bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting and Enhancing American Security
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

UNCLOS enhances American security in multiple ways. These include enhanced navigational regimes in the territorial sea, through straits and archipelagoes, and full protection of navigational freedom in the 200-mile economic zone and on the high seas. American security is also enhanced by United States access to the strategic minerals of the deep ocean floor, a massive expansion of United States access to oil, gas and methane hydrates on America’s continental shelf, the ability to block payments from the International Seabed Authority to terrorist states, and a stable legal regime in the oceans to order expectations and manage conflict. Of particular importance, navigational freedom is an essential ingredient for United States naval mobility and international trade. UNCLOS writes this navigational freedom into the legal DNA of the world’s oceans.
Protecting and Enhancing American Business, Jobs, and Tax Revenues
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

The UNCLOS Convention provides a legal regime for the oceans which promotes and protects critical United States business and economic interests. Thus, it protects navigational freedom for United States trade, over 90% of which moves by ship. It protects United States fishermen by providing America with the largest economic zone in the world; an area encompassing the principal coastal stocks of fish off the United States. The UNCLOS economic zone for the United States spans over 13,000 miles of coastline and contains approximately 3.4 million square nautical miles of ocean – an area larger than the land area of all fifty states. This same economic zone also provides a huge area where the United States has exclusive rights to develop new sources of energy from the oceans, such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizing the temperature differential between surface and subsurface oceans strata. The Convention gives American oil companies and the nation access to the oil and gas of the largest continental shelf in the world. And for America’s deep seabed miners the Convention provides the indispensable ingredient for their success, property rights to protect their billion-dollar investment. As the world transitions to electric vehicles the minerals from these deep seabed sites, such as cobalt, will be of critical importance for America to remain competitive. UNCLOS also protects the right to lay and maintain submarine cables which are the backbone of the internet and of American international commerce over the internet.
The Opponents Show Their Colors and America Loses
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter notes that the misrepresentations about UNCLOS, as detailed in the preceding two chapters, charitably suggest an egregious lack of knowledge about the Convention, the law of the sea generally, United States oceans interests, and even the rule of law. The Chapter notes that in addition to specific false and misleading arguments about the Convention, there are three notable absences in the opponent’s overall consideration of the Convention. First, by failing to present any realistic alternatives to serve the United States interests at stake, the opponents virtually ignore that their argument for non-accession will not even serve the principal reasons they identify for opposing the Convention. Second, the opponents make virtually no examination of any cost-benefit overall assessment of the Convention, even if one were to accept their arguments as true, as would be the normal starting point for serious debate. Finally, the opponents virtually ignore the Convention provision, set out in Article 317, as to how easy it is for a party to withdraw from the Convention should any of their imaginary horribles prove real. This Article permits withdrawal simply through “written notification” to take effect one year after receipt of the notification. Moreover, the contractual rights of American seabed miners, obtained while the United States was a party to the Convention, would then be respected even after withdrawal.
Pay Communication
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with a review of the way that pay communication has been conceptualized in the literature, highlighting how conceptual inconsistencies may underlie divergent findings. It then suggests a comprehensive definition of pay communication, as well as a conceptual framework for making sense of this concept’s core dimensions. After exploring factors potentially explaining the variance in pay communication practices across firms, the chapter reviews a variety of theoretical perspectives, such as equity and expectancy theories, that scholars have applied in order to understand how and when pay communication affects key organizational outcomes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how uncertainty management theory and compensation activation theory may serve as integrative frameworks for understanding the consequences of pay transparency.
Pay Transparency and Employee Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the individual-level consequences of pay transparency. Beginning with some of the earliest studies of pay transparency conducted in the 1960s, it first examines how restrictive pay communication policies and practices can impact employee pay perceptions and knowledge and why these effects matter. The chapter then reviews a number of studies exploring the consequences of pay communication on a variety of employee attitudes, such as fairness and trust. Understanding these perceptual and attitudinal effects is important because they provide a better basis for probing how, when, and why pay communication may impact key behavioral outcomes, including employee task and contextual performance, counterproductive work behavior, and ultimately withdrawal behavior (i.e., retention versus turnover).
The Impact of Pay Transparency on the Firm
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines whether, when, and how various pay communication policies and practices impact outcomes of relevance to the organization. Focusing on the human capital implications of pay communication, the chapter examines, for example, how different pay communication practices may affect the firm’s ability to attract and retain key talent. Building on the notion that transparency heightens the socioemotional costs to managers of differentially rating their subordinates’ performance, the chapter then explores the implications of pay transparency for performance management, pay dispersion, and the form in which rewards are distributed. Because all of these effects can have normative implications for the firm, the chapter also examines the ways in which pay communication policies and practices can transform (as well as be reciprocally influenced by) organizational culture and climate. The chapter concludes by discussing the net impact of all of these enterprise-level effects of pay transparency on firm performance.
Employee Pay Disclosure
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on pay communication transparency and specifically on whether, when, and how employees disclose their pay to others. The chapter first explores various forms of employee pay information exchange, including new indirect forms operating via internet-based intermediaries such as Glassdoor, and the prevalence of such behavior. It then discusses the psychological forces potentially motivating individuals to seek out and/or share pay information or to refrain from doing so. Specifically, it reviews research examining (a) individual and situational predictors of relevant employee attitudes or preferences and (b) how these preferences may help explain actual pay solicitation and sharing behavior. Next, the chapter presents empirical findings from a study examining the role of reciprocity and employer restrictions on internet-mediated pay information exchange. It concludes with a discussion of the potential efficacy and impact of pay communication restrictiveness.
Tales from the Trenches
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents three mini-case studies, each representing a different approach to pay communication. The first case describes an Australian information technology company that maintains full and complete pay transparency. The second case is that of Whole Foods, a company which offers substantial, but not full, pay outcome transparency. The third case presents a company adopting a more guarded approach, providing its employees with only partial pay information. Each of these companies offers a unique profile of pay communication practices, driven by its own unique history. For each case, the chapter delineates the factors leading up to the adoption of the pay communication practices currently in place, highlights some of the challenges experienced by managers living with those practices, and, where relevant, discusses the ways in which those responsible for rewards management in these enterprises are thinking about changing their company’s current approach.
Justification of Human Enhancement versus Rationale for Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the relationship between the ethical justification for human enhancement and the type of space mission for which such enhancement might be seriously considered. Three types of space missions such as scientific missions, commercial missions, and the space refuge concept are discussed. Commercial missions are divided into space mining and space tourism. In all cases this chapter assumes, for the sake of argument, that human presence will be necessary for the effective execution of each type of mission. The chapter shows that even for the missions with the seemingly weakest ethical justification, namely commercial missions and especially space tourism, somewhat paradoxically, human enhancement is justified as long as the informed consent criterion is maintained and the principle of autonomy is respected. The main idea of the chapter is the notion that the harsh conditions of the space environment make the concept of human enhancement through gene editing uncontroversial regardless of the type of mission.
Old Issues, New Challenges
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

