bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French‐Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age
Authors: Buschang P. H. , Tanguay R. , Demirjian A. , la Palme L. , Goldstein H.
Published: February 2006

Polynomial regression is used to model the mandibular growth of 28 girls and 26 boys who were followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. The pooled‐within individual designs indicate that ramus height follows a linear pattern of size increase; corpus and total mandibular lengths display curvilineal, decelerating, patterns of growth over the age range. Multivariate analyses of variance reveal significant sex differences in size, favoring boys, for the two length measures at 6 years of age. Growth velocity for corpus length is also significantly greater in boys than in girls. Sexual dimorphism in the growth of total mandibular length is more complex, including differences in velocity and deceleration. Ramus height shows no significant pattern of variation between boys and girls for either size or growth velocity.
Method for analyzing outlines with an application to recent Japanese crania
Authors: Yasui Kinya
Published: February 2006

If the visual image and quantitative treatment of a form could be merged, the combination could become a powerful analytical method in morphology. A method is presented for creating an averaged outline. In this method, since the averaged outline is produced statistically, hypothesis testing can be performed on the visual image of the outlines. Intra‐ and intergroup variation of the outlines can then be assessed by taking allometry into account. This method is applied to the analysis of sexual differences in the midsagittal outline of recent (1880s–1920s) Japanese crania. The averaged outlines of both sexes showed subtle features that could not be detected by traditional measuring techniques. Because the roundness, flatness, or protrusion of specific aspects of the morphology are clearly apparent, sexual differences in this sample could be identified. Changes resulting from allometry did not seem to be present in either sex. The shape distance (DIR) introduced here matched well the visual impression derived from comparisons of the Japanese sample with a Jomon (Neolithic) male and the Broken Hill specimen.
Variations in sexual dimorphism in the skulls of rats subjected to malnutrition, castration, and treatment with gonadal hormones
Authors: Dahinten Silvia L. , Pucciarelli Hector M.
Published: February 2006

Two groups of weanling rats were subjected to malnutrition, one with periodic injections of testosterone (males) and the other with estradiol (females). Two other groups (castrated males or castrated females) received normal feedings. In control animals, the relative weights (mg/gm body weight) of testes, seminal vesicles, and ovaries were greater than in malnourished rats. However, relative weights of those organs in hormone‐treated, malnourished animals were greater than in those subjected to malnutrition alone and still greater than in controls. Normal sexual cranial dimorphism (SCD) was decreased 16% by male castration, 23% by malnutrition, and 83% by estradiol treatment in malnourished females. On the other hand, normal SCD was increased 20% by female castration and more than 200% by testosterone treatment in malnourished males. All monosexual comparisons corroboratedthe bisexual range of distances found. Testicular but not ovarian secretions seemed to influence sexual cranial dimorphism. Malnutrition delayed SCD because of a deficiency of testosterone level in stressed males. It is suggested that estradiol in females may counteract sexual cranial development and that its inhibitory effect may be additive to the testosterone deficit evoked by malnutrition.
Genetic and environmental effects on growth of children from a subsistence agricultural community in Southern Mexico
Authors: Little Bertis B. , Malina Robert M. , Buschang Peter H. , Demoss John H. , Little Lori R.
Published: February 2006

Sibling correlations for size attained in height, weight, sitting height, estimated leg length, the triceps skinfold, arm circumference, and estimated midarm muscle circumference were compared in 6‐ through 13‐year‐old schoolchildren grouped by household socioeconomic status. The children were residents of a Zapotec‐speaking, subsistence agricultural community in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Sibling pairs were classified as being from high and low socioeconomic status (SES) households, and sibling correlations were computed within each SES group controlling for environmental effects derived from a factor analysis of information on household demography and land and livestock holdings. Like‐sex, siblings from lower SES households have significantly different correlations in four instances. Correlations are higher for leg length in lower SES brothers and higher for sitting height and weight in lower SES sisters, while the correlation for sitting height is higher in upper SES brothers. The sibling correlation results are not entirely consistent with observations on growth status by SES, particularly if the power and similarity of a common environment is the only cause of higher sibling correlations. Reduced body size under poorer socioeconomic and presumably nutritional circumstances is apparent, but it is not possible in this analysis to distinguish whether genotypic (developmental) plasticity or genetic adaptation, or both, are involved.
Dental caries, enamel composition, and subsistence among prehistoric Amerindians of Ohio
Authors: Schneider Kim N.
Published: February 2006

