bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of lignocellulosic fiber from jute bast by the organic solvent degumming system: an alkali-free method
Authors: Qin Zhihui , Zhao Shuyuan , Liu Liu , Shi Zhaohe , Cheng Longdi , Zhang Ruiyun
Published: May 2021

Degumming is the dominant method for insolating lignocellulosic fibers in textile applications. Traditional alkaline degumming (TAL), as a common method, requires a high-concentration alkali and has been a severe challenge to the environment. In the research reported here, the possibility of innovative jute degumming by organic solvents 1-2 propylene glycol and a combination of additive green oxygen (GO-OS) was studied. The results revealed that fibers could be extracted by this system (under condition of 0.9% GO-OS, 180°C, 120 min), and obtained fibers with higher breaking tenacity (7.1 cN/dtex), yield (65.7%), breaking elongation (2.87%) and residual gum (11.7%), which all meet the requirement of the relevant Chinese Textile National Standards. Notably, the required reaction time (120 min) of the GO-OS system was 180 min shorter than that of the TAL method. Furthermore, the modifications introduced by the degumming effect on physicochemical aspects were characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This study provides a promising degumming method for separating jute lignocellulose without acid and alkali consumption.
Knowledge and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among Students Attending King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alqrache Abdulraof , Mostafa Mostafa , Ghabrah Omar , Ghabrah Ziyad , Kamal Nezar , Ghabrah Tawfik , Atta Hazem
Published: May 2021

Oral dietary supplements (DSs) include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, energy drinks, and herbal products. The use of DSs is increasing and their manufacturers promote their benefits. Studies have validated some of these benefits, but have also indicated that some DSs can have adverse effects, especially if used without the appropriate supervision. Little information on DS use among Saudis is available. This study assessed the use of dietary supplements among male and female university students with the goal of educating the community about DSs and the dangers associated with their misuse. Online and paper validated questionnaires were administered to King Abdulaziz University (KAU) students between September 2019 and January 2020. The responses were collected and analyzed statistically. Of the 954 KAU students who completed the survey, one-third used DSs (42.9% women vs 25.7% men). Of these, 51.7% believed that DSs are essential for health, 41.7% classified them as both food and drugs, 67.2% were aware that DSs could not replace a healthy diet, and 25.8% were aware of their potentially harmful effects. Multivitamins and minerals were the most used DSs. DS awareness among KAU students is limited. Additional health education is necessary to assist students in their selection of the most suitable DSs.
COVID 19 related perceived discrimination in medical settings, March and April 2020
Authors: Soleimani Farzaneh , Aligholipour Mahtab , Aghal Moosa , Aliafsari Mamaghani Ebrahim
Published: May 2021

Global spread of a disease causes fear that can lead to discrimination against the people infected with the disease. On December 2019, COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and has spread throughout the world. In this descriptive and analytic study Perceived discrimination of the patients admitted to COVID-19 wards was measured in medical settings. Data was collected of 176 patients discharged in March and April 2020. Discrimination scale was used to collect data in medical settings. Overall mean score of the scale was 11.51 ± 3.883 indicating low level of perceived discrimination. The highest level of discrimination belonged to refusal of physicians and nurses to physically examine the patients (0.992 ± 3.49). Low level of perceived discrimination was reported in this study, which necessitated taking useful measures to identify discrimination, determines causes and prevent discriminatory behaviors in medical settings to improve the hospitalization experience and disease outcomes.
Feminine identities in Ann Oakley’s novels: A gender challenge or a cultural shock?
Authors: Marchyshyna Alla , Skrypnyk Anatolii
Published: May 2021

The late twentieth century is notable for the outburst of interest in gender as a construct formed by a definite social and cultural milieu and existing in certain discourses. The discourse of Ann Oakley’s fiction presents a broad spectrum of gender identities mirroring societal mores. The present study qualifies feminine identities in terms of autonomy–connectedness as stereotyped attributes. The transformation of deep-rooted patterns of behaviourist and speech practices results in a specific verbal form and character depiction. The female characters in question differ from the generally acknowledged model of women subject to masculine dominance. Oakley’s feminine characters are active in constructing their own lives: they are strong and decisive, self-confident and determined. These traits are verbally represented in relevant lexical and stylistic ways, directing an interpretation of the contents of the texts.
In Search of Pakistan’s Inclusive Growth: Evidence from Income and Non-Income Dimensions
Authors: Mushtaq Hifza , Zaman Khalid
Published: May 2021

