bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1, “Introduction: What is molecular population genetics?,” presents the motivations, applications, and historical context for molecular population genetics as a subdiscipline within biology. It describes how changes to DNA are inextricably woven into thinking about evolution and how molecular population genetics can be used to transport our thinking backward and forward through time. Key classic theoretical ideas summarizing allele frequency change, probability of fixation, and the time to fixation are encapsulated in brief vignettes. Both fundamental and applied uses of molecular population genetic perspectives are summarized in this survey of the historical, conceptual, and empirical development of the branch of science that we call population genetics and its integration with DNA sequences.
The origins of molecular diversity
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

At its simplest, evolution is change in the relative abundance of alternative alleles, from one generation to the next. But where do these different alleles come from? As the ultimate origin of all genetic novelty, the input of new mutations into a population forms the critical first step for incorporating biological detail into how we conceive of genome evolution. Chapter 2, “The origins of molecular diversity,” summarizes the many mechanisms of mutation, the distribution of fitness effects, and how to characterize mutational processes themselves in conceptual models. It covers point mutations, indels, microsatellites, transposable elements, and other mutation types in the context of the genetic code and gene duplication, as well as the role of mutation accumulation experiments in understanding mutation rates and fitness effects. The infinite alleles, infinite sites, and stepwise mutation models are summarized, along with the concept of homoplasy and complexities to the mutation process in nature. These important extra pieces of biological realism connect more closely the mechanisms of evolution to show the path toward a deeper analysis of genomes.
Quantifying genetic variation at the molecular level
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3, “Quantifying genetic variation at the molecular level,” introduces quantitative methods for measuring variation directly in DNA sequences to help decipher fundamental properties of populations and what they can tell us about evolution. It provides an overview of the evolutionary factors that contribute to genetic variation, like mutational input, effective population size, genetic drift, migration rate, and models of migration. This chapter surveys the principal ways to measure and summarize polymorphisms within a single population and across multiple populations of a species, including heterozygosity, nucleotide polymorphism estimators of θ, the site frequency spectrum, and FST, and by providing illustrative natural examples. Populations are where evolution starts, after mutations arise as the spark of population genetic variation, and Chapter 3 describes how to quantify the variation to connect observations to predictions about how much polymorphism there ought to be under different circumstances.
Natural selection and demography as causes of molecular non-randomness
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 7, “Natural selection and demography as causes of molecular non-randomness,” outlines the predictable molecular evolutionary patterns that arise when the Neutral Theory has its assumptions violated. It summarizes predictions about genetic variation, the shape of genealogies, and the accumulation of divergence between lineages when natural selection and non-standard demographic scenarios occur in populations. This chapter provides an overview of the general, qualitative impacts on molecular population genetic data by positive selection, purifying selection, and balancing selection, as well as by demographic population growth, contraction, and subdivision. It covers the concepts of selective sweeps, genetic hitchhiking, and background selection, placed in a heuristic context of skews in polymorphism, genealogies, the site frequency spectrum, and distinct metrics of divergence. This chapter also summarizes the consequences of genetic linkage to sex chromosomes and plastid genomes. This overview builds up intuition about selection, demography, and genome organization as important molecular population genetic factors that motivate further analysis with quantitative tests of neutrality.
Molecular deviants
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 8, “Molecular deviants: sequence signatures of selection and demography,” dives into the logic and mechanics of some of the most common tests of neutrality to show how and why data can reveal differences from the predictions of the standard neutral model. It introduces approaches based on skewed patterns of polymorphism alone, including Tajima’s D test, and on differentiation or divergence alone, like the Lewontin-Krakauer, Population Branch Statistic (PBS), and KA / KS relative-rates tests. Chapter 8 also covers tests of neutrality that integrate information from both within and between species, including the HKA-test and McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test. The logic for other tests of neutrality also is introduced, including ABBA-BABA, Composite Likelihood Ratio (CLR), Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH), and other approaches. Practical implications of ancestral polymorphism and slightly deleterious polymorphisms are discussed, for example, in calculating and interpreting the neutrality index and fraction of positively selected sites (α). The goal of this chapter is to explain the logic of methods applied to molecular population genetic data to read the story of evolutionary history from the genome.
The Social-Symbolic Work Perspective
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

