bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental health and parental attitudes in Finnish immigrant preschoolchildren in the north of Sweden
Authors: Ekman Agneta , Holm Anna‐Karin , Schelin Bo , Gustafsson Lennart
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the dental health of 100 Finnish 4‐6‐year‐old children in Luleå, in the north of Sweden, and to compare data with those from a matched control group of Swedish children of the same age, sex and social background. The study also included altitudes to dental health among the parents. The clinical examination included registration of decayed, extracted and filled teeth and surfaces (deft and defs), gingival bleeding points (GBI) and presence of open bite or crossbite. Posterior bitewings were taken. Data concerning among other things oral habits, dietary habits and fluoride prophylaxis were taken. A questionnaire about the parents' attitudes to their own and their children's dental health as well as their opinion about the dental care received by their children was filled in. The results showed that the average defs in the Finnish group was 12.2 compared to 6.4 in the Swedish group. The percentage of children with a defs >12 was 43% in the Finnish group and 19% in the Swedish. The mean GBI% was 11.2% in the Finnish and 8.2% in the Swedish group. The results showed a statistically significant difference in toothbrushing frequencies between the groups, and a tendency to better dietary habits in the Swedish group. There were no differences in the use of fluoride tablets or fluoridated toothpaste. Forty‐seven percent of the Finnish parents were denture wearers compared to 10% of the Swedish. The attitudes to dental health among the Finnish parents differed from those in the Swedish group. This difference in attitudes together with language problems were the factors found that could explain the difference in dental health between the immigrant group and the Swedish group.
How successful are surveys on the relationship between caries and sociocultural variables?
Authors: Tijmstra Tjeerd
Published: May 2006

Abstract A combined dental and sociologic investigation was carried out in Leeuwarden, a non‐fluoridated town in the north of the Netherlands. A large group of 14–15‐year‐old schoolchildren was clinically examined. To collect data on attitude, knowledge and behavior regarding dental health, the children were asked to fill out a preceded questionnaire. The mothers of the children were interviewed on these subjects. The sociocultural variables correlated slightly with the caries experience of the children. Only 13% of the variance in caries experience within the group of children could be explained by the independent variables. The single best predictor of the caries experience appeared to be the dental status of the mothers. Though human behavior is supposed to be a strong causal factor in the etiology of caries, this relation was not found in our investigation, just as it is absent in many other studies. The main conclusion is that surveys to estimate the relation between caries and sociocultural variables are of little value.
Effect of oral hygiene instruction and professional toothcleaning on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren
Authors: Axelsson Per , Lindhe Jan
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study was performed lo assess the effect on caries and gingivitis of plaque control measures such as oral hygiene instruction, toothcleaning practice and professional toothcleaning. 104 children, 13‐14 years old, participated in the trial. Prior to the start of the preventive treatment all children were examined regarding oral hygiene, gingivitis and caries. The caries examination was limited to the proximal surfaces of molars and premolars. Following this baseline examination the children were randomly divided into two treatment groups, A and B. Both groups of children were recalled for professional toothcleaning once every 2 weeks during an 18‐month period. In each child the professional toothcleaning was restricted to either the right or the left jaws by random selection. In addition, the children of Group A at each recall appointment received careful oral hygiene instruction and practice in proper toothcleaning methods. In conjunction with the professional toothcleaning an abrasive paste was used including fluoride. The children were re‐examined 18 months after the baseline examination. The result of the present investigation demonstrated that professional toothcleaning repeated every second week is a prophylactic measure which in children substantially improves the oral hygiene status, and effectively reduces clinical signs of gingivitis and caries. It was also observed that while oral hygiene instruction and practice in proper toothcleaning techniques reduced plaque and gingivitis, no such effect could be detected regarding the development of caries.
Use of adhesive sealants over occlusal carious lesions: radiographic evaluation
Authors: Handelman Stanley L. , Leverett Dennis H. , Solomon Eric S. , Brenner Charles M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 108 carious and noncarious first permanent molar teeth were sealed with Nuva‐Seal®. Presealant and the latest postsealant radiographs were rated for occlusal caries penetration for time intervals from 2 to 5 years. With sealants that were sound at the most recent recall visit, there was a significant decrease in the rating of caries penetration. With sealants evaluated as being defective, there was a slight increase in caries penetration.
Need for interceptive intervention for malocclusion in 6‐year‐old Finnish children
Authors: Järvinen Seppo
Published: May 2006

