bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GIS-based classroom management system to support COVID-19 social distance planning
Authors: Lokhande Trupti , Yang Xining , Xie Yichun , Cook Katherine , Liang Jianyuan , LaBelle Shannon , Meyers Cassidy
Published: May 2022

Schools across the United States and around the world canceled in-person classes beginning in March 2020 to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus, a public health emergency. Many empirical pieces of research have demonstrated that educational institutions aid students’ overall growth and studies have stressed the importance of prioritizing in-person learning to cultivate social values through education. Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers and school administrators have been making plans to reopen schools. However, few scientific studies had been done to support planning classroom seating while complying with the social distancing policy. To ensure a safe return to campus, we designed a ‘community-safe’ method for classroom management that incorporates social distancing and computes seating capacity. In this paper, we present custom GIS tools developed for two types of classroom settings – classrooms with fixed seating and classrooms with movable seating. The fixed model tool is based on an optimized backtracking algorithm. Our flexible model tool can consider various classroom dimensions, fixtures, and a safe social distance. The tool is built on a python script that can be executed to calculate revised seating capacity to maintain a safe social distance for any defined space. We present a real-world implementation of the system at Eastern Michigan University, United States, where it was used to support campus reopening planning in 2020. Our proposed GIS-based technique could be applicable for seating planning in other indoor and outdoor settings.
Tyranny and Revolution
Authors: Newell Waller R.
Published: May 2022

The Philosophy of Freedom from Rousseau to Heidegger launched a great protest against modern liberal individualism, inspired by the virtuous political community of the ancient Greeks. Hegel argued that the progress of history was gradually bringing about greater freedom and restoring our lost sense of community. But his successors Marx, Nietzsche and Heidegger rejected Hegel's version of the end of history with its legitimization of the bourgeois nation-state. They sought to replace it with ever more utopian, apocalyptic and illiberal visions of the future: Marx's Socialism, Nietzsche's Overman, and Heidegger's commitment to Nazism. This book combines an exceptionally clear and rich study of these thinkers with a deep dive into the extent to which their views fed the political catastrophes of revolution, tyranny and genocide, including the Jacobins, Bolsheviks, Nazis, Khmer Rouge, ISIS and populist nationalism, but argues that the Philosophy of Freedom remains indispensable for understanding today's world.
Lobe Reconnection and Cusp‐Aligned Auroral Arcs
Authors: Milan S. E. , Bower G. E. , Carter J. A. , Paxton L. J. , Anderson B. J. , Hairston M. R.
Published: May 2022

Following the St. Patrick's Day (17 March) geomagnetic storm of 2013, the interplanetary magnetic field had near‐zero clock angle for almost two days. Throughout this period multiple cusp‐aligned auroral arcs formed in the polar regions; we present observations of, and provide a new explanation for, this poorly understood phenomenon. The arcs were observed by auroral imagers onboard satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Ionospheric flow measurements and observations of energetic particles from the same satellites show that the arcs were produced by inverted‐V precipitation associated with upward field‐aligned currents (FACs) at shears in the convection pattern. The large‐scale convection pattern revealed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network and the corresponding FAC pattern observed by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment suggest that dual‐lobe reconnection was ongoing to produce significant closure of the magnetosphere. However, we propose that once the magnetosphere became nearly closed complicated lobe reconnection geometries arose that produced interleaving of regions of open and closed magnetic flux and spatial and temporal structure in the convection pattern that evolved on timescales shorter than the orbital period of the DMSP spacecraft. This new model naturally explains many features of cusp‐aligned arcs, including why they focus in from the nightside toward the cusp region.
Changes in Freshwater Distribution and Pathways in the Arctic Ocean Since 2007 in the Mercator Ocean Global Operational System
Authors: Bertosio Cécilia , Provost Christine , Athanase Marylou , Sennéchael Nathalie , Garric Gilles , Lellouche Jean‐Michel , Bricaud Clément , Kim Joo‐Hong , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Park Taewook
Published: May 2022

Low‐salinity waters in the upper Arctic Ocean, referred to as “freshwaters”, are cold and play a major role in isolating the sea ice cover from the heat stored in the salty Atlantic Waters (AW) underneath. We examined changes in Arctic freshwater distribution and circulation since 2007 using the 1/12° global Mercator Ocean operational model. We first evaluated model simulations over the upper water column in the Arctic Ocean, using nearly 20,000 independent in situ temperature‐salinity profiles over the 2007–2020 period. Simulated hydrographic properties and water mass distributions were in good agreement with observations. Comparison with long‐term mooring data in the Bering Strait and Beaufort Gyre highlighted the model's capabilities for reproducing the interannual evolution of Pacific Water properties. Taking advantage of the good performance of the model, we examined the interannual evolution of the freshwater distribution and circulation over 2007–2020. The Beaufort Gyre is the major freshwater reservoir across the full Arctic Ocean. After 2012 the gyre extended northward and increased the freshwater content in the Makarov Basin, near the North Pole. Coincidentally, the freshwater content decreased along the East Siberian slope, along with the AW shoaling, and the Transpolar Drift moved from the Lomonosov Ridge to align with the Mendeleev Ridge. We found that these changes in freshwater distribution were followed in 2015 by a marked change in the export of freshwater from the Arctic Ocean with a reduction in Fram Strait (−30%) and an increase in the western Canadian Archipelago (+16%).
Total OH Reactivity Measurements in a Suburban Site of Shanghai
Authors: Yang Gan , Huo Juntao , Wang Lihong , Wang Yuwei , Wu Shijian , Yao Lei , Fu Qingyan , Wang Lin
Published: May 2022

