bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ninth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
In this chapter, Bell explains how Challenger retraces her course and attempts to explore the north coast of New Guinea but is repulsed by locals. The ship turns north and after a weary journey across the Pacific reaches Japan. On the way she discovers the deepest part of the ocean.
Tenth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger heads east from Japan and trawls in very deep water, finding lots of shark teeth and nodules but few animals. The Captain decides to turn south rather than proceeding as planned to Vancouver Island.
A Genealogy of Neocolonial Social Comportment
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the foundations of neocolonial power and its associated feminist counterpart. Neocolonial feminism refers to a curated standard of public “secular” and “professional” comportment that is held up as an ideal for women of color whose cultures or features locate them as culturally or behaviorally subordinate to “Western” feminist ideals. Liberal feminist standards, as expressed through Martha Nussbaum, are one example of neocolonial feminist expectations. The neocolonial gaze is one by which Muslim women—among other women of color—are taken up and reproduced as legible diasporic children who must be taught to behave. This chapter also explores the intersections of neocolonial and neoliberal feminism as it affects Muslim women of color.
Conclusion
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

The previous eight chapters have illuminated the ways in which women of color—diasporic subjects, immigrants, Black American women—are produced and reproduced continually as neocolonial subjects. Although the analysis is centered on Muslim women as a racialized category in and of itself, the dynamics are a representation of ways in which non-white women are treated through a series of policies, laws, and amendments in the name of a liberal order that emerges from a colonial, slave-owning past, even when that order has claimed to cut ties with that past. To challenge that continual suspicion directed toward neocolonial subjects, women of color must aspire to certain cultural comportments. They are expected to aspire to the prevailing norms of the modern moment—to be modern. In order to see these expectations, one must listen to the silences: to what is not said as well as to what is said.
Pluralism and perspectivism
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter is dedicated to scientific pluralism. First, it deals with the risk of metaphysical inconsistency that some have seen as looming in the pluralist stance. Second, it reviews the role that perspectivism has been assigned so far in this literature on scientific pluralism, and its associated promises and problems. What kind of pluralism is at stake in the view known as scientific perspectivism? Section 3.1 charts the territory of contemporary versions of scientific pluralism. Section 3.2 discusses Kellert, Longino, and Waters’s ‘pluralist stance’ and the problem of inconsistent models associated with it. Two main varieties of scientific perspectivism and their respective arguments are presented in Section 3.3: Giere’s epistemological argument and Rueger–Teller’s methodological argument. The chapter analyses three perspectival answers to the problem of inconsistent models in Section 3.4. Their respective promises are assessed in Section 3.5 vis-à-vis some pressing objections raised by Morrison and Chakravartty. The chapter ends with Section 3.6, which lays out an argument for the problem of inconsistent models and deflates some of the premises behind this argument. It will be the task of the following chapters to offer a substantial positive role for perspectival pluralism in scientific modelling and associated knowledge production.
The Ubiquitous Siva Volume II
Authors: Nemec John
Published: June 2022

The Introduction positions the history of girl and young woman singers in the 1960s in the context of broader histories of vocal training; ideas about voice, respectability, and expressivity; and the models of youthful femininity that were emergent in 1960s Britain. It opens with discussion of vocal discipline in magazines and books produced for young women. This is followed by reflections on the concept of voice as sound and voice as expression, how ideas about the use of voice are tied to gender, and how they have been used by feminist thinkers and scholars in the field of Voice Studies. Then, the introduction provides historical background on vocal pedagogy and histories of accent and vocal discipline in the UK, tying this history to the 1960s and notions of modernity that emerged at the time. It reflects on what voice and freedom of expression signified during the youth and musical movements of the “Swinging Sixties,” and, in particular, on how ideas about voice affected girls and young women in this period. Finally, it provides an overview of the book’s chapters provides an overview of the book’s chapters.
Mind, Matter, and Motion
Authors: Waters Jayson C.
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents a genealogy of quantum mechanics and International Relations. By tracing the entanglements and estrangements of the two disciplines, this chapter explains the long and enduring history of quantum scholarship in International Relations and the social sciences in general. Further, this chapter examines the discursive and material conditions that periodically drew these two disciplines together and apart. It is argued that International Relations is, and always has been, defined by its interdisciplinarity, and that engagements with other disciplines should not be misconstrued as sublimations. Further, it is contended that quantum mechanics is neither new nor alien to International Relations theory, but it is needed.
A Quantum Temperament for Life
Authors: Grove Jairus Victor
Published: June 2022

