bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus (AMF) Indigenous in Peanuts (Arachis Hypogea L) Rhizosphere under Different Elevation
Authors: Marizal Surya , Muzakir . , Syariyah Amaliah
Published: March 2018

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus (AMF) is a type of soil microorganisms with obligate symbiotic characteristic. It can associate with high-level plants at the rate of 90%. Its association level highly depends on the type of AMF and the host plant. The lack of information about the AMF diversity in an ecosystem, and the insufficient number and types of isolates available, are limiting factors for the widespread use of AMF. It was a survey and observation research. In this research AMF indigenous potentials were observed in soil and roots of peanuts. Samples were taken from area with different elevation: low, medium, and high in West Sumatra. The study reveals that the highest number of AMF indigenous spores in peanuts rhizosphere from area with different elevation: low, medium, and high are dominated by Glomus sp 1 (159 spores), Acaulospora sp1 (110 spora) and Glomus sp2 (82 spores), however AMF indigenous with the highest percentage of existence is Glomus sp1 and Acaulospora sp1 (100%). In addition, the infectious level of AMF indigenous on roots of peanuts are 81.1%, 64,4% and 78,9% on low, medium and high elevation, respectively. The highest number of population and infectious level are on low elevation whereas the lowest number is on high elevation. Thus, the elevation level correlates with the type of infection, the size of population, and the percentage of infection.
Ecological Value Of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) at Tropical Evergreen Aglaia-Streblus Forest of Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sulistiyowati Hari , Winarso Sugeng , Macandog Damasa , Sotto Rachel , Baguinon Nestor , Buot Jr Inocencio
Published: March 2018

As part of carbon pools, forest soil stores soil organic matter (SOM) that contains many elements including organic C, N, P, and K. These elements contribute nutrients for biogeochemical cycles within the ecosystem. This study was done to determine the ecological value of forest soil organic matter at tropical evergreen Aglaia-Streblus forest of Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP), East Java, Indonesia. The data were sampled along gradient topography in Pringtali tropical forest of TMBNP. Direct measurements of soil moisture, temperature, and pH were taken in the field. The soil samples were extracted from 6 points of soil solum using soil auger, and then oven-dried to get value of dry-weight. The elements content of organic C, N, P, and K were analyzed and estimated at the laboratory. The ecoval of SOM was appraised using developed ecological valuation tool. The result showed that SOM contributed higher ecoval of organic C (66.03 Mg ha-1) than other elements. Compared to P and K elements, N had the highest stock of element content. However, comparing to other two tropical forest ecosystems of Asia the ecoval of SOM elements in TMBNP was relatively low because of its natural geomorphological features.The ecoval of SOM elements in TMBNP was relatively low because of its natural geomorphological features. The ecovals contributed about 2.440,64 - 6.955,50 USD or  31.271.923,73 - 89.120.837,23  IDR per hectare of ecological value (d) to the ecosystem. This value was mainly contributed by organic C stock in the TMBNP forest SOM. It means the forest SOM had higher element content of organic C than N, P, and K elements. This d value is an indicator for TMBNP to protect the SOM elements meaning protecting their resources to sustain the biogeochemical cycles in the forest ecosystem. All the management and policy correlated to this protected area should consider this valuable information for their plan and actions.
Phosphorus Extraction from Soil Constituents Using Bray P-1, Mehlich-1 and Olsen Solutions
Authors: Lumbanraja Jamalam , Mulyani Sri , Utomo Muhajir , Sarno Sarno
Published: March 2018

The extraction methods using Bray P-1, Mehlich-1, and Olsen solutions are the most frequently used in equilibrium condition to estimate the available P in the soil constituents. However, each method can gives some different values that may not describe the availability of soil P. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a laboratory experiment to compare the three solutions in equilibrium and kinetics conditions for P release from soil colloids as a basic data for the future related to plant productions. The objective of this study was to compare the amounts of P release in equilibrium and kinetics conditions using Bray P-1, Mehlich-1, and Olsen solutions and the rate constants (k) of P release from soil colloids using the three solutions of five soil constituents or treatments: (1) Soil (100% soil), (2) P-rock (100% phosphate rock), (3) compost (100% chicken manure compost), (4) soil + P-rock (75% soil + 25% phosphate rock), and (5) soil + P-rock + compost (50% soil + 25% phosphate rock + 25% chicken manure compost). Each extraction for each treatment was conducted in triplicate. The results indicate that the amounts of extracted P employing equilibrium condition in all treatments are significantly lower compared to those employing kinetics condition. The results also show that Mehlich-1 solution is the most powerful solution to extract P from soil constituents followed by Bray P-1 solution and Olsen solution, except that in the soil + phosphate rock + compost treatment in which the amount of P extracted using Mehlich-1 solution is the highest then followed by that of P extracted by Olsen solution and Bray P-1 solution both in equilibrium and kinetic conditions. The highest rate constants (k) of the reaction in all treatments were found in the extractions using Mehlich-1 solution for desorbed P followed by that of using Bray P-1 solution and Olsen solution. Keywords: Compost, equilibrium, kinetics, P extraction solutions, phosphate rock, soil
The Effect of Paraquat, Difenoconazole, and Butylphenyl Methylcarbamate (BPMC) on CO2 Emissions and Phenolic Acids in Peat Soil
Authors: Fitriyani Indri Hapsari , Anwar Syaiful , Hartono Arief , Tjahyandari Diah
Published: March 2018

