bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A medium‐throughput screening assay to determine catalytic activities of oxygen‐consuming enzymes: a new tool for functional characterization of cytochrome P450 and other oxygenases
Authors: Olry Alexandre , Schneider‐Belhaddad Florence , Heintz Dimitri , Werck‐Reichhart Danièle
Published: June 2007

A challenge of the post‐genomic era is to determine the functions of a plethora of orphan genes. This is a more acute problem when dealing with large gene families, such as the superfamily encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes in higher plants. We propose here a new, simple, medium‐throughput methodology to screen for potential substrates of orphan P450 mono‐oxygenases. The same technique can also be applied to screening for inhibitors of the oxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of compounds essential for plant development, such as growth regulators. The method is based on a commercially available microplate system, which detects the oxygen consumed by the catalytic reaction via an oxygen‐sensing fluorophore. It is optimized using as a model CYP73A1, the cinnamic acid hydroxylase from Helianthus tuberosus, expressed in yeast. We show that the procedure is suitable not only for the detection and real‐time monitoring, but also for the quantitative evaluation of enzyme activity. This new method has broad application for the identification of candidate substrates and inhibitors in chemical libraries, to support determination of physiological substrates, development of plant growth regulators, investigations on herbicide and pollutant metabolism, synthesis of valuable compounds and drug design. It also provides a fast‐assay platform for determination of catalytic and inhibition parameters. The method applies to plant P450 enzymes, but also to cytochromes P450 from other organisms, and all types of oxygenases. The critical steps, calculation of oxygen consumption from fluorescence signal, and limits of the methods are discussed.
Evolving trends in the treatment of low‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes: immunomodulation and beyond—9th European Hematology Association Congress Geneva, Switzerland, 10–13 June 2004
Authors: Fenaux P. , Bennett J. M. , Bowen D. T. , Knight R. D. , List A. F.
Published: June 2007

summary The 9th European Hematology Association Congress, held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 10 through 13 June 2004, offered a number of educational programmes that focused on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). This report will summarize the material presented at the educational symposium entitled ‘Evolving Trends in the Treatment of Low‐Risk MDS: Immunomodulation and Beyond’. The overview of the presentations includes a comparative review of the classification systems for MDS; a discussion of treatment strategies and management issues for patients in lower risk disease categories; a description of a novel class of immunomodulators, the IMiDs®, and a presentation of updated data from clinical trials of the IMiD compound, lenalidomide, in the treatment of MDS.
Coagulation parameters of thawed fresh‐frozen plasma during storage at different temperatures
Authors: Lamboo M. , Poland D. C. W. , Eikenboom J. C. J. , Harvey M. S. , Groot E. , Brand A. , De Vries R. R. P.
Published: June 2007

summary Once thawed, fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) should be used, according to guidelines, within 24 h. In hospital practice, this may be associated with wastage. This study has been performed to investigate the coagulation levels of thawed quarantine FFP as used in the Netherlands. Five units of quarantine FFP, obtained by plasmapheresis, were thawed and by sterile docking divided into satellite bags (SB). SB 2–4 were stored at room temperature (RT) for, respectively, 1, 3 and 6 h and SB 5–9 at 4 °C for 6, 12 and 24 h and 1 and 2 weeks. At each time point, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, factor V (FV), factor VIII (FVIII) and ADAMTS13 activity were measured. During storage at RT for up to 6 h, no major differences were found in the levels of FV, PT, fibrinogen and ADAMTS13 activity. FVIII activity showed a decrease of 16% and the APTT was prolonged by 6%. During storage at 4 °C for 2 weeks, FV and FVIII were reduced by 35 and 45%, respectively. The APTT and PT were prolonged by 17 and 15%, respectively. Fibrinogen was decreased by 8%. No change in ADAMTS13 activity was found. FFP stored at RT for 6 h or at 4 °C for 2 weeks can provide sufficient support for adequate haemostasis except for patients with a known deficiency for FVIII and can be used for plasmapheresis in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
Measurement of CD83 mRNA by real‐time polymerase chain reaction to determine removal of dendritic cells by leucoreduction of whole blood
Authors: Morrison Alex , MacGregor Ian
Published: June 2007

summary Information is lacking regarding efficiency of removal of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) by leucoreduction (LR) of blood. This is important since DCs may play a role in transporting abnormal prion, the likely infectious agent of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. In this study, we report development of a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay to quantify residual DCs in LR whole blood via measurement of selected messenger RNA (mRNA) markers.

Taqman‐based RT‐PCR assays were set up for CD83 as a marker of mature DCs, and CD1c, CD11c, CD303 and CD304 as markers for plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs along with the pan‐leucocyte marker CD45. We then assayed 46 paired pre‐/post‐LR whole blood samples and determined the log10 reduction of their CD83 and CD45 mRNA.

Our data indicate that RT‐PCR can be used to detect suitably low CD83 mRNA levels. We measured a median log10 reduction for CD83 mRNA of 4·5 [standard error of the mean (SEM) 0·07] and 4·1 (SEM 0·10) for CD45 mRNA. These reductions are comparable to cell removal, where flow cytometry indicated a reduction in total white cell counts of 4·3 log10 (SEM 0·09). Our other group of markers were reduced to their detection limits, CD1c (3·9 log10, SEM 0·3), CD11c (5·0 log10, SEM 0), CD303 (3 log10, SEM 0·1), CD304 (4·0 log10, SEM 0) which are all higher than the minimum specifications for LR products.

