bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long covid and mental and physical health: A cross‐sectional study of adults in California
Authors: Mason Tyler B. , Knight Tara K. , Lee Ryan , Herzig Shirin E. , Meeker Daniella , Doctor Jason N.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Most people recover from COVID‐19 infection over a short period of time, but a minority of individuals experience symptoms over a longer duration (≥28 days), termed “long covid.” The purpose of the current study was to examine differences between individuals with a long covid diagnosis (i.e., diagnosed long covid), who believe they do or might have long covid (i.e., self‐reported long covid), and people without long covid.

Methods

Adults who had been diagnosed with COVID‐19 completed survey questions about COVID‐19 history, long covid, and mental and physical health. Analysis of covariance models showed an effect of long covid group (i.e., diagnosed, self‐reported, and no long covid) with anxiety, depression, physical function, fatigue, social roles/activity limitations, and pain interference.

Results

Analyses demonstrated that the self‐reported long covid group had significantly greater anxiety and depression than the no long covid group. The diagnosed long covid group had significantly greater physical function problems than the no long covid group. Both diagnosed and self‐reported long covid groups had significantly greater fatigue, social roles/activity limitations, and pain interference as compared to the no long covid group.

Conclusion

Overall, physical health challenges were reported by individuals with long covid, with fatigue being the most significant symptom. In addition, negative mental health was only experienced by individuals with self‐reported long covid, suggesting the importance of long covid diagnosis and treatment.
Observer‐based critically damped feedback systems for nonlinear roll‐to‐roll printing machine applications under decentralized strategy
Authors: Kim Seok‐Kyoon , Kim Dong Soo , Ahn Choon Ki
Published: January 2024

This article exhibits an advanced observer‐based single‐loop feedback system for roll‐to‐roll (R2R) machine tension control applications by treating the nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, and closed‐loop performance inconsistency as the main challenges. The proposed solution provides the three features as follows: (a) a critically damped web velocity feedback system governed by double integral control with active damping terms and a disturbance observer (DOB) through first‐order pole–zero cancellation (PZC); (b) a model‐free second‐order PZC observer enabling feedback for the tension derivative information; (c) a combination of a proportional–integral (PI) controller, nonlinearly structured PI gains, active damping terms, and a DOB to assign critical damping performance to each tension loop through first‐order PZC. The simulation results numerically validate the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Observer‐based finite‐time security fault‐tolerant control for nonlinear multi‐agent systems under byzantine adversaries
Authors: Song Lanlan , Li Kewen , Li Yongming
Published: January 2024

This article investigates the issue of security‐based adaptive output feedback finite‐time fault‐tolerant control (FTC) for nonlinear multi‐agent systems subjected to Byzantine attacks. In this work, the fuzzy logic systems are employed to approximate the unknown nonlinearities, and unmeasurable states are estimated by the designed state observer. In addition, a data selector is designed to detect extremely malicious data of the controlled system. Considering the actuator faults, a novel Nussbaum function is utilized to compensate for the uncertainties of attacks and intermittent failures. Then, by introducing first‐order filter, an observer‐based distributed adaptive output feedback finite‐time security FTC algorithm is developed, which demonstrates all signals of the system are bounded, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control scheme can be verified by simulation results.
Highly Dispersed Ultrasmall High‐Entropy Alloys Nanoparticles as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media
Authors: Kuang Huayi , Xu Zhiyuan , Tan Xin , Yu Ke , Chen Chen
Published: January 2024

High‐entropy alloys nanoparticles (HEAs NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their extensive compositional tunability and intriguing catalytic properties. However, the synthesis of highly dispersed ultrasmall HEAs NPs remains a formidable challenge due to their inherent thermodynamic instability. In this study, highly dispersed ultrasmall (ca. 2 nm) PtCuGaFeCo HEAs NPs are synthesized using a one‐pot solution‐based method at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure. The PtCuGaFeCo NPs exhibit good catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The half‐wave potential relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) reaches 0.88 V, and the mass activity and specific activity are approximately six times and four times higher than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Based on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses, the surface strain and optimized coordination environments of PtCuGaFeCo have led to high ORR activities in acidic media. Moreover, the ultrasmall size also plays an important role in enhancing catalytic performance. The work presents a facile and viable synthesis strategy for preparing the ultrasmall HEAs NPs, offering great potential in energy and electrocatalysis applications through entropy engineering.
Hydrophilic 1T‐WS2 Nanosheet Arrays toward Conductive Textiles for High‐Efficient and Continuous Hydroelectric Generation and Storage
Authors: Han Bin‐Bin , Luo Peng , Xue Yang‐Biao , Cao Yuan‐Ming , Li Wei , Dong Xin‐Xin , Sun Jing , Zheng Mi , Zhao Yu‐Dong , Wu Bin , Zhuo Sheng , Zheng Min , Wang Zuo‐Shan , Zhuo Ming‐Peng
Published: January 2024

