bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Comparative Growth Rates of Four Western Kansas Algae
Authors:   , Knudson Vernie
Published: February 2023

During the summer of 1958, a search was conducted for specimens of algae which could be used in a growth study. Many specimens were collected from ponds and streams in western Kansas and were cultured under conditions of intense sunlight and high temperatures. The four species which appeared to grow best under these conditions were selected for use in the growth study. A high temperature strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was also used. The five algal species were grown in glass jugs which were located in the college greenhouse. The cultures were harvested by removing half of the accumulated algae cells at three-day intervals. The amount of comparative growth was ascertained by weighing these cells after they had been dried in an oven. Examination of the anatomy of these specimens revealed nothing which might explain growth characteristics. The harvesting results indicated that Chlorella sp. produced the most and therefore grew the most rapidly. Chlorococcum sp. produced slightly less. Scenedesmus armatus and Lyngbya sp. had much lower yields and the strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa demonstrated the least growth. A comparison of the yields of the various cultures with illumination and temperature showed a few individual reactions. Although the growth rates of each species were not definitely established the general growth characteristics appear to be applicable to natural conditions and mass cultures. The method used in this study is convenient and economical and could be profitably used in future studies.
The Roles and Functions of the Elementary Principal
Authors:   , Dexter Robin
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the roles and functions of elementary principals. The independent variables investigated were position, year of experience in education, amount of formal education, and gender. The dependent variables investigated were scores form the following scales of the Questionnaire Pertaining to the Roles and Functions of Elementary Principals (Appendix D): Instructional Leadership, School Management, Staff Development, Student Management, and Total Roles and Functions. The sample consisted of 65 superintendents, 43 elementary principals, and 28 teachers form urban and rural districts in the state of Kansas. Four composite null hypotheses were tested using a three-way analysis of variance (general linear model). Of the 20 main effects 6 were statistically detectable at the .05 level. OF the 50 interactions 11 were statically detectable at the .05 level. Results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1. Educators with more experience gave more importance to Total Roles and Functions of the elementary principal than those with less 2. Female educators gave more importance to School Management as a role and function of the elementary principal than male educators, and 3. Statistically detectable interactions for position, formal education, and Student Management; position, experience in education, and Student Management; position, experience in education, and Student Management; gender, experience in education, and Student Management; formal education, gender, and Instructional Leadership; position, gender, and Staff Development;
A Study in Style and Content of the Speeches of John F. Kennedy on Foreign Policy
Authors:   , Stones Harold
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the thesis, A Study in Style and Content of the Speeches of John F. Kennedy on Foreign Policy was two-fold. The first purpose was to isolate the techniques of style located in the written copies of Senator Kennedy’s speeches on foreign policy. The second purpose of this thesis was to determine Senator Kennedy's views regarding the direction that United States foreign policy should take. In order to study both of these facets it was necessary to locate and analyze all of Senator Kennedy's speeches on foreign policy. Nearly all of these speeches are published in the Congressional Record. The techniques of style were discussed under the following six organizational headings: (1) general observations of style, (2) style of introducing speeches, (3) use of evidence and reasoning, (4) kinds of appeals used, (5) level of vocabulary and language and (6) style of concluding speeches. Senator Kennedy's speeches on foreign policy were concentrated subject-wise on specific world areas. His views concerning foreign policy were different in each area, hence, these views were discussed under the following headings: (1) general views on foreign policy, (2) United States allies, (3) Communist countries, (4) the Middle East, and (5) Indochina and Algeria. This writer encountered no extreme problems and the study resulted in several definite conclusions. Several distinct techniques of style were noted. These techniques were used frequently and seemed to be quite successful. Senator Kennedy's viewpoints regarding foreign policy were clear and concise. A great amount of consistency and farsighted thinking was encountered in the study of these viewpoints.
Depression and Differential Metamemorial Processes
Authors:   , Speier Ronald
Published: February 2023

This study involved an investigation of the effects of depression on metamemorial processes. Subjects were asked to predict their success at answering questions. Some questions induced fact retrieval while others induced inferencing. Measures of depression were also taken. Recent research findings have indicated that depression may be associated with a high degree of memory complaint coupled with a lack of decrement in objective measures of memory performance. If depression is truly characterized by a low degree of correspondence between self-assessment of one's abilities and an individual's true capabilities, metamemorial measures might be rather sensitive indices of the presence of depression. Furthermore, improvement in metamemorial abilities might serve as an indicator of remission of these symptoms over the course of treatment. The results of this study failed to indicate that depression level had any effect on metamemorial processes. However, results from previous research indicating different metamemorial abilities associated with fact retrieval and inferencing were replicated. The relationship between these objective measures of self- monitoring and the levels of depression found in this study are discussed.
The Wisc Comprehension Subtest : A Comparison and Evaluation of an Alternative Instructional Procedure
Authors:   , Koch Elvin
Published: February 2023

