bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Trends toward Class Stratification: Chaos, Common Property, and Flood Recession Agriculture
Authors: Park Thomas K.
Published: November 2004

In societies based on flood recession agriculture in arid regions, economic stratification, institutionalized ways of sloughing off population, and common property are particularly valuable risk management options. Using ethnographic data from the Senegal River Basin and historical data from the Nile Valley, I argue that tendencies toward stratification were inherent in riverine societies practicing flood recession agriculture. Thus, early stratification occurred long before population pressure reached significant levels and well before regional trade, extensive storage capacity, or elaborate water‐management infrastructure became economically significant. The article is intended to help explain why a number of civilizations developed in arid riverine contexts.
Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian “World System”
Authors: Edens Christopher
Published: November 2004

Maritime trade in the Arabian Gulf connected Mesopotamia with societies in the Gulf and with the Indus during the Bronze Age. This article explores the Gulf trade in light of shifting consumption patterns and of various political forces at work within and between regions, in order to define the socioeconomic place of the trade in center‐periphery relations. Through time the consumption of certain commodities, notably copper and grain, became deeply embedded in the changing political economies of Mesopotamian and Gulf societies, and the trade formed a basic economic dimension of center‐periphery relations in western Asia. At the same time, other forces—political, military, and cultural—configured center—periphery relations in western Asia as deeply as the economic ones, and provided the context within which the trade occurred. Using the Gulf trade as an example, the article offers a framework for considering the political and cultural, as well as economic, character of ancient center‐periphery systems.
“Respect for the Rights of Others Is Peace”: Learning Aggression versus Nonaggression among the Zapotec
Authors: Fry Douglas P.
Published: November 2004

This article examines differences in aggression between two Zapotec communities in Oaxaca, Mexico. An ethological study of three‐ to eight‐year‐old children (N = 48) reveals statistically significant intercommunity differences in children's serious and play aggression, corresponding to ethnographically observed intercommunity differences in adult behavior. The parallels between adult and children's conduct within the communities support the conclusion that different social learning environments contribute to the maintenance across generations of divergent ideologies, values, and patterns of social interaction related to violence or peacefulness. Social learning and socialization processes also can be viewed as interacting with economic, historical, and ideological influences. The findings suggest that studies of violence that neglect social learning influences may be providing only partial explanations.
Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Ceremonial Greetings
Authors: Duranti Alessandro
Published: November 2004

Samoan ceremonial greetings both assume and reconstitute particular views of a hierarchical social order. At the same time, they also display a relatively fluid system in which negotiation of status and authority is frequent and one's ability to access the desired place in the social order is made perceptually available for public assessment. The codes (language, gestures, gaze) and channels (voice, body, sight) employed during such activities can produce meaning only inside of a cultural space that is never neutral. Eye gaze avoidance during the greetings is discussed vis‐à‐vis pan‐Polynesian taboos surrounding individuals with extraordinary mana.
Kanengamah and Pohnpei's Politics of Concealment
Authors: Petersen Glenn
Published: November 2004

Kanengamah is an abstract quality and a manner of behaving fundamental to social life on Pohnpei, in Micronesia's Eastern Caroline Islands. It entails the habit of concealment; most social interactions are conditioned by the expectation that all parties are engaged in dissembling. Kanengamah enables Pohnpeians simultaneously to exalt their leaders and to remain remarkably free from their authority. As a consequence, “hierarchical” and “egalitarian” social forms are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive categories.
Marriage, Social Inequality, and Women's Contact with Their Natal Families in Alliance Societies: Two Tamang Examples
Authors: Fricke Tom , Axinn William G. , Thornton Arland
Published: November 2004

Anthropological and other approaches to women's natal kin links demonstrate a relationship between these linkages and the reproduction of social inequality, in addition to noting implications for the social standing of women themselves. Few studies have, however, dynamically considered the simultaneous dimensions of individual history, community context, and interfamilial politics influencing such contact. Using data from two Tamang communities in Nepal, this article examines the impact of changing individual experience and interfamilial relations on home visits in the first year of marriage. Explicit attention is given to these forms of social action as a critical moment in the construction of social inequality. Informant testimony is combined with statistical analysis to demonstrate the salience of these natal visits in the early months of marriage for individual and wider social relationships. The visits are shown to be strongly related to the nature of interfamilial relations organized by marriage in addition to earlier life‐course experiences of women. Different community contexts, however, condition the direction of effects for these variables in ways consistent with enduring structures of relationship.
Distinguished Lecture in Archeology: Beyond Criticizing New Archeology
Authors: Cowgill George L.
Published: November 2004

This article was presented as the Distinguished Lecture in Archeology at the 91st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 4, 1992, in San Francisco.
Personal Sentiments and Polyphonic Voices in Warao Women's Ritual Wailing: Music and Poetics in a Critical and Collective Discourse
Authors: Briggs Charles L.
Published: November 2004

