bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Macroporous Matrix for Immobilization of Lipase for Fructose Oleic Ester Synthesis
Authors: Hilmanto Hani , Hidayat Chusnul , Hastuti Pudji
Published: October 2016

The objective of this research was to modify the matrix surfaces to obtain both hydrophobic matrix (HM) and hydrophilic-hydrophobic matrix (HHM) for enzymatic synthesis of fructose oleic ester (FOE). The modification was performed by the attachment of 2-phenylpropionaldehyde (PPA) and PPA followed by polyethyleneimine (PEI) for HM and HHM, respectively. The results from FT-IR analysis showed that the peak of stretching vibration of NH2 bond decreased and it was followed by an increase of the peak vibration of –C=N– bond at wave number 1667 cm-1. The peak of bending vibrations of the C=C bond also increased. It indicated that PPA was successfully attached on matrix. For HHM, an increase in the peak area of NH2 bond indicated that PEI was also successfully attached on the matrix. The optimum conditions of lipase adsorption were obtained at buffer pH 7 containing 0.5 M NaCl (9.27 mg protein/g matrix) and without NaCl (9.23 mg protein/g matrix) for HM and HHM, respectively. For FOE synthesis, the best immobilized lipase concentration was about 8% and 6% for HM and HHM, respectively. The optimum time of esterification was 24 h and 18 h for HM and HHM, respectively, in which the yields were 75.96% and 85.29%, respectively. The immobilized lipase could be used up to 3 cycles of esterification reaction.
Preparation of FeO(OH) Modified with Polyethylene Glycol and Its Catalytic Activity on the Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Hydrazine Hydrate
Authors: Cai Ke Ying , Liu Yu Sheng , Song Ming , Zhou Ying Mei , Liu Qing , Wang Xiao Hui
Published: October 2016

Iron oxyhydroxide was prepared by dropping ammonia water to Fe(NO3)3.9H2O dispersed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser particle size analyzer. The results showed the catalyst modified with polyethylene glycol was amorphous. The addition of PEG during the preparation make the particle size of the catalyst was smaller and more uniform. The catalytic performance was tested in the reduction of nitroarenes to corresponding amines with hydrazine hydrate, and the catalyst showed excellent activity and stability.
Preface
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: October 2016

Preface
Ideological crests versus empirical troughs: John Herschel's and William Radcliffe Birt's research on atmospheric waves, 1843–50
Authors: JANKOVIC VLADIMIR
Published: July 2002

The year was 1843, and the theme of English meteorology was measurement. Sir ‘Thunder-and-lightning’ William Snow Harris was given his last British Association for the Advancement of Science grant to complete the Plymouth series of over 120,000 thermometric observations, publication of which proved a costly venture, not least because the series implied no meteorological theory whatsoever.

In July of that year, however, John Herschel wrote to William Radcliffe Birt that the atmosphere might be considered ‘a vehicle for wave like movement which may embrace in their single swell & fall a whole quadrant of a globe’. The idea of ‘atmospheric wave’, thought Herschel, might well make sense of the odd series of London barometric readings made in September 1836, but, more significantly, it might also lead towards solving the notorious ‘storm controversy’ of the 1830s between the American meteorologists William Redfield and James Pollard Espy. If Birt would accept, Herschel would propose him to the British Association as the director of the new project to discover laws of weather behaviour.
Robert Boyle (1627–91): a suitable case for treatment?
Authors: HUNTER MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

It is hard to think of a better subject for the exercise of retrospective analysis with which
we are here concerned than Robert Boyle, the leading British scientist of his day, and
arguably the most significant before Newton. A prolific and influential author, Boyle was
lionized in his time both for his scientific achievement and for his piety and philanthropy.
Of late, he has been the subject of attention from a variety of viewpoints which, as we shall
see, raises the issue of how he is best understood. In particular, I want to argue that, for
all his eminence, there are complications about Boyle's personality that cry out for
scrutiny, and it is on the implications of these that I will dwell in the latter stages of my
paper.

Boyle was born into one of the most privileged aristocratic families in England. His
father, Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, was Lord High Treasurer of Ireland before the Civil
War, and Robert, the youngest – and, as he himself claimed, favourite – son, was brought
up in an opulent, privileged setting, surrounded by servants and with an entrée at the royal
court. His elder brothers were suave and active figures, only too ready to be involved in
the fighting of the Civil War – in which one, Viscount Kinalmeaky, was killed, though two
others, Lords Dungarvan and Broghill, survived to go on to high state office under both
Cromwell and Charles II. This background undoubtedly had a significant influence on
Boyle, giving him an aristocratic demeanour to which his contemporaries almost
automatically deferred. It also made him familiar with the mindless social milieu of landed
society, in which it was all too easy (in Boyle's own words) to ‘squander away a whole
afternoone in tatling of this Ladys Face & tother Lady's Clothes; of this Lords being
Drunke & that Lord's Clap; in telling how this Gentleman's horse outrun that other's
Mare’.
Telegraphy is an occult art: Cromwell
Fleetwood Varley and the diffusion of electricity
to the other world
Authors: NOAKES RICHARD J.
Published: July 2002

In May 1862 Desmond G. Fitzgerald, the editor of the Electrician, lamented that

telegraphy has been until lately an art occult even to many of the votaries of electrical science.
Submarine telegraphy, initiated by a bold and tentative process – the laying of the Dover cable in
the year 1850 – opened out a vast field of opportunity both to merit and competency, and to
unscrupulous determination. For the purposes of the latter, the field was to be kept close [sic], and
science, which can alone be secured by merit, more or less ignored.

