bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making It Work
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: September 2020

Successful early Kentucky distillers were often immigrants from Ireland and Scotland or settlers from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania who were experienced in the craft. The distilling labor force was often drawn from family members, neighbors, or enslaved peoples. Tradespeople in complementary industries included farmers, millers, coopers, woodcutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, and teamsters. Farmer, miller, and distiller households often included employees who boarded with the family. Some distillers owned slaves who worked at various jobs. To house the workforces of large distilleries or clusters of distilleries, “distillery towns” might be developed by investors and distillers. Prior to 1900, few women worked at distilleries, but as distillers automated their bottling lines, women were often hired as bottlers and labelers. Some distillers built grand mansions that, in some towns, developed into a “Whiskey Row.”
Making and Selling Whiskey at the Henry McKenna Distillery
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: September 2020

Irish immigrant Henry McKenna established a mill and distillery at Fairfield in Nelson County in the early 1850s. In 1860 McKenna’s household included three Irish boarders, one of whom, Patrick Sweeney, became the distiller. McKenna began acquiring farmland in the 1850s and accumulated more than 1,000 acres, becoming a “strong farmer,” in the idiom of Ireland. McKenna milled grain and sold flour to local patrons as well as retailers in Bardstown and Louisville. His low-production distillery served a similar clientele. He maintained more than 350 customer accounts, selling flour, meal, and whiskey on credit. He bought farmers’ grains, wood, wool, and garden produce, crediting their accounts. Although his first still was handmade of poplar logs, McKenna improved and expanded his works, which by 1878 was mashing 200 bushels of grain per day. Some of his Irish employees, earning only a modest wage, supported the Fenian Brotherhood and sent donations to the “poor of Ireland.”
A Reconstructed Past Lives in the Present
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: September 2020

Distillers seek to retain or revive their industry’s history through narratives claiming authenticity for proclaimed traditions that are accepted as their heritage endowment. Heritage, if it is explained and publicized, can be deployed as a marketing tool and an attraction to potential customers and tourists. Kentucky’s distilling industry is notable for how it engages its past. Distillers preserve their heritage by retaining and reclaiming important structures or rebuilding them as replicas and by saving them through historic preservation. Twelve distilleries, five distillers’ homes, an aging warehouse, a bottling plant, and other structures have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Three distilleries have been designated National Historic Landmarks. Some distillers actively pursue their heritage, including signage and archaeological recovery of structures and artifacts.
Sponsoring Literacy in Appalachia
Authors: NeCamp Samantha
Published: September 2020

Using Deborah Brandt’s theory of literacy sponsorship, this chapter examines newspaper editors’ efforts to cultivate an imagined community of readers. It illustrates the ways in which the editors taught, modeled, and regulated literacy via discussions of appropriate reading and writing practices. It also argues that advertisements for texts of all kinds debunk the idea of a textless Appalachia and discusses what the editors’ choices of advertisements suggest about how they imagined their audiences.
Soldiers and Politics
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

When discussing the American military tradition, writers usually state that the US military has always been divorced from political affairs. Even cursory research into the subject reveals the opposite; the military has often played a major role in domestic politics, and for most of our history that role was considered normal and healthy. During the nineteenth century it was common practice for US generals to dabble in politics and to actually run for political office while still in uniform. Yet, such events are passed over lightly by historians, and many still write of an American military tradition stressing the noninvolvement of the military in politics throughout our history. That is a misreading of events, but the situation did change in the aftermath of World War II, especially around the time of the Vietnam War.
Unity of Command in the Pacific during World War II
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S.
Published: September 2020

Soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines have strong opinions on how the Pacific War was fought and how victory was achieved over Japan. Too often these views have been shaped by service parochialism dressed up in the guise of war principles. Regarding the issue of unity of command, there was actually more unity in the Pacific theater than there was in Europe. Strategy is similarly seen through parochial lenses and usually breaks into three camps: sailors and sea power advocates trumpet the importance of the Central Pacific thrust commanded by Admiral Chester Nimitz. Soldiers and land warfare historians instead hail General Douglas MacArthur’s island-hopping campaign in the Southwest Pacific Area. Airmen applaud the strategic bombing campaign culminating in the atomic bombs. In truth, it was a joint effort by all the services that defeated Japan.
Leonard Wood and Counterinsurgency in Lanao and Cotabato
Authors: Edgerton Ronald K.
Published: September 2020

Enter Gen. Leonard Wood, who took over as the Moro Province’s first governor in 1903. He adopted a counter-Pershing approach to fighting small wars, stressing not just military pacification of Moros but social reformation as well. Wood’s arrival inaugurated the most violent period in America’s long conflict with Philippine Muslims, 1903–1906. After providing a brief portrait of the new governor, chapter 4 assesses how he ignited insurgency in Lanao. It then focuses on Cotabato District, where Wood blundered into a savage war that displaced thousands of Maguindanao Moros as he vigorously pursued rebel leader and local hero Datu Ali.
John Pershing and Full-Spectrum Counterinsurgency in Moro Province, 1909–1913
Authors: Edgerton Ronald K.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the more balanced counterinsurgency strategy employed by Pershing as military governor of Moro Province from 1909 to 1913. The new governor rejected Leonard Wood’s direct approach. But he also had problems with the indirect method adopted by Tasker Bliss, regarding Bliss’s leadership as too passive. He gravitated toward a middle way, both respectful of datus and their power and determined to disarm the Moros. In 1911, it became obvious to him that American military rule of Moro Province could not last much longer. From that point on, he determined to disarm as many Moros as possible, pacify any remaining pockets of resistance, and transfer power to American civilians as quickly as possible. He used Moro insurgents atop Bud Bagsak on Jolo Island as an object lesson. After isolating the insurgents from their noncombatant base, his troops, led by Moro constables and scouts, killed 300–400 Moro fighters in a ferocious five-day battle.
From the City on the James to Confederate Capital
Authors: DeCredico Mary A.
Published: September 2020

