bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutations in FKBP10 cause both Bruck syndrome and isolated osteogenesis imperfecta in humans
Authors: Shaheen Ranad , Al‐Owain Mohammed , Faqeih Eissa , Al‐Hashmi Nadia , Awaji Ali , Al‐Zayed Zayed , Alkuraya Fowzan S
Published: May 2011

Bruck syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive syndromic form of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) that is characterized by the additional presence of pterygium formation. We have recently shown that FKBP10 previously reported as a novel autosomal recessive OI gene also defines a novel Bruck syndrome locus (BKS3). In this manuscript, we extend our analysis to describe a mutation previously described in isolated OI patients and show that it results in BS phenotype in a Saudi family. More interestingly, we describe a novel FKBP10 mutation that results in isolated OI as well as BS phenotype in the same family. These results, combined with recently published work, confirm that FKBP10 is a bonafide BS locus and lay the foundation for future research into modifiers that underlie the phenotypic heterogeneity of FKBP10 mutations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed cortical impairment following lipopolysaccharide exposure in preterm fetal sheep
Authors: Dean Justin M. , van de Looij Yohan , Sizonenko Stephane V. , Lodygensky Gregory A. , Lazeyras Francois , Bolouri Hayde , Kjellmer Ingemar , Huppi Petra S. , Hagberg Henrik , Mallard Carina
Published: May 2011

Objective:

Preterm infants exhibit chronic deficits in white matter (WM) and cortical maturation. Although fetal infection/inflammation may contribute to WM pathology, the factors contributing to cortical changes are largely unknown. We examined the effect of fetal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on WM and cortical development as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and histopathology in fetal sheep at preterm human equivalent age.

Methods:

LPS was administered to fetal sheep at 102.5 ± 0.5 days of gestation. Continuous biophysical recordings were analyzed for 10 days after LPS. At postmortem, measurement of cerebral WM and cortical tissue volumes was achieved by stereological techniques. Specific effects of LPS on MRI‐assessed T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images, and immunohistochemical expression of oligodendrocytes, proliferating cells, cortical NeuN‐positive and Nurr1‐positive neurons (subplate marker), and cell death mechanisms were examined.

Results:

We observed reductions in WM (∼21%; LPS, 1.19 ± 0.04 vs control, 1.51 ± 0.07cm3; p < 0.001) and cortical (∼18%; LPS, 2.34 ± 0.10 vs control, 2.85 ± 0.07cm3; p < 0.001) volumes, associated with overt and diffuse WM injury, T1‐/T2‐weighted signal alterations, and reduced numbers of WM oligodendrocytes (LPS, 485 ± 31 vs control, 699 ± 69 cells/mm2; p = 0.0189) and NeuN‐positive (LPS, 421 ± 71 vs control 718 ± 92 cells/mm2; p = 0.04) and Nurr1‐positive (control, 2.5 ± 0.6 vs LPS, 0.6 ± 0.1 cells/mm2; p = 0.007) cortical neurons after LPS. Moreover, there was loss of the normal maturational increase in cortical EEG amplitude, which correlated with reduced cortical volumes.

Interpretation:

Fetal exposure to LPS prior to myelination onset can impair both white matter and cortical development in a preclinical large animal model, supporting a role for maternal/fetal infection in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury. ANN NEUROL 2011
Microencapsulation of sulfur in poly(urea–formaldehyde)
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Shu‐Jun , Liu Hong‐Yan , Wang Su‐Kai , You Long
Published: May 2011

Poly(urea–formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules loaded with sulfur were prepared by in situ polymerization. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were used for the characterization of the obtained microcapsules. The chemical structure of the microcapsules was determined by FTIR. SEM analysis showed that the microcapsules were spherical and that the mean diameter of microcapsules was 42 ± 1 μm. Thermal analysis showed that the microcapsules were thermally stable below 247°C. The release properties of sulfur from the PUF microcapsules during the vulcanization of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) were studied by analysis of the vulcanization properties. The results show that at a vulcanizing temperature of 160°C, all of the sulfur entrapped in PUF was released out through the microcracks and pores of the shell, and the curing time of the microcapsule curing system compared with that of the sulfur curing system was longer. The mechanical properties of the NBR vulcanized by sulfur microcapsules were better than those of the NBR vulcanized by sulfur. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of bis‐triethoxysilane endcapped polyurethane/urea
Authors: Gao Feng , Ku Bin , Huang Shiqiang
Published: May 2011

A type of bistriethoxysilane endcapped polyurethane/ureas (SPU) with well‐defined structure was synthesized from bis(triethoxysiylpropyl) amine and purified prepolymers, which were obtained from the reaction of 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyoxyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight. Then, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrogen nuclearmagnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and standard dibutylamine back‐titration method were used to confirm the structures of prepolymers and SPUs. Moreover, the properties of SPU were investigated by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and percentage of water uptake. Results indicated that these polyurethanes were amorphous, and the percentage of water uptake and thermal stability of these polyurethanes went up with the increase of Mn of SPU, accompanying with the glass transition temperature (Tg) values decreased with the increase of Mn. This study provides us with a method to synthesize well‐defined end‐functionalized polyurethane. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Application of polypyrrole coated onto wood sawdust for the removal of carmoisine dye from aqueous solutions
Authors: Ansari Reza , Keivani Mohammad Banimahd , Delavar Ali Fallah
Published: May 2011

