bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rubberized bituminous materials and their use in road construction
Authors: Parker W. D. , Walker W. D. C.
Published: July 2010

The compatibility of natural and synthetic rubbers and polymers such as polyvinyl chloride with coal tar pitches and bitumens is described. The penetration/softening point and penetration/temperature characteristics of a range of modified compositions are examined in relation to those of residual and blown bitumens and of coal tar pitches. A test has been devised for assessing the brittleness of bituminous materials and this is compared with the penetration, ductility and Fraas brittle point tests. Suggestions are made as to how modified tars and bitumens may be used in road construction, with particular reference to the use of tars with reduced temperature susceptibility.
Phase relations and stability in emulsions
Authors: Sumner C. G.
Published: July 2010

It is suggested that the permeability of the interfacial film in an emulsion of two liquids will determine which liquid will form persistent droplets within the other. This permeability is influenced by the closeness of packing of the emulsifier molecules in the interfacial film.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. V.—Synthesis of a bridged decanuclear novolak and a case of hardening by way of meta‐substitution
Authors: Hunter R. F. , Turner C.
Published: July 2010

The bridged decanuclear novolak (V) has been synthesized rationally as a non‐crystalline chemical individual from 2: 6‐bis‐2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methylbenzyl‐4‐bromophenol (I) by way of the dimethylol derivative (II) which on reaction with 2: 4‐xylenol furnished 2: 6‐bis‐2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐(2″‐hydroxy‐3″: 5″‐dimethylbenzyl)‐5′‐methylbenzyl‐4‐bromophenol (III) which was debrominated to the pentanuclear novolak (IV). On reaction with an equivalent of formaldehyde in acetic acid, using sulphuric acid as catalyst, the latter gave the required bridged decanuclear novolak (V). In the presence of excess of acid formaldehyde, both the pentanuclear and the decanuclear novolaks were readily converted into hardened products whose infra‐red absorption spectra indicated the formation of methylene bridges in meta‐position to the hydroxyl groups.
Adsorption of aldehydes and ketones on anion exchangers in cyanide form
Authors: Gabrielson Gunnar
Published: July 2010

Of seven common aldehydes examined on cyanide‐treated Dowex‐2 columns, vanillin, salicylaldehyde, benzaldehyde and crotonaldehyde were more or less completely adsorbed and were eluted with water to only very small extents; furfural was completely recoverable and formaldehyde and acetaldehyde partially so. There was some indication of polymerization of some of the aldehydes on the column.

Acetone and ethyl methyl ketone were very easily eluted with water from these columns.
Ternary vapour‐liquid equilibria system: Acetoneethyl methyl ketone‐cyclohexane
Authors: Rao K. V. Kurmanadha , Krishnamurty V. V. G. , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Experimental T‐x‐y data of the system: acetone‐ethyl methyl ketone‐cyclohexane at 760 mm. Hg pressure are reported. The data were obtained using a modified Colburn type of equilibrium still. No ternary azeotrope was observed.

The experimental data were found to be thermodynamically consistent according to the method of Krishnamurty & Venkata Rao which is based on the Gibbs‐Duhem equation.

The activity coefficient data of the present system have been satisfactorily correlated with the modified Margules equations developed earlier, using a ternary constant Ct = 0·5. In the case of the present system, the modified Margules equations with Ct = 0·5 are equivalent to the three‐suffix ternary Margules equations of Wohl, with C = 0·305. The ternary smoothed experimental T‐x‐y data are compared with the data calculated using the modified Margules equations with Ct = 0·5 and there is close agreement between the calculated and experimental data.

It is suggested that the thermodynamic consistency test proposed by Krishnamurty & Venkata Rao and the modified Margules equations may be used together for mathematical analysis of the ternary vapour‐liquid equilibrium data since the same smoothed experimental log γi/γj values can be used for both the methods.
The determination of naphthalene in town gas by the picrate method. II. The indene correction
Authors: Mott R. A. , Moulson I.
Published: July 2010

The conventional method of determining the picrates formed by the unsaturated hydrocarbons such as indene is the use of an aliquot of the solution of the recovered picrates in chloroform, another aliquot being used for the determination of the total picrates. The accuracy of these determinations is enhanced by the use, for each, of the total quantity of recovered picrates: this is facilitated by the use of acetone as the solvent and bromothymol blue as the indicator in the titration of the total picrates. Errors in the determination of the indene are minimized by using suitable excesses of acetic acid and Wij's solution and keeping for 20 min. before titrating the unused iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
Studies on glyceryl esters. I. The formation of urea inclusion compounds with 1‐monoglycerides
Authors: Aylward F. , Wood P. D. S.
Published: July 2010

The 1‐monoglycerides of saturated even fatty acids from caprylic to stearic have been shown to form inclusion compounds with urea. The preparation of pure adducts and the crystal size and form of the various members of the series have been described, and the molecular ratios of urea to lipid, and also the ‘dissociation’ and ‘exudation’ temperatures have been determined.
The determination of the cement content of soil–cement. III An investigation of some of the factors involved
Authors: Sherwood P. T.
Published: July 2010

In the two previous parts of this paper a method was described for determining the cement content of a soil–cement mixture by measuring the calcium oxide contents of the soil, the cement and the mixture. Since this earlier work, alternative methods have been developed for estimating calcium, and in the present investigation these have been applied to the measurement of cement content. A series of comparisons has been made between the different methods, and that using ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid has been found to be most satisfactory.

