bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ALA Task Force on Gay Liberation: Effecting Change in Naming and Classification of GLBTQ Subjects
Authors: Adler Melissa A.
Published: February 2013

The American Library Association’s Task Force on Gay Liberation was the first professional organization in the U.S. to formally organize to protect rights and promote awareness of gays and lesbians. Founded in 1970, the Task Force has evolved to become the Gay Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Round Table (GLBTRT) of the A.L.A. In this paper I will discuss the influence of key members of the group, such as Barbara Gittings, Steve Wolf, Joan Marshall,and Michael McConnell, on Library of Congress classifications and subject headings.I will also discuss how the success and momentum of this agenda depended on the efforts of Sanford Berman, who advised the Task Force and pushed for revisions of gay and lesbian subject headings and classifications.This study significantly informs current classification research, as it documents the beginning of a movement to democratize subject cataloging practices. The actions taken by the Task Force and its individual members broke new ground, and arguably, led to present-day participatory, user-centered classification practices, such as social tagging.
The Process of Organizing Personal Information
Authors: Oh Kyong Eun
Published: February 2013

This paper presents preliminary results from an ongoing research study, which explores the process of organizing personal information from a cognitive sociological perspective. To collect data, a short background questionnaire, a diary study, and two post-diary semi-structured interviews were conducted, for each of the participants. The initial analysis of the results showed that there are five stages in the process of personal information organization. Each stage involved different actions, thoughts, decisions, and factors. The findings from this study will deepen our understanding about information organizing behavior and will contribute to the development and design of various personal information devices and applications that support individuals’ organizing their information.
Cognitive Work Analysis for Domain Analysis in an HR Firm: Emergent Vocabulary to Domain Ontology
Authors: Marchese Christine , Smiraglia Richard P.
Published: February 2013

Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is a promising qualitative empirical method for domain analysis (Fidel and Pejtersen 2004). In this lightning paper we report some of the results of a recent study of the organizational environment and knowledge organization structures of a boutique human resources consulting firm (Marchese 2012).
The Impact of Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis on Cognitive and Psychosocial Indices
Authors: Kalb R.C. , DiLorenzo T.A , LaRocca N.G. , Caruso L.S. , Shawaryn M.A. , Elkin R. , Dince W.M.
Published: February 2013

Objective: This study is the first systematic assessment of the impact of early-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) on youngsters’ cognitive abilities and social/emotional functioning. Background: Although adult-onset MS often is characterized by intellectual changes and challenges to psychosocial adaptation, no investigation of these MS-related problems has been done in early-onset MS. Methods: Nine subjects, aged 10 to 20, diagnosed with definite MS before age 18, were evaluated with neuropsychological and psychosocial measures. Results: Although cognitive test scores were generally within normal limits, they were characterized by considerable variability. Subjects scored significantly below the norm on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-III Performance scale (probably indicative of incoordination, motor slowing, and/or perceptual motor difficulties) and on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) (reflecting the semantic verbal memory retrieval deficits reported in adults). They scored above the norm on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Oral Expression subtest, indicating heightened communication abilities. Self-Perception Profile scores generally were within normal limits; however, Social Acceptance subscale scores were above the norm, indicating a high level of perceived peer support/friendship. Conclusions: As with adults, some youngsters with MS experience an early cognitive decline that appears unrelated to degree of physical impairment. Such a decline can interfere with academic, social, and work endeavors. To identify deficits and implement appropriate interventions/accommodations, periodic neuropsychological assessments should be included in disease management from diagnosis onward. Contrary to expectations that MS would negatively impact self-concept, subjects did not view themselves as being different from peers, and showed little or no awareness of the potential impact of MS on their lives.
Adaptational Approach to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Description of Three Models of Care
Authors: Hämäläinen Päivi , Seinelä Arja , Ruutiainen Juhani
Published: February 2013

Cognitive deficits are among the most harmful symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuropsychological assessment methods have been extensively developed in MS, but rehabilitation of cognition is still in its infancy. At the Masku Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, we have developed 3 models of neuropsychological group rehabilitation in MS.Information/family weekends for MS patients who are concerned about cognitive deficits1-week inpatient cognitive rehabilitation courses for MS patients and their spouses3-week inpatient cognitive rehabilitation courses for MS patientsWe used an adaptational approach to help participants live with cognitive impairments. Instead of retraining affected cognitive functions, we tried to help patients find better ways of coping with existing cognitive deficits in daily life. The course consisted of information at a general and at an individual level, neuropsychological evaluation and feedback, individual counseling, and group meetings. We evaluated the participants’ experiences in the course by means of questionnaires. The participants reported that they received information and support they thought could help them to live with cognitive impairments. The experiences of these participants suggest that these types of rehabilitation interventions may be useful in treating patients with cognitive deficits and their family members. In this article, we report 3 models of care for cognitively impaired MS patients and an evaluation of participants’ experiences on these rehabilitation courses.
Swallowing and Speaking Challenges for the MS Patient
Authors: Brown Shirley A.
Published: February 2013

