bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EL ANÁLISIS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LA GESTIÓN DEL RIESGO DE CRÉDITO: EL CASO DE UNA CARTERA HIPOTECARIA ECUATORIANA.
Authors: Guevara Luis , Flores Miguel , Cabezas Ana
Published: October 2021

El presente documento pretende analizar la aplicación del análisis de supervivencia, y específicamente del modelo de cox en un ámbito como el financiero, mismo que no ha sido tradicionalmente abordado en América Latina. Para ello, en primera instancia se ha descrito y analizado la bibliografía existente con respecto a los beneficios que la aplicación del análisis de supervivencia deriva en la dinámica del sistema financiero formal, posteriormente se ha propuesto un procedimiento metodológico que permita aplicar un análisis de supervivencia a una cartera de créditos hipotecario pertenecientes a una entidad financiera ecuatoriana, con el propósito de segmentarla e identificar situaciones internas y externas de cara a la definición de estrategias diferenciadas tanto para la concesión crediticia como para la gestión de cobranzas. Finalmente, se pretendió automatizar el análisis realizado a través de la programación en el software R y con ello facilitar la reproducción y parametrización del mismo de cara a su implementación como parte de las acciones de gestión y mitigación del riesgo de crédito asociado a la cartera hipotecaria analizada.
Fios Ortodônticos Metálicos: Uma visão geral
Authors: Marins Érica Campelo , Procaci Maria Inês Maciel de Almeida
Published: October 2021

O propósito deste artigo é apresentar conceitos gerais sobre fios ortodônticos de diferentes ligas metálicas através de revisão bibliográfica. Sabe-se que a movimentação ortodôntica está relacionada à interação de diversos fatores, como características biológicas individuais dos pacientes, biomecânica utilizada pelo profissional e propriedades dos fios ortodônticos. A ação do fio ortodôntico é diretamente dependente de suas propriedades estruturais e mecânicas. O tipo de liga metálica, biocompatibilidade, dureza, módulo de elasticidade, atrito e diversas outras características são importantes para a seleção adequada de cada fio ortodôntico. Atualmente, pesquisas sobre diferentes ligas metálicas têm possibilitado uma maior diversificação dos fios ortodônticos, aprimorando técnicas e protocolos de tratamento no intuito de trazer melhorias para a Ortodontia.
Conservative management of post-traumatic cerebral myiasis: report of a unique case and literature review
Authors: Mubarak Ali Algahtany  , Abdulaziz Khalid Alzailaie  , Mohamed Ahmad Khoudir  , Feras Mubarak Alqahtani  , Tagwa Abdallah Osman  , Emmanuel Olushola Shobowale
Published: October 2021

Cerebral myiasis is extremely rare, and surgical intervention is the primary treatment used. Successful conservative management alone, without surgical removal of the brain infestation has not yet been published.
We report the a case of a 24-year-old African homeless man who was found on the street in a state of decreased level of consciousness, with larvae exiting from the left supra and postauricular dirty wounds and from his left ear. The patient was diagnosed with post-traumatic cerebral myiasis of the left temporal lobe and cerebellum. It was treated successfully by debridement of the external wounds and administration of antibiotics, without surgical removal of the brain infestations. For the first time, this case illustrates the novelty and appropriateness of the conservative management of cerebral myiasis. This is also the first report of cerebral myiasis with cerebellar involvement and the second report of post-traumatic cerebral myiasis in literature.
Continuous...
Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye
Authors: YANIKTEPE Bülent , KARA Osman , KISAKÜREK PARLAK Tennur
Published: October 2021

Bir ülkenin yaşam standardı ve büyümesindeki yükseliş enerji tüketimini artırmakta ve tüketimin ihtiyacının artması da ekonomik büyümeyi etkilemektedir. Her ülke kendi gelişmişliğine göre farklı tepkiler sergilese de, çalışmalar enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme etkileşiminin oldukça kuvvetli olduğunu desteklemektedir. 1970-2015 dönemine ait enerji tüketimi verileri kullanılarak yapılan bu araştırmada, enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ikilisi üzerine inceleme yapılmıştır. Bağımlı değişken, reel Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYH) ve bağımsız değişken enerji tüketimidir. Birim kök durumunun incelenmesi amacıyla Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron (PP) testleri uygulanmıştır. Birim kök analizinin ardından, değişkenlerin uzun dönemde dengeye gelip gelmediğini ortaya çıkartmak için Johansen eşbütünleşme testi yapılmıştır. Son adım olarak, model için değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme bulduktan sonra nedensellik test edilmiştir. Yapılan nedensellik analiz sonucunda enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur.
A Review on Biodiesel: From Feedstock to Utilization in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: TOSUN Erdi , ÖZCANLI Mustafa , AKAR M. Atakan
Published: October 2021

