bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGE IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING UNDER MATERIAL OF METALWARE TENSION OF A CLAMP-FORMING MACHINE ARROW
Authors: Polishchuk L. K. , Iskovych-Lototskyi R. D. , Koval O. O.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The aim is to study the effects of conditions and duration of working of structures arrows of a clamp-forming machine on mechanical properties of the material and its stress corrosion cracking under tension. It is necessary to improve the accuracy of resources analysis of boom metalwares of lifting and transporting machines. Methodology. Samples for experimental investigations were made of the elements of arrow continued exploited clamp-forming machine where there were major work stress. Centers of greatest efforts in elements of arrows constructions were determined in its 3D model in the analysis of the stress cards by finite element method. Experimental studies were performed at the facility UVP-6, which determined the characteristics of strength and ductility of samples of two types by means of tensile strain, speed 10-5 s-1 and 10-6 s-1 in air and in the environment of synthetic rain. Metallographic studies were performed on a scanning electron microscope. Findings. Experimental studies found that after long-term operation of arrow of clamp-forming machine material of its most loaded elements changed due to characteristics of strength and ductility. At joint action of corrosion environment and the greatest stress on the surface of the material expressions, point defects are appeared. They are concentrators of local mechanical stress, which reduce the resource construction elements of the arrow. Originality. 1) firstly set patterns of changes in the mechanical properties of continued operated metal construction of arrow of clamp-forming machine made of St. 3; 2) received further developed methodology for remaining resource estimation continued operated of metal boom lifting and shipping the machine by taking into account joint action vibration and dynamic loads and corrosive environments. Practical value. Determination the residual resource of continued operated boom lifting and transporting metal machines should be carried out taking into account the degradation of the mechanical properties of the material as well as the dynamic nature of the load. The obtained regularities on changes of mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking under tension of an arrow material will contribute to increase evaluation accuracy of fragility of residual resource of load carrying steel structures.
ABOUT THE EVALUATION OF THE LONGITUDINAL FORCES LEVEL EFFECTING THE TRACK DISPLACEMENT AT TRANSIENT MODES OF TRAIN MOVEMENT
Authors: Horobets V. L. , Masleieva L. H. , Ursuliak L. V. , Arsonov V. V.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Study the transient modes effect of movement on the track displacement for the freight train safety control is supposed in this paper. For this it is necessary to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of a train on the track displacement. Simultaneously to assess the longitudinal forces level of a track and rolling stock interaction. Methodology. The level of the longitudinal forces, effecting the track displacement, was evaluated using mathematical modeling of longitudinal vibrations of the trains at transient modes of motion caused by braking. It was considered that each train vehicle consists of a body (solid) and the wheel sets, connected with the body by friction bearings (inelastic link). It was believed that during the movement of each train vehicle the vertical plane of its symmetry coincident with the vertical plane of symmetry of the assembled rails and sleepers. At simulation it was also supposed that in the process of translational motion of the vehicle body wheels make pure rolling along the rail without slipping on it. Findings. In the results of calculations the values of the longitudinal forces at different types of braking were obtained (it is regenerative braking and pneumatic one) under quasi-static and shock transients. For this various initial state of clearances in the inter-car connections up to beginning of transient was considered. The level of dynamic additives to longitudinal forces of interaction between wheel and rail that are substantially depending on vehicle accelerations was assessed. Originality. The transient regimes effect of trains movement caused by braking on the level of the longitudinal forces of track and rolling stock interaction was investigated. The longitudinal load of freight trains with regenerative and pneumatic braking was researched. The effect of the initial state of the train and different modes of braking on a dynamic additive to the longitudinal forces of the interaction between the track and rolling stock, which may effect the displacement of assembled rails and sleepers, was estimated. Practical value. The obtained results can be used to select rational modes of braking of freight trains, especially on lengthy down grade, from the positions prevent possible track displacement.
EXISTING PROBLEMS ANALYZIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF ROOFING SYSTEMS
Authors: Radkevich A. V. , Khudenko V. F. , Glushenko V. M.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The article aims at analysis of existing approaches towards engineering, construction, reconstruction and major repair of buildings roofing systems and constructions for solving the matters regarding organizational and technological reliability. Methodology. The survey is based on methods of analogy, scientific analysis and synthesis. Findings. The analysis of innovative technologies as well as new construction materials for roofing has been carried out. Problems regarding their organizational and technological reliability have been specified. Relevance of the given problems has been grounded. Correlation between reliability of constructed facility or roofing repair from thoroughly chosen technology and also construction process organization in general was determined. All the specifications influencing roofing organizational and technological reliability have been divided into primary and secondary. New methodic conception including all the constituents of roofing in the whole has been worked out. Ukrainian and European specification documents have been taking into account. Roofing organizational and technological reliability scheme considering the factors that form reliability has been suggested. An urgent need for creation of roofing model taking into consideration the innovative technologies and latest roofing materials for choosing its rational variant has been emerged. It has to meet both customers and specification documents requirements and also desired level of organizational and technological reliability. Originality. For the first time the notion of «organizational and technological reliability» has been applied to roofing. Fundamental investigation of this notion has been suggested. Roofing reliability dependence on all its components as a whole has been analyzed. New approach towards roofing problems solving conception has been developed. Practical value. The survey results may be applied at roofing engineering and construction organizations activity analysis. Investigation results have practical value in roofing with desired reliability engineering.
The floral hosts and distribution of a supposed creosote bush specialist, Colletes stepheni Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Authors: Nelson Rebekah A. , Griswold Terry L
Published: May 2015

