bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focal adhesion kinase-dependent focal adhesion recruitment of SH2 domains directs SRC into focal adhesions to regulate cell adhesion and migration
Authors: Wu Jui-Chung , Chen Yu-Chen , Kuo Chih-Ting , Wenshin Yu Helen , Chen Yin-Quan , Chiou Arthur , Kuo Jean-Cheng
Published: December 2015

Directed cell migration requires dynamical control of the protein complex within focal adhesions (FAs) and this control is regulated by signaling events involving tyrosine phosphorylation. We screened the SH2 domains present in tyrosine-specific kinases and phosphatases found within FAs, including SRC, SHP1 and SHP2 and examined whether these enzymes transiently target FAs via their SH2 domains. We found that the SRC_SH2 domain and the SHP2_N-SH2 domain are associated with FAs, but only the SRC_SH2 domain is able to be regulated by focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The FAK-dependent association of the SRC_SH2 domain is necessary and sufficient for SRC FA targeting. When the targeting of SRC into FAs is inhibited, there is significant suppression of SRC-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK; this results in an inhibition of FA formation and maturation and a reduction in cell migration. This study reveals an association between FAs and the SRC_SH2 domain as well as between FAs and the SHP2_N-SH2 domains. This supports the hypothesis that the FAK-regulated SRC_SH2 domain plays an important role in directing SRC into FAs and that this SRC-mediated FA signaling drives cell migration.
Spatial resolution effect of light coupling structures
Authors: Li Juntao , Li Kezheng , Schuster Christian , Su Rongbin , Wang Xuehua , Borges Ben-Hur V. , Krauss Thomas F. , Martins Emiliano R.
Published: December 2015

The coupling of light between free space and thin film semiconductors is an essential requirement of modern optoelectronic technology. For monochromatic and single mode devices, high performance grating couplers have been developed that are well understood. For broadband and multimode devices, however, more complex structures, here referred to as “coupling surfaces”, are required, which are often difficult to realise technologically. We identify general design rules based on the Fourier properties of the coupling surface and show how they can be used to determine the spatial resolution required for the coupler’s fabrication. To our knowledge, this question has not been previously addressed, but it is important for the understanding of diffractive nanostructures and their technological realisation. We exemplify our insights with solar cells and UV photodetectors, where high-performance nanostructures that can be realised cost-effectively are essential.
Glycolysis, but not Mitochondria, responsible for intracellular ATP distribution in cortical area of podocytes
Authors: Ozawa Shota , Ueda Shuko , Imamura Hiromi , Mori Kiyoshi , Asanuma Katsuhiko , Yanagita Motoko , Nakagawa Takahiko
Published: December 2015

Differentiated podocytes, a type of renal glomerular cells, require substantial levels of energy to maintain glomerular physiology. Mitochondria and glycolysis are two major producers of ATP, but the precise roles of each in podocytes remain unknown. This study evaluated the roles of mitochondria and glycolysis in differentiated and differentiating podocytes. Mitochondria in differentiated podocytes are located in the central part of cell body while blocking mitochondria had minor effects on cell shape and migratory ability. In contrast, blocking glycolysis significantly reduced the formation of lamellipodia, a cortical area of these cells, decreased the cell migratory ability and induced the apoptosis. Consistently, the local ATP production in lamellipodia was predominantly regulated by glycolysis. In turn, synaptopodin expression was ameliorated by blocking either mitochondrial respiration or glycolysis. Similar to differentiated podocytes, the differentiating podocytes utilized the glycolysis for regulating apoptosis and lamellipodia formation while synaptopodin expression was likely involved in both mitochondrial OXPHOS and glycolysis. Finally, adult mouse podocytes have most of mitochondria predominantly in the center of the cytosol whereas phosphofructokinase, a rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis, was expressed in foot processes. These data suggest that mitochondria and glycolysis play parallel but distinct roles in differentiated and differentiating podocytes.
Direct observation of laser guided corona discharges
Authors: Wang Tie-Jun , Wei Yingxia , Liu Yaoxiang , Chen Na , Liu Yonghong , Ju Jingjing , Sun Haiyi , Wang Cheng , Lu Haihe , Liu Jiansheng , Chin See Leang , Li Ruxin , Xu Zhizhan
Published: December 2015

Laser based lightning control holds a promising way to solve the problem of the long standing disaster of lightning strikes. But it is a challenging project due to insufficient understanding of the interaction between laser plasma channel and high voltage electric filed. In this work, a direct observation of laser guided corona discharge is reported. Laser filament guided streamer and leader types of corona discharges were observed. An enhanced ionization took place in the leader (filament) through the interaction with the high voltage discharging field. The fluorescence lifetime of laser filament guided corona discharge was measured to be several microseconds, which is 3 orders of magnitude longer than the fluorescence lifetime of laser filaments. This work could be advantageous towards a better understanding of laser assisted leader development in the atmosphere.
Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of Hg2+ based on the separation of Hg2+ and formation of catalytic DNA–gold nanoparticles
Authors: Peng Chi-Fang , Pan Na , Xie Zheng-Jun , Wu Liang-Liang
Published: December 2015