The effect of the sampling procedure on the accuracy of the analyses has also been studied, and recommendations are made regarding sampling technique.
Measurement of the specific surface area of fine powders. A comparison of the ‘gas‐adsorption’ and ‘air‐permeability’ methods
Authors: Mathews D. H.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of specific surface areas of nineteen powders of various chemical and physical types have been made (a) by adsorption of nitrogen on to the powders at 77° K and (b) by the air‐permeability method described by Rigden.

The results obtained by the two methods were appreciably different, the areas obtained by the adsorption method being in all cases the larger. It is suggested that the discrepancy between the two sets of measurements may be due in part to the existence of an internal surface in some of the powders, which was not measured by the air‐permeability method.
The determination of lead in polyvinyl chloride compositions containing lead stabilizers
Authors: Grossman S. , Haslam J.
Published: July 2010

A rapid method has been devised for the determination of lead in lead‐filled polyvinyl chloride compositions. The polymer is dissolved in ethylene dichloride and the lead extracted with strong hydrochloric acid solution. This hydrochloric acid solution is separated and diluted to 50% v/v strength with water prior to the determination of the lead by measurement of the u.v. absorption of the lead chloride complex at 270 mμ. A slight modification of the method avoids the interference of iron compounds which may be present in a composition.
The study of slag‐metal mixing efficiency by models
Authors: Shanahan C. E. A. , Cooke F.
Published: July 2010

The relative efficiencies of various methods of mixing liquid slag and metal have been studied by means of cold models. Using sodium amalgam as ‘metal’ and dilute sulphuric acid as ‘slag’ it has been shown that a most efficient method of mixing consists of pouring the metal into the slag and that the degree of mixing is dependent on both the drop height and the rate of pouring.

Mixing by means of blowing gas through a single jet into the system and by rabbling is much less intense, whilst a simple model converter gave mixing efficiencies comparable with those obtained by pouring at low flow rates.

Some preliminary experiments have been carried out using a model system consisting of n‐hexane and an aqueous solution of zinc chloride, methyl red being used as the transfer agent. This system should facilitate work on the correlation of the cold model with full‐scale plant.
Ternary liquid equilibria. IV. Various systems
Authors: Rao M. Raja , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Phase equilibrium data are presented for the ternary liquid systems, namely, acetic acid‐water‐hexane, ethylene glycol‐water‐n‐butanol, ethylene glycol‐water‐ethyl methyl ketone, and ethyl methyl ketone‐water‐cyclohexane. The tie‐line data for all the systems have been analysed by the methods of correlation of Othmer & Tobias and Hand, and fitted reasonably with the respective plots. For the system acetic acid‐water‐hexane, the tie‐lines, when produced beyond the binodal curve, meet at a point on the extended base line of the ternary equilibrium diagram and this facilitates the interpolation and extrapolation of the tie‐line data. A comparison of the present data for glycol‐water systems with the literature data for the corresponding systems containing n‐pentanol and n‐hexanol respectively as solvents, has confirmed earlier conclusions, namely, that for any solute‐water combination, when the solvent is changed in a homologous series in the order of increasing molecular weight, the area of heterogeneity increases, and the solute favours the aqueous phase more and more.
Gas‐liquid chromatography. I. Retention‐volume data of certain tar acids
Authors: Irvine L. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: July 2010

The corrected retention volumes per gram of stationary phase (Vg) are given for thirty tar acids at 183°, 155° and 135°. The results were obtained from a 4‐ft. column using Apiezon‐L stopcock grease as stationary phase and Celite‐535 as mechanical support. The carrier gas was nitrogen and thermal conductivity was used for detection of constituents.
Investigations into the electrodeposition of titanium metal from titanium tetrachloride in fused alkali metal chloride systems
Authors: Burgess J. , Brown G. T. , Roberts C. W.
Published: July 2010

An account is presented of work carried out on the single‐stage, electrolytic reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal. Emphasis is placed on metal quality as determined by hardness values, and the effects of a number of experimental variables have been studied both on hardness and on current efficiency and yield. In several cases, a minimum hardness level of 300–350 D.P.N. on melted metal was achieved, and it was shown to be possible to prepare titanium metal of this quality at high current efficiency and yield. The use of porous diaphragms in the cell, whilst necessary for high efficiencies, resulted in an irregular contamination of the metal throughout any one experiment, although not affecting the minimum hardness obtained. The deposited metal was, in all cases, of small particle size and generally dendritic in structure.
A filtration and vacuum distillation unit for the purification of alkali metals
Authors: Horsley G. W.
Published: July 2010

A combined filtration and vacuum distillation apparatus for producing high‐purity alkali metals is described. Operating data for the preparation of distilled lithium, sodium and potassium are given.
The relationship between magnesium content and stress‐corrosion susceptibility of aluminium‐magnesium alloys
Authors: Vance W. J.
Published: July 2010

The susceptibility to stress‐corrosion cracking of commercial purity aluminium‐3.5% magnesium and aluminium‐2.25% magnesium (nominal) alloys has been determined by corroding strain‐aged 16 s.w.g. wire specimens by intermittent immersion in buffered 3% sodium chloride solution. Susceptibility values for the 3.5%‐Mg and 2.25%‐Mg alloys were 18.4% and 0% respectively.

