bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tatnall F. G.
Published: August 2009

The Symposium on Advanced Testing Techniques brings into focus those new testing methods needed to evaluate the service performance of intricate assemblies which have accompanied the progress in automotive, aeronautic, astronautic, mechanical, and civil engineering structures and composite materials. These new testing techniques operate in various hostile environments subjected to every kind of dynamic excursion: fatigue, impact, vibration, and combined stress. The evaluation of assemblies and composites must include not only the “one-hoss shay” kind of shape and design of the structure but also its joints and fasteners. It must cover the latest methods of measurement to predict the life of the structure subjected to random loading as encountered in service. It must seek the answer to the question: “Must structures fail prematurely or catastrophically?” Spectacular things are happening in these new testing techniques that herald new approaches to test measurement differing from the customary ASTM approach. Thus it seems fitting that the ASTM member should be afforded the chance to look at and consider these advanced techniques to see how they might possibly be adapted to his area of immediate concern. To cover the entire field, the Society for Experimental Stress Analysis was invited to share the symposium with ASTM to contribute their specialties, which have grown phenomenally in recent years. They are developing the concept of measurement as a means of making structures stronger by making them lighter. SESA activities range from measuring the physical effects of automobile collisions to the stress analysis of space vehicles in all kinds of environments and field service conditions.
Experimental Stress Analysis—Where ASTM and SESA Meet
Authors: Stein P. K.
Published: August 2009

In the last analysis the engineer produces hardware. The testmeasurement techniques quantified by ASTM and SESA are therefore only avenues to the production of good hardware. Such avenues must be synthesized into a meaningful whole in order to provide the engineer with useful information. The major factors involved in this synthesis are discussed.
Accuracy of Strain Measurements at Elevated Temperatures with Electric Resistance Strain Gages
Authors: Lemcoe M. M.
Published: August 2009

Pertinent conclusions from an extensive study at the Liquid Metal Engineering Center (LMEC) of the accuracy and performance of high-temperature strain gages are presented, with particular emphasis on that portion of the study pertaining to an evaluation of 16 Armour D-platinum gages fabricated at the LMEC for use up to 1200 F. (Armour D alloy is 70 percent iron, 20 percent chromium, and 10 percent aluminum.) Test apparatus and procedures used to evaluate these gages are described. Variations in gage-to-gage performance, as a function of the test sequence, are analyzed on a statistical basis to assess gage accuracy. It is concluded that there are no suitable commercial gages for the measurement of strains on liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) components at temperatures up to 1200 F, and that the Armour D-platinum gage performed better than any of the commercial gages similarly evaluated at the LMEC for use up to 1200 F. The presentation should be of particular interest to those involved in high-temperature strain measurement, or in the interpretation of high-temperature strain measurement with respect to structural or materials behavior.
Prediction of Failures in Service by Photoelastic Methods
Authors: Redner S.
Published: August 2009

The technique of photoelasticity has been used basically as a stress analysis tool. More recently, its application to failure prediction has found extensive application, and it has become a powerful and economical approach in solving the failure analysis problem. Some areas of application are discussed in this article, including defect detection, residual stress measurement, effect of assembly stresses, service overloads, and proof testing.
Random Load Fatigue Test on Automotive Components and Structures
Authors: Camp J. D.
Published: August 2009

A general method is described for the application of random vibration techniques to a laboratory road simulation of a road durability schedule as used by Pontiac Motor Div., General Motors Corp. Basic philosophy as well as specific recommendations are given for the design of the procedures in evaluating the parameters influencing the road simulation. Instrumentation and data reduction techniques are discussed with application to a new concept in laboratory road simulation. A three-axis input, hydraulic shaker road simulator is described which duplicates the random road profile in the fatigue testing of a complete vehicle. A road-simulated endurance test can be programmed which can utilize either magnetic tape or programmed random noise command to electrohydraulic shakers. The test program includes recording of the random road inputs to the vehicle suspension, analysis of these inputs by power spectral density and statistical techniques, and duplication of these random inputs with the shaker facility for vehicle structure fatigue test, with analysis of data from the shaker facility to insure that the force inputs from the road simulator are actually as the car sees the inputs as it is being driven on the road.
Low Cycle Fatigue Testing Using Digital Random Sequences with Computer Control
Authors: Shoe R. E. , Swanson S. R.
Published: August 2009