Inclusive growth (INCL_GRTH) is a process through which economic opportunities are available for all segments of society without any discrimination between rich and poor. The aim of this study is to find how socio-economic factors affect poverty and how we may achieve INCL_GRTH and reduce poverty in a country like Pakistan. The study has used a poverty headcount ratio as a proxy for INCL_GRTH while the number of income and non-income poverty factors, including, per capita GDP, FDI inflows, agriculture value added, health expenditures, income inequality and education expenditures are highlighted as explanatory factors. The results show that poverty is substantially reduced by increasing education expenditures and FDI inflows. The pro-poor growth estimates have confirmed that except agriculture value added, the remaining factors show anti-poor growth in a country, while agriculture value added gives marginal benefits to the poor as compared to the non-poor between the two time periods studied, that is 1980 and 2016.
A model-based local fault size measurement method of rolling bearing considering load influence
Authors: Liu Chang , Cheng Gang , Chen Xihui , Li Yong , Gu Wei
Published: May 2021

Rolling bearing local fault vibration mechanism research is the theoretical basis of advanced bearing fault diagnosis and size measurement technology. In this paper, the additional displacement and impact force excitation of inner and outer ring local faults under low speed and heavy load condition are analysed, and rolling bearing local fault vibration model is established. The simulated dual impulse characteristics have higher accuracy under low speed and heavy load condition compared with other traditional local fault models. The outer and inner ring fault simulated dual impulse interval errors are 6.7% and 1.1%, respectively. Then the local fault vibration mechanism is analysed, and the influence of heavy load condition on dual impulse characteristic is not negligible. Finally, a size measurement method of bearing local fault based on vibration model is proposed. Two sizes of outer ring fault bearing are tested in four different working conditions, and the average measurement error is 3.78%. The results show that the proposed method can overcome the influence of different working conditions and accurately measure different local fault sizes.
Characteristics and controlling factors of glutenite reservoir rock quality of retrogradational fan Delta: A case study of the Upper Wuerhe Formation of the Mahu Sag, the Junggar Basin
Authors: Ma Yongping , Zhang Xianwen , Huang Linjun , Wang Guodong , Zhang Han , Pan Shuxin
Published: May 2021

The glutenite reservoir rock of the fan delta facies is associated with a complex sedimentary environment and high heterogeneity, and by far the characteristics and controlling factors of the reservoir rock quality have not been well understood. By comprehensively investigating the lithofacies, petrology, physical properties and diagenesis of the Upper Wuerhe Formation of the Mahu Sag, the Junggar Basin, it is concluded that the Upper Wuerhe Formation develops three major groups of lithofacies, totally consisting of 11 sub-types, and reservoir rock properties of different lithofacies are greatly varied. This research shows that the lithofacies attributed to the tractive current and density current have well-sorted rock particles, low mud content, well-developed secondary dissolved pores, and thus high overall reservoir rock quality. On the contrary, the lithofacies based on debris flow and sheet flow, are observed with high mud content, suppressed development of intergranular and dissolved pores, and thus poor reservoir rock quality. The system tract controls the macro variation of the reservoir rock quality. The best quality is found in the highstand system tract, followed by those of the lake transgression and at last lowstand system tracts. The micro variation of the reservoir rock quality is determined by the mud content, rock particle size and dissolution. The muddy matrix mainly damages the pore connectivity, and presents the strongest correlation with permeability. The reservoir rock with concentrated particle sizes and well-sorted particles has quality better than those of reservoir rocks composed of excessively large or small particles. Dissolution effectively improves the storage capability of the reservoir rock, resulting in an average porosity increment by 4.2%.
Moderators of the Liking Bias in Judgments of Moral Character
Authors: Bocian Konrad , Baryla Wieslaw , Wojciszke Bogdan
Published: May 2021

Previous research found evidence for a liking bias in moral character judgments because judgments of liked people are higher than those of disliked or neutral ones. This article sought conditions moderating this effect. In Study 1 ( N = 792), the impact of the liking bias on moral character judgments was strongly attenuated when participants were educated that attitudes bias moral judgments. In Study 2 ( N = 376), the influence of liking on moral character attributions was eliminated when participants were accountable for the justification of their moral judgments. Overall, these results suggest that although liking biases moral character attributions, this bias might be reduced or eliminated when deeper information processing is required to generate judgments of others’ moral character.
Do You Feel Better When You Behave More Extraverted Than You Are? The Relationship Between Cumulative Counterdispositional Extraversion and Positive Feelings
Authors: Kuijpers E. , Pickett J. , Wille B. , Hofmans J.
Published: May 2021

The idea that increased levels of extraversion are beneficial to well-being is widespread. Drawing on the idea that behaving discordant to one’s trait level is demanding and effortful to maintain, and that repeated taxations of one’s self-regulatory resources are unpleasant, we examined the relationship between cumulative counterdispositional extraversion and positive feelings. In two experience-sampling (ESM) studies, participants repeatedly rated their level of state extraversion and positive feelings. Results revealed that cumulative positive deviations from one’s trait extraversion level were positively associated with positive feelings, whereas cumulative negative deviations were negatively associated with positive feelings. This confirms the idea that, also when looking at cumulative instances of extraversion-related behaviors, higher levels of extraversion go hand in hand with higher levels of positive feelings.
Corporate Bankruptcy and Directors’ Reputation: An Empirical Analysis of the Effects on Public Debt Contracts
Authors: Gatti Stefano , Ivanova Mariya N. , Pündrich Gabriel
Published: May 2021

