bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Bacillus spp. Plant Growth Promoting Properties in Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Weinand Tanja , El-Hasan Abbas , Asch Folkard
Published: September 2023

The ability of microorganisms to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses makes them an interesting tool for sustainable agriculture. Numerous studies aim to identify new, promising bacteria isolates. Traditional culture-based methods, which focus on selecting microorganisms with plant-growth-promoting traits, such as hormone production, nutrient solubilization, and antifungal properties, are widely used. This study aims to investigate the role of plant-growth-promoting properties in bacteria-mediated stress mitigation and the suitability of traditional culture-based methods as a screening tool for the identification of beneficial bacteria. To this end, we tested three endophytic Bacillus isolates, which have previously been shown to affect tolerance against iron toxicity in lowland rice, (a) for their effect on the resistance against brown spot disease, and (b) for plant-growth-promoting traits using common culture-based methods. Both B. pumilus isolates inhibited fungal growth in vitro and reduced brown spot disease in two of three rice cultivars in planta, although they tested negative for all plant-growth-promoting traits. While B. megaterium was negative for ACC deaminase activity and nutrient solubilization, it exhibited auxin production. Nevertheless, B. megaterium did not suppress brown spot disease in any of the three rice cultivars. This study shows that bacteria do not necessarily have to possess classical plant-growth-promoting properties in order to be beneficial to plants, and it emphasizes the limitation of common culture-based methods in effectively identifying beneficial bacteria. Moreover, our results highlight the significance of the interaction between bacteria and plant cultivars in determining the beneficial effects of Bacillus spp. on plants under biotic or abiotic stresses.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Product Identification of a Saponin-Producing Endophytic Fungus
Authors: Chen Qiqi , Wang Jingying , Gao Yuhang , Gao Xiujun , Yan Peisheng
Published: September 2023

Background: Some fungal endophytes isolated from P. ginseng may present a new method of obtaining saponins. This experiment aimed to optimize the total saponin yield produced through in vitro fermentation by an endophytic fungus and analyze its saponin species in the fermented extract. Methods: Fermentation protocols were optimized with a uniform design and verified through regression analysis to maximize the total saponin yield. The saponin types under optimal fermentation conditions were then identified and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Results: The Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 (gene accession number: OR144428) isolated from wild ginseng could produce total saponins. The total saponin yield could be increased more than two-fold through the optimization of fermentation conditions. The concentration of the total saponins achieved by the verified protocol 105-DP was close to the predicted value. The fermentation conditions of the 105-DP protocol were as follows: potato concentration 97.3 mg/mL, glucose concentration 20.6 mg/mL, inoculum volume 2.1%, fermentation broth pH 2.1, fermentation temperature 29.2 °C, and fermentation time 6 d. It was detected and analyzed that the fermented extract of 105-DP contained the ginsenosides Rf and Rb3. Conclusion: The endophytic fungus Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 has potential application value in saponin production.
qPCR-Based Monitoring of 2-Methylisoborneol/Geosmin-Producing Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water Reservoirs in South Korea
Authors: Lee Jung Eun , Park Rumi , Yu Mina , Byeon Myeongseop , Kang Taegu
Published: September 2023

Cyanobacteria can exist in water resources and produce odorants. 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin are the main odorant compounds affecting the drinking water quality in reservoirs. In this study, encoding genes 2-MIB (mic, monoterpene cyclase) and geosmin (geo, putative geosmin synthase) were investigated using newly developed primers for quantitative PCR (qPCR). Gene copy numbers were compared to 2-MIB/geosmin concentrations and cyanobacterial cell abundance. Samples were collected between July and October 2020, from four drinking water sites in South Korea. The results showed similar trends in three parameters, although the changes in the 2-MIB/geosmin concentrations followed the changes in the mic/geo copy numbers more closely than the cyanobacterial cell abundances. The number of odorant gene copies decreased from upstream to downstream. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive linear correlation between gene copy number and odorant concentration for mic (R2 = 0.8478) and geo (R2 = 0.601). In the analysis of several environmental parameters, only water temperature was positively correlated with both mic and geo. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring 2-MIB/geosmin occurrence using qPCR of their respective synthase genes. Odorant-producing, gene-based qPCR monitoring studies may contribute to improving drinking water quality management.
Vibrio splendidus AJ01 Promotes Pathogenicity via L-Glutamic Acid
Authors: Li Ya , Shi Weibo , Zhang Weiwei
Published: September 2023