In this research, the removal of carmoisine dye from aqueous solutions using polypyrrole coated onto sawdust (PPy/SD) has been investigated. The sorption experiments were performed using both batch and column systems. The effects of some important parameters such as pH, initial concentration, sorbent dosage, exposure time, and temperature on uptake of carmoisine dye were investigated. Based on the data obtained in batch system, it was found that maximum adsorption is occurred under acidic conditions. Complete removal was observed when a dye solution with the initial concentration of 100 mg L−1 was treated by 1.0 g of the used adsorbent (PPy/SD) at pH value of 4 and room temperature. However, higher sorption was observed at elevated temperature. According to the kinetics study, it was found that the experimental data fitted very well the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (k2 = 0.184 g mg−1 min−1). It was found that polypyrrole chemically coated on SD is an efficient system for the removal of carmoisine dye from aqueous solutions. Desorption of the dye‐loaded column was also possible by using dilute NaOH solution with high efficiency (∼ 80%). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome patient donors into BALB‐RAG‐2−/−IL‐2Rγ−/− mice: A promising model for studying human disease
Authors: Andrade Danieli , Redecha Patricia B. , Vukelic Milena , Qing Xiaoping , Perino Giorgio , Salmon Jane E. , Koo Gloria C.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To construct a humanized mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that resembles the human disease in order to define the pathophysiology and targets for treatments.

Methods

We infused peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients into BALB‐ RAG‐2−/−IL‐2Rγ−/− double‐knockout (DKO) mice, which lack T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. PBMCs from 5 SLE patients and 4 normal donors were infused intravenously/intraperitoneally at a density of 3–5 × 106 cells per animal into nonirradiated 4–5‐week‐old mice. We evaluated the engraftment of human CD45+ cells and monitored the plasma levels of human IgG, anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody, and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL), as well as proteinuria and kidney histology.

Results

There was 100% successful engraftment in 40 DKO mice infused with human PBMCs. In the PBMC fraction from SLE PBMC–infused DKO (SLE‐DKO) mice and normal donor PBMC–infused DKO (ND‐DKO) mice, an average of 41% and 53% human CD45+ cells, respectively, were observed at 4 weeks postengraftment, with 70–90% CD3+ cells. There were fewer CD3+CD4+ cells (mean ± SEM 5.5 ± 2.1%) and more CD3+CD8+ cells (79.4 ± 3.6%) in the SLE‐DKO mice as in the SLE patients from which the PBMCs were derived. CD19+ B cells and CD11c+ monocytic cells were found in the spleen, lung, liver, and bone marrow. There was no significant difference in plasma levels of human IgG and anti‐dsDNA antibodies between SLE‐DKO and ND‐DKO mice. Levels of aCL were significantly higher in all SLE‐DKO mice infused with PBMCs from an SLE patient who had high titers of aCL. SLE‐DKO mice had proteinuria, human IgG deposits in the kidneys, and a shorter life span. In SLE‐DKO mice engrafted with PBMCs from the aCL‐positive patient, we found microthrombi and infiltration of CD3+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells in the glomeruli, recapitulating the human antiphospholipid syndrome in these mice.

Conclusion

We established a novel humanized SLE‐DKO mouse exhibiting many of the immunologic and clinical features of human SLE.
Collagen‐induced arthritis is exacerbated in C‐reactive protein–deficient mice
Authors: Jones Nicholas R. , Pegues Melissa A. , McCrory Mark A. , Kerr Steven W. , Jiang Huiping , Sellati Rosemarie , Berger Valentina , Villalona Jorge , Parikh Rajvee , McFarland Mary , Pantages Lynn , Madwed Jeffrey B. , Szalai Alexander J.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Blood C‐reactive protein (CRP) is routinely measured to gauge inflammation. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a heightened CRP level is predictive of a poor outcome, while a lowered CRP level is indicative of a positive response to therapy. CRP interacts with the innate and adaptive immune systems in ways that suggest it may be causal in RA and, although this is not proven, it is widely assumed that CRP makes a detrimental contribution to the disease process. Paradoxically, results from animal studies have indicated that CRP might be beneficial in RA. This study was undertaken to study the role of CRP in a mouse model of RA, the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model.

Methods

We compared the impact of CRP deficiency with that of transgenic overexpression of CRP on inflammatory and immune responses in mice, using CRP‐deficient (Crp−/−) and human CRP–transgenic (CRP‐Tg) mice, respectively. Susceptibility to CIA, a disease that resembles RA in humans, was compared between wild‐type, Crp−/−, and CRP‐Tg mice.

Results

CRP deficiency significantly altered the inflammatory cytokine response evoked by challenge with endotoxin or anti‐CD3 antibody, and heightened some immune responses. Compared to that in wild‐type mice, CIA in Crp−/− mice progressed more rapidly and was more severe, whereas CIA in CRP‐Tg mice was dramatically attenuated. Despite these disparate clinical outcomes, anticollagen autoantibody responses during CIA did not differ among the genotypes.

