bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NLP: En New Age-teknik som management fashion
Authors: Magaard Tina
Published: February 2018

Management techniques originating in the New Age movement have become increasingly popular in private as well as public organiza-tions in Denmark. Based on a combination of desk research and qualitative interviews, this article proposes an interdisciplinary study of those techniques as management fashions, investigating whether NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) has been evicted or absorbed by concurrent techniques such as enneagram and coaching. It argues for the cross-fertilizing effects of including management theories in religious studies, when searching to grasp the presence of New Age-related phenomena in organizations.
En sag af principiel karakter. Om at definere religion.
Authors: Schaffalitzky de Muckadell Caroline
Published: February 2018

This article argues that a more systematic approach to defining religion is needed. The starting point of the article is a case in which a soccer fan club applied for official recognition as a religious denomination. The fan club’s application was rejected, but without stating the criteria which it failed to meet in order to be considered religion. The example suggests that it is still relevant to raise questions both about whether scholars of religion ought to try to define religion, and about how such a case should be handled. This article presents a philosophical-methodological approach to the task of defining religion and it outlines a proposal for a definition based on this method. So, in addition to putting an earlier, well-known discussion and a more recent suggestion in perspective, the article suggests criteria which could have substantiated a rejection of the soccer fan club’s application.
Forside
Authors: Lundager Jensen Hans J.
Published: February 2018

Forside og oplysninger om redaktion og advisary board
Koranen som træningsprogram: Et case study af sura 18
Authors: Mortensen Mette Bjerregaard
Published: February 2018

The article is a case study of a single narrative in the Qur’an’s sura 18. In this article, I explore and discuss the ethical dimensions of the Qur’anic world view. The article takes its point of departure in an outline of the pre-dominant eschatological strand in the Qur’an and different Qur’anic perceptions about reward and punishment. Then, I discuss the moral implications of the idea of divinely sanctioned deeds and actions as well as the existence of a Judgment Day. In light of this discussion, and based on an analysis of sura 18, I argue that Qur’anic piety can be seen as encompassing a particular ascetic ideal. Rather than dictating a radical secession from the world in terms of ascetic denial, the ascetic ideal authorizes participation in worldly life.
Forside
Authors: RvT Redaktion
Published: February 2018

Forside og kolofon
Forord
Authors: Albinus Lars
Published: February 2018

Forord
Trosbegrebet hos Slavoj Žižek
Authors: Karlsen Mads Peter
Published: February 2018

The aim of this article is to provide a systematic presentation of Slavoj Žižek's reflections on belief and hereby to indicate his relevance for a philosophy of religion. The article begins with a brief introduction to Žižek's basic philosophical concern and a theological contextualization of his thinking from the perspective of this concern. This is followed by an exposition of his concept of belief. The starting point of this exposition is Freud's reflections on fetishism and disavowal that form the background for Žižek’s analysis of belief in modern secular society and as structural conditions of the human consciousness. Subsequently, the article presents Žižek's reflections on belief as reflective in terms ‘displaced belief’ in ‘the other who is supposed to believe’. It is demonstrated here how Žižek operates with a distinction between an ‘imaginary’ belief that is structured like the fetishistic disavowal and a ‘symbolic’ unconscious belief in belief as such. The final section of the article sheds light on Žižek's view of atheism and his introduction of a third form of ‘atheistic belief’, while considering whether this kind of belief belongs to the register of the ‘real’.

Hensigten med denne artikel er at give en systematisk fremstilling af Slavoj Žižeks overvejelser over tro for herved at tematisere hans religionsfilosofiske relevans. Der indledes med en kort introduktion til Žižeks grundlæggende filosofiske anliggende og en teologisk kontekstualisering af hans tænkning ud fra dette anliggende. Derefter udfoldes fremstillingen af trosbegrebet. Udgangspunktet tages i Freuds betragtninger over fetichisme og fornægtelse, der danner baggrunden for Žižeks analyser af tro i det moderne sekulære samfund og som strukturelt vilkår ved den menneskelige bevidsthed. Derefter præsenteres Žižeks overvejelser over refleksiv tro som ’forskudt tro’ på ’den anden, der formodes at tro’. Det demonstreres her, hvordan Žižek opererer med et skel mellem en ’imaginær’ tro, der er struktureret som den fetichistiske fornægtelse og en ’symbolsk’ forudgående, ubevidst tro på selve det at tro. Til sidst i artiklen belyses Žižeks opfattelse af ateistisme og hans introduktion af en tredje form for ’ateistisk tro’, og det overvejes om denne form for tro kan siges at høre til i det reelles register.
Processioner i førkristen nordisk religion
Authors: Nygaard Simon , Murphy Luke John
Published: February 2018