Vibrio splendidus is a pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts, especially the sea cucumber species Apostichopus japonicus. Previous studies showed that the level of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) significantly increased under heat stress, and it was found to be one of the best carbon sources used by V. splendidus AJ01. In this study, the effects of exogenous L-Glu on the coelomocyte viability, tissue status, and individual mortality of sea cucumbers were analyzed. The results showed that 10 mM of L-Glu decreased coelomocyte viability and increased individual mortality, with tissue rupture and pyknosis, while 0.1 mM of L-Glu slightly affected the survival of sea cucumbers without obvious damage at the cellular and tissue levels. Transcriptomic analysis showed that exogenous L-Glu upregulated 343 and downregulated 206 genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in signaling and membrane formation, while a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the upregulated endocytosis and downregulated lysosomal pathways. The coelomocyte viability further decreased by 20% in the simultaneous presence of exogenous L-Glu and V. splendidus AJ01 compared with that in the presence of V. splendidus AJ01 infection alone. Consequently, a higher sea cucumber mortality was also observed in the presence of exogenous L-Glu challenged by V. splendidus AJ01. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR showed that L-Glu specifically upregulated the expression of the fliC gene coding the subunit protein of the flagellar filament, promoting the swimming motility activity of V. splendidus. Our results indicate that L-Glu should be kept in a state of equilibrium, and excess L-Glu at the host–pathogen interface prompts the virulence of V. splendidus via the increase of bacterial motility.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes Derived from Patients Infected with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Wang Li , Zheng Xubin , Ma Jun , Gu Jin , Sha Wei
Published: September 2023

The non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is a very troublesome opportunistic pathogen, placing a heavy burden on public health. The pathogenesis of NTM pulmonary infection is not well-revealed yet, and its diagnosis is always challenging. This study aimed to use a comprehensive proteomics analysis of plasma exosomes to distinguish patients with rapidly growing NTM M. abscessus (MAB), slowly growing NTM M. intracellulare (MAC), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The identified protein components were quantified with label-free proteomics and determined with a bioinformatics analysis. The complement and coagulation were significantly enriched in patients with Mycobacterium infection, and a total of 24 proteins were observed with up-regulation, which included C1R, C1S, C2, MASP2, C4B, C8B, C9, etc. Of them, 18 proteins were significantly up-regulated in patients with MAB, while 6 and 10 were up-regulated in patients with MAC or MTB, respectively. Moreover, MAB infection was also related to the HIF-1 signaling pathway and phagosome processes, and MTB infection was associated with the p53 signaling pathway. This study provided a comprehensive description of the exosome proteome in the plasma of patients infected with MAB, MAC, and MTB and revealed potential diagnostic and differential diagnostic markers.
Changing the Pulp Properties and Surface Hydrophilicity of Galena and Pyrite by Selecting the Appropriate Grinding Media Towards Their Selective Separation
Authors: Zhai Qilin , Liu Runqing , Li Jia , Sun Wei , Hu Yuehua
Published: September 2023

The grinding process plays a crucial role in the floatability of mineral. The present study proposes a scheme to assist in the flotation separation of galena and pyrite by optimizing the choice of grinding media. The effects of grinding media (cast iron balls, steel balls containing 18% chromium, and steel balls containing 12% chromium) on the pulp properties and hydrophilicity of galena and pyrite were evaluated using grinding tests, micro-flotation tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and adsorption capacity analyses. The results showed significant differences in the pH, potential, and dissolved oxygen content of the galena or pyrite pulp with different grinding media, resulting in significant differences in the flotation behavior of galena and pyrite. The use of cast iron balls in the grinding process was more favorable for the flotation separation of galena and pyrite. The pyrite surfaces adsorbed less butyl xanthate when cast iron balls were used as grinding media due to the presence of more hydrophilic hydroxyl iron. Therefore, cast iron balls as grinding media are favorable for broadening the surface hydrophilic differences between galena and pyrite.
Discovery of Mafic Granulites in the Muzhaerte Area, SW Tianshan, China
Authors: Yan Jun , Cui Ying , Liu Xiaoyu
Published: September 2023

Accretionary and collisional orogeny are often accompanied by the disturbance of the geothermal gradient, leading to high-temperature metamorphism. High-temperature metamorphic rocks are significant in their ability to help the reconstruction of the thermal histories of orogenic belts. The Tianshan Orogenic Belt, at the southwest margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is a record of the long-term subduction–collision–post-collision orogenic process that has taken place in the Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we report the discovery of mafic granulites in the Muzhaerte area, SW Tianshan. Petrographic observation reveals that the mafic granulites underwent two metamorphic stages. The peak mineral assemblage of the first stage is dominated by clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz + hornblende (hb1) ± biotite, and the post-peak mineral assemblage of the second stage is dominated by clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz + hornblende (hb2) + biotite. The calculated results obtained from the two-pyroxene thermobarometers and the Al-in-hornblende barometer for the mafic granulites indicate that the metamorphic conditions of mafic granulites are 760–860 °C, <0.39–0.41 Gpa. The mafic granulites recorded a high-grade granulite facies thermal metamorphic event with the highest temperature limit currently recorded in the Central Tianshan Block.
The Influence of Multi-Size Basalt Fiber on Cemented Paste Backfill Mechanical Properties and Meso-Structure Characteristics
Authors: Chen Xi , Jiao Huazhe , Liu Juanhong , Yang Yixuan , Chen Xinming , Yang Liuhua , Zhang Wenxiang , Yang Tongyi
Published: September 2023