Abstract The need for interceptive intervention for malocclusion was studied in a sample of 839 Finnish children aged 6 years. The children had participated in an organized preventive orthodontic program, and nearly 10% of them had received preventive or interceptive orthodontic treatment at the age of 3‐5 years (stage I of the preventive orthodontic program of the author). Orthodontic intervention was estimated to be needed for 5.9% of the children due to crossbite of the permanent central incisors, to crossbite or scissors‐bite of the permanent first molars, to ectopic eruption of the permanent first molars, to numerical variation of the permanent incisors, or to functional open bite. The need for further inspection in order to follow‐up development of the dentition was noted in 2.7% of the children. The indications occasioning this consideration were initial severe crowding, extreme incisal overjet, and early loss of the primary mandibular canines. The relatively low prevalence rates seemed to indicate advantageous results of the preventive and interceptive orthodontic measures.
“The rise and fall” of dental caries: some global aspects of dental caries epidemiology
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne , Haugejorden Ola
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to review some global aspects of dental caries epidemiology. Existing data show that caries activity has increased, often rapidly, in developing countries in recent years while marked reductions have occurred in some industrialized countries during the last 10‐15 years. Changes in the prevalence of a multifactorial disease like dental caries arc difficult to explain but the obvious ones seem to coincide either with increased intake of refined sugar‐containing products or with increased use of fluorides. Furthermore it would appear that restorative treatment alone has little impact on caries activity when viewed in a life long perspective. Experience, the existing geographic distribution of oral health problems and resources to cope with them suggest an urgent need for co‐operation in dental eduction and research between developing and industrialized countries to develop acceptable cost‐elective preventive programs in countries where caries activity is high or increasing rapidly.
Application of a microprocessor for collection of dental epidemiological data
Authors: Gamble Anthony , Mander Carol I.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A technical study was undertaken to compare the conventional collection and validation of dental epidemiological data with a new method involving a microprocessor. Error rates in data collection were found to be drastically reduced and time saved by the dental examiner was considerable.
Need for preventive and interceptive intervention for malocclusion in 3–5‐year‐old Finnish children
Authors: Järvinen Seppo
Published: May 2006

Abstract The need for preventive and interceptive intervention for malocclusion was studied in a sample of 931 Finnish children aged 3–5 years. Orthodontic intervention was estimated to be needed for 14.4% of the children due to crossbite or functional crossbite of the anterior or lateral segments, or to the early loss of primary molars with an observed tendency to space closure. Education was needed for 2.7% of the children in cases of finger‐sucking, and restorative caries therapy for 12.2% of the children in cases with carious primary molars. The need for further inspection in order to follow up development was noted in 21.2% of the children. The indications occasioning this consideration were the numerical variation of primary teeth (1.4%), joined primary teeth (0.8%), the early loss of primary molars without observed risk of space closure (0.2%), luxated and exarticulated primary incisors (5.5%), true Class III (Angle) malocclusion (0.4%), and the dummy‐sucking habit (13.1%).
Dental caries in South African Black and White high school pupils in relation to sugar intake and snack habits
Authors: Walker Alexander R. P. , Dison Edna , Duvenhage Annette , Walker B. Faith , Friedlander Ivan , Aucamp Vorster
Published: May 2006

Abstract DMFT scores, total sugar intakes and snack habits were determined in 1918 South African Black pupils (923 rural, 995 urban) and 724 White pupils (English and Afrikaans speaking) aged 16–18 years inclusive. Mean DMFT scores of school groups of Black pupils (both sexes) ranged from 0.9 and 2.0 in rural areas, to 4.2–6.7 in urban areas (where data were far higher than such obtained 7 years ago), and were 9.2 and 10.2 for White pupils. Corresponding mean daily sugar intakes were ‐ rural Blacks, 69 g and 97 g, urban Blacks 118–141 g, respectively (all slightly higher than previously); and Whites 102 g and 123 g. Mean DMFT scores of girls were higher than those of boys; yet while mean sugar intakes of Black girls and boys were somewhat similar, White girls' intakes were much lower than those of White boys. In the ethnic‐sex groups studied, mean DMFT scores for pupils in upper, compared with lower, third of sugar intake, were higher in nine of the 14 sub‐groups. Mean DMFT scores in upper, compared with lower, third of exposure to snack practices were higher in 11 of the 14 groups. However, most of the differences were slight. In further research, more intensive enquiries should be pursued on roles of ethnic and familial factors, as well as on roles of inter‐acting dietary components additional to sugar and sugar‐containing foods.
Oral hygiene habits among adolescents in Finland
Authors: Honkala Eino , Rajala Matti , Rlmpelä Matti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze oral hygiene habits among Finnish adolescents with regard to age, sex, residence, socioeconomic factors, school career and success. A representative sample of 3209 Finnish adolescents, 13–19 years of age, was drawn. The data were collected by mail surveys in February and September 1977. Participation percentages were 88 and 79. The proportions of daily brushers were 89 % in girls and 57 % in boys. Toothpicks were used sporadically by every second adolescent but daily by 3% only. Dental floss was used sporadically by 10% of the adolescents but daily by 1 %only. In this respect girls were more assiduous than boys. Frequency of toothbrushing clearly increased with age. Girls brushed their teeth significantly more often than boys. The influence of socioeconomic factors was consistent in boys but almost nonexistent in girls. Children of white‐collar workers reported better oral hygiene habits than children of blue‐collar workers and farmers. Urban adolescents reported better habits than rural adolescents. School success correlated positively with toothbrushing frequency in the younger age groups. Dental health education given by a dentist, a teacher, a hygienist or a nurse had poor correlation with the oral hygiene habits of Finnish adolescents. It was concluded that dental health education should be more directed towards boys, especially at ages 13–15. The education should be planned so that the dental health education better reaches youth of rural areas and lower social classes.
Caries in primary dentition related to age, sex social status, and county of residence in Finland
Authors: Milen Anneli , Hausen Hannu , Heinonen Olli P. , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

