bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Influenced Interaction Pattern as Indicator for the Investigation of Natural Variants Causing Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Grunert Steffen , Labudde Dirk
Published: May 2015

The importance of short membrane sequence motifs has been shown in many works and emphasizes the related sequence motif analysis. Together with specific transmembrane helix-helix interactions, the analysis of interacting sequence parts is helpful for understanding the process during membrane protein folding and in retaining the three-dimensional fold. Here we present a simple high-throughput analysis method for deriving mutational information of interacting sequence parts. Applied on aquaporin water channel proteins, our approach supports the analysis of mutational variants within different interacting subsequences and finally the investigation of natural variants which cause diseases like, for example, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In this work we demonstrate a simple method for massive membrane protein data analysis. As shown, the presented in silico analyses provide information about interacting sequence parts which are constrained by protein evolution. We present a simple graphical visualization medium for the representation of evolutionary influenced interaction pattern pairs (EIPPs) adapted to mutagen investigations of aquaporin-2, a protein whose mutants are involved in the rare endocrine disorder known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and membrane proteins in general. Furthermore, we present a new method to derive new evolutionary variations within EIPPs which can be used for further mutagen laboratory investigations.
RobustH∞Filtering for Discrete-Time Markov Jump Linear System with Missing Measurements
Authors: Niu Yingjun , Dong Wei , Ji Yindong
Published: May 2015

The problem of robustH∞filtering is investigated for discrete-time Markov jump linear system (DMJLS) with uncertain parameters and missing measurements. The missing measurements process is modelled as a Bernoulli distributed sequence. A robustH∞filter is designed and sufficient conditions are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities via a mode-dependent Lyapunov function approach, such that, for all admissible uncertain parameters and missing measurements, the resulting filtering error system is robustly stochastically stable and a guaranteedH∞performance constraint is achieved. Furthermore, the optimalH∞performance index is subsequently obtained by solving a convex optimisation problem and the missing measurements effects on theH∞performance are evaluated. A numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed filter.
Toxicity of Nanoparticles against Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Araj Salah-Eddin A. , Salem Nida’ M. , Ghabeish Ihab H. , Awwad Akl M.
Published: May 2015

In recent years, nanotechnology has become one of the most promising new approaches for pest control. In our screening program, laboratory trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of five sources of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and sulfur nanoparticles (S NPs) on larval, pupal, and adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Nanoparticles of silver and sulfur were synthesized through reducing, stabilizing, and capping plant leaf extracts method and different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200 ppm) were tested on D. melanogaster. Results showed that silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were highly effective on larvae, pupae, and adults’ mortality and egg deterrence. On the contrary, none of the tested nanoparticles has a significant effect on pupae longevity. The results also showed that silver nanoparticles can be used as a valuable tool in pest management programs of D. melanogaster.
Investigation into the Flow Properties of Coarse Solid Fuels for Use in Industrial Feed Systems
Authors: Craven James M. , Swithenbank Jim , Sharifi Vida N.
Published: May 2015

Material feeding and handling systems have been cited as one of the most common causes of process downtime where thermochemical conversion processes are concerned. New and emerging fuels come in a variety of forms, and if such fuels are to be deployed widely it is imperative that material feeding and handling systems are designed appropriately. This study proposes an approach for designing material feeding and handling systems for use with coarse solid fuels. The data obtained from this study indicates particle size to be one of the key issues affecting the flowability of bulk solids further to the uniformity in particle shape. Coarse bulk solid samples were shown to flow more freely than their milled and pulverised counterparts, generating higher degrees of flowability. The results from this study were also applied to a new feed system used for feeding solid fuels to high pressure processes named the Hydraulic Lock Hopper. In this study the Hydraulic Lock Hopper demonstrated the feeding of wood pellets, torrefied spruce pellets, and ground anthracite coal grains against a pressure of 25 barg in two modes of operation. Energy savings compared to conventional lock hopper systems were recorded in the region of 80%.
FastFlow: Efficient Scalable Model-Driven Framework for Processing Massive Mobile Stream Data
Authors: Jin Cang-hong , Liu Ze-min , Wu Ming-hui , Ying Jing
Published: May 2015

Massive stream data mining and computing require dealing with an infinite sequence of data items with low latency. As far as we know, current Stream Processing Engines (SPEs) cannot handle massive stream data efficiently due to their inability of horizontal computation modeling and lack of interactive query. In this paper, we detail the challenges of stream data processing and introduce FastFlow, a model-driven infrastructure. FastFlow differs from other existing SPEs in terms of its user-friendly interface, support of complex operators, heterogeneous outputs, extensible computing model, and real-time deployment. Further, FastFlow includes optimizers to reorganize the execution topology for batch query to reduce resource cost rather than executing each query independently.
Spherically Symmetric Geometries inf(T)andf(R)Gravitational Theories
Authors: Nashed Gamal G. L.
Published: May 2015

