bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faisalabad histiocytosis mimics Rosai‐Dorfman disease: Brothers with lymphadenopathy, intrauterine fractures, short stature, and sensorineural deafness
Authors: Rossbach Hans‐Christoph , Dalence Carlos , Wynn Tung , Tebbi Cameron
Published: September 2005

Rosai‐Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare, sporadic histiocytic disorder characterized by painless but protracted lymphadenopathy. Its etiology remains unclear. The observation of congenital disease and reports of familial cases with seven pairs of siblings including three sets of identical twins suggests a genetic predisposition in some patients with this condition. We now report two brothers of consanguineous Palestinian parents, whose lymphadenopathy, lymph node histology, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia indicated RDD. The presence of intrauterine fractures, short stature, and sensorineural hearing impairment suggested a rare familial form of the disorder. Moynihan et al. recently described a Pakistani family with a familial histiocytic disorder highly reminiscent of the brothers reported here, whose lymph node morphology was apparently consistent with RDD as well. The presence of sensorineural deafness, short stature, and joint contractures, however, suggested a separate, rare autosomal recessive syndrome referred to as Faisalabad histiocytosis, after the family's place of origin. We believe that the brothers described here represent a second family with Faisalabad histiocytosis, which mimics RDD histologically. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47:629–632. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of proteins expressed by Helicobacter pylori under oxidative stress
Authors: Chuang Ming‐Hong , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Lin Jou‐Town , Chiou Shyh‐Horng
Published: September 2005

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral, slow growing gram‐negative microaerophilic bacterium. It has been shown to be the etiological agent of gastroduodenal diseases, such as chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. To address the influence of oxidative stress and its underlying mechanisms, we have compared proliferation, urease activity and protein expression profile of H. pylori incubated under normal microaerophilic (5% O2) and aerobic stress (20% O2) conditions. Oxidative‐stress cells displayed coccoid morphology and time‐dependent decrease in proliferation. The urease activity was completely abrogated after 32 h. We have further compared the protein expression profiles of H. pylori under normal growing and oxidative‐stress conditions by a global proteomic analysis, which includes high‐resolution 2‐DE followed by MALDI‐TOF‐MS and bioinformatic databases search/peptide‐mass comparison. The results revealed that more than ten proteins were differentially expressed under oxidative stress. Most notably, the protein expression levels of urease accessory protein E (UreE, an essential metallochaperone for urease activity) and alkylhydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) with antioxidant potential are greatly decreased under stress conditions. Measurements of messenger RNA transcription level by performing RT‐PCR on total mRNA also confirmed that gene expressions for these two proteins are consistently repressed under oxygen tension. These changes form a firm basis to account for the loss of urease activity and anti‐oxidative ability of H. pylori after long‐term exposure to reactive oxygen. Conceivably, UreE and AhpC may thus be listed as potential targets for the development of therapeutic drugs against H. pylori.
Plasma membrane‐focused proteomics: Dramatic changes in surface expression during the maturation of human dendritic cells
Authors: Watarai Hiroshi , Hinohara Atsushi , Nagafune Jun , Nakayama Toshinori , Taniguchi Masaru , Yamaguchi Yasunori
Published: September 2005

The differential expression of surface molecules on dendritic cells (DC) reflects their functional differences as immature and mature subsets. It is difficult, however, to characterize differences in surface expression by standard proteomic approaches, due mainly to the hydrophobic nature and low abundance of the individual proteins in question. We have established a method for obtaining high‐yield plasmalemma preparations which contain surface molecules enriched more than 200‐fold by coating cells with beads conjugated with antibody against a cell type‐specific cell‐surface molecule, followed by nitrogen cavitated disruption, magnetic separation, and density gradient ultracentrifugation. We identified and quantified 339 human monocyte‐derived DC transmembrane proteins, including 33 previously uncharacterized molecules. Whereas 106 proteins were selectively expressed in immature cells or down‐regulated after maturation, 191 proteins were selectively expressed in mature cells or up‐regulated after maturation.
Wheat cultivar‐specific proteins in grain revealed by 2‐DE and their application to cultivar identification of flour
Authors: Yahata Eriko , Maruyama‐Funatsuki Wakako , Nishio Zenta , Tabiki Tadashi , Takata Kanenori , Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Tanida Masatoshi , Saruyama Haruo
Published: September 2005

