bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal Safety and the Mixed Economy of Protection
Authors: Yanay Uri
Published: February 2007

Many People report a growing fear of crime and victimization and a wish to promote their personal safety. The State, which has traditionally maintained the monopoly over law enforcement, is unable to guarantee personal safety to all. In addition to the State, therefore, for profit and non profit organizations fund and produce services to secure the safety of citizens and their property, creating the “Mixed Economy”of protection.

This paper briefly discusses the right to personal safety and highlights eight alternative models included in the “Mixed Economy”of protection. It discusses the models and their implications for the community.
Estimating the Prevalence of Hard‐to‐Reach Populations: The Illustration of Mark‐Recapture Methods in the Study of Homelessness
Authors: Shaw Ian , Bloor Michael , Cormack Richard , Williamson Howard
Published: February 2007

This paper assesses the potential of mark‐recapture methods as a relatively powerful innovative research method for estimating the prevalence of “hard‐to‐reach”human populations in the social welfare field. We outline the development of mark‐recapture methods, illustrating some recent applications. The body of the paper reviews the main methodological and practical questions raised by the method. We suggest, by way of illustration, how it might be applied to estimating the prevalence of rough sleepers in a given geographical region.
Tea and Sympathy or Teetering on Social Work? An Investigation of the Blurring of the Boundaries Between Voluntary and Professional Care
Authors: Bagilhole Barbara
Published: February 2007

As the voluntary sector, particularly the use of volunteers, has been promoted and given greater importance and responsibility by the government, and statutory personal social services have been attacked, the boundaries between voluntary and professional care have become blurred. This article investigates this phenomenon using data from a study of a Home‐Start scheme, which employs two part‐time professional workers to organize a pool of volunteers. It looks at the reality of the provision of voluntary care from the perspective of the volunteers, the organizers of the scheme, and those for whom they provide a service. The gender perspective is considered as a crucial aspect in the “blurring of the boundaries”. It is argued that the new rhetoric of the flexibility and adaptability of welfare provided by the voluntary sector hides the increasing use of women volunteers, to offer sophisticated and intensive care. This creates a dilemma. In some cases, the women volunteers and their organizers feel that the essential nature of the care and the responsibility they are expected to take on are inappropriate and should be fulfilled by professional workers. On the other hand, the clients feel that its voluntary nature is an essential part of this care and that it could not be provided by paid statutory workers.
THE ‘BUOYANCY’ OF ‘OTHER’ GEOGRAPHIES OF GENTRIFICATION: GOING ‘BACK‐TO‐THE WATER’ AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF MARGINALITY
Authors: SMITH DARREN P.
Published: February 2007

This paper focuses on the motives underpinning the formation and (re)production of a marginal social group residing in houseboats within Shoreham‐by‐Sea, South‐east England. It is contended that the ‘boat‐people’ represent a unique example of going back‐to‐the‐water, which is tied to a predilection for a self‐sufficient and sustainable lifestyle, anti‐consumerism, a sense of community, and closeness to nature and natural elements. The discussion points to the importance of idyllic rural representations of the South Downs, which render positive cultural readings of the river, coast, water and tides. It is also noted that the houseboats provide an economic ‘loop‐hole’ into the wider gentrified housing markets of Brighton and Hove. Focusing on recent socio‐cultural and economic transformations, and linked to the regulation and commodification of the alternative lifestyles and living arrangements, the case study provides an example of the ‘purification’ of manufactured, atypical gentrified spaces. The findings therefore disrupt ideas of gentrification being synonymous with conventional residential spaces, and extend understandings of the diversity of ‘other’ geographies of gentrification to more fully embrace sociocultural marginality.
Extensive reading in Malawi: inadequate implementation or inappropriate innovation?
Authors: Williams Eddie
Published: February 2007

This article reports on the evaluation of an extensive reading programme in primary schools in Malawi, one of the poorest countries in Africa. The programme involved the delivery of book boxes at Years 4 and 5 to every Malawian primary school. Summative evaluation was achieved through baseline and project‐end testing, with observations and interviews employed for illuminative purposes. A time‐lapse design was employed, with testing in 1995 of Year 6 students (who had not had the programme in Years 4 and 5), and retesting in 1999 of Year 6 students in the same schools (who had had the programme in Years 4 and 5). Results unexpectedly showed a statistically significant decrease in mean score. The article explores deficiencies in programme implementation, but concludes that implementing educational innovations in Malawi requires sensitivity to the cultural‐educational context. Furthermore, there is merit in Malawians radically questioning the appropriacy of innovations.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders Revised Criteria for Chronic Migraine—Field Testing in a Headache Specialty Clinic
Authors: Bigal ME , Rapoport AM , Sheftell FD , Tepper SJ , Lipton RB
Published: February 2007

