bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Preparation of Photoswitchable Dithienylethene‐Linker‐Conjugates by Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Terminal Alkynes with Thienyl Chlorides and Other Aryl Halides
Authors: Zastrow Marc , Thyagarajan Sujatha , Ahmed Saleh A. , Haase Paul , Seedorff Sabine , Gelman Dmitri , Wachtveitl Josef , Galoppini Elena , Rück‐Braun Karola
Published: March 2010

Three photochromic dithienylethene‐linker‐conjugates with an adamantane core containing different spacer lengths and footprint areas with carboxylic anchoring groups are synthesized. The synthetic routes start either from the ethynylene‐linker 5 or the iodo‐substituted linker 8. Reaction conditions for the final Sonogashira coupling step between ethynylene‐linker 5 with the chloro‐substituted dithienylethene 4 in the presence of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2]/X‐Phos and Cs2CO3 or K3PO4 are optimized using 2‐chloro‐5‐methylthiophene (9) and triethylsilylacetylene or triisopropylsilylacetylene (10a, 10b,) as model compounds. Experimental conditions are found to suppress the activation of the C(sp)Si bond in TIPS‐acetylene 10b, a reaction leading to a subsequent cross‐coupling reaction to form by‐product 12. Furthermore, activation of the C(sp)Si bond in the presence of the fluorinated backbone of the chloro‐substituted dithienylethene 4 can also be prevented. The photochromic properties of the conjugate 3 and its precursor dithienylethene 7b are also investigated.
Photoautotrophic nutrient utilization and limitation during semi‐continuous growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Vannela Raveender , Zhou Chao , Harto Chris , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: March 2010

Microbial photosynthesis presents a valuable opportunity to capture abundant light energy to produce renewable bioenergy and biomaterials. To understand the factors that control the productivity of photosynthetic microorganisms, we conducted a series of semi‐continuous experiments using bench‐scale photobioreactor (PBR) systems, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 (PCC6803), and light conditions imitating actual day–night light irradiance (LI). Our results demonstrate that using normal BG‐11 medium resulted in severe phosphate (Pi) limitation for continuous operation. Mitigation of Pi‐limitation, by augmenting the Pi content of BG‐11, allowed higher biomass productivity; however, once Pi‐limitation was alleviated, limitation by inorganic carbon (Ci) or LI occurred. Ci‐limitation was detected by a low total Ci concentration (<5 mg C/L) and high and fluctuating pH. Ci‐limitation was relieved by delivering more CO2, which led to a stable pH in the range of 7–9 and at least 5 mg/L of Ci in HCO. LI limitation, evidenced by an average LI <14 W/m2 for PCC6803, was induced by a high biomass concentration of 1,300 mg/L. Thus, this work provides quantitative tools of stoichiometry and kinetics to evaluate limitation on PBRs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 553–563. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative modeling of viable cell density, cell size, intracellular conductivity, and membrane capacitance in batch and fed‐batch CHO processes using dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Opel Cary F. , Li Jincai , Amanullah Ashraf
Published: March 2010

Dielectric spectroscopy was used to analyze typical batch and fed‐batch CHO cell culture processes. Three methods of analysis (linear modeling, Cole–Cole modeling, and partial least squares regression), were used to correlate the spectroscopic data with routine biomass measurements [viable packed cell volume, viable cell concentration (VCC), cell size, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR)]. All three models predicted offline biomass measurements accurately during the growth phase of the cultures. However, during the stationary and decline phases of the cultures, the models decreased in accuracy to varying degrees. Offline cell radius measurements were unsuccessfully used to correct for the deviations from the linear model, indicating that physiological changes affecting permittivity were occurring. The β‐dispersion was analyzed using the Cole–Cole distribution parameters Δε (magnitude of the permittivity drop), fc (critical frequency), and α (Cole–Cole parameter). Furthermore, the dielectric parameters static internal conductivity (σi) and membrane capacitance per area (Cm) were calculated for the cultures. Finally, the relationship between permittivity, OUR, and VCC was examined, demonstrating how the definition of viability is critical when analyzing biomass online. The results indicate that the common assumptions of constant size and dielectric properties used in dielectric analysis are not always valid during later phases of cell culture processes. The findings also demonstrate that dielectric spectroscopy, while not a substitute for VCC, is a complementary measurement of viable biomass, providing useful auxiliary information about the physiological state of a culture. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Characterization of cell‐banking parameters for the cryopreservation of mammalian cell lines in 100‐mL cryobags
Authors: Heidemann Rüdiger , Lünse Svenja , Tran Doan , Zhang Chun
Published: March 2010

