bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pore-System Facies: Pore Throats and Pore Bodies
Authors: Doveton John H.
Published: November 2020

When Archie (1950) first introduced the term “petrophysics,” he outlined a tentative petrophysical system “. . . which revolves mainly around pore-size distribution which defines the capillary pressure curve, permeability, and porosity.” As such, a pore distribution does not necessarily coincide with a specific rock type. Different lithologies might contain similar pore distributions and a single lithology might be characterized by several distinctive pore distributions. In the latter case, these differences could be used as the basis for a lithofacies subdivision, where the criteria were defined by pore-network properties rather than more conventional fabric observations. Often, there will be a substantial commonality between the two approaches, because the pore network and rock framework are complementary. The term “petrofacies” (which comes from “petrophysical facies”) extends the facies concept to pore networks. Although this name is commonly (but not exclusively) used for this purpose, the range of published definitions is fairly broad, as pointed out by Sullivan et al. (2003). Some authors intermingle notions of petrofacies with electrofacies and lithofacies, which is understandable, because in many reservoirs there are strong intercorrelations between them. In this text, we distinguish between electrofacies, either seemingly natural petrophysical log associations found by unsupervised methods, or those determined from lithofacies by supervised methods. Lithofacies are generally recognized by standard visual observations of a core, although they may be defined by reference to distinctive porosity-permeability associations (petrofacies) in core measurements. The two fundamental reservoir components of pore microarchitecture are essentially the same as the spatial elements of conventional architecture: the relative sizes and arrangement of the pore bodies (rooms) and the pore throats (doors between rooms). In an oil or gas reservoir, the volume of pore space contained in the pore bodies dictates the total storage capacity, while the access of hydrocarbon to the pore bodies is regulated by the size of the linking pore throats. Realistic pore-network models for characterizing hydrocarbon recovery from reservoirs are, appropriately, labyrinthine in their intricacy. However, the key pore attributes that are the focus of petrophysical applications are the size distributions of the pore bodies and pore throats, together with the aspect ratio of pore-body size to pore-throat size.
Social Inequality in Japan
Authors: Chiavacci David
Published: November 2020

Social inequality is a central issue of modernity in the intersection between the idea of a market economy, with competition as an irreplaceable element, and democracy, with equality as one of its fundamental principles. In postwar Japan, after a period of fierce conflicts, a shared growth model that included a redistribution from urban centers to the rural peripheries was established as a highly successful solution to this inherent contradiction. Upward mobility and increasing incomes, as well as the support of the countryside, led to a narrative of Japan as a general middle-class society and made it exemplary regarding social and political stability. However, since the late 1990s, due to missing growth and social stagnation, this model is no longer functioning, and a new narrative of Japan as a gap society has become dominant. Since 2000, Japanese governments have tried to establish alternative models of neoliberal growth, welfare growth, and Abenomics, but these have not been able to emulate the success of the former shared growth model.
Foreign Direct Investment in Japan
Authors: Manger Mark
Published: November 2020

For decades, Japanese outward foreign direct investment has exceeded the flow of foreign capital into the country. Policies and regulations restricted inward investment, while the foreign earnings of Japanese companies were recycled into investment abroad. Today, official policy has reversed to try to encourage greater inflows, but Japan does not attract much FDI. Following an overview of the trends of Japanese FDI, this chapter surveys the considerable official efforts to protect the interests of Japanese multinational firms abroad, particularly in the form of investment chapters in trade agreements and free-standing international investment agreements. It then analyzes recent attempts at reducing barriers to inward investment in Japan under Abenomics. Much suggests that these efforts do not spur on significant inflows. The conundrum of the Japanese government may be that the policy regime cannot by itself counter the diminishing economic attractiveness of Japan for foreign firms.
Human Rights Organizations in Turkey
Authors: Çalı Başak
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes the origins and the development of human rights organizations in Turkey since 1945. It first offers an overview of the limited number of elite organizations established between 1946 and 1974 and the initial skepticism toward human rights activism in the country in the 1960s and 1970s among grass-roots political movements. It then discusses the importance of two major events, the military coup in 1980 and the start of the armed conflict between the Turkish security forces and the PKK in 1984, for the development of human rights–based activism in the 1980s. The chapter then turns to the 1990s, characterized by the proliferation of human rights organizations and diversification of focus areas, ranging from LGBT rights to the rights of women to manifest their religion by wearing headscarves. It links these dynamics to the global rise of human rights activism in the 1990s and the subsequent appropriation of the human rights lexicon by a wide range of domestic social movements. The chapter moves forward with a discussion of the further proliferation of human rights organizations well into the 2000s as Turkey’s EU membership process boosted democratization and pluralism. The chapter ends with an assessment of the impact of the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’s authoritarian turn on the transformative power and horizons of human rights organizations in the 2010s.
Iran’s Islamic Revolution
Authors: Sadeghi Fatemeh
Published: November 2020

The Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran was decisive in reshaping and reframing both Iranian politics and the Middle East as we know it. This chapter investigates the historical framing of the Islamic revolution as a result of the politicization of the religious discourse in Iran from the early 1940s through the late 1970s and the steady emergence of the idea of an Islamic government as an alternative to the oppressive structure of Western modernity. The Islamic revolution marked the re-enchantment and re-mystification of politics in an allegedly disenchanted world. The chapter reveals two versions of revolutionary Islam, the clerical and the messianic, and their role in the framing of revolutionary politics. Whereas in clerical Islam the modern state was seen not as substantially corrupt but as an indispensable instrument for the establishment of the Islamic government, in messianic Islam the contemplation and reconstruction of history aimed at building a new past, hence a quite different future.
Evolutionary Theorization of Peaceful International Changes
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: November 2020

Why hasn’t international relations (IR) been an evolutionary science? This article contends that a properly constructed evolutionary approach, or what I call the “social evolution paradigm (SEP),” is a powerful paradigm, perhaps the ultimate paradigm, for theorizing social changes. It first introduces some basics of evolutionism and key elements for a genuinely social evolutionary approach toward social change. It then examines several key studies in IR with an evolutionary flavor. The article goes on to identify five key issue domains of peaceful international changes that will be fertile ground for evolutionary theorization. They are as follows: the future of a rule-based international system, niche construction of the international and regional system and order, changes in states’ behaviors, the future of state and state building without wars, and finally, nontraditional security from climate change to epidemics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the article highlights the power of the social evolutionary approach and calls for more social scientists to embrace the approach.
Climate Change, Collective Action, and Peaceful Change
Authors: Swain Ashok
Published: November 2020

Climate change is increasingly seen as intensifying global environmental stress and insecurity. It may not itself be the sole cause of conflict, but it can be a threat multiplier by bringing increased competition over shared water resources, causing loss of land due to desertification and sea-level rise, intensifying natural disasters, and forcing large population migration. If climate-change-induced environmental stress can lead to conflict, particularly over water sharing and large population migration, it can also bring cooperation, as human survival has always depended on the collective ability to manage challenges and find peaceful solutions. This chapter argues that climate change has created strong incentives for countries and societies to come together to create various mechanisms and institutions at the global level.
South Africa and the Idea of Peaceful Change
Authors: Vale Peter
Published: November 2020

The formation of the South African state rested on the exclusion of the majority with the result that for almost a century, the recourse to state (and other) violence resided with the white minority. As a result, the idea of peace and peaceful change lay outside the vocabulary of politics and policymaking. The country had to learn the language of peace, peace-making, and peaceful change after decades of war talk. In the 1980s, following the escalation in domestic political violence, setbacks in the southern African region, and international sanctions, the notion of “negotiation” emerged in the public sphere. The signing of a national peace accord stabilized the idea of peace in the formal frame of politics. Using the optic of human rights, Nelson Mandela set out a pathway for the country to play a role in promoting the idea of South Africa’s place in fostering peaceful change as apartheid was ending. The successes and failures of South Africa’s early foreign policy initiatives are critically assessed, especially the country’s role in Africa. Interest also falls on the reasons for the decline in the country’s international relations after the presidency of Mandela’s successor, Thabo Mbeki. In a minor key, the chapter probes the issue of whose voice matters in determining what constitutes peaceful change.
Peaceful Change in Africa
Authors: Kornprobst Markus
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines contending African interpretations of peace and change; how some of these interpretations have come to constitute continental institutions; and how these institutions, in turn, have succeeded or failed to make a difference. Its argument is threefold. First, African interpretations of peace and change converge around a nexus of five elements: liberty, unity, development, pacific settlement of disputes and democracy. Second, this nexus left a major mark on continental institutions, first the Organization of African Unity and then the African Union. Third, although Africa’s record of peaceful change is very promising when one is to apply markers for peaceful change traditionally used in international relations, the continent has experienced very pronounced and persistent obstacles to implementing the five elements of the much more demanding nexus.
Peaceful Change in Western Europe
Authors: Wivel Anders
Published: November 2020

This chapter traces three different conceptions of peaceful change in Western Europe since 1945 and discusses their implications for understanding peaceful change in that region today. The first is Hobbesian. Corresponding to a largely realist understanding, Hobbesians view peaceful change in Western Europe as a byproduct of balancing and hegemony in the Cold War. The second is Lockean. Corresponding to a largely liberal understanding of peaceful change, the Lockean perspective views such change in the region as the product of liberal democratic states responding rationally to the challenges of international anarchy by institutionalizing the region. The third is Kantian. Corresponding to a largely constructivist understanding, Kantians view peaceful change in Europe as the construction of a civil league of nations exercising “normative power Europe” inside and outside the region.
New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud
Authors: Leith Mary Joan Winn
Published: November 2020

