bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemometrics in laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Tianlong , Tang Hongsheng , Li Hua
Published: January 2018

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new type of elemental analytical technology with the advantages of real‐time, online, and noncontact as well as enabling the simultaneous analysis of multiple elements. It has become a frontier analytical technique in spectral analysis. However, the issue of how to improve the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analyses by extracting useful information from a large amount of complex LIBS data remains the main problem for the LIBS technique. Chemometrics is a chemical subdiscipline of multi‐interdisciplinary methods; it offers advantages in data processing, signal analysis, and pattern recognition. It can solve some complicated problems that are difficult for traditional chemical methods. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of chemometrics methods in LIBS for spectral data preprocessing as well as for qualitative and quantitative analyses in the most recent 5 years (2012‐2016).
Natural Deposition Strategy for Interfacial, Self‐Assembled, Large‐Scale, Densely Packed, Monolayer Film with Ligand‐Exchanged Gold Nanorods for In Situ Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Drug Detection
Authors: Mao Mei , Zhou Binbin , Tang Xianghu , Chen Cheng , Ge Meihong , Li Pan , Huang Xingjiu , Yang Liangbao , Liu Jinhuai
Published: January 2018

Liquid interfacial self‐assembly of metal nanoparticles holds great promise for its various applications, such as in tunable optical devices, plasmonics, sensors, and catalysis. However, the construction of large‐area, ordered, anisotropic, nanoparticle monolayers and the acquisition of self‐assembled interface films are still significant challenges. Herein, a rapid, validated method to fabricate large‐scale, close‐packed nanomaterials at the cyclohexane/water interface, in which hydrophilic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coated nanoparticles and gold nanorods (AuNRs) self‐assemble into densely packed 2D arrays by regulating the surface ligand and suitable inducer, is reported. Decorating AuNRs with polyvinylpyrrolidone not only extensively decreases the charge of AuNRs, but also diminishes repulsive forces. More importantly, a general, facile, novel technique to transfer an interfacial monolayer through a designed in situ reaction cell linked to a microfluidic chip is revealed. The self‐assembled nanofilm can then automatically settle on the substrate and be directly detected in the reaction cell in situ by means of a portable Raman spectrometer. Moreover, a close‐packed monolayer of self‐assembled AuNRs provides massive, efficient hotspots to create great surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement, which provides high sensitivity and reproducibility as the SERS‐active substrate. Furthermore, this strategy was exploited to detect drug molecules in human urine for cyclohexane‐extracted targets acting as the oil phase to form an oil/water interface. A portable Raman spectrometer was employed to detect methamphetamine down to 100 ppb levels in human urine, exhibiting excellent practicability. As a universal platform, handy tool, and fast pretreatment method with a good capability for drug detection in biological systems, this technique shows great promise for rapid, credible, and on‐spot drug detection.
Cp2TiX Complexes for Sustainable Catalysis in Single‐Electron Steps
Authors: Richrath Ruben B. , Olyschläger Theresa , Hildebrandt Sven , Enny Daniel G. , Fianu Godfred D. , Flowers Robert A. , Gansäuer Andreas
Published: January 2018

We present a combined electrochemical, kinetic, and synthetic study with a novel and easily accessible class of titanocene catalysts for catalysis in single‐electron steps. The tailoring of the electronic properties of our Cp2TiX‐catalysts that are prepared in situ from readily available Cp2TiX2is achieved by varying the anionic ligand X. Of the complexes investigated, Cp2TiOMs proved to be either equal or substantially superior to the best catalysts developed earlier. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties pertinent to catalysis have been determined. They allow a mechanistic understanding of the subtle interplay of properties required for an efficient oxidative addition and reduction. Therefore, our study highlights that efficient catalysts do not require the elaborate covalent modification of the cyclopentadienyl ligands.
Deracemization of a Racemic Compound by Using Tailor‐Made Additives
Authors: Engwerda Anthonius H. J. , van Schayik Pim , Jagtenberg Henjo , Meekes Hugo , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Vlieg Elias
Published: January 2018

Viedma ripening is a process that combines abrasive grinding of a slurry of crystals with solution‐phase racemization, resulting in solid‐phase deracemization. One of the major disadvantages of Viedma ripening is that the desired compound needs to crystallize as a racemic conglomerate, accounting for only 5–10 % of all chiral molecules. Herein, we show that use of a chiral additive causes deracemization under conditions, in which the compound normally crystallizes as a racemic compound. Although this concerns a single example, it is envisioned that through this new approach the scope of Viedma ripening can be significantly expanded.
Cobaltocenylidene: A Mesoionic Metalloceno Carbene, Stabilized in a Gold(III) Complex
Authors: Vanicek Stefan , Podewitz Maren , Hassenrück Christopher , Pittracher Michael , Kopacka Holger , Wurst Klaus , Müller Thomas , Liedl Klaus R. , Winter Rainer F. , Bildstein Benno
Published: January 2018