Six populations of prehistoric Amerindians from Ohio are sampled to establish the relationship of enamel composition and dental caries experience. The populations used included groups practicing hunting‐gather‐ing‐fishing and maize horticulture, and they represent at least two major cultural traditions, the Late Archaic/Glacial Kame (1000–500 BC) and the Fort Ancient and Sandusky Bay Traditions (AD) 1200–1600). Characterization of enamel composition is achieved using scanning electron microscopy energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Thirteen elements present are quantified, and they are analyzed with respect to each population's subsistence base using correspondence analysis. Evaluations of cariogenic and cariostatic effects of elements are made on the basis of caries frequency comparisons among the populations. Results indicate that zinc, copper, iron, nickel, and calcium‐phosphorus ratio distinguish populations exhibiting high, moderate, and low caries frequency as well as discriminate hunter‐gatherers from maize horticulturalists.
Genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. The Dunga Gali population in species‐wide perspective
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Jolly Clifford J. , Kidd Kenneth K.
Published: February 2006

Genetic variability in a population of wild rhesus monkeys near the village of Dunga Gali, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan (Melnick et al., Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63: 341–360, 1984) was compared to similar variation in other wild‐caught rhesus monkeys. Regional samples of rhesus from different parts of Asia all displayed similar amounts of variation (i.e., P and Hi) and were consistently more variable than the Dunga Gali local population. Despite these differences in the level of genetic variation, genetic diversity is fairly evenly distributed across the species range. Thus only 3–9% of the total gene diversity of Macaca mulatta can be attributed to differences among major regions. The differences that do exist tend toward a weak geographic cline with clustering of populations into an eastern and a western group. Both selection and drift/migration models explain this general genetic homogeneity. More genetic (protein and DNA) and zoogeographic data are necessary to choose between these models.
Dental metric assessment of the Omo fossils: Implications for the phylogenetic position of Australopithecus africanus
Authors: Hunt Kevin , Vitzthum Virginia J.
Published: February 2006

The discovery of Australopithecus afarensis has led to new interpretations of hominid phylogeny, some of which reject A. africanus as an ancestor of Homo. Analysis of buccolingual tooth crown dimensions in australopithecines and Homo species by Johanson and White (Science 202:321–330, 1979) revealed that the South African gracile australopithecines are intermediate in size between Laetoli/Hadar hominids and South African robust hominids. Homo, on the other hand, displays dimensions similar to those of A. afarensis and smaller than those of other australopithecines. These authors conclude, therefore, that A. africanus is derived in the direction of A. robustus and is not an ancestor of the Homo clade. However, there is a considerable time gap (ca. 800,000 years) between the Laetoli/Hadar specimens and the earliest Homo specimens; “gracile” hominids from Omo fit into this chronological gap and are from the same geographic area. Because the early specimens at Omo have been designated A. afarensis and the later specimens classified as Homo habilis, Omo offers a unique opportunity to test hypotheses concerning hominid evolution, especially regarding the phylogenetic status of A. africanus. Comparisons of mean cheek teeth breadths disclosed the significant (P ⩽ 0.05) differences between the Omo sample and the Laetoli/Hadar fossils (P4, M2, and M3), the Homo fossils (P3, P4, M1, M2, and M1), and A. africanus (M3). Of the several possible interpretations of these data, it appears that the high degree of similarity between the Omo sample and the South African gracile australopithecine material warrants considering the two as geographical variants of A. africanus. The geographic, chronologic, and metric attributes of the Omo sample argue for its lineal affinity with A. afarensis and Homo. In conclusion, a consideration of hominid postcanine dental metrics provides no basis for removing A. africanus from the ancestry of the Homo lineage.
Morphometrics of the anterior dentition in strepsirhine primates
Authors: Eaglen Robert H.
Published: February 2006

Size variations in the anterior dentition were analyzed for 26 species of strepsirhine primates. The upper and lower incisor rows of strepsirhines, like those of anthropoid primates, scale isometrically with body size. Within the order Primates, strepsirhines exhibit the smallest incisors relative to body size, followed in increasing size by tarsiers, platyrrhines, and catarrhines. If the lateral teeth of the indriid toothcomb are interpreted as incisors and not canines, correlations between mandibular tooth size variables and body weight are maximized. The upper incisors of strepsirhines are extremely small and frequently widely separated, most likely to minimize occlusion with the toothcomb. Species deviations for assorted size variables of the anterior dentition generally fail to reflect functional variations in the use of the anterior teeth; some of the variables, however, do reflect taxonomic differences within the Strepsirhini. Although toothcomb size variations among extant strepsirhines are more readily interpreted in terms of gum feeding and bark scraping than they are in terms of grooming, anterior dental morphology as a whole is more easily explained by a grooming hypothesis when existing models of toothcomb origins are considered.
Convergence of genetic distances in a migration matrix model
Authors: Wood James W.
Published: February 2006