This chapter develops the arguments that underpin the rest of the book and introduces the three forms of social-symbolic work explored in greater detail in subsequent chapters. It begins by exploring how the possibility of social-symbolic work is rooted in the historical changes associated with the transitions to modernity and postmodernity. It then develops the concept of social-symbolic work, explaining its roots in studies of social structure and agency, identifying its three key dimensions—discursive, relational, and material—and introducing three key forms of social-symbolic work (self work, organization work, institutional work). Finally, it presents a process model of social-symbolic work that guides the analysis of the different forms of social-symbolic work.
Self Work
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Self work represents the purposeful, reflexive efforts of individuals, collective actors, and networks of individual and collective actors to shape their own selves and those of others. This chapter begins by examining the history of the self as a social-symbolic object, and how that history has shaped self work. The availability and meaning of a self as a social-symbolic object has changed dramatically over time, and so the chapter explores the history of the self, focusing on its transformation in modernity, and then its reformulation in postmodernity. It then conceptualizes self work: it begins by exploring its discursive, relational, and material dimensions, and then discusses the kinds actors who might engage in self work.
Organization Work
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Organization work represents the purposeful, reflexive efforts of individuals, collective actors, and networks of actors to shape organizations as social-symbolic objects. This chapter begins the exploration of organization work by examining the history of the organization as a social-symbolic object, and how that history has shaped organization work. Organizations as social-symbolic objects changed dramatically over time, and so the chapter explores the history of the organization, focusing on its transformation in modernity, and then its reformulation in postmodernity. It then conceptualizes organization work: beginning by exploring its discursive, relational, and material dimensions, and then discussing the kinds of actors who might engage in organization work.
Methodological Challenges and Choices in the Study of Social-Symbolic Work
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the methodological challenges and choices associated with the study of social-symbolic work. To do so, we focus on a set of issues that we believe are key to successful research on social-symbolic work: developing productive research questions, identifying appropriate research contexts, collecting data on social-symbolic work and social-symbolic objects, and analysing the data collected.
The Tripartite Model
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of the Tripartite Model of group duties. It opens by giving some real-world examples of attributions of duties to groups. It then provides an overview of the Tripartite Model, which is designed to assess and guide such attributions. This is the model that will be defended and detailed in later chapters. The chapter differentiates the issue of group duties from the issues of group causal responsibility and group moral retrospective responsibility. The three categories of the Tripartite Model—combinations, coalitions, and collectives—are described. Finally, the chapter elaborates on the book’s conception of duties and the range of questions that the Tripartite Model aims to answer.
Arguments for Combinations’ and Coalitions’ Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines six arguments in favour of the idea that combinations and coalitions are apt to bear duties. The first five arguments assert that combinations’ or coalitions’ duties are the best way to solve some problem: the problem of explaining individuals’ duties, of explaining intuitions about group responsibility, of capturing convictions, of distributing the duties correlative to human rights, or of avoiding overdemandingness. The sixth argument claims that some combinations or some coalitions are moral agents—and are, therefore, apt to bear duties by their very nature. Each of the six arguments is shown to be problematic. The result is a stalemate: we have no compelling arguments in favour of combinations’ and coalitions’ propensity to bear duties, yet we also have no arguments against that propensity.
Coordination Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

Given that combinations and coalitions cannot have duties, how are we to charitably reconstruct attributions of duties to them? This chapter answers by using the notion of responsiveness: the notion of one agent acting upon one another with a view to the second agent being responsive to reasons. In cases where a morally important outcome could be produced by each of several agents being responsive, each agent incurs a duty to be responsive with a view to that outcome. These are ‘responsiveness duties’. In cases where a morally important outcome could be produced by a collective agent, where that collective agent could be produced by each of several agents being responsive, each agent incurs a duty to be responsive with a view to producing the collective agent. These are ‘collectivization duties’. Responsiveness duties and collectivization are two species of ‘coordination duty’. Coordination duties are held by singular agents and do not require the positing of any group duty.
Discrimination and Subordination
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: August 2019

