bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate since AD 1510 on Dyer Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence for recent climate change
Authors: Thompson L. G. , Peel D. A. , Mosley-thompson E. , Mulvaney R. , Dal J. , Lin P. N. , Davis M. E. , Raymond C. F.
Published: February 2017

A 480 year record of the oxygen-isotope ratios, dust content, chemical species and net accumulation from ice cores drilled in 1989 90 on Dyer Plateau in the Antarctic Peninsula is presented. The continuous analyses of small (sub-annual) samples reveal well-preserved annual variations in both sulfate content and δ18O, thus allowing an excellent time-scale to be established.

This history reveals a recent pronounced warming in which the last two decades have been among the warmest in the last five centuries. Furthermore, unlike in East Antarctica, on Dyer Plateau conditions appear to have been fairly normal from AD 1500 to 1850 with cooler conditions from 1850 to 1930 and a warming trend dominating since 1930. Reconstructed annual layer thicknesses suggest an increase in net accumulation beginning early in the 19th century and continuing to the present. This intuitive conflict between increasing net accumulation and depleted δ18O (cooler climate) in the 19th century appears widespread in the peninsula region and challenges our understanding of the physical relationships among moisture sources, air temperatures and snow accumulation. The complex meteorological regime in the Antarctic Peninsula region complicates meaningful interpretation of proxy indicators and results in a strong imprint of local high-frequency processes upon the larger-scale climate picture.
Spatial variability of the major chemistry of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Mulvaney R. , Wolff E. W.
Published: February 2017

A compilation of reliable data for sodium, nitrate, chloride and sulphate has been made. NO3 concentrations arc remarkably consistent across Antarctica, though there appears to be some correlation with altitude and accumulation rate. Post-depositional loss of NO3
- is important at low-accumulation sites. Cl concentration (either measured directly or calculated from Na+ via the sea salt ratio) decreases with distance from the coast, though the decline is less rapid if the coastal topography is not steep or mountainous. Excess sulphate (xsSO4
2) concentration (here calculated from normal sea-salt ratios with Na+ or Cl) also declines with distance from the coast, though less quickly than Cl-. Fractionation of sea-salt ions makes the calculation of SO4
2- uncertain.
The Helicopter, The First of the VTOL Aircraft
Authors: Hafner Raoul
Published: February 2017

A survey is made in retrospect and prospect of the field of VTOL aircraft. The helicopter and the new VTOL aircraft, although historically separated and differing in appearance, belong to the same family of VTOL aircraft. The dominant parameter in this family is the disc loading, giving the two fundamental types of actuator disc—open disc or rotor and buried disc or fan. Noise and vibration criteria are discussed. The rotor is subject to fundamental aerodynamic limitations, which give speed limits for the pure rotor as well as the rotor compounded with a fixed wing. Rotors are subject to scale effects which limit the economic size of helicopters. Engine requirements for helicopters are discussed. There are three basic types of helicopter. Their characteristics, economics and uses are examined.
Optimum Support Position for Flat Plate Subjected to Pressure
Authors: Kitching R.
Published: February 2017

When a circular plate of constant thickness is simply supported on a concentric ring and is subjected to a uniform normal pressure, there is a radius for the supporting ring giving optimum bending stress conditions in the plate. Assuming the plate deflections are small, it is concluded that the required supporting ring radius varies between 70·1 and 73·0 per cent of the outside radius of the plate, depending on the value of Poisson's Ratio for the plate material.
The Treatment of Damping Forces in Vibration Theory
Authors: Bishop R. E. D.
Published: February 2017

This paper is the first of a series of three which are concerned with the subject of “ hysteretic damping.” This type of damping, in a simple system with one degree of freedom, is like the familiar “ viscous damping ” in that it implies a resisting force which is in phase with velocity; but it is unlike viscous damping in that the magnitude of the force is not proportional to thevelocitybut to thedisplacement.When a system hasndegrees of freedom, hysteretic damping implies that damping forces exist which are proportional torelativedisplacement but which are in phase withrelativevelocity.

From a physical standpoint, hysteretic damping may give a better representation of the facts when the damping arises from the internal friction of solid materials. On the side of theory, it raises considerations which it is the purpose of these three papers to elucidate. It may be said, at the outset, that the notion of hysteretic damping raises no great mathematical difficulty; on the contrary, a main reason for presenting the theory is that it appears to allow of a much simpler discussion (than does viscous damping) of thenatureof steady damped oscillation of systems havingndegrees of freedom.