The therapeutic team approach helps multiple sclerosis patients meet the challenges of dysphagia (swallowing difficulty) and dysarthria (speech problems). Both stem either from plaques (or lesions) in the brain area responsible for these functions or from demyelination of the nerves in the brain stem. This article addresses diagnosis and treatment.
Psychosocial Aspects of Pain
Authors: Kerns Robert
Published: February 2013

The high prevalence of pain associated with MS is increasingly well documented. Although MS-related pain may be managed satisfactorily with pharmacologic and other medical interventions, many individuals still suffer from persistent pain. A multidimensional model of chronic pain may be applicable for MS-related pain in these circumstances. This model encourages specific attention to identification and treatment of the source of pain and efforts to provide pain relief, but also encourages assessment and a treatment plan targeting associated disability and emotional distress. The model further encourages attention to numerous psychological and interpersonal contributors to the experience of pain, disability, and distress. Psychological interventions, often provided in the context of a multidisciplinary treatment approach, are particularly encouraged. Additional research is needed to increase understanding of the role of psychosocial factors in the perpetuation of MS-related pain and to examine the effectiveness of psychological treatment approaches in the development of optimum pain management strategies.
Treatment of Devic's Disease with Methotrexate and Prednisone
Authors: Minagar Alireza , Sheremata William A.
Published: February 2013

Devic's disease, which is characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis (often severe and associated with limited recovery), represents a major therapeutic challenge. We report our clinical observations of eight Devic's disease patients who were treated with prednisone and methotrexate or with cyclophosphamide alone. Four patients were stabilized with methotrexate and prednisone. Of the four patients treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide, only one was stabilized. Three patients who failed cyclophosphamide were subsequently stabilized on methotrexate and prednisone. Further investigations, such as multicenter controlled trials of methotrexate and prednisone in Devic's disease, would strengthen the conclusions from this small series.
Cationic Polyfluorenes with Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for Time‐Resolved Luminescent Biosensing and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Shi Huifang , Sun Huibin , Yang Huiran , Liu Shujuan , Jenkins Gareth , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou , Zhao Qiang , Liu Bin , Huang Wei
Published: February 2013

The application of a time‐resolved photoluminescence technique and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for biosensing and bioimaging based on phosphorescent conjugated polyelectrolytes (PCPEs) containing Ir(III) complexes and polyfluorene units is reported. The specially designed PCPEs form 50 nm nanoparticles with blue fluorescence in aqueous solutions. Electrostatic interaction between the nanoparticles and heparin improves the energy transfer between the polyfluorene units to Ir(III) complex, which lights up the red signal for naked‐eye sensing. Good selectivity has been demonstrated for heparin sensing in aqueous solution and serum with quantification ranges of 0–70 μM and 0–5 μM, respectively. The signal‐to‐noise ratio can be further improved through time‐resolved emission spectra, especially when the detection is conducted in complicated environment, e.g., in the presence of fluorescent dyes. In addition to heparin sensing, the PCPEs have also been used for specific labeling of live KB cell membrane with high contrast using both confocal fluorescent cellular imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopies. This study provides a new perspective for designing promising CPEs for biosensing and bioimaging applications.
Tuning the Poisson's Ratio of Biomaterials for Investigating Cellular Response
Authors: Zhang Wande , Soman Pranav , Meggs Kyle , Qu Xin , Chen Shaochen
Published: February 2013

Cells sense and respond to mechanical forces, regardless of whether the source is from a normal tissue matrix, an adjacent cell or a synthetic substrate. In recent years, cell response to surface rigidity has been extensively studied by modulating the elastic modulus of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogels. In the context of biomaterials, Poisson's ratio, another fundamental material property parameter has not been explored, primarily because of challenges involved in tuning the Poisson's ratio in biological scaffolds. Two‐photon polymerization is used to fabricate suspended web structures that exhibit positive and negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), based on analytical models. NPR webs demonstrate biaxial expansion/compression behavior, as one or multiple cells apply local forces and move the structures. Unusual cell division on NPR structures is also demonstrated. This methodology can be used to tune the Poisson's ratio of several photocurable biomaterials and could have potential implications in the field of mechanobiology.
Structure and Energetics of Dislocations at Micro‐Structured Complementary Interfaces Govern Adhesion
Authors: Jin Congrui , Jagota Anand , Hui Chung‐Yuen
Published: February 2013

