bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passive diffusion ground water samplers at a site with heterogeneous hydrostratigraphy: Pilot study results
Authors: Divine Craig E. , Madsen Laura L. , Andrews Scott D. , Santangelo‐Dreiling Theresa
Published: August 2010

Use of passive diffusion (PD) ground water samplers has significantly increased in recent years because significant cost savings may be realized, primarily because sampling time is reduced and minimal investigation‐derived waste (IDW) is generated. However, PD samplers measure water quality over a relatively discrete interval, while traditional purge‐and‐sample methods are most influenced by the water quality in more permeable zones across the well screen. Consequently, these two sampling methods may potentially yield distinctly differing concentration measurements for a specific well if significant contaminant stratification and geologic heterogeneity exist. A large body of purge‐and‐sample historical monitoring data exist for the study site, and results from potential future full‐scale PD sampler application must be interpretable and comparable in the context of these historical data to be useful for evaluating achievement of long‐term site remediation objectives. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to assess potential for PD samplers for monitoring chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water. PD samplers were installed in a select group of indicator wells, and their performance was compared to results from both purge‐and‐sample and low‐flow (LF; another discrete interval–type technique) methods. At several wells, multiple PD samplers were installed across the well screen interval to evaluate potential contaminant stratification. At one well, contaminant stratification was particularly significant: concentrations of total VOCs measured by two PD samplers installed ∼0.6 m (2 feet) apart differed by an order of magnitude. PD sampler and LF data interpreted in tandem with purge‐and‐sample data provide additional information, suggesting that contamination is located primarily in the more permeable zones at the study well locations. Additionally, low concentrations of some VOCs were measured in some PD and LF samples but not in the corresponding purge‐and‐bail samples. The results of this study underscore the importance of pilot studies and careful program design and regulatory agreement before implementing PD samplers (or any alternative sampling method) in a long‐term monitoring program, especially at sites with heterogeneous hydrostratigraphy.
LNAPL in fine‐grained soils: Conceptualization of saturation, distribution, recovery, and their modeling
Authors: Adamski Mark , Kremesec Victor , Kolhatkar Ravi , Pearson Chris , Rowan Beth
Published: August 2010

A simple conceptual model is presented that leads to a quantitative description of the behavior of light non–aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) in fine‐grained soil (FGS). The occurrence of large (15 feet) (4.6 m) LNAPL accumulations in observation wells in FGS and of LNAPL located below the water table is explained by macropore theory and capillarity of the FGS. Using soil capillary data, fluid property data, and a simple spreadsheet model, the LNAPL saturation in a soil profile and LNAPL recovery were predicted for a field study site. The predicted LNAPL distribution, saturation, and recovery matched the field observations and actual LNAPL recovery. Measured LNAPL saturations were <2%, while model‐predicted values were <3%. The model predicted recovery of ∼530 gallons (2009 L). After 1.5 years of continuous operation, a three‐phase, high‐vacuum extraction system recovered 150 gallons (568 L) of LNAPL. Application of a model that assumes homogeneity of the soil that is heterogeneous at a small scale may seem to be a misapplication; however, conceptualizing the model domain at a sufficiently large scale (3 to 6 feet; 0.9 to 1.8 m) allows for the FGS to be viewed as a homogeneous medium with small effective porosity.
Aquifer prioritization for ambient ground water monitoring
Authors: Bedessem Marjorie E. , Casey Brenda , Frederick Kevin , Nibbelink Nathan
Published: August 2010

Ambient ground water monitoring programs have been developed by more than half of the states in the United States in order to determine baseline ground water quality and monitor long‐term water quality trends. States have focused their resources in many cases by prioritizing certain basins (ground water or watershed), major aquifers, or sensitive areas. This study focuses on development of an aquifer prioritization approach, specifically for the state of Wyoming, that considers both the complex geology and the variety of potential contaminant sources. The focus of ground water management in Wyoming is currently on protection, with particular attention to shallow aquifers most susceptible to water quality degradation from human activities. Aquifers within the state are evaluated with respect to current water use, sensitivity based upon a modification of the DRASTIC model, and potential for surface contamination from known land uses. High‐priority aquifers are designated as those aquifers that serve as drinking water sources and are most susceptible to point and non–point source pollution. Using geographic information systems, ratings are then compiled to provide a sophisticated aquifer prioritization mapping system specifically developed for targeting ambient ground water monitoring efforts.
Strategies for Designing Ground Water Monitoring Networks at Waste Storage Facilities with Multiple Source Areas
Authors: Hudak Paul F.
Published: August 2010