In the absence of a biological marker and expert consensus on the best approach to classify chronic migraine (CM), recent revised criteria for this disease has been proposed by the Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. This revised criteria for CM is now presented in the Appendix. Herein we field test the revised criteria for CM. We included individuals with transformed migraine with or without medication overuse (TM+ and TM-), according to the criteria proposed by Silberstein and Lipton, since this criterion has been largely used before the Second Edition of the International Classification of the Headache Disorders (ICHD-2). We assessed the proportion of subjects that fulfilled ICHD-2 criteria for CM or probable chronic migraine with probable medication overuse (CM+), as well as the revised ICHD-2 (ICHD-2R) criteria for CM (≥15 days of headache, ≥8 days of migraine or migraine-specific acute medication use—ergotamine or triptans). We also tested the ICHD-2R vs. three proposals. In proposal 1, CM/CM+ would require at least 15 days of migraine or probable migraine per month. Proposal 2 required ≥15 days of headache per month and at least 50% of these days were migraine or probable migraine. Proposal 3 required ≥15 days of headache and at least 8 days of migraine or probable migraine per month. Of the 158 patients with TM-, just 5.6% met ICHD-2 criteria for CM. According to the ICHD-2R, a total of 92.4% met criteria for CM ( P < 0.001 vs. ICHD-2). The ICHD-2R criterion performed better than proposal 1 (47.8% of agreement, P < 0.01) and was not statistically different from proposals 2 (87.9%) and 3 (94.9%). Subjects with TM+ should be classified as medication overuse headache (MOH), and not CM+, according to the ICHD-2R. Nonetheless, we assessed the proportion of them who had ≥8 days of migraine per month. Of the 399 individuals with TM+, just 10.2% could be classified as CM+ in the ICHD-2. However, most (349, 86.9%) had ≥8 days of migraine per month and could be classified as MOH and probable CM in the ICHD-2R ( P < 0.001 vs. ICHD-2). We conclude that the ICHD-2R addresses most of the criticism towards the ICHD-2 and should be adopted in clinical practice and research. In the population where use of specific acute migraine medications is less common, the agreement between ICHD-2R CM and TM may be less robust.
Narrow‐band UVB phototherapy combined with tacrolimus ointment in vitiligo: a review of 110 patients
Authors: Fai D , Cassano N , Vena GA
Published: February 2007

Background  Narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy and topical tacrolimus are included among the most innovative approaches to vitiligo.

Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with NB‐UVB and topical tacrolimus in vitiligo.

Methods  After informed consent, adult patients with chronic (> 1‐year duration) stable vitiligo refractory to conventional treatments were enrolled in an open‐labelled prospective study. Treatment regimen consists of once‐daily application, in the evening, of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment to the lesions of the face, or tacrolimus 0.1% ointment to the vitiligous patches located on other areas. Concomitant NB‐UVB phototherapy was performed twice weekly for 16 weeks.

Results  Study population included 110 patients (mean age, 42) with a total of 403 lesions. Within the treatment period, variable repigmentation was evident on more than 70% of lesions. Clinical response (repigmentation more than 50%) was observed in 42% of lesions. Response was strictly dependent on the site, being more frequent for face lesions (73%), followed by limbs (68%) and trunk (53.5%). The therapeutic effect on the extremities and genital areas was quite disappointing. Treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusions  Our preliminary data suggest that the combination of topical tacrolimus with NB‐UVB phototherapy can represent an alternative highly effective approach to refractory vitiligo located on the face, trunk and limbs. Long‐term safety data and randomized controlled trials on a large number of patients are required.
A DUAL MODALITY TRACKING SYSTEM
Authors: Davis J. F. , Mundl W. J.
Published: February 2007

A detailed description is given of a dual modality tracking apparatus. Hand operation is sensed by a null in a 1000‐cps tone with right and left error indicated by the corresponding earphone. The foot control is sensed by mechanical vibrators on either side of the chest with a null point arrangement similar to the ear phones. Cycle duration is 48 seconds. Time off target is recorded by a clock. Both time and distance off target are integrated over 4‐second intervals for separate graphic recording. This tracking apparatus is well suited to studies in which physiological variables are recorded, since muscular movements of S are minimal.
A SIMPLE SCANNER‐DIGIIIZER FOK READING POLYGRAPH RECORDS
Authors: Parker David M.
Published: February 2007

A low cost scanner‐digitizer is described which was designed to save time and decrease errors in reading polygraph records. It employs a linear cursor potentiometer, a digital voltmeter, and two other potentiometers to permit the conversion of changes in a polygraph line to appropriate physical units.
STIMULUS CHAINGE AND HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Zimny George H. , Schavabe Leonauo W.
Published: February 2007

Eight hypotheses derived from Sokolov's theory of habituation of the orienting response were tested. Subjects were given a series of 36 standard stimuli (SSs). each 500 cps. Four interpolations of a 1000‐cps test stimulus (TS) for one group (N = 10) and of a 4000‐cps TS for another group (N = 10) were made. Results for amplitude of galvanic skin response (GSR) for combined groups showed that habituation occurred over the first eight SSs and over the four TSs, that a TS produced return of GSR and disrupted habituation to the SS, and that response was greater to the TS than to the following SS. The 4000 TS disrupted habituation to the SS more than the 1000 TS and produced less drop from the TS to the next SS. Seven hypotheses were confirmed. Habituation of resistance level was found but spontaneous fluctuations were not. Sokolov's theory and the results obtained were related to the classical conditioning of autonomic processes.
ATTEMPTS TO INDUCE THE RAPID EYE MOVEMENT STAGE OF SLEEP IN MACACA MULATTA BY BRAIN STEM STIMULATION
Authors: Kripke Daniel F. , Weitzman Elliot D. , Pollak CharleS
Published: February 2007

Dural, orbital, and depth electrodes were chronically implanted in five monkeys, and 473 brain stem stimulations were given during 80 hr of EEG recording on 14 nights of sleep.

