bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeted Delivery of Rab26 siRNA with Precisely Tailored DNA Prism for Lung Cancer Therapy
Authors: Liu Qian , Wang Dong , Xu Zhi , Huang Chunji , Zhang Chun , He Binfeng , Mao Chengde , Wang Guansong , Qian Hang
Published: January 2019

Programmable DNA nanostructures are a new class of biocompatible, nontoxic nanomaterials. Nevertheless, their application in the field of biomedical research is still in its infancy, especially as drug delivery vehicles for gene therapy. In this study, a GTPase Rab26 was investigated as a new potential therapeutic target using a precisely tailored DNA nanoprism for targeted lung cancer therapy. Specifically, a DNA nanoprism platform with tunable targeting and siRNA loading capability is designed and synthesized. The as‐prepared DNA prisms were decorated with two functional units: a Rab26 siRNA as the drug and MUC‐1 aptamers as a targeting moiety for non‐small cell lung cancer. The number and position of both siRNA and MUC‐1 aptamers can be readily tuned by switching two short, single‐stranded DNA. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) demonstrate that all nanoprisms with different functionalities are self‐assembled with high yield. It is also found that the cellular uptake of DNA prisms is proportional to the aptamer number on each nanoprism, and the as‐prepared DNA nanoprism show excellent anti‐cancer activities and targeting capability. This study suggests that by careful design, self‐assembled DNA nanostructures are highly promising, customizable, multifunctional nanoplatforms for potential biomedical applications, such as personalized precision therapy.
Comparison of σ‐/π‐Hole Tetrel Bonds between TH3F/F2TO and H2CX (X=O, S, Se)
Authors: Dong Wenbo , Niu Bingbo , Liu Shufeng , Cheng Jianbo , Liu Shaoli , Li Qingzhong
Published: January 2019

Several σ‐hole and π‐hole tetrel‐bonded complexes with a base H2CX (X=O, S, Se) have been studied, in which TH3F (T=C−Pb) and F2TO (T=C and Si) act as the σ‐hole and π‐hole donors, respectively. Generally, these complexes are combined with a primary tetrel bond and a weak H‐bond. Only one minimum tetrel‐bonded structure is found for TH3F, whereas two minima tetrel‐bonded complexes for some F2TO. H2CX is favorable to engage in the π‐hole complex with F2TO relative to TH3F in most cases, and this preference further expands for the Si complex. Particularly, the double π‐hole complex between F2SiO and H2CX (X=S and Se) has an interaction energy exceeding 500 kJ/mol, corresponding to a covalent‐bonded complex with the huge orbital interaction and polarization energy. Both the σ‐hole interaction and the π‐hole interaction are weaker for the heavier chalcogen atom, while the π‐hole interaction involving F2TO (T=Ge, Sn, and Pb) has an opposite change. Both types of interactions are electrostatic in nature although comparable contributions from dispersion and polarization are respectively important for the weaker and stronger interactions.
Synthesis of Thicolchicine‐Based Conjugates: Investigation towards Bivalent Tubulin/Microtubules Binders
Authors: Bonandi Elisa , Foschi Francesca , Marucci Cristina , Dapiaggi Federico , Sironi Maurizio , Pieraccini Stefano , Christodoulou Michael S. , de Asís Balaguer Francisco , Díaz J. Fernando , Zidar Nace , Passarella Daniele
Published: January 2019

Four different hybrid compounds have been efficiently synthesized by conjugation of deacetylthiocolchicine with pironetin‐inspired derivatives. The modest bioactivity and the apparent absence of interaction with α‐tubulin is explained by a posteriori in silico investigation, which suggests a relevant distance between the thiocolchicine binding site and the proper pocket on the α‐tubulin. The modest activity on resistant cells suggested that the lipophilic nature of the linker used renders the resulting compounds better substrates for p‐Gp efflux pumps. The study better clarifies the design of bivalent compounds that target hetero tubulin/microtubules.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized UiO‐66 Framework: An Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Cycloaddition of CO2 and Epoxides
Authors: Kurisingal Jintu Francis , Rachuri Yadagiri , Pillai Renjith S. , Gu Yunjang , Choe Youngson , Park Dae‐Won
Published: January 2019

A facile approach for modifying the UiO‐66‐NH2 metal–organic framework by incorporating imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) to form bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for the cycloaddition of epoxides to CO2 is reported. Methylimidazolium‐ and methylbenzimidazolium‐based IL units (ILA and ILB, respectively) were introduced into the pore walls of the UiO‐66‐NH2 framework through a condensation reaction to generate ILA@U6N and ILB@U6N catalysts, respectively. The resultant heterogeneous catalysts, especially ILA@U6N, exhibited excellent CO2 adsorption capability, which makes them effective for cycloaddition reactions producing cyclic carbonates under mild reaction conditions in the absence of any cocatalyst or solvent. The significantly enhanced activity of ILA@U6N is attributed to the synergism between the coordinately unsaturated Lewis acidic Zr4+ centers and Br− ions in the bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts. The size effect of the ILs on coupling between the epoxide and CO2 was also studied for ILA@U6N and ILB@U6N. A periodic DFT study was performed to provide evidence of possible intermediates, transition states, and pathways, as well as to gain deeper insight into the mechanism of the ILA@U6N‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between epichlorohydrin and CO2.
Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast screening tool for synthetic cannabinoids to uncover drug trafficking in jail via herbal mixtures, paper, food, and cosmetics
Authors: Metternich Sonja , Zörntlein Siegfried , Schönberger Torsten , Huhn Carolin
Published: January 2019

