bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Deficiency-Related Depression and Mental Changes in Elderly Persons
Authors: Patenaude Jan
Published: March 2007

Depression and dementia may be reversed if caused by nutritional deficiencies. The B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, zinc, and protein deficiencies especially are implicated in causing depression and affective disorders. However, as laboratory data are often unavailable, nutritional deficiencies must be identified clinically and treated by dietary changes or vitamin/mineral supplements or both given at appropriate and safe levels. This article will identify signs and symptoms of deficiency related to affective changes; will discuss risk factors for deficiency, including life style, disease, and medication; and will provide dietary sources of nutrients plus guidelines for recommended levels of supplementation.
Responding to Managed Care: Building a Regional Home Health Care Network
Authors: Santamaria Judy
Published: March 2007

The Visiting Nurse Service of New York Home Care (VNSNY) is the largest voluntary home care provider in the United States. In 1994 VNSNY began development of a regional home care network that would enable it to compete for regional managed care contracts for home care. This article describes the process the VNSNY went through to develop the network, particularly in the four main areas of network development: structure, operations, quality management, and marketing. The challenges faced throughout the process are also discussed.
Liability Risks for Home Health Care Providers under Managed Care Arrangements
Authors: Groszkruger Dan
Published: March 2007

Capitation and managed care have created new liability risks for home care providers. The change from fee- for-service to capitated home care delivery reverses economic incentives for providers and gives rise to worrisome conflicts of interest. Unlike fee for-service delivery, capitation has an inherent incentive to underserve the home care patient. Increased contractual linkages, characteristic of managed care, will result in expanded liability. Market trends include acute facilities discharging sicker patients earlier and providers attempting riskier procedures at home. Overall, managed care and capitation offer seductive advantages for home care providers, but bring with them new and serious exposures to liability.
A Combined Incident and Quality Management Report
Authors: Iversen Judith King
Published: March 2007

Employee and patient-related incident reporting is important to both risk management and quality improvement disciplines and can be used concurrently to facilitate regulatory and accreditation-required data collection and analysis. A comprehensive home health-oriented incident and quality improvement follow-up report form corresponds to a customized electronic database with a menu of reports useful in monitoring, trending, and reporting the home health care agency's incident experience. Engaging staff in understanding and participating correctly in the incident reporting process is key to its success in fulfilling its intended purpose.
Individual behavior in organizational crises
Authors: Fischhoff Baruch
Published: March 2007

Individuals create and prevent industrial crises. As a result, understanding their behavior is essential to anticipating, managing and avoiding such crises. Four approaches are described here for incorporating research regarding indi vidual behavior into industrial design, one of which is elaborated in some de tail. That approach involves exploring the design implications of stylized facts extracted from the study of individuals. These "facts" include the tendency for people to be overconfident in the extent of their own knowledge (which has implications for the trustworthiness of risk analyses), the tendency to exagger ate in hindsight what could have been anticipated in foresight (which has im plications for accident investigation), and the vagaries of laypeople's risk per ceptions (which has implications for communication in both routine and emergency situations). The risks of using — and of ignoring - this research are also discussed.
Adjusting to Macro-Economic Reforms in Russia: The Crisis Case of the Svetogorsk Mills
Authors: Lilja Kari , Tainio Risto , Törnqvist Stig
Published: March 2007

This article describes the transformation process of the Svetogorsk paper mills in 1988-1992 under conditions of perestroika, and the subsequent eco nomic reforms in the former Soviet Union. The study was carried out as a piece of action research, which means that crucial knowledge about the transformation was generated in the actual process of changing the produc tion and maintenance management of the mills.

The decentralization of the planning system generated enthusiasm, opti mism and energy in the ranks of management. The results of the initial change efforts proved to be positive, and the most acute production prob lems were successfully resolved. But technical improvements and new main tenance practices were not enough. The instability and unpredictability of the institutional environment had destroyed the prerequisites for profitable business. The study provides some insight into the difficulties of organiza tional change under the conditions of a constantly changing environment and a weak internal resource base. It is a study of an organizational crisis under systemic collapse.
Physicians' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Regarding Environmental Health Hazards
Authors: Brown Phil , Kelley Judith Kirwan
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes 1,609 responses to a Massachusetts survey on physicians' knowledge and practice in the detection and treatment of environmentally induced illness. One would assume that practicing in a Superfund site area would heighten awareness among physicians. Yet physicians who practice in communities with Superfund sites are no more knowledgeable about environmental health hazards than those who practice in communities without Superfund sites. Physicians specializing in occupational/preventive medicine are the most knowledgeable about environmental health hazards, whereas obstetrician/gynecologists are the least knowledgeable. Self-rated knowledge of environmental health hazards was found to be strongly related to knowledge about the Right-to-Know law and also to the likelihood of asking questions about workplace and nonworkplace environmental exposures. Physicians who perceive that nonworkplace environmental hazards are very important are more knowledgeable about medical interviewing, diagnostic criteria, and the Right-to-Know law than those who rate environmental health hazard information as "irrelevant to my practice."
The unexplored void of ADHD and African-American research: A review of the literature
Authors: Samuel V.J. , Curtis S. , Thornell A. , George P. , Taylor A. , Brome D. Ridley , Biederman J. , Faraone S.V.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To identify the body of knowledge exploring the subject of ADHD and African- Americans.

Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through the Medline, Psychlit and Psychlnfo databases.

Results: In contrast to thousands of articles on ADHD, only 16 articles were identified that dealt with ADHD in African-American youth. Additionally, only a handful of these articles had ethnicity as the primary focus of research. Studies that examined ADHD among African-Americans in a school context showed that race may affect how teachers diagnose hyperactivity. Treatment studies suggested that African-Americans may respond similarly to the same ADHD medications as do Caucasians. Studies evaluating ADHD assessment tools were so sparse that they were largely inconclusive.

Discussion: The paucity of studies on the subject of ADHD and African-Americans suggests the urgent need for more research to be done in this area. Such studies should be based on culturally sensitive designs.
Accommodating the adolescent with Attention Deficit Disorder: The role of the resource center teacher
Authors: Spinelli C.G.
Published: March 2007

Transition to the secondary school level can be very stressful, particularly for adolescents with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Students with ADD are legally eligible to receive reasonable accommodations and modifications under IDEA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Support staff members responsible for insuring that these students' programs and support services are appropriate are often resource center teachers. In order to provide for these students' academic and social needs, resource center teachers function as advocates with administration and school staff. They need to know the characteristics of youngsters with ADD, their rights under the law, appropriate interventions and accommodations for these students in developing metacognitive, compensatory and self-advocacy skills. In their role as the knowledgeable, supportive contact person, they function as a facilitators who empower these adolescents to become productive, competent and well-adjusted individuals. This article address these issues and identifies specific methods and materials to guide support staff in providing positive high school experiences for these adolescents.
The Evolving Knowledge and Skill Requirements of America’s Civil Infrastructure Managers
Authors: Sparrow Roy
Published: March 2007

The need has never been greater for talented, creative, and effective managers of civil infrastructure agencies. The key responsibilities of the organizations that build and manage civil infrastructure have changed significantly during the past two decades. These changes in the strategic requirements of infrastructure agencies are reflected in changing role demands for these agencies’ managers. But although new roles require new skills, most civil infrastructure organizations are still getting by with a managerial and organizational knowledge base and skills that differ little from two decades ago. Few managers possess the knowledge and skill base to perform well under rapidly changing conditions. Improving this situation will require more than a few training courses. It requires reforming the ways in which most managers and infrastructure professionals think. It also requires changing the ways in which educational institutions design and deliver managerial education to civil infrastructure professionals and managers.
Transportation and Economic Development
Authors: Helling Amy
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes recent literature from several different disciplines in two new ways, first identifying six mechanisms through which transportation policy and investment could promote economic development and then discussing the evidence of the connection, one mode at a time. All claims for transportation 's effect on economic development depend on increasing the productivity of private firms, increasing the efficiency of transportation itself fostering innovation, improving the quality of life and thus the supply of labor and entrepreneurship, affecting perceptions, or changing land use and spatial patterns. The historical effects of transportation on economic development have clearly been beneficial, but these benefits have diminished over time, whereas the costs and potential for harm have increased. If long-lasting infrastructure investments are not adaptable, they willfit poorly with increasingly rapid and unpredictable change. To realize the potential for transportation to positively influence economic development in the future, decision making should be structured to make transportation efficient andflexible and take citizens'concernsfor equity, self-determination, and stability into account.
Economic and Environmental Concerns and Local Development Policy
Authors: Glaser Mark A. , Denhardt Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Local government development policy and associated public works investments can have important long-term implications for quality of life. Therefore, citizen values and priorities should be used to guide policy decisions. The infusion of citizen values into development policy is particularly important because of the tension between economic and environmental concerns. This research articulates this tension by classifying citizens based on their combined economic and environmental values using a survey of more than 700 residents of Daytona Beach, Florida. The economy-environment classification system provides a framework for understanding community support for selected local-development strategies. This classification system allows us to look through the eyes of citizens based on their combined economic and environmental orientation to better understand the values of the host community. This research demonstrates the importance of infusing development policy with citizen values and proposes a strategy to promote economicenvironmental and citizen-professional value convergence by engaging citizens in decision-making processes.
Land Use, Risk, and Superfund Cleanups
Authors: Hersh Robert , Wernstedt Kris
Published: March 2007