Hg2+ ions can be absorbed onto a DNA–AuNP complex and separated from water samples while the catalytic activity of DNA–AuNPs can be promoted.
Thiazolium carbene catalysts for the fixation of CO2 onto amines
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Bobbink Felix D. , Bulut Safak , Soudani Mylène , Dyson Paul J.
Published: December 2015

The catalytic N-formylation and N-methylation of amines using CO2 as the carbon source represents a facile and sustainable approach for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and natural products.
Surfactant-free nickel–silver core@shell nanoparticles in mesoporous SBA-15 for chemoselective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate
Authors: Li Molly Meng-Jung , Ye Linmin , Zheng Jianwei , Fang Huihuang , Kroner Anna , Yuan Youzhu , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: December 2015

Surfactant-free bimetallic Ni@Ag nanoparticles in mesoporous silica, SBA-15 prepared by simple wet co-impregnation catalyse hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to methyl glycolate or ethylene glycol in high yield.
Conversion of light-energy into molecular strain in the photocycle of the photoactive yellow protein
Authors: Gamiz-Hernandez Ana P. , Kaila Ville R. I.
Published: December 2015

The Photoactive Yellow Protein (PYP) converts light energy into molecular strain, stored in the early pR0-photocycle intermediate.
Localised and delocalised excitons in star-like squaraine homo- and heterotrimers
Authors: Ceymann Harald , Balkenhohl Moritz , Schmiedel Alexander , Holzapfel Marco , Lambert Christoph
Published: December 2015

Steady state and time resolved spectroscopy shows localisation and delocalisation of excitons in star-like squaraine trimers which are formed by the combination of two different squaraines.
NADH gene manipulation for advancing bioelectricity in Clostridium ljungdahlii microbial fuel cells
Authors: Han Shuo , Gao Xiong-ying , Ying Han-jie , Zhou Charles C.
Published: December 2015

A scheme of basic metabolic pathways and energy conservation inC. ljungdahlii.
Total synthesis of the azolemycins
Authors: Anderson Zoe J. , Fox David J.
Published: December 2015

The first total syntheses of newly isolated polyazole natural products azolemycins A–D, along with the synthesis of the tetra-oxazole non-natural analogue, are described.
The polymeric nanofilm of triazinedithiolsilane capable of resisting corrosion and serving as an activated interface on a copper surface
Authors: Wang Yabin , Liu Zhong , Dong Yaping , Li Wu , Huang Yudong , Qi Yutai
Published: December 2015

It seems self-contradictory that a copper surface can resist corrosion and be activated concurrently.
Nonlinear optical effects in nitrogen-doped graphene
Authors: Zhang Fang , Wang Zhengping , Wang Duanliang , Wu Zhixin , Wang Shenglai , Xu Xinguang
Published: December 2015

The band structure of graphene can be adjusted by incorporating other elements or functional groups, correspondingly, the response to an external light field will also be changed.
Facile synthesis of Cu2O microstructures and their morphology dependent electrochemical supercapacitor properties
Authors: Kumar Rudra , Rai Prabhakar , Sharma Ashutosh
Published: December 2015

This work study reports on the effects of the morphology of materials on their supercapacitor properties taking the grain boundaries into account.
Nano-grained ZrB2 thin films as a high-performance diffusion barrier in Cu metallization
Authors: Meng Y. , Ma F. , Song Z. X. , Li Y. H. , Xu K. W.
Published: December 2015

Nano-grained ZrB2 thin films are prepared by radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering and, the thermal stability and the diffusion barrier performance are evaluated at elevated temperatures.
Donor–acceptor copolymers containing phthalazinone–thiophene structure synthesized by low-cost copper-catalyzed Ullmann polymerization
Authors: Han Jianhua , Yin Haoyue , Liu Cheng , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao
Published: December 2015

We present a low-cost copper-catalyzed Ullmann polycondensation of phthalazinone based monomers, which provides access to polyarylethers and conjugated polymers.
Insight into crystallization process of rubrene by binary solvent mixtures
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Li Yiping , Zou Fengjun , Du Hao , Sun Lijing , Zhang Jidong , Song Xiaofeng , Song Guicai
Published: December 2015

Rubrene crystals have been prepared by properly tuning the blend ratio and evaporation rate of the high-boiling-point solvent.
Photoluminescence tuning via energy transfer in Eu-doped Ba2(Gd,Tb)2Si4O13 solid-solution phosphors
Authors: Zhou Jun , Xia Zhiguo , Bettinelli Marco , Liu Quanlin
Published: December 2015

Successive energy transfer processes Eu2+–Eu3+(Tb3+) and Tb3+–Eu3+ appear to occur in Ba2Tb2−ySi4O13:yEu (y = 0–0.12) solid-solution phosphors.
ACS-22, a protein homologous to mammalian fatty acid transport protein 4, is essential for the control of the toxicity and translocation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zhi Lingtong , Fu Wei , Wang Xiong , Wang Dayong
Published: December 2015

ACS-22 plays an essential role in regulating toxicity and translocation of MWCNTs.
High performance supercapacitors based on ternary graphene/Au/polyaniline (PANI) hierarchical nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Luyan , Wu Ting , Du Sen , Pei Meishan , Guo Wenjuan , Wei Suying
Published: December 2015

