bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Staff Time Between Treatment and Security Functions for a Maximum Security Forensic Service: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Miller RD , Schmidt J , Eklof M , Morrow B , Schwanz C
Published: August 2015

Despite the number of secure psychiatric facilities in operation, there has been little in the literature that discusses the interface between security and treatment. After the establishment of a new maximum security forensic psychiatric facility at Mendota Mental Health Institute, a study of the breakdown of security and treatment duties of clinical staff was undertaken. The authors report the results of this study, and discuss ways in which to improve communications and cooperation between security and clinical staff.
The Comparison of Round-Hole Perforations of Postage Stamps
Authors: Owens MC
Published: August 2015

The comparison of round-hole perforations is discussed in terms of a case involving threatening and obscene anonymous letters sent to a young girl. The disguised, block style hand-printed letters could not be successfully compared with the suspect's normal handprinting. The last communication to the victim was a handwritten letter, subsequently identified with the suspect. A comparison was made between the postage stamp on the handwritten letter, now of known origin, with the postage stamps on each of the six anonymous letters.
A Review of Forensic Medicine for Lawyers
Authors: McCloskey KL
Published: August 2015

No American trial attorney worth his salt could fail to have his fantasies stirred by a title such as Forensic Medicine for Lawyers: “… Ah, at last a working resource to guide all future deposition and cross-exam preparation. Never again, the fears of hopelessness and helplessness when facing my opponent's forensic expert.”
A Review of Forensic Hypnosis
Authors: Tanay E
Published: August 2015

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in forensic hypnosis in connection with memory enhancement and restoration of witnesses.
Evaluation of Medicolegal Investigators' Suspicions and Positive Toxicology Findings in 100 Drug Deaths
Authors: Ernst MF , Poklis A , Gantner GE
Published: August 2015

The performance of trained medicolegal investigators was evaluated in 100 consecutive drug deaths, which occurred from January 1978 to May 1980 in St. Louis City and County. Carbon monoxide deaths were excluded from the study. The toxic agent responsible for death, as indicated by scene investigators and the decendent's drug history, was compared to the actual toxicology laboratory findings. In 84 of the cases, the toxicant was correctly indicated by the investigators. In the remaining 16 cases, 12 were suspected to be drug deaths but the major toxicant was not indicated, and in 4 cases no drugs were suspected. The manner of death had no influence on the investigators' performance. This study demonstrates the value of trained medicolegal investigators in providing helpful information to the pathologist and toxicologist before autopsy and laboratory analyses in cases of drug deaths.
Proving Paternity—Human Leukocyte Antigen Test
Authors: Page-Bright B
Published: August 2015

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) blood test is based on antigens (a substance that will stimulate the production of antibodies) found on the white blood cells. Because antigens are produced by genes, any HLA found in a child must be present in either parent. Thus, the HLA system of the blood of the child, mother, and putative father are tested and the probability of paternity is calculated. The HLA polymorphic genetic system is extremely powerful in determining the probability of paternity.
Fatal Halothane Poisoning During Anesthesia with Other Agents
Authors: Randall B , Corbett B
Published: August 2015

A patient was inadvertently overdosed with halothane during the nitrous oxide phase of anesthesia induction. During the subsequent 2$#00BD;-h resuscitation attempt, the oxygen via the anesthesia machine continued to be contaminated with 5% halothane. Brain death was pronounced when the patient may have been only very deeply anesthetized. The vaporizer had accidentally been left on the full ON position prior to the procedure. Poor design of vaporizer controls.and operator neglect combined to allow protracted patient exposure to the toxic concentration of halothane. The medical examiner has a critical role in the adequate management of anesthesia/surgery related deaths.
A Review of The Role of the Forensic Psychologist
Authors: Wack RC
Published: August 2015

This volume grew out of a symposium on forensic psychology at the 1976 Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. It presents a collection of theoretical and practical papers pertinent to the work of psychologists in the legal mental health field.
A Review of Forensic Toxicology—Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs
Authors: Manders WW
Published: August 2015

This book readily fulfills its primary intent of being a practical, educational resource tool for the practicing forensic chemist. The text consists of the following eight sections: Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Classification of Scheduled Substances, Regulation of Controlled Substances, Excluded Substances, Excepted Substances, Drug Isomers and Derivatives, Techniques and Instrumentation for the Analysis of Drugs, and Controlled and Noncontrolled but Commonly Abused Substances. Approximately three fourths of the text is devoted to the last section, in which general structures, synonyms, pharmaceutical preparations, biochemistry, toxicology-pharmacology, and general comments are presented. This type of information is invaluable to a chemist who may have to identify an unknown compound, especially if it is not being used in U.S. pharmaceutical preparations.
Increased Urinary Concentration of Catecholamines in Hypothermia Deaths
Authors: Hirvonen J , Huttunen P
Published: August 2015