As the mine enters the deep mining stage, there is a need to enhance the compressive strength and toughness of the backfill. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of cemented tailings backfill after the incorporation of multi-size fibers and to validate the toughening mechanism of basalt fibers (BFs). To achieve this, a series of basic mechanical property tests for multi-size BFs mixing were devised, accompanied by industrial computerized tomography (CT) scanning and discrete element simulation. This study shows that the compressive strength increases and then decreases with the increase of BF dosage at a certain percentage of each size, and the splitting tensile strength gradually increases with the increase of BF dosage. The compressive strength tends to decrease and then increase, and the splitting tensile strength increases and then decreases as the fiber size ratio changes. The distribution of cemented tailings backfill and BF within the discrete element model is random. A few BF cannot play a bridging role; however, a moderate amount of BF is relatively uniformly distributed in the model to form a network structure, which generates a bond between the particles and the matrix and can effectively limit the expansion path of cracks and enhance the toughness.
Distinct Groups of Low- and High-Fe Ferropericlase Inclusions in Super-Deep Diamonds: An Example from the Juina Area, Brazil
Authors: Kaminsky Felix V. , Zedgenizov Dmitry A. , Sevastyanov Vyacheslav S. , Kuznetsova Olga V.
Published: September 2023

Diamonds from the Rio Sorriso placer in the Juina area, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, contain mineral inclusions of ferropericlase associated with MgSiO3, CaSiO3, magnesite, merrillite, and other minerals. The ferropericlase inclusions in Rio Sorriso diamonds are resolved into two distinct genetic and compositional groups: (1) protogenetic, high-Ni and low-Fe (Ni = 8270–10,660 ppm; mg# = 0.756–0.842) ferropericlases, and (2) syngenetic, low-Ni and high-Fe (Ni = 600–3050 ppm; mg# = 0.477–0.718) ferropericlases. Based on the crystallographic orientation relationships between natural ferropericlase inclusions and host diamonds, high-Ni and low-Fe ferropericlases originate in the upper part of the lower mantle, while low-Ni and high-Fe ferropericlases, most likely, originate in the lithosphere. Mineral inclusions form the ultramafic lower-mantle (MgSiO3, which we suggest as bridgmanite, CaSiO3, which we suggest as CaSi-perovskite, and high-Ni and low-Fe ferropericlase) and lithospheric (CaSiO3, which we suggest as breyite, Ca(Si,Ti)O3, and low-Ni and high-Fe ferropericlase) associations. The presence of magnesite and merrillite inclusions in association with ferropericlase confirmed the existence of a deep-seated carbonatitic association. Diamonds hosting high-Ni and low-Ni ferropericlase have different carbon-isotopic compositions (δ13C = −5.52 ± 0.75‰ versus −7.07 ± 1.23‰ VPDB, respectively). It implies the carbon-isotopic stratification of the mantle: in the lower mantle, the carbon-isotopic composition tends to become isotopically heavier (less depleted in 13C) than in lithospheric diamonds. These regularities may characterize deep-seated diamonds and ferropericlases not only in the Juina area of Brazil but also in other parts of the world.
Editorial for Special Issue “Hydrodynamics and Gas Dispersion in Flotation”
Authors: Vinnett Luis , Gómez César O.
Published: September 2023

Gas dispersion, the breakage of a mass of gas into a population of small bubbles, is one of the most important subprocesses occurring in flotation machines [...]
Revealing the Secrets behind the Color and Sea-Wave Patterns of Larimar
Authors: Huang Hao-Ming , Shih Yu-Hong , Chen Huei-Fen , Lee Hao-Yang , Fang Jiann-Neng , Shen Chuan-Chou , Yu Bing-Sheng
Published: September 2023

In the last century, a blue–green colored gemstone known as Larimar with a special sea-wave pattern was discovered in the Dominican Republic. Larimar is composed of the mineral pectolite, which has a chemical composition of NaCa2Si3O8(OH) and is usually white in color. Cu2+ has always been considered to be the primary genesis of the blue color shown in Larimar, because native copper often grows together with Larimar. To clarify whether copper is the main reason for the origin of blue–green pectolite, we utilized laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques to analyze trace elements in the pectolite samples and compared the relationship between elements and colors. The results show that vanadium and iron are the main origins of the sky-blue and green color of Larimar. We also discovered that it is not only the chemical elements that affect the color shades of the mineral, but the orientation of the radial fiber crystals also plays a critical role. The sea-wave pattern and the changes in the color saturation of radial pectolite are due to the transmittance of visible light through different viewed angles under changing crystal orientations. Our results reveal the chemical and physical factors behind the color and sea-wave pattern of Larimar. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first time that the formation age of Larimar has been proven to be approximately equal to or younger than 40 ka, using the U-Th dating of calcite growth together with pectolite.
Early Triassic (Griesbachian) Deposits of High-Energy Events at the Northwestern Upper Yangtze Region, China
Authors: Qiao Dan , Duan Xiong , Shi Zhiqiang
Published: September 2023