Biblical scholars today recognize the long Persian period (550–332 bce) as the time when an early form of the biblical text approached canonical status. Yhwh religion—at least in its elite form—evolved from a tradition largely based on temple and kingship into one framed by control of a sacred text. While the title of this essay could imply that only Yehud (Judea) is of relevance to Yhwh religion and the historical books of the Bible, this period should be understood in international terms. New textual evidence for previously unknown Yahwist communities in Babylonia and Idumea are a case in point. Elites in Yhwh-worshiping communities situated across the Persian Empire from Egypt to Persia, and not just in Yehud or Shomron (Samaria), communicated with each other. The biblical books written or set in the Persian period developed within this international context, one that included debate over claims to be the true “Israel.”
Yahwistic Religion in the Persian Period
Authors: Knowles Melody D.
Published: November 2020

As Yahwists negotiated their religion in the Persian period, they brought their inherited understandings of worship, theology, and religious personhood into a socio-political context very different from that of their forebears. Further, in a context where Yahwism now existed beyond the borders of Yehud, different Yahwistic communities constructed aspects of their religious life in ways different from each other as well. Exploring practices that perceptibly reflect and reinforce particular understandings of divine-human relations with respect to time and space (namely pilgrimage, sacrifice, and prayer), this chapter highlights the diversity, innovation, and re-use of tradition evident in both the textual and archaeological record of Yahwistic worship.
A Theological Comparison of the Deuteronomistic History and Chronicles
Authors: Lynch Matthew J.
Published: November 2020

This article offers a comparative theological analysis of the Deuteronomistic History and Chronicles. It highlights the absence of theologically attentive comparison of these works in biblical scholarship, in spite of the work begun by Sara Japhet in the late 1970s (in Hebrew; 1989 in English). As a theological probe, I examine how each work conceptualizes monotheism, a topic that Japhet largely ignored in her study. My concern is to understand how each work configures Yhwh’s sole divinity in relation to the people, the temple, and the particular geography of the nation. I suggest points of comparison and departure that stem from the particular theological perspectives of each work.
Politics and Kingship in the Historical Books, with Attention to the Role of Political Theory in Interpretation
Authors: Miller Geoffrey Parsons
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the thesis that the historical narratives of the Hebrew Bible address abstract ideas about politics, government, and law. Taking issue with critics who view the Bible’s spiritual and theological message as incommensurable with political philosophy, the chapter argues that the stories of politics and kingship in the Hebrew Bible’s historical books set forth set forth an impressive political theory that rivals, in some respects, the work of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek thinkers. The key is to bring out the general ideas behind the specific narrative elements. The chapter illustrates this thesis by examining the Hebrew Bible’s treatment of a number of classic problems of political theory: anarchy, obligation and sovereignty, distributive justice, and the comparative analysis of political organizations.
The Historical Books in the New Testament
Authors: Moyise Steve
Published: November 2020

Although the New Testament is more interested in the Torah, Latter Prophets, and Psalms, there are six quotations from the Historical Books in the New Testament and around 180 allusions. David is mentioned by name fifty-three times, followed by Elijah (29), and Solomon (10), and there are cameo roles for people like Rahab and Elisha. Key events are mentioned, such as the fall of Jericho, Elijah’s prayer for rain, and the building of the temple. The angelic announcement of Samson’s birth lies behind the similar announcement of Jesus’s birth, and the multiplication of loaves by Elisha has influenced the story of the feeding of the five thousand. Of particular significance is the promise of a Davidic dynasty (2 Sam. 7:12–14), which is thought to have been fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, and is referred to in the Gospels, Acts, Pauline letters, Hebrews, and Revelation.
Synchronic Readings of Joshua-Kings
Authors: Frolov Serge
Published: November 2020

This article introduces synchronic, text-oriented approaches to Joshua-Kings and demonstrates how these approaches work. After defining the synchronic-diachronic dichotomy in biblical studies, it argues, using examples from these books, that diachronic analysis is epistemologically questionable and exegetically unprofitable. The chapter then proceeds to address Joshua-Kings synchronically by positioning it vis-à-vis the literary entity of which it is a part—Genesis-Kings, or the Enneateuch—and determining the internal structure of this entity. Based on this examination, a closer analysis of a smaller self-contained unit—1 Samuel 8–12—is offered. It shows that synchronic reading not only resolves age-old vexing problems posed by the piece, especially that of its allegedly inconsistent stance on the monarchy, but also produces meanings that diachronic studies are likely to miss.
Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods
Authors: Hess Richard S.
Published: November 2020