A ternary graphene/Au/PANI nanocomposite is designed and fabricatedviaa facile two-step approach. The well designed hierarchical nanostructure has high electrochemical performance and long cycling stability.
Surface defection reduces cytotoxicity of Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 (ZIF-8) without compromising its drug delivery capacity
Authors: Shearier Emily , Cheng Peifu , Zhu Zhuan , Bao Jiming , Hu Yun Hang , Zhao Feng
Published: December 2015

Surface defection incurs bond breakage and unsaturated Zn-sites and N-sites on the external surface of ZIF-8 particles. These bonds in turn bind H2O molecules in an aqueous environment, converting ZIF-8 from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.
Enhanced photovoltaic characteristics of MoS2/Si hybrid solar cells by metal Pd chemical doping
Authors: Hao L. Z. , Liu Y. J. , Gao W. , Liu Y. M. , Han Z. D. , Xue Q. Z. , Zhu J.
Published: December 2015

MoS2/Si hybrid solar cells are fabricated and the device performances are improved via Pd chemical doping. Due to the incorporation of the Pd atoms, the photovoltaic characteristics of the fabricated Pd:MoS2/Si solar cell are enhanced significantly.
Dual-stabilizer-capped CdSe quantum dots for “Off–On” electrochemiluminescence biosensing of thrombin by target-triggered multiple amplification
Authors: Jie Guifen , Chen Kai , Wang Xiaochun , Lu Zhengkun
Published: December 2015

A novel CdSe QDs was used to design a promising ECL biosensor for thrombin assay by target-triggered multiple amplification.
The role of intermolecular interactions involving halogens in the supramolecular architecture of a series of Mn(ii) coordination compounds
Authors: Khavasi Hamid Reza , Ghanbarpour Alireza , Tehrani Alireza Azhdari
Published: December 2015

This study reveals the role of halogen-involving interactions in structural changes of supramolecular assemblies of manganese(ii) complexes including N-(4-halo)phenyl picolinamide ligands.
Dynamic mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube reinforced ABS composites and their correlation with entanglement density, adhesion, reinforcement and C factor
Authors: Jyoti Jeevan , Singh Bhanu Pratap , Arya Abhishek K. , Dhakate S. R.
Published: December 2015

Herein, the dynamic mechanical properties of MWCNTs reinforced ABS composites have been studied using a DMA and the results have been correlated with entanglement density, adhesion, reinforcement and C Factor.
A modular self-assembly approach to functionalised β-sheet peptide hydrogel biomaterials
Authors: King Patrick J. S. , Giovanna Lizio M. , Booth Andrew , Collins Richard F. , Gough Julie E. , Miller Aline F. , Webb Simon J.
Published: December 2015

Designed complementary peptides self-assembled into β-sheet fibrils under physiological conditions to give cell-compatible hydrogels. N-terminal modification of one peptide component with RGD improved fibroblast viability and attachment.
Micro-mechanics of electrostatically stabilized suspensions of cellulose nanofibrils under steady state shear flow
Authors: Martoïa F. , Dumont P. J. J. , Orgéas L. , Belgacem M. N. , Putaux J.-L.
Published: December 2015

In this study, we characterized and modeled the rheology of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (NFC) aqueous suspensions with electrostatically stabilized and unflocculated nanofibrous structures.
Hydrodynamics of bilayer membranes with diffusing transmembrane proteins
Authors: Callan-Jones Andrew , Durand Marc , Fournier Jean-Baptiste
Published: December 2015

We consider the hydrodynamics of lipid bilayers containing transmembrane proteins of arbitrary shape.
Confined semiflexible polymers suppress fluctuations of soft membrane tubes
Authors: Mirzaeifard Sina , Abel Steven M.
Published: December 2015

We use computer simulations to investigate tubular membrane structures with and without semiflexible polymers confined inside. Confined polymers suppress membrane shape fluctuations and, if sufficiently stiff, can significantly deform the membrane tube.
Synthesis, structure and electrical properties of N-doped Li3VO4
Authors: Dong Bo , Jarkaneh Rouzbeh , Hull Stephen , Reeves-McLaren Nik , Biendicho Jordi Jacas , West Anthony R.
Published: December 2015

N-doped Li3VO4 of general formula Li3+xVO4−xNx was prepared by solid state reaction of Li3N, V2O5 and either Li2CO3 or LiOH·H2O.
Ultrafine platinum/iron oxide nanoconjugates confined in silica nanoshells for highly durable catalytic oxidation
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Wang Dawei , Gao Chuanbo , Liu Hongyang , Han Lu , Yin Yadong
Published: December 2015

An alloying–dealloying process in silica nanoshells is reported to produce confined ultrafine Pt/FeOxnanoconjugates for highly durable catalysis.
The lighter side of MOFs: structurally photoresponsive metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Jones C. L. , Tansell A. J. , Easun T. L.
Published: December 2015

Shedding light on the design strategies used to make structurally photoactive metal–organic frameworks.
Advanced N-doped mesoporous molybdenum disulfide nanosheets and the enhanced lithium-ion storage performance
Authors: Qin Si , Lei Weiwei , Liu Dan , Chen Ying
Published: December 2015

With the increasing interest in two-dimensional van der Waals materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a promising material for electronic and energy storage devices.
Bimetallic silver nanoparticle–gold nanocluster embedded composite nanoparticles for cancer theranostics
Authors: Dutta Deepanjalee , Sahoo Amaresh Kumar , Chattopadhyay Arun , Ghosh Siddhartha Sankar
Published: December 2015

