bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights from the use of carbon isotopes as tracers of DOC sources and DOC transport processes in headwater catchments
Authors: Lambert T. , Pierson-Wickmann A.-C. , Gruau G. , Jaffrezic A. , Petitjean P. , Thibault J.-N. , Jeanneau L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Monitoring the isotopic composition (δ13CDOC) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during flood events can be helpful for locating DOC sources in catchments and quantifying their relative contribution to DOC stream flux. High-resolution (< hourly basis) δ13CDOC data were obtained on six successive storm events occurring during the high-flow period in a small headwater catchment from western France. Intra-storm δ13CDOCvalues exhibit a marked temporal variability, with some storms showing large variations (>2‰), and others yielding a very restricted range of values (<1‰). Comparison of these results with previously published data shows that the range of intra-storm δ13CDOC values closely reflects the temporal and spatial variation in δ13CDOC observed in the riparian soils of this catchment during the same period. Using δ13C data in conjunction with hydrometric monitoring and an end-member mixing approach, we show that (i) >80% of the stream DOC flux flows through the most superficial soil horizons of the riparian domain and (ii) the soil DOC flux is comprised of DOC coming ultimately from both riparian and upland domains. Based on its δ13C fingerprint, we find that the upland DOC contribution decreases from ca. 30% of the stream DOC flux at the beginning of the high-flow period to <10% later in this period. Overall, upland domains contribute significantly to stream DOC export, but act as a size-limited reservoir, whereas soils in the wetland domains act as a near-infinite reservoir. Through this study, we show that δ13CDOC provides a powerful tool for tracing DOC sources and DOC transport mechanisms in headwater catchments.
Development of a meandering channel caused by the plane shape of the river bank
Authors: Nagata T. , Watanabe Y. , Yasuda H. , Ito A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Due to a typhoon and a stationary rain front, record amounts of rain fell in September 2011, and the largest class of discharge in recorded history was observed in the Otofuke River of eastern Hokkaido in Japan, and extensive bank erosion occurred in various parts of the river channel. Damages were especially serious in the middle reaches, where part of a dike was washed out. The results of a post-flood survey suggested that the direct cause of the dike breach was lateral advance of the bank erosion associated with the development of meandering channels. As the related development mechanism and predominant factors have not yet been clarified, this remains a priority from the viewpoint of disaster prevention. A past study on the development of meandering channels was reported by Shimizu et al. In this study, the meandering channel development process was reproduced using a slope failure model that linked bank erosion with bed changes. The study attempted to clarify the meandering development mechanism in the disaster and it's predominant factors by using this model. The analysis properly reproduced the characteristics of the post-flood meandering waveforms. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of meandering during the flood attributed to the propagation of meandering to downstream, which is triggered by the meandering flow from the meandering channel in the upstream, and also suggested that this propagated meandering then caused a gradual increase of meandering amplitude accompanied by bank erosion in the recession period of the flood.
Paleosols in the Transantarctic Mountains: indicators of environmental change
Authors: Bockheim J. G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs), a 3500 km long chain that subdivides East Antarctica from West Antarctica, are important for reconstructing the tectonic, glacial, and climatic history of Antarctica. With an ice-free area of 24 200 km2 (50% of the total in Antarctica), the TAMs contain an unusually high proportion of paleosols, including relict and buried soils. The unconsolidated paleosols range from late Quaternary to Miocene in age, the semi-consolidated paleosols are of early Miocene to Oligocene age, and the consolidated paleosols are of Paleozoic age. Paleosols on unconsolidated deposits are emphasized in this study. Examples are given from the McMurdo Dry Valleys (78° S) and two outlet glaciers in the central and southern TAMS, including the Hatherton–Darwin Glacier region (80° S) and the Beardmore Glacier region (85°30' S). Relict soils constitute 73% of all of the soils examined; 10% of the soils featured burials. About 26% of the soils examined are from the last glaciation (< 117 ka) and have not undergone any apparent change in climate. As an example, paleosols comprise 65% of a mapped portion of central Wright Valley. Paleosols in the TAMs feature recycled ventifacts and buried glacial ice in excess of 8 Ma in age, and volcanic ash of Pliocene to Miocene age has buried some soils. Relict soils are more strongly developed than nearby modern soils and often are dry-frozen and feature sand-wedge casts when ice-cemented permafrost is present. The preservation of paleosols in the TAMs can be attributed to cold-based glaciers that are able to override landscapes while causing minimal disturbance.
Apotex Inc. v. United States: Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility (NAFTA Arb.)
Authors: Bettauer Ronald J.
Published: November 2013