This chapter develops an original account of what unjust subordination consists in. It then uses this account to argue that both direct and indirect discrimination are often wrongful because of their contribution to unjust subordination. The chapter begins by arguing that we need to move away from individualistic conceptions of subordination and to consider subordination as something that happens to a person by virtue of her membership in social groups. It then lays out a set of four common and morally salient features of situations in which one social group is subordinated by others, and it uses these to help analyze cases of discrimination. In particular, the chapter calls attention to the role of “structural accommodations.” These are policies, practices, and physical structures that tacitly accommodate a more privileged group’s needs at the expense of subordinated groups. Structural accommodations help us understand how indirect discrimination, too, can be wrongfully subordinating.
Latin Grammarians on the Latin Accent
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Latin Grammarians on the Latin Accent offers a fresh perspective on a long-standing debate about the value of Latin grammarians writing about the Latin accent: should the information they give us be taken seriously, or should much of it should be dismissed as copied mindlessly from Greek sources? This book focuses on understanding the Latin grammarians on their own terms: what do they actually say about accents, and what do they mean by it? Careful examination of Greek and Latin grammatical texts leads to a better understanding of the workings of Greek grammatical theory on prosody, and of its interpretation in the Latin grammatical tradition. It emerges that Latin grammarians took over from Greek grammarians a system of grammatical description that operated on two levels: an abstract level that we are not supposed to be able to hear, and the concrete level of audible speech. The two levels are linked by a system of rules. Some points of Greek thought on prosody were taken over onto the abstract level and not intended as statements about the actual sound of Latin, while other points were so intended. This book largely sets aside the question whether the Latin grammarians tell us the truth about the Latin accent, focusing instead on understanding what they actually say. But it begins to offer some answers for those wishing to know when to ‘believe’ Latin grammarians in the traditional sense, by showing which of their statements are intended—and which are not intended—as statements about the actual sound of Latin.
Introduction
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the relationship between Greek and Latin discussions of prosody, beginning with exchanges of ideas that took place between figures such as Cicero, Varro, and the elder Tyrannio in the Rome of the first century BC. With reference to Quintilian’s work from the 90s AD, Chapter 1 then shows that the Greek and Latin traditions remained in close contact for a time. The chapter goes on to discuss how Latin authors from Quintilian onwards recognize both similarities and differences between Greek and Latin accentuation; a comparison is offered between a late antique introduction to Latin accents (from Donatus’ Ars maior) and a Greek text ultimately related in content. Chapter 1 concludes with a statement of the aims and structure of the book.
que, ue, ne, ce
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Latin grammarians held that the enclitics que, ue, ne, and ce caused the accent of the preceding word to fall on that word’s final syllable, regardless of the quantity of that syllable. Some modern scholars have regarded the grammarians as somewhat inconsistent on this point, or have noted that relevant discussions occur only in late works. But differences of opinion have focused especially on whether to consider the grammarians’ view worth serious attention in the first place. Chapter 6 considers Latin grammarians’ discussions first and foremost on their own terms: what do grammarians actually say about que, ue, ne, and ce, and what do they mean by it? The chapter also returns to the question whether the grammarians are telling us something serious about Latin, and if so for what period of the language.
The Latin Circumflex
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

To some scholars, the Latin grammarians’ distinction between acute and circumflex accents for Latin has to be taken seriously. To others, it is a particularly clear example of absurdity inspired by Greek grammarians. Chapter 8 considers the evidence for this doctrine and shows that it has some intriguing characteristics brought out, in part, by grammarians’ discussions of accent mistakes and of the accentuation of Greek words used in Latin. The chapter goes on to argue that at an early stage of the Latin tradition on prosody, learned Romans made sense of the Greek distinction between acute and circumflex accents in such a way that they trained themselves to think they could hear a corresponding distinction in Latin.
‘For the Sake of a Distinction’?
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 9 considers three prominent manifestations of the idea that a word can have an unusual accent for the sake of making a distinction: the accent ascribed to the final syllable of the preposition and/or adverb pone, the one ascribed to the final syllable of ergo ‘for the sake of’, and the one ascribed to the final syllable of circum in Vergil’s maria omnia circum (Aeneid I. 32). Although slightly different conclusions emerge in each case, all three case studies reveal that to some extent a scholar or teacher might indeed pronounce an accent ‘for the sake of a distinction’. In no case, however, is an accent simply invented for the sole purpose of creating a distinction.
Learning from East Asia
Authors: Poon Daniel , Kozul-Wright Richard
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an account of China’s institutional and policy learning efforts to move from a centrally planned to a development-state model of structural transformation. What distinguishes China’s experience—as in the case of other East Asian countries—in successfully building and upgrading local sectors and firms lies not so much with a unique set of policy tools, as a willingness to experiment with those tools and to attach performance criteria that helped guide the behavior of firms towards wider national development objectives. While many other developing countries under structural adjustment programmes quickly adopted export promotion, China was closely studying East Asian countries in its transition by strategically blending an export push with selective import substitution. In short, Chinese policymakers had direct experience on how powerful industrial policies could be misused, but this did not stop them from actively trying to find better ways of using them. Doing so was a matter of political economy.
Meiji Japan
Authors: Ohno Kenichi
Published: August 2019

