bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
David McKnight, People, countries, and the
Rainbow Serpent: Systems of classification among the Lardil
of Mornington Island. (Oxford studies in anthropological
linguistics, 12.) Oxford & New York: Oxford University
Press, 1999. Pp. x, 270. Hb $75.00.
Authors: Creider Chet
Published: July 2002

Anthropologists have long recognized that Australian
aboriginal cultures have a rich repertoire of cognitive
achievements, and they have contrasted this richness with
the relative impoverishment of their technological repertoire.
However, despite the richness of the cognitive repertoire,
the anthropological literature contains no overall inventory
for any aboriginal cultural group. McKnight's monograph
is the first work that covers everything: social structure
(including kinship), myth, ritual, dancing, property structure,
and biological classification. The quality of the scholarship
is very high. At the time of writing, McKnight had worked with
the Lardil for 30 years, including 16 field trips, with a total
time of residence among the Lardil of more than five years. After
completing an MA on West African materials under Darryl Forde, he
switched to Australia, where he also worked with the Wik-mungkan
and a number of other groups. The present monograph is the first
of a projected trilogy; work is under way now on the second volume,
a monograph on marriage, sorcery, and violence. In recent years,
McKnight has been involved, on behalf of the Lardil, in negotiations
with the Australian government for land claims.
France Mugler & John Lynch (eds.), Pacific
languages in education. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific
Studies, University of the South Pacific, 1996. Pp. viii, 310.
Pb US $8.00.
Authors: Jourdan Christine
Published: July 2002

This is a collection of 19 articles written by
educators, policymakers, and linguists addressing the use
of Pacific languages in education. The focus is on small
island countries, and so Australia is not included. The
book, well illustrated and containing many useful maps,
is edited by two scholars with extensive research experience
in the Pacific. They have grouped the articles around three
important themes relevant to local education systems: (a)
the roles of vernaculars in formal education; (b) questions
of policy, maintenance, and non-governmental programs;
and (c) issues, problems, standards, and attitudes. The
result is a book that presents a compelling picture of
the linguistic situation of various education systems in
the Pacific nations. To summarize the situation briefly:
Nothing is simple.
A componential analysis of the ERP elicited by novel events using a dense electrode array
Authors: Spencer Kevin M. , Dien Joseph , Donchin Emanuel
Published: July 2002

In this study, we examined the relationship between the novelty P3 and the P300 components of the brain event‐related potential (ERP). Fifteen subjects responded manually to the rare stimuli embedded either in a classical auditory oddball series or in a series in which “novel” stimuli were inserted. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded with a dense array of 129 electrodes. The data were analyzed by using spatial Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to identify a set of orthogonal scalp distributions, “virtual electrodes” that account for the spatial variance. The data were then expressed as ERPs measured at each of the virtual electrodes. These ERPs were analyzed using temporal PCA, yielding a set of “virtual epochs.” Most of the temporal variance of the rare events was associated with a virtual electrode with a posterior topography, that is, with a classical P300, which was active during the virtual epoch associated with the P300. The novel stimuli were found to elicit both a classical P300 and a component focused on a virtual electrode with a frontal topography. We propose that the term Novelty P3 should be restricted to this frontal component.
REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen's model once again supports the supremacy of REM
Authors: Bosinelli M. , Cicogna P.C.
Published: July 2002

Nielsen's model presents a new isomorphic brain-mind viewpoint, according to which the sole dream generator is found in a REM-on (explicit or covert REM) mechanism. Such a model cannot explain the dreamlike activity during SWS (slow wave sleep), SO (sleep onset) and in the last period of sleep. Moreover the hypothesis contrasts with Solms's data, which show that dreaming is present also in case of destruction of the REM generator.

[Nielsen; Solms]
Can we do without distributed models? Not in artificial grammar learning
Authors: Kinder Annette
Published: July 2002

Page argues that localist models can be applied to a number of problems that are difficult for distributed models. However, it is easy to find examples where the opposite is true. This commentary illustrates the superiority of distributed models in the domain of artificial grammar learning, a paradigm widely used to investigate implicit learning.
Intelligence and emotion
Authors: Mogi Eucaly
Published: July 2002

The explicit system for action selection integrates emotional information with the higher-order cognitive processes which culminate in the language system. Even the basic feels of emotion are what they are because they are integrated into the higher cognitive processes. The relation between emotion and intelligence would become increasingly important as the focus of brain science shifts to the integrative function of the prefrontal lobe.
The mechanism of the REM state is more than a sum of its parts
Authors: Solms Mark
Published: July 2002

Nielsen has not demonstrated that NREM dreams are regularly accompanied by fragments of the REM state. However, even if this hypothetical correlation could be demonstrated, its physiological basis would be indeterminate. The REM state is a configuration of physiological variables, the basis of which is a control mechanism that recruits and coordinates multiple sub-mechanisms into a stereotyped pattern. The diverse sub-mechanisms underlying each individual component of the REM state do not have an intrinsic relationship with the REM state itself.

