bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECTING MATURITY AND YIELD OF CORN (ZEA MAYS) FOR WHOLE-PLANT SILAGE IN SHORT-SEASON AREAS
Authors: WHITE R. P.
Published: March 2010

The production of corn (Zea mays L.) as whole-plant silage in short-season areas is severely restricted by such factors as late planting, slow emergence, slow early growth, and delayed silking that result from cold, wet soils and low levels of accumulated heat units. Failure of the plants to reach physiological maturity results from early fall frosts. The effects of variations in planting dates, plant densities, fertilizer and manure treatments, weeds, harvest dates, and other cultural practices on the yield and maturity of silage corn are discussed.
PRACTICES AFFECTING QUALITY AND PRESERVATION OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Authors: DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Low seasonal heat-unit accumulation is the major climatic restraint for the production of whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) silage in Canada. As the crop is produced under increasingly cool seasonal conditions, reductions in dry matter (DM) yield can be expected because of environment and because whole-plant DM yield will maximize earlier in relation to grain development. Dry matter yields should remain competitive, however, with those of alternate forage crops grown under similar low corn heat unit (CHU) conditions. More serious are the feeding and storage problems which occur when corn is ensiled at increasingly immature stages of development. Attendant reductions in percent grain and DM content of the forage should have minimal effects on DM digestibility, but decreases in voluntary DM intake of ensiled corn forage occur at DM percentages below 30. Seepage and over-winter freezing are also major hazards with low-DM silages, particularly in tower silos. In higher-CHU regions of Canada, production techniques which augment forage DM production but which permit the crop to attain 30% DM by harvest or first fall frost should have limited effects on feeding quality. In marginal areas, desirable cultural practices should encourage rapid development, to permit the corn crop to achieve the highest possible DM percentage before frost. In many regions, attainment of 30% whole-plant DM before frost is usually impossible and some reduction in animal intake, or increase in the level of grain supplement needed to obtain equivalent animal performance will occur, relative to 30–35% DM silage. Recent research suggests that possibilities exist to increase DM intake of low-DM silages through the addition of chemical or feed-stuff additives at ensiling. Investigations on this subject should receive major attention from research dedicated to expanded utilization of forage corn in Canada.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 31. Hordeum jubatum L.
Authors: BEST K. F. , BANTING J. D. , BOWES G. G.
Published: March 2010

An account is given of biology of Hordeum jubatum L. It is found throughout Canada but is particularly prevalent as a weed of rangeland and pastures of the Prairie Provinces. The paper is one of a series on the biology of Canadian weeds and is concerned primarily with those characteristics of the species which appear to present the main obstacles to its effective control.
ASSIMILATE DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION IN MAIZE
Authors: FAIREY N. A. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

The dynamics of distribution and utilization of assimilates from three leaf positions, i.e. the ear leaf (0) and the third leaves above (+3) and below (−3) the ear leaf, in a maize canopy were determined for plants labelled with 14CO2 at 10 days after silk emergence. The initial rate of translocation of assimilates (principally sugars) from leaf blades increased with the height of the leaf in the crop canopy. However, by 21 days after labelling no differences in 14C retention among leaf positions were evident. Sugars from source leaves were gradually utilized in the synthesis of starch and residual matter (principally protein and structural carbohydrate) as they were distributed throughout the plant. Carbon incorporated by the −3 leaf was recovered in free amino acids plus amides and organic acids to a greater extent than that incorporated by the +3 or 0 leaves. Temporary storage of sugars in stem tissue was evident for all three labelled-leaf treatments; the sugars were ultimately used in the synthesis of starch, lipid plus pigment and residual matter of kernels. Some carbon incorporated by lower leaves appeared to be cycled through the root system, possibly being returned to the shoot in organic nitrogen compounds.
HYBRID VIGOR OBTAINED BY CROSSING INBRED LINES OF SPRING RYE
Authors: SCOLES G. J. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Ten lines of spring rye (Secale cereale L.), inbred for a minimum of four generations, were crossed to produce 13 single-cross hybrids. Hybrids, inbreds and two rye cultivars were yield-tested in the field in 1975. The hybrids as a group differed significantly from inbreds for all characters measured. In certain cross combinations there was evidence that the performance of a hybrid was related to that of its parents, although this relationship did not hold for all crosses. Certain inbred lines could be characterized as having either high or low general combining ability. The yield of the hybrids as a group was equal to that of currently recommended spring rye cultivars. This preliminary estimate of the level of hybrid vigor in spring rye suggests that its exploitation through hybrid cultivars may be worthwhile.
CHANGES IN ABSCISIC ACID AND GIBBERELLIN LEVELS IN APPLE SEEDS DURING STRATIFICATION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GENETIC COMPACTION
Authors: LEE J. M. , LOONEY N. E.
Published: March 2010

The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin-like (GA-like) substances were examined in apple seeds from controlled crosses known to produce 0 or 50% compact seedlings. All seed lots exhibited similar changes in ABA and GA-like substances during an 80-day stratification period. The seeds were divided into two fractions, seed coat plus integuments (SC + I) and the embryo plus cotyledons (E + C). The ABA content of the E + C fraction was low relative to that in the SC +I fraction and gradually decreased during stratification. Abscisic acid content of the SC + I fraction increased markedly early in the stratification period and then gradually decreased. The GA-like activity, found primarily in the SC + I fraction, gradually increased (up to 40 days) and then decreased.
NON-DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO THE HERBICIDE METRIBUZIN IN TOMATO CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES
Authors: ELLIS B. E.
Published: March 2010

