bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Statistics along Networks
Authors: Okabe Atsuyuki
Published: August 2018

Spatial statistics along networks is a branch of spatial statistics. Traditional spatial statistics deals with events occurring on a plane, referred to asplanar spatial statistics. By contrast, spatial statistics along networks, referred to in parallel asnetwork spatial statistics, deals with events occurring along networks. The events occurring “along” a network are of two types: those directly occurring on a network, for example, traffic accidents, and those occurring alongside a network, for example, stores facing a street. Networks may potentially include corridors, roads, railways, gas and oil pipelines, sewer systems, rivers, canals, electric wires, neurons, the Internet, social networks (e.g., SNS), and so on. Network spatial statistics is applied to various studies, for instance, pedestrian, car, and bicycle accidents, roadkill, street crimes, contamination of rivers, floods, facility locations, tree falls on a railway, etc. This article first describes the most basic hypothesis used in network spatial statistics, called thecompletely spatial randomness(CSR) hypothesis. Next, the article introduces nine methods used for network spatial statistics, that is, Voronoi diagrams, nearest‐neighbor distance method,Kfunction method, spatial autocorrelation, point cluster analysis, kernel density estimation, spatial interpolation, and software for network spatial statistics.
The Spectacle Quotidian and Critical Pedagogical Practices in Art Education:SouthAmerican Visions
Authors: Dias Belidson , Fernández Tatiana , Somma Fernando Miranda
Published: August 2018

Focusing on pedagogical practices in three countries (Bolivia, Brazil, and Uruguay), this chapter offers an overview of how art educators have been gradually moving their teaching focus away from discipline‐based arts education to incorporate into their discussion cultural aspects of everyday visuality, so as to expand forms of knowledge and to incorporate issues of everyday visuality in school, college, and university practices in South America.
The Drawing Experiment at the Royal College of Art, 1995–2001
Authors: Petherbridge Deanna
Published: August 2018

This chapter recounts the history of the reorganization of the Drawing Studio at the postgraduate Royal College of Art, London. Special workshops for all design and art courses in the college were set up in association with an ambitious international public lecture program dealing with body politics and other culturally relevant topics. The underlying aims of linking art and design theory and practice through the mediation of drawing were therefore amplified by presenting drawing as a discursive and critical practice. In 1997 the Drawing Studio was expanded through the establishment of the Centre for Drawing Research, the first PhD Drawing Research program in the UK. The rationale behind this college‐wide pedagogic experiment is contextualized in relation to the state of practice, exhibition publications, and drawing theory in the 1990s and it is proposed that the collaborative, performative, and immersive aspects of this intensive program represented an unique initiative at the time.
Evaluation of the combined use of two different respiratory monitoring systems for 4D CT simulation and gated treatment
Authors: Liu Jie , Lin Teh , Fan Jiajin , Chen Lili , Price Robert , Ma C‐M Charlie
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Two different respiratory monitoring systems (Varian's Real‐Time Position Management (RPM) System and Siemens’ ANZAI belt Respiratory Gating System) are compared in the context of respiratory signals and 4D CT images that are accordingly reconstructed. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of combined use of RPM and ANZAI systems for 4DCT simulation and gated radiotherapy treatment, respectively.

Methods

The RPM infrared reflecting marker and the ANZAI belt pressure sensor were both placed on the patient's abdomen during 4DCT scans. The respiratory signal collected by the two systems was synchronized. Fifteen patients were enrolled for respiratory signal collection and analysis. The discrepancies between the RPM and ANZAI traces can be characterized by phase shift and shape distortion. To reveal the impact of the changes in respiratory signals on 4D images, two sets of 4D images based on the same patient's raw data were reconstructed using the RPM and ANZAI data for phase sorting, respectively. The volume of whole lung and the position of diaphragm apex were measured and compared for each respiratory phase.

Results

The mean phase shift was measured as 0.2 ± 0.1 s averaged over 15 patients. The shape of the breathing trace was found to be in disagreement. For all the patients, the ANZAI trace had a steeper falloff in exhalation than RPM. The inhalation curve, however, was matched for nine patients, steeper in ANZAI for five patients and steeper in RPM for one patient. For 4D image comparison, the difference in whole‐lung volume was about −4% to +4% and the difference in diaphragm position was about −5 mm to +4 mm, compared in each individual phase and averaged over seven patients.

Conclusions

Combined use of one system for 4D CT simulation and the other for gated treatment should be avoided as the resultant gating window would not fully match with each other due to the remarkable discrepancy in breathing traces acquired by the two different surrogate systems.
Template‐Free Synthesis of Electroconductive Triphenylamine–Silica Nanotubes Exhibiting a Mixed‐Valence State
Authors: Mizoshita Norihiro , Inagaki Shinji
Published: August 2018

