bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Employee Competency Framework in a Welfare Organization
Authors: Daniali Sara Mehrab , Barykin Sergey Evgenievich , Khortabi Farzin Mohammadbeigi , Kalinina Olga Vladimirovna , Tcukanova Olga Anatolievna , Torosyan Elena Konstantinovna , Poliakova Svetlana , Prosekov Sergey , Moiseev Nikita , Senjyu Tomonobu
Published: February 2022

Purpose—The aims of the current study were as follows: (1) to develop a framework of the job competence of employees to examine the recruitment of employees in their specialized fields, and (2) to answer the question of whether the development of that framework of the job competence of employees in attracting and employing people or their appointment and promotion was effective in achieving the goals of the organization. Design/methodology—Researchers examined the work environment of a branch of the Welfare Organization of Iran and the most important duties and responsibilities of the employees of the specialized spheres of the organization. Afterward, researchers listed the essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for the employees. Then, the authors asked 70 experts working in this organization to express their views on the importance of each of these items and the status of each of the proposed items in terms of their relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity. Accordingly, the competencies were categorized and titled. The identified competencies were classified into four main groups: needs assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The authors used the pairwise comparison method and the hierarchical analysis process approach to weighting. Findings—The authors set and presented critical competencies related to each specialized field of healthcare, social, educational, and cultural affairs in separate frameworks. The research results allowed theoretical and practical approaches to modeling to consider transversal and disciplinary competencies for a social, economic, or environmental commitment based on the sustainability concept. Value—Developing the employee competency frameworks of the health service is essential for sustainable development. The validated employee competency frameworks in the Welfare Organization can be applied in other provinces of Iran and other sectors of the healthcare system.
Logistics Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Opportunities for Digitalization
Authors: Kuteyi Damilola , Winkler Herwig
Published: February 2022

Improvements in logistics performance are considered to be a significant driver of economic growth. Digitalization in logistics, which includes enhanced tracking systems, digitized flows of information, artificial intelligence and automation, has further enabled globalized trade. However, Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies, majorly export-commodity-dependent, still lag behind, grappling with inadequate policy frameworks, huge infrastructure deficits and trade barriers which result in a broken supply chain that negatively impacts growth. This study aims to investigate existing challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa, the potentials for the region to leapfrog traditional supply chain practices and adopt digital technologies, by evaluating previous findings in a systematic manner and augmenting these findings through semi-structured interviews. Systematic literature analysis conducted on published academic literature within a specific period and based on predefined criteria resulted in 287 articles being used for the final analysis. The most common logistics challenges and potential solutions have been identified. Semi-structured interviews with logistics service providers in the region have been conducted to establish the findings highlighted in the systematic literature review. The interviews showed that human capital training is a major factor when adopting digital technologies, and a focus on infrastructure investments, regulatory and institutional framework improvements will boost economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Tourism Village Carbon Footprint after COVID-19 Pandemic: A Challenge to Sustainability
Authors: Susilorini Rr. M. I. Retno , Ismail Amrizarois , Wastunimpuna B. Y. Arya , Wardhani Dhiyan Krishna , Prameswari Laurel Lia Nola , Amasto Ardhito Hayyu , Suryono Agus
Published: February 2022

The tourism industry is the most significant global Green House Gases (GHGs) contributor, which is often specifically produced by exploratory activities. This leads to the performance of several actions to reduce carbon emissions and maintain sustainable development. Since the Indonesian Tourism Village is a “carbon emission contributor and COVID-19 pandemic impact victim”, the low-carbon exploration should be necessarily implemented to achieve sustainability. Therefore, this study aims to determine the carbon footprint of solid waste produced by visitors, population, and buildings within seven certified Tourism Villages in Central Java (Kandri, Lerep, Samiran, Karangrejo, Candirejo, Samiran, and Dieng Kulon) and Special Region of Yogyakarta (Pentingsari) Provinces, Indonesia. This was conducted through a mixed method containing quantitative and analytical techniques. The quantitative method was conducted through a field survey of seven Tourism Villages to obtain and analyze data on the population, infrastructures, situations, and environments. Meanwhile, the analytical method was conducted by calculating the carbon footprint of solid waste and buildings produced by seven Tourism Villages. The results showed that Dieng Kulon had the biggest CO2 emissions from all sources (solid waste produced by visitors, population, and buildings). In addition, Candirejo had the lowest solid waste emission produced by visitors and the population before the impact of the pandemic. During the COVID-19 period, Kandri and Samiran were observed as the lowest contributors of solid-waste CO2 emission produced by visitors and buildings, respectively. This indicated that the sustainability of Tourism Villages helped in increasing income as well as obtaining a cleaner and healthier environment. After the pandemic period, these villages should subsequently lead the economic recovery of rural communities to achieve sustainable development goals through the reduction of CO2 emission. In addition, the “The Low-Carbon Sustainable Tourism Village Model” was proposed by this study to answer the challenge of sustainability.
Does Spending Time in Nature Help Students Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Desrochers Jessica E. , Bell Ashleigh L. , Nisbet Elizabeth K. , Zelenski John M.
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted our economy, social lives, and mental health, and it therefore provides a unique chance for researchers to examine how people cope with changes to their everyday activities. Research suggests that people may be spending more time in nature than they did pre-pandemic. The current study sheds light on how nature is being used to cope with the stresses of the global health crisis and lockdowns. Canadian undergraduate students (N = 559) filled out a questionnaire during the fall of 2020 about their pandemic experience, including their affects, life satisfaction, and feelings of flourishing and vitality, in addition to a wide variety of nature variables. The weekly exposures, the perceived increases or decreases in the exposure to nature during the pandemic, and the feelings of connectedness (nature relatedness) were assessed. Those who felt like they were spending more time in nature than they did pre-pandemic experienced more subjective well-being. Nature-related individuals were more likely to access nature and to appreciate it more during the pandemic than others, but all people (even those less connected) experienced well-being benefits from spending more time in nature. Going into nature appears to be an increasingly popular and effective coping strategy to boost or maintain subjective well-being during the pandemic.
Water Conservation Education in Elementary Schools: The Case of the Nenetzingo River Catchment, Mexico
Authors: Valenzuela-Morales Guadalupe Yolanda , Hernández-Téllez Marivel , Ruiz-Gómez María de Lourdes , Gómez-Albores Miguel Angel , Arévalo-Mejía Ricardo , Mastachi-Loza Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2022