The WISC Comprehension subtest has been criticized for possibly penalizing certain Ss by its standard instructional requirement of multiple responses on items 6 through 13 to receive full credit. An alternative instructional procedure which specifically requested multiple responses on these items was evaluated. It was hypothesized that these alternative instructions would result in significant increases in both Comprehension scaled scores and in the number of two point responses, particularly for high IQs. It was further hypothesized that the alternative instructional procedure would increase the validity of the subtest. The Comprehension subtest was given individually to 120 Ss. One-half of these Ss received the standard instructions and one - half received the experimental instruction. Beta IQ scores were obtained by administering the Otis Quick Scoring Mental Test and high and low IQ groups were established by selecting the upper and Lower third of the total distribution of IQ scores. Four groups were formed (N = 20 Ss per group) on the basis of high vs. low IQ and experimental vs. standard instructions. An analysis of variance on Comprehension scaled scores and on the number of two-point responses produced significant main effects for IQ and for instruction. No significant interactions were obtained. Correlations were computed between scaled scores and IQ scores for the two instructional groups using all 120 is (N = 60 per group). The correlations obtained were almost identical. The hypothesis was not supported by the data. Both the standard and alternative instructional procedures seemed to discriminate reliably between the levels of intelligence. The alternative instructions appeared to make the test easier for most S, but not a more valid measure of intelligence.
A Validation Study Regarding Aaron Beck's Hypothesis That Acceptance, Competence, and Control Schemas Function as Core Issues in Social Information Processing
Authors:   , Shia Alan
Published: February 2023

Aaron Beck (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985) has proposed that Acceptance, Competence, and Control schemata function as core-issues in mental/emotional disorders. Using Derry and Kuiper's (1981) criterion for the schematic processing of information (the speed at which self-referent personality judgments are made), the study sought to determine whether individuals processed social information related to self concerning acceptance, competence, and control issues schematically. The SPACK Battery (Piper, 1987), which obtains measures of an individual's schema strength for Acceptance, Competence, and Control and records the response delay on each item, was administered by computer to 151 Fort Hays State University undergraduates. The correlations between schema strength and response delay on the related items indicated that Acceptance and Competence issues (but not Control issues) were processed schematically in conformity with Beck's hypothesis. The Revised SPACK Inventory, a subtest of the SPACK Battery consisting of items giving a significant score/response delay correlation, produced a score/response delay correlation of -.179 on the Acceptance schema, -.159 on the Competence schema, and no significant correlation on the Control schema.
Behavioral Change in Children Seen at the Fort Hays Kansas State College Psychological Service Center
Authors:   , Befort Charles
Published: February 2023

This thesis reports research concerning the services rendered by the Fort Hays Kansas State College Psychological Service Center. Its main purpose was to collect information to determine the effectiveness of these services. It attempted (1) to discover the behavioral changes that had taken place in children who were seen at the Fort Hays Clinic during the fiscal year 1961-62, two years prior to this study, (2) to determine if these behavioral changes were more or less adaptive than those displayed in 1961 and 1962, and (3) to draw some general conclusions about the nature of these changes and the part the Fort Hays Clinic played in bringing them about. Information about each child’s condition at the time of the study was obtained by means of questionnaires sent to parents and other parties. Twenty-eight (28) children met the survey method’s requirements and became the N. Parents, various second parties, and judges all took part in the process of determining if improvement had taken place; if the clinic’s services played a role in the final outcome; and if the parents and second parties considered the trip they had made to the clinic as worthwhile. The general conclusions reacted were these: (1) a high percentage of the children showed improvement, (2) the clinic’s services most likely played a role in the outcome, and (3) these services are considered worthwhile by the parents and other parties. Other questions of experimental interest were discussed and ways to improve the survey method were suggested.
Associations of Small Mammals of Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge
Authors:   , Rezsutek Michael
Published: February 2023

