bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Truth on the March” for Francisco Ferrer
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts anarchist Francisco Ferrer's two martyrdoms: the moral martyrdom of being surveilled at his door by the guard, and the material martyrdom of suffering an electric light over his head all night. The chapter discusses Ferrer's alleged complicity in Mateo Morral's failed attempt on the life of King Alfonso XIII. It also narrates how authorities shut down Ferrer's Modern School in Barcelona and brought charges against only seven alleged accomplices. Each defendant faced nine years except Ferrer, who faced sixteen years after the minister of justice, the Count of Romanones, interceded on his behalf to eliminate a potential death sentence. The chapter then shifts to focus on the liberal politician and future three-time prime minister of Spain, Álvaro Figueroa y Torres, the Count of Romanones. The chapter investigates how he faced backlash from the anarchist movement for his critical article “Mateo Morral the Mystic” published in Diario Universal shortly after the failed assassination attempt. Finally, the chapter looks at Romanones's efforts to reduce Ferrer's sentence. It argues that it may have been a pragmatic effort to avoid retaliatory atentados or an indication of his relationship with Catalan anarchist lay teacher Joan Montseny, who encouraged Romanones to support Ferrer.
From Iowa to President-Elect
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter first reviews Barack Obama's defeat in New Hampshire, which he viewed as a disappointment rather than as a major setback to his campaign. Obama understood the complex Democratic rules that provided for the selection of two sets of delegates to the Democratic nominating convention in Denver. The chapter then jumps to analyse how Obama presented himself as the agent of change. It emphasizes his promises to resolve the major issues facing the nation from the economy, health care, and failing education, to the Iraq War, Afghanistan, and the Russian threat in the Crimea. The chapter also looks at the impact of the worst economic and financial crisis facing the nation since the Great Depression of the 1930s, and it stresses the importance of building a consensus among secular liberals and religious conservatives. The chapter then highlights how Obama's campaign had given hope to Americans by hammering away at his message of change and a brighter future ahead. This was a position he would retain throughout his presidency.
A Second Recovery
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Barack Obama's second major humiliation at the ballot box and his major comeback as president, after his rating improved dramatically in the polls. It recounts diplomatic relations with Cuba and the signing of bilateral and multilateral agreements to reduce carbon emissions. Beyond Obama's overtures to Cuba and confronting the problem of global warming, the chapter also describes how he undertook a number of other new initiatives. These included an unsuccessful effort at comprehensive immigration reform and an agreement with Iran to stop its development of weapons-grade uranium and plutonium. Obama also placed new emphasis on the issue of race relations, a matter he had largely ignored through his first six years as president. The chapter emphasizes that Obama remained optimistic about the future and stayed true to his beliefs in interdependency, diversity, and the establishment of a middle-class society in the final year of his administration.
Anatomy of Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

Does torture “work?” Can controversial techniques such as waterboarding extract crucial and reliable intelligence? Since 9/11, this question has been angrily debated in the halls of power and the court of public opinion. This book mines the archives of the Spanish Inquisition to propose an answer that will frustrate and infuriate both sides of the divide. The Inquisition's scribes recorded every torment, every scream, and every confession in the torture chamber. Their transcripts reveal that Inquisitors used torture deliberately and meticulously, unlike the rash, improvised methods used by the United States after 9/11. In their relentless pursuit of underground Jewish communities in Spain and Mexico, the Inquisition tortured in cold blood. But they treated any information extracted with caution: torture was used to test information provided through other means, not to uncover startling new evidence. The book's findings have important implications for ongoing torture debates. Rather than insist that torture is ineffective, torture critics should focus their attention on the morality of torture. If torture is evil, its efficacy is irrelevant. At the same time, torture defenders cannot advocate for torture as a counterterrorist “quick fix”: torture has never located, nor will ever locate, the hypothetical “ticking bomb” that is frequently invoked to justify brutality in the name of security.
How Little We Know About Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the extensive data from the Spanish Inquisition in order to conduct a dispassionate empirical analysis of torture, its causes, characteristics, and effects. It examines scores of manuscripts, drawn from key periods in the history of the Spanish Inquisition, to provide an anatomy of torture. To analyze these findings, the chapter brings together two research programs: the historiography of the Spanish Inquisition and the study of contemporary interrogational torture. The chapter investigates the intersection of these two literatures by means of a third field of inquiry, the scholarship on intelligence analysis, to explore how the Inquisition assessed information extracted by coercive and noncoercive means and to explain why it adopted the torture practices that it came to adopt. The chapter emphasizes that the study is about how torture has been employed in the past, in a specific period and under particular circumstances. It showcases the strengths and weaknesses of torture under the most permissive conditions, which are unlikely to be met during future interrogation efforts in the United States or other democracies.
