bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TONIC ADAPTIONS IN DEAFFERENTED LIMBS OF THE CAT
Authors: Teasdall R. D. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: December 2009

In 26 cats postural reflexes and tonic adjustments in the chronically deafferented and intact limbs were studied by means of moving picture and other photographic recordings for a period of four to six months. The positive supporting reactions which were dependent on an intrinsic reflex arc were permanently abolished by the deafferentation. Other segmental reflexes such as the crossed extensor and Philippson's reflex were readily elicited in the deafterented extremity within 24 to 48 hr. after section of the posterior nerve roots, and after longer intervals following the deafferentation these reflexes became greatly exaggerated. They appeared sooner after the operation and became more prominent in the hind limb than in the fore limb.The intersegmental postural reflexes and the scratch reflex were consistently present in the deafferented limbs of chronic animals and the latter reflex became markedly hyperactive within one week after section of the posterior nerve roots. The normal reflex responses to linear acceleration were first depressed by section of the posterior nerve roots, but in one to four weeks after the operation they were readily demonstrable, became exaggerated in the deafferented extremity, and remained so for the rest of the period of observation. Unlike the crossed extensor reflex, these reflexes reappeared first in the fore limb and reached greater prominence in this extremity than they did in the hind limb. A reversal of the tonic labyrinthine and neck reflexes was demonstrated in the deafferented extremities of the chronic animal. This reversal appeared one to two months after section of the posterior nerve roots in the fore limb, and two to three months following deafferentation of the hind limb. When established, the reversal was readily elicited and took place simultaneously with a normal response in the intact extremities on the opposite side of the body. Simultaneously with the changes in postural reflexes, alterations in tone became prominent.The modified and exaggerated postural reflexes and tonic adjustments observed in the deafferented limbs were attributed to a sensitization of the partially denervated spinal neurones to nerve impulses reaching them from various receptive fields other than those originating in the extremity itself. It is felt that the modifications in postural reflexes and subsequent alterations of muscle tone which have been demonstrated in the chronically deafferented extremities of animals may play an important part in the pathogenesis of human sensory ataxia.
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STEROIDS PRODUCED BY RAT ADRENALS IN VITRO
Authors: Elliott F. H. , Schally A. V.
Published: December 2009

As further evidence that rat adrenals in vitro produce corticoids, the chloroform-soluble substances formed by rat adrenals have been chromatographed on paper in two different solvent systems to compare their mobilities with those of known corticoids. The chromatography was carried out for the shortest possible time compatible with some resolution in order to prevent losses by excessive exposure or by transfer. Eluates of sections of the chromatograms were analyzed for α, β-unsaturated ketone groups and for groups that reduce a tetrazolium derivative (M. and B. 1767). The data may be interpreted as follows: 1. Rat adrenals in vitro produce ultraviolet-absorbing substances with chromatographic mobilities resembling hydrocortisone and corticosterone. Of these substances only 40–70% can be typical corticoids as judged by the reducing: ultraviolet-absorbing ratio. Ultraviolet-absorbing material without reducing properties is also present, most of which has a polarity greater than corticosterone. 2. ACTH, added to rat adrenal glands in vitro, stimulates primarily the production of substances with a polarity similar to that of corticosterone; the production of the other components is also somewhat increased.
CARBOHYDRATES IN THYROGLOBULIN AND THE LENS CAPSULE
Authors: Ujejski L. , Glegg R. E.
Published: December 2009

The carbohydrate content of thyroglobulin and the lens capsule was studied. Paper chromatography of hydrolyzates was used for qualitative investigation and the carbazole – sulphuric acid method for quantitative estimations of carbohydrates. Thyroglobulin contains 4.2% carbohydrate made up of galactose, mannose, and fucose, while the lens capsule contains 11.8% carbohydrate made up of galactose, glucose, mannose, and fucose.
CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND VITAMIN D
Authors: Migicovsky B. B. , Jamieson J. W. S.
Published: December 2009

The rate at which Ca45 administered as an oral dose appears in blood and bone of chicks is markedly affected by vitamin D. Absorption of Ca45 from an intramuscular dose is not influenced by either vitamin D or the calcium content of the diet. The interaction of the amount of Ca45 in the oral dose and vitamin D on the amount of calcium absorbed indicated that the vitamin D effect on the absorption is a function of the quantity of calcium presented for absorption. Absorption experiments carried out with chicks which were fed diets of varying calcium content showed that vitamin D enabled the chicks to adapt the capacity to absorb calcium to different dietary intakes of calcium.
THE CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN NORMAL HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: Hildes J. A. , Ferguson Marion H.
Published: December 2009

