bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical efficiency analysis of aerospace radiating fin
Authors: Babaelahi Mojtaba , Raveshi Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2014

The present article investigates heat transfer phenomenon in an aerospace radiating fin, analytically. Radiating extended surfaces are widely used to enhance heat transfer between primary surface and the environment. The performance of such a surface is significantly affected by variable thermal conductivity; especially in the case of large temperature differences happened in the actual aerospace applications. To study the effect of thermal conductivity variation, linear length-dependent function of thermal conductivity, is considered. In this study, two newest and popular analytical methods, differential transform method and optimal homotopy asymptotic method are used to evaluate the temperature profile and efficiency of radiating fin. For this purpose, after deriving and dimensionalizing the radiating fin heat transfer equation and briefly introducing these two methods, they are employed to solve the radiating fin problem. The obtained results are compared with the numerical ones to verify the accuracy of the proposed methods and choosing the better one between them, which is exclusive for this paper. Then, the effects of thermal conductivity and thermo-geometric radiating fin parameter on temperature profile and fin’s efficiency are completely discussed, which can help materials science researchers to design more compact and efficient radiating fin for using in aerospace and satellite applications.
A neurofuzzy-controlled power management strategy for a series hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Chindamo Daniel , Economou John T , Gadola Marco , Knowles Kevin
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on the design of the power management strategy as the key factor in improving the performance in terms of the efficiency, the range and the fuel consumption for a small-scale series hybrid electric vehicle. A complex hybrid vehicle system is considered, and a practically realisable and traceable neurofuzzy strategy for improving the vehicle efficiency is introduced. The method results in extending the vehicle’s range while deciding when to switch the internal-combustion engine on or off as a function of the state of charge of the battery and the electrical power produced from the generator. Consequently, the speed of the internal-combustion engine (i.e. the current produced) is determined as a function of the driving conditions. Suitable tests were performed in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy; the verification tests were carried out using a consolidated model which also includes real-world experimental vehicle data. The results show that, by using the proposed power management strategy, a good compromise between the efficiency, the range and the fuel consumption can be obtained in many practically useful driving conditions.
Reducing the uncertainties in the achievable vehicle performance targets through design optimization
Authors: Yuen Tey Jing , Ramli Rahizar
Published: March 2014

In this paper an alternative method is proposed for defining the suspension performance targets through the use of full-vehicle modelling consisting of a ride model and a handling model. These models are derived with the use of a non-linear damper, suspension kinematic characteristics and basic vehicle dimensions. The vehicle performances can be explored using the design-of-experiments method. The non-sorting method is then employed to sort for non-dominated solutions, where these samples represent the Pareto front of the vehicle performances in ride comfort and handling. The k-means clustering method is used to classify further the solution into different unique optimum characteristics. The expectation–maximization algorithm is developed to compute the allowable variance of design parameters required to achieve the specific optimum design targets. This method can be a very useful tool in the earliest design stages where vehicle data are inadequate. This methodology potentially reduces the uncertainty in the achievable vehicle performance targets by allowing engineers to compare the optimum limit of the suspension with those of benchmark vehicles in the early suspension design and development process
Stability of cervical spine after one-level corpectomy using different numbers of screws and plate systems
Authors: Rosli Ruwaida , Abdul Kadir Mohammed R , Kamarul Tunku
Published: March 2014

Anterior corpectomy and reconstruction using a plate with locking screws are standard procedures for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Although adding more screws to the construct will normally result in improved fixation stability, several issues need to be considered. Past reports have suggested that increasing the number of screws can result in the increase in spinal rigidity, decreased spine mobility, loss of bone and, possibly, screw loosening. In order to overcome this, options to have constrained, semi-constrained or hybrid screw and plate systems were later introduced. The purpose of this study is to compare the stability achieved by four and two screws using different plate systems after one-level corpectomy with placement of cage. A three-dimensional finite-element model of an intact C1–C7 segment was developed from computer tomography data sets, including the cortical bone, soft tissue and simulated corpectomy fusion at C4–C5. A spinal cage and an anterior cervical plate with different numbers of screws and plate systems were constructed to a fit one-level corpectomy of C5. Moment load of 1.0 N m was applied to the superior surface of C1, with C7 was fixed in all degrees of freedom. The kinematic stability of a two-screw plate was found to be statistically equivalent to a four-screw plate for one-level corpectomy. Thus, it can be a better option of fusion and infers comparable stability after one-level anterior cervical corpectomy, instead of a four-screw plate.
Automated hearing screening for preschool children
Authors: Kam Anna Chi Shan , Li Lawrence Kwok Chang , Yeung Kammy Ngan Kam , Wu Wenjin , Huang Zhiwu , Wu Hao , Tong Michael Chi Fai
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To establish the reliability and validity of an automated hearing screening test system for preschoolers and to investigate the risk factors for hearing loss.

