bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nullius in Verba
Authors: Duckett Victoria
Published: May 2017

This chapter challenges the notion that Sarah Bernhardt mouthed her lines on film due to her inability to act in a fittingly naturalistic way for film, and that her famous “golden voice” is brutally denied in a media that gives us the spectacle of an actress mouthing lines that we cannot hear. The chapter explains why an actress who was famous for her voice and gesture acts on silent film in terms of art nouveau acting, changes in visual literature, and the ongoing use of musical accompaniment—all of which allow us to reinterpret Bernhardt's relationship to the silent screen. It argues that Bernhardt's films record her gestural fame on the live stage, and that this fame was associated with her use of the spiral as a structuring device for action. It shows that the music that accompanied Bernhardt's films served the same purpose as it did on the live stage—to develop and expand the emotional resonance of her performance.
Kriolu and European Interculturality
Authors: Pardue Derek
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ideas and policies of interculturality in relation to Kriolu. Building on the argument that there exists something like “Creole citizenship” and that it influences what it is to be “Portuguese,” the chapter explores migration as a shaping force in the “host” country. To this end, it juxtaposes a set of life stories from Cape Verdean Kriolu rappers and their families against policy documents from the European Commission and the Portuguese state agency ACIDI. More specifically, it considers what Kriolu tells us about the state of multiculturalism and interculturality as examples of European community ideals and whether Kriolu might offer important insights into “intercultural competence.” The chapter makes the case that discussions of citizenship and migration necessitate a dialogue between experiences and policies.
Traveling Memories
Authors: Soto Elizabeth Ramírez
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines recent homecoming films as documents informed by experiences of exile in the context of postdictatorial Chile. It analyzes three first-person documentaries by second-generation women directors who were born or grew up in exile: En algún lugar del cielo (Somewhere in Heaven) (Alejandra Carmona, 2003); El edificio de los chilenos (The Chilean Building) (Macarena Aguiló, co-directed by Susana Foxley, 2010); and El eco de las canciones (The Echo of Songs) (Antonia Rossi, 2010). Using the notion of “traveling memories,” the chapter considers these women directors' cinematic construction of childhood memories, which are deeply entangled with the experience of growing up in an environment marked by political displacement. It shows that these directors' memories of displaced childhood are of a deeply affective nature and are often conveyed through the deployment of abundant archival materials (family pictures, home movies, letters, and drawings), the significant use of the traveling shot, as well as the elaboration of sophisticated reenactment sequences.
Cold War on the Airwaves
Authors: Schlosser Nicholas J.
Published: May 2017

Founded as a counterweight to the Communist broadcasters in East Germany, Radio in the American Sector (RIAS) became one of the most successful public information operations conducted against the Soviet Bloc. This book examines the Berlin-based organization's history and influence on the political worldview of the people—and government—on the other side of the Iron Curtain. The book draws on broadcast transcripts, internal memoranda, listener letters, and surveys by the U.S. Information Agency to profile RIAS. Its mission: to undermine the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with propaganda that, ironically, gained in potency by obeying the rules of objective journalism. Throughout, the book examines the friction inherent in such a contradictory project and propaganda's role in shaping political culture. It also portrays how RIAS's primarily German staff influenced its outlook and how the organization both competed against its rivals in the GDR and pushed communist officials to alter their methods in order to keep listeners. From the occupation of Berlin through the airlift to the construction of the Berlin Wall, this book offers an absorbing view of how public diplomacy played out at a flashpoint of East–West tension.
Anti-War?
Authors: Mariani Giorgio
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the ghostly nature of anti-war literature. Even though anti-war literature remains until now largely untheorized, the label continues to be employed and to complicate most discussions of both war literature and war cinema. This is evident in countless Western narratives dealing with war—Homer's Iliad, William Shakespeare's history plays, Leo Tolstoi's War and Peace, Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, just to name a few examples. This chapter considers the incorporeal notions associated with the anti-war concept by looking at two texts: Kate McLoughlin's Authoring War: The Literary Representation of War from the Iliad to Iraq and Cynthia Wachtell's War No More: The Antiwar Impulse in American Literature, 1861–1914. It argues that war novels should always be read also as war-and-peace novels and concludes with two examples of American literature that are unquestionably anti-war: Mark Twain's “War Prayer” and Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms.