The question of religious practice in the historical texts of the Bible not only considers what the texts may have intended to portray as the correct religion but also the reality behind the texts: what did the people of ancient Israel actually believe and practice during the ninth, eighth, seventh, and early sixth centuries bce? In considering the major textual, archaeological, iconographic, and onomastic sources for this period, we will argue that ancient Israel practiced a variety of religious expressions that can be plotted on a continuum from the biblical perspective. There were those who practiced religious forms unrelated to biblical orthodoxy, those who saw YHWH as a chief deity governing a pantheon of lesser deities, and those who worshiped YHWH alone. All three categories have biblical and extrabiblical testimony from both the Historical Books of the Old Testament and from the categories of evidence mentioned above. Having made this point, however, it will be argued that the extrabiblical evidence also witnesses divergences from the Historical Books in terms of new categories of religious expression and in terms of an overall evolution in the movement toward worship of YHWH alone.
Saul in Reception History
Authors: Green Barbara
Published: November 2020

The biblical narrative of King Saul has been received and interpreted in the Western post-biblical tradition in several eras and genres. Included here are Flavius Josephus’s interpretation of it; two musical renditions (Handel’s oratorio and Mussorgsky’s song); visual works by Rembrandt van Rinj, William Blake, and Benjamin West; dramas by D. H. Lawrence and J. M. Barrie; and three late twentieth-century films. The article includes a summary of the narrative, highlighting the scenes most drawn on for interpretation. Interpreters have tended to focus on issues urgent in their era, drawing on portions of the biblical narrative that seemed particularly relevant. Different genres offer unique challenges for reinterpretation and reception of the biblical text, especially those that are non-verbal or that add visuals to verbal cues.
Text-Critical Issues in Ezra-Nehemiah and 1 Esdras
Authors: Fried Lisbeth S.
Published: November 2020

Ezra-Nehemiah and 1 Esdras are the books of the Bible that describe the return to Judah under the Persians, so it is important to understand what in their portrayal is accurate, and what can be assigned to the imagination of the writers. Text-critical, historical-critical, and archaeological methods enable us to disentangle these elements. They confirm returns to Judah under Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes I, a temple rebuilt under Cyrus and Darius, and a rebuilt wall around Jerusalem under Artaxerxes. We may confirm as well that a man named Ezra was an official in the Persian Empire who served as the “eyes and ears of the King,” but that he did not bring either the Torah or Torah-law to Judah, and there was no law-reading ceremony. The law-reading ceremony, currently described in Nehemiah 8, was written in the Maccabean period, perhaps to emphasize to their Seleucid overlords that even the Persians had supported Judean traditions.
Exogamy and Divorce in Ezra and Nehemiah
Authors: Marbury Herbert R.
Published: November 2020

This article focuses on the divorce rhetoric of Ezra-Nehemiah within the context of Persian imperial dominion. After outlining the scholarly history of inquiry into the divorces and admonitions against exogamy—stemming from challenges to historicity, the dating of the reforms, and the debate about Ezra’s or Nehemiah’s priority—this work examines the framing devices of return and restoration with regard to the Second Temple. The article takes up Persian engagement with temple communities in Egypt and Babylon and turns to analyze the multivalent character of the divorce rhetoric to show that it is a response to similar Persian engagement in Yehud. Finally, this work shows how the rhetoric evidences the negotiation of Persian power by the Second Temple priesthood and plays a role in Yehudite identity formation.
Historiography and History Writing in the Ancient World
Authors: Nelson Richard D.
Published: November 2020

Historiography is a narrative that recounts a past derived from written and oral sources. History writers select, organize, and interpret past events to communicate significance and meaning. Biblical and other ancient historians favored a divine causation model to explain events. The Hittites had a sophisticated tradition of royal historiography. Mesopotamian culture recorded and wrote history in the form of inscriptions, king lists, chronographic or annalistic texts, and literary works. As comparative material, these texts help us understand the historical books of the Hebrew Bible and the sources used by their authors. Inscriptions sponsored by the kings of Syria-Palestine are also useful. The historical books used oral sources in the form of grave traditions, sanctuary legends, prophetic tales and miracle stories, heroic folktales, and songs. They also employed written sources of an administrative or archival nature such as rosters, king lists, district lists, and letters. Pre-existing narrative works of a literary nature were incorporated into the historical books, including an Ark Narrative, the Rise of David, an Elijah-Elisha cycle, and the Memoirs of Nehemiah. A legitimate history of Israel can be written on the basis of external evidence, archaeology, and a careful evaluation of the sources behind the historical books.
Blessings and Curses in Deuteronomy
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2020

