bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights and approaches using deep learning to classify wildlife
Authors: Miao Zhongqi , Gaynor Kaitlyn M. , Wang Jiayun , Liu Ziwei , Muellerklein Oliver , Norouzzadeh Mohammad Sadegh , McInturff Alex , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Nathan Ran , Yu Stella X. , Getz Wayne M.
Published: May 2019

The implementation of intelligent software to identify and classify objects and individuals in visual fields is a technology of growing importance to operatives in many fields, including wildlife conservation and management. To non-experts, the methods can be abstruse and the results mystifying. Here, in the context of applying cutting edge methods to classify wildlife species from camera-trap data, we shed light on the methods themselves and types of features these methods extract to make efficient identifications and reliable classifications. The current state of the art is to employ convolutional neural networks (CNN) encoded within deep-learning algorithms. We outline these methods and present results obtained in training a CNN to classify 20 African wildlife species with an overall accuracy of 87.5% from a dataset containing 111,467 images. We demonstrate the application of a gradient-weighted class-activation-mapping (Grad-CAM) procedure to extract the most salient pixels in the final convolution layer. We show that these pixels highlight features in particular images that in some cases are similar to those used to train humans to identify these species. Further, we used mutual information methods to identify the neurons in the final convolution layer that consistently respond most strongly across a set of images of one particular species. We then interpret the features in the image where the strongest responses occur, and present dataset biases that were revealed by these extracted features. We also used hierarchical clustering of feature vectors (i.e., the state of the final fully-connected layer in the CNN) associated with each image to produce a visual similarity dendrogram of identified species. Finally, we evaluated the relative unfamiliarity of images that were not part of the training set when these images were one of the 20 species “known” to our CNN in contrast to images of the species that were “unknown” to our CNN.
Silicic acid limitation drives bloom termination and potential carbon sequestration in an Arctic bloom
Authors: Krause Jeffrey W. , Schulz Isabelle K. , Rowe Katherine A. , Dobbins William , Winding Mie H. S. , Sejr Mikael K. , Duarte Carlos M. , Agustí Susana
Published: May 2019

The spring diatom bloom in the Arctic Ocean accounts for significant annual primary production leading to the most rapid annual drawdown of water-column pCO2. Late-winter waters in the Atlantic Arctic & Subarctic Provinces (AASP) have lower silicic acid concentrations than nitrate, which suggests diatom blooms may deplete Si before N. Here we test a facet of the hypothesis that silicic acid limitation terminates the spring diatom bloom in the AASP and the sinking of the senescent and dead diatoms helps drive carbon sequestration. During a 6-week study, diatoms bloomed and progressively consumed silicic acid to where it limited their growth. The onset of growth limitation was concurrent with the minimum pCO2 in the surface waters and increases in both the proportion of dead diatoms and the diatom assemblage sedimentation rate. Data reanalysis within the AASP shows a highly significant and positive correlation between silicic acid and pCO2 in the surface waters, but no significant relationship with nitrate and pCO2 was observed unless data were smoothed. Therefore, understanding the future of the AASP spring diatom bloom requires models that explicitly consider changes in silicic acid supply as a driver of this process.
Factors influencing glycaemic stability after neonatal hypoglycaemia and relationship to neurodevelopmental outcome
Authors: Burakevych Nataliia , McKinlay Christopher J. D. , Harris Deborah L. , Alsweiler Jane M. , Harding Jane E.
Published: May 2019

Higher and unstable glucose concentrations in the first 48 hours in neonates at risk of hypoglycaemia have been associated with neurosensory impairment. It is unclear what defines and contributes to instability. This was a prospective study of term and late preterm babies (N = 139) born at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia who had interstitial glucose (IG) monitoring and ≥1 hypoglycaemic episode <48 hours after birth (blood glucose concentration <2.6 mmol/l [<47 mg/dl]). For 6-hour epochs after each hypoglycaemic episode, masked IG parameters (time to reach maximum IG concentration [hours]; range, average, maximum and minimum IG concentrations; proportion of IG measurements outside the central band of 3–4 mmol/l [54–72 md/dl]; and total duration [hours] of IG concentrations <2.6 mmol/l) were analysed in tertiles and related to: (i) glycaemic instability in the first 48 hours (defined as the proportion of blood glucose concentrations outside the central band in the first 48 hours); (ii) risk factors and treatment for each episode; and (iii) risk of neurosensory impairment at 4.5 years, or at 2 years if a child was not seen at 4.5 years. Glycaemic instability in the first 48 hours was related to IG instability after hypoglycaemia. Risk factors for hypoglycaemia were not related to IG parameters. Treatment with intravenous dextrose was associated with higher IG maximum and range, and lower minimum compared to treatment with dextrose gel plus breast milk, breast milk alone or formula alone. The risk of neurosensory impairment was increased with both shorter and longer time to reach maximum epoch IG (P = 0.04; lower tertile [0.4–2.2 hours] vs middle [2.3–4.2 hours] OR 3.10 [95% CI 1.03; 9.38]; higher tertile [4.3–6.0 hours] vs middle OR 3.07; [95% CI 1.01; 9.24]). Glycaemic response to hypoglycaemia contributes to overall glycaemic instability in newborns and is influenced by treatment. Slow or rapid recovery of hypoglycaemia appears to be associated with neurosensory impairment.
Gray Matter Alterations in Early and Late Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Evaluated with Synthetic Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Andica Christina , Hagiwara Akifumi , Kamagata Koji , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Shimoji Keigo , Saito Asami , Takenaka Yuki , Nakazawa Misaki , Hori Masaaki , Cohen-Adad Julien , Takemura Mariko Yoshida , Hattori Nobutaka , Aoki Shigeki
Published: May 2019

