bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-000-16209-WEB Data Management Best Practices Learned from CEPM
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

DATE: Wednesday, May 1, 2019

TIME: 2:00 - 3:30 p.m. ET

PRESENTER: Gary Choquette, PRCI

CLICK DOWNLOAD/BUY TO ACCESS THE REGISTRATION LINK FOR THIS WEBINAR

Systems that manage large sets of data are becoming more common in the energy transportation industry. Having access to the data offers the opportunity to learn from previous experiences to help efficiently manage the future. But how does one manage to digest copious quantities of data to find nuggets within the ore?

This webinar will outline some of the data management best practices learned from the research projects associated with CEPM.

- Logging/capturing data tips

- Techniques to identify 'bad' data

- Methods of mapping equipment and associated regressions

- Tips for pre-processing data for regressions

- Machine learning tips

- Establishing alarm limits

- Identifying equipment problems

- Multiple case studies

Who Should Attend?

- Data analysts

- Equipment support specialists

- Those interested in learning more about 'big data' and 'machine learning'

Recommended Pre-reading:

- PR-309-11202-R01 Field Demonstration Test of Advanced Engine and Compressor Diagnostics for CORE

- PR-312-12210-R01 CEPM Monitoring Plan for 2SLB Reciprocating Engines*

- PR-309-13208-R01 Field Demonstration of Integrated System and Expert Level Continuous Performance Monitoring for CORE*

- PR-309-14209-R01 Field Demo of Integrated Expert Level Continuous Performance Monitoring

- PR-309-15205-R01 Continuous Engine Performance Monitoring Technical Specification

- PR-000-15208-R01 Reciprocating Engine Speed Stability as a Measure of Combustion Stability

- PR-309-15209-R01 Evaluation of NSCR Specific Models for Use in CEPM

- PR-000-16209-R01 Demonstration of Continuous Equipment Performance Monitoring

- PR-015-17606-Z02 Elbow Meter Test Results*

*Documents available to PRCI member only

Attendance will be limited to the first 500 registrants to join the webinar. All remaining registrants will receive a link to view the recording after the webinar.

Not able to attend? Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the recording after the webinar to view at your convenience!

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.

Please visit our website for other webinars that may be of interest to you!
PR-015-17610-Z01 Effects of Changing Gas Composition on Flow Measurement Error
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

The influence of measurement errors in gas composition on the energy flow measurement was examined for flow meters based on differential pressure (e.g., orifice, Venturi, and cone), linear volumetric meters (e.g., turbine and ultrasonic), and mass flow meters (e.g., Coriolis). The purpose of this analysis was to develop a process that could be used to assess the requirements for gas composition accuracy and sampling rate to meet a given overall target accuracy in energy flow measurement.

Includes associated spreadsheets. There is also a related webinar.

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PR-457-18204-R01 Variable Fuel Effects on Legacy Compressor Engines Phase IV - Predictive NOx Modeling
Authors: Linker Taylor , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

The ultimate goal of this work is to improve the current control methods for large bore, lean burn natural gas engines in order to combat performance and emissions issues during variable fuel composition events. This will be achieved in the long term by simulating the effects of variable fuel composition on a large bore, natural gas engine and developing engine control strategies which work to mitigate adverse effects. The work of Phase IV adds onto previous work by enabling the prediction of NOxemissions in the validated, full-scale engine simulation of a Cooper-Bessemer GMWH-10C developed in Phase III. A sweep of fuel composition was also performed to assess the effect that variable fuel composition has on in-cylinder properties and NOxemissions.

Engine-out NOxwas predicted via a chemical kinetic mechanism which was implemented into the existing engine simulation. The mechanism dictates the composition of combustion products in each cylinder, including NO and NO2(NOx). NOxlevels were measured at the simulation exhaust to compare with the experimental NOxdata acquired as part of the data collection carried out in Phase III of this project. The prediction was tuned in order to achieve the closest prediction to real measured NOxvalues.

A preliminary sweep of fuel composition was completed by varying the mole fractions of ethane and propane within the natural gas compositions used in the simulation. Changes in in-cylinder pressure, location of peak pressure, in-cylinder temperature, and engine-out NOxwere evaluated based on their trend-wise behavior and compared qualitatively to expected results.
PR-015-17606-R03 Flow Conditioner Swirl Reduction Testing
Authors: Hawley Adam
Published: August 2023

This project evaluated the relative performance of the CPA 50E, CPA 55E, and CPA 65E flow conditioners manufactured by Canada Pipeline Accessories (CPA). The flow conditioners were tested to determine their ability to reduce swirl in a natural gas flow and to compare the audible noise of the flow conditioners over a range of flow rates.
PR-405-153600-R01 Validation of the AC Corrosion Criteria Based on Real-World Pipeline Measurements
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

This report refers to the activities performed in the frame of PRCI project on the refinement of the AC corrosion criteria by evaluating real-world pipeline AC corrosion cases and applying an improved AC corrosion prediction model.