Methods

The study used a cross-sectional design in a comparative study of subjects. The automated hearing screening test was performed in 6231 preschoolers (3–7 years old) from 41 kindergartens in Shanghai, China. Sensitivity and specificity of the automated test were investigated with subjects who failed the screening test and a group of control subjects.

Results

Six hundred and forty-seven children were referred for diagnostic audiological assessment after the automated pure-tone screening test. Using the conventional pure-tone audiometry as the “gold standard,” the sensitivity and specificity of the automated hearing screening test increased from 0.33 and 0.15 in the youngest age group to 0.95 and 1.00 in the oldest age group, respectively. There was no statistically significant gender effect, but there was an age effect (χ2 = 22.96, p < 0.01). In the univariate analysis of 104 cases and 201 controls, significantly elevated odds ratios (OR) for hearing loss were correlated with universal newborn hearing screening test results (OR = 28.15, p < 0.01), parental suspicion of hearing loss (OR = 10.10, p < 0.05), and attendance at preschool before the age of five (OR = 0.51, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results suggest that the automated hearing screening test system can be used in screening programmes for preschoolers aged older than five years.
Total serum bilirubin as a negative prognostic factor in idiopathic canine chronic hepatitis
Authors: Gómez Selgas Aida , Bexfield Nicholas , Scase Timothy J. , Holmes Mark A. , Watson Penny
Published: March 2014

Total serum bilirubin (TBIL) is used as a prognostic factor in chronic hepatitis (CH) in human beings. To date, the authors are unaware of any studies looking at the value of TBIL as a prognostic factor in idiopathic canine CH. The objective of the current study was to assess if TBIL is a negative prognostic factor in idiopathic canine CH, and to identify other prognostic factors. Thirty-nine dogs with histologically confirmed idiopathic CH admitted to 2 referral centers between 1999 and 2010 were included in the study. Patients with concurrent diseases that could affect TBIL or the survival time were excluded. Total serum bilirubin was measured prior to liver biopsy, and CH was diagnosed according to standardized histological criteria. Survival time was calculated from time of diagnosis to time of death or euthanasia. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors. The mean survival time for the 39 dogs included in the analysis was 197 days (1–2,677), and the mean total serum bilirubin was 11 μmol/l (2–265). Total serum bilirubin was statistically significantly associated with survival (odds ratio = 1.082, P = 0.047) as were weight (odds ratio = 1.028, P = 0.028) and the presence of ascites (odds ratio = 6.758, P = 0.013). The current study demonstrates that TBIL could be used as an additional prognostic factor in canine CH.
Pooling of porcine fecal samples for quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Pedersen Ken Steen , Johansen Markku , Jorsal Sven Erik , Nielsen Jens Peter , Bækbo Poul , Angen Øystein
Published: March 2014

Procedures in which biological specimens are mixed and tested as 1 sample (pooling) have been applied for various biological specimens and laboratory examinations. The objective of the current study was to investigate agreement between laboratory testing of fecal pools and theoretical values obtained by averaging test results from individual fecal samples in relation to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test for Lawsonia intracellularis. Ten diarrheic and 10 normal fecal samples were submitted from each of 43 Danish swine herds ( n = 860 fecal samples). Pools ( n = 43), each containing 20 individual fecal samples from the same herd, were prepared in the laboratory by pooling 10% fecal phosphate buffered saline solutions. All pools and individual fecal samples were subjected to qPCR testing for L. intracellularis. The theoretical number of L. intracellularis in the pools was calculated as the mean number of bacteria from the 20 individual fecal samples contributing to each pool. Agreement between the laboratory testing of pools and theoretical calculations based on individual sample results was evaluated. Pooling resulted in fewer L. intracellularis–positive herds (41.9%) compared with testing 20 fecal samples (53.5%). Agreement between the laboratory and the theoretical pools for dichotomized test results was 100% (95% confidence interval: 91.8–100%). For the quantitative test results, Lin concordance correlation coefficient was 0.997. The mean difference between the laboratory testing and the theoretical values was not different from zero (mean difference = 0.039 log10 bacteria/g feces; P = 0.26).
Pooling serum to identify cohorts of nonmilking cattle likely to be infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus by testing for specific antibodies
Authors: Lanyon Sasha R. , Anderson Malcolm L. , Reichel Michael P.
Published: March 2014

