bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the dispersion of mixture microstructures
Authors: LUO Z. P. , KOO J. H.
Published: February 2007

A general method to quantify the inclusion dispersion of mixture microstructures has been developed. The dispersion quantity, D, is defined as the probability of inclusion particle free‐path spacing falling into a certain range of the mean spacing μ, according to the particle spacing data frequency distribution. Two quantities, D0.1 and D0.2, are proposed, which are the probabilities of the particle free‐path spacing falling into the ranges of μ± 0.1 μ and μ± 0.2 μ, respectively. Both normal and lognormal distributions are discussed, and in both cases, the quantities D0.1 and D0.2 are specified as monotonous increasing functions of μ/σ, where μ and sigma; are the mean particle free‐path spacing and standard deviation, respectively. Examples of composite are presented to quantify the dispersion of foreign reinforcements based on the proposed method.
A versatile multimode microscope to probe and manipulate nanoparticles and biomolecules
Authors: KYOUNG M. , KARUNWI K. , SHEETS E. D.
Published: February 2007

We describe a flexible, multifaceted optical setup that allows quantitative measurement and manipulation of biomolecules and nanoparticles in biomimetic and cellular systems. We have implemented integrated biophotonics techniques (i.e. differential interference contrast, wide‐field fluorescence, prism‐ and objective‐based total internal reflection excitation, single particle tracking, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dynamic holographic optical trapping) on a single platform. The adaptability of this versatile, custom‐designed system allows us to simultaneously monitor cell morphology, while measuring lateral diffusion of biomolecules or controlling their cellular location or interaction partners.
In vivo coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering imaging of sciatic nerve tissue
Authors: HUFF T.B. , CHENG J.‐X.
Published: February 2007

We report in vivo nonlinear optical imaging of mouse sciatic nerve tissue by epidetected coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering and second harmonic generation microscopy. Following a minimally invasive surgery to open the skin, coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering imaging of myelinated axons and second harmonic generation imaging of the surrounding collagen fibres were demonstrated with high signal‐to‐background ratio, three‐dimensional spatial resolution, and no need for labelling. The underlying contrast mechanisms of in vivo coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering were explored by three‐dimensional imaging of fat cells that surround the nerve. The epidetected coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering signals from the nerve tissues were found to arise from interfaces as well as back reflection of forward coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering.
MicroCT examination of human bone specimens: effects of polymethylmethacrylate embedding on structural parameters
Authors: PERILLI E. , BARUFFALDI F. , VISENTIN M. , BORDINI B. , TRAINA F. , CAPPELLO A. , VICECONTI M.
Published: February 2007

X‐ray microtomography permits the nondestructive investigation of trabecular and cortical bone specimens without special preparation of the sample. To do a quantitative characterization, the cross‐section images have to be binarized, separating bone from nonbone. For this purpose, a widely used method is uniform thresholding. However, for commonly available microtomography scanners which use a polychromatic X‐ray source, it is unclear what effect the surrounding medium (e.g. air, saline solution, polymethylmethacrylate) has on the threshold value used for the binarization. In the literature an easy procedure to find the optimal uniform threshold value for a given acquisition condition is reported. By applying this procedure, the present work investigated whether a microtomography scan of trabecular bone samples in air or embedded in polymethylmethacrylate gave the same results in terms of structural parameters. The gold standard, that is, histological sections, was used as a reference. Two fixed threshold values were found, one for the microtomography scans performed in air and one for the scans with the same samples embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. These were applied on the correspondent microtomography images for the estimation of structural parameters, such as bone volume fraction, direct trabecular thickness, direct trabecular separation and structure model index. Paired comparisons were made in bone volume fraction between histological sections and microtomography cross‐sections for the same bone samples scanned first in air and then embedded in polymethylmethacrylate, by which no significant differences were found. Paired comparisons were also made in bone volume fraction, direct trabecular thickness, direct trabecular separation and structure model index for the same samples over volumes of interest of 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 between microtomography scans in air and scans with the samples embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. Neither these comparisons showed significant differences. This leads to the conclusion that structural parameters estimated by microtomography for human trabecular bone samples scanned either in air or embedded in polymethylmethacrylate are not affected by the surrounding medium (i.e. presence or absence of polymethylmethacrylate), provided that the corresponding optimal threshold value is applied for each acquisition condition.
Pros and cons: cryo‐electron microscopic evaluation of block faces versus cryo‐sections from frozen‐hydrated skin specimens prepared by different techniques
Authors: RICHTER T. , BIEL S. S. , SATTLER M. , WENCK H. , WITTERN K.‐P. , WIESENDANGER R. , WEPF R.
Published: February 2007