Using the well know relation between Ricci scalar,R, and torsion scalar,T, that is,R=-T-2∇αTα, we show that, for any spherically symmetric spacetime whose (i) scalar torsion vanishing, that is,T=TμναSαμν=0or (ii) total derivative term, that is,∇αTαwithTαis the contraction of the torsion, vanishing, or (iii) the combination of scalar torsion and total derivative term vanishing, could be solution forf(T)andf(R)gravitational theories.
Deposition-Parameter-Determined Resistive Switching Characteristics in TiOx/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3Bilayers
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyu , Luo Yuan , Li Aidong , Wu Di
Published: May 2015

Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3(PZT) ferroelectric thin films were deposited epitaxially, by pulsed laser deposition, on (001) SrTiO3substrates buffered with La0.7Sr0.3MnO3(LSMO) electrodes. AmorphousTiOxthin films were deposited on top of PZT at various temperatures and oxygen chamber pressures. Bipolar resistive switching characteristics of Pt/TiOx/PZT/LSMO heterostructures are found to vary withTiOxdeposition parameters, from an interface controlled ferroelectric diode behavior to a bulk-controlled conductive filament behavior. The observations are discussed in terms of the concentration and migration of oxygen vacancies in theTiOxlayer.
Adaptive Central Force Optimization Algorithm Based on the Stability Analysis
Authors: Qian Weiyi , Wang Bo , Feng Zhiguang
Published: May 2015

In order to enhance the convergence capability of the central force optimization (CFO) algorithm, an adaptive central force optimization (ACFO) algorithm is presented by introducing an adaptive weight and defining an adaptive gravitational constant. The adaptive weight and gravitational constant are selected based on the stability theory of discrete time-varying dynamic systems. The convergence capability of ACFO algorithm is compared with the other improved CFO algorithm and evolutionary-based algorithm using 23 unimodal and multimodal benchmark functions. Experiments results show that ACFO substantially enhances the performance of CFO in terms of global optimality and solution accuracy.
Raghib Syndrome Presenting as a Cryptogenic Stroke: Role of Cardiac MRI in Accurate Diagnosis
Authors: Daruwalla Vistasp J. , Parekh Keyur , Tahir Hassan , Collins Jeremy D. , Carr James
Published: May 2015

Raghib Syndrome is a rare developmental complex, which consists of persistence of the left superior vena cava (PLSVC) along with coronary sinus ostial atresia and atrial septal defect. This Raghib complex anomaly has also been associated with other congenital malformations including ventricular septal defects, enlargement of the tricuspid annulus, and pulmonary stenosis. Our case demonstrates an isolated PLSVC draining into the left atrium along with coronary sinus atresia in a young patient presenting with cryptogenic stroke without the atrial septal defect. Majority of the cases reported in the literature were found to have the lesion during the postmortem evaluation or were characterized at angiography and/or echocardiography. We stress the importance of modern day imaging like the computed tomography (CT) angiography and cardiac MRI in diagnosis and surgical management of such rare lesions leading to cryptogenic strokes.
A Factor Decomposition on China’s Carbon Emission from 1997 to 2012 Based on IPAT-LMDI Model
Authors: Li Wei , Shen Ya-Bo , Zhang Hui-Xia
Published: May 2015

We probe into the key factors that possess significant effects on China’s CO2emissions during 1997–2012 on the basis of IPAT-LMDI model. Carbon dioxide emissions are specifically decomposed into CO2emission intensity, energy structure, energy intensity, industrial structure, economic output, and population scale effects. Results indicate that the paramount driving factors that resulted in the growth of CO2emissions are economic output, population scale, and energy structure. In contrast, energy intensity and industrial structure generally play an outstanding role in reducing emissions. This paper constructs a new weight assessment system by introducing “contribution value-significant factor-effect coefficient” to replace “contribution value-contribution rate” in the previous literature. According to the most significant positive effect and the most negative effect from the conclusion, we point out the effective policies that can not only accelerate the target of “China’s carbon emissions per unit of GDP could be cut down by 40–45% by 2020, from 2005 levels,” but also have crucial significance on the low-carbon economic development strategy of China.
Energy Consumption Forecasting Using Semantic-Based Genetic Programming with Local Search Optimizer
Authors: Castelli Mauro , Trujillo Leonardo , Vanneschi Leonardo
Published: May 2015

Energy consumption forecasting (ECF) is an important policy issue in today’s economies. An accurate ECF has great benefits for electric utilities and both negative and positive errors lead to increased operating costs. The paper proposes a semantic based genetic programming framework to address the ECF problem. In particular, we propose a system that finds (quasi-)perfect solutions with high probability and that generates models able to produce near optimal predictions also on unseen data. The framework blends a recently developed version of genetic programming that integrates semantic genetic operators with a local search method. The main idea in combining semantic genetic programming and a local searcher is to couple the exploration ability of the former with the exploitation ability of the latter. Experimental results confirm the suitability of the proposed method in predicting the energy consumption. In particular, the system produces a lower error with respect to the existing state-of-the art techniques used on the same dataset. More importantly, this case study has shown that including a local searcher in the geometric semantic genetic programming system can speed up the search process and can result in fitter models that are able to produce an accurate forecasting also on unseen data.
Induction of PD-L1 Expression by the EML4–ALK Oncoprotein and Downstream Signaling Pathways in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ota Keiichi , Azuma Koichi , Kawahara Akihiko , Hattori Satoshi , Iwama Eiji , Tanizaki Junko , Harada Taishi , Matsumoto Koichiro , Takayama Koichi , Takamori Shinzo , Kage Masayoshi , Hoshino Tomoaki , Nakanishi Yoichi , Okamoto Isamu
Published: May 2015

Purpose: Therapies targeted to the immune checkpoint mediated by PD-1 and PD-L1 show antitumor activity in a subset of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have now examined PD-L1 expression and its regulation in NSCLC positive for the EML4–ALK fusion gene.

