bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing alternative approaches to predicting soil phosphorus sorption
Authors: Burkitt L. L. , Gourley C. J. P. , Hannah M. C. , Sale P. W. G.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐five pasture soils were sampled from high‐rainfall zones of southeastern Australia to examine relationships between soil properties, and between soil properties and P buffering capacity (PBC) measures. Correlations between PBC values and soil properties were generally poor, with the exception of oxalate‐extractable Al (Alox) (r ≥ 0.97). Predictions of PBC were further improved when clay, as well as Alox, was included in a linear regression model (r2 ≥ 0.98). When Alox and oxalate‐extractable Fe were excluded from the modelling exercise, a more complex three‐term linear regression model, including pHH2O, exchangeable H and cation exchange capacity, adequately fitted both PBC values of the 25 soils examined in this study (r2 ≥ 0.76). However, the Alox, Alox plus clay and the three‐term models gave poor predictions of the PBC values when the models were validated using 28 independent soils. These results emphasize the importance of model validation, because predictive models based on soil properties were not robust when tested across a broader range of soil types. In comparison, direct measures of PBC, such as single‐point P sorption measures, are more practical and robust methods of estimating PBC for Australian soils.
Regional simulation of long‐term organic carbon stock changes in cropland soils using the DNDC model: 1. Large‐scale model validation against a spatially explicit data set
Authors: Sleutel S. , De Neve S. , Beheydt D. , Li C. , Hofman G.
Published: August 2010

Because of the large spatial and temporal variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, a modelling approach is crucial in detailed regional analyses. Several estimates of regional scale SOC sequestration potential have been made using dynamic soil organic matter (SOM) models which have been linked to spatial databases contained within a Geographic Information System. In all these previous studies, a large‐scale model validation, which provides information on the general model performance for the study area under concern, was impossible because of lack of data. A data set of over 190 000 SOC measurements, grouped as means per community and covering the period 1989–2000 was available for Flanders in northern Belgium. In order to validate the DNDC model at a large spatial scale, we used this data set along with detailed pH, soil texture and crop areas which were all available at the municipality scale to simulate SOC stocks for the entire study area during the period 1990–2000. A minor adjustment of the initial distribution of SOC in the model's SOC pool was necessary to fit the simulated SOC stock changes to the measured decrease of −475 kg OC ha−1 year−1 (0–30 cm). Although DNDC was able to simulate the SOC stock changes well for the whole study area, the simulated decrease in the SOC stocks was overestimated for communities predominantly having sandy textures and underestimated for communities with silt loam to silt textures. This study also urges caution with the application of SOM models at regional scales after limited validation or calibration at the field scale as these do not guarantee good simulation of spatial variation in SOC changes.
The role of clay, organic carbon and long‐term management on mouldboard plough draught measured on the Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted
Authors: Watts C. W. , Clark L. J. , Poulton P. R. , Powlson D. S. , Whitmore A. P.
Published: August 2010

Despite a high energy requirement, the mouldboard plough remains the dominant tillage tool in northwest Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative influences of soil texture (clay content), soil organic carbon (SOC) and long‐term management on soil‐specific draught (S), where S is the force per cross‐sectional area of worked soil. Measurements were made during autumn 2000 on the then 157‐year‐old Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted, UK, where clay contents vary from 19 to 39% and the different cropping history, mineral and organic fertilizer treatments lead to SOC values of 0.7–3.2%. Minimum SOC values increased with increasing clay and were associated with zero or low mineral N inputs, while higher SOC values (>2%) were associated with long‐term applications of farmyard manure (FYM), despite these being on the lighter (<24% clay) soils. S values ranged between 52 and 142 kPa, with higher values co‐located in areas with high clay contents. Contour maps were generated to illustrate the spatial variability of S and show similarity to those for clay. Where FYM had been added, S was 66 kPa compared with 74 kPa where only mineral or no fertilizer was applied on soils of the same texture. Increasing applications of mineral N resulted in relatively small increases in SOC but up to 12% reduction in S.
What Is the Experience of National Quality Campaigns? Views from the Field
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth H. , Nembhard Ingrid M. , Yuan Christina T. , Stern Amy F. , Curtis Jeptha P. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Brush John E. , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: August 2010

Objective. To identify key characteristics of a national quality campaign that participants viewed as effective, to understand mechanisms by which the campaign influenced hospital practices, and to elucidate contextual factors that modified the perceived influence of the campaign on hospital improvements.

Data Sources. In‐depth interviews, hospital surveys, and Health Quality Alliance data.

Study Design. We conducted a qualitative study using in‐depth interviews with clinical and administrative staff (N=99) at hospitals reporting strong influence (n=6) as well as hospitals reporting limited influence (n=6) of the Door‐to‐Balloon (D2B) Alliance, a national quality campaign to improve heart attack care. We analyzed these qualitative data as well as changes in hospital use of recommended strategies reported through a hospital survey and changes in treatment times using Health Quality Alliance data.

Data Collection Methods. In‐depth, open‐ended interviews; hospital survey.

