bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective case-control study
Authors: Yaping Xie , Chunhong Liu , Huifen Zhao , Fengfeng Huang , Huibin Huang , Meijing Zhao
Published: April 2021

Objectives

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased year-after-year globally, especially in low-income and developing countries. This study aims to identify the prevalence of GDM, the risk factors, and the effect on pregnancy outcome based on a retrospective case-control study.

Methods

Two hundred ninety-three parturients with GDM who delivered in a general hospital in Fujian province and met the inclusion criteria were selected as the case group from January to June 2018. Two hundred ninety-three parturients without GDM who delivered in the same period served as the control group. Risk factors for GDM were determined by univariate and binary logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of pregnancy outcomes was determined by a chi-square test.

Results

The prevalence of GDM was 15.69%. The percentages of 1, 2, and 3 abnormal OGTT values were 55.6%, 30.7%, and 13.7%, respectively. Gravidas with GDM have a higher risk of macrosomia, polyhydramnios, pre-eclampsia, placenta previa, and gestational hypertension than gravidas without GDM (p < 0.05). Analysis of the factors influencing the development of GDM was advanced age, married, parents with a history of diabetes, gestational hypertension, and number of abortions.

Conclusions

The prevalence of GDM was 15.69% in this geographic region, and > 50% of the patients had one abnormal OGTT value. The risk factors for GDM were advanced age, parents with diabetes, gestational hypertension, and the number of abortions. Pregnancy outcomes of the two groups of patients were different with respect to macrosomia, polyhydramnios, pre-eclampsia, placenta previa, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Low effective population size and high spatial genetic structure of black poplar populations from the Oder valley in Poland
Authors: Wójkiewicz Błażej , Lewandowski Andrzewj , Żukowska Weronika B. , Litkowiec Monika , Wachowiak Witold
Published: April 2021

Context

Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is a keystone species of European riparian ecosystems that has been negatively impacted by riverside urbanization for centuries. Consequently, it has become an endangered tree species in many European countries. The establishment of a suitable rescue plan of the remaining black poplar forest stands requires a preliminary knowledge about the distribution of genetic variation among species populations. However, for some parts of the P. nigra distribution in Europe, the genetic resources and demographic history remain poorly recognized.

Aims

Here, we present the first study on identifying and characterizing the genetic resources of black poplar from the Oder valley in Poland. This study (1) assessed the genetic variability and effective population size of populations and (2) examined whether gene flow is limited by distance or there is a single migrant pool along the studied river system.

Methods

A total of 582 poplar trees derived from nine black poplar populations were investigated with nuclear microsatellite markers.

Results

(1) The allelic richness and heterozygosity level were high and comparable between populations. (2) The genetic structure of the studied poplar stands was not homogenous. (3) The signatures of past bottlenecks were detected.

Conclusion

Our study (1) provides evidence for genetic substructuring of natural black poplar populations from the studied river catchment, which is not a frequent phenomenon reported for this species in Europe, and (2) indicates which poplar stands may serve as new genetic conservation units (GCUs) of this species in Europe.

Key message

The genetic resources of black poplar in the Oder River valley are still substantial compared to those reported for rivers in Western Europe. On the other hand, clear signals of isolation by distance and genetic erosion reflected in small effective population sizes and high spatial genetic structure of the analyzed populations were detected. Based on these findings, we recommend the in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for conserving and restoring the genetic resources of black poplar populations in this strongly transformed by human river valley ecosystem.
Farmers’ Demand for Informal Risk Management Strategy and Weather Index Insurance: Evidence from China
Authors: Tang Yingmei , Cai Huifang , Liu Rongmao
Published: April 2021

In the absence of formal risk management strategies, agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change. In this study, field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang (Northeast China) and Jiangsu (East China) Provinces. Probit and logistic models and independent sample T-test were used to explore farmers’ demand for weather index insurance, in contrast to informal risk management strategies, and the main factors that affect demand. The results show that the farmers prefer weather index insurance to informal risk management strategies, and farmers’ characteristics have significant impacts on their adoption of risk management strategies. The variables non-agricultural labor ratio, farmers’ risk perception, education, and agricultural insurance purchase experience significantly affect farmers’ weather index insurance demand. The regression results show that the farmers’ weather index insurance demand and the influencing factors in the two provinces are different. Farmers in Heilongjiang Province have a higher participation rate than those in Jiangsu Province. The government should conduct more weather index insurance pilot programs to help farmers understand the mechanism, and insurance companies should provide more types of weather index insurance to meet farmers’ diversified needs.
Perception of social media behaviour among medical students, residents and medical specialists
Authors: Pronk Sebastiaan A. , Gorter Simone L. , Van Luijk Scheltus J. , Barnhoorn Pieter C. , Binkhorst Beer , Van Mook Walther N. K. A. van Mook
Published: April 2021

Introduction Behaviour is visible in real-life events, but also on social media. While some national medical organizations have published social media guidelines, the number of studies on professional social media use in medical education is limited. This study aims to explore social media use among medical students, residents and medical specialists.

