bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of repeated heating on corrosion
resistance, hardness and microstructure
of a Co-Cr-W prosthetic alloy
Authors: Rzepkowska M. , Burnat B. , Pietnicki K , Skrzypek S. , Klimek L.
Published: June 2020

Purpose: of this article is to present the results of tests carried out on the impact of
repeated heating on the corrosion resistance of a Co-Cr-W prosthetic alloy.
Design/methodology/approach: The study used samples prepared in a manner
analogous to the production of a dental prosthesis. The effect of three and six-time heating
of the material on its properties such as corrosion resistance, microstructure and material
hardness were carried out.
Findings: Repeated heating of the chromium-cobalt alloy has no significant effect on
the polarization resistance and the potentiodynamic characteristics of the material. The
introduction of heating in alloy treatment results in an increase in the hardness of the
material, however, the number of annealing cycles does not affect this feature significantly.
Samples subjected to different amounts of thermal treatments have different microstructure;
it should be assumed that this will change the mechanical properties.
Research limitations/implications: Microstructure tests carried out after electrochemical
corrosion tests showed changes in the microstructure of samples subjected to subsequent
annealing. The tests of material hardness and corrosion did not show any significant
differences that may result from differences in structure, therefore further tests characterizing
the physical properties of the material will be carried out.
Originality/value: The article is a description of preliminary research on the impact of
multiple annealing used in dental prosthetics on the properties of metallic material. Further
work will be carried out to identify the properties that may be affected by the indicated
changes in microstructure.
Konsumentenverhalten in der Sharing Economy
Authors: Schreiner Nadine
Published: June 2020

The economy of sharing is described as a phenomenon that has the potential to change markets and consumer behaviour permanently. In line with the basic principle of ‘sharing instead of owning’, sharing—according to the implicit assumption—could lead to better utilisation of hardly used goods and services. Against this background, sharing could be an effective way to strengthen sustainable consumption patterns.

The aim of this publication is to explain the sharing behaviour of consumers by using systematic analysis of selected influencing factors. Five different articles show, for example, that one’s willingness to share decreases with increasing social distance from the person with whom one shares. Furthermore, economic motives have a strong influence when it comes to loyalty towards a sharing provider. In contrast to these self-referential preferences, the book also shows that social and ethical motives are essential in sharing. Overall, the different analyses reveal that sharing lies in a field of conflicting interests between individual value orientation and public service orientation. Based on these findings, the concept of strategic marketing planning is used to identify implications for companies and societal stakeholders. These measures should be systematically planned, implemented and controlled as a permanent task. Only in this way can social challenges be solved in the context of sustainability.
De migraciones, marginalidades y sombras. Pensa(n)do en imágenes
Authors: Rodríguez Garcés Vanina Inés
Published: June 2020

El propósito de este artículo es el de investigar algunos conceptos de la Filosofía del límite de Eugenio Trías y de la noción de “genealogía” propuesta por Michel Foucault.Expuestos a partir de tres trilogías de imágenes, se desprenden diálogos que ayudan a pensar cómo se develan esas sombras de la existencia que se esconden en los pliegues de lo racional. La gran pregunta tiene que ver con el “entorno matricial” y con el movimiento de “exilio y éxodo” del ser. Las imágenes elegidas funcionan como “hitos genealógicos” foucoultianos: esas “verdades sin apariencia” y “sin historia” que emergen presentando vinculaciones que inducen a otras lecturas hermenéuticas.El artículo vuelve siempre otra vez -a partir de algunas de las imágenes elegidas- a pensarse desde San Juan / Argentina, sitio que tensiona e implica, en este caso, la existencia de todas estas reflexiones y su conexión visual.
Integration of scheduled preventive maintenance works into Agriculture 4.0
Authors: Panova Anna Vladimirovna
Published: June 2020

The article considers the system of scheduled preventive agricultural equipment maintenance, describes its purpose and organization, lists its strengths and weaknesses. To solve the current problems, the author suggests integrating the existing system into the new model of organization of agricultural industry Agriculture 4.0 which is becoming widespread in the world. Its peculiarity is the use of modern communication and big data technologies for the development of the most effective solutions both in the industrial process and in decision-making. The integration mechanism is based on the IoT systems projecting pattern. The author develops the system and defines the data to be collected, as well as the sources of information, communication technologies and the basic requirements to data processing algorithms. Taking into account the significant material costs associated with the integration of such systems, the author formulates supporting measures and comprehensive solutions for creating favourable conditions for agricultural enterprises development.   
Use of weed plants in landscape gardening
Authors: Suchkova Anastasia Alekseevna , Granitsa Yulia Vladimirovna
Published: June 2020

The research subject is weed plants which are usually eradicated in vegetable gardens, but few people think about the possibility to use them in landscape gardening and agriculture. Nowadays unusual forms and varieties of plants which used to be considered as weed are becoming popular among the customers. Weed plants increase soil fertility and enlarge its active layer; they decorate gardens because of their wide range  of colours. Due to their tolerance to ecological factors, weed plants can be used in any part of the garden. The purpose of this research is the analysis of decorative value and ecological properties of 27 species of weed plants which can be used in landscaping, and the development of a project of an exhibition garden with them. The article represents the project of the “Second chance” garden which takes into account the combination of colours, the correlation of heights and the duration of decorative properties of plants. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that at the moment, the use of weed plants as decorative elements in landscape gardening and agriculture is becoming a trend of landscaping. The exhibition garden with a total area of 426.6 square meters is designed in a landscape style. It is planned to set out plants on seed tapes and in containers which ensure the best visibility and are suitable for transportation. The authors suggest using red arches with local lighting which give the garden an aesthetic appearance. To contemplate such plants, foreign and Russian plant breeders breed new varieties. The article also contains the blooming schedule for weed plants and the summary of their ecological properties.   
El diálogo. Un género menor en la literatura mexicana
Authors: Munguía Zatarain Martha Elena
Published: June 2020

