bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Poincaré center‐focus problem for a class of higher order polynomial differential systems
Authors: Zhou Zhengxin
Published: January 2019

In this paper, I have proved that for a class of polynomial differential systems of degree n + 1 (where n is an arbitrary positive integer), the composition conjecture is true. I give the sufficient and necessary conditions for these differential systems to have a center at origin point by using a different method from the previous references. By this, I can obtain all the focal values of these systems for an arbitrary n, and their expressions are succinct and beautiful. I believe that the idea and method of this article can be used to solve the center‐focus problem of more high‐order polynomial differential systems.
Positive solutions for nonlinear Robin problems with convection
Authors: Averna Diego , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Tornatore Elisabetta
Published: January 2019

We consider a nonlinear Robin problem driven by the p‐Laplacian and with a convection term f(z,x,y). Without imposing any global growth condition on f(z,·,·) and using topological methods (the Leray‐Schauder alternative principle), we show the existence of a positive smooth solution.
Protective Effect of Proanthocyanidins in a Rat Model of Mild Intestinal Inflammation and Impaired Intestinal Permeability Induced by LPS
Authors: Gil‐Cardoso Katherine , Comitato Raffaella , Ginés Iris , Ardévol Anna , Pinent Montserrat , Virgili Fabio , Terra Ximena , Blay Mayte
Published: January 2019

Scope

Intestinal dysfunction consists of a defective barrier function, which allows the influx of luminal endotoxins, thus causing intestinal inflammation. Proanthocyanidins are natural bioactive compounds that could modulate intestinal dysfunction. This study analyzes the protective effects of proanthocyanidins in a rat model of intestinal dysfunction.

Methods and results

To investigate the preventive effects of both high dietary (75 mg kg–1 body weight) and pharmacological (375 mg kg–1 body weight) oral doses of proanthocyanidins (GSPE), rat intestinal dysfunction is induced with LPS (i.p.). In vivo intestinal permeability (ovalbumin [OVA] assay) and systemic inflammation and endotoxemia (TNF‐α and LPS plasma levels) are assessed. Intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress are determined using myeloperoxidase (MPO), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) activities, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, respectively. Ileal gene expression of permeability/inflammatory genes is analyzed.

LPS administration induces intestinal permeability, inflammation, and oxidative stress. GSPE normalizes in vivo OVA levels. In the small intestine, the GSPE treatment decreases MPO and COX‐2 activities; modulates the ileum inflammatory and permeability proteins gene expression; and in the large intestine, prevents increase of ROS levels.

Conclusions

Proanthocyanidins, at nutritional and pharmacological doses, prevents endotoxin‐induced‐intestinal inflammation, permeability, and oxidative stress in rats differentially in each intestinal section. Proanthocyanidins are nutritional‐therapeutic novel candidates for preventing intestinal dysfunction.
Safety‐oriented design of in‐house software for new techniques: A case study using a model‐based 4DCT protocol
Authors: O'Connell Dylan , Thomas David H. , Lewis John H. , Hasse Katelyn , Santhanam Anand , Lamb James M. , Cao Minsong , Tenn Stephen , Agazaryan Nzhde , Lee Percy P. , Low Daniel A.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

In‐house software is commonly employed to implement new imaging and therapy techniques before commercial solutions are available. Risk analysis methods, as detailed in the TG‐100 report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, provide a framework for quality management of processes but offer little guidance on software design. In this work, we examine a novel model‐based four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) protocol using the TG‐100 approach and describe two additional methods for promoting safety of the associated in‐house software.

Methods

To implement a previously published model‐based 4DCT protocol, in‐house software was necessary for tasks such as synchronizing a respiratory signal to computed tomography images, deformable image registration (DIR), model parameter fitting, and interfacing with a treatment planning system. A process map was generated detailing the workflow. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was performed to identify critical steps and guide quality interventions. Software system safety was addressed through writing “use cases,” narratives that characterize the behavior of the software, for all major operations to elicit safety requirements. Safety requirements were codified using the easy approach to requirements syntax (EARS) to ensure testability and eliminate ambiguity.

Results

Sixty‐one failure modes were identified and assigned risk priority numbers using FMEA. Resultant quality management interventions include integration of a comprehensive reporting and logging system into the software, mandating daily and monthly equipment quality assurance procedures, and a checklist to be completed at image acquisition. Use cases and resulting safety requirements informed the design of needed in‐house software as well as a suite of tests performed during the image generation process.