Methods An anonymous, online survey was sent to 3844 medical students at two Dutch medical schools, 828 residents and 426 medical specialists. Quantitative, descriptive data analysis regarding demographic data, yes/no questions and Likert scale questions were performed using SPSS. Qualitative data analysis was performed iteratively, independently by two researchers applying the principles of constant comparison, open and axial coding until consensus was reached.

Results Overall response rate was 24.8%. Facebook was most popular among medical students and residents; LinkedIn was most popular among medical specialists. Personal pictures and/or information about themselves on social media that were perceived as unprofessional were reported by 31.3% of students, 19.7% of residents and 4.1% of medical specialists. Information and pictures related to alcohol abuse, partying, clinical work or of a sexually suggestive character were considered inappropriate. Addressing colleagues about their unprofessional posts was perceived to be mainly dependent on the nature and hierarchy of the interprofessional relation.

Discussion There is a widespread perception that the presence of unprofessional information on social media among the participants and their colleagues is a common occurrence.
Pregnancy-triggered atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS): a Global aHUS Registry analysis
Authors: Fakhouri Fadi , Scully Marie , Ardissino Gianluigi , Al-Dakkak Imad , Miller Benjamin , Rondeau Eric
Published: April 2021

Background

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease in which uncontrolled terminal complement activation leads to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Pregnancy can trigger aHUS and, without complement inhibition, many women with pregnancy-triggered aHUS (p-aHUS) progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with a high risk of morbidity. Owing to relatively small patient numbers, published characterizations of p-aHUS have been limited, thus the Global aHUS Registry (NCT01522183, April 2012) provides a unique opportunity to analyze data from a large single cohort of women with p-aHUS.

Methods

The demographics and clinical characteristics of women with p-aHUS (n = 51) were compared with those of women of childbearing age with aHUS and no identified trigger (non-p-aHUS, n = 397). Outcome evaluations, including renal survival according to time to ESRD, were compared for patients with and without eculizumab treatment (a complement C5 inhibitor) in both aHUS groups.

Results

Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were broadly similar in both groups. The proportion of women with p-aHUS and non-p-aHUS with pathogenic variant(s) in complement genes and/or anti-complement factor H antibodies was similar (45% and 43%, respectively), as was the proportion with a family history of aHUS (12% and 13%, respectively). Eculizumab treatment led to significantly improved renal outcomes in women with aHUS, regardless of whether aHUS was triggered by pregnancy or not: adjusted hazard ratio for time to ESRD was 0.06 (p = 0.006) in the p-aHUS group and 0.20 (p < 0.0001) in the non-p-aHUS group.

Conclusion

Findings from this study support the characterization of p-aHUS as a complement-mediated TMA.

Graphic abstract
Bi-Atom Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Zhang Bin-Wei
Published: April 2021

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to directly produce NH3 from N2 and H2O under ambient conditions has attracted significant attention due to its ecofriendliness. Nevertheless, the electrochemical NRR presents several practical challenges, including sluggish reaction and low selectivity. Here, bi-atom catalysts have been proposed to achieve excellent activity and high selectivity toward the electrochemical NRR by Ma and his co-workers. It could accelerate the kinetics of N2-to-NH3 electrochemical conversion and possess better electrochemical NRR selectivity. This work sheds light on the introduction of bi-atom catalysts to enhance the performance of the electrochemical NRR.
Design study of gate-all-around vertically stacked nanosheet FETs for sub-7nm nodes
Authors: Mohapatra E. , Dash T. P. , Jena J. , Das S. , Maiti C. K.
Published: April 2021

Vertically stacked horizontal nanosheet gate-all-around transistors seem to be one of the viable solutions toward scaling down below sub-7nm technology nodes. In this work, we compare electrical performance, including variability studies of several horizontal nanosheet transistors toward transistor structure optimization. We explore the impacts of nanosheet width and thickness on the electrical performance and outline important design guidelines necessary for vertically stacked nanosheet FETs. An increase in the complexity of the stacked nanosheet structures can lead to significant device variability. Using numerical simulation, we study the characteristics fluctuations induced by the random discrete dopants (RDD) and metal grain granularity (MGG) in nanosheet gate-all-around (GAA) transistors. We use 3-D quantum-mechanically corrected transport models in the simulation. It is observed that the σVTH due to MGG variability is 12% higher than RDD variability while the RDD variability strongly influences the ION. The statistical simulation results predict that the presence of combined variability due to RDD and MGG strongly influences the threshold voltage variation (σVTH) in nanoscale devices. This approach may be applied to the different types of variability, the geometry of the device, including the vertical and lateral dimensions of the transistor, and biasing conditions.
Computational Assessment of Protein–Protein Binding Affinity by Reversely Engineering the Energetics in Protein Complexes
Authors: Wang Bo , Su Zhaoqian , Wu Yinghao
Published: April 2021