En este ensayo se somete a revisión el género diálogo escrito en México en el siglo XIX y en el transcurso del XX por autores como Fernández de Lizardi, Amado Nervo, Julio Torri o José Emilio Pacheco. Se busca explicar el sentido y la orientación que ha adquirido la forma dialogal y se establece el nexo de la práctica actual con la antigua tradición en la que se fue forjando el per l poético del género, como un discurso a caballo entre la literatura y la losofía. Se busca precisar algunos de sus rasgos constitutivos partiendo de su nexo con las formas simples. El trabajo de análisis busca restituir la importancia de este tipo de textos que siguen siendo condenados a los márgenes de la historia literaria.
Plastome of the mycoheterotrophic eudicotExacum paucisquama(Gentianaceae) exhibits extensive gene loss and a highly expanded inverted repeat region
Authors: Li Zhanghai , Ma Xiao , Wen Yi , Chen Sisi , Jiang Yan , Jin Xiaohua
Published: June 2020

Mycoheterotrophic plants are highly specialized species able to acquire organic carbon from symbiotic fungi, with relaxed dependence on photosynthesis for carbon fixation. The relaxation of the functional constraint of photosynthesis and thereby the relaxed selective pressure on functional photosynthetic genes usually lead to substantial gene loss and a highly degraded plastid genome in heterotrophs. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the plastome of the eudicotExacum paucisquama, providing the first plastid genome of a mycoheterotroph in the family Gentianaceae to date. TheE. paucisquamaplastome was 44,028 bp in length, which is much smaller than the plastomes of autotrophic eudicots. Although theE. paucisquamaplastome had a quadripartite structure, a distinct boundary shift was observed in comparison with the plastomes of other eudicots. We detected extensive gene loss and only 21 putative functional genes (15 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes and two tRNA genes). Our results provide valuable information for comparative evolutionary analyses of plastomes of heterotrophic species belonging to different phylogenetic groups.
Temporal Properties of Noun Phrases
Authors: Tonhauser Judith
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores temporal properties of noun phrases cross linguistically. One property is that noun phrases are temporally interpreted at times that are contextually salient, such as utterance or topic times. Whether the denotation of the noun phrase is contextually established also influences its temporal interpretation. A comparison of the temporal interpretation of noun phrases and finite verbs reveals parallels (e.g., temporal anaphors play a role in both domains) as well as differences (e.g., in English, tense must constrain the temporal interpretation of finite verbs but not of noun phrases). Another property is that there is a rich array of temporal, aspectual, and modal expressions in the nominal domain, as in the verbal domain. A preliminary taxonomy of the meanings of these expressions is developed. A final property is that the meanings of nouns have implications for the temporal properties of the noun phrases in which they occur.
Longitudinal biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Huang Fen , Zhu Yuda , Hsiao‐Nakamoto Jennifer , Tang Xinyan , Dugas Jason C. , Moscovitch‐Lopatin Miriam , Glass Jonathan D. , Brown Robert H. , Ladha Shafeeq S. , Lacomis David , Harris Jeffrey M. , Scearce‐Levie Kimberly , Ho Carole , Bowser Robert , Berry James D.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To investigate neurodegenerative and inflammatory biomarkers in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS), evaluate their predictive value for ALS progression rates, and assess their utility as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for monitoring treatment effects.

Methods

De‐identified, longitudinal plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from PALS (n = 108; 85 with samples from ≥2 visits) and controls without neurological disease (n = 41) were obtained from the Northeast ALS Consortium (NEALS) Biofluid Repository. Seventeen of 108 PALS had familial ALS, of whom 10 had C9orf72 mutations. Additional healthy control CSF samples (n = 35) were obtained from multiple sources. We stratified PALS into fast‐ and slow‐progression subgroups using the ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised change rate. We compared cytokines/chemokines and neurofilament (NF) levels between PALS and controls, among progression subgroups, and in those with C9orf72 mutations.

Results

We found significant elevations of cytokines, including MCP‐1, IL‐18, and neurofilaments (NFs), indicators of neurodegeneration, in PALS versus controls. Among PALS, these cytokines and NFs were significantly higher in fast‐progression and C9orf72 mutation subgroups versus slow progressors. Analyte levels were generally stable over time, a key feature for monitoring treatment effects. We demonstrated that CSF/plasma neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels may predict disease progression, and stratification by NFL levels can enrich for more homogeneous patient groups.