In the Superfund reauthorization debate, many argue that protective cleanups can be achieved more efficiently by utilizing broader risk-based approaches that eliminate the pathways by which individuals are exposed to unacceptable levels of contamination. These approaches rest centrally on assumptions made about the future land use at a site. Assumptions help risk assessors and regulators determine who may be at risk at a site, how much risk these individuals may bear, and how much contamination should be removed, treated, or contained to ensure protective cleanups. This article first describes how future land use assumptions are currently incorporated into Superfund cleanup decisions, a subject of considerable confusion. It then examines the repercussions of this policy in relation to the transparency of cleanup decisions, the participation of various stakeholder groups, and the longterm management of contamination left on site via institutional controls.
A Critique of the Epidemiologic Study of Firearms and Homicide
Authors: BLACKMAN PAUL H.
Published: March 2007

Public health professionals have called for the use of epidemiologic methods to study violence, particularly firearm-related homicide. This literature review uses epidemiology texts to evaluate the extent to which public health research has complied with epidemiologic methodology, focusing primarily on the two medical journals publishing most extensively on the topic. Most studies and reports surveyed failed in at least one way to observe basic standards of the science of epidemiology.
Youth Homicide in Boston
Authors: BRAGA ANTHONY A. , PIEHL ANNE M. , KENNEDY DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHRs) are the only nationally collected homicide data that include information on the victim, offender, and circumstances of each incident. Although SHR data are known to have important shortcomings, these data have been used extensively to describe the recent epidemic of youth homicide. This article compares SHR data on youth gun and knife victims submitted by the Boston Police Department to youth gun and knife homicide victim data collected as part of a problem-solving project designed to reduce youth violence in Boston. This article discusses the methods used to collect and compare these two sources of homicide data, presents the pictures of youth gun and knife homicide in Boston from the two data sources, analyzes the agreements and disagreements between the two pictures of youth homicide, and concludes with a discussion of steps that might be taken to improve the usefulness of SHR data in diagnosing local homicide problems.
Public Services in Metropolitan Areas of Australia
Authors: Beck Morris
Published: March 2007

Local government in Australia accounts for only nine percent of domestic public expenditure, and has no responsibility for financing education, welfare, or public safety. Local expenditures in metropolitan areas vary widely, but city-suburban fiscal disparities are nonexistent. Multiple regression analysis is used to identify key determinants of local spending in the Sydney and Melbourne metropolitan areas. The Australian system of delivering public services to urban areas is examined in the context of its fiscal structure which, compared with the American structure, assigns a large role to state government and a minor role to local authorities.
An Axiomatic Approach to Cost Allocation for Public Investment
Authors: Loehman E. , Whinston A.
Published: March 2007

A previously presented charge scheme for public investments is derived here from a set of axioms. It is argued that these axioms embody a definition of equity in allocating the costs of a public facility and could serve as a constitution which would be agreed on by users of a public facility. Consideration is also given to optimality properties of the charge scheme in encouraging the formation of coalitions to undertake joint investments.
On the Incidence of Canada's Provincial Sales Taxation
Authors: Ruggeri G.C.
Published: March 2007

This study derives alternative measurements of the incidence of provincial sales taxation in Canada. It develops an index of progressivity (regressivity) based on the relationship between relative tax shares and relative mcome shares and presents estimates of the structural regressivity (progressivity) of sales taxation based on both a pregovernment and a postgovernment concept of income. The findings do not lend support to the view that provincial sales taxation is a major contributing factor to the overall regressivity of the tax system in Canada. They indicate that, when incidence is measured on the basis of a detailed calculation of taxable expenditures and a concept of income that accounts for the overall impact of government taxing and spending, pro vincial sales taxes are practically proportional.
State Finances: Delaware as a Case Study
Authors: Craig Eleanor D.
Published: March 2007

Public finance theory can address itself to state financial problems. Delaware provides a useful case study to determine the applicability of much of that theory The theory suggests that Delaware is attempting to finance a substantial income redistribution program which generates an out-migration of its tax base. Several suggestions are made for reversing this tendency.
The Incidence of Michigan's Taxes: an Analysis under Differing Exporting and Shifting Assumptions
Authors: Palmer Jan , Roberts Douglas
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the incidence of Michigan's 1970 tax structure using differ-ent income definitions, exporting assumptions, and shifting assumptions. In all Abstract cases, the tax structure is regressive, but the degree of regressivity depends, in part, upon the interaction of exporting and shifting assumptions.
Distinguishing between Money income and Utility income in Cost-Benefit Analisys
Authors: Brent Robert J.
Published: March 2007

