bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Multicomponent Reactions (AMCRs): The New Frontier
Authors: Ramón Diego J. , Yus Miguel
Published: February 2005

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions involve the preparation of chiral compounds by the reaction of three or more reagents added simultaneously. This kind of addition and reaction has some advantages over classic divergent reaction strategies, such as lower costs, time, and energy, as well as environmentally friendlier aspects. All these advantages, together with the high level of stereoselectivity attained in some of these reactions, will force chemists in industry as in academia to adopt this new strategy of synthesis, or at least to consider it as a viable option. The positive aspects as well as the drawbacks of this strategy are discussed in this Review.
Potential of silver nanoparticle‐coated polyurethane foam as an antibacterial water filter
Authors: Jain Prashant , Pradeep T.
Published: February 2005

Silver nanoparticles can be coated on common polyurethane (PU) foams by overnight exposure of the foams to nanoparticle solutions. Repeated washing and air‐drying yields uniformly coated PU foam, which can be used as a drinking water filter where bacterial contamination of the surface water is a health risk. Nanoparticles are stable on the foam and are not washed away by water. Morphology of the foam was retained after coating. The nanoparticle binding is due to its interaction with the nitrogen atom of the PU. Online tests were conducted with a prototypical water filter. At a flow rate of 0.5 L/min, in which contact time was of the order of a second, the output count of Escherichia coli was nil when the input water had a bacterial load of 105 colony‐forming units (CFU) per mL. Combined with the low cost and effectiveness in its applications, the technology may have large implications to developing countries. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Trends in the Chemistry of Iron(III) Citrate Complexes: Correlations between X‐ray Structures and Solution Species Probed by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Kinetics of Iron Uptake from Citrate by Iron Chelators
Authors: Gautier‐Luneau Isabelle , Merle Claire , Phanon Delphine , Lebrun Colette , Biaso Frédéric , Serratrice Guy , Pierre Jean‐Louis
Published: February 2005

Despite the crucial role of “iron(III) citrate systems” in the iron metabolism of living organisms (bacteria as well as plants or mammals), the coordination chemistry of ferric citrate remains poorly defined. Variations in the experimental conditions used for the preparation of so‐called ferric citrates (iron salt, Fe:cit molar ratio, base, pH, temperature, solvent) lead to several different species, which are in equilibrium in solution. To date, six different anionic complexes have been structurally characterized in the solid state, by ourselves or others. In the work described herein, we have established the experimental conditions leading to each of them. Five were obtained from aqueous solution. With the exception of a nonanuclear species (of which fragments have been detected), all were identified in aqueous solution on the basis of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, the spectra revealed a new trinuclear species, which could not be crystallized. Kinetic studies of iron uptake from citrate species by iron chelators confirmed the results indicated by the ESI‐MS studies. These studies also allowed the relative molar fraction of mononuclear versus polynuclear complexes to be determined, which depends on the Fe:cit molar ratio.
An Efficient Ionization Method of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: The Development of an Aromatic‐Cored Matrix That Wraps Labile Metal Complexes through Molecular Recognition
Authors: Kumazawa Kazuhisa , Yoshizawa Michito , Liu Hong‐Bo , Kamikawa Yuko , Moriyama Masaya , Kato Takashi , Fujita Makoto
Published: February 2005

Compound 1 a, which possesses a triphenylene core and six tetraethyleneoxide side chains, shows efficient ionization of MII‐containing (M=Pd, Pt) complexes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The molecular ion peaks [M]+, which are hardly detected under common ESI‐MS conditions, are clearly observed as their [M⋅(1 a)n]+ (n=1–4) adducts. UV‐visible and NMR studies reveal that the electron‐rich triphenylene core of 1 a binds to the electron‐deficient frameworks of the MII complexes in solution, giving rise to charge transfer (CT) complexes. We suggest that 1 a stabilizes the complexes and promotes efficient ionization through unique donor–acceptor molecular recognition.
High‐Spin Chloro Mononuclear MnIII Complexes: A Multifrequency High‐Field EPR Study
Authors: Mantel Claire , Chen Hongyu , Crabtree Robert H. , Brudvig Gary W. , Pécaut Jacques , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle , Duboc Carole
Published: February 2005

The isolation, structural characterization, and electronic properties of two six‐coordinated chloromanganese (III) complexes, [Mn(terpy)(Cl)3] (1) and [Mn(Phterpy)(Cl)3] (2), are reported (terpy=2,2′:6′2′′‐terpyridine, Phterpy=4′‐phenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine). These complexes complement a series of mononuclear azide and fluoride Mn(III) complexes synthesized with neutral N‐tridentate ligands, [Mn(L)(X)3] (X=F− or N3− and L=terpy or bpea [N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐ethylamine)], previously described. Similar to these previous complexes, 1 and 2 exhibit a Jahn–Teller distortion of the octahedron, characteristic of a high‐spin Mn(III) complex (S=2). The analysis of the crystallographic data shows that, in both cases, the manganese ion lies in the center of a distorted octahedron characterized by an elongation along the tetragonal axis. Their electronic properties were investigated by multifrequency EPR (190–475 GHz) performed in the solid state at different temperatures (5–15 K). This study confirms our previous results and further shows that: i) the sign of D is correlated with the nature of the tetragonal distortion; ii) the magnitude of D is not sensitive to the nature of the anions in our series of rhombic complexes, contrary to the porphyrinic systems; iii) the |E/D| values (0.124 for 1 and 0.085 for 2) are smaller compared to those found for the [Mn(L)(X)3] complexes (in the range of 0.146 to 0.234); and iv) the E term increases when the ligand‐field strength of the equatorial ligands decreases.
Reduced 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene‐induced contact hypersensitivity response in IL‐15 receptor α‐deficient mice correlates with diminished CCL5/RANTES and CXCL10/IP‐10 expression
Authors: Chen Jia‐Perng , Liao Nan‐Shih , Lai Szu‐Liang , Hsu Lilan , Mao Wan‐Yu , Ku Min‐Chi , Liao Fang
Published: February 2005