Observations are presented on 24 hypothermia deaths, either accidental or suicidal. Most cases occurred in dry, cold circumstances, the air temperature being below 0° More cases were seen in early winter, suggesting a lack of acclimatization to the cold. Purple skin and swelling of the ears and nose (mild frostbite) were the most frequent external signs of exposure. Frequent internal signs were stomach ulcerations or hemorrhagic gastritis and small degenerative foci in the myocardium. High blood alcohol (about 200 mg/dL) was the most common contributory factor, but psyehotropic drugs were detected in a few cases. The total urinary catecholamine content was increased in the hypothermia deaths, with levels of 0.20 + 0.16 μg/mL (mean + standard deviation) versus 0.07 ± 0.07 pg/mL in sudden natural deaths and 0.02 + 0.02 g/mL in rapid violent deaths. Adrenaline was more abundant than noradrenaline. It is suggested that urine catecholamine measurements can give useful information for the diagnosis of acute hypothermia.
Psychiatry and the Prison System
Authors: Tanay E
Published: August 2015

The author explores the psychiatric aspects of imprisonment, stressing the psychic trauma that imprisonment imposes on the individual. The paper argues that the current structure of prisons makes rehabilitation virtually impossible and describes how prisons, in large measure, deal with psychiatrically disturbed individuals without adequate resources.
Handgun Pellet Ammunition (“Snake Shot”) Wounds: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Leffers B , Jeanty D
Published: August 2015

Wounds produced with handgun pellet ammunition (snake shot) are described for three homicides. In two of the cases, there are other significant injuries.
Fatal .45–70 Rifle Wounding of a Policeman Wearing a Bulletproof Vest
Authors: Thomas GE
Published: August 2015

This report presents the findings in the case of a fatal gunshot wound from a relatively high-energy rifle suffered by a law enforcement officer wearing a bulletproof vest. Also presented is a discussion of missile energy transfer for individuals wearing protective clothing.
Back Spatter of Blood from Gunshot Wounds—Observations and Experimental Simulation
Authors: Stephens BG , Allen TB
Published: August 2015

It is well known that gunshot wounding can produce fine droplets of blood spattered in a forward direction. Under certain circumstances blood droplets can also be propelled backwards in a direction against the line of fire. Although the phenomenon of back spatter of blood is most commonly seen in contact gunshot wounds of the head, its occurrence is not well recognized. In this article we summarize investigative and experimental observations concerning back spatter. We suggest that back spatter is a type of “blow-back” effect produced by discharge of a large volume of gas in a confined space.
A High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) Study of Seven Common Explosive Materials
Authors: Lyter AH
Published: August 2015

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to analyze many types of forensic science evidence. Residue of explosives collected at the scene of an explosion is one of those types of evidence that is suited to HPLC analysis. HPLC will be used to separate nitroglycerine (NG), ethyleneglycoldinitrate (EGDN), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), 2, 4, 6,-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 2, 4, 6,-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl). The minimum detectable limits for each of these explosives will be discussed considering variables such as extraction solvent and detector wavelength. Reports of analysis on standard solutions, spiked materials, and actual explosive debris will be included.
Characteristics of Forensic Science Faculty within Criminal Justice Higher Education Programs
Authors: Peterson JL , Angelos SA
Published: August 2015

In 1980, the Joint Commission on Criminology and Criminal Justice Education and Standards surveyed more than 3600 faculty members from approximately 560 graduate and undergraduate criminal justice and criminology programs in the country. This paper compares the responses of faculty who indicated expertise in the forensic sciences with those of the larger group of criminal justice faculty members. More than 40% of the 61 faculty who specialize in forensic science have backgrounds in law enforcement and are teaching at two-year institutions. Less than 10% of these faculty have crime laboratory work experience. Teaching is clearly the primary activity of these faculty, with a small percentage of their time devoted to research and writing. The forensic science faculty are also notable in that they customarily teach in an adjunct status and do not hold academic appointments that will lead to permanent status with a college or university.
Examinations of Cosmetic Smudges Including Transesterification and Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Keagy RL
Published: August 2015

Smeared traces of a cosmetic product may be transferred from a female victim to an assailant during crimes of violence. The procedure followed in the FBI Laboratory to characterize a cosmetic-like smudge is described, including extraction from a substrate, comparison with known specimens, and determination of the major inorganic and organic constituents used in the cosmetic formulation. A derivatization method used to transesterify oils and fatty acids commonly present in cosmetics is explained whereby the fatty substances are converted to methyl esters and subsequently identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This method is applicable to castor oil-based lipsticks as well as cosmetic powders, creams, and lotions that contain oils and fatty acids as main ingredients. Four examples are presented of forensic science evidence recently examined by the scheme of analysis set forth.
An Improved Technique for Preparing Solvent Cast Films from Acrylic Fibers for the Recording of Infrared Spectra
Authors: Garger EF
Published: August 2015