Conclusion

CRP exerts an early and beneficial effect in mice with CIA. The mechanism of this effect remains unknown but does not involve improvement of the autoantibody profile. In humans, the presumed detrimental role of a heightened blood CRP level during active RA might be balanced by a beneficial effect of the baseline CRP (i.e., levels manifest during the preclinical stages of disease).
Parameters for effective in vitro production of zinc finger nucleic acid‐binding proteins
Authors: Belak Zachery R. , Nair Manoj , Ovsenek Nick
Published: May 2011

Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is widely used for the production of recombinant proteins for a variety of applications; however, a number of challenges are typically encountered by researchers depending on the properties of the specific proteins in question. Here, we describe technical issues we have encountered in production of recombinant zinc finger nucleic acid‐binding proteins by IMAC intended for detailed and accurate in vitro analysis. The process encountered leading to a modified IMAC protocol for effective production of high‐purity, native zinc finger nucleic acid‐binding proteins is described in detail. The parameters with respect to solubility, lysis and redox conditions, removal of residual metal ions with chelating agents, and renaturation in the presence of divalent metal cations are described. These procedures have been extended to production of a wide array of RNA‐binding proteins in our laboratory and would be relevant to a number of protein purification applications.
Four economies of sustainable automotive transportation
Authors: Gifford Joshua D. , Brown Robert C.
Published: May 2011

Life cycle analysis for automotive transportation, commonly known as well‐to‐wheels (WTW) analysis, has traditionally focused on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and primary energy consumption. Clearly, economizing on the use of primary energy sources and the amount of GHG emissions associated with automotive transportation are important sustainability metrics. Other important metrics are water usage and cost of vehicle operation. Thus, we propose the evaluation of four economies in WTW analysis: primary energy consumption, GHG emissions, water usage, and cost of vehicle operation. No scenario is likely to simultaneously minimize all four metrics, suggesting the identification of a single figure of merit that encompasses all four economies of transportation fuels. We employed a normalization scheme that allowed calculation of a single composite score for each scenario called the CWEG (Cost‐Water‐Energy‐GHG) score. Automotive transportation scenarios evaluated in this paper include a variety of fossil and renewable primary energy sources; several energy carriers as transportation fuels; and three distinct vehicle platforms including internal combustion engines, battery electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Compressed natural gas scored highest, with CWEG scores of 71–74 out of a possible score of 100, well above the next highest score, which was 45 for conventional diesel hybrid electric vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles running on hydrogen generated using power from the US electric grid had the lowest CWEG scores, ranging from 13 to 15. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
From optional BAPs to obligatory NREAPs: understanding biomass planning in the EU
Authors: Kautto Niina , Peck Philip
Published: May 2011

National renewable energy action plans (NREAPs) required as part of the EU Directive on renewable energy include various biomass elements. The call for mandatory NREAPs represents a substantial shift of focus from the earlier call for optional national biomass action plans (BAPs). Biomass strategies and action plans are considered to form a vital part of the renewable energy plans. This study examines the form and function of national BAPs as a way to contribute understanding of the biomass part in the NREAPs, and biomass planning in general. It assesses how national BAPs produced in the period up to May 2009 should have helped meet NREAP requirements. This work shows that while there are many items missing from the planning and reporting of biomass‐related activities in national BAPs, the plans studied have provided a useful foundation for NREAPs. The analysis also indicates that there is a range of potentially important items that are lacking from the NREAP requirements, but which are still considered to be central and present to some extent in the national BAPs. These include clear delineation of bioenergy potentials, consideration of capacity to apply technologies, as well as impact assessment considering all sustainability dimensions. Results indicate that if a coordinated and coherent biomass policy is to be achieved, then biomass action planning within NREAPs must be advanced; looking to the content of BAPs provides guidance on some of these areas. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The various facets of the protein‐folding activity of the ribosome
Authors: Voisset Cécile , Saupe Sven J. , Blondel Marc
Published: May 2011

In addition to its involvement in protein synthesis, the ribosome is implicated in protein folding. Some co‐translational events, such as the rhythm of protein synthesis, the passage through the exit tunnel of the ribosome, or the interaction with ribosome‐associated chaperones may help protein folding. Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and mitochondria have also been shown to assist the folding of denatured proteins in vitro in a translation‐independent way. This intriguing protein‐folding activity of the ribosome (PFAR, also termed RPFA) has been mapped to the domain V of the large rRNA of the large subunit of the ribosome. Unfolded, newly synthesized proteins catalyze the dissociation of the two ribosomal subunits in vitro, thereby promoting ribosome recycling and facilitating accessibility of domain V to these proteins, which in turn may help their folding by PFAR. The recent identification of 6AP and GA – the two first drugs that specifically inhibit PFAR without affecting protein translation – will help decipher the biological significance of PFAR in vivo. Of note, 6AP and GA were initially isolated on the basis of their activity against prion‐based diseases. Recently, 6AP and GA were also shown to be active in vivo in a drosophila model for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, which is another amyloid‐based disease. This effect is mimicked by large deletions in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus. In addition, small deletions in the rDNA locus show a synergistic effect with low doses of 6AP and GA. Hence, PFAR may be involved in various amyloid‐based diseases.
Optimal margins and lymphadenectomy in colonic cancer surgery
Authors: Hashiguchi Y , Hase K , Ueno H , Mochizuki H , Shinto E , Yamamoto J
Published: May 2011

Background

A standard management policy has not yet been established with respect to the extent of lymphadenectomy for colonic cancer.

Methods

A total of 914 consecutive patients who underwent potentially curative surgery for T2–T4 colonic cancer were reviewed retrospectively. The number of lymph nodes (LNs) examined and the potential contributions to the staging accuracy of the distinct area were analysed. The survival benefit of dissection was compared for pericolic (local), mesocolic (intermediate) and main arterial trunk (main) LN.

