bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summer houses in Portugal: the legacy of the Exitenzminimum and the work of Le Corbusier
Authors: Freitas Tiago
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The program of the summer house will mark the acceptance period of modern architecture in Portugal. The modern life is put into practice by a group of architects to an enlightened bourgeoisie clientele, in some summer resorts that will start to be developed in the Portuguese coastline. The Existenzminimum, will be a German expression used throughout the twentieth century, particularly after the First World War, where the concerns of social nature and housing, for a large number of people will be important issues to be discussed by architects. Petit cabanon was Le Corbusier’s summer house in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. This small pavilion experienced new possibilities of living in minimum area, similar to the theories of the existenzminimum studied by Modern architects in the post-first world war period. New ways to dwell in minimum space are then reinterpreted in the early experiences of holiday houses in Portugal where a simple way of living started to be tested. Resumen: El programa de la casa de verano se cumplirá el plazo de aceptación de la arquitectura moderna en Portugal. La vida moderna se pone en práctica por un grupo de arquitectos a una clientela de burguesía, en algunos centros turísticos de verano que comenzarán a desarrollar en la costa portuguesa. El Existenzminimum, será una expresión alemana utilizado a lo largo del siglo XX, sobre todo después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, donde las preocupaciones de carácter social y vivienda, para un gran número de personas serán temas importantes a tratar por los arquitectos. Petit Cabanon fue la casa de verano de Le Corbusier en Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Este pequeño pabellón experimentó nuevas posibilidades de vivir en área mínima, similar a las teorías de la Existenzminimum estudiados por arquitectos modernos en el periodo posterior a la primera guerra mundial. Nuevas formas de habitar el espacio mínimo son entonces reinterpretadas en las primeras experiencias de casas de vacaciones en Portugal, donde una forma moderna de habitar comenzó a ser testada.  Keywords: Petit cabanon; Le Corbusier; Holiday houses; Existenzminimum; Arquitecture; Modern. Palabras clave: Petit cabanon; Le Corbusier; Casas de Verano; Existenzminimum; Arquitectura; Moderno. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.862
Le Corbusier et le Brésil : une Synthèse des Arts Majeurs, et aussi des Arts Mineurs
Authors: Rodrigues dos Santos Cecilia
Published: March 2016

Resumé: Ce travail examine les discours des architectes Lucio Costa et Le Corbusier sur la Synthèse des Arts, et les analyses faites à partir de l’application de ces idées dans les projets d’Architecture Moderne Brésilienne des années 1940, en particulier le projet du siège du Ministère de l’Éducation et de la Santé à Rio de Janeiro. L’objectif du présent travail est alors de révéler et de mettre l’accent sur la collaboration entre Le Corbusier et les architectes brésiliens ainsi que sur les Arts mineurs, représentés ici par l’art de l’azulejo, dans le processus de Synthèse des arts, comme supports et véhicules des expressions artistiques des Arts majeurs ou Beaux-arts. Abstract: The objective of this work is, mainly through the speeches of Lucio Costa and of Le Corbusier on the "Synthèse des Arts" and the analysis of the application of these ideas to the works of the Modern Architecture in the years 1940 in Brazil, to reveal and to emphasize the important role of the Arts Mineurs and the Industrial Design in the process of the Synthesis of the Arts, as "vehicles" of the biggest expressions of the art intended to be integrated to the architecture, considering elements like ceramic tiles.  Mots-clés: Synthèse des Arts; Arts Majeurs et Arts Mineurs; Architecture Moderne Brésilienne. Keywords: Synthesis of the Arts; Major Arts and Mineurs Arts; Modern Brazilian Architecture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.880
Diagrama y Arquitectura. La Sintaxis Espacial en el Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts
Authors: Saldarriaga Juan Alejandro
Published: March 2016