Parotid saliva was collected into graduated tubes by fitting small cups over the parotid papillae. The sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentrations and the pH of parotid saliva increased with increasing rates of secretion, but the potassium and phosphate concentrations remained constant at secretion rates greater than 0.5 ml. per minute. Although the latter two ions were always at concentrations higher than serum levels, the parotid juice was always hypotonic but decreasingly so as the rate of flow increased. There was appreciable variation between individuals and also in the same subject from time to time. No difference was noted between the two gustatory stimuli used, dilute acetic acid and glucose candy. The potassium concentration in parotid saliva was higher than in mixed submaxillary and sublingual saliva. Continuous recording of the rate of secretion on a smoked drum showed cyclic variations from minute to minute, indicating that timed collections over a period of minutes give mean rather than actual rates of flow.
EFFECT OF COLD STRESS ON THE PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Nicholls Doris , Rossiter R. J.
Published: December 2009

Observations were made on the effects of cold stress (3° ± 1 °C.) on the concentration of phosphorus and the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with radioactive phosphorus (P32) into the following P-containing fractions in the rat: the inorganic P of the plasma, the inorganic P, 20-min. hydrolyzable P, and total acid-soluble P of the adrenal gland. With short periods of cold stress (2, 3, 6, 24 hr.) there was an increase in the relative specific activity of each of the adrenal fractions, greatest for an exposure of 2–3 hr. and least for 24 hr., with no significant change in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma. With longer periods in the cold (2, 4, 8, 16 days), in addition to the usual increase in adrenal weight, there was an increase in the relative specific activity of each of the three acid-soluble P fractions of the adrenal. The increase in specific activity was not due to a decrease in the concentration of P in any of the fractions.Evidence is presented for the view that this change in the phosphorus metabolism of the adrenal can be interpreted in terms of an increase in the rate at which inorganic P32 passes across the cell membrane, i.e. from the extracellular to the cellular fluid. It is suggested that the change after a short (2–3 hr.) exposure to the cold is brought about by the stimulation of the adrenal cortex by endogenous ACTH from the pituitary. The change after longer (several days) exposures may be related to the function of the thyroid gland.
ASSAY OF THYROTROPHIN BY THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN THE THYROID OF THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Stephenson N. R. , McKinley W. P. , Kavanagii P. J.
Published: December 2009

The ability of the thyroid gland of intact weanling rats to collect injected radioactive iodine was diminished by inclusion of a small amount of iodinated casein in the diet. The administration of exogenous thyrotrophin increased the thyroidal uptake of I131 in rats treated in this manner. Both the degree of inhibition of the thyroid and the ability of the animals to differentiate between dosage levels of thyrotrophin were dependent upon the amount of iodinated casein in the diet. Graded doses of thyrotrophin provided a linear log dose –response line over the range 0.01 to 0.08 U.S.P. units. The response approached a maximum value at dose levels above 0.16 U.S.P. units. The thyroid gland of the female weanling rat retained, on the average, significantly more radioactive iodine than that of the male weanling rat when stimulated by thyrotrophin. Although the hormonal response was not correlated with the body weight of the rats within dosage groups, more precise assays were obtained by equalizing the total weight of the rats in each dosage group before the assay. Relatively large doses of I131 appeared to have an adverse effect on the precision of the assay but did not influence the response to thyrotrophin.
THE SEPARATION OF CALF THYMUS NUCLEIC ACID AND HISTONE BY ALCOHOL–SALT PRECIPITATION
Authors: Smillie L. B. , Marko A. M. , Butler G. C.
Published: December 2009

Extraction of the histone of thymonucleoprotein with alcohol and salt has been studied with varying concentrations of alcohol, sodium chloride, and nucleoprotein and with varying pH and temperature. The addition of 0.5–1.0 volumes of ethanol to a solution of nucleoprotein (approximately 1 mgm. N/ml.) in 3 M sodium chloride has been found to effect an almost quantitative separation of desoxyribonucleic acid and protein. It has proved feasible to prepare concentrated aqueous solutions of the extracted protein by successive dialysis against strong salt solutions at −10 °C. and against distilled water at 5 °C. followed by pervaporation at 5 °C. The properties of the isolated nucleate have indicated a highly polymerized product.
A STUDY OF THE AUTONOMIC MANIFESTATIONS SEEN IN ACUTE ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN POISONING
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: December 2009

The peripheral parasympathomimetic action of aldrin was investigated in vagotomized and adrenalectomized cats under chloralose and urethane anesthesia. Under these experimental conditions aldrin caused slowing of the heart, potentiated the effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, and augmented the secretory effect of the chorda tympani on the decentralized submaxillary salivary gland. Blood withdrawn five minutes after intravenous injections of aldrin into cats showed a reduced rate of destruction of added acetylcholine when tested on the frog's rectus abdominis muscle. In spite of a marked central action, dieldrin exerted none of these peripheral effects.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF ACETYL PHOSPHATIDE (PLASMALOGEN) IN THE DEPOT FAT OF FOWL TREATED WITH DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
Authors: McKinley W. P. , Grice H. , Connell M. R. E.
Published: December 2009