This article investigates the link between board members’ past professional experiences and the terms and conditions of the debt contracts of their current firms. In particular, we examine whether directors’ past bankruptcy experience affects the pricing and nonpricing terms of public debt contracts. Using a sample of 8,142 bond issues in the United States in the period 1995 to 2015, we document higher credit spreads and smaller bond sizes for firms with such directors, suggesting that bondholders are concerned about past bankruptcy experience. Our results remain robust to different model specifications. This effect is moderated for bankruptcies that are likely driven by macroeconomic shocks such as the dotcom bubble and the global financial crisis. We also show that our findings are not explained by bond issuers with an elevated risk of default and seem instead to be driven by directors serving on key monitoring committees, indicating that prior bankruptcy experience raises concerns about the company’s corporate governance. Finally, mediation analysis offers some evidence of a limited negative indirect effect of prior bankruptcy experience on the terms of debt contracts through the firm’s financial and investment policies. Overall, our findings suggest that lenders incorporate information about past professional experiences of directors into public debt contracting.
Non-Audit Services in Audit Committee Interlocked Firms, Financial Reporting Quality, and Future Performance
Authors: Shi Linna , Hong Teoh Siew , Zhou Jian
Published: May 2021

We investigate whether board-interlocked firms via an audit committee (AC) board member exhibit correlated non-audit service (NAS) purchases, and whether financial reporting quality and future firm performance vary with the amount of correlated NAS purchases from the AC interlock. We find that AC interlocked firms have positively correlated total NAS and three NAS subtypes—Tax, Assurance, and Other—in the overall sample period from 2000 to 2016, and in each of the subperiods pre- and post-SOX (Sarbanes–Oxley Act). Firms with a larger NAS component that is explained by the AC interlock tend to exhibit lower financial reporting quality. We also find evidence that firms with higher AC interlocked NAS purchases are associated with lower future performance, although this association exists only in the pre-SOX period. Overall, the evidence suggests that greater NAS purchases among AC interlocked firms can have a detrimental effect on financial reporting quality and auditor independence. While these detrimental effects are concentrated in the pre-SOX period when there were less restrictions on NAS purchases, we find some evidence that the association with lower financial reporting quality persists in the post-SOX period.
A Survey of Educators Serving Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hirsch Shanna E. , Bruhn Allison L. , McDaniel Sara , Mathews Hannah M.
Published: May 2021

In this descriptive study, we analyzed survey data regarding communication, instruction, and assessment strategies school personnel in K-12 settings reported using during the COVID-19 pandemic for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Results indicate, whether instructional continuity was mandated or not, support personnel serving students with EBD reported using a variety of communication, instruction, and assessment strategies. Several strategies special educators reported using were significantly different than those provided by related service providers (e.g., school psychologist, counselor) during school site closures. Implications for future planning, policy, and research are discussed.
Book review: Malika Basu, History of Indigenous Pharmaceutical Companies in Colonial Calcutta (1855–1947)
Authors: Rai Saurav Kumar
Published: May 2021

Malika Basu, History of Indigenous Pharmaceutical Companies in Colonial Calcutta (1855–1947) (New Delhi: Manohar, 2021), 272 pp.
Book review: Aditya Nigam, Decolonizing Theory: Thinking across Traditions
Authors: Pramanik Avijit
Published: May 2021

Aditya Nigam, Decolonizing Theory: Thinking across Traditions (New Delhi: Bloomsbury, 2020), xxv + 320 pp.
Managing Harlequin Syndrome in VA-ECMO – do not forget the right ventricle
Authors: Wilson James , Fisher Richard , Caetano Francisca , Soliman-Aboumarie Hatem , Patel Brijesh , Ledot Stephane , Price Susanna , Vandenbriele Christophe
Published: May 2021

Harlequin Syndrome (also known as North-South Syndrome) is a complication of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) that can occur when left ventricular function starts to recover. While most commonly due to continued impaired gas exchange in the lungs, we present a case caused by right ventricular dysfunction, successfully managed by conversion of the ECMO circuit to a veno-veno-arterial (VV-A) configuration.
Solidarity with disabled people in times of crisis: A comparative analysis of Italy and the UK
Authors: Maggini Nicola , Montgomery Tom , Baglioni Simone
Published: May 2021

