bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salience network response to changes in emotional expressions of others is heightened during early adolescence: relevance for social functioning
Authors: Rosen Maya L. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Sambrook Kelly A. , Dennison Meg J. , Jenness Jessica L. , Askren Mary K. , Meltzoff Andrew N. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: May 2017

Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the salience of social and emotional information becomes particularly pronounced. Although this increased sensitivity to social and emotional information has frequently been considered with respect to risk behaviors and psychopathology, evidence suggests that increased adolescent sensitivity to social and emotional cues may confer advantages. For example, greater sensitivity to shifts in the emotions of others is likely to promote flexible and adaptive social behavior. In this study, a sample of 54 children and adolescents (age 8–19 years) performed a delayed match‐to‐sample task for emotional faces while undergoing fMRI scanning. Recruitment of the anterior cingulate and anterior insula when the emotion of the probe face did not match the emotion held in memory followed a quadratic developmental pattern that peaked during early adolescence. These findings indicate meaningful developmental variation in the neural mechanisms underlying sensitivity to changes in the emotional expressions. Across all participants, greater activation of this network for changes in emotional expression was associated with less social anxiety and fewer social problems. These results suggest that the heightened salience of social and emotional information during adolescence may confer important advantages for social behavior, providing sensitivity to others’ emotions that facilitates flexible social responding.
Auditory access, language access, and implicit sequence learning in deaf children
Authors: Hall Matthew L. , Eigsti Inge‐Marie , Bortfeld Heather , Lillo‐Martin Diane
Published: May 2017

Developmental psychology plays a central role in shaping evidence‐based best practices for prelingually deaf children. The Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis (Conway et al., 2009) asserts that a lack of auditory stimulation in deaf children leads to impoverished implicit sequence learning abilities, measured via an artificial grammar learning (AGL) task. However, prior research is confounded by a lack of both auditory and language input. The current study examines implicit learning in deaf children who were (Deaf native signers) or were not (oral cochlear implant users) exposed to language from birth, and in hearing children, using both AGL and Serial Reaction Time (SRT) tasks. Neither deaf nor hearing children across the three groups show evidence of implicit learning on the AGL task, but all three groups show robust implicit learning on the SRT task. These findings argue against the Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis, and suggest that implicit sequence learning may be resilient to both auditory and language deprivation, within the tested limits. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/EeqfQqlVHLI [Correction added on 07 August 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.]
Social cohesion in Rwanda: Results from a public good experiment
Authors: Stage Jesper , Uwera Claudine
Published: May 2017

We describe a public good experiment, a type of economic experiment commonly used to examine feelings of prosociality—that is, behaviour which is positive, helpful and intended to promote social acceptance and friendship—and community cohesion, carried out in Rwanda. Contributions in different parts of the country are affected by the local intensity of the 1994 genocide, with more generous contributions being made in areas where violence was greater. This supports earlier research indicating that conflict experience leads to greater prosociality. However, we also find that people who have not, themselves, been targets of violence give lower contributions than people who have. The considerable group‐related and regional differences in social behaviour may have implications for the country's policies to deal with social cohesion.
Differences among avocado cultivars in susceptibility to polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea spec.)
Authors: Eatough Jones Michele , Paine Timothy D.
Published: May 2017

Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) (Euwallacea spec.; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has recently invaded southern California, USA. Along with its associated fungi, the beetle causes branch dieback and tree mortality in more than 200 host tree species, including avocado (Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae) and many important native, urban landscape, and nursery stock trees. As PSHB spreads into the avocado‐growing regions of southern California, there is a pressing need for more information for effective management of the insect/fungus complex. The objective of this study was to examine avocado cultivars to see whether there were differences in susceptibility to attack and gallery development from PSHB. We conducted choice and no‐choice trials with cut branches in the laboratory, artificially infested avocado saplings with PSHB, and also surveyed attack rates for two cultivars of field‐grown avocado subject to natural attack by PSHB. Laboratory and field trials showed similar patterns for preference among avocado cultivars indicated by beetle attack rates and gallery formation. Among the common commercial cultivars, Fuerte, Gwen, and Bacon most often had lower attack rates and lower rates of gallery formation. Zutano most frequently indicated high attack rates and much gallery formation, indicating that it may be the most susceptible to PHSB of the commercial cultivars.
Fitness‐related offspring sex allocation of Anastatus disparis, a gypsy moth egg parasitoid, on different‐sized host species
Authors: Liu Peng‐Cheng , Men Jin , Zhao Bin , Wei Jian‐Rong
Published: May 2017