Synthetic fibers which are microscopically indistinguishable could differ in chemical composition. The use of infrared spectroscopy to determine generic subtypes is standard forensic science practice. An improved technique is described for preparing good solvent cast films suitable for producing acceptable spectra from samples as small as 1 μg.
Optimum Conditions for Examination of Documents Using an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) Device to Visualize Indented Writings
Authors: Noblett MG , James EL
Published: August 2015

This study indicated that preconditioning a document in a humidity chamber maintained at 40 to 60% provided the most information from indented writings. It further indicated that aerosol application of the toner provided more information than cascade application. This study also indicated that electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA) examination for indented writing has no deleterious effect on subsequent latent fingerprint development.
George Armstrong Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn: Homicide or Mass Suicide?
Authors: Spencer JD
Published: August 2015

On 2S June 1876, Lieutcnant Colonel George Armstrong Custer perished along with 224 men under his immediate command in a battle historically referred to as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. There is some evidence that this was not a battle at all, but a mass suicide. The theory of mass suicide could be substantiated by examination of the skeletal remains.
Field Technique for the Identification of Deer Blood
Authors: Oates DW , Jochum CA , Pearson KA , Hoilien CA
Published: August 2015

A latex suspension sensitized with deer antiserum has been prepared, placed on plastic cards, dried, and packaged for field use. The product was tested against bloodstains from 22 species (including Homo sapiens). Strong agglutination reactions occurred only with blood-stains from deer and elk.
Acute, Nontraumatic Subdural Hematoma of Arterial Origin
Authors: Cave WS
Published: August 2015

A sudden death occurred seven months postpartum caused by an acute subdural hematoma. An arachnoid artery, ruptured as a result of a solitary tumor embolus of choriocarcinoma with no residual primary malignancy.
Case of the Homemade Duplex (Double-Bullet) Cartridge
Authors: Mittleman RE , Hart RP
Published: August 2015

Multibullet cartridges are used to create the salvo effect with increased hit probability and wounding capacity. These cartridges are not new; however, until recently, their usage has been confined to the military. The following report is the first published case concerning homemade duplex (double-bullet) cartridges manufactured in the Greater Miami area. When gunshot wound entrance and exit sites do not add up, multibullet cartridges must be considered.
A Review of Forensic Sciences
Authors: Jones AM
Published: August 2015

This three volume set was written for attorneys so they could obtain a basic understanding of legal medicine and the forensic sciences for use in criminal and civil cases. The topics are relevant and the information is current and the major divisions of forensic science are included.
Application of Experimental Variables to the Use of the Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
Authors: Baier PE
Published: August 2015

The article discusses the theory of the electrostatic detection process and its application to the investigation of questioned documents. A special device for this purpose was developed and introduced to the market in 1978. An experimental design offers a system to determine the quality of the detection process as a function of different technical and environmental factors. Working hypotheses were tested under empirical conditions and gave satisfying results.
Microcrystalline Identification of Drugs of Abuse: Stimulant Street Drugs
Authors: Julian EA , Plein EM
Published: August 2015

The microcrystallographic properties of the diliturate (5-nitrobarbituric acid) derivatives of certain stimulant drugs found in illicit street preparations have been determined. These microcrystallographic data can be used as a means of drug identification.
Application of Probability of Paternity Calculations to an Alleged Incestuous Relationship
Authors: Reisner EG , Reading P
Published: August 2015

An alleged case of incest between half siblings has been examined by standard blood grouping and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serology. The data were analyzed statistically using single and joint possibilities of paternity. The existence of the alleged relationship between the two parties in question is quite probable.
The Prosecution of Bruno Richard Hauptmann: An Imitation of Falconry
Authors: Starrs JE
Published: August 2015

The trial of Bruno Hauptmann is critiqued in terms of the overriding prosecutorial interest in securing the death penalty. The intricate and ingenious methods by which the prosecution blended the law of New Jersey and the common law and the trial testimony of numerous witnesses, both scientific and lay persons, to achieve its objective are explicated. The author mentions other alternatives to those employed as well as the strategies of prosecution and defense at the trial.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Immunoassay of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Metabolites in Urine
Authors: Peat MA , Deyman ME , Johnson JR
Published: August 2015

High performance liquid chromatographic-immunoassay (HPLC-IA) profiles of cannabinoid metabolites in urine samples were obtained using four different antisera. The urines were chromatographed on a reverse phase system using a gradient of acetonitrile in water (pH 3.3) and fractions collected every 30 s. Some urine samples were hydrolyzed with methanolic sodium hydroxide before fractionation. Peaks of immunoreactivity were detected at a fraction corresponding to 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC) and at an early eluting fraction; however, the profiles depended upon the specificity of the antisera used.
Tissue Concentrations at Autopsy in Infants and Children Receiving Therapeutic Digoxin
Authors: Hastreiter AR , van der Horst RL
Published: August 2015

