bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial gradients of introgressed ancestry reveal cryptic connectivity patterns in a high gene flow marine fish
Authors: Robinet Tony , Roussel Valérie , Cheze Karine , Gagnaire Pierre‐Alexandre
Published: August 2020

Assessing genetic connectivity among populations in high gene flow species is sometimes insufficient to evaluate demographic connectivity. Genetic differentiation quickly becomes zero as soon as a few dozen migrants are exchanged per generation. This provides little information to determine whether migration can ensure demographic coupling. The resulting difficulties in delineating conservation units for the management of commercially exploited marine fish species are well illustrated in the case of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Previous attempts to assess connectivity patterns in the northeast Atlantic have been hampered by a lack of spatial genetic structure. In contrast, mark‐recapture data suggested low migration rates between regional spawning areas. Here, we show how a spatial gradient of introgressed Mediterranean ancestry across the northeast Atlantic reflects cryptic patterns of genetic and demographic connectivity. Using a 1K SNP chip data set in 827 individuals sampled from Portugal to the North Sea, we found null overall genetic differentiation across the northeast Atlantic. We however detected a subtle latitudinal admixture gradient originating at the edge of the contact zone with the Mediterranean sea bass lineage. Two significant breaks in the ancestry gradient at the tip of Galicia and northern Brittany indicated barriers to effective dispersal between demographically distinct units. Moreover, a northward expansion signal in Irish and North Seas was revealed by the surfing of rare Mediterranean alleles at the edge of the species range. Our results show that introgressed ancestry gradients offer a powerful alternative to assess genetic and demographic connectivity when the neutral migration‐drift balance is not informative.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Straightening the road from the Rome criteria
Authors: Camilleri Michael
Published: August 2020

A sequence of consensus‐based Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been published since 1989. The fundamental definition based on abdominal pain in association with bowel dysfunction has been consistent. However, two major changes occurred in the Rome II and IV criteria. The former change involved “splitting off” of symptoms that were not consistently associated with pain, such as functional, constipation, diarrhea, and bloating. In Rome IV, the main changes were the exclusion of discomfort (in contrast to pain) and the more stringent frequency criteria for the pain to be eligible for diagnosis of IBS (specifically, on average, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months). Validation studies of the consensus, symptom‐based criteria have identified multiple deficiencies that question the rationale for “splitting” the different syndromes, and favor a simpler identification of the classical symptoms of abdominal pain, bowel dysfunction, and bloating, and exclusion of alarm symptoms. Advances in the identification of actionable biomarkers related to the symptoms suggestive of functional gastrointestinal disorders have the potential to usher a change in practice from positive diagnosis of symptom complexes followed by empirical treatment to identification of the mechanisms causing the symptoms and targeted therapy.
Ecological legacies of past human activities in Amazonian forests
Authors: McMichael Crystal N.H.
Published: August 2020

In Amazonia, human activities that occurred hundreds of years ago in the pre‐European era can leave long‐lasting effects on the forests – termed ecological legacies. These legacies include the intentional or nonintentional enrichment or depletion of certain species. The persistence of these legacies through time varies by species, and creates complex long‐term trajectories of post‐disturbance succession that affect ecosystem processes for hundreds of years. Most of our knowledge of Amazonian biodiversity and carbon storage comes from a series of several hundred forest plots, and we only know the disturbance history of four of them. More empirical data are needed to determine the degree to which past human activities and their ecological legacies affect our current understanding of Amazonian forest ecology.
Urban sprawl and childhood obesity
Authors: Wu Tong , Yang Shujuan , Liu Meijing , Qiu Ge , Li Hanqi , Luo Miyang , Jia Peng
Published: August 2020

Urban sprawl is thought to be a risk factor for childhood obesity primarily because the physical environment it creates discourages children's physical activity while encouraging their sedentary behavior. However, there has not been any review on the association between urban sprawl and childhood obesity. This study filled this research gap by comprehensively reviewing literature focusing on associations between urban sprawl and weight‐related behaviors and outcomes among children and adolescents. Only two longitudinal and three cross‐sectional studies conducted in two countries were identified. Sample sizes ranged from 2324 to 129 781. Four studies used weight status, and only one study used both behaviors and weight status as outcome variables. All positive, negative, and non‐significant associations were reported. This review could not identify a clear association between urban sprawl and childhood obesity. More longitudinal studies are needed for in‐depth analyses on this important topic in more regions, which would be important not only for public health guidelines but also for research, practice, and policies in urban planning.
A qualitative study of handovers at shift changeovers in five care homes for older people in England
Authors: Norrie Caroline , Moriarty Jo , Lipman Valerie , Elaswarapu Rekha , Manthorpe Jill
Published: August 2020

Background

It is widely acknowledged that inadequate handovers are associated with putting patients at risk in clinical settings; however, handover practices have received little attention in other 24‐hr settings such as long‐stay residential care facilities.

Aim

This study aimed to explore the perceived purpose and organisational processes involved in the handover of information between shifts of staff caring for older residents in five care homes in England.