Transportation and energy sector depend highly on conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel has been very attractive fuel nowadays since fossil fuels faced with extinction dangerous. It has a huge potential as an alternative energy source to fulfill the energy requirement of the world with parallel to rise in population and growing industrialization. Renewable, sustainable, environment friendly and biodegradable nature are the featured properties of biodiesel. Similar physicochemical properties of biodiesel with diesel fuel allow to be used with little or no engine modification in diesel engines. There are lots of raw materials from vegetable oils to animal fats for their production. Although it has lower energy content compared to diesel fuel which cause to deterioration on engine performance as reduced torque and increased fuel consumption, biodiesel is very effective environmentally. It causes to decrease on emissions such as unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. The fundamental objective of this paper is to provide a literature survey related with biodiesel utilization in internal combustion engines.
Comparison of different nonlinear models for degradability in situ dry matter of maize harvested at various maturity stages
Authors: HIZLI Hatice , KILIÇALP Numan
Published: October 2021

Polyester torba tekniği kullanılarak yapılan bu çalışmada, mısır silajının rumendeki inkübasyonundan elde edilen veriler kullanılarak silajların rumende parçalanabilirlik kinetiğininin doğrusal olmayan alternatif modeller önermek için yürütüldü. Bu çalışmada, mısırın orta çiçeklenme, süt olum ve sert hamur olum olmak üzere üç farklı olgunluk döneminde hasat edilmesiyle elde edilen silajların verileri kullanılmıştır. Orskov modeli, Monomolecular, Mitsherling, Logistics ve Verhulst modellerinin yer aldığı doğrusal olmayan modellerle karşılaştırıldı. Bu modeller R2adj , MSE, MAE, MAPE ve BIC uyum kriterlerine göre karşılaştırmış ve Logistics ve Verhulst modelleri tüm modellerde en iyi model olarak bulunmuştur. Monomoleküler ve Mitsherling modelleri, Orskov modeli ile benzer sonuçlar vermiştir. Sonuç olarak, hayvan besleme çalışmalarında polyester torba tekniği ile farklı olgunluk aşamalarında elde edilen mısır silajı için Orskov Modeli dışında Monomolecular, Mitsherling, Logistics ve Verhulst nonlineer modellerinin kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Logistics ve Verhulst modellerinin en iyi modelleri olarak seçilmelerinin yanı sıra dönüm noktası zamanını ve değerini hesaplayabilmesi bu iki modele özgü önemli bir avantajdır.
POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: POLITICAL RALLY MESSAGES EFFECT ON ETHNIC INTOLERANCE AND CONFLICT AMONG VOTERS IN MIGORI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Wandaga John , Mberia Hellen
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish political rally messages effect on ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.

Materials and Methods: Descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted a population of 388, 633 respondents made of voters from Migori County. A sample of 400 respondents was used. The sample for quantitative data was obtained using stratified random sampling method and the other section of the sample; media practitoners were non-randomly sampled. The sample for qualitative data was collected through FGDs on a purposefully selected sample. The data collection was conducted through administering of questionnaires and also Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) using a structured and pilot-tested questionnaires. Data was collected using questionnaires and FGDs. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software package (SPSS statistics version 22). Descriptive statistics drawn include mean, and standard deviation which were presented in tables and graphs. Inferential statistics drawn include multiple regression and correlation analysis.

Results:  The findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between propaganda, stereotype, hate messages and vernacular radio stations to ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya. Based on the findings, it was concluded that, there is a positive and significant relationship between political rally messages and vernacular radio stations used in this study, and ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.

Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends to government agencies such as NCIC and Media Council of Kenya and the IEBC to consider taking measures against these political rally messages as one way to reduce ethnic intolerance and conflict among voters in Migori County, Kenya.
NURSE RELATED CHALLENGES FACED BY DIPLOMA LEVEL NURSES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER UPGRADING TO BACCALAUREATE LEVEL AT A LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL
Authors: Kamau Muthoni , Mwangi Hiuhu
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Personal development and pursuance of higher education in nursing is considered important for the nurses to stay abreast in the dynamic medical world and promote excellence in practice. In a world with emerging complex diseases, there is high demand for a highly skilled and critically thinking nurse. At the Baccalaureate level or higher to match international standards. Determine nurse related challenges that determine whether a nurse enrolls in a diploma to degree nursing program, their performance during the program and their decision to hold on to the end                                  

Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive cross sectional design, carried out among a randomly sampled population of 220 nurses who work in the hospital. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires from a simple random sample of 140 nurses. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 22.0. Measures of central tendency mean and range were used. The findings have been presented in form of figures, tables, pie-charts and narrative texts.

