bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Directed Attention on Cerebral Asymmetries in Stuttering Adults
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Blood Ingrid M. , Newton Karen R.
Published: September 2011

9 stutterers and 9 nonstutterers were administered a dichotic digits test under conditions of free recall and directed attention. Analysis indicated right-ear preference for both groups and no differences between the free recall and directed listening conditions. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies in which dichotic digit-stimuli were presented to stutterers.
Test of the Validity of the Vando R-A Scale
Authors: Truscott Derek , Fehr Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to gather evidence on the validity of the Vando R-A Scale, a paper-and-pencil measure of perceptual reactance. The Vando R-A Scale and Petrie's kinesthetic aftereffect measure of perceptual reactance were administered to 46 participants drawn from university undergraduates. The Vando R-A Scale was not a valid measure of perceptual reactance. The continued use of the Vando R-A Scale as an alternate measure of perceptual reactance is contraindicated.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXXIII. Onsets of Historical and Contemporary Poltergeist Episodes Occurred with Sudden Increases in Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Gearhart Livingston , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Several researchers have reported that poltergeist episodes frequently begin on the day (±1 day) of a sudden and intense increase in global geomagnetic activity. To test this visual observation, a near-complete account of these episodes for which the inception dates were recorded and verified was examined. Statistical analyses clearly indicated that global geomagnetic activity (aa index) on the day or day after the onset of these episodes was significantly higher than the geomagnetic activity on the days before or afterwards. The same temporal pattern was noted for historical cases and for those that have occurred more recently. The pattern was similar for episodes that occurred in North America and in Europe. The results were statistically significant and suggest that these unusual episodes may be some form of natural phenomena that are associated with geophysical factors.
Self-Concept and Attitude to School as Predictors of Academic Achievement by West Indian Adolescents
Authors: Richardson Arthur G. , Lee Jacintha
Published: September 2011

The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the School Sentiment Index were administered to 215 West Indian middle-class 14-yr.-olds (95 boys and 120 girls) to assess their validity as predictors of academic achievement. Step-wise multiple regression analysis identified School-Academic, a self-concept measure, as the strongest predictor of academic achievement.
Influence of Age, Sex, Etiology, and Hearing Loss on Balance Performance by Deaf Children
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A. , Ersing Walter F.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age, sex, etiology, and degree of hearing loss on the static and dynamic balance performance of hearing impaired children and youth ( N = 132), ages 3 to 14 yr. The subjects were individually assessed on Items 2 and 7 of Subtest 2 of the Short Form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. As expected, performance on both tasks improved with chronological age. In comparing the performance of subjects by etiology, only one significant difference emerged; those with genetic deafness were superior on static balance to those whose deafness was idiopathic. However, the mean scores for the genetic group were superior for both balance tasks. The sex of the child as well as extent of hearing loss did not affect performance in either task.
Effects of Aerobic Dance and Progressive Relaxation on Improving Physical Fitness of High School Girls
Authors: Silvestri Lynette
Published: September 2011

108 high school girls were assessed to determine if exercise alone or in combination with relaxation training affected their physical fitness. Resting heart rate, recovery heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood-pressure readings were pretest and posttest measures. Statistically significant interactions occurred for recovery heart-rate scores but changes could not solely be attributed to treatment. Although resting and recovery heart-rate scores were reduced following treatment in both groups, results were nonsignificant. It was recommended that physical education units be longer than 4 wk. in length when significant fitness improvements are desired.
Spatial Visualization: Athletic Skills and Sex Differences
Authors: Hult Richard E. , Brous Cornelia W.
Published: September 2011

189 college students completed a test measuring spatial visualization and were classified by sex and by having high or low skill in sports demanding either high or low decision-making from manipulation of visual images. The latter classifications were facilitated by subjects' self-reports and other questionnaire data. The general findings indicated a consistent interaction of sex by skill suggesting that the development of spatial visualization may be more highly related to development of sport skills involving manipulation of visual images by women than men. Analysis of variance yielded a main effect for sex, given higher spatial visualization scores by men. However, when academic ability and coursework background were statistically controlled, sex differences in spatial visualization scores were not observed in analysis of covariance.
Age-Appropriateness and Safety of a Home Merry-Go-round for Young Children
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