Ritual wailing performed during funerals provides Warao women with a vehicle for individual and collective expression and a crucial point of access to political processes. When asked about the significance of these musical and texted laments, women emphasize the importance of crying “right alongside each other.” This article examines the musical and poetic elements that enable wailers to produce a collective discourse while retaining the distinctiveness of individual voices. I argue that the polyphonic and intertextual character of laments plays an essential role in the cultural construction of women's social power; specifically, these performance dynamics engender special forms of subjectivity that enable women to produce a discourse whose “truth” and “strength” resist reappropriation.
Book Reviews: GENERAL/THEORETICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: Wessman James W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Marxist Approaches in Economic Anthropology. Alice Littlefield and Hill Gates, eds.

Understanding Economic Process. Sutti Ortiz and Susan Lees, eds.
Museum Exhibit and Photographic Book Reviews
Authors: Whitehorse‐Taylor Florene
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Beyond the Prison Gates: The Fort Marion Experience and Its Artistic Legacy. Arthur Silberman and Edwin L. Wade, curators.

Saynday Was Coming Along … Silverhorn's Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster. Candace Greene, curator.
Museum Exhibit and Photographic Book Reviews
Authors: ÖStör ÁKos
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnographie Film Aesthetics and Narrative Traditions: Proceedings from NAFA 2. Peter Ian Crawford and Jan Ketil Simonsen

Film As Ethnography. Peter Ian Crawford and David Turton, eds.
Building the State, Making the Nation: The Bases and Limits of State Centralization in “Modern” Peru
Authors: Nugent David
Published: November 2004

Most contemporary discussions of the nature of the state, state‐building, and national consciousness formation are based on an oppositional model of state‐society relations. In such models, state‐building is depicted as a process in which the state must impose its central institutions and cultural/moral values on the recalcitrant local populations found within its territorial boundaries who, in resisting the state, cling to a myriad of local, oppositional identities. The present article critiques the oppositional model, proposes an alternative conceptualization that encompasses dimensions of cooperation and conflict in state‐society relations, and thus points toward the forces that underlie the fragmentation and consolidation of states and national cultures.
Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology
Authors: Lieberman Leonard
Published: November 2004

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview. Audrey Smedley

Anthropology and Race. Eugenia Shanklin
The Last White Christmas: The Heidelberg Pub Massacre
Authors: Scheper‐Hughes Nancy
Published: November 2004

In the last holiday season before free elections in South Africa, a massacre takes place in a Cape Town pub frequented by blacks and whites. Visiting the morgue while survivors arrive to identify the dead, and later participating in a therapeutic postmassacre trauma group, the author ponders the limits of ethnographic field inquiry.
The Kuna and Columbus: Encounters and Confrontations of Discourse
Authors: Sherzer Joel
Published: November 2004

The centerpiece of this paper is the performance of a traditional Kuna chant by Chief Olopinikwa of the village of Sasartii on the San Blas island of Sasartii‐Mulatuppu on April 2, 1970. It is represented through various transcriptions and translations by the author and his Kuna consultant at that time, Alberto Campos, in consultation with a number of Kuna individuals, over the years since the original performance. Alberto Campos's transcription and especially his translation of the performance transform a traditional oral performance into 20th‐century “educated” Spanish. The audior's transcriptions and translations are ethnopoetic, in that they aim at reflecting and retaining, as much as possible, the distinctive features of the oral performance. The performance and the various written representations of it reveal the history of the Kuna and especially their relations with outsiders, changes that have occurred in Kuna life within the past 20 years, and the ways in which orality and literacy intersect in the Kuna world.
Ethnography in a Steam Bath
Authors: Kugelmass Jack
Published: November 2004

The Shvitz. 1993. 47 minutes, color. A film by Jonathan Berman. For information contact All‐Weather Films, Atten: Jonathan Berman, 396 Third Avenue #2‐S, New York, NY 10016.
Reform and Revolution in Mexico
Authors: Friedrich Paul
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Spent Cartridges of Revolution: An Anthropological History of Namiquipa, Chihuahua. Daniel Nugent. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993. 225 pp. Planificación Regional y Reforma Agraria. Angel Palerm. Mexico: Universidad Iberoamericano, Gernika, 1993. 420 pp.
Anthropology, History, and Indonesia
Authors: Brenner Suzanne
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period. Leonard Y. Andaya. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. 306 pp. Constituting the Minangkabau: Peasants, Culture, and Modernity in Colonial Indonesia. Joel S. Kahn. Providence: Berg Publishers, 1993. 314 pp.
Bringing the State Back In
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Culture and Society in New Order Indonesia. Virginia Matheson Hooker, ed. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993. 302 pp. Dissociated Identities: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in an Indonesian Society. Rita Smith Kipp. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993. 320 pp.
Sri Lankan Prehistory Revealed
Authors: Sinopoli Carla
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective. S. U. Deraniyagala. Memoir Volume 8, Parts 1 and 2. Sri Lanka: Department of Archaeological Survey, 1992. 813 pp.
The Body Nearer the Self
Authors: Boddy Janice
Published: November 2004

Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth‐Century India. David Arnold.

