bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating a Natural Porcine Model of Gastrointestinal Food Allergy to Peanut
Authors: Reece Joshua J , Kohn Kristen , Ets Hillevi , Beshah Ethiopia , Urban Joseph F , Dawson Harry D
Published: June 2021

The peanut is an extremely potent allergen and cause the majority of food‐related anaphylaxis in children, adolescents and adults. Experiments performed in rodents using peanut antigen have been acceptable for proof of principal, however large animal models are more physiologically relevant for comparison to human allergic responses. Minimal preliminary work on peanut allergy has been done in dogs and pigs, however, these models have yet to be fully characterized. In our current study, we used pigs sensitized to low and high doses of an extract of commercial grade peanut flour injected intraperitoneally using only alum as an adjuvant. Subsequent oral challenge using over‐the‐counter, unsalted and dry‐roasted peanuts resulted in a robust allergic response in pigs sensitized with the low dose; however these responses were not observed in pigs sensitized to the high dose suggesting the induction of tolerance. Allergic responses were characterized by increased transcription of IL‐4, IgE and CD209 in the mesenteric lymph nodes and small intestines of low dose sensitized pigs. In addition, increased transcription of IL‐10, IL‐21 and CTLA4 was observed, suggesting that regulatory pathways were triggered as well. This work is the first to define the pig as a viable immunological model of mucosal food allergies at the molecular level. Funded by ARS/USDA.
CD14‐dependent and TLR‐4‐independent Ca2+/calcineurin pathway activation by LPS in dendritic cells leading to efficient COX‐2 production
Authors: Granucci Francesca , Zanoni Ivan , Ricciardi‐Castagnoli Paola
Published: June 2021

The recognition of MAMPs by TLRs expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) plays an essential role for the regulation of the immune responses. By recruiting different combinations of adapter proteins, individual TLRs turn on signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of different transcription factors. Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) is one of the molecules produced by DCs shortly after stimulation with different TLR agonists. Based on this observation and by analogy with the events following T‐cell receptor (TCR) engagement leading to IL‐2 production, we hypothesized that the stimulation of TLRs on DCs might lead to activation of the Ca2+/calcineurin and NFAT pathway. We found that DC stimulation with LPS induces extracellular Ca2+ influxes, leading to calcineurin‐dependent NFAT activation. The activation of this pathway was independent of TLR4 engagement, depending instead exclusively on CD14. We also found that LPS‐induced NFAT activation in DCs was necessary for the efficient synthesis of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) that, by generating prostaglandins (PGs), such as PGE2, regulates different DC functions including migration and polarization of T cell responses. Our findings reveal novel aspects of the molecular signaling triggered by LPS in DCs and define a new role for CD14. Given the essential involvement of CD14 in many diseases, including sepsis and chronic heart failure, the discovery of signal transduction pathways activated exclusively via CD14 represents a major step towards the development of potential treatments with modes of action involving interference with CD14 functions.
Dendritic cells as anti‐inflammatory regulators of extra‐pulmonary acute lung injury
Authors: Venet Fabienne , Lomas‐Neira Joanne , Chen Yaping , Chung Chun‐Shiang , Ayala Alfred
Published: June 2021

Acute Lung injury (ALI) is one of the most common organ dysfunctions in critically ill patients and is associated with lung inflammation and apoptosis. However, the cellular interactions in the lung contributing to its pathophysiology are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) to lung apoptosis, inflammation and neutrophil recruitment during ALI resultant from hemorrhagic shock (Hem)/sepsis (CLP).

Using a dual insult model of Hem followed 24h later by CLP, we measured, 24h after CLP, caspase 3 activity, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production in the lung and plasma of CD11c‐Diphteria Toxin (DT) Receptor conjugated vs background mice injected intraperitoneally (IP) or intratracheally (IT) with DT prior to shock.

Systemic DC depletion (IP DT) was associated with a marked increase in IL‐6, TNF‐α and MCP‐1 concentrations after Hem/CLP, whereas lung apoptosis and neutrophil recruitment (MPO) were not modified in comparison with background mice. Similar results were observed after local lung DCs depletion (IT DT). Preliminary experiments suggest that this DC effect is mediated through the recruitment and/or activation of macrophage to/in the lung. Thus the resident and possibly recruited DCs may play here‐to‐for unappreciated role in suppressing lung inflammation and promoting the resolution of ALI. (NIH‐HL73525)
Mechanisms of cell survival induced by CpG‐DNA
Authors: Chu Wen‐Ming , Dragoi Ana‐Maria , Cao Cong , Wan Yinsheng
Published: June 2021

CpG‐DNA not only activates immune cells to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines, but also rescues B cells from spontaneous apoptosis and protects cells from killing by anti‐cancer drugs and UV irradiation. However, whereas the molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory cytokine response to CpG‐DNA have been the subject of intensive investigation, little is known about the action of CpG‐DNA in cell survival. Therefore, we investigated how CpG‐DNA protects cells from killing by anti‐leukemia drug vincristine. We found that CpG‐DNA induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt in either bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) or mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Interestingly, DNA‐PK inhibitor Nu7026, but not TLR9 inhibitor chloroquine, severely impaired the phosphorylation and activation of Akt by CpG‐DNA. Dose response and kinetic experiments carried out in our BMDMs system revealed that loss of the catalytic subunit of DNA‐PK (DNA‐PKcs), but not TLR9 or its adaptor protein MyD88, largely impaired phosphorylation of Akt in response to CpG‐DNA. In addition, CpG‐DNA induced activation of downstream events of Akt, which is largely dependent on DNA‐PKcs, but not TLR9 or MyD88. Finally, we found that the axis of DNA‐PKcs/Akt is critical for CpG‐DNA‐induced protection of cells from killing by vincristine. Taken together, our data suggest that Akt and DNA‐PK can be targets for CpG‐DNA in vaccine strategy for cancer.
Lack of alternatively activated macrophage (M2Mϕ) generation in CCL2‐deficient mice with severe thermal injury
Authors: Shigematsu Kenji , Kobayashi Makiko , Herndon David N , Suzuki Fujio
Published: June 2021

