bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triggering prepared actions by sudden sounds: reassessing the evidence for a single mechanism
Authors: Marinovic W. , Tresilian J. R.
Published: November 2015

Loud acoustic stimuli can unintentionally elicit volitional acts when a person is in a state of readiness to execute them (the StartReact effect). It has been assumed that the same subcortical pathways and brain regions underlie all instances of the StartReact effect. They are proposed to involve the startle reflex pathways, and the eliciting mechanism is distinct from other ways in which sound can affect the motor system. We present an integrative review which shows that there is no evidence to support these assumptions. We argue that motor command generation for learned, volitional orofacial, laryngeal and distal limb movements is cortical and the StartReact effect for such movements involves transcortical pathways. In contrast, command generation for saccades, locomotor corrections and postural adjustments is subcortical and subcortical pathways are implicated in the StartReact effect for these cases. We conclude that the StartReact effect is not a special phenomenon mediated by startle reflex pathways, but rather is a particular manifestation of the excitatory effects of intense stimulation on the central nervous system.
Magnetic resonance enterography is feasible and reliable in multicenter clinical trials in patients with Crohn's disease, and may help select subjects with active inflammation
Authors: Coimbra A. J. F. , Rimola J. , O'Byrne S. , Lu T. T. , Bengtsson T. , de Crespigny A. , Luca D. , Rutgeerts P. , Bruining D. H. , Fidler J. L. , Sandborn W. J. , Santillan C. S. , Higgins P. D. R. , Al‐Hawary M. M. , Vermeire S. , Vanbeckevoort D. , Vanslembrouck R. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Laurent V. , Herrmann K. A. , Panes J.
Published: November 2015

Background

Reliable tools for patient selection are critical for clinical drug trials.

Aim

To evaluate a consensus‐based, standardised magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) protocol for selecting patients for inclusion in Crohn's disease (CD) multicenter clinical trials.

Methods

This study recruited 20 patients [Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores: <150 (n = 8); 150–220 (n = 4); 220–450 (n = 8)], to undergo ileocolonoscopy and two MREs (with and without colonic contrast) within a 14‐day period. Procedures were scored centrally using, Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA), and both Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) and Simplified Endoscopic Score (SES‐CD).

Results

37 MREs were acquired. Both MREs were evaluable in 16 patients for calculation of test–retest and inter‐reader reliability scores. The MaRIA scores for the terminal ileum had excellent test–retest and inter‐reader reliability, with correlations >0.9. The proximal ileum showed strong within‐reader agreement (0.90–0.96), and fair between‐reader agreement (0.59–0.72). MRE procedures were tolerable. MaRIA scores correlated with CDEIS and SES‐CD (0.63 and 0.71), but not with CDAI (0.34). MRE identified 3 patients with intra‐abdominal complications, who would otherwise have been included in clinical trials. Furthermore, both MRE and ileocolonoscopy identified active bowel wall inflammation in 2 patients with CDAI <150, and none in 1 patient with CDAI > 220. Data quality was good/excellent in 85% of scans, and fair or better in 96%.

Conclusions

Magnetic resonance enterography of high‐quality and reproducibility was feasible in a global multi‐ centre setting, with evidence for improved selectivity over CDAI and ileocolonoscopy in identifying appropriate CD patients for inclusion in therapeutic intervention trials.
Morphology of antennal, maxillary palp and labial palp sensilla in different larval instars of the Asian long‐horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Xu Lili , Zhang Lu , Yang Yuchao , Ren Lili , Wang Tao , Zong Shixiang
Published: November 2015

The Asian long‐horned beetle (ALB) is one of the most important international trunk‐boring insect pests of forest trees, which has caused enormous losses in the forests of China, the USA and some countries in Europe. To investigate the morphology of the antennal, maxillary palp and labial palp sensilla in the five larval instars of the ALB, scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the typology, morphology, number and distribution of the sensilla. The antennae had two types of sensilla: the sensilla twig basiconica (s.t.b.) and sensilla basiconica. Three different types of sensilla were observed on the maxillary palps, which were the sensilla digitiformia, the sensilla chaetica and the s.t.b. The labial palps had two types of sensilla: the sensilla chaetica and the s.t.b. The s.t.b. had seven total subtypes, and the sensilla basiconica had two subtypes. The typology, quantity and distribution of sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps remained constant in the five larval instars, but the dimensions of all sensilla types increased throughout the development. We discussed the mechanoreception and the chemoreception of ALB larvae inside the host tree to provide a theoretical understanding and information for further research on the behaviour and the electrophysiology of this devastating forest pest.
Potential therapeutic effects of mTOR inhibition in atherosclerosis
Authors: Kurdi Ammar , De Meyer Guido R. Y. , Martinet Wim
Published: November 2015

