bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethics and exclusion: representations of sovereignty in Australia’s approach to asylum-seekers
Authors: GELBER KATHARINE , MCDONALD MATT
Published: May 2006

From 2001, the Australian government has justified a hard-line approach to asylum-seekers on the basis of the need to preserve its sovereignty. This article critically evaluates this justification, arguing that the conception of sovereignty as the ‘right to exclude’ involves a denial of responsibility to the most vulnerable in global politics. We particularly focus here on the ways in which the Australian government has attempted to create support for this conception of sovereignty and ethical responsibility at the domestic level, through marginalising alternative voices and emphasising the ‘otherness’ of asylum-seekers and refugees. We conclude by suggesting what this might mean for the treatment of asylum-seekers in global politics and for statist approaches to global ethics.
Where are the idealists in interwar International Relations?
Authors: ASHWORTH LUCIAN M.
Published: May 2006

International Relations (IR) textbooks often make reference to an idealist paradigm in interwar IR. This article argues that an idealist paradigm did not exist, and that interwar references to idealism or utopianism are contradictory and have little to do with defining a paradigm. Not only is there no idealist paradigm in IR at this time, but authors from the interwar period that have since been dismissed as idealists rarely share the attributes assigned to idealism or utopianism by later writers. If IR scholars are serious about understanding the history of their discipline then they will have to stop applying misleading and anachronistic terms like idealism.
Euroscepticism and the culture of the discipline of history
Authors: DADDOW OLIVER J.
Published: May 2006

This article explores the uses of history in contemporary Eurosceptic discourse in Britain. It does so in the knowledge that studying an essentially contested concept such as Euroscepticism poses severe methodological problems, and in the first section I situate my article in the emerging scholarly literature on the subject. Having explained why I limit my research to popular Euroscepticism in the tabloid press, in the second section I critically analyse the rhetorical strategies employed by the Sun and the Daily Mail to garner support for their line on Europe, suggesting that the appeal of their discourse resides in its recourse to national history of the school textbook variety. In the third part I use this finding to argue that the discipline of history has been an unwitting accomplice in making Euroscepticism so popular amongst the British public, press and politicians. This has considerable ramifications both for the theoretical study of Euroscepticism and the political efforts to counter its popularity, and I consider all of these in the conclusion.
The postcolonial moment in security studies
Authors: BARKAWI TARAK , LAFFEY MARK
Published: May 2006

In this article, we critique the Eurocentric character of security studies as it has developed since World War II. The taken-for-granted historical geographies that underpin security studies systematically misrepresent the role of the global South in security relations and lead to a distorted view of Europe and the West in world politics. Understanding security relations, past and present, requires acknowledging the mutual constitution of European and non-European worlds and their joint role in making history. The politics of Eurocentric security studies, those of the powerful, prevent adequate understanding of the nature or legitimacy of the armed resistance of the weak. Through analysis of the explanatory and political problems Eurocentrism generates, this article lays the groundwork for the development of a non-Eurocentric security studies.
Putting disarmament back in the frame
Authors: COOPER NEIL
Published: May 2006

This article begins by deconstructing the dominant discourse on arms control and disarmament, and argues that it works to dismiss disarmament as an idea whilst simultaneously coopting really existing disarmament into a perspective that imagines a world long on dangers and short on peaceful strategies to confront them. In contrast, it is argued, not only is the traditional distinction between arms control and disarmament problematic but, in certain respects, the world is experiencing quite a lot of disarmament. Partly however, this is because both disarmament and broader arms limitation activities are taking place as part of an asymmetrical arms limitation system underpinned, in particular, by the US in its role as a ‘disarmament Empire’. Nevertheless, there are a number of factors immanent in the contemporary international system that suggest a more radical form of emancipatory disarmament might be both realisable and indeed necessary.
Common aetiology for diverse language skills in 41/2-year-old twins
Authors: HAYIOU-THOMAS MARIANNA E. , KOVAS YULIA , HARLAAR NICOLE , PLOMIN ROBERT , BISHOP DOROTHY V. M. , DALE PHILIP S.
Published: May 2006

Multivariate genetic analysis was used to examine the genetic and environmental aetiology of the interrelationships of diverse linguistic skills. This study used data from a large sample of 4½-year-old twins who were tested on measures assessing articulation, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and verbal memory. Phenotypic analysis suggested two latent factors: articulation (2 measures) and general language (the remaining 7), and a genetic model incorporating these factors provided a good fit to the data. Almost all genetic and shared environmental influences on the 9 measures acted through the two latent factors. There was also substantial aetiological overlap between the two latent factors, with a genetic correlation of 0·64 and shared environment correlation of 1·00. We conclude that to a large extent, the same genetic and environmental factors underlie the development of individual differences in a wide range of linguistic skills.
Young children's expectation of competence in word learning
Authors: DIESENDRUCK GIL , SHEMER GINNAT
Published: May 2006

