bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pomegranate Juice Clarification Using Ultrafiltration: Influence of the Type of Variety and Degree of Ripeness
Authors: Hidalgo Asunción M. , Macario José A. , Abellán-Baeza Marta , Sánchez-Moya Teresa , López-Nicolás Rubén , Marín-Iniesta Fulgencio
Published: April 2024

Fruit consumption guarantees the supply of most of the necessary nutrients for a complete and balanced diet, as it is a relevant source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. In particular, pomegranate has very interesting medicinal properties, such as an anti-inflammatory effect and the protection of the cardiovascular system, among others. During pomegranate juice production, it appears cloudy and must be clarified to remove suspended solids such as colloids and high-molecular weight tannins. The membrane clarification process is a cost-effective alternative to the conventional methods, resulting in a high-quality product. In this work, the clarification of pomegranate juice using the Triple System Model F1 membrane module was carried out for the Mollar and Wonderful varieties with early and late maturity. Three ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off and different chemical compositions were used. The rejection coefficient and permeate flux (which represent the selectivity of the membranes and the process efficiency, respectively) were measured. GR-40PP showed the best results in terms of membrane selectivity and process efficiency, achieving adequate physicochemical juice parameters. Regarding the comparison of the maturity degree, in general terms, the Mollar variety showed better results. Ripe pomegranates showed greater selectivity, while the process efficiency was higher for the early samples.
Autonomous Agent-Based Adaptation of Energy-Optimized Production Schedules Using Extensive-Form Games
Authors: Motsch William , Wagner Achim , Ruskowski Martin
Published: April 2024

Modular cyber-physical production systems are an important paradigm of Industry 4.0 to react flexibly to changes. The flexibility of those systems is further increased with skill-based engineering and can be used to adapt to customer requirements or to adapt manufacturing to disturbances in supply chains. Further potential for application of these systems can be found in the topic of electrical energy supply, which is also characterized by fluctuations. The relevance of energy-optimized production schedules for manufacturing systems in general becomes more important with the increased use of renewable energies. Nevertheless, it is often difficult to adapt when short-term energy price updates or unforeseen events occur. To address these challenges with an autonomous approach, this contribution focuses on extensive-form games to adapt energy-optimized production schedules in an agent-based manner. The paper presents agent-based modeling to transform and monitor energy-optimized production schedules into game trees to respond to changing energy prices and disturbances in production. The game is setup with a scheduler agent and energy agents who are considered players. The implementation of the mechanism is presented in two use cases, realizing decision making for an energy price update in a simulation example and for unforeseen events in a real-world demonstrator.
The Sustainable Development Goals for Education and Research in the Ranking of Green Universities of Mahasarakham University
Authors: Sribanasarn Woraluck , Techarungruengsakul Rapeepat , Khotdee Mathinee , Thuangchon Sattawat , Ngamsert Ratsuda , Phumiphan Anujit , Sivanpheng Ounla , Kangrang Anongrit
Published: April 2024

This research aims to review the educational and research operations of Mahasarakham University and propose development directions for the university to meet the sustainable development criteria for ranking as a green university. This involves gathering data and analyzing the results of operations over the past 3 years, then using this analysis to synthesize the lessons learned and develop guidelines for sustainable development in the coming years. The study utilizes a robust methodology involving policy analysis, strategic planning, performance evaluation, and data integration. The study found that the university’s policies and strategies implemented following the annual performance evaluation criteria align with the green university assessment criteria for education and research. This has resulted in minor improvements in the curriculum for sustainability. However, community service projects for sustainability have increased by 89.10%, while funding for sustainable research and academic publications related to sustainability has decreased. In summary, the projects under the university’s development strategy adequately support and drive suitable development activities. Nevertheless, the university must continuously review its operations to adapt to changing contexts, budget constraints, evolving competition, and long-term development towards the implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) to develop in the future.
Investigation and Prediction of Outdoor Thermal Comfort under Different Protection and Activity Intensity Conditions in Summer in Wuhan
Authors: Cai Xiaoyu , Shan Xiaofang , Zhou Zeng , Kang Xin , Deng Qinli
Published: April 2024

