bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saliva and serum lacosamide concentrations in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Greenaway Clare , Ratnaraj Neville , Sander Josemir W. , Patsalos Philip N.
Published: October 2010

Purpose:  Lacosamide is a new antiepileptic drug that has a novel mechanism of action, linear pharmacokinetics, and proven efficacy in the adjunctive treatment of partial‐onset seizures. We ascertained the relationship between serum and saliva lacosamide concentrations so as to determine whether saliva may be a useful alternative to serum for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Methods:  Blood samples were obtained from 98 people with intractable epilepsy (51 male; mean age 43 ± 12; range 19–76 years) prescribed lacosamide as adjunctive therapy. For 48 patients, concurrent saliva samples were also collected. Lacosamide concentrations in serum (free and total) and in saliva were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results:  Linear regression analysis showed a good correlation between lacosamide dose and both total (r2 = 0.825; n = 32) and free (r2 = 0.815; n = 29) serum concentrations, and lacosamide serum total and free concentrations were linearly related (r2 = 0.721; n = 97). There was also a good correlation between saliva lacosamide and both total (r2 = 0.842; n = 49) and free (r2 = 0.828; n = 47) serum lacosamide concentrations. Based on the saliva data, the protein binding of lacosamide in serum is calculated to be 87 ± 4% and is comparable to the value calculated by direct measurement of the free and total lacosamide concentration in serum (91 ± 4%).

Discussion:  These data support the use of saliva as a viable alternative to serum for monitoring lacosamide therapy in patients with epilepsy.
Get Fat Fast: Surviving Stage‐Gate® in NPD
Authors: Van Oorschot Kim , Sengupta Kishore , Akkermans Henk , Van Wassenhove Luk
Published: October 2010

Stage‐Gate® is a widely used product innovation process for managing portfolios of new product development projects. The process enables companies to minimize uncertainty by helping them identify—at various stages or gates—the “wrong” projects before too many resources are invested. The present research looks at the question of whether using Stage‐Gate® may lead companies also to jettison some “right” projects (i.e., those that could have become successful). The specific context of this research involves projects characterized by asymmetrical uncertainty: where workload is usually underestimated at the start (because new development tasks or new customer requirements are discovered after the project begins) and where the development team's size is often overestimated (because assembling a productive team takes more time than anticipated). Software development projects are a perfect example. In the context of an underestimated workload and an understaffed team, the Stage‐Gate® philosophy of low investment at the start may set off a negative dynamic: low investments in the beginning lead to massive schedule pressure, which increases turnover in an already understaffed team and results in the team missing schedules for the first stage. This delay cascades into the second stage and eventually leads management to conclude that the project is not viable and should be abandoned. However, this paper shows how, with slightly more flexible thinking (i.e., initial Stage‐Gate® investments that are slightly less lean), some of the ostensibly “wrong” projects can actually become the “right” projects to pursue. Principal conclusions of the analysis are as follows: (1) adhering strictly to the Stage‐Gate® philosophy may well kill off viable projects and damage the firm's bottom line; (2) slightly relaxing the initial investment constraint can improve the dynamics of project execution; and (3) during a project's first stages, managers should focus more on ramping up their project team than on containing project costs.
Strategic Innovation Decisions: What You Foresee Is Not What You Get*
Authors: Moenaert Rudy K. , Robben Henry , Antioco Michael , De Schamphelaere Veroniek , Roks Eveline
Published: October 2010

This research attempts to (1) identify the factors that influence strategic decision making (i.e., a choice made among various strategic options), and (2) establish their relative importance in the context of new product development. Hence, this study's research question is formulated as follows: from a descriptive perspective what factors prevail in managers' strategic decision making on new product development, and from a normative perspective is this behavior optimal? An exploratory case research study generated a four‐dimensional framework of strategic decision making. In 17 companies, the decision‐making processes and subsequent implementation of 22 business innovation projects were studied. Managers' choices are determined by the assessment of (1) the business opportunity, (2) the feasibility, (3) the competitiveness, and (4) the leverage opportunities provided by the strategic option. The research question was then further addressed in a field site survey of 144 managers of ChemCorp, a global, multidivisional chemicals company. The ex ante conjoint study shows that feasibility and business opportunity prevail over competitiveness and leverage at the decision‐making moment. Using PLS‐Graph revealed that a manager's idiosyncrasies and the current and the future context of the division to which they belonged barely affected the relative weight of the decision‐making criteria: only the division's customer power and the threat of new entrants significantly influence positively the support for business opportunity assessments. This raised an important question: if feasibility and business opportunity appear as being, overall, the two most important strategic decision‐making criteria ex ante, are they key differentiators between success and failure ex post? An ex post critical incident study was conducted on 75 successful innovations and 69 failed innovations reported by the ChemCorp respondents. Using PLS‐Graph, this study shows that the competitiveness of a strategic option is a very important predictor of new project success. While the findings await replication in other industries (e.g., industries of a less capital‐intensive nature), they are intriguing: strategic innovation decision making may be off track when reality is accounted for.
Implantation Success and Infection in Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Procedures Utilizing an Antibacterial Envelope
Authors: BLOOM HEATHER L. , CONSTANTIN LUIS , DAN DANIEL , De LURGIO DAVID B. , El‐CHAMI MIKHAIL , GANZ LEONARD I. , GLEED KENT J. , HACKETT F. KEVIN , KANURU NARENDRA K. , LERNER DANIEL J. , RASEKH ABDI , SIMONS GRANT R. , SOGADE FELIX O. , SOHAIL MUHAMMAD R. ,   for the COMMAND (COoperative Multicenter study Monitoring a CIED ANtimicrobial Device) Investigators
Published: October 2010