A bimetallic silver nanoparticle based gold nanocluster module has been developed for theranostic cellular application by a rapid and simple galvanic exchange method.
Tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxyl-thymopentin: a nano-conjugate for releasing pharmacophores to treat tumor and complications
Authors: Hu Xi , Zhao Ming , Wang Yuji , Wang Yaonan , Zhao Shurui , Wu Jianhui , Li Xiangmin , Peng Shiqi
Published: December 2015

The nano-feature, release, bioactivities and action mechanism of the β-carboline-thymopentin conjugate, a novel nanomedicine, are presented.
Nano-assembly of bovine serum albumin driven by rare-earth-ion (Gd) biomineralization for highly efficient photodynamic therapy and tumor imaging
Authors: Wen Ya , Dong Haiqing , Li Yan , Shen Aijun , Li Yongyong
Published: December 2015

Biomineralization of a rare earth ion (Gd) is first employed to assemble BSA into sub-50 nm nanoparticles (Gd@BSA) for theranostic applications.
Confinement controlled mineralization of calcium carbonate within collagen fibrils
Authors: Ping Hang , Xie Hao , Wan Yamin , Zhang Zhixiao , Zhang Jing , Xiang Mingyu , Xie Jingjing , Wang Hao , Wang Weimin , Fu Zhengyi
Published: December 2015

The amorphous calcium carbonate infiltrates into collagen fibrils and transforms into a co-oriented crystalline phase under the function of confinement.
Antineoplastic busulfan encapsulated in a metal organic framework nanocarrier: first in vivo results
Authors: Simon-Yarza M. T. , Baati T. , Paci A. , Lesueur L. L. , Seck A. , Chiper M. , Gref R. , Serre C. , Couvreur P. , Horcajada P.
Published: December 2015

Nanoparticles of a mesoporous iron(iii) trimesate MIL-100 nanocarrier encapsulating high amounts of the challenging antineoplastic busulfan were administered to rats and compared with the commercial Busilvex®.
HELIOS—A laboratory based on high-order harmonic generation of extreme ultraviolet photons for time-resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Plogmaker S. , Terschlüsen J. A. , Krebs N. , Svanqvist M. , Forsberg J. , Cappel U. B. , Rubensson J.-E. , Siegbahn H. , Söderström J.
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we present the HELIOS (High Energy Laser Induced Overtone Source) laboratory, an in-house high-order harmonic generation facility which generates extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photon pulses in the range of 15-70 eV with monochromatized XUV pulse lengths below 35 fs. HELIOS is a source for time-resolved pump-probe/two-color spectroscopy in the sub-50 fs range, which can be operated at 5 kHz or 10 kHz. An optical parametric amplifier is available for pump-probe experiments with wavelengths ranging from 240 nm to 20 000 nm. The produced XUV radiation is monochromatized by a grating in the so-called off-plane mount. Together with overall design parameters, first monochromatized spectra are shown with an intensity of 2 ⋅ 1010 photons/s (at 5 kHz) in the 29th harmonic, after the monochromator. The XUV pulse duration is measured to be <25 fs after monochromatization.
Insights into thermal diffusion of germanium and oxygen atoms in HfO2/GeO2/Ge gate stacks and their suppressed reaction with atomically thin AlOx interlayers
Authors: Ogawa Shingo , Asahara Ryohei , Minoura Yuya , Sako Hideki , Kawasaki Naohiko , Yamada Ichiko , Miyamoto Takashi , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: December 2015

The thermal diffusion of germanium and oxygen atoms in HfO2/GeO2/Ge gate stacks was comprehensively evaluated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry combined with an isotopic labeling technique. It was found that 18O-tracers composing the GeO2 underlayers diffuse within the HfO2 overlayers based on Fick's law with the low activation energy of about 0.5 eV. Although out-diffusion of the germanium atoms through HfO2 also proceeded at the low temperatures of around 200 °C, the diffusing germanium atoms preferentially segregated on the HfO2 surfaces, and the reaction was further enhanced at high temperatures with the assistance of GeO desorption. A technique to insert atomically thin AlOx interlayers between the HfO2 and GeO2 layers was proven to effectively suppress both of these independent germanium and oxygen intermixing reactions in the gate stacks.
Cryogenic molecular separation system for radioactive 11C ion acceleration
Authors: Katagiri K. , Noda A. , Suzuki K. , Nagatsu K. , Boytsov A. Yu. , Donets D. E. , Donets E. D. , Donets E. E. , Ramzdorf A. Yu. , Nakao M. , Hojo S. , Wakui T. , Noda K.
Published: December 2015