This article describes a cell banking process for rBHK cell lines in 100‐mL cryobags. As the use of larger volume cell banks requires greater cell numbers and longer preparation time, extensive characterization of key process parameters beyond the conventional ranges was performed to support a cGMP banking process. All experiments were conducted using two recombinant BHK21 cell lines, one of them cotransfected with Hsp70. The results show that the entire cell banking process for these BHK cell lines can be performed at room temperature. A DMSO exposure time up to 5 h either directly in a bioreactor or in shaker flasks did not result in any significant negative effect after cell thaw, when the cryocontainers were frozen immediately after filling. Extensive characterization did not indicate any significant apoptotic effects after thaw. However, the Hsp70 cotransfected cell line did show a slightly better protection from potential cryopreservation‐induced apoptosis. Surprisingly, it was found that cells transferred into cryobags showed a low recovery rate after thaw if the incubation time exceeded 1.5 h before freezing. Additional experiments confirmed that the DMSO exposure time inside the cryocontainer in contrast to the DMSO exposure in a reactor or shaker flasks is much more critical. The cryobag cell banking process should therefore be performed within a 1½–2 h window; a banking process for vials should not exceed 2½ h. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Impact of the C‐terminal Disulfide Bond on the Folding and Stability of Onconase
Authors: Schulenburg Cindy , Weininger Ulrich , Neumann Piotr , Meiselbach Heike , Stubbs Milton T. , Sticht Heinrich , Balbach Jochen , Ulbrich‐Hofmann Renate , Arnold Ulrich
Published: March 2010

The two homologous proteins ribonuclease A and onconase fold through conserved initial contacts but differ significantly in their thermodynamic stability. A disulfide bond is located in the folding initiation site of onconase (the C‐terminal part of the protein molecule) that is missing in ribonuclease A, whereas the other three disulfide bonds of onconase are conserved in ribonuclease A. Consequently, the deletion of this C‐terminal disulfide bond (C87–C104) allows the impact of the contacts in this region on the folding of onconase to be studied. We found the C87A/C104A‐onconase variant to be less active and less stable than the wild‐type protein, whereas the tertiary structure, which was determined by both X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, was only marginally affected. The folding kinetics of the variant, however, were found to be changed considerably in comparison to wild‐type onconase. Proton exchange experiments in combination with two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy revealed differences in the native‐state dynamics of the two proteins in the folding initiation site, which are held responsible for the changed folding mechanism. Likewise, the molecular dynamics simulation of the unfolding reaction indicated disparities for both proteins. Our results show that the high stability of onconase is based on the efficient stabilization of the folding initiation site by the C‐terminal disulfide bond. The formation of the on‐pathway intermediate, which is detectable during the folding of the wild‐type protein and promotes the fast and efficient refolding reaction, requires the presence of this covalent bond.
Minding the gap: Filling a void in community college leadership development
Authors: Campbell Dale F. , Syed Syraj , Morris Phillip A.
Published: March 2010

This chapter describes the development of a community college leadership program that integrates interpersonal competency building with the process of personality and work‐style profiling and individualized instruction in targeted areas for improvement.
The immediate release patch in the correction of experimental atrial septal defects
Authors: Sideris Basilios , Sideris Eleftherios , Calachanis Marco , Papantoniou Vasilios , Moulopoulos Spiridon
Published: March 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Immediate Release Patch (IRP) in the occlusion of experimental Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs). Background: The IRP consists of a polyurethane foam patch, supported by a balloon catheter which incorporates a detaching mechanism. This mechanism allows for withdrawal of the catheter from the balloon/patch complex. After release, the device is held in position using a bioabsorbable safety thread, which is sutured subcutaneously at the groin. Methods: Experimental ASDs, 10–14 mm in diameter, were created in ten piglets. The ASDs were then corrected using IRPs 12–16 mm in diameter, under fluoroscopy and echocardiography. The animals were followed for one to four months, and were then euthanized and autopsied. A RAST test, which detects the presence of IgE antibodies for latex, was performed in seven animals. Results: All procedures, except for one, resulted in full occlusion of the defects, without serious complications. No devices embolized, and in less than two months, the balloons had deflated and the area of the device had decreased significantly. The autopsies revealed complete endothelialization as well as no thrombus formation on the device or the thread. The thread was absorbed after one month. In a single case, infection was detected on the right side of the device. Latex antibodies were not detected. Conclusion: The IRP was effective and safe in the animal model of an ASD. There was evidence of bio‐absorption of the complete device over time, without adverse reaction to latex. Clinical application is justified. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete resolution of systemic venous baffle obstruction and baffle leak using the gore excluder® covered stent in two patients with transposition of the great arteries and prior mustard procedure
Authors: Hill Kevin D. , Fudge J. Curt , Rhodes John F.
Published: March 2010