Against the background of crisis and cuts, citizens can express solidarity with groups in various ways. Using novel survey data this article explores the attitudes and behaviours of citizens in their expressions of solidarity with disabled people and in doing so illuminates the differences and similarities across two European contexts: Italy and the UK. The findings reveal pools of solidarity with disabled people across both countries that have on the one hand similar foundations such as the social embeddedness and social trust of citizens, while on the other hand contain some differences, such as the more direct and active nature of solidarity in Italy compared to the UK and the role of religiosity as an important determinant, particularly in Italy. Across both countries the role of ‘deservingness’ was key to understanding solidarity, and the study’s conclusions raise questions about a solidarity embedded by a degree of paternalism and even religious piety.
Using a cane for one month does not improve walking or social participation in chronic stroke: An attention-controlled randomized trial
Authors: Avelino Patrick Roberto , Nascimento Lucas Rodrigues , Ada Louise , de Menezes Kênia Kiefer Parreiras , Teixeira-Salmela Luci Fuscaldi
Published: May 2021

Objective:

To examine the effects of the provision of a cane, delivered to ambulatory people with chronic stroke, for improving walking and social participation.

Design:

Two-arm, randomized trial.

Setting:

Community-based.

Participants:

Ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke.

Interventions:

The experimental intervention was the provision of a single-point cane during one month. The control group received a placebo intervention.

Outcome measures:

Walking speed, step length, cadence, walking capacity, and walking confidence were measured without the cane to examine its rehabilitative effect. Walking speed was also measured with the cane for inclusiveness, and social participation was measured for examining carry over effects. Outcomes were measured at baseline, and after one and two months.

Results:

Fifty individuals were included. In the experimental group, mean age was 69 years (SD 14), and walking speed was 0.58 m/s (SD 0.17). In the control group, mean age was 68 years (SD 13), and walking speed was 0.63 m/s (SD 0.15). When walking without the cane, after one and after two months, there were no between-group differences in any measures. When walking with the cane, after one month, the experimental group walked 0.14 m/s (95% CI 0.05–0.23) faster than the control group and after two months, they were still walking 0.18 m/s (95% CI 0.06–0.30) faster.

Conclusion:

Use of a cane improved walking speed, only when participants walked with the cane. Use of cane for one month did not improve walking outcomes, when walking without the cane. People with stroke would need to continue to use the cane to maintain any benefits in walking speed.
5-HT1B receptor agonist attenuates cocaine self-administration after protracted abstinence and relapse in rats
Authors: Scott Samantha N , Garcia Raul , Powell Gregory L , Doyle Sophia M , Ruscitti Brielle , Le Tien , Esquer Aracely , Blattner Kevin M , Blass Benjamin E , Neisewander Janet L
Published: May 2021

Background:

The 5-HT1B receptor (5-HT1BR) agonist, CP94253, enhances cocaine intake during maintenance of self-administration (SA) but attenuates intake after 21 days of forced abstinence in male rats.

Aims:

We examined whether CP94253 attenuates cocaine intake in female rats after a period of abstinence, and if these attenuating effects persist or revert to enhancing cocaine intake during resumption (i.e. relapse) of daily cocaine SA.

Methods:

Male and female rats trained to lever press on a fixed ratio 5 schedule of cocaine reinforcement underwent ⩾21 days of forced abstinence. They were then tested for the effects of CP94253 (5.6 mg/kg, SC) or vehicle on cocaine SA. During the test session, rats had 1-h access to the training dose of cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, IV) followed by 1-h access to a lower cocaine dose (0.075 mg/kg, IV). Rats then resumed cocaine SA for 15 days to mimic relapse and were retested as done previously. Subsequently, rats underwent abstinence again (21–60 days) and were tested for CP94253 effects on locomotion and cue reactivity (i.e. responding for light/tone cues previously paired with cocaine infusions).

Results:

Regardless of sex, CP94253 decreased cocaine intake after abstinence and during resumption of SA and decreased cue reactivity while having no effect on locomotion.

Conclusions:

CP94253 decreases cocaine intake and cocaine seeking in both males and females even after resumption of cocaine SA. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of CP94253 observed after abstinence are long-lasting, and therefore, 5-HT1BR agonists may have clinical efficacy as anti-relapse medications for cocaine use disorders.
Glyceryl trinitrate for the treatment of ischaemic stroke: Determining efficacy in rodent and ovine species for enhanced clinical translation
Authors: Sorby-Adams Annabel J , Learoyd Annastazia E , Bath Philip M , Burrows Fiona , Farr Tracy D , Leonard Anna V , Schiessl Ingo , Allan Stuart M , Turner Renée J , Trueman Rebecca C
Published: May 2021