The guidelines for age-labeling of children's toy and playgrounds are summarized. Two different published standards for the design of merry-go-rounds, home and public playground standards, are compared and contrasted. 120 children between the ages of 3 and 6 yr. old participated in the investigation of home merry-go-rounds. It was determined children within this age range had the motor and social interaction skills to operate a two-person home merry-go-round. Although the children are able to rotate the merry-go-round successfully, a potential hazard was identified during the normal use of the merry-go-round. The children's feet and lower legs could contact the stationary base of the merry-go-round after their feet slipped off the footrest during rotation. The home merry-go-round standards permit openings in the rotating platform, and the public merry-go-round standards do not permit openings in the rotating platform. The elimination of such openings prevents contact between the stationary platform and the child's lower limbs. The potential for impact injuries with the stationary base would be eliminated if public playground standards would be applied to home merry-go-rounds.
Sex Differences in Categorization of Tactile Stimuli
Authors: Cohen Henri , Levy Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the effect of sex differences in categorization of tactile stimuli. 9 men and 9 women rated the perceived similarity between pairs of stimuli varying in texture and shape. The magnitudes of sex-related differences, using ω2 and d, were relatively large and indicated that men had better categorical abilities in processing haptic information.
Changes in Heart Rate during Feedback Control of Respiration
Authors: De Pascalis Vilfredo , Anello Antonella , Venturing Riccardo
Published: September 2011

Subjects received one of eight treatments: (1) practice at increasing heart rate with heart-rate feedback, (2) practice at decreasing heart rate with heart-rate feedback, (3) practice at increasing heart rate without heart-rate feedback, (4) practice at decreasing heart rate without heart-rate feedback, (5) practice at increasing respiration rate with respiratory feedback, (6) practice at decreasing respiration rate with respiratory feedback, (7) practice at increasing respiration rate with respiratory instructions only, (8) practice at decreasing respiration rate with respiratory instructions only. Heart rate, Respiration rate, and Respiration depth were measured. Analysis indicated that (a) subjects who controlled respiration with respiratory feedback reliably increased and decreased heart rate; (b) subjects who controlled respiration with respiratory instructions only reliably increased but not decreased heart rate; (c) subjects in the respiratory-feedback conditions showed higher heart-rate increase and decrease than heart-rate increase and decrease of subjects in the other six conditions.
Type a Behavior Pattern and Motor Vehicle Drivers' Behavior
Authors: Perry Anthony R.
Published: September 2011

2 major components of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern are said to be a chronic sense of time urgency and impatience. The present study was done to determine whether these characteristics are associated with the driving performance of Type A individuals. 38 women and 32 men completed the Jenkins Activity Survey and a questionnaire concerning their driving. Those subjects exhibiting more Type A behavior tended to be more impatient, reported being involved in more accidents, and received more tickets for driving violations than those scoring lower on the Type A scale.
Mood, Memory, and Motor Performance and the Severity of Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Vaddadi K. S.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that the features of tardive dyskinesia were associated with motor slowing, memory impairment, and depressive apathy all of which are considered to characterize the so-called subcortical dementias. In a sample of 48 psychiatric patients all fulfilling research criteria for tardive dyskinesia and without other signs of organic illness age-independent correlations were observed between severity of orofacial dyskinesia and measures of memory, motor performance and mood providing some empirical support for the hypothesis.
Effects of Auditory Masking by White Noise on Primary Stressing during Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Colcord Roger D. , Loren Catherine A. , Rastatter Michael
Published: September 2011

6 adult subjects (3 men, 3 women) produced highly similar spontaneous speech utterances in quiet and with 90-dB SPL white noise. The frequency of occurrence of perceptual judgments of primary stressing in an utterance was not affected by the masking noise. This finding supplements our previous report that variability for stress production of fundamental frequency (fo) during spontaneous speech was preserved under short-term auditory disruption. Also, it adds further support to the contention that fo is under open-loop regulation.
Learning Style and Intelligence of Reading Disabled Students
Authors: Sinatra Richard , Primavera Louis , Waked William J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between elements of the Learning Style Inventory and various scales of the WISC—R for reading disabled students. Previous research generally suggests that reading disabled students have preferences that tap the visual-spatial domain and have higher WISC—R Performance Scale and subtest scores than Verbal Scale and subtest scores. Subjects with IQs of 90 or better on either the Verbal or Performance Scales of the WISC—R and a consistency score of 75 or better on the inventory were selected. Contrary to what might be expected, data generally showed a nonmeaningful pattern of correlations between scales of the Learning Style Inventory and WISC—R Performance-type functioning. However, as an important part of the validation of the inventory, lack of association between the two can be interpreted as support for its construct validity.
Association of Body Cathexis and Morphological Variables on College-Aged Females in an Exercise Setting
Authors: Ward Tom E. , Mc Keown Barry C.
Published: September 2011

