bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swell impact on wind stress and atmospheric mixing in a regional coupled atmosphere‐wave model
Authors: Wu Lichuan , Rutgersson Anna , Sahlée Erik , Guo Larsén Xiaoli
Published: June 2016

Over the ocean, the atmospheric turbulence can be significantly affected by swell waves. Change in the atmospheric turbulence affects the wind stress and atmospheric mixing over swell waves. In this study, the influence of swell on atmospheric mixing and wind stress is introduced into an atmosphere‐wave‐coupled regional climate model, separately and combined. The swell influence on atmospheric mixing is introduced into the atmospheric mixing length formula by adding a swell‐induced contribution to the mixing. The swell influence on the wind stress under wind‐following swell, moderate‐range wind, and near‐neutral and unstable stratification conditions is introduced by changing the roughness length. Five year simulation results indicate that adding the swell influence on atmospheric mixing has limited influence, only slightly increasing the near‐surface wind speed; in contrast, adding the swell influence on wind stress reduces the near‐surface wind speed. Introducing the wave influence roughness length has a larger influence than does adding the swell influence on mixing. Compared with measurements, adding the swell influence on both atmospheric mixing and wind stress gives the best model performance for the wind speed. The influence varies with wave characteristics for different sea basins. Swell occurs infrequently in the studied area, and one could expect more influence in high‐swell‐frequency areas (i.e., low‐latitude ocean). We conclude that the influence of swell on atmospheric mixing and wind stress should be considered when developing climate models.
Influence of Venus topography on the zonal wind and UV albedo at cloud top level: The role of stationary gravity waves
Authors: Bertaux Jean‐Loup , Khatuntsev I. V. , Hauchecorne A. , Markiewicz W. J. , Marcq E. , Lebonnois S. , Patsaeva M. , Turin A. , Fedorova A.
Published: June 2016

Based on the analysis of UV images (at 365 nm) of Venus cloud top (altitude 67 ± 2 km) collected with Venus Monitoring Camera on board Venus Express (VEX), it is found that the zonal wind speed south of the equator (from 5°S to 15°S) shows a conspicuous variation (from −101 to −83 m/s) with geographic longitude of Venus, correlated with the underlying relief of Aphrodite Terra. We interpret this pattern as the result of stationary gravity waves produced at ground level by the uplift of air when the horizontal wind encounters a mountain slope. These waves can propagate up to the cloud top level, break there, and transfer their momentum to the zonal flow. Such upward propagation of gravity waves and influence on the wind speed vertical profile was shown to play an important role in the middle atmosphere of the Earth by Lindzen (1981) but is not reproduced in the current GCM of Venus atmosphere from LMD. (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique)

In the equatorial regions, the UV albedo at 365 nm varies also with longitude. We argue that this variation may be simply explained by the divergence of the horizontal wind field. In the longitude region (from 60° to −10°) where the horizontal wind speed is increasing in magnitude (stretch), it triggers air upwelling which brings the UV absorber at cloud top level and decreases the albedo and vice versa when the wind is decreasing in magnitude (compression). This picture is fully consistent with the classical view of Venus meridional circulation, with upwelling at equator revealed by horizontal air motions away from equator: the longitude effect is only an additional but important modulation of this effect. This interpretation is comforted by a recent map of cloud top H2O, showing that near the equator the lower UV albedo longitude region is correlated with increased H2O. We argue that H2O enhancement is the sign of upwelling, suggesting that the UV absorber is also brought to cloud top by upwelling.
Impacts of riparian wetlands on the seasonal variations of watershed‐scale methane budget in a temperate monsoonal forest
Authors: Sakabe Ayaka , Kosugi Yoshiko , Okumi Chika , Itoh Masayuki , Takahashi Kenshi
Published: June 2016

Forest soils are considered a methane (CH4) sink because dry soils can oxidize CH4; however, previous studies on CH4 fluxes in humid temperate forests indicated a high spatial and temporal variability in CH4 fluxes, especially in CH4 emissions from wet soils close to riparian zones, which can turn the soil of a whole forest from a CH4 sink to a CH4 source. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of soil CH4 fluxes was investigated in a Japanese coniferous forest, including a riparian wetland and a hillslope water‐unsaturated forest floor, based on multipoint flux measurements using laser‐based CH4 analyzers over a period of 2 years. We identified CH4 emission hot spots (60.2 ± 169.1 nmol m−2 s−1 from 117 sampling points) in the wetland in late summer, while the CH4 absorption rate in the forest floor was comparatively lower (−1.2 ± 1.4 nmol m−2 s−1 from 119 sampling points). The temporal variability of watershed‐scale CH4 flux was amplified by a clear seasonal cycle of soil temperature and rainfall pattern under the Asian monsoon climate. The watershed‐scale CH4 budget showed that the forest turned into a CH4 source during the summer owing to the high and variable CH4 emissions from the riparian wetland and the lower part of the hillslope. Overall, our results indicated that CH4 emissions from small riparian areas are important in controlling forest CH4 dynamics at a watershed scale.
Detection of carbon dioxide leakage during injection in deep saline formations by pressure tomography
Authors: Hu Linwei , Bayer Peter , Brauchler Ralf
Published: June 2016