To Fitzgerald, the ‘occult’ status of the telegraph looked set to continue, with recent
reports of scientific counterfeits, unscrupulous electricians and financially motivated
saboteurs involved in the telegraphic art. Nevertheless, Fitzgerald reassured his readers
that the confidence of ‘those who act for the public’ had been restored by earnest
electricians, whose ‘moral cause’ would ultimately be felt and who
‘may be safely trusted even in matters where there is an option
between a private interest and a public benefit’.
As a prominent crusader for the telegraph, Fitzgerald voiced the concerns of many
electricians seeking public confidence and investment in their trade in the wake of the failed
submarine telegraphs of the 1850s. The spread of proper knowledge about the telegraph
would hinge on securing an adequate supply of backers and the construction of telegraphy
as a truly moral cause – an art cleansed of fraudsters, ignoramuses and dogmatists.
The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting
Authors: HALE HENRY E.
Published: July 2002

This article asks why some ethnically distinct regions fight fiercely to secede while others struggle to save the same multinational state. It tests competing explanations using a new dataset containing forty-five cases, significantly more than any previous study in the Soviet setting. The empirical results confirm arguments that the most separatist regions tend to be those possessing the most wealth, containing the least assimilated ethnic groups and already enjoying the greatest levels of autonomy. Demonstration effects are also found to be powerful. No support is found for prominent theories pointing to group upward mobility and ‘skill sets’ as being decisive. Group histories of grievous exploitation or national independence are found not to explain patterns of secessionism.
A New Approach for Modelling Strategic Voting in Multiparty Elections
Authors: ALVAREZ R. MICHAEL , NAGLER JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

Whether citizens vote strategically, using their votes to defeat their least-preferred candidate, or vote sincerely, voting for their first choice among the alternatives, is a question of longstanding interest. We offer two innovations in searching for the answer to this question. First, we begin with a more consistent model of sincere voting in multiparty democratic systems than has been presented in the literature to date. Secondly, we incorporate a new operationalization of the objective potential for strategic behaviour. We offer a test of strategic voting in the 1987 British general election based on the variance in strategic setting across constituencies in Britain. We allow voters to use available information about the relative standings of parties in their constituency in deciding whether or not to cast a strategic vote. We estimate a lower level of strategic voting than many other methods have estimated. We also demonstrate that the use of self-reported vote motivation causes errors in estimating the amount of strategic voting, and that this problem is exacerbated the further from the election the self-report is obtained.
The Duration of Cabinet Formation Processes in Western Multi-Party Democracies
Authors: DIERMEIER DANIEL , VAN ROOZENDAAL PETER
Published: July 2002

Strategic models of coalition bargaining formation have demonstrated the importance of institutional features for an understanding of cabinet formation in West European democracies. Yet little is know about the empirical regularities of government formation processes. In this article we analyse the duration of formation processes using a semi-parametric estimation procedure on a dataset of 304 government formations in thirteen multi-party democracies. The results are consistent with a bargaining approach under incomplete information.
Linkage analysis in tetraploid species: a simulation study
Authors: HACKETT C. A. , BRADSHAW J. E. , MEYER R. C. , McNICOL J. W. , MILBOURNE D. , WAUGH R.
Published: July 2002

A simulation study was performed to investigate methods for mapping

single-dose (simplex) and
double-dose (duplex) markers, and for identification of homologous chromosomes
in an
autotetraploid species, and to see how the map accuracy depends on
the population size. An initial
population of 1000 individuals was simulated, with 30 simplex and 10 duplex
markers, and
recombination fractions and lod scores were calculated between all pairs
of markers. These were
used to test the feasibility of mapping the simplex and duplex markers
simultaneously. Smaller
populations, from 500 to 75 individuals, were then simulated, and the estimates
of the pairwise
recombination fractions and the derived maps were compared with the true
map. It was found that
the accuracy of the estimates depended strongly on the type of markers
involved, with
simplex–simplex coupling pairs being most reliable and
simplex–simplex repulsion pairs and
duplex–duplex pairs in any configuration but coupling
being least reliable. Maps can be assembled
using recombination fractions and lod scores from pairs of
simplex–simplex markers (coupling and
repulsion), duplex–simplex (coupling and repulsion) and
duplex–duplex (coupling). The agreement
between the map order and the true order was good, although the map distance
was generally
underestimated at small sample sizes.
Pattern of selective constraint in C. elegans and C. briggsae genomes
Authors: SHABALINA SVETLANA A. , KONDRASHOV ALEXEY S.
Published: July 2002

