bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography in the Management of Neonatal Illness
Authors: Harabor Andrei , Soraisham Amuchou Singh
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To describe the impact of targeted neonatal echocardiography on management of neonatal illness in a tertiary perinatal center neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive targeted neonatal echocardiographic studies that were performed over an 18‐month period in a regional perinatal center NICU in Canada. All studies were performed with a cardiovascular ultrasound machine and transducer and read on a workstation with storage and analysis software. Reporting was done on a standardized document, and any management change resulting from targeted neonatal echocardiography was documented.

Results

A total of 303 consecutive targeted neonatal echocardiographic studies were performed on 129 neonates. The mean gestational age ± SD was 27.8 ± 4.3 weeks (range, 23–41 weeks), and the mean birth weight ± SD was 1196 ± 197 g (range, 490– 4500 g). The median number of studies per neonate was 2 (range, 1–8), with most repeated studies for a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The most common indication for echocardiography was assessment of a PDA (52.1%), followed by early global hemodynamic assessment of very low birth weight (16.2%) and pulmonary hypertension (12.2%). Of the 303 studies, 126 (41.5%) resulted in management changes. The contribution to management was significantly related to the timing of echocardiography. Around half of the echocardiographic examinations during first the week of life resulted in management changes, compared to 22% of studies after 1 week of age (P = .002). Patent ductus arteriosus management accounted for almost half of the interventions.

Conclusions

Targeted neonatal echocardiography is a valuable tool in the NICU and can contribute substantially to hemodynamic management in the first week of life, PDA management in the first 2 weeks of life, and cases of hypotension or shock at any time during the hospital stay.
Cardiovascular System Sonographic Evaluation Algorithm
Authors: De León-Luis Juan , Bravo Coral , Gámez Francisco , Ortiz-Quintana Luis
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the reproducibility and feasibility of the new cardiovascular system sonographic evaluation algorithm for studying the extended fetal cardiovascular system, including the portal, thymic, and supra‐aortic areas, in the second trimester of pregnancy (19–22 weeks).

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study of pregnant women with healthy fetuses (singleton and twin pregnancies) attending our center from March to August 2011. The extended fetal cardiovascular system was evaluated by following the new algorithm, a sequential acquisition of axial views comprising the following (caudal to cranial): I, portal sinus; II, ductus venosus; III, hepatic veins; IV, 4‐chamber view; V, left ventricular outflow tract; VI, right ventricular outflow tract; VII, 3‐vessel and trachea view; VIII, thy‐box; and IX, subclavian arteries. Interobserver agreement on the feasibility and exploration time was estimated in a subgroup of patients. The feasibility and exploration time were determined for the main cohort. Maternal, fetal, and sonographic factors affecting both features were evaluated.

Results

Interobserver agreement was excellent for all views except view VIII; the difference in the mean exploration time between observers was 1.5 minutes (95% confidence interval, 0.7–2.1 minutes; P < .05). In 184 fetuses (mean gestational age ± SD, 20 ± 0.6 weeks), the feasibility of all views was close to 99% except view VIII (88.7%). The complete feasibility of the algorithm was 81.5%. The mean exploration time was 5.6 ± 4.2 minutes. Only the occiput anterior fetal position was associated with a lower frequency of visualization and a longer exploration time (P < .05).

Conclusions

The cardiovascular system sonographic evaluation algorithm is a reproducible and feasible approach for exploration of the extended fetal cardiovascular system in a second‐trimester scan. It can be used to explore these areas in normal and abnormal conditions and provides an integrated image of extended fetal cardiovascular anatomy.
Saline Flush Test
Authors: Gekle Robert , Dubensky Laurence , Haddad Stephanie , Bramante Robert , Cirilli Angela , Catlin Tracy , Patel Gaurav , D'Amore Jason , Slesinger Todd L. , Raio Christopher , Modayil Veena , Nelson Mathew
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Resuscitation often requires rapid vascular access via central venous catheters. Chest radiography is the reference standard to confirm central venous catheter placement and exclude complications. However, radiographs are often untimely. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dynamic sonographic visualization of a saline flush in the right side of the heart after central venous catheter placement could serve as a more rapid confirmatory study for above‐the‐diaphragm catheter placement.

Methods

A consecutive prospective enrollment study was conducted in the emergency departments of 2 major tertiary care centers. Adult patients of the study investigators who required an above‐the‐diaphragm central venous catheter were enrolled during the study period. Patients had a catheter placed with sonographic guidance. After placement of the catheter, thoracic sonography was performed. The times for visualization of the saline flush in the right ventricle and sonographic exclusion of ipsilateral pneumothorax were recorded. Chest radiography was performed per standard practice.

Results

Eighty‐one patients were enrolled; 13 were excluded. The mean catheter confirmation time by sonography was 8.80 minutes (95% confidence interval, 7.46–10.14 minutes). The mean catheter confirmation time by chest radiograph availability for viewing was 45.78 minutes (95% confidence interval, 37.03–54.54 minutes). Mean sonographic confirmation occurred 36.98 minutes sooner than radiography (P< .001). No discrepancy existed between sonographic and radiographic confirmation.