Ad Bellum Purificandum
Authors: Mariani Giorgio
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the notion that peace is either a temporary suspension of war or, even worse, a camouflaged form of violence. It begins with a discussion of the controversy sparked by Michael Bellesiles's 2000 book Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture, which provides overwhelming evidence that the American gun culture was created during the Civil War era. It then considers the argument that there is in the United States an important anti-war intellectual and political tradition grounded in Christian pacifism and goes on to contend that we must rediscover a different kind of peace it calls “fighting peace”—a peace that, far from shying away from conflicts, promotes confrontations. It insists that peace cannot be studied or understood without simultaneously studying and thinking war, and the same is true of violence and non-violence. Si pace frui volumus, bellum purificandum est. If you wish to enjoy the fruits of peace, you must achieve the purification of war.
“Earthquake”: Board of Regents v. NCAA
Authors: Chudacoff Howard P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the case of Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma v. National Collegiate Athletic Association. Arguments in the case focused on whether the NCAA was acting illegally under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 by monopolizing all college football television contracts. In September 1982, Judge Juan Burciaga of the Federal District Court for Western Oklahoma decided in favor of the plaintiffs, concluding that the NCAA was a “classic cartel. ... exercising almost absolute control over the supply of college football which is made available to the networks, to television advertisers, and ultimately to the viewing public.” The judge concluded that the NCAA violated antitrust law by acting in restraint of trade in three ways: fixing prices of telecasts; creating boycotts of networks excluded from its contracts and threatening boycotts of its own members that might engage in alternative television contracts; and placing an artificial limit on televised college football. The NCAA took the case to the Supreme Court. However, on June 27, 1984, the Supreme Court upheld verdicts of the District and Appeals Courts.
Time in a Bottle
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the history of alcohol use in Major League Baseball (MLB) and considers the sudden urge, amid an atmosphere of partisan culture war that clouded the 1990s, to celebrate the era that Mickey Mantle so vividly symbolized—the golden days of his sport and the men who played it. It shows how Mantle,who was ravaged by liver cancer due to a lifelong battle with alcoholism, was used by some as a diversion from baseball's mounting troubles. It also discusses the “Drink Hard, Play Hard” ethic in MLB and how alcoholism relates to masculinity in the league. Finally, it examines alcohol problems among teams such as the New York Yankees and players like Ryne Duren, Sam McDowell, and Don Newcombe.
Tobacco Road
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the history of tobacco use in Major League Baseball (MLB). It begins with the story of Bill Tuttle, who chewed tobacco anywhere from ten to twelve hours a day for more than forty years and eventually developed oral cancer. A seemingly endless series of operations left Tuttle badly disfigured. In the spring of 1996, Tuttle, now head of the National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP), spearheaded a crusade to warn Major Leaguers about the dangers of smokeless tobacco. This chapter examines baseball's historical connection to the tobacco industry, first by tracing the beginnings of marketing tobacco through baseball. It then discusses the debate that arose in the late 1950s and early 1960s over athletic endorsements of tobacco products due to evidence linking smoking with carcinogenic effects. It also considers how the tobacco industry latched onto the notion, supported by dubious medical evidence, that smokeless tobacco was a safe alternative to cigarettes. Finally, it reflects on how the fight over tobacco products in baseball played out at the end of the twentieth century.
Feminist Publishing/Publishing Feminism
Authors: Gilley Jennifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores two case studies that each illustrate an attempt to infuse feminist politics into the economically driven apparatus of book publishing: Sisterhood Is Powerful (1970) and This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981). Exploring the publication history of Sisterhood Is Powerful provides a landmark case study of feminist experimentation in publishing that was inevitably fraught with controversy due to the ideological struggles of the time over economic and political “purity.” This Bridge Called My Back was published under an unusual type of contract in which contributors, rather than receiving a one-time payment at the beginning, would continue to receive payments for every ten thousand copies sold. Overall, these studies show the variety of ways in which feminists tried to get around the “taint” of publishing's relationship to the power structure in order to enact a feminist sensibility not just in the content of their writing but also in its production and dissemination.
“What Made Us Think They’d Pay Us for Making a Revolution?”
Authors: Enszer Julie R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the case study of a feminist book distribution company Women in Distribution (WinD). WinD was established in late 1974 by three women (Helaine Harris, Cynthia Gair, and Lee Schwing), each with experience marketing and distributing lesbian-feminist materials. The story of WinD mirrors the growth in feminist publishing during the late 1970s and reinforces the power and influence of poetry, in particular, and of feminist writing more generally during the Women's Liberation Movement. WinD illuminates how feminist businesses negotiated feminist principles within a capitalist economy and demonstrates how feminist businesses experienced the increasingly neoliberal economy in the United States, naming it a threat to feminism and lesbian-feminism. Ultimately, feminist innovation and invention, embodied in the work of Gair, Harris, and Schwing, extended the economic engine of feminism.
