bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal Colonization Behavior of Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Southeastern Australia
Authors: George Kelly A. , Archer Melanie S. , Toop Tes
Published: September 2012

Worldwide research into nocturnal colonization by blowflies has produced many contradictory findings, prompting investigation specific to southeastern Australia. Initial experiments showed that blowfly colonization begins shortly after sunrise and continues until sunset; nocturnal colonization never occurred. Colonization peaks occurred at mid‐morning, midday, and in the hours preceding sunset. In an additional experiment, wild blowflies were captured and placed in cages with colonization medium supplied nocturnally. Colonization occurred on four of five nights, and Calliphora augur (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the main species colonizing baits nocturnally. Results suggest that colonization is most likely to occur during warm weather and when flies are able to walk or crawl to bait. In particular, blowflies trapped within a confined space (such as a room or car) with warmer‐than‐ambient temperature may be stimulated to colonize nearby remains. Entomologists should consider these findings when estimating minimum postmortem interval under these environmental conditions.
The Identification of Spiromesifen, a Recently Introduced Pesticide, Using Approaches to Chemical Unknown Analysis
Authors: Wilson Donna K. , Graff Cynthia L.
Published: September 2012

An unknown, viscous, opaque, white liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor was submitted with a request for identification. It was analyzed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found to contain glycerin as well as another compound. IR and mass spectral data were readily obtained for this second component, but it was not easily identified as common instrument libraries had no matching spectra. After an extensive literature search, the unknown compound was identified as spiromesifen, a recently introduced pesticide. The IR spectrum and electron impact mass spectrum of spiromesifen are presented here as these are not available in the published literature. This case report also provides useful approaches for searching for and identifying an unknown compound when it is not found in a laboratory's spectral libraries.
Reliability of computed tomographic angiography 3‐D method of ruptured intracranial aneurysm measurements
Authors: Wong George K.C. , Leung Joyce H.Y. , Yu Janice W.L. , Woo Peter Y.M. , Tan Hai‐Bin , Siu Deyond Y.W. , Poon Wai‐Sang
Published: September 2012

Aim

With the availability of multidetector computed tomography, 3‐D display and measurements of cerebral aneurysms can be performed routinely. Although the 3‐D method is more intuitive, 3‐D measurements can be more operator dependent. Few data are available on interobserver variability and intraobserver reproducibility. We aimed to assess the interobserver and intraobserver reliability using both planar and 3‐D methods.

Patients and Methods

A total of 48 subarachnoid haemorrhage patients were recruited into the study.

Results

Aneurysm dimensions showed medium‐to‐large correlations among observers using the planar method, and large correlations for the 3‐D method. The average Kendall's tau b coefficients among observers of aneurysm dimensions were significantly better for 3‐D methods compared to the planar method. Excellent correlations in planar and 3‐D aneurysm dimensions were found between repeated measurements (Kendall's tau b coefficients: 0.90–0.97; all P < 0.001).

Conclusion

High interobserver and intraobserver reliability was found for 3‐D assessments of aneurysm dimensions in computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Thus, the 3‐D method of aneurysm measurement can provide a reliable CTA assessment for cerebral aneurysm and data comparisons among different studies.
Bronchobiliary fistula from foreign body reaction or cholelithiasis
Authors: Jin Xiaotai , Yi Lin , Lin Andy , Yao Yongliang , Yang Weiping , Chu Peiguo G. , Yen Christina , Qiu Weihua
Published: September 2012

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is an abnormality between the bronchial tree and biliary tract system. Misdiagnosis and delayed treatment might have a high mortality rate. Although some characteristics relevant to BBF have been introduced, difficulties and controversies in diagnosis and treatment need further investigation. In the present study, we summarize the diagnostic and surgical treatment experience of a 65‐year‐old male patient who presented with an irritating cough and biliptysis. As he had a history of aortic valve replacement surgery and schistosomial cirrhosis, the provisional diagnosis was BBF, which might be secondary to a foreign body reaction or liver cirrhosis and chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. During the surgery, it was discovered that the right lobe of the liver was significantly atrophied with irregular contours, and the gallbladder was adjacent to the diaphragm with a fistula between the fundus of the gallbladder and the right semidiaphragm. These results confirmed that the BBF in this patient resulted from cholelithiasis associated with serious schistosomial cirrhosis. He was successfully treated with a right hepatic lobe resection and Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy. The diaphragm defect was repaired by imbrication of the repaired liver and lower lobe's edges. A high index of clinical suspicion can be generated by patients who present with recurring irritating cough and production of bile‐like sputum. The manifestations and responses to conservative treatment are crucial in clinical judgment, and surgical intervention is the primary treatment choice when other approaches have failed or there are complications from the underlying disease.
Limitations of Combining Hispanics and African Americans for Analysis of Credit Problems
Authors: LEE JONGHEE , HANNA SHERMAN D.
Published: September 2012