Three Myths About the Spanish Inquisition
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines the three myths about the Spanish Inquisition: the Inquisition tortured recklessly, the Inquisition used torture to punish, and the Inquisition extracted confessions of guilt. It shows that the primary goal of inquisitorial torture was interrogational, and not confessional as is often falsely believed. Drawing on hundreds of cases of inquisitorial torture, the chapter also illustrates that interrogational torture did provide the Inquisition with reliable information under very restricted conditions. The chapter reveals that interrogational torture was an imperfect source of information. Unlike many of their modern counterparts, inquisitors did not regard torture as easy, quick, or cheap. The chapter notes the five advantages that the Spanish Inquisition archives hold over contemporary and historical sources.
Corroborative Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores fine-grained accounts of trials against the Jewish community in Mexico City in the same period, to trace how the Inquisition used information extracted in the torture chamber to unravel a network of Judaizers, or crypto-Jews, nominal Christians who were practicing Judaism covertly. It focuses on the eleven tortures committed in this second wave, which were of an entirely different sort than the preceding tortures. They were corroborative, not exploratory. The chapter also provides a snapshot of some of the mutual accusations that occurred over the course of this second wave of trials. It pays attention to three patterns that become immediately apparent. The first is that torture occurred toward the tail end of this wave of trials. Second, those tortured had already been identified as Judaizers by multiple others prior to their torture. Third, torture provided no new names.
Epilogue Ethics and the Study of Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the moral implications of the author's argument, including the ethical implications of this research agenda for scholars of torture. It considers the implications of the author's findings for the ethics of torture policy, criticism, and scholarship. The chapter first departs from those who claim that policy deliberations about torture have a simple answer because torture always, or never, yields results. It then proposes that torture poses a real policy dilemma for decision makers because it can yield tangible, if modest, results under extreme conditions. The chapter argues that torture critics should cease basing their denunciation of torture on speculative consequentialist grounds. It discusses the difficult issue of ethical restraint in the scholarship of torture and offers several considerations for future debates on how ethics might inform the study of torture.
Separation’s Apex and Decline
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the idea of church–state separation evolved in the law and public imagination from the 1960s through the early 2000s. For the first part of that period, few people questioned the legitimacy of separation as a model or the usefulness of the wall metaphor. The chapter looks at how the wall metaphor came to represent the dividing line between those who embraced the secularization of American culture and those who supported an ideal of religious pluralism and cooperation. The chapter highlights how religious conservatives raised arguments that separationism was antireligious, while religious liberals, embracing the social welfare and non-discrimination goals of the post-1960s, became less wedded to separationism as they saw the benefits of greater cooperation between the government and religious institutions. Whether the anti-separationist critique directly influenced members of the Supreme Court, that critique was reflected in the less separationist holdings of the 1990s and 2000s.
Introduction
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of nuclear citizenship. It explains how nuclear weapons threatened to upset long-standing assumptions revolving around the strength of American cultural and political institutions between 1945 and 1963. Moreover, nuclear weapons threatened to destabilize the basis of US citizenship. The civil defense created space for citizens and states to consider what they owe each other under the novel pressures of the nuclear threat. Moreover, Americans understood that nuclear survival should be mediated by governing structures. The chapter expounds on the correlation of nuclear citizens to Cold War citizenship, the evolution of nuclear science and technology, and expressions of democratic participation in the context of the Atomic Age.
Stop “Play[ing] Pattycake with the Whole Issue”
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on Americans calling for civil defense. It recognizes the end of World War II as the beginning of the Atomic Age. Moreover, World War II and symbolic military service in postwar life strongly influenced discussions on nuclear civil defense. The chapter covers the emergence of the Citizen Participation Committee (CPC) and volunteer offices across the country with ties to other national civic organizations to continue and extend the gains made in civilian defense voluntarism during the war. National voluntary organizations were among the earliest and most vocal advocates for a national civil defense plan. The advocates also promoted the significance of individual readiness in the Atomic Age. The chapter then looks into the correlation between civil defense and the emerging patterns of postwar consumption, such as homeownership, suburbanization, and mobility.