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the association and predictability between body cathexis and morphology in college-aged females who were experiencing neither clinical obesity nor anorexia nervosa. The subjects were 41 female college-aged students who were beginning an aerobic dance course. Each subject completed a modified Body Cathexis Scale. The morphological evaluation included 6 skinfold measurements, 8 muscle circumferences, and 6 skeletal diameters. Body fatness and body density were estimated from the triceps, thigh, and suprailiac skinfolds. Somatotypes were determined from the Heath-Carter method. Body parts composing the midtorso were the area of greatest dissatisfaction. Independent t tests between subjects with positive versus negative body-cathexis scores indicated significant differences on 18 of the 32 body-cathexis items but there were no significant differences on any of the morphological variables between the two groups. Zero-order correlations between individual cathexis items, and the morphological variables were computed; 182 of the 924 correlates were significant. Stepwise multiple regression analyses utilized to estimate morphology from body cathexis and body cathexis from morphology resulted in adjusted Rs ranging from .33 to .10. In the present study morphological variables and body-cathexis score had little predictive value or association with each other.
Integral and Separable Stimulus Structure in Iconic Memory: A Replication and Extension of Burns (1987)
Authors: Burns Barbara , Hopkins Andrew
Published: September 2011

Sperling's partial/whole-report methodology (Sperling, 1960) was employed with dimensions from integral and separable stimuli as selection cues. The redundancy of the stimulus combinations presented was varied in correlated, control, and orthogonal conditions, and selective readout performance was measured. In this way, the effects of the noncued dimension on selective readout of the cued dimension could be characterized for integral and separable stimuli. Results support and extend the findings recently presented by Burns and indicate that stimulus structure (e.g., integral, separable) is an important factor in determining the feature integration or feature segregation of dimensional combinations in selective readout from iconic memory.
Rules and Strategies of Visual Narratives
Authors: Kraft Robert N.
Published: September 2011

A functional distinction was drawn between two sets of cinematic principles, grammatical rules and rhetorical strategies. Four different versions of visual narratives were constructed by either following or violating a cinematic rule and by following one of two cinematic strategies in a 2 by 2 design. Each narrative presented a simple interaction between two characters. Subjects viewed the narratives, evaluated the characters, and then reconstructed the depicted events. As predicted, violating a cinematic rule significantly weakened subjects' reconstruction of the stories but did not alter their evaluation of the characters. Conversely, changing the cinematic strategy influenced subjects' evaluation of the characters but not their reconstruction of the stories. General implications for comprehension of visual narratives are discussed.
Stability over Age and Sex of Children's Responses to Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Eliot John , Burlingame Kenneth
Published: September 2011

240 children in Grades K to 4 were administered the entire Children's Embedded Figures Test to determine whether similar factor structures are obtained from samples of different sex and age as well as when the population is randomly split. Data were analyzed by principal axis factor analysis and relevant factor structures were compared using Veldman's 1967 program “Relate”. There was one stable factor which was consistent across sex and accounted for about 19% of the variance. Results were inconsistent across grades and indicated a possible lack of agreement of factor structures.
Chronic Learning Problems and Maturation
Authors: Dudek Stephanie Z. , Strobel Michael , Thomas Antoinette D.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of test scores of a longitudinal sample of normal children, who placed in the lowest quartile of the class on the California Achievement Test and children in the highest quartile yielded significant differences on three perceptual-motor tests and on Piaget's preoperational and precausal tests at Kindergarten level. Although matched for IQ in Kindergarten, significant IQ differences appeared in Grade 1 and continued to increase over 5 yr., as those on other tests. Cattell's Early School Personality Questionnaire indicated that low achievers were significantly less mature and more tense and anxious than high achievers from Grades 1 through 5. Maturational lag is hypothesized for retardation of learning.
Judgement of Lateral Orientation for Previously Seen and Unseen Photographs of Faces
Authors: Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

In Study 1, 56 undergraduates judged whether each member of two sets of unseen photographs of faces was shown in the original or reversed orientation. Performance was at chance level, indicating that they could not perform this task. In Studies 2 and 3, the first of which involved unanalyzed data from previously-published work, an investigation was made of identification of orientation for faces which had been laterally reversed in the course of experiments on recognition memory. For a total of 406 subjects, over-all identification accuracy was about 60%, which was above chance. However, subjects were correct more often on normal (unchanged) than on reversed (changed) faces and were generally more likely to identify a face as normal when they were certain than when they were uncertain in their initial recognition judgement. It was concluded that identification performance could largely be accounted for by a response strategy model in which subjects judged orientation on the basis of their subjective familiarity with the face. Together, these studies demonstrate that subjects could not usually detect the lateral orientation of previously-seen or of unseen photographs of faces.
Sex, Structured Sport Activity, and Measurement of Field Dependence
Authors: Mc Leod Bill
Published: September 2011

