bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Textual Agency
Authors: Cooren François
Published: April 2015

The notion of textual agency refers to the capacity displayed by texts to do things in various circumstances. It consists of recognizing that various types of texts—whether through the form of written documents, iconic signs, or even oral productions—can make a difference in a given situation. By mobilizing this notion, we can understand how and why people can sometimes be betrayed or deceived by what they say, a phenomenon that conversation analysts identified a long time ago, but that they never really explained. Textual agency should, however, not be restricted to cases of misunderstanding. If there is such a thing as mutual comprehension for all practical purposes, it is because the texts we produce can also faithfully translate what we mean to say.
Rhetorical Devices
Authors: Eisenhart Christopher
Published: April 2015

The term
rhetorical devices
refers to an emergent grammar of units of discourse between parts of speech and genres, developed by scholars and practitioners interested in the relationship between discourse forms and their effects on audiences, perpetuated for over two millennia. This article will discuss threads in the historical study, cataloging, and instruction of rhetorical devices, and will show ways contemporary scholars employ the concept of rhetorical devices, extending this tradition.
Web‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: April 2015

Web‐mediated communication is an umbrella term that covers a wide range of types of communication on the Internet. In the past, different applications were used to access areas of the Internet, but nowadays all kinds of communication are web based. In this article, four types of web‐mediated communication are distinguished: (a) system to user (e.g., e‐mails from social networking sites announcing that a user has commented on an entry, a pop‐up window indicating that an instant messaging friend is attempting communication with the user); (b) user to system (e.g., users' activity in search engines, reading content on the Internet); (c) user to user (all the range of communicative options both in the synchronous axis [e.g., chat rooms, instant messaging,

WhatsApp

], and in the asynchronous axis [e.g., e‐mail, Internet forums, messages to friends on social networking sites]); and (d) user to collectivity (the kind of communication that is mainly intended to shape the user's identity by generating feelings of group membership).
Genre Analysis
Authors: Garzone Giuliana E.
Published: April 2015

Genre analysis is an area of discourse analysis that studies written and spoken discourse, mainly in nonliterary communication and especially in domain‐specific communication (academic, corporate, legal), approaching it in terms of genres, that is, “types” or “kinds” of discourse. The article looks at the main traditions in genre analysis, discussing the most important concepts in each of them. It then examines evolutions of genre analysis over time, including those ensuing from the spread of new media.
Gossip
Authors: Robles Jessica S.
Published: April 2015

Gossip is a form of casual interpersonal conversation in which interlocutors discuss and assess nonpresent others. This article outlines a definition of gossip, attitudes toward gossip, research on gossip, social incidence and organization, and societal impact and future research directions.
Qi
(Chinese)
Authors: Ho Evelyn Y.
Published: April 2015

Qi is a Chinese term commonly translated as vital energy or life force and used in Chinese medicine. From an ethnography of communication perspective, qi has been found to be the basis of a speech code that acupuncture practitioners use to differentiate themselves from biomedicine, claim expertise, separate professional from client‐lay talk, and draw attention to the heterogeneous forms of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. This code draws on and reinforces a larger discourse of holism that provides a popular critique of
US
biomedical practice.
Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis
Authors: O'Neill Sean P.
Published: April 2015

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis holds that language plays a powerful role in shaping human consciousness, affecting everything from private thought and perception to larger patterns of behavior in society—ultimately allowing members of any given speech community to arrive at a shared sense of social reality. This article starts with a brief consideration of the philosophical insights that inspired the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis or the “principle of linguistic relativity,” as it is more often known today. Toward the end of the article current empirical research is reviewed. This explores everything from human universals to the cross‐cultural differences in the construction of gender, color, space, and other creative practices associated with language, such as storytelling, poetry, or song.
Risk Discourse
Authors: Andreas Dorothy C.
Published: April 2015

People face many different health, environmental, and technological risks in contemporary life including, but not limited to, hurricanes, cancer, climate change, terrorist attacks, heart disease, chemical plants, nuclear proliferation, pandemic flu, and obesity. Due to society's increasing awareness of risk, areas of study and practice, such as risk analysis, risk management, and risk communication, have proliferated in the late 20th century and early 21st century. This article provides an overview of risk discourse as understood through the lens of Bakhtin's dialogism that highlights the multidimensional, multivocal aspect of risk discourse.
Social Psychology and Language
Authors: Watson Bernadette M. , Jones Liz
Published: April 2015

A language and social psychology perspective (LSP) emphasizes the critical role that affect, cognitions, and an individual's motivations play in communication behavior. A key premise of this perspective is that interactions between speakers are dynamic psychological processes. Thus, the personal (likes and dislikes, idiosyncrasies) and social (group memberships and professional roles) dimensions that make up an individual are important. To this end anLSPapproach highlights that no interaction occurs in isolation but rather each participant brings to it his or her sociohistorical context and associated biases and cultural beliefs. Analysis includes investigations of spoken and written communication, individual's perceptions and attitudes about speech partners as well as objective observations of communication behavior. The areas of interest forLSPscholars is wide ranging and include cross and intercultural communication, gender and sexuality, interdisciplinary and patient health discourse , intergenerational communication, the discourse of dementia, institutional talk, and social media.
Classroom Interaction
Authors: Koole Tom
Published: April 2015

