bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The braincase of the chondrichthyanDoliodusfrom the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation of New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Maisey John , Miller Randall , Turner Susan
Published: May 2009

The braincase of the late Lower Devonian (Emsian) chondrichthyanDoliodusis described for the first time. Its postorbital process is extended ventrally and probably enclosed part of the infraorbital sensory canal, as in some placoderms.Doliodushas a shark‐like dentition, but its upper anterior tooth files were supported by the internasal cartilage of the braincase, not by the palatoquadrates. Modern selachian jaws and dentitions are not representative of primitive crown‐group gnathostomes because they display a mixture of conserved and derived character states. Separation of the palatoquadrates by the internasal cartilage is probably a primitive condition for crown‐group gnathostomes. Continuity of the upper dental arcade across the ethmoid region may represent a synapomorphy of chondrichthyans and some acanthodians (the condition is not found in placoderms or osteichthyans). Exclusion of the arcade from the ethmoid region is probably apomorphic within elasmobranchs.Doliodushas curious bar‐like, paired subcranial ridges ending posteriorly at the hyomandibular articulation. These superficially resemble visceral arch infrapharyngohyals fused to the floor of the braincase, adding circumstantial palaeontological support to the old proposal that parts of visceral arches may be incorporated into the gnathostome braincase, although it seems more plausible that they formed in the lateral margins of the embryonic parachordal or hypotic lamina.
On the tail ofErrivaspisand the condition of the caudal fin in heterostracans
Authors: Mark‐Kurik Elga , Botella Hector
Published: May 2009

Articulated caudal fins of heterostracans are preserved in very rare cases. Their morphology and internal structure are completely unknown for the majority of species. One of the few preserved caudal fins belongs to the Early Devonian pteraspididErrivaspis waynensisfrom the Welsh Borderland, UK. There are two different reconstructions of the tail: (1) strongly asymmetric, with a considerably longer ventral lobe, and a rather concave posterior margin (e.g. White 1935); and (2) almost symmetrical with an only slightly longer ventral lobe and a small notch in the posterior margin (e.g.Blieck 1984). A new reconstruction of theErrivaspiscaudal fin, based on a detailed study of White's specimens is presented here. The ventral lobe is longer than the dorsal one but not so much as in White's reconstruction, and the notch in the posterior margin of the fin is less deep. The comparatively massive ventral lobe and ‘en echelon’ arrangement of three digitations, supporting the fin web and branching off from this lobe, indicate the hypocercal condition of the asymmetrical tail. The same internal structure is present in other heterostracans with nearly symmetrical caudal fins (e.g.Doryaspis,Nahanniaspis,DinaspidellaandAthenaegis) where all, or most, of the intermediate digitations branch off from the ventral lobe.
The earliest evidence of host–parasite interactions in vertebrates
Authors: Lukševics Ervīns , Lebedev Oleg , Mark‐Kurik Elga , Karatajūtė‐Talimaa Valentina
Published: May 2009

Traces of parasite action have been discovered in the Middle–Upper Devonian fish from Estonia, Latvia and European Russia. Such traces are known in heterostracan Psammolepis venyukovi, antiarchs Asterolepis radiata and Bothriolepis ciecere, sarcopterygians Holoptychius sp., Ventalepis ketleriensis and Eusthenodon sp. nov. The traces include evidence of parasitic fixation and penetration as well as dwelling traces. Pathologies are developed as (1) round fossulae on the external surface of bones and scales; (2) oval fossulae with a slight elevation in the centre of the pit; (3) hollow swellings (possible galls); (4) openings (perforations) that have been repaired to various degrees; (5) variously shaped buttresses on the visceral surface of sarcopterygian scales; and (6) porous spongy formations on the non‐overlapped surface of sarcopterygian scales. The round fossulae in sarcopterygian, placoderm and psammosteid skeletal elements could be produced by parasites that are similar to copepod crustaceans. Gall formation in Asterolepis is most likely to be caused by a larva, possibly of a trematode. The perforations of scales (and dermal bones) might arise from the attacks of ectoparasites (copepods?) or different worms. The spongy formations on the Holoptychius scales could be the result of invasion of a unicellular parasite.
A new genus and species of basal actinopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia
Authors: Choo Brian , Long John A. , Trinajstic Katherine
Published: May 2009

A new basal actinopterygian, Gogosardina coatesi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. The new taxon is known from four prepared specimens that display the typical exceptional preservation of fossil vertebrates from the region. Gogosardina gen. nov. possesses a series of four small postrostrals, no surangular and a highly gracile body covered with over 140 vertical rows of very small scales, all ornamented with separate horizontal ganoine ridges. One specimen contains conodont elements lodged among the branchial arches, indicating dietary habits and a possible cause of death.
A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China
Authors: Wang N.‐Z. , Zhang X. , Zhu M. , Zhao W.‐J.
Published: May 2009

