bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing the Measurement of Dental Students’ Professionalism
Authors: Farah-Franco Sandra , Singer-Chang Gail , Deoghare Harshavardhan
Published: November 2017

In dental education, professionalism has been viewed as a requirement in order to achieve and maintain competence in the practice of dentistry. The Professionalism Mini‐Evaluation Exercise (P‐MEX), a 21‐item instrument validated in medicine, is often used to measure the following observable professionalism behaviors: doctor‐patient relationship, reflective skills, time management skills, and interprofessional relationship skills. Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as the ability to accurately perceive emotions in oneself and in others in order to improve performance and personal growth. The primary aim of this study was to elucidate for dental education the relationship of professionalism as measured by the P‐MEX to EI as measured by the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ‐i) 2.0, and the secondary aim was to explore relationships between EQ‐i 2.0 subscales and the P‐MEX. A correlational cohort study was conducted in 2015–16 in which the EQ‐i 2.0 was administered to dental students at one U.S. dental school at the end of their second year as they began their clinical education experience. Out of a total class of 66 students, 49 (74%) were chosen to participate through randomized selection in order to have about 12 students per team clinic group. The P‐MEX evaluations were collected eight months later in three settings: the comprehensive care clinic, community outreach clinics, and clinical care seminars. The students’ EQ‐i 2.0 mean scores and P‐MEX mean scores resulted in a non‐significant correlation. However, the EQ‐i 2.0 subscales self‐actualization and happiness were significantly correlated with the P‐MEX mean scores. These results suggest that there was a relationship between these students’ EI and professionalism, which supports the use of both for the evaluation and development of professionalism through a multiple triangulated effort.
POST-TRAUMA ROOT FRACTURE IN TEETH WITH INCOMPLETE ROOT DEVELOPMENT: A CASE REPORT
Authors: DoĞan Mehmet Sinan , Maharani Diah Ayu , Kusdhany Lindawati S , Adİatman Melİssa , Yavuz Izzet
Published: November 2017

Objective: Oblique root fractures consist of multiple, angled fracture lines extending from the root canal to the periodontal membrane along the long axis of the tooth. Oblique root fractures are injuries with poor prognosis which are rarely observed in teeth in which the root development is complete.Methods: A clinical and radiological inspection was performed of an eight-year-old patient who presented at our clinic for dental trauma. Luxation and oblique sectional root fractures in the maxillary incisors were found. The patient’s root development was incomplete. He was treated with dental reposition. Fixation to the adjacent primary canine teeth was carried out using a 0.4 mm full circle orthodontic wire for fractured teeth with a semi-rigid splint. Stabilization of the teeth was ensured to protect the vitality of the fractured teeth. A splint was inserted under local anaesthesia and removed a month later.Results: The absence of pathological symptoms was determined radiologically and clinically. It was shown during a radiological examination of the patient a year later that root development inthe teeth with a root fracture had continued. There were no pathological complications.Conclusion: The current study finding of high recovery potential in young permanent teeth with root fracture is supported by those of other studies in the literature. Recovery in this case was successful because the patient presented timeously at the clinic after the trauma, there was a lack of infection, and the splint was only in situ for a month.
SELF-EFFICACY AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ON EXERCISE ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN OF KLANG VALLEY
Authors: Hassan Hafizah Che
Published: November 2017

Objective: The present study aims to explore the effects of self-efficacy and behavioral changes on exercise that impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of middle-aged Malaysian women.Methods: A questionnaire-based data collection was performed from October 2013 to March 2014 in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Analysis of data was performed by SPSS (vs. 21.0) after recording body mass index, general health, physical health status, self-efficacy, and self-awareness associated with HRQoL. Correlation between the parameters was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and the reliability test was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha (α). Results are mentioned as significant when p-values are found to be <0.05.Results: Findings of the study indicate though women of Klang Valley suffer from few health problems, they prefer exercise to maintain their HRQoL. It has been observed that self-efficacy and behavioral changes for exercise related QoL are affected by several factors, such as education, monthly income, marital status, and even ethnicity. Among 736 respondents, only 304 made a change in their exercise regime, and the level of change is about 58.4% had made small increase and followed by 41.3%. Women with higher self-efficacy (50.35%) made changes by taking up exercise to have a healthy lifestyle.Conclusions: This study portrays that women of Klang Valley, Malaysia, are inflicted with quite a good self-efficacy to exercise, which impacts their HRQoL.
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF 11 CASES OF CARTAP POISONING - A RARE POISONING
Authors: Das Rekha , Mohanty Sumita , Behera Sanjay Kumar , Medikonda Ranjender Kumar
Published: November 2017

