bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse-temperature induced manure driven low carbon footprint in aquaculture mesocosm
Authors: Dutta Deblina , Kundu Debajyoti , Jana Bana Bihari , Lahiri Susmita , Bhakta Jatindra Nath
Published: September 2022

In an aquaculture system, estimates were made of soil organic carbon content, carbon burial rate, soil structure and algal productivity with the intention of examining the synergistic effects of both greenhouse gas (GHG) induced temperature and manure-driven carbon reduction potentials in sediments that depend on productivity as well as tilapia spawning responses under greenhouse mimicking conditions during winter. Different manure treatments such as cattle manure and saw dust (T1); poultry droppings and saw dust (T2); vermi-compost and saw dust (T3); mixture of cattle manure, poultry droppings, vermi-compost and saw dust (T4); iso-carbonic states maintained with vermi-compost (T5); and with poultry droppings (T6) were applied three times (frequency of application) in the tank during the course of investigation. Different parameters like soil organic carbon, carbon burial rate, algal productivity and water quality were examined in aquaculture system. GHG effect impacted on the enhanced carbon reduction potential (44.36-62.36%) which was directly related with soil organic carbon (38.16-56.40 mg C/g) dependent carbon burial rate (0.0033-0.0118 g/cm2 per 100 days). Average carbon burial rates for different manure treatments at GHG impacted temperature (0.0071 g/cm2 per 100 days) was as high as 27.90% than at ambient air temperature (0.0054 g/cm2 per 100 days). Residual carbon or sink in soils has been increased by 8.49 to 43.11% in different treatments or 23%, on an average attributed to almost 6 °C rise in GHG mediated atmospheric temperature. The low carbon footprint potential in different treatments was conspicuous inside the polyhouse (maximum 62.36%) due to greenhouse driven temperature compared. As a positive impact of the study, breeding of tilapia occurred where in T3 100% survival occurred in close polyhouse and also exhibited maximum carbon burial rate. In this study it has been observed that one degree rise in atmospheric temperature resulted in a ~ 4% rise in residual carbon in the experimental tank. However, future work can be conducted on other different treatments and large scale application.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical representation of greenhouse-temperature induced manure driven carbon accumulation in aquaculture mesocosm.
Transplanting English Law in Special Economic Zones in Asia: Law As Commodity
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: September 2022

English law has become a commodity for developing, resource-rich economies desirous of diversifying their economies. A small number of special economic zones, chiefly in the Gulf, but also elsewhere, have set up entire legal systems predicated to a large or smaller degree on English law. This transplantation is based on three distinct models, namely: (a) wholesale incorporation of statutes; (b) general reference to English law as residual law and; (c) implicitly, on the basis of the common law origin of judges appointed to the courts of special economic zones. The expectation in all these models is that the specialised courts and other stakeholders (eg, legal professionals) will apply English statutory and common law in conformity with other laws applicable in the special economic zones. Ultimately, the practice of the courts and other participants will give rise to a sui generis common law jurisdiction that is in dialogue with the courts and institutions of England and Wales. The article argues that this has already been achieved in the majority of the special economic zones examined here.
A wave-breaking model for the depth-semi-averaged equations
Authors: Antuono Matteo , Lucarelli Alessia , Bardazzi Andrea , Brocchini Maurizio
Published: September 2022

We propose an efficient model for the description of the three-dimensional (3-D) evolution of breaking water waves in the nearshore region. A fundamental property of the model is its intrinsic ability to account for the 3-D dynamics of vorticity and the energy dissipation induced by wave breaking. In particular, the vorticity evolution is achieved through the use of mollified operators, an approach similar in spirit to that adopted in smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Further, since the model is based on depth-semi-averaged equations with a core structure similar to that of nonlinear shallow-water equations, it takes advantage of well-known numerical methods for hyperbolic equations, while permitting computation of local flows. Finally, the model relies on a limited number of tunable parameters and a very simple breaking criterion. All the above aspects allow for a simple and reliable representation of the main features of wave breaking at the time and spatial scales typical of the nearshore wave dynamics. A number of benchmarks are used to explore the properties of the model, which is tuned only once for all cases. Wave height decay rates are well described for both sloshing (thin) and shoaling (thick) spillers, and a good description is also provided of the vorticity field. A final run of an impulsive wave over a submerged breakwater is used to illustrate the representation of the 3-D vorticity dynamics.
Squirmer locomotion in a yield stress fluid
Authors: Eastham Patrick S. , Mohammadigoushki Hadi , Shoele Kourosh
Published: September 2022

An axisymmetric squirmer in a Bingham viscoplastic fluid is studied numerically to determine the effect of a yield stress environment on locomotion. The nonlinearity of the governing equations necessitates numerical methods, which are accomplished by solving a variable-viscosity Stokes equation with a finite element approach. The effects of stroke modes, both pure and combined, are investigated, and it is found that for the treadmill or ‘neutral’ mode, the swimmer in a yield stress fluid has a lower swimming velocity and uses more power. However, the efficiency of swimming reaches its maximum at a finite yield limit. In addition, for higher yield limits, higher stroke modes can increase the swimming velocity and hydrodynamic efficiency of the treadmill swimmer. The higher-order odd-numbered squirming modes, particularly the third stroke mode, can generate propulsion by themselves that increases in strength as the viscoplastic nonlinearity increases to a specific limit. These results are closely correlated with the confinement effects induced by the viscoplastic rigid surface surrounding the swimming body, showing that swimmers in viscoplastic environments, both biological and artificial, could potentially employ other non-standard swimming strategies to optimize their locomotion.
All that glitters is not gold: Relational events models with spurious events
Authors: Fritz Cornelius , Mehrl Marius , Thurner Paul W. , Kauermann Göran
Published: September 2022

