bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term cannabidiol treatment for seizures in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: An open‐label extension trial
Authors: Thiele Elizabeth A. , Bebin E. Martina , Filloux Francis , Kwan Patrick , Loftus Rachael , Sahebkar Farhad , Sparagana Steven , Wheless James
Published: December 2021

Objective

To evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of add‐on cannabidiol (CBD) in patients with seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in the open‐label extension (OLE) of the randomized, placebo‐controlled phase 3 trial GWPCARE6 (NCT02544763). Results of an interim (February 2019 data cut) analysis are reported.

Methods

Patients who completed the randomized trial enrolled to receive CBD (Epidiolex®in the United States; Epidyolex®in the EU; 100 mg/mL oral solution). The initial target dose was 25 mg/kg/day, which, based on response and tolerability, could be decreased or increased up to 50 mg/kg/day. The primary end point was safety. Key secondary end points included percentage reduction in TSC‐associated (countable focal and generalized) seizures, responder rates, and Subject/Caregiver Global Impression of Change (S/CGIC).

Results

Of 201 patients who completed the randomized phase, 199 (99%) entered the OLE. Mean age was 13 years (range, 1–57). At the time of analysis, 5% of patients had completed treatment, 20% had withdrawn, and 75% were ongoing. One‐year retention rate was 79%. Median treatment time was 267 days (range, 18–910) at a 27 mg/kg/day mean modal dose. Most patients (92%) had an adverse event (AE). Most common AEs were diarrhea (42%), seizure (22%), and decreased appetite (20%). AEs led to permanent discontinuation in 6% of patients. There was one death that was deemed treatment unrelated by the investigator. Elevated liver transaminases occurred in 17 patients (9%) patients; 12 were taking valproate. Median percentage reductions in seizure frequency (12‐week windows across 48 weeks) were 54%–68%. Seizure responder rates (≥50%, ≥75%, 100% reduction) were 53%–61%, 29%–45%, and 6%–11% across 12‐week windows for 48 weeks. Improvement on the S/CGIC scale was reported by 87% of patients/caregivers at 26 weeks.

Significance

In patients with TSC, long‐term add‐on CBD treatment was well tolerated and sustainably reduced seizures through 48 weeks, with most patients/caregivers reporting global improvement.
Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany
Authors: Taie Semiromi Majid , Böttcher Steven , Merz Christoph
Published: December 2021

Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from <0.2 to >0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
Primary de‐differentiated, trans‐differentiated and undifferentiated melanomas: overview of the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular spectrum
Authors: Ferreira Ingrid , Arends Mark J , van der Weyden Louise , Adams David J , Brenn Thomas
Published: December 2021

Primary cutaneous and mucosal melanoma shows a wide histological spectrum. The correct diagnosis depends upon the demonstration of melanocytic differentiation by recognition of an associated in‐situ component or immunohistochemical evidence of a melanocytic phenotype using conventional melanocytic markers, such as S‐100, SOX10, Melan‐A and HMB‐45. Exceptionally, melanomas lose their melanocytic phenotype, at least focally, and show differentiation towards other lineages. Review of the literature shows that de‐ and trans‐differentiation in melanoma is rare but probably under‐recognised and under‐reported. These often large and frequently ulcerated tumours affect adults and show a wide anatomical distribution, including mucosal sites, although there is a predilection for sun‐damaged skin of the head and neck. Histologically, the tumours are biphasic and contain a pre‐existing conventional melanoma. The de‐differentiated component closely resembles atypical fibroxanthoma, both morphologically and immunohistochemically. Trans‐differentiated melanoma may show rhabdomyosarcomatous or spindle cell carcinomatous features. Undifferentiated melanomas are similar tumours in which the conventional melanoma component is absent. Their diagnosis depends entirely upon the clinical context and identification of a classical melanoma driver gene mutation, i.e. BRAF V600E. The diagnosis of these rare and unusual tumours is challenging, and requires thorough tumour sampling and recognition of the background of a pre‐existing but often focal conventional melanoma together with molecular analysis.
Spitz melanocytic tumours – a review
Authors: Yeh Iwei , Busam Klaus J
Published: December 2021

