bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Militarizacija materinstva" – ženski "naravni poklic" in vélika vojna
Authors: Cergol Paradiž Ana
Published: February 2021

With the help of publications, legislation, memoranda and promotional material, this article shows how various actors in the Slovene-speaking area, during the First World War, addressed their mothers, and if also in their cases, the phenomenon of the "militarization of motherhood" was shown, which was typical of other European countries. In the context of the discourse "militarization of motherhood", it analyzes the ways of how female (national) identity was formed. It tries to answer the question of what (patriotic) duties were imposed to women as mothers, for example, if as a result of declining birth rates in that time, even we encountered pronatalistic initiatives, especially those that were advocating social and health protection of (illegitimate) mothers and children. It also analyzes the views on the educational work of mothers at the time when this was, due to the absence of fathers, irregular lessons and the difficult war situation, even more difficult. At the same time, it studies the representations of women as mourning mothers at the deaths of their sons-soldiers. In this context, it establishes that during the war, the motif of a mourning, but brave and proud mother was frequent also in the Slovene press. A separate chapter presents the views of female authors on the topic of motherhood.
Skrb v službi vojne: bolniške strežnice na Kranjskem
Authors: Selišnik Irena
Published: February 2021

HEALTH CARE IN THE SERVICE OF WAR: WAR NURSES IN CARNIOLAEven before World War I an ongoing discussion took place in Austria whether medical nurses should be mobilised to take care for wounded soldiers in case of extensive military conflict, natural disasters or epidemics. After the outbreak of the Great War the Austrian authorities encouraged the professionalisation of nursing, and especially women were invited to join. Special conditions for schooling were enacted and the first courses were opened at local hospitals. In the Austrian Monarchy, Carniola was no exception. The Red Cross organised special courses for nurses with the promise of salary, retirement benefits and possibility of vacation. Austrian propaganda portrayed war nurses as heroines, and at least part of the public perceived them as a personification of motherly care and love which could be compared with the sacrifices of the soldiers. However, war nurses also represented modern women who successfully avoided social control and headed towards imminent danger in the battlefield. In the public doubts about their morality emerged, as nurses had direct contact with soldiers and were especially close to doctors. With their presence they invaded the dichotomy between public/battlefront-private/home front. The image of war nurses clearly reveals the awkward relationships between the attitudes to war and women as well as the rapidly changing values in times of war.
Učilnica na prostem – Primer Poti miru
Authors: Testen Petra , Koren Tadej
Published: February 2021

OPEN‑AIR CLASSROOM: THE WALK OF PEACE EXAMPLEThe Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic is a project created under the auspices of the Walk of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. Walk of Peace is a trail following the remnants of the Isonzo Front. Its intention is to emphasise the values of peace and remembrance of an essential part of the nation's collective consciousness, conveying the tragedy of World War I in light of the important historical heritage. Thus this trail is an extraordinary didactic element, as its authentic locations and areas of remembrance provide a direct link with the past and allow for the efficient implementation of an open‑air classroom.
Coming to (a Short) Life: The Czechoslovak Parliament 1989-1992
Authors: Gjuričová Adéla
Published: February 2021

The Czechoslovak federal parliament was designed in 1968 to replace the National Assembly of a unitary state and thus formally express equality between Czechs and Slovaks in the newly established federation. After the crash of the Prague Spring reforms, the socialist parliament lost most of its sovereignty, while preserving its federal character and formal procedures, thus providing a sort of “backup” legislature. The Velvet Revolution of 1989, with its proclaimed respect to peace and legality, logically found the ancient régime’s parliament in the centre of new politics. In the revolutionary parliament of 1989-1990, the concept of socialist parliamentarianism began to clash with new motives, such as the national unity, a break with the Communist past, liberal democracy, or subsidiarity. Various blends of socialist, revolutionary and liberal democratic views of the parliament consequently came to life, while each of these concepts as well as every practical policy was perceived and accepted in conflicting manners by the Czech and Slovak publics as well as political representations. Some of these differences turned out to be irreconcilable and the federal parliament eventually played a key role in administering the break-up of Czechoslovak federation in 1992.
The 10th Volkskammer of the GDR – Just a keen student or a parliament with its own culture?
Authors: Tüffers Bettina
Published: February 2021

The last parliament of the GDR, the 10. Volkskammer, existed only from March to October 1990 and was undoubtedly different from those in other eastern European communist countries. This had to do with its special situation as the parliament of one half of a former united nation. After the victory of the conservatives in the election of March 1990 it was clear that the majority of voters wanted unification with West Germany according to Art. 23 of the German Constitution and as quickly as possible. This meant reunification by accession of the GDR to the Federal Republic. It was the Volkskammer’s main task to organize this process. Given that the 400 newly elected MPs were completely unexperienced following the model of the German Bundestag was probably the only way to be able to tackle the problems they were faced with. But this meant too that there was little room and no time to develop own solutions to their problems. Critics saw the massive support by West German political parties and institutions as a form of colonization. And a lot of MPs too were highly critical of their work. A feeling of lack of influence and powerlessness was widespread. But, as the example of the reintroduction of the five Länder shows, both sides could pull in the same direction too.This article tries to answer the question whether this parliament was only an assiduous student of its West German master or despite the circumstances able to develop its own culture and its own pace.
Slovenian Socialist Parliament on the Eve of the Dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation: A feeble "ratification body" or important political decision-maker?
Authors: Gašparič Jure
Published: February 2021