120 male and 120 female athletes, who were aged 13 to 22 yr., from Junior and Senior High School and College varsity sports, and 60 male and 60 female nonathletes of like age, were tested on Oltman's portable rod-and-frame apparatus to assess field dependence. Analysis indicated that the boys were more field-independent than the girls. Female athletes were more field-independent than male nonathletes.
Perpetrators' and Servers' Responsibility and Punishment for Drunk-Driving Outcomes
Authors: De Joy David M.
Published: September 2011

Observers (N = 169) were presented written descriptions of alcohol-related motor vehicle incidents that varied according to seventy of outcome, blood alcohol level (BAL) of the perpetrator, and prevailing road conditions. Observers made attributions of responsibility and recommendations for punishment for both perpetrator and alcohol server. Severity-dependent effects were obtained for perpetrators' punishment but relatively high levels of responsibility were assigned to the perpetrator across outcomes, and observers did not differentiate between accident and apprehension outcomes in attributing responsibility. BAL affected perpetrators' punishment but not responsibility, while adverse road conditions produced the opposite pattern of results. In general, relatively low levels of responsibility and punishment were assigned to the server, but both measures were influenced by road conditions, primarily at the intermediate BAL. The divergent findings for responsibility and punishment are discussed.
Using Paired Comparisons to Assess Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Authors: Strong Lisa L. , Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Based on Maslow's motivational theory, a self-report inventory utilizing a modified paired-comparison format was developed to assess need potencies within individuals. This method permits both multiple comparisons of items from each need level with each other and an assessment of the intensity levels of each item. 59 individuals participated in the study. The construct validity of the inventory was evaluated by examining the consistency of items designed to measure the same need. Correlations ranged between .52 and .65. The mean potencies of each need level were determined; an analysis of variance showed differences to be significant in the predicted direction.
References for Motor Tasks—Gender Differences across Age in Motor Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Thomas Jerry R. , French Karen E.
Published: September 2011

In 1985 we published a meta-analysis of gender differences across age in motor performance in Psychological Bulletin, but it did not include an indexing of each motor task to the references from which it was obtained. This paper provides a table listing the 20 motor tasks and the references from which data for each task were taken. The range of tasks was from fundamental movements (e.g., catching, jumping, running, throwing) to motor fitness (e.g., agility, arm hang, balance, grip strength) to perceptual-motor abilities, (e.g., anticipation timing, fine eye-motor coordination, pursuit-rotor tracking, reaction time). The arm hang was represented in the fewest papers ( n = 2) while the dash and long jump were most frequently referenced ( n = 21).
Experience and Set in the Running Sprint Start
Authors: Jongsma David M. , Elliott Digby , Lee Timothy D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the influence of experience and instructional set on the running sprint start. As expected, experience affected reaction time only in track-specific situations. While instructional set did not influence reaction time, experienced sprinters were able to cover the first 1.5 m of distance (movement time) more quickly when they adopted a motor as opposed to a sensory set.
Intertrial Intervals and Visual Habituation in Neonates
Authors: Moshe Marcia , Doan Helen , Weizmann Fredric
Published: September 2011

Eighteen 3-day-old human neonates were shown a 12 by 12 black-white checkerboard target for 45-sec. trials with either a 10-, 20-, or 30-sec. intertrial interval until their visual fixation time decreased to a set criterion for habituation. On subsequent recovery trials, a 2 by 2 black-white checkerboard target received significantly longer fixations from boys in the 10-sec. and girls in the 20-sec. conditions. 30-sec. intervals, however, produced little habituation and recovery. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Perceived Commitment, Salary Recommendation, and Employees' Sex
Authors: Rotter Naomi G.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that for equally qualified workers, female bookkeepers, as compared to male bookkeepers, would be perceived to have weaker job commitment and would be assigned lower salaries. Using hypothetical case histories of bookkeepers, 79 male and 83 female subjects did assign higher salaries to the men. Unexpectedly, however, they perceived higher commitment by the female bookkeepers. It now appears sex can affect the perceived status importance of the position in much the way a job can define a worker's status. In general, simple length of service appears to be the most critical factor influencing worker's perceived commitment.
Effect of Motor Dexterity and Approach Velocity on Anaerobic Power Production
Authors: Mayhew J. L. , Piper F. C. , Schwegler T. M. , Ball T. E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of motor dexterity and velocity of approach on the measurement of anaerobic power, 60 trained men and 42 women were evaluated on the Margaria-Kalamen test and a low-box dexterity maneuver. Velocity through the 4-m acceleration zone preceding the stairs was measured using infrared cells. Results generally support the concept that dexterity makes a significant contribution to the ability to sprint up a flight of stairs for measuring power. Dexterity appeared to be more a factor in determining power output by women than by men. In men, approach speed and vertical velocity were more important factors in determining power production than dexterity.
Occupational Stress and Behavioral Change
Authors: Macmillan J. S. , Valliant Paul M.
Published: September 2011