Associations of small mammals with habitat: types, particular species of plants, and soil types at Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge, in north-central Kansas were investigated. Peromyscus maniculatus was positively associated with grassland, and Peromyscus leucopus was positively associated with riparian habitats. No associations of mammals with soil types were found. No positive association of a mammal with a particular species of plant was found, but Sjgmodon hispidus avoided all areas containing western wheatgrass.
Ceramic Design : The Trapped Air Technique
Authors:   , Hartman Jon
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this thesis was to explore the possibilities of the trapped air technique in creating ceramic forms. The trapped air technique grew out of the writer's experimentation with the various existing hand- built techniques. It was discovered that by trapping air inside a closed, thin-walled ball of clay the air would support the form while it was being created. The support provided by the trapped air helps eliminate the age old problem of unfinished forms collapsing as a result of poor construction or from being too wet. The unique forms that result from the trapped air technique are believed, by the author, to be the most important contribution made by the method. The forms proceed naturally from the very nature of the method. These forms are very soft, gently flowing from one area of the piece to another. They are asymmetrical which adds variety, yet they contain the unity that is necessary to make a pleasing form. Various clay bodies were used, Pittsburgh clay and stoneware #5 most frequently. Stoneware #5, which is a mixture of 50% stoneware, 40% fire clay, and 10% kaolin, proved the best, as it can be fired at stoneware temperatures or may be used as a low fire body. Glazing was not the primary problem of this study; however, the finish which is given a piece should enhance it. Experiments were made until the glazes fit the nature of the forms that result from the trapped air technique. The artist believes this technique holds unlimited possibilities for the ceramist, and only through experimentation with forms, materials, and techniques may one hope to discover and contribute knowledge to the field of ceramics.
Possible Effects of Videogames on Aggressive Behavior in Children
Authors:   , Rauschnot Roxanne
Published: February 2023

A relationship exists between television watching in children and aggression (Eron, Huesman, Brice, Fischer, & Mermelstein, 1983; Feshbach, 1972; Mcintyre, Teevan, 1972; Singer & Singer, 1983); children viewing violent television programs behave more aggressively than children viewing non violent programs. A relationship has also been indicated between sports and aggression (Fisher, 1976; Goldstein, 1979; Lefebvre, Leith, & Bredemeier, 1980). The present study studied the relationship between videogame play and aggression that children, after playing a videogame that had been judged violent, would display more aggressive behavior than after playing a videogame that had been judged nonviolent. Subjects (10 male and 10 female) were recruited from local youth organizations and from personal contacts, made by the experimenter in Hays, Kansas. All subjects played the violent and the nonviolent videogames in order to serve as their own control. A control dial (CD), enabling subjects to change the brightness level on a confederate's television set, was used to obtain the dependent measure of either aggressive or nonaggressive behavior. Behavioral measures were obtained under three different conditions: a) baseline, b) after playing a game judged to be violent and c) after playing a game judged to be nonviolent. The hypotheses were not confirmed. The reverse was found; subjects responded more aggressively following non violent videogame play and less aggressively following violent videogame play.
The Impact of Smart City Initiatives on Cities’ Local Economic Development
Authors:   , Musa WeSam
Published: February 2023

The problem explored in this mixed-method action research is that challenges to sustainable economic development and basic community services increase, as populations in cities and towns increase. A city is a human settlement with well-defined demarcation points. A city’s infrastructure consists of complex systems, such as sewage treatment plants, water treatment plants, police stations, fire departments, utility services, schools, libraries, business, houses, etc. A smart city, on the other hand, is an urban vision that fosters citizens’ engagement and technological integration of the city’s infrastructure. The purpose of this mixed-method action research was to identify the characteristics of a smart city and determine to what extent smart city initiatives impact economic development. Using a combative analysis methodology, the study examined five major smart cities. The research results revealed that cities apply smart solutions by focusing on 5 major areas: Economic Development, Public Safety, Energy & Environment, Infrastructure, and Transportation. The study concluded that Smart city initiatives contribute directly and indirectly to the economic growth of cities in the United States. The study indicated that smart cities are socially engaged, financially stable, business-oriented, data-driven, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient cities. The study also concluded that smart city initiatives can alleviate cities’ challenges, thus, enhancing economic development.
Dishonesty and its Relation to Anxiety
Authors:   , Bachman Ronald
Published: February 2023