In the first paper, the purpose is discussed of mathematical theories of damping in vibration theory. It is concluded that the theory of “ hysteretic damping ” is a useful one since it provides an alternative to the fiction of “ viscous ” damping while retaining the mathematical linearity of equations of motion. The word “ hysteretic” is proposed for use in this sense instead of the previously used adjective, namely “ structural.” “ Complex damping ” is related to hysteretic damping in a way which is explained.

The theory is given for forced oscillations of a system with one degree of freedom. It is shown thatfreevibration cannot be treated satisfactorily unless the definition of hysteretic damping is widened in some way to cover non-harmonic motion.
The Case for the Revival of the Water Channel
Authors: Norway N. S.
Published: February 2017

In surveying the mass of aerodynamic data presented to the designer of aeroplanes, one is struck by the fact that so much attention has been devoted to quantitative measurements upon bodies in a flow of air, so little to the equally important qualitative measurements. It is known that any body subjected to a flow of air is the means of creating eddies, yet relatively little attention has been given to the study of these eddies. Possibly the assumption has been that such eddies are of little importance since in the case of the aeroplane thev are left behind the body that is causing them and so cannot exert a secondary effect upon it. In fact, an aeroplane in flight is the means of creating a vast number of whirls and eddies in the air, the majority of which are left harmlessly astern, some of which react upon its own structure. Of these whirls and eddies practically nothing is known. Indeed, they are so little considered that it comes almost as a surprise to a practical designer to see the vast disturbances that become evident behind an aeroplane “ skywriting.”
Large All-Metal Seaplanes
Authors: Rohrbach
Published: February 2017

I thank you very much for the honour of your request to read this lecture before you.

In preparing this lecture I anticipated your permission to give you only some personal experience and my personal opinion regarding large all-metal seaplanes, for I know rather little about the machines of other constructors.

There is no branch of engineering where a big machine does not give a distinct advantage over an equally powerful combination of several small units. In our special case of the seaplane, these general advantages of the big unit are so obvious that they were recognised very early, and therefore I must not take your time by repeating them. I only mention the most outstanding quality of the large seaplane, i.e., its increased seaworthiness.
Recent Progress in Flying Boat Design
Authors: Simmonds O. E.
Published: February 2017

The early conception of a flying boat in the days before the war was due to the aeronautical rather than the marine community, and the whole problem was regarded in the light of aeronautical experience. It was thus inevitable that whilst the flying boat had a comparatively satisfactory aerostructure, its marine functions were given somewhat primitive treatment. As a result the hulls were fragile, unseaworthy, and of high resistance. During the war this attitude of mind became well entrenched and the constructional method it involved was highly developed. Nevertheless the more logical system of making a boat that would fly rather than an aeroplane that would float soon received the attention that was its due. By 1918 the flying boat was definitely recognised as an amphibious machine, and its marine and aeronautical functions were being given full and separate consideration.
Some Technical Aspects of Aviation in Canada
Authors: Stedman E. W.
Published: February 2017

Before dealing fully with the technical side of aviation in Canada it is advisable to discuss the different kinds of work that can be carried out by aircraft in this country. A few of these duties are described below.
Airmanship At Sea
Authors: Maycock R. B.
Published: February 2017

I may as well confess at once to the fact that when I was asked to lecture some time ago the term “Airmanship at Sea” was selected as the title whilst my subject was still at the back of my mind. On settling down to my task, however, I found that the field was too wide for me to attempt to cover it conveniently in one paper. I propose, therefore, with your kind permission, to confine my remarks to that part of airmanship which concerns the handling and maintenance of seaplanes on the water, or as has been suggested to me the “harbour” side, rather than the “deep sea” side, which covers rising from the sea and landing, flying over the sea, and the many important air duties the pilot must be master of before proceeding on patrol, reconnaissance or a bombing expedition. I trust that I shall be forgiven if it is found necessary to deviate into side issues occasionally for the purposes of illustration and comprehensive understanding.
Materials in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Aitchison Leslie
Published: February 2017

The problems connected with the material used in the construction of aircraft are very numerous, and the time available in one lecture is far too short to consider them in any kind of detail. It seems to be more appropriate to approach the matter broadly and to consider some of the basic problems with a little thoroughness than to examine a number of details in a superficial manner. The main objection that can be urged against this method is that the conclusions reached are by no means confined in their application to aircraft materials, but apply almost equally to most of the arts in which the same or similar materials are employed. After all, the aeronautical engineer is mostly concerned to obtain the ideal sample of any chosen material.
The Otherness of Non-Christians in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Palmer James T.
Published: February 2017

