bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ageing in people with Prader–Willi syndrome: mortality in the UK population cohort and morbidity in an older sample of adults
Authors: Whittington J. E. , Holland A. J. , Webb T.
Published: August 2014

Background

The past two decades have seen a great improvement in the care of people with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), particularly with regard to control of diet and behaviour management. Has this affected mortality rates or thrown up new issues regarding premature ageing or dementia? We investigated two aspects of ageing in people with PWS: (1) an estimate of mortality over 9 years in a cohort of people with PWS, originally recruited in 1998–2000; and (2) premature ageing or dementia in people aged ⩾40 years.

Method

(1) A follow-up of the population-based 1998–2000 cohort to investigate the subsequent mortality rate; and (2) the recruitment and structured assessment of all members of the Prader–Willi Syndrome Association UK (PWSA-UK) aged ⩾40 years who agreed to participate.

Results

Follow-up of the population-based 1998–2000 cohort gave a mortality rate of at least 7/62 over 9 years (1.25% per annum; 20 untraced), age at death was between 13 and 59 years. Twenty-six members of the PWSA-UK aged ⩾40 years were recruited, 18 of whom had a genetic diagnosis (gd) of PWS. Twenty-two (14 gd) showed no evidence of dementia. Four, with possible symptoms, are described in more detail; all are female, of maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) genetic subtype, or have a disomic region, and all have a long history of psychotic illness.

Conclusions

The mortality rate in people with PWS seems to be declining. The subgroup of people with PWS due to UPD or disomic region with female gender and a history of psychosis may be at risk of early onset dementia.
The Early Iron Age Metalwork Hoard from Stanwick, N.R. Yorks
Authors: MacGregor Morna
Published: August 2014

Some time before 1845 a remarkable hoard of Early Iron Age metalwork, almost entirely in bronze, was accidentally discovered in the vicinity of the parish of Stanwick St John, North Riding of Yorkshire, and near the great earthworks of the same period later to be excavated by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. The hoard was presented to the British Museum in 1847, and though well known, has never been studied or published in its entirety, despite its importance in the history of Celtic art in Britain. The present paper essays such a full treatment, discussing first the complicated circumstances of the actual find-spot, the probable nature of the deposit, and its technological aspects. This is followed by a descriptive survey and analysis, and a catalogue with a full set of drawings by the writer. References in the text and footnotes are to the bibliography on pp. 55–8.
Cross-linguistic influence in Welsh–English bilingual children's adjectival constructions
Authors: NICOLADIS ELENA , GAVRILA ANDRA
Published: August 2014

Cross-linguistic influence (CLI) refers to the linguistic influence of one of a bilingual's languages while processing the other. Researchers have debated whether CLI is better explained by the structure of bilinguals' two languages or by a combination of processing demands and structure. In this study, we test if Welsh–English bilingual children manifest CLI when producing adjectival constructions. Welsh adjectives typically appear postnominally, English adjectives typically appear prenominally. Since these structures do not overlap, there may be no CLI. If, however, CLI is a result of competition between languages, children's adjectival constructions may be reversed in both languages. We elicited adjectival constructions from Welsh–English bilingual children and English monolingual children between three and six years of age. The bilingual children produced more reversals than monolinguals and equivalent rates of reversals in both languages. In other words, the results support an interpretation of CLI resulting, at least in part, from processing demands.
Tracing the Imprint of the Chancellor's Foot in Contemporary Canadian Judicial Discourse
Authors: Klinck Dennis R. , Mirella Loris
Published: August 2014

Metaphorical or figurative expressions often play a significant, though sometimes unacknowledged, role in the law. Their rhetorical power can lead to their being reiterated so that they become “naturalized” or internalized in legal discourse, and they can become a kind of unanalyzed shorthand for complex concepts and processes. One such figurative expression is that of “the Chancellor's foot,” coined by John Selden in the 17th century, and often repeated since then. Examination of its original context reveals that it was at best a superficial and misleading contribution to a serious ongoing debate about the role of equity, and that other, more positive metaphors for equity have been largely lost to the legal imagination. Its continuing prominence may be the result of the “accident” of its having been referred to by so eminent a jurist as Lord Eldon, with the effect that it has become a dismissive aphorism not only for equity, but also for a kind of judicial practice. Contemporary Canadian judges frequently invoke the expression as a pejorative for judicial approaches of which they disapprove, but at the same time they often approve qualities (such as “conscience” and “flexibility”) with which it was originally associated. This paper examines, critically, how a linguistic icon can create and reproduce frameworks of apprehension in the law.
When Silence Is no Longer Acquiescence: Gays and Lesbians under Canadian Law
Authors: Lajoie Andrée , Gélineau Éric , Janda Richard
Published: August 2014