Total hydroxyl radicals (OH) reactivity, as a measure of the OH total loss rate and the significance of atmospheric oxidation, is broadly used to evaluate the OH budget in the atmosphere. Here, measurements of the total OH reactivity were performed at a suburban air quality monitoring supersite (Dianshan Lake) of Shanghai, between 1 August and 15 September, 2020, using the Comparative Reactivity Method. The measured total OH reactivity ranged from 13.9 to 107.4 s−1 with an average of 38.4 s−1. Meanwhile, the calculated total OH reactivity varied between 8.9 and 84.4 s−1 from concentrations of atmospheric trace gases measured by multiple in‐situ techniques including an online gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC‐MS/FID) and two proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers (PTR‐ToF‐MSs). A 12.1% missing OH reactivity was evident from the comparison between the measured and calculated total OH reactivities. Inorganic trace gases, methane, and 54 observed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station compounds detected by GC‐MS/FID, accounted for 25.7%, 1.3%, and 10%, respectively, of the calculated total OH reactivity. In addition, 292 species detected by PTR‐ToF‐MSs contributed the rest 63%. The top 10 VOC contributors to the measured total OH reactivity were C5H8, CH2O, C2H4O, C6H6O, C4H8O, C3H6O, C10H16, C5H10O, C5H8O2, and C8H10, respectively, whose total contribution reached 42%. Correlation analysis for the missing OH reactivity suggests that primary biogenic VOCs could be a potential source for the missing OH reactivity during the daytime, and that secondary oxidation products might also be connected to the missing OH reactivity.
The Worth of Stochastic Inversion for Identifying Connectivity by Means of a Long‐Lasting Large‐Scale Hydraulic Test: The Salar de Atacama Case Study
Authors: Trabucchi Michela , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , Carrera Jesús
Published: May 2022

Understanding groundwater flow involves characterizing the spatial variability of aquifer attributes and possible hydraulic connectivity structures. The latter are of crucial importance because high permeability channels may control groundwater flow and contaminant transport. In evaporitic aquifer systems, these preferential channels can consist of karst conduits, developed at different scales, as well as fault zones. These features condition the economic development of salt flats at the Central Andes. Hydraulic connectivity may affect exploitation efficiency by enhancing the inflow of less evaporated brine thus diminishing its mineral content (i.e., concentration of Li and K). In this context, we investigate if it is possible to use (tomographic) stochastic inversion (regularized pilot point method) in order to characterize the presence of connectivity structures in an evaporitic aquifer of great extension (some 1,500 km2) from head response measured at numerous observation points during a year long sequence of three hydraulic tests. Results show that, even though the solution is nonunique, the main preferential flow zones are identified. Numerous inversions yield similar fits to observed drawdowns with maximum errors of few centimeters. Preferential flow is identified not only by elongated high permeability regions, but also by a marked scale effect (model transmissivities are some 30 times larger than their local tests counterparts). The main high conductivity zones are consistent with independent information based on geophysics, isotopes, mixing ratios, piezometric data, and the expected dissolution processes.
Future Co‐Occurrences of Hot Days and Ozone‐Polluted Days Over China Under Scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Predicted Through a Machine‐Learning Approach
Authors: Gong Cheng , Wang Ye , Liao Hong , Wang Pinya , Jin Jianbing , Han Zhiwei
Published: May 2022

The warming climate increases the probability of hot days, which leads to a penalty effect of increasing ozone (O3)‐polluted days in polluted regions. Here, we established a random forest algorithm to predict future probabilities of O3 exceedance (P) during hot days and further examined the future co‐occurrences of O3‐polluted days and hot days under two different scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 1‐2.6 and 5‐8.5 for 2030–2050s. Ground‐level observations, simulated O3‐temperature sensitivities in the GEOS‐Chem model, multimodel seasonal‐mean O3 concentrations and daily maximum temperature from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), leaf area index from reanalyzed data, and local geographical information were comprehensively utilized. Evaluations showed that the algorithm captured the spatial patterns of present‐day P values well with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 over China. Results showed that the strong reductions in anthropogenic emissions under SSP 1‐2.6 significantly reduced the risks of O3 exceedance during hot days nationwide from 3.7 days in the 2030s to 3.0 days in the 2050s. However, the SSP 5‐8.5 scenario witnessed more frequent co‐occurrences of O3‐polluted days and hot days over the 2030–2050s with nationally averaged values from 4.5 to 6.4 days. Our results highlight the co‐benefits of reducing anthropogenic emissions to alleviate the composite risks of extreme weather events and air‐polluted days in the future.
Solar Wind a Major Driver of Atmospheric Sodium at Mercury
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: May 2022