The law code of the book of Deuteronomy is capped with a series of blessings and curses that either promise reward or threaten harm upon the individuals subject to the Deuteronomic laws. While this method of divine encouragement to keep the commandments of God might seem surprising from a theological point of view, blessings and curses were an integral part of the legal, political, and religious life of the ancient Near East, found in a variety of ancient texts, including the Hebrew Bible, Neo-Assyrian treaties, and Northwest Semitic inscriptions. Placing the biblical blessings and curses within the larger context of this ancient Near Eastern material provides new insights into the background and function of the blessings and curses in the book of Deuteronomy, and in the Hebrew Bible more generally.
Biblical Border Slippage and Feminist Postcolonial Criticism
Authors: McKinlay Judith E.
Published: November 2020

The essay takes as its cue the biblical figures of Eve and Wisdom, both of whom slip through the divine/human border. Eve brings knowledge of good and evil and Wisdom offers a concern for human ethical choices. For what characterizes feminist and postcolonial studies is the hope and ideal of a future of respect for all. A discussion of feminist postcolonial critical theory and current work in the field assesses that despite differing methodologies scholars share a concern for the ways in which women are represented and frequently “othered” in border-slipping texts. The study also considers a selection of biblical texts from a range of eras and political circumstances to illustrate these varying representations. The essay concludes with a reflection on the significance of the work and attempts to predict future directions.
Justifying (Feminist) Biblical Studies in a Neoliberal Age
Authors: Fadden John W.
Published: November 2020

This essay looks at the place of biblical studies as a secular field of the humanities in an undergraduate liberal arts college in the neoliberal age. First, the article reviews the idea of neoliberalism as a governing rationality. Next, the article assesses how neoliberalism transforms the notion of higher education and the humanities, reducing it to economic terms for administrators, faculty, and students. The article also attends to neoliberalism’s effect on gendered experiences in higher education. Under this rationality, few justifications are available for biblical studies beyond economic reasons. Lastly, the article places (feminist) biblical studies in conversation with other fields challenging neoliberal rationality for justifying the continued existence of the humanities. It examine what (feminist) biblical studies may contribute to an intersectional humanities project for the liberal arts college as an alternative to the neoliberal vision of higher education.
European Feminist Biblical Scholarship in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Stenström Hanna
Published: November 2020

This essay investigates the challenges of feminist biblical scholarship within “the neoliberal university.” After a short introduction to “neoliberalism,” which is based on Manfred B. Steger’s and Ravi K. Roy’s description of neoliberalism as an ideology, a mode of governance, and a policy package, the essay addresses the various tensions between the values central to feminism and the values constitutive of the neoliberal university. The essay shows that some feminist Bible scholars have begun reflecting on the impact of neoliberalism on feminist biblical studies. The essay indicates the direction for further work, including feminist reception history and empirical studies on the conditions for feminist biblical scholarship in “the neoliberal university.”
Rhetorical Strategies in the Book of Ezekiel
Authors: Launderville Dale
Published: November 2020

The overarching rhetorical strategy of the book of Ezekiel is a narrative of the destruction and restoration of the temple of Jerusalem. This narrative aims to persuade a traumatized audience that Yhwh orchestrated the catastrophe of 587 bce, so as to purify the temple, the people, and the land as a summons to repentance. Essential components of a narrative (plot, credibility of narrator, argument, and emotional engagement) build upon the various rhetorical components of the sources of the book (oracles, discourses, visions, sayings, formulae). The juxtaposition of these sources can be complementary or contradictory—which then create gaps for the reader to close. These gaps often address unanswerable questions of meaning that demand ongoing attention (e.g., collective vs. individual responsibility). The central point of the book’s overall chiastic structure emphasizes the narcissistic hubris of the king of Tyre (28:11–19), which echoes the cause of the idolatrous behavior of wife Jerusalem (16:15–59).
Ezekiel as Trauma Literature
Authors: Poser Ruth
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes the book of Ezekiel as a theological involvement with the besiegement, conquest, and destruction of Jerusalem at the beginning of the sixth century bce, and with the related mass deportations in 597 and 587 bce. After describing the typical features of trauma literature, this chapter identifies and examines some of the book’s traumatic discourses, with a special focus on the tropes of eating and drinking. It explains how the depicted scenes function to articulate the concrete bodily dimensions of the horrors of war, embedding the experience of famine as a core element in the siege’s cultural memory.
Uncertainties in First Contact? Ezekiel’s Struggle Toward a “Comparative Gaze”
Authors: Smith-Christopher Daniel L.
Published: November 2020