Conclusions

TG‐100 methods were used to construct a process‐level quality management program for a 4DCT imaging protocol. Two supplemental tools from the field of requirements engineering facilitated elicitation and codification of safety requirements that informed the design and testing of in‐house software necessary to implement the protocol. These general tools can be applied to promote safety when in‐house software is needed to bring new techniques to the clinic.
Stress redistribution of dynamic loading incident with arbitrary waveform through a circular cavity
Authors: Tao Ming , Li Zhanwen , Cao Wenzhuo , Li Xibing , Wu Chengqing
Published: January 2019

In actual geotechnical and civil engineering, dynamic stress concentrations around cavities generated by wave sources widely exist. In this study, based on the complex variable theory and Fourier transform method, the expression of the dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) around a circular cavity in infinite homogeneous media subjected to transient waves with arbitrary waveform is obtained. The relationships between both steady‐state and transient DSCF and their waveform parameters are investigated quantitatively. The results indicate that a relatively large tensile stress is generated with low Poisson's ratio under steady‐state incidence. Under the condition of transient incidence, the position of the wave peak has a minor effect on the DSCF in the case of small wavenumber, but it has a significant effect in the opposite case. It is found that when the wavenumber is high, such as 0.5, the stress response lags behind the stress wave. In addition, the closer the wave peak to the center of the waveform, the greater the potential damage of the transient incidence.
Developing quantitative MRI parameters to characterize host response and tissue ingrowth into collagen scaffolds
Authors: Shazeeb Mohammed Salman , Howes Stuart , Kandasamy Sivakumar , Peiris Thelge Buddika , Sotak Christopher H. , Pins George D.
Published: January 2019

The in vivo evaluation of soft biomaterial implant remodeling routinely requires the surgical removal of the implant for subsequent histological assessment of tissue ingrowth and scaffold remodeling. This approach is very resource intensive, often destructive, and imposes practical limitations on how effectively these materials can be evaluated. MRI has the potential to non‐invasively monitor the remodeling of implanted collagen scaffolds in real time. This study investigated the development of a model system to characterize the cellular infiltration, void area fraction, and angiogenesis in collagen scaffold implants using T2 relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps along with conventional histological techniques. Initial correlations found statistically significant relationships between the MRI and histological parameters for various regions of the implanted sponges: T2 versus cell density (r ≈ −0.83); T2 versus void area fraction (r ≈ +0.78); T2 versus blood vessel density (r ≈ +0.95); ADC versus cell density (r ≈ −0.77); and ADC versus void area fraction (r ≈ +0.84). This suggests that MRI is sensitive to specific remodeling parameters and has the potential to serve as a non‐invasive tool to monitor the remodeling of implanted collagen scaffolds, and to ultimately assess the ability of these scaffolds to regenerate the functional properties of damaged tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin or skeletal muscle.
Decomposable robust two‐stage optimization: An application to gas network operations under uncertainty
Authors: Aßmann Denis , Liers Frauke , Stingl Michael
Published: January 2019

We study gas network problems with compressors and control valves under uncertainty that can be formulated as two‐stage robust optimization problems. Uncertain data are present in the physical parameters of the pipes as well as in the overall demand. We show how to exploit the special decomposable structure of the problem to reformulate the two‐stage problem as a single‐stage robust optimization problem. The right‐hand side of the single‐stage problem can be precomputed by solving a series of optimization problems and multiple elements of the right‐hand side can be combined into one optimization task. The practical feasibility and effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated with benchmarks on several gas network instances, among them a realistic model of the Greek natural gas network. Overall, aggregation and preprocessing allow us to quickly solve large gas network instances under uncertainty for the price of slightly more conservative solutions.
A fast second‐order difference scheme for the space–time fractional equation
Authors: Xu Weiyan , Sun Hong
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a fast second‐order accurate difference scheme is proposed for solving the space–time fractional equation. The temporal Caputo derivative is approximated by ℱL2‐1σ formula which employs the sum‐of‐exponential approximation to the kernel function appeared in Caputo derivative. The second‐order linear spline approximation is applied to the spatial Riemann–Liouville derivative. At each time step, a fast algorithm, the preconditioned conjugate gradient normal residual method with a circulant preconditioner (PCGNR), is used to solve the resulting system that reduces the storage and computational cost significantly. The unique solvability and unconditional convergence of the difference scheme are shown by the discrete energy method. Numerical examples are given to verify numerical accuracy and efficiency of the difference schemes.
Canine sex estimation and sexual dimorphism in the collection of identified skeletons of the University of Coimbra, with an application in a Roman cemetery from Faro, Portugal
Authors: Luna Leandro H.
Published: January 2019

Sexual estimation of human remains is an aspect of great importance for the characterization of demographic profiles in bioarcheology and to identify individuals in forensic cases. The aims of this paper are threefold: to generate population‐specific formulae for sex estimation based on permanent canine metrics, to evaluate the dental sexual dimorphism, and to develop a Bayesian approach in a sample of 115 individuals from the documented human sample housed in the University of Coimbra (Portugal). Discriminant functions and logistic regression equations were developed, and posterior probabilities were calculated. Formulae offered high percentages of correct sex assignation (77.42–86.54% for the discriminant functions and 81.63–85.18% for the logistic regression), whereas posterior probabilities ranged between 0.71 and 0.85. The procedures were then applied in an archaeological sample of 32 individuals from the Roman (I‐III century AC) cemetery of Ossonoba Romana (Faro, Portugal) in order to test the relevance of their use in this geographical‐related sample. The results of correct estimation are higher than 75% for three formulae and four combinations of variables in the Bayesian approach. Although phenotypic variation may be a factor influencing the sex estimations, canine odontometrics are powerful tools when previously tested and can increase the amount of data obtained for paleodemographic and forensic purposes. In this case, some of the methods developed for the modern sample can be used in archaeological samples and in spatial and temporal‐related skeletal collections.
Influence type of natural rubber on properties of green biodegradable thermoplastic natural rubber based on poly(butylene succinate)
Authors: Faibunchan Parisa , Pichaiyut Skulrat , Chueangchayaphan Wannarat , Kummerlöwe Claudia , Venneman Norbert , Nakason Charoen
Published: January 2019