Conclusions

Confirmation of central venous catheter placement by dynamic sonographic visualization of a saline flush with exclusion of pneumothorax is an accurate, safe, and more efficient method than confirmation by chest radiography. It allows the central line to be used immediately, expediting patient care.
Value of Intraoperative Sonography in Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Weinstein Stefanie , Morgan Tara , Poder Liina , Shin Lewis , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Aslam Rizwan , Yee Judy
Published: June 2015

The utility of intraoperative sonography for pancreatic disease has been well described for detection and evaluation of neoplastic and inflammatory pancreatic disease.1–8 Intraoperative sonography can help substantially reduce surgical time as well as decrease potential injury to tissues and major structures. Imaging with sonography literally at the point of care—the surgeon's scalpel—can precisely define the location of pancreatic lesions and their direct relationship with surrounding structures in real time during surgery. This article highlights our experience with intraoperative sonography at multiple institutional sites for both open and laparoscopic surgical procedures. We use intraoperative sonography for a wide range of pancreatic disease to provide accurate localization and staging of disease, provide guidance for enucleation of nonpalpable, nonvisible tumors, and in planning the most direct and least invasive surgical approach, avoiding injury to the pancreatic duct or other vital structures.
Conditionally Increased Acoustic Pressures in Nonfetal Diagnostic Ultrasound Examinations Without Contrast Agents: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Nightingale Kathryn R. , Church Charles C. , Harris Gerald , Wear Keith A. , Bailey Michael R. , Carson Paul L. , Jiang Hui , Sandstrom Kurt L. , Szabo Thomas L. , Ziskin Marvin C.
Published: June 2015

The mechanical index (MI) has been used by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1992 for regulatory decisions regarding the acoustic output of diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Its formula is based on predictions of acoustic cavitation under specific conditions. Since its implementation over 2 decades ago, new imaging modes have been developed that employ unique beam sequences exploiting higher‐order acoustic phenomena, and, concurrently, studies of the bioeffects of ultrasound under a range of imaging scenarios have been conducted. In 2012, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Technical Standards Committee convened a working group of its Output Standards Subcommittee to examine and report on the potential risks and benefits of the use of conditionally increased acoustic pressures (CIP) under specific diagnostic imaging scenarios. The term “conditionally” is included to indicate that CIP would be considered on a per‐patient basis for the duration required to obtain the necessary diagnostic information. This document is a result of that effort. In summary, a fundamental assumption in the MI calculation is the presence of a preexisting gas body. For tissues not known to contain preexisting gas bodies, based on theoretical predications and experimentally reported cavitation thresholds, we find this assumption to be invalid. We thus conclude that exceeding the recommended maximum MI level given in the FDA guidance could be warranted without concern for increased risk of cavitation in these tissues. However, there is limited literature assessing the potential clinical benefit of exceeding the MI guidelines in these tissues. The report proposes a 3‐tiered approach for CIP that follows the model for employing elevated output in magnetic resonance imaging and concludes with summary recommendations to facilitate Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐monitored clinical studies investigating CIP in specific tissues.
Four Tips for Improving Video Telehealth Patient-Clinician Communication
Authors: Hirschtritt Matthew E. , Kelly Stephanie
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Insights explores the differences between in-person and telehealth encounters between patients and clinicians and offers clinicians guidance on how to improve communication with patients when meeting virtually.
The Effect of Telehealth on Spending—Reframing the Debate
Authors: Uscher-Pines Lori , Mehrotra Ateev
Published: August 2024

This work examines reframing the discussion about telehealth costs to make lasting progress on telehealth policy.
Reporting Primary Language in Cardiology Clinical Trials
Authors: Latif Zara , Blumer Vanessa , DeFilippis Ersilia M.
Published: August 2024

This Viewpoint highlights the limited representation of patients with non-English language preference (NELP) in cardiology clinical trials and registries and recommends several methods to better include patients with NELP.
Cutaneous Collagenous Vasculopathy Associated With Antibody-Drug Conjugate Treatment
Authors: Michelerio Andrea , Cabutti Francesco , Tomasini Carlo
Published: August 2024

This case report describes cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy associated with loncastuximab tesirine, an antibody-drug conjugate treatment.
Sex, Atrial Fibrillation, and Long-Term Mortality After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Karamnov Sergey , Sarkisian Natalia , Wollborn Jakob , Justice Samuel , Fields Kara , Kovacheva Vesela P. , Osho Asishana A. , Sabe Ashraf , Body Simon C. , Muehlschlegel Jochen D.
Published: August 2024

Importance

There are limited data on the association of sex with the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (poAF) and subsequent long-term mortality after cardiac surgery.

Objective

To evaluate whether the incidence of poAF and associated long-term mortality after cardiac surgery differ by sex.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at 2 tertiary care centers in Massachusetts from January 1, 2002, until October 1, 2016, with follow-up until December 1, 2022. Adult (aged >20 years) women and men undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, aortic valve surgery, mitral valve surgery, and combined procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass were examined using medical records. Patients who had data on poAF were included in data analyses.

