bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Increases the Odds of Chronic Cerebral Infarction Detected at Autopsy in Older Persons
Authors: Schneider J.A. , Bienias J.L. , Wilson R.S. , Berry-Kravis E. , Evans D.A. , Bennett D.A.
Published: March 2005

Background and Purpose—

Studies investigating the relation of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele to clinical stroke and to vascular changes on magnetic resonance imaging have been conflicting. Little data are available regarding the relation of apoE ε4 to cerebral infarctions documented on postmortem examination.

Methods—

We studied the apoE ε4 allele in 214 deceased members of the Religious Orders Study, a longitudinal clinical–pathologic study of aging and Alzheimer disease. The apoE genotype was determined using DNA from lymphocytes. Brains were removed a median of 5 hours (interquartile range, 5.5) after death. At postmortem examination, age, location, and size of macroscopic chronic cerebral infarctions were recorded from 1-cm coronal slabs after paraformaldehyde fixation. We also examined 20-μm paraffin-embedded sections of midfrontal and calcarine cortex for amyloid angiopathy on a scale of 1 to 4.

Results—

Subjects included 96 males and 118 females with a mean age at death of 86 years (SD, 7). Sixty-five subjects (30.4%) had at least 1 apoE ε4 allele and 76 (35.5%) exhibited cerebral infarctions. More than 74% of the subjects exhibited amyloid angiopathy with a mean score of 1.4±1.2. After controlling for age and sex, apoE ε4 increased the odds of cerebral infarction by 2.3-fold (95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2). apoE ε4 increased the odds of cortical 3.2-fold (95% CI, 1.3 to 7.7) and subcortical infarctions 2.3-fold (95% CI, 1.2 to 4.5). The effect was unchanged after accounting for amyloid angiopathy.

Conclusions—

apoE ε4 increases the odds of chronic cerebral infarction detected at autopsy in older persons.
Material Culture and Cultural History
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: March 2005

Whereas literary and cultural historians are interested in how early modern English culture was represented and perceived, historians of material culture are concerned with how it functioned and was experienced. Much can be learned from the study of the physical artifacts and goods described in inventories; only hard evidence can challenge and constrain economic and cultural determinism. The empirical evidence, however, has its own limitations, and only cultural theory can interpret the symbolic meaning of things. The effectiveness of each method increases when both are combined.
Implications of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: A Decision Analysis Model of Survival Outcomes
Authors: Lotan Yair , Cadeddu Jeffrey A. , Lee J. Jack , Roehrborn Claus G. , Lippman Scott M.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To assess the estimated effect of finasteride prevention of prostate cancer on overall survival.

Methods

Data for our decision tree model came from men in the two arms (finasteride or placebo) of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and from clinically localized prostate cancer patients studied for long-term survival outcomes. Our model compared survival outcomes for men treated with finasteride or placebo. Prostate cancer rates were based on the 7-year period prevalence of prostate cancer detected in the PCPT; survival probabilities were abstracted from the long-term outcome studies. We assessed variability in the PCPT and long-term survival studies to test the variability of our model.

Results

Survival advantages for a finasteride-treated (v those not treated with finasteride) population include gains of 1.7 months in 15-year cause-specific survival (assuming finasteride-altered Gleason scores and prostate cancer prevalence rates in the PCPT), of up to 3 months for cancers treated conservatively or surgically (assuming finasteride does not alter Gleason scores), and of 0.35 months (assuming the rate of cancers detected by for-cause biopsies in the PCPT), which increased to 1.7 months when assuming a 30% rate of biopsy-detected cancer in the PCPT placebo group. Model-variability analyses support several survival benefits associated with finasteride (eg, the uniform benefits assuming finasteride does not alter Gleason scores) but question certain others (eg, in 15-year recurrence-free survivals assuming finasteride does alter Gleason scores).

Conclusion

Finasteride can impart survival benefits according to our model, especially when we assume that finasteride does not alter Gleason scores.
Molecular Forms of Hypothalamic Ghrelin and Its Regulation by Fasting and 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Administration
Authors: Sato Takahiro , Fukue Yoshihiko , Teranishi Hitoshi , Yoshida Yayoi , Kojima Masayasu
Published: March 2005