This chapter looks at the language of Ezekiel’s visions, especially in chapters 1 and 10, within the context of a forced cultural contact with Babylonian colonizers. This language evidences not only the bewildering effect of inter-cultural contact, as noted by other scholars, but also the traumatic response of the colonized—who are trying to make sense of their new context. Furthermore, an application of the trope of the “comparative gaze” to the prophet’s vision reports can call attention to the othering of both parties in this interchange. Ezekiel’s use of heavily visual language is also evident in more contemporary instances in which speakers or writers are reflecting upon forced cultural contact.
Ezekiel in Its Historical Context
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the historical background for the composition of the book of Ezekiel, covering roughly three centuries—from the reign of Hezekiah until the early Persian period. This background is essential to the book’s proper interpretation, given one of its most characteristic and prevalent features: oracles that are dated. The present chapter not only recounts the rise and fall of successive Assyrian and Babylonian empires, but also shows how the book has addressed the context of that evolving environment. The book’s explicit chronology thus ties this political history to the experience of the Judean exiles in Babylon.
Pastoral Appropriations of Ezekiel
Authors: Tuell Steven
Published: November 2020

Although Ezekiel is a difficult book, with disturbing images and themes, it has interesting pastoral applications. This chapter first discusses Ezekiel’s theology, finding in its radical theocentricity the theme of God’s grace. Attention is paid to the sermon in Ezekiel 18 as illustrative of the prophet’s pastoral concern for his community, and to the prophet’s emphasis on the divine presence among the exiles, evident especially in chapters 1–3; 8–11; and 40–48. The chapter discusses pastoral implications of Ezekiel as trauma literature, as well as the book’s problematic treatment of women (esp. chs. 16; 23; and 13:17–23). The use of Ezekiel in Christian liturgy and preaching is addressed by considering its citations in the Revised Common Lectionary (2:1–5; 17:22–24; 18:1–4, 25–32; 33:7–11; 34:11–16, 20–24; 36:24–28; 37:1–14). Exegetical and homiletical suggestions are given for those texts.
Ezekiel as a Written TextArchiving Visions, Remembering Futures
Authors: Wilson Ian D.
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on Ezekiel as a text, i.e., a collection of writings meant to be read again and again. As a text, it presents a range of ideas in dialogue with one another—and sometimes in tension—thus providing ample space for continual discussion and reinterpretation of its ideas among its original communities of readers in antiquity. Ezekiel would have functioned as a kind of archive of speech and vision—an idea that challenges commonly held notions of prophetic literature’s function and understandings of its generic intersections with other Judean texts in antiquity. As a written text, Ezekiel would have stood as an organized resource for thinking about the past, and about divine communication in and through that past, in an open-ended way that left room for future possibilities.
Ezekiel and the Foreign Nations
Authors: Crouch C. L.
Published: November 2020

Foreign nations serve several, interrelated functions within the book of Ezekiel. First, the nations are identified as a cause of Israel’s downfall, insofar as Israel has imitated foreign behavior rather than maintained its distinctively Yahwistic practices. The nations are also called into service as agents of divine punishment. As unwitting agents, however, the nations threaten Yhwh’s authority; the oracles against the nations in particular are accordingly devoted to the nations’ proper subordination to Yhwh. They witness to Yhwh’s nature as a powerful, holy, and just God. Having served as a temptation to Israel and a danger to Yhwh’s authority, they are absent from Ezekiel’s visions of Israel’s future.
Novel Physical Simulators for Non-Synoptic Wind Systems
Authors: Hangan Horia , Refan Maryam , Sarkar Partha P. , Zuo Delong
Published: November 2020

The study of wind effects on buildings and structures is primarily based on physical simulations of wind events. Synoptic, atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds have been simulated in boundary layer wind tunnels. Non-synoptic wind events such as tornadoes and downbursts are three-dimensional, dynamic, and non-stationary, and, as a result, a new generation of physical simulators have emerged in the past decades. Some of these simulators, their performances as well as their limitations, are reviewed in this chapter.
Disaster: Student Massacre, 1968 to Earthquake, 1985
Authors: Sluis Ageeth
Published: November 2020

The 1968 Tlatelolco Student Massacre and the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake—two catastrophic, “watershed” events—are generally thought to have defined recent Mexican history in leading to great change, especially sociopolitical democratization. In the historiography of modern Mexico, 1968 and 1985 have become gigantic milestones in fomenting demands for social–political transformation. As recent scholarship has demonstrated, however, this interpretation neglects formative precursors of the struggles prior to 1968 and significant developments after 1985. Strikes and protests by railroad workers, doctors, and teachers in the cities as well as the resistance forces in the campo pointed to the underbelly of the Miracle long before 1968. And, after the sismo, it would take another long and contentious fifteen years to bring the PRI’s seventy-year rule to an end.