“The Element that Shaped Me, That I Shape by Being In”
Authors: Anderson Jill E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a reading of Margaret Atwood's Surfacing (1971) and The Edible Woman (1969). It argues that a fully feminist reading of these two novels must address how each contributes to the emerging discourse of queer ecology and to its examination of naturalization, or the process by which various behaviors, ideals, and conventions are accepted and legitimated, often to the detriment of their subjects. It employs the terms naturalized and natural in two distinct ways. First, it uses them as a means of identifying dictates and expectations that have shaped women and caused their oppression throughout specific historical periods. Second, it uses them to indicate the method by which Atwood reverses this primary process of naturalization in order to redefine the terms and construct feminist rebellion and consciousness-raising in the novels.
Domains of Contagion and Confinement
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter maps out the sites of contagion and confinement in nineteenth-century California. Each epidemic outbreak offers a unique blend of environmental circumstances, biological agencies, and cultural contexts that shape not only public opinion but also medical beliefs and measures. To counteract the nefarious effects of contagion, past societies developed several responses, all of which were geared toward detaining people already displaying signs of sickness and temporarily holding those suspected of potential exposure to the identified scourge. Thus the chapter considers how the public coped with contagion and the “miasma” of disease primarily by isolating the disease via scapegoating, quarantining—among others.
Tides of Inertia and Neglect
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the trends of corruption and neglect in the administration of the San Francisco pesthouse. Both city authorities and the public at large had considered the San Francisco pesthouse an unjust burden imposed on them, particularly since a fair number of the patients came from other parts of the state or abroad. Repeated official complaints, tinged with antipathy toward strangers and hatred of Chinese immigrants, sought to justify the policy of penury. Moreover, given California's failure to develop a coherent policy for medical segregation, responsibility and funding for a stigmatized facility like the San Francisco pesthouse remained subject to the whims of local politicians and businessmen. Hence, this chapter illustrates the challenges of achieving a proper political and economic balance during this period, attested by decades of seemingly erratic municipal decisions concerning pesthouse finances.
The Italian Armistice Commission with France (CIAF)
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the role of the Commissione di Armistizio con la Francia (Italian Armistice Commission with France), or CIAF, in the Italian occupation of France. The CIAF, created after the Armistice of Villa Incisa, was officially invested with the task of ensuring that the clauses of the Franco-Italian armistice were not infringed by the new French state, the Vichy regime led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. More important, its officials in France proclaimed themselves as paladins of the Italian community of the French Riviera. Their welfare campaign, far from being moved on humanitarian grounds, was promoted to impinge on French internal affairs with the avowed secret task of spearheading Italy’s future annexation of the French Riviera. This chapter examines the CIAF’s activities in the Côte d’Azur during the period 1940–1942 and the “Battle for Food” that was waged not only in occupied France but also all across Europe and even worldwide.
Military Repression, Civilian Resistance
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the events of the summer of 1943, when, in light of the escalation in attacks by local French Resistance fighters, the Italian repressive apparatus stepped up its campaign, alternating massive dragnets and more targeted arrests. It first provides an overview of Italian repression against the occupied population and the local Resistance fighters’ attacks on Italian soldiers. It then considers the intensification of violence in the French Riviera at the end of April 1943, even as commanders of the Fourth Army managed to rein in their subordinates. It also discusses how the Italian military’s low-profile approach irritated local irredentists and officials of the Commissione di Armistizio con la Francia (CIAF). It shows that the Italian Army was more intent on assessing what happened in the Italian peninsula than cohesively fighting the Resistance.
Remembering
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts Richard Durham's memorial service at Rayner's funeral home in his hometown Chicago. Durham died unexpectedly of a heart attack on April 27, 1984, during a business trip in New York City. Among those who paid tribute to the complicated family man, friend, and mentor—as well as the writer and dedicated freedom fighter—were Durham's thirty-four-year-old son, Mark; one of Mark's uncles, his mother's oldest brother, Robert Davis; Pulitzer Prize–winning author Louis Terkel; and Margaret Burroughs, the visual artist, writer, and co-founder of the South Side's Du Sable Museum of African American History. Others who spoke fondly of Durham were journalist Vernon Jarrett and activists Ishmael Flory and Edward “Buzz” Palmer; the singer, actor, and activist Oscar Brown Jr.; and Harold Washington, Chicago's first black mayor. The final speaker was Durham's brother Earl Durham.
