bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Heterogeneity
Authors: Hopper K. E. , Wood P. R. , Nelson D. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Macrophages are a mobile, functionally diverse group of cells which may be recruited and stimulated to a high degree of metabolic activity. Heterogeneity may be detected from one site to another and result from local influences, e.g. lung v. peritoneal cells, or occur within a population and arise due to different stages of differentiation, maturation or activation or possibly from distinct cell lines. Recruitment and turnover are important determinants of the diversity of cells at any one site. In addition, anti‐tumour, anti‐microbial and secretory capacities of macrophages are greatly influenced by the degree and nature of stimulation possibly affecting only a subpopulation of the cells. Accessory cell activity is also a function of a minor population of macrophages which have distinct surface antigens. The sources of the heterogeneity and the interrelationship between the macrophage subpopulations remain to be determined.
Antibody‐Mediated Immunosuppression
Authors: Jørgensen J. , Heron I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two major histocompatible strains of rats differing at ‘minor’ antigens including immunoglobulin allotype disparity were used in experiments to study antibody‐mediated suppression of a primary antibody response against third party allogeneic red cells. Antibodies against red cells were raised by repeated injections in the two strains of rats, and the effects of the two pools of serum to suppress antibody response upon intravenous injection of a small test dose of blood were assessed and compared in in vitro titrations. It was concluded that allotype differences, as suggested by others, were not necessary and they were not amplifying the suppression. The observations are discussed in relation to the Rh immuno‐prophylaxis in man.
A Simple Method for the Preparation of Human Serum Albumin1
Authors: Hao Yu‐Iee
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple method, based on ethanol fractionation, for the preparation of highly purified human serum albumin with a higher yield than that of the conventional ethanol procedures is described. It consists of two purification steps, namely, precipitation of most of the other plasma proteins from a 3‐fold diluted plasma with ethanol at 42% concentration, pH 5.75 and ‐5°C, leaving over 96% pure albumin in the supernatant, followed by isolectric precipitation of albumin from the supernatant at pH 4.8 and ‐5°C. The paste thus obtained was processed to the final albumin solution according to the conventional methods. The yield of the final albumin with a purity of over 99% was equivalent to 29.5 g/1 of plasma representing a recovery of over 93%. The possibility of recovering other plasma proteins and the suitability for large scale preparation are also discussed.
Hemodilution — New Clothes for an Anemic Emperor
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This review deals with the rationale for the use of hemodilution in patients not subjected to open heart surgery. The claim for an optimum of circulatory oxygen transport at 30% hematocrit has been disproved; hemodilution thus simply means acute normovolemic anemia. Accordingly, it generates a cardiovascular strain and particularly jeopardizes cerebral and myocardial oxygen supply. Potentially serious clinical side effects have been reported. Hemodilution should therefore not be carried beyond the lower normal range for the hemoglobin or hematocrit level, i.e. 12–12.5 g% or 35–36%.
Circulating Suppressor Cells in Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Górski Andrzej , Rowińska Danuta , Skopińska Ewa , Orlowski Tadeusz
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells was studied in a patient with aplastic anemia. Prior to therapy his peripheral blood contained a very low number of myeloid progenitors but a normal number of cells forming lymphoid colonies. Moreover, peripheral blood lymphocytes of this patient were able to suppress in vitro formation of myeloid colonies but not lymphoid colonies. This suppression effect was found to be sensitive to prednisolone and antithymocytic globulin. Following treatment with prednisolone, during which an apparent hematological recovery was observed, the level of lymphoid progenitors fell, but myeloid committed cells returned to normal and hematopoietic suppression was no longer detectable. These results indicate that cells suppressing hematopoiesis may circulate in the peripheral blood of some patients with aplastic anemia and the detection and testing of susceptibility of these cells to immunosuppressive drugs may be helpful in monitoring treatment and prognosis.
Preparation of Stable Intermediate‐Purity Factor VIII Concentrate with a Note on High‐Purity Factor VIII
Authors: Margolis J. , Rhoades P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cryoprecipitate prepared by a rapid thawing technique was pooled in batches of 600–720 donor units and washed with ice‐cold Tris‐citrate‐NaCl solution. After dissolving at 37°C, it was adsorbed with Al(OH)3 and kaolin, and cleared by centrifugation. The supernatant, diluted with 5% dextrose was passed repeatedly through a bed of Celite, filtered through a 293 mm × 0.3 μm membrane disc and lyophilized. Typical composition was 15 U ml‐1 factor VIII, and 40 mg ml‐1 protein with a yield of 300 U/l of starting plasma. The crude factor VIII concentrate was also a suitable material for preparation of high‐purity factor VIII by controlled pore glass chromatography.
Analbuminemia: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature1
Authors: Dammacco Franco , Miglietta Antonio , D'Addabbo Angelo , Fratello Angelo , Moschetta Raffaele , Bonomo Lorenzo
Published: March 2009

Idiopathic analbuminemia was fortuitously detected in a 30‐year‐old Italian woman. No associated disease condition could be revealed in this patient, the only consistent finding being a slight tendency to develop ankle edema. Asthenia and a moderate hypotension were also recorded. Trace amounts (5.2 mg/100 ml) of serum albumin were determined by immunochemical methods. Laboratory features also included increased circulating levels of cholesterol and β‐lipoproteins, as well as elevation of acute phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Albumin turnover studies showed low albumin synthesis and abnormally slow albumin degradation rate. No consanguinity of the parentage could be traced in this patient and an autosomal recessive transmission of the trait was suggested.