In the context of normalized epidemic prevention and control, the impact of masks and protective clothing on personal thermal comfort cannot be overlooked. To investigate the thermal comfort of outdoor personnel under various protective conditions, this study took Wuhan as an example and evaluated the outdoor thermal comfort of subjects under different protection and activity conditions through thermal environment monitoring, physiological measurements, and thermal comfort questionnaires. The results show significant differences in the PET thermal comfort baseline under various protective conditions. To address the problem that most areas have not yet established state-specific thermal comfort baselines, a State Outdoor Comfort Index (SOCI) model was developed to correct the insensitivity of PET indicators to clothing thermal resistance and metabolic rate. Finally, the performance of the SOCI model was evaluated through statistical indicators, demonstrating its good predictive capability. This study provides appropriate quantitative indicators to improve the thermal comfort of outdoor personnel.
Assessing Consumer Implications of Reduced Salmon Supply and Environmental Impact in North America
Authors: Charlebois Sylvain , Gone Keshava Pallavi , Saxena Swati , Colombo Stefanie , Sarker Bibhuti
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the impact of the Canadian government’s decision to reduce the supply of farm-raised salmon in British Columbia (BC) on domestic prices, the level of imports, and the environment. By drawing upon data from diverse sources, this study employs the SARIMAX model to forecast future trends in salmon prices up to 2026. The forecasted results reveal that retail salmon prices will exhibit greater unpredictability and a predicted price increase of over CAD 30 per kilogram by 2026. In addition, increased consumption of imported salmon due to BC farm closure is expected to contribute to heightened carbon emissions and result in job losses within rural and indigenous communities. In short, BC salmon farm closure carries profound consequences for both the environment and market dynamics.
Expected Usefulness of Interactive Learning Platforms and Academic Sustainability Performance: The Moderator Role of Student Enjoyment
Authors: Marín-Vinuesa Luz María , Rojas-García Paula
Published: April 2024

(1) This document explores the impact of an interactive learning platform on students’ academic performance through a teaching innovation project. (2) The study involved 127 students in financial economics and accounting courses at a Spanish university. Preliminary and post-learning phase surveys, along with instructor evaluations, were conducted to assess students’ expectations, satisfaction, and performance using the Kahoot platform. The data underwent analysis using PLS-SEM and multivariate techniques. (3) Remarkably, 42.5% of students achieved high academic performance, surpassing their average scores. Notably, those who enjoyed using Kahoot and had higher expectations showed significantly higher performances (48.3% vs. 26.4% and 64.1% vs. 18.3%, respectively). These results highlight the positive impact of perceived usefulness on satisfaction and academic performance. The study also emphasizes the moderating role of students’ enjoyment in enhancing satisfaction and learning outcomes through Kahoot. (4) The document concludes with insights into students’ motivation to use Kahoot and its effectiveness in improving learning outcomes, providing valuable implications for interactive learning platforms in education.
Exposure and Early Effect Biomarkers for Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde: A Systematic Review
Authors: Protano Carmela , Antonucci Arianna , De Giorgi Andrea , Zanni Stefano , Mazzeo Elisa , Cammalleri Vincenzo , Fabiani Leila , Mastrantonio Riccardo , Muselli Mario , Mastrangeli Giada , Ursini Cinzia Lucia , Cavallo Delia , Poli Diana , Gennaro Giorgia Di , De Palma Giuseppe , Vitali Matteo
Published: April 2024

The aim of the present review was to identify all the biomarkers used for assessing the internal dose and the related early effects determined by the occupational exposure to formaldehyde. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023416960). An electronic search of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed to collect all the papers concerning the focus of the review and published from the inception of each database until 18 September 2023. Articles were considered eligible if they reported data from observational studies, semi-experimental, and experimental studies on adult workers who were occupationally exposed to formaldehyde, regardless of gender or age. The quality assessment was performed using the adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. From 1524 articles, 52 were included. Few studies assessed the exposure to formaldehyde in occupational settings through biomarkers, especially by measuring formic acid in urine. The most common approach for evaluating the effects derived from occupational exposure to formaldehyde was the use of the cytogenetic biomarker micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and/or epithelial buccal cells.
Pre-Disaster Optimal Operation Strategy for Hydrogen-Fuel-Based Isolated Power System with Disaster Uncertainties
Authors: Yu Junhui , Yang Yan , Li Zhiyong , Wu Wenbin
Published: April 2024

The increasing occurrence of severe weather phenomena presents substantial difficulties for electricity distribution systems. This study investigates the integration of hydrogen production plants (HPPs) into power distribution networks to bolster resilience against the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. It highlights the innovative use of hydrogen, generated from renewable sources, as an energy storage medium to ensure a stable power supply during disruptions. By employing stochastic optimization, the study aims to effectively manage hydrogen production and utilization, considering uncertainties in disaster scenarios and energy demands. It addresses critical research gaps, such as the lack of focus on pre-disaster preventive scheduling using hydrogen, the under-explored application of stochastic optimization in such contexts, and the predominance of real-time response strategies over pre-emptive measures. This approach significantly advances current understanding by proposing novel strategies that leverage hydrogen production and sophisticated optimization to enhance the resilience of power networks against extreme weather events. In some scenarios, using our method can reduce the cost of pre-disaster prevention by approximately 15.68% while ensuring that the disaster recovery effect remains unchanged.
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Causal Analysis of Rural Tourism Popularity in Jilin Province Based on Multiple Data
Authors: Yang Jia , Fang Yangang , Zhang Xianyu
Published: April 2024

