bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Movements and Political Representation in Chile (1990–2013)
Authors: Albala Adrián , Tricot Salomon Victor
Published: July 2019

Chile has witnessed an unprecedented emergence of social movements since the return to democracy in 1990. These have been characterized by limited participation by the conventional political actors who used to be the backbone of social demands in the country. In the current “Chilean model” of governance, political parties have lost their connection with their base. The existence of a difference between the needs emerging from civil society and those advanced by politicians has opened alternative opportunities for political action.

Chile ha sido testigo de una emergencia inédita de movilizaciones sociales desde la vuelta a la democracia en 1990. Éstas se han caracterizado por la baja presencia y participación de actores políticos convencionales los cuales solían constituir la “columna vertebral” de las demandas sociales en el país. En el “modelo chileno” actual de gobernanza, los partidos, por más institucionalizados que sean, han abandonado su vinculación con su base. La existencia de un distanciamiento entre las necesidades que emergen desde la sociedad civil y las manifestadas por los políticos ha incidido en la aparición de espacios alternos de acción política.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Dental Service Utilization for Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wu Yan Yan , Wu Bei
Published: July 2019

This study examines racial/ethnic disparities of dental service utilization for foreign-born and U.S.-born dentate residents aged 50 years and older. Generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) were used to perform longitudinal analyses of five-wave data of dental service utilization from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We used stratified analyses for the foreign-born and U.S.-born and assessed the nonlinear trend in rates of dental service utilization for different racial/ethnic groups. Findings indicate that Whites had higher rates of service utilization than Blacks and Hispanics regardless of birthplace. For all groups, the rates of service utilization decreased around age 80, and the rates of decline for Whites were slower than others. The U.S.-born showed the trend of higher rates of service utilization than the foreign-born for all racial/ethnic groups. These findings suggest the importance of developing culturally competent programs to meet the dental needs of the increasingly diverse populations in the United States.
Prevention of brain damage after traumatic brain injury by pharmacological enhancement of KCNQ (Kv7, “M-type”) K+ currents in neurons
Authors: Vigil Fabio A , Bozdemir Eda , Bugay Vladislav , Chun Sang H , Hobbs MaryAnn , Sanchez Isamar , Hastings Shayne D , Veraza Rafael J , Holstein Deborah M , Sprague Shane M , M Carver Chase , Cavazos Jose E , Brenner Robert , Lechleiter James D , Shapiro Mark S
Published: July 2019

Nearly three million people in the USA suffer traumatic brain injury (TBI) yearly; however, there are no pre- or post-TBI treatment options available. KCNQ2-5 voltage-gated K+ channels underlie the neuronal “M current”, which plays a dominant role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Our strategy towards prevention of TBI-induced brain damage is predicated on the suggested hyper-excitability of neurons induced by TBIs, and the decrease in neuronal excitation upon pharmacological augmentation of M/KCNQ K+ currents. Seizures are very common after a TBI, making further seizures and development of epilepsy disease more likely. Our hypothesis is that TBI-induced hyperexcitability and ischemia/hypoxia lead to metabolic stress, cell death and a maladaptive inflammatory response that causes further downstream morbidity. Using the mouse controlled closed-cortical impact blunt TBI model, we found that systemic administration of the prototype M-channel “opener”, retigabine (RTG), 30 min after TBI, reduces the post-TBI cascade of events, including spontaneous seizures, enhanced susceptibility to chemo-convulsants, metabolic stress, inflammatory responses, blood–brain barrier breakdown, and cell death. This work suggests that acutely reducing neuronal excitability and energy demand via M-current enhancement may be a novel model of therapeutic intervention against post-TBI brain damage and dysfunction.
Increased ASL-CBF in the right amygdala predicts the first onset of depression in healthy young first-degree relatives of patients with major depression
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Qin Jiasheng , Yan Jinchuan , Zhu Yan , Xu Yuhao , Zhu Xiaolan , Ju Shenghong , Li Yuefeng
Published: July 2019

Healthy first-degree relatives of patients with major depression are at an elevated risk of developing depression, and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations are observed in patients with depression. Therefore, in a 33-month follow-up study, we used arterial spin labeling-magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) to investigate quantitative CBF before and after the diagnosis of depression in healthy young adults with and without first-degree relatives with major depression (FH + and FH−, respectively). In cross-sectional and longitudinal CBF comparisons, CBF in the right amygdala was increased or decreased. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the altered CBF in the right amygdala and the scores on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) in the FH + group. Furthermore, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that increased CBF in the right amygdala at baseline predicted the subsequent onset of depression in the FH + group. Our results suggest that among healthy young adults with a familial risk of depression, those who exhibit increased CBF in the amygdala are susceptible to developing this disease.
Prevalence of Child Abuse Among the University Students: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Syed Saleem , Jabeen Tahira
Published: July 2019

