bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depósitos conglomeráticos do Paleo Rio Tietê: evento de agradação fluvial na evolução da depressão periférica paulista
Authors: Breda Caio , Warren Lucas Veríssimo , Pupim Fabiano Do Nascimento , Assine Mário Luís
Published: December 2019

Os depósitos conglomeráticos situados nos arredores do distrito de Laras, São Paulo, capeiam colinas amplas de topo aplainado com altitudes entre 500 e 570 m. Ocorrem em discordância sobre as formações Piramboia e Teresina da Bacia do Paraná. São constituídos de fácies de ortoconglomerados polimíticos com matriz arenosa, mal selecionada. A análise de proveniência realizada evidenciou o predomínio de clastos de silexito, quartzito e quartzo de veio, bem arredondados e oblatos, sugerindo longo transporte. A análise estatística revelou maior frequência de litotipos resistentes ao transporte na porção sudeste da área. Na porção noroeste predominam clastos menos resistentes, representados por oólito e coquina, sugerindo erosão da Formação Teresina e transporte curto a partir de terrenos paleozoicos existentes na Depressão Periférica Paulista. Dados de Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (OSL) possibilitaram conferir idade mínima de 371.4 ± 27.5 ka para a unidade. Os depósitos conglomeráticos são interpretados como produto de deposição em canais fluviais tributários de grande porte, ou mesmo de um canal tronco principal, de um extenso sistema deposicional fluvial com paleomergulho deposicional para sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo. Esse sistema fluvial antecessor do atual Rio Tietê, com proveniência de nordeste, tinha área de drenagem em terrenos pré-cambrianos situados ao leste da área de ocorrências das unidades paleozoicas. Devido à localização e ao porte, os depósitos descritos registram importante fase de agradação fluvial na história geológica do Rio Tietê, evento de sedimentação ocorrido durante o longo processo de denudação que deu origem à Depressão Periférica Paulista durante o Cenozoico.
Territórios ampliados: entre o ciber e o espaço
Authors: Valadares Alberto Guerra , Teodoro Pacelli Henrique Martins
Published: December 2019

Objetiva-se delimitar uma tratativa territorial híbrida por meio da vivência espacial e de artifícios midiáticos locativos. A temática territorial foi utilizada como abordagem de concepção espacial relacional e construção de um conceito que envolve as dinâmicas híbridas das mídias locativas associadas à realidade aumentada no ambiente da cidade. Portanto realizou-se a discussão teórica das relações territoriais culturais pautadas nas dinâmicas tecnológicas, apoiada num estudo do filósofo e sociólogo francês Henri Lefebvre sobre a produção do espaço. Verificou-se, em sua tríade dialética (prática espacial, espaço de representação e representação do espaço) expandida ao trinômio real/virtual/híbrido, a possibilidade de se determinar um espaço socialmente construído por relações conectadas.
Design e planejamento de jardins zoológicos: aspectos a serem considerados em projetos contemporâneos
Authors: Balleste Samantha , Naoumova Natalia
Published: December 2019

A literatura indica que arquitetos e paisagistas com conhecimento histórico e experiência em design e planejamento de jardins zoológicos são escassos. Devido a isso, a maior parte dos projetos dessas instituições acabem sendo realizados por profissionais sem instrução adequada, que muitas vezes copiam o design outros jardins zoológicos, fazendo com que erros já exaltados pela literatura sejam repetidos. Assim, este estudo busca proporcionar fundamentações aos profissionais responsáveis pelos projetos dessas instituições. Fornecendo um panorama sobre a evolução do seus conceitos e propostas de design e identificando os principais aspectos que devam ser considerados no planejamento e design dos espaços abertos de jardins zoológicos contemporâneos. Espera-se que este breve panorama contribua para a qualificação dos profissionais responsáveis pelos projetos de jardins zoológicos no Brasil, onde não há área de formação especifica, auxiliando-os a compreender as peculiaridades dos jardins zoológicos.
Um Habitar menor
Authors: Reyes Paulo
Published: December 2019

Este artigo problematiza o habitar a cidade a partir de sua dimensão projetual, utilizando como abordagem teórica a noção de “menor” proposta por Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari. Para eles, “menor” se relaciona a noções minoritárias como resistência a lógicas maiores – macropolíticas e metanarrativas que constituem os campos disciplinares – e funcionam como uma potência no âmbito do micropolítico ao produzir uma espécie de ruído em uma lógica maior. Neste artigo, essa noção conceitual é deslocada para o campo da arquitetura para pensar o projeto na sua dimensão do saber-fazer a cidade. O texto é construído entre um saber-fazer oriundo do campo disciplinar da Arquitetura que produz um Habitar Maior totalmente concatenado com um sistema socioeconômico e jurídico de direito à terra, e um outro saber-fazer não institucional, informal, muitas vezes irregular, que cria um habitar menor fora dos preceitos da academia. O que se pretende, aqui, é produzir um olhar crítico aos processos de projeto do habitar, ou seja, ao colocar em foco o ato de projeto como eficiência de resolução de problemas espaciais, propomos introduzir um ruído nesse saber-fazer.
Gentiana urnula Harry Sm. (Gentianaceae), a new record for the flora of Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kanwal Khilendra Singh , Tiwari Umeshkumar Lalchand , Yama Lod , Lodhi Mahendra Singh
Published: December 2019