English abstract: No systematic survey of processions in pre-Christian Scandinavian religion has yet been attempted, in line with the lack of research on processions in the Study of Religion more generally. This article examines the written, archaeological, and iconographic material and applies Bernhard Lang’s typology of processions in order to describe the functions of the pre-Christian Scandinavian processions. The tentative conclusion it offers is that processions in the pre-Christian North can be divided into two categories: a group of circulatory processions of a predominantly hierophoric type often connected with fertility; and a group of linear processions of a predominantly hierophoric-functional type often connected with funerary rituals.Dansk resume: En undersøgelse af processioner i førkristen nordisk religion er ikke tidligere blevet gjort systematisk ‒ i lighed med den generelle mangel på forskning om processioner i Religionsvidenskaben. Både det skriftlige, arkæologiske og ikonografiske materiale undersøges, og Bernhard Langs processionstypologi benyttes til at beskrive de fundne processioners funktion. Den tentative konklusion er, at processioner i det førkristne Norden kan ses i to grupper: En gruppe af cirkulerende, overvejende hierofore processioner forbundet med frugtbarhed og en anden gruppe af lineære, overvejende hierofor-funktionelle processioner, ofte forbundet med begravelsesritualer.
Religiøs ikonografi hos nordamerikanske indianere - En introduktion
Authors: Geertz Armin W.
Published: February 2018

After a brief introduction to the literature on art and iconography among native peoples of the world, Erwin Panofsky’s definition of iconological studies and its implications are accepted with certain reservations. A typology of the religions iconography of native North Americans is then developed in this article based upon the epistemology of the History of Religions. This is accomplished by focussing upon the inherent typology exhibited by indigenous mythology and by emphasizing the relationships between the visual motives and their religious meanings.
Kvinder og andre dæmoner - Singhalesiske kvindebilleder i myter og ritualer
Authors: Andersen Grethe Schmidt
Published: February 2018

Singhalese Buddhism in it popular form associates female identity and the life-threatening forces symbolized as demons. Demons (yakku) are low and polluted beings, persecuting humans, and placed beneath the gods and Buddha in the lower part of the hierarchical pantheon of the Sinhalese. This article is concerned with the aspects of the demonic in its relationship to female identity, whose core in cultural definition is the female reproduction potentials connected with the concept of ritual pollution. On the basis of a myth on the constitution and development of the demon Gara Yaka it is shown that femininity in the myth is a metaphor of the excessive desire, which gives birth to suffering in the form of demons. In the ritual context, exemplified in this article by girl’s puberty ceremonials, femininity is defined by the pollution of menstruation. This enables the isolation of the dangers of fertility and its condition (desire) as specifically female. The concept pollution is found to be connected with the dialectic nature/culture relationship. Woman and her domain – the house – symbolizes this dialectic and are both foci of intense ritual activity. Sinhalese popular religion acknowledges that suffering connected with existence and its conditions is unavoidable, but it asserts the possibility of limiting and isolation suffering by making the symbol of suffering, desire and pollution (i.e. the women) ritually controllable.
Religiøs ikonografi og politisk agitation
Authors: Riis Carsten
Published: February 2018

About the painting “The Siege of Constantinople” as found on six churches from the 16th century in Moldavia. In the first decades of the 16th century the late Byzantine iconography flourished in Moldavia on church exteriors. On six churches within a radius of 30 kilometres are found a siege scene, “The Siege of Constantinople”, in connection with a painting of the Akathist Hymn. The article seeks the historical background of the painting in the siege of Constantinople by the Turkish army in 1453. In uncovers, through an interpretation of the painting from the Moldovita Monastery, the Moldavian painters’ knowledge of the fall of Constantinople. At the same time, this was the defeat of the centre of the Orthodox Church to which Moldavia belonged. From the connection with the Akathist Hymn and the explanatory text which follows the painting on the church in Arbore, the religious aspect of the paintings is connected to the Persian siege of Constantinople in 626, where an intervention by Virgin Mary was believed to have saved the city. During the Turkish pressure in the 1530’s, this tradition is moulded into an anti-Turkish ideological manifest in Moldavia. This takes place by altering the historical scene for the events in 626, and in this manner the situation of Moldovia is incorporated into the paintings. The church of Arbore has been painted as the last one and has an account which varies in considerable degree from the five others regarding the historical aspect, because at that time Turkish control of the area increased. However, its religious aspect is still Christian and anti-Turkish. After 1541 the picture is no longer painted, probably because of even stronger Turkish control.
Un désir d’enfant non abouti ?
Authors: Ouédraogo Ramatou , Guillaume Agnès
Published: February 2018

La procréation dans la société burkinabè fait l’objet d’une importante promotion
sociale au point qu’évoquer le désir d’enfant relèverait presque d’un truisme tant il semble
aller de soi. En tant que construit social investi d’un ensemble d’enjeux privés comme
sociétaux, celui est très rarement mis en lien avec l’avortement, qui, dans l’imaginaire,
suppose l’absence de désir d’enfant au moment où la grossesse survient. Cependant,
travailler sur le processus de recours à l’avortement chez les jeunes à Ouagadougou au
Burkina Faso a permis de mettre au jour des grossesses désirées et planifiées, puis
volontairement interrompues. L’objectif de cet article est de rendre compte de ces « désirs
d’enfant non aboutis » ainsi que des contextes dans lesquels ils surviennent. Des entretiens
individuels avec des jeunes femmes et hommes célibataires révèlent un désir d’enfant aussi
bien féminin que masculin qui, lorsqu’il se manifeste (ou lorsqu’il est convoqué), peut
simplement servir de monnaie d’échange dans les rapports de genre dans lesquels les jeunes
femmes et hommes sont insérés. Ainsi, les contraintes qui jalonnent le parcours vers l’âge
adulte, de même que les idéologies dominantes et pressions autour du mariage, de la
procréation et de la réussite sociale induisent de plus en plus la naissance et la
matérialisation du désir d’enfant chez les jeunes, qui apparaît alors comme une stratégie
parmi une pluralité d’autres dont la finalité est de se faire épouser (ou d’imposer une
relation amoureuse) et/ou d’atteindre une « réussite sociale ». Néanmoins, une fois que la
grossesse survient, la rupture de projets matrimoniaux et la stigmatisation de la
procréation prémaritale concourent à faire de celle-ci un risque pour la trajectoire de vie
jeune, et contraindre au recours à l’avortement.
Quelle nature du désir ?
Authors: Mathieu Séverine
Published: February 2018

