bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dependence of Synthetic Latex Viscosity on Particle Size and Size Distribution
Authors: Brodnyan John G.
Published: July 2002

Upon addition of sufficient electrolyte to two poly(n-butyl methacrylate) latices, differing in particle size by a factor of 11, their viscosities were identical, within experimental error, over the range of volume fraction, φ, from 0.05 to 0.33. The viscosities agreed with those predicted by Mooney’s formula: lnηrel=2.5φ/(1−φmax−1φ) provided φmax was the random close-packing value found for monodisperse spheres, 0.637. Upon combining the two latices on an equal weight basis, the viscosities at equal volume fractions were lower than those found for the individual latices. The data, however, fit Mooney's formula provided a larger value of φmax was used.
The Reynolds-Orr Energy Equation, with Applications to the Stability of Polar Fluid Motions
Authors: Kline Kenneth A.
Published: July 2002

The Reynolds-Orr energy equation for polar fluids is derived in a form that allows consideration of all possible disturbances of a basic polar fluid motion. The equation is used to identify those properties of a basic polar fluid motion which foster the growth of a disturbance. The analysis reveals the physical significance of the material coefficients which describe a polar fluid. A universal stability criterion is obtained for arbitrary nonlinear disturbances in bounded domains.
An Asymptotic Analysis of the Damped Wave Equation
Authors: Davis Julian L. , Reiss Edward L.
Published: July 2002

We consider a mixed boundary initial value problem for the one-dimensional damped wave equation εvtt+vt−vxx=0. At x=0,1, v is assumed to vanish. Here ε>0 is a parameter which is small when the damping is large. Boundary layer and ray methods are employed to study the solution of this problem. For “quiescent” initial data, the motion is diffusive with diffusion occurring with two time scales. For “oscillatory” initial data, strongly damped, rapidly oscillating waves occur. The problem is a generalization of the damped linear oscillator.
Cotton Fiber Tenacity: Some Structural Relationships
Authors: Duckett K. E. , Krowicki R. S.
Published: July 2002

A theoretical approach, relating cotton fiber tenacity to macromolecular geometrical parameters, follows. Assumptions as to the changes in fibril orientation within the secondary wall of the fiber and as to radial stress distributions resulting from axial strains are based on convolutions induced. Effects of tenacity are calculated on the basis of these assumptions and compared with experimental values.
Determination of the Shear Rates of Non-Newtonian Fluids from Rotational Viscometric Data. II. Cone-and-Plate Viscometer
Authors: Huang Ching-Rong
Published: July 2002

A method for determination of the shear rate in a cone-and-plate viscometer is developed. The method to obtain the shear rate is shown to overcome the limitation of the existing method which requires a small angle between the cone and the plate as well as a linear velocity field with respect to the angle. Examples for non-Newtonian fluids with and without prior knowledge of the rheological equation of state are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
Determination of the Material Functions for a Simple Fluid from a Study of the Climbing Effect
Authors: Hoffman Allen H. , Gottenberg William G.
Published: July 2002

The elimbing effect that occurs when a non-Newtonian fluid is sheared between rotating concentric cylinders is investigated in detail. A theoretical foundation is established for directly relating the climbing phenomenon to the material functions of a simple fluid. A relationship is developed between the normal stress functions and experimentally measurable quantities associated with the free surface thereby permitting all three material functions to be determined from a study of the flow field in a concentric cylinder apparatus. As an experimental verification of the theory, the material functions of a solution of polyisobutylene in cetane were determined for shear rates between 4 and 30 sec−1. A good comparison is obtained between these and other published results for this material.
A Note on the Analysis of an Adhesively Bonded Arterial Repair
Authors: Williams M. L.
Published: July 2002

This study presents a continuum analysis of a simple pressurized cylindrical shell geometry relating to a problem of potential interest in biomedical engineering. Repair or partial replacement of veins by adhesive splicing rather than suturing involves an evaluation of the strength of the joint, especially at the ends where the prosthesis slips over or into the natural vein. Furthermore, the quality of the adhesive bond may change with biodegradability of the joint. The analysis suggested may be used either to deduce the specific adhesive fracture energy (γa) of the bond or to assess its mechanical integrity in pulsatile flow, providing an independent measurement of the energy (γa) has been made.
A Thermodynamical Criterion for the Glass-Transition Temperature
Authors: Christensen R. M.
Published: July 2002

A study, based upon the Gibbs free energy, is made of the thermodynamical behaviour of dissipative and memory-dependent materials. The creep-function mechanical properties involved are generalizations of the usual volumetric compressibility, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the specific heat at constant pressure. It is found that under a certain special equilibrium condition, a transition behaviour occurs in the material whereby the mechanical and thermal properties change with time. The criterion for its occurrence is that of a certain proportionality between the volumetric, thermal expansion and specific-heat creep functions. This criterion is interpreted as that of the glass-transition temperature, the resulting forms bear some resemblance to those of an Ehrenfest second-order transition. However, the similarity is only superficial since herein full account is taken of time-dependent memory effects. Attention is given to the relationship of the present work to previous studies, which did not specifically account for time-dependent memory effects, but which did account for some type of irreversible process through the use of “internal variables.” The application of the present criterion suggests a specific and new means of unambiguously determining the glass-transition temperature for polymers. Also, the thermodynamic study indicates some avenues of research into the underlying kinetic causes of glass-transition behaviour.
Relations Between Creep and Relaxation Functions in Nonlinear Viscoelasticity with or Without Aging
Authors: Huet C.
Published: July 2002