Principal Findings. Key characteristics of the national quality campaign viewed as enhancing its effectiveness were as follows: credibility of the recommendations, perceived simplicity of the recommendations, alignment with hospitals' strategic goals, practical implementation tools, and breadth of the network of peer hospitals in the D2B Alliance. Perceived mechanisms of the campaign's influence included raising awareness and influencing goals, fostering strategy adoption, and influencing aspects of organizational culture. Modifying contextual factors included perceptions about current performance and internal championship for the recommended changes.

Conclusions. The impact of national quality campaigns may depend on both campaign design features and on the internal environment of participating hospitals.
Utility of organotypic raphe slice cultures to investigate the effects of sustained exposure to selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitors on 5‐HT release
Authors: Nagayasu Kazuki , Yatani Yumi , Kitaichi Maiko , Kitagawa Yutaka , Shirakawa Hisashi , Nakagawa Takayuki , Kaneko Shuji
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSESelective 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants and their therapeutic effect requires several weeks of drug administration. The delayed onset of SSRI efficacy is due to the slow neuroadaptive changes of the 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic (5‐HTergic) system. In this study, we examined the acute and chronic effects of SSRIs on the 5‐HTergic system using rat raphe slice cultures.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHFor organotypic raphe slice cultures, mesencephalic coronal sections containing dorsal and median raphe nuclei were prepared from neonatal Wistar rats and cultured for 14–16 days.

KEY RESULTSAcute treatment with citalopram, paroxetine or fluoxetine (0.1–10 µM) in the slice cultures slightly increased extracellular 5‐HT levels, while sustained exposure for 4 days augmented the elevation of 5‐HT level in a time‐dependent manner. Sustained exposure to citalopram had no effect on tissue contents of 5‐HT and its metabolite, expression of tryptophan hydroxylase or the membrane expression of 5‐HT transporters. The augmented 5‐HT release was attenuated by Ca2+‐free incubation medium or treatment with tetrodotoxin. Experiments with 5‐HT1A/Breceptor agonists and antagonists revealed that desensitization of 5‐HT1autoreceptors was not involved in the augmentation of 5‐HT release. Finally, co‐treatment with an α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate, but not anN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate, receptor antagonist, suppressed this augmentation.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest that sustained exposure to SSRIs induces the augmentation of exocytotic 5‐HT release, which is caused, at least in part, by the activation of AMPA/kainate receptors in the raphe slice cultures.
Japanese encephalitis virus induces matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in rat brain astrocytes via NF‐κB signalling dependent on MAPKs and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Tung Wei‐Hsuan , Tsai Hsin‐Wen , Lee I‐Ta , Hsieh Hsi‐Lung , Chen Wei‐June , Chen Yuh‐Lien , Yang Chuen‐Mao
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae and JEV infection is a major cause of acute encephalopathy in children, which destroys cells in the CNS, including astrocytes and neurons. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the inflammatory action of JEV are largely unclear.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of JEV on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 was determined by gelatin zymography, Western blot analysis, real‐time PCR and promoter assay. The involvement of the NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS), MAPKs, and the transcription factor NF‐κB in these responses was investigated by using selective pharmacological inhibitors and transfection with appropriate siRNAs.

KEY RESULTS JEV induced the expression of the pro‐form of MMP‐9 in rat brain astrocytes (RBA‐1 cells). In RBA‐1 cells, JEV induced MMP‐9 expression and promoter activity, which was inhibited by pretreatment with inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenylene iodonium chloride or apocynin), MAPKs (U0126, SB203580 or SP600125) and a ROS scavenger (N‐acetylcysteine), or transfection with siRNAs of p47phox, ERK1, JNK2 and p38. In addition, JEV‐induced MMP‐9 expression was reduced by pretreatment with an inhibitor of NF‐κB (helenalin) or transfection with p65 siRNA. Moreover, JEV‐stimulated NF‐κB activation was inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and MAPKs.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MMP‐9 expression induced by JEV infection of RBA‐1 cells was mediated through the generation of ROS and activation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2, leading to NF‐κB activation.
Immigration History and Whiteness Studies: American and Australian Approaches Compared
Authors: Shiells Georgia
Published: August 2010

The emergence of whiteness studies as a discrete field of academic enquiry has had important implications across a range of fields, including history. In particular, insights drawn from whiteness studies can be fruitfully applied to the study of immigration history. American scholars have shown that, in their country, whiteness was a crucial marker used in order to exclude certain immigrant groups and the white status of immigrants was tenuous and conditional. In Australia, historians across a range of fields have embraced whiteness studies. And yet, historical studies of the shifting racial status of continental European immigrants – particularly those from Southern and Eastern Europe, whose whiteness was most frequently questioned – have been fewer in number and less extensive than American studies. This article considers that North American and Australian scholarly work which examines the role of whiteness in the historical experience of continental European immigrants during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It suggests that whiteness studies can offer Australian immigration history a useful frame for historical analysis; however, Australian work will inevitably reflect different preoccupations to that of American scholars, and some caution should be exercised in importing American approaches wholesale.
Merovingian Immunity Revisited
Authors: Murray Alexander Callander
Published: August 2010