This study uses a combination of six Survey of Consumer Finances data sets to examine whether factors affecting credit delinquency differ by the racial/ethnic identity of households. Hispanic households are less likely than white households and white households are less likely than African American households to be delinquent. Our full model with interaction terms shows that the effects of financially adverse events, financial buffers and debt burden on the debt delinquency differ across racial/ethnic groups. Combining African American and Hispanic households into one racial/ethnic minority group as previous studies have done can be problematic.
Isoconcentration mapping of particulate matter in Hamedan intercity bus stations
Authors: Hoseinzadeh Edris , Samarghandi Mohammad Reza , Ghorbani Shahna Farshid , Chavoshi Ebrahim
Published: September 2012

To accomplish this study, the total concentration of suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5, was mapped at intercity bus stations in the central square of Hamedan. To measure the particulate matter (PM), portable air sampling systems that collect integrated filter samples were used. The PM concentration was collected at various time intervals and measured gravimetrically. The results were then analysed using the ArcView GIS 3.3 software to map the particulate dispersion patterns. The mean concentrations of the total suspended particles (TSP), PM10 and PM2.5 were 1220.94 ± 1418.5, 524.7 ± 217.5 and 386 ± 193.6 μg/m3, which were 16, 7.72 and 4.7 times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standard, respectively. The PM concentration was not correlated with wind velocity or air temperature, but was correlated with humidity (P = 0.01). Overall, the results of this pilot study indicate that people at bus stations are exposed to respirable particulate matter (RPM) at levels high enough to pose a serious health risk.
Does inhibiting Sur1 complement rt‐PA in cerebral ischemia?
Authors: Simard J. Marc , Geng Zhihua , Silver Frank L. , Sheth Kevin N. , Kimberly W. Taylor , Stern Barney J. , Colucci Mario , Gerzanich Volodymyr
Published: September 2012

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) complicates and limits its use in stroke. Here, we provide a focused review on the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) in rt‐PA–associated HT in cerebral ischemia, and we review emerging evidence that the selective inhibitor of the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1), glibenclamide (U.S. adopted name, glyburide), may provide protection against rt‐PA–associated HT in cerebral ischemia. Glyburide inhibits activation of MMP‐9, ameliorates edema formation, swelling, and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation, and improves preclinical outcomes in several clinically relevant models of stroke, both without and with rt‐PA treatment. A retrospective clinical study comparing outcomes in diabetic patients with stroke treated with rt‐PA showed that those who were previously on and were maintained on a sulfonylurea fared significantly better than those whose diabetes was managed without sulfonylureas. Inhibition of Sur1 with injectable glyburide holds promise for ameliorating rt‐PA–associated HT in stroke.
Considering hyperglycemia and thrombolysis in the Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort (SHINE) trial
Authors: Southerland Andrew M. , Johnston Karen C.
Published: September 2012

Hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced cortical toxicity and larger infarct volumes following focal cerebral ischemia. Initial blood glucose in acute ischemic stroke patients may also contribute to a differential response to thrombolysis (i.e., administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA)) and affect risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). The Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort (SHINE) study is a phase III single‐blinded, randomized control trial comparing an intensive level of glucose control with standard of care glucose control in hyperglycemic stroke patients. In stratifying randomization by treatment with intravenous t‐PA, the SHINE trial offers a unique opportunity to evaluate an association between euglycemic control and outcomes from stroke thrombolysis in a prospective, comparative study. We hypothesize that normalization of blood glucose in the acute stroke setting may reduce risk of thrombolysis‐induced sICH. With enrollment recently underway, the stratified results from the SHINE trial could substantially influence future treatment decisions for hyperglycemic stroke patients.
Impact of regional pre‐hospital emergency medical services in treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Sozener Cemal B. , Barsan William G.
Published: September 2012

Stroke is a major public health concern afflicting an estimated 795,000 Americans annually. The associated morbidity and mortality is staggering. Early treatment with thrombolytics is beneficial. The window for treatment is narrow and minimization of the time from symptom onset to treatment is vital. The general population is not well informed as to the warning signs or symptoms of stroke, leading to substantial delays in emergency medical services (EMS) activation. Ambulance transport of stroke patients to the hospital has demonstrated improvements in key benchmarks such as door to physician evaluation, door to CT initiation, and increased thrombolytic treatment. Pre‐hospital notification of the impending arrival of a stroke patient allows for vital preparation in the treating emergency department, and improving timely evaluation and treatment upon arrival of the stroke patient. EMS systems are a vital component of the management of stroke patients, and resources used to improve these systems are beneficial.
Comparison of acetate tape impression with squeezing versus skin scraping for the diagnosis of canine demodicosis
Authors: Pereira AV , Pereira SA , Gremião IDF , Campos MP , Ferreira AMR
Published: September 2012

This study compared the sensitivity of acetate tape impression and skin squeezing with that of deep skin scraping for the diagnosis of demodicosis in dogs. Demodex canis was detected in 100% of acetate tape impressions obtained after skin squeezing and in 90% of deep skin scrapings. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the techniques in the total number of mites detected. Acetate tape impression with skin squeezing was found to be more sensitive than deep skin scraping and is an alternative diagnostic method for canine demodicosis.
Décomposition des effets redistributifs des transferts sociaux et de la fiscalité dans différents pays
Authors: Wang Chen , Caminada Koen , Goudswaard Kees
Published: September 2012