Results

Removal of the pericolic LNs within 5 cm of the tumour and intermediate LNs resulted in a mean LN number of 15·9, a sensitivity for overall node positivity of 97·5 per cent, and a survival benefit calculated as a therapeutic value index of 31·4 points. The additional removal of LNs more than 5 cm from the tumour and main LNs did not improve the staging accuracy, while adding only 3·4 points to the survival benefit.

Conclusion

Current guidelines may encourage needlessly extensive surgery. Clinical trials to establish the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy are warranted.
Outcome after autologous dermal sling-assisted immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Goyal A , Wu J M , Chandran V P , Reed M W R
Published: May 2011

Background

In selected patients undergoing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction, a de-epithelialized skin flap (dermal sling) may be used to complete the submuscular pocket. This study examined the safety and efficacy of an autologous dermal sling in providing inferolateral support to the implant or tissue expander during immediate breast reconstruction.

Methods

Patients were identified from an electronic prospective database. Records of all patients were reviewed for details of management, complications and follow-up. Patient satisfaction and quality of life in the postoperative period were determined using the BREAST-Q© questionnaire.

Results

Between October 2008 and August 2010, 21 patients underwent 28 dermal sling-assisted breast reconstruction procedures. Their median age was 48 (range 30–70) years. Median hospital stay was 5 (range 3–7) days. Drains were removed at a median of 5 (range 3–7) days after surgery. During the operation a median volume of 150 ml was added to the tissue expander. The most common postoperative complication was superficial -junction breakdown in five patients, followed by seroma and infection each in three patients, but no implant required removal. BREAST-Q© responses indicated a high level of satisfaction overall with the reconstructed breast.

Conclusion

Dermal sling-assisted immediate breast reconstruction has a low serious complication rate, provides stable soft tissue cover for the tissue expander and is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction. A larger pocket can be created, permitting more fluid to be added to the expander.
Chromatographic determination of fungicides in biological and environmental matrices. New achievements
Authors: Cserháti Tibor , Szőgyi Mária
Published: May 2011

The newest results in the chromatographic analysis of synthetic and natural fungicides present in biological and environmental matrices are collected and critically evaluated. Examples of the employment of gas chromatography, liquid chromatographic technologies, such as thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods as well as electrically driven systems are presented. The advantages and disasdvantages of the various chromatographic technologies are briefly discussed and the efficacies of the methodologies are compared. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Discursive Construction of the 1978–1979 Iranian Revolution in the Speeches of Ayatollah Khomeini
Authors: Gholizadeh Shadi , Hook Derek W.
Published: May 2011

This article examines the discursive construction of the 1978–1979 social movement that ultimately became the Iranian Revolution, as constructed through the discourse of the charismatic leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. This article illustrates that Khomeini was able to strategically co‐opt the Shiite symbolism of the Battle of Karbala to bring together the most unlikely of bedfellows to unite in one common opposition movement. We first provide a summary of the socio‐political events that contextualised Khomeini's discourse and then examine two commemorative declarations given by Khomeini in the key months before the overthrow of the Pahlavi regime. We will illustrate, via a discourse‐historical analysis, that the two primary narratives prominent in Khomeini's discourse are as follows: (i) the continuation of the Battle of Karbala and (ii) the idea of a foreign conspiracy and a dangerous foreign other. We will also describe various discursive strategies that rendered Khomeini's discourse purposefully vague enough to appeal to Iran's fragmented opposition. Although the conspiratorial appeal of Khomeini's speeches has been discussed in the literature, we seek to show that it is the co‐opting of a national myth in an all‐encompassing language that drives the mass appeal of the discourse. The methods described in this study can be utilised by social and community psychologists seeking to understand how political actors discursively construct history in such a way as to serve their political ends. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Starfish
Authors: Dong Guang , Xu Tunhai , Yang Bin , Lin Xiuping , Zhou Xuefeng , Yang Xianwen , Liu Yonghong
Published: May 2011

Starfish have been the research topic in many chemical and pharmacological laboratories due to their complex secondary metabolites and diverse bioactivities. The aim of this review is to provide an up‐to‐date review on the chemistry and bioactivity of compounds isolated from all kinds of starfish to illustrate the chemodiversity and biological significance of these constituents, along with their geographical distribution where it is discernible.
Secolignans with Antiangiogenic Activities from Peperomia dindygulensis
Authors: Lin Meng‐Gan , Yu De‐Hong , Wang Qi‐Wei , Lu Qin , Zhu Wen‐Jun , Bai Fan , Li Gui‐Xiu , Wang Xiang‐Wen , Yang Yi‐Fang , Qin Xue‐Mei , Fang Chao , Chen Hong‐Zhuan , Yang Guo‐Hong
Published: May 2011

Two new secolignans, peperomins G and H (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the whole plant of Peperomia dindygulensis, together with five known secolignans, peperomin A (3), peperomin E (4), peperomin B (5), 2,3‐trans‐2‐methyl‐3‐{(3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)[5‐methoxy‐3,4‐(methylenedioxy)phenyl]methyl}butyrolactone (6), 2,3‐cis‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐{bis[5‐methoxy‐3,4‐(methylenedioxy)phenyl]methyl}butyrolactone (7). Their structures and configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR techniques. Antiangiogenic effects of all compounds were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) proliferation and tube‐formation tests, with compounds 4 and 5 being active in the bioassay. Compounds 4 and 5 induced obvious cell toxicity to HUVEC with IC50 values of 1.64±0.19 and 8.44±0.4 μM, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 also exhibited significant HUVEC tube formation‐inhibiting activity with IC50 values of 3.13±0.09 and 6.24±0.12 μM, respectively.
Secondary Metabolites from the Root Wood of Zanthoxylum wutaiense and Their Antitubercular Activity
Authors: Huang Hung‐Yi , Ishikawa Tsutomu , Peng Chien‐Fang , Chen Si , Chen Ih‐Sheng
Published: May 2011

Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the root wood of Zanthoxylum wutaiense led to the isolation of five new compounds, wutaipyranol A (1), 8‐methoxywutaipyranol A (2), demethoxywutaiensal (3), demethoxywutaiensol (4), and dihydrodemethoxywutaiensol (5), together with six known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, as well as MS analyses. Among the isolates, wutaipyranol A (1), 8‐methoxywutaipyranol A (2), and demethoxywutaiensal (3) exhibited antitubercular activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro, with MIC values of 52.4, 55.6, and 45.8 μg/ml, respectively.
Chemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizome Essential Oils of Very Closely Allied Zingiberaceae Species Endemic to Borneo:Alpinia ligulataK.Schum. andAlpinia nieuwenhuiziiVal.
Authors: Yusoff Mashitah M. , Ibrahim Halijah , Hamid Nurulhusna A.
Published: May 2011

Two poorly studied, morphologically alliedAlpiniaspecies endemic to Borneo,viz., A. ligulataandA. nieuwenhuizii, were investigated here for their rhizome essential oil. The oil compositions and antimicrobial activities were compared with those ofA. galanga, a better known plant. A fair number of compounds were identified in the oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses, with large differences in the oil composition between the three species. The rhizome oil ofA. galangawas rich in 1,8‐cineole (29.8%), while those ofA. ligulataandA. nieuwenhuiziiwere both found to be extremely rich in (E)‐methyl cinnamate (36.4 and 67.8%, resp.). The three oils were screened for their antimicrobial activity against threeGram‐positive and threeGram‐negative bacteria and two fungal species. The efficiency of growth inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureusvar.aureuswas found to decline in the order ofA. nieuwenhuizii>A. ligulata ∼ A. galanga, while that ofEscherichia colidecreased in the order ofA. galanga>A. nieuwenhuzii ∼ A. ligulata.Only theA. galangaoil inhibited the other bacteria and the fungi tested.
Biomineralization in Diatoms: The Role of Silacidins
Authors: Richthammer Patrick , Börmel Mandy , Brunner Eike , van Pée Karl‐Heinz
Published: May 2011

Diatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae encased within siliceous cell walls (frustules), which are precisely reproduced generation by generation. The production of this nanostructured silica is under genetic control and the isolation of specific gene products (the proteins silaffins, silacidins) guiding the biomineralization processes, and which are necessary to produce the frustules, has already been described. Under silicon starvation, the amount of silacidins present in the cell walls of Thalassiosira pseudonana increases relative to other proteins. Natsilacidins, the native and highly phosphorylated silacidins are enormously effective in silica precipitation whereas silacidin A′, the nonphosphorylated form, is not. This indicates an important role for natsilacidins in the survival of diatoms under silicic acid depleted conditions.
Lucifensin, a Novel Insect Defensin of Medicinal Maggots: Synthesis and Structural Study
Authors: Čeřovský Václav , Slaninová Jiřina , Fučík Vladimír , Monincová Lenka , Bednárová Lucie , Maloň Petr , Štokrová Jitka
Published: May 2011

Recently, we identified a new insect defensin, named lucifensin that is secreted/excreted by the blowfly Lucilia sericata larvae into a wound as a disinfectant during the medicinal process known as maggot therapy. Here, we report the total chemical synthesis of this peptide of 40 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bridges by using three different protocols. Oxidative folding of linear peptide yielded a peptide with a pattern of disulfide bridges identical to that of native lucifensin. The synthetic lucifensin was active against Gram‐positive bacteria and was not hemolytic. We synthesized three lucifensin analogues that are cyclized through one native disulfide bridge in different positions and having the remaining four cysteines substituted by alanine. Only the analogue cyclized through a Cys16–Cys36 disulfide bridge showed weak antimicrobial activity. Truncating lucifensin at the N‐terminal by ten amino acid residues resulted in a drop in antimicrobial activity. Linear lucifensin having all six cysteine residues alkylated was inactive. Circular dichroism spectra measured in the presence of α‐helix‐promoting compounds showed different patterns for lucifensin and its analogues. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Bacillus subtilis treatment with lucifensin induced significant changes in its envelope.
Manipulating the Expression Rate and Enantioselectivity of an Epoxide Hydrolase by Using Directed Evolution
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Zheng Huabao
Published: May 2011