Over the years there has been an increasing interest in the problem of fatigue damage accumulation in the low cycle fatigue range, as there has been for some time in the high cycle range. In many instances, the amplitude of the cycles of strain or stress are variable. A test technique which demonstrates damage accumulation under both variable and constant amplitude loading would help clarify the differences in fatigue damage buildup in each case. Toward this end, the technique of random loading, which is already attractive for service simulation in many cases, appears useful for fundamental studies of damage accumulation. Since the number of cycles involved in low cycle fatigue (to failure) is low, digital techniques for random loading are especially attractive. They carry with them the added feature of step-by-step monitoring of hysteresis loop energy, as well as close control of the variable involved (usually total strain). In the test program described in this paper, the results of a random walk in strain amplitude (where the polarity is reversed on each step) on the fatigue life of an aluminum alloy are presented, against a background of conventional (zero mean strain) constant amplitude S-N test results. To perform these tests, digital-computer-controlled closed-loop equipment was used in strain control. Interfacing with the test machine required digital-to-analog command conversion, and analog-to-digital transducer information conversion. A subroutine for creating random numbers was developed in the software system for the computer. Constant strain rate (triangular) cycles of strain were used throughout. To characterize the material used in this test program, a separate software program was developed which yielded the true stress-true strain curve. A special dual-range extensometer was developed for this part of the program.
A Ground Support Prediction Concept: The Rock Structure Rating (RSR) Model
Authors: Skinner Eugene H.
Published: August 2009

The Rock Structure Rating (RSR) for prediction of ground support requirements was developed under contract research by the Bureau of Mines. The RSR value index is on a numeric scale of 0 to 100 and is the sum of weighted numerical values determined by considering three basic parameters. Parameter A combines the generic rock type with an index value for rock strength along with the general appraisal of the geologic structure. Parameter B relates the joint pattern with respect to the direction of drive. Parameter C considers the overall rock quality determined by the sum of Parameters A and B along with the degree of joint weathering and alteration, and the anticipated amount of water inflow. Each parameter evaluates the relative support requirement for various geologic and construction factors. The RSR correlation with support further utilizes the “rib ratio” which relates the actual support installation to a theoretical support spacing. Support predictions were determined for steel ribs, shotcrete, and rock bolts. The RSR method of support analysis provides ground support requirements prior to excavation and effective control of ground support practices for project management and operating personnel.
Rock Mass Classification and Tunnel Reinforcement Selection Using the Q-System
Authors: Barton Nick
Published: August 2009

This paper provides an overview of the Q-system and documents the scope of case records used in its development. A description of the rock mass classification method is given using the following six parameters: core recovery (RQD), number of joint sets, roughness and alteration of the least favorable discontinuities, water inflow, and stress-strength relationships. Examples of field mapping are given as an illustration of the practical application of the method in the tunneling environment, where the rock may already be partly covered by a temporary layer of shotcrete. The method is briefly compared with other classification methods, and the advantages of the method are emphasized.
The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index in Practice
Authors: Deere D. U. , Deere D. W.
Published: August 2009

The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) index was introduced 20 years ago at a time when rock quality information was usually available only from geologists' descriptions and the percent of core recovery. The RQD is a modified core recovery percentage in which unrecovered core, fragments and small pieces of rock, and altered rock are not counted so as to downgrade the quality designation of rock containing these features. Although originally developed for predicting tunneling conditions and support requirements, its application was extended to correlation with in situ rock mechanical properties and, in the 1970s, to forming a basic element of several classification systems. Its greatest value, however, remains as an exploratory tool where it serves as a red flag to identify low-RQD zones which deserve greater scrutiny and which may require additional borings or other exploratory work. Case history experience shows that the RQD red flag and subsequent investigations often have resulted in the deepening of foundation levels and the reorientation or complete relocation of proposed engineering structures, including dam foundations, tunnel portals, underground caverns, and power facilities.
The Activities of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Bly James H. , Burrill E. Alfred , Kahn Noah A. , Migel Hamilton , Hastings C. H. , Smack John C. , Tenney Gerold H.
Published: August 2009

It is the purpose of this paper to present in brief certain historical and organizational background material pertaining to ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing; it is hoped that this material will assist in placing in perspective the information to be presented by other contributors to this session. Thus the entire group of presentations may cohere in a complete picture of the committee's niche in ASTM structure. Historically, the committee was organized in the late 1930's, following the presentation, at the 1936 Annual Meeting of the Society, of the first Symposium on Radiography. The interest aroused by and evinced in this symposium indicated a need for further activities in the radiographic field within the Society, and the committee was officially organized in 1938 under the chairmanship of the late H. H. Lester, of Watertown Arsenal. Mr. Lester had been a prime mover in the organization of both symposium and committee; he remained as chairman for ten years and was a most active member even after retiring from the chair; his activity continued, in fact, until his recent untimely death. The original scope of the committee is indicated by its initial designation as Committee E-7 on Radiographic Testing. Its Executive Council, or steering committee, felt in those years that a primary need existed for the dissemination of knowledge concerning radiography; hence its major activity in early years was directed toward “promotion of knowledge and advancement of the art” of radiography through the sponsorship of technical papers and symposia. The need for development of standard methods and procedures was not ignored, however; one of the early activities was the preparation and publication of the now superseded Radiographic Testing of Metal Casting (E 15); the Navy's set of standard radiographs of steel castings was adopted as the Society's first set of reference radiographs, now designated E 71; and an Industrial Radiographic Terminology, E 52, was developed and published.
Nondestructive Testing Applied to Railroad Materials and Equipment
Authors: Pedrick A. S.
Published: August 2009

