bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical test of an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue in Korea
Authors: Song Ju‐Eun , Chang Soon‐Bok , Park So‐Mi , Kim Sue , Nam Chung‐Mo
Published: July 2010

song j.‐e., chang s.‐b., park s.‐m., kim s. & nam c.m. (2010) Empirical test of an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue in Korea. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2627–2639.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study designed to test an explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue.

Background.  Postpartum fatigue is influenced by various factors and affects a mother’s performance. A full understanding of postpartum fatigue is very important for developing effective nursing strategies to reduce postpartum fatigue and enhance mothers’ performance.

Methods.  Healthy postpartum women were recruited from five medical centers and one midwifery office in urban area in Korea (n = 291) by convenience sampling. Data were collected at 4‐ to 8‐week follow‐up visits after childbirth in 2006, using a self‐report questionnaire. The proposed fatigue theory incorporated postpartum fatigue, postpartum depression, sleep quality, childcare stress, unsatisfactory feeding, social support, infant difficulty and satisfaction with Sanhujori, the Korean traditional postpartum care provided for 3 weeks following delivery by non‐professional caregivers. Structural equation modelling was used to test the explanatory theory of postpartum fatigue.

Results.  The modified fatigue theory showed good fit and high compatibility with the empirical data. In the final explanatory theory, postpartum depression and sleep quality directly affected postpartum fatigue, while childcare stress and the cultural phenomenon of Sanhujori had indirect effects on postpartum fatigue, via postpartum depression and sleep quality respectively.

Conclusion.  These findings suggest the potential role of comprehensive nursing focused on decreasing postpartum depression and improving sleep quality as a way to decrease postpartum fatigue. Also, nursing strategies for decreasing childcare stress and enhancing Sanhujori satisfaction may be helpful in reducing postpartum fatigue in Korean mothers.
Persistent cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Cheryl Chia‐Hui , Chang Yue‐Cune , Huang Guan‐Hua , Peng Jui‐Hua , Tseng Chien‐Ning
Published: July 2010

chen c.c.‐h., chang y.‐c., huang g.‐h., peng j.‐h. & tseng c.‐n. (2010) Persistent cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients in Taiwan. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 1991–2001.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine the prevalence and predictors of persistent and transient cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients over 6 months after hospital discharge.

Background.  Cognitive decline occurs in 16–35·5% of older hospitalized patients, but this decline may be persistent rather than transient. Distinguishing persistent from transient cognitive decline is clinically useful.

Methods.  For this prospective cohort study, 291 older patients were recruited from five medical and surgical units at a tertiary medical centre in Taiwan between 2004 and 2006. Participants were assessed for cognitive status by scores on the Mini‐Mental State Examination at admission, discharge, 3 and 6 months postdischarge. Persistent cognitive decline was defined as continuing score reduction and ≥3‐point reduction 6 months postdischarge. Transient decline was defined as ≥3‐point reduction at some stage, with a total decline <3 points 6 months postdischarge.

Findings.  The cognitive status of the majority of participants (57·4%, n = 167) decreased ≥3 points during follow‐up. Of these decliners, 59 (35·3%) had persistent cognitive decline, with an average 5·32‐point reduction 6 months postdischarge. Forty‐six (27·5%) participants experienced transient cognitive decline. After multiple adjustments in logistic regression analysis, persistent decline was predicted by no in‐hospital functional decline (OR = 0·16, P = 0·002), more re‐admissions after discharge (OR = 2·42, P = 0·020), and older age (OR = 1·09, P = 0·048).

Conclusion.  A new perspective is needed on discharge planning on patients at risk for persistent cognitive decline. Nurses can oversee the delivery of care, identify cognitive decline, refer patients, and educate families on strategies to enhance cognitive functioning for their aging relatives.
Therapeutic horticulture in clinical depression: a prospective study of active components
Authors: Gonzalez Marianne Thorsen , Hartig Terry , Patil Grete Grindal , Martinsen Egil W. , Kirkevold Marit
Published: July 2010

gonzalez m.t., hartig t., patil g.g., martinsen e.w. & kirkevold m. (2010) Therapeutic horticulture in clinical depression: a prospective study of active components.Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 2002–2013.

Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to assess change in depression severity, perceived attentional capacity and rumination (brooding) in individuals with clinical depression during a therapeutic horticulture programme and to investigate if the changes were mediated by experiences of being away and fascination.

Background. Individuals with clinical depression suffer from distortion of attention and rumination. Interventions can help to disrupt maladaptive rumination and promote restoration of depleted attentional capacity.

Method. A single‐group study was conducted with a convenience sample of 28 people with clinical depression in 2009. Data were collected before, twice during, and immediately after a 12‐week therapeutic horticulture programme, and at 3‐month follow‐up. Assessment instruments were the Beck Depression Inventory, Attentional Function Index, Brooding Scale, and Being Away and Fascination subscales from the Perceived Restorativeness Scale.