Reading the Social Body. Catherine T. Burroughs and Jeffrey David Ehrenreich, eds.

Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. Alan M. Klein.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Bailey Stephen
Published: November 2004

Risking AIDS and Transcending It: Sexuality, Politics and AIDS in Brazil: In Another World? Herbert Daniel and Richard Parker.

Risking AIDS and Transcending It: Transcending AIDS: Nurses and HIV Patients in New York City. Peggy McGarrahan.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Kaut Charles
Published: November 2004

The Culture‐Producing Classes of Southeast Asia: Inside Southeast Asia: Thai, Javanese and Filipino Interpretations of Everyday Life. Niels Mulder.

The Culture‐Producing Classes of Southeast Asia: An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Alfred W. McCoy, ed.
The Health and Nutrition of a Medieval Nubian Population
Authors: VAN GERVEN DENNIS P. , SHERIDAN SUSAN GUISE , ADAMS WILLIAM Y.
Published: November 2004

Human remains from two cemeteries at Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia present an ideal opportunity to assess the biological impact of political and economic change. Remains from the early cemetery come from Nubia's medieval period, characterized by political unification and important achievements in art and architecture. Remains from the second cemetery come from the later emergent feudal age, characterized by regional isolation and return to a subsistence economy. Patterns of mortality, growth, development, nutrition, and disease revealed by the remains converge on one conclusion: the transformation from the medieval to the feudal age at Kulubnarti witnessed an improvement in human health and survival.
Maya Zapatistas Move to the Ancient Future
Authors: GOSSEN GARY H.
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTS

This essay assesses recent events pertaining to the Maya Zapatista movement in light of the Mesoamerican past and present. Persistent patterns of Maya world construction, group and personal identity, and political legitimacy form the conceptual core of the movement, expressing themes that have been well documented for some 2,000 years in Maya cultural history. The essay concludes with suggestions as to the new forms that pan‐Maya ethnic affirmation may assume in the multiethnic configuration of Mexico and Guatemala in the 21st century.
The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies and Human Evolution
Authors: Bar‐Yosef Ofer , Kuhn Steven L.
Published: November 2004

Despite the rapid expansion of archaeological knowledge of the Paleolithic over the past several decades, some generalized interpretive frameworks inherited from previous generations of researchers are remarkably tenacious. One of the most persistent of these is the assumed correlation between blade technologies, Upper Paleolithic industries, and anatomically (and behaviorally) modern humans. In this paper, we review some of the evidence for the production of early blade technologies in Eurasia and Africa dating to the late Lower and the Middle Paleolithic. The basic techniques for blade production appeared thousands of years before the Upper Paleolithic, and there is no justification for linking blades per se to any particular aspect of hominid anatomy or to any major change in the behavioral capacities of hominids. It is true that blades came to dominate the archaeological records of western Eurasia and Africa after 40,000 years ago, perhaps as a consequence of increasing reliance on complex composite tools during the Upper Paleolithic. At the same time, evidence from other regions of the world demonstrates that evolutionary trends in Pleistocene Eurasia were historically contingent and not universal. [Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, blade technology, human evolution, hominid behavior and capacities]
The Dictionary of Anthropology.; Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life.; A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory.
Authors: Lewis Herbert S.
Published: November 2004

The Dictionary of Anthropology. Thomas Barfield. ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1997. 626 pp.

Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life. Tim Ingold. ed. New York: Routledge, 1997. 1128 pp.

. Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory. Michael Payne. ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1996. 644 pp.
Reconsidering Institutional Change: Property Rights in Northern Spain
Authors: Guillet David
Published: November 2004

For about fifty years, from the turn of the twentieth century until the 1950s, farmers in the region of the Orbigo River in northwestern Spain lifted groundwater for irrigation. Two quite different forms of property rights emerged during this period. In the Orbigo valley, small groups of farmers held the majority of water‐lifting devices and groundwater as common property. Water was divided into timeshares and shares were taken in rotation. On a high plain above, farmers held waterlifting devices and groundwater as private property. Why did two different forms of property rights emerge in this place at this time? In addressing this question, a new approach to understanding institutional change is proposed, based on a synthesis of schema theory and the economics of institutions, [institutional change, property rights, schema theory, transaction costs, Spain]
Negations and Ambiguities in the Cultures of Organization
Authors: Batteau Allen W.
Published: November 2004

