bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KHOMO LIA OELA: CANTEENS,

BROTHELS AND LABOUR MIGRANCY IN COLONIAL LESOTHO, 1900–40
Authors: MALOKA TSHIDISO
Published: July 2002

AMONG the most critical effects of labour migrancy on
a labour

reserve economy in southern Africa are the psychological and economic implications

the dependence on migrants' earnings, and the prolonged absence of
men at

the labour centres, have for women. Lesotho is one such case. But Basotho

women, for their part, developed various survival strategies in response
to

their social and economic predicament. Judy Kimble and Philip Bonner have

pioneered the study of these responses, but they made no effort to look
at the

strategies of the women remaining at home. When scholarly attention has

been given to the latter category of women, the focus has been on the period

after 1940. This study, by focusing on the engagement of Basotho women
in

commercial beer-brewing and prostitution in Lesotho before the Second

World War, intends to address this lacuna. An attempt will also be made
to

link the rise of these phenomena to social and economic changes in colonial

Lesotho, particularly the deepening of dependency on the migrant labour

system.
The use of residual maximum likelihood to model

grain quality characters of wheat with variety, climatic

and nitrogen fertilizer effects
Authors: GOODING M. J. , SMITH G. , DAVIES W. P. , KETTLEWELL P. S.
Published: July 2002

Year × variety means of wheat grain crude protein content
(CP)

and Hagberg falling number (HFN)

surveyed in the UK from 1974 to 1993 were investigated with a residual
maximum

likelihood

(REML) analysis using variety, nitrogen fertilizer application (kg N/ha),

average monthly

temperatures (°C), and total monthly rainfall (mm) as fixed terms,
and year

as a random term.

Annual variety means were weighted according to the inverse of their variances.

The statistical

significance of fixed terms as they were added to the model was evaluated
by

comparing the Wald test

statistic with critical values of chi-squared. CP, except for 1976 which
was

associated with prolonged

drought conditions, was best described with a model combining effects for

variety (P < 0·001),

nitrogen application rate (0·0143, S.E. = 0·00312,

P < 0·001),

July temperature (0·184, S.E. = 0·0582,

P < 0·01) and May rainfall (−0·00952,

S.E. = 0·00233,

P < 0·001). A model describing HFN

combined effects for variety (P < 0·001), August rainfall

(−0·930, S.E. = 0·2579,

P < 0·001) and June

temperature (24·4, S.E. = 7·37,

P < 0·001). These models were

evaluated for describing CP and HFN

of cv. Avalon grown on sandy-loam from 1982 to 1992 at one site. Correlation

coefficients of 0·51

(P = 0·1) and 0·72 (P = 0·012) were

obtained between observed values at this site and those predicted

from the nationally derived models for CP and HFN respectively. Variety
effects

suggested that the

varieties commonly used in the mid 1970s would give higher CP and lower
HFN

than their more

modern counterparts if grown at similar levels of nitrogen and in the same

climatic conditions.
Physical breakdown of chickweed, dandelion, dock,

ribwort, spurrey and perennial ryegrass when eaten by

sheep and when macerated
Authors: WILMAN D. , DERRICK R. W. , MOSELEY G.
Published: July 2002

Six plant species were compared in terms of their physical breakdown

when eaten by sheep and when

macerated: chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), dandelion

(Taraxacum officinale Weber), dock

(Rumex obtusifolius L.), ribwort (Plantago lanceolata
L.),

spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.) and perennial

ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In two experiments at Aberystwyth

in 1985 and 1986, the species were

artificially dried and fed to lambs as the total diet. In another experiment

in 1987, they were fed fresh,

in 1·5 min meals, to yearling sheep.

Perennial ryegrass was more difficult to break down than the dicotyledonous

species, judging by

the particle size distribution in macerated and in chewed material and
in the

rumen contents and from

the rather long time the sheep spent eating and ruminating per 100 g dry
matter

(DM) intake and the

rather high fibrosity index. The width of some of the smaller ryegrass

particles in the rumen was such

that they must have contained only a single vein. Spurrey was readily broken

down by macerating

and by chewing and a relatively short time was spent eating and ruminating
per

100 g DM intake.

The shape of spurrey particles in the rumen was quite similar to that of
stemmy

ryegrass particles and

the fibrosity index of spurrey was high. The breakdown of chickweed was

similar to that of spurrey,

but the fibrosity index of chickweed was lower. Accumulation of DM in the

caecum appeared particularly pronounced in sheep fed ribwort or dock. The
dock

particles in the rumen typically had

a low ratio of length to width and it seemed that dock particles did not
need

to be reduced in size as

much as ryegrass particles before passing out of the rumen.
Effect of year and fertilizer on water-use efficiency of
pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Niger
Authors: SIVAKUMAR M. V. K. , SALAAM S. A.
Published: July 2002

