bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS among physiotherapy students
Authors: Chugh Priyanka , Sharma Rahul , Dahiya Jyoti , Rai Richa , Chopra Charu
Published: March 2017

Background: The HIV epidemic poses significant challenges to the healthcare providers including Physiotherapists. The study aimed at investigating the extent to which Physiotherapy College students know about human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) transmission, infection and prevention, and the transfer of such knowledge to sexual behavior change & and to know whether knowledge has any influence on the attitude and willingness to treat HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 217 physiotherapy students studying at the Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Physiotherapy, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India. The students completed a predesigned self-administered questionnaire assessing the knowledge, attitude and willingness to treat HIV/AIDS patients. The data were analyzed using ANOVA test (all the results are calculated at 1% level of significance) and Pearson correlation test.Results: The total mean knowledge score was 73.23% (good knowledge). There was a significant difference in knowledge among the Fourth-year & first-year students, which was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001%). The study showed that the overall mean attitude score was 62.83% (negative attitude). There was no significant difference in the attitude of the students among the five groups (P>0.001%). Karl Pearson correlation test showed no significant correlation between the knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS patients (P>0.01%).Conclusions: The findings suggest that although the students had adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards this group of people was negative. From the study, fear of HIV contagion was observed as a major reason for the negative attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS patients.
Nutritional status of under- five children in a city of Maharashtra: a community based study
Authors: Purohit Laxmikant , Sahu Priyanka , Godale Lata B.
Published: March 2017

Background: Children are considered to be the backbone of any nation. Nutritional problems among children cause major morbidity and mortality in India. India is home to the largest number of underweight and stunted children in the world. Aim and objectives: 1) To assess prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five children 2) To study factors associated with underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five childrenMethods: It was community based descriptive cross sectional study conducted during January 2010 to December 2011 at Urban Health Center of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine catering approximately 27000 populations. 650 under- fives residing in urban field practice area were included in the study with the help of Stratified random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS software 16 version and OpenEpi Software Version 2.3.Results: 40.46% under five children were stunted, 38.15% were underweight, and 16% were wasted. The difference observed between stunted and normal study subjects with reference to type of family, education of mother, birth weight and birth order were statistically significant. The proportion of under- five children with underweight showed significant association with their age, socioeconomic status, education mother, birth weight and birth order. Proportion of under-five children with SAM and MAM decreased significantly with increase in education status of mother. Significantly higher proportion of under-five children with birth weight less than 2.5 kg and higher birth order were grouped as SAM and MAM.Conclusions: Maternal education, birth weight and birth order of children were significantly associated with all three types of under nutrition i.e. underweight, stunting and wasting. Proportion of children with underweight increases significantly with increase in age and decrease in socioeconomic status. There was no religion wise or gender wise variation in proportion of children with under nutrition was reported among study subjects.
Childhood diarrhoea: assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices among mothers attending the tertiary care hospital - an observational analytical study
Authors: Ashraf Ambrine , Bhat Mohd Ayaz , . Mahrukh
Published: March 2017

Background: Diarrhoea is a major killer of children under-five, accounting for about 8% of deaths. For children aged under-five years, a median of three episodes of diarrhea occur per child-year. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers of under-five children.Methods: All mothers of under-five years who attended out-patient department of Pediatrics within the study period were interviewed. A total 200 mothers were assessed regarding the knowledge, attitude and practices towards childhood diarrhoea. Results: Majority of mothers were aware of the definition and cause of diarrhoea (77% and 55% respectively). On the contrary, knowledge regarding preparation and use of home-made ORS was not known to majority of mothers. Regarding practices of mothers, 100% of mothers were using safe drinking water. However, only 60% and 30% practiced hand-washing after defecation and before handling food respectively. Conclusions: Mothers need to be encouraged to start ORS before consulting a doctor. Personal and food hygiene practices need to be improved among the study population.
Prevalence of high risk among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in rural field practice area of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgavi, Karnataka, India
Authors: K. C. Jaideep , D. Prashant , A. Girija
Published: March 2017

Background: In India about 20-30% pregnancies belong to high risk category, which is responsible for 75% of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early detection and effective management of high risk pregnancy can contribute substantially to reduction in maternal mortality. Objective was to study the prevalence of high risk among antenatal women and also to know the socio demographic factors associated with high risk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between Jan. to June 2016. A total of 600 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in PHC Kinaye were interviewed using predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Results: In present study, prevalence of high risk pregnancy was 30.7% and 59.8 were having bad obstetric history, 4% were having pregnancy induced hypertension, 5.5% were elderly gravida, 3.2% were Rh negative and 22.3% were having other risk factors. Factors such as education status of pregnant women, age at pregnancy and parity of pregnant women were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of high risk. Conclusions: Prevalence of high risk among pregnant women was found to be 30.7%. Detection of high risk in early stages will help in preventing maternal mortality.
A record based study of frequency and pattern of medico-legal cases reported at a tertiary care hospital in Miraj
Authors: Brahmankar Tanuja R. , Sharma Sachin K.
Published: March 2017