MESSENGER observations show a 50% rise in atmospheric sodium-group ions during periods of high solar wind activity.
Driving Influences of the Doppler Flash Observed by SuperDARN HF Radars in Response to Solar Flares
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Qian L. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Kuyeng K. , Mclnerney J. M.
Published: May 2022

Sudden enhancement in high‐frequency absorption is a well‐known impact of solar flare‐driven Short‐Wave Fadeout (SWF). Less understood, is a perturbation of the radio wave frequency as it traverses the ionosphere in the early stages of SWF, also known as the Doppler flash. Investigations have suggested two possible sources that might contribute to it’s manifestation: first, enhancements of plasma density in the D‐and lower E‐regions; second, the lowering of the F‐region reflection point. Our recent work investigated a solar flare event using first principles modeling and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar observations and found that change in the F‐region refractive index is the primary driver of the Doppler flash. This study analyzes multiple solar flare events observed across different SuperDARN HF radars to determine how flare characteristics, properties of the traveling radio wave, and geophysical conditions impact the Doppler flash. In addition, we use incoherent scatter radar data and first‐principles modeling to investigate physical mechanisms that drive the lowering of the F‐region reflection points. We found, (a) on average, the change in E‐ and F‐region refractive index is the primary driver of the Doppler flash, (b) solar zenith angle, ray’s elevation angle, operating frequency, and location of the solar flare on the solar disk can alter the ionospheric regions of maximum contribution to the Doppler flash, (c) increased ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductance causes a reduction of the daytime eastward electric field, and consequently reduces the vertical ion‐drift in the lower and middle latitude ionosphere, which results in lowering of the F‐region ray reflection point.
Pronounced Suppression and X‐Pattern Merging of Equatorial Ionization Anomalies After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Wang Wenbin , Erickson Philip J. , Qian Liying , Eastes Richard , Harding Brian J. , Immel Thomas J. , Karan Deepak K. , Daniell Robert E. , Coster Anthea J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Vierinen Juha , Cai Xuguang , Spicher Andres
Published: May 2022

Following the 2022 Tonga Volcano eruption, dramatic suppression and deformation of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests occurred in the American sector ∼14,000 km away from the epicenter. The EIA crests variations and associated ionosphere‐thermosphere disturbances were investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet images, Ionospheric Connection Explorer wind data, and ionosonde observations. The main results are as follows: (a) Following the eastward passage of expected eruption‐induced atmospheric disturbances, daytime EIA crests, especially the southern one, showed severe suppression of more than 10 TEC Unit and collapsed equatorward over 10° latitudes, forming a single band of enhanced density near the geomagnetic equator around 14–17 UT, (b) Evening EIA crests experienced a drastic deformation around 22 UT, forming a unique X‐pattern in a limited longitudinal area between 20 and 40°W. (c) Thermospheric horizontal winds, especially the zonal winds, showed long‐lasting quasi‐periodic fluctuations between ±200 m/s for 7–8 hr after the passage of volcano‐induced Lamb waves. The EIA suppression and X‐pattern merging was consistent with a westward equatorial zonal dynamo electric field induced by the strong zonal wind oscillation with a westward reversal.
Deformed Vein Sets as a Record of Synmetamorphic Volume Change: Quantifying Solution Mass Transfer in Subduction‐Type Metasediments of the Del Puerto Canyon Region, Franciscan Belt, USA
Authors: Soejima S. , Wallis S. R.
Published: May 2022

The volume change component of deformation is often ignored or assumed to be zero in tectonic studies of metamorphic belts. However, when estimating the original geometries of deformed regions, the volume change is just as important as the other two components of deformation, finite strain, and rotation. Major permanent volume change in metamorphic rocks is accomplished by solution transfer facilitated by H2O fluids and estimates of volume change can be combined with solubilities to provide required time‐integrated volumes of fluid flow. Previously applied methods for estimating rock volume change are based on absolute stretch or changes in whole‐rock chemical compositions. Estimates based on absolute stretches generally indicates large volume reductions whereas geochemical measurements generally imply limited volume change. These contrasting results exist even when the two methods are applied to the same region. In this study, we develop a largely unexplored method for estimating volume change using the direction and deformation type of deformed mineral veins. The assumptions in this method are few and appropriate uncertainties can be estimated. Application of the new method to the metagreywacke in the Del Puerto Canyon of the Franciscan belt constrains the syn‐metamorphic volume change to be greater than 7 vol.%, contrasting with previous proposals for large volume‐loss in the same region. The results of previous studies can be modified by taking into account grain rigid body rotation and grain boundary sliding. The final result of our approach yields a volume change of 7–21vol.% and implies large amounts of water‐rich fluid must have passed through the rock.
Water Exchanges Between the Northern Argentinean Shelf and the Open Ocean on Interannual Timescales: Remote Influences
Authors: Bodnariuk Nicolás , Simionato Claudia G. , Saraceno Martín
Published: May 2022