Oxidative addition of cobaltoceniumdiazonium bis(hexafluoridophosphate) with (pseudo)halide aurates gave gold(III) complexes containing zwitterionic cobaltoceniumide as a ligand. Its selenium derivative, cobaltoceniumselenolate, was obtained by an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of iodocobaltocenium iodide with Na2Se. Spectroscopic and structural data in combination with DFT calculations showed that this cobaltocenylidene species is a mesoionic carbene quite different from common N‐heterocyclic carbenes. Its ligand properties (TEP, singlet‐triplet gap, nucleophilicity, π‐acidity, Brønsted basicity) are in part comparable to those of cyclic (amino)(alkyl/aryl)carbenes. Electrochemistry data showed that the mesoionic cobaltoceniumides are more electron‐rich than their parent ferrocenes. The reversible reduction of the tricyanido gold complex appears 50 mV negative of the cobaltocenium/cobaltocene couple, whereas that of the selenide derivative is shifted cathodically by 550 mV.
Reduced alignment based on Petri nets
Authors: Tian Yinhua , Du Yuyue , Li Maozhen , Han Dong , Hu Qiang
Published: January 2018

Alignment is the state‐of‐the‐art technique in conformance checking and becoming more important for the analysis of business processes. To improve the efficiency of alignment, a new alignment approach is presented based on Petri net models and traces. It takes artificial logs and models as an example to illustrate the procedure of the new alignment approach. The approach can generate an optimal alignment tree including all of the optimal alignments between the given trace and the Petri net model based on standard likelihood cost function. This paper gives the approach a specific and rigorous characterization. The approach is implemented on ProM as a plugin and has been evaluated using complex logs and models as a case study.
Bias‐Sentiment‐Topic model for microblog sentiment analysis
Authors: Guo Juncai , Chen Xue
Published: January 2018

Unified models of sentiment and topic have been widely employed in unsupervised sentiment analysis, where each word in text carries both sentiment and topic information. In fact, however, some words tend to express objective things while others prefer to express subjective sentiments. Based on this observation, the concept of word bias is put forward firstly, including objective bias and subjective bias. Considering the relations of bias, sentiment, and topic, a unified framework named Bias‐Sentiment‐Topic (BST) model is then presented to jointly model them for microblog sentiment analysis. After that, an improved Gibbs sampler is proposed for the inference of BST by introducing the general Pólya urn model, which incorporates word embedding as the general knowledge. Finally, experiments on standard test datasets illustrate major improvements of BST in sentiment classification and its effectiveness in separation of words with different biases.
The Photoconversion of Phytochrome Includes an Unproductive Shunt Reaction Pathway
Authors: Buhrke David , Kuhlmann Uwe , Michael Norbert , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: January 2018

Phytochromes are modular bimodal photoswitches that control gene expression for morphogenetic processes in plants. These functions are triggered by photoinduced conversions between the inactive and active states of the photosensory module, denoted as Pr and Pfr, respectively. In the present time‐resolved resonance Raman spectroscopic study of bacterial representatives of this photoreceptor family, we demonstrate that these phototransformations do not represent linear processes but include a branching reaction back to the initial state, prior to (de)activation of the output module. Thus, only a fraction of the photoreceptors undergoing the phototransformations can initiate the downstream signaling process, consistent with phytochrome's function as a sensor for more durable changes of light conditions.
Gene‐Specific Variant Classifier (DPYD‐Varifier) to Identify Deleterious Alleles of Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase
Authors: Shrestha Shikshya , Zhang Cheng , Jerde Calvin R. , Nie Qian , Li Hu , Offer Steven M. , Diasio Robert B.
Published: January 2018

Deleterious variants in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, DPYD gene) can be highly predictive of clinical toxicity to the widely prescribed chemotherapeutic 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). However, there are very limited data pertaining to the functional consequences of the >450 reported no‐synonymous DPYD variants. We developed a DPYD‐specific variant classifier (DPYD‐Varifier) using machine learning and in vitro functional data for 156 missense DPYD variants. The developed model showed 85% accuracy and outperformed other in silico prediction tools. An examination of feature importance within the model provided additional insight into functional aspects of the DPD protein relevant to 5‐FU toxicity. In the absence of clinical data for unstudied variants, prediction tools like DPYD‐Varifier have great potential to individualize medicine and improve the clinical decision‐making process.
Photo‐Initiated Reduction of CO2 by H2 on Silica Surface
Authors: Liu Chao , Notestein Justin M. , Weitz Eric , Gray Kimberly A.
Published: January 2018

The reduction of CO2 is a promising route to produce valuable chemicals or fuels and create C‐neutral resource cycles. Many different approaches to CO2 reduction have been investigated, but the ability of vacuum UV (VUV) irradiation to cleave C−O bonds has remained largely unexplored for use in processes that convert CO2 into useful products. Compared with other photo‐driven CO2 conversion processes, VUV‐initiated CO2 reduction can achieve much greater conversion under common photochemical reaction conditions when H2 and non‐reducible oxides are present. Infrared spectroscopy provides evidence for a chain reaction initiated by VUV‐induced CO2 splitting, which is enhanced in the presence of H2 and silica. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of silica or alumina surfaces, CO yields are increased and CH4 is formed as the only other detected product. CH4 production is not promoted by traditional photocatalysts such as TiO2 under these conditions. Assuming improvements in lamp and reactor efficiencies with scale up, or coupling with other available CO/CO2 hydrogenation techniques, these results reveal a potential, simple strategy by which CO2 could be valorized.
Clustering‐based resource discovery on Internet‐of‐Things
Authors: Bharti M. , Kumar R. , Saxena S.
Published: January 2018

