, concordance does not limit itself to one civil-military scenario, and it explains the institutional and cultural conditions that affect the distinctive relationships among the three partners. Furthermore, if these partners agree on four indicators-the social composition of the officer corps, the political decision-making process, recruitment method and military style-do-mestic military intervention is less likely to occur.
Reenlistment Intentions of Citizen Soldiers in the U.S. Army
Authors: Lakhani Hyder
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes the economic, attitudinal, institutional, and affective variables involved in predicting reenlistment intentions of citizen soldiers, i.e., Select Reserve and National Guard, in the U.S. Army. Data from the 1986 U.S. Department of Defense's Reserve Components Survey, matched with Reserve Components Common Personnel Data System files for 1985 to 1991, are analyzed to estimate the probability of reenlistment. The estimates reveal that reenlistment probability increases with an increase in reserve earnings, preferably as these match or surpass civilian wage opportunities. The attitudinal and affective variables, such as a spouse's favorable attitude toward the reservist's reenlistment, or a reservist's satisfaction with military life, or his/her job satisfaction, also increase reenlistment intentions. Reenlistment probability is, however, reduced if the reservist's primary job requires 45 or more hours per week, if a reservist's spouse is working for pay, or if a reservist spends a smaller percentage of time in the Primary Military Occupational Specialty (PMOS) for which he/she is trained. Policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of increasing reenlistment.
Civil-Military Relations and Democracy: The Case of the Military-Political Elites' Connection in Israel
Authors: Etzioni-Halevy Eva
Published: June 2007

This article's thesis is that the close connection between the military elite and the government/political elite in Israel detracts from the quality of Israeli democracy by lending the government an unfair electoral advantage over the opposition. The article documents the various facets of the connection between the elites, which includes military commanders' publicly expressed support for government policy over that of the opposition, military elite participation in the formation of government policy, political appointments within the army, the movement from the military elite into the political (especially the government/political) elite, and informal social contacts between the two elites. It then analyzes how the connection between the two elites enhances the electoral chances of the government over those of the opposition. It shows that some facets do so directly by forming a legitimating device for the government, while others do so indirectly by being part of an exchange system that includes the other aspects of the connection. The inequitable electoral advantage thus gained by the government through its connection with the military elite contravenes the spirit-if not the letter-of democratic principles.
Race and Gender in the U.S. Military
Authors: Armor David J.
Published: June 2007

The issues of race and gender representation in the military have been raised recently, the first because of the Persian Gulf War and the second because of the change in combat job restrictions. The history of these interrelated issues is reviewed, recent trends in enlistment and applicant rates are presented, and current policies regarding race and gender representation are evaluated. The article suggests that recruiting ceilings for women could be eliminated without adverse consequences, while representation goals for racial and ethnic groups might be appropriate, which would have the effect of reducing black but increasing Hispanic representation.
The Use of Force: Israeli Public Opinion on Military Options
Authors: Barzilai Gad , Inbar Efraim
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes Israeli attitudes toward the use of force over the period from 1988 to 1994. Based on nine public opinion polls of Israel's Jewish population, it explores public trends on three dimensions of force use-conventional war, Intifada, and terrorism-and contributes new data to the theoretical and empirical debate over the stability and rationality of public opinion. Following the presentation of an aggregate analysis of general public attitudes, party affiliation and socioeconomic variables are examined for their relationship to the viewpoints of the respondents. The profiles of those holding extreme views on military force are investigated as well. In general, Israeli attitudes toward the use of force were stable over time, and Israelis were cautious in their support of using force. Indeed, the findings strengthen the claim that public opinion can constrain belligerent leaders, although it can be manipulated to support limited uses of force.
African "Homemade" Peacekeeping Initiatives
Authors: Olonisakin 'Funmi
Published: June 2007

The end of the Cold War altered the perspective of conflict resolution globally. One such alteration is the transformed nature of the tasks performed by the military in operations designed to control violent conflicts. Some of the most significant changes have occurred in Africa, where peacekeeping has escalated beyond traditionally accepted principle to include enforcement in a bid to control destructive internal conflicts (e.g., Liberia and Somalia). This article argues that the decline in Africa's strategic importance has compelled Africans to take greater responsibility for the resolution of conflicts in their region, and to employ more severe strategies in dealing with these conflicts. It also analyzes Africa's major peacekeeping operations, and contrasts the traditional peacekeeping strategy employed by the OAU force in Chad with the more severe strategy employed by ECOWAS in Liberia.
The Role of Peacekeepers in the 1990s: Swedish Experience in UNPROFOR
Authors: Johansson Eva
Published: June 2007

