bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND POST-DIAPAUSE EMERGENCE IN TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE): THE ROLE OF HOST SPECIES, TEMPERATURE, AND PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Laing J.E. , Corrigan J.E.
Published: November 2009

Trichogramma minutum Riley entered diapause, in the prepupal stage, in eggs of Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guenée held at 15°C, 12L:12D, but failed to do so in eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), or Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) held under these conditions. The parasitoids emerged without diapause from eggs of all host species held at 25°C, 16L:8D, indicating a role of temperature or photoperiod, or both, in the diapause of the parasitoids in eggs of L. fiscellaria held at 15°C, 12L:12D. Percentage emergence of parasitoids from eggs of L. fiscellaria was virtually the same (>80%) after passing the winter outdoors or after approximately 3 months at 2 °C in the laboratory as it was when reared indoors in this host at 25°C, 16L:8D. Emergence of T. minutum was very poor (<20%) after long-term, low-temperature storage in eggs of C. fumiferana, E. kuehniella, or S. cerealella. Apparently, T. minutum must parasitize diapause host eggs in order to enter diapause, and good survival after long-term low-temperature storage is possible only when T. minutum is in diapause. Trichogramma minutum will enter diapause in L. fiscellaria after 14 days at 15°C, 12L:12D, but the parasitoids need a period of storage at 2°C, 0L:24D for a high percentage of emergence to happen. Over 50% emergence was recorded for T. minutum, held for 300 days in eggs of L. fiscellaria.
ACYRTHOSIPHON SUPRANUBIUS SP. NOV. (HOM. APHIDIDAE), THE FIRST APHID SPECIES ENDEMIC TO THE CANARY ISLANDS (SPAIN)
Authors: Carnero A. , Nafría J.M. Nieto
Published: November 2009

The aphid fauna of “Las Cañadas del Teide” (Tenerife Island) at present is made up of 11 species including the only species endemic to Macaronesia. This new species of the genus Acyrthosiphon is described and compared with other species of this genus; A. supranubius sp.nov. lives on the endemic Spartocytisus supranubius (Leguminosae).
INCIDENCE OF SPICULES ON THE AEDEAGI OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, C. BIENNIS, AND C. UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gray T.G. , Shepherd R.F. , Harvey G.T.
Published: November 2009

Adults of Choristoneura fumiferana, C. biennis, and an unidentified species reared from larvae or caught in pheromone traps from British Columbia were used for isozyme analysis to confirm the species identity, and for morphological study to determine the percentage of individuals with spiculate aedeagi. About 82% of C. fumiferana and less than 3% of both C. biennis and C. unidentified species (CPG) have spicules on the left side of their aedeagi. The number of moths that need to be sampled to determine a species is presented, based on the presence or absence of spicules.
INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEM, PLANTING DATE, AND OILSEED CRUCIFERS ON FLEA BEETLE POPULATIONS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Milbrath Lindsey R. , Weiss Michael J. , Schatz Blaine G.
Published: November 2009

Cultural practices (tillage, planting date) were examined for their effect on flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), populations in three species of oilseed crucifers—Brassica napus L., B. rapa L., and Crambe abyssinica Hochst. No-till appeared to reduce flea beetle densities when compared with conventional tillage. The greater structural diversity of the no-till plots might be interfering with host plant location. Earlier plantings had significantly more flea beetles per plant than later plantings. The Brassica crops yielded higher densities of beetles compared with crambe, supporting earlier reports of crambe resistance.
PHYSICAL DETERRENTS TO INFECTION BY ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN WIREWORMS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) AND OTHER SOIL INSECTS
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Thurston Graham S.
Published: November 2009

Many soil-inhabiting insects are susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes but the degree of susceptibility ranges widely. Much is understood about the habitat of insect pests in relation to their susceptibility but little attention has been paid to the influence of physical deterrents. "Physical deterrents" is used here to include morphological barriers (passive deterrents) and behavioural responses to attack (active deterrents). The roles of both are reviewed and discussed, in particular with reference to wireworms (Elateridae), a group of insects generally resistant to the nematodes. Knowledge of insect morphology and behaviour as well as habitat is important in predicting susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes.
ENANTIOMERIC COMPOSITION AND RELEASE RATES OF exo-BREVICOMIN INFLUENCE AGGREGATION OF THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Stock Arthur J. , Borden J.H. , Pratt T.L. , Pierce H.D. , Johnston B.D.
Published: November 2009

Field experiments demonstrated that the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus, responded best to multiple-funnel traps baited with mixtures of (+)- and (−)-exo-brevicomin. (±)-exo-Brevicomin released at 0.8 mg per 24 h performed as well as or better than release rates of from 0.2 to 1.0 mg per 24 h in terms of the number of baited trees which were mass attacked (80%), average attack density, and average number of trees attacked within a 10-m radius of baited trees. Baiting more than one tree in a spot resulted in an intensification of attack on baited trees and increased the number of trees attacked within 10 m of each spot.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND NUMBER OF GENERATIONS OF LYGUS LINEOLARIS AND L. BOREALIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Gerber G.H. , Wise I.L.
Published: November 2009