Extensive gray matter (GM) involvement has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was aimed to identify GM alterations in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients using synthetic quantitative MRI (qMRI). We assessed myelin volume fraction (MVF) in each voxel on the basis of R1 and R2 relaxation rates and proton density in 14 early and 28 late (disease duration ≤5 and >5 years, respectively) RRMS patients, and 15 healthy controls (HCs). The MVF and myelin volumes of GM (GM-MyVol) were compared between groups using GM-based spatial statistics (GBSS) and the Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively. Correlations between MVF or GM-MyVol and disease duration or expanded disability status scale were also evaluated. RRMS patients showed a lower MVF than HCs, predominantly in the limbic and para-limbic areas, with more extensive areas noted in late RRMS patients. Late-RRMS patients had the smallest GM-MyVol (20.44 mL; early RRMS, 22.77 mL; HCs, 23.36 mL). Furthermore, the GM-MyVol in the RRMS group was inversely correlated with disease duration (r = −0.43, p = 0.005). In conclusion, the MVF and MyVol obtained by synthetic qMRI can be used to evaluate GM differences in RRMS patients.
Shortened leukocyte telomere length is associated with reduced pulmonary function and greater subsequent decline in function in a sample of World Trade Center responders
Authors: Clouston Sean A. P. , Edelman Norman H. , Aviv Abraham , Stewart Candace , Luft Benjamin J.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to examine whether shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with more rapid pulmonary function decline in a longitudinal study of World Trade Center (WTC) responders. WTC responders (N = 284) participating in a monitoring study underwent blood sampling and were followed prospectively for spirometric outcomes. A single blood sample was taken to measure LTL using southern blotting. Outcomes included percent-predicted one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1%), forced vital capacity (FVC%), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. In a subset, percent-predicted diffusing capacity (DLCO%) was also measured. Longitudinal modeling examined prospectively collected information over five years since blood was banked was used to examine the rate of change in pulmonary functioning over time. Severity of WTC exposure was assessed. Shorter LTL was associated with lower FEV1% and FVC% at baseline. For example, 29.9% of those with LTL <6.5 kbps had FEV1% <80% whereas only 12.4% of those with LTL ≥6.5 had FEV1% <80% (RR = 2.53, 95%CI = [1.70–3.76]). Lower DLCO% was also significantly associated with shorter LTL. Longitudinal models identified a prospective association between shorter LTL and greater yearly rates of decline in FEV1% (0.46%/year, 95%CI = [0.05–0.87]) and in the FEV1/FVC ratio (0.19%/year, 95%CI = [0.03–0.36]). There were no associations between severity of exposure and either LTL or pulmonary function. Longitudinal analyses revealed that shorter LTL, but not severity of WTC exposures, was associated with poorer pulmonary functioning and with greater subsequent decline in pulmonary functioning over time. These findings are consistent with the idea that shortened LTL may act as a biomarker for enhanced pulmonary vulnerability in the face of acute severe toxic inhalation exposures.
Catastrophic shear-removal of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Colorado Plateau by the subducted Farallon slab
Authors: Hernández-Uribe David , Palin Richard M.
Published: May 2019

The causes of Cenozoic uplift of the Colorado Plateau, southwestern USA, are strongly debated, though most hypotheses acknowledge the importance of northwest-directed subduction of the Farallon oceanic plate beneath North America since c. 100 Ma. Existing thermomechanical models suggest that the Farallon slab underthrust the proto-plateau region at ~200 km depth, removing the basal portions of its subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) root, although such small-volume subduction erosion cannot fully account for the degree of uplift observed today. Here we show via petrological modeling of lawsonite-bearing eclogite xenoliths exposed in diatremes in the center of the plateau that the Farallon slab surface penetrated through the proto-plateau SCLM at much shallower depths (~120 km) than these previous estimates, allowing shear-removal of ~80 km of SCLM – a volume up to three-times greater than previously suggested. This removal led to asthenospheric upwelling and isostatic rebound of the plateau region during the late Cretaceous to the Eocene. We posit that similar shear-removal of SCLM likely played a major role in inhibiting cratonic growth and stabilization in the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic – when low-angle subduction of oceanic lithosphere was more prevalent than today – accounting for the atypically thin roots existing below many ancient cratons worldwide.
Constructing a three-dimensional graphene structure via bonding layers by ion beam irradiation
Authors: Abdol Mohammad Ali , Sadeghzadeh Sadegh , Jalaly Maisam , Khatibi Mohammad Mahdi
Published: May 2019

