bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Material Constitution in Crisis: Telos, Nomos, and Demos
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores how the crisis of the material constitution was underpinned by the erosion of democracy, and not only by the dominance of ordoliberalism and neo-liberalism. It discusses how the deepening of the liberal market rationality of integration came to occur in a more disciplinary mode throughout the euro crisis, dismantling domestic social contracts, if ultimately still under the guidance of domestic elites. This was contested by extraordinary popular countermovements, which emerged to break out of the straitjacket of austerity. In particular, the chapter discusses the election to government in Greece of a left-wing party, Syriza, reflecting broader anti-systemic currents across Europe. The chapter concludes by examining how Syriza’s subsequent capitulation symbolized not merely the increasingly powerful external constraints of EU membership, but the homegrown roots of the dominant constitutional imaginary: a fear of popular sovereignty and of radical democracy under the veil of an ideological Europeanism.
Insight and Understanding
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

In this chapter we explore a particular sort of understanding, understanding why, and a related sort of knowledge why—firsthand knowledge why—and the place of this in the humanities, including philosophy. We focus on one dimension of the humanities, not the whole, and on the humanistic side of philosophy, though there’s a lot more to philosophy than that. I’ll be arguing for the importance of firsthand intuitive insight. And that in turn will bear interestingly on two questions in the epistemology of the humanities, including philosophy. First question: Given that firsthand intuitive insight has special value and standing in the humanities, how is the epistemic standing of our own beliefs affected when we encounter the disagreement of others? Second, if firsthand intuitive insight is shown to have such special standing and value, how if at all does this affect what epistemological standards are properly operative in humanistic domains? Eventually, we will come to these two questions about the humanities, one about the place of disagreement, and the other about the proper epistemic standards. But first we take up the place and value of intuitive insight.
Suspension, Confidence, and Inquiry
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by reconsidering the nature and varieties of suspension of judgment, and then takes up four questions: First, how is suspension related to degrees of confidence? Second how is it relate to instrumental means=end reasoning? Third, how is it related to inquiry? Fourth, when and how is suspension epistemically appropriate? The chapter begins by laying out an important distinction between deliberative and non-deliberative suspension. That suggests a model for epistemology generally. Thus, we can distinguish between two ways of intentionally omitting judgment: the deliberative and the non-deliberative.
When and How Is Suspension Apt?
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 finds an aim distinctive of suspension and on that basis applies telic virtue epistemology to suspension. Once a performance has a distinctive aim, that automatically induces normative standings of success, competence, and success through competence, or aptness. How should we assess suspension gnoseologically? That is, how should we assess it with respect to our normal epistemic aim when we take up a question? Normally, when we take up a question our aim is to answer it knowledgeably.
Knowledge, Default, and Skepticism
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 introduces a distinctive idea of default assumptions and explains how that idea reconfigures earlier virtue epistemology. Default assumptions are endemic to human performance domains generally including games and sports. Our domains of judgment are only special cases in which a telic normativity allows performers to assume by default the standing of the background conditions required for success and aptness of performance. This enables a fresh treatment of philosophical skepticism. The response to the skeptics will be that they have mistaken what is required for the epistemic quality of ordinary judgments and beliefs. This treatment of skepticism is enabled by analogies between epistemic and athletic performance, and between episteme and praxis more generally.
Ideas for a Reconstruction
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