The seasonal occurrence and number of generations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) were studied on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), everbearing strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), and stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) in field plots at Winnipeg, Manitoba, and in commercial alfalfa and oilseed rape fields throughout the agricultural areas of Manitoba in 1990–1993. Lygus borealis (Kelton) was studied only during 1993. Lygus lineolaris had two non-overlapping generations in southern Manitoba. Overwintered adults migrated onto host plants during die first 3 weeks of May, and females containing chorionated eggs were found in relatively small numbers for 5–6 weeks until the last 3 weeks of June. First-generation nymphs were present from the last half of May until the last half of July. During the last 2 weeks of June, the overwintered adults disappeared suddenly and were replaced completely by first-generation adults. First-generation adults eclosed during the last 2 weeks of June and in July, and first-generation females containing chorionated eggs were present for about 6–7 weeks until mid-August. Second-generation nymphs first appeared in late July or early August and most completed development by the end of September. Second-generation adults were found from the first half of August until they hibernated in October and November. Most second-generation females contained previtellogenic eggs and. therefore, were in reproductive diapause. In 3 of the 4 years, the overwintered adults appeared to include all second-generation adults plus 0–20% of the first-generation adults. The data from commercial alfalfa and oilseed rape fields indicated that the seasonal occurrence of L. lineolaris was relatively uniform in most or all agricultural areas of Manitoba. Lygus lineolaris has one generation (the second generation) on oilseed rape, and the eclosion and dispersal of reproductively active first-generation adults were well synchronized with the bud and flower stages of this host plant in southern Manitoba. In 1993, L. borealis had two generations and its seasonal occurrence was similar to that of L. lineolaris.
TRACHYCRUSUS, A NEW GENUS OF CERATOCANTHINAE (COLEOPTERA, SCARABAEIDAE) WITH TWO NEW SPECIES FROM PERU
Authors: Howden H.F. , Gill B.D.
Published: November 2009

Trachycrusus, gen.nov., and two included species, lescheni sp.nov. and striatulus sp.nov., are described and figured from eastern Peru. Morphologically the genus bridges the gap between the highly modified ceratocanthine genera such as Scarabatermes Howden and the more typical genera such as Astaenomoechus Martínez and Pereira.
THE OCCURRENCE OF HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (PALLAS) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Coderre Daniel , Lucas Éric , Gagné Isabelle
Published: November 2009

In a study on the population dynamics of the predators of insect pests in apple orchards of Quebec, three specimens of the Asian coccinellid Harmonia axyridis were found. This is the first occurrence of this species in Canada
DERAEOCORIS SANGHONAMI SP.NOV. (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) FROM KOREA
Authors: Lee Chang Eon , Kerzhner Izyaslav M.
Published: November 2009

Deraeocoris sanghonami sp.nov. is described from Korea.
GENERIC REVISION OF THE CLINOCERINAE (EMPIDIDAE), AND DESCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRICHOPEZINAE, NEW STATUS (DIPTERA: EMPIDOIDEA)
Authors: Sinclair Bradley J.
Published: November 2009

Sixteen genera are recognized in the Clinocerinae (Diptera: Empididae):DipsomyiaBezzi,ProagomyiaCollin,AsymphylopteraCollin,ProclinopygaMelander,RhyacodromiaSaigusa,TrichoclinoceraCollin,ClinoceraMeigen,OreothaliaMelander,RoederiodesCoquillett,ClinocerellaEngel, new status,HypenellaCollin,KowarziaMik,DolichocephalaMacquart,PhaeobaliaMik,BergenstammiaMik, andWiedemanniaZetterstedt. The subgenera ofClinoceraare no longer recognized and the genus is divided into six tentative informal species groups. The following new generic synonyms are proposed:HydrodromiaMacquart =Clinocera;ArchiclinoceraFrey andHypoclinoceraFrey =Kowarzia;LamposomaBecker,FurGarrett Jones, andObstinocephalaGarrett Jones =Dolichocephala. A key to genera is provided for the identification of adult specimens of Clinocerinae, all genera are described, several lectotypes are designated, and male and female terminalia are illustrated. A world list of species is included for each genus, identifying new combinations. Cladistic relationships of the genera of the Clinocerinae are presented.

ZanclotusWilder is transferred from the Clinocerinae to the Oreogetoninae.DryodromiaRondani, also formerly in Clinocerinae, is considered to be most closely related toHesperempisMelander, both of which are hypothesized to share apomorphies with the Empidinae + Hemerodromiinae. The generaBoreodromiaCoquillett,CeratempisMelander,EphydrempisSaigusa,NiphogeniaMelander,SabroskyellaWilder, andTrichopezaRondani also are removed from the Clinocerinae and transferred to the subfamily Trichopezinae, new status. In addition,ApalocnemisPhilippi,GlomaMeigen,HyperperaceraCollin (all formerly in Oreogetoninae) andHeleodromiaHaliday (formerly in Hemerodromiinae) are transferred to the Trichopezinae.HeterophlebusPhilippi (formerly in Oreogetoninae) andRubistellaGarrett Jones (formerly in Brachystomatinae) are removed from synonymy and also transferred to the Trichopezinae. This subfamily is described, and the phylogenetic relationships and.geographic distribution of the included genera are discussed. The Trichopezinae is considered most closely related to the Brachystomatinae (exclusive ofHomalocnemisPhilippi) and Ceratomerinae. These three subfamilies are hypothesized to represent the sister group to the Microphorinae + Dolichopodidae.
EFFICACY OF AN ANTIAGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR REDUCING DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE,DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAEHOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), INFESTATION IN HIGH RISK STANDS
Authors: Ross Darrell W. , Daterman Gary E.
Published: November 2009

