bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An open-access plug-in program for 3D modelling distinct material properties of cortical and trabecular bone
Authors: Roytman Gregory R. , Cutler Matan , Milligan Kenneth , Tommasini Steven M. , Wiznia Daniel H.
Published: September 2022

Background

Finite element modelling the material behavior of bone in-silico is a powerful tool to predict the best suited surgical treatment for individual patients.

Results

We demonstrate the development and use of a pre-processing plug-in program with a 3D modelling image processing software suite (Synopsys Simpleware, ScanIP) to assist with identifying, isolating, and defining cortical and trabecular bone material properties from patient specific computed tomography scans. The workflow starts by calibrating grayscale values of each constituent element with a phantom – a standardized object with defined densities. Using an established power law equation, we convert the apparent density value per voxel to a Young’s Modulus. The resulting “calibrated” scan can be used for modeling and in-silico experimentation with Finite Element Analysis.

Conclusions

This process allows for the creation of realistic and personalized simulations to inform a surgeon’s decision-making. We have made this plug-in program open and accessible as a supplemental file.
Antiplasmodial evaluation of aqueous extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig leaves in Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected mice
Authors: Olaniyi Temitope Deborah
Published: September 2022

Background

The study was designed to screen aqueous extract of Bilghia sapida leaves for its phytochemical constituents, in vivo antiplasmodial activity and biochemical changes in Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected female mice. Phytochemical screening was done using standard methods. In the acute toxicity test, three groups of mice received 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/Kg/day of the extract respectively, and were observed for signs of toxicity, especially mortality for 24 h. Forty-eight mice were assigned into six groups of eight animals each. The uninfected group A (control) was administered distilled water, while groups B, C, D, E and F were inoculated intraperitoneally with about 107 parasitized erythrocytes and received distilled water, chloroquine (5 mg/Kg/day), 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day of extract, respectively. The antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using Peter’s 4 days suppressive test. Haematological indices, selected biochemical parameters and liver histology were evaluated.

Results

Screening revealed the presence of six phytochemicals in the aqueous extract of B. sapida leaves. Median lethal dose of the extract is > 5,000 mg/Kg/day. The aqueous extract of the leaves significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the level of parasitaemia dose-dependently with chemosuppression of 74.09% at 500 mg/Kg/day. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) prevented P. berghei infection-associated reduction in red blood cell indices. The significant (P < 0.05) P. berghei-induced alterations in liver function indices were improved in extract-treated mice. There were no visible lesions in the livers of animals that received 125 mg/Kg/day of extract.

Conclusion

The aqueous extract of B. sapida leaves has in vivo antiplasmodial activity and justifies its folkloric use in malarial treatment.
Association of serum zinc level and clinical outcome in Egyptian COVID-19 patients
Authors: Mansour Ahmed M. F. , El Nakeeb Noha , Kamal Norhan Khaled Mohamed , ElGhandour Ahmed Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Background

Zinc is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient found in food. Due to its well-established role in immunity, it is currently being used in some clinical trials against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to assess the association between the mean serum zinc level in COVID-19 Egyptian patients and its relationship with disease severity. This cross-sectional study was conducted on sixty patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. These patients were divided into two groups according to clinical outcome, group 1 which included 30 intensive care unit (ICU) patients and group 2 which included 30 patients who were admitted to the ward. Mean serum levels of zinc were compared between the two groups.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference noted among study groups regarding the serum zinc level (p < 0.039), where lower mean serum zinc levels were noted in ICU patients compared to ward patients (70.6 ± 5.7 vs 73.8 ± 6.1).

Conclusion

Low serum zinc level is associated with the severe outcome of COVID-19 infection.
Efficacy of pterygopalatine fossa injection with local anesthetic agent and adrenaline in reduction of intra-operative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Kamel Ahmed A. , Harhash Khaled , Al-lateef Muhammad Abd
Published: September 2022

Background

This study aimed to assess the effect of pterygopalatine fossa injection via greater palatine canal with xylocaine and adrenaline on intra-operative surgical field bleeding and overall blood loss during FESS.

Methods

We are doing this randomized blinded study on 60 patients who underwent FESS. Infiltration with 2 ml of xylocaine 2% with 1:100,000 adrenaline was slowly injected on one side and the surgeon was asked to assess the surgical field using a Boezaart scale.

Results

Operative time is significantly less in injected cases than the other cases with a P value < 0.001. blood loss in injected side was significantly less than Non-injected side with a P value < 0.001.