Colletes stepheni Timberlake, previously thought to be a narrow oligolege of Larrea (creosote bush) of limited distribution in the Sonoran Desert, is found to be a much more widely distributed psammophile of the Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin Deserts that utilizes two unrelated plant pollen sources, Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) and Psorothamnus (Fabaceae). The geologic history of the region suggests a potential host shift from the more ancient occupant, Psorothamnus, to the Neogene colonizer, Larrea.
Diagnostic and therapeutic status of haemophilia in Latin America
Authors: Montaño Cesar Alberto , Cruz Maria Sol , Lemos Felipe , Quiroz Alfredo , Rojas Gerardo
Published: May 2015

The Latin American net of Prophylaxis and Immune Tolerance (RED LAPI) was established in 2010 and comprises a group of physicians dedicated to improving the diagnosis, treatment and quality of life of haemophilia patients in Latin America. The countries represented at RED LAPI are: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador and Panama. Analysis of the provision of care for haemophilia patients suggests a lack of consistent care both across and within Latin America countries. While some patients receive prophylaxis and immune tolerance induction (ITI), others are not even properly diagnosed, due to variation in patient’s health insurance. Few countries in Latin America have a national program that registers all patients’ information. Therefore, in many countries it is difficult to identify local, regional and national data regarding the number of diagnosed patients, type of hemophilia, severity, and the kind of treatment. With respect to patients with inhibitors, some countries rely on bypass agents for the treatment of bleeding episodes while a few are able to do ITI. This paper summarises available data obtained by a survey of RED LAPI members regarding the diagnosis and treatment of haemophilia in their countries, as well as the incidence of inhibitors and the treatments available to patients. Based on this analysis, the aim is to propose plans to improve the current situation of haemophilia patients in Latin America.
The perioperative management of haemophilia: easier said than done Joint assessment in haemophilia – current physiotherapist practice in the UK
Authors: Kurdi Madhuri S , Jadhav Ravikumar R , Ratkal Jaideep , Kaur Jasvinder , Ashwini H. R. , Hiregoudar Sheetal , Deva Radhika
Published: May 2015

Abstarct

Haemophilia is the oldest known rare genetic bleeding disorder that disrupts the blood clotting process. Although the level of haemophilia care has improved substantially, the problems of management in developing countries are poor awareness, high costs of treatment, inadequate diagnostic and coagulation screening facilities and scarce factor concentrates for therapy. We present here the problems in the perioperative management of a case of haemophilia A in India. It portrays the current picture of haemophilia management in many developing countries around the world.
Anticoagulant activity of some Artemisia dracunculus leaf extracts
Authors: Durić Kemal , Kovac Besovic Elvira E , Niksic Haris , Muratovic Samija , Sofic Emin
Published: May 2015

Platelet hyperactivity and platelet interaction with endothelial cells contribute to the development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The impact of platelet activity with different pharmacological agents, such as acetylsalicylic acid and coumarin derivatives, has been shown to be effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Artemisia dracunculus, L. Asteraceae (Tarragon) is used for centuries in the daily diet in many Middle Eastern countries, and it is well known for its anticoagulant activity. The present study investigates the presence of coumarins in tarragon leaves and subsequently determines the extract with a major amount of coumarin derivatives. The solvents of different polarities and different pH values were used for the purpose of purifying the primary extract in order to obtain fractions with the highest coumarin content. Those extracts and fractions were investigated for their anticoagulant activity by determining prothrombin time (PT) and the international normalized ratio (INR), expressed in relation to the coagulation time of the healthy person. Purified extracts and fractions obtained from plant residue after essential oil distillation, concentrated in coumarin derivatives, showed the best anticoagulant activity, using samples of human blood. INR maximum value (2.34) and consequently the best anticoagulant activity showed the methanol extract at concentration of 5%.  The INR value of normal plasma in testing this extract was 1.05.
Prostate cancer stroma: an important factor in cancer growth and progression
Authors: Krušlin Božo , Ulamec Monika , Tomas Davor
Published: May 2015