In recent years, the use of the multilayer graphene sheets has been considered more than the single-layer due to the cost-effectiveness and the possibility of mass production. But this type of graphene has some kind of structural weakness due to the weak physical link between its layers. Then, in order to strengthen, many structural modifications are proposed by various techniques to manage the mechanisms at interlayer distances. In this study, the focused ion beam irradiation method has been examined to cross-link and strengthen multi-layer graphene sheets with the help of the molecular dynamics simulation technique. Then, uniaxial and transverse tensile tests were performed to check the mechanical properties of obtained cross-linked multilayer graphene sheets. The results of this research can be considered for the creation of a new class of graphene structures. Such structures could be implemented as a membrane in water desalination or as a storage foam in hydrogen or carbon dioxide storage.
Graphene Oxide increases mammalian spermatozoa fertilizing ability by extracting cholesterol from their membranes and promoting capacitation
Authors: Bernabò Nicola , Machado-Simoes Juliana , Valbonetti Luca , Ramal-Sanchez Marina , Capacchietti Giulia , Fontana Antonella , Zappacosta Romina , Palestini Paola , Botto Laura , Marchisio Marco , Lanuti Paola , Ciulla Michele , Di Stefano Antonio , Fioroni Elena , Spina Michele , Barboni Barbara
Published: May 2019

Graphene Oxide (GO) is a widely used biomaterial with an amazing variety of applications in biology and medicine. Recently, we reported the ability of GO to improve the in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in swine, a validated animal model with a high predictive value for human fertility. For that reason, here we characterized the mechanisms involved in this positive interaction by adopting an experimental approach combining biological methods (confocal microscopy analysis on single cell, flow cytometry on cell populations and co-incubation with epithelial oviductal cells), physical-chemical techniques (Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis), and chemical methods (mass spectrometry and lipid measurement). As a result, we propose a model in which GO is able to extract cholesterol from the spermatozoa membrane without causing any detrimental effect. In this way, the cholesterol extraction promotes a change in membrane chemical-physical properties that could positively affect male gamete function, modulating sperm signalling function and increasing in this way the fertilizing potential, without losing the ability to physiologically interact with the female environment. In conclusion, these data seem to suggest new intriguing possibilities in engineering sperm membrane for improving assisted reproduction technologies outcomes, even in human medicine.
Stability of amine-functionalized CO2 adsorbents: a multifaceted puzzle
Authors: Jahandar Lashaki Masoud , Khiavi Soheil , Sayari Abdelhamid
Published: May 2019

All sources of thermal, hydrothermal and chemical stability, or lack thereof, for amine-functionalized CO2 adsorbents were critically reviewed.
Selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction on copper–titanium dioxide: a study of the relationship between CO production and H2 suppression
Authors: Lan Yangchun , Xie Yongzhi , Chen Jiaxi , Hu Zhuofeng , Cui Dehu
Published: May 2019

High selectivity of CO2 reduction and suppression of H2 evolution on a Cu/TiO2 photocatalyst.
B4C nanosheets decorated within situ-derived boron-doped graphene quantum dots for high-efficiency ambient N2fixation
Authors: Qiu Wei-Bin , Luo Yu-Xi , Liang Ru-Ping , Qiu Jian-Ding , Xia Xing-Hua
Published: May 2019

In situ-derived boron-doped graphene quantum dots can significantly improve the activity of boron carbide nanosheets for artificial N2fixation.
Synthesis of nanocrystalline strontium titanate by a sol–gel assisted solid phase method and its formation mechanism and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Ma Yuan , Wu Zhengjie , Wang Haiwang , Wang Guanqi , Zhang Yukai , Hu Pengcheng , Li Yuanming , Gao Dekuan , Pu Hongqin , Wang Bingzhu , Qi Xiwei
Published: May 2019

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) with a perovskite structure is widely applied to hydrogen production by photolysis water splitting.
Centimeter-size square 2D layered Pb-free hybrid perovskite single crystal (CH3NH3)2MnCl4 for red photoluminescence
Authors: Cheng Xiaohua , Jing Lin , Yuan Ye , Du Songjie , Yao Qing , Zhang Jie , Ding Jianxu , Zhou Tianliang
Published: May 2019

Centimeter-size 2D layered Pb-free (CH3NH3)2MnCl4 single crystal was grown by using different ways and proved to have good luminous via fabricating LED device.
An “off–on” fluorescent naphthalimide-based sensor for anions: its application in visual F− and AcO− discrimination in a self-assembled gel state
Authors: Pang Xuelei , Ge Junqi , Yu Xudong , Li Yajuan , Shen Fengjuan , Wang Yanqiu , Ren Jujie
Published: May 2019

Herein, we report a novel fluorescent organogelator that could discriminate F− from AcO− in both solution and gel systems.
Highly regio- and diastereoselective Cu-catalyzed hydroborylation and hydrosilylation of difluorocyclopropenes with B2pin2 and PhMe2Si–Bpin
Authors: Zhao Xianghu , Xu Sixue , He Jingjing , Zhou Yao , Cao Song
Published: May 2019

An efficient method for the synthesis of trans-difluorocyclopropyl boronates and silanes through a Cu-catalyzed hydroborylation and hydrosilylation of difluorocyclopropenes was reported.
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions between arenes (C–H) and carboxylic acids (O–H): a straightforward and environmentally benign access to O-aryl esters
Authors: Arshadi Sattar , Banaei Alireza , Monfared Aazam , Ebrahimiasl Saeideh , Hosseinian Akram
Published: May 2019