Objective: Cartap hydrochloride poisoning is an uncommon poisoning encountered in India. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics, severity, management, and outcome of patients with Cartap poisoning, treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral hospital.Methods: This is a retrospective study where 11 cases of Cartap poisoning admitted to hospital ICU between 2011 and 2016 were identified from the case records. The demographic data, mode of ingestion, time to treat, ingested dose and severity of poisoning, presenting features, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), dose of NAC used, complications, and outcome were noted.Results: Patients were scored as moderate or severe cases of poisoning. Severe cases consumed >10 g, underwent gastric lavage > 4 hrs, and took Cartap concomitantly with alcohol or in empty stomach. Duration of MV varied from 68-94 hrs in severe cases and 12-48 hrs in moderate cases. Average dose of NAC in severe case was 11.19 g and moderate case was 8.89 g. The most common presenting symptoms were vomiting, altered sensorium, and breathlessness. Severe cases had more complications, and the most common complication was hypotension followed by seizures. Survival was 100%.Conclusion: 50% of Cartap poisoning cases had good survival outcome. Severity of poisoning depends on amount of Cartap ingested, time taken for gastric lavage, and concomitant administration of alcohol. Duration of MV and dose of NAC and complications encountered correlates with the severity of poisoning.
INHIBITION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION BY QUERCETIN AND CATECHIN: AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY FOR TREATING DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Julius Angeline , Hopper Waheeta
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to determine early advanced glycation end-product (AGE) inhibition by natural aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs), quercetin and catechin.Methods: The assay mixture (4 ml) consisted of 2 ml of 50 mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), 50 μg/μl bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 2 mM glucose with or without the inhibitor. The test samples were treated with three different concentrations (10 mM, 20 mM, and 40 mM) of quercetin and catechin. High-throughput screening-based assay was adapted to perform the BSA-glucose test to determine the induction of AGE formation and its inhibition by quercetin, and catechin, using the fluorescence of the AGE-BSA sample at excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 and 450 nm.Result: The ARIs, quercetin and catechin inhibited early glycation with an inhibitory concentration value of 15.58 mM and 35.01 mM, respectively.Conclusion: The suppression of AGEs formation by natural inhibitors of aldose reductase would provide an alternative approach to the control of diabetic complications.
TRITERPENES FROM CERIOPS DECANDRA (GRIFF.) W. THEOB.
Authors: Perez Judy , Shen Chien-chang , Ragasa Consolacion Y
Published: November 2017

Objective: To isolate and identify the chemical constituents of Ceriops decandra. Methods: The chemical constituents of C. decandra (Griff.) W. Theob. were isolated by silica gel chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of C. decandra has led to the isolation of 3β-E-coumaroylbetulinic acid (1), lupeol fatty acid esters (2), betulonic acid (3), betulin (4), betulinic acid (5), lupeol (6), lupenone (7), and a mixture of 3β-E-feruloyllupeol (8) and 3β-Z-feruloyllupeol (9), and chlorophyll a (10). The structures of 1-10 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of 1-3 from C. decandra. Literature search revealed that the triterpenes isolated from C. decandra exhibited anticancer properties.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF DAPAGLIFLOZIN BY REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD AND IT’S FORCED DEGRADATION STUDIES
Authors: Shakirbasha Shaik , P Sravanthi
Published: November 2017

Objective: To develop and validate a simple, selective, precise, and accurate method for the estimation of dapagliflozin using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique in bulk and tablet formulation.Methods: The proposed method utilizes chromatographic conditions hypersil BDS (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ), mobile phase was buffer:acetonitrile (60:40) ratio, flow rate was maintained 1 ml/minute, column temperature was set at 30°C, detection wave length was 245 nm, and diluent was mobile phase.Results: By injecting 5 times of the standard solution system suitability parameters were studied, and results were found well under the acceptance criteria. The linearity study was performed by taking 25-150% levels, and the R2 value was found to be 0.999, precision was found to be 0.5 for repeatability and 0.31 for intermediate precision. The % recovery was found to be 99.89%. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.60 μg/ml and 1.81 μg/ml, respectively. The % purity was found to be 99.71%. Degradation study on dapagliflozin was performed and concluded that the purity threshold was more than purity angle and within the acceptable range.Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC method for dapagliflozin was found to be simple, precise, accurate, reproducible, and cost effective. Statistical analysis of the developed method conforms that the proposed method is an appropriate and it can be useful for the routine analysis. This method gives the basic idea to the researcher who is working in area such as product development and finish product testing.
INCIDENCES OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AND NON-ALBICANS AMONG CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION PATIENTS OF AKOLA CITY
Authors: Ln Khandare , Dl Barate
Published: November 2017