Anastatus disparis (Ruschka) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is an egg parasitoid and considered a potential biological control agent of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Only male offspring of A. disparis emerge from single eggs of L. dispar in the laboratory, and A. disparis exhibits low parasitism on L. dispar in the field. We therefore selected several lepidopteran species with various body sizes to evaluate the optimal egg size for hosting A. disparis. In addition, we explored whether the nutritional content of a single L. dispar egg influences the sex of A. disparis offspring and why female offspring can be reared from L. dispar eggs in the field. The results indicated that host egg size decisively influenced the body size and sex ratio of the parasitoid offspring. Therefore, larger hosts, especially the largest eggs of Antheraea pernyi Guérin‐Méneville (Saturniidae), might increase the fitness of A. disparis females. Lymantria dispar eggs concealed in the larger egg shell of A. pernyi produced female A. disparis, suggesting that adult A. disparis should prefer hosts with larger bodies and that the nutritional content of L. dispar eggs did not play a decisive role in the sex allocation of A. disparis. The results also indicated that the egg mass and the fur cover of L. dispar egg masses might be the key factors inducing female A. disparis to lay female offspring in L. dispar eggs.
Density estimation and optimal sterile‐to‐wild ratio to induce sterility in Anastrepha obliqua populations
Authors: Flores Salvador , Gómez‐Escobar Enoc , Liedo Pablo , Toledo Jorge , Montoya Pablo
Published: May 2017

We aimed to estimate population densities of Anastrepha obliqua (McQuart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from trap data by releasing known numbers of sterile adults into mango orchards, and to determine sterility induction through the use of different sterile‐to‐wild ratios in field cages. Population densities were monitored with Multilure traps baited with hydrolysed protein (Captor 300) or BioLure during dry and rainy seasons. There was a positive relationship between the release density of sterile flies and the number of flies trapped per day (FTD index) for both attractants and in both seasons. Captor was the most effective lure. Traps baited with either attractant captured significantly fewer adult flies in the dry season than in the rainy season. A 10:1 sterile:wild ratio induced around 80% sterility in A. obliqua cohorts. No significant differences were observed when comparing the release of both males and females vs. only males. These findings can support area‐wide integrated pest management programs for application of the sterile insect technique to suppress or eradicate this fruit fly pest.
Aphid orientation and performance in glasshouses under different UV‐A/UV‐B radiation regimes
Authors: Dáder Beatriz , Moreno Aránzazu , Gwynn‐Jones Dylan , Winters Ana , Fereres Alberto
Published: May 2017

Visual cues leading to host selection and landing are of major importance for aphids and evidence suggests that flight activity is very dependent on ultraviolet (UV)‐A radiation in the environment. At the same time research on insect plant hosts suggest that the UV‐B component can deter some pests via changes in secondary metabolite chemistry. Here, we examine the potential of UV (UV‐A/UV‐B) radiation to control insect pests in the glasshouse environment. We first examined artificial exposure to UV‐B and the potential to trigger morphological and biochemical modifications in pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) with implications for the fitness of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). UV‐B caused accumulation of leaf secondary metabolites and soluble carbohydrates, and stimulated photosynthetic pigments. However, UV‐B did not impact on foliar protein content and aphid performance was unaffected. Next, we studied how altering the UV‐A/UV‐B ratio environment affected aphid orientation and spatial distribution over time, either directly or by exposing plants to supplemental UV before insect introduction. Aphids directly settled and dispersed on their host pepper plants more readily in the presence of supplemental UV‐A and UV‐B. In the control treatment with ambient glasshouse UV‐A and UV‐B, insects remained more aggregated. Furthermore, insects were less attracted to peppers pre‐exposed to supplemental UV‐A and UV‐B radiation. Our results suggest that suppression of UV‐A and UV‐B inside the protected environment reduces aphid colonization and dispersal. Furthermore, application of moderate exposure of young pepper plants to supplemental UV‐B radiation could aid in protection from the colonization by phytophagous insects.
Postictal generalized EEG suppression and respiratory dysfunction following generalized tonic–clonic seizures in sleep and wakefulness
Authors: Peng Weifeng , Danison Jessica L. , Seyal Masud
Published: May 2017

Objective

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a common cause of death in epilepsy and frequently occurs following generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS) in sleep. Postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES), postictal immobility, and periictal respiratory dysfunction are potential risk factors for SUDEP. We sought to determine whether there was a difference in respiratory dysfunction, PGES, and postictal immobility for GTCS occurring during wakefulness or sleep.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed video‐EEG telemetry data in the epilepsy‐monitoring unit. Patients’ state at seizure onset and seizure characteristics were identified. Respiratory parameters and heart rate were recorded. Presence and duration of PGES and time to first postictal nonrespiratory movement were recorded.

Results

There were 165 seizures in 67 patients. There was no significant difference in the duration of postictal immobility in GTCS occurring out of wakefulness or sleep (p = 0.280). Oxygen desaturation nadir (p = 0.572) and duration of oxygen desaturation were not significantly different for GTCS starting during sleep or wakefulness (p = 0.992). PGES occurred more frequently when seizure onset was in sleep than in wakefulness (p = 0.004; odds ratio [OR] 2.760). There was no difference in the duration of PGES between the two groups.