A new genus and species of hybodontoid elasmobranchs,Gansuselache tungshengi, is described on the basis of an articulated skeleton from the Fangshankou Formation (Late Permian) of the Mazongshan Mountain of Gansu Province, northwestern China. All dermal skeletons including dorsal fin‐spines, cephalic spines, dermal denticles and one tooth are well preserved in their natural position. It is a shark of about 490 mm total length with a fusiform body. The braincase has large, downturned postorbital processes and otic capsules, no postorbital articulation, long palatoquadrate and large triangular Meckel's cartilage. It bears two dorsal fins and two pairs of heteromorphic cephalic spines. The tooth is of low‐crowned, multicuspid type; the elongate tooth crown has stout crown shoulder and well‐developed, rounded labial peg; the cusp and cusplets are moderately tumid, and have a few strong and curved folds; the tooth root is higher on the labial face than the lingual face. The dermal denticle is placoid scale‐like, with its crown surface ornamented with some parallel ridges.Gansuselache, the first articulated hybodontiform from Asia, also represents the first complete hybodontiform from the Permian.
A dual physiological character for sexual function: libido and sexual pheromones
Authors: Motofei Ion G.
Published: May 2009

Human sexual response is a complex function involving many cerebral, spinal and peripheral aspects; the last are relatively known and benefit from good pharmacological control, as in the case of erectile dysfunction. Spinal cord sexual reflexes also have a good theoretical and experimental description. There is minimal understanding of the cerebral sexual processes (libido, sexual arousal, orgasm). The initial perspective was that the cerebral areas implied in sexuality exert descending stimulatory and inhibitory influences on spinal cord sexual centres/reflexes. This was a wrong supposition, which inhibited progress in this subject, with a considerable impact on a subject’s individual and social life. A new approach to sexual function arises from the idea that simple neurological structures can support only simple functions, while a more complex function requires correspondingly complex anatomical structures. For this reason the spinal cord would not be able to realise the integration of multiple (spinal and psychosensorial) stimuli into a unique and coherent ejaculation response. Consequently, all mechanisms implied in human sexuality would be cerebral processes, ejaculation reflexes ascending in evolution to the cerebral level. This new evolutionary concept was developed after 2001 in five distinct articles on the cerebral duality of sexual arousal, sexual hormones, ejaculation and serotonergic receptors. During this period other published results suggested a possible cerebral duality for sexual pheromones and libido in humans. All these dual physiological aspects are integrated in this review into one neurophysiological model, thus trying to further develop the new concepts of sexual function and perhaps relational behaviour. In conclusion, ejaculation is a dual cerebral process with arousal sensation (hormonally modulated) and libido perception (pheromonally modulated) as the afferent part. Two neurophysiological axes could exist in both men and women. In this assumption the mechanisms for libido and sexual arousal are not the only ones invoked, their correlations and implications are also suggested, perhaps critical aspects for further developments in the field.
Protodynamic therapy for bladder cancer: in vitro results of a novel treatment concept
Authors: Laihia Jarmo K. , Pylkkänen Liisa , Laato Matti , Boström Peter J. , Leino Lasse
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE

To present a novel treatment approach for urinary bladder cancer, protodynamic therapy, which comprises inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by intracellular acidification; cis‐urocanic acid (cis‐UCA) was investigated as a protodynamic drug in bladder cancer cell cultures and compared with conventional chemotherapeutic agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The moderately differentiated cell line 5637 and the poorly differentiated T24 cell line were exposed to cis‐UCA for 0.25–2 h, and to epirubicin, doxorubicin, cisplatin and paclitaxel for 2 h, to simulate drug exposure on intravesical instillation. The combination of cis‐UCA and chemotherapeutic agents was also studied. Cell viability was measured with a colorimetric assay.

RESULTS

cis‐UCA inhibited proliferation and suppressed the survival of cells at an extracellular pH ≤ pKa2 of 6.65 but to a lesser degree at pH > pKa2, as suggested by the protodynamic theory. cis‐UCA caused dose‐dependent, irreversible termination of cell proliferation. The number of viable surviving BC cells decreased by >85% with 2%cis‐UCA (P < 0.001). Viable cells disappeared completely with 4% and 6%cis‐UCA after a 2‐h treatment, and by 90% with 6%cis‐UCA within a 15‐min exposure. These effects were associated with distinct morphological changes. The other drugs tested had a clearly lower effect on cell survival. Interestingly, when combined, cis‐UCA markedly enhanced the cytotoxic effect of epirubicin.

CONCLUSION

cis‐UCA is a potent antiproliferative agent in bladder cancer cell cultures. As our previous non‐clinical studies showed that cis‐UCA is locally and systemically well tolerated, protodynamic therapy with cis‐UCA is a promising intravesical treatment for bladder cancer.
Adenosine receptor expression in Escherichia coli‐infected and cytokine‐stimulated human urinary tract epithelial cells
Authors: Säve Susanne , Mjösberg Jenny , Poljakovic Mirjana , Mohlin Camilla , Persson Katarina
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the expression and regulation of adenosine receptors in unstimulated, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)‐infected and cytokine‐stimulated human urinary tract epithelial cells, and to examine the regulation of interleukin (IL)‐6 secretion in response to A2A receptor activation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human urinary tract epithelial cells (A498, T24 and RT4) were grown in cell culture and stimulated with a mixture of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (CM) or UPEC. The expression of adenosine receptors was evaluated using semiquantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. IL‐6 secretion was measured with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

RT‐PCR analysis showed the presence of transcripts for the A1, A2A and A2B receptor subtypes but not for the A3 receptor in A498 kidney epithelial cells. The expression of A2A receptor mRNA increased in A498 epithelial cells exposed to CM and UPEC, while A1 and A2B receptor transcripts decreased or remained unchanged. Up‐regulation of A2A receptors was confirmed at the protein level using Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. There was also an increase in A2A receptor mRNA in human bladder epithelial cells (T24 and RT4) and in mouse bladder uroepithelium in response to cytokines and UPEC. IL‐6 secretion in UPEC‐infected A498 cells was decreased by 38% when exposed to the A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680.

