bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring purchase decision involvement for financial services: comparison of the Zaichkowsky and Mittal scales
Authors: Foxall Gordon R. , Pallister John G.
Published: May 2004

A random sample of 308 UK consumers was used to compare two scales for the measurement of consumer involvement ‐ Zaichkowsky’s revised Personal Involvement Inventory and Mittal’s Purchase‐decision Involvement Scale ‐ in terms of internal reliability, dimensionality, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity. In general, both inventories perform well but the results raise interesting questions about the emotional versus rational structure of consumer involvement with financial services. The practical implications of the results for consumer research and the marketing of financial services are discussed.
The card centric distribution of financial services: a comparison of Japan and the UK
Authors: Worthington Steve
Published: May 2004

Considers distribution in the financial services. Financial services providers face a wide choice in the combinations of channels that they can employ to market their products. Asserts that plastic cards are increasingly replacing paper cheques and credits and have become a key channel of distribution for the money transmission services. Continues by reviewing the possible advantages of chip‐based plastic payment cards. Discusses how they would allow all the different payment functions to be held on one piece of plastic and, therefore, provide complete financial management for the cardholder. Considers the adoption of plastic cards in the card centric countries of Japan and the UK.
Critical success factors for various strategies in the banking industry
Authors: Chen Tser‐yieth
Published: May 2004

Applies the critical success factor (CSF) approach to identify the appropriate CSFs underlying three types of strategy in the banking industry. The empirical results of this paper show that the various strategies adopted have a significant effect on factors determining success and that the mean importance of CSFs varies among the various strategies. The result of a factor analysis suggests four composite CSFs: bank operation management ability, developing bank trademarks ability, bank marketing ability, and financial market management ability. Further discussions and management implications are also presented.
LISU annual library statistics 1995 featuring trend analysis of UK public and academic libraries 1984‐1994
Authors: Revill Don
Published: May 2004

Reviews the latest LISU data, which cover all the library sectors up to 1993/1994. Concentrates on the main features, noting some incongruence in the statistics, and pointing out the problems involved in data collection generally. Overall, reveals a serious decline in quality.
The future of academic journals: considering the current situation in academic libraries
Authors: Sweeney Linden
Published: May 2004

Describes the current situation affecting academic publishing today by looking at the economic, sociological and technological changes that have affected the academic journal over the last 20 years. Examines the strategies that academic libraries have devised to cope with the current cancellation crisis such as electronic document delivery, resource sharing and electronic journals. Looks at alternative models of scholarly communication. Details current research and future trends and outlines areas in need of further research.
Information retrieval services: role of optical technologies
Authors: Subba Rao S.
Published: May 2004

Outlines information access through the right mixture of technologies namely, online and CD‐ROM. While mentioning the electronic databases, electronic information path and generations of online services, presents the salient features of CD‐ROMs, their cost effectiveness, database services in various subjects and select databases. Discusses the establishment of CD workstations, their networking publishing and future of optical technology.
Accessibility of information: a myth for developing countries?
Authors: Aguolu Ify E.
Published: May 2004

Discusses the importance of information to personal and national development and emphasizes that apart from access problems created by the rapid growth of information for the world’s ever‐increasing population, there are other constraints, especially in developing countries. Concludes that access to most of the world’s wealth of information will remain a myth for the developing countries until they overcome the prevailing obstacles, which include high rate of illiteracy, unawareness of the relevance of information, poverty and lack of infrastructural facilities.
Rethinking staff development in Kenya: agenda for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Wanzare Zachariah , Ward Kenneth L.
Published: May 2004

The Kenyan Government, being concerned about the quality of school education, is attempting to increase teacher effectiveness and student learning. To achieve these goals, current in‐service programs need to be improved for all head teachers and teachers. Also, the role of the head teacher in promoting relevant teacher development requires greater recognition and administrative training. Organizations such as the Kenya Education Staff Institute need to be more involved in providing up‐to‐date staff development for all educational administrators and other educators. More attention also must be paid to effective induction, internships, strategic staff placements, financing, collaboration among provider organizations, and opinions of teachers concerning in‐service needs. Head teachers can do much to improve teaching and learning by using professional formative evaluation of their teachers.
The Star Trek phenomenon: towards a typology of curricula in information management
Authors: Rowley Jennifer , Slack Frances
Published: May 2004