Experimental Design: The expression of PD-L1 at the protein and mRNA levels in NSCLC cell lines was examined by flow cytometry and by reverse transcription and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The expression of PD-L1 in 134 surgically resected NSCLC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis.

Results: The PD-L1 expression level was higher in NSCLC cell lines positive for EML4–ALK than in those negative for the fusion gene. Forced expression of EML4–ALK in Ba/F3 cells markedly increased PD-L1 expression, whereas endogenous PD-L1 expression in EML4–ALK–positive NSCLC cells was attenuated by treatment with the specific ALK inhibitor alectinib or by RNAi with ALK siRNAs. Furthermore, expression of PD-L1 was downregulated by inhibitors of the MEK–ERK and PI3K–AKT signaling pathways in NSCLC cells positive for either EML4–ALK or activating mutations of the EGFR. Finally, the expression level of PD-L1 was positively associated with the presence of EML4–ALK in NSCLC specimens.

Conclusions: Our findings that both EML4–ALK and mutant EGFR upregulate PD-L1 by activating PI3K–AKT and MEK–ERK signaling pathways in NSCLC reveal a direct link between oncogenic drivers and PD-L1 expression. Clin Cancer Res; 21(17); 4014–21. ©2015 AACR.
RacGAP1 Is a Novel Downstream Effector of E2F7-Dependent Resistance to Doxorubicin and Is Prognostic for Overall Survival in Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hazar-Rethinam Mehlika , de Long Lilia Merida , Gannon Orla M. , Boros Samuel , Vargas Ana Cristina , Dzienis Marcin , Mukhopadhyay Pamela , Saenz-Ponce Natalia , Dantzic Daniel D.E. , Simpson Fiona , Saunders Nicholas A.
Published: May 2015

We have previously shown that E2F7 contributes to drug resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Considering that dysregulation of responses to chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity is one of the major reasons for treatment failure in HNSCC, identifying the downstream effectors that regulate E2F7-dependent sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents may have direct clinical impact. We used transcriptomic profiling to identify candidate pathways that contribute to E2F7-dependent resistance to doxorubicin. We then manipulated the expression of the candidate pathway using overexpression and knockdown in in vitro and in vivo models of SCC to demonstrate causality. In addition, we examined the expression of E2F7 and RacGAP1 in a custom tissue microarray (TMA) generated from HNSCC patient samples. Transcriptomic profiling identified RacGAP1 as a potential mediator of E2F7-dependent drug resistance. We validated E2F7-dependent upregulation of RacGAP1 in doxorubicin-insensitive SCC25 cells. Extending this, we found that selective upregulation of RacGAP1 induced doxorubicin resistance in previously sensitive KJDSV40. Similarly, stable knockdown of RacGAP1 in insensitive SCC25 cells induced sensitivity to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. RacGAP1 expression was validated in a TMA, and we showed that HNSCCs that overexpress RacGAP1 are associated with a poorer patient overall survival. Furthermore, E2F7-induced doxorubicin resistance was mediated via RacGAP1-dependent activation of AKT. Finally, we show that SCC cells deficient in RacGAP1 grow slower and are sensitized to the cytotoxic actions of doxorubicin in vivo. These findings identify RacGAP1 overexpression as a novel prognostic marker of survival and a potential target to sensitize SCC to doxorubicin. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(8); 1939–50. ©2015 AACR.
Do Not Forget Nephrotic Syndrome as a Cause of Increased Requirement of Levothyroxine Replacement Therapy
Authors: Benvenga Salvatore , Vita Roberto , Di Bari Flavia , Fallahi Poupak , Antonelli Alessandro
Published: May 2015

Nephrotic syndrome increases L-thyroxine requirements because of urinary loss of free and protein-bound thyroid hormones. We report 2 hypothyroid patients referred to us because of high serum TSH, even though the L-thyroxine daily dose was maintained at appropriate levels or was increased. The cause of nephrotic syndrome was multiple myeloma in one patient and diabetic glomerulosclerosis in the other patient. As part of the periodic controls for diabetes, urinalysis was requested only in the second patient so that proteinuria could be detected. However, as in the first patient, facial puffiness and body weight increase were initially attributed to hypothyroidism, which was poorly compensated by L-thyroxine therapy. In the first patient, the pitting nature of the pedal edema was missed at the initial examination. An endocrinologist consulted over the phone by the practitioner hypothesized some causes of intestinal malabsorption of L-thyroxine. This diagnosis would have been accepted had the patient continued taking a known sequestrant of L-thyroxine, i.e. calcium carbonate. The diagnostic workup of patients with increasing requirements of L-thyroxine replacement therapy should not be concentrated on the digestive system alone. Careful history taking and physical examination need to be thorough. Endocrinologists should not forget nephrotic syndrome that, in turn, can be secondary to serious diseases.
Quantitative Analysis of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites in Cell Culture Samples Using LC-MS/MS
Authors: Rathmann Daniel , Rijntjes Eddy , Lietzow Julika , Köhrle Josef
Published: May 2015

A liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine iodothyronines and thyronamines (TAM) from cell culture media was developed. Thyroid hormones (TH) are metabolized by sequential deiodination to eventually yield thyronine (T₀), but can also be decarboxylated, resulting in TAM. The method presented here for extraction of DMEM/F12 cell culture media is a fundamental procedure for a precise determination of 9 TH and 6 TAM from a single LC run. Analytes and internal standards (IS) were extracted from DMEM/F12 (w/o phenol red) by liquid-liquid extraction using isopropanol-TBME (30:70 v/v). Measurement of TH and TAM was performed during a 10-min run time using 13C6-T4, 13C6-T3, 13C6-rT3, 13C6-3,3′T2 and 2H4-T1AM as IS. Calibration curves covered 11 calibrators measured as triplicates each for the analysis of the 9 TH and 6 TAM metabolites, and the 5 IS were linear and reproducible in the range of 0.12-120 nM (R2 0.991-0.999) for all calibrators. The lower limit of quantification was 0.078-0.234 nM. Method validation and robustness were demonstrated by the analysis of precision, accuracy, process efficiency, matrix effects and recoveries, as well as intra- and interassay stability. These parameters were investigated for high, middle and low concentrations of quality controls of all 9 TH and 6 TAM metabolites. This validated, sensitive and interaction-free LC-MS/MS method allows rapid analysis and accurate determination of TH and TAM from DMEM/F12 (w/o phenol red) conditioned media and seems to be easily transferable and applied to commonly used buffers and cell culture media.
Adult Quality of Life and Psychosocial Outcomes of Childhood Onset Hypopituitarism
Authors: Kao Kung-Ting , Stargatt Robyn , Zacharin Margaret
Published: May 2015

Backgroud/Aims: Poor quality of life (QoL) has been reported in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Few studies have examined QoL in adults with childhood onset multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (COMPHD). We evaluated QoL in adults with COMPHD. Methods: COMPHD participants aged ≥18 years were identified from hospital medical records and the clinics of one author (M.Z.). Age- and sex-matched controls were recruited for every participant. The World Health Organization QoL Questionnaire, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Male Sexual Quotient (MSQ) were used to measure QoL, psychological distress and psychosexual function. Results: Ninety-two (68.1%) patients (males 55%; mean age 29.7 years, range 18-61) participated. COMPHD was caused by a brain tumour in 63 (68.5%), congenital hypopituitarism in 19 (20.1%), other cancers in 7 (7.6%) and trauma in 3 (3.3%) patients. COMPHD participants were shorter and more overweight, reported more childhood behavioural problems and had less education, more unemployment, lower marital rates and incomes and fewer children compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05 for each). Although they scored lower in all QoL domains (p ≤ 0.001) and psychosexual function (FSFI and MSQ, p < 0.001), there was no difference in reported psychological distress (p = 0.119). QoL was influenced by background diagnosis and treatment in a subgroup analysis. Conclusion: Adults with COMPHD have a significantly lower QoL compared to physically healthy peers. Difficulties in psychosocial and psychosexual function in these patients need to be addressed.
p16ink4a Expression Is Increased through 12-Lipoxygenase in High Glucose-Stimulated Glomerular Mesangial Cells and Type 2 Diabetic Glomeruli
Authors: Zhang Yuan-yuan , Guo Qiao-yan , Wu Mei-yan , Zang Chong-sen , Ma Fu-zhe , Sun Tao , Wang Wan-ning , Miao Li-ning , Xu Zhong-gao
Published: May 2015

Background/Aims: Arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme, 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), is involved in the glomerular hypertrophy of diabetic nephropathy (DN), in which cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) play important roles. However, it is unclear whether 12-LO regulates the expression of the CKI p16ink4a in DN. Methods: Primary glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) and glomeruli isolated from rats were used in this study. The rats were fed a high-fat diet and given low-dose streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. The 12-LO product, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE), was infused through an osmotic minipump. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and morphometric analyses were performed. Results: High glucose (HG) increased the p16ink4a protein expression in MCs, but this increase was prevented by the 12-LO inhibitor, cinnamyl-3,​4-dihydroxy-α-cynanocinnamate (CDC). The levels of p-p38MAPK and p16ink4a in MCs were significantly elevated after the 12(S)-HETE treatment, whereas the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 prevented these increases. Compared with levels in control MCs, marked increases in p38MAPK activation and p16ink4a expression were observed in MCs plated on collagen IV, while the CDC treatment prevented these changes. Subcutaneous injection of CDC did not affect glucose levels, but completely attenuated the diabetes-related increases in the 12(S)-HETE content, p16ink4a expression, p-p38MAPK levels, glomerular volume, and the kidney/body weight ratio. Compared with levels in controls, p16ink4a and p-p38MAPK in the glomeruli derived from 12(S)-HETE-treated rats were significantly higher. Conclusions: 12-LO-p38MAPK mediates the upregulation of p16ink4a in HG-stimulated MCs and type 2-diabetic glomeruli, and new therapies aimed at 12-LO inhibition may prove beneficial in ameliorating diabetes-induced glomerular hypertrophy.
Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of factor VIII treatment in haemophilia A patients with low titre inhibitors or a personal history of inhibitor
Authors: Romanov Vadim , Marcucci Maura , Cheng Ji , Thabane Lehana , Iorio Alfonso
Published: May 2015