This paper shows the role of the courts in the advancement of gay and lesbian rights to be restricted to intervening when three conditions are present: after legislation has been felt by minority groups to be deficient; where stating principles rather than implementing them is involved, and when legislative modification is difficult to achieve because amendment of a rigid constitution is out of question, or in parts of the country where political conservatism has a similar effect. Decisions are grounded on equality, while other values put forward by gays and lesbians such as dignity, recognition, respect of identity and difference and social concerns will be endorsed only by dissenting judges, unless the majority is sure that their mention will have no practical consequence. However, this modest victory was not achieved at the cost of representing gays' and lesbians' interests or values as common with those of the dominant heterosexual majority. On the contrary it seems that the affirmation of the “right to difference,” centered on diversity, and the openness of this constructed identity might have led to a chain reaction starting with the evolution of public opinion as a consequence of lobbying and education by the gay/lesbian community, proceeding to create a new balance of power, more favourable to the gay/lesbian minority, and finally reaching more respect from courts and legislatures alike.
Ethical and Legal Strategies for Protecting Confidential Research Information
Authors: Palys Ted , Lowman John
Published: August 2014

The paper begins with an outline of some legal and ethical principles regarding research confidentiality that frame researchers' choices, and then reviews the common law on privilege in Canada and the U.S. to show how researchers can design their research to maximise the legal protection of confidential research information. The paper describes various disciplinary ethics codes and the new federal Tri-Council Policy Statement on ethics to illustrate the principles that should be considered in the unlikely event that a Canadian court orders disclosure of confidential information that could harm a research participant. We conclude by proposing that universities and the three granting councils should campaign for statutory protection of research participants along the lines of the confidentiality certificates that are currently available in the United States for research on sensitive topics such as drug use, criminal activities, sexual behaviour, and genetic information.
The Space of Africville: Creating, Regulating and Remembering the Urban ‘Slum’
Authors: Nelson Jennifer J.
Published: August 2014

La communauté noire d'Africville, à Halifax en Nouvelle-Écosse, a été démantelée par la force durant les années 1960 en vertu d'un programme de «rénovation urbaine». Cela faisait longtemps que les gens de cet endroit demandaient une reconnaissance juridique de leur collectivité et de meilleurs services communautaires et services de sécurité, comme des canalisations d'eau et d'égout, et une protection policière. Cet article examine de quelle façon la localité d'Africville a été privée des services en question et est devenue un bidonville, et aussi comment on s'est servi d'une telle situation pour justifier son élimination. La localité qui était autrefois Africville a été transformée en un parc public, mais elle reste un sujet de contestation et de commémoration. La ville de Halifax a toujours rejeté les demandes d'indemnisations et a utilisé des manœuvres juridiques pour faire taire la résistance. Ce texte cherche à montrer de quelle façon la ville de Halifax a utilisé son pouvoir de réglementation pour déloger des gens. Il montre aussi comment nous pouvons nous souvenir de ces pratiques et de leurs conséquences. Il fait surtout valoir le besoin de contextualiser juridiquement l'histoire d'Africville, compte tenu de l'interaction complexe entre la pauvreté, le racisme, et les narrations sur la justice.
The Legal Dimensions of Everyday Life
Authors: Jutras Daniel
Published: August 2014

Ce texte cherche à établir une pratique du droit comparé qui tienne compte des enseignements tirés du pluralisme juridique. Si la vie quotidienne et les rencontres fortuites sont régies par une constellation d'ordres normatifs, elles peuvent être comparées à d'autres ordres normatifs plus explicites et plus stables. On peut alors mettre en lumière la continuité, la discontinuité, et les caractéristiques divergentes et partagées de ces ordres existants à des niveaux différents dans une communauté donnée. La traduction culturelle permet de faire usage du langage et des concepts propre à chaque ordre pour mieux comprendre l'autre. Les micro-systèmes juridiques deviennent des objets d'étude dont le droit comparé peut se saisir. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. La première tire des travaux de Michael Reisman une lecture de la vie quotidienne à partir des concepts du droit officiel. La deuxième partie procède à l'inverse, et montre comment le droit officiel peut être saisi à partir des modes de pensée propres à la vie quotidienne, comme le suggère Roderick Macdonald. La troisième partie réunit ces deux approches pour les fins d'une comparaison entre le micro-droit et le droit du contrat tel que décrit par Jean-Guy Belley, laquelle révèle une parenté de structure dans les tensions et les polarités qui se manifestent à chacun de ces niveaux d'interaction sociale.
Création d'emplois ou déréqulation? La vocation ambiquë de l'économie sociale
Authors: Krzeslo Estelle
Published: August 2014

Since the beginning of the crisis and the rise of unemployment, the “social economy” has been given a strategic role in the defence of those abandoned by the capitalist economy. The social economy is regarded as an economy that produces social services and is also a tool for the integration of the unemployed. This role is all the more important because the social economy is historically carrier of democratic and social values and forms part of a social tradition dear to the workers' movement: a citizens' initiative, an alternative to the market economy with its injustice and social violence. It seems to us, from our experience in Belgium, that the social economy sector has also served as a Trojan horse for the deregulation of employment, constrained by the mode of subsidy and with the approval of its protagonists. We wonder if the call for the social economy development does not favor the weakening of the public service and the State's gradual withdrawal from public service? Is it an ambition or an adverse effect of the instrumentalisation to which this sector is subject?
Citoyenneté des Latino-Américaines: Enjeux, limites et ambiguités
Authors: Marques-Pereira Bérengère
Published: August 2014