Uses the metaphor of Starship Enterprise to elucidate the nature of roles in information management, and as a basis for identifying some key aspects of curricula in information management. The spaceship metaphor is used as a framework to support the identification of three distinct roles: the pilot (or end‐user), the maintenance engineer (or information intermediary) and the designer (or information systems professional). Discussion of both the nature of the discipline of, and curricula in, information management must be driven from the viewpoint of both professional groups and educators associated, respectively, with information systems professionals, and information and library professionals. This article proposes an integrative framework, which in addition considers the role of the end‐user. It discusses curricula which support the development of competencies associated with the delivery of these roles. The framework also accommodates change and convergence, and notes that the roles will change with time and careers.
Preparing for primary school management: training providers, task preparation and support ‐ perceptions of new headteachers
Authors: Dunning Gerald
Published: May 2004

With reference to a recent government proposal for the introduction of qualifications for headteachers in England and Wales, presents some initial findings of research into training and preparation for primary headship. Discusses evidence derived from questionnaire response data on headteachers′ views of the adequacy of preparation and support. Indicates that the headteachers sampled held generally negative perceptions about the adequacy and availability of provision in both areas.
Total teacher effectiveness: new conception and improvement
Authors: Cheong Cheng Yin
Published: May 2004

Based on the traditional conception of teacher effectiveness, proposes three strategies for improving it: short‐term, long‐term and dynamic strategies. Argues that the dynamic strategy is preferable, but that all of them have strong limitations because they ignore the complexity of teacher effectiveness and narrow the concept to the individual teacher, particularly in a classroom context. Proposes a new conceptual framework of total teacher effectiveness, whereby the total quality of the teacher competence layer contributes to the total quality of the teacher performance layer and the latter contributes to the total quality of the student learning experience layer and then to the quality of the student learning outcomes layer. Explains that the framework suggests a holistic approach to improving teacher effectiveness with the emphasis on the improvement of whole layers of teacher competence and performance instead of fragmentary improvement of teaching behaviour. Advises that in order to ensure total layer quality and maximize teacher effectiveness, a congruence development cycle should be established within the teacher layers to ensure congruence and pursue total teacher effectiveness. Suggests that the proposed conceptual framework can provide a new direction for studying and improving teacher effectiveness in particular and school effectiveness in general.
Disease management at the system level ‐ an effective way to improve health care
Authors: Svensk Ulrika
Published: May 2004

The disease management approach to improving health care, at the system as well as the hospital level, has proved to be very powerful, producing unprecedented results in reducing costs while improving quality of care and patient satisfaction. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG), working with a variety of leading managed care providers and pharmaceutical clients, has pioneered the development and dissemination of the disease management concept. Defines the disease management approach and outlines how it differs from the traditional component management approach. Also describes the key elements of disease management, characteristics to look for in a candidate disease, and results achieved so far. Finally, discusses the three strategic roles a health‐care player can take in disease management.
The Use of NUDIST, a Computerized Analytical Tool, to Support
Qualitative Information Systems Research
Authors: Rouse Anne , Dick Martin
Published: May 2004

Discusses the use of software tools to support qualitative information
systems research, and provides a practical example of how one tool,
NUDIST, was used in a recent empirical study. Argues that greatest
benefit can be gained from software tools when their use is based on
sound theory of qualitative research. The analysis for the study was
built on the concept of grounded theory, which was developed in 1967 and
extended in 1984. Describes the processes involved in the particular
research, and the way NUDIST was used to support these processes. Aims
to illustrate how tools like NUDIST enhance the researcher′s
capabilities, and allow much deeper, and more reflective analysis of the
qualitative material generated by the research.
The Realizability of the Potential Benefits of Intelligent
Vehicle‐highway Systems
Authors: Wigan Marcus R.
Published: May 2004

Intelligent vehicle‐highway systems (IVHS) combine computing, sensors
and telecom‐munications to deliver a more effective road/vehicle system
for freight and passenger vehicles. Many of these technologies involve
surveillance of the location and behaviour of identified vehicles and/or
people, and the collation of such data for further use. These and other
aspects of IVHS technologies raise concerns among the community, and
have delayed the adoption of some systems. Outlines IVHS systems, and
considers strategies for their introduction. The ownership and use of
data collected in the course of IVHS operations is shown to present
opportunities relating to revenue‐collection and law‐enforcement, on the
one hand, and public acceptability problems, on the other. There are
growing links with large‐scale data transmission facilities such as the
US National Information Initiative (NII) and the equivalent massive
interactive data networks developing elsewhere. Major errors in the
implementation of early elements of IVHS may make it extremely difficult
to deploy further elements. Argues that adoption of a number of
principles could safeguard the potential benefits at an acceptable
social cost.
Social Choice about Privacy: Intelligent Vehicle‐highway Systems in the
United States
Authors: Agre Philip E. , Harbs Christine A.
Published: May 2004