Generalized creep and relaxation functions, appearing as kernels in the Fréchet-Green-Rivlin multiple integral developments of the response functionals, are related by a system of linear Volterra equations of the first order. The general form of these relations is given explicitly in the one-dimensional case. The kernels of the Volterra equations obtained are the same for every order. They have hence the same resolvent kernel, derived simply from the relaxation function of order one. Furthermore, the relaxation function of order one depends only on the creep function of order one, through an equation identical to that obtained in linear viscoelasticity. The resolution of this last equation (by standard methods used in linear viscoelasticity) gives the solution for higher orders by quadratures. In the case without aging, the usual Carson-Laplace transform method can be used to solve the first equation and perform the quadratures. These results have been obtained by direct calculations which are a little tedious and are not given here. However, an explicit derivation of the system of Volterra equations is given in the Appendix, for the nonaging case. This derivation is made by use of the Hn transform, which is based on the multidimensional Carson-Laplace transform.
Quantitative rheological predictions of a transient network model of Lodge–Yamamoto type: Simple and multiaxial elongational flow
Authors: Hermann W. , Petruccione F.
Published: July 2002

A transient network model is presented which is based on the ideas of Lodge and Yamamoto. The network thus consists of different types of strands and the creation and loss rates are configuration dependent. As the model cannot be solved analytically one has to rely upon numerical tools. Using a continuous time algorithm this network can be simulated very efficiently. The material functions can be calculated as time-dependent ensemble averages. Concentration is put onto a quantitative comparison between the rheological predictions of the model and experimental data for polyisobutylene subjected to simple and multiaxial elongational flows. The predictions of the model are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental data.
Existence and nonexistence of solutions for some rheological models of viscoelastic liquids
Authors: Brutyan M. A. , Krapivsky P. L.
Published: July 2002

We consider the existence of solutions for some models of non-Newtonian fluid. We have found that Poiseuille and Taylor–Couette problems may have no usual solutions in a large class of Oldroyd models of viscoelastic fluids. That is, axisymmetric Couette-like solutions and unidirectional Poiseuille-like solutions fail to exist at sufficiently large Deborah numbers. We have observed that some of the flow features become universal and independent of model parameters in the critical case, i.e., on the boundary between existence and nonexistence regions. We have described a duality between unidirectional flows of the 4-constant Oldroyd fluid and plane potential flows of an ideal fictitious gas. Based on this duality we have interpreted the nonexistence of solutions as a ‘‘block-up’’ phenomenon, in the language of gas dynamics.
A general correlation between steady shear and dynamic properties of dilute polymer solutions at zero shear and frequency conditions (abstract)
Authors: Tam K. C. , Tiu C.
Published: July 2002

A simple relationship between the steady-shear polymer viscosity and the zero-frequency storage modulus for dilute polymer solutions is developed. It combines the Oldroyd-B model with the Zimm theory yielding a result that enables the prediction of elastic properties from a given ηp at zero deformation conditions. A correlation established from a large number of experimental data obtained for various solutions of polyacrylamide (Separan) and a polyisobutylene (PIB) agrees well with the theoretical expression. The relationship is also found to be applicable to other polymeric systems such as dilute solutions of xanthan gum and Pusher 700. Based on the simple fluid theory, the correlation may be used to predict the first normal stress coefficient at zero shear rate condition.
An apparatus for dynamic birefringence measurements (abstract)
Authors: Inoue Tadashi , Okamoto Hirotaka , Hayashihara Hiroshi , Osaki Kunihiro
Published: July 2002

An apparatus was constructed for simultaneous measurements of the dynamic birefringence and the complex Young’s modulus. The frequency range was 1–200 Hz. The instrument was calibrated with a polybutadiene film, for which the stress-optical law was expected to hold well. The stress-optical coefficient estimated by dynamic birefringence measurement was consistent with the result of the static measurement. The stress-optical law did not hold valid for a polystyrene film containing 5 wt. % dibutyl phtalate in the glass-to-rubber transition region.
Self-diffusion of micelles and viscoelasticity of aqueous detergent solutions (abstract)
Authors: Yamamura Takeshi , Kusaka Toshitsugu , Takatori Eiichi , Inoue Tadashi , Nemoto Norio , Osaki Kunihiro , Shikata Toshiyuki , Kotaka Tadao
Published: July 2002