Transition-metal catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative-coupling encompass atom economical methods for the construction of various carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds by combining two C(X)–H (X = heteroatom) bonds.
Evaluation of dual layered photoanode for enhancement of visible-light-driven applications
Authors: Kang Suhee , Jang Joonyoung , Kim Hyo-Joon , Ahn Sung-Hoon , Lee Caroline Sunyong
Published: May 2019

Ternary structures consisting of hollow g-C3N4 nanofibers/MoS2/sulfur, nitrogen-doped graphene and bulk g-C3N4 (TCN) were designed as a dual layered film and fabricated using a spin-coating method.
Disproportionation-induced solid-state fluorescence in 6,13-dihydropentacenes
Authors: Tajima Tomoyuki , Sanda Rai , Nishihara Katsuya , Shirai Hitoshi , Okuda Yasuhiro , Orita Akihiro , Takaguchi Yutaka
Published: May 2019

The thermally and photolytically induced disproportionation of 6,13-dihydropentacene derivatives into tetrahydropentacenes and pentacenes results in unique solid-state fluorescence.
Deposition of Ni–NiO nanoparticles on the reduced graphene oxide filled polypyrrole: evaluation as cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Pattanayak Prasanta , Papiya Farhan , kumar Vikash , Pramanik Nilkamal , Kundu Patit Paban
Published: May 2019

Herein, we fabricated thein situpolymerization of pyrrole (Py) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), formulated as a nanocomposite support matrix for the deposition of nickel–nickel oxide (Ni–NiO) nanoparticles (NPs), as a cost-effective cathode catalyst for application in microbial fuel cells.
Enhanced performance and stability of p–i–n perovskite solar cells by utilizing an AIE-active cathode interlayer
Authors: Tu Jin , Liu Cong , Fan Yunhao , Liu Fan , Chang Kai , Xu Zijian , Li Qianqian , Chen Yiwang , Li Zhen
Published: May 2019

The inverted PVSC device with PTN-Br as the cathode interlayer exhibits a reduced WF, better ohmic contact and improved electron mobility, leading to improved PCE. Due to the suitable UV absorption of PTN-Br, the device showed much-enhanced stability under UV radiation.
Thermally stable and hydrophilic CsPbBr3/mPEG-NH2 nanocrystals with enhanced aqueous fluorescence for cell imaging
Authors: Yan Qi-Bao , Bao Ning , Ding Shou-Nian
Published: May 2019

Hydrophilic CsPbBr3/mPEG-NH2 nanocrystals with enhanced fluorescence for cell imaging.
A critical review of reactive vapor deposition for conjugated polymer synthesis
Authors: Bilger David , Homayounfar S. Zohreh , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: May 2019

A critical review of reactive vapor deposition as a tool for conjugated polymer synthesis.
Polyoxometalates as promising materials for electrochromic devices
Authors: Wang Shi-Ming , Hwang Jongun , Kim Eunkyoung
Published: May 2019

A comprehensive review on polyoxometalate-based electrochromic materials and their applications in electrochromic devices.
Synthesis of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with the sole ligand of protonated (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane
Authors: Zhu Jingrun , Zhu Yihua , Huang Jianfei , Gong Yiqin , Shen Jianhua , Li Chunzhong
Published: May 2019

Efficient and stable CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with the sole ligand of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS) were synthesised by adding hydrobromic acid (HBr) into the precursor. The films of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals were fabricated on a slide by centrifugal force. Also, down-converted light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by coating the CsPbBr3 quantum dot films on ultraviolet chips.
Polyimide-based gate dielectrics for high-performance organic thin film transistors
Authors: Zou Jiawei , Wang He , Zhang Xuehui , Wang Xuesong , Shi Zuosen , Jiang Yuhang , Cui Zhanchen , Yan Donghang
Published: May 2019

In this work, polyimide-based novel polymer dielectric materials, containing a cross-linkable olefin group and a long alkyl chain with biphenyl, were designed and synthesized by a mild chemical synthesis method to avoid thermal imidization so that they can be widely utilized.
Intense red photoluminescence and mechanoluminescence from Mn2+-activated SrZnSO with a layered structure
Authors: Zhou Yu , Yang Yun-Ling , Fan Yu-Ting , Yang Woochul , Zhang Wei-Bin , Hu Jian-Feng , Zhang Zhi-Jun , Zhao Jing-Tai
Published: May 2019

Intense red emitting Mn2+-activated SrZnSO samples were synthesized by solid-state reaction at high temperature, and their photoluminescence and mechanoluminescence properties were investigated.
High α B-crystallin and p53 co-expression is associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer
Authors: Tan Lin , Sha Ling , Hou Ning , Zhang Mei , Ma Qian , Shi Chuanbing
Published: May 2019

