bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classical, Christian, and Muslim Remains in the Construction of Imperial Seville (1520-1635)
Authors: Wunder Amanda Jaye
Published: February 2007

How were various strata of
local history—Classical, Christian, and Muslim—incorporated into
the building of imperial Seville (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries), and
what was the impact of the critical approach to evidence developed in Renaissance
Italy on actual urban projects? Three case-studies—of a noble palace,
the Casa de Pilatos; of a public park, the Alameda de Hércules; and of a
carpentry treatise by master builder Diego López de Arenas—reveal
the malleable role of historical evidence in monumental construction projects
based on classical and Christian ideals and demonstrate a more methodical use
of evidence among artisans practicing traditional medieval craftsmanship.
Mare Liberum vs. Mare Clausum : Grotius, Freitas, and Selden's Debate on Dominion over the Seas
Authors: Vieira Monica Brito
Published: February 2007

Sixteen years after the publication of Grotius’s Mare Liberum (1609), Serafim de Freitas, a Portuguese friar, published a reply to Grotius’s attack upon the foundations of the Iberian overseas empire.  Freitas’s vindication of the Portuguese dominion over the high seas has, however, been consigned to obscurity, as the Anglophone literature concentrated on John Selden’s Mare Clausum (1636).  This neglect is unjustified.  Not only is Freitas’s treatise an earlier and more systematic response to Grotius, but it also anticipates many of the arguments later deployed by Selden.  The purpose of this article is thus to rescue Freitas’s arguments from oblivion.
From Berlin to Leipzig: Napoleon's Gamble in North Germany, 1813
Authors: Leggiere Michael V.
Published: February 2007

This article examines Napoleon's desperate scramble in 1813 to preserve
French dominance in Europe by closely scrutinizing his operations and
strategy. Instead of concentrating his forces for a decisive showdown
with the enemy's main force, Napoleon repeatedly detached large numbers
of troops under ineffective commanders to capture the Prussian capital
of Berlin. The heavy losses and strategic reverses sustained by the
French in these questionable undertakings left Napoleon's Grande
Arm�e vulnerable to the massive Allied coalition that would
confront him at Leipzig. This study of French military operations in
North Germany highlights the breakdown of Napoleonic strategy in 1813,
and demonstrates that the Allied defense of Berlin in 1813 played a
significant role in Napoleon's ultimate expulsion from Germany.
Shoulder to Shoulder: Close Control and "Old Prussian Drill" in German Offensive Infantry Tactics, 1871-1914
Authors: Jackman Steven D
Published: February 2007

This article argues that a conservative ideology held by German officers,
both aristocratic and middle class, led the army to retain costly tactical
and training methods. Officers' close control of men massed them in
formations vulnerable to modern firepower, and repetitive "old Prussian
drill" to force discipline led to rigid tactical execution. These methods
survived both the Prussian reform of 1806-15 and the reasoned and needed
tactical reforms undertaken in the 1860s and persisted into World War
I. Only post-World War I reform of the Reichswehr by the renamed
General Staff created tactical independence for the individual soldier.
Why Post-Settlement Settlements?
Authors: Du Toit P. van der P. (Pierre)
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the issue of the durability of peace
settlements, with South Africa as the illustrative case. Settlement
failure occurred as parties approached negotiation from different cultural
perspectives. These lead to fundamental disagreements about the rules
of good faith, the status of contract and approaches to dealing with
incommensurables. These disagreements undermine the fairness of the
original exchange, putting the legitimacy of the entire settlement at
risk. Post-settlement settlements allow for such eroded agreements to be
revisited and revised. The agenda should address the theme of relative
group status, the objective should be to establish parity of esteem.
Colonial Dimensions of Dutch Women's Suffrage: Aletta Jacobs's Travel Letters from Africa and Asia, 1911-1912
Authors: Bosch Mineke
Published: February 2007

In this article, Mineke Bosch analyzes from a
postcolonial perspective the travel letters Aletta Jacobs wrote during
the "world suffrage tour" she made with Carrie Chapman Catt from 1911 to
1912. Following the historical assessments of the imperialist dimension of
British suffrage feminism at the turn of the century, the question Bosch
tackles is not so much whether Jacobs's international feminism stood the
test of imperialism, but how her feminism looked when crossing the border
between West and East. The letters, which were addressed to the general
Dutch public, show a wholehearted compliance with Dutch national rhetoric
and colonial practice, as well as an incorporation of contemporary
imperialist and racist discourse into her feminist observations. Given
the nature of Dutch colonial and imperialist rhetoric, which stressed
the internationalist mission the small country of the Netherlands had
among the big powers, Jacobs's compliance with it was not counter to but
in accordance with her internationalist feminism. Jacobs's knowledge
and wielding of imperialist discourse as revealed in the letters,
therefore, should be understood as a strategic means in her political
goal of gaining full citizenship for Dutch women, instead of as the
unconscious internalization of contemporary ideas extrinsic to feminism.
Domestic Scientists: Modernity, Gender, and the Negotiation of Science in Australian Nursing, 1880-1910
Authors: Bashford Alison
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes the ways in which the process of
modernization in the early twentieth century was gendered by examining
the work and subjectivities of Australian nurses and the writings of two
feminists, Frances Gillam Holden and Rose Scott. Located firmly in
the institutional and cultural field of medicine--a field that
emphasized modern, rational, and scientific values--nurses negotiated
many of the changes modernizing culture brought. Bashford examines
the implications for nurses of the shift from morally defined
interpretations of health and illness to biological understandings, and
the related change from a philanthropic, charitable model of health care
to one more scientific, professional, and state based. Historians
generally have concluded that a scientific, professional paradigm
displaced a moral, charitable one. But the historical picture was far
more complicated. Both modes were problematic for nurses, as women, and
explicit discussions proliferated about the place of science in nursing
knowledge and practice. The cultural institution of "domestic science"
offered one way in which nurses could reconceptualize their work as
modern and scientific, while retaining its basis in the feminine
world of domesticity.
Spectral Sexualities: Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism, Moral Panics, and the Making of U.S. Obscenity Law
Authors: McGarry Molly
Published: February 2007