In recent years there has been a development towards more complex forms of UN peacekeeeping. One example of this is the UN mission in former Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR), to which Sweden has contributed troops since 1992. A questionnaire study was conducted to gain information about the role of peacekeepers in this new kind of UN mission. The study includes data from four Swedish mechanized infantry battalions, which were deployed in Bosnia for six months each, from autumn 1993 to autumn 1995. The questionnaire was completed by a total of 3,505 persons in connection with the Swedish UN personnel demobilization procedures. This article presents some of their views and experiences and discusses these in relation to the role of peacekeepers in the 1990s.
Creating Small Unit Cohesion: Oliver Hazard Perry at the Batte of Lake Erie
Authors: Skaggs David Curtis
Published: June 2007

While historians and social scientists emphasize the role of unit cohesion in battlefield success, they generally avoid the examination of how unit cohesion has been created. This article examines the battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813, in light of unit cohesion criteria. It concludes that while Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry and his captains created "vertical cohesion" (bonding between leaders and subordinates) within their respective crews, the self-identification of the value of intergroup cooperation between the various captains and their commodore was never fully actuated. Despite his faults, the article argues that Perry justifiably deserves the reputation of the creator of unit cohesion under difficult circumstances.
Value Orientations in Military Academies: A Thirteen Country Study
Authors: Soeters Joseph L.
Published: June 2007

Internationalization is becoming a pervasive feature of military life. Therefore, empirical information on national cultural differences in the military sector is becoming increasingly relevant. One way to collect empirical data on this subject is to study value orientations of student officers in military academies. A comparative study based on this idea is reported in this article. The results indicate that national differences between the student populations of military academies are as large as in the civilian sector. At the same time it emerges that one international military culture exists. Compared to the civilian sector, this international military culture in general is institutional and bureaucratic. However, in some nations the military culture, as measured in academies, is far more bureaucratic and institutional than in others. The article ends with a discussion of managerial implications and suggestions for further research.
Are Military Professionals Bound by a Higher Moral Standard?
Authors: Ficarrotta J. Carl
Published: June 2007

Many people, both in and out of the military, believe that military professionals are bound by a higher moral standard. What, exactly, might this mean? And do we have good reasons for thinking military professionals are so bound? In this article, the author explores the various ways we might elucidate the meaning of a higher moral standard and examine the available justifications for being bound by one. I conclude that there are some scenarios in which the military professional is bound by a higher moral standard, but point out that at least one commonly understood version of the claim goes too far. There are limits to the higher moral standards we can justifiably think bind the military professional.
Chefs and Worried Soldiers: Authority and Power in the Zimbabwe National Army
Authors: Young Eric T.
Published: June 2007

This article paints a sociopolitical portrait of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA). Institutional trends and the consequences are analyzed by examining the army's behavior and the discourse within the military. Rising corruption, the proliferation of patron-client relationships, the use of the military as a stepping stone to business and politics, and an increasingly "civilian" military justice system are all found to be symptomatic of the ZNA's increasingly occupational character. These trends are a result of both the economic environment of Zimbabwe and the ZNA's combat operations in Mozambique. The consequences of these trends, however, are mixed. While morale and preparedness have tended to suffer, overall performance has not been particularly negatively affected.
N'angas, Varoyi and Midzimu: The Institutionalization of Traditional Beliefs in the Zimbabwe National Army
Authors: Young Eric T.
Published: June 2007

This article challenges the notion of the military as a bureaucratic institution through an examination of the institutionalization of beliefs in the power of diviner-healers, ancestral spirits, and witches in the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA). The findings are based upon twenty qualitative interviews with members of the elite Paragroup of the ZNA. Findings show that traditional beliefs play a role in intelligence gathering, leadership, individual protection, and explaining mysterious events in the operational arena. Off the battlefield, traditional beliefs influence promotions and combat service, and mediate conflicts between the military and society. It was also found that the manifestation of beliefs depends in part on the combat environment and leadership, while the rejection of beliefs is attributed to technology, training, and personal history. In conclusion, it is shown that apparently nonrational beliefs are effectively institutionalized into the ZNA.
Development of Logical Reasoning and the School Performance of African American Adolescents in Relation to Socioeconomic Status, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Chapell Mark S. , Overton Willis F.
Published: June 2007