Interpretation

Longitudinal stability of cytokines and NFs in PALS support their use for monitoring responses to immunomodulatory and neuroprotective treatments. NFs also have prognostic value for fast‐progression patients and may be used to select similar patient subsets in clinical trials.
Oral Mucosa Tissue Equivalents for the Treatment of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
Authors: O’Callaghan Anna R. , Dziasko Marc A. , Sheth‐Shah Radhika , Lewis Mark P. , Daniels Julie T.
Published: June 2020

Cultured limbal and oral epithelial cells have been successfully used to treat patients with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The most common culture method for these cell therapies utilizes amniotic membrane as a cell support and/or murine 3T3s as feeder fibroblasts. The aim of this study is to refine the production of autologous oral mucosal cell therapy for the treatment of LSCD. Real architecture for 3D tissue (RAFT) is used as an alternative cell culture support. In addition, oral mucosal cells (epithelial and fibroblast) are used as autologous alternatives to donor human limbal epithelial cells (HLE) and murine 3T3s. The following tissue equivalents are produced and characterized: first, for patients with bilateral LSCD, an oral mucosa tissue equivalent consisting of human oral mucosal epithelial cells on RAFT supported by human oral mucosal fibroblasts (HOMF). Second, for patients with unilateral LSCD, HLE on RAFT supported by HOMF. For both tissue equivalent types, features of the cornea are observed including a multi‐layered epithelium with small cells with a stem cell like phenotype in the basal layer and squamous cells in the top layers, and p63α and PAX6 expression. These tissue equivalents may therefore be useful in the treatment of LSCD.
Biomimetic Electrodes for Flexible Organic Solar Cells with Efficiencies over 16%
Authors: Qu Tian‐Yi , Zuo Li‐Jian , Chen Jing‐De , Shi Xueliang , Zhang Ting , Li Ling , Shen Kong‐Chao , Ren Hao , Wang Shu , Xie Feng‐Ming , Li Yan‐Qing , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: June 2020

Flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) are very promising for use in portable power supply devices due to the advantages of low‐cost, light‐weight, and flexibility. However, the efficiencies of flexible OSCs are limited by the flexible transparent electrodes owing to their nonoptimal electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. To address these challenges, leaf‐like biomimetic electrodes are proposed to achieve an efficient light capture and glossy surface for a high‐efficiency flexible OSC. To mimic the internal anatomy of the leaf, the conformable electrode stack consists of a flexible polyimide substrate, light‐scattering polystyrene spheres, zinc oxide protecting layer, and electrically conductive silver nanowires to obtain a high transmittance, low sheet resistance, and low surface roughness. A record‐high power conversion efficiency of 16.1% is realized by a flexible OSC with the biomimetic electrode design, comparable to those rigid devices on glass. Moreover, the flexible OSC on this biomimetic electrode exhibits a robust bendability against flexural strain, retaining 85% of the initial efficiency after 5000 bending cycles at a radius of curvature as small as 1.0 mm.
Electrochemical Scaled‐up Synthesis of Cyclic Enecarbamates as Starting Materials for Medicinal Chemistry Relevant Building Bocks
Authors: Tereshchenko Oleksandr D. , Perebiynis Maryana Y. , Knysh Irina V. , Vasylets Olesia V. , Sorochenko Anna A. , Slobodyanyuk Eugeniy Y. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Borysov Oleksandr V. , Kolotilov Sergey V. , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M.
Published: June 2020

The electrochemical Shono oxidation of Boc‐protected cyclic amines was revised. The conditions for scalable electrochemical synthesis of cyclic enecarbamates were found. The developed protocol included recycling of the full range of used reagents, favoring to E‐factor reduction according to Green Chemistry requirements. The method opened the way for the convenient preparation of previously uncommon materials, which could become useful synthetic intermediates. Their synthetic potential was evaluated in [2+1] and [2+2] cycloadditions as well as electrophilic functionalization. Moreover, functionalized enecarbamates with carbonyl groups in β‐position were used as latent 1,3‐bielectrophiles in classical heterocyclizations. In a case of the hydrazine, the corresponding unusually decorated pyrazoles were prepared. The proposed methodology is a straightforward tool for the design and synthesis of Medicinal Chemistry relevant building blocks. As examples, 5‐fluoro pipecolic and 3‐fluoro isonipecotic acids were synthesized starting from Boc‐protected esters of the pipecolic and the isonipecotic acids respectively; the 5‐step approach to pyrazole containing α‐aminoacids with different linkers between the aminoacidic and pyrazole moieties was elaborated based on the cheapest commercially available racemic and chiral cyclic α‐aminoacids; the convenient approach to the functionalized tetrahydropyrido[3,4‐d]pyridazines was proposed starting from Boc‐protected ester of the isonipecotic acids.

magnified image
Soybean response to dicamba exposure in furrow irrigation
Authors: Grantz Erin , Lee Jung Ae , Willett Cammy , Norsworthy Jason K.
Published: June 2020