Background:
 Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection rates are increasing faster than implantation rates. More effective antimicrobial prophylaxis may help reduce CIED infections and improve clinical outcomes. The AIGISRx® antibacterial envelope is a polymer mesh implanted in the generator pocket with the CIED. After implantation it releases two antibiotics, minocycline and rifampin, that have been shown to reduce infections associated with other medical devices. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to determine the rate of CIED implantation success and CIED infection in procedures utilizing the antibacterial envelope.

Methods:
 This study enrolled consecutive CIED procedures utilizing the antibacterial envelope at 10 US academic, community, and Veterans Affairs medical centers. Procedures following an explantation for a prior CIED infection or off‐label use of the antibacterial envelope were excluded.

Results:
 The 624 eligible procedures (age 70 ± 13 years, 68.1% men, 27.2% renal insufficiency, 35.4% oral anticoagulant use, 67.8% replacement/revision procedures) utilized pacemakers (35%), implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICD)(29%), and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator devices (CRT‐D)(36%). Nearly half of the patients (49%) had at least three predefined risk factors for CIED infection. CIED implantation was successful in 621 procedures (99.5%[95% confidence interval (CI) 98.8–99.9]). There were three major infections (0.48%[95%CI 0.17–1.40]) after 1.9 ± 2.4 months follow‐up. The infections followed one ICD revision and two CRT‐D replacements. There were seven deaths; none was a result of the antibacterial envelope or the CIED procedure.

Conclusions:
 CIED procedures that utilized an antibacterial envelope had a high rate of CIED implantation success (>99%). Although the follow‐up to date is short, there was also a low rate of infection (<0.50%) in this population at high risk for CIED infection. (PACE 2011; 34:133–142)
An Update on Nanomaterials‐Based Textiles for Protection and Decontamination
Authors: Sundarrajan Subramanian , Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2010

Protective clothing currently used against chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents use activated charcoal impregnated with metal ions, which serve to physically adsorb nerve and blister agents thereby creating disposal hazards after its usage. Nanotechnology is booming in an unprecedented way in creating its impact in various applications such as in catalysis. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) such as TiO2and MgO are currently used as potential catalysts for the decontamination of CBW agents. Various synthetic routes adopted for the preparation of MONPs are highlighted in this review. When compared with conventionally‐prepared samples, aerogel‐prepared samples are more reactive toward toxic chemicals and their ability to degrade CBW is presented here. TiO2photocatalysts in the presence of UV light and mixed metal oxides are found to be efficient catalysts when compared with individual oxides. The recent trend of exploiting nanoparticles and the high aspect ratio ceramic oxide nanofibers for use in protective clothing, wipe materials, and textiles has been presented. Some of the issues concerning integration of metal oxides into fabrics for sensors are also reviewed in this article.
A Gendered Response to Disaster: In the Aftermath of Haiti's Earthquake
Authors: Henrici Jane
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

gender,

women,

disaster,

Hurricane Katrina,

Haiti,

international development,

international aid,

ecology and environment,

development
Disaster Memoryscapes: How Social Relations Shape Community Remembering of Catastrophe
Authors: Ullberg Susann
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

disastrous flooding,

memoryscape,

social vulnerability,

Argentina,

memory,

disaster,

ecology and environment,

Latin America
Voices in the Storm: Social Relations of Relief and Reconstruction
Authors: Oliver‐Smith Anthony
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

disaster,

development,

ecology and environment
World Anthropologies in New Orleans
Authors: Rothstein Fran
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

association affairs,

Commission on World Anthropologies,

Committee on World Anthropologies,

New Orleans,

AAA Annual Meeting,

2010 Annual Conference
Chronic Disasters and Social Networks: Exposure, Evacuation and Resettlement
Authors: Tobin Graham A , Whiteford Linda M , Jones Eric C , Murphy Arthur D
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

natural hazard,

social network,

evacuation,

resettlement,

disaster,

ecology and environment
Role of “Anthropological” Emergency Relief
Authors: Koons Adam
Published: October 2010