A comprehensive study was conducted over a 4-year period (1984–87)
to evaluate the water use,
growth and yield responses of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.) cv. CIVT grown with and
without fertilizer (30 kg P2O5 and 45 kg N ha−1)
at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Sadoré, Niger. Our
study showed significant year and fertilizer effects on the growth and
yield of millet at the study site.
Observed year effects were primarily due to the variations in the amount
and distribution of rainfall
in relation to the potential demand for water. During 1984, 1985 and 1987,
total rainfall was below
the long term average, while in 1986 it was above average. While the onset
of rains (relative to the
average date of onset) was early from 1984 to 1986, in 1987 the sowings
were delayed by as much as
33 days. Of all the four years, the separation between the treatments in
the cumulative evaporation
is most evident for 1984, which was a drought year with below-average rainfall
in all the months from
June to September. Cumulative evaporation patterns in 1985 and 1986 were
similar because of regular
rains and high average rainfall per rainy day from June to October. In
1987, sowings were delayed
until 15 July and only 6·9 mm of rainfall was received per rainy
day in July. Hence cumulative
evaporation was initially low and showed a significant increase only after
two significant rain events
in early August. There was a large response to fertilizer in all the years
as small additions of fertilizer
phosphate increased the soluble phosphate in the soil. Fertilizer application
resulted in a small
increase in water use (7–14%) in all years except 1987. Increased
yield due to the application of
fertilizer was accompanied by an increase in the water-use efficiency (WUE)
in all the four years with
the largest increase in 1985. The beneficial effect of fertilizers could
be attributed to the rapid early
growth of leaves which can contribute to reduction of soil evaporative
losses and increased WUE.
Over the four seasons, average increase in the WUE due to the addition
of fertilizer was 84%.
Effects of a synthetic growth hormone-releasing
peptide on growth and carcass traits of pigs
Authors: SHIH I.-L. , TSAI H. , JIANG W.-J. , HUANG Y.-T. , KOH T.-J.
Published: July 2002

The current study was to determine the effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide
([His1, Lys6]-GHRP) on growth performance and carcass
traits in pigs, and to determine whether the results were
comparable to those of recombinant porcine growth hormone (r-PGH) treatment. Thirty Landrace
and Yorkshire pigs (40–45 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, each group consisted of two
boars, five gilts and three barrows. Peptides were administered daily by intramuscular injection with
the following schemes and dosages: Group A ([His1, Lys6]-GHRP,
200 μg/day in 0·5 ml saline),
Group B (r-PGH, 3 mg/day in 0·6 ml saline), and Group C (sterilized physiological saline,
0·5 ml/day). [His1, Lys6]-GHRP caused significant improvements both in pig growth and carcass
traits. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of the [His1, Lys6]-GHRP treated group were
higher than those of the control, but less than with the r-PGH treatment. The net increase in the ADG
by [His1, Lys6]-GHRP was c. 14%, and was 23% by
r-PGH (both P<0·01). The feed efficiency was
improved 17% by [His1, Lys6]-GHRP (P<0·01) and 20%
by r-PGH (P<0·01). On the other hand,
the back-fat thickness in both [His1, Lys6]-GHRP and
r-PGH treated groups (1·76±0·041 cm and
1·72±0·040 cm, respectively) was considerably less
(P<0·05) than that of the control group
(1·81±0·040 cm). In addition, the lean cuts percentage and the
rib longissimus muscle area were
comparable in the [His1, Lys6]-GHRP and r-PGH
treatments (lean cuts percentage: 57±2·0% and
57±1·5%, respectively; rib longissimus muscle area: 32·8±0·91 cm2
and 32·9±1·10 cm2, respectively), and both were significantly (P<0·05)
greater than those of the control group (lean cuts
percentage: 53±1·5%; rib longissimus muscle area: 28·3±1·61 cm2).
In conclusion, [His1, Lys6]-GHRP appeared to be a promising tool for controlling carcass fat in pigs.
“An Avenue to Some Degree of Profit and Reputation”: The

Sketch Book as Washington Irving's entrée and
undoing
Authors: HILLER ALICE
Published: July 2002

“I have,” confided Washington Irving to his friend

and effective literary

agent Henry Brevoort, “by patient & persevering labour of my
most

uncertain pen, & by catching the gleams of sunshine in my cloudy mind,

managed to open to myself an avenue to 〈a〉 some degree of profit
&

reputation.”

The “avenue” in question was The Sketch Book of Geoffrey

Crayon, Gent. – America's first internationally

acclaimed work of literature

– which, by March 1821, had become a direct route to respectability
and

the British establishment, opening to Irving the world of stately homes

and their real-life avenues, previously only glimpsed from afar. Pieced

together after the collapse of his family business, the collection of sketches

may have been a carefully engineered career move, but Irving avoided any

suggestion of personal cost in catching only those “gleams of sunshine,”

and apparently censoring his cloudier, less amenable self. He continued:

“I value it the more highly because it is entirely independent and
self

created; and I must use my best endeavours to turn it to account”

(LI.614). In the context, “independent” –

a charged word for his

generation – is striking, given that The Sketch Book

was anything but.
What in the World interests Women? Hollywood, Postwar

America, and Johnny Belinda
Authors: LEFF LEONARD J.
Published: July 2002

During World War II, when the Office of War Information urged the

American film companies to help the nation win the war, the OWI's

Bureau of Motion Pictures delivered both moral support and guidance.