Exposures

Sex and poAF.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were the incidence of poAF and all-cause mortality. poAF was defined as any atrial fibrillation detected on electrocardiogram (EKG) during the index hospitalization in patients presenting for surgery in normal sinus rhythm. Data on poAF were obtained from EKG reports and supplemented by information from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. All-cause mortality was assessed via hospital records. The hypotheses were formulated prior to data analysis.

Results

Among 21 568 patients with poAF data (mean [SD] age, 66.5 [12.4] years), 2694 of 6601 women (40.8%) and 5805 of 14 967 men (38.8%) developed poAF. In a multivariable logistic regression model, women had lower risk of poAF (odds ratio [OR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.91; P < .001). During the follow-up study period, 1294 women (50.4%) and 2376 men (48.9%) in the poAF group as well as 1273 women (49.6%) and 2484 men (51.1%) in the non-poAF group died. Cox proportional hazards analysis found that the association between poAF and mortality was significantly moderated (ie, effect modified) by sex. Compared with same-sex individuals without poAF, men with poAF had a 17% higher mortality hazard (hazard ratio [HR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25; P < .001), and women with poAF had a 31% higher mortality hazard (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21-1.42; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective cohort study of 21 568 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, women were less likely to develop poAF than men when controlling for other relevant characteristics; however, women who did develop poAF had a higher risk of long-term mortality than men who developed poAF. This observed elevated risk calls for a tailored approach to perioperative care in women undergoing cardiac surgery.
Household Firearm Ownership and Firearm Mortality
Authors: Morral Andrew R. , Agniel Denis , Smart Rosanna , Schell Terry L.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Causal associations between household firearm ownership rates (HFRs) and firearm mortality rates are not well understood.

Objective

To assess the population-level temporal sequencing of firearm death rates and HFRs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used autoregressive cross-lagged models to analyze HFRs, firearm suicide rates, and firearm homicide rates in the US from 1990 to 2018. The suicide analyses included 16 demographic subgroups of adults, defined by study year, state, sex, race and ethnicity, marital status, and urbanicity. The homicide analyses consisted of adult subgroups living in urban or rural areas. Data analysis was conducted from March to December 2023.

Exposures

Firearm mortality rates and HFRs.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Firearm homicide and suicide rates with HFRs as the exposure, and HFR with mortality as the exposure.

Results

A total of 10 416 observations of 16 demographic subgroups by state and 2-year periods were included in the suicide analyses, while 1302 observations from 2 demographic subgroups by state and 2-year period were included in the homicide analysis. At baseline, the mean (SD) rate per 100 000 population across strata was 7.46 (7.21) for firearm suicides and 3.32 (2.13) for firearm homicides. The mean (SD) baseline HFR was 36.9% (20.2%) for firearm suicides and 36.9% (14.8%) for firearm homicides. Higher HFR preceded increases in suicide rates: demographic strata with equal firearm suicide rates but which differ by 18.6 percentage points on HFR (1 SD) would be expected to have firearm suicide rates that diverged by 0.19 (95% CI, 0.15-0.23) deaths per 100 000 population per period. With these differences accumulated over 8 years, firearm suicide rates in subgroups with the highest decile HFR would be expected to have 1.93 (95% CI, 1.64-2.36) more suicides per 100 000 population than strata with lowest decile HFR, a difference of 25.7% of the overall firearm suicide rate in 2018 and 2019. Firearm suicide rates had a smaller magnitude of association with subsequent changes in HFR: strata with equal HFRs but which differ by 1 SD in firearm suicide rates had minimal subsequent change in HFRs (−0.02 [95% CI, −0.04 to 0.01] percentage points). A 1-SD difference in HFRs was associated with little difference in next-period overall firearm homicides rates (0.03 [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.08] per 100 000 population), but a 1-SD difference in homicide rates was associated with a decrease in HFR (−0.09 [95% CI, −0.16 to −0.04] percentage points).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found an association between high HFRs and subsequent increases in rates of firearm suicide. In contrast, higher firearm homicide rates preceded decreases in HFRs. By demonstrating the temporal sequencing of firearm ownership and mortality, this study may help to rule out some theories of why gun ownership and firearm mortality are associated at the population level.
Assessing Psychosocial Risk and Resilience to Support Readiness for Gene Therapy in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Hardy Steven J. , Crosby Lori E. , Porter Jerlym S. , Sil Soumitri , Valrie Cecelia R. , Jonassaint Charles R. , Bediako Shawn M. , Andrews Clayton , Rivera Maria , Woolford Teonna , Coleman-Cowger Victoria H.
Published: August 2024

Importance

The introduction of gene therapies into the clinical care landscape for individuals living with sickle cell disease (SCD) represents a momentous achievement with the potential to rewrite the story of the world’s most prevalent heritable blood disorder. This disease, which was first described in 1910 and did not see a US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapeutic until 1998, is poised to be among the first to realize the promise of gene therapy and genome editing. However, the future of these treatments now rests on how evidence of safety, outcomes, and acceptance in clinical practice unfolds in SCD. Furthermore, historic injustices involving the exploitation of individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic groups in medical contexts necessitate extreme care in ensuring readiness among individuals with SCD considering genetic therapies.

Objective

To address a gap in resources focused on patient readiness for gene therapy.