CONCLUSION

Our data showed a subtype‐selective plasticity among adenosine receptors in urinary tract epithelial cells in response to UPEC‐infection and cytokines. There was a consistent up‐regulation of A2A receptors in kidney and bladder epithelial cells. Functionally, A2A receptor activation reduced UPEC‐induced IL‐6 secretion. These findings suggest that adenosine might be a previously unrecognized regulator of the mucosal response in urinary tract infection.
Do Firms Learn from Alliance Terminations? An Empirical Examination
Authors: Pangarkar Nitin
Published: May 2009

abstract

In this paper, drawing from the learning from failure perspective, we argue that firms that have experienced prior terminations are less likely to have their future alliance terminated. Our key argument is that prior terminations will enable firms to design better alliances and adopt more appropriate alliance management strategies to avoid future terminations. We also suggest a more nuanced view of learning by hypothesizing that termination experience will mediate the relationship between alliance formation experience and likelihood of termination. We used the case–control methodology to select a sample of 198 alliances (consisting of 99 terminations and an equal number of surviving alliances) from the global biotechnology industry, and deployed logistic regression analysis to test the hypotheses in a multivariate setting. Our analysis strongly supports both hypotheses.
Appraisal Underpinnings of Affective Chronometry: The Role of Appraisals in Emotion Habituation
Authors: Tong Eddie M. W. , Bishop George D. , Enkelmann Hwee Chong , Why Yong Peng , Diong Siew Maan , Khader Majeed , Ang Jansen
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTIn light of the lack of studies examining the cognitive components of affective chronometry, this research examined the appraisals associated with emotion habituation, using anger as the emotion of focus. Anger and its appraisals were assessed repeatedly over a day in the participants' naturalistic contexts. The trajectory of decline in anger over time after its first appearance was found to be a function of chronic coping styles. More importantly, the trajectories of anger‐related appraisals generally corresponded to that of anger and were also moderated by coping styles in ways consistent with the moderating effects of coping styles on anger. Implications of these results for affective chronometry research and for appraisal research are discussed.
The analysis of research and development efficiency in Japanese companies in the field of fuel cells using patent data
Authors: Sakata Junichi , Suzuki Katsuhiro , Hosoya Jun
Published: May 2009

Using patent data, a new quantitative analytical method categorizes the degree of integration of leading edge technologies in order to examine the current research & development (R&D) status and strategies of companies focusing in the fuel battery field, an area showing great potential as an alternative to fossil fuels. Specifically, this paper presents three types of categorization reflecting the International Patent Classification (IPC) of patent data, and introduces the concept of ‘innovation positions’, which is based on this categorization. Application purposes can be different between various industrial sectors, even within the same technological field; therefore, the progress status of R&D varies and that fact is reflected in innovation positions. Additionally, this paper makes clear that innovation positions reflect differences in companies' core competences, even in the same industry. Furthermore, by conducting an analysis based on F‐terms, it has been shown that dissimilarities exist in the focus of companies in the technological development of elements, even for those with identical innovation positions. This analytical method provides an original approach to comprehend technological linkages and innovation.
LARGE AND LATECOMER FIRMS: THE TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANY AND TAIWAN'S ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
Authors: LEE CHIA‐WEN , HAYTER ROGER , EDGINGTON DAVID W.
Published: May 2009

This paper focuses on the role of Taiwan's ‘latecomer firms’ that are also large firms in developing technological capability within the electronics industry. Taiwan illustrates a latecomer country that has industrialised in the late twentieth century through export‐based industrialisation and latecomer firms are indigenous influences shaping this process. Large firms comprise a business segment distinctive from small firms and giant MNCs, and are characterised by strong commitments to innovation. Conceptually, a framework is outlined that connects latecomer firms with the triad business segmentation model, local technology learning as summarised by reverse product cycle dynamics and clustering. Empirically, the study focuses on the evolutionary dynamics of a latecomer case study, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, to reveal important insights regarding the development of Taiwan's internationally competitive technological capabilities. The case study reveals the significance of large latecomer firms to the technology learning process, and in reducing technology gaps with global leaders.
FROM JACKBOOTS TO BIRKENSTOCKS: THE CIVILIANISATION OF GERMAN GEOPOLITICS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: BACHMANN VEIT
Published: May 2009