Similarity between related genomes may carry information on selective constraint in each of them.
We analysed patterns of similarity between several homologous regions of Caenorhabditis elegans
and C. briggsae genomes. All homologous exons are quite similar. Alignments of introns and of
intergenic sequences contain long gaps, segments where similarity is low and close to that between
random sequences aligned using the same parameters, and segments of high similarity.
Conservative estimates of the fractions of selectively constrained nucleotides are 72%, 17% and
18% for exons, introns and intergenic sequences, respectively. This implies that the total number
of constrained nucleotides within non-coding sequences is comparable to that within coding
sequences, so that at least one-third of nucleotides in C. elegans and C. briggsae genomes are
under strong stabilizing selection.
Quantitative genetics in conservation biology
Authors: FRANKHAM RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Most of the major genetic concerns in conservation biology, including inbreeding depression, loss
of evolutionary potential, genetic adaptation to captivity and outbreeding depression, involve
quantitative genetics. Small population size leads to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity and so
increases extinction risk. Captive populations of endangered species are managed to maximize the
retention of genetic diversity by minimizing kinship, with subsidiary efforts to minimize inbreeding.
There is growing evidence that genetic adaptation to captivity is a major issue in the genetic
management of captive populations of endangered species as it reduces reproductive fitness when
captive populations are reintroduced into the wild. This problem is not currently addressed, but it
can be alleviated by deliberately fragmenting captive populations, with occasional exchange of
immigrants to avoid excessive inbreeding. The extent and importance of outbreeding depression is
a matter of controversy. Currently, an extremely cautious approach is taken to mixing
populations. However, this cannot continue if fragmented populations are to be adequately
managed to minimize extinctions. Most genetic management recommendations for endangered
species arise directly, or indirectly, from quantitative genetic considerations.
Artificial selection on phenotypically plastic traits
Authors: KIRKPATRICK MARK , BATAILLON THOMAS
Published: July 2002

Many phenotypes respond physiologically or developmentally to continuously distributed
environmental variables such as temperature and nutritional quality. Information about phenotypic
plasticity can be used to improve the efficiency of artificial selection. Here we show that the
quantitative genetic theory for ‘infinite-dimensional’ traits such as reaction norms provides a
natural framework to accomplish this goal. It is expected to improve selection responses by
making more efficient use of information about environmental effects than do conventional
methods. The approach is illustrated by deriving an index for mass selection of a phenotypically
plastic trait. We suggest that the same approach could be extended directly to more general and
efficient breeding schemes, such as those based on general best linear unbiased prediction. Methods
for estimating genetic covariance functions are reviewed.
Thermal evolution of two textural types of mafic granulites in
the North China craton: evidence for both mantle plume and
collisional tectonics
Authors: ZHAO GUOCHUN , WILDE SIMON A. , CAWOOD PETER A. , LU LIANGZHAO
Published: July 2002

Mafic granulites from the North China craton can be divided into two textural types,
referred to as A- and B-types. A-type mafic granulites display garnet+quartz symplectic coronas, and
outcrop in the eastern and western zones of the craton, whereas B-type mafic granulites exhibit
orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and are mainly exposed in the
central zone of the craton. Most A-type mafic granulites preserve the prograde (M1), peak (M2) and
post-peak near-isobaric cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented respectively by inclusions
of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz, a peak mineralogy of
orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet, and overprinted by garnet+quartz
symplectic coronas. These mineral assemblages and their P–T (pressure-temperature) estimates define anticlockwise P–T evolutionary paths.
The B-type mafic granulites preserve the peak (M1), post-peak near-isothermal decompression (M2)
and cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented by the peak assemblage of
orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet±hornblende, post-peak
orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and later hornblende+plagioclase+magnetite symplectites,
respectively. These mineral assemblages and their P–T estimates define clockwise P–T paths.

The anticlockwise P–T paths of the A-type mafic granulites in the eastern and western zones of the
North China craton are consistent with a model of underplating and intrusion of mantle-derived
magmas. In combination with lithological, structural and geochronological data, the eastern and western
zones of the North China craton are considered to represent two continental blocks that developed
through the interaction of mantle plumes with the lithosphere from the Palaeoarchaean to the
Neoarchaean era. The B-type mafic granulites and associated rocks in the central zone represent a
magmatic arc that was metamorphosed and deformed during amalgamation of the eastern and western
continental blocks in the late Palaeoproterozoic era. The mineral reaction relations and clockwise
P–T paths of the B-type mafic granulites from the central zone record the tectonothermal history of
the collision that resulted in the final assembly of the North China craton at c. 1800 Ma.
THOMAS PHILIPP AND ULRICH HAARMANN, ED., The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Pp. 320. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Meloy John L.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the field of Mamluk studies has seen what may well be an amount of published scholarship unparalleled in any field of Middle East studies. Less than a decade ago, the study of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt and Syria could hardly have been called a distinct field, and it was only about four decades ago that the period was given any systematic attention at all through the pioneering efforts of David Ayalon. However, Mamluk specialists now have their own journal, the Mamluk Studies Review, with three annual volumes in print and more on the way, as well as an extensive and ever-growing Web-based bibliography, both of which are published by the University of Chicago's Middle East Documentation Center. Mamluk specialists around the world have been engaged in this work, but it was initiated by Thomas Philipp and the late Ulrich Haarmann. In December 1994, these two scholars organized a conference on Mamluk studies in Bad Homburg, Germany, and eighteen of the papers presented at that symposium have been published as The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society. The papers in this volume cover the period of the Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517, as well as the subsequent Ottoman period up to the rule of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century. The richness of the sources for this period is evident in the diverse topics represented; papers dealing with political and social history are supplemented by studies in astronomy, religion, traditional culture, historiography, and urban geography. Indeed, the volume stands as a benchmark from which to view this rapidly growing field.
KNIGHTS, NOT PAWNS: ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS IN POST-COLONIAL BALOCHISTAN
Authors: Titus Paul , Swidler Nina
Published: July 2002