The abdominal depot fat from young cockerels, male castrate fowl, or male turkeys which have been treated with diethylstilbestrol, or from hens in egg production, contains a material which responds to the Feulgen plasmalogen test. After treatment with mercuric chloride under specified conditions, fat from such birds reacts with fuchsin – sulphurous acid to give a purple colored product. The material responsible is considered to be plasmalogen. Fat from corresponding regions of non-laying hens, cockerels and male turkeys of varying ages, and castrated males does not give the reaction when it is performed under the specified conditions. A technique based on these findings is described and has been used to distinguish chickens or turkeys which have been treated with estrogen from birds which have not been thus treated.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF SEDOHEPTULOSE-2-C14 AND SEDOHEPTULOSE-3-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Neish A. C. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: December 2009

Sedoheptulose-2-C14 and sedoheptulose-3-C14 were synthesized from D-ribose and D-erythrose with labelled cyanide by application of the cyanhydrin and the diazomethane syntheses. The sugars were dissimilated under anaerobic conditions by growing cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes. The same products were formed as are obtained from glucose. The labelling in the products can be explained to a large extent by the action of transketolase and transaldolase functioning in conjunction with the enzymes of the Embden–Meyerhof scheme, but other reactions appeared to be concerned as well.
A CONSTANT-RATE INDICATOR-INFUSION TECHNIC FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL VASCULAR VOLUME IN MAN
Authors: Bowers Dorrance , Shepherd John T. , Wood Earl H.
Published: December 2009

Evans blue dye was injected at a constant rate into the right ventricle or pulmonary artery of 17 subjects in 21 experiments. The consequent arterial dilution patterns were recorded continuously by a cuvette oximeter connected to an indwelling needle in the radial artery. From these dilution patterns the amount and concentration of dye in the intravascular space between the injecting and sampling sites were determined when an equilibrium concentration was attained. From these dimensions the "central vascular volume" was calculated. The values for the central vascular volume thus derived showed agreement with those determined in near-simultaneous estimations by Hamilton's modification of Stewart's method. The values for the "lung blood volumes" by the Newman method in these subjects were systematically smaller than the values for the central vascular volume.
THE RELEASE OF CORTICOTROPHIN BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Saffran Murray , Schally A. V.
Published: December 2009

The release of ACTH by rat anterior pituitary tissue in vitro was used as a test system for the detection of factors that stimulate ACTH-release. The results indicate that:1. Epinephrine or arterenol, added by themselves, are without effect.2. Hypothalamic tissue alone is also ineffective.3. The combination of hypothalamic tissue with epinephrine or arterenol increases the release of ACTH about threefold.4. Brain cortex can replace hypothalamus.5. Liver cannot replace neural tissue; acetyl choline and serotonin cannot replace epinephrine or arterenol.6. The greatest stimulation of ACTH-release (six- to eight-fold) occurs with posterior pituitary tissue plus arterenol. The arterenol may be replaced by hypothalamus or sphingosine, but not by dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine), which is structurally similar to arterenol.7. The posterior pituitary is probably involved in the response of the anterior pituitary–adrenocortical system to stress.
QUANTITATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF ENZYMIC TRANSPEPTIDATION REACTIONS
Authors: Connell George E. , Dixon Gordon H. , Hanes Charles S.
Published: December 2009

A colorimetric ninhydrin method has been applied to the quantitative estimation of amino acids and peptides on paper chromatograms. This method is suitable for the analysis of enzymic transpeptidation reactions. A procedure for the purification of filter paper for chromatography has been developed.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL FEEDING ON THE DISTENSIBILITY OF THE ISOLATED THORACIC AORTA OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Nichol James T.
Published: December 2009

The descending thoracic aortas of control and cholesterol fed rabbits were dissected out. These aortas were used to prepare tension–length diagrams. Cholesterol feeding increased the distensibility at pressures up to 70 mm. Hg, but at pressures above this value no significant change is produced. Cholesterol feeding increases the resistance of the aorta to collapse, i.e. the longer the cholesterol feeding is continued, the greater the magnitude of the negative pressure required to make the vessel segment collapse.
ENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON THE HEPARIN-INDUCED LIPEMIA CLEARING ACTIVITY (LCA) OF RAT PLASMA
Authors: Cairns A. , Constantinides P.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the relationships of the gonads, the adrenal, and the thyroid to the "lipemia-clearing activity" (LCA) which appears in rat plasma following heparin injection. Strong evidence was obtained that the induction of LCA by heparin is controlled by the estrogenic secretion of the female gonad: Estradiol inhibited LCA; mature females displayed less LCA than mature males, the sex difference being absent in immature animals; ovariectomy and hypophysectomy accelerated LCA; anterior pituitary extracts inhibited it in the female but not in the male; progesterone, testosterone, and orchidectomy had no effect. The adrenal-LCA relationships were complex: Adrenalectomy accelerated LCA but the effects of injected steroids depended on the dosage level and on the duration of the treatment. Short lasting injections of small amounts of glucocorticoids inhibited LCA, the effect disappearing upon prolongation of treatment. By contrast, massive amounts of glucocorticoids accelerated LCA, whether given for a short or a long period of time. Chronic stress and ACTH had no effect, despite the induction of pronounced adrenal enlargement. Injected thyroxine inhibited LCA but surgical thyroidectomy did not affect it.
ACID PHOSPHATASE HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHORIC ESTERS
Authors: Delory G. E. , Wiberg G. S. , Hetherington Merle
Published: December 2009