There is dearth of data regarding child abuse in Islamic Republic of Pakistan due to the strong taboo about discussing the child abuse. This is pioneering study aimed to providing the estimates on the prevalence of child abuse in Pakistan. This is a cross-sectional and retrospective study on the prevalence of child abuse using simple random sampling. The study was conducted using standardized International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect tool International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tools Retrospective version. Data were collected from 274 students of 4-year BS program in the University of the Punjab, Lahore. According to the findings, physical abuse has the highest rate 57% (46% females and 68% males) of prevalence. Emotional abuse is the second highest form of abuse with 53% prevalence rate (54% females and 53% males). Among the other forms neglect is 40% (40% females and 40% males) and 41% respondents (39% females and 44% males) disclosed being sexually abused. Most frequently reported category of the perpetrator according to the findings of this study are the parents (20%) followed by friends (16%) and teachers (14%). Single year with highest report of all forms of abuse is 12th year, and the age span with maximum occurrence of abuse is from 10 to 15 years for all forms of abuse. Microsoft Excel was used for data processing and interpretation.
Values of Public Craftsmanship: The Mismatch Between Street-Level Ideals and Institutional Facilitation in the Prison Sector
Authors: Paanakker Hester L.
Published: July 2019

Public craftsmanship, as the normative prescription of a myriad of public values, is receiving renewed attention. This study aims at empirical insight into how such abstract principles acquire practical meaning in specific professional settings, and how they are practically facilitated on the shop floor. We use an explorative case study among Dutch prison professionals ( N = 32) to contrast perceptions of ideal values and practices with perceptions of institutional facilitation at street level. In the case of prison officers, the institutional context of the prison was found to substantially restrain rather than support the ideals that professionals attach to good street-level craftsmanship. The study’s theoretical contribution is to show craftsmanship as uniquely localizing the normative underpinnings of good work. Empirically, the findings show how an unyielding neoliberalist administrative practice can hamper the potential of public craftsmanship and is likely to have negative impact on staff commitment and successful public service delivery. We end with implications for the further examination and development of public craftsmanship in public administration theory and practice.
The C.O.N. Apparatus
Authors: Houghton I. T.
Published: July 2019

The C.O.N. apparatus developed in the late 1950s utilised a non-explosive mixture of cyclopropane, nitrogen and oxygen. Its development is described.
The Marrett Apparatus: Is Hospital Anaesthetic Equipment Compatible with Field Use?
Authors: Houghton I. T.
Published: July 2019

Major Rex Marrett in 1945 was commissioned to design an anaesthetic apparatus for field use to replace the Field Pattern Boyle's apparatus in use during the Second World War. His design was both elegant and avant garde and was capable of being used with all agents and circuitry then in current use. It was an economical machine with vaporizer in circle and carbon dioxide absorption as its chief mode of operation. The equipment and its later developments are described. Eventually the desire for knowing volatile agent concentrations led to its decline with production ceasing in 1976.
Observational, open-label, non-randomized study on the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of nummular headache: The pre-numabot study
Authors: García-Azorín David , Trigo-López Javier , Sierra Álvaro , Blanco-García Laura , Martínez-Pías Enrique , Martínez Blanca , Talavera Blanca , Guerrero Ángel L
Published: July 2019

Background

Nummular headache is a primary headache characterised by superficial, coin-shaped pain. Superficial sensory fibre dysfunction might be involved in its pathophysiology. Considering the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA, it could be a reasonable option in treatment of nummular headache. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA in a series of nummular headache patients.

Patients and methods

This was an observational, prospective, non-randomized and open-label study. Nummular headache patients with at least 10 headache days in three preceding months were included. They were administered 25 units of onabotulinumtoxinA. The primary endpoint was the decrease of headache days per month, evaluated between weeks 20 to 24, compared with baseline. The secondary endpoints included reduction of intense headache days and acute treatment days evaluated between weeks 20–24 and weeks 8–12, compared with baseline. The 30%, 50% and 75% responder rates were determined, and tolerability described.

Results

We included 53 patients, 67.9% females, with a median age of 54 years. Preventive treatment had been used previously in 60.4% of patients. The median diameter of the nummular headache was 5 cm. At baseline, the number of headache days per month was 24.5 (7.3); the number of intense headache days was 12.5 (10.1), and the number of acute treatment days was 12.8 (7.8). After onabotulinumtoxinA, the mean number of headache days per month decreased to 6.9 (9.3) between weeks 20 and 24 ( p < 0.001). Secondary endpoints concerning intense headache days per month and acute treatment days per month were also statistically significant ( p < 0.001). The 50% responder rate, evaluated between weeks 20 and 24, was 77.4% and the 75% responder rate was 52.8%. Concerning tolerability, 26 patients (49.1%) experienced an adverse event (AE), the commonest being injection-site pain in 12 cases (22.6%). There were no moderate or severe AEs.