The present study addresses the importance of the water exchanges between the Northern Argentinean Shelf and the open ocean at interannual timescales. Based on the ocean reanalysis ORAP5.0 data set the main objective of this work is to identify which mechanisms drivers these exchanges and also estimate the interchanges of waters across the shelf‐break. In order to estimate the interchanges in the region we compute the velocity field normal to shelf‐break and perform an empirical orthogonal function analysis to unveil potential modes of variability. A leading mode that explains the largest percentage of variance is found. This mode presents a dipole structure associated to increments and decrements in the shelf water exportation in the Argentinian and southern Brazilian shelves. Wavelet analysis of the principal component associated to the mode suggest that power concentrates in 2, 4 and 10‐years periods. These timescales coincide with those of the latitude of separation of the Brazil Current timeseries, which is suggested to modulate the mode. Statistical analysis techniques are employed to strengthen confidence in the proposed hypothesis linking the mode to the potential driver. Satellite chlorophyll‐a maps are explored to evaluate potential implications of the mode on biology. This independent data set is employed to further validate the results derived from the ocean reanalysis at 2‐years timescales. At these timescales the chlorophyll‐a concentration field exhibits positive and negative interannual anomalies close to the shelf‐break and in the neighboring open ocean that are consistent with the circulation patterns characteristics of biennial modulations.
An Experimental Study of Mangrove‐Induced Resistance on Water Waves Considering the Impacts of Typical Rhizophora Roots
Authors: Chang Che‐Wei , Mori Nobuhito , Tsuruta Naoki , Suzuki Kojiro , Yanagisawa Hideaki
Published: May 2022

This paper studied the interactions between mangroves and water waves through laboratory experiments. Using 1:7 scale 3D‐printed trees based on the scanned image of a typical Rhizophora species, we replicated the root structure of natural mangroves and constructed a model forest. Three arrangements of mangrove models, two model forests of different stem densities and a single tree in isolation, were adopted. To investigate the relationships between mangrove resistance and waves, we applied the approach of direct force measurement, measuring wave forces on mangrove models, fluid velocity, and free surface elevation along the wave flume. Testing regular and solitary waves of various conditions, we observed non‐negligible inertia effects in the measured forces. Based on the direct measurements, we estimated drag and inertia coefficients in the Morison‐type equation (Morison et al., 1950, https://doi.org/10.2118/950149-g) and established empirical relationships between the two coefficients and Reynolds and Keulegan‐Carpenter numbers. These relationships of drag and inertia coefficients can be used in mathematical/numerical simulations to parameterize mangrove effects under similar scale conditions. Compared to previous studies, the drag coefficients for mangroves were more scattered than rigid cylinders, especially in shallower water depths. By testing different water depths, we observed different patterns of drag and inertia coefficients when the root system was partially or fully submerged. In addition, the fluctuating fluid velocity and enhanced turbulence kinetic energy at the vertical positions near prop roots indicated the blockage effects and the shear‐induced turbulence due to the complex root structure. These findings suggested the influence of mangrove roots on water waves.
Association between muscle mass and diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution in adults under 50 years old
Authors: Haines Melanie S. , Leong Aaron , Porneala Bianca C. , Meigs James B. , Miller Karen K.
Published: May 2022

Background/objectives

Although relatively less muscle mass has been associated with greater diabetes prevalence, whether there is an association between muscle mass and diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution is unknown. The objective was to determine whether less skeletal muscle mass is associated with greater diabetes prevalence in young men and women independent of body fat distribution.

Subjects/methods

One thousand seven hundred and sixty-four adults, aged 20–49 years old, from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2006). Body composition, including appendicular lean mass (ALM), was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥7 mmol/l, 2-h blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l on 75 g OGTT, HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%), use of diabetes medications, or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes.

Results

The odds of diabetes were 1.31 times higher in men [OR 1.31 (1.18–1.45), p = 0.0001], and 1.24 times higher in women [OR 1.24 (1.05–1.46), p = 0.01], per percent decrease in ALM/weight after controlling for age, race, height, smoking, and education. After additionally controlling for android/gynoid fat, the odds of diabetes were 1.20 times higher per percent decrease in ALM/weight in men [OR 1.20 (1.04–1.37), p = 0.01]; an inverse association was also observed in women, albeit was not statistically significant [OR 1.08 (0.90–1.30), p = 0.42].