Periodic inspection, maintenance, and tests are of paramount importance in railroading since safety of operation must be assured at all times. “Safety First” is an old slogan in railroading dating back to the early days in the industry. It is usually associated directly with train operation, but successful train operation also depends on quality control of the materials and parts used on the motive power and car equipment as well as on proper maintenance of this equipment and track, roadbed and related facilities so that all will serve their intended function with the desired reliability and safety in service.
Nondestructive Testing of Uranium
Authors: Tenney Gerold H.
Published: August 2009

The rapidly increasing peacetime application of nuclear energy will entail a corresponding increase in the use of uranium. The high physical density, nuclear characteristics, slightly different manufacturing methods, and greatly unorthodox specifications for uranium require special techniques of nondestructive testing. Uranium ranging in thickness from a few mils up to about 2 1/2 in. has been radiographed successfully, using sources of different energies. Typical exposure charts, respective film-screen combinations, the use of vacuum cassettes, and the problem of shielding against object and room scatter are also included in this discussion. Furthermore, the use of radiation gages to measure the uniformity of mass per unit area and the application of ultrasonics are taken under consideration. The sensitivities of these various methods, which determine their use within a particular thickness range, are also mentioned.
Development of Techniques for the Detection of Cracks in Small Cylindrical Specimens by Reluctance Methods
Authors: Roffman Eugene
Published: August 2009

Nondestructive testing of metals is associated with the analysis of a specimen for particular properties or structural flaws. Before a test can be decided upon, certain factors must be considered. While it is desirable to make a test insensitive to unrelated properties, this idealized condition is not always attainable. Often a test designed to gage one property of a material will be influenced by other properties; therefore it is essential that all facts associated with the fabrication of the specimen be known and taken into consideration when test results are evaluated. A nondestructive test method may be either a qualitative or a quantitative analysis. The former is most often associated with the rapid tests required in production line work. The result of such tests would be a simple indication of “accept” or “reject” based upon a comparison with an acceptable standard. When specimens are to be graded in terms of a multi-valued function, a quantitative analysis is indicated. In the fabrication of steel items, many types of flaws appear in the finished product. Flaws may be produced by structural stresses or inclusions during manufacture. These flaws may be classified as cracks, splits, seams, stringers, and so on, and are often so small as to be undiscernible to the unaided eye.
Electronic X-Ray Image Systems
Authors: Holste R. F. , Jacobs J. E. , Pace A. L.
Published: August 2009

Ever since the discovery of the X-ray-by Roentgen in 1895, there has been an intensive quest for faster, more economical methods of presenting visually the composite transmitted X-ray pattern. Until the past few years, only two practical methods have been in wide use—the film and the fluoroscopic screen, the latter being less sensitive than the former. In recent years, several electronic devices have been developed which are additional advancements toward this goal. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the underlying principles of these systems in order that the potentialities for future applications can be evaluated.
Ultrasonic Inspection of Aircraft Forgings
Authors: Barath Alex
Published: August 2009

Ultrasonic inspection, one of the newest methods of nondestructive testing, has grown in a relatively short time from a laboratory phenomenon to one of our most valuable means of detecting subsurface discontinuities. Ultrasonic flaw detection, basically speaking, employs a high-frequency sound wave which, when transmitted into a piece of material, follows a linear path and is reflected back when it reaches the end face of the material or an internal discontinuity. In plate, bar, and extrusion, the subsurface defects lie parallel to the surface, almost without exception, and these materials readily adapt themselves to high-speed scanning and the use of automation and automatic scanning equipment.
An Ultrasonic Technique for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Metal-To-Metal Adhesive Bonds
Authors: Arnold James S.
Published: August 2009