The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), was applied to stands at high risk for infestation. The MCH was applied in a bubble capsule formulation to plots ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 ha in size at rates of 45–76 g/ha. Catches of Douglas-fir beetles in attractant-baited Lindgren funnel traps located at the plot centers were significantly lower on MCH-treated plots compared with untreated plots. In contrast, catches of the most abundant predator,Thanasimus undatulus(Say), were unaffected by the MCH treatment. The percentage of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] trees ≥20 cm dbh that were mass attacked was significantly lower on treated plots (0.2%) compared with untreated plots (8.5%). MCH alone was effective in reducing the probability of Douglas-fir beetle infestations occurring in high risk stands.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHORISTONEURA SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) FEEDING ON ABIES, PICEA, AND PSEUDOTSUGA IN WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G. , Harvey G.T.
Published: November 2009

Male moths of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, C. biennis Freeman, C. fumiferana (Clemens), and C. orae Freeman were caught in pheromone-baited traps. Ten traps were placed at each site, five baited with an aldehyde lure and five with an acetate lure. This procedure permitted separation of species based on the specific chemical lure and also provided specimens for further study of morphological and isozyme differences. The color of the forewings, presence or absence of spicules on the aedeagus, and a specific allozyme frequency were determined on selected specimens where these characteristics were useful in separating species at a particular site. Distributions of all species were more extensive than previously known, sometimes adding hundreds of kilometres to the recorded range. Areas of sympatry were identified and the fidelity and usefulness of characteristics for separating species in areas of overlap were discussed.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (GERMAR) AND DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO COLEOPTERAN-ACTIVE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS, A BACILLUS METABOLITE, AND AVERMECTIN B1
Authors: Cane James H. , Cox Hugh E. , Moar William J.
Published: November 2009

A simple, reliable feeding bioassay was developed for screening certain biorational insecticides with potential use against pine bark beetles. Adult Ips calligraphus and Dendroctonus frontalis were fed freeze-dried phloem fortified with Avermectin B1, Bacillus thuringiensis with known coleopteran activity, or a bacterial metabolite (R003). Avermectin B1 was toxic to adult I. calligraphus by 4 days at an LC50 of 0.36 μg AI/g of diet. R003 was active against both beetle species, yielding 85–100% mortality after 10 days exposure to a concentration of 360 μg/g of diet. No B. thuringiensis product was toxic at a discriminating concentration of 200 μg of spore/crystal preparation per gram of diet. Beetle mortality on untreated diet remained <10% over the 4–10 days duration of feeding trials. Unadulterated, lyophilized phloem diet did not spoil during bioassays, provided that tanned beetles were taken for bioassays before they emerged from their natal host bolts. Microbial products with scolytid activity, such as Avermectin B1 and R003, could have future value for limiting bark beetle infestations of individual trees or small stands in urban or ecologically sensitive forests. Innovative strategies for delivery would have to be developed, however, to circumvent the cryptic habits of these phloeophagous beetles.
A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PROTOPIOPHILA DUDA (DIPTERA: PIOPHILIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ITS BEHAVIOUR AND COMPARISON WITH P. LATIPES (MEIGEN)
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell
Published: November 2009

Protopiophila litigata sp.nov. is described from Ontario and Nova Scotia. McAlpine’s (1977) key to the species of Protopiophila is modified to facilitate identification of the new species. Behaviours of P. litigata and P. latipes were studied in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Whereas P. latipes reproduces on corpses in advanced stages of decay, P. litigata mates and oviposits on discarded cervid antlers, ignoring other carrion. Unlike P. latipes, males of P. litigata engage in ’mate guarding’. These traits probably represent autapomorphies of P. litigata.
NEW SPECIES AND DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS FROM THE NEARCTIC LEAFHOPPER GENERACOMMELLUSANDEXTRUSANUS(RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: November 2009

Four new species are described:Commellus cedillafrom Alaska, Canada, and adjacent northeastern states;C.hyphenfrom the aspen parkland of Saskatchewan to North Dakota;C.semicolonfrom southern Montana; andExtrusanus oryssuswidespread in northern prairies (Alberta to Kentucky). Alary polymorphism in both genera is discussed. Species-specific characters from enclosed male genitalic structures are described and illustrated in detail for the first time, for all species exceptC.hyphen. Keys are presented to the species of both genera.
A NEW GENUS,NEOTHELAXES, AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF THELAXINAE FROM INDIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Chakrabarti S. , Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Neothelaxesgen.nov., type-speciesN.viticolasp.nov., as well asN.parthenocissisp.nov., are described. The host-plant of the two species isParthenocissus semicordata. The taxonomic position of the aphids is discussed.
POTENTIAL FOR PHEROMONE-BASED MATING DISRUPTION OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: McBrien H.L. , Judd G.J.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