Spitz tumours comprise a spectrum of melanocytic proliferations that share a set of distinct cytological features and molecular pathways. They include benign naevi, intermediate or indeterminate tumours and rare melanomas. Spitz tumours are notorious for the difficulty of distinguishing benign neoplasms with atypical features from melanomas and the related diagnostic uncertainty. Advances in the knowledge of the molecular pathways and genomic aberrations associated with these neoplasms have permitted opportunities for a reduction in the number of uncertain diagnoses and a more objective distinction between Spitz tumours from Spitz‐like neoplasms. The presence of a Spitz molecular pathway, such as Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (HRAS) aberrations or kinase fusions, distinguishes a bona fide Spitz neoplasm from Spitz‐like naevi or melanomas with conventional driver mutations. Spitz neoplasms with benign histopathological features and, if such testing is performed, benign cytogenetic and molecular findings, are termed Spitz naevi. Spitz neoplasms with frankly malignant histopathological findings or ambiguous microscopic findings associated with genetic or genomic aberrations most in keeping with melanoma are designated as Spitz melanoma. Tumours with microscopic features and genetic/genomic aberrations in between naevi and melanomas are classified as Spitz melanocytoma.
Generating population estimates for migratory shorebird species in the world’s largest flyway
Authors: Hansen Birgita D. , Rogers Danny I. , Watkins Doug , Weller Dan R. , Clemens Robert S. , Newman Mike , Woehler Eric J. , Mundkur Taej , Fuller Richard A.
Published: December 2021

Population estimates are widely used to underpin conservation decisions. However, determining accurate population estimates for migratory species is especially challenging, as they are often widespread and it is rarely possible to survey them throughout their full distribution. In the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF), this problem is compounded by its size (85 million square kilometres) and the number of migratory species it supports (nearly 500). Here, we provide analytical approaches for addressing this problem, presenting a revision of the EAAF population estimates for 37 migratory shorebird species protected under Australian national environmental legislation. Population estimates were generated by (1) summarizing existing count data in the non‐breeding range, (2) spatially extrapolating across uncounted areas, and (3) modelling abundance on the basis of estimates of breeding range and density. Expert review was used to adjust modelled estimates, particularly in under‐counted areas. There were many gaps in shorebird monitoring data, necessitating substantial use of extrapolation and expert review, the extent of which varied among species. Spatial extrapolation to under‐counted areas often produced estimates that were much higher than the observed data, and expert review was used to cross‐check and adjust these where necessary. Estimates of population size obtained through analyses of breeding ranges and density indicated that 18 species were poorly represented by counts in the non‐breeding season. It was difficult to determine independently the robustness of these estimates, but these breeding ground estimates were considered the best available data for 10 species that mostly use poorly surveyed freshwater or pelagic habitats in the non‐breeding season. We discuss the rationale and limitations of these approaches to population estimation, and how they could be modified for other applications. Data available for population estimates will vary in quality and extent among species, regions and migration stage, and approaches need to be flexible enough to provide useful information for conservation policy and planning.
Present status and future directions: Microbiology of endodontic infections
Authors: Siqueira José F. , Rôças Isabela N.
Published: December 2021

Apical periodontitis has a microbial aetiology and is one of the most common inflammatory diseases that affect humans. Fungi, archaea and viruses have been found in association with apical periodontitis, but bacteria are by far the most prevalent and dominant microorganisms in endodontic infections. Bacterial infection of the root canal system only occurs when the pulp is necrotic or was removed for previous treatment. In some specific cases, including acute and chronic abscesses, the bacterial infection may reach the periradicular tissues. Intracanal bacteria are usually observed as sessile multispecies communities (biofilms) attached to the dentinal root canal walls. Infection in the main root canal lumen can spread to other areas of the root canal system. Although more than 500 bacterial species have been detected in endodontic infections, a selected group of 20 to 30 species are most frequently detected and may be considered as the core microbiome. There is a high interindividual variability in the endodontic microbiome in terms of species composition and relative abundance. Obligate anaerobic species are more abundant in the intraradicular bacterial communities of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, while both anaerobes and facultatives dominate the communities in post‐treatment apical periodontitis. Bacterial interactions play an essential role in determining the overall virulence of the community, which has been regarded as the unit of pathogenicity of apical periodontitis. This article reviews the microbiologic aspects of endodontic infections and provides perspectives for future research and directions in the field.
Effect of ferroelectric polarization on piezo/photocatalysis in Ag nanoparticles loaded 0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–0.5Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 composites towards the degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Sharma Moolchand , Singhal Tanisha , Vaish Rahul
Published: December 2021

A 0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–0.5Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 (BCT‐BZT) ceramic was studied for photocatalysis and piezocatalysis effects using dye degradation (methylene blue, rhodamine B, and methyl orange) and bacterial (Escherichia coli) disinfection from aqueous solution. To examine the effect of ferroelectric polarization, BCT‐BZT powder was poled using the corona poling technique. Same time, BCT‐BZT was converted into Ag/BCT‐BZT composites as Ag induced surface plasmon resonance effect during photocatalysis. Piezocatalysis performance was assessed for dyes mineralization under ultrasonication. There was a significant impact of silver nanoparticles on the photo/piezocatalysis performance of BCT‐BZT. Similarly, electric poling has also played a positive role in improving the photo/piezocatalysis in view of various dye degradation. These samples also showed effective antibacterial performance.
Re‐imagining Learning: Spaces of Possibility
Authors: Hay Penny
Published: December 2021