World War I and the aftermath posed challenges for normal school directrices. Many schools became military hospitals, German occupation caused some displacements, and directrices sought alternate spaces for instruction and housing students. As older directrices retired, 120 new directrices were appointed between 1914 and 1938, among them directrices for normal schools in Alsace-Lorraine, returned to France in 1919. Postwar changes in curriculum and regulations had a somewhat liberating effect. Normal school personnel often supported educational reform efforts for “la nouvelle éducation” and “l’école unique.” Many also remained in feminist organizations, disappointed that French women had not acquired the vote. The professional association of normal school directors became a syndicat. During the 1930s, as internal political divisions intensified, some directrices joined groups opposing rightwing parties. Many educators also embraced pacificism as international tensions heightened. The German defeat of France in 1940 led to the Vichy regime, which planned to abolish normal schools.
Epilogue
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

Nazi Germany’s defeat of France in 1940 led to the collapse of the Third Republic and division of France into a northern zone of Germany occupation and another in the South under the collaborationist Vichy regime. Vichy closed normal schools, deemed too leftist; created professional institutes as replacements; moved many personnel to other posts; and compelled some directrices and professors to retire because of the women’s work law restricting female employment in the public sector. After the liberation, normal schools reopened. Women’s suffrage was introduced, and some directrices active in wartime Resistance assumed local political roles. The Fourth and Fifth Republics’ educational policies altered normal schools’ role in academic preparation. They became coeducational in the 1970s. The Jospin law of 1989 replaced normal schools with university institutes of professional formation (IUFM), subsequently replaced twenty years later. Reforms spurred interest in new publications examining normal schools’ origins and history.
Can Employers Discriminate without Treating Some Employees Worse Than Others?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: May 2023