Findings. Mean Beck Depression Inventory scores declined by 4·5 points during the intervention (F = 5·49,P = 0·002). The decline was clinically relevant for 50% of participants. Attentional Function Index scores increased (F = 4·14,P = 0·009), while Brooding scores decreased (F = 4·51,P = 0·015). The changes in Beck Depression Inventory and Attentional Function Index scores were mediated by increases in Being Away and Fascination, and decline in Beck Depression Inventory scores was also mediated by decline in Brooding. Participants maintained their improvements in Beck Depression Inventory scores at 3‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion. Being away and fascination appear to work as active components in a therapeutic horticulture intervention for clinical depression.
Falls among Koreans 45 years of age and older: incidence and risk factors
Authors: Hong Gwi‐Ryung Son , Cho Sung‐Hyun , Tak YoungRan
Published: July 2010

hong g.‐r.s., cho s.‐h. & tak y. (2010) Falls among Koreans 45 years of age and older: incidence and risk factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 2014–2024.

Aim.  The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of falls according to age and risk factors among Korean adults 45 years of age and older.

Background.  Falling is a known critical incident that results in injuries and limits the daily activities of older adults.

Method.  The 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, a publicly available database, was used for this study, which was conducted in 2006 with a total of 10,254 respondents. The variables used in this study were selected from the demographic and health sections of the larger study.

Findings.  The overall incidence of any type of fall was 4·0%, and the incidence of injurious falls tended to increase with increasing age; however, people below 65 years of age had a greater proportion of injurious falls than any of the older adult groups. All types of falls were more likely to occur among older adults and those with arthritis, visual deficits, cognitive impairments and depression. In addition, older age, visual deficits, weak grip, cognitive impairment and depression were key risk factors for falls requiring treatment and those resulting in difficulties in activities of daily living. Falls resulting in hip fractures occurred more frequently among women, people with visual deficits and those with depression.

Conclusion.  Future assessments of the incidence and risk factors for falls and studies of fall interventions should begin with younger age groups, namely those 45 years of age and older.
Introgression and phylogeography ofBetula nana(diploid),B. pubescens(tetraploid) and their triploid hybrids in Iceland inferred from cpDNA haplotype variation
Authors: Thórsson Æ. Th. , Pálsson S. , Lascoux M. , Anamthawat‐Jónsson K.
Published: July 2010

Aim The objective was to find direct genetic evidence supporting introgressive hybridization between tetraploid tree birch (Betula pubescens) and diploid dwarf birch (B. nana), via triploid hybrids, and to investigate an association between the introgression and phylogeographical distribution of Icelandic birch.

Location Samples were collected from 463 trees in 12 woodlands in Iceland and eight locations in Norway, Sweden, Scotland and Greenland.

Methods Ploidy status of individual trees was determined by chromosome counting. Variation in the chloroplast genome was assessed using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. The geographical distribution of the haplotypes was mapped. The haplotype variation and introgression ratios (IG)were analysed statistically.

Results Thirteen haplotypes were identified among Icelandic samples. The most common haplotype (T, 49% occurrence) was present in all ploidy groups and in all woodlands. All common haplotypes were shared between the triploid group and the parental species, indicating introgressive hybridization. This was supported by the statistical analysis ofIGindices and the variation components. Considerable differences existed among samples, shaped by isolation by distance and local introgression. An east–west phylogeographical distribution in Iceland was observed.

Main conclusions Despite extensive introgression across species and ploidy levels, a biogeographical pattern has been observed, and this may indicate different population histories or multiple origins of Icelandic birch. The chloroplast haplotype diversity found in Iceland resembles that found in birch populations from northern Scandinavia.
Intraspecific variability and trait‐based community assembly
Authors: Jung Vincent , Violle Cyrille , Mondy Cédric , Hoffmann Lucien , Muller Serge
Published: July 2010

1. Trait‐based approaches applied to community ecology have led to a considerable advance in understanding the effect of environmental filters on species assembly. Although plant traits are known to vary both between and within species, little is known about the role of intraspecific trait variability in the non‐random assembly mechanisms controlling the coexistence of species, including habitat filtering and niche differentiation.

2. We investigate the role of intraspecific variability in three key functional traits – specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and height – in structuring grassland communities distributed along a flooding gradient. We quantified the contribution of intraspecific variability relative to interspecific differences in the trait–gradient relationship, and we used a null model approach to detect patterns of habitat filtering and niche differentiation, with and without intraspecific variability.

3. Community mean SLA and height varied significantly along the flooding gradient and intraspecific variability accounted for 44% and 32%, respectively, of these trait–gradient relationships. LDMC did not vary along the gradient, with and without accounting for intraspecific variability. Our null model approach revealed significant patterns of habitat filtering and niche differentiation for SLA and height, but not for LDMC. More strikingly, considering intraspecific trait variability greatly increased the detection of habitat filtering and was necessary to detect niche differentiation processes.