Methods

The study took an ethnographic approach to fieldwork, undertaken between February and June 2016. It consisted of observations of handovers (n = 12) and interviews with managers, Registered Nurses (RNs) and care assistants (n = 27) working day and night shifts. Interview transcripts and observation notes were analysed within NVivo using a matrix approach.

Results

Handovers were highly variable in all five care homes in relation to their timings, locations, content and participants. Managers and RNs highlighted handovers as an opportunity for risk assurance, supervision, team building, staff education and monitoring of residents’ clinical status. In comparison, care assistants considered the purpose of handovers to be prepared for the responsibilities of working a shift. The discussion addresses implications of these findings, particularly consideration of how best use can be made of RN skills and knowledge in handovers.

Conclusion

Research is needed to identify whether care home resident safety can be linked to handover practices and how the presence of RNs in handovers in care homes affects this.

Implications for practice

Care home managers, RNs and care workers may find this research useful in practice when considering how best to organise handovers and deploy staff in care homes for older people.
Injury Mechanism of Acute Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Associated with Glenoid and Greater Tuberosity Fractures: A Study Based on Fracture Morphology
Authors: Dai Fei , Xiang Ming , Yang Jin‐song , Chen Hang , Hu Xiao‐chuan , Zhang Qing , Li Yi‐ping
Published: August 2020

Objective

Based on the morphological characteristics of glenoid and greater tuberosity (GT) fractures and the relationship between them, we explored the injury mechanism of acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures.

Methods

From December 2013 to December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures in our hospital. According to the fracture site, a glenoid fracture group and a greater tuberosity fracture (GT) group were established, and the morphological characteristics of both glenoid and GT fractures were measured and statistically analyzed.

Results

A total of 41 patients (43 shoulders) met the inclusion criteria (39 unilateral shoulders and 2 bilateral shoulders). The mean age was 50.21 years (range, 22–71 years). A total of 27 shoulder injuries (62.8%) were split GT fractures and 33 shoulder injuries (76.7%) were combined with rotator cuff tears. The mean size of glenoid fragments was 30.16% and the mean displacement was 8.85 mm. The mean size of GT fragments was 28.43 mm. The mean superoinferior and anteroposterior displacements of the GT fragment were 6.77 mm and 4.96 mm, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the size of glenoid and GT fracture fragments (r = −0.64, P < 0.05). The glenoid fragments in the Ideberg type Ia glenoid fracture group were smaller than those in the Ideberg type II glenoid fracture group (28.41% and 40.95%, respectively), while the size of GT fragments in the type Ia group were larger than those in the type II group (29.77 mm and 20.21 mm, respectively) (P < 0.05). The GT fragments in the split GT fracture group were larger than those in the avulsion or depression GT fracture group (33.69 mm, 19.07 mm and 21.12 mm, respectively), while the size of glenoid fragments in the split GT fracture group were smaller than those in the avulsion or depression GT fracture group (23.57%, 41.37%, and 43.42%, respectively) (P < 0.05). As for the displacement direction of GT fragments, depression fractures were mainly inferior displacements, avulsion fractures were mainly anterosuperior displacements, while split fractures were mainly posteroinferior displacements (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis suggested that the type and the fragment size of GT fractures have a significant influence on the size of glenoid fragments.

Conclusion

Acute anterior shoulder dislocations associated with glenoid and GT fractures are often combined with rotator cuff tears. There is a negative correlation between the size of glenoid and GT fragments, and split GT fractures are most common. Such injuries are highly correlated to the relative spatial location between the GT and the glenoid when the shoulder dislocates.
Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandra , Ash Jerry , Akdemir Baris , Alexy Tamas , Cogswell Rebecca , Chen Jane , Adabag Selcuk
Published: August 2020

Background

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a common arrhythmia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction but its incidence, predictors, and significance have not been determined in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of arrhythmias in two cohorts of patients with an HFpEF diagnosis. Patients in cohort 1 (n = 40) underwent routine arrhythmia surveillance with a 14‐day ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. Patients in cohort 2 (n = 85) had cardiac pacemakers and underwent routine device interrogations.

Results

In cohort 1, 13 patients (32.5%) had one or more episodes of nonsustained VT (NSVT) on ambulatory ECG. In cohort 2, 38 patients (44.7%) had NSVT on cardiac pacemaker interrogations. During a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 3.0 (1.6 to 5.1) years, 15 (12%) patients died (20% of patients with NSVT versus 6.8% of those without NSVT; P = .03). In logistic regression analysis, NSVT was associated with a 3.4‐fold higher odds of death (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 10.53; P = .04) in HFpEF.