The North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994. Chapter Eleven of NAFTA contains provisions governing investment protection and investor-state arbitration. In general, NAFTA provides investors of one of the parties protections for their investments in another NAFTA party, guaranteeing: treatment at least as good as that of host or third country investors (NAFTA articles 1102-1104); treatment in accordance with the minimum standards of customary international law (NAFTA article 1105); and compensation for expropriation (NAFTA article 1110). NAFTA article 1139 defines “investment” broadly but excludes contracts for the sale of goods or services. After meeting specified threshold requirements, such an investor has the right to international arbitration against the host state to vindicate these protections.
The Influence of Cow Age on Botanical Composition of Diets in Mountain Riparian Areas in Eastern Oregon of the United States
Authors: Darambazar Enkhjargal , DelCurto Timothy , Damiran Daalkhaijav
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow age on botanical composition of diets in mountain riparian areas. Treatments consisted of 30 first-calf heifers, and 30 mature cows randomly assigned to four pastures (2 pastures/treatment, average 21.5 ha) in a 2-year study with a cross-over design. Botanical composition of diets was determined in fecal samples obtained from 10 animals in each treatment (5 per pasture) on the fourth week of 35 to 42-days grazing periods using the microhistological technique. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined, and correction factors were calculated for 22 major plant species. In digested samples, grasses were overestimated, whereas, all forbs but northern bedstraw (Galium boreale L.), were underestimated, and all shrub species were overestimated except common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus L.). Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) was highly overestimated after digestion. There was no difference between cattle age class in the total number of plant species found in the diets (p > 0.10) averaging in 41 species. Most individual grass and grasslike species made up more than 5% of the diets, while all individual forb, shrub, and tree species were minor components, not exceeding 5%, except ponderosa pine. Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rybd.) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.) accounted for over 10% of the diets. Heifers consumed more (p < 0.05) grasses and fewer (p < 0.10) shrubs and trees compared to mature cows. The diet of heifers contained more western wheatgrass, Baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.), and pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) (p < 0.10), but less Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (p < 0.01), than the diet of mature cows. The proportion of ponderosa pine needles was higher in the diet of mature cows (p < 0.10), than in the diet of first calf heifers. In summary, mature cows appeared to have selected a diet that contained less grasses and more shrubs and trees compared to younger cows.
Adding It All Up: Reconceiving the Introduction of the Integral
Authors: Jones Steven R.
Published: November 2013

An applied approach to understanding the integral—using a burst pipe—involves physical quantities and helps deepen the concept for students.
Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Janet Wangari-Talbot  , Elizabeth Hopper-Borge
Published: November 2013

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. “Driver” and “passenger” mutations identified in lung cancer indicate that genetics play a major role in the development of the disease, progression, metastasis and response to therapy. Survival rates for lung cancer treatment have remained stagnant at ~15% over the past 40 years in patients with disseminated disease despite advances in surgical techniques, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Resistance to therapy; either intrinsic or acquired has been a major hindrance to treatment leading to great interest in studies seeking to understand and overcome resistance. Genetic information gained from molecular analyses has been critical in identifying druggable targets and tumor profiles that may be predictors of therapeutic response and mediators of resistance. Mutated or overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and translocations in the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genes (EML4-ALK) are examples of genetic aberrations resulting in targeted therapies for both localized and metastatic disease. Positive clinical responses have been noted in patients harboring these genetic mutations when treated with targeted therapies compared to patients lacking these mutations. Resistance is nonetheless a major factor contributing to the failure of targeted agents and standard cytotoxic agents. In this review, we examine molecular mechanisms that are potential drivers of resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma, the most frequently diagnosed form of lung cancer. The mechanisms addressed include resistance to molecular targeted therapies as well as conventional chemotherapeutics through the activity of multidrug resistance proteins.
Effects of Nodal Status and Extent of Surgery on Survival in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Raafat S. Alameddine  , Nagi S. El Saghir  , Elias Elias  , Ahmad Saleh  , Fady B. Geara  , Sally Temraz  , Ali Shamseddine
Published: November 2013

Background: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive but least understood subtypes of breast cancer. The roles of nodal status and type of surgery while essential in determining the outcomes of patients with TNBC remain controversial and require more examination. Materials and Methods: Clinical and pathological data were retrieved from 1990 until 2001 by retrospective chart review for patients with breast cancer at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Out of 1455 patients, 524 had complete histological data, of which 138 (26.3%) were diagnosed with TNBC. Median follow up time of patients with TNBC was 3.34 years (Range 0.55 - 10 years). We used the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate prognostic effects and estimate hazard ratios (HR). Results: For the 138 patients with TNBC, median age at presentation was 50.91 years (Range 26 - 81). One-year, 5 and 10-year survivals for node-negative patients (N0) were respectively 98.3 %, 91.1% and 74.5 %, compared to 98.5%, 70.3 % and 42.2% for node-positive patients (N1-N3). Numerical nodal staging did not significantly correlate with survival. On multivariate analysis, higher stage (H.R 3.01) and Breast-Conserving Therapy (BCT) had a significant effect on the survival of TNBC patients (H.R 0.195) Conclusion: Lymph node-positivity predicted poorer survival in patients with TNBC. However, within the group of patients with positive LN, the number of positive lymph nodes did not alter survival nor did the tumor size. BCT including radiation therapy had a better effect on survival when compared to mastectomy.
Vemurafenib (PLX4032, Zelboraf®), a BRAF Inhibitor, Modulates ABCB1-, ABCG2-, and ABCC10-Mediated Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Saurabh G. Vispute  , Jun-Jiang Chen  , Yue-Li Sun  , Kamlesh S. Sodani  , Satyakam Singh  , Yihang Pan  , Tanaji Talele  , Charles R. Ashby Jr  , Zhe-Sheng Chen
Published: November 2013