In 1986, on the eve of the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation, the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia was a rather boring authority, restricted to the bureaucratic and formalist framework. It consisted of non‑professional delegates without significant social influence, elected in a specific indirect manner. However, it was this very Assembly that passed several key decisions a few years later, leading to the introduction of a multi‑party system and elements of market economy, as well as strengthening the position of the republic. It seems that at the time this Assembly became the primary factor of transition and that it was this very institution that destabilised the Yugoslav federation. However, such an evaluation has nevertheless not asserted itself. The role of the socialist Assembly appears vague. Consequently the author, in his contribution, seeks to answer the following question: What sort of an authority body was the socialist Assembly? Initially the author presents the genesis of the Yugoslav Assembly system and its basic characteristics, and then he explores the three different levels or possible outlooks on the Assembly: legal level, perceptual level (how people saw the Assembly), and the level of internal mechanisms (how the parliamentary discussions changed).
Debates were to be held in the Parliament, but it proved impossible: The Federal Assembly and the velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989
Authors: Zahradníček Tomáš
Published: February 2021

During 1989, the year of the collapse of the Communist regime, a claim was often repeated in Czechoslovakia that substantive political debate about the direction of the country ought to be held particularly in the parliament. Yet the key political debates shun away from the parliament for the entire year. The legislature did not become the stage for politics, a forum for substantive debates or the arena for competing forces. The article maps the attempts to empower the parliament and analyses the reasons for their failure. Particular focus is given to the few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall that culminated in Czechoslovakia with the election of Václav Havel and Alexander Dubček to the supreme constitutional posts of the President and Chairman of the Federal Assembly.
Spopad »dveh Španij« z vidikov socialne strukture španske družbe in razrednih nasprotij v njej
Authors: Lešnik Avgust
Published: February 2021

CONFLICT BETWEEN "THE TWO SPAINS" FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY AND CLASS OPPOSITIONS WITHIN ITThe following discussion focuses on the analysis of the Spanish society in the period between the First and the Second Republic (1875–1931), especially on the social structure and class oppositions within it as well as on identifying the causes leading to the irreconcilable political polarisation of the Spanish society during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936). The polarisation culminated in the parliamentary elections on 16 February 1936 and consequently led to the Civil War (1936–1939). The heterogeneity of the republican camp of the Popular Front was the reason for the multi-party Spanish socialism as well as the multi-party nature of the social revolution of 1936.
Brigadirski ho-ruk!
Authors: Filipčič Rok
Published: February 2021

THE FIRST FOUR YEARS OF YOUTH COMMUNITTY WORK CAMPAIGNS IN BRKINI 1975 –1978In his contribution the author focuses on the youth community work campaigns, organised between 1975 and 1978 in Brkini. They meant a step forward in the development of this demographically endangered and economically underdeveloped region in the Slovenian Littoral. The contribution defines Brkini geographically, and the poor development of this area is briefly outlined. The majority of the article consists of the description of the youth community work campaigns, broken down by individual years, and their achievements at the construction sites of the Brkini ridge road, waterworks, etc.
Gospodarski in družbeni nazori v slovenskem naprednem taboru, 1930-35. II. del – idejnozgodovinski vidiki
Authors: Mulej Oskar
Published: February 2021

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VIEWS IN THE SLOVENE PROGRESSIVE CAMP, 1930–35. PART II – THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORICAL ASPECTSIn the period between 1933 and 1935 the ideas about an extended and stronger role of the state in the economic life were inrepressibly spreading throughout Yugoslavia and thus also among the politicians of the Slovene progressive camp. This fact was evident not only from the changed rhetoric, revealing a shift in the political-economic paradigm, but also from the programme documents of the Yugoslav National Party (JNS), which demonstrated a substantive deviation as well as a clear programmatic departure from the liberal principles of the socio-economic order. The aforelying second part of the treatise deals with the following questions: in what way and to what extent did the popular ideas of that time – about building a “new order” and “man” – resonate in the Slovene progressive camp; and whether the economic doctrines were in fact adopted or newly formed (including the ideas about “planned economy” and “corporatist state”). The discussion transcends the framework of party politics and attempts to encompass, from a wider intellectual historical aspect, the various viewpoints which emerged inside the broader ideological camp. These viewpoints ranged from the indisputably liberal to the entirely socialist ones, while also including such which criticised the unbound economy from explicitly liberal positions. Intellectual heterogeneity also manifested in diverse understandings and assessments of the so-called corporatist state. It can be claimed that the “corporatist state” and “planned economy” represented nothing more than fancy slogans and a rhetorical adaptation to the spirit of the age. Kramer's circle was thereby distinctly characterised by a categorical rejection of Nazism, fascism and communism, while the younger generation was more susceptible to certain aspects of the non-liberal “socio-economic models”.
Social consequences of wife-battering in Ogbaru and Onitsha North Local Government Areas of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors:   Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria, Edith Chinwe , Onwuama Emeka M.
Published: February 2021