The cellular functions of proteins are maintained by forming diverse complexes. The stability of these complexes is quantified by the measurement of binding affinity, and mutations that alter the binding affinity can cause various diseases such as cancer and diabetes. As a result, accurate estimation of the binding stability and the effects of mutations on changes of binding affinity is a crucial step to understanding the biological functions of proteins and their dysfunctional consequences. It has been hypothesized that the stability of a protein complex is dependent not only on the residues at its binding interface by pairwise interactions but also on all other remaining residues that do not appear at the binding interface. Here, we computationally reconstruct the binding affinity by decomposing it into the contributions of interfacial residues and other non-interfacial residues in a protein complex. We further assume that the contributions of both interfacial and non-interfacial residues to the binding affinity depend on their local structural environments such as solvent-accessible surfaces and secondary structural types. The weights of all corresponding parameters are optimized by Monte-Carlo simulations. After cross-validation against a large-scale dataset, we show that the model not only shows a strong correlation between the absolute values of the experimental and calculated binding affinities, but can also be an effective approach to predict the relative changes of binding affinity from mutations. Moreover, we have found that the optimized weights of many parameters can capture the first-principle chemical and physical features of molecular recognition, therefore reversely engineering the energetics of protein complexes. These results suggest that our method can serve as a useful addition to current computational approaches for predicting binding affinity and understanding the molecular mechanism of protein–protein interactions.
Kant's Critique of Taste
Authors: Makkai Katalin
Published: April 2021

Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment is widely recognized as a founding document of modern aesthetics, but its legacy has fallen into disrepute. In this book Katalin Makkai calls for the rediscovery of Kant's aesthetics, showing that its centerpiece, his investigation of the judgment of taste, paints a compelling portrait of our relationships with works of art that we love. At its heart is a scene of aesthetic encounter in which one feels oneself to be 'animated' - brought to life - by an object, finding there to be something in one's experience of it, beyond what there is to know about it, that one wants to explore and articulate. Tracing Kant's insight that to judge is to reveal one's sense of what bears judging, and hence of what matters, Makkai situates Kant's aesthetics within his larger study, begun in the first Critique, of judgment's fundamental role in the life of the mind.
Catholics during the English Revolution, 1642–1660
Authors: Gregory Eilish
Published: April 2021

Examines the experiences of Catholics during the period when England was ruled by Puritan Protestants.
Informed consent: Old and new challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rothwell Erin , Brassil Donna , Barton-Baxter Marietta , Brownley Kimberly A. , Dickert Neal W. , Ford Daniel E. , Kraft Stephanie A. , McCormick Jennifer B. , Wilfond Benjamin S.
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we address how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted informed consent for clinical research through examining experiences within Clinical and Translation Science Award (CTSA) institutions. We begin with a brief overview of informed consent and the challenges that existed prior to COVID-19. Then, we discuss how informed consent processes were modified or changed to address the pandemic, consider what lessons were learned, and present research and policy steps to prepare for future research and public health crises. The experiences and challenges for CTSA institutions offer an important perspective for examining what we have learned about informed consent and determining the next steps for improving the consent process.
Long-term chronic caloric restriction alters miRNA profiles in the brain of ageing mice
Authors: Ozorhan Umit , Tuna Bilge G. , Cicekdal Munevver B. , Kuskucu Aysegul , Bayrak Omer F. , Yilmaz Bayram , Demirel Pinar B. , Cleary Margot P. , Dogan Soner
Published: April 2021

Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to be one of the most effective methods in alleviating the effects of ageing and age-related diseases. Although the protective effects of CR have been reported, the exact molecular mechanism still needs to be clarified. This study aims to determine differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and altered gene pathways due to long-term chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) CR in the brain of mice to understand the preventive roles of miRNAs resulting from long-term CR. Ten weeks old mice were enrolled into three different dietary groups; ad libitum, CCR or ICR, and fed until 82 weeks of age. miRNAs were analysed using GeneChip 4.1 microarray and the target of DE miRNAs was determined using miRNA target databases. Out of a total 3,163 analysed miRNAs, 55 of them were differentially expressed either by different CR protocols or by ageing. Brain samples from the CCR group had increased expression levels of mmu-miR-713 while decreasing expression levels of mmu-miR-184-3p and mmu-miR-351-5p compared to the other dietary groups. Also, current results indicated that CCR showed better preventive effects than that of ICR. Thus, CCR may perform its protective effects by modulating these specific miRNAs since they are shown to play roles in neurogenesis, chromatin and histone regulation. In conclusion, these three miRNAs could be potential targets for neurodegenerative and ageing-related diseases and may play important roles in the protective effects of CR in the brain.
Trajectories of psychological distress among individuals exposed to the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster
Authors: Ko Tomohiro M. , Alper Howard E. , Brackbill Robert H. , Jacobson Melanie H.
Published: April 2021

Background

Individuals present in lower Manhattan during the 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) disaster suffered from significant physical and psychological trauma. Studies of longitudinal psychological distress among those exposed to trauma have been limited to relatively short durations of follow-up among smaller samples.