The diagrams of AC corrosion likelihood assessment in the standard ISO18086:2015 was used as a starting point. Correlations between field data (especially those provided through dig reports from AC corrosion anomalies) and the simulation results for different CP polarization levels, AC induced voltage, soil conditions (texture, soil resistivity and moisture) and coating defect properties (size and thickness) were investigated.

The final goal is achieving a further refinement of the proposed AC corrosion criteria in previous project (EC-6-2) based on long-term AC corrosion behavior.

This document has a related webinar.
PR-405-173610-R01 Develop New Criteria for DC Stray Current Interference
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

This report refers to the activities performed in the frame of PRCI project on the refinement of the dynamic DC stray current corrosion criteria by applying an advanced DC corrosion prediction model.

In order to find realistic stray current interference conditions, an industry survey was performed to retrieve dynamic DC interference signals on real-world pipelines. After analysis of the cases, a simulation matrix was proposed that covers a wide variety of interference conditions. The simulated signals were simplified as squared pulses.

The European Standard EN 50162 Protection against corrosion stray current from direct current systems was used a reference for validation. Some other criteria that are currently under investigation have been considered as well. The criteria were validated against simulated corrosion rates.

The final goal is achieving a further refinement of the dynamic DC stray current criteria. The simulations demonstrate that current criteria are either not valid, either too conservative when steel tends to passivate under anodic excursions in high pH soil due to the development of a Fe3O4 film. The lowest pH value at which the passive film developed was 10.34 with relatively short cathodic duration (30 sec) and long (50 sec) and strong (-200 mVcse) anodic potential.

There is a related webinar.
PR-317-17700-WEB Accuracy of Temperature Logging for Calculating Gas Inventory in Storage Caverns
Authors: Voegeli Sam
Published: August 2023

Tuesday, August 8, 2019

PRESENTER: Sam Voegeli, M.Sc., RESPEC

HOST: John Jackson, Enbridge

MODERATOR: Laurie Perry, PRCI

CLICK BUY/DOWNLOAD TO ACCESS WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

The PRCI Underground Storage Technical Committee invites you to join them as they present the results from a research project that evaluated the accuracy of downhole wireline temperature logging, and the related calculation methods, to estimate gas inventory in storage caverns.

Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes:

� Gain an understanding of how inaccurate wireline temperature logging impacts the estimated gas inventory in storage caverns;

� Find out what factors have the greatest influence on the accuracy of wireline temperature logging and

� Learn how suitable wireline temperature logging is for estimating gas inventories.

Who Should Attend?

� Gas Storage Personnel

� Field Engineers

� Integrity Engineers

New regulations enacted by the Pipeline and Hazardous Safety Administration (PHMSA) require gas cavern operators to calculate gas inventories to ensure continuance of cavern integrity; therefore, PRCI members initiated research to evaluate the accuracy of conventional inventory and calculation methods currently used.

The study presents an initial computational fluid dynamic investigation into the appropriateness of wireline temperature logging for gas inventory calculations.

Recommended pre-reading:

Project final report: PR-317-1770-R01 Accuracy of Temperature Logging for Calculating Gas Inventory in Storage Caverns
PR-186-183825-R01 Continuous Improvement of ILI Capabilities Joint Industry Project (Phase I)
Authors: Bubenik Tom , Riley Brian
Published: August 2023

The American Petroleum Institute (API) and Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL)'s Research and Development Work Group (RDWG) and PRCI are undertaking a joint industry project to develop pull test strings and protocols to validate and test the performance specifications published for ultrasonic crack detection, electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT), and spiral and circumferential magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection (ILI) tools. The purpose of the joint industry project is to assess the current industry specifications and improve ILI crack tool capabilities. DNV GL served as the project manager for Phase I of the joint industry project.

This report summarizes the work completed in Phase I, which covered evaluating test facilities and methods of manufacturing crack-like defects, developing a preliminary defect set design and test protocol, and soliciting ILI vendor support.
PR-271-173903-R01 Evaluation of Current ROW Threat Monitoring, Application and Analysis Technology
Authors: Adlakha Paul
Published: August 2023

This project is a study to provide operators with research on satellite remote sensing systems and how they may address specified pipeline threats. The output is recommendations on satellite monitoring programs that can address those threats and the extent to which they are cost effective.

The benefits include a common terminology/understanding of the threats that concern operators and how satellite technologies can help to improve the monitoring, response, and potential mitigation of those threats. This project includes the satellite remote sensing applications for 3rd party damage threats, hazards, and leak detection.

The current and near-launch satellite capabilities are mapped against the various potential threats, and operators are provided with a guide on which satellite systems provide the best value against specific threats. The project studies the value of recent 'free and open' missions, the traditional commercial missions, and the emergence of several venture capital funded SmallSat missions that are proving to be disruptive to the benefit of the industry.

Modeling and simulation of scenarios on a selected pipeline system highlight gaps in satellite technology capabilities (sensor or monitoring coverage) to provide operators with a clear understanding of the limitations of the current missions and where other technologies may provide a better solution.

