bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and Histochemial Study of the Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Long-Bone Growth Center in Suckling Mice
Authors: Silbermann Michael , Mirsky Nitsa , von der Mark Klaus , Bernheim Jack
Published: July 2008

The in vivo effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on cellular structure and response, matrix metachromasia and mineralization have been studied in the epiphysis and growth plate of humeri in normal neonatal mice. A relatively low dose of the metabolite, 50 ng/kg body weight, significantly increased the overall size of humeral growth plate, the zone of proliferating cells and that of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The response of the tissue to the metabolite changed with the increase in dose administered so that it was only the zone of proliferation that still showed increases in size in comparison to untreated controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 led to an increase in the metachromatic reaction of the cartilage matrix in the chondroblastic zone, and to marked increase in matrix mineralization in the hypertrophic zone. Qualitative changes were also noted in the structure of chondrobalsts and hypertrophic chondrocytes. 1,25(OH)2D3 affected the osteoblastic and osteocytic populations of cells along the metaphysis and diaphysis of the humerus. High doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 brought about distinct atrophic changes in the above cells. Chondrocytes in the epiphysis were found to synthesize type I collagen and fibronectin. These findings indicate that excessive doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 in an intact growing animal affect the normal differentiative pathway of prechondroblasts and thereby affect long bone development.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies on Capillaries of the Goat Cardiac Muscle with Special Reference to the Topographical Relationship between the Vessels and Purkinje Fibers
Authors: Shimada Tatsuo , Kitamura Hirokazu , Fujimori Osamu , Itose Masamichi
Published: July 2008

The capillaries of the cardiac muscle were investigated in the goat by means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the following results were obtained. The capillaries of the working cardiac muscles were numerous, arranged mainly parallel to the long axis of muscle cells and formed dense elongated networks. On the contrary, those of the terminal Purkinje fibers were relatively few in number, oriented in various directions and formed loose and circularly meshed networks surrounding the fibers. Such findings were discussed in correlation with the physiology and functional morphology of various types of the cardiac muscle cells.
Effect of Experimental Torsion of the Spermatic Cord on Sustentacular Cells in the Guinea-Pig Testis
Authors: Chakraborty J. , Sinha Hikim A.P. , Jhunjhunwala J.
Published: July 2008

Torsion of the spermatic cord is not an extremely rare occurrence among prepubertal and adolescent boys. Although it is known that torsion of the spermatic cord may lead to germ cell degeneration in the affected as well as in the contralateral testis, nothing is known regarding the response of sustentacular cells to this condition. During the present investigation, we studied the effect of experimental torsion on the sustentacular cells of guinea pig testes. Light-microscopic examination revealed that, although all types of germ cells, except a few spermatogonia, were degenerated in the guinea pig testes with torsion, sustentacular cells did not degenerate. This observation was confirmed from the quantitation data which indicated that the number of these cells remained unchanged when compared to the control and/or the contralateral testis of the same animal with unilateral torsion. Therefore, sustentacular cells of the damaged testis from guinea pigs can be used as reference cells for germ cell quantitation. The striking ultrastructural change in the sustentacular cells of damaged testes was characterized by the presence of well-developed annulate lamellae, which was not reported before in any other rodent species. Lobulated nuclei, numerous tight junctional complexes and lysosomes were other characteristic features of the sustentacular cells of damaged testes.
Chirurgische Anatomie der Arteria carotis interna
Authors: Redtenbacher Michael , Choueki Alfred , Firbas Wilhelm , Karobath Harald
Published: July 2008

Starting from the carotid trigone, a surgical approach to the parapharyngeal part of the internal carotid artery is described. The retrostyloidal part of the lateropharyngeal space is opened up from laterocaudal after resecting the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the styloidal muscles. Vulneration of the cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) has to be prevented.
Zur Frage nach dem Vorkommen intrahepatischer Gallengangsanastomosen
Authors: Anderhuber Friedrich , Lechner Peter
Published: July 2008

Eighty-four human livers were investigated with regard to the existence of vascular communications within their biliary tracts. Even with the help of a most subtle technique we could not detect any junctions between the bile ducts, so that there is no evidence of primary anastomoses between the main lobes, between the segments, or inside the segments. In case of chronic biliary obstruction only the major ducts, e. g., up to the fourth generation, are amplified. There is an inflammatory reaction around the smaller vessels, followed by fibrosis and shrinking of the connective tissue. That is why the formation of secondary anastomoses cannot happen under pathological conditions.
Wilhelm His und 100 Jahre Embryologie des Menschen
Authors: Müller Fabiola , O'Rahilly Ronan
Published: July 2008

A brief account of Wilhelm His, senior, and his relationship to the founding of human embryology is provided.
Quantitative Analysis of the Temporal Pattern of Somite Formation in the Mouse and Rat
Authors: Goedbloed J.F. , Prooije Smits-van
Published: July 2008