Atmospheric permeation of apple orchards with 16:1 butyl butyrate (BB): 2(E)-crotyl butyrate (CB), the sex pheromone of the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae), demonstrated potential for pheromone-based mating disruption; atmospheric permeation with single components did not. In traps baited with 16:1 BB:CB, catches of male C. verbasci were 3, 64, and 105% of catches in nontreated controls for disruption treatments of 16:1 BB:CB, CB alone, and BB alone, respectively. With the two-component pheromone as a disruptant, catches of male C. verbasci were significantly reduced relative to controls at dispenser densities of 250, 500, and 1000 per hectare; catches were lowest at 1000 dispensers per hectare. For monitoring of operational trials, pheromone-baited open wing traps hung 1.5 m above ground were judged to be more practical than open wing traps hung 2.5 m above ground, or closed wing traps or white sticky cards at either height. Atmospheric permeation with pheromone did not affect numbers of males and females captured on nonbaited white sticky cards, and trap height did not affect catches of females. However, in pheromone-treated plots, significantly more males were captured on 2.5-m-high nonbaited cards than on 1.5-m-high cards, probably representing incidental catches of males following false trails to pheromone dispensers hung in the upper canopy. This study is the first reported example of pheromone-based disruption of orientation behavior in the Heteroptera.
RESPONSIVENESS OF DELIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) TO COLORED STICKY TRAPS IN FLOWERING AND ROSETTE STAGE CANOLA
Authors: Vernon Robert S. , Broatch James S.
Published: November 2009

The responses of adult cabbage maggot [Delia radicum (L.)], turnip maggot [D. floralis (Fallén)], radish maggot [D. planipalpis (Stein)], and seedcorn maggot [D. platura (Meigen)] to sticky traps painted blue, yellow, green, non-UV-reflecting white, or UV-reflecting white, were determined in a field of canola (Brassica rapa cv. Tobin) at the rosette and flowering stages. Traps colored white, blue, or yellow generally caught higher numbers of D. radicum, D. floralis, and D. planipalpis than did traps colored green or UV-reflecting white. Depending on the crop developmental stage and its background color, response to color sometimes differed both within and between the sexes. This was most pronounced for D. floralis, for which blue and white traps were preferred by males at the rosette stage but not die flowering stage, and for which white, but not blue, traps were preferred by females at the rosette siage. White and blue, but not yellow, were the colors preferred by male and female D. platura in our study, with UV-reflecting white also being preferred by males during the flowering stage. It was observed dial catches on white and yellow traps were often significantly different and [hat white versus yellow preferences could be reversed within or between males and females of certain species during the rosette or flowering stages. The data suggest dial the concurrent use of white and yellow sticky traps should be considered when conducting relative abundance surveys of Delia spp. in canola fields.
COLD TOLERANCE IN THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Coleman Warren
Published: November 2009

The seasonal change in the level of cold tolerance in a field population of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is described for a northern location. Survival of overwintering adult beetles is highest from September through January. After that it falls to a lower level that is maintained until beetle emergence in May or June. The seasonal change in the level of cold tolerance is parallel to the change in the intensity of diapause but not to the change in the low temperature exotherm. The value of the low temperature exotherm is variable but averages −8.8°C for active beetles on plants and −11.7°C for soil-collected overwintering beetles in their deep diapause phase. Experimental results suggest that reduction of the gut content and increase in the amount of body fat in diapausing beetles is sufficient to lower the low temperature exotherm by a few degrees. The diapausing state itself, without cold acclimation, is sufficient to increase cold tolerance. However, results suggest that it is not the level of cold tolerance of the Colorado potato beetle provided by the diapausing process that has allowed this species to extend its range northward into New Brunswick but its accompanying burrowing behaviour.
SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION IN YOUNG BALSAM FIR: THE ‘GREEN’ TREE PHENOMENON
Authors: Piene Harald , Eveleigh Eldon S.
Published: November 2009

During a severe outbreak of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), some balsam fir trees, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., remain noticeably greener than others in the same stand. We show that this ‘green’ tree phenomenon is not caused by differential defoliation in which certain trees experience consistently low defoliation pressure throughout an outbreak. Rather, these trees remain ‘green’ because of their prolific, epicormic shoot production which is consistently high during an outbreak, giving them a ‘greener’ appearance than other trees that produce lower numbers of epicormic shoots.
A SAMPLING DESIGN FOR WITHIN-TREE LARVAL POPULATIONS OF THE MARITIME PINE SCALE, MATSUCOCCUS FEYTAUDI DUC. (HOMOPTERA: MARGARODIDAE), AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LARVAL POPULATION ESTIMATES AND MALE CATCH IN PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Jactel H. , Perthuisot N. , Menassieu P. , Raise G. , Burban C.
Published: November 2009