The rate of hydrolysis and optimum pH of hydrolysis of seminal fluid acid phosphatase have been studied for a number of phosphoric esters. As the acidity of the substrate increases there is a tendency for the rate of hydrolysis to increase and for the optimum pH to move farther away from neutrality. The increased rate of hydrolysis of phenol phosphates or of substituted phenol phosphates can not be accounted for by phenolase activity.
THE EFFICACY OF DEXTRANS OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS IN SHOCK SECONDARY TO LIMB CLAMPING
Authors: Smith Lorraine C. , Haist R. E.
Published: December 2009

A degree of traumatic shock was produced in rats by the removal of metal clamps which had been applied to both hind limbs for a period of 10 hr. This was lethal within 24 hr. to all animals not receiving fluid therapy. The infusion of plasma expanders delayed or prevented the development of irreversible shock. All fluid therapy relieved the oliguria produced by the shock although this relief generally occurred 24 hr. after the release of the clamps. The plasma expander which best promoted survival was the Connaught dextran 13-1, a solution with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.34 (mean mol. wt. 150,000). Survival with the dextran solutions was increased with increasing molecular weights of the dextrans. This seemed to be related to the retention of the larger molecules for a longer period of time within the body.
IN VITROSTUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE VITAMIN-B6-DEPRIVED RAT
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Following earlier studies on carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat, in vitro investigations have been carried out. In all cases, comparisons were made between tissues from vitamin-B6-deprived and pair-fed control animals so that differences in the amount of food consumed would not affect the interpretation of experimental results. No significant difference was found in glucose utilization by muscle nor in liver cytochrome oxidase activity. Liver aldolase activity was significantly decreased and the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased in the vitamin-B6-deprived rats. In vitamin-B6-deprived female rats, but not male rats, liver catalase activity was significantly increased. These results are discussed in the light of earlier observations indicating disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOSE AND RESPONSE IN POSTHISTAMINIC PLASMA PEPSINOGEN IN DOGS
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Norvell Jr. S. T.
Published: December 2009

The effect of various doses of histamine dihydrochloride on the plasma pepsinogen in dogs was investigated. The animals were studied in acute experiments under sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia. They were protected against the systemic effects of histamine by the antihistaminic drug promethazine HCl (Phenergan). Sodium pentobarbital anesthesia alone or anesthesia and antihistaminic drug together did not result in the rise of plasma pepsinogen. Plasma pepsinogen was increased in the dogs treated with histamine and the degree of elevation of this enzyme varied directly according to the dose of histamine administered.
STUDIES WITH ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Venning E. H. , Giroud C. J. P. , Dyrenfurth I. , Beck J. C.
Published: December 2009

In 10 experiments, 50–98% of aldosterone added to urine could be recovered in the neutral fraction. Purification of the urinary extracts by various chromatographic procedures resulted in loss of activity. Following an intravenous administration of 600 μgm. aldosterone to an adrenalectomized patient, 13.3% was recovered in the urine in the neutral fraction. The greater part of this material was in the form of a conjugate.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-XYLOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-2-C14, AND D-XYLOSE-5-C14 BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Blackwood A. C. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

D-Xylose was dissimilated anaerobically by Leuconostoc mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of acetic and lactic acids. Xylose-1-C14 gave methyl-labelled acetic acid, xylose-2-C14 gave carboxyl-labelled acetic acid, and xylose-5-C14 gave methyl-labelled lactic acid. The amount of C14 found in any other position was less than one per cent of the total.
HOMEOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE RENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN THE DOG
Authors: Foulks James G.
Published: December 2009

By means of the infusion of small amounts of sodium sulphate it has been possible to elevate the filtered load of inorganic phosphate to the renal tubule in fasted dogs without the administration of exogenous phosphate. Under these circumstances, the reabsorption of phosphate remains virtually complete, even when filtered loads are reached which result in a substantial phosphaturia when phosphate has been administered. By comparing phosphate reabsorption and excretion in fasted animals, and in animals at various intervals after feeding, the existence of homeostatic adjustments in the renal tubular transport of inorganic phosphate has been demonstrated. The available evidence suggests that the intracellular disposition of phosphate itself may be an important factor in determining the rate of renal tubular phosphate transport at filtered loads in the physiological range. The limitations of the determination of the phosphate "Tm" as a device for studying homeostatic processes have been discussed.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: II. FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-allose-1-C14, D-ribose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and sedoheptulose-2-C14 were administered to Thatcher wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5–48 hr. period of metabolism, and converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. The distribution of C14 in both glucose and xylose was then determined by fermentation with Lcuconostoc mesentcroides. Glucose was found to be a better precursor of both cellulose and xylan than any of the other sugars. The distribution of C14 in the products strongly suggested that the main route for synthesis of the xylose units of xylan was by removal of carbon-6 from a hexose and that pentoses were converted to xylan only through a hexose intermediate.
THE EFFECTS OF STRYCHNINE, ESERINE, AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE ELECTROCORTICOGRAM AND MOTOR UNIT FIRING; TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRETCH REFLEX IN THE MASSETER MUSCLE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Wilkey William D. , Miller Frederick R.
Published: December 2009