CO2 injected into storage formations may escape to the overlying permeable layers. Mixed‐phase diffusivity, namely the ratio of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of the phase mixture, declines with increasing CO2 saturation. Thus, it can be an indicator of CO2 leakage. In this study, we perform interference brine or CO2 injection tests in a synthetic model, including a storage reservoir, an above aquifer, and a caprock. Pressure transients derived from an observation well are utilized for a travel‐time based inversion technique. Variations of diffusivity are resolved by inverting early travel time diagnostics, providing an insight of plume development. Results demonstrate that the evolution of CO2 leakage in the above aquifer can be inferred by interpreting and comparing the pressure observations, travel times, and diffusivity tomograms from different times. The extent of the plume in reservoir and upper aquifer are reconstructed by clustering the time‐lapse data sets of the mixed‐phase diffusivity, as the diffusivity cannot be exactly reproduced by the inversion. Furthermore, this approach can be used to address different leaky cases, especially for leakage occurring during the injection.
On edge melting under the Colorado Plateau margin
Authors: Rudzitis Sean , Reid Mary R. , Blichert‐Toft Janne
Published: June 2016

Asthenosphere beneath the relatively thin lithosphere of the Basin and Range province appears to be juxtaposed in step‐like fashion against the Colorado Plateau's thick lithospheric keel. Primary to near‐primary basalts are found above this edge, in the San Francisco‐Morman Mountain volcanic fields, north central Arizona, western USA. We show that at least two distinct peridotite‐dominated mantle end‐members contributed to the origin of the basalts. One has paired Nd and Hf isotopic characteristics that cluster near the mantle array and trace element patterns as expected for melts generated in the asthenosphere, possibly in the presence of garnet. The second has isotopic compositions displaced above the εHf ‐ εNd mantle array which, together with its particular trace element characteristics, indicate contributions from hydrogenous sediments and/or melt (carbonatite or silicate)‐related metasomatism. Melt equilibration temperatures obtained from Si‐ and Mg‐thermobarometry are mostly 1340–1425°C and account for the effects of water (assumed to be 2 wt.%) and estimated CO2 (variable). Melt equilibration depths cluster at the inferred location of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary at ∼70–75 km beneath the southwestern margin of the Colorado Plateau but scatter to somewhat greater values (∼100 km). Melt generation may have initiated in or below the garnet‐spinel facies transition zone by edge‐driven convection and continued as mantle and/or melts upwelled, assimilating and sometimes equilibrating with shallower contaminated mantle, until melts were finally extracted.
Global rate and distribution of H2 gas produced by serpentinization within oceanic lithosphere
Authors: Worman Stacey L. , Pratson Lincoln F. , Karson Jeffrey A. , Klein Emily M.
Published: June 2016

It has recently been estimated that serpentinization within continental lithosphere produces H2 at rates comparable to oceanic lithosphere (both are ~1011 mol H2/yr). Here we present a simple model that suggests that H2 production rates along the mid‐oceanic ridge alone (i.e., excluding other marine settings) may exceed continental production by an order of magnitude (~1012 mol H2/yr). In our model, H2 production rates increase with spreading rate and the net thickness of serpentinizing peridotite (S‐P) in a column of lithosphere. Lithosphere with a faster spreading rate therefore requires a relatively smaller net thickness of S‐P to produce H2 at the same rate as lithosphere with a slower rate and greater thickness of S‐P. We apply our model globally, incorporating an inverse relationship between spreading rate and net thickness of S‐P to be consistent with observations that serpentinization is more common within lithosphere spreading at slower rates.
MMS observations of electron‐scale filamentary currents in the reconnection exhaust and near the X line
Authors: Phan T. D. , Eastwood J. P. , Cassak P. A. , Øieroset M. , Gosling J. T. , Gershman D. J. , Mozer F. S. , Shay M. A. , Fujimoto M. , Daughton W. , Drake J. F. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Chen L. J. , Wang S. , Pollock C. , Dorelli J. C. , Lavraud B. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Saito Y. , Avanov L. A. , Paterson W. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Lindqvist P. A. , Oka M. , Wilder F. D.
Published: June 2016

We report Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of macroscopic and electron‐scale current layers in asymmetric reconnection. By intercomparing plasma, magnetic, and electric field data at multiple crossings of a reconnecting magnetopause on 22 October 2015, when the average interspacecraft separation was ~10 km, we demonstrate that the ion and electron moments are sufficiently accurate to provide reliable current density measurements at 30 ms cadence. These measurements, which resolve current layers narrower than the interspacecraft separation, reveal electron‐scale filamentary Hall currents and electron vorticity within the reconnection exhaust far downstream of the X line and even in the magnetosheath. Slightly downstream of the X line, intense (up to 3 μA/m2) electron currents, a super‐Alfvénic outflowing electron jet, and nongyrotropic crescent shape electron distributions were observed deep inside the ion‐scale magnetopause current sheet and embedded in the ion diffusion region. These characteristics are similar to those attributed to the electron dissipation/diffusion region around the X line.
The effect of crack orientation on the nonlinear interaction of a P wave with an S wave
Authors: TenCate J. A. , Malcolm A. E. , Feng X. , Fehler M. C.
Published: June 2016