Evidence Review

The Cure Sickle Cell Initiative organized the Patient Readiness and Resilience Working Group in September 2020. Membership was comprised of behavioral health clinicians and scientists with expertise in SCD, adults with lived experience with SCD, and a caregiver. Over 2 years, the working group developed consensus recommendations and created resources to guide implementation of pregene therapy patient readiness assessments. Recommendations centered on strategies to enhance delivery of education about gene therapy and assess knowledge and understanding, interest and motivation, and psychosocial risk and resilience factors.

Findings

Five goals of a pregene therapy patient readiness assessment were identified: (1) gathering information about a patient’s understanding of and perceived readiness for gene therapy; (2) encouraging an open dialogue; (3) providing a conceptualization of psychosocial factors that may influence participation in gene therapy; (4) identifying patient strengths that can be used to promote psychosocial well-being before, during, and after gene therapy; (5) identifying and addressing psychosocial risks.

Conclusions and Relevance

Patient readiness and psychosocial factors will have tangible implications for the success of gene therapy at individual and collective levels. Health care institutions, industry, payers, policymakers, and clinicians all shoulder responsibility for ensuring that patients with SCD are adequately prepared for gene therapy and supported in ways that optimize readiness and access. Resources described here may be leveraged as a guide to support implementation of pregene therapy assessments of patient readiness and resilience in SCD.
Virtual Learning in Kindergarten Through Grade 12 During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Chronic Absenteeism
Authors: Evans William N. , Muchnick Kathryn , Rosenlund Olivia
Published: August 2024

Importance

Chronic absenteeism among kindergarten through grade 12 students has increased considerably after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective

To examine the association between virtual learning during the 2020-2021 school year and chronic absenteeism during the 2021-2022 school year at the school district level.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used a panel of 11 017 school districts throughout the US comprising kindergarten through grade 12 for the 2018-2019 and 2021-2022 school years.

Exposures

The key covariates were the percentage of hybrid and virtual school days in the previous school year, with an assumption that these values in the 2018-2019 school year were zero.

Main Outcome and Measures

Chronic absenteeism rates at the district level, which were regressed on the percentage of school days in a learning mode in the previous school year, demographic characteristic and socioeconomic status controls, plus district and year fixed effects. Observations were weighted by district enrollment, and SEs were clustered at the district level.

Results

The dataset includes 11 017 school districts for 2 years and 22 034 observations. Chronic absenteeism rates increased by 13.5 percentage points, from a mean (SD) of 15.9% (8.1%) in the 2018-2019 school year to 29.4% (13.2%) in the 2021-2022 school year. Students whose schools had 100% virtual instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic had chronic absenteeism rates that were 6.9 percentage points (95% CI, 4.8-8.9 percentage points) higher than those that were 100% in person. Hybrid instruction was not associated with increased absenteeism. The association between virtual learning and chronic absenteeism varied by socioeconomic status, with the conditional correlation much larger for at-risk students; chronic absenteeism rates were 10.6 percentage points (95% CI, 7.2-14.1 percentage points) higher among students with 100% of days in virtual learning from districts in the top quintile of poverty rates compared with 100% in-persion districts.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, chronic absenteeism rates were substantially higher in school districts that used virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with in person. Understanding how to reduce chronic absenteeism and use virtual learning without potentially negative consequences are key policy questions moving forward.
Trends in the Use of Observation for Small Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Ruff Samantha M. , Dillhoff Mary , Tsai Susan , Pawlik Timothy M. , Sukrithan Vineeth , Konda Bhavana , Cloyd Jordan M.
Published: August 2024

This study assesses nationwide trends in the use of observation for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 2 cm or smaller and to evaluate factors associated with resection.
Aging Influences Fracture Healing on the Cellular Level and Alters Systemic RANKL and OPG Concentrations in a Murine Model
Authors: Zhang Tianqi , Neunaber Claudia , Ye Weikang , Wagner Alessa , Bülow Jasmin Maria , Relja Borna , Bundkirchen Katrin
Published: August 2024

Clinical complications frequently follow polytrauma and bleeding fractures, increasing the risk of delayed fracture healing and nonunions, especially in aged patients. Therefore, this study examines age's impact on fracture repair with and without severe bleeding in mice. Young (17–26 weeks) and aged (64–72 weeks) male C57BL/6J mice (n = 72 in total, n = 6 per group) are allocated into 3 groups: the fracture group (Fx) undergoes femur osteotomy stabilized via external fixator, the combined trauma group (THFx) additionally receives pressure‐controlled trauma hemorrhage (TH) and Sham animals are implanted with catheter and fixator without blood loss or osteotomy. Femoral bones are evaluated histologically 24 h and 3 weeks post‐trauma, while RANKL/OPG and β‐CTx are measured systemically via ELISA after 3 weeks. Aging results in less mineralized bone and fewer osteoclasts within the fracture of aged mice in contrast to young groups after three weeks. Systemically, aged animals exhibit increased RANKL and OPG levels after fracture compared to their young counterparts. The RANKL/OPG ratio rises in aged Fx animals compared to young mice, with a similar trend in THFx groups. In conclusion, age has an effect during the later course of fracture healing on the cellular and systemic levels.
Decoding the Role of NEIL1 Gene in DNA Repair and Lifespan: A Literature Review with Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Mohajeri Khorasani Amirhossein , Raghibi Alireza , Haj Mohammad Hassani Behzad , Bolbolizadeh Pedram , Amali Arian , Sadeghi Mahboubeh , Farshidi Narges , Dehghani Aghdas , Mousavi Pegah
Published: August 2024