This study explored the deductive reasoning and school performance of 330 African American adolescents and the relation of reasoning and school performance to socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic identity, and self-esteem. As expected, there was a systematic increase in selection task reasoning performance across adolescence, and high SES students outscored low SES students in reasoning performance and school grades. Ogbu’s cultural-ecological theory, which predicts an inverse relationship between cognitive performance and ethnic idfentity strength, was not supported because better reasoning performance was associated instead with stronger ethnic identity. Steele’s stereotype-threat theory, which predicts that there will be an association between global self-esteem and school grades in early adolescent African Americans that subsequently decreases across adolescence, was partially supported. Self-esteem and grades were strongly related in 6th graders, not significantly related in 10th and 12th graders, yet strongly related in college students.
Facial Expression Recognition and Social Competence among African American Elementary School Children: An Examination of Ethnic Differences
Authors: Glanville Denise N. , Nowicki Steve
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential for cross-ethnic miscommunication of facial expressions. The ability of elementary school children to identify emotion in African American and European American facial expressions and how this ability relates to social competence was examined. African American (n = 37) and European American (n = 37) children were administered African American and European American faces. Sociometric ratings also were obtained. The ability to read faces differing in ethnicity did not differ by children’s ethnicity. However, ability to read facial expressions of one’s own ethnic group, but not the other, was significantly related to social competence.
A Comprehensive Test of the Health Belief Model in the Prediction of Condom Use among African American College Students
Authors: Winfield Evelyn B. , Whaley Arthur L.
Published: June 2007

This study tested an expanded version of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in the prediction of condom use during vaginal intercourse among African American college students. Results from regression analyses indicated that only the core HBM explained a significant amount of variance in condom use. Perceived barriers and gender were the only significant predictors of condom use. Perceived barriers were found to mediate the correlation between gender and condom use. Specifically, controlling for perceived barriers, the tendency for men to use condoms increased. Consistent with past research findings, high levels of HIV/AIDS risk knowledge was not significantly correlated with condom use. The findings suggest a need to consider additional (e.g., sociocultural) factors associated with African American sexual decision making and condom use to develop applicable conceptual models and HIV/AIDS prevention approaches.
Mental Health and Sexual Self-Concept Discrepancies in a Sample of Young Black Women
Authors: Holmes Marcelle Christian
Published: June 2007

This study addresses the mental health consequences of sexual self-concept discrepancies in a sample of Black women (N = 106) age 18 to 25. Participants completed a survey that contained demographic information, mental health indices, and measures assessing how women think and feel about the differences between their actual, ideal, and “ought” sexual selves. Results indicated that sexual self-concept discrepancies, as measured by the Sexual Selves Questionnaire, did not predict the mental health outcomes as expected. However, proxy measures capturing the affective dimension of the discrepancies yielded significant findings. Women who were bothered by the difference between who they actually were and who they ideally wanted to be sexually were more likely to report dejection. Also, women who believed that they were more sexual than they felt they ought to be reported less dejection, less agitation, and fewer somatic complaints. Results underscore the importance of investigating sexual self-concepts in therapeutic contexts.
Strategies for Managing Heterosexism Used among African American Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Della Bianca , Wilson Marie , Miller Robin Lin
Published: June 2007

Oppression and oppression management are focal topics of inquiry in research on African Americans’ social behaviors. Previous research has failed to investigate the methods that African Americans who are also bisexual and gay use to cope with oppressive experiences associated with their status as sexual minorities. In the current study, the authors use in-depth interviews with gay and bisexual African American men (n = 37) to examine the strategies that they employ to manage their sexual minority status. Six minority status management strategies for coping with heterosexism and the contexts in which these strategies are used are identified. The functions these strategies serve, such as avoiding stigma or building support systems, are also identified. The data suggest similarities among the strategies these men use to cope with heterosexism and the strategies that theorists have identified for coping with racism. Implications for research and theory about dual oppression management are discussed.
Racist Experiences and Health Outcomes: An Examination of Spirituality as a Buffer
Authors: Bowen-Reid Terra L. , Harrell Jules P.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to extend the research body, which implicates the insidious effects of racism on health outcomes. Specifically, this study tested the assumption that perception of racist experiences would predict differently for self-report symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) compared to an objective measure of health (cardiovascular [CV] reactivity to standard laboratory stress- ors). It was also hypothesized that the cultural variable spirituality would moderate this relation. A total of 155 undergraduate students of African descent from a historical Black university in the mid-Atlantic region were recruited to participate in the current study. Perceived racist experiences and racial stress were commonly associated with negative health symptoms and showed an inverse relation to the CV responses. In addition, spirituality served as a significant moderator between racial stress and negative psychological health symptoms. Several implications are discussed in light of these findings.
Development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization Scale: Correlates of Race-Related Socialization Frequency from the Perspective of Black Youth
Authors: Stevenson Howard C. , Cameron Rick , Herrero-Taylor Teri , Davis Gwendolyn Y.
Published: June 2007