In conclusion, we successfully developed an RT‐PCR assay to quantify suitably low numbers of DC cells. We show for the first time that DCs are effectively removed using a standard whole blood filter.
Detection of HIV‐1 infection in blood donors during the immunological window period using the nucleic acid‐amplification technology
Authors: Scuracchio P. S. P. , Poli M. C. C. , Lemos M. M. M. , Oliveira Filho A. G. , Salles N. A. , Chamone D. A. F. , Magri M. , Cavalcante N. J. F. , Collela R.
Published: June 2007

summary Individual nucleic acid‐amplification testing (NAT) was recently recommended by Brazilian legislation and has been implemented at some blood banks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in an attempt to reduce the transfusion transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C viruses. This screening test can identify donations made during the immunological window period before seroconversion. The impact of this technology in our blood donors and transfusion routine was studied. In all, 47 866 donations were tested from March 2004 until November 2005, according to Brazilian legislation, using two approved enzyme immunoassays for HIV antibodies and individual NAT. Supplemental tests included Western blot, p24 antigen detection and quantitative PCR‐HIV‐1. Among the donors screened, two (one first‐time and one repeat donor) were non‐reactive in enzyme immunoassays, with negative confirmatory p24 antigen and Western blot, but positive for HIV‐1 NAT. Although serological analysis for HIV is a primary tool for diagnostic testing, the addition of NAT allowed for identification and prevention of component transfusion from two HIV‐positive blood donations during an 18‐month period. The screening of donors reduced the immunological window period, permitting the identification of very early stage HIV infections. In addition, this report also emphasized the fact that the risk of HIV transmission is not limited to the first‐time donors.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of Blood Cells of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Casal A. B. , Freire F. , Bautista‐Harris G. , Arencibia A. , Orós J.
Published: June 2007

Ultrastructural characteristics of erythrocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) were evaluated, using blood samples from 15 healthy juvenile animals. Except for the eosinophils, the rest of the white blood cells from loggerhead turtles had similar ultrastructural characteristics compared with blood cells from other sea turtle species. Eosinophils from loggerhead turtles were homogeneous in size, and no crystalline structures were observed within the granules. This paper provides an ultrastructural characterization of blood cells of loggerhead sea turtles, as a reference for future haematological studies of this species.
Rhizina undulata. A review of research in the Netherlands1
Authors: Gremmen J.
Published: June 2007

Research on killing of coniferous trees caused by the fungus Rhizina undulata Fr. ex Fr. in the Netherlands is reviewed. Aspects of the fungus’ pathogenicity, its biology and pyrophilous nature, and means to restrict or avoid damage in young plantations and older stands are discussed.
Der Nachweis unsichtbarer („physiologischer”) Fluor‐Immissionsschädigungen an Waldbäumen durch eine einfache kolorimetrische Bestimmung der Peroxidase‐Aktivität
Authors: Von Keller Th. , Schwager H.
Published: June 2007

The detection of hidden F‐injury of forest trees by a simple colorimetric determination of peroxidase actívity. The paper describes a simple routine method for determining colorimetrically peroxidase activity (p. a.) in foliage of forest tree species, including conifers. The effect of factors such as foliage age, F Content, external F dust, necrosis etc. on p. a. is investigated. Analyses of plants exposed at different distances to F exhalates of an aluminum plant show that with decreasing distance F content and p. a. increase. P. a. thus is an indicator of air pollution effects on tree physiology even in the range where no visible symptoms of injury occur.
Untersuchungen iiber die Resistenzeigenschaften einiger Weißpappelklone gegenüber der Triebspitzenkrankheit
Authors: Von Dimitri L.
Published: June 2007

The resistance of several white poplar‐clones against Pollaccia radiosa. Continuing the work of Weisgerber (1967,1968 and 1969) clone‐typical forms of resistance against spring defoliation (shoot‐dieback), caused by Pollaccia radiosa were investigated in several Leuce‐poplarclones. The most obvious differences in attack occur under natural conditions. The observed differences concerning the type of resistance (infection versus spreading in the host) seem to depend on the anatomical structure of the host.
A Proposed International Program for Testing White Pine Blister Rust Resistance1
Authors: Bingham R. T. , Gremmen J.
Published: June 2007

A two‐stage, international blister rust resistance test program proposed by the IUFRO Committee on (resistance to) White Pine Blister Rust is described. First, there would be a reevaluation of “naturally” resistant Eurasian white pines from near the original white pine: Cronartium ribicola gene center(s). Next, there would be more sophisticated testing of North American white pines developed by artificial selection and controlled crossing. Key test centers are needed in Siberia, south‐central Asia, the Baltic‐North Sea countries, and in eastern and western North America. Initial Committee inquiries indicate that 5 of the core cooperators could commence testing in the near future.
Scleroderris lagerbergii Gr.: The pathogen and disease symptoms
Authors: Gremmen J.
Published: June 2007

This introductory paper reports on the pathogen's history in Europe and North America; the connection between the ascogenous stage, Sc1eroderris lagerbergii and the conidial form, Brunchorstia pinea; and the disease symptoms in nurseries as well as in plantations.
Damage caused by the fungus Scleroderris in plantations and nurseries in Europe and North America
Authors: Teich A. H.
Published: June 2007