Japan’s Changing Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how Japanese farmers have changed since the early 1990s. While family farms continue to dominate the Japanese agricultural landscape, they have grown more diverse in their preferences, mindsets, and production and management strategies. These changes are products of two sets of developments: deepening demographic and economic challenges and changing market opportunities generated by the government's gradual shift away from redistributive policy supports toward structural reforms designed to encourage more productivity and profit in the farm sector. The chapter argues that these changes are generating new reformist impulses within the co-ops, in part by raising the specter of farmer defections from the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA) system. As membership-based economic enterprises, local co-ops cannot expect their strategic and other institutional reforms to gain traction if those reforms do not resonate with the changing needs and expectations of the co-ops' farmer-members.
Haunted Dreams
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This book is the first comprehensive study in English devoted to cultural representations of adolescence in Russia since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. The book situates these cultural representations within the broader context of European and Anglo-American scholarship on adolescence and youth, and it explores how Russian writers, dramatists, and filmmakers have repeatedly turned to the adolescent protagonist in exploring the myriad fissures running through post-Soviet society. Through close analysis of prose, drama, television, and film, the book maps how the adolescent hero has become a locus for multiple anxieties throughout the tumultuous years since the end of the Soviet experiment. The book also directly addresses some of the pivotal questions facing scholars of post-Soviet Russia: Have Soviet cultural models been transcended? Or do they continue to dominate? The figure of the adolescent, an especially potent and enduring source of cultural mythology throughout the Soviet years, provides provocative material for exploring these questions. The book employs a historical approach to reveal how fantasies of adolescence have mutated and remained constant across the Soviet/post-Soviet divide, focusing on violence, temporality, and gender and the body. Some of the works discussed present the possibility of salvaging the model of the heroic adolescent for a new society. Others, by contrast, relegate this figure to the dustbin of history by evoking disgust or horror, or by unmasking the tragic consequences that ensue from the combination of adolescence, violence, and fantasy.
The Ghost of Adolescence Past
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses two Russian cultural works that conjure up the iconic image of teenage girls traversing the territory between the secular and the sacred: Svetlana Vasilenko's 1998 novella Little Fool (Durochka), and Anna Melikian's 2007 film Mermaid (Rusalka). These works are products of two very distinct moments in post-Soviet history: Vasilenko's text was published against the backdrop of the economic and social instability of the 1990s, during the chaos of the Boris Yeltsin years, while Melikian's film premiered during the relatively stable, “petrodollar-fueled prosperity” of Vladimir Putin's second term. Nonetheless, Vasilenko and Melikian both engage with the myth of the Soviet girl-martyr—as exemplified by Zoia Kosmodemianskaia, the “architext for all portraits of girl heroes” in the Soviet Union—in order to decouple heroic adolescence from Sovietness, with its attendant violence, militarization, and ideology. In their depictions of teenage girls who possess extraordinary powers, Vasilenko and Melikian each present a new adolescent savior who exposes the immorality and venality of Soviet and post-Soviet society, respectively. Little Fool and Mermaid can be understood in the context of other recent Russian works that also look to Soviet youth culture for elements that may be salvaged for the post-Soviet present.
Diasporic Cold Warriors
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This book explains how the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT) sowed the seeds of anticommunism among the Philippine Chinese with the active participation of the Philippine state. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Philippine Chinese were Southeast Asia's most exemplary Cold Warriors among overseas Chinese. During these decades, no Chinese community in the region was more vigilant in identifying and rooting out suspected communists from within its midst; none was as committed to mobilizing against the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the one in the former US colony. Ironically, for all the fears of overseas Chinese communities' ties to the PRC at the time, the example of the Philippines shows that the “China” that intervened the most extensively in any Southeast Asian Chinese society during the Cold War was the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. For the first time, the book tells the story of the Philippine Chinese as pro-Taiwan, anticommunist partisans, tracing their evolving relationship with the KMT and successive Philippine governments over the mid-twentieth century. Throughout, the book argues for a networked and transnational understanding of the ROC-KMT party-state and demonstrates that Taipei exercised a form of nonterritorial sovereignty over the Philippine Chinese with Manila's participation and consent. Challenging depoliticized narratives of cultural integration, the book also contends that, because of the KMT, Chinese identity formation and practices of belonging in the Philippines were deeply infused with Cold War ideology. The book reimagines the histories of the ROC, the KMT, and the Philippine Chinese, connecting them to the broader canvas of the Cold War and postcolonial nation-building in East and Southeast Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the ethnicity, culture, and nationality of the Philippine Chinese, who are residents of the Philippines with Chinese ancestry. It explores how and why the Philippine Chinese became model Cold Warriors in correlation to their partnership with the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Philippine state in opposition. The KMT aimed to mobilize a deterritorialized Chinese nation and destroy Chinese communism in pursuit of a unified China under its leadership. However, the group had been unable to assert its dominance over foreign governments, such as the Philippines due to its shared sovereignty with Taipei. The chapter notes the intra-Asian anticommunist ecumene being composed of relationships between the Philippine Chinese, Nationalist China, and the Philippines. It covers how the Chinese adapted themselves to the postcolonial Philippines and forged for themselves suitable ideological identities.