Objective: Candida spp. is the third leading cause of catheter-related infections. Candida species is a part of human microflora and it becomes pathogenic when certain conditions are present and cause an opportunistic infections. The present study was undertaken to determine incidences of Candida albicans and non-albicans among catheterized urinary tract infection (UTI) patients of Akola city.Methods: A total 60 catheter urine samples were collected from patient of all the age group and both sex who had indwelling urinary catheter. The collected catheterized urine samples of patients from various hospitals of Akola city were used for isolation using HiCrome Candida differential agar.Results: It was found that highest frequency of isolation of Candida spp. was from age group 61-70 years. The predominance of male candidate was more than female having Candida spp. in catheter-associated UTI (C-UTI). Among the Candida spp. C. albicans (64.81%) was predominant over non-albicans spp. while in non-albicans Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were predominant showing 11.11% incidences. It was followed by Candida tropicalis (9.2%) and Candida parapsilosis (3.7%).Conclusion: The incidences of C. albicans and non-albicans were high among catheter-associated UTI patients.
A GLOBAL PICTURE OF EXTENDED PHARMACY SERVICES, PERCEPTIONS, AND BARRIERS TOWARD ITS PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Nordin Nazri , Ahmad Hassali, Mohamed Azmi , Sarriff Azmi
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aims of this review were to observe extended services performed in the community pharmacy settings, perceptions among community pharmacists (CPs), general practitioners (GPs), and customers of these extended services and barriers toward its performance.Methods: A literature search was conducted, using Google Scholar as database, searching for full access texts. The inclusive texts fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Results: A total of 22 texts had been systematically reviewed, noting a wide range of extended services performed in community pharmacy settings. Medication counseling or review and promoting health educations were noted as the most extended services performed. It is also noted that CPs indicated that these extended services could establish working relationship with other health-care professionals. However, it is noted that among the barriers toward extended services were lack of knowledge, skills, and time to perform.Conclusion: As a conclusion, the community pharmacy practice is evolving, transforming into more patient-oriented even though there are some negative perceptions among the customers and GPs toward these extended services. Barriers to the performance of these extended services should be intervened.
ANTIMICROBIAL, INSECTICIDAL, AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF SOLANUM VIRGINIANUM L. (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Tr Prashith Kekuda , Hl Raghavendra , Mr Rajesh , Hc Avinash , Gn Ankith , Kn Karthik
Published: November 2017

Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine antimicrobial, antiradical, and insecticidal activity of methanolic extract of the whole plant of Solanum virginianum L. (Solanaceae).Methods: Extraction of shade dried and powdered plant material was carried out by maceration process. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extract were determined by agar well diffusion and poisoned food technique, respectively. Antiradical activity of extract was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Insecticidal activity, in terms of larvicidal activity, was evaluated against 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti.Results: The extract exhibited inhibitory activity against all bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria showed greater susceptibility to extract when compared to Gram-negative bacteria. The extract was effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all test fungi with marked activity against Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. The extract scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals dose dependently with an inhibitory concentration value of 45.66 and 7.37μg/ml, respectively. The extract showed concentration-dependent larvicidal activity with high lethal activity observed against 2nd instar larvae with lethal concentration value of 0.82 mg/ml.Conclusion: In suitable form, the plant can be used as an effective agent against microbial infections and oxidative damage and to control insect vectors which transmit several diseases.
CELL CYCLE ARREST ACTIVITY OF LITSEA CUBEBA LOUR: HEARTWOOD AND FRUIT EXTRACTS AGAINST T47D BREAST CANCER CELLS
Authors: Dalimunthe Aminah , Hasibuan Poppy Anjelisa Z , Satria Denny
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate cell cycle arrest activity toward T47D cells of Litsea cubeba heartwoods and fruits extract.Methods: Dry extracts were prepared from dry-grounded heartwoods and fruits by cold maceration using n-hexane, ethylacetate, and ethanol solvent. Cytotoxic activity were measured by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] methods and interpreted with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value. Cell cycle arrest was investigated by flowcytometry method.Results: IC50 values for each n-hexane, ethylacetate, and ethanol of L. cubeba heartwoods and fruits were 76.34±2.61; 67.52±2.45; 71.23±2.37; 75.59±3.24; 162.58±15.08; 63.70±2.67 μg/mL, respectively. Cell cycle arrest for ethylacetate extract of heartwoods and fruits were accumulated in G0/G1 phase (56.70% and 65.56%).Conclusion: These results suggest that L. cubeba heartwoods and fruits has cell cycle arrest activity.
INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF QUERCETIN AND HESPERIDIN: AN IN VITRO APPROACH
Authors: Priyanga K Srimathi , K Vijayalakshmi
Published: November 2017

Objective: The study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of quercetin and hesperidin.Methods: The antioxidant potential of quercetin and hesperidin was estimated using free radicals in in vitro condition. Antioxidant activity of quercetin and hesperidin was estimated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radical, and reducing power assay.Results: Quercetin and hesperidin have high efficiency in scavenging free radicals. Both the compounds are more efficient in scavenging DPPH (IC50 value 36.15±0.30 and 41.55±0.49 mg/ml) and superoxide radicals (IC 50 value 19.3±0.26 and 28.08 ±0.18 mg/ml) have high reducing capacity when compared to the standards ascorbic acid (IC50 value 31.45±1.31 and 23.2±0.20 mg/ml).Conclusion: The present study suggests that quercetin and hesperidin have significant antioxidant activities and could be easily accessible to the immune system.
FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES OF ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUGS TRIPTANS BY COACERVATION METHOD
Authors: A Farshid , Csr Lakshmi
Published: November 2017