Niel Tashima and Elizabeth Briody are contributing editors of “Anthropology Works,” the AAA Committee on Practicing, Applied and Public Interest Anthropology column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

disaster,

ethics
News from the Cultural Anthropology Program
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: October 2010

Deborah Winslow is contributing editor of “Gateway to NSF,” the National Science Foundation column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

National Science Foundation,

federal grants,

grant funding
Study Protocol of a Randomised Controlled Group Trial of Client and Care Outcomes in the Residential Dementia Care Setting
Authors: Chenoweth Lynn , King Madeleine , Luscombe Georgina , Forbes Ian , Jeon Yun‐Hee , Parbury Jane Stein , Brodaty Henry , Fleming Richard , Haas Marion
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Literature suggests that quality of life (QOL), quality of care (QOC) and Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) can be improved by relatively simple and inexpensive person‐centred approaches to nursing care practices (PCC) and modifications to physical environment (PCE). Most research on this topic is observational and few randomised controlled trials have included an economic evaluation of PCC and PCE together. The PerCEN study aims to confirm the value of evidence‐based nursing by evaluating the efficacy and cost effectiveness of implementing PCC and PCE in residential dementia care services. This article describes the PerCEN study protocol (ANZCTR 12608000095369).

Design/Methods: The 3‐year study commenced in 2009 in 38 eligible government‐accredited residential dementia care homes in New South Wales, Australia. Study participants include 605 consented residents over 60 years of age with dementia and 380 consenting permanent direct‐care staff. The study employs a factorial, group‐randomised, cohort design with stratification to evaluate the main effects of PCC and PCE and their joint effects (PCC + PCE), compared with Usual Care (UC) and Usual Environment (UE) on QOL, QOC and BPSD in dementia.

Results: The primary outcomes analysis will use a mixed‐model analysis of covariance to determine the effects of PCC and PCE on resident QOL and BPSD, and QOC, adjusting for stratification and other potential confounders. The incremental cost of providing PCE and PCC over UC and UE will be calculated; costs and outcomes will be presented as a cost‐consequence analysis and cost‐effectiveness ratios will be estimated as a cost per unit change in resident QOL and BPSD.

Implications: This cluster‐randomised trial will rigorously test Kitwood's Social‐Psychological Theory of Personhood in Dementia (Kitwood & Bredin 1992). The results will provide timely and solid evidence that can inform policy and nursing practice development in improving the person's QOL and QOC, and reducing BPSD.
Synthesis and Blocking Activities of a New Class of α1‐Adrenoceptor Antagonists
Authors: Xi Bao‐Min , Ni Pei‐Zhou , Jiang Zhen‐Zhou , Wu Dian‐Qing , Zhang Shou‐Hua , Zhang Hui‐Bin , Wang Tao , Chen Wen‐Hua
Published: October 2010

Finding effective chemotherapeutic agents for clinical use is a long‐lasting goal in medicinal chemistry. In this study, we report a new class of α1‐adrenoceptor (α1‐AR) antagonists. Specifically, we describe the synthesis and the blocking activities toward α1‐AR of 7‐(2‐hydroxypropoxy)‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one 1 and its structurally perturbed analogs2–11that were designed according to the principle of bioisosterism. Their structures were identified with IR,1H NMR, MS, HRMS and elemental analysis. The blocking activities of compounds1–11were evaluated on isolated rat anococcygeus muscles. The results indicated that these compounds showed moderate to good activities. Among them, compound1exhibited the highest activity that was comparable to those of known α1‐AR antagonists tamsulosin and DDPH (1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy)‐2‐(3,4‐di‐ methoxyphenylethylamino)propane hydrochloride) and thus may be exploitable as a lead compound for the discovery of promising α1‐AR antagonists.
Informal legal change on assisted suicide: the policy for prosecutors
Authors: Lewis Penney
Published: October 2010

Following the House of Lords' decision in Purdy, the Director of Public Prosecutions issued an interim policy for prosecutors setting out the factors to be considered when deciding whether a prosecution in an assisted suicide case is in the public interest. This paper considers the interim policy, the subsequent public consultation and the resulting final policy. Key aspects of the policy are examined, including the condition of the victim, the decision to commit suicide and the role of organised or professional assistance. The inclusion of assisted suicides which take place within England and Wales makes the informal legal change realised by the policy more significant than was originally anticipated.
Physiological factors influencing capillary growth
Authors: Egginton S.
Published: October 2010