A 11C molecular production/separation system (CMPS) has been developed as part of an isotope separation on line system for simultaneous positron emission tomography imaging and heavy-ion cancer therapy using radioactive 11C ion beams. In the ISOL system, 11CH4 molecules will be produced by proton irradiation and separated from residual air impurities and impurities produced during the irradiation. The CMPS includes two cryogenic traps to separate specific molecules selectively from impurities by using vapor pressure differences among the molecular species. To investigate the fundamental performance of the CMPS, we performed separation experiments with non-radioactive 12CH4 gases, which can simulate the chemical characteristics of 11CH4 gases. We investigated the separation of CH4 molecules from impurities, which will be present as residual gases and are expected to be difficult to separate because the vapor pressure of air molecules is close to that of CH4. We determined the collection/separation efficiencies of the CMPS for various amounts of air impurities and found desirable operating conditions for the CMPS to be used as a molecular separation device in our ISOL system.
Development of intelligent instruments with embedded HTTP servers for control and data acquisition in a cryogenic setup—The hardware, firmware, and software implementation
Authors: Antony Joby , Mathuria D. S. , Datta T. S. , Maity Tanmoy
Published: December 2015

The power of Ethernet for control and automation technology is being largely understood by the automation industry in recent times. Ethernet with HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is one of the most widely accepted communication standards today. Ethernet is best known for being able to control through internet from anywhere in the globe. The Ethernet interface with built-in on-chip embedded servers ensures global connections for crate-less model of control and data acquisition systems which have several advantages over traditional crate-based control architectures for slow applications. This architecture will completely eliminate the use of any extra PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) or similar control hardware in any automation network as the control functions are firmware coded inside intelligent meters itself. Here, we describe the indigenously built project of a cryogenic control system built for linear accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, known as “CADS,” which stands for “Complete Automation of Distribution System.” CADS deals with complete hardware, firmware, and software implementation of the automated linac cryogenic distribution system using many Ethernet based embedded cryogenic instruments developed in-house. Each instrument works as an intelligent meter called device-server which has the control functions and control loops built inside the firmware itself. Dedicated meters with built-in servers were designed out of ARM (Acorn RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Machine) and ATMEL processors and COTS (Commercially Off-the-Shelf) SMD (Surface Mount Devices) components, with analog sensor front-end and a digital back-end web server implementing remote procedure call over HTTP for digital control and readout functions. At present, 24 instruments which run 58 embedded servers inside, each specific to a particular type of sensor-actuator combination for closed loop operations, are now deployed and distributed across control LAN (Local Area Network). A group of six categories of such instruments have been identified for all cryogenic applications required for linac operation which were designed to build this medium-scale cryogenic automation setup. These devices have special features like remote rebooters, daughter boards for PIDs (Proportional Integral Derivative), etc., to operate them remotely in radiation areas and also have emergency switches by which each device can be taken to emergency mode temporarily. Finally, all the data are monitored, logged, controlled, and analyzed online at a central control room which has a user-friendly control interface developed using LabVIEW®. This paper discusses the overall hardware, firmware, software design, and implementation for the cryogenics setup.
The responses of three kinds of passive dosimeters to secondary cosmic rays in the lower atmosphere
Authors: Yang Zhen , Chen Bo , Zhuo Weihai , Fan Dunhuang , Zhao Chao , Zhang Yu
Published: December 2015

For accurate measurements of the secondary cosmic rays by using passive dosimeters, the relative responses of the thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter, and radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLGD) were studied. The cosmic-ray shower generator was used to simulate the secondary cosmic rays at the sea level. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the air kerma and absorbed doses in each kind of dosimeter. The results showed that compared with their responses to gamma rays of 137Cs, the relative responses of the TLD, OSL, and RPLGD were 0.786, 0.707, and 0.735 to the hard component of cosmic rays, respectively, and the values were 0.904, 0.838, and 0.857 to the soft component of cosmic rays, respectively. To verify the simulations results, an in situ measurement with the three kinds of dosimeters was performed at the same place. The results indicated that the secondary cosmic rays monitored with the three kinds of dosimeters were well consistent with each other provided their relative responses were taken into account.
Numerical study of low pressure air plasma in an actuated channel
Authors: Houba Tomas , Roy Subrata
Published: December 2015

A model for air plasma discharge based on drift-diffusion with local mean energy approximation is described. The model consists of 7 species and 18 reactions. The code is benchmarked with experimental and numerical results for low pressure glow discharge in a cylindrical tube. The code is used to simulate the discharge produced by a wire placed in a rectangular channel with grounded electrodes at the top and bottom walls. The discharge is concentrated near the wire. The actuator acts on the neutral gas through a body force and Joule heating. Around 80%–90% of the electrical power is converted to Joule heating of the neutral gas and the wall. The actuator produces a body force on the order of 0.1 mN/m. The effectiveness of the actuator increases from 100 to 300 V, and plateaus from 300 to 600 V. The results of the study suggest a further exploration of the channel concept.
Equation of state of dense neon and krypton plasmas in the partial ionization regime
Authors: Chen Q. F. , Zheng J. , Gu Y. J. , Li Z. G.
Published: December 2015

The compression behaviors of dense neon and krypton plasmas over a wide pressure-temperature range are investigated by self-consistent fluid variational theory. The ionization degree and equation of state of dense neon and krypton are calculated in the density-temperature range of 0.01–10 g/cm3 and 4–50 kK. A region of thermodynamic instability is found which is related to the plasma phase transition. The calculated shock adiabat and principal Hugoniot of liquid krypton are in good agreement with available experimental data. The predicted results of shock-compressed liquid neon are presented, which provide a guide for dynamical experiments or numerical first-principle calculations aimed at studying the compression properties of liquid neon in the partial ionization regime.
Low-voltage harmonic multiplying gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier in G band
Authors: Yeh Y. S. , Hung C. L. , Chang T. H. , Guo Y. W. , Kao B. H. , Chen C. H. , Wang Z. W.
Published: December 2015