The United States Congress passed the first
national obscenity law in 1873, largely due to the lobbying of Anthony
Comstock. The passage of the Comstock Law marked a historically new
federal involvement in fighting vice. It vastly accelerated
censorship by enlarging the category of "obscene literature" to
include all printed matter, and, for the first time, made it a
crime to circulate information about contraception or abortion. At
the center of the controversy that ultimately led to the passage of
the Comstock Law--and typically missing from modern accounts--was a
Spiritualist feminist, Victoria Woodhull. The author argues that the
tangle of Spiritualist affinities, as well as the ghostly logic of
Spiritualism itself, provides a means to follow the phantom-like fears
around obscenity, publicness, gender, and sexuality at the inception of
national obscenity regulation. Restoring Spiritualism to the history of
censorship illuminates the complicated workings of this formative moral
panic, one which may be termed America's first "sex war."
Women, Private Property, and the Limitations of State Authority in Early Modern Venice
Authors: McGough Laura J
Published: February 2007

This article explores the relationship between middle-class women
and the early modern state in Venice by examining the wills of women
who entrusted charitable institutions with the oversight of their
wills. Women's testamentary practices helped to shape political power
in early modern Venice by entrusting charitable institutions rather
than the central government with the oversight of wills. Furthermore,
women used these charitable institutions to protect their private
property against claims by male kin, especially husbands. This article
builds on recent reinterpretations of the nature and configuration of
state power in early modern Europe, especially Italy, which emphasize
how the boundaries between public and private power were contested and
redrawn. Women's sizeable gifts to charitable institutions helped sustain
these institutions as alternative sites of political power, different
from and at least partially autonomous from the centralized state.
Caring for Country: Yuwalaraay Women and Attachments to Land on an Australian Colonial Frontier
Authors: Evans Julie , Grimshaw Patricia , Standish Ann
Published: February 2007

Focusing on colonial Australia in the later decades of the nineteenth
century, we read the texts of a white ethnologist, Katie Langloh Parker,
to explore the ways in which Yuwalaraay women of northern New South Wales
sustained their links to land and culture. The wife of a pastoralist who
held a government lease on a huge tract of former Aboriginal territory and
mistress of numerous Aboriginal domestic servants, Parker was complicit
in colonialism. Given her childhood experiences of Aboriginal playmates
and an intellectual curiosity about the Yuwalaraay, she was at the same
time more sympathetic than the majority of colonial commentators in her
portrayal of indigenous lives, par-ticularly of indigenous women whom
male anthropologists seldom secured as informants. The complexities of
utilizing a white woman's writings as sources for understanding Aboriginal
women are multiple: in this instance, Yuwalaraay women's experiences
of necessity reached readers through the lens of a colonial woman's
perceptions. Nevertheless, we argue that, given the paucity of other
literary sources for the period, Parker's writings warrant serious
attention, principally for the insight they offer into Yuwalaraay
women's continued care of their land and maintenance of the cultural
practices so closely related to it. Parker's accounts of the Yuwalaraay
become especially significant in light of the long overdue land rights
legislation of the 1990s, under which Aborigines have been forced to
prove continuing historical attachments to former tribal lands in order
to claim title or usage.
Madame Rose: A Life of Ernestine L. Rose as told to Jenny P. d'Hericourt
Authors: Hericourt Madame d' , Doress-Worters Paula B. (Paula Brown) , Pincus Jane , Ellerman Mei-Mei Akwai , Kisliuk Ingrid , Harth Erica , Worters Allen J , Offen Karen M
Published: February 2007

French reformer Jenny P. d'H�ricourt wrote "Madame Rose,"
a short biography of women's rights reformer Ernestine L. Rose, after
Rose's visit to France in 1856.