Green biodegradable thermoplastic natural rubber (GB‐TPNR) based on simple blend of natural rubber (NR) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was prepared using three NR alternatives: unmodified NR and epoxidized NR with 25‐ or 50‐mol% epoxide (ie, ENR‐25 or ENR‐50). It was found that ENR‐50/PBS blend showed the best compatibility, which resulted in superior mechanical and thermal properties with the highest crystallinity of the PBS phase, on comparing with the ENR‐25/PBS and NR/PBS blends. This might be attributed to stronger chemical interactions between the epoxide groups in ENR‐50 and the polar functional groups in PBS, which were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) micrographs of ENR‐50/PBS blend revealed phase separation with finer‐grained cocontinuous structure than in ENR‐25/PBS and NR/PBS simple blends. Furthermore, the chemical interactions in ENR‐50/PBS blend enhanced the resistance to accelerated weathering.
Creating a teachable moment in community pharmacy for men with prostate cancer: A qualitative study of lifestyle changes
Authors: Poole Karen , Ogden Jane , Gasson Sophie , Lemanska Agnieszka , Archer Fiona , Griffin Bruce , Saxton John , Lyons Karen , Faithfull Sara
Published: January 2019

Objective

It is well established that exercise and lifestyle behaviours improve men's health outcomes from prostate cancer. With 3.8 million men living with the disease worldwide, the challenge is creating accessible intervention approaches that lead to sustainable lifestyle changes. We carried out a phase II feasibility study of a lifestyle intervention delivered by nine community pharmacies in the United Kingdom to inform a larger efficacy study. Qualitative interviews explored how men experienced the intervention, and these data are presented here.

Methods

Community pharmacies delivered a multicomponent lifestyle intervention to 116 men with prostate cancer. The intervention included a health, strength, and fitness assessment, immediate feedback, lifestyle prescription with telephone support, and reassessment 12 weeks later. Three months after receiving the intervention, 33 participants took part in semistructured telephone interviews.

Results

Our framework analysis identified how a teachable moment can be created by a community pharmacy intervention. There was evidence of this when men's self‐perception was challenged and coupled to a positive interaction with a pharmacist. Our findings highlight the social context of behaviour change with men identifying how their lifestyle choices were negotiated within their household. There was a ripple effect as lifestyle behaviours made a positive impact on friends and family.

Conclusions

The teachable moment is not a serendipitous opportunity but can be created by an intervention. Our study adds insight into how community pharmacists can support cancer survivors to make positive lifestyle behaviour changes and suggests a role for doing rather than just telling.
Mindfulness and metacognition in facing with fear of recurrence: A proof‐of‐concept study with breast‐cancer women
Authors: Cheli Simone , Caligiani Lucia , Martella Francesca , De Bartolo Paola , Mancini Francesco , Fioretto Luisa
Published: January 2019

Objective

Fear of recurrence is a crucial issue in cancer care. On the one hand, the increase of cancer‐survival rates and complexity of care is exposing patients to this type of fear. On the other hand, it is a distressing and recurrent psychosocial risk that affects quality of life and adherence to follow‐up. Patients should have access to targeted psychological interventions aimed at reducing or preventing fear of recurrence. This mixed‐methods pilot study reports the preliminary results of a novel mindfulness‐ and metacognition‐based intervention specifically targeting fear of recurrence.

Methods

The study was composed of an individual (n = 76) and a group (n = 38) intervention, both lasting 8 weeks, that were evaluated through a preassessment and postassessment and a 1‐month follow‐up. We enrolled women recovering from breast cancer (n = 114) in follow‐up care, with significant psychosocial distress. Patients with more severe psychopathology were assigned to the individual treatment, whereas the less severe ones were assigned to the group treatment. We explored the distress and the fear of recurrence through standardized measures and in‐depth qualitative interviews.

Results

Results showed that depressive, anxious, and post‐traumatic symptoms were reduced significantly in the entire sample. Patients reported a significant reduction of fear of recurrence, which was described in terms of loss of control, increase of uncertainty, and decrease of metacognitive and interpersonal skills.