Stoic philosophers in antiquity held that ‘the world is like a city and a polity’, and that human nature is like ‘a code of civil law’ (Cicero, De Finibus III). In his late-antique treatise On Human Nature, Nemesius rejects a variety of Stoic tenets. His world city is certainly not theirs. Nevertheless, this chapter argues that the Syrian philosopher-bishop held—with the Stoics—that humans are, by birth, world-citizens who are in communion with the whole of creation, and indeed, with the Demiurge. It is the ancient idea of a ‘world city’, it is claimed here, which gives structural and conceptual unity to On Human Nature—a unity which many of Nemesius’ interpreters have failed to discern.
The Union of Substances
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, on Human Nature 2–5, Nemesius denies that the soul is a body, a harmony, a mixture, or a quality. His cosmopolitan anthropology rests on the conviction that the human soul is an incorporeal and immortal substance. Yet this creates two acute problems for the bishop. First, how is an incorporeal soul united to a body? And second, is it possible for an immortal soul to be united to a non-human body? In settling the first question, Nemesius draws on both Plato and Galen. ‘The body is an instrument of the soul’, he writes. This is a concept which underlies his physiology and psychology. In his handling of the second question, though, Nemesius uses Galen’s medical philosophy to refute Platonic theories of reincarnation. This is a far-reaching decision: it means that Nemesius’ idea of human nature, as such—as an idea—diverges from much of the Platonic tradition in late antiquity.
Essays in Physics
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Essays in Physics” gives accounts of 32 chosen topics. The level is that of a 3–4-year university course in Physics. The topics discussed are diverse but “mainstream”. Each essay aims to say something fresh that complements what the reader will find elsewhere. Just what “fresh” means inevitably depends somewhat on the subject matter. Some chapters give a “different” slant on a familiar idea (e.g. electromagnetic energy, Lorentz transformation, photon emission). Some contain an analysis not available elsewhere (diffraction, feedback stability). Some correct material that is commonplace in many textbooks (much atomic physics). Some add insightful discussion to standard material (free energy, Brillouin zones). One in particular refines technique (perturbation theory). One brings order to confusion (-m dB). The aim in all cases is to encourage a fuller, and correct, understanding, and an enhanced intellectual acuity (critical faculty). With a subject as mature as physics, it is bold to claim originality. However I will dare to make that claim, in particular for Chapters 10, 22 and 30, but also for parts of most other chapters.
Eternity and Expressive Values
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter scrutinizes the literature on constitutional identity, within which eternity clauses are viewed as repositories of the constitution's core values. It analyses unamendability as the site of constitutional expression and eternity clauses as capable of defending against attacks on the integrity and identity of the entire constitution. It also highlights serious problems with importing the sociological concept of identity into constitutional theory's arsenal. This chapter shows that the concept relies on particular understandings of both liberal constitutionalism and pluralism, as well as on a presumed pacified and coherent constitutional ethos. The concept obscures the deep and continuous contestation of the core constitutional commitments rendered unamendable. The chapter also discusses the rise of constitutional identity review as a form of resistance to supranational integration in Europe.
Eternity as Judicially Created Doctrine
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on implicit unamendability and looks at the spread of unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines. It discusses the understanding of unamendability as a necessary implication of liberal constitutions in general, whether supplementing or absent any formal eternity clause in the constitutional text. It examines arguments about why courts should recognize an unamendable constitutional core even where the constitution itself is silent on this matter. This chapter also investigates where to locate the elements of the constitutional core and how to restrain unamendability doctrines in order to prevent judicial overreach. It explains how judicially created unamendability is prone to both over- and under-reach in concrete adjudication. It reviews the birth of the basic structure doctrine in India and traces its global influence, as well as demands to develop unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines in response to democratic backsliding.
Eternity Faces ‘the People’
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at a trend that seemingly contradicts the global rise of eternity clauses: popular participation in constitution-making processes. It discusses whether the deeper democratic embeddedness of constitutions as pursued through participatory processes can help address democratic anxiety about eternity clauses. It maps several processes of constitution-making that can be characterized as participatory, with a view to determining whether unamendability was incorporated into the final constitutional drafts, how it was debated, and why alternative design choices have been adopted. This chapter seeks to test empirically those theoretical arguments about eternity clauses that view them as repositories of constituent intent. It also explores eternity clauses as the high point of the battle between rigidity and openness in constitutional design.
Relinquishing Eternity
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the possibility of repealing eternity clauses and renouncing doctrines of implicit unamendability. It looks at two case studies from Turkey and India, where backtracking from an eternity clause and basic structure doctrine were debated and ultimately rejected. It also explores the possibility of placing judicial doctrines of unamendability on formal constitutional footing and discusses the impact of this move on constitutional adjudication. This chapter examines the distinctions upon which unamendability repeal rests, such as between constitutional amendment and constitutional revision, between formal and informal amendments, and between amendment and revolution. It shows how pushing back against unamendability is very difficult through formal constitutional change and unlikely through judicial interpretation.
Conclusion
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter revisits the most troubling aspect of unamendability: its deep tension with democratic constitutionalism. It reasserts the necessity to take seriously the darker reality of constitutional unamendability. This reality includes the often fraught and deeply contested origin of eternity clauses, as well as their use as a vehicle for judicial self-empowerment to block democratically legitimate constitutional change and their irrelevance when democratic backsliding actually occurs. The chapter is less an attempt to argue for or against the embrace of unamendability in a given context and more a warning about the very real dangers of constitutional eternity in practice.
Discrete Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