Longevity, the length of an organism's lifespan, is impacted by environmental factors, metabolic processes, and genetic determinants. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity by repairing oxidatively modified base lesions. Nei‐like DNA Glycosylase 1 (NEIL1), part of the BER pathway, is vital in repairing oxidative bases in G‐rich DNA regions, such as telomeres and promoters. Hence, in this comprehensive review, it have undertaken a meticulous investigation of the intricate association between NEIL1 and longevity. The analysis delves into the multifaceted aspects of the NEIL1 gene, its various RNA transcripts, and the diverse protein isoforms. In addition, a combination of bioinformatic analysis is conducted to identify NEIL1 mutations, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, as well as its lncRNA/pseudogene/circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network. The findings suggest that the normal function of NEIL1 is a significant factor in human health and longevity, with defects in NEIL1 potentially leading to various cancers and related syndromes, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and diabetes.
Multi‐Hierarchical Fe Single Atom Nanozymes with Axially‐Coordinated O‐Fe‐N4 Active Centers Reshape Macrophage Epigenetics Against Immunosuppression
Authors: Wang Qin , Zhu Xiaoqi , Yin Binxu , Yan Kangning , Qiu Guanhua , Liang Xiayi , Jia Ruonan , Chen Jie , Wang Xiaobo , Wu Yafei , Liu Junjie , Zhong Jingping , Zhang Kun , Wang Duo
Published: August 2024

Immunosuppression is ubiquitous in solid tumors, characterized by few cytotoxic T infiltrations, abundant inflammation enrichment, immunosuppressive cell recruitment, etc., which is especially potentiated by incomplete tumor resection. In this report, multi‐hierarchical Fe single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) featuring axially‐coordinated O‐Fe‐N4 active centers are constructed to reshape tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) epigenetics via repolarizing their phenotypes, which is highly profitable for mitigating tumor immunosuppression after incomplete radiofrequency ablation (iRFA). Therein, a nitrogen‐doped bamboo‐like carbon nanotube (N‐BCNT) is engineered to coordinatively immobilize Fe atoms, wherein another axial coordination (O) is introduced to further switch non‐polar Fe‐N4 to polar O‐Fe‐N4. The polarization switching of active centers synergies with N doping‐encouraged electron transport, low‐temperature synthesis‐discouraged N loss and large surface area‐unlocked O‐Fe‐N4 enrichment to confer tetra‐enzymic catalysis activities including peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, and glutathione oxidase, maximumly favoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hypoxia reversal. After delivering TAMs polarization‐encouraged drug, toosendanin, TAMs epigenetics are altered and their phenotypes are repolarized to relieve immunosuppression and magnify immune responses, which suppress residual tumor progression after iRFA. Such a comprehensive structure optimization strategy provides a versatile route to design and construct SAzymes‐like drugs with multi‐enzymatical catalysis activities.
Dual‐Modal Stretchable Sensing Patches for In Situ Monitoring of Electromyography and Acoustic Myography
Authors: Li Tengfei , Zhao Hang , Li Hanfei , Zhang Zhibo , Han Fei , Fang Peng , Li Guanglin , Xie Ruijie , Li Qingsong , Gao Xuhe , Hu Changtao , Gong Jianhong , Liu Zhiyuan , Tian Qiong
Published: August 2024

Electromyography (EMG) and acoustic myography (AMG) play crucial roles in assessing muscle function, providing valuable insights into neural control, muscle activation, and fatigue levels. However, the current landscape reveals a gap in dual‐modal stretchable sensing patches, highlighting the need for comfortable and wearable solutions in the field of in situ monitoring of synchronous EMG and AMG sensing. In this work, a dual‐modal stretchable patch (DMSP) is developed that fully integrates a multi‐channel EMG electrode with AMG sensors. It possesses stable electromechanical properties even at strains exceeding 200%. With an overall modulus of under 40 kPa and a skin adhesion force surpassing 30 N m−1, the DMSP exhibits exceptional durability, enduring 1000 stretching cycles. The DMSP enables in situ simultaneous monitoring of EMG and AMG signals from sternocleidomastoid muscle during neck rotation where the mechanical strain reaches up to 30%. The DMSP proves instrumental in characterizing muscle activity, facilitating in‐depth research on muscle movement, and thus enhancing clinical outcomes in rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy.
Regulation of Molecular Microheterogeneity in Electrolytes Enables Ampere‐Hour‐Level Aqueous LiMn2O4||Li4Ti5O12 Pouch Cells
Authors: Zhang Canfu , Chen Binbin , Chen Qinlong , Liu Yingchun , Kong Xueqian , Suo Liumin , Lu Jun , Pan Huilin
Published: August 2024

