bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Litter fall and litter decomposition in Pinus sylvestris forests of the eastern Pyrenees
Authors: Pausas Juli G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Litter fall and litter decomposition were studied in four mature stands of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in the eastern Pyrenees. The stands were located in environments differing in bedrock type and exposition and were studied for two years. Mass‐loss during the first year of decomposition was compared with other European P. sylvestris forests and regressed with environmental variables (temperature and rainfall) and latitude. The results suggested that the mean amount of needle fall (1760 kg‐ha‐1·yr‐1) was within the range reported for northern European stands. There were more differences in the amount of litter fall between the four stands than between the two years studied. However, the needle fall pattern over the year showed significant differences between years in three of the four stands. Litter decomposition was similar in all the stands and only the one in drier conditions showed a lower decomposition rate. On the European scale the decomposition rate was positively related to mean annual temperature and annual rainfall. However, regression analysis suggests that there are other factors, not taken into account in this study, that are important for predicting the decomposition rate.
Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica
Authors: Santa Regina I. , Rico M. , Rapp M. , Gallego H.A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica was studied in natural Q. pyrenaica forest in the Sierra de Gata (Salamanca Province, Spain). Two permanent plots were established at the two extremes of a rainfall gradient in this area: annual mean precipitation from 720 mm at Fuenteguinaldo (granite bedrock) to 1580 mm at Navasfrias (schists and graywackes).

Leaf and branch samples were collected every three weeks during the growing season from May to October, at three height levels of the tree canopy. Seasonal changes and internal nutrient dynamics were investigated for N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe and P during a two‐year period.

The concentrations of all nutrients varied among the seasons; these variations were related to nutrient mobility and the annual physiological cycle. Nutrient concentrations decrease in the case of K and P, while the sparse mobile nutrients Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe gradually accumulated during each growing season. In Navasfrias a considerable resorption of P from senescing leaves was detected. Different patterns were found for the other nutrients studied (Na and N).
Numerical assessment of plant species as indicators of the groundwater regime
Authors: Wierda A. , Fresco L.F.M. , Grootjans A.P. , van Diggelen R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The relation between the occurrence of plant species in environments varying in moisture status and groundwater regime was tested using numerical methods. The groundwater regime during the vegetation period was expressed by means of four parameters, the average (AVG), mean highest (HIGH), mean lowest (LOW) groundwater level and the maximum fluctuation (AMP). 67 records of five vegetation types were selected from hydrologically stable sites in brook valleys in the northern part of The Netherlands. Response curves were calculated for 30 representative species. Calculated optima for AVG, HIGH and LOW are strongly correlated to each other. The vegetation reacts independently from overall wetness to the amount of fluctuation of the groundwater level (AMP).

Response curves of single species as well as combinations of both present and absent species were used to find the best set of indicators for each parameter. The use of combinations of species clearly improves the indicating value of vegetation records. The vegetation appears to be the most sensitive to the parameter HIGH, which can thus be considered to be a key factor in controlling vegetation composition. The four parameters can be predicted satisfactorily only in the middle part of the investigated gradient. This is not only due to arithmetic artifacts, inherent to the applied method, but also to the fact that at average groundwater levels below ‐ 60 cm or above 0 cm other factors become predominant.
A Great Agricultural Emigration from Italy?
Authors: Heitland W. E.
Published: May 2006

The lack of a statistical record compels us to base many of our conclusions in matters of ancient history on inference from casual notices. These notices, often obscure, are liable to misinterpretation. Even when rightly interpreted, their authority and their bearing on each other are often doubtful. In particular, there is an ever-present difficulty arising from the loss of other evidence, probably larger in bulk and not inferior in value. The discovery of new evidence sometimes upsets conclusions that at an earlier stage of inquiry were reasonable enough. Re-examination of old evidence often modifies them. But an early conclusion sometimes for lack of sufficient challenge glides into an assumption: if it falls in with the general views of historians, it imperceptibly affects their attitude as inquirers and gains authority by lapse of time.
The Discovery of My Completeness Proofs
Authors: Henkin Leon
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. This paper deals with aspects of my doctoral dissertation which contributed to the early development of model theory. What was of use to later workers was less the results of my thesis, than the method by which I proved the completeness of first-order logic—a result established by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral thesis 18 years before.

The ideas that fed my discovery of this proof were mostly those I found in the teachings and writings of Alonzo Church. This may seem curious, as his work in logic, and his teaching, gave great emphasis to the constructive character of mathematical logic, while the model theory to which I contributed is filled with theorems about very large classes of mathematical structures, whose proofs often by-pass constructive methods.

Another curious thing about my discovery of a new proof of Gödel's completeness theorem, is that it arrived in the midst of my efforts to prove an entirely different result. Such “accidental” discoveries arise in many parts of scientific work. Perhaps there are regularities in the conditions under which such “accidents” occur which would interest some historians, so I shall try to describe in some detail the accident which befell me.