Highly enhanced adhesion can be achieved between surfaces patterned with complementary micro‐channel structures. An elastic material, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is used to fabricate such surfaces by molding into a silicon master with micro‐channel profiles patterned by photolithography. For each pair of complementary surfaces, dislocation defects are observed in the form of visible striations, where ridges fail to fully insert into the channels, and the rotational misalignment angle was found to be the key factor controlling the dislocation distribution and adhesion strength. Adhesion between complementary interfaces, as measured by energy release rate required to propagate an interfacial crack, can be enhanced by up to 30 times compared to a flat control depending on the misalignment angle. The ability to control the orientation and periodicity of dislocation patterns by changing misalignment angle makes this system eminently controllable. This system could be a useful experimental tool in assisting research on geometry‐controlled adhesion, while providing a test‐bed for stability theories of interacting dislocations and crack fronts.
Deformable, Programmable, and Shape‐Memorizing Micro‐Optics
Authors: Xu Hangxun , Yu Cunjiang , Wang Shuodao , Malyarchuk Viktor , Xie Tao , Rogers John A.
Published: February 2013

The use of shape memory polymers is demonstrated for deformable, programmable, and shape‐memorizing micro‐optical devices. A semi‐crystalline shape memory elastomer, crosslinked poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate), is used to prepare various micro‐optic components, ranging from microlens and microprism arrays to diffraction gratings and holograms. The precise replication of surface features at the micro‐ and nanoscale and the formation of crosslinked shape memory polymer networks can be achieved in a single step via compression molding. Further deformation via hot pressing or stretching of micro‐optics formed in this manner allows manipulation of the microscopic surface features, and thus the corresponding optical properties. Due to the shape memory effect, the original surface structures and the optical properties can be recovered and the devices be reprogrammed, with excellent reversibility in the optical properties. Furthermore, arrays of transparent resistive microheaters can be integrated with deformed micro‐optical devices to selectively trigger the recovery of surface features in a spatially programmable manner, thereby providing additional capabilities in user‐definable optics.
Bio‐Origami Hydrogel Scaffolds Composed of Photocrosslinked PEG Bilayers
Authors: Jamal Mustapha , Kadam Sachin S. , Xiao Rui , Jivan Faraz , Onn Tzia‐Ming , Fernandes Rohan , Nguyen Thao D. , Gracias David H.
Published: February 2013

We describe the self‐folding of photopatterned poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogel bilayers into curved and anatomically relevant micrometer‐scale geometries. The PEG bilayers consist of two different molecular weights (MWs) and are photocrosslinked en masse using conventional photolithography. Self‐folding is driven by differential swelling of the two PEG bilayers in aqueous solutions. We characterize the self‐folding of PEG bilayers of varying composition and develop a finite element model which predicts radii of curvature that are in good agreement with empirical results. Since we envision the utility of bio‐origami in tissue engineering, we photoencapsulate insulin secreting β‐TC‐6 cells within PEG bilayers and subsequently self‐fold them into cylindrical hydrogels of different radii. Calcein AM staining and ELISA measurements are used to monitor cell proliferation and insulin production respectively, and the results indicate cell viability and robust insulin production for over eight weeks in culture.
DISC1 in adult ADHD patients: An association study in two European samples
Authors: Jacobsen Kaya K. , Halmøy Anne , Sánchez‐Mora Cristina , Ramos‐Quiroga Josep Antoni , Cormand Bru , Haavik Jan , Johansson Stefan
Published: February 2013

The DISC1 gene was named after its discovery in a Scottish pedigree with schizophrenia (SCZ) patients. However, subsequent studies have shown association of DISC1 variants with a range of different neurocognitive phenotypes and psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (BPD), and major depression. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shares some symptoms with BPD and ADHD patients often suffer from comorbid affective disorders. We wanted to examine the role of DISC1 in ADHD, and with comorbid symptoms of mood disorders. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously implicated in SCZ and BPD, and a DISC1 duplication involving exon 1, were genotyped in 561 adult ADHD cases and 713 controls of Norwegian ancestry. The intronic SNP rs1538979 was associated with ADHD in the Norwegian sample [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.73, P = 0.03] and replicated in a Spanish adult ADHD sample of 694 cases and 735 controls, using the tagging SNP rs11122330 (meta‐analysis: P = 0.008, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06–1.47). In the Norwegian ADHD sample we also observed an association between the Phe607‐variant of rs6675281 and a positive score on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ; OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.08–1.93, P = 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between DISC1 variants and ADHD. Our study suggests that further studies are warranted to resolve if DISC1 variation is involved in several common neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoscopic skull base surgery practice patterns: survey of the North American Skull Base Society
Authors: Batra Pete S. , Lee Jivianne , Barnett Samuel L. , Senior Brent A. , Setzen Michael , Kraus Dennis H.
Published: February 2013

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of advanced endoscopic techniques on the current practice patterns in skull base surgery.

Methods

A 20‐item written survey approved by the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) and North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) was conducted at the 22nd Annual NASBS meeting in Las Vegas, NV, from February 17 to 19, 2012. The target group included 212 practicing skull base surgeons.