An extensive review of the literature disclosed 19 additional cases of this rare condition, their occurrence actually challenging the vital role of albumin in man. Compensatory mechanisms certainly play a role but are only partially understood.
Intravascular Persistence of Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES) after Serial Granulocyte Collections Using HES in Man
Authors: Ring J. , Sharkoff D. , Richter W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In 30 granulocyte donors undergoing one or more infusions of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution plasma HES concentrations were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Serial HES applications led to a cumulative increase in plasma HES levels. Up to 3 months after the last HES infusion, plasma concentrations in the range of 3 mg/ml were demonstrable. A possible influence of HES deposits upon reticuloendothelial system function is discussed.
An H‐Deficient Blood with Normal H Transferase Levels
Authors: Herron R. , Greenwell P. , Westwood M.C. , Race A.C. , Smith D.S. , Watkins W.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An H‐deficient blood is described which, unlike other H‐deficient, Bombay and para‐Bombay bloods, has normal H transferase levels. In previous examples of Bombay and para‐Bombay phenotypes the absence of H transferase has explained the lack of H substrate and therefore the weak A and B antigens which are characteristic of these phenotypes. This explanation obviously does not hold in the case described here and it is proposed that the biochemical block must be further back, either in the enzymes synthesising the oligosaccharide chains or in those making the GDP‐fucose substrate for the H and the Le gene‐specified fucosyltransferases. Inhibition of the synthesis of Leb substance, as well as H substance, although the saliva of the propositus contains the Le gene‐specified transferase, supports this proposition.
A Glucose‐Dependent Panhemagglutinin
Authors: Lewis Tiffani , Reid Marion , Ellisor Sandra , Avoy Donald R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An agglutinin was identified in the serum of a non‐transfused primiparous patient that reacted with all commercial red blood cells regardless of their antigenic makeup. The autologous control was negative. The agglutinin was directed against human red blood cells that had been incubated in media containing glucose and washed prior to testing. Red blood cells incubated in 2% glucose solution became agglutinable after 6 days at 4°C or after 2h at 37°C. These red blood cells gradually became non‐reactive when washed and incubated in saline at 37 or 4°C. At 22°C the titer of the agglutinin was 128 (score 64) in LISS and 64 (score 56) in saline. The agglutinin was denatured by 2‐mercaptoethanol, but remained active after 30 min of heating at 56°C. Among various mono‐ and disaccharides tested, glucose was the only sugar that selectively inhibited the reaction. The presence of such an agglutinin may cause confusion in a transfusion service laboratory by mimicking an antibody directed against a high incidence antigen.
Plasma Exchange in the Management of a Patient with Diffuse Necrotizing Cutaneous Vasculitis
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Garelli S. , Mosconi L. , Camerone G. , Bedarida G. , Di Guardo G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It has been sufficiently established that the so‐called small vessel vasculitis results from hypersensitivity reactions to various endogenous or exogenous antigens, and that, in most cases, the pathogenic mechanism is the deposition of immune complexes in the blood vessel wall. Among the therapeutic protocols that have been applied recently, plasma exchange (PE) received little attention, and only a few cases have been treated accordingly until now. Here, we present a patient with diffuse cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, in whom PE proved to be of irreplaceable benefit in halting the progression of the disease. When PE was discontinued, the disease relapsed in spite of therapy with steroids and heparin. A second series of PE again controlled the disease activity. The authors point out that PE was of unique value pending the effects of treatment with cyclophosphamide, which remains the essential therapeutic agent.
The Applicability of Sodium Dodecylsulfate‐Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for the Quantitation of Fragments in Immune Serum Globulin Preparations
Authors: Bertolini Maurice J. , Stryker Martin H. , Horowitz Marilyn S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A comparison of sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), ultracentrifugation and gel permeation chromatography was investigated for quantitation of fragments in preparations of immune serum globulin. SDS‐PAGE was shown to be the method of choice by virtue of its sensitivity and its ability to clearly separate the products of fragmentation. Gel permeation chromatography and ultracentrifugation yielded similar results but did not approach the sensitivity of SDS‐PAGE.
Persistence of HBsAg, HBeAg and Anti‐HBe in Healthy Blood Donors
Authors: Ukkonen Pentti