Despite significant improvement in the management of atherosclerosis, this slowly progressing disease continues to affect countless patients around the world. Recently, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been identified as a pre‐eminent factor in the development of atherosclerosis. mTOR is a constitutively active kinase found in two different multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Pharmacological interventions with a class of macrolide immunosuppressive drugs, called rapalogs, have shown undeniable evidence of the value of mTORC1 inhibition to prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in several animal models. Rapalog‐eluting stents have also shown extraordinary results in humans, even though the exact mechanism for this anti‐atherosclerotic effect remains elusive. Unfortunately, rapalogs are known to trigger diverse undesirable effects owing to mTORC1 resistance or mTORC2 inhibition. These adverse effects include dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, both known triggers of atherosclerosis. Several strategies, such as combination therapy with statins and metformin, have been suggested to oppose rapalog‐mediated adverse effects. Statins and metformin are known to inhibit mTORC1 indirectly via 5' adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and may hold the key to exploit the full potential of mTORC1 inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Intermittent regimens and dose reduction have also been proposed to improve rapalog's mTORC1 selectivity, thereby reducing mTORC2‐related side effects.
Treatment of sulfonylurea and insulin overdose
Authors: Klein‐Schwartz Wendy , Stassinos Gina L. , Isbister Geoffrey K.
Published: November 2015

The most common toxicity associated with sulfonylureas and insulin is hypoglycaemia. The article reviews existing evidence to better guide hypoglycaemia management. Sulfonylureas and insulin have narrow therapeutic indices. Small doses can cause hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed and persistent. All children and adults with intentional overdoses need to be referred for medical assessment and treatment. Unintentional supratherapeutic ingestions can be initially managed at home but if symptomatic or if there is persistent hypoglycaemia require medical referral. Patients often require intensive care and prolonged observation periods. Blood glucose concentrations should be assessed frequently. Asymptomatic children with unintentional sulfonylurea ingestions should be observed for 12 h, except if this would lead to discharge at night when they should be kept until the morning. Prophylactic intravenous dextrose is not recommended. The goal of therapy is to restore and maintain euglycaemia for the duration of the drug's toxic effect. Enteral feeding is recommended in patients who are alert and able to tolerate oral intake. Once insulin or sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycaemia has developed, it should be initially treated with an intravenous dextrose bolus. Following this the mainstay of therapy for insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia is intravenous dextrose infusion to maintain the blood glucose concentration between 5.5 and 11 mmol l–1. After sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycaemia is initially corrected with intravenous dextrose, the main treatment is octreotide which is administered to prevent insulin secretion and maintain euglycaemia. The observation period varies depending on drug, product formulation and dose. A general guideline is to observe for 12 h after discontinuation of intravenous dextrose and, if applicable, octreotide.
Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development
Authors: Klarica Marijan , Jukić Tomislav , Miše Branko , Kudelić Nenad , Radoš Milan , Orešković Darko
Published: November 2015

In our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio‐spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles’ surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio‐spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.
Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement in Mathematics in Elementary School: A Longitudinal Investigation of Their Association
Authors: Garon‐Carrier Gabrielle , Boivin Michel , Guay Frédéric , Kovas Yulia , Dionne Ginette , Lemelin Jean‐Pascal , Séguin Jean R. , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: November 2015

This study examined the associations between intrinsic motivation and achievement in mathematics in a sample of 1,478 Canadian school‐age children followed from Grades 1 to 4 (ages 7–10). Children self‐reported their intrinsic motivation toward mathematics, whereas achievement was measured through direct assessment of mathematics abilities. Cross‐lagged models showed that achievement predicted intrinsic motivation from Grades 1 to 2, and from Grades 2 to 4. However, intrinsic motivation did not predict achievement at any time. This developmental pattern of association was gender invariant. Contrary to the hypothesis that motivation and achievement are reciprocally associated over time, our results point to a directional association from prior achievement to subsequent intrinsic motivation. Results are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications.
A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs
Authors: Crees Jennifer J. , Collins Amy C. , Stephenson P. J. , Meredith Helen M. R. , Young Richard P. , Howe Caroline , Price Mark R. Stanley , Turvey Samuel T.
Published: November 2015