A recurring problem with the use of migration matrix models of genetic differentiation has to do with their convergence properties. In practice, predictions can be drawn from these models only at equilibrium; but in the case of the standard predictors (most of which are modifications of Wright's FST), it can take an unrealistically large number of generations to approach equilibrium. An alternative set of predictors, the set of all pairwise genetic distances among the populations that define the rows and columns of the migration matrix, is investigated here. These distances are shown analytically to converge much more rapidly than the more commonly used predictors. In an application of the model to migration data on a human population from Papua New Guinea, it takes only about three to four generations for the pairwise distances to converge, in contrast to more than 100 generations for one of the standard predictors. In this case, moreover, the distances predicted by the model at equilibrium are similar to those calculated from the available genetic data.
Topological description of Easter Islander palmar dermatoglyphics
Authors: Goodson Cheryl Sorenson , Meier Robert J.
Published: February 2006

A sample of 594 Easter Islander palms was analyzed according to the topological method. Some suggestions for clarification of the topological approach were made, including clearer definition of the palmar triradii and substitution of the term “profile” for “formula.” The frequency of Easter Islander profiles was compared against British and Australian Aborigine samples (Loesch, 1974; 1983a,b) and found to be significantly different for two of the ten most common combinations. The individual pattern elements, pattern intensities, a‐b count, A‐line exit, and atd angle were described, with population comparisons made when they were available.
Estimating mortality in skeletal populations: Influence of the growth rate on the interpretation of levels and trends during the transition to agriculture
Authors: Johansson S. Ryan , Horowitz S.
Published: February 2006

Traditional paleodemographic methods of estimating mortality have been based on unrealistic assumptions about the prevalence of closed and stationary populations. When a living closed population was growing, the mean age at death of its skeletal survivors will be shifted below its true life expectancy. For declining populations, the mean age at death will be higher than true underlying life expectancy at birth. The faster the rate of growth, the larger and more curvilinear is the displacement. Mortality estimates can only be extracted from skeletal populations via an independent estimate of the growth rate. Fertility levels, however, can be estimated directly. The empirical importance of growth rate‐dependent mortality estimates is demonstrated by reinterpreting mean‐age‐at‐death data from several populations before and after the agricultural revolution; with detailed consideration given to the Old World populations of Acsadi and Nemeskeri and a New World population from central Illinois.
Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error
Authors: Charles Douglas K. , Condon Keith , Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: February 2006

In order to test the feasibility of cementum annulations to estimate age in humans, observer error and tooth variability in cementum ring counts were evaluated in a sample of 42 mandibular canine and first premolar pairs. Additionally, two sectioning techniques were evaluated. Demineralized thin sections (7 μm) stained with hematoxylin are the preferred technique since their age related variance is greater than 75% for all tooth types examined. In contrast, less than 50% of the total variance was accounted for among individuals when mineralized sections (80 μm) stained with alizarin red were used. Intertooth variability in ring counts of demineralized sections was large between canines and premolars (43%). Premolars provide counts with lower interobserver error and are the preferred tooth. In an expanded sample (N = 51) of demineralized premolars, intraobserver and interobserver error accounted for 2% and 5% of the total variance, respectively. Evaluation of several experimental designs showed that increasing the number of slides per tooth has the greatest effect on reducing variance followed by increasing the number of observers. Increasing the number of observations has little effect. Cementum ring counts are measurable to a highly repeatable extent and provide a level of repeatability greater than that reported for the pubic symphysis and auricular surface aging techniques.
Ecological significance of hypometabolism in nonhuman primates: Allometry, adaptation, and deviant diets
Authors: Kurland Jeffrey A. , Pearson Jay D.
Published: February 2006

The “Kleiber relationship” describes the interspecific allometry between body size and metabolism. Like other allometric relationships, the Kleiber relationship not only summarizes scaling effects across species but also provides a standard by which species can be compared. One well‐noted deviation from the Kleiber relationship is “hypometabolism”: metabolic rates below that expected for a given size. It has been suggested in the literature that hypometabolism may be 1) a primitive mammalian trait, 2) a thermoregulatory adaptation, 3) an adaptation to arboreal folivory, or 4) an adaptation to a diet that is deviant for body size. Data on primate physiology and behavior are used to evaluate these hypotheses. Only the deviant‐diet hypothesis is supported by the data on nonhuman primates. Indeed, the Jarman‐Bell relationship, which is the basis for this hypothesis, provides a more coherent explanation of correlated features of animal physiology and behavior than do the alternative models. Hypometabolism may be an energy‐conserving adaptation to a variety of nutritional stresses. The present analysis underscores the point that metabolic rate, like foraging behavior, should be thought of as evolutionarily labile.
Rates of evolution: Is there a conflict between neo‐darwinian evolutionary theory and the fossil record?
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: February 2006

Neo‐darwinian and population genetics theory assumes that the necessary and sufficient set of conditions for all genetic, therefore evolutionary, change has been identified. Punctuationalists have assumed the opposite and cite the fossil record as evidence for change too rapid to be explained in neo‐darwinian theory. Data is given here to provide estimates of the rate of evolution in hominid fossils, in living populations, and of that rate which would qualify as punctuational in the hominid fossil record. Evolution in living populations is orders of magnitude greater than that found in the fossil record and far greater than necessary to create apparently instantaneous saltations in the fossil record. It is suggested that such saltations may not represent more rapid rates of evolution but, rather, the persistence of evolutionary change in a given direction for a longer than normal period.
Some secular changes in body height and proportion of Japanese medical students
Authors: Ohyama Shiro , Hisanaga Akira , Inamasu Takeo , Yamamoto Akiyo , Hirata Miyuki , Ishinishi Noburu
Published: February 2006

