bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender and Social‐Cognitive Development
Authors: Leaper Campbell
Published: March 2015

Contemporary theory and research on children's gender development from a social‐cognitive perspective are reviewed in six sections. First, I examine contemporary social‐cognitive theories and conceptual models pertinent to the study of gender development. These include cognitive‐developmental, information‐processing, intergroup, and motivational approaches. Second, I summarize the development of children's gender cognitions. Topics include gender stereotyping, attitudes, prejudice, self‐concepts, and gender and as a social identity. Third, possible causes and consequences of gender‐typed play are considered. In the fourth section, I review research on gender comparisons of performance and achievement. Some of the reviewed domains are academic achievement (including verbal, spatial, mathematical, science, and artistic domains), athletic achievement, interpersonal competence, and intrapersonal competence. Fifth, I highlight some of the individual and social‐relational influences on gender‐related variations in performance and achievement. Finally, I advocate for more theory bridging and replication in future research on gender development.
Temperament and Personality
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: March 2015

Research on children's temperament and personality has been growing substantially in the past several decades with the development of various child‐oriented theories and sophisticated methodologies. As a result, we now have an extensive understanding of the organization of basic characteristics such as reactivity and self‐regulation in childhood and their independent and joint contributions to social, cognitive, and psychological adjustment in the later years. In this chapter, we review and discuss major theoretical perspectives and assessment issues, biological foundations for temperament and personality development, relations of major aspects or dimensions of temperament and personality to adjustment outcomes, and the involvement of family and peer experiences in temperament and personality development. We also discuss how cultural norms and values affect the display and the developmental significance of temperament and personality. We particularly emphasize the role of socialization, such as culturally guided social evaluation and regulation of individual characteristics in interactions, in shaping the developmental processes and patterns of temperament and personality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of practical implications and future directions.
Developmental Implications of Discrimination
Authors: Marks Amy K. , Ejesi Kida , McCullough Mary Beth , Coll Cynthia García
Published: March 2015

Discrimination—the purposeful and harmful actions toward others because of their membership in a social group—can have profound effects on child and adolescent development. This chapter is concerned with mapping the literature on how perceived discrimination negatively affects a wide range of developmental processes (e.g., identity formation and prosocial behaviors) and outcomes across cognitive, physical health, socioemotional, and mental health areas. Because no such review has been written previously, we present a systematic review of this emerging body of research. We also attend to important theoretical models salient to understanding how discrimination harms children's lives, and to the social processes that may make children prone to discriminating against others. Thoughts on future research directions in this subfield accompany a discussion of the need for increased attention to the social contexts that promote discrimination in childhood and adolescence.
A Social Perspective on Theory of Mind
Authors: Hughes Claire , Devine Rory T.
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides a detailed review of research on individual differences in theory of mind and is organized into four major sections. In the first section, we adopt a historical approach in order to introduce key theoretical accounts of theory of mind and trends that have led to the study of individual differences. In the second section, we propose that seven distinct lines of research provide converging support for the view that social experiences shape individual differences in children's understanding of mind. In the third section, we consider two cognitive domains (executive function and language) that each show robust associations with theory of mind and examine the possible interplay of these factors and children's social experiences. In the fourth section, we outline the emerging literature on the social and academic consequences of individual differences in theory of mind. Overall, we conclude that individual differences in theory of mind are stable, measurable across a wide age range, reflect the complex interplay of social and cognitive factors, and are meaningful for children's social lives.
Development of Achievement Motivation and Engagement
Authors: Wigfield Allan , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Fredricks Jennifer A. , Simpkins Sandra , Roeser Robert W. , Schiefele Ulrich
Published: March 2015

In this chapter we review the research on the development of children's motivation and engagement. We organize our review into four major sections: the development of children's achievement motivation; gender, cultural, and ethnic differences in children's motivation; socialization of motivation in the family; and socialization of motivation in school. We take a social‐cognitive expectancy‐value theoretical perspective to organize our discussion of this work. We first discuss the development of children's motivation and engagement and take another look at the often‐observed decline in motivation, focusing on new work showing different patterns in these declines among different groups of children. We also discuss how children's motivation relates to their performance and choice, two kinds of outcomes of major importance to children's healthy development. The second major section discusses gender, ethnic, and cultural differences in children's motivation and the important advances researchers have made in understanding these over the past 10 years.