Conclusion

It was found that after injecting onabotulinumtoxinA, the number of headache days per month was reduced in nummular headache patients. The number of intense headache days per month and acute treatment days were also lowered. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment.
Food Insecurity in Portugal Among Middle- and Older-Aged Adults at a Time of Economic Crisis Recovery: Prevalence and Determinants
Authors: Maia Isabel , Monjardino Teresa , Frias Brenda , Canhão Helena , Cunha Branco Jaime , Lucas Raquel , Santos Ana Cristina
Published: July 2019

Background:

To characterize the scenario of food insecurity in Portugal at a time of economic crisis recovery is of the utmost relevance.

Objective:

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and to identify the determinants of food insecurity during economic crisis recovery in a population-based urban sample of middle- and older-aged Portuguese adults.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study including 604 participants of the EPIPorto cohort was conducted. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and on food security status were collected. Food security status was assessed using the US Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Logistic regression models, crude and adjusted for sex, age, education, and household income perception, were performed.

Results:

The prevalence of food insecurity was 16.6%. Women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-3.54), those less educated (OR = 5.46; 95% CI: 2.84-10.46), and those who had the perception of an insufficient household income (OR = 10.39; 95% CI: 5.00-21.56) were more likely to belong to a food insecure household. Unmarried individuals (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.05-3.06) and lower white-collar workers (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.03-4.77) were also more prone to live within a food insecure household, regardless of sex, age, education, and household income perception.

Conclusions:

The obtained information is valuable for the development of intervention strategies to reduce food insecurity in middle- and older-aged adults, suggesting that women, unmarried, less educated individuals, less skilled workers, and lower income families should be targeted.
Scenario-based Group Usability Testing as a Mixed Methods Approach to the Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Virtual Learning Environments
Authors: Granić Andrina , Nakić Jelena , Marangunić Nikola
Published: July 2019

Although virtual reality became popular technology whose application is recognized in various domains, the field generally still lacks a widespread culture of usability. This is also evident when considering environments intended for learning, specifically virtual learning environments (VLEs). According to our findings, it is clear that there is a growing need for systematic evaluation approach to help with the design and development of usable learner-centered VLE solutions. After comprehensive introductory background and state of the art in the field, this article provides an insight into Scenario-based Group Usability Testing (ScerGUT), a mixed methods approach to the evaluation of three-dimensional VLEs which integrates several different methods of usability testing with measurements of educational value. While the majority of the existing work has made use of usually one single usability assessment technique, ScerGUT employs a number of methods putting in focus users and user testing. To examine efficiency and applicability of the approach, empirical validation is conducted as a case study of particular VLE. The contribution of the article is twofold: (a) ScerGUT as a mixed methods approach to the evaluation of VLEs, which brings new scientific value and could help other researchers and (b) ScerGUT’s application to a particular VLE, which brings quantitative and qualitative results, thus providing an insight into ease of use and educational value of specific VLE.
Does Government Funding Make Nonprofits Administratively Inefficient? Revisiting the Link
Authors: Lu Jiahuan , Zhao Jianzhi
Published: July 2019

There is widespread concern that government funding bureaucratizes nonprofits and causes them to be administratively inefficient. This study brings together contrasting streams of literature and hypothesizes a curvilinear relationship between government funding and nonprofits’ administrative efficiency. Using a longitudinal dataset of U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-registered nonprofits, we find evidence for this nonlinear effect. In particular, as the proportion of a nonprofit’s government funding increases, its reported administrative expense ratio will initially increase, but after the proportion reaches one third to two thirds of total revenue (depending on the estimation strategy used), further increases in government funding reduce the reported administrative expense ratio. Nonprofits may maintain a favorable level of operating efficiency with either a low level or a high level of dependence on government funding. Our work adds to the literature on government–nonprofit funding relationship and offers practical implications for nonprofit management.
The East’s Eastern Front: The Ottoman–Russian Clash in the Great War and Its Legacies
Authors: Reynolds Michael A.
Published: July 2019

This article provides an overview of the neglected Caucasian front of the First World War and explores its impact on the overall course of the war and its legacy for the Middle East and Eurasia. By unexpectedly prolonging hostilities and leading the Russian empire to overextend itself, the conflict with the Ottoman empire contributed critically to Russia’s revolutionary crisis and collapse and thereby altered decisively the fate of the Middle East and Eurasia. The article places the Ottoman–Russian conflict in the context of the relentless growth of Western European military and economic might from the eighteenth century onward.
The First Resisters: Tracing Three Dutchmen from the Spanish Trenches to the Second World War, 1936–1945
Authors: Kruizinga Samuël
Published: July 2019