Conclusion

There was a significant decrease in blood loss, duration of surgery, and improvement in visual field using Boezaart score in injection group (cases) who underwent pterygopalatine fossa injection of xylocaine/adrenaline compared to the other non-injected group.
Alloreactivity and apoptosis in graft rejection and transplantation tolerance
Authors: Zavazava Nicholas , Kabelitz Dietrich
Published: September 2022

Weissmann wrote as early as 1889 that higher organisms contain within themselves the germs of death [1]. However, the term, programmed cell death, or apoptosis as it is now known, was defined much later [2]. Thus, it was long recognized that damaged and old cells are eliminated within the body, but the underlying mechanisms are only now beginning to emerge. Apoptosis appears central to the process of negative selection of developing T-cells in the thymus. In regard to organ transplantation, apoptosis contributes to graft rejection and the establishment of graft tolerance. Thus, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis may help establish a new protocol for the induction of transplantation tolerance.
Influence of type 2 T cell responses on the severity of encephalitis associated with influenza virus infection
Authors: Kaji Masahide , Kobayashi Makiko , Pollard Richard B , Suzuki Fujio
Published: September 2022

The role of type 2 T cell responses on the severity of post-infectious encephalitis was investigated in a mouse model of influenza virus infection. When mice were infected intracerebrally with 3.0 LD50 of A/NWS33 strain of influenza virus, they all showed clinical signs of encephalitis, and 90% of them died within 10 days of the infection. However, the post-infectious encephalitis was not demonstrated in mice exposed to 0.5 LD50 of the same virus. The mortality rates of mice infected with 0.5 LD50 of the virus were increased to levels observed in mice exposed to 3.0 LD50 of influenza virus infection, after the administration of a mixture of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 (2 ng/mouse each; immediately, 1 and 2 days after the infection). In contrast, mortality rates of mice exposed to 3.0 LD50 of influenza virus were substantially decreased when these mice were treated with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-4 and IL-10. A predominance of type 2 T cell responses was demonstrated in splenic T cells of mice infected with 3.0 LD50 of influenza virus, although these responses were minimal in mice infected with 0.5 LD50 of the virus. After the treatment with the mixture of type 2 cytokines, an increase in the type 2 T cell responses in mice exposed to 0.5 LD50 of the virus was shown. These results indicate that type 2 T cell responses associated with the viral infection play an important role in the severity of post-infectious encephalitis induced in mice by the intracerebral infection of influenza A virus.
Divergent regulation of HIV-1 replication in PBMC of infected individuals by CC chemokines: suppression by RANTES, MIP-1α, and MCP-3, and enhancement by MCP-1
Authors: Vicenzi Elisa , Alfano Massimo , Ghezzi Silvia , Gatti Alessandra , Veglia Fabrizio , Lazzarin Adriano , Sozzani Silvano , Mantovani Alberto , Poli Guido
Published: September 2022

We investigated the role of different CC chemokines, including regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and MCP-3 on virus replication in cultures established from CD8+ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected individuals that were either cocultivated with allogeneic T cell blasts (ATCB) of uninfected individuals or directly stimulated by mitogen plus interleukin-2. RANTES was the only chemokine that showed a clear-cut suppressive effect on HIV replication in both culture systems, although inhibitory effects were frequently also observed with MIP-1α, MCP-3, and, occasionally, with MCP-1. In contrast, MCP-1 frequently enhanced HIV production in most patients’ cultures or cocultures that were characterized by secreting relatively low levels (<20 ng/mL) of MCP-1. When CD8-depleted PBMC of HIV+ individuals were cocultivated with ATCB of uninfected healthy donors, a positive correlation was observed between MCP-1 concentrations and the enhancement of HIV-1 replication occurring after depletion of CD8+ cells from donors’ cells. Depletion of CD14+ cells (monocytes) from ATCB resulted in the down-regulation of virus replication during co-cultivation with CD8-depleted PBMC of infected individuals. Of interest, MCP-1 up-regulated HIV production in these CD14-depleted ATCB cocultures. Altogether these observations suggest that MCP-1 may represent an important factor enhancing HIV spreading, particularly in anatomical sites, such as the brain, where infection of macrophages and microglial cells plays a dominant role.
CD97 isoform expression in leukocytes
Authors: Eichler Wolfram
Published: September 2022

Different adhesive capacity in interactions with CD55 has been ascribed to the isoforms of the leukocyte CD97 antigen, CD97 (EGF 1,2,5), CD97 (EGF 1,2,3,5), and CD97 (EGF 1,2,3,4,5). In the study, coexpression of the three CD97 isoforms and predominance of CD97 (EGF 1,2,5) transcripts in leukocytes are demonstrated. The contribution of CD97 (EGF 1,2,3,5) and CD97 (EGF 1,2,3,4,5) to total CD97 levels varied among most cell types only slightly, although relatively higher mRNA levels of both isoforms were detected in U 937 cells and monocytes. In peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD97 isoforms did not show clear variation after PMA stimulation and were down-regulated equally after CD97 cross-linking. Moreover, the CD97 isoform pattern was not altered in monocytes after interferon-γ stimulation and in synovial T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CD97 mRNA levels did not necessarily correspond to CD97 surface density. The findings suggest that adhesive activity of CD97 toward CD55 is unlikely to be regulated by differential CD97 isoform expression.
Cellular signaling in macrophage migration and chemotaxis
Authors: Jones Gareth E
Published: September 2022