Although occasional rapid eye movement sleep periods occurred soon after stimulations, no parameters or loci of stimulation consistently provoked REMPs, occurred.

Statistical analyses did not demonstrate any precipitation of REMPs, and it is probable that only spontaneous REMPs occurred.

When compared with previous reports, these findings emphasize the importance of statistical controls in neurophysiological studies of REMP origin.
AN INEXPENSIVE TRANSDUCER FOR REMOTE DETERMINATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Horwitz Joseph , Averill James
Published: February 2007

A low‐cost transducer for monitoring arterial blood pressure by remote auscultation is described. It employs a miniature earphone attached to the diaphragm of a conventional stethoscope. The Korotkov sounds picked up by the diaphragm are converted to electrical signals by the earphone. These are amplified and monitored over a loudspeaker or headphones.
ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND ACTIVITY AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN RESTING SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , Landon Marvin M.
Published: February 2007

Active eccrine sweat gland activity was measured in 30 Negro and 29 Caucasian male subjects to determine whether sweat gland activity was a possible factor in racial differences in skin conductance. Basal skin conductance, heart rate, respiratory rate, finger skin temperature and blood pressure were also obtained. Negro Ss had significantly lower skin conductance but no other significant physiological differences were found. While there was no significant difference in number of active sweat glands between the races, the intragroup relationship between sweat gland count and skin conductance was significantly higher for the Negro Ss. The two groups did not differ in number of nonspecific galvanic skin responses (GSRs) but the Caucasian Ss showed greater change in skin conductance to an initial tone stimulus. When differences in prestimulus levels were taken into account, the group differences in response to stimuli were no longer significant.
HEART RATE CONTROL UNDER CONDITIONS OF AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK1
Authors: Brener Jasper , Hothersall David
Published: February 2007

Five human Ss were presented with a high frequency tone on the emission of each short inter‐heartbeat interval and a low frequency tone on the emission of each long inter‐heartbeat interval. Under these conditions, all Ss learned within a short period of time to produce significantly lower heart rates in the presence of one visual stimulus than in the presence of another. On the basis of this finding, it is suggested that an important determinant of where a given response falls on the voluntary/involuntary continuum is the availability of specific feedback from the response in question.
PATTERNS OF AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY IN IDENTICAL SCHIZOPHRENIC TWINS
Authors: Levene H. I. , Engel B. T. , Schulkin F. R.
Published: February 2007

Autonomic functions (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and face temperature) were studied in a set of identical schizophrenic twins who showed marked behavioral differences. The resting data confirmed previous reports that Ss who are more anxious and behaviorally disorganized have greater sympathetic activity. Stimulation data showed subject‐specific response patterns (i.e., individual response specificity). Inasmuch as there is evidence that autonomic functioning in identical twins is quite similar, i.e., genetically controlled, it would appear that these pattern differences are related to behavioral differences.
LOCAL VASCULAR AND THERMAL CHANGES THAT ACCOMPANY ELECTRIC SHOCK1
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Greenblatt David J.
Published: February 2007

A series of experiments was conducted to determine whether any physiological changes accompany the previously observed drop in impedance of the electrodeskin circuit during the administration of electric shock. Two concentric shock electrodes were modified by the addition of devices to measure the local temperature, blood volume, and blood pulse volume changes occurring directly under the electrode. Subjects were given a series of shocks through one of these electrodes, but not the other, while the physiological measures were recorded at both sites.

No significant differences in temperature and blood volume measures occurred between shocked and unshocked electrodes. However, directly correlated with the drastic drop in impedance of the shocked circuit was a marked increase in blood pulse volume, inferred to be a manifestation of the axon reflex. The two related effects were shown to be highly localized at or near the shocked electrode, and also to be characteristic only of the passage of current through electrode‐skin junctions.
A GENERATOR FOR PRODUCING IRREGULAR TIME PERIODS
Authors: Krausman David
Published: February 2007

A simple circuit is described which produces “random” timed periods for the presentation of stimuli, etc., in psychophysiologic research. The circuit takes advantage of the basic irregularity in flash rate of inexpensive incandescent flasher lamps sold for use in Christmas lighting displays. Increased irregularity in timing is provided by charging a capacitor when flashes occur in two bulbs simultaneously. A 4‐layer diode and associated circuitry produce a contact closure output.
PACED RESPIRATION AND HEART RATE CONTROL
Authors: Brener Jasper , Hothersall David
Published: February 2007