About 700 Dutchmen joined the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) to fight Franco specifically and fascism generally. After 1945, both surviving veterans and those writing their histories agreed that after their return, they continued their fight against fascism in Nazi-occupied Holland. This article presents a microhistory of the trajectory of three Dutchmen, and finds the links between Spain and resistance in these three cases neither obvious nor very strong. In doing so, this article highlights not only the wide varieties of anti-fascist experiences, but also emphasizes the twists in turns in how these were subsequently refashioned.
Assertion, Negotiation and Subjugation of Identity: Understanding the Tamil-Malayali Conflict in Munnar
Authors: Shyam Hari P.
Published: July 2019

Social identities play a critical role in the various phases of conflict. Existing literature often examines the role of social identity of groups in inducing conflict in heterogeneous societies. This article puts forward the view that the role of identity is not limited in terms of inducing conflict, but it also plays a vital role in influencing the dynamics of conflict. Based on this conceptual framework, the article outlines the conflict dynamics observable in the Kannan Devan Hills village in Kerala, where several factors, over the course of time in the last century, have led to the perception of conflict between the Tamils and the Malayalis. As a major objective, the article identifies the issues and processes of social interaction between the two groups that necessarily influence the nature of the conflict. The article identifies that the conflict between the two communities, though mostly latent, can be seen through three important aspects: assertion, negotiation and subjugation of identities. Through assertion of identity, the conflict is perceived over ethnic lines, whereas the process of negotiation and subjugation of identity constantly undermines the ethnic nature of conflict to specific grievances, thus giving insight into the dynamic nature of the conflict.
Tool for the Meaningful Consideration of Language Barriers in Qualitative Health Research
Authors: Premji Stephanie , Kosny Agnieszka , Yanar Basak , Begum Momtaz
Published: July 2019

Individuals who experience language barriers are largely excluded as participants from health research, resulting in gaps in knowledge that have implications for the development of equitable policies, tools, and strategies. Drawing on the existing literature and on their collective experience conducting occupational health research in contexts of language barriers, the authors propose a tool to assist qualitative researchers and representatives from funding agencies and ethics review boards with the meaningful consideration of language barriers in research. There remain gaps and debates with respect to the relevant ethical and methodological guidance set forth by funding agencies and institutions and proposed in the scientific literature. This article adds to knowledge in this area by contributing our experiences, observations, and recommendations, including around the issue of conducting research in contexts of more or less linguistic diversity.
Storytelling to Capture the Health Care Perspective of People Who Are Homeless
Authors: Moore-Nadler Margaret , Clanton Clista , Roussel Linda
Published: July 2019

Utilizing a hermeneutic philosophical approach, the researchers explored the perceptions and experiences of people who are homeless in Mobile, Alabama, receiving health care and interacting with health care providers. Using the voice of the participants, discussions among the researchers, and supporting literature reinforcing key concepts, a framework was created illustrating the lived experience. The following themes were identified: social determinants of health, compromised systems, professionalism, dehumanization, engagement, and downward trajectory. The experiences described and themes identified indicate a breakdown in therapeutic relationships between homeless individuals and health care providers, contributing to the continuing destabilization common in this population.
The Art of Living With Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Miller Vivian J. , Nahar Shamsun , Praetorius Regina , Rivedal Joshua
Published: July 2019

Chronic health conditions are often accompanied by depression and a decrease in quality of life. This greatly complicates treatment and affects treatment outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze previously published stories of 10 survivors of chronic diseases and depression, using content analysis, to answer the following question: What can be learned from the experiences of the storytellers bereaved by the burden of chronic health conditions? A trajectory with four phases emerged from the analysis of theses survivors’ stories: (1) First Impressions, (2) Turning Point, (3) Resiliency … Limitation as an Opportunity, and (4) Paying It Forward. The explored trajectory represented the different stages of personalized experiences with chronic health conditions from initial diagnosis to completion of treatment. Persons diagnosed with chronic health conditions and co-occurring depression find happiness, joy, and freedom if they have adequate support systems, practice creatively unloading their trials, and make time for the opportunity to assist and be of service to others in similar situations. Implications of this study include that the trajectory identified will be a useful guide for professionals and paraprofessionals including those in health care and mental health care, as well as volunteers, friends, and family in working with persons who have co-occurring depression and chronic diseases.
Corporate Environmental Disclosure Practices in Different National Contexts: The Influence of Cultural Dimensions
Authors: Pucheta-Martínez María Consuelo , Gallego-Álvarez Isabel
Published: July 2019