M1Mφ, major effector cells in host antibacterial innate immunities, are not generated in burn mice whose M2Mφ predominated. Since a high level of CCL2, an important chemokine on the suppression of host antibacterial resistance, was detected in sera of mice with severe injury, the participation of this chemokine in the predominance of M2Mφ was studied in CCL2‐deficient (CCL2−/−) mice with or without severe burn injury. One day after flame burn injury (3rd degree, 25% TBSA burn), peritoneal Mφ (92% or more purity) were isolated from CCL2−/− mice (B6.129S4‐Ccl2tm1Rol/J) using magnetic beads coated with anti‐F4/80 mAb. To determine their M2Mφ properties, cells were cultured for 24 hrs without any stimulation and culture fluids harvested were assayed for CCL17 (a biomarker of M2Mφ) by ELISA. Also, M1Mφ were induced by a mixture of 20 μg/ml poly I:C and 10 μg/ml CpG DNA (poly I:C/CpG DNA) from resident Mφ (1 x 106 cells/ml, lower chamber) transwell‐cultured with Mφ from burned CCL2−/− mice (5 x 105 cells/ml). Culture fluids harvested were assayed for CCL5 (a biomarker of M1Mφ). In the results, 396 pg/ml of CCL17 was detected in the culture fluids of Mφ from burned CCL2+/+ mice, whereas only 50 pg/ml of the chemokine was detected in the culture fluids of Mφ from burned CCL2−/− mice. M1Mφ were induced by poly I:C/CpG DNA from resident Mφ transwell‐cultured with Mφ from burned CCL2−/− mice, while Mφ from burned CCL2+/+ mice suppressed the poly I:C/CpG DNA‐stimulated Mφ conversion from resident Mφ to M1Mφ. These results indicate that CCL2 is an important molecule in burn‐associated Mφ conversion from resident Mφ to M2Mφ. This study was supported by SHC NA #8550.
TLR‐2 Dependency of IL‐6 Induction by PG‐PS in Bone‐Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Kannan Krishnaswamy , Sisk Bryan , Kimpel Donald , Ortmann Robert
Published: June 2021

Peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide (PG‐PS 10S), a purified streptococcal cell wall preparation, has been widely used as an antigen/adjuvant to induce arthritis in female Lewis rats. We earlier demonstrated that PG‐PS can induce IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in bulk cultures of rat splenocytes and in human PBMC. In this study, we investigated the cellular source of these pro‐inflammatory cytokines using naïve bone‐marrow derived dendritic cells (BM‐DCs) obtained from C57BL/6 wt, TLR2‐KO and TLR9‐KO mice. Our results show a dose‐dependent increase of IL‐6 production with the incubation of PG‐PS at 0–30 μg/ml for 24 and 48h. BM‐DCs derived from B6 and TLR9‐KO mice produced significantly higher quantities of IL‐6 over media controls. However, TLR2‐KO BM‐DCs produced no detectable IL‐6, thus suggesting a TLR2 dependency of this cytokine induction.

It was also noteworthy that TLR9‐KO dendritic cells produced five fold more IL‐6 as compared to B6 wt DCs suggesting a regulatory control between TLR9 and TLR2 in the induction of IL‐6. We extended these studies to human PBMCs, peripheral blood monocyte‐derived DCs and purified CD4+ T‐cells and found a similar trend in IL‐6 induction in a dose‐dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that PG‐PS induction of IL‐6 in dendritic cells is a TLR‐2 dependent process.
Effects of Surfactant protein D in the modulation of T cell activation
Authors: Jen Kai Yu , He Hongzhen , Mickelson Adrianna , Suarez Carlos Jose , Crouch Erica , Perkins David L , Finn Patricia W
Published: June 2021

The innate immune system includes surfactant proteins (SP) that are pattern recognition molecules of the collectin family of C‐type lectins. We previously showed that SP‐D deficiency results in enhanced allergic responses, suggesting a role for SP‐D in decreasing allergic responses and a link between innate SP‐D and adaptive immunity. Since T cells are critical for allergic adaptive inflammation, we postulated that SP‐D may modify T cells. In particular, we tested whether SP‐D may modify markers associated with regulatory T cells (Treg), known for T cell immunosuppression. We treated T cells [murine (EL‐4) and human (Jurkat)] with SP‐D (human recombinant dodecamers) at 500ng/ml and 1000ng/ml for 24hrs and analyzed Tregs associated markers (CTLA‐4 and Foxp3) by real time PCR. SP‐D increased the mRNA levels of CTLA‐4, a negative regulator of T cell activation, and Foxp3. In addition, SP‐D administration also decreased NFƒÛB activity in activated human and murine T cells as assayed by transfection of a NFƒÛB luciferase reporter gene (containing the p65 NFƒÛB subunit). These data suggest that SP‐D administration may modify cellular responses associated with suppression of T cells.
Hookworm NK cell binding protein: identifying the 80kDa protein in Necator americanus excretory/secretory products
Authors: Gaze Soraya , Constant Stephanie , Bethony Jeff , Smout Michael , Loukas Alex
Published: June 2021