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, is a hormone expressed in stomach and other tissues, such as hypothalamus, testis, and placenta. This hormone acts at a central level to stimulate GH secretion and food intake. Little is known, however, about the molecular forms and physiological roles of ghrelin within the hypothalamus. In this report, we detail the molecular forms, mRNA expression patterns, and peptide contents of ghrelin within the rat hypothalamus. Using the combination of reverse-phase HPLC and ghrelin-specific RIA, we determined that the rat hypothalamus contains both n-octanoyl-modified and des-acyl ghrelins. Fasting for 24 and 48 h significantly decreased ghrelin mRNA expression in the hypothalamus to 24% and 28% of control values, respectively. Both n-octanoyl-modified and des-acyl ghrelin content in the hypothalamus decreased after 24 and 48 h of fasting. These results contrast the changes in gastric ghrelin after fasting, which decreased in content despite increased mRNA expression. Two hours after injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a selective blocker of carbohydrate metabolism, ghrelin peptide levels also decreased. Thus, induction of glucoprivic states, such as fasting and 2-DG treatment, decreased ghrelin gene expression and peptide content within the hypothalamus.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Activates p70 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase by Protein Kinase A-Mediated Dephosphorylation of Thr 421/Ser 424 in Primary Sertoli Cells
Authors: Lécureuil Charlotte , Tesseraud Sophie , Kara Elodie , Martinat Nadine , Sow Amina , Fontaine Isabelle , Gauthier Christophe , Reiter Eric , Guillou Florian , Crépieux Pascale
Published: March 2005

FSH is a major hormonal input that drives Sertoli cells to their fully differentiated function in male reproduction. It is a physiologically important issue to define how FSH mediates its effects at the cellular level to regulate gene expression. FSH biological activities are transduced via a seven-spanned transmembrane receptor, the FSH-R, primarily leading to cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activation and cAMP response element binding protein-mediated transcriptional responses. Nevertheless, the intracellular mechanisms interacting with PKA to control Sertoli cell differentiation by FSH are still incompletely defined. Here, we report that, in primary cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from prepubertal rats, FSH enhanced p70S6K enzymatic activity, in a PKA-dependent manner. p70S6K was constitutively phosphorylated on Thr 389, in a manner sensitive to inhibitors of phosphatidyl-inositide-3 kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. But FSH could not enhance p70S6K phosphorylation on Thr 389. Rather, the hormone induced the dephosphorylation of Thr 421/Ser 424, located in the autoinhibitory domain of p70S6K, in a PKA-dependent manner. Consistently, FSH-induced phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein, a cellular substrate of p70S6K, required PKA activity. In conclusion, these results show that FSH triggers unexpected regulations of p70S6K by dephosphorylation of Thr 421/Ser 424 mediated by PKA, and stimulates S6 phosphorylation, in Sertoli cells.
The effect of event context on children's recall of non‐experienced events across multiple interviews
Authors: Jones Carolyn H. , Powell Martine B.
Published: March 2005

Purpose. The current study examined whether young children's willingness to assent to, and provide details about, a false (non‐experienced) activity differs depending on whether the activity was allegedly embedded within (a) a specific event or (b) a broad (non‐specified) time frame.

Method. Ninety‐nine children aged 4–5 years (from both low and high socio‐economic backgrounds) either (a) participated in a staged event that consisted of two activities or (b) did not participate in the staged event. One or two days later, all children were given false suggestions about a non‐experienced (false) activity that had either high or low plausibility. Approximately 8, 15, and 22 days after the event, children were asked to recall the activities, and to answer a series of specific cued‐recall questions.

Results. There was no effect of event context on assent rates, and the rate at which children reported interviewer suggestions. However, children who participated in the staged event provided fewer details about the false activity. Further, among those children who assented to the false activity, fewer subjects, objects, actions, temporal markers, locations, fantastic/improbable details, and confabulation errors were reported when the activity was embedded within the specific staged event.

Conclusion. The degree of error in children's accounts of a completely false activity is reduced when the activity is suggested to have occurred within a specified event as opposed to a broad (non‐specified) time frame.
Evidence for controlled heroin use? Low levels of negative health and social outcomes among non‐treatment heroin users in Glasgow (Scotland)
Authors: Shewan David , Dalgarno Phil
Published: March 2005

Objectives. This longitudinal study focused on 126 long‐term heroin users who had never been in specialist treatment for use of any drug. The primary aim of the study was to assess whether this ‘hidden’ population resembled heroin users identified with drug treatment agencies, or alternatively, to test whether heroin could indeed be used in a controlled, non‐intrusive fashion for an extended period of time.

Design and methods. Recruitment was achieved through chain‐referred purposive sampling methods, and data were collected through two semi‐structured interviews. 67% of participants were re‐recruited for follow‐up.

Results. Participants had levels of occupational status and educational achievement comparable to that in the general UK population, and considerably higher than typically found in heroin research. At the conclusion of the study, six participants had entered treatment. While there was evidence of intensive risky patterns of drug use among the sample, there was equal evidence for planned, controlled patterns of use. Some drug‐related negative health and social outcomes had occurred on a lifetime basis, but ongoing problems were rare, and heroin was not a significant predictor in either context. In contrast to typical samples of heroin users, high levels of negative health and social outcomes did not appear to be inevitable within this sample. Frequency of heroin use was predicted by attributional items, indicating the importance of psychological factors in drug use and addiction.