Women's citizenship in the Southern Cone is based on a republican conception aimed at the participation to the community and a public responsability reaching from the local to the supranational level, from the public to the political space. Such a process implies a dynamic of individuation, but is also ambiguous because it reproduces the sexual division of labour.
Legal Consciousness and Its Significance for Law and Society Teaching Outside Canadian Law Schools
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A.
Published: August 2014

One of the recommendations made in Law and Learning is that “[t]he teaching of law in the liberal arts and other faculties should be encouraged.” Earlier in its report, the authors acknowledged the existence of legal studies programs outside law faculties in Canada and emphasized that in these programs legal doctrine exerts much less influence on the direction of study than in law schools. Law teaching in these programs, the Consultative Group explains, “has many attractions. It relieves the subject of its professional training connotations, facilitates integration of legal study and research with parallel activities in other disciplines, and recognizes that law ought to be understood by and subject to the critical scrutiny of as many citizens as possible.”

Although the praise in Law and Learning for legal studies programs outside law faculties and especially in faculties of arts and social sciences in Canadian universities is considerable, it is significant I believe that the report does not explain why the teaching of legal doctrine – legal rules – is not central to these legal studies programs, and in particular law and society undergraduate programs. Indeed, the demand from incoming undergraduate students and ordinary citizens is overwhelmingly for these programs to offer courses on legal doctrine. And some programs in Canadian universities comply. Why not teach legal doctrine in these programs? Why should the study of law in these programs be so different from that found in Canadian law schools?
Employing Fairness
Authors: Leckey Robert
Published: August 2014

L'auteur, à partir de l'exemple de la pratique des grandes entreprises de payer à leurs employés des primes basées sur leur performance, fait état de deux types de contraintes s'appliquant aux employeurs: d'une part, les règles imposées par la loi; d'autre part, les recommandations des manuels de gestion des ressources humaines. Le droit considère les primes à travers le prisme étroit et traditionnel des règles portant sur les modalités de rémunération dans le cadre de la relation contractuelle avec l'employé. À l'opposé, la science de la gestion les traite comme une forme de communication avec l'employé et établit des recommandations concernant la conception et la mise en œuvre de programmes de primes qui révèlent une certaine notion d'équité administrative. L'auteur s'interroge sur les liens que cette notion d'équité administrative entretient avec le principe d'équité procédurale du droit public. Les différences entre ces deux conceptions de l'équité suggèrent que, contrairement à l'hypothèse mimétique, les entreprises qui adoptent des pratiques se voulant équitables ne font pas que reproduire les normes issues du contexte gouvernemental. Au contraire, l'équité administrative semble s'auto-générer à l'intérieur du champ social semi-autonome des entreprises. S'inspirant des travaux de Teubner sur les systèmes autopoïetiques, l'auteur considère comment le système juridique peut faciliter cette auto-régulation tout en conservant une certaine capacité d'intervention.
Jamaica's Marijuana Decriminalization Conundrum
Authors: Jones Marlyn J.
Published: August 2014

La politique américaine sur les drogues continue de créer des tensions entre les Etats-Unis et d'autres pays. À partir du rapport du mois d'août 2001 de la Commission jamaïcaine, cet article suit la procédure de certification pour mettre en lumière certaines tensions inhérentes à la posture du gouvernement fédéral américain contre la légalisation de la marijuana. Il débat de la probabilité que le gouvernement fédéral américain change le paysage légal concernant la marijuana. En conclusion, l'article recommande comme solutions éventuelles au conflit entre les Etats-Unis et ses voisins régionaux de régionaliser le contrôle des drogues et de remplacer la procédure de certification par le Mécanisme d'évaluation multilatérale (MEM). La question demeure de trouver un entrepreneur politique prêt à se battre pour un changement de l'environnement politique.
Writing the Canadian Bill of Rights: Religion, Politics, and the Challenge of Pluralism 1957–1960
Authors: Egerton George
Published: August 2014

Un élément central dans l'histoire du Canada, depuis le Deuxième Guerre mondiale, est ‘la révolution des droits,’ cette quête d'articuler et de donner une protection légale aux droits humains et libertés fondamentales. À bien des égards, ce but est devenu la principale méta-narration de la nation, qui donne identité, valeurs normatives et mission à la nationalité et la jurisprudence du Canada, particulièrement après l'enchâssement de la Charte canadienne des Droits et Libertés dans la Constitution canadienne de 1982. Cet article étudie historiquement le rôle complexe de la religion, dans la phase initiale de la narration des droits humains au Canada. Au centre est la dimension religieuse du premier dispositif législatif sur les droits humains, la Déclaration canadienne des droits, que le gouvernement de John Diefenbaker a fait adopter en 1960. L'auteur soutient que les églises jouaient un rôle important mais ambigu dans le mouvement des droits humains, lequel, à certains égards, dénote une mise en cause perçue de leur propre méta-narration religieuse de l'histoire, de l'identité et de la destinée du Canada. La thèse centrale est que la Déclaration canadienne des droits exprimait un pluralisme religieux positif, en intégrant les valeurs nationales, religieuses et politiques, dans la formule du Préambule de la Déclaration: «Le Parlement du Canada proclame que la nation canadienne repose sur des principes qui reconnaissent la suprématie de Dieu, la dignité et la valeur de la personne humaine ainsi que le rôle de la famille dans une société d'hommes libres et d'institutions libres (…)».
Industrial Citizenship, Human Rights and the Transformation of Labour Law: A Critical Assessment of Harry Arthurs', Legalization Thesis
Authors: Coutu Michel
Published: August 2014