Results:  A total of 120 participants filled questionnaires representing an 85% response rate. 78% (n=93) were female, and 22% (n=27) were male, Chi-square analysis showed that there was significant correlation in some factors like the designation of a nurse impacted the motivation to upgrade (x2=20.96, df=12, p=0.05) and nursing officers III (n=46, 48.8%) were motivated to upgrade to higher education levels.  Family responsibilities of the nurses affected their decision or process of upgrading (x2=6.752, df=6, p=0.03).

Conclusion: Lack of motivation and difficulty balancing work and study were found to be the major nurse related challenges of upgrading. These factors should be looked into in order for the nursing fraternity to be able to serve the patient better thus having better patient outcomes.

Recommendations: This study recommended that the nurse should be self-motivated to upgrade in the nursing career, the employer to provide favorable shifts in order to nurse to have life balance and policies on career progression and remuneration should be promoted
Abstraction Logic
Authors: Obua Steven
Published: October 2021

Abstraction Logic is introduced as a foundation for Practical Types and Practal. It combines the simplicity of ﬁrst-order logic with direct support for variable binding constants called abstractions. It also allows free variables to depend on parameters, which means that ﬁrst-order axiom schemata can be encoded as simple axioms. Conceptually abstraction logic is situated between ﬁrst-order logic and second-order logic. It is sound and complete with respect to an intuitive and simple algebraic semantics.
B.K. Utizheva in Adyghe linguistics
Authors:   Institute of Humanities Research KBSC RAS, Bizhoev B.Ch.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the philological sciences of Boris Kuneevich Utizhev. He is better known as a talented playwright and poet, but, nevertheless, he is a person who made a significant contribution to the Circassian linguistics. The range of his interests in this field was wide – modern grammar and history of the language, dialectology, lexicology and lexicography, stylistics, according to which he published articles, monographs, dictionaries. In this article, an attempt is made to appreciate the significance of the works of B.K. Utizheva for the development of Adygology.
Ecology of aggressive invasive plants of Kabardino-Balkaria (review
Authors:   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M.Kokov, Tamakhina A.Ya.
Published: October 2021

review of the book by S.Kh. Shkhagapsoev, V.A. Chadayeva, K.A. Shkhagapsoeva «Black Book of Flora of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic».
See culture from its hidden corners-in the name of culture (Review of the monograph by L.F. Kharaeva and Z.A. Kuchukova «Gender and Ethnogender». Nalchik: Print Center. 2018.192 p.)
Authors:   Kabardino-Balkar State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Tkhagapsoev Kh.G.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the monograph by L.F. Kharaeva, Z.A. Kuchukova «Gender and Ethnogender». It is argued that it (the monograph) represents a new stage in the development of ethnological science in the region. The perspectives of the recursive method of humanitarian knowledge, built by the authors of the monograph, are emphasized. The issues of formation and development of ethnic genderology are touched upon.
Finite State Machine in Game Development
Authors: Jagdale Devang
Published: October 2021

Finite State Machine is one of the oldest techniques in gaming where it was used in old games like PACMAN and new games like TOM RAIDER also. In all these games one major goal was to make non player characters more intelligent. There are some advance types also available but FSM still is one of the most used technique for non-player characters. The main goal of this paper is to explain how FSM works, how to create FSM and implement it in games using scripting or visual scripting. Hierarchical Finite State Machine is also discussed in this paper as it overcomes the limitations of older simple FSM. Using FSM, we can create intelligent AI agents. We can implement FSM and HFSM in games to make NPS’s behave like AI.
Stateless Literature of the Gulf
Authors: Alrabei Tareq
Published: October 2021

The “Bidun” (“without nationality”) are a stateless community based across the Arab Gulf. There are an estimated 100,000 or so Bidun in Kuwait, a heterogeneous group made up of tribes people who failed to register for citizenship in 1948 and before independence, former citizens of Iraq, Saudi and other Arab countries who joined the Kuwait security services in ‘60s and ‘70s and the children of Kuwaiti women and Bidun men. They are considered illegal residents by the Kuwaiti government and as such denied access to many services of the oil-rich state, often living in slums on the outskirts of Kuwait’s cities.