Sampling procedures for estimating within-tree populations of second-stage larvae (L2) of Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc., infesting maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), were investigated. These included random sampling without replacement, and systematic sampling with and without a linear model. The relative precision of the sampling was affected by the number, size, and bark thickness of the sample units. Because of symmetrical vertical distribution of within-tree populations, systematic sampling with a linear model did not increase precision when compared with simple systematic sampling. Sampling can be profitably reduced to below the crown portion of the bole, after removal of the part with either smooth or very thick and pyramidal bark. Counting L2 exuviae in the upper 10 cm of each 20-cm-long log, using one in every three logs, provided a relative precision of about 40%. The numbers of male M. feytaudi caught in sticky traps baited with 5 or 30 μg of synthetic pheromone were compared with the numbers of L2 estimated according to the sampling method previously developed. There was a significant positive correlation between number of scales caught and L2 estimates, at the level of individual trees for the lower dose lures, and at the level of groups of trees for the higher dose lures, used in 20-year-old stands. Large captures in younger, weakly infested stands were related to a possible immigration of flying scale insects.
SPACE- AND COHORT-DEPENDENT LONGEVITY IN ADULTLIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII(BURGESS) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) MASS-REARING CULTURES
Authors: Heinz Kevin M.
Published: November 2009

Various biological parameters ofLiriomyza trifolii(Burgess) were investigated to maximize mass-rearing efficiency of this insect. Average percentage emergence from a cohort of uniformly aged pupae was 90.0% of which 37.0% were males. A significant difference in the among-day emergence sequences from a pupal cohort was detected with 77.5% of all females and 80.1% of all males emerging during the first 2 days of the emergence sequence. Adults emerging on day 3 within the emergence sequence lived significantly longer than did flies emerging on the other days within the sequence. Male flies lived an average of 9.9 days or 33.1% less than the 14.8-day average for female flies. Cage size was also found to influence adult longevity significantly with the greatest average longevity (20 days for females and 12 days for males) occurring in 385.6-cm3cages. Emergence time within an emergence sequence and the physical size of an experimental unit are two previously experimentally undocumented sources of variation influencing longevity ofLiriomyza. A significant nonlinear relationship between the number of flies leaving the rearing cages (as a result of normal rearing procedures) and the daily number of pupalL. trifoliiadded to each cage was detected. From these biological parameters, a birth and death rate simulation model was developed to predict adult population sizes ofL. trifoliiwithin a mass-rearing program. The gender-specific simulation model consisted of adult emergence (quantified in terms of the adult emergence sequence from a known number of pupae entered into each rearing culture), and adult death rate (quantified in terms of the survivorship of adults within the culture and the number of adults escaping from the culture). The adult population sizes predicted by the simulation model were not significantly different from the average population sizes observed from the rearing cages in validation studies utilizing normal mass-rearing practices. Use of this model should reduce the effort expended on maintaining host populations for commercial mass-production of natural enemies ofL. trifolii.
THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ON SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF ORIUS INSIDIOSUS (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Richards P.C. , Schmidt J.M.
Published: November 2009

Diets combining the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with corn pollen, green snap bean pods, and adult western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis Pergrande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] were evaluated for their effects on the predatory anthocorid bug Orius insidiosus (Say). Nymphs fed only corn pollen did not complete development. Fourteen percent of the nymphs fed only green bean pod sections reached the adult stage. Females reared on a diet of bean pod sections did not oviposit. Nymphal survival, adult longevity, and fecundity were greatest for diets containing both E. kuehniella and green bean pods. When diets of bean pod sections and eggs of E. kuehniella were supplemented with pollen, egg production was slightly increased. Adult females provided with thrips were not more fecund than females maintained on a diet of eggs of E. kuehniella. Egg production increased significantly with the number of thrips consumed, demonstrating the importance of adult nutrition.
VARIABILITY AMONG APHID CLONES OF RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L. AND SITOBION AVENAE FABR. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN TRANSMISSION OF THREE PAV ISOLATES OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUSES
Authors: Guo Jing-Quan , Moreau Jean-Pierre , Lapierre Hervé
Published: November 2009

Variability in vectoring efficiency among six clones of Rhopalosiphum padi L. and five clones of Sitobion avenae Fabr. in transmission of three French PAV isolates (PAV-RG, PAV-2t, and PAV-13t) of barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) on seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Plaisant was determined. All the clones could transmit these three isolates, but their vectoring efficiency was significantly different: 91% and 56% transmission efficiencies were obtained from the most efficient clones (Rp-M and Sa-R1) but only 21% and 9% from the least efficient clones (Rp-R26 and Sa-V) with 5-day acquisition and inoculation access periods (AAP, IAP). A significant difference in overall transmission between apterous adults and winged aphids of the tested clones was also found. In most cases, apterous adults were more efficient than were winged aphids. The overall transmission efficiency of apterous adults was 1.5 and 1.7 times that of winged ones for R. padi and S. avenae, respectively. The transmissibility of PAV-RG and PAV-2t isolates was similar within each of the tested aphid clones, but that of the PAV-13t isolate differed, particularly for the poorly efficient vector clones of S. avenae. Temperature could significantly influence the vectoring efficiency of the tested clones of R. padi, but the influence was greater on Rp-R26. High temperature (25 °C) facilitated more transmission than did low temperature (14 °C), and high temperature for AAP played a more important role than it did for IAP.
POPULATION GENETICS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.) FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN RELATION TO GEOGRAPHICAL AND POPULATION DENSITY DIFFERENCES
Authors: Harvey G.T.
Published: November 2009