For 25 secretaries employed at Laurentian University, scores on the MMPI Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, Self-esteem Inventory, Jenkins Activity Survey, and Occupational Stress Questionnaires showed no significant change in behavior associated with occupational stress. Characteristics ‘hard-driving’ and ‘speed-impatience’ were predictors of Type A behavior.
Effect of Complexity of the Second Response on Reaction Time to the First Response in the Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm
Authors: Chamberlin Craig J.
Published: September 2011

An attempt to distinguish serial from parallel models of central processing was made by manipulating the relative complexity of R2 and observing the effect of this manipulation on RT1 in the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm. 14 subjects performed under two conditions, either a simple or complex R2. Experimental controls were used to prevent a possible grouping effect of responses. The results did not support a parallel model of central processing but did support a serial view. Implications of results, combined with previous findings, for a more flexible model of central processing were discussed.
Differences in Drinking Behavior between Normal and Laryngectomized Man
Authors: Miyaoka Yozo , Sawada Masamichi , Sakaguchi Takeo , Hasegawa Akira , Shingai Tomio
Published: September 2011

The properties of drinking in normal and laryngectomized groups were examined. Drinking associated with meals was more frequent in the 76 young and 37 older normal subjects than the 25 laryngectomized persons. The laryngectomized group preferred tea and coffee to water to alleviate thirst sensation, while such a preference was hardly seen in either normal group. Results suggest that the larynx may contribute not only to thirst sensation but may be associated with preference in drinking.
Leaders' Behavior and Subordinates' Task Perceptions: A Multivariate Investigation
Authors: Mayes Bronston T. , Barton Mary E.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have demonstrated that leaders' behavior can affect the task and role-perceptions of subordinates. This study extends prior research by demonstrating multivariate relationships between sets of leaders' behaviors and subordinates' task or role-perceptions. Canonical analysis was used to test for set relationships and to protect against inflation of alpha error. Multiple regression was then used to decompose the canonical relationships into more interpretable data. For this heterogeneous sample of rank and file employees, leaders' participation was significantly related to subordinate perceptions of task scope. The effect of participation on task scope seems to be through provision of feedback and autonomy. Contrary to previous findings, participation was not significantly related to role conflict and ambiguity after controlling for the effects of leaders' consideration and initiating structure. Consideration and structuring behavior were negatively related to role stress. It is concluded that a cluster of leaders' behaviors may be useful in the work setting and that different leaders' behaviors might be employed to alter subordinates' task and role perceptions. The functions of leaders' participation in goal-setting approaches to motivation is also discussed.
Heart-Rate Indices of Hemispheric Asymmetry in a Discrete-Trials Stroop-Paradigm
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , Franzon Mikael
Published: September 2011

Heart-rate changes were recorded in a discrete-trials Stroop-paradigm where slides with color-words written in an incongruent color were briefly flashed (200 msec.) either to the left or to the right of a central fixation point. Subjects were required to attend only to the color, ignoring the color-word. The logic behind the paradigm is that a greater conflict should occur for the Stroop-words presented in the right visual half-field due to the relative inability of the left hemisphere to suppress the verbal information. By recording phasic heart-rate it would be possible to elucidate 1982 findings of Walker and Sandman that changes in heart-rate are differentially related to the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The results showed a significant initial deceleration during the first trialblock only to stimuli presented in the left half-field. Asymmetrical effects were demonstrated for heart-rate.
An Examination of Self-Pacing Procedures in Human Time Estimation
Authors: Guay Michel , Salmoni Alan W.
Published: September 2011

The main purpose of the present research was to investigate the role of self-pacing trial procedures in time estimation. Auditory durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Different features of performance were investigated using several dependent variables. When left to themselves, subjects chose a relatively short intertrial interval, the duration of which did not differ across the three criterion durations. This finding seemed best explained as an attempt by the subjects to minimize boredom and maximize alertness. Also, subjects waited for a short time before reproducing the criterion duration, and again this period did not differ across the three criterion durations. A significant relationship was found between the duration of the self-paced intertrial interval and self-paced retention interval for all criterion durations. It appeared that subjects were attempting to maximize their time-estimation performance by either minimizing the retention interval or by developing a trial-interval rhythm. Finally, subjects were more variable in their estimates as the criterion duration increased.
Absence of a Hemispheric Superiority in the Recognition of European and Asian Faces
Authors: Singer M. S.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine whether there is a difference in hemispheric superiority in the recognition of European and Asian faces. A visual hemifield-presentation technique involving monocular testing was employed. Ten European subjects were presented a recognition task involving European faces and 10 other European subjects a similar task involving Asian faces. The data indicated no hemispheric superiority in either case; however, subjects made significantly more errors in recognising Asian faces than European faces in both visual hemifields.
Effectiveness of Education Majors in Assessing Children on the Test of Gross Motor Development
Authors: Mielke Dan , Chapman David
Published: September 2011