We present two patients with a history of Mustard repair of transposition of the great arteries. Both patients presented with exertional limitation and demonstrated superior systemic venous baffle obstruction as well as multiple baffle leaks. In both patients stent relief of obstruction and baffle leak exclusion was accomplished using a combination of bare metal stents and the aortic extension portion of the Gore Excluder® covered stent (W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Arizona). © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entrapping Flavin‐Containing Monooxygenase on Corrugated Silica Nanospheres and their Recyclable Biocatalytic Activities
Authors: Biradar Archana A. , Biradar Ankush V. , Asefa Tewodros
Published: March 2010

Synthetic methods and biocatalytic activities of new classes of heterogeneous biocatalysts by immobilizing flavin‐containing monooxygenase on corrugated and nanoporous silica nanospheres are reported. The nanoporous and corrugated silica nanospheres are synthesized by etching silica nanospheres with aqueous KOH solution. The etched nanospheres are proven to have increased surface area, corrugated, cage‐like external surfaces, and, most importantly, more accessible and well‐suited surfaces to immobilize bigger molecules, such as enzymes. Furthermore, the etched silica nanospheres contain hydrophilic and silanol groups that are conducive for anchoring enzymes. By utilizing the structures of the etched silica nanospheres, effective immobilization of flavin‐containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1) is demonstrated. The FMO1 immobilized etched silica nanospheres have shown efficient and recyclable biocatalytic activity for nicotine oxidation.
CH‐Directed Anion–π Interactions in the Crystals of Pentafluorobenzyl‐Substituted Ammonium and Pyridinium Salts
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Müller Michael , Mergel Olga , Rissanen Kari , Valkonen Arto
Published: March 2010