Une enquête de terrain de type ethnographique menée en Assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) et en Accueil d’embryons sur différents terrains en France a permis d’interroger une notion largement mobilisée dans ces interactions : le « désir d’enfant ». Que veulent transmettre ces personnes en AMP qui mettent leur désir d’enfant au centre de leur demande ? On peut tout d’abord souligner que ce désir obéit à une logique de genre. De nombreuses femmes – mais aussi des hommes – soulignent qu’une femme ne le devient vraiment que lorsqu’elle a un enfant, évoquant alors, dans une forme d’essentialisation, la consubstantialité entre l’être féminin et le désir d’enfant. Les hommes, pour leur part, associent plus ce désir d’enfant à un désir de transmission, au souci de laisser une descendance, réaffirmant ainsi la paternité du côté du social. Par ailleurs, la mobilisation de ce désir d’enfant témoigne de l’évolution en cours des représentations de la famille. Lorsqu’elles invoquent ce désir, les personnes recourant à l’AMP entendent s’inscrire dans la transmission de valeurs témoignant du faire famille aujourd’hui.
Le désir d’enfant exploré à travers les pratiques de nomination
Authors: Charton Laurence , Lemieux Denise , Ouellette Françoise-Romaine
Published: February 2018

Dans les sociétés occidentales, nommer l’enfant nouveau-né est aujourd’hui une responsabilité dévolue aux parents signataires de la déclaration de naissance, c’est-à-dire à ceux qui ont désiré que cet enfant devienne leur fils ou leur fille. Ce sont eux qui doivent lui transmettre un nom de famille et choisir les prénoms lui conférant une identité propre. À partir de l’analyse de 25 témoignages de parents québécois recueillis en entrevues, cet article explore le lien étroit établi entre désir d’enfant, filiation et nomination. L’analyse des récits sur l’histoire du couple, sur la naissance d’un premier enfant et sur les discussions entourant sa nomination aide à comprendre le sens que les parents donnent à l’enfant et à sa venue, et révèle que ce choix reflue parfois sur le choix du prénom.
L’intervention en contexte de nature et d’aventure
Authors: Gargano Virginie , Turcotte Daniel
Published: February 2018

L’intervention en contexte de nature et d’aventure (INA) est de plus en plus reconnue comme une méthode d’intervention pouvant contribuer à l’amélioration du bien-être général des personnes, autant dans les sphères physique, qu’émotive et psychologique. Les travaux qui en démontrent des effets positifs sont de plus en plus nombreux. Bien que cette modalité d’intervention soit généralement associée aux programmes en éducation, on peut la considérer en relation étroite avec les pratiques en travail social et particulièrement avec les interventions centrées sur les forces. L’objectif de cet article est de situer l’INA par rapport à celle-ci, telle qu’elle est présentée dans les écrits plus récents en travail social. Ces éléments sont mis en relief pour mieux circonscrire l’utilisation de l’INA en intervention psychosociale et en établir la proximité avec le travail social, en précisant en quoi cette modalité d’intervention rejoint les principes de l’approche centrée sur les forces.
Le concept de résilience comme indicateur de différenciation sociale des communautés métisses du Canada (note de recherche)
Authors: Gérard Sonia , Gagnon Denis
Published: February 2018

Cette note de recherche présente les résultats du projetRésilience et différenciation socialemené depuis 2014 dans le cadre des travaux de la Chaire de recherche du Canada sur l’identité métisse (2004-2014) et du programme de rechercheLe statut du Métis au Canada :agencéité et enjeux sociaux(2013-2018). Ce projet nous a permis d’élaborer et de tester un outil de différenciation et d’identification des communautés métisses du Canada à partir des concepts de résilience, de stratégies identitaires et d’agencéité, projet qui vise à recentrer la recherche sur les identités dans le champ des études métisses d’un point de vue dynamique et relationnel plutôt qu’historique et culturel. Après avoir présenté le champ sémantique du concept de résilience et procédé à une recension des écrits sur la résilience culturelle, nous définissons les conditions épistémologiques les plus pertinentes à la construction d’indicateurs de différenciation en développant une approche fonctionnelle du concept selon trois processus distincts : la résistance, l’adaptation et la reconstruction/le rebond. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats des premiers tests de notre outil confronté aux textes de cinq auteurs contemporains sur les minorités ethniques, dont quatre communautés métisses du Canada et une d’Amérique latine.
Inpatient Readmission Insidence of National Health Insurance Patients at Partner Hospitals of BPJS-Health in Sukabumi 2015
Authors: Atmiroseva Atmiroseva , Nurwahyuni Atik
Published: February 2018