Results

Seventy‐nine physicians (37.3%) completed the survey. The subspecialty composition was 42 (53%) otolaryngologists and 35 (44%) neurosurgeons. The respondents represented all regions of the country, with most common being the North Central (24%) and Mid‐Atlantic (23%) states. Open and endoscopic skull base techniques were used by 91% and 80%, respectively. During a typical year, the number of endoscopic skull base cases ranged between 20 and 50 in 32%, 50 to 100 in 13%, and >100 in 8%. Endoscopic pituitary surgery was performed by 95%, while transcribriform, transplanum, and transclival approaches were performed by 70.5%, 66%, and 66%, respectively. Wide variation in coding philosophy was noted, including use of unlisted neurosurgical (28%), open skull base (28%), unlisted endoscopic (24%), and sinus surgery (20%) codes. Only 30% of physicians reported adequate reimbursement in ≥50% of the performed cases. Overall, 87% were supportive of the creation of dedicated endoscopic skull base codes.

Conclusion

The present survey attests to the widespread adaptation of endoscopic techniques in the management schema of skull base surgery. The wide variation in coding techniques and inadequate reimbursement suggests that future dialogue should also focus on developing consensus with respect to the coding and billing process.
Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of α‐MnO2 as electrode material for supercapacitors
Authors: Fan Rui‐juan , Chen Ya , Chen Bai‐zheng , Wang Jia‐wei
Published: February 2013

MnO2 as the electrode material for supercapacitors has attracted much interest in recent years. However, there are still some restrictions for its application. In this paper, to improve the capacitive properties of MnO2, material was synthesized by a facile and efficient low‐temperature reduction reaction between KMnO4 and Cu foil in sulfuric acid solutions. The results showed that the initial concentrations of KMnO4 and the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid have distinct influence on the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the as‐prepared MnO2. Particularly, morphological characterization displayed that the sample synthesized in 0.05 mol L−1 KMnO4 and 16 mL concentrated sulfuric acid is composed of urchins with the average diameter of 0.7 µm. The product exhibits a discharge specific capacitance of 288.03 F g−1 at the constant current density of 65 mA g−1. The capacitance remains about 50% of the initial capacitance at 250 mA g−1, and is 100.06 F g−1 after the 100th cycle. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ modification of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin with boric acid for high‐performance applications
Authors: Kızılcan Nilgün , Dinçer Pelin
Published: February 2013

A boron‐containing cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (BCFR) was synthesized from cyclohexanone, formaldehyde, and boric acid. The effects of the boric acid concentration, solubility, molecular weight, and thermal properties on the product were investigated. Characterization of the BCFRs was done by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the samples were determined with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The study results demonstrate that the resin had higher heat‐resistance properties than the commonly modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin. The obtained samples were also characterized morphologically by scanning electron microscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Role of ammonium chloride in preparing poly(urea‐formaldehyde) microcapsules using one‐step method
Authors: Fan Chuanjie , Tang Juntao , Zhou Xiaodong
Published: February 2013

This study investigates the role of ammonium chloride in the process of preparing poly (urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules using the one‐step method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) were used to observe the morphology of the microcapsule. The results showed that the addition of ammonium chloride in the one‐step process of preparing PUF resin microcapsule decreases the pH of the system. The decrease in pH of the system is due to the reaction between ammonium chloride and formaldehyde, and more so due to the reaction between ammonium chloride and hydroxymethyl urea. In addition to reducing the pH of the system, the reaction between ammonium chloride and urea‐formaldehyde resin can generate surface active substances, which drives the formed UF nanoparticles to enrich the surface of the dispersed phase. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Stimulation of production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in endothelial cells by unmodified and Fenton‐modified ultradisperse detonation diamond
Authors: Solarska‐Ściuk K. , Gajewska A. , Skolimowski J. , Mitura K. , Bartosz G.
Published: February 2013

In recent years, the development of nanotechnology opens up new prospects for biomedical applications of unmodified and chemically modified diamond nanoparticles (DNPs). The problem of biocompatibility of DNPs is thus of primary importance. The first step in the modification of DNPs is usually the introduction of ‒OH groups, which can bind other functional groups. One of the basic methods to introduce ‒OH groups onto DNPs is the Fenton reaction. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of unmodified DNPs and nanoparticles modified by the Fenton reaction on human endothelial cells. Ultradisperse diamond (UDD) was modified by the Fenton reaction introducing surface ‒OH groups. Immortalized human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC‐ST) were incubated with 2–100 µg/mL nanopowders in the opti‐MEM medium. For comparison, graphite powder (GRAF and GRAF+OH) was also employed. UDD and GRAF augmented generation of reactive oxygen species in the cells after 24 H incubation, estimated by oxidation of 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF‐DA). Cellular production of nitric oxide, estimated with DAF‐FM‐DA (3‐amino‐4‐aminomethyl 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate), was also affected by UDD and GRAF after 24 H. Fenton‐modified OH, in contrast to unmodified diamond, decreased NO production. Detonation nanoparticles also affected the cellular content of glutathione and activities of main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S‐transferase).