A mathematical discovery is an idea, or a complex of ideas, which have been found and set forth under certain circumstances. The process of discovery consists in selecting certain input ideas and somehow combining and transforming them to produce the new output ideas. The process that produces a particular discovery may thus be represented by a diagram such as one sees in many parts of science; a “black box” with lines coming in from the left to represent the input ideas, and lines going out to the right representing the output. To describe that discovery one must explain what occurs inside the box, i.e., how the outputs were obtained from the inputs.
Terminal Notions
Authors: Zapletal Jindřich
Published: May 2006

Certain set theoretical notions cannot be split into finer subnotions.
Proper Forcing and Remarkable Cardinals
Authors: Schindler Ralf-Dieter
Published: May 2006

The present paper investigates the power of proper forcings to change the shape of the universe, in a certain well-defined respect. It turns out that the ranking among large cardinals can be used as a measure for that power. However, in order to establish the final result I had to isolate a new large cardinal concept, which I dubbed “remarkability.” Let us approach the exact formulation of the problem—and of its solution—at a slow pace.

Breathtaking developments in the mid 1980s found one of its culminations in the theorem, due to Martin, Steel, and Woodin, that the existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals with a measurable cardinal above them all implies that AD, the axiom of determinacy, holds in the least inner model containing all the reals, L(ℝ) (cf. [6[, p. 91). One of the nice things about AD is that the theory ZF + AD + V = L(ℝ) appears as a choiceless “completion” of ZF in that any interesting question (in particular, about sets of reals) seems to find an at least attractive answer in that theory (cf., for example, [5] Chap. 6). (Compare with ZF + V = L!) Beyond that, AD is very canonical as may be illustrated as follows.

Let us say that L(ℝ) is absolute for set-sized forcings if for all posets P ∈ V, for all formulae ϕ, and for all ∈ ℝ do we have that

where is a name for the set of reals in the extension.
Archaic Gorgons in the British Museum
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

Amongst the numerous Gorgon heads, dispersed through the different rooms of the British Museum, and unknown to me when I wrote my essay on the history of this type, there are several which deserve to be published and thus made known more generally to archaeologists than they could be by exhibition even in a Museum so justly celebrated and so well arranged. It is not the object, however, of this paper to give a supplement to the cumbrous catalogue I have published, as the interest in many an instance would be but small, and to most readers of this Journal none whatever; but I will try to give so much of the results of my researches as may exhibit the value of those monuments to which I wish to draw attention as these in some cases fill up a gap, and in others raise points of interest and even sometimes seem to confirm some of my suggestions.

Generally speaking the evidence drawn from the classic authors as to the types of Gorgon they were in the habit of seeing is confirmed by the monuments, but on the whole these are more fitted to explain the authors than the authors to explain them.
Archaeology in Greece, 1889—90
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

After the remarkable harvest of the last few seasons, some lull in the activity of explorers and the startling succession of new discoveries was to be expected. So far as the number and variety of results is concerned, it must be acknowledged that this season cannot compare with its predecessors; but a year which has yielded two so splendid acquisitions as the gold cups of Baphion, and the statues by Damophon from Lycosura cannot be said to yield to any in interest. Such discoveries as these are enough to show that we have as yet no reason to believe that the treasures buried in Greek soil are approaching exhaustion; the complete clearing of one site, such as the Acropolis of Athens, only frees energy that can as easily find an outlet elsewhere.

As was to be expected from last year's report, there is but little new to record from the Acropolis. The loose blocks, drums of columns, &c., have been reduced to an order that goes far to destroy the picturesque appearance of the mass of ruins. It is difficult to say what advantage can be gained by arranging everything in straight rows, but protests have proved useless. The tower of the minaret and the later casing of the west door of the Parthenon still remain difficulties having arisen to prevent their projected removal. Few discoveries have resulted from this arrangement of the various blocks lying about. Some inscriptions will be found duly recorded by Dr. Lolling in the Deltion; and the lower portion of the well known colossal owl has been discovered and pieced on: the bird is now almost complete. Along the north side of the Parthenon, and at a short distance from it, has been found a row of five holes cut in the solid rock. Their position seems to show that they are later than the construction of the Parthenon; and if so it is hard to see any cause for their being made until mediæval times: similar holes elsewhere, e.g. at Paphos, were certainly not ancient, and were probably cut in comparatively recent times to serve as receptacles for grain or water.
Two Vases from Cyprus
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The pottery found hitherto in Cyprus has been for the most part of a rude, local fabric, resembling both in its shapes and system of decoration the pottery of Egypt. The Greek element in the population of Cyprus and the frequent participation of outside Greeks in the affairs of the island might have been expected to leave some decided trace in the pottery. But this expectation had not been realised to any degree till last year, when excavations at Poli tis Chrysokhou brought to light an extensive series of Greek vases and other antiquities. Among the vases were the two here published.

