bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borders on the Fantastic: Mimesis, Violence, and Landscape at the Temple of Preah Vihear
Authors: Cuasay P.
Published: July 2002

Peace based on a fallacy is not for the living. The living must and shall demand the truth, for such is the way of nations, and such is the way of man.—Seni Pramoj, speaking at the World Court, March 27, 1962 (Pleadings, 564)

On 15 June 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) pronounced judgment on a dispute between Cambodia, formerly a colony of France, and Thailand, formerly called Siam, a neighboring kingdom which had never been formally colonized. The dispute regarded territorial sovereignty over the area of an ancient Brahmanic temple named Preah Vihear (following the Khmer language of Cambodia) or Phra Viharn (following Thai language). The Temple is perched high on a spur of the Dangrek mountain chain which roughly forms the boundary between both countries. North of the Dangrek lies the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand, while to the south the Temple affords a magnificent view of the forested Cambodian plain below. The judgment was peculiar in that it relied upon absence to startling effect. Applying the principle qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset (Judgment, 23) [He who keeps silent is held to consent if he must and can speak—ibid., 96], ICJ held that Thailand's failure to protest the inaccuracy of a map purporting to reflect the watershed line between the two states, and thus by the Treaty of 1904 the international boundary between them, constituted tacit acceptance of the map line as the line established by treaty.
Sexuality, Masculinity and Politics in Chinese Culture: The Case of the ‘Sanguo’ Hero Guan Yu
Authors: Louie Kam
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the sexual composition of the hero (yingxiong) in traditional China and how this sexuality is projected onto the political plane. Existing scholarship on the Chinese hero has provided Sinology with excellent material on a number of issues, from those which link the hero with Chinese concepts of chivalry, to those which discuss the hero as ‘revolutionary’ and ‘mass-based’. One of the major lacunae in all of these studies, however, has been an analysis of the importance of sexuality to the successful construction of a ‘hero’. Before Chinese studies drew on more recent methodologies, such as those developed by feminist criticism, the yingxiong's sexuality was often casually dismissed. It was asserted that, in contrast to Western chivalric romances, where love is often the most important inspiration for heroic deeds, love (and by implication sex) in traditional Chinese chivalric tales ‘plays no such important part’.
The Once and Future Messiah in Early Christianity and Chabad
Authors: MARCUS JOEL
Published: July 2002

The recent history of the modern Chabad (Lubavitcher) movement of Hasidic Judaism provides insight into the development of early Christianity. In both movements successful eschatological prophecies have increased belief in the leader's authority, and there is a mixture of ‘already’ and ‘not yet’ elements. Similar genres of literature are used to spread the good news (e.g. miracle catenae and collections of originally independent sayings). Both leaders tacitly accepted the messianic faith of their followers but were reticent about acclaiming their messiahship directly. The cataclysm of the Messiah's death has led to belief in his continued existence and even resurrection.
Spinning the Lilies and Unravelling the Ravens: An Alternative Reading of Q 12.22b–31 and P. Oxy. 655
Authors: GUNDRY ROBERT H.
Published: July 2002

James M. Robinson and Christoph Heil have read P. Oxy. 655, i, 1–17a as a pre-Q text, to whose tradition Q 12.22b–31 added originally independent sayings. The present article reads Q 12.22b–31 as an original unity, and P. Oxy. 655, i, 1–17a as a redaction of Q 12.22b–31 or its canonical derivatives.
‘UNEDUCATED’, ‘IGNORANT’, OR EVEN ‘ILLITERATE’? ASPECTS AND BACKGROUND FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF AΓPAMMATOI (AND IΔIΩTAI) IN ACTS 4.13
Authors: KRAUS THOMAS J.
Published: July 2002

In Acts 4.13 Peter and John are designated as αγραμματoι... και ιδιωται. Is that phrase meant as a harsh disparagement of the two apostles by the members of the Sanhedrin? On the basis of lexical, contextual, and social-historical evidence this study argues against an evaluation of the double qualification through the eyes of modern people with their usual disregard for illiterates (and non-specialists). The documentary papyri especially present a different, unbiased picture without any social or negative impact of illiteracy and non-specialism. They help to clarify Acts 4.13 and make the terms ‘illiterate people’ and ‘laymen’ acceptable.
Experimental Ascaris suum infection in the pig: worm
population kinetics following single inoculations with three
doses of infective eggs
Authors: ROEPSTORFF A. , ERIKSEN L. , SLOTVED H.-C. , NANSEN P.
Published: July 2002