Dans ses travaux récents, le professeur Harry Arthurs récuse désormais l'idée que la «citoyenneté industrielle» représente un paradigme fondamental pour l'étude du droit du travail, en dépit du fait qu'il ait défendu avec conviction cette position depuis 1967. Ce changement d'attitude est basé en partie sur le processus de juridicisation de l'arbitrage des griefs, lequel découle largement de la pénétration de ce champ par les normes juridiques complexes relatives à la discrimination au travail. Pour Arthurs, le pluralisme juridique caractéristique des rapports collectifs de travail se voit progressivement érodé par le mouvement de juridicisation largement initié par laCharte canadienne des droits et libertés. L'auteur entend mettre à l'épreuve cette thèse, en analysant la situation qui prévaut au Québec quant à l'arbitrage des griefs mettant en jeu les droits de la personne. Le contexte global n'est certes pas exactement le même, laChartequébécoise possédant une nature spécifique, plus ouverte à la reconnaissance des droits sociaux que ne l'est laChartecanadienne. Quant au droit à l'égalité toutefois, on retrouve suffisamment d'éléments communs pour autoriser la comparaison. L'auteur s'appuie à ce effet sur une étude empirique (analyse de contenu, interviews semi-dirigés) menée à l'École de relations industrielles et au Centre de recherche en droit public de l'Université de Montréal, étude portant sur les cas de discrimination au travail traités, d'une part, par les arbitres de griefs, et, d'autre part, par le Tribunal des droits de la personne du Québec. La recherche empirique met en lumière la nature autoréférentielle du traitement de ces cas: même si le droit est le même, son interprétation et son application diffèrent largement suivant qu'un cas est traité par la sphère du travail (les arbitres de griefs) ou par la sphère des droits de la personne (le Tribunal des droits de la personne). Voilà qui s'explique par les valeurs et les intérêts divergents des acteurs concernés, ainsi que par les pressions que le système des relations industrielles exerce sur les arbitres, ceux-ci faisant office de mécanisme de «couplage structurel» entre le système juridique et le système des relations industrielles. Ceci ne revient aucunement à dire que la thèse de Arthurs est «fausse», mais seulement à constater que, pour l'instant du moins, elle ne peut être fermement établie en contexte québécois. À tout événement, les travaux passés et présents de Harry Arthurs sur la citoyenneté industrielle demeurent de la plus grande importance scientifique pour qui veut comprendre l'évolution actuelle des relations industrielles et du droit du travail.
The Racial Profile: Governing Race through Knowledge Production (Research Note)
Authors: Murdocca Carmela
Published: August 2014

Utilisant deux rapports sur la pratique du profilage racial à Toronto, l'auteur soutient qu'elle doit être comprise comme une catégorie de gouvernance, et ceci puisqu'il faut s'éloigner de la seule question, si le profilage racial fait partie des pratiques policières. En concevant le profilage racial comme catégorie de gouvernance, chercheurs et praticiens peuvent plutôt analyser comment des pratiques racialisantes déterminent les limites de la citoyenneté et ultimement contribuent à établir, contrôler et mettre en oeuvre l'organisation des droits des citoyens. Elle conclue en soulignant l'utilité et le potentiel plus large du concept de ‘catégorie de gouvernance’ pour étudier le profilage racial, notamment dans le sens d'une analyse des multiples manières de faire (ou de ne pas faire) de certaines populations des sujets/citoyens des États-nations modernes.
X-ray powder diffraction data for monosodium salt azobarbituric acid dihydrate [C8H5N6O6Na.2H2O]
Authors: Maixner J. , Rohlíček J. , Florián Č. , Vyňuchal J. , Alafid F.
Published: August 2014

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for a sodium azobarbituric acid dihydrate are presented [a = 3.546 (1) Å, b = 9.210 (2) Å, c = 9.738 (4) Å, α = 104.07 (4)°, β = 98.09 (6)°, γ = 98.80 (2)°, unit-cell volume V = 299.6 Å3, Z = 1, and space group P − 1]. All the measured lines were indexed. No detectable impurities were observed.
Optimal costless extraction rate changes from a non-renewable resource
Authors: EVATT G. W. , JOHNSON P. V. , DUCK P. W. , HOWELL S. D.
Published: August 2014