Following the latest Permian mass extinction (LPME), the ocean experienced turbulent conditions due to elevated temperatures during the Griesbachian (Early Triassic). These adverse conditions resulted in a prolonged delay in biotic recovery. However, the current understanding of the sedimentological responses of the ocean at that time to these adverse conditions remains incomplete. The Griesbachian harsh ocean conditions led to the formation of abnormal carbonate rocks (known as anachronistic facies) all around the world. These facies were influenced by a combination of environmental conditions, biotic factors, and actualistic sedimentological processes (e.g., waves and currents, sedimentation). However, the role of actualistic sedimentological processes in forming anachronistic facies during the Griesbachian has been underemphasized in the existing studies. In this research, we examine calcirudite beds, such as flat-pebble conglomerates, from Member 1 of the Feixianguan Formation across multiple sections, including Shangsi, Yudongzi, Dagouli, and Jianfeng in the Upper Yangtze Region. Our analysis is grounded in field investigations, thin-section observations, and the study of triggering mechanisms and formation processes. We identified and described five calcirudite beds (S1–S5) in the Shangsi section, two beds (D1–D2) in the Dagouli section, one at Jianfeng (J1), and one (Y1) in the Yudongzi section. Bed S1 features matrix-supported flat pebbles with a normal grading, interpreted as the result of a debris flow mass-transport process. Beds S2, S3, D1, and J1 contain large mud rip-up clasts, ooids, and bioclasts, suggesting a potential link with tsunami backwash. Beds S4, D2, and Y1 display hummocky cross-stratification and ‘chrysanthemum-shaped’ flat pebbles, indicating storm influence. The presence of vermicular limestones in Bed S5 suggests harsh marine environmental conditions. Collectively, this evidence suggests that high-energy oceanic conditions, including tsunamis and frequent storms, potentially influenced Early Triassic biotic recovery.
Development Review on Leaching Technology and Leaching Agents of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ores
Authors: Xu Zhigao , Li Gang , Yang Huifang , Sha Aoyang , He Zhengyan , Tang Yuchen , Wu Ming , Qu Jun
Published: September 2023

Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores are key strategic resources and the main source of medium and heavy rare earths. This paper summarizes the development of leaching technology of rare earth ores, compares the advantages and disadvantages of the three generations of leaching technology, and introduces the improved heap leaching technology and the new technology of the leaching–extraction integration and enhanced leaching, focusing on the leaching of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. In this paper, the development of the leaching agents is expounded, and the research status and the development trend of the composite ammonium salt leaching agent, impurity inhibition leaching agent, swelling inhibition leaching agent, and seepage-promotion leaching agent are also introduced. And this paper summarizes the leaching mechanism and the development direction of leaching agents. Moreover, the future key research direction of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores is proposed, which is green, efficient, safe development and utilization.
Reconstruction of Conchal Defects after Chemically Assisted Dissection of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Piazza Fabio , Palmeri Annamaria Iole , Bacciu Andrea , Spriano Giuseppe , Mercante Giuseppe
Published: September 2023

Background: En block resection of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the concha represents a reconstruction challenge, due to the complex topography and difficult access. Objective: The objective of the present paper is to describe the chemically assisted dissection (CADISS) of SCC originating in the auricular concha and the following reconstruction of the conchal cavity with a post-auricular island flap (PIF), taking care to minimize injury to the donor site. Methods: Twenty-six patients having a diagnosis of SCC of the auricular concha were included in the study. ‘En bloc’ removal of the tumor was accomplished, leaving the adjacent conchal cartilage attached to the tumor and using the CADISS technique to preserve the deep perichondrium. A PIF was used to repair the auricular conchal defect. Results: Flaps were normal at 10 days and at 1-month follow-up. No tumor recurrence was observed. No complications were observed. According to the SCAR scale, good aesthetic outcomes were achieved in all cases, both at the auricular concha and at the donor site. Conclusion: CADISS facilitates the complete removal of the tumor with the preservation of the surrounding normal tissues. A post-auricular island flap can be easily pulled through a post-auricular tunnel to repair the defect and the donor site can be closed primarily.
Psittacosis: An Underappreciated and Often Undiagnosed Disease
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Mothershead Jerry L. , Owens Akeisha N. , Chekol Tesema , Wu Aiguo
Published: September 2023

The bacterial agent Chlamydia psittaci, and the resulting disease of psittacosis, is a little-known and underappreciated infectious disease by healthcare practitioners and in public health in general. C. psittaci infections can cause significant psittacosis outbreaks, with person-to-person transmission documented in the last decade. In this publication, we review the pathogen and its disease, as well as examine the potential for genetic manipulation in this organism to create a more deadly pathogen. Recent disease surveys indicate that currently, the highest incidences of human disease exist in Australia, Germany and the UK. We recommend the universal public health reporting of C. psittaci and psittacosis disease and increasing the promotion of public health awareness.
Alternative and Complementary Approaches to Consider for Effective Babesia Vaccine Development
Authors: Maye Jennifer , Cabezas-Cruz Alejandro
Published: September 2023