A review of current suppliers is also presented.

In addition to the RFP Scope of Work, the primary input into developing the satellite approaches is a series of interviews with operators, and research from previous studies in this area.
PR-580-163710-R01 Determining the Impact of Human Factors in the Performance of In-Service NDE
Authors: Rau Jane
Published: August 2023

The term "Human Factors" has become a buzz phrase in the pipeline industry, and rightfully so. Root cause analyses of many failures point to human error as the cause. However, in the pipeline industry, "Human Factors" generally refers to ergonomics, fatigue, stress, environment, and communication. JTrain, Inc.'s research looks at Human Factors from an educational viewpoint; how is transfer of knowledge from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and Level IIIs certified technicians to Non Destructive Examination (NDE) technicians presently performed, and how can it be improved to ensure actual learning occurs and not just rote memorization to pass a test. Being a knowledgeable SME or Level III does not guarantee an ability to teach or an understanding of how learning is best achieved. This report discusses how research-based learning strategies and best practices in teaching and learning can improve transfer of knowledge and competence for NDE technicians.
PR-179-18203-R01 Experimental Evaluation of Stack Testing Methods for Accurate VOC Measurement
Authors: Olsen Daniel , King Brenna
Published: August 2023

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are defined as non-methane, non-ethane hydrocarbons and have negative environmental effects, especially in the formation of ozone that creates smog. The combination of a gas chromatograph and a flame ionization detector can be implemented to quantify VOCs in engine exhaust following EPA Method 18/25A. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer can also be used to quantify VOCs in engine exhaust gas, following EPA Method 320. In this work testing and data analysis are performed with both measurement methods on multiple analyzers utilizing different engine types, conditions, and fuel quality. The accuracy of the measurement methods and data analysis approaches are compared and evaluated.
DE-FC26-04NT2266 Delivery Reliability for Natural Gas - Inspection Technologies
Authors: Teitsma Albert
Published: August 2023

A summary assessment of the start-of-the-art for pipeline assessment technologies. It is a good primer for those new to pipeline inspection technologies. This is a final report from a PHMSA research project.
PR-73-59-R01 Corrosion Control Monitor - Phase I
Authors: Lauer George
Published: August 2023

Phase I of an effort to develop an in-place, non-contact corrosion control monitoring sensor.
L00220A Measurements of Secondary Stresses in Pipelines
Authors: Shipp D.L. , Atterbury T.J. , McClure G. M.
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the results of additional secondary-stress projects carried out by companies participating in a cooperative effort to obtain more knowledge of secondary stresses in gas transmission systems. Projects summarized in this report describe the results of ten field installations of strain gages completed since the first progress report was issued.
CR-6352 Research into Methods of Mitigating External Corrosion Underneath Unbonded Dielectric Coating
Authors: Brousseau R. , Gummow Mr. Bob
Published: August 2023

The main objective of this research program was to determine whether or not cost effective methods could be developed and applied to mitigate corrosion occurring on the external surface of a pipeline beneath unbonded or disbonded coating. Conventional cathodic protection techniques have not been completely successful in preventing underfilm corrosion particularly in fresh water and soils environments. Two new methods were investigated for mitigating corrosion. These involved modifying the traditional cathodic protection approach used in the field. In the laboratory, the measurements were performed in an electrochemical cell simulating a crevice with the steel segmented to facilitate monitoring of the current redistribution.
NG-18-34-R01 Vacuum-Degassing and Argon-Flushing Processes that May Affect the Quality of Pipe Steels
Authors: Stein E.M. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

Vacuum degassing of molten steel prior to casting is a process that has received increasing attention in recent years. Its advantages have been brought to the attention of steel users, but much less has been said about the problems that may be encountered when this process is used.

One of the strong incentives for exploring the feasibility of vacuum degassing processes was the elimination of hydrogen from the steel to be used in heavy-forging stock. The presence of hydrogen in such steels may cause flakes and shatter cracks to form in heavy sections, and, under cyclic service stresses, the cracks may grow by a fatigue mechanism and result in the catastrophic failure of such items as generator and turbine rotors. Also, vacuum-melted steels have exhibited vast improvements in certain mechanical properties that would make them potential candidates for some critical structural applications. On the other hand, the vacuum-melting processes are quite costly and are not applicable to large-tonnage heats of steel. In the development of the vacuum-degassing process, it was hoped that some, if not all, of the advantages to be derived from the vacuum-melting process could be obtained by vacuum degassing, a process that can be applied to large-tonnage heats of steel. It would be desirable for the
PR-685-184506-R06 Web-Based Monitoring Dashboard
Authors: Budzich Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

Attached is our first deliverable for ENV-4-1a Year 2 activities, Draft Phase D3-Web-Based Monitoring Dashboard report. Note the Task Lead Brian Jimenez at Energy Transfer has reviewed this already.