The greatest challenge for European drug policies is how to effectively respond to the dynamic and constantly changing market for new psychoactive substances (NPS). Even small modifications in the chemical structure of substances often allow circumventing existing laws. Also in prison, the consumption of NPS is rising and there is growing evidence that NPS are responsible for a large share of drug‐related problems. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is the technique of choice for trace analysis of illicit drugs or explosives at security points, for example airports. Currently, databases of the reduced mobility (K0) values are limited to classical drugs and should be completed with data of emerging NPS. In this article, K0 values, LODs (0.7–3.6 ng) and drift times of 25 synthetic cannabinoids were evaluated. The data were added to existing databases of IMS which were then applied for fast screening in prison. The detection capability of the portable IMS technique was evaluated by the determination of intra‐day (0.089%) and inter‐day precision (0.004% to 0.14%), systematic error (0.19%), and separation capability for structurally related NPS. The applicability of the methodology was demonstrated by the successful analysis of 12 different pieces of paper impregnated with synthetic cannabinoids, 7 different cosmetics, and 5 food samples (liquids), spiked with a mixture of narcotic drugs and a synthetic cannabinoid. In addition, 14 herbal mixtures and 36 different casework samples from prisons were analyzed provided by the State Office of Criminal Investigation Rhineland‐Palatinate (Germany).
Canopy transpiration and stand water balance between two contrasting hydrological years in three typical shrub communities on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Fang Weiwei , Lu Nan , Liu Jianbo , Jiao Lei , Zhang Yu , Wang Mengyu , Fu Bojie
Published: January 2019

Understanding the role of canopy transpiration (Tr) in restoring vegetation's water balance is crucial for sustainable water management in semiarid regions. We examined the influencing factors of Tr and quantified stand water balance of three typical shrub species used for ecological restoration on the Loess Plateau of China in two contrasting hydrological years. This study included two native species, Vitex negundo (VN) and Spiraea pubescens (SP), and one introduced species, Hippophae rhamnoides. The experiment was conducted in two consecutive primary growing seasons in 2015 and 2016, during which the annual precipitation (P) was 41.5% and 102% of the long‐term mean. The results showed that meteorological factors influenced the daily Tr primarily, and monthly Tr was mainly correlated with soil water content (SWC) in both the drier and wetter years. However, SWC's effect on Tr was more significant in the drier year. The sums of Tr and soil evaporation were significant in the three communities and accounted for 45.28–99.46% and 17.70–51.36% of the P in the drier year and wetter year, respectively. The changes in net soil water storage (ΔSW, 0–200 cm) were negative in most months in both years, with the greatest ΔSW decrease in VN in July 2015 and the greatest increase in SP in July 2016. Because of its different physiological characteristics, the introduced species maintained a relatively high Tr even in the drier year. Our results indicate that plant Tr and stand water balance should be considered in water‐limited areas to promote ecologically sustainable management.
Predictors of De Novo Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease After Liver Transplantation and Associated Fibrosis
Authors: Galvin Zita , Rajakumar Ramraj , Chen Emily , Adeyi Oyedele , Selzner Markus , Grant David , Sapisochin Gonzalo , Greig Paul , Cattral Mark , McGilvray Ian , Ghanekar Anand , Selzner Nazia , Lilly Les , Patel Keyur , Bhat Mamatha
Published: January 2019

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can occur de novo in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) for indications other than NAFLD, and it has been increasingly recognized as a complication in the post‐LT setting. This study aims to better characterize de novo NAFLD after LT by identifying risk factors for its development, describing incidence and extent of fibrosis, assessing the diagnostic utility of noninvasive serum fibrosis algorithms, and comparing survival to those without NAFLD. This was a retrospective single‐center analysis of de novo NAFLD in a post‐LT cohort. Those whose primary indication for LT was nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were excluded. Risk factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. De novo NAFLD and fibrosis were assessed on posttransplant liver biopsies, and noninvasive fibrosis scores were calculated from concomitant blood tests. After applying the exclusion criteria, 430 for‐cause post‐LT biopsies were evaluated; 33.3% (n = 143) had evidence of de novo steatosis and/or NASH at a median of 3.0 years after transplant. On multivariate analysis, body mass index (BMI; odds ratio [OR], 1.12; P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.01; P = 0.002), hepatitis C virus (OR, 4.61; P < 0.001), weight gain (OR, 1.03; P = 0.007), and sirolimus use (OR, 3.11; P = 0.02) were predictive of de novo NAFLD after LT. Significant fibrosis (≥F2) was present in almost 40% of the cohort. Noninvasive serum fibrosis scores were not useful diagnostic tests. There was no significant difference in the short‐term or longterm survival of patients who developed de novo NAFLD. In conclusion, diabetes, BMI, weight gain after LT, and sirolimus‐based immunosuppression, in keeping with insulin resistance, were the only modifiable factors associated with development of de novo NAFLD. A significant proportion of patients with de novo NAFLD had fibrosis and given the limited utility of noninvasive serum fibrosis algorithms, alternative noninvasive tools are required to screen for fibrosis in this population. There was no significant difference in the short‐term or longterm survival of patients who developed de novo NAFLD.
Supplementary food forNeoseiulus californicusboosts biological control ofTetranychus urticaeon strawberry
Authors: Vacacela Ajila Henry E , Colares Felipe , Lemos Felipe , Marques Pedro H , Franklin Eliza C , Santos do Vale Willian , Oliveira Eugênio E , Venzon Madelaine , Pallini Angelo
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