The BMP “Manual” (1942), for instance, encouraged producers

to show women dropping off their children at day-care centers, then

cheerfully heading off to jobs where they enjoyed equal opportunity and

equal pay. Scenes like those may have been fantasy, and for some women
wryly

amusing, and yet, in the late 1940s and beyond, as one historian says,

World War II came to be thought of as “the best war

ever,” the war,

according to myth, where there were no tensions over class, or race, or

gender.
Dred: Intemperate Slavery
Authors: HAMILTON CYNTHIA S.
Published: July 2002

In 1825, Harriet Beecher Stowe's father, Lyman Beecher, gave a series of
six sermons which helped to launch the temperance movement. In these
sermons, published in 1826 and much reprinted thereafter, Beecher used
the slave trade as a moral yardstick for the evils of intemperance. In doing
so, he built on the moral outrage which brought an end to the legal
importation of African slaves in 1808, and further criminalized the trade
in 1820 when it was declared piracy. Beecher concluded that, morally
reprehensible as the slave trade had been, intemperance was the greater
evil, for it did greater damage to the individual soul, and cast a wider
shadow of suffering. “We have heard of the horrors of the middle passage,
the transportation of slaves, the chains, the darkness, the stench, the
mortality and living madness of wo, and it is dreadful,” Beecher noted
before counting the human cost of bondage to alcohol:

Yes, in this nation there is a middle passage of slavery, and darkness, and chains,
and disease, and death. But it is a middle passage, not from Africa to America,
but from time to eternity; and not of slaves whom death will release from
suffering, but of those whose sufferings at death do but just begin. Could all the
sighs of these captives be wafted on one breeze, it would be loud as thunder.
Could all their tears be assembled, they would be like the sea.

Given the rhetorical power of the comparison between the evils of chattel
slavery and the evils of alcohol dependency, it is hardly surprising that
Lyman Beecher's daughter, writing some thirty years later, would build
on her father's work, inverting, in Dred, the import of the comparison.
VARIABLES THAT EXPLAIN VARIATION IN PRENATAL CARE IN TURKEY; SOCIAL CLASS, EDUCATION AND ETHNICITY RE-VISITED
Authors: CINDOGLU DILEK , SIRKECI IBRAHIM
Published: July 2002

The extent and quality of prenatal care are important for the health of women and their babies. Recent studies suggest that women lack adequate prenatal care in contemporary Turkey. This paper uses regression models to examine the major factors impacting on the access of women to prenatal care through the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. The findings suggest that after controlling for class, ethnicity does not explain the likelihood of a woman’s access to prenatal care, partly because the predominant patriarchal ideology in Turkey determines women’s access to education, which in turn determines their access to prenatal care. It can be argued that unless women’s socioeconomic status in the family improves, their access to health care in general and prenatal care in particular will not increase significantly.
FAMILY PLANNING IN ISPARTA, TURKEY
Authors: OZCAN F.
Published: July 2002

Family planning practices were reported by 491 married women, aged 15-49, who applied to the Family Planning Centre in Isparta, Turkey. Eighty-four percent of the women used contraception, the IUD being used most frequently. Almost half of the women married before age 18 years.
Distribution of nitrogen in goats' milk and use of capillary
electrophoresis to determine casein fractions
Authors: GARCÍA-RUIZ ANTONIA , LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO ROSINA , LOZADA LUCIDIA , FONTECHA JAVIER , FRAGA MARÍA J. , JUÁREZ MANUELA
Published: July 2002

The last few years have seen a number of advances in the understanding of
genetic polymorphisms of caprine caseins, and especially in molecular characterization
of the allelic variants and analysis of their frequencies in Spanish and other
breeds (Grosclaude et al. 1994; Jordana et al. 1996). Although more is being
discovered about the influence of these polymorphisms on the yield and characteristics
of cheeses (Remeuf, 1993; Pirisi et al. 1994), little work has been done on the
quantitation of different casein fractions of goats' milk throughout lactation.
Measurements have been made using SDS-PAGE (Quiles et al. 1990) and cation-
exchange FPLC (Brown et al. 1995), and Recio et al. (1997a) have demonstrated the
potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis and quantitation of milk
proteins. Use of CE has resulted in the development of rapid automated analysis with
very high resolution, requiring very small sample and buffer volumes and with a
significantly reduced amount of solvent waste.

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of herd and milking
period on the contents of the various nitrogen and casein fractions, the latter being
determined by CE, in milk from goats of the Murciana-Granadina breed.
Royal Eloquence, Royal Propaganda
and the Use of the Sermon in the
Medieval Crown of Aragon,
c. 1200–1410
Authors: CAWSEY SUZANNE F.
Published: July 2002

In the two centuries before 1410 it was the custom for the king of
Aragon to open a session of the cortes with a speech. These speeches
were not merely simple statements of the reasons why the cortes had
been summoned but were elaborately staged and ornately constructed
orations, very often written in the style of sermons. Affairs of state were
portrayed in terms of Christian morality with the aid of exempla drawn
from the Old Testament and from other religious works, emphasising,
above all, the king's God-given authority. Exempla were also derived from
written royal histories of the Crown of Aragon, transmitted orally by the
king to his people and used to create a feeling of national pride and unity
between the king and his subjects. I propose to examine the use of these
royal sermons in the Crown of Aragon first by discussing whether it is
indeed right to call these politically motivated speeches sermons at all;
second, by putting the Crown of Aragon into context by examining the
evidence for royal preaching throughout Europe; third, by considering
the evidence for a long-standing tradition of preaching by members of the
royal house of Aragon; and finally, in order to illustrate in more detail the
nature and content of royal Aragonese sermons, by providing a detailed
analysis of the speeches by King Pedro iv ‘the Ceremonious’ to the Cortes
of Tarragona (Catalonia) of 1370 and to the Cortes of Monzón (Aragon)
of 1383, full texts of which were recorded in the official proceedings.
Prandtl number dependence of Nusselt number in direct numerical simulations
Authors: KERR ROBERT M. , HERRING JACKSON R.
Published: July 2002