There is no prospective evidence on inhibitor recurrence among haemophilia A patients with low titre inhibitors or history of inhibitors, and whether or how therapeutic choices affect the risk of recurrence. The aims of this study were to synthesise safety data in patients with moderate-severe haemophilia A and with low titre inhibitors or inhibitor history enrolled in the rAHF PFM (ADVATE) – Post-Authorization Safety Studies (ADVATE-PASS) international programme. The study was conducted in clinics participating to the ADVATE PASS programme. The patient population consisted of patients entering the studies with low titre (≤5 BU) inhibitors or a positive personal history of inhibitors. Patients on Immune Tolerance Induction at study entry were excluded. Primary outcome was new or recurrent inhibitor titre > 5 BU. Secondary outcomes were any increase of inhibitor titre not reaching 5 BU; any unexplained change in treatment regimen. Primary analysis was done by two-stage random effects meta-analysis. Secondary analysis was done by a hierarchical Bayesian random effects logistic model. A total of 219 patients from seven studies were included. Of these 214 (97.7 %) patients had been previously treated for more than 50 exposure days. Two hundred ten patients had positive history for inhibitors, nine a baseline measurable titre. No patient presented a primary outcome event (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0–1.6 %). Six patients with previous history developed a low titre recurrence (overall rate 2.2, 95 %CI 0–4.8 %). When any increase of inhibitor titre or any treatment change was accounted for, overall 3.7 % (95 % CI 0 %-8.0 %) of patients experienced the outcome. In conclusion, the observed rate of events does not support the definition of this population as at high risk for inhibitor development.
Alchemy in Cambridge
Authors: Timmermann Anke
Published: May 2015

Alchemy in Cambridge captures the alchemical content of 56 manuscripts in Cambridge, in particular the libraries of Trinity College, Corpus Christi College and St John’s College, the University Library and the Fitzwilliam Museum. As such, this catalogue makes visible a large number of previously unknown or obscured alchemica. While extant bibliographies, including those by M.R. James a century ago, were compiled by polymathic bibliographers for a wide audience of researchers, Alchemy in Cambridge benefits from the substantial developments in the history of alchemy, bibliography, and related scholarship in recent decades. Many texts are here identified for the first time. Another vital feature is the incorporation of information on alchemical illustrations in the manuscripts, intended to facilitate research on the visual culture of alchemy. The catalogue is aimed at historians of alchemy and science, and of high interest to manuscript scholars, historians of art and historians of college and university libraries.
International Politics in an Era of Kaleidoscopic Change and Uncertainty
Authors: Skillen James W.
Published: May 2015

This keynote address aims to encourage attendees at a conference on Christianity and international politics to consider three major challenges that face practitioners and theorists alike. The first is to recognize and deal forthrightly with the normative dimension of international political responsibilities. The second is to seek a big-picture understanding of our shrinking, diversifying world with all of its rapidly changing, intensifying complexities in domestic governance, non-government organizations, and international administrative and adjudicating bodies. The final challenge is to ask self-critically how Christians should be approaching the responsibilities they exercise in domestic and international affairs as well as in research, writing, and teaching in the field.
The Protestant Dimension of the Ethical Critique of Carbon Commodification
Authors: Kamminga Menno R.
Published: May 2015

Some influential philosophers have argued that carbon commodification is a morally bad means of combating global climate change. This article argues that the ethical critique of carbon commodification derives moral coherence and strength from its implicit religious foundation, that is, the “Protestant” understanding of social ethics on which it relies. The argument is threefold. First, the ethical critique of carbon commodification is not a strictly ethical position, as it typically depends on prophetic indictment as well as moral-philosophical concerns. Second, the ethical critique of carbon commodification involves a secularized continuation of the “Protestant” tradition within Christian thought. Third, its “Protestant-ness” gives the ethical critique of carbon commodification critical power, as the very occurrence of climate change implies coherency problems for the opposing dominant “Roman” tradition.
A taxonomic reassessment of Viburnum (Adoxaceae) in the Azores
Authors: Moura Mónica , Carine Mark A. , Malécot Valéry , Lourenço Aula , Schaefer Hanno , Silva Luís
Published: May 2015