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, including on peat soil. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the application of paraquat, difenoconazole, and butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC) on CO2 emissions and concentrations of phenolic acids in a peat soil. Peat soil sample was taken in District of Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan. The peat soil was applied with 1.89 mg kg-1 paraquat, 1.72 mg kg-1 difenoconazole and 1.65 mg kg-1 butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC), then the soil was incubated for 1, 2, 4 , 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 26 and 30 days. The results showed that the application of pesticides on peat soil increased CO2emission, and decreased CH4 emission and phenolic acid concentrations up to 30 days of incubation. The CO2 emmisions were derived from C of degraded pesticides and from C of phenolic acids, although the oxidation reaction was not accompanied by the change of soil pH. Keyword: CO2 emission, phenolic acids, butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC), difenoconazole, paraquat, peat soil
Analysis of the Urban Management Practices and Sustainable Development in the Local Municipalities in Jordan: Case Study - Salt City
Authors: Khlaifat Ahmad , Taleb Hala Abu , Makhamreh Zeyad , Qtiashat Deya
Published: March 2018

The urbanization processes and the accelerated growth in the Arab countries, during the last five decades, have resulted in negative social impact represented in the high rates of unemployment and poverty. This was accompanied with problems related to the provision of infrastructure and social facilities, inadequate housing for low-income persons and other environmental problems. Therefore, there is a need to apply and activate the role of decentralization processes to manage the cities under emerging modern urban services and activities, in order to identify policies and cope with innovative plans that suit for sustainable urban development. Incorporations of local people and decision makers in improving social, economic and environmental conditions, and participation of local people in decision making can lead to find the appropriate solution that can promote sustainable urban processes, and facilities the implementation of the local communities’ activities. Consequently, this will lead to improve the urban services in appropriate quality and economic visibility and sustain social consistency and environmental resources in the cities. In order to achieve a sustainable development practices in the municipalities, it is recommended to focus on local community resources, increase financial income, develop local human resources proficiency, and finally empower the local people authority and decision –making process, which can be achieved by the application of decentralization governance system.
In Memoriam Robert B. Seidman
Authors: O’Rourke Maureen A.
Published: March 2018

In Memoriam Robert B. Seidman

From 1974 until 2013, Boston University School of Law was enriched by the presence of Professor Robert Seidman and his wife and academic partner Ann. Bob worked until the age of 93 and passed away shortly after retiring from what was a truly extraordinary career.
Promoting Legislative Objectives Throughout Diverse Sub-National Jurisdictions
Authors: Seitz Lorna
Published: March 2018

Promoting Legislative Objectives Throughout Diverse Sub-National Jurisdictions

This article outlines an approach, derived from Ann and Robert Seidman’s Institutionalist Legislative Drafting Theory and Methodology (ILTAM), for drafting laws and developing implementing policies and programmes to realize legislative objectives and promote necessary behavioural change throughout a jurisdiction despite significant sub-jurisdictional socio-economic differences. ILTAM can serve as a powerful tool for catalysing the development of situationally appropriate programmes to initiate and sustain behavioural change in furtherance of legislative objectives. The article begins by discussing the movement towards legislative standardization, and its benefits and failings. It then introduces the concept of informal jurisdictions, and highlights modifications to ILTAM that improve the methodology’s efficacy in devising solutions that work in those jurisdictions. The article then describes the power of intransitive law as a mechanism for catalysing progress towards shared objectives in a manner that allows for localized approaches, promotes governmental responsiveness, brings innovation, and maximizes participatory governance. Lastly, it describes the importance that Ann and Robert Seidman placed on institutionalizing on-going monitoring, evaluation and learning processes; and describes how intransitive drafting techniques can focus implementation on motivating behavioural change while systematically identifying needed policy and law reforms in response to suboptimal legislative outcomes.
De tiende wijziging van de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving – van: a naar ‘b’
Authors: Vester L.J.
Published: March 2018

De tiende wijziging van de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving – van: a naar ‘b’

In het artikel wordt naar aanleiding van de tiende wijziging daarvan de betekenis van de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving voor de wetgevingspraktijk beschreven, alsmede de wijze van totstandkoming daarvan. Verder worden de belangrijkste wetgevingstechnische veranderingen beschreven die het gevolg zijn van deze wijziging. Afsluitend wordt vooruitgekeken naar mogelijke of reeds voorgenomen toekomstige wijzigingen van de Aanwijzingen.
Toegankelijk wetgeven onder de Omgevingswet
Authors: Oldenziel H.A. , de Vos H.W.
Published: March 2018

Toegankelijk wetgeven onder de Omgevingswet

Er wordt op dit moment gewerkt aan een nieuw stelsel voor het omgevingsrecht. Een belangrijk verbeterdoel van deze grote wetgevingsoperatie is de vereenvoudiging en harmonisatie van regels. Om daarvoor te zorgen is een leidraad wetgevingskwaliteit opgesteld. Daarin zijn, in aanvulling op de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving, vuistregels opgenomen over de structuur en vormgeving van wetgeving en over modern taalgebruik. Enkele van deze vuistregels lenen zich voor bredere toepassing. Deze zouden een plek in de Aanwijzingen kunnen krijgen. Dit zou het harmoniserende effect van de Aanwijzingen kunnen vergroten. Belangrijker is nog dat het bevorderen van de eenheid en toegankelijkheid in de dagelijkse wetgevingspraktijk gestalte krijgt. Alleen dan kunnen concrete resultaten worden geboekt.
Onpartijdige rechtswetenschap?
Authors: van Gestel R.A.J.
Published: March 2018

Onpartijdige rechtswetenschap?