Although advances have been made in the study of Merovingian immunity in the last decade and a half, old misconceptions about the history and character of immunity still persist and new ones have been introduced. This article lays out in question form many of the principal issues raised by the new (and old) research and provides brief answers designed to help readers situate immunity within the historiography of Frankish Gaul in the Merovingian period.
Testing Colour Fastness in Sunlight and Artificial Light
Authors: NORDHAMMAR GÖSTA , GRALÉN NILS
Published: August 2010

Spectrophotometric measurements of eight dyes on cotton or wool faded in sunlight and in the Fadeometer show the course of fading of the dyeings to be similar in the two cases.
Further Observations on the Effects of Evaporating Water from Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Madaras G. W. , Turner H. A.
Published: August 2010

The experiments described in a previous paper1 have been extended with the object of excluding gaseous oxygen more rigorously from the system. When the purified cotton cloth was first maintained for tlrree days in a high vacuum, and then brought into contact with chemically deoxygenated water in an atmospiiere of purified nitrogen, evaporation produced R brown line, closely resembling that already described, at the boundary between wet and dry cloth. With & modified procedure, when evsporation took place in the no brown coloration was observed, but evidence was obtained that chemical modification of cellulose in the boundary region was still taking place.
The Measurement of Donnan Potentials with Dyed Cellulose and Aqueous Salt Solutions
Authors: Neale S. M. , Saha P. K.
Published: August 2010

Measurements have been made of the electrical potential difference (Donnan potential) between dyed Cellophane and aqueous solutions of alkali‐metal chlorides. The presence of adsorbed coloured ions of negative electric charge increases the negative potential of cellulose, whereas positively charged coloured ions may reverse the sign of the charge. The measured potentials, whilst smaller than those predicted by the application of the Donnan theory, after making the usual simplifying assumptions, are in good general agreement with modern views of the mechanism of direct dyeing.
Self–smoothing Cellulosic Fabrics*
Authors: MARSH J. T.
Published: August 2010

I The original invention of crease–resisting textiles took place just before the formulation of the chemical constitution and molecular structure of cellulose, but subsequent developments have taken place side by side.

The conception of chain–molecules in varying degrees of lateral order is now generally accepted, but there are dangers of oversimplifying the picture of a network structure as solely comprising the crystallites and amorphous regions; insufficient attention is pa, id to the probable existence of a loose network having occasional junction points within the amorphous regions, as in the general theory of gel structures.

These junction points may be increased in number and variety to form a: new network which is sufficiently entangled to impart properties of technical and commercial value.

In the technology of the various processes, the relative proportions of the different types of cellulose, their accessibility and reactivity, are all important and may be controlled to some extent; sensitivity to degradation and embrittlement are also influenced.

II– Of the large number of new effects which may be obtained by suitable entanglements of the molecular chains of cellulose, the most outstanding are associated with crease–recovery, both wet and dry.

These and other properties may be stabilised and made durable through the use of certain chemical compounds such as thermosetting resins (phenol–formaldehyde, urea–formaldehyde, or melainine–formaldehyde), reaetant resins (bifunctional derivatives of imidazolidones and triazones), and linear reactants (formaldehyde, butanedioldiurethane. opoxy compounds, and glycols).

III– Self–smoothing fabrics of cotton and ra. you require different amounts of reagent for a similar result, but the quantities are almost equal when calculated on the amorphous contents of the fibres.

There is some agreement between the anomalous behaviour of cotton and rayon on drying and on addition of the self–smoothing finish; in both cases the effects may be attributed to molecular entanglements, the disruption of which causes a return to the original properties.

With conventional chemical treatments the reticula, tiori is accompanied by resin–formed bonds, heat–formed hydrogen bonds, and the usual hydrogen bonds; thus there is a network within a network, giving increased elastic recovery but also increased, rigidity.

The mechanical properties of the treated fibres may be influenced by the amount of accessible cellulose and hence by the relative number of heat–formed hydrogen bonds; the latter may be broken after treatment by a form of caustic conditioning or mercerising, but they may be prevented from forming when the curing stage occurs in steam. Many of the characteristics of the final product may be due to the proportions of normal hydrogen bonds, heat–formed hydrogen bonds, and cellulose–resin–cellulose bonds.
pH and Its Importance in Textile Coloration
Authors: Dawson T. L.
Published: August 2010

The use of the pH scale is commonplace throughout the textile processing industry. This paper outlines a simplified theoretical basis for the system and how pH calculations can be made in any neutralisation system (including buffer mixtures) involving weak or strong acids and bases. Methods of measuring and con trolling pH both in the laboratory and in bulk scale processing are described.

