bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of EPTC in Corn(Zea mays)
Authors: Carringer R. D. , Rieck C. E. , Bush L. P.
Published: May 2019

EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) metabolism in corn(Zea maysL. ‘inbred B37’) was studied utilizing carbonyl-14C-EPTC and propyl-1-14C-EPTC. Two radioactive compounds were found in the organic-soluble fraction, namely, EPTC and EPTC-sulfoxide. Five metabolites were found in the water-soluble fraction. Amino acid analysis indicated that one water-soluble metabolite was a glutathione conjugate [S-(N,N-dipropylcarbamyl)glutathione] and that three other metabolites were probably degradation products of the glutathione conjugate. It was determined that EPTC-sulfoxide reacts chemically with reduced glutathione, yielding the conjugate. There was no detectable glutathioneS-transferase enzyme activity associated with the sulfoxide cleavage.
Reaction of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) Seedlings to Four Herbicides Applied After Emergence
Authors: Waddington J.
Published: May 2019

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. ‘Melrose’) seedlings tolerated at 15:1 commercial formulation of the sodium salts of MCPB {4-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] butyric acid} and MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} applied at rates up to 2.2 kg/ha in the greenhouse and 3.4 kg/ha in the field. Broadleaf weed control was only fair. Applications of 1.1 kg/ha, 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] ester caused moderate damage to sainfoin initially, but no reduction in yield. Weed control was fair to good. Higher rates of 2,4-DB caused excessive injury unless a heavy growth of weeds protected the sainfoin from contact with the spray. The use of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] amine damaged sainfoin severely, although weed control was fair. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) at 3.4 kg/ha caused spotting on sainfoin leaves with no reduction in growth. Initial weed control was good, but sainfoin seedlings did not suppress new weed growth. Herbicide applications made when sainfoin had 1 to 3 leaves provided the best combination of crop tolerance and weed control.
Movement and Persistence of Karbutilate in Rangeland Soils Following Application as Spheres
Authors: Mutz J. L. , Scifres C. J. , Selim S. , Cook R. F.
Published: May 2019

Karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] residues were monitored in Texas Post Oak Savannah soils immediately at the point of deposition of spheres containing approximately 0.765 g active ingredient (50%, w/w). Karbutilate residues (1.1 ppmw) were detected after 194 days in clay loam to 90 cm deep directly beneath the point of impact of the spheres. Although in one of two studies trace amounts (0.1 ppmw) of karbutilate residues were detected to 45 cm deep at 90 cm away from the point of impact after 111 days, vertical movement through the soil profile was much more evident than lateral displacement. After 191 days and at the point of sphere deposition, about twice as much residual karbutilate was detected in the surface 30 cm of a clay loam as in a loamy sand.
Interaction of Surfactant and Herbicide Treatments on Single Cells of Leaves
Authors: Towne C. A. , Bartels P. G. , Hilton J. L.
Published: May 2019

Enzymatically isolated mesophyll cells of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Kino’] and cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 1613 glandless’) were used to study the effects of three surfactants, I = ‘Sterox SK’ (polyoxyethylene thioether), II = ‘Renex 36’ (polyoxyethylene-6-tridecylether), and III = ‘WSCP’ [polyoxyethylene (dimethylimino) ethylene (dimethylimino) ethylene dichloride] alone or in combination with two herbicides, D-497 (1,1-dimethyl-4,6-diisopropyl-5-indanylethyl ketone) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) on cell permeability, photosynthetic14CO2fixation and cellular ultrastructure. Greatest amount of efflux of14C-labeled material from soybean cells was caused by III, whereas other surfactants or herbicides produced only slightly higher effluxes than the controls. Mixtures of oryzalin-I or -II were the only combinations that enhanced efflux in soybean cells above that of cells treated with the surfactant or herbicide alone. However, on cotton cells all surfactants and oryzalin caused considerable leakage but no synergistic effects. Sugars were the predominant compounds leaked from the treated and control cells. Disorganization of all cellular membranes was caused by III whereas I and II disrupted only the chloroplast grana-intergrana thylakoids, causing abnormal grana. Herbicidal damage to the cell ultrastructure was minimal. Cells treated with combinations of surfactants and herbicides produced only those ultrastructural symptoms that the individual chemicals caused when applied alone. Photosynthetic CO2fixation was inhibited in both cotton and soybean cells treated with surfactants and (or) herbicides. Interference with membrane integrity, either directly by interaction with membranes or indirectly by interference with cellular energy generating systems that maintain membrane integrity is the postulated mode of action of these surfactants and herbicides.
Establishment in Missouri ofRhinocyllus conicusfor the Biological Control of Musk Thistle(Carduus nutans)
Authors: Puttler Benjamin , Long S. H. , Peters E. J.
Published: May 2019

