bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian American Spies
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

Asian Americans were brought into the Office of Strategic Services, forerunner of the CIA, during World War II under the assumption of a secure loyalty. They served as research analysts, special operations members, morale operations propagandists, secret agents gathering covert intelligence, and, after the war, as war crimes investigators in East Asia where their cultural and linguistic skills, coupled with the correct racial uniforms, made them invaluable to America’s first centralized intelligence agency. These agents were drawn from New York City to Honolulu, where Asian immigrants and their American-born offspring had developed loyalties that were multiple and flexible, not singular and fixed. Despite this, European American OSS recruiters admitted them even as they believed their own loyalty was more certain and fixed, since they hailed from families with roots reaching far back into America’s past. In their joint struggle against the Imperial Japanese forces, these Asian Americans and their European American OSS colleagues generated propaganda to demoralize the enemy and encourage surrender, gathered overt intelligence from a wide variety of media sources, obtained covert intelligence inside enemy-occupied territory, and trained and executed guerrilla operations scores of miles behind the battle lines where, if captured, they faced torture and execution. Immediately after the war, they conducted war crimes investigations that included some Asian American collaborators, raising questions about the meaning of loyalty. The end result of their activities was not only the satisfaction of seeing Imperial Japan defeated, but a new understanding of loyalty, race, and Asian Americans.
Creating an Inclusive, Centralized Intelligence Agency
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

The intelligence agency the Asian Americans joined was established by William Donovan, lawyer and Medal of Honor recipient from World War I. Donovan turned to his trusted friends who organized the various sections of his agency and staffed them with personnel they knew and trusted through their old boy network. To gather strategic and tactical intelligence against Japan, however, Donovan required experts, field agents, and available military personnel with experience in East Asia. But he found there were fewer available through the old boy network. Out of necessity, therefore, he turned to the Asian American communities in the United States to recruit linguistically and culturally qualified personnel with the correct racial uniforms.
Introduction
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter engages existing myths about the transformation of hospitals and jails in urban America and offers an alternative theory. First, it engages the explanation of “deinstitutionalization,” which holds that the mentally ill occupy the jails because of state hospital closures. Second, it offers counter-evidence that public hospitals are restricting access to medicine because states have underinvested in them. Finally, it counters the idea of mass imprisonment, in which the overinvestment in criminal justice systems would explain the use of medicine to socially control the urban poor. In light of these explanations, this chapter introduces the reader to the new evidence of the book and an alternative theory of redistributing the poor.
Summoning the Sick and Violent to Jail
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents ethnographic evidence to understand how medicine relates to the daily problems of filling up a large urban jail. The major problem of jailing is that there are far too many sick incarcerated persons and persons with serious criminal biographies than there are available specialized cells. The chapter shows that in order to resolve these problems, jailers reinterpret inmates’ biographies through stigma about the potential abuse of medical services and the widespread use of pharmaceuticals to quell disturbances. It is this work that jailers do, producing sick inmates, rather than the biographies that inmates bring with them, which ensures that the limited space of the jail can always accommodate the demand for space. In total, the expansion of medicine in jails is neither about serving inmates’ needs nor ignoring them, but instead is about using medicalization to resolve the fundamental problems of the overcrowded jail.
Building a Public Hospital That Everyone Knows Is Too Small
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the historical transformation of the Los Angeles County hospital system in order to understand the restriction of medicine in large public hospitals. In contrast to a simple story of underfunding, the chapter details how legal demand and austerity pushed local government to reinvest in public healthcare but downsize inpatient capacity. Officials re-emphasized their patients less as local residents in need of urgent care and more as non-urgent patients, homeless, and immigrants in need of early intervention. Doing so allowed them to draw in funds from the federal government to reconfigure their healthcare systems away from inpatient care. In the process, however, legal and regulatory agencies began threatening public hospitals for dangerous overcrowding. Such pressure led directly to the development of waiting line management techniques—such as policing, closer observation of waiting patients, and opiate medication—that, in practice, worked to restrict care.
Conclusion
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides new language for thinking about public institutions and poverty governance at the turn of the twenty-first century. The goal is to think less about how criminal justice institutions are expanding, or public welfare institutions are downsizing, but instead to think about the disappearing of crisis. Administrative disappearing suggests in temporary resolutions of crisis certain kinds of social suffering are erased from the public record and transformed into more affordable kinds of social needs. This is an important move because unless we can center the reformulation of dying institutions amidst severe crisis, we miss shrouding specific forms of social suffering.
The Right Price
Authors: Neumann Peter J. , Cohen Joshua T. , Ollendorf Daniel A.
Published: May 2021