Broad coalitions of companies, governments, and research institutions in
several countries are currently designing massive electronic
infrastructures for their roadways. Known collectively as intelligent
vehicle‐highway systems (IVHS), these technologies are intended to ease
toll collection and commercial vehicle regulation, provide drivers with
route and traffic information, improve safety and ultimately support
fully automated vehicles. Although many aspects of IVHS are uncertain,
some proposed designs require the system to collect vast amounts of data
on individuals′ travel patterns, thus raising the potential for severe
invasions of privacy. To make social choices about IVHS, it is necessary
to reason about potentials for authoritarian uses of an IVHS
infrastructure in the hypothetical future. Yet such reasoning is
difficult, often veering towards Utopian or dystopian extremes. To help
anchor the privacy debate, places IVHS privacy concerns in an
institutional context, offering conceptual frameworks to discuss the
potential interactions between IVHS technologies and the computer design
profession, standards‐setting bodies, marketing organizations, the legal
system and government administrative agencies.
Quality management in action
Authors: Hofmann Hubert F. , Geiger Johannes
Published: May 2004

Begins by defining the quality of a software system in terms of its
fitness for use, and goes on to outline the idea of dynamic quality
management (DQM), which is based on a quality triangle. Describes a
strategy of achieving software quality by using the software‐technical
dimension and the organizational dimension. To take both dimensions into
account, DQM suggests three dimensional links – quality
principles, action programmes and measurement schemata. Demonstrates
these ideas using a case study of a Swiss bank, and presents selected
findings of the study.
Integrating groupware technology into a business process
improvement framework
Authors: Kock Nereu F. , McQueen Robert J.
Published: May 2004

Much of the evaluative research on groupware in organizations so
far has been preoccupied with the role of groupware as a new interaction
medium to replace or extend face‐to‐face communication in groups. It has
focused on gains and losses from a group interaction point of view,
typically disregarding the impact of other functions such as group
access, and contribution to information concerning the organization.
Attempts to bridge this gap with an action research into the effects of
the introduction of an asynchronous groupware system to support business
process improvement groups in a service company based in Brazil. The
research suggests that improvements in business redesign efficiency and
effectiveness can be attained not only from asynchronous groupware
support to group communication, but also from public sharing of
historical information about previous business process improvement
efforts, and by providing a repository of information about business
processes which could be candidates for improvement. Concludes with the
proposal of an explanatory model, describing the relationship between
the introduction of technology, its integration with a business process
improvement meta‐process, and its effects on the efficiency and
effectiveness of that meta‐process.
Can consumers be predicted or are they unmanageable?
Authors: Richardson Bareham Jonathan
Published: May 2004

This paper examines how well theories of consumer behaviour allow prediction of the consumption of tourism and hospitality products and services. Given the changing demographic and psychographic profile of consumers in the UK, it is proposed that a multitude of theoretical paradigms may be necessary to explain different aspects of consumer behaviour in different contexts. Post‐modern concepts of hyper‐reality and simulation have particular but limited application to understanding of the hospitality or tourism consumer. It is concluded that ideas derived from relationship marketing offer the most potential for producers of hospitality and tourism products and services. These include continuous re‐invention of the product, and the development of lasting and trusting relationships between supplier and consumer. Technological innovations can support relationship building.
Travel Inn: everything you want for a good night's sleep – 100 per cent satisfaction guarantee or your money back
Authors: McCaskey David , Symes Stuart
Published: May 2004

In the UK, following a period of exponential growth, the budget hotel market is maturing. In the classic product/service lifecycle model, this phase of development in a market is usually associated with strategies which engender strong brand loyalty; which strengthen and underpin market share; which develop competitive relative positioning and which serve to emphasize, via differentiation, unique brand benefits or propositions. This paper considers the strategies of Whitbread Travel Inn who, as the market leader, launched their 100 per cent Good Night satisfaction guarantee (or your money back) across the brand in 2001. To begin with a review of the budget hotel market is undertaken. This is followed by an analysis of the achievements of the guarantee over its first 18 months of operation, and consideration of the training approach that inculcated a new mind‐set within the organization. The paper concludes by reiterating the successes achieved and celebrates an award winning performance.
What makes hotel values in the UK? A hedonic valuation model
Authors: Roubi Sherif , Litteljohn David
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this paper is to develop a hedonic valuation model for hotel properties in the UK. Regression and hotel property transactions in the UK between 1996 and 2002 are used to estimate a value equation that predicts property values and reveals value drivers in the UK. Results are compared to a US study and are found to be similar. It was confirmed in both studies that physical facilities and local economic conditions are significant in explaining value and they both had positive relationship with sale prices. The size of the property, economic conditions, recreational facilities and year of sale explained 73 percent of hotel values where meeting and banqueting facilities, chain affiliation, food and beverage operations and location only explained 27 percent of total value.
Questioning the myth of the Chinese learner
Authors: Nield Kevin
Published: May 2004