Methods

The current study longitudinally assessed heterogeneity in trajectories of psychological distress among WTC Health Registry enrollees – a prospective cohort health study of responders, students, employees, passersby, and residents in the affected area (N = 30 839) – throughout a 15-year period following the WTC disaster. Rescue/recovery status and exposure to traumatic events of 9/11, as well as sociodemographic factors and health status, were assessed as risk factors for trajectories of psychological distress.

Results

Five psychological distress trajectory groups were found: none-stable, low-stable, moderate-increasing, moderate-decreasing, and high-stable. Of the study sample, 78.2% were classified as belonging to the none-stable or low-stable groups. Female sex, being younger at the time of 9/11, lower education and income were associated with a higher probability of being in a greater distress trajectory group relative to the none-stable group. Greater exposure to traumatic events of 9/11 was associated with a higher probability of a greater distress trajectory, and community members (passerby, residents, and employees) were more likely to be in greater distress trajectory groups – especially in the moderate-increasing [odds ratios (OR) 2.31 (1.97–2.72)] and high-stable groups [OR 2.37 (1.81–3.09)] – compared to the none-stable group.

Conclusions

The current study illustrated the heterogeneity in psychological distress trajectories following the 9/11 WTC disaster, and identified potential avenues for intervention in future disasters.
Global Catholicism in Seventeenth-Century Prague
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna
Published: April 2021

The histories of early modern religion and trade have both benefited from the global turn in recent years. This article brings the two fields together through the study of religious objects in Prague in the seventeenth century and shows ways in which religion and religious practice were entangled with new commercial and artistic ventures that crossed regional and international borders. Among the possessions of seventeenth-century Prague burghers were religious objects that had come from exotic lands, such as a “coconut” rosary and a ruby and diamond “pelican in her piety” jewel. These objects were made in multiple locations and traded to satisfy a new demand for items that could aid and display devotion as well as act as markers of wealth and confessional identity. Through this study of religious objects, Central Europe is revealed to be an important locale to the global history of the early modern period.
A Pilot Study to Assess Urban, Fire-Based Paramedic Accuracy in Identification of Anatomical Landmarks Necessary for Cricothyrotomy and Needle Chest Decompression Using Live Patient Models
Authors: Fairley Romeo R. , Ahmed Sophia , Schauer Steven G. , Wampler David A. , Tanaka Kaori , Everitt Bryan , Sparkman Mark K. , Casanova Ramon , Sifuentes Justin , Winckler Christopher J.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Cricothyrotomy and chest needle decompression (NDC) have a high failure and complication rate. This article sought to determine whether paramedics can correctly identify the anatomical landmarks for cricothyrotomy and chest NDC.

Methods:

A prospective study using human models was performed. Paramedics were partnered and requested to identify the location for cricothyrotomy and chest NDC (both mid-clavicular and anterior axillary sites) on each other. A board-certified or board-eligible emergency medicine physician timed the process and confirmed location accuracy. All data were collected de-identified. Descriptive analysis was performed on continuous data; chi-square was used for categorical data.

Results:

A total of 69 participants were recruited, with one excluded for incomplete data. The paramedics had a range of six to 38 (median 14) years of experience. There were 28 medical training officers (MTOs) and 41 field paramedics. Cricothyroidotomy location was correctly identified in 56 of 68 participants with a time to identification range of 2.0 to 38.2 (median 8.6) seconds. Chest NDC (mid-clavicular) location was correctly identified in 54 of 68 participants with a time to identification range of 3.4 to 25.0 (median 9.5) seconds. Chest NDC (anterior axillary) location was correctly identified in 43 of 68 participants with a time to identification range of 1.9 to 37.9 (median 9.6) seconds. Chi-square (2-tail) showed no difference between MTO and field paramedic in cricothyroidotomy site (P = .62), mid-clavicular chest NDC site (P = .21), or anterior axillary chest NDC site (P = .11). There was no difference in time to identification for any procedure between MTO and field paramedic.

Conclusion:

Both MTOs and field paramedics were quick in identifying correct placement of cricothyroidotomy and chest NDC location sites. While time to identification was clinically acceptable, there was also a significant proportion that did not identify the correct landmarks.
Atypical Reinforcement Learning in Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Massarwe Atheer Odah , Nissan Noyli , Gabay Yafit
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis, abnormalities in corticostriatal pathways could account for the language-related deficits observed in developmental dyslexia. The same neural network has also been implicated in the ability to learn contingencies based on trial and error (i.e., reinforcement learning [RL]). On this basis, the present study tested the assumption that dyslexic individuals would be impaired in RL compared with neurotypicals in two different tasks.

Methods:

In a probabilistic selection task, participants were required to learn reinforcement contingencies based on probabilistic feedback. In an implicit transitive inference task, participants were also required to base their decisions on reinforcement histories, but feedback was deterministic and stimulus pairs were partially overlapping, such that participants were required to learn hierarchical relations.