This paper considers the role of costless decisions relating to the extraction of a non-renewable resource in the presence of uncertainty. We begin by deriving a size scale of the extractable resource, above which the solution to the valuation and optimal control strategy can be described by analytic solutions; we produce solutions for a general form of operating cost function. Below this critical resource size level the valuation and optimal control strategy must be solved by numerical means; we present a robust numerical algorithm that can solve such a class of problem. We also allow for the embedding of an irreversible investment decision (abandonment) into the optimisation. Finally, we conduct experimentation for each of these two approaches (analytical and numerical), and show how they are consistent with one another when used appropriately. The extensions of this paper's techniques to renewable resources are explored.
Small cell lung cancer metastatic to the submandibular gland
Authors: Shaikh Talha , Ehya Hormoz , Turaka Aruna
Published: August 2014

A 58-year Caucasian woman with a 45-pack year smoking history underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest due to a persistent respiratory infection. Imaging revealed extensive mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy on the right. Fine needle aspiration of the right paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes revealed small cell lung carcinoma. She was treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiation (with Cisplatin and Etoposide) therapy to the primary tumor and the mediastinum using intensity modulated radiation therapy. Post-treatment repeat CT of the chest showed complete radiographic response and she was offered prophylactic cranial irradiation which the patient refused. Within six months of completing treatment, the patient developed brain metastases and was treated with a course of palliative radiation to the whole brain. One month after completion, she noticed painful swelling of the left submandibular gland and a CT showed an enlarged submandibular gland. FNA revealed metastatic SCLC. She was treated with urgent palliative RT to the left submandibular gland with significant improvement in her symptoms.
What are the best terms in Portuguese to explain the concepts of “fatigue” and “depression” in cancer patients?
Authors: Paiva Carlos Eduardo , Manfredini Luciana Lopes , Paiva Bianca Sakamoto Ribeiro , Carneseca Estela Cristina , Yennurajalingam Sriram , Bruera Eduardo , Hui David
Published: August 2014

Objective:

Although “fatigue” and “depression” are well-accepted clinical terms in the English language, they are ill defined in many other languages, including Portuguese. We aimed to investigate the most appropriate words to describe cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and depression in Brazilian cancer patients.

Method:

The interviewers read to patients two clinical vignettes describing fatigued patients and two others describing depressed patients. Participants were asked to choose from among “fatigue,” “tiredness,” “weakness,” “depression,” and “sadness” the best and worst terms to explain the vignettes. In addition, they were administered an instrument containing numeric rating scales (NRSs), addressing common symptoms, including the aforementioned terms. Pearson correlation analysis and accuracy diagnostic tests were conducted using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment–Fatigue (FACIT–F) as references.

Results:

Among the 80 participants, 40% reported that the best term to explain the concept of CRF was “tiredness,” and 59% chose “sadness” as the best descriptor of depression. Regarding diagnostic accuracy, the areas under the curve (AUCs) for “fatigue,” “weakness,” and “tiredness” were 0.71, 0.81, and 0.76, respectively; the AUCs for “depression” and “sadness” ranged from 0.81 to 0.91 and 0.73 to 0.83, respectively. Negative correlations were found among FACIT–F fatigue subscale scores and NRS scores for “fatigue” (r = –0.58), “tiredness” (r = –0.67), and “weakness” (r = –0.62). Regarding depression, there were positive correlations between HADS–D scores and both NRS for “depression” (r = 0.61) and “sadness” (r = 0.54).

Significance of results:

“Tiredness” was considered the best descriptor of CRF. Taking into consideration the clinical correlation with depression scores, the term “depression” was accepted as the best term to explain the concept of depression.
SECULARIZATION: THE BIRTH OF A MODERN COMBAT CONCEPT
Authors: HUNTER IAN
Published: August 2014

This essay argues that today's dominant understanding of secularization—as an epochal transition from a society based on religious belief to one based on autonomous human reason—first appeared in philosophical histories at the beginning of the nineteenth century and was then anachronistically applied to early modern Europe. Apart from the earlier and persisting canon-law use of the term to refer to a species of exclaustration, prior to 1800 the standard lexicographical meaning of “secularization” was determined by its use in public law and diplomacy to name the civil conversion of ecclesiastical property and jurisdiction. Prior to the same point the most important use of the adjective “secular” was in political jurisprudence as a synonym for temporal, civil, and political, to name a religious–political settlement from which rival theologies had been excluded as the condition of its negotiation. But this usage was domain-specific, was quite compatible with religious devotion, and had nothing to do with the putatively secular character of the spheres of philosophy or the natural sciences, thence “society”. Far from seeing a shift from religious belief to autonomous rationality, early modernity in fact witnessed a significant intensification of religious belief and practice under the impact of rival confessional movements. It also emerges that the nineteenth century was characterized not by the supersession of confessional religions—or their conversion into rational religion or moral philosophy—but by their remarkable persistence and adaptation to new circumstances. In light of this, the essay argues that the variant philosophical-historical conceptions of secularization—as the epochal supersession of religious belief by human rationality—should not be understood as theories of a putative process but as “combat concepts”. These were internal to an array of rival cultural-political factions that first emerged in early nineteenth-century Protestant Germany and that continue to do battle today.
Nanoscale Size-Selective Deposition of Nanowires by Micrometer Scale Hydrophilic Patterns
Authors: He Yong , Nagashima Kazuki , Kanai Masaki , Meng Gang , Zhuge Fuwei , Rahong Sakon , Li Xiaomin , Kawai Tomoji , Yanagida Takeshi
Published: August 2014