The outcomes of species recovery programs have been mixed; high‐profile population recoveries contrast with species‐level extinctions. Each conservation intervention has its own challenges, but to inform more effective management it is imperative to assess whether correlates of wider recovery program success or failure can be identified. To contribute to evidence‐based improvement of future conservation strategies, we conducted a global quantitative analysis of 48 mammalian recovery programs. We reviewed available scientific literature and conducted semistructured interviews with conservation professionals involved in different recovery programs to investigate ecological, management, and political factors associated with population recoveries or declines. Identifying and removing threats was significantly associated with increasing population trend and decreasing conservation dependence, emphasizing that populations are likely to continue to be compromised in the absence of effective threat mitigation and supporting the need for threat monitoring and adaptive management in response to new and potential threats. Lack of habitat and small population size were cited as limiting factors in 56% and 42% of recovery programs, respectively, and both were statistically associated with increased longer term dependence on conservation intervention, demonstrating the importance of increasing population numbers quickly and restoring and protecting habitat. Poor stakeholder coordination and management were also regularly cited by respondents as key weaknesses in recovery programs, indicating the importance of effective leadership and shared goals and management plans. Project outcomes were not influenced by biological or ecological variables such as body mass or habitat, which suggests that these insights into correlates of conservation success and failure are likely to be generalizable across mammals.
Relation of infant motor development with nonverbal intelligence, language comprehension and neuropsychological functioning in childhood: a population‐based study
Authors: Serdarevic Fadila , van Batenburg‐Eddes Tamara , Mous Sabine E. , White Tonya , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Ghassabian Akhgar , Tiemeier Henning
Published: November 2015

Within a population‐based study of 3356 children, we investigated whether infant neuromotor development was associated with cognition in early childhood. Neuromotor development was examined with an adapted version of Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination between 9 and 20 weeks. Parents rated their children's executive functioning at 4 years. At age 6 years, children performed intelligence and language comprehension tests, using Dutch test batteries. At age 6–9 years, neuropsychological functioning was assessed in 486 children using the validated NEPSY‐II–NL test battery. We showed that less optimal neurodevelopment in infancy may predict poor mental rotation, immediate memory, shifting, and planning; but not nonverbal intelligence or language comprehension.
Chronic critical illness: the price of survival
Authors: Marchioni Alessandro , Fantini Riccardo , Antenora Federico , Clini Enrico , Fabbri Leonardo
Published: November 2015

Background

The evolution of the techniques used in the intensive care setting over the past decades has led on one side to better survival rates in patients with acute conditions and severely impaired vital functions. On the other side, it has resulted in a growing number of patients who survive an acute event, but who then become dependent on one or more life support techniques. Such patients are called chronically critically ill patients.

Materials & Methods

No absolute definition of the disease is currently available, although most patients are characterized by the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. Mortality rates are still high even after dismissal from intensive care unit (ICU) and transfer to specialized rehabilitation care settings.

Results

In recent years, some studies have tried to clarify the pathophysiological characteristics underlying chronic critical illness (CCI), a disease that is also characterized by severe endocrine and inflammatory impairments, partly accounting for the almost constant set of symptoms.

Discussion

Currently, no specific treatment is available. However, a strategic early therapeutic approach on ICU admission might try to prevent the progress of the acute disease towards chronic critical illness.
Nutrient loading alters the performance of key nutrient exchange mutualisms
Authors: Shantz Andrew A. , Lemoine Nathan P. , Burkepile Deron E.
Published: November 2015

Nutrient exchange mutualisms between phototrophs and heterotrophs, such as plants and mycorrhizal fungi or symbiotic algae and corals, underpin the functioning of many ecosystems. These relationships structure communities, promote biodiversity and help maintain food security. Nutrient loading may destabilise these mutualisms by altering the costs and benefits each partner incurs from interacting. Using meta‐analyses, we show a near ubiquitous decoupling in mutualism performance across terrestrial and marine environments in which phototrophs benefit from enrichment at the expense of their heterotrophic partners. Importantly, heterotroph identity, their dependence on phototroph‐derived C and the type of nutrient enrichment (e.g. nitrogen vs. phosphorus) mediated the responses of different mutualisms to enrichment. Nutrient‐driven changes in mutualism performance may alter community organisation and ecosystem processes and increase costs of food production. Consequently, the decoupling of nutrient exchange mutualisms via alterations of the world's nitrogen and phosphorus cycles may represent an emerging threat of global change.
GBA‐associated parkinsonism and dementia: beyond α‐synucleinopathies?
Authors: Pilotto A. , Schulte C. , Hauser A. K. , Biskup S. , Munz M. , Brockmann K. , Schaeffer E. , Synofzik M. , Maetzler W. , Suenkel U. , Srulijes K. , Gasser T. , Berg D.
Published: November 2015

Background and purpose

To date the role of GBA mutations beyond α‐synucleinopathies in the parkinsonism−dementia spectrum is still unclear. The aim of the study was to screen for GBA mutations in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).

Methods

In all, 303 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 157), CBS (n = 39), PPA (n = 35) and bvFTD (n = 72) and 587 neurologically healthy controls were screened for the most common GBA mutations.