58 undergraduate majors in education were unable effectively to rate a videotape of 10 children's performance using the Test of Gross Motor Development. The 1-hr. training proved ineffective in improving ability to analyse skill.
Facilitative Effects of Gaze upon Learning
Authors: Sherwood James V.
Published: September 2011

A series of five studies, employing 146 college students, investigated the positive effects of gaze upon recall. Various experimental designs were implemented. In each study the experimenter delivered a verbal presentation to subjects in gaze and no-gaze conditions. Questions pertaining to the topic of the verbal presentation served as the measuring device for recall. It was concluded that examiner's gaze significantly affects subjects' recall.
Students' Perception of Instruction, Cognitive Style, and Achievement
Authors: Marx Ronald W. , Howard Dawn C. , Winne Philip H.
Published: September 2011

One purpose of this study was to explore relations of field dependence/independence and locus of control with students' perceptions of a teacher's use of instructional cues and the cognitive responses the teacher intends students to make to these cues. Another purpose was to examine how cognitive style and students' ability to perceive instructional cues and cognitive responses jointly relate to students' achievement. Data from 87 students in Grade 6 indicate that the two cognitive style measures relate neither to students' perception of instructional cues nor to cognitive responses. However, measures of both perceptions were related to achievement, even after statistically controlling for verbal ability. Results are interpreted in terms of students' perceptions as mediating links between teaching events and students' achievement of curricular objectives.
How Business Students and Faculty Quantify Probability Expressions: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2011

To acquire some understanding as to the quantitative equivalents business faculty and students associate with qualitative expressions concerning the probability of the attainment of a course grade, an informal inquiry was conducted at a large college in the Northeast. For a set of given terms, the findings suggest that students appear to display a wider variation in their perception than do faculty, with the groups generally exhibiting differing interpretations as to what is really being said when grade probabilities are discussed qualitatively.
Longitudinal Validity of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers: Study I
Authors: Miller Lucy Jane
Published: September 2011

The usefulness of the newly developed Miller Assessment for Preschoolers in predicting intelligence and educational achievement after 4 yr. was examined for a follow-up sample of 338 children. The Total score produced the strongest correlations with the WISC—R and Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery (.35 to .50). Convergent validity data for subscales was also obtained. Implications for prescreening decisions were discussed.
Reaction Time to Normal and Reflected Letter-Strings in Different Orientations
Authors: Windes James D. , Sjoberg Wayne G.
Published: September 2011

Reaction times for discriminating between normal and reflected (mirror-image) letter-strings in six different orientations were measured in six men and six women. The letter-strings were the word FROG, the reverse word GORF, and the nonword GFRO. Analysis showed that reaction time increased in relation to the deviation from standard upright orientation of the normal letter-strings in a way similar to what Cooper and Shepard found for single letters. With reflected letter-strings, however, reaction time decreased slightly when the strings departed from a normal upright position, but otherwise changed irregularly in relation to the angle of orientation.
Effects of Achievement Motives on Wrestling Ability, Oxygen Uptake, Speed of Movement, Muscular Strength, and Technical Performance
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir
Published: September 2011

In this study was tested the prediction that approach-oriented wrestlers should perform better than indifferent- and avoidance-oriented ones. The 1970 Achievement Motives Scale of Gjesme and Nygård was administered to 47 boys, and subjects' scores were sampled for four different wrestling championships on international and national level. Measured were oxygen uptake, speed of movement, muscular strength, and serial performance of five wrestling holds. Approach-oriented wrestlers performed better than indifferent-oriented ones on 9 of 15 tasks. Only in international competitive situations did the approach-oriented wrestlers perform better than the avoidance-oriented ones. Results are interpreted in terms of hypotheses about achievement motivation, and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Arousal and Arousability in Repeated Isolation Experiences
Authors: Forgays Donald G.
Published: September 2011

Four young adult college men provided estimates of 30 min. during three spaced trials of 6 hr. each Mean heart rates before and after estimates were significantly different. Mean preestimates of rates by trial were higher but postestimate rates were similar over trials. A stimulating event can arouse though the subject is relaxed.
Trends in Description of Saxophone Timbre
Authors: Gridley Mark C.
Published: September 2011