New spaces of possibility are opening up in the light of the pandemic, with a shared purpose to offer an alternative, creative approach to learning and researching experimental sites for pedagogical innovation. In our partnership work, our creative methodology, with everyone an artist, drives the ambition for artistic excellence. These new blended spaces, engage artists and educators in creative and reflective practice that places the arts, culture and creativity at the heart of a future pedagogy. These spaces can be interrogated to distil a repertoire of creative pedagogical characteristics that optimise agency, freedom, choice and imagination.
High egg retention in Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha carcasses sampled downstream of a migratory barrier
Authors: Twardek William M. , Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: December 2021

Barriers in rivers have the potential to severely decrease functional connectivity between habitats. Failure to pass barriers and reach natal spawning habitat may compromise individual reproductive success, particularly for semelparous, philopatric species that rely on free‐flowing rivers to reach natal habitat during their once‐in‐a‐lifetime spawning migrations. To investigate the consequences of in‐river barriers on fish spawning success, we quantified egg retention and spawning effort (caudal fin wear) in female Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha carcasses collected downstream of the Whitehorse Hydro Plant on the upper Yukon River and at a nearby free‐flowing tributary (Teslin River) from 2018 to 2020 (~2900 km migrations). Previous studies have demonstrated that a large proportion of fish attempting to reach spawning locations upstream of the hydro plant fail to pass the associated fishway. We estimated nearly all female salmon failing to pass the hydro plant attempted spawning in non‐natal habitat downstream, but that these females retained ~34% of their total fecundity compared to ~6% in females from the free‐flowing river. Females downstream of the hydro plant also had lower wear on their caudal fin, a characteristic that was correlated with increased egg deposition. Egg retention did not vary across years with different run sizes, and we propose that egg retention downstream of the hydro plant was not driven by density‐dependent mechanisms. Findings from this work indicate that female Chinook Salmon can still deposit eggs following failed fish passage and failure to reach natal spawning sites, though egg retention rates are considerably higher and uncertainties remain about reproductive success. We encourage researchers to incorporate carcass surveys into fish passage evaluations for semelparous species to fully account for consequences of failed passage.
Effects of modified starch and homogeneous process on quality and volatile compounds of squid ink sauces
Authors: Yuan Yan‐wei , Cai Wen‐qiang , Chen Yue‐wen , Chong Yun‐qing , Dong Xiu‐ping , Wei Jian‐ling , Liu Fei‐jian , Shi Yu‐gang
Published: December 2021

Squid ink is rich in abundant natural proteins, lipids, and minerals. The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of different types and contents of modified starch with different processes on the stability and fluidity of squid ink sauces. Results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the adsorption quantities of acetylated distarch phosphate (ADSP) were significantly higher than acetylated distarch adipate and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate. Results of rheological properties and textural characteristics showed that squid ink sauce treated with ADSP had the highest dynamic viscoelasticity and adhesiveness, respectively. Meanwhile, overall quality of squid ink sauce with addition of 150% ADSP showed the highest scores. In addition, squid ink sauce treated with wet process (WP) showed higher stability and smaller particle size than dry process. The effects of processes on the volatile compounds of squid ink sauces were relatively small. In summary, the combination of 150% ADSP and squid ink treated with WP could improve the uniformity and gelling of squid ink sauce.
Factors associated with resident‐to‐resident elder mistreatment in nursing homes
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Silver Stephanie , Ramirez Mildred , Kong Jian , Eimicke Joseph P. , Boratgis Gabriel D. , Meador Rhoda , Schultz Leslie , Lachs Mark S. , Nolte Julia , Chen Emily K. , Teresi Jeanne A.
Published: December 2021

Background

Resident‐to‐resident elder mistreatment (RREM) in nursing homes has serious physical and psychological consequences, but factors related to RREM occurrence remain unclear. This study identifies individual and environmental characteristics associated with involvement in RREM episodes.

Methods

The design was an observational study carried out in five urban and five suburban New York state nursing homes randomly selected on the basis of size and location. The sample consisted of 2011 residents in 10 facilities; 83% of facilities and 84% of eligible residents participated. RREM and potential correlates were identified through resident interviews, staff interviews, shift coupons, observation, chart review, and accident or incident reports.

Results

A multivariate analysis controlling for relevant covariates found that individuals involved in RREM incidents exhibit milder dementia, show behavioral symptoms, and are less functionally impaired. Although special care units (SCU) for dementia have benefits for residents, one potential hazard for SCU residents is elevated risk for RREM.