Non-Christian ‘others’ were crucial to the definition of early medieval Christendom. Many groups certainly found it important to generate a sense of belonging through shared practice, history and ideals. But the history of Christianity was a story of conflict, which from the very beginning saw a community of believers struggling against Jews and ‘pagan’ Romans. At the end, too, Christ warned there would be ‘false prophets’ and tribulations, and John of Patmos saw the ravages of Gog and Magog against the faithful. When many early medieval Christians looked at ‘religious others’, they saw not so much ‘members of religions’, as they did people defined by typologies and narratives designed to express the nature and trajectory of Christendom itself. This has been a recurring theme in scholarship which has sought to understand Christian views of pagans, Muslims and Jews in the period, but the effect and purpose of such rhetoric is not always fully appreciated.
England and Religious Plurality:
Henry Stubbe, John Locke and Islam
Authors: Matar Nabil
Published: February 2017

The Elizabethan Settlement identified religious conformity with political allegiance. Not unlike the cuius regio eius religio of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1559 onwards subjects in England had to subscribe to the two Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, the first declaring the monarch as head of the state and the second determining worship under the monarch as head of the Church. In such an Anglican monarchy, there could be no legal space for the non-Anglican subject, let alone for the non-Christian. The few Marranos (Jews forcibly converted to Christianity) lived as Portuguese immigrants, at the same time that Protestant Dutch and Walloon traders congregated in stranger churches, and whilst they were allowed to worship in their own languages, they remained outsiders to the English/Anglican polity.
Ramaorahimsa?Terror or Passive Resistance? Revolutionary Methods of Hindu Students from London University and the Christian Response, 1909–17
Authors: Mews Stuart
Published: February 2017

The assassination in London on the evening of 1 July 1909 of Sir Curzon Wyllie, aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, by a twenty-six-year-old Indian student named Madar Lai Dhingra stunned the nation. The background to the shooting and its consequences shed light on the attitudes of British Christians to Indian Hindus. In turn light is shed on the response of Hindus, most crucially that of the eventual leader of the successful campaign for Indian independence, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, in the crucial decade before the First World War.
Charles Malik and the Origins of a Christian Critique of Orientalism in Lebanon and Britain
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2017

The field of Oriental studies was the main context in which amateur and professional scholars developed the academic study of Islam before World War II. The role of religion in the rise of this discipline is now widely acknowledged, but the role of religion, particularly Christianity, in the critique and transformation of Orientalism after World War II has never been explored. Given the prevalence of Christian scholars in Islamic studies after 1945, why has this been the case?
Sociobiological (Genetic) versus Economic (Functionalist) Models of Social Evolution
Authors: Corning Peter A.
Published: February 2017

With the support of a grant from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, research is currently underway on a major effort to rethink the basic theoretical issue that inspired the emergence of sociobiology. That issue, in a nutshell, concerns the explanation for the origins and evolution of social life (human societies being only one example among many others).
The Life Sciences and the Public: Is Science Too Important to Be Left to the Scientists?
Authors: Goggin Malcolm L.
Published: February 2017

The scientific community is divided over the question of who should govern science. Most scientists are comfortable with a governing scheme which leaves science in the hands of scientists. Dissident scientists, with support from active members of the lay public, believe that science is too important to be left to scientists (Policy Research Incorporated, 1977; Miller, Prewitt, and Pearson, 1980).
Biocracy and Democracy: Science, Ethics, and the Law
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith
Published: February 2017

Lynton K. Caldwell presented the following article as a paper at the third annual “Dialogues in Biology and Politics” panel co-sponsored by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences and the American Political Science Association at their 1984 conventions in Washington, D.C.

—The Editor

Because some of the language that follows is unconventional, it may be useful to clarify terms at the outset. The term biocracy as used here has two meanings, or more accurately, has two aspects to an inclusive meaning. The inclusive meaning is the influence of life forces on human social behavior, notably political behavior. The first, and basic, aspect of biocracy pertains to the actual influence of life forces on human society whether or not perceived or understood. The second aspect refers to the perceived effects on society of the findings and applications of the life sciences. Perceived effects mayor may not be consistent with actual influences; they may nonetheless shape popular attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. To the extent that life forces are deterministic they shape the character of societies. The extent to which human social behavior is biologically determined is largely unknown. At the very least, life forces appear to set limits within which human culture may select various options.
The Anatomy of Teaching Biopolitics: Some Reflections
Authors: Hartigan Richard Shelly
Published: February 2017

In recent years many scholars in political science have begun to employ the data of the life sciences in their studies. The emerging field of biopolitics is now an identifiable scholarly pursuit. The question now arises as to how that pursuit can and should be taught.

