bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Polarization and Dacthal: Influence on Weeds, Growth, and Root Microflora of Collards
Authors: Stevens Clauzell , Khan Victor A. , Okoronkwo Theresa , Tang Ah-Yin , Wilson Mack A. , Lu John , Brown James E.
Published: October 2019

Soil polarization for 98 days in 1985 resulted in a 91% reduction of weeds present in collard greens (Brassica oleracea acephafa L.) plots during 1986. Soil solarization was more effective in controlling weeds in collard green plots when compared to an application of Dacthal-75W herbicide in nonsolarized plots. Collard green plants grown in solarized soil showed an increase in yield and other growth responses. Soil samples from the rhizosphere of plants grown in solarized soil showed higher population levels of bacteria and thermotolerant fungi than from nonsolarized soil. There were significant negative responses in marketable yield and root growth of collard greens and in soil microflora in solarized soil in response to Dacthal-75W herbicide application. Chemical name used: dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (Dacthal-75W).
High Temperature Acclimation in Pepper Leaves
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey , McCollum Greg , Roberts Warren
Published: October 2019

Electrolyte leakage was used to quantify heat stress injury in `Early Calwonder' pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf disks. Lethal temperatures were estimated from the midpoint of the sigmoidal response curve. An interaction between exposure temperature and duration was observed, with lethal temperatures decreasing linearly from 53 to 46C as exposure duration increased exponentially from 5 to 240 min. Exposure to two 7.5-min periods at 51.5C, interrupted by 4 hours at 21C, resulted in the same injury as a continuous 15-min exposure to 51.5C. Plants grown at 22/20C day/night cycles and held 24 hours at 38/30C had increased their heat tolerance by 3C, 51 to 54C; these plants reacclimated to 52C 48 hours after having been transferred back to 22/20C. Leaf disks acclimated significantly in vitro in 1 hour and were fully acclimated by 4 hours at 38C.
Inheritance of a Short-internode Mutant of `Mainstream' Muskmelon
Authors: Knavel Dean E.
Published: October 2019

A short-internode mutant of `Mainstream' muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), designated Main Dwarf, was crossed with 13 normal and six short-internode cultivars or breeding lines. Regardless of whether Main Dwarf was crossed with a normal or short-internode line, the F1 family was normal for internode length. From crosses of Main Dwarf with normal lines, the F2 families segregated in a 3 normal: 1 short-internode ratio and the families from backcrosses to Main Dwarf segregated 1 normal: 1 short internode. Crosses of Main Dwarf with short-internode lines produced F2 families that segregated in a 9 normal: 7 short internode ratio and families from backcrosses to Main Dwarf that segregated 1 normal: 1 short internode. The segregation data from crosses of Main Dwarf with normal lines indicate that Main Dwarf has a recessive gene that conditions short internode. The segregation data from crosses of Main Dwarf with short-internode lines (five conditioned by si-1 and one conditioned by si-2) indicate that the recessive gene for short internode in Main Dwarf is not allelic to si-1 or si-2. The gene for short internodes in Main Dwarf is designated si-3.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF DIRECT SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS IN LEAVES OF VITIS VINIFERA
Authors: Colby Sheila M. , Juncosa Adrian M. , Stamp James A. , Meredith Carole P.
Published: October 2019

The developmental anatomy of direct shoot organogenesis from in vitro leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv. French Colombard was studied by light microscopy. Regenerating petiole stubs of leaf explants were fixed at intervals and were sectioned longitudinally to determine the developmental sequence of direct shoot organogenesis. After 6 days, three distinct regions of meristematic activity were apparent within expanding petiole stub: the wound-response, organogenic, and vascularization regions. In the organogenic region, divisions of vacuolate outer cortical cells formed nodular bumps that sometimes became adventitious leaves. Promeristems, which had the potential to become adventitious shoot meristems, were also initiated asynchronously in the organogenic region. Promeristem initiation occurred by two or several synchronous cell divisions occurring in the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers. Adventitious shoots and leaves developed new vascular bundles that connected to the pre-existing vascular bundles of the explant.
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH OXYGEN STRESS IN PEAR FRUITS
Authors: Nanos George D. , Romani Roger J. , Kader Adel A.
Published: October 2019

The response of pear fruits and suspension-cultured pear fruit cells to 0% or 0.25% O2 is being examined to evaluate the feasibility of using such atmospheres for postharvest insect control. These treatments inhibited ethylene production, had no effect on acetaldehyde content, and increased ethanol production in pears kept at 20C for 10 days. The blossom end area of pear fruits was more prone to anaerobiosis, as indicated by increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol content. Pear fruit plugs showed increased respiration and ethylene production rates when skin was present compared to plugs without skin. Methods for measuring activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate kinase have been modified and optimized and will be used to determine changes in pear fruit tissue during low O2 treatment and subsequent recovery in air.
BACKYARD FARMER: AN EXTENSION OUTREACH PROGRAM
Authors: Steinegger Donald H.
Published: October 2019

“Backyard Farmer” is a Cooperative Extension (CE) television program that airs one night a week on the Nebraska Educational Television Network (ETV). “Backyard Farmer” is a one-hour program which airs throughout the lawn and gardening season from approximately April 1 to September 1 each year. This program combines a live call-in format, along with mailin questions and samples to be answered by the panel. In addition they discuss timely topics which are illustrated by videotapes and live demonstrations. The panelists are specialists in horticulture, entomology, plant pathology and agronomy (weed science).