Dans le présent article, nous utilisons des données compilées à partir de la base de microdonnées de la Luxembourg Income Study pour fournir des informations détaillées sur l'impact redistributif des transferts sociaux et de la fiscalité dans 28 pays membres de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE). Nous constatons qu'en moyenne les Etats‐providence réduisent les inégalités de 35 pour cent et que les prestations sociales ont un impact redistributif beaucoup plus fort que la fiscalité. S'agissant des transferts sociaux, ce sont les pensions publiques qui contribuent le plus à réduire les inégalités de revenu, même si des disparités sont observées entre pays. Les prestations d'assistance sociale, d'invalidité et les allocations familiales participent aussi, quoique dans une moindre mesure, à la réduction des écarts de revenu.
Les risques d'invalidité: le cas de l’Argentine
Authors: Belliard Matías , Grushka Carlos , De Biase Marcelo
Published: September 2012

Le présent article analyse les risques d'invalidité auxquels sont exposés les travailleurs qui cotisent au système argentin de sécurité sociale intégré (Sistema Integrado Previsional Argentino — SIPA). D'après nos données, issues des dossiers administratifs qui vont de 2000 à 2006, 1,46 travailleur sur 1000 est devenu invalide au cours de cette période. Le risque d'invalidité est plus élevé pour les hommes que pour les femmes, mais augmente avec l'âge dans les deux cas. Les chiffres ont également été ventilés en fonction des pathologies et du régime de sécurité sociale, en tenant compte de l'âge et du sexe des assurés concernés.
Application of umbilical cord serum eyedrops after laser epithelial keratomileusis
Authors: Yoon Kyung‐Chul , Oh Han‐Jin , Park Jung‐Won , Choi Jin
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To investigate the efficacy of umbilical cord serum eyedrops after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).

Methods:  Sixty patients (120 eyes) with myopia who underwent LASEK were studied. Thirty‐two patients (64 eyes) were treated with 20% umbilical cord serum eyedrops in combination with conventional treatment (group A), and 28 patients (56 eyes) received conventional treatment only (group B). Epithelial healing time was analysed. Visual acuity, refraction, haze score (0–4) and tear film and ocular surface parameters were evaluated at 1, 2, 4 and 12 weeks after LASEK. The concentration of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 in tears was measured with ELISA at 1 week after LASEK.

Results:  No significant differences in visual acuity and refraction were found between groups. The mean time to epithelial healing was 3.53 ± 1.19 days in group A and 3.91 ± 1.41 days in group B (p = 0.18). The mean haze scores at 2 and 4 weeks were 0.59 ± 0.80 and 0.31 ± 0.54 in group A and 1.06 ± 0.91 (p = 0.02) and 0.69 ± 0.78 (p = 0.03) in group B. Four and 12 weeks after LASEK, tear film break‐up time was longer and keratoepitheliopathy score was lower in group A compared with group B. The mean concentration of TGF‐β1 was lower in group A compared with group B (p = 0.01).

Conclusion:  Application of 20% umbilical cord serum eyedrops in addition to conventional treatment after LASEK can reduce early postoperative corneal haze and improve tear film and ocular surface parameters.
Antimicrobial prescribing practice in UK equine veterinary practice
Authors: HUGHES L. A. , PINCHBECK G. , CALLABY R. , DAWSON S. , CLEGG P. , WILLIAMS N.
Published: September 2012

Reasons for performing study: Antimicrobial use is known to select for the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria; therefore prudent use in both human and veterinary medicine is essential to preserve their efficacy.

Objectives: To characterise antimicrobial prescribing patterns in UK equine practice and evaluate factors associated with prescribing.

Methods: A postal questionnaire including 4 clinical scenarios was sent to 740 veterinary surgeons that treat horses. Data were collected on the clinician, their practice and sources of information regarding antimicrobials and their use. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain factors associated with 5 outcomes; prescribing off‐licence drugs; prescribing at incorrect doses; prescribing 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins; prescribing fluoroquinolones and prescribing potentiated sulphonamides.

Results: Questionnaires were completed by 38% of veterinary surgeons who were sent questionnaires. Less than 1% of practices had antimicrobial use guidelines. Trimethoprim‐sulphonamides were most commonly prescribed in each clinical scenario. Eleven percent of prescriptions were for antimicrobial drugs not licensed for use in horses in the UK. Five percent of prescriptions for licensed antimicrobials were under the recommended dose rate and 56% over the recommended dose rate. Fluoroquinolones and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins accounted for 1 and 3% of prescriptions, respectively. Veterinary surgeons working at referral practices were more likely to prescribe 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and off‐licence antimicrobials whereas those working in first‐opinion practices were more likely to prescribe potentiated sulphonamides. Sources of information regarding antimicrobials also had an effect on prescribing.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Prescription of antimicrobials at inappropriate doses was common even when provided with the weight of the animal. It is uncommon for UK equine veterinary practices to have guidelines for antimicrobial use. The introduction of such guidelines could lead to more prudent use of antimicrobials.
Diagnosis and Ablation of Multiform Fascicular Tachycardia
Authors: SUNG RAPHAEL K. , KIM ALBERT M. , TSENG ZIAN H. , HAN FREDERICK , INADA KEIICHI , TEDROW USHA B. , VISWANATHAN MOHAN N. , BADHWAR NITISH , VAROSY PAUL D. , TANEL RONN , OLGIN JEFFREY E. , STEPHENSON WILLIAM G. , SCHEINMAN MELVIN
Published: September 2012

Ablation Multiform Fascicular Tachycardia. Introduction: Fascicular tachycardia (FT) is an uncommon cause of monomorphic sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). We describe 6 cases of FT with multiform QRS morphologies.