Five human subjects were presented with a high frequency tone on each short inter‐heartbeat interval (IBI) and a low frequency tone on each long IBI. They were instructed to produce high tones in the presence of one visual stimulus and low tones in the presence of another under conditions of paced and unpaced respiration. The results indicated that control of heart rate is not dependent upon respiratory mediation.
PATTERNS OF BASAL SKIN RESISTANCE DURING SLEEP
Authors: Tart Charles T.
Published: February 2007

There are qualitative differences between Ss in the pattern of basal skin resistance (BSR) through a night's sleep. The most common is a rapid rise to maximum value of BSR in the first hour, with a steady fall the rest of the night. A steady rise through the night is also common. No relationship between BSR and the occurrence of stage 1 dreaming was found.
EFFECT OF INCREASES AND DECREASES IN BREATHING RATE ON HEART RATE AND FINGER PULSE VOLUME
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Chism Ray A.
Published: February 2007

Twenty per cent changes in breathing rate (increases and decreases), sustained for 10 min, do not change average heart rate; however, increases in breathing rate tend to decrease the standard deviation of heart rate and decreases in breathing rate tend to increase the standard deviation of heart rate. Neither increases nor decreases in breathing rate abolish sinus arrhythmia.

Finger pulse volume is decreased by both increases and decreases in breathing rate. The standard deviation of finger pulse volume is decreased during slow‐paced breathing and unchanged during fast‐paced breathing. The decrease in finger pulse volume occurs within the first minute during slow‐paced breathing; however, during fast‐paced breathing the decrease does not occur until about 4 min after the onset of paced breathing.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL EACTORS THAT MODIFY THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC POTENTIAL
Authors: Cowen Murray A. , Ross John
Published: February 2007

The transcephalic DC potential is that voltage recorded across the midline surface of the head between the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions. Some psychophysiological correlates of this potential are described, and it is noted that little is known about the neuronal or biochemical modulation of it. Experiments are described using mature male cats, rabbits and rats as subjects. The frontal potential is found to shift progressively more positive as the depth of anesthesia increases. Pain causes a brief negative frontal shift and visceral irritation a positive one. Pinch mimics pain responses in etherized animals, but the DC shift is dampened in barbiturate anesthetized ones. Intracarotid injections of histamine and a histamine releaser produce a negative frontal shift. Heparin, serotonin, and nembutal produce positive frontal shifts. Epinephrine produces either a positive or negative shift, and potentiates the effects of histamine and serotonin. Histamine and serotonin combined produce a negative frontal shift. Many of these compounds are effective in 1μg or smaller doses. These findings, plus further analyses of the persistence, magnitude, latency, and dosage relatedness of the shifts are presented.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC CIRCUIT
Authors: Cowen Murray A. , Ross John , McDonald Robert
Published: February 2007

The transcephalic DC potential is a maintained and functionally significant voltage recorded over the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions on the midline of the scalp. Two possible sources for the potential are considered, cortical and cutaneous, and the latter is rejected on empirical grounds as the main voltage source. From consideration of the electrical properties of bone and of the blood, a path of least resistance is described, linking the cortex and the scalp. On the basis of this circuit pathway, a number of specific hypotheses are derived concerning the relative potentials, polarities and resistances to be found over regions of the cortex, skull and scalp and these predictions were found to be consistent with experimental results. These findings greatly strengthen the probability that the cortex is the main generator of the TCDC potentials, but also indicate that certain other structures probably modulate the circuit as well by acting as variable resistances.
VISUAL RECALL ABILITY AND EYE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Brown Barbaka B.
Published: February 2007

Pursuit eye movements induced by Deckert's technique, using a moving object of specific excursion and beat frequency, were compared between active watching of the moving object and recalling the motion with eyes closed. Ability for visual imagery and incidence of its use were evaluated by questionnaires and discussion following the test procedure. Eye movements during eyes‐closed recall occurred significantly more frequently in visualizers than non‐visualizers. Exceptions to the relationship suggest that the occurrence of eye movements during recall do not necessarily indicate presence of visual imagery, but that oculomotor activity may be recalled independently. Eye movements during eyes‐closed recall generally under‐ or over‐estimate both excursion and timing of the original motion.
PALMAR‐DORSAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE DIFFERENCES DURING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Authors: Mordkoff Arnold M.
Published: February 2007

The sweat gland‐epidermis basis of the skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated in a study in which measurements were obtained from both the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hand during classical conditioning. In a previous study using a long CS‐UCS interval, it was found that the palmar measurements, representing mainly the sweat gland component, gave rise to larger anticipatory conditional responses. Under the conditions of the present study (CS‐UCS interval =. 5 seconds) it was predicted on the basis of an adaptation theory that the epidermal component (dorsal measurement) would predominate and be equal to or greater than that of the sweat gland (palmar measurement). This prediction was confirmed.
SILVER‐SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODERMAL ELECTRODES
Authors: Miller Ralph Dudley
Published: February 2007