Slightly over two-thirds of the Nebraska households (69%) were familiar with “Backyard Farmer”. Backyard Farmer has been watched in 49% of Nebraska households. Thus Backyard Farmer is viewed in approximately 270,000 households.

Viewers are more likely than non-viewers to have sought advice from Cooperative Extension in the past two years. Although the total number of viewers in the urban area was higher than in the rural area, there was a higher proportion of viewers in the rural area. Nearly half of the “Backyard Farmer” viewing audience (47%) was under age 45.
Gibberellin, Light, and Low-temperature Effects on Flowering of Aquilegia
Authors: White J.W. , Chen H. , Beattie D.J.
Published: October 2019

Aquilegia ×hybrida `Bluebird' and `Robin', grown as greenhouse pot plants, initiated flower buds before cold exposure (4.5C) under supplemental high-pressure sodium lamps in mid-December, 5.5 months from sowing. Low temperature was the primary environmental factor that affected floral development in `Bluebird'. As the length of the cold exposure increased, the time between appearance of visible buds, anthesis, and petal shattering decreased, as did inflorescence number and total flower number per plant. Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 100 or 200 mg·liter-1 accelerated the appearance of visible buds during forcing in treatments without cold exposure. Soil drench applications of GA3 2 weeks before cold treatment accelerated floral development more than GA3 applied after cold exposure. Inflorescence number and total flower number per plant were reduced by 4 or 8 weeks but not by 2 weeks of exposure to cold. The developmental rate of “Robin', i.e., appearance of visible buds and anthesis, was quicker in plants with 18 to 20 leaves than in those with 12 to 14 leaves.
Effects of Some Antioxidants on in Vitro Rooting of Apple Shoots
Authors: Standardi Alvaro , Romani Fausto
Published: October 2019

In vitro-proliferated shoots of `Delicious' and `Starkspur Red' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were submitted for 1 week to root induction in the dark with their basal parts in liquid medium containing 1.5 μm IBA and 43.4 mm sucrose. The shoots were transferred to root initiation and root elongation medium made up of plugs wetted with half-strength Lepoivre salts. When antioxidants, such as PVP, GH, 2-Me, and DIECA, were added to the liquid induction medium, the percentages of rooting usually decreased. In contrast, if the antioxidants PVP and citric acid were added in the initiation-elongation medium, the percentages of rooting increased. The results agree with the finding of other researchers who proposed a rapid increase in peroxidase activity during root induction followed by a fast decline during rooting initiation as a marker for good rooting responses. Moreover, the use of antioxidants both in induction and in initiation-elongation had no effect on number and length of roots. Chemical names used: polyvinylpyrrolidone-40 (PVP); glutathione reduced (GH); 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me); diethyldithiocarbamic acid, sodium salt trihydrate (DIECA); N-(phenylmethyl) 1 H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1 H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); gibberellic acid (GA3).
FOOD QUALITY GENES AND GENETIC MODIFICATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCE
Authors: Evans David A.
Published: October 2019

For many branded food products, the raw material is purchased as a commodity. Food companies provide added-value based on processing technology or marketing. The tools of plant biotechnology, which shorten the time for crop improvement and permit development of novel germplasm, offer the food industry the opportunity to modify raw materials and develop proprietary branded products. Such modifications will permit development of plant cultivars specifically selected for traits with added-value for the processor or the consumer. Biotechnology-developed cultivars offer the opportunity to develop produce that can be branded. The cell genetics tools of clonal propagation, somaclonal variation, gametoclonal variation, and protoplast fusion permit new cultivar development in an intermediate time scale, making them attractive for market introduction of proprietary products. When integrated with conventional breeding, these intermediate-term technologies will permit modification of fruits and vegetables over the course of the next several years. The longer-term technologies of plant genetic engineering will continue to have an impact on manipulation of specific traits, resulting in second-generation products specifically designed for consumers.
Hydrogen Cyanamide Induces Budbreak of Peaches and Nectarines Following Inadequate Chilling
Authors: Dozier W.A. , Powell A.A. , Caylor A.W. , McDaniel N.R. , Carden E.L. , McGuire J.A.
Published: October 2019

Hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex) treatments were applied to 17 insufficiently chilled peach and nectarine cultivars ≈6 weeks after normal budbreak. Treatment effectively induced vegetative budbreak and reduced shoot dieback. The responses to Dormex treatments were linear, with the 2% rate being more effective than the 0 and 1% rates in most cases.
Enhanced Germination Rates and Growth of DCPTA-treated Guayule Seed
Authors: Hayman Ernest P. , Yokoyama Henry
Published: October 2019

A 26-μm DCPTA seed treatment for guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) was developed. We obtained a 23% increase in germination rate as measured by the coefficient of velocity (C.V.). Greenhouse seedlings grown from DCPTA-treated seeds exhibited a 22% increase in dry weight and a 95% increase in survival rate under water-limiting conditions. In field-grown guayule, multiple foliar applications of 8.2 mm DCPTA increased the total amount of rubber in roots as much as 58% without affecting the rubber content in the stems. Chemical name used: 2-Diethylaminoethyl-3,4-Dichlorophenylether (DCFTA).
Rootstock Influence on Flower Bud Hardiness and Yield of `Redhaven' Peach
Authors: Durner Edward F.
Published: October 2019