(1) Angiogenesis (growth of new capillaries from an existing capillary bed) may result from a mismatch in microvascular supply and metabolic demand (metabolic error signal). Krogh examined the distribution and number of capillaries to explore the correlation between O2 delivery and O2 consumption. Subsequently, the heterogeneity in angiogenic response within a muscle has been shown to reflect either differences in fibre type composition or mechanical load. However, local control leads to targetted angiogenesis in the vicinity of glycolytic fibre types following muscle stimulation, or oxidative fibres following endurance training, while heterogeneity of capillary spacing is maintained during ontogenetic growth. (2) Despite limited microscopy resolution and lack of specific markers, Krogh’s interest in the structure of the capillary wall paved the way for understanding the mechanisms of capillary growth. Angiogenesis may be influenced by the response of perivascular or stromal cells (fibroblasts, macrophages and pericytes) to altered activity, likely acting as a source for chemical signals modulating capillary growth such as vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, haemodynamic factors such as shear stress and muscle stretch play a significant role in adaptive remodelling of the microcirculation. (3) Most indices of capillarity are highly dependent on fibre size, resulting in possible bias because of scaling. To examine the consequences of capillary distribution, it is therefore helpful to quantify the area of tissue supplied by individual capillaries. This allows the spatial limitations inherent in most models of tissue oxygenation to be overcome generating an alternative approach to Krogh’s tissue cylinder, the capillary domain, to improve descriptions of intracellular oxygen diffusion.
HRM and strategic climates in hospitals: does the message come across at the ward level?
Authors: Veld Monique , Paauwe Jaap , Boselie Paul
Published: October 2010

This study examined how employees perceive intended strategic goals and HRM at the ward level, and if these perceptions generate the desired effects. The qualitative part of the research reveals that the hospital pursues two strategic goals (i.e. quality and safety). Analysis of the questionnaire data (N = 576 respondents; 59 wards) shows that both climate dimensions could be distinguished. Results showed that the perceived HR system does have a significant influence on both climate dimensions, suggesting that the overall message of the HR system is important for creating strategic climates. Furthermore, the climate for quality partially mediated the relationship between the perceived HR system and commitment.
Ecology of avian influenza viruses in a changing world
Authors: Vandegrift Kurt J. , Sokolow Susanne H. , Daszak Peter , Kilpatrick A. Marm
Published: October 2010

Influenza A virus infections result in ∼500,000 human deaths per year and many more sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses, and avian viruses have contributed genetic material to most human viruses, including subtypes H5N1 and H1N1. Thus, influenza virus transmission in wild and domestic animals and humans is intimately connected. Here we review how anthropogenic change, including human population growth, land use, climate change, globalization of trade, agricultural intensification, and changes in vaccine technology may alter the evolution and transmission of influenza viruses. Evidence suggests that viral transmission in domestic poultry, spillover to other domestic animals, wild birds and humans, and the potential for subsequent pandemic spread, are all increasing. We highlight four areas in need of research: drivers of viral subtype dynamics; ecological and evolutionary determinants of transmissibility and virulence in birds and humans; the impact of changing land use and climate on hosts, viruses, and transmission; and the impact of influenza viruses on wild bird hosts, including their ability to migrate while shedding virus.
Performance of time‐domain and spectral‐domain Optical Coherence Tomography for glaucoma screening
Authors: Bengtsson Boel , Andersson Sabina , Heijl Anders
Published: October 2010

Purpose:  To investigate the measures of validity for selective or population screening of the time‐domain Stratus and the spectral‐domain Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging techniques in a population‐based sample and in clinical glaucoma patients at different stages of glaucoma.

Patients and methods:  A random sample of 307 subjects living in two rural areas in southern Sweden, and a random sample of 394 clinical glaucoma patients were selected. A large battery of examinations, including Stratus and Cirrus OCT was performed. OCT retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness analyses for average thickness, quadrant and clock‐hour sectors were compared with normative significance limits available in the instruments.

Results:  The population‐based sample included 129 healthy and nine glaucoma subjects, and the sample of clinical glaucoma patients included 138 patients. Specificity and positive predictive values were generally better with Stratus than for Cirrus, and sensitivity was generally better with Cirrus. With the average RNFL thickness parameter, Stratus reached 100% specificity and a positive predictive value of 100% and 68% sensitivity in the whole group of the clinical glaucoma patients, but sensitivity was only 28% among the earliest stage glaucoma patients. Sensitivity increased considerably when relying on the quadrant sector parameter, while specificity decreased only marginally.

Conclusion:  Stratus, with high specificity and positive predictive values, seemed to be best of choice for screening purposes, while Cirrus, with high sensitivity, was the better choice for early detection.
Paradigms, Poverty and Adaptive Pluralism
Authors: Chambers Robert
Published: October 2010

In earlier analysis, two paradigms were identified in development professionalism, thinking and practice: one, often dominant, associated with things; and one, often subordinate, associated with people. Current development thinking and practice have diverged into two clusters, with procedures associated with the paradigm of things imposed by powerful actors and organisations in tension and contradiction with participatory methodologies (PMs) associated with the paradigm of people. A binocular vision sees both. This sets out to see further, and whether participatory methodologies (PMs) can bridge these binaries with both – and complementarities and win‐wins.