While the record of Rose's more than thirty years of activism in
American reform movements can be found in convention proceedings and
contemporary newspaper reports of her lectures, little information
about her childhood in Poland or her young adult years in Prussia
and England is available. Even her early years in the United
States, prior to an organized women's rights movement in 1850, are
sparsely documented."Madame Rose" is an important resource for Rose's
biographers and other scholars because it contains personal information
not available elsewhere. Before this publication, only abbreviated
English-language versions have been available. A translation of the
original French text with accompanying commentary is offered here as
source material for scholars.
Poisonous Women: Sexual Danger, Illicit Violence, and Domestic Work in German Southern Africa, 1904-1915
Authors: O'Donnell Krista
Published: February 2007

A notorious case in Southwest Africa of assault and murder of indigenous
workers by a panic-stricken master exposed German colonists' fascination
with African women's bodies as a source of danger. This study of the
imagery and language of poisoning rumors in the territory examines how
settlers adapted Western notions of gender and race to portray local
conflicts and legitimate illicit sexual and nonsexual acts of violence
against female domestic servants. Commonalities with the "black peril"
suggest that historians should look beneath the apparent uniformity
of imperialist sexual and racial tropes to explain colonial power
relations.
French Socialists: Refusing the “Third Way”
Authors: Bell David S.
Published: February 2007

In 1997 the French Socialist party, in alliance with the small parties of the Communists, Verts (left-wing ecologists), Citizens' Movement, and Radical Socialists (the so-called plural left), won a narrow victory defeating the President's party, the failing government and its beleaguered prime minister. In June, the left formed a government under its leader, Lionel Jospin, and included ministers from all of the formations. Its victory was unexpected as in 1993 the Socialist party had suffered a near obliteration and the conservative right had won a landslide, but it had revived at the 1995 presidential elections, when it ran Lionel Jospin, and steadily—though not spectacularly—revived after that. However, the victory in 1997 was more the result of the conservative right's divisions, an unpopular government, the hostility of the Front National, and the spectacular miscalculations of the neo-Gaullist President Jacques Chirac than to the prowess of the renewed Socialist party.
Diplomacy and Essential Workers: Official British Recruitment of Foreign Labor in Italy, 1945–1951
Authors: Behar Joseph
Published: February 2007

The recruitment of about seven thousand Italian migrant workers by the postwar British Labour government is an interesting study in the use of foreign labor recruitment as a diplomatic policy. Foreign labor recruitment has generally been regarded as primarily an economic policy, with political ramifications entering into the picture in the form of domestic issues around integration, racism, labor relations and so on. However, the various British schemes to recruit Italian migrant workers from 1945 to 1951, and the discussion around the movement of migrant workers in postwar Europe carried on in various inter-European bodies, illustrate that foreign labor recruitment can be a much more complex phenomenon.
Demography as Policy Science in the British Empire, 1918–1969
Authors: Ittmann Karl
Published: February 2007

In 1944, Robert Kuczynski, a demographer working with the Colonial Office, wrote a memo discussing plans for a postwar census of the British Empire. He called for the creation of a Colonial Demographic Service, arguing that Colonial Office programs “offer no guarantee of a decisive improvement unless there is an expert on the spot to make an effective use of these means.” Kuczynski's firm belief in the need for expert knowledge matched the growing willingness of the Colonial Office to call upon experts in a variety of fields to assist in the reshaping of colonial government. This article examines why demography came to be seen as useful for colonial governance in the interwar years and how officials attempted to make use of demographers and demographic information in the final years of the British Empire. At present, this topic falls between several existing literatures. Works by Richard Soloway, Daniel Kelves, and others document the domestic history of demography in Great Britain, particularly its involvement in debates over hereditarian views of population. At the international level, most recent studies deal with the United States and trace the origins of American support for programs of population control after 1945. Still another body of literature chronicles the unique nature of policy formation in Britain and its relationship with social science in the twentieth century. This article seeks to connect these literatures by focusing on the colonial and international role of British demography from the end of World War I to the postcolonial era of the 1960s.
Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894-1901
Authors: Echenberg Myron J
Published: February 2007

The third and most recent bubonic plague pandemic came to international attention in Hong Kong in 1894 before infecting ports and riverine towns on every continent within the following five years. While generating similar control measures as well as popular responses in a variety of urban settings, plague also highlighted cultural and political differences, which are briefly examined here for Hong Kong, Bombay, Sydney, Honolulu, San Francisco, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Alexandria, Cape Town, Oporto, and Glasgow. Overall, while the plague's impact on humans was uneven, it proved to be an unmitigated disaster for wild rodents and their urban cousins all over the globe.
Free and Unfree Labor Migration, 1600-1900: An Introduction
Authors: Northrup David
Published: February 2007

The following three papers share a common interest in Asian and African overseas labor migrations that Westerners organized and manipulated during the centuries between 1600 and 1900. They illuminate different stages in Western attitudes toward slavery and other forms of unfree labor, and they shed light on the attitudes of slaves, convicts, and indentured laborers themselves.
World History in Context
Authors: Christian David
Published: February 2007