`Redhaven' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on their own roots or budded to seven rootstock [`Bailey', `Siberian C', `Lovell', `Halford' (seedlings), GF 655.2, GF 677 (`Amandier'), or `Damas' (GF 1869) (clonal)] were evaluated for rootstock influence on flower bud hardiness, live pistils at bloom, thinning requirements, marketable yield, and production efficiency after exposure to temperatures lower than – 23C in 1987 and to - 26C in 1988. In 1987, flower bud hardiness was as great on `Siberian C' as on own-rooted `Redhaven' and greater than on the other rootstock. Fewer live pistils were observed during bloom on GF 677 than on `Siberian C', `Lovell', `Damas', or self-rooted trees in 1987. In 1988, flower bud hardiness was greater on `Siberian C' and `Bailey' than on GF 677. At bloom, `Lovell' and `Siberian C' rootstock carried more flowers with live pistils than `Damas'.`Siberian C' and `Lovell' required significantly greater fruit thinning than all other rootstock and self-rooted trees. GF 677 produced a larger marketable crop than GF 655.2 or `Damas'. In addition, `Bailey', `Lovell', and self-rooted trees produced a significantly larger crop than `Damas'. No significant rootstock effect on production efficiency was detected in either year. Tree vigor during the growing season preceding each freeze did not significantly influence flower bud survival or productivity.
Improvement of Carrot Stands with Plant Biostimulants and Fluid Drilling
Authors: Sanders Douglas C. , Ricotta Jacqueline A. , Hodges Laurie
Published: October 2019

We determined if application of certain naturally occurring compounds would stimulate emergence, growth, and development of carrot (Daucus carota L.). The commercially available biostimulants Agro-Lig, Enersol (humic acids), and Ergostim (folic acid) were added at a concentration of 1.5% (w/v) to Laponite 508 (magnesium sulfate) gel used in fluid drilling. Agro-Lig, Enersol and Ergostim increased carrot emergence > 2-fold as measured by number of roots as compared to untreated seed. Number of carrots increased 50% to 75% when biostimulants were incorporated into the gel, compared to fluid-drilled seed without the biostimulants. When biostimulants were applied as a drench over untreated seeds sown conventionally, the average root weight obtained was more than twice that from untreated seeds.
Vegetative Propagation of Mexican Redbud, Larchleaf Goldenweed, Littleleaf Ash, and Evergreen Sumac
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L.
Published: October 2019

Effect of cutting age (weeks after budbreak) and K-IBA concentration on percent rooting of Mexican redbud [Cercis canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins], larchleaf goldenweed [Ericameria laricifolia (Gray) Shinners], littleleaf ash (Fraxinus greggii Gray), and evergreen sumac (Rhus virens Gray) were investigated. For cuttings treated with K-IBA, maximum predicted percent rooting from regression analysis was 88% for cuttings of Mexican redbud taken 4 weeks after budbreak and treated with 21 g·liter-1, 99% for larchleaf goldenweed taken 6 weeks after budbreak and treated with 16 g·liter-1, 86%, for littleleaf ash taken 16 weeks after budbreak and treated with 17 g·liter-1, and 24% for cuttings of evergreen sumac taken 16 weeks after budbreak and treated With 5 g·liter-1. Chemical names used: potassium salt of 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (K-IBA).
Shoot Length Control of Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) with Uniconazole and Paclobutrazol
Authors: Hamada Morihiko , Hosoki Takashi , Maeda Toshiyuki
Published: October 2019

Potted plants of `Taiyoh' and `Hanakisoi' tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) were treated with a foliar spray of uniconazole or paclobutrazol for shoot length control. Uniconazole sprays at 25 or 50 ppm upon sprouting effectively reduced shoot length in both cultivars. The retarding effect was greater in `Taiyoh' than in `Hanakisoi' at 25 ppm. Uniconazole treatment did not influence flower diameter or days to flowering in either cultivar. Paclobutrazol sprays at 500 and 1000 ppm were less effective in reducing `Hanakisoi' shoot length than uniconazole sprays at 25 and 50 ppm. Chemical names used: E-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-l-pentan-3-ol (uniconazole); (1RS, 3RS)-1-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-l-pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Influence of Seed Vigor and Preplant Herbicides on Emergence, Growth, and Yield of Tomato
Authors: Argerich Cosme A. , Bradford Kent J. , Ashton Floyd M.
Published: October 2019