Abstract The study material consisted of 1417 children 6–8 years old representing 86% of a stratified random sample from the Finnish population. Data on caries and social class were obtained by questionnaire from the municipal dental clinics in 1978. Clinical findings for primary teeth were recorded by local dentists. Incisors were excluded from the study. 80% of the children had caries lesions, and 63 % were in need of restorative care. Mean dmft value was 4.4, mean dt, ft, and mt values were 2.3, 2.6 and 0.3, respectively. Occurrence of untreated caries lesions did not vary according to age. Compared to the girls, boys had lost twice as many teeth due to caries. No other differences were observed between sexes. Both past caries experience and need of restorative care increased continuously from the highest social class to the lowest. Observed regional differences were explained mainly by variation in social stratification, except in an area with abundant natural fluoride. More active dental care is needed for children with primary teeth, especially in lower social classes.
Traumatized anterior teeth as related to their cause and place
Authors: Baghdady Virgin S. , Ghose Leonora J. , Lwash Rafi'
Published: May 2006

Abstract An investigation on some epidemiologic factors in children with traumatized anterior teeth was carried out on 6090 Iraqis and 3507 Sudanese primary schoolchildren. There were no significant differences found between Iraqi males and females as to the cause of trauma. In the Sudanese the rate of accidents due to more aggressive actions were significantly higher in boys. The place of trauma being inside or outside the school was also investigated and it was found that accidents occurred significantly more outside school than inside in all the age groups in both countries.
Dental knowledge, attitude and behavior in 12‐year‐old Dutch suburban children
Authors: Tan H. H. , ter Horst G. , Dekking Y. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A questionnaire on dental knowledge, attitude and behavior was presented to Dutch suburban children in the 6th grade (n= 399). The mean age was 12.3 years. The children scored relatively high on knowledge and attitude. Girls scored better on knowledge and attitude than boys. However, the differences were small. Between socioeconomic classes no differences were found in knowledge scores. The attitude of the higher socioeconomic classes was more positive than that of the lower classes. With regard to behavior more than 90% of the children reported that they have their own toothbrush, use toothpaste containing fluoride and visit the dentist every 6 months. Further it was found that 69 % eat sweets several times a day, 53 % offer sweets in school when they celebrate their birthday, 28% brush their teeth less than twice a day, 45% sometimes forget to brush their teeth and 44% use fluoride tablets. No clear differences in behavior between boys and girls were found. The higher the socioeconomic class of the children the higher the toothbrushing frequency, the more fluoride tablets are used and the lower the sweet consumption frequency. Although almost all children stated that their parents consider toothbrushing important, 24% were not supervised. It is also suggested that effectiveness of dental health education on behavior should not be evaluated in short term studies.
Use of a microcomputer for recording dental epidemiologic data
Authors: Pieper Klaus , Klar Reudiger , Kessker Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract A portable data recording system that works on the basis of a microcomputer has been developed. The main advantage of this system consists in the carrying out of checks for illogical and contradictory entries during the process of recording. False entries can immediately be corrected. The data are temporarily stored on disks. Subsequent to the completion of the investigation they are automatically transmitted by a transfer program 10 the computer‐system in the computer center. This excludes any human errors occurring in the course of the transfer of the data. During a pilot study, the advantages of the microcomputer system were shown by comparing frequency of examination and recording errors using conventional recording methods and the microcomputer system.
Effect of oral hygiene instructions given by paraprofessional personnel
Authors: Hetland Lars , Midtun Nils , Kristoffersen Tore
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study was undertaken in order to test the effect of hygiene instructions given by specially trained chair‐side assistants and to test the value of depuration prior to instructions. Chair‐side assistants were trained to motivate and instruct patients in oral hygiene methods. The 71 participants (12 female and 59 male employees of the same industrial firm) were divided into three groups. Group C received depuration (one visit) prior to oral hygiene instructions, Group B hygiene instructions only, and Group A depuration only. Following instructions, the participants were examined after 4, 12 and 24 weeks with respect to: DMFT, Gingival Index, Retention Index, plaque surface and periodontal pockets ≧ 4 mm. The results showed a reduction in plaque surfaces from baseline to 24 weeks in Groups B and C of 67% and 70% (difference not significant). Slight improvement was noted in Group A. Significant improvement was also observed in Gingival Index scores and pocket depths. Significant differences were not found between the groups with respect to Retention Index scores. Smoking did not influence the program. The effects of instructions were retained after 6 months. It is concluded that the use of this kind of personnel is highly effective and expedient, and that the present model can be useful in preventive dental health work.
Quality assessment of amalgam restorations provided by Israeli dentists
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z. , Shem‐Tov Arye
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess the quality of silver amalgam restorations rendered by Israeli dentists. A group of 433 new army recruits, 18–20 years of age was selected for the study. A total of 707 amalgam restorations were examined in an army dental clinic, under standardized conditions by the same observer. The quality of amalgam restorations was assessed according to an index devised for this purpose. The quality of restorations was relatively low. Approximately two‐thirds of the fillings exhibited satisfactory quality when marginal adaptation of the filling material was examined. Three‐fifths of the fillings followed the principles of extension for prevention. A relatively high percentage (75%) of the fillings did not extend beyond the cavosurface margin at any point or did not fall short of it. However, in only 47% of all fillings was appropriate occlusion restored. The fillings were found to be porous in about 60% of the cases and almost none of the fillings were polished. Overhangs were detected in about one‐quarter of the restorations (22.8%); inflammatory reactions of the gingival tissue were noticeable in more than half of the cases (51.3%). An attempt was made to study the various characteristics of the amalgam filling as categorized by the index presented in this study, and discuss its effect on the filling's overall quality. It was suggested that lack of standardization of performance levels in Israel is reflected, in part, in the observed low quality of amalgam restorations. The conclusions of this investigation point to interventions which can be initiated through the dental education, financing and public health planning sectors of the society, to increase awareness of this problem and define specific interventions to improve the quality of restorative dental cave delivered in general practice in Israel.
Dental caries and sugar intake, during and between meals, in children of an Israeli Kibbutz
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Salinger Elise
Published: May 2006