This communication deals with the damage caused by Scleroderris lagerbergii in nurseries as well as in plantations of Europe and North America. Roughly a two million dollar damage which easily may be higher, has been estimated by the author.
Epidemiology of Scleroderris lagerbergii
Authors: Skilling D. D.
Published: June 2007

The epidemiology of S. lagerbergii is discussed in four parts: (1) mode of infection, (2) production of inoculum, (3) dissemination of inoculum, and (4) development of epidemics. Scleroderris canker caused by S. lagerbergii is described as the most serious disease present in red pine plantations in North America.
Contribution ala Lutte Chimique contre le Gui (Visculn album L.)
Authors: Par Delabraze P. , Lanier L.
Published: June 2007

Chemical control of mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Spraying or trunk injection of phytohormones has given promise of control of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) on silver fir. Definlte results were obtained some months after spring treatment, and autumn treatments appear equally promising. If these results are confirmed, the infection rate in low‐elevation silver firs stands could be reduced.
Infektion und abbau der Wurzelrinde von Fichte durch Fomes annaus1
Authors: Peek Von R.‐D. , Liese W. , Parmeswaran N.
Published: June 2007

Infection and Deterioration of Spruce Root Bark by Fomes Annosus. The paper describes the mode of infection and consequent deterioration of spruce root bark by the root rot fungus, Fomes annosus using light and electron microscope observations. Spread of fungal hyphae occurs through bore holes produced by enzymatic activity. Although a definte loss of wall substance occurs, the bark tissues primarily represent merely a pathway for the fungus before it colonieses the xylem.
Studies on Armillaria mellea in East Africa
Authors: Olembo T. W.
Published: June 2007

The effect of unsterile soil leachates on the colonisation by Armillaria mellea of cylinders of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica was studied and is discussed with relevance to East Africa.
Das Keimverhalten der Konidiosporen von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. bei Einwirkung verschiedener Standortfaktoren
Authors: Von Courtois H.
Published: June 2007

The Influence of site factors on the Germination of Fomes annosus conidiospores. Cultures grown up on a source with an easily utilisable C‐source produce conidia with a lower germination rate. An easily utilisable C‐source in the medium promotes germination. Different strains vary individually in their germination behaviour in respect to temperature. Short‐time‐strains have an optimum between 12–28°C, longtime‐strains have a peak at about 24°C. Some strains tend to suddenly alter their germination rate at a lower or higher temperature, thus increasing the plasticity of the fungus.

Germination behaviour with regard to pH is strainspecific. The optima lie between pH 4,0–6,5. The pH influences the germination rate more than the nutrients status of the soil. The standard deviations in germination behaviour for some soils are large. Between the various origins of strains there are no significant differences.
La culture in vitro de conifères alpins
Authors: Par Froidevaux L. , Amiet R.
Published: June 2007

The in vitro culture of alpine conifers. Seeds of European larch, Scots pine, Mugo pine and Norway spruce were sterilized for 30 min in a bath of 30% hydrogen peroxide.

Similarly, seeds of Swiss stone pine, of which the tegument had been removed with a little vice, were sterilized for 15 min.

Germination and a sterility test were undertaken on malt‐agar. Finally, the seeds were transplanted in vitro on two media for mycorrhizal synthesis.
Anisogramma virgultorum (Fr.) Theiss. et Syd., un Ascomycète pathogène du Betula pubescens Ehrhart
Authors: Par Froidevaux L. , Müller E.
Published: June 2007

Anisogramma virgultorum, a pathogenic Ascomycete on Betula pubescens. A sexual form of this Diaporthaceous fungus, consisting only of isolated perithecia was found on the youngest twigs. It is compared with the stromatic form which is more frequent. The systemic disease caused by this organism is expressed by a necrosis and the development of canker‐like growths. Perhaps, because of unsuccessful isolation and cultural development, the fungus is an obligate parasite.
Factor in Abies balsamea Responsible for Coremia Formation of Ceratocystis piceae
Authors: Neumann P. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Compounds are present in sapwood of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., triggering the formation of coremia by Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) Bakshi. From several unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid is the most active coremia inducer.
Über den Verlauf einer Scleroderris‐lagerbergii‐Epidemie in einem Schwarzkiefernbestand
Authors: Von Butin H. , Hackelberg L.
Published: June 2007

The progress of an outbreak of Scleroderris lagerbergii in Pinus nigra.

Tree ring analysis and amount of living branches were used to determine retrospectively the development of the disease in a stand of 3,3 ha. Originating from the southern part of the stand shaded by an old beech forest, the disease started in 1964 with increasing mortality till 1969. Since 1970 the surviving trees have recuperated.
The influence of 2,4‐D on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in pine and spruce seedlings
Authors: Iloba Ch.
Published: June 2007

In vitro and in vivo investigations with 2,4‐D concentrations showed that mycorrhizal fungi were suppressed particularly by higher concentrations while treated seedlings exhibited quantitative and qualitative deficiency in mycorrhizal development. Short roots became elongated or sometimes remained uninfected. Dichotomous root branching was absent in Pinus sylvestris L. The difference in terms of mycorrhizal impairment was highly significant (P = 0.01). Practical consequences are discussed.
Origine et principaux caractères des souches françaises d'Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller
Authors: Pinon J.
Published: June 2007

The origin and the main characters of French isolates of Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller. The geographical distribution and the historical origin of aspen canker in France are described and discussed.