A social interaction perspective on classroom interaction studies the mechanisms teachers and students use to conduct their classroom business. This article on classroom interaction first discusses the ways teachers and students have organized turn‐taking and the ways they use their turns at talk to engage in classroom activities. One particularly important format for these activities is the action sequences of teacher initiation, student response, and teacher evaluation of that response (the
IRE
sequence). Next it addresses two strands of classroom interaction research that particularly aim to relate classroom practices to larger societal issues such as modes of production (critical research) and ethnic and linguistic diversity (diversity research). Finally, the article contains a detailed discussion of recent research of learning in interaction.
Interdiscursivity
Authors: Bartesaghi Mariaelena , Noy Chaim
Published: April 2015

Interdiscursivity refers to the heterogeneity of texts, how they fold within them other texts, other utterances, and draw upon multiple discoursal contexts. By taking up the productive interaction between text and discourses, the concept of interdiscursivity proposes an examination of how on the one hand, discourse is typified and ordered bounded into more or less permeable or hybrid genres, and, on the other, how genres are prescriptively bound to accountable social action across multiple sites. Interdiscursivity sheds light on power and ideology: how discourses circulate, or alternatively drift, and how they are dialectically exported (decontextualized) and imported (recontextualized) between various sites and occasions of enunciation.
Intertextuality
Authors: Bartesaghi Mariaelena
Published: April 2015

By calling attention to how every spoken utterance and written text carries traces of prior texts, intertextuality reveals the ways in which texts depend on other texts by recycling and linking to former utterances. An intertextual analysis may thus examine the relationship between text and text, text and reader, or utterances in spoken discourse, with a focus on how, in the production and consumption of new texts, social members display their knowledge of connections between texts in a chain—what came before, in anticipation of what may come after—as well as discursive conventions at large, strategically pushing old language into new contexts.
Cultural Discourses of Parenting
Authors: von Münchow Patricia
Published: April 2015

Cultural discourses of parenting are studied within various disciplines, with varying levels of emphasis on discourse as such, and they pertain to a range of subjects. Discourse‐analytical approaches tend to focus on motherhood and fatherhood discourses, generally revealing an unchallenged conservative gender hierarchy. A transnational, though not global, “intensive mothering discourse” is also highlighted by most studies, whether they concern parents' health‐care actions, school involvement, or yet other subjects. However, cross‐cultural research in particular also brings out contextual differences in the importance of certain parenting concepts and in the meanings associated with them.
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
Authors: Dewaele Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2015

Researchers and laypeople have had different understandings of the meaning of “bilingualism” and “multilingualism” ever since these terms were introduced. Early definitions were highly restrictive, and operationalization remains difficult. Debate about the costs and benefits of bi‐ and multilingualism at an individual and societal level has been raging for more than 100 years. Research on bilingual and trilingual first language acquisition has shown that children can acquire multiple languages from birth without adverse effects. Current research adopts a holistic view of the phenomenon. Psycholinguistic, social psychological, psychological, and econometric studies show clear benefits for bi‐ and multilinguals: higher levels of cognitive control, creativity, tolerance of ambiguity, open‐mindedness, cultural empathy, income, and less communicative anxiety. Language preferences for the communication of emotions among bi‐ and multilinguals are linked to the emotional resonance of the languages, which has consequences for psychotherapy with bi‐ and multilinguals.
Language Socialization
Authors: Sperry Douglas E. , Sperry Linda L. , Miller Peggy J.
Published: April 2015

Language socialization is the study of the socialization of language and socialization through language. It encompasses both a theoretical approach and a method for studying human development in cultural contexts. Language socialization enjoins the ethnographic, microanalytic, and longitudinal investigation of learners of any age, presupposing a comparative approach to the study of human development. Given the assumption that learning occurs only within culturally defined contexts, language socialization relies on the ability of language in use to index meaning, whether such meaning is inherent in words and grammar themselves or embedded in the context and practice of their use. Language socialization stresses the recurrence of linguistic behaviors across time, and thereby allies itself with practice theories of social transmission. This article examines how language socialization has been utilized in studies of home, school, community, and health practices within and across multilingual and multicultural contexts and concludes with a theoretical assessment of the approach.
Ethnography of Communication
Authors: Carbaugh Donal , Boromisza‐Habashi David
Published: April 2015

The ethnography of communication (EC) is an approach to language and social interaction.ECseeks to discover the cultural particularities and general principles of communication. The particularities are demonstrated through cultural analyses of communication practices; in addition to the particularities, the generalities are established typically through comparative study. The approach foregrounds locally situated means and meanings of communication as its primary analytical concern. There are four philosophical assumptions inECabout communication, language, and social interaction: (1) communication is what people have made of it; (2) communication exhibits systemic social organization; (3) communication, language and social interaction are deeply and radically cultural; (4) and communication is formative of social and cultural lives. The approach is traced from Dell Hymes's and John Gumperz's pioneering works using a field‐based methodology, to more recent developments such as the theory of cultural communication, speech code theory, and cultural discourse analysis.
Bao
(Reciprocity)
Authors: Holt Richard
Published: April 2015