Drawing on this scholarship, “disaster” is used as a guiding framework to chronicle the major sociopolitical changes in Mexican society without privileging a linear-progressive, teleological model. Instead, it offers an analysis centered on trauma and popular memory to gauge the transformative power of these disasters. The trauma produced by disaster—whether man-made or natural—can give rise to palpable contestations and negotiations in which people draw on memory to challenge official histories. Hence, 1968 and 1985 (and their consolidation into powerful discourses) can be understood as rallying points, rather than stand-alone dates in history. Framed by the narrative arc of disaster, the period spanning the end of the student movement and the start of urban grass-roots organizing proves crucial in contemporary Mexico because of the power of memory.
Provider Conflicts of Interest in European Healthcare
Authors: Roksandić Sunčana
Published: November 2020

This chapter assesses provider conflicts of interest (COIs) in European healthcare. A phenomenon called “bias bias” contributes to COI situations across Europe. Very often throughout Europe, COI is found under explanations of the notion of corruption, as indicated in the EU European Commission's Updated Study on Corruption in the Healthcare Sector. The chapter then examines the special nature of the physician–patient relationship in Europe and the main principles that a physician needs to follow in rendering medical care, including informed consent rules. It also considers the role of law and self-regulation in addressing provider COIs within European healthcare, including medical malpractice and anti-bribery law, both civil and criminal. In spite of common fundamental principles as enshrined in the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, current rules regulating COIs are limited in scope and diverse in many countries across Europe. In addition, when one analyzes the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare professionals, it can be concluded that the European legal order regulates this relationship and its COIs through full legislation, partial legislation, or anti-corruption and transparency regulation.
Freedom in an Age of Algocracy
Authors: Danaher John
Published: November 2020

There is a growing sense of unease around algorithmic modes of governance (“algocracies”) and their impact on freedom. Contrary to the emancipatory utopianism of digital enthusiasts, many now fear that the rise of algocracies will undermine our freedom. Nevertheless, there has been some struggle to explain exactly how this will happen. This chapter tries to address the shortcomings in the existing discussion by arguing for a broader conception of freedom as well as a broader conception of algocracy. Broadening the focus in this way enables one to see how algorithmic governance can be both emancipatory and enslaving, and provides a framework for future development and activism around the creation of this technology.
Why Confucianism Matters for the Ethics of Technology
Authors: Wong Pak-Hang
Published: November 2020

There are a number of recent attempts to introduce Confucian values to ethical analysis of technology. These works have not, however, attended sufficiently to one central aspect of Confucianism, namely ritual (“Li”). Li is central to Confucian ethics, and it has been suggested that the emphasis on Li in Confucian ethics is what distinguishes Confusion ethics from other ethical traditions. Any discussion of Confucian ethics for technology, therefore, remains incomplete without accounting for Li. This chapter aims to elaborate on the concept of Confucian Li and discuss its relevance to ethics of technology. Particularly, by referring to Li’s communicative, formative, and aesthetic functions, this chapter formulates an approach to ethics of technology with an emphasis on community, performance, and the aesthetic, and it demonstrates how this approach proceeds with the ethical analysis of technology. In doing so, the chapter attempts to answer the question of why Confucianism matters in ethics of technology.
Identity? How 1970s Punk Women Live It Now
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: November 2020

Taking the view that punk is a constant signifying practice, and that one is not born a woman but becomes one, this chapter uses empirical research to investigate how 1970s punk women in Britain live punk in the twenty-first century. Drawing on a set of eighteen semi-structured interviews, the chapter explores how as women get older the articulation of their punk identity can be—through fashion, art, music, and everyday life—more complex, nuanced, and profound. Far from being a phase of youthful rebellion they have left behind, many consider it vital in the way they manage their lives.
“This Is Radio Clash”: First-Generation Punk as Radical Media Ecology and Communicational Noise
Authors: Goddard Michael
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that in relation to dominant communication media such as newspapers, radio, and television, punk rock operated as a form of noise—less in the literal sense, since noisy forms of rock music were already well established, but in the sense of communicational noise, as an excess of the standard requirements for rock music communication. More than just “ineptness” in relation to professional recordings and instrumental prowess, punk was a short-circuiting of mainstream media channels operating both by an alternative production of media and the production of events unassimilable by the mass media, especially radio and television. The author argues that the first-generation punk band the Clash was as much a form of alternative world service radio, informing listeners about both local and global struggles for freedom and survival, as it was a musical band.
“Caught in a Culture Crossover!” Rock Against Racism and Alien Kulture
Authors: O'Connell Joe
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the Rock Against Racism movement and its intersection with punk rock, as well as addressing questions regarding its engagement with Asian communities. Rock Against Racism was a grass-roots musical protest movement that operated from 1976 to 1981 in Britain. It sought to diminish the political power of the National Front, a fascist political party that primarily targeted Asian immigrant communities during the period under examination. Primarily associated with punk (largely performed by white musicians) and reggae (predominantly performed by performers from Afro-Caribbean communities), the movement has been criticized for its lack of representation of Asian communities. Drawing on an interview with the band Alien Kulture, three-quarters of whom were second-generation Pakistani, this chapter demonstrates that Asian communities were represented at Rock Against Racism events. Given that Alien Kulture were musically influenced by punk, it then considers whether this was a meaningful approach to improving multicultural cohesion.
Art School Manifestos, Classical Music, and Industrial Abjection: Tracing the Artistic, Political, and Musical Antecedents of Punk
Authors: Dines Mike
Published: November 2020