Anthropometric dimensions of 738 medical students at Kyushu University in Japan were analyzed to determine secular changes of height and body proportions during a 20‐year period. Since 1961, means of standing height, leg length, and ratio of leg length to standing height have increased, although the rate of increase from 1971 to 1981 has been rather slow. On the contrary, the mean sitting height × 100/standing height has declined during this same period. Compared with data on the Japanese general population, the medical students were considerably taller, but the difference has decreased.
Kebara 2 Neanderthal pelvis: First look at a complete inlet
Authors: Rak Y. , Arensburg B.
Published: February 2006

The renewed excavations at the Kebara Cave revealed a Neanderthal skeleton dated at about 50–55,000 years B.P. The pelvis of this individual is the most intact Neanderthal pelvis yet discovered, presenting for the first time a complete inlet. Although the superior pubic ramus is extremely long, as typically seen in the Neanderthals, the size of the pelvic inlet is comparable to that of modern Homo sapiens. The length of the superior pubic ramus is found to stem from a more externally rotated innominate bone and not, as generally assumed, from the larger pelvic inlet. It is suggested that the uniqueness of the Neanderthal pelvis may be attributable to locomotion and posture‐related biomechanics rather than to obstetric requirements.
Polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) among primates: An evolutionary analysis
Authors: Constans J. , Gouaillard C. , Bouissou C. , Dugoujon J. M.
Published: February 2006

The distribution of the DBP (vitamin D binding protein) polymorphism is now well characterized among human populations but for primates only limited results are known. The aim of this paper is to describe the electrophoretic polymorphism of this protein among various species. Using three different electrophoretic methods, we are able to detect an unknown polymorphism and to classify the different alleles observed. These results may be used to set an international nomenclature for further comparisons. The different electrophoretic mobilities between Old and New World Monkeys show that: 1) the Cercopithecoïdea are presenting the largest genetic heterogeneity; 2) the DBP among the Galago corresponds to the lowest isoelectric points observed among Primates; 3) during the evolution from nonhuman Primates to Man, the DBP is able to keep its affinity for vitamin D derivatives despite the occurrence of significant molecular modifications; 4) among Anthropoïdea, the electrophoretic patterns of DBP are very close to the human Gc 1 proteins.

These results show that evolution at the DBP level can be considered as a continous mechanism of structural modifications. A significant transition occurs during the differentiation between Cercopithecoïdea and Anthropoïdea. It is not too speculative to consider that some electrophoretic forms detected among Gorilla, Pongo, or Pan may be identical to rare variants observed among humans.
Standards of arm muscle by stature for the assessment of nutritional status of children
Authors: Frisancho A. R. , Tracer D. P.
Published: February 2006

This study is based on a sample of 9,134 children ranging in age from 2 to 17 years from which the excessively lean and fat children by skinfold thickness were excluded. This sample was derived from the combined data sets of the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) of 1971–1974 and 1976–1980. Means and percentiles of upper arm muscle area were calculated for 3 cm increments in stature from 84 to 184 cm for boys and from 84 to 176 cm for girls. Based on means, Z‐score units, and percentile ranges of upper arm muscle area by stature, five operational categories of nutritional status have been established. It is recommended that these standards and this classification system be used to supplement current standards of weight for age and weight for height in order to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.
Cross‐cultural correlations of childhood growth and adult breast cancer
Authors: Micozzi Marc S.
Published: February 2006

International differences in breast cancer incidence and mortality, and studies on Japanese migrants to the United States, point to the importance of environmental factors, including diet and nutrition, in the etiology of breast cancer. Some studies have suggested that dietary patterns in early life are important to the long‐term risk of breast cancer. Given that human growth is partially a function of early dietary intake, cross‐cultural correlations between breast cancer rates and anthropometric variables measured at different times in childhood provide additional information about the association of early nutrition and cancer. In this study, the associations between food consumption and anthropometric variables, and childhood growth patterns (attained size at age) and adult breast cancer rates, were considered. Data from cross‐sectional growth studies conducted during the years 1956–1971 on children aged 6–18 years were obtained for age‐specific stature, sitting height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, arm and chest circumferences, and biacromial and biiliac diameters. National food consumption data were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and socioeconomic status indicators from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Cancer incidence data for the years 1972–1977 were obtained from regional cancer registries reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and mortality data for 1978 were obtained from national cancer registries around the world.