Comparison with the stress‐corrosion susceptibility values reported by Jones1 on aluminium‐7% magnesium and aluminium‐5% magnesium alloys suggests that susceptibility is proportional to alloying magnesium content within the range of alloys examined by this method.
Electrodialysis using ion‐exchange membranes. I. Factors limiting the degree of desalting
Authors: Partridge S. M. , Peers A. M.
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of potassium chloride solutions in a continuously operated electrodialysis cell using ion‐exchange membranes is described. The cell contained 25 desalting compartments and 25 concentrating compartments each 1.58 mm. thick. The membranes were supported by perforated separators carrying grooves for the passage of liquid, and turbulent flow was induced by forced recirculation. The dependence of current efficiency on the ion concentration in the desalting compartments was assessed and the effect of a number of design factors was investigated. Theoretical expressions have been derived for the current efficiency of the desalting process.
A pilot plant for the continuous culture of micro‐organisms
Authors: Harrison R. W.
Published: July 2010

The continuous‐culture pilot plant at Clevedon is based on Monod's large bactogen. The special feature of this type of apparatus is the rotating drum inside the fermenter which insures good aeration and mixing without the incorporation of a sparger. The apparatus is designed for the cultivation of non‐pathogens only.
Phosphoric acid treatments for steel. I. The nature of coatings produced by the action of phosphoric acid on steel
Authors: Donovan M. , Scott J. W. , Shreir L. L.
Published: July 2010

The nature of the mixed phosphates present in coatings produced by the action of phosphoric acid on a clean steel surface has been investigated. It has been shown that the coating composition changes with time of exposure to atmospheric oxygen. The role of oxygen in the reaction mechanism is discussed.
Raney cobalt hydrogenation catalysts. II. The physical and chemical properties of the catalyst
Authors: Aller B. V.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of some of the more important physical and chemical characteristics of active Raney cobalt hydrogenation catalysts. They have properties very similar to those reported for Raney nickel, but their activity is generally lower than that of the latter.
The corrosion of lead by bromine and its prevention
Authors: Bloch M. R. , Kaplan D. , Schnerb J.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion of lead by bromine is shown to be due to the presence of hydrobromic acid. It can be prevented by the addition of oxidizing agents (especially lead peroxide) or by anodic oxidation of the lead surface.
Electrode potential studies on iron in dilute phosphate‐chromate solutions
Authors: Ride R. N.
Published: July 2010

The electrode potential behaviour of iron in aerated potassium phosphate solutions (2500 p.p.m.) is reproducible at pH 5·2 and 6·1, major breakdown and removal of the pre‐immersion oxide film being followed by slow, uniform corrosion. When potassium dichromate (30 p.p.m.) is subsequently added, the potential rises logarithmically from a critical, pH‐dependent value and re‐passivation is achieved through the growth of a new oxide layer. In chromate‐free solutions, re‐passivation due to dissolved oxygen alone is a much slower process.

The potential behaviour is not reproducible in solutions which contain both phosphate and chromate from the start. Generally, the pre‐immersion oxide is not removed but the maintenance of the passive state is unpredictable since it depends on the capacity of the inhibitive system to block effectively the sporadic pores in the film with precipitated hydroxide.

The significance of potential values has been examined in relation to the pH—potential equilibrium data for the iron‐water system. Reasonable agreement between breakdown potentials and theoretical values has been observed.
Polymers from oxacyclobutanes II. The laboratory‐scale evaluation of the polymer from 3: 3‐bischloromethyloxacyclobutane
Authors: Sandiford D. J. H.
Published: July 2010

The physical and mechanical properties of the polymer under various temperature conditions are studied in detail. The product has electrical properties very similar to those of polyethylene terephthalate and is mechanically intermediate between polythene and nylon.
Note on the characteristics of potential‐time curves for painted non‐ferrous metals
Authors: Greenblatt J. H.
Published: July 2010

The potentials of steel, aluminum, brass and copper rods overcoated with various paints were measured in sea‐water over a period of time. The potentials obtained in all cases were determined by the substrate metal rather than the paint coating used. It is concluded that essentially one is measuring the potential of bare local anodes. The potential‐time curves on copper, brass and aluminum have the same characteristics as those on steel.
The measurement and mechanism of oxygen transfer in submerged culture
Authors: Solomons G. L. , Perkin M. Patricia
Published: July 2010

A comparison of the sulphite oxidation and polarographic methods of determining oxygen‐transfer rates has been made. It has been found that the former behaves as a gas‐film‐, and the latter a liquid‐film‐controlled process. A start has been made on a rational approach to scale‐up of fermenters, based on the mass‐transfer rate and degree of turbulence. The effects of mould mycelium, anti‐foam and of surface‐active agents are discussed.
The selective absorption of hydrogen sulphide in carbonate solutions
Authors: Garner F. H. , Long R. , Pennell A.
Published: July 2010

A study of both a wetted‐disc and a wetted‐wall column has indicated that the latter is the more suitable for obtaining mass‐transfer data in spite of the tendency to ripple formation.