This chapter reconstructs the conversations and debates between philosophers and physicists before and during the first generation of quantum thinking. Rather than making an abstract case for epistemological or interdivisional pluralism, the chapter presents a set of intersecting and parallel lines of thought that perform the radical pluralism that was demanded of cosmological thinking in philosophy and physics. The hope is that such a reflection can disarm some of the anxiety regarding the superiority or inferiority of scientific and philosophical inquiry as if such a determination were a zero-sum game. Ultimately, this chapter argues that while singular in their mode of inquiry, philosophy and physics are inseparable once the meaning of each discourse’s findings enters the fray of human experience. Therefore, engagements with and against any quantum turn ought to prefer a kind of epistemological generosity rather than seek discrete territorial claims to intellectual labor.
A Conceptual Introduction to Quantum Theory
Authors: Schnabel Michael
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides a brief introduction to some key concepts of quantum theory that are contrasted with their classical analogs. By means of simple examples, the aim is to develop an intuition for notions such as quantum state, observables, superposition, Born’s rule, collapse of the wave function, Schrödinger’s equation, quantum interference, Heisenberg uncertainty, and incompatibility of observables. The hope is to provide a readable account on these core ideas of quantum theory that is accessible to readers from disciplines other than physics. The mathematical framework is developed from scratch, but some familiarity with basic linear algebra and probability theory will be assumed.
The Quantum Moonshot
Authors: Ghose Shohini
Published: June 2022

A shift to a quantum computing framework entails a move away from classical binary logic. Quantum mechanics challenged the binary division of matter and light in the universe as particle versus wave. Schrödinger came up with a mathematical solution in the form of a quantum wave equation; wave and particle combined in one description. Born offered a radical probabilistic interpretation of the wave function solutions of Schrödinger’s equation as probability amplitudes whose magnitudes predicted the likelihoods of measurement outcomes rather than the precise outcome of a measurement. Heisenberg devised the quantum uncertainty principle, a result derived from the mathematical foundations of quantum theory, which places strict limits on the amount of information that can be known about the properties of a quantum particle. The question therefore is what additional benefits quantum computing can offer. Answering this requires identifying current limitations of classical computing when it comes to addressing the most pressing global issues we face today.
These Are Not the Droids You’re Looking For
Authors: Lindsay Jon R.
Published: June 2022

Quantum computing has the potential to break cryptographic protocols that underwrite the security of almost every digital application today. Fortunately, there are at least two reasons quantum computing does not mean the end of cybersecurity as we know it. First, a new generation of quantum-safe cryptographic protocols will probably be available and implemented well before engineers can overcome all the challenges of fielding a large-scale quantum computer. Second, even if a quantum computer becomes available before quantum-safe offsets are in place, intelligence advantage ultimately depends more on social and organizational factors than technology alone. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the quantum threat to modern cryptography, the quantum-safe alternatives that mitigate the threat, and the social context that complicates both offense and defense in intelligence contests.
Quantum Pedagogy
Authors: Biersteker Thomas
Published: June 2022

Many of the core ideas about theory and methods that prevail in conventional, analytical-empirical behavioral scientific approaches to International Relations are closer to classical physics than to quantum physics, an insight gained from coteaching Introduction to Physics. Key elements of an alternative framework—an open-ended dialectical approach to the study and teaching of International Relations—bear similarities with elements of quantum theory. While the approach outlined in the Dialectics of World Orders book project is not quantum pedagogy per se, it does include elements with strong affinities to quantum theory concepts like entanglement, superposition, uncertainty, and complementarity. The dialectical approach is contrasted with conventional approaches that many teach as the core of International Relations theory and methods. Introducing some quantum elements to that pedagogy not only is timely but also could also be exceedingly productive for advancing our knowledge of both our subject (International Relations) and our field (International Relations).
The Problématique of Quantization in Social Theory
Authors: Arfi Badredine
Published: June 2022