The locality where these antiquities were found is supposed to be that of the ancient Marion, a town on the west coast of Cyprus, of which little is recorded except that it had been taken by an Athenian fleet under Kimon, on which occasion its inhabitants were treated with much clemency, and that subsequently it was destroyed by Ptolemy, on which occasion its inhabitants were removed to Paphos. At that time it was ruled by a prince called Stasioekos.
Excavations in Cyprus, 1890
Authors: Arthur J. , Munro R. , Tubbs H. A.
Published: May 2006

A few words will suffice to introduce the following report on the work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund at Salamis. It was intended to prefix a brief sketch of the history of the city, but it was found that to be of value the sketch would outgrow the limits defined by the occasion, and the present account is already too long. That history is often difficult and obscure, and I hope to handle it in another place, but the main outlines are sufficiently familiar, for which it is enough to refer the reader to the material accumulated by Engel in his monograph “Kypros,” a book which, although published half a century ago and by no means free from errors, still remains the standard authority on the subject. The site has been described by many travellers from Pococke and Drummond to the latest account by Mr. Hogarth in his ‘Devia Cypria.’ Our plans and Mr. Tubbs' narrative are a sufficient supplement to their notices.

Excavation at Salamis is no new project. General di Cesnola ‘spent large sums of money at this place on three different occasions, but with no result in any way satisfactory.’ His brother Major Alexander di Cesnola for some time kept a band of diggers at work among the tombs between the monastery of S. Barnabas and the village of Encomi. His extraordinary topographical remarks show that he had little or no personal acquaintance with the site. After the British occupation Sir Charles Newton took up the project on behalf of the British Museum, and through Mr. C. D. Cobham, the Commissioner of Larnaca, employed the well-known archaeologist M. O. Richter to conduct an excavation on the site of Salamis. Part of a Roman house, including a bath and small mosaic, was discovered, and is marked on our plan. Beyond a few remarks in the Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 1886, vol. ix. p. 204, I am not aware that any account of this excavation has been published. Herr Richter has also worked on the necropolis of Salamis, of which he has given some description in the Mittheilungen des Instituts in Athen 1881, vi. p. 191 and p. 244. Readers of this Journal will remember his account of the prehistoric ‘Tomb of S. Catherine’ in the fourth volume.
Herakles and Eurytos and a Battle-Scene upon some Fragments of a Cylix in the National Museum at Palermo
Authors: Hartwig P.
Published: May 2006

The high degree of interest possessed by the subject-matter of the design upon the two fragments numbered 2351 in the National Museum at Palermo, and here published for the first time, has induced me to bring them to public notice earlier than I intended, and apart from the wider subject with which they are connected by their style. I am indebted to the kindness of M. Salinas of Palermo for the drawing of the fragments which was executed there by Signor Carmelo Giarizzo. They have been noticed already on several occasions by Klein, Euphronios, pp. 53–4, by Koepp, Arch. Ztg., 1884, p. 42, note 21, and recently by Hirsch, De Animarum apud Antiquos Imaginibus, p. 10, No. 19, and are described in greater detail by Klein, Meistersignaturen, p. 113, No. 11. Klein has classed these fragments on which ἐποίησεν twice repeated is still preserved with the group of red-figured vases signed ἐποίησεν only. Certainly the master who painted them belongs to the earlier group of painters of red-figured vases, the so-called ‘Epiktetic school.’ To this point, however, further reference will be made at a later point.
An Inscription from Chalcedon
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

Through the kindness of the Rev. C. G. Curtis, of Constantinople, we are enabled to publish the following inscription. The stone on which it is cut is now in his possession, and was found at Chalcedon (the modern Kadikevi).

For the form and substance of the inscription cf. C. I. G. 3794, also from Chalcedon: our decree however appears from the forms of the letters to be older than the one in the Corpus, which uses the forms ΑΘΣ.

For the functions of the αἰσυμνῆται at Chalcedon, see Boeckh, ad loc. They seem to have corresponded to the Prytanes at Athens, and the ἁγεμὼν βουλᾶς was their president. It is singular that only one of the seven names of tribes found attached to the names of the αἰσυμνῆται in Boeckh's inscription recurs in this one; as at least six new ones are here found, it follows that there must have been more than either ten or twelve tribes at Chalcedon. In this inscription, again, there are ten αἰσυμνῆται beside the president; in C. I. G. 3797 he and the scribe have to be included to make up the same number.
Ἴυγξ in Greek Magic
Authors: Bury John B.
Published: May 2006

The strange word ἶυγξ is familiar to all classical scholars from the first refrain in the Φαρμακεύτριαι of Theokritos, from two passages in Pindar, and a line in the Persai of Aischylos.

Aristotle in his ‘History of Animals’ gives a description of the bird and uses τρίζειν of its cry.

Anthol. Pal. 5, 205 may also be referred to; and the word occurs, naturally, in the Scriptores Erotici.