Non-photosynthetic cell suspension cultures were established of four tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars with different degrees of seedling sensitivity to metribuzin. Growth in these cultures was not affected by levels of herbicide which are lethal to photosynthetic seedlings, but was inhibited by a concentration of 150 ppm. Although these cultivars display a differential ability to tolerate applications of metribuzin as seedlings, the cultures displayed no differential tolerance to the herbicide in the medium.
CHAMP TIMOTHY
Authors: CHILDERS W. R. , FOLKINS L. P. , WAUTHY J.
Published: March 2010

Champ is a timothy cultivar (Phleum pratense L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Ottawa, Ontario to fulfill the need for a high aftermath, persistent timothy for hay and pasture production.
SUNDROP APRICOT
Authors: LANE W. DAVID
Published: March 2010

Sundrop is a new cultivar recently named by the Summerland Research Station. It is suitable for the fresh market, purée and home canning. Fruit mature evenly and are bright orange, firm and good tasting if properly ripened. Hardiness is equal to or better than presently grown cultivars.
JOHN CABOT ROSE
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

John Cabot is a hardy, freely flowering Rosa kordesii hybrid fragrant, double red flowers, resistant to powdery mildew and blackspot.
MESURE DE L’ENDURCISSEMENT AU FROID ET DE LA VIABILITE DES PLANTES EXPOSEES AU GEL PAR LE DOSAGE DES PHOSPHATASES ACIDES LIBRES
Authors: BOLDUC R. , RANCOURT L. , DOLBEC P. , CHOUINARD-LAVOIE L.
Published: March 2010

Cellular freezing induces leaking of non-specific acid phosphatase enzymes (EC. 3.1.3.2) from the cell walls of wheat crowns into the liquid medium surrounding the plant tissues. Those free enzymes leak both in the disorganized cytoplasm and in the external medium surrounding the tissues. The phosphastase activity index, measured in the external medium of the frozen plants as compared with the one of the non-frozen plants, decreases proportionally with the temperature of the freezing test until a minimum plateau is reached corresponding to the killing temperature of the plants. The determination of this phosphatase activity index can be used therefore as a quantitative method for the estimation of the viability of plants exposed to freezing. The initial drop of the phosphatase activity index precedes the viability loss as measured with the regrowth tests. The solubilization of those acid phosphatases previously bonded to the cell walls is one cause of the plant death rather than its consequence. The differentiating degrees of cold hardiness can be calculated from the changes in the phosphatase activity during a programmed freezing test among cultivars or species, immediately after running the test. Kharkov (Triticum aestivum L.) sampled in the fall shows + 13 °C differential of cold hardiness as compared with the one sampled in summer while Champlein (Triticum aestivum L.) has developed + 5 °C differential of cold hardiness. In the same conditions, another species (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) shows − 9 °C differential of cold hardiness as compared with Kharkov. Temperatures near the freezing point stabilize instantly the attachment of enzymes to cell walls. This molecular rearrangement, at the enzymatic level, is related to the initial metabolism of cold hardening.
YIELD STABILITY STUDIES IN SHORT-SEASON MAIZE. I. A DESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR GROUPING GENOTYPES
Authors: FRANCIS T. R. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

In recent years, several methods of identifying superior genotypes in the presence of genotype–environment interaction have been proposed. Fifteen single-cross maize hybrids, originating from a 6-inbred diallel of short-season maize, were grown in yield tests over 16 environments from 1969 to 1974. Several statistical methods for measuring yield stability were applied to the data. The problems with these techniques are discussed and an alternative method is proposed, whereby genotypes are grouped on the basis of mean yield and coefficient of variation across environments. Comparisons are made among methods.
YIELD STABILITY STUDIES IN SHORT-SEASON MAIZE.: II. RELATIONSHIP TO PLANT-TO-PLANT VARIABILITY
Authors: FRANCIS T. R. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

Stable maize genotypes are normally identified by extensive yield testing. The relationship between yield stability and plant-to-plant variability within an environment is not known. Plant-to-plant variability for several flowering and ear characteristics was examined in 15 single-cross, short-season maize hybrids, differing in yield stability. In general, no consistent relationship between plant-to-plant variability and yield stability was found.
EFFECT OF PEA SEED-BORNE MOSAIC VIRUS ON TWO CULTIVARS OF FIELD PEA GROWN IN MANITOBA
Authors: CHIKO ARTHUR W. , ZIMMER R. C.
Published: March 2010