Sensitive crop exposure to residual dicamba in irrigation is a potential hazard in regions with overlapping use of transgenic dicamba‐resistant crops and on‐farm water storage–tailwater recovery (OFWS‐TWR) systems. This field study examined non–dicamba‐resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for response to a dicamba dose gradient (7.6–630 g ae ha−1) in a furrow irrigation system. In a second study, growth stage and application timing effects were explored, with dicamba applied at 160 g ae ha−1 in entirety to V3 or R1 soybean or split across exposure events. Plant injury 14 and 28 d after treatment (DAT) increased with dose, with significant injury at 160–630 g ae ha−1. Plant injury 28 DAT was higher after split exposure compared with single exposure. Height and yield reduction occurred at 160–630 g ae ha−1 and in plants treated at reproductive growth stages. Regression models associated yield loss of 10, 20, and 30%, with effective doses of 19, 43, and 110 g ae ha−1, respectively, and plant injury 14 DAT of ∼10, ∼25, and ∼40%, respectively. Dicamba doses in irrigation that elicited equivalent response to foliar exposure were up to an order of magnitude higher, suggesting soybean plants are less sensitive to root uptake of dicamba. Alternately, dissipation in the environment may reduce total uptake. Off‐target dicamba exposure in irrigation will likely result in yield loss if tailwater dicamba concentrations exceeding ∼0.20 mg L−1 in 30.8 ha‐mm irrigation. This high residual concentration would likely only occur in OFWS‐TWR systems under “worst‐case scenario” conditions.
Combining ability for the improvement of vegetable soybean
Authors: Silva e Souza Renan , Barbosa Pedro Augusto Medeiros , Yassue Rafael Massahiro , Bornhofen Elesandro , Espolador Fernando Garcia , Nazato Felipe Maniero , Vello Natal Antonio
Published: June 2020

One use of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as food is as a vegetable, also known as edamame, in which the green pods with seeds fully developed are harvested, cooked briefly, and consumed. Few efforts have been devoted to developing new soybean cultivars with high agronomic performance and characteristics suitable for human consumption. In the present research, crosses between six soybean lines were performed in a diallel scheme without reciprocals to determine the combining ability and the type of gene action that controls the inheritance of development and yield component traits for edamame production. The results showed the existence of variability among the evaluated genotypes and indicated that the progenies presented superior performance in comparison to the parental lines for important traits. The cultivar BRS267 and the inbred line USP‐13‐19‐007 had consistently high estimates of general combining ability for pod and seed size, indicating their potential as parents in breeding for edamame. Most progenies had positive specific combining ability for pod and seed size, showing that generating novel genotypic combinations through new crossings is a promising strategy for improvement. Additive effects played a major role in the inheritance for maturity traits and for pod size, seed size, and yield; both additive and non‐additive effects were important. The magnitude and significance of the correlations indicated that it is possible to improve vegetable soybean traits without affecting grain yield.
Nutrition update in gastric cancer surgery
Authors: Kubota Takeshi , Shoda Katsutoshi , Konishi Hirotaka , Okamoto Kazuma , Otsuji Eigo
Published: June 2020

Patients with gastric cancer are often malnourished during tumor progression. Malnutrition is a risk factor for postoperative complications and a poor prognosis. Early evaluation and management of nutrition can improve these outcomes. Various combined indices in which albumin is the primary component are used to evaluate the nutritional status, including the Prognostic Nutritional Index, Glasgow Prognostic Score, and Controlling Nutritional Status score. Both the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism guidelines recommend immediate and early oral/enteral nutrition. However, few reports have described the additional effects of preoperative immunonutrition on clinical outcomes of gastric cancer surgery. Gastrectomy types and reconstruction methods that consider the postoperative nutritional status have been used when oncologically acceptable. Total gastrectomy has recently tended to be avoided because of its negative impact on nutritional status. New findings obtained from the emergence of continuous glucose measurement, such as glucose fluctuation and nocturnal hypoglycemia, may affect nutritional management after gastrectomy. Some prospective clinical studies on perioperative nutritional intervention have set postoperative body weight loss as a primary endpoint. It seems important to continue oral nutritional supplement, even in small doses, to reduce body weight loss after gastrectomy. Evidence generated by prospective, well‐developed randomized controlled studies must be disseminated so that nutritional therapy is widely recognized as an important multimodal therapy in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery.
Walther Bothe's Graphite: Physics, Impurities, and Blame in the German Nuclear Program
Authors: Reed B. Cameron
Published: June 2020

The physics, experimental setup, and analysis of results involved in Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen's mistaken 1941 measurement of the capture cross section for thermal neutrons by carbon are examined. Their experiment, while well‐conceived and executed, was corrupted by the presence of unappreciated impurities. This erroneous measurement was crucial as it prompted a decision by German military administrators to abandon graphite as a possible moderator for a nuclear pile in favor of heavy water, a decision which set their program back irreparably.
Die unterschiedliche Struktur und Dynamik der Sphingosin‐ und Acylketten von Ceramid [NS] verändern unser Verständnis der Struktur der Hautbarriere
Authors: Engberg Oskar , Kováčik Andrej , Pullmannová Petra , Juhaščik Martin , Opálka Lukáš , Huster Daniel , Vávrová Kateřina
Published: June 2020