In this study, we examined the in vitro effects of vemurafenib, a specific inhibitor of V600E mutated BRAFenzyme, on the response of cells overexpressing the ATP binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters ABCG2, ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCC10. Vemurafenib, at 5 µM and 20 µM, produced a significant concentration-dependent increase in the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in cells overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCC10 and mitoxantrone in cells overexpressing ABCG2. Vemurafenib also significantly enhanced the accumulation of paclitaxel in cell lines overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCC10. Vemurafenib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of mitoxantrone in cells overexpressing ABCG2. In contrast, vemurafenib did not significantly alter the sensitivity of ABCC1 overexpressing HEK/ABCC1 cells to vincristine. Finally, as determined by Western blotting, vemurafenib (20 µM) did not significantly alter the expression of the proteins for ABCG2, ABCC10 or ABCB1. Thus, vemurafenib most likely reverses multidrug resistance by altering the transport function of these aforementioned ABC transporters, as opposed to affecting the expression of ABC proteins. The docking analysis of vemurafenib with the ABCB1 homology model also suggested that vemurafenib binds to the ABCB1 and ABCG2 drug binding site. These findings suggest that combination of specific inhibitors like vemurafenib with chemotherapeutic drugs may be used to overcome multidrug resistance in cells that overexpress ABCB1, ABCC10 and/or ABCG2 transporters.
Catalyst Activity and Selectivity in the Isomerising Alkoxycarbonylation of Methyl Oleate
Authors: Christl Josefine T. , Roesle Philipp , Stempfle Florian , Wucher Philipp , Göttker‐Schnetmann Inigo , Müller Gerhard , Mecking Stefan
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of unsymmetrical diphosphine ligands (3 a–g) with an o‐tolyl backbone and tert‐butyl, adamantyl, cyclohexyl and isopropyl substituents on the phosphorus moiety is described (1,2‐(CH2PR2)(PR′2)C6H4; 3 a: R=tBu, R′=tBu, 3 b: R=tBu, R′=Cy, 3 c: R=tBu, R′=iPr, 3 d: R=Ad, R′=tBu, 3 e: R=Ad, R′=Cy, 3 f: R=Cy, R′=Cy, 3 g: R=Ad, R′=Ad). The corresponding diphosphine–PdII ditriflate complexes [(P^P)Pd(OTf)2] (5 a–g) were prepared and structurally characterised by X‐ray crystallography. These new complexes were studied as catalyst precursors in the isomerising methoxycarbonylation of methyl oleate, and were found to convert methyl oleate into the corresponding linear α,ω‐diester (L) with 70–80 % selectivity. The products of this catalytic reaction with the known [{1,2‐(tBu2PCH2)2C6H4}Pd(OTf)2] complex (5 h) were fully analysed, and revealed the formation of the linear α,ω‐diester (L, 89.0 %), the methyl‐branched diester B1 (4.3 %), the ethyl‐branched diester B2 (1.0 %), the propyl‐branched diester B3 (0.6 %) and all diesters from butyl‐ to hexadecyl‐branched diesters B4–B16 (overall 4.8 %) at 90 °C and 20 bar CO. The productivity of the catalytic conversion of methyl oleate with complexes 5 a–g varied with the steric bulk of the alkyl substituent on the phosphorus. Ligands with more bulky groups, like tert‐butyl or adamantyl (e.g., 5 a, 5 d, 5 g), were more productive systems. The formation of the catalytically active hydride species [(P^P)Pd(H)(MeOH)]+ (6‐MeOH) was investigated and observed directly for complexes 5 a–e and 5 g, respectively. These hydride species were isolated as the corresponding triphenylphosphine complexes (6‐PPh3) and fully characterised, including by X‐ray crystallography. The catalytic productivity of 6 a‐PPh3 was virtually identical to that of 5 a, thereby confirming the efficient hydride formation of 5 a under catalytic conditions.
NMR spectroscopy of the heart: Part II
Authors: Fralix Teresa A. , Balaban Robert S.
Published: November 2013

NMR spectroscopy is now a practical tool for analyzing myocardial biochemistry and structure. The technical aspects of performing biochemical measurements on the heart, as well as the information that can be obtained from various magnetic nuclides, are reviewed in this article. Special consideration is given to turnover of labelled compounds, cardiac energetics, and models of ischemic heart disease.
Spot Test Detection of Amino Groups in Organic Compounds Based on Pyrolytic Formation of Formaldehyde‐Schiff Bases
Authors: Feigl F. , Jungreis E. , Ben‐Dor L.
Published: November 2013

A preliminary spot test for the detection of amino groups is outlined. The test is based on the formation of a Schiff‐base between the amino compounds and hexamethylenetetramine with liberation of ammonia. The latter can be easily detected by well known methods. The condensation is carried out pyrolytically since hexamine undergoes some hydrolysis itself and since some compounds do not react in the wet way at all. Some exceptions were observed and are indicated. The procedure is given followed by a list of compounds yielding positive results.
The Relative Rates of Reaction of Sodium with Some Polynuclear Hydrocarbons
Authors: Orchin M. , Blatchford J. K. , Shupack S. I.
Published: November 2013

The Na‐Hg amalgam consisting of 40 weight percent sodium which is liquid at room temperature readily metalates all polynuclear hydrocarbons in the presence of active ether solvents. This system made possible a determination of the relative rates of addition of sodium to polycyclic hydrocarbons. In the present study, various hydrocarbons reacted with decreasing rates as follows: o‐terphenyl ≅ p‐terphenyl ≫ anthracene > naphthalene > biphenyl > phenanthrene > m‐terphenyl. At equilibrium, the gram atoms of sodium consumed per mole of hydrocarbon by the seven polycyclic compounds listed above in the order given was: 2.0; 2.0; 1.8; 1.0; 0.4; 1.24; and 1.0.
Terpenoids III. Conformation of Ring a in Tetracyclic Triterpenes
Authors: Lavie D. , Glotter E. , Shvo Y.
Published: November 2013