According to a widespread view, discrimination is comparative in the following sense: for a discriminator to discriminate against a discriminatee, there must be a relevant third party—a “comparator”—whom the discriminator treats better in a similar situation. This view—the Simple View—is naturally associated with relational egalitarianism in that it implies that discrimination involves not relating as equals. However, this chapter argues that the Simple View is false. While the chapter accepts that discrimination is essentially comparative in some less simple way, it is possible to discriminate without treating anyone—actual or hypothetical—better than the discriminatee. Nevertheless, while such non-comparator-involving discrimination seems compatible with individuals relating as equals on a natural understanding of what such a relation involves, it violates the moral impulse behind relational egalitarianism. Accordingly, this chapter proposes a revisionist understanding of that ideal, according to which individuals can relate as equals and nevertheless violate relational egalitarianism. One practical upshot of this claim is that relational egalitarians can be sympathetic to a broader understanding of (wrongful) discrimination than that permitted by the Simple View.
A Cooperative Paradigm of Employment
Authors: Tsuruda Sabine
Published: May 2023

This chapter advances a cooperative paradigm of employment to critique the hierarchical authority structure in the employment relation and to guide reform. It argues that securing social conditions of occupational freedom requires placing the purposes and requirements of a particular job under the joint legal authority of the employee and the employer, and placing broader workplace policies and decisions under the collective legal authority of the employer and affected employees. The hierarchical authority structure in the employment relation is thus not merely problematic when an employer’s authority is arbitrary or insufficiently circumscribed; its very nature precludes employment from being a cooperative enterprise among free and equal persons.
“An Insurmountable Distaste for Work”
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

By the end of the nineteenth century, the Republic had developed a specific approach for dealing with juvenile delinquents. Although the justice system did not charge most young miscreants for their crimes, its judges did institutionalize many young people. To determine whether to institutionalize a young offender, local magistrates relied on the police or employees of the Public Assistance, the city’s welfare agency, to investigate the youth’s family situation and character. This chapter examines the records of these investigations to consider how working-class parents and republican functionaries conceived of juvenile delinquency. As with specialists, both groups defined delinquency as an aversion to work. For parents, a child’s refusal to contribute to the family economy made him or her delinquent. Similarly, the police or Public Assistance investigators recommended institutionalization for children they claimed had indolent tendencies. These archives capture how parents and functionaries used the juvenile justice system and the welfare state to police unproductivity.
Blurred Spaces
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

While child labor laws and vocational training programs standardized the pathway through childhood for boys, this chapter shows that they reinforced the separation between working-class girlhood and boyhood. Even as the Republic placed more regulations on working-class childhood, girls’ path to adulthood remained more fluid. In contrast to their male peers, girls retained a connection to the home and the family, even when they entered the workforce. They could only enter trades that prepared them for their future lives as mothers. The child labor laws only applied to industrial workspaces, leaving many girl workers outside their protections. Many girls also labored in spaces run by religious orders, which initially fell outside of the labor laws. In their gender-specific technical schools or classes, girls learned domestic skills that prepared them for feminine trades or motherhood.
“The Collaboration of the Crowd”
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

This chapter relies on memoirs and postcards to enter the working-class neighborhood and to access how the working classes perceived childhood. It passes through the streets of Paris and working-class homes. Many youths worked in jobs at the periphery of industrial production or ran errands, the types of employment that escaped official notice. Examining these youths at work reveals that the working classes continued to use their own informal measures to evaluate children’s age, gender, or place within a community. Children retained a role within the family economy and their families expected them to labor as soon as they were physically able. The child labor laws merely determined when they could take up compensated work.
Chile’s Shift to the Left and the Rise of Women
Authors: Ramm Alejandra , Gaete José Manuel , Bonich Milena Morales
Published: May 2023