The interactions of seed vigor with herbicides were studied with respect to seedling emergence, growth, and fruit yield of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. UC204C). Seed vigor (speed of germination) was enhanced by priming in an aerated solution of 0.12 m K2HP O4 plus 0.15 m KN O3 at 20C for 5 days followed by drying in forced air at 30C. The vigor of a second subsample of the same seed lot was reduced by controlled deterioration at 13% water content (dry-weight basis) for 6 days at 50C (aged seeds). Primed, aged, and untreated seeds were tested for their sensitivity to napropamide and metribuzin herbicides in greenhouse and field studies. A seed vigor × herbicide interaction was detected only under greenhouse conditions, where aged seeds were more sensitive than primed or untreated seeds to metribuzin. In April and May field plantings, seed vigor influenced the rate and percentage of final emergence and the earliness of fruit maturity, but had no effect on relative growth rate or total vegetative or reproductive yield. Napropamide at 4.5 and 9 kg·ha-1 and metribuzin at 0.4 and 0.8 kg·ha-1 had no effect on the rate or percentage of seedling emergence, relative growth rate, or total fruit yield. Metribuzin increased the mortality of seedlings at either application rate, and at 0.8 kg·ha-1 delayed early growth and fruit maturity in the April planting. Napropamide treatments did not differ from the water control for all characteristics and environments studied. Chemical names used: 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin); 2-(α-napthoxy)-N,N-diethyl propionamide (napropamide).
Gas Exchange Characteristics of Fragaria chiloensis Genotypes
Authors: Cameron J. Scott , Hartley Carol A.
Published: October 2019

Twenty-five female clones of Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesene collected from the California and Oregon coasts were surveyed for gas exchange rates under field conditions. Carbon assimilation (A) rates of native clones were 25% to 69% higher than for `Totem' (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) on a leaf-area basis (μmol of CO2 per sec/m2) and 7% to 77% higher when expressed on a leaf dry-weight basis (μmol of CO2 per kg dry wt/sec). Higher rates of stomatal conductance (gs) were observed in 16 of 25 F. chiloensis clones than in `Totem', with nine of 25 clones also having higher rates of transpiration (E). All clones had higher rates of residual conductance (gr) and greater water use efficiency (WUE) than the cultivated standard. The gas exchange characteristics of four strawberry cultivars (F. × ananassa) and four F. chiloensis genotypes were compared under standard greenhouse conditions. F. chiloensis genotypes had higher rates of A than cultivars when expressed on per leaf-area and dry-weight bases. Native clones also had higher rates of gs, gr, E, and WUE and greater quantum yield. Differences in chlorophyll content were observed among genotypes, but not between species.
Supplier Services and Their Importance to Floral Retailers in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Prince Thomas L. , Tayama Harry K. , Grabner John R.
Published: October 2019

Survey analysis of retail florists in the midwestern United States and floral mass marketers, nationally, identified 18 major services provided by floral suppliers for their retail customers and quantified the retailers' perceived importance of the services. Product quality maintenance, order/delivery reliability, product availability, response to problems, and personnel courtesy were rated by retailers as the five most important services provided by floral suppliers. Retail florists viewed the importance of the 18 services with primary and secondary concerns, whereas mass marketers largely viewed the services as equally important. Mass marketers perceived services related to product marketing, packaging, labeling, and communication/order information services with greater importance than retail florists. The service profiles provide floral suppliers with market information to develop more effective service programs targeted for specific customer segments.
Pecan Leaf Scorch in Response to Various Combinations of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization
Authors: Worley Ray E.
Published: October 2019

Nitrogen at 112 and 224 kg·ha-1 and K at 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg·ha-1 were applied to young `Desirable' pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees to evaluate their influence on leaf scorch. Scorch severity in the orchard decreased with time even though large imbalances of N and K existed. Scorch was increased only slightly by the high N and the zero K treatments. Little scorch was observed in trees receiving K applications. Increasing K rates >56 kg·ha-1 did not reduce scorch. Correlation was not significant or very weak for leaf N, leaf K, or the leaf N: K ratio with leaf scorch in the Ray City, Ga. study, depending on the year of observation. Another study at Tifton, Ga., revealed no correlation between scorch and leaf K or the leaf N: K ratio. A very weak correlation occurred for scorch and leaf N in 1 of 2 years.
Measurement of Mass Flow Rate of Sap in Ligustrum japonicum
Authors: Heilman J.L. , Ham J.M.
Published: October 2019

The heat balance method of measuring mass flow of sap was tested on wax leaf ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) to evaluate its usefulness for measuring water use in shrubs. Sap flow measurements were compared with gravimetric estimates of transpiration in growth chamber and field environments. Sap flow measurements in both environments were within 10% of transpiration, which compared favorably with results reported for herbaceous plants by other researchers. Sizable differences in sap flow, due mainly to differences in leaf area, were found among five plants tested in the field. When flow was expressed on a unit leaf-area basis, differences among plants were greatly reduced. Measurements under partly cloudy skies with fluctuating irradiance showed that changes in sap flow matched those occurring in irradiance.
Employers' Perceptions of Employees with Mental Retardation in the Horticulture Industry
Authors: DeHart–Bennett Mary E. , Relf Diane
Published: October 2019

The horticulture industry offers numerous unskilled and semi-skilled job opportunities for qualified disabled individuals. A survey of Virginia horticulture businesses was conducted to document the employment of persons with mental retardation and to investigate employers' perceptions of these workers. Employers' perceptions of the general work habits and entry-level horticultural skills of persons with mental retardation were favorable, and showed a potential for the development of positions that could be filled by people with mental retardation.
Inheritance of Tomato Resistance to Colletotrichum dematium
Authors: Ng Timothy J , Miller Anita N. , Barksdale T.H.
Published: October 2019

A tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding line (81B416) with' resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum dematium was crossed to three susceptible genotypes. Parental, F1, F2, and backcross populations were analyzed in the cross with `US28', while parental, F1, and F2 populations were tested in crosses of 81B416 with `US141' and 81B9. Inheritance of resistance was primarily additive, but 3- and 6-factor scaling tests indicated the presence of dominance and epistatic effects. The average broad-sense heritability estimate was 0.57; narrow-sense heritability was estimated at 0.42.
Plant Regeneration from Excised Cotyledons of Mature Strawberry Achenes
Authors: Miller A. Raymond , Chandler Craig K.
Published: October 2019

A protocol was developed for excising and culturing cotyledon explants from mature achenes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Cotyledon explants formed callus with multiple shoot buds on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog media containing several combinations of hormones (1 μm 2,4-D; 10 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA; 5 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA + 5 μm NAA; 5 μ m BA + 15 μ m NAA). After three subcultures, only tissues maintained on the medium containing 5 μm BA + 5 μm NAA continued to form shoots. Tissues transferred to other media eventually died (1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μ m BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA; 5 μ m BA + 1 μ m 2,4-D), became unorganized (1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 15 μm NAA), or formed roots (10 μm 2,4-D). Whole plantlets were produced by transferring callus with buds to medium lacking hormones. The rapid regeneration of clonal plantlets from cotyledon explants may be useful for reducing variability in future developmental studies. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
GERMINATION OF DOUBLY DORMANT CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICUS SEEDS.
Authors: Redcay Stephen , Frett John J.
Published: October 2019

Seeds of Chionanthus virginicus L. have a double dormancy associated with germination. Seeds are inhibited by a hard bony endocarp. Inhibition may also be due to the endosperm and possibly embryo dormancy. Experiments were performed on excised embryos in sterile culture. Little growth was noted on excised embryos, which possibly indicates dormancy within the embryo. In another experiment, whole seeds, seeds with endocarp removed, and acid scarified seeds were germinated in moist peat moss to observe inhibition by the endocarp. Seeds with endocarps removed, germinated quicker and in higher percentages than whole seed or scarified seed. Scarified seeds showed no improvement over whole seeds and radicles which were produced tended to be less vigorous. Whole seeds were also soaked for 24 hours in 1000 ppm GA and germinated in moist peat moss. Treatment with GA did improve radicle emergence.
Influence of Photoperiod and Temperature on the Growth and Flowering of Heliconia aurantiaca
Authors: Geertsen Vibeke
Published: October 2019

The effect of photoperiod (8, 12, or 16 hr) and temperature (15, 18, or 21C) on Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesbr. ex. Lemaire was investigated. By exposing plants to a photoperiod of 8 hr, flowering was more advanced and more abundant, fewer leaves subtended the inflorescence, and the length of the flowering stems was shorter than at 16 hr. Raising the temperature from 15 to 21C increased the flowering percentage by ≈ 20%; the flowering stems were 40 cm longer and the number of leaves subtending the inflorescence was increased by 2.5.
Preliminary Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium DRIS Norms for Pineapple
Authors: Angeles D.E. , Sumner M.E. , Barbour N.W.
Published: October 2019

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] were developed from 1185 observations of previously published leaf nutrient composition and yield. The data were divided into high-yielding (> 60 t·ha-1, 650 observations) and low-yielding (< 60 t·ha-1, 535 observations) sub-populations and the norms derived by standard DRIS techniques. The validity of the norms was tested using independently published sets of data from factorial experiments in which yield responses to N, P, and K had been obtained. In the case of most data sets, the new DRIS norms were able to make correct diagnoses where critical values failed to make any diagnoses for N, P, and K. Thus, the DRIS approach revealed nutrient deficiencies in the range normally considered to be sufficient. Increased precision is found in the evaluation of nutrient balance in the DRIS approach, which is ignored in the case of critical values.
Latex Colorant Slows Drying of Redcedar Christmas Trees
Authors: Hinesley L.E.
Published: October 2019

Harvested eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) Christmas trees coated with combinations of latex-based green colorant and needle sticker were observed for 2 weeks at 20C. Green colorant reduced drying rates and helped maintain a better water status following dehydration. Even though these materials improve postharvest water relations, their primary value with respect to marketing and use of eastern redcedar Christmas trees is to impart a better color and/or mask the prickliness of juvenile foliage.
Relationship of Fruit Morphology and Weight to Fruit Strength in `Meeker' Red Raspberry
Authors: Robbins JoAnn , Moore Patrick P.
Published: October 2019

Fruit weight and morphological characteristics of `Meeker' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit, including drupelets (height, diameter, number), receptacle cavities (depth, diameter), and pits (individual weight) were measured five times in 1988. Fruit strength, as measured by compression, was recorded. The relationship of fro-it weight to fruit strength had linear and quadratic components. Fruit weight was correlated with fruit strength, drupelet height and number, receptacle cavity depth and diameter, and individual pit weight. Besides fruit weight, fruit strength was correlated with drupelet diameter and number, receptacle cavity depth, and individual pit weight. Drupelet number, receptacle cavity depth, and individual pit weight provided the largest component contribution to fruit strength, as determined by path analysis.
Interregional Analysis of Fresh Dry Onion Production: An Examination of Texas in the Spring and Summer
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Goodwin H.L. , Shafer Carl , Vest Grant , Schmitz John
Published: October 2019