Abstract Forty‐eight children of an Israeli Kibbutz, aged 2–6 years, were examined for dental caries and dietary cariogenic intake, during and between meals. Multiple regression analysis was computed. A higher positive regression coefficient was found for caries and “during meals” cariogenic. intake than for caries and “between meals” intake. Both coefficients, but not the difference between them, were found statistically significant.
Oral health in Tuvalu
Authors: Speak John David , Malaki Tihala
Published: May 2006

Abstract Current WHO methods were employed to estimate the prevalence of oral pathology, dentofacial anomalies, periodontal disease, caries and prosthetic status as well as treatment needs in Tuvalu, a newly emergent nation in the South Pacific. Fluorosis was endemic but other disorders of teeth, mucosa or bone were extremely rare and the presence of dentofacial anomalies was very low. Periodontal disease was “moderate” at 15 years of age but seemed to be a predisposing factor in caries from the late teens onward. Comparison with a survey 8 years previously indicated that caries rates had risen from “very low” to “low” at 12 years of age but treatment services had improved markedly. More than half of persons in the 55–64 year age group required full maxillary and mandibular dentures whilst 10% already possessed them.
A 5‐year school‐based comprehensive preventive program in Michigan, U.S.A.
Authors: Bagramian Robert A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The objectives were to demonstrate that a combination of preventive regimens could significantly reduce dental disease in a school population, to demonstrate the feasibility of a school‐based program in relation to sustained benefits. There were 1286 students in 1st and 6th grades enrolled in the study. Subjects were stratified by grade, sex, and race and randomly placed in a treatment or education group. Procedures included ingestion of fluoridated water, oral hygiene education program, dental examinations, prophylaxis, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (1.23%) applied in trays, pit and fissure sealants (bis‐GMA) on occlusal surfaces of all eligible posterior teeth, and provision of all restorative care. Fluoride and sealant procedures were repeated at 6‐month intervals. After 3 years the treatment group was randomly divided to provide a group that would not continue with treatment and serve as a comparison. The study population was enrolled in 18 schools and clinical procedures were provided on‐site, using mobile denial vans. Five‐year results indicate high degree of success with fall‐off of benefits to those for whom treatment was terminated. This pilot program gives strong evidence for the possibility of implementing school‐based dental programs. The study also indicates that prevention programs must be comprehensive and continuous for maximum benefit to occur.
Comparative unsupervised clinical trial on caries inhibition effect of monofluorophosphate and amine fluoride dentifrices after 3 years in Strasbourg, France
Authors: Cahen P. M. , Frank R. M. , Turlot J. C. , Juno M. T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A randomized, double blind clinical trial of the caries inhibition effects of dentifrices containing respectively monofluorophosphate and amine fluoride was performed. A third control group used a toothpaste without fluoride. A total number of 2008 schoolchildren ranging in age from 6 lo 8 years and living in Strasbourg (France) participated in this study. After a baseline examination three groups were constructed with the block randomization technic. The caries inhibition effects of the three dental pastes were compared after 3 years of unsupervised use. The monofluorophosphate dentifrice showed a reduction of 7.02% for DMFT, 5. J 7% for DMFS and 25 26% for the df rate. The reduction of amine fluoride dentifrice caries was respectively 21.62% for DMFT, 20.94% for DMFS and 48.66% for the df rate.
Periodontal status in a South Australian industrial population
Authors: Srikandi Tjitjik W. , Clsrke Nigel G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The periodontal status of 680 industrial employees in Adelaide, South Australia, was assessed in a descriptive epidemiologic survey. Full mouth recording using the recently proposed WHO ‘TRS 621’ survey method (14) was used by two calibrated examiners. Periodontal disease in this population was highly prevalent and typically of moderate severity. Only 4.2% of the subjects were free from any signs of periodontal disease. In 11.1% the disease manifestation was confined to reversible gingivitis. Mild periodontal disease was evident in approximately 60% and severe disease in 25% of the population. The major treatment requirement in all age groups could be categorized as “simple periodontal treatment” manageable by non specialist dental resources. More than 90% of pockets detected occurred interproximally. Some features of the proposed WHO ‘TRS 621’ survey methodology are discussed.
Effect on caries and gingivitis of a preventive program based on oral hygiene measures and fluoride application
Authors: Zickert Ingegerd , Lindvau Ann‐Marie , Axelsson Per
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present investigation was performed to estimate the effect on caries and gingivitis of a plaque control program delivered at different intervals and supplemented with different fluoride compounds. The study ran for 2 years and was completed by 260 children who were 13–14 years old at the beginning. Professional toothcleaning in combination with detailed oral hygiene instructions repeated once a month or every 3 months significantly improved their oral hygiene status and reduced clinical signs of gingivitis. The addition of fluoride (NaF or MFP) in mouthrinses and toothpastes significantly reduced the number of new carious lesions. No significant differences were observed in gingival health and caries activity between the programs delivered once a month and every 3 months.
A time‐related study of intake pattern of fluoride tablets among Swedish preschoolchildren and parental attitudes
Authors: Widenheim Jan
Published: May 2006

