bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic uncertainties in the characterization of helium-dominated metal-polluted white dwarf atmospheres
Authors: Izquierdo Paula , Gänsicke Boris T , Rodríguez-Gil Pablo , Koester Detlev , Toloza Odette , Gentile Fusillo Nicola P , Pala Anna F , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel
Published: January 2023

White dwarf photospheric parameters are usually obtained by means of spectroscopic or photometric analysis. These results are not always consistent with each other, with the published values often including just the statistical uncertainties. The differences are more dramatic for white dwarfs with helium-dominated photospheres, so to obtain realistic uncertainties we have analysed a sample of 13 of these white dwarfs, applying both techniques to up to three different spectroscopic and photometric data sets for each star. We found mean standard deviations of $\left\langle \sigma {T_{\mathrm{eff}}}\right\rangle = 524$ K, $\left\langle \sigma {\log g}\right\rangle = 0.27$ dex and $\left\langle \sigma {\log (\mathrm{H/He})}\right\rangle = 0.31$ dex for the effective temperature, surface gravity, and relative hydrogen abundance, respectively, when modelling diverse spectroscopic data. The photometric fits provided mean standard deviations up to $\left\langle \sigma {T_{\mathrm{eff}}}\right\rangle = 1210$ K and $\left\langle \sigma {\log g}\right\rangle = 0.13$ dex. We suggest these values to be adopted as realistic lower limits to the published uncertainties in parameters derived from spectroscopic and photometric fits for white dwarfs with similar characteristics. In addition, we investigate the effect of fitting the observational data adopting three different photospheric chemical compositions. In general, pure helium model spectra result in larger Teff compared to those derived from models with traces of hydrogen. The log g shows opposite trends: smaller spectroscopic values and larger photometric ones when compared to models with hydrogen. The addition of metals to the models also affects the derived atmospheric parameters, but a clear trend is not found.
Self-similar solutions in cylindrical magneto-hydrodynamic blast waves with energy injection at the centre
Authors: Gintrand A , Moreno-Gelos Q
Published: January 2023

The evolution of shocks induced by massive stars does not depend only on the ambient magnetic field strength, but also on its orientation. In the present work, the dynamics of a magnetized blast wave is investigated under the influence of both azimuthal and axial ambient magnetic fields. The blast wave is driven by a central source and forms a shell that results from the accumulation of interstellar matter behind the shock front. A similarity form of the ambient magnetic field and a cylindrical geometry of the blast wave are assumed to obtain self-similar solutions. The model is studied separately for both azimuthal and axial magnetic field and applied to stellar wind bubbles and supernova remnants respectively, using 1D numerical simulations. We found that the magnetized blast wave differs from the self-similar case without an ambient magnetic field. The forward shock front goes slower in the azimuthal case and faster in the axial one. For both tangential orientations, the thickness of the shell increases with the magnetic strength. In the azimuthal case, the thermal energy can be converted to magnetic energy near the inner boundary of the shell. Thus, the temperature drops and the magnetic field increases at the tangential discontinuity of the stellar wind bubble. In the axial case of a supernova remnant, the numerical solution always follows a special curve in the parameter space given by the self-similar model.
Dynamical environments of (486958) Arrokoth: prior evolution and present state
Authors: Shevchenko Ivan I , Lages José , Vavilov Dmitrii E , Rollin Guillaume
Published: January 2023

We consider dynamical environments of (486958) Arrokoth, focusing on both their present state and their long-term evolution, starting from the KBO’s formation. Both analytical (based on an upgraded Kepler-map formalism) and numerical (based on massive simulations and construction of stability diagrams in the 3D setting of the problem) approaches to the problem are used. The debris removal is due to either absorption by the KBO or by leaving the Hill sphere; the interplay of these processes is considered. The clearing mechanisms are explored, and the debris removal time-scales are estimated. We assess survival opportunities for any debris orbiting around Arrokoth. The generic chaotization of Arrokoth’s circumbinary debris disc’s inner zone and generic cloudization of the disc’s periphery, which is shown to be essential in the general 3D case, naturally explains the current absence of any debris in its vicinities.
Stereoscopic observation of simultaneous longitudinal and transverse oscillations in a single filament driven by two-sided-loop jet
Authors: Tan Song , Shen Yuandeng , Zhou Xinping , Tang Zehao , Zhou Chengrui , Duan Yadan , Yao Surui
Published: January 2023