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), e antigen (HBeAg) and antibodies to e antigen (anti‐HBe) was studied retrospectively in 197 Finnish voluntary blood donors, who had been found positive for HBsAg by routine screening in 1970 or 1971. Two samples were available from each donor: the first was taken in 1970 or 1971 and the second in 1978; the average interval between the specimens was 7.6 years. All except one (99.5%) of the donors remained HBsAg carriers during the whole study period. HBeAg was detected initially in 3 (2%) cases, all of whom lost HBeAg after the follow‐up, and 2 converted to anti‐HBe‐positive. Anti‐HBe was found in the first samples of 158 (80%) HBsAg carriers, 154 (97%) of whom were still positive for anti‐HBe in the second samples. These results suggest that the HBsAg carrier stage is stable as for the presence of HBsAg and anti‐HBe.
Selective IgA Deficiency and Neoplasia1
Authors: Cunningham‐Rundles C. , Pudifin D.J. , Armstrong D. , Good R. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. From the Immunodeficiency Cancer Registry, it has appeared that there is an increased frequency of neoplasia in individuals who have a selective absence of serum IgA. Approaching this question from another point of view, we have found that of 4,120 sera drawn in this cancer‐oriented hospital, 12 sera had a total absence of IgA and 3 additional sera had less than 10 mg/dl. The incidence of IgA deficiency in a cancer hospital is thus 1:342 or 1:273, which is statistically similar to that previously found for other patient groups studied in the USA (average of two studies, 1:418), but it is substatistically increased over the incidence of IgA deficiency found in normal blood donors (average of five studies, 1:1,677). Analysis of these sera by diagnostic categories showed that of 1,517 sera of patients with lympho‐proliferative disorders, 6 were IgA deficient (frequency 1:253), and of 249 sera of patients with gastrointestinal neoplasm, 2 were IgA deficient (frequency 1:125). We conclude that, in the absence of IgA, certain organ systems, the gastrointestinal and lymphoid tissue may be at increased risk for malignant change and that the protective, anti‐neoplastic role of IgA requires investigation.
The Rare Phenotype En(a‐) in a French‐Canadian Family
Authors: Taliano V. , Guévin R.‐M. , Hébert Diane , Daniels G. L. , Tippett Patricia , Anstee D. J. , Mawby W. J. , Tanner M. J. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A French‐Canadian En(a‐) propositus, whose red cells are phenotypically like the three previously reported, differs in the mode of reaction of this antibody which is apparently not immune. His consanguineous parents and 2 of this 4 sibs are heterozygous EnaEn, the other 2 being EnaEna. Sialic acid levels and the MN glycoprotein content of the red cells of the family and the PAS‐stained patterns of the red cell membranes of the propositus confirm the serological findings.
Positive Direct Antiglobulin Test in Normal Individuals1
Authors: Gorst D.W. , Rawlinson Violet I. , Merry A. H. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 65 normal, healthy people with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) have been identified in a population of blood donors over a period of 14 years. 32 of them have been recalled for detailed study. A strong positive correlation with increasing age was noted, comparable to that seen in hospital patients with a positive DAT. No feature known to cause a positive DAT was identified in the healthy individuals, only 1 of whom went on to develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
IgG Subclasses in Human γ‐Globulin Preparations for Intravenous Use and Their Reactivity with Staphylococcus Protein A1
Authors: Skvaril F. , Roth‐Wicky Beatrice , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In two of four non‐enzymatically treated γ‐globulin preparations C Immunoglobulin Schura, Immunoglobulin SRK), the distribution of IgG subclasses was found to be close to that of normal human serum. In two other preparations (sulphonated and β‐propio‐lactone‐treated) IgG3 was not detectable by means of appropriate antiserum. The IgG residual portion of plasmin‐treated γ‐globulin was enriched in IgG2, while IgG3 was absent. In affinity chromatography on protein A Sepharose, IgG3 in the unbound and IgG1, lgG2 and IgG4 in the bound fractions were found in Immunoglobulins Schura and SRK. In the sulphonated preparation no IgG was found in the unbound fraction, while IgGl, IgG2 and IgG4 were eluted from the bound fraction. In β‐propioIactone‐treated γ‐globulin IgGl, IgG2 and IgG4 were present in both fractions. The testing of reactivity of IgG subclasses with Staphylococcus protein A can supply important information about the state of the Fc part in immunoglobulin preparations.
Preparation of Improved Cryoprecipitated Factor VIII Concentrate
Authors: Wensley R. T. , Snape T. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect on cryoprecipitate factor VIII recovery of three important variables has been investigated. The design of the study was such as to eliminate, for the purpose of internal comparisons, spurious effects such as those due to the variation in factor VIII levels in donor plasma.