The initial chapter chronicles Richmond’s economic development and modernization during the 1850s. By the eve of secession, Richmond ranked thirteenth nationally in manufacturing. The city and its citizens remained staunchly Unionist while the Deep Southern states seceded. It was President Abraham Lincoln’s call for 75,000 militia, with some required to come from Virginia, that turned Richmonders into enthusiastic supporters of secession. It was only logical that the Confederate government relocated the capital from sleepy Montgomery, Alabama, to the bustling city on the James River because of its prominence.
Chasing Dreams
Authors: Host Jim , Moyen Eric A.
Published: September 2020

Jim Host arrived at the University of Kentucky in the fall of 1955. He majored in radio arts and joined the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He made numerous lifetime friends and found important mentors, including Professor Len Press. On the baseball diamond, Coach Harry Lancaster’s tough methods taught Host the importance of hard work and discipline. During the summers, Host worked various construction jobs and played semipro baseball. During the school year, he broadcast games on the student-run radio station WBKY and announced games on WVLK, where he learned from legendary broadcaster Claude Sullivan. After Host’s senior year, he was invited to try out for the Chicago White Sox. He made the cut and joined the organization’s minor league team. During one of the final games of the season, however, Host suffered a career-ending shoulder injury. He then returned to Lexington, Kentucky, where he planned to pursue a career in broadcasting.
Exploring Life in Politics
Authors: Host Jim , Moyen Eric A.
Published: September 2020

After running Senator Cooper’s successful reelection campaign, Host was asked to do the same for Judge Marlow Cook in the Republican gubernatorial primary against Louie Nunn in 1967. Nunn won the primary and asked Host to help organize his campaign against Democrat Henry Ward. After he won the general election, Governor Nunn named Host commissioner of public information. Host helped secure votes for Nunn’s sales tax increase, promoted state tourism, helped secure funding for Kentucky Educational Television, developed plans for the Kentucky Horse Park, and organized the Republican Governors’ Conference in 1969. Host then became commissioner of state parks and worked to expand the park system and preserve historic homes such as the Mary Todd Lincoln House and White Hall (home of abolitionist Cassius Clay).
Running for Office and Running a Business
Authors: Host Jim , Moyen Eric A.
Published: September 2020

In 1971, outgoing Governor Nunn handpicked Tom Emberton to be the Republican candidate for governor and Host to run for lieutenant governor. At that time, the two offices were elected separately, so the two men were not on the same ticket. Emberton lost to Democrat Wendell Ford, and Host lost to Democrat Julian Carroll. After his defeat, Host decided to return to the private sector and established Jim Host & Associates. The Lexington Tourist and Convention Commission also hired him to serve as its executive director and tasked him with obtaining an urban renewal grant for downtown Lexington that would include the construction of a convention center, arena, hotel, and retail shopping mall. Host became the executive director of the Lexington Center Board, which developed plans for the new complex. He convinced University of Kentucky president Otis Singletary to move UK basketball games downtown to the new arena, oversaw the bidding process to construct the site, convinced Hyatt to build a hotel at the location, and oversaw the building of Rupp Arena, the mall, and the Heritage Hall convention center.
Setting Up the Perfect Bourbon Bar
Authors: Stevens Peggy Noe , Reigler Susan , Minnick Fred
Published: September 2020

From placement in the house or garden to all the accoutrements, the bar will be both welcoming and user-friendly, whether the party uses professional bartenders or features a make-your-own setup. This chapter describes what types of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages should be included, as well as how to arrange the table for more efficient flow. Photos and diagrams are included.
How to Do a Bourbon Tasting
Authors: Stevens Peggy Noe , Reigler Susan , Minnick Fred
Published: September 2020

This is step-by-step guide to conducting a tasting party for an intimate gathering or a crowd, including the preparation that is required in advance: gathering the correct glassware, making tasting mats, preparing invitations. The pairing of dried fruit, nuts, cheese, and chocolate, and even marmalade is explained, as well as palate-cleansing tips.
Bourbon Tables
Authors: Stevens Peggy Noe , Reigler Susan , Minnick Fred
Published: September 2020

The state’s major distilleries have gone well beyond simply offering tastings with their tours. Several host special dinners in historic facilities and some have even recently added restaurants. Descriptions of these will be accompanied with photographs and sample recipes to showcase each distillery’s style and hospitality culture.
The Objective Relativity of Goodness
Authors: Peters Catherine ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2020