Testing for specific antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in pooled serum may present an opportunity to decrease the cost of screening for herds of high seroprevalence and increased likelihood of active infection. Experimental serum pools ( n = 280) were created by combining equal aliquots of serum from between 5 and 25 individuals. A further 188 serum pools were generated from field serum samples. All pools and individual sera were tested for BVDV-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to manufacturer’s instructions. Pools returned repeatable results, with coefficients of variation generally below 10%. The presence of serum from a persistently infected (PI) individual in the pool had no significant effect on the ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio. The results revealed that a single strong antibody-positive individual could maintain a positive result (at the manufacturer’s threshold) in pools of up to 128, while even a single weak-positive animal would generate a positive result in pools of up to 8. The S/P ratio of the pool was positively related to the within-pool prevalence of antibody-positive individuals. However, as the strength of the individual positive animals contributing to the pool had a large effect on the pool S/P ratio, the S/P ratio could not be used to accurately predict the within-pool prevalence of field serum pools. An alternative method of S/P ratio interpretation was pursued, and a two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis allowed segregation of pools into low, medium, and high risk with good results when applied to field serum pools.
Organizational Barriers to Cultural Competence in Hospice
Authors: Reese Dona J. , Beckwith Samira K.
Published: March 2014

This national mixed method study with directors of 207 hospices identified major barriers to cultural competence, including (1) lack of funding for additional staff for community outreach or development of culturally competent programs, (2) lack of applications from diverse professionals, and (3) lack of knowledge about diverse cultures and what cultural groups in the community are not being served. Qualitative results indicated that elements of an organizational culture, which create barriers to access included (1) failure to prioritize cultural competence, (2) failure to budget for culturally competent services, and (3) a staff that does not value awareness of cultural differences, is uncomfortable with diversity, and stereotypes diverse individuals. In phase 2, an interactive session with a 100-symposium audience provided strategies to address the barriers.
Infection and Inflammation Leading to Clozapine Toxicity and Intensive Care
Authors: Leung Jonathan G. , Nelson Sarah , Takala Christopher R. , Gören Jessica L.
Published: March 2014

Objective: To describe 3 cases of clozapine toxicity associated with infectious and/or inflammatory processes. Case Summaries: Three patients stable on clozapine therapy prior to a medical hospital admission developed clozapine toxicity. It was suspected that an acute infectious and/or inflammatory process in each patient was related to abrupt mental status changes, onset of sialorrhea, myoclonus, and/or need for ventilatory support. Investigations of altered mental status did not reveal alternative causes and presentations were not consistent with neuroleptic malignant syndrome, other acute neurologic complications, or psychiatric decompensation. All patients improved after clozapine dose reductions allowing for transfer from intensive care units. Using the Naranjo ADR Probability Scale for each case, a probable relation between clozapine toxicity and the infectious and/or inflammatory process was determined. Discussion: Clozapine toxicity may manifest with multiple symptoms, including sedation, sialorrhea, and hypotension. In addition to overdose and drug interactions; infection and/or inflammation may precipitate clozapine toxicity. This may be related to cytokine-mediated inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2. The likelihood of toxicity via this mechanism has not been well characterized, thus careful monitoring is required for medically ill patients receiving clozapine. Clozapine is extensively bound to the acute phase reactant, α-1 acid glycoprotein, which may unpredictably protect against clinical toxicity. C-reactive protein has also been investigated to relate clozapine toxicity to infection and/or inflammation. Conclusion: Clozapine toxicity developed in 3 patients admitted to a medical setting suspected to be related to infection and/or inflammation. Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse drug event with clozapine.
Nasopharyngeal Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ceballos Sáenz Celina , Argyris Prokopios P. , Manivel J. Carlos , Urias Barreras Cynthia Marina , Koutlas Ioannis G.
Published: March 2014

Background. Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare low-grade malignant tumor affecting the minor salivary glands; nasopharyngeal involvement is uncommon. Methods and Results. A 38-year-old male patient presented with a 3.2 × 4.5 × 4.4 cm expansile mass obliterating the lumen of the nasopharynx and extending into the left nasal cavity. Histopathologically, the tumor was characterized by clear round to polygonal epithelial cells arranged in anastomosing trabeculae and solid nests. The stroma consisted of fibromyxoid connective tissue with areas of intense hyalinization and desmoplasia. Immunohistochemically, strong and diffuse reactivity for AE1/AE3, CK5/6, and p63 was observed. EWSR1 gene rearrangement was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The diagnosis of nasopharyngeal HCCC was rendered. Surgical excision was performed along with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Conclusions. HCCC generally demonstrates good prognosis with low metastatic potential. Identification of EWSR1 gene disruption is useful in discerning HCCC from other neoplasms with overlapping microscopic features.
University, Ltd: Changing a business school
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: March 2014