Simple pentafluorobenzyl‐substituted ammonium and pyridinium salts with different anions can be easily obtained by treatment of the parent amine or pyridine with the respective pentafluorobenzyl halide. Hexafluorophosphate is introduced as the anion by salt metathesis. In the case of the ammonium salt 4, water co‐crystallisation seems to suppress effective anion–π interactions of bromide with the electron‐deficient aromatic system, whereas with salts 5 and 6 such interactions are observed despite the presence of water. However, due to asymmetric hydrogen‐bonding interactions with ammonium side chains, the anion of 5 is located close to the rim of the pentafluorophenyl group (η1 interaction). In 6 the CH–anion hydrogen bonding is more symmetric and fixes the anion on top of the ring (η6). A similar structure‐controlling effect is observed in case of the 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives 7. Here the position of the anion (Cl, Br, I) is shifted according to the length of the weak CH–halide interaction. The hexafluorophosphate 7 d reveals that this “non‐coordinating” anion can be located on top of an aromatic π system. In the methyl‐substituted pyridinium salts 9 and 10 different locations of the bromide anions with respect to the π system are observed. This is due to different conformations of the mono‐ versus disubstituted pyridine, which leads to different directions of the weak, but structurally important, HMeBr bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Aroylguanidine‐Based Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Discovery of BMS‐344577.
Authors: Shi Yan , et al. et al.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Advances in Organometallic Reagents for Commercial Scale API Synthesis
Authors: Hewitt Christopher D. , Matos Karl
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies for Increasing the Efficiency of Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Material Selection and Device Architecture
Authors: Heremans Paul , Cheyns David , Rand Barry P.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Accelerated Heck Reaction Using ortho‐Palladated Complex with Controlled Microwave Heating.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Karami Kazem , Pirisedigh Azadeh
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Thioesters in Water.
Authors: Boeini Hassan Zali , Kashan Maryam Eshghi
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (S)‐Ketamine via [1,3]‐Chirality Transfer of a Stereocenter Created by Enantioselective Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Yokoyama Takeshi , Yokoyama Reiko , Nomura Satoshi , Matsumoto Satoshi , Fujiyama Ryoji , Kiyooka Syun‐ichi
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 4,5‐Dihydroisoxazol‐3‐ols from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Bromides.
Authors: Zhong Weihui , Liu Yongliang , Guo Baoming
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Mentese Arzu , Ceylan‐Uenluesoy Meltem , Bozdag‐Duendar Oya , Altanlar Nurten , Ertan Rahmiye
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermolysis of N‐Arylenamino‐N‐arylimine Hydrochloride Derivatives: A Short and Improved Synthesis of 2‐Methylthieno[2,3‐c]acridine Derivatives.
Authors: Maiti Tuhin B. , Kar Gandhi K.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent Stereoselective Synthesis of Quinolizidines and Indolizidines: Chemoselective Coupling of 2‐Hydroxymethyl‐Substituted Allylic Silanes with Imines.
Authors: Yang Dexi , Micalizio Glenn C.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoquinuclidinones by Direct Imino‐Diels—Alder Type Reaction Catalyzed by L‐Proline.
Authors: Quinones Noelia , Aznar Fernando , Cabal Maria‐Paz
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Production of Sulfur Heterocycles (Dihydrobenzodithiins): A New Application of Ligand‐Based Alkene Reactivity.
Authors: Harrison Daniel J. , Fekl Ulrich
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐4(4H)‐one Dyes and Their Application on Nylon and Polyester Fibres.
Authors: Navadiya H. D. , Undavia N. K. , Patwa B. S.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Selenium Dichloride and Dibromide with Divinyl Selenide: Synthesis of Novel Selenium Heterocycles and Rearrangement of 2,6‐Dihalo‐1,4‐diselenanes.
Authors: Potapov Vladimir A. , Amosova Svetlana V. , Volkova Kaleria A. , Penzik Maxim V. , Albanov Alexander I.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Functionalized Ketoenynes: Synthesis of (+)‐Orientalol F.
Authors: Jimenez‐Nunez Eloisa , Molawi Kian , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Constituents and Their Bioactivities of Houttuynia cordata.
Authors: Chou Shu‐Chen , Su Chung‐Ren , Ku Yuh‐Chi , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkali Metal 1:1:x Borates
Authors: Zviedre I.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSDIP — An Authentic trans‐Chelating Ligand: Use of a Molecular Cavity to Form a New Class of Diphosphines
Authors: Poorters Laurent , Lejeune Manuel , Armspach Dominique , Matt Dominique
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate Hydrazones and Osazones as Organic Raw Materials for Nucleosides and Heterocycles — Revised and Updated
Authors: El Ashry El Sayed H.
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sensors for the Optical Detection of Cyanide Ion
Authors: Xu Zhaochao , Chen Xiaoqiang , Kim Ha Na , Yoon Juyoung
Published: March 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bifunctional Eu3+‐doped Gd2O3 nanoparticles as a luminescent and T1 contrast agent for stem cell labeling
Authors: Shi Zhilong , Neoh K. G. , Kang E. T. , Shuter Borys , Wang Shih‐Chang
Published: March 2010

Magnetic resonance tracking of stem cells has recently become an emerging application for investigating cell–tissue interactions and guiding the development of effective stem cell therapies for regeneration of damaged tissues and organs. In this work, anionic Eu3+‐doped Gd2O3 hybrid nanoparticles were applied as a contrast agent both for fluorescence microscopy and T1‐weighted MRI. The nanoparticles were synthesized through the polyol method and further modified with citric acid to obtain anionic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were internalized into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantified by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. MTT assay of the labeled cells showed that the nanoparticles did not possess significant cytotoxicity. In addition, the osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of the hMSCs was not influenced by the labeling process. With MRI, the in vitro detection threshold of cells after incubation with nanoparticles at a Gd concentration of 0.5 mMfor 2 h was estimated to be about 10 000 cells. The results from this study indicate that the biocompatible anionic Gd2O3 nanoparticles doped with Eu3+ show promise both as a luminescent and T1 contrast agent for use in visualizing hMSCs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene amplification CCNE1 is related to poor survival and potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer
Authors: Nakayama Naomi , Nakayama Kentaro , Shamima Yeasmin , Ishikawa Masako , Katagiri Atsuko , Iida Kouji , Miyazaki Khoji
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

This study examined the clinical significance of CCNE1 (Cyclin E1) amplification and assessed whether CCNE1 is a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

METHODS:

CCNE1 expression and amplification in ovarian cancer was assessed by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization and clinical data collected by retrospective chart review. CCNE1 gene knockdown using silencing RNA and a CCNE1 gene transfection system were used to asses CCNE1 function in tissue samples of ovarian cancer.