Background: Medico-legal case (MLC) can be defined as a case of injury or ailment, etc., in which investigations by the law-enforcing agencies are essential to fix the responsibility regarding the causation of the said injury or ailment. Medico-legal cases are an integral part of medical practice that is frequently encountered by medical officers working in casualty. Hence the present study is carried out to find out the frequency and pattern of medico-legal cases reported at a tertiary care hospital and to highlight the vulnerable gender, age, residence and the cause. Methods: It is a record based cross sectional study in which all the MLC cases registered in MLC record book during a period of 6 months (January 13– June 13) were included. Cases found non medico-legal were excluded. Variables considered were gender, age, residence and cause. Findings were expressed in numbers and percentages. Results: Total cases were 2350, of which 1866 (79.4%) were males and 484 (20.6%) were females. Maximum cases were from the age group of 21-30 years i.e., 828 (35.2%). 1440 (61.27%) were residents of urban area. Most of the medico-legal cases registered were due to assault (27.2%) followed by medical examination of prisoners(25.9%), road traffic accidents (19.7%), fall (6.9%), snake bite (6.6%), poisoning (4.3%), domestic injuries (4.3%), unknown bite (2.2%), unknown found at railway station (1.6%), brought dead (0.6%), burn (0.2%) & others (0.5%). Conclusions: Majority of the victims were males, young adults and urban inhabitants. Most common indication for medico-legal cases was assault followed by medical check-up of prisoners and road traffic accidents.
Św. Jan z Dukli w świetle polskich czasopism tercjarskich (1918-1939)
Authors: Kuczkowski Mirosław
Published: March 2017

Słowo drukowane, a zwłaszcza czasopisma stanowią cenne źródło w poznawaniu wydarzeń minionych. Między czasopismami, także prasa o tematyce religijnej przekazuje nam m.in. kontekst zdarzeń historycznych.
W latach 30. XX wieku, katolickie zgromadzenia zakonne łącznie wydawały 3 334 tytułów. Największą liczbę wydawnictw mieli jezuici, a następnie: salezjanie, franciszkanie, dominikanie, benedyktyni, redemptoryści i inne zgromadzenia.
W 1919 r. wśród czasopism religijnych na święcie, prasa tercjarska była edytowana w 164 tytułach. Wszystkie obediencje Pierwszego Zakonu franciszkańskiego w Polsce w latach 1918-1939 publikowały czasopisma tercjarskie. Łącznie polscy franciszkanie wydawali 13 tytułów tercjarskich, niektóre z czasopism redagowane były tylko przez kilka lat.
Przedstawienie postaci św. Jana z Dukli w świetle polskich czasopism tercjarskich okresu międzywojennego, niechaj będzie kolejną cegiełką w poznaniu tej wyjątkowej osoby. Pomimo wielu badań, curriculum vitae świętego stanowi wciąż dla historyków przedmiot badania.
Jan z Dukli żył w XV wieku, w czasie tworzenia się obserwy pragnącej powrotu do pierwotnej gorliwości Zakonu franciszkańskiego. Wiek, choć bardzo niespokojny, był „bogaty” w świętych, którzy byli wymownym świadectwem franciszkańskiego ideału. Wśród licznego grona świętych i błogosławionych tego okresu, będących wybitnymi postaciami ruchu obserwanckiego, znajdował się zaprezentowany święty.
Szczególne nabożeństwa do Jana z Dukli powodowało rozszerzenie się jego czci poza mury klasztorne, co miało pozytywny wpływ na życie religijne narodu polskiego, o czym świadczyły liczne pielgrzymki do jego grobu.
Poprzez czasopisma tercjarskie okresu międzywojennego (1918-1939), starano się ukazać postać św. Jana z Dukli nie tylko lokalnie, ale w całej odrodzonej Polsce. Prasa tercjarska spełniała wiele ważnych funkcji, jedną z nich było przekazywanie informacji o sytuacji Kościoła, a wśród nich żywotów świętych i błogosławionych.
Ecclesiastical/Ecumenical Diplomacy during and after Second Vatican Council. Old and New Orthodox Notes and Comments
Authors: Dumitraşcu Nicu
Published: March 2017