To date, the distinction between money income and utility income has been recognized only in an efficiency context. This article argues that it is also srgnificant in an income redistribution context and can be used to identify the form which such redistribution is to take, cash or kind. To illustrate its practical significance, this distinction is shown to underlie the social evaluation of time savings which appear as benefits in many public transport investments. By imputation from past railway closure decisions in the United Kingdom, a value for time twice the conventional evaluation is obtained.
Income Sensitivity of Price Elasticities: Effects On the Demand for Public Goods
Authors: Noam Eli M.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the effect of income on the price elasticity of demand Abstract for public goods. While this elasticity is normally treated as identical for different income groups, the findings of this article show that such a view is incorrect, and that price elasticity is functionally related to income. To do so, a measure for the income elasticity of price elasticity is defined; empirical measures, based on a model that transforms referendum results into measures of demand, are then found for eight categories of public goods. The results show that most of these elasticities are negative, i.e., that the negative effect of tax price increases on demand for public goods becomes larger with higher income, but that, for the jurisdiction that was investigated, the opposite is the case for government expenditures on education and culture. Upper-income groups are more cost-conscious than the poor in most public goods, except for educational and cultural expenditures.
A Note On Local Tax Revenues: the Case of Brazilian Municipalities
Authors: Longo Carlos A.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies in Brazil find that the implementation of a major Tax Reform in 1967 led to the relative decline of state and local revenues due to excessive emphasis on tax coordination at the central level. We suggest that one problem of the municipal fiscal structure is its heavy dependence on indirect taxation. Also, the reduced productivity of local tax bases can be explained by their low tax effort, since they find it politically much less costly to obtain resources through transfers from other spheres of government than to exploit vigorously their own tax base. In order to effectively improve the financial situation of Brazilian municipalities it would be necessary to adjust the national tax code so as to allow a more suitable distribution of tax revenues between central and local governments. At the municipal level, this can be achieved through increased reliance on property taxation whose revenues finance public services that are appropriated, essentially, by local taxpayers. Greater reliance on the property tax would permit a higher degree of fiscal autonomy at the local level and, in this case, the municipalities would not be unduly exposed to fiscal disputes with higher levels of government.
The Corporate Income Tax, Entrepreneurship, and the Noncorporate Sector
Authors: Ebrill Liam P. , Hartman David G.
Published: March 2007

Harberger's analysis of the corporate income tax depends on his assumption that the corporate and noncorporate sectors produce different goods. This article modifies that assumption while arguing that the distinguishing feature of corporations lies in their ability to raise capital in a large and well organized market. Once this modification is made, the imposition of the corporate income tax has effects markedly different from those described by Harberger. In particular, it induces firms to postpone the decision to incorporate and reduces the cost of capital schedule faced by some unincorporated businesses. The corporate income tax is, in effect, a tax on size. As such, the effect of the tax on the mix of goods produced in the economy is very uncextain.
State and Local Fiscal Policy: Implications for Property Values and Economic Growth
Authors: Smith Janet Kiholm , Smith Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has examined the effect of property tax levels and related Abstract public expenditures on property values. However, a more comprehensive proposition, implied by the property rights literature and market efficiency, suggests interjurisdictional differences in taxes of all forms, not just property taxes, will be capitalized in property values. Furthermore, cross-sectional property values are expected to vary systematically with differentials in welfare program expenditures and with differentials in the extent to which tax burdens are shifted to nonresidents. Empirical results are consistent with these expectations and also provide insight into the relationship between political competition and property values and between local fiscal choices and regional growth patterns.
Explaining Recent Declines in Afdc Participation
Authors: Robins Philip K.
Published: March 2007

Since 1978, the proportion of all single-parent families receiving benefits from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program has been falling, reversing an earlier two-decade trend. In this article, data from the 1979, 1982, and 1984 MarchlApril Current Population Survey (CPS) match files are used to investigate the reasons for this decline. Analysis of the CPS data reveals thatfrom 1978 to 1981, the decline in the AFDC participation rate can be attributed to an erosion in real AFDC guarantee levels caused by high rates of inflation and to changes in demographic conditions, while from 1981 to 1983 the decline can be attributed entirely to the provision of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA), which raised effective AFDC benefit-reduction rates. The analysis also reveals that a sizable reduction in labor supply occurred in response to OBRA, in contrast to earher studies of this issue. If work effort had not been reduced, the results suggest that OBRA would have caused a much larger decline in the AFDC participation rate than actually occurred.
Publicness, Scale, and Spillover Effects in Defense Spending
Authors: Gonzalez Rodolfo A. , Mehay Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