The KMT, Chinese Society, and Chinese Communism in the Philippines before 1942
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the establishment of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Philippines from the late 1920 to the eve of the Japanese occupation. It elaborates on how US colonialism influenced the emergence of a Chinese capitalist class that was unsympathetic to communism. Much to the consternation of the KMT, Chinese communists focused on mobilizing their working-class co-ethnics and carved out a space for themselves in Chinese society by the early 1930s. Even though the KMT institutionalized itself in the country and clashed with Sino-communism, it was in no position of hegemony. The chapter explains that the situation only became favourable for the KMT two years after 1945. It cites the lasting influence of the Philippine-Chinese Anti-Japanese Force (Wha Chi) coordinating activities with the Hukbalahap within the Philippine politics and the weakness of its ideological competitor.
Conclusion: Rethinking “China,” the Overseas Chinese, and the Cold War
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter provides an overview of the influence of Kuomintang (KMT) in the Philippines and its subsequent correlation with the martial law President Ferdinand Marcos enacted. It notes how Yuyitung's deportation to Taiwan represented the apogee of Nationalist China's ideological hegemony among the Philippine Chinese. Moreover, Chinese societies in Southeast Asia supported the KMT and its crusade against Chinese communism. The correlation between Chinese identity and integration into ideology explained how the state's attitudes toward the KMT and Sino-communism were significant to the flourishing of the KMT in the Philippines. The chapter clarifies that the book offers an alternative, nonexclusive and constructivist approach to global Chinese history.
Learning the Birds
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This book is the story of how encounters with birds recharged the author's adventurous spirit. When the birds first called, the author was in a slack season of her life. The woods and rivers that enthralled her younger self had lost some of their luster. It was the song of a thrush that reawakened the author, sparking a long-held desire to know the birds that accompanied her as she rock climbed and paddled, to know the world around her with greater depth. Energized by her curiosity, the author followed the birds as they drew her deeper into her authentic self, and ultimately into love. In this book, we join the author as she becomes a birder and joins the community of passionate and quirky bird people. We meet her birding companions close to home in New York State's Hudson Valley as well as in the desert of Arizona and awash in the midnight sunlight of Alaska. Along on the journey are birders and estimable ornithologists of past generations whose writings inspire the author's adventures and discoveries. The book will remind you of our passionate need for wonder and our connection to the wild creatures with whom we share the land.
I Wish I Knew
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how the author began her journey of learning about birds. Her conversion story started when she received a book titled The Backyard Birdsong Guide as a gift. Looking at the picture of a reddish-brown thrush while listening to its song set the author on the birding path, following in the footsteps of many birders. The first three years after she walked into the world of birds took the author from her home in the Hudson Valley of New York to Florida, Arizona, and Alaska. The goal was to get to know the birds and the world that surrounds them. The author soon found that the bird world is one with its own logic, rules, and ethics, a place with its own language and literature, its own art and history. Her journey involved daily walking but also a lot of reading volumes written about the bird experience. The birds also inspired the author to write essays.
Bicky
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the author's experience while trekking up Slide Mountain with one of the leaders from the John Burroughs Natural History Society. The goal was to hear the Bicknell's Thrush sing its morning song. For a time, the bird was considered a sub-species of the Gray-cheeked Thrush, but now stands alone. Bicknell's is one of the “least known breeding birds in North America.” It is a bird that confounds researchers with its mating habits; both males and females have multiple partners, multiple paternity is common, and more than one male often feeds young at a nest site. The chapter then looks at the naturalist John Burroughs, who spent his life exploring the hills and valleys, the birds and porcupines of the woods. Through the course of twenty-three books, the Catskills are central both geographically and emotionally to Burroughs's work. The chapter also considers the author's reflections on habitat loss and destruction.