Aqueous batteries are attractive due to their high safety and fast reaction kinetics, but the narrow electrochemical stability window of H2O limits their applications. It is a big challenge to broaden the electrochemical operation window of aqueous electrolytes while retaining fast reaction kinetics. Here, a new organic aqueous mixture electrolyte of manipulatable (3D) molecular microheterogeneity with H2O‐rich and H2O‐poor domains is demonstrated. H2O‐poor domains molecularly surround the reformed microclusters of H2O molecules through interfacial H‐bonds, which thus not only inhibit the long‐range transfer of H2O but also allow fast and consecutive Li+ transport. This new design enables low‐voltage anodes reversibly cycling with aqueous‐based electrolytes and high ionic conductivity of 4.5 mS cm−1. LiMn2O4||Li4Ti5O12 full cells demonstrate excellent cycling stability over 1000 cycles under various C rates and a low temperature of −20 °C. 1 Ah pouch cell delivers a high energy density of 79.3 Wh kg−1 and high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% at 1 C over 200 cycles. This work provides new insights into the design of electrolytes based on the molecular microheterogeneity for rechargeable batteries.
Landscape of Subcutaneous Administration Strategies for Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology
Authors: Jacquot Guillaume , Lopez Navarro Pedro , Grange Coralie , Boudali Lotfi , Harlepp Sébastien , Pivot Xavier , Detappe Alexandre
Published: August 2024

In recent decades, subcutaneous (SC) administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has emerged as a promising alternative to intravenous delivery in oncology, offering comparable therapeutic efficacy while addressing patient preferences. This perspective article provides an in‐depth analysis of the technological landscape surrounding SC mAb administration in oncology. It outlines various technologies under evaluation across developmental stages, spanning from preclinical investigations to the integration of established methodologies in clinical practice. Additionally, this perspective article explores emerging trends and prospective trajectories, shedding light on the evolving landscape of SC mAb administration. Furthermore, it emphasizes key checkpoints related to quality attributes essential for optimizing mAb delivery via the SC route. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare policymakers, offering insights into the advancement of SC mAb administration in oncology and its implications for patient care.
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Minwoo , Wang Lei , Zhang Dawei , Li Jiangyu , Kim Jincheol , Yun Jae Sung , Seidel Jan
Published: August 2024

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has enabled significant new insights into the nanoscale and microscale properties of solar cell materials and underlying working principles of photovoltaic and optoelectronic technology. Various SPM modes, including atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and scanning near‐field optical microscopy, can be used for the investigation of electrical, optical and chemical properties of associated functional materials. A large body of work has improved the understanding of solar cell device processing and synthesis in close synergy with SPM investigations in recent years. This review provides an overview of SPM measurement capabilities and attainable insight with a focus on recently widely investigated halide perovskite materials.
Porous Polymeric Electrodes for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: Guo Youhong , Massen‐Hane Michael , Endy Grace , Hatton T. Alan
Published: August 2024

Carbon capture is a promising technology to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to achieve net carbon neutrality. Electro‐swing reactive adsorption has emerged as an attractive approach for sustainable decarbonization. However, current electrodes with limited gas transport present a major barrier that hinders their practical implementation. Herein, porous polymeric electrodes are developed to effectively enhance CO2 transport without the need for additional gas diffusion conduits. Such all‐in‐one porous electrodes also enable more accessible redox active sites (e.g., quinones) for CO2 sorption, leading to an increased materials utilization efficiency of ≈90%. A continuous flow‐through carbon capture and release operation with high Faradaic efficiency and excellent stability under practical working conditions is further demonstrated. Together with low cost and robust mechanical properties, the as‐developed porous polymeric electrodes highlight the potential to advance the future implementation of electrochemical separation technologies.
Photothermal Catalytic Reduction and Bone Tissue Engineering Towards a Three‐in‐One Therapy Strategy for Osteosarcoma
Authors: Lu Hengli , Li Zihua , Duan Zhengwei , Liao Yuxin , Liu Kaiyuan , Zhang Yiwei , Fan Lin , Xu Tianyang , Yang Dong , Wang Sen , Fu Yuesong , Xiang Huijing , Chen Yu , Li Guodong
Published: August 2024

Osteosarcoma is one of the most dreadful bone neoplasms in young people, necessitating the development of innovative therapies that can effectively eliminate tumors while minimizing damage to limb function. An ideal therapeutic strategy should possess three essential capabilities: antitumor effects, tissue‐protective properties, and the ability to enhance osteogenesis. In this study, self‐assembled Ce‐substituted molybdenum blue (CMB) nanowheel crystals are synthesized and loaded onto 3D‐printed bioactive glass (CMB@BG) scaffolds to develop a unique three‐in‐one treatment approach for osteosarcoma. The CMB@BG scaffolds exhibit outstanding photothermally derived tumor ablation within the near‐infrared‐II window due to the surface plasmon resonance properties of the CMB nanowheel crystals. Furthermore, the photothermally synergistic catalytic effect of CMB promotes the rapid scavenging of reactive oxygen species caused by excessive heat, thereby suppressing inflammation and protecting surrounding tissues. The CMB@BG scaffolds possess pro‐proliferation and pro‐differentiation capabilities that efficiently accelerate bone regeneration within bone defects. Altogether, the CMB@BG scaffolds that combine highly efficient tumor ablation, tissue protection based on anti‐inflammatory mechanisms, and enhanced osteogenic ability are likely to be a point‐to‐point solution for the comprehensive therapeutic needs of osteosarcoma.
Clinically Relevant Metallic Nanoparticles in Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Akinnawo Christianah Aarinola , Dube Admire
Published: August 2024