Harmonic multiplying operation in a gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) permits for magnetic field reduction and frequency multiplication. Lowering a beam voltage is an important step toward miniaturization of a harmonic multiplying gyro-TWA. However, the additional degree of freedom that is provided by the multitude cyclotron harmonics in a low-voltage harmonic multiplying gyro-TWA still easily generates various competing modes. An improved mode-selective circuit, using circular waveguides with various radii, can provide the rejection points within the frequency range to suppress competing modes. Simulated results reveal that the mode-selective circuit can provide an attenuation of more than 14 dB to suppress the competing modes. Furthermore, the performance of the gyro-TWA is analyzed for studying the sensitivity of the saturated output power and full width at half maximum bandwidth of the gyro-TWA to the beam voltage and the magnetic field. A stable low-voltage harmonic multiplying gyro-TWA with the mode-selective circuit is predicted to yield a peak output power of 24 kW at 200.4 GHz, corresponding to a saturated gain of 56 dB at an interaction efficiency of 20%. The full width at half maximum bandwidth is 3.0 GHz.
Nonlinear simulations of particle source effects on edge localized mode
Authors: Huang J. , Chen S. Y. , Wang Z. H. , Tang C. J.
Published: December 2015

The effects of particle source (PS) with different intensities and located positions on Edge Localized Mode (ELM) are systematically studied with BOUT++ code. The results show the ELM size strongly decreases with increasing the PS intensity once the PS is located in the middle or bottom of the pedestal. The effects of PS on ELM depend on the located position of PS. When it is located at the top of the pedestal, peeling-ballooning (P-B) modes can extract more free energy from the pressure gradient and grow up to be a large filament at the initial crash phase and the broadening of mode spectrum can be suppressed by PS, which leads to more energy loss. When it is located in the middle or bottom of the pedestal, the extraction of free energy by P-B modes can be suppressed, and a small filament is generated. During the turbulence transport phase, the broader mode spectrum suppresses the turbulence transport when PS is located in the middle, while the zonal flow plays an important role in damping the turbulence transport when PS is located at the bottom.
Numerical investigation on wind turbine vortex generators employing transition models
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhou , Li Tao , Wang Tongguang , Liu Xuan , Zheng Yuan
Published: December 2015

Vortex generators (VGs) have been proposed as a type of credible equipment to promote performance of the inner part of wind blades. In the inboard part of the blade of the large scale wind turbine, flow separation and transition phenomena often take place. In this paper, a DU-W2-250 blade section with 5 pairs of VGs is modeled using k-ω shear-stress transport (SST) model and γ-R̃eθt transition model. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of transition on performance of the blade section, from lift coefficient, lift-drag ratio, friction coefficient, and pressure distribution of the surface. The research results show that transition model results agree with test results far better than the SST model, whether in lift coefficient curve or in drag-lift ratio. The paper obtains the transition point of the blade surface, knows the state and its variation of flow on the blade surface, and pressure distribution under the effect of the transition.
High-performing visible-blind photodetectors based on SnO2/CuO nanoheterojunctions
Authors: Xie Ting , Hasan Md Rezaul , Qiu Botong , Arinze Ebuka S. , Nguyen Nhan V. , Motayed Abhishek , Thon Susanna M. , Debnath Ratan
Published: December 2015

We report on the significant performance enhancement of SnO2 thin film ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) through incorporation of CuO/SnO2 p-n nanoscale heterojunctions. The nanoheterojunctions are self-assembled by sputtering Cu clusters that oxidize in ambient to form CuO. We attribute the performance improvements to enhanced UV absorption, demonstrated both experimentally and using optical simulations, and electron transfer facilitated by the nanoheterojunctions. The peak responsivity of the PDs at a bias of 0.2 V improved from 1.9 A/W in a SnO2-only device to 10.3 A/W after CuO deposition. The wavelength-dependent photocurrent-to-dark current ratio was estimated to be ∼592 for the CuO/SnO2 PD at 290 nm. The morphology, distribution of nanoparticles, and optical properties of the CuO/SnO2 heterostructured thin films are also investigated.
Experimental wave flume study of Savonius-type multiple rotor arrays
Authors: Tutar Mustafa , Veci Inaki
Published: December 2015

An array of horizontal axis Savonius-type three-part rotors, each consisting of three blades, is designed and built in-house to conduct performance analysis experiments for a parallel tandem arrangement in a wave flume at different wave physical and positioning conditions. The experiments are performed at different wave heights, wave periods, and longitudinal spacings between the rotors, and their submergence positions are for a previously adjusted constant water depth. The power output and wave-to-mechanical energy conversion efficiency of the “first rotor,” only in a single- and three-rotor array arrangement, is comparatively studied both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the optimum centre-to-centre spacing between the rotors as well as the wave physical characteristics at intermediate-to-shallow water depths. It is found that a higher rotational speed can be attained at a higher wave height, centre-to-centre rotor spacing and/or wave period until the water wave overtops or breaks down at larger wave periods. A submergence level that is very close to the water's surface is also found to have a positive influence on the rotor performance, while a positive submergence level has a negative effect. The present study suggests that experimental solutions within the wave-current flume can provide a proper guideline for the performance analysis of such device(s) for further studies of the optimization of the design of Savonius type multi-rotor arrays under different operating conditions, if suitable geometry dimensioning, i.e., scaling issues, submergence positioning, rotor spacing, and physical flow conditions, are provided in accordance with the existing water depth.
Note: A concrete erosion sensor based on a chirped fibre optic Bragg grating
Authors: Kanopoulos Patrick , Xia Kaiwen , Gu Xijia , Amirchoupani Ardavan , Yao Wei
Published: December 2015