In the family and school socialization sections we focus on processes by which parents, teachers, and schools can impact children's motivation both positively and negatively. We note the similarities of these processes across socializers: Providing appropriate challenges and emotional warmth and support, and having high expectations for children. We discuss the need for more integrative studies of how parents and also teachers impact children's motivation. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of important future directions: A continuing focus on culture and motivation, further examination of motivation in specific domains and contexts, a stronger focus on biological influences on the development of motivation, and a consideration of unconscious processes and their impact on the development of motivation.
Origins and Development of Morality
Authors: Killen Melanie , Smetana Judith G.
Published: March 2015

Origins and Development of Morality

Morality is a central aspect of social life and has been at the core of psychological theories for more than a century. The scientific study of morality poses enduring questions about how individual psychological needs for autonomy and attachment to groups and society can be met while also ensuring the integrity, dignity, and fair treatment of others. Drawing on philosophy, biology, anthropology, and sociology, developmental scientists have addressed these questions by studying the origins and acquisition of morality as well as the sources and nature of change. We provide a brief review of the theories that provided the foundation for research over the past half‐century and then reflect on the controversies and misconceptions that still exist. We review current psychological research on the developmental roots of morality, morality and mental state knowledge, and moral judgments and reasoning. We also examine the various contexts, ranging from the family and peer groups to society, in which moral development occurs. The rich and growing literature on children's moral judgments has demonstrated that children's concepts of harm, resource allocation, fair and equal treatment of others, social inequities, and rights each develop from a very focused and narrow form in early childhood to their application to broader situational and cultural contexts. As they grow older, children become able to weigh and coordinate competing concerns in different contexts as they apply their moral judgments and emotions to social situations. We conclude with implications and directions for research. Throughout the chapter, we demonstrate how the study of morality has shed light on fundamental topics in developmental science, contributed novel methods, and discovered new knowledge about child development.
Development of the Self
Authors: Spencer Margaret Beale , Swanson Dena Phillips , Harpalani Vinay
Published: March 2015

Conceptualized as having salience for well‐being, the social, economic and cultural realities and complexities evident in 21st‐century North America are seen as central foundational themes for understanding “the self.” This chapter offers and extends traditional considerations of self‐processes to include the implications of social inequalities experienced in the early decades of life. It does so by focusing on racial and socioeconomic inequities, along with social and cultural complexities that compound these inequalities. While researchers have conceptualized these inequities as having salience for well‐being, this chapter extends theorizing about the self to incorporate these themes. It integrates racial and socioeconomic inequity with traditional theories of self‐processes. Given the growing racial and ethnic diversity occurring across the world, there is a need for developmental psychologists—and social scientists more generally—to place racial and economic inequality at the forefront, even when studying self‐appraisals as an individual psychological phenomenon.

This chapter draws from a life‐span developmental perspective, but it especially focuses on adolescence, when self‐consciousness is heightened and self‐processes are most salient. The breadth of normative developmental influences on self‐processes makes the exploration of cross‐domain manifestations, such as health, education, and juvenile justice, exceedingly important. Patterned disparities and assumptions about self‐processes are highlighted, particularly as relevant for diverse groups who share the same physical space. Self‐processes are discussed as they are linked to evaluative judgments about body image, color awareness, social status, nativity, faith group, and gender bias. All of these attributes impact the self as a function of the individual's developmental status. In light of these themes, this chapter examines historical perspectives regarding self‐development and presents contemporary conceptualizations of self‐processes with specific attention to race and gender as visible characteristics. It presents these issues are particularly salient particularly for youth, because they reinforce societal expectations that shape conditions for privilege or marginalization.
Friendships, Romantic Relationships, and Peer Relationships
Authors: Furman Wyndol , Rose Amanda J.
Published: March 2015

This chapter reviews the current state of the literature on children and adolescents' dyadic peer relationships. Particular emphasis is placed on children and adolescents' same‐sex friendships and romantic relationships, but research on other‐sex friendships, antipathies, passionate friendships, and sexual relationships are covered as well. The chapter uses a unified relational perspective, which has four key points. First, friendships and romantic relationships need to be studied as relationships. They are dyadic phenomena with a history. Second, children and adolescents' friendships, romantic relationships, and other peer relationships all share common features. They have been studied as separate phenomena and typically by different investigators, but the field would benefit by simultaneously considering all of these types of relationships. Third, any particular relationship is embedded in a network of dyadic relationships. Finally, dyadic peer relationships cannot be understood without incorporating the contexts in which they occur, such as the general peer group, family, and culture.