RESULTS:

Gene amplification was identified in 18 (20.4%) of 88 ovarian carcinomas. CCNE1 copy number significantly correlated with CCNE1 protein expression (r = 0.522, P < .0001). CCNE1 amplification significantly correlated with shorter disease‐free survival and overall survival (P < .001). There were nonsignificant trends between high protein expression and poor disease‐free survival (P = .2865) and overall survival (P = .1248). Multivariate analysis showed gene amplification was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival and overall survival after standard platinum‐taxane chemotherapy (P = .0274, P = .0023). Profound growth inhibition and apoptosis were observed in silencing RNA‐treated cancer cells with gene amplification compared with results in cancer cells with CCNE1 moderate expression without gene amplification or with low CCNE1 expression. CCNE1 overexpression stimulated proliferation in ovarian cancer cell lines ES2 and TOV‐21G, which have lower endogenous CCNE1 expression.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings indicate that CCNE1 overexpression is critical to growth and survival of ovarian cancer tumors with CCNE1 gene amplification. Furthermore, they suggest that CCNE1 silencing RNA‐induced phenotypes depend on amplification status of ovarian cancers. Therefore, CCNE1‐targeted therapy may benefit ovarian cancer patients with CCNE1 amplification. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with primary bladder cancer
Authors: Sandhu Rasanamar , Pan Chong‐Xian , Wun Ted , Harvey Danielle , Zhou Hong , White Richard H. , Chew Helen K.
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

The incidence, risk factors, time course, and impact on survival of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a large, population‐based study of patients with bladder cancer have not been identified previously.

METHODS:

The California Cancer Registry was merged with the California Patient Discharge Data Set to determine the incidence of VTE in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer within a 6‐year period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the risk factors for VTE and the effects of VTE on survival.

RESULTS:

Among 24,861 patients with bladder cancer, the 2‐year incidence of VTE was 1.9%. The highest incidence of VTE occurred in the first 6 months regardless of age, sex, race, tumor stage, or histologic subtype. In a multivariate model, significant risk factors for the development of VTE included major surgery, advancing disease stage, and increasing number of comorbidities. Compared with the general population, the 1‐year standardized incidence ratio for VTE in the bladder cancer cohort was 5.3 (95% confidence interval, 4.8‐5.9). Among patients with bladder cancer, significant risk factors for death included advancing disease stage, increasing comorbidities, African‐American race, nontransitional cell carcinoma histology, and the development of VTE.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with bladder cancer had a 1.9% 2‐year incidence of VTE. Metastatic disease was the strongest predictor of both VTE and death. It was noteworthy that cancer‐associated surgery was associated with a higher risk of VTE, which differed from the results reported from other studies in solid tumors. VTE was a significant predictor of death in the first 2 years. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
KRAS mutation status in primary nonsmall cell lung cancer and matched metastases
Authors: Cortot Alexis B. , Italiano Antoine , Burel‐Vandenbos Fanny , Martel‐Planche Ghyslaine , Hainaut Pierre
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to determine whether the mutation status of the v‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) differed between primary tumors and matched distant metastases in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS:

Patients who underwent resection for both primary NSCLC and matched distant metastases were included in the study. KRAS and EGFR mutation status were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequencing on both primary tumors and metastases. For KRAS analysis, mutant‐enriched PCR (ME‐PCR) was performed in case of discordance between a primary tumor and its matched metastasis.

RESULTS:

Twenty‐one patients were included. No EGFR mutations were detected. KRAS mutations were detected in 6 patients (28%). In all patients, the mutations identified by direct sequencing were discordant between the primary tumor and the matched metastasis. The use of ME‐PCR allowed a resolution of the discordance in 3 of the 6 cases by demonstrating the presence of low levels of mutant KRAS in lesions that were negative by direct sequencing.