Cracks, joints, fluids, and other pore‐scale structures have long been hypothesized to be the cause of the large elastic nonlinearity observed in rocks. It is difficult to definitively say which pore‐scale features are most important, however, because of the difficulty in isolating the source of the nonlinear interaction. In this work, we focus on the influence of cracks on the recorded nonlinear signal and in particular on how the orientation of microcracks changes the strength of the nonlinear interaction. We do this by studying the effect of orientation on the measurements in a rock with anisotropy correlated with the presence and alignment of microcracks. We measure the nonlinear response via the traveltime delay induced in a low‐amplitude P wave probe by a high‐amplitude S wave pump. We find evidence that crack orientation has a significant effect on the nonlinear signal.
Characterization of the submesoscale energy cascade in the Alboran Sea thermocline from spectral analysis of high‐resolution MCS data
Authors: Sallares Valenti , Mojica Jhon F. , Biescas Berta , Klaeschen Dirk , Gràcia Eulàlia
Published: June 2016

Part of the kinetic energy that maintains ocean circulation cascades down to small scales until it is dissipated through mixing. While most steps of this downward energy cascade are well understood, an observational gap exists at horizontal scales of 103–101 m that prevents characterizing a key step in the chain: the transition from anisotropic internal wave motions to isotropic turbulence. Here we show that this observational gap can be covered using high‐resolution multichannel seismic (HR‐MCS) data. Spectral analysis of acoustic reflectors imaged in the Alboran Sea thermocline shows that this transition is likely caused by shear instabilities. In particular, we show that the averaged horizontal wave number spectra of the reflectors vertical displacements display three subranges that reproduce theoretical spectral slopes of internal waves (λx > 100 m), Kelvin‐Helmholtz‐type shear instabilities (100 m > λx > 33 m), and turbulence (λx < 33 m), indicating that the whole chain of events is occurring continuously and simultaneously in the surveyed area.
Land surface temperature from INSAT‐3D imager data: Retrieval and assimilation in NWP model
Authors: Singh Randhir , Singh Charu , Ojha Satya P. , Kumar A. Senthil , Kishtawal C. M. , Kumar A. S. Kiran
Published: June 2016

A new algorithm is developed for retrieving the land surface temperature (LST) from the imager radiance observations on board geostationary operational Indian National Satellite (INSAT‐3D). The algorithm is developed using the two thermal infrared channels (TIR1 10.3–11.3 µm and TIR2 11.5–12.5 µm) via genetic algorithm (GA). The transfer function that relates LST and thermal radiances is developed using radiative transfer model simulated database. The developed algorithm has been applied on the INSAT‐3D observed radiances, and LST retrieved from the developed algorithm has been validated with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land surface temperature (LST) product. The developed algorithm demonstrates a good accuracy, without significant bias and standard deviations of 1.78 K and 1.41 K during daytime and nighttime, respectively. The newly proposed algorithm performs better than the operational algorithm used for LST retrieval from INSAT‐3D satellite. Further, a set of data assimilation experiments is conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to assess the impact of INSAT‐3D LST on model forecast skill over the Indian region. The assimilation experiments demonstrated a positive impact of the assimilated INSAT‐3D LST, particularly on the lower tropospheric temperature and moisture forecasts. The temperature and moisture forecast errors are reduced (as large as 8–10%) with the assimilation of INSAT‐3D LST, when compared to forecasts that were obtained without the assimilation of INSAT‐3D LST. Results of the additional experiments of comparative performance of two LST products, retrieved from operational and newly proposed algorithms, indicate that the impact of INSAT‐3D LST retrieved using newly proposed algorithm is significantly larger compared to the impact of INSAT‐3D LST retrieved using operational algorithm.
The concurrent variability of East Asian subtropical and polar‐front jets and its implication for the winter climate anomaly in China
Authors: Xiao Chuliang , Zhang Yaocun , Lofgren Brent M. , Nie Yu
Published: June 2016

The variability of East Asian upper level westerly jets in winter is studied with regard to the concurrent existence of subtropical jet (East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ)) and polar‐front jet (East Asian polar‐front jet (EAPJ)) using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. In the distribution of jet occurrence revealed in 6‐hourly data, two jet branches along 30°N and 55°N, corresponding to locations of EASJ and EAPJ, respectively, are separated over the Tibetan Plateau. The leading two modes of zonal‐mean zonal wind in East Asia extracted from a mass‐weighted empirical orthogonal function analysis are characterized by the intensity changes and location displacements of two jets. The key regions for EASJ and EAPJ are then defined to represent variabilities of these two jets. Correlation analysis indicates that the subseasonal variation of EAPJ precedes EASJ by around 5 days, which can be interpreted as wave‐mean flow interactions via synoptic‐scale transient eddy activities. Based on the pentad intensity indices of two jets, the concurrent variabilities of EASJ and EAPJ are investigated with typical temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. The results suggest that by taking account of the two jets, we are able to get a more comprehensive understanding of the winter climate.
Reply to comment by X. X. Zhang et al. on “Three‐dimensional quantification of soil hydraulic properties using X‐ray computed tomography and image‐based modeling”
Authors: Tracy Saoirse R. , Daly Keith R. , Sturrock Craig J. , Crout Neil M. J. , Mooney Sacha J. , Roose Tiina
Published: June 2016