Results

GBA mutations were detected in one healthy control and four patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 1), probable CBS (n = 2) and PPA (n = 1, with concomitant C9orf72 expansion). Overall the prevalence of GBA mutations was low in non‐α‐synucleinopathies but significantly higher in the CBS subgroup compared to controls.

Conclusion

Although numbers are small, our findings indicate that the clinical phenotype of GBA‐associated neurodegenerative disease is more heterogeneous than previously assumed, including phenotypes not usually associated with underlying α‐synucleinopathies. This may be of relevance, once causal therapeutic strategies for GBA‐associated neurodegenerative disease are developed.
If you Fight with Me, I'll Get Mad! A Social Model of Entrepreneurial Affect
Authors: Breugst Nicola , Shepherd Dean A.
Published: November 2015

Although studies have highlighted economic and psychological antecedents of negative affect, social antecedents have been neglected. Building on attribution theory, we distinguish between relationship and task conflict to investigate the generation of negative affect during entrepreneurial team tasks including the team members’ context in terms of uncertainty and satisfaction with the team. Two studies, in the field and in the laboratory, highlight the importance of social contexts: while uncertainty attenuates negative affective reactions to conflict, satisfaction with the team magnifies them. We discuss our contributions for research on affect, conflict, uncertainty, and satisfaction with the team in entrepreneurial contexts.
Do Insectivorous Birds use Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants as Olfactory Foraging Cues? Three Experimental Tests
Authors: Koski Tuuli‐Marjaana , Laaksonen Toni , Mäntylä Elina , Ruuskanen Suvi , Li Tao , Girón‐Calva Patricia Sarai , Huttunen Liisa , Blande James D. , Holopainen Jarmo K. , Klemola Tero
Published: November 2015

Some insectivorous birds orient towards insect‐defoliated trees even when they do not see the foliar damage or the herbivores. There are, however, only a few studies that have examined the mechanisms behind this foraging behaviour. Previous studies suggest that birds can use olfactory foraging cues (e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by defoliated plants), indirect visual cues or a combination of the two sensory cues. VOCs from insect‐defoliated plants are known to attract natural enemies of herbivores, and researchers have hypothesized that VOCs could also act as olfactory foraging cues for birds. We conducted three experiments across a range of spatial scales to test this hypothesis. In each experiment, birds were presented with olfactory cues and their behavioural responses or foraging outcomes were observed. In the first experiment, two different VOC blends, designed to simulate the volatile emissions of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) after defoliation by autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) larvae, were used in behavioural experiments in aviaries with pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). The second experiment was a field‐based trial of bird foraging efficiency; the same VOC blends were applied to mountain birches, silver birches (B. pendula) and European white birches (B. pubescens) with plasticine larvae attached to the trees to serve as artificial prey for birds and provide a means to monitor predation rate. In the third experiment, the attractiveness of silver birch saplings defoliated by autumnal moth larvae versus intact controls was tested with great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in an aviary. Birds did not orient towards either artificial or real trees with VOC supplements or towards herbivore‐damaged saplings when these saplings and undamaged alternatives were hidden from view. These findings do not support the hypothesis that olfactory foraging cues are necessary in the attraction of birds to herbivore‐damaged trees.
Tensile, creep and fatigue behaviours of short fibre reinforced polymer composites at elevated temperatures: a literature survey
Authors: Eftekhari M. , Fatemi A.
Published: November 2015

Polymer composites are suitable alternatives to metals in some applications as they are cost effective, lightweight and corrosion resistant. Short fibre reinforced polymer composites (SFRPCs) are typically subjected to complex loadings in applications, including static, cyclic, thermal and their combinations. These applications may also involve harsh environmental conditions such as elevated temperature and moisture which can dramatically affect mechanical properties. In this paper, a broad survey of the literature on mechanical behaviour of SFRPCs at elevated temperatures is presented. The mechanical behaviours included consist of tensile, creep, isothermal fatigue, thermo‐mechanical fatigue and creep–fatigue interaction. Environmental effects such as moisture and ageing at elevated temperatures are also included. The studies reviewed include experimental works, modelling works and failure mechanisms studies. A critical assessment of the information from the literature presented for each type of behaviour is also provided.
Joint surgery in von Willebrand disease: a multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: van Galen K. P. M. , Meijer K. , Vogely H. C. , Eikenboom J. , Schutgens R. E. G. , Cnossen M. H. , Fijnvandraat K. , van der Bom J. G. , Laros‐van Gorkom B. A. P. , Leebeek F. W. G. , Mauser‐Bunschoten E. P. ,   the WiN study group
Published: November 2015

Background

Joint bleeds are reported by 23% of von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients and associated with orthopaedic surgery. Limited data are available on joint surgery in VWD.

Aim

To assess the prevalence, indications, management and complications of joint surgery in VWD patients.