The INA-CBG payment system in the JKN program allegedly increasing the incidence of readmission. This study aims to map the incidence of readmission in JKN participants admitted to thirteen partner hospitals of BPJS-Health in Sukabumi. The research design is a descriptive study with the unit of analysis is patient. The study used secondary data from inpatient claims in thirteen partner hospitals BPJS-Health Sukabumi which has been verified during 2015. The study found that the number of readmission is 8.81% with the most readmission incidence occurs in the equal CMG category and at the least in the equal severity level category. The cost of inpatient readmission services is more expensive 104-113% of the initial care cost. Moreover, about 15-16% cases of severity level readmission is increasing and 12-13% of its severity level is decreased. Less than 3% cases of readmission ended not good because they died, were referred, or had to come home forcibly.
Menghadirkan Kepentingan Perempuan dalam Representasi Politik di Indonesia
Authors: Ardiansa Dirga
Published: February 2018

Tulisan ini mencoba merespons tiga diskursus utama perkembangan studi representasi politik belakangan ini. Pertama, representasi politik tidak akan menghadirkan representasi kepentingan dan identitas secara sempurna, hanya separuh atau sebagian sehingga representasi adalah tentang klaim semata bukan sebuah fakta representasi. Kedua, representasi politik yang demokratis terjadi jika mereka yang kepentingannya dipengaruhi atau tersentuh oleh sebuah keputusan mempunyai kapasitas untuk (terlibat) memengaruhi pembuatan keputusan tersebut. Ketiga, representasi politik dapat dihasilkan dari proses elektoral (pemilu) dan non-elektoral. Proses elektoral menghasilkan representasi politik formal pada ranah jabatan eksekutif dan legislatif di parlemen. Dalam proses non-elektoral representasi politik hadir dalam bentuk gerakan politik oleh kelompok, serikat, komunitas, atau organisasi masyarakat sipil. Dalam konteks praktik representasi politik di Indonesia dan kaitannya dengan isu representasi politik perempuan, tulisan ini melihat praktik representasi politik perempuan di Indonesia dalam ketiga diskursus tersebut, serta menawarkan gagasan dan rekomendasi bagi upaya meningkatkan angka representasi perempuan juga bagi upaya menghadirkan kepentingan perempuan.
Politik Pork Barrel di Indonesia: Kasus Hibah dan Bantuan Sosial di Provinsi Banten tahun 2011
Authors: Saragintan Antonius , Hidayat Syahrul
Published: February 2018

Program-program pemerintah yang bersifat populis memiliki peluang untuk digunakan incumbent atau petahana sebagai bentuk strategi untuk menaikkan tingkat keterpilihan atau mempertahankan suara dalam pemilihan kepala daerah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pola yang sama terjadi juga dalam alokasi hibah dan bantuan sosial (bansos) di Provinsi Banten pada tahun 2011. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menjawab pertanyaan: apakah alokasi hibah dan bansos yang dilakukan oleh incumbent pada tahun 2011 di Provinsi Banten  merupakan bentuk politik distributif yang termasuk pork barrel? Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif terutama wawancara, pengamatan di lapangan serta penelusuran dokumen-dokumen tertulis, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengemukakan kecenderungan digunakannya alokasi hibah dan bansos sebagai strategi politik yang lebih bersifat pork barrel dengan menargetkan wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi basis suara calon petahana serta kelompok-kelompok keagamaan tertentu yang berpengaruh. Penelitian ini juga menegaskan bahwa konsep pork barrel dapat dikembangkan dari konsep awalnya untuk mencakup kebijakan yang diinisiasi oleh eksekutif dan dapat terjadi di tingkat lokal.
Kontrol Sipil atas Militer dan Kebijakan Pertahanan di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru
Authors: Gunawan Aditya Batara
Published: February 2018

Artikel ini berpendapat bahwa upaya pemerintah sipil untuk mendorong perubahan kebijakan pertahanan di Indonesia pasca Orde Baru dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme layering. Secara teoretis, mekanisme layering beroperasi dalam kondisi-kondisi institusional yang menjadi ciri khas dalam konteks transisi demokrasi yaitu besarnya jumlah veto players dalam proses pengambilan keputusan di arena politik dan kecilnya ruang diskresi kebijakan dalam institusi yang dijadikan sebagai target perubahan. Oleh karena itu, perubahan didorong lewat penempatan elemen-elemen baru yang berdampingan dengan status quo yang berlaku di sebuah institusi. Melalui analisis deskriptif terhadap kebijakan MEF (Minimum Essential Force) tahap I tahun 2010-2014 ditemukan bahwa penggunaan mekanisme layering lewat kebijakan MEF telah berhasil diimplementasikan tanpa adanya penolakan dari para pendukung status quo di sektor pertahanan Indonesia. Kondisi ini dimungkinan karena program modernisasi alutsista (alat utama sistem persenjataan) yang menjadi inti dari kebijakan MEF memberikan insentif tambahan terhadap status quo yang sesuai dengan preferensi TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) mengenai keberlanjutan organisasi mereka. Akan tetapi tulisan ini juga melihat adanya efek negatif dari penggunaan mekanisme layering tersebut yakni rendahnya derajat kepatuhan terhadap elemen baru perubahan. Sebagai akibat dari tetap utuhnya status quo, militer mempertahankan dominasinya dalam proses formulasi dan implementasi tanpa pengawasan efektif dari kalangan sipil. Dalam kasus MEF, kondisi ini menimbulkan inkonsistensi kebijakan yang kemudian dapat menghambat profesionalisme TNI ke depan serta memberikan celah bagi kembalinya TNI ke ranah politik praktis.
Kekalahan Cambodia People’s Party di Wilayah Urban Kamboja pada Pemilu Tahun 2013
Authors: Fajari Farizan
Published: February 2018