To study population kinetics during primary Ascaris suum
infections, 3 groups of 52 pigs each were inoculated with 100,
1000, or 10000 infective eggs. In all groups, the majority of larvae was
found in the liver on day 3 post inoculation (p.i.)
and in the lungs on day 7 p.i. Liver white spots, caused by migrating
larvae, were most numerous at day 7 p.i., whereafter
they gradually healed, and only low numbers of granulation-tissue type
white
spots and lymphonodular white spots
persisted at days 21–56 p.i. Independent of dose level,
47–58% of the inoculated eggs were recovered as larvae in the small
intestine on day 10 p.i., but most larvae were eliminated at days
17–21 p.i. This elimination started earlier and removed
a higher percentage of the worms with increasing inoculation dose,
resulting in small strongly aggregated worm
populations by day 28 p.i. (k of the negative binomial distribution
was low: 0·2–0·4) without significant differences between
groups. Thus, overdispersion, which is a characteristic of both porcine
and human ascarosis, is found here under
experimental conditions where aggregation factors like host behaviour,
transmission rate, host status etc have been partly or totally controlled.
Identification of Ras, MAP kinases, and a GAP protein in

Schistosoma mansoni by immunoblotting and their putative

involvement in male–female interaction
Authors: SCHÜßLER P. , GREVELDING C. G. , KUNZ W.
Published: July 2002

The maturation of female Schistosoma mansoni depends on

pairing with a male which induces mitotic activities in the

reproductive organs of the female worm. Since in other organisms cell

proliferation is regulated by well-conserved signal

transducing molecules, we looked for such molecules on immunoblots of

schistosomes, using antibodies against conserved

epitopes of Ras, GAP and MAP kinases. We identified all 3 molecules in

schistosomes and found that they are developmentally regulated.

Furthermore, there is evidence for their involvement in the male-directed

maturation of the female.
Leishmania, macrophages and complement: a tale of subversion
and exploitation
Authors: MOSSER D. M. , BRITTINGHAM A.
Published: July 2002

Leishmania are intracellular protozoan parasites which
reside
primarily, if not exclusively, in host mononuclear phagocytes. Several
studies
have demonstrated that infectious promastigotes rapidly and efficiently

fix complement when they
encounter serum components during their transmission to the mammalian host.

Activation of the complement system by
a microorganism can have 3 distinct biological effects. First, fixation

of the terminal complement components can result
in complement-mediated lysis. Second, fixation of the 3rd component of

complement can lead to opsonization of the
organism for uptake by phagocytic cells. Finally, the elaboration of the

complement anaphylotoxins, C3a and C5a, can
lead to inflammation. In the present chapter, we discuss the interaction

of leishmania promastigotes with the complement
system. We show that infectious promastigotes avoid the lytic effects
of complement and resist fixation of the terminal
complement components. At the same time, however, these organisms depend

on fixation of opsonic complement to invade
host mononuclear phagocytes efficiently. We discuss the mechanisms which

allow metacyclic leishmania promastigotes to
exploit the opsonic properties of complement and the receptors on
macrophages involved in leishmania recognition. The
role of complement mediated inflammatory processes in the host response

to leishmania infection is an area which requires additional study.
Intra- and inter-specific variation in nuclear ribosomal
internal transcribed spacer 1 of the Schistosoma japonicum species
complex
Authors: VAN HERWERDEN L. , BLAIR D. , AGATSUMA T.
Published: July 2002

The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the nuclear ribosomal

DNA repeat was sequenced for members of the
Schistosoma japonicum species complex (S. malayensis,

S. mekongi and 2 geographical isolates of S. japonicum).
The ITS1
is composed of 3 distinct regions: the 5′ end (23 nucleotides); a

tract of approximately 90–140 nucleotides, which occurs
up to 7 times in tandem, the number varying even within an individual
in all species investigated in this study; the 3′
region (378 nucleotides), which lacks repeats. There is size and sequence

variation among copies of the ITS1 repeat within
a single individual. The relative abundances of size variants of ITS1 in

S. japonicum have been ascertained by hybridizing
genomic digests with an ITS1 probe. Multiple repeats and intra-individual

variation in numbers and abundance of these
is a feature of the Asian schistosomes, but not generally of African
schistosomes. Possible reasons for this difference in
ITS1 between African and Asian schistosomes are discussed. The ITS1
repeat sequences described for African schistosomes are different to,
and cannot be aligned with, those from the Asian species described here,
whereas the remainder
of the ITS1 can be aligned quite easily.
Biophysical properties of the surface of desiccation-tolerant
mutants and parental strain of the
entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis
(strain UK211)
Authors: O'LEARY S. A. , BURNELL A. M. , KUSEL J. R.
Published: July 2002

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are useful biological control
agents
of insect pests. However, the infective juvenile
(IJ) stage which is the only stage to occur outside the host is
susceptible to environmental extremes such as desiccation.
We have isolated desiccation-tolerant strains of the EPN
Heterorhabditis megidis. In this paper we describe the surface

properties of these desiccation-tolerant mutants. Heterorhabditid IJs
retain the sheath of the previous larval stage. The
mutant lines possess alterations in the surface properties of the sheath.

