bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The light reflex in retinal vessels and its relation to age and systemic blood pressure
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Myhre Kjell , Sandvik Leiv
Published: May 2009

Abstract The light streak characteristics on retinal vessels were studied by microdensitometry on fundus photographs. We compared the width and the intensity of the reflex in a young group (mean: 19.7‐years‐old; n = 40) and in an older group (mean: 45.3‐years‐old; n = 22) of normal subjects. By subgrouping according to age and blood pressure levels, we studied possible effects of these parameters on the light streak. We found higher intensity of reflection from both arteries and veins in the older group (P < 0.01). This effect seemed mostly related to the age of the subjects. We also registered a relation between systolic blood pressure and intensity of reflection from veins in the young group (P < 0.03). Optical changes in the vessel walls in the ageing process and intravascular pressure effects on the indices of refraction in the erythrocytes/plasma may account for these findings. The width of the reflex was not found to be related to either the age or the blood pressure level of the subjects.
Ocular ethambutol toxicity
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Petrera Jorge E. , Skjödt Karen , Trojaborg Werner
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 76‐year‐old female with ocular ethambutol toxicity prompted two investigations. Firstly, she was followed electrophysiologically, with multichannel recorded pattern reversal visual evoked potential techniques using full‐field, half‐field, central‐field and peripheral field stimulation, plus flash VEP and ERG. The examinations performed 2, 5 and 7 months after ethambutol withdrawal indicated damage to the papillomacular bundle, while a late follow‐up after recovery showed potentials of near normal configuration. Secondly an epidemiological survey was attempted based on the 37 ethambutol toxicity cases registered to the Danish Board on Adverse Reactions 1972–81, making up 1% of those receiving antituberculous therapy. They showed a signicant preponderance of elderly (24/37 > 65 years) and of females (29/37). There was only one foreigner in the series. A detailed analysis of visual function in a subsample of 22 cases (those registered 1977–81) showed that visual impairment lasted several months, and that usually recovery was not complete. Using the visual demands for drivers license as criterium, 20 fulfilled the demands prior to therapy, but only 12 after recovery.
Lactoferrin and serum albumin in the conjunctival fluid of eyes operated for senile cataract
Authors: Jensen O. L. , Sand B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The concentrations of serum albumin (SA) in the conjunctival fluid were measured in 25 patients before surgery and in the post‐operative period following cataract extraction. We found a significant increase in mean tear fluid SA concentration on the first post‐operative day. The SA concentration remained high during the first 3 pre‐operative levels. No correlation between the post‐operative concentration profile of tear fluid SA and earlier findings of the tear lactoferrin (LF) profile of the same group of patients (Jensen et al. 1985) could be shown, although a trend towards an inverse relationship was apparent from the graphs. Pre‐operatively, we found a significant positive correlation between age and concentration of SA in the conjunctival fluid (P < 0.05) which might be interpreted as an increase in leakage from conjunctival vessels with age. This would, at least partly, explain the decreasing LF concentration with age (Jensen et al. 1986; McGill et al. 1984). It is concluded that transudate/exudate from the conjunctival vessels, represented by the change in the SA concentration in the conjunctival fluid, might be responsible for an initial post‐operatively reduced concentration of LF and possibly other lacrimal gland proteins.
Comparison of sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose in extracapsular cataract extraction
Authors: Thomsen Mikael , Simonsen Anders Hjorth , Andreassen Troels T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Extracapsular cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implantation was performed in a total of 30 patients. These were randomly divided into two groups. In one group sodium hyaluronate 1% (Healon®) was used as a tool in surgery, in the other group methylcellulose 2% was used. The viscous substances were irrigated out of the eyes at the conclusion of surgery. Central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and aqueous flare were recorded until one month post‐operatively. There was no difference in corneal thickness between the two groups. The mean intraocular pressure was lower than pre‐operatively in both groups with a lower pressure in the methylcellulose group compared to the sodium hyaluronate group during the first part of the observation period.
Effect of multiple applications of compound 48/80 on mast cells of rat conjunctiva
Authors: Allansmith Mathea R. , Baird Robert S. , Ross Robert N. , Barney Neal P. , Bloch Kurt J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We sought to determine the effect on rat conjunctival mast cells of chronic exposure to a degranulating agent. Compound 48/80 (250 μg in 10 μl) was applied daily to the ocular surface of rats for a total of 13 treatments administered in 17 days. A single application of compound 48/80 was given to rats for comparison. Four groups of animals (6 in each group) were evaluated 1 or 48 h after the last application of compound 48/80 in both chronic exposure and single exposure studies. Although a single exposure to compound 48/80 induced significant degranulation of mast cells in animals observed 1 h after treatment, no significant degranulation of mast cells was observed 1 h after the last dose of compound 48/80 was given to rats whose conjunctiva had been chronically exposed to this degranulating agent. Thus, multiple applications of compound 48/80 attenuated the mast cell response to compound 48/80. This acquired tolerance to compound 48/80 was reflected in the lessened clinical signs in rats receiving repeated applications compared with those given a single application.