The self‐assembly and polycondensation of a triphenylamine‐derived organosilane precursor in an aqueous mixture result in electroactive organosilica nanotubes without the use of template materials. The nanotubes are easily synthesized by the slow addition of water to an acidified organic solution of the precursor, followed by basification with an aqueous NaOH solution. In contrast to conventional sol–gel methods that yield amorphous organosilica materials, the present organosilica nanotubes exhibit birefringence due to the orientation of the triphenylamine moieties within the tube walls. The template‐free formation of nanotubes with optical anisotropy suggests a roll‐up mechanism of 2D nanosheets consisting of hydrolyzed precursors. The organosilica nanotubes contain a high density of oriented triphenylamine moieties, and exhibit a mixed‐valence state with a near‐infrared absorption band due to chemical doping along with high electrical conductivities, on the order of 10−3–10−2 S cm−1. Such nanostructured organosilicas, comprising an electroactive framework, are useful for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.
Synthesis of Pseudocapacitive Porous Metal Oxide Nanoclusters Anchored on Graphene for Aqueous Energy Storage Devices with High Energy Density and Long Cycling Stability along with Ultrafast Charging Capability
Authors: Choi Jae Won , Ock Il Woo , Kim Keon‐Han , Jeong Hyung Mo , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: August 2018

Realization of safe electrochemical energy storages with high energy density and long cycle life along with the high power density enabling fast charging is a major challenge. Here, a strategy to realize high‐performance aqueous energy storages using porous Mn3O4 (p‐MG) positive and porous Fe2O3 (p‐FG) negative electrodes, where granular nanoclusters composing nanoparticles are produced on graphene through lithiation‐induced conversion and the shortened ion diffusion lengths in p‐MG and p‐FG give fast charging rate and excellent cycle stability is reported. Furthermore, it is found from cyclic voltammetry curves and specific capacitances that porous metal oxide structures play mainly as redox reaction sites, while graphene structures provide electrical conductivity to active sites. Indeed, the full‐cell configuration of p‐MG and p‐FG in a hybrid capacitor exhibits a distinguished high energy density exceeding those of aqueous batteries, in addition to excellent capacity retention over 30 000 redox cycles and the energy density 2.5‐fold higher than that of its counterpart with pristine Mn3O4 and Fe2O3 nanocrystals. Additionally, this capacitor shows the high power density allowing ultrafast charging in that the full cells in series can be charged within several seconds by the rapid USB charger, thus outperforming those of typical aqueous batteries by about 100‐fold.
Constructing 3D and Flexible Plasmonic Structure for High‐Performance SERS Application
Authors: Li Chonghui , Yu Jing , Xu Shicai , Jiang Shouzhen , Xiu Xianwu , Chen Chuansong , Liu Aihua , Wu Tianfu , Man Baoyuan , Zhang Chao
Published: August 2018

Substrate design has attracted much interest in development of an effective surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor. A flexible SERS substrate with excellent performance needs to be sensitive to details of the preparation process; this sensitivity represents a significant challenge for practical applications as opposed to laboratory research applications. Here, a 3D flexible plasmonic structure, AgNPs@MoS2/pyramidal polymer (polymethyl methacrylate), is fabricated using a simple and low‐cost method. Using experiments and theoretical simulations, the SERS performance of the proposed substrate is assessed in terms of its high enhancement factor, ultrasensitivity, quantifiability, reproducibility, stability, and reusability. Finally, the ultralow in situ detection limits of the standard melamine solution and melamine in milk are found to be 10−10 and 10−6m, respectively, which meet the demand for real applications in the food security field.
Synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol‐based hydrogels as controlled combinatorial drug delivery system for colon cancer
Authors: Abdullah Orva , Usman Minhas Muhammad , Ahmad Mahmood , Ahmad Sarfaraz , Barkat Kashif , Ahmad Aousaf
Published: August 2018

The purpose of current research work was to synthesize and evaluate the cross‐linked ternary hydrogels using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and two monomers itaconic acid and methacrylic acid. Controlled combinatorial drug delivery systems (CCDDS) were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization method using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross‐linking agent. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) and leucovorin calcium (LC) were loaded in combination into synthesized gels for colonic delivery. Various characterizations such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry,TGA, powder X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to confirm the cross‐linking of functional groups, thermal stability, crystal structure, and surface morphology of developed formulations. Swelling and drug release was performed at higher and lowerpH(1.2, 7.4) buffer solution. Increase in swelling was observed at higherpH7.4. Cumulative percent release of 5‐FUandLCwas 29.8% and 27.2% atpH1.2, and 86.9% and 87.01% atpH7.4, respectively. Kinetic modeling was applied on optimized hydrogel formulation, and the results showed that release of 5‐FUandLCbest expressed by first‐order kinetic model with regression coefficient (R2) value 0.937 for 5‐FUand 0.963 forLC. Acute oral toxicity was performed on healthy rabbits, and results showed that the synthesizedCCDDSis nontoxic and compatible with biological system. In vivo studies on rabbits were conducted usingHPLC, and plasma drug concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Newly synthesizedCCDDSshowed a goodpH‐responsive swelling and controlled drug delivery characteristics.CCDDScan be used as excellent carrier for various therapeutic agents, which are compatible with biological system.
Evaluation of dielectric cure monitoring for in situ measurement of natural rubber vulcanization
Authors: Chueangchayaphan Narong , Nithi‐Uthai Nattapong , Techakittiroj Kittiphan , Manuspiya Hathaikarn
Published: August 2018