Conclusions

In conclusion, patients with HFpEF have a relatively high, and possibly underappreciated, burden of NSVT, which confers a higher risk of mortality. The frequent episodes of NSVT in these patients may provide insight into the mechanism of sudden cardiac death in HFpEF.
Conflict Settlement and Outcomes of Post‐Cold War International Military Interventions
Authors: Olson Lounsbery Marie , Pearson Frederic S.
Published: August 2020

Scholars noted a remarkable shift in the pattern and motives of international military intervention with the end of the Cold War, namely toward more multilateral and humanitarian missions, often leading to more negotiated conflict settlement. Yet just twenty years later, counter‐trends had already begun to emerge, with renewed major power competition, more complicated multi‐factional civil wars, and cross‐border insurgent/terrorist networks. Using aggregate intervention data from 1989 to 2006 and case study analysis since 2010, we examine the question of continuity versus change in international security and humanitarian policy, in general, and regarding military intervention and outcomes, in particular. Based on patterns of pro‐ and anti‐government interventions and their effects on conflict duration and outcome, appropriate policy approaches are suggested.
Assessment of the effectiveness of Ty genes in tomato against tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus
Authors: Kaushal Ashish , Sadashiva A. T. , Krishna Reddy M. , Srinivasa Rao E. , Singh T. H. , Sriram S. , Dhananjay M. V. , Venugopalan R. , Ravishankar Kundapura V.
Published: August 2020

Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBaV), a monopartite begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, has become a major constraint in tomato production in the Indian subcontinent. Earlier breeding efforts in India led to the adoption of tomato cultivars carrying the resistance gene Ty‐2. However, it has been observed recently that such cultivars/hybrids are susceptible to begomoviruses. This requires the identification of additional or new sources of resistance against ToLCBaV. The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of several Ty genes in providing resistance against infection by ToLCBaV. The kinetics of virus multiplication in different Ty resistance gene stocks of tomato were estimated and compared using quantitative PCR data. Accumulation of viral genomic units and symptom severity were lower in tomato lines carrying Ty‐3 and Ty‐2 + Ty‐3 compared with those carrying Ty‐2 alone. All tested lines carrying Ty‐2 showed typical tomato leaf curl disease symptoms. Tomato lines carrying Ty‐2 + ty‐5 and ty‐5 + Ty‐6 combinations had a significantly higher disease severity index and viral genomic units compared to those carrying Ty‐3 and Ty‐2 + Ty‐3 at 30 days postinoculation. The accumulation level of ToLCBaV genomic units serves as a good indicator for resistance selection along with other parameters of disease. We present here a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of Ty‐2, Ty‐3, and ty‐5 alone as well as the combinations Ty‐2 + Ty‐3 and Ty‐2 + ty‐5 against ToLCBaV.
Detection of an HLA‐C*01:02:01:01 variant, HLA‐C*01:02:43, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: August 2020

One nucleotide substitution in codon 126 of HLA‐C*01:02:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐C*01:02:43.
Setaria viridis chlorotic and seedling‐lethal mutants define critical functions for chloroplast gene expression
Authors: Feiz Leila , Strickler Susan R. , van Eck Joyce , Mao Linyong , Movahed Navid , Taylor Caroline , Gourabathini Poornima , Fei Zhangjun , Stern David B.
Published: August 2020

Deep insights into chloroplast biogenesis have been obtained by mutant analysis; however, in C4 plants a relevant mutant collection has only been developed and exploited for maize. Here, we report the initial characterization of an ethyl methyl sulfonate‐induced mutant population for the C4 model Setaria viridis. Approximately 1000 M2 families were screened for the segregation of pale‐green seedlings in the M3 generation, and a subset of these was identified to be deficient in post‐transcriptional steps of chloroplast gene expression. Causative mutations were identified for three lines using deep sequencing‐based bulked segregant analysis, and in one case confirmed by transgenic complementation. Using chloroplast RNA‐sequencing and other molecular assays, we describe phenotypes of mutants deficient in PSRP7, a plastid‐specific ribosomal protein, OTP86, an RNA editing factor, and cpPNP, the chloroplast isozyme of polynucleotide phosphorylase. The psrp mutant is globally defective in chloroplast translation, and has varying deficiencies in the accumulation of chloroplast‐encoded proteins. The otp86 mutant, like its Arabidopsis counterpart, is specifically defective in editing of the rps14 mRNA; however, the conditional pale‐green mutant phenotype contrasts with the normal growth of the Arabidopsis mutant. The pnp mutant exhibited multiple defects in 3′ end maturation as well as other qualitative changes in the chloroplast RNA population. Overall, our collection opens the door to global analysis of photosynthesis and early seedling development in an emerging C4 model.
Volume‐dependent effect of stored red blood cells: A secondary analysis of the Age of Blood Evaluation trial
Authors: Mack Johnathan , Kahn Susan R. , Tinmouth Alan , Fergusson Dean , Hébert Paul C. , Lacroix Jacques ,   The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
Published: August 2020

Background

An increased risk of complications, including death, has been associated with stored red blood cell (RBC) units in observational studies but not in randomized trials. We aimed to evaluate for volume‐dependent effects attributable to length of RBC storage in a secondary analysis of the Age of Blood Evaluation (ABLE) trial.

Study Design and Methods

In the 2510 critically ill adults from the ABLE trial randomized to receive RBC units stored not more than 7 days or the oldest compatible RBC units, we estimated the hazard ratio (HR) for death by intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital discharge and by days 28, 90, and 180, within subgroups defined by the number of RBC units received. Extended Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the HR.