A study has been made of the absorption of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide from a gas mixture with a CO2 H2S ratio of 30: 1 in solutions of sodium and potassium carbonates.

Selectivity for the absorption of hydrogen sulphide has been found to decrease with increase in wetting rate and with increase in temperature. It increases with increase in gas rate and increases slightly with increase in concentration of sodium carbonate in the solution above about 1·1–1·3‐N. The concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the gas has no effect on the selectivity provided it is more than 1·3% but below this concentration, the selectivity decreases as the concentration decreases.

The gas film conditions are more important than those in the liquid film for hydrogen sulphide concentrations in the gas of about 1%. The absorption of carbon dioxide is independent of gas film conditions and is controlled by the rate of a slow reaction in the liquid film.

The practical absorption conditions required to secure maximum removal of hydrogen sulphide and minimum removal of carbon dioxide are listed.
The anomalous behaviour of carbonate in phosphate rock
Authors: Feilchenfeld H. , Eden C.
Published: July 2010

Israel phosphate‐bearing rock is shown to contain in addition to calcite another form of carbonate, which dissociates irreversibly below the dissociation temperature of calcite. The phenomenon can be explained on the assumption that the calcium oxide produced on dissociation of the second form becomes an integral part of the apatite lattice. It is therefore plausible to suggest that the second form is either finely dispersed throughout the apatite or itself constitutes part of the apatite lattice.
The crystalline arrangement in fusion‐cast cylinders of 2: 4: 6‐trinitrotoluene and its relationship to colour, density and behaviour on detonation
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

Melted 2: 4: 6‐trinitrotoluene crystallized as an orthorhombic modification elongated on [c] and flattened on {010}. These characteristics allowed the arrangement of the crystals in fusioncast cylinders to be ascertained by use of the polarizing microscope in conjunction with novel techniques which are described. The arrangement could be varied by allowing uninterrupted cooling or by stirring or ‘seeding’ etc. The cylinders containing the coarsest crystals tended to be the least dense, the least sensitive to detonation and the most prone to unstable detonation. This was shown by Cybulski et al.1 whose castings were among those examined.

Uninterrupted cooling in a hollow metallic cylinder favoured a radial disposition of crystals elongated on [c] except at the base of the cylinder where such elongation was axial over a limited length. The colour by incident light of the casting, or of sections cut therefrom, depended on (1) the presence of impurities in the crystals, (2) superficial irreversible darkening due to illumination and (3) an optical effect caused by the aggregates of parallel crystals. Such aggregates transmitted more incident light in the direction of parallelism than at right angles thereto; thus the flat surfaces of vertically bisected cylinders with radial crystallization showed dark median streaks not dependent on the segregation of impurities during crystallization.

The peculiarities of crystalline arrangement near the mould surface are described but a true ‘chilled margin’ was not identifiable by the present techniques.
Action of chlorine trifluoride on trichloroacetic acid
Authors: Cuthbertson F. , Holmes T. F. , Musgrave W. K. R. , Tanner M. C.
Published: July 2010

Trichloroacetic acid is rapidly decomposed by chlorine trifluoride with the formation of carbon dioxide, carbonyl halides, carbon tetrachloride, chlorofluoromethanes, and hexachloroethane. There is no evidence for the replacement of chlorine atoms by fluorine before decarboxylation.
The reaction of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with certain acid halides and anhydrides in the presence of benzidine‐type bases
Authors: Marsh D. J. , Neale E.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the colour‐forming reaction between alkaline hydrogen peroxide and certain acid halides and anhydrides in the presence of benzidine‐type bases, which has formed the basis of a colorimetric method for the estimation of phosphonofluoridates and related compounds. The scope of the reaction is indicated, and suggestions are made with regard to its mechanism and the nature of the coloured product.
Preparation of ‘high‐ortho’ novolak resins. III. The use of substituted phenols
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Hall R. W. , Raum A. L. J.
Published: July 2010

The condensation of some substituted phenols with formaldehyde in the presence of ions of electropositive bivalent metals is described. m‐Cresol formaldehyde and m‐ethylphenol/formaldehyde novolaks produced with these catalysts have a shorter cure time than those formed under conditions of acid catalysis. Resins from 3: 5‐xylenol and m‐isopropylphenol do not show this effect.

Certain discresylmethane isomers formed in the condensation of m‐cresol with formaldehyde have been isolated, purified and identified. The reactivities of novolaks formed by the condensation of these isomers with formaldehyde have been measured and resins from o‐o' isomers found to have the fastest rates of cure with hexamine.
The Reaction of nitric acid with formaldehyde and with formic acid and its application to the removal of nitric acid from mixtures
Authors: Healy T. V.
Published: July 2010

Efficient methods are given for decreasing or eliminating the nitric acid content of solutions of inorganic nitrates with recovery of oxides of nitrogen and leaving behind no added reagent.