Empowerment
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's days after his departure from the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA). Forced to resign from the UPWA after his failed power play, Durham felt betrayed. He decided to write a novel based on his UPWA experiences. While he worked on his novel, Durham returned to freelancing. He found a national audience for Destination Freedom, reworked his “The Heart of George Cotton” and “Denmark Vesey” scripts for the CBS Radio Workshop, born in 1936 as The Columbia Workshop. He also got an offer from the Chicago-based Nation of Islam (NOI) to serve as editor of its newspaper, Muhammad Speaks, at a time when civil rights protests were intensifying as blatant racial discrimination and inequality continued to disenfranchise African Americans. The tensions reached a boiling point in April 1968, when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, sparking riots in various cities.
Struggling to Fly
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's career as a scriptwriter for television. Durham had been wanting to write for television since the early 1950s. The year 1969 brought the promise of creating a unique TV series, to be called More from My Life. The show, to air on noncommercial station WTTW-TV, would be a soap opera about black life in Chicago. In the past, Durham's TV scriptwriting desires had been dashed while he legally sparred with NBC. But after that fight ended, Durham served as a ghostwriter for science fiction shows like One Step Beyond, Climax, and The Outer Limits, as well as other TV dramas during the late 1950s. By the time Durham began his stint with WTTW, Blacks were becoming more visible on America's TV screens, especially in advertisements and public service announcements. Durham transformed More from My Life into Bird of the Iron Feather, which made its broadcast debut on January 19, 1970. After only seven weeks on the air, however, it was terminated by WTTW.
Narrative Battle
Authors: Wu Ka-ming
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Xiaocheng Folk Art Village in Yan'an was transformed into a container of tradition and the practice of paper-cutting into an intangible cultural heritage. It first considers the origin narrative of Xiaocheng Folk Art Village before discussing how China's urban intellectuals in the fields of folklore, religious studies, and anthropology have sought to re-understand the meanings of their work in the broader national and international framework. It then explains how Xiaocheng Folk Art Village emerged as a site of local, national, and international interests, with particular emphasis on the birth of creative rural subjects, reconfigured domestic relations, and a new public life in the village. It also describes the village's democratic struggles over folk art and concludes with an analysis of the politics of cultural authenticity and the invention of tradition in the broader context of intense urbanization and agrarian crisis in China. The chapter argues that heritage making in China is a process of “narrative battle” in which various actors construct differentiated meanings of history and tradition against the official party-state narrative.
Let the People Vote
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the strategies involved in a 1951 campaign by a coalition of small property owners and anti-tax proponents who sought to halt creation of public housing through a ballot referendum. Leading the coalition is long-time civic activist and savings-and-loan official William Pieplow. Pieplow's elevation of individual rights was tempered by a belief in “public virtue”—a willingness to sacrifice private to public interests, a characteristic championed in the early days of the nation's founding as essential for republican government. Although the referendum campaign received some support from the national housing and builder associations, which vehemently opposed the 1949 Housing Act, the movement Pieplow and his cohorts spearheaded was a genuinely grassroots expression, one that sought to defend against the perceived loss of individual rights that would result from the provision of public housing.
Public Interest vs. Public Employees
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights the city's contentious debate over the right of public employees to bargain, strike, and otherwise enjoy the same economic and workplace rights as unionized private-sector workers. As the numbers of public employees increased throughout the decade, both blue-and white-collar city workers increasingly asserted their rights. Their efforts raised questions anew about the role of government and the extent to which workers should have control over their working conditions. The concerted push for public-employee bargaining rights that began in Milwaukee ultimately resulted in Wisconsin becoming the first state to adopt collective bargaining for public employees. Yet municipal workers unexpectedly encountered some of their strongest opposition in City Hall, where the mayor and some liberal members of the Milwaukee Common Council proved unlikely opponents.
Neocolonialism’s Bounty
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides a background of Chicana/o and Latina/o literature. Chicana/o and Latina/o literature particularly demonstrate the increasing focus on empowerment—economic, political, and sexual—within Chicana/o and Latina/o America, not within Anglo-America. As such, the concept of the narratives developing in Chicana/o and Latina/o literature reflects an ongoing negotiation of form and meaning. That the narratives are told with varying elements, techniques, and genres should indicate their narrative dynamism, not a mutual inclusivity to either historical or mimetic representation. Indeed, the later novels of successful multiethnic authors explore larger cultural discourses, transnational migrations, and shifting literary aesthetics. This book then outlines specific narratives recurrent in Chicana/o and Latina/o literatures.