In recent years, PMs have proliferated. Contributing factors have been the way methods have multiplied, their versatility, adaptability and combinability, the explosion of applications of Information and Communication Technologies and Web 2.0, and more speculatively an increase in the number of people working in a creative participatory way. PMs that combine methods have proved increasingly versatile and adaptable to contexts and purposes.

PMs are well suited to understanding and expressing the local, complex, diverse, dynamic, uncontrollable and unpredictable (lcdduu) realities experienced by many poor people. These contrast with the controlled conditions and universalities sought in much high status professionalism. Paradigmatically and practically, four domains have increasingly converged and cohere: PMs; poor people's lcdduu realities; technology; and complexity.

Paradigm can then be defined as a coherent and mutually supporting pattern of: concepts and ontological assumptions; values and principles; methods, procedures and processes; roles and behaviours; relationships; and mindsets, orientations and predispositions. Empirically, a paradigm of adaptive and participatory pluralism can be inferred from experience and examples. This fits with the realities of poor people as adaptive agents and with PMs seen through lenses of technology and complexity. It contrasts with a paradigm of neo‐Newtonian practice.

Adaptive pluralism embraces, underpins and expresses ideas and practices of reflexivity, continuous learning, value and principle‐based eclectic improvisation, co‐evolution and continuous emergence. Conceptually, it embodies paradigmatic synergies. Practically, it offers win‐win solutions and generates an agenda for action.
Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice
Authors: Humphrey John , Navas‐Alemán Lizbeth
Published: October 2010

Value chain interventions are increasingly popular amongst donors aiming to promote market‐oriented growth and poverty reduction. Based on the reflections of the community of practice itself and extensive desk research, this review critically examines the causal models underlying value chain interventions and asks how and to what extent their poverty alleviation impacts have been systematically investigated.

Concentrating on a selection of 30 donor‐led value chain interventions, the review finds two main patterns of engagement: (a) one which funnels assistance by partnering with lead firms in the value chain –lead firm projects; and (b) one which works with chains without a lead firm –value chain linkage projects. Targeting of the poor seems more effective in value chain linkage projects and in those lead firm projects where beneficiaries are identified in both the chain's suppliers and distributors.

Controversially, despite a wealth of positive anecdotal evidence, the vast majority of projects did not carry out an impact assessment of their poverty alleviation objectives and it is therefore unclear whether the value chain intervention: (a) is responsible for the improvements observed; (b) benefits the poor disproportionately; and (c) is more cost effective than other alternative approaches. Assessing the poverty alleviation effects of individual interventions in a rigorous way is costly and challenging but necessary to ensure long term effectiveness of the interventions as well as optimising the use of public funds. There is a need to carry out systematic impact assessment at the programme level to develop a strong evidence base.

Finally, this review provides some guidelines for designing and managing value chain interventions, particularly regarding the identification of situations in which the value chain approach is most appropriate and those where other private sector‐oriented approaches (such as Business Development Services and Making Markets Work for the Poor) may be more suitable or complementary.
Exact and Approximate Equations for Real-Fluid Isentropic Flow
Authors: Thompson P. A. , Sullivan D. A.
Published: October 2010

Two sets of exact isentropic-flow equations are developed, corresponding respectively to the Tait-Kirkwood equation (P + B) vkT = constant and to the Laplace-Poisson equation PvkL = constant. The exact real-fluid equations have the form of conventional perfect-gas equations, with additional correction terms which are usually small. Similarity principles for each set of equations are given, the Laplace-Poisson form being new. Various simplified forms of the exact equations, of the kind used in practice, are tested for accuracy in an example.
Symmetric Sink Flow Between Parallel Plates
Authors: Murphy H. D. , Coxon M. , McEligot D. M.
Published: October 2010

Steady, laminar, incompressible flow converging radially between two stationary disks is investigated numerically as a continuously developing flow problem under the internal boundary layer approximations. At dimensionless radii much greater than one the velocity profile becomes parabolic and invariant, but at radii less than one a typical external boundary layer evolves close to the wall with an approximately uniform core region; and the boundary layer thickness decreases from one-half the disk spacing to values proportional to the local radii as the flow accelerates. At large radii the friction factor approaches the classic value obtained for fully developed flow between infinite plates, 6ν/Vt, but at small radii it approaches the constant 2.17/R0, where R0 is an overall Reynolds number based on the volumetric flow rate and the disk spacing and is independent of radius. Tabular and graphical results are provided for the intermediate range of radii, where both viscous and inertial effects are important and exact analyses are not available.
Use of Electrochemical Methods for the Study of Mass Transfer and Drag Reduction in Polymer Solutions Close to a Wall
Authors: Deslouis C. , Epelboin I. , Tribollet B. , Viet L.
Published: October 2010