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan transformed itself from an agro-based feudal society to one of the leading industrial nations of the world. This was attained by aggressive learning and local adaptations of Western technology. Meiji Japan’s learning began with simple methods such as book study and turnkey projects directed by foreign advisers, but in time progressed to the generation of a large number of proficient Japanese engineers, analysis and copy production of imported machinery, and selective acquisition of frontline technology through licensing, technical cooperation agreements, and joint ventures with foreign giants. In most cases, the Japanese side quickly mastered the technology offered and graduated from foreign help. Country ownership in technology transfer also increased over time. Private dynamism inherited from previous periods was the main driver of technology learning while policies of the Meiji government were mostly appropriate and supportive of private effort.
The Origin of Absorptive Capacity in Korea
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: August 2019

Absorptive capacity (AC), defined by Cohen and Levinthal (1989, 1990) as a firm’s ability to identify, value, assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment, is a binding constraint for latecomer economies. Its origin is particularly relevant for latecomer countries where firms rely on imported technology. This chapter investigates how latecomer firms in Korea built absorptive capacity before being able to conduct in-house R&D, and generate innovation outcomes. Three forms of foreign technology acquisition are distinguished: know-how-only licensing, know-how-and-patent licensing, and patent-only licensing. Korean firms tend to use know-how licensing before starting in-house R&D, whereas patent licensing is not significantly linked to R&D. It seems that that the origin of AC in Korea is the learning process that follows licenced import of foreign technology, especially tacit knowledge in the form of know-how. A specific policy implication is that technology licensing contracts for a latecomer firm should include know-how transfer, and the potential substituting effect of foreign patent licensing must be considered because it may interfere with formation of in-house AC.
The Journey of Ethiopian Airlines
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Tesfachew Taffere
Published: August 2019

Despite sceptics who believed Ethiopia lacked the comparative advantage to adopt the latest aviation technologies, Ethiopian Airlines (EAL) has in the past seven decades narrowed the gap between itself and leading global players in the aviation industry by upgrading its technological, organizational, and management capabilities. This chapter reviews EAL’s journey to build an internationally competitive airline, explores the challenges and complexities of learning for African firms, and examines implications for capability building and catch-up in late-latecomer countries. One key to EAL’s success was the partnership with a leading global player, TWA. Another was a strong commitment to ‘Ethiopianization’ from an early stage, which increased learning intensity and highlighted the industry’s narrow latitude for poor performance. In the early twenty-first century, EAL embarked on Vision 2025, at the heart of which are technological capability development, skills formation, aggressive new market development, and commitment to Pan-Africanism. The story shows that African firms can successfully move closer to the productivity frontier in a particularly challenging industry.
Learning to Catch up in South East Asia
Authors: Vu Khuong , Hartley Kris
Published: August 2019

The term ‘nation learning’ describes consistent and strategic cross-sector efforts to identify pathways towards economic catch-up. This chapter examines the global dynamics of national-level catch-up between 1995 and 2015 to gain insights into the relevance of nation-learning efforts. Over this period, most developing Asian countries made significant progress on catch-up. Focusing on their experience, the study finds capital accumulation and growth in total factor productivity to be crucial determinants of catch-up performance. However, some countries have lagged in promoting capital accumulation (Pakistan, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and total factor productivity (Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh). Focusing on these determinants, the chapter generates insights into relevant aspects of nation-learning efforts. Enablers of nation learning include pressures, leadership vision, and absorptive capacity; obstacles include the costs of learning and ‘status-quo bias’.
Macroeconomic concepts and analytical tools
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