The influence and relative importance of the need for control of dye–liquor pH conditions is illustrated principally for reactive dyes on cellulosic and reactive and acid dyes on polyamide fibres – i. e., those fibres where the pH greatly influences the uptake of dye. Fibres (polyester and acrylics), where the pH more particularly influences the chemical stability of the dyes in the dyebath rather than the rate of dyeing, are also discussed. Factors affecting the stability of the finished dyeings to various conditions of acidity or alkalinity are described.
The synthesis and application of some aziridinyl disperse dyes
Authors: Burkinshaw Stephen M , Hallas Geoffrey
Published: August 2010

The aziridinyl group has been introduced as a terminal substituent into a series of monoazo disperse dyes; the dyes absorb hypsochromically in comparison with their counterparts containing larger terminal ring systems. When applied from aqueous dyebaths the dyes exhibit higher wash fastness on nylon 6.6 and diacetate fibres than conventional dispersedyes of similar structure and relative molecular mass. On polyester and triacetate fibresthe aziridinyl dyes display similar wash fastness to conventional dyes. Dye polymerisation and/or covalent fixation may account for the observed high fastness of the dyes on diacetate and nylon fibres. With the exception of nylon 6.6, the aziridinyl dyes display lower light fastness than conventional disperse dyes on the fibres studied, this being attributable to the greater susceptibility of the aziridinyl dyes to oxidative rather than reductive photodegradation.
A novel approach for improving the light fatigue resistance of spiropyrans
Authors: Oda Hironori
Published: August 2010

Photochromic behaviour is a common characteristic in spiropyrans and spiro‐oxazines as well as other photochromic materials. From a commercial point of view, the fatigue resistance of these compounds is the key property that largely determines whether they are likely to find any practical application. Various potential metal complexes were synthesised to improve the light fatigue resistance of spiropyrans. The protective effect of these compounds against the dark or photofading of photocoloured species was examined on the solid state. The zinc or nickel salts of 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐2‐carboxylic acid and its derivatives were found to be very effective in stabilising the coloured form of spiropyran.
Pilot study using doxycycline‐releasing stents to ameliorate postoperative healing quality after sinus surgery
Authors: Huvenne Wouter , Zhang Nan , Tijsma Edze , Hissong Britt , Huurdeman Judtih , Holtappels Gabriele , Claeys Sofie , Van Cauwenberge Paul , Nelis Hans , Coenye Tom , Bachert Claus
Published: August 2010

Poor postoperative healing after sinus surgery is associated with high concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9). The frontal recess is especially vulnerable to restenosis, and frontal sinus stents have been used to overcome this problem. However, the long‐term success rate is still controversial and may be poor. In this perspective, we developed doxycycline (DC)‐releasing stents, delivering the MMP‐9 synthesis‐suppressing agent locally to the frontal recess area. We evaluated postoperative MMP‐9 levels, bacterial colonization, healing quality, and symptom scores in patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) (n=10) who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery during which the DC‐releasing and placebo stents were placed. We found that MMP‐9 concentrations were significantly lower at the side of the DC‐releasing stent (3,414±582 ng/mL) compared with the contralateral placebo stent (9,172±2,564 ng/mL) (p<0.05) at month 3 postsurgery. DC stents adequately suppressed bacterial growth compared with placebo stents. Furthermore, the visual analog scale (VAS) for the frontal region was significantly better (mean value 75.1 vs. 52.8, p<0.001) compared with its placebo counterpart. We conclude that compared with placebo stents, DC‐releasing stents significantly lowered MMP‐9 concentrations and bacterial colonization locally, and improved postoperative healing quality after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, as demonstrated by visual analog scale and ostial closure.
Social Engagement Leads 2‐Year‐Olds to Overestimate Others’ Knowledge
Authors: Moll Henrike , Carpenter Malinda , Tomasello Michael
Published: August 2010

Previous research has found that young children recognize an adult as being acquainted with an object most readily when the child and adult have previously engaged socially with that object together. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that such social engagement is so powerful that it can sometimes lead children to overestimate what has been shared. After having shared two objects with an adult in turn, 2‐year‐old children played with a third object the adult could not see. In three out of four conditions, the adult remained co‐present and/or communicated to the child while she played with the third object. Children falsely perceived the adult as being acquainted with the third object when she remained co‐present (whether or not she also communicated) but not when she clearly terminated the interaction by disengaging and leaving. These results suggest that when young children are engaged with a co‐present person they tend to overestimate the other’s knowledge.
Book Review
Authors: Zmijewski Chester M.
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Advances in Immunobiology Blood Cell Antigens and Bone Marrow Transplantation. Jeffrey McCullough and S. Gerald Sandler.
Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia attributed to maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies against the neutrophil alloantigen HNA‐1c (SH): a report of five cases
Authors: Curtis Brian R. , Reno Corey , Aster Richard H.
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia (NAN) occurs when maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies enter fetal circulation and destroy neonatal neutrophils. Whether antibodies specific for the neutrophil antigen HNA‐1c (SH) can cause NAN is uncertain, because in three of four reported cases, other neutrophil‐specific antibodies were present. In this report, we describe five cases of NAN, in which only anti‐HNA‐1c was detected in maternal serum.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: HNA‐1c antibodies were detected with flow cytometry immunofluorescence (FCI) and the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) immobilization of granulocyte antigens (MAIGA) assay. Genotyping for HNA‐1c was performed by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA.