German geopolitical claims have changed from two phases of aggressive, military expansionism (Jackboots) at the beginning of the twentieth century to a civilianised foreign policy (Birkenstocks) at its end. This paper describes this transition during the second half of the twentieth century in light of a changing international system and the geopolitical constellations of the Cold War and European integration. As part of such historical experiences, external circumstances and internal preferences the civilian power concept became the foundation for the Berlin Republic's grand strategy of promoting civilianised structures in the international system. Unlike at the beginning of the twentieth century, German foreign policy after reunification in 1990 was not based on a deliberately pursued strategy of militaristic power politics to attain world power status. It reflected a foreign policy identity into which Germany ‘grew’ during the Cold War in a process of adapting and becoming part of European integration and American hegemony. Even though Germany did not completely abandon its power ambitions, their articulations and claims were radically transformed. A civilianised international system thereby became the objective and medium of German foreign policy. Such a system is characterised by multilateralism, supranational integration, strong international institutions, rule of law, free trade, human rights, good governance and restrictions of the use of force.
In vitro and in vivo pharmacological role of TLQP‐21, a VGF‐derived peptide, in the regulation of rat gastric motor functions
Authors: Severini C , La Corte G , Improta G , Broccardo M , Agostini S , Petrella C , Sibilia V , Pagani F , Guidobono F , Bulgarelli I , Ferri GL , Brancia C , Rinaldi AM , Levi A , Possenti R
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Vgf gene expression has been detected in various endocrine and neuronal cells in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study we investigated the pharmacological activity of different VGF‐derived peptides. Among these, TLQP‐21, corresponding to the 556–576 fragment of the protein was the unique active peptide, and its pharmacological profile was further studied.

Experimental approach:  The effects of TLQP‐21 were examined in vitro by smooth muscle contraction in isolated preparations from the rat gastrointestinal tract and, in vivo, by assessing gastric emptying in rats. Rat stomach tissues were also processed for immunohistochemical and biochemical characterization.

Key results:  In rat longitudinal forestomach strips, TLQP‐21 (100 nmol·L−1–10 µmol·L−1) concentration‐dependently induced muscle contraction (in female rats, EC50 = 0.47 µmol·L−1, Emax: 85.7 ± 7.9 and in male rats, 0.87 µmol·L−1, Emax: 33.4 ± 5.3; n = 8), by release of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGF2a from the mucosal layer. This effect was significantly antagonized by indomethacin and selective inhibitors of either cyclooxygenase‐1 (S560) or cyclooxygenase‐2 (NS398). Immunostaining and biochemical studies confirmed the presence of VGF in the gastric neuronal cells. TLQP‐21, injected i.c.v. (2–32 nmol per rat), significantly decreased gastric emptying by about 40%. This effect was significantly (P < 0.05) blocked by i.c.v. injection of indomethacin, suggesting that, also in vivo, this peptide acts in the brain stimulating PG release.

Conclusions and implications:  The present results demonstrate that this VGF‐derived peptide plays a central and local role in the regulation of rat gastric motor functions.
The interaction of ibuprofen and diclofenac with aspirin in healthy volunteers
Authors: Schuijt MP , Huntjens‐Fleuren HWHA , De Metz M , Vollaard EJ
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Aspirin reduces the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke by inhibiting thromboxane production in platelets. This inhibition can be competitively antagonized by some non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Experimental approach:  By measuring thromboxane B2 production in healthy volunteers, we investigated whether ibuprofen (800 mg three times daily for 7 days) or diclofenac (50 mg three times daily for 7 days) taken concurrently with aspirin 80 mg (once daily for 7 days) influenced the inhibitory effect of aspirin. The effects were compared with aspirin 30 mg (once daily for 7 days), which is the lowest dose of aspirin with a proven thromboprophylactic effect.

Key results:  The median percentage inhibition of thromboxane B2 levels by 30 mg or 80 mg aspirin was 90.3% (range 83.1–96.0%) and 98.0% (range 96.8–99.2%) respectively. The inhibition by concurrent administration of slow release diclofenac and 80 mg aspirin was 98.1% (range 97.2–98.9%), indicating no interference between aspirin and diclofenac. The inhibition decreased significantly by concurrent administration of immediate release ibuprofen and 80 mg aspirin (86.6%; range 77.6–95.1%) to a level less than 30 mg aspirin.

Conclusions and implications:  As alternatives are easily available, NSAIDs such as diclofenac should be preferred to ibuprofen for combined use with aspirin.
Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of apoptosis induced by 15‐methoxypinusolidic acid in microglial BV2 cells
Authors: Choi Y , Lim SY , Jeong HS , Koo KA , Sung SH , Kim YC
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  We conducted a genome wide gene expression analysis to explore the biological aspects of 15‐methoxypinusolidic acid (15‐MPA) isolated from Biota orientalis and tried to confirm the suitability of 15‐MPA as a therapeutic candidate for CNS injuries focusing on microglia.

Experimental approach:  Murine microglial BV2 cells were treated with 15‐MPA, and their transcriptome was analysed by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Genes differentially expressed upon 15‐MPA treatment were selected for RT‐PCR (reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction) analysis to confirm the gene expression. Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by 15‐MPA were examined by bromodeoxyuridine assay, Western blot analysis of poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase and flow cytometry.