Im Modell der äußeren Hautschicht wird die Lipidphase durch sehr rigide Moleküle in einer orthorhombischen Phase gebildet, die den Körper vor Umwelteinflüssen schützt. Durch Synthese von Sphingosin‐d28‐deuteriertem N‐Lignoceroyl‐d‐erythro‐sphingosin (Ceramid [NS]) waren wir in der Lage, die Struktur und Dynamik beider Lipidketten in biologisch relevanten Mischungen mittels Röntgendiffraktion, 2H‐NMR‐ und Infrarot‐Spektroskopie vergleichen zu können. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei physiologischer Temperatur ein substantieller Teil der Sphingosin‐Ketten in einer fluiden und dynamischen Phase vorliegen. Diese Ergebnisse bedingen eine Modifizierung unseres Verständnisses der Hautlipidbarriere, nach der eine gestreckte Konformation von Ceramid [NS] bevorzugt und eine Domänenstruktur vorgeschlagen wird. Bewegliche Lipidketten könnten essentiell für die Hautelastizität und die Permeation wichtiger Moleküle sein.
The Fe‐N‐C Nanozyme with Both Accelerated and Inhibited Biocatalytic Activities Capable of Accessing Drug–Drug Interactions
Authors: Xu Yuan , Xue Jing , Zhou Qing , Zheng Yongjun , Chen Xinghua , Liu Songqin , Shen Yanfei , Zhang Yuanjian
Published: June 2020

Emerging as a cost‐effective and robust enzyme mimic, nanozymes have drawn increasing attention with broad applications ranging from cancer therapy to biosensing. Developing nanozymes with both accelerated and inhibited biocatalytic properties in a biological context is intriguing to peruse more advanced functions of natural enzymes, but remains challenging, because most nanozymes are lack of enzyme‐like molecular structures. By re‐visiting and engineering the well‐known Fe‐N‐C electrocatalyst that has a heme‐like Fe‐Nx active sites, herein, it is reported that Fe‐N‐C could not only catalyze drug metabolization but also had inhibition behaviors similar to cytochrome P450 (CYP), endowing it a potential replacement of CYP for preliminary evaluation of massive potential chemicals, drug dosing guide, and outcome prediction. In addition, in contrast to electrocatalysts, the highly graphitic framework of Fe‐N‐C may not be obligatory for a competitive CYP‐like activity.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Investigation of Bright Orange‐Emitting Benzothiadiazole [10]Cycloparaphenylene
Authors: Lovell Terri C. , Garrison Zachary R. , Jasti Ramesh
Published: June 2020

Conjugated aromatic macrocycles are attractive due to their unique photophysical and optoelectronic properties. In particular, the cyclic radially oriented π‐system of cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) gives rise to photophysical properties unlike any other small molecule or carbon nanomaterial. CPPs have tunable emission, possess large extinction coefficients, wide effective Stokes shifts, and high quantum yields. However, accessing bright CPPs with emissions beyond 500 nm remains difficult. Herein, we present a novel and bright orange‐emitting CPP‐based fluorophore showing a dramatic 105 nm red‐shift in emission and striking 237 nm effective Stokes shift while retaining a large quantum yield of 0.59. We postulate, and experimentally and theoretically support, that the quantum yield remains large due to the lack of intramolecular charge transfer.
The Sphingosine and Acyl Chains of Ceramide [NS] Show Very Different Structure and Dynamics That Challenge Our Understanding of the Skin Barrier
Authors: Engberg Oskar , Kováčik Andrej , Pullmannová Petra , Juhaščik Martin , Opálka Lukáš , Huster Daniel , Vávrová Kateřina
Published: June 2020

The lipid phase of the uppermost human skin layer is thought to comprise highly rigid lipids in an orthorhombic phase state to protect the body against the environment. By synthesizing sphingosine‐d28 deuterated N‐lignoceroyl‐d‐erythro‐sphingosine (ceramide [NS]), we compare the structure and dynamics of both chains of that lipid in biologically relevant mixtures using X‐ray diffraction, 2H NMR analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. Our results reveal a substantial fraction of sphingosine chains in a fluid and dynamic phase state at physiological temperature. These findings prompt revision of our current understanding of the skin lipid barrier, where an extended ceramide [NS] conformation is preferred and a possible domain structure is proposed. Mobile lipid chains may be crucial for skin elasticity and the translocation of physiologically important molecules.
NIR‐II AIEgens: A Win–Win Integration towards Bioapplications
Authors: Xu Wenhan , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2020

Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window facilitated by aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) is an emerging research field. NIR‐II AIEgens overcome limitations imposed by penetration depth and fluorescence efficiency, offering high‐performance imaging with enhanced precision. Some reported NIR‐II AIEgens demonstrate capabilities for fluorescence and photoacoustic bimodal imaging, and fluorescence imaging guided photothermal therapy, which not only improves diagnosis accuracy but provides an efficient theranostic platform to accelerate preclinical translation as well. This minireview summarizes recent efforts on exploiting NIR‐II AIEgens with regard to molecular design strategies and bioapplications, and puts forward current challenges and promising prospects. This timely sketch should benefit the further exploitation of diverse and multifunctional NIR‐II AIEgens for a wide array of applications.
Cyclopropenylmethyl Cation: A Concealed Intermediate in Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Kreuzahler Mathis , Haberhauer Gebhard
Published: June 2020