We see from these passages (1) Ἴυγξ that was the name of a bird, the wryneck, which stretched on a wheel was used in magic rites, cf. especially Pindar Pyth. IV. 213, the scholion on Lykophron, and ἕλκω αὐτήν in the passage of Xenophon: (2) that ἴυγξ was used in the sense of charm, cf. the passages of Aelian, Aristophanes, Diogenes and Pindar Nem.: (3) that ἴυγξ meant love or desire, cf. Lykophron, schol., and Aischylos Pers.
Excavations in Cyprus, 1887–88. Paphos, Leontari, Amargetti
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

The immediate publication of the results of an extensive excavation is sometimes very difficult, often impossible. In the present instance the nature and quantity of our discoveries was not such as to preclude this possibility, and therefore we felt that we should best consult the interests of the archaeological public in making all that we can accessible in the number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies appearing after the conclusion of our season's work. The Report published by the Cyprus Exploration Fund has served to indicate the manner and attainments of our excavations; but it seemed desirable to publish at once all the material which has been gained for the advance of historical, archaeological, and artistic knowledge. For this purpose we have divided that material amongst ourselves; and while each of us is individually responsible for the section he has undertaken, we trust that we have so divided the field that our accounts may be found to mutually explain and supplement one another. We have attempted no more than to add such comments to the facts as were necessary for their due comprehension. If we had wished to finally systematize the whole of our results, or to deduce from them more remote inferences as to the history or institutions of Cyprus, we could not have published them so soon. This larger task may afterwards be completed either by others or by ourselves. At present our desire is to place on record the material available for its accomplishment.
The Double City of Megalopolis
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: May 2006

§ 1. It is less easy to forgive Xenophon for telling us so little about the foundation of Megalopolis than for telling us nothing at all about the foundation of Messene. We would give much to know the details of the building of the city on the slopes of Ithome and the synoecism of Messenia; but Megalopolis, in its double character of a federate city and a federal capital, presented such complicated problems that the silence of those who could have best told us how those problems were solved is more aggravating than many of such silences to the curiosity of posterity. In this paper I propose to deal with one problem which seems never to have been quite realised.
The Greeks at Plataiai
Authors: W. J. W.
Published: May 2006

For the future any discussion of the problems connected with the Battle of Plataiai must take into account Mr. Grundy's careful survey of the field. In the map that accompanies his monograph we have at last reached finality. The satisfaction of this supreme requirement is his best contribution to the subject. His application of strategical principles to the narrative of Herodotos is only partial; and his result is not clear, because he has tried to realize the apocryphal portions of the ancient account. It is only after stripping off the husk of romantic accretion that we can proceed to examine the details by the light of military principles. It is such preliminary work and such subsequent recasting of the narrative that is here attempted.
On Some Karian and Hellenic Oil-Presses
Authors: Paton W. R. , Myres J. L.
Published: May 2006

This paper is an attempt to interpret certain stones, which have come to light recently on ancient sites in Karia, as parts of ancient oil-presses, on the ground that they are well adapted to fulfil certain purposes which are still essential to the modern native process of oil extraction in that part of Asia Minor and in the adjacent islands. The inference is that the ancient process closely resembled the modern in the principal features which are recounted below.

The Modern Method of extracting olive oil consists of the two processes of grinding and pressing.

In the most primitive mode of grinding which is still in use, the olives are crushed either on a flat stone by a roller, or in a stone trough by a millstone rolling on its edge. In more modern grinders two mill-stones are used, which revolve in a circular trough, as in the grinding of kaolin or cement. The process of grinding seems never to have varied, except as regards the power which is employed; horses having been substituted for men, and steam for horses. In Algeria and Tripoli the circular trough goes back at least to Roman times.
The Tumulus of Piláf-Tepé
Authors: Edmonds C. D.
Published: May 2006

At the highest and narrowest point of the low pass between Volo and Velestino, ten kilometres from the former and seven from the latter, upon a low spur projecting into the pass, is situated the tumulus known by the Turkish name of Piláf-Tepé. This tumulus is different from all the other numerous tumuli of Thessaly not only because of its greater size and more conical shape, but also in that it is placed upon a hill while the rest lie in the plain. These peculiarities, combined with the fact that it is situated nearly halfway along the high road between the ancient Pherae and its port Pagasae, were sufficient to point it out as a promising site for excavation. Local theorists were divided between three opinions. Some said the tumulus was prehistoric, others suggested that it contained the tomb of some prince of Pherae, while others again insisted upon attributing it to the Turkish occupation.
Pottery from Zakro
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

In the excavations made by Mr. Hogarth in 1902 at Zakro on the east coast of Crete a very large quantity of pottery was found. The article in B.S.A. vol. vii., describing the excavation in general, contains a first report on this pottery, and more recently three vases have been published by Mr. Hogarth in J.H.S. xxii. p. 333. The task of making a fuller report was undertaken by Mr. J. H. Marshall, but he was unable to complete it. The preliminary sorting which he had done I found was of the greatest use to me when I began work on the pottery. I have also had the advantage of Mr. Hogarth's advice and correction in preparing this paper, for which I wish to express my thanks.