Despite the optimism following the announcement of an ecumenical council by Pope John XXIII, as well as the visit of Pope John Paul II to Bucharest, the first such visit by a Pope to a majority Orthodox country, Orthodox-Roman Catholic relations have not improved to the degree that was originally hoped. The author argues that this is largely due to a dichotomy between Roman Catholic ecumenical diplomacy, tracing the manner in which Pope John Paul II’s actions in Romania made huge strides towards the reconciliation of both of these Christian traditions, and the language issuing from the Vatican, which would seem to preclude any such reconciliation. This involves the Vatican’s use of terminology which is unacceptable to the Orthodox world, such as restrictions of the use of the term “sister Church.” Thus the Catholic Church argues that it should be regarded as the mother Church: only the local Church of Rome can be considered the sister Church of private Churches. This suggests that the Vatican’s approach to ecumenism is to encourage Orthodox Churches to follow the example of the Greek Catholic Churches, i.e. union with Rome. In fact the Uniate Churches could be considered more of a barrier, rather than a bridge, to ecumenism, since they are typically regarded with great circumspection by Orthodoxy. This type of attitude is also expressed in Mysterium Ecclesiae, which damaged faith in the partnership with Rome, and the nature of the ecumenism promoted by it. It is to be hoped that not only the Catholic Church, but also other Christian confessions, will employ ecumenical flexibility, which can only be done in a spirit of reconciliation, not of confrontation.
Moral Theology Ecumenically Oriented
Authors: Nowosad Sławomir
Published: March 2017

Ecumenical dialogue only occasionally attempted a thorough analysis of the Christian moral vision in its various traditions. Moral theology (Christian ethics), too, needs to adopt a more ecumenical stance and become more willing to enter in a mutually enriching common study of moral life. Encouraging examples of such comparative and sincere endeavours can be found in theologians like J. M. Gustafson (Protestant), J. T. Bretzke (Catholic), B. Petrà (Catholic), S. S. Harakas (Orthodox) and others. John Paul II's major pronouncements on Christian morality (Veritatis Splendor and Evangelium Vitae) also provoked worthwhile discussions among Catholic and non-Catholic moral theologians. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, with its Chair of Ecumenical Moral Theology, has also had its different and promising contributions to create a more ecumenically oriented moral theology.
Classes sociais e classes socioeconômicas: um estudo sobre os estratos sociais na região metropolitana de Salvador entre 2003 a 2010
Authors: De Jesus Oliveira Ualace Roberto
Published: March 2017

No recente contexto das importantes mudanças sociais ocorridas no Brasil, a Região Metropolitana de Salvador - região que historicamente é conhecida por graves problemas socioeconômicos - logrou melhoria significativa em muitos aspectos sócio-ocupacionais. Porém, observa-se que a mobilidade social ocorrida entre as classes sociais na referida região foi pouco expressiva entre 2003 e 2010. Diante do exposto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é observar por meio de uma abordagem descritiva a emergência de uma "Nova Classe C" na RMS. Para tanto, será feita uma analise a partir de banco de dados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego, para os anos de 2003 e 2010. A metodologia a ser utilizada consiste num estudo descritivo. Os resultados nos mostram que embora muitos aspectos relacionados aos rendimentos do trabalho das famílias da base da pirâmide na RMS melhoraram o processo ocorrido na referida região não pode ser considerando como um movimento pleno de mudanças na estrutura social.
Textual criticism of the Bible in the writings of Jacob Reifmann: a re-evaluation
Authors: Viezel Eran
Published: March 2017

Jacob Reifmann (Poland, 1818–1895), one of the most fascinating figures of the Enlightenment in Eastern Europe, was a prolific scholar and intellectual whose books and articles cover a variety of subjects in Jewish intellectual history. Most of the scholars – scholars of Reifmann’s work and scholars of Jewish biblical research during the Enlightenment – usually present him as someone who worked extensively on the biblical text and proposed hundreds of emendations to the traditional (Masoretic) text. As I will endeavour to show in this article, the place of the critical study of the biblical text within Reifmann’s scholarly oeuvre needs to be re-evaluated. The conclusion reached in the course of our discussion is that Reifmann in fact made only a few suggestions for emending the biblical text, while the hundreds of comments that scholars have understood as proposals for textual emendation should be understood in a different way.
História dos movimentos dos surdos e o reconhecimento da Libras no Brasil
Authors: Monteiro Myrna Salerno
Published: March 2017

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, os movimentos sociais Surdos e dos Intérpretes da LIBRAS no Brasil, com ênfase especial para os acontecimentos em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro. Boa parte dos cinco milhões de surdos brasileiros ainda é invisível para a sociedade, e busca mecanismos de associação a fim de diminuir o peso imposto para viabilizar a coexistência em um mundo em que todos os serviços e expressões culturais se alicerçam na fala e na audição. Como pesquisadora e militante surda, concluo apontando a necessidade de os Surdos resistirem a todo e qualquer termo inventado por ouvintes, que são, em geral, alheios aos movimentos sociais surdos para preservação e livre expressão de sua Cultura e construção de suas identidades.
A Humanistic Phylosophical Analysis on Women Existence in the Fiqh of Syafii
Authors: Nur Iffatin
Published: March 2017