Field plots of Century and Trapper, two cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) commonly grown in Manitoba, were mechanically inoculated with pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) when plants were at the 6-, 8- or 13-node stages. Growth stage at time of inoculation did not significantly affect seed yields or levels of virus transmission through seed of either cultivar. Average yields of plots inoculated at all three stages were reduced 8 and 10% in Trapper and Century, respectively. In both cultivars, yield reductions were attributable mainly to reductions in seed weight. Transmission of PSbMV through seed from inoculated plots of Century and Trapper averaged 0.5 and 5.8%, respectively. In both cultivars, cracked seed coats were most prevalent in seeds from plots inoculated at the two youngest stages of growth. The preceding yield loss values are probably lower than those actually attributable to PSbMV infection, since the virus infected a substantial proportion of control plants (presumably as a result of aphid transmission) and did not infect all inoculated plants. Consequently, an equation was derived for estimating the average yield loss of infected plants. According to this equation, PSbMV infection reduced yield by 11% in Trapper and 36% in Century.
EVIDENCE OF A PHYTOTOXIC INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HERBICIDE ERADICANE AND THE INSECTICIDE FONOFOS IN SWEET CORN
Authors: FREEMAN JACK A.
Published: March 2010

The actions of the herbicides Eradicane (EPTC and antidote R-25788) and Surpass (vernolate and antidote R-25788), with and without the insecticide fonofos, were examined when applied pre-seeding to sweet corn, Zea mays L. cv. Golden Jubilee. Combinations of Eradicane and fonofos caused as much as 29% malformation of ears. The injury ranged from slight to severe curvature of the ear together with shortening and twisting of the husk. None of the other treatments or combination of treatments produced similar phytotoxic symptoms.
UNE METHODE RAPIDE DE PRESELECTION DES SOUCHES DE RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
Authors: BORDELEAU L. M. , ANTOUN H.
Published: March 2010

not available
INOCULUM SPECIFICITY IN FABABEANS AND PEAS
Authors: DEAN J. R. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

The effect of inoculum specific to peas (Pisum sativum L.) on the nodulation, acetylene reduction and yield of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) was studied in three experiments. Fababeans, inoculated with pea inoculum or uninoculated (indigenous soil inoculum), were significantly inferior to fababeans inoculated with rhizobia specific for fababeans. Various mixtures of specific and non-specific inoculum (simulating competition between different rhizobia) were tested. One type was favored by slurrying it onto the seed. When favored, the specific fababean inoculum was equally effective with or without competition from non-specific inoculum. Favoring the pea inoculum led to a significant decrease in acetylene reduction, but this was not sufficient to reduce yield. It is concluded that indigenous pea rhizobia in the soil should not reduce nitrogen fixation and yields of fababeans when specific inoculum is slurried onto the seed.
CORRELATION STUDIES AMONG AND BETWEEN AGRONOMIC, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.)
Authors: WHITE F. H. , PANDEYA R. S. , DIRKS V. A.
Published: March 2010

Coefficients of correlation among 23 characteristics were determined for several flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars and advanced generation breeding lines, representing a wide range of variability for each characteristic. The variables were grouped into agronomic, chemical and physical characteristics of the leaf and smoke properties of cigarettes. Most of the traits studied in these individual groups could be classed into two main categories in terms of their relationship to yield, leaf alkaloids, smoke total particulate matter (TPM) and wet tar (WT). Those agronomic characteristics positively associated with yield were negatively correlated with leaf total alkaloids, lamina weight and smoke TPM, WT and alkaloids on a per cigarette basis. Conversely, grade index and the average length of the three top leaves, which were in negative association with yield, showed a positive relationship with leaf total alkaloids and smoke characteristics. Leaf total alkaloids and lamina weight, in positive association with each other, were positively correlated with smoke TPM, WT, and alkaloids. However, both of these traits were negatively correlated with yield.
THE EFFECT OF RECURRENT SELECTION FOR REDUCTION OF PLANT AND EAR HEIGHT ON INTERNODE PATTERN IN TWO TROPICAL MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) POPULATIONS
Authors: MUCHENA S. C. , GROGAN C. O. , VIOLIC A. D.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted to determine to what extent full-sib family selection for reduction of plant and ear height has altered the internode patterns of two tropical open-pollinated maize (Zea mays L.) populations: Tuxpeno and Mezcla Amarilla. Internode pattern diagrams were constructed by plotting successive internode lengths against order of internodes from bottom upwards. Plants in the advanced cycles of selection had both fewer and shorter internodes below the ear. This resulted in plant types that have different internode patterns compared to the original populations.
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY AND OCCURRENCE OF TOPPLE DISORDER IN BULBOUS IRIS
Authors: DOSS R. P. , CHRISTIAN J. K. , LANGAGER J. M.
Published: March 2010

"Iris topple" is a physiological disorder of bulbous Iris that is characterized by weakness of the flower stalk at the uppermost node and the concommitant failure of the flower bud to remain erect. This condition occurs when bulbous Iris is forced in calcium-deficient growth media. An acropetal pattern of stem elongation in Iris and the general immobility of calcium within plants lead to a localized calcium-deficient region that exhibits severe cellular and ultrastructural abnormalities. The innermost three leaves and flower stalk from plants showing "Iris topple" as the only symptom of calcium deficiency have an average tissue calcium concentration of 0.3%.
METHODS OF REPORTING METHIONINE CONTENT IN PEAS
Authors: JERMYN W. A. , MacKENZIE S. L. , SLINKARD A. E.
Published: March 2010

Percent protein and methionine content as milligrams per gram of meal and as milligrams per gram of protein were determined for 19 lines of peas (Pisum sativum). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.83) was found between percent protein and methionine content (mg/g meal) of these parent lines, indicating that methionine content (mg/g protein) should be used in determining genetic variability for methionine content.
LAURENT OATS
Authors: KLINCK H. R.
Published: March 2010