Using a model of 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene‐induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) we found that, as compared with wild‐type mice, IL‐15 receptor α chain (IL‐15Rα)‐deficient mice showed significantly less ear swelling. This decreased response was associated with diminished expression of CCL5/RANTES and CXCL10/IP‐10, chemokines critical for effector cell recruitment, in the inflamed tissue. We determined that both the number of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the affected skin and the production of CCL5/RANTES by antigen‐stimulated CD8+ T cells were decreased in IL‐15Rα–/– mice. The lower levels of CXCL10/IP‐10 suggested that the IL‐15Rα–/– mice had reduced production of IFN‐γ, the primary inducer of CXCL10/IP‐10, which was in fact the case. However, by contrast with CCL5/RANTES, the diminished levels of IFN‐γ were likely due to the decreased number of skin‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells, since IFN‐γ production by antigen‐stimulated CD8+ T cells was comparable between wild‐type and IL‐15Rα–/– mice. Our data suggest a positive, pro‐inflammatory feedback loop involving CCL5/RANTES, IFN‐γ and CXCL10/IP‐10 that underlies the CHS reaction and that is disrupted, likely primarily by a defect in CCL5/RANTES production, in mice lacking IL‐15Rα, resulting in impaired leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. Moreover, it is particularly noteworthy that the defect in CCL5/RANTES expression in CD8+ T cells is intrinsic to the absence of IL‐15Rα, indicating that IL‐15Rα is critical for CCL5/RANTES expression in CD8+ T cells.
T cell homeostasis requires G protein‐coupled receptor‐mediated access to trophic signals that promote growth and inhibit chemotaxis
Authors: Cinalli Ryan M. , Herman Catherine E. , Lew Brian O. , Wieman Heather L. , Thompson Craig B. , Rathmell Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2005

Signals that regulate T cell homeostasis are not fully understood. G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR), such as the chemokine receptors, may affect homeostasis by direct signaling or by guiding T cell migration to distinct location‐restricted signals. Here, we show that blockade of Gαi‐associated GPCR signaling by treatment with pertussis toxin led to T cell atrophy and shortened life‐span in T cell‐replete hosts and prevented T cell homeostatic growth and proliferation in T cell‐deficient hosts. In vitro, however, neither GPCR inhibition nor chemokine stimulation affected T cell atrophy, survival, or proliferation. These findings suggest that GPCR signals are not trophic stimuli, but instead may be required for migration to distinct trophic signals, such as IL‐7 or self‐peptide/MHC. Surprisingly, while chemokines did not affect atrophy, atrophic T cells displayed increased chemokine‐induced chemotaxis that was prevented by IL‐7 and submitogenic anti‐CD3 antibody treatment. This increase in migration was associated with increased levels of GTP‐bound Rac and the ability to remodel actin. These data suggest a novel mechanism of T cell homeostasis wherein GPCR may promote T cell migration to distinct location‐restricted homeostatic trophic cues for T cell survival and growth. Homeostatic trophic signals, in turn, may suppress chemokine sensitivity and cytoskeletal remodeling, to inhibit further migration.
Rapid in vivo analysis of mutant forms of the LAT adaptor using Pax5‐Lat double‐deficient pro‐B cells
Authors: Ardouin Laurence , Rolink Antonius G. , Mura Anne‐Marie , Gommeaux Julien , Melchers Fritz , Busslinger Meinrad , Malissen Marie , Malissen Bernard
Published: February 2005

Following injection into recombinase‐activating gene‐deficient (Rag1–/–) mice, pro‐B cells lacking the Pax5 transcription factor (Pax5–/–) develop into most major hematopoietic lineages, with the notable exception of B cells. We assessed whether Pax5–/– pro‐B cells that were also rendered deficient for the linker for activation of T cells (LAT), an adaptor essential for T cell receptor signaling, can be used for the rapid in vivo analysis of mutant forms of LAT. We showed that Pax5–/– Lat–/– pro‐B cell lines can be infected with recombinant retroviruses expressing a LAT cDNA and sorted for the expression of LAT. When injected into Rag1–/– mice, they restore normal intrathymic T cell development and give rise to functional peripheral T cells. Considering that the handling of Pax5–/– pro‐B cell lines is easier than that of bone marrow hematopoietic precursors, we used them for the rapid functional analysis of a novel Lat allelic series. When compared to knock‐in and transgenic approaches, a major advantage of our Pax5–/– pro‐B cell‐based experimental approach consists in the production of mice bearing a given mutation within 2–3 months. Therefore, it constitutes a powerful first‐line screen for mutations worth fastidious knock‐in approaches.
Thermo‐Economic Modelling and Optimisation of Fuel Cell Systems
Authors: Marechal F. , Palazzi F. , Godat J. , Favrat D.
Published: February 2005