Narratives of Loss
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the development of nineteenth-century Chicana/o and Latina/o literature. Despite the critical success of the arrival text, writers engaged issues within Chicana/o and Latina/o America well before the multicultural literature boom of the 1980s. The chapter then studies Tomás Rivera's … And the Earth Did Not Devour Him (1971) and Junot Díaz's Drown (1996). Rivera's novella is set in rural Texas migrant communities; Díaz's text follows the movements of a single family in urban New Jersey. Together, Rivera's and Díaz's books illustrate how the narrative of loss permeates both Chicana/o and Latina/o literature, even when the losses depicted occur within distinct temporal, geographic, and cultural spaces.
Visualizing Christ Our Redeemer, Man Our Brother
Authors: Pinder Kymberly N.
Published: May 2017

This book explores the visualization of religious imagery in public art for African Americans in Chicago between 1904 and the present. It examines a number of case studies of black churches whose pastors have consciously nurtured a strong visual culture within their congregation. It features examples of religious art associated with some of Chicago's most historically significant black churches and art in their neighborhoods. It considers how the arts interact with each other in the performance of black belief, explains how empathetic realism structures these interactions for a variety of publics, and situates public art within a larger history of mural histories. It also highlights the centrality of the visual in the formation of Black Liberation Theology and its role alongside gospel music and broadcasted sermons in the black public sphere. Finally, the book discusses various representations of black Christ and other black biblical figures, often imaged alongside black historical figures or portraits of everyday black people from the community.
Urban Street Faith
Authors: Pinder Kymberly N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines contemporary black public art in Chicago, including Bernard Williams's black biblical figures in the apse of Saint Edmund's Episcopal Church. As a principal artist in the Chicago Public Art Group (CPAG), Williams has been the lead restorer for most of murals by William Walker. The Saint Edmund's committee directed the content of Williams's mural at the church in relation to the newly installed stained glass program of important black heroes. Father Richard Tolliver considered murals and stained glass an integral part of his revitalization of Saint Edmund's. Williams also helped restore Frederick D. Jones's mural at the First Church of Deliverance (FCOD) and created a number of local community murals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Damon Lamar Reed's mural ministry consisting of murals, graffiti, rap music, and T-shirts. Like the conflations of the black Christ with the pastor at Pilgrim Baptist Church and FCOD, Reed's work merges the painted image of Jesus with that of a real black body, the one within the T-shirt.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Christen A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main arguments. Focusing on the city of Salvador, this book uses performance as a methodological frame for deconstructing gendered antiblack violence. Following the work of performance theorist D. Soyini Madison (2010), it employs performance analytics as a method of social analysis in order to travel back and forth between onstage and offstage. It makes five claims: (1) that the maintenance of racial democracy as a national ideology in Brazil (exemplified by the myth of Bahia's Afro-paradise) depends on the spectacular and mundane repetition of state violence against the black body; (2) that these repetitions of violence are entangled in time and space, implicating the past, the present, and the future; (3) that state violence against the black body is not only a performance but also palimpsestic—embodied, disciplining, and marked by erasure, reinscription, and repetition; (4) that the trauma of the black experience with state violence is a kind of gendered terror that not only harms the bodies of the immediate victims but also inflicts pain on the families and communities of the victims, defining the political stakes of these moments and, in part, blackness itself; and, finally, (5) that the close relationship between Afro-paradise and performance has also led the black community to turn to performance in order to demystify and undo its violence.
A Singer-Composer Learns His Craft
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Harry T. Burleigh's work as a composer during the period 1896–1913. Burleigh's 200-plus vocal and instrumental works brought him national and international renown in the first half of the twentieth century. Burleigh's songs reflected his thorough knowledge of the prevailing forms and musical idioms of the European and American art song, both as a singer and as a composer. All his songs were written for the recital or concert stage, and they often set the same lyrics. Two of Burleigh's compositional output are choral arrangements of spirituals—“Deep River” and “Dig My Grave”—that were written for Kurt Schindler's Schola Cantorum. Also, it was not unusual for Burleigh himself to appear in concert or recital with other song composers. This chapter considers Burleigh's compositions published from 1896 to 1903 and from 1904 to 1913, including art songs, plantation songs, piano sketches, and sacred songs.