Peter Geach claims in Good and Evil that there can never be “just good or bad, there is only being a good or bad so-and-so” and thereby denies that goodness can ever be used in a non-relative sense. Although his rejection of absolute goodness might initially seem to be a startling and mistaken departure from the Thomistic understanding, I argue that an examination of Thomas’s texts reveal a strong agreement between them, one grounded in a common rejection of univocal goodness. For both, “good” is relative to the nature of a being. To defend the relativity of goodness, I consider two objections: first, that relativizing goodness leads to subjectivism. Second, that divine goodness is absolute and non-relative. In answering these objections, I show that in both Thomas’s medieval and Geach’s modern accounts “good” is an analogical perfection relative to a nature. In this way, then, goodness is objectively relative.
Love for Grundtvig-selskabet
Authors: Albeck Gustav
Published: September 2020

Laws for the Grundtvig Society
Grundtvig litteratur 1958. En bibliografisk oversigt
Authors: Johansen Steen
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig literature 1958. A bibliographical overview By Steen Johansen
Den unge Grundtvig som litteraturteoretiker
Authors: Aarnes Sigurd Aa.
Published: September 2020

The Young Grundtvig as a Literary Theorist By Sigurd Aa. Aarnes Grundtvig belongs to the class of poets who take an interest in literary theory. He never got down to writing any chief work on the subject, but scattered over the enormous body of his work one finds approaches to a literary theory of a Romantico-idealistic and Christian description. The article analyses a series of comments on poetical theory from the first ten years of Grundtvig’s work (from 1806 to c. 1817). The two great events of Grundtvig’s life during these years are his Romantic crisis as a private tutor at Egeløkke in the island of Langeland, 1805-06, and his Christian crisis in December 1810. These crises were decisive also as regards his poetics. Up to the Romantic turning-point Grundtvig the poet and literary theorist is a 17. century imitator. A completely different view of poetry is revealed, however, in some well-known entries in his diary at Egeløkke, September 9 and 10, 1805: “Poetry is all that bears the stamp of eternity, prose is all that limits its scope to this world” . Thus, Platonically, poetry is considered a reflection of the world of ideas. Poetry is a specific attitude towards (and connection with) “ eternity” , creation viewed sub specie aetemitatis. Grundtvig was to regard poetry forever after in this idealistic and Platonic “ light from above” (“ overlys” ). When he experiences his conversion to a strict Lutheran orthodoxy in December 1810, Grundtvig finds himself, both as a poet and a literary theorist, in an altered situation. His problem now consists in making his poetry legitimate to his Christian conscience. His Romantic philosophy of art will have to fit in with a theological scheme of reference. To ensure this he has to make use of such infrequent points of contact with a philosophy of art as can be found in the Bible. The outlook of the newly converted Grundtvig is well illustrated by his preface to the Norse mythological drama “Optrin af Norners og Asers Kamp” from September 1811. He connects his poetics with theological concepts in three ways: 1. Poetry is “ the true remnant of the image of God which we have lost” (imago dei). 2. Poetry is— like the revelation of God in history and nature—part of the natural revelation. 3. Norse mythology and poetry make up the Old Testament of the Scandinavians. Like the Old Testament prophets the Norse scalds were inspired: They had visions and rendered the vision in writing. These two functions—vision and “ action according to vision” (“Virken efter Syn” )—are always common to the prophet and the poet. Eternal truth can be communicated to man only metaphorically. Therefore— as emphasized especially in “Om det østerlandske Billedsprog” , a sermon from the middle of the 1820’s—God linked the divine revelation in the Bible with the language of poetry, the language of metaphor, and thus made this language holy.
Uffe Hansen: Grundtvigs salmedigtning. Dens historie og indhold. III. 1851-1872.
Authors: Kjær Kristian
Published: September 2020

Uffe Hansen, Grundtvigs Salmedigtning. Dens Historie og Indhold. I l lReviewed by Kristian Kjær.The third and last volume of Uffe Hansen’s work deals with the hymns and songs of Grundtvig’s Sang-Værk which belong to the period from 1851 to 1872. The book contains a paraphrase of the poems with illustration of such passages as may give rise to difficulties of comprehension, either because of their concentrated form or because of Grundtvig’s personal style. The chief emphasis is laid upon the contents of the poetry. This applies to Uffe Hansen’s treatment of the individual poem as well as to his arrangement of the whole book. Nearly all the poems are arranged in two main groups according as they may be said to express an ethic or should be characterized as dogmatic. Within these groups the poems are divided into subgroups according to theme.
Grundtvigs rimbreve
Authors: Albeck Gustav
Published: September 2020

Notes on Grundtvig’s Rhymed EpistlesBy Gustav AlbeckIn Danish poetry the genre of the rhymed epistle emerged in the Baroque with poets like Bording and Kingo, and it was still flourishing at the beginning of the 17th century (Reenberg, Skandrup, and Sorterup). In the last decades of the 18th century the genre was revived through Baggesen’s Skiemtsomme Rimbreve. Grundtvig, who was partial to archaic genres, quite early tried his hand as a writer of rhymed epistles. During the period of literary controversies, 1815- 1824, he wrote several rhymed epistles of literary satire, in which, with varied success, he attempted to imitate the style of Baggesen’s rhymed epistles.His serious and religious rhymed epistles from 1811 to 1813 are marked by a more personal touch. Their simple style and metrical form seems to have been influenced by Jonas Rein. Whenever, in the period of the controversies, he felt impelled to add power and seriousness to his rhymed epistles, he resumed the tone of the epistles inspired by Rein, and, as a rule, he gave those epistles a regular stanzaic form. Thus we may speak of Epistular Poems vs. Rhymed Epistles.As early as from 1812, onwards, there is a tendency for Grundtvig to address his rhymed epistles (and epistular poems) to his friends among the Danish and Norwegian peoples rather than to individual persons. Grundtvig himself characterised his most impressive poem, Nyaars-Morgen ( 1824) as a rhymed epistle. He thus breaks down the limits of the genre, but returns to it again in another great poem, addressed to ‘sons and daughters of the Nordic Spirit’, namely the introductory poem of Nordens Mythologi, 1832, while, in Aabent Brev til mine Børn ( 1841 ), he writes a rhymed epistle whose central message is addressed to the whole people.
Lingvistik, systemdigtning og Grundtvig
Authors: Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