The creation of Pakistan was a crushing blow to those hoping to establish autonomous, ethnically defined states in the western borderlands of the Indian empire. The best known of these movements, the Red Shirts (Khudai Khidmatgar), was active in the North-West Frontier Province since the 1920s and moved from affiliation with the Indian National Congress to advocating sovereignty and ultimately an independent Pushtun state when faced with the inevitability of Partition.1 Similar Pushtun and Balochi movements arose in the last decades of the Raj in the areas that now constitute the Pakistani province of Balochistan. In the pivotal years of 1947 and 1948, the Muslim League was able to outmaneuver and suppress these ambitious young movements, but they did not die. In subsequent decades, Balochi and Pushtun nationalism became key elements in the political discourse and the equation of power in Balochistan, and they remain so today.
Trade Union Regime Formation Under the Conditions of Globalization in the Transport Sector: Attempts at Transnational Trade Union Regulation of Flag-of-Convenience Shipping
Authors: Koch-Baumgarten Sigrid
Published: July 2002

The article deals with an outstanding example of transnational trade union cooperation in the transport industry. It analyses the attempts of trade unions organized in the International Transportworkers' Federation (ITF) to establish a system of multinational industrial relations and collective bargaining in the flags-of-convenience shipping, which integrated national trade unions and their politics in international problematic interdependencies. Although based on egoistic national special interests and without formal restrictions on national sovereignty the cooperation leads to an international regime. It regulates the rights to organize and represent crews on ships of convenience in industrial relations, it lays down minimum standards for working conditions and incomes, and procedures for the multinational decision-making process and management of conflicts. The trade unions succeeded in regulating about 29 per cent of flags-of-convenience shipping and in establishing a multinational control of national collective bargaining, which is integrated in a system of international governance in the trade union sphere of activities. It is based on an imbalance of power between trade union organizations of industrialized and developing countries within the ITF and on specific conditions in transport industry, and therefore not transferable to other industries.
Quantitative evaluation of Linum usitatissimum

varieties for dual-purpose traits
Authors: FOSTER R. , POONI H. S. , MACKAY I. J.
Published: July 2002

New uses of natural fibres in industrial

processes have increased the demand for linseed fibre which

is normally discarded. In this investigation, 18 linseed and 10 flax

varieties are evaluated for 13

developmental, seed yield and fibre yield traits

with a view to identifying suitable genotypes which

may have high yields of both seed and fibre, and

therefore can be used as dual-purpose varieties

and/or are likely to provide a suitable foundation for

breeding new cultivars with an ability to

produce high yields for seed as well as fibre.

Comparison of linseed and flax varieties has revealed

that the two plant types have diversified to

a great extent, particularly for those traits which have

been subjected to direct or indirect selection

during the past decades. However, considerable variation still

exists among the linseed and flax

varieties, and linseed shows more heritable variation than flax,

for both seed and fibre traits. On the

other hand, persistent selection of linseed and flax

for commercially desirable phenotypes has not

modified the genetic correlations to any appreciable level

and both crops display almost identical

correlations which do not differ significantly for any

pair of traits. None of the flax or linseed varieties

has shown such outstanding performance for seed yield as well as

fibre weight which would have

allowed them to be considered suitable for cultivation as a dual-purpose
variety.

In general,

linseed × linseed and linseed × flax crosses would constitute better

source materials for breeding high

yielding dual-purpose cultivars compared to flax × flax crosses, particularly

when seed will be the

primary commercial product and fibre/straw a secondary commodity

of such varieties.
Effect of cultivar and fungicide treatment on the yield
and nutritive value of winter and spring oat grains
grown in England and Wales, 1989–91
Authors: HAIGH P. M. , BRADSHAW N. J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of a comprehensive (three-spray) fungicide programme

on yield, specific weight (SW),
1000-grain weight (TGW), nutritive value and yield of both winter and spring
oat grains was
investigated over a 3-year period (1989–91). With winter oats,
four cultivars (Aintree, Image or
Pennal, Solva and Kynon), were tested at each of three sites
(Gwent, Hereford and Kent). Similarly
for spring oats, four cultivars (Dula, Keeper, Rollo and Rhiannon)
were tested at each of three sites
(Cornwall, North Yorkshire and Wales).