The digital age provides greater possibilities for quantitative research on rural tourism. This article examines Jilin Province as a case and analyzes the interannual, monthly, and holiday characteristics of rural tourism heat using big data. Using A-level rural tourism operating units as research samples, a mathematical model is constructed to evaluate the rural tourism heat from 2016 to 2021. Through a trend surface analysis and kernel density analysis, the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics are explored; additionally, the spatial evolution law of the rural tourism hot and cold pattern is analyzed using counties as units. The research results show the following: (1) As an important component of the Jilin tourism industry, temporally, rural tourism has an overall trend of increasing popularity, with clear seasonal and holiday distribution patterns. Simultaneously, the periodic sporadic occurrence of the COVID-19 epidemic caused an obvious vulnerability in rural tourism fever. (2) Spatially, the structure of rural tourism shows an evolutionary process of “single core → multi core” and a diffusion trend of “central → eastern” and “central → western”. (3) Regarding the influencing factors, transportation conditions and resource endowments are dominant, and the impact of the economic development level is gradually weakening, while the impact of the ecological environment and industrial foundation is gradually increasing.
A Sustainable Residential Building Model in North Iraq by Considering Occupant Behaviour, Sociocultural Needs, and the Impact on Energy Use
Authors: Morad Aldoski Diler Haji , Sevinc Harun
Published: April 2024

Sustainable design, which aims to reduce energy consumption and mitigate climate change, is a primary concern of developing countries. Hence, it reduces CO2 emissions. Residential buildings in North Iraq account for approximately 69% of all electricity consumed. To mitigate this issue, this article investigates the design of a sustainable model by considering the local climate, building design occupant behaviour, and sociocultural needs in the region and their impact on energy use. This study used mixed research methods to develop a sustainable single-family house model in semi-arid climates, specifically Erbil (North Iraq), the process consisted of three phases. Phase One saw the collection of all data from analysed literature, observation, worship, case study simulations of the base, and an improved model. Phase Two defined the guidelines for creating sustainable model dwellings based on the main findings in Phase One. Phase Three created a prototype to evaluate the sustainable model, primarily focusing on meeting people’s design preferences while avoiding privacy concerns. In addition, DesignBuilder Software simulation was used to examine the impact of occupancy behaviour (based on local culture and traditions) on the building’s energy performance throughout two phases. In the first step, three occupancy profile types are compared with real-life study bills. These profiles were the base case, which came from an actual case; the statistical profile from surveys; and the international standard ASHRAE 90.1, which was used as the default. The second phase compared the base model with an improved model and developed a sustainable prototype that satisfies local climate and sociocultural needs. The result indicated that the standard occupant profile significantly differs from the actual bill by 40%, whereas the statistical profile and base case reduce the gap to 11% and 4%, respectively. The sustainable prototype model can enhance operative temperature by 4 °C and decrease total energy use by 50% compared to the base case model. Data also showed that occupants keep lights on even when rooms are unoccupied. Therefore, when designing sustainable dwellings, it is crucial to consider occupant behaviour and their sociocultural needs, as they have a significant impact on energy use as a result of their activity patterns and schedules. These factors should be considered in the local code.
The Importance of Resilient, Health-Promoting, and Accessible Cultural Landscapes Using the Example of One Suburb of Gdańsk, Poland
Authors: Trojanowska Monika
Published: April 2024

The urban green public spaces “UGSs” provide a place for everyday contact with nature to humans. Green and blue infrastructure is important for urban heat mitigation. This study focuses on the relationship between satisfaction with the place of living and quality of life indexes, accessibility, and the quality of public green spaces in one of the suburbs of Gdańsk in Poland. Even though there are award-winning public parks and a large-scale Tri-city Landscape Park, the individual indexes measuring the satisfaction of local inhabitants with accessibility to public parks and their quality were well beyond the average in Gdańsk. The research question was to explain such low satisfaction with green public parks and spaces in Gdańsk-Osowa. The results of the evaluation of available “UGSs” against the universal standard for health-promoting urban places confirmed their recreational value but also demonstrated limited spatial and physical accessibility and possible overcrowding. Thus, the possibilities for everyday contact with nature for numerous inhabitants are limited and that condition may influence the life quality indexes. The results suggest that increasing urban density and the further development of residential neighborhoods requires careful planning of new public parks in consideration of proximity to public open green spaces. The accessibility of public parks within walking distance is crucial when planning new developments.
Geomorphological and Bioclimatic Relationships in the Occurrence of Species of Agro-Extractivist Interest in the Cerrado Biome
Authors: Matias Renan Augusto Miranda , Rezende Alba Valéria , Sevilha Anderson Cássio , Scariot Aldicir Osni , Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli , Terribile Levi Carina
Published: April 2024