World history can provide a context for regional and national histories, but what is
the context for world history itself? If world history is about the history of human
beings, asking this question means asking about the place of human beings within modern
knowledge. While most traditional cosmologies put humans at the center of the
picture, the temporal and spatial scales of modern science are so vast that humans can
seem to vanish entirely. Yet if we order the contents of our universe by complexity
rather than by size or longevity, things look different. This paper explores arguments
suggesting that human societies and their evolution may be among the most complex
objects available for scientific study. Such conclusions hint at the significance of world
history beyond the history profession and also suggest the extraordinary difficulty of the
challenges world historians face.
Feminist Bioethics: Toward Developing a "Feminist" Answer to the Surrogate Motherhood Question
Authors: Tong Rosemarie
Published: February 2007

Although a wide variety of feminist approaches to bioethics
presently share a common feminist methodology (sometimes
referred to as "raising the woman question"), they do not all share
the same feminist politics, ontology, epistemology, and ethics. As
a result of their philosophical differences, feminist bioethicists do
not always agree on which biomedical principles, practices, and
policies are best suited to serving women's interests. In other
words, some feminist bioethicists insist that so-called "assisted
reproduction" enhances women's procreative liberty, while others
claim that it does nothing of the sort. Although such disagreement
among feminist bioethicists reassures the general public that the
feminist "program" for bioethics is not ideologically monolithic, it
also confuses the public, especially women. In order to overcome
this confusion, feminist bioethicists should work toward developing
the kind of shared theoretical base that will foster frequent
consensus on the biomedical principles, practices, and policies
most likely to serve the interests of most women in the U.S. today.
Money and the Medical Profession
Authors: May William F
Published: February 2007

Money motivates people, lubricates the movement of resources,
mobilizes talent, and breaks down some barriers. But money also
has a darker side; it can distract, corrupt, distort, and cruelly
exclude. Money is a useful but unruly servant; sometimes, a hard
master. The professional, at least in part, belongs to the world of
money. We sometimes distinguish the amateur from the
professional in that the amateur does it for love; the professional, for
money. The professional has one foot in the marketplace, but also,
purportedly, professes something else--beyond the bottom line. The
following discussion explores the morally complex ties and
tensions between money and the medical professions.
Honestly, Do We Need a Policy on Truth?
Authors: DeVita Michael A
Published: February 2007

Physicians are taught that the foundation of the physician-patient relationship is trust, and trust is based in part on truthfulness. While drawing important Òlines in the sandÓ regarding whether and why to tell the truth, ethics codes promulgating honesty fail to provide clinicians with guidance regarding what is the truth, as well as when and how to disclose it. These issues may be at the core of why an adverse event is left undisclosed. Consistently being truthful in the setting of an error is particularly difficult and requires overcoming a number of institutional and personal barriers. The article concludes that if delivering Òthe truthÓ is important, then articulation of criteria for determining what should be told, by whom, and when is essential. A policy that considers the practical issues and provides guidance may be useful.
Jewish and Roman Catholic Approaches to Access to Health Care and Rationing
Authors: Mackler Aaron L
Published: February 2007

In addressing issues of access to health care and rationing,
Jewish and Roman Catholic writers identify similar guiding values and
specific concerns. Moral thinkers in each tradition tend to support the
guarantee of universal access to at least a basic level of health care for
all members of society, based on such values as human dignity, justice,
and healing. Catholic writers are more likely to frame their arguments in
terms of the common good and to be more accepting of rationing that denies
beneficial and needed health care to some persons. Jewish writers are more
likely to consider individual responsibility for illness in allocation
decisions and to accept differences in the health care that different
members of society receive. The article considers the relevance of both
shared and complementary perspectives for deliberations in nations such
as the United States.
Conjoined Twins and Catholic Moral Analysis: Extraordinary Means and Casuistical Consistency
Authors: Kaveny M. Cathleen
Published: February 2007

This article draws upon the Roman Catholic distinction
between "ordinary" and "extraordinary" means of medical treatment to
analyze the case of "Jodie" and "Mary," the Maltese conjoined twins
whose surgical separation was ordered by the English courts over the
objection of their Roman Catholic parents and Cormac Murphy-O'Connor,
the Roman Catholic Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. It attempts to
shed light on the use of that distinction by surrogate decision makers
with respect to incompetent patients. In addition, it critically analyzes
various components of the distinction by comparing the reasoning used by
Catholic moralists in this case with the reasoning used in other cases
that raise similar issues, including women facing crisis pregnancies
who prefer abortion to adoption and the Indiana "Baby Doe" case.
Informed Consent and Research Involving the Newly Dead
Authors: Wicclair Mark R
Published: February 2007

This paper examines informed consent in relation to research involving the newly dead. Reasons are presented for facilitating advance decision making in relation to postmortem research, and it is argued that the informed consent of family members should be sought when the deceased have not made a premortem decision. Regardless of whether the dead can be harmed, there are two important respects in which family consent can serve to protect the dead: (1) protecting the deceased's body from being used for research that is incompatible with the person's premortem preferences and values and (2) protecting the deceased's body from being subject to disrespectful treatment. These claims are explained and justified, and several objections are critically examined. Additional reasons for securing family consent are presented including to protect them from additional emotional distress, to respect their wishes about wanting to have a say, and to maintain public trust in the medical profession and medical research. The paper also examines the scope of disclosure in relation to postmortem research.
'Natural Concepts' in the Spatial Topologial Domain--Adpositional Meanings in Crosslinguistic Perspective: An Exercise in Semantic Typology
Authors: Levinson Stephen C , Meira Sergio
Published: February 2007