Observations were made on rabbits and cats under dial anesthesia. Monopolar recording from cortex was used. Strychnine, 1%, on motor cerebral cortex is excitatory, as shown by increased firing of motor units; later the strychnine induces cortical spikes. Each spike is triphasic, consisting of an initial, small positive wave, a large, fast negative wave, and a final, slow positive wave; the first two waves are believed to be excitomotor; the final positive wave is regarded as a positive after-potential with relative quiescence of neurons; it is not excitatory for motor units. Microwaves at high frequency occur during first positive wave and ascent of negative wave; microwaves decay during descent of negative wave and are absent during final positive wave. Microwaves are caused by fast, repetitive firing of neurons; this neuronal firing causes excitation of motor units. Intracortical and extracortical conduction are believed to be repetitive. Acetylcholine (ACh), 1%, on eserinized cortex induces triphasic spikes, resembling those from strychnine; microwaves are likewise present. Strychnine, eserine, and ACh are believed to stimulate cortical synapses. Strychnine and ACh, though very different chemically, are believed to trigger the same fundamental cortical mechanism of conduction.
THE OXIDATION OF TRYPTAMINE BY RAT LIVER AND OTHER TISSUE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Sourkes T. L. , Townsend Edith , Hansen Gudrun Nan
Published: December 2009

Tryptamine solutions were incubated with crude suspensions of rat and guinea pig tissues in the Barcroft-Warburg apparatus. Oxygen consumption was measured. Solutions incubated for various periods of time were deproteinized with perchloric acid, and the supernatant fraction was examined in the Beckman DU spectrophotometer. Consistent and marked changes were found in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the tryptamine solutions. The quantitative changes have been utilized for the measurement of monoamine oxidase activity by the "substrate disappearance" method. The significance of the qualitative changes in absorption spectrum is discussed. Similar experiments with 5-hydroxytryptamine are presented. This substrate is oxidized by rat liver at about the same rate as tryptamine.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS ON METABOLIC EVENTS IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE DOG
Authors: Lotz F. , Beck L. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: December 2009

Dibenamine hydrochloride administered intravenously 30 min. after the onset of hemorrhage in anesthetized dogs, in which hemorrhagic hypotension (43–45 mm. Hg for 90 min.) of the Wiggers' type had been produced, resulted in an increased rate of survival as compared to that of untreated controls. The mean increase in plasma amino nitrogen and the percentage decrease in total arterial oxygen transport were significantly less in the Dibenamine-treated group. In animals treated with Dibenamine or Dibenzyline hydrochloride 85 min. after hemorrhage as compared to untreated controls, there were no significant differences in survival rate, plasma amino nitrogen, lactate, pyruvate, lactate/pyruvate ratio, bicarbonate content, or blood pH. The arterial oxygen transport, however, was significantly higher after than before treatment and also in the postinfusion period was higher in the two treated groups than in the untreated group. In these two late-treated groups, however, the plasma amino nitrogen increase was significantly greater in the fatalities than in the survivors during both the hypotensive and postinfusion periods. In the untreated group, differences between survivors and fatalities appeared only after the reinfusion of the withdrawn blood.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE FOOD CONSUMPTION OF PREGNANT MICE
Authors: Kalter Harold
Published: December 2009

The amount of food eaten daily by control pregnant mice greatly increased during the latter third of pregnancy. The weight curve of the animals closely followed that of food consumption. Treatment with cortisone caused pregnant animals to eat more and weigh less than the controls did. The effects of cortisone on these phenomena did not immediately cease upon completion of the treatment. The teratogenic effect of cortisone, therefore, cannot be a consequence of decreased food intake.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF ALLOXANIN VITRO
Authors: Klebanoff S. J.
Published: December 2009

The effect of alloxan on the oxygen uptake and the succinic dehydrogenase activity of rat liver homogenates has been studied in an attempt to gain some insight into the activity of alloxan within the cell. The increased oxygen uptake on the addition of alloxan to liver homogenates was found to be non-enzymatic in nature and to depend on some heat stable factor or factors in the preparation. The ability of reduced glutathione to substitute for the homogenate suggests that this substance may be concerned. It is thought that alloxan is reduced to dialuric acid by a number of factors in the homogenate, and that the increased oxygen uptake results from the spontaneous reoxidation of this latter substance. Experiments with dialuric acid tend to confirm this hypothesis. The inactivation of succinic dehydrogenase by alloxan is greatly influenced by the pH of the solution in which the alloxan is dissolved, as well as by the pH of the enzyme preparation, with acidity increasing and alkalinity decreasing the effect. The progressive nature of the inactivation with time is shown to depend upon the lowering of the pH which is brought about by the addition of alloxan to an unbuffered enzyme mixture. The experimental results are discussed in relation to the possible importance of pH in the selective toxicity of alloxan.
THE EFFECT OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON THE FORMATION OF ADAPTIVE ENZYMES BY A STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Roote Susan M. , Polglase W. J.
Published: December 2009