Laurent is a new, high-yielding oat cultivar with wide adaptability in eastern Canada. Developed by the Quebec Oat Project Group, Laurent was licensed for sale in Canada in March 1977. Initial seed stocks were released to the SeCan Association for multiplication and distribution. Breeder seed is maintained by Macdonald College.
CYTOPLASMIC–GENOTYPIC INFLUENCES ON SEED VIABILITY IN A MAIZE INBRED
Authors: RAO ARELLI P. , FLEMING A. A.
Published: March 2010

Three well-established maize (Zea mays L.) cytoplasms with the same nuclear genotype were compared to determine if there was any measurable difference in seed viability following 2 yr storage at room temperatures. Highly significant differences in paired comparisons were obtained among the three cytoplasms.
ATHABASCA OAT
Authors: ALLEN H. T. , KAUFMANN M. L.
Published: March 2010

The spring oat cultivar Athabasca (Avena sativa L.) was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta. It was tested in the Alberta Regional Oat Test 1974–1977 under the designation 351–15 and was entered in the Western Co-operative Oat Test 1975–1977 as OT 725. It was licensed (No. 1834) in April 1978 and has been assigned the Plant Gene Resources of Canada number CN0001792.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FRACTIONS AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SPRING WHEAT
Authors: DUBETZ S. , GARDINER E. E. , FLYNN D. , ROCHE A. IAN DE LA
Published: March 2010

Grain from hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Neepawa’) grown with nine rates of N fertilizer (0–400 kg/ha) was analyzed for total N, non-protein N (NPN), and amino acids. In addition, the amino acid compositions of the various soluble protein fractions were determined. The percentages of total N, NPN, and protein N of the grain increased with each 50-kg increment of N up to the 150-kg rate. The proportions of glutamate, proline, and phenylalanine in the seed increased whereas threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, and valine decreased with the first three or four increments of N fertilizer. With increasing N content in the seed, the proportions of albumin, globulin, and glutenin 2 decreased while the proportions of gliadin and glutenin 1 increased. The various protein fractions differed from each other in amino acid composition but the amino acid composition of each fraction was not influenced significantly by N application.
YIELD LOSSES IN WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS FROM COMMON ROOT ROT IN FIELD TESTS
Authors: TINLINE R. D. , LEDINGHAM R. J.
Published: March 2010

Intensity of and losses from common root rot in wheat and barley cultivars in field tests were estimated. Disease intensity was based upon the severity and prevalence of lesions on the subcrown internodes of plants. Losses were calculated relative to the potential yield of clean plants. Disease intensities and losses usually were highly correlated in wheat; the most resistant cultivars incurred the lowest losses. In barley the association was variable; some of the cultivars intermediate in disease reaction frequently showed the least reductions in yield. Differences in tolerance may account for these results. The frequent lack of a correlation between grain yield and disease is discussed.
ADULT-PLANT LEAF RUST RESISTANCE IN PI 250413, AN INTRODUCTION OF COMMON WHEAT
Authors: DYCK P. L. , SAMBORSKI D. J.
Published: March 2010

The genetics of adult-plant resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm.) was studied in a common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) introduction PI 250413, originally collected in Pakistan. The resistance, although variable in expression, was conditioned bx a single recessive gene not previously identified, which was inherited independently of Lr12, Lr13 and Lr22, three previously identified genes for adult-plant leaf rust resistance. The gene present in PI 250413 was also found in five introductions from Iraq.
SELECTION FOR BIOLOGICAL RESISTANCE TO CORN ROOTWORM (DIABROTICA SPP.)
Authors: AJANI A. , LONNQUIST J. H.
Published: March 2010

A potentiometric method developed at the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., for detecting small amounts of HCN in plant tissue was used in assaying corn root tissue of different genetic backgrounds. The realized heritability from selection for high HCN values in three corn populations ranged from 0.49 to 0.82. The average HCN increase in cycle one (C1) relative to the original population (C0) was 135%. A non-significant negative correlation was obtained for comparison between the laboratory test for HCN concentration and the field rating for rootworm damage.
SPRING AND SUMMER PASTURES FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: KILCHER M. R. , LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Fall rye (Secale cereale L.), Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) and Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) pastures were compared over a 4-yr period. Cows with calves were used as grazing animals for 2 yr and yearling steers were used for the other 2 additional yr. The two perennial grasses provided about twice as many grazing days as did fall rye. Average daily liveweight gains were highest for fall rye. Altai wild ryegrass produced 50% more liveweight gain per hectare than Russian wild ryegrass and nearly 100% more than fall rye.
THE INTERACTION OF COPPER AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN PLANT INJURY
Authors: TOIVONEN P. M. A. , HOFSTRA G.
Published: March 2010

Barley cultivars were assessed for relative sensitivity to SO2. The most SO2-sensitive cultivar, Laurier, was used to study the effects of Cu in the rooting medium on plant growth. Copper stunted growth, especially of the roots, and induced leaf injury starting at the leaf tips. The cultivar Laurier, grown in a medium watered with 0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm Cu as CuSO4∙5H2O, was exposed to 1.0 ± 0.1 ppm SO2 for 6 and 7 h on 2 consecutive days. Less injury due to SO2 was observed at the higher Cu concentration. The higher levels of Cu greatly increased stomatal resistance, thereby reducing SO2 uptake.
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED IN FORAGE CORN VARIETIES
Authors: BROERSMA K. , RYSWYK A. L. van
Published: March 2010