The relation between the logarithm of the volume of the embryo and the number of somites was studied in the mouse and rat in the period of about 0–43 somites, a period characterized by a very rapid volume increase. A linear relation was found, and the variability of the individual observations around the straight line was rather small. Using a previously defined age estimate, i.e. the ‘developmental age’ based on the embryonic volume, we also found a linear relation between this age estimate and the number of somites. With the help of this straight line, the developmental age can be estimated from the number of somites with an accuracy of less than 0.1 day. Therefore, the developmental age can be considered a better age estimate than those based on the usual methods. The time needed to form a new somite was found to be constant in both species during the period studied. The length of the period differed, and was 1.68 h in the mouse and 2.24 h in the rat. However, the volume of the embryo at the time when a specific somite was formed (for instance the 25th) appeared to be the same in both species. Comparison of the volume of embryos, embedded in paraffin and Epon and sectioned, enabled us to estimate the shrinkage in Epon embryos. The volume after processing was approximately 62% of the original volume.
Objective Evaluation of Fibrosis in Human Testicular Biopsies by Analysis Based on Optical Diffractometry
Authors: Guerin J.F. , Rozycka M. , Lenczowski S. , Dziedzic-Goclawska A. , Ostrowski K. , Czyba J.C. , Rafat A. , Leszczynski K.
Published: July 2008

Bilateral testicular biopsies were obtained from 27 patients and submitted to two different treatments for each of them: firstly, a classical fixation and colouring, permitting the histopathological diagnosis and subjective appreciation of the degree of fibrosis; secondly, a new objective technique based on optical diffractometry: this method is based on the analysis of light intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern of an original image. Using two different methods of discriminant analysis, we observed some errors due to the subjective examination; in particular, several fibrosed samples had been judged as ‘normal’ by the histopathologist. Moreover, we showed the existence of some heterogeneity between different slides from the same original biopsy.
Orientation of Cultured Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Growing on Cyclically Stretched Substrates
Authors: Dartsch Peter C. , Hämmerle Hugo , Betz Eberhard
Published: July 2008

Arterial smooth muscle cells from rabbit aortic media were grown in first subcultures on hydrophilized and collagen-coated silicone membranes which were then subjected to directional cyclic stretches and relaxations at a frequency of 50 times/min. The membranes were stretched 2, 5 and 10% beyond their resting length. Cells on unstretched and stationary membranes in the same chamber served as controls. The cells which were stretched with an amplitude of 2% remained in random orientation after 14 days of continuously performed cyclic stretching. The cells which were stretched 5% for 12 days orientated at an angle of 61 ± 9° to the direction of stretching, while the cells which were stretched with an amplitude of 10% for 6 days orientated at an angle of 76 ± 5°. The cells on the stationary and unstretched membranes remained in random orientation. We were able to confirm that the angle of orientation is reversible, i.e. preorientated cells changed their orientation during application of another stretching amplitude. The results suggest that stretching of the artery wall by blood pulsation may be a factor influencing the orientation of smooth muscle cells within the media of the artery wall and of those smooth muscle cells which proliferate into the subendothelial space after mechanical injury of the endothelium or electrical stimulation of the artery wall. An apparatus is presented which produces cyclic and directional mechanical stimuli similar to those which may occur in the artery wall.
Fiber Composition of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve After Experimental Vagotomy and Sympathectomy
Authors: Dahlqvist A. , Carlsöö B. , Hellström S. , Domeij S. , Kourtopoulos H.
Published: July 2008

A qualitative study of the nerve fiber composition of the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the rat was performed by light and electron microscopy. Various surgical denervation procedures were employed to determine the origin of the variously sized myelinated fibers and the unmyelinated axons present within the nerve. After extracranial vagotomy all myelinated fibers degenerated, whereas some unmyelinated axons remained intact. Intracranial vagotomy on the other hand revealed that about 70% of the small (1.5–4.0 µm) myelinated fibers were unaffected, as were many unmyelinated axons. After sympathectomy, both kinds degenerated but normal unmyelinated axons could be found. Thus, the majority of the small myelinated fibers are afferent sensory fibers whose cell bodies are located in the vagal ganglia at the base of the skull. The medium and large myelinated fibers represent efferent neurons originating from the brain stem. The unmyelinated fibers emanate from at least three different sites, viz. (1) the brain stem, (2) the sensory vagal ganglia and finally (3) the ganglia of the cervical sympathetic nerve trunk.
Radiation-Induced Developmental Abnormalities of the Brain Ventricles in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Révész E. , Van der Zypen E.
Published: July 2008

The dysontogenesis of the brain ventricle system of golden hamster fetuses was studied after X-ray irradiation of the mother at different stages of pregnancy. Groups of gravid hamsters were irradiated with a single dose (200 R) on either the 6th, 8th, 10th or 12th day of gestation. The fetuses were removed 1 day before birth. The most prominent finding in all stages of development was the dilatation of the brain ventricles. In addition to hydrocephalus, hematocephaly was also found in some cases. Furthermore, a widening of the central canal of the spinal cord with hemorrhagic content could sometimes be observed. Ependymal ectopies and subependymal rosettes occurred more frequently when irradiation was given in the late fetal period. The experimental findings demonstrate that after irradiation of the mother animal, malformation of the brain may be produced during the whole intrauterine period of development. The pattern and extent of malformation depend not only upon the dose of irradiation but also upon the stage of development at which irradiation was given.
Zusammenhang des Ligamentum coracoglenoidale mit dem Musculus pectoralis minor
Authors: Weinstabl R. , Hertz H. , Firbas W.
Published: July 2008