Digital Hallyu 2.0: Transnationalization of Local Digital Games
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter maps out the growth of locally based digital games. In the twenty-first century, the New Korean Wave has been expanding with the rapid growth of digital culture, in particular with online gaming. The rapid growth of the Korean digital game industry, including online gaming, and its export into the Western market have raised a fundamental question of whether digital culture has changed the nature of the Korean Wave, from a regionally focused intracultural flow to include a Western-focused contraflow. The chapter attempts to discuss the ways in which local online games, in particular massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), have advanced contraflow. In addition, it discusses a changing trend in the digital game sector, which has been occurring due to both the increasing role of China's game industries and the emergence of mobile gaming in the smartphone era. It also maps out the process by which Korean online games are appropriated for Western game users in a form of “glocalization”in both content and structure. Finally, the chapter articulates whether this new trend can diminish an asymmetrical cultural flow between the West and the East.
Global Penetration of Korea’s Smartphones in the Social Media Era
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes several distinctive elements of the digital Korean Wave with the case of smartphones, compared to the mobile era until 2008. Here, the digital Korean Wave refers to the rapid growth of digital technologies, in particular smartphones, and the export of domestic-made smartphones to the global markets as part of the growth of the New Korean Wave. However, the digital wave also means the convergence of technology and culture in order to boost the rapid penetration of cultural genres, such as animation and K-pop in the global markets. It is connected to the significance of several services, in particular intellectual property rights, which are crucial for capital accumulation. The chapter starts with an examination of the Korean IT policy, which drives the growth of smartphones, in tandem with corporate policies. Through the lens of technological hybridization, it discusses whether the global penetration of Korean smartphones resolves the uneven power logic between Western, in this case the United States, and non-Western, meaning Korea, in the social media era.
Faith Powers and Gambling Spirits in Late Gilded Age Metal Mining
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the story of the Galena revival is about the power of working-class enchantment with the magic of capitalism at the end of the Gilded Age. It offers an important field of analysis for historians of working-class religion, particularly during the tumultuous period of economic change between 1865 and 1915. While one scholarly tradition portrays mass faith in this era as compensation for material hardship, another, newer tradition emphasizes how religious belief provided many workers a potent means of resistance against capitalism. The Galena revival, however, points to a third alternative: of working-class religious innovation as an empowering expression of some poor people's belief in the chance-world of capitalism.
Black Power and Black Theology in Cairo, Illinois
Authors: Pimblott Kerry L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the thesis of Black Power's de-Christianization must be tested on the ground, with scholars paying attention to local struggles as they evolved over time, and in response to changing social and economic conditions. It follows the religious contours of Cairo's black freedom struggle from the 1950s to the 1970s to illustrate that while Black Power's reliance upon the black church was consistent with earlier campaigns, the United Front's theology nevertheless reflected a significant departure from the established Civil Rights credo. Whereas civil rights leaders expressed a firm belief in the redemptive power of Christian nonviolence and moral suasion to topple the walls of segregation, Cairo's Black Power advocates were less optimistic.
Emma Tenayuca, Religious Elites, and the 1938 Pecan-Shellers’ Strike
Authors: Sánchez-Walsh Arlene
Published: May 2017

This chapter situates Mexican workers at the center of a contest for religious and social control over their lives. Only by working outside dominant religious institutions, as Emma Tenayuca did, were of these religious activists able to support the striking pecan shellers. Born and raised culturally Catholic herself, Tenayuca fit the profile of a Catholic dedicated to social-justice causes and less concerned with the institutional teachings and programs that bishops would have wanted the Mexican population to utilize as a way of becoming better Catholics and better citizens. The chapter aims to restore the voices of Tenayuca and the less heralded Pentecostal women pecan shellers, who created their own space of activist popular religion despite the opposition of religious institutions and their gatekeepers.
Radical Christianity and Cooperative Economics in the Postwar South
Authors: Greene Alison Collis
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells a pair of stories—a grassroots beginning and a white backlash sparked by charges of outside agitation—that suggest an all-too-familiar civil rights narrative. Yet, in 1940s North Carolina, two communities—the black farmers and professionals in Tyrrell County and the multiracial network of leftist Protestants who applauded and supported their work—open up a new kind of civil rights story. Theirs is a story of interaction, interdependence, and partnerships built on a shared belief in the inseparability of economic and racial justice. Historians have long emphasized the turn from a Depression-era emphasis on economic and racial justice as two parts of a greater whole to a Cold War-era focus on civil rights and racial integration.
Sexual Degeneration and Bourgeois Culture
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that degeneration was the dominant interpolative code of the late-nineteenth-century sexual science movement. As a regulative concept of sexual variance and a master trope, it epitomized psychopathia sexualis. However, it is crucial to note that degeneration as a scientific and cultural code did not possess a singular civic meaning. The political meaning of degeneration depended upon the object defined as degenerative. The chapter analyzes sexologist Edward Reich's denunciation of bourgeois-capitalist culture as degenerative. Reich's sexual scholarship demonstrates the political malleability of degeneration as an explanatory concept. Despite this malleability, degeneration functioned disproportionately as the conceptual linchpin of psychopathia sexualis. It was a conservative trope and one that affirmed bourgeois normalcy.