A wide range of supplementary food resources can be offered to generalist predatory mites to improve their survival and reproduction and enhance their persistence in the environment. We investigated the relative suitability of different pollen types for the survival and reproduction ofNeoseiulus californicusand its life history on a mixed diet of pollen and prey. We also evaluated the population dynamics ofTetranychus urticaein the presence ofN. californicuswith or without pollen, and in comparison toPhytoseiulus macropilis.

RESULTS

Survival and reproduction ofN. californicusadults were satisfactory on exclusive diets ofT. urticae, cattail pollen, palm pollen and bee pollen. However, mites did not reproduce when fed only pollen during both immature and adult stages. Both predatory mites successfully controlledT. urticae. Although the specialistP. macropiliswas more efficient in suppressing the pest population in the short term, it abandoned plants at low prey densities, whereasN. californicusperformed better and persisted longer under prey scarcity.

CONCLUSION

N. californicusis an efficient biological control agent ofT. urticaeand the provision of supplementary food could retain them in the crop prior to the arrival of the pest or in periods of prey scarcity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Behavioural patterns and functional responses of a generalist predator revealed using automated video tracking
Authors: Feng Yi , Li Yu‐Dan , Liu Zhi‐Guo , Yu Xing‐Lin , Zhu Guan‐Xiong , Keller Mike , Liu Tong‐Xian
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Tracking predator–prey interactions using automated image recording systems provides insights into novel patterns and mechanisms of predator–prey dynamics, thus these systems have the potential to evaluate biological control agents effectively. Using an automated video tracking system, we aimed to quantify the behavioural patterns of a generalist predatorHarmonia axyridisin response to changing prey density. The effect of intraspecific interactions on foraging efficiency was evaluated. In addition, functional response parameters were compared between the observations and model predictions.

RESULTS

The associated behavioural component of prey consumption byH. axyridiswas modified by prey density, especially for dual predator trials. Both individual and pairedH. axyridisexhibited type II functional responses and a consistent cycle of behaviour. Interestingly, intra‐specific interference did not affect overall prey consumption. Divergence between estimated and calculated functional response parameters was observed, which might due to the difficulty of separating foraging and non‐foraging activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Interference interactions betweenH. axyridisconspecifics might alter their foraging patterns; however, the outcome of prey consumption was not affected by this behaviour. In conclusion, automated video tracking systems may be used to expose the detailed foraging behaviour of predators and could be used to evaluate a wide range of natural enemies. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Eine runde Sache: Stahl‐Glas‐Tragwerke für die EXPO 2017 in Astana
Authors: Bechmann Roland , Feirabend Steffen , Winterstetter Thomas , Berger Radu‐Florin
Published: January 2019

Im Juni 2017 eröffnete die EXPO‐Weltausstellung in Astana, der Hauptstadt von Kasachstan. Die Werner Sobek Stuttgart AG (WSS) war verantwortlich für die Tragwerks‐ und Fassadenplanung der zentralen Bereiche des EXPO‐Geländes, das von AS+GG Adrian Smith Gordon Gill Architecture aus Chicago entworfen wurde. Neben diversen, organisch geformten Länder‐ und Themen‐Pavillons ist der Kasachische Pavillon ein Meilenstein der Baukunst: ein kugelförmiges, neungeschossiges Gebäude mit 80 m Durchmesser, dessen Außenhaut aus sphärisch geformtem Isolierglas besteht. Die EXPO steht ganz im Zeichen nachhaltiger Energie, daher sind seilnetzgelagerte Photovoltaik‐Verglasungen und gebäudeintegrierte Windturbinen Bestandteil dieses innovativen Bauwerks.
Zur Ertüchtigung eines Stabbogentragwerks hinsichtlich statischer und ermüdungstechnischer Belange
Authors: Romen Norbert , Steeger Michael
Published: January 2019