As described in the text, for those reviewers who want to see the dashboard and receive email alerts for our 6 test sites (tied to Phase A2) we would need know their interest and preferred email address to use.
JTM-00-01 NDE Acceptance Criteria for Girth Defects Linked with Welding and Inspection Technique
Authors: Schipaunboord W.N. , Lont M.A. , Kron A.H.M.
Published: August 2023

Experimental work was conducted on two girth welds in large diameter steel pipes. By a proper selection of welding consumables, yield strength mismatch was obtained from 5 to 12% undermatching and 45% overmatching. The girth welds were non-destructively tested using the time of flight diffraction technique by three NDE companies. The verification of the detection and sizing capabilities of TOFD inspection techniques has shown that the performance levels varied widely. This finding confirms the need to validate the NDE techniques.

Tensile specimens, Charpy and CTOD specimens, and curved wide plate testes were taken out of the welded pipes for testing the mismatch ratio, fracture toughness behavior and failure mechanisms. The wide plate tests were supported by an ECA using BS 7910. This work has reconfirmed the validity of the basic toughness and overmatch requirements given by EPRG for the application of the Tier 2 defect limits. The wide plate tests demonstrated that failure to satisfy one (or both) of these requirements results in a significant reduction of the acceptable defect length limit.

The derivation of ECA-based NDE acceptance criteria is not specified in the present standards. The way to deal with the performance of welding technique, the NDE systems and its relation to ECA-based acceptance criteria is not prescribed. In the present Dutch project the derivation of ECA-based acceptance criteria will be validated by a probabilistic approach. This approach is based on Monte Carlo simulations by which the effects of weld defect population; the NDE performance and acceptance criteria on the repair rate and integrity level can be investigated.
PR-610-183867-R01 Fracture Toughness via In-ditch Non-destructive Testing - Validation
Authors: Palkovic Steven , Salamat Yasamin , Willey Brendon , Bellemare Simon
Published: August 2023

A challenge for many pipeline operators is missing or incomplete records for sections of their transmission pipeline networks, especially regarding fracture toughness properties. These toughness values are necessary for performing fitness for service calculations and engineering critical assessment. New regulations for gas transmission pipelines stipulate conservative default values for applicable assets when traceable, verifiable, and complete (TVC) records are not available. The new rules allow for the use of nondestructive techniques within material verification programs to measure the actual steel properties in lieu of conventional destructive cut-outs. However, the nondestructive technique must be validated, and the measurement must account for error and uncertainty of the nondestructive process. The aim of this research program is to assess the capabilities and limitations of the Nondestructive Toughness Tester (NDTT) to meet the requirements of a material verification process for measuring fracture toughness properties. The NDTT is a new approach for measuring the toughness of steel pipelines through the application of a contact mechanics technique known as frictional sliding. This project consists of testing on 41 vintage steel pipe joints to compare the NDTT measurement of the tensile fracture response in a superficial volume of surface material with conventional laboratory measurements of toughness on the same sample. The outcomes include the development and assessment of nondestructive prediction models for the initiation fracture toughness from compact tension (CT) testing and the upper shelf Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact energy. This report summarizes the testing procedures and analysis methodologies used, and the prediction performance of models based on NDTT measurements.
PR-71-60-R03 External Methods for Magnetic Detection of Corrosion Currents in Buried Gas Pipelines Review
Authors: Jackson Dr. Stuart P.
Published: August 2023

An independent review of research work performed by EMCO on assessing external methods for the magnetic detection of corrosion currents in buried gas pipelines.
NG-10-R01 Welding Procedures on Base-Metal Cracking Adjacent to Girth Welds and Welded Connections
Authors: Rieppel P. J. , Voldrich C. B. , Kohn M. L. , Burnham R. N. , Dearring S.J. , Disbennett C. B.
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this work were to investigate welding techniques that would insure against base-metal cracks in the heat-affected zones of girth welds.
NB-13-R01 Flow Phenomena in Large-Diameter Natural Gas Transmission Lines
Authors: Ellington R. T. , Bukacek H. F. , Staats W. R.
Published: August 2023

Measured data and corresponding correlations to calculate pipeline pressure losses.
NAPSR-C11 State Pipeline Safety Requirements-Initiatives Providing Increased Public Safety Levels vs CFR
Authors: Knepper Randy
Published: August 2023

Over 1,150 specific safety enhancements described in 22 categories ranging from enhanced reporting to record-keeping to cathodic protection to design and installation requirements have been adopted by states to help enhance pipeline safety. Formalized pipeline replacement programs have been employed by many states to address the aging pipeline infrastructure. To date, 45 states have at least one initiative above and beyond the minimum Code of Federal Regulations applying to one or more pipeline operators within their state. It is hoped this report will serve as a detailed resource for examining some of the pipeline safety best practices established by states.
PR-15-627-R01 Subsurface Safety Valves in Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Bass R.L. , Bowles E.B.
Published: August 2023

The purpose of the work is to assess the safety and operational advantages and establish guidelines for using subsurface safety valves in gas storage well applications.
PR-185-617-R01 Guidelines for Hot Tapping Pressurized Pipelines
Authors: Shapiro David E.
Published: August 2023

Describes procedures and processes used to develop models to provide guidance on hot tapping pressurized pipelines.
PR-15-523-R01 High Energy Ignition Systems for Spark-Ignited Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Gunkel Walter A. , Brown Morton E.
Published: August 2023

The work effort included in this interim report involved the determination of the ignition system requirements to enable using air-fuel ratios sufficiently lean to produce less than 4 g/bhp-hr NO emissions and of the potential availability of such systems. Emphasis was placed on ignition systems which would not require any mechanical modifications to the engine.