As relational event models are an increasingly popular model for studying relational structures, the reliability of large-scale event data collection becomes more and more important. Automated or human-coded events often suffer from non-negligible false-discovery rates in event identification. And most sensor data are primarily based on actors’ spatial proximity for predefined time windows; hence, the observed events could relate either to a social relationship or random co-location. Both examples imply spurious events that may bias estimates and inference. We propose the Relational Event Model for Spurious Events (REMSE), an extension to existing approaches for interaction data. The model provides a flexible solution for modeling data while controlling for spurious events. Estimation of our model is carried out in an empirical Bayesian approach via data augmentation. Based on a simulation study, we investigate the properties of the estimation procedure. To demonstrate its usefulness in two distinct applications, we employ this model to combat events from the Syrian civil war and student co-location data. Results from the simulation and the applications identify the REMSE as a suitable approach to modeling relational event data in the presence of spurious events.
Honey bees are not attracted to multiple new ant bait matrices containing sugar
Authors: Hoffmann Benjamin D.
Published: September 2022

Multiple new ant treatment products containing high volumes of sugar have recently been developed specifically for use in ant management programs. The presence of sugar in these products could potentially attract bees, and any such attractancy would likely be fatal given that these products typically contain general insecticides. To determine the risk of such products to bees I present four studies assessing bee attractancy to multiple matrices that are used to make these products. The trials were conducted across multiple years, seasons, and locations, containing various concentrations of sugar in multiple forms, using various experimental setups with many different bee hives, and multiple observers. Not a single bee was attracted to any matrix, nor were bees observed inspecting any matrix, and no bees fed on any matrix, irrespective of whether the matrices were placed close to hives and directly under bee flight paths, or out in areas where bees were feeding. This is in stark contrast to large numbers of bees that were feeding on flowers within the immediate vicinity of all of the matrices in the first two experiments, or flying over the arrays in experiments 3 and 4 travelling to and from other food sources. I present five suggestions for the discrepancy between the trials presented here and the general perception that bees are attracted to sugar. These matrices appear to be acceptable as a basis to make treatment products for broadscale use within ant management programs. However, it should be recognized that bees, and other non-target species, are indeed capable of feeding on these matrices. Therefore vigilance should still be maintained to identify special circumstances where bees may be killed when constituents are added to these matrices that do attract bees, or usage methods can adversely affect bees.
Injuring Family Relations through Gross Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Gacka Patryk
Published: September 2022

Drawing a line between victims and non-victims in the context of gross violations of international humanitarian and international human rights law is not an easy task. On the one hand, mass atrocities lead to widespread victimisation of individuals, groups and communities who suffer from various types of harm and damage incurred in the process of their commission. On the other hand, clearly not every person affected by an ongoing conflict and mass criminality should be considered an injured party. This article addresses such conceptual dilemmas by casting light on the function of family relations as grounds of indirect victimhood. To this end, it identifies two theoretical models of victimhood and showcases how they have been put into practice by international and hybrid courts and tribunals in their respective reparative and punitive regimes.
Interpretation of the Mental Stress Taxonomy under Nigeria's Employees’ Compensation Act 2010
Authors: Obi-Ochiabutor Clara C , Ogbuabor Chukwunweike A , Nwabachili Chioma O , Nwoke Uchechukwu
Published: September 2022

Prior to the inception of the Employees’ Compensation Act 2010 (“ECA”), the workers’ compensation system in Nigeria was governed by the Workmen's Compensation Act 1987 (Cap W6 LFN 2004) (“WCA”). The WCA failed to provide an adequate compensation regime for employees, notwithstanding the fact that payment of compensation stems from the employer's duty of care to the employee. Though an employer may be liable for injury, whether physical or mental, sustained by an employee, the WCA, among other things, had no provision for mental stress claims. Neither was the mental health of employees contemplated under its regime. The ECA has sought to close this gap by the provisions of its section 8. Using a comparative perspective, this article examines the dynamics as well as the challenges of applying section 8 of the ECA in the overall interest of the legal system and the labour environment.
Contribution of between region and neighborhood variation of socioeconomic factors on the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting: a multilevel analysis of Tanzanian national surveys
Authors: Bintabara Deogratius
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to assess to what extent differences in socioeconomic factors between regions correlate to dramatic disparities in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) across Tanzania. The data from the 2004, 2010, and 2016 Tanzania Demographic Health Surveys were used in this analysis. The estimates from multilevel variance components for FGM/C were compared before and after adjusting for socioeconomic variables (residence, marital status, education, and wealth quintile) and age. The three-level structure of the sample sorted women into individual (level-1), neighborhood (level-2), and regional (level-3) categories. The pooled data included a total of 27587 women of reproductive age with a median age (IQR) of 29 (21–36) years. The random-effects results revealed that of the total age-adjusted variance in FGM/C, 76.7% was attributed to the between region and neighborhood differences. Despite the large between region variations, only 3.7% was explained by socioeconomic factors. Despite the large contribution of between region and neighborhood differences to variance in FGM/C prevalence, less of this variation was explained by socioeconomic factors. Therefore, it is possible that maternal and reproductive educational programs tailored to such neighborhood differences, beyond socioeconomic factors alone, could contribute to a radical shift in perspective for regions with high prevalence.
Collisionless relaxation of a Lynden-Bell plasma
Authors: Ewart R.J. , Brown A. , Adkins T. , Schekochihin A.A.
Published: September 2022