The last years have witnessed many gold‐catalyzed reactions of alkynes. One of the most prominent species in the reaction of two alkyne units is the vinyl‐substituted gold vinylidene intermediate. Here, we were able to show that the reaction of a haloacetylene and an alkyne proceeds via a hitherto overlooked intermediate, namely the cyclopropenylmethyl cation. The existence and relative stability of this concealed intermediate is verified by quantum chemical calculations and 13C‐labeling experiments. A comparison between the cyclopropenylmethyl cation and the well‐known vinylidene intermediate reveals that the latter is more stable only for smaller cycles. However, this stability reverses in larger cycles. In the case of the smallest representative of both species, the vinylidene cation is the transition state en route to the cyclopropenylmethyl cation. The discovery of this intermediate should help to get a deeper understanding for gold‐catalyzed carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions of alkynes. Furthermore, since enynes can be formed from the cyclopropenylmethyl cation, the inclusion of this intermediate should enable the development of new synthetic methods for the construction of larger cyclic halogenated and non‐halogenated conjugated enyne systems.
Paratracheal abscess after traumatic tracheal intubation
Authors: Leader P. , Curry S. , Pate S.
Published: June 2020

Major complications of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are rare. However, mucosal trauma during airway management can lead to the introduction of oropharyngeal bacterial flora into the deep neck spaces, with the potential for fatal complications. This report describes the development of a paratracheal abscess in a healthy 62‐year‐old man following an outpatient herniorrhaphy. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and underwent ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration of the abscess. He was later re‐admitted to the hospital with re‐accumulation of the abscess, which was successfully treated by open surgical drainage. Though deep neck space infection following laryngoscopy is more common in patients with significant comorbidities and when tracheal intubation has been difficult, this case highlights the need for careful airway management in all patients.
Characterization of Amount and Quality of Tucuman Kernel Oil as a Potential Biomass
Authors: Didonet Adriano Amir , Antoniassi Rosemar , Back Gabriela Reis , de Faria‐Machado Adelia Ferreira , Wilhelm Allan Eduardo , Ferraz Isolde Dorothea Kossmann
Published: June 2020

Amazonian tucuman (Astrocaryum aculeatum) fruit pulp is consumed directly without heat treatment, and is appreciated in the region of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The kernel is discarded after pulp removal, resulting in costs related to waste management. This study aimed to perform an estimate on the annual amount of kernels generated by commercialization of tucuman fruit in six markets in Manaus by monthly application of questionnaires to merchants. The yield of edible pulp and kernels were assessed, as well as the yield and characteristics of kernel oil. Fruits consisted of pulp (26% fresh weight) and the coproduct is mainly pyrene (70%), comprising a hard woody endocarp (61%) and an oily kernel (39% dry weight). Kernel oil yield ranged from 28% to 45%. The generated coproducts were estimated as 272 t/y (fresh weight) and approximately 6–10 t/y of lauric oil could be obtained. The main fatty acids were lauric—12:0 (52.3–57.5%) and myristic—14:0 (23.4–27.1%), presenting a similar profile to other lauric oils such as coconut, palm kernel, and babassu oils. Oxidative stability ranged from 20 to 44 hours, which is considered high compared to other lauric oils. The recovery of this coproduct will improve the sustainability of the tucuman chain, providing a new product of Amazonian biodiversity and reducing the environmental impact.
A Surgical View of Anatomy: Perspectives from Students and Instructors
Authors: Dee Edward Christopher , Alty Isaac G. , Agolia James P. , Torres‐Quinones Carlos , van Houten Trudy , Stearns Dana A. , Lillehei Craig W. , Shamberger Robert C.
Published: June 2020

As curricular emphasis on anatomy in undergraduate medical education continues to evolve, new approaches to anatomical education are urgently needed to prepare medical students for residency. A surgical anatomy class was designed for third‐ and fourth‐year medical students to explore important anatomical relationships by performing realistic surgical procedures on anatomical donors. Under the guidance of both surgeons and anatomists, students in this month‐long elective course explored key anatomical relationships through performing surgical approaches, with the secondary benefit of practicing basic surgical techniques. Procedures, such as left nephrectomy, first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome, and carotid endarterectomy, were adapted from those used clinically by multiple surgical subspecialties. This viewpoint commentary highlights perspectives from students and instructors that suggest the value of a surgical approach to anatomical education for medical students preparing for procedure‐oriented residencies, with the goals of: (1) describing the elective at the authors' institution, (2) promoting similar efforts across different institutions, and (3) encouraging future qualitative and quantitative studies of similar pedagogic efforts.
Static Magnetic Field Versus Systemic Calcium Channel Blockade Effect on Microcirculation: Possible Mechanisms and Clinical Implementation
Authors: Gmitrov Juraj
Published: June 2020

The goal was to compare static magnetic field (SMF, generated by Nd2–Fe14–B magnets) vasodilator capacity with verapamil (VER, a potent, clinically verified Ca2+ channel‐blocking agent), aimed to assess SMF implementation in conditions with vascular ischemia. Skin microcirculatory blood flow measured by microphotoelectric plethysmogram was recorded in conscious rabbits after 40 min of 0.25 T SMF regional exposure to ear microvascular net (SMF‐Vas, n = 20), or 0.35 T to carotid baroreceptors (SMF‐Car, n = 14), and compared with that after 30 min VER intravenous infusion (20 µg/kg/min, n = 20). The principal finding is that SMF‐Vas, SMF‐Car, and VER significantly increased microcirculatory blood flow by 17.9 ± 9.58%, 22.6 ± 11.11%, and 30.5 ± 14.06% (mean ± SEM) respectively, and there was no significant difference between all three treatments (P = 0.986). Microvascular dilation was accompanied by significant decrease of blood pressure in VER and SMF‐Car cases. The decrease of arterial baroreflex sensitivity in VER contrasted with its increase in SMF‐Car, coupled with improved vessel sensitivity to nitric oxide (NO) dilatory effect. This suggests that SMF can have a strong vasodilator property tailored to address diabetic, mainly NO‐deficient, neural, and myogenic microvascular dysfunction, especially employing both SMFs’ vasodilation synergy. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:447–457. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
ELF Magnetic Field Exposure System for In Vitro Studies Based on Lee‐Whiting Coils
Authors: Vives Leandro , Balsalobre Juan , Monteiro Tiago , Diaz Javier G. , Liponetzky Gustavo , Ielpi Marcelo , Dalmas Di Giovanni Norberto
Published: June 2020