In Chile the experiment shows that candidate gender typically is not a strong component of leadership templates for either male or female participants, yet when gender is significant women candidates are favored (to be a deputy and in feminine policy areas). The study also shows that women are evaluated as capable in masculine policy areas. Coalition, in contrast, regularly has a significant effect on candidate evaluations, and coalitions receive higher scores on policies associated with their issue ownership. Findings that women fit the leader image of Chilean urban young adults are notable given the long history of limited election of women to congress, paired with a woman president for eight years. These findings are also important given the context of political protest in the years surrounding the experiment, with protests often having young women as “on the street” leaders.
Free Will
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Does neuroscience show that free will is an illusion? A number of scientists believe so because it shows that unconscious brain mechanisms control our actions, which leaves us with no real choice. But such skeptical conclusions are not necessarily foisted on us by the science. Free will can exist even if it turns out to be a bit different from what you might expect. Our decisions are driven largely by unconscious forces, but these factors facilitate human agency. To kick off the discussion, the chapter begins with another legal case, one of the first in which brain imaging evidence has successfully reduced the sentence of a defendant in a homicide trial.
Manipulating Brains
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Do brain interventions impair a patient’s autonomy or sense of self? Brain stimulation, neurosurgery, prescription drugs, and other treatments do have risks, including changing one’s identity. However, the frequency of transformative experiences throughout life suggests that the self is quite dynamic and flexible. Nevertheless, risks of adverse events from neuromodulation are concerning given the history of unethical medical procedures in neuroscience, the specter of eugenics, and the overuse of many medical treatments. Threats to the self might be exaggerated, but greater medical humility is warranted all around, especially in brain interventions. A fascinating case of deep brain stimulation sparks these interrelated issues of adverse side effects, patient autonomy, and personal identity.
Addiction
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Is addiction a chronic brain disease? Most health professionals now believe that substance use disorder is a brain disease that greatly inhibits self-control with respect to using drugs (including alcohol). Continuing with our nuanced approach, we see in this chapter that matters are not so simple. Although addiction is certainly a disorder of some sort, it’s not clearly a brain disease that erodes control. The brain mechanisms involved in addiction look to be the same as those involved in more ordinary failures of self-control. The difference is one of degree rather than kind. Our discussion begins with the case of an opioid addict who is punished in a drug court for relapsing.
Moral Judgment
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Should we trust our gut feelings in ethics and politics? Psychopaths’ brain abnormalities dampen moral feelings like compassion and remorse, which might suggest that emotions are generally good moral guides. However, both typical and atypical brains suggest that rational and emotional capacities are entangled. A different concern is that automatic emotions can lead us astray, as when we privilege the needs of the few over the needs of the many (in conflict with utilitarianism). But a careful look at the neuroscience suggests that our gut feelings are not inflexible and unreliable. They are central to healthy forms of learning and understanding that are lacking in extreme cases of psychopathy.
Nuanced Neuroethics
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

In this concluding chapter, we return to the grim case of Kevin’s brain surgery and draw out some general lessons. Each chapter might seem to tackle rather distinct topics, but together they suggest a unified approach to the field. A nuanced approach to neuroethics emerges that reconceives human agency as less conscious and reliable, but more diverse and flexible, than we ordinarily think. An overarching lesson for medicine, law, cognitive science, and public policy is one of cognitive continuity: disordered and neurotypical minds are more alike than they are unalike. By avoiding alarmism and embracing nuance, philosophy and neuroscience can work together to improve the human condition through a better understanding of it.
Time
Authors: Link Nathan
Published: May 2023

Theories of narrative devote much attention to temporal structures, distinguishing between the “time of the thing told” and the “time of the telling.” Chapter 2 investigates the temporal elements of order, duration, and frequency in Handel’s operas, investigating especially the relationship between “clock-time” (the time that passes in the opera house during performance), and “story-time” (the time span represented as passing in the story-world of an opera), illustrating how radically time-structures in opera diverge from those familiar to us in spoken drama. In the process, the chapter shows that the standard description of temporal “jerks and pauses” between recitative and aria is often inaccurate, considering certain instances in which at least some time can clearly be shown to have elapsed during an aria, and others in which the passing of clock- and story-time seems to be nearly equivalent, analyzing both Handel’s scores and modern productions of his operas.
Character
Authors: Link Nathan
Published: May 2023