The dependence of the Nusselt number Nu on the Rayleigh Ra and Prandtl Pr number
is determined for 104 < Ra < 107 and 0.07 < Pr < 7 using DNS with no-slip upper
and lower boundaries and free-slip sidewalls in a 8 × 8 × 2 box. Nusselt numbers,
velocity scales and boundary layer thicknesses are calculated. For Nu there are good
comparisons with experimental data and scaling laws for all the cases, including Ra2/7
laws at Pr = 0.7 and Pr = 7 and at low Pr, a Ra1/4 regime.
Calculations at Pr = 0.3 predict a new Nu ∼ Ra2/7
regime at slightly higher Ra than the Pr = 0.07 calculations
reported here and the mercury Pr = 0.025 experiments.
The dynamics of a near-surface vortex in a two-layer ocean on the beta-plane
Authors: BENILOV E. S.
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of a near-surface vortex are examined in a two-layer setting on the beta-plane. Initially, the vortex is radially symmetric and localized in the upper layer. Two non-dimensional parameters govern its evolution and translation: the ratio δ of the thickness of the vortex to the total depth of the fluid, and the non-dimensional beta-effect number α = βL/f (f and β are the Coriolis parameter and its meridional
gradient respectively, L is the radius of the vortex). We assume, as suggested by oceanic observations, that α < δ < 1: A simple set of asymptotic equations is
derived, which describes the beta-induced translation of the vortex and a dipolar
perturbation developing on and under the vortex (in both layers).

This set was solved numerically for oceanic lenses, and the following features
were observed: (i) The meridional (southward) component of the translation speed
of the lens rapidly ‘overtakes’ the zonal (westward) component. The former grows approximately linearly, whereas the latter oscillates about the Nof (1981) value (i.e. about the speed of translation of a vortex in a one-layer reduce-gravity fluid). (ii) Vortices of the same shape, but different radii and amplitudes, follow the same trajectory. The amplitude and radius affect only the absolute value, but not the direction, of the translation speed. (iii) In the lower layer below the vortex, a ‘region’ is generated where the velocity of the fluid is growing linearly with time. The velocity field in the region becomes more and more homogeneous (and equal to the translation speed of the vortex).
Contact line instability in spontaneous spreading of a drop on a solid surface
Authors: NEOGI P.
Published: July 2002

The wetting kinetics of a drop on a solid surface is measured by observing the
movement of the contact line, which is often seen to be unstable, showing a scalloped
profile. Many factors have been cited, which, although they can cause instability,
can also be eliminated from the experiments, but still the instabilities appear. The
basic shape of a spreading drop has a large curvature localized in the vicinity of
the contact line as determined by microscopy. It is shown here using linear stability
analysis that this curvature can destabilize the contact line region. When the drop
profile is disturbed from a basic thickness of h to
h + h′, there are two contributions
from h′ in the form of added Laplace pressure. One of these is commonly accounted
for in the stability analyses. The other is not, and occurs only if the basic shape has
a curvature, and the drop has a large curvature near the apparent dynamic contact
line, but only for a wetting liquid. This is why instability is not reported in the case of
spreading of drops of non-wetting liquids. It also explains why instability gives rise to
the changed spreading kinetics of drops that are sometimes reported in the literature,
and suggests that as larger curvatures are expected in forced spreading those cases
are probably accompanied quite frequently by unstable contact lines.
Mixing in frozen and time-periodic two-dimensional vortical flows
Authors: WONHAS ALEXANDER , VASSILICOS J. C.
Published: July 2002

In the first part of this paper, we investigate passive scalar or tracer advection–diffusion
in frozen, two-dimensional, non-circular symmetric vortices. We develop an asymptotic description of the scalar field in
a time range 1 [Lt ] t/T [Lt ] Pe1/3, where T
is the formation time of the spiral in the vortex and Pe is a Péclet number, assumed
much larger than 1. We derive the leading-order decay of the scalar variance E(t) for
a singular non-circular streamline geometry,

The variance decay is solely determined by a geometrical parameter μ and the
exponent β describing the behaviour of the closed streamline periods. We develop a
method to predict, in principle, the variance decay from snapshots of the advected
scalar field by reconstructing the streamlines and their period from just two snapshots
of the advected scalar field.