[Nielsen]
The behavior-cognition link is well done; the cognition-brain link needs more work
Authors: Freeman Walter J.
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al. have a strong case for linking behavior with mind through nonrepresentational dynamics. Their case linking mind with brain is less compelling. Modified avenues are proposed for further exploration: greater emphasis on the dynamics of perception; use of chaotic instead of deterministic dynamics with noise; and use of intentionality instead of motivation, taking advantage of its creative dynamics to model genesis of goal-directed behaviors.
Consciousness by the lights of logic and commonsense
Authors: Bringsjord Selmer
Published: July 2002

I urge return by the lights of logic and commonsense to a
dialectical tabula rasa – according to which: (1)
consciousness, in the ordinary pre-analytic sense of the term, is
identified with P-consciousness, and “A-consciousness”
is supplanted by suitably configured terms from its Blockian
definition; (2) the supposedly fallacious Searlean argument for the
view that a function of P-consciousness is to allow flexible and
creative cognition is enthymematic and, when charitably specified,
quite formidable.
Assessing the rationality of lay social inference
Authors: Fletcher Garth J. O.
Published: July 2002

This commentary is in agreement with the thrust of
Koehler's target article. The issue I deal with is whether a
Bayesian framework represents an adequate general normative
framework for deciding the rationality of lay judgments, even when
it can be unambiguously applied.
Of ants and academics: The computational power of external representation
Authors: Oberlander Jon
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton speculate that intervening in the real
world might be a way of transforming type-2 problems into type-1,
but they state that they are not aware of any definite cases. It is
argued that the active construction of external representations often
performs exactly this function, and that recoding via the real world
is therefore common, if not ubiquitous.
Premotor systems, language-related neurodynamics, and cetacean communication
Authors: Goldberg Gary , Brooks Roberta
Published: July 2002

The frame/content theory of speech production is restricted to
output mechanisms in the target article; we suggest that these ideas
might best be viewed in the context of language production proceeding
as a coordinated dynamical whole. The role of the medial premotor
system in generating frames matches the important role it may play
in the internally dependent timing of motor acts. The proposed
coevolution of cortical architectonics and language production
mechanisms suggests a significant divergence between primate
and cetacean species corresponding to major differences in areal
differentiation trends in cerebral cortex.
On the cross-linguistic validity of a dual-mechanism model
Authors: Orsolini Margherita
Published: July 2002

Recent studies of Italian past definite and past participle forms show that human performance with regular and irregular inflections is not dissociated as Clahsen's model would predict. Some performance profiles, accounted for by dual-mechanism models in terms of an underlying symbol-manipulating combinatorial procedure, are generated in Italian by the higher learnability and generalizability of phonologically regular morphological processes.
On computational and behavioral evidence regarding Hebbian transcortical cell assemblies
Authors: Spivey Michael , Andrews Mark , Richardson Daniel
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller restricts himself to an unnecessarily
narrow range of evidence to support his claims. Evidence from neural
modeling and behavioral experiments provides further support for an
account of words encoded as transcortical cell assemblies. A cognitive
neuroscience of language must include a range of methodologies (e.g.,
neural, computational, and behavioral) and will need to focus on the
on-line processes of real-time language processing in more natural
contexts.
Segregation and integration of information among visual modules
Authors: Vallortigara Giorgio
Published: July 2002

It is argued that the alleged cases of cognitive penetration
of visual modules actually arise from the integration of information
among different modules. This would reflect a general computational
strategy according to which constraints to a particular module would
be provided by information coming from different modules. Examples
are provided from the integration of stereopsis and occlusion and from
computation of motion direction.
The ascent of Babel: An exploration of language, mind, and understanding.
Gerry T. M. Altmann. Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 304.
Authors: Kennison Shelia M.
Published: July 2002

Given the small number of introductory psycholinguistics books currently available, it is not
only refreshing to find a new one but also delightful to find one as accessible to general
audiences as Altmann's The Ascent of Babel. Altmann, a professor at the
University of York and an established psycholinguistics researcher, aimed to write a book that
anyone could understand and enjoy. Indeed, he has succeeded. The result is not just another
run-of-the-mill textbook. The prose reads like the transcription from a semester of lectures or
from a very long conversation carried out between mentor and student. The prose reads as
smoothly as it does, in part, because there are no references cited within the text. They have been
included at the end of the book in a chapter-by-chapter format. In addition, very few researchers
are mentioned by name, which serves to speed readers along, allowing them to focus on findings
rather than individuals. The names that are mentioned are of those at the top of the field who
should become known to every student of psycholinguistics.
The Hausdorff dimension of Julia sets of hyperbolic meromorphic functions II
Authors: STALLARD GWYNETH M.
Published: July 2002