Isolates are variable in both qualitative (pigmentation, sporulation) and quantitative (temperature requirements, growth) characters. The fungus is able to decompose wood and shows cellulytic activity in vitro.
Contribution à la connaissance de l'étiologie de la maladie de l'écorce du hêtre
Authors: Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Contribution to the knowledge of the etiology of beech bark disease. I. The health of French beech forests. Role of Nectria coccinea. Beech bark disease has occurred in France since 1968. Observations and experiments support the concept of a specific, functional and complementary association of Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. and Nectria coccinea (Pers. ex Fries) Fries causing death of the bark.
Cercospora needle blight of pines in the Philippines
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Suto Y. , de Guzman E. D.
Published: June 2007

A needle blight disease caused by a species Cercospora was observed prevalent in Luzon and Mindanao islands of the Philippines. The disease was observed on Pinus kesiya, P. merkusii and P. caribaea. The causal organism was identified as Cercospora pini‐densiflorae Hori et Nambu through studies on the morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. This is the first report on the fungus from the Philippines, and Pinus kesiya is recorded as a new host for the fungus.
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S.
Published: June 2007

Direct and indirect evidence related to “top‐dying” of Norway spruce is presented along with theoretical considerations to construct a hypothesis explaining the cause of the disease. It is thought that “top‐dying” is primarily caused by severe water stress created by adverse climatic conditions chiefly mild, windy weather during the dormant period reinforced by drought in the first part of the growing season. When such conditions occur for more than two consecutive years severe outbreaks of the disease may result.
The Sclerophomas associated with dieback of Douglas‐fir
Authors: Funk A.
Published: June 2007

Two new species of Sclerophoma Höhn. are described from dieback of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in British Columbia, Canada, viz. S. xenomeria n. sp. (conidial Xenomeris abietis Barr), and S. semenospora n. sp. Morphological and cultural characteristics are compared with S. pithyophila (Corda) Höhn., another common species in the same disease syndrome.
Heterobasidion annosum. Comparison of basidiospores and conidia. Light microscopy versus SEM
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F.
Published: June 2007

By light microscope investigations published in the year 1940 the basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum were described as echinulate and skew, the conidia as smooth or nearly smooth and less skew; for the height of the echinulations an approximate measurement was given. By SEM the same differences between the two spore types have been demonstrated recently, but the height found for the echinulations may be too low.
Chemical composition of hyphal walls of Fomes annosus
Authors: Chet I. , Hüttermann A.
Published: June 2007

Cell walls of Fomes annosus contain basically the same structural components as other basidiomycetes, e. g. Schizophyllum commune: glucans and chitin. They were found, however, to be more resistant to chemical and enzymatical hydrolysis.
Schadbild und Ätiologie des Tannensterbens
Authors: Schuck Von H. J. , Blümel U. , Geier L. , Schütt P.
Published: June 2007

Symptoms and etiology of dieback of silver fir (fir dying). I. Evaluation of disease Symptoms. The percentage of dead crown and the intensity of “stork's‐nest” formation, expressed as a shoot length ratio, are disease symptoms more objective and easier to handle than the degree of needle retention.

In silver firs, a normal wetwood core must be distinguished from a pathological one. Only the latter forms part of the silver fir dieback syndrome. Frequently a net of Armillaria rhizomorphs is found in the root systems of diseased trees, sometimes down to 1.5m.
Rot in stored sandal logs
Authors: Nayar R. , Ananthapadmanabha H. S. , Venkatesan K. R.
Published: June 2007

Sandal logs after removal from the natural stands are stored in depots pending sale. During this storage they are heaped in the open, exposed to the elements; consequently the logs are attacked by a number of basidiomycetous fungi; mainly the attack is on sapwood, rarely heartwood is also affected. In view of the value of sandalwood, it is necessary to protect the logs to prevent deterioration of both sapwood and heartwood.
Zusammenhänge zwischen Immissions‐ und Trockenresistenz bei Fichte, Picea abies (L.) Karst.
Authors: Klein Von B.
Published: June 2007

The relationship between pollution resistance and drought resistance in spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Under conditions of poor water supply, grafts of Norway spruce (P. abies [L.] Karst.) resistant to SO2 were also resistant to water deficiency.

Clones resistant to air pollution and water deficiency showed delayed loss of needles when ill supplied with water. As 5 year old grafts under conditions of water deficiency they occupied the same positions respectively on the scale of damage.
Compatibility in Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Asina Sh. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Fourteen strains of Ceratocystis ulmi were crossed on semi‐synthetic and synthetic media in vitro. Perithecia formed after 8 weeks of incubation. Some strains were found to be more fertile than others. The strains were classified into type A, type B and bisexual.
Tree‐to tree variation on Picea abies in growth inhibition against Fomes annosus
Authors: Kaufmann U. , Wellendorf H. , Dimitri L.
Published: June 2007

The spread of Fomes annosus was measured on a set of 20 mature trees which were artificial inoculated. These observations were compared with growth observations and laccase activity of F. annosus grown on wood dust from the same 20 trees.