The adaptive formation of enzymes for the oxidation of L-arabinose, lactose, and D-glucuronic acid was inhibited by dihydrostreptomycin in a strain of Escherichia coli which would not grow in the presence of this antibiotic. Adaptive enzyme formation was not inhibited in E. coli variants which would grow in the presence of dihydrostreptomycin or which required the antibiotic for growth.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: IV. FORMATION FROM SOME AROMATIC MONOMERS
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

Studies have been carried out on the transformation of some C14- labelled aromatic monomers into the lignin residues which yield phenolic aldehydes on nitrobenzene oxidation. The dilution of the radioactive carbon during transformation of the administered precursor to the aldehyde-yielding residue has been taken as a criterion of its efficiency as a lignin precursor. In wheat plants, substances with a phenylmethane (C6, C1) skeleton are not, in general, efficient precursors, although the carbon-14 of vanillin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid is incorporated appreciably into parts of the lignin. In contrast, several substances with a phenylpropane (C6, C3) structure—phenylalanine, tyrosine, and cinnamic acid—are readily transformed to two or more of the three lignin residues, and ferulic acid is very efficiently converted to the guaiacyl part of lignin. Degradation experiments indicate that the aromatic ring and at least the adjacent side chain carbon of the C6, C3compounds are incorporated as a unit. Preliminary evidence has been obtained of marked differences in the utilization of lignin precursors by different species. A new procedure is described for the separation of vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by partition chromatography on columns of diatomaceous earth.
ON BODY FAT AND BODY WATER IN RATS
Authors: Babineau Louis-Marie , Pagé Edouard
Published: December 2009

Under our experimental conditions, water represented 72% of the fat-free body mass. This constant was found to be completely independent of the magnitude of the fat depots. Consideration of the composition of various samples of adipose tissue suggests that the water to fat-free dry matter ratio is the same as in the body as a whole or that any "excess" water contributed by adipose tissue is so small in absolute amounts as to leave the global ratio essentially undisturbed. Rats exposed to cold had to draw on their fat stores during the first month of exposure but later replenished their energy reserves. The water to fat-free dry matter ratio was not affected.
THE DETERMINATION OF MUSTARD OILS IN RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: Wetter Leslie R.
Published: December 2009

A modified method for the determination of mustard oils (isothiocyanates) in rapeseed meal is described. The reproducibility of duplicate analyses is good. A considerable variation in mustard oil content was found in the nine rapeseed meals tested.
OPTIMUM RATIO OF SATURATED TO MONO-UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN RAT DIETS
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Fat mixtures were prepared in which the content of linoleic acid was held constant at approximately 10% of the total fatty acids, but the ratio of saturated to mono-unsaturated acids was varied from 3.5: 1 to 1: 8. These mixtures were added to a low-fat fox chow diet at the rate of 20 parts fat to 80 parts fox chow and the resulting mixtures were fed to weanling rats in one experiment and to semiadult rats in another. The feeding period was nine weeks. In both experiments the male rats showed significant differences in final weight between the diets. Best weight gains were made on the fat mixture in which the fatty acid ratio was close to that of normal rat depot fat, viz. one part of saturated acid to two parts of mono-unsaturated acid. Female rats did not show significant differences in weight gain on the various fat mixtures. Excretion of lipid in the feces showed a tendency to increase with increasing ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the diet.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN CORTICOSTEROIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE PRODUCTION OF CIRCULATING HEMOLYTIC ANTIBODIES IN THE MOUSE: I. STRUCTRURAL VARIATIONS AT C-11 AND C-17
Authors: Newsom Shirley E. , Darrach Marvin
Published: December 2009

Seven crystalline C21steroids with structural variations at C-11 and C-17 have been compared quantitatively for their capacities to inhibit the production of circulating hemolytic antibodies in the mouse. Four compounds were found to be active—cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Of these, corticosterone showed the greatest and 11-dehydrocorticosterone the least potency. Cortisone and hydrocortisone had approximately equal activities. The remaining three steroids, epi-hydrocortisone, 11-desoxycorticosterone, and 11-desoxy-17-hydroxycorticosterone, had no antibodyinhibiting effect.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XII. CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR GLYCOLIPIDS PRODUCED BY USTILAGO SP.
Authors: Boothroyd B. , Thorn J. A. , Haskins R. H.
Published: December 2009

A water-soluble compound formed by Ustilago sp. (PRL 627) in aerobic, submerged culture has been identified as D-mannopyranosyl-1-meso-erythritol. The extracellular "oil" produced at the same time by this fungus contains D-mannose, meso-erythritol, acetic acid, and a number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, probably as a mixture of D-mannosido-meso-erythritol residues to which the various acids are joined by ester linkages.
ADAPTATION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE YIELD IN THE NINHYDRIN REACTION TO THE STUDY OF TRANSAMINATION IN PLANT TISSUES
Authors: Cook F. S.
Published: December 2009