An electrolytic method is presented for the preparation of a disc type Ag‐AgCl electrode which has low bias potential and drift, moderate resistance and low polarization, is relatively durable, and can be easily replated if damaged or contaminated. The electrode has been used for measuring both skin potential and conductance and is compatible with a previously published device which compensates for non‐isothermal electrodes in skin potential recording. Although other applications have not been explored, the general design might be useful for the recording of other peripherally assessed bioelectric activity as well. A convenient electrode paste is described which does not dry out quickly and can be stored indefinitely.
SOME PROPERTIES OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND POTENTIAL
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Miller R. D. , Strahan R. F.
Published: February 2007

SC and SP were measured simultaneously from opposite hands during a stress period and a subsequent prolonged relaxation in 19 Ss. With the Ss relaxed, toward the end of the session, simultaneous measures of SC and SP were taken between various combinations of two active and two drilled reference electrodes on both hands. It was found that SC measured with the external voltage connected in series‐adding with the endogenous SP (i.e., positive pole to the active electrode) was some 13 percent higher than when measured in reverse polarity. Supplementary experiment showed that this‘rectification effect’ could be entirely attributed to the effect of the endogenous potential. A method of estimating SC from SP readings with no external current source was shown to give results equivalent to values measured in the usual way. These and other findings support the claim that steady‐state electro‐dermal properties fit a simple model consisting of a variable voltage and a variable resistance in series. Within‐subject correlations of SC and SP were high for Ss with low average SCs, lower for high‐SC Ss who seemed less able to relax. The data suggest that SP may be an inverted‐U shaped function of arousal and perhaps that the‘beta process,’ which drives the tonic SP downward with increasing arousal, may begin to function at much lower levels of arousal for some Ss than for others. Phasic responses obtained at the end of the session when some Ss were apparently asleep suggest that, when S is drowsy or in light sleep, both the SCR and the SPR have lengthened and variable latencies, and the SPR is uniformly a large, negative going (alpha) response. Uniphasic beta SPRs were rather consistently obtained when the pre‐stimulus tonic SP was already high.
CORTICAL SLOW POTENTIAL CHANGES IN MAN RELATED TO INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL AND TO PRE TRIAL PREDICTION OF INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL
Authors: McAdam Dale W. , Knott John R. , Rebert Charles S.
Published: February 2007

Two experiments were performed to explore further the relationship between the cortical slow potential change known as the “contingent negative variation” (CNV) and the concept of “expectancy.”

In Experiment I, 24 male Ss were presented click pairs, with inter‐click intervals of 800, 1600 and 4800 msec (2 blocks of 10 trials each, counterbalanced between Ss for order), and instructed to press a key after the second click. Interval by order by trials analysis of variance showed interval to be the only significant factor: CNVs were lower and RTs longer as interval increased.

In Experiment II, 8 female Ss given 60 pairs of clicks, 30 each with separations of 1200 and 2400 msec, were instructed to respond as in Experiment I, and were asked to make a pretrial prediction of the interval they would next receive. Analysis of variance of RTs showed that Ss responded slower when the interval was other than that predicted. Prediction by reception by subjects analysis of variance of CNV amplitude at the 1200 msec point gave a significant F only for prediction, mean amplitude for short being higher than for long. A similar design applied to CNV amplitudes at both the 1200 and 2400 msec points when Ss received the long interval yielded a significant measurement point by interval predicted interaction; at the 1200 msec point, short predictions were followed by higher CNVs than were long predictions; at 2400 msec, the opposite was found.

These data combine with those already in the literature to indicate that the relationship between “expectancy” and the CNV is far from simple, and that cognitive and motivational factors play a significant role in determining CNV amplitude.
INTER‐RATER RELIABILITY AND THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE IN SCORING EEG SLEEP RECORDS: PHASE 1.
Authors: Monroe Lawrence J.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability of scoring all‐night EEG sleep records. To determine the amount of inter‐rater agreement of scoring EEG sleep stages, 28 raters from 14 different sleep laboratories scored the same 398 minute sleep record.

Statistical analyses showed varying amounts of inter‐rater agreement across sleep stages with St. REM showing the highest reliability and delta stages the least inter‐rater agreement. A comparison of raters with High, Medium, and Low experience revealed lower within‐group variability for Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the more experienced raters.