The objective of this study was to devise and evaluate methods for configuring ground water monitoring networks at waste storage facilities with multiple contaminant source areas. These methods allocate monitoring wells to compliance boundaries lagged hydraulically downgradient of potential contaminant sources such as landfills and lagoons. Alternative design methods separately monitor or integrate potential sources and space wells uniformly in the direction (1) along the compliance boundary or (2) perpendicular to ground water flow. In an application of four design methods, a computer model simulated potential contaminant releases distributed throughout multiple sources with a combined area of ∼5000 m2, computing the detection capability of each monitoring configuration. A network without monitoring redundancy in overlapping source areas, with wells spaced uniformly perpendicular to ground water flow, outperformed alternative layouts. Perpendicular networks were also more robust to uncertain model parameters. For a base case, the most efficient network of 10 wells detected 99.4% of >5000 simulated contaminant releases, whereas alternative networks detected from 85.4% to 96.1% of releases.
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: SENATORS‘ OPENING STATEMENTS AT SUPREME COURT CONFIRMATON HEARINGS
Authors: Maschke Karen J. , Siggelakis Susan J.
Published: August 2010

This article examines the opening statements made by members of the Senate Judiciary Committee at Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Its aim is to identify the audiences senators target in their opening statements and to examine the messages they send to these audiences. The article shifts the focus away from the outcome of Supreme Court nominations to the “nomination discourse” of confirmation proceedings. Although senators use their opening statements to send a variety of messages to multiple audiences, they tend to emphasize the themes of judicial philosophy, the questioning of nominees, and the Senate's role in the confirmation process.
U.S. Export Controls on Encryption Software
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2010

“Export authorization will be given to those encryption products ‘that allow government oficials to obtain under proper legal authority and without the co‐operation or knowledge of the user, the plain text’.”1
Protecting Traditional Knowledge
Authors: O'Connor Bernard
Published: August 2010

“Knowledge is power.”

Francis Bacon (1561–1626)

“A man can only attain knowledge with the help of those who possess it… One must learn from him who knows.”

George Gurdjieff (1866–1949)
Enclosure, Intellectual Property and Life‐Sciences Research
Authors: Runge C. Ford
Published: August 2010

“Nature hath neither core nor skin, Is both at once outside and in.”

Goethe (1749–1832)
Intellectual Property Rights in the Making: The Evolution of Intellectual Property Provisions in US Free Trade Agreements and Access to Medicine
Authors: Krikorian Gaëlle P. , Szymkowiak Dorota M.
Published: August 2010

Examining 14 US free trade agreements (FTAs), this article presents a text analysis of their intellectual property (IP) provisions with reference to patents and data protection. For each type of provision present in a given FTA, a “unit of protection” is assigned in that category. This method allows us to estimate the evolution in protection for each type of provision, both relative to the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights standard and from one agreement to the next. The analysis reveals a global increase in IP rights (IPR) protection, as the agreements get more stringent and specific provisions get more intricate and complex. But it also shows that the increase of IPR protection is not strictly linear over time and that some variation does exist in the outcomes of the negotiations. Nevertheless, IPR is clearly on the rise, and close comparative analysis of the different texts sheds light on the process of the setting of these new standards. Ultimately, this analysis provides a snapshot of the challenges that will soon be brought to bear on the policies on access to medicine in developing countries.
US–China Intellectual Property Dispute—A Comment on the Interpretation of the TRIPS Enforcement Provisions
Authors: Watal Jayashree
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on the significance of the US–China intellectual property panel report in terms of the light it shed on the interpretation of certain provisions on domestic enforcement contained in part III of the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The panel made several important observations in respect of certain TRIPS domestic enforcement provisions either reinforcing views previously held, adding further meaning or shedding new light on these provisions, explaining its reasoning, and including, on several occasions, an examination of the negotiating history of TRIPS. This article picks out certain key points of interpretation by way of illustrating the significant contribution made by the panel to TRIPS jurisprudence.
Success And Failure In Endodontics
Authors: Sjögren U.
Published: August 2010

Sjögren, Ulf. 1996. Success and Failure in Endodontics. Umeå University Odontological Dissertations. Abstract No. 60. ISSN 0345‐7532, ISBN 91‐7191‐153‐7.
Fracture Of Endodontic Root Canal Instruments
Authors: Brockhurst Peter
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this paper is to identify the mechanisms of breakage for endodontic instruments, and to propose procedures to avoid its occurrence. The forces that can be exerted by the dentist are greater than the strength of many instruments. The manner of transfer of these forces to the canal is often uncertain, so that inadvertent excessive stresses may be applied to the weaker distal (apical) end. Instruments may also break due to fatigue or the weakening effects of defects produced during manufacturing, or during use. The behaviour of instruments made from nickel‐titanium (NiTi) alloys carries some uncertainty at the present time. Procedures to minimise fracture are proposed.
CULTURE OF WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeus setiferus, Linnaeus) IN STATIC WATER PONDS1
Authors: Elam Larry L. , Green A. W.
Published: August 2010