Using this unified relational perspective, the chapter reviews research on the development of dyadic relationships, the role of the self and partner and gender. The chapter then discusses the associations with family relationships, the peer group, media, and the cultural context in which they are embedded. The links between relationships and adjustment are also covered. The chapter also outlines a number of definitional, conceptual, methodological, and analytical issues that need to be addressed in future research, and identifies a number of understudied topics. It concludes by discussing the merits of the unified relational perspective.
Religious and Spiritual Development
Authors: King Pamela Ebstyne , Boyatzis Chris J.
Published: March 2015

Although religion and spirituality have long been an integral part of being human, this is the first empirical chapter to be included in theHandbook of Child Psychology. We examine major theoretical perspectives but emphasize the recent explosion of empirical findings on religion and spirituality in childhood and adolescence. Recognizing the centrality of bidirectional relationships between young persons and their context that contribute to religious and spiritual development, we advocate for an understanding of reciprocating spirituality. Within the chapter, we examine how children and adolescents develop in religiousness and spirituality in the context of proximal and more distal relationships. The chapter offers a history of the field, an overview of the demographic landscape of religion and spirituality in the lives of children and adolescents, and presentation of key areas of religiousness and spirituality in younger children and also in adolescents. The chapter also reviews research regarding religion, spirituality, and positive development in children and adolescents and examines the psychological mechanisms by which religion and spirituality may be a resource or detriment to young people. Finally, we offer suggestions for a more integrative science of religious and spiritual development as well as map future directions for the field.
Human Development in Time and Place
Authors: Elder Glen H. , Shanahan Michael J. , Jennings Julia A.
Published: March 2015

The study of the life course and human development has evolved rapidly over the past quarter century, extending across substantive boundaries of the social, behavioral, and medical sciences. These advances have coincided with the spread of life course studies across diverse societies, as scholars draw on long‐term longitudinal archives to examine the implications of social change for human development. Viewed collectively, these cutting‐edge studies tell us much about the dimensions of historical time and place and their importance in shaping biographical pathways. The chapter begins with the theoretical traditions that have formed an interdisciplinary life course perspective on human development, one that views the person as embedded in a life‐long pattern of social roles, age distinctions, and relationships, processes that are themselves responsive to place and time. In the second section, elementary concepts (e.g., trajectories, transitions) and paradigmatic principles are introduced as a theoretical map of the life course. These concepts and principles have been applied in longitudinal studies of lives across societies (e.g., China, Germany, and Russia) and, within societies, by geographic distinctions (e.g., states, regions, and communities/neighborhoods). The chapter concludes by noting important advances in studying the impact of historical time and place.
Children's Parents
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: March 2015

This chapter surveys central issues concerning children's parents. The chapter first addresses the two faces of parenting, parenting as a phase of adult development and parenting as an instrumental activity vis‐à‐vis children. Next, the chapter briefly overviews the origins of parenting studies, theories of parenting, and future directions in parenting research. The following two sections of the chapter address the principal actors in the human drama of caregiving, mothers, fathers, and children's other principal caregivers, and, then, cognitions and practices that principally instantiate parenting. With the actors, attitudes, and actions associated with parenting introduced, arguments for the meaningfulness of parenting effects are then evaluated in correlational designs and various kinds of experiments that demonstrate the value of parenting (challenges to parenting effects from behavior genetics and group socialization theory are also addressed). Parents and parenting vary tremendously, and determinants of parenting are a major issue in the field; the multicausal origins of parenting in characteristics of parents, characteristics of children, and contextual characteristics are explored next. The chapter closes with some practical issues‐;for example neglect, abuse, and parenting interventions‐;before reaching more general conclusions.
Children in Diverse Families
Authors: Ganong Lawrence , Coleman Marilyn , Russell Luke T.
Published: March 2015

Children in diverse families often have divergent life courses from children reared in other family forms. Diverse families, unlike first‐marriage nuclear families, often are not formed by marriage, and when they are, the marriage may not be the first for at least one of the adults. Children in diverse families may be genetically related to only one parent or to neither parent. Diverse families may include more than two adults who serve in parental roles, or only one adult, not always a genetic parent, may be rearing children. Legal connections between parents and children, like genetic bonds, vary widely in diverse families. In this chapter we examine several types of diverse families as environmental contexts within which children develop: Families headed by unmarried and cohabiting parents, children who have had a parent die or whose parents have divorced, stepfamilies, families headed by gay and lesbian individuals, grandfamilies (grandparents raising grandchildren), and parents who utilized assisted reproductive technologies (ART). These categories are not homogeneous, so when feasible, we examine the state of the scholarship within subcategories of these larger family types.
Children in Neighborhoods
Authors: Leventhal Tama , Dupéré Véronique , A. Shuey Elizabeth
Published: March 2015