Therapeutic tissue concentrations of digoxin have been reported for relatively small numbers of infants and children. In forensic medicine, knowledge of these concentration ranges is important for confirming or excluding digoxin overdosage in different age groups. In addition to age and weight, other factors such as dosage, duration of treatment, route of administration, sampling site, time of last dose, and death-autopsy interval may influence tissue concentrations. In this paper we report on tissue concentrations in 36 infants and children who received therapeutic digoxin before death.
Detection of Thyroglobulin in Bloodstains as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Mechanical Asphyxia
Authors: Katsumata Y , Sato K , Oya M , Yada S
Published: August 2015

Mechanical forces applied to the neck region are known to release certain amounts of thyroglobulin into circulation. In this experiment, an attempt was made to detect thyroglobulin in bloodstains as an aid in the diagnosis of mechanical asphyxia. Experimental bloodstains containing thyroglobulin at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 μg/mL were prepared on a sheet of filter paper. Small pieces of bloodstains, measuring approximately 2.4 cm2 in area, were extracted with 0.1 mL of distilled water and the extracts were tested against an antihuman thyroglobulin serum by precipitation-electrophoresis. Bloodstains containing more than 1 μg/mL of thyroglobulin formed distinct precipitin lines for up to one month of storage, while bloodstains containing more than 5 μg/mL of thyroglobulin formed distinct precipitin lines for up to three months of storage. The present results suggest that the bloodstains can be utilized in the diagnosis of mechanical asphyxia.
The Eye as a Chemical Indicator of Environmental Temperature at the Time of Death
Authors: Bray M
Published: August 2015

Vitreous humor chemistry profiles were reviewed on 133 autopsied cases in which death occurred outdoors during a six-year period, to determine whether environmental temperature at the time of death influenced chemistry values obtained at autopsy. The glucose concentration and total carbon dioxide content varied inversely with temperature. Values were significantly higher in the winter than the summer months. The mean glucose level was higher in deaths caused by cold exposure than in other deaths occurring in the cold, but individual cases could not be distinguished on the basis of chemistry values. Potassium levels tended to be slightly lower in winter. It was noted that chemistry studies could be used to help determine whether a body found outdoors in winter actually died in a different, warmer environment.
The Effect of Chilling, Freezing, and Rewarming on the Postmortem Chemistry of Vitreous Humor
Authors: Bray M
Published: August 2015

The effect of chilling at the time of death on the postmortem chemistry of the vitreous humor was studied by using sheep heads obtained immediately following decapitation. One group of heads was kept at room temperature, while the remainder were chilled on ice or in ice water, then refrigerated or frozen. Vitreous humor specimens were taken at intervals over a 48-h period. Chilling inhibited the fall in the glucose concentration and the total carbon dioxide content and lessened the increase in lactic acid, compared to the room temperature group. Rapid glycolysis resumed when the heads rewarmed to room temperature starting at 6-h postmortem, but did not resume at later points. The rate of rise of the potassium and magnesium concentrations was also diminished in the chilled eyes. Freezing and thawing caused an abrupt increase in the potassium and magnesium levels, but other solutes were unaffected.
Microanalysis of Painted Manuscripts and of Colored Archeological Materials by Raman Laser Microprobe
Authors: Guineau B
Published: August 2015

In the field of historical analysis of works of art, specialists may have at their disposal only tiny fragments or even just traces of an object. In recent years, several microinvestigative techniques (electronic microprobes, photoelectron spectroscopy, ion, and nuclear or Raman laser microprobes) have been perfected. These techniques can afford, henceforth, precious data to experts involved in the analysis of very small fragments of matter. The Raman laser microprobe (RLMP), which can theoretically identify or characterize any chemical substances (inorganic or organic), is thus suited to the examination of many archeological materials. As for the small samples required by RLMP (their size may be as small as a few micrometres), this technique can greatly aid authentification with no major damage to the historic art object being examined. In the few case studies presented here, we show that ancient inorganic pigments have been easily identified by this technique. These preliminary studies describe also the possibility of an analysis in situ, in which no sample taking is necessary. Such a nondestructive microinvestigation is therefore particularly suited to the identification of any precious or fragile materials with pigments. This possibility has been and is being explored successfully in various field such as gemology (for authentification), biology, and criminology.
Effects of Burning on Human Bone Microstructure: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Bradtmiller B , Buikstra JE
Published: August 2015

The microscopic determination of age at death in human bone is a widely used technique in forensic anthropology. Despite its use, little attention has been given to the reliability of microscopic aging when the subject has been burned, either at the time of death, or after death. This preliminary report examines some of the variables of the burning process that may affect the age estimates. Preliminary conclusions arc: (1) bone burned at 600°C retains all of the structures necessary for microscopic aging and (2) bone shrinkage, widely reported in the literature, does not appear to have significant effect on the age estimate. A research plan is outlined that will address some of the questions left unanswerable in the present report.
Antisocial Personality—Diagnosis or Moral Judgment?
Authors: Weinstock R , Nair M
Published: August 2015