A weevil,(Rhinocyllus conicusFroelich) was introduced into Missouri in 1975 to aid in reducing populations of musk thistle,(Carduus nutansL.). The weevil was recovered in 1976 from as far as 3.2 km from the release site and 4.8 km in 1977. Infestation levels of flower heads at the release site ranged from 46 to 90%. Native parasites(Bracon mellitorSay) and [Aliolus curculionis(Fitch)] were reared from weevil larvae.
Effects of Multiple Mowing on Western Ironweed (Vernonia baldwinii) and Gray Goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis)
Authors: Peters E. J. , Lowance S. A.
Published: May 2019

Western ironweed (Vernonia baldwinii Torr.) and gray goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis Ait.) were mowed at various frequencies during two growing seasons in two experiments for each species. The initial mowings were made in late May or early June when rapid growth was taking place, presumably at the expense of carbohydrate reserves and also on June 15 and July 1. Subsequent mowings were made whenever the weed regrowth had reached 15 to 20 cm. The greatest reduction of western ironweed occurred with multiple mowing when the initial mowing was made on May 20. The degree of control was less in the second experiment than in the first. Multiple mowing was highly effective for reducing the stands of gray goldenrod; but in one of the two experiments, single mowings per season were almost as effective as multiple mowings.
Canada Thistle(Cirsium arvense)Control in Timothy(Phleum pratense)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)Sward
Authors: Peterson S. C. , Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

Two of three herbicides were applied repetitively in each of the years to a dense infestation of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] in timothy(Phleum pratenseL.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) sward in Carroll County, Maryland during the period 1969 to 1971. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-tricloropicolinic acid), eliminated red clover from the sward after the first year, and controlled 95 to 100% of the Canada thistle in the third year of treatment. The addition of a non-phytotoxic oil to picloram did not improve its efficiency. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) reduced 57 to 87% of the red clover and 72% of the Canada thistle in the first year at a dosage of 1.12 kg/ha, but effected only 42% control in the third year of treatment. Both an amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] effected variable Canada thistle control and reduced the red clover stand 10 to 15% following the first application. The timothy yield was not significantly reduced during the 3 years of repeated application of all herbicides, but some necrosis of leaves was noted with dicamba and the high rate of 2,4-D. Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Delmar’] planted 1 yr following the last picloram application had curled leaves initially, but outgrew the injury. Soybeans planted 2 yr following the last application of the herbicides showed no significant reduction in yield indicating herbicide residues had been reduced to tolerable levels.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Response to Barban
Authors: Miller S. D. , Hudson S. K. , Nalewaja J. D.
Published: May 2019

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Waldron’) tolerance to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) applied at 0.42 to 3.36 kg/ha 4 to 24 days after crop emergence was determined in the field and greenhouse and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Nordic’) tolerance in the field only. Wheat and barley tolerance to barban increased as application was delayed from 4 to 16 days after emergence. Wheat yields were reduced by barban at 0.84 kg/ha applied 4 days after emergence or by 1.68 and 3.36 kg/ha applied 4, 8, and 12 days after crop emergence. However, barban applied 16, 20, and 24 days after crop emergence did not reduce wheat yield regardless of barban rate. Barley yields were reduced by 1.68 kg/ha barban applied 4, 8, 12, and 16 days after emergence or by 3.36 kg/ha applied at all dates; however, greatest yield reductions occurred with applications 4, 8, and 12 days after crop emergence.
Germination and Viability of Weed Seeds After 2.5 Years in a 50-Year Buried Seed Study
Authors: Egley G. H. , Chandler J. M.
Published: May 2019

In 1972, a 50-yr study of seed longevity was initiated at Stoneville, Mississippi. Weed seeds were collected from 20 locallygrown species and mixed with soil. Replicate samples were placed in polypropylene screen envelopes and buried at soil depths of 8, 23, and 38 cm. Seed germination and viability were determined by germination tests and 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) treatments with recovered seeds. In general, the depth of burial had little effect on seed longevity. Based on the averages of the means at the three depths, the percentages of seeds still viable after burial for 2.5 yr were: spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] 71%; purple moonflower(Ipomoea turbinataLagasca y Segura) 71%; johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] 62%; velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) 58%; goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] 33%; hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory] 29%; Texas panicum(Panicum taxanumBuckl.) 24%; common cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) 18%; common eveningprimrose(Oenothera biennisL.) 14%; large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] 12%; sicklepod(Cassia obtusifoliaL.) 10%; common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) 10%; white morningglory(Ipomoea lacunosaL.) 8%; redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) 7%; prostrate spurge(Euphorbia supinaRaf.) 6%; prickly sida(Sida spinosaL.) 5%; redvine(Brunnichia cirrhosaGaertn.) 3%; Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.] 3%; barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] 1%; and chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo] 0%.
CarduusThistle Seed Destruction byRhinocyllus conicus
Authors: Surles W. W. , Kok L. T.
Published: May 2019