Domestic violence is gaining increasing notoriety in Nigeria, yet, it is treated with little importance. This could be attributed to a number of reasons; one of which is underreporting. This article examines the social consequences of wife-battering in Ogbaru and Onitsha North LGAs of Anambra State, Nigeria. Using qualitative and quantitative research approaches, a sample of 364 respondents comprising of 196 males and 168 females was drawn from Anambra State. The study adopted multi-stage and purposive sampling techniques in reaching the respondents. The quantitative data were analyzed using percentages, while thematic method of analysis was employed in the qualitative data. We found out and argue in this paper that wife-battering causes divorce, miscarriage, and children growing up to be aggressive. This paper proposes the need for emotionally incompatible couples to be allowed to get divorce. Also, the study calls for the government to encourage battered wives and children to get emotionally stabilized by establishing marriage counseling units in the communities that make up the Local Government Areas. And the units should make use of the services of personality psychologists and social workers.
Personality Traits, Identity style and Depression as predictors of smoking behavior among university students
Authors:   Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Afridi Sana Sarfaraz , Rahim Sabeen
Published: February 2021

Present work was aimed to find the contribution of personality traits, identity style and depression in predicting cigarette smoking. Data was collected from male students of universities located in Peshawar through Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI – II), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Identity Style Inventory, Revised (ISI3). A total of 300 male students were involved, out of which n=150 were smokers whereas n=150 were nonsmokers. Of the total n=150 smokers, 75 were hostelers 75 were day scholars and same as for non-smokers. The outcome indicated that those who smoked had high levels of neuroticism and they also scored high on the Beck Depression Inventory. The outcome further revealed that persons having diffused identity style had likelihood of being involved in smoking behavior. Further results exposed that the hostelers were more vulnerable to smoking behavior as compared to the day scholars.
ANALYSIS CODE MIXING ON THE VIDEO OF MR. NADIEM MAKARIM’S MEETING
Authors: Siahaan Leroy Holman , Hussin Ali
Published: February 2021

Sociolinguistics is a study of the connection between language and society. People have a different language style when they interact with each one. By many variations that they have, it can be possible for them to mix their language in their utterance—mixing one language with the other languages, in the sociolinguistics field, is called by code-mixing. It has been common to use of code-mixing in society. It happens in the one of the public figures and famous that is Mr. Nadiem Makariem. Therefore, this research focuses on code mixing that emerges on video of Mr. Nadiem Makariem. The objective of this research is to find out the types and levels of code mixing that appear on the video. This research was descriptive qualitative method and the researchers act as the main instrument of this research. In collecting the data, this research utilized documentation method. This study employed content analysis focusing on analyzing the types of code mixing which defined by Hoffman and the levels of code mixing that argued by Suwito. Then, the result of types and levels of code mixing were counted by using Walizer’s formula. The result shows that there were 134 data in the types and levels of code mixing. In the types of code mixing, the highest type was intra-sentential of code mixing (88.8%) and the lowest type was involving a change of pronunciation (0%). While, in the levels of code mixing, word level (44.8%) becomes the dominant while word repetition (3%) and idiom (1.5%) were the lowest.
Valstybė, viešoji valdžia, suverenitetas ir šių idėjų tęstinumas Lietuvos Valstybės Tarybos konstituciniuose aktuose
Authors: Machovenko Jevgenij
Published: February 2021

Straipsnyje daroma išvada, kad Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba, būdama Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (LDK) teisės tradicijos tęsinys, galėjo ir privalėjo kalbėti tautos vardu, imtis valstybės atkūrimo darbo ir leisti tam būtinus konstitucinius aktus. Lietuvos Valstybės Tarybos (toliau – Tarybos) atkuriamoji ir konstitucinė veikla neprieštaravo 1918–1920 metais Lietuvoje vyravusiai „klasikinei demokratijos konstrukcijai“. Nepretenduodama į steigiamąją valdžią, Taryba visgi turėjo spręsti preliminariai valstybės formos klausimą – jos priimtuose konstituciniuose aktuose yra įtvirtinti visi trys valstybės formos elementai: valdymo forma (respublika), valstybinis režimas (demokratija), teritorinės sąrangos forma (unitarinė valstybė), taip pat visi trys pagrindiniai modernios nacionalinės valstybės elementai (tauta, teritorija ir viešoji valdžia), išskiriami šiuolaikinio vakarietiško mokslo apie valstybę, nors Taryba pasistengė neakcentuoti tų dalykų, kurie yra Steigiamojo Seimo prerogatyva. Formaliuoju teisiniu požiūriu Tarybos priimtuose konstituciniuose aktuose pakankamai aiškiai ir nuosekliai įtvirtintas tiek paskirų valstybės elementų ar požymių, tiek ir valstybingumo tęstinumas bei teisinės sąsajos su LDK.
Lietuvos Tarybos (ne)atstovavimas Šveicarijoje 1917–1918 metais
Authors: Grigaravičiūtė Sandra
Published: February 2021