The study investigates a social–pragmatic expectation that may motivate children to search their environment when asked for the referent of a novel label. In one experimental phase, the experimenter presented 40 two-year-olds a bucket containing a novel object and another visible object – either familiar or novel. The experimenter either asked children for the referent of a novel label, or a non-specific question. In a second experimental phase, all children saw a bucket containing a novel object, and two visible objects – one familiar and one novel. We found that, in both phases, children tended to bypass the visible novel object, preferring instead to search inside the bucket for the referent of a novel label. These findings are consistent with an expectation – dubbed the EXPECTATION OF COMPETENCE – that if an adult asks a child for the referent of a name, it is because the adult likely believes that the child knows that name, and thus the child can expect to be capable of finding its referent.
Learning to use demonstratives in conversation: what do language specific strategies in Turkish reveal?
Authors: KÜNTAY AYLİN C. , ÖZYÜREK ASLI
Published: May 2006

Pragmatic development requires the ability to use linguistic forms, along with non-verbal cues, to focus an interlocutor's attention on a referent during conversation. We investigate the development of this ability by examining how the use of demonstratives is learned in Turkish, where a three-way demonstrative system (bu, şu, o) obligatorily encodes both distance contrasts (i.e. proximal and distal) and absence or presence of the addressee's visual attention on the referent. A comparison of the demonstrative use by Turkish children (6 four- and 6 six-year-olds) and 6 adults during conversation shows that adultlike use of attention directing demonstrative, şu, is not mastered even at the age of six, while the distance contrasts are learned earlier. This language specific development reveals that designing referential forms in consideration of recipient's attentional status during conversation is a pragmatic feat that takes more than six years to develop.
Direct object predictability: effects on young children's imitation of sentences
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA , PRASADA SANDEEP , SCARPA JODI
Published: May 2006

We hypothesize that the conceptual relation between a verb and its direct object can make a sentence easier (‘the cat is eating some food’) or harder (‘the cat is eating a sock’) to parse and understand. If children's limited performance systems contribute to the ungrammatical brevity of their speech, they should perform better on sentences that require fewer processing resources: children should imitate the constituents of sentences with highly predictable direct objects at a higher rate than those from sentences with less predictable objects. In Experiment 1, 24 two-year-olds performed an elicited imitation task and confirmed that prediction for all three major constituents (subject, verb, direct object). In Experiment 2, 23 two-year-olds performed both an elicited imitation task and a sticker placement task (in which they placed a sticker on the pictured subject of the sentence after hearing and imitating the sentence). Children imitated verbs more often from predictable than unpredictable sentences, but not subjects or objects. Children's inclusion of constituents is affected by the conceptual relations among those constituents as well as by task characteristics.
Getting to the root: young writers' sensitivity to the role of root morphemes in the spelling of inflected and derived words
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , BRYANT PETER
Published: May 2006

The English orthography is morphophonemic: spellings encode both morphemes and phonemes. Questions of the starting point and extent of young children's understanding of the link between morphemes and spelling are important for theories of spelling development. We conducted two experiments to address these issues. In Experiment 1, 65 six- to eight-year-old English-speaking children spelled just the first sections of inflected, derived and control words. Their spelling of these first segments was better in inflected and derived words than in control words. The findings were replicated in Experiment 2 with 78 six- to eight-year-old children spelling a greater number of items. These two studies converge on the conclusion that, in specific testing situations, six- to eight-year-old children appreciate the role of root morphemes in the spelling of both inflected and derived words. These results are discussed in relation to current models of spelling development.
CD9 protein appears on growing mouse oocytes at the time when they develop the ability to fuse with spermatozoa
Authors: Komorowski Sebastian , Baranowska Barbara , Maleszewski Marek
Published: May 2006

CD9 is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily proteins and is the only protein on the mouse oocyte which is known to be indispensable in sperm–egg fusion. Here, using indirect immunofluorescence we show that CD9 appears on the oolemma during the early stages of the growth of the oocyte, when it measures 13–22 μm in diameter. When the oocyte reaches a diameter of 17–22 μm, the density of CD9 in its oolemma is similar to the density of this protein in the cell membrane of the fully grown secondary oocyte. The appearance of CD9 in growing oocytes correlates with the previously reported time of the acquisition of fusibility between the spermatozoon and the egg. Accordingly we propose that during oogenesis the development of the ability of the oolemma to fuse with sperm may be regulated by synthesis of CD9 by the oocyte.
Developmental capacity of Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) vitrified oocytes following in vitro maturation, and parthenogenetic activation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Fujihira Takuma , Kobayashi Mariko , Hochi Shinichi , Hirabayashi Masumi , Ishikawa Hajime , Ohsumi Seiji , Fukui Yutaka
Published: May 2006