The distribution of species of agro-extractivist interest and their ecological relationship with the physical environment geomorphological and bioclimatic allow supporting strategies aimed at socioeconomic and environmental development. We evaluated the contribution of high spatial resolution topographic variables in ecological niche models and the relationship of the distribution of five tree species with the geomorphological units and bioclimatic variables. The variables related to temperature variation and water availability proved to be important in predicting the areas of occurrence of the target species, with increased suitability of occurrence in regions with higher isothermality, located in the plateau and table geomorphological units. The predictions showed a significant difference when high spatial resolution variables were used, generating a more conservative scenario in the indication of suitable regions for the occurrence of species, important for local scale studies. The geomorphological units of plateau and tableland showed high suitability of occurrence, while the fluvial plains and dissected depressions did not present suitability for the occurrence of the species. The results allow us to strategically define areas with the greatest productive potential and prioritize areas for conservation, management, ecological restoration of forests, and targeting areas for the implementation of community agro-industries, essential for territorial planning within traditional communities.
Impact of Ship Emission Control Area Policies on Port Air Quality—A Case Study of Ningbo Port, China
Authors: Lu Siling , Zhou Fan
Published: April 2024

The implementation effectiveness of ship emission control area (ECA) policies can be effectively evaluated using econometric models. However, existing studies mainly focus on changes in SO2 concentrations in the air. In order to comprehensively assess the impact of ECA policies on air quality, this study takes Ningbo Port in China as an example and uses a regression discontinuity (RD) model to analyze the influence of ship emissions around the wharf on concentrations of SO2, NO2, and particulate matter (PM) in the air. The results indicate that individual ships’ activities within the monitoring area (within 300 m) make a relatively small contribution to the concentration of SO2 in the air and do not form a significant breakpoint. However, there is a noticeable breakpoint in the concentration of NO2 around the monitoring point as the ship approaches. At the same time, the variation range of PM2.5 is significantly greater than that of PM10, which aligns with the characteristics of PM emitted by ships. The experimental results have passed three robustness tests, demonstrating that the current policy on ship ECAs has a positive limiting effect on SO2 emissions and, to some extent, reduces PM emissions. However, further reductions in ship emissions may require more restrictions in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Towards Sustainable Metal-to-Polymer Joining: A Comparative Study on Friction Stir Welding, Self-Piercing Riveting, and Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Barakat Ali A. , Ahmed Aser A. , Darras Basil M. , Nazzal Mohammad A.
Published: April 2024

Friction stir welding (FSW) has gained increasing prominence in the realm of metal–plastic hybrid joints, yet its long-term sustainability remains a subject of uncertainty. This research investigates the sustainability aspect of FSW, positioning it against conventional techniques like adhesive bonding (AB) and self-piercing riveting (SPR). A comprehensive evaluation framework encompassing environmental, social, economic, and physical factors was employed, through which specified criteria were applied to select pertinent sustainability indicators across all dimensions to ensure a thorough assessment. In this study, two advanced multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) were deployed for data normalization and aggregation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the robustness of the results. The outcomes yielded a sustainability rating system, facilitating a direct and insightful comparison with traditional methods. Based on the results of this study, SPR outperforms both FSW and AB in terms of overall sustainability with comparative average sustainability scores of 75.3%, 54.2%, and 35.3%, respectively. This study not only sheds light on the current state of FSW sustainability but also provides a valuable benchmark for decision-makers in selecting environmentally conscious methods for metal–plastic hybrid joints.
Utilizing Multiple Regression Analysis and Entropy Method for Automated Aesthetic Evaluation of Interface Layouts
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Tong Mu , Song Yukun , Xue Chengqi
Published: April 2024

Aesthetic evaluation of increasingly complex and personalized human–computer interaction interfaces serves as a critical bridge between humans and machines, fundamentally enhancing various interaction factors. This study addresses the challenges in aesthetic evaluation by adjusting existing methodologies to incorporate seven aesthetic metrics: density, symmetry, balance, proportionality, uniformity, simplicity, and sequence. These metrics were effectively integrated into a composite evaluation metric through both multiple regression analysis and entropy methods, with the efficacy of both fitting methods validated. Leveraging automatic segmentation and recognition technology for interface screenshots, this research enables rapid, automated acquisition of evaluations for the seven metrics and the composite index, leading to the development of a prototype system for interface layout aesthetic assessment. Aimed at reducing the time, manpower, and resources required for interface evaluation, this study enhances the universality, compatibility, and flexibility of layout assessments. It promotes integration at any stage of the design process, significantly benefiting lightweight rapid evaluation and iterative design cycles, thereby advancing the field of interface aesthetic evaluation.
Integrating ESG into Corporate Strategy: Unveiling the Moderating Effect of Digital Transformation on Green Innovation through Employee Insights
Authors: Sun Qiang , Li Yannan , Hong Ahreum
Published: April 2024