The impact of a weevil(Rhinocyllus conicusFroel.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) onCarduusthistles in Virginia was evaluated in terms of seed reduction and viability during 1973 and 1974. Musk thistle(Carduus nutansL.) seed production from terminal and first lateral heads was reduced by 10% in 1973 and 75% in 1974 due to larval feeding ofR. conicus.The greater seed reduction in 1974 was caused by heavy infestation (45% in 1973, 70% in 1974); there was a five-fold increase in the number of weevil pupation chambers per head over the previous year. Total seed production per plant decreased by 35 to 36% in both years despite increased plant vigor due to better growing conditions in 1974. Larval feeding reduced viability of mature musk thistle seeds. Although individual heads of plumeless thistle(Carduus acanthoidesL.) were frequently destroyed by larval feeding, seed production from early heads of this thistle decreased by only 5% in 1973 and 4% in 1974 due to low rates of infestation (9% in 1973, 5% in 1974). Total seed reduction per plant for each of the two years was less than 0.2%. Infested heads of plumeless thistle did not produce sufficient seeds for evaluation of the weevil's impact on seed viability.
The Effect ofCyperus esculentusTuber Maturity on14C Accumulation
Authors: Thullen R. J. , Keeley P. E.
Published: May 2019

Yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) tuber maturity was studied to determine its influence on accumulation of14C from urea and NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid). Radioactive carbon from the above sources accumulated in tubers in decreasing amounts as tubers became more mature when the plants to which they were attached were treated. Tubers that were young at treatment accumulated the highest concentration of radioactivity and parent tubers (most mature) accumulated the least14C. Tubers that were classified as mature, but not parents, accumulated insignificant amounts of radioactive carbon.
Differences in the Phytotoxic Response of Wild Oats(Avena fatua)to Triallate and Trifluralin
Authors: Billett D. , Ashford R.
Published: May 2019

Several differences between the mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] were observed on wild oats(Avena fatuaL.) in growth chamber experiments. Trifluralin exhibited little or no postemergence effect when applied to the soil surface. Surface applications of triallate interfered with deposition of epicuticular wax on leaf surfaces, and caused necrotic lesions, leaf break, and the abortion of the first leaf through the coleoptile. Trifuralin, but not triallate, incorporated in the soil reduced extension of the wild oat coleoptile. Soil-incorporated treatments involving trifluralin induced more extensive swelling of the mesocotyl, coleoptile node, and and coleoptile than triallate applied similarly. Triallate appeared to exert its major effect on cell elongation of the wild oat foliar material enclosed in the coleoptile. Trifluralin caused its greatest phytotoxic effect on the meristematic tissue at the region of the coleoptile node.
Herbicides and Activated Carbon for Weed Control in Direct-seeded Asparagus(Asparagus officinalis)
Authors: Ogg A. G.
Published: May 2019

Preemergence application of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) at 5.0 and 6.7 kg/ha, chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] at 2.2 kg/ha, and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] + nitralin [4-(methyl-sulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] at 1.1 + 1.1 kg/ha controlled 95% or more of the barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.), red-root pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.), Powell amaranth(A. powelliiS. Wats.), and hairy nightshade(Solanum sarachoidesSendt.), but reduced stands and injured direct-seeded asparagus(Asparagus officinalisL. ‘UC-66’). Linuron at 1.1 kg/ha controlled only 84% of the barnyardgrass and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] at 0.6 kg/ha controlled about 50% of the hairy nightshade. Activated carbon applied at 56 and 112 kg/ha in a 3-cm band over the seeded row protected the asparagus from chloramben at 5.0 kg/ha, chlorbromuron at 2.2 kg/ha, and linuron + nitralin at 1.1 + 1.1 kg/ha. Weed control generally was reduced about 10% in the carbon band, but control was still 85 to 90%. Metribuzin reduced asparagus stands and vigor severely, even when 112 kg/ha of activated carbon was applied.
Stimulating Germination of Dormant Wild Oat(Avena fatua)Seed with Sodium Azide
Authors: Fay P. K. , Gorecki R. S.
Published: May 2019

A 6-h imbibition in sodium azide solution stimulated nearly 100% germination of dormant wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) seeds in petri dishes. Sodium azide stimulated germination in soil in both field and growth chamber experiments. Disc-incorporated sodium azide in soil at 11.2 kg/ha caused a 4-fold increase in wild oat emergence as 50% of the wild oat seeds in a natural infestation germinated compared to 12% in control plots. Wild oat seed germinated from greater soil depths following sodium azide application. Sodium azide appears to need a deep, thorough soil incorporation and adequate soil moisture for maximum stimulation of germination.
Barban-Aqueous Nitrogen Combinations for Wild Oat(Avena fatua)Control
Authors: Miller S. D. , Nalewaja J. D. , Pudelko J.
Published: May 2019

Wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) control and wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) injury with barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate)-aqueous nitrogen combinations were evaluated in the field and greenhouse. The addition of aqueous nitrogen at volumes as low as 5 L/ha increased wild oat control with barban. The greatest increase in wild oat control with barban-aqueous nitrogen combinations was obtained on soil low in nitrogen. Wild oat control with barban-aqueous nitrogen combinations was not influenced by spray volume or nitrogen source. Aqueous nitrogen applications several days prior to barban were more effective than when the two were applied together. Wheat was generally quite tolerant of barban-aqueous nitrogen combinations; however, some injury was observed in 1974.
Translocation of Dipropetryn and Prometryn in Seedlings and Excised Leaves of Oats(Avena sativa)and Corn(Zea mays)
Authors: Basler E. , Murray D. S. , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