Most approaches to spatial language have assumed that the simplest spatial notions are (after Piaget) topological and universal (containment, contiguity, proximity, support, represented as semantic primitives suchas IN, ON, UNDER, etc.). These concepts would be coded directly in language, above all in small closed classes suchas adpositions-thus providing a striking example of semantic categories as language-specific projections of universal conceptual notions. This idea, if correct, should have as a consequence that the semantic categories instantiated in spatial adpositions should be essentially uniform crosslinguistically. This article attempts to verify this possibility by comparing the semantics of spatial adpositions in nine unrelated languages, with the help of a standard elicitation procedure, thus producing a preliminary semantic typology of spatial adpositional systems. The differences between the languages turn out to be so significant as to be incompatible withstronger versions of the UNIVERSAL CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES hypothesis. Rather, the language-specific spatial adposition meanings seem to emerge as compact subsets of an underlying semantic space, withcertain areas being statistical ATTRACTORS or FOCI. Moreover, a comparison of systems withdifferent degrees of complexity suggests the possibility of positing implicational hierarchies for spatial adpositions. But such hierarchies need to be treated as successive divisions of semantic space, as in recent treatments of basic color terms. This type of analysis appears to be a promising approachfor future work in semantic typology.*
Forget the Legend and Read the Work: Teaching Two Stories by Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Bauer Margaret Donovan
Published: February 2007

This essay discusses the writer's strategies and experiences teaching two stories by Ernest Hemingway: "Indian Camp" and "Hills Like White Elephants." Bauer uses these stories as an opportunity to show students that they should not make assumptions about a writer's work based on some vague impression they have of the author's character. An image of Hemingway as some macho hunter, drinker, womanizer, and misogynist, for example, could blind the reader to any positive reading of his female characters. Bauer's reading of "Indian Camp" takes on criticism that condemns Hemingway for his focus on male characters and use of women as mere props in the story; Bauer defends the author's right to tell whoever's story he chooses and points out that Hemingway may be focusing on the men in this story, but he is not valorizing them or approving of their treatment of the Indian woman in labor. And Bauer employs "Hills Like White Elephants" to show that, not only is this more the woman's story, but also that she is much more positively characterized than her lover.
What If You're an "Incredibly Unattractive, Fat, Pastrylike-fleshed Man"?: Teaching Jamaica Kincaid's A Small Place
Authors: Frederick Rhonda D.
Published: February 2007

Drawing from Audre Lorde's ideas on power and language, extant essays about Jamaica Kincaid's A Small Place, and the text itself, "What If You're an 'Incredibly Unattractive, Fat, Pastrylike-fleshed Man'?" develops a strategy for teaching A Small Place that emphasizes how students might learn to read it, despite and because of its provocative style. This essay describes how Frederick taught students' unmediated responses to the text to introduce a discussion of how Kincaid places them as readers. She supported this emphasis with a close reading that paid particular attention to the author's multiple definitions of "tourist" and of "white people," as well as to Kincaid's shifting subject position. Finally, Frederick tested the resultant interpretation by using it to analyze Terry McMillan's How Stella Got Her Groove Back. Guiding students through this process allowed her to foreground Kincaid's writerly strategies and concerns—specifically her concerns with power.
Repellent Subjects: Hollywood Censorship and Surgical Images in the 1930s
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: February 2007

Lederer provides a historical overview of the censorship of surgical images of U.S. films made in the 1930's. This essay
examines the Motion Picture Production Code in an effort to understand the effect of the category of "Repellent
Subjects" identified by the Code. It includes "surgical operations" alongside "actual hangings or electrocutions as legal
punishments of crime," "brutality," "branding of people and animals," "apparent cruelty to children or animals," "the sale of
women, or a woman selling her virtue." Lederer looks closely at films such as Men in White and the treatment of the
female body in medical scenes as she develops her argument that censorship functioned to suppress controversy, to
maintain social order, and to conserve an ethical value system.
Ebola Goes Pop: The Filovirus from Literature into Film
Authors: Semmler Iliana Alexandra
Published: February 2007

Semmler examines Virus and Outbreak, two contemporary films about the Ebola virus. The essay carefully establishes
the connections between the films and Robin Cook's novel Outbreak and Richard Preston's nonfictional book The Hot
Zone. Semmler's essay looks at food, war, and jungle imagery in the two movies as a way to begin questioning the
scientific accuracy of the films and to help establish her argument that the virus has taken the place of the nuclear bomb
as a threat of destruction. The readings of the movies allow Semmler to suggest some of the ethical ramifications of the
role of Western capitalism and Western medicine in these outbreaks of viral fever.
"Blood Don't Lie": The Diseased Family in Flannery O'Connor's Everything That Rises Must Converge
Authors: Gilbert Susanna
Published: February 2007

