bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LoCKAmp: lab-on-PCB technology for <3 minute virus genetic detection
Authors: Papamatthaiou Sotirios , Boxall-Clasby James , Douglas Edward J. A. , Jajesniak Pawel , Peyret Hadrien , Mercer-Chalmers June , Kumar Varun K. S. , Lomonossoff George P. , Reboud Julien , Laabei Maisem , Cooper Jonathan M. , Kasprzyk-Hordern Barbara , Moschou Despina
Published: September 2023

LoCKAmp: integrated LAMP genetic amplification device demonstrating reliable detection and ultrafast sample-to-answer time.
Telomerase-activated Au@DNA nanomachine for targeted chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy
Authors: Zhou Yun-Jie , Zhang Jing , Cao Dong-Xiao , Tang An-Na , Kong De-Ming
Published: September 2023

An intelligent activated nanomachine for collaborative cancer therapy has been successfully designed. The nanomachine shows an excellent performance for the targeted synergistic therapy, which is expected to be utilized in clinical applications.
Effect of water-soluble zinc porphyrin on the catalytic activity of fumarase for l-malate dehydration to fumarate
Authors: Takeuchi Mika , Amao Yutaka
Published: September 2023

The sulfo group bonded to the water-soluble zinc porphyrin had a strong inhibition to the catalytic activity of FUM for l-malate dehydration to fumarate.
Natural degradation of ceftriaxone promoted by direct UVB light in aqueous media. Mechanistic analysis and cytotoxic effects on a eukaryotic cell line and on bacteria
Authors: Biondi M. Agostina , Cacciari R. Daniel , Sabini M. Carola , Spesia Mariana B. , Biasutti M. Alicia , Reynoso Eugenia , Montejano Hernán A.
Published: September 2023

Ceftriaxone is an emerging contaminant. This study shows that, in aqueous media, solar UVB light irradiation, both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen, is a suitable process to generate non-toxic and non-active photoproducts.
Organophotocatalytic cascade cyclization reactions for the synthesis of cyanoalkyl indole[2,1-a]isoquinolinones
Authors: Zhang Dong-Liang , Zhu Zhi-Qiang , Xie Zong-Bo , Zhang Xiao-Ping , Le Zhang-Gao
Published: September 2023

Organophotocatalytic cascade cyclization of oxime esters with 2-aryl-N-methacryloyl indoles for the construction of cyanoalkyl indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolinones was developed.
Expression of concern: Bacterial infection microenvironment-responsive enzymatically degradable multilayer films for multifunctional antibacterial properties
Authors: Yao Qingqing , Ye Zi , Sun Lin , Jin Yingying , Xu Qingwen , Yang Mei , Wang Yi , Zhou Yunlong , Ji Jian , Chen Hao , Wang Bailiang
Published: September 2023

Expression of concern for ‘Bacterial infection microenvironment-responsive enzymatically degradable multilayer films for multifunctional antibacterial properties’ by Qingqing Yao et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2017, 5, 8532–8541, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB02114C.
Self-healing electrochromic energy storage devices based on PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Meng Yuanze , Li Jialun , Yang Xijia , Gao Yang , Li Xuesong , Wang Liying , Lü Wei
Published: September 2023

An energy storage device shows 98.2% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. The modified PEDOT:PSS organic film showed a 74% retention rate after pressing 1750 times consecutively at a rate of 8.6 cm s−1.
Nachhaltigkeit im OP – korrelieren Sterilität, Sicherheit und Service auch mit einer ressourcenschonenden Verwendung von Medizinprodukten?
Authors: Egetemeyer Josef , Jacob Sven , Lehmann Ferdinand , Guba Markus , Werner Jens , Börner Nikolaus
Published: September 2023

In Zeiten einer nie da gewesenen Energiekriese gewinnt Nachhaltigkeit zunehmend an Bedeutung. Diese Entwicklung macht auch vor der Medizin und insbesondere vor dem OP nicht halt, da hier eine wesentliche Menge an Treibhausgasen produziert wird. Aufgrund dieser Entwicklung stellt sich nun die Frage, ob sich Sterilität, Sicherheit und Service mit einer ressourcenschonenden Verwendung von Medizinprodukten in Einklang zu bringen sind. Ein Ziel muss hierbei sein, Einwegartikel, die einen hohen Grad an Sterilität bieten, durch sicher wieder aufbereitbare Mehrwegartikel zu ersetzen. Durch steigende Energiekosten sowie Lieferengpässe bietet die Wiederaufbereitung von Produkten für die Klinik zunehmende Unabhängigkeit. Weiterhin verbessert der Weg hin zu erneuerbaren Energien bei Mehrwegprodukten den Carbon Footprint zusehends. Die gewonnene Unabhängigkeit der Kliniken bietet auch für die Patienten mehr Sicherheit, da die Gefahr von nicht zur Verfügung stehenden Materialien verringert wird. Neben dem Ziel der zunehmenden Verwendung von Mehrwegartikeln wird auch das Recyceln von Einwegprodukten eine zunehmende Rolle spielen. Life Cycle Assessments werden hierbei zunehmend die optimale Auswahl an Produkten steuern. Zusammenfassend bieten diese Optionen also die Möglichkeit, die zunehmende Notwendigkeit von Nachhaltigkeit im OP umzusetzen.
EEG-Ableitung: Vor- bzw. Nachteile einer Silikon-Gummihaube mit
Brückenelektroden vs. einer Haube mit integrierten
Elektroden
Authors: Berief Dorothee
Published: September 2023