Wheat flour proteins were studied to identify the cultivar‐specific proteins and use them to identify cultivars in flours. Proteins extracted from flours of Japanese wheat (cultivars Hokushin, Horoshirikomugi, Kitanokaori and Kachikei 33) and Canadian wheat (Canada Western Red Spring Wheat No. 1; 1CW) were analyzed by 2‐DE with IEF gels over three pH ranges: pH 4–7, pH 5–8, and pH 6–11. This system enabled detection of more than 1600 protein spots. We recognized that among 50 protein spots showing cultivar‐dependent qualitative changes, 25 proteins were wheat cultivar specific. These 50 protein spots were analyzed by N‐terminal Edman degradation microsequencing and MALDI‐TOF‐MS; 21 protein spots were storage proteins, such as gliadin and low‐molecular mass glutenin subunit. Five protein spots were identified as dehydroascorbate reductase (Triticum aestivum), triticin precursor (T. aestivum), alpha‐amylase inhibitor (Oryza sativa), DNA‐binding with one finger (Dof) zinc family protein (O. sativa), and nonphototropic hypocotyl 1 (NPH1) protein (Avena sativa). The other protein spots appeared to be hypothetical proteins (O. sativa or Arabidopsis thaliana) or functional unknown proteins. These specific proteins can be used as markers to identify wheat cultivars in blended flour composed of two or three flours.
Poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid)–copper(II) and poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid)–cobalt(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, and thermal behavior
Authors: Marambio O. G. , Pizarro G. del C. , Jeria‐Orell M. , Huerta M. , Olea‐Azar Claudio , Habicher W. D.
Published: September 2005

The free‐radical copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide (N‐PhMI) with acrylic acid was studied in the range of 25–75 mol % in the feed. The interactions of these copolymers with Cu(II) and Co(II) ions were investigated as a function of the pH and copolymer composition by the use of the ultrafiltration technique. The maximum retention capacity of the copolymers for Co(II) and Cu(II) ions varied from 200 to 250 mg/g and from 210 to 300 mg/g, respectively. The copolymers and polymer–metal complexes of divalent transition‐metal ions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The thermal behavior was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The TG and DSC measurements showed an increase in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and the thermal stability with an increase in the N‐PhMI concentration in the copolymers. Tg of poly(N‐PhMI‐co‐AA) with copolymer composition 46.5:53.5 mol % was found at 251 °C, and it decreased when the complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) at pHs 3–7 were formed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4933–4941, 2005
Effect of alkyl substituents structures and added ions on the phase transition of polymers and gels prepared from methyl 2‐alkylamidoacrylates
Authors: Mori Takeshi , Hamada Masafumi , Kobayashi Toru , Okamura Hirokazu , Minagawa Keiji , Masuda Seizo , Tanaka Masami
Published: September 2005

The effects of structure alteration of alkyl groups and addition of ions to solutions of new thermosensitive polymer series of poly(methyl 2‐alkylamidoacrylate)s were investigated. Potential advantages of the thermosensitive polymers are their simplicity of functionalization and transition temperature control that result from their unique α,α‐disubstituited structures. Poly(methyl 2‐propionamidoacrylate) (PMPA) and poly(methyl 2‐isobutyracrylate) (PMIBA) were thermosensitive polymers, and poly(methyl 2‐acetamidoacrylate) and poly(methyl 2‐n‐butyramidoacrylate) were completely water‐soluble and ‐insoluble, respectively. The PMIBA solution showed endotherm during the phase transition, while endotherm was not detected for PMPA. The difference between the two polymers resulted from the size of the hydrophobic groups. MPA gel was prepared by copolymerization with N,N′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) and temperature‐induced volume change of the gel was continuous. The salting‐out effect of inorganic ions on PMPA solution and MPA gel followed the Hofmeister series. The inorganic (I− and SCN−) and organic ions (nPr4N+ and nBu4N+), which showed the salting‐in effect, were indicated to directly interact with PMPA chains. These ions widened the temperature range of the phase transition of the PMPA solutions. This reduced cooperativity of the phase transition was caused by size decrease of cooperative domains, which resulted from the interaction of the ions with the polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4942–4952, 2005
Towards a full reference library of MSn spectra. Testing of a library containing 3126 MS2 spectra of 1743 compounds
Authors: Milman Boris L.
Published: September 2005

A library consisting of 3766 MSn spectra of 1743 compounds, including 3126 MS2 spectra acquired mainly using ion trap (IT) and triple‐quadrupole (QqQ) instruments, was composed of numerous collections/sources. Ionization techniques were mainly electrospray ionization and also atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and chemical ionization. The library was tested for the performance in identification of unknowns, and in this context this work is believed to be the largest of all known tests of product‐ion mass spectral libraries. The MS2 spectra of the same compounds from different collections were in turn divided into spectra of ‘unknown’ and reference compounds. For each particular compound, library searches were performed resulting in selection by taking into account the best matches for each spectral collection/source. Within each collection/source, replicate MS2 spectra differed in the collision energy used. Overall, there were up to 950 search results giving the best match factors and their ranks in corresponding hit lists. In general, the correct answers were obtained as the 1st rank in up to 60% of the search results when retrieved with (on average) 2.2 ‘unknown’ and 6.2 reference replicates per compound. With two or more replicates of both ‘unknown’ and reference spectra (the average numbers of replicates were 4.0 and 7.8, respectively), the fraction of correct answers in the 1st rank increased to 77%. This value is close to the performance of established electron ionization mass spectra libraries (up to 79%) found by other workers. The hypothesis that MS2 spectra better match reference spectra acquired using the same type of tandem mass spectrometer (IT or QqQ) was neither strongly proved nor rejected here. The present work shows that MS2 spectral libraries containing sufficiently numerous different entries for each compound are sufficiently efficient for identification of unknowns and suitable for use with different tandem mass spectrometers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategy for distinguishing modified peptides based on post‐digestion 18O labeling and mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Gang , Anderson Vernon E.
Published: September 2005