In the fiqh of Shāfi‘ī, a humanistic philosophical analysis on women existence is given serious attention, particularly in his investigation on the matters of women. It is very vivid in his magnum opuses entitled al-Umm (The Mother), al-Risālah fi Us\ūl al-Fiqh and his periodicals qawl qadīm (old view) and qawl jadīd (new view). This article seeks to provide thorough analysis on the women empowerment through humanistic values from methodological and legal products aspects generated by Shāfi‘ī. In the aspect of methodology (us\ūl fiqh), the use of qiyās (analogy) is an indication of the humanistic value in the development of the mas\lah\ah\ (beneficial) principles. The legal products aspect can be explored through the following three classifications. Firstly, humanistic values of women in the law regarding the properties. Secondly, the humanistic values of women in the state law on economic issues related to religious conversion and social relations in political settings. Thirdly, the humanistic values of women in the marriage laws.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v19i1.1249
Dinamika Epistemologi Yuridis Ekonomi Syariah di Indonesia Perspektif Transisi Hukum H.L.A. Hart
Authors: Yasin Mohamad Nur
Published: March 2017

The dynamic of the juridical epistemology of Islamic economy in Indonesia passed through four phases, i.e. sharī‘ah, fiqh, qānūn, and qad\ā’. The first two phases have normative doctrinal characteristics while the last two show positive legal formal characteristics. The transformation of Islamic economic law started at the level of normative moral doctrinal to the level of legal formal. It has a methodological spirit which is closely related to the theory of legal transition by H.L.A. Hart. According to Hart, the transition from moral to law involves two concepts. First, primary rules which define the moral values embraced by the people. Second, secondary rules which modify and dynamite the primary rules to be legal binding for all the people. In this case, state authority is required to execute the rules. In Hart’s perspective on the transition of law, sharī‘ah and fiqh are the rules of etiquette and obligation. Meanwhile, qānūn, and qad\ā’ are the rules of recognition, rules of change, and rules of adjudication. In the transition of law, there is an interconnection between law and Islamic economy sustainably, professionally, and proportionally.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v19i1.1257
New Scientific Contribution on the 2-D Subdomain Technique in Cartesian Coordinates: Taking into Account of Iron Parts
Authors: Dubas Frédéric , Boughrara Kamel
Published: March 2017

The most significant assumptions in the subdomain technique (i.e., based on the formal resolution of Maxwell's equations applied in subdomain) is defined by: “The iron parts (i.e., the teeth and the back-iron) are considered to be infinitely permeable so that the saturation effect is neglected”. In this paper, the author presents a new scientific contribution on improving of this method in two-dimensional (2-D) and in Cartesian coordinates by focusing on the consideration of iron. The subdomains connection is carried out in the two directions (i.e., x- and y-edges). The improvement was performed by solving magnetostatic Maxwell's equations for an air- or iron-core coil supplied by a direct current. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed technique, the magnetic flux density distributions have been compared with those obtained by the 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA). The semi-analytical results are in quite satisfying agreement with those obtained by the 2-D FEA, considering both amplitude and waveform.
A Case History – A New Stimulation Technique Enables Sustained Production Enhancement in Mature Lenticular Reservoir
Authors: Precupanu L. , Mocanu A. , Abbott J. , Dragomir A. , Sarbu N. I. , Calin C. I.
Published: March 2017

Romania is a key pioneer in oil and gas industry with a history of more than 150 years'experience. Many of the oil fields discovered in the early days are still being produced. Extending the production life of mature fields presents a variety of challenges including low reservoir pressure, high water cut, limited well data, aging completions and bypassed pay. The target field is a mature oil field situated in the heart of Romania that has been operated since the 1960s and exhibits many of the aforementioned issues. This paper describes the reservoir, exploitation difficulties and new techniques applied to overcome the key challenges to effectively producing this aging asset.

Production enhancement in mature assets require new approaches that can address key challenges and risks associated with the reservoir and completion age. Application of conventional can easily lead to failures including ineffective stimulation, completion failure, screen-out, and increased water cut, all causing difficulties to put wells back in production and resulting in disappointing results. In mature fields, a different approach is required.

This paper details first time application of the flow channel hydraulic stimulation in one of the wells in the field, describing the importance of well candidate selection phase, engineered design, execution, and evaluation. The applied channel hydraulic stimulation combines geomechanical modeling with intermittent proppant pumping and degradable fibers to obtain heterogeneous placement of proppant within the fracture. A post job production evaluation compares the production after the conventional treatments versus post flow channel hydraulic stimulation job. The results for all conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments show a steep production decline rate, while the positive impact of channel hydraulic stimulation is apparent resulting in higher initial production and an overall slower production decline.