This paper describes and illustrates the application of a methodology for thermo‐economic design and optimisation of fuel cell systems. This methodology combines the use of process simulation and process integration techniques to compute thermo‐economic performances of fuel cell systems that will be used in a multi‐objective optimisation framework. The method allows the generation of integrated fuel cell system configurations and their corresponding optimal operating conditions. It should be used as a preliminary design methodology, allowing the identification of promising system configurations, which would be further analysed. The methodology and the thermo‐economic models are described and demonstrated for the design of PEMFC hybrid systems, combining fuel cell and gas turbine technologies.
Model‐Based Analysis for the Control of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Systems
Authors: Lukas M. D. , Lee K. Y.
Published: February 2005

A first principles‐based non‐linear dynamic model for a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell system is presented, analysed, and further developed for model‐based control applications. Transient validation results, using a laboratory‐scale test stack, are provided in support of the cell stack model. Physical arguments and time scale separation are used to derive simpler, reduced‐order, model structures useful for control analysis and design. Reduced‐order models are derived for the cell stack alone as well as for the cell stack integrated with Balance‐of‐Plant. The results are compared with the full‐order models and used in control system design.
Air Supply System of a PEMFC Stack Dynamic Model
Authors: Rodatz P. , Onder C. , Guzzella L.
Published: February 2005

A typical air supply system for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack consists of a compressor, a humidification device, the fuel cell stack, and a pressure control valve. In this paper, a dynamic model for such an air supply system is developed. The model considers the filling/emptying dynamics of the manifolds (which represent the volumes between compressor, fuel cell stack, and valve), the dynamics of the compressor/E‐motor unit, and the inertial effects in the inlet manifold. Validation of the model is performed with measurements obtained from a 6 kWe 100‐cell stack test bench, which was designed and constructed with the objective of reproducing typical operating conditions for automotive applications. On the basis of this model, a model‐based controller can be designed to reduce the system response time to load changes. Furthermore, in this paper an empirical model is proposed, which describes the cell voltage variation across the stack for different operating conditions.
Modelling of Pressurised Hybrid Systems Based on Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP‐SOFC) Technology
Authors: Magistri L. , Traverso A. , Cerutti F. , Bozzolo M. , Costamagna P. , Massardo A. F.
Published: February 2005

This work describes different models, developed by the Thermochemical Power Group at the University of Genoa (Italy), for the simulation of solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine hybrid systems. The paper focuses on both “cores” of the system: the fuel cell stack on the one hand and the turbomachinery and the auxiliaries on the other hand. Therefore, in the first part of the paper the models developed for the analysis of the Rolls‐Royce Integrated Planar SOFC cells are presented; the results are compared to experimental data, and carefully analysed and discussed. In the second part of the paper, design and off design models of IP‐SOFC pressurised hybrid systems in the range 250 kW–20 MW are presented; the hybrid performance results are presented and discussed, also taking ambient condition effects and a possible control strategy into account. Finally, using an in‐house general purpose transient system analysis code (TRANSEO code), where chemical composition, heat transfer, and fluid dynamic influences vs. time are considered in detail, a preliminary time dependent investigation of a pressurised hybrid system behaviour is presented.
Suppression of accelerated tumor growth in surgical wounds by celecoxib and indomethacin
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang Hyun
Published: February 2005

Background.

Tumor growth is accelerated in surgical wounds. However, few experiments seeking to prevent such accelerated tumor growth have been performed.

Methods.

We created surgical wounds in three syngeneic mice for the implantation of three murine cancer cell lines, SCC VII, CT‐26, and B16F10. The tumor growth in the wound group was compared with that in non‐wound–control mice. Celecoxib or indomethacin was administered to the mice that had tumor implanted into the surgical wound to observe the tumor‐suppressive effect.

Results.

The surgical wounds promoted tumor growth with different degrees, depending on the type of tumor. Such an accelerated tumor growth did not seem to be affected by cyclooxygenase‐2 expression of tumors per se, but its mechanism needs to be explained by further studies. Celecoxib and indomethacin had a significant inhibitory effect on the tumor growth in the surgical wound. This suppressive effect is most obvious when celecoxib is administered daily from 1 day before surgical wounding and tumor implantation.

Conclusion.

Our results can justify that the preventive use of celecoxib in patients in whom local recurrence by tumor contamination is predicted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 27: XXX–XXX, 2005
Altered extent, pattern and characteristics of microvascular density are indicators of neoplastic progression in the endometrium
Authors: Näyhä Veera , Viitanen Tea , Stenbäck Frej
Published: February 2005

