bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La analogía provocativa como estrategia pedagógica: el caso histórico de la mecánica de fluidos
Authors: Ulazia Manterola Alain
Published: October 2015

Este artículo estudia el razonamiento analógico en la génesis histórica de la mecánica de fluidos para poder desarrollar estrategias pedagógicas eficaces en este ámbito. En los textos funda¬cionales de los Bernoulli se han identificado analogías interesantes para el aula porque desempeñan un rol esencial en la creatividad. Estas analogías superan la definición mínima de carácter expediente aportando contenido explicativo a la modelización del problema. Como la ciencia cognitiva clásica ha reducido su investigación al carácter expediente, se discutirán recientes estudios sobre analogías cerca-nas o sobre el refinamiento de la analogía donde esta adopta diferentes roles respecto a la construcción del modelo. Así, se verá que la analogía puede provocar nuevos esquemas mentales en la concepción de un problema en la mente de un experto y trazar en consecuencia una estrategia para enseñar siguiendo ese razonamiento.
Enseñanza de las unidades métricas en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX
Authors: Picado Miguel , Rico Luis , Gómez Bernardo
Published: October 2015

Este artículo presenta una investigación en historia de la educación matemática basada en el análisis de textos escolares. Presta atención a las particularidades de la incorporación de las unidades métrico-decimales en libros de texto para primaria usados en España durante 1849-1892. Las fuentes se seleccionaron a partir de criterios definidos desde el propósito de la investigación. Para el análisis de los textos se consideraron las categorías de la metodología del análisis didáctico. En estas categorías se aprecian distintos enfoques que caracterizan la definición, presentación y utilidad de las unidades métrico-decimales. Se distingue también el significado de los términos científicos, las equivalencias metrológicas y la aplicación de reducciones y conversiones entre sistemas en actividades comunes; todo ello centrado en la memorización como método de aprendizaje.
Descubrimiento de conocimiento matemático mediante la reformulación de conjeturas falsas en un ambiente de pruebas y refutaciones
Authors: Bustos Rubilar Álvaro Sebastián , Zubieta Badillo Gonzalo
Published: October 2015

Este trabajo expone los resultados obtenidos en un estudio llevado a cabo con futuros profesores de educación secundaria. Se presenta cómo descubrieron conocimiento matemático a partir de una conjetura falsa, la cual reformularon en un proceso de discusión basado en algunos elementos del método cuasiempírico de pruebas y refutaciones. También se describen las etapas del proceso junto con los elementos que fueron observados, y cómo el uso de un software de geometría dinámica facilitó a los estudiantes la exploración, verificación, análisis y aclaración de conceptos matemáticos relaciona¬dos con las conjeturas reformuladas.
Elaboración de preguntas científicas escolares en clases de biología: aportes a la discusión sobre las competencias de pensamiento científico desde un estudio de caso
Authors: Joglar Carol Lindy
Published: October 2015

Saber elaborar buenas preguntas en las clases de ciencias para promover en el estudiantado competencias de pensamiento científico (CPC) es un conocimiento necesario e indiscutible entre el profesorado. Sin embargo, esta afirmación no siempre es una realidad. En especial, para la enseñanza de asignaturas experimentales tiene impactos relevantes, ya que una buena pregunta está en el bosquejo del proceso creativo de la ciencia y puede promover en el estudiantado procesos mentales de orden superior, am-pliando límites de libertad para la resolución de dichas preguntas. Este estudio se fundamenta en las dificultades identificadas por el propio profesorado de biología, para crear, utilizar e intencionar en sus clases preguntas que promuevan el pensamiento científico en el estudiantado (Zohar, 2006).
The hidden Mediterranean diet: wild vegetables traditionally gathered and consumed in the Gargano area, Apulia, SE Italy
Authors: Biscotti Nello , Pieroni Andrea
Published: October 2015

Despite the extensive bio-scientific literature concerning the Mediterranean diet, which emerged in the last three decades, systematic ethnography-centered investigations on a crucial portion of this food system, linked to the traditional consumption of non-cultivated vegetables, are still largely lacking in many areas of the Mediterranean Basin.

In this research, an ethnobotanical field study focusing on wild vegetables traditionally gathered and consumed locally, was conducted in a few centers and villages located in the Gargano area, northern Apulia, SE Italy, by interviewing twenty-five elderly informants. The folk culinary uses of seventy-nine botanical taxa of wild vascular plants, belonging to nineteen families, were recorded, thus showing a remarkable resilience of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) related to wild food plants. In particular, approximately one-fourth of the recorded wild vegetables are still very commonly gathered and consumed nowadays, while ten taxa have never been reported in previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in Southern Italy. These findings demonstrate the crucial cultural role played by folk cuisines in preserving TEK, despite significant socio-economic changes that have affected the study area during the past four decades.
Micromorphology of the epidermis and anatomical structure of the leaves of Scorzonera hispanica L.
Authors: Chwil Mirosława , Krawiec Marcela , Krawiec Paweł , Chwil Stanisław
Published: October 2015