The influence of different national contexts, including the effects of cultural environments, on corporate environmental disclosure practices has yet to be properly addressed in the literature. The purpose of this research is, therefore, to analyse how cultural factors affect the environmental disclosure practices of companies in different countries. This research is supported by the diversity of cultures across countries. Given that a cultural framework prompts different organisational actions and strategies, the question to be answered through this research is as follows: How do cultural aspects affect corporate environmental disclosure? Cultural factors are precisely those that can explain similarities and differences between stakeholders’ actions and preferences. The sample used in this research comprises companies in 28 countries and 9 economic sectors for the period 2004 to 2015. Our main findings show that companies operating in countries with individualist, masculine and indulgent cultures are less likely to disclose environmental information. Contrary to our predictions, cultures with a long-term orientation also discourage the reporting of environmental information, while uncertainty avoidance contexts tend to promote more environmental reporting.
Chemotherapy Resistance in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Pokhriyal Ruchika , Hariprasad Roopa , Kumar Lalit , Hariprasad Gururao
Published: July 2019

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common gynaecologic malignancy seen in women. Majority of the patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at the advanced stage making prognosis poor. The standard management of advanced ovarian cancer includes tumour debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. Various types of chemotherapeutic regimens have been used to treat advanced ovarian cancer, but the most promising and the currently used standard first-line treatment is carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite improved clinical response and survival to this combination of chemotherapy, numerous patients either undergo relapse or succumb to the disease as a result of chemotherapy resistance. To understand this phenomenon at a cellular level, various macromolecules such as DNA, messenger RNA and proteins have been developed as biomarkers for chemotherapy response. This review comprehensively summarizes the problem that pertains to chemotherapy resistance in advanced ovarian cancer and provides a good overview of the various biomarkers that have been developed in this field.
Cultural spaces of popularized psychological knowledge: Attachment parenting in Turkey
Authors: Sieben Anna , Gürcüoğlu Ayşe Yıldırır
Published: July 2019

The psychological concept of attachment is constantly evolving. Approximately 70 years after attachment theory was first introduced by John Bowlby in the late 1940s, the notion of attachment is still in flux with continually changing ideas of what it means to be a good parent. One path along which attachment as a concept is moving from academia to everyday life is the philosophy of attachment parenting which was first established in the US by William and Martha Sears. Ideas about attachment theory and attachment parenting are frequently accompanied by critical comments on “Western” cultures. This critical perspective on modernity, individualism, and autonomy is portrayed in the first part of this article. The second part traces attachment as a concept transferred to Turkey. Rather than studying academic work on attachment in Turkey, this article focuses on popularized versions of attachment theory which gain ground as part of the parenting philosophy of attachment parenting. This article analyzes parents’ blogs, websites, self-help books, fieldwork protocols, and interviews with parenting trainers and parents themselves. It focuses on how popular scientific use of attachment parenting in Turkey is accompanied by discussions of cultural identity, cultural values, and belonging. The article shows that attachment theory and parenting are used in quite diverse ways to comment on Turkish (parenting) culture, ranging from anglophile readings to more conservative appropriations of attachment theory as Anatolian education. These forms of popularizing attachment theory challenge the sociological concept of psychologization.
Shaking table tests of a single-span freestanding rocking bridge for seismic resilience and isolation
Authors: Du Xiu-Li , Zhou Yu-Long , Han Qiang , Jia Zhen-Lei
Published: July 2019

Rocking philosophy has advantages to maintain a preferable post-earthquake serviceability as an alternative of seismic resistant systems. This article presents an experimental study on the seismic behavior of a rocking bridge with freestanding columns capped with a freely supported deck. A 1/10 scaled, single-span double-column freestanding bridge was constructed and tested on a shaking table. The experimental results showed that the bridge model could undergo large rocking with enough stability under earthquakes and presented excellent post-earthquake resilience after earthquakes with limited damage and negligible residual displacement. The rocking bridge model also exhibited expected isolation efficiency, which increases as the level of excitations becomes more severe. In addition, an analytical model based on multi-block rocking mechanisms was used to calculate the displacement response. Compared with the experimental results, this analytical model well predicts the peak displacement of the rocking bridge model.
Outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical coastal tourist resort in Haikou, China
Authors: Shang Chunjing , Huang Xinyu , Zhang Yufeng , Chen Maoquan
Published: July 2019