Conclusions

Less muscle mass was associated with greater diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution in young men. The association was not statistically significant in women after controlling for android and gynoid adiposity. Low muscle mass could be a causal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes or a correlated marker of higher metabolic risk.
Sources, toxicity potential, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals-laden soil and dust of urban and suburban areas as affected by industrial and mining activities
Authors: Al-Swadi Hamed A. , Usman Adel R. A. , Al-Farraj Abdullah S. , Al-Wabel Mohammad I. , Ahmad Munir , Al-Faraj Abdulelah
Published: May 2022

Sources and levels of heavy metals (HMs) in soil and dust of urban and suburban areas in Riyadh (industrial city) and Mahad AD’Dahab (mining area) cities in Saudi Arabia were reported in this study. Additionally, the concentrations of HMs in different soil particle size fractions (> 250, 63–250 and < 63 µm) were reported. Pollution extent, and ecological and human health risks associated with collected soil and dust samples were explored. Contamination levels of HMs were higher in dust as compared to soil samples at all sites. The average integrated potential ecological risk in dust samples of urban area of Mahad AD’Dahab was 139, and thus characterized as a very-high-risk criterion. Enrichment factor (EF), correlation analyses, and principal component analysis showed that aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), and zinc (Zn) had mainly the lithogenic occurrence (EF < 2). However, Zn, copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in Riyadh, and cadmium (Cd), Cu, Zn, and Pb in the Mahad AD’Dahab were affected by industrial and mining activities, respectively, that were of anthropogenic origins (EF > 2). The hazard index values of dust and soil (< 63 µm) samples in both urban and suburban areas in Mahad AD’Dahab were > 1, suggesting non-carcinogenic risk. Therefore, the dust and soil samples from the mined area of Mahad AD’Dahab had a higher pollution levels, as well as ecological and human health risks than those from Riyadh. Hence, the pollution of such residential environments with HMs (especially Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb) needs to be monitored.
Multivariate statistical approach and machine learning for the evaluation of biogeographical ancestry inference in the forensic field
Authors: Alladio Eugenio , Poggiali Brando , Cosenza Giulia , Pilli Elena
Published: May 2022

The biogeographical ancestry (BGA) of a trace or a person/skeleton refers to the component of ethnicity, constituted of biological and cultural elements, that is biologically determined. Nowadays, many individuals are interested in exploring their genealogy, and the capability to distinguish biogeographic information about population groups and subgroups via DNA analysis plays an essential role in several fields such as in forensics. In fact, for investigative and intelligence purposes, it is beneficial to inference the biogeographical origins of perpetrators of crimes or victims of unsolved cold cases when no reference profile from perpetrators or database hits for comparative purposes are available. Current approaches for biogeographical ancestry estimation using SNPs data are usually based on PCA and Structure software. The present study provides an alternative method that involves multivariate data analysis and machine learning strategies to evaluate BGA discriminating power of unknown samples using different commercial panels. Starting from 1000 Genomes project, Simons Genome Diversity Project and Human Genome Diversity Project datasets involving African, American, Asian, European and Oceania individuals, and moving towards further and more geographically restricted populations, powerful multivariate techniques such as Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and machine learning techniques such as XGBoost were employed, and their discriminating power was compared. PLS-DA method provided more robust classifications than XGBoost method, showing that the adopted approach might be an interesting tool for forensic experts to infer BGA information from the DNA profile of unknown individuals, but also highlighting that the commercial forensic panels could be inadequate to discriminate populations at intra-continental level.
Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling
Authors: Xiao Can , Mir-Simón Bernat , Rivera-Gil Pilar
Published: May 2022

Biosensors, especially those with a SERS readout, are required for an early and precise healthcare diagnosis. Unreproducible SERS platforms hamper clinical SERS. Here we report a synthetic procedure to obtain stabile, reproducible and robust highly-SERS performing nanocomposites for labelling. We controlled the NPs agglomeration and codification which resulted in an increased number of hot spots, thus exhibiting reproducible and superior Raman enhancement. We studied fundamental aspects affecting the plasmonic thiol bond resulting in pH exhibiting a determining role. We validated their biosensing performance by designing a SERS-based detection assay model for SARS-CoV-2. The limit of detection of our assay detecting the spike RBD was below 10 ng/mL.
AXL/CDCP1/SRC axis confers acquired resistance to osimertinib in lung cancer
Authors: Murakami Yuichi , Kusakabe Daiki , Watari Kosuke , Kawahara Akihiko , Azuma Koichi , Akiba Jun , Taniguchi Masahiko , Kuwano Michihiko , Ono Mayumi
Published: May 2022

Osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI, has nowadays been applied to non-small cell lung cancer harboring activated EGFR mutation with or without T790M, but ultimately develop resistance to this drug. Here we report a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to osimertinib and the reversal of which could improve the clinical outcomes. In osimertinib-resistant lung cancer cell lines harboring T790M mutation that we established, expression of multiple EGFR family proteins and MET was markedly reduced, whereas expression of AXL, CDCP1 and SRC was augmented along with activation of AKT. Surprisingly, AXL or CDCP1 expression was induced by osimertinib in a time-dependent manner up to 3 months. Silencing of CDCP1 or AXL restored the sensitivity to osimertinib with reduced activation of SRC and AKT. Furthermore, silencing of both CDCP1 and AXL increased the sensitivity to osimertinib. Either silencing of SRC or dasatinib, a SRC family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, suppressed AKT phosphorylation and cell growth. Increased expression of AXL and CDCP1 was observed in refractory tumor samples from patients with lung cancer treated with osimertinib. Together, this study suggests that AXL/SFK/AKT and CDCP1/SFK/AKT signaling pathways play some roles in acquired osimertinib resistance of non-small cell lung cancer.
Estimating short and longer-term exposure of domestic cats to dietary iodine fluctuation
Authors: Alborough R. , Graham P. A. , Gardner D. S.
Published: May 2022

Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrinopathy of domestic felines. In humans, toxic nodular goitre is pathophysiologically similar to feline hyperthyroidism and can be caused by chronically low or fluctuating dietary iodine intake. The aetiopathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism is not known, but chronically low or fluctuating dietary iodine intake is likely common. This study assessed habitual iodine intake in domestic cats by: (1) conducting a dietary survey involving 361 owners of 549 cats, (2) analysing iodine content of 119 cat feeds, 38 urine and 64 hair samples and (3) assessing variation in iodine content of eight cat feeds over 4–6 different batches. Owners varied their cats feed regularly, usually on a day-to-day basis and often between wet and dry feeds with differing flavours. The majority (78%; 93 of 119) feeds for cats were within the guideline range for iodine. Of the 22% (n = 26 feeds) that were not compliant, the majority (n = 23) were below the nutritional minimum value with most (n = 16) being dry kibble. Iodine content of feeds did not vary considerably between types of feed or feed packaging, but variation between different batches of the same feed was 14–31%. Hence, urine iodine in cats also varied markedly. Cats being treated for hyperthyroidism had lower hair iodine. In conclusion, a survey assessing how domestic cats are fed, together with an analysis of commercial cat feeds suggests that domestic cats are likely to experience chronically low or fluctuating dietary iodine intake. The latter is supported by wide variation in urine iodine content.
Iron partially occupying sulfur vacancies in WS2 boosts electrochemical nitrogen fixation at low potentials
Authors: Sun Jiuxiao , Li Xue , Xiong Tiantian , Ling Ying , Yang Zehui
Published: May 2022

Metallic Fe nanoparticles partially occupy the sulfur vacancies at edge sites of WS2 leading to 4-fold higher NRR performance due to the boosted p–d hybridization between Fe and N atoms.
Nanostructured molybdenum dichalcogenides: a review
Authors: Phalswal Priyanka , Khanna Pawan K. , Rubahn Horst-Günter , Mishra Yogendra Kumar
Published: May 2022

Molybdenum dichalcogenides are an important class of TMD materials. This review article discusses their properties, synthesis and applications.
Dual-state emissionversusno emission by manipulating the molecular structures of cyanovinyl–benzofuran derivatives
Authors: Ibrahim Nagham , Loumaigne Matthieu , Grolleau Jérémie , Allain Magali , Frère Pierre
Published: May 2022

A very small change in the molecular structure of D–A cyanostilbene derivatives enables non-emissive derivatives to become ones presenting high luminescence both in solution and in the solid state.
Fabrication of a composite material of Gd2O3, Co3O4 and graphene on nickel foam for high-stability supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Shasha , Lu Shixiang , Xu Wenguo , Li Shuguang , Meng Jingjing , Xin Yulin
Published: May 2022

The Gd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF electrode was prepared using a one-step hydrothermal method and annealing process, with high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability.
A surface plasmon polariton-triggered Z-scheme for overall water splitting and solely light-induced hydrogen generation
Authors: Zabelin D. , Zabelina A. , Tulupova A. , Elashnikov R. , Kolska Z. , Svorcik V. , Lyutakov O.
Published: May 2022

Overall water splitting using the multi-wavelength triggering of the WO3–CdS Z-scheme coupled with a plasmon-active gold grating is demonstrated without the addition of a sacrificial agent.
A strong phase separation polyurethane for self-repairing large-scale damage
Authors: Li Mengyu , Han Xin , Fan Zewen , Chen Hao , Zhang Yu , Zhang Lin , Guo Dan , Xie Guoxin
Published: May 2022

We report a self-repairing polyurethane material with targeted repair effects on large-scale damage with a width of over 1 mm, which can be used to solve the problems of component failure caused by the damage of conventional coatings.
ALNN‐based LOS/NLOS identification in 3D millimetre wave channel
Authors: Lv Siting , Li Xiaohui , Fan Tao , Liu Jiawen
Published: May 2022

Line‐of‐sight (LOS)/non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) identification is crucial for millimetre‐wave (mmW) since it is vulnerable to blocking in the NLOS environment. In this paper, an LOS/NLOS environment identification method is proposed based on angle information learning. Specifically, a neural network named ALNN (angle information learning neural network) is employed, which can learn the difference between the various angle paraments to identify the LOS and NLOS environments for mmW wireless communication systems. First, the 3D mmW channel model is applied to extract the desired angle information. Moreover, an mmW wireless transmission system is constructed to introduce actual measurement data to test the proposed method. Furthermore, various hyperparameters of the ALNN are adjusted to improve identification accuracy. Simulation results show that the proposed method has outstanding identification performance, and the identification accuracy is up to 99.41%.
Stabilisation in distribution by delay feedback control for stochastic differential equations with Markovian switching and Lévy noise
Authors: Li Wenrui , Deng Shounian , Fei Weiyin , Mao Xuerong
Published: May 2022