The ligamentum coracoglenoidale and its connection with the m. pectoralis minor are described. We have found three different shapes of this ligament. In 47% of the dissected specimens it was a strong round ligament, and in 39% it was a membraneous ligament that always inserted above the lig. coracohumerale. In 14%, separation of the lig. coracoglenoidale from the lig. coracohumerale at the coracoidal insertion was either impossible at all or only feasible by sharp dissection. In 16% we found a bundle of fibres of the m. pectoralis minor running over the processus coracoideus towards the head of the scapula. In two instances this bundle inserted at the humeral head. Possibly, there is a similar function as that of the meniscotibial and the meniscofemoral ligaments of the knee joint. A connection with the ‘impingement syndrome’ of the shoulder joint will be the base of further investigations.
Secretory Cells in the Nucleus pulposus of the Adult Human Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Johnson Eldridge F. , Mitchell Robert , Berryman Hugh , Cardoso Sergio , Ueal Ozell , Patterson Darrel
Published: July 2008

A light microscopical study was conducted to ascertain the type of cells in the nucleus pulposus of theadult human intervertrebral disc. Three lumbar intervertebral discs were removed from each of 15 male and femaleadults at autopsy (ages ranged from 19 to 62 years). The tissue was fixed in formalin, decalcified in formic acid, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, embedded in paraffin, and serially sectioned at 7–10 µm. Tissue sectionswere affixed to albuminized glass slides and stained either by hematoxylin and eosin or hematoxylin and VanGieson’s stain. The cells of the bulk of the nucleus pulposus consisted of chondrocytes and a few fibroblasts;however, the subchondral matrix of the nucleus pulposos contained numerous stellate cells with (from 1 to 8)unusually long (up to 80 µm) primary cytoplasmic porcesses that often branch into secondary processes. The cellprocesses contained cytoplasmic varicosities at various intervals along their lengths; and their endings oftenexpanded into bulbous, vesicle-filled process terminals. The surrounding extracellular matrix usually containednumerous, vesicle-filled, eosinophil matrix bodies. Morphological similarities of cytoplasmic varicosities, processterminals, and matrix bodies, as well as the apparent budding of process terminals, suggest that these previouslyunidentified cells are secreting an unknown matrix component into the subchondral matrix of the nucleus pulposusof the adult human. *
Scanning Electron Microscopical Observations on the Differentiating Mesonephros of the Chick Embryo
Authors: Narbaitz Roberto , Kapal Vijay K.
Published: July 2008

Chick embryos were staged according to the method of Hamburger and Hamilton [1951] and fixed. Cross sections through the cephalic fourth of the mesonephric ridges were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The steps in glomerular differentiation could be observed with ease. The first foot processes to appear in podocytes arose directly from the basal surface of the cell body. In a second step, lateral branches appeared and gave off secondary or even tertiary branches that interdigitated with those from neighbouring podocytes, following a pattern that was very similar to the one previously described by other authors in metanephric nephrons. Endothe-lial pores appeared in the glomerular capillaries at very early stages of the glomerular differentiation. The differentiation of the epithelium of proximal tubules was characterized by the growth of apical microvilli and of finger-like evaginations from the lateral membranes. At stages 20 and 21, the most differentiated glomeruli had only basal foot processes; only after stage 25 did the first generation nephrons reach full maturity. Because during this period the mesonephros is known to produce urine, our results indicate that nephrons start to function before they have completed their differentiation.
Distribution of Sheep Erythrocytes as Antigens in Rat Spleen
Authors: Steven William M.
Published: July 2008

Although sheep erythrocytes (SRBCs) are extensively used as an antigen in immunological studies, their histological distribution in lymphoid tissues has received little attention. The objective of this study was to determine the histological distribution of injected SRBCs in rat spleen. SRBCs were labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to facilitate their identification in spleen sections with fluorescence microscopy. Rats received intravenous injections of FITC-labelled SRBCs and were sacrificed at various periods after injection. At 15 min, SRBCs were distributed throughout the marginal zone and red pulp. After 4 h, intact SRBCs were located mainly in the red pulp, while the marginal zone contained fluorescent flocculent material. At later periods this material was present in the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) and in the light and dark zones of the germinal centers. By 12 h, the most intensely labelled areas in the white pulp were the crescent-shaped light zones. In 12 and 24 h, the PALS contained numerous foci of labelled granules. Some of the dark zones also contained label. After 48 h, the only areas containing label were the light zones of the germinal centers.
On the Spatial Relationship between Fibroblasts and Myogenic Cells during Early Development of Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Bogusch G.
Published: July 2008