Resource discovery on Internet‐of‐Things paradigm is an eminent challenge due to data‐specific activities with respect to foraging and sense‐making loops. The prerequisite to deal with the challenge is to process and analyze the data that require resources to be indexed, ranked, and stored in an efficient manner. A novel clustering technique is proposed to resolve the specified challenge. The technique, namely, iterative k‐means clustering algorithm, targets concrete cluster formation using similarity coefficients of vector space model and performs efficient search against matching criteria with respect to complexity. It is simulated on MATLAB, and the obtained results are compared with fuzzy k‐means and fuzzy c‐means clustering algorithm with similarity coefficients of vector space model against exponential increase in the number of resources.
Cognitive control functions in individuals with obesity with and without binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Kollei Ines , Rustemeier Martina , Schroeder Stefanie , Jongen Sebastian , Herpertz Stephan , Loeber Sabine
Published: January 2018

Objective

Deficits in cognitive control are thought to contribute to the maintenance of obesity (OB). Cognitive control is referred to as impulsivity and binge‐eating disorder (BED) is characterized by high levels of impulsivity. The present study sought to elucidate which cognitive control functions differentiate between severe OB with and without BED also taking into account hunger as a moderating factor.

Method

The study included 48 individuals with OB and BED (OB + BED), 48 individuals with OB and no BED (OB – BED) and 48 normal‐weight controls (NWC). Hunger was systematically manipulated: participants were instructed to refrain from eating before testing and received either a liquid meal or flavored water. Then, a comprehensive test battery was administered including a food‐related go/no‐go task and several subtests from the CANTAB.

Results

There were no differences between the groups with regard to food‐related response inhibition. However, while manipulating hunger had no impact on performance in the go/no‐go task, self‐reported hunger significantly influenced task performance by increasing inhibition deficits to high‐caloric stimuli in OB + BED. With regard to general cognitive control functions, we found that deficits in attention and impulse control in decision‐making distinguished OB from NWC, while reversal learning and risk taking in decision‐making appeared to be relevant factors when distinguishing OB + BED from OB − BED.

Discussion

Our results indicate that self‐reported hunger differentially affected food‐related response inhibition. Group differences in general cognitive control functions were limited to attention, reversal learning, and decision‐making. Future research needs to account for other possible moderating factors, such as mood, food craving, or stress.
No evidence of inbreeding depression in sperm performance traits in wild song sparrows
Authors: Losdat Sylvain , Germain Ryan R. , Nietlisbach Pirmin , Arcese Peter , Reid Jane M.
Published: January 2018

Inbreeding is widely hypothesized to shape mating systems and population persistence, but such effects will depend on which traits show inbreeding depression. Population and evolutionary consequences could be substantial if inbreeding decreases sperm performance and hence decreases male fertilization success and female fertility. However, the magnitude of inbreeding depression in sperm performance traits has rarely been estimated in wild populations experiencing natural variation in inbreeding. Further, the hypothesis that inbreeding could increase within‐ejaculate variation in sperm traits and thereby further affect male fertilization success has not been explicitly tested. We used a wild pedigreed song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population, where frequent extrapair copulations likely create strong postcopulatory competition for fertilization success, to quantify effects of male coefficient of inbreeding (f) on key sperm performance traits. We found no evidence of inbreeding depression in sperm motility, longevity, or velocity, and the within‐ejaculate variance in sperm velocity did not increase with malef. Contrary to inferences from highly inbred captive and experimental populations, our results imply that moderate inbreeding will not necessarily constrain sperm performance in wild populations. Consequently, the widely observed individual‐level and population‐level inbreeding depression in male and female fitness may not stem from reduced sperm performance in inbred males.
Hidden endemism, deep polyphyly, and repeated dispersal across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Diversification of the White‐collared Seedeater complex (Thraupidae: Sporophila torqueola)
Authors: Mason Nicholas A. , Olvera‐Vital Arturo , Lovette Irby J. , Navarro‐Sigüenza Adolfo G.
Published: January 2018

Phenotypic and genetic variation are present in all species, but lineages differ in how variation is partitioned among populations. Examining phenotypic clustering and genetic structure within a phylogeographic framework can clarify which biological processes have contributed to extant biodiversity in a given lineage. Here, we investigate genetic and phenotypic variation among populations and subspecies within a Neotropical songbird complex, the White‐collared Seedeater (Sporophila torqueola) of Central America and Mexico. We combine measurements of morphology and plumage patterning with thousands of nuclear loci derived from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial DNA to evaluate population differentiation. We find deep levels of molecular divergence between two S. torqueola lineages that are phenotypically diagnosable: One corresponds to S. t. torqueola along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and the other includes S. t. morelleti and S. t. sharpei from the Gulf Coast of Mexico and Central America. Surprisingly, these two lineages are strongly differentiated in both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, and each is more closely related to other Sporophila species than to one another. We infer low levels of gene flow between these two groups based on demographic models, suggesting multiple independent evolutionary lineages within S. torqueola have been obscured by coarse‐scale similarity in plumage patterning. These findings improve our understanding of the biogeographic history of this lineage, which includes multiple dispersal events out of South America and across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec into Mesoamerica. Finally, the phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness of the range‐restricted S. t. torqueola highlights the Pacific Coast of Mexico as an important region of endemism and conservation priority.
HP‐CaSiN2 – A New High‐Pressure Modification
Authors: Braun Cordula , Ehrenberg Helmut , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: January 2018