Kamboja merupakan salah satu negara yang menerapkan sistem pemilu otoriter. Kondisi tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh partai penguasa, Cambodia People’s Party (CPP), sebagai sarana untuk mendominasi kursi parlemen Kamboja hingga pemilu tahun 2008. Namun, peta kekuatan partai politik di Kamboja mengalami perubahan pada pemilu tahun 2013. Pada pemilu tersebut, perolehan kursi CPP mengalami penurunan signifikan dan menjadi hasil terburuk bagi mereka sejak pemilu tahun 1998. Penurunan tersebut utamanya dilatarbelakangi oleh kegagalan CPP dalam mendapatkan kursi terbanyak di empat wilayah urban Kamboja: Kampong Cham, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, dan Kandal, yang memiliki proporsi jumlah kursi terbanyak. Padahal, CPP sebelumnya tidak pernah mengalami kekalahan di keempat wilayah tersebut secara bersamaan. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa kekalahan CPP dalam rezim otoriter disebabkan oleh kondisi-kondisi penting yang terjadi di Kamboja. Dengan mengelaborasi teori Dominant Party Authoritarian Regimes dan konsep pengawas pemilu internasional, artikel ini melihat tiga kondisi penting yang terjadi di Kamboja yang menjadi penyebab menurunnya suara CPP di perkotaan, yaitu: kebijakan pemerintahan Hun Sen yang menyebabkan permasalahan dalam masyarakat, menguatnya partai oposisi dan keberhasilan isu dan strategi kampanye yang digunakan, dan peran pengawas pemilu internasional dalam menurunkan praktik intimidasi politik oleh militer. Dalam mengumpulkan data, artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan cara mengumpulkan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam dan analisis data sekunder dari kajian literatur.
Perubahan dan Kesinambungan Kebijakan-Kebijakan Ekonomi Makro: Kasus Indonesia dan Malaysia Tahun 1997-1999
Authors: Bahri Syamsul
Published: February 2018

Dalam merespons krisis finansial Asia di tahun 1997-1999, pemerintah Indonesia dan Malaysia mengambil kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi makro yang berbeda. Pemerintah Indonesia menaikkan suku bunga, mengurangi alokasi anggaran, melepaskan intervensi nilai tukar, dan meliberalisasi berbagai sektor ekonomi; sementara pemerintah Malaysia menurunkan suku bunga, melakukan ekspansi anggaran, mempertahankan intervensi nilai tukar, dan mengaplikasikan kontrol modal. Mengapa krisis yang sama direspons dengan kebijakan ekonomi makro berbeda? Mengapa krisis ekonomi tersebut diikuti dengan perubahan kebijakan ekonomi ke arah yang lebih liberal di Indonesia, sementara tidak di Malaysia? Dalam riset-riset sebelumnya, faktor paradigma ekonomi terkesan kurang diperhatikan sebagai penentu preferensi kebijakan pemerintah sewaktu krisis. Lewat penelitian ini, penulis berargumen bahwa perbedaan kebijakan ekonomi makro saat krisis disebabkan oleh perbedaan paradigma yang berkembang di masing-masing rezim pemerintahan sebelum krisis. Paradigma ekonomi membangun ekspektasi pemerintah terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi yang diambil sebelum krisis. Kemunculan krisis finansial mendorong perubahan kebijakan ekonomi makro karena (i) krisis tersebut memfalsifikasi ekspektasi paradigma ekonomi yang dianut pemerintah dan (ii) pendukung paradigma alternatif berhasil masuk ke dalam proses perumusan kebijakan ekonomi makro untuk mendelegitimasi paradigma lama, kemudian melembagakan paradigma baru. Dua faktor ini hadir di Indonesia, namun tidak di Malaysia.
Detection of stable community structures within gut microbiota co-occurrence networks from different human populations
Authors: Jackson Matthew A. , Bonder Marc Jan , Kuncheva Zhana , Zierer Jonas , Fu Jingyuan , Kurilshikov Alexander , Wijmenga Cisca , Zhernakova Alexandra , Bell Jordana T. , Spector Tim D. , Steves Claire J.
Published: February 2018

Microbes in the gut microbiome form sub-communities based on shared niche specialisations and specific interactions between individual taxa. The inter-microbial relationships that define these communities can be inferred from the co-occurrence of taxa across multiple samples. Here, we present an approach to identify comparable communities within different gut microbiota co-occurrence networks, and demonstrate its use by comparing the gut microbiota community structures of three geographically diverse populations. We combine gut microbiota profiles from 2,764 British, 1,023 Dutch, and 639 Israeli individuals, derive co-occurrence networks between their operational taxonomic units, and detect comparable communities within them. Comparing populations we find that community structure is significantly more similar between datasets than expected by chance. Mapping communities across the datasets, we also show that communities can have similar associations to host phenotypes in different populations. This study shows that the community structure within the gut microbiota is stable across populations, and describes a novel approach that facilitates comparative community-centric microbiome analyses.
Differential gene expression during early development in recently evolved and sympatric Arctic charr morphs
Authors: Guðbrandsson Jóhannes , Franzdóttir Sigríður Rut , Kristjánsson Bjarni Kristófer , Ahi Ehsan Pashay , Maier Valerie Helene , Kapralova Kalina Hristova , Snorrason Sigurður Sveinn , Jónsson Zophonías Oddur , Pálsson Arnar
Published: February 2018