Abstract The principal aim of this study was to investigate sodium fluoride tablet consumption and its variability over a particular period. Information was collected from questionnaires sent in 1975 and 1980 to all parents of children born in Lund, Sweden, in 1967 and 1972 and still resident in this city, where drinking water contains 0.2 parts/106 F. The results showed that 69% of the children born in 1967 (n= 373) had taken tablets at some time during the period 1/2‐7 years of age and that 13% had consumed tablets regularly for minimum 5 1/2 years. The corresponding figures for children born in 1972 (n= 474) were 51% and 12%, respectively. Sporadic consumers were responsible for the main difference (15%) between the two populations. A selection of parents from the 1975 and 1980 materials was made with respect to duration of consumption and level of parental education. The frequency of non‐users had increased mostly among families with a higher parental education. For those parents who had not given their children tablets or had ceased to do so, the 1980 inquiry was enlarged with questions about reasons for this. The item marked most frequently (56%) implied that fluoride may be dangerous to swallow. Another 13% responded that they had not been recommended to give their children tablets. However, topical use of fluoride in toothpaste during preschool age and in mouthrinses from 6 years of age is, according to the present study, well accepted.
Influence of children's dentofacial appearance on teacher expectations
Authors: Shaw W. C. , Humphreys S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine whether the presence of dentofacial anomaly in a child would unfavourably bias a schoolteacher's expectations of the child's scholastic potential, social relationships or personality. Black and white portrait photographs of an attractive boy and girl and an unattractive boy and girl were obtained and modified so that for each face, five different photographic versions were available. In each version, the child's face was standardized except that a different dentofacial arrangement was demonstrated. These were normal incisors, prominent incisors, missing lateral incisor, severely crowded incisors and unilateral cleft lip. Each photograph was attached to a school record card which presented a standardized educational history of an average pupil. The record cards were evaluated by 320 schoolteachers, uninformed as to the true nature of the investigation, and their assessments recorded on a questionnaire. The experimental procedure was such that the effect and interaction of different levels of facial attractiveness, different dentofacial arrangements, sex of photographed child, and sex of teacher could be analysed. The hypothesis, that children's faces with a normal dental appearance or high background facial attractiveness would gain preferential bias in teacher expectations, was not supported.
Variation in radiographic caries diagnosis and treatment decisions among university teachers
Authors: Mileman Philip , Purdell‐Lewis David , van der Welle Leo
Published: May 2006