Methods and Results

: Six of 823 consecutive VT cases were retrospectively analyzed and found attributable to FT with multiform QRS patterns, with 3 cases exhibiting narrow QRS VT as well. All underwent electrophysiology study including fascicular potential mapping, entrainment pacing, and electroanatomic mapping. The first 3 cases describe similar multiform VT patterns with successful ablation in the upper mid septum. Initially, a right bundle branch block (RBBB) VT with superior axis was induced. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) targeting the left posterior fascicle (LPF) resulted in a second VT with RBBB inferior axis. RFCA in the upper septum just apical to the LBB potential abolished VT in all cases. Cases 4 and 5 showed RBBB VT with alternating fascicular block compatible with upper septal dependent VT, resulting in bundle branch reentrant VT (BBRT) after ablation of LPF and left anterior fascicle (LAF). Finally, Cases 5 and 6 demonstrated spontaneous shift in QRS morphology during VT, implicating participation of a third fascicle. In Case 6, successful ablation was achieved over the proximal LAF, likely representing insertion of the auxiliary fascicle near the proximal LAF.

Conclusions

: Multiform FTs show a reentrant mechanism using multiple fascicular branches. We hypothesize that retrograde conduction over the septal fascicle produces alternate fascicular patterns as well as narrow VT forms. Ablation of the respective fascicle was successful in abolishing FT but does not preclude development of BBRT unless septal fascicle is targeted and ablated. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 297‐304, March 2013)
Impact of Radiofrequency Characteristics on Acute Pulmonary Vein Reconnection and Clinical Outcome After PVAC Ablation
Authors: GREEF YVES DE , TAVERNIER RENE , SCHWAGTEN BRUNO , KEULENAER GILLES DE , STOCKMAN DIRK , DUYTSCHAEVER MATTIAS
Published: September 2012

Impact of Radiofrequency Characteristics. Objective: The objective was to study the impact of radiofrequency (RF) characteristics on acute pulmonary vein reconnection (PVR) and outcome after PVAC ablation. PVI with additional ablation of PVR (PVI + PVR) was compared to PVI‐only.

Methods:
In 40 consecutive patients, after PVAC‐guided PVI, adenosine and a 1‐hour waiting time were used to unmask and ablate acute PVR (PVI + PVR group). RF‐characteristics and 1‐year AF freedom were compared post hoc to 40 clinically matched patients undergoing PVI only (PVI‐only group). Custom‐made software was used to assess RF characteristics of the PVAC applications needed to obtain baseline PVI.

Results:
There was no difference in clinical characteristics or baseline RF‐profile between both groups. Acute PVR was observed and ablated in 38 of 160 veins (24%). AF‐freedom after PVI + PVR was higher than PVI (85% vs 65%, P < 0.05). Within the PVI group, comparing patients with and without AF‐recurrence, the percentage of PVAC applications with high T° (>48°) but low power (<3W) was higher (28 ± 18% vs 11 ± 11%, P < 0.0001). Within the PVI + PVR group, when comparing PVs with and without PVR, the percentage of low power/high T° PVAC applications was also higher (27 ± 13% vs 13 ± 15%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
(1) After PVAC ablation, 24% of PVs exhibit acute reconnection. Additional ablation of reconnection improves clinical outcome. (2) Acute reconnection as well as clinical recurrence of AF are characterized by PVAC ablation with a considerable number of applications with high temperature but low power. (3) If PV isolation is obtained with low power applications, a consistent use of both adenosine and waiting time is required. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 290‐296, March 2013)
Dialysate Quality: New Standards Require a New Approach to Compliance
Authors: Fendley David A. , Ward Richard A.
Published: September 2012

Substances commonly found in drinking water can injure hemodialysis patients if they are not removed from the water during the preparation of dialysate. Standards have been developed that specify the maximum allowable levels of these substances in dialysate. Those standards have recently been revised. While the maximum allowable levels of chemical contaminants have not changed, a more sensitive method for bacterial cultures has been specified and the maximum allowable levels of bacteria and endotoxin in the new standards have been decreased. These decreases are a consequence of an increasing body of evidence that improving dialysate quality positively impacts patient outcomes. Meeting the new microbiological standards could require dialysis facilities to adopt new approaches to managing their water treatment and concentrate preparation systems. To address this need, the new standards present a framework for developing a facility‐specific quality management system for ensuring dialysate quality based on validation of system performance, coupled with routine monitoring and periodic revalidation of performance.
Bioinformatic Databases and Resources in the public domain to aid HLA research
Authors: Helmberg W.
Published: September 2012