Differences were observed in fluorescent lipid
analogue insertion into the surface of the sheath. Furthermore,
cationized ferritin-binding studies demonstrated that the
mutant lines possessed an increase in net negative surface charge.
Removal of the surface layer of the sheath resulted in
the loss of the mutant phenotype and in a reduction in the desiccation

tolerance of the parental strain. Therefore, the
negatively charged ‘surface coat’ appears to play an
important role in the desiccation tolerance of Heterorhabditis
species.
The anti-leishmanial effect of Kalanchoe is mediated by
nitric oxide intermediates
Authors: DA-SILVA S. A. G. , COSTA S. S. , ROSSI-BERGMANN B.
Published: July 2002

We have previously shown that oral treatment with the leaf extract of the plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Kp) significantly
decreases the lesion size and the parasite load in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Here we report on
the mode of action of Kp, particularly on the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages. We observed
that Kp has no direct inhibitory activity on extracellular promastigotes, but effectively decreases the intracellular
amastigote growth in a dose-related fashion. A 58% reduction in amastigote growth induced by 500 μg/ml Kp was
associated with a 6-fold increase in the production of NO by the macrophages. IFN-γ synergistically enhanced the NO-stimulating effect of Kp in culture. Co-treatment with the inducible NO synthase enzyme inhibitor l-NG-monomethyl-arginine abolished the antileishmanial effect of Kp in vitro and in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. These results
indicate that the protective effect of Kp in leishmaniasis may not be due to a direct effect on the parasite itself but rather
to activation of the reactive nitrogen intermediates pathway of macrophages.
Inoculum effect leads to overestimation of in vitro
resistance for artemisinin derivatives and standard
antimalarials: a Gambian field study
Authors: DURAISINGH M. T. , JONES P. , SAMBOU I. , VON SEIDLEIN L. , PINDER M. , WARHURST D. C.
Published: July 2002

Artemisinin (QHS) and its derivatives are new antimalarials which are effective against Plasmodium falciparum parasites
resistant to chloroquine (CQ). As these drugs are introduced it is imperative that resistance is monitored. In this paper
we demonstrate that the inoculum size used in in vitro testing influences the measured in vitro susceptibility to QHS and
its derivative dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and to mefloquine (MEF) and CQ over the range of parasitaemias routinely used
in testing with the WHO in vitro microtest. An increase in parasitaemia and/or haematocrit was accompanied by a decrease
in the measured sensitivity of 2 laboratory lines. In the context of a field study testing in vitro susceptibility of parasite
isolates from patients with uncomplicated malaria in Fajara, The Gambia we demonstrate that failure to control for
inoculum size significantly overestimates the level of resistance to QHS and DHA as well as MEF, halofantrine (HAL)
and quinine (QUIN). When controlling for the inoculum effect, cross-resistance was observed between QHS, MEF and
HAL suggesting the presence of a multidrug resistance-like mechanism. These studies underline the importance of
inoculum size in in vitro susceptibility testing.
Ultrastructure of rhoptry development in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic schizonts
Authors: BANNISTER L. H. , HOPKINS J. M. , FOWLER R. E. , KRISHNA S. , MITCHELL G. H.
Published: July 2002

Prior to the separation of merozoites from the Plasmodium falciparum schizont, various stage-specific organelles are
synthesized and assembled within each merozoite bud. The apical ends of the merozoites are initiated close to the ends
of endomitotic spindles. At each of these sites, the nuclear membrane forms coated vesicles, and a single discoidal or cup-
like Golgi cisterna appears. Reconstruction from serial sections indicates that this structure receives vesicles from the
nuclear envelope and in turn gives off coated vesicles to generate the apical secretory organelles. Rhoptries first form as
spheroidal structures and grow by progressive fusion of small vesicles around their margins. As each rhoptry develops,
2 distinctive regions separate within it, an apical reticular zone with electron-lucent areas separated by cords of granular
material, and a more homogenously granular basal region. The apical part elongates into the duct, with evidence for
further vesicular fusion at the duct apex. The rounded rhoptry base becomes progressively more densely packed to form
a spheroidal mass, and compaction also occurs in the duct. Typically, one rhoptry matures before the other. Cryofractured
rhoptry membranes show asymmetry in the sizes and numbers of intramembranous particles at the internally- and
externally-directed fracture faces.
Playing the Rule-following Game
Authors: Tanney Julia
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that there is something deeply wrong with the attempt to give rule-following explanations of broadly rational activities. It thus supports the view that rational norms are part of the ‘bedrock’ and it challenges the widespread strategy of attempting to explain an individual's rational or linguistic abilities by attributing to her knowledge of a theory of some kind. The theorist who would attempt to attribute knowledge of norms to an individual in order to explain her ability to act rationally is presented with a dilemma: either she is committed to a (vicious) explanatory regress or she destroys the normative nature of these rational practices or activities, thus making it pointless to attribute knowledge of the norms to an individual who participates in these practices. The appeal to tacit or implicit knowledge does not help in avoiding the basic dilemma.
The Implications of Incommensurability
Authors: Chappell Timothy
Published: July 2002

Agents have aims. Any aim can be either simple or complex. If an aim is complex, then its different components make irreducibly different demands on the agent. The agent cannot rationally respond to all these demands by promoting all her different component aims at once. She must recognise a distinction between the rational response to any component aim of promoting it, and the rational response of respecting it.