Pond experiments with white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus. Linnaeus) were conducted at the Marine Fisheries Research Station, Palacios, Texas during 1973. Two 0.4 ha ponds were used as nursery ponds. Ten ponds (six 0.2 and four 0.1 ha) were used as grow‐out ponds where the effects of stocking rate, pond size, and feed type on growth rates were studied. Shrimp in the grow‐out ponds were sampled twice monthly and fed two different types of feed at 7.5% of the total weight of the shrimp, assuming 10% handling and stocking mortality. Feed types and pond sizes significantly affected shrimp growth while stocking density did not. Food conversion rates ranged from 1.8 to 2.3. Production ranged from 224 to 667.5 kg per ha. Temperatures ranged from 19.4 to 31.9 C., while salinities ranged from 6.0 to 17.8 ppt.
GAFFKEMIA IN CALIFORNIA SPINY LOBSTERS
Authors: Steenbergen J. F. , Schapiro H. C.
Published: August 2010

Gaffkemia, a systemic infection of Atlantic lobsters (Homarus sp.) by Pediococcus homari (formerly Gaffkya homari), can be initiated by injection of virulent strains of the bacterium into the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). At 17 C, an LD50 of 103 bacteria per ml hemolymph was observed. The number of hemocytes drop and the clotting times are extended as the disease progresses. The demonstration of the disease in the California spiny lobster is particularly significant since we have isolated P. homari from California estuarine waters.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO GAFFKEMIA IN LOBSTERS
Authors: Schapiro H. C. , Steenbergen J. G.
Published: August 2010

The California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) may be immunized by injection with an avirulent strain of Pediococcus homari (formerly Gaffkya homari). This immunization protects the animals against a later challenge with 100 x LD50 virulent bacteria. The mechanism of this immunization is being investigated. This is the first report of acquired immunity to P. homari in a susceptible species. It is also the first use of a live attenuated strain of a pathogen to immunize a decapod crustacean.
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING FREQUENCY AND SPACE ON THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN LOBSTER, Homarus americanus1
Authors: Shleser Robert A.
Published: August 2010

The lobster is cannibalistic; animals which have been grown beyond the juvenile stages must be separated and held individually. It is essential to determine the effects of habitat configuration and spatial limitation on the growth rate of individually held lobsters.

As a first step in determining optimum configuration for holding lobster, rectangular, square and circular environments are examined. Configuration has no significant effect on growth. However, significant differences in growth occur between smaller and larger habitats.

Lobsters which are held individually must be individually fed. In order to obtain the optimal growth rate at the lowest cost, we have examined the effect of feeding lobsters an amount of food which slightly exceeds the daily femand at greater than one day intervals. An equal oprtion of food was given at 1,2, and 3‐day intervals. The results of these studies indicated that at least daily feeding was necessary for juvenile lobsters.
MARINE TURTLE CULTURE ‐ AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Hendrickson J. R.
Published: August 2010

The general background and present status of this new branch of maricultural science are briefly surveyed, with a description of the only large industrial complex now in existence. Progress in turtle mariculture to the present is summarized and some outstanding scientific problems requiring solution are delineated. The new industry's interface with problems of conservation of wild stocks is discussed.
ECTOCOMMENSALS AND PARASITES OF SHRIMP FROM TEXAS REARING PONDS1
Authors: Johnson S. K.
Published: August 2010

Five species of penaeid and one palemonid shrimp from Texas coastal rearing ponds investigated during 1972–73 were found to host ectocommensals and parasites. New ectocommensal relationships and the nature of ectocommensal associations are discussed.
SOME MARINE MICROORGANISMS RELATED TO SHRIMP DISEASES
Authors: Laramore Charles R. , Hirnon Yosuke , Persyn Harvey , Barkate John A.
Published: August 2010

A filamentous bacterium pathogenic for postlarval shrimp has been observed, isolated and used in the reproduction of the disease. A marine protozoan and a fungus have also been observed in hatchery conditions and are responsible for high mortalities.
INDUCED MATURATION AND SPAWNING OF MARINE FISH AT THE SOUTHWEST FISHERIES CENTER LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Lasker Reuben
Published: August 2010

Technical details are given for spawning the following fish under controlled laboratory conditions: the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus), croaker (Bairdiella icistia), and striped bass (Morone saxatilis).
DENITRIFICATION IN WATER RE‐USE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Meade T. L. , Kenworthy B. R.
Published: August 2010

High density fish culture in water re‐use systems results in a rapid buildup of nitrate as a result of nitrification. The LD50 of nitrate for salmonids in both fresh and seawater is relatively high, but levels considered safe are much lower. In practice safe levels of nitrate are maintained by dilution, which restricts the percent re‐use possible, or by denitrification. The later will theoretically permit 100% re‐use, or it can be used to provide an effluent stream meeting presently established standards for discharging waste water. Problems involved in the activation of a flexiring packed, denitrification column operating on a side stream from a salmonid culture system are discussed.
WASTE TREATMENT COSTS FOR SALTWATER AQUACULTURE FACILITIES
Authors: Tchobanoglous George , Shleser Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Data are reported on costs for various processes used for treating wastes produced from saltwater aquaculture operations. Unit costs are developed for selected treatment flowsheets.
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES
Authors: Roe Arnold , Segal Earl
Published: August 2010