Research in HLA as in any other field depends on information. Different groups have generated generic and specific resources and tools to support this research. The present review describes a qualified subset of these resources, which should cover the most important starting points for research in the HLA field. It discusses access to HLA allele sequences, allele frequencies, continues with general support to access to literature, DNA and protein sequence information, structural models, teaching books, databases with phenotypic datasets, alignment tools, peptide binding, statistical tools, guidelines and ambiguity coding. Following functionalities and databases have been included: IMGT/HLA, Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD), allelefrequencies*.net, a detailed look into NCBI (National Center of Biotechnology Information) with a subset of databases and tools, focusing on literature research, sequences, user‐specific support tools and applications (PubMed, GenBank, MyNCBI, blast, Gene, MapViewer, Structure, CN3D, WorkBench, and dbMHC). This is followed by a brief survey of EBI‐EMBL/Ensemble, the sequence alignment tool Clustal, the peptide and ligand databases SYFPEITHI and Immune Epitope Database, and last but not least statistical packages and HLA allele coding resources PyPop, the Immuno‐genomics Data Analysis Working Group and the NMDP informatics section. All databases and tools can be freely accessed. Data linked to individuals, however, might require authorization by a data access committee.
Localization of a Subset of Yeast mRNAs Depends on Inheritance of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Fundakowski Julia , Hermesh Orit , Jansen Ralf‐Peter
Published: September 2012

Localization of messenger RNA (mRNAs) contributes to generation and maintenance of cellular asymmetry, embryonic development and neuronal function. The She1‐3 protein machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae localizes >30 mRNAs to the bud tip, including 13 mRNAs encoding membrane or secreted proteins. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles can co‐localize with tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures that form the initial elements for segregation of cortical ER (cER), suggesting a coordination of mRNA localization and cER distribution. By investigating localization of MS2‐tagged mRNAs in yeast defective at various stages of cER segregation, we demonstrate that proper cER segregation is required for localization of only a subset of mRNAs. These mRNAs include WSC2, IST2, EAR1 and SRL1 that encode membrane or ER associated proteins and are expressed during S and G2 phases of the cell cycle when tubular ER movement into the bud occurs. Translation of WSC2 is not required for localization, ruling out co‐translational targeting of this mRNA. Localization of ASH1 mRNA is independent of cER segregation, which is consistent with the expression pattern of ASH1 at late mitosis. Our findings indicate the presence of two different pathways to localize mRNAs to the yeast bud.
Disruption of Reconsolidation Erases a Fear Memory Trace in the Human Amygdala
Authors: Agren Thomas , Engman Jonas , Frick Andreas , Björkstrand Johannes , Larsson Elna-Marie , Furmark Tomas , Fredrikson Mats
Published: September 2012

Removing Fear Memories

Disruption of reconsolidation of an activated fear memory prevents subsequent fear expression. After a memory reminder, extinction training can disrupt fear memory. In rodents, this process is dependent on a brain area called the amygdala.

Agren
et al.

(p.
1550
) used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a fear conditioning paradigm to show in humans that, after an associative fear memory was formed, reactivation and reconsolidation left a signature in the basolateral amygdala. This memory trace predicted later fear expression, which was linked to activity in areas forming the fear circuit of the brain. Extinction alone did not change this signal. However, extinction in the reconsolidation window blocked fear expression by erasing the fear memory trace in the amygdala and weakened the connection in the wider fear circuit of the brain.
Comment on “A Common Pesticide Decreases Foraging Success and Survival in Honey Bees”
Authors: Cresswell James E. , Thompson Helen M.
Published: September 2012

Henry
et al
. (Reports, 20 April, p. 348) used a model to predict that colony collapse in honey bees could be precipitated by pesticide-induced intoxication that disrupts navigation. Here, we show that collapse disappears when the model is recalculated with parameter values appropriate to the season when most pesticide-treated flowering crops bloom.
Thermally Responsive Pulsating Nanotubules
Authors: Zhang Wei , Aida Takuzo
Published: September 2012

The nanotube formed from stacked macrocyclic units undergoes thermally induced swelling and unswelling and mimics the action of a pump.
Global Indicators and Targets for Noncommunicable Diseases
Authors: Angell S. Y. , Danel I. , DeCock K. M.
Published: September 2012

Measurable, ambitious, and achievable indicators with targets are critical, but political commitment to achieve them is the main determinant of outcomes.
Prevention and Cost Control
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel
Published: September 2012

Prevention is the key to cost control and improving the quality of health care in many nations. Most people think of prevention as vaccines and screening tests. But it is tertiary prevention—keeping people with established diseases from becoming worse—that holds the greatest promise for strengthening the health care system. Why? Health care costs are unevenly distributed across populations. In the United States, 50% of the population uses hardly any health care, whereas 10% consumes nearly two-thirds of all health care spending. The latter are patients with one or more chronic conditions, such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, or cancer. To control costs, we must prevent the conditions of this 10% of patients from worsening.
Warped Light Reveals Infant Galaxy on the Brink of the 'Cosmic Dawn'
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: September 2012