The occurrence, structure and extent of microvascular density were examined in normal endometria, hyperplasia of different types and adenocarcinomas of different degrees of differentiation to determine their biologic and clinical significance in tumor development and progression. Computer‐assisted quantitative image analysis was carried out on 12,500 vessels in regard to vessel number, vessel volume, size, shape and extent of vessel antibody staining, with sensitivity and reproducibility exceeding 99%. The results showed the extent, pattern and characteristics of microvascular density to be intimately associated with extent of tumor development and degree of differentiation of the tumor. Vessel number increased with superficial location in normal endometrium, with increased degree of hyperplasia and atypia and with increased degree of dedifferentiation of adenocarcinoma. Increased vessel shape alterations were characteristic of atypical complex hyperplasia when compared to other types of hyperplasia. Vessel number, size and shape were similar in proliferative endometrium and simplex type hyperplasia, and microvascular density in atypical complex hyperplasia was similar to that in well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma. The results indicated that vessel shape alterations occur during progression of hyperplasia and vessel size increase occurs in complex‐type hyperplasia and in moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. We conclude that microvascular density is associated with endometrial location and with specific patterns of alteration in different stages of endometrial disease. The results suggest potential clinical applications of vessel analysis for determination of clinical behavior of endometrial preneoplastic and neoplastic alterations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fecal and urinary excretion of aflatoxin B1 metabolites (AFQ1, AFM1 and AFB‐N7‐guanine) in young Chinese males
Authors: Mykkänen Hannu , Zhu Huilian , Salminen Eeva , Juvonen Risto Olavi , Ling Wenhua , Ma Jing , Polychronaki Nektaria , Kemiläinen Heidi , Mykkänen Otto , Salminen Seppo , El‐Nezami Hani
Published: February 2005

Our study was designed to assess the fecal and urinary excretion of 3 aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolites, aflatoxins M1 (AFM1) and Q1 (AFQ1) and aflatoxin B1‐N7‐guanine (AFB‐N7‐guanine) that are produced by the predominant forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of AFB1. Fecal and urinary AFM1, AFQ1 and urinary AFB‐N7‐guanine were assessed in 83 young Chinese males selected from a larger population (n = 300) based on detectable urinary AFM1. The concentration of fecal AFQ1 (median 137 ng/g fresh weight, IQR 9.1 to 450) was approximately 60 times higher than that of AFM1 (2.3 ng/g, IQR 0.0 to 7.3). In urine, the median AFQ1 was 10.4 ng/ml (IQR 3.4 to 23.3), and the median AFM1 and AFB‐N7‐guanine 0.04 ng/ml (IQR 0.01 to 0.33) and 0.38 ng/ml (IQR 0.0 to 2.15), respectively. A subgroup (n = 14) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection had significantly higher fecal concentrations of AFQ1 (p = 0.043) and AFM1 (p = 0.001) than those who were hepatitis B‐virus antigen (HBsAg) negative, and the respective differences in urinary AFQ1 and AFM1 concentrations approached statistical significance (p = 0.054, p = 0.138). Our study demonstrates that AFQ1 is excreted in urine and feces at higher levels than AFM1, and feces are an important route of excretion of these AFB1 metabolites. AFQ1 should be further assessed for its predictive value as a marker for exposure and risk of dietary aflatoxins. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of malignant B lymphocytes to ionizing radiation: Gene expression and genotype
Authors: Lyng Heidi , Landsverk Kirsti S. , Kristiansen Elin , DeAngelis Paula M. , Ree Anne H. , Myklebost Ola , Hovig Eivind , Stokke Trond
Published: February 2005

The human malignant B‐lymphocyte cell lines Reh and U698 show arrest in G2 phase after ionizing radiation (IR), but only Reh cells arrest in G1 phase and die by apoptosis. We have used cDNA microarrays to measure changes in gene expression at 2, 4 and 6hr after irradiation of Reh and U698 cells with 0.5 and 4 Gy in order to begin exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic changes. We also investigated whether gene expression changes could be caused by possible aberrations of genes, as measured by comparative genomic hybridization. Reh cells showed upregulation of CDKN1A that likely mediated the G1 arrest. In contrast, U698 cells have impaired function of TP53 protein and no activation of CDKN1A, suppressing the arrest in G1. The G2 arrest in both cell lines was likely due to repression of PLK1 and/or CCNF. IR‐induced apoptosis in Reh cells was probably mediated by TP53 and CDKN1A, whereas a high expression level of MCL1, caused by gene amplification, and activation of the NFKB pathway may have suppressed the apoptotic response in U698 cells. Genes suggested to be involved in apoptosis were activated long before this phenotype was detectable and showed the same temporal expression profiles as genes involved in cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that differences in functionality and/or copy number of several genes involved in IR‐regulated pathways contributed to the phenotypic differences between Reh and U698 cells after IR, and that multiple molecular factors control the radiation response of malignant B lymphocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) expressing TFPI‐2 inhibits invasion, angiogenesis and tumor growth in a human glioblastoma cell line
Authors: Yanamandra Niranjan , Kondraganti Shakuntala , Gondi Christopher S. , Gujrati Meena , Olivero William C. , Dinh Dzung H. , Rao Jasti S.
Published: February 2005