Resumen: El proceso de diseño para el CCVA comienza con dos frases que escribe Le Corbusier durante su primera visita al sitio en 1959. Sólo cinco meses después hace los primeros dibujos. De ahí la relación de este edificio con la sintaxis, si ésta se entiende como la búsqueda del orden y de la relación de los espacios. La sintaxis se observa aquí desde las primeras imágenes literarias hasta el nivel de definición de la forma, en el que se usan maquetas esquemáticas y desarmables, así como recortes de las áreas requeridas por el programa, con los que se experimenta de diversas maneras en un plano del sitio. Además de su interés persistente por diversos tipos de circulación, esta metodología emparenta al edificio con algunos proyectos de Le Corbusier donde también hace uso de los diagramas funcionales, o "diagrammes à bulles", como él los llama. El mismo tipo de diagrama fue usado más tarde por Bill Hillier en un método para analizar la arquitectura que llamó la "sintaxis espacial". Este método, además de analizar el orden y la relación de los espacios, permite entender su permeabilidad con el espacio público. Al ser un edificio atravesado por una ruta pública, y al iniciarse con imágenes literarias, se hace pertinente verlo a través de su sintaxis espacial. Abstract: The design process for the CCVA begins with two phrases that Le Corbusier writes during his first visit to the site in 1959. Only five months later the first drawings appear. Hence the relationship of the building with the syntax, if this is understood as the search for the order and the relationships in space. The syntax is observed here from the first literary images up to the definition of the form, in which schematic architectural models are used, but also cut-out areas required by the program, which are disposed in different ways on a site plan. In addition to his persistent interest in various types of movement, this methodology can also be seen in other projects where Le Corbusier also makes use of functional diagrams, or as he calls them: "diagrammes à bulles ". The same kind of diagram was used later by Bill Hillier in a method for analyzing architecture that he called the "space syntax". This method, in addition to analyzing the order and the relationship of spaces, can help to understand their permeability with respect to public space. As a building crossed by a public path, and as design process that starts with literary images, it becomes relevant to see it through its spatial syntax.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; diagrama, sintaxis espacial; espacio público; métodos de creación. Keywords: Le Corbusier; diagram, space syntax; public space; creation methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.888
Letter from the Basses-Pyrénnées: An Unintended Trigger for a Site Exchange
Authors: Martínez de Guereñu Laura
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The contents of an unpublished letter (FLC I1-17-5), sent to Le Corbusier from the Basses-Pyrénées during the development of the Villa Ocampo project (1928), is the key to understanding the Swiss-French master’s particular response to the site at the end of the 1920s. Countess Adela Cuevas de Vera, who negotiated the project from Anglet, revealed the Côte Basque as an attractive new market and claimed Le Corbusier's presence there. Furthermore, she reminded him of the prevailing regionalism and the strong cultural identity of the place, as well as the fact that Robert Mallet-Stevens, a great competitor of his, had already embarked there. Whatever the content of this letter awakened in Le Corbusier, led him to submit a very similar version of the third Villa Meyer project (1925) (designed for Paris) to be built in Buenos Aires. This paper re-evaluates the reasons behind a site exchange between two Southern cities on different sides of the Atlantic, studying the role of the negotiation site in the design process; and reassesses Le Corbusier’s critical attitude towards regionalism, mapping out his relationship with a French region in which he never intervened. Through primary source research, this paper also recognizes that in architecture, rivalry, pride and ambition can quite often be authentic triggers for action. Resumen: El contenido de una carta inédita (FLC I1-17-5), enviada a Le Corbusier desde los Bajos Pirineos durante el desarrollo del proyecto de la Villa Ocampo (1928), es la clave para entender la muy particular respuesta al lugar del maestro suizo-francés a finales de los años 20. La Condesa Adela Cuevas de Vera, que negoció el proyecto desde Anglet, presentó a Le Corbusier la Côte Basque como un atractivo mercado, al tiempo que reclamó allí su presencia. Le habló del regionalismo imperante y de la fuerte identidad cultural del lugar, recordándole que Robert Mallet-Stevens, un gran competidor suyo, había desembarcado ya allí. La reacción a esta carta llevó a Le Corbusier a entregar un proyecto muy similar a la tercera versión del proyecto de la Villa Meyer (1925) (proyectado para París) para ser construido en Buenos Aires. Este artículo reevalúa las razones que pueden existir tras el intercambio de lugar entre dos ciudades del Sur situadas a los dos lados del Atlántico, estudiando para ello el papel que el lugar de negociación juega en el desarrollo de un proyecto; y reexamina la actitud crítica de Le Corbusier hacia el regionalismo, mapeando su relación con una región francesa en la que nunca intervino. A través de la investigación de fuentes primarias, este artículo muestra también cómo la rivalidad, el orgullo y la ambición pueden asimismo ser auténticos desencadenantes para la acción durante el desarrollo de un proyecto.  Keywords: Site; negotiation; pragmatism; universalism; regionalism; dwelling. Palabras clave: Lugar; negociación; pragmatismo; universalidad; regionalismo; habitar. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.915
Rem Koolhaas: Le Corbusier through the Looking-Glass
Authors: Villanueva Cajide Beatriz
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The present work aims to recover the part of Le Corbusier´s theoretical production that can be defined as Manifesto to analyze it since its comparison with the analogue written by Rem Koolhaas. Due to the brevity of the present paper it will be focus on the analogies between two main Manifestoes: Towards an Architecture (Le Corbusier, 1923) and Delirious New York (Rem Koolhaas, 1978). The dialectic between these two Manifestoes is summarized in four main points: the intention of the text -rasion d´être-, its structure, the tone they used for the correspondent Manifesto and the relationship with the architectonic work of the authors. As we will see, theoretical and audiovisual strategies are duplicated from the master to the pupil who, on top of that, is able to reinterpret and manipulate them in a way that makes possible for his Manifesto to be considered even more efficient than Le Corbusier´s, at least, in its intention to involve the largest number of people. This is possible thanks to the knowledge that Koolhaas has over media, cinema and latests technologies that allows him to express what could be identified with Le Corbusier´s original ideas but in a contemporary way, so they seem to be brand new and much more understandable for today´s society. In this way, Koolhaas could be understood also as a kind of Le Corbusier living in the world Through the Looking-Glass organized as Lewis Carroll did in his famous book Alice´s Adventures in Wonderland. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There.  Keywords: Manifesto; Le Corbusier; Koolhaas; theory; architecture; communication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.931
Le Corbusier and São Paulo – 1929: Architecture and Landscape
Authors: Pianca Guilherme Moreno
Published: March 2016