Results

A volume‐dependent effect of storage age on survival was present for death by 90 and 180 days, but not earlier endpoints. The HR for death by 90 days was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.98, fresh vs standard) after transfusion of 6 RBC units but 1.45 (95% CI, 1.06–1.98) after transfusion of 1 RBC unit.

Conclusion

In this exploratory analysis, volume‐dependent effects related to RBC storage were documented in the ABLE trial. The harms associated with small volumes of fresh RBC units and large volumes of older RBC units should be further explored.
SCIENCE AND OTHER COMMON NOUNS: FURTHER IMPLICATIONS OF ANTI‐ESSENTIALISM
Authors: Stump J. B.
Published: August 2020

The term “science” is a common noun that is used to designate a whole range of activities. If Reeves is right—and I think he is—that there is no essence to these activities that allows them to be objectively identified and demarcated from nonscience, then what qualifies as science is determined by communities. It becomes much more difficult on this antiessentialism position to identify and dismiss pseudo‐science. I suggest we might find a way forward, though, by engaging a philosophical tradition that has largely been neglected in English‐speaking science and religion studies, and by articulating a theory of consensus along the lines of Oreskes (2019).
CRITICAL REALISM REDUX: A RESPONSE TO JOSH REEVES
Authors: Allen Paul
Published: August 2020

This article combines an appreciation of several themes in Josh Reeves's Against Methodology in Science and Religion: Recent Debates on Rationality and Theology while arguing in favor of critical realism. The author holds that critical realism manages to combine the objective truth reached through inference and especially cognitive acts of judgment as well as the various, contingent historical contexts that also define where science is practiced. Reeves advocates a historical perspective, but this article claims that in order for critical realism to be credible, a philosophical perspective must be maintained.
SCIENCE AND RELIGION: MOVING BEYOND THE CREDIBILITY STRATEGY
Authors: Lorrimar Victoria
Published: August 2020

Reeves condemns the recruitment of scientific methods by representative theologians to lend credibility to their theological claims. His treatment of Nancey Murphy's use of Lakatosian research programme methodology is focused on here, and his proposal that science and religion scholars might act as “historians of the present” to advance the field is explored. The “credibility strategy” is set in historical context with an exploration of some of the science and religion field's original commitments and goals, particularly in terms of the emphasis on rationalism and corresponding neglect of the imagination, and the value of more creative input in promoting better dialogue between science and religion is highlighted.
REIMAGINING DAOIST ALCHEMY, DECOLONIZING TRANSHUMANISM: THE FANTASY OF IMMORTALITY CULTIVATION IN TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY CHINA
Authors: Ni Zhange
Published: August 2020

This article studies a new fantasy subgenre that emerged in contemporary China, xiuzhen xiaoshuo (immortality cultivation fiction), which builds imaginary worlds around the magical practice of Chinese alchemy and fuses it with science and technology. After the arrival of the modern, Western triad of science, religion, and magic/superstition, alchemical practices of the Daoist tradition were labeled as a “superstition” to be eradicated; however, they persisted and began to flourish within and beyond the realm of fantasy literature in the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries. Immortality cultivation fiction has generated a magical form of transhumanism, which envisions human enhancement through techniques beyond the boundaries of “proper” science and “legitimate” religion. While transhumanism in the Euro‐American West is popular among white bourgeoisie males and dominated by tendencies to reaffirm the human subject constructed by excluding the various subhuman others, magical transhumanism in Chinese fantasy explores the possibility of transcending that antagonistic relationship and making a posthuman subject and a utopian world.
Difference in Outdoor Time and Physical Activity During Recess After Schoolyard Renewal for the Least-Active Children
Authors: Skau Pawlowski Charlotte , Bondo Andersen Henriette , Schipperijn Jasper
Published: August 2020

Background: It remains unclear if schoolyard interventions “just” provide more opportunities for those children who are already active. The authors wanted to investigate schoolyard use and physical activity (PA) among the least-active children during recess following schoolyard renewals. Methods: An intervention study design with preresults and postresults comparison was used. Accelerometer and global positioning system data were collected at 6 Danish schools from 553 children at baseline and 439 after renewals (grades 4–9). Based on mean minutes of recess moderate to vigorous PA per child per school, the least-active children were defined as all children in the lowest activity quartile at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Results: One hundred and thirty-five children (70% girls) at baseline and 108 (76% girls) at follow-up were categorized as the least-active children. At follow-up they accumulated more time (12.1 min/d) and PA (4.4 min/d) in the schoolyard during recess compared with baseline. The difference in schoolyard PA found for the least-active children was relatively small compared with the difference for all children. Conclusions: Solely improving the physical schoolyard environment seemed to have limited impact on the least-active children’s PA. Future studies should investigate the complex interrelations between the least-active children and the entire schoolyard environment.
The NEMP family supports metazoan fertility and nuclear envelope stiffness
Authors: Tsatskis Yonit , Rosenfeld Robyn , Pearson Joel D. , Boswell Curtis , Qu Yi , Kim Kyunga , Fabian Lacramioara , Mohammad Ariz , Wang Xian , Robson Michael I. , Krchma Karen , Wu Jun , Gonçalves João , Hodzic Didier , Wu Shu , Potter Daniel , Pelletier Laurence , Dunham Wade H. , Gingras Anne-Claude , Sun Yu , Meng Jin , Godt Dorothea , Schedl Tim , Ciruna Brian , Choi Kyunghee , Perry John R. B. , Bremner Rod , Schirmer Eric C. , Brill Julie A. , Jurisicova Andrea , McNeill Helen
Published: August 2020