Recombinant adeno‐associated viruses (rAAV) have become the vector of choice for many gene therapy protocols. rAAVs have a number of attractive features including long‐term transgene expression and the ability to transduce both dividing and non‐dividing cells. We have shown previously the anti‐cancer role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor‐2 (TFPI‐2), a matrix‐associated serine protease inhibitor, in human glioblastomas. As a result of our present study, in which 0.8‐kb fragment of human TFPI‐2 was cloned into the adeno‐associated viral vectors (rAAA‐TFPI‐2), rAAV‐TFPI‐2 infection of SNB19 cells significantly increased TFPI‐2 as determined by Western blotting. As assessed by spheroid and Matrigel assays, infection of SNB19 cells with rAAV‐TFPI‐2 significantly reduced migration and invasion in a dose‐dependent manner. Tumor spheroids infected with rAAV‐TFPI‐2 and co‐cultured with fetal rat brain aggregates did not invade rat brain aggregates, whereas 90–95% of the mock and AAV‐CMV infected cells invaded rat brain aggregates. In vitro angiogenesis studies (tumor cells co‐cultured with endothelial cells or endothelial cells seeded on matrigel) showed reduction of capillary‐like structure formation in rAAV‐TFPI‐2‐treated cells as compared to parental and mock‐transfected cells. In in vivo angiogenesis results demonstrated the formation of microvessels in SNB19 parental cells and this formation was inhibited when the SNB19 cells were infected with rAAV‐TFPI‐2. Further, we observed a large reduction of tumor growth in SNB19 cells treated with rAAV‐TFPI‐2 virus injected intracerebrally when compared to controls. Our study demonstrates that rAAV‐TFPI‐2‐mediated gene therapy offers a novel tool for the treatment of brain tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of CTL responses to MHC‐restricted class I peptide of the gp70 tumour antigen by splenic parenchymal CD4+ T cells in mice failing immunotherapy with DISC–mGM‐CSF
Authors: Ahmad Murrium , Rees Robert C. , McArdle Stephanie E. , Li Geng , Mian Shahid , Entwisle Claire , Loudon Peter , Ali Selman A.
Published: February 2005

Direct intratumour injection of the disabled infectious single‐cycle–herpes simplex virus–encoding murine granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (DISC‐HSV–mGM‐CSF) into established colon carcinoma CT26 tumours induced complete tumour rejection in up to 70% of treated animals (regressors), while the remaining mice developed progressive tumours (progressors). This murine Balb/c model was used to dissect the cellular mechanisms involved in tumour regression or progression following immunotherapy. CTLs were generated by coculturing lymphocytes and parenchymal cells from the same spleens of individual regressor or progressor animals in the presence of the relevant AH‐1 peptide derived from the gp70 tumour‐associated antigens expressed by CT26 tumours. Tumour regression was correlated with potent CTL responses, spleen weight and cytokine (IFN‐γ) production. Conversely, progressor splenocytes exhibited weak to no CTL activity and poor IFN‐γ production, concomitant with the presence of a suppressor cell population in the progressor splenic parenchymal cell fraction. Further fractionation of this parenchymal subpopulation demonstrated that cells inhibitory to the activation of AH‐1‐specific CTLs, restimulated in vitro with peptide, were present in the nonadherent parenchymal fraction. In vitro depletion of progressor parenchymal CD3+/CD4+ T cells restored the CTL response of the cocultured splenocytes (regressor lymphocytes and progressor parenchymal cells) and decreased the production of IL‐10, suggesting that CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes present in the parenchymal fraction regulated the CTL response to AH‐1. We examined the cellular responses associated with tumour rejection and progression, identifying regulatory pathways associated with failure to respond to immunotherapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diarsenic and tetraarsenic oxide inhibit cell cycle progression and bFGF‐ and VEGF‐induced proliferation of human endothelial cells
Authors: Woo Sang Hyeok , Park Myung‐Jin , An Sungkwan , Lee Hyung‐Chahn , Jin Hyeon‐Ok , Lee Su‐Jae , Gwak Ho‐Shin , Park In‐Chul , Hong Seok‐Il , Rhee Chang Hun
Published: February 2005

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3, diarsenic oxide) has recently been reported to induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of various human cancer cells derived from solid tumors as well as hematopoietic malignancies. In this study, the in vitro effects of As2O3 and tetraasrsenic oxide (As4O6) on cell cycle regulation and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)‐ or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐stimulated cell proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were investigated. Significant dose‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was observed when HUVEC were treated with either arsenical compound for 48 h, and flow cytometric analysis revealed that these two arsenical compounds induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 and G2/M phases—the increases in cell population at the G1 and G2/M phase were dominantly observed in As2O3‐ and As4O6‐treated cells, respectively. In both arsenical compounds‐treated cells, the protein levels of cyclin A and CDC25C were significantly reduced in a dose‐dependent manner, concomitant to the reduced activities of CDK2‐ and CDC2‐associated kinase. In G1‐synchronized HUVEC, the arsenical compounds prevented the cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, which was stimulated by bFGF or VEGF, through the inhibition of growth factor‐dependent signaling. These results suggest that arsenical compounds inhibit the proliferation of HUVEC via G1 and G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. In addition, these inhibitory effects on bFGF‐ or VEGF‐stimulated cell proliferation suggest antiangiogenic potential of these arsenical compounds. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal human osteoclasts formed from peripheral blood monocytes express PTH type 1 receptors and are stimulated by PTH in the absence of osteoblasts
Authors: Dempster David W. , Hughes‐Begos Christine E. , Plavetic‐Chee Katarina , Brandao‐Burch Andrea , Cosman Felicia , Nieves Jeri , Neubort Simon , Lu Shi Shou , Iida‐Klein Akiko , Arnett Tim , Lindsay Robert
Published: February 2005