Capsule thickness of cataractous lenses with and without exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Ruotsalainen Jaana , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Lens capsule thickness was measured in 105 cataractous lenses with and without exfoliation syndrome. The lenses were removed by intracapsular cryoextraction. Forty lenses (38%) showed exfoliation, while 65 (62%) were exfoliation negative. Thickness values were measured by light microscopy from the central anterior capsule, central posterior capsule and from the equator. The mean thickness values were for the central anterior capsule 8.2 ± 3.2 μ, for the central posterior capsule 3.2 ± 1.4 and for the equator 3.9 ± 1.3. There was no statistical difference between the exfoliation‐positive and exfoliation‐negative lenses. The capsule thickness varied greatly throughout the present material. The highest value, 22.4 μ, was measured from an exfoliation‐negative central anterior lens capsule of a male patient aged 33 years. The lowest value, 0.6 μ, was measured from an exfoliation‐positive central posterior capsule of a male patient aged 64 years. The central posterior capsule is the thinnest area of the lens capsule. The findings call for great caution in polishing the posterior capsule during extracapsular cataract surgery. The higher complication rate in eyes with exfoliation syndrome cannot be explained by thinner lens capsules but rather on the more friable zonules.
Early vitrectomy in the treatment of post‐operative purulent endophthalmitis
Authors: Laatikainen L. , Tarkkanen A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 1979‐85, 12 cases of purulent post‐operative endophthalmitis (PPE) were treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics, corticosteroids and vitreous surgery. In 11 eyes endophthalmitis developed after cataract surgery, in 6 of them after an intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, in one eye after trabeculectomy. Signs related to an intraocular infection appeared 2 to 32 days after surgery, earlier in eyes with an IOL or post‐operative complications than in those without. All 5 eyes where vitrectomy was performed within 24 h from the beginning of symptoms retained useful vision (0.1–0.6), whereas 2 of the 7 eyes where vitrectomy was performed later were lost. In the latter two the causative agent was streptococcus. No IOL implants were removed.
The central light reflex of retinal arteries and veins in insulin‐dependent diabetic subjects
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Myhre Kjell , Dahl‐Jørgensen Knut , Hanssen Kristian F. , Sandvik Leiv
Published: May 2009

Abstract The width (Wr/Wo) and the intensity (Ir) of the central light reflex were studied on retinal arteries and veins in insulin‐dependent diabetic patients. A diabetic group (n = 45) was compared to normal subjects (n = 57), and the groups were matched according to age and blood pressure levels. A computerized scanning microdensitometer was applied across various sites on vessels in fundus photographs. The Ir of the reflected light was significantly reduced in diabetic arteries and veins compared to the vessels in the control group (P < 0.001). This may implicate abnormalities in blood rheology of the retinal circulation in diabetes. The Wr/Wo was found narrower in veins in diabetic patients (P < 0.001). This probably indicates differences in haemodynamics of venous flow in diabetic and normal subjects. The intensity was correlated to the duration of diabetes (P < 0.05), while neither the width nor the intensity were found related to sex, metabolic control, intraocular pressure or retinopathy.
Predictive value of Lang two‐pencil test, TNO stereotest, and Bagolini glasses. Orthoptic examination of an adult group
Authors: Pugesgaard T. , Krogh E. , Nyholm M. , Nordström I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In our comparitive study of a Rodenstock sight‐screener and a clinical eye examination, an orthoptic examination was included. The present study describes the orthoptic examination of 109 subjects and evaluates the predictive diagnostic value of Lang two‐pencil test, TNO stereotest and Bagolini striated glasses. We found 14 orthoptic pathological cases most of which could be revealed by an accurate cover test. The TNO stereotest and the Bagolini glasses have high predictive diagnostic values of negative and even of positive tests. If one of these tests is used as a supplement to the ophthalmological examination and anamnesis, we find it to be a valuable hint of orthoptic normality or abnormality. If an orthoptic pathology is suggested, this must be followed by a complete orthoptic examination concerning diagnosis and treatment.
Non‐traumatic recurrent corneal erosion
Authors: Tabery Helena M. , Holm Olle
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of non‐traumatic recurrent corneal erosion was studied for several days by means of non‐contact photomacrography. The development of cysts and fingerprint‐like lines was registered. A previous suggestion based on histological evidence regarding the origin of some of the cysts, could be confirmed.
A rapid method to assess crystalline lens pigment density in vivo
Authors: Coren Stanley
Published: May 2009

Abstract A procedure for rapidly estimating lens pigment density, based upon metameric matches on the D & H Color Rule, is described. A computational nomograph to convert settings to lens densities is provided. This procedure was validated in a sample 126 normal observers, and shown to produce data comparable to more complex laboratory testing procedures. The speed and simplicity of this procedure suggest that it may be useful for monitoring changes in lens pigment density in groups exposed to high levels of environmental, laboratory or industrial ultraviolet light.