On winter oats, fungicide treatment produced a significant increase

(P<0·05) in grain yield, but
did not on spring oats. Fungicide treatment produced no significant
effect on SW, TGW or nutritive
value of the winter or spring oats. With winter oats, but not with
spring oats, fungicide treatment
produced a significant increase (P<0·05) in the
yield of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME)
energy for pigs and ruminants respectively.

The naked oats, Kynon and Rhiannon, had a significantly lower
yield, higher SW and lower TGW
than the other conventional cultivars (P<0·05).
Their oil, fatty acid, protein, DE and ME contents
were also significantly higher than the other cultivars
(P<0·05). Nevertheless, the yield of protein,
DE and ME tended to be less from naked oats than from some of the other
cultivars tested.

On winter oats, TGW, protein content and protein yield, dry
matter (DM) and fatty acid content
and on spring oats, yield, TGW, ME yield, DM, oil, fatty acid, protein,
DE and ME all varied
between years. With winter oats, oil content and energy values
were negatively correlated with yield
and positively correlated with SW. With spring oats, DE and ME
were positively correlated with SW.

It was concluded that, on winter oats, fungicide treatment was
worthwhile in terms of grain yield,
but this was not the case for spring oats. Also with winter oats,
but not spring oats, fungicides gave
useful increases in the yield of energy. The naked oats, Kynon and Rhiannon,
had a distinct
advantage in terms of nutritive value, but their low yield
compared with the conventional cultivars tended to negate this benefit.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN GHANA
Authors: TAWIAH E. O.
Published: July 2002

The relationships between selected demographic and socioeconomic
variables and current use status of contraception were examined using logistic
regression technique. Information on current contraceptive use was provided by
3156 out of 4488 currently married women aged 15–49 interviewed in the 1988
Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Respondents' approval of family planning
emerged as the most important predictor of current contraceptive use, followed
by discussion of family planning with partner and level of education. As a
policy measure, information, education and communication programmes on family
planning should be intensified, particularly in rural areas. Female education,
at least up to secondary level, should be given top priority.
Role of endotoxin and TNF-α in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced coliform mastitis in periparturient cows
Authors: HOEBEN DAGMAR , BURVENICH CHRISTIAN , TREVISI ERMINIO , BERTONI GIUSEPPE , HAMANN JÖRN , BRUCKMAIER RUPERT M. , BLUM JÜRG W.
Published: July 2002

Twelve cows were experimentally infected in two quarters with 1 × 104 cfu
Escherichia coli per quarter and six cows were infused with 500 μg endotoxin into two
quarters. Six cows infected intramammarily with Esch. coli were treated intravenously
with a bactericidal antibiotic 10 h after infection and subcutaneously 20 h
later. Blood and milk samples were collected from all cows at regular time intervals.
Milk production decreased more rapidly, but was less pronounced, after endotoxin
infusion than during Esch. coli mastitis. The milk production losses in the non-inflamed
quarters were negligible in endotoxin mastitis, but were substantial during
Esch. coli mastitis, probably due to more pronounced systemic effects. Reticulo-rumen motility was inhibited only during Esch. coli mastitis. Changes in plasma
haptoglobin were more pronounced during Esch. coli mastitis, although they
occurred sooner during endotoxin mastitis. No changes in plasma activities of
enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic–oxaloacetic transaminase and γ-glutamyl
transpeptidase were observed. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α
increased in both types of mastitis. Absorption of these cytokines into the circulation
was highest during Esch. coli mastitis, especially in the untreated control group. We
found only minor differences between the treated and untreated Esch. coli groups,
but there were larger differences between the Esch. coli groups and the endotoxin
group. These differences were probably due to differences in kinetics, composition
and amounts of different cytokines released in the mammary gland and subsequently
absorption into the circulation. Endotoxin is probably not directly responsible for
the systemic changes during coliform mastitis.
Milk ejection in dairy cows at different degrees of udder filling
Authors: BRUCKMAIER RUPERT M. , HILGER MONIKA
Published: July 2002

Occurrence of milk ejection and course of milk removal were investigated in 18 dairy cows at milking intervals of 4, 8 and 12 h in early, mid or late lactation. Milk ejection occurred fastest in early lactation at a milking interval of 12 h and was delayed at short milking intervals and in late lactation. Storage capacity of the udder was estimated and the actual milk yields of experimental milkings were calculated as a percentage of storage capacity, i.e. degree of udder filling. It was shown that the occurrence of milk ejection after the start of teat stimulation is a function of udder filling. The relationship between the degree of udder filling and the delay from the start of milking until commencement of milk ejection followed a linear regression curve. Changes in occurrence and course of milk ejection have to be considered in practical milking, mainly in late stages of lactation and after short milking intervals. In automatic milking systems where variable and sometimes extremely short milking intervals occur, the duration of pre-milking udder preparation should be adapted to the expected milk yield at each individual milking procedure.
Spatial and temporal expression of insulin-like growth factor-I,
insulin-like growth factor-II and the insulin-like growth factor-I
receptor in the sheep fetal mammary gland
Authors: FORSYTH ISABEL A. , GABAI GIANFRANCO , MORGAN GEOFF
Published: July 2002