The viscoelasticity and self-diffusion were investigated for aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) containing sodium salicylate (NaSal). The concentration of CTAB, CD, was equal to that of NaSal, CS. This system contains thread-like micelles and exhibits pronounced viscoelastic behavior. The storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G ″ could be fitted with the Maxwell model of one relaxation time when CD<0.5 M. The plateau modulus GN was proportional to CD2; over a wide range of CD. This property is similar to that of concentrated polymer solutions. The relaxation time τ was evaluated from the frequency at which G ″ takes maximum. The self-diffusion coefficient D was measured by forced Rayleigh scattering measurement. The quantities D and τ−1 varied in a similar manner as a function of CD; when CD<0.2 M, they increased with CD and when CD<0.2 M, they decreased with CD. This behavior is remarkably different from polymer solutions. The rate of diffusion may be controlled by the rate of the process where thread-like micelles cut across each other, a process proposed previously to describe the stress relaxation.
Rheological properties of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester (abstract)
Authors: Fujiwara Ken-ichi , Masuda Toshiro , Takahashi Masaoki
Published: July 2002

Rheological properties of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester which was synthesized from poly(ethylene terephthalate) and 60 mol % p-hydroxybenzoic acid were investigated. The dynamic and steady flow properties above the rheological transition temperature (∼270 °C) were studied in detail. It has been found that the steady flow properties are not affected by thermal history in the anisotropic state. The following relations hold between steady flow and dynamic viscoelastic properties of the sample with a shearing history: ‖η*(ω)‖=η(γ̇) at ω=γ̇, and limω→0 G′(ω) = 1/5 limτ→0 N1(γ̇) . In the anisotropic state, the thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester shows a significant shear-thinning of viscosity even at very low shear rates and a first normal stress difference comparable with an isotropic copolyester melt which was synthesized from poly(ethylene terephthalate) and 28 mol % p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The steady compliance (Js) of the liquid-crystalline copolyester in the anisotropic state is about ten times as large as that of the isotropic copolyester melt when compared at the same shear stress. It is shown that the storage compliance of various liquid-crystalline polymers is about ten times as large as that of liquid-crystalline polymers in the isotropic state and of the crystalline copolyester in the molten state when compared at the same value of ‖G*‖, the absolute value of complex dynamic modulus.
Factors affecting the viscosity of unimodal and multimodal colloidal dispersions
Authors: Hoffman Richard L.
Published: July 2002

Contrasting the flow response of aqueous dispersions of colloidally stable polymer particles with dispersions controlled only by hydrodynamic interactions, we find that the hydrodynamic interactions are still a major factor, but colloid chemical forces can modify the response in important ways. For example, at solids levels between 55 and 70 vol %, a bimodal size distribution can be used to greatly enhance the flow properties of the dispersion. Minimum viscosity levels are achieved by close attention to the size ratio and the weight ratio of the two sizes, as well as to the absolute size of the particles. Size and weight ratios are known to have an important effect on hydrodynamic interactions, but the absolute size of the particles becomes a factor whenever colloid chemical forces come into play.
Mechanical properties of fatty acid monolayers on the water surface based on surface pressure relaxation and area creep measurements (abstract)
Authors: Tanizaki Tatsuya , Takahara Atsushi , Kajiyama Tisato
Published: July 2002

The surface pressure relaxation and area creep experiments were carried out for the myristic acid (C14), stearic acid (C18), and behenic acid (C22) monolayers on the water surface at 293 K. The myristic acid monolayer is in an amorphous state on the water surface at 293 K. In the case of π(t=0)=17 mN m−1 for the myristic acid monolayer, little change of π was observed in the experimental range of 1000 s. The large relaxation was observed both above and below 17 mN m−1. On the other hand, the stearic and behenic acid monolayers are in crystalline states on the water surface at 293 K. In the case of π(t=0)=26 mN m−1 for the crystalline stearic acid monolayer, large relaxation of the surface pressure was not observed up to 100 s. Also, in the case of π(t=0)=25 mN m−1 for the crystalline behenic acid monolayer, the surface pressure did not change within 1000 s. The transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation revealed that this stability of monolayer might be related to homogeneity of monolayer. Electron diffraction (ED) measurement also revealed that the origin of relaxation for crystalline monolayer at high surface pressure can be attributed to the collapse of monolayer and the sintering among crystalline domains of monolayer. On the other hand, the area creep measurement revealed that the magnitudes of constant pressure π0 which showed the smallest decrease of area were 17, 23, and 25 mN m−1 for the myristic, stearic, and behenic acid monolayers, respectively. These surface pressure (π0) values are almost equal to the surface pressure π(t=0) at which the monolayer showed fairly small surface pressure relaxation.
An empirical equation on a shift factor for synthesizing master curves from nonlinear viscoelasticity functions based on free volume (abstract)
Authors: Yamaguchi Takuji , Saeki Susumu , Yamanaka Junpei
Published: July 2002