Considering the importance of thermal comfort in decision-making in tourism, a transverse study involving micrometeorological measurements and questionnaires was performed at a popular coastal destination during the seasons of spring, autumn and winter. We examined the thermal sensation and thermal acceptability using the physiological equivalent temperature (PET). The results indicate that tourists’ thermal sensations varied with the season and the neutral PETs were 19.2°C, 23.8°C and 23.3°C in winter, spring and autumn. The 90% acceptable ranges of the PET affected by the local climate were 19.6–29.5°C during the entire three-season survey period, 21.4–27.1°C in the spring, 19.2–32°C in the autumn and more than 15.9°C in the winter. The analysis of microclimate parameters that affect thermal comfort in three seasons reveals that people expected weaker solar radiation, stronger wind and lower humidity with the air temperature rising, and vice versa. The acceptable range of wind speed was 0.6–2.5 m/s in winter, 0.6–3.5 m/s in spring and autumn. The acceptable range of solar radiation was 0–150 W/m2 in autumn and 0–250 W/m2 in winter. These findings contribute to the better designs for coastal facilities and the thermal comfort of tropical areas.
What do elderly problem drinkers aim for? Choice of goal for treatment among elderly treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients
Authors: Emiliussen Jakob , Andersen Kjeld , Nielsen Anette Søgaard , Braun Barbara , Bilberg Randi
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The patient’s free choice of treatment goals for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is predictive for treatment outcome. Presently there is limited knowledge of whether the age at onset of AUD influences the choice of goal for treatment. The present study investigates whether there are differences in choice of treatment goal between patients with very late onset alcohol use disorder (VLO AUD ≥ 60 years) and those having early or mid-age onset of AUD (EMO AUD < 60 years).

Method:

Participants were 341 persons, voluntarily enrolled in the Elderly Study, who were seeking treatment for AUD in outpatient centres for alcohol treatment in Denmark. Data regarding thoughts about abstinence, alcohol use in the last 90 days, motivation for treatment and psychiatric diagnosis were collected via questionnaires. A logistics regression was used to analyse the data.

Results:

32.1% of the participants with VLO AUD chose temporary abstinence goals, compared to 18.2% of the patients with earlier-onset AUD ( p = 0.024). Further, 10.7% of participants with VLO AUD chose total abstinence goals compared to 31.3% of participants with early or mid-age onset AUD ( p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

There are significant differences in choice of goal between participants with very late onset AUD and early or mid-age onset AUD. Individuals with very late onset alcohol use disorder tend to choose temporary abstinence over any other treatment goal whereas, in general, individuals with early onset alcohol use disorder choose permanent abstinence over other treatment goals.
On the use of abstractions in sociology: The classics and beyond
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: July 2019

This article is exploratory in nature and attempts to address the following two questions: What is the role of abstractions in sociology? and How can you learn to become better at using them? Noting that there exists next to no literature in sociology on the topic of abstraction, a presentation is first made of two statements on this subject by Durkheim and Weber. Their content can be summarized as follows: abstractions are produced through isolation and generalization. Durkheim and Weber, like other sociologists, do not, however, address the issue of the general nature of abstraction, and for this, some ideas by Charles S. Peirce and Alfred North Whitehead are brought in. They suggest that an abstraction is characterized by the fact that its nature is derived from the reality of another phenomenon. The consequences of this view for sociology are discussed. The article ends with an attempt to show what a practical definition of abstraction would look like, in which the focus is on how to construct and use an abstraction, rather than on just define it in a formal manner.
Reproductive Success, Relationship Orientation, and Sexual Behavior in Heterosexuals: Relationship With Chronotype, Sleep, and Sex
Authors: Kasaeian Ali , Weidenauer Corina , Hautzinger Martin , Randler Christoph
Published: July 2019

Following previous studies, chronotype was related to sexual attitudes and behavior. Evening people tend to be more promiscuous and follow short-term mating strategies and extra-pair matings (EPM), which might lead to a higher reproductive success. In this study, one aim was to assess reproductive success directly by asking for children, and, second, to obtain a higher sample size for the analysis of sexual behavior and chronotype than in previous studies. N = 1,843 heterosexual persons (551 men, 1,288 women, 4 without data) responded to our online survey. Five hundred fifty-nine persons were single and 1,281 in a relationship; 203 reported having children (1.9 ± 0.81). Age was positively related and age at first intercourse was negatively related to the number of children. People being later chronotypes had fewer children, and shorter sleep duration was linked with more children. Extroversion was correlated with number of children, as was the long-term relationship orientation. Sociosexual orientation and EPM were unrelated to number of children. Age at first intercourse was earlier in evening people, and unrestricted sociosexuality was higher in late chronotypes. Morning orientation correlated with long-term relationship orientation and eveningness with short-term relationship orientation. Number of sexual partners was lower in morning people. Men were more evening oriented, later chronotypes, and slept shorter. There were no differences in sociosexual behavior, but men were less restricted in attitude and desire. Men scored higher on short-term relationship orientation and women higher on long-term relationship orientation. This study confirmed previous results about chronotype and sexual behavior but provided the first evidence that morningness was related to higher reproductive success.
Pictures of Research and Teaching in Psychology: A Comparison of Early-Career Academics' and Students' Perspectives
Authors: Hillbrink Alessa , Jucks Regina
Published: July 2019