New medications can provide substantial benefits, but high prescription drug prices have led to calls to contain costs. Even after accounting for discounts and rebates, average prices of leading brand-name drugs in the United States are two to four times higher than in other wealthy countries, raising questions about what these higher prices are buying us. With the advent of ever more targeted and powerful treatments, including cell- and gene-based therapies with multimillion dollar price tags, the need for sensible drug pricing policies will intensify. Price controls, common in other countries, seem appealing, but these measures can discourage innovation. Moreover, on what basis should policymakers develop such controls? This book argues that pricing prescription drugs to reflect the value they bring to patients, families, and society achieves the right balance. The book reviews the distinguishing features of the prescription drug market and explains why simple solutions like price controls and importing drugs from countries with lower drug prices are problematic without explicit assessments of value. It then describes how economists measure value, how value assessment for drugs is now being used in the United States, and what must happen going forward to overcome challenges.
Proposed Solutions for Rising Drug Prices
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores proposed solutions for high drug prices. They include measures to rein in “middlemen” pharmacy benefit managers who may artificially inflate prices; increase generic drug competition to prevent price spikes for older, off-patent drugs; enhance competition for new drugs after brand-name products reach the intended period of market protection; align US drug prices with the lower prices available in other wealthy countries; and leverage the collective bargaining power of government payers to compel drug companies to accept lower prices for their products. Policies that force drug prices down can save money but risk choking off the development of important new advances, limiting patient access to their health benefits. Moreover, the policy solutions typically offered are incremental solutions that will likely put a modest dent in the nation’s $500 billion annual drug bill. Most important, they fail to link a drug’s price to its value.
Measuring the Value of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the evolution of methods to put a value on health benefits, a step crucial to appropriately pricing drugs. Early efforts valued life based on a worker’s productive output. “Willingness-to-pay” methods use surveys and examine real-world purchasing decisions to value life beyond productivity considerations. Cost-effectiveness analysis sidesteps explicitly pricing life by instead measuring an intervention’s cost per unit of health gained. A common currency for benefits called the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) facilitates cost-effectiveness ratio comparisons across diseases. Although controversial, the QALY packs information about longevity and quality of life, making it popular. Next, this chapter explains that economists down-weight (“discount”) future costs and benefits as less important than near term impacts. Finally, it explores the question of perspective—that is, whether an analysis should, for example, reflect only costs and benefits pertinent to health system payers or whether it should take a broader, “societal” perspective.
Shadow Diplomacy
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

Zhou Enlai recruited Communist Party cadres to conduct foreign affairs work even before the PRC was founded. Knowing that it needed international legitimacy to survive, the Party put together a small coterie of foreign affairs specialists in its post–Long March revolutionary base of Yan’an. Many of the practices and cultures laid down by this group continue to shape Chinese foreign policy today—including hospitality techniques designed to win over foreign visitors. This chapter tells the story of the group, with a focus on a recruit named Huang Hua, who would later go on to become foreign minister.
Hard-Working Single Mother
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J.
Published: May 2021

Poor law officials had tremendous authority over families, children, and unwed mothers. Lydia Bates was separated from her own parents as a child, when they became too poor to support her. Overseers of the poor in her small town moved her to other families’ houses. As she grew older, overseers likely treated Bates like an unpaid temporary worker. She lived, temporarily, in houses where her work could help the houseowners, including an elderly couple who might have needed poor relief without Bates’s help. When Bates became pregnant with baby Rhoda, overseers became even more involved. They used the court system to hold Rhoda’s father financially responsible. They also had the authority to decide whether Rhoda could remain with her mother or, like her mother, would have to live in neighbors’ homes. This chapter focuses on how poor laws governed sexuality and families.
Stuck in the Poorhouse
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J.
Published: May 2021