Conclusions

Although further studies are needed, these findings provide preliminary proof‐of‐concept results for the potential of integrated mindfulness‐ and metacognition‐based interventions to reduce fear of recurrence in cancer patients.
Engagement in performing clinical physiotherapy research: Perspectives from leaders and physiotherapists
Authors: Nilsagård Ylva , Westerdahl Elisabeth , Forsberg Anette
Published: January 2019

Objective

The recent increase in physiotherapy research has led to more physiotherapists being involved in research. Consequently, leaders must make a standpoint on whether the department should engage in research, whereas individual physiotherapists have to decide if they want to play an active role in carrying out a research project. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions and experiences of both participating physiotherapists and their leaders regarding taking part in clinical physiotherapy research projects.

Methods

A qualitative study using face‐to‐face interviews was conducted. All (n = 8) leaders were interviewed individually. Physiotherapists (n = 18) were interviewed either individually (n = 5) or in small groups including two to three persons (n = 13). The interviews were analysed using inductive conventional content analysis.

Results

There was a consensus that engagement of the leaders was a prerequisite for entering research projects and that the research had to be in line with the department's regular assignment. For the physiotherapists, the key factors for success were having designated time and having support from their leader, especially when feelings of responsibility became overwhelming. The leaders stressed the importance of being well informed. Participating in clinical research created value such as personal and professional growth for the physiotherapists, who also inspired their colleagues and thus positively affected the organization. Engaging in research contributed to being an attractive employer and gave a boost to evidence‐based practice.

Conclusion

The study provides perspectives from leaders and physiotherapists on engaging in research. There was a consensus that participating in a research project was beneficial for the organization, the individual physiotherapist, and the patients. However, clinical applicability, support, sufficient time, and early involvement of leaders are significant prerequisites.
Effects of Hydroxyl Group in AlOx Gate Insulator on the Negative Bias Illumination Instability of In‐Ga‐Zn‐O Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Park Kyoung Woo , Jeon Gukjin , Lee Seunghee , Ko Jong Beom , Park Sang‐Hee K.
Published: January 2019

Effects of hydroxyl group (OH) in the gate insulator (GI) of AlOx formed by atomic layer deposition on the negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) stability of amorphous InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) by changing the deposition temperature (Tdep) of the AlOx GI are studied. There are no significant differences in the electrical properties and stabilities of each device, such as field effect mobility (μFE), subthreshold swing (S.S.), turn on voltage (Von), positive bias temperature stress (PBTS), and negative bias temperature stress (NBTS). Meanwhile, the NBIS stability is improved, resulting in Von shift from −4.34 V to −2.48 V as the Tdep of the GI increased. This suggests that as the amount of OH increases in GI, more hole/and or ionized Vo trapping sites are formed in the bulk GI. Based on the energy level in photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ALD AlOx, it is suggested OH related‐bulk trapping sites in ALD AlOx as the origin of non‐bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) in AlOx GI.
Ultrathin Graphitic Carbon Coated Molybdenum Phosphide as Noble‐Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Yu‐Qing , Sui Xu–Lei , Zhao Lei , Huang Guo‐Sheng , Gu Da‐Ming , Wang Zhen‐Bo
Published: January 2019

The exploration of non‐precious metal catalysts for hydrogen generation by electrochemical water‐splitting is the subject of extensive studies. In this work, we report the ultrathin graphitic carbon coated MoP nanoparticles (MoP/GC) prepared by the combination method of temperature‐programmed reduction and hydrothermal treatment. The sintering condition is of vital importance for the MoP synthesis. Our catalyst exhibits high activity and outstanding stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In acidic media, MoP/GC exhibits a low onset overpotential of 47 mV, and a Tafel slope of 54.0 mV dec−1. The novel ultrathin graphitic carbon coated structure provides MoP with enhanced electrical conductivity and improved catalytic activity. This work enlightens a universal method of preparing cost‐effective and acid‐stable electrocatalysts for HER.
Transfer of shear stresses at steel‐concrete interface
Authors: Chrzanowski Maciej , Odenbreit Christoph , Obiala Renata , Bogdan Teodora , Degée Hervé
Published: January 2019