Recentelijk is in de media veel aandacht geschonken aan gevallen van beïnvloeding door opdrachtgevers van (rechts)wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Veel nadruk ligt daarbij al snel op pogingen van bestuurders en beleidsmakers om de inhoud van dergelijk onderzoek – vaak op subtiele wijze – een wenselijk geachte richting op te sturen. Veel minder aandacht is er echter voor de andere kant van de zaak, namelijk: wat is de verantwoordelijkheid van die wetenschappers en hoe zijn hun onpartijdigheid en onafhankelijkheid gewaarborgd? In deze bijdrage zal worden beweerd dat ook daar werk aan de winkel is.
Le troisième sexe: het Duitse Grondwettelijk Hof en genderneutraliteit
Authors: Ranchordás S.H.
Published: March 2018

Le troisième sexe: het Duitse Grondwettelijk Hof en genderneutraliteit

In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur in op een recent arrest van het Duitse Grondwettelijk Hof over de erkenning van het zogenaamde ‘derde geslacht’. Dit arrest roept wezenlijke vragen op over geslachtsregistratiesystemen. Deze zijn ook voor Nederland van belang. Het Grondwettelijk Hof heeft in het betreffende arrest geoordeeld dat het recht om voor wat betreft geslacht niet op een binaire wijze gekwalificeerd te worden onder het algemene persoonlijkheidsrecht valt, en dus wordt beschermd door de Duitse Grondwet. Het Duitse Personenstandsgesetz geeft een onjuiste vertaling van dit recht, door alleen de mogelijkheid te bieden voor een blanco geslachtsregistratie. Dit arrest is een belangrijke stap in de richting van een brede erkenning van het derde geslacht voor individuen met zowel mannelijke als vrouwelijke geslachtskenmerken (interseksualiteit; hier draaide de Duitse casus om). Hoewel andere landen al stappen hebben genomen in de officiële erkenning van het derde geslacht, is het de vraag of, en zo ja hoe snel, dit in Nederland zal gebeuren.
Antimicrobial Potential of Sicilian Honeys Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Coniglio Maria Anna , Laganà Pasqualina , Faro Giuseppina , Marranzano Marina
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of 71 organic Sicilian honeys of different botanical origins against Staphylococcus aureus [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 9144™] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853™). The antimicrobial activity was determined by means of an agar diffusion assay from the estimation of the diameter of the inhibition zone produced by the honeys. S. aureus was more inhibited than P. aeruginosa (chi-square value 11.2698, P value 0.000788). In particular, a statistically significant inhibition growth against S. aureus was exhibited by the polyfloral (chi-square value 6.1714, P value 0.012983) and the eucalyptus honeys (chi-square value 4, P value 0.0455). Results partially suggest Sicilian organic polyfloral and eucalyptus honeys as possible alternatives to antimicrobial agents when S. aureus resistance causes failure of initial conventional antibiotic treatment.
The Argumentative Significance of Relative Purposiveness
Authors: Barker Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2018

In the Critique of the Teleological Power of Judgment Kant argues that organisms have inner purposiveness. He introduces inner purposiveness in contrast to relative purposiveness. I examine Kant’s discussion of relative purposiveness in §63. I then argue that Kant establishes three theses in §63 that he subsequently modifies in §64 and further refines in §65. In my view, his discussion of relative purposiveness serves a broader purpose than just to present a contrast from which to consider inner purposiveness. The discussion of relative purposiveness establishes a framework for a sustained thread of argument from §63 through §65, culminating in Kant’s often discussed claim that we must judge organisms to be natural ends. My interpretation exposes a more significant argumentative role for relative purposiveness than is typically recognized.
Prediction of interface residue based on features of residue interaction network extracted using shapley value centrality measure
Authors: Pandey Babita , Chawla Sarneet K , Pandey Devendra K
Published: March 2018

Protein-Protein interaction plays an important role in the life processes. Molecular mechanisms of the related processes can be better understood with the help of interface prediction. In this work, we use game theory concept of Shapley value to analyse the spatial relationship between residues in residue interaction network. Four features are extracted from network using shapley value and given as input to ACO for optimization. Our experiment shows that optimized feature set, significantly improves the result of normal classifier and accuracy from 80% to 85%. These findings are useful for identifying protein-like complex networks. The presented results suggest that the feature selection by Shapley value and optimization by ACO improves the classification of protein structure at great extent less computational complexity.
Structural and functional properties of a probabilistic model of neuronal connectivity in a simple locomotor network
Authors: Ferrario Andrea , Merrison-Hort Robert , Soffe Stephen R , Borisyuk Roman
Published: March 2018

Although, in most animals, brain connectivity varies between individuals, behaviour is often similar across a species. What fundamental structural properties are shared across individual networks that define this behaviour? We describe a probabilistic model of connectivity in the hatchling Xenopus tadpole spinal cord which, when combined with a spiking model, reliably produces rhythmic activity corresponding to swimming. The probabilistic model allows calculation of structural characteristics that reflect common network properties, independent of individual network realisations. We use the structural characteristics to study examples of neuronal dynamics, in the complete network and various sub-networks, and this allows us to explain the basis for key experimental findings, and make predictions for experiments. We also study how structural and functional features differ between detailed anatomical connectomes and those generated by our new, simpler, model (meta-model).
Osteology ofBatrachuperus londongensis(Urodela, Hynobiidae): study of bony anatomy of a facultatively neotenic salamander from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Jiang Jian-ping , Jia Jia , Zhang Meihua , Gao Ke-Qin
Published: March 2018