This article was published online on 5 February 2013. Errors in the byline and affiliation line were subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 18 April 2013.
When peers are not peers and don't know it: The Dunning‐Kruger effect and self‐fulfilling prophecy in peer‐review
Authors: Huang Sui
Published: February 2013

The fateful combination of (i) the Dunning‐Kruger effect (ignorance of one's own ignorance) with (ii) the nonlinear dynamics of the echo‐chamber between reviewers and editors fuels a self‐reinforcing collective delusion system that sometimes spirals uncontrollably away from objectivity and truth. Escape from this subconscious meta‐ignorance is a formidable challenge but if achieved will help correct a central deficit of the peer‐review process that stifles innovation and paradigm shifts.
Calculation of nucleation free energy for duplex oligomers in the context of nearest neighbor models
Authors: de Oliveira Guerra João Carlos
Published: February 2013

Additive physical properties of DNA double strand polymers have been expanded in terms of 8 irreducible parameters. This provided consistency relations among the corresponding 10 duplex dimer contributions. To allow for oligomer analysis, end parameters were often added, and this would add extra degrees of freedom to the fore mentioned parameters. Statistical mechanics approaches were then connected to the nearest neighbor (NN) approach in the framework of the two‐states model. Ad hoc end effects were thus (wrongly) correlated to nucleation phenomena and this lead to a critique for its role in NN modeling. With this motivation, a new NN model is proposed that accommodates the nucleation free energies. The model relates the nucleation free energy to the mean composition of the chain and permits to obtain a good estimate for the free energy associated only to the Watson–Crick base pairings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 538–547, 2013.
Psychological characteristics of male 14‐ to 20‐year‐olds on probation and in a residential home in Hong Kong
Authors: Chui Wing Hong , Chan Heng Choon (Oliver)
Published: February 2013

Background

Little research has been conducted with Hong Kong juvenile probationers.

Aims

The goals of this study are to examine the psychological characteristics of 14‐ to 20‐year‐old male probationers and to test their relationship with broad types of offending – violent and nonviolent.

Methods

Participants were drawn from the only transitional housing facility for juvenile probationers aged 14–20 years. Offence types and numbers were rated from self‐report. Various schedules were rated at interview with consenting young men to describe them in terms of eight psychological characteristics: self‐esteem, life satisfaction, social bonding, positive affect, negative affect, impulsivity, pro‐criminal attitude and self‐perceived life problems.

Results

A total of 113 young men completed the assessment, 90% of those eligible. The average psychological profile of these young men was fairly typical for their communities. Pro‐criminal attitudes, however, correlated with both main types of offending, whereas main affective state was differently associated. Predominantly, negative affect was associated with violent offending and predominantly positive affect with nonviolent offending.

Conclusions

Participants in this study generally reported higher levels of positive psychological well‐being than in previous nondelinquent Chinese samples.

Implications for practice and future research

A case–control study comparing such offenders with nondelinquents is required to clarify these findings.

A longitudinal design is now indicated to test the direction of relationships between psychological indicators and offending.

These steps would be useful precursors to a service evaluation of probation hostels for young offenders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquefaction of Cornstalk in Sub‐/Supercritical Cyclohexane with Zeolite
Authors: Tao H. , Xie X. , Li X. , Zheng C.
Published: February 2013

Liquefaction of cornstalk in sub‐ and supercritical cyclohexane with a zeolite catalyst was performed in a stainless‐steel reactor. The reaction system was divided into four lumps: gas, residue, water‐soluble fraction (WSF), and ethanol‐soluble fraction (ESF). The effects of the cyclohexane‐to‐cornstalk ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and zeolite amount on the lump yields were studied. The results show that reaction time and temperature had significant effects on the distribution of the products. The amounts of organic acids, acetic ester and aldehyde in the ESF obtained from cornstalk liquefaction with zeolite were higher than without zeolite. The distributions of the WSF changed with zeolite use. The main secondary reaction pathways of bio‐oil generation are proposed. Part of the unstable WSF was converted into the ESF and gas. The ESF further formed a residue through condensation, cyclization and repolymerization in sub‐/supercritical cyclohexane. GC/MS analysis showed that the WSF and the ESF comprised a mixture of organic compounds, which mainly included organic acids, aldehydes, ketones and phenolic compounds.
Influence of Parameters on Glycerol Hydrogenolysis over a Cu/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Wolosiak‐Hnat A. , Milchert E. , Grzmil B.
Published: February 2013

The influence of technological parameters like hydrogen pressure, temperature, glycerol concentration in aqueous solution, amount of catalyst, stirring speed, and reaction time on glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2‐propanediol over a Cu/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by coprecipitation was investigated. Functions describing the process were glycerol conversion as well as selectivity to 1,2‐propanediol and to by‐products in the liquid and gas phase. The structure and properties of synthesized Cu/Al2O3 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, BET surface area, average pore volume, and pore diameter. Catalyst recycle studies were also performed.
Highly Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels by Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids Based on Iron Chloride
Authors: Dong Y. , Nie Y. , Zhou Q.
Published: February 2013