RESULTS: All five maternal serum samples contained IgG antibodies with specificity for HNA‐1c detected in both FCI and MAIGA assay. Of CD16‐specific MoAbs evaluated, only MBC238.7 was optimal for detection of antibody by MAIGA assay. Recombinant human granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (rHuG‐CSF) was effective in raising neutrophil counts in the two infants treated in this manner.

CONCLUSION: Severe NAN can be caused by maternal antibodies specific for HNA‐1c (SH) alone. Use of an appropriate MoAb is critical for detection of anti‐HNA‐1c by MAIGA assay. rHuG‐CSF is an effective therapy in infants with NAN caused by anti‐HNA‐1c.
Identification of 12 novel RHD alleles in western France by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis
Authors: Le Maréchal Cédric , Guerry Christine , Benech Caroline , Burlot Laetitia , Cavelier Brigitte , Porra Valérie , Delamaire Maryvonne , Férec Claude , Chen Jian‐Min
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Unlike the standard RHD+ or RHD– alleles, serologic determination of weak or partial D alleles is often not clear‐cut. Most importantly, rare weak D alleles, not typed by serology, are prone to alloimmunization when transfused with D+ blood. Although more than 100 RHD variants have currently been reported, many more rare alleles probably remain to be identified.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To identify novel unusual RHD alleles, genomic DNA samples were collected from 333 blood donors or recipients in western France. All displayed ambiguity for D phenotype as determined by routinely used serologic reagents and analyzed by means of denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis in parallel with direct sequencing.

RESULTS: For the first time it has been established that a reliable DHPLC‐based approach potentiates the rapid screening of the entire RHD gene–coding sequence. In so doing, a total of 12 novel RHD alleles were identified. Except for the null allele that is in trans with a Weak D type 4 allele, the predicted effects of the other new alleles on gene expression correlated well with the discrepant routine D phenotype results. In particular, the carrier of the p.Leu214Phe missense mutation developed alloanti‐D antibodies after transfusion of D+ blood.

CONCLUSION: The identification of 12 novel RHD alleles represents a significant addition to the known repertoire of unusual RHD variants and, at the same time, serves to deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of weak and partial D. The accurate molecular typing of RHD alleles would allow to reduce the alloimmunization risk.
[101]‐Oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 Single Crystals Under Electric Loadings: Polarization Rotation Linking MB, O, and R Phases
Authors: Fang Fei , Yang Wei , Luo Xu
Published: August 2010

We report on the existence of monoclinic (MB), orthohombic (O), and rhombohedral (R) phases in [101]‐oriented 74Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–26PbTiO3 (PMN–26PT) single crystals under electric loadings. Before electric loadings, the [101]‐oriented PMN–26PT single crystal is composed of R and monoclinic phases. Both MB and R phases are revealed after being poled in the [101] direction. When the single crystal is subjected to bipolar cyclic electric field, an MB phase bridges the reversal of domains of R phase. Reversal of the domains of MB phase is achieved by either 180° domain switching or non‐180° domain switchings. Under static electric field, polarization rotation from R to MB again occurs, and as the field increases, phase transition from MB to O phase occurs. The O phase is metastable because it tends to change back to MB phase after the removal of electric field. The findings are of importance for understanding the microstructure characteristics of [101]‐oriented PMN–PT single crystals that show the ultrahigh piezoelectric performances at the morphotropic phase boundary.
Clonal Karyotype Abnormalities in Erythroid and Granulocyte‐Monocyte Precursors in Polycythaemia Vera and Myelofibrosis
Authors: Ruutu Tapani , Partanen Seija , Knuutila Sakari
Published: August 2010

To determine whether clonal karyotype abnormalities seen in myeloproliferative disorders originate in cells of only one or of more blood cell lines, committed erythroid and granulocyte‐monocyte progenitor cells were cultured in vitro by the methyl cellulose assay, and chromosome studies were carried out on the colonies. 3 patients were studied, 1 with polycythaemia vera and 2 with myelofibrosis, which was preceded by polycythaemia vera in 1 of the cases. All analysable karyotypes from both erythroid and granulocyte‐monocyte colonies in every patient showed the clonal karyotype aberration which had been demonstrated in the bone marrow or blood of the patient. This finding is evidence of the involvement of a multipotent stem cell in the clonal proliferation of these diseases.
Haemoglobin D Punjab Interaction with α thalassaemia and diagnosis by gene mapping
Authors: TRENT R. J. , HARRIS M. G. , FLEMING P. J. , WYATT K. , HUGHES W. G. , KRONENBERG H.
Published: August 2010

A family which illustrates the inheritance of Hb D Punjab (a β globin chain variant) and α thalassaemia is described. Interaction between Hb D Punjab and α thalassaemia is observed since levels of Hb D vary according to the number of α globin genes deleted. The technique of gene mapping has been utilised in the current study to provide definitive evidence of α thalassaemia and also demonstrates a novel way to identify Hb D Punjab.
Prediction of Survival in Adults with Acquired Bi‐ or Pancytopenia
Authors: Clemmesen L. , Hansen M. Mørk , Videbæk Aa. , Thiede T. , Mortensen L.
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective study of 44 adults with acquired bi‐ or pancytopenia without evidence of any causal disorder, the survival curve suggested the existence of a subgroup of short survivors, mainly with aplastic anaemia, with death within 4 months.