Reactive stromal changes that occur in different human cancers might play a role in local tumor spreading and progression. Studies done on various human cancers have shown activated stromal cell phenotypes, modified extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and increased microvessel density. Furthermore, they exhibit biological markers consistent with stroma at the site of wound repair. In prostate cancer, stroma is composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells. Predominant cells in the tumorous stroma are, however, fibroblasts/ myofibroblasts. They are responsible for the synthesis, deposition and remodeling of the ECM. Epithelial tumorous cells, in interaction with stromal cells and with the help of various molecules of ECM, create a microenvironment suitable for cancer cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. In this review, we discussed the role of different stromal components in prostate cancer as well as their potential prognostic and therapeutic significance.
Opredelitev slovenskega dopolnilnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja kot storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena
Authors: Nikolić Bruno
Published: May 2015

Dopolnilno zdravstveno zavarovanje je v slovenski zakonodaji opredeljeno kot dejavnost v javnem interesu, ki je neločljiv in bistven element sistema socialne varnosti ter kot tak uresničuje identične cilje kot obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje – finančno varnost prebivalstva pred visokimi zdravstvenimi izdatki ter primeren in pravičen dostop do učinkovite in kakovostne zdravstvene oskrbe. Države članice EU pogosto uvajajo različne regulatorne ukrepe, s katerimi varujejo javni interes na področju gospodarskih dejavnosti. Ti ukrepi so pogosto v nasprotju s pravnim redom EU (pravili o delovanju notranjega trga in konkurenčno zakonodajo), kar je z vidika EU načeloma nedopustno. Cilj članka je opredelitev slovenskega dopolnilnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja kot storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, ki državam članicam širi meje avtonomnega urejanja oziroma omogoča sprejem regulatornih ukrepov, ki niso skladni s pravili o delovanju notranjega trga in konkurenčno zakonodajo EU.
National Interest and European Law in the Legislation and Juridical Practice on Health Care Services – In the Light of the Reforms of the Hungarian Health Care System
Authors: Hoffman István
Published: May 2015

The priority of the national interest in the field of the health care policy is secured by the rules of the TFEU, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and by the secondary law as well. Although several market-type and pro-competitive solutions have appeared, they can have only limited influence on the national systems. The main reasons of the limited influence of the EU regulations are the primary responsibilities of the Member States, the widely applicable public health exceptions, and the limited application of the EU competition rules. Although the national legislation is the determinative, the EU regulations on the free movement of persons and services could be applied in the field of the health care services. This principle was recognized by the landmark decisions of the Court of Justice (ECJ). The Directive 2011/24/EU is based on these principles and a limited competition has evolved. Because the competition is limited and the creation of a single European health care area has just begun, the “silent revolution” of the public service provision has a minor importance. The practice of the ECJ has been focused on the use of the cross-border services and the Member States have had a broad margin for the organisation and management of this public service. The role of the European legislation on the competition is limited in this field as well. Therefore the strong centralization of the Hungarian health system from 2011 to 2013 may be in harmony with the EU legislation, although the competition at the national level is not promoted by the reformed Hungarian rules on health care.
Item Analysis di una prova di lettura a scelta multipla della certificazione di italiano per stranieri CILS (livello B1; sessione estiva 2012)
Authors: Torresan Paolo
Published: May 2015

Nell’articolo presentiamo un’analisi degli item di una prova di lettura a scelta multipla di livello B1 della certificazione CILS (Università per Stranieri di Siena). L’indagine si muove da una prima ricognizione del testo su cui si basa la prova, con uno studio delle modifiche cui è andata soggetta per mano dell’item writer, per poi ragionare sull’analisi di ogni singolo item, grazie ai dati emersi dalla somministrazione della prova a 161 studenti di italiano di livello corrispondente sparsi per il pianeta. Dalla nostra ricerca si evince che si danno un item ambiguo (# 1), per via della presenza di due chiavi, e un item di difficile risoluzione, per via della mancanza di informazioni utili per desumere il significato del vocabolo cui si riferisce (# 4).In this article we present an analysis of items in a reading multiple-choice test, B1 level, of the CILS certification (Università per Stranieri di Siena). The research starts with a preliminary recognition of the text on which the test is based, with a study of the modifications it has undergone by the item writer’s hand, and proceeds to reason about the analysis of every single item, using data from the ministration of the test to 161 students of Italian in the corresponding level, from all over the planet. From our research it emerges that the test presents an ambiguous item (# 1), with two keys, and a difficult item, without enough information to make clear the meaning of the word it refers to (# 4).
Zoomorfismos, botanismos, gastronomismos: é assim que devem ser classificados os fraseologismos?
Authors: Fulgêncio Lúcia Monteiro de Barros
Published: May 2015