Objectives: The present study investigated the correlation between α B-crystallin (CRYAB, HSPB5) and p53 expression in ovarian cancer and further analyzed the relationship between their expression and clinicopathology and the prognostic value of their co-expression in ovarian cancer. Methods: CRYAB and p53 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry on ovarian cancer tumor tissues from 103 cases and validated in an independent group of 103 ovarian cancer patients. Results: High CRYAB and p53 expression rates in ovarian cancer tissues were 61.17% (63/103) and 57.28% (59/103), respectively, and their expression was positively correlated (r = 0.525, P=0.000). High CRYAB expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.028), lymph node metastasis (P=0.000), distant metastasis (P=0.005), tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.002), and survival (P=0.000), while high p53 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.006), pathological grade (P=0.023), lymph node metastasis (P=0.001), and survival (P=0.000). Further studies found that the high CRYAB and p53 co-expression was also significantly correlated with pathological grade (P=0.024), lymph node metastasis (P=0.000), Distant metastasis (P=0.015), TNM stage (P=0.013), and survival (P=0.000). High expression of either CRYAB or p53 and high co-expression of CRYAB and p53 were significantly correlated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively (P<0.05). Patients with high CRYAB and p53 co-expression had the worst prognoses among the groups. In addition, multivariate Cox regression models showed that high expression of either CRYAB or p53 and high co-expression of CRYAB and p53 were independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS (P<0.05). Moreover, the positive correlation and prognostic value of CRYAB and p53 expression were verified in another independent dataset. Conclusions: We demonstrated that patients with high CRYAB and p53 co-expression in ovarian cancer have significantly increased risks of recurrence, metastasis, and death compared with other patients. Therefore, more frequent follow-up of patients with high CRYAB and p53 co-expression is required. Our results also suggest that combination therapy with CRYAB inhibitors and p53 blockers may benefit future treatment of ovarian cancer patients with high co-expression of CRYAB and p53.
Otobone®: Three-dimensional printed Temporal Bone Biomodel for Simulation of Surgical Procedures
Authors: Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Rocha Bruno Aragão , Freitas Edson Leite , Balsalobre Fernando de Andrade
Published: May 2019

Introduction The anatomy of the temporal bone is complex due to the large number of structures and functions grouped in this small bone space, which do not exist in any other region in the human body. With the difficulty of obtaining anatomical parts and the increasing number of ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors, there was a need to create alternatives as real as possible for training otologic surgeons.

Objective Developing a technique to produce temporal bone models that allow them to maintain the external and internal anatomical features faithful to the natural bone.

Methods For this study, we used a computed tomography (CT) scan of the temporal bones of a 30-year-old male patient, with no structural morphological changes or any other pathology detected in the examination, which was later sent to a 3D printer in order to produce a temporal bone biomodel.

Results After dissection, the lead author evaluated the plasticity of the part and its similarity in drilling a natural bone as grade “4” on a scale of 0 to 5, in which 5 is the closest to the natural bone and 0 the farthest from the natural bone. All structures proposed in the method were found with the proposed color.

Conclusion It is concluded that it is feasible to use biomodels in surgical training of specialist doctors. After dissection of the bone biomodel, it was possible to find the anatomical structures proposed, and to reproduce the surgical approaches most used in surgical practice and training implants.
Theoretical analysis of spatial nonhomogeneous patterns of entomopathogenic fungi growth on insect pest
Authors: Djouda Byliole S. , Moukam Kakmeni F. M. , Guemkam Ghomsi P. , Ndjomatchoua Frank T. , Tchawoua Clément , Tonnang Henri E. Z.
Published: May 2019

This paper presents the study of the dynamics of intrahost (insect pests)-pathogen [entomopathogenic fungi (EPF)] interactions. The interaction between the resources from the insect pest and the mycelia of EPF is represented by the Holling and Powell type II functional responses. Because the EPF’s growth is related to the instability of the steady state solution of our system, particular attention is given to the stability analysis of this steady state. Initially, the stability of the steady state is investigated without taking into account diffusion and by considering the behavior of the system around its equilibrium states. In addition, considering small perturbation of the stable singular point due to nonlinear diffusion, the conditions for Turing instability occurrence are deduced. It is observed that the absence of the regeneration feature of insect resources prevents the occurrence of such phenomena. The long time evolution of our system enables us to observe both spot and stripe patterns. Moreover, when the diffusion of mycelia is slightly modulated by a weak periodic perturbation, the Floquet theory and numerical simulations allow us to derive the conditions in which diffusion driven instabilities can occur. The relevance of the obtained results is further discussed in the perspective of biological insect pest control.
Thickness dependence of microstructure and properties in Be2C coatings as a promising ablation material
Authors: He Yudan , Jin Lei , Zhang Jiqiang , Luo Bingchi , Li Kai , Wu Weidong , Luo Jiangshan
Published: May 2019

Beryllium carbide (Be2C) thin films have proven to be promising ablation materials, but the properties of Be2C coatings of the greater thickness required for inertial confinement fusion capsules are still unknown. In this work, Be2C coatings of various thicknesses (0.3–32.9 µm) are prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The influence of thickness on crystal properties, microstructure, and optical properties is investigated. The results indicate that the crystallinity of polycrystalline Be2C films improves with increasing thickness, while the grain size (∼5 nm) and texture properties (without a preferred orientation) have only a weak dependence on thickness. A uniform featureless microstructure and smooth surface (root mean square roughness ∼8 nm) are observed even in thick (32.9 µm) films, despite the presence of defects induced by contaminants. High densities (2.19–2.31 g/cm3) and high deposition rates (∼270 nm/h) are realized, with the latter corresponding to the upper limit for the fabrication of Be2C coatings by magnetron sputtering. The transmittance of the films in the near-infrared region remains at a high level (>80%) and has only a weak dependence on thickness, while the transmittance in the visible region decreases with increasing thickness. In addition, the optical bandgap is estimated to be about 1.9 eV and decreases with increasing thickness owing to the presence of defects.
Highly conducting, durable and large area carbon nanotube thick films for stretchable and flexible electrodes
Authors: Zhou Ying , Yokota Yoshiko , Tanaka Satoko , Toda Naoya , Azumi Reiko
Published: May 2019