In order to run a series of in vitro studies on the effect of extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields on cell cultures, developing and characterizing an appropriate exposure system is required. The present design is based on a two‐shielded Lee‐Whiting coils system. The circular design was chosen because its axial symmetry allowed for both reducing simulation unknowns and measurement points during the characterization, and additionally made the machining of the parts easier. The system can generate magnetic flux densities (B fields) up to 1 mT root‐mean‐square amplitude (rms) with no active cooling system in the incubator, and up to 3 mTrms with it. The double‐wrapped windings with twisted pairs allow for the use of each set of coils either as exposure or control with no detectable parasitic B field in the control. The artifacts have also been analyzed; the B field in the center of the sham control chamber is about 1 µTrms for a maximum of 3 mTrms in the exposure chamber, the parasitic incident electric fields are less than 1 V/m, the temperature difference between sham and exposure chamber is less than or equal to 0.2 °C, and the typical vibration difference between sham and exposure is less than 0.1 m/s2. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Spiegel in der Biologie
Authors: Eitner Pascal
Published: June 2020

Spiegel dienen vielen Organismen in schwierigen Umgebungen als Mittel zum Überleben. Im Gebirge oder in der Wüste finden sich Reflektoren als Anpassung an erhöhte UV‐ oder Infrarot‐Strahlung, während manche nachtaktiven Tiere mithilfe einer spiegelnden Schicht hinter der Netzhaut die Nachtsicht verbessern. Im Meer nutzen verschiedene Tiergruppen wie Fische und Kopffüßer die Umlenkung des Lichts zur Tarnung nach dem Prinzip der Gegenschattierung oder zur gezielten Abstrahlung zwecks Beutefang oder innerartlicher Kommunikation. Die faszinierende Vielfalt, die im Laufe der Evolution entstanden ist, hat sogar Bioniker zum Bau neuartiger und besonders effizienter Auflagen für Sonnenkollektoren inspiriert.
Artbildung durch Chromosomeninversion
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: June 2020

Inversionen in den Riesenchromosomen von Drosophila kennt man schon seit 100 Jahren, denn sie zeigen Auffälligkeiten bei der Homologenpaarung, die lichtmikroskopisch sichtbar sind. Inzwischen lassen sich Inversionen durch moderne Sequenzierungsmethoden bei vielen weiteren Arten nachweisen und erlauben ein besseres Verständnis von Populationsgenetik und Artbildung. Inversionen haben einen adaptiven Wert, weil sie vorteilhafte Gene als „Supergene“ vereinen können. Sie können die Aufspaltung von Arten einleiten oder aber als Polymorphismus in der Population erhalten bleiben.
Bildung durch Verstehen fördern
Authors: Gropengießer Ilka
Published: June 2020

Biologiedidaktische Forschung ist geeignet, die auf Naturwissenschaften bezogene Bildung zu fördern. Häufig erreichen Ergebnisse dieser Forschung jedoch den Biologieunterricht und die übrige Bildungspraxis nicht. Deshalb ist es wichtig, die Forschungsergebnisse direkt für die Lernenden umzusetzen.
Die Truthahn‐Illusion
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: June 2020

Fehlentscheidungen sind menschlich. Wir aber lassen in unserer neuen Serie „Management‐Fallstricke“ einmal die Tiere zu Wort kommen. In Form von Fabeln vermittelt unsere Autorin Andrea Hauk in anschaulicher Weise typische Denkfehler, die auf allen Managementebenen zu Hause sind. Vielleicht sind Sie ja selbst auch schon einmal in die eine oder andere Falle getappt?
Die Grube Messel – weltweit einmalige Fossilschätze als Meilensteine der Paläoklimatologie
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: June 2020

Von einer – scheinbar – unscheinbaren Ölschiefergrube hin zu einer für Evolutionsforscher einmaligen Stätte der Erkenntnisgewinnung, vor allem im Hinblick auf botanische und zoologische Biozönosen des Eozäns: Im der Grabungsstätte Grube Messel angegliederten Besucherzentrum werden diese Forschungen mit ihren faszinierenden Ergebnissen, Originalobjekten sowie ‐schauplätzen für Besucher aller Altersgruppen erlebbar.
Light‐Mediated Formation of Reactive Surface Chemical Patterns Using Thermally Crosslinkable Photosensitive Copolymers
Authors: Lee Dong Jin , An Sol , Nam Jieun , Park Ganghee , Kim Sangwon , Kim Myungwoong
Published: June 2020