Is it possible to quantize social and International Relations (IR) theory to break the shackles of a classical worldview? This chapter argues that to answer this question, we must first examine what it means to quantize. This is a very complicated question that can only be addressed by taking a tour into the history and evolution of the problématique of quantization in theoretical physics. The chapter explicates this issue through a discussion of a number of quantization schemes to build momentum for three moves. In a first move, the chapter argues that social theory does not need to be quantized in order to go beyond the limitations and problems of a social theory anchored in a classical worldview. In a second move, the chapter argues that the problem is fundamentally anchored in the predominant set-theoretic thinking that undergirds social and IR theory. In a third move, and to go beyond mere critique, the chapter argues that a category-theoretic perspective needs to be adopted through which a relational social theory can be built that addresses major weaknesses of social theory anchored in a classical worldview.
Quantum Sovereignty + Entanglement
Authors: Salter Mark B.
Published: June 2022

Sovereignty is a poor model for the prediction of actual political acts, and quantum sovereignty provides a much more accurate tool for measuring power. Insights gained from the quantum state of entanglement demonstrate how the performance of settler-colonial sovereign statehood is always already entangled with and inseparable from Indigenous lifeworlds (among other material and semiotic assemblages). When complex political entanglements collapse into a particular decision (inclusion/exclusion, authority, jurisdiction, membership, etc.), sovereignty is always already in the measuring machines of the observer. The first murder trials of Inuit under Canadian law in 1917 and 1923 demonstrate how quantum sovereignty explains more than traditional models.
The Value of Value
Authors: Orrell David
Published: June 2022

Money objects, from coins to bitcoins, are used in economic exchange as a way to put a number on the fuzzy concept of worth or value. They are inherently dualistic in that they combine the properties of abstract numbers with the properties of owned objects. As a result of this duality at its core, the money system exhibits the properties of a macroscopic quantum system, including entanglement, indeterminacy, and interference, with money objects playing a special role as a measurement device. This chapter argues that, by virtue of its dualistic nature, money acts as a vector of transmission, which scales up the properties of quantum mind to the global level. By bringing money back into the picture and providing an alternative to the mechanistic vision of mainstream economics, quantum social science promises to change the way we see and treat the economy, with implications for International Relations and security.
The Citizen’s Fundamental Question
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Good citizens ask, “What should we do?” in a wide variety of groups. Defining citizenship in this way extends republican political theory beyond democracies and other governments to include professions, communities, networks, and markets. Membership requires sacrifice, which is appropriate when a group merits loyalty; however, participants may be complicit if the group acts badly. Group decisions require different ethical principles from those that should guide individual decisions. Groups are not merely accumulations of individuals; they have characteristics of their own. Groups frequently encounter problems that arise regardless of the issues that they explicitly choose to address. These recurrent problems of process fall under the headings of collective action, discourse, and exclusion.
The Frankfurt School and the Citizen as Deliberator
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Jürgen Habermas distinguishes between strategic or instrumental action and communicative action. Communicative action aims at truth, justice, and authenticity. Individuals typically begin in Lifeworlds composed of private, biased, but also authentic beliefs and values. Diverse individuals can come into a Public Sphere to test their respective Lifeworld beliefs through communication. The Public Sphere is, however, subject to harmful influence (“colonization”) by the twin Systems of money and power. Habermas suggests that people can build and maintain a Public Sphere, and many practical examples reinforce that possibility. However, this ideal must contend with challenges, including authoritarian popular values, human cognitive limitations, inequality, and the power of governments and markets. Habermas does not argue for reasonable deliberation alone but also endorses adversarial social movements that confront power. The chapter argues that his model is defensibly realistic yet requires insights about designing functional voluntary groups and organizing nonviolent direct action.
Moving to Large Scales
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

A problem that is not persuasively addressed by any of the theories is scale: how can small groups of voluntary deliberators affect millions or billions of human beings? The solution involves small groups exercising responsible leverage over large institutions and populations, in a polycentric world. Individuals should decide within appropriately structured groups how to exercise leverage in bigger systems. The book concludes with four strategies for enhancing such leverage: enhancing the civic roles of professionals, educating young people for civic engagement, policy reforms that enable or require public deliberation and self-governance, and nudging social movements to embrace diverse internal conversations.
Understanding of Affective States
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides a complement to the preceding chapter through its focus on forms of affective understanding. As in the cognitive domain, understanding of emotions is a multifaceted development whose mastery extends from infancy through adulthood. This conclusion emerges from a long-standing literature under the emotion understanding heading, as well as from advanced theory-of-mind measures designed for such study (e.g., Strange Stories, Faux Pas). As in Chapter 2, the descriptive picture is followed by a review of research directed to the origins of such understanding, a review that addresses the factors discussed under the cognitive heading (language, executive function, culture, parenting) and adds two others: gender and genetics. The chapter concludes with an important and controversial topic: how well measures of advanced theory of mind, both cognitive and affective, fit together, and whether evidence exists for a common underpinning for advanced developments.
Variations of First-Order Paradigms
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2022