This article recounts two years in the change management of a European business school. Using evidence gained whilst I was an employee, I describe the conditions and institutional mechanisms which allowed an ‘earth shattering’ change programme to take place. This involved discounting the past and claiming that anyone who is against change is either self-interested or doesn’t understand the ‘real world’. The lack of collective and successful resistance is of particular concern here, since it suggests that (in certain contexts) academics are incapable of preventing their own institutions changing around them. Exit appears to be the only choice, when loyalty is questioned and voice impossible. I conclude with some observations on the relationship between the managerial business school and the idea of the university.
Evaluating the response to glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients
Authors: Río Jordi , Rovira Alex , Tintoré Mar , Sastre-Garriga Jaume , Castilló Joaquín , Auger Cristina , Nos Carlos , Comabella Manuel , Tur Carmen , Vidal Ángela , Montalbán Xavier
Published: March 2014

Background:

In patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), a scoring system based on new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) active lesions, relapses and sustained disability progression after a 1-year treatment with IFNβ predicted patient disability progression over time; however, this score had not been tested in patients receiving glatiramer acetate (GA).

Objective:

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether this previous scoring system can also be applied to patients treated with GA.

Methods:

This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 151 RRMS patients treated with GA. Their scores were constructed, based on the clinical and MRI activity after 1 year of therapy. Regression analysis was performed, in order to identify the response variables.

Results:

The total possible score range was 0–3. Patients with a score of ≥ 2 and those with clinical activity (with or without MRI activity) during their first year of treatment were at increased risk of continuing with relapses and/or sustained disability in the next 2 years (odds ratio (OR): 38.8; p < 0.0001 and OR: 7.8; p < 0.009, respectively).

Conclusions:

In RRMS patients treated with GA, a combination of clinical activity measures may have prognostic value for identifying patients with disease activity in the next 2 years of therapy.
Beyond the spooks: The problem of the narrator in literary history
Authors: Wheelwright Julie
Published: March 2014

The discrepancies between a biography about a decorated Soviet agent and the authenticated facts of her life illustrate the inherent difficulties and ethical dilemmas of researching intelligence history. Kitty Harris was among the few women named in the KGB’s official history because of her role as double-agent Donald MacLean’s controller and in running couriers from Mexico to Los Alamos in the late 1940s. Harris’ biographer, the former KGB agent Igor Damaskin, presents an example of a source who is an unreliable narrator that demands trust in his interpretations, rather than in the printed sources and spoken testimony that he cites as indeterminate. This paper explores the difficulties of constructing scholarly literary journalism or history in the field of intelligence when interview sources and official records may prove less reliable and more susceptible to bias than others.
The flavonols quercetin and 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol reduce platelet function and delay thrombus formation in a model of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mosawy Sapha , Jackson Denise E , Woodman Owen L , Linden Matthew D
Published: March 2014

Diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We have recently shown that the naturally occurring flavonol quercetin (Que) or the synthetic flavonol 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) inhibits platelet function and delays thrombus formation in healthy mice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Que or DiOHF treatment on platelet function and ferric chloride–induced carotid artery thrombosis in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetic mice treated with Que or DiOHF maintained blood flow at a significantly higher level than untreated diabetic mice at the end of the recording period. In addition, treatment with Que or DiOHF significantly reduced diabetes-induced platelet hyper-aggregability in response to platelet agonist stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with Que or DiOHF significantly inhibited dense, but not alpha, granule exocytosis in diabetic and control mice. Our demonstration that flavonols delay thrombus formation in diabetes suggests a potential clinical role for these compounds in anti-platelet therapy.
Students’ Perceptions and Doubts About Menstruation in Developing Countries
Authors: Chothe Vikas , Khubchandani Jagdish , Seabert Denise , Asalkar Mahesh , Rakshe Sarika , Firke Arti , Midha Inuka , Simmons Robert
Published: March 2014

Menstrual education is a vital aspect of adolescent health education. Culture, awareness, and socioeconomic status often exert profound influence on menstrual practices. However, health education programs for young women in developing countries do not often address menstrual hygiene, practices, and disorders. Developing culturally sensitive menstrual health education and hygiene programs for adolescent females has been recommended by professional health organizations like the World Health Organization and UNICEF. These programs cannot be developed without understanding existing myths and perceptions about menstruation in adolescent females of developing countries. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study from India was to document existing misconceptions regarding menstruation and perceptions about menarche and various menstrual restrictions that have been understudied. Out of the 612 students invited to participate by asking questions, 381 girls participated by asking specific questions about menstruation (response rate = 62%). The respondents consisted of 84 girls from sixth grade, 117 from seventh grade, and 180 from eighth grade. The questions asked were arranged into the following subthemes: anatomy and physiology, menstrual symptoms, menstrual myths and taboos, health and beauty, menstrual abnormalities, seeking medical advice and home remedies; sanitary pads usage and disposal; diet and lifestyle; and sex education. Results of our study indicate that students had substantial doubts about menstruation and were influenced by societal myths and taboos in relation to menstrual practices. Parents, adolescent care providers, and policy makers in developing countries should advocate for comprehensive sexuality education and resources (e.g., low-cost sanitary pads and school facilities) to promote menstrual health and hygiene promotion.
The commercialization of da'wah: Understanding Indonesian Sinetron and their portrayal of Islam
Authors: Rakhmani Inaya
Published: March 2014