Phenotypic differences between closely related taxa or populations can arise through genetic variation or be environmentally induced, leading to altered transcription of genes during development. Comparative developmental studies of closely related species or variable populations within species can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms related to evolutionary divergence and speciation. Studies of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and related salmonids have revealed considerable phenotypic variation among populations and in Arctic charr many cases of extensive variation within lakes (resource polymorphism) have been recorded. One example is the four Arctic charr morphs in the ∼10,000 year old Lake Thingvallavatn, which differ in numerous morphological and life history traits. We set out to investigate the molecular and developmental roots of this polymorphism by studying gene expression in embryos of three of the morphs reared in a common garden set-up. We performed RNA-sequencing,de-novotranscriptome assembly and compared gene expression among morphs during an important timeframe in early development, i.e., preceding the formation of key trophic structures. Expectedly, developmental time was the predominant explanatory variable. As the data were affected by some form of RNA-degradation even though all samples passed quality control testing, an estimate of 3′-bias was the second most common explanatory variable. Importantly, morph, both as an independent variable and as interaction with developmental time, affected the expression of numerous transcripts. Transcripts with morph effect, separated the three morphs at the expression level, with the two benthic morphs being more similar. However, Gene Ontology analyses did not reveal clear functional enrichment of transcripts between groups. Verification via qPCR confirmed differential expression of several genes between the morphs, including regulatory genes such asAT-Rich Interaction Domain 4A (arid4a)andtranslin (tsn). The data are consistent with a scenario where genetic divergence has contributed to differential expression of multiple genes and systems during early development of these sympatric Arctic charr morphs.
Bioreactor virome metagenomics sequencing using DNA spike-ins
Authors: Cremers Geert , Gambelli Lavinia , van Alen Theo , van Niftrik Laura , Op den Camp Huub J.M.
Published: February 2018

With the emergence of Next Generation Sequencing, major advances were made with regard to identifying viruses in natural environments. However, bioinformatical research on viruses is still limited because of the low amounts of viral DNA that can be obtained for analysis. To overcome this limitation, DNA is often amplified with multiple displacement amplification (MDA), which may cause an unavoidable bias. Here, we describe a case study in which the virome of a bioreactor is sequenced using Ion Torrent technology. DNA-spiking of samples is compared with MDA-amplified samples. DNA for spiking was obtained by amplifying a bacterial 16S rRNA gene. After sequencing, the 16S rRNA gene reads were removed by mapping to the Silva database. Three samples were tested, a whole genome from Enterobacteria P1 Phage and two viral metagenomes from an infected bioreactor. For one sample, the new DNA-spiking protocol was compared with the MDA technique. When MDA was applied, the overall GC content of the reads showed a bias towards lower GC%, indicating a change in composition of the DNA sample. Assemblies using all available reads from both MDA and the DNA-spiked samples resulted in six viral genomes. All six genomes could be almost completely retrieved (97.9%–100%) when mapping the reads from the DNA-spiked sample to those six genomes. In contrast, 6.3%–77.7% of three viral genomes was covered by reads obtained using the MDA amplification method and only three were nearly fully covered (97.4%–100%). This case study shows that DNA-spiking could be a simple and inexpensive alternative with very low bias for sequencing of metagenomes for which low amounts of DNA are available.
Maritime NOx Emissions Over Chinese Seas Derived From Satellite Observations
Authors: Ding J. , van der A R. J. , Mijling B. , Jalkanen J.‐P. , Johansson L. , Levelt P. F.
Published: February 2018

By applying an inversion algorithm to NOx satellite observations from Ozone Monitoring Instrument, monthly NOx emissions for a 10 year period (2007 to 2016) over Chinese seas are presented for the first time. No effective regulations on NOx emissions have been implemented for ships in China, which is reflected in the trend analysis of maritime emissions. The maritime emissions display a continuous increase rate of about 20% per year until 2012 and slow down to 3% after that. The seasonal cycle of shipping emissions has regional variations, but all regions show lower emissions during winter. Simulations by an atmospheric chemistry transport model show a notable influence of maritime emissions on air pollution over coastal areas, especially in summer. The satellite‐derived spatial distribution and the magnitude of maritime emissions over Chinese seas are in good agreement with bottom‐up studies based on the Automatic Identification System of ships.
Declining Radial Growth Response of Coastal Forests to Hurricanes and Nor'easters
Authors: Fernandes Arnold , Rollinson Christine R. , Kearney William S. , Dietze Michael C. , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: February 2018

The Mid‐Atlantic coastal forests in Virginia are stressed by episodic disturbance from hurricanes and nor'easters. Using annual tree ring data, we adopt a dendroclimatic and statistical modeling approach to understand the response and resilience of a coastal pine forest to extreme storm events, over the past few decades. Results indicate that radial growth of trees in the study area is influenced by age, regional climate trends, and individual tree effects but dominated periodically by growth disturbance due to storms. We evaluated seven local extreme storm events to understand the effect of nor'easters and hurricanes on radial growth. A general decline in radial growth was observed in the year of the extreme storm and 3 years following it, after which the radial growth started recovering. The decline in radial growth showed a statistically significant correlation with the magnitude of the extreme storm (storm surge height and wind speed). This study contributes to understanding declining tree growth response and resilience of coastal forests to past disturbances. Given the potential increase in hurricanes and storm surge severity in the region, this can help predict vegetation response patterns to similar disturbances in the future.
A simple technique to improve calculated skin dose accuracy in a commercial treatment planning system
Authors: Wang Lilie , Cmelak Anthony J. , Ding George X.
Published: February 2018