Hookworms are blood‐feeding parasites which can infect mammals, including humans, and heavy infection causes iron deficiency anaemia and malnutrition. Although humans usually acquire resistance to parasitic worms, this is not clear cut in human hookworm infections. Some nematodes, including N. americanus, are able to produce excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins and these can be collected from live adult worms by culturing them for short periods in vitro. These E/S proteins have demonstrated different functions including suppression of cellular proliferation, proteolytic activity and mimicry of chemokines. Our group previously showed that E/S proteins from N. americanus can bind to NK cells, induce IFN‐γ release and is bigger than 50kDa. This protein was called NKBP (NK cell binding protein), and in this work, we have begun to identify this protein using anion exchange chromatography with different salt gradients. After biotinylation, the E/S proteins were separated using chromatography, and fractions were monitored for NKBP by flow cytometry. These positive fractions were pooled and submitted to anion exchange chromatography using different salt gradient, and further purified to a fraction containing two major biotinylated proteins. In this work we show a potential protein around 80kDa and we are now in the process of identifying these proteins using tandem mass spectrometry. Hookworm E/S proteins are critical in allowing these parasites to survive in a hostile microenvironment, and elucidation of the roles of these molecules will aid in the development of new cures for hookworm disease as well as novel therapeutics for human autoimmune disorders.
Unique functions of the type II interleukin 4 receptor revealed in mice lacking the interleukin 13 receptor α1 chain
Authors: Ramalingam Thirumalai Rajan , Pesce John T , Sheikh Farukh A , Cheever Allen W , Mentink‐Kane Margaret M , Wilson Mark S , Stevens Sean , Valenzuela David M , Murphy Andrew J , Yancopoulos George D , Urban Joeseph F , Donnelly Raymond P , Wynn Thomas A
Published: June 2021

The IL‐4 receptor is a central mediator of Th2‐mediated diseases and associates with either the common gamma chain (type‐I IL‐4R) or IL‐13Rα1 (type‐II IL‐4R) to form two receptor complexes. Here, using IL‐13Rα1−/− mice, we characterized the distinct functions of the type‐II IL‐4R. In contrast to IL‐4Rα−/− mice that display weak Th2 responses, IL‐13Rα1−/− mice developed Th2 responses stronger than WT. Nevertheless, they displayed significantly reduced fibrosis and mortality following S. mansoni infection and markedly increased susceptibility to N. brasiliensis. The IL‐13Rα1 also controlled allergen‐induced airway hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion but not alternative‐macrophage activation or arginase‐1 expression, for which the type‐I IL‐4R was sufficient. Hence therapeutics that selectively target the type‐II IL‐4R might prove the best strategy to regulate Th2‐driven disease.
The CD3 ζ Subunit of the T Cell Receptor is Required for an Efficient Immune Response During Bacterial Infection
Authors: Becker Amy M , Young Jennifer A. , Forman James , van Oers Nicolai S.C.
Published: June 2021

The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is comprised of a ligand binding αβ heterodimer and two signaling modules, CD3 ζζ and CD3 γε/δε. Each signaling subunit has at least one copy of an ITAM signaling motif. TCR engagement results in bi‐phosphorylation of the ITAM on tyrosine residues, allowing ZAP‐70 to complex. This initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, leading to T cell activation and effector function.

We generated CD3 ζ transgenic mice (YF1‐6) lacking all forms of phospho‐ζ. Previous data have shown that phospho‐ζ is not required for T cell development or signaling. Conversely, after TCR stimulation, CD8+ T cells from YF1‐6 mice produce 2‐fold less IFN‐γ than C57BL/6 mice. To determine the impact of this difference, we established a Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection model. We found that YF1‐6 mice could not clear primary LM infections and had 5 to 50‐fold higher CFUs in the liver and spleen compared to control mice. Yet, after secondary infection, YF1‐6 and C57BL/6 mice cleared the bacteria. This suggests that phospho‐ζ is required for innate cell function during LM infection. We are examining whether this results from aberrant CD8+ T or NK cell function, as both populations are thought to be important for early IFN‐γ production and LM clearance. Defining the role of phospho‐ζ during innate immune responses to infections may reveal new therapeutic targets. Supported by NIH T32 AI005284‐28, AI042953, AI45764
Immune responses to transgenes encoded within gutless adenovirus vectors (HC‐Ads) delivered into the brain
Authors: Xiong Weidong , Candolfi Marianela , Kroeger Kurt , Puntel Mariana , Larocque Daniel , Liu Chunyan , Palmer Donna , Ng Philip , Lowenstein Pedro R. , Castro Maria G.
Published: June 2021