The most crucial relationship to mimetic storytelling is that between the onstage (or on-screen) actors and the characters they are understood to represent within the story. During a play or film, Laurence Olivier, for example, is Hamlet; Johnny Depp is Captain Jack Sparrow, and so on. In opera seria, however, this correspondence is often strained to the breaking point: many contemporary accounts suggest that it was the singer, not the character represented, that was “most present to the audience’s imagination,” leading to numerous dismissals of the genre as essentially “concerts in costume.” Chapter 4 explores situations in which Handel’s characters indeed do not seem to be envoiced by the actor ostensibly representing them, as well as those in which the opposite situation occurs, and—notwithstanding the opera seria conventions and practices that sometimes sideline a character’s presence—the voice of the dramatic character emerges to the representational foreground.
Enchanted Revolution
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Enchanted Revolution moves religion and gender to center stage in the Chinese Communist revolution. It examines the Communist Party’s first anti-superstition campaign in its wartime headquarters of Yan’an, the holy land of the Maoist revolution. The book argues that religion was not a mere adversary for the revolution; it also served as a model with which the Party mobilized support and constructed legitimacy. In its rise from rural backwaters to national dominance, the Party attacked “superstitions” that had supported the foundations of Chinese religious life. At the same time, Party propaganda co-opted the same religious resources for its own political ends. In this parallel and often paradoxical process, the persuasive power of Party propaganda relied heavily on recasting the cosmic forces of yin and yang that sustained the traditional gender hierarchy and ritual order. Furthermore, revolutionary art and literature revamped old narratives of female ghosts and ritual exorcism to inject the people with a new hegemonic vision of the Party-state endowed with both scientific potency and the heavenly mandate. Gendered language and symbolism in Chinese religion thus remained central to inspire pathos, ethos, and logos for the revolution. The interplay of religion, gender, and revolution holds historical and contemporary significance of the Maoist legacy in contemporary China. It also offers insights into the transformative power of propaganda in global politics.
Model Doctors and the Wonder of Science
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 shows that for the purpose of creating rural prosperity, the CCP waged the anti-shaman campaign as part of a broader public health campaign. Party propaganda established hierarchically ordered gender roles for male and female doctors to oppose shaman healers. The campaigns also showcased the combined power of the Party and science through public exhibitions. In both aspects, the Party deployed religious terminologies to frame the new narratives of model doctors and the wonder of medical science. Furthermore, the CCP government made strenuous efforts to turn traditional temple fairs into new venues of public exhibition in order to advance mass education. Once again, Mao’s mass line politics operated in the transition between new Party initiatives and old religious traditions, with successes and failures.
An Enemy to Rise or an Enemy to Fall
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 studies the anti-shaman campaign and Communist fictional writing in the spirit of Mao’s landmark speeches on art and literature in May 1942. The representative work is Gao Ganda (Uncle Gao), a novel created by the Yan’an-based writer Ouyang Shan (1908–2000). In the novel Ouyang worked within the limits of rich anti-superstition materials in the Party newspaper to make shamans and rural superstition central targets for the rural revolution. He used the final triumph of the novel’s peasant hero to signify the success of the anti-shaman campaign for Yan’an’s cooperative movement and for the prospect of a new peasant life under CCP leadership. However, the clash between the peasant hero and the shaman villains in the novel arrived too late and hence mattered too little for the new revolutionary wars targeting the landlord class after 1946. The obscure history of Uncle Gao reveals propaganda workers’ perplexities with the anti-superstition drive in CCP’s rapidly changing political agendas. In Communist fictional writing, the Yan’an campaign thus presented a rare moment that shamans rose to be the enemy before they quickly fell back to the lesser noticed margins of the revolution.
Dispelling the Negative Perception of the BDSM Community in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: McCormick Tracey L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the organized and established BDSM scene in Johannesburg to scholars of BDSM in the Global North. The chapter provides evidence of consensual, safe, and sane communities that started to hold members-only play parties in public venues from about 2000. The communities are almost exclusively white and male and coalesce around two online forums, Collar Me and FetLife. It is on these forums that members communicate and share educational material and organize members-only play parties in public clubs. That these communities are sexually organized does not mitigate the fact that many of the higher-ranking members are racist and exclude potential Black members for not displaying the correct BDSM etiquette.
Afterword
Authors: Weinberg Thomas S.
Published: May 2023

Highlighting key themes that emerge in the book, along with directions for future research, the afterword reflects on the current and future states of research on BDSM. Reflecting on the range of findings about the role of race in BDSM communities and interactions, the development of knowledge about the healing potential of BDSM, the expansion of studies focused on specific BDSM subcultures, the relationship between BDSM and other aspects of life, the role of representations of BDSM in how both BDSMers and non-BDSMers understand BDSM, and examinations of the ways that particular methodological approaches shape our understanding of BDSM, the afterword identifies commonalities across the diverse topics and methodological approaches in the volume.
Collaboration for Common Goods
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