Over the last two decades, several different preparative techniques have been developed to investigate frozen‐hydrated biological samples by electron microscopy. In this article, we describe an alternative approach that allows either ultrastructural investigations of frozen human skin at a resolution better than 15 nm or sample throughput that is sufficiently high enough for quantitative morphological analysis. The specimen preparation method we describe is fast, reproducible, does not require much user experience or elaborate equipment. We compare high‐pressure freezing with plunge freezing, and block faces with frozen‐hydrated slices (sections), to study variations in cell thickness upon hydration changes. Plunge freezing is optimal for morphological and stereological investigations of structures with low water content. By contrast, high‐pressure freezing proved optimal for high‐resolution studies and provided the best ultrastructural preservation. A combination of these fast‐freezing techniques with cryo‐ultramicrotomy yielded well‐preserved block faces of the original biological material. Here we show that these block faces did not exhibit any of the artefacts normally associated with cryo‐sections, and – after evaporating a heavy metal and carbon onto the surface – are stable enough in the electron beam to provide high‐resolution images of large surface areas for statistical analysis in a cryo‐SEM (scanning electron microscope). Because the individual preparation steps use only standard equipment and do not require much experience from the experimenter, they are generally more usable, making this approach an interesting alternative to other methods for the ultrastructural investigation of frozen‐hydrated material.
Molar bite force and its correlation with signs of temporomandibular dysfunction in mixed and permanent dentition
Authors: PEREIRA L. J. , PASTORE M. G. , BONJARDIM L. R. , CASTELO P. M. , GAVIÃO M. B. D.
Published: February 2007

Summary  The aim of the study was to evaluate molar bite force (BF) magnitude and its correlation to the signs of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), gender, weight, height and age in 101 students ranging in age from 6 to 18 years (32 boys/21 girls with mixed dentition and 23 boys/25 girls with permanent dentition). TMD clinical signs were evaluated using the Craniomandibular Index (CMI), and two subscales, the Dysfunction Index (DI) and the Palpation Index (PI). BF was determined with a pressurized tube connected to a sensor (MPX5700‐Motorola SPS). anova, Tukey's test, and Pearson's and Spearman's coefficients were evaluated. BF was higher in the permanent dentition (P < 0·05). There was no difference in BF between genders within the groups, but boys with permanent dentition had higher values than children with mixed dentition (P < 0·05). The girls with permanent dentition presented negative correlation in BF with PI and CMI (P < 0·05). BF was positively correlated with weight, height and age in the permanent dentition group (P < 0·05). It was concluded that BF increased from mixed to permanent dentition, with an assumed enhancing influence of body variables and ageing. The TMD signs in older girls were correlated to decreasing BF, suggesting an influence of muscle tenderness preventing subjects from exerting maximum BF.
Ultrastructural injury to interstitial cells of Cajal and communication with mast cells in Crohn's disease
Authors: Wang X.‐y. , Zarate N. , Soderholm J. D. , Bourgeois J. M. , Liu L. W. C. , Huizinga J. D.
Published: February 2007

Abstract  Crohn's disease associated dysmotility has been attributed to fibrosis and damage to enteric nerves but injury to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) could also be involved. We assessed ICC in specimens obtained from patients with Crohn's disease and determined the relation between ICC and the inflammatory infiltrate, particularly mast cells (MC) using quantitative immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural injury to ICC was patchy in all ICC subtypes but ICC‐Auerbach's plexus (AP) showed damage more frequently, i.e. swelling of mitochondria, decreased electron density, autophagosomes and partial depletion of the cytoplasm. Light microscopy confirmed a significant decrease in c‐kit immunoreactivity for ICC‐AP and an increased number of MC in the muscularis externa. Electron microscopy showed MC exhibiting piecemeal degranulation and making frequent and selective membrane‐to‐membrane contact with all types of injured ICC which suggests chronic release of granule content to affect ICC. Extent of ICC injury was not associated with duration of the disease. In conclusion, ultrastructural injury and loss of ICC‐AP is evident in Crohn's disease. Epidemiological and morphological data suggest that ICC have the capacity to regenerate in spite of the chronic insult. The muscularis hosts a marked number of MC that exhibit piecemeal degranulation associated with ICC and may facilitate ICC maintenance.
BIOMARKER: The validity of the laboratory marker combinations DOVER and QUVER to detect physician’s diagnosis of at‐risk drinking
Authors: Bentele Michael , Kriston Levente , Clement Hans‐Willi , Härter Martin , Mundle Götz , Berner Michael M.
Published: February 2007