The Longdong Stream SalamanderBatrachuperus londongensis, living in a mountain stream environment at Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province, China, represents a rare species that is facultatively neotenic in the family Hynobiidae. Although the species has been known to science for some 40 years since its initial discovery in the late 1970s, anatomical details of its osteology remain poorly understood and developmental information is still lacking for the species. This study (1) provides a detailed osteological account ofB. londongensisbased on micro-CT scanning and clearing and staining of multiple specimens from the type locality; (2) provides a discussion of intraspecific variation related to life-history differences; and (3) presents a discussion on limb features related to morphological evolution of limb patterns correlative with ecological adaptation to mountain stream environments. Osteological comparisons with congeneric species has led to recognition of several diagnostic features that are unique toB. londongensis, including: vomers widely separated from one another, lacking a midline contact; presence of uncommon perichondral ossification of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate as part of the suspensorium; and presence of a prominent posterodorsal process of the scapular blade, which serves as a ligamentous insertion of the levator muscle of the scapula. In addition, some but not all neotenic individuals retain the palatine as a discrete element, indicative of its delayed absorption after sexual maturity. Postmetamorphic and neotenic individuals are strikingly different in the complexity of hyobranchial structures. Neotenes display a high degree of ossification of hyobranchial elements, tend to increase ossification of both hypobranchial I and ceratobranchial I during aging, and retain fully ossified ceratobranchial III and IV; in contrast, these elements remain entirely cartilaginous or are totally lost by resorption in postmetamorphic individuals. In addition, all postmetamorphic forms display an inverted “T”-shaped basibranchial II, whereas neotenes show transformation from a “fork”-shaped to the “T”-shaped configuration after sexual maturity.B. londongensisdisplays a mosaic of apomorphic and plesiomorphic states in its limb ossifications: presence of a single centrale element in both the manus and pes is a derived condition in Hynobiidae and other families as well, whereas retention of a postminimus in the pes is obviously plesiomorphic within Urodela. Reduction in number of digits from five to four in the pes and possession of a cornified sheath covering the terminal phalanges are also derived features shared with some but not all mountain stream salamanders that are adapted to a similar type of environment.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is diagnosed at a later stage in alcoholic patients: Results of a prospective, nationwide study
Authors: Costentin Charlotte E. , Mourad Abbas , Lahmek Pierre , Causse Xavier , Pariente Alexandre , Hagège Hervé , Dobrin Anca Stela , Becker Claire , Marks Bérangère , Bader Robert , Condat Bertrand , Héluwaert Frédéric , Seitz Jean François , Lesgourgues Bruno , Denis Jacques , Deuffic‐Burban Sylvie , Rosa Isabelle , Decaens Thomas ,   for the CHANGH Study Group
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Recent data suggest that alcohol‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is diagnosed at a later stage. The aim of this study was to compare HCC characteristics and outcomes in an alcohol‐related group (group A) and a non–alcohol‐related group (group NA).

METHODS

A total of 1207 patients with newly diagnosed HCC were prospectively included between May 2008 and October 2009. Patients with multiple causes (alcohol plus another cause) were excluded. Patients were followed every year for 5 years. Recorded variables, including etiologies were tested as prognostic factors of survival in a multivariate Cox model after adjustments for a lead‐time bias.

RESULTS

In all, 894 patients were analyzed: 582 (65.1%) were in group A, and 312 (34.9%) were in group NA. Alcohol‐related HCC was more likely to be diffuse and detected in patients with a worse performance status and worse liver function. After adjustments for a lead‐time bias, the median overall survival (OS) was 9.7 and 5.7 months in groups NA and A, respectively (P = .0002), and 5.8 and 5.0 months in alcohol‐abstinent and alcohol non‐abstinent groups, respectively (P = .09). The prognostic role of alcohol disappeared when survival was assessed at each Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage. Patients with HCC detected during a cirrhosis follow‐up program (n = 199 [22.3% of the whole cohort]) had increased lead time–adjusted median OS in comparison with patients with HCC diagnosed incidentally (11.7 vs 5.4 months; P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In comparison with patients with non–alcohol‐related HCC, patients with alcohol‐related HCC have reduced OS, mainly because of worse liver function and tumor characteristics at diagnosis, as attested by similar survival within each BCLC stage. Cancer 2018;124:1964‐72. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Recent trends in machine learning for human activity recognition—A survey
Authors: Ramasamy Ramamurthy Sreenivasan , Roy Nirmalya
Published: March 2018

There has been an upsurge recently in investigating machine learning techniques for activity recognition (AR) problems as they have been very effective in extracting and learning knowledge from the activity datasets. The technique ranges from heuristically derived hand‐crafted feature‐based traditional machine learning algorithms to the recently developed hierarchically self‐evolving feature‐based deep learning algorithms. AR continues to remain a challenging problem in uncontrolled smart environments despite the amount of work contributed by the researcher in this field. The complex, volatile, and chaotic nature of the activity data presents numerous challenges that influence the performance of the AR systems in the wild. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of recent machine learning and data mining techniques generally employed for AR and the underpinning problems and challenges associated with the existing systems. We also articulate the recent advances and state‐of‐the‐art techniques in this domain in an attempt to identify the possible directions for future AR research.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Science and Technology

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Technologies > Machine Learning

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining
From shallow feature learning to deep learning: Benefits from the width and depth of deep architectures
Authors: Zhong Guoqiang , Ling Xiao , Wang Li‐Na
Published: March 2018