Significance

PGES occurs more commonly after GTCS in sleep than in wakefulness but, in the epilepsy‐monitoring unit (EMU), a patient's state at seizure onset does not affect the degree of respiratory dysfunction or duration of postictal immobility. In sleep, outside the hospital setting, GTCS are likely to go unnoticed. Postictal immobility in prone patients prevents head repositioning and unimpeded air exchange. A positive feedback cycle ensues with increasing respiratory distress, potentiating postictal immobility and PGES and eventually leading to asystole. Our findings suggest that the high incidence of nocturnal SUDEP may be related to the unsupervised environment during sleep rather than the severity of sleep‐related respiratory dysfunction or PGES duration in the immediate postictal period.
Cacna1g is a genetic modifier of epilepsy in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Calhoun Jeffrey D. , Hawkins Nicole A. , Zachwieja Nicole J. , Kearney Jennifer A.
Published: May 2017

Dravet syndrome, an early onset epileptic encephalopathy, is most often caused by de novo mutation of the neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel gene SCN1A. Mouse models with deletion of Scn1a recapitulate Dravet syndrome phenotypes, including spontaneous generalized tonic–clonic seizures, susceptibility to seizures induced by elevated body temperature, and elevated risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Importantly, the epilepsy phenotype of Dravet mouse models is highly strain‐dependent, suggesting a strong influence of genetic modifiers. We previously identified Cacna1g, encoding the Cav3.1 subunit of the T‐type calcium channel family, as an epilepsy modifier in the Scn2aQ54 transgenic epilepsy mouse model. In this study, we asked whether transgenic alteration of Cacna1g expression modifies severity of the Scn1a+/− Dravet phenotype. Scn1a+/− mice with decreased Cacna1g expression showed partial amelioration of disease phenotypes with improved survival and reduced spontaneous seizure frequency. However, reduced Cacna1g expression did not alter susceptibility to hyperthermia‐induced seizures. Transgenic elevation of Cacna1g expression had no effect on the Scn1a+/− epilepsy phenotype. These results provide support for Cacna1g as a genetic modifier in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome and suggest that Cav3.1 may be a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in patients.
Institutional Implications of the Rise of a Debt‐Based Monetary Regime in Europe
Authors: Losada Fernando
Published: May 2017

This article deals with the institutional implications for the European Union resulting from debt relations. It suggests that despite original efforts to tame them, as a consequence of a series of events both in the international monetary order and the European integration process, power games lying behind debt relations have finally sprouted – with special virulence after the great recession. Although the causes have been brewing for a long time (in this regard the end of the monetary order established at Bretton Woods and the liberalisation of capital movements have been key factors), it is only in the post‐economic crisis context that concrete examples of debt‐based power games are observable in the institutional system. In hindsight, a line can actually be drawn tracing a transformation in the principle underlying EU constitutional law and its institutions: from promoting equality among its Member States to reflecting their (now persistent and increasingly divergent) economic power.
Comparison of aloe vera and omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome
Authors: Bush J. , van den Boom R. , Franklin S.
Published: May 2017

Background

Anecdotally, aloe vera is used to treat gastric ulceration, although no studies have yet investigated its efficacy in horses.

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that aloe vera would be noninferior to omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome.

Study design

Randomised, blinded clinical trial.

Methods

Forty horses with grade ≥2 lesions of the squamous and/or glandular mucosa were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Horses received either aloe vera inner leaf gel (17.6 mg/kg bwt) b.i.d. or omeprazole (4 mg/kg bwt) s.i.d. for approximately 28 days, after which a repeat gastroscopic examination was performed to determine disease resolution. Horses with persistent lesions were offered a further 28 days of treatment with omeprazole (4 mg/kg bwt s.i.d.) and were re‐examined on completion of treatment.

Results

Efficacy analyses were based on 39 horses that completed the trial. Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) was observed in 38 horses; improvement and healing rates in these horses were 56% and 17%, respectively, in the aloe vera group, and 85% and 75%, respectively, in the omeprazole group. Healing was less likely to occur in horses with prolonged gastric emptying. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) was less common thanESGD(n = 14) and numbers were too small to perform meaningful statistical analyses. The hypothesis that aloe vera would be noninferior to omeprazole was not supported.

Main limitations

No placebo control group was included. Limited numbers preclude any comment on the efficacy of aloe vera in the treatment ofEGGD.