Die vor dem Hintergrund der Bundesgartenschau 2019 anvisierte Kapazitätserweiterung der Karl‐Nägele‐Brücke erforderte die Erweiterung und Ertüchtigung der Bestandskonstruktion. Obwohl erst im Jahr 2004 errichtet, zeigt sich insbesondere hinsichtlich der Nachweise der Betriebsfestigkeit die hier rasant stattgefundene Entwicklung der Bemessungsvorschriften gemäß den aktuellen Normenvorschriften. Die Umsetzung und Lösungsfindungen der vorgenommenen Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen werden nachfolgend anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen dargestellt und diskutiert. Insbesondere soll hier das Zusammenspiel aus normentechnischen Anforderungen und der praxistauglichen Ausführbarkeit diskutiert werden. Neben dem Vorgehen der eigentlichen Montage werden die ermüdungsgerechte Gestaltung einzelner Details sowie Fragestellungen in Zusammenhang mit dem Stabbogenhängeraustausch erörtert. Hinsichtlich der Vermeidung von Ermüdungseinwirkungen in Form von windinduzierten Schwingungsphänomenen an Stabbogenhängern wird ferner auf die Wirksamkeit von Seilverspannungen eingegangen.
Fluid description of gravity on a timelike cut-off surface: beyond Navier-Stokes equation
Authors: De Shounak , Majhi Bibhas Ranjan
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Over the past few decades, a host of theoretical evidence has surfaced that suggest a connection between theories of gravity and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation of fluid dynamics. It emerges out that a theory of gravity can be treated as some kind of fluid on a particular surface. Motivated by the work carried out by Bredberg et al. [6], our paper focuses on including certain modes to the vacuum solution which are consistent with the so called hydrodynamic scaling and discuss the consequences, one of which appear in the form of Damour Navier Stokes (DNS) equation with the incompressibility condition. We also present an alternative route to the results by considering the metric as a perturbative expansion in the hydrodynamic scaling parameter ϵ and with a specific gauge choice, thus modifying the metric. It is observed that the inclusion of certain modes in the metric corresponds to the solution of Einstein’s equations in presence of a particular type of matter in the spacetime. This analysis reveals that gravity has both the NS and DNS description not only on a null surface, but also on a timelike surface. So far we are aware of, this analysis is the first attempt to illuminate the possibility of presenting the gravity dual of DNS equation on a timelike surface. In addition, an equivalence between the hydrodynamic expansion and the near-horizon expansion has also been studied in the present context.
Identification of microbial contaminants in sinus rinse squeeze bottles used by allergic rhinitis patients
Authors: Nguyen Shaun A. , Camilon Marc P. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Ten AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were given a sinus rinse system and instructed on its proper use, cleaning, and storage. Two squeeze bottles (bottle A and bottle B) were given to each patient for twice‐a‐day rinsing. Bottle A was used in the morning and analyzed after four weeks. Bottle B was used in the evening and analyzed after 8 weeks of use. Microbial contaminants were cultured from the nose pieces and the inner surface of the bottles obtained from patients.

Results

Seventeen sinus rinse devices (17/20) from all individuals in this study grew bacteria commonly in the nozzles. Twenty‐four bacterial isolates consisting of 14 different species were cultured and identified with most common organisms being bacilli and staphylococcus. In addition, no correlation was apparent between the length of bottle use and the degree of contamination (r = 0.13, p = 0.76). During the study period, no patient developed acute sinus infections.

Conclusion

Microbial contamination of the sinus rinse system occurs commonly, even in uninfected AR patients; however no evidence exists linking this to clinically relevant sinus infections.

Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01030146.
The Mars Anthropocene
Authors: Fair�n Alberto
Published: January 2019

The idea of sending people to Mars has captured the public imagination, but have we fully considered how our presence will alter the planet?
New Horizons Sends First Looks of 2014 MU69
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: January 2019

Explore 10 things scientists have already learned about the most distant object visited by a spacecraft from Earth.
Lander Gives First Look at Moon’s Farside
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: January 2019

The mission aims to explore this relatively unstudied hemisphere and learn about its age, composition, and geologic history.
Architecture, substructures, and dynamic assembly of STRIPAK complexes in Hippo signaling
Authors: Tang Yang , Chen Min , Zhou Li , Ma Jian , Li Yehua , Zhang Hui , Shi Zhubing , Xu Qi , Zhang Xiaoman , Gao Ziyang , Zhao Yun , Cheng Yunfeng , Jiao Shi , Zhou Zhaocai
Published: January 2019

Striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAKs) are evolutionarily conserved supramolecular complexes, which have been implicated in the Hippo signaling pathway. Yet the topological structure and dynamic assembly of STRIPAK complexes remain elusive. Here, we report the overall architecture and substructures of a Hippo kinase-containing STRIPAK complex. PP2Aa/c-bound STRN3 directly contacts the Hippo kinase MST2 and also controls the loading of MST2 via two “arms” in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, one arm being STRIP1 and the other SIKE1-SLMAP. A decreased cell density triggered the dissociation of the STRIP1 arm from STRIPAK, reflecting the dynamic assembly of the complex upon sensing upstream signals. Crystallographic studies defined at atomic resolution the interface between STRN3 and SIKE1, and that between SIKE1 and SLMAP. Disrupting the complex assembly abrogated the regulatory effect of STRIPAK towards Hippo signaling. Collectively, our study revealed a “two-arm” assembly of STRIPAK with context-dependent dynamics, offering a framework for further studies on Hippo signaling and biological processes involving MST kinases.
Reversible intercalation and exfoliation of layered covalent triazine frameworks for enhanced lithium ion storage
Authors: Zhu Yuanzhi , Chen Xifan , Cao Yaqi , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Zhang GuoLiang , Zhang Fengbao , Fan Xiaobin
Published: January 2019

Layered covalent triazine frameworks can be exfoliated into 1–2 layered nanosheets via acid–base intercalation and subsequent oxidation exfoliation to obtain much improved specific capacitance and rate performance for Li ion battery anode.
Effect of particle packing and density on shock response in ordered arrays of Ni + Al nanoparticles
Authors: Xiong Yongnan , Li Xiaofan , Xiao Shifang , Deng Huiqiu , Huang Bowen , Zhu Wenjun , Hu Wangyu
Published: January 2019