This paper considers the learning, teaching and assessment preferences of the Chinese learner in the context of distance learning. To do this a literature search of the teaching, learning and assessment preferences of Chinese students was conducted. The search indicated that there are several possible differences. These are that Chinese students are rote learners who have distinct preferences for certain methods of teaching, learning and assessment, and have a different view of the role of the teacher. In order to test this, a qualitative questionnaire covering these issues was completed by 25 Hong Kong Chinese students who are studying distance learning courses offered at the School of Sport and Leisure Management, Sheffield Hallam University. From the research the paper concludes that there are educational differences that must be addressed if Chinese students are to reach their full potential on distance learning courses offered by UK universities.
International tourism networks
Authors: Morrison Alison , Lynch Paul , Johns Nick
Published: May 2004

Much of tourism development is predicated on the successful working of organisations alignment in the form of partnerships or “networks”. However, tourism networks have been relatively neglected as an area of academic study. This paper presents findings of research focusing on international tourism networks and draws out learning points from the examination of relatively successful examples. A review of relevant literature considers the definition and description of networks, their benefits, and identifiable success factors, and the research methodology applied is described. Discussion follows as to the main functions and benefits of tourism networks in relation to learning and exchange, business activity, and community. Key issues that emerge include: structure and leadership, resourcing, engagement of participants, inter‐organisational learning, and sustainability. The paper concludes by identifying significant success factors and consequential management implications with specific references to tourism destinations as learning communities.
Prophylaxis, Not Diagnosis and Cure
Authors: Ingold Tony , Worthington Trevor
Published: May 2004

Sets out the process used by Land Rover to change from a company which
was losing market share into the world leader once again in four –
wheel drive vehicles. The company has enhanced the philosophy of Total
Quality Improvement, being management led and democratic and thus
accepted by the work force. Outlines the methods, tools and techniques
used by Land Rover. Suggests that some of these are applicable to the
hospitality industry.
Practical food and beverage training in the UK
Authors: Baker Michael , Cattet Ann , Riley Michael
Published: May 2004

Describes a research study into the use of practical food and
beverage facilities – the teaching restaurant and production
kitchen – in undergraduate degree courses in hospitality
management. Discusses the priority placed on the possession and use of
these facilities and their relevance.
Money isn’t everything … or is it? A preliminary research study into money as a motivator in the licensed house sector
Authors: Meudell Karen , Rodham Karen
Published: May 2004

The aims of this paper are to consider the role of money as a motivator for managers and staff in the licensed house sector of the hospitality industry and to consider the implications of the findings from both an academic and an industry viewpoint. As part of a one‐day training event, a pilot study was undertaken with 57 managers and employees of an independent public house operator in an attempt to establish what makes people work and what makes them work harder. The research was then transposed into an academic context and related to underlying theories and research studies. Initial findings indicate that the traditional approaches to motivation do not necessarily apply to this particular industry sector. There are marked differences between managers and staff and these differences appear to be influenced by demographics and level in the organisation.
“This Total Quality Business”
Authors: Choppin Jon
Published: May 2004

Discusses Total Quality and TQM through an imagined dialogue between the
chief executive of Muddle Manufacturing Ltd and a well‐known protagonist
of common sense.
Recovery from Customer Service Shortfalls
Authors: Bailey Diane
Published: May 2004

Identifies ways in which customer satisfaction may be eroded and
outlines how staff and managers can be prepared to deal effectively with
customer complaints. Suggests a ten‐stage approach for front‐line staff
who may need to deal with customer’s complaints.
TQM – Let’s Get Excited!
Authors: Choppin Jon
Published: May 2004

Sees TQM as embodying a dream of complete success. Gives 16 principles
which together describe TQM and adds the excitement of those who
appreciate these principles as the most important ingredient.
TQM in service design
Authors: McManus John J. , Hutchinson Iain
Published: May 2004

Looks at definitions of quality in the literature and their appropriateness to TQM in service industries. Discusses the opinions of leading proponents on the cost of quality, the nature of “service”, the measurement of service quality and the importance of leadership in service design. Describes Zeithaml et al.’s model for measuring service performance.
Indaba on quality ‐ a South African challenge overcome
Authors: Hughes Malcolm
Published: May 2004