In this article the theory of bureaucracy is used to analyze the collective choice mechamsm for determining military spending. The model integrates economies of size in military output from both the consumption (publicness) and production (scale) sides. Spillover effects on a nation's military spending from its allies and rivals are also investigated. The empirical results reveal significant differences between groups of nations in the net economies of country size and in the direction and magnitude of spillover effects. In addition, spillover effects appear to differ between types of allies, depending on whether they are members of formal alliances.
Public Education via Exclusive Territories
Authors: West Edwin G.
Published: March 2007

It is argued in the literature that, under completely free choice and market competition, the public benefits from education would be underproduced because, although each family will benefit from the social indoctrination of other people's children, it will concentrate on securing primarily private benefits from the schooling of its own. Similarly, it has been contended that, to resolve this free rider problem, education should be supplied on a noncompetitive basis via exclusive territories (zones). This article shows that the full logic of this type of welfare argument calls not for an exclusive public system but for some public and some private schooling for each and every child. Because this supply pattern is not found in the real world, the remaining alternative explanation for the continued supply of public schooling via exclusive territories is the simple presence of rent seekers on the supply side who enjoy monopoly conditions.
The Effect of Earmarked Revenues On the Level and Composition of Expenditures
Authors: Dye Richard F. , McGuire Therese J.
Published: March 2007

This article provides estimates of the impact of earmarked revenues on the level and composition of state expenditures. Examined are four types of state spending —total, elementary and secondary education, highways, and aid to nonschool local governments -and two measures of earmarking -earmarked revenues per capita and earmarked revenues as a share of the favored expenditure category. An extra dollar of earmarked revenues results in either no change in expenditures or in increases in expenditures that are much smaller than a dollar. A greater reliance on earmarking as a share of expenditures results in either no change in spending or lower expenditures.
Are There Ratchets in the Growth of Federal Government Spending?
Authors: Holcombe Randall G.
Published: March 2007

The ratchet theory of government growth hypothesizes that temporary crises cause government spending to rise and to remain permanently higher than if the crises had not occurred. An examination of federal government spending in the United States since 1800 reveals apparent ratchets associated with the Great Depression, the two world wars, and the Civil War. After taking account of war-related spending and serial correlation in the data, however, only the World War I and Great Depression ratchets can be clearly identified, and they are closely associated with a major change in the underlying growth rate of government spending early in the 20th century. This casts doubt on the ratchet theory of government growth and instead raises the question of why the trend growth rate of government was so much greater in the 20th century than in the 19th.
Tax Rates and Total Tax Revenues From Local Property Taxes
Authors: Yang Chin- Wei , Means Dwight B. , Moody George E.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a model for tax policy decision makers to maximize total tax revenue subject to typical external constraints. The model can then be used to analyze the trade-offs among property types (constituents) that are available. It verifies that due to inconsistent aggregation it is necessary to know the shape and curvature of the total tax revenue curve to solve for the optimal tax revenue condition. It is not sufficient to solve for singular optima for each type of property and then assume that an overall optima will occur by aggregating the individual optima. The pseudoconcave properties of the individual tax entities do not necessarily aggregate into a pseudoconcave multiple function form, due to inconsistent aggregation, even under the simplified Cobb-Douglas function assumed in this study.
State Income Tax Policy and Family Size: Fertility and the Dependency Exemption
Authors: Whittington Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

Tax exemptions for dependents are a subsidy to having children and therefore create incentives for fertility. This article explores the relationship between the changing tax value of the state exemption for dependents—combined with the federal exemption—and the observed fertility choices of married couples. Using data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID), the article finds that the federal exemption does have a positive impact on differential period fertility for the sample of 229 married couples in this study. This effect is dampened by an offsetting labor force participation and marginal tax rate effect, but it does provide evidence that fiscal policy can influence fertility. State income tax exemptions do not appear to significantly influence the fertility decisions of the sample.
Progressivity and the Tax Reform Act of 1986: A Reexamination and Additional
Authors: Long James E.
Published: March 2007