Linguistics, systemic poetry and GrundtvigBy Hellmuth ToftdahlIn this brief essay Grundvig5s poetics is juxtaposed with the view of poetry that, in Denmark, has been put forward by, among others, the poet and critic Per Højholt and supported by Niels Egebak. The following points are argued against:1. The assumption that any linguistic expression that is shaped along traditional lines determined by communication is lifeless and distant and leaves the listener or reader unaffected.2. The assumption that any linguistic expression gains life and becomes exciting only when, somehow or other, it breaks down the conventions surrounding the process of communication.From this it is concluded:1. By absorbing the blocks of linguistic material with which he is faced, the reader does not experience a finished work of art, but has to produce the work for himself2. The linguistic act becomes revolutionary in so far as the linguistic universe of the reader is undermined from within by the poison that has been smuggled in with the linguistically revolutionary text. An unprejudiced attitude is indoctrinated without arguments, but by causing the reader’s linguistic universe to disintegrate, without giving him a chance to defend himself. The poet forces the crisis of identity upon the reader.The young Grundtvig’s thoughts supply an interesting alternative or supplement to the view of literature that has been outlined above. To him poetry was not only a means of communication, it also possessed a magical power that might be transmitted to the receiver, counteracting his tendency to stagnation, and giving him the powers of expressing himself. According to Grundtvig, poetry originated in a vision, i. e. a spontaneous experience of universal rationality. To the individual this experience appears absurd only if he is over-occupied with his own brief history. A sound human being is convinced that reason exists, but that it is a waste of energy to brood over its nature. Time will show what truth is.To Grundtvig all ideologies were pitiful attempts to make a substitute for religion. True poetry frees man from the fetters that he has imposed upon himself, and gives rise to a feeling of freedom, of participation in an outer, organic reality.
Thord Ehnevid: Forsamlingsetik
Authors: Lindhardt P. G.
Published: September 2020

Thord Ehnevid, Församlingsetik. Studier över Grundtvig, Morten Pontoppidan och Einar BillingReviewed by P. G. LindhardtThis thesis for the doctorate has arisen out of a concrete historical situation, viz. the establishment of large municipal units in Sweden, few years before the corresponding Danish reform in 1970. These reforms have given rise to the question: is the geographically limited parish nothing but a product of human reason that may be disintegrated without any harm, or are inalienable religious and cultural values inherent in it?—Whether this alternative is regarded as genuine or not, the reforms referred to do present problems to our view of the church, congregation, parish, etc. The thesis attempts to illuminate these problems by seeing them in the light of the opinions of three prominent personalities on the process of disintegration that affected the traditional Scandinavian state church system in the 19th and early 20th centuries.Ehnevid is aware of the psychological peculiarities of the three men, and of the fact that the differences between them are linked with different positions and different polemical situations; but historical coincidences of that kind are greatly reduced by the systematic character of the work. The price that is paid for the systematic clarity is a certain inclination to abstractions, and a strong tendency towards schematism. Ehnevid began his work as a Pontoppidan study, and this section forms the largest and most thorough-going part of the thesis. But the two other studies are extremely valuable too. The reviewer, however, has never referred to Billing’s view of the church as ‘statistic’, only ‘static’.
Fra modernisme til nymarxistisk kritik
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

Fra modernisme til ny-marxistisk kritik. Ed. by Oluf Bohn.Reviewed by William MichelsenThe bulk of this booklet is made up of four interpretations of Grundtvig’s poem ‘De Levendes Land’ and of a poem by Klaus Rifbjerg. The authors are or have been lecturers at the University of Aarhus, and, in different ways, two of them adhere to a Marxist position. No matter how much the four critics disagree, they all seem to regard the view of life expressed in Grundtvig’s poem as a piece of idealist ideology irretrievably belonging to the past. In the concluding symposium Niels Egebak (whose interpretation appeared in the last volume of Grundtvig-Studier) asserts that ‘Grundtvig can fight the romantic ideology only by means of a new ideology which has to accept the premises of the ideology it is militating against, making use of its concepts, and inserting them in a new context. This is what he is doing in ‘De Levendes Land’.’ (p. 140.) If Egebak was right about this, no settlement with the dialectics of romantic ideology would ever be possible.But in the final words of the poem, this is precisely what Grundtvig achieves. Life is not limited to an airy millenium; it is here and now, but only where love is. Love creates life, and love is understood not only in an immaterial sense, but also in a material, physical sense. It is at once earthly and heavenly, human and Divine, creative. Grundtvig’s Christian realism goes beyond all ideologies, idealist as well as materialist.Grundtvig denounced the dialectic between body and sould that prevailed in his age. The view of life advocated by him was different from the platonic view. Obviously, as can be seen from his political activities, this was bound to influence his attitude to social life. However, a great part of his cultural programme has not been effected.
Aage Henriksen: Gotisk tid
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