Collections (68) of spruce budworm from 33 locations from Newfoundland to Alaska were analysed for isozyme frequencies using horizontal starch gels. Collections represented pre-, early-, mid-, late-, and post-outbreak stages of several populations in balsam fir, white spruce, and mixed host forests, as well as successive annual collections at several locations. Isozymes were measured at 11 loci in mature larvae and at six loci in pheromone-trapped males; frequencies were essentially the same in both stages, and from all host species. Three loci (IDH-2, LDH-1, and AAT-1) were found to be sex-linked, with no heterozygotes in females. Mean percentage heterozygosity ranged from 13.2 to 23.1; at individual locations it tended to decrease over successive years of outbreak and over successive collections in the same year. Contingency chi-square analysis indicated small differences related to location and outbreak history but all populations were generally homogeneous over the entire range. Nevertheless, one allozyme of AAT-1 exhibited a significant cline in frequency from the southeast to the northwest. Gene flow across the entire range appeared to be appreciable.
REVISION OF WORLD SPECIES OFPARATELENOMUSDODD (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Norman F.
Published: November 2009

The genusParatelenomusDodd is revised from a worldwide perspective. Three species are described as new:P.angor[Taiwan, Thailand],P.indivisus[Papua New Guinea, Australia], andP.matinalis[Vanuatu].Paratelenomus bicolor(Dodd) [Australia],P.saccharalis(Dodd) [southern Europe, Africa, tropical Asia, Australia],P.ophiusa(Dodd) [Papua New Guinea, Australia],P.striativentris(Risbec) [Africa, India], andP.tetartus[Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines] are redescribed.Aphanurus graeffeiKieffer, 1917 andAsolcus minorWatanabe, 1954 are junior synonyms ofP.saccharalis(Dodd), 1913. An identification key to species is provided. The relationship ofParatelenomuswithin Telenominae is discussed; the hypothesized sister group isNirupamaNixon.
DISCOVERY OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON) (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) IN ASIA, WITH THE PROPOSAL OF A NEW SYNONYMY
Authors: Ivie Michael A. , Zinovjev Alexey G.
Published: November 2009

While conducting research on the geographic origin of the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton), we compared North American specimens to specimens of Eurasian Cephus spp., and discovered that specimens currently placed as C. hyalinatus Konow from Siberia are conspecific with the North American species. Given the pest status of the North American populations, which attack wheat and other cereals in the upper Great Plains (Weiss and Morrill 1992), this discovery has important implications for the management of the species. Discussion of these implications will be provided elsewhere (Ivie 1996).
FEEDING PREFERENCES OF THE ASHGRAY BLISTER BEETLE, EPICAUTA FABRICII (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE), FOR FOUR LEGUMES
Authors: Nead Barbara A. , Weiss Michael J. , Milbrath Lindsey R.
Published: November 2009

The addition of legumes in the small grain cropping system of the western prairie regions of North America has several advantages: an increased diversity in the landscape may reduce pest loads of insects, plant pathogens, and weeds; a decreased financial risk for producers by diversifying the types of crops produced; and increased soil nitrogen via fixation and mineralization. Several alternative legumes are being examined for potential production in this region, including lupins (Lupinus spp.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus).
DETOXICATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN FIVE SPECIES OF FIELD-COLLECTED MELANOPLINE GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Isman Murray B. , Feng Ruying , Johnson Dan L.
Published: November 2009

Detoxicative enzyme systems, such as the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, gluthione S-transferases, and general esterases, have been widely studied in holometabolous insects (e.g. Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera). These, and other enzyme systems, play important roles in insecticide resistance, but are also important in insect–host plant relationships, because host range can partially depend on the ability of an insect to cope with putatively toxic allelochemicals in an otherwise suitable host plant (e.g. Lindroth 1989). In some cases, differences in the relative activities of these enzymes between closely related insect taxa can have significant biological consequences (Siegfried and Mullin 1989).
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RED SPRING WHEAT, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CV. KATEPWA, DURING HEADING AND ANTHESIS TO DAMAGE BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R.H. , Mann L.W.
Published: November 2009

In a 3-year field study, potted plants of ‘Katepwa’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were exposed to ovipositing wheat midge. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), to determine when spikes are most susceptible to damage. After exposure, plants were maintained under controlled conditions for 4 weeks and examined for wheal midge larvae and damaged kernels, ‘Katepwa’ wheat became susceptible to wheat midge damage shortly after spikes emerged from the boot leaf. Location of larvae and damaged kernels within spikes was influenced by the duration spikelets were exposed to oviposition and pattern of anthesis within spikes. In 1992, frequencies of larvae and damaged kernels were 60–90 times higher in spikes exposed to oviposition during advanced heading (stages 57–59, Zadoks’ code) than in those exposed during flowering (stages 61–69). Kernel damage in spikes exposed to oviposition during stages 57–59, 61–65, and 65–70 was 48.5, 3.2, and 0.2%, respectively, in 1993 and 21.2, 1.0, and 0.6%, respectively, in 1994. Data indicated that susceptibility to midge damage declined 15- to 25-fold between heading and early anthesis and 35- to 240-fold between heading and advanced anthesis. Potential factors contributing to these declines and concomitant reductions in larval frequencies are discussed.