The book present essential theory and practice of the discrete communication systems design, based on the theory of discrete time stochastic processes, and their relation to the existing theory of digital communication systems. Using the notion of stochastic linear time invariant systems, in addition to the orhogonality principles, a general structure of the discrete communication system is constructed in terms of mathematical operators. Based on this structure, the MPSK, MFSK, QAM, OFDM and CDMA systems, using discrete modulation methods, are deduced as special cases. The signals are processed in the time and frequency domain, which requires precise derivatives of their amplitude spectral density functions, correlation functions and related energy and pover spectral densities. The book is self-sufficient, because it uses the unified notation both in the main ten chapters explaining communications systems theory and nine supplementary chapters dealing with the continuous and discrete time signal processing for both the deterministic and stochastic signals. In this context, the indexing of vital signals and finctions makes obvious distinction beteween them. Having in mind the controversial nature of the continuous time white Gaussian noise process, a separate chapter is dedicated to the noise discretisation by introducing notions of noise entropy and trauncated Gaussian density function to avoid limitations in applying the Nyquist criterion. The text of the book is acompained by the solutions of problems for all chapters and a set of deign projects with the defined projects’ topics and tasks and offered solutions.
Pluralistic Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter advocates a pluralistic form of virtue ethics according to which there are several ultimate grounds of virtue, features which make traits of character excellences as opposed to deplorable or bad. These are fundamental evaluatively significant features in objects to which virtue is characteristically responsive (such as the value of those items). We call these fundamental features bases of ethical response. We could say then that virtues have but one ultimate general ground if there is but one basis of ethical response and a plurality of ultimate grounds if there are several (such as value, status, and the good for an individual). Thus, according to a monistic form of virtue ethics, for all traits, what makes that trait a virtue is that it is a disposition of (basically) correct responsiveness to the fundamental basis of ethical response (such as value, or the good for an agent), whereas for a pluralistic virtue ethics for any virtue what makes that trait a virtue is that it is a disposition of characteristically good or correct responsiveness to any or all of a number of fundamental bases of ethical response (such as value, considerations of status, and the good for).
Forming Impressions
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah
Published: September 2021

Perception and intuition are our basic sources of knowledge about the concrete world around us, and more abstract matters such as mathematics, metaphysics, and morality. Perception and intuition, however, are also capacities we deliberately improve in ways that draw on our knowledge about these domains. How can the sensory and intellectual impressions that lie at the foundation of our knowledge themselves be informed by our knowledge? In Forming Impressions: Expertise in Perception and Intuition, Chudnoff addresses this and other questions that derive from trying to understand the improvability of our basic sources of knowledge. At the extreme of improvement lies expertise, and there is a wealth of research on the structures and mechanisms underlying expert perception and expert intuition that promises to illuminate the nature and significance of improvements to these sources of knowledge in general. Taking this cue, the first part of the book lays the groundwork for the rest by elaborating an interpretation of the psychology of expertise. The second part develops a setting for thinking about the epistemology of expert perception and expert intuition. The third part of the book explores the significance of the resulting view of intuition and its improvability for recent debates about philosophical methodology. Chudnoff defends a rationalist view of the role of intuition in philosophy that can be traced back to classic works on methodology such as Descartes’ Rules and Spinoza’s Emendation of the Intellect.
Introduction: Fresh Water and Its Features
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter offers a preview of the challenges and opportunities attached to water. It presents the features of water as a finite resource and the challenges that accompany its management and protection. The tensions that pertain to and opportunities associated with the different uses of water are highlighted. Moreover, the relevance of a disciplinary inquiry when examining water issues is explained. The chapter also gives an overview of the key developments since the first edition of this book was published. Overall, the chapter introduces the various themes in the book and frames the issues at the heart of this study.
State-Firm Coordination and Upgrading
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela
Published: September 2021