Ruelle (Repellers for real analytic maps. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.2 (1982), 99–108) used results from statistical mechanics to show that, when a rational function $f$ is hyperbolic, the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set, $\dim J(f)$, depends real analytically on $f$. We give a proof of the fact that $\dim J(f)$ is a continuous function of $f$ that does not depend on results from statistical mechanics and we show that this result can be extended to a class of transcendental meromorphic functions. This enables us to show that, for each $d \in (0,1)$, there exists a transcendental meromorphic function $f$ with $\dim J(f) = d$.
Geodesic laminations as geometric realizations of Pisot substitutions
Authors: SIRVENT VÍCTOR F.
Published: July 2002

We construct a geodesic lamination on the hyperbolic disk and a dynamical system defined on this lamination. We prove that this dynamical system is a geometrical realization of the symbolic dynamical system that arises from the following Pisot substitution: $1\rightarrow 12, \dotsc, (n-1) \rightarrow 1n, n\rightarrow 1$.
Semigroup compactifications and chaotic flows
Authors: KÖHLER ANGELA
Published: July 2002

We use the concept of enveloping Ellis semigroups in order to classify the behaviour of dynamical systems on intervals. Several notions of chaos and non-chaos are expressed by means of algebraic properties of the corresponding Ellis semigroups.
From National Champions to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: Changing Policy Emphasis in France, Germany and Sweden
Authors: Parker Rachel
Published: July 2002

This paper examines recent European policy changes designed to support small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). These changes have resulted in both the development of specific support programs for SMEs and more general deregulatory measures to improve the economic environment for business. The rationale often provided is that SMEs contribute to a dynamic and innovative environment and generate high quality employment. An analysis of OECD material and a review of the literature on SMEs reveals that their role in innovation, employment growth and the adoption of new forms of work organisation is often over-emphasised. The vast majority of SMEs do not carry out research and development and are associated with low quality and insecure employment. Policies in support of SMEs need to be formulated with an awareness of the diversity of SMEs. There are only a very limited number of SMEs which make an important contribution to employment and innovation. Efforts to facilitate the establishment and growth of these high quality SMEs need to be based on targeted programs rather than general measures such as tax reduction or labour market deregulation. Targeted policies include R&D support, the improvement of SMEs' intangible investments and regional access to capital and technology. General measures are more likely to create an environment in which low quality, low wage employment is generated in SMEs with little future.
European Policy Issues
Authors: Maltby Tony
Published: July 2002

Shaver, S. (1988) ‘Universality or selectivity in income
support to
older people? A comparative assessment of the issues’, Journal
of
Social Policy, 27 (2), 231–254.

Reynaud, E. (1998) ‘Pensions in the European Union: adapting to

economic and social changes’. International Social Security Review,
51
(1), 31–47.

These two articles are highlighted as both offer the reader some insights
into
the ongoing debate on the level of income in later life from a cross-national
and
comparative perspective. Recently the focus of this attention, particularly

within the European Union (EU), relates to one of the myths of modern times,

the devastation that will result because of the demographic time-bomb.
I was
pleased to see another refutation of this in Reynaud's article (p.
34). Thus the
framework for this European-wide discussion has been as much about
ideological and political issues as about economic ones, such as level
of public
provision of support in old age.

These two articles approach the issue of income in later life from different

angles. The Reynaud article is essentially a review of the current debate
on
public pensions within the EU. It focuses upon the manner in which pension

policy has adapted to social and economic change in recent years. No
statistical or quantitative analysis is presented and this limits the analysis

somewhat. Shaver on the other hand adopts a classic quantitative approach,

using a well-established dataset, the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), to

revisit the longstanding debate about the merits of universalism and selectivism

within the context of income in later life.
Power, interests and trust: explaining Gorbachev’s choices at the end of the Cold War
Authors: FORSBERG TUOMAS
Published: July 2002

This article argues that the end of the Cold War can be told as a story of the development of trust. Despite its centrality as a political concept, trust has only recently received focused attention in the field of international relations. Development of trust cannot be reduced to changing relationships of power or redefinitions of interests but requires communicative elements. The argument is demonstrated through a comparison of German–Soviet and Japanese–Soviet relations at the end of the Cold War. The key point is that trust and the lack of it, respectively, were a major factor in the profound transformation of the former relationship and led to stalemate in the latter.
Revolution and integration in Soviet international diplomacy, 1917–1991
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN , REVELL STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