In response to the comment raised by Zhang et al. (2016, doi: 10.1002/2015WR018432) we explore the differences in average velocity computed using slip and no‐slip boundary conditions at the air water interface. We consider a porous medium in which the air phase acts to impede the movement of water rather than to lubricate it, a case closer to the observed distribution of water in our CT images. We find that, whilst the slip boundary condition may be a more accurate approximation, in cases where the air phase is seen to impede water movement the differences between the two approaches are negligible.
Water yield and sediment export in small, partially glaciated Alpine watersheds in a warming climate
Authors: Micheletti Natan , Lane Stuart N.
Published: June 2016

Climate change is expected to modify the hydrological and geomorphological dynamics of mountain watersheds significantly, so impacting on downstream water yield and sediment supply. However, such watersheds are often poorly instrumented, making it difficult to link recent and rapid climate change to landscape response. Here we combine unique records of river flow and sediment export, with historical archival imagery to test the hypothesis that climate warming has substantially increased both water yield and sediment export from small Alpine watersheds (<3 km2) characterized by small (<0.5 km2 surface) glaciers. To examine ice and landform response to climate change, we apply archival digital photogrammetry to historical aerial imagery available from 1967 to present. We use the resulting data on ice loss, in combination with reliable records of stream flow from hydroelectric power intakes and climate data to approximate a water budget and to determine the evolution of different contributions to river flow. We use the stream flow records to estimate volumetric sediment transport capacity and compare this with the volumes of sand and gravel exported from the watersheds, quantified from records of intake flushing. The data show clearly that climate forcing since the early 1980s has been accompanied by a net increase in both water yield and sediment transport capacity, and we attribute these as signals of reduced snow accumulation and glacier recession. However, sediment export has not responded in the same way and we attribute this to limits on sediment delivery to streams because of poor rockwall‐hillslope‐channel connectivity. However, we do find that extreme climate conditions can be seen in sediment export data suggesting that these, rather than mean climate warming, may dominate watershed response.
Effect of internal cleavage site mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein on its structure and function
Authors: Tóth Ferenc , Kádas János , Mótyán János András , Tőzsér József
Published: June 2016

The capsid protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has been found to be a substrate of the retroviral protease in vitro, and its processing was predicted to be strongly dependent on a pH‐induced conformational change. Several protease cleavage sites have been identified within the capsid protein, but the importance of its cleavage by the viral protease at the early phase of infection is controversial. To confirm the relevance of this process, we aimed to design, produce, and characterize mutant capsid proteins, in which the protein susceptibility toward HIV‐1 protease is altered without affecting other steps of the viral life cycle. Our results indicate that while the introduced mutations changed the cleavage rate at the mutated sites of the capsid protein by HIV‐1 protease, some of them caused only negligible or moderate structural changes (A78V, L189F, and L189I). However, the effects of other mutations (W23A, A77P, and L189P) were dramatic, as assessed by secondary structure determination or cyclophilin A‐binding assay. Based on our observations, the L189F mutant capsid remains structurally and functionally unchanged and may therefore be the best candidate for use in studies aimed at better understanding the role of the protease in the early postentry events of viral infection or retrovirus‐mediated gene transduction.
Persistence With Conventional Triple Therapy Versus a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor and Methotrexate in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Sauer Brian C. , Teng Chia‐Chen , Tang Derek , Leng Jianwei , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Mikuls Ted R. , Harrison David J. , Cannon Grant W.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To compare persistence and adherence to triple therapy with the nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) methotrexate (MTX), hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine, versus a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) plus MTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Administrative and laboratory data were analyzed for US Veterans with RA initiating triple therapy or TNFi + MTX between January 2006 and December 2012. Treatment persistence 365 days postindex was calculated using 3 definitions. Definition 1 required no gap in therapy of ≥90 days for any drug in the original combination. Definition 2 required no added or switched DMARD, no decrease to nonbiologic DMARD monotherapy, and no termination of all DMARD therapies. Definition 3 was similar to definition 2 but allowed a switch to another drug within the same class. Adherence used a proportion of days covered of ≥80%. Propensity‐weighted analysis with matched weights was used to balance covariates.

Results

The analysis included 4,364 RA patients (TNFi + MTX, n = 3,204; triple therapy, n = 1,160). In propensity‐weighted analysis, patients in the TNFi + MTX group were significantly more likely than patients in the triple therapy group to satisfy all persistence criteria in definition 1 (risk difference [RD] 13.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 9.2–17.0]), definition 2 (RD 6.4% [95% CI 2.3–10.5]), and definition 3 (RD 9.5% [95% CI 5.5–13.6]). Patients in the TNFi + MTX group also exhibited higher adherence during the first year (RD 7.2% [95% CI 3.8–10.5]).