Especially in situations where it might be favorable for the patient to dissimulate the existing alcohol problem, ‘objective’ laboratory tests can be helpful. In this study we report validation of the two combinations DOVER (DOctor VERified) and QUVER (QUestionnarie VERified) of the biological markers percent carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (%CDT) and gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase (γ‐GT) to detect patients that have been identified by their physicians with at‐risk drinking behavior. Fifty‐eight general practitioners (GPs) participated at two study sites in South‐West Germany. Patients filled in a questionnaire that included the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and gave a blood sample. The GP recorded his/her assessment about the presence of an alcohol‐related disorder in the patient. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses of the marker combinations DOVER and QUVER were performed. A total of 2940 patients participated in the study, of which 2496 completed data sets that could be used for further analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of 79.5% for DOVER and 77.2% (QUVER) are in a higher range than the values for gamma%CDT (75.7%) or γ‐GT (72.5%) and %CDT (64.5%) and suggest superiority of the proposed marker combinations. Cross‐validation results were almost identical with 76.6% and 73.3% for DOVER and QUVER, respectively. Our analysis demonstrated that the combination of the markers γ‐GT and %CDT with the physician’s judgement of the condition as reference was superior to the use of single markers.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Region‐specific down‐regulation of Crhr1 gene expression in alcohol‐preferring msP rats following ad lib access to alcohol
Authors: Hansson Anita C. , Cippitelli Andrea , Sommer Wolfgang H. , Ciccocioppo Roberto , Heilig Markus
Published: February 2007

Corticotropin‐releasing hormone 1 receptors (CRH‐R1) mediate increased behavioral sensitivity to stress and excessive alcohol self‐administration following a history of dependence. It was recently demonstrated that the genetically selected alcohol‐preferring msP rat line replicates many characteristics of the post‐dependent state, due to an innate up‐regulation of the Crhr1 transcript in several limbic areas related to alcohol drinking motivation. Here, we examined whether voluntary alcohol consumption might be able to down‐regulate Crhr1 transcript levels in msP rats in brain areas where elevated expression previously has been shown. Within central and medial amygdala (CeA, MeA), as well as the Nc. Accumbens, 2 weeks’ad lib access to alcohol led to a highly significant down‐regulation of the Crhr1 transcript. Alcohol‐induced Crhr1 down‐regulation was not seen in cingulate cortex. These data support that recruitment of CRH‐R1 signaling within components of the extended amygdala drives excessive alcohol intake, and that alcohol is voluntarily consumed in part for its ability to reduce CRH‐R1 activity in this region.
Mechanisms of virus‐induced asthma exacerbations: state‐of‐the‐art. A GA2LEN and InterAirways document
Authors: Papadopoulos N. G. , Xepapadaki P. , Mallia P. , Brusselle G. , Watelet J.‐B. , Xatzipsalti M. , Foteinos G. , Van Drunen C. M. , Fokkens W. J. , D'Ambrosio C. , Bonini S. , Bossios A. , Lötval Jan , Van Cauwenberge P. , Holgate S. T. , Canonica G. W. , Szczeklik A. , Rohde G. , Kimpen J. , Pitkäranta A. , Mäkelä M. , Chanez P. , Ring J. , Johnston S. L.
Published: February 2007

Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common precipitants of acute asthma exacerbations. Exacerbations are only poorly responsive to current asthma therapies and new approaches to therapy are needed. Viruses, most frequently human rhinoviruses (RV), infect the airway epithelium, generate local and systemic immune responses, as well as neural responses, inducing inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Using in vitro and in vivo experimental models the role of various proinflammatory or anti‐inflammatory mediators, antiviral responses and molecular pathways that lead from infection to symptoms has been partly unravelled. In particular, mechanisms of susceptibility to viral infection have been identified and the bronchial epithelium appeared to be a key player. Nevertheless, additional understanding of the integration between the diverse elements of the antiviral response, especially in the context of allergic airway inflammation, as well as the interactions between viral infections and other stimuli that affect airway inflammation and responsiveness may lead to novel strategies in treating and/or preventing asthma exacerbations. This review presents the current knowledge and highlights areas in need of further research.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF BLUE RUBBER BLEB NEVUS SYNDROME WITH DOUBLE BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
Authors: Hernandez Oscar V. , Blancas Manuel , Paz Victor , Moran Segundo , Hernandez Luisa
Published: February 2007

Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is a new method that can identify and treat intestinal bowel diseases. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) can explore lesions of the different layers of the gastrointestinal tract. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare disorder with high morbidity and mortality. We describe a case of BRBNS that was diagnosed and treated with these two methods. A 13‐year‐old child presented to our department with a 9‐month history of chronic anemia. Eight months ago he was admitted to the emergency department with melena and upper endoscopy revealed two vascular lesions, one with active bleeding which was treated with sclerotherapy. The patient continued with anemia and intermittent melena. Other diagnostic tests were negative. Physical examination revealed one oral hemangioma. An initial DBE was performed and three small lesions in the antrum were found and treated. Two more jejunal lesions were observed and its vascular origin was confirmed with the aid of a 15 MHz miniprobe that was passed through the biopsy channel. Combined treatment was applied with polidocanol at 1.5% and argon plasma coagulation. Other lesions were found and treated. The control DBE did not show active hemangiomas. The patient was followed for 3 months and no more bleeding was seen and the anemia was corrected to a level of 11 g/dL. DBE with EUS can diagnose and effectively treat patients with vascular lesions, such as BRBNS. The combined treatment offered was safe and no complications were observed. The prognosis has been excellent.
ISOLATED INTRAMUSCULAR DISTANT METASTASIS AS AN INITIAL MANIFESTATION OF RECTAL CANCER
Authors: Hizawa Kazuoki , Nakamori Mari , Matsumoto Takayuki , Iida Mitsuo
Published: February 2007