In spite of its initial rejection of the international system, the USSR became increasingly involved in diplomatic relations with the other—largely capitalist—powers. The intensity of diplomatic activity increased from the Khrushchev years, not only in relation to other states but also to international bodies and conventions. There was a comparable change, in the later wartime years and under Khrushchev, in the proportion of foreign states with which the USSR sustained relations; by the end of the Soviet period, in 1991, there were diplomatic relations with 85 per cent of the members of the international community. This evidence supports the thesis that outcast states will tend to become ‘socialised’ into a more cooperative relationship with their counterparts; it also suggests that the USSR had become a largely ‘normal’ participant in the international system before the end of communist rule.
Investigation of dynamic and stability of laser-produced
plasma in strong transverse magnetic field
Authors: KASPERCZUK A. , PISARCZYK T. , ZAKHAROV Yu.P.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents results of investigations of
the process of the creation of a diamagnetic cavity by
a laser-produced plasma in a strong transverse magnetic
field of 10 T in induction. The plasma was produced from
a flat, teflon target by an Nd laser of 5 J in energy and
about 1 ns in pulse duration. The investigations were carried
on by means of a three-frame interferometry and a non-contact
magnetic probe, a so called remote magnetic probe (RMP).
For the needs of this work, we developed a methodology
for the measurement of the dimensions of the cavity during
its expansion by means of the RMP, taking into account
the plasma expansion geometry that is specific to flat
targets. The dynamics of the process of creation of the
diamagnetic cavity, its shape and dimensions have been
determined. A very good consistency of dimensions of the
diamagnetic cavity and plasma boundary in their quasisteady
state, obtained with both diagnostics, allows us to apply
the RMP method not only for the investigation of diamagnetic
properties of various laser-produced plasmas, but also
for the evaluation of their initial kinetic energy and
its transformation in magnetic field.
Local SVD inverse of robot Jacobians
Authors: Yuan Jing
Published: July 2002

This study presents a fast inverse
kinematics algorithm for a class of robots, including PUMA and
SCARA. It decomposes a robot Jacobian into a product of
sub-matrices to locate singularities. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied
to each singular sub-matrix to find a local least-squares inverse.
Perfect inverses are derived for all non-singular sub-matrices. The proposed
algorithm is extremely fast. A total inverse requires 54 flops
for PUMA and 43 for SCARA. Simulation and experiment are
conducted to test the accuracy and real-time speed of the
algorithm.
The least squares fit of a hyperplane to uncertain data
Authors: Reister David B.
Published: July 2002

Sensor based robotic systems are an important emerging technology. When
robots are working in unknown or partially known environments, they need range
sensors that will measure the Cartesian coordinates of surfaces of objects in
their environment. Like any sensor, range sensors must be calibrated. The range
sensors can be calibrated by comparing a measured surface shape to a known
surface shape. The most simple surface is a plane and many physical objects have
planar surfaces. Thus, an important problem in the calibration of range sensors
is to find the best (least squares) fit of a plane to a set of 3D points.

We have formulated a constrained optimization problem to determine the least
squares fit of a hyperplane to uncertain data. The first order necessary
conditions require the solution of an eigenvalue problem. We have shown that the
solution satisfies the second order conditions (the Hessian matrix is positive
definite). Thus, our solution satisfies the sufficient conditions for a local
minimum. We have performed numerical experiments that demonstrate that our
solution is superior to alternative methods.
On the workspace of telescopic manipulators
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco
Published: July 2002

An analytical procedure is proposed for determining the workspace boundary of general telescopic manipulators. The algorithm has been developed by using the Theory of Envelopes providing an algebraic formulation. An analysis of the workspace of telescopic
chain has been carried out to emphasize on a general topology and to investigate the effect of link parameters and telescopic stroke.
Contribution to the Adaptive Control of Multiple Compliant Manipulation of
Dynamic Environments
Authors: Vukobratovic M. , Tuneski A.
Published: July 2002

An adaptive control of multiple robot compliant manipulation of a dynamical environment is synthesized. It may be implemented when: (i) there is no good understanding of all physical effects incorporated in the multiple robots/object/environment system to be controlled; (ii) the parameters of the system are not precisely known, (iii) the system parameters do vary in a known region about their nominal values. The proposed adaptive control law has the inverse dynamics controller structure and is composed of an identification part (parameter update law), and a control law part. It is proved that
the proposed adaptive controller is asymptotically stable. The simulation results verify the proposed approach to coordinated adaptive control of multiple robot manipulators in constrained motion tasks. They also verify that the multiple robots/object/environment system can track a step parameter change.
THE EUROPEAN WAY TO HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Sassi Franco
Published: July 2002

Objectives: The EUR-ASSESS project was undertaken by a large
number of members of European health technology assessment (HTA) agencies and
programs with the aim of improving coordination through developments in
several areas of HTA. At the conclusion of the project, an independent survey
was undertaken to reassess the importance of the original objectives of
EUR-ASSESS and determine the impact of the project on the way HTA activities
are organized and carried out in Europe.

Methods: A postal questionnaire survey and a series of more
in-depth personal interviews.

Results: EUR-ASSESS was generally considered successful in
achieving its aims, particularly in creating an informal network of people and
organizations, improving the understanding of the work of others, improving
the ability to focus the objectives of HTA, facilitating the sharing of
experience and mutual learning opportunities, exchanging ideas on research
agendas, and developing a common language. However, significant differences
emerged in the expectations of different actors in European HTA, and in their
perceptions of the impact of the project. These reflect the wide diversity of
approaches existing in Europe.