We demonstrated a straightforward strategy to fabricate highly conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) films by introducing polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a dispersant and a dopant. A dispersion process was developed to fabricate highly concentrated and viscous aqueous suspensions, which enabled an easy deposition of uniform micrometer-thick CNT films on a large scale. The CNT-PAA hybrid film exhibited a ten fold increase in the conductivity as compared with the nondoped film. Furthermore, a mild acid-treatment was utilized to modify the CNTs before dispersion, resulting in a high density of small-bundle CNTs without clear structural damage and a further two fold increase in the conductivity. The CNT-PAA hybrid film with a thickness of around 5.1 μm exhibited a sheet resistance of 0.1 Ω/sq with a surprisingly high electrical conductivity of 19 600 ± 4000 S/cm. The conductivity of the hybrid film remained almost constant after aging tests under the conditions of 85 °C and 85% relative humidity for more than 1000 h, suggesting its outstanding long-term stability. Furthermore, HNO3 doping increased the conductivity to 35 000 ± 5000 S/cm.
A multi-frequency piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with liquid filled container as the proof mass
Authors: Liu Donghuan , Li Haisheng , Feng Hang , Yalkun Torhonjan , Hajj Muhammad R.
Published: May 2019

The performance of a vibration energy harvester consisting of a beam with a water-filled container as the tip mass is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the capability of this system to harvest energy over a broader range of frequencies compared to the traditional beam with a solid tip mass system. The broadening is due to geometric, inertial, damping, flow nonlinearities, or a combination of them. These nonlinearities cause energy exchange between the system's modes through internal resonances leading to nonlinear periodic, or periodically or chaotically modulated responses over a relatively broad range of excitation frequencies. The results show an output voltage response that has two or more resonance peaks in comparison to the traditional harvester, which has only one peak near the resonance frequency. The system's parameters including the excitation frequency and amplitude and the water depth to container diameter ratio can be used to control the frequency bandwidth over which energy is harvested.
Using control to shape stochastic escape and switching dynamics
Authors: Kularatne Dhanushka , Forgoston Eric , Hsieh M. Ani
Published: May 2019

We present a strategy to control the mean stochastic switching times of general dynamical systems with multiple equilibrium states subject to Gaussian white noise. The control can either enhance or abate the probability of escape from the deterministic region of attraction of a stable equilibrium in the presence of external noise. We synthesize a feedback control strategy that actively changes the system’s mean stochastic switching behavior based on the system’s distance to the boundary of the attracting region. With the proposed controller, we are able to achieve a desired mean switching time, even when the strength of noise in the system is not known. The control method is analytically validated using a one-dimensional system, and its effectiveness is numerically demonstrated for a set of dynamical systems of practical importance.
Studies of laser-plasma interaction physics with low-density targets for direct-drive inertial confinement schemes
Authors: Tikhonchuk V. , Gu Y. J. , Klimo O. , Limpouch J. , Weber S.
Published: May 2019

Comprehensive understanding and possible control of parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) remains a challenging task. The details of the absorption processes and the detrimental effects of hot electrons on the implosion process require as much effort on the experimental side as on the theoretical and simulation side. This paper describes a proposal for experimental studies on nonlinear interaction of intense laser pulses with a high-temperature plasma under conditions corresponding to direct-drive ICF schemes. We propose to develop a platform for laser-plasma interaction studies based on foam targets. Parametric instabilities are sensitive to the bulk plasma temperature and the density scale length. Foam targets are sufficiently flexible to allow control of these parameters. However, investigations conducted on small laser facilities cannot be extrapolated in a reliable way to real fusion conditions. It is therefore necessary to perform experiments at a multi-kilojoule energy level on medium-scale facilities such as OMEGA or SG-III. An example of two-plasmon decay instability excited in the interaction of two laser beams is considered.
A multifunction digital receiver suitable for real-time frequency detection and compensation in fast magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Li Limin , Wyrwicz Alice M.
Published: May 2019

We describe the development and implementation of a multifunction digital receiver suitable for magnetic resonance imaging with capability of real-time frequency detection and compensation. The digital receiver consists primarily of firmware modules that combine the functionalities of signal acquisition, frequency detection and compensation, and data correction and image reconstruction. The receiver was developed based on a single multiple-input multiple-output radio-frequency electronic board equipped with a reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. A simple and practical algorithm was developed and implemented on the FPGA to accelerate the data processing for frequency determination. The simplified frequency detection and the higher system integration enable the receiver to reduce dramatically the time for frequency detection and compensation. With this receiver, we are able to detect the frequency of short-duration signals in the bandwidth of 10 MHz centered at 400 MHz within 75 ns after the signal acquisition. We describe the designs of the key FPGA modules and how these modules integrate into a multifunction receiver. We also present testing data that validate the simplified algorithm for frequency determination, demonstrate frequency detection and compensation, and demonstrate how real-time data correction is performed during image acquisition and reconstruction.
Conformable optical coatings with epsilon near zero response
Authors: Li Xin , Rizza Carlo , Schulz Sebastian Andreas , Ciattoni Alessandro , Di Falco Andrea
Published: May 2019