Although variation between Fomes strains as well as between trees was recorded, correspondance between field and laboratory observations was absent in the present material.
Survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in branches of trees killed by oak wilt in Minnesota
Authors: Gibbs J. N.
Published: June 2007

The survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in the branches of Quercus ellipsoidalis killed by oak wilt in Minnesota depends on the time of year when the trees die. In trees, which wilt in May or June, the pathogen can be isolated from the xylem for only 1–2 months. In trees which die later in the summer it may persist through to the following spring. Observations on oak bark beetles (Pseudopityophthorus spp.) breeding in the dead trees do not suggest that these beetles are important vectors of the disease in Minnesota.
Beobachtungen über Wechselwirkungen dreier Nadelpilze der Kiefer in vitro
Authors: Osorio Von M. , Rack K.
Published: June 2007

Interactions in vitro among three pine needle fungi. Interactions in vitro among Lophodermium pinastri, Naemacyclus niveus and Dothistroma pini, all fungi on conifers, were related to their various host spectra. The results were remarkably conformable, with those species which were mutually tolerant in vitro being joint colonisers of many host species and vice versa.
Chemical resistance of Pinus densiflora to Fomes annosus
Authors: Dumas M. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

One compound isolated from the stem wood of Pinus densiflora Sieb. Zucc. is responsible for its resistance to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. From thin layer chromatography and microanalytical evidence, the inhibitory compound is nitrogenous and may be an alkaloid.
Effect of sulfur‐dioxide on protein‐SH in needles of Picea abies1
Authors: Grill D. , Esterbauer H. , Scharner M. , Felgitsch Ch.
Published: June 2007

The effect of SO2 on the SH‐groups of proteins in needles of Picea abies is studied. The content of total protein SH and glutathione is estimated with 5.5′‐Dithio‐bis‐nitrobenzoic‐acid (Ellman reagent). In addition structural protein SH is measured microspectrophotometrically in sections stained with the SH reagent, mercurochrome. The results indicate that GSH and also total protein SH and structural protein SH are increased in needles of Picea abies growing in SO2 polluted areas. Compared to needles of trees in relatively unpolluted areas average increases of 2. 33 (GSH), 1.22 (total protein SH) and 1.55 (structural protein SH) are found.
Studies on the epiphytic bacteria on Populus tremula L. and Populus alba L. at the time of optimal and minimal cambium activity and infection by Venturia
Authors: Danilewicz Krystyna
Published: June 2007

The participation of epiphytic bacteria in the groups of bacteria dominating on the shoots and root collars of two year aspen and white poplar differs both in quantity and quality and depends on the chemical composition of the diffusion exudates related to cambium activity. This indicates that epiphytic bacteria can utilize carbon sources in the exudates and transform lignin precursors.
Microorganisms which invade Picea abies in seasonal stem wounds
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. , Roll‐Hansen Helga
Published: June 2007

Ascomycetes, Fungi imperfecti, and Bacteria invading experimentally created wounds on stems of 55–60 years oldPicea abieswere studied after 1,2, and 4 years. The effect of wounding season, number of years since wounding, tree diameter class, height above ground, size and depth of the wounds is discussed. A general discussion is given of all isolated microorganisms, the Hymenomycetes included. Mutual influence of microorganisms is discussed.
Krebsartige Erkrankung an Pinus contorta‐Herkünften
Authors: Stephan B. R. , Butin H.
Published: June 2007

Canker in Pinus contorta provenances. In connection with canker of 9 Pinus contorta provenances the two discomycetous fungi, Crumenulopsis sororia and Lachnellularehmii, were identified. After artificial infections L. rehmii did not produce canker symptoms. Therefore only C. sororia is considered to be the primary parasite. The P. contorta provenances differed in their damage rate.
Studies on Drepanopeziza salicis (Tull.) v. Höhnel, perfect state of Gloeosporium salicis West.
Authors: Anselmi N.
Published: June 2007

The development of the apothecium of Drepanopeziza salicis– the perfect state of Gloeosporium salicis– following the appearance of the microconidia has been described.

The formation of both microconidia, which possibly have a spermatial function of mature ascospores and the incubation period of the ascospore‐infection have been related to climatic conditions.
Über den Rindenbranderreger Fusicoccum quercus Oudem. und andere Rindenpilze der Eiche
Authors: Von Butin H.
Published: June 2007

Fusicoccum quercus Oudem., the cause of a bark dieback, and other bark fungi from oak. A survey of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic fungi on the bark of young oak includes F. quercus for which the symptoms and epidemiology are described in detail and Amphiporthe leiphaemia, Phomopsis quercella, Pezicula cinnamomea, Hercospora taleola, Colpoma quercinum and Botrytis cinerea.
Ein Beitrag zur Regeneration und zur Infektion dünner Fichtenwurzeln (Picea abies Karst.) durch Basidio‐ und Ascomyceten
Authors: Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Regeneration of thin roots of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and invasion of them by fungi present in the soil. 266 roots of spruce were severed 35–150 cm from the base of the tree; the diameter of the roots at the cut ends was 0.3–3 cm. Either replacement roots were formed and hyphae mainly of Ascomycetes were found in the original roots only near the cut ends or no new roots were formed and the ascomycetous hyphae had invaded Further. Formation of replacement roots was lower on calcareous soils. At and before the Front of the hyphae a brown substance occurred in the tracheids. Odontia bicolor had invaded the roots of a few trees on the calcareous soil, Fomes annosus was found in only one thin root. ‐ Roots with a diameter larger than 3 cm at the cut ends were invaded by Fomes annosus, and no new roots were formed.
Melampsoridium on Alnus in Europe. M. alni conspecific with M. betulinum
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. , Roll‐Hansen Helga
Published: June 2007