With climate warming, the human living environment faces significant challenges, and global environmental protection and sustainable development are accelerating. As a result, ESG has become an essential area of research. This study explores the impact of employees’ perceptions of corporate ESG performance on green innovation, focusing on the moderating role of digital transformation. A survey was conducted among 316 employees from the wholesale, retail, IT, and computer services industries to validate this study. Research results show that employees’ cognitions of corporate ESG performance have a positive impact on green innovation. In addition, digital transformation plays a positive moderating role in the impact of the environmental (E) and social (S) dimensions of ESG performance on green innovation. These findings not only highlight the critical role of personal awareness and ESG management concepts in future corporate strategies but also indicate the importance of the extent of digital transformation in companies to improve innovation performance.
In Vitro Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Mycotoxins Due to Exposure from Breakfast Cereals: Implications for Children’s Health
Authors: Sá Soraia V. M. de , Faria Miguel A. , Fernandes José O. , Cunha Sara C.
Published: April 2024

Breakfast cereals play a crucial role in children’s diets, providing essential nutrients that are vital for their growth and development. Children are known to be more susceptible than adults to the harmful effects of food contaminants, with mycotoxins being a common concern in cereals. This study specifically investigated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), enniatin B (ENNB), and sterigmatocystin (STG), three well-characterized mycotoxins found in cereals. The research aimed to address existing knowledge gaps by comprehensively evaluating the bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of these three mycotoxins, both individually and in combination, when consumed with breakfast cereals and milk. The in vitro gastrointestinal method revealed patterns in the bioaccessibility of AFB1, ENNB, and STG. Overall, bioaccessibility increased as the food progressed from the stomach to the intestinal compartment, with the exception of ENNB, whose behavior differed depending on the type of milk. The ranking of overall bioaccessibility in different matrices was as follows: digested cereal > cereal with semi-skimmed milk > cereal with lactose-free milk > cereal with soy beverage. Bioaccessibility percentages varied considerably, ranging from 3.1% to 86.2% for AFB1, 1.5% to 59.3% for STG, and 0.6% to 98.2% for ENNB. Overall, the inclusion of milk in the ingested mixture had a greater impact on bioaccessibility compared to consuming the mycotoxins as a single compound or in combination. During intestinal transport, ENNB and STG exhibited the highest absorption rates when ingested together. This study highlights the importance of investigating the combined ingestion and transport of these mycotoxins to comprehensively assess their absorption and potential toxicity in humans, considering their frequent co-occurrence and the possibility of simultaneous exposure.
Unveiling the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Urogenital Carcinogenesis a Comprehensive Review
Authors: Karaoğlan Beliz Bahar , Ürün Yüksel
Published: April 2024

Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial prevalence of HPV infection among men, routine testing remains elusive due to the lack of approved HPV tests and the complexity of detection methods. Various studies have explored the link between HPV and genitourinary cancers, revealing different associations influenced by geographic variation, histological subtype and methodological differences. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate the role of HPV in male urogenital cancers. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between HPV and male genitourinary cancers, shedding light on the virus’s oncogenic mechanisms and its reported prevalence. A deeper understanding of HPV’s implications for male health is essential for advancing public health initiatives and reducing the burden of urogenital cancers worldwide.
First Report of Endemic Frog Virus 3 (FV3)-like Ranaviruses in the Korean Clawed Salamander (Onychodactylus koreanus) in Asia
Authors: Kim Jongsun , Sung Haan Woo , Jung Tae Sung , Park Jaejin , Park Daesik
Published: April 2024

Frog virus 3 (FV3) in the genus Ranavirus of the family Iridoviridae causes mass mortality in both anurans and urodeles worldwide; however, the phylogenetic origin of FV3-like ranaviruses is not well established. In Asia, three FV3-like ranaviruses have been reported in farmed populations of amphibians and reptiles. Here, we report the first case of endemic FV3-like ranavirus infections in the Korean clawed salamander Onychodactylus koreanus, caught in wild mountain streams in the Republic of Korea (ROK), through whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Two isolated FV3-like ranaviruses (Onychodactylus koreanus ranavirus, OKRV1 and 2) showed high similarity with the Rana grylio virus (RGV, 91.5%) and Rana nigromaculata ranavirus (RNRV, 92.2%) but relatively low similarity with the soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV, 84.2%) in open reading frame (ORF) comparisons. OKRV1 and 2 formed a monophyletic clade with previously known Asian FV3-like ranaviruses, a sister group of the New World FV3-like ranavirus clade. Our results suggest that OKRV1 and 2 are FV3-like ranaviruses endemic to the ROK, and RGV and RNRV might also be endemic strains in China, unlike previous speculation. Our data have great implications for the study of the phylogeny and spreading routes of FV3-like ranaviruses and suggest the need for additional detection and analysis of FV3-like ranaviruses in wild populations in Asian countries.
T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections
Authors: Pei Luxin , Hickman Heather D.
Published: April 2024