The First World War and the Origins of the Red Scare
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the origins of the Red Scare of 1919–1920, with particular emphasis on the role of the United States's entry into the First World War. The effort required to bring a reluctant nation into the war and quash dissenting voices brought the federal government into the business of systematic rather than ad hoc industrial and political repression. The civil liberties of citizens who protested either the commitment to war or its effects were suppressed. The place of nativism and antiradicalism in American politics and society became elevated. More importantly, the experience of war set political precedents that helped to spawn a new movement devoted to promoting the cause of anticommunism in American life. The chapter first considers how US participation in the First World War contributed to the emergence of “modern” anticommunism before discussing the role of the American Protective League in the repression efforts during the war. It also explores the business of loyalty, cultural repression, farmers' collectives and minor political parties, silencing dissent, and the campaign against industrial unions during the war.
John Bond Trevor, Radicals, Eugenics, and Immigration
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines John Bond Trevor's contribution to anticommunism. Trevor is probably the only man who significantly influenced both the doctrinal evolution of anticommunism and the revolutionary immigration acts of the early 1920s. As director of the New York City branch of the US Army Military Intelligence Division (MI) during the Red Scare, Trevor directly observed and suppressed “radical” elements of the populace. His opinions about the sources of radicalism and the composition of the radical community were solicited by companion organizations, especially the Bureau of Investigation, and MI headquarters in Washington, D.C. He was also a crucial proponent of immigration restrictions as a credible and practicable means of protecting the United States from Bolshevism. This chapter first looks at the origins of Trevor before discussing his collaboration with Archibald Stevenson in forming the Lusk Committee to study the “Bolshevist movement.” It also explores how Trevor synthesized and translated the scientific theories of the eugenics movement into coherent legislation.
Anticommunism and Political Terror
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how political terror was used in the interwar period as yet another weapon in the campaign waged by the anticommunist movement. Several incidents of political terror that occurred in the United States after the Great War were grounded in attitudes expressed in the prosecution of leaders of revolutionary and nonconformist organizations. These attitudes were also expressed in the incarceration and even execution of symbolic scapegoats, including political prisoners, anarchists such as Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, and radicals like the Wobblies, Tom Mooney and Warren Billings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the prevalence of racism and nativism, perpetrated by vigilante groups, as part of anticommunism's program of political terror. The movement's objective was clear: to intimidate and prevent people from supporting certain ideas and organizations by destroying the lives of a select few.
The Mythology of Anticommunism
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the myth of conspiracy theory perpetuated by anticommunists as part of an elaborate propaganda. It shows how conspiracy theory was employed as a political technique of choice for opportunistic and calculating anticommunists, who inflamed and manipulated emotions to advance their cause. It considers how anticommunism found its ultimate reason for being in the notion that the United States was being subjected to unceasing subversion by an army of largely imported Bolsheviks, socialists, syndicalists, and anarchists. Anticommunist propaganda and conspiracy theory insisted that this army was being aided by an even larger number of treacherous and gullible homegrown enemies, from radicalized trade unionists and embittered African Americans to what they call unfeminine feminists, softheaded peaceniks, and eccentric freethinkers. The chapter discusses the anticommunists' conspiracy mythology by focusing on their paranoid politics, their justifications for their disavowal of communism, and their idealization of life in America.
Conclusion
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This conclusion discusses the legacies of the Anticommunist Spider Web and the myriad ways in which they persist in the extraordinary life span and significance of anticommunism in US politics, economy, and culture. Among the most important consequences of anticommunism was the creation of the surveillance state and the promotion of a military–industrial complex. The Spider Web also wielded significant influence in the areas of partisan politics, big business, immigration policy, political economy, and liberal anticommunism. This conclusion shows that the Spider Web's descendants used the same arguments, rhetorical tropes, and state and corporate instruments to pursue the political, economic, and social agenda of their forebears. It argues that the cooperation of liberals and labor unions in the suppression of anything that smacked of “communism” restricted public debate about how the Left might or should influence the future of America while creating an ideological void that the heirs of the Spider Web rushed to fill.