A novel in situ rubber cure monitoring system (RCMS) has been developed for monitoring the progress of vulcanization based on the measurement of electrical properties. The sensors connected to an LCR meter were embedded in the compression mold and measured changes in the electrical properties of rubber during vulcanization. Frequencies ranging from 0.75 to 100 kHz were probed for capacitance and conductance, and 5 kHz frequency was found suitable for monitoring natural rubber vulcanization. The results show that capacitance during curing correlated with the time profile of torque from a moving die rheometer (MDR). The scorch time and optimum cure time obtained from MDR and RCMS were reported. The degree of cure and the cure rate from two methods were compared. Good correlations between the alternative methods were observed, supporting the potential of in situ RCMS during the vulcanization of natural rubber.
The promise of primatology fulfilled?
Authors: Higham James P. , Dominy Nathaniel J.
Published: August 2018

In 1972, Sherwood Washburn, one of the forerunners of biological anthropology, gave an invited address during the 4th Congress of the International Primatological Society in Portland, Oregon, in which he expounded his vision for the field of primatology. His address was published the following year in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and titled: “The promise of primatology.” In this centennial commentary, we revisit Washburn's “promise”, 45 years on. His address and article discuss the constraints acting on the field, including a positioning of the discipline across different kinds of university departments, and within the social sciences, which he viewed as a mixed blessing. Prescient aspects of Washburn's address include a focus on the need to study communication multimodally, and a hope that the study of mechanisms would become foundational within the field. We discuss new promising aspects of primatology, focusing on technological advances in a number of areas highlighted by Washburn that have ushered in new eras of research, and the increasingly large number of long‐term field sites, which see the discipline well‐set for new developmental and longitudinal studies. We find much to admire in Washburn's keen foresight, and natural intuition. Washburn hoped that primatology would repudiate the notion that “the social should be studied without reference to the biological.” In this regard, we consider much of Washburn's promise fulfilled.
Development of a Minimal Photosystem for Hydrogen Production in Inorganic Chemical Cells
Authors: Nakanishi Keita , Cooper Geoffrey J. T. , Points Laurie J. , Bloor Leanne G. , Ohba Masaaki , Cronin Leroy
Published: August 2018

Inorganic chemical cells (iCHELLs) are compartment structures consisting of polyoxometalates (POMs) and cations, offering structured and confined reaction spaces bounded by membranes. We have constructed a system capable of efficient anisotropic and hierarchical photo‐induced electron transfer across the iCHELL membrane. Mimicking photosynthesis, our system uses proton gradients between the compartment and the bulk to drive efficient conversion of light into chemical energy, producing hydrogen upon irradiation. This illustrates the power of the iCHELL approach for catalysis, where the structure, compartmentalisation and variation in possible components could be utilised to approach a wide range of reactions.
Jenseits von Friedel und Crafts: dirigierte Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen
Authors: Evano Gwilherm , Theunissen Cédric
Published: August 2018

Die Alkylierung von Arenen ist eine der grundlegendsten Transformationen in der chemischen Synthese und führt in vielen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen zu privilegierten Molekülgerüsten. Klassische Methoden für die Einführung von Alkylgruppen in Arene beruhen zumeist auf der Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion, Radikaladditionen, Metallierungen oder Präfunktionalisierungen von Arenen; die Anwendungsbreite, Effizienz und Selektivität dieser Methoden sind jedoch begrenzt. Außerdem bauen sie auf der inhärenten Reaktivität des Ausgangsarens auf, die die Alkylierung in einer bestimmten Position bevorzugt und die Einführung von Alkylketten an anderen Stellen wesentlich schwieriger macht. Dieses Problem kann durch die Verwendung einer dirigierenden Gruppe angegangen werden, die in Gegenwart eines Metallkatalysators die regioselektive Alkylierung einer C‐H‐Bindung vereinfacht. Diese dirigierten Alkylierungen von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen werden im vorliegenden Aufsatz zusammengefasst.
Catalytic Enantioselective [10+4] Cycloadditions
Authors: Donslund Bjarke S. , Jessen Nicolaj Inunnguaq , Bertuzzi Giulio , Giardinetti Maxime , Palazzo Teresa A. , Christensen Mette Louise , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: August 2018

The first peri‐ and stereoselective [10+4] cycloaddition between catalytically generated amino isobenzofulvenes and electron‐deficient dienes is described. The highly stereoselective catalytic [10+4] cycloaddition exhibits a broad scope with high yields, reflecting a robust higher‐order cycloaddition. Experimental and computational investigations support a kinetic distribution of intermediate rotamers dictating the enantioselectivity, which relies heavily on additive effects.
Spatially Separating the Conformers of a Dipeptide
Authors: Teschmit Nicole , Horke Daniel A. , Küpper Jochen
Published: August 2018