Commercial fields of ‘Katepwa’ wheat should be monitored for ovipositing wheat midge throughout heading (stages 51–59) when spikes are most vulnerable to damage. Larval survival and kernel damage were so low after stage 61 that monitoring during anthesis should be unnecessary. Intensive inspection of fields throughout heading would ensure that chemical treatments are applied when they are necessary and most effective.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF NEARCTIC, MEXICAN, AND WEST INDIAN OODINI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Bousquet Yves
Published: November 2009

Eight genera and 25 species are recognized among the Nearctic, Mexican, and West Indian Oodini. Four new species are described:Oodinus pseudopiceus(type locality: Hillsborough River St. Pk., Hillsborough Co., Florida);Oodinus similis(type locality: San Quintín, Chiapas, Mexico);Oodinus darlingtoni(type locality: Cauto El Cristo, Oriente, Cuba); andOodinus edentulus(type locality: 31.8 mi E Francisco Escárcega, Campeche, Mexico).Oodes fluvialisLeConte, 1863, previously recognized as a subspecies ofO.americanusDejean, 1826, is given specific status. The following new synonymies are established:EulachnocrepisHabu, 1956 withLachnocrepisLeConte, 1853;Stenocrepis texana(LeConte, 1863),S.chalcasBates, 1882, andS.chalcochrousChaudoir, 1883 withS.insulana(Jacquelin du Val, 1857);Stenocrepis quatuordecimstriata(Chaudoir, 1843),S.picipes(LeConte, 1844),S.stenocephala(LaFerté-Sénectère, 1851), andS.sulcataChevrolat, 1863 withS.mexicana(Chevrolat, 1835). Lectotypes are designated forOodinus alutaceus(Bates, 1882),Oodes amaroidesDejean, 1831,O.fluvialisLeConte, 1863,O.americanusDejean, 1826,Stenocrepis texana(LeConte, 1863),S.chalcasBates, 1882,S.lecontei(Chaudoir, 1857),S.quatuordecimstriata(Chaudoir, 1843),S.picipes(LeConte, 1844),S.cuprea(Chaudoir, 1843),S.tibialis(Chevrolat, 1834),S.femoralis(Chaudoir, 1835),S.elegans(LeConte, 1851), andS.gratiosa(Bates, 1882). The genus-group nameNanodesHabu, 1956, a homonym ofNanodesSchönherr, 1825, is replaced byNanodiodes, new replacement name. For each genus treated, the following are provided: citation of original description and selected references, notes about synonymy (if required), description, geographical distribution and diversity, and monophyly and phylogenetic relationships. For each species included, the following are given: citation of original description and synonymies, type material, etymology (for new species only), notes about synonymy (if required), diagnosis, description, geographical distribution, bionomics, and phylogenetic relationships (if the genus includes more than two species). Keys to genera and, for each genus, to species are included. The species distributions are mapped, and the important structural features are illustrated.
FEEDING RESPONSES OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN RELATION TO HOST RESISTANCE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Tomlin Elizabeth S. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

Feeding preferences of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), for resistant or susceptible Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., were investigated using three types of laboratory bioassay. In paired-twig bioassays, fall weevils were significantly deterred from feeding up to 80% by resistant clones from four British Columbia provenances: Green Timbers, Cedarvale, Haney, and Big Qualicum. Females showed greater discrimination than males. Spring weevils were deterred from feeding by clones from the Green Timbers and Big Qualicum provenances by up to 60%. Fall males were more consistently deterred than spring males, suggesting that some host selection occurs in the fall. Females were significantly deterred from ovipositing on twigs from one clone from Big Qualicum, and stimulated by clones from Cedarvale when given a choice. Given no choice, however, they were significantly deterred from ovipositing, but not feeding by several resistant clones. In agar-disc bioassays, spring weevils were significantly deterred from feeding by bark from the provenances of Cedarvale and Big Qualicum by up to 86%. Trees from the provenances of Big Qualicum and Green Timbers caused the most consistent feeding or oviposition deterrency and may rely on this in part as a resistance mechanism. Because not all resistant clones and provenances were deterrent, we hypothesize that these trees may employ other resistance mechanisms which could be incorporated along with feeding and oviposition deterrency into breeding for resistance.
OVIPOSITION, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION, AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STROBILOMYIA LARICIS MICHELSEN AND S. VIARIA (HUCKETT) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON EASTERN LARCH, LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH
Authors: McClure Martha , Quiring Dan T. , Turgeon Jean J.
Published: November 2009