This study utilized one of the methods of measuring dishonesty which has become standard among researchers to see if a relationship existed between dishonesty and overt, covert and total anxiety of an individual. It was also hypothesized that there would be a sex difference in regards to dishonesty. The subjects were 21 males and 49 females who were enrolled in psychology courses at Fort Hays Kansas State College. The subjects were administered the duplicating test on one day; it was graded and returned to the subjects for self scoring three days later. The differences between the two scorings was the subject’s dishonesty score. The IPAT Anxiety Scales was administered to all subjects after they scored their answer sheets. As expected, it was found that those subjects that scored high on the anxiety scale scored high on the dishonesty measure. Subjects with higher scores in covert anxiety cheated more than subjects with higher scores in overt anxiety. This was exactly reversed from what was hypothesized. The sex difference was not found to be significant. An incidental finding indicated that subjects who were below the mean number of misses did not cheat as much as those subjects above the mean. It was suggested that further research is needed to study the relationship between anxiety, achievement need, and dishonesty.
The Effect of an Intense Interpolated Activity Upon Retention
Authors:   , Wright Albert
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if an intense novel, interpolated activity such as a flash of light would interfere with retention. If the flash interfered with retention the experiment was designed to determine whether the interference was due to interference with the perseverative process or to other factors such as competition of response, negative conditioning, and the learning of a fear response. All Ss observed a pattern of 5 lights for 5 seconds. Ten seconds later they were tested for retention of the light pattern. Experimental group 1 had an intense flash of light interpolated immediately after the first test for retention. Experimental group 2 had the flash of light interpolated immediately before the first test for retention. A control group received no flash. All Ss were retested 24 hours later. The retest scores were then analyzed by t tests. The two experimental groups did not differ significantly from each other or from the control group on either the test or retest. The hypotheses were not supported. The similarity of the retest means and variances for the two experimental groups suggested that the flash of light interfered just as much when it was presented after the response as when it was presented before the response. Further evidence is necessary to either substantiate or refute this observation.
Association of Locus of Control, Scholastic Achievement and Participation in Career Intervention Programs with Career Maturity for 11th and 12th Grade High School Students
Authors:   , Taylor Kathleen
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the association of locus of control, scholastic achievement and career intervention programs with career maturity in high school juniors and seniors. Three Independent variables were investigated: 1) career intervention programs, 2) locus of control, and 3) scholastic achievement. The dependent variables were career maturity scores derived from the eight subscales on the Career Development Inventory: Career Planning (CP), Career Exploration (CE), Decision-Making (DM), World-of-Work (WW), Preferred Occupational Group (PO), Career Development-Attitudes (CDA), Career Development-Knowledge and Skills (CDK), and Career Orientation Total (COT). Three Instruments were used: 1) a demographic data sheet constructed by the researcher to obtain scholastic achievement levels; 2) Rotter's (1966) Social Reaction Inventory to obtain locus of control orientation; and 3) Career Development Inventory to obtain career maturity scores. The subjects consisted of 66 high school students. A pretest, posttest two or more groups mixed design was employed. Five composite null hypotheses were tested employing one-way analysis of covariance. A total of 40 comparisons were made. Three of the 40 comparisons were statistically significant at the .05 level. The three statistically significant comparisons were for main effects. The significant main effects were for the dependent variables: (DM), (WW), and (CDK). Career Awareness Program participants with high scholastic achievement had larger adjusted post mean scores for (DM), (WW), and (CDK) than Career Awareness Program participants with low scholastic achievement. From the results it was concluded that: (1) High scholastic achievers in a relatively short-term career intervention program are able to Increase their career decision-making skills as measured by the CDI subscale, Decision-Making (DM). (2) High scholastic achievers in a relatively short-term career intervention program are able to increase their knowledge of the work world as measured by the subscales, World-of-Work (WW). (3) High scholastic achievers in a relatively short-term career Intervention program are able to increase their knowledge and skills related to career problem-solving and Job success as measured by the CDI subscale, Career Development-Knowledge and Skills (CDK). (4) Career maturity is not enhanced by participation in career intervention programs. (5) Career maturity is not affected by a person’s locus of control orientation.
Family Structure, Family Happiness, Self Concept, and Academic Achievement
Authors:   , Thompson Leonard
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the effects of family structure, family happiness, self-concept and gender on the students' academic achievement (reading and mathematics). Independent variables were family structure, family happiness, self-concept and gender. The sample for this study consisted of 190 sixth, eighth and tenth grade students. Students were from two small towns in northwestern Kansas. Four instruments were used: Kansas Minimum Competency Test, Personal Attribute Inventory for Children-Family, Personal Attribute Inventory for Children-Self, and a Student Information Sheet. Four hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. Two comparisons were found to be statistically significant at the .05 level. One was for the main effect family happiness and reading achievement in sixth grade. The results of present study indicated students who reported they were from unhappy families had higher achievement in reading than students from happy families. The interactions between self-concept and gender for the dependent variable mathematics sixth grade were statistically significant at the .05 level. The result indicated the following: (1) girls with low self-concepts had numerically higher achievement in mathematics than boys with low self-concepts; (2) girls with high self-concepts had numerically lower achievement in mathematics than boys with high self-concepts; (3) girls with low self-concepts had numerically higher achievement in mathematics than girls with higher self-concepts; and (4) boys with high self-concepts had numerically higher achievement in mathematics than boys with low self-concepts.
Characterization of an Environmental Bacterium by 16S Rrna Sequence Analysis, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors:   , Thurlow Lance
Published: February 2023

Fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), scanning electron microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were used to partially characterize an apparently unique bacterium isolated from the environment. The first 500 base pairs of the approximately 1,500 base pair 16S rRNA gene were sequenced and analyzed by MIDI Labs (Newark, Delaware). The entire 16S rRNA gene was then sequenced at Fort Hays State University (FHSU) and the sequence from this organism was compared to all sequences in the GenBank database. The first 500 base pairs of the sequence data from FHSU and the sequence data collected by MIDI Labs were identical. The data from these two sequences indicated that this organism might be a new species within the genus Brevibacillus. The FAME analysis performed by MIDI also indicated that this organism may be a new species in the same genus. Light microscopy revealed that this organism was a Gram-positive spore forming bacillus. The 16S rRNA sequence and FAME analysis demonstrated that this organism could be a previously undescribed species within known genera. This Gram-positive organism was shown to be a close relative of Brevibacillus laterosporous. B. laterosporous produces a parasporal body that is canoe-shaped and appears to cradle the spore (Zahner et.al. 1999), Scanning electron microscopy allowed me to determine the fine details of cellular morphology of this new isolate including the canoe-shaped parasporal body.
Distribution, Natural History, Conservation Status, and Biogeography of Bats in Kansas
Authors:   , Sparks Dale
Published: February 2023

The 15 species of bats known to occur in Kansas are described in terms of distribution, natural history, conservation status, and biogeography. Bats are poorly represented in the fossil record, and this is especially evident in Kansas, where only four fossil species are known. Therefore, biogeographic analysis is limited to historical records. Of the 15 bat species, nine appear to have undergone noteworthy increases in distribution or conservation status since the period immediately following the settlement of Kansas. These include the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), gray myotis (Myotis grisescens), northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), cave myotis (Myotis velifer), evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus), and Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida braziliensis). For the big brown bat, gray myotis, evening bat, and eastern pipistrelle, these changes in Kansas reflect increases in the overall range of the species. For the remainder (red bat, hoary bat, northern myotis, cave myotis, and Brazilian free-tailed bat), these changes pertain primarily to the parturative range, a term equivalent to the nesting range of birds. Four other species suffered decreases in either conservation status or distribution after non-Native Americans arrived. The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) is severely reduced in numbers (having possibly been extirpated and since recolonized). The western small-footed bat (Myotis ciliolabrum), may be slightly less abundant in Kansas than it once was. Information about Towndsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus towndsendii) is limited, but that species likely has declined in number, but not distribution since settlement. Three species appear to have undergone no noticeable changes in distribution. The silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) continues to be a common species during its migration. The big free-tailed bat (Nyctinomops macrotis) was never common, and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) continues to be a peripheral species in Kansas. Five species of bats have not been documented in Kansas, but eventually may be found here. Two of these, the Indiana myotis (Myotis sodalis) and the Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis), may have occurred in Kansas in the past but were extirpated by human activities. Three others, Rafenesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafenesqueii), the eastern small-footed myotis (Myotis leibii), and the fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) probably never occurred in Kansas.
Relaxation as a Technique for Producing a Calming Effect in a Hyperactive Child
Authors:   , Horyna Stan
Published: February 2023