When Americans think of welfare before the twentieth century, we usually think of the poorhouse. Poorhouses were expensive investments, though, rising and falling in popularity throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This chapter focuses on the generation of Americans most affected by poorhouses through the life of William Fales, an articulate, devout Christian who suffered from severe rheumatism. Voters’ great hopes for poorhouses were that they would save towns’ money in the long run, and provide more humane care. Fales’s experience shows what these poorhouses were actually like. While Fales does not stand in for every poorhouse inmate, his life shows how isolating and dangerous poorhouses could be, and what opportunities for fellowship inside a poorhouse could be. His life also shows how private philanthropy could complement poor relief.
The Working Alliance and Cross-Cultural Competence
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this chapter it to review the research-based concept of the working alliance, characterized by the forming of an emotional bond, worker/client goal consensus, and task collaboration, and to illustrate how it can be established and monitored by social workers. A related concept, that of cross-cultural competence, is also discussed. It refers to a social worker’s capacity and willingness to be attuned to a client’s culturally imbedded experiences, investigate the relevant details of that client’s experiences, and share with the client some of the social worker’s own relevant cultural experiences, to create mutual understanding. Cross-cultural competence facilitates the establishment of a working alliance.
Relationships with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The processes of forming working relationships with children and adolescents are often different than those with adults because of their physical, psychological, cognitive, emotional, and social stages of development. Additionally, they are at risk for many unique problems due to their dependency on and vulnerability to harm by adults. Their problems may be related to an absence of adequate family support and appropriate adult models, exposure to unhealthy social systems and traumatic situations, attachment issues, and difficulties with emotional regulation. Peer conflicts can also create distress for youth. Further, while children and adolescents are dependent on adults to get most of their needs met, they are often distrusting of adults, including social workers. The purpose of this chapter is to consider how social workers can engage with members of this population and develop relationships with them based on trust.
Clients Toward Whom a Social Worker Feels Attraction
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

The broad nature of the social work profession offers opportunities for practitioners to work with diverse clients. While committed to the welfare of all clients, social workers tend to be drawn to some clients more than others, due in part to their abilities to connect with them. A social worker’s positive feelings about his or her clients is a good thing, but it is possible that at times he or she will experience a special fondness or attraction for a client that can create biases that get in the way of a constructive working relationship. The purposes of this chapter are to explore the circumstances in which positive feelings about clients develop and to suggest ways for social workers to manage those feelings in a way that keeps their focus on the client’s welfare.
Managing Negative Feelings About Clients
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

Social workers are like anyone else in that there are people to whom they are drawn and others toward whom they develop negative feelings. Some clients have engaged in behaviors so repulsive that almost anyone would feel uncomfortable in their presence, but there are others who simply “push the buttons” of social workers in ways that are unique to each of them. The purposes of this chapter are to recognize that social workers may have difficulty experiencing empathy for some clients and to consider how they can transcend that barrier to develop positive working relationships with them. Three sources of negative feelings are considered: client rejection of the social worker, client violation of social norms, and unconscious practitioner reactions.
Using Humor in Practice Relationships
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: May 2021

People communicate their thoughts and feelings in many ways, one of which is through humor. Humor can be understood as a feature of any interaction that is intended to be amusing, and the desired result is a positive shared emotional experience that builds feelings of affinity. Thus, shared humor can at times positively affect the quality of a worker/client relationship. Using humor can be risky, however, because the kinds of issues social workers deal with are quite serious, and using humor in those contexts might be perceived as insensitive. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the benefits and risks of using humor as a means of positively advancing relationships with clients. The chapter also examines social workers’ use of gallows (or “backstage”) humor as a means of coping with their job-related stress.
Mechanisms of Authoritarian Image Management
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

How exactly do authoritarian states manage their image abroad, and what are the causal chains linking their activities to their desired outcomes of internal and external security? This chapter proposes four sets of mechanisms to explain how authoritarian image management is meant to have tangible effects for states that undertake such a strategy. The framework categorizes specific tactics (i.e., soft power initiatives or silencing exiles) into higher-order groupings of mechanisms. The idea is to create a framework that can facilitate case study and comparative causal analysis across a range of contexts. Four mechanisms are proposed that vary along two dimensions: their form (promotional vs. obstructive) and their intended target (diffuse vs. specific). The chapter provides the tools to trace the causal processes associated with authoritarian image management.
Communication and Marketing
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the author’s familiarity with the cultural values from within the communities that produce the various musical styles and genres promoted through events and recordings in work as a music scholar. The chapter presents some of the very practical steps one can take to become proficient in the basics of graphic design and marketing strategies, but also the ways in which most ethnomusicology students are already developing skills and knowledge to design and implement successful marketing campaigns and use social media to increase an organization or project’s visibility in their community. What the chapter proposes is not an overhaul of curricular offerings, but rather a reframing of specific course assessments in which the learning objectives emphasize not only the acquisition of cultural and musical knowledge and the development of critical thinking skills, but also the practical and applicable skills that professionals can list in their résumés (their toolkit, if you will) when they enter the job market.
Navigating a Path toward a Public-Facing Career in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Krieger Meryl
Published: May 2021