Plasmas whose Coulomb-collision rates are very small may relax on shorter timescales to non-Maxwellian quasi-equilibria, which, nevertheless, have a universal form, with dependence on initial conditions retained only via an infinite set of Casimir invariants enforcing phase-volume conservation. These are distributions derived by Lynden-Bell (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., vol. 136, 1967, p. 101) via a statistical-mechanical entropy-maximisation procedure, assuming perfect mixing of phase-space elements. To show that these equilibria are reached dynamically, one must derive an effective ‘collisionless collision integral’ for which they are fixed points – unique and inevitable provided the integral has an appropriate H-theorem. We describe how such collision integrals are derived and what assumptions are required for them to have a closed form, how to prove the H-theorems for them, and why, for a system carrying sufficiently large electric-fluctuation energy, collisionless relaxation should be fast. It is suggested that collisionless dynamics may favour maximising entropy locally in phase space before converging to global maximum-entropy states. Relaxation due to interspecies interaction is examined, leading, inter alia, to spontaneous transient generation of electron currents. The formalism also allows efficient recovery of ‘true’ collision integrals for both classical and quantum plasmas.
Noncooperative Oligopoly in Markets with a Cobb-Douglas Continuum of Traders
Authors: Codognato Giulio , A. Julien Ludovic
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we reconsider two models of noncooperative oligopoly in general equilibrium proposed by Busetto et al. ((2008), (2011)): a version of the Shapley's window model for mixed exchange economies a la Shitovitz and its reformulation a la Cournot-Walras. We introduce the assumption that preferences of the traders belonging to the atomless part are represented by Cobb-Douglas utility functions. This assumption permits us to prove the existence of a Cournot-Nash equilibrium of the Shapley's window model - called Cobb-Douglas-Cournot-Nash equilibrium - without introducing further assumptions on atoms' endowments and preferences previously used by Busetto et al. (2011). Then, we show that the set of the Cobb-Douglas-Cournot-Nash equilibrium allocations coincides with the set of the Cournot-Walras equilibrium allocations.
On Cobb-Douglas Preferences in Bilateral Oligopoly
Authors: Dickson Alex
Published: September 2022

Bilateral oligopoly is a simple model of exchange in which a finite set of sellers seek to exchange the goods they are endowed with for money with a finite set of buyers, and no price-taking assumptions are imposed. If trade takes place via a strategic market game bilateral oligopoly can be thought of as two linked proportional-sharing contests: in one the sellers share the aggregate bid from the buyers in proportion to their supply and in the other the buyers share the aggregate supply in proportion to their bids. The analysis can be separated into two “partial games”. First, fix the aggregate bid atB; in the first partial game the sellers contest this fixed prize in proportion to their supply and the aggregate supply in the equilibrium of this game is(B). Next, fix the aggregate supply atX; in the second partial game the buyers contest this fixed prize in proportion to their bids and the aggregate bid in the equilibrium of this game is(X). The analysis of these two partial games takes into account competitionwithineach side of the market. Equilibrium in bilateral oligopoly must take into account competitionbetweensellers and buyers and requires, for example,((B)) =B. When all traders have Cobb-Douglas preferences(B) does not depend onBand(X) does not depend onX: whilst there is competition within each side of the market there is no strategic interdependencebetweenthe sides of the market. The Cobb-Douglas assumption provides a tractable framework in which to explore the features of fully strategic trade but it misses perhaps the most interesting feature of bilateral oligopoly, the implications of which are investigated.
Variations des coefficients de fabrication dans une entreprise
congolaise et équilibre économique, 1931–1958
Authors: Strihou Jacques van Ypersele de
Published: September 2022

Cette étude a pour objet l’analyse de la variation des coefficients
de fabrication dans une entreprise textile de Leopoldville de
1931 à 1958.

Nous montrerons dans quelles conditions les facteurs travail et capital se
sont substitués l’un à l’autre, de manière progressive ou parfois
brutale.

Cette substitution, assez frappante, a sans doute été facilitée par la
nature même de l’industrie étudiée, qui est peu capitalistique.

Il est possible, dans ce type d’entreprise, de faire varier sensiblement la
combinaison des facteurs de production sans pour cela transformer
fondamentalement le processus de fabrication.

On pourra, par exemple, pour faire face à une demande de production accrue,
utiliser des outils moins perfectionnés, exigeant une main-d’œuvre plus
abondante.