Die Ableitung des Routine- EEG gehört zur Standartuntersuchungsmethode eines
jeden Neurophysiologie-Labors. Und doch stellt sich häufig die Frage: Welche
Applikationsform ist für die entsprechende Patientengruppe und die
vorherrschenden Rahmenbedingungen die geeignete? Gerade Personen mit
erhöhtem Bewegungsdrang fällt es häufig schwer, über
eine Ableitzeit von 20 Minuten ruhig zu liegen, z. B. Kindern, Menschen mit
kognitiven Einschränkungen und komplexen Behinderungen. Im folgenden Artikel
werden die Vor- und Nachteile von Hauben mit bereits
integrierten/vorbelegten Elektroden, der Methode mit einzeln zu
platzierenden Elektroden bei Silikon-Gummihauben gegenübergestellt. Die
ausführliche Beschreibung der konkreten Anwendung ist nicht Bestandteil des
Artikels.
Chromatische Pupillometrie – ein neuer Weg zur funktionellen Glaukomdiagnostik?
Authors: Huchzermeyer Cord
Published: September 2023

Die chromatische Pupillometrie erlaubt die Quantifizierung der photorezeptorvermittelten (extrinsischen) und der melanopsinvermittelten (intrinsischen) Antwort der
intrinsisch-photosensitiven retinalen Ganglienzellen (ipRGCs). Diese kleine Subpopulation der Ganglienzellen wird beim Glaukom ebenfalls geschädigt, und somit ist die chromatische
Pupillometrie für die Glaukomdiagnostik potenziell interessant. Die bisherigen Studien zeigen sowohl eine Verminderung der phasischen Antwort als auch der tonischen Antwort beim Glaukom. Die
diagnostische Wertigkeit unterschied sich abhängig von der verwendeten Technik und dem Studiendesign. Der vorliegende Artikel soll vor allem die Grundlagen der chromatischen Pupillometrie
und die potenziellen Anwendungen beim Glaukom darstellen.
Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome (AIBSES) – Nutzen der OCT: Übersichtsarbeit
Authors: Zimmermann Julian Alexander , Biermann Julia
Published: September 2023

Lediglich rund 100 Fallberichte existieren zum Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome (AIBSES). Es ist charakterisiert durch den namensgebenden Gesichtsfeldausfall im Bereich des blinden Flecks, akut einsetzende Photopsien und funduskopisch geringe oder keine Veränderungen der Sehnervenkopfumgebung bei auffälligen äußeren Netzhautbanden in der optischen Kohärenztomografie (OCT). Typisch ist das einseitige Auftreten. Betroffen sind vorwiegend junge Frauen. Während bisherige Übersichtsarbeiten zum AIBSES entweder vor der Einführung der OCT entstanden sind oder den Fokus auf die Abgrenzung gegenüber möglicherweise verwandten Krankheitsbildern der äußeren Netzhaut legten (z. B. Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome und Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy), arbeiten wir hier die aktuelle Perspektive und bislang erfolgte Behandlungsstrategien auf und möchten zur Steigerung des Bekanntheitsgrades beitragen. Die Einführung der OCT hat seit der Erstbeschreibung des AIBSES
in den späten 1980er-Jahren die Diagnosestellung und Charakterisierung von AIBSES als Erkrankung der äußeren Netzhaut vereinfacht. Trotzdem kommt es weiterhin häufig zu Fehldiagnosen im Spektrum der Sehnervenentzündungen, da AIBSES nicht differenzialdiagnostisch erwogen wird.
Strukturierte ABEV-Übungen zur Behandlung vestibulärer Funktionsstörungen
Authors: Zenner Benedikt P. , Schmitz Daniel , Zenner Hans-Peter , Wirth Markus
Published: September 2023

Einführung Die klinische Standardbehandlung des vestibulären Schwindels umfasst neben Medikamenten vor allem physikalische Therapie in Form von regelmäßigen Übungen. Vertidisan ist eine geplante digitale Gesundheitsanwendung (DiGA) zur strukturierten Schwindeltherapie. Ihr Inhalt ist multimodal und besteht unter anderem aus adaptiven Gleichgewichts-/Augenbewegungs- und visuellen Stimulationsübungen (Adaptive Balance and Eye Movements and Visual Stimulation, ABEV), von denen erwartet wird, dass sie durch neuronales Lernen eine antivertiginöse Wirkung haben.

Methoden Es wurde eine Kohortenstudie mit 104 Patienten mit intraindividueller Kontrolle durchgeführt, um die klinische Wirksamkeit von 16 ABEV-Übungen für die Behandlung von peripheren Vestibulopathien isoliert zu untersuchen, wie sie auch in der geplanten DiGA Vertidisan zum Einsatz kommen. Unter Verwendung der Kurzversion vertigo symptom scale short form1 vertigo and related symptoms (VSS-sf1-VER) der schwindelspezifischen und validierten VSS-Ratingskala (Vertigo Symptom Scale) als primäre Ergebnisvariable wurden die Schwindelwerte vor der Therapie (Zeitpunkt T0) mit den entsprechenden Daten am Ende eines Zeitraums von 12–16 Wochen (Zeitpunkt T1) verglichen.