Flannery O'Connor struggled with a debilitating case of systemic lupus erythmatosus for much of her adult life. In "'Blood
Don't Lie': The Diseased Family in Flannery O'Connor's Everything That Rises Must Converge," Susanna Gilbert
argues that this struggle makes its way into her fiction not only literally--through images of blood, disease, death, and
twisted parent-child relationships--but figuratively, as well, as many of the stories in her final collection replicate the very
dynamics of her disease--its omnipresent symptoms, sudden, surprising violence, and, most importantly, its grotesque
drama of the self against the self.
Proust's Prescription: Sickness as the Pre-condition for Writing
Authors: Bragg Lois , Sayers William
Published: February 2007

Proust's narrative moves from illness as a motivator of plot and
character to illness as a vehicle for simile, then as the very means
of exploring a world of memory. From characters seen acting under
the aegis of threatened health Proust advances to a vast network of
health-informed homologies, where the amplitude of simile, its
thematic consistency and interrelations, create a compelling
metaphorical truth. The imagery of illness, like the X-ray effect and
the "second opinion" of simile, becomes a heuristic medium, an
instrument with which to explore the social body and reveal hidden
pathologies. In artistic creation, illness is not simply parasitical on
health or a handicap; the relationship is rather one of symbiosis. In
the sickroom of the author, the world and the self collapse and
coalesce, the former now knowable only through the latter, and the
latter known only through its essential somatic being and its
archive of memory that accident alone can open.
Cold War Science and the Body Politic: An Immuno/Virological Approach to Angels in America
Authors: Ogden Daryl
Published: February 2007

Tony Kushner deploys discourses of immunology, virology, and
politics in Angels in America to depathologize homosexuality and
AODS. In the 1940s and 1950s, immunology and virology became
saturated with a Cold War consciousness as they drew upon
medical fears of illness that paralleled politcal fears of communist
infiltration and invasion. These fears manifested themselves in the
identification of communisits and homosexuals as diseased
elements of an otherwise healthy American body politics. By
depicting the effects of AIDS on several homosexuals in New York
City in the mid-1980s, including Joseph MacCarthy's right hand
man, Roy Cohn, Kushner calls attention to the shared Cold War
metaphors of McCarthyism, immunology, and virology, and revises
those metaphors in the age of AIDS.
Utopia Latina: The Ordinary Seaman in Extraordinary Times
Authors: Gruesz Kirsten Silva
Published: February 2007

As a discipline, Latino Studies bases its claim to significance on the imminent transformation of Latinos into the "majority minority" in the United States: a claim that is proleptic in nature, yet untheorized as such. This essay seeks to contribute to a philosophy of Latino history by exploring the phenomenon of "anticipatory consciousness," as described by Bloch and Benjamin, in Francisco Goldman's 1997 novel The Ordinary Seaman, pointing out its links to works by Melville and Jos� Mart�.
Which America Is Ours?: Marti's "Truth" and the Foundations of "American Literature"
Authors: Hames-Garcia Michael Roy
Published: February 2007

This article explores the question of how to rethink both the substance and methodology of teaching US literature, with an eye toward college-level survey courses. To reimagine this field, it draws from the critical vision of nineteenth-century commentator Jos� Mart�. The article argues for a reflexive understanding of the contradictions in US society and the ideologies informing the categorization of literature as "American." It concludes with an examination of how foregrounding specifically political and ideological concerns within texts can contribute to an understanding of aesthetic value, rather than detracting from it.
The Melting Pot That Boiled Over: Racial Fetishism and the Lingua Franca of Jack Kerouac's Fiction
Authors: Nicholls Brendon
Published: February 2007

The racechanges in
Jack Kerouac's fiction originate in racial fetishism. Kerouac's arrested
Oedipal narratives and his related myth of Native Canadian ancestry lead to
ambivalent identifications with black subjects, who exhibit characteristics
that more properly belong to Kerouac's mother. These identifications exhibit a
fetishistic play of presence and absence. Accordingly, Kerouac's racechanges
are unstable formations designed to consolidate an ethnic minority writer's
American national identity, his autochthonous link to a gendered landscape and
his volatile sexuality. When Kerouac's fiction is read in "translation,"
his joual mother-tongue dramatises a
psychosexual crisis in national belonging.
Spanish Echoes in Greece, 1946-1949: The Myth of the Participation of an "International Brigade" in the Greek Civil War
Authors: Sfikas Thanasis D
Published: February 2007