Methods

804 VWD patients with historically lowest von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity ≤30 U dL−1 completed a questionnaire on joint bleeds, joint damage and orthopaedic surgery. We retrieved additional medical file data of patients who underwent surgery on large joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, knee or ankle).

Results

116 out of 804 patients (14%) reported large joint surgery. Compared to VWD patients without previous orthopaedic surgery, these 116 patients reported more frequently a history of joint bleeds and joint damage (41% vs. 20%, P < 0.001 and 61% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Medical file data on 126 large joint surgeries in 79 VWD patients revealed that this surgery was associated with joint damage due to prior joint bleeds in 24% of the procedures. Preoperative clotting factor correction (CFC) to prevent bleeding was administered in most cases (81%). Documentation on postoperative bleeding was found in 23 surgeries (18%).

Conclusions

Large joint surgery is reported by 14% of VWD patients, related to joint bleeds in 24% and seems associated with bleeding complications frequently despite perioperative CFC.
Daptomycin antibiotic lock therapy for hemodialysis patients with Gram‐positive bloodstream infections following use of tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters: retrospective single center analysis
Authors: Yen Hung‐Wen , Yang Wu‐Chang , Tarng Der‐Cherng , Yang Chih‐Yu , Chuang Chiao‐Lin , Huang Ling‐Ju , Lin Pei‐Yu , Wang Chih‐Chun , Li Szu‐Yuan
Published: November 2015

Catheter‐related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a major complication in hemodialysis patients. We assessed the efficacy of systemic daptomycin (DPT) plus DPT antibiotic lock therapy (DPT‐ALT) for catheter salvage in patients with Gram‐positive CRBSIs. This is a retrospective study of hemodialysis patients with tunneled and cuffed hemodialysis catheters. All patients were from a single institution in Taipei and received systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT for the treatment of Gram‐positive CRBSI. Successful resolution of CRBSI was implemented. Resolution of fever within 48 hours, negative result of repeated blood cultures after resolution of fever, no clinical evidence of CRBSI relapse and no need for catheter removal were measured. Fifteen hemodialysis patients received DPT‐ALT for CRBSI, nine with coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CONS), two with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), three with methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and one with polymicrobial infections. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT cured 11 patients (73.3%). Treatment failed in all three MRSA cases (two with MRSA and one with MRSA + Enterococcus faecalis). Retrospective design and small sample size were the limitations of this study. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT appears to be a promising treatment for CRBSI from CONS and MSSA, but not for MRSA CRBSI. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT should be considered for patients with CRBSIs caused by certain species.
YouTube as a patient‐information source for root canal treatment
Authors: Nason K. , Donnelly A. , Duncan H. F.
Published: November 2015

Aim

To assess the content and completeness of Youtube™ as an information source for patients undergoing root canal treatment procedures.

Methodology

YouTube™ (https://www.youtube.com/) was searched for information using three relevant treatment search terms (‘endodontics’, ‘root canal’ and ‘root canal treatment’). After exclusions (language, no audio, >15 min, duplicates), 20 videos per search term were selected. General video assessment included duration, ownership, views, age, likes/dislikes, target audience and video/audio quality, whilst content was analysed under six categories (‘aetiology’, ‘anatomy’, ‘symptoms’, ‘procedure’, ‘postoperative course’ and ‘prognosis’). Content was scored for completeness level and statistically analysed using anova and post hoc Tukey's test (P < 0.05).

Results

To obtain 60 acceptable videos, 124 were assessed. Depending on the search term employed, the video content and ownership differed markedly. There was wide variation in both the number of video views and ‘likes/dislikes’. The average video age was 788 days. In total, 46% of videos were ‘posted’ by a dentist/specialist source; however, this was search term specific rising to 70% of uploads for the search ‘endodontic’, whilst laypersons contributed 18% of uploads for the search ‘root canal treatment’. Every video lacked content in the designated six categories, although ‘procedure’ details were covered more frequently and in better detail than other categories. Videos posted by dental professional (P = 0.046) and commercial sources (P = 0.009) were significantly more complete than videos posted by laypeople.

Conclusions

YouTube™ videos for endodontic search terms varied significantly by source and content and were generally incomplete. The danger of patient reliance on YouTube™ is highlighted, as is the need for endodontic professionals to play an active role in directing patients towards alternative high‐quality information sources.
Immune system disturbances in Clouston syndrome
Authors: Pietrzak Aldona , Grywalska Ewelina , Gerkowicz Agnieszka , Krasowska Dorota , Chodorowska Grażyna , Michalska‐Jakubus Małgorzata , Roliński Jacek , Wawrzycki Bartłomiej , Radej Sebastian , Dybiec Ewa , Wroński Jacek , Sobczyńska‐Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Rudzki Marcin , Hadj‐Rabia Smail
Published: November 2015

Background

Clouston syndrome belongs to the family of ectodermal dysplasias. So far, a defective immune response has not been reported in Clouston syndrome. We report, for the first time, immunological particularities of a large multigenerational Polish family with Clouston syndrome.