The basic concepts of national income are explained, centered around the question of the measurement of the total output of heterogeneous goods in a capitalist economy, showing the effects of changes in the prices used to add up those goods. The capitalist economy consists of a private sector and a government sector. The balances between income and expenditure in these sectors are then linked to their supporting financial and non-financial balance sheets of assets and liabilities. The basic principles of stock-flow consistency between sectors of the economy are shown using sectoral balances.
Surplus of consumer goods and how it can be turned into a profit
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

The capitalist economy is divided into social classes of workers and capitalists earning wages and profits. Production is undertaken in this economy in order to obtain profits. But the surplus of goods produced over and above the value of wages paid has to be sold in order for money profits to accrue to the owner of a capitalist enterprise. From this is derived the fundamental theory of profits showing how profits are determined by the expenditure of capitalists on investment and consumption. The problem of saving is that it prevents the realization of profits. This underlines the importance of securing an equality between intended saving and planned investment.
Profits and GDP in the basic model
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

In the basic model it is assumed that the economy is closed and there is no government. In this situation, with two sectors producing respectively investment and consumption goods, total output and employment are determined by investment through the Keynesian investment multiplier. This result obtains because the capitalist economy is demand-constrained. By contrast, the centrally planned socialist economies were supply-constrained. In the capitalist economy the multiplier process ensures that investment finances itself through providing exactly the same amount of saving as investment in any given period. However, the condition for the stability of this result is the rise in wages with labor productivity.
Endogenous money
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

The capitalist economy is a money economy. But how is money created and destroyed? Is it exogenous, a limited resource like gold, or is it endogenous, emerging from processes of production and distribution? How is credit generated and what is the relationship between credit and savings? One form of endogeneity arises from bank balance sheets and the theory of the monetary circuit. This reveals the credit relations between households and firms. However, banks also need a central bank as a lender of last resort. In recent years, central banks have deployed quantitative easing to deal with economic recession. The other form of endogeneity arises from the “verticalist” and the “horizontalist” analyses of the market for base money, whose demand and supply is brought into equilibrium by the money rate of interest. Government bonds are used in portfolios as risk-free financial assets.
Stylized features of economic growth after World War II
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

Following the World War II, the advanced capitalist world, in Europe and North America, has evolved through three stages of development. The 1950s and 1960s saw unprecedented economic growth rates that can only partially be explained by post-war recovery, but was principally the result of demand management and a redistributive approach to fiscal policy that kept employment high and tended to equalize incomes. However, in the second stage, economic development slowed down to varying degrees in different countries as policies of demand management and redistribution were abandoned in favor of the market liberalization especially in the labor market. This led to high unemployment, growing economic inequality, and economic stagnation, eventually giving rise to growing indebtedness, culminating in the financial crisis of 2008. The third stage began with the financial crisis in 2008. In Europe, governments were forced to abandon counter-cyclical policies in favor of fiscal and trade balance.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

Since 2008 the most advanced capitalist countries have suffered financial instability and mass unemployment, often likened to the catastrophic Great Depression of the 1930s. Which economic theory can better explain the root causes of the crisis, the practical moves that can be designed and implemented by governments to contain the crisis and better guidance to prevent such crises in the future? The theory advanced by Kalecki and Keynes, emphasizing effective demand in the economy, or the mainstream theory that rests on supply-side factors in output and employment, fiscal austerity, and a quantity theory of money approach to prices? The latter theory has brought the misery of unemployment and instability. Full employment depends upon a return to the theory of Kalecki and Keynes.
The Blockchain Paradox
Authors: Tasca Paolo , Piselli Riccardo
Published: August 2019

Abstract This contribution deals with the problem of interoperability of blockchain technologies. Building on the framework offered by Lawrence Lessig, it will be argued that interoperability cannot be viewed as a simple matter of technological design. Blockchain technologies, in fact, give rise to complex ecosystems, which are shaped by both the architecture and social and market forces. The literature has mainly focused on the effects that the blockchain code has determined on the law of contracts. However, the action of the other modalities, in particular those of market and social forces and their interaction with the code has not been deeply investigated. By isolating the reciprocal effects of the different modalities of regulation—in particular, blockchain code and the law, blockchain code and the market, and blockchain code and social norms—this paper intends to fill this gap and sheds some more light on the internal dynamics of public blockchain. Finally, building on the insight so gained, we will explore the problem of interoperability between ledgers by analysing the pros and cons of the solution proposed so far.
Blockchain and Payment Systems
Authors: Janczuk-Gorywoda Agnieszka
Published: August 2019