4. Synthesis. Our study provides evidence for a strong role of intraspecific trait variability in community assembly. Our findings suggest that intraspecific trait variability promotes species coexistence, by enabling species to pass through both abiotic and biotic filters. We argue that community ecology would benefit from more attention to intraspecific variability.
The expression of TLR9 in human cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with granuloma
Authors: TUON F. F. , FERNANDES E. R. , PAGLIARI C. , DUARTE M. I. S. , AMATO V. S.
Published: July 2010

The Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway is the first system that defends against Leishmania. After recognising Leishmania as nonself, TLRs trigger NF‐κB expression. NF‐κB proceeds to the nucleus and promotes the transcription of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. TLR9 is thus an important factor in the induction of an effective immune response against Leishmania. We examined the pattern of TLR9 expression in 12 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis detected by polymerase chain reaction. Normal skin was analysed as a negative control. TLR9 expression was examined in the dermis and epidermis by immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin‐embedded biopsy tissue. TLR9 expression was primarily observed in the granuloma. The protein was detected in a few cells in the dermis. A lower expression level was detected in the epidermis of patients with leishmaniasis when compared with normal skin. The presence of TLR9 in the skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with granuloma and expressed by macrophages.
Polysensitization and increased susceptibility in contact allergy: a review
Authors: Schnuch A. , Brasch J. , Uter W.
Published: July 2010

Genetic factors presumably play a role in contact allergy (CA). There is, however, a lack of conclusive evidence from clinical studies. This may be on account of the strongly competing or modifying impact of exogenous factors, namely the potency of allergens and the intensity of exposure, and the fact that – in principle – everybody can be sensitized. Regarding phenotype, in contrast, polysensitization (PS) seems to indicate a subset of individuals at greater risk. In human sensitization experiments with dinitrochlorobenzene, induction was facilitated in PS, and elicitation enhanced. Recent clinical epidemiological data, taking confounders for PS, such as age, sex, and other skin diseases into account, demonstrated the following: (i) PS was the greatest risk factor to be sensitized to a number of (even weak) index allergens, indicating higher susceptibility on the level of induction; (ii) patch test reactions in PS patients were generally stronger indicating higher susceptibility on the level of elicitation. These findings are complemented by reports on polymorphisms of TNF‐α and IL‐16 in PS patients. Future studies on the genetics of CA should be performed in subgroups with PS, focussing on polymorphisms relevant for CA‐specific and nonspecific (inflammatory) processes.
Roux‐en‐Y loop varices in children with portal hypertension after liver transplantation: An unusual cause of “obscure” gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Chu Jaime , Kerkar Nanda , Miloh Tamir A. , Rodriguez‐Laiz Gonzalo , Lewis Blair , Stangl Anondo , Newton Kimberly P. , Iyer Kishore , Arnon Ronen
Published: July 2010

Chu J, Kerkar N, Miloh TA, Rodriguez‐Laiz G, Lewis B, Stangl A, Newton KP, Iyer K, Arnon R. Roux‐en‐Y loop varices in children with portal hypertension after liver transplantation: An unusual cause of “obscure” gastro intestinal bleeding.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E156–E161. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  PHALT may result from graft dysfunction, portal vein thrombosis, arterio‐venous fistulas and can lead to GIB, commonly from bleeding esophageal varices. We present three children with GIB requiring multiple blood transfusions that were diagnosed with RY Loop bleeding. Routine EGD, colonoscopy, and CE failed to reveal the bleeding source. However, enteroscopy revealed large varices at the site of hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis in all. Our experience demonstrates that RY loop varices in children with PHALT are a rare and treatable cause of obscure GI bleeding.
Improved outcomes in pediatric liver transplantation for acute liver failure
Authors: Miloh Tamir , Kerkar Nanda , Parkar Sanobar , Emre Sukru , Annunziato Rachel , Mendez Carlos , Arnon Ronen , Suchy Frederick , Rodriguez‐Laiz Gonzalo , Del Rio Martin Juan , Sturdevant Mark , Iyer Kishore
Published: July 2010

Miloh T, Kerkar N, Parkar S, Emre S, Annunziato R, Mendez C, Arnon R, Suchy F, Rodriguez‐Laiz G, Del Rio Martin J, Sturdevant M, Iyer K. Improved outcomes in pediatric liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:863–869. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  OLT is a life‐saving option for ALF. Aim: To evaluate our outcomes in pediatric OLT for ALF. Methods: Retrospective review of our data between 1992 and 2007. Results: Of 142 children with ALF, 126 were listed, of which 40 spontaneously improved, nine died, and 77 underwent OLT (median waiting time four days). Fifty‐three children received deceased donor grafts (34 whole and 19 split grafts), and there were 24 living donor grafts. The one‐ and five‐yr patient survival was 87% and 80%, and graft survival 83% and 79%, respectively. Thirteen patients died after OLT, and there were nine retransplants in seven patients. Patient weight, length of stay, creatinine, and infection were significantly associated with death; increased weight and black ethnicity were associated with graft loss on univariate analysis, but not on multivariate analysis. There were no significant differences in patient survival (one and five yr), graft loss, or other complications between the groups. Conclusion: We report the largest single‐center study of OLT in pediatric ALF, demonstrating no difference in outcomes between different graft types. Our liberal use of segmental grafts may allow earlier OLT in this high‐risk cohort and contribute to our excellent outcomes.
Arytenoid dislocation after cardiac surgery
Authors: Niwa Y. , Nakae A. , Ogawa M. , Takashina M. , Hagihira S. , Ueyama H. , Mashimo T.
Published: July 2010