Astronomers have recently spotted a galaxy dating back to a mere 500 million years after the big bang. It sets a new record for most distant object sighted by astronomers.
Cancers Join List of Illnesses Linked to 9/11 Attacks
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: September 2012

Last week, the government decided to provide medical care to firefighters and others exposed to the dust of the World Trade Center attacks who develop any of more than 50 cancers.
China's Sharp Focus on Biometrics
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: September 2012

The country is making advances in biometrics research applications such as intelligent surveillance and infrared face recognition—and raising concerns among privacy advocates.
Will an Aspirin a Day Keep Cancer Away?
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: September 2012

Data suggesting that regular aspirin use lowers cancer risk has accumulated to the point where some argue that it's time to recommend that many more people take the drug.
Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Activities of Synthetic Mannose-Containing Structures Mimicking the β-(1→2)-Linked Cell Wall Mannans of Candida albicans
Authors: Ranta Kaarina , Nieminen Kaisa , Ekholm Filip S. , Poláková Moniká , Roslund Mattias U. , Saloranta Tiina , Leino Reko , Savolainen Johannes
Published: September 2012

Immunostimulatory properties of synthetic structures mimicking the β-(1→2)-linked mannans ofCandida albicanswere evaluatedin vitro. Contrary to earlier observations, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production was not detected after stimulation with mannotetraose in mouse macrophages. Divalent disaccharide 1,4-bis(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)butane induced TNF and some molecules induced low levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Performance of the GeneXpert CT/NG Assay Compared to That of the Aptima AC2 Assay for Detection of Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Use of Residual Aptima Samples
Authors: Goldenberg S. D. , Finn J. , Sedudzi E. , White J. A , Tong C. Y. W.
Published: September 2012

There are currently no commercially available molecular assays for the detection of
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
in rectal swabs with regulatory approval. We compared the Cepheid GeneXpert CT/NG assay with the GenProbe Aptima Combo2 assay, using 409 rectal swabs. Using Aptima as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of GeneXpert for the detection of
C. trachomatis
and
N. gonorrhoeae
were 86%, 99.2%, 92.5%, and 98.4% and 91.1%, 100%, 100%, and 98.6%, respectively. Despite significant dilution of samples prior to GeneXpert testing, the assay performed well with excellent specificity.
Identification of Clinical Isolates of α-Hemolytic Streptococci by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Using MALDI Biotyper, and Conventional Phenotypic Methods: a Comparison
Authors: Davies Angharad Puw , Reid Michelle , Hadfield Stephen J. , Johnston Stuart , Mikhail Jane , Harris Llinos G. , Jenkinson Howard F. , Berry Nidhika , Lewis Ann M. , El-Bouri Khalid , Mack Dietrich
Published: September 2012

Fifty-six α-hemolytic streptococcal isolates were identified using MALDI Biotyper MS (Bruker Daltonics), API 20 Strep (bioMérieux), and BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson). The gold standard for identification was 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis with 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer sequencing. The following percentages of isolates were correctly identified to the species level: MALDI Biotyper, 46%; BD Phoenix, 35%; and API 20 Strep, 26%.
Insights into Avian Influenza Virus Pathogenicity: the Hemagglutinin Precursor HA0 of Subtype H16 Has an Alpha-Helix Structure in Its Cleavage Site with Inefficient HA1/HA2 Cleavage
Authors: Lu Xishan , Shi Yi , Gao Feng , Xiao Haixia , Wang Ming , Qi Jianxun , Gao George F.
Published: September 2012

With a new serotype (H17) of hemagglutinin (HA) recently being discovered, there are now 17 serotypes (H1 to H17) of influenza A viruses in total. It is believed that HA is initially expressed as a precursor of HA0 and then cleaved into HA1 and HA2, forming a disulfide bond-linked complex, for its full function. Structural data show that a loop structure exists in the cleavage site between HA1 and HA2, and this flexible loop is crucial for the efficient cleavage of HA0. Here, the crystal structures of H16 (a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus) in their HA0 form (H16HA0) have been solved at 1.7-Å and 2.0-Å resolutions. To our surprise, an α-helix element in the cleavage site which inserts into the negatively charged cavity with the key residue R329 hidden behind the helix was observed.
In vitro
trypsin cleavage experiments demonstrated inefficient cleavage of H16HA0 under both neutral and low-pH conditions. The results provide new insights into influenza A virus pathogenicity; both the relatively stable α-helix structure in the flexible cleavage loop and inaccessibility of the cleavage site likely contribute to the low pathogenicity of avian influenza A virus. Furthermore, compared to all of the HAs whose structures have been solved, H16 is a good reference for assigning the HA subtypes into two groups on the basis of the three-dimensional structure, which is consistent with the phylogenetic grouping. We conclude that in light of the current H16HA0 structure, the natural α-helix element might provide a new opportunity for influenza virus inhibitor design.
Molecular Mechanism of Antagonism between the Y181C and E138K Mutations in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Xu Hong-Tao , Oliveira Maureen , Asahchop Eugene L. , McCallum Matthew , Quashie Peter K. , Han Yingshan , Quan Yudong , Wainberg Mark A.
Published: September 2012