The steps in conducting a generalized engineering design analysis for flowing channel aquaculture systems are: 1) List all factors which can affect the design; 2) Develop numerous alternative engineering designs for the important flowing channel subsystems, such as the water containment subsystems, the energy subsystems, and the materials handling subsystems; 3) Examine the economic trade‐offs using various combinations of subsystem components to determine the best system for a given set of conditions. This procedure is illustrated in an analysis of an aquaculture facility for Greece.
TWO YEARS OF SALMONID WINTER CULTURE EXPERIMENTS IN COASTAL ALABAMA1
Authors: Tatum Walter M.
Published: August 2010

Experiments in the winter culture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in brackish water were conducted during the fall and winter 1971–72 and 1972–73. Similar experiments with coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were conducted during the fall and winter of 1972–73. Gains produced during each culture period with rainbow trout were substantial and resulted in a product we consider of marketable size. Coho salmon did not match gains produced on rainbow trout; however, their tolerance to warm‐water enabled their culture to be extended 6‐weeks beyond that of rainbow trout. This paper discusses culture techniques used and production data obtained during these 2 years of salmonid winter culture.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE CULTIVATION OF INVERTEBRATES AS FOOD FOR FISHES AND CRUSTACEANS
Authors: Persoone G. , Sorgeloos P.
Published: August 2010

Devices and Methods

Technological problems can be considered as one of the bottlenecks of research concerned with culturing aquatic invertebrates, as well at the laboratory –as at the pilot– or mass scale.

Too many scientists are still using conventional items such as beakers, flasks or aquaria as the only culturing equipment.

Invariably they will be confronted with three of the major difficulties in keeping organisms alive in the laboratory:

a) oxygenation problems

b) circulation of the food

c) sedimentation problems

We decided to adapt the shape of our culturing vessels to the aeration, circulation and suspension problems, instead of trying to solve the latter in conventional culturing jars, with the help of elaborate or cumbersome air‐supplying or pumping devices.

Most of our culturing equipment has either funnel‐shaped bottoms or are narrow, high cylinders, with a very small bottom area from which the sedimentated food particles are easily “blown back” into suspension by air‐bubbling.

A number of devices and systems have been developed for smallscale or mass‐scale culturing of algae, pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and fish larvae, as well as an interesting culturing unit with automatic continuous separation of the progeny.

A peculiarity of the different systems described is that the only involved power supply is compressed air which (as a good conductor) has various functions: aeration, circulation, resuspension and providing carbon dioxide to the algae.

For details on the culturing equipment, we refer the reader to our paper in press in “Aquaculture” where the devices are described and commented.

Hatching and Culturing of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina L.

Although extensive fundamental research has been performed on the brine shrimp, Artemia salina L., the yields of hatching and culturing of this organism can greatly be improved.

The hatching and separation techniques, commonly used in hatcheries are discussed. Better hatching results were obtained by using funnel‐shaped plastic or glass cylinders and by exposing the immersed cysts to light.

This technique made it possible to hatch densities up to 10g cysts per liter with a yield of 80 to 95% depending on the brand.

The separation of the nauplii from the hatching debris could be improved by using a modified version of a cylindrical separator box.

According to the literature, controlled mass culture of brine shrimp larvae to the adult stage seems to be very difficult. A new technique of high density culturing in a pilot‐scale system is described: the larvae are kept at a density of 3 larvae per ml in 30 1 columns and aerated at regular intervals.

The nauplii develop to adults within two weeks on a diet of dried algae, with a yield of more than 80,000 adults per column. For details and data we refer the reader to a paper in press in the journal “Aquaculture”.
Selective Breeding of the Fresh and Brackish‐Water Shrimp Macrobrachium Acanthurus
Authors: Dobkin Sheldon , van Montfrans Jack , Holland Denise H.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

A second year of work on the selective breeding of Macrobrachium acanthurus resulted in the rearing of the F2and F3generations to maturity, and the F4generation to the juvenile stage. A comparison of the growth of the F1and F3generations reared during roughly comparable periods in successive years shows that 129 F1generation animals with an average age of 188 days had a mean size of 8.6 cm and 127 F3generation animals with an average age of 177 days had a mean size of 9.4 cm. This increase in size is attributable partly to an increase in the percentage of males in the pond population, from 25% for the F1generation to 65% for the F3generation, and partly to the greater growth of F3females. The radical change in the sex ratio was brought about by selecting the largest postlarval animals for our primary pond rearing experiment. The remaining postlarvae, selected from the same broods, were reared separately and at an average age of 178 days showed a sex ratio of 18% male and 82% female.
Increased Production of Tank‐Reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii THROUGH USE OF ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The giant Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), is aggressive and cannibalistic when reared at high densities. In two experiments use of artificial substrates was tested as a means of increasing production. In experiment I, after 4 weeks average prawn mortality was 4 times greater in tanks (95 liters) not containing substrates than in tanks fitted with five‐tiered horizontal substrate units.