We report the first observations of simultaneous large-amplitude longitudinal and transverse oscillations of a quiescent filament trigged by a two-sided-loop jet formed by the magnetic reconnection between the filament and an emerging loop in the filament channel, recorded by the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory. The north arm of the jet firstly pushed the filament mass moving northwardly along the magnetic field lines consisting of the coronal cavity, then some elevated filament mass fell back and started to oscillate longitudinally at the bottom of the cavity (i.e. the magnetic dip). The northernmost part of the filament also showed transverse oscillation simultaneously. The amplitude and period of the longitudinal (transverse) oscillation are 12.96 (2.99) Mm and 1.18 (0.33) h, respectively. By using the method of filament seismology, the radius of curvature of the magnetic dip is about 151 Mm, consistent with that obtained by the 3D reconstruction (166 Mm). Using different physical parameters of the observed longitudinal and transverse oscillations, the magnetic field strength of the filament is estimated to be about 23 and 21 Gauss, respectively. By calculating the energy of the moving filament mass, the minimum energy of the jet is estimated to be about $1.96 \times 10^{28} \operatorname{erg}$. We conclude that the newly formed jet can not only trigger simultaneous longitudinal and transverse oscillations in a single filament, but also can be used as a seismology tool for diagnosing filament information, such as the magnetic structure, magnetic field strength, and magnetic twists.
The dynamics of co-orbital giant exomoons – applications for the Kepler-1625 b and Kepler-1708 b satellite systems
Authors: Moraes R A , Borderes-Motta G , Winter O C , Mourão D C
Published: January 2023

Exomoons are a missing piece of exoplanetary science. Recently, two promising candidates were proposed, Kepler-1625 b-I and Kepler-1708 b-I. While the latter still lacks a dynamical analysis of its stability, Kepler-1625 b-I has already been the subject of several studies regarding its stability and origin. Moreover, previous works have shown that this satellite system could harbour at least two stable massive moons. Motivated by these results, we explored the stability of co-orbital exomoons using the candidates Kepler-1625 b-I and Kepler-1708 b-I as case studies. To do so, we performed numerical simulations of systems composed of the star, planet, and the co-orbital pair formed by the proposed candidates and another massive body. For the additional satellite, we varied its mass and size from a Mars-like to the case where both satellites have the same physical characteristics. We investigated the co-orbital region around the Lagrangian equilibrium point L4 of the system, setting the orbital separation between the satellites from θmin = 30° to θmax = 90°. Our results show that stability islands are possible in the co-orbital region of Kepler-1708 b-I as a function of the co-orbital companion’s mass and angular separation. Also, we identified that resonances of librational frequencies, especially the 2:1 resonance, can constrain the mass of the co-orbital companion. On the other hand, we found that the proximity between the host planet and the star makes the co-orbital region around Kepler-1625 b-I unstable for a massive companion. Finally, we provide TTV profiles for a planet orbited by co-orbital exomoons.
Projected spin–orbit alignments from Kepler asteroseismology and Gaia astrometry
Authors: Ball Warrick H , Triaud Amaury H M J , Hatt Emily , Nielsen Martin B , Chaplin William J
Published: January 2023

The angle between the rotation and orbital axes of stars in binary systems – the obliquity – is an important indicator of how these systems form and evolve, but few such measurements exist. We combine the sample of astrometric orbital inclinations from Gaia Data Release 3 with a sample of solar-like oscillators in which rotational inclinations have been measured using asteroseismology. We supplement our sample with one binary whose visual orbit has been determined using speckle interferometry and present the projected spin–orbit alignments in five systems. We find that each system, and the overall sample, is consistent with alignment but there are important caveats. First, the asteroseismic rotational inclinations are fundamentally ambiguous and, secondly, we can only measure the projected (rather than true) obliquity. If rotational and orbital inclinations are independent and isotropically distributed, the likelihood of drawing our data by chance is less than a few per cent. Though small, our data set argues against uniformly random obliquities in binary systems. We speculate that dozens more measurements could be made using data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission, mostly in red giants. ESA’s PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations mission will likely produce hundreds more spin–orbit measurements in systems with main-sequence and subgiant stars.
Autophagy and podocytopathy
Authors: Ponticelli Claudio , Moroni Gabriella , Reggiani Francesco
Published: January 2023

Autophagy is a complex process of lysosomal-dependent degradation of unwanted cellular material. In response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, autophagy is induced and regulated by two kinases: the AMP activated kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Cells activated by Unc-51-like kinase 1 form a double membrane complex that sequesters the cargo (phagophore) and elongates producing spherical vesicles (autophagosomes). These reach and fuse with lysosomes, which degrade the cargo (autolysosomes). The resulting macromolecules are released back and recycled in the cytosol for reuse. In the podocyte, autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism that contributes to the formation and preservation of the morphological and functional integrity of actin cytoskeleton. Podocytes, fenestrated endothelial cells and glomerular basement membrane compose the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte damage may cause dysfunction of the glomerular barrier, proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in different glomerular diseases and particularly in so-called podocytopathies, namely minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Several drugs and molecules may activate autophagic function in murine models. Among them, aldosterone inhibitors, mineralocorticoid inhibitors and vitamin D3 were proven to protect podocyte from injury and reduce proteinuria in clinical studies. However, no clinical trial with autophagy regulators in podocytopathies has been conducted. Caution is needed with other autophagy activators, such as mTOR inhibitors and metformin, because of potential adverse events.
Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Antimicrobial Resistance of InvasiveEscherichia ColiDisease in Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospitals
Authors: Doua Joachim , Geurtsen Jeroen , Rodriguez-Baño Jesus , Cornely Oliver A , Go Oscar , Gomila-Grange Aina , Kirby Andrew , Hermans Peter , Gori Andrea , Zuccaro Valentina , Gravenstein Stefan , Bonten Marc , Poolman Jan , Sarnecki Michal
Published: January 2023

Background

Invasive Escherichia coli disease (IED), including bloodstream infection, sepsis, and septic shock, can lead to high hospitalization and mortality rates. This multinational study describes the clinical profile of patients with IED in tertiary care hospitals.