Conclusions

Interventions to prevent and intervene in RREM incidents are greatly needed. The correlates identified in this research point to the need for targeted interventions, specifically for residents with milder impairment and with behavioral symptoms and individuals in SCUs.
Delayed callose degradation restores the fertility of multiple P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Kai‐Qi , Yu Ya‐Hui , Jia Xin‐Lei , Zhou Si‐Da , Zhang Fang , Zhao Xin , Zhai Ming‐Yue , Gong Yi , Lu Jie‐Yang , Guo Yuyi , Yang Nai‐Ying , Wang Shui , Xu Xiao‐Feng , Yang Zhong‐Nan
Published: December 2021

Photoperiod/temperature‐sensitive genic male sterility (P/TGMS) is widely applied for improving crop production. Previous investigations using the reversible male sterile (rvms) mutant showed that slow development is a general mechanism for restoring fertility to P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis. In this work, we isolated a restorer of rvms–2 (res3), as the male sterility of rvms–2 was rescued by res3. Phenotype analysis and molecular cloning show that a point mutation in UPEX1 l in res3 leads to delayed secretion of callase A6 from the tapetum to the locule and tetrad callose wall degradation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the tapetal transcription factor ABORTED MICROSPORES directly regulates UPEX1 expression, revealing a pathway for tapetum secretory function. Early degradation of the callose wall in the transgenic line eliminated the fertility restoration effect of res3. The fertility of multiple known P/TGMS lines with pollen wall defects was also restored by res3. We propose that the remnant callose wall may broadly compensate for the pollen wall defects of P/TGMS lines by providing protection for pollen formation. A cellular mechanism is proposed to explain how slow development restores the fertility of P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis.
Integrative Review of Disparities in Mode of Birth and Related Complications among Mexican American Women
Authors: Spurlock Elizabeth Jones , Kue Jennifer , Gillespie Shannon , Ford Jodi , Ruiz R. Jeanne , Pickler Rita H.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Cesarean rates are particularly high among Hispanic women in some regions of the United States, placing a disproportionate health burden on women and their newborns. This integrative review synthesized the literature on mode of birth (vaginal vs cesarean) and related childbirth complications (hemorrhage, surgical site infection, perineal trauma) among Mexican American women living in the United States.

Methods

Four electronic databases, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and SCOPUS, were searched to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria, research studies that included Mexican American women who were pregnant or postpartum. Results were limited to English language and publications that were peer‐reviewed and published before May 2020. Covidence was used in article identification, screening, and assessment. Critical appraisal of the research was performed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs.

Results

Ten articles met inclusion criteria. In some studies, Mexican American women born in the United States were more likely to have cesareans than women born in Mexico; in other studies, these findings were reversed. Mexican American women often had lower unadjusted cesarean rates compared with non‐Hispanic white women, but adjusting for birth facility (some facilities perform more cesareans than others), sociodemographic, and risk factors often revealed Mexican American women have a higher adjusted risk for cesarean birth. Women with higher socioeconomic status had higher cesarean rates compared with women with lower socioeconomic status. In studies of birth outcome by level of acculturation, women who were US‐oriented had higher rates of cesarean and more frequent perinatal complications. By ethnic subgroup, rates of cesarean and complications varied among Hispanic women.

Discussion

Birth facility was associated with perinatal outcomes for Mexican American women; those who gave birth at higher‐performing facilities had better outcomes when compared with women who gave birth at lower‐performing facilities. After adjusting for pregnancy complications, Mexican American women had a greater risk for cesarean birth compared with non‐Hispanic white women, a finding that may have clinical practice implications. Level of acculturation affected birth outcomes, but more research using precise instruments is needed.
The effectiveness of a parent participation in postoperative pain management programs for children in a urology ward: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yang Jin‐Xia , Yao Wen‐Ying , Zhang Fang , Jiang Wen‐Ting , Gu Ying , Xu Hong‐Zhen
Published: December 2021

Background

Postoperative pain has adverse effects on children after urology treatment, including sleep disturbance, incision dehiscence, bleeding, and delayed recovery. Parents, as the most direct caregivers of children, can make accurate assessments of children´s personal behaviors and responses, which is very important for the management of postoperative pain in children.

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to develop a Parent Participation in Postoperative Pain Management Program for children in a urology ward and to evaluate its effects on children's postoperative pain scores and other outcome indicators.

Design

This research comprised two phases. The first phase was the development of a Parent Participation in Postoperative Pain Management Program. The second phase was a randomized controlled trial between two groups, and was carried out in a 45‐bed inpatient urology ward of a tertiary children's hospital in China. In the trial, 211 children and their parents were randomly selected as a control group between July 1 and August 15, 2019, and 202 children and their parents were randomly selected as an intervention group between August 16 and September 15, 2019.