The simultaneous identification of multiple different protein modifications, with or without known mass changes, is a challenging application of mass spectrometry. In this contribution, a strategy for distinguishing modified peptides within a large background of unmodified peptides was demonstrated by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) analysis of cytochrome c (Cyt‐c) modified with 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), based on post‐digestion 18O labeling. Labeling of control Cyt‐c peptides obtained from in‐solution or in‐gel digestion with 18O, prior to mixing in the ratio of 1:1 with peptides derived from a modified sample, identified more HNE modifications than a method based on a known mass increment search (Isom AL, Barnes S, Wilson L, Kirk M, Coward L, Darley‐Usmar V. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 15: 1136), demonstrating the potential of this strategy to enhance the detection of modified peptides by mass spectrometry. A virtue of the strategy is that it obviates the need for isotopic labeling of the modifier, making the method applicable to the detection of modifications occurring in vivo. Additionally, this technique identified protease auto‐cleavage peptides by their altered mass isotopomer distribution due to incomplete 18O exchange, and modified peptides containing ‘protein carbonyls’ by partial 18O exchange, allowing these peptides to be differentiated during data analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortisol Level and Perinatal Outcome in Pregnant Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study
Authors: Seng Julia S. , Low Lisa Kane , Ben‐Ami Dorit , Liberzon Israel
Published: September 2005

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 12% of women in the United States and could affect childbearing via behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms. This pilot study collected preliminary data about the extent to which the low cortisol profile found in patients with PTSD also occurs in the hormonal context of pregnancy, as well as the association between PTSD and less optimal processes and outcomes of pregnancy. Standardized psychiatric diagnostic telephone interviews, salivary cortisol assays, and medical records review were evaluated in a community sample of 25 women pregnant with their first child. Higher PTSD symptom counts correlated with worse overall perinatal outcomes summarized by an Optimality Index Score (n = 22; r = —.725; P < .001). The women whose symptoms met diagnostic criteria for PTSD or partial PTSD had lower peak basal salivary cortisol concentrations (n = 14; mean = .4584 versus .8123; P = .010). Further research on the effects of PTSD on pregnancy processes and outcomes is warranted. Differences in cortisol levels were consistent with the pattern seen in nonpregnant women with PTSD. This finding suggests that salivary cortisol would be a useful biological measure to include in perinatal research on PTSD and childbearing.
Risks and Protective Factors Associated With Symptoms of Depression in Low‐Income African American and Caucasian Women During Pregnancy
Authors: Jesse D. Elizabeth , Walcott‐McQuigg Jacqueline , Mariella Anne , Swanson Melvin S.
Published: September 2005

This article describes the risks and protective factors for symptoms of depression in pregnancy among low‐income African American and Caucasian women. Data were collected from 130 women who were between 16 and 28 weeks' gestation and enrolled in an urban prenatal clinic. The questionnaires used in the face‐to‐face interviews consisted of sociodemographic items, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP), 3 items from the Jarel Spiritual Well‐Being Scale, the Spiritual Perspective Scale, and 4 items on health risk behaviors. Twenty‐seven percent of the women reported depressive symptoms at levels indicating risk for clinical depression. However, there were no significant differences between African American and Caucasian women. Sociodemographic factors accounted for 13% of the variance (P < .01) in BDI‐II scores. Psychosocial and behavioral risk factors accounted for an additional 19% of the BDI‐II variance (P < .001), and psychosocial and spiritual resources accounted for 7% of the variance (P < .001), resulting in these variables accounting for 54% of the total variance in BDI‐II scores. Higher levels of stress, lower levels of self‐esteem and social support, and higher religiosity had a significant relationship with more symptoms of depression. This supports the need to routinely screen for and to assess factors associated with depressive symptoms in pregnant low‐income women.
Weight Management in Gynecologic Care
Authors: Jevitt Cecilia M.
Published: September 2005

Body mass index (BMI) should be assessed at every health care visit. Overweight and obesity are associated with higher risks of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, irregular ovulation, infertility, and pregnancy and birth complications. Family planning and annual gynecology examinations give primary care providers the opportunity to share basic weight management guidelines with women. Weight management to normalize BMI or reduce overweight and obesity is vital to reduce future comorbidities. This article demonstrates integration of basic weight management into gynecologic care.
the religious roots of modern poverty policy: catholic, lutheran, and reformed protestant traditions compared
Authors: kahl sigrun
Published: September 2005

this paper shows that religion is a basic principle that underlies modern poverty policy. however, it has played out in very different ways in societies according to the relative predominance of catholic, lutheran, and calvinist heritages. though religion is but one explanation for why we deal with the poor as we do today, systematically accounting for denominational differences in poor relief traditions can help to answer a series of otherwise perplexing cross-national differences in poverty policy and enrich existing explanations of the welfare state.
Rheology, force transmission, and shear instabilities in frictional granular media from biaxial numerical tests using the contact dynamics method
Authors: Taboada Alfredo , Chang Kuo‐Jen , Radjaï Farhang , Bouchette Frédéric
Published: September 2005