Erosion of concrete surfaces in major civil structures is a common problem, which in certain circumstances can undermine the structural and operational integrities of the structure. The manual monitoring of the erosion process can be difficult and dangerous under certain circumstances (such as within hydrotunnels and spillways of dams). This paper describes a concrete erosion sensor based on a chirped fibre Bragg grating (FBG) which is able to monitor the extent of concrete erosion at a single point to sub-millimetre accuracy. The chirped FBG length embedded below the concrete surface decreases as a result of concrete erosion and consequently the reflected light spectrum bandwidth narrows. A simple procedure is presented to determine the extent of erosion, and this procedure is applied to an experimental demonstration of the sensing device.
Macroautophagy is dispensable for growth of KRAS mutant tumors and chloroquine efficacy
Authors: Eng Christina H. , Wang Zuncai , Tkach Diane , Toral-Barza Lourdes , Ugwonali Savuth , Liu Shanming , Fitzgerald Stephanie L. , George Elizabeth , Frias Elizabeth , Cochran Nadire , De Jesus Rowena , McAllister Gregory , Hoffman Gregory R. , Bray Kevin , Lemon LuAnna , Lucas Judy , Fantin Valeria R. , Abraham Robert T. , Murphy Leon O. , Nyfeler Beat
Published: December 2015

Significance

Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutant tumors are believed to depend on autophagy for growth and survival. This study details the unexpected finding that autophagy-related 7, an enzyme essential for macroautophagy, can be deleted in several KRAS-driven cancer lines without affecting growth in vitro or in vivo. These data indicate that KRAS mutation status does not predict cell-autonomous addiction to autophagy. Furthermore, this report addresses a long-standing question regarding the mechanism of chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent often used to interrogate effects of autophagy inhibition. Although chloroquine is antiproliferative and synergizes with targeted anticancer drugs, these effects are independent of macroautophagy. Future studies are needed to identify appropriate genetic stratification parameters to predict efficacy toward chloroquine and to characterize such agents further as anticancer combination partners.
Consistent SpatioTemporal Estuarine Habitat Use during Emigration or Immigration of a Western Population of Gulf Sturgeon
Authors: Peterson Mark S. , Havrylkoff Jeanne‐Marie , Grammer Paul O. , Mickle Paul F. , Slack William T.
Published: December 2015

The spatial and seasonal occupancy by Gulf Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi was estimated using acoustically tagged fish in the Pascagoula River estuary over a 3‐year period (2010–2013) and was based on 131,381 detections. Juveniles spent considerably more time in the estuary than subadults or adults, but that varied by year. Gulf Sturgeon of all size‐classes entered the acoustic array earlier when stream discharge was high (2011, 2012) compared with when it was lower (2010). The difference was about 14–28 d earlier for adults and subadults but only 12–17 d for juveniles. Temporally, there were no significant differences in occupancy by year or season for adults or subadults or by year for juvenile Gulf Sturgeon, suggesting repeated patterns across the 3 years of this study. Significant and consistent spatial differences in occupancy occurred by array zone, with juveniles occupying the West zone more than the East and River zones of the acoustic array; however, occupancy in the River zone was greater than in the East zone. We found similar patterns for subadults, with the highest occupancy in the West zone compared with the East zone; use was higher in the River zone than in the East zone but there was no difference between the River and West zones. In contrast, no year, season, or zone patterns were identified for adult Gulf Sturgeon, suggesting annual movement along a defined travel corridor (from the River zone to the West zone to offshore islands), with little time spent in the estuary. Adults appear to move quickly through the system during emigration (fall) and immigration (spring) compared with longer but more variable occupancy for juveniles and subadults. Our long‐term data illustrates the importance of habitat connectivity in the recovery of Gulf Sturgeon and enhances earlier work on estuarine zones used during migration periods and estuarine residency; both are important for a better understanding of critical habitat maintenance and the development of a robust recovery plan.
A Chronic Opioid Therapy Dose Reduction Policy in Primary Care
Authors: Weimer Melissa B. , Hartung Daniel M. , Ahmed Sharia , Nicolaidis Christina
Published: December 2015

Background

High-dose opioids prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain have been associated with increased risk of opioid overdose. Health systems and states have responded by developing opioid dose limitation policies. Little is known about how these policies affect prescribing practices or characteristics of patients who respond best to opioid tapers from high-dose opioids.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate change in total opioid dose after the implementation of a provider education intervention and a 120 mg morphine equivalents per day (MED) opioid dose limitation policy in one academic primary care clinic. We compared opioid prescriptions 1 year before and 1 year after the intervention. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to assess which patient characteristics predicted opioid dose reduction from high opioid dose.