Conclusions

Treatment with aloe vera was inferior to treatment with omeprazole.
Lasting effects of early life stress in mice: interaction of maternal environment and infant genes
Authors: Feifel A. J. , Shair H. N. , Schmauss C.
Published: May 2017

In the mouse, a powerful paradigm of early life stress, infant maternal separation (IMS), can trigger emotional and cognitive dysfunctions in adulthood similar to those found in humans with a history of childhood adversity. The magnitude of IMS effects differs among diverse inbred strains suggesting an interaction between the genetic background of pups and the maternal care they received. Here, we investigated this interaction with studies on reciprocal F1 hybrid mice of the stress‐susceptible Balb/c and the resilient C57Bl/6 strains that were either raised by Balb/c mothers (low maternal care) or by C57Bl/6 mothers (higher maternal care) with or without IMS exposure. The ultrasonic vocalization response to isolation was recorded from infant F1 pups, and their emotional, executive cognitive and epigenetic phenotypes were assessed in adulthood. These studies showed that, regardless of the maternal care received, the emotional phenotype of F1 hybrids was not significantly affected by IMS exposure. However, F1 pups raised by Balb/c (but not C57Bl/6) mothers during IMS exposure exhibit deficits in working memory and attention‐set‐shifting in adulthood. They also exhibit reduced histone deacetylase 1 levels at promotors of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and early growth response 2 genes, and abnormally high induction of expression of these genes during cognitive testing. As one of affected genes was previously shown to associate with the Balb/c and the other with the C57Bl/6 genetic background, these findings indicate that both parental alleles interact with the maternal environment to modulate the cognitive and epigenetic phenotypes of F1 mice exposed to the IMS.
Pervasive yet nonuniform contributions of Dcp2 and Cnot7 to maternal mRNA clearance in zebrafish
Authors: Mishima Yuichiro , Tomari Yukihide
Published: May 2017

mRNA degradation is a fundamental biological process that erases transcribed genetic information from cells. During maternal‐to‐zygotic transition of animal development, thousands of maternal mRNAs are degraded by multiple mechanisms including microRNAs and codon‐mediated decay. Enzymatic requirements for maternal mRNA clearance, however, are not fully understood. Here, we analyzed a contribution of the decapping enzyme Dcp2 to maternal mRNA clearance in zebrafish by over‐expressing catalytically inactive Dcp2 and performing RNA‐seq analysis. As expected, Dcp2 had a widespread role in maternal mRNA clearance. Interestingly, each mRNA showed differential dependency on Dcp2‐mediated decapping and Cnot7‐mediated deadenylation for degradation. Correlation analysis identified several mRNA features that were associated with the observed differential dependency. Our results show pervasive yet nonuniform contributions of the decapping enzyme Dcp2 and the deadenylase Cnot7 to maternal mRNA clearance.
Physical–Mechanical characterization of cosmetic formulations and correlation between instrumental measurements and sensorial properties
Authors: Calixto L. S. , Maia Campos P. M. B. G.
Published: May 2017

Objective

The correct choice of raw materials in the development of cosmetic formulations is essential for obtaining stable and pleasant skin care products. Therefore, rheological, texture and sensory analyses are important to understand the behaviour and stability of the formulations. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop cosmetic formulations containing or not (vehicle) UV filters and chicory root extract, to evaluate their stability as well as to characterize their physical and texture properties and correlate them with the sensory attributes.

Methods

Four formulations containing organic UV filters and chicory extract, each alone or in combination, were developed and evaluated for 180 days with a cone and plate rheometer, a texture analyzer and consumer's sensorial analysis. Thus, the data obtained were correlated to observe the different influences.

Results

The developed formulations remained stable after 180 days regarding macroscopic aspects, organoleptic characteristics and pH values. The addition of the UV filters alone and in combination with the active substance resulted in significant increases in rheology properties, viscosity and consistency. The formulation with the active ingredient showed significant decreases in the texture parameters after 180 days, mainly due to its polysaccharide inulin. All formulations obtained high scores in sensorial parameters. A strong correlation was mainly found between spreadability and work of shear, and between the texture parameters.

Conclusion

The raw materials strongly influenced the physical, texture and sensorial parameters. Finally, the UV filters showed a greater influence on the results of the formulations than the chicory root extract. In conclusion, the association of the mentioned methods allows the correct choice of ingredients and their combinations.
WELFARE ANALYSIS OF THE VEHICLE QUOTA SYSTEM IN CHINA
Authors: Xiao Junji , Zhou Xiaolan , Hu Wei‐Min
Published: May 2017

This article presents a welfare analysis of the vehicle quota system of Shanghai, China. The empirical findings suggest that the quota system leads to both welfare loss as a result of reduction in vehicle transactions and welfare gain because of less externality of auto consumption. The net effect depends on the shadow price of the marginal externality, the assumption of vehicle lifetime, and market conditions such as consumers' intrinsic preference for vehicles. Compared to a progressive tax system, the quota system is less effective in vehicle control but more efficient in improving social welfare.
Prevention of infectious complications after prostate biopsy procedure
Authors: Togo Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Shingo
Published: May 2017

