bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in Hemostasis (Part 1): Improved Management of Inherited Platelet Disorders: Reality or Illusion?
Authors: Streif Werner
Published: August 2023

Platelets are key drivers of hemostasis. Low platelet counts, dysfunction in platelet adhesion, and aggregation lead to increased bleeding tendency. Inherited platelet disorders (IPDs) form a highly heterogeneous group of rare diseases with variable bleeding tendency. IPDs may be associated with other signs and symptoms often referred to as “syndromic.” The underlying genetic defect may prone patients to develop hematopoietic diseases such as leukemia. Over the last decade, accumulating knowledge in genetics has led to the detection of many “new” platelet disorders. However, still many patients with a well-described platelet dysfunction remain undetected until severe bleeding occurs.
Nitrene Cyclization of 2-(Trichloromethyl)-5-phenylpyrimidines: Application to the Synthesis of 2-(Trichloromethyl)pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and Related Heterocycles
Authors: Romero-Ortega Moisés , Vargas-Cruz Ulises J. , Peralta-Chávez José G. , Romero-Reyes Misael A. , Martínez-Otero Diego
Published: August 2023

An aromatic C–H nitrene insertion of 2-(trichloromethyl)pyrimidines bearing a phenyl substituent at the C-5 position is described. Treatment of 4-chloro-5-phenyl-2-(trichloromethyl)pyrimidines with sodium azide in DMF or the reflux of 4-azido-5-phenyl-2-(trichloromethyl)pyrimidines in toluene provided 2-(trichloromethyl)pyrimido[4,5-b]indole derivatives in moderate yields. Excellent yields of this heterocyclic system were obtained through the aromatic C–H insertion with the Du Bois catalyst. This is an attractive approach for synthesizing pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles with a trichloromethyl substituent in the pyrimidine moiety.
Quantifying the Stress in Stress Radiographs to Determine Sufficient Laxity of the Coxofemoral Joint: A Canine Hip Dysplasia Cadaveric Study
Authors: Vandekerckhove Louis M.J. , Herregodts Stijn , Saunders Jimmy H. , Broeckx Bart J. G.
Published: August 2023

Objective While it has been known for a long time that laxity in the hip joint is the primary cause of degenerative changes later on in canine hip dysplasia, limited data are available on the fundamental characteristics that define the procedure used to quantify this. The aim of this study was to evaluate the force–laxity relation to assess the repeatability of repeated cycles of stress on the hip joint and determine the force necessary tomeasure a sufficient proportion of laxity present in hip joints.

Materials and Methods Thirty-four canine cadavers underwent a radiographic protocol including stress radiographs with increasing force using the Vezzoni modified Badertscher distension measuring device (VMBDmD). Three dogs underwent five repeat examinations. The laxity index (LI) and osteoarthritis were scored.

Results and Conclusion The curves and the maximal LI (LImax) were not significantly influenced by osteoarthritis, weight, gender, and side. The position of the VMBDmD influenced the curve but not the LImax. The force–laxity curve itself and the LImax were repeatable, which indicated that it did not cause permanent damage to the joint and also confirmed the practicability of the procedure. Ninety percent of hip joints reached sufficient laxity at a force of 95.32 N, which is realistically achievable. Further studies are necessary before extrapolating these results to patients and to further enlighten the biomechanics of stress radiographs.
Role of Parenteral Antibiotics in the Management of Extensive Burns
Authors: Sawhney C. P. , Sharma R. K. , Lagvankar S. P.
Published: August 2023

A total of 458 burn patients admitted in the Plastic surgery department of the Postgraduate Institute of Medial Education and Research, Chandigarh during 1982-1985 have been analysed. The situations have been identified where the use of parenteral antibiotics is indicated. Emphasis is laid upon the judicious and rational use of systemic antibiotics during the course of extensive burns especially in cases of established invasive sepsis.
Massive Ameloblastomas
Authors: Misra N. C. , Chandra R. , Bhattacharya S. , Chaturvedi A. , Jaiswal M. S. D.
Published: August 2023

Our experience in the management of eleven cases of massive ameloblastomas of the jaws seen during the last fourteen years in the department of Surgery at the King George's Medical College, Lucknow is being presented. Immediate reconstruction of the jaw was attempted with either a bone graft or a stainless steel plate or K-wires as was feasible. Of the three modalities used for reconstructing the defect, bone grafts gave the best acceptable results.
A Clinical and Quantitative Bacteriological Study on Wound Infection and Effects of Some Topical Anti-Microbial Agents on Wound Healing
Authors: Gupta Sandipan , Dutta Subir K. , Ganguli A. C.
Published: August 2023

A total of 165 cases of burns were evaluated by surface swab culture and quantitative biopsy cultures. Staphylococci was the most frequent single organism isolated, although Gram-negatives exceeded the Gram-positives ones. Surface swab culture was found to be a generally reliable indication in 70% of the cases. Framycetin was found to be superior to Povidone iodine and Silver sulphadiazine as far as topical antimicrobial agents are concerned.
Microvascular Femoral Vein Anastomosis in Experimental Rats—A Histopathologic Study
Authors: Srivastava D. C. , Sinha J. K. , Khanna Shushila , Tripathi F. M. , Bhattacharya V.
Published: August 2023