The Babesia genus encompasses several species of apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasites [...]
Leptospirosis and the Environment: A Review and Future Directions
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth A. , Lockaby Graeme
Published: September 2023

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the disease is frequently overlooked and underdiagnosed, leading to uncertainty of the true scale and severity of the disease. A neglected tropical disease, leptospirosis disproportionately impacts disadvantaged socioeconomic communities most vulnerable to outbreaks of zoonotic disease, due to contact with infectious animals and contaminated soils and waters. With growing evidence that Leptospira survives, persists, and reproduces in the environment, this paper reviews the current understanding of the pathogen in the environment and highlights the unknowns that are most important for future study. Through a systematic Boolean review of the literature, our study finds that detailed field-based study of Leptospira prevalence, survival, and transmission in natural waters and soils is lacking from the current literature. This review identified a strong need for assessment of physical characteristics and biogeochemical processes that support long-term viability of Leptospira in the environment followed by epidemiological assessment of the transmission and movement of the same strains of Leptospira in the present wildlife and livestock as the first steps in improving our understanding of the environmental stage of the leptospirosis transmission cycle.
Alteration of the Chicken Upper Respiratory Microbiota, Following H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Davis Tara , Bialy Dagmara , Leng Joy , La Ragione Roberto , Shelton Holly , Chrzastek Klaudia
Published: September 2023

Several studies have highlighted the importance of the gut microbiota in developing immunity against viral infections in chickens. We have previously shown that H9N2 avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection retards the diversity of the natural colon-associated microbiota, which may further influence chicken health following recovery from infection. The effects of influenza infection on the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota are largely unknown. Here, we showed that H9N2 AIV infection lowers alpha diversity indices in the acute phase of infection in the URT, largely due to the family Lactobacillaceae being highly enriched during this time in the respiratory microbiota. Interestingly, microbiota diversity did not return to levels similar to control chickens in the recovery phase after viral shedding had ceased. Beta diversity followed a similar trend following the challenge. Lactobacillus associate statistically with the disturbed microbiota of infected chickens at the acute and recovery phases of infection. Additionally, we studied age-related changes in the respiratory microbiota during maturation in chickens. From 7 to 28 days of age, species richness and evenness were observed to advance over time as the microbial composition evolved. Maintaining microbiota homeostasis might be considered as a potential therapeutic target to prevent or aid recovery from H9N2 AIV infection.
Preliminary Results of Feasibility and Acceptability of Self-Collection for Cervical Screening in Italian Women
Authors: Sechi Illari , Muresu Narcisa , Puci Mariangela V. , Saderi Laura , Del Rio Arcadia , Cossu Andrea , Muroni Maria R. , Castriciano Santina , Martinelli Marianna , Cocuzza Clementina E. , Sotgiu Giovanni , Piana Andrea
Published: September 2023

Background: Given the diagnostic accuracy of HPV-DNA tests in terms of self-collected samples, in order to implement self-sampling in cervical screening programs, the standardization of the pre-analytical phase, including decisions concerning the choice of medium, the volume of elution, and storage conditions, are necessary, in addition to understanding the potential factors involved in acceptability by women. On this basis, we carried out a cross-sectional study to assess (i) the stability of dry vaginal self-collected samples stored at room temperature for up to 4 weeks after elution in 2 mL of eNat® (Copan) medium, and (ii) the acceptability of self-collection in enrolled women. Methods: 185 women were enrolled in the LILT (Italian League Against Tumors) regional project. A self-sampling kit, including a dry FLOQSwab® (Copan), instructions for use, and a satisfaction questionnaire, were supplied for each woman and sent by mail to the laboratory. The HPV-DNA test was carried out using the Anyplex™ II HPV HR (Seegene) kit. To evaluate the specimen’s stability, 185 dry vaginal swabs were eluted in eNat®, a lyses-based molecular medium and tested for HPV detection at two different time points (<6 days and 1 month after elution). The Cohen’s Kappa coefficients and McNemar test were used to assess the agreement of HPV-DNA at different times. Results: We found high agreement in terms of HPV-DNA results among the samples tested at two different time points (Cohen K = 0.98; p < 0.0001). Moreover, most of the women found it easy to use self-collection devices and the pictorial instructions clear to understand. Approximately half of the enrolled women declared preferring self-sampling to clinician-collected methods. Conclusion: Our results display the high reliability and accuracy of HPV-DNA tests using dry vaginal self-collection FLOQSwabs® devices eluted in 2 mL of molecular medium. The analysis of the questionnaire showed a high acceptability of self-collection among women, although a high percentage preferred standard collection devices. Overall, our preliminary results support the adoption of self-collection in screening programs, even though further analyses should be performed to optimize and standardize protocols for HPV tests on self-samples, and educational campaigns are needed to adequately inform and increase responsiveness in a target population.
Efficacy of Single-Dose Praziquantel for the Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni Infections among School Children in Rwanda
Authors: Kabatende Joseph , Ntirenganya Lazare , Mugisha Michael , Barry Abbie , Ruberanziza Eugene , Bienvenu Emile , Bergman Ulf , Aklillu Eleni
Published: September 2023