Although febrile complications are rarely encountered after a prostate biopsy procedure, in recent years the number of cases of fatal infection after that have increased along with increases in resistant bacteria. The available biopsy approaches are transrectal and transperineal, with the transrectal approach primarily used. As the invasion path of the puncture needle differs between these approaches, pretreatment and the method of administration of preventive antimicrobial drugs should be separately considered for infection prevention. Recently, the Japanese guidelines for perioperative infection prevention in the field of urology were revised after receiving approval from the Japanese Urological Association. With use of the transrectal approach, attempts have been made to selectively administer prophylactic antibiotics by confirming the presence or absence of resistant bacteria in rectal swab culture results before carrying out a prostate biopsy procedure because of potential problems associated with resistant bacteria in rectal flora. For preventive antibiotics, a single dose of oral quinolone is recommended for patients with low risk, whereas daily administrations of piperacillin/tazobactam are recommended for those considered to be high risk. In contrast, for the transperineal procedure, a single dose of oral quinolone is recommended as a preventive antibiotic. With both approaches, it is important to empirically administer broad‐spectrum antimicrobials when occurrence of a febrile infection after a prostate biopsy procedure is confirmed.
Strategic framework improves access to stroke reperfusion across the state of Victoria Australia
Authors: Bray Janet E. , Denisenko Sonia , Campbell Bruce C. V. , Stephenson Michael , Muller Jason , Hocking Grant , Hand Peter J. , Bladin Christopher F.
Published: May 2017

Background

In 2010, rapid access to stroke thrombolysis centres was limited in some regional areas in the Australian state of Victoria. These results, and planning for endovascular clot retrieval (ECR), have led to the implementation of strategies by the Victorian Stroke Clinical Network, the Victorian Stroke Telemedicine Program and local health services to improve state‐wide access.

Aims

To examine whether access to stroke reperfusion services (thrombolysis and ECR) in regional Victoria have subsequently improved.

Methods

The locations of suspected stroke patients attended by ambulance in 2015 were mapped, and drive times to the nearest reperfusion services were calculated. We then calculated the proportion of cases with transport times within: (i) 60 min to thrombolysis centres; and (ii) 180 min to two ECR centres designated to receive regional patients. Statistical comparisons to existing 2010 data were made.

Results

In 2015, Ambulance Victoria attended 16 418 cases of suspected stroke (2.9% of all emergency calls), of whom 4597 (28%) were located in regional Victoria. Compared to 2010, a greater proportion of regional suspected stroke patients in 2015 were located within 60 min of a thrombolysis centre by road (77–95%, P < 0.001). A 3‐h road travel time to the two ECR centres is currently possible for 88% of regional patients.

Conclusion

A strategic and region‐specific approach has resulted in improved access by road transport to reperfusion therapies for stroke patients across Victoria.
Preparation of ferroelectric barium titanate through an energy effective solid state ultrasound assisted method
Authors: Rotaru Razvan , Peptu Cristian , Samoila Petrisor , Harabagiu Valeria
Published: May 2017

Barium titanate submicronic particles were prepared, for the first time, by a solid‐state reaction route, where the classical ball grinding/mixing and drying steps were replaced by ultrasonication and microwave assisted processes, respectively, resulting in significant reduction in both drying duration and temperature of the thermal treatment. The structure of the prepared samples was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction, while the morphology and particle size were followed by means of scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Dielectric properties were evaluated in the frequency range of 106‐10−2 Hz. The obtained results showed that the employed synthesis process leads to well‐defined tetragonal phase BaTiO3 particles with relatively high tetragonality and average particle diameter of around 500 nm. The study on the dielectric behavior reveals that the obtained materials are appropriate for applications as passive electronic elements. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ultrasonic treatment in the preparation of well‐defined perovskite‐like BaTiO3 particles by a solid‐state process.
Implications and alternatives of assigning climate data to geographical centroids
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Davis Charles C.
Published: May 2017

Aim

When precise coordinate data for training species distribution models (SDMs) are lacking, climatic variables are often assigned to centroids of geopolitically defined regions, frequently counties. This is problematic because approximations using centroids may not be representative of the regional climate or the locality from where species actually occur, thus leading to spurious conclusions. We evaluated county centroid climate versus simple alternatives for assigning climate to species observations in the absence of precise occurrence data.

Location

United States of America.

Methods

We assessed the disparity between the actual climate of all points within a county and metrics estimating county climate using the climate of geographical centroid, mean county climate and median county climate. To further evaluate the performance of these metrics, we generated SDMs of four common species using these estimates and compared the results with observed species distributions (red trillium, Pacific trillium, tall thistle and annual fleabane). Finally, we projected future ranges for annual fleabane to examine the difference in predicted range change between models.

Results

Mean and median climate metrics were significantly better fits for approximating the climate of specimen records than climate of the geographical centroid. Moreover, county mean climate SDMs were the most similar to SDMs using actual coordinate data. In contrast, models applying climate to county centroid significantly overpredicted species range. This had implications for future projections of annual fleabane SDMs: the county centroid model predicted a decrease in suitable habitats for this species while other models predicted an increase.