Objective: Triptans are effective medicines used to treat migraine and certain other headaches. This study has been conducted to prepared nanoparticles (NPs) of triptans by coacervation technique using a different drug to polymer ratios and evaluated.Methods: Polymers such as albumin and gelatin and cross-linking agent were used at different levels to prepare triptan NPs with high entrapment efficiency (EE) and low particle size (PS). Completion of the reaction was confirmed by infrared spectra. NPs were evaluated for shape and surface morphology, polydispersity index, zeta potential, EE, and PS distribution.Results: Among all the formulation, AA5 formulation of triptan-loaded albumin NPs (ANPs) has small PS and high EE.Conclusion: In this study, we have found that the ANPs in the presence of 4% glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent could be used as a delivery vehicle of triptans.
CASPASE 3 AS PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: Siregar Kamal Basri , Manuaba Tjakra Wibawa , Dahlan Lubis Muhammad Nadjib , Sembiring Rosita Juwita
Published: November 2017

Objectives: This study will examine the expression of caspase-3 and apoptotic index (AI) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). By knowing the non-responsiveness effect earlier, adverse effects of chemotherapy can be avoided.Methods: This prospective cohort study has been approved by the local Ethics Committee. A total of 60 consent TNBC patients from Haji Adam Malik General Hospital and Bunda Thamrin Hospital were included in the study. Patients with heart, kidney, liver disease, history of surgery, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy were excluded. Samples were analyzed immunohistochemically by monoclonal antibodies to assess caspase 3 and AI. Clinical chemotherapy response is determined as a positive or negative response based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.Results: The results of this study indicated that caspase 3 was increased post-chemotherapy but could not predict the clinical response of chemotherapy. Caspase-3 post-chemotherapy (5.27±1.27 pg/mL) compared to pre-chemotherapy (4.60±1.09 pg/mL) increased significantly (p=0.003) by 0.67±1.66 pg/mL but no difference was found in AI score (p=0.819). Neither caspase 3 nor the AI were associated with a clinical chemotherapy response (p=0.514 and p=0.993, subsequently).Conclusion: Further research with larger samples is needed to determine the role and pathway of chemotherapy induced caspase 3 rise.
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CAPTOPRIL IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: Logoyda Liliya , Kondratova Yuliya , Korobko Dmytro , Soroka Yuriy
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop more simple, sensitive, accurate, and less expensive analytical methods for the determination of captopril in medicines by Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.Materials and Methods: The chromatographic analysis of captopril performed on liquid chromatography Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC System.Results: A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific method was developed for the determination of captopril by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography in mono-medicines and pharmaceutical dosage forms in combination with hydrochlorothiazide without previous separation. Satisfactory resolution was achieved using Fused-Core® technology Ascentis Express C18 column (4.6×150 mm) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% solution of trifluoroacetic acid (40/60, v/v) at a flow rate 1.2 mL/minute and the wavelength detection was 220 nm. Ascentis Express columns, based on Fusеd-core pаrticle technоlogy, prоvide more than twice the speed and efficiency of traditiоnal cоlumns at half the backpressure of sub-2-μm columns. The retention time for captopril was 1.345 minute. The validation of this method was based on the ICH and USP guidelines.Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the assay was rapid, sensitive and successfully applied to the determination of both drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from tablet excipients.
INSECTICIDAL, ANTIBACTERIAL, AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF NICOTIANA PLUMBAGINIFOLIA VIV. (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Tr Prashith Kekuda , Hl Raghavendra , Mr Rajesh , Hc Avinash
Published: November 2017