Some forage corn varieties in a variety test indicated magnesium deficiencies. The deficiency varied according to the variety. The most severely affected variety Pioneer 3690 yielded 25% of the normal while the yield of Pioneer 3695 was unaffected. The abnormal wet and cool weather during the growing season was the main determinant.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT-TO-PLANT VARIABILITY IN MAIZE AT DIFFERENT PLANTING DENSITIES
Authors: EDMEADES G. O. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

The development of plant-to-plant variability in dry weight components, leaf area, plant height and ear characteristics was studied by sequential sampling in a single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid grown in the field at 50 000, 100 000, 150 000, and 200 000 plants/ha. Coefficients of variation (CV) for dry weight generally increased with plant density, and were greatest for ear components. The greatest density × time interaction for the CV of dry weights of most organs occurred 1–3 wk prior to silk emergence. The CVs of plant height and leaf area per plant were little affected by density. Total shoot weight, plant height, leaf area, and floret primordia per ear row were generally normally distributed for all densities throughout the season. This contrasted, at high densities, with bimodal frequency distributions of maximum silk length and upper ear weight at flowering, and of grain yield and kernel number per plant at maturity. Frequency distributions of silk length and other flowering data indicated that florets of barren plants ceased development prior to or immediately after flowering. Bimodal frequency distributions of grain number and grain weight per plant suggested the existence of some minimum assimilation rate per plant which must be exceeded before normal grain formation occurs.
INHERITANCE OF SEED COAT COLOR IN BRASSICA JUNCEA
Authors: VERA C. L. , WOODS D. L. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

The genetics of seed coat color inheritance in Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. were studied. It was concluded that this character is controlled by two duplicate pairs of genes (R1, R2) for brown color, either of which can produce brown seed color when a single dominant allele is present. Yellow seed results when all alleles at both loci are recessive.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEED AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDES TO CONTROL ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT OF FABABEANS
Authors: KHARBANDA P. D. , BERNIER C. C.
Published: March 2010

Control of blight (Ascochyta fabae Speg.) of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) was attempted by using systemic and non-systemic fungicides in laboratory and field tests during 1974–1976. In the laboratory assays, all seed treatments containing the systemic fungicides benomyl or thiabendazole effectively controlled seed-borne Ascochyta but only soaking seeds in benomyl-thiram (0.2% a.i.) for 8 h effected complete eradication. In the field tests none of the seed treatments significantly reduced the seedling infection. When evaluated as foliar sprays, chlorothalonil was the most promising and was evaluated further on V. faba cultivars Erfordia and Ackerperle. One spray of this fungicide (0.1% a.i.) significantly reduced the disease severity in both cultivars. Seed infection was prevented only in Ackerperle by a minimum of two sprays 3 wk apart. In untreated plots, the disease was more severe in Erfordia than in Ackerperle.
SIXTY-SIX-YEAR TRENDS IN IRRIGATED CROP YIELDS—BARLEY, WHEAT, AND OATS
Authors: DUBETZ S. , OOSTERVELD M.
Published: March 2010

The regression coefficients of barley, wheat, and oat yields on advancing years were calculated to be 0.061, 0.020, and 0.034 t/ha/yr based on 66 yr of data from an irrigated rotation. Yield increases with time were attributed mainly to the introduction of new cultivars. These yield trends can be useful for predictive purposes. In recent years, barley has outyielded oats and wheat (utility wheat excluded) on a unit-weight basis even though barley yields were the lowest of the three cereals when the rotation began in 1911. The climatic variables measured and date of harvest had virtually no effect on yield. Wheat yields were enhanced when seeding took place during the last 113 days of April compared to those when the crop was seeded during the first 13 days of May.
INFLUENCE OF DRYING METHODS ON PROTEIN CONTENT AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THREE FORAGE LEGUMES
Authors: KALDY M. S. , HANNA M. R. , SMOLIAK S.
Published: March 2010

Forage samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Beaver’), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. ’Melrose’), and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L. ’Oxley’) were dried either in a forced-draft forage dryer, drying oven, or a microwave oven. The dry matter content, protein content, and amino acid composition were determined but the air-drying methods resulted in significant losses of dry matter compared with microwave drying, suggesting that the latter method is preferable for dry-matter determinations. Interactions between species and drying method were significant for some of the amino acid contents, but not for the limiting amino acids — methionine, isoleucine, and valine. Since protein scores, reflecting protein quality, and protein content of the three legumes were not affected by drying methods, any one of the drying methods would be satisfactory. However, large numbers of forage samples can be handled most conveniently in a forced-draft dryer.
SEED YIELD COMPONENTS IN WHITE CLOVER
Authors: HUXLEY D. M. , BRINK V. C. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Components of seed yield were studied in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Head number and seed size were the major components of yield. Seeds per head was not a significant yield component and was independent of head number.
VERNON SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , GRANT E. A. , SMELTZER G. G. , LANGILLE J. E. , BUBAR J. S.
Published: March 2010