Key results:  A total of 514 genes were differentially expressed by 15‐MPA treatment. Biological pathway analysis revealed that 15‐MPA induced significant changes in expression of genes in the cell cycle pathway. Genes involved in growth arrest and DNA damage [gadd45α, gadd45γ and ddit3 (DNA damage‐inducible transcript 3)] and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (cdkn2b) were up‐regulated, whereas genes involved in cell cycle progression (ccnd1, ccnd3 and ccne1), DNA replication (mcm4, orc1l and cdc6) and cell proliferation (fos and jun) were down‐regulated. RT‐PCR analysis for representative genes confirmed the expression levels. 15‐MPA significantly reduced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, increased poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase cleavage and the number of apoptotic cells, indicating that 15‐MPA induces apoptosis in BV2 cells.

Conclusion and implications:  15‐MPA induced apoptosis in murine microglial cells, presumably via inhibition of the cell cycle progression. As microglial activation is detrimental in CNS injuries, these data suggest a strong therapeutic potential of 15‐MPA.
Culture: A Possible Predictor of Morality for African American Adolescents
Authors: Humphries Marisha L. , Jagers Robert J.
Published: May 2009

This study examined the ways in which cultural orientation (communalism and material well‐being) and empathy influence the moral reasoning of African American middle to late adolescents. Specifically, this study utilized path analysis to investigate Ward's (1995) hypothesis that a communal orientation would promote morality among African American adolescents, while a material well‐being orientation would mitigate against it. In addition, it was hypothesized that empathy would mediate the relationship between cultural orientation and moral reasoning. Thirty‐seven high school students and 35 college students participated in the study. Results revealed that communalism was a significant predictor of empathy. Despite prediction, communalism and material well‐being were not predictors of moral reasoning. The findings did not yield support for empathy functioning as a mediator between communalism and moral reasoning. These findings are discussed in terms of previous findings, methodological limitations, and implications for future research.
A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Differences in Psychological Distress Over Time
Authors: Botticello Amanda L.
Published: May 2009

Females have higher rates of depression than males, a disparity that emerges in adolescence and persists into adulthood. This study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess the effects of school context on gender differences in depressive symptoms among adolescents based on two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=9,709 teens, 127 schools). Analysis indicates significant school‐level variation in both overall symptom levels and the average gender gap in depression net of prior symptoms and individual‐level covariates. Aggregate levels of depressive symptomatology were positively associated with contextual‐level socioeconomic status (SES) disadvantage. A cross‐level contingency emerged for the relationship between gender and depressive symptoms with school SES and aggregate perceived community safety such that the gender “gap” was most apparent in contexts characterized by low SES disadvantage and high levels of perceived safety. These results highlight the importance of context to understanding the development of mental health disparities.
Patterns of Early Adolescents' Participation in Youth Development Programs Having Positive Youth Development Goals
Authors: Balsano Aida B. , Phelps Erin , Theokas Christina , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: May 2009

Theory and research suggest that structured, out‐of‐school‐time activities, and in particular youth development programs aimed at promoting positive youth development (PYD), are key developmental assets for such development. Using longitudinal data from 945 fifth and sixth graders participating in the 4‐H Study of PYD, initial descriptive information is presented about early adolescent participation in youth programs having or not having PYD goals. Within each grade, early adolescents participated in multiple programs (overall mean for Grades 5 and 6 are 3.8 and 2.9, respectively). In Grades 5 and 6, 44.1% and 35.8% of youth, respectively, participated in PYD‐related programs, but typically in combination with other program types. Researchers and practitioners should consider implications for healthy early adolescent development of participation in multiple programs, only some of which seek to promote PYD.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 genotypic drug resistance among volunteer blood donors in Yunnan, China
Authors: Tu Yuan‐Quan , Wang Min‐Jie , Yao Jun , Zhu Xiang‐Ming , Pan Pin‐Liang , Xing Wen‐Ge , Zhang Gao‐Hong , Yang Rong‐Ge , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Jiang Yan
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance profiles of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) in treatment‐naïve infections have been reported in developed countries. However, little is known in developing countries, including China, especially in treatment‐naïve volunteer blood donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty‐two HIV‐1–positive samples of blood donors were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Yunnan, China. Recent and long‐term infections were distinguished by the HIV‐1 subtypes B, E, and D immunoglobulin G‐capture enzyme immunoassay assay. The nucleotide sequences of pol genes were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree and drug resistance analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Of 49 samples successfully analyzed, circulating strains were circulating recombinant form (CRF)08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%), and B (4.1%). No protease inhibitors (PI) major drug resistance mutation (DRM) was detected. Six samples (12.2%) displayed seven minor PI DRMs. Nine samples (18.4%) displayed 10 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor DRMs, and DRMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were present in one sample (2.0%). There was only one sample of the 49 (2.0%) in which the DRMs were of sufficient magnitude to result in a clinical change to drug susceptibility, but even in this sample, the clinical effect of these DRMs was predicted to be low. Significant differences were not observed between the long‐term and recent infected population. Differences in DRMs were not observed between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma within an individual.