This article explains the concept of
bao
: a form of reciprocity engendering return, recompense, or revenge as sources of interactional strategies that permeate Chinese societies.
Bao
is explained by reference to foundational ideas from three streams of Chinese thought (Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism), as well as with the help of companion Chinese cultural concepts (
yuan
,
renqing
, and
guanxi
). The implications for communicative behavior are examined through social actions like “closing up” or “distancing” and negotiating relational “balance sheets.” These elements are considered to be sources that compel reassessment of the common claim that Chinese relationships are particularistic.
Marketization of Public Discourse
Authors: Mautner Gerlinde
Published: April 2015

The market is now no longer simply a place of exchange but an overarching social principle. As a result, discourse in a number of previously public domains, including government and education, has become
marketized
, in other words genres and lexical choices have been influenced by discursive practices from the business domain. Public space has been affected, too: on the one hand, urban linguistic landscapes are visibly shaped by advertising, and, on the other, an increasing proportion of public space is controlled by private owners and thus no longer generally accessible as a forum in which freedom of speech may be exercised.
Superdiversity Discourse
Authors: Arnaut Karel , Spotti Massimiliano
Published: April 2015

Superdiversity discourse is a relatively new, primarily academic discourse whose increasing presence in the domains of social work, institutional policy, urban and national politics, and the media is signaling a rapidly growing uptake, albeit one that is disciplinarily fragmented and geographically unevenly spread. Arguably, superdiversity's uptake suggests that its discourse is catching the imagination of the humanities and social sciences as a recognizably productive and auspiciously novel vantage point, which sits comfortably with certain explicitly postcolonial anthropological and sociolinguistic takes on diversity and identity, as well as with more recent diversity‐related shifts or “turns” toward (among other things) complexity and translocality—urban, digital, and so on. After presenting the notion of superdiversity, exploring its conceptual umwelt (environment) and its uptake, most prominently in sociolinguistics, this article turns to the future prospects and perceived dangers surrounding the discourse of superdiversity.
Design Theory
Authors: Aakhus Mark
Published: April 2015

Design is a natural aspect of communication that is most evident in the uses of language to create messages and in the uses of interactivity to construct activities. The everyday practices of using language and interactivity for communication reveal the grounds for specialized and expert practices of communication design. These are evident in, for example, professional roles and in the institutional dimensions of organizations and technologies. A design stance seeks to understand communication design practice by attending to design artifacts, design processes, and the design‐thinking entailed in the communication design work performed in society. Empirical and critical approaches to research and theory on language and social interaction do not develop an explicit stance toward design. A design stance is a distinct yet complementary approach that can be understood by first describing how design is natural, hypothetical, theoretical, and then highlighting key matters about design rationality and design methodology.
Gender in Interaction
Authors: Weatherall Ann
Published: April 2015

Gender in interaction is a subject area broadly concerned with the ways language in use encodes, performs, and organizes gender and sexuality. The manifestation and realization of gender and sexual identities in language are studied in order to better understand the pervasive ways they organize social life and how they structure patterns of advantage and disadvantage. The field has undergone significant changes since its emergence in the 1970s, most notably away from investigating generalized gender differences.
Power and Discourse
Authors: Chiang Shiao‐Yun
Published: April 2015

Power and discourse are two perennially contested subjects. Power is often defined as a person's ability to influence the behaviors of other people, whereas discourse generally refers to the use of language as a form of social action. The relation between the two is largely contingent upon the divergent conceptions held by different academic disciplines of what power is and how discourse functions. Language and social interaction (
LSI
) is concerned about the interplay between language use and social action, and thus power and discourse are dealt with explicitly or implicitly in many
LSI
studies. Five approaches are reviewed here in terms of their analytical positions on the link between power and discourse. These discourse‐analytic approaches are language pragmatics (specifically speech act theory), critical discourse analysis, conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and interactional sociolinguistics.
Institutional Discourse
Authors: Freed Alice F.
Published: April 2015

This article presents a brief history and a detailed overview of the study of institutional discourse. Institutional discourse refers to verbal exchanges between two or more people where at least one speaker is a representative of a work‐related institution and where the interaction and the speakers' goals are partially determined by the institution in play. A set of interactive properties that characteristically distinguishes institutional discourse from ordinary social conversation is discussed. A description is provided of three theoretical–methodological approaches to institutional discourse (conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, and critical discourse analysis) and the differences among these are reviewed. Finally, excerpts are presented of exchanges from seven different institutional contexts that illustrate the three analytic approaches considered.
Cultural Discourses of Health
Authors: Dutta Mohan J.
Published: April 2015

Discourses of health reflect the ways in which we understand health, the language through which we represent health, and our everyday practices of health. These discourses are constituted by and in turn constitute culture, reflective of the shared spaces around which members come to live their lives and the contexts of their everyday life. In this sense, culture is both static and dynamic; whereas on one hand culture passes on the values and traditions of a community, on the other hand culture is continually transformed through communication within a community. Discourses of health, referring as they do to the meanings, symbols, and languages through which we represent health, are grounded in cultural understandings, cultural values, and the structures of relationships intertwined with cultures.
Conversation Analysis, Overview
Authors: Raclaw Joshua
Published: April 2015