No estudo das expressões idiomáticas, emprega-se com frequência uma taxonomia que estabelece categorias fraseológicas com base na classe hiperonímica de um dos nomes que ocorrem na expressão. Dessa forma, costuma-se usar uma classificação que inclui termos como zoomorfismos, botanismos, indumentismos, somatismos e gastronomismos, por exemplo. Falar cobras e lagartos seria um zoomorfismo; por outro lado, plantar bananeira seria um botanismo. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de questionar a adequação e a pertinência de tal classificação. Apesar de esse uso constituir a praxe em vários estudos fraseológicos, acreditamos ser necessário rever a conveniência desse tipo de agrupamento taxonômico e discutir a pertinência da nomenclatura, tendo em vista, sobretudo, a não conformidade da classificação com o conteúdo semântico da expressão. Para questionar a adequação dessa classificação são apresentados argumentos como a falta de referência dos nomes internos às expressões idiomáticas e a impossibilidade de recuperação anafórica. Esses traços mostram a inconveniência de se estabelecer uma taxonomia com base em nomes cujos esquemas cognitivos não são evocados e cuja semântica individual não é preservada.In the study of idiomatic expressions, a frequently used taxonomy establishes phraseological categories based on the hyperonymic class of one of the nouns occurring in the expression. A classification has been proposed that includes terms such as zoomorphisms, botanisms, indumentisms, somatisms and gastronomisms, for example. Falar cobras e lagartos (‘to speak ill of’, literally ‘to speak snakes and lizards’) is considered a zoomorfism; on the other hand, plantar bananeira (‘to stand on one’s head’, literally ‘to plant a banana-tree’) is considered a botanism. The present paper takes to question the adequacy and convenience of this kind of classification. Although this taxonomy has been used as praxis in many studies about phraseologisms, we believe that it is necessary to reconsider this kind of grouping and the adequacy of the nomenclature, mainly because of the non-conformity of the classification to the semantic content of the expression. We present arguments like the lack of reference of nouns found within the idiomatic expressions, and the impossibility of anaphoric recovering. Both features point out to the inconvenience of establishing a taxonomy based on words that correspond to no evoked schemata, and whose individual semantic content is not preserved.
As variantes lexicais de carne-seca no norte mato-grossense
Authors: Santiago-Almeida Manoel Mourivaldo , Philippsen Neusa Inês
Published: May 2015

Este artigo apresenta um estudo de cunho sócio-geolinguístico fundamentado na teoria da variação laboviana, na concepção de norma de Coseriu (1979) e nas noções de estatística lexical de Muller (1968), e se propõe a refletir sobre a variedade do português falado em quatro pontos da região norte mato-grossense. São apresentados, para tanto, registros e análise das variantes lexicais do tema carne-seca. O resultado dessa análise sugere que as influências regionais que constituíram e ainda constituem o português falado nesse espaço geográfico são oriundas do contato de todos os dialetos e idioletos trazidos pelos migrantes de suas regiões de origem. Trata-se, portanto, de um recorte da linguagem utilizada nessa comunidade para representar o mundo sociocultural que a cerca.This article presents a socio-geolinguistic study founded on the Labovian variation theory, on the principle conception by Coseriu (1979) and on the lexical statistics notions by Muller (1968). It aims to ponder about the variety of the Portuguese language spoken in four sites of the North region of Mato Grosso. Records and analysis of the variants are presented about the theme jerked beef. The result of this analysis suggests that the regional influences that have constituted the spoken Portuguese in that geographical space are resultant of the contact with all the dialects and idiolects brought by migrants from their original regions. Therefore, it is all about a language cutting used in that community to represent the socio-cultural world that surrounds it.
Interface entre sintaxe e articulação informacional na fala espontânea: uma comparação baseada em corpus entre português e italiano
Authors: Bossaglia Giulia
Published: May 2015

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida.According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.
O emprego de vírgula em construções causais e explicativas do português
Authors: Mourão Eliane
Published: May 2015

No quadro tradicional dos estudos da linguagem, a distinção entre orações coordenadas explicativas e subordinadas adverbiais causais determina o emprego de vírgula. Todavia, o quadro tradicional não fornece critérios que permitam diferenciar com o rigor necessário os dois tipos de oração. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que isso se deve ao fato de esses critérios privilegiarem a estrutura sintática das orações, ignorando sua participação na organização textual. Desse modo, buscando compreender as condições de emprego dos sinais de pontuação com as construções do português brasileiro tradicionalmente denominadas coordenadas explicativas e subordinadas adverbiais causais, examinamos essas construções do ponto de vista do quadro da gramática funcional, em que fatores formais e textuais se associam na explicação dos fatos linguísticos. Valemo-nos principalmente de estudo realizado por Neves (1999) para estabelecermos as variáveis que deveriam compor nossa investigação. Examinamos qualitativa e quantitativamente dados das orações focalizadas extraídos das revistas Veja e Piauí. Distinguimos quatro padrões oracionais, aos quais se associa, como elemento caracterizador, o emprego de vírgula.In the traditional framework of language studies, the distinction between independent explanatory clauses and result clauses determines the use of comma. However, the traditional framework does not provide criteria which enable distinguishing these two types of clauses with adequate precision. We raise the hypothesis that this happens due to the fact that these criteria privilege the syntactic structure of the clauses, disregarding its participation in textual organization. Therefore, trying to comprehend the issues related to the use of punctuation marks in the Brazilian Portuguese structures traditionally called result clauses and independent explanatory clauses, we analyzed these clauses from the perspective provided by functional grammar, in which formal and textual factors are associated in the explanation of linguistic facts. We use, as a main source for our study, the research carried out by Neves (1999) to establish the variables that should be part of our investigation. We examine data from the analyzed clauses taken from the magazines Veja and Piauí qualitatively and quantitatively. We distinguish four clause patterns, with which is associated, as a characterizing element, the use of the comma.
A construção transitiva de sujeito agente-beneficiário no português brasileiro
Authors: Ciríaco Larissa Santos
Published: May 2015