CONCLUSIONS: CRF_BC was the dominant subtype circulating in HIV‐1–infected donors in Yunnan. Prevalence of genotypic drug resistances among donors in Yunnan was low in this study. Surveillance on HIV‐1 infections among blood donors should be continued in China.
RHCE alleles detected after weak and/or discrepant results in automated Rh blood grouping of blood donors in Northern Germany
Authors: Döscher Andrea , Vogt Claudia , Bittner Rita , Gerdes Ingrid , Petershofen Eduard K. , Wagner Franz F.
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: More than 170 weak or partial RHD alleles are currently known. A similar heterogeneity of RHCE alleles may be anticipated, but a large‐scale systematic analysis of the molecular bases of altered C, c, E, and e antigenicity in European blood donors was lacking.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Between November 2004 and October 2006, samples collected from 567,105 blood donors in the northwest of Germany were surveyed for weakened and/or discrepant serologic reaction patterns of the C, c, E, or e antigens in automated testing. Samples from 187 donors with systematic typing problems were further investigated by manual typing and in 122 donors by DNA typing. The polymorphisms determining C, c, E, and e, as well as three repeatedly found substitutions, M167K, G96S, and L115R, were tested by PCR‐SSP. Further analysis consisted of sequencing of the exons of RHCE. In addition, 13 referred samples were analyzed.

RESULTS: RHcE(M167K) known as E variant I was the most frequent allele, found in 70 of 122 analyzed donors. Among 13 referred samples, C typing problems predominated. Overall, 34 different underlying alleles were detected, 23 of which were new. Molecular causes included single‐amino‐acid substitutions, gene conversions, multiple dispersed amino acid substitutions, protein extensions, and in‐frame amino acid deletions.

CONCLUSION: In addition to RHcE(M167K), a large number of different alleles are underlying CcEe typing problems. Molecular mechanisms parallel those found in RHD. Elucidation of the molecular bases of variant antigens is important to improve serologic and molecular typing methods.
Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma in the Middle East: first report of two cases from Lebanon
Authors: Bitar Nizar , Hajj Hiba El , Houmani Zaher , Sabbah Ahmad , Otrock Zaher K. , Mahfouz Rami , Zaatari Ghazi , Bazarbachi Ali
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I). HTLV‐I is endemic in southern Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, certain areas of Africa, and the southeastern United States. In the Middle East, North East Iran, particularly the region of Mashhad, has been recognized as an endemic region.

CASE REPORTS: In this report, the first two cases of ATL diagnosed in Lebanon are described. The first patient of Lebanese origin presented with acute ATL. The second patient of Romanian origin developed acute ATL in early relapse after autologous transplantation for ATL. Both patients had lymphocytosis, severe hypercalcemia, and CD25+ T‐cell immunophenotype on peripheral blood. In both patients, HTLV‐I serology was positive by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blot and HTLV‐I oncoprotein Tax expression was documented in the leukemic cells. Upon screening, seven direct family members of the first patient were HTLV‐I positive; four of them were regular blood donors.

CONCLUSIONS: Screening blood donors for HTLV‐I seropositivity is not currently performed in Lebanon. A large screening study in Lebanon is needed to confirm whether South Lebanon is a new endemic region for HTLV‐I infection and to recommend mandatory screening of blood donors for HTLV‐I infection.
Advances in Latino Family Research: Cultural Adaptations of Evidence‐Based Interventions
Authors: BERNAL GUILLERMO , DOMENECH RODRÍGUEZ MELANIE M.
Published: May 2009

The stark contrast between frequent calls for research and practice that are applicable across a broad spectrum of cultural and ethnically diverse groups and the dearth of empirical knowledge about Latino families provided the impetus for this special issue on advances in Latino family research. A focus on empirically based practice frames the issue, focusing specifically on how concepts (expressed emotion, parenting style) can be used within interventions, how Latino parents perceive efforts to deliver evidence‐based interventions, and how pilot projects that delivered culturally adapted interventions in three separate cities impacted family functioning. In all, the introduction highlights the complexities for researchers in meeting the needs of the field to ensure that effective interventions are applicable across cultural groups. Meeting the challenges is important to address the need of the growing Latino population. Advances in intervention research with ethnic minorities also stand to contribute to the advancement of intervention research broadly. This special issue provides examples of efforts that are underway to better understand what treatments work for Latino families, provided by whom, for what specific problems, and in which specific circumstances, paving the way to begin attempting to answer a challenge posed more than 40 years ago by Gordon Paul.
Parenting Styles in a Cultural Context: Observations of “Protective Parenting” in First‐Generation Latinos
Authors: DOMENECH RODRÍGUEZ MELANIE M. , DONOVICK MELISSA R. , CROWLEY SUSAN L.
Published: May 2009