Conclusions: Health technology assessment in Europe is changing
its nature from a set of national or local initiatives with relatively limited
impact to a truly European movement with strong links and coordination between
its individual components. Important lessons can be learned from the
experience of EUR-ASSESS, particularly in the light of an increasing
commitment of the European Commission to play a role in the development of
technology assessment.
LARGE SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHTED SUMS OF ARCH(p)
SQUARED RESIDUAL CORRELATIONS
Authors: Horváth Lajos , Kokoszka Piotr
Published: July 2002

We develop asymptotic theory for linear statistics
of sample autocorrelations of squared residuals from an
ARCH(p) model. Our results are valid for most
estimators used in practice and do not depend on the
assumption of normality of the errors; the existence
of the fourth moment is required. In several special cases,
we identify the limit distributions as well-known functionals
of a Brownian motion.
THE INFORMATION BOUND OF A DYNAMIC PANEL LOGIT MODEL WITH
FIXED EFFECTS
Authors: Hahn Jinyong
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I calculate the semiparametric information bound
in two dynamic panel data logit models with individual specific
effects. In such a model without any other regressors, it is
well known that the conditional maximum likelihood estimator
yields a √n-consistent estimator. In the case
where the model includes strictly exogenous continuous regressors,
Honoré and Kyriazidou (2000, Econometrica 68,
839–874) suggest a consistent estimator whose rate of
convergence is slower than √n. Information bounds
calculated in this paper suggest that the conditional maximum
likelihood estimator is not efficient for models without
any other regressor and that √n-consistent estimation
is infeasible in more general models.
Monastic charitable provision in Tudor England: quantifying and qualifying poor relief in the early sixteenth century
Authors: RUSHTON NEIL S.
Published: July 2002

Monastic charitable provision in the later Middle Ages through to the Dissolution has often been described as inadequate in terms of both quantity and quality. It has been accused of ineffectiveness because of its allegedly indiscriminate nature. This article suggests that in fact the religious houses and hospitals of England were providing a greater amount of poor relief in a more assiduous manner than has previously been allowed. The core of evidence comes from the 1535 national tax assessment of the Church, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. This contains details of the charitable provision carried out by most monasteries and hospitals as recorded by Crown commissions. After allowances have been made for the bias in the survey, a statistical analysis is carried out which indicates that an upward reassessment should be made of the quantity of monastic charity. Qualitative evidence from both the Valor Ecclesiasticus and from other contemporary sources also suggests that the pre-Reformation Church was providing genuinely beneficial poor relief.
The German bourgeois club as a
political and social structure in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
Authors: HEILBRONNER ODED
Published: July 2002

The German voluntary association (hereafter in German the Verein,
or
Vereine in the plural) played an important role in the evolution of German
society in the later nineteenth century and in the first third of the
twentieth. This sort of association (or male bourgeois club) was a
cornerstone of European Enlighenment society at the end of the eighteenth
century, of the liberal society of the Vormärz, and of the
German political
parties in the years 1848–1849. Furthermore, the Verein
was one of the
main characteristics in the rise and hegemony of German bourgeoisie in
the second half of the nineteenth century, and one of the cornerstones
of
local society as it developed in Germany towards the end of the 1890s.

Research into the German Vereine is very advanced. To this
day,
historical research continues to benefit from Thomas Nipperdeys'
breakthrough article concerning the importance of the Vereine
in the rise
of bourgeois-liberal society prior to 1848. Otto Dann, Wolfgang
Hardtwig, and Dieter Düding have expanded our knowledge concerning
the importance of the Vereine for the rise of bourgeois nationalism
and
liberalism before 1848. Regional studies have also emphasized these
aspects during the Vormärz period and after.

Folklorist-anthropological research is indebted to Hermann Bausinger's
article on the importance of the connection between the Vereine
and the
development of German folklore. Similarly, Max Weber paved the way
for the sociological research on the Vereine that has flourished
since the
1860s, led by sociologists such as Hans Jürgen Siewert and Gerhard
Wurzbacher. These are the two dominant streams in current research of
the Vereine, although it is beyond the scope of this article to
explore them
here.
A LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR DISCRETE-TIME STOCHASTIC CONTROL
Authors: Borkar V. S.
Published: July 2002

A simulation-based algorithm for learning good
policies for a discrete-time stochastic control process
with unknown transition law is analyzed when the state
and action spaces are compact subsets of Euclidean spaces.
This extends the Q-learning scheme of discrete state/action
problems along the lines of Baker [4]. Almost
sure convergence is proved under suitable conditions.
AGENTIVE VERBS OF MANNER OF MOTION IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH AS
SECOND LANGUAGES
Authors: Montrul Silvina
Published: July 2002