Neste artigo, fazemos uma análise da construção elaborada por orações do tipo Eduardo cortou o cabelo. Em primeiro lugar, oferecemos uma vasta análise semântico-lexical para a construção, testando sua (in) compatibilização com diversos verbos do português brasileiro (CIRÍACO, 2011). Em segundo lugar, mostrando que a análise semântico-lexical não é suficiente para descrever o significado da construção, arrolamos os contextos semântico-pragmáticos propícios para sua atualização na língua. Por fim, a fim de explicar os fatos observados, propomos uma representação para a construção assumindo os pressupostos teóricos da Gramática de Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006).In this paper, we offer an analysis of instances like Eduardo cortou o cabelo (Eduardo cut the hair = Eduardo got a haircut) in BP. Firstly, we offer an analysis of lexical-semantic aspects of the construction, testing its (un) compatibility with Brazilian Portuguese verbs (CIRÍACO, 2011). Secondly, acknowledging that a lexical-semantic analysis is not sufficient to describe the construction`s meaning, we present the favorable semantic-pragmatic contexts for instantiating the construction. Finally, to explain the observed facts, we propose a representation for the construction adopting the Construction Grammar theory (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006).
Cadê e variantes: gramaticalização em língua portuguesa
Authors: Menon Odete Pereira da Silva
Published: May 2015

A gramaticalização da frase “Que é feito de fulano?”, passando por “Que é de fulano?” resultou em “Que é de?”, seguida da contração entre a vogal do pronome e o verbo (que é > qué) “Qu’é de?” > “Quede?”, forma contracta empregada por Sá de Miranda, nascido em 1481 (trata-se, portanto, de forma já em uso na segunda metade do século XV) . Depois, esse quede adquire acento na última sílaba, provavelmente devido ao fato de ocorrer isolado, em fim de frase, na repetição enfática, onde recebe acento frasal (de intensidade três, contra a intensidade um, de vocábulo): “Quede o chapéu? Quedê?”. Por meio da retomada anafórica “Que é feito dele?”, reduzida para “Que é dele?”, resulta outra variante: quedele. Aparentemente, a variante cadê tem tido um uso mais corrente no Brasil, o que leva muita gente a afirmar que se trata de um brasileirismo. No entanto, as outras variantes – quede / quedê ou quedele / cadele – são empregadas em diferentes partes do país e algumas delas podem ser encontradas em textos do português europeu de diferentes épocas.The grammaticalization of the sentence “Que é feito de fulano?” became “Que é de fulano?” (“What about so-and-so?” “Where is so-and-so?”) and resulted in “Que é de?”, followed by the contraction of the pronoun’s vowel and the verb (que é > qué) “Qu’é de?” > “Quede?”, a contracted form used by Sá de Miranda, born in 1481 (it is, thus, a form currently used in the second half of the 15th century). Then, quede starts to be stressed in its last syllable, probably due to this being alone at the end of a sentence, in an emphatic repetition context, where it receives phrasal stress – whose intensity (3) is higher than that of a phonological word (1): “Quede o chapéu? Quedê?”. By the anaphora “Que é feito dele?” reduced to “Que é dele?”, which resulted in another variant: quedele. Apparently, the variant cadê has been more widely used in Brazil, what takes many people to claim it is a “brasileirismo” (a typical feature of Brazilian Portuguese). Nevertheless, the other variants – quede / quedê or quedele / cadele – are used in different parts of the country and some of them may also be found in European Portuguese texts of different centuries.
Effect of Fracture Geometry on Well Production in Hydraulic-Fractured Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Lin Menglu , Chen Shengnan , Ding Wei , Chen Zhangxing (John) , Xu Jinze
Published: May 2015