Melampsoridium betulinum from Betula verrucosa was found able in infection experiments to infect Alnus barbata, A. cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. orientalis, A. rhombifola, and A. viridis. Melampsoridium collections on Alnus spp. in Norway, Finland, Scotland, and Ireland were identified with M. betulinum. Alnus species seem to be poorer hosts for M. betulinum than the Betula species. M. alni is conspecific with M. betulinum.
Classification morphologique des ectomycorhizes du chêne et du hêtre dans le nord‐est de la France
Authors: Voiry H.
Published: June 2007

Morphological classification of oak and beech ectomycorrhizae in the north‐east of France. The mycorrhizae are classed into three main groups (according to the structure of the outer mantle and of attached mycelium) and thirteen types. Each type is illustrated by photographs and a precise description. The morphological differentiation from group 1 to group 3 is pointed out, in relation to the place of the fungus in the systematic classification of species. The possible relationships between the morphology of mycorrhizae and their nutritional efficiency is discussed.
The bacterial disease of ash (Fraxinus excelsior), caused by Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. fraxini1
Authors: Janse J. D.
Published: June 2007

The history and occurrence of the so‐called bacterial canker of ash (Fraxinus excelsior), caused by Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. fraxini1 are outlined. Symptoms of the disease and other forms of damage, such as Nectria‐canker, damage by the ash bark beetle, Leperisinus varius and twig‐mining by the ash bud moth, Prays fraxnella are discussed in detail.
Cypress canker disease in Italy: biology, control possibilities and genetic improvement for resistance
Authors: Raddi P. , Panconesi A.
Published: June 2007

The life cycle of Seiridium cardinale, the principal symptoms of the cypress canker disease, the results of chemical control, and the research directed toward genetic improvement of Italian cypress for resistance to the canker are described.
Detection of soluble antigens of Erwinia salicis in leaves of Salix alba by Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: De Kam M.
Published: June 2007

Soluble antigens of Erwinia salicis are transported through the xylem vessels to the leaves of Salix species. These antigens can be detected by the use of the Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in willow trees in the absence of bacterial cells and are also produced in pure cultures. In this way populations of E. salicis occurring in stem or branches can be traced in the leaves. The possibilities for more general application in the detection of vascular parasites is discussed.
Economic significance of the infection of beech forests by Hypoxylon deustum (Hoffm. et Fr.) Grev. at Sara Mountain
Authors: Prljincevic M. B.
Published: June 2007

The fungus Hypoxylon deustum, which is destructive to beech, has been studied. Its spread in beech forests has been examined in detail. Parts of the beech trunks infected with this fungus have been analyzed and the damage to the forest economy has been estimated.

In field experiments, beech trees have been infected with mycelia, ascospores and conidia of Hypoxylon deustum in order to investigate their pathogenic properties.
Infection of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta stumps by basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Redfern D. B.
Published: June 2007

Infection of Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis stumps by basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum is extremely variable, both within and between sites, but in general P. sitchensis stumps are less sus‐ceptible than those of P. contorta. Measurement of the cross‐sectional area occupied by H. annosum on each stump provides a more sensitive test of species susceptibility than assessment of the proportion of stumps infected. P. sitchensis stumps become infected on a variety of soils but there is evidence to suggest that infection may be reduced by high rainfall.

In some infected stumps, H. annosum is confined to the lower stump tissues. Its absence from the upper portion of the stump may be due to replacement by other micro‐organisms or, alternatively, physical conditions in the upper stump tissues may prevent its continued survival after infection has taken place. In both species, but more commonly in P. sitchensis, some stumps remain alive for at least two years after felling, particularly on peat soils, due to the presence of root grafts with neighbouring trees. Results for P. sitchensis suggest that infection occurs more readily in living stumps than in those which die rapidly after felling.

The viability of H. annosum basidiospore suspensions can be determined more accurately and more rapidly on a selective agar medium than on conifer stem sections.
Antagonism of some Bacillus species to a Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn isolate and its effect on the germination of Pinus nigra Arn. seed
Authors: Turchetti T.
Published: June 2007

The antagonistic activity of some Bacillus species to a Rhizoctonia solani isolate was tested and the effects of a Bacillus subtilis strain on the germination of Pinus nigra Arn. seed were studied.
Kristallbildung bei Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (Fomes annosus P. Karst.) und anderen holzbewohnenden Pilzen
Authors: Von Holdenrieder O.
Published: June 2007

Production of crystals by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (= Fomes annosus P. Karst.) and some other wood‐inhabiting fungi. The formation of crystals was observed on hyphae and in the medium during in vitro investigations of antagonistic interrelationships between Heterobasidion annosum and 16 other fungi. In monocultures only Calciumoxalate was found. A crystalline organic compound was produced by Heterobasidion annosum on its hyphae, only in the presence of an antagonist. The compound was characterized spectrometrically.
Uber das Vorkommen von Calciumoxalat‐Kristallen1 in Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.
Authors: Von Volger C. , Hesse Chr. , Vogt A.
Published: June 2007