Antisocial personality is a problem-filled diagnosis. Even when diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) II manual, it was replete with value laden terminology. DSM III makes repeated criminal behavior central and includes a list of other behaviors that do not always truly imply an antisocial personality. In order to test the possibility that factors other than those listed in the manual may often influence the diagnosis, the prevalence of required characteristics in patients diagnosed antisocial personality was compared with the prevalence of required characteristics in another personality disorder, schizoid personality. The study involved a hospitalized Veteran's Administration (VA) population, employing DSM II criteria, which was used by the VA at that time. The difference was statistically highly significant. Examination of the case histories suggests that dislike of the patients or negative moral judgments about their actions frequently were involved in making a diagnosis of antisocial personality. It is therefore crucial that moral judgments not be disguised as scientific ones, and the meaning of an antisocial personality diagnosis as utilized by clinicians needs to be seriously questioned.
A Hydromorphone and Ethanol Fatality
Authors: Levine B , Saady J , Fierro M , Valentour J
Published: August 2015

A case report is presented of a fatality where death is attributed to the combined central nervous system-depressing effects of ethanol and hydromorphone. Blood and tissue levels of hydromorphone are reported and the concentrations are compared to previously reported data.
Stud Guns Revisited: Report of a Suicide and Literature Review
Authors: Weedn VW , Mittleman RE
Published: August 2015

Stud guns (powder-actuated fastening tools) are a commonly used construction tool. Accidental injuries and fatalities are no longer frequent, presumably because of current safety features and practices. A case of an intentional fatal wound (suicide) is deseribed. A literature review of stud gun injuries is also presented.
Accelerant Identification in Fire Debris by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Techniques
Authors: Kelly RL , Martz RM
Published: August 2015

Fire debris suspected of being involved in arson fires or fire bombings is extracted and analyzed for the presence of flammable and combustible liquids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Pentane extractions of debris or neat liquids are examined by GC/MS and the resulting GC profiles and reconstructed ion chromatograms (RICs) are used to characterize and identify accelerants. This technique, using selected ions to generate profile charts during data processing, enables the differentiation and identification of a variety of petroleum products and solvents used in arson fires.
The Electrophoretic Analysis of the Third Component of Complement (C3) in Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Eberhart S , Kobilinsky L
Published: August 2015

The polymorphic serum protein C3, which is the third component of the classical complement system, has been analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. It is sufficiently stable that phenotyping can be performed from dried bloodstains maintained at room temperature for at least two weeks or kept frozen for at least one month. Because its rate of migration differs from that of group specific component (Gc) in Tris-glycine buffer, both genetic markers can be simultaneously phenotyped.
Metropolitan Forensic Anthropology Team (MFAT) Studies in Identification: 1. Race and Sex Assessment by Discriminant Function Analysis of the Postcranial Skeleton
Authors: Taylor JV , DiBennardo R , Linares GH , Goldman AD , DeForest PR
Published: August 2015

A case study is presented to demonstrate the utility of the team approach to the identification of human remains, and to illustrate a methodological innovation developed by MFAT. Case 1 represents the first of several planned case studies, each designed to present new methodological solutions to standard problems in identification. The present case describes a test, by application, of race and sex assessment of the postcranial skeleton by discriminant function analysis.
Nonemergency Forensic Psychiatric House Calls
Authors: Casals-Ariet CB , Bluestone H
Published: August 2015

Recent literature on medical house calls in general is not extensive, and that on nonemergency forensic psychiatric calls in particular is nearly nonexistent. Two cases of nonemergency forensic psychiatric house calls are described in this communication; it is our contention that they led the psychiatrist to a better appraisal of the person's capacity to perform than would have been expected from office visits. One situation involved testamentary capacity; the other, possible abrogation of parental rights. In our estimation the individual, as well as the legal system, would benefit if this type of house call were promoted.
Suicide Reconstruction by Glue-Lift of Gunshot Residue
Authors: Basu S , Ferriss S , Horn R
Published: August 2015

Based upon the recently developed glue-lift collection of gunshot residue particles for examination in the scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-rays, this laboratory has undertaken a research program to determine if reconstruction of gunshot deaths is feasible. Because undisturbed conditions of suicide victims may help in securing unambiguous results and high success rates, the program has been carried out to reconstruct suicides only. Data obtained from 13 firearms suicides and their laboratory reconstruction which involved primarily shotguns and handguns, indicate that reconstruction can be immensely useful to interpretation of the gunshot residue distributions on a suspect's or victim's hands. This reports outlines the basic experiments performed to relate the residue emission from the gun to the deposits found on the firing hand(s) and a description of the reconstruction technique that uses a target to simulate a human body. The technique can determine the specifics of a victim's hand position at the time of firing and which hand was used to pull the trigger. Because the technique is sensitive to the nature of the grasp of the firing hand and of the supporting hand, in the case of a shotgun, it has been possible in all cases to date, to determine which one of the potential eight hand positions existed at the time of shooting.
A Simple Method for Studying the Surface of Fired Bullets: Varnishes for Replicas
Authors: Torre C , Giacobini G
Published: August 2015