The skin is a complex tissue that provides a strong physical barrier against invading pathogens. Despite this, many viruses can access the skin and successfully replicate in either the epidermal keratinocytes or dermal immune cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the antiviral T cell biology responding to cutaneous viral infections and how these responses differ depending on the cellular targets of infection. Much of our mechanistic understanding of T cell surveillance of cutaneous infection has been gained from murine models of poxvirus and herpesvirus infection. However, we also discuss other viral infections, including flaviviruses and papillomaviruses, in which the cutaneous T cell response has been less extensively studied. In addition to the mechanisms of successful T cell control of cutaneous viral infection, we highlight knowledge gaps and future directions with possible impact on human health.
β-Catenin in Dendritic Cells Negatively Regulates CD8 T Cell Immune Responses through the Immune Checkpoint Molecule Tim-3
Authors: Fu Chunmei , Wang Jie , Ma Tianle , Yin Congcong , Zhou Li , Clausen Björn E. , Mi Qing-Sheng , Jiang Aimin
Published: April 2024

Recent studies have demonstrated that β-catenin in dendritic cells (DCs) serves as a key mediator in promoting both CD4 and CD8 T cell tolerance, although the mechanisms underlying how β-catenin exerts its functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that activation of β-catenin leads to the up-regulation of inhibitory molecule T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) in type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s). Using a cDC1-targeted vaccine model with anti-DEC-205 engineered to express the melanoma antigen human gp100 (anti-DEC-205-hgp100), we demonstrated that CD11c-β-cateninactive mice exhibited impaired cross-priming and memory responses of gp100-specific CD8 T (Pmel-1) cells upon immunization with anti-DEC-205-hgp100. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed that β-catenin in DCs negatively regulated transcription programs for effector function and proliferation of primed Pmel-1 cells, correlating with suppressed CD8 T cell immunity in CD11c-β-cateninactive mice. Further experiments showed that treating CD11c-β-cateninactive mice with an anti-Tim-3 antibody upon anti-DEC-205-hgp100 vaccination led to restored cross-priming and memory responses of gp100-specific CD8 T cells, suggesting that anti-Tim-3 treatment likely synergizes with DC vaccines to improve their efficacy. Indeed, treating B16F10-bearing mice with DC vaccines using anti-DEC-205-hgp100 in combination with anti-Tim-3 treatment resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth compared with treatment with the DC vaccine alone. Taken together, we identified the β-catenin/Tim-3 axis as a potentially novel mechanism to inhibit anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity and that combination immunotherapy of a DC-targeted vaccine with anti-Tim-3 treatment leads to improved anti-tumor efficacy.
The Bacterial Meningitis Epidemic in Banalia in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2021
Authors: Bita Fouda Andre Arsene , Latt Anderson , Sinayoko Abdoulaye , Mboussou Franck Fortune Roland , Pezzoli Lorenzo , Fernandez Katya , Lingani Clement , Miwanda Berthe , Bulemfu Dorothée , Baelongandi Francis , Likita Patrick Mbenga , Kikoo Bora Marie-José , Sabiti Marcel , Folefack Tengomo Gervais Leon , Kabambi Kabangu Eugène , Kalambayi Kabamba Guy , Alassani Issifou , Taha Muhamed-Kheir , Bwaka Ado Mpia , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Impouma Benido
Published: April 2024

Background: The Banalia health zone in the Democratic Republic of Congo reported a meningitis epidemic in 2021 that evolved outside the epidemic season. We assessed the effects of the meningitis epidemic response. Methods: The standard case definition was used to identify cases. Care was provided to 2651 in-patients, with 8% of them laboratory tested, and reactive vaccination was conducted. To assess the effects of reactive vaccination and treatment with ceftriaxone, a statistical analysis was performed. Results: Overall, 2662 suspected cases of meningitis with 205 deaths were reported. The highest number of cases occurred in the 30–39 years age group (927; 38.5%). Ceftriaxone contributed to preventing deaths with a case fatality rate that decreased from 70.4% before to 7.7% after ceftriaxone was introduced (p = 0.001). Neisseria meningitidis W was isolated, accounting for 47/57 (82%), of which 92% of the strains belonged to the clonal complex 11. Reactive vaccination of individuals in Banalia aged 1–19 years with a meningococcal multivalent conjugate (ACWY) vaccine (Menactra®) coverage of 104.6% resulted in an 82% decline in suspected meningitis cases (incidence rate ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.02–0.80; p = 0.041). Conclusion: Despite late detection (two months) and reactive vaccination four months after crossing the epidemic threshold, interventions implemented in Banalia contributed to the control of the epidemic.
The Burden of Herpes Zoster on Hospital Admissions: A Retrospective Analysis in the Years of 2015–2021 from the Abruzzo Region, Italy
Authors: Scampoli Piera , Di Martino Giuseppe , Cedrone Fabrizio , Odio Camillo , Di Giovanni Pamela , Romano Ferdinando , Staniscia Tommaso
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Clinical reactivation, herpes zoster, takes place in 10–20% of subjects who contracted the primary infection, with a higher risk of developing zoster increasing proportionally with age, especially after 50 years of age. HZ is a common clinical problem, particularly among patients aged over 50 years and immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised patients and adults could present an atypical and more severe course. In addition, they are at greater risk of complications. For this reason, it is important to understand the real burden of the disease and to identify the subjects who are at higher risk of HZ and its complications, also to direct preventive strategies at the right targets. The aim of the present study is to analyze HZ-related hospitalization trends in Abruzzo in the period of 2015–2021. (2) Methods: Data related to hospital admissions were extracted from the hospital discharge records (HDRs) of the whole region, considering all admissions during the years of 2015–2021. The trends in hospital admissions and length of stay were evaluated and analyzed. (3) Results: A total of 768 hospital discharges with a diagnosis of herpes zoster were registered in Abruzzo during the 7-year study period. During the study period, an increasing trend was observed from the year 2015 to the year 2017, ranging from 8.19 cases/100,000 to 11.5 cases/100,000 (APC (Annual percentage change) +20.8%; 95%CI −2.3; 47.6). After the year 2017, a significantly decreasing trend was observed, reaching 5.46 cases/100,000 in the year 2021 (APC −18.4%; 95%CI −31.5; −12.0). Across the entire study period, an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of −7.0% (95%CI −13.0; −1.3) was observed. (4) Conclusions: Despite the trend of a reduction in hospitalizations, this study highlights that HZ continues to have a great impact on public health. So, it is important to update recommendations for the use of the already available HZ vaccine and to implement new strategies to increase awareness of the prevention of the disease.
Determination of Critical Damage Size of Inclined Waterproof Coal Pillar under Asymmetric Load
Authors: Lai Xingping , Yuchi Xiaoqian , Gu Helong , Shan Pengfei , Yang Wenhua
Published: April 2024