By means of the contact dynamics discrete element method, we investigate the quasi‐static behavior of granular media composed of rigid frictional particles. Eluding specific modeling of the contact rheology, this method is suitable for numerical simulation of the plastic deformations of granular materials. We studied the macroscopic stress‐strain and volume‐change behavior, as well as force transmission and shear instabilities, in a two‐dimensional biaxial geometry for dense samples composed of 5000 rigid disks. The peak and residual strengths and shear bands were analyzed by varying the confining pressure and the coefficient of friction between particles. The results are consistent with well‐known features of the plasticity of noncohesive granular media. The mechanical behavior is rigid‐plastic governed by a Mohr‐Coulomb yield criterion and showing strain hardening and softening. Conjugated shear bands characterize plastic failure. The volumetric strain is globally dilatant with considerable expansion observed along shear bands. The macroscopic coefficient of friction, determined from peak and residual strengths, increases nonlinearly and saturates to a constant value as a function of contact friction. The strong force chains are mostly parallel to the major principal stress axis, yet deviations are observed near the shear bands. These chains are often composed of particles that are larger than the average. The deviatoric stress shows small fluctuations often in the form of rapid falls that are correlated with tiny contractional events. This behavior is interpreted in terms of the propagation of dynamic shear instabilities along the shear bands, in close analogy with stick‐slip behavior.
Comparisons of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) and Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV/2) ozone profiles and trend estimates
Authors: Nazaryan Hovakim , McCormick M. Patrick
Published: September 2005

The ozone data sets from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II), using its version 6.2 processing code, and the second generation Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV/2) on the NOAA‐11 and NOAA‐16 satellites, using its version 8 processing code, are compared. We study the ozone profiles from these two experiments at near coincident points in time and space. The weighted mean percent differences between ozone profiles from the SAGE II data set and the SBUV/2 data record from the NOAA‐11 and NOAA‐16 satellites are less than 5% and 10%, respectively, at pressure levels from 50 mb to 0.7 mb, with some exceptions. The weighted RMS percent differences between the ozone estimates from the SAGE II experiment and the NOAA‐11 and NOAA‐16 SBUV/2 data records are between 5% and 14%, at pressure levels from 40 mb to 0.7 mb, with few exceptions. We examine the time dependence of the bias between the SAGE II and SBUV/2 measurements and show that the slopes of the time series of differences between the SAGE II ozone data record and the NOAA‐11 and NOAA‐16 SBUV/2 data sets are less than 0.5% per year and 3% per year, respectively, with few exceptions. We also analyze the differences in long‐term changes of ozone, i.e., trends determined from each data set. The bias between ozone trends of SAGE II and SBUV/2 (on NOAA‐11 satellite) is less than 0.5% per year in the majority of latitude bands at the pressure levels 50 mb to 0.5 mb, with some exceptions.
Statistical representation of clouds in a regional model and the impact on the diurnal cycle of convection during Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides (TROCCINOX)
Authors: Chaboureau Jean‐Pierre , Bechtold Peter
Published: September 2005

A statistical cloud parameterization is presented, where in addition to earlier work the subgrid moisture/thermal variability is diagnostically determined as a sum of a turbulent and a convective contribution, the latter being a function of the convective mass flux. It is shown that the inclusion of a convective contribution allows us to reasonably reconstruct the time mean and variability of the variance of the conserved quantities total water and liquid water static energy. Application of the parameterization in a regional model during a 30‐day period of the Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides (TROCCINOX) experiment over southern Brazil demonstrates a clear improvement in the representation of the cloud fields. The subgrid cloud parameterization significantly reduces both the biases and phase between the observed and simulated brightness temperatures in the thermal infrared band and the observed and simulated precipitation intensities, resulting in an improved representation of the diurnal cycle of convection over land. The strong impact on the diurnal cycle is mainly a consequence of reduced surface fluxes due to cloud shading and a change in tropospheric stability due to additional condensation/sublimation.
Solar influence on the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene
Authors: Gupta Anil K. , Das Moumita , Anderson David M.
Published: September 2005

The large (8%) changes in the past seasonal insolation have a well‐documented influence on the Indian summer monsoon. However, the effect of the small (<1%) decade to century scale solar variability is less certain. Evidence is emerging that Earth's climate is sensitive to small changes in solar output on centennial time scale during the Holocene. Comparison of a recently published proxy record for sunspot activity with our newly‐revised higher‐resolution record of the Indian summer monsoon winds reveals multiple intervals of weak summer monsoon during the Holocene at multidecadal to centennial scales. Weak summer monsoon winds correlate with reduced solar output. Our results suggest that small changes in solar irradiance can bring pronounced changes in the tropical monsoon. The multidecade to century scale variations in the monsoon winds were much larger in the early Holocene coincident with increased sunspot numbers.
Thickening of the ice stream catchments feeding the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Joughin Ian , Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: September 2005