Acidic ionic liquids (ILs) have been employed as extractant and catalyst in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process of fuels in recent years. Several Lewis acidic ionic liquids [C63MPy]Cl/nFeCl3 (molar fraction n = 0.5, 1, 2, 3) and [C6MIM]Cl/FeCl3 were prepared and used to remove the aromatic sulfur compounds dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene from fuels. In the ODS process, the used ILs acted as both extractant and catalyst with 30 wt % hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution as oxidant. The effects of Lewis acidity of ILs, IL's cation structure, molar ratio of O/S, reaction temperature, and different sulfur compounds on the sulfur removal of model oil were investigated. The results indicated that the sulfur removal for dibenzothiophene was affected by Lewis acidity of ILs and nearly reached 100 % by [C63MPy]Cl/FeCl3 at conditions of 298 K, IL/oil mass ratio of 1/3, O/S molar ratio of 4/1, in 20 min. The sulfur removal of real gasoline reached 99.7 % after seven ODS runs in the [C63MPy]Cl/FeCl3‐H2O2 system.
Quantifying spillover spreading for comparing instrument performance and aiding in multicolor panel design
Authors: Nguyen Richard , Perfetto Stephen , Mahnke Yolanda D. , Chattopadhyay Pratip , Roederer Mario
Published: February 2013

After compensation, the measurement errors arising from multiple fluorescences spilling into each detector become evident by the spreading of nominally negative distributions. Depending on the instrument configuration and performance, and reagents used, this “spillover spreading” (SS) affects sensitivity in any given parameter. The degree of SS had been predicted theoretically to increase with measurement error, i.e., by the square root of fluorescence intensity, as well as directly related to the spectral overlap matrix coefficients. We devised a metric to quantify SS between any pair of detectors. This metric is intrinsic, as it is independent of fluorescence intensity. The combination of all such values for one instrument can be represented as a spillover spreading matrix (SSM). Single‐stained controls were used to determine the SSM on multiple instruments over time, and under various conditions of signal quality. SSM values reveal fluorescence spectrum interactions that can limit the sensitivity of a reagent in the presence of brightly‐stained cells on a different color. The SSM was found to be highly reproducible; its non‐trivial values show a CV of less than 30% across a 2‐month time frame. In addition, the SSM is comparable between similarly‐configured instruments; instrument‐specific differences in the SSM reveal underperforming detectors. Quantifying and monitoring the SSM can be a useful tool in instrument quality control to ensure consistent sensitivity and performance. In addition, the SSM is a key element for predicting the performance of multicolor immunofluorescence panels, which will aid in the optimization and development of new panels. We propose that the SSM is a critical component of QA/QC in evaluation of flow cytometer performance. Published 2013 Wiley‐ Periodicals, Inc.
Assembly of Hybrid Materials Based on a Lanthanide–Organic Framework and a Keggin‐Type [PMo12–xVxO40](3+x)– (x = 1, 2) Cluster
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Li , Yin Xuena , Huang Rudan
Published: February 2013

A series of hybrid compounds based on polyoxometalates (POM), namely, [Ln4(pdc)4(H2O)16][PMo11VO40]·2H2O (1–5) and [Ln4(pdc)4(H2O)16][HPMo10V2O40]·H2O (6, 7) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm for 1–5, respectively, and Ln = La and Ce for 6 and 7, respectively; H2pdc = pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid), were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, XRD, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. In these compounds, the Keggin polyanions [PMo12–xVxO40](3+x)– (x = 1, 2) are encapsulated as noncoordinating guests in the nonlinear channels of the 3D lanthanide–pdc‐based host framework with a 43·62·8 topology. Moreover, photoluminescent properties, electrochemical properties, and catalytic properties were investigated.
Stabilization of Chiral Helices for Saccharide‐Linked Ethynylpyridine Oligomers Possessing a Conformationally Well‐Defined Linkage
Authors: Kayamori Fumihiro , Abe Hajime , Inouye Masahiko
Published: February 2013

Tetrameric and octameric 2,6‐pyridylene ethynylene oligomers linked to a β‐D‐glucopyranoside template through an o‐phenylene linker were prepared and studied for their higher‐order structure. These oligomers formed chiral helical structures through intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the ethynylpyridine moiety and the glucoside template. The rigidity of the o‐phenylene linker stabilizes the helical structure to improve its CD activity and resistance against protic surroundings. Furthermore, the helical stabilization was enhanced by the addition of Cu(OTf)2 and Zn(NO3)2 salts.
Straightforward Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 5,8‐Disubstituted 5,6,8,9‐Te­trahydro‐4H,7H‐2,5,6a,8,9a‐pentaazaphenalene‐1,3‐diones
Authors: García Daniel , Jatczak Martyna , Muylaert Koen , De Coen Laurens M. , Stevens Christian V.
Published: February 2013