Abstract Twelve duplicated bitewing radiographs of clinical quality were viewed under controlled conditions by 42 dentists in a teaching department. The dentists noted surfaces with initial caries or with caries in need of treatment. The radiographs were rediagnosed by 20% of the dentists to determine inter‐ and intra examiner reliability. A norm for the validity of lesion presence in enamel or dentin was applied. The variation in surfaces indicated for treatment is illustrated by: mean 40, s.d. 16, min. 13 and max. 89 for the 42. The mean proportion of true positive filling decisions in percentages was 67, s.d. 18, the mean proportion of false positive filling decisions was 22, s.d. 22. A large individual variation was found in this study. The dental teachers saw less caries present than the norm but some indicated more fillings needed than dentin caries present. It is suggested that care in the educational process should be given to developing appropriate caries treatment criteria. Factors conducive to preventively orientated treatment decisions in the clinical situation need further attention.
Relationship between caries prevalence and incidence among adolescents
Authors: Rise J. , Haugejorden O. , Birkeland J. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was 1) to determine the strength and direction of the association between caries prevalence at 13–14 years of age and subsequent caries increments and 2) to assess the goodness of fit of a multivariate model to caries increments from age 131/2 to 20. Two sets of data were used. The first consisted of treatment records for 114 children from an incremental dental care program. They were divided into high and low caries prevalence groups at ages 13 and 14 and 2‐ and 3‐year caries increments were calculated. Unstandardized regression coefficients and Pearson's r were used to determine the relationship between baseline caries prevalence and subsequent caries increments. This relationship was consistently positive in the low prevalence group, but changed to negative in the high prevalence group. This change of direction is most likely attributable to saturation with regard to caries. The second material comprised 20‐year‐old military recruits for 90 of whom treatment records were available from age 131/2. Caries prevalence at 131/2 years of age was by far the most important predictor of caries increment from age 131/2 to 20. The multivariate model provided a good fit to the empirical data (R2= 37.4%). It was concluded that the interpretation to the results of clinical and field trials of anticaries agents may be complicated due to a saturation phenomenon if adolescent subjects with high caries prevalence of baseline are used.
Changes in the epidemiologic pattern of dental caries in a Danish rural community over a 10‐year period
Authors: Poulsen S. , Amaratunge A. , Risager J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A number of reports during recent years have suggested that dental caries is decreasing in several populations. In order to substantiate this, recordings of dental caries collected over a 10‐year period were analyzed. All children received systematic preventive and restorative care from kindergarten to 9th or 10th grade (age approximately 16 years). Each cohort consisted of 50–60 children, and data on dental caries were available on all children in 1st through 7th grade over a 9‐year period. Mean DMFS Had Decreased with 72% for 1st graders, 65% for 4th graders and 69% for 7th graders. Analyses of the distribution of children according to DMFS showed that in spite of the general decrease in mean DMFS, some children still showed high DMFS‐values. The variability according to DMFS was increased during the same period as indicated by the coefficient of variation. Furthermore, children with a given, high DMFS account for a decreasing fraction of all DMF‐surfaces in the population as the mean DMFS decreases. It is suggested that the effect on mean DMFS for the entire group of children of a hypothetical, individualized preventive program for high‐risk individuals would be limited. In the light of these findings the appropriateness of special preventive programs for “high‐risk” individuals is questioned.
Effect of mechanical and chemical plaque control measures on oral microflora in schoolchildren
Authors: Emilson Claes Göran , Axelsson Per , Kallenberg Lena
Published: May 2006

Abstract The incidence of S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. mutans, total streptococci and lactobacilli was examined in highly caries active 13–14‐year‐old schoolchildren participating in a prophylactic program. After 1 year of trial, professional toothcleaning once every second week markedly reduced the frequency of gingivitis and the caries increment. Bimonthly topical applications of a 0.5 % chlorhexidine gel with or without subsequent rinsing with 2% MFP had no effect on plaque score and gingivitis but tended to reduce the caries activity. No significant changes were found in the groups with regard to the salivary number of total streptococci and S. sanguis. A reduction of the population of S. salivarius, S. mutans and lactobacilli was observed in the chlorhexidine group. In the group where chlorhexidine was combined with MFP, only S. mutans was reduced.
A review on fluoride varnishes: an alternative topical fluoride treatment
Authors: Clark D. Christopher
Published: May 2006