The spatial relation between fibroblasts and myoblasts as well as myotubes in the extensor muscles of the forearm of mouse embryos was investigated with routine electron micoscopic techniques. From day 13 of embryonic development onwards, fibroblasts and myogenic cells may be distinguished by their ultrastructure from each other. Above all the fibroblasts are characterized by their long cell processes. Specialized cell contacts between them are visible. Fibroblasts often encircle some myogenic cells indicating the division of the muscles into smaller bundles. Over long distances, the intercellular gap between both cell types is narrow and measures about 15 nm. Sometimes specialized intercellular junctions can be seen. They resemble simple desmosomes and seem to be mechanical cell junctions. After the establishment of the basal lamina around the myogenic cells such specialized cell contacts are no longer visible. It seems possible that the fibroblasts act as mechanical counterpart for the organization of the myogenic cells.
Quantitative Studies of the Aortic Bodies of the Cat
Authors: Kummer W. , Addicks K.
Published: July 2008

Electron micrographs of cat aortic bodies were submitted to point-counting analysis to determine the volume/volume densities (vv%) of general tissue components. Paraganglia, enclosed by a perineural sheath (endoneural paraganglia), exhibit a significantly higher density of specific tissue elements (type-I cells, type-II cells, nerves) than those which covered by fibroblasts (exoneural paraganglia). Additional criteria which allowed distinction of these types of aortic bodies were not evident in this study. On average, type-I cells occupied 27.8 vv% if related to the entire organ, or 35.6 w% if related to the blood vessel-free space. Comparing our data with those reported for the carotid body, we found an about twofold amount of type-I cells within aortic bodies. The relevance of this finding is discussed with respect to the known different electrophysiological properties of carotid and aortic body arterial chemoreceptors.
Ultrastructural Alterations in Mammalian Parathyroid Glands Induced by Fixation
Authors: Wild P. , Schraner E.M. , Augsburger H. , Beglinger R. , Pfister R.
Published: July 2008

The influence of fixation methods, buffers and ions on the ultrastructure of parathyroid cells was studied in dogs, cats, rats and mice. Parathyroids fixed by immersion showed 3 chief cell variants referred to as cells in active, intermediate and resting stages, multinucleated syncytial cells, atrophic cells and, only in 1 feline parathyroid, a few oxyphil cells. Parathyroid glands fixed by perfusion, however, consisted only of 1 cell type. Satisfactory preservation was achieved by perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M Na cacodylate containing 0.25 mM CaCl2 and 0.5 mMMgCl2, and postfixation with 1% Os04 in 0.1M s-collidine containing 0.5 mMCaCl2 and 1.0 mMMgCl2. Good preservation was also obtained using Na phosphate during prefixation and postfixation. Other combinations of buffers led to shrinkage, dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, disruption of membranes or loss of matrix and secretory granules. The results demonstrate that the variants of parathyroid chief cells, multinucleated syncytial cells and atrophic cells arise during fixation.
Human Zygapophyseal Joint Synovial Folds
Authors: Giles L.G.F. , Taylor J.R. , Cockson A.
Published: July 2008

The structure of human zygapophyseal joint synovial folds as seen by high-power light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy is described. Small myelinated nerves are demonstrated in association with some capillaries in the synovial folds. This may have clinical significance in the field of spinal pain.
A Comparison of Muscle Fiber Characteristics at Different Levels of the Vertebral Column in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Ford D.M. , Bagnall K.M. , McFadden K.D. , Reid D.C.
Published: July 2008

The vertebral muscle fiber characteristics of adult female rhesus monkeys have been examined. Muscle samples were obtained from precisely defined superficial and deep sites on both sides of the vertebral column. In particular, samples were collected from three different levels of the column and the muscle fiber characteristics from all these different sites were compared. It is clear that in the rhesus monkey at least, muscle fiber characteristics are dependent on the vertebral level although not necessarily on the side of the vertebral column.
Vaskularisation von Lebermetastasen: eine korrosionsanatomische Studie
Authors: Strohmeyer T. , Haugeberg G. , Lierse W.
Published: July 2008

22 livers with multiple metastases from different primaries were injected with acrylate resin and examined stereoscopically. All metastases had •developed an individual pattern of vascularization. The metastases of 8 out of 12 livers injected via the portal vein showed a distinct blood supply by the portal vessels. In all 16 livers with arterial hypervascularized metastases the development of pathological tumor vessels could be demonstrated. All metastases of the same liver showed an identical pattern of vascularization. Larger branches of the hepatic vein always were displaced by the growing tumor. It was impossible however to infer from the vascularization pattern of the metastases to the primaries. The clinical relevance of these anatomical findings will be discussed.
Quantitative Studies of Rat Carotid Body Type I Cells
Authors: Pallot D.J. , Al Neamy K.W. , Blakeman N.
Published: July 2008