Conclusion

US Veterans with RA were significantly more likely to be persistent and adherent to combination therapy with TNFi + MTX than triple therapy with nonbiologic DMARDs.
Supporting the Evaluation and Implementation of Musculoskeletal Models of Care: A Globally Informed Framework for Judging Readiness and Success
Authors: Briggs Andrew M. , Jordan Joanne E. , Jennings Matthew , Speerin Robyn , Bragge Peter , Chua Jason , Woolf Anthony D. , Slater Helen
Published: June 2016

Objective

To develop a globally informed framework to evaluate readiness for implementation and success after implementation of musculoskeletal models of care (MOCs).

Methods

Three phases were undertaken: 1) a qualitative study with 27 Australian subject matter experts (SMEs) to develop a draft framework; 2) an eDelphi study with an international panel of 93 SMEs across 30 nations to evaluate face validity, and refine and establish consensus on the framework components; and 3) translation of the framework into a user‐focused resource and evaluation of its acceptability with the eDelphi panel.

Results

A comprehensive evaluation framework was developed for judging the readiness and success of musculoskeletal MOCs. The framework consists of 9 domains, with each domain containing a number of themes underpinned by detailed elements. In the first Delphi round, scores of “partly agree” or “completely agree” with the draft framework ranged 96.7%–100%. In the second round, “essential” scores ranged 58.6%–98.9%, resulting in 14 of 34 themes being classified as essential. SMEs strongly agreed or agreed that the final framework was useful (98.8%), usable (95.1%), credible (100%) and appealing (93.9%). Overall, 96.3% strongly supported or supported the final structure of the framework as it was presented, while 100%, 96.3%, and 100% strongly supported or supported the content within the readiness, initiating implementation, and success streams, respectively.

Conclusion

An empirically derived framework to evaluate the readiness and success of musculoskeletal MOCs was strongly supported by an international panel of SMEs. The framework provides an important internationally applicable benchmark for the development, implementation, and evaluation of musculoskeletal MOCs.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from Small Organic Building Blocks for Biomedicine
Authors: Xing Pengyao , Zhao Yanli
Published: June 2016

Supramolecular self‐assembly shows significant potential to construct responsive materials. By tailoring the structural parameters of organic building blocks, nanosystems can be fabricated, whose performance in catalysis, energy storage and conversion, and biomedicine has been explored. Since small organic building blocks are structurally simple, easily modified, and reproducible, they are frequently employed in supramolecular self‐assembly and materials science. The dynamic and adaptive nature of self‐assembled nanoarchitectures affords an enhanced sensitivity to the changes in environmental conditions, favoring their applications in controllable drug release and bioimaging. Here, recent significant research advancements of small‐organic‐molecule self‐assembled nanoarchitectures toward biomedical applications are highlighted. Functionalized assemblies, mainly including vesicles, nanoparticles, and micelles are categorized according to their topological morphologies and functions. These nanoarchitectures with different topologies possess distinguishing advantages in biological applications, well incarnating the structure–property relationship. By presenting some important discoveries, three domains of these nanoarchitectures in biomedical research are covered, including biosensors, bioimaging, and controlled release/therapy. The strategies regarding how to design and characterize organic assemblies to exhibit biomedical applications are also discussed. Up‐to‐date research developments in the field are provided and research challenges to be overcome in future studies are revealed.
FeS2‐Imbedded Mixed Conducting Matrix as a Solid Battery Cathode
Authors: Whiteley Justin M. , Hafner Simon , Han Sang Sub , Kim Seul Cham , Oh Kyu Hwan , Lee Se‐Hee
Published: June 2016

A new concept of pairing an active material and a mixed conductor is explored as a solid‐state battery electrode. By imbedding nano‐FeS2 domains into an amorphous LiTiS2 matrix, a hybrid power‐energy system is achieved while additionally improving upon many common solid electrode design flaws. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy is used to probe the active material/mixed conductor interface over the course of cycling. Arguably the most beneficial development is enhancement of charge transfer, manifesting in a significantly increased exchange current as captured in a Tafel analysis. By developing a solution to active material isolation and creating a more homogenous electrode design, cycling at a high rate of C/2 for 500 cycles is obtained. Additionally, the electrode can recover full capacity simply by reducing system rate. Capacity recovery implicates a lack of active material isolation, a common problem in solid‐state batteries.
Tensorial navier‐slip boundary conditions for patterned surfaces for fluid mixing: Numerical simulations and experiments
Authors: Jang Hye Kyeong , Kim Young Ju , Woo Nam Sub , Hwang Wook Ryol
Published: June 2016