There are few existing works on the Bidun community and what little research there is is grounded in an Area Studies/Social Sciences approach. This book is the first to explore the Bidun from a literary/cultural perspective, offering both the first study of the literature of the Bidun in Kuwait, and in the process a corrective to some of the pitfalls of a descriptive, Area Studies approach to research on the Bidun and the region. The author explores the historical and political context of the Bidun, their position in Kuwaiti and Arabic literary history, comparisons between the Bidun and other stateless writers and analysis of the key themes in Bidun literature and their relationship to the Bidun struggle for recognition and citizenship.
Understanding Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: October 2021

The human body is a primary source of meaning-making, with the body conveying over two-thirds of our messages. But how can we understand these physical communicative cues? How are they being expressed and exploited in new media and multimodal online and mobile interaction?

Offering an in-depth guide to help you investigate and understand real and virtual nonverbal communication using semiotic theory, this book assumes little previous knowledge of semiotics or linguistics. With in-depth, comparative case studies, each chapter deals with a traditional aspect of nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions, touch, and gesture, before extending the discussion to new media and cyberspace.

Explaining the issues step by step and supported by exercises, directed further reading and a glossary of key terms, Understanding Nonverbal Communication provides you with all the tools you need to understand how nonverbal communication unfolds in all kinds of contexts, and the kinds of messages that it makes possible.
Global-National Networks in Education Policy
Authors: Adhikary Rino Wiseman , Lingard Bob , Hardy Ian
Published: October 2021

Set against the backdrop of globalization and global philanthropy, this book offers new perspectives on the sociological dynamics and governance implications of ‘social entrepreneurial’ policy in education. It examines the spatialities, relationships and culture that powerfully mediated the making and localisation of ‘Teach for Bangladesh’.

This globalised and philanthropy-backed reform model is based on ‘Teach for America/All’ (TfA) which promotes social entrepreneurial solutions to educational problems across continents. The authors demonstrate how TfB’s policy model travelled through networks of diaspora, finance, technology and media and became established in Bangladesh through complex policy work. The book documents empirical research from Bangladesh to draw out broader implications in relation to education policy-making and policy content in today’s globalizing world. The book also contributes to ongoing debates in contemporary comparative education about North-South dialogue, policy mobility and transfer, philanthrocapitalism, and international teacher education.
Umbau von WMF führt zu Exodus im Management
Authors: Mahr Matthias
Published: October 2021

Mehr Direktgeschäft, Neuausrichtung im Verkauf, ein neues Ladenbaukonzept für die eigenen Stores sowie eine Premiumstrategie sollen WMF zum Erfolg verhelfen. Für altgediente WMF-Mitarbeiter war das zu viel.
Netto in Polen ernennt neuen Landeschef
Authors: Rennack Sebastian
Published: October 2021

Der dänische Discounter baut seine Marktposition durch schnelles Umflaggen der übernommenen Tesco-Supermärkte aus. Die lokale Orientierung des „Netto 3.0“-Konzepts zeigt zugleich Erfolge.
Globus investiert halbe Milliarde Euro
Authors: Tewes Werner
Published: October 2021

Globus steigert die Investitionen auf ein neues Rekordniveau: Das Unternehmen taxiert das Budget für das laufende Jahr auf mehr als 500 Mio. Euro. Ein Grund ist die Integration von Real-Märkten. Doch auch auf anderen Feldern zieht der Händler das Tempo an.
Krombacher und Veltins ziehen mit
Authors: Hebben Miriam
Published: October 2021

Nach dem Radeberger-Vorstoß kündigen weitere große Brauereien Preiserhöhungen an – Kostensteigerungen als Grund
GSK treibt Trennung voran
Authors: Brändlein Philip
Published: October 2021

Die Teilung des britischen Pharma-Konzerns Glaxo Smith Kline schreitet voran. Für das Konsumgütergeschäft hat der Konzern eine neue Zentrale gefunden. Forderungen nach einem Spartenverkauf tritt das Unternehmen entgegen.
Top 50-Lieferanten weltweit 2021
Authors: Biehl Bernd , Konrad Jörg
Published: October 2021