Mass transfer to the surface of a rotating disk in the presence of a drag reducing polymer (PEO) has been studied by an electrochemical method. Mass transfer rates were predicted and measured for different electrode geometries: (i) thin ring, (ii) circular microelectrode, and (iii) the disk. A relation for friction velocity available up to maximum drag reduction conditions where the average flow is laminarized at the scale of the diffusion layer, has been proposed from the analysis of the experimental data on circular microelectrode and ring electrode. The comparison of these data with disk electrode measurements substantiated a sharp thickening of the diffusion sublayer at the lowest polymer concentrations.
A Probe for the Measurement of the Velocity Field
Authors: Raghava A. K. , Kumar K. L. , Malhotra R. C. , Agrawal D. P.
Published: October 2010

A convenient method for the measurement of the complete velocity vector in subsonic three-dimensional flow using a simple three-tube off set-geometry pressure probe is presented. Basically, this probe is a combination of a total head tube and a Conrad probe. In order to use this probe to determine both the magnitude of the velocity vector at a point in the flow field and the two angles which determine the orientation of this velocity vector it is only necessary to rotate the probe about its longitudinal axis. Measurements obtained with the present probe compare very favorably with those obtained using other techniques. The probe will be specially suited for measuring velocity in flows with steep velocity gradients.
Turbulent Co-Current Gas-Liquid Flow in a Tube With and Without Swirl
Authors: Tishkoff J. M. , Pinchak A. C. , Ostrach S.
Published: October 2010

The fluid dynamic effects of swirl generation on boiling flow in a tube were simulated experimentally by the flow of a water film surrounding a core of air down the interior of a vertical tube. Each of the two fluids could be injected with swirl. Water injection with swirl thickened the subregion of the film not contacted by the air-water interface. Air injection with swirl reduced interfacial disturbances. Transitional phenomena were identified. No transition was correlated with the appearance of dry patches on the test section inner wall. Models for estimating mean film thickness and axial pressure gradient were evaluated.
On the Motion of Rectangular Prismatic Bodies
Authors: Poreh M. , Wray R. N.
Published: October 2010

Rectangular prismatic bodies can assume either a translatory or an auto-rotating mode of motion during free motion in the atmosphere. The translatory mode is stable only when the dimensionless moment of inertia of the bodies is large, however, large perturbations will always start auto-rotation. The characteristics of the auto-rotational mode are shown to depend primarily on the aspect ratio of the bodies which determines the dimensionless rotational speed and the lift coefficient. Both the average drag and lift-coefficients of auto-rotating bodies are estimated, but it is shown that secondary effects make it impossible to determine their exact trajectories in atmospheric flows.
Effects of Additive Ejection on Lifting Hydrofoils
Authors: Fruman D. H. , Tulin M. P.
Published: October 2010

Various effects of polymer additives, other than drag reduction, are discussed with an emphasis on lift effects on two-dimensional hydrofoils. In reviewing effects of additives in homogeneous solution on the pressure distributions on foils it is suggested that high strain rate phenomena which could occur near leading edges not be ruled out as a contributory cause. In connection with effects accompanying additive injection, existing data on anomalous pressures associated with slit injection into a pipe are reviewed and correlated on the basis of a slit Deborah number: De = ViτR/ti. The same parameter is shown to give a good correlation of lift changes measured for three different polymers, two slit velocities, and a single flow speed. Then a large amount of HYDRONAUTICS data on a single foil of 10 cm chord is correlated. These correlations show that lift changes vary as V2.5 for De fixed, while for fixed speed the lift change grows with De, reaches a maximum for a value of De ≃ 20 and then declines and finally reaches negative values. The effects and degree of correlation are very much dependent on foil incidence and injection slit location. No physical model of the effects yet exist, but the data suggest that viscoelastic phenomena associated with the slit are involved. One possible interpretation of the correlated data is that the injected fluid forms an artificial bump whose thickness scales with V1/2 and whose length depends upon De. The subject of polymer lift effects is of importance in connection with the performance of propellers in polymer wakes on torpedos and with the use of polymers for improvement of hydrofoil and propeller efficiency.
The Interaction of Solid or Liquid Particles and Turbulent Fluid Flow Fields—A Numerical Simulation
Authors: Brown D. J. , Hutchinson P.
Published: October 2010

Using a simple model of turbulence a simulation is made of the interaction of an ensemble of discrete solid or liquid particles and a fluid continuum. Two notional one - dimensional systems are considered: one of which is unbounded and the other bounded by perfectly absorbing walls. The results for the unbounded system indicate that at sufficiently long times discrete particles may disperse more rapidly than the elements of the fluid continuum. The study on the bounded system, however, shows that in practice the ratio of particle relaxation time to particle mean residence time may be such that this rapid dispersion will not be achieved and, moreover, that characterization of the dispersion process by a constant diffusion coefficient leads to significant errors.
The Laminar Far Wake Flow of a Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluid
Authors: Mitwally E. M.
Published: October 2010