A reference to Mr. Hogarth's original report in B.S.A. vii. p. 121, will shew that the pottery came from several distinct sources.
Mystica Vannus Iacchi
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

Virgil in the first Georgie, at an early stage of his enquiry into the service of Ceres, enumerates first various heavy agricultural implements, the ‘ponderous strength of the plough-share,’ the ‘slow-rolling waggons of the Eleusinian Mother,’ ‘hurdles’ and ‘harrows,’ and the ‘grievous weight of the mattock.’ Next he passes on to tell of the husbandman's lighter gear.

Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, Arbuteae crates, et mystica vannus lacchi.

The object of the following paper is to discuss three questions that arise out of Virgil's statement.
Three Sculptured Stelai in the Possession of Lord Newton at Lyme Park
Authors: Strong Eugénie
Published: May 2006

The recent Exhibition of works of Greek art held at the Burlington Fine Arts Club—although necessarily limited to comparatively small objects—has been sufficient to prove that the traditional wealth of our English collections of classical antiquities still remains a fact. The Exhibition, moreover, has had its use in eliciting information as to works of art on a larger scale, hitherto unknown and unrecorded, that had escaped the vigilance of Waagen and of Conze, of Michaelis and of Furtwängler, and even of our English archaeologists. Thus it was that when the Exhibition was little more than planned I learnt from the well known sculptor, Countess Feodora Gleichen, that there existed at Lyme Park, Lord Newton's Cheshire seat, three fine sculptured Stelai from the best period of Attic art. I am grateful to the owner for granting me permission to publish these inedited works in this Journal, which ought indeed to be the official gazette of the English collections. I have unfortunately been unable to avail myself as yet of Lord Newton's further permission to study the originals. But as photographs of the Stelai are now extant, I have thought it wiser not to postpone the publication for fear that it might be anticipated elsewhere. The information kindly given me by Lord Newton himself has facilitated the discussion and interpretation of the Stelai which, for the rest, are perfectly straightforward examples of their class.
Votive Reliefs in the Acropolis Museum
Authors: Hutton C. A.
Published: May 2006

The Terra-cotta reliefs which form the subject of the present article have been for some years one of the minor attractions of the Acropolis Museum, and I am indebted for permission to publish them to the kindness of the Ephor General M. Cavvadias, and of the Ephors, MM. Staïs and Castriotis. The latter as superintendent of the Museum most obligingly put at my disposal all the information in his possession and afforded me every facility for photographing the tablets. No single tablet in the collection is perfect and of the 73 fragments which comprise it, the great majority came to light during the systematic excavations of the Acropolis which were carried on from 1885–1890; they were all found at some depth below the surface and as far as could be learnt, to the north, the east and the south-east of the Parthenon. The rest have been in the Museum since 1863; these were all found on or near the surface and it is possible that others were carried away by visitors and are now hidden in private collections. The publication of the Museum fragments may lead to their identification and the completion of some of the tablets whose design cannot at present be determined.
Delphika.—(A) The Erinyes. (B) The Omphalos
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

The material of the following paper falls conveniently under two headings, but the arguments respecting each are intimately connected, and cannot fairly be appreciated apart. It may be well, therefore, at the outset, to summarise briefly the conclusions at which I have arrived.

1. The Erinyes at Delphi and elsewhere are primarily local ancestral ghosts. The conception of Homer, and in part of the tragedians, of the Erinyes as abstract, detached ministers of divine vengeance is comparatively late, and belongs rather to literature than to popular faith.

2. The ghosts of important persons are conceived of as locally influential after death, and, being potent for good or evil, present a sort of neutral fond. In this neutral aspect they are Κῆρες, Μοῖραι, Τύχαι.

3. This neutral fond of Κῆρες, Μοῖραι, Τύχαι etc., is probably from the first conceived of in its dual aspect. The ghosts are pleased or angry, white or black, Eumenides or Erinyes—probably from the first the malignant aspect is somewhat uppermost.
A Letter from Antigonus to Scepsis, 311 B.C.
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

Riding down the valley of the Scamander on Sept. 24th of this year, I turned aside to see the ruins on Kurshunlu Tepe, the identity of which with the ancient Scepsis has lately been proved beyond all reasonable doubt by the inscription discovered there by Dr. W. Judeich (Festschrift für Heinrich Kiepert, p. 231). At the village of Kurshunlu I was so fortunate as to light upon the pair of inscriptions printed above. They are engraved on two marble slabs, which were unearthed on the top of the hill, apparently not many days before my visit. The neighbouring town of Bairamitch has recently suffered from a destructive fire, and much building is going on there. The villagers of Kurshunlu find a good market for stones from the ancient site, which they are quarrying in all directions.
The Recent Finds off Cythera
Authors: Kabbadias P.
Published: May 2006

Believing that some account of the statues recently discovered in the sea near Cythera may be of interest to the readers of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, I have the honour to send the following particulars.