Flexible hydroelectric generators (HEGs) are promising self‐powered devices that spontaneously derive electrical power from moisture. However, achieving the desired compatibility between a continuous operating voltage and superior current density remains a significant challenge. Herein, a textile‐based van der Waals heterostructure is rationally designed between conductive 1T phase tungsten disulfide@carbonized silk (1T‐WS2@CSilk) and carbon black@cotton (CB@Cotton) fabrics with an asymmetric distribution of oxygen‐containing functional groups, which enhances the proton concentration gradients toward high‐performance wearable HEGs. The vertically staggered 1T‐WS2 nanosheet arrays on the CSilk fabric provide abundant hydrophilic nanochannels for rapid carrier transport. Furthermore, the moisture‐induced primary battery formed between the active aluminum (Al) electrode and the conductive textiles introduces the desired electric field to facilitate charge separation and compensate for the decreased streaming potential. These devices exhibit a power density of 21.6 µW cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.65 V sustained for over 10 000 s, and a current density of 0.17 mA cm−2. This performance makes them capable of supplying power to commercial electronics and human respiratory monitoring. This study presents a promising strategy for the refined design of wearable electronics.
Interlayer Engineering and Prelithiation: Empowering Si Anodes for Low‐Pressure‐Operating All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Jun Seunggoo , Lee Gwanghyun , Song Yong Bae , Lim Haechannara , Baeck Ki Heon , Lee Eun Suh , Kim Ju Yeon , Kim Dae Woo , Park Jong Hyeok , Jung Yoon Seok
Published: January 2024

Silicon (Si) anodes, free from the dendritic growth concerns found in lithium (Li) metal anodes, offer a promising alternative for high‐energy all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). However, most advancements in Si anodes have been achieved under impractical high operating pressures, which can mask detrimental electrochemo‐mechanical issues. Herein, we effectively address the challenges related to the low‐pressure operation of Si anodes in ASSBs by introducing an silver (Ag) interlayer between the solid electrolyte layer (Li6PS5Cl) and anode and prelithiating the anodes. The Si composite electrodes, consisting of Si/polyvinylidene fluoride/carbon nanotubes, are optimized for suitable mechanical properties and electrical connectivity. Although the impact of the Ag interlayer is insignificant at an exceedingly high operating pressure of 70 MPa, it substantially enhances the interfacial contacts under a practical low operating pressure of 15 MPa. Thus, Ag‐coated Si anodes outperform bare Si anodes (discharge capacity: 2430 vs 1560 mA h g−1). The robust interfacial contact is attributed to the deformable, adhesive properties and protective role of the in situ lithiated Ag interlayer, as evidenced by comprehensive ex situ analyses. Operando electrochemical pressiometry is used effectively to probe the strong interface for Ag‐coated Si anodes. Furthermore, prelithiation through the thermal evaporation deposition of Li metal significantly improves the cycling performance.
Eu3+‐Directed Supramolecular Metallogels with Reversible Quadruple‐Stimuli Response Behaviors
Authors: Chen Yan , Li Huimin , Zhang Yakun , Li Zhiqiang , Yang Daqing
Published: January 2024

Smart luminescent materials that have the ability to reversibly adapt to external environmental stimuli and possess a wide range of responses are continually emerging, which place higher demands on the means of regulation and response sites. Here, europium ions (Eu3+)‐directed supramolecular metallogels are constructed by orthogonal self‐assembly of Eu3+ based coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding. A new organic ligand (L) is synthesized, consisting of crown ethers and two flexible amide bonds‐linked 1,10‐phenanthroline moieties to coordinate with Eu3+. Synergistic intermolecular hydrogen bonding in L and Eu3+‐L coordination bonding enable Eu3+ and L to self‐assemble into shape‐persistent 3D coordination metallogels in MeOH solution. The key to success is the utilization of crown ethers, playing dual roles of acting both as building blocks to build L with C2‐symmetrical structure, and as the ideal monomer for increasing the energy transfer from L to Eu3+’s excited state, thus maintaining the excellent luminescence of metallogels. Interestingly, such assemblies show K+, pH, F−, and mechano‐induced reversible gel‐sol transitions and tunable luminescence properties. Above findings are useful in the studies of molecular switches, dynamic assemblies, and smart luminescent materials.
Platinum–Ruthenium Dual‐Atomic Sites Dispersed in Nanoporous Ni0.85Se Enabling Ampere‐Level Current Density Hydrogen Production
Authors: Cai Lebin , Bai Haoyun , Kao Cheng‐wei , Jiang Kang , Pan Hui , Lu Ying‐Rui , Tan Yongwen
Published: January 2024