Etravirine (ETR) is an expanded-spectrum nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) approved for use as an antiretroviral agent in treatment-experienced patients. Y181C and E138K in HIV-1 RT are among 20 different drug resistance mutations associated with ETR. However, E138K can be consistently selected by ETR when wild-type viruses but not viruses containing Y181C are grown in tissue culture. This study was carried out to evaluate any possible mechanisms that might explain antagonism between the Y181C and E138K mutations. Accordingly, we performed tissue culture studies to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of E138K in both a wild-type (WT) and a Y181C background. We also generated recombinant enzymes containing Y181C and E138K alone or in combination in order to study enzyme processivity, rates of processive DNA synthesis, enzyme kinetics, and susceptibility to ETR. We now show that the presence of the Y181C mutation prevented the emergence of E138K in cell culture and that the simultaneous presence of E138K and Y181C impaired each of enzyme activity, processivity, rate of processive DNA synthesis, and deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) affinity. The addition of E138K to Y181C also decreased the level of resistance to ETR compared to that obtained with Y181C alone.
Initial experience with Penumbra Coil 400 versus standard coils in embolization of cerebral aneurysms: a retrospective review
Authors: Mascitelli Justin R , Polykarpou Maritsa F , Patel Aanand A , Kamath Ashwin A , Moyle Henry , Patel Aman B
Published: September 2012

Background and purpose

The Penumbra Coil 400 System (PC 400) is the newly introduced platinum coil system designed specifically to enhance filling efficiency by increasing coil diameter. Our goal was to study the packing and treatment advantage of the PC 400's unique geometric configuration compared with conventional coils (controls).

Materials and methods

16 aneurysms embolized with the PC 400 in 2011 were compared with 79 equally matched aneurysms embolized with conventional coils from 2004 to 2011. Primary outcomes assessed were acute packing density, embolization time, and the number of coils required for aneurysm occlusion.

Results

Aneurysm embolization with the PC 400 achieved a higher packing density (36.8% vs 28.1%; p<0.005) and with fewer coils (an average of 3.9 vs 6.1 coils per aneurysm; p<0.05). In addition, the total procedural time for the subjects treated with the PC 400 was significantly less (45.7 vs 64.1 min;  p<0.05). There were no procedural complications associated with the PC 400.

Conclusions

Compared with conventional coils, the PC 400 is more efficient in the embolization of cerebral aneurysms, achieving greater packing density with fewer coils and less time without compromising safety.
CORRECTIONS TO THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT IN (D+1)-DIMENSIONAL GLOBAL MONOPOLE SPACETIME
Authors: MARQUES GEUSA DE A. , BEZERRA V. B.
Published: September 2012

In this paper we use the Generalized Uncertainty Principle in order to obtain the corrections to the fine structure constant in (D + 1)-dimensional global monopole spacetime. We also discuss the case D = 3 corresponding to the (3+1)-dimensional global monopole spacetime.
NON-RADIAL OSCILLATIONS OF NEUTRON STARS AND THE DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Authors: CHIRENTI CECILIA , SILVEIRA PATRICK R. , AGUIAR ODYLIO D.
Published: September 2012

We study the non-radial oscillations of relativistic neutron stars, in particular the (fundamental) f-modes, which are believed to be the most relevant for the gravitational wave emission of perturbed isolated stars. The expected frequencies of the f-modes are compared to the sensitivity range of Mario Schenberg, the Brazilian gravitational wave spherical detector.
Differential role of IK and BK potassium channels as mediators of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death
Authors: McFerrin Michael B. , Turner Kathryn L. , Cuddapah Vishnu Anand , Sontheimer Harald
Published: September 2012

An important event during apoptosis is regulated cell condensation known as apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). Ion channels have emerged as essential regulators of this process mediating the release of K+ and Cl−, which together with osmotically obliged water, results in the condensation of cell volume. Using a Grade IV human glioblastoma cell line, we examined the contribution of calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa channels) to AVD after the addition of either staurosporine (Stsp) or TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to activate the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, respectively. We show that AVD can be inhibited in both pathways by high extracellular K+ or the removal of calcium. However, BAPTA-AM was only able to inhibit Stsp-initiated AVD, whereas TRAIL-induced AVD was unaffected. Specific KCa channel inhibitors revealed that Stsp-induced AVD was dependent on K+ efflux through intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium (IK) channels, while TRAIL-induced AVD was mediated by large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels. Fura-2 imaging demonstrated that Stsp induced a rapid and modest rise in calcium that was sustained over the course of AVD, while TRAIL produced no detectable rise in global intracellular calcium. Inhibition of IK channels with clotrimazole or 1-[(2-chlorophenyl) diphenylmethyl]-1 H-pyrazole (TRAM-34) blocked downstream caspase-3 activation after Stsp addition, while paxilline, a specific BK channel inhibitor, had no effect. Treatment with ionomycin also induced an IK-dependent cell volume decrease. Together these results show that calcium is both necessary and sufficient to achieve volume decrease and that the two major pathways of apoptosis use unique calcium signaling to efflux K+ through different KCa channels.
Mutations that reduce its specific DNA binding inhibit high NaCl-induced nuclear localization of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5
Authors: Izumi Yuichiro , Li Jinxi , Villers Courtney , Hashimoto Kosuke , Burg Maurice B. , Ferraris Joan D.
Published: September 2012