Methods

Following the framework and methods of the Evidence‐based Continuous Quality Improvement Model developed at Fudan University Evidence‐Based Nursing Center, we systematically gathered evidence regarding parental involvement in postoperative pain management in children to construct the program. To evaluate the program's effectiveness, the control group performed routine postoperative pain management, while the intervention group underwent the Parent Participation in Postoperative Pain Management Program. The management period was during hospitalization, and generally ranged 3–7 days. The Statistical Table of Pain Assessment for Children after Urology was employed by researchers.

Findings

The results revealed no significant differences in demographic characteristics between the two groups of children and their parents. Children's pain scores during dressing removal (Z = −3.108, p = 0.002), at discharge (Z = −2.185, p = 0.029) and during catheter removal (Z = −6.553, p = 0.000) were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The Parent Participation in Postoperative Pain Management Program was found to be effective for alleviating postoperative pain scores among children, and provided useful information regarding postoperative pain management in children involving four aspects of parental involvement: cognition, guidance, documentation and support.
The relationship between rumination, fatigue and psychological resilience among cancer survivors
Authors: Öcalan Sinem , Üzar‐Özçetin Yeter Sinem
Published: December 2021

Aim and objectives

The study's purpose was to examine the association between rumination, fatigue and psychological resilience among cancer survivors.

Background

Cancer is a disease that causes difficult lives in individuals. Individuals can struggle with cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) and ruminative thoughts during and after the disease process. However, it can also be seen that some individuals make sense out of their cancer experience and turn into stronger individuals.

Design

A cross‐sectional design.

Methods

This study was conducted from February through November 2020. Data were collected from 159 cancer survivors using Event Related Rumination Inventory, Cancer Fatigue Scale and Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale.

Results

The findings showed that intrusive rumination significantly and negatively mediated psychological resilience but significantly and positively mediated with CRF. In contrast, deliberate rumination was significantly and positively mediated psychological resilience but significantly and negatively mediated with CRF. The effects of intrusive and deliberate rumination on fatigue were .431 (CI =0.042–0.635) and −.285 (CI = −0.163 to 0.491), respectively. In addition, the effects of intrusive and deliberate rumination on psychological resilience were −.253 (CI = −0.177 to 0.447) and .304 (CI = 0.045–0.124), respectively.

Conclusions

The findings underline the mediating role of rumination on CRF and psychological resilience among cancer survivors. The findings also delineate the associations between rumination, CRF and psychological resilience, which differ based on rumination type.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings are particularly important to oncology nurses, who are the main sources of psychosocial care. To support cancer survivors and mobilise their resources, oncology nurses should be made aware of the different types and effects of rumination. With the help of this awareness, oncology nurses can enhance managing intrusive rumination, replacing intrusive ruminations with deliberate ones, mobilising resources and promoting psychological resilience.
It's about time: investigating the temporal in socio‐legal studies through unstructured interviews
Authors: MULCAHY LINDA , ROSSNER MEREDITH , TSALAPATANIS ANNA
Published: December 2021

This article looks at a methodology that is often neglected in discussions about gathering qualitative data in socio‐legal circles in favour of the ubiquitous semi‐structured interview. We argue that the unstructured interview is underpinned by distinctive ideas about the autonomy of the subject in research and is particularly well suited to the ‘bottom‐up’ approach favoured in much law and society scholarship. The unstructured interview, with its focus on interviewee‐led narratives and structure, is ideal for elusive or under‐researched concepts. In this article, we outline its benefits by using the example of researching the highly subjective notion of time. In doing so, we make the case that methodologies can never be discussed in isolation but rather only in response to the issues thrown up by a particular set of research questions.
Black Emotions Matter: Understanding the Impact of Racial Oppression on Black Youth’s Emotional Development
Authors: Lozada Fantasy T. , Riley Tennisha N. , Catherine Evandra , Brown Deon W.
Published: December 2021

Black US Americans’ emotions are subject to stereotypes about the anger and aggression of Black people. These stereotypes are readily applied to Black adolescents’ emotions. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to operationalize racial oppression in the emotional lives of Black adolescents through an application of García Coll et al.'s (1996) ecological model for minority youth development. We specify emotionally inhibitive features of Black adolescents’ schools, the adaptive culture of Black Americans in the United States that responds to emotional inhibition, Black families’ emotion socialization processes, and Black adolescents’ emotional flexibility behaviors. Throughout, we integrate findings from research on Black adolescents’ emotional adjustment with research on cultural values, emotion and racial socialization, school‐based racial experiences, and theory on emotion and cultural navigation.
Home is where the history is: How today's migration in Germany is shaped by regional identity
Authors: Kremer Anna
Published: December 2021