Loss of Nemp leads to softening of the germline nuclear envelope and loss of fertility.
3D printed patient-specific aortic root models with internal sensors for minimally invasive applications
Authors: Haghiashtiani Ghazaleh , Qiu Kaiyan , Zhingre Sanchez Jorge D. , Fuenning Zachary J. , Nair Priya , Ahlberg Sarah E. , Iaizzo Paul A. , McAlpine Michael C.
Published: August 2020

3D printed patient-specific aortic root models with internal sensor arrays can augment the planning of medical procedures.
Kondo physics in antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal Mn

3+
x

Sn

1−
x

films
Authors: Khadka Durga , Thapaliya T. R. , Hurtado Parra Sebastian , Han Xingyue , Wen Jiajia , Need Ryan F. , Khanal Pravin , Wang Weigang , Zang Jiadong , Kikkawa James M. , Wu Liang , Huang S. X.
Published: August 2020

Evolution of Kondo effect in Weyl semimetal Mn
3
Sn leads to extraordinary terahertz and DC transport properties.
Predicting short-range order and correlated phenomena in disordered crystalline materials
Authors: O’Quinn Eric C. , Sickafus Kurt E. , Ewing Rodney C. , Baldinozzi Gianguido , Neuefeind Joerg C. , Tucker Matthew G. , Fuentes Antonio F. , Drey Devon , Lang Maik K.
Published: August 2020

Short-range structure in disordered materials can be predicted by application of Pauling’s rules.
Antibacterial Activity of
Bacillus inaquosorum
Strain T1 against

pirAB
Vp

-Bearing Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Genetic and Physiological Characterization
Authors: Avery Sarah E. , Ruzbarsky Susannah P. , Hise Amanda M. , Schreier Harold J.
Published: August 2020

The shrimp aquaculture industry has been significantly impacted by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), resulting in significant financial losses annually. AHPND is caused by strains of the bacterial pathogen
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
, and treatment of AHPND involves the use of antibiotics, which leads to a rise in the number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Alternative treatments include the application of beneficial microorganisms having inhibitory activities against pathogens causing AHPND. In this study, we examined the ability of
Bacillus inaquosorum
strain T1 to inhibit the growth of an AHPND-causing
Vibrio
strain, and we show that this activity involves a gene cluster associated with antibacterial compound production. We found that gene expression is under stationary-phase control and that enhanced activity occurs upon inactivation of a global transition state regulator. Our approach for understanding the factors involved in producing
B. inaquosorum
strain T1 inhibitory activity will allow for the development of this strain as a tool for AHPND prevention and treatment.
IRF1 Promotes the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection by Enhancing the Activation of IRF3
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Li Huiyi , Xue Binbin , Deng Rilin , Huang Xiang , Xu Yan , Chen Shengwen , Tian Renyun , Wang Xintao , Xun Zhen , Sang Ming , Zhu Haizhen
Published: August 2020

The activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. IRF3 plays a critical role in the innate immune response to RNA viral infection. However, whether IRF1 plays a role in innate immunity is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IRF1 promotes the innate immune response to viral infection. IRF1 is induced by viral infection. Notably, IRF1 targets and augments the phosphorylation of IRF3 by blocking the interaction between IRF3 and PP2A, leading to the upregulation of innate immunity. Collectively, the results of our study provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of IFN signaling and uncover the role of IRF1 in the positive regulation of the innate immune response to viral infection.
Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and handgrip strength with age-related macular degeneration: a population-based study
Authors: Katsimpris Andreas , Jürgens Clemens , Lüdtke Lisa , Martin Bahls , Ittermann Till , Gläser Sven , Dörr Marcus , Ewert Ralf , Volaklis Konstantinos , Felix Stephan B. , Tost Frank , Völzke Henry , Meisinger Christa , Baumeister Sebastian E.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To assess whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and handgrip strength, two objective markers of physical fitness, are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

We analysed cross-sectional data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (2008–2012) including 1173 adult men and women aged 20–79 years. Fundus photography of the central retina was recorded with a non-mydriatic camera, and images were graded according to an established clinical AMD classification scale by an experienced reader. CRF was measured using peak oxygen uptake (peakVO2), oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2@AT), and maximum power output (Wmax) from standardised cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a bicycle ergometer according to a modified Jones protocol. Handgrip strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) for the associations of peakVO2, VO2@AT, Wmax and handgrip strength with AMD were derived from multivariable Poisson regression models.

Results

PeakVO2, VO2@AT, Wmax and handgrip strength were not associated with AMD. Adjusted PR for AMD associated with a 1-SD increment in peakVO2, VO2@AT, Wmax and handgrip strength were 1.05 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.34), 0.96 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.18), 1.10 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.41) and 1.01 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.30), respectively. These associations were not modified by age, sex, smoking, body mass index and diabetes. Estimates in sensitivity analysis for confounding, selection bias and missing data were similar.