Shear stresses can be transferred via bond at the steel‐concrete interface without having to consider any mechanical shear connectors. The research conducted shows that the use of anti‐adhesive products, such as grease, reduce the bond at the steel‐concrete interface in push‐out tests (POTs). However, the effect is still significant, especially for fully encased steel profiles. The results of an experimental POT campaign with nine small‐scale cube specimens and two composite column specimens are presented here. Three different surface conditions were examined: a) an untreated surface, b) a surface treated with anti‐adhesive agent (formwork release oil) and c) a surface treated with PTFE spray. The resulting ultimate shear stresses were compared with the experimental results available in the literature [1–10]. How the different geometries of the specimens, the concrete age and the surface treatment conditions influence the bond strength are compared and summarized.
Holographic description of boundary gravitons in (3+1) dimensions
Authors: Asante Seth K. , Dittrich Bianca , Haggard Hal M.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Gravity is uniquely situated in between classical topological field theories and standard local field theories. This can be seen in the quasi-local nature of gravitational observables, but is nowhere more apparent than in gravity’s holographic formulation. Holography holds promise for simplifying computations in quantum gravity. While holographic descriptions of three-dimensional spacetimes and of spacetimes with a negative cosmological constant are well-developed, a complete boundary description of zero curvature, four-dimensional spacetime is not currently available. Building on previous work in three-dimensions, we provide a new route to four-dimensional holography and its boundary gravitons. Using Regge calculus linearized around a flat Euclidean background with the topology of a solid hyper-torus, we obtain the effective action for a dual boundary theory, which describes the dynamics of the boundary gravitons. Remarkably, in the continuum limit and at large radii this boundary theory is local and closely analogous to the corresponding result in three-dimensions. The boundary effective action has a degenerate kinetic term that leads to singularities in the one-loop partition function that are independent of the discretization. These results establish a rich boundary dynamics for four-dimensional flat holography.
Identifying Information Gaps in a Surgical Capacity Assessment Tool for Developing Countries: A Methodological Triangulation Approach
Authors: Nwanna‐Nzewunwa Obieze C. , Ajiko Mary Margaret , Motwani Girish , Kabagenyi Fiona , Carvalho Melissa , Feldhaus Isabelle , Kirya Fred , Epodoi Joseph , Dicker Rochelle , Juillard Catherine
Published: January 2019

Background

Surgical capacity assessment in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is challenging. The Surgeon OverSeas’ Personnel Infrastructure Procedure Equipment and Supplies (PIPES) survey tool has been proposed to address this challenge. There is a need to examine the gaps in veracity and context appropriateness of the information obtained using the PIPES tool.

Methods

We performed a methodological triangulation by comparing and contrasting information obtained using the PIPES tool with information obtained simultaneously via three other methods: time and motion study (T&M); provider focus group discussions (FGDs); and a retrospective review of hospital records.

Results

In its native state, the PIPES survey does not capture the role of non‐physician clinicians who contribute immensely to surgical care delivery in LMICs. The surgical workforce was more accurately captured by the FGDs and T&M. It may also not reflect the improvisations (e.g., patients sharing beds, partitioning the operating theater, and using preoperative rooms for surgery, etc.) that occur to expand surgical capacity to overcome the limited infrastructure and equipment.

Conclusions

The PIPES tool captures vital surgical capacity information but has gaps that can be filled by modifying the tool and/or using ancillary methodologies. The interests of the researcher and the local stakeholders’ perspectives should inform such modifications.
Impact of Tumor Location on Postoperative Outcome of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct
Authors: Matsumoto Takatsugu , Kubota Keiichi , Hachiya Hiroyuki , Sakuraoka Yuhki , Shiraki Takayuki , Shimizu Takayuki , Mori Shozo , Iso Yukihiro , Kato Masato , Yamagishi Hidetsugu , Imai Yasuo , Aoki Taku
Published: January 2019

Background

The concept of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) has been proposed to be the biliary equivalent of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. While the classification of IPMNs is based on their location of duct involvement, such classification has not been fully evaluated for IPNBs. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of IPNB classification based on its location.

Methods

A total of 306 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection with a diagnosis of bile duct tumor were enrolled. Among these patients, 21 were diagnosed as having IPNB. The IPNBs were classified into two groups as follows: extrahepatic IPNB, which located in the distal or perihilar bile duct, and intrahepatic IPNB, which located more peripherally than the hilar bile duct. The clinicopathological features of the two groups were then compared.

Results

Extrahepatic IPNB tended to show more invasive characteristics than intrahepatic IPNB (presence of invasive component: 40.0 vs. 9.1%, p = 0.084). Moreover, patients with extrahepatic IPNB showed significantly poorer relapse‐free survival (RFS) than those with intrahepatic IPNB [5‐year RFS rate (%): 81.8 vs. 16.2, p = 0.014].

Conclusion

Patients with intrahepatic IPNB show more favorable pathological characteristics and postoperative survival outcomes than those with extrahepatic IPNB.
Laying Blame for Flight and Fight: Sino-Soviet Relations and the “Yi–Ta” Incident in Xinjiang, 1962
Authors: Kraus Charles
Published: January 2019

In spring 1962, 60,000 individuals fled from northern Xinjiang into the Soviet Union. Known as the “Yi–Ta” incident, the mass exodus sparked a major flare up in Sino-Soviet relations. This article draws on declassified Chinese and Russian-language archival sources and provides one of the first in-depth interpretations of the event and its aftermath. It argues that although the Chinese government blamed the Soviet Union for the Yi-Ta incident, leaders in Beijing and Xinjiang also recognized the domestic roots of the disturbance, such as serious material deficits in northern Xinjiang and tensions between minority peoples and the party-state. The Chinese government's diplomatic sparring with Moscow over the mass exodus reflected Mao Zedong's continued influence on Chinese foreign policy, despite claims by scholars that Mao had retreated from policymaking during this period.
The revolving door, state connections, and inequality of influence in the financial sector
Authors: Brezis Elise S. , Cariolle Joël
Published: January 2019