Methods

Five members of the same family with Clouston syndrome, aged 6–76 years, and 20 healthy volunteers, aged 19–73 years, were enrolled in the study. In all participants, the ability of neutrophils to phagocytize opsonized Escherichia coli was assessed. Granulocyte oxidative burst was determined quantitatively, and an isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the detection of lymphocyte subsets were performed. All patients with Clouston syndrome underwent microscopic assessment of hair shafts, x‐rays of the skull and hand bones, extra‐ and intraoral examination, and panoramic x‐rays.

Results

Compared to the controls, all patients with Clouston syndrome presented with significantly reduced phagocytic activities of granulocytes and monocytes (P < 0.05). The percentages of granulocytes and monocytes being positive for oxidative burst were also significantly reduced in all patients with Clouston syndrome (P < 0.05). No disturbances in the percentages and absolute counts of T CD3+, T CD3+/CD4+, T CD3+/CD8+, natural killer, and B CD19+ cells were found.

Conclusion

Although this study expands knowledge about Clouston syndrome, it also raises many questions. The results provide evidence of significantly reduced phagocytic activity and oxidative bursts of cells playing crucial roles in a nonspecific immune response. Further studies are required to understand the underlying mechanism of the hereby described abnormalities.
Radical Transactionalism: Legal Consciousness, Diverse Economies, and the Sharing Economy
Authors: Morgan Bronwen , Kuch Declan
Published: November 2015

This article proposes an original theoretical approach to the analysis of community‐level action for sustainability, focusing on its troubled relationship to the sharing economy. Through a conversation between scholarship on legal consciousness and diverse economies, it shows how struggles over transactional legality are a neglected site of activism for sustainability. Recognizing the diversity of economic life and forms of law illuminates what we call ‘radical transactionalism': the creative redeployment of legal techniques and practices relating to risk management, organizational form, and the allocation of contractual and property rights in order to further the purpose of internalizing social and ecological values into the heart of economic exchange. By viewing sharing‐economy initiatives ‘beyond Airbnb and Uber’ as sites of radical transactionalism, legal building blocks of property and capital can be reimagined and reconfigured, helping to construct a shared infrastructure for the exercise of collective agency in response to disadvantage sustained by law.
High‐Selectivity Y2O3‐Doped SiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes for Gas Separation in Steam at High Temperatures
Authors: Zahir Md. Hasan , Nagano Takayuki
Published: November 2015

Asymmetric structures were fabricated by depositing Y2O3‐doped SiO2 (Si/Y) membranes onto γ‐Al2O3 supported by tubular α‐Al2O3. The thickness of the Y2O3‐doped SiO2 deposits was approximately 100 nm. The deposits/membranes have micropores with a pore diameter ~ <0.40–0.55 nm. Pore size distribution measurements were conducted directly on the membranes before and after hydrothermal treatment with a nano‐permporometer. The gas permeance properties of the membranes were measured in the temperature range 100°C–500°C. The Y‐doped SiO2 membrane (Si/Y = 3/1) was found to exhibit asymptotically stable permeances of 2.39 × 10−7 mol/m2/s/Pa for He and 6.19 × 10−10 mol/m2/s/Pa for CO2, with a high selectivity of 386 (He/CO2) at 500°C for 20 h in the presence of steam. The Y‐doped silica membranes exhibit very high gas permeances for molecules with smaller kinetic diameters. The apparent activation energies of the H2 permeance at 400°C were 24.2 ± 0.2 and 21.3 ± 0.7 kJ/mol for SiO2 and Si/Y, respectively.
Restraint Reduction at a Pediatric Psychiatric Hospital: A Ten‐Year Journey
Authors: Azeem Muhammad Waqar , Reddy Bhagya , Wudarsky Marianne , Carabetta Linda , Gregory Francis , Sarofin Michelle
Published: November 2015

Background

Restraints are used as one of the safety interventions for children and adolescents in various community, hospital, and treatment settings. Although considered safety interventions, restraints are known to have many adverse effects on children and staff, including injuries; even reports of death are noted in the literature.

Objective

In an effort to reduce the use of restraints and to provide trauma‐informed care in a 52‐bed Pediatric Psychiatric Hospital, a quality improvement project was launched.