Water is one of the primary resources for humans; however, clean water available for consumption is a constant problem worldwide. Nonetheless, environmental education is fundamental to promote social consciousness and orientate people to improve water management, and children are the main target as they are prone to adopt long-lasting habits. Therefore, this study aimed to implement an environmental education program on water conservation in 10-year-old students from two rural communities within the Nenetzingo River catchment in Mexico. The study was a three-step methodology that included diagnostics, education, and evaluation. It was found that the students that participated in the educational program enriched their knowledge, attitudes, and perception towards water. Therefore, implementing environmental education programs in young students can improve water use and conservation in Mexico. Additionally, the design used in this research allows identifying the target groups for immediate intervention.
Impact of Uneven Flow Wastewater Distribution on the Technological Efficiency of a Sequencing Batch Reactor
Authors: Masłoń Adam
Published: February 2022

Variability in the load of pollutants significantly influences the efficiency of activated sludge technology in municipal wastewater treatment plants, both in terms of flow systems and in sequencing batch reactors (SBR). Diversified inflow of wastewater to the treatment plant has a significant impact on the technological efficiency of sequencing batch reactors. Additionally, this problem is intensified in technological systems in which there is no storage tank for raw wastewater. It is assumed, however, that the flexible operation of an SBR reactor allows it to be easily adapted to a variable load of pollutants. The aim of the article is to present the effects of uneven wastewater inflow on the operation of sequencing batch reactors using the example of the wastewater treatment plant in Rabka-Zdrój (Poland). The conducted research has shown that, in wastewater treatment plants, the use of sequencing batch reactors as an independent element of biological wastewater treatment does not always ensure a high degree of pollutant removal in the event of a very uneven wastewater inflow. Therefore, the use treated wastewater equalizing tanks is recommended, which can additionally clean residual contaminants from wastewater.
Public and Private Economic Feasibility of Green Areas as a Passive Energy Measure: A Case Study in the Mediterranean City of Trapani in Southern Italy
Authors: Napoli Grazia , Corrao Rossella , Scaccianoce Gianluca , Barbaro Simona , Cirrincione Laura
Published: February 2022

Green infrastructure in urban environments provides a wide range of ecological, social, aesthetic, and health co-benefits. Urban plant covers in particular contribute to improved outdoor environmental conditions that, in turn, influence the energy behavior of buildings and their indoor thermo-hygrometric comfort performance. Within this context, this study illustrates a methodology aimed at verifying the economic feasibility of alternative types of green areas for public and private stakeholders, which are analyzed as passive energy measures. Therefore, our methodology integrates approaches from different disciplines and consists of a microclimatic analysis of different vegetation scenarios and of the outdoor comfort level, an evaluation of the energy needs of a sample of houses, and an economic feasibility estimation considering different scenarios and public and private investors. The methodology is illustrated through its application to a suburban district of the Sicilian city of Trapani in the South of Italy, considered representative of Mediterranean climate conditions. Results showed significant differences between the scenario outcomes depending on the type of vegetation used in the green areas and put in evidence how economic feasibility for some stakeholders may be achieved in the management phase if adequate incentives equal to the planting cost are assumed.
A Decision Support System for Supporting Strategic Production Allocation in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Fadda Edoardo , Perboli Guido , Rosano Mariangela , Mascolo Julien Etienne , Masera Davide
Published: February 2022