Gentiana urnula Harry Sm. (Gentianaceae) was collected from Nagula wetland area of Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. This species is now considered as new distributional records for the flora of Arunachal Pradesh of India. Detailed description, occurrence, distribution, flowering and fruiting season and illustration are provided in this paper for its easy recognition.
Diversity and distribution of orchids of Goa, Western Ghats, India
Authors: Jalal Jeewan Singh
Published: December 2019

The Botanical Survey of India launched a pilot project during 2015–2017 on exploration of orchids of Goa State covering all the protected areas.  A total of 68 orchid species belonging to 28 genera were documented of which 42 are epiphytic and 26 are terrestrial.  Twenty-eight species are endemic, of which 23 species are strictly endemic to the Western Ghats, two are endemic to peninsular India, and three are endemic to the country.  Distribution of orchids in Goa is concentrated mainly in the Western Ghats region, which accounts for 86% of the total orchid species richness of the state.  The most favourable habitat was found to be semi-evergreen forests followed by moist-deciduous forests.  Among all the protected areas, the Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary was found to be rich in orchid diversity (39 species) followed by Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary, and Cotigaon Wildlife Sanctuary.  The MaxEnt data shows the highly suitable area for orchids in Goa is approximately 1,005km2, which is 27% of the total geographic area of the state.
Bhutan Asiabell Codonopsis bhutanica Ludlow (Asterales: campanulaceae): a new addition to the Indian flora
Authors: Panday Samiran , Kumar Vikash , Dash Sudhansu Sekhar , Sinha Bipin Kumar , Singh Paramjit
Published: December 2019

Codonopsis bhutanica Ludlow, a lesser-known endemic species to central and eastern Himalaya, collected for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh, India.  The species was previously known only from Bhutan and Nepal.  The species is reported here with a detailed taxonomic description along with habitat image, a photo-plate illustrating different features and a map showing the locality in Arunachal Pradesh as a new record to Indian flora.
Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs
Authors: Kandel Ram C. , Poudel Ram C. , Sadaula Amir , Kandel Prakriti , Gairhe Kamal P. , Pokheral Chiranjibi P. , Bajracharya Siddhartha B. , Chalise Mukesh K. , Solanki Ghan Shyam
Published: December 2019

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) has the last remaining Nepalese population of the Endangered Asiatic Wild Buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792).  Individual animals protected inside KTWR may be of purely wild, domestic or hybrid origin, and the wild population is under potential threat due to habitat loss and genetic introgression from feral backcrosses.  Identification of genetically pure wild individuals is important for identifying animals for translocation to other areas within their former range.  In this study we have sequenced a highly variable 422bp region of the Cytochrome b gene of 36 animals, and added 61 published sequences of both River and Swamp Buffalo from Italy and some southern Asian countries including India.  The haplotype diversities ranged from 0.286-0.589 with slightly higher diversities in domesticated individuals.  The AMOVA analysis revealed that 97.217% of the genetic variation was contained within groups and 2.782% occurred among groups.  An overall fixation index (FST) was found to be 0.02782 (p>0.05).  Phylogenetic relationships derived through a reduced median network and maximum parsimony analyses reconfirmed the ancestral nature of the Wild Water Buffalo.  Moreover, this study has reviewed recent achievements of molecular research in wild buffalo, assessed the technical capacities of research institutes in Nepal to conduct molecular research required for identifying pure wild individual in KTWR and more importantly initiated DNA bank and DNA sequence library of buffalos, which will enable an international collaboration for advanced molecular research in the future.
Additions to the knowledge of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, Meghalaya, India
Authors: Hegde Vishwanath Dattatray
Published: December 2019

The paper contains the report of 37 species from Meghalaya under 20 genera belonging to nine tribes of four sub families and taxonomic details, distribution record of the species.  Among the reported species, four species, viz: Gonocephalum depressum (Fabricius, 1801), Ceropria induta induta Wiedemann, 1819, Derispiola assamensis Kaszab, 1946, and Foochounus assamicus Kaszab, 1965 are first report and six species are local endemics to the state of Meghalaya.
Recent records of the rare Mountain Tortoiseshell Aglais rizana (Moore, 1872) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the upper Garhwal, western Himalaya, India, after 100 years
Authors: Singh Arun Pratap , Singh Tribhuwan
Published: December 2019

The present study reports the occurence of Mountain Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis rizana (Moore,1872) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the upper Garhwal  region of the Western Himalaya after a gap of over 100 years. Earlier records of specimens collected across its distribution range in N W India by other authors along with morphological variations are also presented with details and images. Morphological features distinguishing it with N.cashemirensis aesis are also discussed.
First report of Dicranocentroides indica (Handschin, 1929) (Collembola: Paronellidae) from Odisha, India
Authors: Tripathy Ashirwad
Published: December 2019