Straipsnyje analizuojamas realiai egzistavęs Lietuvos Tarybos atstovavimas Šveicarijoje 1917–1918 metais. Šis darbas buvo pavestas kolegialiai institucijai Lietuvių tautos tarybai (Lozanoje) ryšiams su užsieniu palaikyti, turėjusiai derinti, bet ne visada derinusiai savo politiką su Lietuvos Taryba (Vilniuje). Tyrimas atskleidžia su Lietuvos Tarybos kompetencija susijusius šios Tarybos suverenumo, jo pripažinimo (nepripažinimo), tvarkant Lietuvos užsienio reikalus, klausimus.
Rusijos Federacijos prezidento V. Putino naratyvų ideologiniai mechanizmai Lietuvos internetinėje žiniasklaidoje
Authors: Zabarskaitė Jolanta
Published: February 2021

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami semantiniai kalbos procesai, kurie gali daryti įtaką vieno ar kito reiškinio, proceso, asmenybės suvokimui ir vertinimui. Aptariamos kalbos ir mąstymo santykio problemos, kalbos vaidmuo formuojant pasaulėvaizdį, pakitusios ir kitaip organizuojamos kalbos funkcijos XXI amžiuje, galimas kalbos semantinių procesų panaudojimas hibridiniuose karuose. Keliamas klausimas, ar gebama atpažinti nesąmoningą ir (arba) pusiau sąmoningą kalbos suvokimo reiškinį, kai per žodžių reikšmių ir asociacijų semantinius mechanizmus sukuriama ideologinė implikacija, daranti įtaką reiškinio, asmenybės, įvykio vertinimui. Ideologinės implikacijos atsiradimo ir veikimo per konkretaus žodžio semantiką mechanizmams atskleisti pasirinkta žiniasklaida, nes ji yra viena svarbiausių viešosios kalbos erdvių. Atlikta atvejo analizė – įvertintas leksikos ir semantikos vaidmuo kuriant naratyvą apie Lietuvai reikšmingos geopolitinės kaimynės – Rusijos – prezidentą Vladimirą Putiną informaciniuose portaluose www.delfi.lt, www.lrytas.lt, www.15min.lt.
Europos Parlamento rinkimai 2019: rinkimų kampanijos ypatybės Lietuvoje ir kitose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse
Authors: Šuminas Andrius
Published: February 2021

2019 m. gegužės 23–26 dienomis visose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse vyko devintieji Europos Parlamento rinkimai. Tai unikalus įvykis, nes net 28 valstybėse žmonės vienu metu rinko savo atstovus Europos Parlamente. Taip pat kiekvienoje iš šių valstybių prieš rinkimus vyko atskiros rinkimų kampanijos, per kurias politikai ir partijos siekė patraukti rinkėjus į savo pusę. Straipsnyje analizuojami 2019 m. Europos Parlamento rinkimų kampanijos Lietuvoje ir kitose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse ypatumai. Aptariamas bendras rinkimų kampanijos aktyvumas, naudoti kanalai ir žinučių formos. Taip pat tyrinėjamas rinkiminių žinučių tematinis pasiskirstymas Lietuvoje ir kitose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse, nagrinėjamas Europos ir Europos Sąjungos vaizdavimas politikų ir partijų agitacinėse žinutėse.
Politinės komunikacijos profesionalizacija Lietuvoje: 2016 m. Seimo rinkimų kampanijos atvejo analizė
Authors: Šuminas Andrius , Kiliulytė Akvilė
Published: February 2021

Rinkimų kampanijos nuolat keičiasi, kasmet tampa vis sudėtingesnės, nes į jas įtraukiama vis daugiau įvairių komunikacijos ir ryšių su visuomene specialistų, taikomi vis sudėtingesni poveikio ir tyrimų metodai, ilgėja pats politinių kampanijų vykdymo laikotarpis. Šie pokyčiai apibrėžiami politinės komunikacijos profesionalizacijos terminu, plačiai naudojamu tiek akademiniame diskurse, tiek profesiniame pasaulyje. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamos Lietuvos politinių partijų komunikacijos profesionalizacijos apraiškos per 2016 m. Seimo rinkimų kampaniją. Pirmiausia apibrėžiama politinės komunikacijos profesionalizacijos samprata ir charakteristikos, aptariami šio termino skirtumai nuo amerikonizacijos ir modernizacijos terminų. Vėliau pristatomi tyrimo, kuriame dalyvavo Lietuvos politinių partijų rinkiminių štabų vadovai, rezultatai. Aptariama, kaip partijos formavo rinkiminius štabus, kaip planavo ir vykdė komunikacinę veiklą, kodėl įtraukė arba neįtraukė į savo kampanijas išorinių ryšių su visuomene specialistų arba agentūrų
Havayolu Taşımacılığında Kriz Yönetimi
Authors: Şimşek Halil
Published: February 2021