The reaction of both formaldehyde and formic acid with nitric acid (2–20N) has been studied at 100°. At constant concentrations of formaldehyde and formic acid the reactions are of apparent third‐order over the nitric acid range 2–15N (rate constants given).

Further reaction of formaldehyde or formic acid with nitrate solutions causes precipitation of metal hydroxides as the pH of the solution rises; this may be used as a basis of separation of metals from solution. Nitrates can be converted to other salts such as chloride or sulphate by reaction with formaldehyde after addition of the appropriate acid.

Nitrites do not react with formaldehyde in neutral solution, but nitrous acid, liberated by hot acid, decomposes partially into nitric acid which then reacts with formaldehyde as above.
Some aspects of the kinetics of oxidation of coal I. The correlation of coal oxidation kinetics
Authors: Wood T.
Published: July 2010

The results of the oxidation of an Australian coal have been successfully correlated by the Elovitch equation:

The relationship between the parameters A and B of this equation and the mass of coal used in the experiment leads to the over‐all kinetic equation:
The surface properties of precipitated alumina. 111. Samples prepared from aluminiumisopropoxide
Authors: Harris M. R. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Samples of precipitated alumina were prepared by the hydrolysis of aluminium isopropoxide, both under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were determined on the samples at −196°. after storage and outgassing at room temperature. Surface areas were calculated from the isotherms by the standard Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (B.E.T.) method.

The adsorption isotherms were of the type given by porous solids and resembled those obtained ‘activated’ alumina rather than on the alumina prepared previously from aluminium chloride solution. A range of high surface areas were found, the homogeneous precipitate having a particularly large initial area and pore volume. Some ageing occurred but it dld not cause the area to below 300 m.2g.−1The water content remaining in the samples after outgassing did not correspond to the composition of a well defined hydrate.
Water transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. I.
Authors: Baniel A.
Published: July 2010

The isothermal transfer of water between aqueous systems of different vapour pressures takes place slowly by vapour diffusion. It can be greatly accelerated by effecting it in a condensed phase by means of a solvent partially miscible with water. Some physico‐chemical aspects of solute‐water‐solvent systems are discussed and illustrative experimental data presented. It is concluded that the method has industrial potentialities in the utilization of salt and waste brines as fuel equivalents and in the concentration of heat‐sensitive or corrosive aqueous solutions.
The decomposition of stibine
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Kiff P. R.
Published: July 2010

The form of decomposition of stibine when mixed with large quantities of other gases differs rom that which it undergoes in the pure form as described by Stock and his co‐workers. In the presence of gases such as hydrogen, stibine slowly decomposes into hydrogen and minute particles of antimony metal which are suspended in the gases; ultimately a mirror or film of antimony is formed on the walls of the vessel. If sufficient oxygen is also present, particles of less than 5 μ in diameter are produced, which subsequently form a white deposit on the base of the vessel and consist mainly of antimony trioxide with some higher oxides. The amount of stibine in the gases evolved from lead storage batteries has been measured.
The microstructure of a plastic explosive containing RDX
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

Special techniques are described for the microscopical investigation of plastic explosive (PE) which contained RDX grains bonded by oil. Prior to the heating of the PE during manufacture, this oil was accompanied by water globules. Rolling of the PE reduced the grain size of the RDX. The resulting fine fragments were well distributed among the coarser particles, but both coarse and fine grains were capable of developing dimensional parallelism in response to deformation.
Estimation of particle size: An improved werner sedimentation apparatus
Authors: Slesser C. G. M. , Deans R.
Published: July 2010

Methods of particle size determinations, based on Stokes Law have inherent inaccuracies. A modified Werner apparatus is described for which it is claimed a mean particle size may be evaluated to ± 2%. Experimental results are given.
Chemistry of coal tars. V. Cyclic hydrocarbons in a tar made by internal heating of the charge
Authors: Hunter K. J. , Vahrman M.
Published: July 2010

A low‐temperature tar made by internal heating of the coal charge with hot gas was examined. The hydrocarbons in a light‐petroleum extract of this were subdivided by adsorption chromatography into broad fractions on the basis of chemical type. Further subdivision of the more important cyclic hydrocarbon fractions was achieved by chromatography and fractional distillation. From their carbon and hydrogen contents, and data for molecular weight, refractive index and density, the fractions were found to correspond best to n‐, iso‐ and cycloparaffins (9·7%); alkylated hexahydronaphthalenes (0·5%); alkylated tetrahydronaphthalenes (4·0%); alkylated dihydronaphthalenes (3·3%); and alkylated naphthalenes (2·8%). Alkylated naphthalenes with unsaturated side‐chains and alkylated, polycyclic hydrocarbons, higher than naphthalene, were probably also present (7·1%).
A refinement in the analysis of the hydrogen evolution curves obtained when testing duralumin for susceptibility to intercrystalline corrosion
Authors: Schafer G. J.
Published: July 2010

Certain apparent anomalies in previous work have been rationalised.
Physical variables affecting granulation of superphosphate in rotary granulators operated batchwise
Authors: Fogel R.
Published: July 2010

In batch granulation of powdered superphosphate, the mean granule size is directly proportional to the amount of water present during granulation, an optimum water content being found for which the proportion of granules falling within a specified size range (e.g., 1–4 mm.) is at a maximum. This optimum proportion of water is lowered by increasing the temperature of granulation.