Ergebnisse Von n=104 Patienten standen vollständige Datensätze zu T0 und T1 zur Verfügung. Der durchschnittliche VSS-sf1-V-Score verringerte sich von 3,80 (Median 4, Standardabweichung (SD) 0,47) auf 0,92 (Median 1, SD 1,19) von T0 bis T1 (Woche 12–16). Das Ergebnis ist statistisch signifikant (p=0,001) und weist eine hohe klinische Effektstärke auf.

Schlussfolgerung Zusammenfassend ergibt die Analyse des Schwindel-Scores eine statistisch und klinisch signifikante Verringerung des Schwindels durch die Anwendung der 16 ABEV-Leitübungen.
Association Between the XRCC1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 Polymorphisms in
Model of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yang Wenhan , Liu Wanyu , Zhu Lei , Lin Yaqi , Meng Zilu , Wang Yudong
Published: September 2023

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system, and
its incidence is increasing worldwide each year. This study aimed to explore the
association between XRCC1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms in the model of
thyroid cancer. The experiment was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, and
Web of Science, with the last search performed in March 2022. A total of 12
studies were included in this meta-analysis, with sample sizes ranging from 211
to 1124. The proportion of XRCC1 polymorphisms (rs25489, GG) in thyroid cancer
was slightly lower than that of the normal control group, but the difference was
not statistically significant (Mean difference=1.13, 95% CI:
0.99–1.28, p=0.08). The proportion of XRCC1 polymorphisms
(rs25489, GA) in thyroid cancer was significantly lower than that of the normal
control group (Mean difference=1.32, 95% CI: 1.16–1.52,
p<0.00001). The proportion of XRCC1 polymorphisms (rs25489, AA) in
thyroid cancer was slightly lower than that of the normal control group, but
again, the difference was not statistically significant (Mean
difference=0.78, 95% CI: 0.61–1.01, p=0.06).
Similarly, the proportion of XRCC1 polymorphisms (rs25487, GG) and (rs25487, GA)
in thyroid cancer was lower than that of the normal control group, but the
differences were not statistically significant (p=0.22 and
p=0.49, respectively). In conclusion, this study found that the
proportion of XRCC1 polymorphisms (rs25489, AA) in thyroid cancer was lower than
that of the normal control group.
Anfallsklassifikation
Authors: Noachtar Soheyl , Baumgartner Christoph
Published: September 2023

Die Fortschritte in Diagnostik der Epilepsien machten es erforderlich die 1981
publizierte Anfallsklassifikation der Internationalen Liga gegen Epilepsie
(ILAE) zu überarbeiten. Nach jahrelanger Diskussion wurde von der ILAE
2017 eine neue Anfallsklassifikation vorgestellt, die ebenfalls elektroklinisch
vorgeht, d. h. die Anfallsemiologie und Befunde technischer
Zusatzuntersuchungen einbezieht. Die Begrifflichkeit einfach-fokaler und komplex
fokaler Anfälle wurde verlassen und die Betonung auf den Beginn der
Anfälle gesetzt.

Demgegenüber steht eine Semiologische Anfallsklassifikation, die
epileptische Anfälle ausschließlich auf der Grundlage der
Anfallssemiologie klassifiziert und sich alter Begriffe wie z. B. Auren
bedient. Beide Vorgehensweisen zur Anfallsklassifikation werden
erläutert.
Veranstaltungsübersicht
Authors: Bundschu Marion
Published: September 2023

Informationen zu den Veranstaltungen finden Sie auf

www.wbs-ulm.de
.
Additive-Free Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C(sp3)–H Carbamation: Simple Preparation of Primary Benzylic Amines
Authors: Bakhoda Abolghasem , Schmidt William
Published: September 2023

A simple and practical method for the synthesis of primary alkylamines by direct functionalization of hydrocarbons is described. The N-Boc-protected alkylamines are readily prepared from tert-butyl (trimethylsilyl)carbamate and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide in the presence of a Cu(I) catalyst at low catalyst loadings. Advantageously, this process proceeds free of any additive such as auxiliary bases/acids, requires only one equivalent of the substrate, and does not require ligand synthesis. This operationally simple C–H carbamation method shows high site selectivity and good functional-group tolerance, and uses a commercially available Cu precatalyst and oxidant to furnish N-Boc protected alkylamines in yields of 16–83%. The products can be simply deprotected under mild acidic conditions to generate primary benzylic amines. This practical method was subsequently used for the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredients cinacalcet and sertraline.
Reaction of Highly Volatile Organic Compounds with Organolithium Species in Flow Microreactor
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Muta Kensuke , Okamoto Kazuhiro
Published: September 2023

Highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with boiling points (bp) around or below room temperature are generally difficult to manipulate precisely in liquid-phase organic reactions although they offer significant atom-economic advantages. We have developed a novel approach using a jacketed syringe pump to enable the formylation of organolithium species in a continuous-flow system under ambient pressure. Methyl formate (bp 32 °C) worked as a formylating agent and was successfully delivered to the continuous operation for over 30 minutes in our microflow system. This methodology was successfully expanded to the application of acetaldehyde (bp 21 °C) and heptafluoropropyl bromide (bp 12 °C).
Connections between family violence and violence in the public sphere in Afghanistan
Authors: Orang Mina , Choi Fiona , Krausz R. Michael , Hewad Atal , Suen Janet , Jang Kerry , Missmahl Inge
Published: September 2023