How do multicultural evangelicals, as opposed to white conservative evangelicals, engage diverse social others across boundaries of race, class, gender, sexuality, politics, and religious difference? With what spirit and purpose do they enter the public arena? And what lessons can they teach us about evangelical Christianity and ethical democracy in America? This chapter presents ethnographic vignettes of multicultural evangelicals in action across the United States (Los Angeles, Portland, Atlanta, and Boston) engaged in faith-based community organizing, community development, political advocacy, and public service. After introducing readers to these organizations and settings, the chapter proceeds to give an overview of the book’s chapters, main arguments, and key concepts.
Engaging Race and Inequality
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 introduces strategic relocation—the intentional, invitation-based practice of moving into disadvantaged contexts in order to live, learn, and participate with residents in projects of social empowerment and transformation—as an example of racial integration of interest to theorists and practitioners of ethical democracy. Drawing on ethnographic, interview, and organizational document data from Atlanta and elsewhere, the chapter investigates the practice of strategic relocation in relation to work and community economic development, housing and gentrification, and education and youth development from the perspective of local residents and strategic relocators alike. It also investigates dynamics of racially integrated workplace and religious organizations, experiences of racial inequity in policing and law enforcement, and other topics. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the benefits, limits, and conditions of strategic relocation—and racial integration more generally—in relation to other interventions for racial justice and democracy in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

The introduction provides an overview of the main themes of the book. It introduces the religious reforms undertaken by Augustus and Emperor Wu, as well as the scope of the study. In particular, the strengths and limitations of the comparative approach are discussed, as are various representative works of the genre. Further limitations of the scope of the book are addressed, including the question of religion in the ancient world and the availability of sources for both early China and Rome. The introduction concludes with chapter outlines which outline the book’s topics and arguments in more detail.
Reshaping Religious Institutions
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

“Reshaping Religious Institutions” looks at the structural and personnel changes made by Emperor Wu and Augustus as they reformed their respective religious institutions. In particular, it finds that both rulers recruited men from outside of the established court elite to serve in their religious institutions and as advisors. Emperor Wu recruited experts in mantic knowledge from far reaches of the empire, while Augustus co-opted loyal followers into the newly revived priestly colleges. In so doing, both rulers surrounded themselves by men who would help them achieve their goals, and weakened the authority in religious affairs of those who had traditionally held it.
Hegel and the Plurality of Legal Standing
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

In Chapter 3 we explore a second key to the synchronic historicism of the German Idealists, which is found in Hegel’s account of the coexistence of different forms of legal responsibility in the Sattelzeit. This key is historicist in two senses. First, the different forms of responsibility and their characteristic successes and failures are related to epochal shifts in the evaluation of action. And second, this account of the coexistence of different forms of responsibility is related to the great German legal reforms of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including the paradigmatic Prussian Allgemeines Landrecht (ALR) (to which we have already seen Kant responding). This chapter takes up Hegel’s theories of legal responsibility against the background of the Prussian ALR and other German legal reforms.
Family
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 focuses on the institution of the family as it was understood by the German Idealists. It reconstructs the debate between the Idealists as a debate between representatives of the different social perspectives first laid out in Section 1.1 and then given more conceptual and action-theoretical structure in Chapters 2 and 3. The chapter begins with another brief historical introduction of both intellectual and social context. The intellectual context is primarily the development of Cameralist thinking in the 18th century in opposition to Aristotelian understandings, which then interacts in complex ways with the social changes brought on by war and modernization in the Sattelzeit.
Conclusion
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

The contemporary relevance of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel is where we least expected it—in fact, where they seem most archaic—because it is where they seem most archaic to us that they were most political, that is, made most contact with the actual problems of state-building and governance. And though their political problems are not our political problems, their encounter with those problems forced them to thematize the relation of philosophy to politics in a way that remains broadly relevant for us today. Rather than seeking to advance or defend any of their positions on any particular institution, I have in this work sought to reconstruct those positions in a way that highlights the provisionality, pluralism, and historicism of those positions. On my view these three features are the crucial theoretical resources that Kant, Fichte, and Hegel have to contribute to our own political theorizing.
Populism and the Here and Now
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: May 2023

This chapter distinguishes populism as a form of democratic government with weak institutions. There are five key mechanisms by which the premises of democratic government clash with populist leaders’ claims of majoritarian legitimacy. These are the longer time horizons and repeat-play incentives of leaders in democracies; fractionated power and cross-institutional constraints present in democracies, which are opposed by populists as rejections of their immediate mandates; intermediary organizations like trade unions and independent media that function as checks on government in democracies but are treated as fighters for the established order by populists; transparent governance, where newly elected populists seek to erode watchdog institutions in democracies to cement their rule; and norms of governance, which provide vital blueprints for democratic governance but fail to provide durable constraints on populists.
Caudillos in Command
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: May 2023