Asymptotic solutions are presented for the laminar flow far behind a two-dimensional object for incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluids. The solutions are given up to the third order approximation with a note on higher order approximations. When the flow behavior index tends to unity, the present solutions reduce to those already published for the Newtonian laminar far wake flow.
Subsonic Turbulent Flow Past a Planar Fence
Authors: Agarwal M. L. , Pande P. K. , Prakash Rajendra
Published: October 2010

The mean flow past a fence submerged in a turbulent boundary layer is numerically simulated. The governing equations have been simplified by neglecting the convective effects of turbulence and solved numerically using experimental boundary conditions. The information obtained includes the shape and size of the upstream and downstream separation bubbles and the streamline pattern in the entire flow field. General agreement between the simulated and the experimental flow field was found.
Turbulent Flow Over a Disk Normal to a Wall
Authors: Smyth R.
Published: October 2010

Measurements have been taken of local mean velocities and turbulence intensities in an external separated flow situation in air using a forward, dual-scatter, laser Doppler anemometer. Frequency shifting of the incident beams was used so that the flow direction could be determined and high turbulence intensities could be measured. A simple fluidized bed particle generator was used to generate titanium oxide particles for introduction into the main stream of the airflow as scattering particles for the laser light. An axisymmetrical external separated flow was achieved by placing a disk normal to the airstream in a large duct. The results thus obtained, together with the turbulent kinetic energy deduced, presented a good description of the flow situation.
Prediction of Incompressible Separated Boundary Layers Including Viscous-Inviscid Interaction
Authors: Kwon O. K. , Pletcher R. H.
Published: October 2010

A viscous-inviscid interaction calculation procedure is described for viscous flows containing separation bubbles based on an inverse finite-difference boundary layer method and a small disturbance Cauchy integral formulation for the inviscid flow. The viscous-inviscid matching procedure used appears to eliminate the need for smoothing or under-relaxation which is commonly required by other methods. Turbulence modeling for transitional separation bubbles is discussed and two empirically-based transition models are evaluated for bubble flows. Predictions for a laminar and a laminar-turbulent transitional bubble are presented. These predictions are compared with results from other prediction methods and with experimental measurements for the transitional bubble flow.
Coal Coke Gasification in a Windowed Solar Chemical Reactor for Beam-Down Optics
Authors: Kodama Tatsuya , Gokon Nobuyuki , Enomoto Shu-ich , Itoh Shouta , Hatamachi Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2010

Solar thermochemical processes, such as solar gasification of coal, require the development of a high temperature solar reactor operating at temperatures above 1000°C. Direct solar energy absorption by reacting coal particles provides efficient heat transfer directly to the reaction site. In this work, a windowed reactor prototype designed for the beam-down optics was constructed at a laboratory scale and demonstrated for CO2 gasification of coal coke using concentrated visible light from a sun-simulator as the source of energy. Peak conversion of light energy to chemical fuel (CO) of 14% was obtained by irradiating a fluidized bed of 500–710 μm coal coke size fraction with a power input of about 1 kW and a CO2 flow-rate of 6.5 dm3 min−1 at normal conditions.
The energy-time uncertainty principle and quantum phenomena
Authors: Denur Jack
Published: October 2010

We employ the energy-time uncertainty principle to provide heuristic yet helpful insights into tunneling, Unruh radiation, the Schwinger effect, and the ground state of the electromagnetic field. The position-momentum uncertainty principle is employed in auxiliary roles. We also discuss the similarities and differences between quantum and thermal fluctuations.
Comment on “Some novel delta-function identities” by Charles P. Frahm [Am. J. Phys. 51, 826–829 (1983)]
Authors: Franklin Jerrold
Published: October 2010

We show that a form for the second partial derivative of 1/r proposed by Frahm and subsequently used by other workers applies only when averaged over smooth functions. We use dyadic notation to derive a more general form without that restriction.
The design and evaluation of an instructional sequence on Ampere’s law
Authors: Guisasola Jenaro , Almudí José M. , Zuza Kristina
Published: October 2010

This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of an instructional sequence intended to improve student understanding of Ampere’s law among engineering students taking introductory physics. Participating students performed better on qualitative and quantitative test questions about Ampere’s law than students in a similar class that devoted the same amount of time to the topic but followed traditional instruction. The results suggest that the strategy employed in the sequence can help students to apply and explain the relation between electrical currents and magnetic fields.
Resource Letter QCD-1: Quantum chromodynamics
Authors: Kronfeld Andreas S. , Quigg Chris
Published: October 2010

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the relativistic quantum field theory of the strong interactions. Journal articles, books, and other documents are cited for the following topics: Quarks and color, the parton model, Yang–Mills theory, experimental evidence for color, QCD as a color gauge theory, asymptotic freedom, QCD for heavy hadrons, QCD on the lattice, the QCD vacuum, pictures of quark confinement, early and modern applications of perturbative QCD, the determination of the strong coupling and quark masses, QCD and the hadron spectrum, hadron decays, the quark-gluon plasma, the strong nuclear interaction, and QCD’s role in nuclear physics.
Energy flow from a battery to other circuit elements: Role of surface charges
Authors: Harbola Manoj K.
Published: October 2010