The use of adhesives in the fabrication of metal composite structures is a technique that has become very useful in many fields of design and manufacturing, particularly those related to aircraft. The utilization of adhesive materials has made it possible to satisfy design requirements that would be extremely difficult or impossible to satisfy by the use of more conventional fastening methods. Many factors affect the quality of adhesive bonds, and several types of destructive and non-destructive tests have been proposed and used in efforts to measure bond quality. Destructive tests on adhesive-bonded samples are widely used; they determine bond quality by destroying the bond, thus making the assembly unusable. As a result, the evaluation of usable bonds is based on statistical and process control variables, which is quite satisfactory in some applications. There are, however, many applications in which a direct indication of bond strength in usable assemblies is necessary. Situations in which an adhesive bond contributes to the structural integrity of aircraft exemplify these applications. The need for a non-destructive method of bond evaluation has thus arisen, and only with the development of such a method will designers be able to exploit fully the adhesive fastening technique. The adhesives used in such applications are complex organic materials. The application of the adhesive requires extreme cleanliness and rigid process control. Most of the adhesives attain their strength at the conclusion of a “cure” at elevated temperature. The most common types of construction for aircraft employ the adhesive to fasten two or more pieces of metal together in a lap joint or laminate and in the construction of “sandwich,” which consists of a core of aluminum honeycomb or other material, covered with facings or skins, the entire sandwich being adhesive-bonded. Metals and plastics are the usual materials. Figure 1 shows examples of lap joint and sandwich construction. The state of knowledge of the adhesive bond does not appear to be sufficiently advanced to allow a direct analytic approach to the problem of devising a nondestructive test technique, although publications indicate that in some circumstances, at least, the service properties of an adhesive bond can be predicted from ultrasonic measurements of the complex elastic modulus in simple geometric configurations. The complex elastic modulus is one that includes the effects of viscosity in describing the stress-strain relationship in situations of vibratory forcing. The conversion of mechanical to thermal energy (loss) is thus included in the system description.
Preamble
Authors: Guenther Arthur H.
Published: August 2009

A few general comments should be made concerning these presentations in order to develop some degree of consistency so that we can arrive at some comparative evaluation of their results. First, each author was asked to describe as accurately as possible the experimental conditions under which his damage experiments were performed. The first thing that comes to mind is the author's definition of what he calls damage. Is it the first occurrence of a physical or material failure, that is, the rod falling apart, or is it some measure of the degradation in the output characteristics? It is very important that we get this kind of definition from each author. Second, some people prefer to do experiments in focused beams, while others prefer to use unfocused or slightly divergent beams. The authors were asked to address the question of doing experiments in focusing geometries where phenomena such as self-focusing or blooming may occur within the material thus making it very difficult to ascertain exactly what the power density is at the onset of damage. Finally, they were asked to define as completely as possible the characteristics of the incident laser beam that was used in the damage studies such as its power, intensity distribution, beam divergence, or spatial beam quality in general. They should also comment on the optics associated with the experiment, and carefully describe the time history of the pulse. Furthermore, they should be careful in describing the state of the glass sample at the time of damage assessment, for example, whether it is pumped or unpumped, external to or inside the cavity, or, if it is active, the level of inversion. Although the glass manufacturers themselves normally give us a good characterization of the material on which their damage studies have been performed, we should appreciate it if other people would also characterize the glass or material that they have used for these damage assessments.
Laser-Damage Mechanisms in Transparent Dielectrics
Authors: Bliss E. S.
Published: August 2009

By examining a number of damage theories, this paper demonstrates the importance of a rather large number of parameters in determining internal damage thresholds under laser radiation. In particular, the pulseduration dependence of several damage theories is considered to illustrate how different mechanisms may dominate under differing operating conditions.
Laser-Beam Self-Focusing and Glass Damage Caused by Electrostrictively Driven Acoustic Waves
Authors: Kerr Edwin L.
Published: August 2009

A self-focusing mechanism for high-power laser pulses is presented. The mechanism involves electrostrictively excited waves in the glassy medium. The focusing power of the waves increases with time during the laser pulse. Computer movies show the time development of the beam profile. Beams of more than threshold power are brought to sharp, rapidly moving foci in the medium. At the foci, the medium's electric field breakdown strength or elastic rupture strength may be exceeded, causing permanent damage. The threshold power depends only on the wavelength, and the medium's density, elastic moduli, and refractive index. In its region of validity, the theory agrees with experiments to within a factor of 3 or less.
Non-Destructive Damage Studies of Ruby Laser Rods
Authors: Chicklis E. , Schwartz J. , Pitha Carl A.
Published: August 2009