Objectives: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. belongs to the family Solanaceae. The present study was carried out to determine insecticidal, antibacterial, and antiradical activity of aerial parts of N. plumbaginifolia.Methods: Extraction was carried out by maceration process using methanol. Insecticidal activity was assessed, in terms of larvicidal effect, against II and IV instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against a panel of 7 bacteria by agar well diffusion assay. Antiradical activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays.Results: The extract was found to cause dose-dependent mortality of larvae of A. aegypti. The lethal concentration 50 value of extract for II and IV instar larvae was found to be 0.41 and 0.99 mg/ml, respectively. Extract was effective in inhibiting all bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria displayed marked susceptibility when compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were susceptible to highest and least extent, respectively. Extract scavenged both DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals dose dependently. Extract scavenged ABTS radicals more efficiently (inhibitory concentration [IC50] value 13.51 μg/ml) when compared to DPPH radicals (IC50 value 17.43 μg/ml).Conclusions: The plant N. plumbaginifolia appears to be a promising resource for developing agents with insecticidal, antibacterial, and antiradical activity. The observed bioactivities could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals which are to be isolated, characterized, and subjected for bioactivity determinations. The plant can be used to prevent arboviral diseases, infectious diseases, and oxidative damage.
THE BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATION AND DNA DAMAGE IN RATS (RATTUS RATTUS) AFTER CHRONIC INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTION TO PURIFIED MICROCYSTIN-LR FROM ANABAENA CIRCINALIS
Authors: Khadairi Maher M , Al-amari Moayed Jy , Al-mamoori Ayad Mj
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study determined the effect of purified microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) on biochemical and DNA damage parameters in rats.Methods: Utilization of preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in analysis, purification and collection of MC-LR, then intraperitoneally injection of purified MC-LR to rats. At the end of exposure, animals were sacrificed, and liver cell was isolated to measure the biochemical markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) as well as measured malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450), and DNA damage markers such as comet length, tail length, and tail moment were measured with the single cell gel electrophoresis also called comet assay.Results: The present results showed significantly increased activities of SOD as well as concentration of MDA, ROS with increasing concentration of MC-LR but the activities of CAT and GSH, as well as Cyt P450, were significantly decreased with increasing MC-LR dose while makers of DNA damage such as comet length, tail length, and tail moment also significantly increased with increasing MC-LR dose.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that chronic exposure to MC-LR toxin can induce alteration of biochemical and DNA damage markers.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SEPSIS THROUGH SEPSIS MARKERS AND SEPSIS INDEX THROUGH FLOW CYTOMETRY TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Chouhan Sima , Hansa Jagadish , Pradhan Sarita
Published: November 2017

Objective: Sepsis is a major medical challenge, and remains a burden by showing minimal symptoms, non-specific manifestation which leads to the high-mortality rate. The major cause of high mortality rate is due to the diagnostic pitfalls. The sepsis mechanism involves immune suppression associated with multiorgan dysfunction, uncontrolled infection, and death. This study aims to use new parameters in diagnosis of sepsis particularly neutrophil CD64 (nCD64), monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR (mHLA-DR), performed by flow cytometer.Methods: Available diagnostic tools such as blood culture (gold standard) and other tools are time-consuming which leads to death because the treatment is not commenced promptly due to unavailability of quick and accurate diagnostic procedures. To overcome such instances, there are different specific cell surface markers which are introduced to reveal sepsis at the earliest using flow cytometry technique. The newer technique allows determination of different cellular and functional pathological components of sepsis. Using this technology, a newer treatment modality (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) can be used to reverse sepsis associated immune suppression.Results: The results suggested that the flow cytometric evaluation of nCD64, mHLA-DR expression assay, seems to be promising as comparison to other tools available for diagnosis.Conclusion: The pilot data suggest that the flow assay, “sepsis index” is a useful assay for diagnosing and discriminating sepsis in adult at intensive care unit settings in comparison to all the available current modalities of sepsis diagnosis. However, there are no other comparable parameters to diagnose early sepsis.
ACUTE TOXICITY TESTING OF NEWLY DISCOVERED POTENTIAL ANTIHEPATITIS B VIRUS AGENTS OF PLANT ORIGIN
Authors: Gm Subaiea , M Aljofan , Vr Devadasu , Tm Alshammari
Published: November 2017

Objective: Our previous studies indicate that alkaloids could be developed as potential antihepatitis B agents. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro antihepatitis B virus (HBV) activity and in vivo acute oral toxicity of three isoquinoline alkaloids [-(-) Canadine, Corydadine, and Berberine] obtained from Fumaria and Corydalis species. The compounds were selected based on their therapeutic indexes calculated previously in vitro.Methods: The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of selected isoquinoline alkaloids were evaluated in vitro in HepG2 cells. In vivo, acute oral toxicity was performed in female mice following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guideline-423 (acute toxicity class method).Results: The selected agents have shown high antiviral activity against HBV and low cytotoxicity in vitro. The results obtained from an acute oral toxicity study revealed that the LD50 of all the test compounds was >2000 mg/kg when administered orally to mice. All the tested compounds fall under the category 5 (unclassified) according to the Globally Harmonized System, with a LD50 value >2000 mg/kg when orally administered to mice.Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that OR-13 and MNAD can be studied further and can be developed as antihepatitis B drugs.
NEW INSIGHTS OF MAMMARY GLAND DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Jena Manoj Kumar , Mohanty Ashok Kumar
Published: November 2017

Mammary gland is a unique organ with its function of milk synthesis, secretion, and involution to prepare the gland for subsequent lactation. The mammary epithelial cells proliferate, differentiate, undergo apoptosis, and tissue remodeling following a cyclic pathway in lactation – involution – lactation cycle, thus fine tuning the molecular events through hormones, and regulatory molecules. Several studies are performed on the mammary gland development, lactogenesis, and involution process in molecular details. The developmental stages of mammary gland are embryonic, pre-pubertal, pubertal, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Major developmental processes occur after puberty with hormones and growth factors playing crucial role. The two major pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and PI3K-Akt pathway play a major role in maintaining the lactation. The involution process is a well-orchestrated event involving several signaling molecules and making the gland ready for subsequent lactation. The review focuses on findings with molecular details of different stages of the mammary gland development and signaling pathways involved in lactation–involution cycle. Deep insight into the developmental stages of mammary gland will pave the way to understand mammary gland biology, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and it will help the researchers to use mammary gland as a model for research on various aspects.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCH OF INDOMETHACIN CONTAINING PATCHOULI OIL AS NATURAL PENETRATION ENHANCER
Authors: Das Asha , Ahmed Abdul Baquee
Published: November 2017