A qualitative description of energy transfer from a battery to a resistor using the Poynting vector was recently published. We make this argument quantitative by considering a long current carrying wire and showing that the energy transferred across a plane perpendicular to the wire is equal to the Joule heating in the wire beyond this plane.
Caustics and wavefronts by multiple reflections in a circular surface
Authors: Avendaño-Alejo Maximino , Castañeda Luis , Moreno Iván
Published: October 2010

A caustic by reflection at an arbitrary surface is commonly known as a catacaustic. We study the formation of the catacaustic by multiple reflections in a reflecting circular surface by considering a point light source placed at an arbitrary point on the optical axis. The geometrical wavefront associated with multiple reflections for a paraxial approximation occurs for arbitrary locations of the source. Simple relations for the catacaustic and its wavefront are given.
Damped oscillations and equilibrium in a mass-spring system subject to sliding friction forces: Integrating experimental and theoretical analyses
Authors: Onorato P. , Mascoli D. , DeAmbrosis A.
Published: October 2010

Students have difficulty in understanding friction and its associated phenomena. Introductory university courses usually fail to give the topic the attention it deserves and to emphasize the crucial role of friction in establishing mechanical equilibrium as motion ceases. We present an experimental and a theoretical analysis of the periodic motion of a mass-spring system subject to static and kinetic friction forces. Our analysis takes into account the effects of the static friction force on the final mass position.
Rapid Construction of Empirical RNA Fitness Landscapes
Authors: Pitt Jason N. , Ferré-D’Amaré Adrian R.
Published: October 2010

Nonrandom Walks

Fitness landscapes of RNA sequences can help us to see the connection between all possible phenotypes and all possible genotypes. In molecular evolution, the fitness landscape is formalized as the distribution of fitness in sequence space, a hyperdimensional object of staggering complexity. To better understand these complex processes,
Pitt and Ferré-D'Amaré
(p.
376
; see the Perspective by

Kluwe and Ellington

) used deep sequencing to analyze the composition of a population of variants of an RNA ligase ribozyme, both before and after one round of in vitro selection. Relating the sequences of individuals in the population to a measure of their corresponding fitness provides a detailed picture of an evolutionary fitness landscape from empirical data.
RNA GPS
Authors: Kluwe Christien , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: October 2010

Detailed “fitness landscapes” could reveal the paths for evolution of function.
Government Chided for Poor Planning and Communication
Authors: Kerr Richard A. , Stokstad Erik
Published: October 2010

Last week, a presidential commission investigating the Gulf of Mexico oil spill released two preliminary reports from its staff that fault the government's handling of the estimates of how much oil was gushing from the well and the biological impact of the dispersants used to break up the oil.
In China's Backcountry, Tracking Lethal Bird Flu
Authors: Jiao Li
Published: October 2010

Five years after flu devastated wild birds in China, researchers have confirmed one likely transmission route.
Identification of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in a Leaf-Nosed Bat in Nigeria
Authors: Quan Phenix-Lan , Firth Cadhla , Street Craig , Henriquez Jose A. , Petrosov Alexandra , Tashmukhamedova Alla , Hutchison Stephen K. , Egholm Michael , Osinubi Modupe O. V. , Niezgoda Michael , Ogunkoya Albert B. , Briese Thomas , Rupprecht Charles E. , Lipkin W. Ian
Published: October 2010

Bats are reservoirs for emerging zoonotic viruses that can have a profound impact on human and animal health, including lyssaviruses, filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs). In the course of a project focused on pathogen discovery in contexts where human-bat contact might facilitate more efficient interspecies transmission of viruses, we surveyed gastrointestinal tissue obtained from bats collected in caves in Nigeria that are frequented by humans. Coronavirus consensus PCR and unbiased high-throughput pyrosequencing revealed the presence of coronavirus sequences related to those of SARS-CoV in a Commerson's leaf-nosed bat (
Hipposideros commersoni
). Additional genomic sequencing indicated that this virus, unlike subgroup 2b CoVs, which includes SARS-CoV, is unique, comprising three overlapping open reading frames between the M and N genes and two conserved stem-loop II motifs. Phylogenetic analyses in conjunction with these features suggest that this virus represents a new subgroup within group 2 CoVs.

IMPORTANCE
Bats (order Chiroptera, suborders Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera) are reservoirs for a wide range of viruses that cause diseases in humans and livestock, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), responsible for the global SARS outbreak in 2003. The diversity of viruses harbored by bats is only just beginning to be understood because of expanded wildlife surveillance and the development and application of new tools for pathogen discovery. This paper describes a new coronavirus, one with a distinctive genomic organization that may provide insights into coronavirus evolution and biology.