The shape of ring A in tetracyclic triterpenes was studied using optical rotatory dispersion and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Selective Reductions: II. The Reaction of Lithium Tri‐t‐Butoxyaluminohydride with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups
Authors: Brown H. C. , Weissman P. M.
Published: November 2013

A systematic study was made of the rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of lithium tri‐t‐butoxyaluminohydride in tetrahydrofuran solution at 0° with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups in order to establish the utility of the reagent as a selective reducing agent. Aldehydes and ketones are rapidly reduced, with no complications introduced by the presence of a conjugated double bond, as in cinnamaldehyde. Epoxides are reduced slowly, with styrene oxide and 1,2‐butylene oxide yielding the secondary alcohol exclusively. Acid chlorides and acid anhydrides are rapidly reduced with the up‐take of two moles of hydride per mole of organic reactant. Esters and lactones react more slowly, and no reduction occurs with carboxylic acids under these conditions. Of the nitrogen derivatives examined, phenyl isocyanate undergoes reaction, nitropropane and pyridine oxide are slowly reduced, whereas no reduction is observed for amides, nitriles, oximes, nitrobenzene, azobenzene, azoxybenzene and pyridine. Finally, disulfides are reduced at a moderate rate and cyclohexyl tosylate at a slow rate but sulfoxides, sulfones and sulfonic acids are not attacked by the reagent. Hydroxylic compounds react to liberate hydrogen. However, the yield of hydrogen is usually diminished by a competing reaction in which the hydroxylic compound displaces t‐butyl alcohol from the reagent, the latter failing to liberate hydrogen under these conditions.
Direct Spectrochemical Determination of Some Rare Earth Elements in Uranium
Authors: Schoenfeld Irena
Published: November 2013

A spectrochemical analysis of uranium for samarium and europium, without prior separation is presented. The method is based on excitation of uranium in the chloride form with potassium chloride as buffer and by use of 4A DC‐arc excitation. Under these conditions it is possible to overcome the difficulties arising from the complex spectrum and heavy background of uranium. The limits of detection for europium and samarium are 5 and 20 ppm, respectively; the coefficient of variation for Eu and Sm is about 25% for a single determination. The visually established limit of detection for gadolinium and dysprosium is 50 ppm.
Oxidation of High‐Melting Organic Compounds by Potassium Chlorate
Authors: Weinstein M. , Amar D.
Published: November 2013

The oxidation of anthracene, 9,9′‐bianthryl and 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenyl‐ 1,2‐bis (9,10‐dihydro‐anthracenyl‐9) ethane (TPDAE) by potassium chlorate and perchlorate, in the presence of vanadium pentoxide, was studied both by a batch method in closed ampoules and by gravimetry. The reactions took place with the participation of the gaseous phase while certain stages seem to be solid‐solid processes.
A Soluble ATP‐ASE from Bean Roots Stimulated by Monovalent Cations
Authors: Neumann J. , Gruener N.
Published: November 2013

The activity of ATP‐ase activity in bean roots homogenate was tested by following the release of 32Pi from γ‐labelled ATP. It was found that most of the enzymatic activity resides in the soluble fraction. The soluble enzyme requires Mg or Ca for activity and is further highly stimulated by some monovalent cations. The enzyme is compared with the “transport” ATP‐ase located in membranes of various animal tissues and with other enzymatic systems which split ATP.
Organotin Polyesters and Polyethers — Synthesis and Biocidal Properties
Authors: Migdal S. , Gertner D. , Zilkha A.
Published: November 2013

Poly‐tributyl and ‐triphenyltin esters or ethers were prepared by reaction of various natural and synthetic polymers containing carboxyl, sulfonic or hydroxyl groups with organotin chlorides, hydroxides or oxides. The biocidal properties of the polymers were investigated.
The Solvolysis and Rearrangement of Benzyl Arenesulfinates
Authors: Braverman S. , Steiner S.
Published: November 2013

A kinetic study of the solvolysis and rearrangement of p‐methoxybenzyl arenesulfinates was made. In contrast to the sulfur‐oxygen bond fission mechanism which prevails for benzyl arenesulfinates, a carbon‐oxygen bond fission by an ionization mechanism was found for the corresponding p‐methoxybenzyl esters.
Polarographic Oxidation of Diaminopyrimidines
Authors: Cohen D. , Koenigsbuch M. , Sprecher M.
Published: November 2013

The polarographic oxidation of 2, 5‐diaminopyrimidine (IV) and 4,5‐diaminopyrimidine (V) at the rotating Pt microelectrode in aqueous buffered solutions was studied. The effects of varying concentrations, temperature, pH, buffer concentration, rate of rotation of electrode and rate of scanning of potential were determined. The limiting currents are diffusion controlled and proportional to concentration up to 1 × 10−3 M for (IV) and 2 × 10−4 M for (V). The overall reaction is irreversible and probably involves two electrons per molecule to give an unstable product with a quinonimine structure. The dependence of E½ on pH in the anodic polarography of twelve more polyamino‐ and aminohydroxy‐pyrimidines was determined. Hückel type MO calculations were carried out for the pyrimidines and the energies calculated for the highest occupied MOs were correlated with E°½ values.
NMR and Mass Spectra of Conformational Isomers of 2‐Methylpentane‐2,4‐Diol Sulfite
Authors: Sarel S. , Usieli Varda
Published: November 2013