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for death and dependency after ischaemic stroke. However, administering anti-hypertensive medications post-stroke remains contentious with concerns regarding deleterious effects on cerebral blood flow and infarct expansion. This study sought to determine the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) treatment in both lissencephalic and gyrencephalic pre-clinical stroke models. Merino sheep underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by GTN or control patch administration (0.2 mg/h). Monitoring of numerous physiologically relevant measures over 24 h showed that GTN administration was associated with decreased intracranial pressure, infarct volume, cerebral oedema and midline shift compared to vehicle treatment (p < 0.05). No significant changes in blood pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure were observed. Using optical imaging spectroscopy and laser speckle imaging, the effect of varying doses of GTN (0.69–50 µg/h) on cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation was examined in mice. No consistent effect was found. Additional mice undergoing MCAO followed by GTN administration (doses varying from 0–60 µg/h) also showed no improvement in infarct volume or neurological score within 24 h post-stroke. GTN administration significantly improved numerous stroke-related physiological outcomes in sheep but was ineffective in mice. This suggests that, whilst GTN administration could potentially benefit patients, further research into mechanisms of action are required.
Program Evaluation of Population- and System-Level Policies: Evidence for Decision Making
Authors: Walker Simon , Fox Aimee , Altunkaya James , Colbourn Tim , Drummond Mike , Griffin Susan , Gutacker Nils , Revill Paul , Sculpher Mark
Published: May 2021

Background

Policy evaluations often focus on ex post estimation of causal effects on short-term surrogate outcomes. The value of such information is limited for decision making, as the failure to reflect policy-relevant outcomes and disregard for opportunity costs prohibits the assessment of value for money. Further, these evaluations do not always consider all relevant evidence, other courses of action, or decision uncertainty.

Methods

In this article, we explore how policy evaluation could better meet the needs of decision making. We begin by defining the evidence required to inform decision making. We then conduct a literature review of challenges in evaluating policies. Finally, we highlight potential methods available to help address these challenges.

Results

The evidence required to inform decision making includes the impacts on the policy-relevant outcomes, the costs and associated opportunity costs, and the consequences of uncertainty. Challenges in evaluating health policies are described using 8 categories: 1) valuation space; 2) comparators; 3) time of evaluation; 4) mechanisms of action; 5) effects; 6) resources, constraints, and opportunity costs; 7) fidelity, adaptation, and level of implementation; and 8) generalizability and external validity. Methods from a broad set of disciplines are available to improve policy evaluation, relating to causal inference, decision-analytic modeling, theory of change, realist evaluation, and structured expert elicitation.

Limitations

The targeted review may not identify all possible challenges, and the methods covered are not exhaustive.

Conclusions

Evaluations should provide appropriate evidence to inform decision making. There are challenges in evaluating policies, but methods from multiple disciplines are available to address these challenges.

Implications

Evaluators need to carefully consider the decision being informed, the necessary evidence to inform it, and the appropriate methods. [Box: see text]
The role of microRNA-572 in the proliferation and chemotherapeutic treatment of prostate cancer
Authors: Zang Mingcui , Guo Xun , Chen Manqiu
Published: May 2021

Objective

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate prostate tumorigenesis and progression by involving different molecular pathways. In this study, we examined the role of miR-572 in prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

The proliferation rates of LNCaP and PC-3 PCa cells were studied using MTT assays. Transwell migration and Matrigel invasion assays were performed to evaluate cell migration and invasion, respectively. Protein expression levels were examined using western blotting. Docetaxel-induced apoptosis was evaluated by Caspase-Glo3/7 assays. The putative miR-572 binding site in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) 3ʹ untranslated region (3ʹ UTR) was assessed with dual-luciferase reporter assays. Additionally, miR-572 expression levels in human PCa tissues were examined by qRT-PCR assays.

Results

Upregulation of miR-572 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. Overexpression of miR-572 decreased sensitivity of PCa cells to docetaxel treatment by reducing docetaxel-induced apoptosis. MiR-572 can regulate migration and invasion in PCa cells. Furthermore, miR-572 could regulate expression of PTEN and p-AKT in PCa cells by directly binding to the PTEN 3ʹ UTR. MiR-572 expression levels were increased in human PCa tissues and associated with PCa stage.

Conclusions

miR-572 displayed essential roles in PCa tumor growth and its expression level may be used to predict docetaxel treatment in these tumors.
Factors affecting the accuracy and reliability of the measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in the clinic
Authors: Fu Yun-Xing , Wang Hui , Hu Ting , Wang Fei-Miao , Hu Rong
Published: May 2021

Objective

We aimed to identify the factors that influence serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration measurements.

Methods

We collected serum samples between May and September 2018 and compared the effect on AMH concentration measured by ELISA of conditions including venepuncture, storage time, storage temperature, locations of the reaction microplate, and the use of the oral contraceptive pill and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Results

AMH concentration was not affected by food intake but was affected by haemolysis. It was also much higher in samples on the edge of the ELISA microtitre plate. AMH concentration increased after incubation at room temperature for 1 day, 4°C for 3 days, −20°C for 1 month and −40°C for 4 months, but no change occurred during storage at −80°C for 9 months. AMH concentration was high in patients following GnRH agonist treatment but was not affected by oral contraceptives.