Küreselleşmeyle birlikte ülke sınırlarını aşan ticari faaliyetler zorlukları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Yarattığı fırsatların yanı sıra rekabetin de artmasına zemin hazırlayan küreselleşme, aynı zamanda mevcut stratejilerin işlerliğini kaybetmesine neden olmuştur. Bununla birlikte artan küresel hareketlilik ve öngörülemez boyutlara varan değişim, piyasaları beklenmedik zaman ve boyutlarda risklere maruz bırakabilmektedir. Küreselleşmenin bir sonucu olan ülkeler arası geçiş kolaylıkları krizlerin tek bir bölgeyle sınırlı kalmadığını gösterirken, kriz dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan durgunluk ve güvensizlik gibi olumsuzlukların etkisi de dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde hissedilebilmektedir. Bu noktada odaklanılması gereken en temel husus krizi ekonomik yaşamın bir parçası olarak kabullenmek ve en az hasarla atlatabilecek etkinlikte stratejiler geliştirebilmektir. Kriz olgusuna gerek genel anlamda gerekse de havacılık sektörü bağlamında kavramsal bir bakışın amaçlandığı çalışmanın ilk bölümünde krizle ilgili kavramlara değinilmiş, ikinci bölümde ise havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün tarihsel süreçte karşı karşıya kaldığı en büyük krizlerden bahsedilmiştir. Son bölümde ise havayolu taşımacılığı sektöründe faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin kriz koşullarında ne gibi önlemler almaları gerektiğine dair birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
A prospective cohort study of patients with peptic perforation to identify high-risk clinical characteristics
Authors: Khalaf Ahmed Ziarra , Abdulla Mazin A. , Issa Ahmed AR
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Peptic ulcer perforation is the most common complication in peptic ulcer disease and can lead to serious complications and mortality; however, despite the widespread use of antisecretory agents and eradication of Helicobacter pylori, the incidence of peptic ulcer perforation remains largely unchanged. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with peptic ulcer perforation. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study involving patients with perforated peptic ulcer disease admitted to the Al-Basra Teaching Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019. A total of 100 patients were followed for 4 weeks. Patients’ demographic data, history of chronic diseases, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and steroid use, duration before surgery, preoperative shock status, previous symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, smoking habits, and fasting status were evaluated, and significant correlations with postoperative complications were analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 100 patients aged 16–87 years were included in the study, and the male-to- female ratio was 3:1. Sixty-seven (67%) patients underwent surgery within 12 h after admission, 41% of patients had a history of chronic disease, 54% of patients had an ASA score of 1, 57% of patients were smokers, 45% of patients reported previous peptic ulcer symptoms, and 22% of patients had preoperative shock status. Thirty-seven (37%) patients developed postoperative complications, and 8% of patients died. Conclusion: This study confirmed that advanced age, a high ASA score, preoperative shock, comorbidities, and delayed presentation before surgery were all risk factors for postoperative complications and mortality in patients with perforated peptic ulcer disease. Habitual smoking, fasting status, and NSAID and steroid use were not correlated with mortality.
POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE: O PERCURSO DE ELABORAÇÃO, IMPLEMENTAÇÃO E REVISÃO NO BRASIL
Authors: Noll Gonçalves Rodrigo , Rodrigues da Silva Noll Gonçalves Jéssica , Silva Cunha Mauricio José , Rubem Noé da Cruz Moises , Ribeiro de Carvalho Júnior Moacir , Gomes Ditterich Rafael , Bueno Roberto Eduardo
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo objetiva explorar o percurso de elaboração, implementação e revisão da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) no Brasil. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica, incluindo documentos institucionais, bem como livros e periódicos relacionados ao tema. Dentre os critérios de inclusão, foram selecionadas publicações com texto completo disponível e que tratassem diretamente do assunto. Verificou-se que a PNPS foi institucionalizada no Brasil, porém, é necessário o avanço em ações de promoção da saúde no cotidiano de estados e municípios, considerando a existência de múltiplos desafios, como a necessidade de superar o modelo tradicional e hegemônico do setor saúde, visto que a reorientação dos serviços requer mudanças de atitudes e a sua reorganização. Além disso, destaca-se a necessidade de articulação com outras políticas públicas e com outros setores, para o enfrentamento efetivo de problemas que não podem ser solucionados apenas pelas ações realizadas no setor saúde. É de suma importância o desenvolvimento de novos estudos, bem como de mecanismos de monitoramento e avaliação da PNPS, a fim de contribuir para o acompanhamento dos resultados obtidos, para o planejamento e para a efetividade na implementação de ações promotoras de saúde.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Kashiwagi Helena Midori , Bueno Roberto Eduardo
Published: February 2021

Editorial
Conceptualizing “Small-Time” College Athletics: The Fracture of the “Little Nineteen” Conference in the 1930s
Authors: Ingrassia Brian M.
Published: February 2021

The Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC), formed in the early 1900s, oversaw athletic relations among most of Illinois’s colleges and universities. At one point, the so-called Little Nineteen had over twenty members. In the 1930s, though, the conference fell apart, largely due to internecine conflicts over freshman eligibility. The IIAC’s fracture is a case study illustrating the impact of the Great Depression on small-college athletics. In particular, it shows how private schools sought to distinguish themselves both athletically and educationally from publicly funded institutions, including teachers colleges and junior colleges. Ultimately, by forming a new conference in 1937—and by limiting competition against public institutions or nonaccredited colleges—these small, private “liberal arts colleges” helped conceptualize a distinctive type of small-time intercollegiate athletics that rejected big-time athletic commercialization.
“National Responsibility”: A History of Willful Nostalgia in the Canadian Football League
Authors: Andrews Ben , Greenham Craig
Published: February 2021