Earlier ice‐sheet mass‐balance estimates disagree with satellite‐altimeter‐measured thickening of the catchment area that feeds the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In an effort to reconcile these differences, we generated a new flux‐gate mass‐balance estimate, using improved elevation and velocity data. Our results show a 39 ± 26 Gton/yr thickening, whereas earlier flux‐gate results indicated minor thinning. Our results are consistent with altimeter‐derived estimates of elevation change. This suggests that altimeter‐observed thickening on the East Antarctic plateau may be the result of some combination of a 20th Century accumulation increase and a continuing response to the ∼50% accumulation increase that began in the early Holocene.
Application of the band‐pass covariance technique to portable flux measurements over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Asanuma Jun , Ishikawa Hirohiko , Tamagawa Ichiro , Ma Yaoming , Hayashi Taiichi , Qi Yongqiang , Wang Jiemin
Published: September 2005

Two versions of the band‐pass covariance technique were applied to the turbulence data collected during daytime with a simple and portable measurement system over the sparse grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau. The coherency spectra between the temperature and the specific humidity, which is a spectral counterpart of the correlation coefficient, were used as a dynamic indicator of the energy‐containing ranges as well as that of the sensor attenuation at higher frequencies. The comparison with independent measurements by the eddy covariance method showed that the original version of the band‐pass covariance technique occasionally fails. This indicates breakdowns of the similarity between the temperature and the water vapor, especially in the lowest‐frequency regions. On the other hand, the latent heat flux computed with the advanced version exhibited adequate agreement with the eddy covariance method. This paper demonstrates that the current implementation of the advanced version with the embedded self‐calibration procedure provides a robust method of frequency extrapolation in scalar flux measurements under unstable conditions.
Positive inotropic and lusitropic effects mediatedviathe low‐affinity state ofβ1‐adrenoceptors in pithed rats
Authors: Zakrzeska Agnieszka , Schlicker Eberhard , Kwolek Grzegorz , Kozłowska Hanna , Malinowska Barbara
Published: September 2005

Activation by CGP 12177 and cyanopindolol of the human and rat low‐affinity state ofβ1‐adrenoceptors increases frequency and contractile force and hastens relaxation in isolated cardiac tissues, and probably relaxes isolated vessels. In order to identify the positive inotropic, positive lusitropic and vasodilator effects of both agonists alsoin vivo, we have determined their effects on the left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), the rate of intraventricular pressure rise (+dP dt−1max) and decline (−dP dt−1max), the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the mesenteric blood flow (MBF) in pithed and vagotomized rats.

CGP 12177 (0.1–100 nmol kg−1) and cyanopindolol (1–1000 nmol kg−1) dose‐dependently enhanced all cardiac parameters. The nonselectiveβ‐adrenoceptor antagonist bupranolol 10 μmol kg−1diminished the CGP 12177 (100 nmol kg−1)‐stimulated increases in LVSP from 26.3±8.2 to 13.1±1.8 mmHg (P<0.05), +dP dt−1maxfrom 5287±290 to 2439±296 mmHg s−1(P<0.001) and −dP dt−1maxfrom −3836±301 to −2187±443 mmHg s−1(P<0.05), respectively. Theβ1‐adrenoceptor antagonist CGP 20712A 10 μmol kg−1(known to block the low‐affinity state ofβ1‐adrenoceptors at high doses) inhibited increases in ±dP dt−1maxelicited by the highest dose of CGP 12177.

The highest doses of CGP 12177 and cyanopindolol increased DBP by about 10 mmHg and MBF by 1.4±0.3 and 0.6±0.3 ml min−1, respectively. The vascular effects of CGP 12177 were not affected by bupranolol and CGP 20712A.

In conclusion, activation of the low‐affinity state ofβ1‐adrenoceptors by CGP 12177 and cyanopindolol in pithed rats causes a positive inotropic and lusitropic effect. By contrast, the vascular effects of CGP 12177 and cyanopindolol are not mediated by these receptors and have only marginal influence underin vivoconditions.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2005)146, 760–768. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706382
KMUP‐1 activates BKCa channels in basilar artery myocytes via cyclic nucleotide‐dependent protein kinases
Authors: Wu Bin‐Nan , Tu Hsiao‐Fang , Welsh Donald G , Chen Ing‐Jun
Published: September 2005

This study investigated whether KMUP‐1, a synthetic xanthine‐based derivative, augments the delayed‐rectifier potassium (KDR)‐ or large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated potassium (BKCa) channel activity in rat basilar arteries through protein kinase‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms.

Cerebral smooth muscle cells were enzymatically dissociated from rat basilar arteries. Conventional whole cell, perforated and inside‐out patch‐clamp electrophysiology was used to monitor K+‐ and Ca2+ channel activities.

KMUP‐1 (1 μM) had no effect on the KDR current but dramatically enhanced BKCa channel activity. This increased BKCa current activity was abolished by charybdotoxin (100 nM) and iberiotoxin (100 nM). Like KMUP‐1, the membrane‐permeable analogs of cGMP (8‐Br‐cGMP) and cAMP (8‐Br‐cAMP) enhanced the BKCa current.