Explains how US‐based consulting firm, Philip Crosby Associates, encouraged workers at its South Africa operations to become more involved in the smooth running of the company. States that this was a difficult task having to solve problems such as apartheid and social and cultural differences, but was done in order to aid successful ongoing activity. Concludes that this has resulted in improved communications with clients, better teamwork and improved labour relations without the need to invest in additional labour, raw materials or facilities.
Deming’s system of profound knowledge and the World Cup
Authors: Ho Samuel K.
Published: May 2004

In Deming’s system of profound knowledge, he found out that a problem is largely the result of “common causes” (at around 94 per cent) rather than “special causes”. Analysis of the potential causes and identification of the single one that ultimately relates to the problem is the crux of problem solving. Applies Deming’s System of Profound Knowledge to demonstrate how we can learn to solve problems. In the semi‐final of the soccer World Cup Finals 1990, England lost to West Germany in the penalty shoot‐out. The Italian team had the similar experience when they lost to Brazil in the World Cup final 1994. In an attempt to find the possible causes of defeats, identifies the common cause (due to the training system) for the outcome. These two examples illustrate the effectiveness of the problem‐solving method developed from Deming’s idea in identifying the common cause of a problem.
Managing pollution efforts: how to turn pollution into profits ‐ part 2
Authors: Denton D. Keith
Published: May 2004

Examines how the environment can be used as a competitive weapon in business in relation to customer loyalty. Indicates how managers deal with this issue by means of the results of a questionnaire on pollution management. Concludes that there is enormous potential for profit in this field, not only for the company but also for the environment.
Effective performance management ‐ the teamwork approach considered
Authors: Ingram Hadyn , McDonnell Brenda
Published: May 2004

Explores way in which firms can improve service performance through people. Analyses the nature and characteristics of teamworking and ways in which performance can be measured and benchmarked. Suggests possible approaches to the management of performance in the future.
Voice recognition software programs: are they right for you?
Authors: Attaran Mohsen
Published: May 2004

The increasing power of PCs, in particular, the advances in Pentium III and the AMD‐K6 with 3DNow technology have boosted speech recognition. Decades of research and development have yielded impressive results. The new generation of speech recognition software programs turns spoken phrases, paragraphs, and punctuation in to text at a conversational pace. This article reviews advantages and disadvantages of these programs.
The Importance of a Network Disaster Recovery Plan
Authors: Fitzgerald Kevin J.
Published: May 2004

Network disaster recovery plans (DRPs) are just emerging as a business
issue. The need to make contingency plans in case of a computer
disaster, or major disruptions to the network, is a vital part of
corporate strategy. Discusses the roles that users, IT management and
staff must play. Identifies users as responsible directly for the
problem of security and for establishing the levels of security; whereas
IT management staff must be responsible for the availability of IT.
Highlights what measures can be taken to set up network DRPs, although
advises against too complex strategies and plans, and emphasizes
easy‐to‐maintain strategies. Concludes that a corporate policy must be
developed to accommodate all the changes needed in selecting an
appropriate DRP.
Some limitations of web of trust models
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: May 2004

The “web of trust” is one approach to the problem of trusted exchange of public keys in a public key security system. In a web of trust, individuals accept the bulk of the responsibility for identifying and authenticating each other and subsequently swapping their keys. This trust model is supported by some commercial products and some industry standards. The main alternative is the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) where key holders are identified and authenticated by third‐party Certification Authorities (CAs). Rather than personally swapping keys, participants in a PKI obtain one another’s public keys from one or more CAs in the form of digital certificates. These two trust models have, for some time, been vying for selection internationally in both policy and commercial forums. In Australia, the debate has been spurred on by recent deliberations over the possible form of a national peak authentication body, and by spirited discussion of the privacy impacts of a national hierarchy. There appears to be a view emerging that a web of trust might be easier to constitute than a hierarchy and that it may be inherently less intrusive. On closer inspection, however, these promises prove to be unfounded. This paper discusses certain limitations of any web of trust model, with particular reference to scalability, uniform standards of identification, auditability, and the protection of personal identification data.
Evaluating engineering consultants' general capabilities during the pre‐selection process – a Hong Kong study
Authors: Ng S. Thomas , Chow Lai‐Kit
Published: May 2004