In the present work we have carried out end-to-end anastomosis in 40 femoral veins with an average diameter of 1 mm in experimental rats. The patency was achieved in 80 percent. Histopathological examination of the representative specimen of anastomosed veins were carried out at the end of 7 to 14 day and the findings are reported. Correct apposition of the cut ends of the vein and minimal medial damage were found to be the most important factors in the success of microvenous anastomosis.
Island Tongue Flap*
Authors: Bhattacharya S. , Chaturvedi A. , Jaiswal M. S. D. , Bhatnagar S. K. , Misra N. C.
Published: August 2023

In a clinico-anatomical study in ten cadavers and 24 patients of oral cancer a new island myomucosal flap, the “Island Tongue Flap” was designed and standardized in our unit. Based on the ipsilateral lingual artery and its venae comitantes this island flap was used to cover defects in the check, floor of mouth and aropharynx. Speech, swallowing and disposal of saliva were least affected post-operatively.
Resurfacing of the Knee Joint after Release of Contracture
Authors: Saha Ila , Chatterji S. , Roy A.
Published: August 2023

Fifteen cases of post burn contracture of the knee were resurfaced after release of contracture by the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle and free skin graft, during the last 5 years period. It was found to be a much superior and useful method as compared to the conventional method of free skin grafting.
Closure of Lumbosacral Meningomyelocele Defects with Triple Rhomboid (Limberg) Flaps
Authors: Sharma R. K.
Published: August 2023

The primary closure of the meningomyelocele defects is a challenging problem and calls for urgent closure of the defect. The author describes a method of closure of the lumbosacral meningomyelocele defect with the help of triple rhomboid flaps (Limberg). The defect is converted to a hexagon which incorporates three rhomboids, on which, three limberg flaps are designed utilizing the laxity of available skin. The technique is simple to design and execute and is safe and reliable.
ETG turbulence in a tokamak pedestal
Authors: Walker Justin , Hatch David R.
Published: August 2023

This paper explores the fundamental characteristics of electron-temperature-gradient (ETG)-driven turbulence in the tokamak pedestal. The extreme gradients in the pedestal produce linear instabilities and nonlinear turbulence that are distinct from the corresponding ETG phenomenology in the core plasma. The linear system exhibits multiple (greater than ten) unstable eigenmodes at each perpendicular wave vector, representing different toroidal and slab branches of the ETG instability. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the nonlinear fluctuations reveals no clear one-to-one correspondence between the linear and nonlinear modes for most wave vectors. Moreover, nonlinear frequencies deviate strongly from those of the linear instabilities, with spectra peaking at positive frequencies, which is opposite the sign of the ETG instability. The picture that emerges is one in which the linear properties are preserved only in a narrow range of k-space. Outside this range, nonlinear processes produce strong deviations from both the linear frequencies and eigenmode structures. This is interpreted in the context of critical balance, which enforces alignment between the parallel scales and fluctuation frequencies. We also investigate the nonlinear saturation processes. We observe a direct energy cascade from the injection scale to smaller scales in both perpendicular directions. However, in the bi-normal direction, there is also nonlocal inverse energy transfer to larger scales. Neither streamers nor zonal flows dominate the saturation.
Advances in superconductor quantum and thermal detectors for analytical instruments
Authors: Ohkubo Masataka
Published: August 2023

Analytical instruments or scientific instruments are indispensable for scientific research and industry. The analytical instruments require a detector that converts physical quantities to be measured (measurands) to electric signals. This Tutorial describes the basics of quantum and thermal detectors, the operation principles of superconductor detectors, and the ultimate performance of state-of-art analytical instruments with superconductivity. We still face fundamental issues, such as the classical Fano factor, the relation between energy gap and mean carrier creation energy, quasiparticle dynamics, and the intermediate state in the middle of superconducting transition; and engineering issues, such as the small sensitive area and the spatially nonuniform response. Nevertheless, enormous efforts have matured superconductor detectors, which enables us to solve the inherent problems of conventional analytical instruments. As an example of the analytical results, we describe x-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry at our institute by using three detector types: superconductor tunnel junction, transition edge sensor, and superconductor strip. Microwave kinetic inductance and metallic magnetic calorimetric types are also described. The analytical results may contribute to a wide range of fields, such as dentistry, molecular biology, energy-saving society, planetary science, and prebiotic organic molecules in space.
A human ear-inspired ultrasonic transducer (HEUT) for 3D localization of sub-wavelength scatterers
Authors: Nie Luzhen , Toulemonde Matthieu , Tang Meng-Xing , Freear Steven , Harput Sevan
Published: August 2023