Conclusions

No fasting is required prior to AMH measurement. Placement of serum samples on the edge of microtitre plates affects the results of the AMH ELISA. If serum samples cannot be assayed immediately, it is best to store them at −80°C. Basal AMH concentration cannot be used as a measure of ovarian reserve after GnRH agonist treatment.
Clinical characteristics, Cryptococcus neoformans genotypes, antifungal susceptibility, and outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Beijing, China
Authors: Xu Xinmin , Du Pengcheng , Wang Huizhu , Yang Xiaoling , Liu Tingting , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Yajie
Published: May 2021

Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungal pathogen that causes opportunistic infections and severe disseminated meningoencephalitis, mainly in immunocompromised patients such as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this study, the clinical characteristics, treatment protocols, and outcomes of 70 patients with AIDS and Cryptococcus neoformans infection at Beijing Ditan Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. We performed antimicrobial sensitivity tests and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on C. neoformans isolates from these patients. The most common symptoms were headache (58.6%), fever (54.3%), and high cerebrospinal fluid pressure (≥200 mm H2O) (71.4%). All patients were positive for C. neoformans antigen in blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The CD4 cell counts of 92.8% (65/70) of patients were <100 cells/µL. In total, 74 C. neoformans isolates were obtained from the 70 patients. The 65 isolates that could be typed fell into 12 sequence types (STs) by MLST: ST5, ST31, ST63, ST202, ST237, ST289, ST295, ST296, ST298, ST324, ST337, and ST359. ST5 was the major type, accounting for 78.5% of isolates (51/65). This study comprehensively assessed the clinical and molecular epidemiology of C. neoformans in patients with AIDS and may inform the development of targeted prevention and treatment strategies for immunocompromised patients with C. neoformans infection.
Possible involvement of the Hedgehog and PDPK1–Akt pathways in the growth and migration of small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Tang Naiwang , Hu Bin , Zhang Yin , Chen Zhiwei , Yu Ronghuan
Published: May 2021

Background

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of all lung cancers, and it is the leading cause of tumor-related deaths globally. This study explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of SCLC.

Methods

The correlations of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1), p-Akt, and Hedgehog expression with patient characteristics were analyzed using SCLC specimens, and their expression was measured in BEAS-2B cells (control) and the SCLC cell lines H82, H69, H446, H146, and H526. Transfection experiments were performed to inhibit or activate gene expression in cells. We then measured the proliferation and migration of H146 cells.

Results

PDPK1, p-Akt, and Hedgehog expression was significantly higher in SCLC tissues, and their expression was correlated with patient characteristics. p-Akt expression was significantly correlated with Hedgehog expression. In H146 cells, PDPK1 and p-Akt were significantly upregulated. Silencing of PDPK1 or Akt and inhibition of Hedgehog significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of H146 cells. PDPK1 and Akt affected Hedgehog expression, but Hedgehog did not affect PDPK1 or p-Akt expression.

Conclusions

The interaction between the PDPK1–Akt pathway and the Hedgehog pathway influences the prognosis, growth, and migration of SCLC.
Ultraviolet light-emitting diode irradiation induces reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in HL-60 cells
Authors: Xie Dong , Li Yun-Long , Wang Gui-Fen , Jiang Jian , Sun Li-Rong
Published: May 2021

Objective

Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) irradiation at 280 nm has been confirmed to induce apoptosis in cultured HL-60 cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 280 nm UV LED irradiation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HL-60 cells.

Methods

HL-60 cells were irradiated with 0, 8, 15, or 30 J/m2 of 280 nm UV LED and incubated for 2 hours. The intracellular ROS levels were assessed using the fluorescent probe 2ʹ-7ʹ-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and a fluorescence plate reader. MMP was determined by flow cytometry using 5,5ʹ,6,6ʹ-tetrachloro-1,1ʹ,3,3ʹ-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining. The apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were evaluated by western blot.

Results

UV LED irradiation at 280 nm induced a dose-dependent increase in ROS production and loss of MMP, and it activated apoptosis at irradiation doses of 8 to 30 J/m2. These results were consistent with a previous apoptosis study from the authors’ group.

Conclusion

Enhanced ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization are two distinct but interacting events, and both are involved in UV LED-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Identification of novel CSNK2A1 variants and the genotype–phenotype relationship in patients with Okur–Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome: a case report and systematic literature review
Authors: Wu Ruo-hao , Tang Wen-ting , Qiu Kun-yin , Li Xiao-juan , Tang Dan-xia , Meng Zhe , He Zhan-wen
Published: May 2021