The general structure and results of quantitative studies of rat carotid body type I cells are described. In contrast to previous reports, there was no change in mitochondrial V/v% on stimulating the carotid body with 10% oxygen. The volume of cytoplasm occupied by electron-dense cored vesicles was significantly increased, whilst their density per square micrometre of cytoplasm was decreased during hypoxia. Thus, the size of vesicles is increased by hypoxic stimulation. On the basis of vesicle diameter and density we were unable to find evidence of more than one variety of type I cell.
Zum Austritt der Chorda tympani aus der Basis cranii externa
Authors: Fasel Jean
Published: July 2008

Current textbooks of anatomy consider the chorda tympani to leave the external surface of the base of the skull through the petrotympanic fissure (of Glaser). In contrast to this view, Krause in 1905 described the spheno-petrosal fissure as outlet structure. The present reexamination of the extracranial course of 33 chordae tympani confirms the latter conception. Thus, the prevailing opinion has to be revised. Clinical impacts are discussed.
New Aspects of the Histology of the Mandibular Condyle in the Rat
Authors: Kantomaa Tuomo
Published: July 2008

The function of the multipotential mesenchymal cells in the mandibular condyle was studied histochemically and histologically in 27 Long Evans/Turku rats. Sagittal sections from the temporomandibular joint were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue, or van Gieson’s stain. A weakly orthochromatically stained fibrous layer was followed in the upper region by a weakly metachromatically stained mesenchymal cell layer. Deep within this was a strongly metachromatically stained layer of immature chondroblasts. The metachromasia of the matrix of these layers disappeared abruptly in an anterior direction and gradually in a posterior direction. The changes in the staining reactions are explained by the fact that mesenchymal cells can differentiate into chondrogenic or osteogenic cells depending on the environmental conditions. A new hypothesis is presented according to which regulation of the direction of condylar growth is achieved by choosing the cells for chondrogenesis more posteriorly or anteriorly from among the mesenchymal cells covering the whole condylar cartilage.
Division of Type I and Endothelial Cells in the Hypoxic Rat Carotid Body
Authors: Bee Denise , Pallot D.J. , Barer Gwenda
Published: July 2008

The mammalian carotid body is enlarged under conditions of chronic hypoxaemia. There has been some discussion as to whether this is due to hypertrophy or to hyperplasia. We have subjected rats to 1, 2 or 7 days of 10% oxygen and, 4 h before removing the carotid bodies, injected each animal with vincristine sulphate, an inhibitor of mitosis. The results of this study indicate that numerous mitoses can be found in the carotid bodies of rats exposed to 10% oxygen, but not in control animals maintained in air. These experiments thus provide direct evidence that at least a proportion of the increase in size of the carotid body induced by chronic hypoxaemia is due to a cellular hyperplasia.
Morphometric Electron-Microscopic Investigation of the Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus in Water-Loaded, Normal and Water-Deprived Rats
Authors: Andersen L.
Published: July 2008

The neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the rat have been analysed by electron microscopy and morphometry, when the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone was fully suppressed by water loading. The water was supplied through a catheter inserted in the external jugular vein for 1.5, 2.5 and 24 h, respectively. The SON was also examined in normal rats and in rats that had been deprived of water for 72 h. The rats were fixed through chronically implanted catheters, so that at the time of fixation, the animal was uninfluenced by anaesthesia and surgery. The morphology of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex showed that the water load suppressed the synthetic activity and the water deprivation stimulated it. The total volumes of the vasopressin-containing neurosecretory granules (NG) were 1.6, 2.8 and 5.0 · 104 µm3 after a 24-hour water load, in the normal state and after 72-hour water deprivation, respectively. In steady states there was a positive correlation between the secretory activity and the content of NG in the perikaryon.
Collagen Distribution in the Mouse Endometrium during Decidualization
Authors: Martello Eleuza M.V.G. , Abrahamsohn P.A.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of collagen and reticular fibers was studied in the endometrium of virgin and pregnant mice. The collagen and reticular fibers were examined in picrosirius-stained sections observed in a polarizing microscope and in silver-impregnated sections. Picrosirius-stained sections of animals in estrus, diestrus and on the 2nd day of pregnancy had fine greenish fibers distributed irregularly in the endometrium and thicker red fibers concentrated near the myometrium. Argyrophyl fibers in virgin mice were scarce and irregularly distributed. On the 4th day of pregnancy very few fibers were observed in the endometrium. On the 5th, 6th and 7th days of pregnancy long greenish fibers were found surrounding decidual cells. A network of argyrophyl fibers was observed in the silver-impregnated decidua. It is suggested that new fibers are produced by decidual cells.
Effect of Dehydration on the Glomerular Granular Cells in New-Born Rat Kidney
Authors: al Naimi Dhiab , Bearn J.G.
Published: July 2008