In Poland Scorzonera hispanica L. is rare in the wild. This species is used as a vegetable and medicinal plant. Currently, attempts are being made to introduce this plant into cultivation in Poland. In this study, comparative analyses were conducted of the epidermis surface micromorphology and anatomical structure of the leaves of S. hispanica ‘Maxima’ and ‘Meres’. The investigations were performed using fluorescence, light and scanning electron microscopy. The cuticle on the surface of epidermal cells is smooth or striated. In the epidermis, there are anomocytic stomata. The stomatal index in the epidermis of the studied cultivars is 9.3–11%. In the midrib of the leaf, there is an aerial cavity which occupies a substantial area. In this place, cracking and breaking of the leaf blade were observed. Over the aerial cavity under the adaxial epidermis, there is a single layer of collenchyma cells and 1–2 rows of parenchyma cells. Tangential collenchyma is also present between the abaxial epidermis and large vascular bundles located in the midrib and on both sides of the large vascular bundles in the lamina. This tissue strengthens the leaf margin. The mesophyll cells located in the abaxial epidermis of the midrib form protrusions surrounding the large vascular bundles. The leaves of S. hispanica represent the equifacial type.
Evaluating the Impact of Literature Searching Services on Patient Care Through the Use of a Quick-Assessment Tool
Authors: Farrell Ashley , Mason Jeff
Published: October 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of literature searching services on patient care, and to create a validated quick-assessment tool to be used by other libraries to assess their own literature searching services. Methods: All users of the Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region Health Sciences Library who requested a literature search for the purposes of patient care were emailed a link to a short survey as a preamble to search results sent using LibAnswers. A reminder was sent one week after the initial invitation. Responses were collected using FluidSurveys. Face and content validation of the survey were conducted with prospective respondents, librarians, and research support staff followed by a short pilot phase to assess reliability. Results: Fifty-four responses were received for a response rate of 57.5%. Immediate impacts of the information provided included confirming, changing, or determining a diagnosis (7.1%) or treatment plan (64.3%); avoiding adverse events (9.5%); and preventing (4.8%) or initiating (2.4%) a referral or consultation to another department. Future uses for the information provided include changing the approach to particular (27.8%) or future (55.6%) patients, sharing with colleagues (68.5%), and teaching (42.6%). Conclusions: Libraries do effect change in patient care. It is possible for hospital libraries to assess the impact a service such as literature searching has on patient care without requiring a major time investment from library users. Librarians in similar settings are encouraged to further validate and use this tool to more easily compare the impact hospital libraries have on patients.
Developing a Provincial Centralized Intake Process for a Knowledge Resource Service Part 2: Article Requests
Authors: Turner Michelle , Vaska Marcus
Published: October 2015

This program description outlines the development and implementation of a single point of intake for receiving and processing article requests as part of a provincial Knowledge Resource Service.
Results of a Survey to Benchmark Canadian Health Facility Libraries
Authors: Ducas Ada , Demczuk Lisa , Macdonald Kerry
Published: October 2015

Introduction: A benchmarking survey of Canadian health facility libraries was conducted to provide statistical data to support health librarians in the  anagement of their libraries. The objectives were to determine the status of
hospital libraries in Canada and to evaluate whether libraries meet the 2006 CHLA/ABSC Standards for Library and Information Services in Canadian Healthcare Facilities.

Methods: An online survey of 63 questions, with headings of institutional profile, administration, staffing, environment, resources, and services, was created and distributed to 250 heads of hospital libraries and to Canadian library email listservs.

Results: Many libraries are meeting some aspects of the Standards for administration and organization, management, traditional promotion, and accessibility. Areas of improvement include services, nontraditional promotion, library environment, and staffing.

Discussion: There are no current benchmarking data available for Canadian hospital libraries and there have been many political, economic, and technological changes in past years that have had a substantial impact on libraries. Anecdotal data suggest that librarians have responded to these changes through library closures, mergers, consortial affiliations, and modifications to services. Librarians will be able to use the collected data to compare services, establish best practices, make management decisions, and prepare self-studies for accreditation purposes.
Restricted: Increasing Access to the Reference Collection
Authors: Epp Carla , Hochheim Laura
Published: October 2015

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this project was to determine whether or not a hospital library reference collection is still necessary or justified. Two academic hospital libraries moved all reference books to the general collection to see whether increased access to these materials would increase their use. Description: All reference books were updated to circulating status and shelved in the circulating collection. As these items were used, statistics were gathered in the integrated library system (ALMA). Statistics were gathered from August 2014 to January 2015. Circulation statistics for equivalent periods prior to and during the project were compared to determine whether changing access to the collection increased use. Outcomes: Uses of the reference collection items doubled at Seven Oaks General Hospital (SOGH) and more than tripled at Victoria General Hospital (VGH). The percentage of reference titles used tripled at SOGH and doubled at VGH. Discussion: The change to circulating status significantly increased access to and use of the reference collection. This borrowing policy change for the reference collection will be recommended to the other hospital libraries within the University of Manitoba.
Fluency with Basic Addition
Authors: Kling Gina
Published: October 2015

Applying known facts to derive unknown facts results in efficiency, flexibility, and an understanding of number combinations for young students.
Learning to Write about Mathematics
Authors: Parker Renee , Breyfogle M. Lynn
Published: October 2015