In the second part of the paper, we investigate variance decay in a periodically moving
singular vortex. We identify three different regions (core, chaotic and KAM-tori).
We find fast mixing in the chaotic region and investigate a conjecture about mixing
in the KAM-tori region. The conjecture enables us to use the results from the first
section and relates the Kolmogorov capacity, or box-counting dimension, of the advected
scalar to the decay of the scalar variance. We check our theoretical predictions
against a numerical simulation of advection–diffusion of scalar in such a flow.
A model of unsteady subsonic flow with acoustics excluded
Authors: FEDORCHENKO A. T.
Published: July 2002

Diverse subsonic initial-boundary-value problems (flows in a closed

volume initiated by blowing or suction through permeable walls, flows with

continuously distributed

sources, viscous flows with substantial heat fluxes, etc.) are considered,
to

show that they cannot be solved by using the classical theory of

incompressible fluid motion

which involves the equation div u = 0. Application of the most

general theory of

compressible fluid flow may not be best in such cases, because then we
encounter

difficulties in accurately resolving the complex acoustic phenomena as
well as in

assigning the proper boundary conditions. With this in mind a new non-local mathematical model, where div u ≠ 0 in the general case, is

proposed for the simulation of unsteady subsonic flows in a bounded domain

with continuously distributed sources

of mass, momentum and entropy, also taking into account the effects of
viscosity and

heat conductivity when necessary. The exclusion of sound waves is one of
the most

important features of this model which represents a fundamental extension
of the

conventional model of incompressible fluid flow. The model has been built
up by

modifying both the general system of equations for the motion of compressible
fluid

(viscous or inviscid as required) and the appropriate set of boundary

conditions. Some particular cases of this model are discussed. A series
of

exact time-dependent solutions, one- and two-dimensional, is presented

to illustrate the model.
Effects of weak wind and damping on

Wilton's ripples
Authors: TRULSEN KARSTEN , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: July 2002

A model for second-harmonic resonance between two gravity–capillary

waves is derived, for the case where weak wind and laminar viscosity are
of

comparable

importance. It is revealed that there exist two threshold wind speeds.
For winds

weaker than the lower threshold, waves are damped. For winds stronger than
the

upper threshold, the wave energy becomes unbounded and the spectrum cannot
be

confined to two resonating harmonics. In the intermediate range there exist
steady

progressive combination waves of the first and second harmonics. These
are

Wilton's

ripples in equilibrium with wind input and viscous dissipation, and are
probably

physically observable.
Instability of a two-dimensional plane wall jet

subjected to blowing or suction
Authors: AMITAY MICHAEL , COHEN JACOB
Published: July 2002

The effects of wall blowing or suction on the stability characteristics

of a laminar

incompressible two-dimensional plane wall jet are investigated both experimentally

and theoretically. A quantitative comparison between linear stability calculations

and phase-locked experimental data, obtained when the wall jet is subjected
to

two-dimensional excitations, confirms the co-existence of the viscous and
inviscid

instability modes and the theoretically predicted effects of blowing and
suction on

the stability of the wall jet. According to these predicted effects,

blowing stabilizes the inviscid mode while destabilizing the viscous one;
suction

has the opposite effect.

Furthermore, blowing and suction tend to increase and decrease, respectively,
the

ratio between the outer and inner amplitude maxima of the streamwise velocity

fluctuation. When wall blowing is applied, the instability domain is enlarged
and

includes higher-frequency waves. In addition, the region where both unstable
modes

co-exist simultaneously begins at a lower local Reynolds number.

Opposite effects are

caused when suction is applied. The quantitative comparison between the
theory and

experiment includes the cross-stream structure and the downstream growth
of the

streamwise velocity fluctuations. In order to accurately account

for the effect of the

mean flow divergence in the stability analysis, the second-order

corrections to the mean

flow solutions are obtained for all wall conditions. Spectral distributions,
obtained

when natural wall-jets are subjected to blowing and suction,

support qualitatively the above results.
Thermocapillary flow in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: BOOS W. , THESS A.
Published: July 2002

We formulate a simple theoretical model that permits one to

investigate surface-tension-driven flows with complex interface geometry.
The

model consists of a Hele-Shaw cell filled with two different fluids and

subjected to a unidirectional temperature

gradient. The shape of the interface that separates the fluids can be

arbitrarily complex.

If the contact line is pinned, i.e. unable to move, the problem

of calculating the flow

in both fluids is governed by a linear set of equations containing the
characteristic

aspect ratio and the viscosity ratio as the only input parameters.

Analytical solutions,

derived for a linear interface and for a circular drop, demonstrate that

for large aspect

ratio the flow field splits into a potential core flow and a thermocapillary
boundary

layer which acts as a source for the core. An asymptotic theory is developed
for this

limit which reduces the mathematical problem to a Laplace equation with
Dirichlet

boundary conditions. This problem can be efficiently solved utilizing a
boundary

element method. It is found that the thermocapillary flow in non-circular
drops has

a highly non-trivial streamline topology. After releasing the assumption
of a pinned

interface, a linear stability analysis is carried out for

the interface under both transverse

and longitudinal temperature gradients. For a semi-infinite fluid bounded
by a freely

movable surface long-wavelength instability due to the temperature gradient
across

the surface is predicted. The mechanism of this instability is closely
related to the

long-wave instability in surface-tension-driven Bénard

convection. A linear interface

heated from the side is found to be linearly stable. The possibility of
experimental

verification of the predictions is briefly discussed.
Multi-mode models of flow and of solute dispersion in shallow water.
Part 3.