The initial values of 14 single clinical, blood and bone marrow variables were significantly associated with survival < 4 months. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses identified 2 combinations of variables displaying significant simultaneous associations with short survival: (i) increased % of non‐myeloid bone marrow cells and haemorrhagic manifestations initially; (ii) increased % of non‐myeloid marrow cells, circulating erythroblasts and no history of any drug exposure.

The predictive capacities of a resulting estimate of the probability of short survival and of previously introduced prognostic indices were approximately equal. The frequency of a correct prediction of a survival shorter than 4 months was in the range of 0.71–0.78 and that of longer survival in the range of 0.74–0.94.
Decrease of Fcγ and C3b receptor‐bearing granulocytes and of T lymphocytes in myelomatosis
Authors: Næss A. , Hopen G. , Solberg C. O.
Published: August 2010

18 patients with myelomatosis had lower percentages of granulocytes bearing receptors for Fcγ (47.6%) and C3b (43.0%) than controls (80.4% and 75.0%). The percentage of T lymphocytes was decreased in patients when untreated sheep erythrocytes were used as indicator cells. Patients with high serum IgG levels had lower percentages of T lymphocytes. There was no significant difference in receptor profile between treated and untreated patients. The decrease in Fcγ and C3b receptor‐bearing granulocytes in myelomatosis is probably not due to serum or plasma factors since (a) the distribution of receptor‐bearing lymphocytes was not different from that of the controls; (b) extra washings of cells or overnight incubation did not enhance the percentage of receptor positive cells; and (c) incubation of normal granulocytes in sera or plasma from myelomatosis patients did not cause a more pronounced reduction in the proportions of Fcγ of C3b receptor‐bearing cells than incubation in normal sera or plasma.
Platelet count and platelet size in males and females
Authors: Bain Barbara J.
Published: August 2010

The platelet count of healthy males was compared to that of healthy females. A higher platelet count in women was confirmed. A similar inverse non‐linear relationship between the platelet count and the mean platelet volume (MPV) was found in the two sexes. The slightly higher MPV in men was insufficient to compensate for the lower platelet count so that the plateletcrit, which measures total volume of platelets in a given volume of blood, was also significantly higher in women.
Cytochemical, immunological and ANAE‐isoenzyme studies in acute myelomonocytic leukaemia: A study of 39 cases
Authors: Scott C.S. , Morgan M. , Limbert H.J. , MacKarill I.D. , Roberts B.E.
Published: August 2010

This study reports the cytochemical, electrophoretic and immunological characteristics of blasts cells from 39 cases of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia (M4). The results indicate considerable cytochemical heterogeneity, particularly with respect to esterase (alpha naphthyl acetate and chloroacetate) activities and suggest that an increased serum lysozyme cocentration is a more consistent feature. Investigations with a range of monoclonal antibodies also revealed some differences in expression of monocyte‐associated determinants although it is considered that immunological assessments are more consistent than cytochemistry in the detection of monocytic blast cell components. Analysis of AN AE isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing was found to be of particular value in cases where interpretation of ANAE cytochemistry was difficult.
Complete remission in pure red cell aplasia after plasmapheresis
Authors: Freund Leif G. , Hippe Erik , Strandgaard Svend , Pelus Louis M. , Erslev Allan J.
Published: August 2010

A 17‐year‐old girl with a severe pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and an appropriate elevation of erythropoietin titres was treated successfully with plasmapheresis, during which plasma was exchanged with human albumin and Ringer lactate. Before this treatment, therapeutic attempts with prednisolone, oxymetholone and infusions with fresh frozen plasma had all been without effect. Bone marrow culture studies revealed an inhibitory activity against BFU‐E in the plasma, an activity which could not be demonstrated after the plasmapheresis. 22 months after the ‐plasmapheresis the patient is still healthy without any medication. This case adds additional evidence for the presence of a pathogenetic erythroid inhibitory factor in the plasma of some patients with PRCA.
The kinetics of short‐lived Indium‐111 radiolabelled platelets
Authors: Peters A. M. , Saverymuttu S. H. , Bell R. N. , Lavender J. P.
Published: August 2010