Aage Henriksen, Gotisk tid. Fire litterære afhandlinger. 1971Reviewed by William MichelsenThis collection of essays is introduced by a study on Grundtvig’s controversy with Baggesen, 1815- 17, which originally appeared in the journal Kritik (vol. I, nos. 1- 2 ) 1967. To a greater or lesser extent, however, Grundtvig is discussed also in the three other essays, especially in the essay on Martin A. Hansen, which is one of professor Aage Henriksen’s weightiest contributions to Danish literary scholarship. In this essay it is claimed that, like Baggesen and Grundtvig, the author of Orm og tyr had a double conception of the figure of Odin. The one Grundtvig calls ‘Odan the Righteous’ (the poem ‘Afbrudte Strøtanker’ 1816), the other Aage Henriksen calls ‘Odin, Loke’s ally’. The idea occurs already in Baggesen’s early poem ‘Poesiens Oprindelse’. Aage Henriksen disagrees with Ole Wivel’s opinion that in the last part of his works Martin A. Hansen was in favour of the division between religion and social life that, in Denmark, is known as secularisation; on the contrary, ‘from 1940 to 1955 his works, including the essays, are of a religious nature’. He regarded Luther, Kant, and Kierkegaard as stages on a way that he sometimes called ‘secularisation’, sometimes ‘the way of the personality’, and the purpose of which was that of breaking down any ideology. Aage Henriksen holds that Martin A. Hansen’s conception of ‘secularisation’ is different from Wivel’s. In his essay ‘Leviathan’, Martin A. Hansen looked upon Grundtvig as ‘the innovator after the three others . . . he reaches beyond Protestantism, and in him we begin to see the embryo of a new culture’. But Martin A. Hansen could see no more than the faint outlines of this new culture, like Paradise from which he was separated by the Cherub. Aage Henriksen phrases it like this, ‘unlike Grundtvig he was not able to integrate the art of dying into the art of living.’This expression stems from Aage Henriksen’s interpretation of ‘Nyaars- Morgen’, which is incorporated in the Baggesen study. The poem falls into three parts, the first of which is a dream, the second an inspiration with Divine love, and the third a renunciation of the poet’s own life. The main character casts off his slough, and the last sloughing is ‘the art of dying’. He finds instances of this in a number of Danish novels representing the development of personality and—in the Gospel according to St. John, read as if it were a short story. But his point of departure is the mutual understanding he has shown to exist between Grundtvig and Baggesen.
Det moderne menneskes situation og Grundtvigs antropologi
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

The Situation of Modern Man and Grundtvig's AnthropologyBy William MichelsenThe present essay purposes to set off Grundtvig’s view on man against a contemporary context - not least with regard to the categorical repudiation with which H. G. Ørsted, in 1814, and Georg Brandes, in 1872, met Grundtvig’s conception of history, but also considering a modern materialist philosophy. In both cases it is important to realise that Grundtvig’s conception of man (and history) did not follow the post-Kantian idealist philosophy. Moreover, the modem state of affairs differs from that of Grundtvig’s day in that modern science unlike Ørsted and his contemporaries does not claim that its explanation of the world is exhaustive. Further, attention is called to the difference betweenGrundtvig’s conception of man and history, and that proposed by Kant in his essays “ Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht” (1784) and “Muthmasslicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte” (1786). Grundtvig’s first sketches of an anthropology occur in a manuscript dated October 1813 “On the Human Condition” (Værker i Udvalg I I , p. 240-70, cf. Nordisk Tidsskrift 1946). His first printed account occurs in his second Verdenskrønike (1814). The Connection between Grundtvig’s thought and the psychology of that time has been dealt with by Villiam Grønbæk; but we are still in need of an analysis of the ideas Grundtvig advanced in the journal Danne-Virke 1816-19, the contents of which he wrote himself, and in his third Verdenskrønike (1817). It is suggested that there is a close connection between these ideas and those proposed in the introduction to Nordens Mythologi 1832 and later, for instance in the hymns.
Var Grundtvigs nadversyn luthersk?
Authors: Thodberg Christian
Published: September 2020

Was Grundtvig’s Eucharist Lutheran?By Christian ThodbergThis question is examined through an analysis of Grundtvig’s attitude to, in particular, the various elements of the sacrament. In 1806 Grundtvig’s view was undoubtedly a reformed one; the divine is too exalted to be contained in earthly things - a romantic viewpoint - and Grundtvig thus maintained a symbolic interpretation of the Eucharist.When Grundtvig in later years described himself as Lutheran, he was not following Luther’s interpretation of the Eucharist, namely, that Christ is present in substance in the bread and the wine. Nevertheless, Grundtvig did accept a real presence, cf Nugent Wade, the English chaplain at the legation, who reported Grundtvig’s position thus: »He is positive upon a real presence - takes that to be the word which he says is a body and considers the words of Christ in sacrament to be his bodily presence«. Grundtvig considers the words of institution and in particular the commandment - »Take this ana eat it — all of you drink from this - do this in remembrance of me« to be bearers, in concentrated form, of Christ’s presence at the Eucharist. From this Grundtvig formulates an interpretation of the Eucharist which reminds one of the Johannine Eucharist of the Early Church, with its emphasis on fellowship, meal, praise and a premature celebration of eschatological bliss. Where Grundtvig links the real presence to an objective fact he is obviously inspired by Luther, but he differs from Luther in laying greater stress on the words of institution rather than the bread and wine.
Hvad kunde Grundtvig i dag betyde for reformerte kristne? (Forkortet udgave)
Authors: Herngreen G. F. W.
Published: September 2020