A national trade model of the fresh onion (Allium cepa L.) market is used to identify the capability of Texas to compete with other production areas in dry onion sales throughout the United States. The analysis shows Texas and western U.S. producers to be major competitors in the spring and summer seasons. While Texas producers' proximity to major eastern markets yields a cost advantage, their market share is vulnerable to cost reductions by western U.S. shippers. Thus, both cost-reducing innovations (production) and quality improvements are important in maintaining the competitiveness of Texas producers.
Water Relations of Container-grown Woody and Herbaceous Plants Following Antitranspirant Sprays
Authors: Hummel Rita L.
Published: October 2019

Four film-forming antitranspirants, Vapor Gard, Envy, Wilt-Pruf, and Folicote, and a new metabolic antitranspirant UC86177 were applied to container-grown Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm), Malus sargentii Rehd. (Sargent's crabapple), Viburnum plicatum tomentosum Thunb. (doubleflle viburnum), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Early Giant' (tomato), Petunia × hybrids Hort. Vilm-Andr. `Royal Pearls' (petunia), and Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. `Blitz Orange' (impatiens) plants. Water status was assessed by the following methods: transpiration as water loss per unit leaf area, wilt by visual evaluation, and xylem pressure potential (XPP) determined with a pressure chamber. Antitranspirant treatment had no beneficial effect on water status of doublefile viburnum. In comparison to control plants, results of wilt ratings, XPP, and transpiration measurements for the elm, crabapple, tomato, petunia, and impatiens plants can be summarized as follows: UC86177-treated plants showed significantly less stress in 11 measures and were not different once; Wilt-Pruf was beneficial 10 times and not different twice; Folicote was beneficial nine times and not different three times; Vapor Gard produced eight beneficial results and four similar results; and Envy was beneficial three times and no different nine times. Species differences in response to antitranspirants as well as differences in product efficacy were demonstrated. UC86177 antitranspirant was shown to be as or more effective in controlling water status than the film-forming antitranspirants and may have potential for protecting various plant species against water stress.
A Fertile Tetraploid Anigozanthos Hybrid Produced by in Vitro Colchicine Treatment
Authors: Griesbach R.J.
Published: October 2019

Kangaroo paw is a new cut flower crop native to Australia. There are several interspecific hybrids with improved flower colors, heat tolerance, and growth habit. These hybrids are sterile due to divergent evolution of the parent species. Colchicine was used to double the chromosome number of one important sterile hybrid. This hybrid is everblooming. dwarf. and heat tolerant. The resulting allodiploid was fertile, and progeny are now being evaluated.
COLD HARDINESS OF TWELVE SEEDLIMG POPULATIONS OF BLACKBERRIES
Authors: Bourne Timothy F. , Moore James N.
Published: October 2019

Cold hardiness was evaluated in twelve seedling populations of tetraploid blackberry, in 1988 and 1989. Seedling populations resulted from crosses made between nine parents of three different categories of cold hardiness. Viability testing of xylem, phloem, and bud tissues were conducted following exposure of tissues to a low temperature estimated to kill one-half of all tissues. Tissues were rated as alive if green and dead if any browning of tissue was seen.

Significant population effects (P<.05) were seen for xylem and bud survival in 1988 and for xylem, phloem, and bud survival in 1989. Results were similar for the two years, although there was a greater discrimination between populations for xylem and phloem survival in the second year. The four populations having `Darrow' as a parent consistently showed greater survival than the other eight lines. The six populations which had `Brison' as one parent showed consistently poor survival with the exception of one resulting from a cross of `Brison' × `Darrow'. This population showed consistently good hardiness, indicating that dominance effects may play a role in cold hardiness of blackberries.
MAXIMIZING WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS USED TO DELAY GRAPE BUDBREAK
Authors: Baumhardt R. Louis , Lipe W. N. , Rayburn David , Wendt C. W.
Published: October 2019

Mild temperatures during late winter have caused early budbreak in grapes which resulted in freeze injury and significant crop losses in 1980 and 1988. Evaporative cooling of grapevines with microsprinklers when the air temperature exceeded 10 °C (50 °F) used 100 liters/min/hectare of treated grapes (11 gallons/min/acre) and delayed budbreak for a period of 7 to 10 days. Methods of reducing the amount of water used while not reducing the cooling were evaluated. The average hourly difference between wet and dry bud temperatures, measured with thermocouples, were summed during the system operation time and compared as a function of air temperature, wind speed, global radiation, and relative humidity limits. Limiting the cooling system operation time as a function of air temperature, wind speed, or global radiation reduced cooling efficiency by approximately a one to one ratio. Limiting system operation to humidities less than 60% reduced the amount of water used by 33%, with only a 9% reduction in cooling efficiency. By changing the wetting interval employed in this research from 25 seconds every three minutes to 25 seconds every four minutes, total water conservation would increase to 50% with insignificant changes in cooling efficiencies. These system modifications would reduce water application requirements to 50 liters/min/hectare of grapes (5.5 gallons/minute/acre).
RESPONSE OF OKRA TRANSPLANTS GROWN UNDER VisPore ROW COVER AND PLASTIC MULCH
Authors: Khan V. A. , Stevens C. , Brown J. E.
Published: October 2019