Abstract: This article looks into Le Corbusier’s urban proposal for the City of São Paulo, as formulated during his journey to South America in 1929. It highlights the relationship between Architecture and Landscape exposed by Le Corbusier’s plan. This paper sets out to investigate the analysis that the innovative Swiss architect performed of the geography and morphology of São Paulo. It contrasts to the works and plans carried out by technicians and engineers at that time. In order to explain how Le Corbusier’s treatment of nature and landscape differs from them, we study the extent to which Le Corbusier’s plans show design approaches, which were unusual in terms of Western History and Memory. He also looks into the relationship between Le Corbusier’s work, on the one hand, and new technological elements and changes in the visual culture at that time, on the other hand, thus seeking to highlight certain obscure spots within Le Corbusier’s work. This study aims at bringing forward some speculations and methods present in the work of Le Corbusier on cities. It deals with contradictory aspects in Le Corbusier’s work in order to deepen our understanding of contemporary urban problems. Resumen: Este artículo investiga la hipótesis de proyecto de Le Corbusier para la ciudad de San Pablo, propuesta durante su viaje a América Latina en 1929, focalizando en las relaciones entre arquitectura y paisaje. La primera cuestión analizada en este trabajo es el innovador análisis de la geografía y la morfología de San Pablo propuesto por el arquitecto suizo, que contrasta con la manera con que los técnicos e ingenieros locales desarrollaban sus propuestas en ese momento. Para explicar dicha diferencia en la manera de lidiar con la naturaleza y el paisaje, el autor de este articulo estudia como el trabajo de Le Corbusier presenta abordajes de proyecto inusuales para la Historia y la Memoria, y su relación con los nuevos elementos tecnológicos y de la cultura visual de la época, procurando así resaltar ciertos puntos oscuros en el trabajo del arquitecto. Esta discusión intenta cuestionar ciertas especulaciones proyectuales y metodologías de trabajo presentes en el trabajo de Le Corbusier sobre ciudades, utilizando sus aspectos contradictorios como modo de profundizar nuestro entendimiento de los problemas urbanos contemporáneos.  Keywords: Modern Architecture; Modern Urbanism; Landscape Architecture; Le Corbusier; São Paulo. Palabras clave: Arquitectura Moderna; Urbanismo Moderno; Arquitectura Del Paisaje; Le Corbusier; São Paulo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.937
Le Corbusier and Ariadne
Authors: Fonti Alessandro
Published: March 2016

Abstract: From a letter dated 1913 to W. Ritter in which he described the “erotic obsession” which had caused him to depict the statue of the Sleeping Ariadne in the gardens of Versailles as a scantily-clad odalisque in the painting entitled La Versailles du Grand Turc, up to his last graphic project of 1964 entitled “Nassaince du Minotaure II”, the “private mythology” of Le Corbusier’s works was dominated by Minoan-Cretan mythology, to the point that the bull symbol became the unifying principle of his entire pictorial, plastic and architectural work. Dozens of Le Corbusier’s architectural projects include the theme of the labyrinth. The “main ouverte” and Ariadne - la Licorne were intended to “join up” from afar Chandigarh with the Bhakra dam. For the dam Le Corbusier designed architectural elements and he planned to install a copy of the “Ariadne” sculpture, similar in size to the “open hand” at Chandigarh. The Chandigarh-Bhakra complex – the planned city and the hydroelectric infrastructure – was the realization of the global post-war reconstruction plan, an approach devised by Le Corbusier together with the UN’s CIAM, based on the model of the TVA, the New-Deal Federal Agency, which had planned the development of the most backward area in the States starting from hydropower generation. The story is encrypted on the back of the tabernacle at Ronchamp. Resumen: De una carta de fecha 1913 a W. Ritter en el que describía la "obsesión erótica", que le había hecho representar la imagen de la Ariadna dormiente en los jardines de Versalles como una odalisca desnuda en el cuadro titulado La Versalles du Grand Turc, hasta su último proyecto gráfico de 1964 titulado "Nassaince du Minotaure II", la "mitología privada" de las obras de Le Corbusier fue dominado por la mitología minoico-cretense, hasta el punto de que el símbolo del toro se convirtió en el principio unificador de toda su obra pictórica, plástica y arquitectónica. Decenas de proyectos de arquitectura de Le Corbusier incluyen el tema del laberinto. La “main ouverte” y Ariadna - la Licorne estaban destinadas a unirse de lejos Chandigarh con la presa de Bhakra. Para la presa Le Corbusier diseñó elementos arquitectónicos y que planeaba instalar una copia de la escultura "Ariadna", similar en tamaño a la "mano abierta" en Chandigarh. El complejo de ChandigarhBhakra - la ciudad planificada y la infraestructura hidroeléctrica - fue la realización del plan mundial de la reconstrucció posguerra, un enfoque ideado por Le Corbusier, junto con el CIAM de la ONU, basado en el modelo de la TVA, el New-Deal Agencia Federal, que había planeado el desarrollo de la zona más atrasada de los Estados Unidos a partir de la generación de energía hidroeléctrica. La historia está cifrada en la parte posterior del tabernáculo en Ronchamp.  Keywords: Minoan-Cretan mythology; Ariadne; Taureaux; hydropower; Chandigarh; Ronchamp. Palabras clave: Mitología minoico-cretense; Ariadna; Taureaux; energía hidroeléctrica; Chandigarh; Ronchamp. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.957
Take care of well-being: how facilitators and engagement predict performance of university students
Authors: Martínez Isabel M. , Peñalver Jonathan , Meneghel Isabella
Published: March 2016