The increasing appearance of rods (»Stäbchen«) being found in Heterobasidion annosum cultures was investigated. They proved to be neither bacterial impurities nor fomannosin but calcium oxalates. The number of rod‐shaped crystals depended on the quality of the tap water taken for the culture medium and on genetical aspects. The importance of calciumoxalates being formed by H. annosum is discussed.
Action in vitro de fongicides benzimidazoles et thiophanates sur Ceratocystis fimbriata E. et H. f. platani
Authors: Tawil M. , Pichenot Mathilde , Ambrosio M.
Published: June 2007

In vitro action of selected benzimidazole and thiophanate systemic fungicides on Ceratocystis fimbriata E. et H. f. platani. The relative effects of several systemic fungicides (benzimidazoles: carbendazim, benomyl, and thiabendazole; and a thiophanate: methyl‐thiophanate) of French strain of Ceratocystis fimbriata E. et H. (platani were studied in vitro by measuring mycelium diameter growth, percent conidiospore germination, and development from chlamydospores. Both strains were sensitive to carbendazim and methyl‐thiophanate. These chemicals inhibited mycelium growth and development of chlamydospores.
Comparaison de deux methodes ?estimation de ľinfection dejeunespeupliersparleMarssoninabrunnea(Ell. et Ev.) P. Magn.
Authors: Joannes H. , Pinon J.
Published: June 2007

Comparison of two methods for evaluating infection of young poplar leaves by Marssonina brunnea. Two methods for evaluating foliar infection by Marssonina brunnea have been compared on 783 twigs. They appear to be correlated. Distribution in infection classes can be coded and this allows a prediction of the number of spots per square centimeter. Application of the code to two other experiments is discussed.
Influence de la mycorhization et de la fertilisation sur le comportement de jeunes plants d'érable sycomore (Acer pseudoplatanus Link.)
Authors: Kabre A. , Garbaye J. , le Tacon F.
Published: June 2007

Influence of mycorrhizae and fertilization on Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings. A greenhouse experi‐ment compared growth and mineral nutrition of Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings on two soils with different fertilizations and with different endomycorrhization treatments. A strain of Glomus mosseae and a mycorrhizal complex from an A. pseudoplatanus stand prove to be much more growth efficient than the natural inoculum of the soils, mainly by improving phosphorus nutrition. These effects are additive to those of fertilization. This last result suggests that controlled mycorrhization can be of great practical interest even on rich soils.
Simple diagnosis of ectomycorrhiza formation and demonstration of the architecture of the Hartig net by means of a clearing technique
Authors: Nylund J.‐E. , Kasimir Asa , Arveby Agneta Strandberg , Unestam T.
Published: June 2007

Coniferous ectomycorrhiza was cleared in KOH and bleached in H2 02 . After the treatment, the structure of the Hartig net and inner mantle could be studied in detail in entire mycorrhizal short roots. The Hartig net and inner mantle were found to be formed by the same type of labyrinthic tissue, a result of morphogenetic processes during mycorrhiza formation. Even early phases of mycorrhizal infection could easily be detected, which makes the method very suitable for diagnosticating mycorrhiza formation accurately.
Role of mycorrhiza and soil fungi in natural regeneration of fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Polish Carpathians and Sudetes
Authors: Kowalski S.
Published: June 2007

Changes occurring in mycotrophy of fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) and in communities of the soil fungi, fungi living in roots, and fungi from rhizosphere were studied in mountain forest stands, both with good and poor regeneration of fir. The intent of these studies was to contribute to the elucidation of the problem of whether the lack of fir regeneration could be connected with microbiological changes taking place in the soil environment.
Temperature sensitivity of qualitative race‐cultivar interactions in Melampsora medusae Thüm. and Populus species
Authors: Singh S. J. , Heather W. A.
Published: June 2007

Six mono‐uredospore isolates (races) of Melampsora medusae Thiim. produced qualitatively distinct reactions, in vitro, when incubated at 15 °C on leaf disks of certain cultivars of Populus deltoides Marsh. The infection types in some race‐cultivar combinations were very temperature sensitive with less distinct reactions when incubated at 20 or 25°C. The significance of differential race‐cultivar‐temperature interaction in the epidemiology of M. medusae is discussed.
Cell wall‐degrading enzymes produced by Seiridium cardinale, agent of the cypress canker
Authors: Magro P. , Lenna P. Di , Marciano P.
Published: June 2007

Polygalacturonase, Xylanase and Cellulase in Seiridium cardinale grown on cypress cell walls and on infected cypress shoots were detected.

Isoenzymes were resolved by isoelectric focusing and differences were found between “in vivo” and “in vitro” patterns.
Decay susceptibility of wood in defoliated fir trees related to changing physical, chemical, and biological properties
Authors: Shortle W. C. , Ostropsky A.
Published: June 2007

Studies of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of wood from balsam fir trees indicated that as cambial electrical resistance increased in defoliated trees, the susceptibility of wood to decay appeared to increase. Increased susceptibility of wood to decay was associated with decreasing electrical resistance of wood as the tree lost its capacity to compartmentalize decaying wood.
Fomannoxin, a phytotoxic metabolite of Fomes annosus: in vitro production, host toxicity and isolation from naturally infected Sitka spruce heartwood
Authors: Heslin M. C. , Stuart M. R. , Murchú P. Ó. , Donnelly D. M. X.
Published: June 2007