HP‐CaSiN2 was obtained by HP/HT (high pressure / high temperature) synthesis utilizing the multianvil technique (4.5 to 18 GPa, 900 to 1200 °C) starting from the ambient pressure phase CaSiN2. Structure solution and Rietveld refinement were started with the cell parameters of HP‐CaSiN2 determined by selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The crystal structure of the high‐pressure phase was refined in space group Pbca (no. 61) with a = 5.1296(2), b = 10.2993(2), c = 14.5442(3) Å, V = 768.39 Å3, Z = 16, RBragg = 0.0484, Rw = 0.0256 and GoF = 1.0. HP‐CaSiN2 is built up by a three‐dimensional nitridosilicate network of vertex‐sharing SiN4‐tetrahedra with N bridging. The arrangement of the vertex‐linked tetrahedra in HP‐CaSiN2, being isostructural with KGaO2, is a tilting distortion of the stuffed β‐cristobalite type framework. Due to the high pressure the tilting angle of the SiN4‐tetrahedra has become much smaller so that the latter appear edge‐sharing sharing which is only a consequence of the chosen view along [100]. The Ca ions are located within these sechser‐ring channels and are coordinated by 6 and 7 N‐atoms, respectively. HP‐CaSiN2 is similar to CaSiN2, but differs clearly in the rotation of the SiN4‐tetrahedra and in the conformation of the sechser‐rings. Because of their coexistence HP‐CaSiN2 and CaSiN2 represent a very good example of an isosymmetric polymorphism.
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among students of a tertiary institution in Ghana
Authors: Ofori Eric K. , Intiful Freda D. , Asante Matilda , Asare George A. , Adjei Patrick K. , Steele‐Dadzie Rebecca K. , Amoako‐Mensah Anna , Mensah Daniel , Angmorterh Seth K.
Published: January 2018

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are listed as one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity by the World Health Organization. The World Heart Federation lists overweight/obesity, blood lipid profile, and blood pressure as some of the modifiable risk factors to developing CVDs. This study sought to determine the prevalence of some of these modifiable risk factors among University of Ghana students. One hundred and twenty students were sampled for the study. Lipid profile parameters such as high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and total triglycerides (TG) were measured using the Vitros 5‐IFS chemistry analyzer (NY, USA). The Friedewald's equation was used to determine low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Anthropometric indices such as height and weight were measured following standard protocols. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated in kg/m2 using the height and weight measurements. The students were then categorized into underweight, normal, overweight, and obese according to their BMI. Blood pressure measurements were also taken. The mean age of the students was 30.04 ± 7.99 years. A total of 4.2%, 30%, and 67.5% had TG, TC, and LDL, respectively, above normal recommended ranges. Low HDL levels were observed in 32.5% of the students. About 45% had high systolic blood pressure and 32.5% with high diastolic blood pressure. In all, the risk factors studied contributed to about 95% of the variance in explaining the risk of developing CVDs. The study concludes that the cardiovascular risk factors assessed are prevalent among the students and therefore steps must be taken to address the increase in prevalence.
Financing elderly people's long‐term care needs: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Fengyue , Otani Junko
Published: January 2018

Confronted by accelerated population aging, China is establishing a long‐term care (LTC) system. This study discusses challenges and recommendations for financing China's LTC system. On the basis of the data on elderly people's self‐care ability from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, we calculate the size of the elderly population that need LTC for the period from 2015 to 2030 and analyse the increasing tendency of LTC expenses by considering the impact of price increase. We also analyse the local governments' financial capacity for LTC support by comparing the expense level to the fiscal revenue. The study found that aging will double the LTC expenses by 2030. Therefore, this study suggests the establishment of an LTC insurance system that allocates LTC expenses, which are currently borne by individuals and families, more fairly among the government, individuals, and families. Moreover, with the current LTC reforms, implemented primarily by local governments in China, we believe that the central government should bear some of the fiscal responsibility by conducting fiscal transfers to partially support undeveloped regions that are establishing an LTC system.
The Role of Social–Emotional Mediators on Middle School Students’ Academic Growth as Fostered by an Evidence‐Based Intervention
Authors: Lemberger Matthew E. , Carbonneau Kira J. , Selig James P. , Bowers Hannah
Published: January 2018

The authors describe a school counselor intervention delivered to a predominantly Hispanic group of 193 7th‐grade students. Using multilevel modeling, the authors found that participation resulted in greater rates of academic achievement, particularly in math and for students who pretested at lower achievement levels. Results indicated an indirect effect on math achievement for the executive functioning constructs of plan and organize and task completion, but no executive functioning mediators were found for reading or feelings of connectedness.
Meta‐Analysis of Anorexia Nervosa Counseling Outcome Studies From 1990 to 2015
Authors: Mann Sara E. , Erford Bradley T. , Minnich Amelia
Published: January 2018