The interest in developing a high quality educational system requires constant research of the variables involved in the teaching-learning process. Among these variables, social and academic facilitators are important because there is empirical evidence about their positive relationship with engagement, commitment, self-efficacy, happiness and satisfaction in the academic context. Moreover, the psychological well-being of university students (i.e., engagement) showed to positively affect future academic success. In line, the aim of this study is twofold. First, the relevance of social and university academic facilitators was analyzed depending on the faculty of belonging. Second, the effect of social (e.g., Good relationship with classmates) and academic facilitators (e.g., Updated website with new information and easily accessible) as well as academic engagement on academic performance (i.e., GPA) was tested. The sample consisted of 965 University students. The ANOVAs’ results showed the existence of statistically significant differences in social and university academic facilitators among the different faculties.  Regression analyses demonstrated that social (but not university’s) facilitators and academic engagement were positively related to academic performance. Additionally, the interaction between social facilitators and academic engagement was positively related to academic performance.  The effect was also significant when controlling for gender and faculty. The identification of different facilitators allows to develop different activities depending on the faculty, as well as leading to the optimization of teaching-learning process. Moreover, academic facilitators do not affect academic performance. From a practical view, it means that specific interventions can be implemented during the course so that students’ social facilitators and engagement increase.
Comparison of productive and carcass traits and economic value of lines selected for different criteria, slaughtered at similar weights
Authors: Szendrő K. , Szendrő ZS. , Gerencsér ZS. , Radnai I. , Horn P. , Matics ZS.
Published: March 2016

The aim of the experiment was to compare 3 genetic groups, slaughtered at similar weights, to examine their productive and carcass traits and economic value. Three lines of the Pannon Breeding Programme, selected for different criteria, were examined in the experiment. Pannon Ka (PKa, maternal line) does were inseminated with semen of PKa, Pannon White (PWhite) or Pannon Large (PLarge, terminal line) bucks. The kits (PKa×PKa, PWhite×PKa, PLarge×PKa; n=60 in each genetic group) were weaned at 35 d of age and reared until 88, 83 and 79, respectively, when they reached similar body weights for slaughtering (2.8 kg). The weight gain of PLarge×PKa was the largest (51.0 g/d) and that of PKa×PKa was the smallest (47.2 g/d), while PWhite×PKa (41.8 g/d) was intermediate (P<0.001). Difference was found in feed conversion ratio between weaning and the age of slaughter  PKa×PKa: 3.03 respect to PWhite×PKa: 2.75 and PLarge×PKa: 2.66; , P<0.05). Dressing out percentage and ratio of hind part to reference carcass of PWhite×PKa, PLarge×PKa and PKa×PKa were 62.4 and 37.7, 61.8 and 37.5, 61.3 and 36.8%, respectively (P<0.01). Results show that PLarge×PKa rabbits were able to exceed the average economic indicators compared to other groups. It may be concluded that the production performance of growing rabbits was affected by the adult weight, but the carcass traits were influenced by the computer tomography (CT)-based selection.
Inflammatory bowel disease-related arthritis – clinical evaluation and possible role of cytokines
Authors: Dmowska-Chalaba Joanna , Kontny Ewa
Published: March 2016

Objectives: In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, rheumatic abnormalities ranging from arthralgia to spondyloarthritis (SpA) are the most common extraintestinal manifestations. The pathogenesis of IBD-related arthritis is unclear. In this study, we search for clinical and immunological differences between patients with IBD-associated spondyloarthritis and IBD patients without SpA symptoms.

Material and methods: Patients with an established diagnosis of IBD, suffering from Leśniowski-Crohn disease (L-CD, n = 24) or ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 27), were enrolled in the study. Clinical evaluation of patients, based on medical history, blood tests, physical and radiological examinations, allowed two subgroups of patients to be established. One subgroup comprised patients fulfilling criteria for both IBD and SpA (IBD + SpA, n = 29), while the other included IBD patients with arthralgia only (IBD, n = 22). Serum concentrations of interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23) and interferon  (IFN-) were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results: Patients with IBD + SpA were characterized by shorter disease duration (3 vs. 9 years), higher frequency of HLA-B27 positivity (60.7% vs. 4.5%) and uveitis (20.7% vs. 0%), compared with the IBD subgroup. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tested cytokines did not differ between IBD + SpA and IBD patients, or between L-CD and UC groups. However, in the IBD + SpA subgroup there was weak to moderate positive correlation between serum concentrations of CRP and several cytokines (IL-6, IL-21, IFN-), and additional moderate positive correlation between serum concentrations of IL-23 and clinical activity of SpA. By contrast, in IBD subgroup a strong inverse correlation between serum concentrations of Interleukin 23 and CRP was found.