2020 war für die Konsumgüterbranche ein extremes Jahr. Die im Frühjahr Fahrt aufnehmende Covid-19-Pandemie ließ viele Umsatzprognosen platzen. Von der Coronakrise ausgebremst, bemühten sich die international führenden Konsumgüterhersteller um Schadensbegrenzung.
La seguridad en crisis
Authors: Editor El
Published: October 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 55, No. 619-620, 2000: 493-509.
Cuarto trimestre de 1998. Segunda parte
Authors: Soriano Rodríguez Salvador Héctor
Published: October 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 55, No. 619-620, 2000: 641-655.
Violencia, democracia y cultura política en América Latina
Authors: Cruz José Miguel
Published: October 2021

El problema de la violencia es grave en la región latinoamericana. Más allá del impacto que la misma tiene en la pérdida de vidas humanas y en el desarrollo económico, la violencia también puede afectar los procesos de búsqueda de la democracia por la vía de transformar la cultura política de los latinoamericanos. Frente a la ausencia de respuestas sociales y políticas efectivas a los elevados niveles de inseguridad pública, muchos ciudadanos dejan de participar social y políticamente, comienzan a albergar actitudes autoritarias, desconfían de las instituciones y de los mecanismos legales para resolver sus problemas y se suman al apoyo de figuras políticas autoritarias.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 55, No. 619-620, 2000: 511-525.
Gobiernos municipales y gobierno central durante la gestión de Flores
Authors: Estrada Christopher
Published: October 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 55, No. 619-620, 2000: 610-614.
The relationship between ergonomics of the office workstation and related musculoskeletal disorders in library administrative staff at the Durban University of Technology
Authors:   , Levy Cherise Danielle
Published: October 2021

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common health complaints in the working population and the advancement in technology is a big contributor. Many offices and work spaces have been revolutionised with technological advances, most notably through computer usage, which has become an integral part of life. Intensive use of computers has shown to result in MSDs. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of MSDs in a library setting at a University of Technology with the objectives of: determining the prevalence of MSDs in the library staff, to describe the workstations of the staff, and to describe any associations between the workstations and MSDs. This was a cross sectional study at two libraries at a University of Technology with a sample of 59 library staff. The study involved a two part process in which an observational assessment of the library staff was conducted by the researcher with each staff member individually, followed by a questionnaire completed by each participant. The observational checklist was used as a means to assess the ergonomic environment of the library staff. The questionnaire included demographic information, pain-related questions, psychosocial questions, and perception-based questions regarding the participants’ work environment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 24), including descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistics included frequencies, measures of central tendency, and variance and measures of association for example chi-square, Cronbach’s alpha and correlation statistics. The study indicated a prevalence of 96% for some kind of MSD. One out of every two participants had reported that the MSDs or pain interferes with their work. Certain risk factors were evident from the study, namely: inappropriate desk height, reaching for items in the work place, noise, inappropriate chairs and inadequate leg room. The most commonly reported MSDs related to neck (55.9%), shoulders/upper arm (55.9%), head (49.2%), and knees/legs (49.2%). The significant associations that were present included head and neck MSDs with noise and upper arm positioning in worker posture and hand pain. Significant rates of MSDs were reported by the participants with half of them reporting that pain caused interference with their work and only a small portion of participants seeking treatment for these conditions. It would be beneficial for the library staff to become more aware of MSDs and their ergonomic environments both at work and privately and to take corrective action to better equip themselves to mitigate MSDs and seek treatment when needed.
Oil and Methanol Price volatility
Authors: Delavari Majid , khani Nadiya Gandali Ali , Naderi Esmaeil
Published: October 2021

Crude oil as one of the main sources of energy is also the main source of income for members of OPEC. So, the volatility of crude oil price is one of the main economic variables in the world and analysis of the effect of its changes on key economic factors has been always considered as significant. The reason might be the high sensitivity of oil price to political, economic and cultural issues worldwide and consequently its volatility on the one hand, and the high influence of the volatile prices on macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, for different reasons such as oil price volatilities and income from oil export, economic planners and policy makers in Iran have been mainly focused on the promotion of non-oil exports especially during the last few decades. Therefore, methanol as one of the most commonly used petrochemical products has a high potential for production and export of non-oil products in Iran. For this reason, in the present study there was an attempt to examine the relationship between the prices of Iran’s crude oil and methanol using FIGARCH model and based on the weekly time series data related to the research variables. The results of the study showed that the long memory parameter is equal to 0.32 which is meaning the shocks caused by volatility of methanol market and crude oil price to the methanol price were lasting and meaningful and were revealed in the long term.
Empowering Employees for Enhanced Firm Performance in Zimbabwe’s Manufacturing Sector: The Case for Bulawayo Based Manufacturers.
Authors: Gumbe Samuel M. , Chaneta Isaac
Published: October 2021