Radiation dermatitis during radiotherapy is correlated with skin dose and is a common clinical problem for head and neck and thoracic cancer patients. Therefore, accurate prediction of skin dose during treatment planning is clinically important. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of skin dose calculated by a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). We evaluated the accuracy of skin dose calculations by the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) implemented in Varian Eclipse (V.11) system. Skin dose is calculated as mean dose to a contoured structure of 0.5 cm thickness from the surface. The EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are utilized for the evaluation. The 6, 10 and 15 MV photon beams investigated are from a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator. The accuracy of the MC dose calculations was validated by phantom measurements with optically stimulated luminescence detectors. The calculation accuracy of patient skin doses is studied by using CT based radiotherapy treatment plans including 3D conformal, static gantry IMRT, and VMAT treatment techniques. Results show the Varian Eclipse system underestimates skin doses by up to 14% of prescription dose for the patients studied when external body contour starts at the patient's skin. The external body contour is used in a treatment planning system to calculate dose distributions. The calculation accuracy of skin dose with Eclipse can be considerably improved to within 4% of target dose by extending the external body contour by 1 to 2 cm from the patient's skin. Dose delivered to deeper target volumes or organs at risk are not affected. Although Eclipse treatment planning system has its limitations in predicting patient skin dose, this study shows the calculation accuracy can be considerably improved to an acceptable level by extending the external body contour without affecting the dose calculation accuracy to the treatment target and internal organs at risk. This is achieved by moving the calculation entry point away from the skin.
Three‐dimensional printing CT‐derived objects with controllable radiopacity
Authors: Hamedani Borhan Alhosseini , Melvin Alexa , Vaheesan Kirubahara , Gadani Sameer , Pereira Keith , Hall Andrew F.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The goal of this work was to develop phantoms for the optimization of pre‐operative computed tomography (CT) scans of the prostate artery, which are used for embolization planning.

Methods

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pellets were doped with barium sulfate and extruded into filaments suitable for 3D printing on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer. Cylinder phantoms were created to evaluate radiopacity as a function of doping percentage. Small‐diameter tree phantoms were created to assess their composition and dimensional accuracy. A half‐pelvis phantom was created using clinical CT images, to assess the printer's control over cortical bone thickness and cancellous bone attenuation. CT‐derived prostate artery phantoms were created to simulate complex, contrast‐filled arteries.

Results

A linear relationship (R = 0.998) was observed between barium sulfate added (0%–10% by weight), and radiopacity (−31 to 1454 Hounsfield Units [HU]). Micro‐CT scans showed even distribution of the particles, with air pockets comprising 0.36% by volume. The small vessels were found to be oversized by a consistent amount of 0.08 mm. Micro‐CT scans revealed that the phantoms' interiors were completely filled in. The maximum HU values of cortical bone in the phantom were lower than that of the filament, a result of CT image reconstruction. Creation of cancellous bone regions with lower HU values, using the printer's infill parameter, was successful. Direct volume renderings of the pelvis and prostate artery were similar to the clinical CT, with the exception that the surfaces of the phantom objects were not as smooth.

Conclusions

It is possible to reliably create FDM 3D printer filaments with predictable radiopacity in a wide range of attenuation values, which can be used to print dimensionally accurate radiopaque objects derived from CT data. Phantoms of this type can be quickly and inexpensively developed to assess and optimize CT protocols for specific clinical applications.
Single‐photon quantum filtering with multiple measurements
Authors: Dong Zhiyuan , Zhang Guofeng , Amini Nina H.
Published: February 2018

The single‐photon quantum filtering problems have been investigated recently with applications in quantum computing. In practice, the detector responds with a quantum efficiency of less than unity since there exists some mode mismatch between the detector and the system and the single‐photon signal may be corrupted by quantum white noise. Consequently, quantum filters based on multiple measurements are designed in this paper to improve estimation performance. More specifically, the filtering equations for a 2‐level quantum system driven by a single‐photon input state and under multiple measurements are presented in this paper. Four scenarios, ie, (1) 2 diffusive measurements with Q‐P quadrature form, (2) 2 diffusive measurements with Q‐Q quadrature form, (3) diffusive plus Poissonian measurements, and (4) 2 Poissonian measurements, are considered. It is natural to compare the filtering results, ie, measuring a single channel or both channels, which one is better? By the simulation where we use a single photon to excite an atom, it seems that multiple measurements enable us to excite the atom with higher probability than only measuring a single channel. In addition, a measurement back‐action phenomenon is revealed by the simulation results.
Synergistically Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis by Subsurface Atoms in Ternary PdCuNi Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Wang Huawei , Luo Wenjia , Zhu Lujun , Zhao Zipeng , E Bin , Tu Wenzhe , Ke Xiaoxing , Sui Manling , Chen Changfeng , Chen Qi , Li Yujing , Huang Yu
Published: February 2018