Whereas most cells in adult tissues are fixed in place by cell junctions, leukocytes are motile and able to migrate actively through the walls of blood vessels into surrounding tissues. The actin cytoskeleton of these cells plays a central role in locomotion, phagocytosis, and the regulation of cell shape that are crucial elements of neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage function. This review will concentrate on how macrophages in particular control the actin cytoskeleton to generate cell movement and the shape changes required for chemotaxis. It has recently become evident that a complex of seven proteins known as the Arp2/3 complex regulates the assembly of new actin filament networks at the leading front of moving cells. Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family bind directly to the Arp2/3 complex and stimulate its ability to promote the nucleation of new actin filaments. Upstream of the WASP family proteins, receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein-coupled receptors, phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase), and the Rho family of GTPases receive and transduce the signals that lead to actin nucleation through WASP-Arp2/3 action. Although many gaps remain in our understanding, we are now in a position to consider completing signaling pathways that are initiated from outside the cell to the actin rearrangements that drive cell motility and chemotaxis.
In vivopriming of FcαR functioning on eosinophils of allergic asthmatics
Authors: Bracke Madelon , van de Graaf Ed , Lammers Jan-Willem J , Coffer Paul J , Koenderman Leo
Published: September 2022

Inflammation in allergic asthma is characterized by an influx of eosinophils and the presence of eosinophil products in the bronchial tissue. Orchestration of this inflammatory response is in part mediated by cytokines and chemoattractants, but final activation can require additional stimuli. IgA, the most abundant immunoglobulin at mucosal surfaces, is potentially a potent trigger for eosinophil activation. Previously, we have shown that binding IgA-coated targets is dependent on in vitro stimulation of cells with cytokines. Here, we demonstrate that eosinophils isolated from the blood of allergic asthmatic patients bind IgA beads independently of prior in vitro stimulation. Furthermore, we found that the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, is a potent enhancer of IgA binding to eosinophils from allergic asthmatics, and it does not activate FcαR on eosinophils isolated from normal donors. The difference in IgA binding by FcαRs on normal and patient eosinophils might be explained by the activation of different signal transduction pathways. Studying intracellular signaling, we found an enhanced basal activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in eosinophils derived from allergic asthmatics. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K in these cells blocked the background and the TNF-α-induced IgA binding completely. In summary, these data demonstrate that the responsiveness of human eosinophils to TNF-α might be an important contribution for fine-tuning the allergic inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, the preactivation of PI3K results in a broader sensitivity to subsequent challenge with inflammatory cytokines.
Monoclonal Lym-1 antibody-targeted lysis of B lymphoma cells by neutrophils. Evidence for two mechanisms of FcγRII-dependent cytolysis
Authors: Ottonello Luciano , Epstein Alan L , Mancini Marina , Amelotti Massimo , Dapino Patrizia , Dallegri Franco
Published: September 2022

Human neutrophils incubated with the anti-HLA-DR mAb Lym-1, plus PMA, induced significant cytolysis of B lymphoma cells compared with Lym-1 and PMA alone. The effect of PMA was independent of the ability of the compound to stimulate neutrophil-respiratory burst. In fact, first, neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease were cytolytically effective in spite of their inability to produce oxidants. Second, various kinase inhibitors exerted different effects on the PMA-stimulated cytolytic system and neutrophil-oxidative burst. Previous studies have shown the involvement of the FcγRII, CD11b-CD18 integrins, and CD66b glycoproteins in the Lym-1 mAb-dependent cytolysis by GM-CSF-stimulated neutrophils. The present PMA-stimulated system was inhibited by the anti-FcγRII mAb IV.3, the anti-CD18 mAb MEM 48, and the anti-CD11b mAb 2LPM19c but not by the anti-CD66b mAb 80H3 andN-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Furthermore, the PMA- and GM-CSF-stimulated cytolysis was insensitive and sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin, respectively. Thus, the use of PMA and GM-CSF as neutrophil stimulants uncovers the existence of distinct mechanisms of Lym-1 mAb-mediated cytolysis.
MCP-1 receptor binding affinity is up-regulated by pre-stimulation with MCP-1 in an actin polymerization-dependent manner
Authors: Kito Keiji , Morishita Kaoru , Nishida Kenichi
Published: September 2022

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induces monocyte chemotaxisvia interaction with the MCP-1 receptor CCR2. We found that MCP-1binding to monocytic THP-1 cells was increased by pre-treatment withMCP-1. The amount of CCR2 mRNA and the cell-surface expression of CCR2were not affected by MCP-1 stimuli. In contrast, the MCP-1-treatedTHP-1 cells showed a sixfold increase in MCP-1 binding affinitycompared with untreated cells. MCP-1 binding to CCR2B-transfectedHEK-293 cells was also enhanced by pre-treatment with MCP-1, and MCP-1binding affinity increased by sixfold. In both cell lines, theenhancement of MCP-1 binding by stimulation with MCP-1 was blocked bycytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization. This effect ofpre-treatment with MCP-1 is insensitive to pertussis toxin andpartially blocked by U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C. Theseresults demonstrate that the MCP-1 receptor binding affinity isup-regulated by MCP-1 stimuli in an actin polymerization-dependentmanner.
Assessment of neutrophilN-formyl peptide receptors by using antibodies and fluorescent peptides
Authors: Loitto Vesa-Matti , Rasmusson Birgitta , Magnusson Karl-Eric
Published: September 2022