Florence
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter studies the role of women in the birding community, looking at ornithologist and writer Florence Merriam Bailey. Birding seems like a gender-neutral activity—all it takes is good ears and eyes. And yet it was clear that men often led the walks, whether formally or informally. Bird guide companies might work toward gender equity, but most fall short. In her book A-Birding on a Bronco (1896), Bailey describes the joy of being immersed in migration and a breeding season in a new bird world. In 1929, aged sixty, she became a full member of the American Ornithological Union, along with her good friend Olive Thorne Miller. These two women—birders and writers both—confirmed that women were a part of this history of birds. The chapter then details the author's quest to see Clark's Nutcracker in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming.
Twitching
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the author's experience while twitching a Fork-tailed Flycatcher in the Cove Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Connecticut. Birders use the term “twitching” for birding trips focused on seeing a single bird, a rare bird. The Fork-tailed Flycatcher is a bird that belongs in Central or South America. It is a common bird in its own territory, but in the northern United States it has landed only about one hundred times. The chapter then examines bird photographers. From the start of bird photography, ornithologists were aware that the desire to capture intimate photographs of birds endangered birds. Though photographers do not shoot to kill, the result of being an overeager photographer can be death for a bird.
Little Brother Henslow
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the author's quest to see Henslow's Sparrow in Ames, New York. The Henslow's Sparrow population has had a 95 percent decline since the mid-sixties. It does not belong in that part of New York State and is one of those species with fussy needs: damp, grassy meadows that include matted vegetation and a variety of weeds. Those wide, empty, weed-choked fields are less and less common; farming and building houses are some activities that destroy the habitat that the Henslow's Sparrow needs to breed. Audubon named the bird after John Stevens Henslow, who first found the bird in 1829 in Kentucky. The chapter then considers how the author found a deep connection with the Henslow's Sparrow.
Interlude
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at Nathan Leopold, a birder who was famous for teaming up with Richard Loeb to commit the crime of the century by murdering fourteen-year-old Bobby Franks. Leopold was not a casual birder. His fascination with birds had a scientific inquisitiveness, and he was perhaps headed toward a career as an ornithologist. Leopold spent a brief stint of his college years at the University of Michigan, where he studied birds under Norman Asa Wood, famous for finding the first nest of a Kirtland's Warbler. In 1922, Leopold embarked on a trip to find a Kirtland's nest. What becomes clear in reading the article he published in 1924, “The Kirtland's Warbler in Its Summer Home,” is that the qualities of a good birder or ornithologist—keen careful observation and a steely patience—are the same qualities needed to plot a murder.
Chiuit
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the author's birding trip to Nome, Alaska, where she looked for the Bristle-thighed Curlew. The most common call of the Bristle-thighed is a basic chiu-eet, which is why the Yupʻik Eskimo call them the Chiuit. The Curlew's song, however, is one that has been described in all of its layered complexity. Nuptial vocalizations include “Sweeping portamentos, dramatic frequency spikes, and multiple patterns of sequential frequency shifts.” Additionally, there is the low whistle “similar to warning beeps of dump trucks in reverse” and the complex whistle and the whine. Empty land is what the Curlew seems to prefer. When it is not in the expanse of Alaska in summer, it spends its winter on islands in Oceania and can be seen on beaches on Caroline Atoll or on lawns on Midway Atoll.
#1 Birder
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how the author became the number one birder in Dutchess County through eBird, a site launched in 2002 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology along with the National Audubon Society. There are a lot of things that scientists do with eBird data, including the creation of heat maps, or occurrence maps, which show the movement of a particular species as it migrates. The maps are used in conservation projects like Bird Returns, run out of the Nature Conservancy. However, many birders in the field are not thinking about producing data for research or conservation; they are more focused on having a big list. Indeed, eBird has tapped into the competitive emotions of humans. The difficulty with measuring one's ability through eBird is that some of the best birders do not use eBird. It also happens that birders make mistakes, logging in birds they thought they saw but misidentified.