The absorption of14C-dipropetryn (2-ethylthio-4,6-bis-isopropylamine-s-triazine) and14C-prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] by roots of intact seedlings of corn(Zea maysL. ‘Iowa Chief) and oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Cimarron’) was very extensive and occurred to about the same degree in both species after application to the root medium. The translocation of14C-label of dipropetryn to the shoots was low in corn as compared to oats. Prometryn14C-label was more readily translocated to the tops of corn than dipropetryn and was more readily translocated in oats than corn. Dipropetryn14C-label entered excised leaves through the transpiration stream during a short exposure period and translocated to a greater extent in oats than in corn. The14C-label of dipropetryn became immobilized in excised leaves after about 4 h. The14C-label of prometryn was initially more mobile in excised leaves of oats than corn. However, translocation of the14C-label of prometryn continued in both species during 10 h of treatment and there was very little difference in the final distribution pattern. DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) did not affect the distribution pattern of the14C-label of dipropetryn or prometryn in corn after 10 h treatments.
Root Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Nitrofluorfen and Oxyfluorfen by Fababeans(Vicia faba)and Green Foxtail(Setaria viridis)
Authors: Vanstone D. E. , Stobbe E. H.
Published: May 2019

Root uptake and translocation of nitrofluorfen [2-chloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] were measured in fababean(Vicia fabaL.) and green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] plants, and metabolism was studied using fababean leaf discs and green foxtail leaf segments. Both herbicides were taken up readily from nutrient solution but translocation was limited. In fababeans, 4.6% of the nitrofluorfen label was translocated to the shoot as compared to 2.2% of the oxyfluorfen label. Less than 10% of the nitrofluorfen or oxyfluorfen taken up in vitro was metabolized after 24 h. This rate of metabolism would not likely influence the herbicidal action of either herbicide.
Influence of Fluridone on Chlorophyll Content of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Devlin R. M. , Saras C. N. , Kisiel M. J. , Kostusiak A. S.
Published: May 2019

Chlorophyll content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Mericopa’) and corn (Zea mays L. ‘Merit’) treated with the herbicide fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} and grown under high light intensity (10.8 klux), was markedly reduced. Corn and wheat germinated from seeds treated with 10 uM fluridone and grown for 6 days were almost completely bleached. Under low light intensity (108 lux) the influence of fluridone on chlorophyll production was greatly reduced. Under very low light intensity (21.5 lux) this influence was almost completely lost. The effect of light on the activity of fluridone suggests that the inhibition of carotenoid production may represent the mode of action of this herbicide. This study shows that the carotenoid content of wheat or corn drops dramatically when these plants are treated with fluridone.
Tolerance of Soybeans(Glycine max)and Grain Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)to Fluometuron Residue
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Jeffery L. S. , McCutchen T. C.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted for a 3-yr period to determine the feasibility of planting an alternate crop on fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] treated cotton land in event that an adequate cotton(Gossypium hirustumL.) stand fails to materialize. Fluometuron treatments were 1.7 kg/ha on a treated area basis as a banded application, and 1.7 and 3.4 kg/ha as a broadcast application. Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘AKS-614’, ‘Excel’ and ‘BR 64’] and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Dare’ and ‘Lee 68’] were planted 3, 6, and 9 weeks after fluometuron application. Grain sorghum and soybean tolerance to fluometuron residues varied between locations. Very little injury occurred on the Sequatchie loam in Knoxville, Tennessee, but considerable injury occurred on the Memphis silt loam at Milan, Tennessee. The differences were attributed to higher rainfall during the first 3-week period and to higher organic matter and higher sand content at Knoxville. Nevertheless, at Milan, grain sorghum was successfully grown 3 weeks after the 1.7 kg/ha banded application, 6 weeks after the 1.7 kg/ha broadcast application and 9 weeks after the 3.4 kg/ha application. Soybeans, also at Milan, were partially injured when planted between the fluometuron (1.7 kg/ha) treated bands 6 weeks after application and 9 weeks after application when planted on the 1.7 kg/ha broadcast-treated areas.
Etiolated Growth of Range Grasses for an Indication of Tolerance to Atrazine
Authors: Young J. A. , Evans R. A.
Published: May 2019

Our purpose was to investigate the influence of growth reserves of perennial range grasses on their tolerance to applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Competing annual grasses were removed with atrazine treatment at 1.1 kg/ha. The carbohydrate reserves of the perennial grasses were reduced by mowing the previous season. Crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] plants with reduced carbohydrate reserves, as indicated by reduced etiolated growth, were less tolerant to atrazine than their nonmowed counterparts. Without reduced carbohydrate reserves, squirreltail [Sitanion hystrix(Nutt.) J. G. Smith] was much more susceptible to atrazine than crested wheatgrass. Thus, the weed control treatment did not necessarily increase the density of desirable perennial grasses.
Terbacil Phytotoxicity and Quackgrass(Agropyron repens)Control in Highbush Blueberries(Vaccinium corymbosum)
Authors: Doughty C. C.
Published: May 2019

Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) was applied to highbush blueberry plants(Vaccinium corymbosumL. ‘Pemberton’, ‘Rancocas', ‘Jersey’, and ‘Concord’) growing in a Rifle peat, Camas clay loam, or Mossy Rock silt loam for control of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.]. Control was 80 to 100% from applications made in April after the blueberry plants broke dormancy. Higher dosages proved phytotoxic from these applications on Camas clay loam. Applications in February or March while the blueberry plants were still dormant caused no phytotoxicit; to the blueberry plants and provided 80 to 90% quackgrass control. Four consecutive yearly applications caused no residual buildup to the point of phytotoxicity to blueberry plants. Carry-over of terbacil in the soil from year to year did occur.
Weed Control During Establishment of Birdsfoot Trefoil(Lotus corniculatus)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)with EPTC and Dinoseb
Authors: Linscott D. L. , Hagin R. D.
Published: May 2019

Yields of birdsfoot trefoil(Lotus corniculatusL.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) were increased during establishment after herbicide treatments. All treatments, which included preplanting application and incorporation of EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 2, and 4 kg/ha in all combinations with postemergence applications of dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 0.25 and 0.5 kg/ha, controlled weeds and increased yields over those of untreated plots during a 2-yr period. EPTC and dinoseb treatments alone and in combinations were economical in birdsfoot trefoil, using the cost for weed control and the value of the extra forage. However, with red clover only dinoseb proved economically feasible at hay prices less than $80/metric ton.
Factors Affecting Toxicity and Translocation of Glyphosate in Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Wills G. D.
Published: May 2019

Toxicity of nonradiolabeled and translocation of14C-labeled glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.) were evaluated under different environmental conditions as affected by surfactant and by the maturity of the plant tissue at the place of herbicide application. Toxicity was affected primarily by temperature with 21 to 40% greater cotton injury at 25 C than at 35 C. The addition of surfactant often increased toxicity under environmental conditions where toxicity was initially low. Absorption and translocation of14C was affected primarily by relative humidity (RH). At constant temperature and rate of surfactant, an increase in RH from 40 to 100% resulted in a 3- to 6-fold increase in translocation of14C. Autoradiograms indicated that the movement of the14C-label was primarily into leaves above the treated area. Translocation of14C was significantly greater following application to the mature lower stem than to the mature lower leaves or to immature upper stem or leaves of cotton.
Control of Quackgrass(Agropyron repens)in Highbush Blueberries(Vaccinium corymbosum)and Hybrid Rhododendron(RhododendronX)
Authors: Ryan G. F. , Doughty C. C.
Published: May 2019

Quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] was controlled by spring application of pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] in 1970 and 1971, but when spring rainfall was below nornal in 1973, only pronamide applied the previous fall gave control. Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) gave 90% control of quackgrass for 2 yr at 2.2 kg/ha. Some control continued for 3 yr at 4.5 kg/ha. Three applications of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 3 kg/ha applied during a 2-yr period controlled quackgrass 97 to 100%. Phytotoxicity was not observed on 14-yr-old highbush blueberries(Vaccinium corymbosumL.) from pronamide or terbacil, on 4-yr-old blueberries from pronamide, or on 2-yr-old rhododendrons(Rhododendron× ‘A. Bedford’) from dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), pronamide, or directed sprays of glyphosate or amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole).
FRAMMENTAZIONE, POLARIZZAZIONE E CLEAVAGES: DEMOCRAZIE FACILI E DIFFICILI
Authors: Sani Giacomo , Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Lo scopo di questo saggio è di esaminare alcune caratteristiche degli elettorati di otto nazioni. In particolare ci proponiamo di mettere in luce le similarità e differenze tra i sistemi partitici di questi paesi sotto il profilo della frammentazione, polarizzazione, e delle strutture delle linee di divisione (cleavages). Riteniamo che un'analisi basata su queste variabili consenta di mettere a fuoco con maggior precisione il problema del buono o cattivo funzionamento dei sistemi democratici. Riteniamo anche che il ricorso all'analisi comparata possa arricchire il discorso intorno al «caso italiano».
IL SISTEMA PARTITICO SPAGNOLO
Authors: Linz Juan J.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La storia politica spagnola degli ultimi due secoli è caratterizzata da un'accentuata discontinuità. L'800, ad esempio, ha avuto guerre civili, pronunciamientos e, persino, un breve esperimento repubblicano in una Europa allora prevalentemente monarchica. Il graduale passaggio dal sistema di rappresentanza censitaria ai parlamenti di notabili e alle monarchie costituzionali e la trasformazione dei club politici in partiti oligarchici sono stati incompleti. Lo stesso esperimento liberale di maggior successo, la restaurazione monarchica del 1875, è durato fino alla dittatura di Primo de Rivera (1923) che ha bloccato le trasformazioni interne dei grandi partiti, proprie della prima fase della restaurazione, e impedito l'emergere e l'affermarsi di nuove forze politiche. Nel 1931, viene instaurata una repubblica con nuovi partiti, i cui leaders spesso non avevano esperienza parlamentare, e si ha una rapida mobilitazione dell'elettorato e delle forze sociali in un periodo di crisi. È possibile trovare dei legami tra i partiti lungo tutto questo periodo, ma prevale nettamente la discontinuità sia a livello organizzativo che di leadership.
IL CONCETTO DI POTERE RIVISITATO
Authors: Oppenheim di Felix E.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Le definizioni non sono né vere né false, ma costituiscono stipulazioni sull'uso di espressioni linguistiche. Però, le definizioni esplicative devono soddisfare criteri oggettivi cosí che i concetti che esse definiscono possano funzionare efficacemente nel contesto dell'indagine scientifica.
LINGUA, RELIGIONE, CLASSE E PREFERENZE POLITICHE: ANALISI COMPARATA DI QUATTRO PAESI
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'analisi comparata delle basi sociali e demografiche del comportamento elettorale ha fatto grandi progressi nel decennio scorso, culminando nel manualeElectoral Behavior, curato da Richard Rose (1974a), che compara in modo sistematico dodici democrazie occidentali. Di conseguenza, si sono ormai accumulate prove importanti a favore della tesi che vede nella classe e nella religione i due principali fattori determinanti la scelta del partito. Rispetto ad essi, l'influenza di altre variabili sociali e demografiche appare molto piú debole.
GOVERNO E AUTORITÀ NELLE DEMOCRAZIE OCCIDENTALI
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In tutto il mondo occidentale oggi è di moda il pessimismo al posto dell'ottimismo. I politici, invece di sottolineare la presunta efficacia di una leadership «forte», tendono a disquisire sui limiti del potere o sulla necessità di allargare la partecipazione, spesso allo scopo di scaricare parte delle loro responsabilità.
LA MISURAZIONE DEL MUTAMENTO NEI SISTEMI PARTITICI: UNA CRITICA
Authors: Pedersen Mogens N.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Negli ultimi anni lo studio del mutamento è venuto acquistando una posizione sempre piú importante nel campo della scienza politica. Attualmente si riconosce che l'avanzamento dello studio dei fenomeni politici fino al punto in cui divenga possibile esprimere valide proposizioni predittive richiede la disponibilità di un corpo di conoscenze teoriche concernenti il mutamento politico.
INTERPRETAZIONI E IPOTESI SUL SISTEMA DEI PARTITI DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
Authors: Attinà Fulvio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La politica internazionale non ha ancora conosciuto strutture partitiche transnazionali unitarie; non è mai accaduto che partiti di sistemi politici e statuali diversi partecipassero a una stessa campagna elettorale per inviare propri uomini a un'assemblea parlamentare sovranazionale; non sono mai esistiti partiti con strutture (quadri e base) transnazionali né partiti con programmi da attuare a livello sovranazionale. Con l'elezione a suffragio diretto del Parlamento Europeo e con la costituzione di federazioni partitiche a livello comunitario ci troviamo per la prima volta di fronte a partiti che sono strumenti di lotta e forme di cooperazione a livello internazionale nell'ambito di un sistema di stati in via di integrazione, quindi strettamente interdipendenti, ma certo ancora indipendenti. Si avvia cosí un processo — certo lungo e complesso — al termine del quale la politica comunitaria si trasformerà da politica intergovernativa in politica partitica. A partire dalla prossima campagna elettorale per il Parlamento Europeo, infatti, la politica comunitaria sarà caratterizzata anche a livello globale dalla lotta politica tra organizzazioni partitiche. I partiti europei si svilupperanno, a loro volta, attorno alle istituzioni comunitarie articolando domande e proponendo soluzioni riguardo a problemi comunitari generali e a problemi settoriali, parziali o specifici. Come i partiti nazionali, quelli europei influenzeranno i dibattiti e i processi di autorità e di decisione e, in genere, mireranno ad indirizzare tutti gli eventi comunitari nelle direzioni da essi preferite; passerà del tempo, ma certo quanto piú i partiti europei diventeranno organizzazioni stabili e permanenti, tanto piú si interesseranno di tutti i problemi comunitari e svilupperanno attitudini capaci di dare soluzioni secondo prospettive di carattere comunitario. Nello stesso tempo si innesterà un processo parallelo: la Comunità si proporrà come nuova entita di riferimento e di fedeltà esclusiva con una giurisdizione territoriale piú ampia di quell a conosciuta dai soggetti degli stati membri e con una sfera di autonomia in espansione.
Understanding dementia in ethnically diverse groups: a qualitative study from Norway
Authors: Sagbakken Mette , Spilker Ragnhild Storstein , Ingebretsen Reidun
Published: May 2019