Abstract The in vitro, in vivo and clinical research on topical fluoride varnishes is surveyed. The probable mechanism of action for fluoride varnishes is discussed and this effect demonstrated from the results of in vitro and in vivo research. Findings from clinical studies are summarized and selected results are used to estimate expected preventive effects from the treatment. The practical advantages and limitations of fluoride varnishes are also reviewed and indications for the future use of these preventive agents are considered.
Epidemiologic study of 6000 villagers of oral precancerous lesions in Bilugyun: preliminary report
Authors: Lay Khin Maung , Sein Kyaw , Myint Aung , Ko Ko Sunn , Pindborg J. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A house‐to‐house survey of 11 villages selected by random sampling was carried out in Bilugyun, Chaung‐zone township, Mon State of South Eastern Burma to study the prevalence of oral precancerous lesions and smoking and chewing. A total of 6000 villagers who were above 15 years at the time of this study were examined. The prevalence of preleukoplakia was 0.3%, leukoplakia 1.7%, lichen planus 0.4%, leukokeratosis nicotina palati 2.3, erythroplakia 0.1%, submucous fibrosis 0.1 %, and cancer 0.03%. A correlation was done between habits and lesions.
Prevalence of dental caries and demands for services among Israeli kibbutz youth
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z. , Mann Jonathan
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assemble information regarding caries prevalence among adolescent residents of kibbutzim in Israel. A total of 465 teenagers in 10 kibbutzim were examined for dental caries experience. The DMFT figures derived in the study were almost double the values recorded for a comparable kibbutz age group in the late 60's. Mean DMFT values were found to increase with age. The mean number of decayed teeth (D) showed a similar distribution. The proportion of teenagers free of caries was 1.5% and only 2.3% did not require any treatment. Despite the overwhelming need for dental care noted among kibbutz youth, only 21.6% were receiving care of their dental needs. Since physical blocks to access to dental care are almost non‐existent in the kibbutz, it was suggested that the reason for the high rates of unmet needs, could, at least partially, be attributed to fear of pain and anxiety about the treatment.
Periodontal treatment need of the Finnish population aged 30 years and over
Authors: Markkanen Helena , Rajala Matti , Paunio Keijo
Published: May 2006

Abstract A representative sample (n= 8000) was drawn from the population aged 30 years and over, registered as living in Finland. Periodontal disease status was recorded according to the modified Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). Plaque retentions were examined separately. Of the subjects with four or more teeth 3.4% had a healthy periodontal status, while 10.2% of the jaw quadrants were healthy Plaque retentions were found in 96.6% of the subjects and 90.9% of the jaw segments. Periodontal treatment need was calculated in three ways and was 195± 111 (S. D.) min when the calculation was based on WHO recommendations (1978). Number of teeth, age, sex, caries and filling scores, and education explained about 30% of the treatment need when tested by multiple linear regression analysis.
Association between TMJ dysfunction and sick leaves
Authors: Alanen Penitti , Kirykskari Pentti
Published: May 2006

Abstract Presence of clinically diagnosed TMJ dysfunction and the length of sick leaves were significantly associated in a sample of 599 male Finnish shipyard workers. Neglect of dental health care did not seem to be an explanatory factor, because the amount of untreated caries and the regularity of dental care did not differ significantly between the orthofunction and dysfunction groups. Although the association is no proof for a causal relationship, TMJ dysfunction may explain at least a part of the increase in days on sick leave, because dysfunction was found to be common and at best symptomatically treated in the population studied.
Applicability of multiple covariance analysis in caries studies
Authors: Cohen Mark E. , Cecil James C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relationship between pre‐ and post treatment DMFS measures in clinical trials of dentifrices may be quadratic rather than linear and, if linear, the slope may differ from one. Given either of these eventualities the traditional DMFS increment measurement does not utilize all the information available in the pre‐DMFS baseline score. If nonlinearity is present, analysis of multiple covariance with parameters derived from a polynomial regression is indicated.
Dose‐response relationship between water fluoride levels and the category of questionable dental fluorosis
Authors: Myers Howard M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract There is a dose‐response relationship between the prevalence of the questionable category of dental fluorosis as reported by various authors and the drinking water fluoride level. While the possibility that chance could have produced this trend cannot be conclusively ruled out, a distinct pattern of increasing prevalence with increasing water fluoride level can be discerned. Such a pattern is not compatible with the concept of a threshold level for the act ion of fluoride ion on the enamel organ.
Prevalence of retained roots in the Finnish adult population
Authors: Nyyssönen Viljo , Paunio Ilkka , Rajala Maddi
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of retained roots among Finnish adults was evaluated by examining a representative sample of 8000 Finnish adults aged 30 or older. The participation percentage was 89.6. Retained root was recorded when more than half the height of the tooth surfaces had been destroyed by caries. The reproducibility coefficient (kappa) for clinical recordings of retained roots was 0.79 for interexaminer cases and 0.65 for interexaminer cases. Fifteen pen cut of the subjects had one or more retained roots. Prevalence was twice as great among males as among females. The mean number of retained roots was 0.4 per subject. Of all teeth in the mouth, 4.4% had only the roots left. On the population level, some 343 000 adult Finns were estimated to have at least one retained root.
Epidemiology of dental caries in Finland and the Soviet Union – a joint study
Authors: Nyyssönen Viljo
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study was begun in order to describe the epidemiology of dental caries among children 9 and 12 years old in Finland and the Soviet Union. In addition, the effectiveness of caries prevention will be evaluated. The study is to be done in three towns in Finland and five towns in the Soviet Union.
Non‐compliance in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Authors: Smith James Pitchford
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a series of 367 patients complaining of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD) 78 individuals did not attend after their first or third visits. These non‐compliant patients (subjects) were compared with patients completing treatment (controls) by means of a questionnaire. The results suggest that the reasons for non‐compliance were a reluctance to wear an appliance particularly at night. The effect of excluding such patients from the analysis of clinical data is noted.
Explorative study of the motives for non‐utilization of the Danish Youth Dental Care Scheme
Authors: Antoft Per
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study attempted to develop an explanatory model for the lack of preventive dental behavior as demonstrated by the non‐utilization of the Danish Youth Dental Care Scheme (YDCS). A focused interview was conducted with young, working class men by two carefully trained and experienced interviewers. Analysis of the interviews showed that no single factor could explain non‐utilization of the YDCS. Rather a complex of factors partly on the individual Social‐psychologic, psychologic and economic level and partly on the social level, operating directly and indirectly with varying strength, needs to be considered. A new explanatory model for preventive dental behavior is developed and discussed in the light of recent theories on health behavior.
Application of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in a population of young Brazilians
Authors: Gjermo Per , Bellini Hamilton T. , Marcos Badeia
Published: May 2006