Vernon is a new cultivar of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Atlantic Provinces Field Crops Committee. It is higher yielding than recommended cultivars in the Atlantic Provinces and is resistant to Erysiphe graminis in this area.
GOLDENVEE SWEET CORN
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

Goldenvee is an attractive early mid-season sweet corn developed at the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario. It has 12- to 16-rowed ears with excellent eating quality. It is suitable for shipping, for roadside market and for home garden.
CRIMSONVEE TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Crimsonvee if a very firm, midseason, hand-pick tomato with dark crimson fruit color (og)c developed at the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario. High viscosity and good pH make it especially suitable for ketchup and other concentrated strained products.
BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN STORED FABABEANS
Authors: WALLACE H. A. H. , LALIBERTE G. E. , FRASER B. M. , SHOLBERG P. L. , MUIR W. E. , SINHA R. N.
Published: March 2010

Two lots of frost-damaged fababeans of low germinability, high bacterial infection, and above-normal free fatty acid (FAV) were stored as a single bulk for 12 mo in 1974–75. A brief period of biological heating occurred during June-July 1975 in the upper lot which had a moisture content of 15–17.8% as compared to 13.2–16.2% in the lower lot. In both lots bacterial infection decreased, and was accompanied by increased levels of intergranular CO2, FAV, Aspergillus glaucus and later by A. flavus. In the heated upper lot, A. candidus, A. nidulans and Cephalosporium also occurred. A third lot of bin-stored, non-frosted fababeans of high germinability, low bacterial infection, average FAV and 13.8–14.2% moisture content served as a control during 1975–77 and showed few changes in physical and chemical variables; its Penicillium contamination, however, increased. At the bottom of the bin leakage of rain water resulted in seed rot associated with incidence of Scopulariopsis, Gliocladium, Streptomyces and in drier areas Penicillium and the A. glaucus group. Rotten fababeans were heavily infested by mites, mostly Acarus immobilis.
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF SPIREA BUMALDA AND PRUNUS CISTENA FROM SHOOT APICES
Authors: LANE W. DAVID
Published: March 2010

A procedure was developed to produce large numbers of plants from multiple shoot, cultures which were obtained from shoot apices 1–5 mm long of Spirea bumalda ’Anthony Waterer’ and Prunus cistena grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 5 μM benzyladenine. Shoot production, harvested every 3–4 wk, yielded 300–400 shoots of Spirea and approximately 35 of Prunus per cycle. The salt concentration of MS inhibited rooting was reduced by half. Liquid media usually resulted in greater percent rooting than agar. Although there was some rooting of both species in medium without naphthalenacetic acid, this auxin increased rooting of both species with optima at about 0.1 μM for Spirea and 1 μM for Prunus.
DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY BIPOLARIS SOROKINIANA AMONG STRAINS OF POA ANNUA
Authors: BOLTON A. T. , CORDUKES W. E.
Published: March 2010

Twenty clones of Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) were tested for susceptibility to Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem. isolated from diseased turf at Ottawa, Ontario. Variation from highly resistant to very susceptible was found among these strains. Six out of the 20 exhibited much greater resistance to the disease than did four cultivars of P. pratensis L. and four of bentgrass (Agrostis spp.). It is suggested that in the eastern Ontario and western Quebec areas at least, B. sorokiniana infection plays a definite role in the frequent dying out of Poa annua in July and August.
THE SUITABILITY OF THE SDS-SEDIMENTATION TEST FOR ASSESSING GLUTEN STRENGTH IN DURUM WHEAT
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , MATSUO R. R. , KOSMOLAK F. G. , LEISLE D. , MARCHYLO B. A.
Published: March 2010

The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test was assessed as a screening procedure for durum wheat gluten strength. Thirty durum wheat lines possessing a wide range in gluten strength and spaghetti cooking quality were characterized for wheat protein, SDS-sedimentation value, micromixograph development time, and spaghetti cooking quality at optimum time and after overcooking for 10 min. A statistical analysis revealed that mixograph development time and the SDS-sedimentation test were both able to account satisfactorily for variations in gluten strength. However, SDS-sedimentation test was able to differentiate over a narrower range. The SDS-sedimentation test and wheat protein together accounted for over 40% of the variability in cooking quality at opimum time and after overcooking. These data suggest that screening tests based on the SDS-sedimentation test and wheat protein would be adequate for comparing durum wheats for gluten strength and spaghetti cooking quality.
EFFETS DES TEMPERATURES DU SOL, DES DATES DE SEMIS ET DES MAUVAISES HERBES SUR LES COMPOSANTES DU RENDEMENT DE L’AVOINE
Authors: DESCHENES J. M. , ST-PIERRE C. A.
Published: March 2010