The present study investigated the effects of the sexual maturity of oocyte donors on in vitro maturation (IVM) and the parthenogenetic developmental capacity of fresh minke whale oocytes. The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) pretreatment and two types of cryoprotectant solutions (ethylene glycol (EG) or ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide (EG + DMSO)) on the in vitro maturation of vitrified immature whale oocytes were compared, and the developmental capacity of vitrified immature whale oocytes following IVM and intracytoplasmic sperm injection examined (ICSI). The maturation rate did not differ significantly with sexual maturity (adult, 60.9%; prepubertal, 53.1%), but the parthenogenetic activation rate of oocytes from adult donors (76.7%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of oocytes from prepubertal donors (46.4%). The maturation rates after vitrification and warming were not significantly different between the EG (22.2%) and EG + DMSO groups (30.2%), or between the CB-treated (30.4%) and non-CB-treated groups (27.3%). These results indicate that parthenogenetic activation of in vitro matured oocytes from adult minke whales was superior to that from prepubertal whales, but that the developmental capacity of the whale oocytes after parthenogenetic activation or ICSI was still low. The present study also showed that CB treatment before vitrification and two kinds of cryoprotectants did not improve the IVM rate following the vitrification of immature whale oocytes.
The localization of LAP2β during pronuclear formation in bovine oocytes after fertilization or activation
Authors: Isaji Mamiko , Iwata Hisataka , Harayama Hiroshi , Miyake Masashi
Published: May 2006

We have shown that the assembly of lamin-associated polypeptide (LAP) 2β was detected surrounding the chromatin mass around the time of extrusion of the second polar body (PB) in some fertilized oocytes, but not in most activated oocytes, by using A23187 and cycloheximide (CaA + CH). Here, we immunohistologically analysed the correlation between LAP2β assembly and chromatin condensation in fertilized and activated oocytes during the second meiosis. In bovine cumulus cells, the onset of LAP2β assembly was observed around anaphase chromosomes with strongly phosphorylated histone H3. No LAP2β assembled around the chromosomes in the first and second polar bodies and the alternative oocyte chromatin (oCh) if histone H3 was phosphorylated. Only histone H3 of oCh was completely dephosphorylated during the telophase II/G1 transition (Tel II/G1), and then LAP2β assembled around only the oCh without phosphorylated histone H3. In the oocytes activated by CaA + CH, LAP2β did not assemble around the condensed oCh during the Tel II/G1 transition, although their histone H3 dephosphorylation occurred rather rapidly compared with that of the fertilized oocytes. The patterns of histone H3 dephosphorylation and LAP2β assembly in oocytes activated by CaA alone showed greater similarity to those in fertilized oocytes than to those in oocytes activated by CaA + CH. These results show that LAP2β assembles around only oCh after complete dephosphorylation of histone H3 after fertilization and activation using CaA alone, and that the timing of histone H3 dephosphorylation and LAP2β assembly in these oocytes is different from that of somatic cells. The results also indicate that CH treatment inhibits LAP2β assembly around oCh but not histone H3 dephosphorylation.
Requirement for a localized, IP3R-generated Ca2+transient during the furrow positioning process in zebrafish zygotes
Authors: Lee Karen W. , Webb Sarah E. , Miller Andrew L.
Published: May 2006

We report that the first localized Ca2+transient visualized in the blastodisc cortex of post-mitotic zebrafish zygotes has unique features. We confirm that this initial ‘furrow positioning’ Ca2+transient precedes the physical appearance of the first cleavage furrow at the blastodisc surface and that it has unique dynamics, which distinguish it from the subsequent furrow propagation transients that develop from it. This initial transient displays a distinct rising phase that peaks prior to the initiation of the two linear, subsurface, self-propagating Ca2+waves that constitute the subsequent furrow propagation transient. Through the carefully timed introduction of the Ca2+buffer, dibromo-BAPTA, we also demonstrate the absolute requirement of this initial rising phase Ca2+transient in positioning the furrow at the blastodisc surface: no rising phase transient, no cleavage furrow. Likewise, the introduction of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, eliminates both the rising phase transient and the appearance of the furrow at the cell surface. On the other hand, antagonists of the ryanodine receptor and NAADP-sensitive channels, or simply bathing the zygote in Ca2+-free medium, have no effect on the generation of the rising phase positioning transient or the appearance of the furrow at the surface. This suggests that like the subsequent propagation and deepening/zipping Ca2+transients, the rising phase furrow positioning transient is also generated specifically by Ca2+released via IP3Rs. We propose, however, that despite being generated by a similar Ca2+release mechanism, the unique features of this initial transient suggest that it might be a distinct signal with a specific function associated with positioning the cleavage furrow at the blastodisc surface.
Expression of mRNA and protein localization of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in goat ovaries
Authors: Silva José R.V. , van den Hurk Robert , Figueiredo José R.
Published: May 2006

To examine the possibility that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) are expressed throughout folliculogenesis, we studied the presence and distribution of EGF and EGF-R in goat ovaries. Ovaries of goats were collected and either fixed in paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical localization of proteins, or used for the isolation of follicles, luteal cells and ovarian surface epithelium to study mRNA expression for EGF and EGF-R, using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. EGF protein and mRNA were found in primordial, primary and secondary follicles as well as in small and large antral follicles and in surface epithelium, but in corpora lutea only the protein could be detected. Antral follicles expressed EGF mRNA in oocyte, cumulus, mural granulosa and theca cells. For EGF-R, both protein and mRNA were present at all stages of follicular development and in all antral follicular compartments. EGF-R protein and mRNA were also found in corpora lutea and surface epithelium. It is concluded that EGF and its receptor are expressed in goat ovarian follicles at all stages of follicle development, in corpora lutea, and in ovarian surface epithelium.
Behaviour of the vitelline envelope inBufo arenarumoocytes maturedin vitroin blockade to polyspermy
Authors: Oterino J. , Sánchez Toranzo G. , Zelarayán L. , Ajmat M.T. , Bonilla F. , Bühler M.I.
Published: May 2006