If the goods are incommensurable, then rational agents have complex aims.

So if the goods are incommensurable, rational agents do not only promote whatever aims they recognise.

But consequentialism tells agents only to promote whatever aims they recognise.

So if the goods are incommensurable, consequentialism is wrong.

I note applications of this argument to the writings of Robert Nozick, Philip Pettit, and John Harris.
Does Beck's Hopelessness Scale really measure several components?
Authors: AISH ANNE-MARIE , WASSERMAN DANUTA
Published: July 2002

Background. Much of the interest in hopelessness stems from the key role it plays in the prediction of suicidal behaviour. To measure hopelessness, Beck et al.(1974)developed a 20-item scale (BHS), applied exploratory factor analysis and argued that the scale measures three specific components (affective, motivational and cognitive). Subsequent exploratory factor analyses identified two, three or more factors underlying the scale.

Method. Several confirmatory factor analyses (LISREL) were run on data on 324 suicide attempters in Sweden in order to test the hypothesized factorial structures and to investigate the psychometric properties of the individual items.

Results. Neither three- nor two-factor models fitted the data. A simpler structure was sufficient to account for the observed correlations between most of the items. This led to the development of several variants of a one-factor model, each a combination of affective, motivational and cognitive items. The number of items varied between four and 15.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that most of the items (15) of Beck's Hopelessness Scale measure one factor. They further suggest that the number of items could considerably be reduced. A four-item scale produced an excellent fit. It includes positive and negative items describing the perception of the future in terms of success, darkness, lack of opportunity and faith. It might even be possible to replace the total scale with one item only, ‘my future seems dark to me’.
Interferons, serotonin and neurotoxicity
Authors: MENKES DAVID B. , MacDONALD JAMES A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Interferons are a class of cytokines profoundly affecting immune function. Several
interferons are now synthesized and used clinically, notably for viral diseases and cancer. In
addition to their desired immune effects, interferons cause a number of toxicities, including
prominent effects on the nervous system.

Methods. This literature review focused on the incidence of depression associated with interferon
treatment. Possible neurochemical mechanisms and remedial strategies were also considered.

Results. Interferon treatment, particularly with the alpha subtype, is unquestionably linked with
depression, but the strength of association is uncertain because of erratic ascertainment and pre-
treatment co-morbidity. A likely pathogenic mechanism has been described, involving interferon
suppression of serotonin synthesis. Controlled treatment trials of interferon-induced depression are
not yet available.

Conclusions. Neurotoxicity substantially limits the use of interferons. At least some of the risk of
depression appears to derive from their anti-serotonergic effects, consistent with the large body of
evidence pointing to a general link between serotonin and affective illness. Vigilant detection and
aggressive treatment of depression is necessary to optimize interferon treatment of many patients.
Dynamic receptor superstructures at the
plasma membrane
Authors: DAMJANOVICH S. , GÁSPÁR, Jr. R. , PIERI C.
Published: July 2002

1. INTRODUCTION 68

1.1 Receptor patterns in the plasma membrane 68

1.2 Different types of receptor patterns 71

2. METHODS TO INVESTIGATE NON-RANDOM RECEPTOR CLUSTERING 73

2.1 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer 73

2.2 Flow cytometric energy transfer measurement 78

2.3 Fluorescence anisotropy and energy transfer 79

2.4 Photobleaching energy transfer on single cells 81

2.5 Two-dimensional mapping of receptor superstructures 82

2.6 Detecting single receptor molecules 85

2.7 Chemical identification of receptor clusters 86

2.8 Electron microscopy 87

2.9 Scanning force microscopy 88

3. CONFORMATIONAL STATES OF RECEPTORS 90

3.1 Multi-subunit receptor structures 90

3.2 Physical parameters influencing conformational states 91

3.3 Chemical interactions and receptor conformations 92

4. ON THE ORIGIN OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RECEPTOR CLUSTERS 93

4.1 Synthesis of receptors and their localization in the plasma membrane
93

4.2 Lipid domain structure of the plasma membrane 94

4.3 The validity of the Singer–Nicolson model 94

5. CONCLUSIONS 96

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 96

7. REFERENCES 97
The indispensability of belief to religion
Authors: HELM PAUL
Published: July 2002

The article examines a central methodological tenet of Grace Jantzen's
Becoming Divine. In this book she turns her back on what she calls Anglo-American
philosophy of religion in favour of what she calls a continental approach. I argue
that for her, belief is as indispensable in religion and in the philosophy of religion as
it is for the Anglo-American philosophy of religion which she rejects. Further, the
only argument that she offers for her position is a genetic argument for the origins
of religious belief. Consistently with her position, she does not consider any
empirical evidence relevant to this causal claim. However, the logic of such genetic
claims is that for every empirically grounded genetic argument for A there is a
corresponding genetic argument for not-A. So if such an argument invalidates A, it
also invalidates not-A.
Ineffability
Authors: HICK JOHN
Published: July 2002