Main conclusions

County centroid climate, although commonly applied, is not suitable for SDMs as a means to approximate species climate when locality data are less precise. When only county level data are available, and more computationally intensive methods of accounting for spatial uncertainty cannot be readily implemented, we suggest considering mean county climate as an alternative.
Sundaland's east–west rain forest population structure: variable manifestations in four polytypic bird species examined using RAD‐Seq and plumage analyses
Authors: Lim Haw Chuan , Gawin Dency F. , Shakya Subir B. , Harvey Michael G. , Rahman Mustafa A. , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: May 2017

Aim

A current model of rain forest population diversification in Sundaland specifies east–west vicariance into refugia during the early Pleistocene. In some taxa, this division was followed by dispersal and apparent secondary contact on Borneo in the late Pleistocene. To investigate genetic, morphological, spatial and temporal characteristics of the model, we compared genomic population and plumage variation among four bird species with east–west mtDNA and plumage structure.

Location

Borneo and western Sundaland (Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula).

Methods

We quantified plumage patterns among populations of two muscicapids (Copsychus saularis and Kittacincla malabarica) and two timaliids (Mixornis gularis and Trichastoma malaccense), and compared them with population genetic patterns determined from (1) SNPs produced by RAD‐Seq and (2) previously sequenced mtDNA.

Results

All four species exhibit east–west variation in morphological and some genetic characters, but patterns are idiosyncratic. Copsychus saularis’ mtDNA and plumage change gradually across Borneo, but RAD‐Seq comparisons indicate no population structure. In K. malabarica, all three characteristics change abruptly and concurrently on Borneo. In M. gularis, the main east–west break occurs between Borneo and western Sundaland, with marginal mtDNA, plumage and RAD‐Seq structure on Borneo. T. malaccense exhibits two distinct mtDNA and genomic transitions, an early Pleistocene break between western Sundaland and Borneo, and a Pliocene break between the north‐east and the rest of Borneo. Despite this deep genetic division, its plumage changes clinally across Borneo.

Main conclusions

MtDNA, plumage and RAD‐Seq patterns may vary depending on such factors as pre‐Pleistocene distribution, habitat requirements and dispersal propensity, differential introgression among the three character types, selection on plumage and phylogenetic relationships.
Lipopolysaccharide, a possible molecular mediator between periodontitis and coronary artery disease
Authors: Liljestrand John M. , Paju Susanna , Buhlin Kåre , Persson G. Rutger , Sarna Seppo , Nieminen Markku S. , Sinisalo Juha , Mäntylä Päivi , Pussinen Pirkko J.
Published: May 2017

Aim

We aimed to study how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in saliva and serum associates with each other, periodontal microbial burden, periodontitis and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Materials and methods

The used Parogene cohort comprised N = 505 Finnish adults. Coronary diagnosis was acquired by coronary angiography, and the main outcomes were as follows: no significant CAD (n = 123), stable CAD (n = 184) and acute coronary syndrome (n = 169). Periodontitis was defined according to clinical and radiographic examinations. Levels for 75 strains of subgingival bacteria were determined by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. Saliva and serum LPS activity was analysed by Limulus amebocyte lysate assay.

Results

The level of 11 bacterial strains, which were mainly oral and respiratory Gram‐negative species, associated with salivary LPS levels in an age‐ and gender‐adjusted linear regression. A total of 4.9% of the serum LPS, that is endotoxemia, variation was explainable by saliva LPS among patients with periodontitis (n = 247, R2 = .049, Pearson's r = .222, p < .001). Endotoxemia associated with stable CAD in a confounder adjusted multinomial logistic regression model (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.04–3.81, p = .039, 3rd tertile).

Conclusions

In particular in periodontitis patients, subgingival microbial burden contributes to endotoxemia. LPS is a possible molecular mediator between periodontitis and CAD.
Impact of excessive gingival display on oral health‐related quality of life in a Southern Brazilian young population
Authors: Antoniazzi Raquel P. , Fischer Luana de S. , Balbinot Carlos Eduardo A. , Antoniazzi Simone P. , Skupien Jovito A.
Published: May 2017

Aim

To compare oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) between individuals with and without excessive gingival display (EGD).

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 53 individuals with EGD and 53 controls matched for sex and age. The outcome was OHRQoL, determined using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) and self‐perceptions of satisfaction with smile aesthetics. A clinical examination was conducted to evaluate the smile line, colour of the teeth, tooth wear and malocclusion. Poisson regression was used to model the association between excessive gingival display and OHRQoL.

Results

Participants with EGD had higher total OHIP‐14 score (4.81 ± 4.76) in comparison with the controls (1.85 ± 3.77; p < .001). The percentage of satisfied with smile individuals without and with EGD was 78.9% and 21.1%, respectively (p = .005). In the multivariate analysis, total OHIP‐14 scores were 2.10‐fold higher individuals with EGD, independently of the other variables analysed. Impacts were evident on the functional limitation, psychological discomfort, psychological disability and social handicap.