Collembola are soil builders and they decide the soil health. There are about 9023 species of collembola decribed worldwide and 342 species of 113 genera of 20 families are present in India. Here, the first report of the species Dicranocentroides indica Handschin, 1929 and its description was made from Odisha, whereas its earlier distribution was from Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizorum, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chattishgarh.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Leukemia and Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Manouchehri Ali , Kanu Elishama , Mauro Michael J. , Aday Aaron W. , Lindner Jonathan R. , Moslehi Javid
Published: December 2019

Targeted oncology therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment over the last decade and have resulted in improved prognosis for many patients. This advance has emanated from elucidation of pathways responsible for tumorigenesis followed by targeting of these pathways by specific molecules. Cardiovascular care has become an increasingly critical aspect of patient care in part because patients live longer, but also due to potential associated toxicities from these therapies. Because of the targeted nature of cancer therapies, cardiac and vascular side effects may additionally provide insights into the basic biology of vascular disease. We herein provide the example of tyrosine kinase inhibitors utilized in chronic myelogenous leukemia to illustrate this medical transformation. We describe the vascular considerations for the clinical care of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients as well as the emerging literature on mechanisms of toxicities of the individual tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We additionally postulate that basic insights into toxicities of novel cancer therapies may serve as a new platform for investigation in vascular biology and a new translational research opportunity in vascular medicine.
Prothrombin Arg541Trp Mutation Leads to Defective PC (Protein C) Pathway Activation and Constitutes a Novel Genetic Risk Factor for Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Wu Xi , Dai Jing , Xu Xiaoqian , Li Fang , Li Lei , Lu Yeling , Xu Qin , Ding Qiulan , Wu Wenman , Wang Xuefeng
Published: December 2019

Objective:

Defective PC (protein C) pathway predisposes patients to venous thromboembolism (VTE) and is mostly, but not exclusively, attributed to hereditary PC or PS (protein S) deficiencies and activated PC resistance caused by factor V Leiden mutation.

Approach and Results:

In a patient with acute mesenteric venous thrombosis and positive family history of VTE associated with the impaired PC pathway function determined by thrombin generation test, we identified a novel heterozygous prothrombin mutation p.Arg541Trp. Two more patients with positive family history of VTE carrying the same mutation were identified in a cohort of another 373 unrelated patients, making an overall prevalence of 0.8%. Family investigation revealed 11 individuals in the 3 pedigrees harboring the heterozygous prothrombin p.Arg541Trp mutation, and 8 of them (72%) had experienced episodes of VTE. Functional studies indicated the mutation moderately decreased procoagulant activity of prothrombin and had mild impact on the inactivation of thrombin by its inhibitor antithrombin. However, the amino acid residue substitution significantly compromised PC activation by thrombin, both in the absence and presence of soluble thrombomodulin, and thus rendered prothrombin function procoagulant biased.

Conclusions:

In summary, the prothrombin p.Arg541Trp mutation constitutes a new genetic risk factor of VTE by impairing function of PC pathway and tilting thrombin’s procoagulant activity over anticoagulant function.
DIŞ POLİTİKADA ENERJİ’NİN MATERYALLEŞTİRİLMESİ VE RUSYA FEDERASYONU
Authors: EMİNOĞLU Ayça , ERKAN Anıl Çağlar
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada, insanlık için hayati öneme
sahip olan enerji kaynaklarının uluslararası ilişkilerde dinamik haline
dönüşümü ele alınmaktadır. Çünkü enerji kavramı, başta Realist düşünürlerce dış
politikanın nihai amacı olarak görülen güç maksimizasyonunun öğelerinden birisiyken
günümüzde dış politika aracı, diplomatik yaptırım aracı, silah gibi kavramlarla
birlikte ele alınır hale gelmiştir. Kısacası, enerji kavramı ile ilgili çeşitli
bakış açıları geliştirilmiş ve bu kavram çeşitli disiplinlerdeki akademik
çalışmalarda kendisine önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmalarda
kavrama gereğinden fazla sorumluluk yüklendiği, gerekli derinlikte analizlerin
yapılmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Örneğin enerji kavramı ile ilgili dış politikayla
ilişkilendirilen çalışmalarda çeşitli kullanımlarla karşılaşılsa da genel
olarak bunların birbiri yerine kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, çalışmada
kavramsal olarak enerjiye yüklenen anlamlara açıklama getirilmesi ve dış
politika ile ilişkilendirilen enerji kaynaklarının Rusya Federasyonu örneğinde
dış politika aracı mı yoksa dış politikada silah olarak mı kullanıldığının
analizini eleştirel olarak değil, değerlendirme bağlamında ele alınması amaçlanmaktadır.
Formulation of Autoconversion and Drop Spectra Shape in Shallow Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Kogan Yefim , Ovchinnikov Mikhail
Published: December 2019