Si la nature de l’entreprise a facilité la substitution des facteurs de
production, c’est cependant la structure économique du pays qui a joué un
rôle déterminant.

On verra comment le caractère de sous-développement de ce pays a influencé
l’évolution de l’entreprise.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Dupriez Léon H.
Published: September 2022

Les graphiques qui nous servent à faire le diagnostic de la conjoncture
économique belge viennent d’être soumis à une critique serrée et à un
regroupement systématique. Aussi le dispositif graphique présenté ici est-il
entièrement nouveau.

Notre souci a été d’adapter le diagnostic aux nouvelles statistiques
disponibles, de mieux scruter les séries typiques des tensions
conjoncturelles, enfin et surtout, de lier l’interprétation plus
expressément à l’explication économique générale.

On ne peut perdre de vue que le but des planches est de fournir les bases
d’un diagnostic d’ensemble et des principales modalités du développement
conjoncturel. Il n’est pas de détailler toute l’évolution et d’imputer à des
causes diverses les détails des mouvements constatés.
L’industrie chimique Situation actuelle et évolution à
prévoir
Authors: Haes Marcel
Published: September 2022

Lorsqu’on considère le prodigieux développement des réalisations dues au
progrès technique, on constate que la chimie occupe, dans la vie économique
actuelle, une place dont l’importance ne fait que croître.

Une évolution de ce genre s’explique aisément si l’on réalise que la plupart
des secteurs industriels dépendent des techniques et des découvertes de
cette branche, dont le champ d’application englobe la fabrication de
produits de plus en plus complexes destinés à satisfaire des besoins dont la
diversité s’accentue de jour en jour.

Cette tendance apparaît particulièrement au sein des communautés économiques
formées par l’association de pays, vers lesquels on enregistre un important
mouvement de capitaux en provenance de pays tiers.
The Determination of the Belgian Time Deposit Rates, 1963-1977
Authors: Vuchelen J.
Published: September 2022

Changes in monetary policy instruments are transmitted to the real sector through different channels. For Keynesian as well as for monetarists interest rates are very important; time deposits rates are therefore crucial variables. In econometric model building the formulation of the time deposit rate equations need special attention, not only because these rates affect the behavior of the private sector but also because institutional features such as e.g. ceilings on rates, can be important.
1992 et l'industrie belge
Authors: Buigues Pierre , Ilzkovitz Fabienne
Published: September 2022

Cette étude a pour but d'examiner la position compétitive des industries belges dans les secteurs les plus concernés par l'achèvement du marché intérieur. Trois principales conclusions émergent de cette analyse. Tout d'abord, les enjeux du marché intérieur sont particulièrement importants pour l'industrie belge puisque les secteurs les plus sensibles à 1992 y représentent 63% de la valeur ajoutée industrielle, contre 49% en moyenne dans la communauté européenne. Ensuite, la situation de l'industrie belge dans ces secteurs est globalement favorable puisque le poids des points forts en termes de valeur ajoutée et d'emploi industriels l'emporte sur celui des points faibles. Toutefois, ces dernières occupent près de 20% de l'emploi industriel. Finalement, il faut déplorer que les points forts appartiennent plutôt à des secteurs traditionnels et que, par contre, les performances belges sur le marché communautaire soient médiocres dans des secteurs en développement, comme l'informatique et les télécommunications.
Some Specification Tests of Uncovered Interest Parity
Authors: McAvinchey Ian D. , MacDonald Ronald
Published: September 2022

Exchange rate theory has recently been concerned with versions of the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) condition, as an alternative to purchasing power parity. The UIP condition is examined, for the U.S. Dollar, the Deutschemark, the Yen, and the Swiss Franc all against the Pound Sterling, using dynamic specification tests based on residual from the LUS and OLS classes, and selected error orthogonality tests. Market errors for one currency may have an information role for other currencies, this also is tested. It is suggested that spot rates are determined by the same underlying process which requires a considerable amount of past information on market errors for efficient spot rate determination. A role for time varying risk premia is suggested.
Un exemple d'utilisation du modèle économétrique du Bureau du Plan pour l'analyse d'alternatives de politiques fiscales
Authors: Bogaert H. , de Biolley T. , de Falleur R. , Huge P.
Published: September 2022

Dans la logique de la projection de référence établie pour la Belgique à fin 1973, l'évolution des ressources fiscales et parafiscales a été prévue en supposant le maintien, tout au long de la période de prévision, des dernières règles et pratiques de calcul et de perception qui étaient alors en application pour les divers impôts et pour les cotisations de sécurité sociale. Cette projection fournit donc une prévision de ce qu'on appelle les “variations automatiques” des recettes budgétaires, c'est-à-dire une projection où le prévisionniste exclut toute hypothèse de modification des taux, plafonds, exonérations et autres règles ou pratiques des administrations concernées.
L'incidence de la charge fiscale sur la distribution des revenus en Belgique
Authors: Pestieau Jacques , Pestieau Pierre
Published: September 2022