In experiment II the effects of substrates and substrate configuration on prawn production were examined in larger tanks (2.2 kl). Prawns reared in tanks containing either the horizontal or vertical substrates grew faster and had a higher survival than those reared in tanks not containing the substrates. In addition, feed utilization was less efficient and cannibalism became apparent at a much smaller size among prawns reared in tanks without substrates. Biomass production and survival were slightly greater among prawns reared in tanks containing a horizontal substrate configuration than among prawns in the vertical configuration.
GROWTH AND BEHAVIOR OF POST JUVENILE Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de MAN) IN CLOSE CONFINEMENT
Authors: Segal Earl
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is under examination in various parts of the world as a potential culture animal. Unfortunately, M. rosenbergii does not aggregate and has been reported to be aggressive and cannibalistic. The suitability of the animal for intensive culture in closed systems has not been established.

In this study experiments have been carried out on growth rate, molting frequency, and incidence of cannibalism among equal age grouped and isolated M. rosenbergii of different sex and size with and without shelters and with and without removal of the second periopods.

In groups, more aggressive males and females grow faster than less aggressive males and females. In isolation, males, on the average, grow faster for a longer period and thus get bigger. Molting frequency does not appear to be directly related to growth rate, but rather growth rate is related to food consumption, regardless of the molting frequency. Comparing equal age animals of different size, small animals molt more frequently than large animals but grow more slowly. The incidence of cannibalism is high. Cannibalism invariably follows attacks made on animals undergoing molt. The larger an animal the greater the chance of a kill, but small animals will attack larger animals and two or more animals may attack a single animal. Shelters which can be defended can reduce the incidence of cannibalism.
Maturation and Spawning in Captivity of Penaeid Shrimp: Penaeus merguiensis de Man Penaeus japonicus Bate Penaeus aztecus Ives Metapenaeus ensis de Hann Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan
Authors:   Aquacop,
Published: August 2010

As no indigenous species of commercial penaeid shrimp live in the waters of French Polynesia, the preliminary step in developing shrimp aquaculture was to obtain maturation and spawning in captivity.

Five species have been investigated. Wild‐caught juveniles from the New Caledonia lagoon (P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, M. ensis) and postlarvae from the Galveston NMFS laboratory (P. aztecus) and Fujinaga Institute (P. japonicus) have been used to obtain adult stock.

Experiments on larval rearing and growth of these species are in progress.

Shrimps are reared in circular tanks of 12 m3with a continuous water circulation through a coral sand bed. Rate of exchange is from 1 to 3 times a day. Throughout the year water temperature is between 25 and 29 C, salinity around 34.5 ppt, and pH 8.2. Solar energy is reduced by shade covers. Artificial pellets of different composition are given as food. In these conditions we have obtained: 1) about 1,000 spawnings and two generations in captivity from September 1973 to September 1974 with P. merguiensis; 2) spawnings of M. ensis in 1973; 3) four spawnings of P. japonicus in September 1974; 4) about 20 spawnings of P. aztecus, but only after removing one eyestalk; 5) maturation signs in P. semisulcatus but no spawning.
Jeanne D. Joseph1
Authors: Williams Josephine E.
Published: August 2010

A commercial crustacean diet (7% lipid) was impregnated with oil (3% by weight) extracted from heads of Penaeus setiferus and fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii. After 3 weeks these prawns contained no more total lipid (1.4%) than control prawns fed the unaltered diet (1.3%), but changes in fatty acid composition were apparent. Whereas the sums of the saturates (25%), the monounsaturates (20%) and the polyunsaturates (54%) were the same for both groups, the experimental animals contained 6% more ω3 fatty acids and 6% less ω6 fatty acids than the control animals. Both groups contained the same percentage of ω3 fatty acids that were found in their respective diets, suggesting a retention of ω3 family acids.

A more striking difference between the two groups was the far greater pigmentation in the experimental animals. Shrimp meals have been utilized in mariculture diets for a number of years, but these meals lack the pigmentation of fresh shrimp wastes because the carotenoids deteriorate when exposed to light, heat, and atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, oil extracted from the raw wastes is rich in carotenoids which are rapidly transmitted in the diet to laboratory reared prawns and result in a product more acceptable, visually, to the consumer.
Engineering Aspects of Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture: Culture System Configurations
Authors: Pruder Gary D.
Published: August 2010

The University of Delaware Mariculture Project is working toward development of commercial, closed‐cycle, controlled environment shellfish mariculture. Thus far, three principal controlled environment system configurations have been designed and utilized. Each of these systems served a specific purpose.