In this article I examine the difference between concepts of culture contained in organizational studies and those in anthropology. The twentieth‐century emergence of rationalized organizations poses an unmet challenge to anthropological theory. The unique cultural consequences of the organizational form are found in the cultures of command and authority, adaptation and resistance, alienation and inclusion that are found in every organization. These separate cultures interrogate each other and draw on cultural resources outside the organization. In the final section I examine some of the mechanisms with which organizations manage the ambiguities of boundaries and differentiation. Drawing on theories of rites of passage, personhood, gift‐exchange, and totemism, I describe the quotidian practices of staffing, sales, and accounting as symbolic processes for managing ambiguity, [organization, culture, theory]
Color‐Full before Color Blind: The Emergence of Multiracial Neighborhood Politics in Queens, New York City
Authors: Sanjek Roger
Published: November 2004

The United States is undergoing a “majority minority” transition, with the historic European‐ancestry white majority projected to fall beneath 50% of the population in the second half of the current century. Elmhurst‐Corona, a neighborhood in Queens, New York City, was 98% white in 1960 but by 1990 had become intensely multiracial, multiethnic, and multilingual, with neither African Americans, Asians, Latin Americans, nor the remaining whites constituting a majority of the local population. Based on ethnographic fieldwork between 1983 and 1996, in this article I trace the growth of cross‐racial political interaction in Elmhurst‐Corona, highlighting initial resistance by white residents, entry of newcomers into civic politics, innovation by female civic activists, and acceptance of shared local “quality of life” concerns as representation at the central political arena, the neighborhood's appointed community board, became more inclusive, [political anthropology, race, immigration, New York City, United States]
Anthropological Knowledge and Scientific Fact
Authors: Terrell John Edward
Published: November 2004

In 1967 Ward Goodenough described two performance‐based measures that many of us use to judge the quality of anthropological knowledge. Do we understand events in another community as its members understand them? Can we act there in ways that people will accept as conforming to their expectations? Judged by these standards, the famous hoax that the physicist Alan Sokal published in 1996 in the non‐refereed journal Social Text would pass as good anthropology (however shameless). I look at a different—yet similar—scientific controversy, one that began in 1998 at the editorial offices of the British science weekly Nature. This controversy, which I call “The Little Lizard Controversy,” and in which I have played a role, may show us how scientists sometimes misunderstand one another and why anthropological knowledge about the practice of science may be crucial in nurturing interdisciplinary research “collaboratories” in the twenty‐first century, [science, interdisciplinary, controversies, miscommunication, symbols]
Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People
Authors: Sayers Robert H.
Published: November 2004

Ainu: Spirit of. Northern People. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, April 30,1999‐January 2, 2000.

Ainu: Spirit of. Northern People. William W. Fitzhugh and Chisato O. Dubreuil. eds. Washington, DC: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, in collaboration with University of Washington Press, 1999. 415 pp.
The Body in the Archives: A Review of Bontoc Eulogy.
Authors: Homiak John P.
Published: November 2004

The Body in the Archives:. Review of Bontoc Eulogy. 1996. 60 minutes, black and white. video by Marlon Fuentes. For more information, contact Cinema Guild, 1687 Broadway, Suite 506, New York, NY 10019.
Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000.; Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated.
Authors: Prins Harald E. L.
Published: November 2004

Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000. video by Anne Makepeace. 85 minutes (56‐minute version also available). Co‐produced by Anne Makepeace Productions, Inc. and ThirteenAVNET. For further information, contact Bullfrog Films, P.O. Box 149, Oley, PA 19547; 1‐800‐543‐FROG (3764); info@bullfrogfilms.com.

Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated. Mick Gidley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 319 pp.
Reenvisioning Boas and Boasian Anthropology
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: November 2004

Franz Boas among the Inuit of Baffin Island, 1883‐1884: Journals and Letters. Ludger Miiller Wille. ed. Translated by William Barr. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1998. 298 pp.

Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858‐1906. Douglas Cole. Vancouver: Douglas and Mclntyre, 1999. 360 pp.
Comparative Primate Socioecology.
Authors: Pavelka Mary S. McDonald
Published: November 2004

Comparative Primate Socioecology. P. C. Lee. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 412 pp.
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition.
Authors: Savage‐Rumbaugh E. Sue , Fields William Mintz
Published: November 2004

The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Michael Tomasello. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 248 pp.
Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist.
Authors: Gacs Ute D.
Published: November 2004

Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist. Richard O. Clemmer. L. Daniel Myers. and Mary Elizabeth Rudden. eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999. 288 pp.
The Politics of Fieldwork: Research in an American Concentration Camp.
Authors: King C. Richard
Published: November 2004

The Politics of Fieldwork: Research in an American Concentration Camp. Lane Ryo Hirabayashi. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999. 219 pp.
Symbolic Heat: Gender, Health and Worship among the Tamils of South India and Sri Lanka.; Relocated Lives: Displacement and Resettlement in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka.; Amiable Incoherence: Manipulating Histories and Modernities in a Batticaloa Hindu Temple.
Authors: Gamburd Michele Ruth
Published: November 2004

Symbolic Heat: Gender, Health and Worship among the Tamils of South India and Sri Lanka. Dennis B. McGilvray. Ahmedabad, India: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 1998. 72 pp.