Enrichment of chemoattractant receptors on the neutrophil surface has been difficult to assess, primarily because of limitations in sensitivity of visualization. Using an ultrasensitive, cooled charge-coupled device camera, we investigated spatial-temporal relationships between N-formyl peptide receptor distribution and directional motility of human neutrophils. Live cells were labeled with fluorescent receptor ligands, i.e., fluoresceinated tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl-Phe-(d)-Leu-Phe-(d)-Leu-Phe-OH (Boc-FLFLF) and formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys (fnLLFnLYK), while fixed cells were labeled with either fluorescent peptides or monoclonal antibodies. Double labeling of receptors and filamentous actin (F-actin) was done to investigate possible colocalization. N-Formyl peptide receptors on unstimulated cells were randomly distributed. However, on polarized neutrophils, the receptors accumulated toward regions involved in motility and distributed nonuniformly. In fixed neutrophils, antibody-labeled receptors colocalized with the F-actin-rich leading edge whereas peptide-labeled receptors lagged behind this region. We suggest that neutrophils use an asymmetric receptor distribution for directional sensing and sustained migration. A separation between receptors labeled with peptides and those labeled with antibodies reflects two functionally distinct receptor populations at the membrane of motile neutrophils.
Involvement of cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase in degradation of p40-phox splice variant protein in myeloid cells
Authors: Hasebe Takeshi , Hua Jian , Someya Akimasa , Morain Philippe , Checler Frédéric , Nagaoka Isao
Published: September 2022

Our previous studies indicated that an alternatively spliced variant mRNA of p40-phox, a cytosolic component of NADPH oxidase, is expressed but its protein is hardly detected in myeloid cells such as promyelocytic HL-60 cells and neutrophils. Here, we have examined the stability of p40-phox variant protein in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. When in vitro-translated proteins were incubated with subcellular fractions of HL-60 cells, p40-phox variant protein but not native p40-phox was degraded by the cytosol and granule fractions. The degradation of variant protein by the granule fraction was observed using sonicated but not intact granules, suggesting that the variant protein is unlikely to be degraded by the granules in intact cells. To identify the enzyme(s) involved, we examined the effects of various enzyme inhibitors on the degradation of variant protein by the cytosol fraction. Degradation was completely inhibited by proline-specific serine protease (prolyl endopeptidase) inhibitors but not by proteasome, calpain, and metalloprotease inhibitors. Furthermore, the variant protein was degraded by a purified prolyl endopeptidase, and the degradation was protected by treating HL-60 cells with a cell-permeable inhibitor (S17092-1) for prolyl endopeptidase. These observations suggest that a cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase is involved in the degradation of p40-phox variant protein in myeloid cells.
Regulated expression of galectin-1 during B-cell activation and implications for T-cell apoptosis
Authors: Zuñiga Elina , Rabinovich Gabriel A , Iglesias M Mercedes , Gruppi Adriana
Published: September 2022

Galectin-1 (GAL-1), a highly conserved β-galactoside-binding protein, has shown immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the regulation of GAL-1 expression within the B-cell compartment usingTrypanosoma cruzi infection as a natural model of in vivo B-cell activation. GAL-1 was found to be expressed on activated B cells from T. cruzi-infected mice, mainly localized at the cytosolic compartment. Expression of this protein was found to be modulated according to the activation state of the cells, revealing a significant increase in stimulated B cells that received signals via cross-linking of the B-cell receptor and CD40. It was found that GAL-1 was secreted by B cells to the extracellular milieu upon activation. Finally, purified GAL-1 produced by activated B cells induced apoptosis of T cells but not B cells and also influenced interferon-γ cytokine production. Hence, the present study describes a potential mechanism by which B cells can regulate T-cell function and survival.
CCR1 chemokine receptor expression isolates erythroid from granulocyte-macrophage progenitors
Authors: de Wynter Erika A , Heyworth Clare M , Mukaida Naofumi , Jaworska Ewa , Weffort-Santos Almeriane , Matushima Kouji , Testa Nydia G
Published: September 2022

Simple methods that separate progenitor cells of different hemopoietic lineages would facilitate studies on lineage commitment and differentiation. We used an antibody specific for the chemokine receptor CCR1 to examine mononuclear cells isolated from cord blood samples. When CD34+ cells were separated into CD34+CCR1+ and CD34+CCR1− cells and plated in colony-forming assays, the granulocyte/macrophage progenitors were found almost exclusively in the CD34+CCR1+ cells. In contrast, the CD34+CCR1− cells contained the majority of the erythroid progenitors. There was a highly significant difference (P<0.002) in the total percentage distribution of both granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells and erythroid burst-forming units between the two populations. This is the first report of separation of erythroid progenitors from granulocyte/macrophage progenitors using a chemokine receptor antibody in cord blood samples. These results suggest that at the clonogenic progenitor cell stage the expression of CCR1 might be lineage-specific. This method should prove useful for studies on erythroid progenitor and granulocyte/macrophage differentiation.
Eosinophils, eosinophil ribonucleases, and their role in host defense against respiratory virus pathogens
Authors: Rosenberg Helene F , Domachowske Joseph B
Published: September 2022

