bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Bornian Ion Solvation Energy. An Approach from Redox Potentials of Heteropoly Oxometalate Anions
Authors: Osakai Toshiyuki , Maeda Kohji , Ebina Kuniyoshi , Hayamizu Hiroko , Hoshino Motohiko , Muto Kazuhiro , Himeno Sadayuki
Published: June 2006

The first and second redox potentials ( and ) of Keggin-type heteropolytungstate anions (α-[PW12O40]3− and α-[SiW12O40]4−) have been determined in various solvents by means of cyclic voltammetry. The difference () between and , being theoretically associated with the solvation energies of the polyanions, does not correlate with the permittivity of the solvent, in conflict with an expectation based on the Born-type electrostatic solvation model. In contrast, has been found to show some definite correlations with such empirical solvent parameters as acceptor numbers. This shows that the short-range interactions (i.e., donor–acceptor effects or hydrogen bonds) between the heteropolyanion and its primary solvents play the most significant role in the solvation of the heteropolyanions. We have thus proposed a new analytical equation for evaluating the short-range ion–solvent interaction energy.
Determination of Consecutive Formation Constants of Complex Ions from Ion-Transfer Voltammetric Data
Authors: Katano Hajime , Senda Mitsugi
Published: June 2006

The half-wave potentials of the voltammetric waves of facilitated transfer of Pb2+ ion by 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane across the nitrobenzene/water interface have been measured as a function of the concentration of free CH3COO− ion in aqueous phase. Using the equation of reversible half-wave ion-transfer potential, the formal formation constants of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3 Pb2+–CH3COO− complexes in the aqueous medium have been determined to be 102.3 M−1, 103.0 M−2, and 104.0 M−3, respectively. A polynomial regression method for the determination of the formation constants from voltammetric data is presented. Ion-transfer voltammetry at the liquid/liquid interface can be applied advantageously to the determination of consecutive formation constants of metal complexes with a ligand in aqueous media as well as those with an ionophore in organic media.
Novel Regioselective Ester Hydrolysis by Pig-Liver Esterase
Authors: Basak Amit , Bhattacharya Gautam , Palit Sunanda K
Published: June 2006

Pig-liver esterase, which catalyzed the hydrolysis of substrates containing both saturated and α,β-unsaturated/cyclopropanecarboxylic esters (methyl and ethyl), was studied. An exclusive hydrolysis of the saturated esters was observed. Kinetic experiments revealed that the presence of deactivated carbonyl in the unsaturated/cyclopropanecarboxylic esters and their weaker bindings are both responsible for the observed specificity. The relative binding abilities of the substrates have been explained in light of Jones active-site model. The regioselectivity has been exploited in the synthesis of intermediates for the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.
Oxidative Generation of 1-Nitroalkyl Radicals and Their Addition Reaction to Olefins
Authors: Arai Noriyoshi , Narasaka Koichi
Published: June 2006

1-Nitroalkyl radicals are generated by oxidation of potassium salt of 1-aci-nitroalkanes with ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV). When the oxidation is carried out in the presence of electron-rich olefins, such as silyl enol ethers, intermolecular addition of the radicals onto the olefins proceeds to afford β-nitro ketones, which are further converted to α,β-unsaturated ketones in high yield. Stereoselective construction of fused ring systems is achieved by intramolecular addition of 1-nitroalkyl radicals.
An Efficient Synthesis of Racemic Necine Bases from a Common Intermediate
Authors: Niwa Haruki , Kuroda Akio , Sakata Tomoyo , Yamada Kiyoyuki
Published: June 2006

Necine bases of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, turneforcidine, hastanecine, and platynecine are synthesized from ethyl 1-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizine-7-carboxylate in racemic form.
Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation over HZSM-5 Type Zeolites
Authors: Wang Zheng Bao , Mizusaki Tooru , Sano Tsuneji , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: June 2006

The catalytic performance of various protonated zeolites for the Baeyer–Villiger (BV) oxidation of cyclopentanone to δ-valerolactone with aqueous H2O2 as an oxidant was investigated. It was found that highly siliceous HZSM-5 zeolites are active for the oxidation reaction, and that the oxidation reaction is promoted by the Brønsted acid sites in the intracrystallines of zeolites, not on the external surface. The influences of the reaction variables (solvent, temperature, and time) and the crystal size of zeolite on the conversion of cyclopentanone and the yield of δ-valerolactone were also studied.
Theoretical Prediction of Intracluster Reactions of B+(H2O)2 and B+(H2O)3: Hybrid Procedure of Ab Initio MO Calculations and Monte Carlo Samplings
Authors: Watanabe Hidekazu , Asada Toshio , Iwata Suehiro
Published: June 2006