This paper deals with the optimization problem faced by the manufacturing engineering department of an international automotive company, concerning its supply chain design (i.e., decisions regarding which plants to open, how many components to produce, and the logistic flow from production to assembly plants). The intrinsic characteristics of the problem, such as stochasticity, the high number of products and components, and exogenous factors, make it complex to formulate and solve the mathematical models. Thus, new decision support systems integrating human choices and fast solution algorithms are needed. In this paper, we present an innovative and successful use case of such an approach, encompassing the decision-maker as an integral part of the optimization process. Moreover, the proposed approach allows the managers to conduct what-if analyses in real-time, taking robust decisions with respect to future scenarios, while shortening the time needed. As a byproduct, the proposed methodology requires neither the definition of a probability distribution nor the investigation of the user’s risk aversion.
Topic Evolution of Chinese COVID-19 Policies Based on Co-Occurrence Clustering Network Analysis
Authors: Wei Lu , Liu Na , Chen Junhua , Sun Jihong
Published: February 2022

This study aims to explore the changes of Chinese coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) policy topics in the eclipse, outbreak, and convalescent stage of COVID-19 based on 4982 textual policies. By using the co-occurrence clustering network method, we find that the strict prevention and control of the epidemic is the only topic of policies in the eclipse stage. In the outbreak stage, strict epidemic prevention and control is still the most important policy topic. The policies of resuming work of “essential” enterprises and stabilizing market prices are important support and guarantee for fighting against COVID-19. In the convalescent stage, as the prevention and control of COVID-19 has become regular, promoting and ensuring the resumption of work in all sectors of society is the most important topic of the policies. Moreover, the success of Wuhan City’s fight against COVID-19 reflects China’s governance characteristics of “concentrating power to do a major event”. Finally, the possible improvements for Chinese COVID-19 policies are discussed, which can provide practical suggestions for government departments on how to effectively respond to public health emergencies.
Archeological Sites and Relict Landscapes as Refuge for Biodiversity: Case Study of Alexandria City, Egypt
Authors: Heneidy Selim Z. , Al-Sodany Yassin M. , Bidak Laila M. , Fakhry Amal M. , Hamouda Sania K. , Halmy Marwa W. A. , Alrumman Sulaiman A. , Al-Bakre Dhafer A. , Eid Ebrahem M. , Toto Soliman M.
Published: February 2022

The role of heritage sites as a shelter for biodiversity is overlooked. Eight archeological sites representing different landscapes in Alexandria City were surveyed, from which 59 stands were sampled between April 2019 and March 2021. The archeological sites and the relictual landscapes are geographically dispersed and are arranged here from west to east, representing the full range of environmental variation within the study area. The selection of stands in each site was based on the area and the variability within the habitats, the physiography, and the levels of disturbance. A composite soil sample was collected from each site. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) were carried out to identify the plant communities in the study area. The recorded taxa, their national geographical distribution, life forms, habitats, chorological types, and vegetation groups are listed. A total of 221 specific taxa, 172 native and 49 alien non-native species (representing some 10.3% of the whole range of Egyptian flora), belonging to 150 genera and 44 families, are reported in the present study. Only two endemic species were recorded in the studied urban habitats. The phytosociological analysis of the sites showed differences among vegetation types found in the archeological sites as a function of the varying degrees of enthronization. A significant effect of archeological site and relictual landscape on species diversity was observed as indicated using the richness, Shannon’s and Simpson’s indices. Flat plains are substantially more diverse than any of the other habitats in the present study, followed by the habitat of rocky ridge slope. The present study found evidence of an ecological legacy that persists today within the semi-arid climatic ecosystem of Alexandria City. The study highlights the urgent need for measures to maintain cultural landscapes while considering the conservation of biodiversity within the archeological sites. It is hoped that the outcomes of the current study can provide guidance on the potential integration of biodiversity conservation in planning the management of archeological sites.
Optimal Process Network for Integrated Solid Waste Management in Davao City, Philippines
Authors: Olalo Kristin Faye , Nakatani Jun , Fujita Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2022

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems in developing countries adopt practices from developed countries to reduce their environmental burdens. However, several complex issues specific to developing countries hinder the full implementation of these practices. The future of MSWM in Davao City, Philippines, is envisaged as a notable example of the combination of new infrastructure and local MSWM practices. A linear programming model was developed, following material flow analysis and life cycle assessment, to design an optimal system for Davao City. The performance of the system was evaluated in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, energy and revenue generated, and the amount of landfill waste. The results show that the proposed system positively affects the environment compared to the current system, due to additional treatment options. However, the main allocation concern transitions from organic waste in the current system to plastic waste in future scenarios. Furthermore, the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extension of landfill life will be heavily influenced by trade-offs between sorting operations and the management of incinerated wastes with high calorific values. Therefore, plastic-waste-specific treatment options will be critical for future MSWM systems. The results herein underscore the need for sustainable MSWM in the study area, considering the region-specific conditions.
A Comparative LCA of Aeroponic, Hydroponic, and Soil Cultivations of Bioactive Substance Producing Plants
Authors: Wimmerova Lenka , Keken Zdenek , Solcova Olga , Bartos Lubomir , Spacilova Marketa
Published: February 2022