A light microscopical study was done to demonstrate the effect of dehydration on the glomerular granular cells in the neonatal rat renal corpuscles. Sprague-Dawley gravid albino rats were used. Their neonates were given nothing per mouth for the first 24 h following birth and used thereafter. Semithin, toluidine blue stained sections of Araldite-embedded tissue were studied. Granular cell index (GCI) was calculated for the glomerular granular cells. The GCI was high in the experimental animals and the granules of the glomerular granular cells increased in number and size. It is suggested that the glomerular granular cells are affected by dehydration.
The Functional Activities of the Pigment Epithelium in Aging
Authors: Li Winnie W.Y. , Yew David T.
Published: July 2008

The phagocytic ability of the pigment cells of the retinae of mice of different ages was studied in 2-, 5-, 7-, and 9-month-old animals. A decrease in activity was evident as the animals aged. There was also a difference in the response pattern of enzymes (as demonstrated in the case of alkaline phosphatase) in the first 35 h after latex bead injection.
Influence of Thioacetamide-Provoked Liver Injury on Female Rat Blood and Alveolar Bone under Stress
Authors: Virtanen Pauli , Lassila Veijo
Published: July 2008

Experimental liver injury with different stages was induced to adult female test rats with daily injection of thioacetamide (ThAA). The doses administered intraperitoneally were 50 mg/kg body weight. In the liver sections progressive changes of damage, regeneration and fat substitution were noticed. Kidney sections revealed enhanced glomerular atrophy, particularly in the cortical tubules, provoked in the 3-week traumatization period. The influence of ThAA on female rat blood was assayed using standard biochemical methods. The analyses done were: the percentage of blood obtainable and the serum/blood ratio; the serum alanine transferase; serum alkaline phosphatase; serum creatinine; serum hydroxyproline and serum β-glucuronidase activity in the acute, subacute, chronic and highly chronic stage of liver injury. The biochemical findings show continuously progressing damages when traumatization proceeds. In the 3-week test period the histological findings processed showed an increase in osteoclastic resorption in the alveolar bone around the occlusally stressed tooth simultaneously with a horizontal bone loss. Some indications of recovering incidents were seen, too. Only in the histological findings was no difference seen in the deterioration between both sexes, contrarily to the biochemical results also discussed in this study.
The Effects of High-Sucrose Diets and of Maternal Diabetes on the Ultrastructure of the Visceral Yolk Sac Endoderm in Rat Embryos Developing in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zusman I. , Yaffe P. , Ornoy A.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of the visceral yolk sac endoderm of in vivo developing 9- to 13-day-old embryos from 2 diabetic rat models (streptozotocin diabetes and Cohen – genetically determined – diabetes) and from non-diabetic rats fed high sucrose diets have been studied. This was compared to yolk sacs from 9.5-day-old embryos cultured for 48 h in sera from diabetic and nondiabetic rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Light-microscopic, TEM and SEM studies showed that the pathological cellular changes in the visceral yolk sac endoderm from diabetic rats were first observed on day 9 and were most severe among 11-day-old embryos. In vitro culture of control rat embryos in serum from experimental animals induced a reduction in the number of microvilli, of vacuolar intracellular inclusions and an increase in the number of degenerated endodermal cells. SEM studies showed that in addition to disappearance of microvilli, the majority of cells were collapsed and had degenerated cell membranes. Culture of embryos from diabetic animals in control serum only slightly reversed the pathological changes in the visceral yolk sac endoderm. A good correlation exists between the rate of embryonic malformations in diabetic rats and an index of endodermal-cell damage in the visceral yolk sac.
Brown Adipose Tissue: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Tissue and Cultured Adipocytes
Authors: Sbarbati A. , Zancanaro C. , Cigolini M. , Cinti S.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) and of adipocytes cultured from BAT were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brown adipocytes in the intact tissue were arranged in lobules with bundles of collagen among them; within each lobule 20- to 40-µm-large adipocytes were packed together. Fibers of reticular collagen enveloped each adipocyte and also connected each cell to vessels and nerves. At the adipocyte surface rounded protrusions were present, which corresponded to the BAT-typical multivacuolar lipid depot. Gradual digestion of the stroma with collagenase disclosed a more delicate, felt-like cover surrounding each adipocyté, probably representing the external lamina of the cell. Complete digestion of the stroma showed a smooth plasmalemma with occasional roundish blebs which varied in size. Cultured (24 h) brown adipocytes from the stromal-vascular fraction of BAT were elongated or polygonal in shape, with a flattened, central nucleus and a number of spherical cytoplasmatic inclusions which have the same dimension and location as lipid droplets. These inclusions were arranged either at cellular poles or around the nucleus; this suggests that brown adipocytes with mature features were present in the culture. Pictures suggesting the detachment of lipid droplets from the cell body were also visible. Lipid droplet extrusion could be a complementary mechanism which might explain the rapid delipidation of brown adipocytes in culture.
A Quantitative Electron-Microscopic Analysis of the Axons at the Apex of the Canine Tooth Pulp in the Dog
Authors: Hirvonen Timo J.
Published: July 2008