Results:

Across tasks, results revealed that although the ability to learn from positive/negative feedback did not differ between the two groups, the learning of reinforcement contingencies was poorer in the dyslexia group compared with the neurotypicals group. Furthermore, in novel test pairs where previously learned information was presented in new combinations, dyslexic individuals performed similarly to neurotypicals.

Conclusions:

Taken together, these results suggest that learning of reinforcement contingencies occurs less robustly in individuals with developmental dyslexia. Inferences for the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of developmental dyslexia are discussed.
Multivariate analysis of geographically diverse rice germplasm for genetic improvement of yield, dormancy and shattering-related traits
Authors: Deepika K. , Lavuri Krishna , Rathod Santosha , Yeshala Chandra Mohan , Jukanti Aravind Kumar , Narender Reddy S. , LV Subba Rao , Badri Jyothi
Published: April 2021

A diverse set of 107 rice genotypes was evaluated for yield, shattering and dormancy traits. Analysis of variance revealed sizable variation while skewness and kurtosis values indicated near-normal distribution for most of the traits, thus quantitative nature controlled by many genes. A highly significant deviation from a normal distribution for dormancy and shattering % indicated their qualitative nature of inheritance. Four promising genotypes ‘IRGC1723’ (early with 65 days to flowering), ‘IRGC 11108’ and ‘RNR 15459’ (high grain number – 358 and low average shattering – <5%), ‘RNR 11718’ (high single plant yield – 56.73 g, low average shattering – <5% and dormancy period – 21 days) are identified. A significant positive correlation between shattering and dormancy confirms inter-relationship among domestication-related characteristics. The principal component analysis revealed the contribution of four PCs to maximum variability and hierarchical clustering grouped the genotypes into 18 divergent clusters. Five cultivars (Karimnagar Samba, Sheetal, PR 121, Pranahitha and Jagitial Samba) with a combination of low shattering ability (3.35–5.7%) and considerable dormancy period (13–20 days) falling in the same cluster can be used as donors for the improvement of rice genotypes with low shattering ability and incorporating a considerable period of dormancy so as to avoid pre-harvest sprouting due to delayed harvesting. Further, they can be crossed with ‘Pratyumna’ having less than 1 week dormancy period, a genotype of the cluster XVII with which they have a maximum genetic divergence of 51.4 and may serve as parents in the development of mapping populations for the identification of QTLs/genes for shattering and dormancy traits.
Identifying the Institutional Micro-Foundations of Gender Policy Change: A Case Study of Police Governance and Violence against Women and Girls
Authors: Gains Francesca , Lowndes Vivien
Published: April 2021

A case study of reform in police governance provides an opportunity to examine how the micro-foundations of institutional change impact gender policy. The literature has established an association between institutional transformation and opportunities for gender policy change. It is clear that new actors and new rules are significant, but less is known about their interaction. Elinor Ostrom's concept of “rules-in-use” captures rules and their enactment in combination. Interviews with a new cadre of directly elected police and crime commissioners in England revealed the ways in which they worked with new institutional rules to prioritize violence against women and girls. Seven sets of rules are identified, arranged along a formal-informal continuum. Most were not specifically “about gender” but, when enacted by motivated, knowledgeable and reflexive actors, they facilitated gender policy change. A focus on micro-foundations enables the identification of institutional building blocks for gender policy change, highlighting the co-constitutive relationship between actors and rules.
Den Alltag meistern mit ADHS
Authors: Döpfner Manfred , Eichelberger Ilka , Dose Christina , Hanisch Charlotte , Schürmann Stephanie , Wolff Metternich-Kaizman Tanja
Published: April 2021