The multicomponent reaction of 6‐aminouracils (1), formaldehyde, and selected amines allowed the direct synthesis of a tricyclic heterocyclic scaffold (3) through consecutive Mannich‐type and condensation reactions in excellent yields, creating one C–C and seven C–N bonds. Using this one‐pot reaction, a sustainable method was developed for substituted‐5,6,8,9‐tetrahydro‐4H,7H‐2,5,6a,8,9a‐pentaazaphenalene‐1,3‐diones, a unique skeleton of medicinal interest.
A Catalyst‐Economic One‐Pot Protocol for the Synthesis and Conversion of Functionalized Vinylstannanes
Authors: Klos Manuel R. , Kazmaier Uli
Published: February 2013

A wide range of functionalized compounds can easily be obtained by a Pd‐catalyzed one‐pot hydrostannylation/elimination/distannylation/radical allylation sequence. The Pd catalyst used can be involved in up to five different reaction steps.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted β‐Carboline Alkaloids, (–)‐Dichotomine A and (+)‐Dichotomide II
Authors: Tagawa Shinji , Choshi Tominari , Okamoto Asuka , Nishiyama Takashi , Watanabe Shiroh , Hatae Noriyuki , Ishikura Minoru , Hibino Satoshi
Published: February 2013

(S)‐(–)‐Dichotomine A and its enantiomer were synthesized from the key intermediate, methyl 1‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate, by enantioselective esterification with Lipase QLM. The first total synthesis of (+)‐dichotomide II and its enantiomer were also achieved from (S)‐(–)‐dichotomine A methyl ester and its enantiomer. The absolute configuration of the stereogenic center of the reported (+)‐dichotomide II was determined to be R.
Formation of a cohesive floodplain in a dynamic experimental meandering river
Authors: van Dijk Wout M. , van de Lageweg Wietse I. , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: February 2013

Field studies suggest that a cohesive floodplain is a necessary condition for meandering in contrast to braided rivers. However, it is only partly understood how the balance between floodplain construction by overbank deposition and removal by bank erosion and chutes leads to meandering. This is needed because only then does a dynamic equilibrium exist and channels maintain meandering with low width–depth ratios. Our objective is to understand how different styles of floodplain formation such as overbank deposition and lateral accretion cause narrower channels and prevent chute cutoffs that lead to meandering. In this study we present two experiments with a self‐forming channel in identical conditions, but to one we added cohesive silt at the upstream boundary. The effect of cohesive silt on bank stability was tested in auxiliary bank erosion experiments and showed that an increase in silt reduced erosion rates by a factor of 2. The experiment without silt developed to a braided river by continuous and extensive shifting of multiple channels. In contrast, in the meandering river silt deposits increased bank stability of the cohesive floodplain and resulted in a reduction of chute cutoffs and increased sinuosity by continuous lateral migration of a single channel. Overbank flow led to deposition of the silt and two styles of cohesive floodplain were observed: first, overbank vertical‐accretion of silt, e.g. levee, overbank sedimentation or splays; and second, lateral point bar accretion with silt on the scrolls and in the swales. The first style led to a reduction in bank erosion, while the second style reduced excavation of chutes. We conclude that sedimentation of fine cohesive material on the floodplain by discharge exceeding bankfull is a necessary condition for meandering. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pine oleoresin: tapping green chemicals, biofuels, food protection, and carbon sequestration from multipurpose trees
Authors: Rodrigues‐Corrêa Kelly Cristine da Silva , de Lima Júlio César , Fett‐Neto Arthur Germano
Published: February 2013

Plants of the genusPinusare able to grow in a wide range of environments, many of which are quite harsh and extreme. High benefit–cost ratio of pine plantations resides on the relatively low demand for management investments and high economic and environmental services returns. Pine forests work as sinks of atmospheric carbon, contributing to greenhouse effect mitigation. They are important sources of numerous useful products, including not only wood and cellulose but also nonwood products used by the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as for biorefineries. This review examines biological and economic aspects of pine trees concerning the chemical industry, especially the contributions of this natural source for replacing petroleum‐derived chemicals and fuels, improving food safety, and increasing carbon storage. Future goals for this forestry sector, such as the establishment of super‐resinous forests, are also discussed.
Six month–lead downscaling prediction of winter to spring drought in South Korea based on a multimodel ensemble
Authors: Sohn Soo‐Jin , Ahn Joong‐Bae , Tam Chi‐Yung
Published: February 2013

The potential of using a dynamical‐statistical method for long‐lead drought prediction was investigated. In particular, the APEC Climate Center one‐tier multimodel ensemble (MME) was downscaled for predicting the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over 60 stations in South Korea. SPEI depends on both precipitation and temperature, and can incorporate the effect of global warming on the balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration. It was found that the one‐tier MME has difficulty in capturing the local temperature and rainfall variations over extratropical land areas, and has no skill in predicting SPEI during boreal winter and spring. On the other hand, temperature and precipitation predictions were substantially improved in the downscaled MME. In conjunction with variance inflation, downscaled MME can give reasonably skillful 6 month–lead forecasts of SPEI for the winter to spring period. Our results could lead to more reliable hydrological extreme predictions for policymakers and stakeholders in the water management sector, and for better mitigation and climate adaptations.
Entecavir treatment reduces hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B patients With liver cirrhosis
Authors: Wong Grace Lai-Hung , Chan Henry Lik-Yuen , Mak Christy Wing-Hin , Lee Stanley King-Yeung , Ip Zoe Man-Yi , Lam Andrew Ting-Ho , Iu Henry Wing-Hang , Leung Joyce May-Sum , Lai Jennifer Wing-Yan , Lo Angeline Oi-Shan , Chan Hoi-Yun , Wong Vincent Wai-Sun
Published: February 2013