What might Grundtvig mean today to Reformed Christians? (Abbreviated edition on Danish)By G. F. W. HerngreenThe author, a former vicar in the Hague, asks this question on the basis of his knowledge of both Grundtvig’s writings and of the Grundtvigian church life in Denmark. Two of Grundtvig’s hymns have recently been included in the Dutch Hymn Book (Liedboek) and in this connection Grundtvig’s theology has for the first time received close consideration. In this article the author discusses in depth his view of the relationship between the Calvinist and the Grundtvigian interpretation of the Eucharist, particularly with regard to Karl Barth’s theology, and finds a greater agreement than even Grundtvig himself was aware of. The Reformed teaching on the Eucharist offers a greater opportunity to understand Grundtvig’s deepest concern: where do we hear God’s word to us personally? Grundtvig’s reference to the congregation’s ‘loud yes and amen’ in the creed during baptism is in consonance with Calvin’s main concern that man has no control over God’s word, not even at the Eucharist.It is God, the free agent, who acts through His word at both sacraments - not man. The creed is not a number of dogmas, a different holy writ from the Bible, but an oral narrative about who God is. This interpretation may lead to a cult-fellowship with its back to the world, which is at variance with the Reformed view that the true service takes place in the everyday life of the world, but it is for this very reason of great importance for the ecumenical debate whether one can also explain to the Reformed churches the basic idea behind Grundtvig’s ‘First a man, then a Christian’.
Grundtvigs salmer før Luther
Authors: Elbek Jørgen
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig’s Hymns before Luther - A PaperBy Jørgen ElbekThe paper examines a number o f Grundtvig’s reworkings partly of David’s psalms, partly o f the early Greek, medieval Latin and old Danish hymns on the basic theme that, in contrast to the Danish hymnwriters Kingo and Brorson from the 17th and 18th centuries, but in accordance with Hans Christensen Sthen from the 16th century, Grundtvig’s hymnwriting revives the harmony o f nature in the medieval folk-poems, but as a nature that is redeemed and set free by the divine truth - not a holy but a hallowed nature, Den signede dag (The Blessed Day) as the title o f Grundtvig’s best-known hymn goes. In his reworking o f the Latin supplications o f the Holy Spirit, Grundtvig shows how harmony arises between feeling and intellect, so that mankind sees the deeper connection and can realise it in human life. It was Grundtvig’s belief that everyday life should be a divine service - the religious practice that Protestantism otherwise lacked.
Grundtvig i dag
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig TodayThe Land of the Living, 1984. Edited by Flemming Ettrup and Johannes H. Christensen.Reviewed by William MichelsenThe main content of this book is a series of lectures given at Skovshoved Church in Copenhagen in 1983. It is published by the Danish Library Society and contains important contributions to the current debate on Grundtvig. This is particularly true of the three lectures by the three professors, Christian Thodberg, Leif Grane and Aage Henriksen. Thodberg discovers the background for the poem The Land of the Living in Grundtvig’s sermons and biblical poetry. Leif Grane applies a present-day theological point of view to defend Grundtvig’s standpoint in The Church’s Retort (Kirkens Gienm.le), while Aage Henriksen maintains that Grundtvig himself cannot be bounded by the world of ideas represented by the Church. He is answered by Ejvind Larsen, and adds a “preliminary” reply himself.The reviewer points out that Aage Henriksen’s lecture was also given in a Danish church, and that the Danish Church is more open than most, thanks not least to Grundtvig’s great contribution to Church freedom from 1832 onwards. His greatness lies in the fact that at one and the same time he maintained the sharp distinction between Christianity and non-Christianity and the right for people of a different persuasion to speak with the same freedom as he himself and every other Christian.
Kirsti Aasen: Alle mine kilder
Authors: Nielsen Helge Baden
Published: September 2020

Kirsti Aasen: A ll M y Springs. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo 1986.Reviewed by Helge Baden NielsenThe title of the book are the first words of one of Grundtvig’s hymns. The reviewer sees this essay collection by a Norwegian woman minister first and foremost as an expression of the new interest in Grundtvig in Norway, as was proved by the establishment in 1983 of a special Norwegian branch of the Grundtvig Society. According to Kirsti Aasen this takes its origin in the liberation, under Grundtvig’s inspiration, from the pietistic view of Christianity in Norway. In her own case she discovered that Christianity could easily be combined with love of the Norwegian countryside and the life of the people. The author was born in .sterdalen, studied theology at Oslo University, and is now rector of a parish in Oslo.
Synet. Et ungdomsdigt af Grundtvig.
Authors: Grundtvig N. F. S.
Published: September 2020

The VisionBy GrundtvigSo far this early poem by Grundtvig has only been printed in an appendix to ’’Christian Molbech and Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig. A Correspondence’’, edited by L. Schr.der, Copenhagen 1888. A personal letter to the historian Chr. Molbech, who was a friend of Grundtvig in his youth, is attached and is found with 5 other poems from 1805 to 1807 in the Royal Library (New Royal Collection 3091 4.) in Copenhagen.
To årstal. Replik
Authors: Thaning Kaj
Published: September 2020