Hyperaktive, unaufmerksame und impulsive, aber auch oppositionelle und regel­verletzende Verhaltensweisen können für die betroffenen Kinder und ihre Familien, aber auch für Lehrkräfte und den schulischen Alltag eine starke Belastung darstel-len. Das vorliegende Selbsthilfe-Arbeitsbuch unterstützt Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen beim Umgang mit Verhaltensprob-lemen im schulischen Alltag und stellt konkret umsetzbare Lösungen vor. Lehrkräfte von Schulkindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren erhalten neben Informationen zum Störungsbild der ADHS zahlrei-che konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen. Besprochen werden u. a. • die konkrete Definition der individuellen Problemverhaltensweisen, • die Gestaltung schulischer Rahmenbedingungen, • die Förderung einer positiven Beziehung zwischen Lehrkraft und Schülerin/Schüler, • konstruktive Elternarbeit, • der Umgang mit Regeln auf Klassen- und individueller Ebene, • das wirkungsvolle Kommunizieren von Aufforderungen, • der Einsatz positiver und negativer Konsequenzen • sowie die Etablierung von Belohnungsplänen. Anschauliche Beispiele, Arbeitsblätter und Protokolle helfen dabei, die Empfehlungen auf eigene Problemsituationen zu übertragen und im schulischen Alltag umzusetzen. In den Text integrierte Fragen und Platz für eigene Notizen regen zu-sätzlich zur Entwicklung eigener Ideen und Lösungsmöglichkeiten an. Das Arbeitsbuch kann als reine Selbsthilfe-Maßnahme von Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen eigenständig bearbeitet oder in Ergänzung zu professionellen Maßnahmen in der Psychotherapie, Ergotherapie oder Beratung eingesetzt werden. Die im Buch abgedruckten Materialien können nach erfolgter Registrierung zusätzlich von der Hogrefe Website heruntergeladen werden.
Global Comparisons of ERA5 and the Operational HRES Tropospheric Delay and Water Vapor Products With GPS and MODIS
Authors: Yu Chen , Li Zhenhong , Blewitt Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) from numerical weather models, such as the latest generation of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) and the ECMWF High RESolution (HRES) models, are important to meteorological studies and to error mitigation of geodetic observations such as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. In this study, we provide global validations of these new weather models with respect to Global Positioning System (GPS, ∼13,000 stations) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS, ∼1 km resolution) using data from January 2016 to December 2018 of every 1 h. The global standard deviations of the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) differences (DSTDs) between weather models and GPS are 1.69 cm for ERA5 and 1.54 cm for HRES. The global PWV DSTDs between weather models and MODIS are 0.34 cm for ERA5 and 0.32 cm for HRES. The two weather models generally perform better in western North America, Europe, and Arctic by having low ZTD DSTDs (<1.3 cm) or PWV DSTDs (<0.3 cm). HRES also has a low ZTD DSTD of less than 1.3 cm in Antarctic, Japan, New Zealand, and Africa and outperforms ERA5 in most regions of the world, despite the fact that 83% of the HRES PWV values are temporally interpolated (from 6 to 1‐h). However, under extreme weather conditions, ERA5 performs better owing to its high temporal resolution (1 h). Our results can be used as a global reference for evaluating uncertainties when utilizing these weather models.
Moho Depth of Northern Baja California, Mexico, From Teleseismic Receiver Functions
Authors: Ramírez E. E. , Bataille Klaus , Vidal‐Villegas J. A. , Stock J. M. , Ramírez‐Hernández J.
Published: April 2021

We estimated Moho depths from data recorded by permanent and temporary broadband seismic stations deployed in northern Baja California, Mexico, using the receiver function technique. This region is composed of two subregions of contrasting geological and topographical characteristics: the Peninsular Ranges of Baja California (PRBC), a batholith with high elevations (up to 2,600 m); and the Mexicali Valley (MV) region, a sedimentary environment close to sea level. Crustal thickness derived from the P‐to‐S converted phases at 29 seismic stations were analyzed in three profiles: Two that cross the two subregions, in ∼W‐E direction, and the third one that runs over the PRBC in a N‐S direction. For the PRBC, Moho depths vary from 35 to 45 km, from 33°N to 32°N; and from 30 to 46 km depth from 32°N to 30.5°N. From a profile that crosses the subregions in the W‐E direction; Moho depths vary from 45 to ∼34 km under western and eastern PRBC, respectively; with an abrupt change of depth under the Main Gulf Escarpment (30°), from ∼32 to 30 km; and depths of 17–20 km under the MV. Moho depths of the profile in an ∼ W‐E direction at ∼31.5°N are from ∼30 to 40 km, under topography that increases from 0 to 2,600 m; and became shallower (16 km depth) as the profile reaches the Gulf of California. These results show that deeper Moho is related to higher elevations with an abrupt change under the Main Gulf Escarpment, except for western PRBC where the Moho depth is not simply reflecting isostatic compensation.
Paris Agreement's Ambiguity About Aerosols Drives Uncertain Health and Climate Outcomes
Authors: Polonik Pascal , Ricke Katharine , Burney Jennifer
Published: April 2021

Anthropogenic aerosols are hazardous to human health but have helped offset warming from greenhouse gases (GHGs), creating a potential regulatory tradeoff. As countries implement their GHG reduction targets under the Paris climate agreement, the co‐emissions of aerosols and their precursors will also change. Since these co‐emissions vary by country and by economic sector, each country will face different tradeoffs between aerosol‐driven health or temperature co‐benefits. We combine simple parameterizations of physical processes and health outcomes to examine three idealized climate policy approaches that are consistent with the Paris Agreement targets, which (i) optimize for local air quality, (ii) reduce global temperature change, or (iii) reduce emissions equally from all domestic economic sectors. We evaluate aerosol impacts on premature mortality and global mean temperature change under these three policy approaches and find that by 2030 the three policies yield differences of over 1 million annual premature deaths and global temperature differences of the same magnitude as those from GHG reductions. We also show that implementing equal reductions between all economic sectors can actually result in less beneficial health and temperature outcomes than either of the other options, especially in less industrialized regions. We therefore conclude that aerosol‐related co‐benefits and aerosol accounting guidelines should be explicitly considered in setting international climate policy.
Coastal Migration due to 21st Century Sea‐Level Rise
Authors: Lincke Daniel , Hinkel Jochen
Published: April 2021