Navier‐slip boundary condition has been investigated for patterned surfaces with various grooves for the application to fluid mixing by controlling flow patterns. Simple tensorial expression is applied for anisotropically patterned surfaces and effective slip lengths for various grooves have been evaluated for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and aspect ratios using a flow rate matching technique. By doing so, the applicability of the effective tensorial slip model has been presented that replaces physical surface patterns to reduce computational cost significantly. Using a simple model agitator with a rotating disk, modification of flow characteristics with various alignment angles of the patterned surface has been investigated. We report a critical Reynolds number of O(1) for flows in agitators, below which effective slip dominates over fluid inertia. Patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) sheets are fabricated using a compression‐molding/soft‐lithography technique and flow visualization with laser‐induced fluorescence reveals controllability of flow patterns with the patterned surface. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4574–4585, 2016
Catalytic dehydration of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural with a bifunctional metal‐organic framework
Authors: Su Ye , Chang Ganggang , Zhang Zhiguo , Xing Huabin , Su Baogen , Yang Qiwei , Ren Qilong , Yang Yiwen , Bao Zongbi
Published: June 2016

Glucose conversion to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) generally undergoes catalytic isomerization reaction by Lewis acids followed by the catalytical dehydration to HMF with Brönsted acid. In this work, a sulfonic acid functionalized metal‐organic framework MIL‐101(Cr)‐SO3H containing both Lewis acid and Brönsted acid sites, was examined as the catalyst for γ‐valerolactone‐mediated cascade reaction of glucose dehydration into HMF. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the batch heterogeneous reaction gave a HMF yield of 44.9% and selectivity of 45.8%. Reaction kinetics suggested that the glucose isomerization in GVL with 10 wt % water follows the second‐order kinetics with an apparent activation energy of 100.9 kJ mol−1. Continuous reaction in the fixed‐bed reactor showed that the catalyst is highly stable and able to provide a steady HMF yield. This work presents a sustainable and green process for catalytic dehydration of biomass‐derived carbohydrate to HMF with a bifunctional metal‐organic framework. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4403–4417, 2016
SMARCE1, a rare cause of Coffin–Siris Syndrome: Clinical description of three additional cases
Authors: Zarate Yuri A. , Bhoj Elizabeth , Kaylor Julie , Li Dong , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Miyake Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi , Phadke Shubha , Escobar Luis , Irani Afifa , Hakonarson Hakon , Schrier Vergano Samantha A.
Published: June 2016

Coffin–Siris syndrome (CSS, MIM 135900), is a well‐described, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by coarse facial features, hypertrichosis, sparse scalp hair, and hypo/aplastic digital nails and phalanges, typically of the 5th digits. Mutations in the BAF (SWI/SNF)‐complex subunits (SMARCA4, SMARCE1, SMARCB1, SMARCA2, ARID1B, and ARID1A) have been shown to cause not only CSS, but also related disorders including Nicolaides–Baraitser (MIM 601358) syndrome and ARID1B‐intellectual disability syndrome (MIM 614562). At least 200 individuals with CSS have been found to have a mutation in the BAF pathway. However, to date, only three individuals with CSS have been reported to have pathogenic variants in SMARCE1. We report here three additional individuals with clinical features consistent with CSS and alterations in SMARCE1, one of which is novel. The probands all exhibited dysmorphic facial features, moderate developmental and cognitive delay, poor growth, and hypoplastic digital nails/phalanges, including digits not typically affected in the other genes associated with CSS. Two of the three probands had a variety of different organ system anomalies, including cardiac disease, genitourinary abnormalities, feeding difficulties, and vision abnormalities. The 3rd proband has not had further investigative studies. Although an increasing number of individuals are being diagnosed with disorders in the BAF pathway, SMARCE1 is the least common of these genes. This report doubles the number of probands with these mutations, and allows for better phenotypic information of this rare syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel rasopathy caused by recurrent de novo missense mutations in PPP1CB closely resembles Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Aldinger Kimberly A. , Bennett James T. , Baker Laura , Tusi Jessica , Powell‐Hamilton Nina , Stabley Deborah , Sol‐Church Katia , Timms Andrew E. , Dobyns William B.
Published: June 2016

Noonan syndrome is a rasopathy caused by mutations in multiple genes encoding components of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Despite its variable phenotype, limited genotype–phenotype correlations exist. Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS‐LAH) is characterized by its distinctive hair anomalies, developmental differences, and structural brain abnormalities and is caused by a single recurrent missense SHOC2 mutation. SHOC2 forms a complex with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1C). Protein phosphatases counterbalance kinases and control activation of signaling proteins, such as the mitogen‐activated protein kinases of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Here we report four patients with de novo missense mutations in protein phosphatase one catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB), sharing a recognizable phenotype. Three individuals had the recurrent PPP1CB c.146G>C, p.Pro49Arg mutation, the fourth had a c.166G>C, p.Ala56Pro change. All had relative or absolute macrocephaly, low‐set and posteriorly angulated ears, and developmental delay. Slow growing and/or sparse hair and/or an unruly hair texture was present in all. Three individuals had feeding difficulties requiring feeding tubes. One of two males had cryptorchidism, another had pectus excavatum. Short stature was present in three. A female with the recurrent mutation had a Dandy–Walker malformation and optic nerve hypoplasia. Mild ventriculomegaly occurred in all, cerebellar tonsillar ectopia was seen in two and progressed to Chiari 1 malformation in one individual. Based on the combination of phenotypic findings and PPP1CB's effect on RAF dephosphorylation within the RAS/MAPK pathway, this novel condition can be considered a rasopathy, most similar to NS‐LAH. Collectively, these mutations meet the standardized criteria for pathogenicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fulleretic Well‐Defined Scaffolds: Donor–Fullerene Alignment Through Metal Coordination and Its Effect on Photophysics
Authors: Williams Derek E. , Dolgopolova Ekaterina A. , Godfrey Danielle C. , Ermolaeva Evgeniya D. , Pellechia Perry J. , Greytak Andrew B. , Smith Mark D. , Avdoshenko Stanislav M. , Popov Alexey A. , Shustova Natalia B.
Published: June 2016