Eosinophils remain among the most enigmatic of cells, as our appreciation of their detrimental activities—e.g., asthma and allergic disease—far outweighs our understanding of their beneficial effects. Among the major secretory effector proteins of eosinophils are the ribonucleases eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in primates and their orthologs, the eosinophil-associated ribonucleases (EARs) in rodents. The rapid diversification observed among these ribonucleases suggested that the ultimate target(s) might be similarly efficient at generating sequence diversity while maintaining an unalterable susceptibility to ribonucleolytic cleavage. This has prompted us to consider a role for these proteins and by extension, for eosinophils, in host defense against single-stranded RNA virus pathogens. We detail our studies of the antiviral activity of eosinophils and eosinophil ribonucleases against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro and the related, natural rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), in vivo, and consider the possibility that antiviral host defense and the dysregulated responses leading to asthma represent opposing sides of an eosinophil-mediated double-edged sword.
Unlocking the secrets of galectins: a challenge at the frontier of glyco-immunology
Authors: Rabinovich Gabriel A , Rubinstein Natalia , Fainboim Leonardo
Published: September 2022

Over the last decade, we have witnessed an explosion of information regarding the function of glycoconjugates, carbohydrate-binding proteins, and the elucidation of the sugar code. This progress has yielded not only important insights into fundamental areas of glycobiology but has also influenced other fields such as immunology and molecular medicine. A family of galactoside-binding proteins, called galectins, has emerged recently as a novel kind of bioactive molecules with powerful, immunoregulatory functions. Different members of this family have been shown to modulate positively or negatively multiple steps of the inflammatory response, such as cell-matrix interactions, cell trafficking, cell survival, cell-growth regulation, chemotaxis, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. To introduce a comprehensive overview of these new advances, here we will explore the molecular mechanisms and biochemical pathways involved in these functions. We will also examine the role of these proteins in the modulation of different pathological processes, such as chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, infection, allergic reactions, and tumor spreading. Understanding the intimate mechanisms involved in galectin functions will help to delineate selective and novel strategies for disease intervention and diagnosis.
In vitroassessment of chemokine receptor-ligand interactions mediating mouse eosinophil migration
Authors: Borchers Michael T , Ansay Tracy , DeSalle Rob , Daugherty Bruce L , Shen Huahao , Metzger Michael , Lee Nancy A , Lee James J
Published: September 2022

Eosinophil migration from circulation is controlled, in part, by chemokines through a family of G-protein-coupled chemokine receptors (CCR). Studies of human eosinophils have demonstrated that signaling through CCR3 receptors is a prominent pathway leading to chemotaxis, although several other receptor-ligand interactions also appear to mediate eosinophil recruitment. The availability of genetically unique strains of mice permits a reductionist approach to assess the signaling pathways in experimental models of human disease. However, despite similarities in these pathways between mice and humans, significant species differences exist, complicating the translation of results from animal models to humans. Purified mouse eosinophils were used in this study to investigate the chemokine receptor expression and the activities of 18 chemokines. Mouse eosinophils isolated from IL-5 transgenic mice expressed transcripts encoding the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, CXCR2, and CXCR4, but not CCR4. Mouse eosinophils also migrated in response to human and mouse eotaxin-1 and -2, but not human eotaxin-3. In addition, the induced migration of mouse eosinophils by TARC, MIP-1β, and KC suggests that unidentified receptor-ligand interactions contribute to eosinophil recruitment. It is interesting that the potent chemoattractant of human eosinophils, RANTES, was unable to mediate mouse eosinophil migration. Furthermore, despite the ability of MIP-1α to bind receptors on purified mouse eosinophils, it was only able to induce significant eosinophil migration in a mixed splenocyte population and was unable to induce migration of highly purified eosinophils. Collectively, these observations reveal physiologically relevant distinctions in mechanisms mediating human and mouse eosinophil migration that potentially reflect evolutionary disparities between these species.
Differential localization of IL-2- and -15 receptor chains in membrane rafts of human T cells
Authors: Goebel Jens , Forrest Kathy , Morford Lorri , Roszman Thomas L
Published: September 2022

We studied whether cytokine receptors (Rs) on T cells associate with lipid microdomains (“rafts”). Low-dose phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human T cells were separated into cytoplasmic, membrane, and raft fractions by buoyant density centrifugation. Examination of these fractions for the presence of interleukin (IL)-2- and -15R chains and associated signaling molecules by Western blotting revealed marked, selective enrichment of the IL-2/15R β-chain in rafts before IL-2 stimulation. After IL-2 stimulation, a substantial amount of the β-chain was found in the membrane fraction. This partial translocation was also observed for the β-chain-associated molecules JAK-1, p56lck, and grb-2. Finally, raft disruption with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) attenuated IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation events and selectively decreased the surface expression of the IL-2/15R β-chain detected by flow cytometry. These results show that the IL-2/15R β-chain is enriched in rafts obtained from low-dose, PHA-stimulated T cells, that IL-2 binding alters this enrichment, and that this enrichment may be functionally relevant as a possible mechanism to ensure cytokine selectivity and specificity.
Rate and extent of phagocytosis in macrophages lacking vamp3
Authors: Allen Lee-Ann H , Yang Chunmei , Pessin Jeffrey E
Published: September 2022