Tight oil production is emerging as an important new source of energy supply and has reversed a decline in US crude-oil production and western Canadian light-oil production. At present, the combination of the multistage hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wells has become a widely used technology in stimulating tight oil reservoirs. However, the ideal planar fractures used in the reservoir simulation are simplified excessively. Effects of some key fracture properties (e.g., fracture-geometry distributions and the permeability variations) are not usually taken into consideration during the simulation. Oversimplified fractures in the reservoir model may fail to represent the complex fractures in reality, leading to significant errors in forecasting the reservoir performance. In this paper, we examined the different fracture-geometry distributions and discussed the effects of geometry distribution on well production further. All fracture-geometry scenarios were confined by microseismic-mapping data. To make the result more reliable and relevant, a geomodel was first constructed for a tight oil block in Willesden Green oil field in Alberta, Canada. The simulation model was then generated on the basis of the geomodel and history matched to the production history of vertical production wells. A horizontal well was drilled in the simulation model, and different fracture-geometry scenarios were analyzed. Results indicated that the simulation results of simple planar fractures overestimated the oil rate and led to higher oil recoveries. In addition, if the secondary fracture can achieve the same permeability as the main fracture, a hydraulic fracture with branches can increase the well production (e.g., Scenario 2 under the conductivity ratio of 1:2) because of a larger effective contact area between matrix and fracture. Secondary fractures with low permeability can decrease the well productivity compared with wells with biwing planar fractures. Furthermore, the effect of hydraulic-fracture geometries on the cumulative production of the wells with higher main-fracture conductivity was more significant compared with those with lower main-fracture conductivity.
Nodal Analysis for SAGD Production Wells with Gas Lift
Authors: Duncan Grant J. , Young Scott A. , Moseley Phillip E.
Published: May 2015

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is an enhanced oil recovery process wherein a long horizontal steam injection well is located above a long horizontal production well. Injected steam forms a steam chamber above the SAGD well pair, heating the reservoir rock and reservoir fluids. Heated oil (or bitumen) plus condensed steam flow down the sides of the steam chamber towards the production well. The condensed steam and bitumen are then lifted to surface with a downhole pump or by gas lift. Due to a rapidly increasing number of SAGD well pairs, Suncor required a tool that could accurately model these challenging thermal production wells.

Nodal analysis for well performance is based on the principle that reservoir inflow and wellbore outflow can be independently characterized as functions of flow rate and pressure. Nodal analysis is used to design new wells and optimize production or injection on existing wells. Wellbore simulations are cheaper than instrumentation, meters or single well tests. Well evaluation software is the most popular engineering package in Suncor's production engineering toolkit because it is very accurate and easy to use. Over the past few years Suncor worked with their software provider to develop nodal analysis for SAGD production wells. Suncor can now model SAGD producers with electric submersible pumps (ESPs) and gas lift with a high degree of confidence.

The new SAGD nodal models quite closely match production rates, plus surface and downhole pressure and temperature data. Reliable and rigorous SAGD nodal models enable improved decisions with respect to SAGD field development and production optimization. Nodal analysis can be used as a predictive tool for production optimization, or for a better understanding of what is happening downhole with respect to temperature, pressure, and flow distribution within the wellbore.

This paper is a logical continuation of SPE 170054, Nodal Analysis for SAGD Production Wells with ESPs (ref 1). The main difference between modeling wells with gas lift rather than mechanical lift is that the gas lift models also account for steam lift. Steam lift occurs when some of the produced water (PW) in the emulsion flashes to steam as pressure is reduced. The resulting vapour significantly augments gas lift and reduces lift gas requirements.
Phenotypic performance of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants with pyramided rice cystatin genes (OCI and OCII)
Authors: Cingel Aleksandar , Savic Jelena , Cosic Tatjana , Raspor Martin , Ghalawenji Nabil , Smigocki Ann , Ninkovic Slavica
Published: May 2015

The evaluation of transgenic plants which is usually carried out under
controlled conditions in culture rooms and greenhouses can yield valuable
information about the influence of introduced genes on a transgenic plant
phenotype. However, an overall assessment of plant performance can only be
made by testing transgenic plants in the field environment. Thus, the effects
of pyramided rice cystatin genes OCI and OCII on morphological parameters of
transgenic potato cv. Desiree, Dragacevka and Jelica lines were compared
under in vitro, greenhouse, and field conditions. All analyzed OC
co-expressing transgenic lines exhibited normal phenotype, both in vitro and
in greenhouse conditions. In the field environment, eight of nine OCI/OCII
lines were similar to the wild-type control plants in their general
phenotypic appearance. Yield parameters, such as tuber number and tuber
weight for these phenotypically normal OCI/OCII lines, were also comparable
to the controls. Only transgenic cv. Jelica line 4 plants exhibited slightly
reduced growth, atypical leaf morphology and, contrary to the plants of other
transgenic lines and untransformed controls, failed to flower. However,
despite the phenotypic and developmental changes under field conditions, the
OCI/OCII Jelica line 4 did not exhibit a significant decrease in tuber yield.
Stacking of OCI and OCII genes preserves important attributes of the parental
lines, confirming that this approach could be suitable for improving
agronomical traits in potato.
Validation of minor actinides fission neutron cross-sections
Authors: Pesic Milan , Titarenko Yury , Batyaev Viacheslav , Pavlov Kirill , Titarenko Alexey , Zhivun Valeriy , Igumnov Mikhail , Konev Viacheslav , Legostaev Vladimir
Published: May 2015