Conclusions. Drug research should more fully incorporate previously hidden populations to more fully inform theory and practice. The pharmacological properties of specific substances should not be assumed to inevitably lead to addictive and destructive patterns of drug use.
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Gray Floyd , Kramer Deborah A. , Bliss James D.
Published: March 2005

Gallium is a scarce but not a rare element. It is found most commonly in association with its immediate neighbors in the Periodic Table, ie, zinc, germanium, and aluminum. The concentration of gallium in the earth’s crust, 10–20 g/t (10–20 ppm), is comparable to that of lead and arsenic. There is an abundance of aluminum ores and alumina plants, and less importantly to gallium production zinc ores and plants; these are the main sources of gallium. The physical properties of gallium, especially its thermal properties, are exceptional. It is easily supercooled. In accordance with its normal potential, gallium is chemically similar to zinc and is somewhat less reactive than aluminum. A minor amount of gallium is extracted as a by‐product from the zinc industry. The significant amount of primary gallium is recovered from the alumina industry. The main source is the sodium aluminate liquor from Bayer‐process plants that produce large quantities of alumina.

A large part of the wastes from the gallium arsenide industry is recovered for both economical and environmental reasons. Several processes are effective and are being used to recover both the gallium either as a metal, a salt, or a hydroxide for recycling, and the arsenic in some form for recycling or disposal. Gallium either comes from mining sources or is recycled from scrap.

Gallium has complete miscibility in the liquid state with aluminum, indium, tin, and zinc. No compounds are formed.

Numerous intermetallic gallium–transition element compounds have been reported. The toxicity of metallic gallium or gallium salts is very low. Gallium is used in the production of electronics and magnets, in medicine, as a petroleum industry catalyst, and in the solar reactions experiment.
Hydrogen Energy
Authors: Grégoire Padró Catherine E. , Keller Jay O.
Published: March 2005

The world relies on energy to power industry, move people and products, and keep us safe and comfortable. Scientists and engineers are pursuing many pathways to clean and sustain energy systems. One of the most promising solutions is a system using hydrogen and electricity as primary energy carriers. The simplest element, hydrogen, has the potential to provide all of our energy services with little or no impact on the environment, both locally and globally. It can be made from domestic resources, offering opportunities for energy independence. Hydrogen can be used in many applications that currently use more familiar hydrocarbon fuels.

Hydrogen is an energy carrier, in the same way that electricity is an energy carrier. Both can provide energy services to meet our needs. Like electricity, hydrogen can be produced from many sources, including fossil fuels, renewable resources, and nuclear energy. Unlike electricity, hydrogen can be stored for long periods of time. This characteristic is important, especially when we consider storage of large amounts of renewable energy, and distribution of large quantities of hydrogen from one region to another. If hydrogen is to be considered as an energy carrier on a par with electricity, we will need to develop and commercialize a number of hydrogen production, storage, delivery and end‐use processes, and products.
Lead and Lead Alloys
Authors: King Michael , Ramachandran Venkoba , Prengaman R. David , DeVito Stephen C. , Breen Joseph ,   Updated by Staff
Published: March 2005

On a weight basis lead is the fifth most used metal in the world. As a metal, lead is prized for properties such as high density, ease of fabrication, chemical stability in air and water, ability to absorb high energy radiation, and for its electrochemistry, especially the reaction with sulfuric acid. The lead–acid storage battery is used worldwide. Lead also forms alloys and compounds.

Lead is generally recovered from ores containing 2–6% lead sulfide. After concentration, the sulfide is smelted to metal, refined to remove impurities, and the valuable by‐products such as silver and gold recovered. Refining and by‐product recovery are achieved by traditional pyrometallurgical and electrolytic methods. These primary production methods are described.

Recycling of the lead in scrap lead–acid batteries is steadily increasing and, in the United States, accounts for two‐thirds of the lead consumed annually. Secondary production methods are described, including technologies under development to improve recycling capabilities.

The principal metals alloyed with lead are antimony, arsenic, calcium, copper, tin, tellurium, and silver. Minor alloying elements are cadmium, bismuth, selenium, indium, aluminum, and strontium.

Lead alloys are generally melted and cast into molds to produce useful shapes. The alloys are also rolled, extruded, and forged. The primary use for lead alloys is in the production of battery parts for lead–acid batteries. Smaller but significant uses are ammunition, cable sheathing, sheet for roofing and construction, insoluble anodes, solders, and special low melting point materials.

Lead is toxic to the kidney, cardiovascular system, developing red blood cells, peripheral and central nervous systems, testes, and fetus. Exposure to lead may occur from a variety of occupational and nonoccupational sources. Exposure, toxicity, and detection of lead in humans is discussed as is the treatment of lead poisoning.
Polymers of Higher Olefins
Authors: Kissin Yury V.
Published: March 2005

This article describes polymeric materials derived from higher olefins, α‐olefins with carbon atom numbers 4 and higher, and from cycloolefins. Both higher α‐olefins and cycloolefins can produce homopolymers and copolymers with lighter olefins, mostly with ethylene. Crystalline polymers of higher α‐olefins belong to two classes of stereoregular polymers, isotactic and syndiotactic. Isotactic polymers are produced with two types of catalysts, heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts and some bridged metallocene catalysts. Other types of metallocene catalysts produce either crystalline syndiotactic polymers or amorphous atactic polymers. Higher α‐olefins can also be polymerized with cationic initiators to amorphous oligomeric materials. Cycloolefins are polymerized via two different mechanisms: the ring‐opening metathesis reaction catalyzed with tungsten, ruthenium, or molybdenum compounds, and polymerization reactions without cycle opening catalyzed with metallocene complexes.