Conversation analysis (
CA
) is a framework for studying the structures and processes of interaction in conversational and institutional talk. Practitioners draw on audio and video recordings of naturally occurring interaction as well as on detailed transcripts that capture both verbal and nonverbal features, to produce empirical analyses of different levels of the organization of talk. These include such phenomena as the production of social action, sequence organization, preference organization, turn‐taking, and turn design. The framework allows for a data‐driven account of interaction that is grounded in the participants' own displayed interpretations of the moment‐by‐moment unfolding of the talk.
Family Dinner Interaction
Authors: Wingard Leah
Published: April 2015

This article provides an overview of a body of research that attends specifically to the analysis of talk at the family dinner table. While studies differ in some ways, they generally share a similar set of goals, which include documenting how children are socialized through dinnertime talk. For these research studies, how children are socialized through talk in turn provides a view of how family culture and culture in general are constructed. The article first considers one main strand of research, which uses a discourse‐pragmatic approach to examine families from different, but often related cultural backgrounds. The article then discusses another main focus of research, which analyzes practices of and socialization into storytelling. Finally, the article considers studies that have other focal topics, including accounts and accountability, negotiations about food and taste, and power and gender roles in the family.
Cohesion
Authors: de los Ángeles Gómez González María
Published: April 2015

Cohesion is a textual phenomenon that refers to the grammatical and lexical devices that serve a cohesive function, that is, establish relations between presupposing and presupposed elements that give unity to a text. To attain cohesion, access routes are established among expressions within a surface format (or linguistic items). Grammatical cohesion involves small, closed classes of grammatical items or gaps used in
reference
,
substitution
,
ellipsis
, and
conjunction
—as these terms are used in systemic functional linguistics (
SFL
). In contrast, lexical cohesion concerns the way in which lexical items (single words or multiword units such as
kick the bucket
or
bed and breakfast
) relate to each other, so that textual continuity is created and information is provided about the way lexemes are organized in the discourse (
lexical patterning
).
Racist Discourse
Authors: Augoustinos Martha , Every Danielle Simone
Published: April 2015

Over the past 30 years a new body of work on the language of racism has become increasingly influential in how we think about racism. This work is informed by linguistics, critical discourse studies, sociology, and discursive psychology. A language‐based approach to racism treats language as the primary medium through which inequality and discrimination are reified, reproduced, and maintained. Research on racist discourse examines the linguistic patterns and discursive resources that shape perceptions and interactions. Data sources include everyday talk and conversation as well as formal institutional talk and texts found in parliamentary debates, political speeches, and the media. This article traces the development of new racist discourse, reviews and illustrates its main forms, and considers whether racism is a participant or an analyst category.
Indirect Speech
Authors: Chang Hui‐Ching
Published: April 2015

Indirectness makes the hidden especially powerful, necessitating guesswork about social rules. This article presents indirectness from three perspectives, and points out the challenges associated with each: indirectness as a linguistic feature, as a pragmatic realization, and as both a culture‐specific and a cross‐cultural phenomenon. Among challenges to the further study of indirectness, a move from “indirect speech” to “indirect communication” may compel us to better conceptualize the boundary between indirectness and directness; how meanings may be accomplished through interactants' continuous work; and what role context plays in defining indirectness.
Rich Points
Authors: Sandel Todd L.
Published: April 2015

A rich point is some verbal or nonverbal expression of a group or culture under study that, upon initial discovery, does not make sense to the researcher and requires translation for outsiders. Developed by Michael Agar, the concept describes what happens to a person who enters a novel linguistic and/or cultural context and encounters something or some moment that is puzzling. It may be a term, an action, a style of discourse or conversation, which differs from the frame that a person—usually the researcher—brings to the situation. A rich point is then analyzed with the aim of developing a translation between the cultures and languages of the researcher and the audience.
Cultural Identity
Authors: Duty David
Published: April 2015

Cultural identity is the feeling of belonging to a certain ethnic group or culture; such feelings can be weak or strong. People can be extremely proud of their cultural identity or very ashamed. Scholars have investigated various dimensions of cultural identity. Some scholars view cultural identity as a three‐stage process, whereas others regard it as having a variety of characteristics. Cultural identity can be influenced by many factors, including personal, familial, and social situations. Several communication theories are adept at clarifying the nuances of cultural identity; such are communication accommodation theory, the ethnography of speaking, and speech code theory. Moreover, scholars have explored the connection between cultural identity and various features—for instance food, acculturation, and kinship.
Helpline Discourse
Authors: Danby Susan , Harris Jessica , Butler Carly W.
Published: April 2015

Helplines are services where callers can request help, advice, information, or support. While such help is usually offered through telephone helplines, Web chat and e‐mail helplines are becoming increasingly available to members of the public. Helplines tend to offer specialized services, such as responding to computer‐software queries or medical and health issues or seeking information about natural disasters. Further, they may be aimed at particular populations, such as children and young people. The earliest research investigating discourse in calls to helplines in social interactional research began in the 1960s, with Sacks' early work on calls made to a suicide prevention center. Since then interactional research has produced a wealth of understandings of the mundane and institutional interactional practices through which help is sought and delivered. In addition to discussing the breadth of research into helplines, this article explores the relationship between philosophies and interactional practices of helpline services.
Parliamentary Discourse
Authors: Ilie Cornelia
Published: April 2015