We have developed a non-destructive test technique for the evaluation of ruby laser rods using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR). The rods are mounted in a specially designed holder external to the microwave spectrometer. The apparatus is designed so that localized regions of the rod of approximately 1 cm3 in volume are examined during each run. Merely by translating the rod through the holder a map of ESR spectra throughout the entire rod can be obtained. We have compared the ESR spectra of new Czochralski ruby obtained in this manner with that of severely damaged rubies obtained from the Air Force Weapons Laboratory. In addition, spectra obtained in the conventional manner (that is, sample mounted in a cavity) of small, high-quality ruby samples were compared to the data obtained using this new technique. Other than a reduction in sensitivity which occurs as a result of the absence of a resonant cavity, the spectra of high quality rubies using both techniques are almost indistinguishable. However, remarkable differences in the spectra of damaged and undamaged rods were observed in line broadening and in Une shape. The linewidths of undamaged SIQ ruby were found to be uniform throughout the volume of the rods. Variations of a factor of 5 in the width of the resonance were observed in the damaged rods. In some instances, the nature of the broadening strongly suggests the existence of microscopic crystallites with small misorientation of the respective c axes. Highly anomalous line shapes, in some cases multiply split, were observed in the damaged samples. The variation in the splitting in some cases was in good agreement with distortion in the fringe pattern observed in the rod through crossed polarizers. Evidence of local (within 1 cm3) damage has been found which was not observed in contiguous regions. However, similarities in the line shape over several cm3 have also been observed in some instances, suggesting the existence of long-range damage. The spectra observed in some regions of the damaged rod strongly indicate domain structure.
Applications of Electron Spin Resonance to Study of Damage in Glass Lasers
Authors: Naiman C. S. , Chicklis E.
Published: August 2009

Electron spin resonance measurements of rare earth doped glass laser materials may serve as an attractive means of examining the environment of the lasing ion. The important (Nd+3, Ho+3, Er+3, and Yb+3) ions have paramagnetic ground states allowing for detailed studies of the site symmetry via the ESR technique. In addition, there may exist other dopants in glass rods (F centers caused by the ultraviolet radiation of the flashlamp or free radicals associated with surface finishing) whose presence may be revealed with ESR measurements. For this latter application laser rods could be examined non-destructively.
Laser-Induced Damage in Glass
Authors: Young C. G. , Woodcock R. F.
Published: August 2009

Damage to laser rods and associated lenses may occur due to self focusing, surface breakdown or bulk damage in the material. The latter may be due to the intrinsic properties of the material or various localized damage sites in the material. Typical damage thresholds will be given for each of the above. The factors which should be taken into account in order to perform meaningful bulk damage measurements will be discussed. A passive test system using a single 10-μs pulse of amplified spontaneous emission with good spatial and temporal uniformity best satisfies these conditions. Results obtained on such a system will be given.
Self-Focusing in Glass
Authors: Quelle Fred W.
Published: August 2009

Filamentary damage tracks characteristic of self focusing or beam trapping have been observed in laser glass subjected to unfocused intense Q-spoiled laser beams. Two possible mechanisms for the generation of trapped filaments of intense radiation are examined and conditions appropriate for their generation are deliniated.
Foreword
Authors: Harris Jay C.
Published: August 2009

This 1954 Supplement to the ASTM special technical publication No. 90 on “Metal Cleaning, Bibliographical Abstracts” is intended to bring up to date the coverage by this bibliography of the published data on metal cleaning. New references total 227. This 1954 book supplements the 1953 edition (STP 90B) which was a combined publication of all references from 1842 to 1951. Therefore this supplement (STP90C) with the 1953 combined bibliography (STP90B) contains all available references for the years 1842 – 1953. The references are arranged by year and secondarily by author or by the journal in which the article appeared if anonymous. The same system has been followed in this supplement. The references are numbered consecutively. Additional references that fall within the dates covered by a previous edition have capital letters appended to numbers to indicate their correct position, thus: 72A, 72B. Later references that have to be inserted where capital letters are already in use have been given lower case letters (for example, 72a) to indicate references prior to 72A.
Introduction
Authors: Shobert Erle I.
Published: August 2009

The bibliography this year is about the same size it was last year. This work represents a condition of the high rate of activity which has been going on for the last several years. A few errata have been called to our attention by people who have been using the bibliography seriously. This has stimulated us to check the Author Index as a key to correcting as many errors as possible. The list of errata covering all of the publications to date is given in the following pages. Corrections will be made when a new edition is brought out. We appreciate this help from those using the bibliography and hope others will tell us about any errors they find. The Subject Index lists the same headings as were given in the 1952, 1954 and 1955 editions. Part of the Introduction of these editions is repeated here for reference.
Introduction
Authors: Shobert Erle I.
Published: August 2009