This article presents two experiments that examine the effects of the native language (L1) on
the second language (L2) acquisition of argument structure. The linguistic focus is on agentive
verbs of directed motion (march, walk) and change-of-state verbs (break, melt) in Spanish and English. Agentive verbs of directed motion undergo a transitivity alternation in English when there is a prepositional phrase (The captain marched the soldiers to the tents) but not in Spanish (*El capitán marchó a los soldados hasta el campamento). Two experiments are reported that examine whether Spanish and Turkish learners of English at the intermediate level undergeneralize the transitivity alternation with manner-of-motion verbs, and whether English learners of Spanish overgeneralize the alternation. In both experiments subjects performed a picture judgment task and a grammaticality judgment task. Results confirmed that the L1 constrains the acquisition of
argument structure: There were overgeneralization errors with manner-of-motion verbs in the
Spanish study and there were undergeneralization errors with these verbs in the English study.
Learnability implications are discussed.
LANGUAGE STATUS IN THE POST-COLD-WAR ERA.Kurt E.
Müller (Ed.). Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. Pp. xiv +
152. $34.50 cloth.
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: July 2002

The 15 short papers in this volume attempt to integrate the expertise and the rhetoric of
language policy, sociolinguistics, language teaching, and translation in international
administrative institutions.
DEPENDENCE AND INTERACTION IN FREQUENCY DATA ANALYSIS IN SLA
RESEARCH
Authors: Saito Hidetoshi
Published: July 2002

In SLA research, dependence in frequency data is a prevalent problem (Hatch &
Lazaraton, 1991). Researchers usually regard the data as being independent and subject them to
statistical analyses. Another problem in frequency data analysis in SLA research is the exclusion
of interaction terms. This is the case because of the use of chi-square analysis or the unpopularity
of multifactorial frequency data analyses. This study investigates the violation of the
“independent observation” assumption as well as the effect of including
interaction terms in frequency data analysis. Reanalyzing a couple of published data sets, the
paper argues in favor of using multifactorial frequency data analyses over multiple chi-squares in
order to take into account dependence and interaction of the frequency data. A set of
recommendations for SLA researchers will be provided when statistically analyzing frequency
data in SLA research.
THE ACQUISITION OF SPATIAL RELATIONS IN A SECOND
LANGUAGE.Angelika Becker and Mary Carroll. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997.
Pp. xii + 212. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Eason Cheryl
Published: July 2002

This volume, the third in the Studies in Bilingualism series from the European
Science Foundation's research on adult immigrants' L2 acquisition, begins with the
observation that we have widely accepted the idea that learners' varieties and the
transitions from one variety to the next are systematic, yet we have little research that records this
systematicity. This study does exactly that by following for 30 months 10 L2 learners'
developing linguistic means for indicating spatial relations. Carroll reports on two Italian
speakers acquiring English; Becker on four Italian speakers and a Turkish speaker acquiring
German; and Giacobbe, Perdue, and Porquier on two Spanish speakers and a Moroccan Arabic
speaker acquiring French. To elicit the core data, the researchers asked the learners to describe
pictures and to provide stage directions for a scene they had viewed to someone who had not
seen it.
New invariants of periodic knots
Authors: NAIK SWATEE
Published: July 2002

For knots in S3
we obtain new criteria for periodicity. We show that the
Casson–Gordon invariants of a periodic knot are preserved
under the periodic action
lifted to the cyclic covers. As an application, we consider a family
of knots with the
Seifert form of a period 3 knot, and using Casson–Gordon
invariants show that knots
in this family do not have period 3. We also obtain periodicity
criteria in terms of the
homology groups of cyclic branched covers of S3.
The percolation process on a tree where infinite clusters are frozen
Authors: ALDOUS DAVID J.
Published: July 2002

Modify the usual percolation process on the infinite binary tree by forbidding infinite
clusters to grow further. The ultimate configuration will consist of both infinite and
finite clusters. We give a rigorous construction of a version of this process and show
that one can do explicit calculations of various quantities, for instance the law of the
time (if any) that the cluster containing a fixed edge becomes infinite. Surprisingly, the
distribution of the shape of a cluster which becomes infinite at time
t > ½ does not depend on t; it is always distributed as the incipient infinite percolation cluster on the
tree. Similarly, a typical finite cluster at each time t > ½ has the distribution of a critical
percolation cluster. This elaborates an observation of Stockmayer [12].
Development of Celestial Navigation by the Ancient Maya
Authors: Peck Douglas T.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the knowledge and culture of astronomy possessed by the Maya
civilisation and how this might have been used for marine navigation in the 8th Century.
Comparison is made with the European view and use of celestial positioning.
The relationship between beta-2-microglobulin,

CD4 lymphocyte count, AIDS and death in HIV-positive individuals
Authors: MOCROFT A. , JOHNSON M. A. , SABIN C. A. , BOFILL M. , JANOSSY G. , PHILLIPS A. N.
Published: July 2002

The relationship, in 539 individuals infected with the human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

between two prognostic markers, the CD4 count and beta-2-microglobulin

(B2M), and the

development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death

was investigated.

Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the risk of AIDS

or death. In a

multivariate model which adjusted for demographic factors and treatment,

the most recent

measurements of B2M (relative hazard (RH) 1·37 per g/l higher)

and CD4 count (RH 2·17 per

log-unit lower) were both significantly associated with the development

of AIDS. Similarly, in

a multivariate model which additionally adjusted for the development of

AIDS as a time

dependant covariate, there was a strong relationship with risk of death

for the most recent

measurements of B2M (RH 1·34 per g/l higher), and CD4

lymphocyte count (RH 1·91 per log-unit lower). A difference in

the level of B2M could be used among patients with similar CD4

counts as an indicator of increased risk of progression to AIDS or death.

Using the most

recent values of these markers provides a better estimate of the risk

of AIDS or death,

compared to the more common method of analysis, where baseline

values of the markers are used.
Epidemiological characterization of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the North West of England
by protein A (spa) and coagulase (coa) gene polymorphisms
Authors: WALKER J. , BORROW R. , EDWARDS-JONES V. , OPPENHEIM B. A. , FOX A. J.
Published: July 2002

In a comparative study, isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) with
known pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and bacteriophage type were
analysed by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLP) for
additional discriminatory subtyping information. PFGE was previously performed
using
standardized, commercially available kits and pre-programmed software.
Isolates were
examined for coagulase (coa) and protein A (spa) gene
polymorphisms following PCR
amplification of the coa hypervariable and spa repeat
regions. Coa gene RFLPs produced a
total of 38 distinct combined patterns after digestion with HaeIII
and AluI and identified the
predominant epidemic (EMRSA) types 15 and 16. A unique HaeIII
restriction site was
identified by RFLP and sequence analysis in the coa gene for EMRSA
15 but not EMRSA 16.
The spa gene PCR yielded a total of 14 different profiles ranging
from 3–18 repeats with the 2
predominant EMRSA types falling into 2 distinct groups. PCR detection of
coa and spa
polymorphisms offer a rapid preliminary strain identification and discriminatory
subtyping
information for surveillance of MRSA.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in range beef calves
at weaning
Authors: LAEGREID W. W. , ELDER R. O. , KEEN J. E.
Published: July 2002

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection of
beef calves at weaning, prior to arrival at the feedlot or mixing with cattle from other sources.
Fifteen range cow-calf herds, which weaned calves in October and November, were sampled in
Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska and South Dakota. Faecal culture for E. coli O157:H7
was performed and anti-O157 serum antibody titres were determined by blocking ELISA.
Thirteen of the 15 herds (87%) were found to have at least one positive isolation of E. coli
O157:H7 in faecal samples. Within positive herds, prevalence ranged from 1·7–20·0%, with an
average of 7·4±6·2% s.d. of individual animals shedding E. coli O157:H7 in faeces. All herds
had high prevalence of anti-O157 antibodies, ranging 63–100% of individuals within herds
seropositive. This study indicates that E. coli O157:H7 infection before weaning, prior to entry
into feedlots, is widespread. Furthermore, serologic evidence suggests that most calves (83%)
and all herds (100%) have been exposed to E. coli O157.
The role of fimbriae and flagella in the colonization, invasion
and persistence of Escherichia coli O78[ratio ]K80 in
the day-old-chick model
Authors: LA RAGIONE R. M. , SAYERS A. R. , WOODWARD M. J.
Published: July 2002

To understand the role of flagella and fimbriae of Escherichia coli O78[ratio ]K80 in avian
colibacillosis, day-old chicks were dosed orally with defined afimbriate and or aflagellate
mutants and colonization, invasion and persistence compared with that of the wild-type. In an
invasion model, chicks were dosed with 1 × 105 c.f.u. of a single strain and mutants defective
for type 1 fimbriae, curli fimbriae or flagella colonized livers by 24 h although the numbers of
bacteria present were significantly less than the wild-type. Mutants colonized between 50 and
75% of spleens whereas the wild-type colonized 100% of spleens. Additionally, the numbers of
mutant bacteria in colonized spleens were significantly less than the wild-type. Surprisingly,
mutants defective for the elaboration of more than one appendage were no more attenuated
than single mutants. In a persistence model, chicks were dosed with 1 × 102 c.f.u. of a single
strain and mutants defective for type 1 or curli or flagella or any combination thereof persisted
as assessed by cloacal swabbing for 5 weeks of the experiment less well than the wild-type. In
an additional persistence model, chicks were dosed with 5 × 102 c.f.u. of each of wild-type and
one mutant together. All mutants were significantly less persistent than the wild-type
(P < 0·001) and one mutant which lacked type 1, curli and flagella, was eliminated within 2
weeks. Analysis of the trends of elimination indicated that flagella contributed to persistence
more than curli, which contributed more than type 1 fimbriae. Here was evidence for a major
role in colonization, invasion and persistence played by type 1, curli and flagella.
Experience in the midst of variation: New horizons for development and psychopathology
Authors: EMDE ROBERT N. , SPICER PAUL
Published: July 2002