The Canadian Football League (CFL) has long promoted itself and its championship game, the Grey Cup, as an integral part of Canadian identity and a force for national unity. Different periods of league history offer more or less support for this notion, as public interest in the league has fluctuated greatly over time. The 1970s were a period of relative prosperity for many teams, but by the late-1980s, declining attendance threatened its survival. During this period municipal, regional, and provincial governments rushed to support CFL teams through loans, tax breaks, and rent abatements. Pressed by frustrated taxpayers, politicians justified government support with little more than willful nostalgia for a formerly proud CFL. Three case studies are discussed detailing these events in different markets across the CFL. The nostalgic discourse of league officials, politicians, and journalists is examined.
Superfood or Superficial? Plasmon and the Birth of the Supplement Industry
Authors: Heffernan Conor
Published: February 2021

Beginning in the early twentieth century and continuing until the Great War, British consumers concerned with protecting or increasing their health were presented with a new and exciting product. Labeled “Plasmon,” this milk-based protein supplement promised to build nerve and flesh in equal measure. Used by explorers, scientists, athletes, and physical culturists, not to mention mothers and schoolchildren, Plasmon was marketed as a marvel of the modern age. Health foods had existed prior to Plasmon’s emergence, but none matched its advertising range. Citing Plasmon as a pivotal step in the transition from health foods to body-building supplements more generally, it is argued that Plasmon utilized ideas of science, gender, and sporting celebrity to promote its value to the British public. Though short-lived, Plasmon’s time in Britain predated the current supplement industry by nearly a century. Its study addresses a dearth in the literature regarding one of the most profitable sporting markets of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Evaluation of Logistical Operations in the Distribution Center of the Bahamas Group in the City of Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Fabio Roberto Costa de , Souza Abner Fortunato de , Souza Wellington Reginaldo de , Bellini Luciana Penna
Published: February 2021

The present work consists of a descriptive-analytical study in the distribution center of the Bahamas Group, a retail company in Juiz de Fora (MG), which currently has locations distributed throughout the Zona da Mata and Triângulo Mineiro. The paper aims to answer the following question: Are the receiving, addressing, storing, separating and shipping logistics operations at the Bahamas Group’s distribution center in line with conventional theoretical standards? Starting from the main objective, which is to portray the participation of logistics in the distribution center of the Bahamas Group, this study outlines the following specific objectives: to describe the operations of distribution and storage in the Bahamas Group; to identify the qualities and shortcomings of distribution and storage operations. The work was compiled on the theoretical bases of renowned authors in the area, focusing in particular on the aspects related to logistics, in addition to the methodology of descriptive-analytical research, in order to fulfill the objectives of the study. Subsequently, the distribution and storage operations within the Bahamas Group have been described. Then, before arriving at the final considerations, a pairing with the theoretical framework was made, in line with the theory put into practice. As a conclusion, significant growth was identified as a result of the creation of the distribution center.
An application of capacity design philosophy to gravity load dominated ductile reinforced concrete frames
Authors: Paulay T.
Published: February 2021

Indiscriminate application of the capacity design philosophy can lead to unnecessary or indeed absurd conservatism in the earthquake resistant design of gravity load dominated ductile reinforced concrete frames. Low-rise framed buildings are typical examples. The origin of excessive potential strength with respect to lateral loading is discussed and proposals are made to establish an acceptable upper bound for lateral load carrying capacity in such frames. A technique is presented by which the successive formation of potential plastic hinges, involving partial beam sway mechanisms, can be conveniently assured. While retaining the requirements for energy dissipation in beams, it is postulated that at an acceptable high level of lateral loading the formation of storey mechanisms, necessary to complete the frame sway mechanism, should be tolerable. Examples are given to illustrate the determination of design quantities for bending moments, shear and axial forces for both, beams and columns.
Trends in Utilization of Preoperative Embolization for Spinal Metastases: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample 2005–2017
Authors: Wahood Waseem , Alexander Alex Yohan , Yolcu Yagiz Ugur , Brinjikji Waleed , Kallmes David F. , Lanzino Giuseppe , Bydon Mohamad
Published: February 2021

Purpose: While previous studies have suggested that preoperative embolization of hypervascular spinal metastases may alleviate intraoperative blood loss and improve resectability, trends and driving factors for choosing this approach have not been extensively explored. Therefore, we evaluated the trends and assessed the factors associated with preoperative embolization utilization for spinal metastatic tumors using a national inpatient database.Materials and Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project was queried for patients undergoing surgical resection for spinal metastasis between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2017. Patients undergoing preoperative embolization were identified; trends in the utilization of preoperative embolization were analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage test. Multivariable regression was conducted to assess factors associated with higher preoperative embolization utilization.Results: A total of 11,508 patients with spinal metastasis were identified; 105 (0.91%) underwent preoperative embolization. Of those 105 patients, 79 (75.24%) patients had a primary renal cancer, as compared to 1,732 (15.19%) of those who did not undergo preoperative embolization (P<0.001). The majority of patients in the non-preoperative embolization cohort had a primary lung tumor (n=3,562, 31.24%). Additionally, patient comorbidities were similar among the 2 groups (P>0.05). Trends in preoperative embolization indicated an increase of 0.16% (standard error: 0.024%, P<0.001) in utilization per year.Conclusion: Utilization of preoperative embolization for spinal metastasis is increasing yearly, especially for patients with renal cancer, suggesting that surgeons may increasingly consider embolization before surgical resection for hypervascular tumors. Additionally, the literature has shown the intraoperative and postoperative benefits of this procedure.
Row-by-Column, Plexiglass & Zoom, Oh My! A K-12 COVID-19 Storm / A Pilot
Authors: Scott-Webber Lennie
Published: February 2021