The Second International Conference on Electric Contacts was held May 4, 5, and 6, 1964, in Graz, Austria, under the sponsorship of Professor Peter Klaudy and the Technische Hochschule of Graz. The papers are being assembled and will be printed under the sponsorship of the Graz Technische Hochschule. A list is not available at this time to use as an abstract but copies of the proceedings may be ordered from Professor Klaudy. The Subject Index lists the same headings as were given in the 1963 edition. Most of the headings in the Subject Index will be self-explanatory. However, some of the headings are so broad that some additional information might be useful. For example, books which include the subject of electric contacts or cover the subject of electric contacts have been listed separately.
How Strong are Strong Ties? The Conditional Effectiveness of Strong Ties in Protest Recruitment Attempts
Authors: Somma Nicolás M.
Published: August 2009

Why do some individuals accept invitations to participate in protest events while others do not? Using the Citizen Participation Study, the author finds that targets invited by recruiters to whom they are strongly tied are more likely to protest than those invited by weak or absent ties. Such effect, however, is hypothesized to vary across the socioeconomic structure. Although strong ties motivate targets to accept the invitation, only those with sufficient resources could translate motivation into action. Consistent with this hypothesis, while strong ties roughly duplicate the chances of accepting a protest invitation when received by high socioeconomic status (SES) targets, the effectiveness of invitations disappears among low SES targets. This suggests that research about the effects of social networks on protest participation should consider how these networks are embedded in larger socioeconomic structures.
Explaining the Puzzle of Homeless Mobilization: An Examination of Differential Participation
Authors: Corrigall-Brown Catherine , Snow David A. , Smith Kelly , Quist Theron
Published: August 2009

In this article, the authors examine participation in protests about homelessness by an unlikely set of participants—the homeless themselves. Through an analysis of data derived from 400 structured interviews with homeless individuals in Detroit, Philadelphia, and Tucson, the authors examine why and to what extent some homeless individuals, and not others, participate in movement-sponsored protest activities. In addition, the authors assess the degree to which the factors that affect participation in this population align with previous research on participation in social movements generally. They find that certain characteristics of the homeless population reduce the importance of social ties with other homeless individuals in the recruitment process and that, contrary to what much past work would lead one to expect, homeless individuals who are less biographically available are more likely to engage in protest activity. In addition, strain, which is often not a significant predictor of engagement in other populations, is an important predictor of differential participation among the homeless. This study highlights features of the homeless population that yield somewhat different correlates of participation than found in most movement participation studies and, in turn, cautions against presuming an overall model of participation that explains the engagement of all groups in the same way.
The Effects of International Trade on Democracy: A Panel Study of the Post-Soviet World-System
Authors: Balaev Mikhail
Published: August 2009

The author examines the relationship between democracy and international trade using post-Soviet countries as a historical example of a world-system. World-systems theory and alternative theories are employed to create theoretical models of democracy, and pooled timeseries regression is applied, using an index of democracy as the dependent variable and two sets of theoretically distinct control variables. The author finds a negative relationship between core periphery trade and democracy and a positive relationship between trade openness and democracy in the periphery. The author draws three conclusions. First, international trade deserves more attention as a link between economic and political processes in world-systems analysis. Second, contrary to conventional analysis, the structure of core-periphery trade shows that the core uses its economic ties to politically exploit the periphery. Last, it is necessary to distinguish between core and noncore international trade in world-systems and political analysis.
Differentiating Careers from Jobs in the Search for Dual-Career Couples
Authors: Pixley Joy E.
Published: August 2009

Members of social categories with multifaceted definitions are often sampled using only one or two characteristics, generating theoretical and methodological problems. Here, the author examines the case of “dual-career” couples. The author tests how closely respondents' and scholars' distinctions between careers versus jobs correspond and how well selected definition models capture career-oriented couples. Members of fifty-one married couples self-identify as having a job or career and then explain how they differentiate those concepts. Respondents' rationales correspond well to scholarly definitions, focusing primarily on time and emotional investments, and less on advancement or income. Work orientation generally varies, as predicted, by education and work characteristics, although many people presumed to be career-oriented report having jobs (e.g., professional women), and vice versa (e.g., part-time workers). Systematic tests of definition models suggest that many sampling approaches used in dual-career couple studies either omit many career-oriented respondents or include many who are job-oriented. Sampling strategies are discussed.
Residential Patterns across Generations of New Immigrant Groups
Authors: Fong Eric , Hou Feng
Published: August 2009