A radioactive tracer technique has shown that the rate of granulation of the small particles in the powder is greater than that of the large particles.

The rate of granulation in rotary granulators is directly proportional to the peripheral speed of the granulator. A pan granulator gives a more closely sized product than a drum.
Heats of solution and dilution of iron‐free paper‐makers' alum
Authors: Smith N. O.
Published: July 2010

As there are no published data on the heats of solution of papermakers' alum [composition approximately Al2(SO4)3 14H2O] and only one value for the heat of solution of Al2(SO4)3, 18H2O in water, heats of solution at room temperature have been measured in the concentration range up to saturation, and all heat effects were found to be exothermic. The heat of solution per gram of alum is appreciably constant if more than 30 g. water is added. Heats of dilution were also exothermic. The resulting thermal data on solution and dilution were combined to give relative partial specific enthalpies of alum and water at all stable concentrations at 25–30°. A few measurements were made of heats of solution at 65–70°. Thermal effects were again exothermic but of smaller magnitude.

By hydrating the alum fully a material almost identical with the normal sulphate, Al2(SO4)3, 16–17H2O, was obtained and its heat of solution at high dilution measured, from which the heat of hydration was calculated. About 50% of the heat of solution of alum is heat of hydration. These data enable all the heats of solution and dilution of alum to be recalculated in terms of Al2(SO4)3, 16–17H2O.
Selective oxalate precipitation of thorium from sulphate leach solutions derived from monazite sands
Authors: Carter G. , Everest D. A. , Wells R. A.
Published: July 2010

The addition of oxalic acid, under controlled conditions, to a sulphate leach solution derived from monazite sand produces a thorium oxalate phosphate complex which shows a selective thorium enrichment relative to the concentrations of thorium, phosphate and rare earths in the leach solution. This crude thorium oxalato phosphate is further purified by digestion with a sulphuric acid‐oxalic acid mixture to give a final product with the weight ratios, R2O3/ThO2 = <0·3, and PO43‐/ThO2 = <0·01.
Oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters : Catalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol dielaidate
Authors: Andrews K. E. , Skellon J. H.
Published: July 2010

The preparation and properties of highly purified ethylene glycol dielaidate is described and a study of its union with gaseous oxygen at 55°, 85° and 120° has been made. The reactivity of the ester towards oxygen is compared with that of the normal methyl and propyl esters, and with the behaviour of the corresponding cis‐ester.

The main products of gaseous oxidation of ethylene glycol dielaidate have been examined and include 9, 10‐dihydroxystearic acid, oily and resinous ketonic polymers and monobasic and dibasic scission products.

A mechanism of autoxidation is advanced offering an explanation for the mode of formation of the several products.
A peak interference method for the analysis of close‐boiling isomers by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Grant D. W. , Vaughan G. A.
Published: July 2010

The phenomenon of almost coincident chromatographic peaks has been examined from a theoretical viewpoint, and a method for their analysis on columns of comparatively low efficiency has been evolved. The technique is illustrated with reference to m‐ and p‐xylene and the practical conditions for such an analysis are given.

The theory gives rise also to a method for the identification of isomers which, in certain instances, is considered to be an improvement over the use of conventional retention ratios.
Chemistry of triphenylmethane‐type mothproofing agents
Authors: Farrar W. V.
Published: July 2010

The preparation and chemical properties of compounds of type I below are surveyed. Several novel heterocyclic derivatives of such compounds have been prepared.
Atmospheric salinity and metal corrosion at various places in great britain
Authors: Ambler H. R.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the distribution of chloride, sulphate and ammonia in airborne particles at many sites in Great Britain. The distribution of chloride, subject to many local anomalies, has the same general relation to distance from the sea as was found in West Africa.1 The atmospheric corrosion of steel and zinc varies comparatively little between sites and bears no relation to salinity. Movement of exposed surfaces increases salt deposition and the corrosion of metals.
An accelerated test for the seven‐ and twenty‐eight‐day compressive strengths of concrete
Authors: King J. W. H.
Published: July 2010

As it is usually impossible to remove work made of concrete not up to standard at an age of 28 days (because there is much more recent work on top of it), in place of the present‐day standard test for concrete, viz., the crushing strength of sample cubes 28 days after casting, a test has been evolved to predict the 7‐ and 28‐day strengths in as little as 7 hours. The sample cubes are subjected to a specified heating procedure, after which their immediate crushing strength can be used to predict the value at 7 or 28 days, by means of curves established experimentally. These have been checked with a wide range of concrete mixes, and with a wide range of cements, and in general, predict with a standard deviation of less than 200 lb./sq. in. at 7 days and 225 lb./sq. in. at 28 days. This is in general more consistent than the results at 28 days on site samples of what is reputedly the same concrete.
Errors in infra‐red absorption analysis due to solute‐solvent interactions. II
Authors: Ward W. R.
Published: July 2010