Occurring most usually as complications of upper aerodigestive tract instrumentation during endotracheal intubation or extubation, arytenoid cartilage dislocation and arytenoid subluxation are uncommon laryngeal injuries. Their precise cause, however, is usually difficult to determine. We encountered arytenoid dislocation following cardiac surgery requiring the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). This case prompted us to review some of the mechanisms of injury to the cricoarytenoid joint. We conclude that even very subtle force may dislocate the arytenoid cartilage. We speculate that careless insertion of a TEE probe is mechanically capable of causing arytenoid dislocation and arytenoid subluxation.

As ideal tools for intra‐operative cardiovascular monitoring, TEE probes are increasingly being used routinely during cardiovascular surgery. So far, arytenoid cartilage dislocation and subluxation following TEE probe insertion have been reported rarely, but complications caused by TEE may increase in the near future. We wish to emphasize the pathophysiological risks of TEE monitoring and other procedures associated with anesthesia, and the need for a proper explanation to achieve informed consent before carrying out TEE monitoring during cardiac surgeries.
Melanic through nature or nurture: genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity inHarmonia axyridis
Authors: MICHIE L. J. , MALLARD F. , MAJERUS M. E. N. , JIGGINS F. M.
Published: July 2010

AbstractIndividuals can adapt to heterogeneity in their environment through either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. Colour forms of the ladybirdHarmonia axyridisare a classic example of local adaptation, in which the frequency of melanic forms varies greatly between populations. In some populations, there are also large seasonal changes in allele frequency, with melanism being costly in summer and beneficial in winter. We report that the non‐melanic morph ofH. axyridisdramatically increases its degree of melanization at cold temperatures. Furthermore, there is genetic variation in reaction norms, with different families responding to temperature in different ways. Variation at different spatial and temporal scales appears to have selected for either genetic or phenotypically plastic adaptations, which may be important in thermoregulation. As melanism is known to have a large effect on fitness inH. axyridis, this plasticity of melanization may have hastened its spread as an invasive species.
On the heritability of blue‐green eggshell coloration
Authors: MORALES J. , KIM S.‐Y. , LOBATO E. , MERINO S. , TOMÁS G. , MARTÍNEZ‐de la PUENTE J. , MORENO J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Avian blue‐green eggshell coloration has been proposed as a female signal of genetic or phenotypic quality to males. However, little is known about the relative importance of additive genetic and environmental effects as sources of eggshell colour variation in natural populations. Using 5 years of data and animal models, we explored these effects in a free‐living population of pied flycatchers. Permanent environmental and year effects were negligible, although year environmental variance (VYear) was significant for all but one of the traits. However, we found high–moderate narrow‐sense heritabilities for some colour parameters. Within‐clutch colour variability showed the highest coefficient of additive genetic variation (i.e. evolvability). Previous evidence suggests that eggshell colour is sexually selected in this species, males enhancing parental effort in clutches with higher colour variability and peak values. Eggshell colour could be driven by good‐genes selection in pied flycatchers although further genetic studies should confirm this possibility.
Is There a Two‐Humped Stage in the Embryonic Development of the Dromedary?
Authors: Kinne J. , Wani N. A. , Wernery U. , Peters J. , Knospe C.
Published: July 2010

It has been postulated that the one‐humped (Arabian) dromedary and the two‐humped (Bactrian) camel originated from a single ancestor. Consequently, the dromedary was considered a breed of the two‐humped camel, based on an anatomical study by Lombardini L, 1879: Ann. Del. Universita Toscane, 259, 147, who described a reduced second hump like structure in foetal and adult dromedaries. To resolve this lingering issue, we analysed dromedary foetuses and calves. In contrast to the situation in two‐humped camels, we never observed any rudimentary second hump in the dromedary foetuses or calves.
Study of the Structure of Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenic Culture
Authors: Eslaminejad M. B. , Taghiyar L.
Published: July 2010