Interventions

Primary prevention principles based on trauma‐informed and strength‐based care were utilized to provide care for children and adolescents. Hospital leadership played an instrumental role in bringing positive culture change. Staff involvement and training in restraint reduction and prevention tools played a key role in this project. Debriefing and problem solving were effective interventions for the prevention of restraints. Involvement of youth and family in treatment planning built stronger relationships with staff and paved the way for better communication and trust, and improved understanding of strengths and needs of children and adolescents.

Results

Over a 10‐year period, mechanical restraints decreased by 100%, from 485 in 2005 to “zero” in 2014 and none in the last 3 years. Physical restraints decreased by 88%, from 3,033 in 2005 to 379 in 2014.
Parental autonomy granting and child perceived control: effects on the everyday emotional experience of anxious youth
Authors: Benoit Allen Kristy , Silk Jennifer S. , Meller Suzanne , Tan Patricia Z. , Ladouceur Cecile D. , Sheeber Lisa B. , Forbes Erika E. , Dahl Ronald E. , Siegle Greg J. , McMakin Dana L. , Ryan Neal D.
Published: November 2015

Background

Childhood anxiety is associated with low levels of parental autonomy granting and child perceived control, elevated child emotional reactivity and deficits in child emotion regulation. In early childhood, low levels of parental autonomy granting are thought to decrease child perceived control, which in turn leads to increases in child negative emotion. Later in development, perceived control may become a more stable, trait‐like characteristic that amplifies the relationship between parental autonomy granting and child negative emotion. The purpose of this study was to test mediation and moderation models linking parental autonomy granting and child perceived control with child emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in anxious youth.

Methods

Clinically anxious youth (N = 106) and their primary caregivers were assessed prior to beginning treatment. Children were administered a structured diagnostic interview and participated in a parent–child interaction task that was behaviorally coded for parental autonomy granting. Children completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol during which they reported on perceived control, emotional reactivity (anxiety and physiological arousal) and emotion regulation strategy use in response to daily negative life events.

Results

The relationship between parental autonomy granting and both child emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategy use was moderated by child perceived control: the highest levels of self‐reported physiological responding and the lowest levels of acceptance in response to negative events occurred in children low in perceived control with parents high in autonomy granting. Evidence for a mediational model was not found. In addition, child perceived control over negative life events was related to less anxious reactivity and greater use of both problem solving and cognitive restructuring as emotion regulation strategies.

Conclusion

Both parental autonomy granting and child perceived control play important roles in the everyday emotional experience of clinically anxious children.
Higher relatedness mitigates mortality in a nematode with lethal male fighting
Authors: Kapranas A. , Maher A. M. D. , Griffin C. T.
Published: November 2015

According to kin selection theory, individuals show less aggression towards their relatives. Limited dispersal promotes interactions among relatives but also increases competition among them. The evolution of cooperation in viscous populations has been subject of mainly theoretical exploration. We investigated the influence of relatedness on aggression in males of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema longicaudum that engage in lethal fighting. In a series of in vitro experiments, we found that both competitor male group size and relatedness influence male mortality rates. Higher relatedness led to progressively lower rates of male mortality. In experimentally infected insects, wherein large numbers of males and females interact, the proportion of dead and paralysed (= terminally injured) males was higher when infection was established by infective juveniles originating from a mixture of three lines than in those infected by a single line. The results collectively show that Steinernema longicaudum males recognize their kin and consequently male mortality rates are lower in groups consisting of more related males. Furthermore, this monotonic negative relationship between aggression and relatedness suggests that kin selection benefits are still substantial even under extreme competition. Our experiments also suggest that kin recognition in entomopathogenic nematodes has a genetic basis rather than being strictly based on environmental cues. We discuss our findings within the theoretical context of the evolution of altruistic/cooperative behaviour in structured populations.
The impacts ofWolbachiaand the microbiome on mate choice inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Arbuthnott D. , Levin T. C. , Promislow D. E. L.
Published: November 2015

Symbionts and parasites can manipulate their hosts’ reproduction to their own benefit, profoundly influencing patterns of mate choice and evolution of the host population.Wolbachiais one of the most widespread symbionts among arthropods, and one that alters its hosts’ reproduction in diverse and dramatic ways. While we are beginning to appreciate howWolbachia's extreme manipulations of host reproduction can influence species diversification and reproductive isolation, we understand little about how symbionts andWolbachia, in particular, may affect intrapopulation processes of mate choice. We hypothesized that the maternally transmittedWolbachiawould increase the attractiveness of its female hosts to further its own spread. We therefore tested the effects ofWolbachiaremoval and microbiome disruption on female attractiveness and male mate choice among ten isofemale lines ofDrosophila melanogaster. We found variable effects of general microbiome disruption on female attractiveness, with indications that bacteria interact with hosts in a line‐specific manner to affect female attractiveness. However, we found no evidence thatWolbachiainfluence female attractiveness or male mate choice among these lines. Although the endosymbiontWolbachiacan greatly alter the reproduction of their hosts in many species, there is no indication that they alter mate choice behaviours inD. melanogaster.
Complex mitonuclear interactions and metabolic costs of mating in male seed beetles
Authors: Immonen E. , Rönn J. , Watson C. , Berger D. , Arnqvist G.
Published: November 2015