This article explores residential patterns across generations of new immigrant groups. The discussion is situated in a multi-ethnic context. The analysis is based on data from the 2001 Canadian census and focuses on three visible minority groups in the four largest metropolitan areas of Canada. In line with the spatial assimilation perspective, the authors found that visible minority groups reside in neighborhoods where, over generations, as the proportion of whites increases, the proportions of their own group and other minority groups decline. The findings also show support that socioeconomic resources are positively related to residential integration and that each successive generation is more efficient than the previous generation in translating socioeconomic resources. However, echoing the place stratification perspective, variations in the effect of socioeconomic resources within each group and generation have been documented. Taken together, the results suggest that the factors contributing to residential integration are more complicated in a multi-ethnic context.
Courtship Songs of Chrysoperla nipponensis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Delineate Two Distinct Biological Species in Eastern Asia
Authors: Henry Charles S , Mochizuki Atsushi , Nakahira Kengo , Haruyama Naoto , Nomura Masashi
Published: August 2009

The substrate-borne vibrational courtship songs of type A and type B Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are described in detail, from populations sampled throughout Japan and near Beijing, China. The song of type A is long (≈ 5–6 s) and is made up of numerous (four to 12) volleys of four distinct forms that differ in their carrier frequencies. The song of type B is shorter (≈2 s) and functions as a repeated single-volley song, but each volley is shown here to consist of four to six distinct subsections. During heterosexual duets, partners of type A exchange their long multi-volley songs, whereas partners of type B repeatedly exchange short single-volley songs. Geographical variation within each song type is low and largely insignificant. In addition, previously recognized mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) haplotypes Al and A2 of type A C. nipponensis do not have different songs. These results support the hypothesis that types A and B C. nipponensis are distinct species, with type A corresponding to the nominate species (i.e., C. nipponensis s. str.) and type B as yet unnamed. Their songs are among the most complex yet found in the Chrysoperla carnea swarm of cryptic species.
Evolution of Flight-Muscle Polymorphism in the Dung Beetle Phelotrupes laevistriatus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae): A Phylogeographic Analysis
Authors: Ohta Yuri , Kobayashi Norio , Suzuki Seizi , Kato Tetsuya , Hori Shigehisa , Yamauchi Satoshi , Katakura Haruo
Published: August 2009

Phylogeographic analyses were conducted for the dung beetle Phelotrupes laevistriatus (Motschulsky, 1857) (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae), which exhibits geographic variation in flight-muscle condition. Beetles with well-developed flight muscles, and thus capable of flying, are distributed in middle and southern Japan, from northern Honshu to Kyushu, whereas those without detectable flight muscle are distributed in northern Japan, on northern Honshu and Hokkaido. To investigate the origin of the flight-muscle dimorphism in P. laevistriatus, we determined sequences of a 603-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for 258 individuals from 43 population samples. We constructed gene trees using the neighbor-joining method, maximum likelihood method, and maximum parsimony method and a haplotype network using the median-joining method. Six major clusters were recognized in each tree or network by these analyses. They occupied different ranges, being arranged from southwest to northeast as Clusters VI, V, IV, III, II, and I, with partial geographical overlaps between IV and III and between II and I. The beetles with well-developed muscles were included in all these clusters, whereas the beetles without detectable muscles were included in two northern clusters, i.e., Clusters I and II. The results suggest that the common ancestor of P. laevistriatus originally possessed flight ability and then diversified into regional clusters, after which the loss of flight muscles occurred in northern clusters, possibly in response to climatic conditions associated with increased latitude.
Parasitism ofStagmomantis Carolina(Mantodea: Mantidae) byMasiphya confusa(Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Young Orrey P
Published: August 2009

Field collections and laboratory observations document for the first time nymphal Stagmomantis Carolina (Johannson) (Mantodea: Mantidae) as a host of Masiphya confusa Aldrich (Diptera: Tachinidae). In Washington County, MS, field parasitization rates of nymphal mantids in old-field sites exceeded 80% in late summer and were associated with a delay in maturation of parasitized nymphs. Laboratory rearings and dissections indicated that early-stage parasites had entered at the lateral mesothorax and were free-moving in the host thorax, with late-stage larvae attached to the inner wall of the fifth abdominal segment. A sclerotized airhole was present at the attachment site and exit holes for the mature larvae were in the area of the second abdominal segment. When attached, the parasite was encased in a sac and a sclerotized respiratory funnel was formed. After parasite emergence, the host typically died within 24 h, although some host individuals survived for up to 29 d and some individuals fed and partially molted after parasite emergence under ambient conditions. Pupation of parasites under ambient conditions occurred in the soil in September and October, with subsequent emergence in the following May.
Sharpshooter X Wave: Correlation of an Electrical Penetration Graph Waveform with Xylem Penetration Supports a Hypothesized Mechanism forXylella fastidiosaInoculation
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Holmes Wendy J , Schreiber Fred , Reardon Brendon J , Walker Gregory P
Published: August 2009

Electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring is the most rigorous means of observation and quantification of feeding by piercing-sucking arthropods. Previous EPG studies with aphids and leafhoppers have demonstrated that the X wave identifies when the stylets of these phloem fluid-ingesting insects make contact with their preferred plant vascular cell, phloem sieve elements. This article presents the first direct evidence of an X wave identifying ingestion from a xylem tracheary element by a xylem fluid-ingesting type of leafhopper Homalodisca liturata Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), whose waveforms are nearly identical to those of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). We document consistent association of the sharpshooter X wave with salivary sheath termini in xylem, especially lignified secondary xylem cells, and absence of the X wave in the rare instance of ingestion from a nonxylem cell. The sharpshooter X wave is a complex, multicomponent waveform, composed of X wave-specific variants of waveform subtypes B1w (representing salivation), B1s (representing precibarial valve movement for tasting), types C1 (a new waveform type that may represent egestion) and C2 (a new designation for the waveform type representing ingestion/cibarial pumping). It is proposed that the sharpshooter X wave represents a blended suite of behaviors that function to 1) physically seal stylet tips into the cell via sheath salivation, 2) repeatedly taste then eject (egest) chemical constituents of the cell to determine acceptability, and 3) mechanically test the strength of the stylet seal via trial cibarial pumping (ingestion). It is further hypothesized that the X wave represents vector behaviors that control inoculation of the Pierce's disease bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa. The ingestion-(salivation and egestion) hypothesis is stated for the mechanism of transmission of X. fastidiosa.
Reproductive Characteristics of Imagos ofReticulitermes flavipes(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Ye Ye , Jones Susan C , Ammar El-Desouky
Published: August 2009

Termite alates presumably do not mate in their natal nest or during a swarming event. Rather, after flight, females and males lose their wings, pair, and select a nest site, with mating typically taking place in the incipient nest. In this study of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), histology and other techniques were used to assess reproductive features of female and male imagos, including unflown alates, flown alates, and the primary pair in incipient and well-established (5-yr-old) colonies. The spermathecae of female flown alates were devoid of spermatozoa, as expected, but the lumen contained a mucus-like substance. Histochemical tests revealed that this substance was intensely stained by periodic acid-Schiff, which is diagnostic for mucopolysaccharides. This is the first study to confirm that termites possess a mucopolysaccharide secretion in the spermathecal lumen. The secretion may serve as a sperm energy source as has been suggested for some other insects. Transmission electron microscopy subsequently revealed the presence of a semiopaque secretory material in the spermathecal lumen and associated ductules of flown and unflown alates as well as queens. Unflown female alates showed the least reproductive development in terms of spermathecal diameter and terminal oocyte size. Unflown male alates similarly possessed less developed reproductive organs than the kings.
Patterns of Genetic Variation Among Populations of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China and Korea
Authors: Carter Maureen E , Smith Michael T , Harrison Richard G
Published: August 2009

Central to the study of invasive species is identifying source populations in their native ranges. Source populations of invasive species can provide important information about species life cycles, host use, and species-specific predators and parasites that could be deployed in a biological control program. The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a serious invasive pest of urban forests in North America and Europe. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies and microsatellite allele frequencies to characterize phylogeographical patterns in potential source populations of A.. glabripennis. The data suggest that although there is evidence of genetic structure within and among populations in China, a substantial amount of genetic admixture has occurred. This admixture is probably due to recent reforestation efforts in China where beetles from previously isolated populations moved into new areas of abundant, susceptible, and stressed resources, leading to outbreak populations.
Individual Task Load in Tunnel Excavation by the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Yang Rou-Ling , Su Nan-Yao , Bardunias Paul
Published: August 2009

To study individual participation in tunneling excavation, each of 27 workers (plus three soldiers) of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) was identified with a unique marker and released in a two-dimensional arena provisioned with moistened sand, and their time budgets in excavation were recorded by a camcorder. We found that ≈20% of workers were excavating at any given time. Termites did not work in shifts, and only one or two specific individuals tunneled continuously throughout the 4-h observation. The majority spent <1 h in tunnel excavation, and ≈16% of workers never excavated sand. A positive correlation was found between excavation time and worker's antennal segment count which refers to a worker's age. However, a large variation in excavation time also was recorded among workers with same antennal segment number. Thus, worker age might not be the only determining factor for tunnel excavation load in the Formosan subterranean termite.