Pars plana technique for removal of congenital subluxated lenses in young patients
Authors: Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Lensectomy with the pars plana technique was performed in 16 eyes of 11 patients (2 female, 9 male) with congenital subluxated lenses. Lens subluxation was associated with homocystinuria in 2 patients, Marfan's syndrome in 4, congenital simple ectopia lentis in 2 and without any known heredity in 3 patients. The reason for removal was in all eyes optical disturbances. Five patiens were operated on both eyes. All lenses were removed with the Kløti Vitreous Stripper through the pars plana. No complications occurred. Retinal detachment was present pre‐operatively in both eyes in one patient with homocystinuria. In the postoperative period, prophylactic photocoagulation and cryotherapy were performed in 7 eyes in 6 patients (6 photocoagulation and 1 cryo). The pars plana technique for removal of clear subluxated lenses in young individuals seems to be the method of choice. Complications are negligible and the method gives excellent optical results.
Validity of hospital discharge registry in acute glaucoma
Authors: Teikari J. M. , Raivio I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Validity of hospital discharge registry in Finland was evaluated in acute glaucoma. Hospital records of 172 patients with the diagnosis 370.00 (acute glaucoma) in the registry were collected from different hospitals. The typical findings in acute glaucoma were searched for in patient documents. The diagnosis of acute glaucoma was in agreement in both the registry and in the present investigation in 80.2%. Other recordings validated in patient files (% of agreement in parenthesis) were: date of birth (98.8%), social security number (92.4%), sex (99.4%), hospital code (100%), date of admission (88.4%), date of discharge (90.2%). The type of hospital did not affect the amount of false recordings. The highest percentage of false recordings was noticed in the health care centers. The most common false diagnoses were: simple glaucoma (11 cases), secondary glaucoma (8 cases) and chronic congestive glaucoma (7 cases). The validity assesment is of importance in epidemiologic studies employing discharge registries.
Timolol/pilocarpine combination eye drops in open angle glaucoma and in ocular hypertension
Authors: Høvding Gunnar , Aasved Henry
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of a newly developed ophthalmic solution containing both 0.5% timolol and 2% resp. 4% pilocarpine was compared with that of timolol 0.5% eye drops alone in 93 patients with manifest simple or capsular glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The medications were administered twice daily. The absolute additive effect of pilocarpine was small, although the combined solutions caused a statistically significantly greater reduction of the intraocular pressure than that achieved by timolol alone. This additional effect appeared to last at least 12 h. The effect of the test solutions containing 2% resp. 4% pilocarpine was very similar. Apart from the well‐known effects of the pilo‐carpine‐induced miosis, the combined test medications were generally well tolerated.
Primary open‐angle glaucoma in 2 monozygotic twin pairs
Authors: Teikari J. M. , Airaksinen P. J. , Kaprio J. , Koskenvuo M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two monozygotic twin pairs with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) derived from the Finnish Twin Cohort Study were studied. The first female twin pair was concordant, and the second female pair was discordant for primary open‐angle glaucoma. The non‐diseased member of this second pair showed pre–glaucomatous signs in the form of ocular hypertension. The clinical study of the patients included a careful ophthalmologic examination, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) photography and optic disc stereophotography. Visual fields were tested with an automated perimeter (Octopus 2000). The small number of twin pairs in the present study does not permit quantitative analysis of heritability, but it is obvious that whenever a clinical diagnosis of primary open‐angle glaucoma in a monozygotic twin is made, the co‐twin should be carefully examined.
Bilateral absolute phakolytic glaucoma
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi , Tarkkanen Ahti , Mianowicz Jerzy
Published: May 2009

Abstract We describe an unusual case of absolute bilateral phakolytic glaucoma. On admission for cataract surgery the 75‐year‐old patient was found to be totally blind, no light perception in either eye. The ocular tensions were about 75 mmHg in both eyes, corneas hazy, the fundi could not be seen. The swollen lens of the right eye had slightly subluxated downwards. In the left eye the ultrasound showed a luxated swollen lens in the vitreous space. The ultrasound also revealed totally excavated optic discs. This patient had been on the waiting list for 8 months. Information of the stage of the cataracts of patients on the waiting lists for operation is of paramount importance in the prevention of lens induced problems which may lead to irreversible visual deterioration.
Endothelial healing in rabbit corneal alkali wounds
Authors: Chung Jang‐Hyun , Fagerholm Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract The healing of rabbit corneal endothelium was studied following a standardized corneal alkali burn. The excised corneas were stained and examined, flat mount, endothelial side up, in the light microscope. Morphometric determinations were performed during the healing process by flat mount technique, and endothelial cell morphology was studied by both histological and flat mount techniques. The decrease of the endothelial wound diameter was linear, in the order of 18 μm/h, during the first 5 days. By one week the wound was almost completely covered by endothelial cells. Subsequently, the endothelium broke down in the central wound area during the second week. Endothelial healing resumed after the secondary break down although at a slow pace. The healing was often interfered with by invading fibroblast‐like cells. The endothelial wound was not completely covered by endothelial cells even 6 months after trauma. The interrelation of the damage in different layers of the cornea was discussed.