Two Years. A ReplyBy Kaj ThaningRecently a collection of essays by Anders Pontoppidan Thyssen has been under the title ‘Grundtvig and the Grundtvigian Heritage’. One of the articles is a reprint of A.P. Thyssen’s critical examination of K. Thaning’s thesis .Menneske f.rst Grundtvigs opg.r med sig selv., (1963). In his article Thyssen has opposed Thaning’s views that the year 1832 should be seen as the decisive turning point in Grundtvig’s life. This view caused an extensive debate, in the course of which Thaning also wrote a rejoinder to Thyssen and other critics. In the present short contribution Kaj Thaning reconsiders his point of view.
Formandens årsberetning 9. november 1990
Authors: Thodberg Christian
Published: September 2020

Report on the Grundtvig Society's companyBy Christian Thodberg
The Nordic and the Baltic States
Authors: Henningsen Hans
Published: September 2020

De nordiske og de baltiske stater i Europa i dagAf Hans HenningsenDenne artikel fremstiller Grundtvigs tanker om folk og folkelighed i forbindelse med den supranationale unionstankes sammenbrud i øst og etableringen af en supranational union i vest. De nye baltiske statsdannelser benyttes som eksempler på nationalstater, hvor befolkningen synes at kunne leve i fred med store, ikke-baltiske minoriteter uden etniske konflikter. Grundtvigs tanker om folkelighed anskues i forlængelse heraf som grundlag for en forståelse af nationalstaten som et alternativ til den tanke om en union i form af et supranationalt demokrati, der præger de europæiske unionsplaner. Begrebet nationalstat opfattes her ikke nationalistisk, men tolkes i overensstemmelse med Grundtvigs tanker om det folkelige som lig med den demokratisk-folkelige kultur. Disse planer sigter mod at lade en mængde folkeslag indgå. i en fælles europæisk stat, idet begrebet om en demokratisk stat løsnes fra forbundetheden med begrebet om nationalstaten. Artiklen fremlægger en alternativ model hertil, idet det påpeges, at der i Danmark i forlængelse af Grundtvigs tanker ikke skelnes mellem kultur og politik. Forudsætningen for et virkeligt demokrati er denne forbindelse mellem folkelivet og det politiske liv, og eftersom der ikke eksisterer en fælles, europæisk kultur, vil et supranationalt demokrati aldrig blive et sandt demokrati.Tilliden til det supranationale demokrati bunder dybest set i rationalismens abstrakte menneskesyn, det menneskesyn, Grundtvig bekæmpede. Grundtvigs definition af 'folk', 'folkelighed' samt 'levende vekselvirkning' er ikke blot grundlag for denne forbindelse mellem kultur og demokrati, men sikrer også I overensstemmelse med Grundtvigs universalhistoriske perspektiv, at der tages hensyn til de forskellige folkeslags individuelle særpræg. Netop forskellene er basis for en fri samvirken og vekselvirkning mellem folkeslagene, således som det har været målet for dansk indenrigs- og udenrigspolitik de sidste 100 år. Europa har i dag mulighed for at etablere et sådant frit fællesskab, men i stedet vælger unionstilhængene at se bort fra de nationale forskelle og opbygge et supranational demokrati med udgangspunkt i rationalismens abstrakte menneskesyn.
Hvad er det Grundtvigske? Refleksioner over en Nexø-disputats
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

What is the Grundtvigian? Reflections over an Nexø-dissertation.Henrik Yde: The Grundtvigian in Martin Andersen Nexøs life I-II. Copenhagen (Vindrose) 1991.Rewieved by William Michelsen
»Den mageløse Grundtvig«
Authors: Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

The unique GrundtvigNiels Buur Hansen: »Det guddommelige spejl« From N.F.S. Grundtvig to Gregory Bateson and Jacques Lacan. A break with the dualism nigthmare. Omverden,Munksgaard/Rosinante, 144 sider. 158 kr.Reviewed by Hellmut Toftdahl
Politiske betragtninger med Blik paa Danmark og Holsten med noter
Authors: Wåhlin Vagn
Published: September 2020

Political views with eye for Denmark and Holsten. With notesBy Vahn Wåhlin
Grundtvig og myterne - en replik til Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen
Authors: Ægidius Jens Peter
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and the Myths - A Reply to Fl. Lundgreen-NielsenBy Jens Peter ÆgidiusJens Peter Ægidius criticizes Fl. Lundgreen-Nielsen’s interpretation of Grundtvig’s use of the Nordic mythology as imagery, published in Grundtvig Studies 1994. Here Lund-Nielsen proposed the view that Grundtvig’s use of this imagery must be considered a failure. Referring among other things to the use of mythology in the Danish folk high school, Ægidius points out that Lundgreen-Nielsen’s opinion should not remain unchallenged.
Grundtvigs prædiker i 1864
Authors: Jessen Peter Neergaard
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig's preaches in 1864By Peter Neergaard Jessen
Fortegnelse over forfatternes adresser
Authors: Michelsen William , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

List of authors' adresses
Grundtvig-litteratur 1997-2000. En bibliografi
Authors: Jørgensen Aage
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig literature 1997-2000. A bibliographical overviewBy Aage Jørgensen
Folkehøjskoler i Bangladesh
Authors: Balle Torstein
Published: September 2020