Results

Out of a total of 516 patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy, 116 patients (22%) were prescribed high-dose opioid therapy (>120 mg MED). After policy adoption, the average daily dose of opioids declined by 64 mg MED (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32–96; P < .001) and 41 patients (37%) on high-dose opioids tapered their doses below 120 mg MED (Tapered to Safer Dose group). In multivariate analyses, female sex was the only significant association with dose taper; female patients were less likely to taper to a safer dose (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11–0.70).

Conclusions

A combined intervention of education and a practice policy that limits opioid doses for patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy may be an important component of system-level strategies to reduce opioid misuse and overdose; it may also help identify patients suitable for medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Specific strategies may be needed to assist women with opioid dose tapers.
Force key comparison CCM.F-K2.a.1 (50 kN and 100 kN)
Authors: Savarin A , Medina N , Knott A
Published: December 2015

This report describes CIPM key comparison CCM.F-K2.a.1, a key comparison between force standard machines at the national measurement institutes of Argentina (INTI), Spain (CEM), and the United Kingdom (NPL), at generated forces of 50 kN and 100 kN, in the period from 2010 to 2012. Two transducers were used and the force-time profile was strictly controlled, to minimise effects of creep. The final results are linked to the KCRV determined in CIPM Key Comparison CCM.F-K2.a through the use of one common deadweight force standard machine (NPL's 120 kN machine) in the two comparison exercises.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Comparison of primary standard gas mixtures: gravimetric production of carbon monoxide in nitrogen (3 μmol/mol)
Authors: Konopelko L A , Kustikov Y A , Kolobova A V , Pankratov V V , Pankov A A , Efremova O V , Augusto Cristiane R , Fioravante Andreia L , Ribeiro Claudia C , Teixeira Denise C G S , Elias Elizandra C S , Oudwater Rutger J , Fagundes Fátima A , Silva Marceli C
Published: December 2015

COOMET.QM-S3 is a supplementary comparison of primary standard gas mixtures—'Carbon monoxide in Nitrogen (3 μmol/mol)'. This is a bilateral comparison between VNIIM and INMETRO and it was conducted in 2013. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas and in concentrations higher than 3–5 μmol/mol it is hazardous to human health. Therefore, it is important for NMIs to have the capability of an accurate carbon monoxide measurements.

This comparison has shown that primary standard gas mixtures of carbon monoxide in nitrogen on the level of 3 μmol/mol, prepared in VNIIM and Inmetro, do not agree—the pair-wise degree of equivalence D (0.77%) is higher than the appropriate expanded uncertainty U(D) (0.29%).

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Social finance
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: December 2015

The chapter considers some of the origins of social finance and analyses eight different types of investment that are sometimes conflated under this title. It critiques some of the discourses around social finance and notes the weak evidence base on the actual value added of bringing investment approaches and methods into the social sector. A detailed analysis of the development of the UK ecosystem for social finance draws upon the author’s own involvement in some key initiatives. Four key challenges are highlighted around returns, definitions, impact, and scale. The chapter concludes with some observations concerning the likely future development of this field.
What should social finance invest in and with whom?
Authors: Steinberg Richard
Published: December 2015

This chapter focuses on the relationship between social finance and the not-for-profit sector considering the issues from the perspective of nonprofit economics. The question ‘what should social finance invest in’ discusses the difference between societal needs that can be addressed through ordinary financial investments from those that require social investment. The ‘with whom’ question concerns the organizations that use social investments to create social impact. After setting out the conventional rationales for social finance in terms of creating collective goods and addressing market failures, the chapter goes on to explore the specifics of social investment in not-for-profit organizations. The next section of the chapter considers the evolution of hybrid organizations that combine social and financial objectives—specifically it evaluates several key features such as their efficiency, sustainability, and access to capital. Conclusions summarize the various arguments and acknowledge limitations.
Venture philanthropy
Authors: John Rob , Emerson Jed
Published: December 2015

This chapter starts by defining this term and constituent elements and phases, then traces its development starting in the USA and the moving to Europe and, more recently, to Asia. These historical analyses demonstrate both how the field of ‘engaged’ philanthropy has changed over time, but also how important different socio-cultural contexts and traditions have been in its development. The chapter makes a clear connection with the work on ‘philanthrocapitalism’ earlier in the book. After the historical landscape analysis, the chapter goes on to discuss some of the criticisms that have been levelled at venture philanthropy. It concludes by raising the key question of whether venture philanthropy will become the norm for grant-making or will remain an ‘outsider’ activity within the sector.
Projection, valuation, and pricing in social finance
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Patton Aunnie
Published: December 2015

The chapter suggests that a significant challenge to the further development of the social finance market is the lack of consistent blended valuations and pricing that allow comparative allocation capital judgements to be made. It aims to address this issue by building a new framework—built upon the foundations of mainstream asset valuation—the projection-valuation-pricing (PVP) model. Each element of the model is then explored in detail with key observations being made concerning its distinctiveness in social finance contexts. This analysis highlights how existing models have validity for social finance, but will need to be adapted to a new context. The chapter continues by exploring some of the key features needed to develop a distinctive social finance term sheet in terms of a range of investors.