Genetic factors in open‐angle (simple and capsular) glaucoma
Authors: Teikari J. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A nationwide record linkage of the Finnish Twin Cohort Study (FTCS) with the Hospital Discharge Registry and the Registry of Rights for Free medication is presented. This study consists of 108 pairs (114 individuals) of twins with chronic open‐angle glaucoma. Of the twin pairs 29 were monozygotic (MZ), while 79 pairs were dizygotic (DZ). Three monozygotic and 3 dizygotic pairs were concordant for chronic open‐angle glaucoma (OAG), while 26 monozygotic and 76 dizygotic pairs were discordant. Seventy‐three twins had chronic simple glaucoma, while 34 twins had capsular glaucoma, and in 7 patients chronic simple glaucoma was noted in one eye and capsular glaucoma in the second eye. The heritability of chronic open angle glaucoma was 13%. The higher O/E‐ratio of concordant twin pairs among MZ twins indicates that genetic factors play a role in this disease. The difference is anyhow surprisingly low compared to former estimates of heritability of open angle glaucoma. The steep rise in prevalence in older age groups was confirmed. The age‐adjusted prevalence of chronic open‐angle glaucoma in this study was 0.63%.
Conjunctivorhinostomy
Authors: Nissen Jørgen Nørrelykke , Sørensen Torben
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The results from 21 cases (in 19 patients) of conjunctivorhinostomy were evaluated. Twelve cases were successful. The operative technique and especially the need for meticulous post‐operative care is discussed. A close post‐operative follow‐up is mandatory, since most of the failures were caused by loss of the Jones' tube.
Conjunctival nerve pathology in multipe endocrine neoplasia
Authors: Tervo Timo , Haltia Matti , Tervo Kaarina , Eränkö Liisa , Vannas Antti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 31‐year‐old male with typical clinical features of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN 2b) was subjected to conjunctival biopsy. The patient had previously been operated for pheochromocytoma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. He came for ophthalmologic consultation because of redness and irritation of the eye due to dry eye syndrome. The conjunctival biopsy taken from his left eye revealed not only an increase in the number of conjunctival nerves but also an increase of their axons. The ultrastructure of the nerves was mostly normal, but the perineurium was often incomplete, and the interaxonal space appeared to be enlarged. Immunohistochemically, SP‐, neurofilament‐ and, unexpectedly, leucine‐enkephalin‐positive nerve fibres were demonstrated in the conjunctival stroma. The rat is the only species in which enkephalin‐like immunoreactivity has been described in the anterior segment of the eye. Thus, the presence of enkephalin‐positive nerves in the conjunctiva of our MEN 2b patient may reflect a profound neural alteration.
Fusidic acid in acute conjunctivitis
Authors: Hvidberg Jesper
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fusidic acid 1 % and chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops were in a randomized, single‐blind manner given as a one‐week treatment to out‐patients with acute, purulent conjunctivitis. A clinical success was recorded in 84% (102/121) of patients receiving fusidic acid and in 81% (104/129) of patients receiving chloramphenicol. More patients (14%) receiving chloramphenicol complained of trivial side effects such as stinging and local discomfort, compared with fusidic acid (5%). No serious side effects were recorded. It is concluded that fusidic acid dispensed in a carbomer eye vehicle represents an effective and well tolerated new topical eye preparation with the advantage of being administered twice daily.
The pharmacokinetics of ocularly applied timolol in rabbits
Authors: Huupponen Risto , Kaila Timo , Salminen Lotta , Urtti Arto
Published: May 2009

Abstract. [3H]timolol derived radioactivity and β‐antagonistic activity in the aqueous humour, iris, ciliary body and blood in rabbits were analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and radioreceptor assay (RRA) after ocular timolol. After ocular application of tracer labelled timolol, the radioactivity decreased slowly in the iris (Kel = 0.05 h−1) and ciliary body (Kel = 0.02 h−1). In the aqueous humour the elimination rate was faster (Kel = 0.57 h−1). The β‐antagonistic activities of the aqueous humour and plasma decreased rapidly when compared to LSC values. The ethanol extractable pool of the β‐antagonistic activity from the iris and ciliary body was only a few percent of the corresponding LSC estimates. The kinetics of β‐antagonistic activity extractable from iris and ciliary body was identical with that in the aqueous humour. Timolol concentrations in the untreated rabbit eye were sufficiently high to lower the intraocular pressure.
Visual acuity increased by stellate ganglion block: Case reports
Authors: Nandrup E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. After stellate ganglion blocks 5 patients with marked decreased visual acuity showed a pronounced increase of same, verified either by Snellens types or automated perimetry.
Progression of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina
Authors: Vannas‐Sulonen Kaarina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fundus fluorescein angiograms of 21 gyrate atrophy patients were evaluated. In 16 of 21 patients between 2 to 13 angiograms were taken during the follow‐up which extended from 1.6 to 13.4 years. In 5 of 21 patients the fluorescein angiography was done once. Optic disc drusen occurred in 3 patients. Optic disc atrophy was not observed. Some attenuation occurred in the retinal arteries in the far‐advanced stages. Up to the midretinal venous phase 5 of 13 patients had a markedly increased visibility of the larger choroidal vessels in areas of ophthalmoscopically intact retina. Pigment epithelial window defects presented in 17 of 21 patients. In 4, they were seen to enlarge into patches of chorioretinal atrophy during this long‐term follow‐up. Contrary to the general notion, the macula was affected frequently, i.e. in 9 of 21 patients; In 6 the pigment epithelial window defects presented in the macula, one had bilateral cystoid macular oedema, and in 2 patients the patches of chorioretinal atrophy were central.