This paper shows that the revolving door generates inequality of influence between financial firms and creates economic distortions. We first develop a theoretical model, introducing the notion of “bureaucratic capital” and stressing how the revolving door generates inequality in bureaucratic capital leading to inequality in profits. Then this prediction is tested, using a new database that tracks the revolving door process involving the 20 biggest US “diversified banks.” We show that regulators who supply a large stock of bureaucratic capital are more likely to be hired by the top five banks. We also develop indices of the inequality of influence between banks. We show that banks in the top revenue quintile concentrate around 80% of revolving door movements. Goldman Sachs appears as the prime beneficiary of this process, capturing approximately 30% of the total stock of bureaucratic capital.
An evaluation of the transition from BAME community mental health worker to IAPT low intensity psychological wellbeing practitioner
Authors: Hakim Naheem , Thompson Andrew R. , Coleman-Oluwabusola Gail
Published: January 2019

The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme started in 2008, but it contained little provision for specifically meeting the needs of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups. The purpose of this evaluation was to describe the experience of transition from BAME community mental health worker (CMHW) to IAPT low-intensity psychological wellbeing practitioner (PWP) in order to identify possible gains and losses for the former communities served, and the factors that might contribute to successful training of people with BAME expertise. Four former CMHWs who had transitioned into working as PWPs were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Six major themes were identified with the benefits of training emerging as an important factor for the participants in enhancing their role. Three of the themes interconnected and focused on the impact for BAME communities in terms of access to service and barriers. Evident in the interviews were descriptions of adaptations that were made as a result of CMHW having access to both new and old skills. Finally, two themes focused on the participant recommendations as to how IAPT services might become more culturally responsive. The findings suggest that there can be significant benefits for services to provide IAPT training to people already providing culturally specific services. The participants reported that low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy (LICBT) was effective, but only when cultural sensitive adaptations were made. The evaluation has some clear recommendations as to how IAPT services might seek to offer culturally responsive CBT. Suggestions for carrying out further practice-based evaluations are made.
Hegemonic Distortions: The Securitisation of the Insurgency in Thailand's Deep South
Authors: Jenne Nicole , Chang Jun Yan
Published: January 2019

The conflict between the Thai state and the Malay-Muslim insurgency in the country's Deep South is one of Southeast Asia's most persistent internal security challenges. The start of the current period of violence dates back to the early 2000s, and since then, a significant number of studies exploring the renewed escalation have been published. In this study, we argue that existing scholarship has not adequately accounted for the external environment in which political decisions were taken on how to deal with the southern insurgency. We seek to show how the internationally dominant, hegemonic security agenda of so-called non-traditional security (NTS) influenced the Thai government's approach to the conflict. Building upon the Copenhagen School's securitisation theory, we show how the insurgency became securitised under the dominant NTS narrative, leading to the adoption of harsh measures and alienating discourses that triggered the escalation of violence that continues today. The specific NTS frameworks that ‘distorted’ the Thai state's approach of one that had been informed solely by local facts and conditions were those of anti-narcotics and Islamist terrorism, albeit in different ways. Based on the findings from the case study, the article concludes with a reflection on the role of the hegemonic NTS agenda and its implications for Southeast Asian politics and scholarship.
Variable Responses of Equatorial Ionosphere During Undershielding and Overshielding Conditions
Authors: Hui Debrup , Vichare Geeta
Published: January 2019

This study tests the common assumption that the whole of the equatorial ionospheric F region responds uniformly to both undershielding prompt penetration and overshielding fields. Few recent studies have reported that the bottomside response to geomagnetic storms can differ significantly from that of the topside ionosphere. In this investigation, using vertical drift measurements from Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar in the altitude range of about 200 to 900 km, F region response to the space weather event on 9 November 2004 is studied. It is found that the F region showed large altitudinal variations in vertical drifts only under the influence of overshielding field. Such variations were negligible during undershielding prompt penetration conditions. In a first of its kind of study, direct observations of continuous altitudinal variations in vertical plasma drifts have been used to understand the response of F region ionosphere. This differential response to external drivers has a direct impact on the plasma transportations in the ionosphere and thus on estimating satellite drags. The observations are compared with the widely used ionosphere/thermosphere models: Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model and Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements. It is found that contrary to observations, the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model shows very small altitudinal gradients in vertical drifts during both undershielding and overshielding conditions. Also, significant difference in the electron transportation especially at the bottomside between two models is adverted. Based on the observations, possible underlying physical processes of asymmetric interhemispheric potentials, different scale sizes of R1 and R2 current systems and different propagation modes for penetrating undershielding and overshielding fields are proposed.
Statistical Modeling of the Coupled F‐Region Ionosphere‐Thermosphere at High Latitude During Polar Darkness
Authors: Dorrian G. D. , Wood A. G. , Ronksley A. , Aruliah A. , Shahtahmassebi G.
Published: January 2019