Ferry and Stratton proposed a relation between a shift factor and a strain. They assumed compressibility of free volume on the basis of a sample volume. On the other hand, we defined the compressibility on the basis of the free volume, and derived a new relation between the shift factor and the strain (or stress). The equation we obtained was different in the formula from the Ferry–Stratton equation, but the properties of the equations were quite similar. Our equation could satisfactorily approximate a relation between the shift factor and the strain for relaxation curves of a polyethylene film, and also the relation between the shift factor and the stress for creep curves of monofilaments of nylon and poly (ethyleneterephthalate). Fractions of free-volume were estimated from these equations.
Application of microdielectrometry to probe near-wall structure evolution in flowing liquid crystals
Authors: Fodor Jeffrey S. , Hill Davide A.
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate how microdielectrometry (MD) sensors can be employed to follow the evolution of near-surface [O(10 μm)] structure in flowing liquid crystals. Theoretical arguments are presented to illustrate how the distribution of the electric field on the sensor can be accounted for in interpreting MD data. We consider methoxy-benzylidene-butyl-anyline, a low molecular weight nontumbling nematic, as a case study. Dielectric measurements on the quiescent liquid crystal indicated a surface-topography-induced ordering of the molecules parallel to the electrodes on the sensor. Dielectric-thermal analysis under both quiescent and flowing conditions and polarized-microscope observations confirmed the establishment of long-range order with the director parallel to the metal lines on the sensor surface. The dielectric permittivity of the sheared samples showed strong sensitivity to both shear rate and relative orientation of the electric and velocity fields, confirming that flow-induced anisotropy can indeed be captured dielectrically. Inception of flow transients at high shear rates showed an unusual strain scaling. This behavior was found to be consistent with the microstructural predictions of the Leslie–Ericksen–Parodi (LEP) theory. The LEP theory generated quantitative predictions for the permittivity relaxation transients observed upon cessation of flow.
An algorithm for fast determination of complex moduli
Authors: Winther Grethe , Kramer Ole , Dyre Jeppe C.
Published: July 2002

Traditionally, the complex modulus is determined by Fourier analysis of steady state oscillatory data. However, steady state is not obtained immediately and data from the first period of oscillation must therefore be discarded. In the present work a recursive analysis algorithm for the determination of complex moduli from oscillatory data of the first period, which includes a transient response alongside the steady state response, is derived. The algorithm is based on Boltzmann’s principle of superposition. At any given time, the analysis algorithm provides the best possible estimate of the complex modulus on the basis of the information available at that time, i.e., the stress and strain history. The analysis algorithm has been tested on simulated data from a mathematical model of an amorphous polymer. The tests show that the new analysis algorithm can determine the dynamic mechanical properties with very good accuracy from oscillatory data of the first period, where Fourier analysis fails. Thus, use of the new algorithm allows a reduction of the experiment time by a factor of 2 for experiments with a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio to avoid averaging over several periods. This reduction of the measurement time is particularly important for experiments at very low frequencies where the long measurement times seriously limit the number of runs per day.
A phenomenological model of an elastomer with an evolving molecular weight distribution
Authors: Smeulders Stephen B. , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: July 2002

We present a model of an elastomeric material whose network microstructure is characterized by a molecular weight distribution (MWD). The MWD is allowed to evolve in time and the evolution is governed by an integro-differential equation that is based on chemo-kinetic mechanisms of crosslink degradation and main chain scission. With respect to main chain scission, we differentiate between random and centrally weighted events. We further introduce a particular network free energy function that is a generalization of the eight-chain model and a finite deformation viscoelasticity model. For this combination, we develop closed form solutions to two experimentally imposable strain histories. These results permit the calibration of the MWD evolution model. A sample calibration of the developed formalism is shown against hypothetical “experimental data”.
Particle size and microstrain measurement in ADI alloys
Authors: Garin Jorge L. , Mannheim Rodolfo L. , Soto Marco A.
Published: July 2002

In this study we deal with the determination of crystallite-size distribution and microstrain measurement in austempered ductile irons (ADI) subjected to cold deformation, by means of x-ray diffraction line broadening. The deformation process imposed on the material yields the formation of microstrain and crystallite size domains within each grain, which are somehow related to the mechanical behavior of the alloy. Three series of samples were cold-worked from 2.5% to 20.0% of thickness reduction in order to determine the domain size and microstrain induced in the material, in terms of the original thickness of the castings and the percentage of cold work. The x-ray diffraction line-broadening effects were analyzed by means of the Warren–Averbach method, which allowed the separation of size and strain parameters. The particle size distribution resulted in an average column length in the range of 15.7–24.9 nm in the ferrite phase, while the austenite phase showed values varying between 13.4 and 36.3 nm. On the other side, the overall root mean square strain varied from 0.000 85 to 0.003 93 for ferrite and from 0.000 65 to 0.004 38 for austenite. In all of the studied cases the average column length decreased with increasing deformation, while the initial thickness of the cast samples did not show any clear correlation with increasing deformation.
Poster session at the International Centre for Diffraction Data
Authors: Dann Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2002

A poster session was held during the Annual Spring Meeting of the International Centre for Diffraction Data on 20 March 2002. Abstracts of the posters are reproduced in the following. The underlined authors can be contacted for more information.
State-Level Variation in Supplemental Maternity Kick Payments in Medicaid Managed Care
Authors: Auty Samantha G. , Daw Jamie R. , Wallace Jacob
Published: November 2022

This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence and magnitude of state-level delivery event–triggered kick payments to Medicaid managed care plans and their association with delivery costs.
Long-term Cognitive Trajectory After Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Vassilaki Maria , Kremers Walter K. , Machulda Mary M. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Laporta Mariana L. , Berry Daniel J. , Lewallen David G. , Maradit Kremers Hilal
Published: November 2022

Importance

Individuals with total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have long-term exposure to metal-containing implants; however, whether long-term exposure to artificial implants is associated with cognitive function is unknown.