Zimbabwean firms particularly those in manufacturing have been greatly affected by the opening up of the economy which has seen the influx of cheaper foreign goods. This has created intense competition for the sector as customers opt for the more affordable foreign products. The result of this competition has been the decline of capacity utilisation by the local manufacturers which has also been accompanied by firms closing down, retrenching staff or at times refusing to award salaries that match the poverty datum line as they seek to survive. On the other hand, employees faced with possibility of losing employment or earning low salaries have accused employers/managers of being self-centered in the decision making process. It is for this reason that this study was carried out to ascertain the extent of employee empowerment in Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector. The study is confined to large scale manufacturers who are on Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) register operating in Bulawayo,the 2nd capital city of the country. The study uses the qualitative approach and is case study of Bulawayo based manufacturers. Proportional representation is used to draw a sample 33 firms from 16 strata that make up the sub-sectors of the country’s manufacturing sector. The study findings reveal that the sampled firms are moderately high on engaging employees in empowerment programmes. However the findings also reveal that managers, to a large extent, treat employee contributions as only fairly important. Thus the study concludes that there are fa8irly low levels of employee empowerment in the sector in Bulawayo. The study recommends that as a way of raising employee levels of empowerment, the firms should adopt the Strategic Human Resources Management and the Total Quality Management Approach.
MEMPERKENALKAN SEJARAH PAHLAWAN NASIONAL MR.RADEN ACHMAD SOEBARDJO DJOJOADISOEJO BAGI PESERTA DIDIK MI/SD DI INDONESIA
Authors: Hadiah Nadhirotul
Published: October 2021

The purpose of making this article an introduction to the history of Achmad Soebardjo to MI / elementary school students is to be used as a sense of nationalism of young people. Achmad Soebarjo is one of the national heroes who played an active role in Indonesia's independence. Achmad Soebardjo, whose full name is Raden Achmad Soebardjo Djojoadisoerjo. Achmad Soebardjo has the title Tuan because he is a graduate of a university in the Netherlands, and his Raden degree is royal while Djojoadisoerjo is a family name. Even from a respectable family, he still joined the movement of people together with the organizations he was a part of.

The number of organizations that achmad Soebardjo joined in the role of achmad soebardjo was so great, Achmad Soebardjo was once appointed to manage the place of education shown for Indonesian youth, Achmad Soebardjo also played a role in the preparation of Indonesian independence by the actions and efforts he made to help prepare for Indonesia's independence in the year 1945. And there are some values that can be stabilized in the struggle carried out by Achmad Soebardjo.
PENGARUH MINAT MEMBACA SISWA TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS III MIN 3 PURWOREJO
Authors: Sundari Indah , Zuhri Saifudin
Published: October 2021

This research is field research that looks at the problems of reading interest on learning Bahasa Indonesia in grades III at MIN 3 Purworejo with the problems and how students reading interes, how is the achievement of Indonesian students in grade III and is there an effect of reading interest on Indonesian learning achievement achieved by students grade III at MIN 3 Purworejo. Therefore, the writer raised the title “The Influence of reading interest on Indonesian learning achievement of grade III students of MIN 3 Purworejo”. This type of research is quantitative research using inferential statistical techniques, namely statistical techniques, namely statistical techniques used to analyze sample data and the results aplly to the population. Research location at MIN 3 Purworejo. Furthermore, the population in this study were all grade III students at MIN 3 Purworejo. Data collection techniques were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation which were then analyzed through parametric statistical statistics with a simple Linear regression formula. Based on the results of research and statistical analysis carried out using a simple linear regression formula, the results of the calculation of Pearson’s Product Moment correlation indicate that the statue = 0,828 > ttabel = 0,297 with a significant level of 5% means that reading interest has a strong relationship with Indonesia learning achievement. The result of the ttest calculation shows that thitung = 9,802 > tabal = 2,000 with a significance level of 5%. The result of the calculation of the test Fcount = 96,070 and Ftabel =2,2 with a significant level of 5% the result of the coefficient (R2) = 0.686 whitch show that reading interest affects the Indonesian language learning achievement by 68% while the other 32% is influenced by other factors.
Extra credit and decision-making: Understanding college students’ motivation to attend on-campus events
Authors:   University of Tampa, Foltz Kristen , Clemens Meredith , Fallon Aislinn , Stinson Alexandra
Published: October 2021