Several decades of research demonstrate a link between neighborhood residence and human development throughout the life course. This chapter goes beyond enumerating studies that have found such connections between neighborhoods and development; we focus on synthesizing findings from methodologically rigorous research to lay a foundation of what we know about how and why neighborhoods matter for children during the first two decades of life. We begin the chapter with an overview of the history and context of neighborhood research, with special attention to the intersections of research and policy. We next turn our attention to defining the neighborhood context for children. By addressing issues of theory and measurement in neighborhood research, we provide a framework for the third section on approaches to studying neighborhood influences on children's development. The fourth section presents a review of the current state of research in the field, integrating multiple aspects of the neighborhood context and synergies with related contexts and individual characteristics. The fifth section then considers the neighborhood as a unit of intervention. Finally, we offer a dynamic framework for the study of neighborhoods and child development before presenting our conclusions.
Children in History
Authors: Stearns Peter N.
Published: March 2015

The foundation for the historical exploration of childhood and children, and for paying attention to historical research in the area, centers on the recognition that conditions for children can and do change, often quite substantially. Historical research can highlight how children in various past periods differed from each other, and from their contemporary counterparts, and it can seek to explain why key changes have occurred. Applied explicitly to the most contemporary historical period, historical research can also explore more specifically how present conditions and features of childhood have emerged, for some truly fundamental shifts in children's roles and expectations are quite recent. This chapter discusses the purposes and challenges in researching the history of childhood, and summarizes major periods of change, with attention to major regional patterns and comparisons, but also to developments at a more global level. Analysis of change includes explicit discussion of the new conditions generated by the industrial revolution and more recently still by globalization itself.
Adorno, Theodor
Authors: Casaqui Vander
Published: March 2015

This entry discusses the legacy of the German philosopher and exponent of the Frankfurt School, Theodor W. Adorno (1903–69), in particular his study of consumption in relation to the concept of the culture industry. Through the meanings and implications of this concept, the following themes are developed: the Marxist perspective applied to media theory; the serial production of cultural goods and the process of commodification of culture; the consumption of mass culture as a factor of alienation of subjects, instituted as consumers; dialogues and polemics of Adorno's theory alongside authors such as Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, and schools of communicational thought, such as cultural studies.
Boycotts
Authors: Kuehn Kathleen
Published: March 2015

Boycotts are the strategic avoidance of a person, country, organization, firm, product, or service, usually to express dissatisfaction with a particular set of practices. They are a form of protest, the goal typically being to effect some change nonviolently through the application of economic pressure. Designed to punish offending or unfavorable behavior, boycotts are a popular form of consumer and political activism and have been levied against a range of institutions, organizations, and goods including the slave trade, racial segregation, corporations, and consumer culture, generally.
Celebrity
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: March 2015

Celebrity may be defined as the accumulation of attention capital. Most commonly, it is understood to be a quality of individuals. However, it may also refer to social groups (sports teams, pop groups, business management partnerships) and social events (the Olympics, the World Series, the
FIFA
World Cup). With respect to individuals, there are three types of celebrity.
Ascribed celebrity
refers to social impact that reflects bloodline, whereby Hereditary titled individuals, such as kings, queens, emperors, ladies, duchesses, and so forth are positioned in the social hierarchy to automatically command enlarged respect and deference.
Achieved celebrity
refers to social impact that derives from recognized talents and accomplishments; successful sports stars, musicians, actors, comedians, and authors are pre‐eminent in this social category.
Celetoids
are individuals who attain intense bursts of fame. The term is an amalgamation of “celebrity” and “tabloid” (newspaper); this gives a clue to the meaning of the phenomenon by highlighting the pivotal role of media communication in the process.
E
lias,
N
orbert
Authors: Dolan Paddy
Published: March 2015

Norbert Elias (1897–1990) was a German sociologist whose work addressed social change and the development of habitus since the Middle Ages. While it was not his goal to explain consumption, he used evidence of changing consumption practices and standards to illustrate the shift to a more emotionally self‐controlled and stable personality structure in the context of increasing social interdependencies over many generations.
Governmentality and Consumer Culture
Authors: Mayes Christopher
Published: March 2015

Governmentality describes the practice of government that uses tactics, knowledges, and procedures to “conduct the conduct” of individuals and populations. Foucault's analysis of neoliberal governmentality is especially relevant for examining consumer culture in relation to political economy. This entry outlines the significance of governmentality for the study of consumer culture, in particular consumption as production, consumption as responsibility, and consumption as security.
McDonaldization
Authors: Chen Chih‐Chin , Ritzer George
Published: March 2015

McDonaldization
is George Ritzer's modern theoretical adaptation of Max Weber's theory on rationalization. Where Weber uses bureaucracy as the model for the process of rationalization, Ritzer uses the fast‐food restaurant, especially
McDonald
's, as the contemporary paradigm of the process. He defines
McDonaldization
as “the process by which the principles of the fast‐food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world.”
Taxes
Authors: Wernet Christine A.
Published: March 2015