Two-moment autoconversion parameterizations as compared to accretion parameterizations exhibit significant errors suggesting that additional moments are needed to increase their accuracy. We develop a three-moment autoconversion parameterization using output from an LES model with size-resolved microphysics. Adding the third moment decreases the errors of parameterization and improves precipitation prediction. However, the errors are still significantly larger than errors of accretion rate. An analysis of the cloud drop size distributions (DSDs) in the simulated tropical convective cloud system reveals that most DSDs have a significant fraction of cloud liquid water content qc in the midsize droplet range (radii from 20 to 40 μm). Our data indicate that more than 30% of DSDs have over half of qc contained in the midsize range and about 60% of spectra have, at least, one-third of qc in this range. Even when the rain/drizzle mode is small (radar reflectivity Z < −10 dBZ), there is a significant number of spectra in which fraction of qc in the midsize range is as large as 60%. These DSDs are more complex than the frequently used gamma or lognormal distributions, which exhibit a single mode and can be defined by three microphysical moments. The need to define DSDs by more than three moments explains the large errors in the three-moment autoconversion parameterization. The limitation of three-parameter gamma or lognormal distributions should be kept in mind when applying them in precipitating shallow cumulus clouds.
Normal Mode Spectra of Idealized Baroclinic Waves
Authors: Ambacher Matthew R. , Waite Michael L.
Published: December 2019

Normal modes are used to investigate the contributions of geostrophic vortices and inertia–gravity waves to the energy spectrum of an idealized baroclinic wave simulation. The geostrophic and ageostrophic modal spectra (GE and AE, respectively) are compared to the rotational and divergent kinetic energy (RKE and DKE, respectively), which are often employed as proxies for vortex and wave energy. In our idealized f-plane framework, the horizontal modes are Fourier, and the vertical modes are found by solving an appropriate eigenvalue problem. For low vertical mode number n, both the GE and AE spectra are steep; however, for higher n, while both spectra are shallow, the AE is shallower than the GE and the spectra cross. The AE spectra are peaked at the Rossby deformation wavenumber knR, which increases with n. Analysis of the horizontal mode equations suggests that, for large wavenumbers k≫knR, the GE is approximated by the RKE, while the AE is approximated by the sum of the DKE and potential energy. These approximations are supported by the simulations. The vertically averaged RKE and DKE spectra are compared to the sum of the GE and AE spectra over all vertical modes; the spectral slopes of the GE and AE are close to those of the RKE and DKE, supporting the use of the Helmholtz decomposition to estimate vortices and waves in the midlatitudes. However, the AE is consistently larger than the DKE because of the contribution from the potential energy. Care must be taken when diagnosing the mesoscale transition from the intersection of the vortex and wave spectra; GE and AE will intersect at a different scale than RKE and DKE, despite their similar slopes.
Are Supercells Resistant to Entrainment because of Their Rotation?
Authors: Peters John M. , Nowotarski Christopher J. , Mullendore Gretchen L.
Published: December 2019

This research investigates a hypothesis posed by previous authors, which argues that the helical nature of the flow in supercell updrafts makes them more resistant to entrainment than nonsupercellular updrafts because of the suppressed turbulence in purely helical flows. It was further supposed that this entrainment resistance contributes to the steadiness and longevity of supercell updrafts. A series of idealized large-eddy simulations were run to address this idea, wherein the deep-layer shear and hodograph shape were varied, resulting in supercells in the strongly sheared runs, nonsupercells in the weakly sheared runs, and variations in the percentage of streamwise vorticity in updrafts among runs. Fourier energy spectrum analyses show well-developed inertial subranges in all simulations, which suggests that the percentages of streamwise and crosswise vorticity have little effect on turbulence in convective environments. Additional analyses find little evidence of updraft-scale centrifugally stable flow within updrafts, which has also been hypothesized to limit horizontal mass flux across supercell updrafts. Results suggest that supercells do have smaller fractional entrainment rates than nonsupercells, but these differences are consistent with theoretical dependencies of entrainment on updraft width, and with supercells being wider than nonsupercells. Thus, while supercells do experience reduced fractional entrainment rates and entrainment-driven dilution, this advantage is primarily attributable to increased supercell updraft width relative to ordinary convection, and has little to do with updraft helicity and rotation.
Book review: Amita Singh, Disaster Law: Emerging Thresholds
Authors: Chakrabarti Nirmal Kanti
Published: December 2019

Amita Singh, Disaster Law: Emerging Thresholds. Routledge India-South Asia Edition, 2018, 389 pp., ₹1,295 (Hardbound). ISBN-10 1138036439.
Book review: G. N. Devy, A Crisis Within: On Knowledge and Education in India, Bombay
Authors: Tripathi Pratiksha
Published: December 2019

G. N. Devy, A Crisis Within: On Knowledge and Education in India, Bombay. New Delhi: Aleph Book Company, 2017, 146 pp., ₹399 (Hardcover). ISBN: 9383064102.
Credible Nuclear Security Commitments Can Backfire: Explaining Domestic Support for Nuclear Weapons Acquisition in South Korea
Authors: Sukin Lauren
Published: December 2019