The choice of anticoagulant was shown to be of particular significance, plasma collected into CPD anticoagulant giving higher cryoprecipitate factor VIII yield throughout the study.

The effect on cryoprecipitate factor VIII recovery of delay before separation and freezing of the plasma was more complex. Very fresh plasma (separated and frozen within 2 h of collection) gave the highest recovery of factor VIII, but no difference was detected between cryoprecipitate factor VIII recovery of plasma separated and frozen at 4 h and at 18 h after blood collection.

Controlled rapid thawing of the plasma was also shown to be advantageous, at least for the preparation of cryoprecipitates from plasma anticoagulated with CPD anticoagulant.
Allelic Subdivisions of the HLA‐B12‐Bw21 Complex: Association with Bw4 and Bw6
Authors: Mittal Kamal K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Allelic subdeterminants (or splits) of the B12‐Bw21 complex were characterized by the use of highly selected antisera and cell donors. The B12 antigen was separated into two major components, Bw44 and Bw45; and possibly a third. It was shown that Bw44 is primarily an antigen of whites, and Bw45 of blacks. Of the 68 persons who had B12, 49 were white and 19 were black. Among whites, 47 (96%) had Bw44 split, and only one (2%) had Bw45. Among blacks, however, 10 (53%) had Bw44, and 9 (47%) had Bw45. Thus, of the 57 persons who had Bw44, a majority (82%) were white, while of the 10 persons who had Bw45, a majority (90%) were black. The broad specificity Bw4 was strongly associated with the presence of Bw44, and Bw6 with the presence of Bw45 (coefficient of correlation=0.81). The Bw21 antigen was similarly separated into two major components, Bw49 and Bw50; and possibly a third. Among the 23 Bw21‐positive persons, Bw49 was present in 68% of whites and 75% of blacks, while Bw50 was present in 26% of whites, and in 50% of blacks. The broad Bw4 was clearly associated with the presence of Bw49, and Bw6 with the presence of Bw50 (coefficient of correlation = 1.00).
Purification of a Peptide with Venoconstrictor and Vasodepressor Activity, from Cohn Fraction III‐O of Human Plasma Protein
Authors: Horowitz J. D. , Mashford M. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cohn fraction III‐O of human plasma proteins has previously been shown to contain a peptide which produces vasodilator responses in intact vascular beds. This peptide has bradykinin‐like pharmacological actions but it can be distinguished from bradykinin. A process of serial fractionation of Cohn fraction III‐O on Sephadex CM‐25 and G‐25 gels, followed by ion exchange chromatography with gradient elution on a Bio‐Rex 70 column and subsequent desalting has permitted purification of this peptide. Amino acid analysis suggested a peptide with 14 amino acyl‐residues and a calculated molecular weight of 1,780. The purified material retained the vasodilator properties of impure sources of the peptide, but was highly unstable. There was no interaction with anti‐bradykinin antibodies.
Venoconstrictor Activity of Some Precursor Fractions of Stable Plasma Protein Solution
Authors: Horowitz J. D. , Mashford M. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) is a 5% solution of human plasma albumin and some globulins. Rapid infusion of some batches of SPPS and analogous solutions prepared by similar processes induce paradoxical hypotensive reactions. In the current experiments, a number of precursor fractions of a single batch of SPPS were examined for kininogen content and for venoconstrictor activity on the isolated central vein of the rabbit ear. Unheated SPPS contained both venoconstrictor activity and kininogen. Among the various precursor fractions examined, Cohn fraction II+III (a precursor of fraction III—0) contained the greatest venoconstrictor activity. There was no evidence of kininogen depletion during the stages of frac‐tionation examined but some generation of venoconstrictor material. Column chromatog‐raphy suggested a molecular weight of approximately 1,500 for the major active material in unheated SPPS. It appears possible that the 14‐amino acid hypotensive peptide present in fraction III‐0 may also be present in SPPS, where it may contribute to the hypotensive effects of this solution.
Hepatitis‐Associated Markers in the American Red Cross Volunteer Blood Donor Population
Authors: Dodd R. Y. , Bastiaans M. J. S. , Nath N. , Ellis F. R. , Barker L. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The American Red Cross collects blood from a number of defined subsets of the donor population and the proportion of blood collected from each subset varies widely from center to center. A large part of the variation in prevalence of HBsAg may be related to variations in the proportion of blood collected from plants and factories, military units and schools or colleges. We have derived a regression equation, significant at the p<0.001 level, which links HBsAg prevalence with these collection parameters. Using this equation, we were able to predict the prevalence of HBsAg among first‐time donors in 6 of the 9 geographic divisions of the United States with an accuracy exceeding 10%. The predictions for the remaining divisions were within 35% of the actual value. Correlation studies were supported by measurements of true donor prevalence in three blood centers.
Effect of Age and 2,3‐DPG Content of Transfused Blood on Serum Erythropoietin
Authors: Napier J.A.F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum erythropoietin has been measured before and after transfusion of blood stored in acid citrate dextrose for varying periods of time. A greater fall in erythropoietin was found following the transfusion of fresh blood than after an equal amount of stored blood in which 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate concentrations were depleted. This confirms the expectations that in vivo tissue oxygenation is influenced by the oxygen affinity of transfused blood.
A New Rare Blood Group Antigen ‐ ‘Mit’: Probable Genetic Relationship with the MNSs Blood Group system1
Authors: Battista N. , Stout T.D. , Lewis M. , Kaita H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low incidence blood group antigen ‘Mit’, immunization to which may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn, is described. It is not part of the ABO, Duffy, Kidd, Rh or Yt blood group systems. Positive lods of +2.41 at Θ = 0.00 indicate that the odds are 256 to 1 that ‘Mit’ is either part of the MNSs system or governed by a locus closely linked to MN and Ss.
Screening Blood Donors for High Titre Antibody to Herpes Varicella‐Zoster
Authors: Héjjas Maria , Salker Rajas , J.A.J. Barbara PhD
Published: March 2009