During activation of amphibian eggs, cortical granule exocytosis causes elaborate ultrastructural changes in the vitelline envelope. These changes involve modifications in the structure of the vitelline envelope and formation of a fertilization envelope (FE) that can no longer be penetrated by sperm. InBufo arenarum, as the egg traverses the oviduct, the vitelline envelope is altered by a trypsin-like protease secreted by the oviduct, which induces an increased susceptibility of the vitelline envelope to sperm lysins. Full-grown oocytes ofB. arenarum, maturedin vitroby progesterone, are polyspermic, although cortical granule exocytosis seems to occur within a normal chronological sequence. These oocytes can be fertilized with or without trypsin treatment, suggesting that the vitelline envelope is totally sperm-permeable. Vitelline envelopes without trypsin treatment cannot retain either gp90 or gp96. This suggests that these glycoproteins are involved in the block to polyspermy and that trypsin treatment of maturedin vitrooocytes before insemination is necessary to enable vitelline envelopes to block polyspermy. The loss of the binding capacity in vitelline envelopes isolated fromB. arenarumoocytes maturedin vitrowith trypsin treatment and activated by electric shock suggests that previous trypsin treatment is a necessary step for sperm block to occur. Whenin vitromatured oocytes were incubated with the product of cortical granules obtained fromin vitromatured oocytes (vCGP), vitelline envelopes with trypsin treatment were able to block sperm entry. These oocytes exhibited the characteristic signs of activation. These results support the idea thatB. arenarumoocytes can be activated by external stimuli and suggest the presence of unknown oocyte surface receptors linked to the activation machinery in response to fertilization. Electrophoretic profiles obtained by SDS-PAGE of solubilized vitelline envelopes from oocytes maturedin vitrorevealed the conversion of gp40 (in vitromatured oocytes, without trypsin treatment) to gp38 (ascribable to trypsin activity or cortical granule product activity, CGP) and the conversion of gp70 to gp68 (ascribable to trypsin activity plus CGP activity). Taking into account that only the vitelline envelopes of in vitromatured oocytes with trypsin treatment and activated can block sperm entry, we may suggest that the conversion of gp70 to gp68 is related to the changes associated with sperm binding.
Analysis of specific factors generating 2-cell block in AKR mouse embryos
Authors: Yoneda Akihiro , Okada Aki , Wakayama Teruhiko , Ueda Junji , Watanabe Tomomasa
Published: May 2006

The phenomenon of the developmental arrest at the 2-cell stage of 1-cell embryos from some mouse strains duringin vitroculture is known as the 2-cell block. We investigated the specific factors involved in the 2-cell block of AKR embryos by means of a modified culture system, the production of reconstructed embryos by pronuclear exchange and a cross experiment. In a culture medium with phosphate, 94.6% of 1-cell embryos from the C57BL mouse strain developed to the blastocyst stage, but 95.7% of embryos from the AKR mouse strain showed 2-cell block. Phosphate-free culture medium rescued the 2-cell block of AKR embryos and accelerated the first cell cycle of the embryos. Co-culture with BRL cells and a BRL-conditioned medium fractionated below 30 kDa also rescued the 2-cell block of AKR embryos. Examinations ofin vitrodevelopment of reconstructed embryos and of embryos from F1 females between AKR and C57BL strains clearly demonstrated that the AKR cytoplast caused the 2-cell block. In the backcrossed female progeny between (AKR × C57BL) F1 males and AKR females, about three-quarters of the embryos were of the 2-cell blocking phenotype and about one-quarter were of the non-blocking phenotype. These results suggest that two genes are responsible for the 2-cell block of AKR embryos.
Na+/Ca2+exchanger contributes to asterosap-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+concentration in starfish spermatozoa
Authors: Islam M. Sadiqul , Kawase Osamu , Hase Sumitaka , Minakata Hiroyuki , Hoshi Motonori , Matsumoto Midori
Published: May 2006

Asterosap, a group of equally active isoforms of sperm-activating peptides from the egg jelly of the starfishAsterias amurensis, functions as a chemotactic factor for sperm. It transiently increases the intracellular cGMP level of sperm, which in turn induces a transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i). Using a fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive dye, Fluo-4 AM, we measured the changes in sperm [Ca2+]iin response to asterosap. KB-R7943 (KB), a selective inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX), significantly inhibited the asterosap-induced transient elevation of [Ca2+]i, suggesting that asterosap influences [Ca2+]ithrough activation of a K+-dependent NCX (NCKX). An NCKX activity of starfish sperm also shows K+dependency like other NCKXs. Therefore, we cloned an NCKX from the starfish testes and predicted that it codes for a 616 amino acid protein that is a member of the NCKX family. Pharmacological evidence suggests that this exchanger participates in the asterosap-induced Ca2+entry into sperm.
Soil state and surface hydrology diagnosis based on MOSES in the Met Office Nimrod nowcasting system
Authors: Smith R. N. B. , Blyth E. M. , Finch J. W. , Goodchild S. , Hall R. L. , Madry S.
Published: May 2006