The effect of different culture conditions on growth and production of fomannoxin and the sesquiterpene phytotoxin fomannosin by a single isolate of Fomes annosus was studied. Whereas fomannoxin was produced by actively growing hyphae, fomannosin production was associated with the declinning growth phase of the fungus. The presence of fomannoxin in chloroform extracts from the stained stein heartwood zone of Fomes annosus diseased Sitka spruce trees was established. Fomannosin however was not detected. Toxicity of fomannoxin to germinating seeds and young seedlings of Sitka spruce was demonstrated.
Combined air pollution and pine ring structure observed xylochronologically1
Authors: Yokobori M. , Ohta S.
Published: June 2007

Ring characteristics of pine trees grown in polluted air showed up distinctly as a decrease in newly devised synthetic indicators such as product of W (relative ring width) and DD (relative difference between maximum and minimum density within a ring) or product of W and MD (relative mean density). Intensity of combined air pollution was estimated by the total of daily maximum concentration of SO2, ozone, NO2, and NO2. Since synthetic indicators show a significant correlation, at the over 98% confidence level, with the intensity of combined air pollution, phytotoxicity of air to pine growth must be attributable at least in part to combined effect of air pollutants.
Field observations on the biocontrol of Dutch elm disease with Trichoderma virie pellets
Authors: Ricard J. L.
Published: June 2007

Fifteen elm trees ranging in DBH from 25 to 40 cm were inoculated with ca. 8 mm diameter pellets containing propagules of Trichoderma viride IMI 206039 and IMI 2006040 besides nutrients. These pellets were inserted in the trunks every 10 cm around the circumference. Dead elms present upwind and downwind from the 15 treated elms remained standing during the four year duration of the experiment. No progress in the disease occurred during three growing seasons after the original treatment. During the fourth growing season (1982) 4 elms died and 11 survived, though one was severely damaged. These 11 surviving trees were retreated in September 1982.
Infections artificielles de jeunes plants ?Hevea brasiliensis par Rigidoporus lignosus (Kl.) Imaz. et Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. H. Cunn.1
Authors: Nandris D. , Nicole M. , Geiger J. P.
Published: June 2007

Inoculations of young plants of Hevea brasiliensis by Rigidoporus lignosus (Kl.) Imaz. and Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. H. Cunn. Inoculations of young Rubber plants by two root rotting fungi, Rigidoporuslignosus and Phellinus noxius were performed under greenhouse conditions. For each parasite, parameters such as method of inoculation and level of soil moisture, were investigate. The results are discussed in relation to the fungal biology.
In vitro testing for the resistance of conifers to the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. on callus cultures
Authors: Hřib J. , Rypáček V.
Published: June 2007

Defence reactions to the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii were studied in spruce, pine, larch and Douglas‐fir callus cultures. It was found that the defence reaction of the callus culture could indicate the degree of the resistance of the tree species to the wood‐destroying fungus.
Root and butt rot of Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) caused by Heterobasidion annosum s.l. in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Tokuda S. , Ota Y. , Hattori T.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence and symptoms of root and butt rot were examined in a 35 × 30 m plot of 68‐year‐old Todo fir plantation in Hokkaido, Japan. Forty‐seven percent of the cut stumps were decayed and 52% of the decayed stumps showed similar decay characteristics with yellowish orange to light brown colouration and expanded pockets in the heartwood. Morphological characteristics of the pure cultures isolated from the decay were similar to the cultures isolated from basidiocarps of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato, found on fallen logs outside of the research site. Also DNA analysis based on the combined data set of three gene loci (glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 80–1 and elongation factor 1‐alpha genes) showed that the isolates from the decay are included in the same clade with the Japanese H. annosum s.l. isolates. They form a subclade to H. parviporum (the European S group of H. annosum s.l.). This is the first report of molecular determination of H. annosum s.l. isolated from root and butt rot in a plantation in Japan.
Phylogeographic patterns ofArmillariaostoyaein the western United States
Authors: Hanna J. W. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Kim M.‐S. , McDonald G. I. , Moore J. A.
Published: June 2007

Nuclear ribosomal DNA regions (i.e. large subunit, internal transcribed spacer, 5.8S and intergenic spacer) were sequenced using a direct‐polymerase chain reaction method fromArmillaria ostoyaegenets collected from the western USA. Many of theA. ostoyaegenets contained heterogeneity among rDNA repeats, indicating intragenomic variation and likely intraspecific hybridization. Intragenomic variation was verified by visually editing base‐sequence offsets in regions with insertions/deletions, and using sequence‐specific internal primers to resequence heterogeneous regions. Phylogenetic analyses with Bayesian Inference methods were used to define groups withinA. ostoyae. Analysis ofA. ostoyaefrom outside the western USA indicated the presence of a Circumboreal group ofA. ostoyaethat also occurs in Utah; two other phylogeographic groups were associated with the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions of the USA. Mixed sequence types, an indication of intraspecific hybrids, were common in some geographic regions. Hybridization events may have influenced species evolution, contributing to variation in pathogenicity and virulence. The occurrence of these groups and intraspecific hybrids also indicates that paleogeography and paleoclimate may have influenced the phylogeography ofA. ostoyae. In addition, otherArmillariaspecies were examined for evolutionary relationships with the groups ofA. ostoyae. These findings will provide a basis for future research relating ecological function to genetic diversity withinA. ostoyae.