Conclusions

The occurrence of EGD exerted a negative impact on OHRQoL independently of confounding variables in this specific population. The present findings justify the planning of treatment for individuals with EGD that impacts quality of life.
Association of salivary peroxidase activity and concentration with periodontal health: A validity study
Authors: Memarzadeh Zahedani Maral , Schwahn Christian , Baguhl Romy , Kocher Thomas , Below Harald , Welk Alexander
Published: May 2017

Aim

Whereas the relationship between myeloperoxidase and periodontitis has been widely examined that between salivary peroxidase and periodontitis has received little attention. We examined how periodontitis depends on both salivary peroxidase activity and concentration.

Materials and Methods

A full mouth, clinical assessment of probing depth was performed in a sample of 46 participants aged 25–54 years. To minimise bias, these data were corrected by data from the general population (Study of Health in Pomerania). Using five repeated measurements of activity and concentration over 1 day, we assessed daily biological variability and increased the reliability of salivary peroxidase measurements.

Results

Salivary peroxidase activity was associated with probing depth (interquartile range effect = −0.48; robust estimates of 95% confidence interval: −0.90 to −0.31; p = .0052), and its effect was not confounded by salivary peroxidase concentration. In turn, the effect of salivary peroxidase concentration was confounded by salivary peroxidase activity, and it was smaller than that of activity.

Conclusions

We found an inverse association between salivary peroxidase activity and probing depth. Thus, our results imply that salivary peroxidase activity could be a protective factor against periodontitis. However, large, well‐designed studies are needed to explore the causal mechanisms of this association.
Fast‐acting insulin aspart in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes: Faster onset, higher early exposure and greater early glucose‐lowering effect relative to insulin aspart
Authors: Shiramoto Masanari , Nishida Tomoyuki , Hansen Ann Kathrine , Haahr Hanne
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Fast‐acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) is insulin aspart (IAsp) in a new formulation with two added excipients (niacinamide and L‐arginine) in order to obtain accelerated absorption after subcutaneous dosing. The present study compared the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of faster aspart vs IAsp in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

In a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over design, 43 participants were given faster aspart and IAsp (0.2 U/kg single dose) at two separate dosing visits. Frequent pharmacokinetic blood sampling was carried out, and pharmacodynamics were assessed using an automated euglycemic clamp lasting for a maximum of 12 h after dosing (target 5.5 mmol/L).

Results

Faster aspart showed onset of appearance approximately twice‐as‐fast vs IAsp (least squares means: 3.0 vs 7.1 min; estimated treatment difference −4.1 min, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −5.0, −3.2; P < 0.001) and onset of action occurring approximately 5 min earlier (20.2 vs 25.5 min; estimated treatment difference −5.3 min, 95% CI: −8.4, −2.2; P = 0.001). Within the first 30 min post‐dose, both exposure (area under the curve [AUC]IAsp,0–30 min) and glucose‐lowering effect (AUCGIR,0–30 min) were approximately twofold greater for faster aspart vs IAsp (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Bioavailability of faster aspart was similar to IAsp (AUCIAsp,0‐t; estimated treatment ratio 0.99, 90% CI: 0.96–1.02), whereas the total glucose‐lowering effect (AUCGIR,0–t) was slightly lower for faster aspart vs IAsp (estimated treatment ratio 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87–0.99, P = 0.020).

Conclusions

Faster aspart showed faster onset, higher early exposure and a greater early glucose‐lowering effect relative to IAsp in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes, in accordance with previous findings in Caucasian type 1 diabetes patients.
Low glycated hemoglobin level is associated with severity of frailty in Japanese elderly diabetes patients
Authors: Yanagita Ikumi , Fujihara Yuya , Eda Terumi , Tajima Misuzu , Yonemura Kazue , Kawajiri Tomoko , Yamaguchi Noriko , Asakawa Hideko , Nei Yukiko , Kayashima Yumi , Yoshimoto Mihoko , Kitajima Yuichi , Harada Mayumi , Araki Yuhei , Yoshimoto Syoji , Aida Eiji , Yanase Toshihiko , Nawata Hajime , Muta Kazuo
Published: May 2017

Aims/Introduction

Previously, a study using a narrowly defined (physical base) frailty scale reported that both good and bad (U‐shaped curve) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were frailty risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no such studies in Japan have shown this. We aimed to evaluate the frailty risk factors including HbA1c in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a broadly defined (both physical and psychosocial base) frailty scale, the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS).

Materials and Methods

We randomly enrolled 132 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged ≥65 years) and categorized the patients into nine stages of frailty using CFS. Because no patient had CFS 9, patients with a CFS score of 1–4 and 5–8 were defined as non‐frail and frail, respectively. We attempted to identify the risk factors of frailty by investigating the association between CFS stage and various patient factors.

Results

Multiple regression analysis showed that an increase in age, low levels of albumin, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and bodyweight were statistically significant and strong independent risk factors for frailty, suggesting that reverse metabolism owing to malnutrition in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients might be involved.