Consultant pre‐selection is an essential process to distinguish capable candidates before they are invited to submit their technical and fee proposals for consultancy assignments. Despite that, many clients have their own criteria and emphasis, and this could result in discrepancies in pre‐selection decisions. The aim of this paper is to devise a more objective framework for evaluating consultants' general capabilities during the pre‐selection process. The paper begins by identifying the commonly used criteria for pre‐selecting engineering consultants. In order to examine the importance of consultant pre‐selection criteria (CPC), a questionnaire survey has been conducted with clients who are responsible for pre‐selecting their consultants; and consultants being pre‐selected by the clients. The findings reveal that the perception of the client and consultant groups on the importance of CPC was very consistent. Finally, a multi‐criteria model for evaluating consultants' general capabilities during the pre‐selection is proposed. Based on each candidate score, clients can determine which engineering consultants should be invited to bid for a consultancy assignment.
Balancing fee and quality in two envelope fee bidding
Authors: Drew Derek S. , Tang Sandy L.Y. , Lui Christine K.
Published: May 2004

Consultant commissions in two envelope fee bidding are awarded on the basis of fee and quality (i.e. technical score). Consultants' fees and technical score are combined using a pre‐designated formulation and predetermined weightings to form a total score. Procurers seem to be having difficulties with existing formulations in controlling the extent to which two envelope fee competitions are dominated by fees. This is because, in most cases, fees vary more than technical scores and the predetermined weightings applied are not sufficient to correct the variability imbalance. The analysis in this paper shows that in fee dominant competitions lower fee‐lower technical scoring consultants are more likely to be successful in winning commissions. The analysis shows that this can be corrected by balancing fees and technical score. Although procurers are likely to pay higher fees when balancing fees and technical scores they normally benefit from getting higher technical scoring consultants.
An open framework for corporate strategy in construction
Authors: Cheah Charles Y.J. , Garvin Michael J.
Published: May 2004

A new conceptual model for corporate strategy in the construction industry is presented that is derived from two principal inputs. First, the fundamental components of the model are based upon observations drawn from an empirical study of 24 international firms competing in global engineering and construction markets. Second, the accumulated intellect of different strategic theories developed over four decades of strategic management research helps to fortify the model with theoretical propositions and establish linkages among the model's basic components. The proposed model is comprised of seven strategic fields, two organizational mechanisms and a boundary notion that divides a firm's internal setting from its external environment. The model's development leads to two central propositions: strategic fields and organizational mechanisms should function as variables to react with external dynamics, and the interaction of these variables consequently promotes higher order differentiation factors that will enhance the strategic outlook of a firm.
Total quality management in Australian contracting organisations: pre‐conditions for successful implementation
Authors: Love Peter E.D. , Edwards David J. , Sohal Amrik
Published: May 2004

Total quality management (TQM) is widely recognised as an enabler for performance improvement in the construction industry. This paper presents empirical findings from eight contracting organisations that have adopted TQM practices in response to competitive and environmental pressures. Using the NIES “How To” model developed by the Australian Government's National Industry Extension Scheme, the paper describes pragmatic considerations. Case study findings reveal that when implementing TQM, contractors must align their organisational culture with the objectives of their TQM program.
Downtime model development for construction equipment management
Authors: Prasad Nepal Madhav , Park Moonseo
Published: May 2004

Downtime (DT) caused by non‐availability of equipment and equipment breakdown has non‐trivial impact on the performance of construction projects. Earlier research has often addressed this fact, but it has rarely explained the causes and consequences of DT – especially in the context of developing countries. This paper presents a DT model to address this issue. Using this model, the generic factors and processes related to DT are identified, and the impact of DT is quantified. By applying the model framework to nine road projects in Nepal, the impact of DT is explored in terms of its duration and cost. The research findings highlight how various factors and processes interact with each other to create DT, and mitigate or exacerbate its impact on project performance. It is suggested that construction companies need to adopt proactive equipment management and maintenance programs to minimize the impact of DT.
Critical path determination by incorporating minimum and maximum time and distance constraints into linear scheduling
Authors: Kallantzis Alexandros , Lambropoulos Sergios
Published: May 2004

A scheduling method for determining the critical path in linear projects is presented, that takes into account maximum time and distance constraints in addition to the commonly used minimum time and distance constraints. The maximum constraints, though often present in the specifications of a project, are not considered during the planning procedure, since no method existed to enable scheduling with them. The proposed method builds on the concept of the maximum constraints and expands on the necessary background for their implementation into the schedule. The introduced critical path algorithm allows for grouping linear activities into four categories regarding their critical status and their ability to influence project duration. The method is applied to a low‐pressure pipeline construction project and the results are presented.
A comparison between the online catalog and the card catalog
Authors: Fattahi Rahmatollah
Published: May 2004