People are emotionally attached to places and make economic decisions accordingly. I, therefore, study the effect of regional identity on internal migration flows in Germany between 1995 and 2017. Regional identity is proxied by measuring the historical affiliation of NUTS3 regions in the former patchwork of German states. I confirm that historical affiliation determines migration patterns and control for the influence of distance, culture (measured by dialects) and regional characteristics in a gravity model. Exploiting the separation effect of the Berlin Wall confirms that regional identity has a stronger impact on movements than previous migration or family bonds.
In ovo threonine supplementation affects ileal gene expression of nutrient transporters in broilers inoculated post‐hatch with Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Andrade Maria de Fátima de Souza , Moreira Filho Alexandre Lemos de Barros , Alves da Silva Eudes Fernando , Silva José Humberto Vilar da , Freitas Neto Oliveiro Caetano de , de Oliveira Celso José Bruno , Givisiez Patrícia Emília Naves
Published: December 2021

The effect of in ovo threonine (Thr) supplementation on the ileal expression of glucose, peptide and amino acid transporters was assessed in Salmonella Enteritidis‐challenged broiler chicks. At 17.5 days of incubation, fertile eggs were supplemented in the amniotic fluid with sterile saline or 3.5% threonine. Hatchlings were individually weighed, and Salmonella Enteritidis negative status was confirmed. At 2 days of age, half of the birds of each group were inoculated with sterile nutrient broth or Salmonella Enteritidis inoculum. Relative expression of sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), di‐ and tri‐peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and alanine, serine, cysteine, threonine transporter (ASCT1) was assessed at hatch, 2 and 9 days of age, i.e., before inoculation and 7 days post‐inoculation (dpi). At 9 days of age (7dpi), threonine increased SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression, whereas GLUT2 expression decreased in Salmonella‐challenged birds. There was a significant interaction between threonine and Salmonella for PepT1 and ASCT1. Threonine increased PepT1 expression only in non‐challenged birds. In addition, in ovo supplementation increased expression of ASCT1 regardless of post‐hatch inoculation; Salmonella inoculation resulted in decreased expression of ASCT1 only in supplemented birds. The results suggest that while intra‐amniotic threonine administration in broiler embryos increases the expression of genes related to the absorption of monosaccharides and amino acids, Salmonella challenge may negatively affect the expression of protein related transporters in the ileum of broilers.
The liquid Kangfuxin (KFX) has efficient antifungal activity and can be used in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice
Authors: Ma J. , Yang Y.-C. , Su L.-Q. , Qin D.-M. , Yuan K. , Zhang Y. , Wang R.-R.
Published: December 2021

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Candida albicans. Kangfuxin (KFX) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation made from Periplaneta americana extracts, which promotes wound healing and enhances body immunity and also acts as an antifungal agent. Here, we evaluated the effect of KFX in the treatment of VVC in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of KFX against C. albicans ranged from 7·65 to 20·57%. In addition, KFX was more efficient than fluconazole (FLC) in inhibiting the drug-resistant C. albicans, and the effect was more intense after 8 h. The KFX treatment also exhibited good activity in vivo. It restored the body weight and reduced the vulvovaginal symptoms in mice induced with VVC. It downregulated the expression of the hyphae-related gene, HWP1, thus inhibiting the growth and development of C. albicans hyphae. It also increased the number of neutrophils and promoted the secretion of interleukin-17A (IL-17A); however, the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) decreased in mice with VVC. We deduce that KFX effectively treats vaginal candidiasis in two ways: by inhibiting the growth and development of mycelia to reduce colonization of C. albicans and by promoting the secretion and release of IL-17A and neutrophils in high numbers to fight C. albicans infection. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of KFX for the clinical treatment of VVC.
Cultivating expertise: Glossing Shakespeare and race
Authors: Akhimie Patricia
Published: December 2021

Tracing connections between research methodologies and classroom practices in the study of Shakespeare and race, this essay argues for the importance of offering students’ opportunities to build and demonstrate expertise. The essay discusses the use of a glossary exercise in classes on race and early modern literature, and the learning objectives for such courses. Finally, the essay offers a critique of such courses as commonly structured and suggestions for new directions in teaching race in literature from this period.
Rejected: Introducing the stakes of premodern critical race studies
Authors: Thompson Ayanna
Published: December 2021

Can we talk about race in periods, literatures, and cultures before the Enlightenment? What archives are available, lost, forgotten, or suppressed? What methodologies work across historical and geographic periods? What can Americanists learn from medieval and early modern scholars? And how can we transmit this knowledge into our pedagogies and classrooms? This special edition, “Premodern Critical Race Studies,” stems from the first RaceB4Race symposium held in January 2019 at Arizona State University. RaceB4Race brought together medieval and early modern scholars who push our fields in new archival, theoretical, and practical directions with race at the heart of the inquiries and frameworks. Collectively, the essays move between archival, methodological, theoretical, and pedagogical lenses, encouraging us to think critically about the ways that premodern critical race scholars function as activists in our fields and in our communities: many of us explicitly embrace the position of the scholar‐activist.
Utilization patterns, outcomes and costs of a simplified acute malnutrition treatment programme in Burkina Faso
Authors: Sato Ryoko , Daures Maguy , Phelan Kevin , Shepherd Susan , Kinda Moumouni , Becquet Renaud , Hecht Robert , Resch Stephen
Published: December 2021