As preparation for a fieldwork-based discipline, ethnomusicology programs train students to engage with interlocutors and communities to understand the dynamics of music creation and use in relation to cultural practices. Since this focus on training is common to all ethnomusicologists, whatever their career trajectory after graduate school, it seems relevant to explore the ways that programs are and are not meeting the professional development needs of emerging scholars. While the importance of basic research skills cannot be underestimated, there is less of a disciplinary focus on the ways that ethnomusicology students learn to engage productively as individuals participating in a community. That is, disciplinary training generally does not include structured reflection on the range of skills that the scholar needs to effectively engage as a partner with their communities of study. These skills can include anything from basic local business practices that will help them engage effectively as participants and advocates, to personal life skills. This chapter explores ways that selected ethnomusicology programs in the United States endeavor to bridge this professionalization divide, and suggests ways that students can take charge of their own professional development needs in this area from the perspective of a public-facing ethnomusicologist/professional career adviser.
Foreign Models
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines gay reparations models from Spain, Britain, and Germany that American gay rights activists emulate. It recounts the long and dark histories of repression of gay people in those three countries, and analyzes how those histories encapsulate the most paradigmatic examples of the repression of homosexuality in the West. It discusses Spain’s repression of homosexuals, which goes back to the Middle Ages and the burning of “sodomites” at the stake during the Spanish Inquisition. It also reviews Britain’s Victorian-era accusation of “gross indecency” and Germany’s notorious Paragraph 175, which justified a bloody crackdown on homosexuality by the Nazis. It explores the significant steps Spain, Britain, and Germany have taken to reckon with their legacies of anti-gay discrimination.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides the theoretical and methodological framework for the book. We show how Black women’s appearance is not just a personal decision—it also has political implications. The chapter argues for the importance of contextualizing Black women’s bodies as part of their political experiences, and it provides a broad overview of the book.
The Place of Special Elections
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Special elections rarely attract the attention of scholars, in contrast with journalists, who often focus on these events as predictors of what will happen in the next regular election. Special elections have never attracted more media coverage and financial support than during 2017–2018. Chapter 1 introduces the historical context, nature, and significant impact of special elections on the U.S. Congress, where at times they have provided entry to more legislators than the defeat of incumbents in regularly scheduled elections. This chapter also provides the theoretical framework for analyzing special elections and reviews the authors’ planned case studies and quantitative analyses.
The Special Election Primary in Georgia’s Sixth Congressional District
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Georgia’s Sixth Congressional District special election seemed the potential harbinger of change to the U.S. House and a referendum on the Trump presidency. Chapter 2 examines the first stage, a jungle primary election held in April 2017, where eighteen candidates competed. Much of what took place in the first round of this special election process to select Representative Tom Price’s replacement resulted from a miscalculation by Republicans. Viable GOP candidates expected that they were competing not for one but two opportunities to advance to the runoff. Soon the contest revealed a divided electorate, coalescing support to one Democrat and splitting the remaining votes among the field of Republicans. The campaign strategies and appeals made by the five leading candidates, four Republicans and one Democrat, and the response they received by the voters are examined.
The New Franco-Italian School of Singing
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: May 2021

The nineteenth-century web of teachers, singers, and teacher-singers suggests that coloratura can be examined from the perspective of treatises produced by vocal pedagogues. In addition to vocal instruction, the treatises provide clues as to interpretation, by recommending and describing vocal articulations and styles corresponding to melodic styles and role characterizations. This chapter examines pedagogical treatises in conjunction with musical scores and the careers of individual singers, attempting to trace ideas of coloratura articulation and florid-lyrical expression. The Paris Conservatoire endorsed certain teacher-singer lineages and sought to merge French and Italian traditions into a new school of singing led by three pedagogues: Laure Cinti-Damoreau, Gilbert-Louis Duprez, and Manuel Garcia II. The study reveals a bifurcation between singing styles that carries over from vocal pedagogy to the operatic stage. This division between agile, florid singing and declamatory, sustained singing heralded our modern, more familiar vocal categories, such as the coloratura soprano.
Carvalho, Gounod, and the Waltz
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: May 2021