The taxonomic status of the Azorean endemic Viburnum tinus subsp. subcordatum is reassessed, using morphological characters and new molecular data from the ITS region and the trnK intron. A survey of morphological variation supports the recognition of V. tinus subsp. subcordatum as distinct from V. tinus subsp. tinus and the Canary endemic V. rugosum (formerly known as V. tinus subsp. rigidum) based on leaf shape, the shape of the leaf base and apex, the sub-entire and revolute leaf margins, blistered upper leaf surfaces, trichome density and type, and fruit size. Molecular data also confirm this distinctiveness within section Tinus. Taken together, our morphological and genetic data presented in this paper support the recognition of the Azorean taxon at the species level under the name of Viburnum treleasei. A description of the species is provided and nomenclatural issues relating to the two Macaronesian Viburnum taxa are discussed.
On the origin and systematic position of the Azorean goldenrod, Solidago azorica (Asteraceae)
Authors: Schaefer Hanno
Published: May 2015

Goldenrods were first collected in the Azores by the German botanist Karl Hochstetter in 1838 and described as an endemic species Solidago azorica. In 1882, Asa Gray placed the name into synonymy of the American seaside goldenrod, S. sempervirens. The taxonomic position and status of the plants in the Azores remained unclear ever since but recent human-mediated introduction from the American coast seemed to be the most likely explanation. Here, I analyze molecular and morphological data and the historical record to test this hypothesis. While morphological differences are not clear and an overall similarity to some specimens from New Foundland is striking, I find that all analyzed Solidago plants from the Azores archipelago differ in their nuclear ITS and ETS sequences plus a number of microsatellite markers from American goldenrods. Furthermore, the historical record suggests existence of goldenrods in the Azores at the time of the arrival of the first settlers and well before Columbus’ first journey. Moreover, large populations were reported from several islands in the 16th century. I conclude that the Azorean plants are native to the Azores and represent a distinct endemic species sharing a common ancestor with S. sempervirens. The Azorean plants represent a geographically isolated, genetically distinct population that is most likely the result of a natural colonization event from the North American coast perhaps via vagrant birds. I reinstate the name S. azorica and describe the morphological differences between S. azorica and S. sempervirens.
Improving High-Resolution Weather Forecasts Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with an Updated Kain–Fritsch Scheme
Authors: Zheng Yue , Alapaty Kiran , Herwehe Jerold A. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Niyogi Dev
Published: May 2015

Efforts to improve the prediction accuracy of high-resolution (1–10 km) surface precipitation distribution and variability are of vital importance to local aspects of air pollution, wet deposition, and regional climate. However, precipitation biases and errors can occur at these spatial scales due to uncertainties in initial meteorological conditions and/or grid-scale cloud microphysics schemes. In particular, it is still unclear to what extent a subgrid-scale convection scheme could be modified to bring in scale awareness for improving high-resolution short-term precipitation forecasts in the WRF Model. To address these issues, the authors introduced scale-aware parameterized cloud dynamics for high-resolution forecasts by making several changes to the Kain–Fritsch (KF) convective parameterization scheme in the WRF Model. These changes include subgrid-scale cloud–radiation interactions, a dynamic adjustment time scale, impacts of cloud updraft mass fluxes on grid-scale vertical velocity, and lifting condensation level–based entrainment methodology that includes scale dependency.

A series of 48-h retrospective forecasts using a combination of three treatments of convection (KF, updated KF, and the use of no cumulus parameterization), two cloud microphysics schemes, and two types of initial condition datasets were performed over the U.S. southern Great Plains on 9- and 3-km grid spacings during the summers of 2002 and 2010. Results indicate that 1) the source of initial conditions plays a key role in high-resolution precipitation forecasting, and 2) the authors’ updated KF scheme greatly alleviates the excessive precipitation at 9-km grid spacing and improves results at 3-km grid spacing as well. Overall, the study found that the updated KF scheme incorporated into a high-resolution model does provide better forecasts for precipitation location and intensity.
Cutback management literature in the 1970s and 1980s: taking stock
Authors: Raudla Ringa , Savi Riin , Randma-Liiv Tiina
Published: May 2015

The main purpose of this article is to take stock of the literature on public sector cutback management in the 1970s and the 1980s, with a specific focus on cutback strategies and the contents of cutbacks. Both theoretical and empirical studies, focusing either on the central or local government level or different policy fields, have been reviewed. The study shows that when governments face cutbacks, they need to address the fundamental choice between across-the-board and targeted cutback strategies. Cutbacks do not occur as one-off single actions but are usually carried out in a number of cutback rounds. The longer-lasting and the more severe is fiscal stress, the more likely it is that the governments will start imposing targeted cuts rather than implementing across-the-board strategies. Looking at the patterns of cutback management in the past is expected to provide useful insights for systematizing the approaches to cutback management and for researching the current crisis.

Points for practitioners

This article provides an overview of cutback management practices in the 1970s and the 1980s with the expectation that it will contribute to addressing the current fiscal crisis. The pros and cons of targeted versus across-the-board cutback strategies are discussed. The article also looks at various cutback measures including operational cuts (hiring freeze, pay freeze, lay-offs), programme and capital cuts. The study shows that the longer-lasting and the more severe the fiscal stress, the more likely it is that the governments will begin to impose targeted rather than across-the-board cuts. It is found that personnel costs are cut rather reluctantly, and hiring freeze is a dominant measure compared to salary cuts or lay-offs.
Is Language a Factor in the Perception of Foreign Accent Syndrome?
Authors: Jose Linda , Read Jennifer , Miller Nick
Published: May 2015

Neurogenic foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is diagnosed when listeners perceive speech associated with motor speech impairments as foreign rather than disordered. Speakers with foreign accent syndrome typically have aphasia. It remains unclear how far language changes might contribute to the perception of foreign accent syndrome independent of accent. Judges with and without training in language analysis rated orthographic transcriptions of speech from people with foreign accent syndrome, speech-language disorder and no foreign accent syndrome, foreign accent without neurological impairment and healthy controls on scales of foreignness, normalness and disorderedness.