Un des éléments les plus troublants de l'histoire économique des pays industrialisés tels que la Belgique, c'est qu'en dépit d'une expansion soutenue, la répartition des revenus individuels ne s'est pas améliorée au cours des dernières années. De nombreuses études se sont attachées à souligner le rôle joué par les pouvoirs publics dans la croissance. Par la direction des entreprises publiques, par le financement de gros investissements, par ses interventions dans l'aménagement du territoire et la réorganisation des grandes entreprises, enfin parsa politique fiscale et monétaire, l'Etat favorise de façon déterminante la croissance économique. Mais quel est le rôle joué par l'Etat à l'égard de la répartition des revenus? L'Etat dispose de mille manières de l'influencer. Citons, par exemple, la législation sociale, la démocratisation de l'enseignement et, bien sûr, la politique fiscale. En somme, il est peu de mesures prises en matière économique qui ne fassent sentir leur effet sur la répartition des revenus.
Is space a neglected topic in mainstream economics?
Authors: Thisse Jacques-François , Walliser Bernard
Published: September 2022

This paper aims at providing a possible explanation for the seemingly peripheral role played by spatial economics in modern economic theory. It considers successively five points of view according to which space is introduced in economic models and assesses their contributions and limits.
Does Demand and Price Uncertainty affect Belgian and Spanish Corporate Investment?
Authors: Peeters Marga
Published: September 2022

This paper investigates empirically the influence of uncertainty on corporate investment. Uncertainty of demand, output prices and investment prices are measured by the standard deviation of (pre-)filtered Belgian (1984-1992) and Spanish (1983-1993) panel data, and included as explanatory variables in the investment equations derived from a neo-classical model with financial constraints. GMM-results indicate that investment behaviour towards output price uncertainty differs significantly in conjecture with a firm’s size and leverage.
Élasticité de substitution et balance des opérations courantes dans un modèle à deux pays
Authors: Béraud Delphine
Published: September 2022

Dans un monde à deux pays où la mobilité du capital est parfaite, on analyse l'interdépendance des pays lorsque les agents n'ont pas la même élasticité de substitution intertemporelle dans les deux pays. Cette hypothèse implique que plus l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle est importante, plus le taux de croissance de la consommation est grand. Deux résultats apparaissent: le premier est que la dynamique de l'économie mondiale n'est pas indépendante de la répartition des richesses. Le second concerne les échanges commerciaux et financiers entre les pays. L'écart entre les taux de croissance de la consommation de chaque pays dû à des préférences différentes des agents est un déterminant essentiel des dynamiques de la balance courante et de la balance commerciale des pays.
Forecasting Bank Failure: A Non-Parametric Frontier Estimation Approach
Authors: S. Barr Richard , M. Seiford Lawrence , F. Siems Thomas
Published: September 2022

The dramatic rise in bank failures over the last decade has led to a search for leading indicators so that costly bailouts might be avoided. While the quality of a bank’s management is generally acknowledged to be a key contributor to institutional collapse, it is usually excluded from early-warning models for lack of a metric. This paper describes a new approach for quantifying a bank’s managerial efficiency, using a data-envelopment-analysis model that combines multiple inputs and outputs to compute a scalar measure of efficiency. This new metric captures an elusive, yet crucial, element of institutional success: management quality. New failure-prediction models for detecting a bank’s troubled status which incorporate this explanatory variable have proven to be robust and accurate, as verified by in-depth empirical evaluations, cost sensitivity analyses, and comparisons with other published approaches.
Radial and Nonradial Technical Efficiency Measures on a DEA Reference Technology: A Comparison Using US Banking Data
Authors: D. Ferrier Gary , Kerstens Kristiaan , Eeckaut Philippe Vanden
Published: September 2022

Technical efficiency measure can be classified as either radial or nonradial. While the theorical question of which is the better type of measure is unresolved, the radial measures enjoy much greater popularity than the nonradial measures in the empirical literature. To assess the impact of choice of measure, this paper offers an empirical comparison of one radial and three nonradial measures of technical efficiency, relative to a variable returns to scale DEA model with strong disposability. The distributions and ranking of these efficiency scores are examined for a sample of US banks.
Réduction du temps de travail: mise en évidence d’un effet sur l’offre de travail
Authors: Pucci Muriel , Roger Muriel , Valentin Julie
Published: September 2022

La réduction du temps de travail, recours accru au temps partiel ou baisse de la durée légale, modifie la nature des emplois offerts, ce qui affecte les comportements d’offre de travail. Par exemple, une réduction de l’horaire légal compensée améliore la qualité des offres, ce qui peut accroître l’offre de travail pour chaque niveau de salaire. Cet article étudie ce type d’effets à partir des simulations d’un modèle théorique de prospection d’emploi calibré sur des données individuelles franaises. Les simulations montrent qu’à demande inchangée, la probabilité d’être au chômage augmente suite à un accroissement de la proportion des temps partiel et diminue suite à une réduction de la durée du travail.
Subscription as a price discrimination device
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. , Sonnac Nathalie
Published: September 2022

We propose a model representing a newspaper producer supplying a product which can be acquired by the readers either every day per one unit at a time, or by subscription. The population of potential buyers is differentiated according to the frequency at which they want to read the newspaper. First we identify the optimal pricing policy, namely, the optimal price for issues sold per unit at the newsstand, as well as the optimal subscription fee. Then we show that it is always more profitable to supply the market with both possibilities, – free sale purchase and subscription –, than to concentrate the sales on either of these alternatives.
Doping in Sport and Competition Design
Authors: Eber Nicolas , Thépot Jacques
Published: September 2022