This paper is devoted to the stability in distribution of stochastic differential equations with Markovian switching and Lévy noise by delay feedback control. By constructing efficient Lyapunov functional and linear delay feedback controls, the stability in distribution of stochastic differential equations with Markovian switching and Lévy noise is accomplished with the coefficients satisfying globally Lipschitz continuous. Moreover, the design methods of feedback control under two structures of state feedback and output injection are discussed. Finally, a numerical experiment and new algorithm are provided to sustain the new results.
A passive second‐order noise‐shaping SAR ADC architecture with increased freedom in NTF synthesis and relaxed clock‐jitter issue
Authors: Wang Weihao , Wang Xiao , Zhao Bo , Pun Kong‐pang
Published: May 2022

Noise‐shaping (NS) successive approximation register (SAR) analogue‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) are an attractive architecture for power and area efficiency in moderate resolution and bandwidth applications. NS SAR ADCs employing a passive integrator are good candidates for their omission of power‐hungry and scaling‐unfriendly amplifiers. However, existing passive NS SAR ADCs have a very limited degree of freedom in realising their noise transfer function (NTF), resulting in poor in‐band noise suppression. In this letter, a passive switched‐capacitor 2nd‐order NS SAR ADC that is the first of its kind to offer controllable complex poles to optimise the NTF is proposed. This is achieved by eliminating a capacitor charge clearing operation in a conventional 1st‐order NS SAR. The proposed NS SAR ADC also offers simple circuits insensitive to process–voltage–temperature (PVT) variations, and small area with only two extra clock phases. Transistor‐level circuit simulation of a 7‐bit, 8‐MHz bandwidth, 128 MS/s prototype in a 65‐nm CMOS shows a 70 dB signal to noise and distortion ratio (SNDR), an improvement of 19 dB compared to that of a regular 7‐bit SAR ADC.
A compact high‐sensitivity tangential E‐probe with resonator and coupled balun
Authors: Zhang Shang , Liu Zhenguo , Chen Zhipeng , Li Mengzi , Lu Weibing
Published: May 2022

A compact high‐sensitivity probe for sensing up tangential E‐field is proposed and measured in this paper. The probe consists of an electric dipole with patches used to induce the tangential E‐field, a resonator made up of open circuit stubs (capacitor) and short circuit stubs (inductor), for achieving a specific resonance, and a compact coupled balun for transforming the differential‐mode voltage into the single‐output voltage and impedance matching. The probe is fabricated on five‐layer dielectric lamina. Compared with the referenced broadband probe, the measured |S12| of the probe is enhanced by 18.81 dB. The proposed probe in this paper is validated with simulation and measurement.
A mobile traffic load prediction based on recurrent neural network: A case of telecommunication in Afghanistan
Authors: Ahmadzai Fazel Haq , Lee Woongsup
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the prediction of mobile traffic load based on four variants of recurrent neural networks, which are the simple long short‐term memory (LSTM), stacked LSTM, gated recurrent unit (GRU) and bidirectional LSTM. In the considered schemes, the mobile traffic load of 15 min ahead of time is estimated based on the previous mobile traffic load data. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified using realistic traffic load data collected from the base station located in Kabul city, Afghanistan, which belongs to the SALAAM telecommunication operator during December 2020 and January 2021. Through performance evaluation, the authors confirm that the traffic load can be predicted with high accuracy using considered schemes and the GRU‐based scheme outperforms other schemes in terms of accuracy.
Fault diagnosis of oil‐immersed transformers based on the improved sparrow search algorithm optimised support vector machine
Authors: Ding Can , Ding Qingchang , Wang Zhenyi , Zhou Yiyuan
Published: May 2022

Oil‐immersed transformers play an important role in the stable operation of power systems. Aiming at the low accuracy of traditional transformer fault diagnosis methods, a transformer fault diagnosis method using an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) optimised support vector machine (SVM) is proposed. First, use Sin chaotic to initialise the population, then introduce the fusion of Cauchy mutation and opposition‐based learning to optimise the selection of the population to improve the SSA global optimisation capability. Secondly, use the improved Sparrow algorithm to optimise the SVM kernel function parameters and penalty coefficients and establish a fault diagnosis model‐‐ISSA‐SVM for dissolved gas analysis. Enter the data into ISSA‐SVM for fault diagnosis and combine it with K nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), sparrow search optimised deep extreme learning machine (SSA‐DELM), SVM, sparrow search algorithm optimised Support vector machine (SSA‐SVM), and other diagnostic results are compared. The results show that the fault diagnosis rate of ISSA‐SVM is 91.43%, which is 12.86%, 7.14%, 5.71%, 2.86%, and 1.43% higher than that of KNN, GBDT, SSA‐DELM, SVM, and SSA‐SVM, respectively. It can more accurately judge the current operating state of the transformer.
Hospital surface disinfection using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation technology: A review
Authors: Scott Robert , Joshi Lovleen Tina , McGinn Conor
Published: May 2022