Since Pearson developed principal component analysis (PCA) in 1901, feature learning (or called representation learning) has been studied for more than 100 years. During this period, many “shallow” feature learning methods have been proposed based on various learning criteria and techniques, until the popular deep learning research in recent years. In this advanced review, we describe the historical profile of the shallow feature learning research and introduce the important developments of the deep learning models. Particularly, we survey the deep architectures with benefits from the optimization of their width and depth, as these models have achieved new records in many applications, such as image classification and object detection. Finally, several interesting directions of deep learning are presented and briefly discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Reallabore als Quelle für die Methodik transdisziplinären und transformativen Forschens – eine Einführung
Authors: Defila Rico , Di Giulio Antonietta
Published: March 2018

Der Beitrag erläutert Kontext, Ziel, Entstehung und Aufbau des Buchs. Dessen Hintergrund bilden forschungspraktische Erfahrungen in Reallaboren, d. h. in Projekten, in denen transdisziplinär geforscht und gleichzeitig ein transformativer Anspruch verfolgt wird. Zu Beginn des Beitrags werden Kriterien vorgeschlagen, die erlauben, das Format Reallabor aus dem Kontext der Nachhaltigkeit herauszulösen, ohne es für beliebige Ziele zu öffnen. Der Hauptteil ist Fragen gewidmet, die von generellem Interesse sein dürften für solche Forschung innerhalb und außerhalb von Reallaboren: (1) Wer sind die an transdisziplinärer (und transformativer) Forschung partizipierenden Akteure? (2) Wie innovativ sind die bei einer solchen Forschung eingesetzten Methoden? (3) Können die Forschungsziele und die Praxisziele bei dieser Art Forschung ausbalanciert werden? Den Schluss bilden Überlegungen dazu, was sich aus den Erfahrungen in Reallaboren für die transdisziplinäre (und transformative) Forschung lernen lässt mit Blick auf das Verständnis von Partizipation und auf die Entwicklung von Methoden.
Der Weg zum Realexperiment – Schlüsselakteure identifizieren, Kooperationsstrukturen aufbauen, Projektideen auswählen
Authors: Puttrowait Eric , Dietz Raphael , Gantert Marius , Heynold Johannes
Published: March 2018

Im Beitrag wird ein Vorgehen vorgestellt, das sich dazu eignet, einen partizipativen Findungs- und Auswahlprozess für Realexperimente durchzuführen. Ein solches Vorgehen bietet sich insbesondere dann an, wenn zunächst ein breites Ideen-Spektrum für Realexperimente gesammelt werden soll, um aus diesen Ideen in einem kompetitiven Verfahren die aussichtsreichsten zur Umsetzung auszuwählen. Drei aufeinander aufbauende Veranstaltungen zur Findung und Auswahl von Realexperimenten werden im Detail und in ihrer Verbindung zur universitären Lehre beschrieben. Für die Auswahl der Realexperimente wird eine unabhängige Jury eingesetzt, deren Arbeit und Einbindung ebenfalls erläutert werden. Das präsentierte Vorgehen basiert auf den Erfahrungen aus einem Reallabor, in dem mobilitätsbezogene Realexperimente entwickelt und durchgeführt wurden. Es eignet sich insbesondere für Forschungsthemen im Bereich des gesellschaftlichen Wandels zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit mit einem Fokus auf soziale Praktiken oder Konsumverhalten. Es zielt auf die enge Kooperation mit und das Empowerment von zivilgesellschaftlichen Praxisakteuren sowie den Aufbau transdisziplinärer Netzwerke und Kooperationsstrukturen ab.
Mit einer Realexperimentreihe Impulse für soziale Innovationen setzen – Realexperimente initiieren, begleiten und beforschen
Authors: Trenks Helena , Waitz Colette , Meyer-Soylu Sarah , Parodi Oliver
Published: March 2018

Der Beitrag präsentiert ein Vorgehen zum Aufbau einer Realexperimentreihe. Eine solche Reihe besteht aus mehreren zeitgleich laufenden Realexperimenten, die in einem definierten räumlichen Kontext stattfinden. Die Realexperimente gehen auf Ideen und Initiativen zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure zurück, die mittels eines offenen Ideenwettbewerbs eingeholt werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie Gruppen aus Bürger(inne)n, die eigene Projekte mit experimentellem Charakter planen, initiiert und aktiviert werden können. Die Realexperimente, auf die bei diesem Vorgehen fokussiert wird, sollen einen Mehrwert für die Gemeinschaft haben und im Projektverlauf für weitere Interessierte offen sein. Es wird beschrieben, wie Partnerschaften aufgebaut und Akteure beim Aufbau einer Kooperation unterstützt werden können. Außerdem wird erklärt, wie die ausgewählten Realexperimente begleitet und beforscht werden können. Der Beitrag wendet sich sowohl an Wissenschaftler(innen), die ein Reallabor betreiben, als auch an Praxisakteure, die Realexperimente durchführen und begleiten oder beforschen möchten. Die zeitgleiche Durchführung mehrerer Realexperimente in einer Realexperimentreihe erlaubt Synergieeffekte zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen.
Zwischen Wunsch und Wirkung – Ein transdisziplinärer Visionsworkshop mit Bürgerinnen und Bürgern
Authors: Alcántara Sophia , Arnold Annika , Lindner Doris , Busch Sigrid , Dietz Raphael , Friedrich Markus , Ritz Charlotte , Sonnberger Marco
Published: March 2018