Methods

We applied clinical criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, or septic shock to patients hospitalized with culture-confirmed E coli from urine or a presumed sterile site. We assessed a proposed clinical case definition against physician diagnoses.

Results

Most patients with IED (N = 902) were adults aged ≥60 years (76.5%); 51.9%, 25.1%, and 23.0% of cases were community-acquired (CA), hospital-acquired (HA), and healthcare-associated (HCA), respectively. The urinary tract was the most common source of infection (52.3%). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock were identified in 77.4%, 65.3%, and 14.1% of patients, respectively. Patients >60 years were more likely to exhibit organ dysfunction than those ≤60 years; this trend was not observed for SIRS. The case-fatality rate (CFR) was 20.0% (60–75 years, 21.5%; ≥75 years, 22.2%), with an increase across IED acquisition settings (HA, 28.3%; HCA, 21.7%; CA, 15.2%). Noticeably, 77.8% of patients initiated antibiotic use on the day of culture sample collection. A total of 65.6% and 40.8% of E coli isolates were resistant to ≥1 agent in ≥1 or ≥2 drug class(es). A 96.1% agreement was seen between the proposed clinical case definition and physician's diagnoses of IED.

Conclusions

This study contributes valuable, real-world data about IED severity. An accepted case definition could promote timely and accurate diagnosis of IED and inform the development of novel preventative strategies.
Trends of β-Lactamase Occurrence AmongEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaein United States Hospitals During a 5-Year Period and Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Against Isolates Stratified by β-Lactamase Type
Authors: Castanheira Mariana , Kimbrough John H , DeVries Sean , Mendes Rodrigo E , Sader Helio S
Published: January 2023

Background

The temporal and longitudinal trends of β-lactamases and their associated susceptibility patterns were analyzed for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates consecutively collected in 56 United States hospitals during 2016–2020.

Methods

Isolates (n = 19 453) were susceptibility tested by reference broth microdilution methods. Isolates that displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≥2 mg/L for at least 2 of the following compounds—ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, or cefepime—or resistance to the carbapenems were submitted to whole genome sequencing for identification of β-lactamases. Longitudinal and temporal trends were determined by slope coefficient. New CTX-M and OXA-1 variants were characterized.

Results

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were detected among 88.0% of the isolates that displayed elevated cephalosporin/aztreonam MICs without carbapenem resistance. blaCTX-M-15 was detected among 55.5% of the ESBL producers. ESBL rates were stable over time, but significant increases were noted among bloodstream infection and K pneumoniae isolates, mainly driven by an increase in blaCTX-M. Carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase genes were noted among 166 and 145 isolates, respectively, including 137 blaKPC, 6 blaSME, 3 blaOXA-48–like, and 3 blaNDM. Ceftazidime-avibactam and carbapenems were very active (>99% susceptibility) against ESBL producers without carbapenem resistance. Ceftazidime-avibactam inhibited 97.0% of the carbapenem-resistant isolates. This agent and meropenem-vaborbactam inhibited 96.4% and 85.0% of the 2020 isolates, respectively.

Conclusions

Overall, ESBL-producing isolates were stable, but an increase was noted for K pneumoniae isolates driven by CTX-M production. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales rates decreased in the study period. The prevalence of metallo-β-lactamases and OXA-48–like remains low. Continuous surveillance of β-lactamase–producing isolates is prudent.
The Impact of Cold Ambient Temperature in the Pattern of Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Matsuki Eri , Kawamoto Shota , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Yahagi Naohisa
Published: January 2023

Background

Prior literature suggests that cold temperature strongly influences the immune function of animals and human behaviors, which may allow for the transmission of respiratory viral infections. However, information on the impact of cold stimuli, especially the impact of temporal change in the ambient temperature on influenza virus transmission, is limited.

Methods

A susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible model was applied to evaluate the effect of temperature change on influenza virus transmission.

Results

The mean temperature of the prior week was positively associated with the number of newly diagnosed cases (0.107 [95% Bayesian credible interval {BCI}, .106–.109]), whereas the mean difference in the temperature of the prior week was negatively associated (−0.835 [95% BCI, −.840 to −.830]). The product of the mean temperature and mean difference in the temperature of the previous week were also negatively associated with the number of newly diagnosed cases (−0.192 [95% BCI, −.197 to −.187]).