The authors describe a new, simple, and rapid method for studying the surface of fired bullets. They cmploy a transparent varnish (Vernis Réplic) that can be observed under a light microscope or mounted on normal slide frames and directly projected.
Adrenal Hypofunction and Sudden Death
Authors: Jindrich EJ
Published: August 2015

Adrenal insufficiency is an infrequent and easily overlooked cause of sudden death, often occurring in individuals being treated for other serious disease processes. Three cases are presented to demonstrate some of the clinical presentations encountered, and the symptoms and signs are discussed.
A Case of Strangulation with Postmortem Amputation of the Penis
Authors: Katsumata Y , Ito H , Sato K , Sato M , Yada S
Published: August 2015

A case of homicide with postmortem amputation of the penis was described. The penis found later in a home freezer in the apartment of the culprit showed “zigsaw” fit to the victim. In order to substantiate the morphological findings, phenotypes of three isozymes, phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM1), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and esterase D (EsD) together with ABO blood type were determined in the skin of the penis amputated. All of the four genetic markers determined with the penis were the same as those determined with heart blood of the victim.
Laser and Fiber Optic Photographic Analysis of Single-Edge Paper Striations
Authors: Cain S
Published: August 2015

The Secret Service has recently developed a technique of utilizing time-lapse photography in conjunction with fiber optic and helium-neon light sources in recording the striae appearing along the edges of single counterfeit notes. It appears that thus far, the fiber optic system of photographically recording striae criteria is superior to the laser systems. Future research is designed to improve the resolution of the laser process together with attempting to store and retrieve automatically the striae identifying criteria from appropriate computer hardware.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-III: A Perspective from Family Court
Authors: Garmise R , Guggenheim PD , Schuster R
Published: August 2015

The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III) is evaluated from the standpoint of forensic science experience in a family court setting. The importance of diagnosis in developing pertinent recommendations within an adversarial system is discussed, with particular emphasis on difficulties in coordinating the Manual with the mental disorders frequently found in such a population. The limitations of the current criteria of the developmental disabilities are noted, and problems of reconciling incest and child abuse with the nomenclature are investigated. Some inconsistencies in the conceptualization of the conduct disorders and antisocial personality disorder are explored in terms of the needs of the juvenile justice system. An additional coding procedure is proposed for DSM-III, in order to identify more easily prodromal or emerging disorders of clinical significance.
A Review of Forensic Medicine: A Guide to Principles, 2nd Edition
Authors: Henry TE
Published: August 2015

This is second edition of a text originally published in 1975. In the preface the authors state “A scientific evaluation of this discipline must discard the medico-legal mythology that still pervades much forensic thinking, writing and practice.” With this concept in mind, portions of the text leave the impression that status thymicolymphaticus can be a legitimate cause of death, fat emboli may not be clinically significant, and instantaneous cadaveric rigidity can occur in some natural deaths.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints: Difficult Surfaces
Authors: Burt JA , Roland Menzel E
Published: August 2015

Fingerprint development techniques that use blue-green laser light suffer from high background fluorescence on substrates such as cardboard, wood, leather, and some metals and plastics. These substrates tend to exhibit little or no fluorescence under ultraviolet light, prompting us to search for procedures that yield visible fluorescence under this illumination. Specifically, chemical development with dansyl chloride and vapor staining with 9-methylanthracene were found to be useful when dealing with these substrates. Fluorescence excitation was possible either with an ultraviolet lamp or an argon-ion laser operating in the ultraviolet. Coumarin 535 vapor staining following 9-methylanthracene staining was also found effective.
Latent Fingerprint Development by Frequency-Doubled Neodymium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser: Benzo(f)ninhydrin
Authors: Roland Menzel E , Almog J
Published: August 2015

The ninhydrin/zinc chloride method for laser latent fingerprint development is not well suited to the use of frequency-doubled neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. We have examined several ninhydrin analogues and find that benzo(f)ninhydrin is very well matched to the use of this laser.
Comparison of Argon-Ion, Copper-Vapor, and Frequency-Doubled Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (ND:YAG) Lasers for Latent Fingerprint Development
Authors: Roland Menzel E
Published: August 2015

Argon-ion. copper-vapor, and frequency-doubled neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers have been examined for efficiency in latent fingerprint detection. All three types of laser are found to be effective. Argon-ion lasers have the greatest power and range of useful wavelengths while frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers offer crime scene capability. On rare occasions latent prints observable under the argon-ion laser are not visually discernible under the Nd:YAG laser, but can be located with a sensitive television camera. Once located, photography of such prints is straightforward.
Detectability of Group-Specific Component (Gc) in Aged Bloodstains
Authors: Podlecki MA , Stolorow MD
Published: August 2015