The discovery was made by sponge-divers, who informed the Greek Government that a number of bronze and marble statues, which had evidently formed the cargo of a shipwrecked vessel, were lying at the bottom of the sea near the island of Cythera (Cerigo) and not far from Cape Malea.

The Government sent two ships of the Greek Navy to the spot; with their aid the divers have brought to the surface a number of statues, some intact, some much injured by the action of the sea-water, and some in fragments. They have been brought to Athens and will in due course take their place among the treasures of the National Museum. Some of them, it is not too much to say, may claim a prominent position in the history of Greek sculpture.
Deme Legends on Attic Vases
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The interchange of typical compositions among vase-painters, by which one type frequently did duty for a variety of subjects, makes it very difficult to decide how far scenes of daily life were intended by the artist to convey a legendary significance; and this difficulty is increased by the fact that the painters were, practically at all periods, in the habit of adding mythological names at haphazard to their figures, with the object of imparting a supposititious interest to their design. This seems to have been especially the case in the period following the great compositions of Polygnotos and Mikon. Thus on a r.f. pyxis in the British Museum (E 769) we have a scene which is apparently no more than an ordinary group of women at toilet, but each of the figures has a familiar mythological name, Iphigeneia, Danae, Helene, Klytaimnestra, and Kassandra.

It was formerly the custom among archaeologists to interpret every scene, no matter how commonplace, as mythological or symbolic; in the natural reaction which has set in after this, I think perhaps we may occasionally overlook the full significance of some scenes which, apparently of ordinary daily life, really have had a deeper meaning to those who made them. Take for example such subjects as occur in the sculptured pediments of temples; a warrior setting out in his chariot, or the meeting of two warriors; these scenes, which are in their local surroundings full of significance, would convey nothing to us if we had not the independent evidence of literature or of locality which explains them.
The Zakro Sealings
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

The circumstances under which a find of impressed clay nodules was made in a Mycenaean house at Kato Zakro, in East Crete, in May 1901, are related in the Annual of the British School at Athens vii. p. 133. The nodules are of a fine clay baked, probably intentionally and not by the conflagration which destroyed the house, to varying shades of red. A great number are broken, but the more perfect, including many bearing two and three impressions, show a groove on one edge, about an eighth of an inch deep and a little more wide, scored with straight and oblique scratches. This is the impress of something Cylindrical, to which the nodule was pressed while still wet. The appearance of the clay in the grooves shows that this object was not textile, and it may most reasonably be supposed to have been a reed, perhaps a papyrus stalk. The number of nodules is in all about 500.
Karian Sites and Inscriptions
Authors: Paton W. R. , Myres J. L.
Published: May 2006

The sites and inscriptions which follow were noted during a series of short journeys made in 1893 and 1894 with the help of grants from the Hellenic and Royal Geographical Societies. The geographical and descriptive results are published in Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. viii, (shortly to appear), and a short account of the geology in Journal Oxf. Junior Scientific Club, ii. 33 (Jan. 1896): cf. Proc. Brit. Ass. 1893 (Nottingham), p. 746. An account of Telmessos, Karyanda and Taramptos has already appeared in the Hellenic Journal, xiv. 373 ff.

These researches are confined to the area included between Latmos (Besh-parmak) and the Latmian Gulf (Denizli Liman) on the north, the Marsyas valley (China Chai) on the east, the Gulf of Keramos on the south, and the sea on the west. Though sites already identified were in nearly all cases visited, they are not discussed here, unless there is fresh evidence to bring forward.
The Problem of the Bacchae
Authors: Bather A. G.
Published: May 2006

In two recent numbers of the Classical Review two most interesting notes have appeared, the first by Dr. Verrall under the same title as that of the present paper, and the second a notice of the second volume of Rohde's Psyche by Miss Harrison. Dr. Rohde in his work and both Dr. Verrall and Miss Harrison in these notes are led to the conclusion, if they do not assume the fact as an axiom, that the worship of Dionysus is not an indigenous cult in Greece but came in from Thrace and the north. It is a fact which at first sight appears incontestable: the mythology of nearly every state in Greece has the tale of the incoming of the god from abroad. Thebes and Athens, Argos and Orchomenos, Corinth and Brasiae—all have their own stories of his advent. The very name Dionysus has a foreign, probably a Phrygian, derivation. Thus it is no wonder that modern mythologists almost without exception have adopted the view of the ancients themselves that the worship is one imported into Greece.