We design and experimentally demonstrate an optical free-standing and low-loss metamaterial showing a vanishing effective permittivity. The material consists of a stack of subwavelength polymer and silver nanolayers. We show that the material can withstand large mechanical deformations preserving its own optical properties with high reversibility and repeatability and that it can conform to targets with irregular surfaces, with a radius of curvature of the order of few microns. This material can be used to create an artificial metamaterial skin for nonflat materials and devices that cannot be processed directly for practical applications in field enhancement, wavefront shaping, all-optical modulation, and optical sensing.
The interaction-induced dipole of H2–H: New ab initio results and spherical tensor analysis
Authors: Lee Hua-Kuang , Li Xiaoping , Miliordos Evangelos , Hunt Katharine L. C.
Published: May 2019

We present numerical results for the dipole induced by interactions between a hydrogen molecule and a hydrogen atom, obtained from finite-field calculations in an aug-cc-pV5Z basis at the unrestricted coupled-cluster level including all single and double excitations in the exponential operator applied to a restricted Hartree–Fock reference state, with the triple excitations treated perturbatively, i.e., UCCSD(T) level. The Cartesian components of the dipole have been computed for nine different bond lengths r of H2 ranging from 0.942 a.u. to 2.801 a.u., for 16 different separations R between the centers of mass of H2 and H between 3.0 a.u. and 10.0 a.u., and for 19 angles θ between the H2 bond vector r and the vector R from the H2 center of mass to the nucleus of the H atom, ranging from 0° to 90° in intervals of 5°. We have expanded the interaction-induced dipole as a series in the spherical harmonics of the orientation angles of the H2 bond axis and of the intermolecular vector, with coefficients DλL(r, R). For the geometrical configurations that we have studied in this work, the most important coefficients DλL(r, R) in the series expansion are D01(r, R), D21(r, R), D23(r, R), D43(r, R), and D45(r, R). We show that the ab initio results for D23(r, R) and D45(r, R) converge to the classical induction forms at large R. The convergence of D45(r, R) to the hexadecapolar induction form is demonstrated for the first time. Close agreement between the long-range ab initio values of D01(r0 = 1.449 a.u., R) and the known analytical values due to van der Waals dispersion and back induction is also demonstrated for the first time. At shorter range, D01(r, R) characterizes isotropic overlap and exchange effects, as well as dispersion. The coefficients D21(r, R) and D43(r, R) represent anisotropic overlap effects. Our results for the DλL(r, R) coefficients are useful for calculations of the line shapes for collision-induced absorption and collision-induced emission in the infrared and far-infrared by gas mixtures containing both H2 molecules and H atoms.
On computing the solubility of molecular systems subject to constraints using the extended Einstein crystal method
Authors: Gobbo Gianpaolo , Ciccotti Giovanni , Trout Bernhardt L.
Published: May 2019

A method to compute solubilities for molecular systems using atomistic simulations, based on an extension of the Einstein crystal method, has recently been presented [Li et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 214110 (2017)]. This methodology is particularly appealing to compute solubilities in cases of practical importance including, but not limited to, solutions where the solute is sparingly soluble and molecules of importance for the pharmaceutical industry, which are often characterized by strong polar interactions and slow relaxation time scales. The mathematical derivation of this methodology hinges on a factorization of the partition function which is not necessarily applicable in the case of a system subject to holonomic molecular constraints. We show here that, although the mathematical procedure to derive it is slightly different, essentially the same mathematical relation for calculating the solubility can be safely applied for computing the solubility of systems subject to constraints, which are the majority of the systems used for practical molecular simulations.
Psychotria corrugata (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae), a new species from the Hindenburg Wall, Western Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Venter Stephanus
Published: May 2019

Psychotria corrugata S.Venter is newly described from the Hindenburg Wall area in the Star Mountains of Papua New Guinea. It can easily be distinguished from other Psychotria species by the curved, narrow, coriaceous and corrugated leaves, contracted panicle and papillate corolla lobes.
Caspase-8 promotes c-Rel–dependent inflammatory cytokine expression and resistance against
Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: DeLaney Alexandra A. , Berry Corbett T. , Christian David A. , Hart Andrew , Bjanes Elisabet , Wynosky-Dolfi Meghan A. , Li Xinyuan , Tummers Bart , Udalova Irina A. , Chen Youhai H. , Hershberg Uri , Freedman Bruce D. , Hunter Christopher A. , Brodsky Igor E.
Published: May 2019

Caspase-8 is a key integrator of cell survival and cell death decisions during infection and inflammation. Following engagement of tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors or certain Toll-like receptors (TLRs), caspase-8 initiates cell-extrinsic apoptosis while inhibiting RIPK3-dependent programmed necrosis. In addition, caspase-8 has an important, albeit less well understood, role in cell-intrinsic inflammatory gene expression. Macrophages lacking caspase-8 or the adaptor FADD have defective inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammasome priming in response to bacterial infection or TLR stimulation. How caspase-8 regulates cytokine gene expression, and whether caspase-8–mediated gene regulation has a physiological role during infection, remain poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that both caspase-8 enzymatic activity and scaffolding functions contribute to inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Caspase-8 enzymatic activity was necessary for maximal expression of
Il1b
and
Il12b
, but caspase-8 deficient cells exhibited a further decrease in expression of these genes. Furthermore, the ability of TLR stimuli to induce optimal IκB kinase phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells family member c-Rel required caspase activity. Interestingly, overexpression of c-Rel was sufficient to restore expression of IL-12 and IL-1β in caspase-8–deficient cells. Moreover,
Ripk3