Alkaline anion‐exchange‐membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) using earth‐abundant catalysts is a promising approach for the generation of green H2. However, the AEMWEs with alkaline electrolytes suffer from poor performance at high current density compared to proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. Here, atomically dispersed Pt‐Ru dual sites co‐embedded in nanoporous nickel selenides (np/Pt1Ru1‐Ni0.85Se) are developed by a rapid melt‐quenching approach to achieve highly‐efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. The np/Pt1Ru1‐Ni0.85Se catalyst shows ampere‐level current density with a low overpotential (46 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 225 mV at 1000 mA cm−2), low Tafel slope (32.4 mV dec−1), and excellent long‐term durability, significantly outperforming the benchmark Pt/C catalyst and other advanced large‐current catalysts. The remarkable HER performance of nanoporous Pt1Ru1‐Ni0.85Se is attributed to the strong intracrystal electronic metal‐support interaction (IEMSI) between Pt‐Se‐Ru sites and Ni0.85Se support which can greatly enlarge the charge redistribution density, reduce the energy barrier of water dissociation, and optimize the potential determining step. Furthermore, the assembled alkaline AEMWE with an ultralow Pt and Ru loading realizes an industrial‐level current density of 1 A cm−2 at 1.84 volts with high durability.
High‐accuracy dynamic gesture recognition: A universal and self‐adaptive deep‐learning‐assisted system leveraging high‐performance ionogels‐based strain sensors
Authors: Sun Yuqiong , Huang Jinrong , Cheng Yan , Zhang Jing , Shi Yi , Pan Lijia
Published: January 2024

Gesture recognition utilizing flexible strain sensors is a highly valuable technology widely applied in human–machine interfaces. However, achieving rapid detection of subtle motions and timely processing of dynamic signals remain a challenge for sensors. Here, highly resilient and durable ionogels are developed by introducing micro‐scale incompatible phases in macroscopic homogeneous polymeric network. The compatible network disperses in conductive ionic liquid to form highly resilient and stretchable skeleton, while incompatible phase forms hydrogen bonds to dissipate energy thus strengthening the ionogels. The ionogels‐derived strain sensors show highly sensitivity, fast response time (<10 ms), low detection limit (~50 μm), and remarkable durability (>5000 cycles), allowing for precise monitoring of human motions. More importantly, a self‐adaptive recognition program empowered by deep‐learning algorithms is designed to compensate for sensors, creating a comprehensive system capable of dynamic gesture recognition. This system can comprehensively analyze both the temporal and spatial features of sensor data, enabling deeper understanding of the dynamic process underlying gestures. The system accurately classifies 10 hand gestures across five participants with impressive accuracy of 93.66%. Moreover, it maintains robust recognition performance without the need for further training even when different sensors or subjects are involved. This technological breakthrough paves the way for intuitive and seamless interaction between humans and machines, presenting significant opportunities in diverse applications, such as human–robot interaction, virtual reality control, and assistive devices for the disabled individuals.
Associations of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in the blood of Amur tigers and physiological parameters
Authors: Wang Luyao , You Dan , Xu Haitao , Xie Wei , Chen Mengna , Chang Qinjie , Jiang Hongyu , Wang Yajun
Published: January 2024

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were widely used in industrial production and have posed a certain threat to human and animal health. However, few studies have been made on Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). In this study, we explored the associations between the concentrations of PFASs in the blood of 112 captive Amur tigers and the part physiological parameters to assess the cumulative effect of these chemicals on the health of the Amur tigers. The result showed that perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl‐PFESA) have associations with white blood cells (WBCs); perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, per‐fluorotridecanoate, and 6:2 Cl‐PFESA have a bearing on the changes in red blood cells (RBCs), RBC volume distribution width, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. In our study, according to the three models, there were significant positive correlations between PFDA and leukocyte parameters (WBCs, neutrophils [NEUs]) and a significant adverse effect between 6:2 Cl‐PFESA and NEU. Therefore, more research concerning PFASs of endangered wildlife species is needed.
Vermittlung praktischer Fähigkeiten in der curricularen Lehre – Effekt von SkillsLab und „flipped classroom“
Authors: Wehling Judith , Dombrowski Tobias , Johannsen Katharina , Volkenstein Stefan , Dazert Stefan , Weiss Nora M.
Published: January 2024

Hintergrund

Im Zuge der Neustrukturierung des Medizinstudiums werden erstmalig auch praktische Kompetenzen als Lernziele klar definiert. Zur effektiven Nutzung der kurzen Präsenzzeit, die im Fach HNO-Heilkunde zur Verfügung steht, war das Ziel dieser Studie die Verzahnung der Vermittlung praktischer Fertigkeiten unter Zuhilfenahme von „flipped classroom“, digitaler Lehre und einem neu errichteten SkillsLab zu evaluieren.

Material und Methoden

Im Rahmen des HNO-Praktikums wurden die Studierenden in 2 Gruppen unterteilt: Gruppe A = 93 Studierende (männlich n = 42, weiblich n = 51), Gruppe B = 113 Studierende (männlich n = 42, weiblich n = 71). Sie bearbeiteten zunächst digital zur Verfügung gestelltes Material, welches einzelne HNO-Untersuchungen erläuterte. Anschließend erfolgte der Präsenzunterricht in Kleingruppen, welcher eine Hospitation und Übungen der Untersuchungstechniken beinhaltete. Während Gruppe A diese dozentengeführt an Modellen absolvierte und sich gegenseitig untersuchte, erhielt Gruppe B den Unterricht anhand strukturierter Arbeitsstationen im hierfür neu errichteten HNO-SkillsLab. Die Effekte auf die Motivation und subjektiven Kompetenzen wurden anhand eines eigens für diese Studie entwickelten Fragebogens gemessen.