A recently developed hybrid procedure of ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations and Monte Calro (MC) samplings is applied to investigate the intracluster reactions of B+(H2O)n (n = 2 and 3). In this procedure we do not assume the potential energy functions during MC samplings. At every step the ab initio MO method is directly used to evaluate the electronic energy. The procedure makes it possible to deal with the intra-cluster reaction involving any rearrangement of atoms such as isomerization and dissociation. The many-body effects on the energy are taken into account within the approximation used in the MO calculation. During the MC samplings at room temperature, the B+(H2O)2 cluster undergoes a series of isomerization reactions, and eventually forms the most stable isomer, sp2 type of trans HBOH+(H2O). For B+(H2O)3, the reactions turn out to be more complicated, and a few times simulations suggest that there are several reaction products as well as intermediates in the reactions. The MO-MC procedure is proved to be a powerful tool to search for many isomers, reaction intermediates, and the products as well as the transition state structures between them although it is still very time-consuming.
Direct Calculation of CH4–He Interaction Potential from the Extended Principle of Corresponding States
Authors: Ghatee Mohammad Hadi , Papari Mohammad Mehdi , Boushehri Ali
Published: June 2006

The interaction potential energy between CH4 and He has been determined from the extended law of corresponding states for viscosity using the inversion technique. Lennard–Jones (12-6) and BBMS potential functions have been checked as the initial model potentials required by the technique. The resulting potential energy from L–J potential is in excellent agreement with the one obtained from crossed molecular beam experimental results. The interaction potential energies from inversion reproduce the viscosity within 1%, the binary diffusion coefficient within 5%, and the thermal diffusion within 25%.
Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of (BEDT-TTF)2BF4Sol0.5 (Sol = 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,2-Dibromoethane, 1,2-Dichroloethane)
Authors: Miyazaki Akira , Ichikawa Isao , Enoki Toshiaki , Saito Gunzi
Published: June 2006

The crystal structures and phase transition nature of (BEDT-TTF)2BF4Sol0.5 (Sol = TCE, DBE, and DCE) are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, electrical conductivity, ESR, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. As the size of the neutral molecules become smaller (TCE > DBE > DCE), the metal-insulator transition temperature rises (60 K < 100 K < 110 K), showing that their transitions are governed mainly by the structural degrees of freedom. For the DBE and DCE salts, these transitions are simple metal-insulator transitions, whereas the transition of the TCE salt occurs only when the sample is cooled slowly, and the Fermi surfaces survive in the resulting low-temperature phase. For this salt, the anomaly of the interplanar resistivity appears at ca. 160 K for the slow cooling process, and the difference of the ESR line width between the slow and rapid cooling processes is also observed below this temperature. These phenomena are due to the disorder enhanced by the generation of the in-plane superlattice.
Photoinduced Picosecond Bimolecular Reaction between trans-Stilbene and Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Iwata Koichi , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: June 2006

A new photochemical reaction has been found between trans-stilbene and carbon tetrachloride. In carbon tetrachloride, the first excited singlet (S1) state of trans-stilbene decays with a time constant of 3.1 ± 0.2 ps, a factor of ten or more faster than in alcohols and hydrocarbons. The mechanism of this anomalous lifetime shortening has been studied by using four time-resolved spectroscopies: sub-microsecond infrared, picosecond Raman, sub-picosecond visible absorption, and picosecond fluorescence. After photoexcitation to the S1 state, a bimolecular reaction occurs between trans-stilbene and the solvent carbon tetrachloride to form a stilbene-Cl adduct and the trichloromethyl (·CCl3) radical. Then, the stilbene-Cl adduct and the ·CCl3 radical are likely to react further in about 100 μs, following second-order reaction kinetics. The newly found photochemical reaction between trans-stilbene and carbon tetrachloride can serve well as a prototype for studying the microscopic mechanism of bimolecular reactions in solution.
Enzymatic Synthesis of 4-Methylumbelliferyl Glycosides of Trisaccharide and Core Tetrasaccharide, Gal(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Xyl and GlcA(β1-3)Gal(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Xyl, Corresponding to the Linkage Region of Proteoglycans
Authors: Yasukochi Takashi , Fukase Koichi , Suda Yasuo , Takagaki Keiichi , Endo Masahiko , Kusumoto Shoichi
Published: June 2006

Fluorescence labeled trisaccharide, Gal(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Xyl(β)–MU [MU = 4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl (4-methylumbelliferyl)], and tetrasaccharide, GlcA(β1-3)Gal(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Xyl(β)–MU, corresponding to the linkage region between glycosaminoglycans and core proteins in proteoglycans were synthesized from Xyl–MU by stepwise enzymatic transglycosidation using β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) and β-glucuronidase (bovine liver). Introduction of the second galactosyl residue at the 3′-position of Gal–Xyl–MU was achieved by minimal protection of the disaccharide intermediate whose reactive primary hydroxy function was selectively protected with an acetyl group by using lipase catalyzed transacetylation. Regioselective β-glucuronylation was effected by the high substrate specificity of the β-glucuronidase without any protection of the glycosyl acceptor.
Kinetic Study of the Shape Change of Human Erythrocyte Induced by Sodium Alkyl Sulfates
Authors: Inoue Katsuaki , Sekido Takako , Sano Takayuki
Published: June 2006