Atomic‐resolution‐imaging approaches for single molecules, such as coherent X‐ray diffraction at free‐electron lasers, require the delivery of high‐density beams of identical molecules. However, even very cold beams of biomolecules typically have multiple conformational states populated. We demonstrate the production of very cold (Trot≈2.3 K) molecular beams of intact dipeptide molecules, which were then spatially separated into the individual populated conformational states. This is achieved using the combination of supersonic expansion laser‐desorption vaporization with electrostatic deflection in strong inhomogeneous fields. This represents the first demonstration of a conformer‐separated and rotationally cold molecular beam of a peptide, which enables the investigation of conformer‐specific chemistry using inherently non‐conformer‐specific techniques. It furthermore represents a milestone toward the direct structural imaging of individual biological molecules with atomic resolution by ultrafast diffractive‐imaging methods.
The Open Circuit Voltage in Biofuel Cells: Nernstian Shift in Pseudocapacitive Electrodes
Authors: Conzuelo Felipe , Marković Nikola , Ruff Adrian , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

In the development of biofuel cells great effort is dedicated to achieving outstanding figures of merit, such as high stability, maximum power output, and a large open circuit voltage. Biofuel cells with immobilized redox mediators, such as redox polymers with integrated enzymes, show experimentally a substantially higher open circuit voltage than the thermodynamically expected value. Although this phenomenon is widely reported in the literature, there is no comprehensive understanding of the potential shift, the high open circuit voltages have not been discussed in detail, and hence they are only accepted as an inherent property of the investigated systems. We demonstrate that this effect is the result of a Nernstian shift of the electrode potential when catalytic conversion takes place in the absence or at very low current flow. Experimental evidence confirms that the immobilization of redox centers on the electrode surface results in the assembled biofuel cell delivering a higher power output because of charge storage upon catalytic conversion. Our findings have direct implications for the design and evaluation of (bio)fuel cells with pseudocapacitive elements.
Community Work in the Ongoing Crisis Context of Gaza: Integrating a Public Health and Human Rights Approach
Authors: Diab Marwan , Veronese Guido , Jamei Yasser Abu , Hamam Rawia , Saleh Sally , Kagee Ashraf
Published: August 2018

Moving from socio‐ecological perspectives, our work aims to explore and analyse the synergy of public health and human rights‐informed frameworks in the provision of mental health services in The Gaza Strip, a context characterised by war, trauma, and human rights violations over the past several decades. We discuss issues related to human rights violations and link these to the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention in public mental health. Two case studies about families affected by war and violence in 2009 will be analysed to highlight how human rights issues are deeply embedded in interventions aimed at promoting functioning and subjective wellbeing in individuals and families living in conditions of chronic uncertainty. Working with families affected by ongoing political violence requires constant attention to human rights, which goes beyond psychotherapeutic and psychobiological interventions. Mental health services help communities living under occupation by developing resilience and survival skills throughout participative approaches. Directions for clinical work and research are discussed.
Preparation and characterization of magnetically separable MgFe2O4/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for regioselective one‐pot synthesis of β‐chloroacetates from epoxides
Authors: Hassanzadeh Shadi , Eisavi Ronak , Abbasian Mojtaba
Published: August 2018

Magnetically separable MgFe2O4/Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized using various techniques. These nanoparticles were used as a new catalyst for regioselective one‐pot synthesis of β‐chloroacetates from epoxides in the presence of NiCl2⋅6H2O and acetic anhydride. All reactions were carried out in ethanol at room temperature within 22–80 min giving the β‐chloroacetates in high to excellent yields. The nanocatalyst was easily separated using an external magnet and reused several times without any significant loss of efficiency or magnetic property.
Effect of Mn addition on the low‐temperature NH3‐selective catalytic reduction of NOx over Fe2O3/activated coke catalysts: Experiment and mechanism
Authors: Yin Shoulai , Zhu Baozhong , Sun Yunlan , Zi Zhaohui , Fang Qilong , Li Guobo , Chen Cheng , Xu Tianyu , Li Jiaxin
Published: August 2018

Fe2O3/activated coke (AC) and Mn–Fe2O3/AC catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method for the low‐temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3). These catalysts were characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, isothermal N2 adsorption/desorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature program reduction by H2, and temperature programmed desorption of NH3 methods. Experimental results show that Fe2O3/AC catalyst with Mn addition exhibits an excellent NOx conversion at low temperature. Nearly more than 94.7% NOx conversion of 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst was obtained at 180–240°C. The results of NH3 transient reaction and adsorption capacity of NOx indicate that 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst has the capacity to adsorb gaseous NH3 and NOx on the catalyst surface. 6Fe/AC catalyst with a certain amount addition of Mn increases the dispersion of γ‐Fe2O3 phase, and ratios of Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) and Oβ/(Oβ + Oα) obtained good reducibility and a lot of acid sites, which play important roles in improving the NOx conversion. The influences of SO2 and H2O on the NOx conversion over 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst were also investigated. The good H2O poisoning resistance was obtained.
Vanillin‐based polymers: IV. Hydrovanilloin epoxy resins
Authors: Amarasekara Ananda S. , Garcia‐Obergon Rocio , Thompson Audie K.
Published: August 2018