Ergebnisse

Nach Bearbeitung des digitalen Materials zeigte sich in beiden Gruppen ein hohes Level an Motivation und Kompetenz. Im Verlauf des Präsenztags zeigte sich ein Zugewinn an Motivation und Kompetenz, welcher nur in der SkillsLab-Gruppe statistisch signifikant war (p < 0,001). Obwohl die SkillsLab-Gruppe vor dem Präsenztag in ihrer subjektiven Kompetenz unterlegen war, zeigte sie sich nach dem Präsenztag der anderen Gruppe hierin sogar überlegen.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Kombination eines digitalen „flipped classroom“ mit strukturierten Arbeitsstationen im Rahmen eines SkillsLabs ermöglicht eine effektivere Vermittlung praktischer Kompetenzen, welche sich in der statistisch signifikanten Steigerung von Motivation und Selbsteinschätzung der Gruppe B widerspiegelt. Dabei erleichtert insbesondere die digitale Befunderhebung die Überprüfung der individuellen Lernerfolge und regt die Diskussion an.
Cardioprotective role of diacerein in diabetic cardiomyopathy via modulation of inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway in juvenile rats
Authors: Refaie Marwa M. M. , Mohammed Hanaa Hassanein , Abdel-Hakeem Elshymaa A. , Bayoumi Asmaa M.A. , Mohamed Zamzam Hassan , Shehata Sayed
Published: January 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder affecting different body organs; one of its serious complications is diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Thus, finding more cardiopreserving agents to protect the heart against such illness is a critical task. For the first time, we planned to study the suspected role of diacerein (DIA) in ameliorating DCM in juvenile rats and explore different mechanisms mediating its effect including inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway. Four-week-aged juvenile rats were randomly divided into groups; the control group, diacerein group, diabetic group, and diabetic-treated group. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose was administered for induction of type 1 diabetes on the 1st day which was confirmed by detecting blood glucose level. DIA was given in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks to diabetic and non-diabetic rats, then we evaluated different inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress parameters. Induction of DCM succeeded as there were significant increases in cardiac enzymes, heart weights, fasting blood glucose level (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), histopathological changes, and increased caspase 3 immunoexpression. Furthermore, there was an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammasome, caspase1, angiotensin II, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin 1β (IL1β). However, antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly declined. Fortunately, DIA reversed the diabetic cardiomyopathy changes mostly due to the observed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties with regulation of blood glucose level.DIA has an ability to regulate DCM-associated biochemical and histopathological disturbances.
Integrated omics analysis reveals the alteration of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in Cervus elaphus kansuensis
Authors: Zhang Zhenxiang , Bao Changhong , Li Zhaonan , He Caixia , Jin Wenjie , Li Changzhong , Chen Yanxia
Published: January 2024

The gut microbiota is the largest and most complex microecosystem in animals. It is influenced by the host’s dietary habits and living environment, and its composition and diversity play irreplaceable roles in animal nutrient metabolism, immunity, and adaptation to the environment. Although the gut microbiota of red deer has been studied, the composition and function of the gut microbiota in Gansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis), an endemic subspecies of red deer in China, has not been reported. In this study, the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome and fecal metabolomics of C. elaphus kansuensis were identified and compared for the first time by using 16S rDNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and LC-MS/MS. There were significant differences in gut microbiota structure and diversity between wild and farmed C. elaphus kansuensis. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the genus UCRD-005 was dominant in both captive red deer (CRD) and wild red deer (WRD). Metagenomic sequencing showed similar results to those of 16S rDNA sequencing for gut microbiota in CRD and WRD at the phylum and genus levels. 16S rDNA and metagenomics sequencing data suggested that Bacteroides and Bacillus might serve as marker genera for CRD and WRD, respectively. Fecal metabolomics results showed that 520 metabolites with significant differences were detected between CRD and WRD and most differential metabolites were involved in lipid metabolism. The results suggested that large differences in gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolites between CRD and WRD, indicating that different dietary habits and living environments over time have led to the development of stable gut microbiome characteristics for CRD and WRD to meet their respective survival and reproduction needs.

Key points

• Environment and food affected the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in red deer

• Genera Bacteroides and Bacillus may play important roles in CRD and WRD, respectively

• Flavonoids and ascorbic acid in fecal metabolites may influence health of red deer
Ecological significance of Candidatus ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota in the Arctic glacier foreland ecosystems
Authors: Venkatachalam Siddarthan , Jabir Thajudeen , Vipindas Puthiya Veettil , Krishnan Kottekkatu Padinchati
Published: January 2024