Since the 1980s, Spain and South Korea have experienced a dramatic transformation from middle-income to advanced economies. How did Spain and South Korea upgrade? While market liberalization and globalization were important forces for change, and states continue to be central in the organization of the Spanish and Korean economies, the liberal and the developmental state perspectives do not provide an comprehensive explanation of these transformations. Building on a combination of historical institutionalism and international business literatures, this book argues that upgrading was underpinned by cooperative models based on interdependencies and quid pro quo exchanges between national governments and large firms. The negotiated nature of these arrangements opened the door to institutional variation and enabled Spain and Korea to pursue different strategies. Spain adopted an integrational approach based on foreign direct investment, technological outsourcing, and regional integration. Korea pursued a techno-industrial strategy that prioritized self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capacity. These strategies enabled Spanish and Korean firms across multiple complex sectors to reach the efficiency frontier, but resulted in different productive specializations in complex services and manufacturing respectively. Through this comparative study of transformation in Spain and Korea, this book shifts our perspective on the political economy of economic transformation from markets or states to state–firm coordination as a driver for economic transformation, from one to at least two different pathways to upgrading, and from a world divided into emerging economies and world leaders to a more nuanced perspective that recognizes the perspective of new advanced economies.
Constructions
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter sets out an approach to grammatical description in which the notions of Chapter 1 can be formally implemented. The account is a constructional one. The formalism is outlined, it is shown how it is used to account for grammatical phenomena, and its utility in describing variation and change is highlighted.
Universals
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the approach to universals in contemporary grammatical theory as expressions of Universal Grammar (UG), the human faculty of language. The view developed in this chapter is that what is universal is conceptual structure, and grammatical universals arise as a consequence of pressures to formulate constructional grammars that express conceptual structure as simply as possible. The chapter argues that the constructional approach provides a natural framework for explaining language variation and change.
Lay Preaching and Living Saints
Authors: Easterling Joshua S.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 explores the hesitant and outright critical responses to new forms of sainthood that developed within and beyond England at the close of the twelfth century and into the thirteenth. This chapter situates orthodox hostility toward these “new saints” in relation both to the gift of prophecy, to which many charismatics aspired, and to debates about preaching. At this chapter’s centre is an Anglo-Latin rule for anchorites, the Regula reclusorum (c.1280), which is examined alongside several twelfth- and thirteenth-century figurations of preachers and prophets. Here a discourse directed against allegedly “false” prophets and preachers owes much to the collaboration between the charismatic voices that emerged through lay-anchoritic communities and the forms of sanctity that were quickly gaining ascendancy in the thirteenth century. Contemporary anchorites often summoned the demonic nightmare of orthodox culture by replicating and thereby obviating clerical work, as well as by encouraging lay preaching.
Involution and Enterprise in Rural Areas
Authors: Ponte Stefano , Brockington Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the patterns of poverty, prosperity, and rural transformation in Tanzania through longitudinal research examining livelihoods and asset change in a twenty-year period. We argue that some current measures of rural transformation are inadequate for capturing forms of change that matter to rural Africans. We consider in detail some of the processes that lie behind such change in selected locations in Morogoro region, noting the importance of improvements that are taking place through smallholder agriculture. In conclusion, the article discusses the implications of these findings for agricultural policy while also cautioning about the blindness of our methods to other forms of poverty.
The Danger of a Single Study
Authors: Nduku Promise , Tshabalala Nkululeko , Putuka Moshidi , Ravat Zafeer , Langer Laurenz
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines how taking a more systematic approach to developing responsive evidence bases that can inform research, policy, and practice on community health worker (CHW) training in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) supports the provision of more effective and equitable CHW programmes. It also explores methodologies and tools to develop such evidence bases and how these can and have been used to inform decision-making. We argue that by focusing on single primary studies rather than the combined body of evidence, research and practice on the training of CHWs in LMICs is overlooking systemic patterns in the evidence base. Decisions on which types of training programmes to implement in LMICs are often based on single evaluations of programmes conducted out of context or informed by general principles for workplace-based learning. Better matching research and practice needs with the available evidence base will facilitate a more effective translation of knowledge on the training of CHWs into practice and policy decisions.
Conclusion
Authors: Hakimi Laura , Geniets Anne , O’Donovan James , Winters Niall
Published: September 2021

Training and supervision are paramount to well-functioning, adaptable Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes. Balancing theoretical and methodological research, lessons from health worker practice, and case studies, this volume has sought to provide a resource to practitioners, policymakers and academics striving to design equitable, participatory CHW programmes. Weaving together interdisciplinary and multiregional perspectives, this book has focussed on the design, implementation and evaluation of technology-based programmes for training and supervision of CHWs, particularly in low- and middle income countries. In doing so, it has set out a roadmap for future equitable, pedagogy-driven CHW programmes.
Excessive movement
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first type is the hyperactivity, also called overactivity, that occurs as part of the condition in some, but by no means all, children with the disorder. The second type of excessive movement is a tic disorder. By definition, a tic disorder is a type of sudden, repetitive movement (motor tic) or vocalization (vocal tic). Both of these types of tics are more common in children with ADHD.
Learning difficulties
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