It was concluded that increased reliability and comparability of results could be obtained readily by increased standardization of recording techniques and scoring criteria.
THE LOCALIZATION OF NON TACTILE THERMAL SENSATIONS
Authors: Simmel Marianne L. , Shapiro Alan
Published: February 2007

An experiment by Nathan and Rice (1966) on the localization of thermal sensations was replicated. The present, somewhat more detailed, results essentially confirm the findings of the earlier authors. Thermal sensations evoked by non‐tactile thermal stimuli can be localized; their localization is less accurate than that of tactile stimuli; and the accuracy of localization increases with increasing intensity of stimulation and sensation. To account for these findings several alternative hypotheses concerning the interaction between thermal and tactile modalities and large and small fiber sensory systems have been suggested.
DUAL CHART DRIVE FOR GRASS POLYGRAPH
Authors: Baldridge Bill J. , Whitman Roy M. , Kramer Milton , Ornstein Paul H.
Published: February 2007

A modification of a polygraph in which a second chart drive is incorporated to allow simultaneous recording at two different chart speeds is described. The auxiliary chart drive is of the same type as the original, having ten speeds and operating independently of the original. Specific uses of the two‐chart system are discussed.
A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING TACTILE SENSITIVITY
Authors: Streeter Harrison
Published: February 2007

An apparatus has been developed that measures tactile sensitivity using short, intermittent air bursts of variable intensity as the stimulus. Subjects easily learn to find their own tactile threshold as measured by an impulse of just noticeable pressure. Cost of construction of the device is modest.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT EXPOSURES TO AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK ON THE CONTROL OF HEART RATE
Authors: Brener Jasper , Kleinman Roger A. , Goesling Wendell J.
Published: February 2007

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of different exposures to augmented sensory feedback of heart rate performance on the development of voluntary control of heart rate. Three groups of five Ss each received augmented sensory feedback on 100%, 50%, or 0% of training trials respectively. The amount of heart rate control exhibited by Ss was observed to be a direct function of the percentage of training trials on which feedback was given. Respiration rate changes were not systematically influenced by this variable although higher respiration rates were consistently associated with high heart rates and lower respiration rates with low heart rates.
ANTICIPATORY AND PREPARATORY ELECTRODERMAL BEHAVIOR IN PAIRED STIMULATION SITUATIONS
Authors: Grings William W.
Published: February 2007

Electrodermal indicators of anticipation and preparation accompanying paired stimulation are divided into three classes: (1) features of responding between onsets of the stimuli; (2) changes in response to the second stimulus which occur only when the first stimulus is present; and (3) responses at the point where the response to the second stimulus would occur but which are observed in the absence of the second stimulus. The first two classes are elaborated here.

Two experiments explore responses in the interstimulus interval. The number of such responses, their probability of occurrence, and the magnitudes of changes, identified either by ordinal number of occurrence or latency, all show differential behavior in the form of reinforcement effects (pairing vs nonpairing) and trace‐delay conditioning differences. Preparatory responses of the second class are illustrated by phenomena from conditioning studies, namely UCR diminution and perceptual disparity responding.

The data are interpreted as demonstrating the signal character of the first stimulus which sets or prepares the individual for receipt of the second stimulus.
ELECTRODERMAL INDICANTS OE AROUSAL IN BRAIN DAMAGE: CROSS‐VALIDATED EINDINGS
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Chandler Peter J.
Published: February 2007

Two independent experiments were performed in which skin resistance levels, transformed to log skin conductance levels (SCLs), and GSRs of brain‐damaged (BD) and non‐brain‐damaged (NBD) patients were measured under varying task demands. Cross‐validated results indicate that BD had significantly higher log SCLs and GRSs than NBD over conditions. Patterns of correlations between and within measures of arousal and performance were similar in both experiments and tended to differ for BD compared to NBD. Positive correlations between arousal measures and performance in the BD suggest that their impaired performance cannot be ascribed to non‐optimal levels of arousal, at least as measured electrodermally. A group of schizophrenics subjected to the same experimental conditions had levels of electrodermal activity and performance which were intermediate to those of BD and NBD. Other results suggest that different psychophysiological relationships exist in BD and schizophrenic patients. The hypothesis that brain‐damage leads to release of inhibitory control over systems involved in electrodermal activity seems worthy of further investigation.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES IN SUBJECTS TRAINED TO CONTROL ALPHA RHYTHMS
Authors: Spilker Bert , Kamiya Joe , Callaway Enoch , Yeager Charles L.
Published: February 2007

Averaged visual evoked responses (AER) to sine wave light and to light flashes were recorded in seven subjects trained to control alpha rhythms. All seven subjects demonstrated a greater AER amplitude to sine wave light when there was high or abundant alpha in the EEG than when the alpha was low or almost entirely absent. Two of the early waves of the flash AER were usually greater in amplitude during periods of high alpha. A cycloplegic agent was shown to have no effect upon this finding, nor did varying the frequency of sine wave light stimulation. Period analysis of the EEG showed more activity at both low and high frequency bands during periods of low alpha. Auditory evoked response amplitudes were not significantly different between the high and low background alpha conditions. These results were discussed in relation to current views correlating AERs with attentive states.
HEART RATE AND SOMATIC CHANGES DURING AVERSIVE CONDITIONING AND A SIMPLE REACTION TIME TASK
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. , Sutterer James R.
Published: February 2007