Parliamentary discourse is both a category of institutionalized multiparty confrontational political discourses and an expanding field of study. The aim of this article is to identify and outline the discourse‐shaped and discourse‐shaping mechanisms of deliberation, adversariality and polarization that underpin the political negotiation and power struggle carried out in parliament. Highlighting the linguistic and rhetorical dimensions of parliamentary discourse, the focus is on micro‐ and macrolevel investigations of parliamentary debating procedures, parliamentary question–answer patterns, and politeness principles and argumentation strategies across parliaments. The article concludes with final remarks on recent trends and future directions for this field.
Effect of Severe Cold or Warm Deformation on Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Behavior of a 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Odnobokova Marina , Belyakov Andrey , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: April 2015

The deformation microstructures and mechanical properties of a 316L austenitic stainless steel subjected to large strain cold or warm plate rolling are studied. The cold or warm rolling was carried out at room temperature or 573 K, respectively, to different total true strains up to 3. The structural changes are characterized by the development of nanocrystalline structures with the transverse grain size of about 80 or 160 nm at room temperature or 573 K, respectively. The evolution of nanocrystalline structure under cold working conditions (room temperature) is assisted by the development of mechanical twinning and partial martensitic transformation that result in rapid grain refinement. The development of nanocrystalline structures during cold/warm working is accompanied by significant strengthening. The yield strength approaches 1 680 or 1 070 MPa after cold or warm rolling to a total strain of 3, respectively.
Determination of Solvent Systems for Blade Coating Thin Film Photovoltaics
Authors: Tait Jeffrey G. , Merckx Tamara , Li Wenqi , Wong Cindy , Gehlhaar Robert , Cheyns David , Turbiez Mathieu , Heremans Paul
Published: April 2015

With lab‐scale solution‐processed thin film photovoltaic (TFPV) devices attaining market relevant efficiencies, the demand for environmentally friendly and scalable deposition techniques is increasing. Replacing toxic halogenated solvents is a priority for the industrialization of solution‐processed TFPV. In this work, a generalized five‐step process is presented for fabricating high‐performance devices from nonhalogenated inks. Resulting from this process, several new solvent systems are introduced based on thiophene, tetralin, 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, o‐xylene, and anisole for blade coating of three different diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based (pDPP5T‐2, pPDPP5T‐2S, and P390) bulk heterojunctions applied in organic photovoltaic devices. Devices based on pDPP5T‐2S and P390 attain 5.6% and 6.1% efficiency, respectively, greater than the efficiency either material reached when processed from the halogenated solvent system commonly used. These processes are implemented without post‐deposition annealing treatments or additives. The Hansen solubility parameters of the pDPP5T‐2 material are obtained, and are used, along with wettability data on a variety of substrates, to determine optimum solvent combinations and ratios for deposition. This generalized five‐step process results in new nonhalogenated solvent pathways for the scalable deposition of thin film photovoltaic materials.
A de novo Mutation in KMT2A (MLL) in monozygotic twins with Wiedemann–Steiner Syndrome
Authors: Dunkerton Sophie , Field Matthew , Cho Vicki , Bertram Edward , Whittle Belinda , Groves Alexandra , Goel Himanshu
Published: April 2015

Growth deficiency, psychomotor delay, and facial dysmorphism was originally described in a male patient in 1989 by Wiedemann et al. and later in 2000 by Steiner et al. Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome (WSS) has since been described only a few times in the literature, with the phenotypic spectrum both expanding and becoming more delineated with each patient reported. We report on the clinical and molecular features of monozygotic twins with a de novo mutation in KMT2A. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray was done on both twins and whole‐exome sequencing was done using both parents and one of the affected twins. SNP microarray confirmed that they were monozygotic twins. A de novo heterozygous variant (p. Arg1083*) in the KMT2A gene was identified through whole‐exome sequencing, confirming the diagnosis of WSS. In this study, we have identified a de novo mutation in KMT2A associated with psychomotor developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, short stature, hypertrichosis cubiti, and small kidneys. This finding in monozygotic twins gives specificity to the WSS. The description of more cases of WSS is needed for further delineation of this condition. Small kidneys with normal function have not been described in this condition in the medical literature before. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE ENDOPARASITOID Campoletis chlorideae INDUCES A HEMOLYTIC FACTOR IN THE HERBIVOROUS INSECT Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Wang Xiong‐Ya , Bai Su‐Fen , Li Xin , Yin Xin‐Ming , Li Xian‐Chun
Published: April 2015