Control speakers were judged as significantly more normal, less disordered and less foreign than other groups. Foreign accent syndrome speakers’ transcriptions consistently profiled most closely to those of foreign speakers and significantly different to speakers with speech-language disorder. On normalness and foreignness ratings there were no significant differences between foreign and foreign accent syndrome speakers. For disorderedness, foreign accent syndrome participants fell midway between foreign speakers and those with speech-language impairment only. Slower rate, more hesitations, pauses within and between utterances influenced judgments, delineating control scripts from others. Word-level syntactic and morphological deviations and reduced syntactic and semantic repertoire linked strongly with foreignness perceptions. Greater disordered ratings related to word fragments, poorly intelligible grammatical structures and inappropriate word selection. Language changes influence foreignness perception. Clinical and theoretical issues are addressed.
Male Inmate Perceptions of the Visitation Experience
Authors: Pierce Mari B.
Published: May 2015

There is a lack of empircal research on male inmate experiences with familial contact and visitation. Utilizing surveys and interviews of men incarcerated in a southwestern correctional facilitiy, the results provide insight into the nature of their contact with their children and families and their perceptions of the impact of their incarceration on these relationships. The study further offers inmate suggestions on how prison policies can help nuture, rather than impede, familial relationships. Helping to foster these relationships should be a leading priority among policy makers as familial support and prison visitation have been linked to reduced institutional misconduct, improved recidivism rates, and decreased intergenerational criminality.
Measuring Psychological Critical Thinking
Authors: Lawson Timothy J. , Jordan-Fleming Mary Kay , Bodle James H.
Published: May 2015

Critical thinking is widely considered an important skill for psychology majors. However, few measures exist of the types of critical thinking that are specific to psychology majors. Lawson (1999) designed the Psychological Critical Thinking Exam (PCTE) to measure students’ ability to “think critically, or evaluate claims, in a way that explicitly incorporates basic principles of psychological science” (p. 207). However, Lawson’s goal was not to present the PCTE as a standardized measure that was ready for use by other departments. We developed an updated version of the PCTE for broader use and investigated its reliability and validity. Results showed very good split-half and test–retest reliability. As expected, senior psychology majors scored significantly higher on the PCTE than junior psychology majors, senior biology majors, senior art majors, and introductory psychology students.
Beyond Metaphysics
Authors: Bacon Michael
Published: May 2015

This article examines Gianni Vattimo’s contribution to the recent ontological turn in political theory. Drawing on Nietzsche and Heidegger, Vattimo offers a ‘philosophy of history’ in which strong metaphysical claims are presented as gradually being weakened, but in which the irrationalism he thinks characteristic of many anti-foundationalist theorists is also avoided. This philosophy is said to provide for new understandings of ethical and political life which have the acceptance of pluralism as their aim. The article argues that Vattimo’s attempt to identify a position beyond metaphysics on the one hand and relativism on the other is unsuccessful, and that he ought to join in with the thoroughgoing anti-foundationalism that marks the work of writers such as Rorty and Derrida. It suggests further that awareness of our historical situation need not weaken the confidence with which our beliefs are held, and does not support any particular political programme.
Chlorogenic Acid Activates CFTR‐Mediated Cl– Secretion in Mice and Humans
Authors: Illing Elisa A. , Cho Do‐Yeon , Zhang Shaoyan , Skinner Daniel F. , Dunlap Quinn A. , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Salubrious effects of the green coffee bean are purportedly secondary to high concentrations of chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid has a molecular structure similar to bioflavonoids that activate transepithelial Cl– transport in sinonasal epithelia. In contrast to flavonoids, the drug is freely soluble in water. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Cl– secretory capability of chlorogenic acid and its potential as a therapeutic activator of mucus clearance in sinus disease.

Study Design

Basic research.

Setting

Laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Chlorogenic acid was tested on primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) (CFTR+/+ and transgenic CFTR–/–) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) (CFTR+/+ and F508del/F508del) cultures under pharmacologic conditions in Ussing chambers to evaluate effects on transepithelial Cl– transport. Cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphorylation of the CFTR regulatory domain (R‐D), and CFTR mRNA transcription were also measured.

Results

Chlorogenic acid stimulated transepithelial Cl– secretion (change in short‐circuit current [ΔISC = µA/cm2]) in MNSE (13.1 ± 0.9 vs 0.1 ± 0.1; P <. 05) and HSNE (34.3 ± 0.9 vs 0.0 ± 0.1; P <. 05). The drug had a long duration until peak effect at 15 to 30 minutes after application. Significant inhibition with INH‐172 as well as absent stimulation in cultures lacking functional CFTR suggest effects are dependent on CFTR‐mediated pathways. However, the absence of elevated cellular cAMP and phosphorylation the CFTR R‐D indicates chlorogenic acid does not work through a PKA‐dependent mechanism.