As the title indicates, this chapter examines effects of modifications in the methods to study first-order developments. Both complications and simplifications are discussed with respect to two developments: perspective taking and false belief. The complications reveal further developments in understanding beyond those revealed by the typical methods of study. Although the simplifications have been of interest primarily with respect to infant competencies, they also suggest methods of solution that extend into adulthood. The chapter concludes with a relatively new and important topic: the contribution of neuroimaging research to an understanding of theory of mind.
Consequences: Cognitive Development
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2022

Much of the discussion to this point has concerned the origins of individual differences in theory of mind. Theory of mind, however, has always been of interest not simply as an important outcome of development but also as a contributor to other outcomes. This chapter begins with a discussion of the methodological challenges in establishing such cause-and-effect connections. It then reviews work directed to cognitive outcomes for which theory of mind, including advanced theory of mind, has been shown to be a contributor (although never the sole contributor). This research includes outcomes in the academic domain (reading, writing, science), children’s ability to teach others, and various individual differences in language ability, including sensitivity to others’ mental states and understanding of nonliteral utterances.
Inside Mahler's Second Symphony
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

This book introduces Mahler’s “Resurrection” Symphony to music students, concertgoers, and general listeners, addressing the composition as a reflection of Mahler’s modernist leanings. Existential questions lie at the heart of the work, and Mahler’s innovative ways of projecting them musically are discussed in detail. The question of how life can be meaningful if it inevitably leads to death engenders terrifying and angst-ridden music, much of it directly linked to Christian views on judgment and suggestive of an apocalyptic route to immortality. Another thread enters the work gradually, however, adding an important counterpoise to the theme of judgment. It begins with musical manifestations of gentleness, which gradually become more sensual. At first, in a powerfully convincing, if understated, climax, Mahler offers a resolution by setting Friedrich Klopstock’s Auferstehen chorale, verses that reflect an orthodox Christian view of immortality. In a stunning reversal, however, Mahler then undercuts this climax, providing, with his own text and in a triumph of the sensual music, a secular-leaning eschatology that replaces judgment with love as the route to eternal life. Mahler’s extensive reliance on the model of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony is explicated, along with the composer’s ingenious approach to pacing in a work of unprecedented monumentality. The guide relies heavily on audio files for exemplification, providing more than 185 audio examples, along with an annotated complete performance of the symphony. The source of the music is the 1958 recording by the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Bruno Walter, Mahler’s long-time amanuensis.
The First Movement: Its Opening and a Two-Part Exposition
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 addresses the opening and twin expositions of the first movement. The opening sets forth Mahler’s existential question: How can life be meaningful if it only leads to death? The specific musical means Mahler engages to dramatize this question are explained. The ways in which Mahler projects gravitas and breadth of scope at the outset of the movement are explicated; some of them are shown to have been modeled on the opening of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Both composers demonstrate sensitivity to pacing in works of unprecedented length. Mahler’s approach to sonata form reflects a practical mixture of tradition and change. To buttress his focus on death within his existential program, Mahler relies on musical quotations from his First Symphony, from one of his Wayfarer songs, and from Liszt’s Dante Symphony. Parallels are drawn between this movement and Adam Mickiewicz’s morbid dramatic poem Dziady (Todtenfeier).
The First Movement: Development and Recapitulation
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 3 shows Mahler’s dual approaches to the form of the movement. Sometimes, sonata form takes the lead; sometimes, the existential agenda is in control. Mahler shows a predilection for dramatic extremes. He fixates on the lyrical secondary theme to project a fortuitous resolution of the symphony’s existential concerns, but often undercuts such moments by returning suddenly to the more angst-ridden music of his existential issues. A rhetoric of antithesis results. Mahler’s fondness for musical conundrums is considered: the English horn inexplicably introduces a bare-boned motive that only in the finale will evolve into a central event of the symphony. Musical quotations laden with symbolic significance—from Wagner’s music dramas, Gregorian chant, and Mahler’s own music—are examined. The chapter concludes by considering the impact of Hans von Bülow’s annihilating criticism of the first movement on Mahler’s long delay in completing the Second Symphony.
The Fourth Movement: “Urlicht”
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