The productive reservoirs besides of low reservoir pressure, are characterized by an increased degree of lamination. The target interval is usually described by a sequence of marls and lenticular streaks of sandstone and shaly-marly sandstone. Conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments have had a marginal effect in this reservoir. Due to the variable lithology, gained limited connection through conventional ways of stimulation and/or perforation end up in quick depletion and production decrease. Channel hydraulic stimulation was applied for the first time in this field and may now be considered to be an efficient way of enhancing production in this and similar reservoirs.
Analytical Model for Shale Gas Transportation from Matrix to Fracture Network
Authors: Zeng Yan , Ning Zhengfu , Lei Yu , Huang Liang , Lv Chaohui , Hou Yimeng
Published: March 2017

The matrix of shale gas reservoirs has an extremely low permeability; therefore, fractured vertical wells and multi-stage fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) are adopted in most cases for exploration purpose. In this context, studying the dynamic pressure in MFHWs in shale gas reservoirs not only provides an important means of obtaining the parameters of shale reservoirs, but also constitutes the basis of evaluating the productivity of shale gas wells. However, existing models for fractured horizontal wells have neglected the heterogeneity of shale gas reservoirs and the seepage mechanism in the nanopores of shale organic matter, and failed to take into account the differences among different occurrence spaces in gas flow characteristics. On that account, in this study, we combined dust gas model (DGM) and generalized Maxwell-Stefan model (GMS) to calculate the apparent permeability considering viscous flow, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion and desorption, and introduced these into the macro seepage model to establish a dynamic pressure analysis model considering reservoir heterogeneity and stress sensitivity effect of MFHWs in shale gas reservoirs. Based on the five-linear flow model, this study divides one reservoir into two top reservoir regions, two inner reservoir regions, two outer reservoir regions, and one artificial fracture region. Through analyzing the flow characteristics of different regions, it uses Laplace transformation and regular perturbation methods to solve the model; based on the analytical solution to this model, it plots the dynamic pressure curve and the dynamic productivity curve and carries out flow region division and sensitivity analysis. As indicated by the study results, the model established in this study fits relatively well with actual production data, has a reliable theoretical foundation, and can preferably describe the dynamic changes of pressure in the exploration process of shale gas wells.
Fluid Contact Monitoring Using API Tracking. A Novel Methodology for Reservoir Surveillance
Authors: Paredes J. E. , Carbajal A. , Izquierdo R. , Loyo I. , Pérez R. , Perera L. M. , Larez C. J.
Published: March 2017

There are different methods to estimate the current water-oil contact (WOC) or gas-oil (GOC) contact depth in a reservoir. Reservoir engineers has commonly use PLT, RST logs, material balance and simulation models with this purposed but they implied cost, man-hours and to have a great understating of the reservoir. Previous published work1 proposed two diagnostic plots to estimate WOC or GOC depth at well level and to estimate water or gas breakthrough using only measurement of °API, proving to be practical and accurate. This work was based on the effect in the reservoir of a compositional gradient.

In this paper, a conceptual simulation model was built to prove the effect of the produced °API of the presence of a compositional gradient in the reservoir. Results will show that distribution of °API value in the reservoir will cause change, at surface level, in the measurement of this property during the exploitation cycle, decreasing or increasing depending on weather the reservoir is undergoing a WOC or GOC displacement. The results obtained with the conceptual simulation models present the same behavior describe by other authors and could be translated to real models, and more important prove that changes in the °APi values at surface level are a direct consequence of fluid displacement when the reservoir have a compositional gradient.

Finally the methodology used in the conceptual simulation model for °API monitoring was applied to two reservoirs, one with known aquifer influence and other with a secondary gas cap. Both reservoir had enough historical °API measurement to establish a comparison between simulated and real data. The results show that the numerical models are able to reproduce the historical °API behavior and reinforcing the practicality of predict the breakthrough of fluids using only °API measurements on surface.
Numerical Assessment of Biogenic Souring and Its Inhibition in a MEOR Field Pilot
Authors: Alkan H. , Kögler F. , Dopffel N.
Published: March 2017

Under certain conditions, injection of water or other solutions may result in H2S production, which creates additional challenges for EOR applications. Besides serious health and safety concerns, this can cause significant production problems such as reduced quality of hydrocarbons, reduced productivity of wells and increased corrosion. The numerical assessment of the souring and its successful inhibition for an MEOR (Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery) application in a Wintershall mature oil field is the subject of this paper. The numerical assessment of the biogenic souring for the field studied was performed in three successive steps. In the first step the potential H2S generation as well as its partitioning between various phases was calculated by analytical methods. The spatial distribution of the potential H2S generation was predicted by using the CMG Stars reservoir simulator on a sector model representing the reservoir portion relevant for the application. In a third step a reactive transport model was used to evaluate the implications of an H2S inhibitor injection due to reactions with formation water and rock.