This experiment compared the separate effects of relaxation, E presence, and E absence in producing a calming effect in a hyperactive child. An apparently physically normal and intellectually gifted, Wise I.Q. 140, six year old male was instructed to complete seatwork activity sheets during three 10-minute intervals while a tape recording of kindergarten classroom noises played continuously. The experiment was divided into three phases: baseline measures taken with the E present in the experimental setting, experimental treatment sessions, and baseline measures taken with the E absent from the experimental setting. A calming effect, as measured by degrees of hyperact1ve behavior (sitting time and \starts and stops”) and productivity (number of successful task completions) was revealed by marked differences among the three phases of the experiment in all recorded behaviors. Behavioral measures of hyperactive behavior were the greatest and productivity the least during experimental treatment sessions which involved training in relaxation. The greatest calming effect appeared when the E was absent from the experimental setting.
Perubahan Pola Perilaku Mahasiswa Fisip Pasca Pandemi Covid-19 Di Universitas Pramita Indonesia Kabupaten Tangerang
Authors: Setiani Asri , Intan Rachmina Koho  , H.M. Arifin Daulay
Published: February 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed many components of learning methods. Anxiety and lack of self-confidence experienced by students by using as much as possible must be addressed rationally so that graduates can continue their studies. First, what is the direction of changing lifestyles among students after the end of the Covid-19 pandemic. Second, what are the possible changes and changes in behavior patterns. This observation is intended to see and provide explanations for adjustments in the behavior of FISIP students during the COVID-19 pandemic at Pramita Indonesia University. This observation uses a literature study approach, observing various data from the latest news reports, as well as studying objects that are directly related to them with scientific data and literature from various sources. This study uses the behavioristic principles of Burrhus Frederic Skinner and various applicable theories regarding behavioral relationships. The effect of this study shows that skilled behavior adjustment with the help of FISIP students at Pramita Indonesia University needs to adapt, FISIP students who accept, understand, get used to new habits, are able to reduce the effects of tradition shock.
PREFIXES OF GERMANIC ORIGIN
Authors: Iseni Arburim , Rexhepi Agnesa
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this research is to investigate the use and meaning of German prefixes, as well as their impact on word formation in English. German prefixes are grammatical features that are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning or function. The prefixes will be examined in terms of their etymology, frequency of use, and common word formation patterns. They can also indicate a verb's location, tense, aspect, or modality. Prefixes are essential to the German language, and mastering them requires a solid understanding of them. The research will also look into how these prefixes affect the overall structure and meaning of German words. The research will be conducted using a combination of primary and secondary sources, such as German language dictionaries and texts, and linguistic studies on prefixation in German. The study's findings will shed light on the rich and complex nature of German word formation and its underlying grammar rules. The study also delves into the etymology of the prefixes and how they have evolved over time. The study's goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of German prefixes and their usage for both German language learners and native speakers.

Keywords: German prefixes, bound morphemes, lexemes, word-formation, words, etymology, etc.
ROCURONIUM BROMIDE – ESMERON
Authors: Ibraimi Qahil , Skenderi Ruvide , Karemani Mentor
Published: February 2023

Repeated neuromuscular-blocking agent administration lengthens the duration of action, and intraoperative use of high doses of neuromuscular-blocking agent may compromise respiratory security. We tested the main hypothesis that intermediate-acting neuromuscular-blocking agents are dose dependently associated with the risk of postoperative respiratory complications in a hospital-based registry study that took place between January 2022 and June 2022 on 70 patients that we worked with who received these medications. Additionally, we looked at the relationship between respiratory problems and the dose of neostigmine used to reverse neuromuscular blockers. We assessed the impact of proper neostigmine reversal on respiratory complications post hoc. Compared to low doses, high doses of neuromuscular-blocking drugs were linked to a higher risk of postoperative respiratory complications. A dose-dependent increase in the risk of postoperative respiratory complications was linked to neostigmine. According to post hoc analysis, the dose-dependent relationship between neuromuscular-blocking drugs and respiratory complications was eliminated by the proper neostigmine reversal. The risk of postoperative respiratory complications was dose-dependently correlated with the use of neuromuscular-blocking drugs. The risk of respiratory complications increased dose-dependently after neostigmine reversal. The exploratory data analysis, however, indicates that the proper use of neostigmine, guided by the results of the monitoring of neuromuscular transmission, can help eliminate the postoperative respiratory complications brought on by the use of neuromuscular-blocking drugs. For newborns and small infants, rocuronium should be administered in lower doses.

Keywords: respiratory complications, Esmeron, neostigmine, surgery, anesthetic, intubation, etc.
Instructional Model of Bank Portfolio Credit Risk and Return
Authors: Wolf Rob , Aiuppa Tom
Published: February 2023

The measurement of bank portfolio credit risk and risk-adjusted return is increasingly important to banking institutions. Banking curriculum needs to reflect this trend with instructional models that present and integrate these topics. This paper presents a model that allows students to experiment with the interaction of several components of credit risk, risk-adjusted return, and capital risk. It further provides a tangible estimate of the benefits of diversification and allocates these gains to the contributing loan division. Finally, the proposed model illustrates several factors affecting credit pricing and shows how bank profits can be allocated to customers (borrowers or depositors), managers, regulators, or shareholders. The model is assessable to upper level undergraduate finance students or MBA finance students in a few class periods.
Forecast Dispersion Following ADR Listings: Does U.S. Trading Promote Herding?
Authors: Ragan Kent
Published: February 2023