Several types of polymers and copolymers of higher α‐olefins and cycloolefins are produced commercially:

Isotactic crystalline poly(1‐butene) (PB) and poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP).

Oligomers of linear α‐olefins, viscous liquids.

Copolymers of cycloolefins, such as cyclopentene or norbornene, and ethylene, tough amorphous transparent plastics.

Polymers of cycloolefins, poly(dicyclopentadiene), poly(cyclooctene), and poly(norbornene).

Copolymers of higher α‐olefins with ethylene containing from 6 to 50 wt% of higher α‐olefins. Due to high commercial significance of these materials, they are described in a separate article, “Polyethylene, Linear Low Density”.

Crystalline PB is used to manufacture pipe, tubing, and blown film. Crystalline PMP is a highly transparent plastic. It is used for the manufacture of medical equipment, chemical laboratory equipment, and a variety of injection‐molded articles. Liquid oligomers of higher linear α‐olefins produced with cationic initiators have found wide applications as base oils in the formulation of various industrial lubricants. They are used in synthetic lubricating oils for cars, transformer oils, transmission and crankcase fluids, etc. Copolymers of cycloolefins and ethylene are amorphous materials with high glass points. They are used as transparent specialty plastics with high toughness. Polymer of cyclooctene is an elastic material of low crystallinity; it is mostly used as a component in rubber, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)‐ and poly (styrene) (PS)‐based compositions. Cured liquid‐molding resins based on poly(dicyclopentadiene) are used for the manufacture of automotive parts for trucks, snowmobiles, wheel loaders, and recreational vehicles.
Water soluble copolymers for calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scale control in cooling water systems
Authors: Shakkthivel P. , Ramesh D. , Sathiyamoorthi R. , Vasudevan T.
Published: March 2005

Mineral scales are formed in cooling water systems and they cause heat transfer problems. Much research has been carried out to reduce the carbonate and sulphate scales of calcium. To inhibit the scale formation in cooling water systems, vinyl acetate–acrylic acid (VA–AA) and vinyl acetate– methacrylic acid (VA–MAA) copolymers were synthesized, characterized, and the ability of the polymers to mitigate the calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scale formation was tested through chemical screening, constant potential electrolysis, and electrochemical impedance techniques. XRD (X‐ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies were performed to understand the morphological changes of the scales in the presence of the polymers. The biocidal, gelation, and iron dispersion ability of the polymers were also noted. Among the two threshold inhibitors, VA–AA shows slightly better antiscaling properties even at higher temperatures and pH for both CaCO3 and CaSO4 scales compared to the methacrylic copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1451–1459, 2005
Fatal course of parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis in a female liver transplant recipient
Authors: Jonetzko Patrycja , Graziadei Ivo , Nachbaur Karin , Vogel Wolfgang , Pankuweit Sabine , Zwick Ralf , Pachinger Otmar , Poelzl Gerhard
Published: March 2005

Acute myocarditis may result in severe hemodynamic compromise with fatal outcome. Furthermore, recent studies suggest myocarditis as a major cause of sudden unexpected death. A variety of cardiotropic viral, rickettsial, and bacterial infectious agents have been identified to date. Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) is usually benign in childhood, but it may also cause death due to myocarditis. We present here the case of an adult female who presented with fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and orthostatic dizziness 8 months after successful liver transplantation. Cardiologic work-up, including left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy, revealed acute myocarditis secondary to PVB19. Since no specific therapy for this virus is available, the patient was treated symptomatically with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus beta-blocker and diuretics. After a period of stabilization, new-onset rapid atrial fibrillation caused acute low-output syndrome within 14 days after hospital admission. The patient eventually died because of refractory cardiogenic shock. In conclusion, to our knowledge this is the first report of PVB19-induced myocarditis confirmed by detection of viral genome in myocardium in a liver transplant recipient. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:463–466.)
C‐reactive protein co‐expresses with tumor necrosis factor‐α in the myocardium in human dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Satoh Mamoru , Nakamura Motoyuki , Akatsu Tomonari , Shimoda Yudai , Segawa Ikuo , Hiramori Katsuhiko
Published: March 2005

Background

C‐reactive protein (CRP) has recently been reported to be present in cardiac tissue and to stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Cardiac expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Aims

To determine whether CRP co‐expresses with TNF‐α in the myocardium and to examine its association with clinical features in patients with DCM.