This student-friendly rubric helped improve third graders' competencies when explaining solution strategies in writing.
Association between cell wall-related processes and functionally non-annotated factors important for K2 susceptibility
Authors: Lukša Juliana , Vepštaitė Iglė , Servienė Elena
Published: October 2015

Seventy one genes, previously determined as important for K2 killer protein susceptibility and not annotated in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), were analyzed by applying computational analysis and investigation of toxin binding efficiency. Links between 44 unknown ORF products and proteins related to cell wall processes were observed. Out of them, 17 single gene knockout mutants express the altered K2 toxin binding phenotype. The  comparison of both approaches allowed assignment of 6 previously non-annotated gene products (Slp1, Tda1, Nba1, Ecm3, Ykr046C, and Ybr287W) as functionally associated with cell wall structure maintenance and biogenesis processes, confirming possible involvement in K2 receptor formation.
The Contribution of NGOs in General and Skål International Particularly, in Tourism Development
Authors: Genç Ruhet
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to highlight the importance of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), especially the Skål movement for sustainable tourism. NGOs play a role in developing tourism sustainably by taking into account a community’s attachment, engagement and commitment. NGOs play a vital role in tourism management and development. Skål International which was originally established as an European initiative in the 1930s and has flourished worldwide today is one of the few NGOs that has proven itself as a reliable resource for tourism development. By conducting environmental awareness programs and playing a liaison role between the private sector, communities and the government, Skål develops and establishes standards to be applied in the sector. Other crucial roles include bringing together media representatives, tourism stakeholders, academics and regulators in developing the tourism industry. The involvement of Skål and NGOs in general is beneficial for the tourism industry.
Interdisciplinary, interinstitutional and international collaboration of family medicine researchers in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Yi-Hsuan , Tseng Yen-Han , Chang Hsiao-Ting , Lin Ming-Hwai , Tseng Yen-Chiang , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Hwang Shinn-Jang
Published: October 2015

The family medicine researches flourished worldwide in the past decade. However, the collaborative patterns of family medicine publications had not been reported. Our study analyzed the collaborative activity of family medicine researchers in Taiwan. We focused on the types of collaboration among disciplines, institutions and countries. We searched “family medicine” AND “Taiwan” in address field from Web of Science and documented the disciplines, institutions and countries of all authors. We analyzed the collaborative patterns of family medicine researchers in Taiwan from 2010 to 2014. The journal’s impact factor of each article in the same publication year was also retrieved. Among 1,217 articles from 2010 to 2014, interdisciplinary collaboration existed in 1,185 (97.3%) articles, interinstitutional in 1,012 (83.2%) and international in 142 (11.7%). Public health was the most common collaborative discipline. All international researches were also interdisciplinary and interinstitutional. The United States (75 articles), the United Kingdom (21) and the People’s Republic of China (20) were the top three countries with which family medicine researchers in Taiwan had collaborated. We found a high degree of interdisciplinary and interinstitutional collaboration of family medicine researches in Taiwan. However, the collaboration of family medicine researchers in Taiwan with family medicine colleagues of other domestic or foreign institutions was insufficient. The future direction of family medicine studies could focus on the promotion of communication among family medicine researchers.
An inversion model based on salinity and remote sensing reflectance for estimating the phytoplankton absorption coefficient in the Saint Lawrence Estuary
Authors: Montes‐Hugo Martin , Xie Huxiang
Published: October 2015

The inversion of individual inherent optical properties (IOPs) is very challenging in optically complex waters and within the violet spectral range (i.e., 380–450 nm) due to the strong light attenuation caused by chromophoric dissolved organic matter, nonalgal particulates, and phytoplankton. Here we present a technique to better discriminate light absorption contributions due to phytoplankton based on a hybrid model (QAA‐hybrid) that combines regional Saint Lawrence System estimates of IOPs derived from a quasi‐analytical algorithm (hereafter QAA‐SLE) and empirical relationships between salinity and IOPs. Preliminary results in the Saint Lawrence System during May 2000 and April 2001 showed that QAA‐hybrid estimates of phytoplankton absorption coefficient at 443 nm have a smaller bias with respect to in situ measurements (root‐mean‐square deviation, RMSD = 0.156) than those derived from QAA‐SLE (RMSD = 0.341). These results were valid for surface waters (i.e., 0–5 m depth) of the lower estuary with a salinity and chlorophyll‐a concentration range of 22–28 psu and 2.1–13.8 mg m−3, respectively.
Fully coupled atmosphere‐hydrology simulations for the central Mediterranean: Impact of enhanced hydrological parameterization for short and long time scales
Authors: Senatore Alfonso , Mendicino Giuseppe , Gochis David J. , Yu Wei , Yates David N. , Kunstmann Harald
Published: October 2015