Quantitative determination of the critical size of an inclined coal pillar in an old goaf water-affected area is of great significance for water damage prevention and safe mining. The critical size of the inclined waterproof coal pillar is derived by using mechanical analyses, numerical calculations, and field engineering practices to determine the stability of the waterproof coal pillar in the old goaf water-affected area of the 1303 working face of Dananhu No. 1 Mine in the Xinjiang region. Firstly, a force model of the inclined waterproof coal pillar was established to reveal the law that the critical size of the coal pillar increases with the increase in coal seam inclination under the action of asymmetric load. Then, numerical simulation was applied to reveal the dynamic evolution processes of plastic deformation–destabilization of the coal pillar under the influence of mining and single-side water pressure, and the critical size of the coal pillar in the study area was determined to be 19.09 m. Finally, measures such as pumping pressure relief and slurry reinforcement were adopted to reduce the deformation rate of the roadway on the side of the coal pillar, which ensured the stability of the waterproof coal pillar and the safe mining of the working face.
Groundwater Chemical Trends Analyses in the Piedmont Po Plain (NW Italy): Comparison with Groundwater Level Variations (2000–2020)
Authors: Cocca Daniele , Lasagna Manuela , De Luca Domenico Antonio
Published: April 2024

The concentrations of chemicals in the groundwater chemical values in the Piedmont Po Plain (NW Italy) show significant temporal variability and need to be characterised due to the lack of regional-scale assessments. The aim of this study was to analyse the trends (period 2000–2020) in the main physicochemical parameters and main ions in 227 wells in the shallow aquifer and to identify the potential causes. The identification of change points (points of sudden change) and comparisons with groundwater level variations were also performed. Results highlight general increasing trends for Na, Cl and HCO3, decreasing trends for SO4 and NO3, stationary conditions for pH and heterogeneous behaviours for electrolytic conductivity, Ca and Mg. Change points occurred in at least 50% of the monitoring wells, mainly during the 2008–2011 period. The comparison between groundwater levels and chemistry highlights a direct proportionality. Superimposed processes that induce an absence of proportionality are shown. The comparison of results with those of previous studies conducted under similar conditions revealed similar variations.. In conclusion, the potential responsible factors (e.g., road-salt dissolution and agricultural practices) and the relevant role of groundwater level variation were identified.
Determinants of Farmers’ Acceptance of the Volumetric Pricing Policy for Irrigation Water: An Empirical Study from China
Authors: Fang Xuan , Zhu Ying
Published: April 2024