Four experiments are reported, all of which are concerned with evaluating in human Ss the relationship between the deceleration of heart rate, observed to anticipate both aversive and non‐aversive stimuli, and several aspects of somatic‐motor activity. In a simple reaction time task, a decrease in spontaneous bursts of EMG activity and both respiration amplitude and frequency were found to be concomitant with the deceleration of heart rate during the foreperiod and to be directly correlated with reaction time. The decrease in anticipatory somatic activity to an aversive stimulus was found in a second experiment to extend to spontaneous eye movements and blinks, which also had a marked concomitance with the anticipatory deceleration of heart rate. However, experimentally imposed somatic activity, i.e. continuous finger tapping, increased in intensity around the time the UCS was expected. A third experiment provided additional evidence that the anticipatory cardiac deceleration to aversive stimuli was not mediated significantly by respiratory maneuvers. Finally, evidence was provided that the basis for the spontaneous EMG bursts may be related to somatic responses elsewhere in the body, such as postural adjustments.
A CONSTANT CURRENT SKIN RESISTANCE COUPLER
Authors: Welford Norman T.
Published: February 2007

A constant current skin resistance measuring device with separate outputs, linear in ohms, for skin resistance responses (SRR) and skin resistance level (SRL) is described. The unit is made as a coupler for an Offner Type R Dyno‐graph, and has built‐in calibration facilities.
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VOLAR SKIN POTENTIAL LEVEL IN ATTENTION AND THE EFFECTS OF AGE
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

Skin potential (SP) level was investigated in 58 young (aged 22–53 years) and 64 old (aged 54–85 years) Ss. SP recordings were made during a 15‐min interval while Ss were taking part in a watch‐keeping task. The Kolmogorov‐Smimov test revealed that, while the distribution of SP level in young Ss deviated significantly from normality, the distribution in old Ss was normal. Evidence suggested that age of Ss needs to be taken into account when dealing with distributions of SP level recorded under attentive conditions.
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING OE SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSES
Authors: Shnidman Susan R.
Published: February 2007

Avoidance of electric shock was used to manipulate skin potential changes elicited by a simple visual stimulus. Experimental and control Ss were matched on habituation trials and yoked for 40 acquisition and 10 extinction trials. During acquisition the avoidance Ss differentiated between stimulus and non‐stimulus periods more reliably than the controls. During extinction the avoidance group produced significantly more criterion electrodermal responses, with greater magnitude of positive wave components, than the control group. Some of the problems of appropriate control procedures inherent in this design are examined in relation to these results.
MANIPULATION OF CONTRAST BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL GSR RESPONSES THROUGH THE USE OF ORDERED TASKS OF INFORMATION DETECTION
Authors: Lieblich Israel
Published: February 2007

Three variables involved in the production of Short Term Physiological Activation (STPA) were identified: a) frequency of usage of the stimulus by the organism, b) relevance of the stimulus to the organism, and c) whether or not a verbal response to the stimulus is required.

Stimulus sequences for information detection were constructed by combining these variables, and physiological responsiveness was observed in the GSR. It was hypothesized that short term physiological responsivity could be manipulated in an ordered fashion using combinations of the above‐mentioned variables. Each one of 54 Ss was tested in six experimental sequences. It was found that it was possible to manipulate the contrast between the GSRs emitted by the S to the critical stimuli, and those produced to the alternative stimuli in information detection tasks in the predicted direction.
CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS TO SEMANTIC STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Platz Arthur
Published: February 2007

The influence of affective meaning on the photically evoked response was studied in male college students. Three sets of stimuli were used: taboo words, neutral words, and blank flashes. Two blocks of trials were run for each stimulus, one in which the S responded by calling the stimulus presented, and a second in which the S was not required to respond.

The late components of the evoked potential were significantly related to both the stimulus and response conditions. Amplitude 2 was larger for the taboo words than for either the neutral words or the blank flash. The taboo words had a significantly greater amplitude 3 than neutral words, and both sets of words had higher amplitude 3 than the blank flash. The stimulus effect was discussed in terms of the possible influence of anatomical structures involved in emotional behavior on the visual evoked response. The response effect was felt to be the result of the increased attention required under the response condition.
CEPHALIC VASOMOTOR AND HEART RATE MEASURES OE ORIENTING AND DEEENSIVE REELEXES
Authors: Raskin David C. , Kotses Harry , Bever James
Published: February 2007

The problem of differentiating orienting (OR) and defensive reflexes (DR) was investigated by measurements of forehead‐skin pulse amplitude (PA), forehead‐skin blood content (BC), and heart rate (HR). Thirty male college students received 30 stimulations of .5 sec white noise at either 80 db or 120 db. Beat‐by‐beat analyses of the physiological measures indicated that both intensities of stimulation produced decreases in PA. Forehead BC showed larger increases to 120 db than to 80 db, and successive stimulations produced a change to overall decreases in BC at both intensities. HR acceleration occurred to both stimuli, and a short‐latency deceleration occurred to 80 db. The results were interpreted as showing that cephalic vasoconstriction is the dominant response to auditory stimulation, and cephalic vasomotor responses do not differentiate between ORs and DRs. The short‐latency HR deceleration and smaller HR acceleration differentiated the OR from the DR.
REACTION TIME OF SINGLE MOTOR UNITS
Authors: Thysell Richard V.
Published: February 2007

Four studies of the simple reaction time (RT) of single motor units (MU) are reported. In each study S was first trained to control the firing of a MU by observing visual and auditory feedback of MU action potentials detected by an implanted electrode. Training was followed by one or more RT testing sessions. Experiment I demonstrated that MU RT was about equal to that of a comparable Overt RT, and suggested that the distribution of MU RTs was bimodal. Experiments II and III confirmed that the distribution was bimodal and eliminated the hypotheses that the bimodality was due to equipment artifacts or to S's switching between the defined visual and potentially confounding auditory reaction cues. Experiment IV tested, and rejected, the hypothesis that the bimodality was due to S's alternating between brightness and pattern information processing on RT trials.