On a St-André sandy loam and on a Kamouraska clay, the effect of soil temperature on oats (Avena sativa L.) was measured in the greenhouse using a system described by Deschênes et al. in 1974 and in the field, using two dates of seeding. The effect of weeds was measured by using un weeded and hand-weeded treatments. In the greenhouse, cool soil temperatures have delayed maturity and decreased straw and grain yields as well as total phytomass of oats on the two soil types. The dry weight of weeds in un weeded pots increased slightly. The effect of hand-weeding on oats was especially noticeable on the St-André sandy loam where three times as many weeds were observed. The straw yield and the total phytomass of oats were higher in the field experiment following an early seeding of oats on both soil types. On the other hand, grain yield was lower on plots seeded early and located on St-André sandy loam while the opposite was true on Kamouraska clay. The dry weight of weeds was lower on unweeded plots seeded early. The weeds reduced straw and grain yields on the St-André sandy loam but had no effect on Kamouraska clay because of the low weed infestation on the latter. The greenhouse and field experiments suggest that soil temperature is not the main factor in explaining the increase in grain yield observed with early-seeded cereals.
COMPARAISON ENTRE DES LIGNEES PEDIGREES ET DES LIGNEES HAPLOIDES DOUBLEES CHEZ L’ORGE (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Authors: TURCOTTE PIERRE , ST-PIERRE C. A. , HO KEH MING
Published: March 2010

Pedigree and doubled haploid lines from seven crosses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared over 2 years. The lines were tested, in a randomized complete block design, in row plots at Ste-Foy in 1977 and in hill plots at Brawley, California in 1978. There are significant differences between the two methods of pure line production for grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, resistance to lodging and date of maturity. Furthermore, these significant differences between doubled haploid and pedigree lines seem to be tied to wide crosses. After showing that doubled haploids are superior for resistance to lodging, we conclude that the use of doubled haploid lines must be seriously considered in a barley breeding program on the basis of improved selection efficiency and the short time required to get homozygous lines.
RESPONSE OF FABABEAN YIELD, PROTEIN PRODUCTION, AND WATER USE TO IRRIGATION
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , HOBBS E. H. , McKENZIE R. C.
Published: March 2010

Response of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation was studied by subjecting the crop to soil moisture stress (withholding irrigation) during the latter parts of the growing season or to levels of soil moisture (varying the frequency of irrigation) throughout the growing season. Increased soil moisture supply under either of these procedures increased yields of seed, straw and crude protein. Evapotranspiration (ET) for the growing season averaged 544 mm, which is 16% greater than that of irrigated cereals. Efficiency of water use (plant product per unit of ET) was about constant over the range of treatments and yields were linearly correlated with ET. Soil moisture must be maintained at least above 50% of the available range to achieve the full yield potential of fababeans. The potential yield of crude protein equals or exceeds that of other irrigated crops in southern Alberta.
PHYTOTOXIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING METRIBUZIN AND OTHER PESTICIDES IN TOMATOES
Authors: STEPHENSON G. R. , PHATAK S. C. , MAKOWSKI R. I. , BOUW W. J.
Published: March 2010

Metribuzin was tested for phytotoxic interactions with 16 pesticides on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill. ’Heinz 1706’). Synergistic phytotoxic interactions were repeatedly observed with metribuzin in combination with either malathion or carbaryl under growth room conditions. Additive phytotoxicity to tomato was commonly observed with metribuzin plus chlorothalonil, diazinon or demeton but few interactions were observed with metribuzin in combination with 11 other pesticides. Under field conditions synergistic phytotoxicity was observed with metribuzin plus carbaryl but not with metribuzin plus malathion. In growth room studies, synergistic interactions with either carbaryl or metribuzin could be avoided if the application of the insecticide was delayed at least 3 days after metribuzin application. Malathion or carbaryl did not increase the foliar penetration of metribuzin but pretreatment of tomato plants with either insecticide did inhibit the metabolism of metribuzin in tomato leaf tissue.
PROPANIL FOR CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: HUNTER JAMES H.
Published: March 2010

In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, propanil (3′, 4′-dichloropropionalide) as a postemergent herbicide provided excellent control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Although some initial chlorosis occurred, wheat and barley recovered quickly and were considered tolerant to propanil at up to 1 kg/ha applied over a growth period extending from the 2- to 8-leaf stages of the green foxtail. Propanil at rates greater than 1 kg/ha resulted in considerable chlorosis and leaf tip burn, and although grain yields were not reduced, crop tolerance was visually assessed as unsatisfactory. Control of green foxtail was satisfactory with 1 kg/ha at the 2- to 4-leaf stages but not at later stages. Control was significantly better when the spray pressure at application was 310 kPa compared to 207 kPa. Analysis indicated that at the 2 and 4 kg/ha rate of propanil the residues in wheat and barley disappeared very quickly. At harvest, wheat grain contained 0.09 ppm of propanil.
A COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL AND CULTURAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN IRRIGATION DITCHBANKS
Authors: GROVER R. , SMITH A. E. , KORVEN H. C.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted to compare the efficiency of various herbicidal treatments and cultural methods for control of weeds in a series of irrigation ditches similar in design to farmer head ditches. The residual herbicides, applied at soil sterilant rates, atrazine (22.4 kg/ha), bromacil (15.2 kg/ha), monuron (38.5 kg/ha), and simazine (22.4 kg/ha), were reapplied during September of 1973 to the same ditches that had received similar treatments in September of 1970. The foliar herbicidal applications of paraquat (2.2 kg/ha), dalapon + amitrole-T (11.2 + 2.2 kg/ha), paraquat + diquat (1.1 + 1.1 kg/ha), as well as growth retardent chlorflurenol (3.6 kg/ha), were applied annually each June from 1971 until 1976. Cultural control methods consisted of sowing (in 1971) the ditch bottoms and sides with streambank wheatgrass, sheep fescue, Russian wild ryegrass, and dwarf timothy. Over the period 1973–1976, the soil-applied herbicides gave good control of weeds in the ditches, with simazine and atrazine being superior to monuron and bromacil. The transport of these herbicides in the initial water flush and their leaching into the soil profile were shown to be potential hazards for contamination. The foliar herbicides paraquat and paraquat + diquat and to lesser extent amitrole-T + dalapon provided yearly suppression of weeds (following the third annual application in 1973) which allowed satisfactory water flow. Trace amounts of amitrole and dalapon were noted in the irrigation water immediately after herbicide treatment. The growth retardant was unsuitable for weed control since suppression was poor and adequate water flow conditions were observed only during the final year of the study. The grasses allowed good water flow and satisfactorily controlled weeds along the ditch side and bottom. However, some species required a period of 2 to 3 yr to become established whereas others were satisfactory for the first 3 to 4 yr only, suggesting that a mixture may be more suitable.
L’ADAPTATION DE CULTIVARS DE SORGHO-GRAIN A DIFFERENTS REGIMES HYDRIQUES
Authors: JIKA NAINO I. , ST-PIERRE C.A. , DENIS J.C.
Published: March 2010