The mammary gland is an example of a tissue of epidermal origin
that
depends for the development of its characteristic morphology on underlying
mesenchymal cells. The interaction between mesenchyme and epithelium appears
to
be mediated by polypetide growth factors. In situ hybridization
has been used to
study, in the mammary gland of female sheep fetuses, the distribution of
mRNA for
the mammary mitogens, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and
the IGF-I
receptor, from 10 to 20 weeks of intrauterine life (term is ∼22 weeks).
At 10 weeks,
secondary ducts had formed from the primary duct. By week 20, the gland
had
increased in volume and complexity, showing primitive lobules embedded
in
intralobular connective tissue disposed around main ducts. IGF-I and IGF-II
mRNA were expressed in cells of the intralobular connective tissue underlying
the
epithelium, while the IGF-I receptor was expressed in epithelium. Quantitation
by
absorbance measurements showed that mRNA expression increased with pregnancy
stage for IGF-I and IGF-II, but not significantly for the IGF-I receptor,
and that
IGF-II was more highly expressed than IGF-I. A role for the IGF system
in
mediating mesenchymal–epithelial interactions in mammary development
is indicated.
Estimating the costs associated with endemic diseases of dairy cattle
Authors: BENNETT RICHARD M. , CHRISTIANSEN KATHY , CLIFTON-HADLEY RICHARD S.
Published: July 2002

A number of endemic diseases of dairy cattle cause significant losses to the dairy
industry in the mainland UK (England, Scotland and Wales), both in terms of the
reductions in output levels or wastage of resources incurred and the resource costs of
disease prevention and treatment (Esslemont & Spincer, 1993; Esslemont &
Kossaibati, 1996). Various studies have estimated the costs associated with different
diseases (Bennett, 1992). However, these studies use different methods of assessment,
relate to different populations at risk, refer to different points in time and utilize
different ways of measuring disease and valuations of the effects of disease on
production. Thus, it is difficult to use these studies for any comparative assessment
of the magnitude of output losses and resource wastage incurred as a result of
different diseases. Such information is useful in exploring both the economic
consequences of diseases and the potential benefits of research on improved disease
control (Howe, 1991; McInerney, 1996).

This paper presents analyses of the impacts on production of five endemic
diseases and conditions of dairy cattle in mainland UK: bovine viral diarrhoea
(BVD), fasciolosis, lameness, leptospirosis and mastitis (including summer mastitis).
These analyses follow from a preliminary economic study of the impacts on livestock
production of some 30 non-notifiable diseases and conditions of farm animals
(Bennett et al. 1997). The study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food in the UK, with the (eventual) aim of providing information to policy
makers that might help them to reach decisions on allocating funds to research into
livestock diseases. Full details of the analyses are available from the website address
given at the end of this paper.
Margaret de Lacy and the Hospital
of St John at Aconbury, Herefordshire
Authors: NICHOLSON H. J.
Published: July 2002

On 10 October 1216, eight days before his death, King John sent
instructions to Walter de Lacy, sheriff of Hereford, by letters
patent:

Know that for the sake of God we have conceded to Margaret de Lacy three
carucates of land to be assarted and cultivated in our forest of Aconbury, to
build there a certain religious house for the souls of William de Braose her father,
Matilda her mother and William her brother. And we instruct you to assign those
three carucates of land in the aforesaid forest to the same Margaret.

For the historian of King John, this concession indicates that the king was
at last prepared to restore to his favour the Braoses and the Lacys, Welsh
Marcher lords and barons of Ireland, who had spectacularly fallen from favour in 1208.
Yet for the historian of the military orders and of
monastic orders in general, it marks the beginning of a relationship
between a patron and a religious house which gives a valuable insight into
how that relationship could go badly wrong.
Compressibility effects in a turbulent annular mixing layer. Part 2. Mixing of a passive scalar
Authors: FREUND JONATHAN B. , MOIN PARVIZ , LELE SANJIVA K.
Published: July 2002