Sustainable agriculture is currently trendy. It is supported not only for the urban environment but also as an innovation of conventional practices in order to increase the efficiency and quality of agricultural production. This study presents the results achieved within selected soil-less (hydroponic and aeroponic) systems. Then, it compares them, using the tool of comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), with the results of soil cultivation. The attention is directed towards biomass production and the content of bioactive substances, which can compensate for higher operating costs of soil-less cultivation systems. Coffea arabica has shown a significant increase of caffeine and theobromine contents, both in leaves and roots, as well as higher biomass yield during the aeroponic cultivation. On the contrary, Senecio bicolor evinced the results of a considerably increased growth in the hydroponic system, with no higher contents of alkaloid or flavonoids, except for the rutin concentration. The LCA results of the compared soil and soil-less systems showed that the consumption of fertilizers, diesel, and water in soil systems and of conventional electricity in aeroponics and hydroponics contributed mostly to their environmental burden. The major environmental impact categories are terrestrial ecotoxicity, human non-carcinogenic toxicity, and global warming. Therefore, in order to make the soil-less cultivation systems sustainable, these environmental aspects need to be considered deeply.
Occupational Health and Safety Scope Significance in Achieving Sustainability
Authors: Kavouras Sotirios , Vardopoulos Ioannis , Mitoula Roido , Zorpas Antonis A. , Kaldis Panagiotis
Published: February 2022

A safe and healthy working environment is vital for overall sustainability, due to the fact that it affects opportunities of economic and social development. However, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO), despite the international commitment to Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) via the 2030’s Agenda Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), work-related accidents are still far too common. Work-related mortality accounts for 5% of all deaths worldwide; a toll which has increased dramatically due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, in the context of COVID-19, new demands on the labour market, such as teleworking, adequate protective measures, and proper use of personal protective equipment when physical presence cannot be avoided, are necessitating new approaches to ensure health and safety. Arguably, education can be viewed as a cross-cutting strategy in advance of a culture of safety for future generations, through strengthening skills and broadening knowledge. Indeed, even though education cannot be considered a panacea, related to SDG 4, which seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, it can be considered a critical component to deal with OSH issues using a preventive, rather than a reactive, approach. Given this fact, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) has stressed the prevention approach through mainstreaming OSH in education at all levels, and in all fields of vocational and academic training. Aware of the potential of universities to provide graduates the broad-based knowledge to produce labour-market skills including OSH, the aim of this study is to contribute to the discussion on mainstreaming OSH into Greek university education, using Harokopio University (HUA) as a case study. For this purpose, a web-based survey was conducted to address HUA’s students, faculty members, and staff OSH knowledge, risks awareness, and attitudes, as well as their perceptions, opinions, and beliefs about the role of OSH for academia. A statistical analysis depicted respondents’ high level of willingness to contribute to the promotion of OSH, while additional evidence suggests a considerable commitment of the respondents to participate in HUA’s OSH-related training and education.
Integrated Fertilizers Synergistically Bolster Temperate Soybean Growth, Yield, and Oil Content
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Aamir , Raza Rana Zain , Zafar Mohsin , Ali Omar M. , Ahmed Raees , Rahim Junaid , Ijaz Raina , Ahmad Zahoor , Bethune Brandon J.
Published: February 2022

For ensuring food security and imparting sustainability to modern commercial-oriented and highly intensive temperate farming systems, organic wastes from poultry and dairy industries constitute biologically viable strategy to improve crops productivity under changing climate. A field trial was undertaken to appraise the impact of broiler litter (BL = 5 tons ha−1), farm yard slurry (FYS = 10 tons ha−1), and chemical fertilizers including di-ammonium phosphate (DAP = 60 kg ha−1) and single super phosphate (SSP = 60 kg ha−1) applied solely and in conjunction with each other, along with a control treatment (NM). The synergistic fertilization regime encompassing BL+DAP triggered the vegetative growth of soybean as indicated by taller plants having thicker stems and higher leaf area per plant compared to NM. In addition, this fertilization management system improved reproductive yield attributes including pods number and 100-seeds weight which maximized the seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, and biological yield by 66%, 5%, 31%, and 23% respectively than NM. Moreover, this fertilizers combination was followed by SSP + BL, while BL performed better than FYS and DAP remained superior to SSP. Furthermore, the correlation analyses indicated moderately stronger direct association of seed yield with vegetative growth traits and highly stronger linear relationship with reproductive yield attributes. Thus, co-application of broiler litter (5 tons ha−1) with reduced doses of DAP (60 kg ha−1) might be recommended to temperate soybean growers having access to poultry wastes.
Some New James Type Geometric Constants in Banach Spaces
Authors: Chen Bingren , Yang Zhijian , Liu Qi , Li Yongjin
Published: February 2022