The prevailing view for many years has been that osteoclasts do not express parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors and that PTH's effects on osteoclasts are mediated indirectly via osteoblasts. However, several recent reports suggest that osteoclasts express PTH receptors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that human osteoclasts formed in vitro express functional PTH type 1 receptors (PTH1R). Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were cultured on bone slices or plastic culture dishes with human recombinant RANK ligand (RANKL) and recombinant human macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) for 16–21 days. This resulted in a mixed population of mono‐ and multi‐nucleated cells, all of which stained positively for the human calcitonin receptor. The cells actively resorbed bone, as assessed by release of C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and the formation of abundant resorption pits. We obtained evidence for the presence of PTH1R in these cells by four independent techniques. First, using immunocytochemistry, positive staining for PTH1R was observed in both mono‐ and multi‐nucleated cells intimately associated with resorption cavities. Second, PTH1R protein expression was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Third, the cells expressed PTH1R mRNA at 21 days and treatment with 10−7M hPTH (1–34) reduced PTH1R mRNA expression by 35%. Finally, bone resorption was reproducibly increased by two to threefold when PTH (1–34) was added to the cultures. These findings provide strong support for a direct stimulatory action of PTH on human osteoclasts mediated by PTH1R. This suggests a dual regulatory mechanism, whereby PTH acts both directly on osteoclasts and also, indirectly, via osteoblasts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐cadherin mediated distribution of β‐catenin alters MAP kinase and BMP‐2 signaling on chondrogenesis‐related gene expression
Authors: Modarresi Rozbeh , Lafond Toulouse , Roman‐Blas Jorge A. , Danielson Keith G. , Tuan Rocky S. , Seghatoleslami M. Reza
Published: February 2005

We have examined the effect of calcium‐dependent adhesion, mediated by N‐cadherin, on cell signaling during chondrogenesis of multipotential embryonic mouse C3H10T1/2 cells. The activity of chondrogenic genes, type II collagen, aggrecan, and Sox9 were examined in monolayer (non‐chondrogenic), and micromass (chondrogenic) cultures of parental C3H10T1/2 cells and altered C3H10T1/2 cell lines that express a dominant negative form of N‐cadherin (Δ390‐T1/2) or overexpress normal N‐cadherin (MNCD2‐T1/2). Our findings show that missexpression or inhibition of N‐cadherin in C3H10T1/2 cells results in temporal and spatial changes in expression of the chondrogenic genes Sox9, aggrecan, and collagen type II. We have also analyzed activity of the serum response factor (SRF), a nuclear target of MAP kinase signaling implicated in chondrogenesis. In semi‐confluent monolayer cultures (minimum cell–cell contact) of C3H10T1/2, MNCD2‐T1/2, or Δ390‐T1/2 cells, there was no significant change in the pattern of MAP kinase or bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) regulation of SRF. However, in micromass cultures, the effect of MAP kinase and BMP‐2 on SRF activity was proportional to the nuclear localization of β‐catenin, a Wnt stabilized cytoplasmic factor that can associate with lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor (LEF) to serve as a transcription factor. Our findings suggest that the extent of adherens junction formation mediated by N‐cadherin can modulate the potential Wnt‐induced nuclear activity of β‐catenin. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of resveratrol on high glucose‐induced stress in human leukemia K562 cells
Authors: Chan Wen‐Hsiung
Published: February 2005

Hyperglycemia, a symptom of diabetes mellitus, induces hyperosmotic responses, including apoptosis, in vascular endothelial cells and leukocytes. Hyperosmotic shock elicits a stress response in mammalian cells, often leading to apoptotic cell death. In a previous report, we showed that hyperosmotic shock induced apoptosis in various mammalian cells. Importantly, apoptotic biochemical changes (i.e., caspase‐3 activation and DNA fragmentation) were blocked by antioxidant pretreatment during hyperosmotic shock‐induced cell death. In the present study, we report that resveratrol, a phytoalexin present in grapes with known antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, attenuates high glucose‐induced apoptotic changes, including c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation and caspase‐3 activation in human leukemia K562 cells. Experiments with the cell permeable dye, 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF‐DA), an indicator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, revealed that high glucose treatment directly increased intracellular oxidative stress, which was attenuated by resveratrol. In addition, high glucose‐treated K562 cells displayed a lower degree of attachment to collagen, the major component of vessel wall subendothelium. In contrast, cells pretreated with resveratrol followed by high glucose exhibited higher affinity for collagen. The results of this report collectively imply the involvement of oxidative stress in high glucose‐induced apoptosis and alterations in attachment ability. Moreover, resveratrol blocks these events by virtue of its antioxidant property. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic issues for adolescents and adults with ADHD
Authors: Wasserstein Jeanette
Published: February 2005

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuropsychiatric syndrome once thought to disappear with maturation. Current data indicate that ADHD remains “hidden” in many of the grownups who had it as children. Adult prevalence rates range from 1% to 6% of the population. Research suggests the core childhood symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity shift with development, perhaps transforming into more overt difficulties in executive functions and affect regulation. ADHD is also usually nestled with other comorbid psychiatric conditions, especially in adolescents and adults, further complicating diagnosis and treatment. This article discusses how to recognize and diagnose ADHD in older patients. Key points include core symptoms present during childhood, appropriate family history in this strongly genetic condition, management of comorbidity, and the evolving role of diagnostic testing. Other medical causes for similar symptoms are considered. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 535–547, 2005.
Treating adolescent girls and women with ADHD: Gender‐Specific issues
Authors: Quinn Patricia O.
Published: February 2005