Afghanistan has endured over four decades of violence in the public sphere, such as war and suicide attacks. To effectively provide psychosocial counseling using a psychodynamic approach in Afghanistan, it is crucial to recognize the potential connection between ongoing public violence and high rates of family violence. In 2019, we conducted a study to explore the relationship between public violence and family violence among Kabul residents, including those seeking counseling and those who were not. Our cross-sectional mixed methods survey recruited 299 participants from a psychosocial counseling service as well as community members who were not receiving the service. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between experiences of public violence and family violence. Both clients and non-clients reported experiencing high levels of violence, which led to impairments in daily functioning and increased suicidality. Additionally, a thematic analysis of open-ended questions indicated changes in attitudes resulting from exposure to violence, including feelings of helplessness and hopelessness both in and out of the home. We conclude that applying a psychodynamic approach to psychosocial counseling in Afghanistan requires awareness of the positive correlation between public violence and family violence in a society that has been exposed to violence in the public sphere for over forty years. Mental health care needs to contribute towards breaking cycles of violence by empowering clients to take control of their lives and become agents of change within their families and communities.
Localisation of Composite capital designs in modern Jiangsu, China, based on formal and social analysis
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Guo Weimin , Yang Zhi , Li Xiaoya , Zhang Bowen
Published: September 2023

The evolution of architectural forms is a significant field of study in modern hybrids of Chinese and foreign architecture. It involves exploring the integration of foreign buildings and their constituent elements into traditional Chinese local culture. The Composite capital is a key component in Western architecture. Research indicates that from the 1920s to 1930s, Composite capital designs in foreign architectural structures within the Jiangsu region exhibited period-specific evolutionary characteristics and variations among different cities. Therefore, the localisation of Composite capitals in Jiangsu is a gradual process. This paper proposes a research methodology combining formal analysis and social analysis to investigate the localisation of Composite capitals in Jiangsu during the modern period. The study yields two main conclusions: (1) Within the same social environment, there are common patterns in the localisation of Composite capital designs among different historical periods, reflecting shared developmental trends influenced by local traditional culture. (2) Different cities in the Jiangsu region, characterised by distinct social environments, exhibit unique patterns in the localisation of Composite capital designs, reflecting regional diversity and providing more possibilities for localisation. This paper investigates the localisation of Composite capital designs in modern Jiangsu and explores the factors that influence the form and value of capital designs, providing a systematic reference for the study of regional architectural localisation in the modern period in China.
High throughput, spatially resolved thermal properties measurement using attachable and reusable 3ω sensors
Authors: Chalise Divya , Tee Richard , Zeng Yuqiang , Kaur Sumanjeet , Pokharna Himanshu , Prasher Ravi S.
Published: September 2023

The 3ω method is a well-established thermal technique used to measure the thermal conductivity of materials and the thermal resistance of interfaces. It has significant advantages over other steady state and transient thermal techniques in its ability to provide spatially resolved thermal property measurements over a wide range of thermal conductivity. Despite its advantages, it has been restricted to lab-scale use because of the difficulty involved in sample preparation and sensor fabrication and is limited to non-metallic substrates. High-throughput 3ω measurements with reusable sensors have not been realized yet. In this work, we demonstrate a method of applying reusable 3ω sensors fabricated on flexible polyimide films to measure bulk and spatially resolved thermal properties. We establish the limits of thermal conductivity measurement with the method to be 1 to 200 W/mK, and within the measurement limit, we verify the method by comparing the measured thermal conductivities of standard samples with established values. From the 3ω measurements, we also determine the thermal resistance of an interlayer of thermal grease as a function of pressure and compare it against the resistance calculated from direct thickness measurements to demonstrate the ability of this method to provide spatially resolved subsurface information. The technique presented is general and applicable to both metallic and non-metallic substrates, providing a method for high-throughput 3ω measurements with reusable sensors and without considerable sample preparation.
Gate leakage modeling in lateral
β
-Ga2O3 MOSFETs with Al2O3 gate dielectric
Authors: Fregolent Manuel , Brusaterra Enrico , De Santi Carlo , Tetzner Kornelius , Würfl Joachim , Meneghesso Gaudenzio , Zanoni Enrico , Meneghini Matteo
Published: September 2023

We present a detailed model of the static and dynamic gate leakage current in lateral β-Ga2O3 MOSFETs with an Al2O3 gate insulator, covering a wide temperature range. We demonstrate that (i) in the DC regime, current originates from Poole–Frenkel conduction (PFC) in forward bias at high-temperature, while (ii) at low temperature the conduction is dominated by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling. Furthermore, (iii) we modeled the gate current transient during a constant gate stress as effect of electron trapping in deep levels located in the oxide that inhibits the PF conduction mechanism. This hypothesis was supported by a TCAD model that accurately reproduces the experimental results.
Recurrence recovery in heterogeneous Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou systems
Authors: Li Zidu , Porter Mason A. , Choubey Bhaskar
Published: September 2023