The impact of media industrialization on mediated religious expression all over the world has been substantial, and this study tries to understand the Indonesian case by looking at the intersections between commerce and Islamic expression. Focusing on Indonesian Islamic sinetron (soap operas), we shall see that contrasting ideological motivations among producers have resulted in particular narratives within their content. Despite these peculiarities, all narratives use Islamic teachings to address societal issues experienced by middle-class Indonesian Muslims. This, in turn, projects an image of Indonesian Islam that blurs existing political divisions in Indonesian society. This article argues that the sinetron plots are inherently a commercialization of da'wah (proselytizing of Islam).
Indonesian women’s blog formats from Tanah Betawi to Serambi Mekah: Women blogger’s choices of technical features
Authors: Triastuti Endah
Published: March 2014

Drawing on the critiques of the active/passive dichotomy and using an ethnographic approach, this article looks at the forms of Indonesian women’s engagement in a convergent media world through blogging. We examine the technical, personalized authoring tools Indonesian women use in their blogging practices, and conclude that potential choices are not limitless as they hinge on authors’ contexts.
Limb regeneration in salamanders and digital tip regeneration in experimental mice: implications for the hand surgeon
Authors: Al-Qattan M. M. , Al-Qattan A. M. , Al-Maged Ahmed D. A. , Abd Al-Wahed M. M. , Shier M. K.
Published: March 2014

Several lessons and observations from limb regeneration in animals could open new insights to direct related research in the field of hand surgery. This article briefly reviews the biology of limb regeneration in salamanders and experimental mice, with special emphasis on implications for hand surgery.

Level of evidence: 5
Management of chronic pain
Authors: Rolfe Alexandra
Published: March 2014

Chronic pain affects 20% of the population at some point and is a significant burden for both patients and society. This complex and little understood condition is often poorly managed. However, recent interest in chronic pain management has prompted the development of resources and strategies to help these patients, in particular, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network have released up-to-date guidance. The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of identifying patients in chronic pain and optimising their management using an evidence-based approach.
Pharmacological treatment of chronic pelvic ischemia
Authors: Andersson Karl-Erik , Nomiya Masanori , Sawada Norifumi , Yamaguchi Osamu
Published: March 2014

Epidemiological studies have shown that lower urinary tract symptoms, including overactive bladder, commonly occur in both men and women, with an age-related increase in both sexes. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and urological symptoms are common in the metabolic syndrome; they also occur during the human ageing process and are independent risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Pelvic arterial insufficiency may lead to impaired lower urinary tract perfusion and play an important role in the development of bladder dysfunction such as detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder. It seems reasonable, but has not been definitely established clinically, that chronic ischemia-related bladder dysfunction will progress to bladder underactivity. Studies in experimental models in rabbits and rats have shown that pelvic arterial insufficiency may result in significant bladder ischemia with reduced bladder wall oxygen tension, oxidative stress, increased muscarinic receptor activity, ultrastructural damage, and neurodegeneration. Several types of drug may be able to prevent some of these changes. Even if the α1-adrenoceptor blocker, silodosin, the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, tadalafil, the β3-α1-adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, and the free radical scavenger, melatonin, were unable to prevent the development of neointimal hyperplasia and consequent luminal occlusion in animal models, they all exerted a protecting effect on urodynamic parameters, and on the functional and morphological changes of the bladder demonstrable in vitro. The different mechanisms of action of the drugs suggest that many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic ischemia-induced bladder dysfunction and can be targets for intervention. Since several of the agents tested are used clinically and effectively for relieving lower urinary tract symptoms, the results from animal models of chronic bladder ischemia seem to have translational value. Animal models may be of relevance for designing clinical studies to demonstrate if a certain drug may prevent progression of ischemia-related functional and morphological bladder changes.
The Conceptual Structure of Social Disputes
Authors: Homer-Dixon Thomas , Milkoreit Manjana , Mock Steven J. , Schröder Tobias , Thagard Paul
Published: March 2014