Immune responses against vectors or transgenes, could reduce therapeutic transgene expression, hampering gene therapy. We demonstrated that tetracycline‐regulated HC‐Ads sustain regulated transgene expression in the brain even in the presence of systemic immune responses against Ads. Here, we assessed whether systemic immune responses against the transgene, i.e. β‐Galactosidase or the tetracycline‐dependent (TetON) regulatory transcription factors (rtTA2SM2 and the tTSKid), could affect the levels of transgene expression and the safety of HC‐Ad vectors delivered into the brain. We pre‐immunized mice with plasmids encoding the TetON switch or β‐galactosidase. HC‐Ads expressing β‐Galactosidase under the control of the TetON switch were then injected into the striatum. We assessed levels and distribution of β‐Galactosidase expression, local inflammation and neuropathology. We found that systemic immunity against β‐Galactosidase, but not against the TetON switch, led to inflammatory responses in the striatum, and to a reduction of transgene expression. Thus, the regulatory TetON switch appears safe and capable of sustaining transgene expression in the brain even in the presence of an immune response against its components. Support: NIH/NINDS 1R01 NS44556.01; 1R21‐NSO54143.01; 1UO1 NS052465.01 to M.G.C.; 1 RO1 NS 054193.01; RO1 NS 42893.01; U54 NS045309‐01 to P.R.L.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Water‐Soluble Petroleum Compounds as Determined by an ELISA Method and by a Biosensor Technology
Authors: Spier Candace R. , Bromage Erin S. , Harris Thomas M. , Unger Michael A. , Kaattari Stephen L.
Published: June 2021

Immunoassays are becoming a suitable alternative method to classical analytical chemistry for the detection of contaminants. A synthesized immunogen and hybridoma screening protocol was employed to develop a novel high affinity anti‐dibenzothiophene (petroleum) antibody for an immunochemical‐based quantitative approach to chemical analysis. The characterization of this mAb has been completed with regards to its affinity to the targeted molecule, as well as other similar polycyclic aromatic compounds found in petroleum. Two technologies, the long‐established ELISA and a newly developed Biosensor, were compared with respect to this mAb's sensitivity and specificity. The ELISA method could detect individual compounds from 3–300 ppb, while the Biosensor could detect at low as 0.1 ppb. Based on cross‐reactivity analyses, this anti‐dibenzothiophene mAb also detects anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, pyrene, fluoranthene, while not detecting naphthalene or biphenyl, thereby suggesting that it is selective for the 3 and 4 ringed polycyclic aromatic compounds. Future applications of this Biosensor for detection of the water‐accommodated fraction of petroleum seem promising as an alternative or supplement to classical chemical analysis. This research has been supported by the Office of Naval Research and the College of William and Mary's School of Marine Science Student Research Grant.
Effects of the Mexican program Oportunidades on the dietary intake of energy, iron, zinc and vitamin A in children 1 to 4 years old in rural areas
Authors: Ramírez‐Silva Ivonne , Rivera Juan , Leroy Jef
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Mexico's “Oportunidades” program provides conditional cash transfers to poor families and fortified food supplements to their young children for improving human capital.

Objective: Assess the program's as well as the food supplement effects on daily dietary intake of energy, iron, zinc and vitamin A.

Methodology: Secondary data analysis of a randomized effectiveness study in children 12–59 mo. Diet was evaluated using a 24‐hour recall questionnaire. Fffects were estimated using a random‐effects multiple linear regression model. The control group was compared with the overall program's beneficiaries (PB) as well as with the subgroups of consumers (SC) and non‐consumers (SNC) of fortified supplements.

Results: Overall PB consumed more iron, zinc and vitamin A than the control group at all ages, while greater energy intake was found only in children 12–23 months (65 kcal; p<0.05). SC group consumed greater amounts of iron (7.7 mg/day), zinc (7.6 mg/day), and vitamina A (398.5 mcgRE/day) (all p<0.05) than the control group. No differences in intake were found between SNC and SC (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Positive impacts of the program on energy and micronutrient intakes were documented. These dietary effects were due to the intake of the fortified food supplement and not to cash transfers.
Dietary intake in children consuming three supplements with identical micronutrient content
Authors: Rodriguez Fabiola Mejia , Islas Clara Dominguez , Neufeld Lynnette M , Feregrino Raquel Garcia , Guerra Armando Garcia , Lopez Lourdes Flores
Published: June 2021

The objective of this analysis was to assess intake of energy (E) and protein (P) from diet only in children consuming three nutritional supplements. Communities (18 per supplement) were randomly assigned to receive a fortified food (FF), syrup (SY) or Sprinkles (SK). Children 6 to 12 mo of age, beneficiaries of the Oportunidades program in Mexico were eligible to participate. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) referring to the previous month was applied periodically; for this analysis we assess intake after 10 m supplementation. Appropriate statistical analyses for cluster randomized trials were used. 927 children were assigned to treatment (FF n=265; SY n=323; SK n=339). E and P intake were significantly (p<0.05) lower in breastfed than non‐breastfed children and in girls than boys. Among breastfed children, median (interquartile range) intake of E and P were significantly (p<0.05) lower in FF group (1038, 791–1414 kcal; 31, 22–48 g) than in SY group (1291, 946–1672 kcal; 39, 28–52 g) but not the SK group (1119, 812–1692 kcal; 34, 21–50 g). E intake is high and likely overestimated by our FFQ. Nonetheless, we believe that this does not impede comparisons between supplementation groups. The results of this study suggest that consumption of the FF may result in some displacement of energy and protein from the usual home diet.