With 6 figures and 1 table

This study was designed to investigate the morphological features of osteogenic cultures that were established from canine marrow derived‐mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Tripotent canine MSCs were plated in osteogenic conditions for 3 weeks, at the end of which the cultures were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the culture was determined during the differentiation period. To assess whether endochondral or intramembranous ossification was involved in MSC bone differentiation, the cultures were explored for cartilage‐related gene expression. Multiple nodule‐like cell aggregates appeared to form in the osteogenic cultures. These nodules were covered by a periosteum‐like layer and osteocyte‐like cells of varying morphology were located in lacuna‐like cavities within the nodule mass. Furthermore, the bone nodules possessed an abundant matrix in which clearly striated collagen I fibres were arranged in perpendicular bundles. Matrix vesicles involving in matrix mineralization were evident in the nodules. This was in accordance with increased ALP activity in the culture. No expression of cartilage‐related genes was observed, which suggested that osteogenesis might occur by intramembranous ossification. In conclusion, canine MSCs could be an appropriate model for studying in vitro bone development.
Epigenetic regulation in neural stem cell differentiation
Authors: Juliandi Berry , Abematsu Masahiko , Nakashima Kinichi
Published: July 2010

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of three major cell types – neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes – which differentiate from common multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). This differentiation process is regulated spatiotemporally during the course of mammalian development. It is becoming apparent that epigenetic regulation is an important cell‐intrinsic program, which can interact with transcription factors and environmental cues to modulate the differentiation of NSCs. This knowledge is important given the potential of NSCs to produce specific CNS cell types that will be beneficial for clinical applications. Here we review recent findings that address molecular mechanisms of epigenetic and transcription factor‐mediated regulation that specify NSC fate during CNS development, with a particular focus on the developing mammalian forebrain.
Epigenetic reprogramming: Enforcer or enabler of developmental fate?
Authors: Combes Alexander N. , Whitelaw Emma
Published: July 2010

A single fertilized egg is programmed to differentiate into a multitude of distinct cell types that comprise a multicellular organism. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are intricately involved in regulating developmental potential and cellular identity by establishing permissive or repressive chromatin states that are mitotically heritable. Here, we review the dynamics of major epigenetic marks during early mammalian development, and explore the question of whether DNA methylation and chromatin modifications enable or enforce changes that lead to the first cell fate decision.
Detrital zircon geochronology of the Cretaceous Sindong Group, Southeast Korea: Implications for depositional age and Early Cretaceous igneous activity
Authors: Lee Yong Il , Choi Taejin , Lim Hyoun Soo , Orihashi Yuji
Published: July 2010

The Sindong Group forms the lowermost basin‐fill of the Gyeongsang Basin, the largest Cretaceous nonmarine basin located in southeastern Korea, and comprises the Nakdong, Hasandong, and Jinju Formations with decreasing age. The depositional age of the Sindong Group has not yet been determined well and the reported age ranges from the Valanginian to Albian. Detrital zircons from the Sindong Group have been subjected to U–Pb dating using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Sindong Group contains noticeable amounts of detrital magmatic zircons of Cretaceous age (138–106 Ma), indicative of continuous magmatic activity prior to and during deposition of the Sindong Group. The youngest detrital zircon age of three formations becomes progressively younger stratigraphically: 118 Ma for the Nakdong Formation, 109 Ma for the Hasandong Formation, and 106 Ma for the Jinju Formation. Accordingly, the depositional age of the Sindong Group ranges from the late Aptian to late Albian, which is much younger than previously thought. Lower Cretaceous magmatic activity, which supplied detrital zircons to the Sindong Group, changed its location spatially through time; it occurred in the middle and northern source areas during the early stage, and then switched to the middle to southern source areas during the middle to late stages. This study reports first the Lower Cretaceous magmatic activity from the East Asian continental margin, which results in a narrower magmatic gap (ca 20 m.y.) than previously known.
Interactions of urate transporter URAT1 in human kidney with uricosuric drugs
Authors: SHIN HO JUNG , TAKEDA MICHIO , ENOMOTO ATSUSHI , FUJIMURA MASAAKI , MIYAZAKI HIROKI , ANZAI NAOHIKO , ENDOU HITOSHI
Published: July 2010

Aim: Hyperuricaemia is a significant factor in a variety of diseases, including gout and cardiovascular diseases. The kidney plays a dominant role in maintaining plasma urate levels through the excretion process. Human renal urate transporter URAT1 is thought to be an essential molecule that mediates the reabsorption of urate on the apical side of the proximal tubule. In this study the pharmacological characteristics and clinical implications of URAT1 were elucidated.

Methods: Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing URAT1 (MDCK‐URAT1) were established and examined the interactions of URAT1 with various drugs such as benzbromarone and its metabolites including 6‐hydroxybenzbromarone, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and urate transport inhibitors including E3040 and probenecid.

Results: MDCK‐URAT1 cells exhibited a time‐ and dose‐dependent increase in urate uptake, with a Km value of 570.7 µmol/L. When an URAT1‐green fluorescent protein fusion protein construct was expressed in MDCK cells, the protein was sorted mainly to the apical side of the membrane. The drugs except for captoril dose‐dependently inhibited urate uptake mediated by URAT1, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging 0.05–716 µmol/L.