A significant H2S formation potential was determined considering the formation water sulfate content and the MEOR metabolism. Its portitioning in various phases was calculated for various thermodynamic conditions of the production sequences. The spatial modeling of the H2S generation was done in a previously performed CMG Stars implementation of the MEOR simulation for the case studied. The stoichiometry of the reactions applied was calibrated by using laboratory growth and metabolism data. Various strategies were studied to inhibit the souring at laboratory scale with nitrate being one of the inhibitors tested. Potential microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) when using nitrate and its effect on the storage and conductivity properties of a reservoir was modelled using the reactive transport computer code TOUGHREACT. The results obtained led to the key decision for testing other souring inhibitors for the field application. The results of the numerical assessment are discussed in terms of its contribution to the decision quality of the risk management concept developed and applied in the field pilot.
Use of a Probabilistic and Multi-Objective History Matching for Uncertainty Reduction for the Norne Benchmark Case
Authors: Ferreira Carla J. , Davolio Alessandra , Schiozer Denis J.
Published: March 2017

History matching integrated with uncertainty reduction is a key process in the closed loop reservoir development and management methodology which is used for decision analysis related to the development & management of petroleum fields. Despite developments over the last decades in history matching & uncertainty analysis, the challenge of capturing complex interaction among several attributes and several reservoir responses acting simultaneously for complex models still remains. This paper describes the use of a probabilistic and multi-objective history matching integrated with uncertainty reduction as a systematic and iterative process for obtaining a set of reservoir models that honors dynamic data in a complex field case. The methodology is an iterative process that simultaneously matches different objective functions, one for each well production profile. The procedure uses a re-characterization step, where the uncertainties of the attributes (represented by their probability density functions) are updated using indicators that show global and local problems and a correlation matrix to capture the interaction between several reservoir uncertainties and the different objective functions. The methodology was applied to the Norne Field benchmark case considering production data up to 2001 and the remaining part of the provided history is used to estimate the quality of production forecast. The major benefit derived from the application of the methodology was the identification of global and local problems. The initial reservoir models presented high discrepancies between simulated and observed data. The use of independent objective functions in conjunction with the concise plot that is based on the normalized quadratic error of each production data highlighted when new parametrization of the reservoir was necessary. New reservoir attributes were added, such as separated permeability curves for each reservoir formation and new gas permeability curves that better describe the fluid behavior. The initial number of uncertain attributes was twenty seven; the correlation matrix clearly showed which one of those had major influence on the results. Some attributes with significant impact in the study were water-oil and gas-oil contact and faults transmissibility. We updated the probability of the most influencing attributes in order to identify the uncertain levels that improved the history match results. The methodology integrated the process of history matching with uncertainty analysis, addressing both processes simultaneously for a complex case. The methodology was effective and simple to use, even in the complex case study where the reservoir characterization is important.
Accurate Reactive Transport Modeling in Heterogeneous Reservoirs with the Dual Mesh Method
Authors: Bruyelle Jérémie , Audigane Pascal , Guérillot Dominique
Published: March 2017

This paper recall the Compositional Dual Mesh Method, an extension to the concept of dual mesh for reactive transport modeling. This approach involves two meshes, a low-resolution mesh to resolve the pressure equation and a high-resolution mesh to transport the species and to calculate the geochemical equilibrium. Geochemical equilibrium being very sensitive to the concentration, preserving the fine heterogeneities leads to a more accurate field behavior simulation than conventional approach which consist in performing simulations on a coarser mesh. The method is applied to a simulation of CO2 storage in a geological model representing a fluvial deposit with a complex realistic architecture that keep a high resolution of the heterogeneities.
Compaction and Dilation Effects on Polymer Flood Performance
Authors: Wang D. , Seright R. S. , Moe Soe Let K. P. , Bhoendie K. , Paidin W. R.
Published: March 2017