Significant correlations were seen between national food consumption data and childhood growth (attained size at age); between cancer incidence and age‐specific stature (r = 0.68), weight (r = 0.59), triceps skinfold thickness (r = 0.78), and biacromial width (r = 0.84); and between mortality and age‐specific stature (r = 0.77), weight (r = 0.75), and biacromial width (r = 0.78). In general, the correlation coefficients of the observed anthropometric variables with breast cancer increase with increasing age and become highly significant at ages 13–14 years, reflecting cumulative childhood nutritional intake.
Toe and plantar dermatoglyphics in adult American Caucasians
Authors: Fox Kathleen M. , Plato Chris C.
Published: February 2006

The scarcity of information on control data of toe and plantar dermatoglyphics led us to undertake this study of adult American Caucasians. Toe and sole prints of 168 male and 83 female participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were analyzed. Toe pattern frequencies demonstrate that fibular loops are the most prevalent pattern on the toes in both males and females. Pattern distribution by digit shows that arches are most often located on the fifth toe while whorls are found with greatest frequency on the third toe. Plantar pattern frequencies indicate that the most common pattern found in the hallucal area is the distal loop. Open fields are frequently found in the II and IV interdigital areas while distal loops are prevalent in the III area. These results are compared to the finger and palmar patterns of the same individuals. The distribution of patterns on the toes and fingers of the same individuals appear to be quite different. Population comparisons did not demonstrate a clear racial difference in the toe pattern frequencies or in the plantar areas.
A family study of dermatoglyphic traits in India: Segregation analysis of accessory palmar triradii and the atd angle
Authors: Gilligan S. B. , Borecki I. B. , Mathew S. , Vijaykumar M. , Malhotra K. C. , Rao D. C.
Published: February 2006

Accessory triradii and the atd angle were examined via complex segregation analysis in order to evaluate possible genetic effects on these dermatoglyphic traits, measured in an endogamous Brahmin caste of peninsular India. The phenotypes considered included: presence of accessory palmar triradii a′ and d′, associated with the interdigital areas II and IV, respectively; presence of an accessory axial triradius tt′ associated with the proximal margin of the palm; and an arctanh‐transformation of the atd angle measurement. For all accessory triradii considered in the present investigation familial resemblance was evident. The most parsimonious model which could account for the observed resemblance was a multifactorial model that includes polygenic effects as well as transmissible environmental effects that are inherited in the same pattern as polygenes. Evidence of familial resemblance was also found for the arctanh‐transformed atd angle, which could be attributed, initially, to both a major effect and a multifactorial component. Tests of transmission of a putative major gene were performed which yielded results consistent with Mendelian transmission, although an alternative test of no transmission of the major effect also fit the data. In light of these contrasting results we are precluded from accepting with confidence the notion of a major gene influence on the atd angle. We have concluded that the accessory triradii a′, d′, and tt′, and the atd angle are influenced by multifactorial effects, including additive polygenes and possible environmental factors, such as intrauterine effects.
Distribution of HLA antigens in Kotas and Badagas of the Nilgiri Hills, South India
Authors: Selvakumar A. , Raj B. K. Mohan , Damodaran C. , Sekharan P. Chandra
Published: February 2006

Blood samples from 103 Kotas and 58 Badagas residing in the Nilgiri Hills, South India, were examined for HLA‐A and ‐B antigen profiles. The Kota group was characterized by fairly high frequencies of A2 and B7 antigens as well as the haplotype A2‐B7. The frequencies of Aw19, A28, and Bw22 were found to be higher in Badagas than in Kotas. The results are compared with the literature available on other Indian populations.
The age–sex structure of the slave population in Harris County, Texas: 1850 and 1860
Authors: Hutchinson Janis
Published: February 2006

The effect of the slave system on demography can be revealed by examining the age–sex structure of slave populations. The age–sex structure of slaves in Harris County, Texas is investigated using the 1850 and 1860 slave schedules. Median ages for black and mulatto slaves suggest that the population was young. Population pyramids exhibit a narrow base and top with a broad middle. The high proportion of slaves between 10 and 30 years of age and the increase in population size between 1850 and 1860 were mainly related to the importation of slaves and only partly due to natural increase. The data also show that black slaves were older on small plantations while mulattoes were older on larger farms. It is suggested that differential treatment in terms of purchase practices, assignment of tasks, food allocation, and/ or differential susceptibility to infectious diseases may account for this pattern.
Admixture in a biologically African caste of Black Americans
Authors: Wienker Curtis W.
Published: February 2006