Herein, we report the first example of a crystalline metal–donor–fullerene framework, in which control of the donor–fullerene mutual orientation was achieved through chemical bond formation, in particular, by metal coordination. The 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were performed for comprehensive structural analysis and energy‐transfer (ET) studies of the fulleretic donor–acceptor scaffold. Furthermore, in combination with photoluminescence measurements, the theoretical calculations of the spectral overlap function, Förster radius, excitation energies, and band structure were employed to elucidate the photophysical and ET processes in the prepared fulleretic material. We envision that the well‐defined fulleretic donor–acceptor materials could contribute not only to the basic science of fullerene chemistry but would also be used towards effective development of organic photovoltaics and molecular electronics.
Using ionic liquid catalyst for conversion of waste polyethylene terephthalate and soybean oil to polyester polyol
Authors: Thi Le Bui Thuy , Anh Nguyen Dung , Van Ho Son , Thi Ngoc Uong Ha
Published: June 2016

An imidazolium ionic liquid was synthesized, characterized and used as a catalyst for conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and soybean oil to polyester polyol (PE polyol). The degradation of PET waste was carried out using glycerol and low cost soybean oil that resulted in the formation of PE polyols. Formed PE polyols were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and mass spectra method, thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis and gel permeation chromatoghraphy. The first step in the overall process is proposed to be the transesterification of soybean oil with glycerol to form monoglyceride or/and diglyceride of soybean oil fatty acids. In the second step, the obtained glycerides can react with PET to form PE polyol. Both steps could be combined in one process and acidic catalyzed by an ionic liquid. Ionic liquid can be used as active catalyst and show a high reusability. The influence of some factors such as amount of glycerol used in transesterification of soybean oil with glycerol, PET degradation time, and temperature on PET conversion were investigated to find the suitable conditions for the process. Under suggested optimum parameters (mass ratio of soybean oil to glycerol of 2:1, a time of 8 h and a temperature of 180 °C for PET degradation), a PET conversion of 87.3% was reached. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43920.
Australia's Productivity: Some Insights from Productivity Analysis
Authors: Gordon Jenny
Published: June 2016

Since the turn of the century, multifactor productivity has stagnated. Australia's income growth was supported until recent years by strong growth in the terms of trade and investment, but the terms of trade have been falling since 2011, and investment is slowing. To maintain at least the modest growth rate of the last decade, long term multifactor productivity growth needs to recover. The last decade or so has seen productivity challenges arising from natural resource depletion, as new mines were more costly to develop, and as technological replacements for environmental services, such as desalinisation plants, were increasingly introduced. Lags in the time required to bring major investments online also contributed to the poor performance. More broadly, shifts in tastes and technology have delivered quality improvements to consumers without increases in price commensurate to the additional inputs required, a trend that dampens nominal GDP growth and measured productivity.
Brief Report: Late‐Onset Cryopyrin‐Associated Periodic Syndrome Due to Myeloid‐Restricted Somatic NLRP3 Mosaicism
Authors: Mensa‐Vilaro Anna , Teresa Bosque María , Magri Giuliana , Honda Yoshitaka , Martínez‐Banaclocha Helios , Casorran‐Berges Marta , Sintes Jordi , González‐Roca Eva , Ruiz‐Ortiz Estibaliz , Heike Toshio , Martínez‐Garcia Juan J. , Baroja‐Mazo Alberto , Cerutti Andrea , Nishikomori Ryuta , Yagüe Jordi , Pelegrín Pablo , Delgado‐Beltran Concha , Aróstegui Juan I.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Gain‐of‐function NLRP3 mutations cause cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), with gene mosaicism playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis. This study was undertaken to characterize the genetic cause underlying late‐onset but otherwise typical CAPS.

Methods

We studied a 64‐year‐old patient who presented with recurrent episodes of urticaria‐like rash, fever, conjunctivitis, and oligoarthritis at age 56 years. DNA was extracted from both unfractionated blood and isolated leukocyte and CD34+ subpopulations. Genetic studies were performed using both the Sanger method of DNA sequencing and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) methods. In vitro and ex vivo analyses were performed to determine the consequences that the presence of the variant have in the normal structure or function of the protein of the detected variant.

Results

NGS analyses revealed the novel p.Gln636Glu NLRP3 variant in unfractionated blood, with an allele frequency (18.4%) compatible with gene mosaicism. Sanger sequence chromatograms revealed a small peak corresponding to the variant allele. Amplicon‐based deep sequencing revealed somatic NLRP3 mosaicism restricted to myeloid cells (31.8% in monocytes, 24.6% in neutrophils, and 11.2% in circulating CD34+ common myeloid progenitor cells) and its complete absence in lymphoid cells. Functional analyses confirmed the gain‐of‐function behavior of the gene variant and hyperactivity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the patient. Treatment with anakinra resulted in good control of the disease.