With the aim of developing a fully coupled atmosphere‐hydrology model system, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was enhanced by integrating a new set of hydrologic physics parameterizations accounting for lateral water flow occurring at the land surface. The WRF‐Hydro modeling system was applied for a 3 year long simulation in the Crati River Basin (Southern Italy), where output from the fully coupled WRF/WRF‐Hydro was compared to that provided by original WRF model. Prior to performing coupled land‐atmosphere simulations, the stand‐alone hydrological model (“uncoupled” WRF‐Hydro) was calibrated through an automated procedure and validated using observed meteorological forcing and streamflow data, achieving a Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency value of 0.80 for 1 year of simulation. Precipitation, runoff, soil moisture, deep drainage, and land surface heat fluxes were compared between WRF‐only and WRF/WRF‐Hydro simulations and validated additionally with ground‐based observations, a FLUXNET site, and MODIS‐derived LST. Since the main rain events in the study area are mostly dependent on the interactions between the atmosphere and the surrounding Mediterranean Sea, changes in precipitation between modeling experiments were modest. However, redistribution and reinfiltration of local infiltration excess produced higher soil moisture content, lower overall surface runoff, and higher drainage in the fully coupled model. Higher soil moisture values in WRF/WRF‐Hydro slightly influenced precipitation and also increased latent heat fluxes. Overall, the fully coupled model tended to show better performance with respect to observed precipitation while allowing more water to circulate in the modeled regional water cycle thus, ultimately, modifying long‐term hydrological processes at the land surface.
The consequences of opening the Sunda Strait on the hydrography of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Setiawan Riza Yuliratno , Mohtadi Mahyar , Southon John , Groeneveld Jeroen , Steinke Stephan , Hebbeln Dierk
Published: October 2015

The advection of relatively fresh Java Sea water through the Sunda Strait is presently responsible for the low‐salinity “tongue” in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean with salinities as low as 32‰. The evolution of the hydrologic conditions in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean since the last glacial period, when the Sunda shelf was exposed and any advection via the Sunda Strait was cutoff, and the degree to which these conditions were affected by the Sunda Strait opening are not known. Here we have analyzed two sediment cores (GeoB 10042–1 and GeoB 10043–3) collected from the eastern tropical Indian Ocean off the Sunda Strait that cover the past ~40,000 years. We investigate the magnitude of terrigenous supply, sea surface temperature (SST), and seawater δ18O (δ18Osw) changes related to the sea level‐driven opening of the Sunda Strait. Our new spliced records off the Sunda Strait show that during the last glacial, average SST was cooler and δ18Osw was higher than elsewhere in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Seawater δ18O decreased ~0.5‰ after the opening of the Sunda Strait at ~10 kyr B.P. accompanied by an SST increase of 1.7°C. We suggest that fresher sea surface conditions have persisted ever since due to a continuous transport of low‐salinity Java Sea water into the eastern tropical Indian Ocean via the Sunda Strait that additionally increased marine productivity through the concomitant increase in terrigenous supply.
State narcissism and aggression: The mediating roles of anger and hostile attributional bias
Authors: Li Caina , Sun Ying , Ho Man Yee , You Jin , Shaver Phillip R. , Wang Zhenhong
Published: October 2015

Prior research has documented a relationship between narcissism and aggression but has focused only on dispositional narcissism without considering situational factors that may increase narcissism temporarily. This study explored the possibility that an increase in state narcissism would foster aggressive responding by increasing anger and hostile attributional bias following unexpected provocation among 162 college students from China. We created a guided‐imagination manipulation to heighten narcissism and investigated its effects on anger, aroused hostile attribution bias, and aggressive responses following a provocation with a 2 (narcissism/neutral manipulation) × 2 (unexpected provocation/positive evaluation condition) between‐subjects design. We found that the manipulation did increase self‐reported state narcissism. The increase in state narcissism in turn heightened aggression, and this relation was mediated by increased anger. Regardless of the level of state narcissism, individuals were more aggressive after being provoked and this effect of provocation was mediated by hostile attributional bias. The findings indicate that narcissism can be temporarily heightened in a nonclinical sample of individuals, and that the effect of state narcissism on aggression is mediated by anger. Differences between state and trait narcissism and possible influences of culture are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 42:333–345, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of non‐Brownian particle deposition from turbulent liquid‐flow
Authors: Dupuy Magali , Xayasenh Arunvady , Duval Hervé , Waz Emmanuel
Published: October 2015

The deposition of non‐Brownian particles from turbulent liquid‐flow onto channel walls is numerically analyzed. The approach combines Lagrangian particle tracking with a kinematic model of the near‐wall shear layer. For nonbuoyant particles, direct interception is the main deposition mechanism and the deposition velocity scales as the particle diameter (in wall units) to the power of 1.7. When wall/particle hydrodynamic interactions are taken into account, the deposition velocity is significantly reduced and the correction factor scales as the cubic root of the wall roughness to particle diameter ratio. For buoyant particles, sedimentation is usually the predominant deposition mechanism and the hydrodynamic interactions significantly affect the deposition velocity when the drainage characteristic time driven by buoyancy is of the order of the particle residence time close to the wall. Last, a wall‐function for the suspended particles is proposed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 891–904, 2016
GATA1‐mediated transcriptional regulation of the γ‐secretase activating protein increases Aβ formation in Down syndrome
Authors: Chu Jin , Wisniewski Thomas , Praticò Domenico
Published: October 2015