Between 1850 and 1867, Carvalho created coloratura roles in sixteen operas, including five by Gounod: Marguerite in Faust, Baucis in Philémon et Baucis, Sylvie in La Colombe, the title role in Mireille, and Juliette in Roméo et Juliette. This chapter focuses on Carvalho’s Gounod creations, examining a little-known aria that Gounod wrote for Carvalho, “Ah! Valse légère,” based on the waltz chorus, “Ainsi que la brise légère,” from Faust. The aria’s popularity spurred a vogue for the vertiginous waltz ariette and established Carvalho as a truly modern soprano who wielded authority because of her prodigious vocal virtuosity. Carvalho associated herself with this aria-type, catalyzed it as a new genre, and propagated its popularity and significance. Her use of coloratura resonates with the increasing opulence and ornament in Second Empire France and Carvalho’s contributions as a créatrice encourage us to reconsider this period of opera history.
Conclusion
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

The Conclusion recapitulates the book’s main arguments, as well as the main ideas of each thinker treated. It takes a step back to explore the relationship between these thinkers’ ideas and the broader inter-religious climate of Kashmir in these centuries, and then draws out some of the major implications that these ideas may hold for how we understand these thinkers and the intellectual culture of Kashmir in this period. The Conclusion also returns to the theoretical issues raised in the Introduction, discussing the role that the theory of “religion-as-vortex” might play in future research on South Asian religion—and literature more broadly—and suggesting some possible avenues for future work.
Causality and Filling the Ignorance Gap
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates uncertainty and why people feel the need to fill the ignorance gap. The tendency to want to know why things are as they are and figuring out what caused what often leads people to incorrect or even dangerous scientific conclusions. The chapter argues that it is highly adaptive to know how to attribute causality but that people are often too quick to do so. This is another instance in which adaptive, evolutionary qualities have done people a disservice in the face of complex debates and rational thinking. In particular, people have a difficult time sitting with uncertainty and an especially hard time accepting coincidence. The chapter then considers the evidence from decades of psychological research showing people’s misunderstanding of cause and effect and the elaborate coping mechanisms they have developed as a result. It also suggests some ways to help people better comprehend true causality, without diminishing their ability to attribute cause when it is in fact appropriate.
Conclusion
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

In the conclusion, we give a brief overview of the guiding principles of the book and a “handbook” of some suggested solutions for combatting science denialism while keeping psychology and emotion in mind.
The Chiefs Now in This City
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

In contrast to many popular and some academic histories that portray Indians retreating as cities grow in North America, this book recovers the forgotten stories of the many Indian people who traveled, primarily on diplomatic business, to the cities of colonial America and the early Republic—what they did there, how they were viewed, and what they made of it all. Violent resistance was just one of many responses to colonialism; in this book, Indian people who visit colonial cities for negotiations also go out on the town. They see the sights, sit down to dinner, attend church, go to the theater, and offer critiques of urban life. The are also “onstage” themselves, and conscious of the roles they perform as they pursue their own agendas and represent tribal interests in centers of colonial power.
The Towns and Cities of Early America
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

The chapter counters the idea that cities in North America were a European invention or import by briefly surveying pre-Columbian cities and key Native American towns after contact, when many Indigenous communities still matched some colonial towns in size and significance. It notes that Indians played important roles in the development of early American cities, which depended on trade networks reaching into the interior as well as across the Atlantic. The chapter also describes the key cities visited by Indian delegates in the book to convey an impression of their size, character, and changes and to provide backdrop for the Indians’ experiences there.
Lodging, Dining, and Drinking
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