We develop a game-theoretic model of doping which focuses on the economic aspects of competitive sports. According to the model, incentives for athletes to use doping increase when (i) the efficiency of the drug test system is low, (ii) the number of competitions during one season is high, (iii) the spread of prizes from sports events is large, (iv) the perceived health cost is low. Implications for anti-doping policy are derived. We also discuss the optimal (anti-doping) competition design.
Le financement des pertes ou l’emploi des profits empêchent-ils l’épargne d’influer sur l’investissement? Un débat entre Keynes et ses commentateurs (1930–1932)
Authors: Dupont Frédéric , Reus Estiva
Published: September 2022

Dans leTreatise on Money, le prix des biens d’investissement n’est pas déterminé par le montant de l’épargne. Il dépend de l’état du sentiment baissier, des anticipations des entrepreneurs et de l’action du système bancaire. On sait moins qu’en 1930 uneautreraison fut également avancée par Keynes pour nier l’influence deSsurI. C’est de cette autre raison que traite cet article.

Supposons une économie où des revenus de 100 ont été distribués pour réaliser la production courante. Les coûts de production s’élèvent à 80 dans le secteur 1 (consommation) et à 20 dans le secteur 2 (investissement). Les revenus se divisent en 70 de consommation et 30 d’épargne. Le secteur 1 subit une perte de (— 10). Quelle est la situation du secteur 2? La réponse usuelle est qu’il réalise un profit de (+10). Keynes soutient au contraire que l’excès d’épargne (10) trouve un débouché dans le financement des pertes du secteur 1, de sorte qu’il n’accroît en rien les recettes du secteur 2. Plusieurs commentateurs duTreatise on Money(Hayek, Kaldor, Kahn, Sraffa, Robertson) contestent cette thèse au début des années 30. Cet article expose les termes de cette controverse et tente d’en tirer les enseignements.
Vertical integration, technological choice and foreclosure
Authors: Avenel Eric
Published: September 2022

The foreclosure of downstream firms is a major feature in the study of the strategic aspects of vertical integration. The main issue is that, however profitable it may seem for integrated firms to adopt this rising rivals’ costs strategy, foreclosure fails to appear in most models, unless integrated firms are assumed to be able to commit on this strategy. We propose a model based on the idea that foreclosure results from a technological choice. This approach allows us to find equilibrium vertical foreclosure without supposing any commitment capability to integrated firms. Foreclosure results from the adoption a technology that doesn’t rely on the (standard) intermediate good traded on the market, but on a different good, not compatible with the standard technology. The possibility of a (costly) adaptation of a nonstandard good to the standard technology is explicitly taken into account in the model.
Diplômes et débouchés: L'Institut des Sciences économiques «Promotions 1966 – 1970»
Authors: Beauduin-de Voghel M.A.
Published: September 2022

Le rapport étude-emploi est éminement ambigu. Une adéquation trop stricte est à la fois aléatoire et dangereuse. Par contre, l'ignorance du marché du travail, de ses cloisonnements, de ses voies d'accès, de ses canaux de mobilité, de ses exigences, de ses indifférences, de ses gratifications, etc. ne se justifie plus à un moment où, d'une part, la demande d'éducation croît d'années en années et, d'autre part, la conjoncture tant belge qu'internationale inquiète les économistes. A cet égard, le sort des universitaires, parce que personnel hautement qualifié, a toujours été considéré comme privilégié; toutefois ce privilège s'amenuise dit-on; certains facteurs minent leur position concurrentielle; le ralentissement de l'économie se traduit dans l'offre d'emploi.
The Bank Capital Channel and Counter-Cyclical Prudential Regulation in a DSGE model
Authors: Levieuge Grégory
Published: September 2022

This article proposes to insert a bank capital channel (BCC) in the theoretical framework proposed by Bernanke et al. (1999) (BGG), in order 1) to evaluate the mean features of the BCC and 2) to assess the benefits of a countercyclical prudential measure. In a costly state verification framework, banks are charged a financing premium on their external funds which depends on the structure of their balance sheets and which then fluctuates in a counter-cyclical way. This premium is lastly passed on to firms' credit conditions. Simulations confirm that shocks are more amplified than in the BGG model, and confirm the importance of the financial context for macroeconomic volatility. Given the effects of this channel and the ineffectiveness of monetary policy in a capital crunch context, the model finally allows a conclusive evaluation of the advantages associated with a preemptive and counter-cyclical prudential measure in a DSGE model to be made.
La manipulation stratégique des régies de vote : une étude expérimentale
Authors: Béhue Virginie , Favardin Pierre , Lepelley Dominique
Published: September 2022

L'analyse théorique de la vulnérabilité des règles de vote aux comportements stratégi-ques montre que le caractère plus ou moins manipulable d'une règle dépend du concept d'équilibre auquel l'on se réfère. Une question cruciale est de savoir si l'on doit ou non tenir compte des possibilités qu'ont les électeurs de réagir en présence d'une menace de manipulation. Nous étudions cette question à l'aide d'une approche expérimentale. Nos résultats tendent à valider empiriquement la notion de réaction.
The Firm as an Institution: Recent Evolution in the Contractual Perspective
Authors: Basile Liliana , Casavola Paola
Published: September 2022