Verification of neutron fission cross-sections of minor actinides from some
recently available evaluated nuclear data libraries was carried out by
comparison of the reaction rates calculated by the MCNP6.1 computer code to
the experimental values. The experimental samples, containing thin layers of
235U, 237Np, 238,239,240,241Pu, 242mAm, 243Cm, 245Cm, and 247Cm, deposited on
metal support and foils of 235U (pseudo-alloy 27Al + 235U), 238U, natIn,
64Zn, 27Al, and multi-component sample alloy 27Al + 55Mn + natCu + natLu +
197Au, were irradiated in the channels of the tank containing fluorine salts
0.52NaF + 0.48ZrF4, labelled as the Micromodel Salt Blanket, inserted in the
lattice centre of the MAKET heavy water critical assembly at the Institute
for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow. This paper is a
continuation of earlier initiated scientific-research activities carried out
for validation of the evaluated fission cross-sections of actinides that were
supposed to be used for the quality examination of the fuel design of the
accelerator driven systems or fast reactors, and consequently, determination
of transmutation rates of actinides, and therefore, determination of
operation parameters of these reactor facilities. These scientific-research
activities were carried out within a frame of scientific projects supported
by the International Science and Technology Center and the International
Atomic Energy Agency co-ordinated research activities, from 1999 to 2010.
Obtained results confirm that further research is needed in evaluations in
order to establish better neutron cross-section data for the minor actinides
and selected nuclides which could be used in the accelerator driven systems
or fast reactors.
Solution of the reactor point kinetics equations by MATLAB computing
Authors: Singh Sudhansu , Dinakrushna Mohapatra
Published: May 2015

The numerical solution of the point kinetics equations in the presence of
Newtonian temperature feedback has been a challenging issue for analyzing the
reactor transients. Reactor point kinetics equations are a system of stiff
ordinary differential equations which need special numerical treatments.
Although a plethora of numerical intricacies have been introduced to solve
the point kinetics equations over the years, some of the simple and
straightforward methods still work very efficiently with extraordinary
accuracy. As an example, it has been shown recently that the fundamental
backward Euler finite difference algorithm with its simplicity has proven to
be one of the most effective legacy methods. Complementing the back-ward
Euler finite difference scheme, the present work demonstrates the application
of ordinary differential equation suite available in the MATLAB software package to solve the stiff reactor point kinetics equations with Newtonian temperature feedback effects very effectively by analyzing various classic
benchmark cases. Fair accuracy of the results implies the efficient
application of MATLAB ordinary differential equation suite for solving the reactor point kinetics equations as an alternate method for future applications.
Visual enhancement of microcalcifications and masses in digital mammograms using modified multifractal analysis
Authors: Stojic Tomislav
Published: May 2015

Microcalcifications and masses, as breast tissue anomalies (deviations from
observed background regularity), may be viewed as statistically rare
occurrences in a mammogram image. After recognizing their principal common
features - bright image parts not belonging to the surrounding tissue, with
significant local contrast just around the edges - several modifications to
multifractal image analysis have been introduced. Starting from a mammogram
image, the proposed method creates corresponding multifractal images.
Additional post-processing, based on mathematical morphology, refines the
procedure by selecting and outlining only regions with possible
microcalcifications and masses. The proposed method was tested through
referent mammograms from the MiniMIAS database. In all cases involving the
said database, the method has successfully enhanced declared anomalies:
microcalcifications and masses. The results obtained have shown that the
described procedure may provide visual assistance to radiologists in clinical
mammogram examinations or be used as a preprocessing step for further
mammogram processing, such as segmentation, classification, and automatic
detection of suspected bright breast tissue lesions.
Application of best estimate plus uncertainty in review of research reactor safety analysis
Authors: Adu Simon , Horvatovic Ivan , Darko Emmanuel , Emi-Reynolds Geoffrey , D'auria Francesco
Published: May 2015