How does the alliance between a client state and its nuclear ally influence support for proliferation in the client? Conventional wisdom suggests that when nuclear security guarantees are not credible, support for proliferation will be high, since a domestic nuclear capability offers an alternative source of deterrence. I introduce a new theory, which posits that highly credible security guarantees can backfire by causing some individuals to fear their ally might miscalculate—either by using nuclear weapons in an unnecessary preventative attack or by precipitous escalation of a crisis or conflict. Survey experiments conducted among representative samples of South Korean citizens in 2018 and 2019 support this theory, showing that increases in the credibility of the US nuclear security guarantee lead to increased support for nuclear proliferation among South Korean respondents.
Accusation as Proof: Uncorroborated Historic Sexual Abuse Allegations
Authors: Baker Dennis J
Published: December 2019

This article examines the potential miscarriage of justice upheld in the Supreme Court of Victoria in Pell v The Queen. Firstly, the alibi evidence produced by the defence team was sufficient to make the probability of Cardinal Pell not having an opportunity to perpetrate the crimes a real issue. Once an alibi had been made an issue, the Crown had to prove beyond reasonable doubt that there was no probability above 15 per cent that Cardinal Pell had an alibi—not rely on the defence submission that there was a 100 per cent probability of no alibi because of impossibility. The evidence at a minimal demonstrated that the alibi was at least probable: even a conservative estimate would allow a fact-finder to safely conclude that there was 35 per cent probability that Cardinal Pell could not have been alone with the complainant. It might be difficult to argue that it was more probable than not that Cardinal Pell had an alibi, but the evidence shows that the probability of Cardinal Pell having a valid alibi was too high (even if short of a 50 per cent probability) for the reasonable doubt standard of proof to be satisfied. Secondly, there was at a least 35 per cent probability that second sexual attack alleged by the complainant could not have been perpetrated in the circumstances described by the complainant. Thirdly, Ferguson, CJ and Maxwell, P did not apply the beyond reasonable doubt standard to these probabilities. Instead, they erroneously held that since what the complainant had alleged could possibility have happened as described by the complainant, the Crown had proved beyond reasonable doubt that these things did happen. This was to misinterpret and misapply the law concerning the quantum of proof required in criminal cases. The fact that there was a real possibility that what the complainant alleged could have happened does not prove that there was an 85 per cent an above probability that it did happen, which is what the beyond reasonable doubt standard requires. It requires such strong evidence that any objective fact-finder reviewing the evidence would 85 times out of 100 conclude that they are sure that the person is guilty.
Human rights, extraterritoriality and the good international citizen: a cosmopolitan perspective
Authors: Shapcott Richard
Published: December 2019

This article revisits the possibilities of the good international citizen (GIC) as a civilising agent in international society. It argues that an underdeveloped resource for thinking about state responsibilities as GIC is the idea of cosmopolitan extraterritoriality (ET) in relation to human rights. ET, the assertion of jurisdiction beyond territorial borders, has long been associated with statist and nationalist purposes; however, a significant cosmopolitan, and civilising, potential can be found within practices of ET in relation to human rights and certain aspects of criminal law such as in the practices of child sex tourism and trafficking. This form of ET allows states to restrain their own citizens abroad and potentially restrain their own foreign policies and practices by accepting limits on their freedom of action derived from respect for human rights and respect for the rule of law.
Authentic leadership, organisational citizenship behaviours, and intention to quit: the indirect effect of psychological ownership
Authors: Olckers Chantal , du Plessis Marieta , Casaleggio Riandi
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to explore the influence of perceived authentic leadership on followers’ citizenship behaviour and their intention to quit their jobs, and to examine the indirect effect of psychological ownership in the relevant relationships. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to gather data from a sample of South African service industry employees ( N = 384). It employed structural equation modelling to test the hypotheses formulated. The study found that psychological ownership indirectly affected the relationship between authentic leadership and employees’ organisational citizenship behaviour and intention to quit. This study enables organisations to gain a better understanding of how a contextual resource such as authentic leadership behaviours can influence followers’ organisational citizenship and intention to quit through increasing feelings of ownership of the organisation.
Derailed: The Postwar End of New York City Subway Expansion
Authors: English Jonathan
Published: December 2019

New York City witnessed the construction of one of the largest subway systems in the world in the first four decades of the twentieth century. Expansion virtually ceased thereafter, and New York’s public transportation has since relied on a legacy of aging infrastructure. The explanation of this unexpected cessation is key to understanding the city’s current transit problems, and also offers valuable lessons for other cities experiencing infrastructure construction booms. Identifying the 1951 bond issue as a key turning point, this article argues that there are three convergent factors that brought about the end of subway expansion after the Second World War: political leadership distracted by disputes over administration and unable to plan for the long term; financial constraints imposed by construction and labor-cost inflation, the strained municipal budget, and declining ridership; and the New York transit authorities’ indifference to the growing demographic, political, and symbolic significance of the rapidly growing suburbs.
Using child rights education to infuse a social justice framework into universal programming
Authors: Naser Shereen C , Verlenden Jorge , Arora Prerna G , Nastasi Bonnie , Braun Lindsay , Smith Rokeishia
Published: December 2019