Within each of the major world religions a distinction is drawn between
the ultimate ineffable Godhead or Absolute and the immediate object of worship or
focus of religious meditation. I examine the notion of ineffability, or
transcategoriality, in the influential Christian mystic Pseudo-Dionysius, who
reconciles the divine ineffability with the authority of the Bible by holding that the
biblical language is metaphorical, its function being to draw us towards the
Godhead. If we extend this principle to other faiths we have gone half way towards
making the global history of religions intelligible. The other half consists in a
recognition of the different human conceptualities and spiritual practices that give
concrete form to the divine reality within religious experience. However, William
Rowe, and Christopher Insole, have criticized this use of ineffability, and their
arguments are responded to here.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN November 1999 to January 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Fundholding and the Community Nurse
Authors: TINSLEY ROB , LUCK MIKE
Published: July 2002

General Practitioner fundholding has been shown to enjoy a number
of
advantages over centralised systems of purchasing: it is more consumer

sensitive, shakes up providers, shifts resources into primary care, enables

expert understanding and skills to inform the purchasing function and
ensures that treatment quality will have priority over cost savings. These

benefits are offset by the very significant drawbacks of extra resources

being needed for administration, limitations on purchaser power and the

danger that the internal market principle will be undermined.

This article examines the extent to which these effects are applicable
in
the specific context of purchasing of community nursing services that
took effect from April 1993. It is found that few of the above advantages

are applicable in the community setting and that the disadvantages are

particularly severe. The solution may be to combine formal centralised

contracting with an element of competition at the operational level to

produce a more ‘organic’ system than hitherto visualised.
John Haiman, Talk is cheap: Sarcasm, alienation,
and the evolution of language. Oxford & New York:
Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. ix, 220. Hb $40.00,
pb $18.95.
Authors: Gaudio Rudolf P.
Published: July 2002

In this “idiosyncratic personal essay,”
Haiman applies his formidable erudition and powers of social
observation to questions that North American linguists
in general are, unfortunately, content to ignore: the evolutionary
origins and historical development of metalanguage, i.e.
the property of language that allows us to say “that
which is not,” including something other than what
we “really” mean. The interdisciplinary nature
of this project – engaging evolutionary biology,
anthropology, and psychology, in addition to virtually
all the traditional subfields of formal/theoretical linguistics
– makes it an especially pioneering work, and represents
a theoretical overture which, I hope, other linguists and
social scientists of all stripes will follow up.
THE UNION AND THE MILITARY, 1801–c.1830
Authors: Blackstock Allan
Published: July 2002

WHEN writing his monumental history of the British army, Sir John Fortescue devoted just two paragraphs to the military implications of the Union. He noted that Union greatly simplified British military affairs in general and that this was an excellent thing for historians, driven to distraction by the confusing archival situation produced by the pre-Union military relationship of the two countries. The Irish military historian, Sir Henry McAnally, was equally succinct, merely remarking that `military matters had not bulked largely in the Union debates'. In ways they were both right. Although none of the eight articles of the Union refer to the army, it was understood that the assimilation principle, which regulated other branches of the public service and the church, would apply to the army. Yet, beneath and perhaps because of the delusive brevity of these bare facts, lies a seriously under-researched subject with wider ramifications, both in the short and longer term. Before these issues can be developed, it is first necessary to set the context by describing the pre-Union military background Ireland and then outlining the formal changes wrought by the Union.
The tao of thinking
Authors: Frisch Deborah
Published: July 2002

I discuss several problems with Stanovich & West's research and suggest an alternative way to frame the rationality debate. The debate is about whether analytic (System 2) thinking is superior to intuitive (System 1) thinking or whether the two modes are complementary. I suggest that the System 1/System 2 distinction is equivalent to the Chinese concepts of yin and yang and that the two modes are complementary.
Pure short-term memory capacity has implications for understanding individual differences in math skills
Authors: Hecht Steven A. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: July 2002

Future work is needed to establish that pure short-term memory is a coherent individual difference attribute that is separable from traditional compound short-term memory measures. Psychometric support for latent pure short-term memory capacity will provide an important starting point for future fine-grained analyses of the intrinsic factors that influence individual differences in math skills.
Dispelling the magic: Towards memory without capacity
Authors: Taatgen Niels A.
Published: July 2002