The Gemmatimonadota phylum has been widely detected in diverse natural environments, yet their specific ecological roles in many habitats remain poorly investigated. Similarly, the Candidatus ARS69 phylum has been identified only in a few habitats, and literature on their metabolic functions is relatively scarce. In the present study, we investigated the ecological significance of phyla Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota in the Arctic glacier foreland (GF) ecosystems through genome-resolved metagenomics. We have reconstructed the first high-quality metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) belonging to Ca. ARS69 and 12 other MAGs belonging to phylum Gemmatimonadota from the three different Arctic GF samples. We further elucidated these two groups phylogenetic lineage and their metabolic function through phylogenomic and pangenomic analysis. The analysis showed that all the reconstructed MAGs potentially belonged to novel species. The MAGs belonged to Ca. ARS69 consist about 8296 gene clusters, of which only about 8% of single-copy core genes (n = 980) were shared among them. The study also revealed the potential ecological role of Ca. ARS69 is associated with carbon fixation, denitrification, sulfite oxidation, and reduction biochemical processes in the GF ecosystems. Similarly, the study demonstrates the widespread distribution of different classes of Gemmatimonadota across wide ranges of ecosystems and their metabolic functions, including in the polar region.

Key points

• Glacier foreland ecosystems act as a natural laboratory to study microbial community structure.

• We have reconstructed 13 metagenome-assembled genomes from the soil samples.

• All the reconstructed MAGs belonged to novel species with different metabolic processes.

• Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota MAGs were found to participate in carbon fixation and denitrification processes.
Biogeographic patterns of meio- and micro-eukaryotic communities in dam-induced river-reservoir systems
Authors: Hu Huan , Wei Xing-Yi , Liu Li , Wang Yuan-Bo , Bu Ling-Kang , Jia Huang-Jie , Pei De-Sheng
Published: January 2024

Although the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, little is known about the spatial–temporal patterns and community assembly mechanisms of meio- and micro-eukaryotes and its two subtaxa (zooplankton and zoobenthos). This knowledge gap is particularly evident across various habitats and during different water-level periods, primarily arising from the annual regular dam regulation. To address this inquiry, we employed mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene-based environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding technology to systematically analyze the biogeographic pattern of the three communities within the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Our findings reveal distinct spatiotemporal characteristics and complementary patterns in the distribution of meio- and micro-eukaryotes. The three communities showed similar biogeographic patterns and assembly processes. Notably, the diversity of these three taxa gradually decreased along the river. Their communities were less shaped by stochastic processes, which gradually decreased along the longitudinal riverine-transition-lacustrine gradient. Hence, deterministic factors, such as seasonality, environmental, and spatial variables, along with species interactions, likely play a pivotal role in shaping these communities. Environmental factors primarily drive seasonal variations in these communities, while hydrological conditions, represented as spatial distance, predominantly influence spatial variations. These three communities followed the distance-decay pattern. In winter, compared to summer, both the decay and species interrelationships are more pronounced. Taken together, this study offers fresh insights into the composition and diversity patterns of meio- and micro-eukaryotes at the spatial-temporal level. It also uncovers the mechanisms behind community assembly in various environmental niches within the dam-induced river-reservoir systems.

Key points

• Distribution and diversity of meio- and micro-eukaryotes exhibit distinct spatiotemporal patterns in the TGR.

• Contribution of stochastic processes in community assembly gradually decreases along the river.

• Deterministic factors and species interactions shape meio- and micro-eukaryotic community.

Graphical Abstract
Characterization of bone marrow lesions in axial spondyloarthritis using quantitative T1 mapping MRI
Authors: Diekhoff Torsten , Deppe Dominik , Poddubnyy Denis , Ziegeler Katharina , Proft Fabian , Radny Felix , Niedermeier Christoph , Hermann Kay Geert , Makowski Marcus R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses T1-weighted and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences to characterize bone marrow in axial spondyloarthritis. However, quantification is restricted to estimating the extent of lesions because signal intensities are highly variable both within individuals and across patients and MRI scanners. This study evaluates the performance of quantitative T1 mapping for distinguishing different types of bone marrow lesions of the sacroiliac joints.

Materials and methods

In this prospective study, 62 patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and MRI of the sacroiliac joints including T1, STIR, and T1 mapping. Bone marrow lesions were characterized by three readers and assigned to one of four groups: sclerosis, osteitis, fat lesions, and mixed marrow lesions. Relaxation times on T1 maps were compared using generalized estimating equations and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.

Results

A total of 119 lesions were selected (sclerosis: 38, osteitis: 27, fat lesions: 40; mixed lesions: 14). T1 maps showed highly significant differences between the lesions with the lowest values for sclerosis (1516±220 ms), followed by osteitis (1909±75 ms), and fat lesions (2391±200 ms); p<0.001. T1 mapping differentiated lesions with areas under the ROC curve of 99% (sclerosis vs. osteitis) and 100% (other comparisons).