Abstract. As a method of increasing supplies of varicella‐zoster immunoglobulin, semi‐automated screening of blood donors for high titre complement‐fixing antibody was initiated. This was compared with the previously used method of donor selection based on a history of varicella or zoster in the past 6 months. About one‐third of the ‘history’ donors had titres of?1 in 64 and generally these levels declined rapidly. In contrast, although only 1.1% of donors in random screening had antibody titres ? 1 in 64, these levels usually remained high during repeated donations, enabling the production of pools entirely composed of high titre plasma packs.
Auto Anti‐M Antibody Following Renal Transplantation
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Barr A.L. , Kelly A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 25‐year‐old man with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis developed an autoantibody with anti‐M specificity following haemodialysis and renal transplantation. The patient's red cells typed as MN. The antibody was an IgM globulin which displayed marked dosage effect and variable pH dependence. The thermal range of reactivity extended to 37°C. The stimulus for the production of the antibody is uncertain.
Renal Metabolism of β2‐Microglobulin
Authors: Hall Philip W. , Ricanati Edmond S. , Vacca Christina V. , Chung‐Park M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. β2‐microglobulin (β2M) is a protein of 11,800 daltons which occurs in the plasma of normal individuals at concentrations of approximately 2 μg/ml. It is presumed to be relatively freely filterable. More than 99% of the filtered β2M is taken up by an active reabsorptive mechanism and catabolized by the renal tubule. The data presented here demonstrate that renal extraction is only slightly diminished by complete ureteral obstruction. The renal extraction of β2M is greater than can be accounted for by filtration alone. These data indicate that some uptake of β2M occurs from the peritubular capillary circulation. The loading of animals with β2M is associated with a marked tubular proteinuria suggesting that this protein may play a part in inducing tubular injury.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Shows that both Antigen Mobility and Membrane Deformation Occur in the Hemagglutination Reaction
Authors: Makler M. T. , Pesce A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A scanning electron microscopic examination of antibody‐induced hemagglutination of human red cells by an improved enzyme‐labeled antibody technique and fixation of the reaction sequence with glutaraldehyde shows that both antigen mobility and membrane deformation are necessary for the reaction to occur.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Circulating Immune Complexes (HBsAg‐CICs) in Patients with Bleeding Disorders
Authors: Anh‐Tuan Nguyen , Novák Ernö , Hollán Susan R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Approximately 90% of 67 multi‐transfused patients with bleeding disorders were positive either for anti‐HBs (85%) or HBsAg (4.5%). Using a polyethylene glycol trypsinization assay, we found HBsAg‐containing specific circulating immune complexes (HBsAg‐CICs) in 3 of the 57 HBsAg‐negative haemophiliacs possessing anti‐HBs. The occurrence of HBsAg‐CICs may be a regular event in the conversion phase of HBs infection. Circulating immune complexes as detected by the anticomplementary assay were found in 32 of the 67 (48%) patients.
Red Blood Cell Antibody Screening with Groupamatic System
Authors: Confida S. , Hurel C. , Chesnel N. , Garretta M. , Muller A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The trypsin‐polybren‐citrate (TPC) technique is based on Lalezari's method and has been developed on the Groupamatic equipment to allow the screening of irregular alloantibodies which are not detectable on this machine by the present routine techniques. TPC screening has two main advantages: it gives more reliable results for Rh, Kell, Lewis and P antibodies than bromelin‐methyl‐cellulose, and it permits the screening of Duffy and Kidd antibodies. However, although the TPC technique contributes to an improved quality of the automated screening of blood donor samples, it should not be used as the only method when recipient samples are concerned.
Lack of Conformity in the Behaviour of Platelets during Normal Storage Conditions at 22°C
Authors: Eriksson Lars , Högman Claes F. , Busch Christer
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelets prepared from citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose blood under normal routine conditions and concentrated to 1,000–1,600 · 109 · 1‐1 varied considerably in their capacity to acidify the medium. Serotonin uptake was well maintained for 5 days provided that adenosine 5′‐triphosphate was within 50% of normal and pH was above 6.0. A strong release of platelet factor 4 was occasionally seen in relation to preparation. In some preparations the platelet factor 4 was well maintained for 5 days, in others a sudden or gradual release was seen during storage. The investigation indicates that differences in the quality of routinely prepared platelets occur during preparation and storage which are insufficiently well explained and controlled.
Intravascular Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction due to Anti‐Vw+Mia with Fatal Outcome
Authors: Molthan Lyndall
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Because of the increasing use of type, screen and hold protocols and minimal surgical blood order protocols in transfusion services, a number of patients are receiving un‐cross‐matched blood in elective situations. There are many low‐frequency red blood cell antigens which are lacking on reagent cells used for antibody screening procedures, and alloantibodies directed against these antigens are relatively common and occur in either natural or immune forms. A case of an intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction resulting in death is reported. The patient had a naturally occurring anti‐Vw+Mia and received 1U of Vw+Mia‐positive donor red cells. It is the 1st documented case of a hemolytic transfusion reaction due to this incompatibility. The potential threat of transfusion reactions due to low‐frequency antigens must be recognized by the physicians who design type, screen and hold protocols and it has particular reference to the selection of possible recipients for whom the protocols are applied.
Studies on Ultrafiltration of Antihemophilic Factor
Authors: Mitra Gautam , Lundblad John L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ultrafiltration as an alternative approach to reprecipitation was studied in the production of an intermediate‐purity antihemophilic factor concentrate suitable for clinical use. Almost complete recoveries of factor‐VIII‐related activities have been demonstrated across the processing step resulting in increased net yield of the product. Several important processing parameters are discussed. The product thus prepared is stable and has improved VIII:C/mg fibrinogen ratio.
Recommendations of the Task Force on Codes and Machine‐Readable Symbols
Authors: Thatcher R.K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The task force recommends the use of common, numeric codes for identifying blood, blood components, blood type, collection center and similar information. The task force further recommends the use of the CODABAR and/or the OCR‐B symbol for representing these codes in machine‐readable form. Blood product codes, label formats, symbol format control characters and a check digit system are recommended.