Preventive chemotherapy with single-dose praziquantel is the WHO-recommended intervention strategy to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem in endemic countries. Surveillance of drugs used in mass drug administration (MDA) programs is recommended to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing transmissions. After a decade-long implementation of a school-based MDA program in Rwanda, we conducted efficacy surveillance of single-dose praziquantel MDA against S. mansoni infection. Two weeks before MDA, stool examinations were performed to screen MDA-eligible school children (n = 4998) for S. mansoni infection using the Kato–Katz technique, and 265 (6.5%) children tested positive for the infection. All children received praziquantel and albendazole as preventive chemotherapy through the MDA campaign. Infected children were enrolled and followed for efficacy monitoring, and stool examination was repeated after three weeks post-MDA (n = 188). Before treatment, 173 (92%) had a light infection, and 15 (8%) had a moderate infection intensity. The primary and secondary outcomes were parasitological cure and egg reduction rates at three weeks post-treatment. The overall cure and egg reduction rates for S. mansoni infection were 97.9% (95% CI = 94.6–99.4) and 97.02%, respectively. Among the 173 children with light infection intensity, 170 (98.3%, 95% CI = 95.0–99.6) were cured, and among the 15 children who had moderate infection intensity, 14 (93.3%) were cured. No significant association between cure rate and pre-treatment infection intensity was observed. We conclude that single-dose praziquantel is efficacious against light-to-moderate S. mansoni infection. Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel effectively reduces schistosome reservoirs and transmission among school-age children.
Neuroprotective Effect of Nosustrophine in a 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Carrera Iván , Corzo Lola , Martínez-Iglesias Olaia , Naidoo Vinogran , Cacabelos Ramón
Published: September 2023

Neurodegeneration, characterized by the progressive deterioration of neurons and glial cells, is a feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present study aims to demonstrate that the onset and early progression of neurodegenerative processes in transgenic mice models of AD can be delayed by a cocktail of neurotrophic factors and derived peptides named Nosustrophine, a nootropic supplement made by a peptide complex extracted from the young porcine brain, ensuring neuroprotection and improving neuro-functional recovery. Experimental 3xTg-APP/Bin1/COPS5 transgenic mice models of AD were treated with Nosustrophine at two different early ages, and their neuropathological hallmark and behavior response were analyzed. Results showed that Nosustrophine increased the activity of the immune system and reduced pathological changes in the hippocampus and cortex by halting the development of amyloid plaques, mainly seen in mice of 3–4 months of age, indicating that its effect is more preventive than therapeutic. Taken together, the results indicate the potent neuroprotective activity of Nosustrophine and its stimulating effects on neuronal plasticity. This study shows for the first time an effective therapy using nootropic supplements against degenerative diseases, although further investigation is needed to understand their molecular pathways.
A Window to the Brain: The Retina to Monitor the Progression and Efficacy of Saffron Repron® Pre-Treatment in an LPS Model of Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment
Authors: Di Paolo Mattia , Corsi Francesca , Cerri Chiara , Bisti Silvia , Piano Ilaria , Gargini Claudia
Published: September 2023

A mechanism shared by most neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), is neuroinflammation. It has been shown to have a link between cognitive impairment and retinal function under neuroinflammatory conditions, confirming the essential role of the retina as a window to the brain. Here, we characterize a mouse model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation describing the parallel deterioration of both memory and visual function. Then, we demonstrate, using the Novel Object Recognition test (NOR) and electroretinogram (ERG) recordings, that preventive, chronic treatment with saffron Repron® is able to reduce the neuroinflammation process and prevent the impairment of both cognitive and visual function. The improvement in behavioral and visual function is confirmed by the pattern of expression of neuroinflammation-related genes and related proteins where pre-treatment with Repron® saffron presents a positive modulation compared with that obtained in animals treated with LPS alone. These results hold for retinal tissue and partially in the brain, where it appears that the onset of damage was delayed. This trend underlines the critical role of the retina as a most sensitive portion of the central nervous system to LPS-induced damage and could be used as a “sensor” for the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
Treatment of Chronic Gastritis with Traditional Chinese Medicine: Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Lisheng , Wei Shizhang , He Yong , Wang Xin , He Tingting , Zhang Aozhe , Jing Manyi , Li Haotian , Wang Ruilin , Zhao Yanling
Published: September 2023