In order to clarify the mechanism of the shape change of human erythrocytes induced by anionic surfactants, kinetic experiments were performed using the stopped-flow technique and the conventional spectroscopic method. In the time range from 0.1 s to a few dozen minutes, four kinetic processes were observed. In the dead time of the stopped-flow apparatus (within 10 milli seconds), a decrease in the intensity of the transmitting light was observed. Based on an analysis of the dependence of the relaxation time of each process on the surfactant concentration for various reaction schemes, we propose a most plausible reaction model that includes four kinds of binding processes of the surfactant and three intramolecular processes. In the present paper, based on this model, we discuss the detailed mechanism of the shape change of the erythrocytes.
Unusual Stabilities and Reactivities of Tris- and Bis(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)carbenium Salts
Authors: Wada Masanori , Konishi Hideki , Kirishima Katsuhiko , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Natsume Satoko , Erabi Tatsuo
Published: June 2006

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyllithium, Φ′Li[Φ′ = 2,4,6-(MeO)3C6H2], reacted with diphenyl carbonate and with ethyl formate to give tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanol, Φ′3COH (1), and bis(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanol, Φ′2CHOH (2), respectively. Compound 1 reacted with a slight excess of perchloric acid in 2-propanol to give very dark-purple crystals of the triarylcarbenium salt, [Φ′3C]X (3, X = ClO4), which were inert even in hot ethanol. However, a treatment of 3 (X = Cl), prepared in situ in 1 M (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) hydrochloric acid, with 1 M sodium hydroxide resulted to give 4-bis(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methylene-3,5-dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienone. Compound 2 also reacted with a slight excess of perchloric acid in methanol to give dark-red crystals of the diarylcarbenium salt, [Φ′2CH]X (5, X = ClO4). Compound 5 was considerably inert even in hot methanol, but was easily reduced in primary and secondary alcohols to give bis(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane, Φ′2CH2. Measurements of the half-lives of 5 in these alcohols showed that 5 was more labile in secondary alcohols, such as 2-propanol and 2-butanol, than in primary alcohols. When a suspension of 5 (X = Cl), prepared in situ in 1 M hydrochloric acid, was heated, tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane, Φ′3CH (7), was obtained. Analogous reactions to give 7 were observed in methanol containing a slight excess of hydrochloric acid or nitric acid in place of perchloric acid. The possible paths of these reactions are discussed.
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactions of 1,2,3-Tris(diethylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)cyclotetrasilanes
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Tanaka Ryoji , Kuribara Toshie , Saito Mina , Matsumoto Hideyuki
Published: June 2006

The reaction of dichloro(diethylamino)thexylsilane (thexyl = 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl) with lithium gave 1,2,3-tris(diethylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane (2) as a mixture of four diastereomers (r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,c-3,c-4-2, and r-1,c-2,t-3,t-4-2). The isomers were separated and identified by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR, IR, Mass, and UV spectroscopy. The structures of r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and r-1,t-2,c-3,c-4-2 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The Si–Si bond lengths are 2.391(1)—2.499(2) Å for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, 2.389(2)—2.478(1) Å for r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and 2.397(2)—2.485(2) Å for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2. In these molecules, there is a significant change in the structures of the Si4 frameworks; the dihedral angles were 18° for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, 34° for r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and 3° for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2. The chlorodeamination or bromodeamination of 2 with HCl or HBr afforded 1,2,3-trichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane or 1,2,3-tribromo-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane, respectively. Also, a tetrachlorocyclotetrasilane, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane was obtained via cyclotetrasilanyllithium.
Syntheses and Spectroscopic Properties of Substituted Phthalimido Complexes of Molybdenum(II)
Authors: Minato Makoto , Ikeya Masatoshi , Ohkubo Fumihiko , Ito Takashi
Published: June 2006

[MoH2(OMe)2(dppe)2] reacts with a series of phthalimide derivatives, each of which contains an electron-donor, an electron-acceptor, or redox-active center, to give the corresponding (substituted phthalimido)hydrido complexes in good yields. Investigation of spectroscopic properties suggests that some of these complexes have a polarized structure in a polar solvent.
Irradiation Effects of Excimer Laser Light on Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Film
Authors: Izumi Yoshinobu , Kawanishi Shunichi , Suzuki Nobutake , Maruo Masaharu , Ichinose Nobuyuki , Yamamoto Tadashi
Published: June 2006

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) film was irradiated with intense monochromatic UV light from ArF, KrF, and XeCl excimer lasers. The detachment of chlorine atoms was observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the formation of polyene structures was observed by optical absorption spectroscopy. The irradiation of ArF and KrF excimer laser light mainly caused the formation of diene and triene structures, respectively. The irradiation of XeCl laser light caused no significant reactions. Upon the consideration of the triplet energies of olefin and diene and the dissociation energy of allylic C–Cl bond, the wavelength dependence was explained by photochemical and photothermal effects of the ArF and KrF lasers, respectively.
Arginine methylation regulates mitochondrial gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei through multiple effector proteins
Authors: Goulah Christopher C. , Pelletier Michel , Read Laurie K.
Published: June 2006

Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification that impacts gene expression in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that arginine methylation also affects mitochondrial gene expression in the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Down-regulation of the major trypanosome type I protein arginine methyltransferase, TbPRMT1, leads to destabilization of specific mitochondrial mRNAs. We provide evidence that some of these effects are mediated by the mitochondrial RNA-binding protein, RBP16, which we previously demonstrated affects both RNA editing and stability. TbPRMT1 catalyzes methylation of RBP16 in vitro. Further, MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of RBP16 isolated from TbPRMT1-depleted cells indicates that, in vivo, TbPRMT1 modifies two of the three known methylated arginine residues in RBP16. Expression of mutated, nonmethylatable RBP16 in T. brucei has a dominant negative effect, leading to destabilization of a subset of those mRNAs affected by TbPRMT1 depletion. Our results suggest that the specificity and multifunctional nature of RBP16 are due, at least in part, to the presence of differentially methylated forms of the protein. However, some effects of TbPRMT1 depletion on mitochondrial gene expression cannot be accounted for by RBP16 action. Thus, these data implicate additional, unknown methylproteins in mitochondrial gene regulation.
Paget's Disease of Bone in The Netherlands: A Population-Based Radiological and Biochemical Survey—The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Eekhoff Marelise EMW , van der Klift Marjolein , Kroon Herman M , Cooper Cyrus , Hofman Albert , Pols Huibert AP , Papapoulos Socrates E
Published: June 2006

Serum ALP may be a good indicator of Paget's disease in epidemiologic studies. Subjects with raised and normal ALP from a population cohort were matched (1 in 6, total 548), and radiographs were taken. ALP was an excellent marker of the disease (RR, 10.9), but the majority of those affected had normal ALP.

Introduction: Evidence from radiographic surveys of limited skeletal sites has shown that Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is common in the elderly and has a distinct geographic variation. There is no information, however, about the relation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of the disease, and its prevalence in the population.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from a well-defined Dutch population cohort (the Rotterdam study) with the following specific aims: (1) to assess the relationship between serum ALP activity and prevalence of radiographically diagnosed PDB, (2) to estimate the overall prevalence of the disease in the Netherlands, and (3) to assess the appearance of the disease with time. Using a nested case-control design, subjects with an increased serum ALP and normal serum liver enzymes were matched for gender and age (1 to 6) with subjects with normal serum ALP activity. Radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis, proximal femurs, knees, wrists, and hands were taken.

Results and Conclusions: PDB was diagnosed in 20.5% of subjects with elevated serum ALP activity and in 2.3% in those with normal serum ALP activity, increasing with age in both groups. The relative risk (RR) for PDB in the presence of raised serum ALP activity was 10.9 (95% CI, 4.8, 24.9). The estimated prevalence of PDB in the population was 3.6%, and the large majority (about 86%) had normal serum ALP activity, contrasting findings in bone clinics where the opposite is the case. Finally, in subjects with normal and raised serum ALP activity but no PDB at baseline, radiographs taken 6–9 years later showed no evidence of the disease. This study demonstrated that serum ALP activity is a sensitive marker of PDB in men and women >55 years of age, but the majority of those affected have normal serum ALP activity.
Preface
Authors: David Maya Khemlani
Published: June 2006

Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multilingual country with a population of about 23,953,136 people (The CIA World Factbook, 2005), and at least
a hundred languages/dialects. Malays and other indigenous groups make up 58 percent of the population, the Chinese 24 percent, the Indians
8 percent while other ethnic groups constitute 10 percent of the total population. Most Malaysians are bilingual, as Malay, the national language,
is the medium of instruction in state schools while English is a strong second language.
Requests: Voices of Malaysian children
Authors: Ching Hei Kuang , David Maya Khemlani , Mohd Don Zuraidah
Published: June 2006

To make a request is to express a desire for the addressee to do something, and because it bears a requirement to be complied with, a request is usually best achieved when performed with tact and politeness. Bach and Harnish (1984: 48) define the term request as ‘a speech act expressing the speaker's desire for the hearer to do something with the added proviso that the hearer takes this expressed desire as the reason to act’. This paper examines the many varied forms that this speech act takes in the speech of five young Malaysian children who generally use the English language to communicate with their mother. The data shows the creativity of young children for whom English is a second language in that there are many ways of making a request. Although the forms vary, the function is constant, i. e. asking for something. The various strategies used by the children, the variety of English, i. e. Malaysian English, and the use of code switching in the data will also be described.
On learning to be assertive: Women and public discourse
Authors: Mohd Jan Jariah
Published: June 2006

For years, society has classified women as being inferior to men. Women have faced difficulty in making their voices heard. However, women have risen above the constraints that have been placed upon them, that is, from being discouraged to speak in public to becoming prominent figures in our modernday society. Women, today, find themselves having to live up to the standards set for them by a male-dominated society. As their participation in public forums have increased, women have learned to behave and communicate more assertively in order ‘to cope with all the conflicting demands they face when up at the podium’
(Campbell 1989: 9). This study focuses on the assertive styles and strategies that Malaysian women have learned to use in a public forum. Samples of extracts depicting the use of assertions are presented.
Patterns of repeats in Malaysian English
Authors: Pillai Stefanie
Published: June 2006