Ferning in conjunctival‐cytologic preparations
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Two quantitative pipette samples and 3 smears from each of 305 eyes were re‐evaluated. Two types of ferning (F) were detected i.e. rectangular (FR) and acute‐angled (FA) ramifications, respectively. One FR corresponds in area to 0.11 FA. Ferning was present in 29% of pipette samples, averaging 0.41 mm2 in the form of FR in the total series. Ferning was most frequent in samples with fairly large amounts of mucus, more frequent in neutrophilia than in lymphocytosis, and the rarest in normal cytology. F was seen in several cases of acute infections conjunctivitis (55%), neonatal and follicular conjunctivitis, and keratitis, whereas it was rare in normal eyes (7%). This distribution is presumably due to the amount of mucus in the samples preserving the F‐pattern during the preparation procedure. F was rarely seen in smears (0.7%).
Aerobic responses of the cornea to isopropyl alcohol, measured in vivo
Authors: Roseman M. J. , Hill R. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. With the use of a micropolarographic system, the effects of a series of isopropyl alcohol concentrations on oxygen uptake by the corneal epithelium of the rabbit were measured in vivo. Based on an exposure period of 10 sec, followed by a saline rinse, concentrations of greater than 31% were found to cause an abrupt and severe decline in oxygen uptake, with oxygen flux responses associated with 44% and greater being indistinguishable 60 min later from those of an epithelially denuded cornea. Initial flux variations, e.g. a mild depression at 24% and a mild elevation at just under 31%, were still evident 1 h following exposure. A slope model for estimating that concentration, the aerobic reduction dosage, which would reduce the oxygen flux activity of the epithelium to half, called here the ARD50, was found for this exposure time to be 37%. That estimate is in very close agreement with measured responses. A susceptibility ratio (SR), for comparing the relative toxicities of different agents based on the quotient of their ARD50 values, was calculated here for sodium hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol, and found to be 50:1.
Disc haemorrhages and glaucoma in a general ophthalmic practice
Authors: Sonnsjö B. , Krakau C. E. T. , Bengtsson B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The composition of the clientele from an ophthalmological practioner's office is described with special reference to the occurrence of glaucoma and disc haemorrhages (h in singular; hh in plural). This study could not be planned as an epidemiological survey and gives no clue to sensitivity or specificity of hh in glaucoma. During a period of about 10 years ending with 1986 there were 731 patients with h and/or glaucoma. When detected, 185 patients had h but no glaucoma, 33 had both h and glaucoma and 513 had glaucoma but no h. During the follow‐up period hh were detected in 83 cases of glaucoma. and glaucoma developed in 27 cases with hh. The detection rate of hh among glaucoma wqs low but steady, indicating that hh may occur at any stage of the glaucoma process. This study shows no predilection for hh in cases with general hypertension or diabetes, nor is the frequency of hh among pseudoexfoliation cases significantly lower than among cases without this stigma.
Outpatient anterior chamber lens implantation
Authors: Elås Tor , Guldahl Jan , Blika Sigmund , Høisen Harald , Brevik Tor Anders , Ringvold Amund
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 100 outpatient and 143 inpatient intracapsular cataract extractions with anterior chamber lens implantation were examined 6 months post‐operatively. 74 (74%) in the ‘former and 107 (75%) in the latter achieved visual acuity ≥ 0.5. Excluding non‐surgical pathology, 93% in the outpatient group and 98% in the inpatient group had a visual acuity ≥ 0.5 (P = 0.12). There were no significant differences in post‐operative complications except for the incidence of cystoid macular edema. Six (6%) of the outpatient and 1 (0.7%) of the inpatient procedures had cystoid macular edema that resulted in a visual acuity below 0.5 (P = 0.02).
Swelling tendency of rabbit cornea in organ culture medium
Authors: Medin Walther , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The swelling tendency of fresh rabbit corneas kept in organ culture was determined by measuring percentage weight increase. Corneal buttons with diameters of 5,9,14, and 16 mm had an average weight increase during the first hour of 53%, 35%, 18%, and 8.6%, respectively. Those with diameter 5 and 9 mm had a continuous weight increase up to a maximum of 350% to 450% of start weight after 25 h and 57 h, respectively. Many corneas with 16 mm diameter (including a thin scleral rim) and some with 14 mm, had a temporary stable weight of average 56% (with an individual cornea stabilizing at only 15%) above start weight between day 2 to day 7. Thereafter a phase with approximately linear weight increase ended at a maximum weight of 350% to 450% of start weight after one month. It is concluded that the rate of corneal swelling in cultivation is highly dependent upon the corneal button size.