This meta‐analysis of 92 anorexia nervosa counseling articles examined the effectiveness of counseling in reducing symptoms of anorexia nervosa at termination and the longest follow‐up assessments. Treatment‐as‐usual studies showed no effect to small effects at both posttest and follow‐up assessments, wait‐list studies showed small effects at posttest and medium effects at follow‐up, and single‐group uncontrolled studies showed medium to large effects at posttest and medium effects at follow‐up. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Treatment Planning of Experienced Counselors: A Qualitative Examination
Authors: Gutierrez Daniel , Fox Jesse , Jones Kendra , Fallon Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

Using consensual qualitative research, the authors examined the treatment planning process of experienced counselors (N = 9). The data analysis resulted in 4 domains: assessment steps, clinical impressions, treatment factors, and treatment strategies. These domains describe the process used by experienced counselors in making clinical decisions and offer insight into the nature of clinical expertise and the need for further research on treatment planning.
National norms for the expanded version of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS‐II)
Authors: Nelson Graham H. , O'Hara Michael W. , Watson David
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The present study developed normative data for the expanded version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS‐II). The IDAS‐II is a self‐report measure containing 18 factor‐analytically derived scales, each assessing a specific symptom of internalizing disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, bipolar disorder, and PTSD. These normative data were used to examine group differences in internalizing symptoms across demographic characteristics.

Method

A total of 1,836 Mechanical Turk users (47.6% male; mean age = 35.6) completed the IDAS‐II; the sample was weighted to be representative of the U.S. population on gender, age, and race/ethnicity.

Results

Percentiles were derived for each of the IDAS‐II scales. Age was the demographic characteristic most consistently associated with lower internalizing symptoms.

Conclusions

The present study provides information on the distribution of specific internalizing symptoms in a large national sample, as well as on how these symptoms are related to demographic characteristics.
Poverty Trends and Poverty Dynamics: Analysis of Nigerian's first‐ever National Panel Survey Data
Authors: Eigbiremolen God'stime Osekhebhen
Published: January 2018

Using an improved poverty line, this paper provides incidence and trends of poverty and examines poverty dynamics in Nigeria using the General Household Survey panel data. Estimates show a considerably lower poverty incidence compared with previous figures. Poverty incidence, however, increased, albeit marginally, within the periods under study. Results from transition model indicate that small households and male‐headed households are less likely to remain in poverty, less likely to fall into poverty and more likely to stay non‐poor. Estimates from consumption growth model identify a low level of initial education, large initial household size and lack of economic opportunities as factors that keep households in poverty over time. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocyte Inhibition of Lung Fibroblast Growth: Relationship to Fibroblast Prostaglandin Production and Density- Defined Monocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Elias Jack A , Zurier Robert B , Schreiber Alan D , Leff Jon A , Daniele Ronald P
Published: January 2018

Mononuclear cell fibroblast interactions in the normal human lung are poorly understood. Mononuclear cells can regulate fibroblast function and blood monocytes are known to migrate to the lung and participate in pulmonary inflammation. Thus, to clarify mononuclear cell-fibroblast interactions in the normal lung, we obtained supernatants from adherent monocytes and characterized their effect on the log phase growth of human lung fibroblasts. Monocyte supernatants inhibited fibroblast growth in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibition was the result of an approximately 16,000 MW soluble factors) that was heat stable, trypsin sensitive, and chymotrypsin resistant. Elaboration of the factors) required monocyte protein synthesis and was not restricted to a density-defined monocyte subpopulation. The inhibitory capacity of a monocyte supernatant was directly related to its ability to stimulate fibroblast prostaglandin production. Blocking fibroblast prostaglandin production reversed the inhibition of fibroblast growth caused by monocyte supernatants. Thus, monocyte inhibition of fibroblast growth may be mediated by fibroblast prostaglandin production. Recruitment of monocytes to the lung and subsequent monocyte inhibition of fibroblast growth may be important in regulating pulmonary fibrosis.
Antileukocyte Activity I. Systemic Inhibition of Cellular Emigration Following Local Inflammation
Authors: Normann S J , Schardt M , Sorkin E
Published: January 2018

Inflammation in progress at one site decreases edema formation at a second and separate inflammatory focus. This clinically important phenomenon is known as counter-irritation. Since its effect on leukocyte responses has not been defined, we investigated in rats the systemic anti-inflammatory effect of local irritant injection on cellular emigration, particularly monocytes. Macrophage accumulation at a subcutaneous inflammatory site was severely depressed by prior intraperitoneal irritant injection despite continued macrophage accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and normal circulating monocyte levels. The phenomenon also existed in the peritoneal cavity to subcutaneously administered irritants and involved PMNs as readily as macrophages. Anti-inflammation occurred only when the counter-irritant was injected before or simultaneously with the measured inflammatory response while the degree and duration of inhibition depended upon the nature and amount of counter- irritant injected. These studies demonstrate that local inflammation inhibits leukocyte reactivity. Transplantation of syngeneic tumor but not normal cells also produced a depression in macrophage inflammatory responses. This inhibition differed from counter-irritation by not affecting granulocytes and by being transient despite tumor persistence.
Effects of Nicotine on the Functions of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes In Vitro
Authors: Sasagawa Sumiko , Suzuki Kazuo , Sakatani Tatsuichiro , Fujikura Toshio
Published: January 2018