The aim of this paper is to clarify the connection between types of firms and types of assumptions about the information structure. Building on the role of information structure, notions of the firm as an organisation have been put forward which suggest that the firm can assume an alternative (to the market) coordinating role in conditions of contractual incompleteness. A comparison (and opposition) between two recent approaches to the theory of the firm as an organisation seems to suggest that different notions of incomplete contracts imply substantial differences in terms of the meaning of a Pareto-efficiency improvement, of the role to assign to vertical integration, and of the determinants of the dimension of the firm.
Cible d'inflation ou de niveau de prix: quelle option retenir pour la banque centrale dans un environnement « Nouveau Keynésien » ?
Authors: Aubert Ludovic , Adjemian Stephane
Published: September 2022

Dans la lignée de Svensson (1999) cet article se propose de reconsidérer la question du choix de la cible pour la banque centrale, selon les deux alternatives cible d'inflation ou cible de niveau de prix, sous une courbe de Phillips de type nouveau keynésien. Nos résultats tendent à plaider en faveur de l'adoption par la banque centrale d'une cible de niveau de prix. La comparaison des politiques discrétionnaires, sous les deux type de régimes, à la règle optimale sous engagement définie par Clarida, Gali et Gertler (2000) montre que la préférence pour la cible de niveau de prix s'explique par une meilleure gestion du problème de la crédibilité de la politique monétaire.
Labor supply dynamics, unemployment and experience in the labor market
Authors: Wasmer Étienne
Published: September 2022

In the last decades, OECD labor markets faced important labor supply changes with the arrival of women and the cohorts of the baby-boom. Using a survey where workers declare their true employment experience, this paper argues that these supply trends imply more inexperienced workers. It then investigates the consequences of this fact on the skill composition of the labor force, between-groups wage inequality and the level of unemployment. The main result is that a labor market with wage rigidities may not recover from such a temporary labor supply shock: with a younger and less experienced labor force, there is higher unemployment among low-experience workers, they do not accumulate enough on-the-job human capital, this reduces in the long-run the supply of skilled (experienced) workers and the demand for unskilled workers. This intertemporal multiplication of supply shocks generates multiple equilibria, and the rigid economy is stuck to the bad equilibrium even after the shock. In a competitive labor market, in contrast, wage inequality and notably, the wage return to experience becomes higher but there is no persistence of the supply shock.
Contraintes de change et régulations macroéconomiques nationales
Authors: Aglietta M. , Orlean A. , Oudiz G.
Published: September 2022

L'adaptation des pays à l'instabilité monétaire internationale et à l'ample modification des prix relatifs, provoquée avant tout par la hausse du prix du pétrole, s'est avérée très différenciée suivant les pays. Cette différenciation amène une question cruciale : est-elle due à de « bonnes » ou « mauvaises » politiques monétaires, ou bien dépend-elle de conditions structurelles dont les paramètres et les modalités d'influence sur les ajustements macroéconomiques sont à identifier?
Devaluation in Developing Countries
Authors: Steinherr Alfred
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of a devaluation on the economic variables of major concern in a non-oil producing developing country. The question of whether a devaluation can be expected to produce effects similar to those experienced in industrial countries is of considerable practical interest. For example, the International Monetary Fund has frequently been critized for recommending devaluation in developing countries faced with non-transitory current account deficits. Opponents of devaluation point to the rudimentary economic structure of these countries and take the empirical fact that terms of trade are usually exogenous to these countries (with few exceptions) as an indication of the impotence of devaluation to redress the current account. The only clearcut effect of devaluation would then be a rise in domestic prices. In paper this I argue that, even when the terms of trade remain unaffected, devaluation can have strong effects on the domestic relative price structure and thus on the sectoral allocation of resources, on development of the economy, and on the current account.
Une pensée classique moderne, un débat fondamental
Authors: de Bernis Gérard
Published: September 2022

L’ouvrage de Duménil et Lévy rouvre le débat, fondamental en économie, entre le point de vue classique de la production et celui de l’échange qui s’opposent comme deux disciplines, différentes par l’objet, plus que par la méthode. Le premier met au cœur de l’analyse le profit, d’où l’on peut construire l’alternance des phases de stabilité de l’accumulation et de ses phases d’instabilité. La périodisation du capitalisme américain proposée par les auteurs est féconde par les voies de recherche nouvelles qu’elle suggère, parmi lesquelles les transformations historiques de l’espace du système productif américain (l’indissociabilité du temps et de l’espace), la «représentativité» du capitalisme américain, ou les conditions dans lesquelles les Etats-Unis sont sortis de la crise de l’entre-deux-guerres.
Dépenses fiscales, transferts explicites de I'Etat et équité
Authors: Frank Max
Published: September 2022