An adolescent's perspective of family race-related socialization is a novel way to understand racial identity and socialization experiences. This article reports on the development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization (TERS), which asks students how often they receive socialization about managing racism, cultural pride, and spirituality. A factor analysis was conducted with 260 African American youth. The results revealed five meaningful and reliable factors, including Cultural Coping With Antagonism, Cultural Pride Reinforcement, Cultural Legacy Appreciation, Cultural Alertness to Discrimination (CAD), and Cultural Endorsement of the Mainstream (CEM), and one composite factor (combines the first four TERS factors) called Cultural Socialization Experience (CULTRS). Findings reveal that boys experience more CAD communications than do girls, a moderate degree of family conversations about race is associated with greater frequency of racial socialization, family member experiences with racism are associated with higher frequency of CULTRS, and personal experience with racism is associated with lower CEM in girls but not boys. The presence of a small correlation between racial socialization experiences and racial socialization beliefs supports the discriminant validity of the scale. Implications for adolescent and family research are discussed.
Effects of Participant Ethnicity, Target Physiognomy, and Target Gender on College Students’ Judgments of Cheating
Authors: O’Neal Margaret F. , Medlin Jennifer , Walker Katrina L. , Jones Lori R.
Published: June 2007

History and some research suggest that the degree of prejudice by Whites as well as within the African American community is related to the extent of African physical characteristics and the gender of the target. The goal of our experiment was to determine if White and non-White males and females would judge targets differently based on the target’s physiognomy and gender. Participants were divided into eight groups, each judging photographs depicting a different level of target physiognomy and gender (European, mixed, moderately African, and extremely African males and females) following presentation of a false scenario about the target’s having been caught cheating. Although Whites’ratings did not differ according to target physiognomy, non-Whites favored more African targets.
‘Concerning the Loaves’ Comprehending Incomprehension in Mark 6.45-52
Authors: Henderson Suzanne Watts
Published: June 2007

Students of the second Gospel have long been puzzled by the cryptic assertion, in Mark 6.52, that the disciples ‘did not understand concerning the loaves…’ Through an exegetical study of Mk 6.45-52, this essay proposes that what the disciples have misconstrued is their own active participation in the inbreaking, eschatological kingdom that Jesus inaugurates. Relying mainly on narrative-critical insights, the study first surveys the disciples’ function to this point in the Markan story, a function featuring companionship with Jesus as well as empowerment by him. Against this backdrop, the second sea-crossing story depicts the disciples’ failure to exercise their authority over the sea already given to them by Jesus. In turn, this reading considers as central to the passage not only the identity of Jesus (the traditional chris-tological understanding) but also the empowered discipleship that is central to his kingdom proclamation.
Revisiting Philo: Discussions of Wealth and Poverty in Philo’s Ethical Discourse
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

Philo of Alexandria spoke frequently about issues of wealth and poverty, but his remarks contain enough ambiguity that his precise views regarding these issues have been hotly debated. Recently, David Mealand and Thomas Schmidt have debated whether or not Philo’s writings even contain a single coherent view. This paper argues that Philo’s writings do contain a coherent view of issues of wealth and poverty, a view that focuses upon a person’s control over the forces of desire.
The Law Kills but the Gospel Gives Life: The Letter-Spirit Dualism in 2 Corinthians 3.5-18
Authors: Grindheim Sigurd
Published: June 2007

According to a common interpretation, the difference between the old and new covenants in 2 Cor. 3.5-18 should be explained by taking the spirit as the new element which enables human beings under the new covenant to comply with the commandments of the law. The arguments for this interpretation are examined and found to be lacking. Rather, Paul describes a radical dualism between the old and the new covenants as such, where the function of the old is understood as condemnation and death and the function of the new is understood to be justification and life.
Dissolving the Synoptic Problem Through Film?
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: June 2007

Film makers have taken liberties with the Gospels, for discernible narrative reasons. May not Luke have so treated Matthew, freeing us from Q? A comparison with Luke’s (near-) contemporaries such as Josephus, and their improvements on others’ narratives, suggests more apposite questions and a different answer.
A Law unto Themselves: The Gentiles in Romans 2.14-15 Revisited
Authors: Gathercole S. J.
Published: June 2007