Conclusions

The mean temperature and the mean difference in temperature affected the number of newly diagnosed influenza cases differently. Our data suggest that high ambient temperature and a drop in the temperature and their interaction increase the risk of infection. Therefore, the highest risk of infection is attributable to a steep fall in temperature in a relatively warm environment.
Simultaneous multicolor photometry of the DESTINY+ target asteroid (3200) Phaethon
Authors: Beniyama Jin , Sekiguchi Tomohiko , Kuroda Daisuke , Arai Tomoko , Ishibashi Ko , Ishiguro Masateru , Yoshida Fumi , Senshu Hiroki , Ootsubo Takafumi , Sako Shigeyuki , Ohsawa Ryou , Takita Satoshi , Geem Jooyeon , Bach Yoonsoo P
Published: January 2023

Accurate estimations of the brightness of (3200) Phaethon up to lower phase angles are essential for the planning of the on-board camera for the DESTINY+ mission. We carried out intensive observations of Phaethon in the optical wavelength (g, r, and i) with the TriCCS camera on the Seimei 3.8 m telescope in 2021 October and November. We derived the absolute magnitude HV and the slope parameter G of Phaethon as HV = 14.23 ± 0.02 and G = 0.040 ± 0.008 from multiple photometric observations including lower phase angles down to ∼9° with the H–G model. Using the HV value and the geometric albedo of Phaethon derived in previous polarimetric studies, we estimated that Phaethon’s diameter is within a range of 5.22–6.74 km, which is consistent with radar and occultation observations. With the linear model, we derived HV = 14.65 ± 0.02, which corresponds to a diameter range of 4.30–5.56 km. Our simultaneous tricolor light curves of Phaethon indicate that no rotational spectral variations larger than 0.018 and 0.020 mag in the g − r and r − i colors, possibly related to inhomogeneity of the surface material and/or structure, are seen at the 2021 apparition.
Molecular clouds at the eastern edge of radio nebula W 50
Authors: Sakemi Haruka , Machida Mami , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tachihara Kengo
Published: January 2023

Microquasar SS 433 located at the geometric center of radio nebula W 50 is a suitable source for investigating the physical process of how galactic jets affect the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). Previous studies have searched for evidence of the interaction between the SS 433 jet and ISM, such as neutral hydrogen gas and molecular clouds; however, it is still unclear which ISM interacts with the jet. We looked for new molecular clouds that possibly interact at the terminal of the SS 433 eastern jet using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We identified two molecular clouds, comprising many small clumps, in the velocity range of 30.1–36.5 km s−1 for the first time. These clouds have complex velocity structures, and one of them has a density gradient toward SS 433. Although it is difficult to conclude the relation between the molecular clouds and the SS 433/W 50 system, there is a possibility that the eastern structure of W 50 constructed by the SS 433 jet swept up tiny molecular clumps drifting in the surroundings and formed the molecular clouds that we identified in this study.
Crystal Structure Controls on Oriented Primary Magnetite Micro-Inclusions in Plagioclase From Oceanic Gabbro
Authors: Bian Ge , Ageeva Olga , Roddatis Vladimir , Li Chen , Pennycook Timothy J , Habler Gerlinde , Abart Rainer
Published: January 2023

Oriented needle-, lath- and plate-shaped magnetite micro-inclusions in rock forming plagioclase from mafic intrusive rocks, were investigated using correlated optical microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The magnetite micro-inclusions were analysed on cuts parallel and perpendicular to the inclusion–elongation directions. The crystal structures of the two phases are in direct contact along the interfaces. The shape, shape orientation and crystallographic orientation relationships between the magnetite micro-inclusions and the plagioclase host appear to be controlled by the tendency of the system to optimise lattice match along the interfaces. The elongation direction of the inclusions ensures good match between prominent oxygen layers in the magnetite and plagioclase crystal structures across the interfaces bounding the inclusions parallel to their elongation direction. In cross-section, additional modes of lattice match, such as the commensurate impingement of magnetite and plagioclase lattice planes along the interfaces, the parallel alignment of the interfaces to low-index lattice planes of magnetite or plagioclase, or the parallel alignment to low index lattice planes of both phases are observed, which appear to control the selection of interface facets, as well as the shape and crystallographic orientation relationships between magnetite micro-inclusions and plagioclase host. The systematics of the inclusion cross-sectional shapes and crystallographic orientation relationships indicate recrystallisation of magnetite with potential implications for natural remanent magnetisation of magnetite-bearing plagioclase grains.
Engagement with fact-checked posts on Reddit
Authors: Bond Robert M , Garrett R Kelly
Published: January 2023