Conclusion

Chlorogenic acid is a water‐soluble agent that promotes CFTR‐mediated Cl– transport in mouse and human sinonasal epithelium. Translating activators of mucociliary transport to clinical use provides a new therapeutic approach to sinus disease. Further in vivo evaluation is planned.
Outcomes of unconventional utilization of BI-RADS category 3 assessment at opportunistic screening
Authors: Altas Hilal , Tureli Derya , Cengic Ismet , Kucukkaya Fikret , Aribal Erkin , Kaya Handan
Published: May 2015

Background

An important difficulty regarding the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 3 assessment is the need for extensive diagnostic workup and an additional 6-month follow-up study.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of the BI-RADS category 3 assessments at opportunistic screening.

Material and Methods

Mammography charts of 9062 screening patients in a major teaching hospital situated in an urban setting of a developing country were evaluated retrospectively (1997–2010). BI-RADS category 3 patients, called for a 6-month follow-up, which comprised a single-view spot or magnification mammogram. The length of follow-up period, compliance to periodic mammographic surveillance, cancer detection rate, and negative predictive values of category 3 assessments were calculated.

Results

Of the screened population, 9.2% were assigned BI-RADS category 3, and 31.2% of these cases were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period for 606 patients was 36.9 months. The negative predictive values for 6-month, 12-month, and final control studies were 90.9%, 87.5%, and 100%, respectively. Patient compliance for 6 months, 12 months, and any control evaluations beyond 12 months was low (50.0%, 29.8%, and 47.5%, respectively). Cancer detection rate was 0.8%.

Conclusion

Results of the study supports the feasibility of the BI-RADS category 3 assessments at opportunistic screening without any additional diagnostic workup. The practice of category 3 assessment following screening mammograms may be a more cost-effective method for developing countries with high recall rates and low resources in eliminating the maximum risk with minimum cost within the limits of available resources.
Investigation of interleukin-12, interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 receptor gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata
Authors: Aytekin Nesrin , Akcali Cenk , Pehlivan Sacide , Kirtak Necmettin , Inaloz Serhat
Published: May 2015

Objective

To investigate the distribution of interleukin (IL)-12 ( IL12; 1188A/C), IL17 (A7488G) and IL-23 receptor ( IL23R; +2199A/C) gene polymorphisms in patients with alopecia areata.

Methods

Patients with alopecia areata and healthy controls were enrolled in this case–control study. Genotyping of the IL12 (1188A/C), IL17 (A7488G) and IL23R (+2199A/C) polymorphisms was undertaken. Genotype frequencies were compared between the two groups.

Results

The study enrolled 100 patients with alopecia areata and 71 control subjects. No significant differences were found in the frequencies for the IL12 and IL23R gene polymorphisms between the patient and control groups. The IL17 GG genotype was significantly more common and the IL17 GA genotype was significantly less common in patients with alopecia areata compared with controls, but only 10% of patients had the GG genotype.

Conclusion

The IL17 GG genotype was associated with susceptibility for alopecia areata, but this genotype was only present in a small number of patients. The IL12 and IL23R gene polymorphisms were not found to have a significant association with alopecia areata.
Adrenal Insufficiency in Mitochondrial Disease
Authors: Calderwood Laurel , Holm Ingrid A. , Teot Lisa A. , Anselm Irina
Published: May 2015

GFER-related mitochondrial encephalomyopathy has been previously described only in 3 siblings of a consanguineous Moroccan family. Their phenotype included congenital cataracts, hypotonia, developmental delay, and sensorineural hearing loss. Multiple mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiencies were identified on muscle biopsy. We describe a now-19-year-old woman with adrenal insufficiency, lactic acidosis, congenital cataracts, and respiratory insufficiency secondary to mitochondrial disorder, who was reported by North et al (1996) as a toddler. Compound heterozygous GFER mutations c.373C>T (Q125X) and c.581G>A (R194 H) were recently discovered in this patient. The purpose of this report is (1) to expand the phenotype this ultra-rare disorder and (2) to provide a review of the literature describing the unique finding of adrenal insufficiency in patients with molecularly confirmed disorders of mitochondrial metabolism.
Vygotsky’s reception in the West
Authors: Mecacci Luciano
Published: May 2015

The diffusion of Vygotsky’s work in Italy was analysed by first considering the issues related to the translation of his texts since the 1970s, particularly with regard to the project promoted by the publishing house of the Italian Communist Party and supervised by the author of this article. Second, the reception of cultural-historical theory was discussed in the context of Italian psychology and medicine in the 1970s and 1980s. After an early acceptance of Pavlovian theory by a few Italian psychologists linked to the Communist Party, the need was felt to overcome physiological reductionism in relation to the new social and psychological problems connected with the development of Italian society. Finally, a brief reference was made to Italian neo-Vygotskyan trends in various areas of contemporary psychological research.