This paper describes the use of repeats in Malaysian English. Speakers frequently repeat words in spontaneous speech, and this paper investigates the way in which words are repeated, the type of words that are repeated, and the functions of repeats in the speech of sixty-seven callers to a radio station. The findings reveal that there are preferred patterns of use, such as the frequent repetition of function words and the more frequent repetition of one word once. The findings also provide an understanding into the way in which repeats are used both as a hesitation device and as a repair mechanism.
The first keynote address of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the UMNO general assembly
Authors: Ghazali Kamila
Published: June 2006

The interest of this paper is the discourse generated by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in his first keynote address as party president at the 55th UMNO General Assembly, 2004. The nation stood back in anticipation as he took over as Malaysia's fifth prime minister and party president from his predecessor, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, who held power for 22 years. After almost a year in office, Abdullah has succeeded in emanating a ‘feel good’ social environment as reported in the media. This paper looks at the discourse mobilized to introduce a new concept, Islam Hadhari, by the new leadership. Its interest lies in the construction of discourse and ideology that manifests. The theoretical framework adopted is ideological discourse analysis as proposed
by van Dijk (2004). Some comparison will also be made with the discourse produced by the previous UMNO president.
Talking to older Malaysians: A case study
Authors: Soon Chye David Yoong , David Maya Khemlani
Published: June 2006

Previous studies (e. g. Macionis 2001 and Gilleard and Higgs 2000) have shown that the elderly are frequently subject
to ageism (a form of social stratification which discriminates groups of people by their ages) in industrialised societies.
In any sort of social stratification, language plays an important role in the sustenance of the inequality of power and
hegemony (Kramarae, Schulz and O'Barr 1984; Foucault 1980; and Fairclough 1995). The code used in ‘talking
down’ to the older persons (Coupland, Coupland and Giles 1991), is termed ‘elderspeak’ (Simpson 2002),
‘secondary baby-talk’ (la Tourette and Meeks 2000), ‘motherese–parentese language’ and
‘adult–child’ language (Masataka 2002). This paper discusses the features of elderspeak found in a Christian-based Malaysian geriatric day-centre,
Peter, Paul and a Consul: Recent Discoveries in African Red Slip Ware
Authors: van den Hoek Annewies
Published: June 2006

1. The objects

In the fourth and fifth centuries a wealth of figurative imagery appears on fine earthenware produced in North Africa. These plates, bowls and lamps were named after the material from which they were made – African Red Slip Ware in the English language (abbreviated as ARS) and Terra Sigillata Chiara in Italian. ARS tableware was very popular in late antiquity and, though produced in North Africa, was exported all over the Empire, finding its way to places as far away as the shores of the North Sea and the Crimea. Some of the images on this tableware are Christian, while others are clearly pagan or not definable in religious terms. In spite of a long tradition of collecting and studying ARS, starting with the French in the nineteenth century, new objects and unknown figurative images continue to turn up both in excavations, in archaeological surveys and on the art market.
Nazirites and Nazarenes: The Meaning of Nazaraeus in Saint Jerome
Authors: Moran Michael L
Published: June 2006

In der umfangreichen Literatur, die die in Mt 2,23 überlieferte Prophezeiung zu deuten versucht, wurde eine wichtige Information bei Hieronymus übersehen. Statt Jesus einen Nazarener (d.i. eine Person aus Nazareth) zu nennen, bezeichnet Hieronymus ihn an verschiedenen Stellen als einen Nasiräer, und zwar mit der Begründung, daß dies das Wort war, was von Matthäus in seinem ursprünglich hebräischen Evangelium benutzt wurde. Dieser Zusammenhang hat wichtige Folgen für die Qualität und den Charakter seiner Belege für ein solches hebräisches Matthäusevangelium. Hieronymus unternahm erhebliche Anstrengungen, um zu nachzuweisen, daß einige Prophezeiungen zeigen, daß Jesus tatsächlich ein Nasiräer gewesen sei. Er versuchte dabei, „Nasiräer“ so auf „Nazareth“ zu beziehen, daß Mt 2,23 einen Sinn ergibt. Er beschreibt auch die Menschen, die ihm zuerst den Text eines hebräischen Matthäusevangeliums zeigten, mehr als Nasiräer denn als Nazarener.
Benchmark Experiments/Calculations of Neutron Environments in the Annular Core Research Reactor
Authors: Rusell DePriest K
Published: June 2006

Benchmark experiments using spherical test objects were performed in the central cavity of Sandia National Laboratories' Annular Core Research Reactor. The experiments were performed with 10.16 cm and 17.78 cm diameter aluminum (AI6061) and high-density polyethylene spheres that were essentially solid with cavities scrolled out along the equator to allow the insertion of activation foils and/or sulfur pellets. The neutron monitor foils were selected to cover a wide range of reaction energies. The reactor environments were modeled in detail using Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (mcnpx). The experimental results were compared to the Monte Carlo calculations of the reaction rates of each of the foils at various depths in the spheres produced by mcnpx. The comparison includes a complete treatment of the uncertainties.
A Beam-Monitor System for Neutrons and Gamma Rays in the Medical Irradiation Facility of the Kyoto University Research Reactor
Authors: Sakurai Y , Maruhashi A
Published: June 2006