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technologies have emerged as a promising alternative to biocides as a means of surface disinfection in hospitals and other healthcare settings. This paper reviews the methods used by researchers and clinicians in deploying and evaluating the efficacy of UVGI technology. The type of UVGI technology used, the clinical setting where the device was deployed, and the methods of environmental testing that the researchers followed are investigated. The findings suggest that clinical UVGI deployments have been growing steadily since 2010 and have increased dramatically since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Hardware platforms and operating procedures vary considerably between studies. Most studies measure efficacy of the technology based on the objective measurement of bacterial bioburden reduction; however, studies conducted over longer durations have examined the impact of UVGI on the reduction of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). Future trends include increased automation and the use of UVGI technologies that are safer for use around people. Although existing evidence seems to support the efficacy of UVGI as a tool capable of reducing HCAIs, more research is needed to measure the magnitude of these effects and to establish recommended best practices.
1.2‐kV silicon carbide planar split‐gate MOSFET with source field plate for superior figure‐of‐merits
Authors: Yu Hengyu , Wang Jun , Liang Shiwei , Deng Gaoqiang , Liu Hangzhi , Ji Bing , Shen Z. John
Published: May 2022

Planar split‐gate MOSFETs (SG‐MOSFETs) are promising in high‐frequency power applications due to the fast turn on/off speeds and low switching loss. However, SG‐MOSFETs suffer from crowded electric field at the edge of the split poly‐Si gate, resulting in the degradation of the blocking voltage and the gate oxide reliability. This issue becomes more critical in 4H‐SiC MOSFETs due to the high critical breakdown electric field. In this work, a new 1.2‐kV 4H‐SiC SG‐MOSFET structure is proposed and investigated by TCAD simulation. The proposed structure features a source metal field plate located between two adjacent split poly‐Si gates (termed SFP‐SG‐MOSFET). In the blocking state, the source metal field plate reduces the peak electric field at the edge of the poly‐Si gate. The maximum electric field in the gate oxide of the proposed SFP‐SG‐MOSFET is reduced by 52.8% compared with the SG‐MOSFET, for reliable operation. The reverse transfer capacitance (Crss) and gate‐to‐drain charge (Qgd) are reduced by 56.4% and 61.8% compared with SG‐MOSFETs, respectively. Therefore, the high‐frequency figure‐of‐merits (HF‐FOM) [Ron × Crss] and [Ron × Qgd] are improved by 2.2 times and 2.5 times, respectively.
Dual‐blockchain‐based P2P energy trading system with an improved optimistic rollup mechanism
Authors: Yu Teng , Luo Fengji , Pu Canglong , Zhao Zehua , Ranzi Gianluca
Published: May 2022

Blockchain technology has been recognised as a promising technology for supporting Peer‐to‐Peer (P2P) energy trading—an emerging paradigm in which energy trading is performed directly between end energy customers. The state‐of‐the‐art blockchain designs for P2P energy trading can only support less compute‐intensive energy trading tasks and/or rely on the set up of a long challenge time to ensure correctness of transactions, which restricts the systems' scalability and applicability in the diverse P2P energy trading applications. This paper proposes a new dual‐blockchain system for P2P energy trading. The system consists of a primary blockchain and a secondary blockchain. The primary blockchain is mainly responsible for storing the data of P2P energy trading transactions while the compute‐intensive tasks (e.g. pricing and transaction verification) are executed in the secondary blockchain. An Improved Optimistic Rollup (IOR) mechanism is proposed to facilitate the co‐operation of the dual blockchains. Through a specific ‘executor‐validator’ mechanism and a group of specific smart contracts with different functions, the IOR mechanism can effectively accommodate the dual blockchains to execute the P2P energy trading transactions in a computational efficient manner while ensuring the correctness and security of the transactions. A prototype of the proposed system is implemented on Fisco Bcos and Alibaba Cloud and comprehensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed system.
Post-operative Corona Radiata Infarct in a High-flow EC-IC Bypass: Report of Unusual Complication
Authors: Chowdhury Forhad H. , Haque Mohammod Raziul
Published: May 2022

Long insular artery (LIA) infarct can occur after insular glioma surgery. LIA infarct after extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass is very rare, and so far, it is not reported in EC-IC bypass. Here, we report a case of high-flow EC-IC bypass, where postoperatively, the patient developed isolated LIA infarct. A 65-year-old female presented with recurrent severe headache along with altered sensorium. Computed tomography (CT) scan and CT angiography (CTA) of the brain showed ruptured large left internal carotid artery (ICA) fusiform aneurysm. She underwent left-sided, high-flow EC-IC bypass involving upper trunk of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ICA ligation at neck at its origin. Postoperatively, the patient developed right sided hemiplegia. Postoperative MRI of the brain showed left-sided external capsular infarct, extending up to the corona radiata resulted from LIA infarct. By the end of 6 months after operation, she could walk with support but her left upper limb remained more severely affected and magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) showed almost disappearance of aneurysm with functioning bypass.