Conclusions

HbA1c level was not a U‐shaped risk for frailty, suggesting that relatively good glycemic control might be more important for frailty than poor control in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Monitoring methods for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on citrus groves with different insecticide application programmes
Authors: Miranda M. P. , dos Santos F. L. , Bassanezi R. B. , Montesino L. H. , Barbosa J. C. , Sétamou M.
Published: May 2017

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a major citrus pest that transmits the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Ca. L. americanus associated with huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Diaphorina citri population densities can affect the effectiveness of its monitoring and sampling methods. Thus, we compared different methods for adult D. citri monitoring in groves with and without insecticide application programmes. Four short‐term experiments were carried out, each one lasting four consecutive weeks. In these experiments, sticky cards with different colours (yellow, light green, green and dark green), sweep net, two suction device models, visual inspection and stem tap sampling were assessed. Two long‐term experiments were conducted for 4.5 and 5 years, in which only yellow sticky card and visual inspection for D. citri monitoring were assessed. For the short‐term experiments, psyllids were detected by all monitoring methods during all sampling periods in areas without chemical control. However, in areas with psyllid control via fortnightly and monthly applications of insecticides, only sticky cards, regardless of their colour, were able to detect the presence of D. citri. Similarly, for the long‐term experiments, yellow sticky cards were more effective than visual inspection for detecting and quantifying D. citri in all areas with or without insecticide application. Therefore, in areas where HLB is present and chemical control of psyllid is required, sticky cards are the most reliable option for monitoring D. citri.
Comparison of Tools for Quantifying the Environmental Performance of an Urban Territory
Authors: Dias Ana , Lemos Diogo , Gabarrell Xavier , Arroja Luis
Published: May 2017

To support effective urban policies aimed at decreasing the environmental impacts of cities, it is important to develop robust tools for accounting those impacts. Environmentally extended input‐output analysis (EEIOA) is among the most used tools for this purpose, allowing the quantification of both direct and indirect impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is also a holistic and comprehensive tool that accounts for direct and indirect impacts—but its application to cities is still very recent. This study aims at applying EEIOA and LCA to the municipality of Aveiro (Portugal) in order to compare the outcomes of the two tools in terms of total impacts (climate change and fossil fuel depletion) and hotspots (sectors/products contributing most to the impacts), to identify limitations and advantages of the tools when applied to Aveiro, and to illustrate how LCA can be applied to cities. The total impacts estimated with LCA and EEIOA were similar and the hotspots were also the same: transports, food, construction, and electricity. However, the relative contribution of some sectors was very different in the two tools due to methodological differences mainly in system boundaries, type of activities or products considered in each sector, and geographical coverage of impact data. This study concludes that the analyzed tools can provide complementary results to support decision making concerning urban planning and management.
PINK1 regulates mitochondrial trafficking in dendrites of cortical neurons through mitochondrial PKA
Authors: Das Banerjee Tania , Dagda Raul Y. , Dagda Marisela , Chu Charleen T. , Rice Monica , Vazquez‐Mayorga Emmanuel , Dagda Ruben K.
Published: May 2017

Mitochondrial Protein Kinase A (PKA) and PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which is linked to Parkinson's disease, are two neuroprotective serine/threonine kinases that regulate dendrite remodeling and mitochondrial function. We have previously shown that PINK1 regulates dendrite morphology by enhancing PKA activity. Here, we show the molecular mechanisms by which PINK1 and PKA in the mitochondrion interact to regulate dendrite remodeling, mitochondrial morphology, content, and trafficking in dendrites. PINK1‐deficient cortical neurons exhibit impaired mitochondrial trafficking, reduced mitochondrial content, fragmented mitochondria, and a reduction in dendrite outgrowth compared to wild‐type neurons. Transient expression of wild‐type, but not a PKA‐binding‐deficient mutant of the PKA‐mitochondrial scaffold dual‐specificity A Kinase Anchoring Protein 1 (D‐AKAP1), restores mitochondrial trafficking, morphology, and content in dendrites of PINK1‐deficient cortical neurons suggesting that recruiting PKA to the mitochondrion reverses mitochondrial pathology in dendrites induced by loss of PINK1. Mechanistically, full‐length and cleaved forms of PINK1 increase the binding of the regulatory subunit β of PKA (PKA/RIIβ) to D‐AKAP1 to enhance the autocatalytic‐mediated phosphorylation of PKA/RIIβ and PKA activity. D‐AKAP1/PKA governs mitochondrial trafficking in dendrites via the Miro‐2/TRAK2 complex and by increasing the phosphorylation of Miro‐2. Our study identifies a new role of D‐AKAP1 in regulating mitochondrial trafficking through Miro‐2, and supports a model in which PINK1 and mitochondrial PKA participate in a similar neuroprotective signaling pathway to maintain dendrite connectivity.

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