The E1cm.1% values of infra‐red absorptions of picolines in cyclohexane solution vary with the concentration of the solutes. Variation of the E values due to slit width effects is not the only factor contributing to the failure of Beer's Law; a second factor is interaction between the solute molecules. Serious errors in infra‐red absorption analysis of picoline mixtures are demonstrated when such interactions are not taken into account.
New electrode for cathode ray polarography
Authors: Penketh G. E.
Published: July 2010

A new mercury electrode, the surface of which is automatically renewed between potential sweeps, is described. At the end of each potential sweep, a timing circuit opens a solenoid valve for a short pre‐set time and allows mercury from a constant‐head supply to replenish the electrode. The polarograms are similar to those obtained with the dropping electrode and are equally reproducible. The sensitivity is proportional to the electrode area, and by using an electrode of 12‐mm. diameter an increase in sensitivity of some thirtyfold over that of the usual dropping electrode has been achieved.
Cryoscopic determination of the purity of lindane
Authors: Handley R.
Published: July 2010

A method is described which uses a simple freezing point apparatus and a mercury‐in‐glass thermometer for the determination of the γ‐benzene hexachloride content of samples of lindane.

Collaborative results from four co‐operative laboratories showed that the method gives reliable and reproducible results, in good agreement with those found by a differential refractrometric method.

A pure reference sample of γ‐benzene hexachloride was prepared by zone‐refining and values for its freezing point and cryoscopic constant measured by a platinum resistance thermometer were in good accord with the data of Toops & Riddick.8
The use of small specimens in cement testing
Authors: Forrester J. A. , Keen R. A.
Published: July 2010

Previous work on the use of small specimens for testing cement is reviewed and some new work done with 1/2 in. vibrated mortar cubes is described. Programmes of work involving the use of such cubes are outlined to demonstrate the value of the technique used.
Organic constituents of gelatins and glues. I.‐Heat‐coagulable mucoprotein components from gelatins
Authors: Leach A. A.
Published: July 2010

Components isolated from acid and lime processed gelatins by a heat denaturation and coagulation technique are shown to be mucoproteins contaminated with smaller amounts of gelatin and lipid, and probably having their origin in the alkali‐soluble mucoproteins of the connective tissues used for the manufacture of the gelatins. Differences in amino‐acid composition of the isolated materials are noted. From comparisons of these with materials isolated by other techniques it is concluded that at least two types of mucoproteins are found in gelatins; one of these originates from the alkali‐soluble mucoproteins of the connective tissues and the other from materials similar to the acetic‐acid‐soluble fraction from connective tissue not precipitated by NaCl.
Surface area determination of magnesium powder with chromium‐51 tracer solutions
Authors: Dibbs H. P.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the adsorption of 51Cr, from aqueous solutions of labelled potassium dichromate, on to coarse magnesium powder at room temperature. The measurement of the rate of uptake of 51Cr on the powder and comparison with a magnesium standard of known area has led to a simple method for the determination of the surface area of the powder.
The removal of fulvic acids by water‐treatment plant
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

An investigation has been made of the removal of fulvic acids from water by different types of water‐treatment. The plants studied are in different parts of England and Wales; the results indicate that the removals from different raw‐waters are similar in similar plant. Weakly basic resins remove about 75·10% of the fulvic acids, and lime‐soda softening, at the one plant studied, removes about 40–50%. The results for alum coagulation and filtration fall into two groups with removals of about 50·10% and 80–85%.
Inhibitors of the corrosion of iron. I. Effect of the cation
Authors: Beckmann P. , Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

An examination has been made of the inhibitive properties of the hydroxides of sodium, calcium, barium, zinc and lead and a range of salts of benzoic, cinnamic, α‐naphthoic, acetic, butyric and chloric acids.

The lowest concentration (× 10−4 N) at which corrosion was inhibited at pH 6·5–7·0 was for the chlorates, 50; hydroxides, benzoates and acetates, 10–20; cinnamates, ‐α‐náphthoates and butyrates 5–10. Inhibition was almost unaffected by the nature of the cation.

At pH 4·5–4·9 the lead salts only were inhibitive. Consequently the earlier conclusion regarding the efficiency of the lead salts of long chain fatty acids has been extended to a number of other compounds.
The specific heat of thermosetting polymers
Authors: Warfield R. W. , Petree M. C. , Donovan P.
Published: July 2010

The specific heat, Cp, of a number of amorphous thermosetting polymers has been determined over the temperature range 30–160° by means of an adiabatic calorimeter. Epoxide, polyester, polyamide‐epoxide and diallyl phthalate polymers in many cases exhibit abrupt increases in the observed specific heat due to a glass transition within the polymer. In general, thermosetting polymers have higher transition temperatures than have linear polymers. The results are discussed in terms of the overall structure of the polymers.
Stabiliser degradation in picrite propellants
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , MaCdonald R. , Haggart C. , Myers J. L.
Published: July 2010

Picrite propellants (N, NQ, SPCG) were artificially aged at 65° and the rate and manner of decomposition were followed by separation and analyses of the products derived from the stabiliser due to its combination with nitrogen oxides. An SC formulation which does not contain picrite was treated in a similar manner.