We have studied the kinetics of autologous 111In‐labelled platelets in patients with reduced platelet life span (<4.5 d), most of whom were thrombocytopenic, and of homologous 111In‐labelled platelets in patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Intra‐splenic platelet transit time (t) was calculated by compartmental and deconvolution analysis. In patients with a mean platelet life span of less than a few h, compartmental analysis may not be valid and so only deconvolution analysis was applied. There was a close correlation between values of t given by the two approaches (r=0.88, n = 18, P< 0.001). In some patients with severely reduced mean platelet life span (MPLS), the deconvolved splenic platelet clearance curves appeared to approach an asymptote, the relative magnitude of which was indicative of the irreversible extraction fraction by the spleen of incoming platelets. In other patients with severely reduced MPLS resulting from abnormal intra‐hepatic platelet destruction, the deconvolved splenic curves resembled the normal. The intrasplenic platelet transit time showed no clear relationship with other parameters. It was concluded that platelet pooling within the spleen is normal in patients with reduced platelet life span, including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, even when the predominant site of destruction is the spleen, and that platelets are not delayed in transit through the spleen in preparation for their removal from the circulation and ultimate destruction.
Haemolytic effect of the enzyme system acetylcholine erythrocyte‐cholinesterase.
Authors: Torp H. E.
Published: August 2010

The enzyme ‘true’ cholinesterase is connected to the membrane of the erythrocytes and reacts selectively on acetylcholine. There is no evidence to suggest that this substrate is present in the erythrocytes, but acetylcholine is found in the spleen without the existence of true cholinesterase. Erythrocytes remain in the sinus of the spleen for several hours. Perhaps the cholinesterase connected to erythrocytes could be the enzyme for the acetylcholine in the spleen and possibly the enzyme system could have an effect on the erythrocytes during prolonged residence in the spleen.

In the course of in vitro experiments it has been illustrated that acetylcholine in an environment of erythrocytes can develop haemolysis and that it is acetic acid released during the enzymatic reaction that has the haemolytic effect.

The question is posed whether the increased H+‐ion activity, which has been established relating to erythrocytes from the spleen, can be connected with the enzyme system acetylcholine‐cholinesterase.
Auto‐immune thrombocytopenia related to interferon therapy
Authors: Abdi E. A. , Brien W. , Venner P. M.
Published: August 2010

A patient with renal cell carcinoma developed reversible autoimmune thrombocytopenia while receiving leukocyte interferon (IFN) and subsequently fibroblast IFN. Bone marrow biopsies and elevated platelet‐associated IgG were suggestive of immune thrombocytopenia. The patient's history of exposure to IFN and exclusion of other causes are most consistent with drug‐induced immune thrombocytopenia. Rechallenge with acetaminophen, the only other drug the patient was receiving concurrently, failed to induce thrombocytopenia. With IFNα, acute thrombocytopenia resolved within 48 h, whereas after IFNβ it was 5 wk before platelet counts returned to normal. PaIgG, however, remained elevated for up to 30 wk. Sensitive in vitro tests failed to confirm drug‐dependent binding of IgG to the patient's platelets. It is suggested that this patient developed interferon‐induced autoimmune thrombocytopenia.
I‐Ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate represses the dihydrotestosterone‐induced dickkopf‐1 expression in human balding dermal papilla cells
Authors: Kwack Mi Hee , Kim Moon Kyu , Kim Jung Chul , Sung Young Kwan
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Recent studies suggested that dihydrotestosterone (DHT)‐driven alteration in the autocrine and paracrine factors may be a key to androgen‐potentiated balding. Also, we recently claimed that DHT‐inducible dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1) is one of the key factors involved in the androgen‐potentiated balding. Here, we investigated whether I‐ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate (Asc 2‐P), a derivative of I‐ascorbic acid, could attenuate DHT‐induced DKK‐1 expression in dermal papilla cells (DPCs) from balding scalp. We observed that DHT‐induced DKK‐1 mRNA expression was attenuated in the presence of Asc 2‐P as examined by RT‐PCR analysis. In addition, we found that DHT‐induced activation of luciferase reporter activity was significantly repressed when Asc 2‐P was added together with DHT. Moreover, Asc 2‐P repressed DHT‐induced DKK‐1 protein expression as examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although there will be many hurdles to apply our finding to actual remedies, these results suggest that it would be worthy to evaluate Asc 2‐P or its derivatives for the treatment and prevention of androgen‐driven balding.
Oligonucleotide probes to the 16s ribosomal RNA: implications of sequence homology and secondary structure with particular reference to the oral species Prevotetla intermedia and Prevotetla nigrescens
Authors: Shah HN , Gharbia SE , Scuily C , Finegold SM
Published: August 2010