The Violence of the Normative
Authors: Brandzel Amy L.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book argues that citizenship is not only the central structure for reifying the norms of whiteness, heterosexuality, consumerism, and settler colonialism within the United States, but that these norms are brutally enforced against nonnormative bodies, practices, behaviors, and forms of affiliation through oppositional, divide-and-conquer logics that set up nonnormative subjects to compete against each other in order to gain the privileged access to citizenship. The book examines the complex nature of the violence of normative citizenship by offering a comparative analysis of three case studies, namely same-sex marriage law, hate crime legislation, and Native Hawaiian sovereignty. The remainder of the chapter discusses the notion of citizenship as a form of disciplinary and biopolitical power, and the anti-intersectionality of citizenship discourses in the United States.
Soldiers in Garrison
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the problem of discipline within the ranks of the Victorian army stationed at Fort Napier and how alcohol abuse sparked the mutiny of the Cape Mounted Riflemen (CMR) detachment at the Bushman's River post in 1852. Drunkenness was almost all-pervasive at Fort Napier throughout its existence as a garrison center. The abuse of alcohol provided the fuel for conflict in various incidents, both minor and major. The chapter first provides a background on the CMR, also known as the Cape Corps, in the Colony of Natal before discussing “interior life” in the garrison. It then describes the dispersal of small units across Zululand and how it exacerbated the general problems of crime and drunkenness among soldiers. It also analyzes the CMR mutiny in the context of the Eighth Frontier War (1850–53) in the eastern Cape; this event and the mutiny of the Inniskilling Fusiliers at Fort Napier in 1887 were the most pronounced episodes of indiscipline and inhumanity to occur during the seven decades of military occupation.
The Inniskilling Fusiliers
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts the mutiny of the Inniskilling Fusiliers (the 27th Regiment) at Fort Napier in 1887. For most of the 1880s, two or three infantry battalions, a cavalry regiment, and a full mountain battery of artillery were deployed in Natal and Zululand. Small detachments scattered across Zululand undertook tedious and arduous patrolling. The breakup of the regiments into small units serving in out-of-the-way places compromised regimental discipline. This chapter examines whether external factors played any part in the Inniskilling Fusiliers mutiny, which has also been described as a mere “drunken brawl” involving Irish troops, by assessing the situation in Ireland and among the Irish communities in England at the time. In particular, it looks at the Land Wars and the Home Rule movement in Ireland in the 1880s and goes on to discuss the mysterious circumstances surrounding the the Inniskilling Fusiliers rebellion. It also considers the trial of four mutineers—Patrick McKeown, Joseph McCrea, Charles Orr, and John Campbell—which saw the execution of McCrea.
The Garrison and the State
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the evolving relationship between the imperial, colonial, and local states in relation to the role of the garrison of Fort Napier. In particular, it considers the granting of responsible government to Natal in 1893 and how this act transformed the nature of the colonial state while also setting a time limit for the continued presence of the imperial garrison. It also discusses the practical implications of the change in the structure of the state and the anticipated withdrawal of the garrison in terms of the occupation and reservation of coveted land in urban centers by the imperial military. In addition, the chapter explores the contrasting consequences of the transfer of military land in Durban, which occurred before the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War, as opposed to Pietermaritzburg, in which the transfer happened some twenty years later. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the return of regular troops to Fort Napier in 1906, along with their continued presence under a very different political dispensation as Natal was absorbed into the Union of South Africa.
Recessional
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the last few years of the garrison, the fate of the last regiment on the Western Front after the outbreak of World War I, the fate of Fort Napier, and its place in folk memories. From May 31, 1910, Natal was no longer a separate colony within the British Empire, and Pietermaritzburg ceased to be a colonial capital. Pietermaritzburg in particular suffered a loss of political status and economic influence. This chapter first recounts the Battle of Ypres that saw the South Staffordshire Regiment and the British Army's 7th Division suffer heavily at the hands of the German troops. It then considers the closure of the internment camp at Fort Napier in early 1919, along with the red tape involved in dealing with ex-servicemen returning after World War I. It also discusses the passage of the Union Defence Act and the eventual withdrawal of British troops from Natal and concludes with an overview of the absorption of the garrison's military traditions into popular culture.
Fashioning Dense Masculine Space
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how American workers created and maintained a dense masculine culture at the workplace. Though a variety of masculine cultures existed, age, ethnicity, and race determined their construction. Most important, the dominant culture was white and male. Workers constructed and reconstructed their public postures of manhood in their relations with each other, with their employers, and with women. At the workplace, the male culture of aggression flourished; fighting, cursing, drinking, and all manner of manly misbehavior prevailed. Numerous union grievances captured the dense male culture that revealed the details of the male character of the shop floor, and many such grievances often typified workers' manly quest for dignity and worth.