Conclusions: IBD-related spondyloarthritis occurs relatively early, affects mostly HLA-B27(+) individuals, and is often accompanied by ocular involvement. In these patients several circulating cytokines are associated with systemic inflammation. IL-23 seems to be protective in IBD while detrimental in IBD-related spondyloarthritis.
Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts
Authors: Crippa Monica , Janssens-Maenhout Greet , Dentener Frank , Guizzardi Diego , Sindelarova Katerina , Muntean Marilena , Van Dingenen Rita , Granier Claire
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The EDGARv4.3.1 (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) global anthropogenic emissions inventory of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emissions scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in energy consumption and efficiency, technology progress and end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields at European and global scale. The reference EDGARv4.3.1 emissions include observed and reported changes in activity data, fuel consumption and air pollution abatement technologies over the past 4 decades, combined with Tier 1 and region-specific Tier 2 emission factors. Two further retrospective scenarios assess the interplay of policy and industry. The highest emission STAG_TECH scenario assesses the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe reduction measures in the European Union, by considering historical fuel consumption, along with a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors since 1970, and assuming no further abatement measures and improvement imposed by European emission standards. The lowest emission STAG_ENERGY scenario evaluates the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy consumption since the year 1970, but assuming the technological development, end-of-pipe reductions, fuel mix and energy efficiency of 2010. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject to multi-pollutant European Union Air Quality regulations. Stagnation of technology and air pollution reduction measures at 1970 levels would have led to 129 % (or factor 2.3) higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions in Europe (EU27), demonstrating the large role that technology has played in reducing emissions in 2010. However, stagnation of energy consumption at 1970 levels, but with 2010 fuel mix and energy efficiency, and assuming current (year 2010) technology and emission control standards, would have lowered today's NOx emissions by ca. 38 %, SO2 by 50 % and PM2.5 by 12 % in Europe. A reduced-form chemical transport model is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the associated impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of EU technologies and standards inside as well as outside Europe. We assess that the interplay of policy and technological advance in Europe had substantial benefits in Europe, but also led to an important improvement of particulate matter air quality in other parts of the world.
Fast-freezing with liquid nitrogen preserves bulk dissolved organic matter concentrations, but not its composition
Authors: Thieme Lisa , Graeber Daniel , Kaupenjohann Martin , Siemens Jan
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Freezing can affect concentrations and spectroscopic properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water samples. Nevertheless, water samples are regularly frozen for sample preservation. In this study we tested the effect of different freezing methods (standard freezing at −18 °C and fast-freezing with liquid nitrogen) on DOM concentrations measured as organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and on spectroscopic properties of DOM from different terrestrial ecosystems (forest and grassland). Fresh and differently frozen throughfall, stemflow and soil solution samples were analyzed for DOC concentrations, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Fast-freezing with liquid nitrogen prevented a significant decrease of DOC concentrations observed after freezing at −18 °C. Nonetheless, the share of PARAFAC components 1 (EXmax < 250 nm (340 nm), EMmax: 480 nm) and 2 (EXmax: 335 nm, EMmax: 408 nm) to total fluorescence and the humification index (HIX) decreased after both freezing treatments, while the shares of component 3 (EXmax: < 250 nm (305 nm), EMmax: 438 nm) as well as SUVA254 increased. The contribution of PARAFAC component 4 (EXmax: 280 nm, EMmax: 328 nm) to total fluorescence was not affected by freezing. We recommend fast-freezing with liquid nitrogen for preservation of bulk DOC concentrations of samples from terrestrial sources, whereas immediate measuring is preferable to preserve spectroscopic properties of DOM.
Geometry of meandering and braided gravel-bed threads from the Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, P. R. China
Authors: Métivier François , Devauchelle Olivier , Chauvet Hugo , Lajeunesse Eric , Meunier Patrick , Blanckaert Koen , Ashmore Peter , Zhang Zhi , Fan Yuting , Liu Youcun , Dong Zhibao , Ye Baisheng
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, P. R. China, is located in an intramontane sedimentary basin where meandering and braided gravel-bed rivers coexist under the same climatic and geological settings. We report and compare measurements of the discharge, width, depth, slope and grain size of individual threads from these braided and meandering rivers. Both types of threads share statistically indistinguishable regime relations. Their depths and slopes compare well with the threshold theory, but they are wider than predicted by this theory. These findings are reminiscent of previous observations from similar gravel-bed rivers. Using the scaling laws of the threshold theory, we detrend our data with respect to discharge to produce a homogeneous statistical ensemble of width, depth and slope measurements. The statistical distributions of these dimensionless quantities are similar for braided and meandering threads. This suggests that a braided river is a collection of intertwined threads, which individually resemble those of meandering rivers. Given the environmental conditions in Bayanbulak, we furthermore hypothesize that bedload transport causes the threads to be wider than predicted by the threshold theory.
OMI NO2 column densities over North American urban cities: the effect of satellite footprint resolution