Bad Influences and Willful Subjects
Authors: Kennedy-Epstein Rowena
Published: January 2023

This chapter tracks another one of Muriel Rukeyser's proliferating and multigenre projects. It analyzes the unfinished, unpublished, rejected, and canceled lectures, essays, and radio programs that make up the large body of extra-textual materials surrounding The Life of Poetry, a text which itself represents only a small part of the complex historiographic, feminist, and philosophical theories Rukeyser was developing in the forties and fifties. In bringing together questions about gender and genre from the outset, the chapter reveals one of Rukeyser's central projects in the text: to unveil and confront the gender norms of Cold War containment culture, norms that positioned the queer body and the communist body as dangerous, and the male body as antagonistic to the female body, in ways that underscore the policing of literary and disciplinary categories. The chapter also explores how Rukeyser produced a series of radio shows in the late forties that deepened her thinking on questions of queer American traditions, the avant-garde, and Cold War politics. The chapter recovers archival materials and highlights Rukeyser's interest in thinking about the wasted texts, influences, and experiences we use to create and make with, what she often describes as “bad influences.”
Introduction
Authors: London Bette
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter begins by looking at two 2014 exhibitions which commemorate World War I's centenary. During the four months of The Poppies installation, formally titled “Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red,” 888,246 ceramic poppies were “planted” in the Tower of London moat and cascaded from its window—one poppy for each British and colonial soldier killed during the war. The Poppies spoke to those without living memory of the war or, in many instances, even living memory of those who lived through it. In this sense, the installation was literally post-memory. The second centenary exhibition, Shot at Dawn, tests the limits of the tropes and mechanisms of remembrance on which The Poppies depended by, in effect, dispensing with them. Ultimately, these two centennial performances of remembrance help to frame the question of how and why the memory of this war—and the memory of its commemoration—continues to exercise a compelling hold on the British imagination.
Material Boys
Authors: London Bette
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the material culture of World War I, focusing on the objects of commemorative biography—the memorial volumes, collected, curated, and often privately published, that became familiar relics in so many mourning households. It considers both the materials that went into these volumes, including the soldiers' own writings, and the volumes themselves as material objects. The chapter therefore differs in its methodology from a strictly literary reading of the text but also from a strictly materialist one of the artifact. Patched together out of scraps and fragments—letters and poems by the deceased; memoirs by family members; tributes from others; snippets of inspirational literature; photographs and drawings; diary fragments—these commemorative volumes deploy a proliferation of materials to make up for lives that lacked recognizable fullness and dimension. In doing so, these volumes created a new kind of biographical hybrid, occupying an ambiguous place between text and object and an ambiguous place in a rapidly changing genre.
Empowering Anonymous Speech
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the empowerment of anonymous speech. It starts with the work of Manuel Talley when he founded the Los Angeles chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality to fight against discrimination. The California appellate court issued its opinion in Talley's case, and it refused to back away from its conclusion that the Los Angeles ordinance prohibiting all anonymous pamphleteering had been constitutional. Moreover, Justice Hugo Black's opinion on the Los Angeles ordinance restricting the freedom to distribute information and freedom of expression gave rise to the monumental development of the right to anonymity. The chapter elaborates on the Supreme Court adopting a flexible balancing test that weighed the competing benefits and harms of anonymity following McIntyre's doctrinal framework.
Cybersmear
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers a series of cybersmear lawsuits. It expounds on Yahoo! Finance bulletin boards becoming the first major online battleground for the right to anonymous speech as companies tried to unmask posters discussing Raytheon and its financial performance. Corporate executives and public relations departments monitored the bulletin boards as they influenced employee morale and stock prices. Early cybersmear lawsuits often claim that the posters violated employee confidentiality agreements, disclosed trade secrets, or defamed the companies. The chapter also looks into the differences between traceable anonymity and traceable pseudonymity. It then discusses John Doe lawsuits and subpoenas resulting in lawyers for anonymous posters and civil liberty groups facing years of heavy lifting to create workable legal standards to protect online anonymity.
Setting the Rules for Online Anonymity
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the efforts in setting the rules for online anonymity. It explains how the legal standards of anonymity on the Internet began in a quotidian intellectual property dispute between Columbia Insurance Company and See's Candy Shops retail chain over its domain name. The case proved that online anonymity can prevent people from embarrassment when they seek sensitive information on the Internet. Moreover, anonymity aid generativity by providing a safe environment for people to experiment online while simultaneously avoiding linking their identities, words, and actions. The chapter covers Judge D. Lowell Jensen's work on the factors of online disputes that the court has to consider. It also elaborates on other online anonymity cases such as America Online chatroom posters in an Indiana state court and the AutoAdmit plaintiffs.