A simple technique for assaying the glutamic–aspartic transaminase activity in plant tissues making use of titrimetric measurements of the carbon dioxide yield in the ninhydrin reaction with alpha-amino acids is described. The necessary apparatus is simple and inexpensive. The success of this method is verified by comparing results with those obtained on the same or similar reaction mixtures by quantitative paper chromatography, and by the chloramine-T method. Kinetic data on enzyme preparations of corn radicle homogenates and radicle segments frozen intact have been successfully obtained. The glutamic–aspartic transaminase is very active in corn radicles, giving high initial velocities. Per cent transamination per 10 min. period varies linearly with enzyme concentration. The optimum pH for the homogenates is at 8.5.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: IX. DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE OF ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Alivisatos S. G. A. , Kashket S. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

The rabbit erythrocyte possesses an active DPN-ase which is firmly attached to the membrane of the cell. Evidently, the enzyme is oriented in the membrane in such a way as to be able to act upon DPN added to the external medium. The enzyme splits DPN at the bond linking the quaternary nitrogen of the nicotinamide moiety with the ribose component. Despite the release of an H+ion during hydrolysis of DPN, the activity of the enzyme remains practically constant over the pH range from 4.5 to 10.0. DPN-ase also splits nicotinamide from TPN, but its affinity for the latter is only about one third of that for DPN. Nicotinamide, adenine, and the substituted purine derivatives theobromine, theophylline, and xanthine inhibit DPN-ase, while compounds such as ribose, adenylic acid, caffeine, and nembutal are without effect in this respect. Of all the substances tested theobromine proved to be the most powerful inhibitor. The mode of enzyme–substrate attachment and the possible involvement of DPN-ase in ion transport are discussed in the light of these findings.
KINETICS OF THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SARIN
Authors: Adie P. A. , Hoskin F. C. G. , Trick G. S.
Published: December 2009

The enzymatic hydrolysis of sarin is apparently a single first-order reaction. There is no evidence of different reaction rates for the two possible optical isomers of sarin. During both the enzymatic and the non-enzymatic hydrolyses, sarin appears to be detoxified somewhat more rapidly than the manometric results would indicate. However, the detoxification parallels the manometric results sufficiently to stand in contrast to results obtained using tabun.
CLEAVAGE OF CELLOTRIOSE BY MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE
Authors: Whitaker D. R. , Merler E.
Published: December 2009

The method of cleavage of cellotriose by Myrothecium cellulase was determined from the distribution of C14in the enzymic hydrolysis products of cellotriose labelled in the anhydroglucose unit at the reducing end of the chain. The substrate was prepared by the incubation of the enzyme in a concentrated solution of cellopentaose (0.14 M) and C14-labelled glucose (5 M) and the fractionation of the products, first by adsorption and elution on a charcoal column and then by preparative paper chromatography. The glucosidic linkage adjacent to the non-reducing end of the chain is preferentially hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Its rate of hydrolysis was estimated to be about five times that for the linkage adjacent to the reducing end of the chain.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ANTIHISTAMINES ON THE METABOLISM OF HISTAMINE IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Goldner M. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: December 2009

The effect of the antihistamines Neohetramine and Neo-Antergan on the catabolism of histamine-β-C14in the intact rat was investigated. Our results, obtained by the application of paper chromatographic and isotope dilution techniques, indicate that the urinary pattern of imidazole compounds is not altered by these antihistaminic substances.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XII. DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEOSIDASE OF THE RABBIT ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Malkin A. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that in the hydrolysis of DPN by the DPN nucleosidase of rabbit erythrocyte stroma, the substrate is attached to the enzyme at more than one site. Cleavage of DPN at the nicotinamide–ribose bond is inhibited by nicotinamide, ADP, and adenine. Considering the nature of the inhibition and the extent of the inhibition, it is suggested that DPN attaches to the enzyme surface at the quaternary nitrogen of the nicotinamide and at the pyrophosphate group of the DPN molecule. Additional support for this supposition accrues from the observation that NMN, a cleavage product of DPN, can serve as a substrate for DPN-ase but the rate of hydrolysis is much slower than that with DPN.
"REFLEX" ANURIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Radcliffe Roland W. , Turpin J. E. H. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: December 2009

The effects of various surgical manipulations on the function of the separate kidneys was studied in the dog. The application of a clamp to one renal artery produced vasoconstriction of varying severity in the contralateral kidney. The introduction of a venous catheter into the renal vein by passage upward from the femoral vein similarly caused renal vasoconstriction. The combination of manipulations involved in preparing the renal pedicle for later renal artery clamping with the passing of renal venous and ureteral catheters frequently produced oliguria or complete anuria. Since such nociceptive stimuli can cause renal vasoconstriction and, if sufficiently severe, antidiuresis, it is inferred that these mechanisms bear directly on the problem of traumatic anuria.
EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHATASES AND RIBONUCLEASES IN RAT LIVER
Authors: Allard Claude , Lamirande Gaston De , Weber George , Cantero Antonio
Published: December 2009