The mixing of fuel and oxidizer in a mixing layer between high-speed streams is
important in many applications, especially air-breathing propulsion systems. The
details of this process in a turbulent annular mixing layer are studied with direct
numerical simulation. Convective Mach numbers of the simulations range from
Mc = 0.1 to Mc = 1.8. Visualizations
of the scalar field show that at low Mach
numbers large intrusions of nearly pure ambient or core fluid span the mixing region,
whereas at higher Mach numbers these intrusions are suppressed. Increasing the Mach
number is found to change the mixture fraction probability density function from
non-marching to marching and the mixing efficiency from 0.5 at Mc = 0.1 to 0.67 at
Mc = 1.5. Scalar concentration fluctuations and the axial velocity fluctuations become
highly correlated as the Mach number increases and a suppressed role of pressure in
the axial momentum equation is found to be responsible for this. Anisotropy of scalar
flux increases with Mc, and is explained via the suppression of transverse turbulence
lengthscale.
The rate of spreading in spin coating
Authors: WILSON S. K. , HUNT R. , DUFFY B. R.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we reconsider the fundamental problem of the centrifugally driven
spreading of a thin drop of Newtonian fluid on a uniform solid substrate rotating
with constant angular speed when surface-tension and moving-contact-line effects
are significant. We discuss analytical solutions to a number of problems in the case
of no surface tension and in the asymptotic limit of weak surface tension, as well
as numerical solutions in the case of weak but finite surface tension, and compare
their predictions for the evolution of the radius of the drop (prior to the onset of
instability) with the experimental results of Fraysse & Homsy (1994) and Spaid &
Homsy (1997). In particular, we provide a detailed analytical description of the no-surface-tension and weak-surface-tension asymptotic solutions. We demonstrate that,
while the asymptotic solutions do indeed capture many of the qualitative features of
the experimental results, quantitative agreement for the evolution of the radius of the
drop prior to the onset of instability is possible only when weak but finite surface-tension effects are included. Furthermore, we also show that both a fixed- and a
specific variable-contact-angle condition (or ‘Tanner law’) are capable of reproducing
the experimental results well.
Motion and expansion of a viscous vortex ring. Part 1. A higher-order asymptotic formula for the velocity
Authors: FUKUMOTO YASUHIDE , MOFFATT H. K.
Published: July 2002

A large-Reynolds-number asymptotic solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is
sought for the motion of an axisymmetric vortex ring of small cross-section embedded
in a viscous incompressible fluid. In order to take account of the influence of elliptical
deformation of the core due to the self-induced strain, the method of matched of matched
asymptotic expansions is extended to a higher order in a small parameter
ε = (v/Γ)1/2, where v is the kinematic viscosity of fluid and
Γ is the circulation. Alternatively, ε is regarded as a
measure of the ratio of the core radius to the ring radius, and our
scheme is applicable also to the steady inviscid dynamics.

We establish a general formula for the translation speed of the ring valid up to third
order in ε. This is a natural extension of Fraenkel–Saffman's first-order formula, and
reduces, if specialized to a particular distribution of vorticity in an inviscid fluid, to
Dyson's third-order formula. Moreover, it is demonstrated, for a ring starting from an
infinitely thin circular loop of radius R0, that viscosity acts, at third order, to expand
the circles of stagnation points of radii Rs(t) and
R˜s(t) relative to the laboratory
frame and a comoving frame respectively, and that of peak vorticity of radius
R˜p(t) as
Rs ≈ R0
+ [2 log(4R0/√vt)
+ 1.4743424] vt/R0, R˜s ≈ R0
+ 2.5902739 vt/R0, and
Rp ≈ R0
+ 4.5902739 vt/R0. The growth of the radial centroid of vorticity, linear in
time, is also deduced. The results are compatible with the experimental results of
Sallet & Widmayer (1974) and Weigand & Gharib (1997).

The procedure of pursuing the higher-order asymptotics provides a clear picture
of the dynamics of a curved vortex tube; a vortex ring may be locally regarded as a
line of dipoles along the core centreline, with their axes in the propagating direction,
subjected to the self-induced flow field. The strength of the dipole depends not only
on the curvature but also on the location of the core centre, and therefore should
be specified at the initial instant. This specification removes an indeterminacy of the
first-order theory. We derive a new asymptotic development of the Biot-Savart law
for an arbitrary distribution of vorticity, which makes the non-local induction velocity
from the dipoles calculable at third order.
The instability and breakdown of a near-wall
low-speed streak
Authors: ASAI MASAHITO , MINAGAWA MASAYUKI , NISHIOKA MICHIO
Published: July 2002

The instability of the three-dimensional high-shear layer associated with a near-wall
low-speed streak is investigated experimentally. A single low-speed streak, not unlike
the near-wall low-speed streaks in transitional and turbulent flows, is produced in
a laminar boundary layer by using a small piece of screen set normal to the wall.
In order to excite symmetric and anti-symmetric modes separately, well-controlled
external disturbances are introduced into the laminar low-speed streak through small
holes drilled behind the screen. The growth of the excited symmetric varicose mode
is essentially governed by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the in ectional velocity
profiles across the streak in the normal-to-wall direction and it can occur when the
streak width is larger than the shear-layer thickness. The spatial growth rate of
the symmetric mode is very sensitive to the streak width and is rapidly reduced as
the velocity defect decreases flowing to the momentum transfer by viscous stresses.
By contrast, the anti-symmetric sinuous mode that causes the streak meandering
is dominated by the wake-type instability of spanwise velocity distributions across
the streak. As far as the linear instability is concerned, the growth rate of the
anti-symmetric mode is not so strongly affected by the decrease in the streak width, and
its exponential growth may continue further downstream than that of the symmetric
mode. As for the mode competition, it is important to note that when the streak
width is narrow and comparable with the shear-layer thickness, the low-speed streak
becomes more unstable to the anti-symmetric modes than to the symmetric modes. It
is clearly demonstrated that the growth of the symmetric mode leads to the formation
of hairpin vortices with a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, while the
anti-symmetric mode evolves into a train of quasi-streamwise vortices with vorticity
of alternate sign.
Very, very fast wetting
Authors: JACQMIN DAVID
Published: July 2002