Three studies examined how listeners use adjectives to describe saxophone timbres. Descriptions were collected from 97 untrained non-musicians who were exposed to recorded tones of tenor saxophones of stylistically distinct jazz musicians. A lack of universality in characterizations of timbre was found when subjects were required to supply their own adjectives and when they were required to select from a list of 43 adjectives. Of course, considerable agreement among listeners occurred with respect to several timbres when the use of seven-point bipolar scales (hard/soft, rough/smooth, etc.) was required. Scale descriptions matched many ratings which are popularly applied by musicians and journalists. It was concluded that certain adjectives are particularly appropriate for describing saxophone timbres and that their appropriateness has led to their common use among musicians. It was also noted that the nature of these characterizations (calling a tone “hard” or “rough”, for example) is consistent with the idea that cross-modal and cross-material relations exist in cognition.
Disturbance Ratings for Relevant and Irrelevant Noise during Performance of a Cognitive Task
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

This study supports previous conclusions that the perceived personal relevance of ambient noise is related to its stressful effects. Some subjects were told that a noise was unrelated to a cognitive task, while others were told that its effects on the cognitive performance were being studied. As predicted, relevant noise was rated as less disturbing.
Effect of Unstressed Affixes on Stress-Beat Location in Speech Production and Perception
Authors: Fox Robert Allen , Lehiste Ilse
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the influence of unstressed prefixes and suffixes upon the location of stress-beats in the production and perception of stressed CVC syllables. Analysis indicates that the addition of an unstressed suffix produces a small stress-beat shift, while the addition of an unstressed prefix produces a much larger shift in the opposite direction.
Self-Concept and Academic Achievement in Botswana Primary School-Leaving Examinations
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S. , Mwamwenda Bernadette B.
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between pupils' self-concepts and their performance on the Botswana Primary School-leaving Examinations. Pupils with high self-concepts scored significantly better than pupils with low self-concepts in their over-all performance as well as in the subject matter examined, namely, Mathematics, English, Science, and Social Studies. The sample included 2559 (1517 girls and 1042 boys) pupils of standard seven drawn from a stratified random sample of 51 schools across Botswana. Their ages ranged from 12 to 14 yr., with a mean of 13.9 yr. Self-concept was measured by Self-appraisal Scale and their academic performance was based on the scores obtained in the final national examinations.
Children's Knowledge of the Integration of Successive Emotions
Authors: Olthof Tjeert , Terwogt Mark Meerum , Van Eck Otteline Van Panthaleon , Koops Willem
Published: September 2011

Knowledge of the integration of successive emotions was tested in 7- and 12-yr.-old children by presenting them stories in which an affectively charged target-situation was preceded either by an affectively neutral situation or by an affectively charged initial situation that was opposite in valence to the target situation. Children indicated the emotion they would feel in the target-situation by choosing one of five schematically presented facial expressions as well as by giving the reason for their choice. Older children's reports of affect in the target-situation were influenced more by the initial affective situation than were younger children's reports. Age-related differences were especially clear in girls' reports. It was concluded that there are age-related differences in children's awareness of the enduring character of emotions across situations.
Menstrual Symptoms and up-down Vectors
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Greenberg Roger P.
Published: September 2011

Multiple studies considered the somatic symptom correlates of up-down asymmetries in women. In four samples, involving a total of 81 women, menstrual symptoms were significantly linked with the up-down distortion of the space surrounding self. In addition, there were borderline relationships between menstrual symptoms and other indices of up-down asymmetry. The findings suggested a possible link between menstrual symptoms and concerns about possessing versus not possessing power. Over-all, the results support previous studies indicating that spatial sets reflect important attitudes or conflicts that seem to play a role in somatic symptomatology. However, they point up the importance of considering sex differences.
Discriminating the Structure of Rotated Three-Dimensional Figures
Authors: Barfield Woodrow , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: September 2011

Visualizing the structure of transformed (by rotation) three-dimensional (3-D) figures is an important aspect of information processing for computer-graphics tasks. However, little research exists to establish the speed and accuracy in which subjects perform discrimination tasks for transformed images and the effects of rotation variables on perceiving transformed images. This research tests the effects of figural complexity, angles and axes of rotation on the speed and accuracy in which subjects discriminate the structure of rotated 3-D wireframe images. Results show that response times are affected more by angles than axes of rotation, the specific form of the image affects error rates, and the number of 90° bends which determine the structure of an image may be an inadequate measure of form complexity for the task described here.
Effect of a Pragmatic Context on Elicited Imitation
Authors: Gross Carl , Leder Steven B.
Published: September 2011