Relocated Lives: Displacement and Resettlement in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka. Birgitte Refslund Sørensen. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1996. 247 pp.

Amiable Incoherence: Manipulating Histories and Modernities in. Batticaloa Hindu Temple. Mark P. Whitaker. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1999. 302 pp.
The Power of Animals: An Ethnography.
Authors: Milliet Jacqueline
Published: November 2004

The Power of Animals: An Ethnography. Brian Morris. New York: Berg, 1998. 264 pp.
The City in Time and Space.
Authors: Castillo Concepcion Del
Published: November 2004

The City in Time and Space. Aidan W. Southall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 474 pp.
Why Gods Persist: A Scientific Approach to Religion.
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: November 2004

Why Gods Persist:. Scientific Approach to Religion. Robert A. Hinde. New York: Routledge, 1999. 288 pp.
Mangling Symbols of Gentility in the Wild West: Case Studies in Interpretive Archaeology
Authors: Praetzellis Adrian , Praetzellis Mary
Published: November 2004

Gentility (aka, "Victorian culture") was the preeminent model of propriety in mid‐ and late‐nineteenth‐century California. Thanks to industrial production and an efficient supply network, the genteel mores of Victoria's England came to be expressed in a suite of artifacts that became de rigueur for anyone who aspired to a position of respectability—even in the wilds of the American West. The trappings of gentility, however, were not used only by the aspiring white middle class to achieve some kind of nervous social acceptance. In this essay, we present archaeological examples from a high‐ranking Mexican‐Californio, a Chinese American merchant, African American porters, and an expensive brothel to suggest that the symbols of gentility had power outside the parlors of the white middle class and that other groups manipulated the potent symbolic content of these artifacts for their own diverse ends. [African Americans, Chinese Americans, historical archaeology, interpretive archaeology, Victorianism]
Introduction: Comparative Perspectives on the Indigenous Rights Movement in Africa and the Americas
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L.
Published: November 2004

Using ethnographic case studies, these "In Focus" articles explore the indigenous rights movements in two regions, Africa and the Americas, where the histories, agendas, and dynamics of the movements are at once similar and different. They consider a range of relevant questions about the politics of representation, recognition, resources, and rights as these movements engage shifting political and economic landscapes; transnational discourses, alliances, and organizations; and the complicated cultural politics of inclusion and exclusion invoked by the term indigenous. As such, they offer a critical, comparative perspective on the issues of culture, power, representation, and difference inherent in the complicated alliances, articulations, and tensions that have produced and transformed the transnational indigenous rights movement. This introduction provides a brief history of the movement, highlights some major themes in previous anthropological work, reviews the insights of the section articles, and explores some of the ways in which anthropologists have engaged with the movement. [Keywords: indigenous peoples, social movements, cultural politics, ethnography]
Rethinking Anthropological Studies of the Body: Manas and Bōdham in Kerala
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: November 2004

Anthropological research that focuses on the body has been prolific in the last two decades. This trend has provided an important reorientation away from a tendency to focus on mental representations of experience and has allowed for a more holistic understanding of the human condition. However, this article argues that much research on the body has created a false dichotomy: Westerners are seen as living in a world of mentalistic bias and mind–body dualism while all others are understood as more grounded in their bodies. Ethnographic research conducted among people suffering psychopathology and possession in Kerala, India, challenges these assumptions about the embodied Other by showing that these patients experience a continuum of states of being that includes the body, mind, consciousness, and self/soul. This approach demonstrates how an examination of a local culturally and historically formed phenomenological orientation can provide a useful alternative to the tendency to discover embodied peoples. [Keywords: body, embodiment, India, Kerala]
Boas's Changes in Bodily Form: The Immigrant Study, Cranial Plasticity, and Boas's Physical Anthropology
Authors: Gravlee Clarence C. , Bernard H. Russell , Leonard William R.
Published: November 2004

In two recent articles, we and another set of researchers independently reanalyzed data from Franz Boas's classic study of immigrants and their descendants. Whereas we confirm Boas's overarching conclusion regarding the plasticity of cranial form, Corey Sparks and Richard Jantz argue that Boas was incorrect. Here we attempt to reconcile these apparently incompatible conclusions. We first address methodological differences between our reanalyses and suggest that (1) Sparks and Jantz posed a different set of questions than we did, and (2) their results are largely consistent with our own. We then discuss our differing understandings of Boas's original argument and of the concept of cranial plasticity. In particular, we argue that Sparks and Jantz attribute to Boas a position he explicitly rejected. When we clarify Boas's position and place the immigrant study in historical context, Sparks and Jantz's renalysis supports our conclusion that, on the whole, Boas got it right. [Keywords: Franz Boas, plasticity, anthropometry, heritability, immigrant study]
Kinship and Deep History: Exploring Connections between Culture Areas, Genes, and Languages
Authors: Jones Doug
Published: November 2004