The morphology of the dog intradental nerves has not been studied in detail, although dogs have been increasingly used in electrophysiological experiments on pulp nerve function. In this investigation electron microscopy and morphometric analysis were used to study the number and dimensions of the axons at the apex of the dog canine tooth. Two upper and two lower canines, each taken from a different animal, were used. The average number of axons entering a tooth was 2,089 (range: 1,241–3,034), 74.3% (range: 62.2–77.9%) of which were unmyelinated. The mean circumference of the myelinated and unmyelinated axons ranged from 11.1 to 13.9 µm and from 1.3 to 1.7 µm, respectively. Of the myelinated axons 13.7% had a circumference over 19 µm, which is considered to be the upper limit of the Aδ-class. Of the unmyelinated axons 13.8% showed apposition to each other and 20% were partly exposed to the extracellular space; these features could, in part, offer the morphological basis for the extreme pain sensitivity of the tooth. The findings of the present study were considered in general to be comparable to the results of earlier histological and electrophysiological studies on pulp nerves of different species. Thus, it seems that the dog tooth is an adequate model for studying the pulp nerve function and morphology.
Effects of Growth and Maturation on Biliary Structures of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lohse C.L. , Cox K.L. , Cheung A.T.W. , Negulesco J.A.
Published: July 2008

The biliary system and major duodenal papilla of male guinea pigs were examined in vivo using intravital microscopy. Study of the photomicrographs and videotape recordings indicated that biliary organs changed with age and growth of the guinea pigs. Physiological data including the frequency of sphincteric contractions were recorded and efforts were made to correlate these data with changes in structure thought to be due to maturation. The volume of smooth muscle in the bile duct sphincter (measured using histological sections) increased with age as did surface area of the mucosa. The bile duct was separate from the pancreatic duct in each of 28 guinea pigs. Study of the guinea pig extrahepatic biliary system (EBS) allowed the isolated examination of effects of maturation on bile duct capacity. The anatomical reason for this is that the ampulla of the bile duct emptied into the duodenum (independently of the pancreatic duct) at the major duodenal papilla. The duct of the pancreas entered the duodenum distally (caudally) to the major duodenal papilla on the minor duodenal papilla. The separation of biliary and pancreatic ducts simplified the making of casts of the EBS. It is important to consider this feature in selection of a model for studies of bile duct function in living animals. Three anatomical techniques were selected to focus from differing perspectives on growth-related changes that occurred among the EBS of neonatal, juvenile and adult animals. These techniques were: (1) The capacity (volume) of bile contained within the EBS was determined using plastic casts of the system. (2) Illustrations were rendered, and the gall bladder, bile duct and especially the m. sphincter ductus choledochi were identified to relate them to other EBS structures. (3) Histological serial sections of the bile duct and ampulla were used to quantify an increase in volume of smooth muscle in a portion of the m. sphincter ductus choledochi. Age-related changes were also found in both absolute and relative surface area of the basement membrane of the mucosa.
The Effect of the Cingulate Cortex on the Development of the Frontal Lobe in the Human
Authors: Stańczyk Józef Lech
Published: July 2008

In the study, measurements of cortical structures of the medial surfaces of cerebral hemispheres of adults were taken. Its aim was to test whether the examined values were correlated with one another, and if so, then to what degree. Studies were conducted on 100 brains of adult people. It was assumed that the span of the corpus callosum (the genual retrosplenial length) of the left and the right hemisphere of the given brain was constant. The results of measurements and their statistical analysis prove that in both hemispheres the parameters concerning the cingulate gyrus, mainly of its paragenual width, are situated within the limits of significance. The mean values of the length of this gyrus were bigger on the left hemisphere. Differences in size of the hemispheres appeared to be statistically insignificant. The mean arithmetic values of the fronto-occipital distance of the hemispheres were greater for the right hemisphere. The results suggest that certain changes in the values of the frontal lobes depend on changes in values concerning the cingulate gyrus. This fact may confirm suggestions of certain authors that limbic structures of man, encompassing also the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, are not retarded and that their effect on the development of the frontal lobes may be as considerable as the one of the gyri.
Histoarchitecture of the Human Parotid Duct
Authors: Takeda Yasunori
Published: July 2008

A light-microscopical study of the histoarchitecture of the human parotid duct was carried out. The parotid duct, much like other excretory passages, possessed three histological coats: mucosa, muscular layer and adventitia. The mucous epithelium was composed of the innermost tall columnar cells and the basal cubical cells. Numerous, circular elastic fibers were in close vicinity to the epithelium. The muscular layer consisted of smooth muscular fibers running in longitudinal direction. The adventitia consisted of lipofibrous connective tissue and contained many vessels. The result of the present study suggests that the parotid duct contributes to control of salivary secretion, since its architecture is basically similar to that of other excretory passages which have peristaltic activity.
La vascularisation de la toile choroïdienne du ventricule latéral chez l’homme
Authors: Wolfram-Gabel R. , Maillot Cl. , Koritké J.G. , Laude° M.
Published: July 2008