An improved method of group-specific component (Gc) typing was conducted electrophoretically on agarose gel. Individual bloodstains randomly collected from different individual donors over a five-year period at intervals of approximately one month were checked for Gc activity. Group-specific component was typed accurately in dried bloodstains stored at room temperature up to 43 months in age. From 100 different donors, bloodstains ranging in age from 38 to 43 months were tested by the methods described and 73% of the samples were interpretable for Gc.
Ballpoint Ink Age Determination by Volatile Component Comparison—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Stewart LF
Published: August 2015

Ballpoint pen inks consist primarily of a mixture of dyes, resins, and vehicle components. The vehicles are used to solubilize or suspend dyes, resins, and other components as well as to provide smooth ball movement and flow of ink onto writing surfaces. These vehicles are relatively volatile and make up approximately 50% of the ink by weight. Extraction and formulation identification of the questioned ink is performed. Once identified, the volatile components of the ink are measured quantitatively by gas chromatography. Preliminary studies show that the relative proportions of these volatile ingredients decrease as the ink ages. How long an ink has been on paper is determined by comparison of the relative concentrations of the volatile components of the questioned ink with those of known inks (age) of the same formulation. The relationship between age of ink, storage conditions, and paper will also be discussed.
A Measurement of Human Hair Oxidation by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Brenner L , Squires PL , Garry M , Tumosa CS
Published: August 2015

Human scalp hair samplees were oxidized to determine the sulfonic acid absorption peak. This peak was monitored at 1044 cm−1 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in hair samples from 135 whites and found to provide a degree of discrimination in treated and untreated hairs. The effects of moisture, laboratory storage, natural hair color, and variation over time were also studied.
Biochemical Changes of the Synovial Liquid in Corpses with Regard to the Cause of Death. 1: Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus, Glucose, Cholesterol, Urea Nitrogen, Uric Acid, Proteins, and Albumin
Authors: More DS , Arroyo MC
Published: August 2015

We present in this work a study about biochemical changes of the synovial liquid in 100 corpses with regard to the cause of death. The results obtained in the different groups of causes of death show that the biochemical parameters were modified postmortem although we think that this modification is related more directly to the duration of the pathological process that leads to death than with the nature of the process itself.
An Unusual Penetrating Head Wound by a Yard Broom and Its Medicolegal Aspects
Authors: Bhootra BK
Published: August 2015

A fatal case of a homicidal penetrating head injury by a blunt object (yard broom) is described. A piece of wood penetrated the skull and remained in the intracranial cavity resulting in infection. The need of careful examination of the head injury is emphasized.
A Review of Drug Metabolite Isolation & Determination
Authors: Baselt RC
Published: August 2015

This is the twelth volume in a series entitled “Methodological Surveys in Biochemistry and Analysis,” edited by Dr. Eric Reid of the University of Surrey; it is the second such volume discussed by this reviewer (see JournalofAnalytical ToxicologyK, Vol. 3, 1979, p. 224). while Dr. Reid has “cleaned up” his literary act significantly over the years, having recently refrained from using wraparound sentences and footnotes to footnotes, he was apparently unable to restrain entirely his double-jointed typist in the latest volume. The result, a collection of 30 articles by some 52 contributors (including our own Rokus de Zeeuw), is a multifaceted, perhaps eclectic, presentation of approaches to drug analysis in biological fluids that is occasionally marred by the cryptic editorial style that hag become the trademark of this series.
A Review of Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis—Volumes 1 and 2
Authors: Blanke RV
Published: August 2015

Each of these volumes contains ultraviolet (UV). infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic nance (NMR). mass spectrometry (MS). gas chromatography (GC), and high pressure id chromatography (HPLC) data on approximately 300 drugs. In addition a brief monograph ach drug gives the title name (usually the generic name) molecular formula, molecular hts, (one acceptable by IUPAC convention and another using the most abundant rally occurring isotope of each element), the Chemical Abstracts name, other common, ial, or trade names, a therapeutic use, and the structure of the compound. HPLC data cate the column, coded solvent composition, and retention time in minutes. GC data ude a Kovats index for defined column, flow rate, and carrier gas, together with the mn temperature. Other data are displayed as charts on two 8- by 1 l-in. facing pages. two volumes include about 600 drugs.
A Review of Clinical Toxicology
Authors: Cravey RH
Published: August 2015

This is the third edition of Professors Poison's Clinical Toxicology. Many forensic toxicologists and pathologists are familiar with the first edition published in 1959, and coauthored by Dr. R. N. Tattersall. The second edition was published in 1969 and reprinted several times. Dr. Tattersall has since died, and Drs. Green and Lee, of the departments of forensic medicine and clinical pharmacology, respectively, have contributed to this edition. Forensic scientists not familiar with the earlier editions may find the title misleading and assume the book is concerned solely with the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Nothing could be further from the truth. In addition to symptoms and treatment, distribution and elimina- tion, autopsy findings in fatal cases, and illustrative cases are often given.
A Review of Sexual Dynamics of Anti-Social Behavior
Authors: Drucker F
Published: August 2015