In this study, hydrovanilloin synthesized by electrochemical dimerization of vanillin has been used as a renewable substitute for bisphenol A for the preparation of epoxy resins. The reaction of the disodium salt of hydrovanilloin:epichlorohydrin 1:2 mol ratio at 80°C for 30 min in water gave a hydrovanilloin – diglycidyl ether phenoxy resin. This hard thermoplastic resin showed Tg of 135°C and stable up to 255°C in air. On the other hand, the disodium salt of hydrovanilloin:epichlorohydrin 1:4 mol ratio at 80°C for 30 min in water gives a curable oligomer of hydrovanilloin – diglycidyl ether with 2.1 repeating units. This oligomer could be cured with aliphatic diamines: 1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,4‐diaminobutane, 1,6‐diaminohexane, and isophorone diamine to give hard epoxy resins with Tg values of 116, 118, 149 and 146°C, respectively. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47000.
Solutions to poor service delivery in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Duncan Ron , Banga Chris
Published: August 2018

The paper discusses the problems that have plagued service delivery in Papua New Guinea—both over the long term and with the rollout of the District Development Authority Act of 2014. Various principal/agent and moral hazard problems are identified as well as the persistent poor delivery of national government funds to the local level; the difficulty of recruiting civil service skills into positions in local‐level government; and confirmation that the power to make decisions at the district level remains much the same as before with the composition and influence of the District Development Authority Boards little changed from the former arrangements. Looking at service delivery from a supply–demand perspective, ways are suggested in which improvements may be realised. It appears more likely that improvements will come from an emphasis on increasing the demand for better governance of service delivery rather than from continuing to seek improvements in the supply side of service delivery.
Three‐Dimensional Printing of Archived Human Fetal Material for Teaching Purposes
Authors: Young Julia C. , Quayle Michelle R. , Adams Justin W. , Bertram John F. , McMenamin Paul G.
Published: August 2018

The practical aspect of human developmental biology education is often limited to the observation and use of animal models to illustrate developmental anatomy. This is due in part to the difficulty of accessing human embryonic and fetal specimens, and the sensitivity inherent to presenting these specimens as teaching materials. This report presents a new approach using three‐dimensional (3D) printed replicas of actual human materials in practical classes, thus allowing for the inclusion of accurate examples of human developmental anatomy in the educational context. A series of 3D prints have been produced from digital data collected by computed tomography (CT) imaging of an archived series of preserved human embryonic and fetal specimens. The final versions of 3D prints have been generated in a range of single or multiple materials to illustrate the progression of human development, including the development of internal anatomy. Furthermore, multiple copies of each replica have been printed for large group teaching. In addition to the educational benefit of examining accurate 3D replicas, this approach lessens the potential for adverse student reaction (due to cultural background or personal experience) to observing actual human embryonic/fetal anatomical specimens, and reduces the potential of damage or loss of original specimens. This approach, in combination with ongoing improvements in the management and analysis of digital data and advances in scanning technology, has enormous potential to allow embryology students access to both local and international collections of human gestational material. Anat Sci Educ 00: 000–000. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Konzepte der Barodesie
Authors: Medicus Gertraud , Fellin Wolfgang , Schranz Fabian
Published: August 2018

Die Barodesie ist ein Materialmodell für granulare Materialien, das gewisse Ähnlichkeiten mit der Hypoplastizität aufweist. Sie wurde von Kolymbas eingeführt und basiert auf den Hypothesen von Goldscheider für das asymptotische Bodenverhalten. Gängige Beziehungen der Bodenmechanik, wie z. B. die Beziehung für die Steifigkeit von Ohde bzw. Janbu, eine Spannungs‐Dilatanz‐Beziehung und Prinzipien der Critical State Soil Mechanics, lassen sich leicht in das vorgestellte Modell einbeziehen. In diesem Artikel werden die Konzepte der Barodesie an einfachen und bekannten Beispielen (zum Teil eindimensional) erklärt. Der Text ist damit ein guter Einstieg in die Barodesie und Materialmodellierung.
Modellierung des Baugrunds bei der Finite‐Element‐Berechnung von Bodenplatten
Authors: Werkle Horst , Slongo Lukas
Published: August 2018

Bodenplatten werden i. d. R. mit dem Bettungsmodulverfahren berechnet. Dessen wesentlicher Vorteil liegt in der Einfachheit der Modellbildung. Die Defizite des Verfahrens sind aber auch hinlänglich bekannt. In den im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau verwendeten Finite‐Element‐Programmen stehen heute durchaus mechanisch konsistentere Verfahren wie das Steifemodulverfahren oder die Modellierung des Baugrunds mit Volumenelementen zur Verfügung. Anhand einer Parameterstudie mit einer rechteckförmigen Bodenplatte werden die Ergebnisse des Bettungsmodulverfahrens mit denjenigen des Steifemodulverfahrens für typische Belastungsarten und Bodenarten verglichen und bewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse des Bettungsmodulverfahrens i. d. R. auf der sicheren Seite liegen, d. h. die Biegemomente in der Bodenplatte überschätzen. Dies ist aber nicht immer – insbesondere nicht bei Flächenlasten – der Fall.