The proposed technology aims to enable 3D localization of scatterers using single element ultrasonic transducers, which are traditionally limited to 1D measurements. This is achieved by designing a bespoke acoustic lens with a spiral-shaped pattern similar to the human outer ear, a shape that has evolved for sound source localization. This lens breaks the surface symmetry of the transducer, allowing ultrasonic waves arriving from different directions to be encoded in a certain way that can later be decoded to extract directional information. By employing the mechanism of spatial-encoding of the received signals and decoding via signal processing, the location of sub-wavelength scatterers can be detected in 3D with a single measurement for sparsely distributed scatterers. The proposed technology is first verified through a simulation study, and then 3D printed acoustic lenses are used to demonstrate the 3D encoding functionality of the Human Ear-inspired Ultrasonic Transducer (HEUT) experimentally. A framework is created to localize scatterers in 3D by processing received signals acquired by a HEUT prototype. With this technology, a single transducer can obtain multi-dimensional information with a single pulse-echo measurement, reducing the number of elements required for performing 3D ultrasound localization. The proposed spatial-encoding and -decoding technology can be applied to other wave-based imaging methods to develop affordable, practical, and compact sensing devices.
Self-adaptive turbulence eddy simulation of a premixed jet combustor
Authors: Xia Zhaoyang , Zhang Hongda , Han Xingsi , Ren Zhuyin
Published: August 2023

The self-adaptive turbulence eddy simulation (SATES) is employed to investigate the lean premixed methane/air turbulent flame in a single-nozzle model gas turbine combustor, in which the high axial momentum jet issuing from an off-center nozzle facilitates the development of a large-scale, dominant lateral recirculation zone that stabilizes the flame. For turbulence modeling, the SATES method can dynamically adjust the proportion of resolving and modeling of turbulent scales according to the local grid scale and turbulence length scales, thus depressing the gird-sensitivity in large eddy simulation (LES) calculation. For combustion modeling, the thickened flame model with a reduced chemistry mechanism is integrated into the SATES turbulence modeling framework to capture the unsteady flame dynamics. The accuracy of SATES results is assessed against experimental data, as well as the ones from LES and the detached eddy simulation (DES) of this burner with the same combustion model and grids. The predicted length of large-scale recirculation of the flow field by SATES is significantly better than that by LES and DES with low mesh resolution. Detailed comparisons show that the SATES adaptively improves the modeling degree of near-wall turbulence to improve the prediction accuracy with the low grid resolution. Similar to LES, the SATES method does not cause serious delay of shear layer instability and weakening of flame wrinkle observed in DES. The study demonstrates the suitability and accuracy of the hybrid turbulence modeling methods of SATES for complex turbulent flame simulations coupled with suitable combustion model.
Density functional analysis of oxide dipole layer voltage shifts in high κ/metal gate stacks
Authors: Cao Ruyue , Zhang Zhaofu , Guo Yuzheng , Robertson John
Published: August 2023

The mechanism of gate threshold voltage (VT) shifts observed in high κ/metal gate stacks is investigated by a density functional theory. This finds that VT depends on the band alignments and the chemical trends between the component oxide layers, such as HfO2, SrO, La2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2. Based on the electron counting rule, we have built three insulating SiO2/SrO, SiO2/La2O3, and SiO2/Al2O3 interfaces, all of which feature a clean bandgap. Two methods have been adopted to derive the band alignments between these four oxides, which are consistent with each other. The results show staggered, “staircase” band alignments and enable La2O3 and Al2O3 layers to shift the metal electrode Fermi level in opposite directions and to approach the Si conduction band and valence band edge positions, respectively. This analysis updates previous empirical models of this effect based on metal oxide ion densities or electronegativity scales and confirms that the oxide layer scheme is suitable for controlling the effective metal work functions in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Dynamics of the non-autonomous stochastic p-Laplacian parabolic problems on unbounded thin domains
Authors: Pu Zhe , Li Dingshi
Published: August 2023

This paper focuses on the dynamics of the non-autonomous stochastic p-Laplacian parabolic problems defined on unbounded thin domains. We first show that the tails of solutions of the equation are uniformly small outside a bounded domain, which is utilized to overcome the non-compactness of Sobolev embeddings on unbounded domains. We then prove the existence and uniqueness of random attractors for the equations defined on (n + 1)-dimensional unbounded thin domains and further establish the upper semi-continuity of attractors as the thin domains collapse onto the space Rn.
A method for consistent cavitation bubble generation at different voltages
Authors: Prabhakar Akurati , Sarkar Urbesh , Ghoshal Ritwik , Ghoshal Anirban
Published: August 2023

A study of the dynamics of a single cavitation bubble is fundamental for understanding a wide range of applications in science and engineering. Underwater electrical discharge is a widely used method for generating cavitation bubbles to study their inception, subsequent dynamics, and collapse. In this work, an existing underwater low-voltage discharge circuit for generating cavitation bubbles is improved further to get a wider range of maximum bubble radius. In this novel electric circuit design, the operating voltage can be varied (up to 420 V in steps of 60 V) by connecting a network of capacitors in different series-parallel combinations with the help of relay-based control. Therefore, this device can generate oscillating cavitation bubbles up to a maximum radius of 14 mm by adjusting the available discharge energy. A voltage sensor circuit is included in this design to measure the drop in voltage during the sparking event, and a correlation between the delivered energy and the potential energy of the bubble is established. The dependence of bubble radius on circuit resistance, electrode resistance, and electrode material is studied for the entire voltage range. A suitably rated semiconductor field effect transistor is used as a switch that enables the generation of bubbles of a consistent maximum radius and ensures the repeatability of the experiment. A high-speed imaging system is used to estimate the bubble radius and nucleation period, which are compared with the existing theoretical models based on empty cavity collapse. Results show that delaying the oxidation of electrodes with a protective layer influences the collapse phase and the average pressure inside the spark-generated bubble.
Sub-micrometer four-point probe transport measurements on graphene
Authors: Vonk K. , Verbakel J. D. , Huijink R. , Zandvliet H. J. W.
Published: August 2023