This chapter, seeking entry points to mitigate the threats to democracy posed by populist governance, discusses how elected populists behave in power. The elected autocrats of the last several years typify caudillo command, staking their claim to governance on their charisma and command of the populace and military. One facet of caudillo command is that, rather than altering basic government structures, populist autocrats commit intralegal abuses, wielding legal mechanisms against the opposition to consolidate power—because these often operate short of criminal violations, they are difficult to address. The chapter then turns to corruption. Features of populist rule that regularly invite corruption include short-term politics, the dismantling of intermediary institutions, and the tendency to reward “the people” (with, e.g., pre-election social expenditures) and punish their “enemies” (e.g., by hiking taxes on opposition strongholds). Strengthening anticorruption institutions is thus an important entry point to addressing populist rule’s distortive effects.
Spacepower at War
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

As the Cold War progressed, space technologies became more capable and relevant to non-nuclear wars. This chapter traces U.S. military and intelligence space systems as they became “integrated” with the requirements and platforms of the battlefield to create the modern ways of warfare that we are now accustomed to in the most advanced military forces. It then looks at how the RMA debates on military technology obscured what was going on in spacepower development and military space technologies throughout the 1990s and 2000s. The chapter then moves to Russian and Chinese space-supported military modernization, then discusses the risks involved with using space systems for nuclear and non-nuclear wars, and explores methods of resistance against space-supported military forces.
Conclusions
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

Space technologies and their original sin have played their part in globalizing world politics and economics since the Cold War years. Who gets to control space technologies and where funds are allocated to develop newer technologies influences international relations but also takes place within the anarchy of the state-based international order. This concluding chapter briefly analyzes the conditions of spacepower today and places the material aspects of spacepower in the context of international anarchy. This continues to shape the Global Space Age and will hamper efforts to overcome the original sin of space technology, even as some eyes turn towards the Moon and Mars for humanity’s future in space.
Erdoğan’s War
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey’s pugnacious president, is now the country’s longest-serving leader. On his way to the top, he has fought many wars. This book tells the story of those battles against domestic enemies through the lens of the Syrian conflict, which has become part and parcel of Erdoğan’s fight to remain in power. Turkey expert Gönül Tol traces Erdoğan’s ideological evolution from a conservative democrat to an Islamist and a Turkish nationalist, and explores how this progression has come to shape his Syria policy, changing the course of the war. She paints a vivid picture of the president’s constantly shifting strategy to consolidate his rule, showing that these shifts have transformed Turkey’s role in post-uprising Syria from an advocate of democracy, to a power fanning the flames of civil war, to an occupier. From the first days of Erdoğan’s rule through the failed coup against him, via the Kurdish peace process, the Arab uprisings and the refugee crisis, this compelling, authoritative book tells the story of one man’s quest to remain in power--tying together the fates of two countries, and changing them both forever.
Introduction
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

To many of Erdoğan’s critics, his Islamist ideology has been the chief reason for Turkey’s degeneration into autocracy or its troublesome foreign policy. This chapter argues that Erdoğan is first and foremost a populist. He pairs his populism with different ideologies. Islamism is only one of many factors that have taken Turkey to where it is now, and foreign policy has played a more complicated part in that process than has been accounted for. To Erdoğan, foreign policy has never been primarily about the international pushes and pulls. It has been first and foremost about his domestic strategy to keep his grip on the country. Foreign policy serves as the medium through which his chosen ideology is expressed and reproduced. In other words, foreign policy has helped Erdoğan tell voters what he stands for and how he imagines the national identity. Erdoğan has used foreign policy not only to construct his identity but also as a vehicle to divide and eliminate his rivals and consolidate his base. Thus, foreign policy has been part and parcel of his war against his domestic opponents.
Erdoğan’s Strategy Towards Hegemony
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

The first chapter provides a window into Erdoğan’s strategy toward hegemony from the day he came to power until the Arab uprisings started. It explores how Erdoğan slowly and cautiously eliminated his secularist rivals in the country’s bureaucracy, military, judiciary, and media with the help of a pro-EU agenda and a regional policy advocating "zero problems with neighbors."
Nasty Politics
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas
Published: May 2023