Objective: To develop a transdermal patch of Indomethacin using patchouli oil as a natural enhancer to increase transdermal permeation of the drug from the matrix system across rat epidermis.Materials and Methods: The chemical characterization of patchouli oil was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Transdermal patches of indomethacin were formulated after studying the drug-excipient compatibility studies by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The transdermal patches were evaluated for various physiochemical properties. In-vitro transdermal permeation was carried using modified Keshary-Chein diffusion cell across rat epidermis. FTIR studies of rat epidermis were done to understand the mechanism of the permeation enhancing effect of the oil from the matrix patch.Result: The results of physiochemical parameters of the transdermal patch were found satisfactory. The transdermal flux obtained of the different concentration of patchouli oil tend to increase with increasing concentration of the oil and the maximum transdermal flux of 61.92 ± 0.89 μg/cm2/hr was obtained with formulation F7 (containing 1% w/v of patchouli oil) which is similar to the flux of the formulation F2 containing standard enhancer dimethyl sulphoxide. The skin irritation test did not show any edema and the FTIR data of rat epidermis indicated that patchouli oil enhances transdermal permeation of indomethacin by partial extraction of lipids in the stratum corneum.Conclusion: Thus, the results showed a potential enhancing effect of patchouli oil on the transdermal permeation of the model drug indomethacin and may be used as natural permeation enhancer in transdermal drug delivery systems.
CORRELATION OF MICROALBUMINURIA WITH AGE, DURATION, GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN, BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL PARAMETERS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS
Authors: P Geetha , P Shanmugasundaram
Published: November 2017

Objectives: Microalbuminuria is the strongest predictor of diabetic nephropathy, which is the main cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes patients and to evaluate the relation between the microalbuminuria and age, duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood sugar levels, blood pressure (BP), and renal parameters of Type 2 diabetes patients.Methods: The prospective study includes 115 patients with Type 2 diabetes, visiting in outpatient diabetes hospital, Chennai. The case reports of the patients diagnosed with blood sugar, HbA1c level BP and renal parameters of Type 2 diabetes patients were recorded and compared with microalbuminuria. Statistical analysis was carried out using student t-test and Pearson correlation.Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of microalbuminuria in this study was 27.82%. Incidence of microalbuminria increases with age, duration of diabetes, blood sugar levels, and hypertension. There is no association of body mass index and sex on the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Creatinine clearance has shown a weak negative correlation with microalbuminuria in our study.Conclusion: The present study showed that there is a weak positive correlation of microalbuminuria with blood sugar levels, duration and systolic BP. There is a weak negative correlation of creatinine shows that impairment in the kidney function.
USING HAIR GROWTH ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL STABILITY, AND SAFETY TESTS TO STUDY HAIR TONICS CONTAINING ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LICORICE (GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN.)
Authors: Utami Sheila Meitania , Djajadisastra Joshita , Saputri Fadlina Chany
Published: November 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, physical stability, and hair growth activity of ethanol extract of licorice.Methods: In this study, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% licorice extract was formulated into a hair tonic as a tonic is easier to use and is not sticky like a semisoliddosage. The hair growth activity test was conducted by rubbing the hair tonic preparations on rabbit’s backs; subsequently, the hair length, hairthickness, hair weight, and hair density were measured. Quantitative analysis of glycyrrhizic acid from the licorice ethanol extract with a ultravioletspectrophotometer showed a level of about 156.65 mg/g or 15.665%. The physical stability test was performed on samples of the tonic stored at low(4±2°C), room (25±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperature, and a cycling test was also performed. The safety test was performed using an eye irritationtest that employed the Hen’s egg test–chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) method and a skin irritation test that employed the patch test method.Results: The hair tonics containing 5% and 10% licorice extract had an equivalent activity of hair growth and even better than the positive controlcontaining 2% minoxidil. The physical stability test showed that the licorice extract hair tonic has good physical stability. The results of the safety testshowed no skin irritation, whereas the HET-CAM test showed that the hair tonic containing licorice extract showed mild eye irritation.Conclusions: Licorice ethanol extract hair tonic solutions in concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% had hair growth activity similar to that of thepositive control (minoxidil). They have a good physical and chemical stability, also safe for topical use, except the 2.5% licorice ethanol extract hairtonic solution which caused mild eye irritation.
FERMENTATION OF BIOETHANOL FROM THE BIOMASS HYDROLYZATE OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH USING SELECTED YEAST ISOLATES
Authors: Kusfanto Hendriq Fauzan , Maggadani Baitha Palanggatan , Suryadi Herman
Published: November 2017