Conclusion: Comparing these IC50values with intratubular concentrations of unbound drugs in humans, it is thought that URAT1 is a target molecule of uricosuric drugs, including 6‐hydroxybenzbromarone, probenecid, indomethacin and salicylate, to inhibit urate reabsorptionin vivo. In addition, a cell line that stably expressing URAT1 could be a useful tool for the development of uricosuric drugs.
Renal biopsy in type 2 diabetes: Timing of complications and evaluating of safety in Chinese patients
Authors: ZHANG PEI‐PEI , GE YONG‐CHUN , LI SHI‐JUN , XIE HONG‐LANG , LI LEI‐SHI , LIU ZHI‐HONG
Published: July 2010

Aim:  It has been recognized that renal lesions in patients with diabetes often have other causes of renal damage concomitantly. Renal biopsy is a valuable tool to provide histological evidence. However, the safety in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving renal biopsy is not well evaluated. This study was conducted to monitor the dynamic complications and to evaluate the safety of biopsy in diabetic patients.

Methods:  A prospective observation was performed on 130 patients with type 2 diabetes and 150 patients not undergoing renal biopsy. The complications were monitored at 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h sequentially after biopsy.

Results:  Haematoma was observed in 34 (26.15%) patients with diabetes and 50 (33.33%) in controls (P = 0.19). The timing of large haematoma peaked at 4 h. Gross haematuria occurred in 12 (9.23%) diabetic patients and eight (5.33%) controls (P = 0.207). It happened mainly within 8 h. Renal pathological diagnosis showed 96 (73.85%) cases with diabetic nephropathy and 34 (26.15%) cases with non‐diabetic renal disease.

Conclusion:  Renal biopsy in patients with type 2 diabetes is safe. The frequency of complications after renal biopsy in diabetes is no higher than those without diabetes. The complications mostly happened within 8 h, especially within 4 h. Biopsy is also very necessary to rule out other chronic renal diseases in diabetes.
Review: Complement and its regulatory proteins in kidney diseases
Authors: LESHER ALLISON M , SONG WEN‐CHAO
Published: July 2010

Complement is a part of the body's innate immune system that helps defend the host from microbial infection. It is tightly controlled by a number of cell surface and fluid‐phase proteins so that under normal circumstances injury to autologous tissues is avoided. In many pathological settings, such as when the complement regulatory mechanisms are dysfunctional or overwhelmed, complement attack of autologous tissues can occur with severe, sometimes life‐threatening consequences. The kidney appears to be particularly vulnerable to complement‐mediated inflammatory injury and many kidney pathologies have been linked to abnormal complement activation. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that complement attack can be a primary cause in rare, genetically predisposed kidney diseases or a significant contributor to kidney injury caused by other etiological factors. Here we provide a brief review of recent advances on the activation and regulation of the complement system in kidney disease, with a particular emphasis on the relevance of complement regulatory proteins.
Association of overweight with asthma symptoms in Japanese school children
Authors: Okabe Yoshie , Itazawa Toshiko , Adachi Yuichi , Yoshida Koichi , Ohya Yukihiro , Odajima Hiroshi , Akasawa Akira , Miyawaki Toshio
Published: July 2010

Background:  Most studies regarding the association of obesity with asthma have been performed in the Western countries. This study is a nationwide survey conducted in Japan.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional and questionnaire‐based survey was performed among children aged 6–7, 13–14, and 16–17 years, using the ISAAC questionnaire. Overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 90th according to the reference values for Japanese children obtained during 1978–1981.

Results:  Of a total of 179 218 children, 149 464 replied to the questionnaire (response rate 83.4%). After omitting incomplete data, 139 117 were analyzed. In all the age groups, being overweight was associated with current asthma after adjustment for confounding factors (adjusted OR: 1.24 in children 6–7 years of age, 1.31 in those 13–14 years, and 1.32 in those 16–17 years). These tendencies were observed in both genders. Overweight was a risk factor for nocturnal cough, independent of current asthma in the older age groups (adjusted OR: 1.21 in children 13–14 years, and 1.17 in those 16–17 years).

Conclusions:  There is a clear association between obesity and current asthma in Japanese school‐aged children. Mechanisms through which obesity related with nocturnal cough might be different from those of obesity‐associated asthma.
Ponseti management of clubfoot after walking age
Authors: Yagmurlu Mehmet Fırat , Ermis Mehmet Nurullah , Akdeniz Huseyin Emre , Kesin Erkin , Karakas Eyup Selahattin
Published: July 2010

Background:  With an incidence of 1–2 per 1000 live births, clubfoot is one of the commonest congenital deformities. Deformity has four components: equinus, hindfoot varus, forefoot adductus, and cavus. The Ponseti method for the treatment of clubfoot has been shown to be effective in children up to one year of age. Even with this effective method, late‐presenting cases are still challenging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the corrective effect of the Ponseti method on different components of clubfoot after walking age and to find how the patient's age relates to this correction.