The first clinical trial of neutron capture therapy (NCT) using the epithermal neutron beam at the medical irradiation facility of the Kyoto University Reactor was carried out for oral cancer in December 2001. A beam monitor system is required for accurate dose estimation in our present NCT. As the components of thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons and gamma rays must be separately measured, the multichamber method was adopted using a combination of four kinds of ionization chambers. Each chamber has a two-layer wall; the outer wall has a thickness of about 5 m, and the inner wall has a thickness of 10–100 λm. The response can be adjusted by regulating the chamber-gas components. A trial beam-monitor system was made using IC-17M type chambers of Far West Technology, Inc., and its characteristics were experimentally determined.
Radiation Dosimetry in the BNCT Patient Treatment Room at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor
Authors: Holden NE , Reciniello RN , Hu J-P
Published: June 2006

The BMRR was a 3 MW light water reactor that had an epithermal neutron beam that was used to perform clinical trials on patients with malignant brain tumors. A series of measurements and calculations had been performed in the treatment room both prior to the trials and during the trials. The details of the measurements and the Monte Carlo calculations are presented and compared.
Resisting Power and Influence: A Case Study in Virtue Ethics
Authors: Vasgird Daniel R.
Published: June 2006

This is a case study based on the author's experience while serving as an ethics committee (IRB) chair in New York City. It addresses the issues of power and coercion as they apply to the human research participants protection process. It primarily focuses on the power imbalance that can exist between research participants and their IRB advocates on the one hand and the research institutions, funding agencies, and investigators with their unlimited resources on the other. IRB Chairs and IRB leaders must be fire-walled from conflicts of interest arising not just from financial factors but from factors related to power, hierarchy, structure, and control. Senior staff, IRB members, administrators and ethicists best advocate for human volunteers in research through personal identification and solidarity.
A Needs Assessment to Build International Research Ethics Capacity
Authors: Sidle John E. , Were Edwin , Wools-Kaloustian Kara , Chuani Christine , Salmon Karen , Tierney William M. , Meslin Eric M.
Published: June 2006

International collaborators in biomedical sciences face ethical challenges in the design, review, and conduct of research. Challenges include differences in research ethics capacity, cultural differences in interpretation and application of ethical principles, and cooperation between ethics review boards at collaborating institutions. Indiana University School of Medicine (Indianapolis, USA) and Moi University Faculty of Health Sciences (Eldoret, Kenya) developed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish greater cooperation between their ethics review boards, followed by a joint needs assessment to assess barriers to implementing the MOU. Focus groups and interviews at each institution revealed that while each side verbalized understanding and respect for the other's culture, there were misunderstandings deeply rooted in each culture that could potentially derail the collaboration. Although the participants at each university agreed on the major principles and issues in research ethics and on the importance attributed to them, a more in-depth evaluation of the responses revealed important differences. Methods to address these misunderstandings are outlined in the recommended Best Practices.
U. S. Health Researchers Review Their Ethics Review Boards: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Burris Scott , Moss Kathryn
Published: June 2006

Virtually all research involving human subjects in the United States must be reviewed by an institutional review board, a form of research ethics review board. This article reports the results of qualitative research on how investigators regard this regulatory regime. Interviews were conducted with forty investigators conducting health-related research. Most respondents shared the regulations' goals, but doubted that the regulations, as implemented, promoted these goals efficiently, effectively and fairly. The interviews suggest that efforts to raise researchers' ethical consciousness have been, over time, quite successful, but that implementation of the regulations remains problematic. Research aimed at better defining the problem to be solved by the regulatory system, and at assessing the effectiveness of the regulatory tools for solving properly defined problems, could guide a more productive debate about human subject protection.
Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Wohlgemuth John
Published: June 2006

Issues, such as global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, safety of nuclear power plants, and disposal of radioactive waste products, are prompting broad debate as to the viability of conventional sources of energy on economic and environmental terms. The combination of a rising demand for reliable, low cost energy. This increased awareness of environmental quality issues is creating new business opportunities for photovoltaics, especially in applications without an installed electric utility grid line.

The photovoltaic (PV) industry has been evolving since the 1970’s and is now rapidly expanding. In the last 4 to 5 years the compound growth rate of the PV industry has been around 40% with the 2005 worldwide market estimated to be ∼1,500 MW/year; ∼$5 billion for PV modules and nearly an equal amount of revenue from balance of systems components and installation. Much of this growth is a result of government support programs, particularly in Japan, Germany and California. Additional factors contributing to the rapid growth include technological advances resulting in cost reductions and improved reliability and public awareness of the PV’s ability to provide green electricity.