Why do politicians engage in nasty politics against domestic political opponents? Why do they insult them, accuse them of crimes and conspiracies, attempt to intimidate them, encourage violence against them, and in rare cases attack them with physical violence? These are puzzling questions since there is good evidence that voters don’t like it and are concerned nasty politics may trigger political violence. To answer these questions, this book examines nasty politics in the U.S., Ukraine, and Israel and how key leaders such as Trump, Zelensky, and Netanyahu use it. Using surveys, case studies, in-depth interviews, databases of nasty politics, and large social media datasets, the book shows that across all three countries the public generally doesn’t like nasty politics. But it can be a way to signal toughness to voters, which is especially important in threatening times. For politicians, going nasty can also be a way to grab attention. This is particularly helpful for outsider politicians who are looking to disrupt the status quo, opposition politicians trying to make their voice heard, or incumbents losing power. The effects of nasty politics on democracy are mixed. It can be a legitimate tool for the powerless to gain attention. Or it can be a cynical ploy for incumbents to maintain their hold on power. Nasty politics influences the kinds of politicians who run for office, and its repeated use can turn voters off from politics. The potential for actual violence from nasty rhetoric is always lurking in the background.
Global Hero
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the book's topic, summarizes the argument, and discusses its importance. It begins with the onset of Russia's all-out invasion on February 24, 2022, and documents Zelensky's initial reactions and actions to mobilize the nation and the world to save Ukraine. At the same time, it shows how Zelensky's actions were just one part of a larger Ukrainian mobilization. It is shown that much of this came as a surprise to the world due to a number of misconceptions about Ukraine and Ukrainians, most of which could have been avoided had people paid attention to social scientific research on Ukraine. The chapter then explains key social science concepts that shed light on the story, including civic national identity (which we argue underpinned this mass resistance), rallying-around-the-flag, generational effects, and patronalism. The concept of "the Zelensky Effect" is summarized as referring to how Zelensky has both reflected and amplified Ukrainians' senses of civic national identity and civic duty.
Ukraine’s Future History
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter draws larger conclusions from the preceding chapters and discusses what we can say now about Ukraine's future. It examines how Zelensky himself emphasizes the importance of knowing history for best shaping the country's future, and points out that he has helped strengthen Ukrainian civic identity by emphasizing people's common historical experiences as Ukrainian as the core of national identity (more so than any specific language or religion). This vision of identity also does not depend on having an enemy; it is strong and resistant to Russia whether or not Russia is emphasized as the "Other." Zelensky's high wartime popularity cannot be expected to continue even with full victory over Russia, and data reveals that potent domestic rivalries lurk under the surface, ready to reemerge when democratic competition returns in peacetime. These divisions, though, are not "ethnic" or "regional," but instead more akin to partisan differences in many Western democracies. Major threats do exist to Ukraine's democratic future, and these come from both sides (including Zelensky's) in different ways. But so also does victory present major opportunities for a bright and democratic future for Ukraine.
Explaining Jihadi Fratricide
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

To explain intra-Jihadi conflict and fratricide, this chapter presents a typology comprising three distinctive rationales: hegemonist, unitarian, and isolationist. These ideal type rationales describe how Jihadi actors view themselves vis-à-vis competitors and their attitude to internal conflict. In addition, it lays out a set of mechanisms that contributed to conflict eruption and continuation. This includes external military intervention, ideological framing, and socialization to conflict.
Diverging Desires
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the intensification and escalation of the conflict between al-Qaida and the Islamic State through a detailed narration of the transition from discursive contestation to infighting. While al-Qaida on one side attempted to de-escalate tensions, the emerging Islamic State showed no interest in reconciliation and the group's leadership actively sought to provoke conflict as a necessary means to split the Jihadi movement into clearly distinguishable camps. The al-Qaida leadership appeared incapable of reacting to the provocations, instead leaving the responsibility to respond to the Islamic State's accusations to a number of senior, yet independent, Jihadi ideologues.
Outside the Levant
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

Whereas the previous chapters primarily describe events playing out in Syria, this chapter broadens the geographical focus explaining how intra-Jihadi conflict dynamics migrated to a number of other countries including Yemen, the Khorasan region, Sahel, West Africa, and Somalia. In the end, no country with both an al-Qaida and Islamic State presence evaded violent conflict. In describing events in these localities, the chapter not only shows how intra-Jihadi dynamics around the world were deeply affected by events in Syria but also that the conflict cycle in these placed followed a similar pattern known from the Levant.