One of several direct references to the Spanish Civil War made
during Greece's similar experience in the 1940s was the
speculation that an International Brigade would fight alongside the
Greek communists. By the summer of 1947 the British, Greek, and
American governments were examining the possibility that an
International Brigade, consisting of veterans of the Spanish Civil
War, was being organized in France and Italy. Although it cannot
be entirely discounted that some European left-wingers and
veterans of the Spanish Civil War might have entertained such an
idea, the most likely explanation of the entire episode lies in a
combination of still vivid memories of the Spanish conflict and the
emerging realities of the Cold War, which impelled the opponents of
the Greek communists to believe that, apart from using its local
"puppets," international communism might decide to get itself
actively in-volved in the fighting in Greece.
Λεμονοδάσοζ : Diary Novel or Diary Fiction?
Authors: Kallinis George
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Kosmas Politis's first novel, Λεμονοδάσοζ (The Lemon Grove, 1930), begins like a diary novel. It purports to be the diary of the main character, Pavlos Apostolou, who decides to start writing a diary because he needs to "see" his thoughts laid out on paper. But soon this narrative proves to be something totally different from other diary novels of the period. Apostolou's narrative overturns all the well-known conventions of the diary novel and plays with other literary forms. By using the present tense for narrating past events, the diary suggests that writing itself is the actual event. Breaking the logic of this literary form, Lemonodhásos eventually moves away from the diary novel—through the autobiographical novel and the monologue text—toward a modernistic form of diary fiction.
Kazantzakis's Metachristian Play Nikifóros Fokás
Authors: Bien Peter
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The play Nikifóros Fokás , written in first draft in 1915, shows Kazantzakis assimilating Christian materials to a basically aesthetic philosophy in order to develop a "metachristian" world-view that treats our futile presence on earth. This metachristian view replaces the Christian assurance that happiness comes from the observance of certain precepts of behavior that lead to the reward of heavenly bliss; it holds, instead, that one may achieve happiness—indeed "salvation"—by contemplating the spectacle of life's unfolding phenomena. Theologically, the spectacle of life and death reveals a Christ who, now wholly inherent in matter, thrusts matter into the struggle to undo itself and thereby to produce spirit. The play accomplishes this transformation by twisting and stretching the well-known legend of Nikifóros and his notorious wife, Theofanó. The major theological change is the denial of an afterlife. Kazantzakis's Nikifóros gains a sense that death is final. What he must avoid is the panic that such a realization causes in weaker souls. The key scene in which the transformation of the legend occurs is a dream-vision in which Fokás is visited by Christ and, in dialogue with him, begins to formulate his new world-view. The final act shows how one applies the new metaphysic in the real world—namely, by dying well. This Fokás does up to a point, the play's final message being that imperfect metachristians pave the way for more perfect ones such as Tsimiskís and (as is shown in Kazantzakis's play Hristós ) quintessentially Christ himself.
A Reconsideration of Theodoros Angelopoulos's O Megalexandros
Authors: Georgakas Dan
Published: February 2007

Alexander the Great (1980) is one of the most challenging
films of Theo Angelopoulos. Not well received critically when
first released, and a box office failure with both national
and international audiences, the film is rarely shown and rarely
figures prominently in discussions of the director's work. Despite
this lack of critical attention, the film is an integral part of
the work of Angelopoulos and may be seen as a political and stylistic
template. The film also figures in the international debate over
what cinematic forms are most appropriate for directors with a radical
political message. Angelopoulos has insisted that such films must
have an innovative form. Alexander the Great carries out that view
by trying to force the audience out of its usual passive suspension of
disbelief to intellectual as well as emotional engagement. Alexander
the Great is perhaps unique in this regard when compared with other
feature films by major directors who have addressed anarchism as
a serious political ideology.
The Culmination of Aesthetic and Artistic Discourse in Nineteenth-century Greece: Periklis Yannopoulos and Nikolaos Gyzis
Authors: Danos Antonis
Published: February 2007

The writings of Periklis Yannopoulos and the Symbolist-Jugendstil
paintings of Nikolaos Gyzis, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, constitute two parallel cases in the culmination of Greek
aesthetic and artistic discourse, as it had been conducted since the
late eighteenth century. The two main strands of this discourse were
the place of Byzantium—especially Byzantine art—in the
wider (Neo)Hellenic narrative, and the concept of a new, "truly Greek"
art, along with the related notion of "Greekness in art." Yannopoulos
contributed, more than anyone before him, to the positive reappraisal
of Byzantine artistic achievements, and he gave the most systematic and
sophisticated exposition, up to then, of the notion of a perennial Greek
aesthetic. His aesthetically-defined landscape found visual expression
in Gyzis's late work, and both announced equivalent cultural debates
and artistic expressions that were to occur in the twentieth century.
Politics and Religion: On the "Politicization" of Greek Church Discourse
Authors: Stavrakakis Yannis
Published: February 2007

The recent exclusion of the reference to religion from Greek identity
cards has triggered an extraordinary reaction on behalf of the Orthodox
Church. The Church hierarchy and Archbishop Christodoulos have led a
campaign to oppose this decision, articulating a discourse that, by many
accounts, was marked by a clear political profile. This reaction has
polarized Greek society and has been dominating political life and media
coverage for most of 2000 and 2001. These developments have also become
the object of numerous analyses and academic discussions. Although
a variety of dimensions are at stake, there is no doubt that the
first crucial issue posed by the events is the question of the
"politicization" of religious discourse. Is contemporary Greek Church
discourse politicized? How can we account for this politicization within
current global trends and the Greek historical context? These are some
of the challenging questions explored in this paper.
Manzoni, il Seicento francese e il giansenismo
Authors: Parisi Luciano
Published: February 2007