Globally a significant burden of tuberculosis (TB) is faced, which is difficult to eradicate due to patients' non‐adherence, and drug‐resistant strains that are spreading at an alarming rate. Novel approaches are required to improve diagnosis and treatment. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have demonstrated potential as sensor probes and in combination therapy, which combines MNPs with antimycobacterial drugs to develop new treatment and theranostic approaches. To strengthen the theoretical foundation toward the clinical application of TB nanomedicine, this review focuses on the properties and effectiveness of therapeutically relevant MNPs. It also elaborates on their antimycobacterial mechanisms. This review aims to analyze the body of literature on the topic, pinpoint important empirical findings, and identify knowledge gaps that can provide a basis for future research endeavors and translation of the technologies. Current data suggest that MNPs are potential systems for efficient diagnosis and treatment although additional pre‐clinical and clinical research is needed to bring these technologies to the clinic.
Graphene Field‐Effect Transistors for Sensing Ion‐Channel Coupled Receptors: Toward Biohybrid Nanoelectronics for Chemical Detection
Authors: Terral Océane , Audic Guillaume , Claudel Arnaud , Magnat Justine , Dupont Aurélie , Moreau Christophe J. , Delacour Cécile
Published: August 2024

Graphene field effect transistors (G‐FETs) have appeared as suitable candidates for sensing charges and have thus attracted large interest for ion and chemical detections. In particular, their high sensitivity, chemical robustness, transparency, and bendability offer a unique combination for interfacing living and soft matters. Here demonstrated their ability to sense targeted biomolecules is demonstrated, by combining them with ion channel‐coupled receptors (ICCRs). These receptors are naturally or artificially expressed within living cell membranes to generate ion fluxes in the presence of chemicals of interest. Here, those biosensors are successfully combined with a G‐FET array which converts the bio‐activation of the ICCRs into readable electronic signals. This hybrid bioelectronic device leverages the advantages of the biological receptor and the graphene field effect transistor enabling the selective detection of biomolecules, which is a current shortcoming of electronic sensors. Additionally, the G‐FET allows for discrimination of the polarity of the ion fluxes which otherwise remains hidden from conventional electrophysiological recordings. The multisite recording ability offered by the G‐FET array raises numerous possibilities for multiscale sensing and high throughput screening of cellular solutions or analytes, which is of both fundamental and applied interest in health and environment monitoring.
Monitoring the sonochemical field: A critical review of chemical dosimetry methods
Authors: Dehane Aissa , Merouani Slimane
Published: August 2024

Sonochemistry is a fascinating field that has drawn considerable interest from researchers across different disciplines. One of the key challenges in this field is the accurate characterization of the sonochemical field, which is crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimizing the process. To address this challenge, researchers have developed various monitoring methods that allow them to measure key parameters such as the intensity, frequency, and distribution of acoustic waves in the sonoreactor. In this review, we focus on the chemical dosimetry techniques that are commonly used for sonochemical monitoring. These techniques have been extensively studied in the literature and are known for their reliability and accuracy. However, as we will see, the performance of these techniques can vary depending on the chemical nature of the probing species and the experimental conditions, highlighting the need for a careful selection and calibration of the monitoring method. We begin by discussing the principles of chemical dosimetry in sonochemistry and how these methods can be used to measure key sono‐acoustic parameters. We then provide a detailed analysis of the various dosimetry techniques, including their advantages, limitations, and applicability under different operating conditions. In summary, our review serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to optimize their sonochemical experiments and contribute to the advancement of this fascinating field.
Finite element analysis of feeding in red and gray squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris and Sciurus carolinensis)
Authors: Cox Philip G. , Watson Peter J.
Published: August 2024

Invasive gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) have replaced the native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) across much of Great Britain over the last century. Several factors have been proposed to underlie this replacement, but here we investigated the potential for dietary competition in which gray squirrels have better feeding performance than reds and are thus able to extract nutrition from food more efficiently. In this scenario, we hypothesized that red squirrels would show higher stress, strain, and deformation across the skull than gray squirrels. To test our hypotheses, we created finite element models of the skull of a red and a gray squirrel and loaded them to simulate biting at the incisor, at two different gapes, and at the molar. The results showed similar distributions of strains and von Mises stresses in the two species, but higher stress and strain magnitudes in the red squirrel, especially during molar biting. Few differences were seen in stress and strain distributions or magnitudes between the two incisor gapes. A geometric morphometric analysis showed greater deformations in the red squirrel skull at all bites and gapes. These results are consistent with our hypothesis and indicate increased biomechanical performance of the skull in gray squirrels, allowing them to access and process food items more efficiently than red squirrels.
From beaks to brains—Challenges in translating woodpecker biology into traumatic brain injury innovation
Authors: Smoliga James M.
Published: August 2024