Effects of nicotine on migration, extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, and superoxide anion (O2) production of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were studied. Nicotine (5 × 10−6 to 5 × 10−4 M) had no effect on random migration, chemotaxis to fMet-Leu-Phe, nor on chemokinesis induced by fMet-Leu-Phe. Nicotine, however, inhibited both extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes from PMN and O2 production of PMN, both of which were induced by fMet-Leu-Phe and cytochalasin B. The inhibition of enzyme release and O2 production by nicotine was not affected by atropine, hexame- thonium, or acetyl β -methylcholine, suggesting a direct action of nicotine on PMN functions. It is presumed that nicotine does not affect PMN migration to inflammatory sites, but inhibits the microbicidal functions of PMN. Exposure to PMN to nicotine introduced into the body by smoking could suppress their functions. This might result in harmful influences on the host defense mechanism, including antitumor function.
T-T Cell Interaction in the In Vitro Induction of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Responses: Demonstration of Vaccinia Virus-Reactive Helper T Cell Activity Involved in Enhanced Induction of DTH Responses
Authors: Kosugi Atsushi , Takai Yasuyuki , Ogata Masato , Fujiwara Hiromi , Hamaoka Toshiyuki
Published: January 2018

C3H/HeN mice were inoculated i.p. with viable vaccinia virus to generate virus- reactive helper T cell activity. 850R X-irradiated spleen cells from vaccinia virus-primed or unprimed mice as helper cells were stimulated in vitro with either trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells (TNP-self), vaccinia virus-infected spleen cells (virus-self), or cells modified with TNP subsequent to virus infection (virus-self-TNP) in the presence of normal C3H/HeN spleen cells (responding cells). After 5 days of culture, effector cells were tested for anti-TNP delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses by adoptive transfer into footpads of syngeneic C3H/HeN recipient mice together with TNP-self. The results demonstrate that spleen cells from virus-primed mice failed to enhance anti-TNP DTH responses when in vitro stimulation was provided by either virus-self or TNP-self alone. In contrast, spleen cells from vaccinia virus- primed mice, but not from unprimed mice, could augment anti-TNP DTH responses when stimulated by virus-self-TNP. Such a helper activity provided by vaccinia virus-primed mice was shown to be antigen-specific, and mediated by Lyt-1+2−T cells. DTH effector cells enhanced by helper cells were also antigen-specific and Lyt-1 +2−T cells. Furthermore, vaccinia virus-reactive helper T cell activity could be applied to augmented induction of anti-tumor DTH responses by stimulation with virus-infected syngeneic fibrosarcoma tumor cells. Thus, these results provide evidence for the role of antigen-specific helper T cells in augmenting the development of DTH responses to cell surface antigens including tumor antigens.
Preparation and Characterization of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Hume David A , Allan William , Golder Jeffrey , Stephens Ross W , Doe William F , Warren Hilary S
Published: January 2018

Bone marrow–derived macrophages were prepared from human bone marrow mononuclear cells following cultivation in GCT-conditioned medium (GCT-CM) and purification by adherence to fibronectin-coated flasks. The growth of bone marrow mononuclear cells in GCT-CM was dependent on the shape of the culture vessels, being increased in round-bottomed versus flat-bottomed wells. Proliferation was confined to nonadherent cells; like blood monocytes, bone marrow-derived macrophages did not incorporate [3H]thymidine in response to GCT-CM or human serum. Purified macrophages from this source expressed nonspecific esterase and OKM1, OKIa, FMC 17, 32, and 34 and 25F9 antigens but lacked Mo2. They expressed high levels of an inactivator of plasminogen activator, minactivin, and gave a substantial metabolic burst in response to phorbol myristate acetate or opsonized (but not unopsonized) zymosan. Bone marrow–derived macrophages acted as accessory cells in the response of T lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The results suggest that liquid bone marrow cultures are useful in the study of the differentiation of human mononuclear phagocytes.
Lymphokines and Platelets Promote Human Monocyte Adherence to Fibrinogen and Fibronectin In Vitro
Authors: Horsburgh Charles R. , Clark Richard A F , Kirkpatrick Charles H
Published: January 2018

Monocytes must accumulate in areas of tissue injury and inflammation to effect phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and monokine production. Fibrinogen/fibronectin matrices have been demonstrated in healing wounds and in delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. We have developed an in vitro system for investigation of the ability of fibrinogen and fibronectin matrices to serve as substrata for human peripheral blood monocyte adherence. Monocyte adherence was greatest on matrices of both fibrinogen and fibronectin, less to fibrinogen alone, and least to fibronectin alone. Lymphokines increased adherence of monocytes to all three surfaces but not to albumin-coated surfaces.

Addition of platelets also caused a dose-dependent increase in monocyte adherence to all three surfaces. This increased adherence was not a simple function of arachidonic acid metabolites, stable platelet products, nor monocyte binding sites on the platelet membrane. The effect of platelets was not additive to the effect of lymphokines.