The adaptation to drought of 12 varieties of sorghum was measured on nine hybrids and three lines of various origin. Polyethylene covers were used to simulate drought in between five experimental sites during 2 yr. Yield of grain of the varieties was used to evaluate their stability to the 10 sites. The hybrids had a wider adaptation than the lines used. Correlation studies between yield and physiological characters were low and non-significant.
ROOTING CAPABILITY AS IT RELATES TO SOIL MOISTURE EXTRACTION AND OSMOTIC POTENTIAL OF SEMIDWARF AND NORMAL-STATURED GENOTYPES OF SIX-ROW BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Authors: IRVINE R. B. , HARVEY B. L. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

The rooting capabilities of four semidwarf and two normal-statured genotypes were estimated by 32P uptake and extraction of roots from a column of soil. The two height groups did not differ in root volume when the plants were grown in a rooting medium composed of three parts sand and one part topsoil. Rooting was estimated under field conditions by placing 32P in the soil at 15, 30, 60, and 90 cm and measuring 32P activity in the aerial plant portions 15, 30, 45 and 61 days from seeding. Semidwarf and normal-statured types had the same relative distribution of 32P uptake on all days. Water uptake by semidwarf and normal height genotypes was similar over the season in both environments receiving incident rainfall. There was a significant effect of environment on the osmotic potential of the last fully developed leaf. Plants growing in environments with low soil water developed lower osmotic potentials. However, there were no differences in genotypic reponse indicating similar osmotic adjustment. It was concluded that semidwarf and normal genotypes do not differ in rooting water uptake or osmotic adjustment due to plant stature.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG YIELD COMPONENTS AND PLANT GROWTH CHARACTERS, AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO YIELD IN TWO SPECIES OF MUSTARD
Authors: AHMED S. U.
Published: March 2010

Twelve cultivars belonging to two species of Brassica were used to determine the nature and degree of interrelationships among yield components and some plant growth characters, and their contribution to yield. Nine characters were studied and simple, partial, and multiple correlation coefficients were computed. Results indicated that pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight per pod were positively and linearly associated with seed yield per plant and that these four component characters of yield were also interrelated with plant height. The percentage of oil in the seeds was positively correlated with seed weight, but negatively with number of seeds per pod. Late maturity was found to be undesirable because it reduces number of pods per plant.
CONTRIBUTION OF GROWTH RATE AND HARVEST INDEX TO GRAIN YIELD IN F9-DERIVED LINES OF OATS (AVENA SATIVA L.)
Authors: TAKEDA K. , FREY K. J. , BAILEY T. B.
Published: March 2010

The contributions of growth rate (GR) and harvest index (HI) to grain yield (GYD) were studied using 1200 F9-derived lines of oats tested for 2 yr. Heritability ranged from 20 to 40% for GYD, GR, and HI. Genotypic correlations of GYD with GR were ca. 0.7 and with HI ca. 0.3. More than 95% of GYD variation was due to GR and HI. An increase of 0.1 g/day/plot GR would result in a 14% increase in GYD, and a 5% increase of HI would cause an 18–19% increase in GYD. GR was positively correlated with heading date and plant height, and negatively with HI.
RHIZOBIUM STRAIN SELECTION FOR FABABEANS
Authors: DEAN J. R. , TOOMSAN B. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum from a number of geographical origins were tested for N-fixing effectiveness on fababeans (Vicia faba L.). Initial screening in the greenhouse was followed by field testing of the best strains on soils low and high in nitrate-N in 1976. Strains F1 and F15 from Morocco produced significantly higher fixation rates than other effective strains during pod-filling in the low nitrate soil. Percent N in the seed and N yields were also highest with these strains. Strains F1 and F15 were tested again in 1978 with three other effective strains against three fababean cultivars. There were no strain × cultivar interactions, but N-fixation during pod-filling and seed N % were higher with F1 and F15. The value of testing strains through to plant maturity is illustrated by this result. F1 also produced the highest N yield but differences among strains were not significant. Differences in N yield among cultivars were significant in 1978.