Social and historical factors account for much of the variation in European ancestry among different Black American populations, including that of McNary, Arizona. The Black population of McNary is socioculturally and geographically isolated. Admixture estimates based upon reflectometry and serological data suggest that this population has less than 5% European ancestry. Anthropometric and hemoglobin data also suggest that this population is more African in ancestry than other Black American populations. Admixture estimates for the population are complicated by several factors. Genetic drift has probably affected Black McNary; estimated effective population size (Ne) is 52.11 and the coefficient of breeding isolation is less than 50. Frequencies of the alleles B, O, and r support this hypothesis; they are quite atypical for a Black American group. Selective migration and occupational selection may also have influenced the current genetic composition of Black McNary. Over 80% of the Black residents of McNary were born in backwoods lumbering towns in the American South. Most Black families in McNary trace their economic reliance on lumbering back several generations. Historical sources and demographic data from Black McNary suggest that Southern Black millworking families formed an endogamous unit that produced this caste, which has a relatively small amount of European ancestry.
Polymorphisms in eruption sequence of permanent teeth in American children
Authors: Smith B. Holly , Garn Stanley M.
Published: February 2006

This study provides basic descriptive data on the frequency of pairwise eruption sequences ascertained in cross‐sectional examination of 6,000 black and white American children in the Ten State Nutritional Survey of 1968–1970. All sex and race groups share a distinct pattern of sequence polymorphisms in terms of location, number, and level. Teeth in eruption phase I (M1, I1, I2) rarely reverse in sequence with those in phase II (C, P1, P2, and M2). Five sequences have variants that appear at ≥20% in all groups, with M1I1 vs. I1M1 approaching maximum polymorphic values of 50%/50%. The traditional notation for eruption sequences can be modified to reflect these important variants, giving the sequence M1 I1 I2 [P1 C P2] M2 for the maxilla and [M1 I1] I2 [C P1] [P2 M2] for the mandible. The location of major polymorphisms is explicable by close timing of teeth within phase I and, separately, teeth within phase II eruption. However, strong integration of development of physically adjacent teeth apparently acts to reduce substantially the number of sequence reversals. The Ten State Survey data provide a sound descriptive basis for two populations, yet precise comparative data are available for few other human groups or primate species.
Connective tissue responses in blacks in relation to disease: Further observations
Authors: Polednak Anthony P.
Published: February 2006

Additional information is presented in support of the hypothesis (Polednak: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 41:49–58, 1974) that in some black populations certain connective‐tissue responses, which are involved in protection against infection and repair after injury, also may predispose to specific chronic diseases. These diseases include some autoimmune disorders (i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma) and various benign and malignant tumors involving connective‐tissue cells. Complex interactions between genetic factors (HLA and non‐HLA loci) and environmental agents may be involved both in the etiology of these autoimmune diseases and in population differences in the incidence of these diseases. A framework is reviewed whereby cellular responses to infectious agents, involving chiefly immunoglobulin‐producing cells and macrophages, may have consequences in terms of pathogenesis of specific chronic diseases more common in some black populations. The possible role of natural selection in maintaining some of these diseases is also considered, along with the need for involvement of biomedical anthropologists in their investigation.
Artificial grooves on the Krapina Neanderthal teeth
Authors: Frayer David W. , Russell Mary D.
Published: February 2006

Gross and microscopic examination of the Krapina Neanderthal dental remains reveals the presence of artificial grooves along the cemento‐enamel junction of 14 teeth representing ten different individuals. The grooves display distinct morphological features including their consistent location (primarily on the mesial and/or distal root walls), their troughlike appearance, striations and/or polishing in the channel, and the ridges of reactive cementum bordering the groove. These grooves occur only on erupted, permanent teeth, and except for a single occurence on a lower 12, all are located on mandibular or maxillary P4‐M3. The morphological nature of the grooves is distinct and has been used to distinguish these grooves from root caries and other pathological or natural causes. Based on the close resemblance between artificial grooves at Krapina and those which have been attributed to toothpick use in other fossil and recent populations, we argue the Krapina Neanderthals were habitually probing the interproximal dental spaces with tools.
Isolation by distance in Middle Dalmatia—Yugoslavia
Authors: Rudan Pavao , Šimić Diana , Smolej‐Narančić Nina , Bennett Linda A. , Janićijević Branka , Jovanović Veljko , Lethbridge Margaret F. , Miličić Jasna , Roberts Derek F. , Sujoldžíc Anita , Szirovicza Lajos
Published: February 2006

Parameters of Malécot's isolation‐by‐distance model are estimated for biological (anthropometric head and body dimensions, morphometric dimensions of metacarpal bones, quantitative and qualitative dermatoglyphic traits, and physiological/cardiorespiratory/variables) and linguistic distances and migrational kinship on the island of Korčula and the Pelješac peninsula in Middle Dalmatia, Croatia, Yugoslavia. Resulting parameters and the fit of the model are compared, for both regions, as well as with results of similar analysis in other parts of the world. The fit of the model is highly significant for migrational kinship and linguistic distances and less so for biological traits. Differences between these two populations, which live under basically similar ecological conditions, are explained by variation in biological and sociocultural history.
Anthropometric evaluation of dysmorphology in craniofacial anomalies: Treacher Collins syndrome
Authors: Kolar J. C. , Munro I. R. , Farkas L. G.
Published: February 2006