The biomechanics of woodpeckers have captivated researchers for decades. These birds' unique ability to withstand repeated impacts, seemingly without apparent harm, has piqued the interests of scientists and clinicians across multiple disciplines. Historical and recent studies have dissected the anatomical and physiological underpinnings of woodpeckers' protective mechanisms and sparked interest in the development of woodpecker‐inspired safety equipment. Despite the intuitive appeal of translating woodpecker adaptations into strategies for human traumatic brain injury (TBI) prevention, significant challenges hinder such innovation. Critical examinations reveal a lack of direct applicability of these findings to human TBI prevention, attributed to fundamental biological and mechanical dissimilarities between humans and woodpeckers. Additionally, some commercial endeavors attempting to capitalize on our fascination with woodpeckers are rooted in unsubstantiated claims about these birds. This paper explores the narrative surrounding woodpecker biomimicry, including its origins and history, and highlights the challenges of translating findings from unconventional animal models of TBI into effective human medical interventions.
Systematic mutational analysis reveals an essential role of N275 in IgE stability
Authors: Kumari Shikha , Ghosh Sanjay , Joshi Saurabh , Guenther Ralf , Siegmund Vanessa , Doerner Achim
Published: August 2024

Therapeutic antibodies have predominantly been IgG‐based. However, the ongoing clinical trial of MOv18 IgE has highlighted the potential of using IgE antibodies in cancer therapy. While extensive studies targeting IgG glycosylation resulted in a rational basis for the development of enhanced biotherapeutics, IgE glycosylation remains an area with limited analyses. Previous studies on the role of IgE glycosylation present conflicting data with one study emphasizing the importance of N275 and T277 residues for FcεRI binding whereas another asserts the nonsignificance of IgE glycosylation in receptor interaction. While existing literature underscores the significance of glycans at the N275 position for binding to FcεR1 receptor and initiation of anaphylaxis, the role of other IgE glycosylation sites in folding or receptor binding remains elusive. This study systematically investigates the functional significance of N‐linked glycosylation sites in the heavy chain of IgE which validates the pivotal role of N275 residue in IgE secretion and stability. Replacement of this asparagine to non‐amine group moieties does not affect IgE function in vitro, yet substitution with aspartic acid compromises antibody yield. The deglycosylated IgE variant exhibits superior efficacy, challenging the conventional importance of glycosylation for effector function. In summary, our study unveils an intricate relationship between N‐glycosylation sites and the structural–functional dynamics of IgE antibodies. Furthermore, it offers novel insights into the IgE scaffold, paving the way for the development of more effective and stable IgE‐based therapeutics.
The prevalence and prognostic value of systemic inflammation in good performance status patients with advanced, inoperable non‐small cell lung cancer receiving palliative radiotherapy: Comparison of composite ratios and cumulative scores
Authors: McGovern Josh , O'Rourke Fraser , Will Sarah , Nguyen Hanh Thi Ngoc , Cranfield Elise , Maseland Charlotte , MacLeod Nicholas , Maclay John D. , Laird Barry J. , Dolan Ross D. , McMillan Donald C.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The present study sought to examine the relationships between systemic inflammatory composite ratios/cumulative scores, magnitude of systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and survival in good performance status patients (ECOG‐PS 0/1) with advanced NSCLC receiving palliative radiotherapy.

Methods

Systemic inflammatory composite ratios/cumulative scores included the neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte‐monocyte ratio (LMR), C‐reactive protein, (CRP)‐albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil‐ lymphocyte score (NLS), platelet‐lymphocyte score (PLS), lymphocyte‐monocyte score (LMS), neutrophil‐platelet score (NPS), modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS). The magnitude of SIR was determined by serum CRP concentration, with a median CRP concentration of >10 m mg/L considered to be systemically inflamed. Relationships between systemic inflammatory composite ratios/ cumulative scores and clinicopathological characteristics were examined using chi‐square analysis. Relationships between overall survival (OS) and systemic inflammatory composite ratios/ cumulative scores were examined using cox regression analysis.

Results

479 patients were included. 48% (n = 231) of patients were male and 70% (n = 338) were ≥65 years of age. 29% (n = 140) patients were ECOG‐PS 0 and 71% (n = 339) were ECOG‐PS 1. 98% (n = 469) of patients died during follow‐up. The median survival was 5 months (2–11). A similar prevalence of systemic inflammation was noted across the various ratios/scores (NLR >3 68%; LMR <2.4 65%; PLR >150 70%; CAR >0.20 83%; NLS ≥1 66%; LMS ≥1 71%; NPS≥1 50%; PLS≥1 60% and mGPS≥1 75%). Despite not considered to be systemically inflamed, an NLR <3, LMR ≥2.4, PLR ≤150, NLS 0, LMS 0, NPS 0 and PLS 0 all had a median CRP concentration of >10 mg/L. When adjusted for ECOG‐PS, CAR>0.40 (p < 0.001) and mGPS 2 (p < 0.05) remained significantly associated with OS.

Conclusion

Liver‐based measures of systemic inflammation (CAR and mGPS) appear more reliable for the quantification of the magnitude of SIR and have prognostic value in patients with advanced NSCLC.