We describe a case of intramuscular metastasis in the thigh as an initial manifestation of rectal cancer, and review the previously reported 11 cases of skeletal distant metastasis from colorectal cancer. The patient was a 44‐year‐old man suffering from an increasingly painful mass in his left thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an irregularly accentuated mass within the quadriceps femoral muscle, measuring 9 × 4 cm in size. The patient underwent an en bloc wide resection of the tumor, which was confirmed to be metastatic cancer which was diffusely positive for cytokeratin on immunohistochemistry. Further investigations revealed 3 cm‐sized primary rectal cancer with multiple liver metastases. Despite giving adjuvant chemotherapy, the patient died 6 months after the surgery. We should keep in mind that intramuscular metastasis may rarely occur as an initial manifestation of colorectal cancer when we encounter a patient with an undiagnosed intramuscular mass.
ENDOSCOPY ASSISTED REMOVAL OF FERROMAGNETIC COINS WITH NOVEL MAGNETIC INSTRUMENT
Authors: Nijhawan Sandeep , Rastogi Mukul , Joshi Ashish , Shende Atul , Tandon Manish , Singla Dinesh , Mathur Amit , Nepalia Subhash , Rai Ramesh Roop
Published: February 2007

Background:  Ingestion of coins is a common clinical problem in children. Many of the coins are ferromagnetic and can be retrieved with the help of a magnet. We describe the use of a novel endoscopic accessory for removing ferromagnetic coins.

Material and methods:  Two magnet discs of 1.5 cm diameter were joined to a 200 cm steel wire of 0.75 mm thickness with a terminal 5 cm spring. A Teflon tube (160 cm, 7 F) was used along with this instrument as a sleeve. The use of this accessory was analyzed prospectively in subjects presenting with a history of coin ingestion. The time taken for removal of coins, complications during the procedure and failure rate was noted. Effect of the magnet on cardiac rhythm was also noted during the procedure.

Results:  A total of 55 children (mean age 5.1 ± 2.3 years) with coin ingestion presented over a period of 1 year. Forty‐four coins were ferromagnetic. All ferromagnetic coins were removed successfully. Mean time for removal was 68 ± 22 s. No complications were encountered.

Conclusion:  The novel magnetic instrument is precise, safe and quick for the removal of ferromagnetic coins under direct vision.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF NODULAR GASTRITIS IN ADULTS
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Mitsunaga Atsushi , Imai Ryujiro , Ishikawa Ichiro , Shirato Izumi , Shimizu Shohei , Kishino Maiko , Konishi Hiroyuki , Oi Itaru , Shiratori Keiko
Published: February 2007

Background:  Nodular gastritis (NG) was considered a physiological change with little pathological significance, mostly in young women. In recent years, however, it has been often reported in patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, or in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer/gastric cancer, suggesting possible clinical significance.

Methods:  From July 2003 to July 2006, 59 patients were diagnosed with NG among 32 404 patients examined endoscopically. The incidence of NG was evaluated in relation to age, sex, H. pylori infection status, symptoms leading to endoscopy, associated lesions in the upper digestive tract at the time of NG diagnosis, and existence of other systemic conditions.

Results:  The NG patients consisted of 13 out of 18 152 (0.07%) male patients and 46 out of 14 252 (0.32%) female patients, with a mean age of 45.3 ± 17.7 years. All 28 patients who were examined for H. pylori infection were positive. Endoscopic examination was performed for precordial pain and upper abdominal pain in 24 (40.7%) patients, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in eight (13.6%) patients, and symptoms of functional dyspepsia in six (10.2%) patients. NG was associated with duodenal ulcer in eight (13.6%) patients, hyperplastic gastric polyps in five (8.5%), gastric ulcer in one (1.7%), and gastric cancer in one (1.7%) patient.

Conclusion:  NG is a specific gastritis resulting from H. pylori infection that may be strongly associated with H. pylori‐related lesions.
Should indeterminate lung lesions reported on staging CT scans influence the management of patients with colorectal cancer?
Authors: Brent A. , Talbot R. , Coyne J. , Nash G.
Published: February 2007

Objective  The aim of this study was to determine the significance of indeterminate lung lesions reported from staging CT scans on patients with colorectal cancer.

Method  CT‐scan reports of 439 patients were reviewed to identify patients in which indeterminate lung lesion had been reported. The tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) stage of these patients was recorded together with any follow‐up scan reports or multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussions regarding these lesions.

Results  Twenty‐three patients had definite lung metastases. Forty‐five patients had indeterminate lung lesions. Of these, 22 patients had N1 or N2 disease, 20 had N0 disease and three patients were not operated on due to comorbidity. Of these 45 patients, 30 had further follow‐up scans.

• In 19, the indeterminate lesions were unchanged and were therefore downgraded to benign lesions.