The Oportunidades program financed this study and holds the rites to the data presented.
Effect of three supplements with identical micronutrient content on anemia in Mexican children
Authors: García‐Guerra Armando , Neufeld Lynnette M. , Domínguez‐Islas Clara P. , García‐Feregrino Raquel , Hernández‐Cabrera Amira
Published: June 2021

The objective of this analysis was to assess the impact of three nutritional supplements with identical micronutrient content on anemia in children. Communities (18 per supplement) were randomly assigned to receive a fortified food (FF), syrup (SY) or Sprinkles (SK). Children 6 to 12 mo of age, beneficiaries of the Oportunidades program were eligible to participate. Supplements were delivered daily (6 mo) then weekly and compliance recorded. Measurements were taken after 4 and 10 mo supplementation and at 24 mo of age for all children. Statistical analyses for cluster randomized trials were used. 927 children were recruited (FF n=265; SY n=323; SK n=339). There were no statistically significant differences between groups at baseline and the prevalence of anemia (PA) was high (FF: 49.4%; SY: 53.3%; SK: 47.2%). After 4 mo supplementation, the PA was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the FF group than the SY and SK groups. At 24 mo of age the PA had decreased in three groups (p<0.001), but remained slightly higher in the FF group (FF:12.3%, SY:8.8%, SK: 9.2). Given that this study has no true placebo, we do not know to what extent the supplements cured/prevented anemia. The large decrease and the low prevalence at 24 mo suggests that the supplements were efficacious to prevent and cure anemia; with the effect observed slower in the FF group. The Oportunidades program financed this study and holds the rites to the data presented.
Meal composition and meal skipping behaviors differ between low‐income Puerto Ricans and Non‐Puerto Rican pregnant Latinas
Authors: Bermúdez‐Millán Angela , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Damio Grace , Segura‐Pérez Sofia , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

A longitudinal study (n=234) was conducted to examine differences in meal composition and meal skipping behaviors between Puerto Rican and Non‐Puerto Rican pregnant Latinas. Participants were asked the frequency of and reasons for skipping meals during pregnancy. A single 24‐hour dietary recall was collected at baseline. Mean age was 24 ± 5y. 94% of the participants were in their second to third pregnancy trimester. Puerto Ricans comprised 69% of the sample. Approximately 61% of dark green/orange vegetable servings were consumed during lunch among Non‐Puerto Ricans compare to 6% among Puerto Ricans. 45% of meat servings were consumed during dinner among Puerto Ricans compare to 31% among Non‐Puerto Ricans. 52% of the sample (n=122) skipped meals during the week. Puerto Ricans were more likely to skip lunch (p<.02). Non‐Puerto Ricans were more likely to skip dinner (p<.001). Among Non‐Puerto Ricans eating a late lunch (34.6%) and not being used to eating at night (11.5%) were reasons for skipping dinner. For Puerto Ricans not having an appetite (20%) and experiencing nausea (33.3%) were reasons for skipping dinner. These ethnic‐based differences in meal composition and meal skipping patterns call for nutrition education targeting different Latina subgroups during pregnancy. Funded by the Connecticut NIH EXPORT Center of Excellence for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos (NIH‐NCMHD Grant # P20MD001765).
Parents’ attitudes about a healthful school nutrition environment
Authors: Spence Marsha , Jones Sonya , Hardin Sonia
Published: June 2021

In collaboration with a Coordinated School Health Program in rural East Tennessee, researchers piloted a survey with a convenience sample of 450 parents of students in grades K‐8 to determine their attitudes about the school nutrition environment (SNE) and changes that were made to improve the dietary quality of school meals. Of 108 returned surveys, 93 were complete and analyzed.

Notable findings showed that most parents surveyed agreed (60.1%) or strongly agreed (30.2%) that schools should place a high priority on ensuring that students have healthy foods at school. Also, most agreed (51.6%) or strongly agreed (23.7%) that schools should have written wellness policies that address the type of foods offered to children throughout the day. However, greater than half of parents surveyed agreed (43%) or strongly agreed (10.8%) that it was okay to sell foods such as cookies, chips, and candies for fundraisers. Further, less than 40% of parents agreed (29%) or strongly agreed (9.1%) that parents should not allow their children to bring “junk” food to school for snacks or in lunches.

Overall, most parents were supportive of school‐initiated measures to improve the SNE. However, these results suggest that they may not fully understand the importance of their roles in supporting a healthful SNE. Educating parents on these roles may be important to sustaining recently implemented school wellness policies.
EFFECT OF THE FIRST EPISODE OF ACUTE INFECTION ON THE WEIGHT CATCH‐UP GROWTH OF CHILDREN PREDOMINANTLY BREASTFED.
Authors: De la Cruz Vanessa , Salvador Villalpando , Tellez‐Rojo Martha
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the first episode of Acute Infection (AI) on the weight catch‐up growth (CG) in children from 0 to 12 months of age, predominantly breastfed.

Methods: 78 children were followed monthly from birth to 12 months of age. The velocity of weight gain was calculated (VWG) before, during and after the first episode of AI and it was standardized by age and sex relative to a reference population of exclusively breastfed children. The standardized adjusted means VWG (SVWG) were compared among the three periods by lineal regression models for longitudinal data.

Results: The SVWG during disease was modified by the duration of the event. The SVGW of the period after the event did not made up for full catch‐up growth (p=0.086). The resulting deficit of weight was of 37,9 ± 19,4 g.