For Pd‐based alloy catalysts, the selection of metallic alloying elements and the construction of composition‐gradient surface and subsurface layers are critical in achieving superior electrocatalytic activities in, e.g., the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Based on the Pd‐containing alloy, highly monodispersed PdCuNi ternary alloy nanocrystals are prepared through a wet‐chemical approach, and a solution‐based oxidative surface treatment protocol is utilized to activate the surface of the nanocrystals. A drastically enhanced ORR activity can be achieved by removing the surface Ni and Cu atoms through the surface treatment protocol. The treated catalyst demonstrates a mass activity of 0.45 A mgPd−1 in alkaline medium, 5 and 2.4 times those of commercial Pt/C and Pd/C, respectively. The first‐principle calculation result suggests the critical roles of the coexistence of Ni and Cu atoms and their synergistic interaction beneath the outmost pure Pd layer in optimizing the oxygen binding energy for ORR. The calculation also suggests that the optimal binding energy of oxygen requires an appropriate Ni/Cu ratio in the subsurface layer. This work demonstrates a class of high‐performance Pt‐free ternary alloy ORR catalysts and may provide a general guideline for the structural design of Pd‐based ternary alloy catalysts.
Progress toward Catalytic Micro‐ and Nanomotors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
Authors: Safdar Muhammad , Khan Shahid Ullah , Jänis Janne
Published: February 2018

Synthetic micro‐ and nanomotors (MNMs) are tiny objects that can autonomously move under the influence of an appropriate source of energy, such as a chemical fuel, magnetic field, ultrasound, or light. Chemically driven MNMs are composed of or contain certain reactive material(s) that convert chemical energy of a fuel into kinetic energy (motion) of the particles. Several different materials have been explored over the last decade for the preparation of a wide variety of MNMs. Here, the discovery of materials and approaches to enhance the efficiency of chemically driven MNMs are reviewed. Several prominent applications of the MNMs, especially in the fields of biomedicine and environmental science, are also discussed, as well as the limitations of existing materials and future research directions.
Near‐Infrared Excitation/Emission and Multiphoton‐Induced Fluorescence of Carbon Dots
Authors: Li Di , Jing Pengtao , Sun Lihuan , An Yang , Shan Xinyan , Lu Xinghua , Zhou Ding , Han Dong , Shen Dezhen , Zhai Yuechen , Qu Songnan , Zbořil Radek , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: February 2018

Carbon dots (CDs) have significant potential for use in various fields including biomedicine, bioimaging, and optoelectronics. However, inefficient excitation and emission of CDs in both near‐infrared (NIR‐I and NIR‐II) windows remains an issue. Solving this problem would yield significant improvement in the tissue‐penetration depth for in vivo bioimaging with CDs. Here, an NIR absorption band and enhanced NIR fluorescence are both realized through the surface engineering of CDs, exploiting electron‐acceptor groups, namely molecules or polymers rich in sulfoxide/carbonyl groups. These groups, which are bound to the outer layers and the edges of the CDs, influence the optical bandgap and promote electron transitions under NIR excitation. NIR‐imaging information encryption and in vivo NIR fluorescence imaging of the stomach of a living mouse using CDs modified with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in aqueous solution are demonstrated. In addition, excitation by a 1400 nm femtosecond laser yields simultaneous two‐photon‐induced NIR emission and three‐photon‐induced red emission of CDs in dimethyl sulfoxide. This study represents the realization of both NIR‐I excitation and emission as well as two‐photon‐ and three‐photon‐induced fluorescence of CDs excited in an NIR‐II window, and provides a rational design approach for construction and clinical applications of CD‐based NIR imaging agents.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Difluoropropargylation Reaction with Benzothiazoline as a Reductant
Authors: Chen Jingzhi , Huang Wenhao , Li Ying , Cheng Xu
Published: February 2018

The difluoropropargyl group is a useful moiety for biological applications such as in vivo click chemistry for molecular imaging techniques. Silyl‐protected bromodifluoropropyne is an important difluoropropargylation reagent with previously unexplored radical reactivity. Herein, we report visible‐light‐induced thiyl‐radical‐catalyzed hydrodifluoropropargylation reactions between silyl‐protected bromodifluoropropyne and alkenes in the presence of benzothiazoline as a critical reductant.

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Personal Finance Education for Residents: A Qualitative Study of Resident Perspectives
Authors: Shappell Eric , Ahn James , Ahmed Nadia , Harris Ilene , Park Yoon Soo , Tekian Ara
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Personal finance has been linked to wellness and resiliency; however, the level of financial literacy among residents is low. Development of a personal finance curriculum could improve the financial well‐being of trainees. The first step in this process is understanding residents’ educational needs.

Objective

The objective was to describe the financial knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents to inform the design of a personal finance curriculum.

Methods

A qualitative approach using semistructured interviews was used to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents in the realm of personal finance. Twelve residents completed interviews: one male and one female resident from the first and third years of training in the specialties of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics.

Results

Three themes were formulated and analyzed through the existing frameworks: 1) daily finances, 2) financial knowledge and experiences, and 3) approach to financial planning. Prominent subthemes included a lack of knowledge and desire for personal finance education, debt‐related anxiety, and uncertainty where to find reliable financial advice.

Conclusions

Residents report a low level of financial literacy and high interest in financial education. The framework provided in this study can inform the design of education interventions to promote financial wellness in trainees.