During phagocytosis, macrophages rapidly internalize a substantial fraction of plasma membrane without a net loss of surface area, suggesting that membranes are targeted to the cell surface from intracellular sites. Nevertheless, a requirement for mobilization of specific membrane compartments has not been demonstrated. We used bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from wild type and vamp3 null mice to evaluate directly the requirement for this v-SNARE in phagocytosis of zymosan, IgG-beads, complement-opsonized particles, or latex microspheres. Regardless of the phagocytic receptor engaged or particle load, BMM lacking vamp3 exhibited no phagocytic defects when assayed after 1 h at 37°C, and phagosome maturation was unimpaired as judged by acquisition of lamp-1. In contrast, at early time points (5–15 min), internalization of zymosan (but not other particles tested) was significantly slower in vamp3 null BMM. These data indicate that vamp3 modulates efficient uptake of zymosan, but is not absolutely required for phagocytosis in primary macrophages.
Gap junctions and connexins: potential contributors to the immunological synapse
Authors: Oviedo-Orta Ernesto , Evans W Howard
Published: September 2022

Gap junctional communication is a widespread mechanism for metabolic coupling of adjoining cells. In the immune system, evidence has built up showing that lymphocytes possess the protein building blocks of gap junctions, the connexins. The most widespread is connexin 43, but connexin 40 is also present in secondary lymphoid organs. Inhibitors of gap junctional communication, especially the highly specific connexin mimetic peptides, have been shown to decrease the secretion of immunoglobulins and cytokines by T and B lymphocyte cocultures, indicating that connexins may play a fundamental role in lymphocyte physiology. Traditionally, connexins function when assembled into gap junction-intercellular channels. However, the possibility is now arising that gap junction hemichannels, previously viewed as plasma membrane precursors of gap junctions, are also involved in the release from cells of small metabolites, e.g., adenosine 5′-triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+, and this opens up a second, possible paracrine function for connexins detected in lymphocytes. The increasing structural and functional evidence points to a potential role that lymphocyte gap junctional intercellular communication may play within the complex signaling components of the immunological synapse.
Defective migration of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in LAD-1 immunodeficiency
Authors: Fiorini Maurilia , Vermi William , Facchetti Fabio , Moratto Daniele , Alessandri Giulio , Notarangelo Lucia , Caruso Arnaldo , Grigolato Piergiovanni , Ugazio Alberto G , Notarangelo Luigi D , Badolato Raffaele
Published: September 2022

β2 Integrins (CD18) are required for leukocyte migration. In fact, the absence of CD18 results in type-1 leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD-1). We analyzed the distribution phenotype and function of dendritic cells (DCs) in three LAD-1 patients with homozygous mutations of CD18. Two of them did not express CD18 (Patients A and C), and the other subject (Patient B) displayed reduced expression of β2 integrins because of a missense mutation. Analysis of DCs derived from Patients A and B showed an abnormal morphology and a severe impairment in transendothelial migration and chemotactic response to CCL19/macrophage inflammatory protein-3β, suggesting that CD18 is required for migration of monocyte-derived DCs. Nevertheless, DCs displayed normal macropinocytosis and underwent normal maturation after addition of tumor necrosis factor α. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of lymph nodes from subjects B and C revealed a significant reduction in the number of factor-XIIIa+ interstitial DCs in the interfollicular area in both patients, suggesting that CD18 plays a role in the migration of these cells in vivo.
Opening Time, Closing Time: A Journey from Hermes and Hesiod to Vico and Joyce
Authors: Katz Barry M.
Published: September 2022

An intellectual iconoclast, Norman O. Brown was one of the most imaginative contributors to post–World War II cultural theory. His books, grounded in deep classical erudition, include Hermes the Thief (1947), a pioneering attempt to apply Marxist historiography to the evolution of a Greek myth; Life against Death (1959), his acclaimed psychoanalytic reinterpretation of history; Love's Body (1966), an aphoristic questioning of the rationalist foundations of Western civilization; and Closing Time (1973), in which Brown interjects himself into an imagined conversation between eighteenth-century philosopher Giambattista Vico and the writer James Joyce. This essay traces the arc of his intellectual journey from its classical sources (Hermes and Hesiod) to his late confrontation with Vico and Joyce, from which he concluded, “There comes a time—I believe we are in such a time—when civilization has to be renewed by the discovery of new mysteries.”
Alma Mater
Authors: Herzig Rebecca M.
Published: September 2022