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), commonly diagnosed in males, is often a “hidden disorder” in girls and women. This lack of recognition can be partially explained because the symptoms are less overt in females. In addition, coexisting disorders in females are often different from those seen in males who have ADHD. Higher rates of anxiety, mood, and substance disorders, as well as learning disabilities, often complicate the picture. Thus, clinicians are challenged with disentangling the symptoms of ADHD from symptoms of these coexisting conditions. In addition, fluctuating hormone levels may affect ADHD symptoms and treatment in females. Only with gender‐sensitive diagnosis and treatment will the public health concern posed by the underdiagnosis of ADHD in females be addressed. This case report of a 23‐year‐old female illustrates the specific difficulties with the gender‐sensitive aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in females. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 579–587, 2005.
Pharmacotherapy of adult ADHD
Authors: Dodson William W.
Published: February 2005

Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been officially recognized as persisting into adulthood for more than 25 years, only recently has the condition been studied in adults. There is great syndromatic continuity between childhood and adult ADHD, and thus much of the medication management of adults with ADHD can be based on the experience gained from treating children and adolescents. Stimulant medications remain the treatment of choice and are generally as effective in adults as they are in children. Several extended‐release delivery systems that improve convenience and compliance have become available. Several second‐line medications are also reviewed. The medications must be fine‐tuned to the needs of the individual patient in regard to the dose and timing of dose that achieve optimal therapeutic benefit. Medication adjustment must be done by trial and error because no parameter yet identified predicts the molecule or dose that will provide optimal performance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 589–606, 2005.
Psychosocial treatments for ADHD in teens and adults: A practice‐friendly review
Authors: Murphy Kevin
Published: February 2005

Although stimulant medication is a cornerstone of treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), numerous nonpharmacological treatments can be employed in combination with medication to assist in the lifelong management of the disorder. A multimodal treatment combining psychoeducation, medication, psychotherapy, compensatory behavioral/self‐management skills, technological tools and devices, coaching, advocacy, and reasonable school or workplace accommodations is probably the most comprehensive and effective. This article describes a variety of psychosocial treatments that are commonly used for adolescents and adults suffering from ADHD. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 607–619, 2005.
Water‐saturated three‐dimensional balanced steady‐state free precession for fast abdominal fat quantification
Authors: Peng Qi , McColl Roderick W. , Wang Jihong , Chia Jonathan M. , Weatherall Paul T.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To compare the performance of a novel water‐saturated b‐SSFP sequence with that of a conventional T1‐weighted turbo spin echo (T1W TSE) sequence for abdominal fat quantification.

Materials and Methods

A water‐saturated, segmented, three‐dimensional balanced steady‐state free precession (b‐SSFP) sequence and a traditional T1W TSE sequence were both employed on phantom and human studies. For phantom studies, a dual‐layered phantom with known internal/external oil volumes was imaged using the two sequences. Images obtained by the two sequences were both processed using a computer‐aided semiautomatic program for oil volume quantification. For human studies, six volunteers were scanned axially, centered at L2–L3 levels. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)fat, contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR)fat‐muscle, CNRfat‐large bowel, and CNRfat‐small bowel were calculated on hand‐drawn regions of interest (ROIs), and averaged over all six slices for each subject. Statistical analyses were then performed to determine the SNR and CNR differences between images obtained by the two techniques.

Results

The phantom studies show that water‐saturated b‐SSFP offers a significantly closer estimation of true oil volumes compared with that of T1W TSE (P < 0.0001), as well as a more accurate internal/external volume ratio (P = 0.0001). In human studies, three‐dimensional water‐saturated b‐SSFP images demonstrated higher CNR than that of T1W TSE (P < 0.0005), and very close SNRfat (P = 0.045).

Conclusion

The proposed three‐dimensional water‐saturated b‐SSFP sequence can generate high quality fat‐only abdominal images with high CNR and SNR in shorter scan duration than the conventional T1W TSE approach. As images generated by this sequence suffer from no flow artifacts, and are less sensitive to bulk, respiratory, and bowel motion, three‐dimensional water‐saturated b‐SSFP is a faster and more robust method for improving abdominal fat quantification using MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:263–271. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of cervical spinal cord cross‐sectional area by MRI using edge detection and partial volume correction
Authors: Tench Christopher R. , Morgan Paul S. , Constantinescu Cris S.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To detail a procedure to accurately measure upper cervical cord cross‐sectional area (CSA), using MRI, by correcting for partial volume averaging (PVA), and to assess the usefulness of the procedure for measuring cervical cord atrophy rates in longitudinal studies.

Materials and Methods

Analysis of errors associated with measuring CSA in the presence of PVA is given. A numerical phantom image is produced, including simulated acquisition noise, to assess accuracy of the method in idealized conditions, and to verify the results of the error analysis. A phantom, consisting of 11 rods of known CSA, was scanned 10 times and measurement accuracy assessed. A total of 10 normal subjects were scanned twice to assess the reproducibility under experimental conditions.

Results

The measurement error for the numerical phantom increased with increased simulated acquisition noise, as predicted by the analysis. Measurement of the plastic phantom revealed a systematic overestimate in CSA due to limited scanner accuracy of 3.15%. The scan–rescan error for the CSA of the cervical spine in the 10 normal subjects was 0.55%.