Because of an extra copy of the Aβ precursor protein gene on chromosome 21, Down syndrome (DS) individuals develop high levels of Aβ peptides and Alzheimer disease–like brain amyloidosis early in life. Here we show that the γ‐secretase activating protein (GSAP), a key enzyme in amyloidogenesis, is increased in DS brains and specifically regulated at the transcriptional level by GATA1 transcription factor. The discovery of this novel pathway has translational implications for DS, because pharmacological inhibition of GSAP is an attractive and viable Aβ‐lowering therapeutic strategy for this disorder. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:138–143
Asymmetric [3+2] Annulation Approach to 3‐Pyrrolines: Concise Total Syntheses of (−)‐Supinidine, (−)‐Isoretronecanol, and (+)‐Elacomine
Authors: Chogii Isaac , Njardarson Jon T.
Published: October 2015

An asymmetric [3+2] annulation reaction to form 3‐pyrroline products is reported. Upon treatment with lithium diisopropylamide, readily available ethyl 4‐bromocrotonate is deprotonated and trapped with Ellman imines selectively at the α‐position to yield enantiopure 3‐pyrroline products. This new method is compatible with aryl, alkyl, and vinyl imines. The efficacy of the method is showcased by short asymmetric total syntheses of (−)‐supinidine, (−)‐isoretronecanol, and (+)‐elacomine. This novel annulation approach also works for an aldehyde, thus providing access to a 2,5‐dihydrofuran product in a single step from simple precursors. By modifying the structure of the carbanion nucleophile, an asymmetric vinylogous aza‐Darzens reaction can be realized.
Tripyrrindione as a Redox‐Active Ligand: Palladium(II) Coordination in Three Redox States
Authors: Gautam Ritika , Loughrey Jonathan J. , Astashkin Andrei V. , Shearer Jason , Tomat Elisa
Published: October 2015

The tripyrrin‐1,14‐dione scaffold of urinary pigment uroerythrin coordinates divalent palladium as a planar tridentate ligand. Spectroscopic, structural and computational investigations reveal that the tripyrrindione ligand binds as a dianionic radical, and the resulting complex is stable at room temperature. One‐electron oxidation and reduction reactions do not alter the planar coordination sphere of palladium(II) and lead to the isolation of two additional complexes presenting different redox states of the ligand framework. Unaffected by stability problems common to tripyrrolic fragments, the tripyrrindione ligand offers a robust platform for ligand‐based redox chemistry.
Heterophase Photocatalysts from Water‐Soluble Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: An Example of Self‐Initiation under Visible Light
Authors: Ghasimi Saman , Prescher Simon , Wang Zi Jun , Landfester Katharina , Yuan Jiayin , Zhang Kai A. I.
Published: October 2015

We herein report a new design route to stable, heterophase photocatalysts, which function as highly dispersible conjugated polymer nanoparticles and porous monoliths under visible light in aqueous medium. They were constructed by attachment of the ionic‐liquid species 1‐alkyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide onto the side chains of a photoactive polymer. The structure configuration allows not only photocatalysis in aqueous environment but also a unique self‐initiation radical cross‐linking process to transform the water‐soluble photoactive polymer into a heterophase system, either as nanoparticles or a porous monolith. High photocatalytic activity and reusability of the heterophase system were demonstrated in the degradation of organic dyes and reduction of CrVI into CrIII in water under visible‐light irradiation.
Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in Latent‐Active Glycosylation: Glycosyl Donors with a Recyclable and Regenerative Leaving Group
Authors: Shu Penghua , Xiao Xiong , Zhao Yueqi , Xu Yang , Yao Wang , Tao Jinyi , Wang Hao , Yao Guangmin , Lu Zimin , Zeng Jing , Wan Qian
Published: October 2015

Latent O‐glycosides, 2‐(2‐propylthiol)benzyl (PTB) glycosides, were converted into the corresponding active glycosyl donors, 2‐(2‐propylsulfinyl)benzyl (PSB) glycosides, by a simple and efficient oxidation. Treatment of the PSB donor and various acceptors with triflic anhydride provided the desired glycosides in good to excellent yields. The leaving group, which was activated by an interrupted Pummerer reaction, can be recycled (PSB‐OH) and regenerated as the precursor (PTB‐OH). A natural hepatoprotective glycoside, leonoside F, was efficiently synthesized in a convergent [3+1] manner with this newly developed method. The present total synthesis also led to a structural revision of this phenylethanoid glycoside.
Urethane‐forming reaction kinetics and catalysis of model palm olein polyols: Quantified impact of primary and secondary hydroxyls
Authors: Tuan Ismail Tuan Noor Maznee , Poo Palam Kosheela Devi , Abu Bakar Zailan Bin , Soi Hoong Seng , Kian Yeong Shoot , Abu Hassan Hazimah , Schiffman Christi , Sendijarevic Aisa , Sendijarevic Vahid , Sendijarevic Ibrahim
Published: October 2015