Horizontal dispersion tensor for velocity
Authors: SMITH RONALD
Published: July 2002

Svendsen & Putrevu (1994) revealed that the much larger off-shore

than vertical

effective viscosity for longshore currents is the consequence of a shear
dispersion

mechanism. The multi-mode representation for the flow gives a mathematical

framework within which a more general derivation can be made. It is shown
that

to a first

approximation the horizontal shear dispersion tensor for velocity is the
same

as that for solutes.
Instability of rotating convection
Authors: COX S. M. , MATTHEWS P. C.
Published: July 2002

Convection rolls in a rotating layer can become unstable to
the Küppers–Lortz
instability. When the horizontal boundaries are stress free and the Prandtl number is
finite, this instability diverges in the limit where the perturbation rolls make a small
angle with the original rolls. This divergence is resolved by taking full account of
the resonant mode interactions that occur in this limit: it is necessary to include two
roll modes and a large-scale mean flow in the perturbation. It is found that rolls of
critical wavelength whose amplitude is of order ε are always unstable to rolls oriented
at an angle of order ε2/5. However, these rolls are unstable to perturbations at an
infinitesimal angle if the Taylor number is greater than 4π4.
Unlike the Küppers–Lortz instability, this new instability at infinitesimal angles does not depend on the
direction of rotation; it is driven by the flow along the axes of the rolls. It is
this instability that dominates in the limit of rapid rotation. Numerical simulations
confirm the analytical results and indicate that the instability is subcritical, leading to
an attracting heteroclinic cycle. We show that the small-angle instability grows more
rapidly than the skew-varicose instability.
German noun inflection
Authors: CAHILL LYNNE , GAZDAR GERALD
Published: July 2002

This is the second of a series of three papers that, taken together, will give an
essentially complete account of inflection in standard German. In this paper we
present that part of the account that covers nouns, one that captures all the
regularities, subregularities and irregularities that are involved, but with a focus on
the subregularities. Inflected forms are defined in terms of their syllable structure, as
proposed in Cahill (1990a, b, 1993). The analysis is formulated as a DATR theory –
a set of lexical axioms – from which all the relevant facts follow as theorems. DATR
is a widely used formal lexical knowledge representation language developed for use
in computational linguistics.
Knowledge, power and politics: the environmental policy-making
process in Ethiopia
Authors: Keeley James , Scoones Ian
Published: July 2002

Policy discourses urging environmental rehabilitation, and rapid agricultural
intensification for food self-sufficiency are firmly entrenched in Ethiopia. This
paper examines the actor-networks and key policy spaces associated with the
establishment of these discourses, taking natural resource management policies,
and institutionalisation of the SG-2000 extension programme as case
studies. An emergent, and potentially challenging, participatory natural
resource management discourse is also identified. Contrasting the regions of
Tigray and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region
(SNNPR), the paper concludes by arguing that, with decentralisation, differences
between regional administrative and political cultures are key to
policy processes, affecting the degree to which central policies reflect local
concerns.
John Wiseman
Authors: Clapham Christopher
Published: July 2002

The Journal of Modern African Studies deeply regrets to announce
the death of the Book Reviews Editor, Dr John Wiseman, on
5 March 2000.

John Wiseman, Senior Lecturer in African Politics at the University of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, died of cancer on 5 March 2000, at the
tragically early age of 54. John was always proud to have been a
product of the Department of Government at Manchester, where he
took both his undergraduate degree and his Ph.D. with Bill Tordoff
and Dennis Austin between 1968 and 1974, completing his Ph.D.
under Bill's supervision on ‘The Organisation of Political Conflict in
Botswana’. He then taught for three years at Ahmadu Bello University,
before taking up what proved to be his lifetime post at Newcastle in
1977.

Sceptical of theory, and moved by a deep love of Africa, John always
saw African politics as deriving from the needs, aspirations and
struggles of individual Africans, rather than from grand global
narratives. This was an approach that encouraged the empathetic and
fieldwork-based study of individual African states, first in Botswana,
but also in his second African home, The Gambia, while at the time of
his death he was working on Malawi. It also led to an interest in
leadership, expressed in his Political Leaders in Black Africa (1991), and
to an abiding conviction that Africans were every bit as capable as
anyone else in the world, given half a chance, of managing effective
multi-party democracies. This conviction was expressed in his two
major books, Democracy in Black Africa: Survival and Revival (1990), and
The New Struggle for Democracy in Africa (1996), as well as an edited
volume, Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (1995).
Fittingly, the last publication before his death was ‘The Continuing
Case for Demo-Optimism in Africa’, Democratization (1999).

A lifetime enthusiast, John made an enormous contribution to the
study of Africa, as teacher, colleague and friend. His final-year
undergraduate course on African politics at Newcastle regularly
attracted more than seventy students a year. He was an active
member of ASAUK, especially in organising conference panels and
serving on its Executive Committee, and was Book Review Editor first
of The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, and from 1997 of
The Journal of Modern African Studies. He will be deeply missed, both
amongst the Africanist community in the United Kingdom, and in those
parts of the continent that he knew and loved. A memorial fund has
been established, and will be donated to projects in those parts of Africa
with which John was most closely associated. Cheques should be made
payable to the ‘University of Newcastle’, and sent to Mrs Joan
Davison, Department of Politics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU.