There are many different taxes that are levied on citizens of a country. The two main reasons for taxation are to redistribute income among the population and to generate government revenue. Redistribution of income can generate more equality in a society, and government revenue is needed to fund various endeavors from national security to education, all of which are necessary to maintain peace and prosperity. There are three main types of taxation: proportional, progressive, and regressive taxes.
Christmas
Authors: Cox Patrick
Published: March 2015

Christmas is an annual holiday celebrated around the world. Though ostensibly a Christian holiday, most of the practices of the holiday center around family, especially children, and consumerism, and it is widely celebrated in non‐Christian countries. Christmas as a modern domestic celebration came to rise in England and the United States in the nineteenth century, spurred by the writing of Charles Dickens and the holiday practices of the British royal family.
Emergency medicine as a primary specialty—French emergency medicine residents’ attitudes
Authors: Yordanov Youri , Sobotka Jennifer , Dahan Benjamin , Jacquin Laurent , Kalpokdjian Aurélie , Pateron Dominique
Published: March 2015

Emergency medicine (EM) has been a fellowship program (supra-specialty) in France since 2004. Even though the program can be accessed after completion of one of several primary specialties, the vast majority (97%) of its residents enter the program after having completed training in family medicine. A change to develop a primary EM specialty is being discussed. Our objective was to assess French residents and young EM physicians’ attitudes toward EM as a primary specialty. We conducted a brief cross-sectional online survey among young EM physicians and trainees in November and December 2012. There were 288 respondents to the survey. Forty-nine percent (n=142) of respondents would have chosen EM if it was a primary specialty, but 73% (n=209) prefer maintaining the status quo, offering EM training as a supra-specialty fellowship program. Work-related quality of life was the main reason for those not choosing EM as a primary specialty.
Effects of post-training modafinil administration in a discriminative avoidance task in mice
Authors: Fernandes Helaine Arrais , Zanin Karina Agustini , Patti Camilla de Lima , Lopes-Silva Leonardo Brito , Bizerra Carolina Souza , Bittencourt Lia Rita Azeredo , Tufik Sergio , Frussa-Filho Roberto
Published: March 2015

Objective

Although the cognitive-enhancing abilities after modafinil have been demonstrated, its effects on memory consolidation remain overlooked. We investigated the effects of repeated modafinil administration on consolidation of a discriminative avoidance task.

Methods

Mice were trained in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task. After training, mice received intraperitonial modafinil (doses of 32, 64 or 128 mg/kg). Animals were treated for more 9 consecutive days; 30 min after the last injection, testing was performed. In addition, the effects of 32 mg/kg modafinil on consolidation at different time points were examined.

Results

The smaller dose of modafinil (32 mg/kg) impaired memory consolidation, without modifying anxiety or locomotion. Still, modafinil post-training administration at 1 or 2 h impaired memory persistence.

Conclusions

Modafinil impaired memory consolidation in a dose- and time-dependent fashion.
Can We Make a Difference? Prejudice Towards Asylum Seekers in Australia and the Effectiveness of Antiprejudice Interventions
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Hartley Lisa K.
Published: March 2015

Over the past few decades, Australia has implemented increasingly restrictive measures to try and deter the arrival of asylum seekers. In our article, we review what is known in the literature about the antecedents of prejudice against asylum seekers. We outline 11 mechanisms, or variables, as being particularly important. We then draw out the practical implications as they relate to antiprejudice interventions. Within the research and implications, we discuss our own experiences of working directly with asylum seekers over the past decade and in running antiprejudice interventions. We conclude that even though the situation is bleak in Australia at the time of writing this article (at the end of 2014), we must continue with attempts to combat the demonisation of asylum seekers both on an individual level and a structural level.
Customising the length of the Montgomery T-tube whilst retaining a bevelled edge
Authors: Gan A , Varadarajan V , Rothera M P
Published: March 2015

Background:

The Montgomery T-tube is used in a number of conditions that require safe tracheal stenting. Specific lengths of T-tube limbs are occasionally needed in patients with complex airway anatomy or differing neck proportions; this requires customisation of the T-tube limbs. This is done either by pre-ordering customised T-tubes from the manufacturer (which needs to be planned ahead of time) or using a tube cutter in the operating theatre. However, the latter does not provide a ‘factory like’ bevelled edge when shortened, which increases the risk of mucosal trauma and granulation formation.