The effort in this project involved the following:

� Collection and review of published literature

� Obtaining information from ignition system manufacturers

� Contacting gas engine manufacturers

Requesting information from AGA member companies

� Discussions with SwRI personnel

� Contacting several other potential sources of information
CWDI-1-1 The Heat-Affected-Zone Toughness of Microalloy Steels and UT Inspection of Austenitic Welds
Authors: Graville B. A. , Macecek M
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the weldability of high-strength microalloy steels and the ability of ultrasonic sensors to test welds of austenitic steels.
PR-189-9204-R01 Methodology for Identifying Pipeline Locations where SCC is Probable
Authors: Beavers J.A. , Harper W.C.
Published: August 2023

The overall objective of this program was to develop a methodology to identify locations on operating pipelines where SCC is probable. The program was planned as a three-year effort but was terminated after one year.
PR-208-9116-R01 Investigation of Cased-Carrier-Pipe External Corrosion
Authors: Frazier Marvin J. , Simeakis Nick , Zdunek Alan D
Published: August 2023

This project addresses the need to identify key factors that can contribute to corrosion of cased pipelines and develop methods for quantifying the severity of corrosion. The approach followed in the 1992 research was to deploy specially-designed sensor packages to monitor the environment within the annulus region of two cased pipelines in the field. The sensors were selected to characterize the corrosion that may occur from either groundwater ingress or the atmosphere within the casing to the pipe annulus region.
WIC-V04-01 A Study on the Dimensions of Arc Burns in Pipe Steels
Authors: Lazor R.
Published: August 2023

Assessment of the size, shape, and depth of welding arc burns with comparison to welding position and currents. Methods were developed to categorize the arc burns and metal hardness measurements were taken at various depths of the welding arc.
WIC-V05-02 Survey of the Status of Repair and Reclamation Technology in Canada
Authors: Lazor Robert B.
Published: August 2023

This report describes the results of a survey of weld repair and reclamation in Canada. A literature survey covered articles available for the period 1966 to 1981 dealing with weld repair and weld surfacing. Visits were also made to major companies involved with a range of technologies across Canada.

Consideration was given to identifying major types of components and materials which could justify the use of welding for repair and/or reclamation. A review of the welding processes and procedures describes several applications and examples for repair by welding.
PR-125-9319-R01 Identifying and Locating Disbonds - Field Work on In-Service Gas Pipelines
Authors: Srinivasan R. , Murphy J.C. , Gopalan P. , Zarriello R.P.
Published: August 2023

Field experiments to identify locations of disbondment of various types of pipeline coatings using multiple methods.
PR-213-9103-R01 Capabilities-Limitations of the S-Curve Pipelay Method
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Evaluated the typical Gulf of Mexico pipelay barges and assess their ability to install 8 to 20-inch diameter pipelines in water depths ranging from 1000 ft to 3000 ft. McDermott's LB-29 and DB-28, Global Pipelines PLUS' Cherokee, and OPI's DLB-423 were evaluated. Allseas' the North Sea dynamically positioned lay vessel Lorelay was also evaluated for comparison. Pipe wall thicknesses to satisfy buckle propagation, collapse, and stability criteria were determined, and the results were used to select wall thicknesses for 8, 12, 16, and 20-inch nominal pipe diameters in water depths of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 feet. The selected wall thickness and diameters were then used as inputs for a finite element model to determine stinger and tensioner requirements for each vessel. Each vessel's mooring system was analyzed to assure satisfactory performance, after taking into account pipe-induced tensions and environmental loads resulting from a 1.5-knot current and a 30-knot wind. Mooring system upgrading options include the use of anchor chains or additional mooring line pendants. The scope of work did not include dynamic pipe stress, dynamic mooring system analysis, vessel motions analysis, or move-up analysis.
PR-720-20603-R01 Emerging Fuels - Hydrogen SOTA Gap Analysis and Future Project Roadmap
Authors: Domptail Kim , Hildebrandt Shannon , Hill Graham , Maunder David , Taylor Fred , Win Vanessa
Published: August 2023

The overall goal of the study is to develop a concrete path forward to define the necessary projects that need to be completed for companies to safely and reliably inject hydrogen into their pipelines at certain blend levels. The study was broken down into four main tasks as follows:

- Mapping of worldwide projects and references,

- State-of-the-art analysis,

- Gap analysis, and

- Recommendations for R and D topics.