Chronic gastritis (CG) is a common clinical digestive system disease, which is not easyily cured and is prone to recurrence. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a significant role in the treatment of CG and has attracted increasing attention for clinical applications. In recent years, a large number of reports have shown that TCM has good therapeutic effect on CG. The aim of this paper is to investigate the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of TCM in the treatment of CAG. Therefore, by searching the databases of Pubmed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Baidu academic databases, this paper has summarized the molecular mechanisms of TCM in improving CG. The results show that the improvement of GC by TCM is closely related to a variety of molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, alleviation of oxidative stress, improvement of gastric function, repair of gastric mucosa, inhibition of inflammatory response, and apoptosis. More importantly, IRF8-IFN-γ, IL-4-STAT6, Hedgehog, pERK1/2, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, TNFR-c-Src-ERK1/2-c-Fos, Nrf2/HO-1, and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways are considered as important molecular targets for TCM in the treatment of GC. These important findings will provide a direction and a basis for further exploring the pathogenesis of GC and tapping the potential of TCM in clinical treatment. This review also puts forward a bright prospect for future research of TCM in the treatment of CG.
A Concise Review of the Recent Structural Explorations of Chromones as MAO-B Inhibitors: Update from 2017 to 2023
Authors: Ipe Reshma Susan , Kumar Sunil , Benny Feba , Jayan Jayalakshmi , Manoharan Amritha , Sudevan Sachitra Thazhathuveedu , George Ginson , Gahtori Prashant , Kim Hoon , Mathew Bijo
Published: September 2023

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a family of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous amines. Multiple neurological conditions, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are closely correlated with altered biogenic amine concentrations in the brain caused by MAO. Toxic byproducts of this oxidative breakdown, including hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species, and ammonia, can cause oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells. Certain MAO-B blockers have been recognized as effective treatment options for managing neurological conditions, including AD and PD. There is still a pressing need to find potent therapeutic molecules to fight these disorders. However, the focus of neurodegeneration studies has recently increased, and certain compounds are now in clinical trials. Chromones are promising structures for developing therapeutic compounds, especially in neuronal degeneration. This review focuses on the MAO-B inhibitory potential of several synthesized chromones and their structural activity relationships. Concerning the discovery of a novel class of effective chromone-based selective MAO-B-inhibiting agents, this review offers readers a better understanding of the most recent additions to the literature.
Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Gawas Girish , Ayyanar Muniappan , Gurav Nilambari , Hase Dinesh , Murade Vaishali , Nadaf Sameer , Khan Mohd Shahnawaz , Chikhale Rupesh , Kalaskar Mohan , Gurav Shailendra
Published: September 2023

The promising therapeutic implications of nanoparticles have spurred their development for biomedical applications. An eco-friendly methodology synthesizes gold nanoparticles using Cordyceps militaris, an edible mushroom (Cord-Au-NPs), using a quality-by-design approach (central composite design). UV-visible spectroscopy analysis revealed an absorption peak at 540–550 nm, thus confirming the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Cord-Au-NPs have a crystalline structure, as evidenced by the diffraction peaks. The zeta potential value of −19.42 mV signifies the stability of Cord-Au-NPs. XRD study shows gold facets and EDX analysis revealed a strong peak of spherical nanoparticles in the gold region with a mean particle size of 7.18 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.096. The obtained peaks are closely associated with phenolic groups, lipids, and proteins, as examined by FTIR, suggesting that they function as the reducing agent. Cord-Au-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activity. The method is eco-friendly, nontoxic, less time-consuming, and does not use synthetic materials, leading to higher capabilities in biomedical applications.
The Impact of Metformin on the Development of Hypothyroidism and Cardiotoxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil in Rats
Authors: Alhowail Ahmad H. , Aldubayan Maha A.
Published: September 2023

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are extensively utilized in the therapeutic management of various malignancies. It is noteworthy, however, that potential chemotherapy-related complications include the occurrence of hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity. Metformin (MET) is a pharmacological agent for managing type 2 diabetes. It has been reported to mitigate certain toxic manifestations associated with chemotherapy. This study’s primary objective is to investigate MET’s protective effects against hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity induced by CMF treatment. A total of forty male rats were allocated into four distinct groups, each consisting of ten rats per group. These groups were categorized as follows: saline, MET, CMF, and CMF + MET. The experimental group of rats were administered CMF via intraperitoneal injection, receiving two doses of CMF, and fed MET in their daily drinking water, with a 2.5 mg/mL concentration. Blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes for assessment of TSH, free and total (T4 and T3), troponin I, CK, and CK-MB levels utilizing Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassays (ECI). The saline and MET groups did not exhibit significant alterations in thyroid hormones or cardiotoxic biomarkers. In contrast, in the CMF group, there was a notable reduction in T4, FT4, T3, and FT3 levels but no significant changes in TSH levels; however, troponin I, CK, and CK-MB levels were notably elevated. MET co-treatment with CMF did not ameliorate these effects caused by CMF. In conclusion, CMF treatment induced hypothyroidism and cardiotoxicity in rats, but MET co-treatment did not rescue the reduction of thyroid hormones or the elevation of cardiotoxic biomarkers.
Dynamic Ex Vivo Porcine Eye Model to Measure Ophthalmic Drug Penetration under Simulated Lacrimal Flow
Authors: Barbalho Geisa N. , Falcão Manuel A. , Lopes Jefferson M. S. , Lopes Júlia M. , Contarato Jonad L. A. , Gelfuso Guilherme M. , Cunha-Filho Marcilio , Gratieri Tais
Published: September 2023