The computational investigation of Fermi, Pasta, Ulam, and Tsingou (FPUT) of arrays of nonlinearly coupled oscillators has led to a wealth of studies in nonlinear dynamics. Most studies of oscillator arrays have considered homogeneous oscillators, even though there are inherent heterogeneities between individual oscillators in real-world arrays. Well-known FPUT phenomena, such as energy recurrence, can break down in such heterogeneous systems. In this paper, we present an approach—the use of structured heterogeneities—to recover recurrence in FPUT systems in the presence of oscillator heterogeneities. We examine oscillator variabilities in FPUT systems with cubic nonlinearities, and we demonstrate that centrosymmetry in oscillator arrays may be an important source of recurrence.
High-sensitivity transition-edge-sensed bolometers: Improved speed and characterization with AC and DC bias
Authors: Foote Logan , Audley Michael D. , Bradford Charles (Matt) , de Lange Gert , Echternach Pierre , Fixsen Dale J. , Hui Howard , Kenyon Matthew , Nguyen Hien , O’Brient Roger , Sharp Elmer H. , Staguhn Johannes G. , van der Kuur Jan , Zmuidzinas Jonas
Published: September 2023

We report on efforts to improve the speed of low-G far-infrared transition-edged-sensed bolometers. We use a fabrication process that does not require any dry etch steps to reduce heat capacity on the suspended device and measure a reduction in the detector time constant. However, we also measure an increase in the temperature-normalized thermal conductance (G) and a corresponding increase in the noise-equivalent power (NEP). We employ a new near-IR photon-noise technique using a near-IR laser to calibrate the frequency-domain multiplexed AC system and compare the results to a well-understood DC circuit. We measure an NEP white noise level of 0.8 aW/rtHz with a 1/f knee below 0.1 Hz and a time constant of 3.2 ms.
The TU Wien Turbulent Water Channel: Flow control loop and three-dimensional reconstruction of anisotropic particle dynamics
Authors: Giurgiu Vlad , Caridi Giuseppe Carlo Alp , Alipour Mobin , De Paoli Marco , Soldati Alfredo
Published: September 2023

A horizontal water channel facility was built to study particle dynamics in a turbulent flow. The channel is sufficiently long to produce fully developed turbulence at the test section, and the width-to-height ratio is sufficiently large to avoid the sidewall effect for a large proportion of the cross-section. The system was designed to study the dynamics of complex-shaped particles in wall-bounded turbulence, the characteristics of which can be finely controlled. A maximum bulk velocity of up to 0.8 m s−1 can be achieved, corresponding to a bulk Reynolds number of up to 7 × 104 (shear Reynolds number ≈1580), and flow parameters can be controlled within ±0.1%. The transparent channel design and aluminum structures allow easy optical access, which enables multiple laser and camera arrangements. With the current optical setup, a measurement volume of up to 54 × 14 × 54 mm3 can be imaged and reconstructed with six cameras from the top, bottom, and sides of the channel. Finally, the in-house developed reconstruction and tracking procedure allows us to measure the full motion of complex objects (i.e., shape reconstruction, translational, and rotational motions), and in this instance, it is applied to the case of microscopic, non-isotropic polyamide fibers.
Diffusion–convection model of runaway electrons due to large magnetohydrodynamic perturbations in post-thermal quench plasmas
Authors: Liu Yueqiang , Aleynikova K. , Hollmann E. M. , Paz-Soldan C. , Aleynikov P. , Khayrutdinov R. , Lukash V.
Published: September 2023

Systematic test particle tracing simulations for runaway electrons (REs) are performed for six post-thermal quench equilibria from DIII-D and ITER, where large scale, kink-like n = 1 (n is the toroidal mode number) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities are found. The modeled particle guiding center orbits allow extraction of the effective diffusion–convection coefficients of REs in the presence of large three-dimensional (3D) perturbations up to 10% of the equilibrium toroidal field. With a fixed spatial distribution of the field perturbation, the RE transport coefficients along the plasma radial coordinate track reasonably well with the surface-averaged perturbation level. A substantial variation in the value of the transport coefficients—by three orders of magnitude in most cases, however, occurs with varying launching location of REs along the plasma radius. Large 3D perturbations almost always lead to comparable diffusion and convection processes, meaning that diffusion alone is insufficient to describe the particle motion. At lower (but still high) level of perturbation, the RE convection is found to be dominant over diffusion. A similar observation is made when the perturbation is too strong. In the presence of large perturbation, the dependence of the RE transport on the particle energy is sensitive to the spatial distribution of the perturbation. Based on numerically obtained RE transport coefficients, an analytic fitting model is proposed to quantify the particle diffusion and convection processes due to large MHD events in post-thermal quench plasmas. The model is shown to reasonably well reproduce the direct test particle tracing results for the RE loss fraction and can, thus, be useful for incorporating into other kinetic RE codes in order to simulate the RE beam evolution in the presence of large 3D perturbations.
Numerical analysis of inlet flows at different altitudes in the upper atmosphere
Authors: Jin Xuhong , Cheng Xiaoli , Huang Yuqun , Wang Qiang , Wang Bing , Shen Qing
Published: September 2023

A comprehensive numerical study is performed to investigate gas flows inside the inlet of an atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP) system operating in the upper atmosphere ranging from 120 to 300 km using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Gas pressure, mass flux, and aerodynamic drag are analyzed in depth in order to gain a deep understanding of the effects of operation altitude and the assumption of free molecular flow (FMF) on gas flows within the inlet. Computational results show that both the gas pressure and mass flux in the compression and ionization sections decrease with increasing altitude, indicating weaker compression and collection performances at higher altitudes. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to compression and collection performances of the inlet when it operates at higher altitudes. At altitudes smaller than 180 km, gas flows within the inlet are fully or partly characterized by transitional flows, so the FMF assumption tends to overestimate the gas pressure and underestimate the mass flux within the inlet resulting from the neglect of the collisions between the oncoming and reflected molecules. However, FMFs predominate within the inlet and even fill the entire inlet at altitudes larger than 180 km, so it is fairly reasonable to assume an FMF in the aerodynamic design of the inlet of an ABEP system.
Bounce-averaged drifts: Equivalent definitions, numerical implementations, and example cases
Authors: Mackenbach R. J. J. , Duff J. M. , Gerard M. J. , Proll J. H. E. , Helander P. , Hegna C. C.
Published: September 2023