Conclusions: The children did not recover their expected weight after the first episode of AI in the follow up interval.
Latinos and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gordillo Wendy Joselyn
Published: June 2021

Diabetes is a serious health concern and a growing epidemic for Latinos. National data indicate Latinos are 1.7 times as likely to get Type 2 Diabetes than non‐Hispanic whites. The objectives are to examine knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and issues surrounding diabetes and to provide information on resources that are available in the local community. Latinos (n=45) with Type 2 Diabetes participated in focus groups in a local clinic or were individually interviewed in their homes in northern California in 2007. The participants shared their personal experiences and knowledge. Transcripts and notes were reviewed and analyzed; common themes, major points and notable comments were identified. Results indicated there is clear understanding that diabetes is progressive and that complications can be minimized through diet, physical activity and taking medications as prescribed; though educational information and materials are in Spanish, they are not necessarily effective (not culturally sensitive or relevant); diabetes affects multiple aspects of a patient's life because physical and emotional changes affect the body negatively; many patients with diabetes become closer to their families because they want to prevent family members from getting diabetes; 30% used traditional remedies but had not told their doctors; and food or diet management presented major challenges for most. There is a need for further information about resources, such as healthcare insurance and accessibility to supplies. There is also a need for culturally appropriate, practical information about daily management of diabetes, specifically diet and nutrition.
Job Analysis and Satisfaction of Dietitian of School Foodservice for Job Efficiency
Authors: Khil Jinmo , Kim Hae‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

This study conducted task analysis of dietitian working in school foodservice through the job importance and performance and job satisfaction survey in Gwangju and Jeonnam areas. Of 646 questionnaires, 244 cases were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 and frequency, t‐test, ANOVA were performed. In the job performance, there are significant differences in food supplier selection (p=0.013), assessment of number of meals/day (p=0.033) in the food selection and purchase management. In terms of job importance, there are significant differences in assessment of nutritional requirement (p=0.002), analysis of nutrition intake (p=0.037), in the nutrition management and consultation with faculty, students and parents (p=0.001) in the general operation. Elementary school dietitians were the most satisfied with their salary and compensation, work environment and Middle school dietitians were the least satisfied in the analysis of job satisfaction. These results suggest that it is necessary to differentiate the main task of dietitian by the school classification (elementary, middle, high school) in Korea for improving work efficiency.
Anemia in older adults in Mexico
Authors: Levy Teresa Shamah , Villalpando Salvador , Rosas Verónica Mundo , Acosta Luz María Gómez , Nasu Lucia Cuevas
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of anemia and to assess its association with some risk factor in a probabilistic sample of Mexican adults older than 60 years.

Information from 5480 adults (>60 y) extracted from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT‐2006) was included in the analysis. We examined emoglobin concentrations in relation to ethnic background, demographic and health status variables. Our results revealed that Mexican older women had lower hemoglobin concentrations (13.96 ± 1.75 vs 15.14 ± 2.11 mg/dL; P < 0.01), and higher prevalence of anemia (34.8 vs.1 7.0%; P < 0.05), than men.

The prevalence of anemia was adjusted by sex, age, dwelling (rural/urban), ethnic background, incapacity, depression status and smoking. The prevalence of anemia was higher in indigenous (OR 1.6, CI95% 1.27, 2.2); incapacity (OR 1.9, CI95% 1.2, 2.9) and population from urban communities (OR 1.3, CI95% 1.04, 1,6) and increased with age (70 to 79 y: OR 1.3, CI95% 1.02, 1.7 2.2; and > 80 y OR 2.6, CI95% 2.4, 3.5).

Anemia is becoming a public health problem in Mexico. It should be approached through aggressive interventions targeted to older people at risk in order to reduce rapidly the prevalence of anemia, thus limiting its negative short and long‐term effects on other health outcomes.
Physical activity during pregnancy and early postpartum in Mexican women
Authors: Hernandez‐Cordero Sonia , Neufeld Lynnette M , Garcia‐Guerra Armando , Aburto Nancy J
Published: June 2021

The objective was to report physical activity (PA) during pregnancy (p) and postpartum (pp) in young Mexican women participating in a randomized supplementation trial. Women were recruited before 25 wks of pregnancy and followed to 3 m postpartum. We included 534 women who delivered singleton infants. PA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) at recruitment, 37 wk pregnancy and 1 and 3 m pp. The PA categories were defined according to the IPAQ guidelines for data processing and analysis. Mean age at recruitment was 27.3±5.9 y and gestational age 20.8±5.8 wks. At baseline 46.1, 42.5 and 11.4% of women in the sample met criteria for low, moderate and high PA level, respectively. At 37 wks pregnancy and at 1 mo pp the percentage of women within the low PA category increased to 57.1% and 68.5%, respectively. At 3 mo pp women were doing vigorous PA on fewer days than at baseline (baseline=5; 3 mo pp=4, p<0.001). They also reported spending less time doing moderate PA (baseline=95; 3 mo pp=84 min, p<0.01) and walking during the day (baseline=76.6; 3 mo pp=62.7 min, p<0.001). Time spend sitting increased (p<0.001) from baseline (120 min) to 3 mo pp (151 min). The results of this study suggest that young Mexican women, living in poverty become more sedentary during pregnancy and the early postpartum period.