CONCLUSIONS:

Highly sensitive tools are required to identify biomarkers. The KRAS mutation status mostly was concordant between primary tumors and matched distant metastases. In a few patients, KRAS mutation status differed between different tumor sites. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Serum sE‐selectin levels and carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA‐expressing cells in peripheral blood as prognostic factors in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Ferroni Patrizia , Roselli Mario , Spila Antonella , D'Alessandro Roberta , Portarena Ilaria , Mariotti Sabrina , Palmirotta Raffaele , Buonomo Oreste , Petrella Giuseppe , Guadagni Fiorella
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

This study analyzed the possible prognostic value of presurgical serum soluble (s)E‐selectin levels and/or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA positivity in predicting the disease‐free survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.

METHODS:

CEA mRNA (obtained from blood‐borne cells by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction [RT‐PCR]), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and sE‐selectin levels were analyzed in blood samples obtained from 78 patients with primary (n = 62) or recurrent (n = 16) CRC, 40 patients with benign colorectal (CR) diseases, and 78 controls.

RESULTS:

CEA mRNA positivity by RT‐PCR was significantly associated with advanced stage (P < .05). Median baseline sE‐selectin levels were higher in patients with CRC (43 ng/mL) compared with controls (36 ng/mL) or patients with benign CR diseases (31 ng/mL, P < .001). These were significantly associated with CEA mRNA positivity by RT‐PCR (P < .05). Multivariate analysis by forward stepping showed that elevated TNF‐α (P = .001) and CEA mRNA positivity by RT‐PCR (P = .0001) were independent predictors of elevated baseline sE‐selectin levels. Positive presurgical sE‐selectin levels were associated with an increased recurrence rate compared with patients with low levels of this molecule (P < .001). Positivity for both CEA mRNA and sE‐selectin had a negative prognostic impact, with a 5‐year recurrence‐free survival rate of 51% compared with 95% of patients with negative parameters (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Detection of presurgical serum sE‐selectin levels and CEA mRNA‐positive blood‐borne cells in CRC patients might provide useful prognostic information in terms of recurrence‐free survival, either alone or in combination, and may help in the choice of more aggressive treatment and/or more strict follow‐up procedures in high‐risk patients. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
ENDOR Study of Charge Migration in Photosynthetic Arrays of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Hasjim Petersen L. , Lendzian Friedhelm , Ponomarenko Nina , Weber Stefan , Norris James R.
Published: March 2010

The chemistry of bacterial photosynthesis begins in the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC), a protein complex containing a series of electron donor and acceptor molecules. Although the pigments of the RC can absorb light to operate the photochemistry, the bulk of the light is captured in special pigmented proteins, the light harvesting complexes (LHCs), that then transfer the energy to the RC. Ordinarily, the LHCs do not participate in chemical reactions during photosynthesis such that LHCs do not become oxidised upon light irradiation. However, upon chemical oxidation in the dark, cation radicals of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) can be formed in the light harvesting complex 1 (LH1) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. As observed by continuous‐wave electron‐paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the charges of the BChl+ cations migrate rather freely about the LH1 complex as in a molecular wire. Remarkably, these LH1 molecular wires continue to function in the frozen, solid state. To investigate the nature of electron–hole transfer and to corroborate the process as revealed by EPR, electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) was recorded at 80 K. ENDOR observed only monomeric bacteriochlorophyll cations. Their signal intensity decreased with increased oxidation while the EPR signal narrowed and increased in size. At the increased oxidation state, the possibility of spin‐spin exchange between two BChl+s within LH1 versus electron–hole transfer is addressed. An energy landscape of the BChl+s in the LH1 is proposed to explain the EPR and ENDOR results.
Mineralization of oriented nano hydroxyapatite in photopolymerized polyacrylamide gel matrix
Authors: Ahymah Joshy M. I. , Elayaraja K. , Suganthi R. V. , Narayana Kalkura S.
Published: March 2010