Entecavir is a potent antiviral agent with high genetic barrier to resistance, hence it is currently recommended as first-line antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of entecavir on clinical outcomes and deaths. It was a retrospective-prospective cohort study based on two cohorts of patients. The entecavir cohort included consecutive CHB patients who had received entecavir 0.5 mg/day for at least 12 months. The historical control cohort included untreated patients recruited since 1997 who underwent routine clinical care. The primary outcome was the 5-year cumulative probability of hepatic events, defined as any cirrhotic complications, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and/or liver-related mortality. A total of 1,446 entecavir-treated patients (72% men; age, 51 ± 12 years; follow-up, 36 ± 13 months) and 424 treatment-naïve patients (65% men; age, 41 ± 13 years; follow-up, 114 ± 31 months) were studied. Overall, there was no difference in hepatic events between the entecavir and control cohorts. Among patients with liver cirrhosis (482 entecavir-treated, 69 treatment-naïve), entecavir-treated patients had reduced risks of all clinical outcomes when compared with treatment-naïve patients with cirrhosis after adjusted for model for end-stage liver disease score: hepatic events (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.78;

P

= 0.002), HCC (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.99;

P

= 0.049), liver-related mortality (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.13-0.55;

P

< 0.001), and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18-0.62;

P

< 0.001). Entecavir-treated patients with cirrhosis who failed to achieve undetectable hepatitis B virus DNA (105/482 [22%]) had comparable risk of hepatic events as the untreated patients.

Conclusion:

Entecavir therapy reduces the risks of hepatic events, HCC, liver-related and all-cause mortality of CHB patients with liver cirrhosis in 5 years, particularly among those who had maintained viral suppression. (Hepatology 2013;58:1537–1547)
ABO blood group and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in a population of Southeast China
Authors: Sheng Liming , Sun Xiaojiang , Zhang Lizhen , Su Dan
Published: February 2013

Previous studies found that the ABO blood type alters the individual susceptibility of some malignancies. However, whether such an association exists between ABO blood type and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unknown. A case‐control study was conducted, with 1,538 patients who had NPC and 1,260 cancer‐free controls. The association between ABO blood type and NPC incidence was evaluated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Compared with subjects with blood type O, a relatively higher risk was observed among cases with blood types A or AB, with ORs (95% confidence interval) of 1.287 (1.072 − 1.545), p = 0.007 and 1.390 (1.007 − 1.919), p = 0.045, respectively, after adjusting for gender, age, smoking status and family history of cancer. The rate of distant metastasis was significantly higher among male patients with blood type A than in patients with non‐A blood types (6.8 vs. 3.5%, p = 0.027). Our results suggest that blood types A or AB is associated with an increased risk of NPC. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to explore the mechanisms involved.
Environmental Enrichment and Caregiver Training to Support the Development of Birth to 6‐Year‐Olds in Turkish Orphanages
Authors: Berument Sibel Kazak
Published: February 2013

The aim of the present study was to develop an intervention program involving environmental enrichment and caregiver training to improve the language and cognitive development of infants and young children residing in institutional settings in Turkey. Results indicated that institutional care quality was significantly improved in the intervention institutions, but remained unchanged in the control institutions. Furthermore, while the cognitive and language developmental gap of the infant and toddlers in the control group increased, this gap declined slightly for the infants and children in the intervention group. For the preschool‐age group, it seemed that the general development t scores of the children in the intervention group increased, but those of the control group children decreased. It can be concluded that the intervention program was effective in increasing the care quality in orphanages and had a positive effect on the language and cognitive development of infants and preschoolers.
Limits of Near‐Coloring of Sparse Graphs
Authors: Dorbec Paul , Kaiser Tomáš , Montassier Mickael , Raspaud André
Published: February 2013

Let be nonnegative integers. A graph G is ‐colorable if its vertex set can be partitioned into sets such that the graph induced by has maximum degree at most d for , while the graph induced by is an edgeless graph for . In this article, we give two real‐valued functions and such that any graph with maximum average degree at most is ‐colorable, and there exist non‐‐colorable graphs with average degree at most . Both these functions converge (from below) to when d tends to infinity. This implies that allowing a color to be d‐improper (i.e., of type ) even for a large degree d increases the maximum average degree that guarantees the existence of a valid coloring only by 1. Using a color of type (even with a very large degree d) is somehow less powerful than using two colors of type (two stable sets).