This article focusses on Alessandro Manzoni's interest for the French Catholic authors of the late 17th century (Bossuet, Bourdaloue, Massillon, Nicole, and Pascal). Some of these writers were Jansenists. The long debate on whether Manzoni was influenced by Jansenism or not has been weakened by the different, sometimes opposite, and often inappropriate definitions of Jansenism that some scholars gave, and other took for granted. This article re-examines these definitions closely. It concludes that Jansenism, as a set of doctrinal and political ideas, did not play a significant role in Manzoni. Jansenism as a word, moreover, became a misleading abstraction in Manzonian studies, and should be avoided when possible.
Primitivism and Postcolonialism in the Arts
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup , Mellott Noal , Dam Julie van
Published: February 2007

Dans cet article, on tente de montrer que le
primitivisme apr�s avoir connu son heure de gloire avec les fauves et les
cubistes est d�sormais rejet� par les post colonialistes qui y voient une forme
de racisme. Dans la perspective post coloniale en effet la d�construction de
l'Europe et de l'art occidental est mise au premier plan au risque de culturaliser
et de "durcir" les oppositions entre l'Ouest et le Reste (Afrique,
Am�rique latine, Asie, Oc�anie). Une vision saine des choses implique de
consid�rer que l'opposition entre le primitivisme et le classicisme est
pr�sente � chaque �poque et dans chaque soci�t� et qu'elle constitue les deux
p�les d'un cycle de renouvellement de l'art.
La Notion ethique d' habitude dans les Essais : articuler l'art et la nature
Authors: Goyet Francis
Published: February 2007

Le mot ��habitude�� chez Montaigne n'a
pas �t� rep�r� comme un terme conceptuel. Or il a tr�s souvent le sens
technique du latin habitus et du grec hexis. On commence par montrer la
port�e du concept dans l'�thique de l'Antiquit�, en particulier dans l'Ethique
� Nicomaque d'Aristote. On poursuit en soulignant l'int�r�t de la notion pour les Essais, et en particulier pour
le chapitre III-2, � Du repentir �. L'habitus permet de penser une stabilit�
dans le mouvement : une stabilit� vivante.
Cinna, tragedie chretienne? Essai de mise au point
Authors: Defaux Gerard
Published: February 2007

An assessment of the roles of atheism, rationalism, and religious inspiration in the works of Corneille (Athalie, Cinna, Esther, Ph�dre, Polyeucte, Discours, Imitation de J�sus Christ), in those of his contemporaries, and also in nineteenth/twentieth-century critical and historical thought concerning the importance of Roman Stoic philosophy (scintilla animae, synderesis) and Christian theology for Jesuit theater and Early Modern French literature generally. This article proposes new connection between Corneille's Imitation de J�sus and Cinna that proves the former's direct pertinence for the latter and sheds new light on critical debates concerning dramatized conversion narratives in French Classical theater.
The Footprint of the Twentieth Century: The American Skyscraper and the Modernist Poem
Authors: Newcomb John Timberman
Published: February 2007

In the early 1910s, a vastly divergent range of American poets suddenly embraced the milieu of the machine-age metropolis-a shift as crucial to poetry's modernist rejuvenation as the adoption of new formal techniques. The most potent and yet paradoxical icon of this decade's urban verse was the skyscraper, which both promised its "cliff-dwelling" inhabitants a rationalist modernity without boundaries, and created a body of hermetic knowledge beyond most people's comprehension. Some verses read skyscrapers as symbols of capitalist depersonalization, others as loci of utopian possibility. Many see them as liminal, offering access to new dimensions of experience or knowledge-yet still wonder whether their transformative power will carry humans places we would want to inhabit.
Seductive Vienna
Authors: Perloff Marjorie
Published: February 2007

This essay, a version of the opening chapter of my forthcoming memoir The Vienna Paradox, begins with a consideration of my dual--and conflicted-- status as Viennese "Gabriele Mintz" (my given name) and American Marjorie Perloff. Three institutions are then discussed as emblems of the 'Vienna Paradox": the Schoenberg Center's demise in Los Angeles and rebirth in the "new" Vienna, the Neue Galerie in New York, a beautiful and nostalgic replica of fin de siecle Vienna, and the ultra-modern, streamlined Austrian Cultural Forum, which features the contemporary aspect of Vienna. The chapter concludes with an analysis of a Charles Bernstein poem "Ludwig and Gertrude's Marvelous Adventure," dedicated to Gabriele Mintz, as a poetic analogue to the Vienna Paradox.
Oral Culture and AntiColonialism in Louise Michel's Memoires (1886) and Legendes et chants de gestes canaques (1885)
Authors: Hart Kathleen
Published: February 2007

In order to understand Louise Michel's support for the 1878 Kanak revolt, we must consider her aesthetics of oral culture in Mes M�moires and L�gendes et chants de gestes canaques. Michel was acquainted from an early age with the oral culture of her native Haute-Marne. Moreover, it was in the context of oral culture that she was able to assume a socially significant role: that of a great orator who spoke in defense of the oppressed. Her sense of community thus depended greatly upon her identification with pre-industrial peoples for whom the spoken word was the primary mode of communication. (KH)