Eight oligonucleotides based upon regions of the small subunit 165 ribosomal RNA gene sequences were analysed against a background of their position within the molecule and their two‐dimensional structure to rationalise their use in recognising Prevotetla intermedia and Prevotetla nigrescens. The 41 clinical isolates from both oral and respiratory sites and two reference strains were subjected to DNA‐DNA hybridisation and multilocus enzyme etectrophoresis to confirm their identity. Alignment of oligonucleotide probes designated I Bi‐2 to I Bi‐6 (for P. intermedia) and 2Bi‐2 (for P. nigrescens) with the 165 rRNA suggested that these probes lacked specificity or were constructed from hypervariable regions. A 52–mer oligonucleotide (designated Bi) retiably detected both species. Because of the high degree of concordance between the I 65 rRNAs of both species, it was necessary to vary the stringency of hybridisation conditions for detection of both species. Thus probe I Bi‐I recognised P. intermedia while I Bi‐l detected both P. intermedia and P. nigrescens at low stringency. However, under conditions of high stringency only P. nigrescens was recognised by probe 2Bi‐I. These probes were highly specific and did not hybridise with DNA from the closety retated P. corporis, nor other periodontal pathogens such as Fuso‐bacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomit‐ans, Treponema denticola and several pigmented species such as Prevotetla metoninogenica, P. denticola, P. loescheii, Porphyramonas osaccharolytica, Py. endodontalis, Py. gin‐givalis, Py. levii, and Py. macacae.
Turnover in periodontal connective tissues: dynamic homeostasis of cells, collagen and ground substances
Authors: Bartold PM
Published: August 2010

The connective tissues of the periodontium are composed of two soft tissues and two hard tissues—each of which has unique features. This review considers the constituents of normal, healthy periodontal connective tissues together with an appraisal of the changes in the connective tissue matrices of the periodontium which occur during the development of periodontitis. Recent developments in this field have paved the way for new and exciting vistas in periodontal diagnosis and regeneration which, ultimately, are two important goals in periodontal therapy.
Origins of cementum
Authors: Hammarström L , Alatli I , Fong CD
Published: August 2010

There are diverging opinions about the role of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in the formation of cementum. In the present review this role is discussed. There is increasing evidence that Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is actively involved in the formation of both acellular and cellular cementum. The development of acellular cementum seems to be associated with secretion of enamel‐related proteins by cells of the epithelial root sheath. Formation of the matrix for cellular cementum appears to be induced by exposure of the inner layer of the epithelial root sheath to the mesenchymal cells in the dental follicle. Experimental studies with I‐hydroxyethylidene‐I, I‐bisphosphonate (HEBP) indicate that the formation of acellular cementum must be preceded by mineralization of the mantle dentin. If the mineralization is inhibited by means of HEBP, there is precocious separation of the two layers of the epithelial root sheath after which matrix for a cellular type of cementum is formed.
Osteoclast activation in inflammatory periodontal diseases
Authors: Wiebe SH , Hafezi M , Sandhu HS , Sims SM , Dixon SJ
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we review the mechanisms thought to be involved in the activation of osteoclasts in periodontitis.

SUMMARY Osteoclasts are regulated by both microbial and host factors. Some factors act directly on cells of the osteoclast lineage, whereas others act indirectly through other cell types in the bone environment. The pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukins I and 6, tumor necrosis factors) have been implicated in the stimulation of osteoclastic resorption. The roles of the immunoregul‐atory cytokines (interleukins 2 and 4, interferon γ) are less clear, but decreased levels of these factors may contribute to periodontitis. A number of lipid mediators may be involved in stimulation of bone resorption. These include bacterial lipopolysaccharide and host‐derived platelet‐activating factor and prostaglandins. More recently, reactive oxygen intermediates and extracellular nucleo‐tides, both present at sites of inflammation, have been investigated as possible modulators of osteoclast activity. The potential use of antiresorptive therapies in periodontitis is reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of host and bacterial factors contribute to the loss of alveolar bone in periodontitis. However, much remains to be understood about the complex mechanisms through which these factors regulate osteoclast activity. Further studies at the cellular and molecular level will lead to a better understanding of these processes and perhaps suggest new approaches for periodontal therapy.
Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking in Filipino women
Authors: Ortiz GM , Pierce AM , Wilson DF
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine baseline data for the presence or absence of reverse‐smoking and conventional smoking associated oral palatal mucosal changes in women.

DESIGN: A cross‐sectional evaluation of the clinical and cytological changes associated with the condition. SETTING: Nine rural barangays in Cabanatuan City, Philippines.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety‐one volunteer women smokers (61 reverse and 30 conventional) were examined clinically and photographically. Smears were also taken from three areas of the palate to investigate the cytology of palatal mucosal epithelium.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variations in colour, texture and topography of the palatal mucosa; determination of epithelial cell characteristics and inflammatory cell populations present in the lesions.

RESULTS: Clinical findings showed that subjects could be grouped into three categories: Group A subjects showed pigmentation and some erythema only; Group B subjects included those with ulceration, marked erythema and non‐descript mucosal roughening; Group C subjects (comprising the majority of reverse smokers) exhibited various combinations of leukoplakia, fissuring, thickening and pigmentation of the palatal mucosa. Additional features, including nodularity, erythema, prominence and reddening of minor salivary gland duct openings were also occasionally observed in this group. Cytologic analysis revealed that, within each smoking group, there was a significant site‐dependent difference in the predominant epithelial cell type present.

CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first systematic description of reverse smoking associated palatal mucosal changes in Filipino women. It also provides a basis for a classification of the palatal mucosal changes among reverse smokers.