Conclusion

T1 mapping allows accurate characterization of sclerosis, osteitis, and fat lesions at the sacroiliac joint but only for homogeneous, non-mixed lesions. Thus, further sequence development is needed before implementation in clinical routine.
On the Complete Description Of Entangled Systems Part I–Exploring Hidden Variables and Context Communication Cost in Simulating Quantum Correlations
Authors: Svozil Karl
Published: January 2024

In this article, we investigate classical simulations of quantum-type probabilities and correlations that defy Boole’s conditions of possible experience, specifically the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, and even surpass the Tsirelson bound. We demonstrate that such violations can be achieved by encoding a single bit to communicate the measurement context. Our findings highlight the crucial role of context communication in reproducing quantum correlations that are stronger than classical limits, providing insights into the fundamental principles underlying entangled systems.
dCas9/CRISPR-based methylation of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase enhances chemosensitivity to temozolomide in malignant glioma
Authors: Zapanta Rinonos Serendipity , Li Tie , Pianka Sean Thomas , Prins Terry J. , Eldred Blaine S. C. , Kevan Bryan M. , Liau Linda M. , Nghiemphu Phioanh Leia , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Lai Albert
Published: January 2024

Background

Malignant glioma carries a poor prognosis despite current therapeutic modalities. Standard of care therapy consists of surgical resection, fractionated radiotherapy concurrently administered with temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA-alkylating chemotherapeutic agent, followed by adjuvant TMZ. O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a DNA repair enzyme, removes alkylated lesions from tumor DNA, thereby promoting chemoresistance. MGMT promoter methylation status predicts responsiveness to TMZ; patients harboring unmethylated MGMT (~60% of glioblastoma) have a poorer prognosis with limited treatment benefits from TMZ.

Methods

Via lentiviral-mediated delivery into LN18 glioma cells, we employed deactivated Cas9-CRISPR technology to target the MGMT promoter and enhancer regions for methylation, as mediated by the catalytic domain of the methylation enzyme DNMT3A. Methylation patterns were examined at a clonal level in regions containing Differentially Methylation Regions (DMR1, DMR2) and the Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) region used for clinical assessment of MGMT methylation status. Correlative studies of genomic and transcriptomic effects of dCas9/CRISPR-based methylation were performed via Illumina 850K methylation array platform and bulk RNA-Seq analysis.

Results

We used the dCas9/DNMT3A catalytic domain to achieve targeted MGMT methylation at specific CpG clusters in the vicinity of promoter, enhancer, DMRs and MSP regions. Consequently, we observed MGMT downregulation and enhanced glioma chemosensitivity in survival assays in vitro, with minimal off-target effects.

Conclusion

dCas9/CRISPR is a viable method of epigenetic editing, using the DNMT3A catalytic domain. This study provides initial proof-of-principle for CRISPR technology applications in malignant glioma, laying groundwork for subsequent translational studies, with implications for future epigenetic editing-based clinical applications.
Key stakeholder voices: Investigating student perceptions of teachers’ use of assessment for learning
Authors: Wolterinck-Broekhuis Christel H. D. , Poortman Cindy L. , Schildkamp Kim , Visscher Adrie J.
Published: January 2024

Many schools aim to implement Assessment for Learning (AfL) to stimulate students to take more ownership of their learning and develop self-regulatory skills. This survey-based study is among the few in the field showing how students experience the extent of implementation of AfL, here in English language and mathematics classes in 12 Dutch secondary schools. Analysis showed no differences between the subjects. Students (N = 685) experienced activities to clarify the learning intentions and success criteria and eliciting evidence on their learning progress regularly (between 50–74% of the lessons). Students hardly ever experienced activities aimed at peer- and self-assessment (less than 25% of the lessons). However, cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters related to the extent of AfL strategy use students experienced. Overall, we can conclude that AfL is not yet fully integrated into teaching practices. Teachers’ skills, knowledge and attitudes required to increase student engagement in AfL practices and strengthen students’ self-regulated learning need more attention in future teacher professional development trajectories.
High power tunable Raman fiber laser at 1.2 μm waveband
Authors: Zhang Yang , Xu Jiangming , Liang Junrui , Ye Jun , Li Sicheng , Ma Xiaoya , Pan Zhiyong , Leng Jinyong , Zhou Pu
Published: January 2024

Development of a high power fiber laser at special waveband, which is difficult to achieve by conventional rare-earth-doped fibers, is a significant challenge. One of the most common methods for achieving lasing at special wavelength is Raman conversion. Phosphorus-doped fiber (PDF), due to the phosphorus-related large frequency shift Raman peak at 40 THz, is a great choice for large frequency shift Raman conversion. Here, by adopting 150 m large mode area triple-clad PDF as Raman gain medium, and a novel wavelength-selective feedback mechanism to suppress the silica-related Raman emission, we build a high power cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser at 1.2 μm waveband. A Raman signal with power up to 735.8 W at 1252.7 nm is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power ever reported for fiber lasers at 1.2 μm waveband. Moreover, by tuning the wavelength of the pump source, a tunable Raman output of more than 450 W over a wavelength range of 1240.6–1252.7 nm is demonstrated. This work proves PDF’s advantage in high power large frequency shift Raman conversion with a cladding pump scheme, thus providing a good solution for a high power laser source at special waveband.