During recent field applications of polymer flooding in unconsolidated reservoirs, questions have arisen concerning the role of compaction and/or dilation on flood performance. The primary goal for this paper was to assess the extent to which the compressible nature of a formation affects polymer flooding. The Tambaredjo field in Suriname (with in-situ oil viscosity ~600 cp) was used as a model for this study. Comparisons were made during simulations where formation compressibility was 5.6 × 10-4 psi-1 versus 1 × 10-6 psi-1. During a simulated 17-year compaction drive with compressibility of 5.6 × 10-4 psi-1, water cut gradually increased to average 20% (consistent with the actual field performance)—compared to 2% if compressibility was 1 × 10-6 psi-1. Oil recovery during this period was 18% OOIP for the highcompressibility case versus 3% OOIP for the low-compressibility case. Subsequent to the above compaction drive, incremental oil recoveries from waterflooding and polymer flooding were significantly less (about half in our case) when compressibility was 5.6 × 10-4 psi-1 than when compressibility was 1 × 10-6 psi-1—simply because the oil recovery target was less. For the many waterflooding and polymer flooding cases, most incremental oil was recovered within five years of starting injection—regardless of formation compressibility. Water cuts rose to high values within five years of injection, regardless of the viscosity of the injected fluid and the compressibility value. Consistent with the actual field application, the response to polymer injection varied greatly from well to well. However, our analysis indicated that these variations were due to existing heterogeneities within the pattern—not to the high compressibility of the formation. During simulation, polymer injection increased porosity by factors up to 1.5 and permeability by factors up to 2.3. Nevertheless, compaction or dilation had a fairly even (proportionate) effect on porosity and permeability throughout the pattern. If polymer injection was stopped after the simulated peak in porosity was reached (after 4-6 years of injection) and compaction was allowed to resume, a modest level of oil recovery resulted from this second compaction period (25%-38% of the incremental oil during polymer injection). However, substantially longer was required for the recovery (15-17 years versus 4-6 years for polymer flooding). Consequently, relying on re-compaction during this period of low oil prices may not be as profitable as one might hope. Our work suggests that there is an optimum rate, viscosity, and pressure for polymer flooding compressible formations. Flooding too rapidly results in pressures that waste much of the injection energy on dilating the formation—thereby detracting from efficient displacement of the oil. These constraints restrict injection rate, viscosity, and pressure to a greater degree for very compressible formations than for incompressible formations.
Representative Sector Modeling and Key Factors Impact on Waterflooding Performance of a Large Multi-Layered Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Yong Li , Benbiao Song , Baozhu Li , Changbing Tian , Yixiang Zhu , Qihao Qian
Published: March 2017

M1 reservoir is a large multi-layered sandstone reservoir of deltaic environment with oil bearing area more than 500Km2. And M1 is influenced by fluvial, tide and wave, which results in great variations of sand bodies’ distribution, reservoir quality and connectivity. So it is essential to use high resolution models capturing reservoir heterogeneity for this kind of reservoirs. This paper presents an approach to representative sector modeling and key factor impact on waterflooding performance study for a large sandstone reservoir in Middle East.

Firstly, Criteria of selecting representative sector models are established combining understanding of geological and dynamic characterization. Take one sector model for example, geological modeling process are detailed, and nine equal-probability geocellular models are built. Then model performances are compared through specific waterflooding patterns. Through detailed performance comparison of each well, each zone and each model of the 9 dynamic models, the reasons for model performance difference and key impacting factors on waterflooding performance are determined. And three models are selected as the optimistic, likelihood and pessimistic model for next development strategy optimization study.

For the multi-layered sandstone reservoir, three representative sectors are selected mainly based on the geological features of M1. One typical sector model is selected to show the details workflow of the approach. Nine geocellular models are built for the sector, which combined three different lateral connectivity patterns with three vertical gridding approaches representing different vertical connectivity. And through detailed model performance comparison, eight key factors impacting on waterflooding performance are determined. And four key factors impact on waterflooding performance are shown in detail.

This paper offers a case study of representative sector modeling and model selection for a multi-layered sandstone reservoir, and it also provide how to analyze the key factor impact on waterflooding performance. The results lay a foundation for the development strategy study and development plan designing. It also provides a methodology and reference case for engineers to study on other similar reservoirs.
CO2 Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery: Using Extended Black Oil Modelling to Simulate CO2 Injection on a North Sea Depleted Gas Field
Authors: Iogna A. , Guillet-Lhermite J. , Wood C. , Deflandre J. P.
Published: March 2017

Offshore enhanced gas recovery (EGR) by CO2 injection is a potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase recoverable reserves on mature gas assets.

The main objective of the paper is to determine if an Extended Black Oil simulator could be used for EGR simulation on dry gas reservoir to quantify the incremental recoveries that could be achieved on a typical Southern North Sea mature gas field.

Technical and geological criteria governing a successful CO2 EGR programs have been assessed on simplified shoebox reservoir simulations in order to better understand EGR in preparation for full field model upscaling. Results have been compared with a full compositional model to validate the use of a CO2 solvent module as simulation simplification.

Shoebox simulations using an extended black oil model suggest that EGR is achievable on relatively homogeneous reservoirs with an incremental technical recovery factor ranging from 1 to 10%. Use of both vertical and horizontal shoebox models allowed assessment of sweeping efficiency in both dimensions and oriented completion and selectivity strategies. Sensitivity studies confirmed the link between recoverable reserves and CO2 injection flowrates and the risk of preferential paths when the reservoir is fractured or highly heterogeneous.

Upscaling from a simplified shoebox to a full field model has been realized on a depleted Southern North Sea field with sensitivities on injection flowrate, well conversion sequence and CO2 production cut off.