The limited capacity for unrelated things is a fact that needs to be explained by a general theory of memory, rather than being itself used as a means of explaining data. A pure storage capacity is therefore not the right assumption for memory research. Instead an explanation is needed of how capacity limitations arise from the interaction between the environment and the cognitive system. The ACT-R architecture, a theory without working memory but a long-term memory based on activation, may provide such an explanation.
Anecdotes, omniscience, and associative learning in examining the theory of mind
Authors: Green Steven M. , Wilson David L. , Evans Siân
Published: July 2002

We suggest that anecdotes have evidentiary value in
interpreting nonhuman primate behavior. We also believe that any
outcome from the experiments proposed by Heyes can be interpreted
as a product of previous experience with trainers or as associative
learning using the experimental cues. No potential outcome is clearcut
evidence for or against the theory of mind proposition.
To see or not to see, that is the question: Designing experiments to test perspective-taking in nonhumans
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M.
Published: July 2002

Heyes argues that we need alternative experiments to study
those animal abilities generally considered to involve “theory
of mind.” The studies she proposes, however, have as many
problems as those that she criticizes. Further interactions should
exist among researchers examining these capacities before
additional experiments are undertaken.
Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection
Authors: Clahsen Harald
Published: July 2002

Following much work in linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational system of combinatorial operations to form larger linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations.

Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem+affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the linguistic system. Results from event-related potentials confirm this linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children's language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult linguistic system.

Our findings will be explained in terms of a linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational system but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations.
Explicit representations in hypothetical thinking
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Over David E.
Published: July 2002

Dienes' & Perner's proposals are discussed
in relation to the distinction between explicit and implicit systems
of thinking. Evans and Over (1996) propose that explicit processing
resources are required for hypothetical thinking, in which mental
models of possible world states are constructed. Such thinking requires
representations in which the individuals' propositional attitudes
including relevant beliefs and goals are made fully explicit.
Three-dimensional dissipative diffeomorphisms with homoclinic tangencies
Authors: TATJER JOAN CARLES
Published: July 2002

Given a two-parameter family of three-dimensional diffeomorphisms \{f_{a,b}\}_{a,b}, with a dissipative (but not sectionally dissipative) saddle fixed point, assume that a special type of quadratic homoclinic tangency of the invariant manifolds exists. Then there is a return map f^n_{a,b}, near the homoclinic orbit, for values of the parameter near such a tangency and for n large enough, such that, after a change of variables and reparametrization depending on n, this return map tends to a simple quadratic map. This implies the existence of strange attractors and infinitely many sinks as in other known cases. Moreover, there appear attracting invariant circles, implying the existence of quasi-periodic behaviour near the homoclinic tangency.
On the simplicity of the Lyapunov spectrum of products
of random matrices
Authors: ARNOLD LUDWIG , CONG NGUYEN DINH
Published: July 2002

Assuming that the underlying probability space is non-atomic,
we prove that products of random matrices (linear cocycles) with simple
Lyapunov spectrum form an $L^p$-dense set ($1 \leq p < \infty$) in the
space of all cocycles satisfying the integrability conditions of the
multiplicative ergodic theorem. However, the linear
cocycles with one-point spectrum are also $L^p$-dense.
Further, in any $L^\infty$-neighborhood of an orthogonal cocycle
there is a diagonalizable cocycle.

For products of independent identically
distributed random matrices (with distribution $\mu$), simplicity of
the Lyapunov spectrum holds on a set of $\mu$'s which is open and
dense in both the topology of total variation and the topology of weak
convergence, hence is generic in both topologies. For products of
matrices which form a Markov chain, the spectrum is simple on a set of
transition functions dense in the topology of weak convergence.
Fatou components of entire functions of small growth
Authors: HUA XINHOU , YANG CHUNG-CHUN
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of transcendental entire functions. Let $f(z)$ be a transcendental entire function. We shall study the boundedness of the components of the Fatou set $F(f)$ under some restrictions on the growth of the function. This relates to a problem due to Baker in 1981.
In defiance of an ageing culture
Authors: HEPWORTH MIKE
Published: July 2002

Margaret Morganroth Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat
and the Politics of the Midlife. Charlottesville and London: University
Press of Virginia 1997, 276pp, $29.95 cloth ISBN 0-8139-1721-2.

Margaret Morganroth Gullette is one of America's foremost critics of the
concept of ageing as a universal and comprehensive process of decline which
begins in the middle years. She is a formidable critic of biological essentialism,
defender of social constructionism, and opponent of ‘middle ageism’. Her
most recent book, published in 1997 and not yet available in the UK, has been
widely acclaimed in the USA. This review article describes Gullette's analysis
of the social construction of decline in the context of her previous writings on
midlife and outlines her strategy for combatting the decline model of ageing
into old age.
Out of the looking-glass
Authors: ALLOTT PHILIP
Published: July 2002

Now, Kitty, let's consider who it was that dreamed it all. This is a serious question . . . [I]t must have been either me or the Red King. He was part of my dream, of course — but then I was part of his dream . . .