The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5) is activated by the stress of hypertonicity (e.g., high NaCl). Increased expression of NFAT5 target genes causes accumulation of protective organic osmolytes and heat shock proteins. Under normotonic conditions (∼300 mosmol/kgH2O), NFAT5 is distributed between the nucleus and cytoplasm, hypertonicity causes it to translocate into the nucleus, and hypotonicity causes it to translocate into the cytoplasm. The mechanism of translocation is complex and not completely understood. NFAT5-T298 is a known contact site of NFAT5 with its specific DNA element [osmotic response element (ORE)]. In the present study, we find that mutation of NFAT5-T298 to alanine or aspartic acid not only reduces binding of NFAT5 to OREs (EMSA) but also proportionately reduces high NaCl-induced nuclear translocation of NFAT5. Combined mutation of other NFAT5 DNA contact sites (R293A/E299A/R302A) also greatly reduces both specific DNA binding and nuclear localization of NFAT5. NFAT5-T298 is a potential phosphorylation site, but, using protein mass spectrometry, we do not find phosphorylation at NFAT5-T298. Further, decreased high NaCl-induced nuclear localization of NFAT5 mutated at T298 does not involve previously known regulatory mechanisms, including hypotonicity-induced export of NFAT5, regulated by phosphorylation of NFAT5-S155, XPO1 (CRM1/exportin1)-mediated export of NFAT5 from the nucleus, or hypertonicity-induced elevation of NUP88, which enhances nuclear localization of NFAT5. We conclude that specific DNA binding of NFAT5 contributes to its nuclear localization, by mechanisms, as yet undetermined, but independent of ones previously described to regulate NFAT5 distribution.
Upregulation of nestin in proximal tubules may participate in cell migration during renal repair
Authors: Wen Donghai , Ni Li , You Li , Zhang Liying , Gu Yong , Hao Chuan-Ming , Chen Jing
Published: September 2012

The characteristics of renal tubular progenitor/precursor cells and the role of renal tubule regeneration in the repair of remnant kidneys (RKs) after nephrectomy are not well known. In the present study of a murine model of subtotal nephrectomy, we used immunofluorescence (IF), immunoblot analysis, and in situ hybridization methods to demonstrate that nestin expression was transiently upregulated in tubule cells near the incision edges of RKs. The nestin-positive tubules were immature proximal tubules that colabeled with lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin but not with markers of mature tubules (aquaporin-1, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and aquaporin-2). In addition, many of the nestin-expressing tubule cells were actively proliferative cells, as indicated by colabeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Double-label IF and immunoblot analysis also showed that the upregulation of tubular nestin was associated with enhanced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in the incision edge of RKs but not α-smooth muscle actin, which is a marker of fibrosis. In cultured human kidney proximal tubule cells (HKC), immunoblot analysis indicated that TGF-β1 induced nestin expression and loss of E-cadherin expression, suggesting an association of nestin expression and cellular dedifferentiation. Knockdown of nestin expression by a short hairpin RNA-containing plasmid led to decreased migration of HKC cells that were induced by TGF-β1. Taken together, our results suggest that the tubule repair that occurs during the recovery process following nephrectomy may involve TGF-β1-induced nestin expression in immature renal proximal tubule cells and the promotion of renal cell migration.
Connective tissue and its growth factor CTGF distinguish the morphometric and molecular remodeling of the bladder in a model of neurogenic bladder
Authors: Altuntas Cengiz Z. , Daneshgari Firouz , Izgi Kenan , Bicer Fuat , Ozer Ahmet , Sakalar Cagri , Grimberg Kerry O. , Sayin Ismail , Tuohy Vincent K.
Published: September 2012

We previously reported that mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS), develop profound urinary bladder dysfunction. Because neurogenic bladder in MS patients causes marked bladder remodeling, we next examined morphometric and molecular alterations of the bladder in EAE mice. EAE was created in female SJL/J mice by immunization with the p139–151 encephalitogenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein in complete Freund's adjuvant, along with intraperitoneal injections of Bordetella pertussis toxin. Seventy days after immunization, mice were scored for the level of neurological impairment and then killed. Spinal cord sections were assessed for demyelination, inflammation, and T cell infiltration; the composition of the bladder tissue was measured quantitatively; and gene expression of markers of tissue remodeling and fibrosis was assessed. A significant increase in the bladder weight-to-body weight ratio was observed with increasing neurological impairment, and morphometric analysis showed marked bladder remodeling with increased luminal area and tissue hypertrophy. Despite increased amounts of all tissue components (urothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue), the ratio of connective tissue to muscle increased significantly in EAE mice compared with control mice. Marked increases in mRNA expression of collagen type I α2, tropoelastin, transforming growth factor-β3, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were observed in EAE mice, as were decreased levels of mRNAs for smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, nerve growth factors, and muscarinic and purinergic receptors. Our results suggest that bladder remodeling corresponding to EAE severity may be due to enhanced expression of CTGF and increased growth of connective tissue.