Placing the neoliberal academy's responses to the COVID-19 pandemic alongside Norman O. Brown's May 1960 Phi Beta Kappa speech, “Apocalypse: The Place of Mystery in the Life of the Mind,” this essay considers the place of madness, sacrifice, and monstrous motherhood in approaches to the university.
“The Visual Poetry of the Work”
Authors: Sacks Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

This article addresses the work of the German-language philosopher and theorist Theodor W. Adorno and the Palestinian artist Mona Hatoum in order to ask after the form of the subject and the sense of life privileged in critique. I consider the form of the subject and the sense of the social presumed and generalized in Adorno in relation to his reading of Hegel and his discussion of race, anti-Blackness, anti-Semitism, and “the American landscape” in aphorisms twenty-eight and sixty-eight in Minima Moralia. Drawing on scholarship in Black and Indigenous studies, I argue that in Adorno a particular sense of the subject, with and against Adorno's language, is advanced: the subject of the law, right, property, and whiteness, what one might call the subject of settler life. I suggest that this is a sense of the subject that privileges its ethicality in relation to social violence and world, and I notice that this privilege is constitutive of what critique, for Adorno, is. I then turn to Hatoum and offer a reading of several of her works and installations alongside her discussion of her art in a series of interviews, where I focus on Light at the End (1989), Present Tense (1996), Hair Lines (1979), and Socle du Monde (1992–1993). I study Hatoum's work in order to understand the sense of the social it enlivens, and the sense of being and language it makes manifest, and I argue that, in Hatoum's work, art becomes critique, critique becomes a theorization of the social, and theorization becomes a temporal practice of sociality, an inessential, inidentical sharing in language and form. In Hatoum's art, a sociality of collective form displaces the critical terms of self-possession, self-orientation, and philosophical self-reflection, where property is unmoored as a logic of reading and life and a principle of form.
Mortality Change among Less Educated Americans
Authors: Novosad Paul , Rafkin Charlie , Asher Sam
Published: September 2022

Measurements of mortality change among less educated Americans can be biased because the least educated groups (e.g., dropouts) become smaller and more negatively selected over time. We show that mortality changes at constant education percentiles can be bounded with minimal assumptions. Middle-age mortality increases among non-Hispanic Whites from 1992 to 2018 are driven almost entirely by the bottom 10 percent of the education distribution. Drivers of mortality change differ substantially across groups. Deaths of despair explain most of the mortality change among young non-Hispanic Whites, but less among older Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks. Our bounds are applicable in many other contexts. (JEL I12, I26, J15)
Yin-Yang tongue sign: An imaging clue of lesions involving the skull base segment in the hypoglossal pathway
Authors: Chen Xuexia , Yi Jingru , Liu Simin , Chen Weiwei , Guan Jian , Pan Chu
Published: September 2022

Objective:

To investigate the diagnostic value of the Yin-Yang tongue sign in patients with tongue deviation.

Methods:

According to the presence of the Yin-Yang tongue sign on CT/MR, 107 patients with tongue deviation were divided into a positive group and a negative group. The involvement categories of the hypoglossal canal (HC) in the positive group were evaluated and classified as HC dilation and HC erosion. The correlations between HC involvement categories and the presence of the sign were analysed.

Results:

There were 55 cases (55/107, 51.4%) in the positive group and 52 cases (52/107, 48.6%) in the negative group. Hypoglossal nerve (HN) involvement mainly occurred in the skull base (61.8%), skull base and carotid space (10.9%), and carotid space segment (12.7%). Neurogenic (50.9%), squamous cell carcinoma (14.5%), and metastases (12.7%) were the predominant aetiologies. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this sign for suggesting skull base lesions around HC were 72.4%, 80.8%, and 76.6%, respectively. In the positive group, HC dilation was seen in 21 patients (21/55, 38.2%) and 21 cases were all benign. HC erosion were noted in 19 patients (19/55, 34.5%), of whom 12 cases were malignant.

Conclusion:

The Yin-Yang tongue sign is formed by unilateral tongue atrophy and fat infiltration caused by lesions in the HN pathway, especially compressive or invasive lesions involving the skull base segment.
Designing of leather products
Authors: Klyuchnikova Valentina , Kostyleva Valentina , Orlova A.A.
Published: September 2022

The design characteristics of leather products, anatomical and physiological, anthropological and biomechanical fundamentals of designing leather products are given. Methods of modeling and designing, theoretical issues of gradation and dimensional and full range of shoes are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors of training areas 29.03.01 "Technology of light industry products", 29.03.05 "Design of light industry products", masters of training areas 29.04.01 "Technology of light industry products", 29.04.05 "Design of light industry products" of all forms of training, as well as for students in the direction 29.06.01 "Light industry technologies", orientation "Skin technology, furs, footwear and leather goods", light industry workers and students of the Institute of Additional Education.
Project-based training of specialists in working with young people
Authors: Krut'ko Inna , Senuk Zinaida , Ponomarev Aleksandr , Osipchukova Elena , Sannikov Maksim , Popova Natal'ya , Beduleva Marina , Zvereva Elena , Kozachinskaya Dar'ya
Published: September 2022