Anonymity Worldwide
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the state of anonymity across the world. It starts with the United States, which places a high value on offline and online anonymity. The contrast of anonymity between the United States and other countries lies in their attempts to enact real-name laws or legal requirements for people to use their names when posting content on the Internet. China has an extensive history of imposing real-name mandates while Brazil bans anonymity. Russia enacts a bloggers law that requires bloggers to sign with the nation's media oversight agency, and Iran mandates internet users to register IP addresses. The chapter tackles how Canada, Europe, and the United Kingdom highlight the importance of privacy over free speech. It also explains that the United State does not have an applicable nationwide privacy law even though numerous US states have passed their respective privacy laws.
Anonymity as a Sword
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on anonymity being used as a sword. It examines how malicious actors use their ability to control access to their identifying information when it comes to inflicting harm on other people. According to Saul Levmore, the Internet works as a far more effective medium for disseminating harmful speech. The chapter looks into the narrative of Ryan S. Lin and his cyberstalking campaign, citing the First Amendment's free speech protection did not directly hinder law enforcement's investigation against his roommate. Lin's case unveiled some harmful ways in which people can operate within the culture of anonymity empowerment. By 2018, Lin pleaded guilty to cyberstalking, distribution of child pornography, hoax bomb threats, computer fraud and abuse, and aggravated identity theft. The chapter also considers the implications of modern online anonymity by referencing QAnon.
Out in the Open
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the significance of open source information. It explains how most unmaskings of anonymous and pseudonymous internet users were mostly unmasked through enough clues on Google searches or information the user voluntarily put on social media and public places. The vast amount of publicly available information allows people with a modicum of curiosity to use basic tools to identify people, which could also be seen as a form of doxxing. The chapter suggests the anonymity empowerment provided by the First Amendment and technology also requires people to carefully assess the information they give out. After all, the culture of anonymity empowerment stems from laws, anonymity-protective technology, and self-empowerment.
Empowering Anonymity through Privacy Law
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into empowering anonymity through privacy laws. It highlights the risk of sensitive, identifying data exiting within private corporate databases, which could be used or bought by other companies and increase the vulnerability to hackers. Thus, privacy laws can help empower anonymity while not restricting the use of publicly available information, and such attempts would face First Amendment challenges. Surveillance capitalism allowed companies to maintain vast amounts of information about people, which could be used to unmask people who had attempted to be anonymous. The chapter also considers the utility of geolocation points from smartphones as identifiers. Additionally, it discusses the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, which restricts the ability of companies to process Europeans' personal information and provides broad rights to request access and deletion of the personal information that companies hold.
Uncertainty by Design
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of scenario planning, which is used by states, large corporations, and local organizations to imagine and prepare for future uncertainties. Scenario technology typically works around the construct of risk and the related notion of risk management. The term uncertainty by design is an approach that accepts the open-endedness of the future while at the same time facilitating techniques to manage it that go beyond practices based on or involving the calculation of possibilities. The chapter notes the usage of scenario technology in analyzing scenario narratives and practices at the National Emergency Management Authority in Israel, the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Europe (WHO Europe), and the World Energy Council. It cites that the focus on uncertainty shifts the discussion on modernity and governance from the risk society approach to the idea of potentialities both in security and in profit.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the relationship between imagination and science. It also covers the notion of science and imagination during the period of Romanticism and Enlightenment. Under the context of scenario planning, imagination was a critical element in its emergence and had been perceived as a solution to problems that could not be solved with the available scientific tools. Then, scenario methods were reconstructed in terms of psychocognitive, behavioral, and quantitative scientific discourses and embedded in modern scientific rationale to improve the practice's scientific legitimacy. The chapter explains the history of scenario planning expressed three axes in the problematization of the relationship between science and imagination. Moreover, imagination is accepted as a basis for scientific practices for researching the unknown future.
Sour Milk
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter cites the history of yogurt, which became a critical ingredient in the Bulgarian diet and bioimaginary under socialism in Bulgaria. It explores the properties of yogurt that allowed the ingredient to be used in varying sweet and savory dishes and diets. Ilya Mechnikov's theory on Bulgarian yogurt as a curative fix for intestinal ills triggered controversies and criticisms. However, science, technology, and shifts in animal stock were slowly but surely brought to bear on Bulgarian production and supply chains. The chapter looks into traditional and modern processes and consumption of yogurt in correlation to bacterial gut health and probiotics.