The effect of cortisone acetate administration on the mitochondrial population and intracellular distribution of phosphatases and ribonucleases was investigated. Cortisone acetate was administrated at a dosage of 25 mgm. per 100 gm. body weight, daily, during five days and sacrificed on the sixth day. The livers of these animals were removed and homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose and subjected to differential centrifugation to prepare nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and supernatant fractions. Nuclear and mitochondrial counts were made for each homogenate prepared. From these the number of mitochondria per average cell was computed. The intracellular distribution of RNAase and PO4ase activities was determined and expressed per average cell and per liver/body weight ratio. The activity of the mitochondrial fraction was also expressed per average mitochondrion. Results of this investigation showed that cortisone lowered the number of large granules per liver cell without influencing the acid PO4ase and acid and alkaline RNAase activities per cell. This suggested that mitochondria isolated from cortisone treated rats possessed abnormally high acid PO4ase and RNAase activities or/and that the remaining population of granules was different from the one in liver cells of untreated animals. The investigation of alkaline phosphatase revealed that cortisone increased the Mg++ sensitive alkaline PO4ase localized in the supernatant fluid without influencing the Mg++ insensitive enzyme.
ACETATE METABOLISM OF MATURING WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Ramachandran L. K.
Published: December 2009

The transport of carbon-14 injected into the hollow stems of growing wheat plants in the form of sodium acetate-1-C14 and -2-C14 was studied. The labelling efficiency of the tracer and its distribution among components of the wheat kernels was markedly dependent upon the time of injection. Maximum incorporation of activity occurred with plants which were given the tracer about 80 days after seeding. Sodium acetate-1-C14 was less effective for producing labelled kernels and gave rise to more uniform distribution of carbon-14 among the components, very little carbon-14 being utilized for starch synthesis nearer maturity. A high percentage of the carbon-14 content of the gluten resided in the glutamic acid residues. Glutamic acid-C14 injected into the stems was an efficient source of labelling for the plant. The results are consistent with the view that acetate is utilized by way of the Krebs' citric acid cycle.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE GIVEN WITH REINFUSION ON THE MORTALITY RATE FROM STANDARDIZED HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Carruthers G. F. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: December 2009

Anesthetized rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure; one group (20 animals) served as controls and another group (eight animals) was injected with chlorpromazine. The treated animals died very quickly: only one survived more than 12 hr. and none 48 hr.; the average survival time of 18 control fatalities was 14.0 hr., and two lived. Of the various cardiovascular and respiratory indices measured, only the post-reinfusion arterial pressure was different in the treated from that in the control group. Differences between the control groups in this and in an earlier series (Downie and Stevenson (1955)) can probably be accounted for by differences in the temperature of the laboratory.
LIPID AND WATER LEVELS IN THE KIDNEYS OF ALBINO RATS BEARING WALKER CARCINOMA 256
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Tikkala Arne O.
Published: December 2009

The kidneys of 54 pairs of twin albino rats, one inoculated and one not inoculated with Walker carcinoma 256, were analyzed for water, total lipid, neutral fat, total fatty acids, total cholesterol, ester cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid, calculated as gm. per 100 gm. nonlipid dry weight. Compared with the kidneys of their nontumor-bearing littermates, the kidneys of tumor-bearing rats exhibited no significant change in wet weight and in concentration of total lipid, neutral fat, total fatty acids, and ester cholesterol. There was a significant increase in concentration of water, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid. The increase was toward concentrations of corresponding elements in Walker carcinoma 256. The changes became evident in animals bearing tumors weighing 20 to 40% or more of host weight.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-xylose-2-C14, D-xylose-5-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucitol-1-C14, D-mannitol-1-C14, D-arabitol-1-C14, and D-arabitol-5-C14 were administered to wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a period of metabolism varying from 2 to 23 hr. D-Mannitol and D-arabitol were not converted to either cellulose or xylan while D-arabinose was utilized slightly. The other compounds gave rise to both labelled cellulose and xylan. The glucose and xylose, obtained from the cellulose and xylan respectively, were degraded by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Glucose and glucuronolactone were equally good precursors of xylan and were superior to the other compounds tried. They appeared to give rise to units for xylan formation by loss of carbon-6. Free xylose was converted to xylan units only after an extensive rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, such as occurred in the conversion of xylose to cellulose units. A hypothetical outline of polysaccharide synthesis, involving uridine diphosphate glucose as the central intermediate, is suggested to explain the data.
UTILIZATION OF BODY RESERVES DURING EXPOSURE OF MICE TO LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Hart J. S. , Heroux O.
Published: December 2009

White mice acclimated for four weeks to 6 °C. had a body water content on an absolute and on a fat-free basis that was greater than that of mice acclimated to 23 °C. When exposed to freezing temperatures, the weight loss and loss of water were greater in the cold acclimated group. Fat was the major tissue energy reserve utilized under these conditions. In both acclimation groups it accounted for 85 to 89% of the total calories, the remainder being supplied mostly by protein. There was a reduction in heat of combustion of the fat of mice during exposure to freezing temperatures that signifies an alteration in chemical composition of the fat.