We investigate the shock response of Ni + Al reactive nanoparticle systems through molecular dynamics simulations.
The impact of different levels of cysteine on the plasma metabolomics and intestinal microflora of sows from late pregnancy to lactation
Authors: Ding Sujuan , Fang Jun , Liu Gang , Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan , Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi , Yin Yulong
Published: January 2019

What level of cysteine is better to maintain the health status of sows during late pregnancy?
Realizing a highly luminescent perovskite thin film by controlling the grain size and crystallinity through solvent vapour annealing
Authors: Chin Sang-Hyun , Choi Jin Woo , Woo Hee Chul , Kim Jong H. , Lee Hong Seok , Lee Chang-Lyoul
Published: January 2019

The photo-physical properties of halide perovskite films, photoluminescence intensity, and emission peak are controlled through solvent vapour annealing.
Resonant spin wave excitation in magnetoplasmonic bilayers using short laser pulses
Authors: Kolodny Stanislav , Yudin Dmitry , Iorsh Ivan
Published: January 2019

We suggest a new method for resonant optical excitation in a prototypical bilayer composed of a noble metal (Au) with grating and a ferromagnetic thin film of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) via a frequency comb.
SurE is a trans-acting thioesterase cyclizing two distinct non-ribosomal peptides
Authors: Matsuda Kenichi , Kobayashi Masakazu , Kuranaga Takefumi , Takada Kentaro , Ikeda Haruo , Matsunaga Shigeki , Wakimoto Toshiyuki
Published: January 2019

A new stand-alone thioesterase, SurE, is capable of offloading two different NRPS assembly lines to generate two structurally unrelated cyclopeptides.
Metal-free aza-Claisen type ring expansion of vinyl aziridines: an expeditious synthesis of seven membered N-heterocycles
Authors: Singh Deepak , Ha Hyun-Joon
Published: January 2019

A metal-free approach for the synthesis of 7-membered aza-heterocycles has been developed by the intermolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition of non-activated vinylaziridines and alkynes.
Triplet excitons: improving exciton diffusion length for enhanced organic photovoltaics
Authors: Luppi Bruno T. , Majak Darren , Gupta Manisha , Rivard Eric , Shankar Karthik
Published: January 2019

Organic materials containing heavy atoms have been used in photovoltaics to overcome a fundamental limitation: short exciton diffusion length (LD). We highlight studies showing increased LD in solar cells using triplet-generating materials and tackle challenges that the field faces with possible avenues for future research.
A prospective material for the highly selective extraction of lithium ions based on a photochromic crowned spirobenzopyran
Authors: Li Enze , Kang Jin , Ye Peiyuan , Zhang Weijie , Cheng Fangqin , Yin Caixia
Published: January 2019

The recovery of lithium from salt lake brines with a high Mg/Li ratio continues to be a challenge due to the very similar ionic properties of Li+ and Mg2+ in aqueous solutions.
Rotor position tolerant detection method for SRM drive system with misaligned position sensors
Authors: Han Guoqiang , Chen Hao , Guan Guorui
Published: January 2019

Accurate rotor position is necessary for the control of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). Generally, three position sensors are ideally installed 120 electrical degrees apart for three‐phase SRMs. However, the placement of position sensors may be inaccurate, particularly in small‐size SRMs, and there is no method reported to deal with this problem up to now. Firstly, the position signals and the influence of the misaligned sensors on the detected rotor position are investigated. Then a novel method is developed to identify the misaligned position sensors with dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. The DTW distance versus the misaligned angle is calculated, and the relationship between them is described with linear regression analysis algorithm. Then the rotor position tolerant detection method is realised by compensating the misaligned angle in real time. Finally, comparative experiments are carried out on a three‐phase 12/8 SRM drive system, and it can be found that the proposed strategy is capable of providing an accurate rotor position for the SRM drive system. The presented method is easy for online implementation and can be integrated into the control system conveniently.
Inhibition of iron loss of the inner yoke in electromagnetic linear actuator
Authors: Dai Jianguo , Zhao Zhiguo , Xu Shanzhen , Wang Cheng , Zhu Jianhui , Fan Xinyu
Published: January 2019

The iron loss of inner yoke accounts for the majority of iron loss of an electromagnetic linear actuator (ELA). Therefore, the reduction of iron loss of inner yoke is of great importance to the reduction of iron loss of the whole ELA. This study investigates the formation mechanism and distribution law of ELA iron loss and proposes a reduction scheme by arranging groove structures in the inner yoke. The direction of groove arranged in inner yoke was determined based on the formation mechanism of inner yoke iron loss. Through simulation and calculation based on finite‐element model of electromagnetic field, the authors investigated the effects of the number of grooves as well as groove width on the iron loss and performance of ELA. The optimal grooving scheme of ELA was determined by comprehensive analysis and analytic hierarchy process. Finally, block and static force tests were carried out based on ELA prototype. It was found that the simulation results were consistent with test results, indicating the accuracy of the simulation model.
Modified model predictive torque control for a PMSM‐drive with torque ripple minimisation
Authors: Sandre‐Hernandez Omar , Rangel‐Magdaleno Jose de Jesus , Morales‐Caporal Roberto
Published: January 2019