As the number of older immigrants in Europe rises, dementia within minority ethnic populations warrants attention as a significant public health problem. Equitable health and care services constitute a prioritised health policy aim on both supranational and national levels in Europe and is formulated in the Norwegian health legislation. Through interviews and focus groups with older immigrants, relatives of immigrants with dementia and health personnel, we explored the perceptions of dementia among ethnically diverse groups in Norway. The findings show that many interpret symptoms such as memory loss and disorientation as a natural part of ageing. Others consider dementia symptoms to have a psycho-social origin, deriving from social isolation. Some describe symptoms as an expression of a potentially transient sign of madness, while others point to destiny and God's will, representing basic and unalterable causes. However, another pattern of perception includes viewing dementia as a potentially transient physical illness, including a belief in a medical cure. By investigating how people with dementia and their families understand and manage the condition, one may facilitate access to relevant and adapted information. Furthermore, by exploring how people relate to their illness, health personnel may challenge explanatory models that create unrealistic expectations of cure, as well as models that, due to stigma or normalisation of symptoms, prevent the use of public care.
LARGE SYSTEM OF SEEMINGLY UNRELATED REGRESSIONS: A PENALIZED QUASI-MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Fan Qingliang , Han Xiao , Pan Guangming , Jiang Bibo
Published: May 2019

In this article, using a shrinkage estimator, we propose a penalized quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (PQMLE) to estimate a large system of equations in seemingly unrelated regression models, where the number of equations is large relative to the sample size. We develop the asymptotic properties of the PQMLE for both the error covariance matrix and model coefficients. In particular, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the coefficient estimator and the convergence rate of the estimated covariance matrix in terms of the Frobenius norm. The model selection consistency of the covariance matrix estimator is also established. Simulation results show that when the number of equations is large relative to the sample size and the error covariance matrix is sparse, the PQMLE outperforms other contemporary estimators.
Estuary circulation: assessment and application
Authors: Collar R. H. F.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The Hansen and Rattray (1966) procedure for classifying estuary circulation pattern is applied to the estuaries of the Dornoch and Cromarty Firths, and the Tay, Forth, and Clyde. All are found to be partlymixed, with the Cromarty Firth and Clyde approaching the stratified condition. The ability of the method to forecast stratification and circulation is examined by comparing predictions and field measurements in the five estuaries. Acceptable results are obtained in cases of better mixing, but some significant departures occur with low range tides and with irregular depth.

One dimensional dispersion coefficients are calculated for the five systems and vary from 70 to 1285 m2s−1. Values increase both as mixing diminishes and with distance seaward along the estuary. Comparison with the table relating values to contributing mechanisms given by Cox and Macola (1967) shows in these cases density-driven circulation to produce higher coefficients than storage basin effect. The results also suggest that transverse circulation induced by Coriolis force produces a further order of increase in dispersion coefficient, values then exceeding 500m2s−1.
Animals in deep sea sediments
Authors: Gage John D.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Recent studies of the unexpectedly diverse assemblages of ainimals living either in, or on, deep sea sediments have revealed a community of extremely low standing crop—seemingly directly attributable to the low fallout of utilisable organic matter onto the bottom. This benthic community is also characterised by small organism size and probable low rates of biological activity measured as respiration or reproduction.

Strictly comparable sampling methods demonstrate a close similarity between Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic) and the central N Pacific in terms of the proportions of major faunal groupings present, even if the constituent species are different, despite considerable differences in standing crop. Therefore the relative proportions of the wide spectrum of small, but not necessarily simple, forms of life that comprise the deep sea benthos may vary, but little, over wide areas of the world ocean. Moreover, considerable affinity of this fauna in Rockall Trough to that of the soft muds of Scottish sea lochs is suggested, even to species common to both habitats.

The deep sea fauna seems homogeneously dispersed over large areas, the major variability occurring at the smallest possible scale—that of the size Of the organisms themselves: by structuring their habitat into a myriad of microniches these animals probably have evolved a biologically highly complex type of community, characteristically vulnerable to, and slow to recover from natural and anthropogenic perturbation. The effect on this fragile and still obscure natural community, in realizing proposals to harvest deep sea minerals, is thus likely to be local extinction of the community followed by extremely slow recovery by means of larval recruitment and immigration from surrounding areas.
The recovery of the polluted Clyde Estuary
Authors: Mackay David W. , Tayler W. Kevin , Henderson Anne R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The Clyde Estuary is recovering from gross pollution inherited from the age of the Industrial Revolution.It is necessary now to establish the degree of recovery and determine any subsequent effects of future planning consents. Documentation on water quality was subjective until the 1960's when quantitative studies on pollution levels commenced.

Much attention has been paid to dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the estuary. The changes in the DO regime over the last ten years have been quantified with the help of multiple regression techniques. The use of these techniques in establishing the changes resulting from improvements to Dalmarnock and Paisley sewage treatment works is described. Deterministic models, based on the diffusion-convection equation, have been used to predict future DO conditions. The theoretical base of these models is outlined and examples are given of the use of the models in predicting the effects of possible developments on the estuary.