−/−

Casp8

−/−

mice were unable to control infection by the intracellular parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
, which corresponded to defects in monocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, and exogenous IL-12 restored monocyte recruitment and protection of caspase-8–deficient mice during acute toxoplasmosis. These findings provide insight into how caspase-8 controls inflammatory gene expression and identify a critical role for caspase-8 in host defense against eukaryotic pathogens.
Bunch physical analysis.
Authors: Widodo P. , Nur F. , Nafisah E. , Forster B. P. , Hasibuan H. A.
Published: May 2019

Fresh fruit bunches harvested from the field should be transferred to the physical analysis laboratory as soon as possible to determine: bunch sample weight; the fruit type (Dura, Tenera and Pisifera); stalk weight; total number of spikelets in the bunch; percentage of fertile fruits in the bunch (F/B); number of parthenocarpic fruits in the bunch; number of under-developed fruits in the bunch; fruit set (FS); fruit weight (FWT); percentage of mesocarp in the fruits (M/F); and percentage of mesocarp in the fruit check (M/FC). Spikelets are separated from the stalk (after an overnight fermentation process with ethephon solution) by chopping with an axe. A random sample of spikelets (according to bunch weight) is taken, from which fruits are removed. The separated fruits are classified as either fertile, parthenocarpic or under-developed. A random sample of 30 fertile fruits without any bruising or damage is then taken for nut and oil analysis. But first the fruits should be scraped to clean off the mesocarp from the nut. The data required for calculating various parameters are recorded: fruit type; bunch weight; stalk weight; spikelet number; spikelet sample weight; fruit sample weight; 30 fruit sample weight; wet (fresh) mesocarp weight; and number of nuts.
Fruit sampling.
Authors: Widodo P. , Nur F. , Nafisah E. , Forster B. P. , Hasibuan H. A.
Published: May 2019

Both nut analysis and oil analysis require proper sampling. Fertile fruits without any damage (bruising or chopped) are sampled using a randomization box. The randomization box divides the fruit sample into two portions (into two container boxes). Thirty fruits are taken randomly from each box and placed onto two separate trays. The weight deviation between these two replicated trays should be less than 5%.
FLEGT and livelihoods.
Authors: Buchy M. , Hobley M.
Published: May 2019

This review explores the links between the EUs Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreements (FLEGT VPA) and forest and wood product-based livelihoods in the signatory and negotiating countries. It is a stock taking exercise of how sustainable livelihoods, within the context of the FLEGT VPA, have been considered in the literature, what have been the most prominent issues considered in the debates and which ones have been overlooked. Given the paucity of references specifically focused on the topic this review has widened to include issues around livelihoods and forests and conditions under which forests can or do contribute to poverty alleviation, tenure and governance arrangements, gender, regulation and formalization, and potential impacts of the VPA. This review concludes with a list of some unanswered questions that remain which perhaps point towards elements of a broader research agenda or policy focus.
Genetics of footrot resistance in small ruminants.
Authors: Azarpajouh S. , Díaz J. C. , Clifford-Rathert C. , Segura Correa J. , Lamberson W.
Published: May 2019

Footrot is a highly contagious disease with significant economic and animal welfare impacts on the small ruminant livestock industry. Host genetics, environmental conditions, nutrition, foot shape and structure, and age contribute to small ruminants' susceptibility to footrot. Selection for footrot resistance is a promising way to classify susceptible or resistant small ruminants without subjecting them to a pathogenic challenge, to reduce disease prevalence, to improve small ruminants' health and welfare and to produce safe, high-quality food. To date, there has been little focus on footrot resistance heritability and response to selection in small ruminants. This review paper (a) explains footrot and its aetiology in small ruminants, (b) describe genetics of disease resistance and marker-assisted selection, (c) discusses footrot resistance heritability, (d) addresses phenotypic and genetic variation in footrot resistance and selection for footrot resistance, and (e) defines phenotypic and genetic assessment for footrot resistance and footrot gene-marker screening test.
Distribution Pattern of Settlement in 2032 based on Population Density in Bengkulu City
Authors: Putrie Natasya Syafira , Susiloningtyas Dewi , Supriatna  , Pratami Mentari
Published: May 2019

Population and development activities that are increasingly urgent will demand higher settlements. Low population density and become higher along with population growth and centralization at the center which will shape the pattern of settlement spread. The research method used in this study is the Modeling of Cellular Automata and Geographic Information Systems. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of population distribution in 2032 in the city of Bengkulu. This study shows the CA models in changing temporal land support capacity and forward prediction in 2032 models with physical and social data in Bengkulu City. The study is to help local authorities to better understand and address complex land use systems and develop better land use. The results showed that the distribution pattern in the western part of Bengkulu City had a high level of density and distribution pattern from the settlement of North-East-South clustering had a lower population density and random settlement distribution patterns.