We conclude that fibrinogen and fibronectin provide a framework for monocyte adherence and that factors present in areas of inflammation and wound healing, such as lymphokines and platelets, can augment this adherence. Such adherence facilitates the transformation of monocytes into macrophages in vitro and may also foster such transformation in vivo.
Analysis of Polarization and Orientation of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Computer-Interfaced Video Microscopy
Authors: MacFarlane Gordon D , Herzberg Mark C , Nelson Robert D
Published: January 2018

Chemotactic behavior is a complex cellular response to chemical environmental stimuli. For polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), such behavior involves net migration as well as changes in cell shape and cell orientation. Accordingly, we have applied computer-interfaced video microscopy to analyze cell shape and orientation in control and patient PMNs migrating under agarose. From a digitized tracing of the PMNs at the leading front of migration, cells were characterized in terms of area, circumference, and longest dimension. A shape factor and angle of orientation were computed. Numerical shape factors discriminated three PMN morphologies: polar, apolar, and hyperpolar. Only polar cells could be oriented. Orientation of polar cells was defined as toward, away, or disoriented with respect to the chemotactic gradient. Apolar cells were considered to be nonoriented. Of PMNs from healthy controls, 30 ± 5% of the cells were oriented toward and 11 ± 4% of the cells were oriented away from the gradient. For PMNs from patients with localized Juvenile periodontitis, a 40% deficit in net migration was associated with reduced orientation toward (5 ± 2%) and elevated orientation away from the gradient (33 ± 9%). PMNs from a panel of patients with thermal injury showed reduced migration and orientation toward the gradient associated with elevated percentages of apolar cells. Such analysis of PMN polarization and orientation of the leading front permitted calculation of a chemotactic behavior index. Application of this multiparameter index to the analysis of the chemotactic response may identify PMNs that are defective, but not by evaluation of any single variable.
Cell-Bound C3b Stimulates Human Monocyte Release of Prostaglandin E and Thromboxane B2
Authors: Fulford David E , Rutherford R Bruce
Published: January 2018

Particle-bound C3b stimulated enhanced release of prostaglandin E and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) from human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Particle-bound C3b stimulation was correlated to the ability of the particles to bind to the monocytes. Monocytes stimulated with particle-bound and fluid-phase C3b always released more TxB2 than PGE.

These data suggest that ligation of the C3b receptor on human monocytes results in enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism.
Late Aluminum Therapy Reduces the Cellular Activities of Simple Silicosis in the Sheep Model
Authors: Bégin R , Massé S , Sébastien P , Martel M , Geoffroy M , Labbé J
Published: January 2018

To evaluate the biological effects of aluminum lactate therapy on nodular silicosis, we exposed the tracheal lobe of three groups of sheep containing eight sheep per group to either 11 mg of Al lactate in 100 ml saline (Al group), 100 mg of Minusil-5 in 100 ml saline (Si group), or 100 mg of Minusil-5 in 100 ml saline followed by 11 mg of Al lactate at monthly intervals 4 months after exposure (Si Al-treated group). The lung biological processes were evaluated by sequential lung lavage analyses of cellularity and biochemistry of supernatant and by autopsy analyses of cellularity and biochemistry of supernatant and by autopsy analyses of lung tissue histopathology and quartz content. Al lactate alone did not have any significant effect. Silica exposure produced the silicotic nodules and significant increases on lung lavage of cellularity, enzyme release, surfactant, and glycosaminoglycan accumulations. Al lactate therapy at month 4 after exposure did not decrease the pathological score of disease, but it significantly reduced all markers of cellular hyperactivity. This therapy was associated with a 65% reduction of the quartz retention in lung tissue and might help to prevent long-term progression of the disease process.
Regulation of Human Large Granular Lymphocyte and T Cell Growth and Function by Recombinant Interleukin 2: Induction of Interleukin 2 Receptor and Promotion of Growth of Cells With Enhanced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Yamada Sachihiro , Ruscetti Francis W , Overton W Roy , Herberman Ronald B , Birchenall-Sparks Maria C , Ortaldo John R
Published: January 2018

Human large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which account for virtually all natural killer activity, and T cells were separated from low and high density fractions of Percoll gradients, respectively. We were unable to detect interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R) on fresh LGL and T cells using flow cytometric analysis with anti-Tac monoclonal antibody or radiolabeled probes with [125l]anti-Tac. IL 2R messenger ribonucleic acid was not observed in fresh LGL or T cells. Although Phytohemagglutinin induced the expression of IL 2R on purified LGL and T cells, recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2) alone induced IL 2R messenger ribonucleic acid, IL 2R, and proliferation of LGL but not of T cells. The high level of cytotoxicity of cultured LGL against K562 cells was directly dependent on rIL 2. When T cells were costimulated by Phytohemagglutinin and rIL 2 for 3 days, only very low levels of cytotoxicity were generated. Proliferation and cytotoxicity against K562 cells inhibited the culture of LGL in the presence of anti-Tac antibody for 3 days. LGL began to grow more rapidly after 5 days in culture with rIL 2 alone. When rIL 2 were removed from growing LGL for 1 day, proliferation completely stopped, and cytotoxicity was no longer detected. These data indicate that rIL 2 induces IL 2R expression in fresh LGL at the transcriptional level, promoting growth and enhancing cytotoxicity. More importantly, the presence of rIL 2 is necessary and sufficient to induce proliferation of resting LGL and to maintain the growth of LGL with potent lytic activity.
In Vitro Cultured Human Monocytes Release Fibroblast Proliferation Factor(s) Different From Interleukin 1
Authors: Austgulen Rigmor , Hammerstrøm Jens , Nissen-Meyer Jon
Published: January 2018