This paper presents an improved model predictive torque control (MPTC) scheme for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). In conventional finite set model predictive control (FS‐MPC), the optimal voltage space vector (VSV) is selected for application in the voltage source inverter (VSI) by the evaluation and minimisation of a cost function; however, the application of a single VSV in the whole control cycle leads to a relatively high torque ripple and a high sampling time is necessary to overcome this issue. In order to reduce these shortcomings without sacrificing torque reaction performance, a modified MPTC is proposed. First, in order to reduce the computational burden, a switching table is introduced for a reduction in the selection of the possible VSVs; further, to reduce the torque ripple, the duty cycle optimisation of a subset of VSVs available from the VSI is performed. The conventional FS‐MPC and the proposed control scheme are implemented using a field programmable gate array, and are experimentally compared in terms of torque and flux ripple, current harmonics, and computational effort.
Radar target detection method based on cross‐correlation singularity power spectrum
Authors: Xiong Gang , Xi Caiping , He Jin , Yu Wenxian
Published: January 2019

Recently, radar target detection based on fractal theory has received great attention. Especially in the sea clutter background, fractal modelling, fractal dimension, and multifractal spectrum are widely used in radar signal processing. Here, a novel target detection method based on cross‐correlation singularity power spectrum (CSPS) is proposed. Firstly, the CSPS theory and algorithm is derived based on SPS; secondly, based on the SPS and CSPS analysis of radar sea clutter, radar target detection parameters are designed, and the detection flow and algorithm based on the CSPS method is presented in detail. The proposed methodology is tested on sea clutter, both with and without targets, from the Ice Multi‐parameter Imaging X‐Band radar data set. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method performs better than the conventional multifractal‐based methods and traditional CFAR methods, and the detection probability of detecting low‐observable targets within sea clutters is close to 100%.
Electronically reconfigurable parasitic antenna array for pattern selectivity
Authors: Farran Mohamad , Al‐Husseini Mohammed , Kabalan Karim , Capobianco Antonio‐Daniele , Boscolo Stefano
Published: January 2019

Antenna arrays are commonly used to achieve high gains and beam steering, but they require complex feeding networks. For applications demanding moderate antenna gains (≃6 dB) and planar radiating structures, printed Yagi‐Uda antennas can offer many advantages, but clearly, they cannot cover the whole azimuth plane. A symmetric structure made of two Yagi‐Uda antennas with two active elements, a shared reflector and two directors of variable length is here presented and demonstrated to have switched beams that cover all the azimuth plane. By lengthening the physical lengths of the directors, they turn to act as reflectors: as a result, this antenna system has the ability to switch between broadside, bidirectional end‐fire and two opposite end‐fire patterns. The feeding is provided by a balanced parallel strip‐slot line without the need for a balun section and thus reducing the overall size of the antenna. A modified design is also presented, obtained by adding a reflector board which allows for higher gains and focused radiation reconfigurability in the half‐space. Simulated and measured results of both designs are reported showing good agreement. The antenna has a compact size, wideband characteristics and directive pattern reconfigurability.
Learning DALTS for cross‐modal retrieval
Authors: Yu Zheng , Wang Wenmin
Published: January 2019

Cross‐modal retrieval has been recently proposed to find an appropriate subspace, where the similarity across different modalities such as image and text can be directly measured. In this study, different from most existing works, the authors propose a novel model for cross‐modal retrieval based on a domain‐adaptive limited text space (DALTS) rather than a common space or an image space. Experimental results on three widely used datasets, Flickr8K, Flickr30K and Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MSCOCO), show that the proposed method, dubbed DALTS, is able to learn superior text space features which can effectively capture the necessary information for cross‐modal retrieval. Meanwhile, DALTS achieves promising improvements in accuracy for cross‐modal retrieval compared with the current state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Detecting isotopologues in exoplanet atmospheres using ground-based high-dispersion spectroscopy
Authors: Mollière P. , Snellen I. A. G.
Published: January 2019

Context. The cross-correlation technique is a well-tested method for exoplanet characterization, having lead to the detection of various molecules, to constraints on atmospheric temperature profiles, wind speeds, and planetary spin rates. A new, potentially powerful application of this technique is the measurement of atmospheric isotope ratios. In particular D/H can give unique insights into the formation and evolution of planets, and their atmospheres.

Aims. In this paper we aim to study the detectability of molecular isotopologues in the high-dispersion spectra of exoplanet atmospheres, to identify the optimal wavelength ranges to conduct such studies, and to predict the required observational efforts – both with current and future ground-based instrumentation.

Methods. High-dispersion (R = 100 000) thermal emission spectra, and in some cases reflection spectra, were simulated by self-consistent modeling of the atmospheric structures and abundances of exoplanets over a wide range of effective temperatures. These were synthetically observed with a telescope equivalent to the VLT and/or ELT, and analyzed using the cross-correlation technique, resulting in signal-to-noise ratio predictions for the 13CO, HDO, and CH3D isotopologues.