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Workshopkonzept zur transdisziplinären Entwicklung von Zukunftsvisionen vorgestellt, bei dem Bürger(innen) einbezogen werden. Eine Reihe ineinandergreifender Schritte führt zu Vorstellungen einer wünschenswerten Zukunft, in die sowohl qualitative Visionen wie auch deren modellierte und visualisierte Auswirkungen einfließen. In einem ersten Schritt formulieren Bürger(innen), die am Workshop teilnehmen, auf Grundlage ihres Wissens Visionen einer wünschenswerten Zukunft. Diese werden in einem nächsten Schritt von Wissenschaftler(innen) zu Szenarien verdichtet, indem ihre Auswirkungen modelliert und bildlich übersetzt werden, so dass anschließend die räumlichen und sozialen Auswirkungen dieser verdichteten Visionen diskutiert werden können. Das Vorgehen eignet sich insbesondere für die Bearbeitung von Themen, zu denen eine hohe Meinungsvielfalt herrscht und die eng mit kommunaler Gestaltung verknüpft sind, wie bspw. die zukünftige Gestaltung der Mobilität oder Energieinfrastruktur einer Stadt. Das Vorgehen ist darauf ausgerichtet, Transformationsprozesse anzuregen, Wissen für Transformationsprozesse bereitzustellen und gemeinsames soziales Lernen zu fördern.
„Wissen to Go“ – Transdisziplinär-transformative Lehre als „Reallabor im Kleinen“
Authors: West Christina
Published: March 2018

Das im Beitrag beschriebene transdisziplinär-transformative Lehr- und Forschungsformat „Wissen to Go“ verfolgt mehrere Ziele: Studierende sollen sich zum einen wissenschaftliche Grundlagen erarbeiten z. B. über Arten des Wissens und Modi der Wissensproduktion für eine (nachhaltige) Transformation. Zum anderen sollen Studierende befähigt werden, selbstständig transdisziplinär-transformative Forschung zu planen und umzusetzen, von der Konzeption der Forschungsfragen über die Gewinnung von Praxispartnern bis hin zur eigenständigen Durchführung und Auswertung von Realexperimenten/Interventionen. „Wissen to Go“ ist als „Reallabor im Kleinen“ konzipiert und durch experimentelles Arbeiten, hohe Reflexionsanforderungen, eigenmotiviertes Forschen und Lernen sowie Teamleistung charakterisiert. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie Dozierende vorgehen können, um eine entsprechende Lehrveranstaltung umzusetzen und die Studierenden dabei zu unterstützen, sich kritisch-kreativ mit Wissensbeständen auseinanderzusetzen, ihre Improvisationsfähigkeiten auszubauen und Verantwortung wahrzunehmen. Die Veranstaltung ist auch für Dozierende ein Experiment mit unvorhersehbarem Ausgang.
Der Partizipationsmythos „Partizipation in Reallaboren ist per se transparent und muss es auch sein“
Authors: Quint Alexandra , Alcántara Sophia , Seebacher Andreas
Published: March 2018

Ein Partizipationsmythos ist ein Komplex von individuellen und kollektiven Vorstellungen über Partizipation, die sich unter den Akteuren eines Reallabors als unhinterfragte Erwartungshaltung hartnäckig halten und – ohne ausreichende Evidenz – Entscheidungen (mit) beeinflussen. Der Kurz-Beitrag erörtert den Mythos, Partizipation in der Forschung müsse, analog zur gesellschaftspolitisch-planerischen Partizipation, immer transparent sein, so dass immer alle über alles informiert sind. Er zeigt, dass dies nicht nur unmöglich wäre, sondern manchmal sogar die Zusammenarbeit behindern würde. Im Buch werden zudem der Partizipationsmythos allumfassender Beteiligung sowie der Partizipationsmythos unerlässlicher Repräsentativität diskutiert.
Leitfragen für die Gestaltung von Partizipationsprozessen in Reallaboren
Authors: Eckart Jochen , Ley Astrid , Häußler Elke , Erl Thorsten
Published: March 2018

Für den Kontext gesellschaftspolitisch-planerischer Partizipationsprozesse gibt es einen großen Erfahrungsschatz mit Blick auf Ziele, zu beteiligende Akteure, Instrumente, Abläufe und Erfolgsfaktoren. Im Beitrag wird diskutiert, welche Hinweise sich daraus gewinnen lassen für eine zielführende und qualitative Gestaltung von Partizipationsprozessen im spezifischen Kontext von Reallaboren. Mit anderen Worten: was lässt sich übertragen, was wäre für ein transdisziplinäres und transformatives Forschungsformat anzupassen? Ziel ist es, zur Reflexion und zum Diskurs anzuregen. Die Diskussion zur Gestaltung von Partizipationsprozessen im Rahmen von Reallaboren wird durch vier Leitfragen strukturiert: (1) Was sind Erfolgsfaktoren für Partizipationsprozesse in Reallaboren? (2) Was sind Beteiligungsgegenstand und Beteiligungsziele im Reallabor, die sich in unterschiedlicher Gewichtung aus Forschungs-, Praxis- und Bildungszielen ergeben? (3) Welche Akteure sollten in die Partizipation in Reallaboren eingebunden werden und welche Interessen haben diese? (4) Wie kann der Ablauf eines Partizipationsprozesses im Reallabor aussehen und wie werden externe und interne Herausforderungen berücksichtigt?
Der Partizipationsmythos „Partizipation in Reallaboren muss repräsentativ sein“
Authors: Alcántara Sophia , Quint Alexandra , Seebacher Andreas
Published: March 2018