We describe and illustrate a new method of graphically diagramming disputants’ points of view called cognitive-affective mapping. The products of this method—cognitive-affective maps (CAMs)—represent an individual’s concepts and beliefs about a particular subject, such as another individual or group or an issue in dispute. Each of these concepts and beliefs has its own emotional value. The result is a detailed image of a disputant’s complex belief system that can assist in-depth analysis of the ideational sources of the dispute and thereby aid its resolution. We illustrate the method with representations of the beliefs of typical individuals involved in four contemporary disputes of markedly different type: a clash over German housing policy, disagreements between Israelis over the meaning of the Western Wall, contention surrounding exploitation of Canada’s bitumen resources, and the deep dispute between people advocating action on climate change and those skeptical about the reality of the problem.
How we prevent and treat differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Sanz Miguel A. , Montesinos Pau
Published: March 2014

Differentiation syndrome (DS), formerly known as retinoic acid syndrome, is a relatively common and potentially severe complication seen in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid and/or arsenic trioxide. The full-blown syndrome consists of unexplained fever, weight gain, dyspnea with pulmonary infiltrates, pleuropericardial effusion, hypotension, and renal failure. Most measures currently used for management of DS have very little evidence-based support, and therefore, many remain controversial. Despite the lack of evidence supporting DS prophylaxis, several groups have adopted a preventive strategy with corticosteroids, especially for patients with leukocyte levels higher than from 5 to 10 × 109/L. DS diagnosis should be suspected in the presence of any of the above-mentioned signs and symptoms, and preemptive treatment with dexamethasone should be started immediately. Other supportive measures can also be crucial for the correct management of DS, especially in those patients with life-threatening complications. Temporary discontinuation of all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide is indicated only for patients in very poor clinical condition or with severe renal or pulmonary dysfunction, sometimes requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Recognition of specific biomarkers and a better understanding of DS pathogenesis can be helpful for the development of specific therapies to counteract DS in a timely manner.
Heme-induced neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease
Authors: Chen Grace , Zhang Dachuan , Fuchs Tobias A. , Manwani Deepa , Wagner Denisa D. , Frenette Paul S.
Published: March 2014

Key Points

NETs are present and pathogenic in sickle cell disease. Plasma heme and proinflammatory cytokines collaborate to activate release of NETs.
Plasma factor XIII: understanding the 99%
Authors: Wolberg Alisa S.
Published: March 2014

In this issue of Blood, Katona et al show that the A and B subunits of plasma factor XIII (pFXIII) bind with substantially tighter affinity than previously thought, and narrow the B subunit residues mediating this interaction to the second sushi domain.1
No contact, no thrombosis?
Authors: Meijers Joost C. M.
Published: March 2014

In this issue of Blood, Matafonov et al demonstrate that an inhibiting monoclonal antibody against coagulation factor XII (fXII) reduces fibrin formation and platelet accumulation in a primate thrombosis model.1
Utility of the CAT in the therapy assessment of COPD exacerbations in China
Authors: Tu You-Hui , Zhang Yan , Fei Guang-He
Published: March 2014

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are accompanied with increased systemic inflammation, which accelerate the pulmonary function injury and impair the quality of life. Prompt and effective treatments for COPD exacerbations slow down the disease progression, but an objective instrument to assess the efficacy of the treatments following COPD exacerbations is lacking nowadays. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is an 8-item questionnaire designed to assess and quantify health status and symptom burden in COPD patients. We hypothesize that the change in CAT score is related to the treatment response following COPD exacerbations.

Methods

78 inpatients with clinician-diagnosed acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) completed the CAT, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale both at exacerbation and the 7th day of therapy, and a subgroup of 39 patients performed the pulmonary function test. Concentrations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma fibrinogen were assayed at the same time. Correlations between the CAT and other measurements were examined.

Results

After 7 days’ therapy, the CAT and SGRQ scores, mMRC grades, as well as the concentrations of CRP and fibrinogen all decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the FEV1% predicted had a significant improvement (P < 0.001). The CAT scores were significantly correlated with concurrent concentrations of CRP and fibrinogen, SGRQ scores, FEV1% predicted and mMRC grades (P < 0.05). The change in CAT score was positively correlated with the change of CRP (r = 0.286, P < 0.05), SGRQ score (r = 0.725, P < 0.001) and mMRC grades (r = 0.593, P < 0.001), but not with fibrinogen (r = 0.137, P > 0.05) or FEV1% predicted (r = -0.101, P > 0.05). No relationship was found between the changes of SGRQ score and CRP and fibrinogen (P>0.05).