Biological monitoring has also been utilised to assess estuarine recovery. Benthic data has been accumulated since 1967. Regular surveys highlight improvements in species richness, diversity and stability. Spatial and temporal population variation was investigated and the salinity tolerances of the species considered. Fish life is increasing and is now present for much of the year, although salmon are still excluded from the upper Clyde system. The lower estuary remains an important overwintering feeding ground for wader populations.
Mapping species distributions as a tool in marine ecology
Authors: Norton Trevor A.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Maps are shown to be the most striking way of displaying the distribution of marine species on a geographical scale. They have been used to indicate not only the presence or absence of a species, but also its abundance. A single map only records the distribution pattern at a particular moment in time, but repeated mapping clearly demonstrates temporal fluctuations. Many ecological insights have been derived from distribution maps especially when they are compared with records of environmental factors such as substratum type, current velocity or temperature. Moreover maps actually stimulate experimental work which seeks to explain the distribution patterns displayed.
Permutation groups containing a regular abelian subgroup: the tangled history of two mistakes of Burnside
Authors: WILDON MARK
Published: May 2019

A groupKis said to be a B-group if every permutation group containingKas a regular subgroup is either imprimitive or 2-transitive. In the second edition of his influential textbook on finite groups, Burnside published a proof that cyclic groups of composite prime-power degree are B-groups. Ten years later, in 1921, he published a proof that every abelian group of composite degree is a B-group. Both proofs are character-theoretic and both have serious flaws. Indeed, the second result is false. In this paper we explain these flaws and prove that every cyclic group of composite order is a B-group, using only Burnside’s character-theoretic methods. We also survey the related literature, prove some new results on B-groups of prime-power order, state two related open problems and present some new computational data.
Chroma-Memo-Flow Technique for Rapid Sequential Analysis of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) Responses
Authors: Overgaard Jørn
Published: May 2019

This is the first report of a method of sequential regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) analysis, called Croma-Memo-Flow. This technique is a computerized modification of the initial slope method of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF init.), allowing temporal resolution of the flow pattern by calculation of the slopes of sequential segments of the initial 1-2 minutes of the Xenon-133 washout curve. The same theoretical analysis applies to this method as to the rCBF init. method. Each flow calculation is based on the slope of a discrete 16 second segment of the initial washout; and each second the segment is advanced by one second. A new flow calculation is made each second and is displayed as a color coded map on a TV screen. Each map is labelled, indicating the time in seconds following Xenon injection, and sequential rCBF changes during the clearance period can be immediately visualized. This allows for almost instantaneous analysis and display of rapid or transient rCBF responses to activation and deactivation of the cerebral cortices.

The data is stored in a 35 channel memory for deliberate replay, photography, and analysis.

Functional tests may be applied during the initial washout period and both the magnitude and chronological relationships of the evoked regional cerebrovascular responses observed. A clinical study is presented to illustrate the possibilities of applying the technique to assess cortical reactivity.
Cooperative Study, Phase Two: Statement of the Problems
Authors: Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

A short summary of the state of our knowledge at the start of Phase Two of the Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's ataxia is presented. The main questions raised hy the discoveries made in the Phase One Survey are listed and the plan of our current investigations is outlined.
Clinical and Electronystagmographic findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Monday L. A. , Lemieux B. , St-Vincent H. , Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

A thorough investigation of vestibular function has been carried out in 16 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia. Electronystagmography and caloric tests revealed a number of inconstant abnormalities. Most abnormal findings were related to ocular dysmetria, disorganized pursuit and square waves.
Emerging Treatments: Replacement Therapy with Choline or Lecithin in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

This review evaluates the theoretical background and experimental data behind a new development: the replacement therapy of deficient central cholinergic systems with the dietary precursors choline or lecithin. Cholinergic deficiency states are possibly present in five neurological entities: Huntington's chorea, Tardive Dyskinesia, Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia and presenile dementia. Preliminary data from various laboratories, including our own, in each of these disorders indicate that some clinical improvement can occasionally be seen, and that this approach deserves further investigation.
Differentiating Between Healthy Control Participants and Those with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Volumetric MRI Data
Authors: DeVivo Renée , Zajac Lauren , Mian Asim , Cervantes-Arslanian Anna , Steinberg Eric , Alosco Michael L. , Mez Jesse , Stern Robert , Killany Ronald ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2019

Objective:To determine whether volumetric measures of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and other cortical measures can differentiate between cognitively normal individuals and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Method:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 46 cognitively normal subjects and 50 subjects with MCI as part of the Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center research registry and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were used in this cross-sectional study. Cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal subfield volumes were generated from each subject’s MRI data using FreeSurfer v6.0. Nominal logistic regression models containing these variables were used to identify subjects as control or MCI.Results:A model containing regions of interest (superior temporal cortex, caudal anterior cingulate, pars opercularis, subiculum, precentral cortex, caudal middle frontal cortex, rostral middle frontal cortex, pars orbitalis, middle temporal cortex, insula, banks of the superior temporal sulcus, parasubiculum, paracentral lobule) fit the data best (R2= .7310, whole model test chi-square = 97.16,p< .0001).Conclusions:MRI data correctly classified most subjects using measures of selected medial temporal lobe structures in combination with those from other cortical areas, yielding an overall classification accuracy of 93.75%. These findings support the notion that, while volumes of medial temporal lobe regions differ between cognitively normal and MCI subjects, differences that can be used to distinguish between these two populations are present elsewhere in the brain.