Polyacrylamide hydrogel is a biomaterial and nondegradable water based polymer which is used as tissue filler. Mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in a UV polymerized acrylamide gel matrix was investigated by varying the concentration of precursors and pH in the range 8, 9 and 10. During polymerization, diammonium hydrogen phosphate ions were impregnated in the gel matrix and subsequently, immersed in the calcium nitrate solution. Thin laminated macroporous structures, embedded with nanospheres and ribbons of HAp were mineralized. The HAp was found to be oriented along c‐axis, which could lead to the preferential binding of the acidic proteins on it's surface. In addition, there was an enlargement of pore sizes with an increase in pH. The laminated structures showed resorbable nature whereas, flake like structures obtained at higher concentrations were found to be bioactive. This composite could be an alternative to the use of silicone gel, to avoid long term risk of fibrosis and migration when implanted. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature dependence of lattice parameters of langasite single crystals
Authors: Kräußlich J. , Höfer S. , Zastrau U. , Jeutter N. , Baehtz C.
Published: March 2010

To determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of trigonal langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) the two independent lattice parametersaandcare measured over a temperature range of 800 °C using X‐ray diffraction on single crystal samples. From the given nonlinear temperature dependence the linear and quadratic thermal coefficients of expansion α11, β11and α33, β33for the two lattice parametersaandccould be deduced. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
No effect of social group composition or size on hippocampal formation morphology and neurogenesis in mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli)
Authors: Fox Rebecca A. , Roth Timothy C. , LaDage Lara D. , Pravosudov Vladimir V.
Published: March 2010

Brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis may play a role in many ecologically important processes including mate recognition, song learning and production, and spatial memory processing. In a number of species, both physical and social environments appear to influence attributes (e.g., volume, neuron number, and neurogenesis) of particular brain regions. The hippocampus in particular is well known to be especially sensitive to such changes. Although social grouping in many taxa includes the formation of male and female pairs, most studies of the relationship between social environment and the hippocampus have typically considered only solitary animals and those living in same‐sex groups. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the volume of the hippocampal formation, the total number of hippocampal neurons, and the number of immature neurons in the hippocampus (as determined by doublecortin expression) in mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) housed in groups of males and females, male–female pairs, same sex pairs of either males or females, and as solitary individuals. The different groups were visually and physically, but not acoustically, isolated from each other. We found no significant differences between any of our groups in hippocampal volume, the total number of hippocampal neurons, or the number of immature neurons. Our results thus provided no support to the hypothesis that social group composition and/or size have an effect on hippocampal morphology and neurogenesis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70:538–547, 2010
Composition and thermal properties of cattle fats
Authors: Yılmaz Mustafa T. , Karakaya Mustafa , Aktaş Nesimi
Published: March 2010

The physical‐chemical properties, fatty acid composition and thermal properties of cattle subcutaneous, tallow and intestinal fats were determined. Subcutaneous fat differed from the other fat types with respect to its lower melting point (29.0 °C) and higher saponification (211.4 mg KOH/g) and iodine (50.55) values. The cattle fat types contained palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9) and linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) as the major components of fatty acid composition (24.58–25.90%, 10.21–33.33%, 28.18–46.05%, 1.54–1.73%, respectively). A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study revealed that two characteristic peaks were detected in both crystallization and melting curves. Major peaks (Tpeak) of tallow and intestinal fats were similar and determined as 24.10–27.71 °C and 2.16–4.75 °C, respectively, for crystallization peaks and 7.09–9.39 °C and 43.28–46.49 °C, respectively, for melting peaks in DSC curves; however, those of subcutaneous fat (12.48 °C and –6.79 °C for crystallization peaks and 3.56 °C and 23.55 °C for melting peaks) differed remarkably from those of the other fat types.
A Peptide Nucleic Acid Embedding a Pseudopeptide Nuclear Localization Sequence in the Backbone Behaves as a Peptide Mimic
Authors: Sforza Stefano , Tedeschi Tullia , Calabretta Alessandro , Corradini Roberto , Camerin Consuelo , Tonelli Roberto , Pession Andrea , Marchelli Rosangela
Published: March 2010

In this paper, the synthesis of a short modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA), obtained by using several different L‐amino acids as synthons, is shown. The synthesis was performed by a submonomeric strategy, obtaining a model trimeric PNA containing embedded amino acid derived side chains in its backbone that mimic the peptide sequence PKKKRKV, which is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) widely used for translocating cargo molecules into cell nuclei. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated that this modified PNA, and not a standard unmodified PNA having the same nucleobase sequence, was able to penetrate Rhabdomyosarcoma cellnuclei, exactly behaving as the NLS standard peptide.
Electrokinetic supercharging‐electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry for separation and on‐line preconcentration of hypolipidaemic drugs in water samples
Authors: Dawod Mohamed , Breadmore Michael C. , Guijt Rosanne M. , Haddad Paul R.
Published: March 2010