Large‐scale geographic variation in kinship systems may have deep roots. A number of authors now argue for an "emerging synthesis," with genetic, linguistic, and archeological findings coming together to paint a consistent picture of large‐scale population spreads in prehistory. This article explores a social structural dimension of this synthesis: Major culture areas based on variation in kinship systems correspond closely—yet not perfectly—to genetic and linguistic clusters identified by other researchers. Thus it may be possible to reconstruct: (1) a set of "primary" culture areas corresponding to major population blocs and associated with ancient demic expansions and parallel transmission of genes and culture, and (2) a smaller set of overlying "secondary" culture areas of more recent origin that do not map onto genetic subdivisions and result from changes in subsistence or political economy independent of large‐scale demic expansions. I also review latitudinal variation in kinship systems. [Keywords: culture areas, demic expansions, kinship (prehistory), protolanguages]
Do "Language Rights" Serve Indigenous Interests? Some Hopi and Other Queries
Authors: Whiteley Peter
Published: November 2004

While valuable, the discourse of language rights neglects language use in cultural, social, and historical contexts. This article examines some implications of that neglect, especially vis‐a‐vis small‐scale, indigenous, "oral" societies. Drawing principally on Hopi examples, I argue that language rights discourse rests on a reflexivization of language and culture enhanced by globalism. Now reified, language becomes an allegory of ethnic identity. Preexisting sociolinguistic sensibilities get repositioned, for example, in Native Americancommunities in which language has hitherto been deployed as a technique of privacy and sovereignty, language rights ideology islogocentric and presumes a democratic, secular space of language use, conflicting with both privacy and performativity in Native linguisticvalues. And some linguistic usage reinforces social inequality, both transnationally and group‐internally: Here, language rights contradict other human rights. Language rights discourse also requires anthropology to rethink its recent antipathy to the culture concept and to treat language and culture objectively. [Keywords: language rights, sociolinguistic values, sovereignty, logocentrism, globalism]
Mayan Language Revival and Revitalization Politics: Linguists and Linguistic Ideologies
Authors: England Nora C.
Published: November 2004

Although spoken by a relatively large population, Mayan languages show signs of language shift and loss because the children in some of the speech communities are no longer learning the language. At the same time, Mayas are participating in a movement of cultural reaffirmation, a principle focus of which is language. Maya linguists are central in formulating and reshaping language ideologies to further the goals of revitalization, and they play a significant role in cultural/linguistic activism. This article shows the extent of the contribution of linguistics to Mayan language vitality through an analysis of language ideologies and how they have been reformulated by Maya linguists, and by a review of an apparently successful attempt at reversing language loss that has arisen through an integrated community‐based program of cultural revitalization that centers, to a large extent, on language and makes specific use of linguistics. [Keywords: language shift, language ideologies, language revitalization, Mayan languages, Maya movement]
Language Ideology and Women's Speech: Talking Community in the Northwest Amazon
Authors: Chernela Janet M.
Published: November 2004

Taking the Northwest Amazon of Brazil as its example, this article argues for the analytic concept of a "speech culture," combining, but heuristically separating, speech practice and language ideology. In the Northwest Amazon, an ideology of language establishes an equivalence between linguistic performance and descent group belonging. In contrast to the fixed, normative notions of groupness, this article explores the dynamic construction of social relations through women's ritualized wept greeting speech. In these interactions, linguistic differentiation is countered by the experience of a single speech act based upon shared principles with organized participation in and by different linguistic codes. Through the collaborative nature of the speech act a common ground is produced and revealed. The community in this sense emerges as a cultural artifact whose production is largely the work of women. Through these speech interactions—of similar sentiments and meanings across different linguistic codes—women of the Northwest Amazon construct a community of talk. [Keywords: women, laments, language, Amazonia]
Universal Patterns in Cultural Evolution: An Empirical Analysis Using Guttman Scaling
Authors: PEREGRINE PETER N. , EMBER CAROL R. , EMBER MELVIN
Published: November 2004

We test for universal patterns in cultural evolution by Guttman scaling on two different worldwide samples of archaeological traditions and on well‐known archaeological sequences. The evidence is generally consistent with universal evolutionary sequences. We also present evidence for some punctuated evolutionary events.
Does French Islam Have Borders? Dilemmas of Domestication in a Global Religious Field
Authors: BOWEN JOHN R.
Published: November 2004