In this article, we provide various analytical and numerical methods for calculating the average drift of magnetically trapped particles across field lines in complex geometries, and we compare these methods against each other. To evaluate bounce integrals, we use a generalization of the trapezoidal rule which is able to circumvent integrable singularities. We contrast this method with more standard quadrature methods in a parabolic magnetic well and find that the computational cost is significantly lower for the trapezoidal method, though at the cost of accuracy. With numerical routines in place, we next investigate conditions on particles which cross the computational boundary, and we find that important differences arise for particles affected by this boundary, which can depend on the specific implementation of the calculation. Finally, we investigate the bounce-averaged drifts in the optimized stellarator NCSX. From investigating the drifts, one can readily deduce important properties, such as what subset of particles can drive trapped-particle modes and in what regions radial drifts are most deleterious to the stability of such modes.
Turbulent boundary layer over porous media with wall-normal permeability
Authors: Feng Zhixiang , Ye Qingqing
Published: September 2023

Porous walls are a widely used passive flow control technique, which shows potential in reducing skin friction and mitigating flow-introduced noise. In the present study, porous media with wall-normal permeability is applied to a flat plate to investigate its interaction with the turbulent boundary layer at the Reynolds number based on friction velocity of Reτ=225. Time-resolved planar and tomographic particle image velocimetry were employed to identify the impact on mean statistics and coherent structures. An overall skin friction reduction of 22% is achieved. The porous wall induces counter-rotating streamwise vortex pairs at the spanwise sides of each pore, leading to momentum transport and the generation of alternative low- and high-speed regions close to the wall. Slip velocity is obtained, associated with the reduction in turbulent fluctuations and Reynolds shear stress. The streamwise velocity streaks and the hairpin vortices are significantly distorted compared with the smooth wall condition due to the downwash and upwash motion, featuring a notable reduction in the number and scale of the coherent structures, in which the skin friction reduction mechanism is related to. The proper orthogonal decomposition analysis returns the most energetic unsteady modes. Although the wall-coherent mode type remains to dominate the production of turbulent fluctuations, the scale and energy content of wall-incoherent modes increase, confirming the modification of the distribution and scale of near-wall turbulent structures.
Evolution and hot electron generation of laser–plasma instabilities in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Cao S. H. , Ren C.
Published: September 2023

A series of 2D in-plane plane wave particle-in-cell simulations find distinctive paths of laser-plasma instability evolution in OMEGA-scale implosions, depending on the initial electron temperature. At low temperatures, two-plasmon decay (TPD) dominates in both initial growth and the steady state. At high temperatures, the initial dominant modes switch to stimulated Raman scattering, but TPD still dominates a steady state characterized by cavitation and Langmuir turbulence. A hot electron scaling is also obtained from the simulations that, when combined with laser/plasma conditions from hydro simulations, can predict hot electron generation in implosions that do not employ smoothing-by-spectral-dispersion (SSD). It also shows that under the same laser/plasma conditions, SSD can reduce hot electron generation.
Nonlinear mode decomposition via physics-assimilated convolutional autoencoder for unsteady flows over an airfoil
Authors: Zhang Bo
Published: September 2023

I have developed a physics-assimilated convolutional autoencoder (CAE) neural network, namely, PhyAENet, to carry out nonlinear mode decomposition of the unsteady flow field around a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 4412 airfoil near stall conditions. The flow field snapshots are mapped into latent modes by the encoder part of the well-trained CAE, which are used for dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) analysis. The computed DMD modes are split into modes covering different frequency ranges. These high and low-frequency DMD modes are used to form reconstructed encoded sequences, which are then mapped back to generate the nonlinear decomposed spatiotemporal modes by the decoder of the CAE. As such, physics is assimilated into the neural network by incorporating the frequencies of the DMD modes into the latent modes in the latent space. The proposed PhyAENet is capable of extracting the dominant features of the flow fields, accounting for the nonlinearity of the underlying dynamics. Furthermore, the extracted nonlinear modes are evolving with time and physically interpretable. It is revealed that the nonlinear modes can be well represented when using more DMD modes for reconstruction of the encoded sequences. The energy spectrum of the nonlinear modes are obtained by ranking the Frobenius norm of the mode vector.
Low temperature memory effects in AlGaN/GaN nanochannels
Authors: Sánchez-Martín H. , Pérez-Martín E. , Paz-Martínez G. , Mateos J. , González T. , Íñiguez-de-la-Torre I.
Published: September 2023

Two-terminal devices based on an AlGaN/GaN nanochannel exhibit a significant hysteresis in their current–voltage curve due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. Surface effects at the sidewalls of the trenches defining the nanochannel are the key for such behavior. By applying large positive/negative voltages, it is possible to trap/de-trap electrons in/from the surface states, thus modulating the conductance of the channel. In this work, the characteristic times of the involved slow processes (of the order of tens or hundreds of s) are studied from 70 up to 200 K, and the possible memory applications due to the charge retention are explored.
High-order geometric integrators for the variational Gaussian approximation
Authors: Moghaddasi Fereidani Roya , Vaníček Jiří J. L.
Published: September 2023