Access to treatment for acute malnutrition remains a challenge, in part due to the fragmentation of treatment programmes based on case severity. This paper evaluates utilization patterns, outcomes and associated costs for treating acute malnutrition cases among a cohort of children in Burkina Faso. This study is a secondary analysis of a proof‐of‐concept trial, called Optimizing treatment for acute Malnutrition (OptiMA), conducted in Burkina Faso in 2016. A total of 4958 eligible children whose mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) was less than 125 mm or with oedema were followed weekly and given ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods (RUTF). We evaluated the service utilization and outcomes among patients and estimated resource use and variable cost per patient, and examined factors driving variation in resource use. Children with lower initial MUAC level grew faster but required more time to recover than those with higher initial MUAC level. They also had higher rates of death, default and nonresponse. The simplified OptiMA approach for treating acute malnutrition achieved high rates of recovery overall (84%), especially among less severe cases, with modest quantities of RUTF. The average overall variable cost per child admitted was US$38.0 (SD: 20.5) half of which was accounted for by the cost of RUTF. Cost per recovered case was correlated with case severity, ranging from US$35.1 to US$132.8. If simplified integrated programmes using severity‐based RUTF dosing can increase access to treatment at earlier, less severe stages of acute malnutrition, they can help avoid more serious and costlier cases.
Diagnostic accuracy of 1p/19q codeletion tests in oligodendroglioma: A comprehensive meta‐analysis based on a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: Brandner Sebastian , McAleenan Alexandra , Jones Hayley E. , Kernohan Ashleigh , Robinson Tomos , Schmidt Lena , Dawson Sarah , Kelly Claire , Leal Emmelyn Spencer , Faulkner Claire L. , Palmer Abigail , Wragg Christopher , Jefferies Sarah , Vale Luke , Higgins Julian P. T. , Kurian Kathreena M.
Published: December 2021

Codeletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q, in conjunction with a mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 gene, is the molecular diagnostic criterion for oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted. 1p/19q codeletion is a diagnostic marker and allows prognostication and prediction of the best drug response within IDH‐mutant tumours. We performed a Cochrane review and simple economic analysis to establish the most sensitive, specific and cost‐effective techniques for determining 1p/19q codeletion status. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based loss of heterozygosity (LOH) test methods were considered as reference standard. Most techniques (FISH, chromogenic in situ hybridisation [CISH], PCR, real‐time PCR, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification [MLPA], single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] array, comparative genomic hybridisation [CGH], array CGH, next‐generation sequencing [NGS], mass spectrometry and NanoString) showed good sensitivity (few false negatives) for detection of 1p/19q codeletions in glioma, irrespective of whether FISH or PCR‐based LOH was used as the reference standard. Both NGS and SNP array had a high specificity (fewer false positives) for 1p/19q codeletion when considered against FISH as the reference standard. Our findings suggest that G banding is not a suitable test for 1p/19q analysis. Within these limits, considering cost per diagnosis and using FISH as a reference, MLPA was marginally more cost‐effective than other tests, although these economic analyses were limited by the range of available parameters, time horizon and data from multiple healthcare organisations.
Porphyromonas gingivalis indirectly elicits intestinal inflammation by altering the gut microbiota and disrupting epithelial barrier function through IL9‐producing CD4+ T cells
Authors: Sohn Jiho , Li Lu , Zhang Lixia , Settem Rajendra P. , Honma Kiyonobu , Sharma Ashu , Falkner Karen L. , Novak Jan M. , Sun Yijun , Kirkwood Keith L.
Published: December 2021