The fourth movement is another song on a poem from Des Knaben Wunderhorn, “Urlicht” (“Primeval Light”), this one sung by a contralto. Chapter 7 shows that “Urlicht” is a prayer appropriate for the deathbed. Its devotional affect arises from its opening motto, which mentions a red rose (a symbol of Christ’s blood at the crucifixion), followed by music in the style of a Lutheran chorale. The protagonist expresses pain and hope for salvation. He encounters a path to heaven, blocked, however, by an angel, over whom he prevails defiantly, making his way directly to God, guided by primeval light. This serene movement suggests that immortality can be gained through a traditional Christian eschatology. Important questions remain, however—about the significance of the angel, the protagonist’s defiance, and a passage of anomalously sensual music that accompanies the reference to the protagonist’s unity with God. These questions await resolution in the finale.
The Last Movement, Part 1: References to Judgment and the Airing of Themes
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 9 introduces the finale. In another example of the rhetoric of antithesis, the orchestral scream from the Scherzo returns, abruptly canceling the optimism reflected in “Urlicht.” It recalls the similarly frenetic opening of the finale of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, which also rejects the preceding music. The theme of judgment enters, presented first from a Jewish perspective. Offstage French horns mimic the ram’s horn sounded in the liturgy for the Jewish Day of Judgment (Rosh Hashana). The horns continue with a returning-note figure strikingly left incomplete, which leaves the listener with an urgent need for its eventual completion. Musical symbols of Christian judgment follow: the Dies irae (the Catholic chant that describes the Day of Judgment), and a trumpet theme signifying resurrection as it is described in First Corinthians. The enigmatic English horn motive from the first movement returns, expanded—even more enigmatically—into an operatic, sensual melody.
The Last Movement, Part 2: Judgment in Action, Musical Development, and Some Continuing Enigmas
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 10 explores Mahler’s musical portrayal of the Last Judgment. It begins with hair-raising percussion crescendos meant to depict the raising of the dead. A march emblemizes the twin sides of judgment: damnation and the hope of those who petition for mercy. Damnation is captured in the Dies irae, hope in the sound of hymns. The sensual English horn theme returns. This time, an offstage band combines military fanfares (evocative of the march) with the sensual music, leading to increased bewilderment about the meaning of the latter. Whatever it means, its frequent juxtaposition to the music of judgment (either serially or as is so this time, simultaneously) seems to be taking on the accoutrements of a potent dramatic conflict. This section of the finale concludes with a powerful example of musical antithesis: a return of the orchestral scream, followed by an expansive rendition of the placid immortality motive from Siegfried.
The Middle Ages
Authors: Stone Michael E. , Topchyan Aram
Published: June 2022

The trade routes of Medieval Armenia show how international traffic between the Pontus and Central Asia passed through Armenia, which relates to Jewish presence. A number of historical sources for Jews in Armenia are presented. There were Jewish settlements in Dvin (seventh through ninth centuries), Vaspurakan (ninth century), Kapan (twelfth century), Vayoc‘ Jor (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries), and elsewhere. Furthermore, the recently discovered Jewish Cemetery in Ełegis (1266–1346) is discussed in the chapter—the find, its inscriptions, the decoration, its Persian origin, its character, and its implied relationship with the cultural milieu—as well as why the Jews supposedly disappear from the sources in the fourteenth century.
Political Linkage Strategies and Social Investment Policies
Authors: Chen Haohan , Kitschelt Herbert
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, the authors suggest two ways in which clientelism impacts education, specifically secondary school improvements, an important growth-promoting mode of social investment in developing democracies. First, clientelism “crowds out” fiscal educational investment effort in favor of clientelistic expenditures to targeted voters, a more or less common form of political partisan linkage outside most advanced post-industrial democracies. Second, clientelism “degrades” educational results as it undercuts professional quality control of educational service delivery and diverts funds to rent-seeking educational service providers and recipients. The authors empirically test both arguments with statistical analyses on cross-national data of clientelistic politics and educational inputs and outcomes. The findings indeed suggest a negative impact of clientelism on secondary school investment, in terms of both fiscal effort as well as educational qualifications. The authors supplement the quantitative investigation with a small case study on educational investment in Mexico.
The Emergence of Knowledge Economies
Authors: Garritzmann Julian L. , Häusermann Silja , Kurer Thomas , Palier Bruno , Pinggera Michael
Published: June 2022