Indian delegations often included many people and frequently stayed in town for a long time. During their stay, they had to be housed and provisioned, usually at government expense. This chapter examines how lodging was provided for groups of Indian people but also shows that individual delegates often stayed in hotels or in private homes. Likewise, while colonial authorities fed large numbers of Indian people, at considerable expense, government officials and private citizens not infrequently invited prominent delegates to formal dinners, where they were wined and dined. The prevalence of alcohol was a problem for Indian people in the cities, as it was in their home communities.
Bahia as an Epicenter of African Diasporic Culture
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 provides a background on Afro-Bahian history, religion, politics, and musical activism focusing on two questions: How did Bahia emerge as an epicenter of African diasporic culture in Brazil and the black Atlantic? And what are the implications of this image for the study of tropes of Africanness? The discussion touches upon the specific practices and realms from which perceived Africanness emanates, including carnival percussion ensembles linked to black consciousness and, especially, the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religion, which agglutinates Brazil’s most evocative African symbols, images, and sounds. Additionally, racial relations and the complicated relationship between African-based identities and national consciousness are discussed.
Orkestra Rumpilezz
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 continues the discussion of Orkestra Rumpilezz, focusing on how it materializes Letieres Leite’s rhetoric about African rhythmic complexity. Two strategies for increasing rhythmic complexity are discussed: the transfer of drum patterns from Candomblé to the big band to form polyphonic textures; and the transformation of traditional timelines (clave-like patterns) borrowed from Candomblé and carnival music, including rotation (shifting the timeline’s reference point), truncation, and superimposing two versions of the same timeline, a phenomenon that is labeled staggered timeline alignment. The chapter theorizes unique cases of timeline usage, comparing and contrasting them with well-known studies of clave in other parts of the black Atlantic.
Father Time
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Maya Deren, once judged to be the mother of American avant-garde cinema. Three of her films—Meshes of the Afternoon, At Land, and Ritual in Transfigured Time—are studied in light of the autobiographical circumstances that motivated them. Deren’s father died shortly before she became a filmmaker; the chapter argues that the films reflect her conflicted relationship with him and her struggles to overcome them. At Land, in particular, reveals her efforts to come to terms, in the form of a quest, with her dead father. The chapter closely examines the framing, composition, and disjunctive editing of her films, and suggests, from a psychoanalytic perspective, how these formal aspects of Deren’s work can be understood to mirror her internal conflicts.
This Common Clay
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

Stan Brakhage was perhaps the most original and celebrated figure in the history of American avant-garde cinema. He was also a tormented man who traced his internal conflicts and primal rage to a troubled, unhappy childhood. This chapter considers how the circumstances of his early life formed the artist’s personality, and argues that Brakhage found a way to weave even the most neurotic aspects of his character into the fabric and fugal design of his films. The latter part of the chapter focuses on Tortured Dust, the last film he made about his first family, the objects of his art and his rage, concentrating primarily on his tense relationship with his two sons. Edited while he was also dictating an “autobiography” to his first wife Jane, the film reflects the mournful fallout of the loss of his first family.
A Dance with Death
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

Gregory Markopoulos was one of the key figures of American avant-garde cinema from the 1940s through the 1980s. This chapter focuses on The Mysteries, perhaps his most enigmatic film, made during what might be termed a mid-life crisis when mortality loomed and he was consumed with unanswered questions about art, life, and time. Through an intense examination of the film’s shots, often analyzed frame by frame, the author shows that a fictive scheme rules the film, and describes how its homosexual protagonist and his obsession with death inhibits his pursuit of a romantic relationship. The author argues, finally, that the film can be read convincingly as autobiographical.
Eros Interrupted
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

The two films discussed in this chapter on Robert Beavers speak to two kinds of loss. The Ground is an elegiac work made in the wake of the death of Gregory Markopoulos, friend and partner of Beavers from the early 1980s until Markopoulos’ death. Sotiros is compoed of three earlier films, later combined into one film in two sections. The first section is a visual description of the Beavers/Markopoulos relationship, while the second focuses on the impact on that relationship of injuries suffered by Beavers as a result of an accident. The author argues that the melancholic tenor of these circumstances is given special weight through the filmmaker’s use of synecdoche, contrasting the head, lens, and tripod of the camera with various parts of his damaged body. In both sections of the film the significant role of Apollo as the god of light and healing is stressed.
Theorizing Feminist Health Security
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This chapter conceptualises global health security, discussing its genesis and how it has been theorised. First, the chapter establishes that global health security has failed to consider women and the gendered impact of securitised health policy then conversely, explores how feminists have contended with other security debates, through analysing the sub-discipline of feminist security studies (FSS). FSS seeks to understand women within the security terrain but has yet to consider global health as an area of security analysis. The chapter demonstrates why it is so vital to develop a dialogue between feminist theory and global health security for meaningful development in pandemic preparedness and response activities. It also provides a springboard for the following empirical chapters which engage with a range of further feminist concepts to explore the empirical case of Zika and highlight the need to engage with feminist approaches in order to develop a more comprehensive response to health emergencies and ensure truly global health security.
The Zika Virus
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a contextual narrative to the Zika outbreak and justifies a pertinent case study for gender analysis in global health security. It contends that Zika was constructed as a security threat at multiple levels of analysis. This framing perpetuated an exclusion and problematization of women in global health security more broadly. The chapter argues that the key policies developed—integrated vector control, vaccine development and behavioural requests around reproduction, to paraphrase, ‘clean your houses and don’t get pregnant’—were inherently gendered given the activities required are socially prescribed women’s activities. It further argues that although the outbreak revolved around women, gender was not mainstreamed into any of the policies developed, and the securitised policies failed to protect those women most at risk from the disease.
Clean Your House and Don’t Get Pregnant
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