Electrokinetic supercharging, a powerful on‐line preconcentration technique in CE, was for the first time hyphenated with ESI‐MS for the on‐line concentration and separation of five hypolipidaemic drugs. The electrophoretic separation was performed in a co‐EOF mode using the EOF reversal agent, hexadimethrine bromide, in ammonium bicarbonate electrolyte, pH 9.00. The ionic strength and the amount of methanol in the buffer were optimised in a multivariate manner using artificial neural networks, with the optimal conditions being 60 mM ammonium bicarbonate containing 60% methanol, providing baseline resolution of the five hypolipidaemics within 20 min. Using electrokinetic supercharging, the sensitivity of the method was improved 1000‐fold over a conventional injection under field‐amplified sample stacking conditions with LODs of 180 ng/L. This is the first report of the separation of hypolipidaemics by CE. The developed method was validated and then applied to the determination of the target drugs in water samples from Hobart city.
CEC‐atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant‐bound monolithic column
Authors: Gu Congying , Shamsi Shahab A.
Published: March 2010

A surfactant bound poly (11‐acrylaminoundecanoic acid‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co‐polymerization of 11‐acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1‐propanol, 1,4‐butanediol and water as porogens in 100 μm id fused‐silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC‐atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)‐MS system for separation and detection of N‐methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC‐APPI‐MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI‐MS sensitivity. A face‐centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC‐APPI‐MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N‐methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65–109%.
Chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus removal by subsurface wetlands with Phragmites vegetation in different models
Authors: Debing Jing , Baoqing Shan , Hong Zhang , Jianming Hong
Published: March 2010

To improve the removal efficiency of subsurface wetlands vegetated mainly by Phragmites, pilot‐scale gravel‐based wetlands were used to treat sewage characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution. For Phragmites vegetation, COD, TP and TN removal loads of wetland vegetation with Phragmites australis–Typha angustata–Scirpus validus as main species reached 0.517 g m−2 d−1, 0.277 g P m−2 d−1 and 0.023 g N m−2 d−1. The COD removal loads in pilot‐scale and medium‐scale (260 m2 in area) wetlands with Phragmites‐monoculture vegetation were 0.62–0.64 g m−2 d−1, while that of P. australis–T. angustata–S. validus wetland reached 0.974 g m−2 d−1. Thus, the preferable poly‐culture model for Phragmites wetland vegetation was P. australis, T. angustata, S. validus and Zizania latifolia with stem density ratio of 8:1:5:1. After harvest, nitrogen and phosphorus standing stocks of wetland vegetations ranged only 2.2–9.93 g N m−2 and 5.39–13.5 g P m−2, respectively, as both the above ground biomass and the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the wetland vegetation harvested in late autumn were low.
Reactive species and mitochondrial dysfunction: Mechanistic significance of 4‐hydroxynonenal
Authors: Roede James R. , Jones Dean P.
Published: March 2010

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a global term used in the context of “unhealthy” mitochondria. In practical terms, mitochondria are extremely complex and highly adaptive in structure, chemical and enzymatic composition, subcellular distribution and functional interaction with other components of cells. Consequently, altered mitochondrial properties that are used in experimental studies as measures of mitochondrial dysfunction often provide little or no distinction between adaptive and maladaptive changes. This is especially a problem in terms of generation of oxidant species by mitochondria, wherein increased generation of superoxide anion radical (O·) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is often considered synonymously with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these oxidative species are signaling molecules in normal physiology so that a change in production or abundance is not a good criterion for mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we consider generation of reactive electrophiles and consequent modification of mitochondrial proteins as a means to define mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulated evidence indicates that 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE) modification of proteins reflects mitochondrial dysfunction and provides an operational criterion for experimental definition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Improved means to detect and quantify mitochondrial HNE‐protein adduct formation could allow its use for environmental healthrisk assessment. Furthermore, application of improved mass spectrometry‐based proteomic methods will lead to further understanding of the critical targets contributing to disease risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.