Prediction of pseudo‐phakic anterior chamber depth from pre‐operative data
Authors: Næser Kristian , Boberg‐Ans Jannik , Bargum Ralph
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Multiple linear regression analysis of pre‐operative data were used to construct formulas to predict the anterior chamber depth 3 months after implantation of two different posterior chamber lenses. The resulting formulas differed widely. For lens I (27 eyes) the formula had a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and a standard deviation of ± 0.21 mm. The corresponding figures for lens II (41 eyes) were 0.52 and ± 27 mm. For lens I the predictors of significance were axial length (P ≶ 0.0001) and anterior corneal curvature (P = 0.07). For lens II significant predictors were patient age (P = 0.0008) and pre‐operative anterior chamber depth (P = 0.04). We suggest that post‐operative anterior chamber depth may not solely depend on the dimensions of the eye, but also on the lens architecture and the ‘memory’ of the lens haptics. We conclude that formulas to predict post‐operative anterior chamber depth should be derived empirically for each lens type separately.
X‐linked myopia in danish family
Authors: Haim M. , Fledelius H. C. , Skarsholm
Published: May 2009

Abstract. X‐linked infantile myopia is described in a family of 273 members of whom 87 were examined in the National Eye Clinic. The disease may represent a new ocular syndrome, constituted by myopia combined with astigmatism, impaired vision, hypoplasia of the optic nerve heads, and deuteranopia. Obligate carriers presented slight retinal changes. Linkage studies are in progress.
Retinal detachment
Authors: Törnquist Ragnar , Törnquist Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Surgical results and complications were studied retrospectively in 590 cases of retinal detachment in a population‐based material of 538 patients. Of the 590 cases 96.3% were operated upon, and 22.9% of these underwent one or more re‐operations. The technique used was cryo‐ or photocoagulation (100%) + scleral buckling or an encircling band (96%) + drainage of sub‐retinal fluid (80%). The surgical complications were intraocular bleeding (13%), choroidal detachment (7%), and proliferative vitreo‐retinopathy (5%). All complications were significantly more frequent after re‐operations. Complete re‐attachment was achieved in 78.1%. The re‐attachment rate was significantly lower in aphakic cases (66.7%) than in phakic non‐traumatic cases (80.8%). The visual acuity in re‐attached cases was better than 0.5 in 33.7% and better than 0.1 in 72.2%.
Scleral reinforcement by a teflon graft and a tissue adhesive
Authors: Öhrström Arne , Stenkula Staffan , Berglin Lennart , Naeser Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Expanded patches of polytetrafluoroetylen, teflon (Impra) together with a tissue adhesive (cyanoacrylate) have been used to reinforce the scleral wall. The material has been used in 3 different trials on animals in periods up to 8 months. The histological analysis showed that the material was well accepted. The study indicates that scleral reinforcement with teflon and cyanoacrylate is a safe procedure.
Long‐term changes of the corneal endothelium following intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of open‐loop anterior chamber lenses
Authors: Stur Michael
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The central corneal endothelium of a consecutive group of 158 patients with senile cataract was examined before intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of an open‐loop anterior chamber lens and 6, 12 and 48 months after surgery. Corneal endothelial morphometry was performed using an automated digital image analysis system. After 6 months of follow‐up, there was an average loss of 10.8% in central corneal endothelial cell density, which increased to 14.8% after 12 months and 18.8% after 48 months. The early post‐operative endothelial cell loss was correlated significantly with a decrease of cell pattern stability and polymegathism (P < 0.0001). There was also a significant correlation between the continuous post‐operative cell loss and the simultaneous changes of pattern stability and polymegathism and the age at the time of surgery (P < 0.05).
Megalocornea and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous masquerading as congenital glaucoma
Authors: Burke John P. , O'Keefe Michael
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 7‐month‐old infant referred with suspected bilateral congenital glaucoma was noted under general anaesthesia to have simple megalocornea in association with contralateral glaucoma in an eye suspected of harbouring an intraocular tumour. Following enucleation, histopathology demonstrated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. The presence of simple megalocornea of autosomal recessive inheritance in association with contralateral persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in a buphthalmic eye is of ophthalmic interest, and appears to be unique.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Kriegbaum Niels Jacob , von Linstow Michael , Oxholm Peter , Prause J. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Thirty‐four patients, all fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria for Primary Sjögren's Syndrome, were examined retrospectively in order to evaluate possible longitudinal alterations in Schirmer‐1‐test results, Rose‐bengal score, break‐up time and level of ocular score. Twenty‐three of the patients were characterized as Bromhexine responders according to their intially positive response to systemic treatment (16 mg × 3 daily) and 11 patients were Bromhexine non‐responders. All patients were treated with tear substitutes during the entire observation period. The patients were followed over a period of 27 to 76 months (mean 53 months), and all eye examinations were carried out by the same ophthalmologist. The responder group had, both in the start as well as at the end of the observation period, a better ocular status compared to the non‐responder group. The latter group had a significantly (P < 0.02) lower Schirmer‐1‐test at the start and at the end of the period, and a significantly (P < 0.02) higher Rose‐bengal score at the end of the period. Moreover, the responder group improved in Rose‐bengal score (P < 0.001), whereas the non‐responder group improved both in break‐up time (P < 0.05) and Rose‐bengal score (P < 0.05). The use of a score combining results from all three tests, i.e. the ocular score, seems to be a useful tool when evaluating longitudinal variations i dry eye states. Considerable variation was seen between successive results of each ocular test, also in the periods without systemic treatment.