The analysis focused around 8 technical subjects including:

- Integrity,

- Safety,

- Network and End-Use Equipment,

- Metering and Gas Quality,

- Network Management and Compression,

- Inspection and Maintenance,

- Hydrogen-Natural Gas Separation, and

- Underground Gas Storage.
PR-179-19601-R01 Evaluation of On-line Analyzers for Measurement of Multiple Gas Contaminants - Blinded
Authors: Vaughn Tim , Zineddin Khalid , Olsen Daniel
Published: August 2023

Operating companies currently use several analyzers per location to monitor gas streams throughout their operations. By replacing multiple analyzers with a single analyzer capable of measuring multiple contaminants, both capital and operations and maintenance expenditures can be reduced. This work evaluates the measurement ranges, accuracy, and reliability of several commercially available online analyzers. Both contaminant (CO2, O2, H2S, and H2O) and non-contaminant (CH4, C2H6, etc.) species were measured within gas blends typical of the natural gas transportation industry. The results of this report are blinded as to meter manufacturers and models.
PR-457-20204-R01 Pump Station Efficiency Improvement Evaluation
Authors: Ward Kyle , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

Pipeline transmission of liquids, although highly cost effective relative to other means of liquid transport (e.g., on-highway freight vehicles or trains), still encumbers costs with opportunities for improvement. Liquid pumps, serving as the prime mover for liquids in a pipeline, are a chief operating expense for pipeline transmission. A large and diverse set of pump characteristics - both in terms of style, motive force, and age -make it difficult to identify technologies that result in substantial cost savings for the owner / operator of liquid pipeline systems.

Thus, characterizing and classifying the various liquid pump technologies, as well as identifying the latest advancements that can enable retrofit and / or new installation improvements for the purpose of reducing operational pump costs and downtime, is crucial. This study identifies the latest advancements that can increase pump efficiency, increase overall system efficiency, and allow for short-term and long-term cost savings.
IPC-2008-COMP ASME 7th International Pipeline Conference - 2008
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 7th IPC in 2008. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
SBS-OBS-04 Pipeline Coating Density and Thickness and On-Bottom Stability under Environmental Extremes
Authors: Blumberg Randolph , Taher Samir A. , Khan Abdul W.
Published: August 2023

Studies the effects of weight coatings of different types and densities as they influence offshore pipe-laying operations and the associated effects on on-bottom forces generated by environmental extremes.
XFMZRYW Integrity Management Reinspection Intervals Evaluation
Authors: Leewis Keith
Published: August 2023

This project was asked how to measure whether good operating practices; such as proven prevention, detection, repair, and mitigation actions are the key management decisions which contribute to safe gas and oil pipeline operations. Integrity assessment inspections such as in-line inspection (ILI) or direct assessment (DA), are a reliable integrity check on the effectiveness of these practices at a point in time. Integrity assessment inspections, (Pressure Test, Direct Assessment or In-Line Inspection), support the effectiveness of these operational decisions. System reliability is improved by these engineering activities. The continuous use of successful operating procedures (as proven practices such as ASME B31.8S) is in reality the foundation to provide a safe pipeline and reliable operations. These good and proven practices are also written into the company's standard operating practices (SOPs), to ensure they are routinely reviewed, updated and followed in day to day activities. Data was volunteered by five liquid and gas pipelines so that multiple ILI inspection runs could be evaluated. The results confirm the technical validity of using the inspection intervals approach in ASME B31.8S.
PR-004-103600-Z02 Field Applied Pipeline Coatings-Short and Long Term Performance-Phase IV
Authors: Ersoy Daniel , O'Brien Mike
Published: August 2023

Results from a multi-year testing program to evaluate specific coating systems, commonly used to coat girth welds on buried steel pipelines produced an unprecedented amount of real world data on the performance of over 75 different coating systems. These coating systems were produced by eighteen (18) different manufacturers of girth weld coatings. The product specific data amassed from this testing, provides a scientific, unbiased and objective data base from which an owner or pipeline operator can confidently select coating systems based on their specific requirements and soil conditions.

This was a consortium project of which PRCI was one of the members. Note that this is a vary large file (~500 Mb).
DTRS56-05-T-0004 Evaluation and Validation of Aboveground Techniques for Coating Condition Assessment
Authors: Ruschac Gregory , Kowalski Angel
Published: August 2023

The overall objective was to determine the accuracy, resolution, and limitations of equipment typically used for modern aboveground ECDA work with respect to locating holidays and disbondments with commonly used coatings with varying spatial relationships and geometrical configurations. The specific tasks of this program were the following: 1. Perform aboveground coating surveys on several underground pipelines using at least four (4) different survey techniques - DCVG, ACVG, PCM, Cscan, and Pearson surveys were performed. 2. Compare the results of the surveys with visual examinations of the coating defects after the excavation of the surveyed pipelines.
PR-248-9513-R01 Evaluation of Different Field Joint Coating Materials for Existing FBE Coated Pipe
Authors: Sansum Andrew J.
Published: August 2023