This article challenges the prevailing consensus that Rom. 2.14-15 refers to non-Christian Gentiles, whom Paul introduces into his argument to show that they too have knowledge of a law within themselves, and so are guilty. In fact, Paul is no longer concerned with the responsibility of Gentiles, which he had established in Rom. 1.18-32. Rather, these verses further shame the Jewish interlocutor by showing that God is fulfilling his new covenant promises in Gentiles, while he remains unrepentant. This is shown by the connection between the doers of the law being justified (2.13) and the comprehensive doing of the law (which is not by nature) by the Gentiles (2.14), by Paul’s reference to Jer. 31 in 2.15, and the stark contrast between the heart and thoughts in Rom. 1.18-32 and 2.14-15.
Imitating the Parables: Allegory, Narrative and the Role of Mimesis
Authors: Parris David P.
Published: June 2007

For the past 100 years the debate concerning the literary nature of the parables has centered on the question as to whether the parables are allegories or narratives. Rather than consider the allegorical or nonallegorical nature of the parables directly, this article examines the hermeneutical function of mimesis and how it relates to the particular reading strategies we employ when interpreting the parables. Because the parables are a mimetic representation they allow the reader to recognize correspondences based on a pre-existing code and at the same time allow the reader to recognize new possibilities for understanding. This allows the same parable to be read either as an allegory or as a narrative whole. As a result, the different genre classifications we assign to the parables are not only derived from our participation in the mimetic representation of the parables but these classifications are also mutable (not fixed) and will shift depending on the relationship between the reader and the text.
Adapt or Resist? A Socio-Political Reading of Revelation 2.18-29
Authors: Friedrich Nestor Paulo
Published: June 2007

The letter to the church in Thyatira at Rev. 2.18-29 uses literary conventions of imperial edicts to produce a ‘prophetic edict’ as a means of emphasizing the authority of God as superior to imperial authority. The technique of parodying imperial edicts is paralleled by contemporary marginal groups. An analysis of the letter to Thyatira provides an understanding of the critique by Christians in first-century Asia Minor of the Pax Romana. The prophetic edict to Thyatira shares with chs. 4–22 of Revelation an analysis of the political, economic and religious context. The critique of imperial power is also the basis of a call to fidelity and resistance.
The Historic Present in Matthew’s Gospel: A Survey and Analysis Focused on Mathew 13.44
Authors: Wilmshurst S.M.B.
Published: June 2007

A satisfactory explanation of the Gospel writers’ use of the historic presenthas proved elusive. However, Matthew’s use of the form appears selective and deliberate. This article examines the cluster of historic presents that appear in Mt. 13.44—the parable of the hidden treasure. The context, structural position and use of important Matthaean key words support the hypothesis that this parable has a unique place in Matthew’s Gospel. The use of the historic presents highlights the crucial theme of the response to the discovery of the kingdom: it is received with joy as the finder’s eternal treasure. On the basis of this and other analysis it is proposed that Matthew has good reason for every instance of the historic present. He has used the form in a sophisticated way to highlight key turning points, themes and discourse structures at key stages throughout his Gospel.
Parable Metonymy and Luke’s Kerygmatic Framing
Authors: Curkpatrick Stephen
Published: June 2007

Luke’s parable frames clarify theologically the unruly metonymic world of Luke’s unique parables with their economic sketches of life’s ambiguities and contradictions. The L parables retain the diffuse particulars of their worlds, but these particulars are re-framed theologically within the kerygma of gospel narrative. The parable denouements are interpreted theologically. The ethical, rhetorical and theological directions attributed to the L parables belong to their gospel narrative framing and resolution, not the parable plots, which sustain metonymic density in their fluctuating points of reference. The L parables are frequently used to illustrate extravagant claims for parables as metaphors that dramatically shatter one’s world to disclose the kingdom of God. However, without their frames, these stories can be interpreted in any direction.
John’s Gospel: A Two-Level Drama?
Authors: Hägerland Tobias
Published: June 2007

During the past decades, scholars have attempted to reconstruct the history of a Johannine community through reading John’s Gospel as a two-level drama. According to this understanding, the Gospel relates events that took place in the community after Jesus’ earthly ministry, while these events are presented as a story about Jesus himself. The present essay evaluates this allegorical reading of the Gospel, first through a search for ancient parallels that would constitute a genre of the two-level drama, secondly through a discussion of the alleged intra-textual indications of the Gospel’s allegorical character. The conclusion arrived at is that both the search for an ancient two-level genre and the search for hints of allegory in the text are unsuccessful. The hypothesis of a Johannine two-level drama is therefore highly implausible.
Social Conflicts in the Corinthian Community: Further Remarks on J.J. Meggitt, Paul, Poverty and Survival
Authors: Theissen Gerd
Published: June 2007