• The lesions had progressed or new lesions had developed in five. These patients were therefore shown to have metastatic lung disease. All five of these patients had N1 or N2 disease.

• One patient had a primary rather than metastatic lung lesion.

• Follow‐up scans showed the lesion to be no longer present in five.

Of the remainder,

• One patient declined further follow up.

• Three patients did not have a follow up scan for reasons not mentioned in their records

• Two patients were not scanned because further MDT review of the original scans showed that the lesions were not metastases.

• Four patients died before follow up scans were done. (one postoperative myocardial infarction (MI), one postoperative sepsis, one postoperative cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and one inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction)

• Five patients have not yet had follow‐up scan at the time of writing.

Conclusion  Since the introduction of spiral CT scanners, smaller lesions are being seen at the time of preoperative staging. Our study concludes that only a small proportion of indeterminate lung lesions did develop into definite metastases and those that did had node positive disease. Indeterminate lung lesions are not a reason to delay surgery for colorectal cancer.
Acute colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Liljegren G. , Chabok A. , Wickbom M. , Smedh K. , Nilsson K.
Published: February 2007

Objective  To appraise the literature on the diagnosis of acute colonic diverticulitis by ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), barium enema (BE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Method  The databases of Pub Med, the Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched for articles on the diagnosis of diverticulitis published up to November 2005. Studies where US, CT, BE, or MRI were compared with a reference standard on consecutive or randomly selected patients were included. Three examiners independently read the articles according to a prespecified protocol. In case of disagreement consensus was sought. The level of evidence of each article was classified according to the criteria of the Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine (CEBM), Oxford, UK.

Results  Forty‐nine articles relevant to the subject were found and read in full. Twenty‐nine of these were excluded. Among the remaining 20 articles, only one study, evaluating both US and CT reached level of evidence 1b according to the CEBM criteria. Two US studies and one MRI study reached level 2b. The remaining studies were level 4.

Conclusion  The best evidence for diagnosis of diverticulitis in the literature is on US. Only one small study of good quality was found for CT and for MRI‐colonoscopy.
Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Betteridge D. John
Published: February 2007

Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A major contributing factor to this risk is the abnormal lipid profile known as dyslipidaemia, which is characterized by low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C), raised triglycerides (TGs) and a predominance of small, dense LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) particles. Statins are now widely used first‐line in patients with type 2 diabetes due to their proven efficacy in reducing LDL‐C and cardiovascular risk. However, despite the use of statins, the absolute risk of CVD in patients remains elevated, highlighting the need to target all aspects of the diabetic lipid profile such as raised TGs or low HDL‐C levels. Insulin resistance is thought to be central in the pathogenesis of diabetic dyslipidaemia; therefore, improving insulin sensitivity with a thiazolidinedione offers an attractive treatment option. Indeed, pioglitazone, a member of the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor‐γ family, has been shown in clinical trials to improve both blood glucose levels and the lipid profile when used either as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents. In the monotherapy setting, pioglitazone has been associated with greater decreases in TGs and increases in HDL‐C when compared with glibenclamide or metformin. Studies investigating the effects of pioglitazone add‐on therapy to either metformin or sulphonylurea treatments have shown sustained improvements in serum levels of TGs and HDL‐C and favourable effects on LDL‐C particle size. In comparison with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone has different and potentially favourable effects on plasma lipids. The recent PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events study has given weight to the hypothesis that the beneficial metabolic effects of pioglitazone may be associated with reductions in cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical findings in early onset cone‐rod dystrophy in the Standard Wire‐haired Dachshund
Authors: Ropstad Ernst O. , Bjerkås Ellen , Narfström Kristina
Published: February 2007

Objective  To describe the clinical findings and the age of onset of cone‐rod dystrophy (crd) in the Standard Wire‐haired Dachshund (SWHD) and to evaluate which clinical tests could be used to obtain a reliable diagnosis.

Animals  Sixty‐eight SWHD and SWHD‐derived dogs were used, including 23 affected with crd and 45 controls, respectively.

Procedures  The dogs were subjected to behavioral testing, examination of pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), indirect ophthalmoscopy and bilateral full field electroretinography (ERG).

Results  The majority of affected puppies (5–10 weeks) displayed pin‐point sized pupils upon examination with focal light. All dogs in the control group, except one, displayed normal PLRs upon examination. In all crd‐affected dogs there was a great variation both in age of onset and in clinical appearance of retinal changes upon fundoscopy. Two siblings displayed panretinal degeneration at the age of 10 months while other affected dogs showed early changes at the age of 3 years. Generalized bilateral retinal atrophy was the end stage of the disease. The maze test revealed no obvious differences among affected and unaffected groups. ERG recordings showed only slightly reduced rod, and mixed rod‐cone responses, but severely reduced cone single flash a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes, and cone flicker amplitudes were observed in all affected dogs.