Although many accounts of transnational religious movements emphasize mobility and communication, equally important are efforts by both political actors and religious leaders to carve out distinctive national forms of religion. In this article I examine dilemmas faced by Muslims in France who seek both to remain part of the global Muslimcommunity and to satisfy French demands for conformity to political and cultural norms. I consider the history of immigration and the importance of French notions of laïcité but emphasize the structural problem of articulating a global religious field onto a self‐consciously bounded French nation‐state. I then draw on recent fieldwork in Paris to analyze two recent public events in which attempts by Muslim public intellectuals to develop an “Islam of France” are frustrated by internal, structural tensions concerning religious authority and political legitimacy, and not simply by a conflict between “Muslims” and “France.”
Constituted through Conflict: Images of Community (and Nation) in Bulgarian Rural Ritual
Authors: CREED GERALD W.
Published: November 2004

Following the 20th anniversary of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, this article extrapolates how attention to actual notions of community might redirect his important intervention. It suggests that locally and culturally specific ideas about collectivity shape the experience and expectations of national‐level projections. To demonstrate this outcome the analysis focuses on Bulgarian mumming—spectacular winter rituals in which threatening masked figures transverse villages to banish evil and bring good fortune. While these rituals clearly reinforce social solidarity, they represent a local notion of community in which conflict, both intra‐and interethnic, is elemental and constitutive. This image of community does not demand consensus or homogeneity when imagined on a national scale. Such variations in community notions may help explain the diversity of national experiences increasingly documented by ethnographers.
Ritual, Risk, and Danger: Chain Prayers in Fiji
Authors: TOMLINSON MATT
Published: November 2004

Rituals that defuse immediate senses of danger can perpetuate senses of powerlessness. Ambiguous language used in defensive rituals can heighten people's senses of the risks they are confronting and also compel people to perform those rituals again in the future. In this article, I illustrate this argument by examining Fijian Methodist masu sema (chain prayers), which are conducted to defuse the dangers that beset society, including curses from demonic ancestors. I argue that Fijian cultural themes of present‐day human powerlessness are generated largely by competition between Methodist and chiefly authorities. “Chain prayers” are attempts to negate the power of dangerous ancestors, but in requesting God's help, ritual participants cast themselves as powerless. Verbal ambiguity in chain prayers gives “demons” lives of their own, compelling their future circulation.
South African Museums and the Creation of a New National Identity
Authors: NANDA SERENA
Published: November 2004

Museums are important sites of national cultural production, collective memory making, and the construction of national narratives. Contemporary South Africa is a particularly interesting place to study these processes. With the demise of apartheid, South Africa faces the difficult challenge of creating a new national identity that incorporates an examination of past oppression yet leaves the way open for building a national identity that incorporates all its diverse groups. The museums reviewed below, the Robben Island Prison Museum, the District Six Museum in Capetown, and the Kwa Muhle local history museum in Durban all make important contributions to this process.
Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide
Authors: ROBBEN ANTONIUS C. G. M.
Published: November 2004

Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide. Alexander Laban Hinton, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 405 pp.
Contesting Agriculture: Cooperativism and Privatization in the New Eastern Germany
Authors: BAUERKÄMPER ARND
Published: November 2004

Contesting Agriculture: Cooperativism and Privatization in the New Eastern Germany. Hans C. Buechler and Judith‐Maria Buechler. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 354 pp.
Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections.
Authors: RIDINGTON ROBIN
Published: November 2004

Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Colin G. Calloway, Gerd Gemunden, and Susanne Zantop, eds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 351 pp.
What Place for Hunter‐Gatherers in Millennium Three?
Authors: BODLEY JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

What Place for Hunter‐Gatherers in Millennium Three? Thomas N. Headland and Doris E. Blood, eds. Dallas: SIL International, 2002. 105 pp.
Human Population Dynamics: Cross‐Disciplinary Perspectives
Authors: CRAWFORD MICHAEL H.
Published: November 2004

Human Population Dynamics: Cross‐Disciplinary Perspectives. Helen Macbeth and Paul Collinson, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 224 pp.
Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines
Authors: DE VRIES PIETER
Published: November 2004

Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Jeremy MacClancy, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. 456 pp.
A Companion to Cultural Studies
Authors: SCHEIN LOUISA
Published: November 2004

A Companion to Cultural Studies. Toby Miller, ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 579 pp.
Maya Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization
Authors: LOEWE RON
Published: November 2004

Maya Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization. June C. Nash. New York: Routledge, 2001. 303 pp.
Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala
Authors: NASH JUNE C.
Published: November 2004

Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala. Victoria Sanford. New York: Palgrave, 2003. 313 pp.
Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics
Authors: KELSKY KAREN L.
Published: November 2004

Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics. Louisa Schein. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. 365 pp.
Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval
Authors: KAWANO SATSUKI
Published: November 2004

Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval. Mary Isaacs White. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 255 pp.
Therapeutic Effects of Hallucinogens
Authors: Winkelman Michael
Published: November 2004