The selection of girth weld coatings for pipe coated with fusion bonded epoxy is usually determined by specific criteria related to the particular project. Other than the actual long-term performance of the coating there are other factors that are generally considered such as field application criteria, production rates, and other economic considerations. It has been found that coatings applied to the girth weld areas of pipe are not performing to anticipated life expectancy. Some are failing in as little as five years resulting in corrosion of the steel under the joint coating material. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the selected coatings from a performance standpoint only to be compared with fusion-bonded epoxies in order to predict the life expectancy relative to the parent pipe coating. Laboratory testing using accelerated test conditions can give a good indication of the expected life of coating material.
NG-18-07-R02 Effect of Strain Aging on the Susceptibility of Line-Pipe Steel to SCC
Authors: Payer J. H. , Berry W. E. , Fessler R. R.
Published: August 2023

Among the factors that affect the susceptibility of line-pipe steel to stress-corrosion cracking, the amount of deformation involved in forming and expanding the pipe and subsequent exposure to elevated temperatures during coating operations or service are particularly important. Many of the laboratory experiments presently being conducted at Battelle and at the University of Newcastle are directed toward determining how various combinations of mechanical and thermal processing affect the susceptibility and toward obtaining an understanding of the phenomenon. The objective of the experiments is to develop methods for treating line pipe in the future to maximize its resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
NG-18-03-R02 The Decompression Characteristics of Pressurized Liquid-Nitrogen Systems
Authors: Maxey W.A.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study is to determine the decompression characteristics of the nitrogen and water combined pressuring medium used in the West Jefferson type experiments to establish the validity of these experiments for evaluating shear fracture resistance.
PR-19-73-R01 Measurement of Storm-Driven Bottom Particular Velocities
Authors: Blumberg Randolph , Taher Samir A. , Khan Abdul W.
Published: August 2023

Investigation of bottom particle velocities as part of the development of models for forces applied to offshore pipelines.
NRXE27X Testing and Evaluation of Coating Performance in Transition Zones
Authors: Vilda William , Kroon David
Published: August 2023

The scope of work includes a collection of field data on the existing transition zone coating systems to document performance. This information is supplemented with data from laboratory testing of fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) pipeline coating and select supplemental, transition coatings. The overall objectives of the project are 1) identify situations where transition coating failure occurs based on field evidence and 2) develop a test protocol for evaluating supplemental coatings for use in the transition zone. The corresponding data is included in a spreadsheet.
PR-138-162-R04 Removal of Intact Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating Samples from Pipe
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This document describes a sampling method for the removal of intact fusion-bonded epoxy coating samples from the pipe.
NG-18-17-R01 Examination of Various Backfill Types on Fracture Behavior
Authors: Maxey W.A.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research program was to determine the effect of various backfill types on ductile fracture behavior by a relative comparison of fracture behaviors in model pipes. Model pipes of 6.0-inch outside diameter were selected because they could be tested at the West Jefferson facility using an all gas pressuring medium and remain within the noise and environmental protection limitations.

The types of backfill studied were air, sand or soil, water, frozen annulus of sand, and simulated permafrost.
NG-18-04-R02 The Use of Spectrographic Analysis for the Check Analysis of Pipe Steel
Authors: Williams D. N. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

This study was undertaken to determine whether it is feasible to substitute spectrographic analysis for wet analysis in performing check chemical analyses of pipe steels. The use of spectrographic techniques for check analyses has been proposed to API by the steel manufacturers.
PR-015-20605-R01 Clamp-On Ultrasonic Meters for Oil and Gas Flow Meter Verification
Authors: Hawley Adam , Gutierrez Luis , Godush Matthew
Published: August 2023

This project provided an updated literature review and market review for clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters for oil and gas applications. In addition, this project included updating a guidelines document that was previously developed by PRCI for clamp-on ultrasonic meters. Finally, a survey was conducted with two PRCI technical committees and the results were used to identify three topic areas for future research.
PR-214-204505-R01 HAZ Softening Susceptibility Test Development
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron
Published: August 2023

Based on the investigation of the recent pipe failures, it was clear that HAZ softening was one of the contributing factors. To understand the factors that influence the susceptibility to HAZ softening, a simple weld bead-on-plate testing procedure achieving a full penetration weld was developed in in this project. Test conditions are designed to maximize the effect in an effort to identify line pipe materials that may be more or less resistant to HAZ softening in construction or in-service welding. This work provides industry with a standardized test to rank the relative susceptibility of pipe materials to HAZ softening and may be used as an acceptance test, a means of characterizing line pipe materials or identifying materials requiring greater attention to detail in weld procedure development or application to preclude significant HAZ softening.
PR-316-21201-R01 A Study of the Effects of Liquid Contamination on Seal Performance
Authors: Rimpel Aaron , Patil Abhay , Anguiano Mark
Published: August 2023

This project is a continuation of research to enhance dry gas seal (DGS) reliability. Previous work reviewed failures from literature and experience of manufacturers and end-users and identified that liquid contamination was the most common cause, but it was concluded there was insufficient quantitative data to base recommendations on for further DGS reliability enhancements. Therefore, experimental and analytical investigations were pursued to fill the void. The ultimate objective was to be able to predict DGS failures due to liquid contamination, which could lead to greater DGS reliability through improvements in design, instrumentation, and monitoring.