Advances in surgical techniques for correction of craniofacial anomalies have necessitated the development of objective pre‐ and postoperative quantitative assessments. Standard anthropometric techniques, supplemented by additional methods oriented to specific clinical problems, have proved useful in defining surface dysmorphology in craniofacial patients. A series of 77 surface measurements of the head and face and 41 proportions were determined in 20 preoperative patients with Treacher Collins syndrome, a rare congenital defect of the first and second branchial arches. To permit comparison with age‐ and sex‐specific data for healthy North American children, the patient data were converted to standard (Z) scores. To test the hypothesis Z = 0, Student's t‐test was performed on all variables. The anthropometric findings verified many of the clinical findings in this syndrome. In addition, a number of previously unreported defects were found. The cranium was low and short with a low, narrow forehead and a narrow cranial base. The face was narrow and shallow, the mandible long and narrow, and the lower face receding. The eye fissures were short with an antimongoloid inclination, but the orbits were hyperteloric. The nasal root was high and wide, the nasofrontal angle open, and the bridge inclination low. The labial fissure was narrow, and the ears were microtic. Except in the nasal root the defects were hypoplastic. Most of these defects were either horizontal or anteroposterior. Recognition of the defective areas and their contribution to disproportions of the head and face is important in the development of surgical strategies.
Craniofacial variation and growth in the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Meaney F. John , Butler Merlin G.
Published: February 2006

A study of anthropometric variation and craniofacial growth in individuals with the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi syndrome (PLWS) illustrates the utility of anthropometry in clinical evaluation and research. Anthropometric measurements, including head length and breadth, minimum frontal diameter, and head circumference, were obtained on 38 PLWS individuals (21 with chromosome 15 deletions) with an age range from 2 weeks to 39 years. No anthropometric differences were found between the two chromosome subgroups. A relative deceleration in the growth of certain craniofacial dimensions (head circumference and length) is suggested by the negative correlations between age and Z‐scores for the measurements. Raw values for minimum frontal diameter and head breadth were near or below the 5th percentile curve, while almost all values for head length and circumference fell within normal limits. The data support suggestions that dolichocephaly be considered an early diagnostic feature of PLWS. Furthermore, the status of narrow bifrontal diameter as a major feature of PLWS is confirmed.
Craniofacial pattern profile (CFPP) evaluation of facial dysmorphology in a familial syndrome with corneal anesthesia and multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Saksena Sudha S. , Ramos‐Arroyo Maria A. , Hodes M. E.
Published: February 2006

Roentgencephalometric findings are presented for a family with an unusual facial morphology. Twenty measurements defining the size and shape of major anatomic areas of the head and face were taken. The measurements were transformed into Z‐scores. Using the σz (i.e., standard deviation of the Z‐scores) value, an estimate of craniofacial pattern deviation from the norms was made for each family member. All members of this family have highly aberrant, i.e., dysmorphic, craniofacial pattern profiles.

Familial as well as syndromic craniofacial similarities vs. dissimilarities between Z‐score values of pairs of family members were assessed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient rz. Results of correlation coefficients demonstrate a high level (far in excess of the expected value of rz0.05) of craniofacial pattern profile (CFPP) similarity between sibs and between sibs and their mother. This strongly suggests that the two sibs and their mother are the carrier of the same genetic syndrome.
Comparative study of normal, Crouzon, and Apert craniofacial morphology using finite element scaling analysis
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: February 2006

Finite element scaling analysis is used to study differences in morphology between the craniofacial complex of normal individuals and those affected with the syndromes of Apert and Crouzon. Finite element scaling quantifies the differences in shape and size between forms without reference to any fixed, arbitrary registration point or orientation line and measures the amount of form change required to deform one object into another. Two dimensional coordinates of landmarks digitized from annual sets of cephalo‐metric radiographs were used in the analysis. A simple tabulation shows no difference in variances between the normal and pathological samples. A test of mean differences depicts the Apert and Crouzon morphologies as significantly different from normal. The Apert palate differs from normal in shape in the older age groups analyzed, and palatal size differences are most common at the posterior nasal spine. The Apert pituitary fossa and basi‐occiput are significantly larger than normal. The Crouzon pituitary fossa is also larger than normal, but the difference is not always significant. The typical morphology of the Crouzon nose is due more to differences in shape than size. The Crouzon basi‐occiput is significantly smaller than normal. An age association of the differences between the normal and pathological craniofacies was found in Apert syndrome but not in Crouzon syndrome. Apert syndrome is characterized by a more homogeneous pattern of craniofacial dysmorphology from 6 months to 18 years of age than Crouzon syndrome.
A radiographic study of porotic hyperostosis
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam P.
Published: February 2006

Skull lesions known as porotic hyperostosis have been of interest to researchers since the mid‐19th century. The etiology of porotic hyperostosis has long been a matter for speculation yet there has never been complete acceptance or substantiation of any one of the many theories proposed. Today the most widely accepted theory suggests that anemias of either acquired or genetic origin are responsible for porotic hyperostosis. The present study tests this hypothesis using criteria which were chosen after the examination of clinical radiographs of patients with various types of anemia. These criteria are: the presence of “hair‐on‐end” trabeculation, outer table thinning, texture changes, diploic thickening, orbital roof thickening, orbital rim changes, and the underdevelopment of frontal sinuses.