This chapter traces the development of regional varieties of knowledge economies over the past two centuries from a global perspective. First, it shows massive educational expansion across all world regions, with a specific shift toward tertiary education and cognitive skills in the most advanced capitalist democracies. Second, focusing on the latter countries, it traces the relationship between educational expansion and labor market changes, showing that the trend toward advanced knowledge economies has coincided with a trend toward a “polarized upgrading” and feminization but underlines that occupational transformation varies across contexts (i.e., by welfare legacies). The chapter ends by discussing the implications of these changes for popular and economic demand for social investment policies and for the politics of social investment more generally. Increasing economic as well as societal demands for high-skilled labor shape the politics of social investment, by affecting the degree and kind of politicization of social investment as well as potential reform coalitions.
Employers and Social Investment in Three European Countries
Authors: Pavolini Emmanuele , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin
Published: June 2022

In the last decades a growing body of literature has analyzed the role of employers from different perspectives. Building on this literature, the chapter offers an analytical contribution on the role of employers as important actors in explaining the development of social investment policies, by looking at different social policy fields (employment-oriented family policies and vocational education and training) and at three different countries (Britain, Germany, and Italy). The chapter shows that the support of employers’ associations at the national level varies significantly both by country and by policy sector. Despite changed socioeconomic underpinnings and rational arguments to expand social investment policies, national historical patterns and path dependence regarding national policymaking have a significant impact on the approach followed by employers’ associations whether they are antagonists, consenters, or protagonists of the expansion of social investment policies. However, under certain circumstances, significant change can come about, as demonstrated by the preference formation of German employers at the turn of the 21st century.
Trade Unions, Labor Market Dualization, and Investment in Early Childhood Education and Care in Latin America
Authors: Altamirano Melina , Zárate-Tenorio Bárbara A.
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, the authors analyze how the dualization of the labor market and the segmentation of the welfare state shape the role that trade unions play in contemporary social investment reforms in Latin America. They argue that in contexts of low dualization, social policy reforms are more likely to have direct consequences for the labor conditions of the formal workforce because welfare provision is less segmented. When organized labor’s interests are affected, unions have more incentives to get involved in shaping social policies. In contrast, in highly dualized labor markets, social policy expansion is less likely to be directly linked to formal workers’ labor conditions. In these contexts, it is unlikely that organized labor will act as an important driver (or opponent) of policies aimed at extending benefits to labor market outsiders. The authors focus on two important reforms which expanded early childhood education and care public services to previously excluded segments of the population: Chile Crece Contigo in Chile (2006) and the Estancias Infantiles para Madres Trabajadoras program in Mexico (2007). They show that neither in Chile nor in Mexico was organized labor a relevant actor in the agenda-setting stage. However, in contrast to unions in Mexico, which did not attempt to shape the policy at any stage of the process, unions in Chile have become highly involved in the post-reform period.
Public Preferences Toward Social Investment
Authors: Bremer Björn
Published: June 2022

This chapter studies public preferences toward social investment in more than 40 countries across three continents. On the basis of public opinion data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and the International Social Survey Programme, the analysis compares patterns of support toward different forms of social investment against support for traditional transfer-oriented social policies. It uses multivariate regression analysis to explore the determinants of these attitudes across five regions of the world. The results show that preferences toward social investment and social consumption are distinct: While middle and higher classes are more likely to support social investment policies, lower classes remain the core constituency for social consumption. Individual-level preference configurations interact with policy legacies, which have feedback effects and influence the composition of support coalitions for social investment. Support for social investment is therefore broader and more diffuse in less developed welfare states than in Western Europe.
Different Paths to Social Investment?
Authors: Estévez-Abe Margarita , León Margarita
Published: June 2022

This chapter investigates the recent political developments in childcare and parental leaves in four familialist countries: Italy, Spain, Japan, and South Korea. This quartet of countries has been long known for its familialist welfare states—the opposite end of the spectrum from the social investment model. Importantly, since 2000, all four countries have reformed their family policies in the direction of the social investment strategy to varying degrees. This chapter explains the variation across the quartet by highlighting the importance of the institutional contexts of party competition, the link between electoral politics and legislative activities, and the economic structure. Heuristically, the familialist quartet constitutes important “hard cases” to explore how far the social investment strategy can travel. Practically, the quartet has much larger national economies compared to Northern European social investment countries. Whether these large economies can readjust their welfare states thus has important global ramifications.
Comparing East and West
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned , Zhang Feng
Published: June 2022