Contested factual claims shared online are of increasing interest to scholars and the public. Characterizing temporal patterns of sharing and engagement with such information, as well as the effect of sharing associated fact-checks, can help us understand the online political news environment more fully. Here, we investigate differential engagement with fact-checked posts shared online via Reddit from 2016 to 2018. The data comprise ∼29,000 conversations, ∼849,000 users, and ∼9.8 million comments. We classified the veracity of the posts being discussed as true, mixed, or false using three fact-checking organizations. Regardless of veracity, fact-checked posts had larger and longer lasting conversations than claims that were not fact-checked. Among those that were fact-checked, posts rated as false were discussed less and for shorter periods of time than claims that were rated as true. We also observe that fact-checks of posts rated as false tend to happen more quickly than fact-checks of posts rated as true. Finally, we observe that thread deletion and removal are systematically related to the presence of a fact-check and the veracity of the fact-check, but when deletion and removal are combined the differences are minimal. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Inference for Ranks with Applications to Mobility across Neighbourhoods and Academic Achievement across Countries
Authors: Mogstad Magne , Romano Joseph P , Shaikh Azeem M , Wilhelm Daniel
Published: January 2023

It is often desired to rank different populations according to the value of some feature of each population. For example, it may be desired to rank neighbourhoods according to some measure of intergenerational mobility or countries according to some measure of academic achievement. These rankings are invariably computed using estimates rather than the true values of these features. As a result, there may be considerable uncertainty concerning the rank of each population. In this paper, we consider the problem of accounting for such uncertainty by constructing confidence sets for the rank of each population. We consider both the problem of constructing marginal confidence sets for the rank of a particular population as well as simultaneous confidence sets for the ranks of all populations. We show how to construct such confidence sets under weak assumptions. An important feature of all of our constructions is that they remain computationally feasible even when the number of populations is very large. We apply our theoretical results to re-examine the rankings of both neighbourhoods in the U.S. in terms of intergenerational mobility and developed countries in terms of academic achievement. The conclusions about which countries do best and worst at reading, math, and science are fairly robust to accounting for uncertainty. The confidence sets for the ranking of the fifty most populous commuting zones by measures of mobility are also found to be small. These confidence sets, however, become much less informative if one includes all commuting zones, if one considers neighbourhoods at a more granular level (counties, census tracts), or if one uses movers across areas to address concerns about selection.
The pattern of MHC class I expression in muscle biopsies from patients with myositis and other neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Milisenda José C , Pinal-Fernandez Iago , Lloyd Thomas E , Grau-Junyent Josep Maria , Christopher-Stine Lisa , Corse Andrea M , Mammen Andrew L
Published: January 2023

Objective

Diagnostic muscle biopsies are routinely immunostained for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein. In this study we analysed the prevalence and patterns of MHC-I immunostaining in biopsies from patients with different types of myopathies and neurogenic disorders.

Methods

All 357 diagnostic muscle biopsies processed at the Johns Hopkins Neuromuscular Pathology Laboratory from August 2013 to January 2017 were immunostained for MHC-I. The prevalence and patterns of MHC-I immunostaining were compared between patients with histologically normal muscle biopsies (n = 31), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs; n = 170), non-inflammatory myopathies (n = 60) and neurogenic disorders (n = 96).

Results

MHC-I immunostaining was abnormal in most patients with DM (98%), sporadic IBM (sIBM; 100%), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM; 100%) and polymyositis (77%). In contrast, MHC-I immunostaining was less frequently present in non-inflammatory myopathies (32%) or neurogenic disorders (30%). Overall, abnormal MHC-I immunostaining had a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.82 for diagnosing IIMs. A focal MHC-I staining pattern was associated with IMNM, whereas a global pattern was more prevalent in sIBM and a perifascicular pattern was significantly more common in dermatomyositis. Among 18 DM biopsies without perifascicular atrophy, 50% had a perifascicular MHC-I staining pattern. Sarcoplasmic upregulation staining was more common than sarcolemmal staining across all groups.

Conclusion

MHC-I immunostaining was useful to distinguish IIMs from non-inflammatory myopathies or neurogenic disorders. Of note, a perifascicular MHC-I staining pattern was present only in those with DM, including half of those without perifascicular atrophy; many of these biopsies may not otherwise have been diagnostic for DM.
What Is the Prevalence of Visual Hallucinations in a First-Episode Psychosis Population? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature
Authors: Allen Sophie , Goodall Thomas , Jones Chris , James Rachel , Surtees Andrew
Published: January 2023

Background and Hypothesis

This systematic review and meta-analysis review the literature regarding the prevalence of visual hallucinations in patients with first-episode psychosis. Previous reviews have focused on the prevalence of visual hallucinations in a general psychosis population, highlighting a weighted prevalence of 27%. However, no reviews have focused specifically on the experiences of those with a first episode of psychosis. Understanding “first-episode” experiences is crucial, as intervention during this “critical period” is thought to define long-term outcome. Therefore, it is important that the prevalence of different symptoms during this period is accurately represented.

Study Design

Systematic searches yielded 15 studies to be meta-analyzed. Information to calculate event rates was extracted. Studies were rated for their methodological quality using a risk of bias tool. The quality of included studies varied; generalizability bias was the domain with the most risk of bias.