“Ripe” Communism
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the significance of Bulgarian tomato and pepper to contemporary Bulgarian cuisine. It explains how Bulgaria became both beneficiaries and important agents in the European diffusion of and the growing demand for tomatoes and peppers during the global conversation on food and public health. Thus, market gardeners contributed to the revitalization of Bulgarian commerce, culture, and politics. Consumer patterns also evolved rapidly in response to the discovery of vitamins, global food narratives, and World War I. The chapter explains how tomatoes and peppers hold a special place in memories, identities, and nostalgia for socialism after it had been subjected to standardization and industrialization.
Quick-Fix Banking Reforms after the Asian Crisis, 1997–2002
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes how the growth model was consolidated from the early 1990s under the so-called second era of reform. This era was marked by a reformist leadership that emerged from the struggles after the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. It describes the new Jiang-Zhu regime, which emphasized on coastal manufacturing development and the greater use of market-oriented reforms. The chapter looks at the period from the 1990s to the early 2000s that saw the first significant effort at banking reform with the introduction of national legislation further defining the role of the People's Bank of China (PBC) and the state-owned banks. As the PBC became an exclusive central bank, the Big Four banks inherited the PBC's commercial business and continued to dominate the banking system, becoming key agents of financial repression.
The GFC and State Capitalism on Steroids
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the mounting problems of the prevailing growth model from 2008. The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 and the large drop in external demand exposed how dependent the model had become on the export sector and on seemingly endless infrastructure investment at central and local levels. The chapter reviews the stimulus response to the GFC by the government that highlighted the degree to which the model had become dependent on credit-fueled growth channeled through the state-owned banks. The chapter then outlines the domestic debate on macroeconomic policies amid the GFC and how the formal and rapidly rising shadow banking sector facilitated a national campaign of credit expansion that saw funds flow largely to key designated sectors in the stimulus program. It explores the continuation of this credit-and-spending binge after the GFC and its implications for China's growth model.
Shadow Banking after the GFC
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the empirical details of the rapid rise of the shadow banking sector during the post-2008 credit surge. It highlights how the rise of the shadow banking system as part of the post-2008 emergency stimulus and credit surge had significant impacts on the formal banking system. This form of informal market activity in finance was spurred by the relaxation of certain institutional settings, by pressures from the household and market sectors for more credit, and by the leadership's attempts to expand credit-fueled economic activity in the state sectors. The chapter explains why and how shadow banking was fostered, using a light-touch approach, by central bank and regulatory authorities within a broader liberalization agenda. It uses the example of internet finance to illustrate how this segment of the shadow banking industry has helped facilitate a degree of financial liberalization in China.
The Politics of Banking Regulation and Reform
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the increasingly strident regulatory response by the authorities to the shadow banking sector from around 2015. Initially the leadership and the regulatory authorities tacitly and often explicitly supported the rise of shadow banking, but since around 2015, there has been a regulatory clampdown on the shadow sector as concerns about risks have grown. The chapter examines key agents that have shaped banking reform over the last decade or more, especially within the leadership and the bureaucracy. The chapter analyzes the leadership's preferences and trade-offs, which tend to set the scene for the bureaucracy in relation to the regulation of both formal and shadow finance. It looks at how key bureaucrats exploited the external shock of the global financial crisis in achieving their agenda of greater liberalization.
Why Would I Be Married Here?
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This book examines marriage migration undertaken by rural bachelors in North India, unable to marry locally, who travel across the breadth of India seeking brides who do not share the same caste, ethnicity, language, or customs as themselves. The book connects the macro-political violent process of neoliberalism to the micro-personal level of marriage and intimate gender relations to analyze the lived reality of this set of migrant brides in cross-region marriages among dominant-peasant caste Hindus and Meo Muslims in rural North India. The book reveals how predatory capitalism links with patriarchy to dispossess many poor women from India's marginalized Dalit and Muslim communities of marriage choices in their local communities. It reveals how, within the context of the increasing spread of capitalist relations, these women's pragmatic cross-region migration for marriage needs to be reframed as an exercise of their agency that simultaneously exposes them to new forms of gender subordination and internal othering of caste discrimination and ethnocentrism in conjugal communities. The book offers powerful examples of how contemporary forces of neoliberalism reshape the structural oppressions compelling poor women from marginalized communities worldwide into making compromised choices about their bodies, their labor, and their lives.