Ein Partizipationsmythos ist ein Komplex von individuellen und kollektiven Vorstellungen über Partizipation, die sich unter den Akteuren eines Reallabors als unhinterfragte Erwartungshaltung hartnäckig halten – und ohne ausreichende Evidenz – Entscheidungen (mit) beeinflussen. Der Kurz-Beitrag erörtert den Mythos, Partizipation in der Forschung müsse immer repräsentativ sein und Repräsentativität bedeute dabei immer das (statistische) Abbilden der Gesellschaft. Zudem zeigt er auf, wie Vorstellungen über Partizipation mit demokratietheoretischen Ansätzen zusammenhängen. Im Buch werden zudem der Partizipationsmythos vollständiger Transparenz sowie der Partizipationsmythos allumfassender Beteiligung diskutiert.
Spiked monopoles
Authors: Evslin Jarah
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We introduce the spiked monopole, which is a ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole with two charged scalar Higgs fields, of which one enjoys a quartic self-interaction. The free Higgs field behaves as in a BPS monopole, reducing the inter-monopole repulsion. The other Higgs has a spiked profile similar to a non-BPS monopole. Using the methods from numerical relativity recently adapted to the Yang-Mills-Higgs theory by Vachaspati, we simulate the interactions of such monopoles. During the long lifetime of these simulations the individual monopoles are stable. We find that they are always repulsive, with a small repulsion only when the interaction Higgs VEV is proportionately small. We briefly comment on implications for giant monopole dark matter models and on supermassive black hole seeding by the spikes.
Extremal tunneling and Anti-de Sitter instantons
Authors: Aalsma Lars , van der Schaar Jan Pieter
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We rederive and extend the amplitude for charged spherical shells tunneling through the outer horizon of charged black holes. In particular, we explicitly confirm that an effective action approach with natural initial conditions for a spherical shell, including backreaction, reduces to the tunneling integral. Consequently, we establish a universal expression for the probability of emission in terms of the change in the horizon entropy. Notably, the result for the charged black hole also captures the superradiant regime of charged particle decay at low energies. We then explore an appropriately regulated extremal and near-horizon limit, relating the tunneling amplitude to a family of gravitational instantons in the near-horizon Anti-de Sitter geometry, reducing to the known result for AdS2 domain walls to leading order in the probe limit. We comment on the relation to the Weak Gravity Conjecture and the conjectured instability of (non-supersymmetric) Anti-de Sitter vacua.
Newborn screening for Pompe disease: impact on families
Authors: Pruniski B. , Lisi E. , Ali N.
Published: March 2018

Pompe disease (PD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder causing progressive glycogen accumulation in muscles, with variability in age of onset and severity. For infantile‐onset PD (IOPD), initiation of early treatment can be life‐saving; however, current newborn screening (NBS) technology cannot distinguish IOPD from late‐onset PD (LOPD) without clinical workup. Therefore, families of LOPD infants diagnosed by NBS may now spend years or even decades aware of their illness before symptoms appear, creating a pre‐symptomatic awareness phase with which the medical community has little experience. The present study examines the effects of receiving a positive NBS result for PD on families. In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with mothers of nine children (three IOPD and six LOPD) diagnosed via NBS, exploring their experiences, understanding of PD, how they are coping, and what impact diagnosis is having on family life. Interviews were coded using MaxQDA v.12 and analyzed for thematic trends. While overall opinion of NBS was favorable, it is clear many of the concerns anticipated by HCPs, patients, and families regarding NBS for late‐onset LSDs are being realized to varying degrees; LOPD families are becoming patients‐in‐waiting. Increased fear/anxiety and living with uncertainty (regarding diagnosis, their children's future, and when to start treatment) were predominant themes, with all families voicing considerable emotional reactions and varied social and healthcare support concerns. Coping strategies and psychosocial challenges are interpreted using Rolland & Williams’ Family Systems Genetic Illness model. Recommendations for improvement in delivery of service, as well as families’ advice for future parents and HCPs, are discussed.
Expression of the long non‐coding RNA H19 and MALAT‐1 in growth hormone‐secreting pituitary adenomas and its relationship to tumor behavior
Authors: Lu Tianyu , Yu Chen , Ni Hongbin , Liang Weibang , Yan Huiying , Jin Wei
Published: March 2018

Aggressive growth hormone‐secreting pituitary adenomas (GHPAs) represent an important clinical problem in patients with acromegaly. Surgical therapy, although often the mainstay of treatment for GHPAs, is less effective in aggressive GHPAs due to their invasive and destructive growth patterns, and their proclivity for infrasellar invasion. LncRNAs are important players in cancer development and emerging in various fundamental biological processes. In the present study, qRT‐PCR was performed to examine the expression of lncRNA H19 and MALAT‐1 in invasive and non‐invasive GHPAs. Our results revealed that the expression of lncRNA H19 was remarkably higher in invasive GHPAs, however, there was no significant differences between the expression of lncRNA MALAT‐1 in invasive GHPAs and non‐invasive GHPAs, suggesting that lncRNA H19 may play an important role in GHPA invasion. LncRNA H19 might be a target for the study of GHPAs invasion, and a potential index for the diagnosis or prognosis of GHPAs.
A case of Pitt‐hopkins Syndrome with de novo mutation in TCF4: Clinical features and treatment for epilepsy
Authors: Liu Yedan , Guo Ya , Liu Peipei , Li Fei , Yang Chengqing , Song Jie , Hu Jingfei , Xin Dandan , Chen Zongbo
Published: March 2018