Conclusion

We identified the novel gain‐of‐function p.Gln636Glu NLRP3 mutation, which was detected as a somatic mutation restricted to myeloid cells, as the cause of late‐onset but otherwise typical CAPS. Our results expand the diversity of CAPS toward milder phenotypes than previously reported, including those starting during adulthood.
Effect of Comedication With Conventional Synthetic Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Retention of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Patients With Spondyloarthritis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sepriano A. , Ramiro S. , van der Heijde D. , Ávila‐Ribeiro P. , Fonseca R. , Borges J. , Teixeira L. , Carvalho P. D. , Cerqueira M. , Neves J. , Meirinhos T. , Barcelos A. , Sequeira G. , Salvador M. J. , Canas da Silva J. , Santos H. , Bernardes M. , Vieira‐Sousa E. , Canhão H. , Branco J. C. , Pimentel‐Santos F. , Landewé R.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate whether use of comedication with conventional synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) influences the retention of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

Patients with SpA from the Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Register who started treatment with their first TNFi between 2001 and 2014 were included in this study. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of comedication with csDMARDs on TNFi retention in 2 types of models: a model in which baseline (time‐fixed) variables were included, and a second model incorporating time‐varying variables, including sociodemographic features, measures of disease activity, measures of physical function, and cotreatment with other drugs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and oral steroids). To control for possible confounding by indication, the effect of csDMARD comedication on TNFi retention was also tested after adjustment for the treatment propensity score.

Results

In total, 954 patients were included in the study, of whom 289 (30.3%) discontinued treatment with their first TNFi after a median follow‐up time of 2.5 years (range 0.08–13 years). Inefficacy was the most common reason for TNFi discontinuation (55.7% of patients). In the multivariable analyses, comedication with csDMARDs had no measurable effect on TNFi retention, neither in the baseline model (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.59–1.16) nor during follow‐up in the model adjusted for time‐varying covariates (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.68–1.68). The effect of csDMARD comedication remained nonsignificant after propensity score adjustment.

Conclusion

Comedication with csDMARDs does not prolong TNFi retention in patients with SpA in clinical practice, suggesting that there is no benefit conferred by the concomitant use of these drugs.
HLA–DRB1 Amino Acid Positions 11/13, 71, and 74 Are Associated With Inflammation Level, Disease Activity, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Score in Patients With Inflammatory Polyarthritis
Authors: Ling Stephanie F. , Viatte Sebastien , Lunt Mark , Van Sijl Alper M. , Silva‐Fernandez Lucia , Symmons Deborah P. M. , Young Adam , Macgregor Alexander J. , Barton Anne
Published: June 2016

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility HLA–DRB1 haplotypes based on amino acid positions 11/13, 71, and 74 predict radiographic damage. The mechanism of action is unknown, but it may be mediated by inflammation. We undertook this study to systematically investigate the effect of these amino acids on nonradiographic measures of disease activity/outcomes.

Methods

We tested the association of RA susceptibility HLA–DRB1 amino acids with the C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, the tender joint count (TJC), the swollen joint count (SJC), the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score in the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) and Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study (ERAS) cohorts. Longitudinal modeling of disease activity/outcomes was performed using generalized linear latent and mixed models. Mediation analysis was performed using directed acyclic graphs to investigate the paths from genetic factors to outcome.

Results

A total of 2,158 patients were available for analysis in the NOAR cohort. Valine at position 11 showed the strongest association with the CRP level (P = 2.21 × 10−6), the SJC (P = 7.51 × 10−6), and the DAS28 (P = 0.002); it was marginally associated with the HAQ score (P = 0.044) but not with the TJC. The same amino acid and haplotype risk hierarchy observed for susceptibility and radiographic severity was observed for the CRP level and nonradiographic measures of disease activity/outcome, apart from the TJC. The results were replicated in the ERAS cohort. The effect of valine at position 11 on the SJC was mainly mediated by anti–citrullinated protein antibody status, the effect of which was mainly mediated by inflammation; however, the effect of valine at position 11 was also independent of the CRP level (P = 1.6 × 10−4).

Conclusion

Genetic markers of RA susceptibility located within HLA–DRB1 determine the levels of clinical and systemic inflammation independently, and also determine all objective measures of disease activity and outcome.
Funding acknowledgment analysis: Queries and caveats
Authors: Tang Li , Hu Guangyuan , Liu Weishu
Published: June 2016

Thomson Reuters's Web of Science (WoS) began systematically collecting acknowledgment information in August 2008. Since then, bibliometric analysis of funding acknowledgment (FA) has been growing and has aroused intense interest and attention from both academia and policy makers. Examining the distribution of FA by citation index database, by language, and by acknowledgment type, we noted coverage limitations and potential biases in each analysis. We argue that despite its great value, bibliometric analysis of FA should be used with caution.