We will introduce four new geometric constants closely related to the James constant J(X), which have symmetric structure, along with a discussion on the relationships among them and some other well-known geometric constants via several inequalities, together with the calculation of several values on some specific spaces. In addition, we will characterize geometric properties of J1(X), such as uniform non-squareness and uniformly normal structure.
Propagation Prediction of Body Waves in Fluid-Saturated Soils with Flow-Independent Viscosity
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Xingyuan , Sun Bo
Published: February 2022

A systematic study of wave theory in thermoviscoelastic soil is essential for engineering applications such as geophysical exploration. In the present work, the influences of flow-independent viscosity of the soil skeleton and the thermal effect on elastic waves are considered, and the propagation behaviors of body waves in thermoviscoelastic saturated soil are investigated. Firstly, the thermoviscoelastic dynamic coupling model of saturated soil were established by employing the Biot model, the generalized thermoelastic theory, and the Kelvin–Voigt linear viscoelastic model. Secondly, the dispersion equations of body waves in thermoviscoelastic saturated soil were theoretically derived with structural symmetry considered. Finally, the variations of wave velocity and the attenuation coefficient of the body waves with the thermophysical parameters are discussed. The results revealed that the enhancement of the relaxation time of soil caused an increase of wave velocity and the attenuation coefficient of P1, P2, and S waves, and a decrease of the wave velocity and attenuation coefficient of the thermal wave. Different ranges of the permeability coefficient and frequency have different effects on the P1, P2, and S waves. The variation of thermal conductivity and the phase-lags of heat flux and temperature gradient only affect the thermal wave.
Mixtures of Semi-Parametric Generalised Linear Models
Authors: Millard Salomon M. , Kanfer Frans H. J.
Published: February 2022

The mixture of generalised linear models (MGLM) requires knowledge about each mixture component’s specific exponential family (EF) distribution. This assumption is relaxed and a mixture of semi-parametric generalised linear models (MSPGLM) approach is proposed, which allows for unknown distributions of the EF for each mixture component while much of the parametric structure of the traditional MGLM is retained. Such an approach inherently allows for both symmetric and non-symmetric component distributions, frequently leading to non-symmetrical response variable distributions. It is assumed that the random component of each mixture component follows an unknown distribution of the EF. The specific member can either be from the standard class of distributions or from the broader set of admissible distributions of the EF which is accessible through the semi-parametric procedure. Since the inverse link functions of the mixture components are unknown, the MSPGLM estimates each mixture component’s inverse link function using a kernel smoother. The MSPGLM algorithm alternates the estimation of the regression parameters with the estimation of the inverse link functions. The properties of the proposed MSPGLM are illustrated through a simulation study on the separable individual components. The MSPGLM procedure is also applied on two data sets.
On Third-Order Differential Subordination and Superordination Properties of Analytic Functions Defined by a Generalized Operator
Authors: Atshan Waggas Galib , Hiress Rajaa Ali , Altınkaya Sahsene
Published: February 2022

In this current study, we aim to give some results for third-order differential subordination and superordination for analytic functions in U={z∈ℂ:|z|<1} involving the generalized operator Iα,βjf. The results are derived by investigating relevant classes of admissible functions. Some new results on differential subordination and superordination with some sandwich theorems are obtained. Moreover, several particular cases are also noted. The properties and results of the differential subordination are symmetry to the properties of the differential superordination to form the sandwich theorems.
Functional Evaluation Using Fuzzy FMEA for a Non-Invasive Measurer for Methane and Carbone Dioxide
Authors: Cruz-Rivero Lidilia , Méndez-Hernández María Leonor , Mar-Orozco Carlos Eusebio , Aguilar-Lasserre Alberto A. , Barbosa-Moreno Alfonso , Sánchez-Escobar Josué
Published: February 2022

This paper combines the use of two tools: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fuzzy Logic (FL), to evaluate the functionality of a quantifier prototype of Methane gas (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2), developed specifically to measure the emissions generated by cattle. Unlike previously reported models for the same purpose, this device reduces damage to the integrity of the animal and does not interfere with the activities of livestock in their development medium. FMEA and FL are used to validate the device’s functionality, which involves identifying possible failure modes that represent a more significant impact on the operation and prevent the prototype from fulfilling the function for which it was created. As a result, this document presents the development of an intelligent fuzzy system type Mamdani, supported in the Fuzzy Inference System Toolbox of MatLabR2018b®, for generating a risk priority index. A Fuzzy FMEA model was obtained to validate the prototype for measuring Methane and Carbon Dioxide emissions, which allows considering this prototype as a reliable alternative for the reliable measurement of these gases. This study was necessary as a complementary part in the validation of the design of the prototype quantifier of CH4 and CO2 emissions. The methods used (classic FMEA and Fuzzy FMEA) to evaluate the RPN show asymmetric graphs due to data disparity. Values in the classical method are mostly lower than the Mamdani model results due to the description of the criteria with which it is evaluated.
Editorial for the Special Issue “Advances in Multiscale and Multifield Solid Material Interfaces”
Authors: Rizzoni Raffaella , Lebon Frédéric , Dumont Serge , Serpilli Michele
Published: February 2022