Bitcoin—the first virtual currency based on blockchain technology—was born out of an anarcho-libertarian dream to create a monetary system that—by relying on ‘trustless trust’—would be completely independent of the state and established financial institutions. Today, there is no doubt that blockchain technology will transform payments, the financial industry, and many other areas. However, this chapter argues that in regard to payments, this transformation will be far from the libertarian ideal. Rather, blockchain (1) will enable the rise of new powerful intermediaries and (2) it will be embraced by established payment services providers, who will use blockchain to modernize their services. As a result, decentralized virtual currencies like Bitcoin will remain on the periphery of the mainstream payments landscape. Blockchain has focused too narrowly on providing a technological solution to the issue of scarcity and solving the double-spending problem. Yet, problems involved in monetary and payment systems are broader. In particular, payment systems provide for a broad range of mechanisms supporting circulation of money which, for the scale and complexity of a modern economy must be backed by the state. Money is a hybrid public–private institution and it seems naïve to think that technology alone could render the role of state institutions in monetary and payment systems obsolete.
Conclusion: The Iliad and the Odyssey
Authors: Myers Tobias
Published: August 2019

The Conclusion contrasts the Odyssey’s treatment of performance dynamics, which has been well studied, with that of the Iliad, the focus of the book. In doing so, it also sums up key phenomena that make the Iliad’s gods seem the ‘audience’ for a live event. They mostly view a limited geographical area, from the city to the ships. Divine viewing is only actually mentioned in the context of military or funerary spectacle, or both. This specificity is in line with the initial vision of the song of Achilles’ wrath as articulated in the proem: a song of death and corpses, as the realization of poetic and divine intentions. Divine viewing and divine decision-making come in the same passages, so that Zeus’ control of the ‘plot’, as it is often called, can be usefully described in terms of his staging and direction of the warfare. At the same time, the poet situates his gods in a setting, the daïs at Zeus’ house on Olympus, which he associates with the performance and enjoyment of poetry. In this way, the gods’ viewing develops a perspective from which the Iliad’s core subject matter is a live spectacle involving and joining actors and audiences from across time.
Summoning Knowledge in Plato's Republic
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

This book argues for four main theses: (1) The Republic is not just a work that has a lot to say about education; it is a book that depicts Socrates as attempting to engage his interlocutors in such a way as to help to educate them and also engages us, the readers, in a way that helps to educate us. (2) Plato does not suppose that education, properly understood, should have as its primary aim putting knowledge into souls that do not already have it. Instead, the education that Plato discusses, represents occurring between Socrates and his interlocutors, and hopes to achieve in his readers is one that aims to arouse the power of knowledge in us and then to begin to train that power always to engage with what is more real, rather than what is less real. (3) Plato’s conception of knowledge is not the one typically presented in contemporary epistemology. It is, rather, the power of conceptualization via exemplar representation. (4) Plato engages this power of knowledge in the Republic in a way he represents as only a kind of second-best way to engage knowledge—and not as the best way, which would be dialectic. Instead, Plato uses images that summon the power of knowledge to begin the process by which the power may become fully realized. The full realization of the power of knowledge, however, is not provided in the work, and could not be achieved by anything like reading a work of this sort.
The Cave
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Explains Plato’s famous image of the cave and the prisoners, who Plato claims are “like us.” Given the way the image of the cave is associated with the divided line, this has the effect of having the prisoners’ (and our own) initial educational condition being associated not just with opinion, but with the lowest subsegment of the divided line, associated with imaging. Scholars have found this association either implausible or unintended by Plato, but an argument is given here for how and why Plato would have accepted this association. Reviews the various stages the prisoners go through in this image of education. This chapter also provides a new explanation of what has been called “the happy philosopher problem”: the future rulers’ initial reluctance to return to the cave, in the terms of Plato’s epistemology argued in this book and also in the light of hints Plato provides in the cave image itself.
Working Verse in Victorian Scotland
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