The PV market expansion is being filled primarily by well established crystalline silicon technology, which is low‐cost, larger area relative to integrated circuit technology. The rapid expansion has provide opportunities for various new thin film technologies to begin significant commercial production. Government support of PV is designed to reduce the PV system costs to the level where they can compete directly with residential utility rates. At that level PV growth will be self sustaining.
Soap
Authors: Zhu Shiping , Chambers John G. , Naik Vijay
Published: June 2006

Soap is the oldest surface active preparation known to humanity and its use for cleaning has been reported since Roman times. Soap itself is comprised of a family of simple surfactants which are alkaline salts of fatty acids; a typical example being sodium dodecanoate, ie, CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
COO
−
Na
+
. The principle raw materials for preparation of soap are animal and vegetable oils/fats which are traditionally converted into soap employing alkaline saponification reactions. In global terms even today, bulk of the soap is used for cleaning and hygiene purposes and it is produced in the bar form, although liquid or gel form soap preparations have also become popular recently, in some parts of the world. The traditional fat/oil saponification process also continues to be used for manufacture of soap even now; however it is rapidly being substituted by novel fat splitting followed by fat neutralization processes. The original frame‐cooling operation for converting the soap mass into a bar has been replaced by novel extrusion forming or moulding operations. Most of the early improvements and variations in soap formulation were brought about leveraging availability of a wide range of oils/fats, and development of new processes eg, hydrogenation, bleaching etc, to make them suitable for soap‐making. However, more recently soap bars, gels and liquids incorporating non‐soapy synthetic surfactants and functional ingredients, are being developed and marketed for offering novel benefits and superior performances to consumers. Apart from its use as a cleaning/hygiene agent, soap has also found many industrial applications such as a wetting agent, as an emulsifier or as a lubricant.
Sprays
Authors: Lipp Charles W.
Published: June 2006

Sprays are widely used in many industrial processes. In more recent years, the subject of liquid atomization has developed from a position of minor importance into a broad and significant technology. This article summarizes information and covers such topics as liquid atomizers, physics of atomization, spray characterization, instrumentation, and industrial applications. Atomizers have been summarized according to their sources of energy, distinct design features, and applications. Discussion of the physics of atomization is divided into three different regimes: internal flow, liquid breakup, and droplet dispersion. Spray characterization focuses on the explanation of common spray parameters, typical spray dynamic structures, effect of variables, and correlation techniques. Because of its important role, spray instrumentation is also discussed, along with an overview of representative optical and nonoptical techniques. Specific examples of industrial spray applications are cited and general comments are made regarding the methods selection of liquid atomizers and concerns related to their operation.
Urethane Polymers
Authors: Ulrich Henri ,   Updated by Staff
Published: June 2006

The properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethanes are discussed. The subjects include flexible and rigid polyurethane foams, poly(urethane isocyanurate) foams, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, thermoset cast and RIM elastomers, engineering thermoplastics, liquid crystalline polyurethanes, and polyurethane containing interpenetrating polymer networks. Principal raw materials, such as isocyanates, polyether polyols, and polyester polyols, as well as catalysts, fire retardants, and surfactants, are described. The manufacture of flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers are included, as is the use of polyurethane ionomers in aqueous dispersions and blocked isocyanates in one‐component and powder coatings applications. The global trend in polyurethanes is a shift from toluene diisocyanate‐based formulations to polymeric isocyanate and 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) whenever possible. New HCFC blowing agents have been replacing chlorinated fluorocarbons because of environmental concerns. Recycling of polyurethanes, health and safety factors, including toxicity and safe handling of isocyanates and tertiary amine catalysts, as well as principal uses of polyurethanes and market information, are all discussed.
Simple phase stability‐testing algorithm in the reduction method
Authors: Hoteit Hussein , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: June 2006

Stability analysis is generally faster than phase‐split calculations because the Rachford–Rice equation is not part of stability testing. However, there are occasions in which one may encounter computational inefficiency and indeed divergence in the single‐phase region far away from the critical point. The computational inefficiency is found in various formulations of the stability analysis calculations. In this work, the cause of the problem is explained. A simple algorithm is also presented for stability analysis calculations in the reduction method. As in the past, only the Newton method is used in the solution of nonlinear equations except in some isolated iterations when one single successive substitution (SSI) iteration may be required to avoid nonphysical conditions. Results show that the stability analysis for the proposed algorithm is fast and robust. Results also show that the simple algorithm in the reduction method is superior to the combined SSI–Newton and quasi‐Newton methods with conventional variables. Results are also presented showing that the stability analysis in two‐phase is faster than phase‐split calculations even when the initial guess is from the stability testing. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Preparation of highly monodisperse droplet in a T‐junction microfluidic device
Authors: Xu J. H. , Li S. W. , Tan J. , Wang Y. J. , Luo G. S.
Published: June 2006