This study examines undergraduate students’ perceptions of extra credit and its connection to attending events. Because some faculty offer extra credit to students to motivate participation outside the classroom, research is needed to evaluate students’ views and attitudes toward extra credit. Few studies examine the incentives that drive participation and to what degree students value them. Of the respondents surveyed, 73% placed significant value on extra credit and viewed it as a motivator. The majority (75%) “agreed” or “strongly agreed” all extra-curricular events should have extra credit attached to attendance. More attention should be paid to the idea that extra credit is perceived as an expectation. To best promote experiential learning outside the classroom, faculty are encouraged to embrace the practice of offering extra credit as a means to a pedagogically beneficial end. This study offers new categories faculty and administrators can use to communicate the value of events.
EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO MEIO RURAL: ESTUDO DE PRÁTICAS AMBIENTAIS EM ESCOLAS DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL NA I LHA DE SÃO LUÍS
Authors: Marques Georgiana Eurides de Carvalho , Ferreira  de Souza Camilla Bezerra , Moura Leandro Coelho
Published: October 2021

A pesquisa analisou o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da educação ambiental em escolas rurais nos Municípios de Paço do Lumiar e São Luís, Maranhão. A Pesquisa teve caráter qualitativo através de observação, análise da percepção ambiental dos alunos, entrevistas e aplicação de questionários, com os discentes, docentes e gestores, com aplicação de jogos lúdicos. Professores e gestores apontaram suas dificuldades para atuação como educadores ambientais e à ausência da interdisciplinaridade, formação continuada e incentivos da Secretaria de Educação nas escolas. O desenvolvimento dos jogos ambientais lúdicos possibilitou uma participação efetiva dos estudantes no processo de aprendizagem, desenvolvendo o exercício da cidadania através de atividades reflexivas. Assim, enfatiza-se a importância de um contexto escolar direcionado para o enfoque da educação ambiental, onde além dos problemas ambientais, seja também trabalhada a relação social e cultural que interfere na relação homem e natureza.
MODELING TRACTOR PARAMETERS AND TILLAGE UNITCONFIGURATION TAKINGINTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND PRODUCTION FACTORS
Authors:   Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural University, Selivanov N.I. , Averyanov V.V. ,   Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural University, Ushtyk D.V. ,   Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural University
Published: October 2021

The research goal was to substantiate the model and the algorithm of forming the parameters of a wheeled trac-tor and the configurationof a tillage unit taking into account the natural and production conditions. To evaluate the in-fluence of natural and production conditions on the param-eters of the tractor and the unit configuration, three groups of factors were considered: the class of run length which determined the optimal value of the net productivity of the unit at a particular operation withminimal operating costs; characteristics of the draught resistance of the working machine which formed the optimal speed mode of unit op-eration; the indices of the drawbar pull and coupling prop-erties of the tractor which determined the conditions for effective functioning in the working mode. We substantiat-ed a computational model representing the response of a multidimensional dynamic system to external disturbances, setting and controlling actions which performed the trans-formation according to the input-output type. The interrela-tion of the input actions of different groups and the output parameters of the system were determined using the rea-sonable indices and optimization criteria. The adaptation to operating tillage technologies is determined by the nominal values of the working speed set according to the criterion of minimum energy consumption per unit of net productivity taking into account the restrictions on the drawbar pull and coupling properties of the tractor ensuring operation in the zone of maximum pulling efficiency. The adapters to the production conditions are specific ones referred to the unit of net productivity at nominal speed, the working width of the unit, the operating weight and the required power of the tractor. The product of specific indices by the optimum for a given run length and type of operation, the value of net productivity determines the parameters of the tractor and the unit configuration taking into account the influence of natural and production factors. The algorithm for optimizing parameters was developed; four rational standard sizes of wheeled tractors with an operating power of 135 to 310 kW with adjustable weight and unit configuration for technical support of tillage technologies in the main natural and cli-matic zones of operation were substantiated with an adap-tation coefficient of 0.978-0.987.
ECOLOGICAL TESTING OF PERENNIAL GRASS VARIETIES DEVELOPED BY THE NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURAL CENTERUNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALTAI
Authors:   Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies, Ledyayeva N.V.
Published: October 2021