We describe here a strategy to improve the expression efficiency and enantioselectivity of Aspergillus niger epoxide hydrolase (ANEH) by directed evolution. Based on a blue‐colony screening system using the LacZα (β‐galactosidase α peptide) complementation solubility reporter, several ANEH variants out of 15 000 transformants from a random‐mutagenesis library were identified that show improved recombinant expression in E. coli. Among them, Pro221Ser was subsequently used as a template for iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) at sites around the ANEH binding pocket. Following four rounds of ISM, a highly enantioselective mutant was identified that catalyzes the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic glycidyl phenyl ether with a selectivity factor of E=160 in favor of the (S)‐diol compared to WT ANEH characterized by E=4.6. Expression of this mutant is 50 times higher than that of WT ANEH. It also serves as an excellent stereoselective catalyst in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution and desymmetrization of several other structurally diverse epoxides.
Interfacial Impregnation Chemistry in the Synthesis of Chromium Catalysts Supported on Titania
Authors: Petsi Theano , Panagiotou George D. , Bourikas Kyriakos , Kordulis Christos , Voyiatzis George A. , Lycourghiotis Alexis
Published: May 2011

The interfacial impregnation chemistry involved in the synthesis of CrVI catalysts supported on titania is presented. The mode of interfacial deposition of the CrVI oxo‐species at the titania/electrolyte solution interface, the interfacial species, and the local structure of the deposited species were investigated. Several methodologies based on potentiometric titrations, microelectrophoresis, and adsorption experiments were used. Modeling of the interfacial deposition based on experimental results provided an integrated picture concerning the deposition features. The interfacial species were confirmed by using laser Raman spectroscopy. The deposited CrO42−, HCrO4−, and Cr2O72− ions are retained above the positively charged bridging hydroxyl groups (Ti2OH) of the titania surface as electrostatic forces cause the formation of ion‐pairs. Each CrO42− or HCrO4− ion is located above a bridging hydroxyl, and each Cr2O72− ion above two bridging hydroxyl groups. Only the CrO42− and HCrO4− ions are deposited, with a preference for the CrO42− ions, at low CrVI surface concentrations (up to 0.3 μmol CrVI m−2). Cr2O72− ions were deposited in addition to CrO42− and HCrO4− ions at higher CrVI concentrations. The direct probing of the interfacial species by using laser Raman spectroscopy confirmed the interfacial species determined by modeling the deposition data. The deposition model developed describes all of the experimental data (from adsorption, titration, and microelectrophoresis experiments) very well. Moreover, it accurately predicts the displacements of pzc and iep caused by the presence of these species in the solution.
Reaction Mechanism of Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Conducted on Activated‐Carbon‐Supported Cobalt Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Zhu Junjiang , Faria Joaquim L. , Figueiredo José L. , Thomas Arne
Published: May 2011

Catalytic performances and the reaction mechanism of Co3O4/AC (AC=activated carbon) for aerobic oxidation of alcohols carried out in the liquid phase were investigated. Co3O4/AC shows a high activity for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol, comparable to noble metal catalysts (e.g., Au/AC) even in the absence of additives or promoters (e.g., NaOH). Changing preparation conditions, such as treatment temperature and/or time, can affect the catalytic performances of Co3O4/AC, due to decomposition of surface groups of the carbon support. Careful studies show that low alcohol conversions are obtained with either Co3O4 or AC alone, which indicates that the high conversion observed over the Co3O4/AC is due to a synergistic effect between Co3O4 and AC. Parallel experiments using a high‐surface‐area covalent triazine framework or oxygen‐inert carbon nitride as support for the Co3O4 catalyst also show lower conversions, which suggest that the ability of AC (in Co3O4/AC) to activate molecular oxygen is essential for the reaction. FTIR and XPS spectra taken from catalysts before and after the reaction confirm that oxygen activation proceeds mainly on the carbon support. As a result, it can be assumed that the alcohol dehydrogenation step proceeds on the metal oxide, whereas the oxygen activation step occurs mainly on the carbon support.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Diarylacetylenes: Synthesis, Structures, and Physical Properties of Highly Substituted Naphthalenes and 8,8 a‐Dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes
Authors: Wu Tsun‐Cheng , Tai Chia‐Cheng , Tiao Hsin‐Chieh , Chang Yu‐Ting , Liu Chia‐Chun , Li Ching‐Hsiu , Huang Cheng‐Hao , Kuo Ming‐Yu , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: May 2011

Depending on the electronic properties of their substituents, the major products generated by palladium‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of diarylalkynes are either highly substituted 8,8a‐dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes 3 or naphthalenes 4. The structures of these compounds were verified by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Many functional groups tolerated the reaction conditions evaluated in this study. The isotope‐labeled experiments indicated that added water has a critical role in forming both classes of compounds. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of cycloadducts 3 and their analogues were systematically studied and compared with computational predictions based on density functional theory. Dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes 3 in either solid or liquid form display strong luminescence, whereas cyclopenta[a]indene 11 j is practically nonfluorescent. The functional groups directly attached to the backbone of compound 3 significantly influenced physical properties. The steric effect arising from the aryl substituents caused different luminescence phenomena, including aggregation‐induced and ‐enhanced emission.
Structural Investigation and Biological Activity of the Lipooligosaccharide from the Psychrophilic Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAB 23
Authors: Carillo Sara , Pieretti Giuseppina , Parrilli Ermenegilda , Tutino Maria L. , Gemma Sabrina , Molteni Monica , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo , Corsaro Maria M.
Published: May 2011

Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAB 23 is a Gram‐negative psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the Antarctic coastal sea. To survive in these conditions psychrophilic bacteria have evolved typical membrane lipids and “antifreeze” proteins to protect the inner side of the microorganism. As for Gram‐negative bacteria, the outer membrane is mainly constituted by lipopoly‐ or lipooligosaccharides (LPS or LOS, respectively), which lean towards the external environment. Despite this, very little is known about the peculiarity of LPS from Gram‐negative psychrophilic bacteria and what their role is in adaptation to cold temperature. Here we report the complete structure of the LOS from P. haloplanktis TAB 23. The lipid A was characterized by MALDI‐TOF MS analysis and was tested in vitro showing a significant inhibitory effect on the LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine production when added in culture with LPS from Escherichia coli. The product obtained after de‐O‐acylation of the LPS was analyzed by MALDI‐TOF MS revealing the presence of several molecular species, differing in phosphorylation degree and oligosaccharide length. The oligosaccharide portion released after strong alkaline hydrolysis was purified by anion‐exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) to give three main fractions, characterized by means of 2D NMR spectroscopy, which showed a very short highly phosphorylated saccharidic chain with the following general structure. α‐Hepp3R,6R,4R′‐(1→5)‐α‐Kdop4P‐(2→6)‐β‐GlcpN4R‐(1→6)‐α‐GlcpN1P (R=H2PO3 or H; R′=α‐Galp‐(1→4)‐β‐Galp‐(1→ or H).
ChemInform Abstract: A Comparison of the Transport Properties of Lithium‐Stuffed Garnets and the Conventional Phases Li3Ln3Te2O12.
Authors: Cussen Edmund J. , Yip Thomas W. S. , O'Neill Gemma , O'Callaghan Michael P.
Published: May 2011

The structures of the new lithium‐stuffed garnets Li6CaLa2Sb2O12 and Li6.4Ca1.4La1.6Sb2O12 are determined by neutron powder diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Characterization of Sb3+ Substituted Spinel Nickel Ferrite (NiSbxFe2‐xO4) Nanoparticles by Reverse Micelle Technique.
Authors: Ashiq Muhamamd Naeem , Ehsan Muhammad Fahad , Iqbal Muhammad Javed , Gul Iftikhar Hussain
Published: May 2011

Title compounds with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 are synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method using Ni(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, and SbCl3 as precursors, iso‐octane as oil phase, cetyltrimethylammoniumbromid as surfactant, an BuOH as cosurfactant.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nano‐Structured Co—Zn—Fe—Cr Ferrite.
Authors: Alone S. T. , Shirsath Sagar E. , Kadam R. H. , Jadhav K. M.
Published: May 2011

Nanoparticles of Co1‐xZnxFe2‐xCrxO4 (x = 0.0—0.5) are prepared by co‐precipitation from aqueous solutions of the metal sulfates, followed by annealing at 600 °C for 12 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoactivity of the Highly Efficient Ag Species/TiO2 Nanoflakes Photocatalysts.
Authors: Liu Yong , Hu Juncheng , Li Jinlin
Published: May 2011

The title catalysts are prepared from suspensions of TiO2 nanoflakes in EtOH solutions of AgNO3 (3 h in the dark), followed by illumination with a 300 W high pressure mercury lamp for 3 h, and calcination at 500 °C for 3 h and 8 h in air.
ChemInform Abstract: LiB12PC, the First Boron‐Rich Metal Boride with Phosphorus — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hardness, Spectroscopic Investigations.
Authors: Vojteer Natascha , Sagawe Vanessa , Stauffer Julia , Schroeder Melanie , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: May 2011

Transparent single crystals of the title compound are prepared from the elements in a Ga/Li melt (BN crucibles welded in Ta ampules, 1500 °C, 60 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Properties of the First Example of Selenidostannates with Mixed Ethylene Polyamine‐Coordinated Transition Metal Complexes as Counterions.
Authors: Liang Jingjing , Chen Jiangfang , Zhao Jing , Pan Yingli , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian
Published: May 2011

Compounds (IVa,b) crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 2, and compounds (V) and (VI) in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Oxapalladacycle Generated via ortho C—H Activation of Phenylphosphinic Acid: An Efficient Catalyst for Markovnikov‐Type Additions of E—H Bonds to Alkynes.
Authors: Xu Qing , Shen Ruwei , Ono Yutaka , Nagahata Ritsuko , Shimada Shigeru , Goto Midori , Han Li‐Biao
Published: May 2011

Complexes derived from the new, stable oxapalladacycle OPC are found to be more efficient and selective catalysts for addition reactions of H‐heteroatom compounds to alkynes than the common Pd‐complexes used so far.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyst‐Mediated Aldol—Robinson Cascade Reactions: A Convenient Synthesis of Substituted Cyclohex‐2‐enones.
Authors: Wang Li , Gong Qing‐Ping , Liu Xiao‐Jun , Li Yong‐Hong , Huang Ping , Wang Bi‐Qin , Zhao Ke‐Qing
Published: May 2011

An efficient, enamine‐mediated aldol‐Robinson cascade reaction of aldehydes with acetone gives cyclohexenone derivatives (III) (14 examples) in moderate to high yields under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Amines by the Knochel‐Type MgCl2‐Enhanced Addition of Benzyl Zinc Reagents to N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Aldimines.
Authors: Buesking Andrew W. , Baguley Tyler D. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: May 2011

The reaction proceeds easily at room temperature and tolerates a wide range of aromatic imines and benzyl zinc reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Conversion of Esters Lacking Acidic α‐Hydrogens into Amides via Samarium(III) Tris[hexamethyldisilazide] and Amines.
Authors: Campbell James B. , Sparks Richard B. , Dedinas Robert F.
Published: May 2011