Although lysis of invading organisms is a major innate form of immunity used by invertebrates, it remains unclear whether herbivorous insects have hemolysin or not. To address this general question, we tested the hemolytic (HL) activity of the hemolymph and tissue extracts from various stages of the polyphagous insect Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) against the erythrocytes from chicken, duck, and rabbit. An HL activity was identified in the hemolymph of H. armigera larvae. Further studies demonstrated that the HL activity is proteinaceous as it was precipitable by deproteinizing agents. Hemolysins were found in Helicoverpa egg, larva, pupa, and adult, but the activity was higher in feeding larvae than in molting or newly molted larvae. Hemolysins were distributed among a variety of larval tissues including salivary gland, fat body, epidermis, midgut, or testes, but the highest activity was found in salivary gland and fat body. Relative to nonparasitized larvae, parasitization of H. armigera larvae by the endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida induced a 3.4‐fold increase in the HL activity in the plasma of parasitized host at day two postparasitization. The present study shows the presence of a parasitoid inducible HL factor in the parasitized insect. The HL activity increased significantly in H. armigera larvae at 12 and 24 h postinjection with Escherichia coli. We infer the HL factor(s) is inducible or due to de novo synthesis, which means that the HL factor(s) is associated with insect immune response by inhibiting or clearance of invading organisms.
IMPACT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE OF A PARASITIC BEETLE Dastarcus helophoroides ON ITS HOST BEETLE Monochamus alternatus
Authors: Li Xiao‐juan , Dong Guang‐ping , Fang Jian‐min , Liu Hong‐jian , Yang Li , Guo Wan‐lin
Published: April 2015

Dastarcus helophoroides is an ectoparasitoid beetle of Monochamus alternatus, and the parasitism by D. helophoroides larvae remarkably influenced on the immune responses of M. alternatus larvae in many aspects. The hemolymph melanization reactions in the hosts were inhibited 1 h and 24 h postparasitization. The phenoloxidase activities of hemolymph were significantly stimulated 4 h postparasitization and inhibited 12 h postparasitization, and back to control level. The antibacterial activities of hemolymph in the parasitized hosts were significantly lower than that in the unparasitized ones 1 h postparasitization. By 72 h postparasitism, the total hemocyte numbers of the parasitized larvae declined to not more than one‐seconds of the number collected from the unparasitized larvae. All sampled hemolymph held the capability of nodulation, and there were fluctuations in the number of nodules the hemocytes made. However, there were no significant differences between unparasitized and parasitized larvae at each time point in the hemagglutination activity and the ratios of spreading hemocytes. In conclusion, D. helophoroides larvae could regulate M. alternatus immune system and resulted in the changes in host immune responses.
Infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchungen an isotopen Stickstoffverbindungen III. Mitteilung: Isomerie und Struktur der aromatischen Diazotate
Authors: Kübler R. , Lüttke W.
Published: April 2015

Die wichtigsten charakteristischen Schwingungsfrequenzen der Diazotatgruppe von aromatischen anti‐ und syn‐Diazotaten werden durch Vergleich der IR‐Spektren der nichtmarkierten mit denen der geeignet 15N‐markierten Substanzen lokalisiert. Aus der spektralen Lage der NN‐, NO‐ und der Phenyl‐Substituent‐Schwingungen (die für beide isomere Reihen sehr ähnlich ist) folgt, daß in den anti‐ und in den syn‐Diazotaten eine NNO‐Kette vorliegt, in der der NN‐Bindungsgrad denjenigen der NO‐Bindung deutlich übertrifft. Aus der Verteilung der Banden des aromatischen Molekülrestes und durch Vergleich der Gruppen‐frequenzen der Diazotate mit denjenigen von isoelektronischen, stereoisomeren Verbindungen ergibt sich, daß, den Vorstellungen von Hantzsch entsprechend, den anti‐Diazotaten (auf die NN‐Bindung bezogen) eine ebene trans‐Struktur, den syn‐Diazotaten eine nichtebene, räumlich verdrehte cis‐Form zukommt.
IR‐Untersuchungen an Benzolderivaten über die Wechselwirkung zwischen Substituenten und Benzolring III. Mitteilung: Korrelation zwischen der Intensität der CH‐Valenzschwingungen o‐disubstituierter Benzolderivate und dem Induktivparameter σI der Hammettkonstanten
Authors: Schmid E. D.
Published: April 2015

Von einigen o‐disubstituierten Benzolderivaten wurde die Intensität der CH‐Valenzschwingungen bestimmt. Zwischen der Intensität Iar der im Benzolring lokalisierten CHar‐Valenzschwingungen und den Induktivparametern σI der Substituenten konnte folgende Relation gefunden werden:
equation image

Untersuchungen an o‐Toluolderivaten ergaben überdies eine analoge Relation zwischen der Intensität Ialiph der in der CH3‐Gruppe lokalisierten C‐Haliph‐Valenzschwingungen und dem Induktivparameter σI, Y eines zweiten Ringsubstituenten
equation image

Die Interpretation dieses Befundes führt zu der Annahme, daß die Bindungsmomente der σ‐CH‐Bindungen o‐disubstituierter Benzolderivate von Verbindung zu Verbindung variieren und zwar im allgemeinen nur nach Maßgabe der Induktivpolareffekte der Substituenten. Diese Ergebnisse sind mit den am Monobenzol‐derivaten1) gewonnenen konsistent.
Polarisation der Elektronenbanden von Aromaten 7. Mitteilung: Indol, Indazol, Benzimidazol, Benztriazol, Carbazol
Authors: Schütt Hans‐Uwe , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: April 2015

Es wurden die Absorptions‐, Fluoreszenz‐, Phosphoreszenz‐ und Polarisationsspektren von Indol, Indazol, Indazol‐Perchlorat, Benzimidazol, Benzimidazol‐Perchlorat, Benztriazol, Benztriazol‐Perchlorat und Carbazol im nahen Ultraviolett gemessen. Die Absorptionsspektren aller Moleküle gehören zum gleichen Typ. Die untersuchten Azole erweisen sich spektroskopisch als Aromaten. Die Absorptionsbanden wurden mit Hilfe der Polarisationsspektren zugeordnet.