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of yeast-producing bioethanol from few type of grapes and durians.Methods: The isolation of potential yeast was carried out from five different types of fruits, namely, red grape, black grape, durian Medan, durianBangkok, and durian Monthong. Optimum fermentation condition was obtained by comparing shaking and non-shaking, detoxifying the hydrolysate,varying temperature, and concentration of N source in the culture medium.Results: The results of an analysis using gas chromatography showed that the ideal conditions for the fermentation of bioethanol were at a temperaturebelow room temperature (+220°C), without shaking, using the hydrolysate, without detoxification, and with a 1% concentration of ammonium acetateas a source of N. Among the isolates, isolate DM1 obtained from durian Medan showed a strong potential to produce bioethanol but at lower levelsthan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The concentration of ethanol produced was 0.241%.Conclusion: A yeast isolate with a strong potential to produce bioethanol was discovered as the DM1, which isolated from Medanese durian. Theisolate produced 0.241% bioethanol. However, fermentation optimization efforts using an oil palm empty fruit bunch hydrolysate substrate did notyield higher concentrations.
FORMULATION OF A FAST-DISINTEGRATING TABLET USING MALTODEXTRIN DE 10-15 AND PREGELATINIZATED CASSAVA STARCH AS EXPEDIENTS
Authors: Zaki Ahmad , Anwa Effionora , Surini Silvia
Published: November 2017

Objective: Fast-disintegrating tablets are a pharmaceutical preparation that is rapidly being developed because they can dissolve in the oral cavitywithout chewing and without additional water support. The type of dissolver is a crucial component in fast-disintegrating tablets. Maltodextrin andpregelatinized cassava starch (PPS) are excipients that can be used as dissolvers. This study aimed to formulate fast-disintegrating tablets using acombination of maltodextrin dextrose equivalent (DE) 10-15 and PPS in various concentrations as excipients.Methods: The cassava starch classified as PPS was obtained. PPS was then mixed with maltodextrin DE 10-15 to create fast-disintegrating tabletsusing the wet granulation method.Results: Tablet evaluation showed that formula F containing 40% maltodextrin DE 10-15 and 10% PPS was the most effective of the proposed fastdisintegratingtablets.Conclusions: Formula F has a hardness of 3.39 kp, 0.74% friability, a wetting time of 7.87 seconds, and a dissolve time of 38.55 seconds.
FORMULATION OF AN ANTI-WRINKLE HYDROGEL FACE MASK CONTAINING ETHANOL EXTRACT OF NONI FRUIT (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L) FOR USE AS A NUTRACOSMECEUTICAL PRODUCT
Authors: Surini Silvia , Auliyya Annisa
Published: November 2017

Objectives: Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L) containing ursolic acid and 3,3’ bisdemethylpinoresinol can be useful as an anti-wrinkle agent. Thehydrogel face mask is an alternative skin care product.Methods: In this study, 0.1% ethanol extract of noni fruit was formulated with a concentration of 4% sodium alginate and 0.5% xanthan gum to formthe hydrogel face mask. Physical stability of the hydrogel face mask was evaluated using organoleptic observation, consistency rates, swelling indexmeasurements, and mechanical strength.Results: The results showed that the hydrogel face mask has good water holding capacity, a tensile strength of 35.6524±0.8842 kgf/cm2, an elongationrate of 272.00±4.47%, and remains stable in color and odor for 12 weeks.Conclusions: This study revealed that the hydrogel face mask containing an ethanol extract of noni fruit is stable and has good physical characteristics;therefore, the hydrogel face mask is satisfactory for use as a nutracosmeceutical product.
ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF CROSS-LINKED EXCIPIENT MATRIX OF CO-PROCESSED XANTHAN GUM-AMYLOSE AND DISSOLUTION PROFILE OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM TABLET
Authors: Surini Silvia , Nizma Nurul , Azizahwati Azizahwati
Published: November 2017

Objectives: This study aims to determine the amount of excipient that is degraded by alpha-amylase and the influence of alpha-amylase to thedissolution profile of sustained-release tablets that use matrix CL-Co-A-XG.Methods: Excipient is cross-linked with two concentrations of sodium trimetaphospate, which are 6% (CL6-Co-A-XG) and 12% (CL12-Co-A-XG).Each excipient is made with the ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 amylose-xanthan gum. Enzymatic degradation tests are performed on excipient powders for60 minutes. Sustained-release tablet with CL-Co-A-XG excipient as a matrix is formulated through direct compression method. Then, drug dissolutiontests are performed in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.4 both using and without using alpha-amylase as a medium for 8 hrs.Results: The results of this study show that CL6-Co-A-XG and CL12-Co-A-XG degraded 20% at 10 and 30 minutes, respectively. In addition, the releaseprofile of F1-F6 tablets show the sustained-release profile that follows zero-order and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetics and is unaffected by the presenceof alpha-amylase.Conclusions: From this study, it can be concluded that the CL-Ko-A-XG excipients are more resistant to enzymatic degradation than amylose. Therefore,this excipient shows potential as a single matrix sustained-release tablet.
PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION AND VIRTUAL SCREENING INDONESIAN HERBAL DATABASE AS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS -1 INTEGRASE INHIBITOR USING AUTODOCK AND VINA
Authors: Yanuar Arry , Syahdi Rezi Riadhi , Aryati Widya Dwi
Published: November 2017