Specific deficits in information processing in the brain are the commonest causes of academic difficulties in children with ADHD. For many children with ADHD, academic difficulty is not confined to a particular subject but occurs across several areas of study. This chapter explores learning difficulties in ADHD, including common areas of difficulty, including written expression, oral expression, and others. The chapter also discusses when problems become apparent, the causes of learning difficulty in ADHD (poor concentration, impulsivity, working memory impairment, defiance, low self-esteem, social difficulties, poor incentival motivation, auditory processing impairment, difficulties in spelling, handwriting, and organizing), as well as dyslexia and ADHD, and the gifted child with ADHD.
Home management
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

Children with ADHD are very challenging to bring up. No plan of management can ever be successful if it is not based on a comprehensive assessment of the child’s particular strengths and difficulties. Look upon the child with ADHD as someone whose behaviour and learning inadequacies are due to a hidden disability that are not of his, or his parents’, making. This chapter explores home management of ADHD, including steps in management—i.e. understanding the condition, explaining the condition to the child, parents’ needs, the needs of siblings, improving the child’s self-esteem, the parents’ role as a teacher, and working with a school.
School management
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

The average school-aged child spends well over a third of her time in school. A child’s experiences in the classroom, and in the playground, will affect her academic attainments, the development of her self-esteem, and her social skills. It is important that the teacher should create a proper learning environment for the child with ADHD in the classroom, as well as on the playground. This chapter discusses school management of ADHD, including selection of a school, and effective strategies for teaching children with ADHD. It includes teacher’s attitudes, the classroom, the playground, and the teacher’s role in monitoring the effects of medication.
Behaviour modification
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

When your child has ADHD, the first step in a behaviour modification programme is to observe your child’s behaviour and identify the behaviour you want to change. One of the advantages of medication is that it allows children to be more successful in a behaviour modification programme. Should you need help when working on a behaviour modification programme, do not hesitate to consult your doctor and ask for a referral to a psychologist. This chapter describes behaviour modification in the management of ADHD, including encouraging good behaviour so it can be rewarded, how to reward good behaviour, how to discourage undesirable behaviour, and important considerations in a behaviour modification plan.
Judicial Review of Administration in Europe
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto , Bussani Mauro
Published: September 2021