Authors: Kim Hyun Cheol , Lee Pius , Judd Laura , Pan Li , Lefer Barry
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 VCD) measurements via satellite are compared with a fine-scale regional chemistry transport model, using a new approach that considers varying satellite footprint sizes. Space-borne NO2 VCD measurement has been used as a proxy for surface nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, especially for anthropogenic urban emission, so accurate comparison of satellite and modeled NO2 VCD is important in determining the future direction of NOx emission policy. The NASA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 VCD measurements, retrieved by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), are compared with a 12 km Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We found that the OMI footprint-pixel sizes are too coarse to resolve urban NO2 plumes, resulting in a possible underestimation in the urban core and overestimation outside. In order to quantify this effect of resolution geometry, we have made two estimates. First, we constructed pseudo-OMI data using fine-scale outputs of the model simulation. Assuming the fine-scale model output is a true measurement, we then collected real OMI footprint coverages and performed conservative spatial regridding to generate a set of fake OMI pixels out of fine-scale model outputs. When compared to the original data, the pseudo-OMI data clearly showed smoothed signals over urban locations, resulting in roughly 20–30 % underestimation over major cities. Second, we further conducted conservative downscaling of OMI NO2 VCDs using spatial information from the fine-scale model to adjust the spatial distribution, and also applied averaging kernel (AK) information to adjust the vertical structure. Four-way comparisons were conducted between OMI with and without downscaling and CMAQ with and without AK information. Results show that OMI and CMAQ NO2 VCDs show the best agreement when both downscaling and AK methods are applied, with the correlation coefficient R = 0.89. This study suggests that satellite footprint sizes might have a considerable effect on the measurement of fine-scale urban NO2 plumes. The impact of satellite footprint resolution should be considered when using satellite observations in emission policy making, and the new downscaling approach can provide a reference uncertainty for the use of satellite NO2 measurements over most cities.
Technical Note: Three-dimensional transient groundwater flow due to localized recharge with an arbitrary transient rate in unconfined aquifers
Authors: Chang Chia-Hao , Huang Ching-Sheng , Yeh Hund-Der
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Most previous solutions for groundwater flow induced by localized recharge assumed either aquifer incompressibility or two-dimensional flow in the absence of the vertical flow. This paper develops a new three-dimensional flow model for hydraulic head variation due to localized recharge in a rectangular unconfined aquifer with four boundaries under the Robin condition. A governing equation describing spatiotemporal head distributions is employed. The first-order free-surface equation with a source term defining a constant recharge rate over a rectangular area is used to depict water table movement. The solution to the model for the head is developed with the methods of Laplace transform and double-integral transform. Based on Duhamel's theorem, the present solution is applicable to flow problems accounting for arbitrary time-dependent recharge rates. The solution to depth-average head can then be obtained by integrating the head solution to elevation and dividing the result by the aquifer thickness. The use of a rectangular aquifer domain has two merits. One is that the integration for estimating the depth-average head can be analytically achieved. The other is that existing solutions based on aquifers of infinite extent can be considered as special cases of the present solution before the time when the aquifer boundary had an effect on head predictions. With the help of the present solution, the assumption of neglecting the vertical flow effect on the temporal head distribution at an observation point outside a recharge region can be assessed by a dimensionless parameter related to the aquifer horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, initial aquifer thickness, and the shortest distance between the observation point and the edge of the recharge region. The validity of assuming aquifer incompressibility is dominated by the ratio of the aquifer specific yield to its storage coefficient. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the head response to the change in each of the aquifer parameters.
Nitrogen and Warming Control the Vegetation in Inner Mongolia Tourist Area
Authors: Sun Qiong , Hu Xiaobing , Zhang Chi
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The global warming and atmospheric nitrogen deposition problem has become more and more serious under the influence of human activities, and it has become one of the hot issues in this field, which will have far-reaching impact on all kinds of vegetation, thus the functioning of the ecosystem will be changed, which will be reflected in climate warming process. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is mainly composed of desert grasslands, so the development and protection of vegetation has considerable significance on the region. However, in the current environment of global warming, few studies have been carried out on desert grassland plants. In this paper, an in-depth study was carried out on the impact of warming and nitrogen addition on soil temperature, vegetation reproductive phenology and vegetation community seed rain under natural conditions during five-year period from 2011 to 2015. During the experimental period, we found that soil temperature and soil moisture decreased with the increase of soil layer, and warming obviously shortened the time of budding, flowering and fruiting of vegetation. However, no significant effect was found on nitrogen addition. Meanwhile, the impact of interaction effect of warming and nitrogen addition on seed rain was not obvious, but the year difference of all relevant indicators was significant.
Contesting a World-Constitution? Anti-Systemic Movements and Constitutional Forms in Ireland, 1848-2008
Authors: Murray Thomas
Published: March 2016