This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board.
This paper provides evidence that the dispersion of analyst earnings forecasts is the same for new and continuing analysts in a sample of ADR listing firms. I conclude that ADR listing does not change the informational environment of the listing firms via the analyst forecasting process. This research provides a starting point for the study of herding behavior among analysts across countries. The listing of an ADR should bring more attention to a firm as it begins to trade in the U.S. market. While the ADR listing did coincide with new analysts beginning to cover many firms (N = 78 in the entire sample), the new and continuing analysts did not differ with respect to their forecast dispersion. This is not consistent with the idea that there is a learning curve for analysts as they choose to cover new firms. Rather, the new analysts seem to behave similar to their predecessors. This is unfortunate, as one would hope that the new analysts would bring new ideas to light, especially since these are foreign firms beginning to trade in a U.S. market, so presumably the new analysts are largely U.S.-based.
The Impact on a Firm's Stock Price of an Earnings Restatement to Adhere to Lease Accounting Standards - An Empirical Study
Authors: Mehran Jamshid , Balik Robert
Published: February 2023

This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board.
This event study for the February 7, 2005, SEC announcement does not indicate any significant daily abnormal rates of return. These results contrast with most other event studies of earnings related restatements. One possible explanation for these results could be that the market did not think the subsequent earnings restatements would not be significant.
Long-Term Performance of ESOPs and Optimal Managerial Control
Authors: Lu Weili , Reising Joseph , Stohs Mark
Published: February 2023

This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board.
Our paper examines the interaction between managerial control and ownership in firms with employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) to determine whether there is evidence of entrenchment in such firms. An increase in executive ownership in a firm gives managers greater control over the firm, but makes them significant shareholders, so their incentives are more aligned with other shareholders. However, a compensation plan that provides executive effective control over a large block of shares without the counterbalancing executive ownership could permit executives to entrench themselves at the cost of the other shareholders. ESOPs are plans like this, and they allow for separation between ownership and control by enabling the board to influence the distribution of unallocated shares from the ESOP. Such a separation could lead to managerial entrenchment.
Emerging Market Stocks: Higher Returns but at What Risk
Authors: Swales, Jr. George , Bowdidge John , Chang Edward
Published: February 2023

This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board.
There is ample evidence that investing in emerging markets can be risky. Many factors, some of which a specific country or region may have little control over, can readily affect economic and investment returns. Authors ofthis research found there can be a wide variation in GDP growth between different countries in any given year. In addition, equity returns of these countries may not be always associated with economic activity and also display wide variation. Assessing financial and country risk prospects will help the investor make appropriate long-term investment, asset allocation, and portfolio selection decisions.
Excel Charts: Why? What kind? How?
Authors: Balik Robert , Mehran Jamshid
Published: February 2023

This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board.
A common form of visual design used in finance is a chart or graph. Excel's chart feature is used to create virtually all charts. Most finance teachers and their students know how to use Excel to create basic charts, but many do not know how to decide when to create a chart, how to decide what kind of chart to create, and how to decide what features the chart should have. For finance teachers and students knowing how to use Excel to create charts is not enough. It is important that they also know some of the best practices to use to design charts.
New Look at the Equity Premium Puzzle
Authors: Alexander Jeremy , Kochanek Thomas , Johnson Don
Published: February 2023

The equity premium puzzle is based on the common observation that in order for stock returns to be much higher than those offered by government bonds in the United States, investors must ultimately have incredibly high risk aversion. This situation is not unique to the United States, as it can be found elsewhere in other industrialized nations. The equity premium puzzle has intrigued many modern finance researchers and much effort has been expended in the pursuit of its root cause. Several theories have been developed exploring possible explanations, but a definitive solution remains undiscovered. In order to evaluate possible sources of further research, we have surveyed financial professionals and find they offer unique insights into possibly solving the equity premium puzzle.
Can Financial Services Mutual Fund Managers Add Value?
Authors: Philpot James
Published: February 2023

Prior research suggests that mutual fund managers operating in specific sectors may be able to take advantage of "pockets of inefficiency" and thus produce positive abnormal returns. examine the performance of financial sector mutual funds over the time period 2002-2005, which was a unique market for financial services marked by low interest rates, strong mortgage loan demand and completion of several rounds of bank deregulation. During this time period, financial sector indices outperformed general market indices. Financial fund managers on average produced positive abnormal returns as measured using both a single-and multi-factor returns model. In cross section, these abnormal returns are unrelated to fund size. There is marginal evidence that fund returns are inversely related to portfolio turnover rates and directly related to fund expense ratios.
'Today is a 7': A Test of Investing using Astrology
Authors: Junkus Joan
Published: February 2023