Early okra production was evaluated using `Clemson Spineless' transplants grown under clear polyethylene mulch plus VisPore row cover (VCM), black polyethylene mulch plus VisPore row cover (VBM), clear polyethylene mulch (CM), black polyethylene mulch (BM) and bare soil (BS) for two years. Early yield (1st four harvests in early June) was significantly greater for VCM treatment while total marketable yield at the end of 8 wks were significantly greater for VCM, BM, and VBM treatments, respectively in both years. Enterprise budget analysis showed that VCM and BM treatments had the highest net-return to management on a per acre basis.
INHERITANCE OF VERMILLION FLESH COLOR IN WATERMELON
Authors: Johnson C.E. , Payne J.T. , Pee K.C.
Published: October 2019

Controlled crosses of a Vermillion red flesh color cultivar with 4 normal red flesh color cultivars were made. F1, F2, and backcross generations were grown in the field and the fruits evaluated for flesh color. All fruits of the F1 generation were Vermillion. The F2 generation segregated to a 9:7 ratio of vermillion to normal in all crosses. The probabilities of fit ranged from 0.10 to 0.95. This ratio is indicative of two dominant genes with complementary effects or double recessive epistasis, Backcrosses to the dominant parent produced almost all vermillion flesh fruit. Backcrosses to the recessive parents did not fit any documented ratios. Further analysis of the BC generations seems to suggest that flesh color is controlled by two dominant genes.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SHORT SEASON PIGEONPEAS.
Authors: Marsh Lurline , Dkhili Mohsen
Published: October 2019

Five early maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes; ICPL 146 1985HK, ICPL 87 Isolation (85K), ICPL 85010, ICPL 85024 and ICPL 8304 were evaluated in a growth chamber study and in a greenhouse/outdoor study. Genotypes grown in growth chanter at 25/15°C, day/night with 14 hour photoperid and light intensity of 480 μEm-2sec-1, produced 5-7 main stem branches within the first 7 weeks and flowerd within 54-65 days. Those grown at the same conditions but with 10°C night temperature produced only 1-4 branches in the same period and flowered between 65 and 79 days. Plants grown in the greenhouse in the fall when photoperiod was 13½ hours, and temperature ranged from 31-42°C during day and 9-18°C during night flowered in 55 to 65 days. These plants grew faster than those started outdoors, where average weekly temperature was below 10°C for 4 of the 5 weeks before their transferal to the greenhouse and eventual flowering between 75 and 94 days. Some outdoor seedlings experienced epicotyl damage by a -1°C cold and these initiated shoots from axillary buds on underground nodes and flowered within 98–101 days.
REGENERATION AND AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS - MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.).
Authors: Hammar Sue A. , Grumet Rebecca
Published: October 2019

We sought to develop efficient regeneratio nand transformation procedures for cucumber. Factors tested for regeneration included: hormone types and levels, genotype, explant source, and environmental conditions. Optimum regeneration was obtained using cotyledon pieces from 4 day old GY14A seedlings and culturing for 3 weeks under cool white lights (30-40 uE-2s-1) on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.3 mg/l ABA, 30 g/l sucrose, 1 g/l MES, and 3.07 g/l Scott gelrite. Shoots developed via somatic embryogenesis ca. 2 wk after explants were transferred to MS supplemented with 20 g/l sucrose, 1 g/l MES, and 4.37 g/l gelrite. Ca. 80% of the explants produce shoots, 1/3-1/2 of which produce rooted plantlets; total time from explant to rooted plantlet is ca. 8 wks. Transformation experiments utilized Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 bearing the CIBA-GEIGY pCIB10 vector with a selectable marker gene for kanamycin resistance. Optimal conditions include 45 mg/l kan, 10 min inoculation and 3 day co-cultivation. Preliminary evidence suggests that tobacco nurse cultures increase transformation efficiency. Transgenic plants were confirmed by Southern or dot blot analysis.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRAVIMETRIC WATER LOSS MEASUREMENTS AND PLANT WATER STRESS RESPONSES
Authors: Lownds N.K , White M.G. , Berghage R.D.
Published: October 2019

Previous work has shown that container grown landscape plants use, and likely need, much less water than is typically applied. Therefore, studies were conducted to quantify the relationships between water loss and water stress responses using several drought tolerant (Cassia corymbosa, Leucophyllum frutescens, Salvia greggii) and traditional landscape plants (Euonymus japonicus, Pyracantha coccinea). Water stress was induced by withholding water and water loss measured gravimetrically. The shape of the water loss curve was similar for all species being, Y = a + bx + cx2 (r2 > 0.95). The rate of ethylene production began to increase 24 hr after irrigation, reaching a maximum 36-48 hr after irrigation and then decreasing. Maximum ethylene production occured at 35-47% water loss irrespective of species or rate of water loss. Stress symptoms (wilting leaf discoloration and abscission) followed a similar pattern. The potential for monitoring gravimetric water loss to schedule container irrigation will be discussed.
A NEW MODEL TO SIMULATE DIURNAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS FROM RECORDED MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Gaussoin Roth E.
Published: October 2019