A 2-year field study was carried out to locate and identify eggs, determine the temporal distributions of eggs and larvae, and assess the impact of Strobilomyia laricis and S. viaria on Larix laricina. Eggs of S. laricis were beige with a patterned surface and usually laid one per cone in the bud scales at the base of the cone. Eggs of S. viaria were white and smooth and usually laid one per cone between the ovuliferous scales of the cone. Strobilomyia laricis oviposited from mid- to late May and S. viaria from late May to mid-June, each species initiating oviposition at a different stage of cone phenology. Peak egg densities of S. laricis were 25 and 65% higher than those of S. viaria in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Larvae of both species completed development at the same time, from mid-June to early July. The mean number of scales eaten per cone did not differ between species; one larva damaged a mean of 8.4 scales per cone in 1990 and 10.7 scales per cone in 1991. As the number of scales per cone increased, the mean number of scales eaten increased and the mean percentage of scales eaten decreased. Cone crops were light in both years. In 1990, the only year we were able to differentiate cone maggot larvae, 44% of cones were damaged by S. laricis and only 16% by S. viaria. Together, S. laricis and S. viaria damaged 60 and 67% of the cones and destroyed 38 and 50% of the potential seed crop in 1990 and 1991, respectively.
REVIEW OF THE WORLD SPECIES OFDIMMOCKIAASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Ikeda Eiji , Huber John T.
Published: November 2009

The five species ofDimmockiaAshmead are reviewed and keyed. Members are mainly hyperparasites of Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitic on Lepidoptera, though they are also recorded as primary parasites of Lepidoptera. The NearcticD.incongruaandD.pallipesare redescribed and a lectotype is designated forD.incongrua.Dimmockia marylandicaGirault is provisionally removed fromDimmockiabut its correct placement is unknown because the unique type is lost. The PalaearcticD.brevicornisis newly recorded from North America. Additional taxonomic features are provided forD.exorientisandD.secunda. Two African species, previously placed inDimmockia, are transferred toSympiesisasS.polygoniae(Risbec) comb.nov. andS.cosmopterygi(Risbec) comb.nov. A lectotype is designated forS.polygoniae. A character analysis ofDimmockiaspecies and 21 species ofSympiesisis provided and relationships are discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR A MALE-PRODUCED AGGREGATION PHEROMONE IN THE WESTERN CONIFER SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALIS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: Blatt Suzie E. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, and the southern pine seed bug, L. corculus (Say), feed on the developing seeds of conifers causing great losses to seed crops (Koerber 1963; Connelly and Schowalter 1991; Schowalter 1996). When high populations threaten the yieldof genetically superior, high quality seed in seed orchards, chemical controls may be used (DeBarr et al. 1982). However, because even minor uses of chemical pesticides are increasingly restricted, particularly in British Columbia where seed orchards commonly interface with urban areas, damaging populations of L. occidentalis may not be controlled at all.
PATTERNS OF FEEDING INJURY TO POTATO BY THE POTATO FLEA BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Pernal S.F. , Senanayake D.G. , Holliday N.J.
Published: November 2009

The amount and distribution of foliar feeding injury by adult potato flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris), were examined on individually caged potato plants grown in field plots in Manitoba. Plants were either maintained as uninfested controls, or were exposed throughout the growing season to different insect densities that mimicked the natural seasonal pattern of infestation. In 1984, a trial was conducted using cv. ‘Norland’ exposed to four different densities of potato flea beetles. In 1989 and 1990, cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ was exposed to potato flea beetles, and in some treatments, plants were exposed to early summer infestations of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In each trial, during the late summer period of high potato flea beetle density, the amount and distribution of flea beetle feeding injury were assessed at weekly intervals. Counts of feeding punctures in single leaflets were made from leaves in the upper, middle, and lower third of each caged plant, and these data were subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance. In each of the 3 years, increasing the number of flea beetles increased the mean number of feeding punctures per leaflet in an approximately linear fashion; however, the number of punctures per beetle varied between cultivars and years. In 1984 and 1990, the number of feeding punctures per leaflet was least in the upper third of the plants, and greater in the lower, or middle and lower, third of plants. However, in 1989, the vertical distribution of feeding punctures was relatively even. Previous feeding by Colorado potato beetles increased the mean number of flea beetle feeding punctures per leaflet and changed the vertical distribution of feeding punctures. Rainfall and temperature were correlated with patterns of flea beetle injury; injury was concentrated on lower leaflets during weeks of greater rainfall, and upper leaflets were injured most during weeks with higher average temperatures. It is concluded that flea beetles exhibit preferences for feeding in specific portions of potato plants, and that these preferences change in response to previous defoliation and are influenced by meteorological conditions. Consequently, counting feeding punctures would not be a reliable method of assessing whether control measures for potato flea beetles are justified.
REDUCED COLD-HARDINESS OF PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO EXTERNAL WATER AND SURFACTANTS
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M. , Neven Lisa G.
Published: November 2009

Overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were misted with water or with one of several dilute solutions of water and surfactant, and then exposed to a range of subzero temperatures for 24 h. Misted psylla had significantly greater mortality than unmisted controls. Increases in mortality occurred at temperatures as warm as −6°C, a temperature well within the range of conditions in the field. At extreme low temperatures (−18°C) there was virtually no mortality in the unmisted controls, whereas mortality approached or reached 100% in several of the misted groups. Temperatures necessary to kill 50% of insects estimated for topically treated psylla ranged between −2.6 and −12.7°C for surfactant-treated insects, and below −18°C for water-treated or control insects. The possibility of using surfactants and water for control of overwintering pear psylla is discussed.