Statistical models have been developed for predicting the behavior of the coupled high‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system. The modeled parameters were the F‐layer peak electron density, plasma structuring, ion temperature, neutral temperature, and the difference between these temperatures, which is a key term in the Joule heating equation. Ionospheric measurements from the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar and neutral atmosphere measurements from the colocated University College London Fabry‐Perot Interferometers have been made across a solar cycle. These data were all acquired during nighttime conditions as the observations with the Fabry‐Perot Interferometers are restricted to such times. Various geophysical proxies were tested to represent the processes that influence the modeled parameters. The dominant geophysical proxy for each modeled parameter was then determined. Multivariate models were also developed showing the combinations of parameters that best explained the observed variability. A comparison with climatology showed that the models give an improvement in every case with skill scores based on the mean square error of up to 0.88.
Three‐Dimensional Currents in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Carbary J. F.
Published: January 2019

Observations of Saturn's magnetic field from July 2004 to December 2016 have been combined to allow a numerical calculation of ∇ × B throughout the magnetosphere, thus permitting the first global mapping of Saturn's currents in three dimensions. The azimuthal ring current Jϕ dominates the magnetospheric currents, peaking near the orbit of the moon Rhea and having a total magnitude of over 10 mega‐Amperes integrated within the L‐shell of Titan. In meridional cross section, the ring current has a teardrop shape rather than a block shape. Jϕ also has a noticeable local time asymmetry, being the largest in the midnight and dawn sectors. The meridional currents Jρ and Jz are smaller than the ring current by an order of magnitude; they flow radially outward near the equator and return at higher latitudes in a looping pattern reminiscent of Hadley cell atmospheric convection. There are two such loops: one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south, flowing in opposing directions. In the noon sector, a strong Jz current may indicate the dayside cusp.
Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics Over Jicamarca During the 6–11 September 2017 Space Weather Event
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding
Published: January 2019

We use the observations from the incoherent scatter radar and the magnetometers over Jicamarca (11.95° S, 76.87° W) sector to investigate the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics on 6–11 September 2017. In this period, there are three X‐class solar flares peaked at 12:02, 14:36, and 16:06 UT on 6, 7, and 10 September, respectively, in the local daytime of Jicamarca and a storm with the minimum SYM‐H of −146 nT at 01:08 UT on 8 September. The results reveal that the three X‐class flares drive the westward disturbance electric field in equatorial region. The flares intensify the westward and eastward equatorial electrojets on 6 and 10 September, while the eastward equatorial electrojet enhances first and then declines on the 7 September flare. The depletion in equatorial electrojet during flare is suggested to be the effects of the weakened electric field. In the storm recovery, the disturbance electric field is westward at ~10–16 LT and eastward at postmidnight and early morning sectors on 9–11 September, which is mainly driven by disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF). Further, it is found that the westward DDEF first occurs at high altitudes and then at low altitudes around 10 LT, and the westward DDEF at 200–500 km has magnitudes increasing with altitudes. Meanwhile, the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar observations show distinct altitudinal differences in the responses of the F region electron density to the disturbance electric field.
Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile
Authors: Sielfeld Gerd , Lange Dietrich , Cembrano José
Published: January 2019

We examine the intra‐arc crustal seismicity of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone. Our aim is to resolve interseismic deformation in an active magmatic arc dominated by both margin‐parallel (Liquiñe‐Ofqui fault system, LOFS) and Andean transverse faults. Crustal seismicity provides information about the schizosphere tectonic state, delineating the geometry and kinematics of high strain domains driven by oblique‐subduction. Here, we present local seismicity based on 16‐month data collected from 34 seismometers monitoring a ~200‐km‐long section of the Southern Volcanic Zone, including the Lonquimay and Villarrica volcanoes. We located 356 crustal events with magnitudes between Mw 0.6 and Mw 3.6. Local seismicity occurs at depths down to 40 km in the forearc and consistently shallower than 12 km beneath the volcanic chain, suggesting a convex shape of the crustal seismogenic layer bottom. Focal mechanisms indicate strike‐slip faulting consistent with ENE‐WSW shortening in line with the long‐term deformation history revealed by structural geology studies. However, we find regional to local‐scale variations in the shortening axes orientation as revealed by the nature and spatial distribution of microseismicity, within three distinctive latitudinal domains. In the northernmost domain, seismicity is consistent with splay faulting at the northern termination of the LOFS; in the central domain, seismicity distributes along ENE‐ and WNW‐striking discrete faults, spatially associated with, hitherto seismic Andean transverse faults. The southernmost domain, in turn, is characterized by activity focused along a N15°E striking master branch of the LOFS. These observations indicate a complex strain compartmentalization pattern within the intra‐arc crust, where variable strike‐slip faulting dominates over dip‐slip movements.
Johnson Plans to Restore Credibility to House Science Committee
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2019