Objective

To compare long-term cognitive trajectories in individuals with and without TJA.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cohort study assessed serial cognitive evaluations of 5550 participants (≥50 years of age) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging between November 1, 2004, and December 31, 2020.

Exposures

Total joint arthroplasty of the hip or the knee.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare the annualized rate of change in global and domain-specific cognitive scores in participants with and without TJA, adjusting for age, sex, educational level, apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status, and cognitive test practice effects.

Results

A total of 5550 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 73.04 [10.02] years; 2830 [51.0%] male) were evaluated. A total of 952 participants had undergone at least 1 TJA of the hip (THA, n = 430) or the knee (TKA, n = 626) before or after entry into the cohort. Participants with TJA were older, more likely to be female, and had a higher body mass index than participants without TJA. No difference was observed in the rate of cognitive decline in participants with and without TJA until 80 years of age. A slightly faster cognitive decline at 80 years or older and more than 8 years from surgery was observed (b = −0.03; 95% CI, −0.04 to −0.02). In stratified analyses by surgery type, the faster decline was observed primarily among older participants with TKA (b = −0.04; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.02).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, long-term cognitive trajectories in individuals with and without TJA were largely similar except for a slightly faster decline among the oldest patients with TKA; however, the magnitude of difference was small and of unknown clinical significance.
Association Between Primary Care Use Prior to Cancer Diagnosis and Subsequent Cancer Mortality in the Veterans Affairs Health System
Authors: Qiao Edmund M. , Guram Kripa , Kotha Nikhil V. , Voora Rohith S. , Qian Alexander S. , Ahn Grace S. , Kalavacherla Sandhya , Pindus Ramona , Banegas Matthew P. , Stewart Tyler F. , Johnson Michelle L. , Murphy James D. , Rose Brent S.
Published: November 2022

Importance

Primary care physicians (PCPs) are significant contributors of early cancer detection, yet few studies have investigated whether consistent primary care translates to improved downstream outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate the association of prediagnostic primary care use with metastatic disease at diagnosis and cancer-specific mortality (CSM).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used databases with primary care and referral linkage from multiple Veterans’ Affairs centers from 2004 to 2017 and had a 68-month median follow-up. Analysis was completed between July 2021 and September 2022. Participants included veterans older than 39 years who had been diagnosed with 1 of 12 cancers. Inclusion criteria included known clinical staging, survival follow-up, cause of death, and receiving care at the Veterans Affairs health system (VA).

Exposures

Prediagnostic PCP use, measured in the 5 years prior to diagnosis. PCP visits were binned into none (0 visits), some (1-4 visits), and annual (5 visits).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Metastatic disease at diagnosis, cancer-specific mortality (CSM) for entire cohort and stratified by tumor subtype.

Results

Among 245 425 patients representing 12 tumor subtypes, mean age was 65.8 (9.3) years, and the cohort skewed male (97.6%), and White (76.1%), with higher levels of comorbidity (58.6% with Charlson Comorbidity Index scores ≥2). Compared with no prior visit, some PCP use was associated with 26% decreased odds of metastatic disease at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.71-0.76; P < .001) and 12% reduced risk of CSM (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.86-0.89; P < .001). Annual PCP use was associated with 39% decreased odds of metastatic disease (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.59-0.63; P < .001) and 21% reduced risk of CSM (SHR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.81; P < .001). Among tumor subtypes, prostate cancer had the largest effect size for prior PCP use on metastatic disease at diagnosis (OR for annual use, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.30-0.35; P < .001) and CSM (SHRfor annual use, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.48-0.55; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, increased primary care use before cancer diagnosis was associated with significant decreases in metastatic disease at diagnosis and cancer-related death, with potentially the greatest difference from annual use. PCPs play a vital role in cancer prevention, and additional resources should be allocated to assist these physicians.
Diagnostic Optic Nerve Features in Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay
Authors: Hepschke Jenny L. , Rajabally Yusuf Ali , Mollan Susan P.
Published: November 2022

This case report describes the optic nerve features of a male patient aged 23 years with a diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay.
Anti–Valosin‐Containing Protein (VCP/p97) Autoantibodies in Inclusion Body Myositis and Other Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Amlani Adam , Choi May Y. , Buhler Katherine A. , Hudson Marie , Tarnopolsky Mark , Brady Lauren , Schmeling Heinrike , Swain Mark G. , Stingl Cory , Reed Ann , Fritzler Marvin J.
Published: November 2022

Objective

The rationale for this study was based on reports that valosin‐containing protein (VCP) mutations are found in hereditary inclusion body myositis (IBM) and VCP was detected in rimmed vacuoles of sporadic IBM (sIBM) muscle biopsies. Autoantibodies to VCP have not been reported in sIBM or other inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical significance of anti‐VCP antibodies in sIBM and other IIMs.