This article describes several courses which I have offered in the past few years in which I have attempted to integrate political philosophy and biopolitics. Course content, along with student and peer reaction are discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of interdisciplinary collaboration. This approach is rejected in favor of a design which would begin with a departmental core of courses which would then provide a base for inter-institutional collaboration among students and faculty.
Teaching at the Interface between Genetics and Law
Authors: Butzel Henry M.
Published: February 2017

By combining one-half of a regular genetics course with a special half describing the use of genetics in legal decisions, a new course, “Genetics and the Law,” has been offered at Union College for the past few years. The course stresses the interface between strictly genetic discoveries and their use in all fields of law as a basis for judicial actions. The course, open to all except biology majors and premedical or predental students, serves as part of Union College's “Liberal Learning Program,” and as one of the two courses, among many, serving as science credits needed for graduation. The special conditions under which this course is possible, as well as the methods of teaching and the problems encountered both in attracting students and in designing a comparable course are presented.
Teaching Nature, to Learn from Nature
Authors: Milanaccio Alfredo
Published: February 2017

This article describes some aspects of an Italian didactic-pedagogic experiment about interaction between “town” pupils and natural environments. The project's general philosophy is to try to make pupils aware of our condition as “biocultural beings,” as results of biological, technological, and cultural co-evolution. The presence of extensive natural, cultural, and technological resources at the site where the experiment takes place favors such an awareness.

Some examples of teaching techniques designed especially to introduce pupils to the difficult but necessary subject matter of co-evolution are also described. Such teaching techniques have as their main goal to make the pupils themselves able to construct a logical network of questions, rather than in teachers giving them already prepared answers.

The as yet unresolved problems, which concern the training of teachers steeped in traditional methods, are also briefly described.
Punctuated Equilibria and Political Science: A Neontological View
Authors: Gans Carl
Published: February 2017

When I was invited to participate in a symposium designed to consider the possible implications of the theory of punctuated equilibria for the study of political science, I faced the need to reexamine some fundamental questions. These transcended such issues as whether and how frequently the phenomenon referred to as punctuated equilibrium occurred, and whether it might indeed be similar to some phenomena studied by political scientists. Rather, I felt it necessary to establish for myself whether, when, and how any biologically based theory or set of hypotheses could be applied to the realm of the social sciences and what cautions might be demanded by such application.
The Physiology of the Unicorn1
Authors: Brain Paul Fredric
Published: February 2017

The mystical title of this commentary on Professor Davies' provocative and timely key article is intended to emphasize my belief that many of the problems of attempting to relate biology to ‘aggression’ stem from deliberate or inadvertent reification. ‘Aggression’ is clearly a ‘concept’ and not an ‘entity’ and, as such, it is difficult to perceive the very diverse activities receiving this label as having a common physiology. Concepts are adopted (or eventually rejected) on the basis of usefulness not correctness. This is not to deny that any useful reference to aggression must concern animals, i.e., creatures with physiologies. Most individuals in their dispassionate moments would not regard the sea or a volcano as being aggressive and would certainly fail to apply this attribute to dry-rot fungus.
Biological Nihilism and Modern Moral and Political Theory
Authors: Engelhardt H. Tristram
Published: February 2017

As Arnhart acknowledges, the major intellectual challenge of the 20th century is to justify moral judgments rationally and to provide moral authority for political action when individuals meet as moral strangers who do not share common moral assumptions. This is the task of a secular morality that aspires to transcend particular religious or ideological commitments. The arguments for nihilism suggest that such a task cannot be successfully completed. There are three ways one might attempt to escape the threat of nihilism. First, one might endeavor to show that the Aristotelian project to read human moral goals and the lineaments of proper political structure from the characteristics of human biology can be successful, despite the skepticism of authors who have articulated the naturalistic fallacy: from what is the case, one cannot conclude what ought to be the case. A neo-Aristotelian approach would need to derive from the biological nature of humans a proper code for human conduct and morally justified guidelines for human political action. Second, one might attempt to discover, as Kant had hoped, content in the very nature of reason. Here the “nature” at stake is not an external biological nature, but the characteristics of reason or reasoning itself. A contemporary example of the Kantian undertaking is found in Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971). The Aristotelian and Kantian traditions provide two quite different senses of “natural,” from which Western thinkers have attempted (in different ways) to establish the content of natural law and to justify moral and political rules.
Personality, Role Strains, and Alcoholism: Key Pittman as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Authors: Glad Betty
Published: February 2017

Leadership roles, as this study suggests, may lead to breakdowns in individuals who have performed well in more routine positions. When the demand for creativity is high, but the routes to success ambiguous and the end goals controverted, vulnerable individuals may take refuge in drink and engage in public displays which undermine their performance. Such individuals may continue to provide positive contributions to national policy formation. Their loss of control, however, even if it is only episodic, is likely to cause significant others in the environment to depreciate their entire role performance, contributing further to their loss of influence.
Biopolitics: Publication Patterns in 1987
Authors: Somit Albert , Peterson Steven A. , Seo KyoungKyo
Published: February 2017

In the following pages, we continue our annual updating of the biopolitical literature.