The Oportunidades program financed this study and holds the rites to the data presented.
Your guide to diet and diabetes for hispanic audiences: a cultural translation
Authors: Porter Summer J , Scherer Jane A , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen
Published: June 2021

Diabetes is a debilitating disease that affects a disproportionate number of Hispanics. Self‐management of diabetes is crucial to optimal diabetes care. To augment education at the clinic and community, web‐based programs have been developed. Your Guide to Diet and Diabetes is an interactive easy‐to‐use website, providing diabetes education with a knowledge and self‐efficacy framework. Although Your Guide is translated into Spanish, further development was needed to be culturally appropriate in regards to subject delivery, meal patterns, and traditional foods. Diet recalls and needs assessments were conducted with Hispanic adults to investigate whether meal plans for Hispanics differ from that of non‐Hispanic whites. Diet recall data (n=11) suggested meal plans do differ in type and amount of foods. Patterns were not significantly different, possibly due to acculturation. Web‐based meal planning activities were expanded to include Hispanic food. Results from the expert panel review (n=8) supported changes regarding language, content, and readability of the website. Pilot testing will conclude the developmental design and evaluation. We expect not only an increase in knowledge, self‐efficacy, skill, and usage for the reader, but a more culturally acceptable diabetes self‐management tool to emerge. Funded by Illinois AMVETS and Illinois Extension.
Nutrition education increases compliance with dietary recommendation for type 2 DM
Authors: Lim Hae Mi , Kim Jung Eun , Lee Hyun Sook , Choi Young Ju , Huh Kap Bum , Kim Wha Young
Published: June 2021

Diet plays a key role in preventing complications of type 2 DM and nutrition education is an important part of quality care for type 2 DM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the nutrition education for type 2 DM. The subjects were recruited from DM clinic and participated nutrition education program. Before enrolling the program, the compliance with dietary prescription and knowledge about food exchange groups were assessed by self‐reported questionnaire and dietary intakes were measured by FFQ. Based on the results, we gave the subjects meal planning guidelines to meet the prescription according to an individual's requirements. The effect of the education was evaluated after 3months. As a result, the subjects followed the prescription more closely and significant changes in knowledge score about food exchange groups were observed. In male subjects, level of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c was significantly decreased and calcium intake(g/1,000kcal) was significantly increased. In female subjects, level of LDL‐cholesterol was significantly decreased and fat and vitamin A intakes decreased. In conclusion, our nutrition education program is effective way to make the patients understand dietary management regime and motivate to follow prescription, resulting in better diabetic management. (This work was supported by second stage of BK21 project in 2007 and by Seoul R&BD. Program, NO. 10526)
Influence of Acculturation on Food Label Use and Nutrient Intakes among Latinos Participating in the DIALBEST Trial: Preliminary Results
Authors: Putnik Predrag , Calle Mariana C. , Fernandez Maria‐Luz , Damio Grace , Segura‐Pérez Sofia , Vega‐López Sonia , Chhabra Jyoti , Perez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

Level of acculturation, socioeconomic status, food label use and dietary intake (using a 24h food recall) were measured in a subset (n=81) of the ongoing DIALBEST trial providing peer counseling support to Latinos with type 2 diabetes living in Hartford, CT. At baseline, participants’ age was 56.63 ± 11.0 and the majority was born in Puerto Rico (85%). The mean household size was 2.5 ± 1.5 persons. Only 49% of participants had completed some basic education (8th grade or less). Monthly income was less than $1000 for 69% of subjects. About 68% of participants were familiar with the food label (FL) but only 55% used it when grocery shopping, and only 35% of them read the ingredients section. Acculturation (measured as linear and multidirectional construct of ARSMA‐II‐Scale) and socioeconomic status (SES) were positively associated with FL recognition (p<0.01) as well as with being familiar with the term ‘daily value’ (p=0.037). Acculturation was positively associated with consumption of fat (r=0.277, p=0.024), total protein and animal protein (p=0.001); vitamins riboflavin and pantothenic acid (p<0.01); and calcium (p<0.01). Our findings suggest that acculturation and SES influence food label use and dietary intake and support the need for culturally appropriate nutrition education interventions tailored to the level of acculturation and education of different Latino groups. Funded by NIH‐NCMHD grant # P20MD001765.
Students prefer service learning over traditional lecture in a nutrition course.
Authors: Stavrianeas Stasinos
Published: June 2021

This project had two objectives: examine what children actually consume during school lunch, and provide undergraduate students with an opportunity to participate in a service learning research project.

Method:

All students (n=30) in a junior‐level general nutrition course volunteered for this study and formed teams who visited 3 elementary schools every day for one week. Elementary school students (n=30/school/day) were randomly selected and their lunch trays were photographed twice: immediately after they completed their food selection and right before they returned their used trays. Teams then compiled data (servings consumed, type of entrée, etc.) from the pictures on a spreadsheet. Food intake was estimated by subtracting the leftover food from what the child had placed on the tray. Analysis of nutrient content and caloric value of the food was conducted with the use of a commercially available nutrient database. The activity was easy to administer and was incorporated into the course curriculum.