Methods

Sera were collected from 73 patients with sIBM and 383 comparators or controls, including patients with IIM (n = 69), those with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) (n = 67), those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (n = 47), those with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) (n = 105), controls that were age matched to patients with sIBM (similarly aged controls [SACs]) (n = 63), and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 32). Immunoglobulin G antibodies to VCP were detected by addressable laser bead immunoassay using a full‐length recombinant human protein.

Results

Among patients with sIBM, 26.0% (19/73) were positive for anti‐VCP. The frequency in disease controls was 15.0% (48/320). Among SACs, the frequency was 1.6% (1/63), and in HCs 0% (0/32). Frequencies were 17.5% (11/63) for IIM, 25.7% (27/105) for PBC, 3.0% (2/67) for JDM, and 17.0% (8/47) for JIA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of anti‐VCP for sIBM were 26.0%, 87.2%, 28.4%, and 85.9%, respectively. Of patients with sIBM, 15.1% (11/73) were positive for both anti‐VCP and anti–cytosolic 5′‐nucleotidase 1A (NT5c1A). Eleven percent of patients (8/73) were positive for anti‐VCP, but negative for anti‐NT5c1A.

Conclusion

Anti‐VCP has low sensitivity and moderate specificity for sIBM but may help fill the seronegative gap in sIBM. Further studies are needed to determine whether anti‐VCP is a biomarker for a clinical phenotype that may have clinical value.
The 3D's of Neural Phenotypes in Oral Cancer: Distance, Diameter, and Density
Authors: D'Silva Nisha J. , Perez‐Pacheco Cindy , Schmitd Ligia B.
Published: November 2022

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer; survival is poor, and response to treatment varies. Metastasis or recurrence in the regional lymph nodes is associated with poor survival. Consequently, overt or occult spread to the lymph nodes is used to identify patients who will receive adjuvant radiation therapy. Perineural invasion and the diameter of nerves exhibiting perineural invasion have also been suggested to be of prognostic significance. The explosion of interest in cancer neuroscience in the last two decades has led to novel biological insights into interactions between nerves and tumor cells. However, the criteria for defining perineural invasion have lagged behind current knowledge. It is important to re‐evaluate the concept of perineural invasion and identify other neural phenotypes in OSCC that can impact treatment selection and prognosis. In addition to perineural invasion, neural phenotypes that are of potential relevance to tumor progression include nerve‐tumor distance, nerve diameter, and nerve density. This manuscript discusses the translational significance of recent mechanistic studies on the progression of oral cancer.
Emerging MXene‐Based Memristors for In‐Memory, Neuromorphic Computing, and Logic Operation
Authors: Ling Songtao , Zhang Cheng , Ma Chunlan , Li Yang , Zhang Qichun
Published: November 2022

Confronted by the difficulties of the von Neumann bottleneck and memory wall, traditional computing systems are gradually inadequate for satisfying the demands of future data‐intensive computing applications. Recently, memristors have emerged as promising candidates for advanced in‐memory and neuromorphic computing, which pave one way for breaking through the dilemma of current computing architecture. Till now, varieties of functional materials have been developed for constructing high‐performance memristors. Herein, the review focuses on the emerging 2D MXene materials‐based memristors. First, the mainstream synthetic strategies and characterization methods of MXenes are introduced. Second, the different types of MXene‐based memristive materials and their widely adopted switching mechanisms are overviewed. Third, the recent progress of MXene‐based memristors for data storage, artificial synapses, neuromorphic computing, and logic circuits is comprehensively summarized. Finally, the challenges, development trends, and perspectives are discussed, aiming to provide guidelines for the preparation of novel MXene‐based memristors and more engaging information technology applications.
Rapidly Modulated Wide‐Spectrum Infrared Source Made of Super Aligned Carbon Nanotube Film for Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
Authors: Lai Liwen , Liu Peng , Zhou Duanliang , Li Qunqing , Fan Shoushan , Lu Wei
Published: November 2022

Non‐dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas monitoring has advantages of environment stability, convenient operation and maintenance, wide detection range, and multi‐gas‐detection capability. However, the conventional IR sources for NDIR gas monitoring, such as miniature lamps, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) light sources, and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), can only work at narrow modulation frequency and spectral range, or require complicated design and fabrication, because of the constraint of materials and work principle. These issues cause low data acquisition rate, poor anti‐interference ability and limited gas compatibility to NDIR. Here, the super‐aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) film is developed as an IR source in NDIR gas monitoring system. It has a wide spectral range (0.2–334 µm), a facile fabrication method, and can work up to a high frequency ≈150 kHz. A mechanical‐chopper‐free and wide‐concentration‐range monitoring equipment for CO2 and CH4 greenhouse gases is demonstrated with SACNT film IR source. The concentration ranges for CO2 and CH4 investigated in this paper are 0.0195–20.10% (v/v) and 0.10–17.11% (v/v), respectively. It can be easily applied to monitor other kinds of gases as well.
Hierarchically Oriented Jellyfish‐Like Gold Nanowires Film for Elastronics
Authors: Zhang Heng , Lin Fenge , Cheng Wenlong , Chen Yi , Gu Ning
Published: November 2022