Current literature presents four primary parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. These styles provide an important shortcut for a constellation of parenting behaviors that have been characterized as consisting of warmth, demandingness, and autonomy granting. Empirically, only warmth and demandingness are typically measured. Research reporting on parenting styles in Latino samples has been equivocal leading to questions about conceptualization and measurement of parenting styles in this ethnic/cultural group. This lack of consensus may result from the chasm between concepts (e.g., authoritarian parenting) and observable parenting behaviors (e.g., warmth) in this ethnic group. The present research aimed to examine parenting styles and dimensions in a sample of Latino parents using the two usual dimensions (warmth, demandingness) and adding autonomy granting. Traditional parenting styles categories were examined, as well as additional categorizations that resulted from adding autonomy granting. Fifty first‐generation Latino parents and their child (aged 4–9) participated. Parent–child interactions were coded with the Parenting Style Observation Rating Scale (P‐SOS). In this sample, the four traditional parenting categories did not capture Latino families well. The combination of characteristics resulted in eight possible parenting styles. Our data showed the majority (61%) of Latino parents as “protective parents.” Further, while mothers and fathers were similar in their parenting styles, expectations were different for male and female children. The additional dimensions and implications are discussed. The importance of considering the cultural context in understanding parenting in Latino families is emphasized, along with directions for future research.
The DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism associated with changed midbrain volumes in healthy individuals
Authors: Cerasa A. , Gioia M. C. , Tarantino P. , Labate A. , Arabia G. , Annesi G. , Lanza P. , Di Palma G. , Blasi V. , Quattrone A.
Published: May 2009

The human DRD2 gene is located on chromosome 11q22‐q23 and contains one specific functional polymorphism called TaqIA, which characteristically presents two alleles referred to as A1 and A2. Evidence indicates that the A1 allele impacts brain dopaminergic function and may confer an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. However, possible morphological changes underlying such genetic variant remain to be clarified. The aim of this study was to provide an in vivo demonstration of changes in brain structures associated with the TaqIA polymorphism of the DRD2 gene. Optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was applied to high‐resolution MR brain images of 70 healthy controls divided into two groups according to their DRD2 genotype (A1/A2, n = 15; A2/A2, n = 55). Compared with individuals' homozygous for the A2 allele, the A1 carriers had significantly smaller areas of a specific part of the midbrain, encompassing the substantia nigra bilaterally. Our findings showed an association of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism with the changed volumes of a specific subcortical region strongly involved in the dopaminergic system.
The role of the CCR5 Δ32 polymorphism in abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Sandford B. , Bown M. , London N. , Sayers R.
Published: May 2009

Background  C‐C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) may arise as the result of a chronic inflammatory process which is influenced by genetic predisposition. The CCR5 gene is associated with a 32 base pair deletion (the Δ32 polymorphism). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the CCR5 Δ32 polymorphism in the development of AAA.

Methods  A case–control study was conducted including 285 patients with AAA and 273 control subjects. A blood sample was taken from each individual and DNA was extracted. CCR5 genotype was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Flow cytometry was used to investigate the biological activity of the Δ32 polymorphism.

Results  There was no significant difference between the AAA and the control group in relation to the Δ32 allele frequency (AAA group 10%, control group = 12%, P = 0.82, chi‐squared analysis). Genotype analysis revealed no significant difference between the groups (AAA vs. controls, wild‐type homozygotes = 82% vs. 77%, heterozygotes = 16% vs. 21%, vs. Δ32 homozygotes = 2% and 2%, respectively, P = 0.33, chi‐squared analysis). The polymorphism was shown to be biologically active with the number of Δ32 alleles correlating with cell expression of ccr5 as detected with flow cytometry (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion  This study demonstrates that the ccr5 Δ32 is a biologically active genetic polymorphism; however, there is no association between this polymorphism and AAA.
Genetic susceptibility to haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Hantaan virus in Chinese Han population
Authors: Wang M. L. , Lai J. H. , Zhu Y. , Zhang H. B. , Li C. , Wang J. P. , Li Y. M. , Yang A. G. , Jin B. Q.
Published: May 2009

We report a significantly higher occurrence of HLA‐DRB1*09 (51% vs. 23%, P = 0.002, OR = 3.57) and HLA‐B*46‐DRB1*09 (26% vs. 8%, P = 0.018, OR = 3.76) in patients with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) compared to the control group, suggesting Hantaan virus‐induced HFRS is associated with a genetic predisposition in the Chinese Han population.
Effects of Logging on the Diversity of Lianas in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest in Hainan Island, South China
Authors: Ding Yi , Zang Runguo
Published: May 2009