An academic career in psychology typically begins with a role reversal: young academics, who were only recently being taught, become doctoral researchers and teachers. Studies at two German universities provide insights into how students and early-career academics (ecas) in psychology view research and teaching and how their perspectives might differ due to changed roles. In Study 1, participants ( n = 35 ecas and n = 26 students) rated the appropriateness of pictures for illustrating teaching or research. Study 2 ( n = 25 ecas and n = 42 students) reassessed typicality judgements and collected open statements for the 10 most representative pictures from study 1. Five pictures for research and teaching each illustrate how the discipline is seen by students and doctoral academics. The views of the groups differed in two regards: in how independent research and teaching situations were seen, with students treating them as more integrated than early-career academics; and in the perspective from which comments were given, with students reacting from a learner's perspective and early-career academics reacting mainly from a teacher's perspective. Findings implicate that roles shape how one views research and teaching. The pictures are valuable to the research community and applicable in teaching and academic development.
Ischemic Toe Ulceration Due to Foreign Body Embolus From Hydrophilic Polymer-Coated Intravascular Device
Authors: French Bryce , Ranguelov Rostislav , Johansen Kaj , Tan Swee Lian
Published: July 2019

Hydrophilic polymer coatings are now widely applied to catheters and other intravascular devices used in neurovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular procedures. Emboli consisting of these materials have been previously identified in biopsies and autopsies following pulmonary infarction, stroke, gangrene, or death. We report a case involving a nonhealing foot ulcer that appeared following cardiac catheterization, stenting, and automatic implanted cardiac defibrillator (AICD) implantation in a patient without other evidence of significant peripheral artery disease. An 85-year-old woman with chronic atrial fibrillation, aortic valve stenosis, and coronary artery disease underwent coronary stenting and AICD implantation for ventricular tachycardia and syncope. She developed a toe ulcer shortly thereafter, which did not respond to standard treatment. A histological examination following amputation of the toe found amorphous basophilic material in capillaries adjacent to the edge of the ulcer, which was similar to material associated with hydrophilic polymer coatings. Ischemia and infarcts following endovascular procedures should not be presumed to result from thrombus or vascular disease, even if intravascular devices appear intact or properly placed after the procedure. To help establish the incidence of ischemia caused by hydrophilic polymer device coatings, if excision of ischemic or infarcted tissue after endovascular procedures using coated devices becomes necessary, the tissue should be evaluated microscopically. Surgeons should also consider the tolerance of distal organs to infarct or ischemia when selecting coated intravascular devices.
Interviewing a Person with Bipolar Disorder Under Involuntary Commitment: A Case Report
Authors: Gather Jakov , Kalagi Janice , Otte Ina , Juckel Georg
Published: July 2019

In this case report, we report an ethical problem that we faced in the course of an interview study on open-door policies in psychiatry with persons under involuntary commitment. One of the interviewees was a young woman with bipolar disorder who was under involuntary commitment at the time of the interview. While the woman had been assessed as competent and gave informed consent to research participation, her manic symptoms increased when the interview became increasingly distressing for her. Because of this, we decided to break off the interview and resume it at a later point of time. Within the research team, we raised the following ethical questions: (1) Was the participant, contrary to the initial assessment, unable to give consent for the study? (2) Was the voluntariness of her research participation compromised by her manic symptoms and involuntary commitment? (3) Should the participant have been excluded from the study against her expressed wish? (4) Should we have refrained from interviewing persons who were still under involuntary commitment?
Establishing Competencies for Physicians Who Specialize in the Practice of Lifestyle Medicine
Authors: Kelly John , Karlsen Micaela Cook , Lianov Liana
Published: July 2019

Purpose: This activity by the Expert Lifestyle Medicine Panel (ELMP) proposes a set of competencies for providers who specialize in the practice of lifestyle medicine (LM), focused on intensive therapeutic lifestyle change. Methods: ELMP invited a core consensus group consisting of 13 providers who specialize in LM and key stakeholders to develop, by consensus, a set of competencies for those specializing in the practice of LM based on the LM core competencies for primary care physicians published in 2010. Two ELMP members (JK and MCK) facilitated and moderated the consensus process conducted by email and teleconference. The competencies were emailed to the consensus group for comment and revision and, through an iterative process, full consensus was reached by the 13-member group. Competencies were organized into the 6 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Medical Specialties (ACGME/ABMS) categories. Results: The final set of competencies consist of 34 competencies in the 6 ACGME/ABMS categories. Conclusion: This new set of competencies will provide guidance for the education, certification, and practice of lifestyle medicine by physicians and other health providers who specialize in the practice of intensive lifestyle medicine treatment.
Handling “Hot Potatoes”: Ethical, Legal, Safeguarding, and Political Quandaries of Researching Drug-Using Offenders
Authors: Love Beverly , Vetere Arlene , Davis Paul
Published: July 2019