Stretchable electronics (i.e., Elastronics) are essential to the realization of next‐generation wearable bioelectronics for personalized medicine, due to their unique skin‐conformal features ideal for seamless integration with the human body. Significant progress has been made to nanowire‐based elastronics with promising applications ranging from electronic‐skin to advanced energy harvest systems. However, it remains a key challenge to rationally control over the nanowire morphology and configurations to achieve desired multifunctionality. Herein, a stretchable jellyfish‐like gold nanowires film with high conductivity and stretchability is presented by using gold nanostar‐seeded nanowire growth method. They exhibit unique hierarchically oriented structure with gold nanostars as the multi‐branched active sites (top layer) and vertically intertwined nanowires (bottom layer) trailing below the nanostars. Such nanowires film can be stretched up to 200% with a retaining low normalized resistance of 13.8 due to the unique hierarchical structure. Furthermore, the film can be used as stretchable supercapacitor with a 92% capacitance retention and superior durability even after 5000 electrochemical scanning cycles. The method is general, which can be further expanded to other metallic seeds, hence, representing a low‐cost yet efficient strategy for the fabrication of stretchable elastronics and robust energy storage devices for on‐body biosensing and bioelectronics.
Promoting “Strong Adsorption” and “Fast Conversion” of Polysulfides in Li‐S batteries Based on Conductive Sulfides Host with Hollow Prism Structure and Surface Defects
Authors: Zeng Peng , Zhou Xi , Peng Jiao , Huang Xuelin , Chang Baobao , Chen Gairong , Chen Manfang , Zheng Liping , Pei Yong , Su Jincang , Wang Xianyou
Published: November 2022

The chemical binding between metal compounds and polysulfides provides a good solution to inhibit shuttle effect in Li‐S batteries. However, the Sabatier principle predicts that overly strong adsorption will commonly hinder the conversion of polysulfides, so building the synergetic effect mechanism between “strong adsorption” and “fast conversion” for polysulfides is a significant strategy. To realize this goal, in this study, the defect‐enriched Co9S8 hollow prisms (DHCPs) as both S host and catalyst material for Li‐S batteries are designed. Based on in situ UV–vis spectroscopy results, it is found that DHCPs can profitably promote the generation of radicals during the discharge process. In the case of the relatively high conversion barrier of “liquid–liquid” reaction, the generated radicals are responsible for the fast conversion reaction via a unique reaction pathway. When the sulfur loading is 4.63 mg cm−2, the cell with DHCP/S cathode delivers a high areal capacity of 4.75 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C and keeps a high capacity of 2.99 mAh cm−2 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. This study provides a positive attempt to achieve “strong adsorption” and “fast conversion” of polysulfides simultaneously, which will convincingly boost the development and practical process of Li‐S batteries.
Predictive Molecular Models for Charged Materials Systems: From Energy Materials to Biomacromolecules
Authors: Jeong Kyeong‐jun , Jeong Seungwon , Lee Sangmin , Son Chang Yun
Published: November 2022

Electrostatic interactions play a dominant role in charged materials systems. Understanding the complex correlation between macroscopic properties with microscopic structures is of critical importance to develop rational design strategies for advanced materials. But the complexity of this challenging task is augmented by interfaces present in the charged materials systems, such as electrode–electrolyte interfaces or biological membranes. Over the last decades, predictive molecular simulations that are founded in fundamental physics and optimized for charged interfacial systems have proven their value in providing molecular understanding of physicochemical properties and functional mechanisms for diverse materials. Novel design strategies utilizing predictive models have been suggested as promising route for the rational design of materials with tailored properties. Here, an overview of recent advances in the understanding of charged interfacial systems aided by predictive molecular simulations is presented. Focusing on three types of charged interfaces found in energy materials and biomacromolecules, how the molecular models characterize ion structure, charge transport, morphology relation to the environment, and the thermodynamics/kinetics of molecular binding at the interfaces is discussed. The critical analysis brings two prominent field of energy materials and biological science under common perspective, to stimulate crossover in both research field that have been largely separated.
Surface Hydrophobization Provides Hygroscopic Supramolecular Plastics Based on Polysaccharides with Damage‐Specific Healability and Room‐Temperature Recyclability
Authors: Jin Hongjun , Lin Weilin , Wu Ziyan , Cheng Xinyu , Chen Xinyuan , Fan Yingjie , Xiao Wangchuan , Huang Jianbin , Qian Qingrong , Chen Qinghua , Yan Yun
Published: November 2022