Graphical Abstract
The Study of Antistaphylococcal Potential of Omiganan and Retro-Omiganan Under Flow Conditions
Authors: Jaśkiewicz Maciej , Neubauer Damian , Sikora Karol , Bauer Marta , Bartoszewska Sylwia , Błażewicz Izabela , Marek Dariusz , Barańska-Rybak Wioletta , Kamysz Wojciech
Published: January 2024

Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the leading pathogens responsible for infections in humans and animals. The heterogeneous nature of diseases caused by these bacteria is due to the occurrence of multiple strains, differentiated by several mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. One of these is the ability to form biofilm. Biofilm-associated bacteria exhibit a different phenotype that protects them from external factors such as the activity of immune system or antimicrobial substances. Moreover, it has been shown that the majority of persistent and recurrent infections are associated with the presence of the biofilm. Omiganan, an analog of indolicidin - antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from bovine neutrophil granules, was found to exhibit high antistaphylococcal and antibiofilm potential. Furthermore, its analog with a reversed sequence (retro-omiganan) was found to display enhanced activity against a variety of pathogens. Based on experience of our group, we found out that counterion exchange can improve the antistaphylococcal activity of AMPs. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of both compounds against S. aureus biofilm under flow conditions. The advantage of this approach was that it offered the opportunity to form and characterize the biofilm under more controlled conditions. To do this, unique flow cells made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were developed. The activity against pre-formed biofilm as well as AMPs-treated bacteria was measured. Also, the incorporation of omiganan and retro-omiganan into the channels was conducted to learn whether or not it would inhibit the development of biofilm. The results of the microbiological tests ultimately confirmed the high potential of the omiganan and its retro-analog as well as the importance of counterion exchange in terms of antimicrobial examination. We found out that retro-omiganan trifluoroacetate had the highest biofilm inhibitory properties, however, acetates of both compounds exhibited the highest activity against planktonic and biofilm cultures. Moreover, the developed methodology of investigation under flow conditions allows the implementation of the studies under flow conditions to other compounds.
Beyond Collaborative Learning: a Comparison of Small Groups in Face-to-Face and Online Settings
Authors: Song Xiaomei , Elftman Michael
Published: January 2024

Small group-based instructional approaches such as case-based learning (CBL) and team-based learning (TBL) are widely used in medical education to promote collaboration and team learning. During the pandemic, many medical schools shifted from face-to-face instruction to online settings. While CBL/TBL are intended to foster collaborative skills, it is unclear how its use evolves in an online setting and whether the online setting impacts students’ perceptions and behaviors in collaboration. This study examined how the change from in-person to online CBL/TBL impacted students’ collaboration. We used a mixed-methods sequential design, first collecting and analyzing retrospective cohort quantitative data with the Class of 2023 through peer evaluation surveys followed by six focus groups. Students’ assessment of their peers was generally positive. Nonparametric testing showed significant differences for two questions with less positive perceptions in the virtual setting compared to when students had in-person CBL/TBL. The focus group results identified several themes related to collaboration and learning communities. In the virtual setting, students not only lost collaboration opportunities with their group members in CBL/TBL, but also learning opportunities and social connections with other groups and the community as a whole. Virtual learning environments may have presented challenges for collaborative learning and the establishment of a sense of community.
Discussion of Josh Milburn’s Just Fodder: The Ethics of Feeding Animals
Authors: Pepper Angie
Published: January 2024

In Just Fodder: The Ethics of Feeding Animals, Josh Milburn thinks through the implications of feeding animals by focusing on the relationships between humans and three different groups of animals: (1) animal companions; (2) animal neighbours; and (3) wild animals. In my comments, I concentrate on how the actions and agency interests of these animals problematise some of Milburn’s assumptions and normative prescriptions. My overall aim is to show how giving animal agency more prominence in our thinking about what we owe to them has significant implications. It is my view that current theorising about other animals focuses too heavily on their experiential welfare and not enough on what animals do and the normative significance of what they do. Though I agree with Milburn that all animals have a right against being killed and made to suffer, a full ethical analysis of our relations with other animals must also consider their (equally weighty) interest in self-determination.
Continuous flow synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins with inline UV–Vis analysis
Authors: Parveen Firdaus , Morris Henry J. , West Harvey , Slater Anna G.
Published: January 2024

Porphyrin derivatives have found diverse applications due to their attractive photophysical and catalytic properties, but remain challenging to synthesize, particularly at scale. Porphyrin synthesis thus stands to benefit from the more controlled environment, opportunities for efficient optimization, and potential for scale-up available in flow. Here, we have transferred Lindsey porphyrin synthesis into flow, enabling controlled timing for oxidation and neutralization steps and real time monitoring of the reaction mixture with inline UV–Vis analysis. For tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP), inline UV–Vis showed the presence of protonated TPP, formed due to residual acid. Thus, inline monitoring allowed optimization of the neutralization step to improve yield. Three further porphyrin substrates were produced in flow; in two cases, the yield from inline UV was significantly higher than the yield from post-purification, identifying further yield losses that could be recovered by modifying the purification step. The workflow presented here can be adapted to multiple substrates to systematically optimise porphyrin yield, reducing the time needed to develop scalable routes to these valuable compounds.
Biochar reduced the mineralization of native and added soil organic carbon: evidence of negative priming and enhanced microbial carbon use efficiency
Authors: Kalu Subin , Seppänen Aino , Mganga Kevin Z. , Sietiö Outi-Maaria , Glaser Bruno , Karhu Kristiina
Published: January 2024