De novo germline variants of the casein kinase 2α subunit (CK2α) gene ( CSNK2A1) have been reported in individuals with the congenital neuropsychiatric disorder Okur–Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNS). Here, we report on two unrelated children with OCNS and review the literature to explore the genotype–phenotype relationship in OCNS. Both children showed facial dysmorphism, growth retardation, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified two novel de novo CSNK2A1 variants: c.479A>G p.(H160R) and c.238C>T p.(R80C). A search of the literature identified 12 studies that provided information on 35 CSNK2A1 variants in various protein-coding regions of CK2α. By quantitatively analyzing data related to these CSNK2A1 variants and their corresponding phenotypes, we showed for the first time that mutations in protein-coding CK2α regions appear to influence the phenotypic spectrum of OCNS. Mutations altering the ATP/GTP-binding loop were more likely to cause the widest range of phenotypes. Therefore, any assessment of clinical spectra for this disorder should be extremely thorough. This study not only expands the mutational spectrum of OCNS, but also provides a comprehensive overview to improve our understanding of the genotype–phenotype relationship in OCNS.
Efficacy of perioperative intravenous dexmedetomidine administration for the prevention of postoperative sore throat: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Yuanhui , Ai Dongmei , Wang Xiaobin
Published: May 2021

Objective

Postoperative sore throat (POST) is an undesirable intubation-related complication after surgery. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of perioperative intravenous dexmedetomidine administration for the prevention of POST, but the results have been inconsistent. We aimed to summarize all existing evidence and draw a more precise conclusion to guide future clinical work.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were comprehensively searched for all randomized controlled trials published before 1 February 2021 that investigated the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of POST.

Results

Nine studies involving 400 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with the control groups (i.e., saline and anesthetic drugs), perioperative intravenous use of dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the incidence of POST [risk ratio (RR): 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40–0.77; I2 = 0%) and coughing on the tube during extubation (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41–0.82; I2 = 0%). Additionally, patients in the dexmedetomidine group were more likely to develop bradycardia (RR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.28–4.71; I2 = 0%) and hypotension (RR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.14–9.33; I2 = 0%) during the administration of dexmedetomidine than those in the control group.

Conclusion

Perioperative intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine has a positive effect on the prevention of POST.
Association of BCL2 polymorphisms and the IL19 single nucleotide polymorphism rs2243188 with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wang Weijie , Wang Xinchang , Yang Kepeng , Fan Yongsheng
Published: May 2021

Objective

Abnormal B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and interleukin-19 (IL-19) expression is closely related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. We aimed to determine whether BCL2 polymorphisms and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of IL19 are significantly associated with SLE susceptibility and if this is affected by synergism between IL19 and BCL2 genotypes.

Methods

This observational cohort study randomly enrolled 150 patients with SLE and 150 healthy controls. Major BCL2 and IL19 allele and genotype distributions were examined in the two groups. The IL19 SNP rs2243188 was determined using the TaqMan-MGB probe method. The synergistic effect between BCL2 and IL19 and clinical symptoms of SLE was also analyzed.

Results

The distribution of major BCL2 genotypes and common BCL2 alleles, especially for genotypes 191, 193, and 197, differed significantly between patients and controls. A significant difference in the dominant genetic model was also observed between groups, but not in the recessive model. The risk of disease in individuals who carried both 195-bp BCL2 and 138-bp IL19 susceptibility alleles was higher than in those carrying either allele alone.

Conclusions

This preliminary study suggested that BCL2 polymorphisms and the IL19 SNP rs2243188 are closely related to the pathogenesis of SLE.
Study of Gene Expression of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Gadelrab H , Mokhtar M , Morsy H , Elnaggar M
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among females and the second most common cancer overall. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays an important role in blocking ‘cancer-immunity cycle’ and is considered as a major inhibitory pathway. The aim of the present study was to clarify the alterations of expression of PD-L1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cytes (PBMCs) of female breast cancer patients and analyze its association with clinico-pathological criteria as well as therapeutic response.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on 45 female breast cancer patients and 45 female controls. Blood samples were collected followed by PBMCs isolation, total RNA extraction, reverse transcription and finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using SYBR Green DNA binding dye. Expression levels of PD-L1 were calculated and then compared with clinicopathological parameters of the patients in addition to initial therapeutic response.

Results:

A significant difference was detected for PD-L1 expression levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls. A significant association with age, metastatic breast cancer, estrogen receptor (ER) negative status as well as high concentrations of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) was detected. On the other hand, no significant association was recognized with tumor size, lymph nodal status, histopathological type, grade, progesterone receptor (PR) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status, triple negative, among de novo and recurrent metastatic patients and for the number of metastatic sites as well as the therapeutic response.

Conclusions:

This study paves the way of the use of PD-L1 as a noninvasive prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for poor prognosis of breast cancer.
Immunohistochemical Expression of CD68 in Triple Negative Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast and its Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters
Authors: Khalaf AA , Fadaly GA , El-Sarha AI , El-Karmouty AF
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer associated with a poor prognosis. No targeted treatment is available for this subtype. Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been increasingly considered a diagnostic and a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are a pivotal member of TME and have been proposed as potential targets of therapy.