Tear fluid pH in normals, contact lens wearers, and pathological cases
Authors: Norn Mogens S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The pH of the conjunctival fluid was measured with a micro‐glass‐electrode in the inferior conjunctival fornix of 200 persons. Among 41 binocularly normal persons the pH was found to be 6.93 ± 0.24 (mean ± SD) of the primarily examined eye, independent of sex and age. The conjunctival fluid was significantly more acid in contact lens wearers (6.66 ± 0.28, N 26), but became normalized after removal of the lens (6.49 ± 0.32 → 7.09 ± 0.19, N 8, P < 0.001. The conjunctival fluid was significantly more alkaline in patients with lacrimal stenosis (7.13 ± 0.28, N = 11), keratitis (7.14 ± 0.28, N = 10), especially mycotic keratitis and post‐operatively (7.15 ± 0.22, N 10, the first 24 It after corneal transplantation). There was, perhaps, a tendency towards alkalisation in eves with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, whereas the pH was normal in the other pathological states, or the number of cases representing these may be too small.
Children referred for pleoptic treatment
Authors: Somersalo Mikko , Erkkilä Heikki
Published: May 2009

Abstract The patient histories of 53 unselected children referred for pleoptic treatment were evaluated. The age of the patients ranged from 7 to 12 years, and the mean age was 8.8 years. Information concerning the history was obtained from a questionnaire answered by the parents. The data concerning the ocular conditions were available in the case records. In 83% of the children the diagnosis of functional amblyopia had already been made before school age. During the first 3 years of life altogether 38% were diagnosed outside of routine screening programmes. When the children caught by screening were added, the proportion of those diagnosed before the age of four was 45%. The practice of referring patients from the child health center to the ophthalmological examination was unsatisfactory in some children (19%). Poor compliance was noted still more often (at least in 58%). Occlusion therapy had been used by 92% of the children, and in 42% alternating complete occlusion had been prescribed.
Effects of intracamerally or subconjunctivally injected cross‐linked hyaluronic acid on the intraocular pressure and on the anterior segment of the rabbit eye
Authors: Raitta Christina , Kommonen Bertel , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (CLH), a viscoelastic substance with a high viscosity, was injected into the left anterior chamber of 5 rabbits without simultaneous withdrawal of aqueous humour. The right eyes of the same rabbits received an equal amount of sodium hyaluronate (Healon®), The intraocular pressure (IOP) of the CLH injected eyes increased four‐fold immediately after the injection. One week post injection the IOP had decreased to the pre‐injection level where it remained until the euthanatization of the animals 32 days post injection. Biomicroscopically CLH was seen as a slightly opaque curly mass in the anterior chamber in the eyes that otherwise were quiet in four of the rabbits. In one rabbit the injected cross‐linked substance reacted immediately with aqueous and turned white. The eye was quiet and showed no inflammatory signs. In all intracamerally injected eyes, slight to moderate aqueous flare was present 4 h post injection. Aqueous flare was still present 1 day post injection in 4 eyes, but was absent 4 days post injection. Histologically no apparent inflammatory reaction was present. Occasional giant cells were seen on the anterior surface of the iris in three animals. Slight accumulation of mononuclear cells was found in the iridocorneal angle of the CLH injected eyes. At histology few mononuclear cells were also found surrounding the subconjunctivally injected CLH still present in 4 additional rabbits when euthanatized 28, 42 and 49 days post injection. The contralateral eye of these 4 animals received an equal amount of sodium hyaluronate subconjunctivally. The substance had been resorbed completely. No reactive or inflammatory signs were present. In this study the cross‐linked hyaluronic acid caused moderate foreign body reaction in the structures of the anterior chamber and in the subconjunctival tissue of the rabbit eye. Further investigations are needed to show if hyperviscous substances possibly could be used in the prevention of scleral and subconjunctival adhesions in glaucoma surgery.
Secondary lens implantation
Authors: Nielsen I. Stendevad , Johansen J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A retrospective study is presented of a series of anterior chamber lens implantation in 64 eyes of 54 patients after an earlier cataract extraction. Best corrected final post‐operative visual acuity was better or the same of best corrected pre‐operative vision in 93.8% of eyes. Vision deteriorated significantly in 4 eyes, in 3 eyes cystoid macular oedema was suspected clinically, and in 1 because of open angle glaucoma. Patients requiring anterior vitrectomy had the least favourable outcome with retinal complications in 33%. Secondary lens implantation is safe. However, great caution is recommended for patients who will require anterior vitrectomy on account of the higher rate of retinal complications.