Conclusions

The CAT is associate with the changes of systemic inflammation following COPD exacerbations. Moreover, the CAT is responsive to the treatments, similar to other measures such as SGRQ, mMRC dyspnea scale and pulmonary function. Therefore, the CAT is a potentially useful instrument to assess the efficacy of treatments following COPD exacerbations.
Expression of histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 in urothelial bladder cancer
Authors: Poyet Cédric , Jentsch Bastian , Hermanns Thomas , Schweckendiek Daniel , Seifert Hans-Helge , Schmidtpeter Martin , Sulser Tullio , Moch Holger , Wild Peter J , Kristiansen Glen
Published: March 2014

Background

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to be associated with an overexpression in different types of cancer such as colon and prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to evaluate the protein expression of class I HDACs in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Methods

A tissue microarray containing 348 tissuesamples from 174 patients with a primary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was immunohistochemically stained for HDAC 1, 2 and 3. Intensity of staining was evaluated and the association with clinico-pathological features and prognosis was assessed.

Results

High HDAC expression levels were found in 40 to 60% of all investigated urothelial carcinomas (HDAC-1: 40%, HDAC-2: 42%, HDAC-3: 59%).

HDAC-1 and HDAC-2 were significantly associated with higher tumour grades.

Although all three markers could not predict progression in univariate analyses, high HDAC-1 expression was associated with a trend toward poorer prognosis. Patients with high-grade tumours and high expression levels of HDAC-1 were more likely to progress compared to all other patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

High-grade noninvasive papillary bladder tumours are associated with high expression levels of HDAC-1 and HDAC-2. High grade tumours in combination with high expression of HDAC-1 showed a worse prognosis than the other tumours. The high expression levels of HDACs observed particularly in high grade urothelial bladder cancer clearly warrant subsequent studies on the potential use of HDAC inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
Ni-doped TiO2 nanotubes for wide-range hydrogen sensing
Authors: Li Zhaohui , Ding Dongyan , Liu Qiang , Ning Congqin , Wang Xuewu
Published: March 2014

Doping of titania nanotubes is one of the efficient way to obtain improved physical and chemical properties. Through electrochemical anodization and annealing treatment, Ni-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated and their hydrogen sensing performance was investigated. The nanotube sensor demonstrated a good sensitivity for wide-range detection of both dilute and high-concentration hydrogen atmospheres ranging from 50 ppm to 2% H2. A temperature-dependent sensing from 25°C to 200°C was also found. Based on the experimental measurements and first-principles calculations, the electronic structure and hydrogen sensing properties of the Ni-doped TiO2 with an anatase structure were also investigated. It reveals that Ni substitution of the Ti sites could induce significant inversion of the conductivity type and effective reduction of the bandgap of anatase oxide. The calculations also reveal that the resistance change for Ni-doped anatase TiO2 with/without hydrogen absorption was closely related to the bandgap especially the Ni-induced impurity level.
Analysis options for high-throughput sequencing in miRNA expression profiling
Authors: Stokowy Tomasz , Eszlinger Markus , Świerniak Michał , Fujarewicz Krzysztof , Jarząb Barbara , Paschke Ralf , Krohn Knut
Published: March 2014

Background

Recently high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using next generation sequencing techniques became useful in digital gene expression profiling.

Our study introduces analysis options for HTS data based on mapping to miRBase or counting and grouping of identical sequence reads. Those approaches allow a hypothesis free detection of miRNA differential expression.

Methods

We compare our results to microarray and qPCR data from one set of RNA samples. We use Illumina platforms for microarray analysis and miRNA sequencing of 20 samples from benign follicular thyroid adenoma and malignant follicular thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, we use three strategies for HTS data analysis to evaluate miRNA biomarkers for malignant versus benign follicular thyroid tumors.

Results

High correlation of qPCR and HTS data was observed for the proposed analysis methods. However, qPCR is limited in the differential detection of miRNA isoforms. Moreover, we illustrate a much broader dynamic range of HTS compared to microarrays for small RNA studies. Finally, our data confirm hsa-miR-197-3p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p and both hsa-miR-144-3p and hsa-miR-144-5p as potential follicular thyroid cancer biomarkers.

Conclusions

Compared to microarrays HTS provides a global profile of miRNA expression with higher specificity and in more detail. Summarizing of HTS reads as isoform groups (analysis pipeline B) or according to functional criteria (seed analysis pipeline C), which better correlates to results of qPCR are promising new options for HTS analysis. Finally, data opens future miRNA research perspectives for HTS and indicates that qPCR might be limited in validating HTS data in detail.
Biosorption of malachite green from aqueous solutions by Pleurotus ostreatus using Taguchi method
Authors: Chen Zhengsuo , Deng Hongbo , Chen Can , Yang Ying , Xu Heng
Published: March 2014

Dyes released into the environment have been posing a serious threat to natural ecosystems and aquatic life due to presence of heat, light, chemical and other exposures stable. In this study, thePleurotus ostreatus(a macro-fungus) was used as a new biosorbent to study the biosorption of hazardous malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The effective disposal ofP. ostreatusis a meaningful work for environmental protection and maximum utilization of agricultural residues.