Pending the appointment of a new Book Reviews Editor, all
reviews and correspondence should be sent to the Editor,
Christopher Clapham, at the University of Lancaster.
The spectrum of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized gaseous plasma layer. Part 2. Anisotropic modes
Authors: IVANOV S. T. , NIKOLAEV N. I. , NONAKA S. , MALINOV P. N.
Published: July 2002

A numerical investigation of anisotropic waves propagating in a magnetized
plasma layer is performed. In gyrotropic plasma layers, there are two regions
in which electromagnetic waves exist owing to the anisotropic properties of the
plasma. Mainly these are Rayleigh pseudosurface waves. In the upper anisotropic
region, a wave exists only in a planar waveguide. In the lower anisotropic region,
there are two waves. The dispersion and the origin of these waves are analysed.
The distribution of the energy and the Poynting vector are unique, and they differ
from those of other families of electromagnetic waves. At small wavenumbers, the
energy is concentrated in one of the dielectrics and at large wavenumbers, it is
concentrated in the plasma.
Observation of solitary waves in an ion-beam–plasma system
Authors: NAKAMURA Y. , KOMATSUDA K.
Published: July 2002

Propagation of nonlinear space-charge waves in an ion-beam–plasma
system is
investigated in a double-plasma device. The velocity of the beam is high
enough
to avoid ion–ion instability. The density ratio of the beam to the
plasma is kept
high ([les ]0.6), which makes the maximum amplitude of solitary waves large.
The
measured velocity and width of the compressional solitary waves of the
fast and
the slow beam mode are compared with predictions of the pseudopotential

method in which the temperatures of beam and plasma ions are taken into

consideration. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the experimental
and
theoretical results.
Sex reversal of the female amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense reared in the laboratory
Authors: Zhang S. , Li G. , Zhu J. , Su F.
Published: July 2002

Sex reversal is common in the animal kingdom, yet nothing has thus far been known about it in amphioxus. The present study showed that female amphioxus reared in the laboratory was sexually reversed into the male, but not vice versa. This is the first report on the existence of sex change in the cephalochordate.
Epifaunal composition and fractal dimensions of marine plants in relation to emersion
Authors: Davenport J. , Butler A. , Cheshire A.
Published: July 2002

Three macroalgae were studied: Enteromorpha sp. (Chlorophyceae), Hormosira banksii (Turner) Descaisne (Phaeophyceae), Corallina sp. (Rhodophyceae). Fractal dimensions (D) for the outlines of the three species were 1.24, 1.07 and 1.35 respectively in the step range 0.5–5.0 mm. All three species showed loss of epifauna on the falling tide; loss was greatest in Enteromorpha, least in Corallina. In Enteromorpha and Hormosira, most loss of epifauna was in the form of harpacticoid copepods; in Corallina loss was spread more evenly across the taxa. Epifaunal biomass and retention was much greater in Corallina than in the other two species, partially because of better water-retention properties. Enteromorpha and Hormosira both showed marked decreases in epifaunal diversity during emersion; Corallina did not.
The proliferating Gastropoda Crepidula fornicata may stimulate macrozoobenthic diversity
Authors: Montaudouin X. de , Sauriau P.G.
Published: July 2002

Since the late 19th century, the accidentally introduced Gastropoda Crepidula fornicata has been invading sheltered coastal waters of western Europe. The consequences of this proliferation on macrozoobenthic communities were studied in the Bay of Marennes-Oléron, France. Crepidula fornicata was found in a wide range of sediment grain sizes and depths, with however, a predilection for shallow muddy areas where abundance and biomass reached 4770 ind m−2 and 354 g DW m−2, respectively. Soft-sediment macrofaunal assemblages were compared in similar habitats, in the presence and absence of C. fornicata. In muddy and medium sand areas, abundance, biomass and species richness of macrofauna were generally greater in presence of C. fornicata, with Annelida dominating, although the differences were significant (P<0.05) only in one location out of five. The species composition was moderately different in the presence of C. fornicata. In coarse sand, the abundance of C. fornicata was low and did not affect abundance, biomass and species richness of the macrofauna. However, species composition differed where C. fornicata was absent, with a higher proportion of mobile Crustaceana. The effect of C. fornicata on benthic communities differs in relation to the habitat they colonize: in muddy sediments, the presence of C. fornicata apparently stimulates zoobenthic community diversity and abundance (mostly deposit-feeders), whereas in coarser sediments, macrofauna community is different (more suspension-feeders) from the community associated with C. fornicata.
Pathogenesis of murine toxoplasmic hydrocephalus
Authors: STAHL W. , KANEDA Y.
Published: July 2002

The prevailing hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of toxoplasmic

hydrocephalus alleges that (a) parasites invade and

destroy the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles, followed by (b)
the

sloughing of masses of degenerating ependymal

and inflammatory cells leading to obstruction of the ventricular foramina

and aqueduct of Sylvius, thereby initiating the

hydrocephalus. Our observations in chronically infected mice indicate

otherwise. Parasite invasion of the ependyma was

not detected; the intraventricular masses of cellular ‘debris’

contained neither ependymal nor inflammatory cells; and

obstruction of the ventricular foramina and/or aqueduct was not seen.