A key part of promoting social justice as school psychologists is infusing practice with actions that breakdown systems of inequity and incorporate systems of inclusion. The current manuscript provides a description of applying social justice as a framework in universal programming through child rights education. Additionally, the manuscript describes the use of action research methodology to incorporate a social justice perspective not only in program content but also in program development. Results of this project provide preliminary support for child rights education in impacting student’s knowledge regarding child rights, teacher acceptability of such programming, and modest impact on social and emotional skills related to interpersonal relationships in the classroom.
Within-Subject Analysis of Auditory Brain Stem Responses in Adults With Unilateral Tinnitus
Authors: Chen Pey-Yu , Liu Tien-Chen
Published: December 2019

Tinnitus affects about 10% of population worldwide. Most patients present with some degrees of hearing impairment, while others remain normal. The aim of this study was to analyze the latency and amplitude of auditory brain stem response (ABR) waveforms in patients with unilateral tinnitus. The tinnitus ears and non-tinnitus ears were compared for each patient. Sixty-seven patients with single-sided tinnitus were enrolled, including 26 male and 41 female patients with a mean age of 54.4 (age ranged from 22 to 79). Eighteen patients had bilateral normal hearing, while 49 patients had some degree of sensorineural hearing. The ABR waveforms were retrospectively analyzed in terms of waves I, III, and V absolute latency, as well as waves I-III, waves II-V, and waves I-V latency intervals, amplitude, and amplitude ratio (III/I, V/I). Statistical analyses were performed within patients. There was no significant ABR difference between the tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears with regard to all the wave latencies and amplitudes in our patients (all P values >0.1). Our result that ABR changes were not found between tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears implies that tinnitus does not simply originate from the defect of the peripheral auditory system. It conforms to the contemporary theory that a higher level of the brain is involved in the generation of tinnitus.
Sticks and Stones: Perceived Age Discrimination, Well-Being, and Health Over a 20-Year Period
Authors: Stokes Jeffrey E. , Moorman Sara M.
Published: December 2019

This study examines associations between perceived day-to-day age discrimination, positive well-being, and physical health over a 20-year span. Data came from all three waves of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (1995–2014). Generalized structural equation modeling was used to analyze 6,016 observations of 3,102 participants and test associations between age discrimination and (a) psychological well-being and positive affect, and (b) self-rated health, instrumental activities of daily living, and chronic conditions. Associations were also examined between the well-being measures and all three health outcomes. Between-persons and within-persons effects were modeled separately but simultaneously. Both between-persons and within-persons results revealed numerous significant associations between age discrimination and physical health, although results were stronger between-persons. Moreover, hypothesized associations of age discrimination with well-being, and of well-being with physical health, were supported both between- and within-persons. Findings suggest diminished well-being may be one mechanism whereby age discrimination harms health.
Coparenting across the Deployment Cycle: Observations from Military Families with Young Children
Authors: DeVoe Ellen R. , Ross Abigail M. , Spencer Renee , Drew Alison , Acker Michelle , Paris Ruth , Jacoby Vanessa
Published: December 2019

Contemporary service members and their partners have adapted their coparenting to respond to the specific transitions and disruptions associated with wartime deployment cycles and evolving child development. This qualitative study draws upon interviews with service member and home front parents of very young children to characterize their coparenting experiences throughout the deployment cycle. Parents described varied approaches as they considered their children’s developmental capacities, the fluidity of demands throughout deployment, and the service member’s well-being during reintegration. A common theme was the key role of home front parents in facilitating the service member–child relationship through communication and maintaining the presence of the deployed parent in the child’s everyday life. Reintegration challenges included redistribution of coparenting roles, the pacing of the service member into family roles, and concerns related to the returning parent’s distress. Study findings highlight areas of coparenting throughout the deployment cycle that can be supported though prevention and intervention efforts.
Academic and postgraduate student awareness of digital product copyright issues
Authors: Geçer Aynur Kolburan , Topal Arzu Devecı
Published: December 2019

The presentation and sharing of information, especially in digital environments, have become significantly easier with information and communication technologies and this has caused an increase in copyright problems. The aim of this study is to reveal the levels of awareness of academic and postgraduate students of copyrights in relation to digital products. The survey model was used in research conducted with the participation of academicians working at different universities in Turkey and postgraduate students in the 2018-2019 academic year. According to the findings, the knowledge level of the participants regarding copyrights, license agreements and fair use is moderate, their knowledge level about open source software, free software and copyleft is low, and they do not commit copyright infringements apart from downloading computer programs. Those working in the field of informatics commit more copyright infringement than others (such as using unlicensed software, distributing license serial numbers, illegally downloading music, videos etc., using without reference), as also do those in the 20-25 age range. The majority of participants stated that policies to prevent infringement of copyright digital products were insufficient, there is a lack of information about enforcement and their reasons for the situation include the belief in not getting caught and no one getting hurt, as well as not seeing it as a crime.
Should respiratory muscle training be part of the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rodríguez Miguel Ángel , Crespo Irene , del Valle Miguel , Olmedillas Hugo
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To determine the effectiveness of respiratory muscle training in persons with Parkinson’s disease.