Usually, electronic transport measurements on two-dimensional materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, require deposition of electrodes on top of the material, in, for instance, the form of a Hall bar device. In this work, we show that by making use of a collinear micro-four-point probe, electrical transport measurements on small flakes of graphene can be performed without having to fabricate electrodes on top of the flakes. Using probes with probe pitches down to sub-micrometer scale, we show back-gate tuned transport measurements in graphene on silicon oxide and on hexagonal boron nitride. The charge carrier mobilities and the minimum conductivity of graphene are in good agreement with conventional transport measurements. In addition, we assess the possible damage caused by landing these probes on graphene.
Rotationally synchronized single-pixel imaging for a fast-rotating object
Authors: Ma Mengchao , Wang Chen , Jia Yiqi , Guan Qingtian , Liang Wenbo , Chen Chunyang , Zhong Xiang , Deng Huaxia
Published: August 2023

In practical application environments, objects are rarely stationary, which makes it difficult to image dynamic objects with conventional single-pixel imaging (SI) techniques. In this paper, a rotationally synchronized single-pixel imaging (RS-SI) method is proposed to image a dynamic object in rotation. The modulation pattern rotates in sync with the rapidly rotating object, and the center of object rotation is ensured to be in line with the center of the illumination pattern. Then, RS-SI reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the image of the rotating object by collecting the light reflected from the object's surface. This method does not require advanced knowledge of the object rotation speed to complete the imaging. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the RS-SI can reconstruct images of an object at rotational speeds up to 422.0 rpm and can also complete imaging of a variable-speed rotating object. Imaging results of 128 × 128 pixels at a sampling rate of 27.47% can be obtained with high fidelity. The proposed RS-SI is a method for imaging an object in rotation, providing insights for future applications of single-pixel imaging technology for defect detection in rotating parts.
Encapsulation of olive leaf extract using double emulsion method
Authors: Sonmezler Demet , Sumnu Gulum , Sahin Serpil
Published: August 2023

Olive leaves are obtained as a waste product of the olive industry. Biophenols, abundantly found in olive leaves, are susceptible to heat, light, and oxidizing agents, which necessitates encapsulation to increase their bioavailability. In this study, the double emulsion method was preferred due to its protective effect on the active substance and the control over its release. The effects of different pea flour concentrations (15%, 20%, and 25%) used in outer aqueous phase of double emulsion and homogenization methods [high-speed homogenization (HSH) and ultrasonication (US)] on emulsion properties were investigated. The particle size, rheology, encapsulation efficiency, stability, optical images, and release behavior of the emulsions were determined. As hypothesized, flours acted as emulsifiers in the outer aqueous phase to increase the stability of emulsions. It was observed that the stability of emulsions was correlated with the viscosity and particle size. Increasing pea flour concentration from 15% to 25% resulted in a 25% and 30% increase in the stability of double emulsions prepared with HSH and US, respectively. The higher stability of emulsions prepared with 25% was due to their higher viscosity and smaller particle size. Samples were found to have shear-thinning behavior. Moreover, emulsions stored at 20 °C showed faster degradation compared to 4 °C. US treatment did not decrease the average particle size of emulsions. Average encapsulation efficiency for double emulsions prepared with HSH and US was 88.3% and 85.9%, respectively. As a result, pea flours could be used to encapsulate olive leaf extract successfully with high encapsulation efficiencies by using the double emulsion method.
Experimental investigation of solidity and blade profile effects on H-Darrieus wind rotor: Performance and self-starting analysis
Authors: Reddy Kanthala Uma , Deb Bachu , Roy Bidesh
Published: August 2023

The present study investigates the impact of rotor solidity and blade profile on the self-starting characteristics and performance of H-Darrieus wind rotors (H-rotors) through subsonic wind tunnel experiments. Three symmetrical (NACA 0018) and three unsymmetrical (NREL S823) H-rotors were analyzed to determine the coefficient of static torque (Cts) and coefficient of power (Cp) across three solidities (σ = 0.25, 0.3, and 0.35) and two free stream wind speeds (Uf = 6 and 8 m/s). The findings revealed that the NREL S823-bladed H-rotor outperformed the NACA 0018-bladed H-rotor, displaying 13% and 11% higher Cts values at σ = 0.25 (Uf = 6 and 8 m/s), 9% and 9% at σ = 0.3 (Uf = 6 and 8 m/s), and 13% and 11% at σ = 0.35 (Uf = 6 and 8 m/s). The NREL S823-bladed H-rotor achieved a maximum Cp of 0.197 at σ = 0.3 and Uf = 8 m/s, which is 6% higher than the maximum Cp obtained by the NACA 0018-bladed H-rotor. Furthermore, the trend of maximum Cp values for both H-rotors followed the order of Cp, max σ = 0.25 < Cp, max σ = 0.3 > Cp, max σ = 0.35. Based on the experimental findings, it is inferred that the NREL S823-bladed H-rotor with a solidity of 0.3 is suitable for small-scale wind turbines.
Experimental and modeling analysis of the transient spray characteristics of cyclopentane at sub- and transcritical conditions using a machine learning approach
Authors: Jeyaseelan Thangaraja , Son Min , Sander Tobias , Zigan Lars
Published: August 2023