Interfaces play an essential role in determining the mechanical properties and the structural integrity of a wide variety of technological materials [...]
Early Warnings by Liver Organoids on Short- and Long-Chain PFAS Toxicity
Authors: Palazzolo Stefano , Caligiuri Isabella , Sfriso Andrea Augusto , Mauceri Matteo , Rotondo Rossella , Campagnol Davide , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Rizzolio Flavio
Published: February 2022

Short-chain per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have replaced long-chains in many applications, however the toxicity and its mode of action and interactions due to the large number of these compounds and their mixtures is still poorly understood. The paper aims to compare the effects on mouse liver organoids (target organ for bioaccumulation) of two long-chain PFAS (perfluorooctane sulfonate -PFOS-, perfluorooctanoic acid -PFOA) and two short-chain PFAS commonly utilized in the industry (heptafluorobutyric acid -HFBA-, Pentafluoropropionic anhydride-PFPA) to identify the mode of action of these classes of contaminants. Cytomorphological aberrations and ALT/GDH enzyme disruption were identified but no acute toxicity endpoint neither apoptosis was detected by the two tested short-chain PFAS. After cytomorphological analysis, it is evident that short-chain PFAS affected organoid morphology inducing a reduction of cytostructural complexity and aberrant cytological features. Conversely, EC50 values of 670 ± 30 µM and 895 ± 7 µM were measured for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, together with strong ALT/GDH enzyme disruption, caspase 3 and 7 apoptosis activation and deep loss of architectural complexity of organoids in the range of 500–1000 µM. Eventually, biochemical markers and histology analysis confirmed the sensitivity of organoid tests that could be used as a fast and reproducible platform to test many PFAS and mixtures saving time and at low cost in comparison with in vivo tests. Organoids testing could be introduced as an innovative platform to assess the toxicity to fast recognize potentially dangerous pollutants.
Pollution Characteristics and Risk Prediction of Endocrine Disruptors in Lakes of Wuhan
Authors: Zhang Yurui , Cao Jun , Ke Tan , Tao Yue , Wu Wanyin , Wang Panpan , Zhou Min , Chen Lanzhou
Published: February 2022

As a new and ubiquitous trace organic pollutant, endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can cause endocrine-disrupting effects on organisms even at low levels. However, little information is available on the resource and assessment of EDC risks in the water environment. The study area was selected based on the paucity of information on the pollution status of inland lakes. Wuhan has numerous and diverse types of lakes which receive micropollutants from different pathways. In this study, the spatial distribution, occurrence, quantity and ecological risks of EDCs in 12 lakes were investigated. Five EDCs, including 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (17α-EE2), estrone (E1), β-estradiol (β-E2), estriol (E3) and bisphenol A (BPA) were detected in surface waters. The distribution of EDC content in the lakes was ordered as follows: exurban zone < suburban area < urban areas. The pollution sources in remote lakes mainly included agricultural and aquaculture wastewater, while those in suburban and urban areas included domestic or industrial wastewater. Areas with higher EDC content were frequently related to agricultural activities, aquaculture water or dense populations. Water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen, pH and water temperature, were significantly related to the occurrence and distribution of EDCs in the lakes. Risk assessment demonstrated that the occurrence of EDCs posed minimum to medium risk to aquatic organisms in the lakes. The results showed that the lakes faced a threat hormone pollution though it was at lower doses and, thus, the ecological risk of EDCs should be considered in future environmental policies and decisions in China.
Using Human Biomonitoring Data to Support Risk Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients—A Case Study of Benzophenone-3
Authors: Rousselle Christophe , Meslin Matthieu , Berman Tamar , Woutersen Marjolijn , Bil Wieneke , Wildeman Jenna , Chaudhry Qasim
Published: February 2022

Safety assessment of UV filters for human health by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) is based on the estimation of internal dose following external (skin) application of cosmetic products, and comparison with a toxicological reference value after conversion to internal dose. Data from human biomonitoring (HBM) could be very useful in this regard, because it is based on the measurement of real-life internal exposure of the human population to a chemical. UV filters were included in the priority list of compounds to be addressed under the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU), and risk assessment of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) was carried out based on HBM data. Using BP-3 as an example, this study investigated the benefits and limitations of the use of external versus internal exposure data to explore the usefulness of HBM to support the risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients. The results show that both approaches did indicate a risk to human health under certain levels of exposure. They also highlight the need for more robust exposure data on BP-3 and other cosmetic ingredients, and a standardized framework for incorporating HBM data in the risk assessment of cosmetic products.
PBDEs Found in House Dust Impact Human Lung Epithelial Cell Homeostasis
Authors: Zandona Antonio , Jagić Karla , Dvoršćak Marija , Madunić Josip , Klinčić Darija , Katalinić Maja
Published: February 2022