Rising mean and extreme sea‐levels and induced increased coastal flooding are expected to lead to massive coastal migration if coasts are not protected. Using a wide range of sea‐level rise (SLR) scenarios, socioeconomic pathways and discount rate assumptions, 21st century coastal migration is assessed at global scale assuming local cost‐benefit optimal protection decisions for about 12,000 coastal segments with homogeneous coastal and socioeconomic characteristics. Costs considered include investment and maintenance cost for protection, migration cost in the case of no protection, and expected annual damage to assets by extreme sea‐level events that over‐top existing protection. Robust decisions in favor of protection over all scenarios are found for about 3% of the global coastline, covering 78% of global coastal population and 92% of global coastal floodplain assets. For the remaining 97% of global coastline cumulative 21st century land loss ranges from 60,000 to 415,000 km2 and coastal migration ranges from 17 to 72 million people. Big countries with long uninhabited coastlines suffer the biggest land losses. In absolute terms big countries in South and South‐east Asia account for the highest coastal migration, while in relative terms small island nations suffer most. Global cost of 21st century SLR can be lowered by factor two to four if local cost‐benefit decisions also consider, next to protection, coastal migration as an adaptation option.
Teeth of Past and Present Elephants: Microstructure and Composition of Enamel in Fossilized Proboscidean Molars and Implications for Diagenesis
Authors: Białas Nataniel , Prymak Oleg , Singh Ningthoujam Premjit , Paul Debajyoti , Patnaik Rajeev , Epple Matthias
Published: April 2021

Enamel as hardest biological tissue remains unaltered for millions of years and is therefore an excellent archive for studies on paleodiet, paleoecology, paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, biomechanical, and evolutionary studies. However, diagenetic alterations can influence such interpretations and therefore we analyzed the microstructure and composition (elemental and stable isotopic) of fossil and extant proboscidean teeth to study the extent of diagenesis in them. We report for the first time on the enamel microstructure data of the Indian elephantiformes Anancus, Stegodon, Elephas, and Palaeoloxodon besides analyzing Gomphotherium and Deinotherium from new formations. Furthermore, we compare their microstructure with those of the primitive African taxa of Moeritherium and Palaeomastodon. Our results from depth‐related elemental composition and oxygen isotope ratios of enamel phosphate and carbonate indicate no or only negligible modification. There is also a lack of age‐dependency of these minor alterations within the fossils collected from Siwaliks of the Himalayan Foreland Basin. Overall, our study indicates that diagenesis has not played any significant role on the samples studied here and are therefore well suited for chemical and paleontological studies and proxy for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction.
Aerosols and Tides in the Martian Tropics During Southern Hemisphere Spring Equinox From Mars Climate Sounder Data
Authors: Steele L. J. , Kleinböhl A. , Kass D. M. , Zurek R. W.
Published: April 2021

We analyze Mars Climate Sounder temperature and aerosol data in the tropics, and use Fourier analysis at different local times to study atmospheric tides and their relation to the dust and water ice distributions. Our results reveal that Mars year (MY) 29 has large amplitude non‐migrating thermal tides during southern hemisphere spring equinox that are not observed at the same local time in any other year. The nighttime temperatures are the most perturbed compared to other years, with strong temperature inversions at 35–55 km altitude. The nighttime water ice cloud structure is strongly influenced by the eastward‐propagating diurnal Kelvin waves 1 and 2. Increased nighttime radiative cooling from regions of thicker clouds results in stronger downwelling above the clouds, leading to increased adiabatic warming and a strengthening of the temperature inversions. The temperatures and water ice clouds at 3:45 a.m. in MY29 more closely resemble those at 5:00 a.m. in other years, suggesting there was a shift in the phase of the diurnal tide. This phase shift, and the large amplitude non‐migrating thermal tides, appear to be related to early dust activity. Two early dust storms occurred in MY29 around the time there was upwelling over the tropics, associated with the Hadley circulation. This likely enabled the dust to be transported to higher altitudes where it has a larger radiative influence. The early dust activity in MY29 also increased the strength of the westward‐propagating non‐migrating thermal tides.
Bare‐Earth DEM Generation in Urban Areas for Flood Inundation Simulation Using Global Digital Elevation Models
Authors: Liu Yinxue , Bates Paul D. , Neal Jeffery C. , Yamazaki Dai
Published: April 2021