Although fuel spray parameters, such as spray cone angle and penetration length, are crucial for developing high-efficiency and high-performance combustion engines, general models for predicting transient characteristics of these parameters have not been suggested. In this study, the spray characteristics of cyclopentane at sub- and transcritical conditions relevant for IC engine and rocket injections were experimentally evaluated. A single simplified model for predicting the spray cone angles and spray penetration lengths over time was developed by adopting artificial neural networks (ANN). Spray measurements were conducted by shadowgraphy and Mie scattering techniques to recognize the phase change behavior of the spray, changing the injection and chamber conditions. The ANN model was developed using a multi-layer network with six normalized inputs and four outputs. It was trained with five transient spray datasets at two subcritical and three transcritical injection conditions. It was validated with one transcritical spray dataset. The ANN prediction was assessed, and the proposed approach represents the spray characteristics of cyclopentane at sub- and transcritical conditions. According to the model results, the predicted spray parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results over a useful pressure and temperature range of 40–55 bar and 465–564 K, mean absolute percentage errors of 2.25% (shadowgraphy) and 4.92% (Mie) for the spray angles, and 1.11% (shadowgraphy) and 3.44% (Mie) for the spray penetration lengths. Moreover, the developed ANN model can predict the penetration ratio, providing information on phase changes in sprays. The developed ANN model in this study is expected to become a universal model for transient spray characteristics near the critical point. By adding the database with various fuel types and spray conditions, the universal model can be used to develop high-efficiency and high-performance combustion engines or other combustors.
Numerical analysis on hydrodynamic performance and hydrofoil optimization for amphibious vehicles
Authors: Pan Dibo , Xu Xiaojun , Liu Bolong
Published: August 2023

A numerical approach is established to study the hydrodynamic performance using an amphibious transport vehicle (ATV) as a research object. Numerical calculation based on the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes method is studied in terms of first layer grid height, surface meshing partition scale, and prismatic layer coefficient. Through uncertainty analysis, the correctness and convergence of the numerical approach are verified. Towing tests are conducted to compare the experimental data with the simulation results, which validated the reliability of the numerical approach under all working conditions. Results show that the numerical approach will affect the simulated results, with an average error of 3.91% for the resistance and 4.21% for the trim, meeting the requirements for analysis accuracy. Based on the proposed numerical approach, an optimization design is carried out to improve the hydrodynamic performance of the ATV. Effects of bow plate angle, stern flap angle, and stern flap install height are studied. Latin hypercube is used for sampling in optimization design, and the Kriging method is applied to establish an approximate model. The cross-validation is carried out using the leave-one-out method. Particle swarm optimization is used for parameter optimization, and the optimized configuration is verified using the numerical approach. Results indicate that the combination of bow plate and stern flap shows excellent improvement in the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles. Numerical error of the approximate model is only 0.292%, which fully verifies its accuracy and effectiveness. The optimized ATV configuration shows the best drag reduction performance of 38.81% compared to the original model.
Computing photoionization spectra in Gaussian basis sets
Authors: Duchemin Ivan , Levitt Antoine
Published: August 2023

We present a method to compute the photoionization spectra of atoms and molecules in linear-response, time-dependent density functional theory. The electronic orbital variations corresponding to ionized electrons are expanded on a basis set of delocalized functions, obtained as the solution of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, with gaussian basis set functions as the right-hand side. The resulting scheme is able to reproduce the photoionization spectra without any need for artificial regularization or localization. We demonstrate that this Green’s function-based approach is able to produce accurate spectra for semilocal exchange-correlation functionals, even using relatively small standard gaussian basis sets.
Global instability of the interaction between an oblique shock and a laminar boundary layer
Authors: Song Ziming , Hao Jiaao
Published: August 2023

This study investigates the oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction with a Mach number of 2.15 and a Reynolds number of 1×105. Both global stability analysis and direct numerical simulation are used to reveal the global instability characteristics and three-dimensional details of the incident shock flow. The results of global stability analysis indicate that stationary global instability occurs when the shock angle exceeds the critical angle 31.8°. At a shock angle equal to 33°, an additional unstable mode appears, which is oscillatory at large wavelength and gradually dominant when the wavelength decreases. As the wavelength is further reduced, the mode and its conjugation evolve into two stationary modes with different growth rates. A global instability criterion for incident shock flow is established based on the triple deck theory, which determines the instability only through free-stream conditions and shock angles. A direct numerical simulation is performed for the 32° shock angle case. It is found that secondary separation occurs during the nonlinear growth, which is absent in the two-dimensional base flow. Moreover, the separated flow undergoes a secondary perturbation growth, during which the dominant spanwise wavelength is doubled and the flow structures change significantly. The flow oscillates around a quasi-steady state in the end, indicating that a stationary unstable mode can develop unsteadiness without external disturbances.
High-cooperativity cavity magnon-polariton using a high-Qdielectric resonator
Authors: Kato Keisuke , Sasaki Ryo , Matsuura Kohei , Usami Koji , Nakamura Yasunobu
Published: August 2023