Conclusion

In our study, CRF and handgrip strength were not associated with AMD. Nevertheless, longitudinal studies with bigger sample sizes are needed to furtherly examine these associations.
Prevalence and risk factors of pseudomyopia in a Chinese children population: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study
Authors: Kang Meng-Tian , Jan Catherine , Li ShiMing , Yusufu Mayinuer , Liang Xintong , Cao Kai , Liu Luo-Ru , Li He , Wang Ningli , Congdon Nathan
Published: August 2020

Aims

To investigate the prevalence and predictors of pseudomyopia in Chinese children and its association with myopia progression.

Methods

A prospective, school-based, cohort study of 6- and 13-year-old children was conducted in Anyang, China. Pre-cycloplegic and post-cycloplegic autorefraction were performed at baseline and 1 year later. Pseudomyopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive (SER) error in the better–seeing eye ≤−0.50 D before cycloplegia and >−0.50 D after cycloplegia. Among pseudomyopic children, pseudomyopic power was defined as non-cycloplegic SER subtracted from cycloplegic SER. Market survey was collected in all optometry stores in Anyang city to investigate how cycloplegia is used for refracting children.

Results

A total of 2612 children aged 6 years and 1984 children aged 13 years were included. Of the two cohorts, median cycloplegic SER (IQR) was 1.00 D (0.50, 1.38) and −1.13 D (−2.63, 0.13) respectively, myopia prevalence was 5.2% and 61.0%, pseudomyopia prevalence was 24.1% and 18.9%, and median pseudomyopic power was 1.13 D (0.63, 1.63) and 0.38 D (0.13, 0.88). In both cohorts, greater baseline hyperopia was the strongest predictor of pseudomyopia (p<0.001), whereas time spent on near work was not associated with pseudomyopic power (p>0.05). After 1 year, 15.6% (98/629) of 6-year-olds and 10.7% (40/374) of 13-year-olds with pseudomyopia developed myopia. Compared with myopes, pseudomyopic children with the same pre-cycloplegic SER had slower myopic progression (p<0.001). Among all 127 optometry stores in Anyang, only 4 (3.15%) used cycloplegia for refracting children.

Conclusion

Pseudomyopia is more prevalent in younger, more hyperopic children. Pseudomyopia is not an independent risk factor for myopic progression in this setting.
A systematic review of substandard, falsified, unlicensed and unregistered medicine sampling studies: a focus on context, prevalence, and quality
Authors: McManus Dominic , Naughton Bernard David
Published: August 2020

Substandard and falsified (SF) medicines are a global issue contributing to antimicrobial resistance and causing economic and humanitarian harm. To direct law enforcement efficiently, halt the spread of SF medicines and antimicrobial resistance, academics, NGOs and government organisations use medicine quality sampling studies to estimate the prevalence of the problem. A systematic review of medicine quality studies was conducted to estimate how the methodological quality of these studies and SF prevalence has changed between 2013 and 2018. We also aimed to critique medicine sampling study methodologies, and the systematic review process which generates prevalence estimates. Based on 33 studies, the overall estimated median (Q1–Q3) prevalence of SF medicines appears to have remained high at 25% (7.7%–34%) compared with 28.5% in 2013. Furthermore, the methodological quality of prevalence studies has improved over the last 25 years. Definitive conclusions regarding the prevalence of SF medicines cannot be drawn due to the variability in sample sizes, consistency of design methods, and a lack of information concerning contextual factors affecting medicine quality studies. We contend that studies which present cumulative average prevalence figures are useful in a broad sense but could be improved to create more reliable estimates. We propose that medicine quality studies record the context of the study environment to allow systematic reviewers to compare like with like. Although, the academic rigour of medicine quality studies is improving, medicine sampling study limitations still exist. These limitations inhibit the accurate estimation of SF medicine prevalence which is needed to support detailed policy changes.
Evaluation of the current methods used for assessing dietary intake in military research settings: a scoping review
Authors: Chapman Shaun , Rawcliffe A J , Smith L , Izard R , Roberts J
Published: August 2020

Introduction

It is important to collate the literature that has assessed dietary intake within military settings to establish which methods are commonly used and which are valid so that accurate nutrition recommendations can be made. This scoping review aims to identify which methods are typically used to assess dietary intake in military settings and which of these have been validated. This review also aims to provide a recommendation as to which method(s) should be used in military settings.

Methods

This scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus with the most recent search executed on 12th June 2020. Eligible studies had to report original data, assess and quantify dietary intake and have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals. The reporting bias was calculated for each study where possible.

Results

Twenty-eight studies used a single method to assess dietary intake and seven studies used a combination of methods. The most commonly used methods were the gold standard food intake/waste method, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) or a food diary (FD). The only method to date that has been validated in military settings is weighed food records (WFR).