As an alternative hypothesis, we suggest the

development of hydrocephalus in the infected mice was consequent to

severe leptomeningeal inflammation blocking the

subarachnoid space and impeding the resorption of cerebrospinal fluid by

the arachnoid villi. Narrowing of the aqueduct

of Sylvius, when present, was adjudged the result, not the cause of

the hydrocephalus, due to compression of the midbrain

by the enlarging lateral ventricles.
Genetic characterization of the malaria parasite

Plasmodium falciparum in the transmission from the host

to the vector
Authors: HUBER W. , HAJI H. , CHARLWOOD J. D. , CERTA U. , WALLIKER D. , TANNER M.
Published: July 2002

The present study followed a Plasmodium

falciparum population through its life-cycle at the level

of individual hosts and

vectors. The aim was to determine to what extent genotypes of

the parasite that were found in the host were transmitted

to the vector. Mosquitoes were collected that had fed on people

sleeping under mosquito nets with holes. Genes

determining 2 highly polymorphic merozoite surface proteins,

MSP-1 and MSP-2, were used to characterize the parasite

by PCR at different stages of the life-cycle. The parasite

genotypes found in the host were compared to the genotypes of

the oocyst stages after transmission to the mosquitoes. The

results show that there was no significant correlation in the

rate of oocyst-positive mosquitoes and the presence of

parasites in the blood samples. For MSP-1, most of the parasites

characterized in the human blood by PCR fragment size were

also found afterwards in the oocyst-stage (22 of 29; MSP-2:

17 of 36). This study indicates that there is no selective

transmission of distinct genotypes to the vector. In addition,

the frequencies of the allelic families of both genes are

similar in the blood samples and in the oocysts for the whole

population.
The meaning of the authority of the Bible
Authors: WISSE MAARTEN
Published: July 2002

What does it mean to say that the Bible has authority? The author
introduces and develops J. M. Bocheński's philosophical theory about the nature of
authority. On this basis, he distinguishes between different kinds of authority, which
he applies to the authority of the Bible. Subsequently, he shows that the theory of
Bocheński should be improved by reworking it from the perspective of speech-act
theory. This leads to the presentation of an overall theory of authority that matches
authority in general as well as the authority of the Bible.
Creation and conservation once more
Authors: CRAIG WILLIAM LANE
Published: July 2002

God is conceived in the Western theistic tradition to be both the

Creator and Conservor of the universe. These two roles were typically classed
as
different aspects of creation, originating creation and
continuing creation. On pain of
incoherence, however, conservation needs to be distinguished from creation.
Contrary
to current analyses (such as Philip Quinn's), creation should be explicated
in
terms of God's bringing something into being, while conservation should
be understood
in terms of God's preservation of something over an interval of time.
The
crucial difference is that while conservation presupposes an object of
the divine
action, creation does not. Such a construal has significant implications
for a tensed
theory of time.
A new anti-Molinist argument
Authors: HASKER WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

An argument is given showing that, on the assumptions of Molinism,
human beings must bring about the truth of the counterfactuals of freedom that
govern their actions. But, it is claimed, it is impossible for humans to do this, and
so Molinism is involved in a contradiction. The Molinist must maintain, on the
contrary, that we can indeed bring about the truth of counterfactuals of freedom
about us. This question turns out to depend on whether the counterfactuals of
freedom are, or are entailed by, part of the causal history of the world. A further
argument is given that these counterfactuals are entailed by events intrinsic to the
world's history. If this is so, then we cannot bring about the truth of these
counterfactuals; the anti-Molinist argument succeeds, and Molinism is refuted.
Privatisation and New Modes of State Intervention: The
Long-Term Care Programme in Israel
Authors: AJZENSTADT MIMI , ROSENHEK ZEEV
Published: July 2002

This article analyses the formulation and implementation of a relatively
new statutory programme of care services for dependent elderly people in
Israel, which has as a basic characteristic the supply of services by non-state
agencies. The analysis serves as a basis for an exploration of the
effects of privatisation and the emergence of quasi-markets upon the
functioning of the welfare state both as a benefits provider and as a major
employer. In contrast to the perspectives that consider privatisation as
leading to the weakening of the state in the welfare domain, we argue
that through the transfer of services supplied by non-state agencies the
state protects itself from demands and pressures from clients, while
maintaining its control and regulation capabilities. This process
decreases the state's accountability towards its citizens, enhancing in
turn its autonomy. Privatisation policies do not imply, therefore, the dissolution
of the welfare state, but rather the emergence of a new mode of
state intervention.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN November 2000 to January 2001
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Andrew Dalby,Dictionary of languages: The definitive
reference to more than 400 languages. London: Bloomsbury; New York:
Columbia University Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 734. $50.00.
Authors: Daniels Peter T.
Published: July 2002

One suspects that the maps were the real reason for
writing this book – nearly two hundred of them
(accompanying nearly four hundred articles), all to
the same scale (along with a few others at a much
smaller scale for worldwide coverage); even the software
used for making the maps is fully credited (734). Almost
every map plots several languages, making this a unique
and valuable reference (the maps are vastly preferable
to those in Atlas of Languages 1996, see Daniels
1998). It is of course not so comprehensive as Moseley
& Asher 1994, but far easier to use because of the
compact format.