BKCa current activation by KMUP‐1 was markedly inhibited by a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ 10 μM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor (SQ 22536 10 μM), competitive antagonists of cGMP and cAMP (Rp‐cGMP, 100 μM and Rp‐cAMP, 100 μM), and cGMP‐ and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase inhibitors (KT5823, 300 nM and KT5720, 300 nM).

Voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ current was significantly suppressed by KMUP‐1 (1 μM), and nearly abolished by a calcium channel blocker (nifedipine, 1 μM).

In conclusion, KMUP‐1 stimulates BKCa currents by enhancing the activity of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase, and in part this is due to increasing cAMP‐dependent protein kinase. Physiologically, this activation would result in the closure of voltage‐dependent calcium channels and the relaxation of cerebral arteries.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 862–871. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706387
Assessment of phenomenological models for viscosity of liquids based on nonequilibrium atomistic simulations of copper
Authors: Xu Peng , Cagin Tahir , Goddard William A.
Published: September 2005

The shear viscosity of liquid copper is studied using nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations under planar shear flow conditions. We examined variation of viscosity as function of shear rate at a range of pressures (ca. 0 – 40 GPa). We analyzed these results using eight different phenomenological models and find that the observed non-Newtonian behavior is best described by the Powell–Eyring (PE) model: η(γ̇)=(η0−η∞)sinh−1(τγ̇)∕(τγ̇)+η∞, where γ̇ is the shear rate. Here η0 (the zero-shear-rate viscosity) extracted from the PE fit is in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The relaxation time τ from the PE fit describes the shear response to an applied stress. This provides the framework for interpreting the shear flow phenomena in complex systems, such as liquid metal and amorphous metal alloys.
Velocity measurements in dry granular avalanches using particle image velocimetry technique and comparison with theoretical predictions
Authors: Pudasaini Shiva P. , Hsiau Shu-San , Wang Yongqi , Hutter Kolumban
Published: September 2005

Velocity and depth are crucial field variables to describe the dynamics of avalanches of sand or soil or snow and to draw conclusions about their flow behavior. In this paper we present new results about velocity measurements in granular laboratory avalanches and their comparison with theoretical predictions. Particle image velocimetry measurement technique is introduced and used to measure the dynamics of the velocity distribution of free surface and unsteady flows of avalanches of non-transparent quartz particles down a curved chute merging into a horizontal plane from initiation to the runout zone. Velocity distributions at the free surface are determined and in one case also at the bottom from below. Also measured is the settlement of the avalanche in the deposit. For the theoretical prediction we consider the model equations proposed by Pudasaini and Hutter [J. Fluid Mech. 495, 193 (2003)]. A nonoscillatory central differencing total variation diminishing scheme is implemented to integrate these model equations. It is demonstrated that the theory, numerics, and experimental observations are in excellent agreement. These results can be applied to estimate impact pressures exerted by avalanches on defence structures and infrastructures along the channel and in runout zones.
Digital field programmable gate array-based lock-in amplifier for high-performance photon counting applications
Authors: Restelli A. , Abbiati R. , Geraci A.
Published: September 2005

In the past few years the availability of low-cost, high-performance digital configurable devices [digital signal processors (DSP) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) above all] has extended the application of digital signal processing to a larger field of instrumentation. In particular, the phase-sensitive detection (PSD) technique, which is at the heart of lock-in amplifiers, substantially benefits from digital implementation, especially by the use of configurable devices, both in terms of architectural efficiency and achievable performance. In this paper we describe the design and realization of a digital lock-in amplifier devoted to high-performance photon counting applications based on a PSD section implemented in a FPGA device. Among the main features of the proposed digital instrument are reconfigurability, a wide range of operative parameters, very large functional performances, and extremely low cost. The prototype has been experimentally tested and the results fully comply with the goal design specifications.
Nonlinear interactions as precursors to mode jumps in resonant acoustics
Authors: Panickar Praveen , Srinivasan K. , Raman Ganesh
Published: September 2005

This paper examines instability mode switching in various supersonic jet configurations that involve resonant acoustics. Resonant acoustics includes situations where flow instabilities are enhanced by feedback. The pressure spectra in such situations are rich in multiple modes, and mode switching can occur rather unpredictably. Our experiments reveal that mode switching and the number of nonlinear interactions are interconnected and this number increases just prior to a mode switch. We quantified nonlinear interactions by counting the number of such interactions occurring over a threshold level in the nonlinear cross-bicoherence spectrum and confirmed that nonlinear interactions are precursors to mode jumps. Further, this result was found to be independent of the threshold level. Moreover, if more than one instability mode coexisted, the decay of one and the persistence of the other caused a similar increase in nonlinearities. On the other hand, if there was no mode switch, the nonlinearities remained at comparable limits over the entire operating range. The latter part of the work focused on why difference interactions significantly outnumbered sum interactions in the spectra of shock-containing resonant flows. Using linear stability calculations it is shown that most of the difference interactions that occurred had a positive spatial growth rate and were, hence, unstable. In contrast, a majority of the sum interactions lay outside the amplified region which indicated that they tend to decay spatially.
Stability and turbulent transport in Taylor–Couette flow from analysis of experimental data
Authors: Dubrulle B. , Dauchot O. , Daviaud F. , Longaretti P.-Y. , Richard D. , Zahn J.-P.
Published: September 2005