To construct and operate a nuclear research reactor, the licensee is required
to obtain the authorization from the regulatory body. One of the tasks of the
regulatory authority is to verify that the safety analysis fulfils safety
requirements. Historically, the compliance with safety requirements was
assessed using a deterministic approach and conservative assumptions. This
provides sufficient safety margins with respect to the licensing limits on
boundary and operational conditions. Conservative assumptions were introduced
into safety analysis to account for the uncertainty associated with lack of
knowledge. With the introduction of best estimate computational tools, safety
analyses are usually carried out using the best estimate approach. Results of
such analyses can be accepted by the regulatory authority only if appropriate
uncertainty evaluation is carried out. Best estimate computer codes are
capable of providing more realistic information on the status of the plant,
allowing the prediction of real safety margins. The best estimate plus
uncertainty approach has proven to be reliable and viable of supplying
realistic results if all conditions are carefully followed. This paper,
therefore, presents this concept and its possible application to research
reactor safety analysis. The aim of the paper is to investigate the
unprotected loss-of-flow transients "core blockage" of a miniature neutron
source research reactor by applying best estimate plus uncertainty
methodology. The results of our calculations show that the temperatures in
the core are within the safety limits and do not pose any significant threat
to the reactor, as far as the melting of the cladding is concerned. The work
also discusses the methodology of the best estimate plus uncertainty approach
when applied to the safety analysis of research reactors for licensing
purposes.
Distribution of hepatic stellate cells and their role in the development of parasitic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in domestic animals
Authors: Kukolj Vladimir , Nesic Sladjan , Vucicevic Ivana
Published: May 2015

Increasing of the extracellular matrix in rats, as well as in humans, occurs
as a consequence of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activity. The objective of
this work was to investigation the role of these cells in the development of
fibrosis and liver cirrhosis which occurs as a consequence of infection of
sheep and goats with large (Fasciola hepatica) and small (Dicrocoelium
dendriticum) fluke. Liver samples taken from 12 cattle and 10 sheep infected
under natural conditions with large and small fluke were fixed in formalin
and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin clips were stained with hematoxylin- eosin
and masson trichrome method, and immunohistochemical method for ?-smooth
muscle actin (?-SMA). All tested samples were divided into three groups
according to histological criteria: livers of infected animals with the first
degree of fibrosis, livers of infected animals with the second degree of
fibrosis, and livers of infected animals with cirrhosis. Distribution of HSCs
depended on the degree of liver fibrosis. Immunohistochemically reactive HSCs
were predominantly placed in perisinusoidal space. In liver samples with
cirrhosis, HSCs were placed on the periphery of pseudolobulus. Cells of a
different shape and size were positive to ?-SMA. HSCs play an important role
in synthesis of components of extracellular matrix during the development of
parasitic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in domestic animals.
The effects of different anticoagulants on biochemical parameters in blood of dairy cows
Authors: Belic Branislava , Cincovic Marko , Dosenovic Maja , Stojanovic Dragica , Kovacevic Zorana
Published: May 2015

Routine analysis of blood parameters requires high precision. Therefore a
significant number of methods and recommendations has been developed to
ensure the obtaining of precise results. The aim of this study was to
investigate whether the type of anticoagulant affects the values of
biochemical parameters in the blood of dairy cows in relation to the values
obtained from the serum. The study was carried out on 20 healthy cows of
Holstein- Friesian breed in the second month of lactation. The blood was
taken by venipuncture from v.coccigea. There were used five types of
vacutainers as follows: for the serum separation, with heparin, EDTA,
citrate, and fluoride. Samples from each cow were taken in all five types of
vacutainers respectively. There was determined the concentration of: albumin,
total protein, glucose, Ca, P, BHB, NEFA, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides,
ALT, AST, AP, GGT and bilirubin. The results of the analysis of samples that
contained anticoagulants were compared statistically with analysis in serum
that was considered to be the control one. It was also calculated the
percentage of deviation in average values of concentration of metabolites
obtained from samples with different anticoagulants in regard to the serum
value. The results of the investigation show that anticoagulants influence
the values of biochemical parameters in the blood of cows. In the samples
where heparin was used as anticoagulant there was found higher albumin level
(deviation 4.1%) as well as total protein (1.4%), but lower value of alkaline
phosphatase activity relative to the serum (-33%). In the samples in which
EDTA was used there were significantly lower levels of total protein (-5.8%),
Ca (-49.6%), P (-17.7%), AP (-32%) and higher value AST (10.6%) compared to
serum. In the samples where citrate or fluoride were used as anticoagulants
there were found lower values of total protein, albumin, glucose (only
citrate), Ca, P, BHB, NEFA, urea (only citrate), cholesterol, AP and GGT
(only fluoride) and lower bilirubin when using citrate or higher when using
fluoride, in comparison to the serum. Deviations of biochemical parameters
measured from blood samples that were in citrate or fluoride were as follows:
total protein (-5.3%, -5.2%), albumin (-7%, -5.7%), glucose (only citrate
-6.2%), Ca (-55%, -82%), P (-29%, -24%), BHB (-53%, -80%), NEFA (-62.1%, -79
, 4%), urea (only citrate, -25.5%), cholesterol (-28.6%, -28.4%), AP (-38%,
-32%), and GGT (only -17 fluoride, 8%) and higher bilirubin (-22.8%, 64.4%).
For routine clinical biochemical analysis of blood of cows it is the most
reliable to use the samples with heparin as an anticoagulant, because the use
of other anticoagulants gives large variations in the values of biochemical
parameters in relation to serum.