In the monograph, the authors consider the specifics of project activities and project training in the training area 39.03.03 "Organization of work with youth". The paradigm of project training is given, the scientific foundations of design as a type of activity in the work of a specialist are shown. The content of project activities in organizations of various profiles and levels is given. Project training is shown as a necessary condition for effective project activity of subjects of youth policy, the models of project training at the university, the features of project training of specialists in the youth sphere are analyzed. The authors also consider the content of research and organizational projects.
It is intended for teachers, specialists in the field of youth policy, heads of educational programs, organizers of project training.
Power supply
Authors: Sibikin Yuriy
Published: September 2022

The textbook discusses methods for calculating electrical loads, issues of the quality of electrical energy and reactive power compensation, power supply schemes of objects; describes the methodology for determining losses in elements of power supply systems, provides material related to the operation and calculation of electrical networks associated with the process of electric current flow in the wires of external and internal power supply of objects.
It is intended for students of training areas and specialties "Electric power engineering and electrical engineering", "Power stations, networks and systems", "Power supply", "Automatic control of electric power systems", "Relay protection and automation of electric power systems" and other electric power training areas and specialties of universities and institutions of secondary vocational education.
The use of entropy in modeling decision-making processes in economics
Authors: Korolev Oleg , Kussyy Mihail , Sigal Anatoliy , Livshic Veniamin , Solozhencev Evgeniy
Published: September 2022

The monograph is devoted to the study of entropy, the history of this general scientific category, the development of its theory, various aspects of the application of entropy. Entropy — a measure of chaos — is one of the basic concepts of modern natural science. Having arisen in thermodynamics in the first half of the XIX century, the concept of entropy has found numerous applications in many branches of knowledge, including in other branches of physics, engineering, computer science, biology, economics, social sciences. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of views on the concept of entropy, various aspects of the use of entropy for modeling processes in financial markets, the methodology of recurrent analysis of time series in economics, as well as various aspects of the use of entropy for game-theoretic modeling of resource allocation processes.
It will be useful to specialists in mathematical modeling, scientists and practitioners specializing in managerial decision-making, teachers, graduate students, students.
An integrated approach to the study of the nature and goals of the State: a political and legal study
Authors: Chernyavskiy Aleksandr
Published: September 2022

The monograph presents the author's view that every theory itself is the result of the circumstances preceding it and is connected with the events accompanying it. Thought does not exist separately, in an external area abstracted from everything, but is connected with a certain order of life. The author returns to the theory of separation of powers, because it has such an impact on the consideration of the doctrine of state power that only for this reason it can no longer be forgotten. The author proves that the theory of separation of powers, despite the influence it had on the issue of citizens' freedom, putting it in the closest connection with the doctrine of state power, should be considered as mobile, depending on the nature, goals and circumstances of a particular state. In addition, the author believes that the nature of the state should be studied in close connection of all state sciences, namely: state law, political science, history, political economy, etc. — and at the same time careful and attentive application of philosophical constructions, which, as history shows, are often speculative.
For a wide range of readers interested in the theory of state and law. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
Right
Authors: Rukavishnikova Irina
Published: September 2022

The textbook outlines the basics of legal knowledge in the course "Law", which is a mandatory discipline for studying in the field of humanities and socio-economic sciences.
For students of secondary vocational education institutions, as well as for anyone interested in the basics of legal knowledge.
Forensic author's expertise
Authors: Sokolova Tat'yana , Chubina Elena
Published: September 2022

The textbook presents a system of training tasks and cases, the purpose of which is to form a circle of students with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of forensic expert examination.
The tasks are based on expert practice in full compliance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard (3++) in the specialty 40.05.03 "Forensic Examination". Many of the proposed cases and tasks are based on the materials of real court cases.
For students and postgraduates of law and philological universities, linguists, practicing lawyers, researchers.
Criminal proceedings: transformation of theoretical concepts and regulation in the conditions of digitalization
Authors: Voskobitova Lidiya , Przhilenskiy Vladimir
Published: September 2022

The monograph was prepared by a team of authors based on the results of a study conducted in 2019-2022 on the topic "Transformation of the foundations of criminal proceedings in the context of the development of digital technologies: concepts of social technology, evidence and ensuring the rights of participants in the process" within the framework of the RFBR grant on the basis of the contract dated 04.10.2018 No. 18-29-16041.MK. The research is based on modern philosophical approaches to the development of science, the theory of cognition and epistemology, the understanding of social technologies that affect the development of criminal procedure science. An innovative analysis of a number of theoretical provisions, norms of law and practice of modern Russian criminal proceedings from the standpoint of social technology, compatibility of procedural and legal regulation and technological approach with the process of digitalization of procedural activity is carried out. The institutional-legal and socio-technological determinants of the transformation of ideas about the foundations of criminal proceedings, its modern goals and values, the subjects of the process and their role in the conditions of digitalization, about the types of procedural activities subject to digitalization, about certain aspects and possibilities of digitalization of evidence, record keeping, international cooperation in criminal proceedings are considered.
For researchers and practicing lawyers.