Abstract Recently WHO has launched an index for assessing the periodontal treatment needs of a population in terms of resources required. This Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs was applied in 308 Brazilian 15‐yr‐old schoolchildren from a population with a high prevalence of periodontitis. The results showed that almost all subjects needed some kind of care. Totally, 4133 time units were required. Most of the time needed was for motivation and instruction in oral hygiene, and scaling. Several individuals assigned for complex treatment due to pockets deeper than 5.5 mm showed no signs of radiographic bone loss, and in the cases with bone loss, the lesions were few and small. The CPITN therefore seemed to overestimate the need for treatment in this young population. To overcome this problem, it was suggested that complex treatment should not be included in planning of systematic periodontal care for young populations, and that subjects with time periodontal lesions should be given priority m community programs.
Tooth mortality in a selected population in Leeds, UK
Authors: Faulkner Richard K. , Crabb H. Stuart M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Two previous studies of tooth mortality of similar populations were conducted in 1964 and 1969. The study was therefore repeated in 1982 to assess any discernible trends. It was found that there has been a marked reduction in mortality rates amongst all teeth except premolars in the younger age groups. The reduction was attributed to an improved dental service in conjunction with an increased public awareness of matters relating to dental health. The rise in mortality of premolars was correlated to the increased practice of orthodontics which demanded the relief of crowding.
Use of public and private dental services by adults in Finland
Authors: Nyyssönen V. , Herranen K. , Letto P. , Rajala M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that affected the choice between public and private dental services in 1979, when 9% of adults had received their dental services in a public health center. In September 1979 the National Board of Health conducted a telephone interview among Finnish adults over 15 yr old. When a representative sample of 1992 adults was drawn, the response rate was 90.4%. All subjects over 17 yr of age who had used dental services within the last 5 yr were included in the study, making a final sample of 1368. According to the logistic function, the greatest differences were between rural and urban areas. Of the subjects living in urban areas, 18% had visited public health centers; and of those living in rural areas, 45% had visited health centers. Of the adults living in an urban selling, 70% and in rural areas 49% visited private dentists. Of the subjects who had used private dental services, nearly half were managers and upper white‐collar workers; while of those using communal services, less than one third worked in such jobs. In urban areas managers and upper white‐collar workers used private services twice as often as they used public services. In an urban setting, subjects who had visited a dentist during the last 2 yr had received treatment mainly in the private sector; and in a rural setting, subjects had been treated mainly in health centers.
Comparison of SASOC, a measure of dental aesthetics, with three orthodontic indices and orthodontist judgment
Authors: Jenny Joanna , Cons Naham C. , Kohout Frank J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract –Scores for three malocclusion indices (HLD, TPI and OI) and Orthodontist Judgment (OJ) were available for the 100 orthodontic study models utilized in the development of SASOC, the Social Acceptability Scale of Occlusal Conditions. The ability of SASOC to predict need for treatment using OJ as a standard was compared to the ability of HLD, TPI and OI to predict OJ's decisions. In addition, determinations of need for treatment of each of the 100 models using HLD, OI and OJ were compared to SASOC's rankings for the public's perceptions of aesthetic, acceptability. Finally, the agreement of HLD, OI and OJ with each other in assessing need for treatment was compared. Results indicated: 1) that SASOC's, HLD's, TPI's and OI's “hit rate” in predicting OJ ranged between 73% and 81 %; 2) HLD's, OI's and OJ's assessment of malocclusion paralleled lay perceptions of aesthetic acceptability (SASOC), and 3) there were differences of agreement among HLD, OI and OJ as to which cases had a definite need for treatment. There was more agreement on cases which didnothave a definite need for treatment than on those whichdid.A tool which assesses only the aesthetic component of occlusal configurations was judged to be more suitable in the study of the social and psychological impact of malocclusion than indices and orthodontist judgment which include professional criteria as well as aesthetics in their assessments of malocclusion.