Total publications (85 items) were down from last year's all-time high (116) but precisely at the average (85) for the other four of the past five years (table 1).

The most striking change in area of interest was the increase in items classified as “physiology” (table 2). More books (6) were published last year than in any previous year (table 3) and several more are in various stages of completion.
Self-Selection and Social Life: The Neuropolitics of Alienation—The Trapped and the Overwhelmed
Authors: White Elliot
Published: February 2017

This article proposes an interactional model in which individuals may actively seek suitable environments. Rejecting either a hereditarian or an environmentalist emphasis, this approach recognizes that both genetic endowment and social background determine the mobility of the individual. The article treats the following five topics: the basic biosocial assumptions underlying the interaction model; the operation of self-selection as an integral part of this model; the capacity of individuals to envision alternative environments; an examination of three basic genotype-environment interactions; the political ramifications of these interactions both on an individual and on a societal level.
The Nuclear Arms Race: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Joyce Arthur A.
Published: February 2017

This paper uses a Darwinian perspective to examine the nuclear arms race in the context of “arms races” in evolution and throughout human history. The rise of human “arms races,” or escalatory intergroup competition, is traced to a variety of environmental triggers initiated during the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene. These triggers removed extraspecific environmental constraints to escalatory intergroup competition in some areas of the world, making it reproductively advantageous for individuals to live in increasingly larger and more competitive groups. This process is linked to the development of social complexity and the intensification of intergroup competition, warfare, and arms production, culminating in the nuclear arms race. Historically, escalatory intergroup competition has been reproductively advantageous to elites because it enables them to acquire a disproportionately large share of resources. It is argued that the continuation of the nuclear arms race past a level of mutual assured destruction results from the benefits it provides to elites as well as a variety of evolved behavioral mechanisms that encourage in-group affiliations, out-group hostilities, and obedience to authority.
The cost of misinformation in deadly conflicts: Hawk-Dove games and suicidal terrorism
Authors: Hanley James E. , Orbell John , Morikawa Tomonori
Published: February 2017

The hijacking and purposeful crashing of airplanes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, prompts questions about why the passengers and crew of those airplanes did not act to prevent these attacks, as did at least some passengers on a hijacked flight that crashed in Pennsylvania. We argue, first, that humans have an evolved cognitive bias that leads to the expectation that antagonists hope to survive conflict and, second, that highly credible information to the contrary is needed to overcome this bias. Absent such information, the passengers on at least two airplanes incorrectly interpreted the game being played as a hawk-dove version of a conflict-of-interest game, when it was actually a “suicidal terrorism” variant of that family. Given that other terrorists may have been in the air and ready to act, the airlines' policy of not informing passengers about such events could have risked disabling them from reacting forcefully when force alone was advisable.
The World Commission on Dams as a multi-stakeholder process: Some future challenges
Authors: Hemmati Minu , Hohnen Paul
Published: February 2017

Business as usual, government as usual, and perhaps even protest as usual are not giving us the progress needed to achieve sustainable development. Let's see if we can't work together to find better paths forward.
Comment on Peter Corning's “Evolutionary ethics”
Authors: Alford C. Fred
Published: February 2017

One can see the appeal of evolutionary ethics today. Throughout the Western world, and nowhere more than the United States, individualism is rampant. Some argue that greed is good; too much social and political theory idealizes individual freedom and choice as the highest values. How gratifying it is to learn that greed and selfishness are not natural, or at least not any more natural than cooperation, self-sacrifice, and altruism. Trouble is, most of the truly horrible acts in this world have been committed not by selfish individuals but by ordinary men and women following orders. We must consider whether evolutionary ethics adequately addresses this problem. Can evolutionary ethics discover the sources of resistance to malevolent authority?
The Maoist people's war and conservation in Nepal
Authors: Baral Nabin , Heinen Joel T.
Published: February 2017

Civil wars are frequent in lesser-developed nations, wherein is harbored a disproportionate share of the world's biodiversity. These wars have had serious detrimental effects, direct and indirect, on conservation programs. From 2001 to 2005, we conducted site visits, personal interviews, and document searches bearing upon this problem as exemplified by Nepal's ongoing Maoist insurgency. Cases of insurgents usurping full control of several protected areas have come to light, as has a rapid increase in poaching and illicit wildlife trade nation-wide. Staff and infrastructure of conservation agencies and non-governmental organizations have been attacked. The Nepalese situation invites reassessment of traditional “fortresses-and-fines” conservation strategies as well as more modern “community-based” approaches that require local governmental offices to remain functional. Also called into question is the role of military force in the protection of parks and reserves. In times of civil strife, we conclude, robust conservation may most likely be achieved by nongovernmental organizations that are politically neutral and financially independent.
The Evolution of Political Science: Paradigms of Physics, Biology, and Politics
Authors: Schubert Glendon
Published: February 2017

Glendon Schubert presented the following article as a paper at the first “Dialogues Panel” at the 1982 meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Denver, Colorado, September 1982. The commentators were Hayward Alker, Jr., and Dina Zinnes. In the dialogue panel concept, different intellectual perspectives are brought to bear on an issue of common concern.