Lianas are an integral part of tropical forest ecosystems, which usually respond strongly to severe disturbances, such as logging. To compare the effect of different logging systems on the lianas diversity in tropical rain forest, we recorded all lianas and trees ≥1 cm dbh in two 40‐year‐old forest sites after clear cutting (CC) and selective cutting (SC) as well as in an old‐growth (OG) lowland tropical rain forest on Hainan Island in south China. Results showed that OG contained fewer liana stems and lower species richness (stems: 261, richness: 42 in 1 ha) than CC (606, 52) and SC (727, 50). However, OG had the highest Fisher's α diversity index (17.3) and species richness per stem (0.184). Species composition and dbh class distribution of lianas varied significantly with different logging systems. The mean liana dbh in OG (22.1 cm) were higher than those in CC (7.0 cm) and SC (10.4 cm). Stem twining was the most frequent climbing mechanism represented in the forest, as shown by the greatest species richness, abundance, basal area, and host tree number with this mechanism. The percent of host tree stems ≥4 cm dbh hosting at least one liana individual in SC (39%) was higher than CC (23%) and OG (19.5%). Large host trees (dbh≥60 cm) were more likely to be infested by lianas in SC and OG. Our study demonstrated that logging disturbance could significantly change the composition and structure of liana communities in the lowland tropical rain forest of south China.
Distance Decay of Tree Species Similarity in Protected Areas on Terra Firme Forests in Colombian Amazonia
Authors: Duque Álvaro , Phillips Juan Fernando , von Hildebrand Patricio , Posada Carlos Alberto , Prieto Adriana , Rudas Agustín , Suescún Mabel , Stevenson Pablo
Published: May 2009

In this study, we investigated the pattern of floristic similarity as a function of geographical distances and environmental variability in well‐drained uplands (terra firme) in Colombian Amazonia. The study site comprised three National Natural Parks, Tinigua, Chiribiquete, and Amacayacu, located in different geological units that represent a soil fertility gradient linked to parental materials. Differences in species richness between sites were compared using rarefaction analysis. A clear floristic transition appeared in the east–west direction following a soil fertility gradient along the first PCoA axis. In multiple regression analyses based on distance matrices, both geographical distances and geology explained 64 percent of the total floristic variation. Geographical distances alone accounted for 12 percent of variation in floristic similarities among plots, while geology alone accounted for 1 percent, and the joint effect of both explained 51 percent of the floristic variation. The species richness trend supports the existence of a latitudinal corridor southward of the geographical Equator in the Amazon basin, where tree diversity reaches the maximum expected values. A coupled effect of stochastic dispersal limitation and habitat specialization would certainly appear to be an appropriate explanation for tree species turnover in terra firme forests in Colombian Amazonia, strongly emphasizing that competition and neutrality must be supplementary rather than mutually exclusive processes. This result pinpoints the effect of dispersal on floral mixing as an ongoing active process for structuring tree communities in NW Amazonia, and the size of the reserves as a relevant issue to protect rare species from extinction by chance.
Recognition of Host Plant Volatiles by Pheidole minutula Mayr (Myrmicinae), an Amazonian Ant‐Plant Specialist
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley F. C. , Izzo Thiago J. , Inouye Brian D. , Vasconcelos Heraldo L. , Bruna Emilio M.
Published: May 2009

In the tropics, several ant species are obligate inhabitants of leaf pouches and other specialized structures in plants known as myrmecophytes. However, the cues used by ant queens to locate suitable host‐plants following dispersal remain poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that Pheidole minutula queens use volatiles to distinguish their host Maieta guianensis (Melastomataceae) from other sympatric myrmecophytes. To do so, we used a Y‐tube olfactometer to quantify the preference for volatiles of different plant species. Our results indicate that P. minutula queens discriminate the chemical volatiles produced by its host‐plant from those of other sympatric ant‐plant species. However, queens failed to distinguish the volatiles of Maieta from those of the ant‐plant Tococa bullifera (Melastomataceae), with which P. minutula is not mutualistically associated. Nevertheless, a strong preference for Maieta over Tococa was observed during a subsequent bioassay, where the ants had physical contact with a domatium of each plant species. These results suggest that additional, short distance mechanisms are also necessary for host discrimination. Overall, our findings suggest that the high degree of compartmentalization observed in symbiotic ant–plant relationships is achieved, at least in part, by the relatively high degree of specificity in host selection displayed by foundress queens.
Seed Dispersal of the Palm Syagrus romanzoffiana by Tapirs in the Semi‐deciduous Atlantic Forest of Argentina
Authors: Giombini Mariano I. , Bravo Susana P. , Martínez Mariela F.
Published: May 2009

Vertebrates play a fundamental role in the dispersal of Neotropical trees, generating different seed shadows according to their physical and behavioral features. Tapirs are capable of consuming great quantities of large fruits, and they defecate seeds far from parent trees. For instance, intact seeds of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana have been found in tapir dung piles in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, suggesting that tapirs effectively disperse this species. However, recruitment was not examined therein. We studied tapir endozoochory of large and medium seeds in the semi‐deciduous Atlantic Forest of Argentina by examining dung piles found within Iguazu National Park. We recorded dung‐pile positions to evaluate the spatial distribution. We also counted the number of juveniles in 2 × 2 m quadrats placed on old dung piles in latrines, beneath adults and in random sites to estimate recruitment levels. Syagrus romanzoffiana seeds were present in 98 percent of dung piles, averaging >200 seeds/dung pile, indicating that this species constitutes the main fruit component in the tapir's diet. Dung piles showed a clumped deposition pattern reflecting the use of latrines. Juvenile recruitment in latrines was 21 times higher than that of under‐adult sites and 500 times greater than in random sites, and correlated with the frequency of use of the areas. We concluded that the lowland tapir is a major disperser of S. romanzoffiana. Given that this palm can be considered a keystone species, a disruption of this interaction might affect the entire community of frugivores in the long term.