The current project phase had objectives with simulations and testing. Simulations were extended to the all other pressure conditions for further validation of the modeling assumptions. The improved simulation methodology was subsequently used to predict a condition that suggests a potential failure mode using a one-way fluid-structure interaction simulation. This resulted in a prediction that a liquid mass fraction of 4% would cause a 50% relative reduction of the seal film clearance, which was the chosen test condition to perform the validation. Testing up to three times this target value was agreed upon as the maximum concentration to perform the testing at a maximum duration of 8 minutes. This would be invoked to test more aggressively in case signs of failure were not observed.

PRCI and GMRC co-funded this project.
PR-283-20207-R01 Field Trial of Solar Turbines Methane Emissions Reduction Solution for Gas Compressors
Authors: Garceau Sean
Published: August 2023

The Methane Emissions Reduction solution designed by Solar Turbines was installed and evaluated at the Berkshire Hathaway Energy (Dominion) Chambersburg station in Pennsylvania, USA. Solar Turbines supplied a dry seal recompression (DSR) system and a process vent recompression (PVR) system at the station. The objective of the field trial was to evaluate the durability of this new system, compare the performance in the field to simulation models and as needed make improvements to the mechanical design and/or software control.

The dry gas seal recompression system was installed and connected to a Solar Turbines C402 process compressor dry seal primary vent to capture, hold, and reuse dry seal gas leakage. The process vent recompression system was connected to the C402 compressor discharge piping to capture the process gas during pressurized hold and inject it back into the suction line in lieu of venting the gas to atmosphere. Operational data for the two systems was collected for 22-months starting in January 2020 and ending in October 2021. Data was collected at different sample rates; high speed (10ms, 100ms), 1 second, 10 seconds, and 1 hour through historical logs and analyzed for this period of time to evaluate the durability of the systems.

Several enhancements were implemented and validated. Data collected during a 12-month period showed that a recycle line and volume bottles on the suction of the compressor helped optimize the performance of the compressor and increased durability. In addition, the use of the auxiliary drain recapture tank on the DSR system allowed for the achievement of a capture rate greater than 99% and resolved issues associated with leakage back into the compressor's first stage inlet during the charge period of the cycle.
PR744-22113-Z01 Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends in Existing Natural Gas Systems
Authors: Hutchins Thomas
Published: August 2023

A series of short documents summarizing the issues and facts as currently known related to the transportation of hydrogen via pipeline. There are seven papers in this bundle:

- PR744-22113-E01A Hydrogen Natural Gas Blending and Separation, 2 pages

- PR744-22113-E01B Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends and Compressor Stations, 2 pages

- PR744-22113-E01C Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends and End User Equipment, 1 page

- PR744-22113-E01D Hydrogen Natural Gas Blend Measurement and Gas Quality, 2 pages

- PR744-22113-E01E Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends and Pipeline Integrity, 2 pages

- PR744-22113-E01F Hydrogen Natural Gas Blending and Safety, Inspection, and Maintenance, 3 pages

- PR744-22113-E01G Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends in Existing Natural Gas Pipelines, 3 pages

- PR744-22113-E01H Storage of Hydrogen Natural Gas Blends, 2 pages
PR-420-183903-R01 Pipeline Right-of-Way River Crossing Monitoring With Satellites
Authors: Oliver Peter , Robert Gillian
Published: August 2023

The goal of the work described herein is to provide PRCI and the pipeline industry further understanding of the current capabilities and limitations of combined SAR and high resolution optical satellite imagery for the monitoring of pipeline ROWs which span river crossings.

Four Areas of Interests (AOIs) with pipeline ROWs that span river crossings were selected for analysis: South Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada operated by SaskEnergy Incorporated; Thompson Creek, Louisiana, USA operated by Colonial Pipeline Company; Gila River, Arizona, USA operated by Kinder Morgan Incorporated; and Humber Estuary, UK, operated by National Grid. For each AOI, monitoring requirements were defined by the operators. Amplitude Change Detection (ACD) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) were performed for all AOIs; results correlated to the defined monitoring requirements are discussed.

A high level summary of the role of combined SAR and optical satellite operational monitoring of pipeline river crossings is listed below:

- InSAR "Phase" used for (a) Subsidence (b) Slope Movement

- SAR "Amplitude" used to both detect and classify (a) large scale Land Cover/Land Use Change (e.g. bridge construction), (b) flooding, (c) river channel changes, (d) river bed exposure, and (e) vessel traffic.

- SAR "Amplitude" used to detect changes resulting from (a) small scale Land Cover/ Land Use (e.g. construction of individual buildings), and possibly (b) bank erosion and (c) pipeline exposure. Optical Satellite imagery is required for classification of these changes.