Conclusions

The food intake/waste method or WFR should be used where feasible. Where this is not practical the FFQ or FD should be considered with control measures applied. There is currently not sufficient evidence to state that using multiple methods together improves validity.
Musculoskeletal pain is common in competitive gaming: a cross-sectional study among Danish esports athletes
Authors: Lindberg Line , Nielsen Simon Bay , Damgaard Mads , Sloth Ole Rolskov , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Straszek Christian Lund
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The interest for competitive esports is growing. Little is known regarding musculoskeletal (MSK) pain among esports athletes. We aimed to investigate (1) the prevalence of MSK pain, (2) the association between MSK pain and esports-related training volume and (3) the association between MSK pain and physical activity levels.

Methods

Athletes aged 15–35 years who participated in structured esports through a computer-based game were eligible for inclusion. Participant demographics, hours/week spent on esports, self-report MSK pain sites, pain frequency, sleep, care-seeking behaviour and physical activity levels were collected through online questionnaires. The primary outcome was any MSK pain in the body during the previous week.

Results

Of 188 included athletes, 42.6% reported MSK pain. The most common pain site was the back (31.3%). Athletes with MSK pain participated in significantly less esports training compared with athletes without MSK pain (mean difference −5.6 hours/week; 95% CI −10.6 to −0.7, p=0.035). There was no significant difference in physical activity levels between groups (mean difference 81.1 metabolic equivalent of task-minutes/week; 95% CI −1266.9 to 1429.1, p=0.906).

Conclusion

Back pain is common among esports athletes. Athletes with MSK pain participated in less esports training compared with those without pain, suggesting a potentially negative effect of pain on esports participation.
Infectious thinking: the pathophysiology of 19th-century pedagogy
Authors: Franklin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

Systems for improving public health and organisations for providing national education were two of the great reforming achievements of 19th-century Britain. Despite the overlapping personnel and historical contemporaneity, scholars have rarely considered the two projects in tandem. This essay shows that developments in public health were at the heart of two foundational moments in the rise of 19th-century mass schooling. The originators of the monitorial system, a method of peer-educating working-class children cheaply that dominated British mass schooling at the turn of the 19th century, were deeply invested in the origin and spread of vaccination. Similarly, the first state teacher training system was conceived by a medical doctor in the 1830s, who first rose to prominence investigating cholera in Manchester earlier in the decade. Using archives of school providers, training institutions and the educational state apparatus, I show that medical prophylactic interventions of vaccination and sanitary reform helped galvanise the government into educational reform, by imagining the working class as pathological and providing templates for their palliation. By showing that the roots of the modern school system were deeply imbricated in attempts to combat smallpox and cholera, both in form and in epistemology, this paper argue that critical medical humanists should consider the role of epidemiological thinking in institutions and disciplines which seem, on first sight, removed from the clinic and the lab.
Targeting autophagy in neuroblastoma
Authors: Huang Siqi , Gu Song
Published: August 2020

Background

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracellular solid tumor among children accounting for serious mortality. Macroautophagy, a common housekeeping mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, is involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in a spectrum of cancers.

Data resources

Based on the terms of ‘autophagy’ and ‘neuroblastoma’, all the recent literature was searched and reviewed through PubMed.

Results

Autophagy is associated with apoptosis, histone modifications, angiogenesis, metabolism in NB. With those facts we assume that NB is an autophagy-dependent tumor, which means that autophagy inhibition therapy is desirable.

Conclusion

Autophagy in NB is pro-oncogenic, so inhibiting autophagy in high-risk NB may benefit treatment outcomes.
Four-directional quantum controlled teleportation using a single quantum resource
Authors: Zha Xin-Wei , Li Ke
Published: August 2020

In this paper, a quantum teleportation protocol has been proposed that can simultaneously transmit quantum states in four directions using a single entangled channel. This means that there are four senders who want to transmit state information, and they are Alice, Bob, Charlie, and David. In order to ensure the security of information transmission, the information state of the four is transmitted to four receivers Fancy1, Fancy2, Fancy3, and Fancy4 under the control of the controller Elle. Through unitary transformation and entanglement property, receivers can recover the original quantum state from the four senders, which is easy to implement. The teleportation protocol is perfect.
Renormalized Onsager functions and merging of vortex clusters
Authors: Flandoli Franco
Published: August 2020

This paper is devoted to an heuristic discussion of the merging mechanism between two clusters of point vortices, supported by some numerical simulations. A concept of renormalized Onsager function is introduced, elaboration of the solutions of the mean field equation. It is used to understand the shape of the single cluster observed as a result of the merging process. Potential implications for the inverse cascade 2D turbulence are discussed.
Numerical resonances for Schottky surfaces via Lagrange–Chebyshev approximation
Authors: Bandtlow Oscar F. , Pohl Anke , Schick Torben , Weiße Alexander
Published: August 2020

We present a numerical method to calculate resonances of Schottky surfaces based on Selberg theory, transfer operator techniques and Lagrange–Chebyshev approximation. This method is an alternative to the method based on periodic orbit expansion used previously in this context.
Nonnil-Noetherian Rings and Formal Power Series
Authors: Benhissi Ali
Published: August 2020