Study Results

Prevalence rates were synthesized from the 15 papers included in the final analysis, which generated a weighted prevalence estimate of 33% of people with first-episode psychosis experiencing visual hallucinations. Subgroup analyses were carried out and did not demonstrate significant associations.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis provides a robust estimate of 33% for the prevalence of visual hallucinations in first-episode psychosis; highlighting that visual hallucinations are relatively common experiences.
Association between indoor noise level at night and objective/subjective sleep quality in the older population: a cross-sectional study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort
Authors: Yamagami Yuki , Obayashi Kenji , Tai Yoshiaki , Saeki Keigo
Published: January 2023

Study objectives

Noise exposure could be an important risk factor for low sleep quality; however, evidence on indoor noise in large-scale populations is limited. We evaluate the association between indoor noise at night and objective and subjective sleep quality in the older population.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study of 1076 participants (≥60 years), we measured indoor noise at night (A-weighted equivalent noise from bedtime to rising time [LAeq]) using a portable noise level meter set in bedrooms and sleep quality using actigraphy and a questionnaire for 2 nights. Using multivariable linear regression models, we examined the associations between indoor noise at night and objective and subjective sleep parameters independent of potential confounders such as age, body mass index, and sleep medication.

Results

Increased indoor noise at night by 1 dB of LAeq was significantly associated with lower objective sleep quality, such as lower sleep efficiency (regression coefficient [β], −0.19%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], −0.26 to −0.12; p < 0.001), longer log-transformed sleep onset latency (β, 0.02 log min; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.03; p< 0.001) and wake after sleep onset (β, 0.66 min; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.92; p < 0.001), and higher log-transformed fragmentation index (β, 0.01; 95% CI 0.008 to 0.017; p < 0.001). These results remained consistent in the analysis using noise-event rate (≥45 dB) as an independent variable.

Conclusion

This study revealed the quantitative association between indoor noise at night and objective and subjective sleep quality in the older population. Reducing noise and improving sleep quality may prevent fatal diseases.
Modeling starch dynamics from seasonal variations of photosynthesis, growth and respiration
Authors: Oswald Scott W , Aubrey Doug P
Published: January 2023

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) buffer differences in plant carbon supply (photosynthesis) and demand (respiration, growth, etc.), but the regulation of their dynamics remains unresolved. Seasonal variations in NSCs are well-documented, but differences in the time-average, amplitude, phase and other characteristics across ecosystems and functional types lack explanation; furthermore, observed dynamics do not always match expectations. The failure to match observed and expected dynamics has stimulated debate on whether carbon supply or demand drives NSC dynamics. To gain insight into how carbon supply and demand drive seasonal NSC dynamics, we derive a simple model of NSC dynamics based on carbon mass balance and linearizing the NSC demand to determine how supply-driven and demand-driven seasonal NSC dynamics differ. We find that supply-driven and demand-driven dynamics yield distinct timings of seasonal extrema, and supply overrides demand when carbon supply is low in winter (e.g., at high latitudes). Our results also suggest that NSC dynamics often lag changes carbon mass balance. We also predict differences in NSC dynamics across mass, suggesting that saplings are more dynamic and respond more quickly to the environment than mature trees. Our findings suggest that substrate-dependent regulation with environmental variation is sufficient to generate complex NSC dynamics.
Pediatric neurobrucellosis: a systematic review with case report
Authors: Dhar Debjyoti , Jaipuriar Ravi Shekhar , Mondal Mahammad Samim , Shunmugakani Siva Prakash , Nagarathna S , Kumari Pratima , Mahale Rohan , Mailankody Pooja , Mathuranath P S , Padmanabha Hansashree
Published: January 2023

Pediatric neurobrucellosis represents a common anthropozoonosis in endemic areas but only anecdotal reports are available till date. Using appropriate search terms in the database platforms of MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Sciences, we performed a systematic review of all the cases of pediatric neurobrucellosis published in the medical literature till date, in the light of a case report. The protocol was registered under PROSPERO (CRD42022333907). Our search strategy yielded 187 citations of which 51 citations were included. A total of 119 cases were reviewed. Of these cases, eight of them had insufficient data. The most common presentation was meningitis with or without encephalitis (n = 79, 71.2%). A high prevalence of cranial neuropathies (n = 22, 20.7%) was observed in the pediatric population in which abducens palsy was the most common (n = 9, 8.1%). Diagnosis was based on multimodal investigations including standard agglutination test (n = 44, 39.6%), Rose Bengal test (n = 37, 33.3%), blood culture (n = 23, 20.7%), serology (n = 20, 18.0%) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture (n = 11, 9.9%). Rifampicin-based triple drug regimen was the most commonly employed (83/102, 81.4%). Pediatric neurobrucellosis was associated with greater frequency of sequalae (5.4%), deafness (2.7%) and mortality (2.7%), when compared to that of general population. Neurobrucellosis mimics neuro-tuberculosis in various aspects. The review highlights several unique aspects of this entity in children. A high index of suspicion can ensure prompt diagnosis, timely initiation of management and favorable outcomes.
A short-term follow-up study on breastfeeding practices, growth parameters and immunization practices among babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Maria Arti , Singh Bhawana Komal , Agrawal Payal , Bandyopadhyay Tapas
Published: January 2023