This paper reviews some of the evidence indicating that hallucinogens or psychedelic substances have therapeutic effects. The general character hallucinogen use in non‐ Western societies is briefly reviewed to present data about the characteristic beliefs and uses associated with these substances. Evidence for therapeutic effectiveness is addressed from several perspectives: the findings from clinical medicine on effects of LSD; a general model of altered states of consciousness, their physiological characteristics, and therapeutic effects; and laboratory studies of physiological, sensory, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive effects of hallucinogens. These findings illuminate the general psychophysiological effects of hallucinogens and their consciousness altering and therapeutic mechanisms.
Medicine Women, Curanderas, and Women Doctors
Authors: Price La Verna
Published: November 2004

Bobette Perrone. H. Henrietta Stockel. and Victoria Krueger. Medicine Women, Curanderas, and Women Doctors. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1989. ISBN 0‐8061‐2200‐5. Hardcover, $24.95. Pp. xix+272.
About the First Principles of Philosophical Anthropology
Authors: Omelchenko Nickolay
Published: November 2004

We need a metaphysics of respect for nature in order to establish the foundation for a humanistic philosophical anthropology. A metaphysics of respect for human beings will assist us in overcoming the human crisis. Genuine metaphysical respect for nature and for humans needs no supernatural substance. Matter is realized as causa sui and can be also defined as Natura sapiens. Humans are not the only intelligent life forms in the universe. Man is primordial a creative being: Homo creans. The predestination of philosophical anthropology consists in clearing and co‐creating the essence (logos) of human being.
Review Essay: Affecting Performance: Meaning, Movement, and Experience in Okiek Women's Initiation
Authors: Friedson Steven M.
Published: November 2004

Affecting Performance: Meaning, Movement, and Experience in Okiek Women's Initiation. Corinne A. Kratz. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. 469 pp. $69.00 (cloth), $24.95 (paper).
Of Water and the Spirit: Ritual, Magic, and Initiation in the Life of an African Shaman
Authors: Salamone Frank
Published: November 2004

Of Water and the Spirit: Ritual, Magic, and Initiation in the Life of an African Shaman. Malidoma Patrick Someé. New York: G.P Putnam's Sons, 1994. 311pp. $22.95 (cloth).
The Wilderness of Dreams: Exploring the Religious Meanings of Dreams in Modern Western Culture
Authors: Hillman Deborah
Published: November 2004

The Wilderness of Dreams: Exploring the Religious Meanings of Dreams in Modem Western Culture. Kelly Bulkeley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. 309 pp. $19.95 (paper).
The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing
Authors: Goodman Felicitas D.
Published: November 2004

The Sacred Self:. Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Thomas J. Csordas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. 327 pp. $35.00 (cloth).
Mabel McKay: Weaving the Dream
Authors: Mertz Lisa
Published: November 2004

Mabel McKay: Weaving the Dream. Greg Sarris. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. $18.00 (paper).
Sensuality and Consciousness V: Emergence of the "Savage Savage" The Study of Child Behavior and Human Development in Cultural Isolates
Authors: Sorenson E. Richard
Published: November 2004

As was seen in paper IV of this series (Anthropology of Consciousness 7[4]: 9‐30), basic consciousness can differ strikingly across eras. The type detailed there belongs to a preconquest era that survives today only in isolated enclaves that have not yet been absorbed within the thrall of conquering cultures. There are very few still left. Significantly they are widely distributed across the world.

The type of consciousness peculiar to that era focuses liminaly, not supraliminally (as is the norm today). It spawns mental capabilities, and a sense‐of‐truth, very different from our modern type. It generates a way‐of‐life that is simultaneously individualistic and collective—qualities immiscible in modern thought and languages. Their fusion in that earlier era is one of many indications of the profoundness of the mental gulf separating that era from our current one. This premodern type also spawns a spontaneous group rapport so alien to our 20th century that modern beings scarcely can perceive it, much less appreciate it. When seized by hostile or domineering cultures, this preconquest type of consciousness collapses.

The type of consciousness typical to that era focuses on direct sensory experience. Therefore cognition is not divided into clearly separable units. Experience being continuous, not discrete, cannot therefore be managed by syntax and logic, as in modern thought. The dialectic type of inquiry underlying our modern sense‐of‐truth is but a ship passing in the deepest darkness of the distant night to such mentality. Just as invisibly their sense‐of‐truth evades Western sensibility. Such differences pose questions not only regarding the reconcilability of truth across eras but about mental evolution too. For as yet there is no way to know whether today's type of consciousness reflects a positive or negative turning in the evolution of mentality.

The way‐of‐life of this earlier era coheres with accounts of "untouched" peoples made by early explorers and philosophers who admired the considerate and peaceful ways of the "Noble Savage." They speak of "generosity," "loyalty," and truthfulness." How then is it that their conquerors spoke of "bestiality," "treacherousness," and "deceit"? That question will be dealt with here.
Things as They Are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology
Authors: Birth Kevin K.
Published: November 2004

Things as They Are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology. Michael Jackson. ed. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. 1996. ix. 278pp. $19.95.