The lack of evolutionary response to selection on mitochondrial genes through males predicts the evolution of nuclear genetic influence on male‐specific mitochondrial function, for example by gene duplication and evolution of sex‐specific expression of paralogs involved in metabolic pathways. Intergenomic epistasis may therefore be a prevalent feature of the genetic architecture of male‐specific organismal function. Here, we assess the role of mitonuclear genetic variation for male metabolic phenotypes [metabolic rate and respiratory quotient (RQ)] associated with ejaculate renewal, in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, by assaying lines with crossed combinations of distinct mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear lineages. We found a significant increase in metabolic rate following mating relative to virgin males. Moreover, processes associated with ejaculate renewal showed variation in metabolic rate that was affected by mitonuclear interactions. Mitochondrial haplotype influenced mating‐related changes in RQ, but this pattern varied over time. Mitonuclear genotype and the energy spent during ejaculate production affected the weight of the ejaculate, but the strength of this effect varied across mitochondrial haplotypes showing that the genetic architecture of male‐specific reproductive function is complex. Our findings unveil hitherto underappreciated metabolic costs of mating and ejaculate renewal, and provide the first empirical demonstration of mitonuclear epistasis on male reproductive metabolic processes.
Simple technique for high‐throughput marking of distinguishable micro‐areas for microscopy
Authors: HENRICHS LEONARD F. , CHEN LI , BELL ANDREW J.
Published: November 2015

Today's (nano)‐functional materials, usually exhibiting complex physical properties require local investigation with different microscopy techniques covering different physical aspects such as dipolar and magnetic structure. However, often these must be employed on the very same sample position to be able to truly correlate those different information and corresponding properties. This can be very challenging if not impossible especially when samples lack prominent features for orientation.

Here, we present a simple but effective method to mark hundreds of approximately 15×15 μm sample areas at one time by using a commercial transmission electron microscopy grid as shadow mask in combination with thin‐film deposition. Areas can be easily distinguished when using a reference or finder grid structure as shadow mask. We show that the method is suitable to combine many techniques such as light microscopy, scanning probe microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we find that best results are achieved when depositing aluminium on a flat sample surface using electron‐beam evaporation which ensures good line‐of‐sight deposition. This inexpensive high‐throughput method has several advantageous over other marking techniques such as focused ion‐beam processing especially when batch processing or marking of many areas is required. Nevertheless, the technique could be particularly valuable, when used in junction with, for example focused ion‐beam sectioning to obtain a thin lamellar of a particular pre‐selected area.
Gingival crevicular fluid vascular endothelial cell growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB release profile following the use of perforated barrier membranes during treatment of intrabony defects: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gamal A. Y. , Abdel‐Ghaffar K. A. , Iacono V. J.
Published: November 2015

Background and Objective

Perforated barrier membranes open channels between the suprabony and intrabony compartments of the defect, which could allow for more physiologic cellular interactions between different components of the periodontium during guided tissue regeneration surgery. To test this assumption, this study was designed to evaluate levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB in gingival crevicular fluid during the early stages of healing of localized intrabony defects treated with perforated membranes (PMs) or non‐PMs, as compared with open flap debridement.

Material and Methods

Thirty non‐smoking patients with severe chronic periodontitis participated in this prospective, randomized and single blinded trial. Each patient contributed one interproximal defect that was randomly assigned to the PM group (n = 10), occlusive membrane (OM) group (n = 10) or open flap debridement (OFD) group (n = 10). Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment level and the intrabony depth of the defect were measured at baseline and reassessed at 6 and 9 mo after therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 d after therapy for the changes in VEGF and PDGF‐BB levels.

Results

During the early stages of healing (1, 3 and 7 d), the mean VEGF and PDGF‐BB concentrations at sites treated with PMs and OFD peaked with a statistically significant difference as compared with the OM‐treated group. VEGF and PDGF‐BB levels at sites treated with PMs and OFD were not statistically different. Growth factor levels decreased sharply in the samples obtained at days 21 and 30 with non‐significant differences between the three groups. Nine months after therapy, the PM‐treated group showed a statistically significant improvement in probing depth, clinical attachment level and intrabony defect compared to the OM and OFD groups.

Conclusions

Within the limits of the present study, one can conclude that PM coverage of periodontal defects is associated with initial gingival crevicular fluid growth factor upregulation that could improve the clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration surgery.