Conclusion  Presence of pin‐point sized pupils in young SWHDs was found to be an important indicator of early onset crd. Fundoscopic changes and progression of disease at later stages resembled those previously described in the majority of progressive retinal atrophies in dog. ERG was found to be the most reliable diagnostic procedure to clinically diagnose crd in the SWHD.
Histologic effect of semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation on the normal equine eye
Authors: Morreale Raymond J. , Wilkie David A. , Gemensky‐Metzler Anne J. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Willis Michelle A.
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective To determine the acute histologic effects of semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) on the normal equine eye.

Animal studied Part 1: eight eyes of four horses. Part 2: 10 eyes of five horses.

Materials and methods Part 1: TSCP was performed on four eyes at 4 mm and four eyes at 6 mm posterior to the limbus with 15 sites treated in four quadrants at 1800 mW for 1500 ms. The globes were sectioned transversely or sagitally to examine all quadrants and histologic sections were taken every 1 mm for the entire globe. Part 2: Based on the results from Part 1, TSCP was performed at 20 sites 4 mm posterior to the dorsotemporal limbus with a constant energy varying from 0.75 to 4 J/site. Histologic sections were taken every 1 mm for a total of 10 sections per eye and 20 sections per energy level group.

Results Part 1: At 4 mm posterior to the limbus, coagulation of the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE) of the pars plicata was observed in the temporal (14%) and dorsal quadrants (12%). Retinal detachment was observed in the nasal quadrant (12%). Hemorrhage was common in the nasal (19%) and temporal (12%) quadrants. At 6 mm posterior to the limbus, coagulation of the NPE of the pars plicata was observed in the dorsal (14%), ventral (16%), nasal (2%), and temporal (2%) quadrants. Retinal detachment was observed in the dorsal (8%), ventral (18%), nasal (20%) and temporal (2%) quadrants. Part 2: Settings of 0.75 J/site were ineffective; 1.5, 2.25 and 3 J/site damaged the pars plicata without disruption of anatomy; and 4 J/site caused disruption of normal architecture.

Conclusions The most appropriate site for equine TSCP appears to be 4 mm posterior to the dorso‐ and ventrotemporal limbus avoiding the 3 and 9 o’clock positions and using an initial energy setting of 2.25 J/site. This results in effective damage to the pars plicata while minimizing surgical complications such as retinal detachment and hemorrhage.
A unique intraorbital osseous structure in the large fruit‐eating bat (Artibeus lituratus)
Authors: Machado Marcello , Dos Santos Schmidt Elizabeth Moreira , Margarido Teresa Cristina , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano
Published: February 2007

Abstract Objective  To describe the normal bony orbital structure of the large fruit‐eating bat (Artibeus lituratus) with emphasis on a unique intraorbital bony structure previously not described in the literature.

Procedures  The bony anatomy of the orbital cavity was studied on dissected skulls of large fruit‐eating bats. The anatomic description of a unique intraorbital spine was made while studying the bony orbit of macerated skulls. Additional observations were made on dissected formalin‐fixed whole heads. Both procedures were performed under a stereo dissecting microscope, using ×2–4‐magnification. A histologic analysis of soft tissues surrounding this cylindrical bony structure was performed using cross and longitudinal oblique sections from decalcified whole heads, which had been fixed in formalin. Additionally, biometric measurements and a histomorphometric analysis were performed.

Results and conclusions  An intraorbital cylindrical osseous structure measuring 3.96 ± 0.68 mm in length and 155.62 ± 14.03 µm in diameter was observed in the large fruit‐eating bat (A. lituratus), creating a unique orbital structural design among mammals. We suggest the name optic spine of the alisphenoid bone. The anatomic, biometric and histologic characterization of this element might contribute to a further understanding of the dynamics of bat vision and the sort of factors that influenced evolution of the visual system of microbats. The authors hope that the documentation of this distinctive anatomic feature will also expand the debate about the phylogenetic analysis of the relationship among bat species in the near future.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clinical and morphologic findings in nine affected Polish Owczarek Nizinny (PON) dogs
Authors: Narfström K. , Wrigstad A. , Ekesten B. , Berg A.‐L.
Published: February 2007

Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical and morphologic features of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in the Polish Owczarek Nizinny (PON) breed of dog.

Animals Nine Swedish PON dogs of both sexes were included in the study.

Procedure All dogs underwent a detailed clinical evaluation, with emphasis on ophthalmic exams. Histopathology and electron microscopy were performed on the eyes, brain and various internal organs. Immunohistochemical staining for detection of sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) and mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS) was performed on the eyes and brain.

Results The dogs showed behavioral abnormalities, motor disturbances and visual impairment or blindness. Pupillary responses were abnormal while fundus changes varied from normal to severe retinal atrophy. Electroretinography (ERG) showed variable changes, from slight alterations in the process of dark adaptation to severely reduced or nonrecordable ERG a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes. Histopathology revealed intracytoplasmic storage bodies within neurons of the brain and in retinal cells, especially the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Round to oval granular type of inclusion bodies, known as granular osmiophilic dense deposits (GRODS), were found in neuronal cells in the brain and in the retina. Immunohistochemistry identified the storage material in the brain and retina as consisting of SAPs.