Objective:

This paper reports a novel technique for customising the length of existing Montgomery T-tubes, with preservation of the bevelled edges. This technique can be easily performed with basic equipment available in operating theatres.
Mood alternation in Spanish conditional clauses: Condition, cause and the dominion hypothesis
Authors: VESTERINEN RAINER
Published: March 2015

The present paper analyzes the mood alternation between Spanish conditional clauses introduced by the particlesi‘if’, on the one hand, and by conditional conjunctions such asa condición de que‘on the condition that’,con tal de que‘provided that’ andsiempre y cuando‘as long as’, on the other hand. Situated within the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Grammar, the paper argues that the conceptual content of the linguistic unit that introduces the conditional clause determines mood choice. In particular, it is claimed that the indicative mood insi-clauses reflects theconceptualizer’sreasoning about the causal relation between two events. By contrast, the occurrence of the subjunctive mood in other conditional clauses is analyzed as a natural effect of the condition expressed by the conditional conjunction. The analysis further shows that the mood alternation can be explained by the concept ofdominion. The particlesiintroduces a clause that is located within the conceptualizer’sepistemic dominion, whereas other conditional conjunctions introduce clauses that are located outsidethe dominion of effective control.
A histopathological study of the geoduck clam Panopea abbreviata from San José Gulf, North Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Vázquez N. , Ituarte C. , Cremonte F.
Published: March 2015

This is the first study performed to determine the health status of the geoduck Panopea abbreviata in the San José and San Matías Gulfs (North Patagonia, Argentina). The study was based on 120 geoducks collected (30 specimens in each season) at Fracasso Beach (42°25′S 64°07′W) (San José Gulf) and 30 specimens collected during the austral summer at Puerto Lobos (42°00′S 65°05′W) (San Matías Gulf). The parasites found (prevalence in parentheses) were: prokaryotic inclusions (32.2%) were recorded in the epithelium of the digestive gland and gill filaments; ciliates (79%) mainly found in gills; Porospora-like gregarines (15.2%) in the connective tissue between inner and outer mantle epitheliums; the turbellarian Paravortex panopea (27.1%) in the intestine lumen; the nemertean Malacobdella arrokeana (98.3%) in the pallial cavity; and the green alga Coccomyxa parasitica (51%) parasitizing the haemocytes in the connective tissue of the distal end of the siphon. The highest mean parasitic abundance value was found in the late austral spring (November), coinciding with the lowest values of the condition index of the host. The populations of P. abbreviata from San José Gulf seemed to be devoid of severe pathogens.
DD fusion from a polarized HD target
Authors: Didelez J.-P. , Deutsch C.
Published: March 2015

Recently, we have proposed an experiment to test the persistence of the polarization in a fusion process (D+D→3He+n), using a powerful laser hitting a polarized HD target. The purpose of the present contribution is to examine in more detail the experimental constraints, to move from a principle proposal to a doable experiment. Some of the difficulties are as follows: Production of a windowless cryogenic HD target and target cryostat vacuum breakdown, identification of thermal fusion or accelerated deuterons, inducing nuclear reactions, and finally, a clear signature of the polarization persistence of the fused deuterons must be found. Those points will be reviewed and discussed in the scope of the new results presented at this conference.
A GENERAL CLASS OF CUSUM STATISTICS
Authors: Withers Christopher S. , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: March 2015

Much of the work relating to control charts is on monitoring observations for changes in mean. Here, for the first time, we develop a class of cusum-type statistics to monitoranyaspect of a process (for example, mean, variance, skewness or kurtosis). This development is based on recently published papers by the authors.
Vulnerability and resilience after early institutional care: The Greek Metera study
Authors: Vorria Panayiota , Ntouma Maria , Rutter Michael
Published: March 2015

The aim of the study was to examine possible influences on individual differences in adolescence in response to early institutional care in infancy not involving either generalized privation or subnutrition. Fifty-two adopted adolescents aged 13 years who received institutional care in infancy at the Metera Babies Centre and 36 adolescents of the same age who were raised in their biological families participated in the study. Adolescents' attachment relationships, cognition, behavioral adjustment and use of psychological services were assessed. Marked heterogeneity in outcomes was found. No predictive effects were found for preinstitutional features or for adoptive circumstances. By contrast a large effect was found for institutional care extending beyond the age of 2 years and for quality of institutional care as experienced at an individual level. There was a close association between prolonged institutional care and disorganized attachment while in the institution, but the main institutional effect derived from the length of time in the institution.
Affective patterns in triadic family interactions: Associations with adolescent depression
Authors: Hollenstein Tom , Allen Nicholas B. , Sheeber Lisa
Published: March 2015

Affective family processes are associated with the development of depression during adolescence. However, empirical description of these processes is generally based on examining affect at the individual or dyadic level. The purpose of this study was to examine triadic patterns of affect during parent–adolescent interactions in families with or without a depressed adolescent. We used state space grid analysis to characterize the state of all three actors simultaneously. Compared to healthy controls, triads with depressed adolescents displayed a wider range of affect, demonstrated less predictability of triadic affective sequences, spent more time in and returned more quickly to discrepant affective states, and spent less time in and returned more slowly to matched affective states, particularly while engaged in a problem-solving interaction. Furthermore, we identified seven unique triadic states in which triads with depressed adolescents spent significantly more time than triads with healthy controls. The present study enhances understanding of family affective processes related to depression by taking a more systemic approach and revealing triadic patterns that go beyond individual and dyadic analyses.
Orientability Thresholds for Random Hypergraphs
Authors: GAO PU , WORMALD NICHOLAS
Published: March 2015