Conducting qualitative field research involving drug users within a politicized criminal justice setting presents a unique set of ethical, legal, and safeguarding concerns and quandaries for researchers. There is a paucity of qualitative research with community-based drug-using offenders who form part of the UK Government (England and Wales) criminal justice strategies (Senker and Green; Hucklesby and Wincup). Hodgson, Parker, and Seddon highlighted this group as an emerging study population. This article aims to provide a more recent contribution covering the difficulties of accessing and researching with a hard to reach and politicized criminal justice drug-using population, such as risks of re-traumatization, risk assessment, safeguarding, criminal disclosure, and personal safety. The first author reflects on her research from her own unique political position as a policy advisor to the UK Government on criminal justice drug policy, with a view to providing recommendations for research with a hard to reach and hidden population who represent a marginalized group. The combination of reflexivity in research and the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis as a research methodology proved helpful in addressing and overcoming some of these ethical, political, and other quandaries.
Generic drugs, a need to the public: USA and India – Government plans to reduce the price of abbreviated new drug application and list of generic drugs approved in year 2018
Authors: Martin Russell , Bahmani Kavita
Published: July 2019

Health is the prime component for every person, and in the world, there are different traditions that have their own approaches to treat and cure illness. The dosage form of the drug may appear different but medically, however, a generic medicament has the same mechanism in the body as that of the costlier brand-name drugs. They acquire the equal active ingredient an have the identical quality asd must pass the same satisfactory standards with respect to manufacturing and packaging of medicaments. The generic medicinal drug beneath the regulation of U.S. Food and Drug Administration must have the equal quality and performance as that of the brand-name drugs. The Food and Drug Administration states: ‘Generics have the identical quality as brand identify drugs’. When a generic drug product is approved, it has met rigorous standards established via the Food and Drug Administration with respect to identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. India started Jan Aushadhi scheme to make quality medicines handy to the shoppers at affordable prices. Given the socio-economic conditions and the level of ignorance and illiteracy with vast disparities of income in the country, the advantage of the scheme can be taken by the consumers or should reach the consumers particularly the poor and the needy, only when a proper multimedia publicity programmed is mounted to educate the consumers of all strata of society. India is still a developing country where quality and inexpensive remedy are still major issues.

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The utility of ‘Ding Ding Lok’ in rehabilitation service for adult persons with intellectual disability: A thematic analysis on reports by service staff
Authors: Hung Ocean Hoi-yeung , Ma Joey Chung-yee
Published: July 2019

This article introduces ‘Ding Ding Lok’ (DDL), a group game especially designed for persons affected by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability and explores its utility in rehabilitation service settings in Hong Kong. Reports from service staff who participated in the pilot project were analysed using thematic analysis. Two key questions were explored: (1) staff members’ perceived benefits of the game for service users and (2) source of enjoyment for staff members in the game process. Results of the thematic analysis generated four themes, including ‘Social Repertoire Expansion’, ‘Exercising Cognitive Abilities’, ‘Leisure & Recreation’ and ‘Personal growth’ for the first question on perceived benefits and five themes including ‘Positive interactions’, ‘Users’ positive feelings’, ‘Increased understanding’, ‘Game design’ and ‘Users’ improvement’ for the second question on source of enjoyment for staff members. On the whole, DDL was perceived to be highly beneficial for the service users and were regarded as very enjoyable to the participating service staff.
A Biosynthetic Numbering System for Diterpene Pyrones
Authors: Al-Khdhairawi Amjad Ayad Qatran , Cordell Geoffrey A. , Weber Jean-Frédéric F. , Nagojappa Narendra Babu Shivanagere
Published: July 2019

Diterpene pyrones, spiroditerpenoids, and brevianes are names given to a series of fungal meroterpenoids that share common structural features and a common biosynthetic pathway elaborated by multiple oxidations, rearrangements, and cyclizations to produce the observed structural diversity. A unifying approach to the numbering of these fungal metabolites, based on a common biosynthetic progenitor, a geranylgeranyl-pyrone hybrid, is presented. This proposal will foster simplicity through a standardized numbering system that can be applied to the known members of this family, as well as to future metabolites.