Accurate terrain representation is critical to estimating flood risk in urban areas. However, all current global elevation data sets can be regarded as digital surface models in urban areas as they contain building artifacts that cause artificial blocking of flow pathways. By taking surveyed terrain and LIDAR data as “truth,” the vertical error in three popular global DEMs (SRTM 1″, MERIT DEM, and TDM90) was analyzed in six European cities and an Asian city, with RMSE found to be 2.32–5.98 m. To increase the utility of global DEM data for flood modeling, a Random Forest model was developed to correct building artifacts in the MERIT DEM using factors from widely available public datasets, including satellite night‐time lights, global population density, and OpenStreetMap buildings. The proposed correction reduced the vertical errors of MERIT by 15%–67%, despite not using data samples from the target city in training the model. When training data from the target city was included error reduction improved by between 57 and 76 percentage points. The resulting Urban Corrected MERIT DEM improved simulated inundation depth by 18% over original MERIT in a hydrodynamic model of flooding in the UK city of Carlisle, although it did not outperform TDM90 at this site. We conclude that the proposed method has the potential to generate a bare‐earth global DEM in urban areas with improved terrain representation, although in data scarce regions this requires more complete OpenStreetMap building information. In the future, the method should be applied to TDM90.
Tropical Carbon and Water Observed from Above
Authors: Worden John , Saatchi Sassan , Bloom Anthony
Published: April 2021

Satellite observations of carbon balance and water fluxes are changing the role of tropical forests in local and global climate.
From bedside to bench: regulation of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Ong Samantha Y. Q. , Flyamer Ilya M. , Bickmore Wendy A. , Biddie Simon C.
Published: April 2021

The zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), which causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019), has resulted in a pandemic. This has led to an urgent need to understand the molecular determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection, factors associated with COVID-19 heterogeneity and severity, and therapeutic options for these patients. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe variations in host factor expression as mechanisms underlying the symptoms and severity of COVID-19. We focus on two host factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss genetic variants associated with COVID-19 severity revealed in selected patients and based on genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Furthermore, we highlight important advances in cell and chromatin biology, such as single-cell RNA and chromatin sequencing and chromosomal conformation assays, as methods that may aid in the discovery of viral–host interactions in COVID-19. Understanding how regulation of host factor genes varies in physiological and pathological states might explain the heterogeneity observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, help identify pathways for therapeutic development, and identify patients most likely to progress to severe COVID-19.
Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels link cellular respiration to proliferation through a non-conducting mechanism
Authors: Styles Faye L. , Al-Owais Moza M. , Scragg Jason L. , Chuntharpursat-Bon Eulashini , Hettiarachchi Nishani T. , Lippiat Jonathan D. , Minard Aisling , Bon Robin S. , Porter Karen , Sukumar Piruthivi , Peers Chris , Roberts Lee D.
Published: April 2021

Cellular energy metabolism is fundamental for all biological functions. Cellular proliferation requires extensive metabolic reprogramming and has a high energy demand. The Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel drives cellular proliferation. Kv1.3 channels localise to mitochondria. Using high-resolution respirometry, we show Kv1.3 channels increase oxidative phosphorylation, independently of redox balance, mitochondrial membrane potential or calcium signalling. Kv1.3-induced respiration increased reactive oxygen species production. Reducing reactive oxygen concentrations inhibited Kv1.3-induced proliferation. Selective Kv1.3 mutation identified that channel-induced respiration required an intact voltage sensor and C-terminal ERK1/2 phosphorylation site, but is channel pore independent. We show Kv1.3 channels regulate respiration through a non-conducting mechanism to generate reactive oxygen species which drive proliferation. This study identifies a Kv1.3-mediated mechanism underlying the metabolic regulation of proliferation, which may provide a therapeutic target for diseases characterised by dysfunctional proliferation and cell growth.
Loss of FoxO3a prevents aortic aneurysm formation through maintenance of VSMC homeostasis
Authors: Lu Weiling , Zhou Yu , Zeng Shan , Zhong Lintao , Zhou Shiju , Song Haoyu , Ding Rongming , Zhong Gaojun , Li Qingrui , Hu Yuhua , Wen Zhongyu , Liao Qin , Wang Yalan , Lyu Lianglliang , Zhong Yiming , Hu Gonghua , Liao Yulin , Xie Dongming , Xie Jiahe
Published: April 2021

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching plays a critical role in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). FoxO3a is a key suppressor of VSMC homeostasis. We found that in human and animal AAA tissues, FoxO3a was upregulated, SM22α and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) proteins were downregulated and synthetic phenotypic markers were upregulated, indicating that VSMC phenotypic switching occurred in these diseased tissues. In addition, in cultured VSMCs, significant enhancement of FoxO3a expression was found during angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced VSMC phenotypic switching. In vivo, FoxO3a overexpression in C57BL/6J mice treated with Ang II increased the formation of AAAs, whereas FoxO3a knockdown exerted an inhibitory effect on AAA formation in ApoE−/− mice infused with Ang II. Mechanistically, FoxO3a overexpression significantly inhibited the expression of differentiated smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, activated autophagy, the essential repressor of VSMC homeostasis, and promoted AAA formation. Our study revealed that FoxO3a promotes VSMC phenotypic switching to accelerate AAA formation through the P62/LC3BII autophagy signaling pathway and that therapeutic approaches that decrease FoxO3a expression may prevent AAA formation.