From the ester exchange reaction between 2‐methylpentane‐2.4‐diol and dimethyl sulfite, two isomeric cyclic sulfites were isolated in a 3 to 2 ratio. On the basis of IR and NMR data it was concluded that the isomers exist in the rigid chair conformation and the isomerism springs from the pyramidal SO orientation. An axial SO is assigned to the liquid isomer (predominant) and an equatorial SO to the solid compound (minor). The 25 ev mass spectra of the two isomers at room temperature is herein described.
Thermal Analysis of Ammonium Perchlorate and of its Mixtures with Inorganic Substances
Authors: Simchen A.E. , Inbar‐Rozem Livia
Published: November 2013

Solid mixtures containing ammonium perchlorate diluted with reputedly inert substances SiC, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and the salts: KCl, NaCl, BaCO3, CaCO3 respectively were studied by TGA and DTA. Undiluted NH4ClO4 and the perchlorates of K, Na, Ba, Ca were also examined. The two known temperature regions of NH4 ClO4 thermolysis were confirmed. The first DTA exotherm of NH4ClO4 seems to be related to its limited decomposition; it can be suppressed by an ammonia atmosphere, by thermal cycles, or by heat‐dissipating conditions. The second exotherm is related to the change of the decomposition mechanism of HClO4 above 330°. TGA rate curves of stoichiometric mixtures of NHClO4 with salts show two peaks due to decomposition of NH4ClO4 and one peak due to the MeClO4 formed on heating. The formation of MeClO4 is confirmed by visual observations and by DTA. Thermal cycles followed by DTA of stoichiometric mixtures of (NH4ClO4 + KCl), (NH4ClO4 + BaCO3) reveal the systematic formation of MeClO4 at the expense of NH4ClO4. For (NH4ClO4 + NaCl), (NH4ClO4 + CaCO3) there appear in the vicinity of the transition endotherm of NH4ClO4 new reversible endotherms difcontaining NH4ClO4. Only after their thermal decomposition do the transition endotherms of MeClO4 appear.
Reactions of Fluorine Nitrate with Lewis Acids
Authors: Shamir J. , Yellin D.
Published: November 2013

FNO3 reacts with BF3, PF5, AsF5 and SbF5, to form white solids identified as nitryl salts of general formula NO2+X−. Molecular oxygen is released during the reaction. The structure of these solids and identification of the oxygen were supported by the Raman spectra, gas pressure measurements and molecular weight.
Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part II. Thermal Decomposition of D‐Glucose
Authors: Houminer Y. , Patai S.
Published: November 2013

The thermal decomposition of D‐glucose has been studied in vacuo at 175–275°C. The products were analyzed and their origin involving the various carbon atoms was studied, using glucose samples labelled at various positions with 14C. Mechanisms for dehydration and fragmentation processes are discussed.
Studies on the Stability of Calcium Sulphoaluminate
Authors: Ben‐Yair M.
Published: November 2013

High calcium sulpho‐aluminate (3CaO. Al2O3. 3CaSO4. 31H2O—C.S.A.) is a deterioration product of Portland cement found in concrete. It is formed by the attack of sulphate solutions on two of the Portland cement components: hydrated calcium Aluminate and lime. These phenomena fostered a study of the synthesis and stability of calcium sulpho‐aluminate. Results of the experiments on stability of calcium sulphoaluminate in different media are discussed. Measures for preventing the formation of C.S.A. in Portland cement are described.
Investigation of ZnO nanostructures grown on Si and GaAs substrates by low‐temperature CBD method
Authors: Sun Jingchang , Gong Yu , Liu Kuichao , Li Yang , Du Guotong
Published: November 2013

ZnO nanostructures are grown on Si and GaAs substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements indicate that ZnO nanorods are formed on Si substrate, in contrast to the nanorods, network ZnO nanowalls are obtained on GaAs substrate. To elucidate the mechanism of ZnO nanostructures grown by CBD method, the morphology evolution mechanisms of the ZnO with growth time and solution concentration nanostructures are investigated systematically. A corresponding growth model from the view of crystal nucleation and growth process is proposed. The understanding of morphology evolution of ZnO nanostructures on different substrates will facilitate the controllable growth of ZnO nanostructures and therefore crucial for the application of ZnO nanodevices.
ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES
Authors: Andrae Gunilla , Beckman Björn
Published: November 2013

In January 2012 a broad spectrum of popular groups staged an unprecedented protest against the removal of what has been termed a “subsidy” on fuel prices by the Nigerian government. The participation of tailors in this national political event suggests that self-employed artisans were prepared to transcend their narrow nonpolitical agenda to promote their interests and demands for decent social and economic conditions. Interviews with participating organization representatives in Lagos indicate the supportive role of alliances with labor unions and organized informal workers at large. We see current global developments in the textile industry as conducive to this outcome.
Effect of diet on vascular health
Authors: McEvoy CT , Neville CE , Temple NJ , Woodside JV
Published: November 2013