This volume is a compendium of 15 papers dealing with sexually related antisocial behaviors. The papers are uneven in quality, ranging from discursive narratives with lengthy case reports to diligent reviews of the literature and research studies. The psychological approach varies from psychodynamic to behavioral.
Density, Refractive Index, and Dispersion in the Examination of Glass: Their Relative Worth as Proof
Authors: Slater DP , Fong W
Published: August 2015

By statistical analysis of probabilities, the value of density, refractive index, and dispersion for identifying the source of glass samples is evaluated. Empirical tests validated the statistical conclusions. It was determined that density has by far the greatest differentiating power of the three parameters tested; assuming equal thresholds of discrimination, density has a differentiating power some six times greater than that of refractive index. Dispersion offers little, if any, improvement over refractive index. Density and refractive index together are somewhat greater in value than density alone.
Identification of the Major Impurities in the Illicit Manufacture of Tryptamines and Related Compounds
Authors: Cowie JS , Holtham AL , Jones LV
Published: August 2015

N-[1-hydroxy-2-(3-indolyl)ethyl] pyrrolidine was detected as an impurity in N-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl] pyrrolidine (tetramethylene tryptamine). 1-(N,N-diethlyamino)-2-(3-indo-lyl)ethan-1-ol together with 2-(3-indolyl)ethan-1-ol were detected as impurities 1-(N,N-diethyl-amino)-2-(3-indolyl)-ethane (N,N-diethyl tryptamine). These impurities indicate that the synthetic route was that of Misztal and such information is important.
Primary Malignant Lymphoma of the Heart in Sudden Unexpected Death
Authors: Roh LS , Paparo GP
Published: August 2015

A case of sudden unexpected death resulting from asymptomatic primary malignant lymphoma of the heart in a previously healthy 64-year-old male is reported. Primary malignant tumor of the heart is extremely rare. The incidence of cardiac primary tumor ranges from 0.0017% to 0.06%. The signs and symptoms are usually those of congestive heart failure.
Transfer of Nitroglycerine to Hands during Contact with Commercial Explosives
Authors: Twibell JD , Home JM , Smalldon KW , Higgs DG
Published: August 2015

The techniques of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to analyze hand swab extracts for the presence of nitroglycerine. Both the amount of nitroglycerine transferred to the hands after handling commercial explosives and its persistence were measured. Gas chromatography-electron capture detection was found to be the most accurate and sensitive technique for making such determinations, especially if the extract was partially purified by thin-layer chromatography prior to analysis. The lowest limit of detection was 10 ng of nitroglycerine, and residues could be detected over 20 h after handling the raw explosive.
An Assessment of the Immunofluorescence Technique as a Method for Demonstrating the Histological Localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Mammalian Tissues
Authors: Morley M , Gee DJ
Published: August 2015

The use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique as a method for demonstrating the histological localization of tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) has been examined. The experimental protocol was designed in order that optimal staining conditions with respect to temperature, the length of time of incubations and washes, and the dilution of the antisera should be defined. No marked differences were detected between frozen sections of liver from normal and Δ-THC-injected mice. Results from radiotracer experiments using human liver suggest that the success of the method is dependent upon the solubility characteristics of the antigen-antibody complex.
Determination of Aminopyrine and Cyclobarbital from a Skeleton by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Terazawa K , Takatori T
Published: August 2015

Aminopyrine and cyclobarbital were detected in the spongy osseous tissue of a skeleton by radioimmunoassay in the concentrations of 12.8 and 3.1 μg/g, respectively.
The Examination of Notary Seals
Authors: Vastrick TW
Published: August 2015

Many legal documents go through the notarization process as normal procedure. This process is also used by the criminal element to add an appearance of legitimacy to fraudulent documents. Proper examination of questioned notary seals requires an understanding of defect significance, manner of manufacture, and state regulations of notarization. It is the purpose of this paper to supply this information.
Illicit and Licit Drugs Causing Perforation of the Nasal Septum
Authors: Vilensky W
Published: August 2015

Examination of three patients who were presented for routine physical examinations revealed significant perforations of the anterior nasal septum. A 26-year-old male and 28-year-old female with this defect have been chronic abusers of cocaine by nasal inhalation. A 69-year-old female showed a similar defect by overuse of a common over-the-counter nasal spray containing the decongestant phenylephrine. Both drugs are powerful vasoconstrictors that reduce blood flow to the local area. With prolonged use there is persistent deprivation to the tissue of oxygen necessary for cell viability, with resultant necrosis. Additionally, the physical irritation from the impingement by these drugs on the nasal membranes further hastens the destructive process. Finally, the tissue breakdown is complete with perforations of various sizes.