Integration of Automated Systems in Blood‐Banking Services
Authors: Pálffy S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The objectives, place and advantages of automation in blood‐banking services are outlined with reference to the perennial need of blood services to achieve the optimum balance between fluctuating requirements for and supplies of blood while allowing for the brevity of most blood products' useful life‐span. Regional, national and international integration of automated systems in blood services is then shown to depend upon mutual agreement concerning data definitions, formats and representations and the development of an internationally accepted standard blood data communication record is proposed.
An Evaluation of the CODABAR Symbol in Blood‐Banking Automation
Authors: Brodheim E. , Ying W. , Hirsch R.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The CODABAR system has been used in blood banking automation since 1976 when it was introduced by 16 blood centers and transfusion services throughout the United States in a test program coordinated by the American Blood Commission Committee for Commonality in Blood Banking Automation. Since then CODABAR has been used in sample identification on Groupamatic and Technicon automated blood‐typing equipment, in the labeling of blood products and in their distribution. It is widely used by a number of blood centers in the United States and has been adopted by the 14 regional blood centers in the United Kingdom, as well as blood centers in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan. Some properties of the CODABAR symbol that are relevant to the high accuracy requirements of blood banking are described and preliminary test data are presented.
Application of the OCR‐B Symbol in the Data‐Processing System of the Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service
Authors: Haahti E. , Leikola J. , Ruikka S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have used the Optical Character Recognition system B (OCR‐B) for automatic identification of blood samples on the Groupamatic 360 and in connection with computerized donor file management and control of blood product processing. For the Groupamatic system a device was constructed that lifts the samples, and during simultaneous rotation and downward movement, the OCR‐B identification number on the tube label ist read. The results indicate that with appropriate control and check digit design it is possible to achieve an economical and safe machine‐readable identification system.
In vitro Interactions of 51r in Human Red Blood Cells and Hemolysates1,2
Authors: Kuehl Gary V. , Harkness Donald R. , Skrabut Eugene M. , Bechthold Duane A. , Emerson Charles P. , Valeri C. Robert
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The intracellular distribution of radioactivity was studied in normal and sickle erythrocytes labeled with sodium 51 Cr chromate. Both types of cells had a higher fraction of 51 Cr bound to hemoglobin when labeled in the presence of ACD at a pH of 7.09 than when labeled in the presence of CPD at a pH of 5.96. Citrate at a pH of 5.96 or less entered the red blood cells and decreased the 51Cr binding hemoglobin. Binding of 51Cr to hemoglobin within the red cells was also reduced when the ATP and DPG levels in the red blood cells were elevated. Studies with hemoglobin solution showed that 51Cr binding to hemoglobin was influenced by 2,3‐DPG, ATP and citrate.
Contamination of Commercial Blood Products by Di‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate and Mono‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate1
Authors: Cole R.S. , Tocchi M. , Wye E. , Villeneuve D.C. , Rock G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood fractionation products obtained from three different manufacturers were analyzed to determine if either mono‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) or di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were contaminants of any of the fractionated proteins. The only protein fraction to contain DEHP was factor IX (23μg/ml) from one company. However, MEHP was detected in low levels in several of the 5% normal serum albumin, 5% plasma protein fraction, factor VIII and factor IX samples. 25% normal serum albumin contained the highest level of MEHP with concentrations of up to 300 μg/ml (40% of the plasma level) depending on the sample. Attempts to remove MEHP using dialysis or ultrafiltration were unsuccessful and indicated a close association of the MEHP with albumin. There was a definite correlation between storage and transportation conditions and the level of MEHP in both plasma and 25% normal serum albumin. The highest levels of this phthalate acid ester were found in the products made from the plasma which had been shipped at ambient temperature. Contrary to published data, storage of plasma at ‐30°C for up to 6 months prevented the accumulation of MEHP.
Pepsin‐Treated Human Gamma Globulin in Bacterial Infections: A Randomized Study in Patients with Septicaemia and Pneumonia
Authors: Lindquist L. , Lundbergh P. , Maasing R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 59 patients with suspected or verified septicaemia and 87 patients with suspected or verified bacterial pneumonia were treated with either antibiotics alone or antibiotics combined with a pepsin‐treated human gamma globulin (Gamma‐venin®). The gamma globulin was given intravenously in repeated doses of 0.15 g/kg body weight. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigations were performed repeatedly in a strictly standardized fashion. Neither the septicaemia group nor the pneumonia group presented significant differences between treated patients and controls for any of the clinical and laboratory variables studied. Hospital stay, duration of fever and symptoms were also unaffected by the gamma globulin treatment. Subdivision of the material according to aetiology provided no additional information. In 9 patients adverse reactions were seen, e.g., shock in 2 individuals.
A New Preparation of Modified Immune Serum Globulin (Human) Suitable for Intravenous Administration
Authors: Schroeder Duane D. , Tankersly Donald L. , Lundblad John L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immune serum globulin (ISG) prepared by Cohn cold alcohol fractionation of pooled human plasma was reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) and alkylated with iodoace‐tamide and other alkylating agents. Our results show that there are a few labile inter heavy chain disulfide bonds in ISG which react rapidly under mild, non dissociating conditions. The extent of disulfide cleavage is controlled primarily by the ratio of DTT to ISG until about 4–5 disulfide bonds have been reduced. We report detailed studies on the variables of ISG concentration, DTT to ISG ratio, pH, and time, leading to a chemically modified ISG that has a controlled and limited number of reduced and alkylated disulfide bonds.
The First Human Example of anti‐Me
Authors: McDougall D.C.J. , Jenkins W.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Me is an antibody which cross‐reacts with the M and He antigens. It has previously only been found in rabbit serum; the first human example is described.