Results. We find that for the best observable exoplanets, 13CO is well in range of current telescopes. We predict it will be most favorably detectable at 2.4 μm, just longward of the wavelength regions probed by several high-dispersion spectroscopic observations presented in the literature. CH3D can be best targeted at 4.7 μm, and may be detectable using 40 m-class telescopes for planets below 600 K in equilibrium temperature. In this case, the sky background becomes the dominating noise source for self-luminous planets. HDO is best targeted at 3.7 μm, and is less affected by sky background noise. 40 m-class telescopes may lead to its detection for planets with Tequ below 900 K. It could already be in the range of current 8 m-class telescopes in the case of quenched methane abundances. Finally, if Proxima Cen b is water-rich, the HDO isotopologue could be detected with the ELT in ~1 night of observing time in its reflected-light spectrum.

Conclusions. Isotopologues will soon be a part of the exoplanet characterisation tools. Measuring D/H in exoplanets, and ratios of other isotopes, could become a prime science case for the first-light instrument METIS on the European ELT, especially for nearby temperate rocky and ice giant planets. This can provide unique insights in their history of icy-body enrichment and atmospheric evaporation processes.
Native mass spectrometry reveals the conformational diversity of the UVR8 photoreceptor
Authors: Camacho Inês S. , Theisen Alina , Johannissen Linus O. , Díaz-Ramos L. Aranzazú , Christie John M. , Jenkins Gareth I. , Bellina Bruno , Barran Perdita , Jones Alex R.
Published: January 2019

Significance

The plant photoreceptor UVR8 absorbs UV-B light to regulate UV protection and photomorphogenic responses in plants. Here we show that UVR8 adopts multiple conformations to generate the signaling active state. The conformational diversity of UVR8 was revealed using a native mass spectrometry approach, where the photoreceptor was photoactivated in the ion source. Our analyses show that not only disordered but also ostensibly well-folded regions of UVR8 can adopt highly extended conformations that are likely to enhance interactions with partner proteins to facilitate signal propagation. The methodology employed could be used to investigate the structural dynamics of other proteins that are activated by light.
Fluidization of collisionless plasma turbulence
Authors: Meyrand Romain , Kanekar Anjor , Dorland William , Schekochihin Alexander A.
Published: January 2019

Significance

Two textbook physical processes compete to thermalize turbulent fluctuations in collisionless plasmas: Kolmogorov’s “cascade” to small spatial scales, where dissipation occurs, and Landau’s damping, which transfers energy to small scales in velocity space via “phase mixing,” also leading to dissipation. We show that, in a magnetized plasma, another textbook process, plasma echo, brings energy back from phase space and on average, cancels the effect of phase mixing. Energy cascades effectively as it would in a fluid system, and thus, Kolmogorov wins the competition with Landau for the free energy in a collisionless turbulent plasma. This reaffirms the universality of Kolmogorov’s picture of turbulence and explains, for example, the broad Kolmogorov-like spectra of density fluctuations observed in the solar wind.
Cancer Target Gene Screening: a web application for breast cancer target gene screening using multi-omics data analysis
Authors: Kim Hyung-Yong , Choi Hee-Joo , Lee Jeong-Yeon , Kong Gu
Published: January 2019

Breast cancer comprises several molecular subtypes with distinct clinical features and treatment responses, and a substantial portion of each subtype remains incurable. A comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data and clinical profiles is required in order to better understand the biological complexity of this cancer type and to identify new prognostic and therapeutic markers. Thus, there arises a need for useful analytical tools to assist in the investigation and clinical management of the disease. We developed Cancer Target Gene Screening (CTGS), a web application that provides rapid and user-friendly analysis of multi-omics data sets from a large number of primary breast tumors. It allows the investigation of genomic and epigenomic aberrations, evaluation of transcriptomic profiles and performance of survival analyses and of bivariate correlations between layers of omics data. Notably, the genome-wide screening function of CTGS prioritizes candidate genes of clinical and biological significance among genes with copy number alteration, DNA methylation and dysregulated expression by the integrative analysis of different types of omics data in customized subgroups of breast cancer patients. These features may help in the identification of druggable cancer driver genes in a specific subtype or the clinical condition of human breast cancer. CTGS is available at http://ctgs.biohackers.net.
Decoding competing endogenous RNA networks for cancer biomarker discovery
Authors: Qi Xin , Lin Yuxin , Chen Jiajia , Shen Bairong
Published: January 2019

Crosstalk between competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) is mediated by shared microRNAs (miRNAs) and plays important roles both in normal physiology and tumorigenesis; thus, it is attractive for systems-level decoding of gene regulation. As ceRNA networks link the function of miRNAs with that of transcripts sharing the same miRNA response elements (MREs), e.g. pseudogenes, competing mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, the perturbation of crucial interactions in ceRNA networks may contribute to carcinogenesis by affecting the balance of cellular regulatory system. Therefore, discovering biomarkers that indicate cancer initiation, development, and/or therapeutic responses via reconstructing and analyzing ceRNA networks is of clinical significance. In this review, the regulatory function of ceRNAs in cancer and crucial determinants of ceRNA crosstalk are firstly discussed to gain a global understanding of ceRNA-mediated carcinogenesis. Then, computational and experimental approaches for ceRNA network reconstruction and ceRNA validation, respectively, are described from a systems biology perspective. We focus on strategies for biomarker identification based on analyzing ceRNA networks and highlight the translational applications of ceRNA biomarkers for cancer management. This article will shed light on the significance of miRNA-mediated ceRNA interactions and provide important clues for discovering ceRNA network-based biomarker in cancer biology, thereby accelerating the pace of precision medicine and healthcare for cancer patients.
The Adipokine Metrnl Ameliorates Chronic Colitis in Il-10–/– Mice by Attenuating Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Lesions During Spontaneous Colitis
Authors: Zuo Lugen , Ge Sitang , Ge Yuanyuan , Li Jingjing , Zhu Bing , Zhang Zongbing , Jiang Congqiao , Li Jing , Wang Suanhu , Liu Mulin , Li Shiqing , Wu Rong , Hu Jianguo
Published: January 2019