The folk high schools in BangladeshBy Torstein Balle
Review article: Between Babel and Globalisation
Authors: Bradley S. A. J.
Published: September 2020

Anmeldt artikel: Mellem babel og globaliseringBy S.A.J. Bradley
Grundtvigs dannelsesbegreb mellem national dannelse og erhvervsorienteret uddannelse
Authors: Lyby Thorkild C.
Published: September 2020

Grundtvigs dannelses begreb mellem national dannelse og erhvervsorienteret uddannelse[Grundtvig ’s Concept o f a “folkelig ’’ Education between nationalist Education and professional Training]By Thorkild LybyGrundtvig’s concept of a folkelig education has elements of both a truly nationalist education and a professional training aimed at occupational competence, but is not completely covered by either of these. Against the background of his contemporary social structure, he was sceptical towards an institutionalised primary school, especially if it was meant to function as preparation for an occupational training. He despised the grammar-school which in his view served only to distance the future professionals from the people they were supposed to serve. As an alternative, he expounded a plan for a large state-run highschool in Soro where there could be developed a folkelig education which would be common to both ordinary folk and the elite, English Summaries / danske resuméer while strictly professional training could take place as a supplement at ‘nurseries’ or professional seminaries.The distinctive nationalist dimension of his concept of folkelig education is connected partly with the general trends of the age and partly with Denmark’s particular position in his day. However, the heart of the matter was indubitably the idea of a human communality cutting across the differences, a communality which had nationality as a natural, but open framework.The folk-highschool movement which went on historically to develop itself, thus diverges markedly from Grundtvig’s original thinking on the highschool. Yet it must be said that the idea of human development and sense of communality cutting across the differences has been a key element in its work and that this has been one of the most important things it has contributed to Danish cultural life.Today it is in difficulties, insofar as it is under pressure partly from a dramatic fall in the number of young people of highschool age and partly from the influence of the management culture upon educational policy with its demand for a quantifiable end-product of all teaching. It has been proposed that the survival of the folk-highschool be secured by introducing examinations. This however would deal a blow to that freedom of teaching which has itself been a basis of its special character and its work, and which still today remains the basis of its ability to make its special contribution to a folkelig education. In an age of globalisation and internationalisation this is a greater imperative than ever.
Grundtvig’s Use of the Exeter Book’s Billed-Sprog: The Case of ‘Rune-Bladet’ and ‘Rune-Kiævlet’
Authors: Bradley S. A. J.
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig's Use of the Exeter Book's Billed-Sprog: The Case of (Rune-Bladet' and ‘Rune-Kicevlet'[Grundtvigs brug af Exeter-bogens Billed-Sprog: Rune-Bladet og Rune Kicevlet]Af S. A. J. BradleyGrundtvigs fordybelse i den oldengelske litterare tradition og overførslen af den ind i hans eget komplekse tilbageblik pa den nordiske oldtid bar rig frugt. Det skete i form af sarlige undersøgelser, oversættelser og genudgivelser af oldengelske tekster, men også ved at han - i et omfang der først nu er ved at vise sig - lånte og pa kreativ vis genbrugte forestillinger, motiver og billeder, i særlig grad muligvis fra Exeter-bogen, som han kan have kendt fra 1815 og frem, og som han notorisk omskrev og i et vist omfang også studerede fra 1830 og frem. Et vagtigt eksempel herpå moder vi i udformningen af hans digt Rune-Bladet, et arbejde der i 1844 blev indledt under omstændigheder, der var præget af seerens opløftede optimisme ved oplevelsen af nationalt sammenhold og det nutidige Danmarks forpligtelse pa arven fra den danske oldtid. Digtets forestilling om et profetisk budskab, der overbringes pa et runeblad via et skib fra landet hensides det store hav har slående ligheder med det gadefulde motiv, som indgår i to digte, der findes i umiddelbar nærhed i Exeter-bogen, Riddle 60 og The Husband's Message, som Grundtvig i sin omskrivning forsynede med titlen, eller rettere losningen “Rune-Kiavlet”. Ligesom det galder digtet The Wife 's Lament, tolkes disse digte af de fleste forskere som tekster, der - skønt de i den skrevne form er verdslige - dog alligevel udtrykker et religiøst syn om fuldendelse og genforening af alt det adskilte i frelses historiens store sammenhang. Der kan argumenteres for, at Grundtvig ikke alene tilegnede sig motivet om den budbringende rune-stav [-kiavl]og genbrugte det, men at han i det mindste i sin egen bevidsthed forøgede den profetiske kraft i sit budskab i Rune-Bladet, idet han knyttede det sammen med forestillingen om guddommelig fuldendelse af et skæbneforløb, bundet til et pagtsløfte, en forestilling der ligger til grund for de oldengelske digte. På denne måde rummer Rune-Bladet et bevægende eksempel pa Grundtvigs sarlige poetiske skaberkraft. Fremtidig forskning vil sandsynligvis kunne kaste lys over nye eksempler pa, hvorledes Grundtvig inddrager den oldengelske skjalds Billed-Sprog i sine egne symbolfyldte digte.
Forfatteroversigt. Navne og kontaktoplysninger om bidragydere
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Bradley S. A. J. , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

List of authors' adresses
Grundtvig’s Vartov Sermons: An appreciation
Authors: Allchin Arthur Macdonald
Published: September 2020

Grundtvigs Vartov prædikener: En påskønnelseAf A. M. Allchin