Methods and results

Endomyocardial biopsy tissues were obtained from 41 DCM patients and 16 controls by right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Levels of CRP and TNF‐α mRNA were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to identify the cellular sources of CRP and TNF‐α. Both CRP and TNF‐α mRNA were expressed in myocardium obtained from DCM patients, but not in controls. A positive correlation was found between CRP and TNF‐α levels. CRP/TNF‐α double staining was found to be colocalized in the cardiomyocytes of DCM patients. Both forms of mRNA were also expressed in cardiomyocytes. Both CRP and TNF‐α mRNA levels were negatively correlated with systolic function and positively correlated with left ventricular volume in DCM patients. These mRNA levels were lower in DCM patients treated with a combination of spironolactone and either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) than in patients not treated with these drugs.

Conclusion

Cardiac expression of CRP with TNF‐α may function as a proinflammatory mediator in DCM and may be related to the clinical severity of DCM. Expression of both of these proteins was decreased in DCM patients receiving spironolactone and either ACEIs or ARBs.
Do climate and fishing influence size-based indicators of Celtic Sea fish community structure?
Authors: Blanchard Julia L. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Jennings Simon , Ellis James R. , Pinnegar John K. , Tidd Alex , Kell Laurence T.
Published: March 2005

Ecosystem-based management requires the development of indicators that allow anthropogenic impacts to be detected against the background of natural variation. Size-based community metrics are potentially useful indicators because of their theoretical foundation and practical utility. Temporal and spatial patterns in size-based community metrics for Celtic Sea fish are described and calculated using data from the English groundfish survey of the area (1987–2003). The results reveal that the size structure of the community has changed over time, and that a decrease in the relative abundance of larger fish was accompanied by an increase in smaller fish (4–25 g). Temporal analyses of the effects of fishing and climate variation suggest that fishing generally has had a stronger effect on size structure than changes in temperature. Therefore, size-based metrics respond clearly to the effects of fishing even in variable environments, reflecting the ubiquity of size-based processes in defining community structure and responses to mortality. Spatial analyses were inconclusive, probably owing to the limited area for which fishing effort, temperature, and survey data were all available.
Single wavelength excitation fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy with spectrally similar fluorophores: Resolution for binding studies
Authors: Hwang Ling Chin , Wohland Thorsten
Published: March 2005

It was shown recently that fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) can be performed using a single laser wavelength for excitation (SW-FCCS) [L. C. Hwang and T. Wohland, Chem. Phys. Chem 5, 549 (2004).]. This method simplifies the FCCS setup since it does not require the simultaneous alignment of two lasers to the same focal spot. But up to now the method was shown to work only with dyes possessing large Stokes’ shifts, and thus was limited to the use of quantum dots and tandem dyes. In this work we show that standard organic dyes with overlapping emission spectra, for instance fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine, can be used as fluorescent pairs in SW-FCCS. As a biological model system for ligand-receptor interactions we studied the binding of biotin to streptavidin. To investigate the applicability of SW-FCCS for binding studies we adapt the existing FCCS theory for SW-FCCS and calculate limits for the measurement of dissociation constants in dependence on sample concentration, sample purity, and spectral cross talk between the different detection channels.
Plasma channel charging by an intense short pulse laser and ion Coulomb explosion
Authors: Tripathi V. K. , Taguchi T. , Liu C. S.
Published: March 2005

The combined effects of relativistic self-focusing and the expulsion of electrons by the ponderomotive force of a radially focused laser create an ion channel, depleted of electrons, of radius r0∼c∕ωp, where ωp is the electron plasma frequency. This charging process takes place on plasma period, ωp−1, time scale. The Coulomb explosion of the channel accelerates ions to several hundreds of keV energy in about an ion plasma period, constituting an important ion acceleration mechanism by short pulse intense laser. In the case of a deuterium-tritium plasma, the accelerated ions can produce fusion energy with an efficiency of ∼0.5%.
Angular dependence of imprinting levels in laser-target interactions on planar CH foils
Authors: Smalyuk V. A. , Goncharov V. N. , Boehly T. R. , Delettrez J. A. , Li D. Y. , Marozas J. A. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Regan S. P. , Sangster T. C.
Published: March 2005

Imprinting of laser-beam modulations at various angles of incidence is measured for the first time in planar CH foils. The imprinted target modulations were seeded by special probe beams at a spatial wavelength of 60μm and subsequently amplified by five drive beams. The measured imprint efficiency decreases by a factor of 3 as the angle of incidence of the probe beam is increased from 20° to 60°, as predicted by theoretical modeling. The imprinting is very sensitive to the relative arrival time of the probe and drive beams.
Comparisons of flow structure above dimpled surfaces with different dimple depths in a channel
Authors: Won Se Youl , Zhang Qiang , Ligrani Phillip M.
Published: March 2005