Anhand des Beispiels einer Bodenplatte mit linienartigen Wandlasten und Einzellasten durch Stützen werden Effekte, die sich bei der Überlagerung von Lastfällen einstellen, untersucht. Dabei wird deutlich, dass bei der Überlagerung von Biegemomenten mit unterschiedlichen Vorzeichen, die sich beispielsweise bei positiven Momenten unter Stützen mit negativen Momenten aus Wandlasten an den Plattenrändern ergeben, sich beim Bettungsmodulverfahren Ergebnisse auf der unsicheren Seite einstellen können. In solchen Fällen wird bei Berechnungen nach dem Bettungsmodulverfahren empfohlen, die abmindernden Biegemomente aus Wandlasten nicht in voller Größe anzusetzen oder die Bodenplatte mit dem Steifemodulverfahren zu berechnen. Alternativ kann eine geeignete, dem Steifemodulverfahren entsprechende Bettungsmodulverteilung iterativ bestimmt werden.
Development and Tests of a Combined Filter for NOx, Particulates, and SO2 Reduction
Authors: Walberer Julian , Giovanny Mateus , Meiller Martin , Weih Christoph , Hornung Andreas
Published: August 2018

The idea of this innovative filter concept is to combine three individual flue gas technology treatment systems into one product to be more economic and efficient. The central part of the filter is a ceramic filter candle, which is used for common dust separation. The ceramic filter material is activated with modified catalysts to enable selective catalytic reduction at low temperatures (150–200 °C). To reduce acid components while simultaneously increasing dust separation, the activated filter candle surface is precoated with an absorbent. The developed filter is suitable for many applications, especially decentralized applications such as solid biomass combustion or utilization of biofuels in combined heat and power engines, which are target markets. The production of the filter material and the practical test using exhaust gas from a dual fuel engine operating with biofuels are described.
Incorporation of a p‐Phenylene Unit into the Azuliporphyrinogens Frame—Oxidation and Ruthenium Cluster Coordination
Authors: Sprutta Natasza , Hassa Agnieszka , Białek Michał J. , Kodź‐Wichowska Karolina , Kupietz Kamil , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław
Published: August 2018

A porphyrinogen macrocycle incorporating two azulenes, phenylene and thiophene into the framework, joined by four C(sp3) atoms has been obtained as a mixture of six isomers. They were successfully separated and characterized spectroscopically. The identity of two of them was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. One isomer was tested in reaction with [Ru3(CO)12] yielding exclusively π‐complex with two clusters attached to azulenes. The partial oxidation of porphyrinogens yielded dication with two unmodified meso bridges. The stepwise oxidation followed by reaction with water as nucleophile afforded the dicationic species with two hydroxyl groups and a trication with one OH group. The hydroxy‐dication can be reversibly transformed into hydroxy‐trication by addition of HBF4 etherate.
Synthesis of Aliphatic Carboxamides Mediated by Nickel NN2‐Pincer Complexes and Adaptation to Carbon‐Isotope Labeling
Authors: Neumann Karoline T. , Donslund Aske S. , Andersen Thomas L. , Nielsen Dennis U. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: August 2018

The development of a nickel‐mediated aminocarbonylation utilizing NN2‐pincer Ni‐complexes, alkylzinc reagents, stoichiometric carbon monoxide and amines is described for the first time, which can be adapted to late‐stage carbon‐isotope labeling. This work expands the scope of the highly established palladium‐promoted version of the reaction, by allowing carbon‐sp3 fragments to take part in the three‐component reaction. Finally, the results obtained show a remarkable effect of the pincer ligand for the reductive elimination step with the amine, which is followed by 13C NMR spectroscopy studies.
An Efficient Ruthenium Catalyst Bearing Tetradentate Ligand for Hydrogenations of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Zhang Feng‐Hua , Liu Chong , Li Wei , Tian Gui‐Long , Xie Jian‐Hua , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: August 2018

A ruthenium complex with a tetradentate bipyridine ligand was proved to be a highly efficient catalyst for the conversions of CO2. Turnover numbers up to 300 000, 9800, and 2100 were achieved for the hydrogenations of CO2 to formamides, formamides to methanol and amines, and the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, respectively.
Three‐dimensional flow optimization algorithm in complex scene based on differential equation
Authors: Wang Xiaoying
Published: August 2018

The 3D flow problem in complex scene is solved based on the differential equation. Differential equation method in parallel was fully used to accelerate the computing. Different from previous methods, this method is more general for complex scene condition. First of all, the entire obstacle information graph was constructed by the solid cutting section generated in image space. The algorithm ensures the independence of the fluid computation and the whole geometric scene. Through the classification of all elements and combining complex scene, the corresponding value can be modified according to the correction factor of obstacles; in addition, the more compact the data format was adopted to make full use of the parallelism of the differential equation method. By compressing all scalar operations to the 4 color channels of texture, the drawing number required in 3D flow field calculation is reduced. The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective and efficient. This algorithm can calculate and display the discrete complex scene using a medium scale in real time.
A hierarchical key pre‐distribution scheme for fog networks
Authors: Bahrami Pooneh Nikkhah , Javadi Hamid H.S. , Dargahi Tooska , Dehghantanha Ali , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond
Published: August 2018