This paper provides discussion and prescription about stability and transport in the Taylor–Couette experiment, a rotating shear flow with shear perpendicular to the rotation axis. Such geometry frequently occurs in geophysical or astrophysical context. The prescriptions we obtain are the result of a detailed analysis of the experimental data obtained in several studies of the transition to turbulence and turbulent transport in Taylor–Couette flow. We first introduce a new set of control parameters, based on dynamical rather than geometrical considerations, so that they may be relevant to any rotating shear flows in general and not only to Taylor–Couette flow. We then investigate the transition thresholds in the supercritical and the subcritical regime in order to extract their general dependencies on the control parameters. The inspection of the mean profiles provides us with some general hints on the turbulent to laminar shear ratio. Then the examination of the torque data allows us to propose a decomposition of the torque dependence on the control parameters in two terms, one completely determined by measurements in the case where the outer cylinder is at rest, the other one being a universal function deduced here from experimental fits. As a result, we obtain a general expression for the turbulent viscosity and compare it to existing prescriptions in the literature. Finally, throughout the paper we discuss the influence of additional effects such as stratification or magnetic fields.
Kinetics of ion-induced nucleation in a vapor-gas mixture
Authors: Fisenko Sergey P. , Kane David B. , El-Shall M. Samy
Published: September 2005

A general solution for the steady-state ion-induced nucleation kinetics has been derived, considering the differences between ion-induced nucleation and homogeneous nucleation. This solution includes a new effect for nucleation kinetics, the interaction of charged clusters with vapor molecules. Analytical expressions for the ion-induced nucleation rate have been obtained for the limiting cases of high and low thermodynamic barriers. The physical explanation of the so-called sign effect is proposed based on multipole expansion of an electric field of the cluster ion. This theory gives good agreement with experiments and is used to elucidate experimentally observed phenomena.
Characterization of near-wall accumulation regions for inertial particles in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Picciotto Maurizio , Marchioli Cristian , Soldati Alfredo
Published: September 2005

In this paper, we examine particle distribution in the wall region of turbulent boundary layers, considering specific flow conditions (Reτ=150) and spanning two orders of magnitude of particle inertial parameter—the particle timescale. First, we identify the flow timescales that govern particle distribution, examining the degree of particle preferential concentration and determining the optimum in connection with particle timescale. Second, we identify which of the flow variables may be used to control particle distribution. These are the streamwise and spanwise shear stress components at the wall, which correspond to the only nonvanishing elements of the fluctuating fluid velocity gradient tensor.
The role of rotation in the vibrational relaxation of water by hydrogen molecules
Authors: Faure Alexandre , Wiesenfeld Laurent , Wernli Michael , Valiron Pierre
Published: September 2005

Vibrational relaxation cross sections of the H2O(υ2=1) bending mode by H2 molecules are calculated on a recent high-accuracy ab initio potential-energy surface using quasiclassical trajectory calculations. The role of molecular rotation is investigated at a collisional energy of 3500cm−1 and it is shown that initial rotational excitation significantly enhances the total (rotationally summed) vibrational relaxation cross sections. A strong and complex dependence on the orientation of the water angular momentum is also observed, suggesting the key role played by the asymmetry of water. Despite the intrinsic limitations of classical mechanics, these exploratory results suggest that quantum approximations based on a complete decoupling of rotation and vibration, such as the widely used vibrational close-coupling (rotational) infinite-order-sudden method, would significantly underestimate rovibrationally inelastic cross sections. We also present some rationale for the absence of dynamical chaos in the scattering process.
Creation of a uniform high magnetic-field strength environment for laser-driven experiments
Authors: Courtois C. , Ash A. D. , Chambers D. M. , Grundy R. A. D. , Woolsey N. C.
Published: September 2005

Measurement of magnetic fields generated by a high-energy, high-intensity laser-driven millimeter-scale Helmholtz coil target is reported. The magnetic field is derived from a reverse current that passes through two coils of 1.25-mm radius. A peak field of 7T with a time decay of 17ns is inferred from a series of induction coil measurements when the hot-electron temperature driving the reverse current is approximately ∼15keV. A simple model of the laser-driven Helmholtz coil target suggests how the target should be optimized to produce high-peak fields and indicates that peak magnetic fields above 100T are accessible. This could lead to exciting experiments in laser-plasma physics, in particular, experiments related to laboratory astrophysics.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy measurement of the elastic constants of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine
Authors: Schwarz R. B. , Hooks D. E. , Dick J. J. , Archuleta J. I. , Martinez A. R.
Published: September 2005