It is disputed whether the conflicts in the Corinthian congregationwere influenced by social factors or not. This article begins by discussing the socialstatus of Paul, which may have shaped his outlook, and Paul’s statementson the congregation as a whole. The main part analyses two conflicts concerning Christian and pagan cultic meals. Taking seriously the criticism of J.J. Meggitt in his book Paul, Poverty, and Survival (1998) it makes a case for the sociological explanation of the group conflicts visible at the Lord’ssupper (1 Cor. 11.17-34) and the controversy about idol meat (1 Cor 8.1-10.33), reworking old arguments concerning meal habits and adding some new arguments based, for example, on the social function of the macellum.
A Note on the Foundation Stones in Revelation 21.14, 19-20
Authors: Mathewson David
Published: June 2007

In John’s vision of the New Jerusalem the foundation stones in Rev. 21.14, 19-20 form part of the material makeup of the heavenly city. Yet some critical assessment of these verses has called into question their suitability in John’s vision, and so has suggested an interpolation of these verses by a later ‘Christian hand’. However, this article endeavors to show that structurally and especially intertextually, the foundation stones in 21.14, 19-20 are an integral and original part of John’s climactic vision of the New Jerusalem. Verses 14, 19-20 find coherence in John’s allusion to Isa. 54.11-12, which provides the scriptural model for the lithic features of John’s depiction of the New Jerusalem. More specifically, the author depends on an interpretive tradition of Isa. 54.11-12 similar to that found in 4QpIsaiahd, where the precious stones of restored Jerusalem are allegorically linked with founding members of the sectarian community and are linked with the stones on the breastplate of the high priest. However, in contrast to Jewish tradition, such as 4QpIsaiahd, the founding stones of the New Jerusalem in Rev. 21.14, 19-20 are identified with the apostles. Thus, for John the consummated community is founded on the apostolic witness of the church to the Lamb, rather than on leading Jewish figures.
Re-Reading 1 Corinthians after Rethinking ‘Gnosticism’
Authors: Klutz Todd E.
Published: June 2007

The recent scholarly tendency to dismiss the ‘Gnostic Hypothesis’ as a construct for contextualizing 1 Corinthians has not been distinguished by a strong engagement with either the ancient primary sources from Nag Hammadi or advances in the study of ‘Gnosticism’. The implications these two bodies of knowledge could have for our understanding of 1 Corinthians can be deduced from the main argument of Michael A. Williams’s Rethinking ‘Gnosticism’. Although Williams’s study offers powerful arguments against the use of ‘Gnosticism’ as a construct for classifying Christian groups of the first four centuries, his work also discusses alternative and potentially more useful tools for comparing these groups with each other. Ironically, by helping us to think about early Christian groups not in terms of whether they were ‘Gnostic’ or ‘non-Gnostic’, but rather in terms of how much tension they experienced with their general sociocultural environment, Williams enables us to see that some of Paul’s implied addressees in Corinth had very much in common with the authors of Nag Hammadi tractates like the Gospel of Philip.
Domestic Architecture and Household Relations: Pompeii and Roman Ephesos
Authors: George Michele
Published: June 2007

Domestic architecture has been used by classical archaeologists and historians to trace aspects of social relations in the Roman world. As the context for diverse activities, both private and public, the Roman domus was also a critical locus for domestic relations among members of the nuclear family, dependants such as freedmen and slaves, as well as non-residents. Yet much of the texture of daily life within the household remains beyond our grasp. Through discussion of house types from Pompeii and Ephesos the value and the limitations of this social analysis of domestic architecture is examined, with particular focus on family life.
Domestic Space, Family Relationships and the Social Location of the Q People
Authors: Guijarro Santiago
Published: June 2007

In the Q Document there are about twenty references that provide information about family life. Most of them mention different types of houses that are observed from different perspectives. By locating these references and the point of view they presuppose in the context of the different types of families that existed in first-century Galilee, this article will illustrate how they can help identify more precisely the social location of the Q people.
The Impact of Stable and Unstable Attributes on Ability Assessment in Social Comparison
Authors: Arnkelsson Gudmundur B. , Smith William P.
Published: June 2007

Social comparison theory assumes that people rely on the multiple sufficient causes of attributional schema for ability assessment. When standing on performance-related attributes differs between two individuals, ability judgments should be low in confidence to the extent that performance differences are consistent with the attribute differences and high in confidence when the two are inconsistent. The authors argue that this holds true for standing on unstable attributes such as practice but not for stable attributes such as education. Stable attributes serve as cues to ability rather than as alternative interpretations of performance differences. In a series of three experiments, participants’ ability judgments were more confident when performance was consistent with their standing on stable attributes (education, occupation) but less confident when consistent with standing on an unstable attribute (practice).
Upending the Status Quo: Cognitive Complexity in U.S. Supreme Court Justices Who Overturn Legal Precedent
Authors: Gruenfeld Deborah H , Preston Jared
Published: June 2007