Security in fog computing is multi‐faceted, and one particular challenge is establishing a secure communication channel between fog nodes and end devices. This emphasizes the importance of designing efficient and secret key distribution scheme to facilitate fog nodes and end devices to establish secure communication channels. Existing secure key distribution schemes designed for hierarchical networks may be deployable in fog computing, but they incur high computational and communication overheads and thus consume significant memory. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical key pre‐distribution scheme based on “Residual Design” for fog networks. The proposed key distribution scheme is designed to minimize storage overhead and memory consumption while increasing network scalability. The scheme is also designed to be secure against node capture attacks. We also demonstrate that, in an equal‐size network, our scheme reduces node storage overhead significantly. Our research paves the way for building an efficient key management framework for secure communication within the hierarchical network of fog nodes and end devices.
EReinit: Scalable and efficient fault‐tolerance for bulk‐synchronous MPI applications
Authors: Chakraborty Sourav , Laguna Ignacio , Emani Murali , Mohror Kathryn , Panda Dhabaleswar K. , Schulz Martin , Subramoni Hari
Published: August 2018

Scientists from many different fields have been developing Bulk‐Synchronous MPI applications to simulate and study a wide variety of scientific phenomena. Since failure rates are expected to increase in larger‐scale future HPC systems, providing efficient fault‐tolerance mechanisms for this class of applications is paramount. The global‐restart model has been proposed to decrease the time of failure recovery in Bulk‐Synchronous applications by allowing a fast reinitialization of MPI. However, the current implementations of this model have several drawbacks: they lack efficiency; their scalability have not been shown; and they require the use of the MPI profiling interface, which precludes the use of tools. In this paper, we present EReinit, an implementation of the global‐restart model that addresses these problems. Our key idea and optimization is the co‐design of basic fault‐tolerance mechanisms such as failure detection, notification, and recovery between MPI and the resource manager in contrast to current approaches on which these mechanisms are implemented in MPI only. We demonstrate EReinit in three HPC programs and show that it is up to four times more efficient than existing solutions at 4,096 processes.
Profiling Interactome Networks with the HaloTag‐NAPPA In Situ Protein Array
Authors: Yazaki Junshi , Galli Mary , Kim Alice Y. , Ecker Joseph R.
Published: August 2018

Physical interactions between proteins and other molecules can be evaluated at a proteome scale using protein arrays, a type of high‐throughput pulldown assay. We developed a modified in situ protein array known as the nucleic acid programmable protein assay (NAPPA) that allows the screening of thousands of open reading frames (ORFs) at a lower cost, with less labor, and in less time than conventional protein arrays. The HaloTag‐NAPPA protein array can efficiently capture proteins expressed in situ on a glass slide using the Halo high‐affinity capture tag. Here, we describe the fabrication of the array using publicly available resources and detection of protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) that can be used to generate a protein interactome map. The Basic Protocol includes procedures for preparing the plasmid DNA spotted on glass slides, in situ protein expression, and PPI detection. The supporting protocols outline the construction of vectors and preparation of ORF clones. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Real‐World Data to Extrapolate Evidence From Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wang Shirley V. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Gagne Joshua J. , Evers Thomas , Gerlinger Christoph , Desai Rishi , Najafzadeh Mehdi
Published: August 2018

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence for regulatory agencies, shape clinical practice, influence formulary decisions, and have important implications for patients. However, many patient groups that are major consumers of drugs are under‐represented in randomized trials. We review three methods to extrapolate evidence from trial participants to different target populations following market approval and discuss how these could be implemented in practice to support regulatory and health technology assessment decisions. Although these methods are not a substitute for less restrictive pre‐approval RCTs or rigorous observational studies when sufficient data are available in the post‐approval setting, they can help to fill the evidence gap that exists in the early marketing period. Early evidence using real‐world data and methods for extrapolating evidence should be reported with clear explanation of assumptions and limitations especially when used to support regulatory and health technology assessment decisions.
3D Porous Tin Created by Tuning the Redox Potential Acts as an Advanced Electrode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Liubin , Ni Youxuan , Lei Kaixiang , Dong Huanhuan , Tian Sen , Li Fujun
Published: August 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant research interest for large‐scale electric energy storage. However, anodes with good rate capability and long cycle life are still lacking. Here, a three‐dimensional (3D) porous Sn on Cu foil (Sn/Cu) is prepared by tuning the redox potential of Cu+/Cu with a ligand of thiourea to trigger the replacement reaction between Cu and Sn2+. The as‐synthesized Sn/Cu is used as an integrated porous electrode and can be directly applied as an advanced freestanding electrode for SIBs. Such a unique structure can efficiently relieve the strain caused by sodiation/desodiation and benefit penetration of the electrolyte and diffusion of Na+. This is a merit of its large reversible capacity of about 700 mAh g−1 at 2500 mA g−1 for 400 cycles. A full battery of Sn/Cu//Na3(VO0.5)2(PO4)3F2 is constructed, which presents a high energy density of 311.7 Wh kg−1 and long lifespan of 200 cycles. This facile synthesis strategy and good electrochemical performance will encourage more investigations into structure design of functional materials.
In vitro antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects of phenolic extract of Senecio biafrae (Oliv and Hiern) against key enzymes linked with type II diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ajiboye Basiru O. , Ojo Oluwafemi A. , Okesola Marry A. , Akinyemi Ayodele J. , Talabi Justina Y. , Idowu Olajumoke T. , Fadaka Adewale O. , Boligon Aline A. , Anraku de Campos Marli M.
Published: August 2018