We aimed to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate and routine follow-up practices including immunization. A total of 62 neonates born to COVID-19 positive mothers and an equal number of neonates born to COVID-19 negative mothers were prospectively evaluated for EBF rate and routine neonatal follow-up practices including delay (>7 days) in routine immunization at 3 months follow-up. We further tried to compare the results across two epochs (epoch 1, March–June 2020 and epoch 2, July–November 2020). There was significantly lesser number of babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers on EBF at 3 months of age when compared with the control group (45.1% vs. 96.7%, p = 0.00) as well it was significantly lesser in epoch 1 when compared with epoch 2 (16% vs. 74%, p = 0.00). Further, a significantly higher number of babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers had their routine immunization delayed with no significant difference across the epochs. There was no significant difference in growth parameters between babies born to COVID-19 positive mother when compared with the control group as well as across the epochs. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the EBF rates as well as hampered the routine immunization practices among babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers. Although such practices got improved after the implementation of evidence-based national guidelines, but it is still much below when compared with those born to COVID-19 negative mother.
EGFR inhibitor-induced folliculitis decalvans: a case series and management guidelines
Authors: Nowaczyk Joanna , Fret Kamil , Kaminska-Winciorek Grazyna , Rudnicka Lidia , Czuwara Joanna
Published: January 2023

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of therapeutic targets in oncology for solid tumors originating from epithelial tissue, such as non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and breast cancer. EGFR inhibitors used in cancer treatment may cause a broad spectrum of dose-dependent cutaneous adverse events, including acneiform papulopustular rash, nail and hair disturbances, xerosis, and mucositis. The pathogenesis of the EGFR inhibitor-induced adverse reactions originates from disturbances in keratinocyte differentiation, cytokine secretion, and neutrophil chemotaxis. One of the rare, yet distressing adverse events may be folliculitis decalvans, a progressive neutrophil-driven scarring alopecia with hair tufts formation resembling doll’s hair. Early diagnosis and introduction of treatment are crucial for disease prognosis since a long course of the disease leads to decreased quality of life. Here, we review the literature cases of EGFR inhibitor-induced folliculitis decalvans and provide guidance on management and prevention of this condition in oncologic patients. Furthermore, we report the first afatinib-associated folliculitis decalvans in three female patients with NSCLC.
The Versatility of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in Determination of Popliteal Artery Branches Patency in Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Kongkunnavat Natthapong , Tianrungroj Jirapat , Yodrabum Nutcha
Published: January 2023

Background:

The atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score is used to estimate coronary artery disease and stroke risk. Atherosclerosis affects arteries throughout the body, including the legs, causing peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis causes luminal stenosis in popliteal artery branches, which affects operative decisions such as intravascular surgery, and lower limb reconstruction. The objective was to investigate the relationship between the ASCVD risk score and degree of stenosis among the popliteal artery and its branches.

Methods:

The data regarding all patients who underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the legs during 2016–2021 with complete data for ASCVD risk score assessment were recruited. The association between luminal stenosis from CTA and calculated ASCVD risk score was analyzed.

Results:

A total of 383 limbs of 117 men and 81 women, averaged 66.5 years old, were studied. Common comorbidities included hypertension (84.3%), diabetes mellitus (61.1%), and chronic kidney disease (34.3%). Average 10-year ASCVD risks in the greater than or equal to 50% stenosis group of popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial arteries were significantly higher than the less than 50% stenosis group (P < 0.01). The peroneal artery had no significant difference between stenosis groups. The popliteal artery had significantly higher lifetime ASCVD risks than in the greater than or equal to 50% stenosis group (P < 0.01), but the other arteries showed no statistically significant difference.

Conclusions:

The 10-year ASCVD risks showed significant higher values in the greater than or equal to 50% stenosis group of popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial arteries. These findings can establish the further study on how ASCVD risks can be applied to predict the stenosis of these arteries and guide the rationale of preoperative leg CTA for FFF harvest.
Comparison of Psychiatric and Clinical Profiles Between People Who Use Synthetic Cathinones and Methamphetamine
Authors: Lin Chia-Heng , Chen Jiahn-Jyh , Chan Chia-Hsiang
Published: January 2023

Background

Synthetic cathinones are the most used novel psychoactive substances in Taiwan because they exhibit psychoactive effects similar to those of methamphetamine, inducing acute psychosis, violence, and self-harm. However, the differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with synthetic cathinone and methamphetamine intoxication admitted to psychiatric emergency departments (EDs) remain unclear.

Methods

This study recruited patients with stimulant intoxication who were admitted to a psychiatric ED from April 2019 to May 2020. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychopathological data were collected through face-to-face interviews and evaluated. Immunoassay tests and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were performed to detect substances in urine specimens. The patients were matched by sex and age (in 5-year intervals). The associations between the 2 groups and physical complications were analyzed through logistic regression.