Controlling the post-growth assembly of nanowires is an important challenge in the development of functional bottom-up devices. Although various methods have been developed for the controlled assembly of nanowires, it is still a challenging issue to align selectively heterogeneous nanowires at desired spatial positions on the substrate. Here we report a size selective deposition and sequential alignment of nanowires by utilizing micrometer scale hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned substrate. Nanowires dispersed within oil were preferentially deposited only at a water/oil interface onto the hydrophilic patterns. The diameter size of deposited nanowires was strongly limited by the width of hydrophilic patterns, exhibiting the nanoscale size selectivity of nanowires deposited onto micrometer scale hydrophilic patterns. Such size selectivity was due to the nanoscale height variation of a water layer formed onto the micrometer scale hydrophilic patterns. We successfully demonstrated the sequential alignment of different sized nanowires on the same substrate by applying this size selective phenomenon.
Magnetically separable reduced graphene oxide/iron oxide nanocomposite materials for environmental remediation
Authors: Peik-See Teo , Pandikumar Alagarsamy , Ngee Lim Hong , Ming Huang Nay , Hua Chia Chin
Published: August 2014

Synthesis of magnetically separable rGO/Fe3O4nanocomposite materials for environmental remediationviathe photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.
Cobalt-based metal organic framework as precursor to achieve superior catalytic activity for aerobic epoxidation of styrene
Authors: Yu Guangli , Sun Jian , Muhammad Faheem , Wang Pengyuan , Zhu Guangshan
Published: August 2014

Novel nitrogen–cobalt catalysts are successfully prepared, and they exhibit high activity and stability in aerobic epoxidation of styrene without any initiator.
Self-assembly of folic acid/melamine complexes with hierarchy levels: from membranes to porous spherulites and networks
Authors: Xing Pengyao , Chu Xiaoxiao , Ma Mingfang , Li Shangyang , Zhang Yimeng , Hao Aiyou
Published: August 2014

Utilizing the self-assembly of folic acid/melamine complexes in water, we realized the construction of spherulites and networks with porous structure from membrane growth and folding.
A novel method for detecting allura red based on triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering
Authors: Shi Ying , Li Chunyan , Liu Shaopu , Liu Zhongfang , Yang Jidong , Zhu Jinghui , Qiao Man , Duan Ruilin , Hu Xiaoli
Published: August 2014

A simple, sensitive and selective assay was established to detect trace allura red with ethyl violet in drinks, based on triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering.
Nanolayered manganese oxides as water-oxidizing catalysts: the effects of Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) ions
Authors: Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Abasi Mahnaz , Hołyńska Małgorzata
Published: August 2014

We synthesized nanolayered manganese oxides in the presence of copper(ii) or nickel(ii) ions, and considered the water oxidizing activities of them.
Adsorption properties of direct dyes on viscose/chitin bicomponent fiber: evaluation and comparison with viscose fiber
Authors: Zeng Hongxian , Tang Ren-Cheng
Published: August 2014

Two direct dyes were applied for dyeing the viscose/chitin bicomponent fiber, whose chitin component can provide functionalities and enhanced dyeing properties.
Modification of tungsten trioxide with ionic liquid for enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Han Suiqi , Li Jia , Lin Jun
Published: August 2014

Ionic liquid (IL) modification endows the surface of WO3 with a stronger electron-trapping capability, which effectively inhibits the recombination of electron–hole pairs and thus enhances photocatalysis.
Anionic waterborne polyurethane dispersion from a bio-based ionic segment
Authors: Chen Ruqi , Zhang Chaoqun , Kessler Michael R.
Published: August 2014

Anionic waterborne polyurethane dispersions were prepared from ring-opening epoxidized linseed oil with glycol and hydrochloric acid followed by saponification, step-growth polymerization, and ionomerization.
A general approach towards efficient catalysis in Pickering emulsions stabilized by amphiphilic RGO–Silica hybrid materials
Authors: Wei Xu-Rui , Liu Jun , Yang Yong , Deng Li
Published: August 2014

A general approach towards efficient emulsion catalysis has been achieved using amphiphilic RGO–silica hybrid materials with suitable surface wettability and mesoporous structures.
Cellulose-graft-poly(l-lactic acid) nanoparticles for efficient delivery of anti-cancer drugs
Authors: Dai Lin , Yang Tingyuan , He Jing , Deng Lihong , Liu Jing , Wang Luying , Lei Jiandu , Wang Lianyan
Published: August 2014

BA-loaded cellulose-graft-poly(l-lactic acid) nanoparticles were fabricated by employing cellulose and poly(l-lactic acid) as materials and betulinic acid as a model drug. The nanoparticles have appropriate size and excellent antitumor activities.
Across- and Within-Consonant Errors for Isolated Syllables in Noise
Authors: Toscano Joseph C. , Allen Jont. B.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

A critical issue in assessing speech recognition involves understanding the factors that cause listeners to make errors. Models like the articulation index show that average error decreases logarithmically with increases in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The authors investigated (a) whether this log-linear relationship holds across consonants and for individual tokens and (b) what accounts for differences in error rates at the across- and within-consonant levels.