Animal models are still used in the research and development of ophthalmic drug products, mainly due to the difficulty in simulating natural physiological conditions with in vitro models, as there is a lack of dynamic protection mechanisms. Therefore, developing alternative ophthalmic models that evaluate drug penetration in the cornea while applying dynamic protection barriers is a contemporary challenge. This study aimed to develop a dynamic ex vivo model using porcine eyes with a simulated lacrimal flow to evaluate the performance of pharmaceutical drug products. A glass donor cell to support a simulated tear flow was designed, optimized, and custom-made. The system was challenged with different formulations (with fluconazole) including excipients with different viscosities (poloxamer 407) and mucoadhesive properties (chitosan). The results were compared to those obtained from a conventional excised cornea model mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells. The dynamic model could differentiate formulations, while the static model did not, overestimating ex vivo drug penetrated amounts. Hence, the dynamic model with simulated tear flow showed to be a simple and promising new alternative method for the drug penetration of ophthalmic formulations that ultimately can reduce the number of animals used in research.
Meeting Contemporary Challenges: Development of Nanomaterials for Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Danchuk Oleksii , Levchenko Anna , da Silva Mesquita Rochelly , Danchuk Vyacheslav , Cengiz Seyda , Cengiz Mehmet , Grafov Andriy
Published: September 2023

In recent decades, nanotechnology has been rapidly advancing in various fields of human activity, including veterinary medicine. The review presents up-to-date information on recent advancements in nanotechnology in the field and an overview of the types of nanoparticles used in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, their characteristics, and their areas of application. Currently, a wide range of nanomaterials has been implemented into veterinary practice, including pharmaceuticals, diagnostic devices, feed additives, and vaccines. The application of nanoformulations gave rise to innovative strategies in the treatment of animal diseases. For example, antibiotics delivered on nanoplatforms demonstrated higher efficacy and lower toxicity and dosage requirements when compared to conventional pharmaceuticals, providing a possibility to solve antibiotic resistance issues. Nanoparticle-based drugs showed promising results in the treatment of animal parasitoses and neoplastic diseases. However, the latter area is currently more developed in human medicine. Owing to the size compatibility, nanomaterials have been applied as gene delivery vectors in veterinary gene therapy. Veterinary medicine is at the forefront of the development of innovative nanovaccines inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. The paper provides a brief overview of current topics in nanomaterial safety, potential risks associated with the use of nanomaterials, and relevant regulatory aspects.
Iron Nanoparticles Open Up New Directions for Promoting Healing in Chronic Wounds in the Context of Bacterial Infection
Authors: Lu Zhaoyu , Yu Dong , Nie Fengsong , Wang Yang , Chong Yang
Published: September 2023

Metal nanoparticles play an outstanding role in the field of wound healing due to their excellent properties, and the significance of iron, one of the most widely used metals globally, cannot be overlooked. The purpose of this review is to determine the importance of iron nanoparticles in wound-healing dressings. Prolonged, poorly healing wounds may induce infections; wound infections are a major cause of chronic wound formation. The primary components of iron nanoparticles are iron oxide nanoparticles, which promote wound healing by being antibacterial, releasing metal ions, and overcoming bacterial resistance. The diameter of iron oxide nanoparticles typically ranges between 1 and 100 nm. Magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 30 nm are superparamagnetic and are referred to as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. This subset of iron oxide nanoparticles can use an external magnetic field for novel functions such as magnetization and functionalization. Iron nanoparticles can serve clinical purposes not only to enhance wound healing through the aforementioned means but also to ameliorate anemia and glucose irregularities, capitalizing on iron’s properties. Iron nanoparticles positively impact the healing process of chronic wounds, potentially extending beyond wound management.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and Poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide) as Potential Systems for Dermal Delivery of Dexamethasone Phosphate
Authors: Simeonov Marin , Kostova Bistra , Vassileva Elena
Published: September 2023

In this study, a series of novel poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)/poly(N,N′-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAM) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized and studied as potential drug delivery systems of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXP) for dermal application. The IPN composition allows for control over its swelling ability as the incorporation of the highly hydrophilic PDMAM increases more than twice the IPN swelling ratio as compared to the PHEMA single networks, namely from ~0.5 to ~1.1. The increased swelling ratio of the IPNs results in an increased entrapment efficiency up to ~30% as well as an increased drug loading capacity of DXP up to 4.5%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show the formation of a solid dispersion between the drug DXP and the polymer (IPNs) matrix. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy shows an even distribution of DXP within the IPN structure. The DXP release follows Fickian diffusion with ~70% of DXP released in 24 h. This study demonstrates the potential of the newly developed IPNs for the dermal delivery of DXP.