—The Editor
Sustainability and the Future of Humankind: Two Competing Theories of Infinite Substitutability
Authors: Cairns John
Published: February 2017

Toward what kind of future is humankind now tending? Is human society engaged in a global gamble based on the assumption that technology, aided by human ingenuity and creativity, can remake the world and manage its resources for immediate material benefit to humanity without regard to natural law and the fate of other species? Infinite substitutability of species has been tested over evolutionary time, but infinite substitutability of resources is a relatively recent hypothesis based on a faith in human creativity and technological prowess. The choice made will affect both the future of human society and of many other species.
Does Ethnic Conflict Pay?
Authors: Rubin Paul H.
Published: February 2017

It is often argued that ethnic conflict is an extreme example of nepotism, and is genetically based. This may be so: in the EEA (the environment of evolutionary adaptedness), such conflict may have been fitness improving, and we may be descended from those who participated successfully in such conflicts. This would provide us with a “taste” for xenophobia. But this taste can be overcome relatively easily, as shown by the changes in behavior in the United States in the 50 years since racial segregation was outlawed. Moreover, in today's world, such conflict does not provide benefits. There are several reasons for this, but the most important (and one that is often overlooked, even by evolutionists) is the possibility of gains from trade in exchanges between ethnic groups. While ethnic relations in the EEA may have approximated a zero-sum game, today a prisoner's dilemma is a more appropriate model for interactions, so that there are significant gains from cooperation. If we want to reduce the amount of conflict in the world, it is probably better to rely on increasing gains from trade than on increased size of in-groups, since the latter strategy will reach a natural limit.
Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Boasian Culturalism
Authors: Freeman Derek
Published: February 2017

The history of Margaret Mead's Samoan research is an important anthropological issue. In 1925, Franz Boas, “the father of American anthropology,” faced by what he called “the difficulty of telling what part of our behavior is socially determined and what is generally human,” arranged for his 23-year-old-student, Margaret Mead, to go to Samoa in Western Polynesia. Her task was to obtain, under his direction, an answer to “the problem of which phenomena of adolescence are culturally and which physiologically determined.” In 1928, in Coming of Age in Samoa, after a woefully inadequate period of fieldwork, Mead concluded, unreservedly, that the phenomena of adolescence are due not to physiology, but to “the social environment.”
The Role of International Law in Preventing Military Misuse of the Biosciences and Biotechnology
Authors: Lang Winfried
Published: February 2017

Recent advances in the biosciences and biotechnology erode confidence in the reliability of the Biological Weapons Convention (1972). During its review conferences (1980, 1986) concerns were expressed as to the military misuse of civil research. Although some improvements were achieved at these conferences, there still exist major deficiencies related to the definition of substances and activities to be controlled, to verification and to cooperation (transfer of technology). It is suggested that in light of the positive international climate an entirely new regime should be built. This endeavor might draw on experience acquired in environmental treaty making. An institution should be entrusted with adapting the scope of the regime (controlled substances and activities) to scientific progress, with monitoring compliance, and with organizing cooperation. Thus would be matched the rigidity of international law with the flexibility required by science and politics.
Biological and Toxin Weapons: Arms Control, Stability, and Western Security
Authors: Hansen Lynn M.
Published: February 2017

Arms control is not about agreements, but rather deals with creating enhanced security and international stability. Such objectives are difficult to realize in the field of biological and toxin weapons. The 1972 convention which bans them contains neither enforcement nor verification mechanisms. Rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry and genetic engineering provide enormous potential for developing novel toxin weapons that defy virtually all conventional verfication methodologies. Moreover, it is widely assumed that the 1972 agreement has been violated by the Soviet Union and its client states in various parts of the world. This undermines the agreement's credibility as an effective international tool to prevent the exploitation of science and technology for ever more egregious weapons. Despite the troubled past and uncertain future of arms control in this area, every moral government must attempt to make arms control a viable element in the fight against the proliferation and use of biological and toxin weapons.
Biological Warfare and the Third World
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A.
Published: February 2017