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world in older people. Diet and lifestyle change can reduce CVD risk in older people, and this evidence base is reviewed. For example, diets low in trans fats can reduce CVD risk, while for saturated fats the CVD-lowering effect depends on what is substituted for the saturated fat. Diets rich in fish reduce CVD risk, although n-3 supplements have not been shown to have a consistent effect on CVD end-points. Antioxidant and B-group vitamin supplementation are unlikely to reduce CVD risk, but diets rich in these micronutrients (e.g. rich in fruits and vegetables and the Mediterranean diet) are associated with lower CVD risk, while, for the Mediterranean diet, this has been supported by randomized controlled trials. Maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active reduce CVD risk factors and CVD incidence and mortality.
“Variation and selective retention” as an evolutionary epistemology: were Donald Campbell's life histories sufficient?
Authors: Blute Marion
Published: November 2013

Campbell's “evolutionary epistemology” is used more frequently to refer to extensions of Darwinism than other phrases, and his description of it as “variation and selective retention” is highly cited. However, we can still ask whether it is sufficient. The evidence from his classic essay is that he understood it to include somatic maintenance and reproductive growth, but omitted somatic growth and reproductive maintenance. We describe some of the complexity of the evolutionary ecology of life histories, including ecological and ecological versus social density-dependence and scale-dependence, and find that, interestingly, understood as a distinction between spending and investing, the traditional r versus K density-dependence distinction yields the same pattern of expected life history traits as does scale-dependence (although there should be other ways of distinguishing them). We then use this to fill in the missing somatic growth and offspring maintenance of Campbell's model of sociocultural evolution. In concluding, we emphasize the degree to which not only the evolutionary ecology of life histories but also the logic of population genetics and tree-building have been found relevant to the social sciences. Donald Campbell and David Hull, both now deceased, will be remembered as early modern pioneers of the theory of Darwinian sociocultural evolution.
Platelet function defects in adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Mills H. L. , Abdel‐Baki M. S. , Teruya J. , Dietrich J. E. , Shah M. D. , Mahoney D. , Yee D. L. , Srivaths L. V.
Published: November 2013

Platelet function defects (PFD) are reported to occur frequently in adult women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Few studies on adolescent HMB report varying incidence rates (2–44%) for PFD. We reviewed our institutional experience in detecting and managing PFD in adolescent HMB. Postmenarchial girls and adolescents with HMB seen at our institution undergo a comprehensive bleeding disorder work‐up by paediatric haematology and paediatric gynaecology providers. Whole blood platelet aggregometry (WBPA) is performed as a second tier test after excluding thrombocytopaenia, coagulation factor deficiencies and Von Willebrand disease (VWD). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of adolescents with HMB seen between June 2009 and November 2010, as approved by the Institutional Review Board. Patient demographics, clinical features, laboratory results, therapy details and patient outcome information were analysed. Overall, 114 postmenarchial girls and adolescents with HMB were evaluated; 68 patients (59%) had WBPA study performed. Nineteen patients (28%) had at least one aggregation or secretion defect; 12 (18%) had two or more such defects. Treatment included hormonal therapy (13/19; 68%), antifibrinolytic agents (8/19; 42%) and intra‐nasal DDAVP (3/19; 16%). Thirteen patients (81%) had improved outcome (median follow‐up – 15.6 months; range of 1–66 months). In this study, PFD were identified in nearly one‐third of girls with HMB, with the majority of these having two or more defects as identified by WBPA. Further prospective studies are needed to better define the prevalence and address appropriate management of HMB and other bleeding complications of PFD in adolescents.
What should men living with haemophilia need to know? The perspectives of Canadian men with haemophilia
Authors: Arnold E. , Lane S. , Webert K. E. , Chan A. , Walker I. , Tufts J. , Rubin S. , Poon M‐C. , Heddle N. M.
Published: November 2013

Haemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder affecting approximately 3000 Canadian men (Walker 2012). To manage their disease effectively individuals must be knowledgeable about the disease, bleed prevention strategies, treatment approaches, and complications. Data on individuals’ knowledge levels are scarce. The availability of such data could lead to better educational strategies for disease management. The aim of this study was to determine current knowledge levels, needs and gaps among Canadian individuals with haemophilia to facilitate optimal disease management. A survey was disseminated to adult males with haemophilia at three Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTCs) in Canada. Self‐reported current knowledge levels and knowledge seeking were measured. Survey respondents reported highest levels of knowledge in the following areas: identifying and treating a bleed, haemophilia and physical activity, travel, career issues and genetics. Lower levels of knowledge were reported in the areas of sexual activity, product safety, information about factor, haemophilia and ageing, advocacy, timing of prophylactic infusions, and new or alternative therapies. Treating a bleed was the most commonly sought information, followed by information about factor, product safety, identifying a bleed and other health care issues. There was a positive correlation between knowledge seeking and severity of disease. HTC attendance was associated with knowledge seeking, and HTCs were the most frequented knowledge source, followed by the Canadian Haemophilia Society website. Canadian men were well informed; the HTC's role in knowledge sharing was recognized. Timing of infusions, sexual activity and ageing are areas which should be targeted in knowledge sharing.
Collective and individual benefits of trade unions: a multi‐level analysis of 21 European countries
Authors: Furåker Bengt , Bengtsson Mattias
Published: November 2013