A system has been developed and made operational at the Met Office for the real‐time diagnosis of soil state and surface hydrology. It is based on the Met Office Surface Exchanges Scheme (MOSES) modified to take account of unresolved soil and topographic heterogeneity when calculating surface runoff by incorporating a Probability Distributed Moisture (PDM) scheme developed by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. The implementation of MOSES‐PDM in the Met Office's Nimrod nowcasting system is described. High resolution soil characteristics and land cover data, together with Nimrod's analyses of precipitation amount and type, cloud cover and near‐surface atmospheric variables are used to drive MOSES‐PDM. Hourly values of snowmelt, runoff, net surface radiation, evaporation, potential evaporation, soil temperature, soil moisture and soil moisture deficit are calculated on a 5 km grid. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Statistical methods for the prediction of night‐time cooling and minimum temperature
Authors: Emmanouil G. , Galanis G. , Kallos G.
Published: May 2006

Four different models for the prediction of frost events caused by air cooling due to thermal radiation are presented in this paper. Three of them are based on polynomial functions that simulate different types of temperature variations in comparison with an exponential one. The fourth, a post‐processing method based on Kalman filters, is proposed for those cases where a systematic type of bias has emerged. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
A flow regime diagram for forecasting lee waves, rotors and downslope winds
Authors: Sheridan P. F. , Vosper S. B.
Published: May 2006

The influence of a strong low‐level temperature inversion on the occurrence of lee waves, rotors and hydraulic jumps has been investigated using high resolution numerical model simulations. The aim of the work is to develop tools for forecasting hazardous winds downstream of mountains. Two‐dimensional simulations were conducted for a range of inversion heights and strengths and a fixed hill shape; lee waves, rotors and hydraulic jumps were found to occur. The flow type depends largely on the ratio of mountain height to inversion height and the upstream Froude number. A flow regime diagram based on these two parameters has been constructed and suggests that rotors could be forecast using upstream profiles, which are generally readily available from numerical weather prediction models.

The applicability of the regime diagram for two‐dimensional flow to flows over real terrain has been tested using three‐dimensional simulations of flows over East Falkland, South Atlantic, under a range of upstream conditions. The flow type is found to be determined largely by the upstream profiles of wind and temperature, and the maximum height of orography directly upstream, indicating that the flow regime diagram can be used to predict flow type downstream of such terrain. Various three‐dimensional flow phenomena occur, such as flow channelling through gaps, and could be taken into account to improve the information available from the regime diagram. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
A feasibility study of daytime fog and low stratus detection with TERRA/AQUA‐MODIS over land
Authors: Bendix Jörg , Thies Boris , Nauß Thomas , Cermak Jan
Published: May 2006

A scheme for the detection of fog and low stratus over land during daytime based on data of the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument is presented. The method is based on an initial threshold test procedure in the MODIS solar bands 1–7 (0.62–2.155µm). Fog and low stratus detection generally relies on the definition of minimum and maximum fog and low stratus properties, which are converted to spectral thresholds by means of radiative transfer calculations (RTC). Extended sensitivity studies reveal that thresholds mainly depend on the solar zenith angle and, hence, illumination‐dependent threshold functions are developed. Areas covered by snow, ice and mid‐/high‐level clouds as well as bright/hazy land surfaces are omitted from the initial classification result by means of a subsequent cloud‐top height test based on MODIS IR band 31 (at 12 µm) and a NIR/VIS ratio test. The validation of the final fog and low stratus mask generally shows a satisfactory performance of the scheme. Validation problems occur due to the late overpass time of the TERRA platform and the time lag between SYNOP and satellite observations. Apparent misclassifications are mainly found at the edge of the fog layers, probably due to over‐ or underestimation of fog and low stratus cover in the transition zone from fog to haze. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
THE UNDISCOVERED FLIGHT PATHS OF THE ‘MUSICAL BEE’: NEW LIGHT ON HUMMEL’S MUSICAL QUOTATIONS
Authors: STEWART-MACDONALD ROHAN
Published: May 2006

Hummel’s quoting of music by other composers has been mentioned briefly in a number of studies. While some of these quotations are explicit, others are a good deal more problematic. This article investigates explicit quotations that appear in two of Hummel’s string quartets dating from 1803–1804 and the finale of a piano sonata from 1807. The fourth movement of the String Quartet in G major, Op. 30 No. 2, twice quotes J. S. Bach’s Goldberg Variations, BWV988, the slow movement of Op. 30 No. 3 refers to Handel’s Messiah and the finale of the F minor piano sonata cultivates a complex relationship with the last movement of Mozart’s ‘Jupiter’ Symphony. My objective is to demonstrate the sophistication and subtlety with which Hummel manipulates the quoted material in these three cases.