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease is associated with periodontal disease. The oral–gut microbiota axis is a potential mechanism intersecting the two diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is currently considered a keystone oral pathogen involved in periodontal disease pathogenesis and disease progression. Recent studies have shown that oral ingestion of P. gingivalis leads to intestinal inflammation. However, the molecular underpinnings of P. gingivalis‐mediated gut inflammation have remained elusive. In this study, we show that the oral administration of P. gingivalis indeed leads to ileal inflammation and alteration in gut microbiota with significant reduction in bacterial alpha diversity despite the absence of P. gingivalis in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Utilizing an antibiotic‐conditioned mouse model, cecal microbiota transfer experiments were performed to demonstrate that P. gingivalis‐induced dysbiotic gut microbiota is sufficient to reproduce gut pathology. Furthermore, we observed a significant expansion in small intestinal lamina propria IL9+ CD4+ T cells, which was negatively correlated with both bacterial and fungal alpha diversity, signifying that P. gingivalis‐mediated intestinal inflammation may be due to the subsequent loss of gut microbial diversity. Finally, we detected changes in gene expression related to gut epithelial barrier function, showing the potential downstream effect of intestinal IL9+CD4+ T‐cell induction. This study for the first time showed the mechanism behind P. gingivalis‐mediated intestinal inflammation where P. gingivalis indirectly induces intestinal IL9+ CD4+ T cells and inflammation by altering the gut microbiota. Understanding the mechanism of P. gingivalis‐mediated intestinal inflammation may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate the morbidity from inflammatory bowel disease patients with periodontal disease.
Fine mapping of the RSC9 gene and preliminary functional analysis of candidate resistance genes in soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Shen Ying , Xie Lijun , Chen Boyu , Cai Han , Chen Yuanyuan , Zhi Haijian , Li Kai
Published: December 2021

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) disease is one of the main diseases affecting soybean and can cause severe soybean yield declines and seed quality deterioration. In the present study, a large F2 population (1002 individual plants) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs, 427 lines) obtained by crossing the resistant variety ‘Kefeng‐1’ with the susceptible variety ‘NN 1138‐2’ were used to fine map genes conferring resistance to the SMV strain SC9, which is common in soybean‐producing areas of Southern China. The results showed that the resistance gene RSC9 was located in a region of approximately 163 kb on chromosome 2, which is closely associated with two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, BARCSOYSSR_02_0610 and BARCSOYSSR_02_0618. Eleven candidate genes were included in this genomic region. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis showed that the expression levels of seven of the 11 candidate genes differed significantly between ‘Kefeng‐1’ and ‘NN 1138‐2’. Two of these genes with typical disease resistance domains encoding STK protein kinases (Glyma.02g121900 and Glyma.02g122000) and one gene involved in an atypical disease resistance mechanism related to the ribonuclease H protein (LOC100812666) were selected for further research. Tissue‐specific expression analysis showed that all three of the genes exhibited the highest expression levels in the leaves of ‘Kefeng‐1’. In NN 1138‐2, Glyma.02g121900 and Glyma.02g122000 showed the highest expression in stems, and LOC100812666 showed the highest expression in roots. Subcellular localization analysis showed that Glyma.02g121900 was expressed on the cytomembrane and nuclear membrane, Glyma.02g122000 was expressed on the cytomembrane, and LOC100812666 was expressed on the cytomembrane, nucleus and mitochondria. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced the expression of the Glyma.02g121900, Glyma.02g122000 and LOC100812666 genes in Kefeng‐1 by 77%, 70% and 75%, and their expression levels in ‘NN1138‐2’ were downregulated by 65%, 97% and 75%, respectively. After silencing these three genes in ‘Kefeng‐1’, only LOC100812666‐silenced plants exhibited significant SMV accumulation when inoculated with SMV‐SC9, with the levels being approximately seven folds higher than those in plants carrying the empty vector pBPMV‐V2. The accumulation of SMV in the SiGm2000 and SiGmLoc666 plants of NN1138‐2 inoculated with SMV‐SC9 was increased by approximately 7‐ and 13‐fold, respectively, compared with that in pBPMV‐V2 plants, but the accumulation in SiGm1900 plants was not significantly altered. Based on the above results, we concluded that Glyma.02g122000 and LOC100812666 may be involved in the conditioning of soybean resistance to SMV SC9.
Interstrand Crosslinking Involving Guanine: A New Major UVC Laser‐Induced Biphotonic Oxidatively Generated DNA Damage†
Authors: Angelov Dimitar , Lone Imtiaz Nisar , Menoni Hervé , Cadet Jean
Published: December 2021

Several classes of oxidatively generated DNA damage including oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases, interstrand base crosslinks and DNA‐protein crosslinks have been previously shown to be generated in both isolated DNA and cellular DNA upon exposure to either 266‐nm laser irradiation or one‐electron oxidants. In this study, we provide evidence that biphotonic ionization of guanine bases by UVC laser irradiation of double‐stranded deoxyoligonucleotides in aerated aqueous solutions induces the formation of interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). This is supported by various experiments including sequencing gel analyses of formed photoproducts and effects of UVC laser intensity on their formation. This constitutes a novel example of the diversity of reactions of guanine radical cation that can be generated by various one‐electron oxidants including UVC laser biphotonic ionization, direct effect of ionization radiation and type I photosensitizers. However, the exact structure of the interstrand base adducts that is a challenging analytical issue remains to be further established. Examples of relevant biochemical/structural applications of biphotonic induction of ICLs in DNA samples by high‐intensity UVC laser pulses are provided.