In our previous work, a new flow route was developed—a so‐called perpendicular shear force–induced droplet formation—in a self‐designed simple T‐junction microchannel device. In this work, the crossflowing rupture technique was used to prepare monodisperse droplets in a similar device and successfully prepared monodisperse droplets ranging from 50 to 500 μm with polydispersity index (σ) values of <2%. Two kinds of flow patterns of plug flow and drop flow in the T‐junction microchannels could be formed. By changes in the surfactant concentration, the interfacial tension and the wetting ability varied, and the disordered or ordered two‐phase flow patterns could be controlled. Evolutions of the contact angle of the oil in contact with the wall surface were explained by the adsorption of surfactant molecules to the solid–liquid interface. The increase of continuous phase flow rate and viscosity resulted in the decrease of the droplet size, and the droplet size was correlated with capillary number Ca. By comparing the variation range of drop size using the two methods, it was found that the method of perpendicular flow‐induced droplet formation can control the drop size over a much wider range. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Matrices for capillary gel electrophoresis—a brief overview of uncommon gels
Authors: Mikšík Ivan , Sedláková Pavla , Mikulíková Kateřina , Eckhardt Adam , Cserhati Tibor , Horváth Tibor
Published: June 2006

This article gives an overview of uncommon replaceable matrices (gels) for capillary gel electrophoresis. This electrophoretic technique is useful mainly for the separation and analysis of biopolymers—nucleic acids and their fragments, and proteins/peptides. Commonly used gels are not reviewed. Those mentioned and discussed here are gels containing saccharides, newly developed acrylamide‐based gels and thermoadjustable viscosity polymers, namely triblock copolymers and grafted polyacrylamide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Array‐comparative genomic hybridization of central chondrosarcoma
Authors: Rozeman Leida B. , Szuhai Karoly , Schrage Yvonne M. , Rosenberg Carla , Tanke Hans J. , Taminiau Antonie H. M. , Cleton‐Jansen Anne Marie , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND.

Enchondromas are benign lesions that can occur as solitary tumors or multiple tumors (Ollier disease) and may be precursors of central chondrosarcomas. Recurrent chondrosarcomas can be of a higher grade compared with primary tumors, suggesting possible progression.

METHODS.

Genome‐wide array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to investigate copy number changes in enchondromas and central chondrosarcomas to elucidate both primary genetic events and the events related to tumor progression. Analyses of variance, Student t tests, and hierarchical clustering were used for the current analyses. Array‐CGH data were compared with complementary DNA (cDNA) and quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction expression array data.

RESULTS.

Genomic imbalances were rare in enchondromas and in grade I chondrosarcomas, whereas they were frequent in high‐grade tumors. No genomic imbalances that were specific for Ollier disease were found. The authors identified 22 chromosome regions that were imbalanced in ≥25% of tumors, and 3 of those regions were located on chromosome 12 (12p13, 12p11.21‐p11.23, and 12q13, containing among others the PTPRF‐interacting protein‐binding protein 1 (PPFIBP1) gene. Loss of chromosome 6 and gain of 12q12 were associated with higher grade. Comparison of array‐CGH with cDNA expression showed correlations for the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) genes.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the current study the authors identified genomic regions and new candidate genes (RPS6, CDK4, and PPFIBP1) that were associated with tumor progression and prognosis in patients with high‐grade chondrosarcomas. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Research on color in architecture and environmental design: Brief history, current developments, and possible future
Authors: Caivano José Luis
Published: June 2006

This article examines some of the outstanding contributions or points of interest in the research and application of color in architecture, from ancient times to the present. The discourses about color are classified by periods and according to the utterers: theoreticians or writers of architectural treatises, archeologists and historians of architecture, architects who have been relevant in professional practice, color theorists coming from the fields of architecture and design, and color researchers related to the International Color Association. As a conclusion, the main characteristics of these discourses about color are summarized, and a point is made about the use of instruments derived from color science in color design, implying that the evolution in the use of color in environmental design and the research in this field will increasingly rely on the interaction between scientists and designers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 350–363, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20224
Scene illuminant estimation: Past, present, and future
Authors: Hordley Steven D.
Published: June 2006

This article addresses the problem of colour constancy: how a visual system is able to ensure that the colours it perceives remain stable, regardless of the prevailing scene illuminant. My aim is first to summarize and review the most important theoretical advances that have been made in this field. Second, I present a comparative analysis of algorithm performance that we use as the basis of a discussion of the current state of colour constancy research and of the important issues that future research in this field should address. Finally, I highlight some areas of recent research that are important in the context of further improving the performance of colour constancy algorithms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 303–314, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20226
Corporate social responsibility in Asian supply chains
Authors: Welford Richard , Frost Stephen
Published: June 2006

This research provides an overview of CSR practices in Asia, evaluates the usefulness of codes of conduct, reviews the benefits of CSR in supply chains and reviews obstacles for companies wishing to adopt good CSR practices. In order to achieve this, interviews were undertaken with CSR managers, factory managers and other experts, conducted in confidence and anonymously. Codes of conduct and associated inspections and audits are common practice but in most cases flawed. Labour issues and the rights of workers are generally seen as the most important aspect of CSR in the region. Benefits of CSR include risk reduction, staff recruitment and retention, cost savings and building good relationships with stakeholders. Obstacles include a lack of resources and skills, a lack of awareness of stakeholders' demands and inefficient production techniques. It is noted that larger firms are more able to overcome such obstacles, with clear adverse implications for smaller companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.