Hummel’s obvious quotation of Bach and Handel in particular is related to a multi-faceted preoccupation with archaic styles and earlier works that had taken root in the later eighteenth century and that continued to expand into the nineteenth and beyond. Although England was the first nation to develop a performance tradition around the ‘ancient’ musical repertory, it was the accumulation of a didactic tradition around the keyboard works of J. S. Bach in north Germany and its steady migration to centres like Vienna that is of more direct relevance here. And when one surveys the (supposed) quotations by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Clementi of works by Bach and Handel and compares them with Hummel’s, Hummel’s remain outstanding in their exactness and also in their frequent lightheartedness of tone. Whereas many straightforward quotations or instances of modelling appear reverential or seek to exalt the basic idiom, Hummel’s either are humorous or seem calculated to reduce the potency of the original in order to assimilate the earlier idiom into the later one. The three pieces considered here illustrate the spectrum of techniques used by Hummel to manipulate quoted material in his works. The quotations in the two quartets have drawn very little comment; the references to Mozart’s ’Jupiter’ Symphony in the finale of Op. 20 have been remarked on more frequently, but the relationship between the two finales is a good deal more intricate than has previously been shown. The ‘contrapuntal deconstruction’ that takes place late in the third movement of Hummel’s Op. 20, between the most explicit reference to the ‘Jupiter’ finale and the coda, is lighthearted in character – amusing, even – and is in some ways the most ingenious and vibrant episode in the movement.
REFLECTIONS ON MOZART’S ‘NON SO PIÙ COSA SON, COSA FACCIO’
Authors: WOODFIELD IAN
Published: May 2006

Daniel Leeson’s intriguing suggestion that the opening ten-note theme of Cherubino’s Act 1 aria in Mozart’s Le nozze di Figaro is immediately taken up by Basilio in the following trio, in order to indicate that he has overheard the page sing, raises a number of very thought-provoking questions. As the clear implication of this idea is that the theme of ‘Non so più’ was composed before, or at least in conjunction with, ‘Cosa sento’, it will be interesting first to look at the original manuscripts to see if they provide any chronological support. In an honest, if perhaps slightly regret-tinged comment on the value of his work on Mozartean watermarks, Alan Tyson wrote: ‘It is the destiny of paper-evidence to be suggestive rather than conclusive.’ As it transpires, this remark sums up very effectively the sources for ‘Non so più’. Suggestive they certainly are, but, as is so often the case, a chasm remains between observable physical features such as ink colours, watermarks, paper types, corrections and revisions, and any particular theory of compositional intent that might be based on them. In this instance it would be unwise to claim that the palaeographic evidence provides direct support for Leeson’s thesis; on the other hand, it certainly poses no obstacle to it, and it raises interesting questions about the circumstances in which this very fine aria was composed.
A possible sequence of events for the generalized glacial‐interglacial cycle
Authors: Peacock Synte , Lane Emily , Restrepo Juan M.
Published: May 2006

There is not yet widespread agreement as to the underlying cause of the 80–100 ppmv roughly 100‐kyr‐duration glacial‐interglacial cycles in atmospheric pCO2. Most of the mechanisms which have been proposed to account for the observed pCO2 variations appear to in some way violate interpretations of paleo proxy data. The inability of a single mechanism to explain the observed cycles in atmospheric CO2 (which show amazing similarity over the past 430,000 years) is perplexing, and leads us to consider whether a combination of mechanisms might be consistent with available evidence. Consistent with previous work, we find that physical changes (ocean circulation, temperature, mixing) can only explain part of the observed atmospheric pCO2 variability; changes in ocean chemistry are invoked to explain the remainder. In order to account for the initial pCO2 drawdown (from “interglacial” to “intermediate” levels), we invoke physical changes in the ocean (mixing, temperature). The transition from intermediate atmospheric pCO2 levels to full glacial conditions involves a small increase in mean ocean nutrient levels and mean ocean alkalinity, accomplished by falling sea level and subsequent erosion of organic‐rich shelf sediments. The first part of the transition out of full glacial conditions is achieved through increased temperature and increased mixing in the Southern Ocean. The final part of the atmospheric pCO2 rise up to full interglacial conditions is accomplished through rising sea level and the subsequent change in mean ocean alkalinity and phosphate, and a rise in the Northern Hemisphere temperature and ocean mixing. The proposed sequence of events is consistent with most existing proxy evidence for paleo‐nutrient levels and changes in export production over the last glacial‐interglacial cycle. Furthermore, it is consistent with evidence for a whole‐ocean shift in δ13C toward significantly more negative values in the late glacial. The proposed scenario is also consistent with ice core‐based timing constraints, as summarized by Broecker and Henderson (1998). We show that we are able to explain the full magnitude of the glacial‐interglacial cycle in atmospheric pCO2 without the need to invoke iron‐fertilization in the Southern Ocean.
Precise multielemental ratios in small foraminiferal samples determined by sector field ICP‐MS
Authors: Marchitto Thomas M.
Published: May 2006