This chapter compares Western and Chinese justice discourses along multiple dimensions. Deep divides exist within both cultures over core values and understandings of justice. These divisions exist in regional and international societies and will, without doubt, continue to characterize them for the foreseeable future. By comparing conceptions of justice within and across cultures, we can gain a better understanding of these conflicts at every level of society. We might also learn something about how the negative consequences of these differences might be muted.
Smart Power and Great Learning
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned , Zhang Feng
Published: June 2022

The book’s conclusion reviews the authors’ effort to explore principles of justice in the West and China and find common ground for a more productive and peaceful relationship. It explores some of the implications of Sino-American accommodation for world order and conversely how changes in global order might affect Sino-American relations. It also considers the problem of global versus national justice. There are three fault lines in modern theorizing about global justice: the goods of distributive justice, claimants/holders of justice, and scope of justice principles. This chapter offers a novel perspective based on Chinese conceptions derived from the Confucian classic Great Learning.
John Leland
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: June 2022

John Leland (1754–1841) was one of the most influential and entertaining religious figures in early America. As an itinerant revivalist, he demonstrated an uncanny ability to connect with a popular audience and contributed to the rise of a “democratized” Christianity in America. A tireless activist for the rights of conscience, Leland also waged a decades-long war for disestablishment, advocating for full religious freedom for all. He reportedly negotiated a deal with James Madison to include a bill of rights in the Constitution for Baptist voter support. Leland would become “mad for politics” in early America, delivering political orations, publishing tracts, and mobilizing New England’s Baptists on behalf of the Jeffersonian Republicans. He crowned his political activity by famously delivering a twelve-hundred-pound cheese to Thomas Jefferson’s White House. Leland also stood among eighteenth-century Virginia’s most powerful antislavery advocates, and convinced one wealthy planter to emancipate over four hundred of his slaves. Though among the most popular Baptists in America, Leland’s fierce individualism and personal eccentricity often placed him at odds with other Baptist leaders. He refused ordination, abstained from the Lord’s Supper, and violently opposed the rise of Baptist denominationalism. Ultimately, he contributed to the radical individualization of the Baptist people in America. In the first-ever biography of Leland, Eric C. Smith recounts the story of this pivotal figure from American religious history, whose long and eventful life provides a unique window into the remarkable transformations that swept American society from 1760 to 1840.
“Young and Roving”
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines John Leland’s eventful itinerant preaching ministry in colonial Virginia. When he relocated there in 1775, Anglican-established Virginia was experiencing a massive transformation as a result of the Great Awakening, particularly the arrival of the Separate Baptists. The uncouth Separate Baptists upset the orderly religious and social world of colonial Virginia by their radical revivalism and refusal to submit to Anglican authorities. Separate Baptists suffered for this, but received a tremendous reception from the colony’s ordinary people. Leland participated in this movement, traveling vast distances as an itinerant, facing persecution for his commitment to baptizing new believers, leading emotional revivals, and attaining celebrity status as a highly effective popular communicator.
“Religion Is a Matter between God and Individuals”
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: June 2022

John Leland joined revolutionary Virginia’s Baptists and other dissenters in lobbying for full religious freedom in the new state. They found allies in a pair of liberal, rationalist statesmen: James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Together, the evangelicals and politicians achieved full religious freedom for Virginians. Afterward, Leland leveraged his influence with the now sizable Baptist voting bloc in Virginia to convince James Madison to include a bill of rights in the US Constitution. When Leland returned to New England in 1790, he enlisted in the dissenters’ long fight for the disestablishment of the Congregational Church there. By now a thoroughgoing Jeffersonian, Leland arose as the era’s most important, and most radically consistent, advocate for the inalienable rights of conscience and full religious freedom for all.
“A Bow Too Great for My Stiff Neck”
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: June 2022

Though John Leland spent his life as a Baptist itinerant, his fierce individualism often placed him at odds with his fellow Baptists. Early American Baptists practiced a church-centered piety, emphasizing the importance of church membership, the Lord’s Supper, and the congregation’s authority over its members through church discipline. Leland demonstrated his ambivalence toward the local church and traditional Baptist piety by, among other things, resisting ordination, settled pastorates, and the Lord’s Supper. This chapter highlights Leland’s explosive Lord’s Supper controversy at Cheshire’s Third Baptist Church, and considers the long-term impact his radical individualism has had on American Baptist faith and practice.
“A Very Prince among Democrats”
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: June 2022