We are 21 years into the 21st century, and educational practices across North America were woefully unprepared to ‘flip the switch’ to online learning; at times no education occurred at all, not online or onsite. The COVID-19 pandemic disruptor storm peeled off the layers of blindfolds time accrued in an instant. Issues included three areas. Area one—unpreparedness: digital illiteracy relative to online learning and corresponding teaching models, equity issues pertaining to internet access and computer access, platforms that varied and were unreliable. Area two—inconsistent: (if any) guidelines on how to teach onsite, or those from a disease control group dictating a six-foot distancing, masks, plexiglass, and row-by-column with eyes facing forward (back to a 19th century teaching didactic model), and smaller class sizes. Area three-time/space continuum: the combining of online and onsite, teaching loads, and maintenance. This ‘alpha’ research study tried to capture a historic moment in time. A Human-centered Research Design (HcRD) protocol with three techniques to mitigate bias was used: (1) online survey, (2) focused interviews, and (3) crowd-sourced photographic content across two countries—USA and Canada as a convenience sample. The findings will reveal a ‘just-in-time’ snap shot of the tactics used pre- and current-, as well as ideas for post-pandemic—this research’s differentiator. The storm of COVID-19 played unprecedented havoc on schools across North America, but there are important learnings and these, along with some insights will be shared.
Strongly Starlike Functions and Related Classes
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokol Janusz
Published: February 2021

We consider  univalent functions, analytic in the unit disc $ |z|<1$in the complex plane ${\mathbb{C}}$ which map $ |z|<1$ onto a domainwith some nice property. The purpose of this paper is to find somenew conditions for strong starlikeness and some related results.
[1,2,4]triazyny – potencjalne leki w chemioterapii nowotworów
Authors: Szymanowska Anna , Gornowicz Agnieszka , Bielawska Anna , Bielawski Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

Streszczenie

Choroby nowotworowe stanowią duże zagrożenie społeczne; w 2018 roku zdiagnozowano prawie 18 milionów nowych przypadków zachorowań na nowotwory. Wybór metody leczenia uzależniony jest od typu nowotworu, a także stopnia zaawansowania choroby w chwili diagnozy. W leczeniu wykorzystuje się przede wszystkim: metody chirurgiczne, radioterapię, immunoterapię, hormonoterapię i chemioterapię. Leki cytostatyczne mogą być stosowane zarówno w monoterapii, jak i w terapii skojarzonej. W latach 2009–2018 Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) dopuściła prawie 356 nowych leków w terapii przeciwnowotworowej. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę, że mimo coraz większej dostępności nowoczesnych leków, choroba ta jest drugą główną przyczyną zgonów na świecie. Badania nad opracowaniem preparatów cytotoksycznych mają na celu zaprojektowanie struktury związku, którego działanie ukierunkowane będzie na komórki nowotworowe przy jednoczesnym braku wpływu na komórki prawidłowe. Strukturę chemiczną o potencjalnym działaniu przeciwnowotworowym mogą tworzyć pochodne triazyny, które są stosowane w terapii onkologicznej już od 1965 roku. W zależności od umiejscowienia atomów azotu w pierścieniu wyróżnia się trzy izomery: [1,2,3]triazyny, [1,2,4]triazyny, [1,3,5]triazyny. Odpowiednia modyfikacja struktury [1,2,4]triazyny ma na celu zapewnienie znacznie silniejszych właściwości cytotoksycznych i ograniczenie działań niepożądanych w porównaniu do obecnie stosowanych leków. Projektowanie nowych preparatów ma także poprawić komfort życia pacjenta. W artykule pokrótce przedstawiono w jaki sposób modyfikacja struktury chemicznej pochodnych [1,2,4]triazyny wpływa na wzrost ich aktywności cytotoksycznej i dlaczego te związki mogą być lepiej tolerowane niż obecnie stosowana terapia.
Optimizing data augmentation policies for convolutional neural networks based on classification of sickle cells
Authors: Da Silva Matheus , Rodrigues Larissa , Mari João Fernando
Published: February 2021