The hybrid system consisting of microwave photons and ferromagnetic magnons has been studied in the context of quantum sensing and quantum manipulation of magnons. We demonstrate a strong coupling between magnons and photons in a dielectric resonator with a large dielectric constant and high quality factor. The coupling rate between magnons and photons amounts to g/2π=126 MHz, and the corresponding cooperativity reaches C=1.09×106 at cryogenic temperature. The high cooperativity is mainly due to the small internal decay rate of the resonator, which is advantageous for various quantum magnonics experiments.
Room-temperature extended short-wave infrared GeSn photodetectors realized by ion beam techniques
Authors: Wen Shuyu , Shaikh Mohd Saif , Steuer Oliver , Prucnal Slawomir , Grenzer Jörg , Hübner René , Turek Marcin , Pyszniak Krzysztof , Reiter Sebastian , Fischer Inga Anita , Georgiev Yordan M. , Helm Manfred , Wu Shaoteng , Luo Jun-Wei , Zhou Shengqiang , Berencén Yonder
Published: August 2023

GeSn alloys hold great promise as high-performance, low-cost, near- and short-wavelength infrared photodetectors with the potential to replace the relatively expensive and currently market-dominant InGaAs- and InSb-based photodetectors. In this Letter, we demonstrate room-temperature GeSn pn photodetectors fabricated by a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible process, involving Sn and P ion implantation and flash-lamp annealing prior to device fabrication. The fabrication process enables the alloying of Ge with Sn at concentrations up to 4.5% while maintaining the high-quality single-crystalline structure of the material. This allows us to create Ge0.955Sn0.045 pn photodetectors with a low dark current density of 12.8 mA/cm2 and a relatively high extended responsivity of 0.56 A/W at 1.71 μm. These results pave the way for the implementation of a cost-effective, scalable, and CMOS-compatible short-wavelength infrared detector technology.
The transcription factors, STOP1 and TCP20, are required for root system architecture alterations in response to nitrate deficiency
Authors: Tokizawa Mutsutomo , Enomoto Takuo , Chandnani Rahul , Mora-Macías Javier , Burbridge Connor , Armenta-Medina Alma , Kobayashi Yuriko , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y. , Koyama Hiroyuki , Kochian Leon V.
Published: August 2023

Nitrate distribution in soils is often heterogeneous. Plants have adapted to this by modifying their root system architecture (RSA). Previous studies showed that NITRATE-TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1), which also transports auxin, helps inhibit lateral root primordia (LRP) emergence in nitrate-poor patches, by preferentially transporting auxin away from the LRP. In this study, we identified the regulatory system for this response involving the transcription factor (TF), SENSITIVE-TO-PROTON-RHIZOTOXICITY1 (STOP1), which is accumulated in the nuclei of LRP cells under nitrate deficiency and directly regulates Arabidopsis
NRT1.1
expression. Mutations in
STOP1
mimic the root phenotype of the loss-of-function
NRT1.1
mutant under nitrate deficiency, compared to wild-type plants, including increased LR growth and higher
DR5promoter
activity (i.e., higher LRP auxin signaling/activity). Nitrate deficiency–induced LR growth inhibition was almost completely reversed when STOP1 and the TF, TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1,-CYCLOIDEA,-PCF-DOMAIN-FAMILY-PROTEIN20 (TCP20), a known activator of
NRT1.1
expression, were both mutated. Thus, the STOP1-TCP20 system is required for activation of
NRT1.1
expression under nitrate deficiency, leading to reduced LR growth in nitrate-poor regions. We found this STOP1-mediated system is more active as growth media becomes more acidic, which correlates with reductions in soil nitrate as the soil pH becomes more acidic. STOP1 has been shown to be involved in RSA modifications in response to phosphate deficiency and increased potassium uptake, hence, our findings indicate that root growth regulation in response to low availability of the major fertilizer nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, all involve STOP1, which may allow plants to maintain appropriate root growth under the complex and varying soil distribution of nutrients.
p53-dependent R-loop formation and HPV pathogenesis
Authors: Templeton Conor Winslow , Laimins Laimonis A.
Published: August 2023

R-loops are trimeric RNA: DNA hybrids that are important physiological regulators of transcription; however, their aberrant formation or turnover leads to genomic instability and DNA breaks. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of genital as well as oropharyngeal cancers and exhibit enhanced amounts of DNA breaks. The levels of R-loops were found to be increased up to 50-fold in cells that maintain high-risk HPV genomes and were readily detected in squamous cell cervical carcinomas in vivo but not in normal cells. The high levels of R-loops in HPV-positive cells were present on both viral and cellular sites together with RNase H1, an enzyme that controls their resolution. Depletion of RNase H1 in HPV-positive cells further increased R-loop levels, resulting in impaired viral transcription and replication along with reduced expression of the DNA repair genes such as FANCD2 and ATR, both of which are necessary for viral functions. Overexpression of RNase H1 decreased total R-loop levels, resulting in a reduction of DNA breaks by over 50%. Furthermore, increased RNase H1 expression blocked viral transcription and replication while enhancing the expression of factors in the innate immune regulatory pathway. This suggests that maintaining elevated R-loop levels is important for the HPV life cycle. The E6 viral oncoprotein was found to be responsible for inducing high levels of R-loops by inhibiting p53’s transcriptional activity. Our studies indicate that high R-loop levels are critical for HPV pathogenesis and that this depends on suppressing the p53 pathway.
Cultural components of graduate students’ project activity (Componentes culturales de las actividades de proyectos de los estudiantes de posgrado)
Authors: Khaimuldina Anara , Burdina Elena , Abykenova Dariya , Pfeyfer Nellie
Published: August 2023