We used a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technique to measure the nine independent elastic constants of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine C3H6N6O6 also known by its code designation RDX. The measurements were made on a single crystal grown from acetone containing RDX in solution. The elastic constants in gigapascal units are C11=25.6, C22=21.3, C33=19.0, C23=6.4, C31=5.72, C12=8.67, C44=5.38, C55=4.27, and C66=7.27.
High-throughput resistivity apparatus for thin-film combinatorial libraries
Authors: Hewitt K. C. , Casey P. A. , Sanderson R. J. , White M. A. , Sun R.
Published: September 2005

An apparatus, capable of measuring the dc resistance versus temperature of a 49-member library prepared by thin-film deposition techniques was designed and tested. The library is deposited by dc magnetron sputtering onto 10.16cm×10.16cm alumina substrates on which are placed aluminum masks consisting of 8mm diam holes cut on a 7×7 grid, the center-to-center spacing being 10.15mm. Electrical contact to the library is made in a standard van der Pauw geometry using 196 spring-loaded, gold-coated pins, four pins for each member of the library. The temperature is controlled using a helium refrigerator in combination with a liquid-nitrogen radiation shield that greatly reduces radiative heating of the sample stage. With the radiation shield, the cold finger is able to sustain a minimum temperature of 7K and the sample stage a minimum temperature of 27K. The temperature (27–291K) dependent dc resistivity of a thin-film silver library of varying thickness (48–639nm) is presented to highlight the capabilities of the apparatus. The thickness dependence of both the resistivity and the temperature coefficient of resistivity are quantitatively consistent with the literature. For thicknesses greater than about 100nm, the room-temperature resistivity (3.4μΩcm) are consistent with Matthiessen’s rule for 1%–2% impurity content, and the temperature coefficient of resistivity is consistent with the bulk value. For thicknesses less than 100nm, an increase in resistivity by a factor of 8 is found, which may be due to surface and boundary scattering effects; a corresponding increase in the temperature coefficient of resistivity is consistent with a concomitant decrease in the magnitude of the elastic constants and surface scattering effects.
Nested separatrices in simple shear flows: The effect of localized disturbances on stagnation lines
Authors: Wilson M. C. T. , Gaskell P. H. , Savage M. D.
Published: September 2005

The effects of localized two-dimensional disturbances on the structure of shear flows featuring a stagnation line are investigated. A simple superposition of a planar Couette flow and Moffatt’s [J. Fluid Mech. 18, 1–18 (1964)] streamfunction for the decay of a disturbance between infinite stationary parallel plates shows that in general the stagnation line is replaced by a chain of alternating elliptic and hyperbolic stagnation points with a separation equal to 2.78 times the half-gap between the plates. The flow structure associated with each saddle point consists of a homoclinic separatrix and two other separatrices which locally diverge but become parallel far from the disturbance. This basic structure repeats to give a sequence of nested separatrices permitting the streamfunction to approach that of simple shear flow far from the disturbance. Using the finite-element method, the specific disturbance caused by a stationary cylinder placed on the stagnation line is considered, and results confirm the existence of the stagnation point chain, with computed separations and velocity damping ratios in very good agreement with those obtained from the Couette-Moffatt superposition. Numerical solutions also illustrate that while Reynolds number greatly affects the stagnation point separation and velocity damping ratio, these two quantities are the same for any pair of adjacent stagnation points in a given chain. Insight gained from the analysis of planar shear flows is applied to the flow in a half-filled horizontal annulus between rotating coaxial cylinders, and is used to explain why only certain flow patterns from the range of mathematically possible structures arise in previous numerical solutions. By way of contrast, the concentric annulus solution is then perturbed to allow for a small eccentricity. The nonuniformity of the intercylinder gap is shown to destroy the chain of stagnation points, but also to unfold additional flow structures not realizable when the gap is uniform.
Enhanced flux pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films by nanoscaled substrate surface roughness
Authors: Ye Zu-Xin , Li Qiang , Hu Y. , Si W. D. , Johnson P. D. , Zhu Y.
Published: September 2005

Nanoscaled substrate surface roughness is shown to strongly influence the critical current density (Jc) in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films made by pulsed-laser deposition on the crystalline LaAlO3 substrates consisting of two separate twin-free and twin-rich regions. The nanoscaled corrugated substrate surface was created in the twin-rich region during the deposition process. Using magneto-optical imaging techniques coupled with optical and atomic force microscopy, we observed an enhanced flux pinning in the YBCO films in the twin-rich region, resulting in a ∼30% increase in Jc, which was unambiguously confirmed by the direct transport measurement.
Bistable resistance switching of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) films for nonvolatile memory applications
Authors: Lai Yi-Sheng , Tu Chia-Hsun , Kwong Dim-Lee , Chen J. S.
Published: September 2005

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) has been fabricated by spin-coating to show the bistable resistance switching characteristics. Various resistance states can be made by controlling the on-state current through the PVK films. The resistance of the on-state PVK films also affects the turn-off current, which needs to erase the on state. The filament theory is used to elucidate the observed phenomenon. We demonstrate that the PVK films exhibit good retention and stable “read-write-read-erase” cyclic switching characteristics. The PVK films also show a good switching behavior with on-off ratio of 104, which will be a potential material for nonvolatile memory application.