When establishing polyspecies plant communities with the inclusion of new perennial grass species (cookshead (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), bastard alfalfa (Medicago×varia)and yellow alfalfa (Medicago falcata), Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyrum sibiricum) and tall wheatgrass (Agropyrum elongatum)), along with the species traditional-ly grown in the Republic of Altai (red clover (Trifolium pratense), awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.), meadow fescue grass (Festuca pratensis)and common timothy (Phleum pratense)), the following most highly pro-ductive grass mixtures were identified: three-component -common timothy + alfalfa + clover (at the ratio 60:30:10), and timothy + awnless brome+ clover (at the ratio 40:30:30); four-component -awnless brome+ fescue grass+ cookshead + clover (at the ratio 30:30:30:10), and timo-thy + fescue grass+ cookshead + alfalfa (at the ratio 30:20:20:30) that may ensure a reliable gain of dry matter yield from the second year of life to 4.80-5.57 t ha. They make it possible to obtain high-nutritional hay when har-vested during the flowering stage with metabolizable ener-gy concentration up to 9.75-10.75 MJ in 1 kg of dry matter, and with digestible protein content up to 124.2-130.8 g in 1 fodder unit.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PEA VARIETIES AND LINES AND THEIR RESPONSE TO PLANTING DATES UNDER THE ALTAI REGION’S CONDITIONS
Authors:   Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies, Shukis S.K. , Shukis Ye.R. ,   Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies, Drobyshev A.P. ,   Altai State Agricultural University
Published: October 2021

Pea (Pisum sativum) is one of the sources of high-quality plant protein production. A wide range of different complementary and stress resistant pea varieties is need-ed for the Altai Region which is characterized by large terri-tory with zonality and unstable climate. The research goal was to evaluate the available pea varieties, identify the best lines for the Altai Region, and determine their re-sponse on agricultural practices, including planting dates. The set of varieties included 10 genotypes of Russian and foreign breeding. The varieties were planted in three dates -the first, second and third ten-days of May. On four-year average, the following leafless forms had the smallest height: Madonna (49.7 cm), Velvet (51.3 cm) and L-37/99K(03) (52.3 cm). Leafy lines and varieties L-L-277, L-20/07-2, L-46/12, as expected, were taller (88.0, 84.3 and 79.0 cm, respectively). The average yields of the standard varieties of the first planting date were 1.59 t ha (Avans) and 2.13 t ha (Batrak). When planted in the third ten-days of May, the yields increased to 2.42 and 2.68 t ha, respectively. Leafy lines L-46/12, L-L-277 and leafless line L-67/2 K-15 had the highest yields. Of the foreign varieties, the Madonna variety had the best indices. The hybrid com-binations L-20/07-2 and L-L-277 exceeded the standard variety Avans by herbage yield when planted in the third ten-days of May. High yields of forage crop material among leafy morphotypes are produced with both early and late planting dates. High yield of pea seeds are more likely with the late planting. The leafy lines L-46/12, L-L-277 and the leafless line L-67/2 K-15 were the best lines among the studied ones.
六群比丘違犯律制之省思──以漢譯「根本說一切有部律」為主
Authors: 屈大成 屈大成
Published: October 2021

六群比丘（以下簡稱六群）是佛教史上頗惹爭議的人物，他們既通世情佛理，卻又屢屢違犯律制，故被貶稱為「惡比丘」。可是，近世學人轉以六群的行徑為方便施設，言其旨在令律制更趨完備，六群遂搖身一變成為正面人物。而在眾律藏中，惟「根有部律」清楚舉出六群的身分，同時包含更多的相關記載。

本文以漢譯「根有部律」作為基本資料，分三組八類，挑選一些事例作討論。指出六群雖具備相當的律學知識，但他們或固執條文，或挑剔刁難，往往令人討厭難堪。此諸多看似乖張的行止，暴露了僧團運作的毛病和戒律的漏洞，亦令律制得以不斷完善，從中顯示出初期佛教中道和寬容的精神，為佛教律制發展史上值得留意的一章。

 

The group-of-six-monks (abbreviated as ""the group-of-six"" thereinafter) is quite controversial personage in the history of Buddhism, whose are always denounced as ""bad monks"", as they often go against the precepts. However, some Buddhist scholars nowadays re-interpret their misbehaviors as expedient, which make rooms for the Buddha to prescribe or fine-tune the rules and regulations. Among various Vinayas, only the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya clearly provides the identity of the group-of-six and has abundant relevant information.

 Based on the Chinese Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya, this article divides three groups and eight items, selects some examples for discussion, in order to show that the group-of-six have considerable knowledge of monastic discipline, but they stick to the literal meaning of the precepts and challenge other colleagues. As a result, some flaws of the Sangha order and loopholes of the precepts are revealed and given a chance for continuously improvement. Hence, it has showed the middle path and compassion of primitive Buddhism. As such, this is a noteworthy chapter in the development history of Buddhist monastic discipline.

 