John Leland’s delivery of a “mammoth cheese” to Thomas Jefferson’s White House stands out as the most memorable episode of his colorful life, but it is only one example of his political activity. Leland believed that the nature of American society was at stake in the political upheavals at the turn of the nineteenth century. In the emergence of America’s two-party political system, Leland enlisted with the Jeffersonians to promote his vision of a democratic republic that preserved the rights and freedoms of all. Leland developed a reputation for being “mad for politics,” leveraging his influence as a popular Baptist preacher through sermons, political orations, newspaper articles, and even the cross-country delivery of a mammoth cheese to mobilize voters for Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy. By wedding the office of preacher and politician, Leland helped establish an enduring pattern for American life.
Credibility, Faith, and Confessional Polemics
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

This chapter is the first of a series of chapters aimed at exploring the effects of this newfound emphasis on credibility in a variety of religious, spiritual, and cultural contexts. This chapter shows how the centrality of credibility emerged across confessional boundaries. It focuses on the reaction of the Roman Curia to two authors, the Protestant theologian Hugo Grotius and the controversial Catholic author Tommaso Campanella. Despite working in widely different intellectual, cultural, and confessional environments, both Grotius and Campanella embraced credibility as a crucial feature of their elaborations. By examining how the Catholic censors evaluated their works, this chapter provides significant insight into the theological, polemical, and confessional impact of making credibility a central component of belief.
Muslims in War and Postwar Hellas
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyzes the impact of the Greek War of Independence on the Muslim populations of the areas affected and on the lives of Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas during the reign of King Otto (1833–1862), particularly the ways in which the war determined the legal and social status of Muslims as well as their relations with the Greek state and with the Ottoman Empire. The chapter explores the effects of Greek nationalism on the Muslim population and the reasons that led a number of Muslims in the rebellious areas to support the war. The chapter also discusses how legal and other documents of the time define Greek national identity and the extent to which Muslims were seen and treated as Hellenes (i.e., Greeks) by the Greek authorities. Finally, the chapter explores whether the legal and social status of Muslims in Greece was the same as that of Christian Orthodox and other religious groups, as well as how “Muslim philhellenes,” sympathizers and supporters of the Greek War of Independence, fared in the new state.
Independence, 1765–1788
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: June 2022

A dispute about Great Britain’s right to tax its thirteen North American colonies, which was fundamentally a dispute about sovereignty, led to the Revolutionary War. The colonies mustered an army, declared independence, and won their war with the British by employing tactics common to weak states. These included exploiting the advantages conferred by the geography of North America, resisting the stronger British forces, and allying with a stronger power, in this case France. Concerned about the security of its empire and even the safety of its home islands, the British government agreed to recognize American independence. With independence secured, the new United States adopted a constitution designed, among other things, to strengthen it against foreign adversaries.
The Continental Republic, 1815–1865
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: June 2022

In the four decades leading up to the Civil War the United States maintained peaceful relations with Great Britain, the European power of greatest importance to Americans because of its maritime supremacy. At the same time, it increased its power in three ways. Its population grew. It expanded its territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean, incorporating Florida, Texas, and Oregon. Under the leadership of President James K. Polk it waged a victorious war against Mexico that ended with the acquisition of the territories that became the American Southwest. Meanwhile, the country’s economy grew rapidly. The dispute between the Northern and Southern States over slavery, which had been building since independence, culminated in the Civil War of 1861 to 1865. Led by President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant, the North won the war, thereby not only preserving the federal Union and abolishing slavery but also determining that the United States would be an industrial rather than an agrarian country and thus capable of becoming a great power.
The Enemy Within
Authors: Charnysh Volha
Published: June 2022

Why do political actors invoke fifth columns? What factors influence the content and the resonance of their appeals? Drawing on research in social psychology, I argue that fifth-column accusations work by redefining in-group boundaries. Their indirect targets are not only the alleged fifth column, but in-group members who can be pressured into switching sides to dissociate themselves from the fifth-columnists. I apply the argument to fifth-column politics by the left- and right-wing parties in twentieth-century Poland. I show that domestic political rivalries rather than genuine security threats motivated fifth-column accusations, which is consistent with the coalition-building functions of such discourse. In each case, the goal was to divide political opponents and redraw existing political alliances. Jews were the most frequent target of fifth-column accusations, despite changes in ethnic demography and geopolitical environment, as political actors relied on antisemitic stereotypes that have become an integral part of the nationalist narrative.