This article analyses the accomplishments and shortcomings of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and recent attempts to strengthen it. It examines why developing countries show little interest in these efforts. Neither do they seem intent on acquiring this weapons system. Might this situation change? To find out, the article examines past thrid world conflicts, focusing especially on those where chemical weapons have seen use. The lessons from the past are applied to assess the possibility of a country acquiring, then employing biological weapons in future conflicts as an adjunct to, or instead of, chemical arms. Finally, suggestions are made as to possible steps that the international community can take to lessen the threat of biological warfare generally and to involve third world countries in the on-going attempts to strengthen the Convention.
The States And Biotechnology: Interests, Strategies, and Dimensions
Authors: Shelley Mack C.
Published: February 2017

John Portz and Peter Eisinger have provided a valuable conceptual overview of state government initiatives for economic development through biotechnology. Their three major models of policy choice - - based on interest-group processes, strategic planning, and competing interest groups in the allocation of planned development initiatives — seem to be sound theoretically and are convincingly examined empirically. Further, Portz and Eisinger provide a wealth of information regarding comparative state efforts at stimulating economic innovation, the differing state political dynamics underlying alternative development strategies, and differences in how such strategies have been implemented. Their analysis represents an important contribution to the current literature on comparative state economic development policy.
Vaccines for Peace: A Response to Commentaries
Authors: Geissler Erhard
Published: February 2017

The Vaccines for Peace (VFP) proposal (Geissler, 1992) has been discussed,inter alia,by Graham Pearson and Oliver Thränert (this issue), as well as by Milton Leitenberg (1992a; 1992b) and other participants at the Biesenthal workshop (see Morse, this issue).
The Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research
Authors: Masters Roger D.
Published: February 2017

The Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research has two primary aims: (1) to develop and refine theoretical frameworks for understanding relationships between biology, law, and human social behavior; and (2) to develop new ways to facilitate the integration of biological theories and findings in law, economics, and public policy.
The Establishment and Maintenance of Socially Imposed Monogamy in Western Europe
Authors: MacDonald Kevin
Published: February 2017

Although stratified societies have typically been characterized by intensive polygyny, socially imposed monogamy has developed in the stratified societies of Western Europe. Following a critical review of other theories of socially imposed monogamy, a multivariate, nondeterministic theory is developed. Within this theory, a variety of internal political processes can result in socially imposed monogamy, but this phenomenon—while consistent with evolutionary theory—is underdetermined with respect to (1) evolutionary theory, (2) human nature/nurture (i.e., the characteristics of humans), and (3) external ecological variables. Data on the origins and maintenance of socially imposed monogamy in Western Europe are reviewed, indicating that post-antiquity socially imposed monogamy originated in the late Middle Ages and has been maintained since that period by a variety of social controls and ideologies, including political activities of the Christian Church and, in later periods, of women and lower- and middle-status males. As a result of institutionalized controls on reproduction, non-monogamous Western sexuality has been directed at obtaining psychological rewards deriving from evolved motivational systems (e.g., sexual pleasure, excitement, feelings of dominance, status, or intimacy), but this non-monogamous sexuality has not typically been a major source of increased reproductive success.
The Birth Order Trap
Authors: Rodgers Joseph Lee
Published: February 2017

Born to Rebel (Sulloway, 1996) embeds a theory of birth order within an evolutionary perspective that gives a refreshing new twist to theorizing about family structure. Most past birth order “theorizing” is of the type that both begins and ends with “Isn't it interesting that….” In Rodgers and Thompson (1985/86), we documented birth order research on presidents and strippers, artists and assassins, hockey players and cigarette smokers; even the birth order of birth order researchers has been investigated. Sulloway (1996), in contrast, provided explicit mechanisms to explain why he believes that birth order plays an important role in revolutionary behavior. The mechanisms derive from sophisticated thinking about both evolution and family dynamics.
Statistical Correlations, Nomothetic Principles, and Exceptions to the Rule
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: February 2017

At the outset I should admit that I am more positively disposed toward Sulloway's (1996) magnum opus than is the author of the target article (see Simonton, 1997). My positive disposition stems from three sources—substantive, theoretical, and methodological. Concerning the first source, I am more receptive to the notion that birth order may bear some relation to various forms of exceptional achievement. Galton (1874) was the first behavioral scientist to report such an empirical linkage, and his findings have been replicated and extended many times (Simonton, 1994). Indeed, I am among those who have discovered some of the relationships.
Reconceptualizing the Influence of Birth Order: A Reply to the Commentators
Authors: Sulloway Frank J.
Published: February 2017