This chapter charts and explores the complex cultural origins of punk in Britain through three different case studies, beginning with an exploration of the influence of the Situationist International (SI) on the punk ethos and aesthetic around the Sex Pistols. Second, it looks at the musical and artistic trajectory of the anarcho-punk band Crass and, in particular, the contemporary classical music tradition that informed the work of Penny Rimbaud et al., from the late 1960s to the formation of Crass in the 1970s. Third, the chapter turns to the artistic influences of Neil Megson, later to be known as Genesis P-Orridge. Here, emphasis is placed on a timeline of artistic and political activities by P-Orridge, from his time in school, through his forming of COUM Transmissions in the early 1970s, to the early days of the innovative musical ensemble Throbbing Gristle (TG), formed in 1975. The case studies contribute to a wider understanding of the richer cultural references, practices, and traditions that early punk drew on.
Historical Perspectives
Authors: Getzler Joshua
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that the history of classical jurisprudence can offer a useful stimulus or lead in the development of the New Private Law as it explores the potential of doctrinal reasoning. Two general observations pertain here. The first is that lawyers in both continental and common-law traditions have built on traditional legal heuristics developed in second- and third-century Rome, endlessly adapting and applying these categories in the centuries since. The chapter then uncovers the Roman institutionalist heuristics and suggests that knowledge of these remains desirable for any lawyer seeking to wield legal doctrine as a technique of social decision and ordering. The second major point is that classicism—the deployment of precedent using organizing typologies established by legal tradition—was not always or only a conservative praxis aiming to limit the political authority of the judge. The opposite could be true: classical legal tradition could be highly adventurous, granting jurists the confidence and legitimacy to launch grand experimentation in the ordering and reform of society. Historical jurisprudence was often joined with legal rationalization projects taking the form of treatises, restatements, and codifications aiming to summarize and make available the fruits of past law for modern users.
The Employment Relationship as an Object of Employment Law
Authors: Bagchi Aditi
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses employment law. Employment law serves many purposes, but it is worth distinguishing between at least two types of purpose, public and private. First, employment law is a kind of economic policy that aims to regulate wage and employment levels, and to ensure public safety. Second, employment law governs a bilateral relationship between employer and employee. Within the second broad set of purposes—the “private” or “private law purposes”—one can make a further distinction. Some dimensions of employment law derive broadly from principles of contract while others derive, albeit less directly, from tort.Rights and restrictions derivative from contract realize or preserve free choice for employees and employers. These parts of employment law embody a first-order commitment to private ordering. Other doctrines in employment law place boundaries on private choice. One can understand many of these restrictions as ruling out or disfavoring certain interpersonal relationships because they are essentially disrespectful and incompatible with a collective understanding of human flourishing, in a manner reminiscent of tort. The chapter seeks to sort out the ways in which employment law promotes justice between employees and employers, even as it advances political justice writ large.
The New Private Law and Intellectual Property
Authors: Van Houweling Molly Shaffer
Published: November 2020

This chapter studies intellectual property (IP). A hallmark of the New Private Law (NPL) is attentiveness to and appreciation of legal concepts and categories, including the traditional categories of the common law. These categories can sometimes usefully be deployed outside of the traditional common law, to characterize, conceptualize, and critique other bodies of law. For scholars interested in IP, for example, common law categories can be used to describe patent, copyright, trademark, and other fields of IP as more or less “property-like” or “tort-like.” Thischapter investigates both the property- and tort-like features of IP to understand the circumstances under which one set of features tends to dominate and why. It surveys several doctrines within the law of copyright that demonstrate how courts move along the property/tort continuum depending on the nature of the copyrighted work at issue—including, in particular, how well the work’s protected contours are defined. This conceptual navigation is familiar, echoing how common law courts have moved along the property/tort continuum to address disputes over distinctive types of tangible resources.