Model palm olein natural oil polyols (NOPs) with varying ratios of primary to secondary hydroxyls were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in reaction kinetics study with isocyanate in formation of polyurethanes. Reaction rate constants and activation energies associated with primary and secondary hydroxyls of NOPs were quantified. The kinetic study in toluene shows that the NOP containing primary hydroxyls have three times higher reaction rate constants in noncatalyzed reaction with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′‐MDI) compared to the model NOP containing only secondary hydroxyls, which is associated with higher activation energy of secondary hydroxyls. However, the difference in reaction rate constants of primary and secondary hydroxyls in NOPs diminished in the reactions catalyzed with dibutyltin dilaurate. Bulk polymerization reaction confirms the kinetics results in toluene, showing that the model NOP containing primary hydroxyls reached gel time at a faster rate. Evaluation of elastomers from bulk polymerization shows low degree of phase separation of hard and soft segments for elastomers based on the model NOPs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42955.
OXIDIZED LIPIDS DID NOT REDUCE LIFESPAN IN THE FRUIT FLY, Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lushchak Oleh V. , Gospodaryov Dmytro V. , Yurkevych Ihor S. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: October 2015

Aging is often associated with accumulation of oxidative damage in proteins and lipids. However, some studies do not support this view, raising the question of whether high levels of oxidative damage are associated with lifespan. In the current investigation, Drosophila melanogaster flies were kept on diets with 2 or 10% of either glucose or fructose. The lifespan, fecundity, and feeding as well as amounts of protein carbonyls (PC) and lipid peroxides (LOOH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase activity of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) were measured in “young” (10‐day old) and “aged” (50‐day old) flies. Flies maintained on diets with 10% carbohydrate lived longer than those on the 2% diets. However, neither lifespan nor fecundity was affected by the type of carbohydrate. The amount of PC was unaffected by diet and age, whereas flies fed on diets with 10% carbohydrate had about fivefold higher amounts of LOOH compared to flies maintained on the 2% carbohydrate diets. Catalase activity was significantly lower in flies fed on diets with 10% carbohydrates compared to flies on 2% carbohydrate diets. The activities of SOD, GST, and TrxR were not affected by the diet or age of the flies. The higher levels of LOOH in flies maintained on 10% carbohydrate did not reduce their lifespan, from which we infer that oxidative damage to only one class of biomolecules, particularly lipids, is not sufficient to influence lifespan.
Synthesis of Some 1,4,6‐Trisubstituted‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carbonitriles and Their Biological Evaluation as Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Faidallah Hassan M. , Rostom Sherif A. F. , Badr Mona H. , Ismail Azza E. , Almohammadi Ameen M.
Published: October 2015

A series of novel 1,4,6‐trisubstituted‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carbonitriles supported with some functionalities reported to contribute to significant chemotherapeutic potential were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic activities. Thirteen compounds exhibited cytotoxic potential against a panel of three human tumor cell lines. Compounds 15, 23, and 24 proved to be the most active agents with a broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity. Analog 24 was considered as the most active cytotoxic agent, being 2.5 times more active than doxorubicin against the colon HT29 carcinoma cell line. Seventeen compounds were able to exert a variable antimicrobial profile, among which analogs 15, 20, 21, 23, and 24 were prominently active. The highest antimicrobial potential was displayed by analog 24, being equipotent to ampicillin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, together with a considerable antifungal activity comparable with clotrimazole. Collectively, compounds 15, 23, and 24 could be considered as possible dual antimicrobial‐anticancer candidates.
Benefits of preoperative MRI in breast cancer surgery studied in a large population-based cancer registry
Authors: Vos E L , Voogd A C , Verhoef C , Siesling S , Obdeijn I M , Koppert L B
Published: October 2015

Background

Although evidence for the benefits of preoperative MRI in breast cancer is lacking, use of MRI is increasing and characterized by large interhospital variation. The aim of the study was to evaluate MRI use and surgical outcomes retrospectively.

Methods

Women with invasive breast cancer (pT1–3) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), diagnosed in 2011–2013, were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and subdivided into the following groups: invasive cancer, high-grade DCIS, non-palpable cancer, age 40 years or less, and invasive lobular cancer. Associations between preoperative MRI use and initial mastectomy, resection margin after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), re-excision after BCS, and final mastectomy were analysed.

Results

In total, 5514 women were included in the study; 1637 (34·1 per cent) of 4801 women with invasive cancer and 150 (21·0 per cent) of 713 with DCIS had preoperative MRI. Positive resection margins were found in 18·1 per cent women who had MRI and in 15·1 per cent of those who did not (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·00 to 1·45), with no differences in subgroups. Re-excision rates were 9·8 per cent in the MRI group and 7·2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 1·33, 1·04 to 1·70), with no differences in subgroups. In the MRI group, 38·8 per cent of patients ultimately underwent mastectomy, compared with 24·2 per cent in the no-MRI group (adjusted OR 2·13, 1·87 to 2·41). This difference was not found for patients aged 40 years or less, or for those diagnosed with lobular cancer.