The aim is to study the grounds for project activity culture formation among graduate students. The study relies on quantitative methods to determine the level of the axiological, cognitive, reflexive and creative components of project activity culture. The respondents were 80 first-year graduate students enrolled in pedagogical programmes. The results show that when studying the axiological component, it was revealed that such values as ‘security’, ‘independence’, ‘kindness’, ‘hedonism’ and ‘universalism’ are the most important for graduate students. For further formation of the project activity culture of graduate students, the need to increase the level of the selected components was revealed. Further research on the issue will be carried out in the context of the implementation of the courses described and determining their effectiveness by reconsidering the selected components.
Effect of pH on corrosion behaviour of CoCrNi MEA imposed by alternating current in Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solution
Authors: Zhang Chenglong , Zhu Min , Yuan Yongfeng , Guo Shaoyi , Wei Guoying
Published: August 2023

The corrosion behaviour and mechanism of CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) imposed by alternating current (AC) in HCO3−/CO32− solution with various pH were systematically investigated via a series of corrosion tests. The results showed that with the augment of pH value, the polarisation resistance of the MEA decreased significantly, Ep shifted negatively, and ipI value increased, as well as corrosion rate was enhanced, revealing that the corrosion resistance was weakened. As solution pH increased, the formation of secondary passivation zone became easier, which may be attributed to the reaction conversion process of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) species. Moreover, the increase in pH led to an increase in defect density and a thinning of passivation film, facilitating the corrosion of the MEA. AC interference accelerated the ion exchange process and promoted the formation possibility of stable pitting. Higher iAC and pH inhibited the repassivation of metastable pitting, and increased the pitting susceptibility.

Highlights The effect of pH on the corrosion behaviour of CoCrNi MEA with imposed AC was clarified. High pH and iAC accelerated the nucleation and growth of metastable pits. With increased pH and iAC, the stability and protective ability of passive film were weakened. The secondary passivation of the MEA was mainly due to the conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) species.
Isotope-Shift Measurement of Bosonic Yb+ Ions
Authors: Yue 乐 Hong-Ling 虹伶 , Shao 邵 Hu 虎 , Chen 陈 Zheng 正 , Fang 方 Peng-Cheng 鹏程 , Zeng 曾 Meng-Yan 孟彦 , Zhang 张 Bao-Lin 宝林 , Huang 黄 Yao 垚 , Li 李 Ji-Guang 冀光 , Chen 陈 Qun-Feng 群峰 , Guan 管 Hua 桦 , Gao 高 Ke-Lin 克林
Published: August 2023

We present a method that the atomic transition frequency measurement relies on the accurate wavemeter, optical frequency comb and stable Fabry–Pérot cavity to precise determination of stable even isotope shift on single Yb+ ion (A = 168, 170, 172, 174, 176). The 6s
2
S
1/2 ↔ 6p
2
P
1/2 and 5d
2
D
3/2 ↔ 6s
3[3/2]1/2 resonance dipole transition frequencies are preliminarily measured by using a wavemeter which is calibrated by the 729 nm clock laser of 40Ca+. Meanwhile, those frequencies are double checked by using optical frequency comb for correction of deviation. Ultimately, by changing frequency locking points at an ultralow expansion cavity more slightly and monitoring the corresponding atomic fluorescence changing with 17%, we finally improve the resonant frequency uncertainty to ±6 MHz, which is one order of improvement in precision higher than previously published measurements on the same transitions. A King-plot analysis with sensitivity to coupling between electrons and neutrons is carried out to determine the field and mass shift constants. Our measurement combined with existing or future isotope shift measurements can be used to determine basic properties of atomic nuclei, and to test new forces beyond the Standard Model.
Injection of metallic elements into an electron-beam ion trap using an electron impact metal vapor source
Authors: Kimura Naoki , Kiyama Genichi , Ito Daiki , Nakamura Nobuyuki
Published: August 2023

We demonstrate a versatile method for injecting metallic elements into an electron-beam ion trap using a metal vapor source. This method is based on the evaporation of a metal target by continuous electron-beam impact. We present visible emission spectra of highly charged tungsten ions prepared by the present injection scheme. By comparison with the conventional injection method using a high-vapor-pressure W(CO)6 compound, several advantages of the present method, i.e. suppressing charge exchange reactions in the trap region and quick recovery of the vacuum condition after stopping the injection, are found. The present injection method also facilitates the measurement of emission spectra of highly charged niobium ions, which have never previously been observed using electron-beam ion traps.
Low-coherence and broadband confocal refractometry: reducing the measurement time
Authors: Francis D , Hallam J M , Tatam R P
Published: August 2023