The technical feasibility of raising bivalve mollusks from egg to market size in a recirculating system with a diet of cultured algae has been demonstrated. Currently system optimization and cost reduction efforts are working toward achievement of an economically feasible system. Each of the principal system configurations is described and the essential differences among them discussed.
Past, Present, and Future Trends in Cultural Techniques and Oyster Production in the State of Washington
Authors: Westley Ronald E.
Published: August 2010

Techniques of oyster culture in Washington state have changed markedly since the inception of the industry in the late 1920's. Annual source of seed has shifted from Japan to domestic sources. Many steps in mechanization have been successfully introduced. Improvement in economic conditions and in survival of oyster seed are are two major problems facing the industry.
Culture of the Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae GUILDING, IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Watters Kenneth W. , Prinslow Thomas E.
Published: August 2010

Experiments to determine commercial feasibility of mangrove oyster culture in Puerto Rico have been underway since early 1973. Most of the work has been carried out in Rincon Lagoon, a rich mangrove‐lined estuary subject to periodic salinity fluctuations. The bulk of commercial oyster harvesting on the island is presently carried out in this lagoon.

Initial experiments consisted of monitoring growth of oysters in bags in several locations. Cultch strings made of cut‐up tire casings were then suspended from two 3 times 4 m rafts, utilizing natural set from oysters growing on mangroves. Although a reasonable set and good growth was obtained, this method was very cumbersome. A revised method of cultching, consisting of 46 times 71 cm frames suspended from rafts, was used. The frames, utilizing several materials such as concrete‐coated plywood and plastic sheeting, showed sustained mean growth rates of 0.7 mm per day, with maximum individual rates of 1.4 mm per day.

A program monitoring spatfall, salinity, and temperature was also carried out in an effort to determine the timing of natural spatfall in the lagoon. It appeared that spatfall closely followed drops in salinity.
Initial Development of Artificial Diets for the Lobster, Homarus americanus1
Authors: Conklin Douglas E. , Devers Kathryn , Shleser Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Growth trials are described for a series of artificial diets designed for the lobster, Homarus americanus. Methods of preparation and ingredients used for each of the manufactured feeds are presented. Details of experimental conditions are provided and results of growth trials are discussed. The influence of animals of differing genetic backgrounds on the results are also delineated.

Normalized biomass increase, defining growth response as a function of survivability and wet weight increase, shows two promising artificial diets for use in studies on lobster nutrition. Diet 1, similar to a standard shrimp diet (Zein‐Eldin and Meyers, 1973), gives 39% of the growth response of control animals fed live brine shrimp. Diet 2 is more nutritionally defined and yields 25% of the growth response of the control group.
Status of Commercial Net‐Pen Farming of Pacific Salmon in Puget Sound
Authors: Mahnken Conrad V. W.
Published: August 2010

Commercial salmon farms producing coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have been established at several sites within central and southern Puget Sound, Washington. From an experimental salmon farm in 1971–72 that produced 60 metric tons of pan‐size fish, the industry has grown in 1973–74 to a production estimated at 350 metric tons.

Although the technical feasibility of saltwater pen culture has been demonstrated, certain problems hinder a profitable operation. The major constraints are disease, availability of feeds and saltwater farm sites, institutional barriers (laws and regulations), and knowledge of saltwater hasbandry.
Some Forms of Gill Disease in Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Fontaine C. T. , Hanks Kenneth
Published: August 2010

Gill disease in penaeid shrimp is a complex of several afflictions, any of which may result in death of affected animals either by outright destruction of the gills or by suffocation resulting from mechanical blockage of gas exchange across the surface of the gill lamellae. Organisms demonstrated to cause gill disease in penaeids include an imperfect fungus that belongs to the genus Fusarium, at least two types of epicommensal peritrichs that belong to the genera Zoothamnium and Lagenophrys, and a filamentous bacterium that superficially resembles Leucothrix mucor.

“Black gills” or melanization of the gill process is a sign of several forms of gill disease and is not a disease in itself. “Black gills” occur in shrimp with heavy infestations of Lagenophrys.

“Black gills” are not usually seen in animals that have heavy infestations on the surface of the gills of either the epicommensal peritrich Zoothamnium or the filamentous bacterium. Detritus and algae are often trapped by these epicommensals, and this results in gills that range in color from green to dark brown.

Demonstrable histological damage to the gills does not occur in shrimp dying from heavy infestations of the filamentous bacterium or Zoothamnium. Histopathological changes are readily demonstrated in animals having Fusarium infections and in animals with the epicommensal Lagenophrys sp.
Filamentous Infestations Observed on Eggs and Larvae of Cultured Crustaceans1
Authors: Nilson E. H. , Fisher W. S. , Shleser R. A.
Published: August 2010

A variety of filamentous microorganisms infesting eggs, larvae, and postlarval crustacea are described. The mode of action of some of these microorganisms are considered, and the consequences of specific therapy are discussed.
The Selection of Sites for Aquaculture
Authors: New Michael B.
Published: August 2010