Data sources:

PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and PEDro electronic databases were searched until 15 November 2019. Reference lists of included studies were hand-searched.

Methods:

Randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of respiratory muscle training programmes (both inspiratory and expiratory) in patients with Parkinson’s disease were included. Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies and extracted data. Method quality was appraised with the PEDro scale.

Results:

Five papers including three randomized controlled trials with a total of 111 patients were identified. Method appraisal showed a mean score of 5 in the PEDro scale. One study analysed inspiratory muscle training, one expiratory muscle training and two established a comparison between both of them. Statistically positive results were found in maximal inspiratory pressure ( P < 0.05 and d = 0.76), maximal expiratory pressure ( P < 0.01 and d = 1.40), perception of dyspnoea ( P < 0.01), swallowing function ( d = 0.55) and phonatory measures, without significant differences in spirometric indices.

Conclusions:

Respiratory muscle training may be an effective alternative for improving respiratory muscle strength, swallowing function and phonatory parameters in subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, the lack of primary studies about this type of training prevents obtaining robust evidence.
Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Among College Students: A Report From Iran
Authors: Dehghani Behzad , Dehghani Ali , Sarvari Jamal
Published: December 2019

Globally, high-risk illnesses including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are major health problems causing considerable impact on health systems. Knowledge and awareness are very important factors for controlling these illnesses in society. Regarding the transmission routes of these viruses, young people are at the highest risk of infection. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the college students’ awareness of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV/AIDS with regard to basic information, transmission, and prevention. A total of 810 students from 7 universities, from September to March 2017, were included in the study. All participants were categorized into three groups (medical, biology, and other fields). The subjects were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire and results analyzed in SPSS software using the χ2 test. In total, 43% of respondents were male and the majority of them were 20 to 25 years old. Our results showed the suitable level of awareness about HBV and remarkable about HIV. In contrast, insufficient level of awareness was indicated about HCV. Given the low levels of awareness or knowledge about HCV, it can be suggested that educational programs for this important disease are necessary especially for university students. On the other hand, high awareness of participants about HBV and HIV/AIDS might be the results of the proper functioning of educational programs for students in Iran.
Clinical value of MRI T2-mapping quantitative assessment of carotid plaque
Authors: Huang Shan , Gong Xijun , Guan Song , Zheng Suisheng , Li Fei , Xu Qiqi , Pang Xiaoxi
Published: December 2019

Background

Stroke is a severe health problem, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a significant role in stroke.

Purpose

To investigate the clinical value of MRI T2-mapping in carotid artery plaque.

Material and Methods

To locate the plaque in the carotid artery, 25 patients with carotid atherosclerosis were examined by 3.0-T MRI with three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight and 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) T1-weighted scanning. The original images were obtained after T2-mapping (multi-spin-echo sequence) scanning. The T2 values of the plaque in the narrowest lumen were measured on T2 maps after postprocessing of the original images. Based on the symptoms, the patients were divided into two sub-groups; independent sample t-test was employed to compare the difference between the T2 values of the plaque in the two groups. We evaluated the optimal threshold and diagnostic efficacy of T2 values in predicting cerebrovascular symptoms by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

The T2 values of the carotid artery plaque in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were 111.43 ± 46.54 ms and 59.25 ± 39.77 ms, respectively (t = −3.421, P < 0.01). ROC analysis showed that the T2 value of 65.38 ms was the optimal threshold to predict cerebrovascular symptoms. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy attained were 94.1% (16/17), 93.3% (14/15), and 93.8% (30/32), respectively.

Conclusion

We quantitatively assessed carotid plaque components by MRI T2-mapping technology. The T2 values of the carotid plaque were associated with cerebrovascular symptoms. The T2 values of the symptomatic plaque group were significantly higher than those of the asymptomatic group.
Paralytic ileus as the presenting symptom for Guillain–Barré syndrome: a case report
Authors: Lee Kuang-Heng , Ho Tsung-Han , Lee Jiunn-Tay , Lin Li-Fan , Chang Wei-Chou , Shih Chang-Chih , Yang Fu-Chi
Published: December 2019