Method

Listeners with normal hearing heard CV syllables (16 consonants and 4 vowels) spoken by 14 talkers, presented at 6 SNRs. Stimuli were presented randomly, and listeners indicated which syllable they heard.

Results

The log-linear relationship between error and SNR holds across consonants but breaks down at the token level. These 2 sources of variability (across- and within-consonant factors) explain the majority of listeners' errors. Moreover, simply adjusting for differences in token-level error thresholds explains 62% of the variability in listeners' responses.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that speech tests must control for the large variability among tokens, not average across them, as is commonly done in clinical practice. Accounting for token-level differences in error thresholds with listeners with normal hearing provides a basis for tests designed to diagnostically evaluate individual differences with listeners with hearing impairment.
Retroflex Versus Bunched in Treatment for Rhotic Misarticulation: Evidence From Ultrasound Biofeedback Intervention
Authors: Byun Tara McAllister , Hitchcock Elaine R. , Swartz Michelle T.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To document the efficacy of ultrasound biofeedback treatment for misarticulation of the North American English rhotic in children. Because of limited progress in the first cohort, a series of two closely related studies was conducted in place of a single study. The studies differed primarily in the nature of tongue-shape targets (e.g., retroflex, bunched) cued during treatment.

Method

Eight participants received 8 weeks of individual ultrasound biofeedback treatment targeting rhotics. In Study 1, all 4 participants were cued to match a bunched tongue-shape target. In Study 2, participants received individualized cues aimed at eliciting the tongue shape most facilitative of perceptually correct rhotics.

Results

Participants in Study 1 showed only minimal treatment effects. In Study 2, all participants demonstrated improved production of rhotics in untreated words produced without biofeedback, with large to very large effect sizes.

Conclusions

The results of Study 2 indicate that with proper parameters of treatment, ultrasound biofeedback can be a highly effective intervention for children with persistent rhotic errors. In addition, qualitative comparison of Studies 1 and 2 suggests that treatment for the North American English rhotic should include opportunities to explore different tongue shapes, to find the most facilitative variant for each individual speaker.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170477
Using Morphological Awareness Instruction to Improve Written Language Skills
Authors: Apel Kenn , Werfel Krystal
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Written English is a morphophonemic language. Researchers have documented that a conscious awareness of the morphological structure of English morphology is predictive of students' written language skills and that morphological awareness instruction leads to improvements in morphological awareness and in other written language skills. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide specific information to clinical scientists and other educators for integrating morphological awareness instruction into their written language instruction.

Method

The authors first define morphological awareness and provide an overview of the research on the effects of morphological awareness intervention on improving morphological awareness and written language skills. Measures used to assess morphological awareness ability are then discussed, followed by suggestions for how clinical scientists and other educators can provide morphological awareness instruction to improve the written language skills of the students they serve.

Conclusion

By integrating morphological awareness instruction into the services they provide, clinical scientists and other educators will be providing their students with a strong tool to aid written language skills.
Bit error probability of decode‐and‐forward relaying with efficient partial relay selection in non‐identical Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Lee In‐Ho , Lee Sangjun
Published: August 2014

Efficient partial relay selection (EPRS) is an advanced technique to improve the performance of partial relay selection (PRS) at the cost of a small additional feedback overhead. However, EPRS has the worst performance but lower feedback overhead when compared with best relay selection. In this study, the authors present a bit error probability (BEP) analysis of EPRS in decode‐and‐forward relaying systems over independent and non‐identical Rayleigh fading channels, where the direct link between the source and the destination is available. In particular, they provide an exact and closed‐form expression of the BEP of M‐ary square quadrature amplitude modulation for EPRS. The BEP analysis is verified through simulations. The numerical results show that EPRS significantly outperforms PRS for a large gap between the average channel powers for the first and the second hops except when all the average channel powers for the first hop are smaller than those for the second hop.
Dual‐polarisation reflectarray made of cells with two orthogonal sets of parallel dipoles for bandwidth and cross‐polarisation improvement
Authors: Florencio Rafael , Encinar Jose , Boix Rafael R. , Perez‐Palomino Gerardo
Published: August 2014

A reflectarray antenna has been proposed to provide broadband operation, low cross‐polarisation and independent beamforming in dual linear polarisation. The reflectarray element consists of two orthogonal sets of three coplanar parallel dipoles, where each set of parallel dipoles is used for controlling the phase‐shift of each polarisation. A focused beam 40 cm reflectarray has been designed, manufactured and tested. According to the experimental results, the antenna shows a 27% bandwidth for a gain of 32.9 dBi with a variation of 1 dB. The antenna efficiency is better than 60% and the maximum cross‐polar radiation levels are at least 30 dB below the main beam co‐polar levels for both linear polarisations. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the antenna performance is maintained when it is designed to provide two separate beams in each linear polarisation.
Edge profile measurements using Thomson scattering on the KSTAR tokamak
Authors: Lee J. H. , Oh S. , Lee W. R. , Ko W. H. , Kim K. P. , Lee K. D. , Jeon Y. M. , Yoon S. W. , Cho K. W. , Narihara K. , Yamada I. , Yasuhara R. , Hatae T. , Yatsuka E. , Ono T. , Hong J. H.
Published: August 2014