This essay explores implications of current trends in developmental science for
understanding psychopathology at the dawn of the new millennium. Over the past half century, it
has become clear that uniform and general principles of development (i.e., those that are
applicable at all times, to all people, and in all places) will be of limited utility in understanding
the processes of greatest interest in development and psychopathology. Instead, such processes
are characterized by complexly organized individuals engaged in developmental transactions
within multiple contexts (ranging from the biological environment of neurons to the cultural
systems of meaning that shape people's lives). These transactions in turn often yield
variable outcomes. In order to portray how we have come to this conclusion, we first provide a
view of contemporary research in three areas of early development: the biology of the developing
brain, the complexities of early emotional development, and the cultural contexts of child
development. We then trace how an increasing appreciation of organized complexity,
developmental transactions, and the meaning of context have played out in the
emerging field of infant mental health before closing with our vision of new opportunities for the
study of experience in the midst of variation.
Impoverishment and
child maltreatment in African American and European American neighborhoods
Authors: KORBIN JILL E. , COULTON CLAUDIA J. , CHARD SARAH , PLATT–HOUSTON CANDIS , SU MARILYN
Published: July 2002

Although it is well documented that child maltreatment exerts
a deleterious impact on child adaptation, much less is known about the precise etiological
pathways that eventuate in child abuse and neglect. This paper reports on a multimethod
ecological study of the relationship between neighborhood structural factors and child
maltreatment reports in African American and European American census tracts. The study had
two major components. First, in an aggregate analysis, the effects of four measures of
community structure (impoverishment, child care burden, instability, and geographic isolation)
on child maltreatment report rates were examined separately for predominantly African
American (n = 94) and predominantly European American (n = 189)
census tracts. Impoverishment in particular had a significantly weaker effect on maltreatment
rates in African American than in European American neighborhoods. Second, focused
ethnographies were conducted in four selected census tracts with child maltreatment report rates
in the highest and lowest quartiles. Ethnographic data point to the importance of the social fabric
in accounting for differences in child maltreatment report rates by predominant neighborhood
ethnicity.
Models of human memory and their implications for research on
aging and psychopathology
Authors: ESTES W. K.
Published: July 2002

Because nearly all human behavior depends to some degree on
functioning of the memory system, progress in understanding the diverse psychopathological
effects of trauma must be expected to reflect the state of research and theory on human memory.
An informal survey of literature on research in psychopathology reveals increasing attention to
processes of memory and cognition but an absence of citations of the models of memory that
subsume research results and mediate their applications. In this article, a series of steps is taken
with the aim of redressing this situation. The first is an overview of contemporary models of
memory. From these a set of widely supported assumptions about basic processes and structures
is abstracted to form a composite model, which is illustrated in application to several major
research paradigms. Finally, consideration is given to implications of the composite model for
effects of psychopathological trauma and for some aspects of the maturation and decline of
memory functions throughout the life span.
The fate of traumatic memories in childhood and adulthood
Authors: CHRISTIANSON SVEN-ÅKE , LINDHOLM TORUN
Published: July 2002

The present article addresses issues concerning the
complex relation between memory and trauma in childhood and adult life. Research findings
showing how children and adults remember public and personal emotional events are presented,
and mechanisms functioning to hold traumatic memories back from awareness are discussed. In
the final section, developmental aspects are addressed by considering the interplay between child
and adult trauma. Several cases are described that show how childhood trauma may be
represented in memory and influence later development and adult memory processes.
How to construct the discrete symmetries of partial differential equations
Authors: HYDON P. E.
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces an algorithm for calculating all discrete point symmetries of a given
partial differential equation with a known nontrivial group of Lie point symmetries. The
method enables the user to determine the discrete symmetries with little more effort than is
used to find the Lie symmetries. It is used to obtain the discrete point symmetries of Burgers'
equation, the spherical Burgers' equation, and the Harry–Dym equation. The method can be
extended to some types of nonlocal symmetry; we derive the quasi-local discrete symmetries
of a system of PDEs from gas dynamics.
Combinators for breadth-first search
Authors: SPIVEY MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Every functional programmer knows the technique of “replacing failure by a list of
successes” (Wadler, 1985), but wise programmers are aware also of the possibility
that the list will be empty or (worse) divergent. In fact, the “lists of successes”
technique is equivalent to the incomplete depth-first search strategy used in Prolog.

At heart, the idea is quite simple: whenever we might want to use a ‘multi-function’ such as
‘f’ [ratio ][ratio ] α [Rarr ] β that can return many results or none, we replace it by a
genuine function f [ratio ][ratio ] α → β stream that returns a lazy stream of results, and
rely on lazy evaluation to compute the answers one at a time, and only as they are needed. For
the sake of clarity, I will distinguish between the types of finite lists (α list) and of
potentially infinite, lazy streams (α stream), though both may be implemented in the
same way. Following the conventions used in ML, type constructors follow their argument types.