Bei Indol und Benzimidazol‐Perchlorat sind die OO‐Übergänge von 1La und 1Lb dicht benachbart. Es erfolgt Fluoreszenz aus zwei angeregten Elektronenzuständen.

Die Phosphoreszenzpolarisation zeigt an, daß die Phosphoreszenz aller Moleküle senkrecht zur Molekülebene polarisiert ist.
Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung neuer Methoden zur Bestimmung von elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und Dielektrizitätskonstanten) I. Eine neue RC‐Methode
Authors: Bertram R. , Cruse K.
Published: April 2015

Durch Einschaltung einer geeigneten mit Meßgut gefüllten Meßstrecke in das Rückkopplungsnetzwerk eines RC‐Generators ist es möglich, aus der Frequenzanzeige dieses Generators Aussagen über die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Meßgutes zu gewinnen. Im 1. Teil werden die Frequenz‐ und Rückkopplungsbeziehungen für ein arbeitsfähiges Gerät abgeleitet. Neben dem Aufbau des RC‐Gerätes und der Ausgestaltung des Rückkopplungsvierpols als frequenzbestimmendem Teil werden die Empfindlichkeit und die Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit aufgezeigt. In dem Leitfähigkeitsbereich von 10−12Ω−1 cm−1 bis 10 Ω−1 cm−1 gestattet die Methode eine kontinuierliche unverzügliche Registrierung. Das Gerät ist auch als Dekameter verwendbar. Im 2. Teil wird die Gestaltung der Meßzelle diskutiert, abschließend werden im 3. Teil Anwendungen der Methode beschrieben.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigation of Solids
Authors: Andrew E. R.
Published: April 2015

A review is given of some applications of nuclear magnetic resonance to diamagnetic solids. The following topics are discussed, with examples: structural studies, spectral narrowing caused by molecular reorientation and diffusion, spin‐lattice relaxation by molecular motion, the determination of spin‐lattice relaxation mechanism, anisotropy of spin‐lattice relaxation time, multiple relaxation times, macroscopic rotation, removal of dipolar broadening in solids, anisotropy of chemical shift.
The Preparation of Fused KCl‐LiCl Eutectic and its Use as a Medium for E.M.F. Measurements
Authors: Raynor J. B.
Published: April 2015

Dissolved water in fused KCl‐LiCl eutectic causes hydrolysis of the halides. This results in the fused salt having a high alkali content. An effective method for the preparation of a hydroxide‐free melt was investigated. Analysis by polarographic and chemical techniques showed that treatment of the melt with hydrogen chloride gas was effective in keeping the alkali content to a minimum. Investigation with Ag/AgCl concentration cells in this solvent showed that this electrode system is reversible and obeys the Nernst Equation.
Zur Wirkung des Kaliums im Ammoniakkatalysator I. Kinetik der Synthese an ein‐ und zweifach aktivierten Katalysatoren
Authors: Krabetz R. , Peters Cl.
Published: April 2015

Die Gültigkeit der Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen von Temkin und Pyshew sowie von Ozaki, Taylor und Boudart für die NH3‐Synthese an einfach und zweifach aktivierten Eisenkatalysatoren wird an Hand von kinetischen Messungen bei Atmosphärendruck im Temperaturbereich von 280–370 °C geprüft. An einfach verstärkten Katalysatoren wird eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit der Gleichung von Ozaki, Taylor und Boudart für homogene oder heterogene Oberfläche erreicht. An zweifach verstärkten Proben mit höherem Kaliumgehalt beschreibt die modifizierte Gleichung von Temkin und Pyshew die Meßergebnisse gut. Es wird entsprechend angenommen, daß an einfach aktivierten Proben die Katalysatoroberfläche im wesentlichen mit NH‐Resten bedeckt ist und daß mit steigendem Kaliumgehalt ein Wechsel zu einer überwiegenden Bedeckung mit adsorbierten N‐Atomen eintritt. Der mögliche Einfluß des Reduktionsgrades des Katalysators auf die Ergebnisse wird ausführlich diskutiert.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Copper Dissolution in Aqueous Ammonia
Authors: Habashi Fathi
Published: April 2015

The dissolution of copper in aqueous solutions of ammonia is a corrosion process in which the cathodic reaction is the reduction of oxygen at the surface of the metal according to:

and the anodic reaction is the oxidation of copper according to:

Superimposed with these reactions is the cuprous‐cupric equilibrium:

A theoretical derivation of the velocity equation of the dissolution process has been obtained, which describes quantitatively the experimental facts. The equation is as follows:

where k1, k2, k3 and f are constants, A is the surface area of the metal in contact with the aqueous phase and [O2], [NH3] and [Cu2+] are oxygen, ammonia and cupric ion concentrations respectively.
Protonenresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen der Kohlenstoffhybridisierung in gesättigten cyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Äthern, Thioäthern und Iminen
Authors: Lippert Ernst , Prigge Helmut
Published: April 2015