In the KSTAR Tokamak, a “Tangential Thomson Scattering” (TTS) diagnostic system has been designed and installed to measure electron density and temperature profiles. In the edge system, TTS has 12 optical fiber bundles to measure the edge profiles with 10–15 mm spatial resolution. These 12 optical fibers and their spatial resolution are not enough to measure the pedestal width with a high accuracy but allow observations of L-H transition or H-L transitions at the edge. For these measurements, the prototype ITER edge Thomson Nd:YAG laser system manufactured by JAEA in Japan is installed. In this paper, the KSTAR TTS system is briefly described and some TTS edge profiles are presented and compared against the KSTAR Charge Exchange Spectroscopy and other diagnostics. The future upgrade plan of the system is also discussed in this paper.
Molecular dynamics study of the mechanical loss in amorphous pure and doped silica
Authors: Hamdan Rashid , Trinastic Jonathan P. , Cheng H. P.
Published: August 2014

Gravitational wave detectors and other precision measurement devices are limited by the thermal noise in the oxide coatings on the mirrors of such devices. We have investigated the mechanical loss in amorphous oxides by calculating the internal friction using classical, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We have implemented the trajectory bisection method and the non-local ridge method in the DL-POLY molecular dynamics simulation software to carry out those calculations. These methods have been used to locate the local potential energy minima that a system visits during a molecular dynamics trajectory and the transition state between any two consecutive minima. Using the numerically calculated barrier height distributions, barrier asymmetry distributions, relaxation times, and deformation potentials, we have calculated the internal friction of pure amorphous silica and silica mixed with other oxides. The results for silica compare well with experiment. Finally, we use the numerical calculations to comment on the validity of previously used theoretical assumptions.
Role of stochastic heating in wakefield acceleration when optical injection is used
Authors: Rassou S. , Bourdier A. , Drouin M.
Published: August 2014

The dynamics of an electron in two counterpropagating waves is investigated. Conditions for stochastic acceleration are derived. The possibility of stochastic heating is confirmed when two waves interact with low density plasma by performing PIC (Particle In Cell) code simulations. It is shown that stochastic heating can play an important role in laser wakefield acceleration. When considering low density plasma interacting with a high intensity wave perturbed by a low intensity counterpropagating wave, stochastic heating can provide electrons with the right momentum for trapping in the wakefield. The influence of stochastic acceleration on the trapping of electrons is compared to the one of the beatwave force which is responsible for cold injection. To do so, several polarizations for the colliding pulses are considered. For some value of the plasma density and pulse duration, a transition from an injection due to stochastic acceleration to a cold injection dominated regime—regarding the trapped charge—has been observed from 2D and 3D PIC code simulations. This transition is ruled by the ratio of the interaction length of the pulses to the longitudinal size of the bubble. When the interaction length of the laser pulses reaches the radius of the accelerating cavity stochastic heating becomes dominant, and might be necessary to get electrons trapped into the wakefield, when wakefield inhibition grows with plasma density.
Investigating mode competition and three-dimensional features from two-dimensional velocity fields in an open cavity flow by modal decompositions
Authors: Guéniat Florimond , Pastur Luc , Lusseyran Francois
Published: August 2014

Shear-layer driven open cavity flows are known to exhibit strong self-sustained oscillations of the shear-layer. Over some range of the control parameters, a competition between two modes of oscillations of the shear layer can occur. We apply both Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition to experimental two-dimensional two-components time and spaced velocity fields of an incompressible open cavity flow, in a regime of mode competition. We show that, although proper orthogonal decomposition successes in identifying salient features of the flow, it fails at identifying the spatial coherent structures associated with dominant frequencies of the shear-layer oscillations. On the contrary, we show that, as dynamic mode decomposition is devoted to identify spatial coherent structures associated with clearly defined frequency channels, it is well suited for investigating coherent structures in intermittent regimes. We consider the velocity divergence field, in order to identify spanwise coherent features of the flow. Finally, we show that both coherent structures in the inner-flow and in the shear-layer exhibit strong spanwise velocity gradients, and are therefore three-dimensional.
Evolution of the electron energy distribution function during genesis of breakdown plasma
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudeep , Paul Samit , Ghosh Sayandip
Published: August 2014

During the process of plasma initiation by an electromagnetic wave, it is found that the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) that is initially Maxwellian with the most probable energy at room temperature, evolves with time and tends toward a Bi-Maxwellian – indicating attainment of thermodynamic equilibrium in the individual electron populations prior to breakdown, with a significant increase in hot electron density. In the intermediate states during the evolution, however, non-equilibrium processes are prevalent under fast pulse excitation and the EEDF initially exhibits substantial deviation from a Maxwellian. An analysis of the deviation has been carried out by optimizing the residual sum of squares of the probabilities obtained from the simulation and a fitted Maxwellian curve. The equilibrium regain time defined as the time required to attain thermodynamic equilibrium again, is investigated as a function of neutral pressure, wave electric, and external magnetostatic fields.