Lanthanum and samarium tris(hexamethyldisilazide) efficiently promote the reactions of aromatic esters with amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphine Squaramides as Enantioselective Catalysts for the Intramolecular Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Song Hong‐Liang , Yuan Kui , Wu Xin‐Yan
Published: May 2011

Novel squaramides (I) containing a tertiary phosphine are developed and tested in the title reaction of ω‐formyl‐enone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Functionalized Indenes from o‐Alkynylbenzylidene Ketones.
Authors: Zhou Feng , Han Xiuling , Lu Xiyan
Published: May 2011

An efficient approach to a number of functionalized indenes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrenes by Twofold Hydroarylation of 2,6‐Dialkynylbiphenyls.
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Moriya Taisaku , Goya Tsuyoshi , Murakami Masahiro
Published: May 2011

Cationic gold(I) complexes having a Buchwald‐type biarylphosphine ligand effectively catalyze twofold hydroarylation of 2,6‐dialkylbiphenyls to provide access to corresponding pyrene skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans by Cyclization of Homoallylic Alcohols with Iodine/Iodine(III).
Authors: Vasconcelos Ramon S. , Silva Luiz F. Jr. , Giannis Athanassios
Published: May 2011

It provides a new, simple, and metal‐free approach to tetrahydrofurans.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Direct Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Reaction of an α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Butyrolactam with Enones.
Authors: Zhang Yong , Shao Yong‐Liang , Xu Hai‐Sen , Wang Wei
Published: May 2011

The title reaction allows an efficient and highly stereoselective access to substituted lactams of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Alkylation of Indoles with Alkynes and Hydrosilanes under Indium Catalysis.
Authors: Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Kanbara Mitsutaka
Published: May 2011

A variety of indole derivatives is alkylated at the 3‐position with terminal and internal alkynes and hydrosilane as hydrogen nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: CuBr‐Catalyzed Coupling of N‐Tosylhydrazones and Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzofurans and Indoles.
Authors: Zhou Lei , Shi Yi , Xiao Qing , Liu Yizhou , Ye Fei , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: May 2011

The reaction of ortho‐hydroxy ortho‐aminobenzaldehydes with terminal alkynes leads to the formation of the title heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Keto‐imidazoles Utilizing N‐Arylamino‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes.
Authors: Zarganes‐Tzitzikas Tryfon , Neochoritis Constantinos G. , Stephanidou‐Stephanatou Julia , Tsoleridis Constantinos A.
Published: May 2011

The products are of synthetic and biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐(NH)‐Triazoles Using Terminal Acetylenes, Carbon Monoxide, Aryl Iodides, and Sodium Azide.
Authors: Li Na , Wang Dong , Li Jihui , Shi Weilin , Li Chao , Chen Baohua
Published: May 2011

The alkynes, CO and the aryl iodides undergo Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira reaction to yield an alkynone intermediate which is directly coupled with azide to give the title triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins and Chalcones from Substituted Aryl Cinnamic Esters.
Authors: Jeon Jae‐Ho , Yang Deok‐Mo , Jun Jong‐Gab
Published: May 2011

New selective methods for the synthesis of dihydrocoumarins and chalcones from cinnamates are developed using acid catalyzed intramolecular cyclization or a Fries‐rearrangement, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroaromatic Synthesis via Olefin Cross‐Metathesis: Entry to Polysubstituted Pyridines.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Basutto Jose A. , Bower John F. , Rathi Akshat
Published: May 2011

The straightforward and efficient method to prepare mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetrasubstituted pyridines can be applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic pyridines such as (+)‐muscopyridine (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Benzo[c]phenanthridine Derivatives.
Authors: Pyrko A. N.
Published: May 2011

Three component condensation of naphthylamine (I) with triethyl orthoformate and dimedone or reaction of amine (I) with 2‐acetylcyclohexanedione deivatives (VI) affords corresponding enamino diketones (IV) and (VIII), resp., which undergo PPA‐mediated intramolecular cyclizations to furnish new benzophenanthridine derivatives in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydro‐3H‐chromeno[3,4‐b][4,7]phenanthrolin‐3‐one and Chromeno[4,3‐b]pyrano[3,2‐f]quinolin‐3(13H)‐one Derivatives by Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ponra Sudipta , Taher Abu
Published: May 2011

A novel, convenient, practical and efficient protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) is described by using a commercially available catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐(Dichloroacetyl)chromone; a New Building Block for the Synthesis of Formylated Purine Isosteres: Design and Synthesis of Fused α‐(Formyl)pyridines.
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , et al. et al.
Published: May 2011

The reaction of 1,1‐dichloro‐4‐ethoxybut‐3‐en‐2‐one (II) or the novel title compound (XV) with a variety of electron‐rich amino‐heterocycles gives a range of diversely fused pyridines bearing a CHCl2‐substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: A Divergent Synthesis of Dihydropyridazinones, N‐Substituted Dihydropyrazoles, and O‐Substituted Pyrazoles.
Authors: Masumoto Eiichi , Maruoka Hiroshi , Okabe Fumi , Nishida Sho , Yoshimura Yuki , Fujioka Toshihiro , Yamagata Kenji
Published: May 2011

Reaction of spirocyclopropanepyrazole derivative (I) with α‐chloro esters (III) in the presence of a NaI/K2CO3 system results in cyclopropane ring opening and subsequent C‐ or N‐substitution to furnish dihydropyridazines (IV) and N‐substituted dihydropyrazoles (V).