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) holds two main advantages over other techniques for the measurement of foraminiferal elemental ratios: (1) numerous trace metals may be precisely and simultaneously measured, and (2) smaller samples may theoretically be used. Methods are presented for the precise determination of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Zn/Ca, Li/Ca, U/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Fe/Ca by sector field ICP‐MS. Analytical precision is largely independent of sample size over the range of ∼5 to 125 μg CaCO3, eliminating the need for narrow target dilutions. Long‐term 1σ precisions are as follows: Mg/Ca = 0.54%, Sr/Ca = 0.57%, Cd/Ca = 1.8%, Zn/Ca = 3.2%, Li/Ca = 0.88%, U/Ca = 1.9%, Mn/Ca = 0.97%, and Fe/Ca = 1.4%. For Mg/Ca, actual foraminiferal samples appear to give reliable results below 10 μg CaCO3 (postcleaning mass).
Primary U distribution in scleractinian corals and its implications for U series dating
Authors: Robinson Laura F. , Adkins Jess F. , Fernandez Diego P. , Burnett Donald S. , Wang S.‐L. , Gagnon Alexander C. , Krakauer Nir
Published: May 2006

In this study we use microsampling techniques to explore diagenetic processes in carbonates. These processes are important as they can affect the accuracy of U series chronometry. Fission track maps of deep‐sea scleractinian corals show a threefold difference between the minimum and maximum [U] in modern corals, which is reduced to a factor of 2 in fossil corals. We use micromilling and MC‐ICP‐MS to make detailed analyses of the [U] and δ234Uinitial distributions in corals from 218 ka to modern. Within each fossil coral we observe a large range of δ234Uinitial values, with high δ234Uinitial values typically associated with low [U]. A simple model shows that this observation is best explained by preferential movement of alpha‐decay produced 234U atoms (alpha‐recoil diffusion). Open‐system addition of 234U may occur when alpha‐recoil diffusion is coupled with a high [U] surface layer, such as organic material. This process can result in large, whole‐coral δ234Uinitial elevations with little effect on the final age. The diagenetic pathways that we model are relevant to both shallow‐water and deep‐sea scleractinian corals since both exhibit primary [U] heterogeneity and may be subject to U addition.
Biogeochemistry of arsenic and antimony in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Cutter Gregory A. , Cutter Lynda S.
Published: May 2006

The biogeochemical cycles of the metalloid elements arsenic and antimony were examined along a 15,000 km surface water transect and at 9 vertical profile stations in the western North Pacific Ocean as part of the 2002 IOC Contaminant Baseline Survey. Results show that the speciation of dissolved arsenic (As III, As V, and methylated As) was subtly controlled by the arsenate (AsV)/phosphate ratio. An additional fraction of presumed organic arsenic previously reported in coastal waters was also present (∼15% of the total As) in oceanic surface waters. Dissolved inorganic antimony displayed mildly scavenged behavior that was confirmed by correlations with aluminum, but atmospheric inputs that may be anthropogenic in origin also affected its concentrations. Monomethyl antimony, the predominant organic form of the element, behaved almost conservatively throughout the water column, radically changing the known biogeochemical cycle of antimony.
Investigation of collision‐induced breakup of raindrops by numerical simulations: First results
Authors: Beheng K. D. , Jellinghaus K. , Sander W. , Roth N. , Weigand B.
Published: May 2006

Collision‐induced breakup resulting from binary collisions of large drops has been investigated in the past by very few laboratory experiments. This process is here investigated using a 3D‐CFD program based on direct numerical simulation. Besides same drop pairs as considered in the measurements also a number of additional ones are taken into account in order to complete the parameter space. First results with respect to coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions show some similarities to the findings of the past laboratory experiments but also certain differences. Excentricity of the collision event is responsible for the various breakup modes.
Are high‐latitude forward‐reverse shock pairs driven by CME overexpansion?
Authors: Manchester W. B. , Zurbuchen T. H.
Published: May 2006

During its passage through the high‐latitude heliosphere, Ulysses observed interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) bounded by shocks. These forward‐reverse shock pairs have only been observed at high latitude in the fast solar wind. It has been suggested (e.g., Gosling et al., 1995) that these shock pairs are the result of expansion of coronal mass ejections into the ambient solar wind, so‐called “overexpansion”. Here we demonstrate an alternative explanation for forward‐reverse shock pairs by means of a three‐dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model of a CME interacting with the solar wind. Our global steady state coronal model possesses fast and slow speed solar wind at high and low latitudes, respectively, reminiscent of near solar minimum conditions. Within this model system, a CME erupts from the coronal streamer belt with an initial speed in excess of 1000 km/s, which naturally drives a forward shock into the ambient solar wind. When the CME is greater than 40 R⊙ from the Sun, we find that a reverse shock forms poleward of the CME as a result of the interaction of the CME with the solar wind. In front of the CME, the slow wind is deflected to higher latitude while behind the CME, fast wind is deflected to low latitude. These deflected streams collide to form a reverse shock. The shock pair formed in this way naturally occurs at high latitude in the fast wind as observed. We will discuss these model results in the context of in situ solar wind data.
PM2.5 chemical composition and spatiotemporal variability during the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS)
Authors: Chow Judith C. , Chen L.‐W. Antony , Watson John G. , Lowenthal Douglas H. , Magliano Karen A. , Turkiewicz Kasia , Lehrman Donald E.
Published: May 2006