Ces dernières années un certain nombre de chercheurs [11, SURREY, S.S.; 4, 5, FRANK, M.; 9, PFAFF, M. et PFAFF, Α.; 7, HALBERSTADT, V.; 12, SURREY, S.S. et SUNLEY, E.M.], voire des Administrations publiques [14, 15] se sont penchés sur le problème des réductions d'impôts consenties à des fins économiques, sociales, culturelles, etc. Ils ont souligné, à juste titre, que ces réductions avaient à maints égards le caractère de subventions occultes ou de transferts implicites de l'Etat et que, par voie de conséquence, les moins values fiscales qu'elles entraînaient pouvaient être assimilées à des dépenses publiques. C'est d'ailleurs pour cette raison que l'Administration américaine utilise le terme tax expenditures pour désigner les réductions d'impôts et celui de tax expenditure budget à propos de l'inventaire chiffré de ces réductions qui est communiqué au Congrès. En français nous utilisons, par analogie, les termes de dépenses fiscales et de budget des dépenses fiscales (1). On s'est aperçu tant aux Etats-Unis qu'ail leurs, que le budget des dépenses fiscales atteignait des montants énormes (2). On a également constaté que les dépenses fiscales allaient souvent à l'encontre de l'équité, qu'elles profitaient fréquemment davantage aux riches qu'aux pauvres et qu'elles conduisaient dans un grand nombre de cas à des véritables gaspillages des deniers publics [11, SURREY, S.S., pp. 50 et s.; 4, FRANK, M., pp. 5 à 7; 5, FRANK, M., pp. 12 et s.]. Le caractère occulte, aveugle, non transparent, des dépenses fiscales a également été critiqué, ainsi que la circonstance qu'elles échappaient dans tous les pays aux procédures normales du contrôle parlementaire [11, SURREY, S.S., pp. 2 et s.]. L'ensemble de ces considérations a amené certains auteurs à se demander s'il ne s'indiquait pas de les supprimer progressivement ou, tout le moins, de les remplacer par des transferts explicites de l'Etat, quand l'intervention des pouvoirs publics se justifiait [11, SURREY, S.S., pp. 175 et s.; 4, FRANK, M., pp. 12 à 14].
L'inflation, l'indexation et l'équilibre du consommateur
Authors: Montmarquette Claude
Published: September 2022

Les économies européennes et nord-américaines ont connu récemment des taux d'inflation dont l'ampleur a été rarement atteinte dans le passé et qui, par surcroît, semblent vouloir persister dans l'avenir.

Devant un tel phénomène, les économistes et les hommes publics ont suggéré diverses solutions pour contrer les effets de l'inflation sur l'allocation et la distribution des ressources, élargissant du même coup le débat sur les causes de l'inflation. Ces solutions vont du contrôle partiel au gel complet des prix et/ou des salaires et d'une indexation partielle à une indexation généralisée des prix et/ou des revenus.
Implicit tax co-ordination under repeated policy
interactions
Authors: Catenaro Marco , Vidal Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2022

In the context of a stylised game theoretical framework of capital tax
competition, we show that when repeated policy interactions are associated
to a systematic punishment of the deviating policymaker, a co-ordinated
outcome can be the solution to the non co-operative tax game. This result
suggests that explicit forms of policy co-ordination, such as a centralised
tax authority, could in fact be largely unnecessary.
More about Dynamic Demand Systems
Authors: Weiserbs D.
Published: September 2022

When one writes a paper, one hopes for a large hearing. I have reduced my illusions, as to my audience, to those few who have read either Houthakker and Taylor [(1970, chap. V)] of Phlips (1972) or Taylor and Weiserbs (1972). Probably only they could be interested in a presentation of the theory underlying these studies and/or in some improvements in the empirical comparison realized by L. Taylor and myself. There is nothing here for a revolution in the theory of the consumer but only an attempt to ornament the last one.
Transaction Cost Economics and Contract Duration: An Empirical Analysis of EDF Coal Contracts
Authors: Saussier Stéphane
Published: September 2022

This paper studies duration of inter-firm contracts in a transaction cost perspective. The aim of the paper is to test the propositions that can be derived from a transaction-cost framework. We built a non-truncated database representing the entire contractual relationships of Electricité de France (EDF) with its coal carriers and coal unloaders over the period 1977–1997. Section I explores factors that can explain the choice of contract duration. Section II describes the relationships between EDF and its suppliers. In Section III, we test and confirm most propositions derived from transaction-cost theory that relate contract duration to transaction characteristics. We believe this study to be the first attempt (1) to confirm transaction cost economics propositions using French data and (2) to endogenize asset specificity level at stake in transactions.
Interconnexion de réseaux et qualité de l’infrastructure comme barrière à l’entrée : quels instruments de régulation?
Authors: Baranes Edmond , Flochel Laurent
Published: September 2022

Nous étudions l’ouverture à la concurrence d’un bien réseau dans lequel l’opérateur historique, intégré verticalement, gère en monopole l’infrastructure et est concurrencé sur le secteur des services. La qualité du bien réseau est le minimum des qualités de chaque composante. Nous montrons que l’opérateur historique peut utiliser la qualité de son infrastructure comme instrument stratégique de barrière à l’entrée. Nous comparons alors l’efficacité de deux régimes de régulation, selon que l’agence ne peut réguler que la charge d’accès ou qu’elle peut réguler également la qualité de l’infrastructure.