Among the single-trajectory Gaussian-based methods for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the variational Gaussian approximation is the most accurate one. In contrast to Heller’s original thawed Gaussian approximation, it is symplectic, conserves energy exactly, and may partially account for tunneling. However, the variational method is also much more expensive. To improve its efficiency, we symmetrically compose the second-order symplectic integrator of Faou and Lubich and obtain geometric integrators that can achieve an arbitrary even order of convergence in the time step. We demonstrate that the high-order integrators can speed up convergence drastically compared to the second-order algorithm and, in contrast to the popular fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, are time-reversible and conserve the norm and the symplectic structure exactly, regardless of the time step. To show that the method is not restricted to low-dimensional systems, we perform most of the analysis on a non-separable twenty-dimensional model of coupled Morse oscillators. We also show that the variational method may capture tunneling and, in general, improves accuracy over the non-variational thawed Gaussian approximation.
Conjugate heat transfer analysis of internally cooled superalloy turbine blades with grooved channels
Authors: Kumar Ajmit , Pathak Manabendra
Published: September 2023

The present work reports a conjugate heat transfer analysis of a turbine blade exposed to high-temperature compressible gas flow and the convection cooling inside the blade. A nickel-based superalloy material CMSX-4 with better mechanical and anticorrosive properties has been introduced for blade materials, and grooved channels are proposed for heat transfer enhancement in internal convection. Each channel contains nine mini-grooves having groove-depth to channel-diameter ratio in the range of 0.08–1.12. Three prominent turbulence models, namely, k-ε, k-ω shear stress transport (SST), and γ-θ transition SST, are used to capture the flow turbulence in a transonic boundary layer flow. Simulations have been performed for actual operating conditions of turbine blades with a wall-to-gas temperature ratio of 0.84 and an inlet-to-outlet pressure ratio of 1.69. The inlet Reynolds number is 5.3 × 105 for the hot gas region, and for coolant flow, the Reynolds number varies from 16 000 to 70 000. The Mach number reaches to a maximum value of 1.14 in the external hot gas flow. Boundary layer transition and wake flow from nearby blades affect the flow in the suction side of the blade. The incorporation of scalable wall function improves the performance of the k-ε turbulence model. Compared to the smooth channel, a 25 K reduction in the average blade surface temperature and 27.3% enhancement in the Nusselt number in blade cooling are obtained for the grooved cooling channel.
Empirical probability and machine learning analysis of m, n = 2, 1 tearing mode onset parameter dependence in DIII-D H-mode scenarios
Authors: Bardóczi L. , Richner N. J. , Zhu J. , Rea C. , Logan N. C.
Published: September 2023

m, n = 2, 1 tearing mode onset empirical probability and machine learning analyses of a multiscenario DIII-D database of over 14 000 H-mode discharges show that the normalized plasma beta, the rotation profile, and the magnetic equilibrium shape have the strongest impact on the 2,1 tearing mode stability, in qualitative agreement with neoclassical tearing modes (m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively). In addition, 2,1 tearing modes are most likely to destabilize when n > 1 tearing modes are already present in the core plasma. The covariance matrix of tearing sensitive plasma parameters takes a nearly block-diagonal form, with the blocks incorporating thermodynamic, current and safety factor profile, separatrix shape, and plasma flow parameters, respectively. This suggests a number of paths to improved stability at fixed pressure and edge safety factor primarily by preserving a minimum of 1 kHz differential rotation, increasing the minimum safety factor above unity, using upper single null magnetic configuration, and reducing the core impurity radiation. In addition, lower triangularity, lower elongation, and lower pedestal pressure may also help to improve stability. The electron and ion temperature, collisionality, resistivity, internal inductance, and the parallel current gradient appear to only weakly correlate with the 2,1 tearing mode onsets in this database.
Predictive temperature control design for reaction calorimeter based on mechanism parameter model
Authors: Xu Qiyue , Fan Jiamin , Ding Jiong , Ye Shuliang
Published: September 2023

Isothermal control is the most basic and crucial function in the principle of a reaction calorimeter system and affects the speed and validity of the calorimetric experiment. However, the complex and uncertain working conditions in different reaction processes pose a challenge to the adaptability of temperature control algorithms. Aiming at the problem, a heat transfer model of the system is first established for temperature control design. From the simulation results, a prediction model based on equivalent mechanism parameters is determined for the control. Then, an integrated model predictive control (MPC) strategy is presented. To reduce the influence on the temperature control caused by the mismatch of the prediction model, a set of online parameter identification and adjustment methods is proposed. Simulations of the MPC control were implemented to analyze the control's performance. Experiments were also carried out to verify the advantages of the proposed strategy over the proportional-integral-derivative algorithm and demonstrate the role and efficiency of online identification. This control strategy can be applied to other laboratory-scale instruments with tank reactors.
Steady-state interfacial gravity waves with one-dimensional class-IV triad resonance
Authors: Li Jiyang , Su Huilin , Liu Zeng , He Xinchen
Published: September 2023