The 14‐month‐long (December 1999 to February 2001) Central California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) consisted of acquiring speciated PM2.5 measurements at 38 sites representing urban, rural, and boundary environments in the San Joaquin Valley air basin. The study's goal was to understand the development of widespread pollution episodes by examining the spatial variability of PM2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and carbonaceous material on annual, seasonal, and episodic timescales. It was found that PM2.5 and NH4NO3 concentrations decrease rapidly as altitude increases, confirming that topography influences the ventilation and transport of pollutants. High PM2.5 levels from November 2000 to January 2001 contributed to 50–75% of annual average concentrations. Contributions from organic matter differed substantially between urban and rural areas. Winter meteorology and intensive residential wood combustion are likely key factors for the winter‐nonwinter and urban‐rural contrasts that were observed. Short‐duration measurements during the intensive operating periods confirm the role of upper air currents on valley‐wide transport of NH4NO3. Zones of representation for PM2.5 varied from 5 to 10 km for the urban Fresno and Bakersfield sites, and increased to 15–20 km for the boundary and rural sites. Secondary NH4NO3 occurred region‐wide during winter, spreading over a much wider geographical zone than carbonaceous aerosol.
Application of integrated geophysical modeling for determination of the continental lithospheric thermal structure in the eastern Carpathians
Authors: Dérerová Jana , Zeyen Hermann , Bielik Miroslav , Salman Karmah
Published: May 2006

We applied integrated lithospheric modeling combining the interpretation of surface heat flow, geoid, gravity, and topography data for the determination of the lithospheric thermal structure along four transects crossing the eastern Carpathians from the European Platform to the Pannonian Basin and propose a new map of lithospheric thicknesses. Important differences in lithospheric thickness across the chain as well as along strike of the Carpathian arc exist. Lithosphere thickness varies from 240 km in the foreland to 75–110 km, under the Pannonian Basin and it increases from the western to the eastern Carpathians. Under the western segment of the western Carpathians (in the transition zone to the eastern Alps), no thickening is observed, which may be explained by a mainly strike‐slip movement between the European and Carpatho‐Pannonian plates. Thickened lithosphere is found NE of thickened crust under the Carpathians. This observation is in agreement with slab roll‐back and possible subsequent break‐off.
Oppositely directed pairs of propagating rifts in back‐arc basins: Double saloon door seafloor spreading during subduction rollback
Authors: Martin A. K.
Published: May 2006

When a continent breaks up into two plates, which then separate from each other about a rotation pole, it can be shown that if initial movement is taken up by lithospheric extension, asthenospheric breakthrough and oceanic accretion propagate toward the pole of rotation. Such a propagating rift model is then applied to an embryonic centrally located rift which evolves into two rifts propagating in opposite directions. The resultant rhombic shape of the modeled basin, initially underlain entirely by thinned continental crust, is very similar to the Oligocene to Burdigalian back‐arc evolution of the Valencia Trough and the Liguro‐Provencal Basin in the western Mediterranean. Existing well and seismic stratigraphic data confirm that a rift did initiate in the Gulf of Lion and propagated southwest into the Valencia Trough. Similarly, seismic refraction, gravity, and heat flow data demonstrate that maximum extension within the Valencia Trough/Liguro‐Provencal Basin occurred in an axial position close to the North Balearic Fracture Zone. The same model of oppositely propagating rifts, when applied to the Burdigalian/Langhian episode of back‐arc oceanic accretion within the Liguro‐Provencal and Algerian basins, predicts a number of features which are borne out by existing geological and geophysical, particularly magnetic data. These include the orientation of subparallel magnetic anomalies, presumed to be seafloor spreading isochrons, in both basins; concave‐to‐the‐west fracture zones southwest of the North Balearic Fracture Zone, and concave‐to‐the‐east fracture zones to its northeast; a spherical triangular area of NW oriented seafloor spreading isochrons southwest of Sardinia; the greater NW extension of the central (youngest?) magnetic anomaly within this triangular area, in agreement with the model‐predicted northwestward propagation of a rift in this zone; successively more central (younger) magnetic anomalies abutting thinned continental crust nearer to the pole of rotation in the Liguro‐Provencal Basin. The latter feature demonstrates that a rift also propagated northeast in the Liguro‐Provencal Basin, at least in its oceanic accretion phase of development. An adaptation of an existing model for subduction slab detachment occurring along the North African margin in the late Burdigalian/Langhian, proposes propagation in opposite directions of the slab tear. The resultant rhombic slab detachment is closely associated in space and time with the rhombic form of the Algerian/Liguro‐Provencal basins, suggesting a cause and effect relationship.
Frost flower influence on springtime boundary‐layer ozone depletion events and atmospheric bromine levels
Authors: Kalnajs Lars E. , Avallone Linnea M.
Published: May 2006

Springtime boundary layer ozone depletion events have been observed in both the Arctic and Antarctic. It has been suggested that these bromine‐catalyzed depletion events may be caused by bromine released from frost flowers. We have measured the pH and ion concentrations of snow and frost flowers in the Ross Island, Antarctica area and find that if these are representative, frost flowers are unlikely to be a direct source of atmospheric bromine. The pH of the sampled frost flowers is too alkaline to support the release of molecular bromine resulting from the heterogeneous reaction of HOBr with Br ions. It is more likely that frost flowers are a source of aerosol bromine from which gas‐phase bromine can be released through subsequent reactions in aerosol form or on the snow pack.