A comparison of these criteria from the clinical X‐rays with X‐rays of skulls with porotic hyperostosis provides a more rigorous, repeatable, and standardized method upon which to base a diagnosis. This approach enables radiography to provide the necessary link between the clinical and anthropological with which to investigate the origin of porotic hyperostosis.
Porotic hyperostosis: New evidence to support the anemia theory
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam P.
Published: February 2006

The etiology of skull lesions known as porotic hyperostosis has long been a matter for speculation. The most widely accepted theory at present suggests that an anemia, either acquired or genetic, is responsible for lesion development. However, acceptance of this theory is not universal and the nature of the relationship between orbital and vault lesions remains a controversial issue. This paper provides a much broader field of supportive evidence on which to base the anemia theory. This involves a synthesis of information from the clinical and anthropological literature as well as new data from two skeletal collections: Poundbury Camp, a Romano‐British series, and the Hodgson collection, a 19th century East Asian series. A comparison is made between clinical and anthropological data at the macroscopic, microscopic, radiographic, and demographic levels of analysis. This approach reveals the similarities in expression between clinically diagnosed anemias and porotic hyperostosis.
Cranial morphometry of early hominids: Facial region
Authors: Bilsborough A. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

We report here on early hominid facial diversity, as part of a more extensive morphometric survey of cranial variability in Pliocene and early Pleistocene Hominidae. Univariate and multivariate techniques are used to summarise variation in facial proportions in South and East African hominids, and later Quaternary groups are included as comparators in order to scale the variation displayed.

The results indicate that “robust” australopithecines have longer, broader faces than the “gracile” form, but that all australopithecine species show comparable degrees of facial projection. “Robust” crania are characterised by anteriorly situated, deep malar processes that slope forwards and downwards. Smaller hominid specimens, formally or informally assigned to Homo (H. habilis, KNM‐ER 1813, etc.), have individual facial dimensions that usually fall within the range of Australopithecus africanus, but which in combination reveal a significantly different morphological pattern; SK 847 shows similarly hominine facial proportions, which differ significantly from those of A. robustus specimens from Swartkrans. KNM‐ER 1470 possesses a facial pattern that is basically hominine, but which in some respects mimics that of “robust” australopithecines. Early specimens referred to H. erectus possess facial proportions that contrast markedly with those of other Villafranchian hominids and which suggest differing masticatory forces, possibly reflecting a shift in dietary niche.

Overall the results indicate two broad patterns of facial proportions in Hominidae: one is characteristic of Pliocene/basal Pleistocene forms with opposite polarities represented by A. boisei and H. habilis; the other pattern, which typifies hominids from the later Lower Pleistocene onwards, is first found in specimens widely regarded as early representatives of H. erectus, but which differ in which certain respects from the face of later members of that species.
Lucy's length: Stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.288–1) with implications for other small‐bodied hominids
Authors: Jungers William L.
Published: February 2006

New stature estimates are provided for A.L.288‐1 (Australopithecus afarensis) based on (1) the relationship between femur length and stature in separate samples of human pygmies and pygmy chimpanzees and (2) model II regression alternatives to standard least‐squares methods. Estimates from the two samples are very similar and converge on a value of approximately 3′6″ for “Lucy.” These results are compared to prior estimates and extended to other small‐bodied hominids such as STS‐14 and O.H.62. A new foot‐to‐stature ratio is also estimated for A.L.288–1, and its potential biomechanical significance for gait is evaluated in comparison to other groups.
Morphology of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis from Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. , Leakey M. G. , Walker A. C.
Published: February 2006

The type specimen of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis recently recovered from northern Kenya preserves a partial cranium and mandible. This specimen, together with postcranial elements that are probably associated with it, and two additional specimens are described. The collection is compared with other Miocene hominoids.
Morphology of Afropithecus turkanensis from Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. , Leakey M. G. , Walker A. C.
Published: February 2006

Forty‐six specimens of a large Miocene hominoid, Afropithecus turkanensis, recently recovered from northern Kenya preserve many morphological details that are described. The specimens include cranial, mandibular, and postcranial parts. They are compared briefly with other Miocene hominoids. It is suggested that Afropithecus may have affinities with Heliopithecus, Kenyapithecus, and the large hominoid from Moroto and Napak, although it is noted that the comparative material is limited in the number of common anatomical parts preserved.