The human tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle is vascularized by arteries arising from the two systems which form the arterial circle of the base, i.e. the internal carotid system and the vertebral basilar system. This blood supply is given by one anterior choroidal artery and by several posterior choroidal arteries. These arteries anastomose to form multiple indirect and remote links between the carotid and vertebral basilar systems. The capillary networks of the tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle consists of a velar network and of a choroidal network. This duality is constantly observed in the choroid formations of the human brain. The venous vascularization of the tela is tributary of the venous circle of the base of the brain through choroidal veins that drain either into the internal cerebral veins or into the basal veins.
Rapid Method to Prepare Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hyttel Poul , Madsen Inger
Published: July 2008

A method for the preparation of mammalian oocytes and embryos for transmission electron microscopy employing agar embedding of oocytes and re-embedding of semithin sections is described. This method offers rapid and safe handling of small specimens, and it allows analyses of even very small structures in the oocytes.
Mixed Follicles of the Human Thyroid Gland
Authors: Harach Rubén
Published: July 2008

Mixed follicles are structures composed of squamous-like and follicular epithelia. Little attention has been generally paid to these peculiar follicles of the human thyroid; thus the aim of the present study was to investigate their prevalence and biological properties by means of systematic autopsy, histochemical and immuno-histochemical surveys. Mixed follicles were found to be present in 54% and 81% of the patients with solid cell nests, as well as in 50% and 77% of the total number of the ultimobranchial nests, when one or two histological samples from each solid cell nest were examined, respectively. The follicular lumen of mixed follicles usually contained an eosinophilic and PAS-positive colloid-like material, although in 22% of the cases acid mucins sometimes intermixed with PAS-positive granular material and cell debris were also present within lumina. Follicular cells lining mixed follicles basically did not stain positively for calcitonin. The results indicate that mixed follicles are not rarely found in the human thyroid. The presence of intraluminal mucins and cell debris and the absence of calcitonin-containing cells in the follicular epithelium lining these peculiar follicles suggest that at least some thyroid follicular cells could originate from ultimobranchial tissue.
Topography, Architecture and Structure of the Plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) of the Porcine Small Intestine in Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Stach Werner , Timmermans Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2008

Whole-mount preparations of the porcine small intestine, consisting of the tela submucosa and the adjacent lamina muscularis mucosae, were used for scanning electron-microscopic investigation of the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) after enzymatic digestion, fixation and HCI hydrolysis. The present results confirm previous light-microscopic data and provide irrefutable proof that within the submucosal plexus, considered by most authors as one ganglionated nerve plexus situated in the entirety of the tela submucosa, two distinct nerve meshworks can be distinguished, one lying close to the lamina muscularis mucosae, i.e., the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner) and the other, i.e., the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch), situated in the outer region of the tela submucosa against the circular smooth muscle layer. In addition to the distinct location of both plexuses, they are quite different with regard to the pattern and diameter of their nerve strands and the number and appearance of their ganglia.
Morphologie und Innervation der Musculi levatores costarum bei Hund, Katze, Pferd und Schwein
Authors: Frewein J. , Buff E.
Published: July 2008

In the anatomical literature there are inconsistencies in the description of the levatores costarum muscles in man and in the domestic animals, and their innervation either by the dorsal or the ventral branches of the thoracic nerves. Therefore we studied the form, structure and, with the aid of the dissecting microscope, the innervation of these muscles in 7 dogs, 8 cats, 5 horses and 12 pigs. In the dog, cat and horse, mm. levatores costarum are present from the second to the last rib. In the pig, these muscles are present from the second to the 15th rib, even in individuals with 16 pairs of ribs. Mm. levatores costarum longi and a levator of the first rib could not be found in the domestic animals although these muscles are described in man. All mm. levatores costarum are innervated by branches of the lateral branch of the ramus dorsalis of the respective thoracic nerve. An additional branch of the r. muscularis proximalis of the intercostal nerves 1–3 innervates the lateral part of the levator muscles of the second to the fourth rib.
Study of the Cuspal Ridges of the Upper First Molars in a Modern Japanese Population
Authors: Sekikawa Mitsuo , Kanazawa Eisaku , Ozaki Tadashi
Published: July 2008

Materials used were dental casts of the upper first molars of modern Japanese subjects, comprising 29 males and 25 females. Their molar occlusal surfaces were photographed by moiré contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, comprising a central ridge and mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified from the patterns of the moiré fringes. The central ridge was observed in all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the mesial and distal accessory ridges of trigonal cusps were over 90% except for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone, and those of the hypocone were under 25% in both sexes. These values were generally higher in males than in females, especially for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone. The running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge which was higher than the central groove formed a saddle-like structure. This ridge was observed in all materials, but its heights and structural components varied remarkably. In this study, the distal accessory ridge of the metacone was found to be incorporated into the oblique ridge in about 13% of cases. Variability in the running pattern of the ridges within a single cusp was highest in the hypocone and lowest in both the paracone and protocone.The results obtained are considered to represent the stability or reductive tendency of cusps in the upper first molars.