The Henshaw antigen is closely associated with the MNSs system and is found in about 3% of Negroes [1–3] but only rarely in Caucasoids [2]. The original anti‐He was found in a rabbit anti‐M serum by Ikin and Mourant [1] in 1951. Other examples were deliberately produced by the immunisation of rabbits with the blood of Mr. Henshaw [3].

The first example of anti‐He in a human serum was found in 1967 by MacDonald et al. [4] in a Caucasoid mother. Although at the time it was not possible to ascertain the racial group of the father, it has since been established that he was a Negro. Other human anti‐He sera have since been found [2].

In 1961 Wiener and Rosenfield [5] reported an immune rabbit serum which possessed inseparable anti‐M and anti‐He specificities which they designated anti‐Me. The rabbit which produced the anti‐Me had almost certainly not received Henshaw‐positive cells. The rabbit serum was investigated as a result of a discrepancy found during M‐typing of a Negro involved in a medicolegal case of disputed parentage.

The first human example of anti‐Me herein described was found in the serum of Mr. Richards, a 41‐year‐old Caucasoid male with no known transfusion history and has been used at this centre as an anti‐M serum for many years.
Limited Value of in vitro Techniques for the Detection of Leukocyte Alloantibodies during Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy1
Authors: Wiesneth M. , Pflieger H. , Goldmann S.F. , Arnold R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 23‐year‐old male patient undergoing first induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia received granulocyte transfusions on 10 consecutive days. An average of 2.1times1010 granulocytes was given per square metre body surface area per day. Transfusion reactions and absence of post‐transfusion granulocyte increment after the fifth granulocyte transfusion suggested the presence of leukocyte antibodies. However, no antibodies were detectable at this time by the lymphocytotoxicity test, the indirect granulocyte immunofluorescence test, or the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test. In contrast to the clinical observation, the serological detection of leukocyte antibodies was only possible 1 day after the last granulocyte transfusion.
Red Cell ATP and 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate Concentrations as a Function of Dihydroxyacetone Supplementation of CPD Adenine
Authors: Moore G.L. , Ledford M.E. , Brummell M.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Units of CPDA‐1 whole blood were subdivided and each treated with additions of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to give final concentrations from 0 to 80mM. The ‘optimum’ concentration of DHA to maintain 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) with minimal loss of ATP during 42 days of storage appeared to be 30mM of DHA. With this formulation, red cell 2, 3‐DPG concentrations rose to 130–140% of normal by 14 days and then decreased in a near‐linear manner to 50–60% normal by 42 days, while maintaining adequate ATP levels. In addition, packed red cells were prepared from CPD fresh blood and treated with adenine, glucose, and various concentrations (0‐80mM of DHA. The cells also responded most favorably to 30mM DHA, although the response was not as positive as whole blood. This concentration of DHA produced nearly 100% maintenance of 2,3‐DPG at 14 days with subsequent fall to 30% of normal by 42 days.
Dipyrone‐Induced Immune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Ribera Anna , Monasterio Jasone , Acebedo Gemma , Triginer José , Martin Carmen
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report a new case of immune haemolytic anaemia induced by dipyrone. The haemolytic crisis was followed by acute renal failure. The direct antiglobulin test on the red cells was positive. The responsible antibody was of the IgG class; it was complement binding and produced haemolysis in vitro. The clinical and serological findings suggest that the red cells became sensitized as the result of the adsorption to the cell membrane of drug‐antibody immune complexes.
Does Anti‐Jra Cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?
Authors: Toy P. , Reid M. , Lewis T. , Ellisor S. , Avoy D. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Jr(a‐) Japanese female developed anti‐Jra during her first pregnancy. Both father and infant red cells were Jr(a+), and anti‐Jra was eluted from the infant's red cells. The antibody was determined to be IgGl. Hemolysis could not be definitively established from the clinical data. The pitfall of using the presence of jaundice as the sole evidence for hemolysis is emphasized. We conclude that the present case, and other previously reported cases, do not unequivocally establish that anti‐Jra causes significant hemolytic diesease of the newborn (HDN). Amniocentesis probably should not be performed during the pregnancy of mothers sensitized to Jra antigen. Jra HDN is probably a mild disease, like ABO HDN.
A Further Cold Agglutinin, Fl, Recognizing a N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid‐Determined Antigen
Authors: Roelcke D.
Published: March 2009