Conclusion The presently described NCL disease in PON dogs shows similarities to previously recorded cases in the Miniature Schnauzer. The closest human equivalent to this disease is infantile NCL (CLN1), in which the major stored proteins are SAPs and the ultrastructure of the inclusion bodies of neuronal cells is granular.
Systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the South American genus Chlorus (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Melanoplinae)
Authors: Cigliano Maria Marta , Lange Carlos E.
Published: February 2007

The South American grasshopper genus Chlorus (Melanoplinae, Dichroplini) from Bolivia, southern Brazil and Paraguay is revised. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters indicates that Chlorus constitutes a monophyletic group whose generic relationships remain unsolved. If the external morphology is considered, Chlorus showed to be related to Dichromatos, while characters from the male genitalia support the relationship between Chlorus and Eurotettix. Seven species are recognised for Chlorus with three of them described as new: Chlorus spatulus, Ch. chiquitensis and Ch. attenuatus. Keys to the species of the genus and a review of the morphological characters defining the taxa are provided.
An Examination of the Role of Personality in Work Accidents Using Meta‐analysis
Authors: Clarke Sharon , Robertson Ivan
Published: February 2007

Personality has been studied as a predictor variable in a range of occupational settings. The study reported is based on a systematic search and meta‐analysis of the literature, using the “Big Five” personality framework. The results indicated that there was substantial variability in the effect of personality on workplace accidents, with evidence of situational moderators operating in most cases. However, one aspect of personality, low agreeableness, was found to be a valid and generalisable predictor of involvement in work accidents. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed. Although meta‐analysis can be used to provide definite estimates of effect sizes, the limitations of such an approach are also considered.

La personnalité a étéétudiée comme variable prédictrice dans un ensemble de situations professionnelles. Ce travail s’appuie sur une investigation approfondie et une méta‐analyse de la littérature faisant appel au modèle de la personnalité du « Big Five ». Les résultats montrent qu’il existe de fortes variations en ce qui concerne le rôle de la personnalité dans les accidents du travail, avec l’interférence de facteurs situationnels dans la plupart des cas. Cependant, un aspect de la personnalité, une « agreeableness » basse, apparaît comme étant un prédicteur valide et général de l’implication dans les accidents du travail. On réfléchit à l’intérêt de ces résultats pour de futures recherches. La méta‐analyse peut certes procurer une évaluation précise de l’impact d’une variable, mais il faut aussi prendre en considération les limites de cette approche.
Mapping the Decision to Quit: A Refinement and Test of the Unfolding Model of Voluntary Turnover
Authors: Morrell Kevin , Loan‐Clarke John , Arnold John , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: February 2007

We report a test of an influential theory of employee turnover: the unfolding model (Lee & Mitchell, 1994; Lee, Mitchell, Holtom, McDaniel, & Hill, 1999). We describe and critique this classificatory model, and propose both theory‐based and empirical refinements. The two extant tests of the current version of the model have both been with accountants in the United States, so the generalisability of the model is as yet unproven. We present results of an attempt to classify 352 nurse leavers from the United Kingdom's National Health Service using the unfolding model. In contrast to the findings of Lee et al. (1999), the model failed to classify a substantial number of nurse leavers, and specific hypotheses derived from the model received only partial support. Classification failures were investigated using both quantitative and qualitative data. Leavers were more likely to be classified if they had no dependants and described their quit as avoidable. Although the unfolding model incorporates more kinds of turnover than traditional turnover models, such systematic classification failure casts doubt on claims that it offers a comprehensive account of turnover. We explain failures with reference to: (i) shortcomings in a key measure; (ii) the characteristics of the occupational group studied; and (iii) the extremely tight labor market for this group of leavers.

Nous testons la théorie influente concernant le turnover des salariés: the unfolding model (Lee & Mitchell, 1994; Lee, Mitchell, Holtom, McDaniel & Hill, 1999). Après avoir décrit et critiqué ce modèle de classification, nous proposons des améliorations tant au niveau théorique qu’empirique. La version actuelle du modèle a été testée à deux reprises auprès de comptables des Etats‐Unis, aussi ce modèle n’a pas pu être généralisé. Nous présentons les résultats obtenus en utilisant le “unfolding model” auprès de 352 infirmières du service de santé national du Royaume‐Uni qui sont sur le départ. Contrairement aux résultats obtenus par Lee et al. (1999), le modèle n’a pas permis de classer un nombre substantiel d’infirmières sur le départ et certaines hypothèses découlant de ce modèle ne reçoivent qu’une validation partielle. Ces échecs de classification ont été analysés tant quantitativement que qualitativement. Il ressort que les sujets étaient plus facilement classés si ils n’avaient aucune personne à charge et si ils décrivaient leur départ comme évitable. Bien que le “unfolding model” incorpore plus de formes de turnover que les modèles traditionnels, un échec de classification aussi systématique questionne quant à sa revendication à offrir une approche complète du turnover. Nous expliquons ces échecs par: (i) des imperfections dans la mesure principale (ii) les caractéristiques du groupe de salariés étudiés (iii) un marché du travail extrêmement difficile pour ce groupe de personnes sur le départ.
Success of activity management practices: the influence of organizational and cultural factors
Authors: Baird Kevin , Harrison Graeme , Reeve Robert
Published: February 2007