‘International studies’ and ‘international relations’, in all their various -isms and neo-isms, are part of a collusive dream in which academics imagine that they are rationalizing the behaviour of those who imagine that they are doing what academics seem to be rationalizing.
MetaCampbell: the epistemological problematics of perspectivism
Authors: WIGHT COLIN
Published: July 2002

David Campbell's recent review article of single-authored monographs on the Bosnian conflict serves as a vehicle for him to sketch the outlines of what he calls ‘a different objectivity’. The article is interesting insofar as it represents a serious attempt by a self-proclaimed postmodernist/poststructuralist writer, although perhaps not a card carrying one to use his own phrase, to grasp the epistemological nettle. For despite the many trenchant critiques of prevailing epistemologies by post-modernist writers and much talk of a ‘postmodern epistemology’, there has been very little, if any, attempt to elaborate just what such an epistemology might involve. Campbell highlights what is a stake here by noting that ‘how one goes about making a judgement as to which narrative of the Bosnian War is better raises the thorniest of historiography's issues.’ Unsurprisingly, Campbell's answer to this issue is the standard postmodern fallback position of Nietzscheian perspectivism.
Factors limiting fecundity of the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae) in a Mexican tropical dry forest
Authors: Parra-Tabla Victor , Bullock Stephen H.
Published: July 2002

To explain very low fruit production in the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae), experiments and observations are presented regarding hypotheses that fecundity is limited by foliar herbivory, low soil phosphorus, inadequate cross-pollination, low rates of pollinator visitors, and parasitism of flower buds. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was undertaken in two consecutive years which included control of herbivores with contact and systemic insecticides and addition of phosphorus. Phosphorus application in the second year increased the number of inflorescences and flowers by 200%, and the initiation of fruits by 400%. No response was observed for the number of mature fruits. Herbivore control and the addition of phosphorus increased seed weight by 22% in the first year, but could not be measured in the second year. Hand-pollination experiments increased the fruit set by 58% in the first year and by 75% in the second. Observations on visits to the flowers showed a six-fold difference between years in rates of pollinator visits. Parasitism of flower buds was 18% in the first year and 33% in the second. Several of the differences between years probably resulted from lesser and desynchronized flowering, due to heavy unseasonal rains in the second year. The differences in floral visitation and predation of floral buds were reflected in open fruit production: 16% in the first year and 6% in the second. All the factors investigated have important effects on the fecundity of I. wolcottiana. From the evolutionary point of view, the results suggest a complex interaction among selective forces which interact with the reproductive system. The theories of sexual selection and bet-hedging are the most plausible alternatives for explaining high levels of floral abortion in this species.
On cooperation in multi-agent systems
Authors: DORAN J. E. , FRANKLIN S. , JENNINGS N. R. , NORMAN T. J.
Published: July 2002

Cooperation is often presented as one of the key concepts which differentiates multi-agent systems from other related disciplines such as distributed computing, object-oriented systems, and expert systems. However, it is a concept whose precise usage in agent-based systems is at best unclear and at worst highly inconsistent. Given the centrality of the issue, and the different ideological viewpoints on the subject, this was a lively panel which dealt with the following main issues.
The use of logic in information retrieval modelling
Authors: LALMAS MOUNIA , BRUZA PETER D.
Published: July 2002

Information retrieval is the science concerned with the efficient and effective storage of information for the later retrieval and use by interested parties. During the last forty years, a plethora of information retrieval models and their variations have emerged. Logic-based models were launched to provide a rich and uniform representation of information and its semantics with the aim to improve information retrieval effectiveness. This approach was first advanced in 1986 by Van Rijsbergen with the so-called logical uncertainty principle. Since then, various logic-based models have been developed. This paper presents an introduction to and a survey of the use of logic for information retrieval modelling.
VYGOTSKY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE: LANGUAGE AND THE
UNIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MIND.William
Frawley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Pp viii + 333. $39.95
cloth.
Authors: Lantolf James P.
Published: July 2002

More than 75 years ago, at the Second All-Russian Psychoneurological Congress, L. S.
Vygotsky presented a paper, “Methods of Reflexological and Psychological
Investigations,” in which he began to lay the foundation for a unified theory of mind.
Vygotsky's concern was that psychology had lost sight of the uniqueness of human mental
functioning, which for him resides in our ability to intentionally mediate, and hence regulate, our
biologically specified mental systems (i.e., in today's jargon, input systems)
through culturally determined means. Contemporary sociocultural psychologists, J. V. Wertsch
in particular, have noted that, although Vygotsky called for the unification of psychology, in his
writings, he actually paid very little attention to one part of the mental equation—the
biological, or natural, mind. As it turns out, even those who fault Vygotsky for his failure here
have themselves not focused much attention on the contribution of the natural, or what Frawley
refers to as the computational, mind, preferring instead to concentrate on the sociocultural
parameters of cognition. The present book can be seen as an attempt to bring to fruition
Vygotsky's earlier vision of a unified psychology.
ENGLISH TRANSCRIPTION COURSE. M. Luisa Garcia Lecumberri and
John A. Maidment. London: Arnold, 2000. Pp. 156. £10.99 paper.
Authors: Hudson Grover
Published: July 2002