Eos interviews the new chairperson about the committee’s plans to address climate change, STEM education and inclusiveness, and maintaining U.S. science leadership.
Structure and electrochromism of two-dimensional octahedral molecular sieve h’-WO3
Authors: Besnardiere Julie , Ma Binghua , Torres-Pardo Almudena , Wallez Gilles , Kabbour Houria , González-Calbet José M. , Von Bardeleben Hans Jürgen , Fleury Benoit , Buissette Valérie , Sanchez Clément , Le Mercier Thierry , Cassaignon Sophie , Portehault David
Published: January 2019

Octahedral molecular sieves (OMS) are built of transition metal-oxygen octahedra that delimit sub-nanoscale cavities. Compared to other microporous solids, OMS exhibit larger versatility in properties, provided by various redox states and magnetic behaviors of transition metals. Hence, OMS offer opportunities in electrochemical energy harnessing devices, including batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochromic systems, provided two conditions are met: fast exchange of ions in the micropores and stability upon exchange. Here we unveil a novel OMS hexagonal polymorph of tungsten oxide called h’-WO3, built of (WO6)6 tunnel cavities. h’-WO3 is prepared by a one-step soft chemistry aqueous route leading to the hydrogen bronze h’-H0.07WO3. Gentle heating results in h’-WO3 with framework retention. The material exhibits an unusual combination of 1-dimensional crystal structure and 2-dimensional nanostructure that enhances and fastens proton (de)insertion for stable electrochromic devices. This discovery paves the way to a new family of mixed valence functional materials with tunable behaviors.
Cross-lineage protection by human antibodies binding the influenza B hemagglutinin
Authors: Liu Yi , Tan Hyon-Xhi , Koutsakos Marios , Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Esterbauer Robyn , Tilmanis Danielle , Aban Malet , Kedzierska Katherine , Hurt Aeron C. , Kent Stephen J. , Wheatley Adam K.
Published: January 2019

Influenza B viruses (IBV) drive a significant proportion of influenza-related hospitalisations yet are understudied compared to influenza A. Current vaccines target the head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) which undergoes rapid mutation, significantly reducing vaccine effectiveness. Improved vaccines to control IBV are needed. Here we developed novel IBV HA probes to interrogate humoral responses to IBV in humans. A significant proportion of IBV HA-specific B cells recognise both B/Victoria/2/87-like and B/Yamagata/16/88-like lineages in a distinct pattern of cross-reactivity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were reconstituted from IBV HA-specific B cells, including mAbs providing broad protection in murine models of lethal IBV infection. Protection was mediated by neutralising antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain, or via Fc-mediated functions of non-neutralising antibodies binding alternative epitopes including the IBV HA stem. This work defines antigenic cross-recognition between IBV lineages and provides guidance for the rational design of improved IBV vaccines for broad and durable protection.
Malonylation of GAPDH is an inflammatory signal in macrophages
Authors: Galván-Peña Silvia , Carroll Richard G. , Newman Carla , Hinchy Elizabeth C. , Palsson-McDermott Eva , Robinson Elektra K. , Covarrubias Sergio , Nadin Alan , James Andrew M. , Haneklaus Moritz , Carpenter Susan , Kelly Vincent P. , Murphy Michael P. , Modis Louise K. , O’Neill Luke A.
Published: January 2019

Macrophages undergo metabolic changes during activation that are coupled to functional responses. The gram negative bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is especially potent at driving metabolic reprogramming, enhancing glycolysis and altering the Krebs cycle. Here we describe a role for the citrate-derived metabolite malonyl-CoA in the effect of LPS in macrophages. Malonylation of a wide variety of proteins occurs in response to LPS. We focused on one of these, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In resting macrophages, GAPDH binds to and suppresses translation of several inflammatory mRNAs, including that encoding TNFα. Upon LPS stimulation, GAPDH undergoes malonylation on lysine 213, leading to its dissociation from TNFα mRNA, promoting translation. We therefore identify for the first time malonylation as a signal, regulating GAPDH mRNA binding to promote inflammation.
Apparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis
Authors: Haworth Simon , Mitchell Ruth , Corbin Laura , Wade Kaitlin H. , Dudding Tom , Budu-Aggrey Ashley , Carslake David , Hemani Gibran , Paternoster Lavinia , Smith George Davey , Davies Neil , Lawson Daniel J. , J. Timpson Nicholas
Published: January 2019

Large studies use genotype data to discover genetic contributions to complex traits and infer relationships between those traits. Co-incident geographical variation in genotypes and health traits can bias these analyses. Here we show that single genetic variants and genetic scores composed of multiple variants are associated with birth location within UK Biobank and that geographic structure in genotype data cannot be accounted for using routine adjustment for study centre and principal components derived from genotype data. We find that major health outcomes appear geographically structured and that coincident structure in health outcomes and genotype data can yield biased associations. Understanding and accounting for this phenomenon will be important when making inference from genotype data in large studies.