Elicited imitation is often used to measure the linguistic performance of elementary school children. Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effect of context vs no context on children's elicited imitation behavior. In the present study, Carrow's Elicited Language Inventory was administered in its standardized form and in an experimental form using discourse cues to 8 boys and 1 girl who were language-disordered. Ages ranged from 5:4 to 7:11. Significant differences were noted in linguistic performance, as measured by accuracy of imitation, between pragmatic context and no-context conditions of test. The findings indicated that the pragmatic context improved linguistic accuracy of imitation for the language-disordered children. Diagnostic implications are discussed.
Mathematical Note on Propensity to Engage in Counter-Stress Activity
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: September 2011

Contrasting contingent probabilities and the exponential distribution are used to model individual's propensity to engage in counter-stress activity. Parameters embody cues conveying effectiveness of the activity and cue susceptibility to environmental noise.
Delayed Recall of Verbatim Information from Text
Authors: Cornish Ian M.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate students read two 225-word narrative passages and were asked to recall one immediately and both, unexpectedly, after 7 days. Delaying recall reduced the verbatim recall component substantially, whilst leaving less accurate material relatively unaffected, and even after 7 days some verbatim information persisted in the absence of rote learning. These findings suggest that verbatim recall may be qualitatively different from the recall of gist.
Relation of Sex and Sex Role to Adults' Ability to Decode Infants' Emotions
Authors: Francis Patricia L. , Lombardo John P. , Simon Lorna J.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relative contributions of sex and sex role to subjects' ability to recognize infants' emotional expressions. Men and women were classified into traditional, androgynous, and undifferentiated sex-role categories based upon their Bern Sex-role Inventory scores; women with a cross-sex orientation were also included. Subjects judged infants' emotions from a set of slides. Analysis indicated an effect for sex, with women outperforming men. A sex-role effect was also found, with cross-sex women and traditional men exhibiting the best decoding performance; androgynous subjects achieved the lowest decoding scores. Findings support recent ideas regarding the role of masculinity, at least when combined with low femininity scores, in decoding.
Field Independence of Students at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and a Montessori School
Authors: Gelderloos Paul , Lockie Randolph J. , Chuttoorgoon Sooneeta
Published: September 2011

82 subjects, ages 7 to 11 yr., from two private schools, Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and a Montessori school, were given the Children's Embedded Figures Test. The 48 students of the former (20 boys, 28 girls, M age = 8.98 yr.), who practice the Transcendental Meditation program as part of their curriculum, scored significantly higher on field independence than the 34 Montessori school subjects (17 boys, 17 girls, M age = 8.60 yr.).
Handedness, Footedness, and Eyedness
Authors: Brown E. Rosemary , Taylor Pamela
Published: September 2011

There is no agreement in the literature on whether there are associations among handedness, footedness, and eyedness among normal populations. These need to be clarified before studying abnormal populations. The majority of people have a right-sided preference for each of the three measures of laterality and hence some association is to be expected due to chance alone. Using three categories of laterality a statistical method which is new to these sorts of data has been used which allows the observed percentage agreement to be compared with that expected by chance for all three measures together (as well as in pairs). Its application to data from a sample of 192 young naval recruits suggests that there probably is a generalised dimension of motor laterality, at least among males.
Field Dependence and Strategy Use
Authors: Clark Henry T. , Roof Kreig D.
Published: September 2011

Studies have indicated that field-independent learners perform better than field-dependent learners on a variety of cognitive tasks, including performance measures of intelligence. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between performance and strategy use. The present research investigated strategies used by field-dependent and field-independent college students on WAIS—R performance subtests. Differences in performance were found on all five subtests, while strategy differences were observed for Block Design, Picture Completion, and Object Assembly. Field-independent subjects tended to use analytic strategies on these subtests. Field-dependent subjects were less consistent, but tended towards use of global strategies.
Performance of Field-Independent and -Dependent College Students, and Their “Fixed” and “Mobile” Subtypes, on Two Formats of a Cognitive Task
Authors: Cunningham Delléna M. , Ridley Stanley E. , Campbell Alfonso
Published: September 2011

This study compared the performance of 101 college students classified as field-independent and -dependent, who were also divided into “fixed” (or rigid) and “mobile” (or flexible) subtypes. The divisions were based on the median-split technique being applied to the students' scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Breskin Rigidity Test. The dependent variables were performance on the open-answer and multiple-choice versions of a complex cognitive task, Gorham's Proverbs Test. As expected, field-independent subjects outperformed field-dependent ones on both versions, and the field-independent-fixed subtype tended to outperform the other three subtypes (field-independent-mobile, field-dependent-fixed and -mobile). Implications of the results are discussed and suggestions for further research are provided.