Conclusion

No subgroup was identified in which preoperative MRI influenced the risk of margin involvement or re-excision rate after BCS. MRI was significantly associated with more extensive surgery, except in patients aged 40 years or less and those with invasive lobular cancer. These results suggest that use of preoperative MRI should be more targeted, and that general, widespread use be discouraged.
Adsorption of N2 and CO2 on Activated Carbon, AlO(OH) Nanoparticles, and AlO(OH) Hollow Spheres
Authors: Reiser Sarah , Bolten Dennis , Staudt Reiner , Türk Michael
Published: October 2015

Adsorption behaviors of nitrogen and CO2 on Norit R1 Extra and AlO(OH) nanoparticles and hollow spheres were measured under different temperature and pressure conditions using a magnetic suspension balance. Independent from the substrate investigated, all isotherms increase at lower pressure, reach a maximum, and then decrease with increasing pressure. In addition, selected experimental data were correlated with different model approaches and compared with reliable literature data. In case of CO2 on AlO(OH), capillary condensation was observed at two defined temperatures. The results suggest that the conversion of the liquid into a supercritical adsorbate phase does not take place suddenly.
Hydroaminomethylation of the Renewable Limonene with Ammonia in an Aqueous Biphasic Solvent System
Authors: Behr Arno , Wintzer Andreas
Published: October 2015

With the hydroaminomethylation of the natural compound limonene with ammonia an atom‐economic method for the synthesis of primary amines is described. This tandem reaction allows the direct conversion of the unfunctionalized monoterpene to a valuable amine product. For the first time, ammonia served as substrate to result in a maximum primary amine yield of 25 %. To overcome unwanted side reactions, a biphasic solvent system was used, consisting of an aqueous catalyst phase and an organic product phase. As catalyst the water‐soluble transition metal complex [Rh(cod)Cl]2/triphenylphosphine trisulfonate was chosen. In combination with the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride it provided a good phase interaction and the possibility for easy phase separation after the reaction.
Chemical‐Bond‐Mediated p–n Heterojunction Photocatalyst Constructed from Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles and a Conducting Copolymer: Visible‐Light Active and Highly Efficient
Authors: Xu Xinxin , Lu Tingting , Liu Xiaoxia , Wang Xiuli
Published: October 2015

A visible‐light‐active p–n heterojunction photocatalyst has been synthesized by the enwrapping of poly[aniline‐co‐N‐(4‐sulfophenyl)aniline] (PAPSA) on a coordination polymer nanoparticle (NCP). Compared with the visible‐light‐inactive NCP, the new p–n heterojunction photocatalyst, PAPSA/NCP, exhibits a much higher efficiency in the reduction of CrVI under visible light. PAPSA performs two functions in this p–n heterojunction photocatalyst. First, as a visible‐light‐active material, it extends the photoresponse region of the photocatalyst from the ultraviolet to the visible‐light region. Secondly, as a p‐type semiconductor possessing suitable energy levels with respect to NCP, PAPSA forms a p–n heterojunction with the n‐type NCP; the inner electric field of the p–n heterojunction accelerates the separation of electrons and holes, which enhances the photocatalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the p–n heterojunction photocatalyst exhibits outstanding stability during the photocatalytic reduction of CrVI.
Highly Dense Isolated Metal Atom Catalytic Sites: Dynamic Formation and In Situ Observations
Authors: Chen Yaxin , Kasama Takeshi , Huang Zhiwei , Hu Pingping , Chen Jianmin , Liu Xi , Tang Xingfu
Published: October 2015

Atomically dispersed noble‐metal catalysts with highly dense active sites are promising materials with which to maximise metal efficiency and to enhance catalytic performance; however, their fabrication remains challenging because metal atoms are prone to sintering, especially at a high metal loading. A dynamic process of formation of isolated metal atom catalytic sites on the surface of the support, which was achieved starting from silver nanoparticles by using a thermal surface‐mediated diffusion method, was observed directly by using in situ electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. A combination of electron microscopy images with X‐ray absorption spectra demonstrated that the silver atoms were anchored on five‐fold oxygen‐terminated cavities on the surface of the support to form highly dense isolated metal active sites, leading to excellent reactivity in catalytic oxidation at low temperature. This work provides a general strategy for designing atomically dispersed noble‐metal catalysts with highly dense active sites.
ChemInform Abstract: Tunable Bifunctional Phosphine‐Squaramide Promoted Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of N‐Alkyl Isatins with Acrylates.
Authors: Dong Ze , Yan Chao , Gao Yongzhi , Dong Chune , Qiu Guofu , Zhou Hai‐Bing
Published: October 2015

Screening experiments show, that the squaramide catalyst (SQA) gives the best results for the Morita—Baylis—Hillman reaction of isatins with acrylates to form the corresponding alcohols in high yields with enantioselectivities of up to 95%.
The Contemporary Use of Angiography and Revascularization Among Patients With Non–ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the United States Compared With South Korea
Authors: Kang Hyun‐Jae , Simon Dajuanicia , Wang Tracy Y. , Alexander Karen P. , Jeong Myung Ho , Kim Hyo‐Soo , Bates Eric R. , Henry Timothy D. , Peterson Eric D. , Roe Matthew T. ,   on behalf of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry
Published: October 2015

Background

Practice guidelines recommend an early invasive strategy for high‐risk non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients, but international differences in the use of invasive strategies are unknown.