The following model simulates hourly temperature fluctuations at 6 Kansas stations: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[T_{h}=\frac{(T_{x}-T_{n})}{2}\left[\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{0.693h}{DL_{M}}\right)-1\right]+T_{n};{\ }0{\leq}h{\leq}DL_{M}\] \end{document} \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[T_{h}=\frac{(T_{x}-T_{n})}{2}\left[1+\mathrm{sin}\frac{{\pi}(h-DL_{M})}{2(23-DL_{M})}\right]+T_{n};{\ }DL_{M}{\leq}h{\leq}23\] \end{document} where h = time (hours after sunrise), DLM = 20.6 - 0.6 * daylength (DL), Th = temperature at time h, and TX and Tn = maximum and minimum temperature, respectively. Required inputs are daily TX and Tn and site latitude (for the calculation of DL). Whereas other models have been derived by fitting equations to chronological temperatures, this model was derived by daily fitting of hourly temperatures sorted by amplitude. Errors from this model are generally lower, and less seasonally biased, than those from other models tested.
RESPONSES OF “KEITT” MANGO TO SHORT TERM INSECTICIDAL O2 AND CO2 ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Medina F. , Yahia E.M. , Vazquez L. , Calderón A.M.
Published: October 2019

The tolerance of “Keitt” mango to a modified atmosphere (MA) of < 0.5% O2 + 70-80% CO2 for 0 to 4 days and a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 50% CO2 for 0 to 5 days was evaluated. MA and CA delayed the respiratory climacteric of the fruit. There was no significant fruit injury due to the low O2 or high CO2 atmosphere, Sensory evaluation tests did not indicate the presence of any off-flavors. Both CA and MA increased the activity of the enzyme ATP: Phosphofructokinase, did not effect the activity of pyruvate kinase, and MA reduced the activity of PPi: phosphofructokinase. MA reduced the levels of frutose 6-phosphate, while phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvic acid were not effected by both atmosphere treatments Although insecticidal O2 and CO2 atmosphere resulted in changes in the glycolitic activity, there was no indication of any injury and fruits were ripened normally, This work indicates the potential of the application of M/CA for postharvest insect control in mango.
USE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE IN VIVO SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSES IN DETERMINING LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS AND LIGHT ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BEDDING PLANTS GROWN WITH DIFFERENT N SOURCE
Authors: Jeong Byoung Ryong , Lee Chi Won , Daley Larry S.
Published: October 2019

A non-destructive in vivo spectroscopic method for leaf chlorophyll (Chl) measurement was developed. Spectroscopic analyses of intact leaves of ageratum, petunia and salvia showed strong correlations between leaf light absorption at 723 nm and Chl-a contents. NH4+ increased Chl contents in both ageratum and petunia whereas NO3- increased Chl contents in salvia. Plants fed with NH4+ + NO3- also contained higher Chl. Chl-a/-b ratio in salvia was lowered by NO3-. Ageratum, petunia and salvia grown with either NH4+, NO3-, or NH4+ + NO3- were also examined for their light absorption characteristics. Light absorption at 705 nm by ageratum and petunia leaves was increased by NH4+ treatment. NH4+ is believed to have changed the structure of photosystem I in both ageratum and petunia but not in salvia. This result explain reasons for salvia's sensitivity to NH4+ fed as a sole N source.
AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS).
Authors: Bower Marsha A. , Quinn L. Michele , Brown John M.
Published: October 2019

Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of biological control measures to control Western Flower Thrips. Thrips population and preferred trap color were examined using sticky trap tapes in 5 fluorescent colors, orange, yellow, green, blue and pink. Results indicated that pink is more effective in attracting thrips than the traditional yellow or the newly acclaimed blue sticky traps on the market now. Studies were also conducted to determine if the entomogenous nematode (Steinernema feltiae) could invade and parasitize Western Flower Thrips, and which stage of the thrips life cycle was most susceptible to parasitization. Thrips were dissected and checked for nematode invasion at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. S. feltiae was found to invade the body cavity after 24 hours in the larval stage of Western Flower Thrips resulting in death.
EXPRESSION OF PCH313 DURING FRUIT SOFTENING AND TISSUE WOUNDING
Authors: Callahan Ann M. , Morgens Peter H. , Cohen Reuben A. , Nichols Ken E. , Scorza Ralph
Published: October 2019

We are interested in identifying and isolating genes which affect the rate of softening in peach fruit. It may be possible through the engineering of these genes to delay or extend the softening. This could ultimately allow for the harvest and transport of more mature, higher quality fruit. The clone, pch313, was isolated from a ripe peach fruit cDNA library. RNA homologous to this clone is detected at a low abundance in fruit until softening when a >100 fold increase in abundance of the RNA occurs. Pch313 RNA is also detected 30 min after wounding leaf or fruit tissue and peaks in accumulation within 2-8 hours. Wound ethylene was measured from the same tissue and its rate of evolution paralleled the accumulation of the RNA. The cDNA was sequenced and found to have 78% sequence identity with pTom13, a tomato gene that is expressed during fruit ripening and wounding (Holdsworth et al., NAR 15:731-739, 1987). To determine the universality of pch313 related gene expression, RNA accumulation was measured in other fruits during softening, and in leaf tissue upon wounding.