Abstract The Tax Reform Act of 1986 combined a variety ofbase-broadeningandbase-reducingreforms with reductions in the number and levels of marginal income tax rates. An important feature of this legislation is its effect on vertical tax equity. After examining individual income tax returns filed in 1983 and 1988, this article concludes that the progressivity of the federal income tax was increased by tax reform.
Customer Orientation
Authors: Brady Michael K. , Cronin J. Joseph
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the effect of being customer oriented on service performance perceptions and outcome behaviors. Specifically, the focus is on identifying the influence that being perceived as a customer-oriented firm has on consumer quality perceptions, customer satisfaction, and service value. The impact of being customer oriented on consumers’ outcome behaviors is also investigated. Responses from 649 consumers indicate that customer orientation is directly related to customers’ evaluations of employee service performance, physical goods, and servicescapes. Indirect effects on organizational quality, customer satisfaction, value attributions, and outcome behaviors are also reported. The implications of the research are discussed, as are the limitations.
Retail Theater
Authors: Baron Steve , Harris Kim , Harris Richard
Published: March 2007

Retailers selling very different types of merchandise are adopting the phrase retail theater in their public descriptions of their offers. The contribution of this article is an assessment of the use of the theater metaphor in retailing, especially with respect to the theatrical stage settings designed to create specific intended effects on audiences. Four forms of theater—theatrical realism, political realism, surrealism, and absurd theater—are used as examples. From the analysis of the theatrical performances, it is seen that the role of the audience is always considered explicitly; the role is different in different forms of theater, and writers and directors are clear as to the role that they would like audiences to adopt in a given performance. Such an approach can be translated into retailing. Examples are given of the intended customer (audience) effects, which can be created from retailing versions of the four theater styles.
Inconsistent Performance during the Service Encounter
Authors: Hansen David E. , Danaher Peter J.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the effects of inconsistent performance during the service encounter on judgments of service quality and purchase intentions. The service management literature has emphasized strong starts and consistent performance throughout the encounter, asserting, for example, that the service bookends should be performed at the same level of quality. In this study, the authors found that an improvement in performance during the encounter produced more favorable evaluations than when there was a decline in performance or when there was consistent but average performance. The results here also indicate that overall judgments of quality and purchase intentions are driven more by the performance of the final event in the encounter than by the initial event regardless of the trend in performance. The managerial implication is that the beginning of the encounter might not be as important as previously thought and that a buildup to a strong ending results in higher perceived service quality.
The Effects of Intraencounter Changes in Expectations on Perceived Service Quality Models
Authors: Hamer Lawrence O. , Liu Ben Shaw-Ching , Sudharshan D.
Published: March 2007

Models of perceived service quality traditionally have measured consumers’ expectations of a service provider before a service encounter and used these preencounter expectations, along with service performance, to predict and explain consumers’ perceptions of service quality. However, there exists considerable evidence suggesting that consumers’expectations continuously change during a service encounter. The present study proposes a real-time updating (RTU) model of perceived service quality that accounts for the intraencounter changes in consumers’ expectations. The article presents experimental data that demonstrate support for the RTU model and suggest that updated expectations are better predictors of perceived service quality than are preencounter expectations or service delivery. These findings suggest that consumers’ perceptions of service quality are heavily based on updated expectations; therefore, intraencounter management of consumers’expectations is deserving of increased attention from researchers and practitioners.
Validation of Envelope Thermal Characteristics for an Existing Building
Authors: Mehta D. Paul
Published: March 2007

A genuine concern has been expressed in literature by the building engineers and architects about the in-use variations in thermal performance of building materials in general and of insulation in particular due to aging, shrinkage, settling, compression, etc. However, research ef forts to quantify these effects have been limited.
The Effect of Aging of Urea-Formaldehyde Foam On Thermal Conductance
Authors: Kalthod Vikram , Knickle Harold N.
Published: March 2007

The thermal conductance of vertical panels was measured over a period of months. Urea formaldehyde foam filled the cavities of the panels. The conductance was found to increase with aging. The cause of the increase is due to shrinking and cracking of the foam. The variation of shrinkage and conductance with time are discussed and quantified.
Laboratory Methods for Determining Moisture Absorption of Thermal Insulations
Authors: Forgues A.O.
Published: March 2007

The water absorption characteristics of eight thermal insulation materials have been determined using three different laboratory test methods. The results from this study have been compared with field results from an 18-month below grade perimeter exposure study. It was concluded that moisture gain in perimeter insulation cannot be predicted accurately by any one laboratory test. A relative assessment of performance is possible from the results of a combina tion of laboratory test methods.
Thermal Conductivity of Insulations in Planetary Atmospheric Environments
Authors: Tye R.P. , Schelden B.G.
Published: March 2007