Just after formation, optical fibres are wetted stably with acrylate at capillary numbers
routinely exceeding 1000. It is hypothesized that this is possible because of dissolution
of air into the liquid coating. A lubrication/boundary integral analysis that includes
gas diffusion and solubility is developed. It is applied using conservatively estimated
solubility and diffusivity coefficients and solutions are found that are consistent with
industry practice and with the hypothesis. The results also agree with the claim
of Deneka, Kar & Mensah (1988) that the use of high-solubility gases to bathe
a wetting line allows significantly greater wetting speeds. The solutions indicate a
maximum speed of wetting which increases with gas solubility and with reduction in
wetting-channel diameter.
Nonlinear analysis of convection flow in a tall

vertical enclosure under non-Boussinesq conditions
Authors: SUSLOV S. A. , PAOLUCCI S.
Published: July 2002

A weakly nonlinear theory, based on the combined amplitude–multiple

timescale

expansion, is developed for the flow of an arbitrary fluid governed by
the

low-Mach-number equations. The approach is shown to be different

from the one conventionally

used for Boussinesq flows. The range of validity of the applied

analysis is discussed and

shown to be sufficiently large. Results are presented for the

natural convection flow of

air inside a closed differentially heated tall vertical cavity for a

range of temperature

differences far beyond the region of validity of the Boussinesq approximation.
The

issue of possible resonances of two different types is noted. The character
of

bifurcations for the shear- and buoyancy-driven instabilities and

their interaction is

investigated in detail. Lastly, the energy transfer mechanisms are analysed
in

supercritical regimes.
Fully developed intermittent flow in a curved tube
Authors: KOMAI YUTAKA , TANISHITA KAZUO
Published: July 2002

Fully developed intermittent flow in a strongly curved tube

was numerically simulated

using a numerical scheme based on the simpler method. Physiological pulsatile
flow

in the aorta was simulated as intermittent flow, with a waveform consisting
of a

pulse-like systolic flow period followed by a stationary diastolic period.
Numerical

simulations were carried out for the following conditions: Dean number

κ=393, frequency parameter α=4–27, curvature ratio

δ=1/2, 1/3 and 1/7, and intermittency

parameter η=0–1/2, where η is the ratio of a

systolic time to the cycle period. For

α=18 and 27 the axial-flow profile in a systolic period becomes

close to that of

a sinusoidally oscillatory flow. At the end of the systole, a region

of reversed axial

velocity appears in the vicinity of the tube wall, which is caused by

the blocking of

the flow, similar to blocked flow in a straight tube. This area is enlarged
near the

inner wall of the bend by the curvature effect. Circumferential flow

accelerated in a

systole streams into the inner corner and collides at the symmetry line,

which creates

a jet-like secondary flow towards the outer wall. The region of reversed

axial velocity

is extended to the tube centre by the secondary flow. The development of
the flow

continues during the diastolic period for α higher than 8,

and the flow does not completely dissipate, so that a residual

secondary vortex persists until the next systole.

Accordingly, the development of secondary flow in the following systolic
phase is

strongly affected by the residual vortex at the end of the previous diastolic
phase,

especially by stationary diastolic periods. Therefore, intermittent

flow in a curved tube

is strongly affected by the stationary diastolic period. For η=0 and

1/5, the induced

secondary flow in a systole forms additional vortices near the inner

wall, whereas for

η=1/3 and 1/2 additional vortices do not appear. The

characteristics of intermittent

flow in a curved tube are also strongly affected by the length of the

diastolic period, which represents a period of zero flow.
The shape, stability and breakage of pendant liquid bridges
Authors: PADDAY J. F. , PÉTRÉ G. , RUSU C. G. , GAMERO J. , WOZNIAK G.
Published: July 2002

Pendant liquid bridges are defined as pendant drops supporting

a solid axisymmetric

endplate at their lower end. The stability and shape properties of such
bridges are

defined in terms of the capillary properties of the system and of the mass
and radius

of the lower free-floating endplate. The forces acting in

the pendant liquid bridge are

defined exactly and expressed in dimensionless form. Numerical analysis
has been used

to derive the properties of a given bridge and it is shown that as

the bridge grows by

adding more liquid to the system a maximum volume is reached. At this maximum

volume, the pendant bridge becomes unstable with the length of the bridge
increasing

spontaneously and irreversibly at constant volume. Finally the bridge breaks
with the

formation of a satellite drop or an extended thread. The bifurcation and
breakage

processes have been recorded using a high-speed video camera with a digital
recording

rate of up to 6000 frames per second. The details of the shape

of the bridge bifurcation

and breakage for many pendant bridge systems have been recorded and it
is shown that

satellite drop formation after rupture is not always viscosity dependent.
Bifurcation

and breakage in simulated low gravity demonstrated that breakage was very
nearly

symmetrical about a plane through the middle of the pendant bridge.