Flow structural characteristics over dimple surfaces located on one wall of a rectangular channel with three different dimple depths (δ∕D=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) are studied experimentally. Reynolds number based on channel height ReH ranges from 2100 to 20 000, and the ratio of channel height to dimple print diameter H∕D is 1.0. Presented are instantaneous flow visualization images, spectra of longitudinal velocity fluctuations, vortex pair frequency information, and time-averaged surveys and profiles of different quantities. Regardless of dimple depth, primary vortex pairs are periodically ejected from the central parts of each dimple and exist in conjunction with edge vortex pairs present near the spanwise edges of staggered dimples. As dimple depth increases, larger deficits of total pressure and streamwise velocity are present, along with higher magnitudes of time-averaged streamwise vorticity, vortex circulation, and longitudinal Reynolds normal stress. Bigger and stronger vortices with increased turbulence transport capabilities are thus produced by deeper dimples. Ensemble-averaged power spectral density profiles show that primary vortex pair ejection frequencies range from 7to9Hz, and edge vortex pair oscillation frequencies range from 5to7Hz, with similar distributions as the Reynolds number varies, regardless of dimple depth.
Spin-polarized current induced in a single ferromagnetic strip due to inhomogeneous spin injection
Authors: Kimura T. , Hamrle J. , Otani Y.
Published: March 2005

We report that the inhomogeneous spin accumulation in a nonmagnetic layer induces the spin-polarized current flowing in a detector ferromagnetic strip lying underneath the nonmagnetic layer. In Ni-Fe∕Cu planar spin-valve structures, the induced spin-polarized current causes the spin-valve-like signal in the Ni-Fe wire without any boundary resistance in the Cu∕Ni-Fe junction. The relation between the inhomogeneous spin accumulation and the magnitude of the induced spin-valve-like signal is investigated by varying the width of the Cu wire.
Thermo-optical effect in zinc selenide windows for two-color interferometer for fusion plasma diagnostics
Authors: Sánchez Miguel , Sánchez Joaquín
Published: March 2005

After some improvements in the two-color interferometer for plasma density measurements in the TJII fusion device, an effect, which we attribute to the thermo-optical characteristics of zinc selenide windows, has been put in evidence. Part of the 53.2 GHz mm radiation, used to heat the plasma, heats the windows and produces an optical path length difference between the two laser beams of 10.6 and 0.633μm wavelength. The effect induces a deformation of the line integral density measured by the interferometer. It is important in shots with high plasma reflectivity at the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) frequency. Some experiments and calculations have been done. The effect is explained and its order of magnitude is justified on the basis of some approximations. Several ways to avoid the effect including a correction procedure are discussed. Other possible heating sources are also discussed. The observed effect could be very relevant for experiments where ECRH is the main heating mechanism.
Assembly rules and community models for unicellular organisms: patterns in diatoms of boreal streams
Authors: HEINO JANI , SOININEN JANNE
Published: March 2005

1. Many studies have addressed either community models (e.g. Clementsian versus Gleasonian gradients) or assembly rules (e.g. nestedness, checkerboards) for higher plant and animal communities, but very few studies have examined different non‐random distribution patterns simultaneously with the same data set. Even fewer studies have addressed generalities in the distribution patterns of unicellular organisms, such as diatoms.

2. We studied non‐randomness in the spatial distribution and community composition of stream diatoms. Our data consisted of diatom surveys from 47 boreal headwater streams and small rivers in northern Finland. Our analytical approaches included ordinations, cluster analysis, null model analyses, and associated randomisation tests.

3. Stream diatom communities did not follow discrete Clementsian community types, where multiple species occur exclusively in a single community type. Rather, diatom species showed rather individualistic responses, leading to continuous Gleasonian variability in community composition.

4. Although continuous variability was the dominating pattern in the data, diatoms also showed significant nestedness and less overlap in species distribution than expected by chance. However, these patterns were probably only secondary signals from species’ individualistic responses to the environment.

5. Although unicellular organisms, such as diatoms, differ from multicellular organisms in several biological characteristics, they nevertheless appear to show largely similar non‐random distribution patterns previously found for higher plants and metazoans.
Invertebrate seedbanks: rehydration of soil from an unregulated river floodplain in the south‐eastern U.S.
Authors: TRONSTAD LUSHA M. , TRONSTAD BRYAN P. , BENKE ARTHUR C.
Published: March 2005

1. We investigated the responsiveness of aquatic invertebrates to rehydration of floodplain soil in a south‐eastern U.S. river floodplain. Non‐inundated soil divots containing invertebrate seedbanks were collected from three floodplain elevations with different inundation histories (inundated for 2, 38, and 78% of a year), and subjected to rehydration (experimental inundation) in aquaria for 10 weeks.

2. Before rehydration, samples were collected to assess the initial density and composition of invertebrates in non‐inundated soil at each elevation. After rehydration, benthic samples were collected biweekly and emergence of aquatic insects was collected weekly from aquaria.