Methods:  From 2003 to 2005 we treated 31 feet of 27 patients with clubfoot with a mean age of 21 months (12–72 months) with the Ponseti method. Average follow up was 42 months. All of the patients were evaluated before and after treatment for Dimeglio scores. Patients in the first group, aged less than 20 months, were compared with those in the second group, who were older than 20 months. The corrections for each component of the deformity were analyzed separately.

Results:  All deformities showed significant correction. Improvements for each separate component were found to be statistically significant. Patients older than 20 months improved less for the components of varus, medial rotation of calcaneopedal block and adductus compared to younger patients.

Conclusions:  The Ponseti method is effective in correcting deformities of clubfoot, even after walking age, but affectivity may decrease with age.
Risk factors for psychiatric re‐hospitalization: An exploration
Authors: Mgutshini Tennyson
Published: July 2010

Predecessor research suggests that anything from 37% to 53% of hospitalized service users are readmitted within 12 months of discharge. This cycle of frequent admissions represents a serious challenge to clinicians and service users alike. Critically, much of the research in this field has relied exclusively on professional attributions for readmission with little acknowledgement of service user or patient viewpoints.

This paper reports on a phenomenological study which used multiple data collection approaches to explore service user and clinician attributions for frequent hospitalization to an identified psychiatric unit over a 24‐month index period. Methods included a retrospective review of multi‐professional case notes, clinician and service user semi‐structured interviews, and focus groups.

Service users cited ‘situational circumstances’, rather than medically accepted relapse indicators such as ‘non‐adherence with prescribed medication’ as the main reasons for readmission. Notable disagreement existed between clinician and service user data sources.

Hospitalization is a complex, individually determined experience. Clinicians and service users have differing perspectives on the causal risk factors and this presents complications for those developing relapse prevention strategies. However, a shared appreciation of the multiple realities paves the way for the development of a conceptual risk‐factor identification model which may serve as a guide to practitioners in relapse prevention.
Making us what we are: Noteworthy people and achievements in Queensland mental health nursing
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Happell Brenda , Bradshaw Julie
Published: July 2010

Understanding mental health nursing's past is an important way to preserve our cultural heritage. By exploring and then disseminating the insights gained through examination of the past, students and practicing mental health nurses may become more aware of the social and intellectual origins of the profession. They may also have their professional connections and commitment to mental health nursing clarified and reconfirmed. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in Queensland in 2009. Members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses were invited to identify mental health nurses who they perceived had made a noteworthy contribution to the profession. Twenty mental health nurses were identified from the 38 surveys received. The reasons underlying the nominations revealed two main themes: achievements and qualities. Achievements included the subthemes: practice pioneer; career longevity; and far reach of influence. Qualities included: inspirational role model; and passion, dedication and/or commitment. The study provides a beginning conversation on the preservation of heritage and recommends deeper exploration of the history of mental health nursing within Australia, and specifically Queensland.
Introducing clinical supervision across Western Australian public mental health services
Authors: Taylor Monica , Harrison Carole A.
Published: July 2010

Retention and recruitment of the mental health nursing workforce is a critical issue in Australia and more specifically in Western Australia (WA), partly due to the isolation of the state. It has been suggested that these workforce issues might be minimized through the introduction of clinical supervision within WA mental health services, where, historically, it has been misunderstood and viewed with caution by mental health nurses. This may have been partly due to a lack of understanding of clinical supervision, its models, and its many benefits, due to a paucity of information delivered into initial nurse education programs. The aim of this pilot project is to explore and evaluate the introduction of clinical supervision in WA public mental health services. A quantitative approach informed the study and included the use of an information gathering survey initially, which was followed with evaluation questionnaires. The findings show that education can increase the uptake of clinical supervision. Further, the findings illustrate the importance of linking clinicians from all professional groups via a clinical supervision web‐based database.
Comparison of postprandial glycaemia in Asians and Caucasians
Authors: Venn B. J. , Williams S. M. , Mann J. I.
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1205–1208 (2010)

Objective  To compare postprandial glycaemic responses between Asian and Caucasian subjects.

Research design and methods  Postprandial capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured as 2‐h incremental areas‐under‐the‐curve (iAUCs) following consumption of a glucose beverage and a breakfast cereal in 27 Asians and 73 Caucasians.

Results  The mean difference in iAUC was 29% (95% CI 10, 51) and 63% (95% CI 32, 102) higher in the Asian compared with the Caucasian group following the glucose beverage and cereal, respectively. The glycaemic index (GI) of the cereal was 77 (95% CI 66, 90) in the Asian group and 61 (95% CI 55, 67) in the Caucasian group; the values were different (P = 0.01).