Hypothesis

Profiling NSTEMI patient management in the United States (U.S.) and South Korea could provide insight into how patients are triaged for an early invasive strategy in different health care environments and geographical regions.

Methods

We evaluated the use of angiography and revascularization for NSTEMI patients treated at revascularization‐capable hospitals (2007–2010) in both the ACTION Registry‐GWTG (U.S.: n = 133,835; 433 hospitals) and KAMIR/KorMI Registry (South Korea: n = 7,901; 72 hospitals).

Results

Compared with South Korean patients, U.S. NSTEMI patients more commonly had established cardiovascular risk factors, disease, and prior cardiovascular events and procedures. From 2007–2010, the use of angiography for NSTEMI patients rose steadily in both countries, but the use of revascularization only rose in South Korea. Patients from South Korea more commonly underwent angiography and revascularization. Percutaneous coronary intervention was the most common type of revascularization in both countries, but coronary artery bypass grafting was less common in South Korea. The use of both angiography and revascularization was incrementally lower with a higher predicted mortality risk for patients from both countries, but greater differences between low‐ and high‐risk patients occurred in the U.S.

Conclusions

The profile, characteristics, and use of angiography and revascularization for NSTEMI patients in the U.S. vs South Korea differed substantially from 2007–2010, underscoring the heterogeneity of NSTEMI patients and treatment selection among different countries.
Computational model of polarized actin cables and cytokinetic actin ring formation in budding yeast
Authors: Tang Haosu , Bidone Tamara C. , Vavylonis Dimitrios
Published: October 2015

The budding yeast actin cables and contractile ring are important for polarized growth and division, revealing basic aspects of cytoskeletal function. To study these formin‐nucleated structures, we built a three‐dimensional (3D) computational model with actin filaments represented as beads connected by springs. Polymerization by formins at the bud tip and bud neck, crosslinking, severing, and myosin pulling, are included. Parameter values were estimated from prior experiments. The model generates actin cable structures and dynamics similar to those of wild type and formin deletion mutant cells. Simulations with increased polymerization rate result in long, wavy cables. Simulated pulling by type V myosin stretches actin cables. Increasing the affinity of actin filaments for the bud neck together with reduced myosin V pulling promotes the formation of a bundle of antiparallel filaments at the bud neck, which we suggest as a model for the assembly of actin filaments to the contractile ring. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defoliation reduces soil biota – and modifies stimulating effects of elevated CO2
Authors: Dam Marie , Christensen Søren
Published: October 2015

To understand the responses to external disturbance such as defoliation and possible feedback mechanisms at global change in terrestrial ecosystems, it is necessary to examine the extent and nature of effects on aboveground–belowground interactions. We studied a temperate heathland system subjected to experimental climate and atmospheric factors based on prognoses for year 2075 and further exposed to defoliation. By defoliating plants, we were able to study how global change modifies the interactions of the plant–soil system. Shoot production, root biomass, microbial biomass, and nematode abundance were assessed in the rhizosphere of manually defoliated patches of Deschampsia flexuosa in June in a full‐factorial FACE experiment with the treatments: increased atmospheric CO2, increased nighttime temperatures, summer droughts, and all of their combinations. We found a negative effect of defoliation on microbial biomass that was not apparently affected by global change. The negative effect of defoliation cascades through to soil nematodes as dependent on CO2 and drought. At ambient CO2, drought and defoliation each reduced nematodes. In contrast, at elevated CO2, a combination of drought and defoliation was needed to reduce nematodes. We found positive effects of CO2 on root density and microbial biomass. Defoliation affected soil biota negatively, whereas elevated CO2 stimulated the plant–soil system. This effect seen in June is contrasted by the effects seen in September at the same site. Late season defoliation increased activity and biomass of soil biota and more so at elevated CO2. Based on soil biota responses, plants defoliated in active growth therefore conserve resources, whereas defoliation after termination of growth results in release of resources. This result challenges the idea that plants via exudation of organic carbon stimulate their rhizosphere biota when in apparent need of nutrients for growth.
Morphology Control, Growth Mechanism, and Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Mesoporous CeO2 Microparticles
Authors: Zhang Jingcai , Guo Jinxin , Liu Wei , Wang Shuping , Xie Anran , Tang Ke , Yang Yanzhao
Published: October 2015

Mesoporous CeO2 with flowerlike and cottonlike hierarchical structures were prepared through a facile solvothermal strategy by using cerium glycolate as precursors. In the whole synthesis process, the solvothermal reaction time plays an important role in morphology control. Structure and composition information of the corresponding cerium glycolate were obtained and compared by using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Oriented attachment/anisotropic crystal growth with Ostwald ripening/multistep splitting process mechanism was proposed for the formation of the cerium glycolate precursor. The catalytic test results show that the final CeO2 microparticles exhibit enhanced CO conversion performance and better reduction behavior than pure ceria. Furthermore, as a good support, the synthesized Au/CeO2 samples demonstrate higher catalytic activity in the oxidation of CO than pure ceria.