Human monocytes cultured in vitro released factors with growth stimulatory effect upon human dermal fibroblasts. Monocytes in RPMI 1640 released a growth enhancing activity in nearly constant amounts during in vitro differentiation to macrophage-like cells. The growth stimulatory effect mediated by supernatants was reduced when lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS) or opsonized zymosan particles (OpZ) were added to monocytes during the first 5 days of in vitro culture, thereafter reaching similar levels. The release of interleukin 1 (IL-1) from monocytes was restricted to the first 2 days of culture. IL-1 production by unstimulated monocytes was negligible, while LPS induced a high release of IL-1 from monocytes. A rabbit antibody against human IL-1 abolished the IL-1 activity of the monocyte supernatants as assessed in a mouse thymocyte proliferation assay, but caused only a small reduction of the fibroblast proliferation activity. Thus, the fibroblast growth stimulatory activity mediated by monocytes was caused by factor(s) in addition to IL-1.
Similarities in cAMP Responses Between Murine Lymphoid Cell Lines and Subsets of Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Box Rainer Joachim , Portenier Madeleine , Staehelin Matthys
Published: January 2018

Intracellular cAMP responses to forskolin (which stimulates independently of hormone receptors) and to several hormones were studied in mouse lymphoid cell lines of B- and T-cell origin and in subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. In the T-cell lines, isoproterenol caused an increase in cAMP amounting at most to 28% of that caused by 100 μM forskolin. In contrast, in the B-cell lines the increase ranged from 50% to over 100%. In 11 of 13 T-cell lines, forskolin at 1 μM concentration potentiated the isoproterenol response five- to tenfold. Forskolin potentiation was also found in thymocytes and peripheral T-cells but not in B-cell lines. The relative increases in intracellular cAMP evoked by isoproterenol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and histamine varied markedly from cell line to cell line. For instance, three lines carrying the T-helper cell marker L3T4 responded only to PGE2 and not to isoproterenol, whereas two cell lines carrying the Ly2 marker gave a higher response to isoproterenol than to PGE2. The results indicate that subsets of lymphocytes respond differently to various hormones and that these differences are maintained in continuous cell lines.
Changes in the Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Relation to Their Induction Into the Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Hasumi Fujio , Mori Yo
Published: January 2018

The synthesis and function of dermatan sulfate in peritoneal polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes were studied. The peritoneal PMN leukocytes were obtained at 4, 8, and 16 h after guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with cassinate solution, and were incubated with [35S] sulfate or [3H] glucosamine on plastic. The total glycosaminoglycan synthesis and the proportion of dermatan sulfate to total glycosaminoglycans linearly increased with time. In order to clarify the function of the increased dermatan sulfate, peritoneal PMN leukocytes were cultured with [35S] sulfate on plastic or collagen gel. The total glycosaminoglycan synthesis on the collagen gel culture increased 1.5 times compared with that on the plastic culture, and especially, dermatan sulfate synthesis increased twofold. In addition, 65% of dermatan sulfate on the collagen gel culture was found in the cell and the collagenase-soluble fractions. These results indicate that proteodermatan sulfate synthesized by PMN leukocytes interacts with collagen in vitro, and suggest that PMN leukocytes, which migrated to the inflammatory locus, lastly adhere to the injured tissue through the interaction of proteodermatan sulfate synthesized by themselves with collagen fibers exposed in the inflammatory locus.
Glucan: Mechanisms Involved in Its “Radioprotective” Effect
Authors: Patchen M L , D’Alesandro M M , Brook I , Blakely W F , MacVittie T J
Published: January 2018

It has generally been accepted that most biologically derived agents that are radioprotective in the hemopoietic-syndrome dose range (eg. endotoxin, Bacillus Calmette Guerin, Corynebacterium parvum, etc) exert their beneficial properties by enhancing hemopoietic recovery and hence, by regenerating the host’s ability to resist life-threatening opportunistic infections. However, using glucan as a hemopoietic stimulant/radi-oprotectant, we have demonstrated that host resistance to opportunistic infection is enhanced in these mice even prior to the detection of significant hemopoietic regeneration. This early enhanced resistance to microbial invasion in glucan-treated irradiated mice could be correlated with enhanced and/or prolonged macrophage (but not granulocyte) function. These results suggest that early after irradiation glucan may mediate its radioprotection by enhancing resistance to microbial invasion via mechanisms not necessarily predicated on hemopoietic recovery. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests that glucan can also function as an effective free-radical scavenger. Because macrophages have been shown to selectively phagocytize and sequester glucan, the possibility that these specific cells may be protected by virtue of glucan’s scavenging ability is also suggested.