Leth>w> 0 be two fixed integers. LetHbe a random hypergraph whose hyperedges are all of cardinalityh. Tow-orienta hyperedge, we assign exactlywof its vertices positive signs with respect to the hyperedge, and the rest negative signs. A (w,k)-orientation ofHconsists of aw-orientation of all hyperedges ofH, such that each vertex receives at mostkpositive signs from its incident hyperedges. Whenkis large enough, we determine the threshold of the existence of a (w,k)-orientation of a random hypergraph. The (w,k)-orientation of hypergraphs is strongly related to a general version of the off-line load balancing problem. The graph case, whenh= 2 andw= 1, was solved recently by Cain, Sanders and Wormald and independently by Fernholz and Ramachandran. This settled a conjecture of Karp and Saks.
Forensic focused treatment planning: a new standard for forensic mental health systems
Authors: Schaufenbil Robert J. , Kornbluh Rebecca , Stahl Stephen M. , Warburton Katherine D.
Published: March 2015

Almost no literature addresses treatment planning for the forensic psychiatric patient. In the absence of such guidance, recovery-oriented multifocal treatment planning has been imported into forensic mental health systems from community psychiatric settings, despite the fact that conditions of admission and discharge are vastly different for forensic psychiatry inpatients. We propose that instead of focusing on recovery, forensic treatment planning should prioritize forensic outcomes, such as restoration of trial competence or mitigation of violence risk, as the first steps in a continuum of care that eventually leads to the patient’s ability to resolve forensic issues and return to the community for recovery-oriented care. Here we offer a model for treatment planning in the forensic setting.
A Concise Set of Core Recommendations to Improve the Dependability of Psychological Research
Authors: Lishner David A.
Published: March 2015

Numerous recommendations for improving the dependability of research findings in psychological science have emerged in recent years. Unfortunately, this glut of recommendations proves problematic for advancing uniform solutions to improve research dependability by individuals within and across the various constituencies that comprise psychological science. Moreover, several dependability recommendations propose practices to address the problem of false positive findings that can inversely increase the problem of false negative findings, and vice versa. It is proposed that the solution to this conundrum is to develop a concise and concrete list of core research dependability recommendations that address problems of false positive and false negative findings in a noncontradicting manner. Examination of the current research dependability literature and earlier literatures dealing with the problem of false findings is used to arrive at a set of three core research dependability recommendations: (a) conduct and promote direct replication studies; (b) ensure data sharing when requested by fellow scientists; and (c) adopt and promote a truth seeking mindset during the research endeavor.
SINE transcription by RNA polymerase III is suppressed by histone methylation but not by DNA methylation
Authors: Varshney Dhaval , Vavrova-Anderson Jana , Oler Andrew J. , Cowling Victoria H. , Cairns Bradley R. , White Robert J.
Published: March 2015

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), such as Alu, spread by retrotransposition, which requires their transcripts to be copied into DNA and then inserted into new chromosomal sites. This can lead to genetic damage through insertional mutagenesis and chromosomal rearrangements between non-allelic SINEs at distinct loci. SINE DNA is heavily methylated and this was thought to suppress its accessibility and transcription, thereby protecting against retrotransposition. Here we provide several lines of evidence that methylated SINE DNA is occupied by RNA polymerase III, including the use of high-throughput bisulphite sequencing of ChIP DNA. We find that loss of DNA methylation has little effect on accessibility of SINEs to transcription machinery or their expression in vivo. In contrast, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor selectively promotes SINE expression and occupancy by RNA polymerase III. The data suggest that methylation of histones rather than DNA plays a dominant role in suppressing SINE transcription.
Synaptic GABA release prevents GABA transporter type-1 reversal during excessive network activity
Authors: Savtchenko Leonid , Megalogeni Maria , Rusakov Dmitri A. , Walker Matthew C. , Pavlov Ivan
Published: March 2015