But, though it is evident that much of the later cult is undoubtedly not indigenous, there does yet seem to be a groundwork of a real old folk religion at the bottom of all these Phrygian and Thracian mysteries of later times. It would seem to be an almost unscientific method, if I may use the term without offence, on the strength of certain similarities in customs and cults between the deities of two different countries, to conclude that therefore the two are identical.
Three Karian Sites: Telmissios, Karyanda, Taramptos
Authors: Paton W. R. , Myres J. L.
Published: May 2006

The inscription published below was discovered in June, 1893, built into a house in the small village of Pelen, which lies in the interior of the peninsula of Myndos, in the upper valley of a stream flowing southwards past Episkopi into the Gulf of Kos (Adm. Charts 1546, 1604); but which is not marked in any map hitherto. The stone is a block of the local grey limestone, and was much encrusted with whitewash; after a little cleaning, however, the reading became sufficiently clear. The inscription came from the ruins of a large church which stands about two miles east of Pelen, on the ridge between the valley of Pelen and that of Ghiöl to the east of it, at the point where the mountain road traverses the hills from Faréliah towards Budrum. The church is built upon the ruins of a Karian or Hellenic building, of large roughly squared stones, with the broad draft down the angles which is characteristic of the pre-Mausolean masonry of this neighbourhood. The site is much overgrown with thick shrubs, but enough can be made out to confirm the evidence of the inscription that this is the site of the temple of Apollo Telmisseus. We did not, however, find any other traces of inscriptions.
Selected Vase-Fragments from the Acropolis of Athens—III
Authors: Richards G. C.
Published: May 2006

I am privileged to publish here a few very interesting fragments of Acropolis vases, the paintings of which are executed wholly or partially on a white ground. Naturally the number of these fragments is comparatively small, but they are of greater interest than those of black-figured or red-figured technique, as enlarging the somewhat meagre list of extant specimens of this class. When I last had the opportunity of examining the collection, before it had been removed from the Acropolis and undergone the systematic sorting so ably performed by Drs. Wolters and Graef, and subsequently by Dr. P. Hartwig, there were portions of fourteen vases, the majority of which were kylikes, a few having the white ground on both sides of the vase but most of them showing a combination of a plain varnished or a red-figured exterior with interior scenes painted on a white ground, or even a white slip outside and of work within. Inasmuch as the whole collection has now been worked over, it is not worth while to enumerate the total, as it appeared some years ago. In the case of the most interesting vase, which now appears for the first time (Plate X.), I have reason to believe that all extant fragments are included in the Plate, several additional drawings having been executed by M. Gilliéron, whose work, it is needless to say, is characterized by its usual admirable fidelity.
Greek Music
Authors: Curtis J.
Published: May 2006

The general conviction that the true nature of ancient Greek music is practically incomprehensible in modern times arises from many causes, of which the most potent are:—

1. That hitherto all explanations have been based on the extant formal treatises, which deal either with the decadent elaborations of solo cithara-playing, or the purely theoretical calculations of the self-styled Pythagorean school, which latter professedly despised the actual performance of music.

2. The attempts to elucidate the subject make no allowance for the fact that the extant specimens of noted music extend over a period of at least eight centuries, and no one explanation is likely to fit either the whole of these or the casual references to music to be found in general Greek literature.

3. Thanks mainly to Aristoxenus, the modern mind has become so permeated by the quarter-tone theory of the enharmonic genus, that even so simple a record as the celebrated Euripides fragment has been generally interpreted as involving this minute interval. The arguments against this theory, at least as regards vocal music, are weighty and almost conclusive; but their full development requires more space than is available here.
The Pediments of the Maussolleum
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

Some years ago I ventured on a reconstruction of the Maussolleum, that was based on the principle of not overlooking the sculptured fragments in a monument of which the great renown was due, according to Vitruvius, to the work of the sculptors who were employed in its decoration: quorum artis eminens excellentia coëgit ad septem spectaculorum eius operis pervenire famam. That it was never published is owing to the uncertainty I felt about the measures of the remaining architectural fragments, which I had not the means to control.
The Apoxyomenos of Lysippus
Authors: Gardner P.
Published: May 2006

In the Hellenic Journal for 1903, while publishing some heads of Apollo, I took occasion to express my doubts as to the expediency of hereafter taking the Apoxyomenos as the norm of the works of Lysippus. These views, however, were not expressed in any detail, and occurring at the end of a paper devoted to other matters, have not attracted much attention from archaeologists. The subject is of great importance, since if my contention be justified, much of the history of Greek sculpture in the fourth century will have to be reconsidered. Being still convinced of the justice of the view which I took two years ago, I feel bound to bring it forward in more detail and with a fuller statement of reasons.

Our knowledge of many of the sculptors of the fourth century, Praxiteles, Scopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and others, has been enormously enlarged during the last thirty years through our discovery of works proved by documentary evidence to have been either actually executed by them, or at least made under their direction. But in the case of Lysippus no such discovery was made until the very important identification of the Agias at Delphi as a copy of a statue by this master.
Egypt's Loss of Sea-Power: a Note
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

By the courtesy of Professor Ferguson and of the Editors of this Journal I have had the opportunity of reading Mr. Ferguson's article in proof, and the editors have kindly offered me space for a short reply.