The toxicity of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners detected in environmental and biological samples (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) was evaluated on the epithelial lung cells. Exposure to these PBDEs increased membrane disruption and a release of lactate dehydrogenase, accompanied by oxidative stress in cells through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, some of the tested PBDEs increased apoptotic markers as well. For several congeners, the observed toxicity was time dependent, meaning that even smaller concentrations of these compounds will have negative effects over time. Such time-dependent toxicity was also confirmed for cell treatment with a real house dust sample extract. This could be indicative with regard to the constant exposure to a mixture of PBDE congeners through different pathways in the organism and thereby presenting a risk for human health. As such, our findings point to the importance of further studies on the negative effects of PBDEs to understand their mechanism of action in detail.
Variability in the Spatial Structure of the Central Loop in Cobra Cytotoxins Revealed by X-ray Analysis and Molecular Modeling
Authors: Dubovskii Peter V. , Dubova Kira M. , Bourenkov Gleb , Starkov Vladislav G. , Konshina Anastasia G. , Efremov Roman G. , Utkin Yuri N. , Samygina Valeriya R.
Published: February 2022

Cobra cytotoxins (CTs) belong to the three-fingered protein family and possess membrane activity. Here, we studied cytotoxin 13 from Naja naja cobra venom (CT13Nn). For the first time, a spatial model of CT13Nn with both “water” and “membrane” conformations of the central loop (loop-2) were determined by X-ray crystallography. The “water” conformation of the loop was frequently observed. It was similar to the structure of loop-2 of numerous CTs, determined by either NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solution, or the X-ray method. The “membrane” conformation is rare one and, to date has only been observed by NMR for a single cytotoxin 1 from N. oxiana (CT1No) in detergent micelle. Both CT13Nn and CT1No are S-type CTs. Membrane-binding of these CTs probably involves an additional step—the conformational transformation of the loop-2. To confirm this suggestion, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations of both CT1No and CT13Nn in the Highly Mimetic Membrane Model of palmitoiloleoylphosphatidylglycerol, starting with their “water” NMR models. We found that the both toxins transform their “water” conformation of loop-2 into the “membrane” one during the insertion process. This supports the hypothesis that the S-type CTs, unlike their P-type counterparts, require conformational adaptation of loop-2 during interaction with lipid membranes.
Cereulide and Deoxynivalenol Increase LC3 Protein Levels in HepG2 Liver Cells
Authors: Beisl Julia , Pahlke Gudrun , Ehling-Schulz Monika , Del Favero Giorgia , Marko Doris
Published: February 2022

Food contaminants of bacterial or fungal origin frequently contaminate staple foods to various extents. Among others, the bacterial toxin cereulide (CER) and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) co-occur in a mixed diet and are absorbed by the human body. Both toxins exert dis-tinctive mitotoxic potential. As damaged mitochondria are removed via autophagy, mitochondrial and lysosomal toxicity were assessed by applying low doses of single and combined toxins (CER 0.1–50 ng/mL; DON 0.01–5 µg/mL) to HepG2 liver cells. In addition to cytotoxicity assays, RT-qPCR was performed to investigate genes involved in lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. CER and DON caused significant cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells after 5 and 24 h over a broad concentration range. CER, alone and in combination with DON, increased the transcription of the autophagy related genes coding for the microtubule associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestome 1 (SQSTM1) as well as LC3 protein expression which was determined using immunocytochemistry. DON increased LC3 protein expression without induction of gene transcription, hence it seems plausible that CER and DON act on different pathways. The results support the hypothesis that CER induces autophagy via the LC3 pathway and damaged mitochondria are therefore eliminated.
ExoU Induces Lung Endothelial Cell Damage and Activates Pro-Inflammatory Caspase-1 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection
Authors: Hardy Kierra S. , Tuckey Amanda N. , Renema Phoibe , Patel Mita , Al-Mehdi Abu-Bakr , Spadafora Domenico , Schlumpf Cody A. , Barrington Robert A. , Alexeyev Mikhail F. , Stevens Troy , Pittet Jean-Francois , Wagener Brant M. , Simmons Jon D. , Alvarez Diego F. , Audia Jonathon P.
Published: February 2022

The Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a type III secretion system to inject exoenzyme effectors into a target host cell. Of the four best-studied exoenzymes, ExoU causes rapid cell damage and death. ExoU is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that hydrolyses host cell membranes, and P. aeruginosa strains expressing ExoU are associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients with pneumonia. While the effects of ExoU on lung epithelial and immune cells are well studied, a role for ExoU in disrupting lung endothelial cell function has only recently emerged. Lung endothelial cells maintain a barrier to fluid and protein flux into tissue and airspaces and regulate inflammation. Herein, we describe a pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) culture infection model to examine the effects of ExoU. Using characterized P. aeruginosa strains and primary clinical isolates, we show that strains expressing ExoU disrupt PMVEC barrier function by causing substantial PMVEC damage and lysis, in a PLA2-dependent manner. In addition, we show that strains expressing ExoU activate the pro-inflammatory caspase-1, in a PLA2-dependent manner. Considering the important roles for mitochondria and oxidative stress in regulating inflammatory responses, we next examined the effects of ExoU on reactive oxygen species production. Infection of PMVECs with P. aeruginosa strains expressing ExoU triggered a robust oxidative stress compared to strains expressing other exoenzyme effectors. We also provide evidence that, intriguingly, ExoU PLA2 activity was detectable in mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membrane fractions isolated from P. aeruginosa-infected PMVECs. Interestingly, ExoU-mediated activation of caspase-1 was partially inhibited by reactive oxygen species scavengers. Together, these data suggest ExoU exerts pleiotropic effects on PMVEC function during P. aeruginosa infection that may inhibit endothelial barrier and inflammatory functions.
Herbivorous Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Genetically Modified MON 810 and DAS-59122 Maize Varieties Containing Cry Toxins: Intestinal Histological, Developmental, and Immunological Investigations
Authors: Gyurcsó Gergő , Darvas Béla , Baska Ferenc , Simon László , Takács Eszter , Klátyik Szandra , Székács András
Published: February 2022

Feeding experiments with juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with genetically modified maize MON 810 or DAS-59122 dried leaf biomass were carried out with 1-, 3- and 6-month exposures. Dosages of 3–7 μg/fish/day Cry1Ab or 18-55 μg/fish/day Cry34Ab1 toxin did not cause mortality. No difference occurred in body or abdominal sac weights. No differences appeared in levels of inorganic phosphate, calcium, fructosamine, bile acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alanine and aspartame aminotransferases. DAS-59122 did not alter blood parameters tested after 3 months of feeding. MON 810 slightly decreased serum albumin levels compared to the control, only in one group. Tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) infection changed the levels of inorganic phosphate and calcium. Cry34Ab1 toxin appeared in blood (12.6 ± 1.9 ng/mL), but not in the muscle. It was detected in B. acheilognathi. Cry1Ab was hardly detectable in certain samples near the limit of detection. Degradation of Cry toxins was extremely quick in the fish gastrointestinal tract. After 6 months of feeding, only mild indications in certain serum parameters were observed: MON 810 slightly increased the level of apoptotic cells in the blood and reduced the number of thrombocytes in one group; DAS-59122 mildly increased the number of granulocytes compared to the near-isogenic line.
Screening of TNFR1 Binding Peptides from Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom through Phage Display
Authors: Zhang Kangran , Liu Yang , Tang Yezhong
Published: February 2022

The venomous species Deinagkistrodon acutus has been used as anti-inflammatory medicine in China for a long time. It has been proven to have anti-inflammatory activity, but its specific anti-inflammatory components have not yet been fully elucidated. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), which participates in important intracellular signaling pathways, mediates apoptosis, and functions as a regulator of inflammation, is often used as the target to develop anti-inflammatory drugs. The small peptides of snake venom have the advantages of weak immunogenicity and strong activity. To obtain the specific TNFR1 binding peptides, we constructed a T7 phage library of D. acutus venom glands, and then performed biopanning against TNFR1 on the constructed library. After biopanning three times, several sequences with potential binding capacity were obtained and one 41-amino acid peptide was selected through a series of biological analyses including sequence length, solubility, and simulated affinity, named DAvp-1. After synthesis, the binding capacity of DAvp-1 and TNFR1 was verified using surface plasmon resonance technology (SPR). Conclusively, by applying phage display technology, this work depicts the successful screening of a promising peptide DAvp-1 from D. acutus venom that binds to TNFR1. Additionally, our study emphasizes the usefulness of phage display technology for studies on screening natural product components.
Gravitational Waves: The Theorist’s Swiss Knife
Authors: Sakellariadou Mairi
Published: February 2022

Gravitational waves provide a novel and powerful way to test astrophysical models of compact objects, early universe processes, beyond the Standard Model particle physics, dark matter candidates, Einstein’s theory of General Relativity and extended gravity models, and even quantum gravity candidate theories. A short introduction to the gravitational-wave background and the method we are using to detect it will be presented. Constraints on various astrophysical/cosmological models from the non-detectability of the gravitational-wave background will be discussed. Gravitational waves from transients will be highlighted and their physical implications will be summarised.