Steady-state interfacial waves under a one-dimensional (1-D) class-IV exact triad resonance are investigated in a two-layer fluid with a free surface upper boundary. Four groups (G1–G4) of convergent series solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method. Though the harmonic resonance conditions are contained in the class-IV resonance criteria, the influences of 1:2 harmonic resonances on the energy spectrum could be neglected. Unlike former steady-state resonant interfacial wave spectrum where all the components joining the resonance are significant, the energy of one primary component can be ignored for two groups (G2 and G4) of wave solutions obtained in this paper. It is found that a little energy induced from the external environment might greatly change the energy spectrum for G1. However, the energy introduced from the outside cannot vary the wave energy distribution for G2. The reason for the extremely high crests on the instantaneous profiles of free surfaces of G2 and G4 is that the peaks of the class-IV exactly resonant and some trivial components momentarily overlap at some special horizontal positions. The class-IV exact triad resonance curve could be divided into four pieces containing the existence ranges of G3 and G4 and two regions with no solution found. One of the regions without convergent solutions results from an infinite number of singularities or small divisors caused by infinite exact or near resonances. Our results indicate that steady-state interfacial waves with class-IV triad resonance interactions among one surface and two internal wave modes could exist.
A lattice Boltzmann investigation of liquid viscosity effects on the evolution of a cavitation bubble attached to chemically patterned walls
Authors: He Xiaolong , Peng Haonan , Zhang Jianmin
Published: September 2023

The thermal lattice Boltzmann model is applied to explore liquid viscosity effects on a single cavitation bubble attached to chemically patterned walls. A conversion method based on the surface tension and the non-ideal equation of state parameters is proposed. According to the force analysis, it is found that the local pressure difference and the unbalanced Young's force are two main controlling factors for contactpoint dynamics. The dynamic contact angle is larger than the equilibrium contact angle throughout the evolution process for a hydrophilic wall, which results in a hysteresis effect in the bubble growth process due to the unbalanced Young's force and accelerates the contact point retraction velocity in the collapse stage. For hydrophobic walls, the unbalanced Young's force accelerates the contact radius expanding, resulting in a larger maximum contact radius than for a bubble attached to a hydrophilic wall. The hysteresis effects caused by the unbalanced Young's force slow down the contact points retraction in the early collapse stage and accelerate the retraction later because of dramatic interface deformation. The bubble is punctured over a larger volume with a hydrophilic wall than with a hydrophilic wall, resulting in a smaller collapse intensity. An exponential relationship between the micro-jet volume and the cosine function of the equilibrium contact angle at the collapse point is found. Furthermore, the jet volume before bubble collapse decreases, and the collapse time delays with the increase in viscosity.
Universal interpretations of vocal music
Authors: Yurdum Lidya , Singh Manvir , Glowacki Luke , Vardy Thomas , Atkinson Quentin D. , Hilton Courtney B. , Sauter Disa , Krasnow Max M. , Mehr Samuel A.
Published: September 2023

Despite the variability of music across cultures, some types of human songs share acoustic characteristics. For example, dance songs tend to be loud and rhythmic, and lullabies tend to be quiet and melodious. Human perceptual sensitivity to the behavioral contexts of songs, based on these musical features, suggests that basic properties of music are mutually intelligible, independent of linguistic or cultural content. Whether these effects reflect universal interpretations of vocal music, however, is unclear because prior studies focus almost exclusively on English-speaking participants, a group that is not representative of humans. Here, we report shared intuitions concerning the behavioral contexts of unfamiliar songs produced in unfamiliar languages, in participants living in Internet-connected industrialized societies (n = 5,516 native speakers of 28 languages) or smaller-scale societies with limited access to global media (n = 116 native speakers of three non-English languages). Participants listened to songs randomly selected from a representative sample of human vocal music, originally used in four behavioral contexts, and rated the degree to which they believed the song was used for each context. Listeners in both industrialized and smaller-scale societies inferred the contexts of dance songs, lullabies, and healing songs, but not love songs. Within and across cohorts, inferences were mutually consistent. Further, increased linguistic or geographical proximity between listeners and singers only minimally increased the accuracy of the inferences. These results demonstrate that the behavioral contexts of three common forms of music are mutually intelligible cross-culturally and imply that musical diversity, shaped by cultural evolution, is nonetheless grounded in some universal perceptual phenomena.
Mechanics reveals the role of peristome geometry in prey capture in carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes)
Authors: Moulton Derek E. , Oliveri Hadrien , Goriely Alain , Thorogood Chris J.
Published: September 2023

Carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes) are a striking example of a natural pitfall trap. The trap’s slippery rim, or peristome, plays a critical role in insect capture via an aquaplaning mechanism that is well documented. While the peristome has received significant research attention, the conspicuous variation in peristome geometry across the genus remains unexplored. We examined the mechanics of prey capture usingNepenthespitcher plants with divergent peristome geometries. Inspired by living material, we developed a mathematical model that links the peristomes’ three-dimensional geometries to the physics of prey capture under the laws of Newtonian mechanics. Linking form and function enables us to test hypotheses related to the function of features such as shape and ornamentation, orientation in a gravitational field, and the presence of “teeth,” while analysis of the energetic costs and gains of a given geometry provides a means of inferring potential evolutionary pathways. In a separate modeling approach, we show how prey size may correlate with peristome dimensions for optimal capture. Our modeling framework provides a physical platform to understand how divergence in peristome morphology may have evolved in the genusNepenthesin response to shifts in prey diversity, availability, and size.