Let A be a commutative ring with unit. We characterize when A is nonnil-Noetherian in terms of the quotient ring A/ Nil(A) and in terms of the power series ring A[[X]].
Extension of i-Modularity
Authors: Fliouet El Hassane
Published: August 2020

Let k be a field of characteristic p ≠ 0. The main purpose of this paper is to extend the results and definitions of i-modularity that have already been estalished by Chellali and the present author when [k : kp] is finite to the case of finite irrationality degree extensions. A number of properties of i-modular extensions are determined and examples are presented illustrating the results. In particular, we characterize some special cases.
On Some n-C2 and Strongly C2 Extensions
Authors: Kourki Farid , Chen Jianlong , Li Wenxi
Published: August 2020

Let R be a ring and n be a positive integer. Then R is called a left n-C2-ring (strongly left C2-ring) if every n-generated (finitely generated) proper right ideal of R has nonzero left annihilator. We discuss some n-C2 and strongly C2 extensions, such as trivial extensions, formal triangular matrix rings, group rings and [Formula: see text][D, C].
Linear Recurring Sequences and Explicit Factors of x2nd−1 in 𝔽q[x]
Authors: Singh Manjit
Published: August 2020

Let 𝔽q be a finite field of odd characteristic containing q elements, and n be a positive integer. An important problem in finite field theory is to factorize xn − 1 into the product of irreducible factors over a finite field. Beyond the realm of theoretical needs, the availability of coefficients of irreducible factors over finite fields is also very important for applications. In this paper, we introduce second order linear recurring sequences in 𝔽q and reformulate the explicit factorization of [Formula: see text] over 𝔽q in such a way that the coefficients of its irreducible factors can be determined from these sequences when d is an odd divisor of q + 1.
Acyclic Complexes and Gorenstein Rings
Authors: Estrada Sergio , Iacob Alina , Zolt Holly
Published: August 2020

For a given class of modules [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be the class of exact complexes having all cycles in [Formula: see text], and dw([Formula: see text]) the class of complexes with all components in [Formula: see text]. Denote by [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] the class of Gorenstein injective R-modules. We prove that the following are equivalent over any ring R: every exact complex of injective modules is totally acyclic; every exact complex of Gorenstein injective modules is in [Formula: see text]; every complex in dw([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]) is dg-Gorenstein injective. The analogous result for complexes of flat and Gorenstein flat modules also holds over arbitrary rings. If the ring is n-perfect for some integer n ≥ 0, the three equivalent statements for flat and Gorenstein flat modules are equivalent with their counterparts for projective and projectively coresolved Gorenstein flat modules. We also prove the following characterization of Gorenstein rings. Let R be a commutative coherent ring; then the following are equivalent: (1) every exact complex of FP-injective modules has all its cycles Ding injective modules; (2) every exact complex of flat modules is F-totally acyclic, and every R-module M such that M+ is Gorenstein flat is Ding injective; (3) every exact complex of injectives has all its cycles Ding injective modules and every R-module M such that M+ is Gorenstein flat is Ding injective. If R has finite Krull dimension, statements (1)–(3) are equivalent to (4) R is a Gorenstein ring (in the sense of Iwanaga).
Interpolation in the Automorphism Group of a Polynomial Ring
Authors: El Kahoui M’hammed , Essamaoui Najoua , Ouali Mustapha
Published: August 2020

Let R be a commutative ring with unity and SAn(R) be the group of volume-preserving automorphisms of the polynomial R-algebra R[n]. Given a proper ideal 𝔞 of R, we address in this paper the question of whether the canonical group homomorphism SAn(R) → SAn(R/𝔞) is surjective. As an application, we retrieve and generalize, in a unified way, several known results on residual coordinates in polynomial rings.
Some Factorization Properties in A + B[Γ∗] Domains
Authors: Boulayat B. , El Baghdadi S.
Published: August 2020

Let A ⊆ B be an extension of integral domains and Γ a commutative, additive, cancellative, torsion-free monoid with Γ ∩ −Γ = {0}. Let B[Γ] be the semigroup ring of Γ over B and set Γ∗ = Γ\{0}. Then R = A + B[Γ∗] is a subring of B[Γ]. We investigate various factorization properties which are weaker than unique factorization in the domains of the form A + B[Γ∗].
Avian Diversity: Speciation, Macroevolution, and Ecological Function
Authors: Tobias Joseph A. , Ottenburghs Jente , Pigot Alex L.
Published: August 2020

The origin, distribution, and function of biological diversity are fundamental themes of ecology and evolutionary biology. Research on birds has played a major role in the history and development of these ideas, yet progress was for many decades limited by a focus on patterns of current diversity, often restricted to particular clades or regions. Deeper insight is now emerging from a recent wave of integrative studies combining comprehensive phylogenetic, environmental, and functional trait data at unprecedented scales. We review these empirical advances and describe how they are reshaping our understanding of global patterns of bird diversity and the processes by which it arises, with implications for avian biogeography and functional ecology. Further expansion and integration of data sets may help to resolve longstanding debates about the evolutionary origins of biodiversity and offer a framework for understanding and predicting the response of ecosystems to environmental change.