The success of all aquaculture units, whether they are research and development or production facilities, is fundamentally based on the suitability of the sites chosen for them. Many of the fish farming ventures which have failed have done so largely because of the inadequate examination of this factor. Cursory site inspection may save money and certainly minimizes delay in commencing new aquaculture ventures, but it may also pay poor dividends. It may prove impossible or prohibitively expensive to try to improve the suitability of an established aquaculture site, and the expenditure already made on it may be placed in jeopardy because of early false economy. This paper suggests techniques for adequate site examination, using a coastal site as an example, and makes a plea for the delineation of areas with good aquaculture potential by public authorities so that they may be reserved and protected for future use.
Criteria for Candidate Species for Aquaculture
Authors: Webber Harold H. , Riordan Pauline F.
Published: August 2010

The nature of the animal taxa that are the most probable candidates for an intensive, commercial aquatic animal husbandry industry is considered. A characterization is presented of those biological criteria that lend the species the necessary physiological and genetic malleability to be adapted and molded into a domesticated race. The animal cultivated must be amenable to intensive management in high‐density confinements such as those now being engineered for high‐yield aquaculture. Attributes considered are discussed in the context of the various aquacultural ecosystems in which the species is expected to achieve satisfactory growth and survival. Together with bionomic criteria, economic requirements are posed and evaluated in an effort to define a socially and financially profitable agribusiness system. Investment requirements and operating costs are considered in terms of expected returns. However, since production alone is insufficient to sustain an enterprise‐i.e., the product must be sold‐production costs must be judged against market values. Therefore, ultimate use or consumer acceptance criteria are incorporated into the list of essential requirements for a candidate species for aquafarming.
Viability of a Phytoflagellate After Freezing1
Authors: Flassch J. P. , Salaun G. , Normant Y.
Published: August 2010

The Prasinophyceae Tetraselmis suecica Butcher, was cultivated at a density of 2 to 3 million cells per ml and was concentrated with a decanting centrifugal extractor at 1 m3/hr flow. The samples, obtained in the form of a paste, were diluted to 50 times 106 cells per ml and mixed with two cryoprotective agents such as glycerol (10, 20, 30%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 5, 10, 15%), then frozen and stored at ‐25 C.

After a l month period, results by decreasing order of viability are as follows: glycerol, 10% 20%, DMSO 15%, glycerol 10%, a starting culture of 0.69 times 106 cells per ml in 500 ml sea water enriched with Conway stock solution reached 5.49 times 106 cells per ml culture at the end of 4 days.

The aim of these experiments was to obtain a good conservation of phytoflagellate “master cultures” and to store seed cultures so that they could be distributed to “field hatcheries”, eliminating the need for them to produce their own seed cultures which must be voluminous in order to obtain the rapid and efficient growth of the necessary large volume cultures.
A New Experimental Saltwater Fish Rearing Facility on the West Coast of Canada
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: August 2010

The physical plant of an experimental fishfarm completed in late 1974 is described. The plant includes standard hatchery facilities for salmon and, of special interest, pens in the sea for rearing about 50,000 pan‐size salmon annually. The pens are boxes of nylon netting supported by ferroconcrete floats and held in shape by a unique system. Because of marine fouling, nets are changed periodically by a technique that allows the fish to be herded from fouled to clean net without removal from the water. The net changing technique includes an easy method for estimating the number of fish transferred.
A Modular Nitrification Filter Design Based on a Study of the Kinetics of Nitrification of Marine Bacteria
Authors: Srna Richard F.
Published: August 2010

The scope and significance of the problem of maintaining the quality of the water in recirculating mariculture systems is discussed. A quantitative study of the kinetics of important nutrient cycles is proposed as a means of establishing minimum system volumes, optimization of design, and the requisite environmental controls. Significant results in a study of inorganic nutrient nitrogen cycling and toxicity in recirculating systems is reported. A modular filter design suggested by a study of the kinetics of nitrification in marine systems demonstrates how a knowledge of kinetic and chemical factors can lead to more efficient water treatment hardware.
The Relationship Between Biotic Variety and the Efficiency of Biological Filtration in Closed Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Foster Neal R.
Published: August 2010

Sophisticated, carefully engineered biological filtration systems have the potential of being the least costly and most efficient method for the maintenance of good water quality (necessary for proper health, feeding, growth, and reproduction of the cultured organisms) in closed or semiclosed aquaculture systems. However, certain questions need to be answered. For example, what constitutes a “good” biological filter community under a given set of environmental conditions (salinity, temperature, flow velocity)? Are there particular “indicator” species whose population changes signal changes in the efficiency of the biological filtration system? What is the role of predation and cropping of the bacterial populations in the system? Some tentative answers are suggested to these and other questions.
A Simple Volumetric Procedure to Measure Oxygen Uptake of Small Aquatic Animals
Authors: Brendel Klaus , Alizade Miguel A.
Published: August 2010