3. The surviving invertebrates were classified as aquatic, semi‐aquatic and terrestrial. Some aquatic invertebrates survived the non‐inundated period in an active state (e.g. Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae), while others appeared to be dormant (e.g. Heptageniidae, microcrustaceans and Chironomidae). The response for several invertebrates (e.g. Chironominae, Oligochaeta, Collembola and terrestrial invertebrates) depended on the length of rehydration and inundation history.

4. The capacity of aquatic invertebrates to survive and recover was greatest at the most frequently inundated site. Despite variation in floodplain environments, both active and dormant invertebrates persisting in non‐inundated floodplain soil contributed to the floodplain assemblage during flooding. Thus, maintaining the connection between river and floodplain appears to be important in sustaining the invertebrate seedbank and its capacity to recover during inundation. River channelisation and regulation that severs this connection may result in a loss of diversity and abundance.
A survey of trainees’ opinions and current clinical practice after behaviour therapy training
Authors: RYAN D. , CULLINAN V. , QUAYLE E.
Published: March 2005

The widespread use of cognitive behaviour therapy principles in psychiatric/mental settings has been an ongoing feature of health and social care since at least the 1960s. The current study evaluated the training process as well as the use of the skills by course participants on a dedicated behaviour therapy course in Ireland. A cross sectional study was undertaken, using postal distribution of a questionnaire based on a similar study undertaken in the UK. The sample comprised all graduates of the course from 1986 to 1999 (N = 257). Thirty‐three per cent of respondents report using their behaviour therapy skills to a high level since completion of the course. Approximately 53% of respondents reported having changed job since completion of the course. Significant differences emerged within this group in relation to their ratings of the importance of various elements of the course and also in relation to the perceived enhancement of both general clinical skills (P = 0.000) and specific behaviour therapy skills (P = 0.000) as well as the rating of current skills (P = 0.015) and the respondents’ use of behaviour therapy since completing the course (P = 0.015). While a high proportion of participants had some prior theoretical or experiential exposure to behaviour therapy, the findings report high satisfaction levels with the training they received. However, the survey signals deficits in terms of the usage of the skills. While on the one hand, the general and specific skills acquired while on the course seem to transfer quite easily across functions and levels of responsibility, it is of concern that over a 13‐year period, only 17% of respondents indicated that behaviour therapy was the main focus of their work. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to policy and practice issues.
The Impact of Worker and Establishment‐level Characteristics on Male–Female Wage Differentials: Evidence from Danish Matched Employee–Employer Data
Authors: Gupta Nabanita Datta , Rothstein Donna S.
Published: March 2005

Abstract.  This paper uses matched employer–employee data from Denmark to examine how gender segregation at the level of occupation, industry, establishment, and job‐cell impacts the gender wage differential of full‐time, private‐sector salaried and manual workers. Wage effects of gender segregation at the above four levels are estimated through fixed effects or through controls for the proportion females within these structures. We find that occupation has a much larger role than industry or establishment in accounting for the gender gap for salaried but not manual workers, and that for both groups there is a significant within‐job‐cell gender wage differential.
Uterine rupture after induction of labour in women with previous caesarean section
Authors: Kayani Salma Imran , Alfirevic Zarko
Published: March 2005

Background  The issues related to safety of induction of labour in women with previous caesarean section remain controversial. The main adverse outcome fuelling this debate is a ‘small’ risk of uterine rupture that is potentially devastating for both the mother and the fetus.

Objective  To estimate the risk of uterine rupture or dehiscence in women who require induction of labour with previous caesarean sections.

Design  Five year retrospective review of computerised hospital records and case note review of index cases.

Setting  Large inner city teaching hospital.

Population  Two hundred and five women who had their labour induced with history of one lower segment caesarean section.

Methods  This study was conducted at Liverpool Women's Hospital, a tertiary referral centre, with approximately 6000 births per annum. We searched the hospital's computerised records of deliveries from June 1997 to June 2002 and reviewed all indications and outcomes of induction of labour in women with one previous caesarean section. Women with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation were then divided into three groups: those with one previous caesarean section and no previous vaginal deliveries, those whose last delivery was a caesarean section but had delivered vaginally before and those whose last delivery was by vaginal route, but had had one caesarean section in the past.

Main outcome measures  Uterine rupture or dehiscence, adverse neonatal outcome.

Results  Two hundred and five women were included. There were four cases of uterine rupture and one dehiscence (2.4%, 95% CI 0.8–5.6%). Two babies were profoundly acidotic at birth, but all five neonates were healthy when discharged from hospital with no long term morbidity. All five cases occurred in the group of women with no previous vaginal deliveries. The intrauterine pressure catheter recordings had contributed to the diagnosis of uterine rupture/dehiscence in three out of five cases.

Conclusion  In women with previous caesarean section and no vaginal deliveries, induction of labour carries a relatively high risk of uterine rupture/dehiscence despite all precautions, including intrauterine pressure monitoring.
A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Ziaei S. , Zakeri M. , Kazemnejad A.
Published: March 2005

Objective  To study the effect of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.

Design  A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.

Setting  A secondary school in Tehran, Iran.