This book, said to be written for native speakers of English as well as second and foreign
language learners, is about the differences between the pronunciation of words in careful and
casual speech, despite identity of spelling. It presents as models written-language texts and their
phonetically written equivalents in the prestige British Received Pronunciation (RP) variety, and
then provides more texts as exercise to be transcribed both ways. Almost all of the exercises are
anonymously authored texts of 40 or more lines, on a variety of topics. Answers are given in an
appendix. The idea is that learning to write English phonetically will improve nonnative
speakers' pronunciation and, one supposes, promote the more accepting attitude of native
speakers toward casual speech reductions.
LEXICAL ISSUES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING.Birgit Harley
(Ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. Pp. iv + 318. $29.95 paper.
Authors: Leder Nevin
Published: July 2002

Although the lexicon has traditionally been regarded as one of the three essential elements
of language learning, the other two being phonology and syntax, it has often been almost
ignored, or perhaps more accurately, taken for granted, whereas phonology and especially
syntax have received most of the attention of theorists and teachers alike. However, there is
now a growing awareness that lexical knowledge is both more complex than it appears and
also more fundamental to learners' overall knowledge of a given language than
previously thought. The volume under review is a good introduction to the complexities of
lexical learning and a valuable guide for those who are interested in doing empirical research
in this area.
Computational models and Rethinking innateness
Authors: FELDMAN JEROME A.
Published: July 2002

On the whole, I quite like both the target book (RI) and the review
by
Matthew Rispoli, but there are some additional observations that might
be of
interest to the readers of this journal. The whole concept of ‘truth
through
disputation’ is alien to my scientific tradition and I agree with
Rispoli that RI
is not helped by the polemical tone.

There is a companion volume and software suite by Kim Plunkett &
Jeff
Elman (1997), Exercises in rethinking innateness, which we have
used in an
undergraduate cognitive science course. This is, in my opinion, the best

source for understanding the main point of RI, which I summarized for the

class as: the book tries to show that PDP learning techniques have advanced

to the point where we need not assume that tabula rasa learning
of language
must be ruled out. The Exercises in RI book and particularly doing
the on-line examples give the students direct intuition about this claim. Our

students were impressed by the Tlearn system, but understood its limitations

and were not convinced either of the main claim of RI or of the radical

nativist alternative.
Primes in short intervals
Authors: LI HONGZE
Published: July 2002

In 1982, Glyn Harman [2] proved that for almost
all n, the interval [n,
n+n(1/10)+ε]
contains a prime number. By this we mean that the set of n[les ]N
for which the
interval does not contain a prime has measure o(N)
as n→+∞. It follows from
Huxley's work [6] that if θ>1/6
then there will almost always be asymptotically
nθ(log n)−1
primes in the interval [n,
n+nθ]. In 1983, Glyn Harman
[3] pointed
that for almost all n, the interval [n,
n+n(1/12)+ε] contains a prime
number, and
meantime Heath-Brown gave the outline of this result in
[5]. The exponent was reduced to
1/13 by Jia [10], 2/27 by Li [12]
and 1/14 by Jia [11], and meantime N. Watt
[16]
got the same result. In this paper we shall prove the following result.

THEOREM. For almost all n, the interval

formula here

contains a prime number.
Experiences with the DGPS-based Tramway Location System in
Mannheim
Authors: Vogel Dietmar
Published: July 2002

Because of increasing traffic in urban areas, public
transport has to become more attractive and
efficient by introducing computer-aided dynamic passenger information and
on-line vehicle
location. The tram location pilot system described makes vehicle scheduling
and control
systems independent of expensive location infrastructure (e.g. beacons).
It uses on-board
autonomous DGPS positioning with dead reckoning and
a radio link to the control centre. The
evaluation of the measured vehicle positions clearly demonstrates that
operational accuracy
requirements for public transport applications are met. The whole Tramway
Location System
(TLS) is structured into the 3 segments: on-board equipment, components
of the operation
centre and roadside equipment. The trial set-up for dynamic real-time measurements
of the
positioning accuracy is described, and the results of the evaluation of
more than 7300 position
fixes at 15 geodetically measured reference points along the tramway are
presented. The
conclusions indicate that, during runs in city environments, DGPS
combined with dead
reckoning achieves vehicle positioning precise enough to enable a reliable,
improved and
up-to-date passenger information service at the stops.