Drawing on social reproduction, and stratified reproduction, this chapter demonstrates that there is a tension between the securitised approach of the Zika response and the lived reality of the women most affected. In doing so, it also reveals a struggle between the state and women. The securitised policy response at national levels placed the responsibility onto women to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes, to reduce mosquito breeding grounds, and ultimately to avoid bearing a child with CZS. This is problematic: women were not included in the decision-making to create suitable policy pathways to reduce their risks of infection, to the extent that the very population the response should have provided for, has been systematically excluded from the response. Women were instrumentalised, objectified, and responsibilised by the state. Thus, the chapter shows, global health security through a state-centric delivery of security is failing women.
Violence and Everyday Crises
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

Zika was framed globally as a ‘crisis’ with a narrative demonstrating a paternalistic approach to policymaking and failing to take local contexts into consideration. This chapter examines structural and gender-based violence in juxtaposition to the framing of Zika as a global health crisis at the local level. Despite being invisibilised by global health security and responsibilised by domestic governments, women most susceptible to the Zika outbreak, while providing for their children’s needs, were fighting everyday challenges of financial security, increasing community and gender violence, poverty, and state structural failures in provision of routine health, sanitation, and housing. Zika became just one of a string of individual security threats these women had to battle. This disjuncture needs to be exposed and counteracted, and the lived reality of those infected must be addressed to meaningfully respond to these health crisis events.
Epilogue
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This epilogue discusses COVID-19, which reveal much about gender in global health security. It highlights that women are more likely to be healthcare workers, demonstrating the visibility missing in COVID-19, yet this is not recognised by policymakers. Women are also more likely to suffer the downstream effects of social reproduction through school closures and stay-at-home orders as well as the associated mental load. The epilogue also shows how COVID-19 has affected access to SRH services with an impact on stratified reproduction. It concludes that the everyday crisis of women trying to manage the response, whilst at risk of soaring rates of GBV and lack of access to sanitation and space, verifies the argument made throughout this book. Now the world is listening.
Unequal Neighbors
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

San Diego and Tijuana are the site of a national border enforcement spectacle, but they are also neighboring cities with deeply intertwined histories, cultures, and economies. In Unequal Neighbors: Place Stigma and the Making of a Local Border, Kristen Hill Maher and David Carruthers shift attention from the national border to a local one, examining the role of place stigma in reinforcing actual and imagined inequalities between these cities. Widespread “bordered imaginaries” in San Diego represent it as a place of economic vitality, safety, and order, while stigmatizing Tijuana as a zone of poverty, crime, and corruption. These dualisms misrepresent complex realities on the ground, but they also have real material effects: the vision of a local border benefits some actors in the region while undermining others. Based on a wide range of original empirical materials, the book examines how asymmetries between these cities have been produced and reinforced through stigmatizing representations of Tijuana in media, everyday talk, economic relations, and local tourism discourse and practices. However, both place stigma and borders are subject to contestation, and the study also examines “debordering” practices and counternarratives about Tijuana’s image. While the details of the study are particular to this corner of the world, the processes it documents offer a window into the making of unequal neighbors more broadly. The dynamics of this case present a framework for understanding how inequalities between places rest in part on cultural practices that produce asymmetric borders.
The Making (and Unmaking) of a Bordered Imaginary
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