Results

Twenty-four patients with synthetic cathinone intoxication were identified and matched with 48 patients with methamphetamine intoxication. The 2 groups exhibited similar clinical severity of psychotic symptoms and high risks of violence and self-harm. Both groups were predominated by unmarried patients, unemployed patients, and habitual smokers and drinkers. However, family histories of substance use and criminal records were less prevalent among the patients with synthetic cathinone intoxication, but they had a higher rate of physical complications (odds ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.15–34.03), compared with patients with methamphetamine intoxication.

Conclusions

Compared with patients intoxicated with methamphetamine, those intoxicated with synthetic cathinones may have similar tendencies toward psychosis, violence, and self-harm but higher risks of physical complications, which are prioritized in psychiatric EDs.
Using Social Media Platforms to Enhance the Delivery of a Childbirth Education Program
Authors: Hatamleh Reem , AbdelMahdi AbuAbed Asma'a Shaker , Abujilban Sanaa , Joseph Rachel
Published: January 2023

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a childbirth education program on self-efficacy and state anxiety among first-time Jordanian mothers.

Methods:

A randomized controlled trial was conducted using pretest/posttest design with 128 low-risk, first-time Jordanian mothers. The experimental group (N = 64) received a childbirth education program, while those in the control group (N = 64) received standard care in antenatal clinics. Data were collected at two different time points: at recruitment and 3 weeks after attending the program.

Results:

The mean score of the experimental group on outcome expectancy (posttest) (139.91, SD = 15.586) was significantly higher than that of the control group (110.16, SD = 28.33) (F = 72.356, P = .003, partial Eta squared = .37). On the efficacy expectancy, the mean score of the experimental group (133.33, SD = 16.246) was also higher than that of the control group (92.06, SD = 27.07) (F = 144.282, P = .000, partial eta squared = .54). On the state anxiety scale, the mean score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the experimental group (F = 89.715, P = .002, partial eta squared = .42).

Conclusion:

The childbirth education program improved the coping ability of mothers during childbirth and decreased their state of anxiety.
Integrating Mobile and Portable Technologies With In-Person and Telehealth Care to Increase Perinatal Healthcare Equity for the Unstably Housed
Authors: Michel Alexandra , Minton Lea , Sullivan Cathlyn , Fontenot Holly , Lee Men-Jean
Published: January 2023

Pregnant people living in rural areas are at an increased risk of experiencing poor perinatal outcomes due, in part, to the need to travel long distances to see a perinatal care provider. Telehealth care has been used successfully to increase access to perinatal care but requires patients to have access to broadband Internet access and devices capable of establishing secure connections so they can participate in their care. This places an additional burden on unstably housed pregnant persons who may not have access to the required technology. The Midwifery Integrated Home Visitation Program was developed to bridge this digital divide by bringing perinatal care services to the unstably housed at their desired location of care. The included case studies outline how telehealth and portable technology were used to address the medical and nonmedical needs of unstably housed pregnant people. They also outline how bridging the digital divide by combining in-person perinatal care with mobile technology, portable technology, and telehealth care has the potential to decrease unnecessary emergency department care and ambulance use while facilitating the receipt of appropriate care and thus potentially preventing poor perinatal outcomes.
Roid Rage: Historical Perspective on the Emergence of Oral Steroids as a Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Song Yohan , Warinner Chloe B. , Suresh Krish , Naples James G.
Published: January 2023

Objectives

To review the historical circumstances that led to the emergence of corticosteroid therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) and to discuss how this history has influenced current perspectives on the condition.

Methods

PubMed and Google scholar were used to identify articles of ISSNHL and oral corticoid steroid use. Historical articles accessed through our institutional medical library were also reviewed.

Results

The use oral corticosteroids as a treatment for ISSNHL was seemingly influenced by three key historical circumstances that, together, provided the substrate for the treatment’s use in ISSNHL. First, ISSNHL was a frustrating condition with uncertainty regarding its etiology and few reliable treatment options. Second, the discovery of corticosteroids was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950, which led to widespread application of this therapy. Third historical circumstance was the evolution and emergence of more rigorous methodological study designs in clinical research. In 1980, these events culminated in a double-blind study evaluating the effectiveness of oral steroids for treatment of ISSNHL. Interestingly, this study is often misrepresented as a randomized controlled trial, which ultimately contributed to adoption of a new standard for treatment in ISSNHL. Research subsequent to these historical events has challenged the notion of corticosteroids as a gold standard but has not altered the historically established paradigm of corticosteroid treatment.

Conclusions

The use of steroids as a treatment for ISSNHL evolved from our specialty’s need to address a complex condition, a novel therapeutic discovery, and a landmark study that met emerging methodological standards. Despite these strong historical foundations, ISSNHL remains a condition with an unknown etiology and the therapeutic value of corticosteroids remains unpredictable despite their gold standard label.