Supramolecular materials with room‐temperature healability and recyclability are highly desired because they can extend materials lifetimes and reduce resources consumption. Most approaches toward healing and recycling rely on the dynamically reversible supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen, ionic and coordinate bonds, which are hygroscopic and vulnerable to water. The general water‐induced plasticization facilitates the healing and reprocessing process but cause a troubling problem of random self‐adhesion. To address this issue, here it is reported that by modifying the hygroscopic surfaces with hydrophobic alkyl chains of dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS), supramolecular plastic films based on commercial raw materials of sodium alginate (SA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) display extraordinary damage‐specific healability. Owing to the hydrophobic surfaces, random self‐adhesion is eliminated even under humid environment. When damage occurs, the fresh surfaces with ionic groups and hydroxyl groups expose exclusively at the damaged site. Thus, damage‐specific healing can be readily facilitated by water‐induced plasticization. Moreover, the films display excellent room‐temperature recyclability. After multiple times of reprocessing and re‐modifying with DTMS, the rejuvenated films exhibit fatigueless mechanical properties. It is anticipated that this approach to damage‐specific healing and room‐temperature recycling based on surface hydrophobization can be applied to design various of supramolecular plastic polysaccharides materials for building sustainable societies.
Single‐Atom Nanozyme with Asymmetric Electron Distribution for Tumor Catalytic Therapy by Disrupting Tumor Redox and Energy Metabolism Homeostasis
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Bo , Zhu Junjie , Xu Xinnan , Zhou Bin , Yang Yang
Published: November 2022

Nanozyme catalytic therapy triggered by tumor‐specific endogenous stimuli is an emerging tumor therapy that attracts wide attention. However, the current therapeutic efficacy of nanozyme catalytic therapy is severely limited by the catalytic efficiency of nanozymes and the concentration of endogenous reaction substrates. Herein, a novel and efficient IrN5 single‐atom (IrN5 SA) nanozyme is developed with multiple enzyme‐like catalytic activities. Due to the synergistic effect of central Ir single‐atom and axial N coordination, IrN5 SA exhibits better enzymatic catalytic performance than IrN4 SA. At tumor sites, IrN5 SA can generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through oxidase (OXD)‐like and peroxidase (POD)‐like catalytic activities. Moreover, IrN5 SA can also generate O2 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through catalase (CAT)‐like and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase (NOX)‐like catalytic activities, realizing the efficient nanozyme catalytic therapy in a substrate‐cycle manner. Additionally, IrN5 SA can effectively break the intracellular NADH/NAD+ cycle balance by mimicking NOX, and then cooperate with fatty acid synthase cerulenin (Cer) to interfere with the energy metabolism homeostasis of tumor cells. Consequently, the designed IrN5 SA/Cer nanoagent can disrupt redox and metabolic homeostasis in the tumor region through an enzyme‐mimicking cascade reaction, effectively overcoming the shortcomings of current nanozyme catalytic therapy.
Multiplex SERS Phenotyping of Single Cancer Cells in Microdroplets
Authors: Oliveira Kevin , Teixeira Alexandra , Fernandes José M. , Lopes Cláudia , Chícharo Alexandre , Piairo Paulina , Wu Lei , Rodríguez‐Lorenzo Laura , Diéguez Lorena , Abalde‐Cela Sara
Published: November 2022

In the context of personalized medicine, the analysis of single cells is key in order to understand the origin and evolution of cancer to provide an accurate prognosis. Microfluidics and microdroplets are increasingly used for the handling and understanding of the behavior of single cells, as they offer the perfect isolated environment. However, due to the small volumes handled, it is necessary to couple this technology with an ultrasensitive detection technique. Herein, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and droplet microfluidics are combined toward the multiplex phenotypic analysis of single cancer cells. For this, cancer cells are labeled with different SERS tags that recognize membrane proteins and encapsulated individually in microdroplets. Afterward, single cells within microdroplets are imaged by SERS spectroscopy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a multiplex phenotypic SERS analysis of single cells in microdroplets is shown. This integrated optofluidic platform paves the way toward the multiplex and automated characterization of cell populations in cancer patients.
Independent Tuning of Exciton and Photon Energies in an Exciton–Polariton Condensate by Proton Implantation‐Induced Interdiffusion
Authors: Fraser Michael D. , Tan H. Hoe , Redondo Yago del Valle Inclan , Kavuri Hima , Ostrovskaya Elena A. , Schneider Christian , Höfling Sven , Yamamoto Yoshihisa , Tarucha Seigo
Published: November 2022

The use of high energy proton implantation is demonstrated to precisely and independently shift the energies of both exciton and photon components of GaAs microcavity exciton–polaritons. The technique applies post‐growth proton implantation and annealing steps in order to create a small local interdiffusion across either the quantum well–barrier material interfaces, or between the layers of the cavity distributed Bragg reflector mirrors to induce energy shifts to the exciton or photon components, respectively. The polariton mode is tunable by an energy exceeding 10 meV with a corresponding increase (decrease) in effective mass for photon (exciton) energy shifts, while maintaining narrow‐linewidth polariton photoemission and condensation for both photonic and excitonic polaritons. This technique uniquely enables new opportunities to explore coherent polariton matter with narrow‐linewidth and heavy masses in tight‐binding, non‐Hermitian, and topological landscapes with sub‐µm feature‐sizes, while also being a simple post‐growth process.