This paper describes the steps taken to improve the measurement speed of a combined low-coherence and confocal refractive index measurement system. The instrument measures the refractive index and thickness of transparent plates using a fibre-based low-coherence interferometer with a line-scan spectrometer. The spectrometer allows on-line dispersion measurement which is necessary to derive the sample thickness t as well as both the phase and group refractive indices n
p, n
g. The measurements were performed on a sample with six surfaces consisting of three glass windows mounted in a lens tube. Experimental results show that a measurement time of 4.4 s for the multi-layered object, which has a total thickness of approximately 10.5 mm, can be achieved whilst maintaining an accuracy of better than 0.1% for n
p, n
g, and t. This represents an approximately hundredfold improvement over previously published measurements.
α decay half-lives of nuclei W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt in the range 157≤A≤193 using the modified generalised liquid drop model (MGLDM)
Authors: Anjali V K , Santhosh K P
Published: August 2023

The α-decay half-lives for the isotopes of nuclei W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt in the range

157
≤
A
≤
193
,

have been studied by using the Modified Generalised Liquid Drop Model (MGLDM). The half-lives predicted for some even–even nuclei by using the deformed Two Potential Approach (TPA) [Comm. Theo. Phys. 74, 055301 (2022)] are considered and included for the comparison. Additionally, we have analysed the α-decay half-lives using eight ℓ-dependent empirical formulae, and compared the results with the experimental data. The standard deviation and the average deviation for

log

1
0

T

1

/

2

by using MGLDM is obtained as 0.6025 and 0.5403, respectively. Also, the results of MGLDM match well with predictions of TPA, with standard deviation of 0.47 and 0.44 respectively. A dip in the half-life curve or a peak in the decay energy curve at 82, a magic neutron number of the daughter nuclei of

W

74

158

increases the viability of the calculations. Also, the linear nature of Geiger-Nuttall law, Universal law, the relation connecting

log
10

T

1
/
2

and

Z

Q
α

−
1
/
2

,

and the New Geiger-Nuttall law helps to calculate the half-lives of newly synthesized and unknown isotopes, making MGLDM more reliable.
First-principles study on tunable optoelectronic properties of monolayer Mo1−xWxSe2 alloys and defect engineered electronic properties of Mo1−xWxSe2 alloys
Authors: Afrid Sheikh Mohd Ta-Seen , Utsha Swagata Goswami , Zubair Ahmed
Published: August 2023

When two lattice-matched nanoparticles with different band gaps, namely MoSe2 and WSe2, are alloyed to construct a ternary compound, the resulting mixture exhibits interesting changes in dynamic stability, electronic, and optoelectronic features. Subsequently, by introducing single Se vacancy in Mo1−xWxSe2 alloys, dynamic stability and electronic properties of the alloys are modulated. In this work, we conducted first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) to evaluate the tunable stability and physical properties of two dimensional monolayer Mo1−xWxSe2 and defective Mo1−xWxSe2 for different alloy compositions. Our investigation discloses that the direct band gap in these alloys could be modulated with nonlinear dependency on composition. On the other hand, band gap reduced significantly for every composition in defective Mo1−xWxSe2 alloy and chalcogen vacancies induced non-zero density of states (DOS) within the band gap. These defects change the structure of the valence and conduction band and therefore the significant increase in effective mass which results in a reduction in mobility. The other electronic parameters were gradually tuned by varying composition in pure and defected alloys including DOS, charge densities, charge accumulation, mobility, and effective mass. Pure and defective Mo1−xWxSe2 alloys were energetically and dynamically stable. Furthermore, the high optical absorption of the alloys can be utilized in optoelectronic devices. The findings of this work revealed the tunability of the physical properties of Mo1−xWxSe2 and defective Mo1−xWxSe2 by alloying and will be beneficial to design nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices with enhanced performance.
Sensitivity investigation of 100-MeV proton irradiation to SiGe HBT single event effect
Authors: Feng 冯 Ya-Hui 亚辉 , Guo 郭 Hong-Xia 红霞 , Liu 刘 Yi-Wei 益维 , Ouyang 欧 Xiao-Ping 阳晓平 , Zhang 张 Jin-Xin 晋新 , Ma 马 Wu-Ying 武英 , Zhang 张 Feng-Qi 凤祁 , Bai 白 Ru-Xue 如雪 , Ma 马 Xiao-Hua 晓华 , Hao 郝 Yue 跃
Published: August 2023

The single event effect (SEE) sensitivity of silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) irradiated by 100-MeV proton is investigated. The simulation results indicate that the most sensitive position of the SiGe HBT device is the emitter center, where the protons pass through the larger collector-substrate (CS) junction. Furthermore, in this work the experimental studies are also carried out by using 100-MeV proton. In order to consider the influence of temperature on SEE, both simulation and experiment are conducted at a temperature of 93 K. At a cryogenic temperature, the carrier mobility increases, which leads to higher transient current peaks, but the duration of the current decreases significantly. Notably, at the same proton flux, there is only one single event transient (SET) that occurs at 93 K. Thus, the radiation hard ability of the device increases at cryogenic temperatures. The simulation results are found to be qualitatively consistent with the experimental results of 100-MeV protons. To further evaluate the tolerance of the device, the influence of proton on SiGe HBT after gamma-ray (60Coγ) irradiation is investigated. As a result, as the cumulative dose increases, the introduction of traps results in a significant reduction in both the peak value and duration of the transient currents.