Pitt‐Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), belonging to the group of 18q‐syndromes, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in TCF4. PTHS is characterized by distinctive facial appearance, intermittent hyperventilation, intellectual disability and developmental delay. Although patients with PTHS generally have various systemic symptoms, most of them with a TCF4 mutation manifest the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We described the first Chinese case with Pitt‐Hopkins syndrome based on clinical presentations and genetic findings. In addition to the typical features of PTHS, the girl also had paroxysms of tachypnea followed by cyanosis and recurrent seizures. Comprehensive medical examinations were performed including metabolic screening, hepatic and renal function evaluation, abdominal and cardiac ultrasounds. The presence of epileptic discharges in electroencephalography and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging were found. High‐throughput sequencing was used to detect genetic mutations associated with CNS disorders. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutations in the patient. The c.2182C＞T (p.Arg728Ter) mutation was a de novo nonsense mutation at exon 18 in the TCF4 gene of the patient. In conclusion, we have identified a de novo nonsense mutation of TCF4 carried by a Chinese girl with PTHS. The patient underwent anti‐epileptic therapy (sodium valproate, levetiracetam, clonazepam), resulting in a reduction of the seizures.
Prevalence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele in amyloid β positive subjects across the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mattsson Niklas , Groot Colin , Jansen Willemijn J. , Landau Susan M. , Villemagne Victor L. , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Mintun Mark M. , Lleo Alberto , Molinuevo José Luis , Jagust William J. , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Ivanoiu Adrian , Chételat Gaël , Resende de Oliveira Catarina , Rodrigue Karen M. , Kornhuber Johannes , Wallin Anders , Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec Aleksandra , Kandimalla Ramesh , Popp Julius , Aalten Pauline P. , Aarsland Dag , Alcolea Daniel , Almdahl Ina S. , Baldeiras Inês , van Buchem Mark A. , Cavedo Enrica , Chen Kewei , Cohen Ann D. , Förster Stefan , Fortea Juan , Frederiksen Kristian S. , Freund‐Levi Yvonne , Gill Kiran Dip , Gkatzima Olymbia , Grimmer Timo , Hampel Harald , Herukka Sanna‐Kaisa , Johannsen Peter , van Laere Koen , de Leon Mony J. , Maier Wolfgang , Marcusson Jan , Meulenbroek Olga , Møllergård Hanne M. , Morris John C. , Mroczko Barbara , Nordlund Arto , Prabhakar Sudesh , Peters Oliver , Rami Lorena , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Eloy , Roe Catherine M. , Rüther Eckart , Santana Isabel , Schröder Johannes , Seo Sang W. , Soininen Hilkka , Spiru Luiza , Stomrud Erik , Struyfs Hanne , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Verhey Frans R.J. , Vos Stephanie J.B. , van Waalwijk van Doorn Linda J.C. , Waldemar Gunhild , Wallin Åsa K. , Wiltfang Jens , Vandenberghe Rik , Brooks David J. , Fladby Tormod , Rowe Christopher C. , Drzezga Alexander , Verbeek Marcel M. , Sarazin Marie , Wolk David A. , Fleisher Adam S. , Klunk William E. , Na Duk L. , Sánchez‐Juan Pascual , Lee Dong Young , Nordberg Agneta , Tsolaki Magda , Camus Vincent , Rinne Juha O. , Fagan Anne M. , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Rabinovici Gil D. , Hansson Oskar , van Berckel Bart N.M. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Scheltens Philip , Visser Pieter Jelle , Ossenkoppele Rik
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its prevalence is unclear because earlier studies did not require biomarker evidence of amyloid β (Aβ) pathology.

Methods

We included 3451 Aβ+ subjects (853 AD‐type dementia, 1810 mild cognitive impairment, and 788 cognitively normal). Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess APOE ε4 prevalence in relation to age, sex, education, and geographical location.

Results

The APOE ε4 prevalence was 66% in AD‐type dementia, 64% in mild cognitive impairment, and 51% in cognitively normal, and it decreased with advancing age in Aβ+ cognitively normal and Aβ+ mild cognitive impairment (P < .05) but not in Aβ+ AD dementia (P = .66). The prevalence was highest in Northern Europe but did not vary by sex or education.

Discussion

The APOE ε4 prevalence in AD was higher than that in previous studies, which did not require presence of Aβ pathology. Furthermore, our results highlight disease heterogeneity related to age and geographical location.
Designing for Policy Effectiveness
Authors: Peters B. Guy , Capano Giliberto , Howlett Michael , Mukherjee Ishani , Chou Meng-Hsuan , Ravinet Pauline
Published: March 2018

The field of policy studies has always been interested in analyzing and improving the sets of policy tools adopted by governments to correct policy problems, and better understanding and improving processes of policy analysis and policy formulation in order to do so. Past studies have helped clarify the role of historical processes, policy capacities and design intentions in affecting policy formulation processes, and more recently in understanding how the bundling of multiple policy elements together to meet policy goals can be better understood and done. While this work has progressed, however, the discussion of what goals policy designs should serve remains disjointed. Here it is argued that a central goal, in fact, 'the' central goal, of policy design is effectiveness. Effectiveness serves as the basic goal of any design, upon which is built other goals such as efficiency or equity.
On the relation between Gibbs and -measures
Authors: BERGHOUT STEVEN , FERNÁNDEZ ROBERTO , VERBITSKIY EVGENY
Published: March 2018

Thermodynamic formalism, the theory of equilibrium states, is studied both in dynamical systems and probability theory. Various closely related notions have been developed: e.g. Dobrushin–Lanford–Ruelle Gibbs, Bowen–Gibbs and $g$-measures. We discuss the relation between Gibbs and $g$-measures in a one-dimensional context. Often $g$-measures are also Gibbs, but recently an example to the contrary has been presented. In this paper we discuss exactly when a $g$-measure is Gibbs and how this relates to notions such as uniqueness and reversibility of $g$-measures.