Preserved vision in a case of morning glory syndrome: some pertinent questions
Authors: Singh S. V. , Parmar I. P. S. , Choudhry Rajan
Published: May 2009

Abstract Morning glory syndrome, an unusual developmental anomaly of the optic nerve head, presenting with funnelled enlargement of the disc with a white dot in the centre and a peripheral vascular pattern along the disc margin, with features of typical entry and exit of retinal vessels on the optic nerve head and exceptionally good vision in the involved eye with old traumatic retinal detachment in the other, in a young Indian girl is described here for its rarity and indifferent clinical presentation. Various factors in its pathogenesis are postulated. ‐
Refraction and eye size in the elderly
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A review is given of the literature concerning refraction and eye size in the elderly. Information being sporadic, a picture has to be pieced together from cross‐sectional studies of various authors. This implies differences from study to study regarding definitions, composition of samples, and methodology in particular. In Western communities, the main refractive change after the age of 50 is towards hypermetropia, but there are only few studies dealing with eye size. The secular trend ‐ increasing bodily dimensions for each new generation ‐ has possibly contributed to the concept of smaller eyes with old age, where this has been reported. Otherwise an impression is gained of eye size stability in the elderly. From a mechanistic point of view this seems probable, considering that intraocular pressure is maintained ‐ or increased ‐ in senescence. The usual non‐pathology demand can hardly be fulfilled in studies of the elderly, clear lenses being the exception. Epidemiologically, cataract series can probably be used for eye size estimates, though refractively and eye‐dimensionally it is not fully known whether skewness might apply to such samples.
Refraction and accommodation in diabetic school children
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija , Nousiainen Iiris
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Refraction and accommodation of 61 diabetic children (aged 9 to 16 years) and 92 non‐diabetic children (aged 10 to 16 years) were studied. Myopia was found in 36.1% of the diabetic children and in 29.3% of the non‐diabetic children. The difference was not statistically significant. In the diabetic children, the age of the onset of myopia and the progression of myopia were the same as in the usual myopia at school age. The refraction curve of the diabetic children was less peaked than that of the non‐diabetic children; a greater number of low myopic refractions were observed, and the low hyperopic refractions were more evenly distributed in the curve of the diabetic children. The mean accommodation of the diabetic children was 9.9D ± 2.2, and in the non‐diabetic children it was 11.8D ± 2.6. The difference was statistically significant. The accommodation of both the diabetic and non‐diabetic girls was lower than that of the boys. The accommodation in the myopic diabetic children was statistically significantly lower than the accommodation in the hyperopic diabetic children.
Modified grid pattern treatment of diabetic perifoveal edema by orange dye laser photocoagulation
Authors: Pugesgaard Torleif , Laursen Anders Bruun
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Diabetic perifoveal edema is a potentially dangerous condition. A consecutive series of 58 diabetic eyes with fluorescein angiographically verified perifoveal edema and decreasing visual acuity and/or meta‐morphopsia was treated by orange dye laser photocoagulation in a perifoveal grid pattern. Observation periods ranged from 3 to 74 weeks (median 23.5 weeks). Post‐treatment fluorescein angiography showed 51 dry foveas, 5 had discrete residual edemata and 2 were not controlled by fluorescein angiography, but were clinically dry. Metamorphopsia decreased simultaneously in most patients. Two eyes deteriorated more than 2 lines on the Snellen chart. Both developed chronic maculopathy, maybe induced by treatment. Except for these two, we found only minor changes in visual acuities and central visual fields. We find the method to be a relatively safe procedure to dry up diabetic foveal edema.
The influence of donor age and post mortem time on corneal graft survival and thickness when employing banked donor material
Authors: Andersen Jørgen , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Sixty‐three consecutive corneal transplantations employing banked donor material were grouped according to donor age and post mortem time, respectively, and followed at regular controls for 5 years. Twenty‐six cases (38% belonging to a risk group i.e. had earlier had corneal transplantation(s) and/or vascularized corneas) with a mean donor age of 55.8 years were compared with 37 cases (35% at risk) with a mean donor age of 75.7 years. The five‐year graft survival was 72.0% in the first group and 86.3% in the second group, however, the difference was statistically insignificant. In 27 cases (26% at risk) with a mean post mortem time of 17.4 h a five‐year graft survival of 81.0% was found compared with 80.3% for 36 cases (44% at risk) with a mean post mortem time of 40.5 hours. No difference in graft thickness was demonstrated between any of the groups, and in all cases with surviving grafts normal values for corneal thickness were achieved. It is concluded that neither donor age nor post mortem time are limiting factors when selecting donor material for organ culture and corneal grafting.
Use of soft contact lenses for the study of external ocular microbiology
Authors: Tervo T. , van Setten G.‐B. , Piirtola O. , Tarkkanen A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In the diagnosis of corneal ulcers, bacterial cultures from scrapings, investigations on viral and fungal growth, as well as staining of smears from the lesion often lead to the correct diagnosis. We report four cases of corneal ulcer where all the methods mentioned failed to reveal the causative microorganism. After the patients had received various medical treatments without any clinical improvement, soft therapeutic contact lenses were fitted, worn overnight, and removed the next morning with sterile forceps. The contact lenses were cultured in blood and Mac Leod agars. Growth of various bacteria was then detected. The infection subsided after the antibiotic treatment was changed according to the bacterial resistance. We conclude that, in selected cases, soft contact lenses may be used for microbiological studies.