While I agree with much in Mr. Ferguson's valuable paper, and am delighted to see that he ascribes Andros to Gonatas, I find myself unable to accept his dating of the two battles. To go fully into the questions involved is, of course, impossible here; and I confine myself simply to the objections which Mr. Ferguson has raised to my view.

If Sophron could not have commanded for Egypt in 246 (on which I express no opinion), it proves that Sophrona is not an admissible conjecture for Trogus' prona; nothing else.—That Trogus mentions Andros alone is a real difficulty. But we have to choose between him and the contemporary evidence of the coins. Mr. Ferguson agrees with me that the two sets of tetradrachms refer to Lysimacheia and Cos; if Andros was the decisive victory, why no corresponding coin? In my view, too, Egypt had ruled the sea unbeaten for forty years, and this or that writer may well have treated her first defeat as the crucial point.—I know of no reason for supposing that Plutarch's reference to Antigonus at Cos is from Phylarchus.—Ephesus Miletus, and the other towns that fell to the Seleucids in the second Syrian war were presumably taken from the land side.—As to the death of Alexander of Corinth, the events recorded Plut. Arat. xv. must come before Euergetes.” expedition (as de Sanctis pointed out), and Gonatas at the time is back in Corinth; ergo, Alexander was dead by 247.
Poemanenum
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: May 2006

The site of Poemanenum is a vexed question in Mysian topography, on which no clinching evidence is as yet forthcoming: it is important for its bearing (a) on the Roman road-system, and especially on Aristides' routes, and (b) on the geography of the Byzantine wars. The position of the place may thus be deduced from two sets of data relating respectively to the Roman road-post and to the Byzantine fortress: those who work from road-evidence alone tend to place the site either on the Aesepus at Gunen, or, more vaguely, in the Tarsius valley: those who lay stress on the Byzantine evidence point inevitably to Eski Manyas, a village some few miles south of the lake of the same name.

The claims of Eski Manyas to the Byzantine site appear to me incontestable: to put quite briefly what has often been discussed at length, we have here remains of the strongest Byzantine castle in the district, in a position corresponding to what we know of Poemanenum; and, besides this, an echo of the ancient name is evidently preserved.
The Origin of the Tyrannis
Authors: Ure Percy
Published: May 2006

It is a commonplace that the age of the early tyrants was an age of extraordinary commercial development. The invention of coinage, the most important invention in the history of commerce, dates from that age. In what personal relationship did the tyrants stand to this commercial development? They are often assumed to have been merely one of its passive products. Is it not possible that the founder of the tyranny was the man who turned to greatest advantage for political purposes the unique commercial conditions of the age in which he lived? Thucydides connects the rise of tyrannies with money making. Does not the saying χρήματ᾿ ἀνήρ which dates from this time, suggest that the tyrants were the leading members of this new class of nouveaux riches, and that they owed their political supremacy to their previous commercial predominance? The indications are of course exceedingly slight.
Notes on a recently excavated House at Girgenti
Authors: Jones Ronald P. , Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

This house, known locally as the Casa Greca, was partially excavated about two years ago at the private expense of the owner of the land: it lies on a level site to the east of the road leading from modern Girgenti to the temples, directly opposite the church and gardens of S. Nicola, and a short distance north of the Temple of Concord.

For the most part, the ground has here risen about four feet since the Greek period, and the existing remains present a complete horizontal section of the house up to that height, formed by the lowest drum of the columns and from two to four courses of masonry in the walls.
Further Notes on the Sculpture of the Later Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Authors: Lethaby W. R.
Published: May 2006

The Square Pedestals.—In some notes on the sculpture from the Artemision at the British Museum, printed in the last volume of this Journal (p. 87), I suggested that the fragment No. 1201 most probably belonged to a relief representing either Herakles in the Garden of the Hesperides or Herakles and the Hydra. Subsequent examination and the attempt to make a restoration from the given data have made me sure that the former was the subject of the sculpture. Only this would account for the quiet action of the left hand of Herakles and for the closely associated female figure. If this were indeed the subject, how could its normal elements be arranged so as to suit the conditions of the square pedestal having a vertical joint in the centre, and making proper use of the existing fragment of which Fig. 1 is a rough sketch? This question I have tried to answer. The fragment is now fixed in the side of a built-up pedestal close to its left-hand angle, but there is nothing which settles this position and it is a practically impossible one, for there is not room left in which to complete the figure of Herakles. If, however, we shift the piece to the right hand half of the pedestal, and sketch in the completion of the two figures, we at once see how perfectly the tree and serpent would occupy the centre of the composition and leave the left-hand space for the two other watching maidens—the whole making a symmetrical group.