This book is about judicial review of public administration. Many have regarded this as dividing European legal orders, with judicial review of administrative action in the general courts or specialized administrative courts, or with different distance from the executive. There has been considerably less comparison of the basic procedural and substantive principles. The comparative study in this book of procedural fairness and propriety in the courts reveal not only differences but also some common and connecting elements, in a ‘common core’ perspective. The book is divided into four parts. The first explains the nature and purpose of a comparison to understand the relevance and significance of commonality and diversity between the legal systems of Europe, and which considers other legal systems which are more or less distant and distinct from Europe, such as China and Latin America. The second part contains an overview of the systems of judicial review in these legal orders. The third part, which is the heart of the ‘common core’ method, contains both a set of hypothetical cases and the solutions, according to the experts of the legal systems selected for our comparison, to the cases. The fourth part serves to examine the answers in comparative terms to ascertain not so much whether a ‘common core’ exists, but how it is shaped and evolves, also in response to the influence of supranational legal orders as the European Union and the Council of Europe.
The Common Core of European Administrative Laws and the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines a research project carried out at the German Research Institute of Public Administration and the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer. This 'Speyer project' studies the development, content, and effectiveness of the written and unwritten standards of good administration drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE), i.e. on the basis of its Statute (SCoE) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which is a sort of 'second pillar' of the CoE. These CoE standards are called 'pan-European principles of good administration'. This 'Speyer project' can be understood as a counterpart to the project carried out by Giacinto della Cananea and Mauro Bussani on the Common Core of European Administrative Law (CoCEAL) as it has a similar objective: to ascertain whether, despite many differences between European systems of administrative law, there are some connecting elements, or a 'common core', and, if so, whether such 'connecting elements' can be formulated in legal terms rather than as generic idealities. However, the methodological approach of the 'Speyer project' clearly differs from the 'factual approach' adopted in CoCEAL.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in the European Union
Authors: Gnes Matteo
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses administrative procedure and judicial review in the European Union. The requirement of judicial oversight of administrative action, which results from the common constitutional traditions of the Member States of the EU, is a general principle of EU law, and it is applicable both to proceedings before the Court of justice and before national courts, when EU law is invoked before them. The EU courts carry out a generalized review on any binding acts. Although there are certain differences between acts that may be challenged according to the different remedies provided by EU law, in order to be challengeable, the acts must fulfil several conditions. The most important are: they must be binding and produce legal effects, be definitive and be taken by EU institutions in the exercise of their competencies. Article 263 TFEU provides that the acts of EU institutions may be annulled on grounds of 'lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the Treaties or of any rule of law relating to their application, or misuse of powers'. Acts or failure to act may give rise to the liability of EU institutions.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Germany
Authors: Weidemann Lilly
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores administrative procedure and judicial review in Germany. The German Basic Law contains a guarantee of access to justice. According to section 40(1) of the Code of Administrative Court Procedure (CACP), recourse to the administrative courts shall be available in all public-law disputes of a non-constitutional nature insofar as the disputes are not explicitly allocated to another court by a federal statute. German administrative court procedure generally aims to protect subjective rights. In general, all measures taken by a public authority are subject to review by courts. This principle forms an essential part of the fundamental rights constitutionally guaranteed. Thus, no measure by the public administration is excluded from this guarantee. The infringement of a procedural provision with protective effects does not necessarily lead to the right of the applicant to have the decision quashed. This usually requires the infringement of a right of the appellant resulting from substantive law. Damages cannot be claimed within the same (administrative) court proceeding that aims to quash an administrative decision.
The Three Stages of the Coalition Life Cycle
Authors: Bergman Torbjörn , Hanna Bäck , Johan Hellström
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on presenting the main research questions and answers provided in the literature on the different stages of the coalition life cycle. For example, focusing on the first stage—the formation stage—several researchers have tried to explain why specific types of governments form. Other scholars have asked why it takes longer to form governments in some contexts, or have tried to explain how parties distribute ministerial and policy payoffs when forming a cabinet. Focusing on the second stage of the coalition life cycle, we review the growing literature on coalition governance, concentrating on three coalition governance models; the ministerial autonomy model, the coalition compromise model, and the PM-dominated model—each of which make different assumptions about the actors that dominate the governance process in coalition governments. Focusing on the last phase of the coalition life cycle, the termination of governments, scholars have long aimed to explain the duration of cabinets, asking why some cabinets last longer than others. At the end of this chapter, we present some expectations about changes to the coalition life cycle which we are likely to observe considering the party system change we have seen in many Western European countries.
Good and Evil
Authors: Reginster Bernard
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Nietzsche’s genealogical account of the concepts “good and evil.” I suggest that the introduction of this conceptual pair involves two fundamental innovations, both of which motivated by ressentiment: a normative concept of equality, or the idea that all human beings have equal worth; and a certain conception of moral agency, centered around the possession of freedom of will, which underwrite a descriptive concept of equality, or the idea that all moral agents are not only subject to the new evaluative categories, but also may be expected to comply with them. I also examine the sense in which the invention of Christian morality constitutes an imaginary revenge, and argue that this indicates a change in the very character of the revenge, rather than an ordinary act of revenge that is merely imagined. I conclude with a discussion of the manner in which self-deception is involved in this imaginary revenge.
Guilt and Punishment
Authors: Reginster Bernard
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the genealogical account of guilt and punishment. I argue that Nietzsche’s focus on the relation between guilt and indebtedness is highly significant: it allows one to understand how punishment (or penance) can expunge guilt, by constituting an alternative way of repaying a debt. I argue that Nietzsche analyses guilt as a loss of self-esteem that accompanies the failure to keep faith with one’s commitments (understood as promises), rather than as a fear of the painful consequences incurred for breaking them. I then turn to his analysis of “bad conscience,” or conscience that speaks in a primarily admonishing and critical voice. Nietzsche locates its origin in the adoption of “negative ideals,” or ideals of self-denial or self-mastery, motivated by the ressentiment aroused by the constraints of socialization. The combination of these two trends then produces the concept of “guilt before God.”
What are the Chances of That?
Authors: Elliott Andrew C. A.
Published: September 2021