We demonstrate the photoinduced formation of a surface reactive functionality on thermally crosslinked thin films of random copolymers consisting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), o‐nitrobenzyl derivative (NBOCMA), and styrene monomers, namely poly(S‐r‐GMA‐r‐NBOCMA). The photolabile o‐nitrobenzyl moiety in the thin films released primary amine group upon UV light illumination. The amount of the light energy imparted to the thin film was varied to control the concentration of the generated amine, thus modulating effective surface chemical composition. This change in the composition shifted the surface wettability toward being more hydrophilic. Utilizing the reactivity of released primary amine, the arrays of green fluorophore were fabricated on micrometer‐scale patterns, well‐defined by the typical photolithographic technique. Our studies highlight the potential of the photodeprotection chemistry as a simple but effective route to control the placement of a specific functionality in thin films, which can be further extended to achieve surface active materials with highly complex functionalities.
Green supply chain management in the automotive industry: A study in Brazil
Authors: Lopes Lineia Jollembeck , Pires Silvio R. I.
Published: June 2020

The auto industry is experiencing a time of restlessness, which stems from several elements that currently threaten the stability and status quo of its supply chains. Among these elements are autonomous driving, connectivity, electrification, and trip sharing that has led to new forms of mobility. In this context, this article presents the results of a research, which had three main objectives: (1) to identify the green supply chain management (GSCM) practices most commonly implemented in all industrial sectors worldwide, (2) to evaluate how these practices are considered by professionals in the automotive industry and by researchers working on the subject in Brazil, and (3) to identify and evaluate which practices are most widely adopted within these companies and/or supply chains and influence their environmental performance. The research method combined a qualitative research step (Delphi) with another quantitative one (survey). The results show that most of the reality of the automotive industry in Brazil is in line with studies on GSCM practices worldwide, but some specific findings have also been identified and discussed.
Application of Rain classroom in formal classroom learning in the teaching of offshore engineering environment and loads
Authors: Zhu Hongjun
Published: June 2020

A blending approach of mobile learning and formal classroom learning is proposed and applied in the teaching of offshore engineering environment and loads. The Rain classroom developed by Tsinghua University was incorporated into the teacher‐guided classes. A smoother communication, as well as real‐time interaction between teachers and students, was achieved with the aid of mobile learning technology. The participants were juniors from Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering, a subject ranking on the list of world first‐class disciplines. The same examination was issued to both groups after the learning of offshore engineering environment and loads with and without the application of Rain classroom. Furthermore, a survey was conducted on the former group. According to the results, students experienced that the blending learning has a positive attitude toward the reformation of learning mode, and they obtained higher scores in the final examination than the control group. Further extensive studies are required to evaluate the effects of learning intensity, time duration, frequency of teacher–student interaction, and participants from different educational backgrounds.
Agreement over content of case formulation in offender personality disorder pathway prison services
Authors: Jeffcote Nikki , Freestone Mark , Heathcote Charlotte , Shaw Jake , Kennedy Priscilla
Published: June 2020

Background

Case formulation plays a key role in effective management of offenders' needs, particularly on the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP).

Aims

To validate a method of investigating formulations with offenders still in prison but in the OPD Pathway and investigate agreement over the content of formulations between each of the main dyadic pairs: offender‐clinician, offender‐key worker and clinician‐key worker.

Methods

We developed a checklist of the main features of a formulation from a review of initial formulations in the files of prisoners in two prisons which operate within the OPD Pathway system. We then recruited 30 violent offenders in each OPD wing of two prisons, and asked each of them, their clinically qualified worker (usually a psychologist) and the criminal justice system key worker to complete a formulation summary according to a card‐sort process based on this checklist. We calculated the level of agreement between pairs of raters (e.g. offender and key worker) about the importance of aspects of each domain to the case using intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results

The rating tool showed good internal validity. Analysis of inter‐rater ratings showed agreement among teams on aspects relating to prisoners' observable actions, experiences and external support domains, but little agreement on cognitions, feelings, risky situations or staff/self‐support, mainly affecting the prisoner‐key worker dyad. There were, however, significant differences in agreement rates between the two sites.

Conclusions

Agreement within teams about formulations is strong where content relates to overt behaviours and points of fact, but weaker on risk, cognitions and support. The appropriateness of this approach to formulation across cultural groups may need further evaluation as the main measured difference between the prisons was in distribution of ethnic and cultural groups.
Obtaining C2 and C3 Products from Methane Using Pd/C as Anode in a Solid Fuel Cell‐type Electrolyte Reactor
Authors: Ramos Andrezza S. , Santos Monique Carolina L. , Godoi Camila M. , Oliveira Neto Almir , Fernando B. De Souza Rodrigo
Published: June 2020

Methane was converted into C2 and C3 products under mild conditions using a single stage solid electrolyte reactor, using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell as a SER‐FC and Pd/C as an electrocatalyst prepared by the reduction method of sodium borohydride. This electrocatalyst has a cubic pattern of palladium centered on the face and an average size of nanoparticles close to 6.4 nm, according to the literature. Differential mass spectrometry reveals the chemical profile of species obtained from the oxidation of methane with ionic currents (Ii) at m/z=16, 28, 30, 32, 44, 46 and 60. In many cases, Ii can be assigned to more than one species; therefore, complementary ATR‐FTIR experiments were performed. The ATR‐FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of C2 and C3 compounds such as ethane, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and propane. Considering the low amount of water in the reaction medium, these results may be associated with the use of Pd/C electrocatalysts responsible for the activation of the water molecule.