The operational parameters such as biosorbent dose, pH, and ionic strength were investigated in a series of batch studies at 25°C. Freundlich isotherm model was described well for the biosorption equilibrium data. The biosorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Taguchi method was used to simplify the experimental number for determining the significance of factors and the optimum levels of experimental factors for MG biosorption. Biosorbent dose and initial MG concentration had significant influences on the percent removal and biosorption capacity. The highest percent removal reached 89.58% and the largest biosorption capacity reached 32.33 mg/g. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the functional groups such as, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino and phosphonate groups on the biosorbent surface could be the potential adsorption sites for MG biosorption.P. ostreatuscan be considered as an alternative biosorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.
h5ebsd: an archival data format for electron back-scatter diffraction data sets
Authors: Jackson Michael A , Groeber Michael A , Uchic Michael D , Rowenhorst David J , Graef Marc De
Published: March 2014

We present an archival format for electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) data based on the HDF5 scientific file format. We discuss the differences between archival and data work flow file formats, and present details of the archival file layout for the implementation of h5ebsd, a vendor-neutral EBSD-HDF5 format. Information on sample and external reference frames can be included in the archival file, so that the data is internally consistent and complete. We describe how the format can be extended to include additional experimental modalities, and present some thoughts on the interactions between working files and archival files. The complete file specification as well as an example h5ebsd formatted data set are made available to the reader.
FGFR4 Polymorphic Variants Modulate Phenotypic Features of Cushing Disease
Authors: Nakano-Tateno Tae , Tateno Toru , Hlaing Maw Maw , Zheng Lei , Yoshimoto Katsuhiko , Yamada Shozo , Asa Sylvia L. , Ezzat Shereen
Published: March 2014

Cushing disease is a potentially lethal condition resulting from hormone excess, usually due to a small pituitary tumor that fails to respond to negative feedback inhibition. A minority of patients develop larger, more aggressive tumors of the same lineage but with modest hormone excess. Here we show that a common polymorphism in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) transmembrane domain yields receptor isoforms with distinct properties that mediate these biological differences. Forced expression of the major FGFR4-G388 variant allele supports pY-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) responses. In contrast, expression of the minor FGFR4-R388 allele enhances STAT3 serine phosphorylation, driving cellular growth. In addition, FGFR4-R388 enhances glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Consistent with these findings, glucocorticoid administration resulted in enhanced hormone negative feedback in mice with knock-in of the FGFR4 variant allele. Moreover, clinical data from patients with pituitary tumors revealed that those homozygous for the R388 allele have a higher frequency of silent corticotroph macroadenomas than FGFR4-G388 carriers, who were more likely to have small but hormonally active microadenomas. These findings demonstrate that the FGFR4 transmembrane polymorphic variants can modulate cellular growth and sensitivity to glucocorticoid hormone negative feedback through distinct STAT3 modifications of relevance to the human forms of Cushing disease.
Empirical Evidence on Inflation Expectations in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve
Authors: Mavroeidis Sophocles , Plagborg-Møller Mikkel , Stock James H.
Published: March 2014

We review the main identification strategies and empirical evidence on the role of expectations in the New Keynesian Phillips curve, paying particular attention to the issue of weak identification. Our goal is to provide a clear understanding of the role of expectations that integrates across the different papers and specifications in the literature. We discuss the properties of the various limited-information econometric methods used in the literature and provide explanations of why they produce conflicting results. Using a common dataset and a flexible empirical approach, we find that researchers are faced with substantial specification uncertainty, as different combinations of various a priori reasonable specification choices give rise to a vast set of point estimates. Moreover, given a specification, estimation is subject to considerable sampling uncertainty due to weak identification. We highlight the assumptions that seem to matter most for identification and the configuration of point estimates. We conclude that the literature has reached a limit on how much can be learned about the New Keynesian Phillips curve from aggregate macroeconomic time series. New identification approaches and new datasets are needed to reach an empirical consensus. (JEL C51, D84, E12, E24, E31)
A Flourishing Economist: A Review Essay on Edmund Phelps's Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change
Authors: Mokyr Joel
Published: March 2014

In his recent Mass Flourishings, Edmund Phelps makes a strong and eloquent plea for a more dynamic economy, which he sees not only as a key for economic performance, but also as necessary for what he calls “the good life.” This review essay evaluates those claims in the light of economic history. (JEL E02, N00, O10, O30, P16)