This study examines the success of activity management practices and the organizational and cultural factors affecting success at each of Gosselin's (1997) three levels of activity analysis (AA), activity cost analysis (ACA) and activity‐based costing (ABC). Data were collected by survey questionnaire from a random sample of managers of Australian business units. The results indicate that activity management is moderately successful in Australian organizations, with greater use associated with higher levels of success. Two organizational factors (top management support and link to quality) were associated with success at each of Gosselin's three levels, whereas training was associated at the AA and ACA levels. The cultural factor of outcome orientation was associated with success at each level, with attention to detail important at the ABC level. Organizational factors were more strongly associated with activity management success than cultural factors.
An empirical investigation of earnings restatements by Australian firms
Authors: Ahmed Kamran , Goodwin John
Published: February 2007

From 1970 to 2003, we document earnings restatements for the top 500 Australian firms, examine the characteristics of restating firms, and test whether restatements are value relevant. Of the 195 earnings restatements, 49 per cent decrease prior‐period earnings (negative restatements). Negative restatements are relatively larger than positive restatements. We identify three reasons for earnings restatements; namely, accounting policy changes, revision of estimates, and errors and unknown, and they comprise 49, 40 and 11 per cent of the sample, respectively. Restatement firms have higher growth opportunities and are smaller than non‐restating firms from the same industry. Restatements are generally negatively associated with market and non‐market value.
Does access to tutorial solutions enhance student performance? Evidence from an accounting course
Authors: Monem Reza M.
Published: February 2007

Deciding whether to release tutorial solutions to students is quite often a dilemma for instructors. This paper provides empirical evidence on the effect of releasing tutorial solutions in a management accounting course at a large Australian university. For this purpose, this paper develops a base model for predicting performance in the course and expands the model to incorporate a variable capturing the release of tutorial solutions. Consistent with previous research (e.g. Doran et al., 1991; Danko‐McGhee and Duke, 1992; Kavanagh and Rohde, 1996), in the base model, although performances in an introductory accounting course and the mid‐semester test were found to be good predictors of performance in the final examination, evidence on the role of gender and age was weak. In the expanded model, there was no evidence that releasing tutorial solutions improved performance in the final examination. The findings of this paper have policy implications for educators and administrators in education in deciding whether to release tutorial solutions to students.
Extending the capital asset pricing model: the reward beta approach
Authors: Bornholt Graham
Published: February 2007

This paper offers an alternative method for estimating expected returns. The proposed reward beta approach performs well empirically and is based on asset pricing theory. The empirical section compares this approach with the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama–French three‐factor model. In out‐of‐sample testing, both the CAPM and the three‐factor model are rejected. In contrast, the reward beta approach easily passes the same test. In robustness checks, the reward beta approach consistently outperforms both the CAPM and the three‐factor model.
Effects of taxation for option writers: an Australian perspective
Authors: Alpert Karen , Knight Warren James
Published: February 2007

Writing an option is a taxable event for Australian investors. This method of taxation penalizes investors who hold open short option positions over the tax year end by accelerating their tax liability relative to the timing of the economic gain from writing options. This paper examines the levels of open interest in the Australian Stock Exchange over the change in financial year to determine whether investors time their transactions to avoid this tax acceleration. The results show that level of open interest is lower in the last month of the financial year after controlling for non‐tax determinants of option demand.
AN ARGUMENT AGAINST ABORTION ON DEMAND
Authors: Pollock W. J.
Published: February 2007

The paper presents a simple but novel argument against the idea of abortion on demand – i.e. the situation where a woman does not need to justify an abortion. Rather than arguing from a theory of the Right to Life of the foetus, which many would regard as controversial, the paper argues from the point of view that the foetus has a certain (intrinsic) value– simply because it is human. Since the destruction of something of value must be justified, it follows that the destruction of a foetus must be justified. This rules out abortion on demand. I believe that shifting emphasis from rights to values could make a major difference to the abortion debate and will make many people rethink their position on the subject.
COULD WE EXPERIENCE THE PASSAGE OF TIME?
Authors: Prosser Simon
Published: February 2007

It is usually taken for granted that we could experience the passage of time. Since it seems to us that we experience the passage of time it is therefore assumed that we have prima facie reason to believe that time passes. But this is false; the passage of time could not be an object of experience because it could not cause, shape or influence temporal experience in any way. After explaining each premise of the argument I discuss several objections that are likely to be raised. I also discuss some related epistemic arguments against the passage of time given by Huw Price and David Braddon‐Mitchell along with objections raised against them by Tim Maudlin and Peter Forrest respectively.