Recent accounts of constitutional development have emphasised commonalities among diverse constitutions in terms of the transnational migration of legal institutions and ideas. World-systems analysis gives critical expression to this emergent intellectual trajectory. Since the late 18th century, successive, international waves of constitution-making have tended to correspond with decisive turning points in the contested formation of the historical capitalist world-system. The present article attempts to think through the nature of this correspondence in the Irish context. Changes to the Irish constitution, I suggest, owed to certain local manifestations of anti-systemic movements within the historical capitalist world-system and to constitution-makers’ attempts to contain – militarily, politically and ideologically – these movements’ democratic and egalitarian ideals and practices. Various configurations of the balance of power in Irish society between ‘national’ (core-peripheral) and ‘social’ (capital-labour/‘other’) forces crystallised in constitutional form. Thus far, conservative and nationalist constitutional projects have tended to either dominate or incorporate social democratic and radical ones, albeit a process continually contested at critical junctures by civil society and by the organised left, both old and new.
Racialized and Gendered Mass Deportation and the Crisis of Capitalism
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya
Published: March 2016

By the time President Obama leaves the Oval Office there will have been 3 million deportations from the United States during his eight years in office.  This sum is 50 percent more than the total number of all deportations prior to 1997, and far more than any previous U.S. president.  I argue in this essay that the confluence of four factors in recent years has created the conditions for mass deportation from the United States: (1) nearly all deportees are Latin American and Caribbean men; (2) the rise of a politics of fear in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; (3) the global financial crisis; and (4) the potential that mass deportation creates for corporate profit-making.  I place this argument in the larger context of race and ethnicity in the capitalist world-system.
Transitions in the Colonial Hudson Valley: Capitalist, Bulk Goods, and Braudelian
Authors: Leitner Jonathan
Published: March 2016

A long debate about the American “transition to capitalism” was apparently settled via a rough consensus on the gradual prevalence of rural capitalism in the north; and that even small, subsistence-oriented farm households engaged in some market exchange, while market-oriented farm households engaged in some subsistence activities. Yet certain Marxist scholars argue that even prevalent market exchange did not necessarily signify a capitalist economy.  Similarly, certain world-systems scholars see the debates as somewhat pointless, inasmuch as capitalism is a systemic characteristic that exists regardless of any individual identification. These latter notions derive in part from Braudel’s tripartite structure of early modern economic life, which sees self-sufficiency and basic daily survival existing alongside market economies and everyday forms of exchange, with the capitalist world-economy in turn overarching, yet not necessarily affecting, the other two levels.  This paper posits that colonial America’s “transition” to capitalism was effectively the gradual, often contested, and geographically uneven addition of Braudel’s second layer of economic life – the market economy – onto the first layer of self-sufficiency and basic material life; with this process arguably driven by the third layer of the larger capitalist economy, as other recent studies of the colonial Hudson Valley have focused on, albeit while ignoring the region’s diverse and uneven economic geography  It explores the notion of geographically-uneven Braudelian economic structures and transitions within the late 17th and 18th century colonial Hudson Valley, a region of four rather distinct subregions demonstrating that even within relatively small geographical spaces, at least at certain times, one can find different means of Braudelian economic life, and by extension, varying articulations with the world-economy and possible paths to eventual core emergence.
Loose Ends: Considerations on the Aftermaths of the Celtic Tiger and the Northern 'Troubles'
Authors: Jacobsen Kurt
Published: March 2016

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Review of Stefan Ouma’s Assembling Export Markets: The Making and Unmaking of Global Food Connections in West Africa.
Authors: Nickow Andre
Published: March 2016

N/A
I. Femenina Faber
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: March 2016

Número misceláneo
A expansão da pós-graduação em geografia e a ANPEGE
Authors: Suertegaray Dirce Maria Antunes
Published: March 2016

Este texto trata da discussão feita nos anos 80 sobre pós-graduação em Geografia no Brasil, apresentando dados referentes à expansão destes cursos a partir do ano de 1996. Contempla também as questões ainda em discussão, referentes à consolidação desta modalidade de ensino no campo da Geografia, posto que, expõe algumas das dificuldades que constituem a pauta sobre este tema. Informa, ainda, sobre o papel da Anpege nesse processo e na consolidação futura dos mestrandos e doutorados na área.
Questões para a construção de uma política de pós-graduação em geografia
Authors: Carlos Ana Fani Alessandri
Published: March 2016