Studies of reasoning by majority and minority members show that group members in the majority think more about the trade-offs associated with alternative decision outcomes than do group members in the minority, who are more single-minded in support of their own position. However, prior work has not examined whether this holds when decision makers change the status quo. The authors compared the integrative complexity of U.S. Supreme Court justices writing on behalf of either a majority or a minority in decisions to either uphold or overturn legal precedent. As predicted, justices writing on behalf of decisions to uphold precedent exhibited greater integrative complexity than did justices writing on behalf of decisions to overturn precedent, but this effect was stronger for the authors of majority than minority opinions.
On the Encoding of Stereotype-Relevant Information Under Cognitive Load
Authors: Sherman Jeffrey W. , Frost Leigh A.
Published: June 2007

This research compared free recall and recognition memory for stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent information as a function of attentional capacity during encoding. Whereas recall was better for consistent information under conditions of limited capacity, recognition accuracy favored inconsistent information in the same conditions. Contrary to previous theorizations, these data demonstrate that stereotype-inconsistent information is encoded more thoroughly and represented more accurately in memory than stereotype-consistent information when resources are depleted. The recall advantage for consistent information appears to be due to retrieval advantages rather than more thorough encoding or representation. Implications of these findings for models of stereotype efficiency are discussed.
The Role of Internal and External Sources of Evaluation in Motivating Task Performance
Authors: Harkins Stephen G. , White Paul H. , Utman Christopher H.
Published: June 2007

White, Kjelgaard, and Harkins (1995) found that participants asked to strive to achieve a stringent criterion outperformed participants asked to do their best (a goal-setting effect). However, the goal-setting effect occurred only when participants were subject to experimenter evaluation. Participants not subject to experimenter evaluation performed no better than experimenter evaluation participants who were asked to do their best. In the current research, Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that this do-your-best level of performance results from the no-experimenter evaluation participants use of the stringent criterion as a yardstick against which they can compare their performance. Although these experiments show that the potential for self-evaluation can motivate performance, Experiment 3 shows that self-evaluation does not contribute to the goal-setting effect; the potential for experimenter evaluation alone is responsible for this effect. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of the interplay between internal and external sources of evaluation in motivating task performance.
Investment in Long-Term Goals and Commitment to Just Means Drive the Need to Believe in a Just World
Authors: Hafer Carolyn L.
Published: June 2007

The author hypothesized that the less one focuses on long-term goals, or the less one plans to achieve goals through just means, the less essential is the belief in a just world (BJW) and the less one will work at maintaining this belief when it is threatened. In Studies 1 and 2, participants’ focus on long-term investments was either manipulated or measured, and their reactions to a victim who presented a high or low threat to the BJW were assessed. In Study 2, the tendency to obtain goals through unjust means (delinquency) also was measured. As predicted, strong long-term focus and low-delinquency participants reacted more negatively toward the high-threat victim, presumably to maintain the BJW. Study 3 showed that the more one focuses on long-term investments and the less one uses unjust means, the stronger one’s BJW.
Effects of Sexist Humor on Tolerance of Sexist Events
Authors: Ford Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

The results of three experiments supported the hypothesis that exposure to sexist humor increases tolerance of sex discrimination among people high in hostile sexism. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that for participants high in hostile sexism, exposure to sexist jokes led to greater tolerance of a sexist event in comparison to exposure to neutral jokes or nonhumorous sexist communications. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that the activation of a noncritical mindset presumed to be a natural byproduct of humorous communication is critical for sexist humor to increase tolerance of sex discrimination. When sexist jokes were interpreted in a serious, critical manner, either as a result of explicit instructions (Experiment 2) or contextual cues such as the group membership of the joke teller (Experiment 3), the effects of sexist humor were nullified among participants high in hostile sexism.
Feeling Similar or Feeling Unique: How Men and Women Perceive their Own Sexual Behaviors
Authors: van den Eijnden Regina J.J.M. , Buunk Bram P. , Bosveld Willem
Published: June 2007

The present research examined gender differences in the perceived prevalence of extradyadic sex (Study 1, n = 184) and of unsafe sex (Study 2, n = 170). Two opposing hypotheses were examined: the justification hypothesis, predicting that the higher the involvement in extradyadic and unsafe sex, the higher the perceived prevalence of such behaviors would be, and the stigmatization hypothesis, predicting that the higher the level of involvement, the lower the perceived prevalence of such behaviors would be. Among men, evidence was found for the justification hypothesis, whereas among women, more evidence was found for the stigmatization hypothesis. In Study 3 (n = 574) and Study 4 (n = 637), conducted in samples representative of the general population, evidence was found that when making prevalence estimates, women thought primarily of other women and men of other men.
Gender-Related Individual Differences and Mortality in the Terman Longitudinal Study: Is Masculinity Hazardous to Your Health?
Authors: Lippa Richard A. , Martin Leslie R. , Friedman Howard S.
Published: June 2007