Conclusions  The findings suggest that dietary recommendations for people with diabetes and those at risk of Type 2 diabetes may be more appropriate if based on research in the ethnic group for which they are intended.
Meeting the psychosocial needs of children with diabetes within routine clinical practice
Authors: Channon S. , Hambly H. , Robling M. , Bennert K. , Gregory J. W. ,   the DEPICTED Study Team
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1209–1211 (2010)

Aims  There is little guidance for paediatric diabetes teams on how best to meet their patients’ psychosocial needs. The aims of conducting this survey of practitioners were to examine the challenges they face in delivering routine care, elicit their approaches to encouraging behaviour change and to inform the development of a training package to be evaluated in the Development and Evaluation of a Psychosocial Intervention with Children and Teenagers Experiencing Diabetes (DEPICTED) Study.

Methods  A semi‐structured telephone interview was completed with 44 doctors and seven paediatric diabetes specialist nurses and emergent themes identified.

Results  The key challenges for practitioners were categorized as engagement and communication, meeting the needs of different ages and helping patients and their families integrate diabetes into their everyday life. Approaches to behaviour change were described in terms of education, advice and listening.

Conclusions  The survey demonstrates the complexities of communication with such a heterogeneous patient group and the range of approaches taken by practitioners in addressing behaviour change within routine care.
A common variant of NOS1AP is associated with QT interval duration in a Chinese population with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lu J. , Hu C. , Hu W. , Zhang R. , Wang C. , Qin W. , Yu W. , Xiang K. ,   International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium, Jia W.
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1074–1079 (2010)

Aims  Electrocardiographic ventricular repolarization QT parameters are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac death in diabetic patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms of the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene with QT interval in Chinese subjects with or without Type 2 diabetes.

Methods  Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10494366, rs12143842 and rs12029454) were genotyped in 1240 Type 2 diabetic patients (631 men and 609 women) and 1196 normal controls (433 men and 763 women). Individuals with overt diseases other than diabetes were excluded. Heart‐rate corrected QT interval (QTc) was determined by standard 12‐lead ECG and Bazett formula. Sex‐pooled analysis and sex‐specific analysis for genotype–phenotype association were both conducted.

Results  In the diabetic group, the rs12143842 T allele was associated with a 3.87‐ms (P = 0.014, empirical P = 0.039) increase in QTc duration for each additional allele copy, while rs10494366 and rs12029454 exhibited no significant association with QTc. We found no evidence of association for the three SNPs in subjects with normal glucose regulation. No significant SNP‐gender and ‐diabetes affection interaction was observed.

Conclusions  The genetic variant rs12143842 in NOS1AP is associated with QT interval duration in a Chinese population with Type 2 diabetes. Future studies in different populations are needed to validate this finding and to evaluate the impact of NOS1AP variants on cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac death in diabetic patients.
Failed and Friendless: The UK's ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ Programme
Authors: Thomas Paul
Published: July 2010

This article suggests that Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE), the government's ‘hearts and minds’ response to the threat of domestic Islamist terrorism within the wider CONTEST strategy, has been exposed as both failed and friendless by growing political and academic scrutiny. PVE's monocultural focus on Muslims is in stark contradiction to the overriding policy goal of community cohesion, while its implementation has provoked accusations both of surveillance and of engineering ‘value changes’ within Muslim communities. Local conflicts relating to the operationalisation of PVE result from political disagreement over the balance between community engagement and policing within the Labour government, and these problems leave the future of this key anti-terrorism policy area unclear.
Efficient Estimation of an Additive Quantile Regression Model
Authors: CHENG YEBIN , DE GOOIJER JAN G. , ZEROM DAWIT
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  In this paper, two non‐parametric estimators are proposed for estimating the components of an additive quantile regression model. The first estimator is a computationally convenient approach which can be viewed as a more viable alternative to existing kernel‐based approaches. The second estimator involves sequential fitting by univariate local polynomial quantile regressions for each additive component with the other additive components replaced by the corresponding estimates from the first estimator. The purpose of the extra local averaging is to reduce the variance of the first estimator. We show that the second estimator achieves oracle efficiency in the sense that each estimated additive component has the same variance as in the case when all other additive components were known. Asymptotic properties are derived for both estimators under dependent processes that are strictly stationary and absolutely regular. We also provide a demonstrative empirical application of additive quantile models to ambulance travel times.
A Professional Practice Portfolio for Quality Learning
Authors: Jones Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

This article focuses on the extent to which a portfolio may address the challenges of assessment for quality learning in professional education programmes. A four‐year action research study investigated the development and implementation of a portfolio for the assessment of practice in a professional development programme preparing special education resource teachers to undertake a new role. A conceptual framework for an effective professional practice portfolio, derived from the refinement of the portfolio and teaching programme throughout the four years, is presented. Findings indicate that a well‐designed portfolio may support quality learning through the integration of theory and practice, the promotion of self‐assessment, autonomy, reflection and meta‐cognition, and the enhancement of the programme's relevance to workplace practice. The findings support the use of a portfolio as a tool to assess and promote the generic skills included in graduate attribute lists or profiles and in evaluation of programme effectiveness.