Material and Methods:

The immunohistochemical expression of CD68+ve TAM was studied in both tumor stroma (TS) and tumor nest (TN) in 50 cases of triple negative invasive ductal carcinoma as well as in 10 control cases of benign breast lesions.

Results:

The cases were divided into high or low density groups according to the median. The median in CD68+ve TAM in TS was (61.88), while in CD68+ve TAM in TN was (49.88). The expression of CD68+ve TAM in TS was low in 22 cases and high in 28 cases, while its expression in TN was low in 35 cases and high in 15 cases. There was no statistical association between high CD68+ve TAM in TN and different clinicopathological parameters, meanwhile a statistically significant association was found between high CD68 +ve TAM in TS and tumor grade, lymph/vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions:

High expression of TAM in TS, but not in TN, is of clinical significance in patients with TNBC and highlights the importance of analyzing the localization rather than merely the presence of TAM as a marker for prognosis and a potential target for future treatment of triple negative breast cancer.
Hippocampal Dosimetric Evaluation in Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Treated with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Authors: Al Daly Moustafa , Makady Nafie F.
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal (Npx) cancer usually requires the inclusion of the sphenoid body or higher in intermediate risk CTV dose regions. This makes the avoidance of intracranial OAR such as temporal lobes, optic apparatus and cochlea challenging. There are different accumulating data confirming the impact of hippocampus (HC) irradiation on neurocognitive functions after whole brain radiotherapy & Npx cases were specifically addressed in several publications. The specified dose constrain in RTOG 0933 was Dmax <9 Gy. Our aim is to retrospectively evaluate the doses delivered to the HC in patients with locally advanced Npx carcinoma.

Methods:

Our study included twelve patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Stage III-IVA) previously treated at NEMROCK by either IMRT or VMAT. The HC was retrospectively delineated without being accounted for in the inverse treatment planning. Bilateral HC were delineated as a single OAR, and a margin of 3 mm was added to create the HC zone. We evaluated the doses delivered to the hippocampus by conducting a dosiemtric analysis on the treatment plan already used.

Results:

DVH Analysis: The mean volumes (std) for PTV70 primary, PTV70 LN and PTV59.4 were 83.62 cm3 (±33.51), 119.5 cm3 (±122.66) and 1017.58 cm3 (±140.28) respectively. The mean HC volume (std) was 4.17 cm3 (±1.66). The mean HC Dmin, Dmean, Dmedian and Dmax were 6.57 Gy, 25.05 Gy, 24.18 Gy and 52.95 Gy respectively. The mean HC V5, V10, V20, V40, V50 and V60 were 92.83%, 78.95%, 55.91%, 20.37%, 9.9% and 3.38% respectively. There was no difference between IMRT and VMAT in terms of HC volumetric and dosimetric parameters.

Conclusion:

In locally advanced Npx carcinoma, HC is exposed to significant doses, particularly with T4 disease (intracranial extension). In view of the low radiation tolerance of HC and its close proximity to CTV54-60 Gy in Npx cases, HC contouring and avoidance should be considered.
Out Come of Wide Local Excision with and without Corticosteroid Therapy in Management of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
Authors: Maher R Amira , Osman Ahmed Gamal Eldin , Fahmy K , M Shinamwi , Al Atarash Osama
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare benign breast disease. Initial reports from hospitals in Egypt from Departments of Pathology at Cancer Institutes of Cairo, Tanta and Mansoura Universities; indicate that the disease is not as rare as that in the developed countries. It often mimics breast carcinoma both clinically and radiologically. Histological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. Management of Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still debatable. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the addition of corticosteroid therapy to surgical excision in management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.

Patients and Methods:

This is a comparative study was conducted at Ain-Shams University Hospital’s breast clinic on patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis from to August 2015 till September 2018. Thirty patients were divided into 2 groups. Group (A) includes patients who underwent surgical management only. Group (B) includes patients who received corticosteroid therapy according to the severity of the cases then surgical Excision was done for the residual lesion. Follow up of all cases up to 1-2 years was done to document the recurrence rate and compare the cosmetic outcome of both groups. Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study.

Results:

The mean age of the affected women was 38.80 and 33.13 in group (A) and group (B), respectively and it wasn’t statistically different (p value = 0.099). The most common presenting symptom was a palpable mass in the breast (66.7% and 93.3%) in group (A) and group (B) respectively. Recurrence rate was higher in group (A) (40%) with no recurrence documented in group (B) however 2 cases were omitted from the study due to steroid noncompliance and complications. Cosmetic outcome was excellent in 76.9% of group (B) and good in 53.3% of group (A).

Conclusion:

Systemic steroid therapy with surgical resection is the recommended as first-line treatment strategy for IGM as it shows less recurrence rate and surgical scarring. Increased awareness of IGM will increase their understanding and improve their management.