This monograph reassesses working-class poetry and poetics in Victorian Britain, using Scotland as a focus and with particular attention to the role of the popular press in fostering and disseminating working-class verse cultures. It studies a very wide variety of writers who are unknown to scholarship, and assesses the political, social and cultural work which their poetry performed. During the Victorian period, Scotland underwent unprecedented changes in terms of industrialization, the rise of the city, migration and emigration. This study shows how poets who defined themselves as part of a specifically Scottish tradition responded to these changes. It substantially revises our understanding of Scottish literature in this period, while contributing to wider investigations of the role of popular verse in national and international cultures.
Stands Scotland Where It Did?
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 investigates the most popular genre of Victorian Scottish poetry, nostalgic pastoral in a sentimental mode. It argues that this kind of poetry should not be dismissed, because it intervenes in different ways in politicized arguments about land ownership and access. The chapter is divided into three subsections. The first shows how pastoral poetry in the newspaper press intervened directly in rights of way debates. Scotland experienced a number of significant legal cases in the nineteenth century over rights of way, and these were usually couched in terms of the poor versus the wealthy landowner or aristocrat. It shows that poetry played an important role in represented and commenting on these cases. The second section follows the debate about agricultural improvement in Victorian Scotland, and considers both poems that reject modern ‘improvements’ (e.g. the reclamation of wild land through draining and new agricultural techniques), and those that support it. The final part of the chapter turns to the ways in which emigrant poets represented Scotland’s landscape and figured the same questions about change, progress (or lack of), and land rights from positions outside Scotland.
The Measure of Industry
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 turns to the ways in which poets engaged with industrial cultures. It argues against a persistent narrative that Victorian Scottish writers ignored industrial change and developments, and shows that in relation to working-class writers, this is not the case. The first subsection studies poetic representations of industry in Lanarkshire, especially the heavily industrialized towns of Coatbridge and Airdrie. The second remains in the Glasgow/Lanarkshire area, but concentrates on miner-poets and the ways in which they discussed their work, with particular attention to poet David Wingate. The final section considers form and rhythm in industrial poetics, using Scottish railway poets Alexander Anderson and William Aitken as examples of the incorporation of industrial rhythms into poetry.
Introduction
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

The introduction explains the parameters of this study and the choices made in terms of content and structure. It situates the book in relation to Victorian poetry studies, Scottish studies, and studies of working-class literature and culture, and outlines the contributions that it seeks to make to these fields.
Afterword
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

This brief afterword comments on the efforts of editors and anthologizers to preserve popular verse cultures from Scotland and show their importance. It briefly indicates how and why popular Scottish poetry was forgotten and neglected in the aftermath of the Scottish Renaissance, and suggests again why this poetry is worth recovering and investigating.
On Doing Institutional Analysis without Institutional Theory
Authors: Hallett Tim
Published: August 2019

Can we do institutional analysis without institutional theory? Should we? These provocative questions prompt a reflection on institutional thought, but they also serve as an invitation for scholars in adjacent fields—process scholars among them—to reconsider the boundaries between fields and the benefits of crossing them. Such benefits are evident in the work of the founders of institutional theory, none of who were self-consciously “institutional” as they embarked on their careers. Reviewing their work reveals four keys for doing institutional analysis without institutional theory, and the importance of doing so. It also reveals some of the limits of contemporary institutional theory: The dominance of institutional theory in organizational studies is problematic in the sense that many of the most important insights and developments in institutional theory emerged through cross-fertilization across multiple fields, rather than the narrow cultivation of one.
Bringing Process into Structure
Authors: Oliver Amalya L.
Published: August 2019

A review of the organizational literature on field-level institutional processes and the literature on interorganizational networks shows very limited cross-references. Thus, studies on institutional processes do not benefit from the potential contribution of process-related network research. In this chapter, Oliver reviews studies of field-level institutional process and field evolution and related structural concepts in network research. She then offers an initial contribution toward an integration of these two theoretical domains and proposes ways in which empirical research can help to develop this integration. She shows that organizational fields emerge from various interrelations between actors and they change over time as these relations change, new actors enter the field, and others leave. Thus, the ability to follow changes in the network structure of the field over time, coupled with qualitative analysis of actors’ activities, can depict the process of field evolution and changes over time as process and structure are interrelated.
The Discourse of Risk and Processes of Institutional Change
Authors: Maguire Steve , Hardy Cynthia
Published: August 2019