Using Extended Black Oil models for EGR project assessment has been demonstrated as a valid fast-track alternative for dry gas field EGR versus using full Compositional models, which requires more technical data, modelling workforce and computing time.
Mobility Control using Nanoparticle-Stabilized CO2 Foam as a Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid
Authors: Emrani Arezoo S. , Ibrahim Ahmed Farid , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A.
Published: March 2017

CO2-foam has been used as a fracturing fluid to develop unconventional resources and specifically for water-sensitive reservoirs. CO2-foam not only reduces formation damage by minimizing the quantity of aqueous fluid which enters the formation, but also reduces the water consumption for environmental conservation purposes. CO2-foam as a hydraulic fracturing fluid provides for rapid cleanup during flowback. Although it is common to use surfactants to generate and stabilize foams, they tend to degrade at high temperatures (>212°F) and in high-salinity environments. The present work evaluates new foaming solutions that incorporate nanoparticles to investigate the mobility-control performance when such foams are used as hydraulic fracturing fluids.

Of special interest in this work is the study of mobility reduction factor (MRF) of CO2 foam, generated with polymer-based solution, e.g., guar gum, in the presence and absence of nanoparticles, to assess the apparent fluid viscosity at high temperature and high salinity. To achieve this objective, coreflood tests were conducted on different Buff Berea sandstone cores at both 77 and 250°F. CO2 gas was injected with the different solutions simultaneously to generate foam with 80% quality. The pressure drop across the core was then measured to estimate the MRF.

Results show that alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) improves the MRF by 300% compared to NaCl solution. Adding silica nanoparticles and guar-gum to the AOS solution improves both foam stability and MRF. At 250°F, the AOS solution retained foam stability, while the MRF increased to 28 compared to that of at 77°F.

Choice of surfactant concentration is a critical parameter in generating stable foam. However, the economical use of surfactants is limited by various factors such as surface adsorption, process cost, surfactant loss, and surfactant degradation at high-temperature reservoirs. Nanoparticle solutions can be employed to improve CO2 foam stability as well as MRF factor. Adding nanoparticles is highly recommended for hydraulic fracturing applications, particularly in fracturing stimulation at high-temperatures.
Integration of Highly Permeable Thin Layers Into Flow Simulation
Authors: Correia Manuel Gomes , Schiozer Denis José
Published: March 2017

Giant reservoirs such as Lula (Santos Oil Basin, Brazil) and Ghawar (Saudi Arabia) have high permeability intervals, known as super-k zones, associated with thin layers. Modeling these small-scale flow features in large-scale simulation models is complex. Current methods are limited by high computational costs or simplifications that mismatch the representation of these features in simulation grid blocks. This work has two purposes: (1) present an upscaling workflow to integrate highly laminated or inter-bedded reservoirs with thin, highly permeable layers in reservoir simulations through a combination of (a) an explicit modeling of super-k layers using Parsons (1966) formula and (b) dualmedium flow models, and (2) compare this method with two conventional upscaling approaches, available in commercial software.

We use the benchmark model UNISIM-II-R, a fine single-porosity grid based on field information from the Brazilian Pre-salt and Ghawar oil fields, as the reference solution to compare the upscaling matching between the three methods. We compare; oil recovery, water cut, average reservoir pressure, waterfront, and the time consumption for simulation. Our proposed parsons dual-medium (PDP) methodology achieved better upscaling matches with the reference model and had minimal time consumption when compared with the representation of super-k layers through an implicit matrix modelling by single porosity flow models (IMP) and through the explicit representation of super-k zones in the fracture system of dual-medium flow models (DFNDP).
Data Analysis Used in Multiple-Realization Workflows for History Matching - A North Sea Case Study
Authors: Schulze-Riegert R. , Daniali A. , Nwakile M. , Selberg S. , Skripkin S. , Chugunov N. , Carter J.
Published: March 2017

An increasing number of field development projects include rigorous uncertainty quantification workflows based on parameterized subsurface uncertainties. Model calibration workflows for reservoir simulation models including historical production data, also called history matching, deliver non-unique solutions and remain technically challenging. The objective of this work is to present a manageable workflow design with well-defined project workflow tasks for reproducible result presentation. Data analysis techniques are applied to explore the information content of multiple-realization workflow designs for decision support.

Experimental design, sampling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are applied for case generation. Data analytics is applied to identify patterns in data sets supporting the evaluation of the history matching process. Visualization techniques are used to present dependencies between contributions to the history matching error metric. Conflicting history matching responses are identified and add value to the interpretation of history matching results. Probability maps are calculated on the basis of multiple-realizations sampled from a posterior distribution to investigate potentially under-developed reservoir regions.

Technologies are applied to a real gas field in the Southern North Sea. For the purpose of the benchmark, a structured workflow design to history matching and estimation of prediction uncertainty is presented. Sensitivity evaluations are used to identify key uncertain input parameters and perform parameter reduction. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is applied for optimization and uncertainty quantification. Statistical stability of key performance parameters is verified by repeating relevant phases of the workflow several times. In conclusion practical consequences and best practices as well as the use of data analytics in history matching workflows are discussed.