GABA transporters control extracellular GABA, which regulates the key aspects of neuronal and network behaviour. A prevailing view is that modest neuronal depolarization results in GABA transporter type-1 (GAT-1) reversal causing non-vesicular GABA release into the extracellular space during intense network activity. This has important implications for GABA uptake-targeting therapies. Here we combined a realistic kinetic model of GAT-1 with experimental measurements of tonic GABAA receptor currents in ex vivo hippocampal slices to examine GAT-1 operation under varying network conditions. Our simulations predict that synaptic GABA release during network activity robustly prevents GAT-1 reversal. We test this in the 0 Mg2+ model of epileptiform discharges using slices from healthy and chronically epileptic rats and find that epileptiform activity is associated with increased synaptic GABA release and is not accompanied by GAT-1 reversal. We conclude that sustained efflux of GABA through GAT-1 is unlikely to occur during physiological or pathological network activity.
Electrochemical synthesis of mesoporous gold films toward mesospace-stimulated optical properties
Authors: Li Cuiling , Dag Ömer , Dao Thang Duy , Nagao Tadaaki , Sakamoto Yasuhiro , Kimura Tatsuo , Terasaki Osamu , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: March 2015

Mesoporous gold (Au) films with tunable pores are expected to provide fascinating optical properties stimulated by the mesospaces, but they have not been realized yet because of the difficulty of controlling the Au crystal growth. Here, we report a reliable soft-templating method to fabricate mesoporous Au films using stable micelles of diblock copolymers, with electrochemical deposition advantageous for precise control of Au crystal growth. Strong field enhancement takes place around the center of the uniform mesopores as well as on the walls between the pores, leading to the enhanced light scattering as well as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which is understandable, for example, from Babinet principles applied for the reverse system of nanoparticle ensembles.
Scalable Synthesis of Freestanding Sandwich-structured Graphene/Polyaniline/Graphene Nanocomposite Paper for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitor
Authors: Xiao Fei , Yang Shengxiong , Zhang Zheye , Liu Hongfang , Xiao Junwu , Wan Lian , Luo Jun , Wang Shuai , Liu Yunqi
Published: March 2015

We reported a scalable and modular method to prepare a new type of sandwich-structured graphene-based nanohybrid paper and explore its practical application as high-performance electrode in flexible supercapacitor. The freestanding and flexible graphene paper was firstly fabricated by highly reproducible printing technique and bubbling delamination method, by which the area and thickness of the graphene paper can be freely adjusted in a wide range. The as-prepared graphene paper possesses a collection of unique properties of highly electrical conductivity (340 S cm−1), light weight (1 mg cm−2) and excellent mechanical properties. In order to improve its supercapacitive properties, we have prepared a unique sandwich-structured graphene/polyaniline/graphene paper by in situ electropolymerization of porous polyaniline nanomaterials on graphene paper, followed by wrapping an ultrathin graphene layer on its surface. This unique design strategy not only circumvents the low energy storage capacity resulting from the double-layer capacitor of graphene paper, but also enhances the rate performance and cycling stability of porous polyaniline. The as-obtained all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor exhibits high energy density, high power density, excellent cycling stability and exceptional mechanical flexibility, demonstrative of its extensive potential applications for flexible energy-related devices and wearable electronics.
Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropies of Single Transition-Metal Adatoms on a Defective MoS2 Monolayer
Authors: Cong W. T. , Tang Z. , Zhao X. G. , Chu J. H.
Published: March 2015

Single magnetic atoms absorbed on an atomically thin layer represent the ultimate limit of bit miniaturization for data storage. To approach the limit, a critical step is to find an appropriate material system with high chemical stability and large magnetic anisotropic energy. Here, on the basis of first-principles calculations and the spin-orbit coupling theory, it is elucidated that the transition-metal Mn and Fe atoms absorbed on disulfur vacancies of MoS2 monolayers are very promising candidates. It is analysed that these absorption systems are of not only high chemical stabilities but also much enhanced magnetic anisotropies and particularly the easy magnetization axis is changed from the in-plane one for Mn to the out-of-plane one for Fe by a symmetry-lowering Jahn-Teller distortion. The results point out a promising direction to achieve the ultimate goal of single adatomic magnets with utilizing the defective atomically thin layers.
Polarization conversion from a thin cavity array in the microwave regime
Authors: Tremain B. , Rance H. J. , Hibbins A. P. , Sambles J. R.
Published: March 2015

Linearly polarized microwave radiation is shown to have its plane of polarization converted to the orthogonal state upon reflection from an ultrathin (λ/25) cavity array. The structure benefits from an uncomplicated design consisting of a metallic grating closely separated from a ground plane by a dielectric spacer. A single set of periodically spaced slits (monograting) exhibits polarization conversion when the normally incident electric field is aligned at 45° to the slits. Two orthogonal sets of slits (bigrating) allows this narrow-band effect to be broadened when the two orthogonal resonances are separated in frequency. We optimise the design and experimentally demonstrate near loss-less polarization conversion (95% of the incident intensity) across a 3.1 GHz frequency band. Finally, we study the dependence of the structure's performance on incident angle and slit width.