In light of internationally declining union density, this article examines to what extent employees derive advantage from trade unions. Data collected in 21 countries through the European Social Survey 2010 are being used. Multilevel analyses show that it is not so much individual membership but unions' collective power that matters. Perceived union influence and a union‐friendly industrial relations regime (mainly the organized corporatism in the Nordic countries) are positively linked to the occurrence of regular workplace meetings and to the impact of these meetings on organizational decisions. Employees also appear to benefit from unions' collective power in terms of appropriate pay and job security, although the regime pattern is then less clear.
Surgical debridement to optimise wound conditions and healing
Authors: Diefenbeck Michael , Haustedt Nils , Schmidt Hergo GK
Published: November 2013

Different treatment strategies are available for bone, joint and soft tissue infections, including use of local antibiotics; negative pressure wound therapy; one‐stage, two‐stage or multi‐stage revisions; or open wound therapy. All methods have one principle in common: adequate surgical debridement is the prerequisite for successful treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue infections. According to the different textures of healthy, infected or necrotic tissue, special techniques are used. In this article we will describe the clinical presentation of necrotic and non‐vital tissue in skin, soft tissue and bone and appropriate techniques of debridement.
Investigation into the prevalence of a novel dendritic‐like cell subset in vivo
Authors: Griffiths Kristin Lisa , Tan Jonathan Kah Huat , O'Neill Helen Christine
Published: November 2013

A novel dendritic‐like cell subset termed L‐DC was recently identified in murine spleen based on marker expression of a homogeneous cell population derived from long‐term culture of neonatal spleen. The function of L‐DC is distinct from other splenic dendritic and myeloid cell subsets because of their high endocytic capacity and their ability to cross‐present antigen to CD8+ T cells. This paper shows the subset to be unique to spleen and blood, with a similar, but possibly functionally distinct subset also present in bone marrow. The prevalence of the subset is low; ~6% of all dendritic and myeloid cells in the spleen and ~5% in blood. However, they are a distinct cell type on the basis of marker expression, and endocytic and T‐cell stimulatory capacity. Attempts to identify an enriched population of these cells in mutant mouse strains with reported increases in myelopoiesis showed either a lack of L‐DC or an altered phenotype reflective of the phenotype of the mouse strain.
ROOM-TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETISM IN SnO2 NANOFIBERS AND NANOTUBES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING
Authors: ZHAO JIAN-GUO , ZHANG WEI-YING , XIE ER-QING , AN XIU-YUN , FU JIE-CAI , LIU ZHAO-JUN , LIU ZHONG-LI , ZHANG YA-JUAN , CHEN YONG-FENG , ZHANG CHANG-YOU
Published: November 2013

SnO 2 nanofibers and nanotubes were synthesized by electrospinning method. Magnetization measurement indicates that the SnO 2 nanofibers and nanotubes annealed in air at 500°C exhibit the room-temperature ferromagnetism and the ferromagnetism of nanotubes is stronger than the nanofibers. Selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements show that all the samples possess a typical rutile structure and no other impurity phases are observed. The results of the Raman spectra also indicate that there are lots of defects existing in the fabricated samples. The observed room-temperature ferromagnetism in SnO 2 nanofibers and nanotubes possibly originates from oxygen vacancies. The field cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetization curves indicate that the Curie temperature TC is above 300 K.
Notes on the genus Swartzia (Leguminosae) in Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Torke Benjamin , Perez Alvaro
Published: November 2013

Herbarium- and field-based research indicates that the neotropical genus Swartzia is represented in Ecuador by at least 17 species. A key is provided to aid their identification. In addition, two species, previously undocumented in the literature, are described and illustrated. Both appear to be endemic to Ecuador. Swartzia decidua is known from a confined area of the pre-montane humid forest zone on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains in Pichincha Province, where it is threatened by habitat destruction. It belongs to S. sect. Paucistaminae and is notable in the context of the genus for its very large petal and deciduous phenology. Swartzia yasuniensis occurs in Amazonian rainforest in the drainage of the Napo River in Orellana Province and is a new member of S. sect. Pittierianae. In an intensively studied 25-hectare plot in Yasuni National Park, it averaged 4 individuals (≥1 cm dbh) per hectare.  Investigación basada en trabajo de campo y de herbario indica que el género neotropical Swartzia está representado en Ecuador por lo menos por 17 especies. Se presenta una clave para ayudar con su identificación. Además, dos especies previamente indocumentadas en la literatura, son descritas e ilustradas. Ambas parecen ser endémicas para Ecuador. Swartzia decidua es conocida de un área confinada de la zona del bosque húmedo premontano en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes en la provincia de Pichincha, donde se ve amenazada por la destrucción del hábitat. Pertenece a S. sec. Paucistaminae y es notable en el contexto del género por su pétalo de gran tamaño y por ser árboles caducifolios. Swartzia yasuniensis ocurre en selva amazónica en la cuenca del río Napo en la provincia de Orellana y es un nuevo miembro de S. sec. Pittierianae. En una parcela de 25 hectáreas intensamente estudiada en el Parque Nacional Yasuní, se promedió 4 individuos (≥ 1 cm dap) por hectárea.
Selecting Eucalyptus Clones Using Ultrasound Test on Standing Trees
Authors: Gonçalves Raquel , Batista Fernando Augusto Franco , Lorensani Rafael Gustavo Mansini
Published: November 2013