A construção de uma política para os programas de pós-graduação em Geografia deve ter, como horizonte, a possibilidade de realização da pesquisa e do ensino de qualidade (na universidade), como condição essencial na formação de professores e pesquisadores e isto exige uma série de condições. Vivemos um momento em que as avaliações dos programas patrocinados pela Capes (por criarem padrões rígidos que não diferenciam ciências exatas das humanidades) tem criado um desvio no que se refere a este objetivo, fato o que merece atento debate por parte da comunidade científica. Este texto traz alguns elementos para, senão orientar, pelo menos pontuar questões importantes para a criação de uma política para a pós-graduação em Geografia, capaz de contemplar sua especificidade.
Improving the Students’ Spiritual Intelligence in English Writing through Whole Brain Learning
Authors: Santoso Didik
Published: March 2016

The objective of this research was to improve the students’ spiritual intelligence in English writing through Whole Brain Learning strategy. Therefore, this study was conducted as a classroom action research. The research pocedure followed the cyclonic process of planning, action, observation, and reflection. This process was preceeded by pre-liminary study in order to know the students’ spiritual intelligence in English writing before being taught by the whole brain learning. The data was collected from the results of spiritual intelligence questionnaire, observation, interview, and documentation. The subjects of the research were 30 students in English Education Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatra Utara. The quantitative data were analysed by using t-test in Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) and the qualitative data were analysed by using Miles and Huberman technique: data reduction, data display, and verification. As a result, there was a significant improvement in students’ spritual inteligent in English writing when they were taught through Whole Brain Learning.
Towards an Integrated Approach to Cabin Service English Curriculum Design: A Case Study of China Southern Airlines’ Cabin Service English Training Course
Authors: Xiaoqin Liu , Wenzhong Zhu
Published: March 2016

This paper has reviewed the history of EOP (training) development and then illustrated the curriculum design of cabin service English training from the three perspectives of ESP, CLIL and Business Discourse. It takes the cabin crew English training of China Southern Airlines (CZ) as the case and puts forward an operational framework composed of three integrated essential elements: language basic skills, cabin service practices and cabin service communication competence. It argues that on the basis of mastery of language skills and cabin service practices flight attendants should further to improve their communication competence as the course objective of cabin service English training.
Climate Policies in a Fossil Fuel Producing Country: Demand versus Supply Side Policies
Authors: Fæhn Taran , Hagem Cathrine , Lindholt Lars , Mæland Ståle , Rosendahl Knut Einar
Published: March 2016

In absence of joint global climate action, several jurisdictions unilaterally restrict their domestic demand for fossil fuels. Another policy option for fossil fuel producing countries, not much analysed, is to reduce own supply of fossil fuels. We explore analytically and numerically how domestic demand and supply side policies affect global emissions, contingent on market behaviour. Next, in the case of Norway, we find the cost-effective combination of the two types of policies.Our numerical results indicate that given a care for global emissions, and a desire for domestic action, about 2/3 of the emission reductions should come through supply side measures.
Research on the thermal decomposition of Mongolian Baganuur lignite and Naryn sukhait bituminous coal
Authors: Ariunaa A. , Bernhardt D. , Beckmann M. , Gebauer K. , Hack N. , Seifert A. , Fischer R. , Unz S. , Narangerel J. , Purevsuren B.
Published: March 2016

The technical characteristics, elemental composition of the organic and mineral matters, ash melting behaviors and carbonization and gasification reactivities of coals from Baganuur and Naryn sukhait deposits were investigated. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis confirmed that the coal from Baganuur deposit can be graded as a low rank lignite B2 mark coal and Naryn sukhait coal is a bituminous G mark one. The carbonization and gasification experiments were performed using TGA apparatus and fixed bed quartz reactor. The data obtained with two experimental reactors showed that Baganuur lignite had lower thermal stability and much higher CO2 gasification reactivity at 950°C as compared to those for Naryn sukhait bituminous coal.Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 16 (42), 2015, 22-29
Managing Water Loss Control
Authors: Hodgins Maureen , Sturm Reinhard , Gasner Katherine
Published: March 2016

A range of tools and guidance is available from AWWA and other water associations to help the North American water industry design efficient and sustainable leakage control programs.
Consumer grade EEG devices: are they usable for control tasks?
Authors: Maskeliunas Rytis , Damasevicius Robertas , Martisius Ignas , Vasiljevas Mindaugas
Published: March 2016

We present the evaluation of two well-known, low-cost consumer-grade EEG devices: the Emotiv EPOC and the Neurosky MindWave. Problems with using the consumer-grade EEG devices (BCI illiteracy, poor technical characteristics, and adverse EEG artefacts) are discussed. The experimental evaluation of the devices, performed with 10 subjects asked to perform concentration/relaxation and blinking recognition tasks, is given. The results of statistical analysis show that both devices exhibit high variability and non-normality of attention and meditation data, which makes each of them difficult to use as an input to control tasks. BCI illiteracy may be a significant problem, as well as setting up of the proper environment of the experiment. The results of blinking recognition show that using the Neurosky device means recognition accuracy is less than 50%, while the Emotiv device has achieved a recognition accuracy of more than 75%; for tasks that require concentration and relaxation of subjects, the Emotiv EPOC device has performed better (as measured by the recognition accuracy) by ∼9%. Therefore, the Emotiv EPOC device may be more suitable for control tasks using the attention/meditation level or eye blinking than the Neurosky MindWave device.