In all 4 experiments the bimodality was defined by a paucity of responses in the 175–199 msec interval. This fact was related to the findings that delayed auditory feedback has its maximal disruptive effect at 180 msec, and that the limit of the psychological refractory period seems to be between 175 and 200 msec. Further experiments relating these findings were suggested.
PERSONALITY AND RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO SOUND AND LIGHT
Authors: McCollum Mary , Burch Neil R. , Roessler Robert
Published: February 2007

Respiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory rate (RR) parameters were examined in student subjects (Ss) following stimulation with five intensities of sound and five intensities of light. All Ss completed the MMPI and were then divided into high and low ego strength (Es) groups on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale. These groups were balanced for alertness‐drowsiness by EEG criteria. High Es Ss responded with a greater increase in RA than low Es Ss and there was a strong trend for high Es Ss to respond less than low Es Ss in RR. Both RA and RR increased following stimulation with the greatest changes following greater intensities of stimulation in both modalities. Light induced a greater increase in RA and RR than sound.
THE HEART RATE RESPONSE TO A BRIEF AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULUS
Authors: Smith David B. D. , Strawbridge Phyllis J.
Published: February 2007

The adult heart rate (HR) response was studied in 18 male subjects following a series of 10 tones and 10 light flashes. Both stimuli were of moderate intensity (54 db and 8.0 ml) and had rise times of 30 milliseconds. The tone evoked a predominantly acceleratory response and no decrement with repetition. Initially, the light flash evoked a predominantly deceleratory response which changed to one of acceleration as the stimulus was repeated.

Analysis of respiration revealed that an increase in rate and amplitude followed both stimuli and that the magnitude of respiratory changes did not diminish with stimulus repetition. Viewed according to Sokolov's criteria for identifying orienting, defensive, and adaptive responses the results support the conclusions that: (1) HR deceleration is a component of the orienting response; and (2) HR acceleration is neither an orienting, defensive, nor adaptive response but is largely secondary to respiratory changes. On the basis of the evidence, a tentative model of the HR response to simple auditory and visual stimuli is offered.
A SYSTEM FOR REGISTERING BOTH TRUE AND FALSE FEEDBACK OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Borrey Roland , Grings William W. , Longstreet Beverlee J.
Published: February 2007

A system has been presented which allows the presentation of either true galvanic skin responses (GSRs) or false GSRs to a recorder viewed by a subject (S). Transistor circuitry is used to produce a double RC circuit using a common capacitor with two variable resistors which control the time constants of the rise and decay of a pulse such that it reflects changes in time of a true GSR. An attenuator controls the proportion of true resistance change of the S which is passed through or added to the response of the false feedback generator. This provides a means of projecting to the S either completely false GSR responding, completely true GSR activity, or a mixture of both. A record of the true responses of the S is obtained by a second recorder viewed only by the experimenter.
THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN AROUSAL LEVEL ON CRITICAL FLICKER FUSION FREQUENCY AND FIGURAL REVERSAL TASKS
Authors: Tomkiewicz Robert L. , Cohen Walter
Published: February 2007

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between intra‐and inter‐individual differences in arousal level and performance on both critical flicker fusion frequency and figural reversal tasks. Forty male undergraduate Ss were used. Electrical skin conductance was used as the indicant of arousal level. For the intra‐individual comparisons white noise was used to increase the Ss’arousal levels. Significant inverted U‐shaped relationships were found between both flicker fusion thresholds and rates of figural reversal and skin conductance between individuals. A significant curvilinear relationship was found between rates of figural reversal and level of conductance within individuals. No significant curvilinear relationship was found between flicker fusion thresholds and level of conductance within individuals.
RECOGNITION OF ASPECTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH EEG ALPHA ACTIVITY REPRESENTED BY A LIGHT SIGNAL
Authors: Brown Barbara B.
Published: February 2007

Subjects were instructed to attempt identification of feeling states which would keep on a blue light operated by EEG alpha activity. A closed physiologic feedback system was used and no stimuli external to the circuit were employed. A highly significant degree of enhanced alpha activity was achieved in the first practice session, and 60% of the subjects showed specificity of the response to the light signal situation as compared to the same situation without the light signal. Greatest achievement of enhanced alpha activity appeared to be related to narrowing of perceptual awareness and pleasant feeling states.