How has the notion of a line marking San Diego and Tijuana as unequal neighbors been produced and challenged over time? This chapter examines three dimensions of regional history. The first lays out the histories of tourism and commerce that developed out of the asymmetry of the international border. These sectors thrived on a border that was fluid yet premised on inequality. The second part focuses on industrial production and trade, sectors that both reinforced and blurred borders. The final part turns to the US government’s hardening of the borderline through policing and inspections, which have played a large role in making the asymmetric border psychologically “real.” Bordering practices also appear at the local level, as do many debordering challenges to the notion of a line demarking unequal places.
Image Work in Tijuana
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines efforts to reinvent Tijuana’s reputation during and after a period of image crisis. From 2008 to 2010, cartel violence dominated international news coverage about the city, with devastating economic effects. Drawing on a set of twenty interviews conducted in Tijuana from 2009 to 2012, the chapter explores cultural contestation over how to represent the city during that time of image crisis and in its aftermath. Actors with stakes in industry promoted substantially different place images than those involved in tourism and cross-border commerce. A third, diverse set of actors worked to shape the city’s image from the bottom up, through blogs, grassroots organizations, and entrepreneurialism, which showed potential for shaping place narratives within and outside the city. Finally, the chapter takes a closer look at the transformation of the former tourism district and finds promising signs for a debordering future stemming from ongoing image work.
Introduction
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

The introduction situates Building the Population Bomb’s historical narrative in the context of current debates over whether the world’s population is growing too quickly or not quickly enough, and over what should be done about it. It lays out two positions—moderate and extreme—and explains that, rather than taking one side or the other, the book tells the story of how these positions emerged in tandem between the 1920s and the 1970s. It contends that population growth has been unfairly blamed for many of the world’s problems, and promises to explain how this happened and who has benefited from it. The introduction describes how Building the Population Bomb contributes to the history of the social sciences, furthers our understanding of the role of the United States in promoting global development in the second half of the twentieth century, and advances the contemporary project of reproductive justice.
Population Consensus
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 documents the creation after World War II of a consensus regarding human population growth that briefly united two different scientific perspectives. Natural scientists contended that the world’s human population had already exceeded the Earth’s capacity to support it and that continued growth presented an imminent threat to the natural environment and global peace. This Malthusian perspective was represented by the Population Reference Bureau. Social scientists contended that the world was in a process of demographic transition, whereby modernizing societies were breaking free of the Malthusian trap, though the transition had stalled out in developing countries and needed to be jump-started. This modernizationist perspective was represented by the Population Council. This chapter explains how the Population Reference Bureau and Population Council came together to produce and promote demographic research demonstrating that population growth posed a threat to economic development, thereby putting population control on the U.S. foreign policy agenda.
“Lindy Hopper’s Delight”
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

As jazz music became popular entertainment nationwide, many dances circulated from social venues to professional floor shows and ballroom stages and then back again to amateur social practice. As musicians built careers playing for social dancers touring with professional dance acts, they learned to structure their performances collaboratively by listening visually to dancers’ bodies. Jazz musicians, and especially drummers, learned to accentuate dancers’ movements and engage them in playful “catching” games while also providing the stable rhythmic framework that encouraged dancers to participate kinesthetically with the music. This chapter explicates the dynamics of such relationships through the career of drummer Chick Webb, whose reputation was built on the strength of his close connection with lindy hop dancers during his tenure as house bandleader at Harlem’s Savoy Ballroom throughout the 1930s. Specifically, it explores his close connections with Whitey’s Lindy Hoppers, a group of talented young dancers who became among the first to adapt this social partnered dance for the professional stage and, ultimately, for Hollywood films. Webb played regularly for elite lindy hop dancers in films, in touring stage shows, for amateur dance contests, and nightly at the Savoy, and his evolving relationship with them throughout the 1930s reveals the fluid boundaries between labor and play through which musicians and dancers co-creatively shaped jazz’s development.
Moral Risk
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the connections between thought and harm from an ex ante perspective. It asks whether the antecedent risk that a given belief, attitude, or fantasy will have a harmful impact on another is ever high enough to render that thought impermissible. The kinds of harms that are discussed include the frustration of others’ private desires, the infliction of offense and hurt feelings, and various forms of economic and physical damage. The chapter’s conclusion is that while the risks that are posed by some thoughts approach the permissibility threshold, none actually crosses the line.