The phenolic extract of Senecio biafrae leaves was investigated to determine the in vitro antioxidant, phenolic profiles, and inhibition of key enzymes relevant to type II diabetes mellitus (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase) and Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase). The phenolic extract demonstrated significant scavenging abilities against all in vitro antioxidant parameters assessed. Reversed‐phase HPLC of the extract revealed the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The extract also inhibited activities of α‐amylase (IC50 = 126.90 μg/ml), α‐glucosidase (IC50 = 139.66 μg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 347.22 μg/ml), and butrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 378.79 μg/ml), which may be attributed to the antioxidant potential of the extract and its phenolic composition. Therefore, this study suggests that the leaves of S. biafrae may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease.
Eugenics Redux: “Reproductive Benefit” as a Rationale for Newborn Screening
Authors: Paul Diane B.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, as newborn screening has expanded to include conditions for which treatment is questionable, new rationales for screening have proliferated. One such rationale is the potential reproductive benefit to parents from the detection of a genetic condition or carrier status in infants. An unanticipated consequence of invoking knowledge of reproductive risk as a major benefit of screening has been to open newborn screening to the charge that it constitutes state‐sanctioned eugenics. Thus, an endeavor that had been viewed as the converse of state programs of selective breeding has come to be seen in some quarters as yet another of its incarnations. The result has been serious and self‐inflected harm to the reputation of newborn screening programs.
Single‐Gene Sequencing in Newborn Screening: Success, Challenge, Hope
Authors: Currier Robert J.
Published: August 2018

Some state‐based newborn screening programs in the United States already use sequencing technology, as a secondary screening test for individual conditions rather than as a broad screening tool. Newborn screening programs sequence an individual gene, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which causes cystic fibrosis, after an initial biochemical test suggests that a baby might have a condition related to that gene. The experiences of state public health departments with individual‐gene sequencing illustrate both the usefulness of the technology and its complexities. Here I discuss how newborn screening programs investigate cystic fibrosis and, as another example, adrenoleukodystrophy through individual gene sequencing.
Serum albumin or body mass index: Which prognostic factor for survival in patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia?
Authors: Filliatre‐Clement Lauriane , Broseus Julien , Muller Marc , Hosseini Kossar , Rotonda Christine , Schirmer Luciane , Roth‐Guepin Gabrielle , Bonmati Caroline , Feugier Pierre , Béné Marie‐Christine , Perrot Aurore
Published: August 2018

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of developing acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). The outcome of AML patients could thus be dependent on their nutritional status that can be evaluated by the simple measurement of serum albumin (SA) and body mass index (BMI). These two parameters could have a value as prognostic factors to guide patients' management. We evaluated the association between SA levels, BMI, and survival, evaluated as overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival. Furthermore, we investigated the association between BMI, SA, and other prognostic factors of interest in AML. This retrospective single‐center study included 159 patients diagnosed with AML at Nancy Hospital between 2005 and 2013, treated with aracytine and anthracycline. Forty‐four percent of patients presented with normal weight while 56% were obese/overweight. Serum albumin levels were <30 g/L for 49 patients, and ≥30 g/L for 110. Thirty‐four patients with low SA levels were also obese. Favourable OS was associated with SA levels ≥30 g/L (HR = 0.467; 95% CI 0.230‐0.946; P = .034) but was not impacted by the BMI. Serum albumin levels appear to be an independent prognostic factor in AML and a better parameter than BMI for evaluating the nutritional status of patients at diagnosis.
Investigation of thermohydraulic performance of triple concentric‐tube heat exchanger with CuO/water nanofluid: Numerical approach
Authors: Amanuel Tarikayehu , Mishra Manish
Published: August 2018

In this study, numerical investigation of CuO/water nanofluids in a triple concentric‐tube heat exchanger has been carried out using a commercial CFD software. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of water‐based CuO nanofluids under turbulent flow regime. Reynolds number for the nanofluid has also been considered in the range of 2500 to 10,000 with a nanoparticle volume concentration of 0% to 3%. The effects of flow rate, volume concentration of nanoparticles, and flow arrangement on heat transfer performance of nanofluid have been studied for four flow arrangements. The comparison of the performance with and without nanofluid has been done. It was found that thermal performance and overall effectiveness increased with the increase in Reynolds number and volume concentration of nanoparticles in all the four flow arrangements for the considered range of operating parameters.
Facial emotion recognition in violent men
Authors: Švegar Domagoj , Horvat Karolina , Kardum Igor
Published: August 2018

The goal of this study was to explore the ability of violent men to recognise facial affect. In contrast to traditional approaches to this research question, we took the effects of the models' sex and different types of violent behaviour into consideration. Data obtained from 71 violent men revealed that they recognised facial expressions of fear (p = .019) and disgust (p = .013) more accurately when displayed by female than male models. The opposite was found for angry faces (p = .006), while the models' sex did not affect the recognition of sad, happy and surprised facial expressions or neutral faces. Furthermore, sexual coercion perpetrators were more accurate than other violent men in the recognition of female facial disgust (p = .006). These results are discussed in the context of social learning theory, and the hypothesis that female facial expressions of disgust could be subtle cues to their sexual infidelity that motivate sexual coercion in some men.