Biochar has been widely recognized for its potential to increase carbon (C) sequestration and mitigate climate change. This potential is affected by how biochar interacts with native soil organic carbon (SOC) and fresh organic substrates added to soil. However, only a few studies have been conducted to understand this interaction. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a 13C-glucose labelling soil incubation for 6 months using fine-textured agricultural soil (Stagnosol) with two different biochar amounts. Biochar addition reduced the mineralization of SOC and 13C-glucose and increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE). The effects were found to be additive i.e., higher biochar application rate resulted in lower mineralization of SOC and 13C-glucose. Additionally, soil density fractionation after 6 months revealed that most of the added biochar particles were recovered in free particulate organic matter (POM) fraction. Biochar also increased the retention of 13C in free POM fraction, indicating that added 13C-glucose was preserved within the biochar particles. The measurement of 13C from the total amino sugar fraction extracted from the biochar particles suggested that biochar increased the microbial uptake of added 13C-glucose and after they died, the dead microbial residues (necromass) accumulated inside biochar pores. Biochar also increased the proportion of occluded POM, demonstrating that increased soil occlusion following biochar addition reduced SOC mineralization. Overall, the study demonstrates the additional C sequestering potential of biochar by inducing negative priming of native SOC as well as increasing CUE, resulting in the formation and stabilization of microbial necromass.

Graphical Abstract
Synergistically enhancing nitrate reduction into N2 in water by N-doped Pd–Cu biochar bimetallic single-atom electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Lihao , Wu Yuqing , Zhu Zongqiang , Zhu Yinian , Dong Yi , Liang Meina , Deng Huan
Published: January 2024

Noble metal materials have been identified as high efficiency catalysts for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate,  and the synthesis and manufacture of high catalytic activity and environmentally friendly catalysts of activating hydrogen for water purification applications is extremely attractive. In this work, the Pd–Cu single-atom catalysts (Pd–Cu-N-BC) were first prepared by direct growth of Pd–Cu single-atom on bamboo biochar by regulating the concentration of precursors and doping method, and then enhanced electrocatalytic reduction nitrate performance and N2 generation. The results showed that Pd–Cu-N-BC displayed excellent catalytic activity and reusability in electrocatalytic reduction nitrate with a low potential of 0.47 V vs. RHE (@10 mA cm−2). The maximum nitrate removal efficiency and N2 generation could reach about 100% and 72.32% within 180 min, respectively. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that Cu atoms could catalyze the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and Pd atoms anchored in the nitrogen-doped biochar (N-BC) lattice could catalyze electrochemical reduction of nitrite to N2 involving the formation of hydrogen radical (H*). The characterization results of XANES showed that electronic synergistic effect between Pd and Cu single atoms significantly promotes the N2 production through hydrogenation while inhibiting the generation of byproducts, leading to significantly enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to N2. Finally, Pd–Cu-N-BC was designed as a 3D particle electrode for enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, exhibiting excellent stability and reusability, which could be considered as a suitable candidate for applications in the remediation of nitrate contamination.

Graphical Abstract
A design perspective on how to tackle gender biases when developing AI-driven systems
Authors: González Ana Santana , Rampino Lucia
Published: January 2024

A growing awareness of bias in artificial intelligence (AI) systems has recently emerged, leading to an increased number of publications discussing ethics in AI. Nevertheless, the specific issue of gender bias remains under-discussed. How can design contribute to preventing the emergence of gender bias in AI-driven systems? To answer this question, we investigated the current state of AI ethical guidelines within the European Union. The results revealed that most guidelines do not acknowledge gender bias but address discrimination. This raised our concerns, as addressing multiple biases simultaneously might not effectively mitigate any of them due to their often-unconscious nature. Furthermore, our results revealed a lack of quantitative evidence supporting the effectiveness of bias prevention implementation methods and solutions. In conclusion, based on our analysis, we propose four recommendations for designing effective guidelines to tackle gender biases in AI. Moreover, we stress the central role of diversity in embedding the gender perspective from the beginning in any design activity.
Anesthetic drug discovery with computer-aided drug design and machine learning
Authors: Liu Xianggen , Xue Zhe , Luo Mingmin , Ke Bowen , Lv Jiancheng
Published: January 2024

Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has emerged as a highly effective and indispensable tool for streamlining the drug discovery process, leading to significant reductions in cost and time. The integration of CADD with machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies further enhances its potential and promises novel advancements in the field. In this article, we provide a review of the computational methods employed in the development of novel anesthetics, outlining their respective advantages and limitations. These techniques have demonstrated their utility across various stages of drug discovery, encompassing the exploration of target-ligand interactions, identification and validation of new binding sites, de novo drug design, evaluation and optimization of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties in lead compounds, as well as prediction of adverse effects. Through an in-depth exploration of computational approaches and their applications, this article aims to help relevant researchers develop safer and more effective anesthetic drugs.