Aus den Protonenresonanzspektren bei 60 MHz werden die chemischen Verschiebungen δ zu geringerer Resonanzfeldstärke und die 13C‐H‐Kopplungskonstanten JCH ermittelt. In allen vier Verbindungsklassen sind die δ‐Werte bei den 3‐Ringen relativ am kleinsten und bei den 4‐Ringen relativ am größten. Es wird angenommen, daß die Elektronendichte am Ort der Protonen der 3‐Ringe durch Ringverengung nach dem Konzept der gebogenen Bindungen erhöht und am Ort der Protonen der 4‐Ringe durch Ringaufweitung erniedrigt ist.

Die Kopplungskonstante JCH ist in erster Näherung proportional dem s‐Anteil δ in den H‐bindenden Kohlenstofforbitalen. Der s‐Charakter der C‐H‐Valenzen nimmt mit der Ringspannung zu, und zwar besonders stark beim Übergang vom 4‐Ring zum 3‐Ring. Mit Hilfe der Hybridisierungsparameter werden Valenzwinkel und Bindungsabstände berechnet.

Bei Substitution einer CH2‐Gruppe in cyclischen Paraffinen durch O, NH oder S hängt die Hybridisierung der Kohlenstoffatomorbitale in den endo‐ und den exocyclischen Bindungen außer von der Ringgliedzahl auch vom induktiven bzw. sterischen Effekt des Substituenten ab.
Die Beeinflussung der Fluoreszenz von Molekülen durch ein äußeres elektrisches Feld II. Bestimmung von Dipolmomenten angeregter Moleküle
Authors: Czekalla J. , Liptay W. , Meyer K.‐O.
Published: April 2015

Aus dem elektrischen Fluoreszenzpolarisationsgrad werden die Dipolmomente des fluoreszenzfähigen Anregungszustandes bei einer Reihe von Verbindungen bestimmt, bei denen das Übergangsmoment und das Dipolmoment im Grund‐ und Anregungszustand parallel zueinander sind. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den nach anderen Methoden bestimmten Dipolmomenten der angeregten Zustände verglichen.

From the degree of the electric polarisation of fluorescence the dipole moments of the excited state capable of fluorescence are determined for a member of compounds, in which the transition moment and the dipole moment in the ground state and in the excited state are parallel to each other. The results are compared with the dipole moments of the excited states obtained by other methods.
Zur Wirkung des Kaliums im Ammoniakkatalysator II. NH3‐Synthese an schwefelvergifteten Katalysatoren
Authors: Krabetz R. , Peters Cl.
Published: April 2015

Die NH3‐Synthese unter Atmosphärendruck wurde an partiell mit H2S vergifteten ein‐ und zweifach aktivierten Eisenkatalysatoren verfolgt. Die mit der Temkin‐Gleichung erhaltene Bruttoaktivierungsenergie ändert sich mit dem Vergiftungsgrad nicht. Die Adsorption von Schwefel erhöht die aus kinetischen Versuchen nach Ozaki, Taylor und Boudart ermittelte Aktivierungsenergie der N2‐Adsorption und senkt die Adsorptionswärme des Stickstoffs. Einfach verstärkte Katalysatoren werden werden bei vergleichbarer Oberflächenkonzentration an Schwefel stärker vergiftet als kaliumaktivierte Proben. Der Einfluß der Schwefeladsorption wird mit der Wirkung der Sauerstoffchemisorption verglichen.
Zur Beeinflussung der spektralen Durchlässigkeit ultrarotaktiver Gase durch zwischenmolekulare Wechselwirkungen II. Ultrarot‐Spektren des Äthylens im Beisein von Fremdgasen
Authors: Luther H. , Germershausen R.
Published: April 2015

Es wird über Intensitätsmessungen an den Ultrarotbanden der CH‐Knick‐(“wagging”)‐Schwingung des Äthylens im Beisein folgender Fremdgase berichtet: Helium, Argon, Sauerstoff, Stickstoff, Kohlenmonoxyd, Bortrifluorid, Chlorwasserstoff, Acetylen. Dabei werden auch Meßergebnisse für den sogenannten Vorfiltereffekt mitgeteilt. Der Anteil der Druckverbreiterung und der in einer vorangegangenen Arbeit behandelten Populationsverschiebung an den Meßergebnissen wird diskutiert.

Ihre Beteiligung an der Extinktionserhöhung durch Fremdgaszusätze erscheint zumindest für einen Übergang von 5 Torr Gesamtdruck zu höheren Drucken bei Äthylen aus den Vorfiltereffektmessungen als gesichert. Für die Auswertung der Ergebnisse zur Extinktionserhöhung durch Fremdgase zwischen 10 Torr und 60 Torr Gesamtdruck liefert eine von Nielsen angegebene Beziehung zwischen Extinktion und Linienbreite Ergebnisse über den Wechselwirkungsdurchmesser der Fremdgase, die mit Literaturwerten gut übereinstimmen.