Studies of the thermal protection requirements of Venusian and Jovian atmos pheric descent probes have identified a need for data on the performance of in sulations in a high pressure, high temperature environment. A test program was conducted to measure the thermal conductivity of several materials in CO2 and He by the flat guarded hot plate method. Five materials were first evaluated to temperatures of 250°C and pressures of 30 atmospheres of CO2 and then screened. The remaining two materials, FA Fiberglass and Min-K TE 1400, were then tested to 350°C and 125 atmospheres of CO2. The Min-K was also tested over a similar pressure and temperature range in He. The measured thermal conductivities show a significant pressure effect, with a marked increase be tween 30 and 55 atmospheres of CO2.
Apparent-Thermal- Conductivity Characterization of Low-Density, Glass-Fiber Insulation Material
Authors: Rennex Brian , Somers Thomas
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the procedure, results, and error analysis from a study which characterizes a product lot of low-density, glass-fiber insulation material in terms of apparent thermal conductivity. The uncertainty of the measured values for each of the 75 specimens is estimated to be ± 1.4 percent. The data were taken at a mean temperature of 24°C (75°F), and the specimen thickness was 25.4 mm (1 in.). It is recommended that this lot be made available for distribution as a Standard Reference Material from the Office of Standard Reference Materials of the National Bureau of Standards.
Computer Modelling of Heat Transfer through Rigid Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Smits G.F. , Thoen J.A.
Published: March 2007

In order to meet new demands for reduction in energy consumption for the appliance and building applications, there is an urgent need for the develop ment of rigid closed celled polyurethane foams with improved insulation properties. Furthermore, in view of the fact that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been iden tified as important potential contributors to the processes which cause a depletion of the ozone layer, there is, at the same time, a strong need to find viable alternatives to the use of CFCs, e.g., Freon™* -11 as blowing agents.
The Influence of Colour and Constructions of Masonry on the Heat Transfer through External Walls
Authors: Kupke Christian
Published: March 2007

The Polytechnic of Stuttgart was commissioned to investigate the ef fect of external wall construction and colour on heat transfer in natural climatic con ditions. Heat losses were measured over a long period of time in an experimental house made of different types of brick walls and lightweight walls. Measurements were supplemented by computer calculations.
A Thermal Resistance (R-Value) Correlation for Blow-in-Blanket Mineral Fiber Insulation
Authors: Yarbrough David W. , Bare Clay C.
Published: March 2007

A correlation between the apparent thermal conductivity, measured at 75°F, and density of mineral fiber insulation has been developed for the fiber most commonly used in Blow-in-Blanket (BIB) applications. The correlation describes the data obtained for specimens prepared by six contractors to within ±5% in the den sity range 1.6 to 3.0 1b/ft3. R-value per inch increased from 3.85 ft2.hr.°F/Btu.in to 4.22 ft2·hr·°F/Btu·in for densities increasing from 1.6 1b/ft 3 to 3.0 lb/ft3. Thermal measurements obtained with purposely compressed test specimens were not sig nificantly different from results for uncompressed specimens at the same density. The apparent thermal conductivities for three fiberglass BIB products and one rock wool BIB product were a few percent greater than those for the corresponding loose-fill insulation. The thermal data were obtained using heat flux meters located at Ten nessee Technological University and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Conductive Heat Transfer through Insulated Building Enclosure Components: A Cross-Section Analysis of Constructions Typical to Low-Rise Residential and Commercial Buildings in North America
Authors: Mahdavi Ardeshir , Jeung Tae-Young , Mathew Paul
Published: March 2007

The main purpose of thermal insulation in buildings is to reduce conductive heat loss and maintain appropriate interior surface temperatures. How ever, ensuring the desired performance requires not only good workmanship during construction but also careful prediction of the hygro-thermal behavior of building components with complex geometry and material composition (thermal bridges). This paper includes the results of a study of insulated building components typical to the construction practice in North America, concentrating on low-rise residential and commercial buildings. It deals specifically with the significance of the accurate simulation of conductive heat transfer for both energy (heat load calculations) and building integrity issues (surface condensation).
Substrate Barrier Effects for a R-19 Fibrous Insulation Batt
Authors: Harris K.T. , McCarty T.A. , Roux J.A.
Published: March 2007