Conclusion

Correcting for PVA allows accurate measurement of the upper cervical cord CSA and accurate measurement of a standard phantom to guard against scanner drift in longitudinal studies of cord CSA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:197–203. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoperative evaluation of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors performed by pancreatic magnetic resonance imaging and correlated with surgical and histopathologic findings
Authors: Pilleul Frank , Rochette Anne , Partensky Christian , Scoazec Jean‐Yves , Bernard Pierre , Valette Pierre‐Jean
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the location, type of ductal involvement, and malignant transformation of intraductal papillary mucinous (IPM) pancreatic tumors made in a preoperative routine exam.

Materials and Methods

A total of 24 patients with histologic confirmation of IPM tumor (IPMT) were included in this study. The MR images obtained in operation patients were retrospectively assessed. Two radiologists who were unaware of the initial interpretations of the images independently analyzed the MRI studies and characterized the type of lesions, location, and signs of malignant transformation. Interobserver agreement was determined with weighted kappa statistics. After consensus of both radiologists, the observer performances for the MRI interpretations were compared with surgical and histologic results using weighted kappa statistics and Fisher test.

Results

At macroscopic examination, lesions were of combined type in 17 cases and of branch duct type in seven cases. At histologic analysis, three cases were classified as benign, three as borderline tumors, and 18 as carcinomas (eight in situ, 10 invasive). The lesions were located mainly in the head or uncinate process (N = 16) or were diffuse or multifocal (N = 2). Excellent agreement was found between the interpreters (0.90) in the evaluation of ductal involvement, good in the evaluation of lesion location (0.80) and in the diagnosis of malignant transformation (0.74). The correlation between MRI and histopathologic results was excellent in the evaluation of ductal involvement (0.90, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 94%) and moderate in the evaluation of lesion location (0.57, sensitivity = 87%, specificity = 56%) and in the diagnosis of malignant transformation (0.60, sensitivity = 83%, specificity = 83%).

Conclusion

MRI is an effective method of characterizing IPMT in preoperative practice. The predictive sign of IPM pancreatic tumor malignancy at MRI included only the presence of solid mass or mural nodules. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:237–244. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of relative forced expiratory volume of one second with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging parameters in healthy subjects and patients with lung cancer
Authors: Plathow Christian , Fink Christian , Sandner Alexandra , Ley Sebastian , Puderbach Michael , Eichinger Monika , Schmähl Astrid , Kauczor Hans‐Ulrich
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To assess relative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1/vital capacity (VC)) in healthy subjects and patients with a lung tumor using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) parameters.

Materials and Methods

In 15 healthy volunteers and 31 patients with a non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma stage I (NSCLC I), diaphragmatic length change (LE1) and craniocaudal (CC) intrathoracic distance change within one second from maximal inspiration (DE1) were divided by total length change (LEtotal, DEtotal) as a surrogate of spirometric FEV1/VC using a true fast imaging with steady‐state precession (trueFISP) sequence (TE/TR = 1.7/37.3 msec, temporal resolution = 3 images/second). Influence of tumor localization was examined.

Results

In healthy volunteers FEV1/VC showed a highly significant correlation with LE1/LEtotal and DE1/DEtotal (r > 0.9, P < 0.01). In stage IB tumor patients, comparing tumor‐bearing with the non‐tumor‐bearing hemithorax, there was a significant difference in tumors of the middle (LE1/LEtotal = 0.63 ± 0.05 vs. 0.73 ± 0.04, DE1/DEtotal = 0.66 ± 0.05 vs. 0.72 ± 0.04; P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) lung region. Stage IA tumor patients showed no significant differences with regard to healthy subjects.

Conclusion

dMRI is a simple noninvasive method to locally determine LE1/LEtotal and DE1/DEtotal as a surrogate of FEV1/VC in volunteers and patients. Tumors of the middle and lower lung regions have a significant influence on these MRI parameters. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:212–218. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A semiautomated technique for evaluation of uterine peristalsis
Authors: Kido Aki , Nishiura Masahide , Togashi Kaori , Nakai Asako , Fujiwara Toshitaka , Kataoka Milliam Lika , Koyama Takashi , Fujii Shingo , Asada Naoki
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the capability of a newly developed semiautomatic analysis technique for evaluation of uterine peristalsis in comparison with visual assessment.

Materials and Methods

Cine magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained from 16 normal volunteers in periovulatory phase. Sixty‐eight studies were evaluated by both visual evaluation and by a semiautomated computer assisted software. The software was developed by applying an automated contour tracking method and enables objective analysis of frequency, amplitude, velocity, and direction. Assessments were based on: 1) the recognition of peristalsis, 2) peristaltic direction and frequency, and 3) the way of recognizing peristaltic direction. The data obtained by both modalities were compared with those of previously reported ultrasound (US) findings.

Results

Uterine peristalsis was identified in all studies by both objective and visual analyses. There was no significant difference in the identification of peristalsis, recognition of peristaltic directions, or peristaltic frequency (P > 0.05). Data were well in accordance with those in US literature. Peristaltic direction was recognized either by configuration change in the endometrium or by conduction of low signal intensity in the subendometrial myometrium and there was statistically no difference.

Conclusion

Evaluation of uterine peristalsis by the semiautomatic analysis accorded well with the results obtained visual assessments and previous US findings. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:249–257. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.