Outcomes: The student‐investigators submitted their report to the local school district and children's advocate groups, resulting in changes in the schools’ menu. Student surveys indicated a very high degree of satisfaction with this research activity and its positive impact on the local community.
Online Learning and Performance Needs for Educating Dietitians in Omega‐3: Qualitative Phenomenology
Authors: Valverde Martha , Ritter‐Gooder Paula , Lewis Nancy M.
Published: June 2021

How dietitians use online information in the workplace, what they consider effective online communication and knowing what influences their decision making behaviors around omega‐3 is explored using qualitative phenomenology research methods. Data for this in‐depth, qualitative study were collected using on‐site semi structured interviews with ten registered dietitians, from a Midwestern State Dietetic Association Membership Map. Participants were recruited using systematic, non‐probabilistic sampling representing both urban and rural areas. Transcripts of the interviews were evaluated independently by two researchers and a series of “twelve key themes” were agreed upon. Key themes show computers are well integrated in dietitian work settings. Online learning is pursued with topics of interest and familiarity. Omega‐3 education is driven primarily by audience demand. Education allowing for people connection and communication through familiar and trusted channels is preferred. Study results suggest the reformatting of online information to accommodate dietitian learning preferences and data gathering needs within their work environment. (Sponsored by Nebraska's Beef Producers)
Relationship between ambulatory activity and markers of insulin resistance in young Hispanic women
Authors: Woolf Kathleen , Milliron Brandy‐Joe , Smith Kristin
Published: June 2021

Study examined the relationship between steps/day and markers of insulin resistance in young, Hispanic women (n=37; age: 30.0 ± 6.5 y; BMI: 28.3 ± 7.0 kg/m2). Height, weight, and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and adiponectin were measured. Insulin sensitivity was calculated according to the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) method. Participants wore a pedometer (Yamax SW‐200) for 7‐days and average steps/day was calculated. Pearson correlation coefficients examined the relationship between steps/day and concentrations of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and QUICKI. Participants were separated into three activity groups based on average steps/day. One‐way ANOVA was performed to examine differences in markers of insulin resistance across the three activity groups. Steps/day were negatively associated with glucose (r=−0.35, p=0.04) and insulin (r=−0.46, p<0.01); steps/day were positively associated with adiponectin (r=0.42, p=0.01) and QUICKI (r=0.51, p<0.01). The lowest activity group (≤ 5974 steps/day) had significantly higher mean insulin and lower QUICKI values compared to the other activity groups. Adiponectin concentrations were higher in the group with the greatest number of steps/day (>8086 steps/day). In this study, greater ambulatory activity (steps/day) was associated with more favorable markers of insulin resistance.
Effect of caffeine intake on EPOC after resistance training
Authors: Astorino Todd Anthony , Martin Brian J , Volland Lena , Rohmann Riana L , Wong Keau
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of caffeine (CAF) intake on excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in response to resistance training. Five strength‐trained men (mean ± SE age and mass = 21.1 ± 2.2 yr and 87.8 ± 15.4 kg) who were regular CAF consumers took part in the study. A randomized, double‐blind, crossover design was used. One week apart, CAF (6 mg/kg body weight) or placebo housed in identical capsules was ingested with water 1 h pre‐exercise. Pre‐exercise, subjects sat in a chair for 30 min to assess oxygen uptake (VO2). Subjects completed four sets of bench press, leg press, lat row, and shoulder press to fatigue at 75 – 80 % one‐repetition maximum. After exercise, EPOC was assessed for 75 min. VO2 was increased (p < 0.05) from pre‐exercise (0.30 ± 0.02 L/min) to 5 min after exercise (0.53 ± 0.04 L/min), and EPOC remained elevated (p < 0.05) after 75 min of rest (0.36 ± 0.03 L/min). CAF increased calorie expenditure before and after exercise, but it failed to reach significance (p > 0.05). There was no effect (p > 0.05) of CAF on VO2, VCO2, or RER. Compared to placebo, data suggest no effect of a 6 mg/kg dose of CAF on resting VO2 or EPOC. A larger sample size may be needed to show a significant effect of acute CAF intake on EPOC after rigorous resistance training.

This project was funded by a University Professional Development/Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Grant.
The acceptance of lentils as a pre‐meal in soccer‐specific intermittent exercise and its effects on performance
Authors: Zello Gordon Alexander , Little Jonathan P. , Chilibeck Philip D. , Ciona Dawn , Forbes Scott C. , Vandenberg Albert
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to examine the acceptance, and effects on metabolism and performance of lentils as a pre‐exercise meal in a simulated soccer match. Thirteen male athletes participated in 4 trials in a repeated crossover design. Along with a fasted control (C) condition, isocaloric low GI‐high protein [lentils (L)], high GI‐high protein [potato & egg whites (PE)], or high GI‐low protein [potato (P)] meals were consumed 2‐hr before a soccer match. Blood and expired gas samples were collected to assess macronutrient metabolism. Distance covered on 5×1‐min sprints (2.5‐min rest) performed at the end of the match assessed performance. A 5‐point Symptoms Rating Scale (SRS) was used to assess nausea, bloating, hunger, fullness and flatulence. Serum insulin at exercise initiation was higher in P than all other conditions (p<0.001). During exercise, the oxidation rates for carbohydrate was higher and for fat was lower in P compared to C (p<0.05). Initial distance covered was greater (sprints 1 & 2) for L and PE (sprint 2) than fasting. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout exercise were lower in L compared to C and P (p<0.05). No differences in symptoms (SRS) were apparent among the fed conditions (p>0.05). Also, the % of meals consumed was similar (80, 81 & 78% for L, PE & P, respectively). Our results show improvements in initial repeated sprint performance after L and PE meals compared to C. This finding along with the L meal's low RPE and its acceptability indicates a possible beneficial effect of consuming a low GI‐high protein pre‐exercise L meal. (Supported by research grants from the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and NSERC Canada)