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute neuroimmunological disorder characterized by rapidly ascending symmetrical limb weakness, areflexia, and sensory deficits. Approximately 65% of patients with GBS present with autonomic dysfunction, which commonly occurs in advanced stages. However, paralytic ileus, a sign of gastrointestinal dysautonomia, is rare as the presenting feature in GBS before motor weakness becomes evident. We report the case of a 54-year-old man admitted to the Emergency Department with paralytic ileus as the prodromal feature in early-stage GBS. Total parenteral feeding and prokinetic use were initiated, but no clinical improvement was observed. The patient showed rapid progression to quadriplegia, which was ultimately determined to be respiratory muscle failure requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit admission. He underwent 5 days of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and muscle strength was partially improved thereafter. However, the patient’s enteral nutritional support was undesirable because of persistent poor gastric emptying complicated by fungemia and profound sepsis throughout the hospital course. Finally, he died 1 month after admission. Ignorance of this unusual prodrome to GBS could result in delayed treatment, along with potential progression to life-threatening events. Early recognition of GBS and prompt immunotherapy are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality.
Radiographic and Demographic Factors Can Predict the Need for Primary Labral Reconstruction in Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Predictive Model Using 1398 Hips
Authors: Maldonado David R. , Chen Jeffrey W. , Walker-Santiago Rafael , Rosinsky Philip J. , Shapira Jacob , Lall Ajay C. , Kyin Cynthia , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: December 2019

Background:

Labral tears are the most common findings in patients with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). The restoration of labral function is critical, and labral reconstruction has been proposed as an alternative for irreparable tears.

Purpose:

To compare preoperative radiographic measurements and demographics of patients who underwent primary arthroscopic labral reconstruction versus primary labral repair and to identify factors that are predictive of the need for reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients who underwent their index hip arthroscopic procedure between October 2010 and November 2018 and underwent either labral reconstruction or repair were included in the study. A total of 18 variables (14 radiographic and 4 demographic) were assessed in a bivariate comparison and analyzed in a multivariate logistic model.

Results:

A total of 251 primary reconstruction and 1147 primary repair procedures were included. The logistic model selected age, body mass index (BMI), Tönnis grade, lateral center-edge angle (LCEA), and alpha angle. The odds of reconstruction were 2.52 times higher in patients with Tönnis grade 1 than 0 (odds ratio [OR], 2.52 [95% CI, 1.82-3.49]). Each additional degree in the LCEA was associated with a 6% increase in the odds of reconstruction (OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.04-1.09]) and 4% for each additional degree in the alpha angle (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.03-1.05]). Higher age (per log 10 unit) and BMI also increased the likelihood of reconstruction (OR, 11.29 [95% CI, 4.23-30.10] and OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.00-1.06], respectively).

Conclusion:

In a multivariate analysis, factors identified as preoperative predictors for primary arthroscopic labral reconstruction in the setting of FAI and labral tears were Tönnis grade, LCEA, age, and BMI. These predictive factors may be useful for the clinician in determining the preoperative likelihood of primary labral reconstruction.
Articular Joint-Simulating Mechanical Load Activates Endogenous TGF-β in a Highly Cellularized Bioadhesive Hydrogel for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Behrendt Peter , Ladner Yann , Stoddart Martin James , Lippross Sebastian , Alini Mauro , Eglin David , Armiento Angela Rita
Published: December 2019

Background:

The treatment of osteochondral defects (OCDs) constitutes a major problem for orthopaedic surgeons. The altered mechanics and the cell types, with associated soluble factors derived from the exposed subchondral bone, are likely responsible for the mechanically and structurally inferior articular cartilage subsequently obtained as a repair tissue. There is therefore an unmet clinical need for bioresponsive biomaterials that allow cell delivery, reduce cell infiltration from the bone marrow, and support chondrogenesis in the presence of joint mechanical loading.

Purpose:

To develop a cell-laden injectable biomaterial, with bioadhesive properties, low cell invasion, and good mechanoresilience, in which simulated joint loading could induce tissue maturation through the production and activation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells were encapsulated in tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-Tyr) hydrogels, with crosslinking initiated by the addition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.3-2 mM). Cytocompatibility and biomechanical and adhesive properties were analyzed by live/dead staining, rheology, and push-out test, respectively. For multiaxial loading, cell-laden hydrogels were subjected to 10% compression superimposed onto a 0.5-N preload and shear loading (±25°) at 1 Hz for 1 hour per day and 5 times a week for 4 weeks. TGF-β1 production and activation were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

The viscoelastic properties of the cell-laden HA-Tyr hydrogels, as crosslinked with different ratios of HRP and H2O2, were demonstrated for a range of cell densities and HRP/H2O2 concentrations. In the absence of serum supplementation, cell invasion into HA-Tyr hydrogels was minimal to absent. The bonding strength of HA-Tyr to articular cartilage compared favorably with clinically used fibrin gel.

Conclusion:

HA-Tyr hydrogels can be mechanically conditioned to induce activation of endogenous TGF-b1 produced by the embedded cells. HA-Tyr hydrogels function as cell carriers supporting biomechanically induced production and activation of TGF-β1 and as bioadhesive materials with low cell invasion, suggesting that they hold promise as a novel biomaterial for OCD repair strategies.

Clinical Relevance:

Leveraging physiological joint mechanics to support chondrogenic graft maturation in an optimized mechanosensitive hydrogel in the absence of exogenous growth factors is of highest interest for OCD repair.