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease considered to be one of themost dangerous because of its high mortality, morbidity, and infectivity. The emergence of mutant HIV strains has led treatment to target proteaseas reverse transcriptase and integrase enzyme become less effective. This study aims to provide knowledge about the potential of HIV-1 integraseinhibitors for use as guiding compounds in the development of new anti-HIV drugs.Methods: This study used AutoDock and AutoDock Vina for virtual screening of the Indonesian herbal database for inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase andis validated using a database of the directory of useful decoys. Optimization was accomplished by selecting the grid size, the number of calculations,and the addition of two water molecules and a magnesium atom as cofactor.Results: This study determined that the best grid box size is 21.1725×21.1725×21.1725 in unit space size (1 unit space equals to macromolecules 1Ǻ),using AutoDock Vina with EF and AUC values, 3.93 and 0.693, respectively. Three important water molecules have meaning in molecular dockingaround the binding pocket.Conclusions: This study obtained the top ten ranked compounds using AutoDock Vina. The compounds include: Casuarinin; Myricetin-3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-O-α-rhamnosyl)-β-glucoside; 5,7,2’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6,3’-diprenylisoflavone 5-O-(4’’-rhamnosylrhamnoside); myricetin 3-robinobioside; cyanidin3-[6-(6-ferulylglucosyl)-2-xylosylgalactoside]; mesuein, cyanidin 7-(3-glucosyl-6-malonylglucoside)-4’-glucoside; kaempferol 3-[glucosyl-(1→3)-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-galactoside]; 3-O-galloylepicatechin-(4-β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate; and quercetin 4’-glucuronide.
ANDROGRAPHOLIDE AND ITS DERIVATIVE - A STORY OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUG DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: Putra Andrianopsyah Mas Jaya , . Chaidir . , Hanafi Muhammad , Pan Yuanjiang , Yanuar Arry
Published: November 2017

Objective: Andrographolide was found to show moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (PF). Itthus becomes an interesting lead for new antimalarial drugs. This study describes a molecular docking of andrographolide and its derivative into thebest PF geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (PFGGPPS) model.Methods: A comparative modeling of PFGGPPS based on a crystal structure of Plasmodium vivax GGPPS was optimized and conducted. This modelwas considered suitable for molecular docking. Partition coefficient of andrographolide was determined to assist its derivative design based onhydrophobicity property. Synthesis of the antimalarial drug was scaled up to 5 mm and identified by13 C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy.Results: The optimal comparative modeling of PFGGPPS was conducted on chain B (3PH7 chain B). The calculated coefficient partition ofandrographolide’s derivative was higher (+1.89), compared to that of andrographolide of +1.62. The NMR data of second and third synthesisexperiments were consistent at the 5-mmol scale.Conclusions: On the molecular docking of andrographolide into the model, an antimalarial andrographolide derivative design that is morehydrophobic than andrographolide was proposed since the stronger hydrophobicity property of drug, the better of its activity of the drug. Synthesisof this derivative with a simple and green procedure was found to be reproducible.
IN VITRO PENETRATION TESTS OF TRANSETHOSOME GEL PREPARATIONS CONTAINING CAPSAICIN
Authors: Azizah Nuraini , Sagita Erny , Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah
Published: November 2017

Objective: Capsaicin is an active compound found in chili pepper and has been shown to have analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-obesityproperties. To improve its penetration into the skin, capsaicin was prepared in a transethosome vesicle. Importantly, transethosomes are vesicles thatconsist of phosphatidylcholine, surfactant, and ethanol. In this study, capsaicin was prepared in a transethosome vesicle using two different methods:Direct transethosome formation and thin layer hydration. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of various methods of transethosomeformation on capsaicin characteristics and to evaluate the penetration capabilities of transethosome capsaicin gel.Methods: Ultimately, transethosome formation via the thin layer method yielded more favorable characteristics; these formations had particle sizesof 174.9±2.02 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 84.85±1.15%. The transethosome suspension was then developed into a gel formulation using 1%carbomer. An in vitro penetration test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell of mice abdomen skin, and the performance of the transethosomecapsaicin gel was compared to that of the standard capsaicin gel.Results: Penetration rate of capsaicin from either the transethosome gel preparation and the standard gel substance was 1549.68±49.6 and846.05±10.1 μg/cm2, respectively.Conclusions: According to these results, it can be concluded that gel preparations containing transethosome increase capsaicin penetration into theskin.