Let me begin by expressing my gratitude to the various commentators for their remarks about Born to Rebel, including some of the constructive criticisms of my research findings and conclusions. No book trying to set forth more than two decades of research on why historical figures as diverse as Martin Luther and Charles Darwin behaved the way they did can expect to pass muster without exception. At best, one hopes that any problems that come to light will prove to be relatively easy to correct (as I think they have been, so far) and thus do not undermine the validity of the book's central arguments.
Should we Add “Xeno” to “Transplantation”?
Authors: Purdy Laura
Published: February 2017

Proponents of xenotransplantation hope that it will provide organs to fill the gap between the demand for and supply of organs for transplant. The scientific obstacles to transplanting animal organs into humans are daunting, as are the moral, political, and policy issues. Among them are concerns about animal rights and welfare, patient acceptance and informed consent, and broader public health issues, such as the cost-efficient deployment of scarce resources and the risk of disease in third parties. The latter is, in my view, the most immediately urgent issue. Pigs, the current animal of choice, carry many bacterial and viral pathogens, and it is currently impossible to assess the risk of disease to human populations. Because of this risk, a moratorium on xenotransplantation is necessary to protect public health; it is also questionable whether the technology, if successful, would be the most cost-effective way to promote health.
Preparedness is Nine-Tenths of Prevention
Authors: Woodall Jack
Published: February 2017

Wheelis's idea of a global network of “epidemiological watch towers” is a great one, but I do not see any realistic prospect of getting adequate multilateral funding for such a network if its avowed main aim is to deter biological warfare (BW). To accelerate our understanding of disease processes—yes; to enhance microbiological technology transfer—yes. The BW watchtower function would be an incidental but very desirable side effect.
Cooperation in Conflicts: Commonalities Between Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Harcourt Alexander H.
Published: February 2017

“The Parties to This Treaty…are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defense,” and to a fairly large extent, the nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have done just that for nearly 50 years. “During fights, individuals compare the strength of their own group with that of the opponent. When they perceive that group members locally outnumber opponents, they behave aggressively, recruiting to the battle and cooperating” (Adams, 1990:326). This second quote is not an account of the behavior of NATO soldiers; it is a description of boundary disputes between colonies of a territorial ant, altered only to remove references to ants.
Book Reviews: Alemneh - Environment, Famine, and Politics in Ethiopia: A View from the VillageAlemneh Dejene Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990, 150 pp. US$25.95 cloth. ISBN 1-55587-240-9. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1800 30th St., Suite 314, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L.
Published: February 2017

Précis

Although the author is now with the World Bank, he was a research fellow at the Energy and Environmental Policy Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, when conducting research for this book. He focuses on the Wollo region of Ethiopia, where, as he describes it, “to Wollo peasants, famine is as familiar as their villages” (p. 69). The book is based on surveys given to peasants in the Wollo region in 1987-88, participant observation, and examination of governmental policies. Appendices contain the texts of two questionnaires. One questionnaire was designed to understand the types of environmental degradation, the peasants' reaction to it, and the peasants' strategies in times of famine. The other was given to peasants affected by the government's resettlement scheme and was designed to determine the conditions under which they lived.

Alemneh (the Ethiopian family name) presents a case study documenting the ineffectiveness of governmental policies imposed from above with little consultation with the individuals most affected by the policies. He develops the theme that environmental degradation—and subsequently famine—is shaped by local and national social and political forces. He recommends alternatives throughout the book that, to be effective, must be developed with grassroots peasant participation. The government's role in a long-term solution is “central,” but the peasants must be a part of that decision making. The original survey research is a major strength of the book. Information about the observations and activities of peasants support Alemneh's message that peasant based policies are workable.
Making Sense of Nonsense
Authors: Mabbs-Zeno Carl C.
Published: February 2017

Alemneh Dejene has aptly subtitled this book “A View from the Village.” Its contribution is in providing the detail borne of experience in one of the world's least forgiving economic environments. It uses extensive personal interviews with peasants to penetrate the logic of existence in rural Ethiopia without relying on emotional or superficial impressions from the interviewer. The author found the right questions to ask and presents the answers he received clearly. He modestly avoids the error of deriving the solutions to Ethiopia's problems from a limited set of observations, even though the observations represent an important addition to the international literature.
A Most Welcome Addition to Instruction
Authors: Ivers Dave
Published: February 2017

Mary Maxwell, in The Sociobiological Imagination, sets an admirable array of tasks: “to acknowledge the remarkablywide influence ofa central idea, to demonstrate that the research of human biology takes place in disparate fields, and to introduce the major principles of sociobiology” (p. 9). Her unstated task is to help legitimate the presence of the paradigm of evolutionary biology in the social sciences by allowing practitioners in many social disciplines to demonstrate the usefulness of this paradigm in their work. In all these endeavors, I think she succeeds.