In this chapter the authors explore the role that the dominant discourse of risk has played in the processes of institutional change that have taken place in the field of chemistry as a result of the emergence and expansion of “green” chemistry. The aim of green chemistry is to replace hazardous substances with benign ones so as to eliminate chemical risks to human health and the environment. They show how significant institutional changes have occurred through two forms of “risk translation” that have changed the discursive landscape by constructing new kinds of “knowing subjects” who are able to act on different “known” objects.
Making and Regulating Business Judgment
Authors: McNulty Terry , Stewart Abigail
Published: August 2019

Chapter 11 is about judicial practice in litigation brought against directors of a company, Continental Assurance of London (Continental). The chapter utilizes the “judgment,” a contemporaneous text of the legal ruling in which the judge explains the reasoning behind his decision. By drawing on a judge’s narrative account, and combining it with social, organizational, and legal theorizing, the chapter demonstrates how individual action is connected to societal order through mechanisms of practice and logics. This processual analysis of judicial practice is valuable for the development of practice theorizing that has been criticized for an inability to handle big topics, as well as the development of micro-foundations of institutional theory.
Systematic Heterogeneity in the Adaptation Process of Management Innovations
Authors: Nicolini Davide , Lippi Andrea , Monteiro Pedro
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, the authors investigate how the best practices approach “diffused” in the Italian public sector. They show that despite the lack of a clear original model or a strong brokering agency—and the considerable changes this management innovation went through in its arrival in Italy—the result was not complete idiosyncrasy. Rather, clear adaptation patterns and systematic heterogeneity emerged. They argue that the bottom-up emergence of such patterns can be explained by paying attention to the very nature of the public-sector field. They use these findings to develop a framework that accounts for the convergence/divergence of adaptation patterns in the “diffusion” of management innovations based on power relations between innovation brokers and adopters.
Literature and Political Intellection in Early Stuart England
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

Drawing upon myriad literary and political texts, this book charts how some of the Stuart period’s major challenges to governance—the equivocation of recusant Catholics, the parsing of one’s civil and religious obligations, the composition and distribution of subversive texts, and the increasing assertiveness of Parliament—evoked much greater disputes about the mental processes by which monarchs and subjects imagined, understood, and effected political action. Rather than emphasizing particular forms of political thought such as republicanism or absolutism, the book investigates the more foundational question of political intellection, or the ways in which early modern individuals thought through the often uncertain political and religious environment they occupied, and how attention to such thinking in oneself or others could itself constitute a political position. Focusing on this immanence of cognitive processes in the literature of the Stuart era, the book examines how writers such as Francis Bacon, John Donne, John Milton, and other less familiar figures of the seventeenth century evidence a shared concern with the interrelationship between mental and political behavior. These analyses are combined with close readings of religious and political affairs that return our attention to how early Stuart writers understood the relationship between mental states and the forms of political engagement such as speech, debate, and letter-writing that expressed them. What results is a revised framework for early modern political subjectivity, one in which claims to liberty and sovereignty are tied not simply to what one can do but how—or even if—one can freely think.
Composition, Counsel, and the Prerogatives of Deliberation
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

During the Jacobean era, disputes over the cognitive processes structuring both manuscript and print helped establish and bound state authority. The chapter examines the collapse of the 1614 Addled Parliament and then a conflict between James I, Francis Bacon, and Sir Edward Coke that arose in the aftermath of the session upon the arrest of Edmund Peacham for a hostile but undelivered sermon. The ensuing debate centered on the nature of Peacham’s offense and the textual evidence that revealed it, as well as the king’s right to consult with his judges prior to trial. When read together, the debates over Peacham’s manuscript and subsequent disputes over Coke’s own Reports present an ideal case study in how early modern conflicts over the processes of writing—the distillation of thought, its production on the page, and its circulation—illumine the period’s much larger struggle over the mechanisms of individual and corporate thought.
Deliberation, Tyranny, and Time in Early Caroline England
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores how, with growing royal demands for the expeditious provision of financial and military support, time increasingly became an index of power in Caroline England. It begins with how in 1625 and 1626 disputes over royal finances became increasingly subsumed into a structural conflict between king and the Commons over deliberative prerogatives. This political conflict is modeled in Philip Massinger’s The Roman Actor, which uses disputes over the temporal dimensions of political intellection to detail the limits of both theatrical efficacy and royal authority in Caroline England. The result is a play that rejects the immediacy of tyrannical authority in favor of a conceptualization of both theatrical and political power whose emphasis on delay yields a dynamic that is fundamentally collaborative rather than imperial.