The production of eucalyptus for the cellulose and paper industry is based on the cultivation of clones, which are obtained by crossing species with desirable characteristics. However, clones that were considered to have great potential have presented serious problems because of permanent bending and breakage, which are caused mainly by wind forces during the early years of growth. Wave propagation methods have shown great potential in applications related to predicting the stiffness of logs and lumber. Based on the premise that the stiffness of the stem is a major contributor to a tree's resistance to the wind, the objective of the present study was to determine whether an ultrasound wave propagation test performed directly on trees would have the sensitivity within a sample group to differentiate between clones and whether this differentiation would be consistent with the differences in stiffness between them. The stem was used to evaluate the stiffness of clones rather than logs, pieces of a structural size, or specimens. A cantilever static scheme and the application of a load near the top of the stem were intended to simulate field conditions. A total of 189 trees were tested from 21 different clones. To differentiate the clones, the ultrasound wave propagation velocity was obtained directly from the trees. The velocity differences among the trees were consistent with the results obtained using the stem stiffness of the same trees.
Drawing and intellectualism: Contested paradigms of knowledge
Authors: McGuirk Tom
Published: November 2013

This article analyses the philosophical backdrop to the exclusion from academic exchange of situated, embodied and tacit modes of knowing, whereby conceptual/ propositional knowledge and textual articulation is presented as the gold standard against which these other types of knowledge
are measured and found wanting. By way of counterbalance, this article questions the premise that these forms of knowledge are best understood as belonging to a completely separate epistemological category to that of conceptual/propositional knowledge. The lack of parity of esteem afforded
to multimodal formats of dissemination is, it is argued, ultimately rooted in these disparities. The article focuses on a number of theories that posit a sub structural relationship of practical and tacit knowledge to conceptual/propositional knowledge. These include the work of Michael Polanyi
as well as more recent work by Alva Noë, Mark Johnson, George Lakoff and Vittorio Gallese. In this context, the article focuses on the legitimacy of descriptive drawing as a knowledge-producing activity, with particular reference to Noë's work.
Flexural-torsional buckling of FRP thin-walled composite with various sections
Authors: Pekbey Yeliz , Ghanbari Esmaeil
Published: November 2013

The flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled pultruded fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) members composed of unstiffened, stiffened cruciform- and I-shaped sections under uniform compressive loads was investigated using finite element methods (FEM). As the basic method, an eigenvalue solution using the minimum potential energy method was utilized to obtain the critical buckling stress and buckling mode shapes. FEM results were compared with the closed-form solutions and literature results. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out to investigate the different cross-section geometries and span lengths on the critical buckling stresses and buckling mode shapes, that is, flexural, torsional, or mixed buckling.
A new way to subjectively evaluate dyadic interactions: Dyadic Interactional Harmony (DIH) questionnaire
Authors: Varga Katalin , Józsa Emese
Published: November 2013

A tanulmány célja a szubjektív élményekben megmutatkozó interakciós szinkronitás új papírceruza teszttel való vizsgálati módszerének, a Diádikus Interakciós Harmónia (DIH) kérdőívnek a bemutatása. A DIH tételei azt mérik fel, hogy a diádikus interakció résztvevői szubjektíve hogyan ítélik meg együttlétüket.A DIH standardizálására a Közös Rorschach Vizsgálati Helyzetet alkalmaztuk: az ennek kapcsán felvett adatokon elvégzett faktoranalízis alapján alakult ki a kérdőív négy alskálája: 1. Intimitás, 2. Összhang, 3. Játékosság (pozitív skálák), valamint egy negatív, a 4. Feszültség. Ezen alskálák jó belső konzisztenciát mutattak, és csak részben függetlenek egymástól.A DIH-et ezután hétköznapi, természetes interakciókban alkalmazva jellegzetes eltérések mutatkoztak a kapcsolat jellege szempontjából: a szeretkezés magas, a munka alacsony intimitásértékkel járt. A tánc és a kikapcsolódás a kettő közötti értéket vett fel. A „biztonságosan“ kötődő személyek magasabb átlagértékeket adtak a DIH pozitív skáláin, és alacsonyabb feszültségszintről számoltak be, mint a bizonytalanul kötődők. A DIH érzékenynek mutatkozott arra is, hogy a dúlával, illetve a dúla nélkül zajló szülések élménymegélésnek eltéréseit is kimutassa.Az elvégzett vizsgálatok alapján elmondhatjuk, hogy a DIH ígéretes eszköznek mutatkozik a diádikus kapcsolatok élménymegélésének mérésére.
Eventos adversos em pacientes cirúrgicos: conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem
Authors: Bohomol Elena , Tartali Juliana de Abreu
Published: November 2013

OBJETIVO: Verificar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre eventos adversos em pacientes em centro cirúrgico, apontar possíveis causas, identificar de quem é a responsabilidade pelos mesmos e necessidade de notificação Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva realizada por meio de questionário com dez afirmativas sobre causas para a ocorrência de eventos adversos e quatro cenários, conduzida com 31 profissionais de enfermagem do centro cirúrgico de um hospital privado. RESULTADOS: As causas mais freqüentes foram a rotina na programação de procedimentos eletivos e comunicação ineficaz entre a equipe de enfermagem e médica. Todos os cenários foram identificados como eventos adversos e com necessidade de notificação. A segurança do paciente não é vista como responsabilidade de toda a equipe multiprofissional. CONCLUSÃO: A enfermagem deve defender os interesses dos pacientes, conhecer os riscos inerentes ao processo cirúrgico e alertar os integrantes da equipe sobre os possíveis problemas que possam ocorrer.