Background

Crosstalk between mesenteric adipose tissue [MAT] and the intestines affects the progression of Crohn’s disease [CD]. The adipokine metrnl regulates adipocyte function and has anti-inflammatory activity. We aimed to explore metrnl expression in CD MAT, investigate the influence of metrnl on the experimental colitis disease course and determine the mechanism underlying this effect.

Methods

Metrnl expression in MAT specimens obtained from patients with and without CD was tested by immunohistochemistry. Male Il-10–/– mice with spontaneous enteritis were divided into positive control and metrnl-treated [Metrnl-Fc, 10 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally, 8 weeks] groups. Age-matched male wild-type [WT] mice were used as negative controls. The effects of metrnl on enteritis and mesenteric lesions and the potential controlling mechanisms were evaluated.

Results

Metrnl expression was higher in human CD MAT than in control MAT. Systemic delivery of metrnl significantly ameliorated chronic colitis in Il-10–/– mice, as demonstrated by decreases in the disease activity index, inflammatory score and proinflammatory mediators. The protective effects of metrnl on MAT included reduced mesenteric hypertrophy, increased adipocyte size, improved adipocyte intrinsic function and ameliorated inflammation. Metrnl treatment activated STAT5/PPAR-γ signaling and promoted adipocyte differentiation in the MAT.

Conclusions

Metrnl expression was increased in the MAT of CD patients. Metrnl administration attenuated mesenteric lesions by promoting adipocyte function and differentiation partly through STAT5/PPAR-γ signaling pathway activation, thereby ameliorating CD-like colitis in mice.
Role of non-active site residues in maintaining New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1(NDM-1) function: an approach of site-directed mutagenesis and docking
Authors: Ali Abid , Gupta Divya , Khan Asad U
Published: January 2019

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) has been known to hydrolyze nearly all β-lactam antibiotics, leading to a multidrug-resistant state. Hence, it is important to study its structure and function in relation to controlling infections caused by such resistant bacterial strains. Mutagenesis is one of the approaches used to explore it. No study has been performed to explore the role of non-active site residues in the enzyme activity. This study includes mutations of three non-active site residues to comprehend its structure and function simultaneously. Three non-active site laboratory mutants of NDM-1 were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime, cefoxitin, imipenem and meropenem were reduced by up to 4-fold for these mutants compared with wild-type. The hydrolytic activity of mutants was also found to be reduced. Mutants showed a significant change in secondary structure compared with wild-type, as determined by CD spectrophotometry. The catalytic properties and stability of these mutants were found to be reduced. Hence, it revealed an imperative role of non-active site residues in the enzymatic activity of NDM-1.
Eradicating Measles: A Call for an Exceptional Coordinated Global Effort
Authors: Durrheim David N , Andrus Jon K , Pfaff Günter , Tabassum Shahina , Bashour Hyam , Githanga David
Published: January 2019

There are compelling epidemiological, economic, and ethical arguments for setting a global measles eradication goal. The 6 chairpersons of Regional Verification Commissions for Measles and Rubella elimination advocate that the time for courageously accelerating efforts to ensure a world where no child dies of measles, is NOW!
Examining residual spatial correlation in variation partitioning of beta diversity in a subtropical forest
Authors: Cao Ke , Mi Xiangcheng , Zhang Liwen , Ren Haibao , Yu Mingjian , Chen Jianhua , Zhang Jintun , Ma Keping
Published: January 2019

Aims

The relative roles of ecological processes in structuring beta diversity are usually quantified by variation partitioning of beta diversity with respect to environmental and spatial variables or gamma diversity. However, if important environmental or spatial factors are omitted, or a scale mismatch occurs in the analysis, unaccounted spatial correlation will appear in the residual errors and lead to residual spatial correlation and problematic inferences.

Methods

Multi-scale ordination (MSO) partitions the canonical ordination results by distance into a set of empirical variograms which characterize the spatial structures of explanatory, conditional and residual variance against distance. Then these variance components can be used to diagnose residual spatial correlation by checking assumptions related to geostatistics or regression analysis. In this paper, we first illustrate the performance of MSO using a simulated data set with known properties, thus making statistical issues explicit. We then test for significant residual spatial correlation in beta diversity analyses of the Gutianshan (GTS) 24-ha subtropical forest plot in eastern China.

Important Findings

Even though we used up to 24 topographic and edaphic variables mapped at high resolution and spatial variables representing spatial structures at all scales, we still found significant residual spatial correlation at the 10 m × 10 m quadrat scale. This invalidated the analysis and inferences at this scale. We also show that MSO provides a complementary tool to test for significant residual spatial correlation in beta diversity analyses. Our results provided a strong argument supporting the need to test for significant residual spatial correlation before interpreting the results of beta diversity analyses.