The total amount of degradation, as evidenced by the formation of nitrosated and nitrated derivatives of centralite, was less in the picrite propellants. In the latter, a higher proportion of nitrated products to nitrosated products was recovered while in the SC composition nitrosation was the major reaction. Direct nitration of the stabiliser as well as rearrangement of nitrosamines to nitro compounds is shown to be more active in the picrite propellants during ageing.
Measurement of thickness and porosity of oxide films on iron and aluminium
Authors: Lorking K. F.
Published: July 2010

Capacity measurements obtained with an a.c. bridge have been used to determine the thickness of non‐porous oxide films on iron and aluminium surfaces, and for showing the effect of both the solvent action of aqueous solutions and electrochemical processes on the thickness of these films.

These measurements could not be used, however, to detect the increase of permeability of the oxide film on aluminium placed in solutions containing chloride; electrode potential measurements were used in this case.

Measurements of capacity and of potential vs. time were used to show formation of pores through oxide films.
A comparison of the corrosiveness of indoor atmospheres
Authors: Stanners J. F.
Published: July 2010

The exposure of sets of small test specimens in 45 different atmospheres, principally indoors in factories, has provided a measure of the relative corrosiveness of the atmospheres in such places. The test specimens were of bare low‐alloy and mild steels and mild steel sprayed with aluminium or with zinc.

The most corrosive indoor atmospheres investigated were those where large quantities of acids were used, and those of a bleach‐house, a plating shop and a glue extraction plant. Several were more corrosive than the atmosphere outdoors at Sheffield, particularly towards the metal coatings. Although aluminium protected the steel better than did zinc when freely exposed outdoors in industrial atmospheres, a zinc coating was much superior to an aluminium one in many of the indoor atmospheres. High humidity was associated with rapid corrosion rates but corrosion was slow in relatively clean but humid atmospheres, such as were found in a laundry, domestic kitchens and bathrooms.
Organic constituents of gelatins and animal glues. II. Analytical study on the turbidity factor from a bone glue
Authors: Leach A. A.
Published: July 2010

The turbidity factor from a bone glue has been isolated and shown to be a lipid‐gelatin‐mucoprotein complex. Evidence is provided showing that the mucoprotein is ‘osseomucoid’, a mucopolysaccharide‐protein complex from bone, and the lipid arises from depot fat. Some properties of the complex indicate that the gelatin is probably ionically bound.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. V. crystal changes in hydrated lime at different temperatures
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

Calcium oxide samples have been hydrated at a series of temperatures between 20° and 95°. The crystallite size of the hydroxide produced is determined more by the rate of hydration than by the rate of ageing; the latter factor becomes more important where there is localised heating of the oxide particles during the hydration. Precipitation of calcium hydroxide from solution by double decomposition also gives initially samples of smaller crystallite size at the higher temperatures. In parallel with the hydration of the oxide, the increased rate of production of primary hydroxide crystallites is more important than their increased rate of ageing at the higher temperatures.

These results are applied to study in more detail the expansion of slower hydrating limes which causes unsoundness in cements and ‘lime‐blowing’ in bricks.
Formation of lead telluride films by vapour plating
Authors: Cornish E. H.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of tetraethyl‐lead vapour and gaseous hydrogen telluride has been investigated and the conditions found under which lead telluride mirrors can be formed. A reaction mechanism is postulated to account for the by‐products obtained. A range of conditions has been found over which lead and tellurium mirrors may be formed individually from the vapours on a mica substrate. The preparation of hydrogen telluride by a lithium aluminium hydride reaction was not very satisfactory owing to the unstable nature of the gas.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in inorganic nitrate‐water‐organic solvent systems
Authors: McManamey W. J.
Published: July 2010

Liquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 25° are presented for the ternary systems formed by cupric, cobalt and zinc nitrates, water and the solvents n‐butanol and pentanol and also for the systems nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol and cobalt nitrate‐nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol. Correlations are developed for relating the compositions and solute concentrations in the phases in equilibrium for ternary nitrate systems by empirical equations based on the thermodynamic equilibrium relationship. Equilibrium data in the system cobalt nitrate‐nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol can be predicted from relationships based on the ternary correlations.
The dissolution of metals in dioxan‐water solutions of hydrochloric acid (I) Aluminium
Authors: Allbutt M. , Tolley G.
Published: July 2010

The dissolution rates of aluminium in aqueous and dioxan solutions of hydrochloric acid have been determined by hydrogen evolution measurements. In aqueous HCl solutions the rate increases to a maximum, then decreases, paralleling progressive solution of the oxide film and emergence of a less reactive cubic etch relief. In water‐rich solutions the rate is proportional to the partial vapour pressure of HCl, indicating a reaction dependent on the square of the mean ionic activity of HCl, i.e., aH+ × ac1−. In 100% dioxan, the reaction appears to proceed by a free‐radical mechanism, inhibited by water.

At critical solution compositions, determined by two particular values of the mole fraction ratio of water to HCl, there is an abrupt decrease in reaction rate. This apparent influence of water is explained by the necessity for the Al3+ ion to be fully hydrated before it can enter solution.