Data augmentation is a key procedure in many image classification tasks, mainly to overcome the problem of small datasets. In this work, we exploit the data augmentation as a hyperparameter optimization approach. We tested our methods to classify erythrocytes to assist the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. In this study, we proposed a data augmentation approach based on hyperparameter optimization to find the best augmentation policies through the Bayesian optimization algorithm. We also developed a convolutional neural network architecture from scratch and compared it with two classic architectures to classify sickle cell images. Our approach defines the best data augmentation solutions and sends those solutions to be carried out by CNN in the final training. All experiments were validated using a stratified five-fold cross-validation procedure, and our best result achieves 92.54% of accuracy. The results suggest the best augmentation policies defined with optimization allow us to obtain superior results than other strategies such as without data augmentation, several randomly defined image transformations, and only random rotations. As far as we know, our paper is the first to propose optimizing data augmentation policies in biomedical images leading to a better exploration of these strategies in several fields.
A Thorough Evaluation of Kernel Order in CNN Based Traffic Signs Recognition
Authors: De Oliveira Lucas , Mota Guilherme , Vidal Vitor
Published: February 2021

Convolutional Neural Network is an important deep learning architecture for computer vision. Alongside with its variations, it brought image analysis applications to a new performance level. However, despite its undoubted quality, the evaluation of the performance presented in the literature is mostly restricted to accuracy measurements. So, considering the stochastic characteristics of neural networks training and the impact of the architectures configuration, research is still needed to affirm if such architectures reached the optimal configuration for their focused problems. Statistical significance is a powerful tool for a more accurate experimental evaluation of stochastic processes. This paper is dedicated to perform a thorough evaluation of kernel order influence over convolutional neural networks in the context of traffic signs recognition. Experiments for distinct kernels sizes were performed using the most well accepted database, the socalled German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark.
Classification of UAVs' distorted images using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Silva Leandro , D. Júnior Jocival , Santos Jean , Mari João Fernando , Escarpinati Maurício , Backes André
Published: February 2021

Currently, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is becoming ever more common for acquiring images in precision agriculture, either to identify characteristics of interest or to estimate plantations. However, despite this growth, their processing usually requires specialized techniques and software. During flight, UAVs may undergo some variations, such as wind interference and small altitude variations, which directly influence the captured images. In order to address this problem, we proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for the classification of three linear distortions common in UAV flight: rotation, translation and perspective transformations. To train and test our CNN, we used two mosaics that were divided into smaller individual images and then artificially distorted. Results demonstrate the potential of CNNs for solving possible distortions caused in the images during UAV flight. Therefore this becomes a promising area of exploration.
Education for Democratic Citizenship: A Study of
The Romanian And Icelandic Learner’s Profile
Authors: Tilea Monica , Duță Oana-Adriana , Ólafsdóttir Sigríður
Published: February 2021

Education for democratic citizenship is a major pillar of today’s society and is strongly
acknowledged by educational systems worldwide. In the context of learner-centered
education, a prerequisite for the effectiveness of the learning process is a good understanding of the learner’s profile, to which the teaching practice should be consistently adapted. When analyzing the factors that influence the learner’s profile, Tomlinson (2003) and Brice Heath (1983) have pointed out the importance of societal culture, while Jónsson & Sigurðardóttir (2012) have emphasized the pivotal role of education in preparing students for active participation in society.
Against this background, our research proposes an approach to the learner’s profile in the framework of education for democratic citizenship and starts from the hypothesis that national cultural features play a significant role in shaping it. By means of a comparison between two groups of students from Romania and Iceland – two countries positioned on opposite levels in The Democracy Index 2018 – the authors of this study aim to identify and analyze the differences that may be motivated by cultural specificities.
This study is underpinned by the following leading questions: What are the viewpoints of the Romanian and Icelandic respondents from the target groups regarding education and democracy, in general, and education for democratic citizenship, in particular? What specific cultural features may explain differences between the two groups? Which cultural characteristics of the two groups can influence their approach to education for democratic citizenship? To answer these questions, a questionnaire including multiple-choice, openended, and rank ordering questions was administered to two groups of students, one from the University of Craiova and the other from the University of Iceland identical in size and field of study. The data were interpreted using a mixed methodological approach: the ordinal data collected was analyzed using quantitative methods, and the nominal data were subjected to content analysis. Thus, the investigation outlines the Romanian and Icelandic respondents' profile, focusing on the main aspects relevant for education for democratic citizenship, and puts forward a set of differences between the two groups induced by intrinsic cultural characteristics
Outnumbered Azerbaijani Women in Managerial Jobs: Secondary Data and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Karimova Gunel
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the present study is to examine the existing position of Azerbaijani women regarding managerial jobs in the spheres of education and public sector, as well as individual experiences and perspectives of a group of Azerbaijani women related to this. Drawing upon secondary data analysis and interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), the research seeks to explore how Azerbaijani women are positioned statistically with regards to managerial jobs in the spheres of education and public sector, how a group of Azerbaijani women in the fields of education and public sector reflect on their individual case and relevant trends in the country; to what extent they relate their situation to external influences such as access to quality education, organizational stereotypes and discrimination, family restrictions and women’s internal inclinations sourcing from cultural predisposition. Based on the study results, this paper argues that women’s existing internal limitations due to cultural norms and expectations do not seem to allow research participants to see or set career as one of their primary striving and advancing points in life. Accordingly, it significantly leads to the underrepresentation of women in managerial jobs in education and the public sector.