Data were collected, refined, and analyzed on 654 men and 210 women in Lewis Terman’s “gifted children” longitudinal study to examine links between masculinity and mortality. Masculinity measures included gender diagnosticity (GD) scores, measuring the male-or female-typicality of occupational preferences in 1940 and masculinity-femininity (M-F) scores from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). Hazard analyses showed GD was significantly related to mortality for both men and women (interquartile relative hazard 1.25 for men and 1.62 for women), with masculine women and masculine men more likely to die at any given age. SVIB M-F was similarly related to mortality for both men and women (respective interquartile relative hazards = 1.26 and 1.36). The effects remained significant after controlling for certain health behaviors and Big Five traits.
Affect and Stereotypic Thinking: A Test of the Mood-and-General-Knowledge Model
Authors: Krauth-Gruber Silvia , Ric François
Published: June 2007

Happy, sad, or neutral participants evaluated the likelihood of a suspect’s guilt. The suspect’s membership was or was not stereotypically associated with the misconduct of which he was accused. Participants also were provided with specific case information that varied in its implications (ambiguous implying either the suspect’s guilt or innocence). The results show that when stereotypes clearly contradict specific information, happy people rely on the latter and no longer use stereotypes. The general assumption of a greater reliance on stereotypes under happiness was found to be restricted to “slight inconsistency.” Overall, this study supports the mood-and-general-knowledge (MAGK) model. In contrast, even though sadness decreases reliance on stereotypes, it does not increase careful processing of incoming information, as is generally assumed in the literature.
Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Diekman Amanda B. , Eagly Alice H.
Published: June 2007

Dynamic stereotypes characterize social groups that are thought to have changed from the attributes they manifested in the past and even to continue to change in the future. According to social role theory’s assumption that the role behavior of group members shapes their stereotype, groups should have dynamic stereotypes to the extent that their typical social roles are perceived to change over time. Applied to men and women, this theory makes two predictions about perceived change: (a) perceivers should think that sex differences are eroding because of increasing similarity of the roles of men and women and (b) the female stereotype should be particularly dynamic because of greater change in the roles of women than of men. This theory was tested and confirmed in five experiments that examined perceptions of the roles and the personality, cognitive, and physical attributes of men and women of the past, present, and future.
Stereotype Threat: Are Lower Status and History of Stigmatization Preconditions of Stereotype Threat?
Authors: Leyens Jacques-Philippe , Désert Michel , Croizet Jean-Claude , Darcis Catherine
Published: June 2007

This research extended stereotype-threat effects outside of the academic domain and to a nonstigmatized group. Female and male students performed three decision tasks: lexical, valence, and affective processing. Half of the participants were told that, in general, men are poorer performers than are women in affective processing tasks. No differences between conditions were observed for the lexical and valence tasks. By contrast, for the affective task, threatened men made significantly more errors than did participants in the other three conditions. More precisely, threatened men tended to accept as affective words that were not affective. This latter result suggests that threatened men decreased their threshold for affectivity “to prove” the inapplicability of the stereotype to themselves. Moreover, stereotype endorsement did not mediate the results. Identification with the affective domain, on the other hand, moderated the effect of stereotype threat. Discussion considers the consequences of these findings for everyday interactions.
The Ways and Means of Interracial Aggression: Modern Racists’ Use of Covert Retaliation
Authors: Beal Daniel J. , O’Neal Edgar C. , Ong Jason , Ruscher Janet B.
Published: June 2007

Modern racists are theorized to have negative affect and attitudes toward African Americans yet be motivated to avoid appearing prejudiced. Thus, they may behave toward African Americans in covert ways. This hypothesis was tested using both an overt and covert measure of aggression in a competitive reaction-time task. Experiment 1 found that high modern racists were more overtly and covertly aggressive than were low modern racists, regardless of competitor race. In addition, high modern racists displayed a pattern of increasing covert aggression toward African Americans, whereas low modern racists inhibited retaliation even under high levels of provocation. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and provided evidence suggesting that covert aggression is a strategic process that cannot be employed under conditions of reduced cognitive capacity. Covert aggression, along with other covert behaviors, is seen as highlighting differences between high and low modern racists.