What are the Chances of That? discusses chance and the importance of understanding how it affects our lives in its various guises such as risk, luck, and coincidence. The book goes beyond a mathematical approach to the subject, showing how our thinking about chance and uncertainty has been shaped by history and culture, and only relatively recently by the mathematical theory of probability. In considering how we think about uncertainty, five ‘dualities’ are proposed that encapsulate many of the ambiguities that arise. The book starts by tackling probability (‘Pure Chance’) and in successive sections (‘Life Chances’, ‘Happy Accidents’, ‘Taking Charge of Chance’) addresses respectively the role of chance in life, the positive face of uncertainty, and the ways in which we are able to act to mitigate and exploit chance. This is not primarily a mathematical book, but it does introduce basic concepts from the theory of probability, and some statistics. Although this book tackles serious subjects, it is written in an accessible way and is aimed at an educated and curious lay reader, to be read for pleasure and general interest. It includes graphical representations of the effects of chance, brain teasers, anecdotes, and discussion of the words we use to talk about uncertainty.
The Encounter (Postcard)
Authors: Eisner Martin
Published: September 2021

This chapter uses an early twentieth-century postcard of Dante’s first encounter with Beatrice to examine how Dante exalts her. While both medieval and modern critics have recognized that Dante gives Beatrice a historical and allegorical significance, this chapter shows how he accomplishes this union through a remarkable quotation of Homer that Aristotle transmitted to the medieval world. Although the significance of this passage has been largely overlooked, it constitutes Dante’s core belief that men can participate in divinity, an idea that he expresses through quotation of the same passage in his later works, such as the Convivio and the Inferno. An exploration of multiple medieval sources for this quotation highlights how Dante transforms the Homeric passage. Whereas Homer’s deification referred to the heroic Hector, Dante celebrates a woman. The last section shows how Dante’s divinized woman informed the works of surrealists from Nerval and Breton to Pamuk.
The Dream (Film)
Authors: Eisner Martin
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with a scene from the 2001 film Hannibal, where the recitation of Dante’s first poem from the Vita nuova plays a crucial part in elaborating the main character’s cannibalism, and a passage from Luciano Berio and Edoardo Sanguineri’s polyphonic setting of Dante’s dream in their musical work Laborintus II. Arguing that these popular adaptations bring into focus Dante’s distinctive mixing of horror and humor, this chapter uses the cannibalist theme to understand Dante’s relationship with his first friend Guido Cavalcanti. Drawing on the idea of cultural cannibalism developed in the Brazilian Antropófago movement, which was itself deeply informed by Dante, the chapter explores the significance of Dante’s relationship with Cavalcanti by exploring the different ways scribes and editors have presented their poems on the page. This inquiry also addresses larger transformations of Dante’s book such as the tendency to reduce it to its poetic components alone following the model of Petrarch.
The Mouth (Marginal Gloss)
Authors: Eisner Martin
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the first of three in Part Two: ‘Glossing Beatrice’, each of which considers Dante’s so-called ‘divisions’, the prose portions in which he describes the different parts of his poetic compositions. Although both medieval and modern critics have dismissed this textual component, these chapters highlight their important hermeneutic, institutional, and narrative functions in the work. This chapter investigates several minor textual interventions in Dante’s text that have major implications, including the editorial modification of ‘viso’ (face) into ‘riso’ (smile) in the canzone Donne ch’avete intelletto d’amore that is motivated by a desire to make the poem align with Dante’s discussion of it in the division. This emendation introduces the issue of Beatrice’s embodiment and the place of Dante’s carnal desires in his exaltation of her, a theme that radiates throughout the tradition in adaptations of Dante’s poem from Petrarch to Pascoli, D’Annunzio, and Mandelstam. The final section examines Dante’s return to the poem in Purgatorio 24, where the significant variant ‘chiodo’ (nail) may reflect the novelty of Dante’s use of the book form to express his love for Beatrice.
The New Homer (Ultraviolet Colophon)
Authors: Eisner Martin
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with Boccaccio’s portrait of Dante as Homer in an image now visible only under ultraviolet light in the last pages of his first manuscript collection of Dante’s vernacular works. This visual image reflects Boccaccio’s dedication to celebrating Dante as the new Homer, who establishes the foundations of the new vernacular tradition by putting his lyric in the tradition of classical texts—a move Dante justifies by including the ‘divisions’ to show the sophistication of his poems. Examining Dante’s reprisals of this argument in the De vulgari eloquentia and the Commedia, this chapter concludes by discussing several later authors who gave Dante the status as the new Homer in their attempts to vindicate new cultural initiatives, including Vico, Shelley, Emerson, Joyce, Walcott, Rodó, Vargas Llosa, and Ngũgĩ.
Reformation, Resistance, and Reason of State (1517-1625)
Authors: Mortimer Sarah
Published: September 2021