Researchers continue to discover, and to try to explain the underlying causes of, market anomalies. Astrology is a system many people use to predict the future, and to guide their choices; it has an ancient pedigree and a wide popular following. Astrological methods have also been applied to stock picking, and there are numerous websites and how-to guides available to plot one's detailed horoscope in order to improve trading, or to apply astrological expertise directly to companies to offer insight into their strategy and future prospects. This paper examines whether there is an economically significant 'astrological' effect for stocks; in particular, does knowing a company's astrological sign lead to better portfolio returns. Findings indicate that a company's sun sign, by itself, does not differentiate the behavior of stock returns in an economically useful way.
Can We Improve Student Performance in the Introductory Business Finance Course?
Authors: Howard Robert , Redmon Alonzo
Published: February 2023

Successful completion of the introductory business finance course is a requirement in most undergraduate business programs. Prior research suggests that it is possible to develop a predictive model of academic performance in this course so that students likely to experience difficulty in business finance can be identified before the course begins. The purpose of this study is to evaluate several activities that might be beneficial to students identified as likely to have difficulty in the course. The results of this study suggest that extraordinary efforts by the instructor to improve the performance of poor performing students produce marginal results.
New Generation of Public Entity Risk Pools: Understanding Its Innovations and Roles in Public Finance
Authors: Qiao Yuhua
Published: February 2023

As governments continue to face fiscal pressures and increasing insurance costs, public entity risk pools will play an important role in public finance and public management. Since their emergence in the 1970s, public entity risk pools have evolved from their start-up stage into mature organizations with broad missions and responsibilities. As little academic research has been done in this area, this paper is to study the current generation of public entity risk pools in terms of the environment they are in, recent innovations, and problems they face, and future research questions. The main data source comes from an electronic survey sent to the Association of Government Risk Pools' 300 members in 2006 with 28% of response rate.
Fed Funds Rate and Interest Rate Elasticities
Authors: Bahr Kevin , Maas William
Published: February 2023

The federal funds rate is an important, short-term interest rate which is targeted by the Federal Reserve to influence economic growth and inflation. The financial markets closely monitor the Federal Reserve's monetary policy and changes in the federal funds rate to gauge future economic performance. This research analyzes how changes in the federal funds rate affected the 1) yield curve, 2) 30-year fixed mortgage rate, and 3) spread between Aaa and Baa corporate bond yields. The purpose is to determine the rippling effect between changes in the federal funds rate and changes in interest rates that affect the cost of borrowing by firms, individuals, and the government. The empirical results indicate that when a basis point change of 25 points or more occurs to the fed funds rate, which is of a magnitude consistent with a change in Federal Reserve policy, a statistically significant, positively related change occurs in the one-month interest rate elasticities for the 3-Month Treasury rate, 1-Year Treasury rate, 5-Year Treasury rate, 10-Year Treasury rate, and the 30-Year Mortgage rate.
Option Valuation Analysis of the Value of Tax Shields for Risky Debt
Authors: Miller Tom
Published: February 2023

Several different models for the appropriate discount rate for the tax shields and the present value of the tax shields resulting from the use of debt have appeared in the finance literature. This research uses an option valuation framework to develop models for the appropriate discount rate for the risky tax shields, the present value of the tax shields, and the probability of default resulting from the use of debt. Relationships between cash flows and their present values for firms with constant, perpetual growth are developed. The reinvestment required to support the constant, perpetual growth is incorporated in the expressions for the relationships between cash flows and present values. This analysis using option valuation theory and relationships between cash flows and their present values provides a framework for unifying the major apparently dissimilar results for the appropriate discount rate for the tax shields and the present value of the tax shields that have appeared in the finance literature.
Does it Pay to Invest in Middle East and North Africa Markets?
Authors: Zaher Tarek
Published: February 2023

This paper examines the evidence underlying the notion that there is increased integration of MENA and developed country financial markets and that MENA market equities do not represent a separate asset class. We analyzed the correlation structures among individual country equity markets and efficient frontiers over two sub periods. We also analyzed the structure of the correlations among political risk indicators for a similar group of countries over similar time periods. The results of the study suggest that capital market integration has accelerated in recent years, both economically and politically but only for three countries in the MENA region. We therefore, conclude that the MENA market countries should continue to be viewed as a separate asset class from developed countries. These markets seem to be highly segmented and provide great diversification potentials to global investors.