Oxygen uptake of Penaeus californiensis was investigated using a closed manometric chamber. This new manometric approach differs from the classical oxygen measurements in aquatic animals in that no oxygen electrodes (polarographic method) or the chemical assay of Winkler are used in the chamber. The gas phase was continuously recirculated through a base solution. This allows removal of the catabolically produced CO2 which would otherwise interfere with the manometric measurement of O2 and at the same time helps to control the pH over long periods of time. Initial results of oxygen uptake at different temperatures by shrimps of different sizes (0.27 to 9.8 g) over long periods of time (120 hr) are presented.
Beneficial Use of Thermal Effluent in Lobster Culture1
Authors: Ford Richard F. , Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Dorband Wayne R. , Johnson Richard L.
Published: August 2010

Comparative water quality analyses and rearing experiments were conducted to assess benefits and problems in using thermal effluent to culture the American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the egg to market size. Most of this research was conducted in a special laboratory developed in cooperation with the San Diego Gas & Electric Co. at the Encina Power Plant in Carlsbad, California. Separate studies supported by the Southern California Edison Co. were recently initiated at their Redondo Beach, California, generating station, in a similar laboratory supplied with both thermal effluent and ocean quality seawater. Parallel experiments are being conducted at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in electrically heated and ocean temperature water.

Salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, and As were essentially the same in thermal effluent from the Encina Power Plant as in ocean water from the outer Agua Hedionda Lagoon and Scripps. Sensitive H. americanus larvae employed to test effluent water quality were cultured individually and in mass rearing systems at constant temperatures of 18.5 and 21.6 C. Larvae reared to Stage IV in Encina effluent and in water from the two ocean sources did not differ significantly in survival or size attained. Similar results were obtained for larvae and juveniles reared to Stage VIII over a 3–month period at 22.1 C. These results suggest that chemical toxicity may not be a problem in using thermal effluent from the Encina Power Plant.

In other tests, juveniles were cultured individually and in mass rearing systems in effluent at varying temperatures (X=22 C) and in lagoon water at ambient temperature (X=19 C). The juveniles reared individually in effluent for 10 months had significantly higher survival and were 11.6% larger than those in lagoon water. Juveniles cultured in mass rearing systems for 6 months were 15.5% larger than those in lagoon water.

These preliminary results indicate that thermal effluent may provide a useful and economical source of warm water for lobster culture.
Comparative Growth And Mortality Of Winter‐Cultured Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) In Freshwater And Brackish Water Ponds In South Alabama1
Authors: Tatum Walter M.
Published: August 2010

Comparative experiments in brackish water and freshwater pond culture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted from November 1974 to March 1975 at Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama. The average weight gain for individual trout was greater in freshwater ponds than in brackish water ponds; however, overall production was less and mortality and food conversion higher. The conclusion is that brackish water provides a buffer to unseasonable warm weather; this buffer does not exist in freshwater ponds in south Alabama.
Two Years Of Brackish Water Pond Culture Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) In South Alabama1
Authors: Powell Madison R.
Published: August 2010

A total of 615, 789, 2.5–5.0 cm striped bass (Morone saxatilis) fingerlings was produced in brackish water ponds at the Alabama Marine Resources Divisions1 Claude peteet Mariculture Center during the 1974–1975 striped bass production seasons. Due primarily to changes in culture technique, production in 1975 was increased almost five‐fold over 1974 production. During the 1975 season, average percentage survival among fry from thirty, 0.081 ha ponds was 32.3%, producing an average of 199, 977 fingerlings per ha with an average gain of 1.8 kg per ha per day. The fish remained in the ponds an average of 33 days. Fifty thousand 7‐day old striped bass fry stocked into a 0.081 ha pond containing marine predators survived at a rate of 2.7% over a 46‐day period. Differences in survival during pond culture of fry from different female brood fish were observed.
Facilities And Methodology For The Culture Of The Southern Sea Bass (Centropristis melana)1
Authors: Roberts Daniel E. , Harpster Brian V. , Havens Walter K. , Halscott Kenneth R.
Published: August 2010

A closed system was designed for mass culture of marine finfish larvae. Southern sea bass (Centropristis melana) brood stock were collected in the Gulf of Mexico during January‐March, 1975, their natural spawning season. Brood stock were maintained in a simulated spawning environment of 17–19 C temperature and 10 hr L:14 hr D photo‐period. Vitellogenesis of ovarian oocytes remained in the tertiary yolk globule stage in females held under these conditions and males would release milt freely upon manual stimulation. Final oocyte maturation and spawning were induced with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and manual spawning techniques. Approximately 2,500 larvae were reared in three trials using 2,000–liter silo tanks with biological filtration. Laboratory reared rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were solely used as food the first 4 days after feeding began. Wild plankton, rotifers, Artemia nauplii, and prepared flake were also used as larvae developed. Greatest larval survival from hatching was 10.0%. Larvae grew from 2.78 mm to 9.0 mm in 24 days; the greatest growth rate occurred after day 14. Physiological edema was observed in two trials affecting 30–50% of the larvae. Physiological edema appears to be the principal constraint to successful rearing of sea bass larvae.