This research investigates the effects on the total heat transfer when various substrate barriers are implemented at the bottom of a R-19 fiberglass insula tion batt. A plastic (polyethylene) vapor barrier and perforated and non-perforated radiant barriers are investigated. Heat transport in ceiling insulation is assumed to be transferred by these three mechanisms: conduction, radiation heat transfer, and mois ture transport (please note that convection heat transfer is not considered in this in vestigation). By modeling each of these three modes of heat transfer at the attic in sulation substrate, the total heat transfer into the house (summer conditions) can be obtained. Further modeling can determine the changes in the three individual modes of heat transfer once a substrate barrier is added. Summertime experimental data were collected at an occupied North Mississippi residence for cases with and without a vapor barrier at the substrate for R-19 fiberglass insulation. Predictions were made by a transient numerical/analytical model that simultaneously combines conduction and volumetric radiation heat transfer and moisture transport to obtain the total heat transfer at the substrate. Experimentally and predicted total heat transfer results are compared. Profiles such as temperature-time histories and vapor H2O concentrations are presented to support the experimentally determined effects on the overall heat transfer at the substrate.
Comparison of Thermal Performance of Wood Stud and Metal Frame Wall Systems
Authors: Kosny Jan
Published: March 2007

A series of two- and three-dimensional computer simulations was conducted for several wood stud and metal frame walls. The HEATING 7.2, finite difference computer code developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), was used to model walls and their components. Eight wood stud and eight metal frame walls were modeled. Several levels of exterior insulation and stud spacing dis tances were considered to compare clear walls thermal performance. R-value reduc tions caused by studs were estimated and compared. A new method of estimating thermal efficiency of insulation material was used to compare modeled walls and to evaluate the effectiveness of the exterior sheathing insulation.

Maps of the temperature distribution in two compared wall systems, in their com ponents (i.e., cavity and studs) and the areas where walls intersect with other building envelope components (i.e., other walls, roofs, floors), were developed. These maps were used as an aid to estimate the areas affected by existing thermal bridges and to calculate R-values for these areas. These R-values were used to calculate overall wall

(average whole wall) R-values and include the effect of the thermal bridges caused by envelope structural coupling details. Several configurations of wall insulation and structural details for wood stud and metal frame walls were examined.
Microstructure Optimization of Sintered Fly Ash/Acid Composition for Use as Structural Thermal Insulation in Buildings
Authors: Dry C.
Published: March 2007

Cell size and shape and closed or open configurations were found to greatly influence the compressive strength, density, water absorption, and insulative properties of two sintered fly ash/acid materials. In one case, finely ground fly ash, mixed with a water/phosphoric acid solution and alumina, is sintered to produce an open microstructure consisting of a large number of small pores dispersed relatively uniformly throughout the material. The material has a density of 0.8 gm/cm3 (800 kg/m3), very low bending strength, a compressive strength of under 800 psi (5000 KPa), and thermal conductivity of .17 W/mK. In the second case, the material had a lower density of 0.52 gm/cm3 (520 kg/m3) a higher compressive strength of 800-1000 psi (5000-7000 KPa), and thermal conductivity of .11 W/mK. This con sisted of larger closed spherical cells mixed within the other material. In a third case, theoretical studies lead us to predict values of density (696 kg/m3), improved com pressive strength (6500-9100 KPa), thermal conductivity (.099 W/mK), and less water absorption for a material consisting of closed cell/close packing structure ob tained by a different sintering process, one using a vacuum to expand the spheres to close pack them. These materials are for use as exterior applied insulation on build ings.
Use of Generalized Limit States Method for Design of Building Envelopes for Durability
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Allen Dave
Published: March 2007

This paper introduces a generalized limit states (GLS) method for evaluating long-term performance of building envelopes. The limit states method was originally developed for the design of structures to satisfy performance require ments for safety and serviceability. However, it may be generalized to address durabi lity of building envelopes. The approach used in this paper involves selecting a re quired period of service (design life) for the component of the building envelope, and then to evaluate the envelope for durability by applying the GLS method.
Integrating Program and Evaluation Values: A Family Support Approach to Program Evaluation
Authors: Green Beth L. , Mulvey Laurie , Fisher Heather A. , Woratschek Flora
Published: March 2007

In the past several years, models of social service provision that are based on principles of "family support" have been implemented nationwide. Development of evaluation methods to adequately reflect the multifaceted nature of these programs, however, has lagged behind program development. It is particularly difficult (especially within the context of traditional evaluation paradigms) to develop evaluations that do not in and of themselves violate the principles of family support, which advocate for services that are strengths-based, collaborative, family-centered, comprehensive, and flexible. To this end, we have been collaborating with local agency directors, family support staff, and parents to develop an evaluation approach that is based on the general principles of family support. The work that we describe draws techniques from participatory, empowerment, and utilization-focused evaluation approaches, but operationalizes evaluation activities based on the guiding program value system. By tailoring the evaluation to the service philosophy, we contend that the evaluation process can become more thoroughly integrated with the service program, and thus provide a more useful and accurate picture of the strengths and weaknesses of the program.