Volumetric-based pricing for irrigation water was introduced as part of a comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices in China. However, operational deficiencies and farmers’ lack of willingness to adopt the volumetric pricing policy (VPP) hinder the coordinated implementation of the reform. To address these practical challenges, we employed a binary logistic regression model to analyse farmers’ acceptance of the VPP for agricultural irrigation water usage in Suqian City, Jiangsu Province. A variable set was formed by selecting potential variables from four types of influencing factors: the subject (water users), the object (water supply departments), natural condition factors, and social condition factors. Our results revealed seven factors that determine whether farmers accept the VPP: irrigation water measurement at the water inlet of a lateral canal, the irrigation water-saving rewards scale, enforcement efforts of charging by volume, the irrigation water source type, the use of agricultural water-saving for trade, financial investment in water-saving technology, and the level of irrigation water pricing. We determined the degree of influence of the seven determining factors, among which the irrigation water-saving rewards scale and enforcement efforts of charging by volume most influence farmers’ decisions on the VPP for irrigation water. The results of this study can be used as a reference for innovation of the agricultural water-saving system in Suqian City, optimisation of an accurate fiscal subsidy scale, quantification of irrigation water rights, optimisation of the measurement facility layout, and effective implementation of agricultural water rights trading. More broadly, this study provides a valuable reference for solving the difficulties faced in the comprehensive reform of agricultural water pricing in China, which includes irrigation water pricing mechanisms, management systems, subsidy mechanisms, and water-saving incentive measures.
Rainfall-Runoff Parameter Estimation from Ungauged Flat Afforested Catchments Using the NRCS-CN Method
Authors: Kobus Szymon
Published: April 2024

Of the numerous methods applied in rainfall-runoff models, the most common is the NRCS-CN method that is applied to calculate raised-water runoffs and compare them with the runoff values measured for 12 selected rainfall-runoff events. This study was conducted on three experimental forest catchments with an area ranging from 67.6 to 747 ha. Total rainfall values ranging from 22.2 to 84.1 mm were analysed. Relatively low effective rainfall values were obtained for the lowest average for catchment 1 (Pe = 0.23 mm) and the runoff coefficient (α = 0.40%) and for the highest average for catchment 3 (Pe = 1.35 mm) and an average runoff coefficient (α = 3.12%). The maximum potential retention Si value, corresponding to each pair of P-Pe events, was the effect of the catchment’s moisture and absorptive capacity conditions. The lowest retention S value was calculated for catchment 3. The highest average retention value was calculated for catchment 1, in which the lightest soils were found. The best fit of the initial loss coefficient for the majority of rainfall-runoff events occurred for the λ coefficient values of 0.05 and 0.075. At higher λ, the effective rainfall Pe was not generated. LAG times calculated using 10 methods yielded diverse values. The fit of a specific formula was largely influenced by the size of the catchment, as well as the number and type of parameters considered during model calibration. The method based on catchment width demonstrated the best fit for all catchments, with R2 ranging from 0.77 to 0.78 and RMSE from 0.52 for catchment 2 to 1.11 for catchment 1.
Incidence and management of Lyme disease: a Scottish general practice retrospective study
Authors: Mavin Sally , Guntupalli Swapna , Robb Michael
Published: April 2024

Background

The true burden of Lyme disease in primary care in Scotland is unknown. Epidemiological data are currently based on laboratory-confirmed reports as there is no mandatory reporting of clinical cases.

Aim

To analyse data from general practice in NHS Highland (North) over a 6-year period to assess the incidence and management of Lyme disease in primary care.

Design & setting

This was a retrospective descriptive study. Study data from 2017 to 2022 were extracted from all 63 general practices within NHS Highland (North).

Method

Consultations for Lyme disease were identified via Lyme-related clinical Read codes, requests for borrelia tests , free text, ‘tags’ and/or Lyme disease antibiotic scripts.

Results

Using Read codes to identify patients with Lyme disease or suspected Lyme disease gave an estimated average annual incidence of 124/100 000 population, which was 2.1 times more than estimates based solely on laboratory-confirmed reports. The incidence figures increased 5.2 times (362/100 000 population) when patients with Lyme disease or suspected Lyme disease (identified via Read codes, laboratory test requests, and free text tags) who were given antibiotic treatment were taken into account. Local ‘hot spots’ of infection were identified. Analysis of the antibiotic data indicates that antibiotic prescribing in NHS Highland largely follows the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines.

Conclusion

This data analysis pathway can, and should, be rolled out across the whole of Scotland to assess the incidence and management of Lyme disease in primary care and allow appropriate allocation of resources.
CARCINOGENIC RISKS FOR THE POPULAION OF MYKOLAIV REGION FROM TECHNOGENICALLY ENHANCED NATURAL SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Grygorieva L. , Burovytska Y.
Published: April 2024

The article highlights the materials of our own research on the assessment of carcinogenic risk from technogenically enhanced natural sources of ionising radiation. The study was carried out for the Mykolaiv region, whose geological features in the north contribute to an increased burden on the population from natural sources of ionising radiation. The study used materials from well-known radioecological and dosimetric studies in the Mykolaiv region.
The presence of a carcinogenic risk from ionising radiation sources encountered in everyday life was confirmed.  The cancer incidence and mortality rates among the population from different regions of the Mykolaiv region, which differ in the magnitude of the dose load on the population from natural and artificial radiation, were determined and analysed. There is a difference in the average annual growth rates of cancer incidence and mortality for regions with different levels of human exposure to man-made and artificially enhanced sources of ionising radiation of natural origin.