Online catalogs and card catalogs can be compared from different
perspectives and according to different criteria. An appropriate
approach in this regard is to compare the two types of catalog according
to the processes in which bibliographic records are created (the input
stage), manipulated (the storage stage) and retrieved (the output
stage). Studies the concepts underlying the input‐storage/output of
bibliographic records and reveals major differences between online
catalogs and card catalogs. These differences are multiplied and widened
when moving from input stage to output stage to such an extent that
online catalogs can be considered as a significant departure from manual
catalogs. The redesign for use in the online environment of
bibliographical standards (cataloging codes, MARC formats and ISBDs)
which are based on the concept of the card catalog should be based on
the conceptual as well as the practical differences between the online
catalog and the card catalog.
The role of the help desk in the strategic management of information systems
Authors: Marcella Rita , Middleton Iain
Published: May 2004

Draws on a recently completed British Library Research and Development‐funded project investigating key factors in help‐desk success. Describes the methodology of survey by questionnaire and case studies. Summarizes the results briefly and focusses specifically on the results which feed into a discussion of the potential of the help desk in enabling an organization or its customers to gather data on systems use, plan and implement IT development strategies and assess their impact on attitudes to IT.
The basic social processes of entrepreneurial innovation
Authors: Lowe Andy
Published: May 2004

Proposes that the understanding of innovation, as so far revealed
by academics, has only given a limited insight into what really happens
when people innovate. Previous studies have researched innovation using
perspectives and methodologies which were unable to reveal what people
actually do when they are innovating. This is because these other
studies have chosen a level of analysis which is too far removed from
the activities carried out by innovators. To examine innovators more
closely a “grounded theory” approach has been used. By using
a combination of participant observation, individual and focus group
interviews, over an extended period of time, the detail of the
innovator′s behaviour has been revealed. These insights are known as
basic social processes which reflect the ideologies, beliefs, and values
which drive innovators. The three basic social processes revealed by
this research are, ambiguity, transformation and reflexivity. Although the context of these research findings is situated in a
Swedish opera company, called Folkoperan, the findings are likely to be
of interest to anyone involved in research into innovation since basic
social processes are never limited to specific research contexts. Also
explains the nature of the unorthodox incorporation and sophisticated
relationships Folkoperan had with the financial community.
Developments in the promotion of informal venture capital in the UK
Authors: Harrison Richard , Mason Colin
Published: May 2004

Concern about the equity gap in the UK has existed for more than 60 years. Despite various government measures and institutional responses (e.g. the development of a venture capital industry) an equity gap still persists. Current debate has recognized the role of the informal venture capital market as a source of risk capital for SMEs. Argues that this market is both inefficient and underdeveloped, due largely to information deficiencies which hinder contact between potential investors and entrepreneurs seeking finance. Against this background, identifies the role of business angel networks (BANs) as a key means of stimulating the flow of informational venture capital in the UK. In particular, a government scheme to provide pump‐priming assistance to establish five local BAN demonstration projects is shown to have achieved impressive results. However, with the recent emergence of a number of private sector BANs, the continued role of government is now being questioned. Further demonstrates that public sector BANs, operating on a local scale, are filling a different market niche from that of private sector BANs, which operate predominantly on a national scale. Concludes that the top priority for policy is to ensure that all parts of the UK are served by local BANs. An appropriate way forward might be to build on experimental networking arrangements between local, public sector BANs and national, privately operated BANs.
Bank lending decisions and small firms: does size matter?
Authors: Cowling Marc , Westhead Paul
Published: May 2004

Uses survey data to examine the nature of bank lending decisions at the local branch and regional office level. In doing so considers which firm and loan characteristics explicitly affect the nature of the lending contract. The results show the smallest firms, whose lending decisions are made at local branches, face slightly higher borrowing costs, yet this is offset by the reduced likelihood of collateral being requested. Further, suggests that the high degree of control aversion exhibited by such firms acts in a detrimental way by negating many of the obvious benefits of a localized banking relationship. On interest rate margins, presents clear evidence supporting credibility and legitimacy theories, with legal status and a lengthy track record reducing margins significantly. Regarding security levels, the results suggest that local branch banks have particularly short‐term lending horizons. The penalty in terms of collateral requirements on medium‐ to long‐term loans appear quite severe. This issue needs to be addressed to ensure that small firms in the UK receive the lower cost, longer‐term finance that would facilitate the structural growth of this sector.
Structure and growth in small Hong Kong enterprises
Authors: Lau Agnes , Snell Robin
Published: May 2004