The period 1517–1625 was crucial for the development of political thought. During this time of expanding empires, religious upheaval, and social change, new ideas about the organization and purpose of human communities began to be debated. In particular, there was a concern to understand the political or civil community as bounded, limited in geographical terms and with its own particular structures, characteristics, and history. There was also a growing focus, in the wake of the Reformation, on civil or political authority as distinct from the church or religious authority. To explain these new ideas about political power, the concept of sovereignty began to be used, alongside a new language of reason of state. Yet political theories based upon religion still maintained significant traction, particularly claims for the divine right of kings. In the midst of these developments, the language of natural law became increasingly important as a means of legitimizing political power; natural law provided a rationale for earthly authority that was separate from Christianity and its use enabled new arguments for religious toleration. This book offers a new reading of early modern political thought, drawing on a wide range of sources from Europe and beyond. It makes connections between Christian Europe and the Muslim societies that lay to its south and east, showing the extent to which concerns about the legitimacy of political power were shared. It demonstrates that the history of political thought can both benefit from, and remain distinctive within, the wider field of intellectual history.
Introduction
Authors: Mortimer Sarah
Published: September 2021

The introduction sets out the main themes of the book and the approach taken. It characterizes political thought as the analysis and examination of how earthly communities flourish, as distinct from other kinds of communities like churches or households. It argues that although the period began with the consolidation of large empires, there was a growing concern to understand and to defend local or regional political communities, and that these developments were shaped by social and economic change. It emphasizes the need to see the political ideas and aspirations of early modern people within the context of their other desires and aspirations, and the context of their specific historical situations. It shows how the approach taken in this book builds upon the existing work of scholars and historians. It also sets out the distinctive features of the book: the inclusion of lands beyond Europe, the emphasis on natural law, and the relationship between political thought and social change.
Empires and Cities—Political Thought in an Age of Expansion
Authors: Mortimer Sarah
Published: September 2021

In 1519 Charles V became the most powerful figure Europe had seen for generations, ruling over a vast collection of lands which stretched from the Iberian coast to the Baltic Sea. To the East, however, the position of the Ottoman sultan Selim I was no less auspicious. Not only had he amassed a large territory through conquest and force of arms, but he had established himself as Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. Both men seemed blessed by their respective Gods and charged with authority both political and religious. Their empires would exert a powerful hold over the early modern imagination, as people wrestled with the intellectual as well as the practical implications of imperial rule. Across these lands, the concept of empire was challenged as well as defended, using Roman law, humanism, and religious ideas. Desiderius Erasmus combined classical ideas with Christianity to offer a new mirror for princes, while Niccolò Machiavelli drew on the heritage of ancient Rome to defend a vision of civic virtù. Meanwhile, the Ottoman sultans encouraged the development of an expansive imperial ideology in which the sultan was portrayed as divinely favoured.
The Word of God and the End of Politics
Authors: Mortimer Sarah
Published: September 2021

One of the most radical aspects of Reformation theology was the way it dissolved existing distinctions between natural and spiritual, temporal and ecclesiastical, even between individual virtue and the common good. These distinctions had been crucial to the articulation of a sphere of political thought in the opening years of the sixteenth century. Protestant political thought had a distinctive character because the Reformers tended to reject the idea that politics could be a separate discipline, geared towards temporal or natural flourishing. Protestants were not uninterested in the mechanisms by which human communities could be defended or preserved, but they analysed those mechanisms in the light of their wider theological agenda. The Reformation movement soon splintered into a number of different churches and groups, but most of these groups shared the same commitment to magistracy as an instrument of God, legitimate and authoritative insofar as it followed God’s law. This chapter focuses primarily on the political thought of figures associated with the larger Protestant groups, especially Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon in Germany, and Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin in the Swiss cantons. It outlines the theories of resistance developed as Protestantism came under threat and shows how these reflected and developed Reformation principles.