A cold agglutinin, Fl, reacted with an erythrocyte antigen, which was inactivated by neuraminidase. It resembled anti‐I antibodies in reacting more strongly with erythrocytes of adults than with cord blood cells. However, unlike I, this ‘new’ antigen is destroyed by neuraminidase treatment. This antigen is also distinct from Pr, Gd and Sa type antigens which are equally expressed on cord and adult erythrocytes.
Model for the Rh Blood Group System Based on Discontinuous Gene Structure
Authors: Giorno Ralph
Published: March 2009

A model of the Rh blood group system is proposed which is based on discontinuous gene structure. The R29 control subregion consists of a single exon flanked by introns. Following the R29 subregion, the R1 subregion exists as seven exon structures which alternate with introns. The expression of each exon is controlled by flanking introns. A separate exon‐intron structure controls expression of the Rh: ‐1 phenotype. Differential gene expression is controlled by intron sequences and complementary splicer RNA sequences encoded by unlinked loci.
Acute Hepatitis Non‐A, Non‐B following Administration of Factor VIII Concentrates
Authors: Norkrans G. , WideN A. , Teger‐Nilsson A.‐C. , Kjellman H. , Frösner G. , Iwarson S.
Published: March 2009

A retrospective survey on clinical hepatitis in patients with bleeding disorders was performed. Nine episodes of hepatitis non‐A, non‐B occurred in 8 out of 20 patients (40%) with mild hemophilia A or von Willebrand's disease, who had been treated with commercial factor VIII concentrates. Only two episodes of hepatitis B occurred during the study period. The non‐A, non‐B attack rate after the first treatment was 40 % with factor VIII concentrate obtained from large plasma pools (=2,000 donors) including professional plasma donors as compared to 8 % after treatment with factor VIII concentrate obtained from smaller (100–250 donors) plasma pools from Scandinavian donors.
Complement and Ig Uptake by Erythrocytes in Low Ionic Strength Solutions1
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Keegan Martha G. , Odgren Paul R.
Published: March 2009

We studied the uptake of immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement from plasma by red blood cells (RBC) under low ionic strength (LIS) conditions using Rh‐negative RBC and anti‐Rh antibodies. The ionic strength of plasma/RBC mixtures was lowered by dialysis against 5% mannitol, pH 6.0. The studies revealed that bromelin‐modified RBC failed to bind either Ig or complement in low ionic strength conditions, but that unmodified RBC bound the majority of anti‐D. The bound anti‐D (consisting of IgGl, IgG3, IgA, and IgM molecules) could be eluted into 0.9% NaCl yielding a higher recovery of antibody than that obtained by specific absorption‐elution techniques. Although uptake of Ig by RBC was independent of complement activation, the subsequent elution of bound Ig into normal ionic strength solutions was not. Small amounts of Ig remained on EC43 and EC4, but not on RBC that did not become complement sensitized during low ionic strength exposure. These findings suggest that Ig remained attached to RBC via a complement‐RBC bond.
Effect of Blood Donations on the Profile of Lymphocytic Cells
Authors: Ieromnimon V. , Krüger J. , Schmidt R. , Sehrbundt M.
Published: March 2009

The effect of ordinary blood donation and repeat leukapheresis procedures on the profile of lymphocytic cells in peripheral blood was assessed. In ordinary blood donors blood donation was found to have no effect on serum Ig levels and peripheral lymphocyte populations. The removal of leukocytes and serum Ig during leukapheresis lead to a significant decrease of serum IgG and IgM and of all lymphocytic cell parameters, O cells being the only exception. During a series of 5 consecutive cytaphereses serum Ig always reached prepheresis levels within a week. With the increasing number of leukaphereses, however, lymphocytic cells, except 0 cells, showed a steady decrease which was significant for B cells bearing surface IgA, G, M or lambda chains. Even 2 months after the last leukapheresis mononuclear cell numbers had not returned to first prepheresis levels. A limitation of leukapheresis procedures per annum is recommended.
Parthenocissus tricuspiduta Activity Directed against Human Red Blood Cells Coated with C3b
Authors: Crawford G.J. , Moore B.P.L. , Laschinger C. , Ho M. , Freedman J.
Published: March 2009

An extract of seeds from Parthenocissus tricuspidata strongly agglutinated red blood cells (RBC) coated with C3b. RBC coated with C3d, C4b or C4d and noncomplement‐coated RBC were very weakly agglutinated. There was no correlation of reactivity with RBC groups.
Discovery of a Cytoplasmic‐Dominant Alloantigen Prevalent in Erythrocytes
Authors: Neurath A.R. , Strick N. , Rowe A. W. , Rubinstein P. , Fotino M.
Published: March 2009

An alloantigen was detected in the cytoplasm of blood cells, predominantly in hemolyzed erythrocytes, by radioimmunoassays developed with antibodies from a hemophiliac. The frequency of the antigen varies in different races. Studies in Caucasian families revealed an autosomal‐dominant inheritance of the antigen.