A study of 21 small‐to‐medium sized Hong Kong Chinese business organizations analysed the relationship between structural characteristics and growth patterns. Qualitative data were collected through intensive, one‐to‐one interviews conducted in Cantonese. Three propositions concerning growth and development were developed. The first proposition is that for sustained growth towards a size of 100 employees the structure may remain predominantly simple, but there must also be some elements of adhocracy or professional bureaucracy, and the strategic apex must want the company to grow. Second, for a manufacturing company to grow to a point beyond 100 employees, its predominant form must change from simple structure to machine bureaucracy. Third, for sustained, robust growth once a manufacturing company has reached well over 100 employees in size, it either requires elements of divisional form structure, or special human resourcefulness manifested as exceptionally good staff relationships and business contacts.
Ownership redirection trends in franchising
Authors: Dant Rajiv P. , Paswan Audhesh K. , Stanworth John
Published: May 2004

Franchising has long been seen as an avenue into small business. For some, it offers opportunities to build up franchise systems, as franchisors, by cloning small business success in exchange for a royalty. For many others, as franchisees, it offers opportunities for self‐employment, combining elements of the independence normally associated with self‐employment allied with the security derived from association with a tried‐and‐tested business system. However, there is an ongoing debate, the ownership redirection thesis, which suggests that franchise systems will only characteristically seek to involve franchisees in their business growth strategies during the early phases of business development. Thereafter, when finance, human capital and local market intelligence resources are no longer at a premium, the thesis predicts, franchisors will reduce their dependence on franchising with franchisees the prime casualties. Assesses the available evidence on the ownership redirection thesis and offers some fresh data on the issue.
Factors influencing family business succession
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Williams Roy W. , Nel Deon
Published: May 2004

Classifies controllable or internal factors influencing family business transitions into three groups: preparation level of the heirs, family relationships, and planning and control activities. To assess the impact of each set of factors on the ease of generational transitions and subsequent family business performance, a cross‐sectional survey was directed at owner/ managers of second‐ and third‐generation family businesses. Suggests that, in successful transitions, heirs are reasonably well‐prepared, family relationships tend to be positive, and succession planning and related control activities are relatively informal. Of these three, trust and communication in family relationships appears to have the most significant impact on transitions. Draws managerial implications and makes suggestions for ongoing research.
The cyclic fatigue behaviour of ball grid arrays
Authors: Curley A.J. , Williams K.J. , Le T. , Patel H.
Published: May 2004

This paper describes failure load analysis to predict the number of fatigue cycles required to cause adhesion failure at the thick film conductor and alumina substrate interface in ball grid array packages (BGAs). This enables prediction of the number of fatigue cycles required to lift the thick film conductor from the alumina substrate. Adhesion strength is determined by the mechanical properties of the thick‐film ink bonding mechanisms, geometry and processing conditions. The investigation is intended to increase the understanding of the adhesion properties between the thick‐film ink and the substrate in ball grid arrays.
Developing agile manufacturing in Australia
Authors: Sohal Amrik S.
Published: May 2004

Traces the development of agile manufacturing in Australia from the early 1980s to the present day. Looks at relevant projects and studies in the field such as the JITVIC program which focused on just‐in‐time manufacturing during 1985 and major studies carried out by the Australian Manufacturing Council in the early 1990s. Notes that a foundation for the development of agile manufacturing has been laid in Australia and that progress has been made by large companies. Points out, however, that smaller companies still require an initial push.
Document publishing system: A review of current issues
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: May 2004

Document publishing systems are systems that support the creation, storage and subsequent retrieval and dissemination of documents and/or document representation or metadata. They are widely used in information retrieval applications, and in particular, are important in supporting the publication of documents on CD‐ROM or the Web. The publication process involves the following stages: identify content, database set‐up, populate database, publish, process search requests and view/download original. Document publishing systems fall into two categories: those that have developed from text management systems, and those that had their origins in document creation; this gives rise to systems with different ranges of facilities in areas such as data entry and document creation, information retrieval and security. Special issues associated, respectively, with publication on CD‐ROM and through the Web are considered. Future issues for document publishing systems include workgroup publishing, hybrid publication, globalisation, integration and seamless document publishing and management, and further integration with Web server technology.
Linguistic searching versus relevance ranking: Dr‐Link and Target
Authors: Jones Kendra
Published: May 2004

Limitations of traditional Boolean searching are claimed to be overcome by two alternative search systems: DR‐LINK, a linguistic search system, and TARGET, a relevance ranking system. This paper compares the system and search features of both and describes conceptual differences in system design. A series of test questions was developed to test the retrieval effectiveness of both search systems. A controlled dataset was used to measure the results. System features are compared and discussed. Relevance overlap and search capabilities are evaluated and results are presented.