Population  Two hundred and seventy‐eight girls aged 15–17 years who suffered from primary dysmenorrhoea.

Methods  Participants were given 200 units of vitamin E or placebo twice a day, beginning two days before the expected start of menstruation and continued through the first three days of bleeding. Treatment was continued over four consecutive menstrual periods.

Main outcome measures  The severity and duration of pain, and the amount of menstrual blood loss, at two and four months. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record pain, and a validated Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC) to measure menstrual loss.

Results  In the vitamin E group, pain severity was lower with vitamin E at two months (median VAS score 3 vs 5, P > 0.001) and four months (0.5 vs 6, P > 0.001), pain duration was shorter at two months (mean 4.2 [7.1] hours vs 15 [17], P > 0.001) and at four months (1.6 [4.0] hours vs 17 [18] hours, P > 0.0001), and blood loss assessed by PBLAC score was lower at two months (54 [31] vs 70 [40], P > 0.0001) and at four months (46 [28] vs 70 [37], P > 0.0001).

Conclusion  Vitamin E relieves the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea and reduces blood loss.
Infant morbidity following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal karyotyping
Authors: Cederholm Maria , Haglund Bengt , Axelsson Ove
Published: March 2005

Objective  To investigate whether amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling increase the risk of postural deformities, limb reduction defects, respiratory problems in the newborn, fetal and infant mortality, prematurity, low birthweight and fetal distress, and to investigate the impact of gestational length at the time of the procedure.

Design  A population‐based cohort study.

Setting  Sweden, 1991–1996.

Population  All women, 35 to 49 years old, with single births (n= 71,586). The women were classified as exposed to amniocentesis (n= 21,748) or chorionic villus sampling (n= 1984) or not exposed (n= 47,854).

Methods  Infant outcomes were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, the Swedish Malformation Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Odds ratios were calculated with logistic regression analyses.

Main outcome measures  Crude and adjusted odds ratios of postural deformities, limb reduction defects, respiratory problems in the newborn, fetal and infant mortality, prematurity, low birthweight and fetal distress. Women exposed to amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling were compared with non‐exposed women.

Results  An increased risk of musculoskeletal deformities (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.11–1.57) including club foot and hip dislocation was found in the amniocentesis group, especially for amniocentesis prior to 14 weeks of gestation. Respiratory disturbances such as neonatal pneumonia, meconium aspiration, atelectasis and tachypnea were found more often in the amniocentesis group (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.24), with the greatest risk at 14 and 15 weeks of gestation. For the chorionic villus sampling group, no significant associations were found. No increase regarding limb reduction defects, fetal and infant mortality, prematurity, low birthweight and fetal distress was found in either the amniocentesis or the chorionic villus sampling group.

Conclusions  Among women aged 35–49 years, amniocentesis before 14 weeks of gestation increases the risk of postural deformities. Amniocentesis at 14 and 15 weeks increases the risk of respiratory disturbances. For chorionic villus sampling, a larger study group is needed before such risks can be ruled out.
Type VII Collagen Is Required for Ras-Driven Human Epidermal Tumorigenesis
Authors: Ortiz-Urda Susana , Garcia John , Green Cheryl L. , Chen Lei , Lin Qun , Veitch Dallas P. , Sakai Lynn Y. , Lee Hyangkyu , Marinkovich M. Peter , Khavari Paul A.
Published: March 2005

Type VII collagen defects cause recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a blistering skin disorder often accompanied by epidermal cancers. To study the role of collagen VII in these cancers, we examined Ras-driven tumorigenesis in RDEB keratinocytes. Cells devoid of collagen VII did not form tumors in mice, whereas those retaining a specific collagen VII fragment (the amino-terminal noncollagenous domain NC1) were tumorigenic. Forced NC1 expression restored tumorigenicity to collagen VII–null epidermis in a non–cell-autonomous fashion. Fibronectin-like sequences within NC1 (FNC1) promoted tumor cell invasion in a laminin 5–dependent manner and were required for tumorigenesis. Tumor-stroma interactions mediated by collagen VII thus promote neoplasia, and retention of NC1 sequences in a subset of RDEB patients may contribute to their increased susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma.
The Controlled Evolution of a Polymer Single Crystal
Authors: Liu Xiaogang , Zhang Yi , Goswami Dipak K. , Okasinski John S. , Salaita Khalid , Sun Peng , Bedzyk Michael J. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: March 2005

We present a method for controlling the initiation and kinetics of polymer crystal growth using dip-pen nanolithography and an atomic force microscope tip coated with poly-
dl
-lysine hydrobromide. Triangular prisms of the polymer epitaxially grow on freshly cleaved mica substrates, and their in-plane and out-of-plane growth rates can be controlled by raster scanning the coated tip across the substrate. Atomic force microscope images were concomitantly recorded, providing a set of photographic images of the process as it spans the nanometer- to micrometer-length scales as a function of environmental conditions.