bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between energy expenditure, nutritional status and clinical severity before starting enteral nutrition in critically ill children
Authors: Botrán Marta , López-Herce Jesús , Mencía Santiago , Urbano Javier , José Solana Maria , García Ana , Carrillo Angel
Published: January 2011

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between energy expenditure (EE), biochemical and anthropometric nutritional status and severity scales in critically ill children. We performed a prospective observational study in forty-six critically ill children. The following variables were recorded before starting nutrition: age, sex, diagnosis, weight, height, risk of mortality according to the Paediatric Risk Score of Mortality (PRISM), the Revised Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM2) and the Paediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) scales, laboratory parameters (albumin, total proteins, prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, cholesterol and TAG, and nitrogen balance) and EE measured by indirect calorimetry. The results showed that there was no relationship between EE and clinical severity evaluated using the PRISM, PIM2 and PELOD scales or with the anthropometric nutritional status or biochemical alterations. Finally, it was concluded that neither nutritional status nor clinical severity is related to EE. Therefore, EE must be measured individually in each critically ill child using indirect calorimetry.
Dietary determinants for Hb-acrylamide and Hb-glycidamide adducts in Danish non-smoking women
Authors: Outzen Malene , Egeberg Rikke , Dragsted Lars , Christensen Jane , Olesen Pelle T. , Frandsen Henrik , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja
Published: January 2011

Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen that is formed in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. The validity of FFQ to assess AA exposure has been questioned. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate dietary determinants of Hb-AA and Hb-glycidamide (GA) adducts. The study included 537 non-smoking women aged 50–65 years who participated in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort (1993–97). At study baseline, blood samples and information on dietary and lifestyle variables obtained from self-administered questionnaires were collected. From blood samples, Hb-AA and Hb-GA in erythrocytes were analysed by liquid chromatography/MS/MS. Dietary determinants were evaluated by multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age and smoking behaviour among ex-smokers. The median for Hb-AA was 35 pmol/g globin (5th percentile 17, 95th percentile 89) and for Hb-GA 21 pmol/g globin (5th percentile 8, 95th percentile 49). Of the dietary factors studied, intakes of coffee and chips were statistically significantly associated with a 4 % per 200 g/d (95 % CI 2, 7; P < 0·0001) and an 18 % per 5 g/d (95 % CI 6, 31; P = 0·002) higher Hb-AA, respectively. This model explained 17 % of the variation in Hb-AA. Intakes of coffee and biscuits/crackers were statistically significantly associated with a 3 % per 200 g/d (95 % CI 1, 6; P = 0·005) and 12 % per 10 g/d (95 % CI 3, 23; P = 0·01) higher Hb-GA, respectively. This model explained 12 % of the variation in Hb-GA. In conclusion, only a few dietary determinants of Hb-AA and Hb-GA were identified. Thus, the present study implies that dietary intake measured by an FFQ explains only to a limited extent the variation in Hb-AA and Hb-GA concentrations.
Early weaning causes undernutrition for a short period and programmes some metabolic syndrome components and leptin resistance in adult rat offspring
Authors: da Silva Lima Natália , Gaspar de Moura Egberto , Cottini Fonseca Passos Magna , Firmino Nogueira Neto José , Martha Reis Adelina , de Oliveira Elaine , Cristina Lisboa Patricia
Published: January 2011

Maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes for overweight and central leptin resistance in adulthood. The inhibition of lactation by maternal treatment with bromocriptine (a prolactin inhibitor) programmes for obesity, hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance. Here, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of early weaning (EW) on body-weight regulation, leptin signalling, and hormone and lipid profiles in rats offspring. Lactating rats were separated into two groups: EW – dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt the lactation in the last 3 d of lactation; control – dams whose pups had free access to milk during all lactation (21 d). Data were significant atP < 0·05. At weaning, EW pups presented lower body weight ( − 10 %), length ( − 4 %), visceral fat ( − 40 %), total fat ( − 30 %), serum leptin ( − 73 %), glycaemia ( − 10 %), serum insulin ( − 20 %) and insulin resistance index (IRI; − 30 %), but higher total body protein content (+40 %). At 180 d, EW offspring showed hyperphagia, higher length (+3 %), body weight (+8 %), visceral and total fat (+36 and 84 %), serum TAG (+96 %), glycaemia (+15 %), leptinaemia (+185 %) and IRI (+29 %); however, they showed lower total protein content ( − 23 %), leptin:body fat ratio (41 %), prolactinaemia ( − 38 %) and adiponectinaemia ( − 59 %). Despite unchanged leptin receptor (OB-R) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), they displayed lower hypothalamic janus tyrosine kinase 2, phosphorylated STAT3 and a higher suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 levels, suggesting a central leptin resistance. Adult rats that were early weaned displayed higher adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, which are related to metabolic syndrome development. Our model reinforces the idea that neonatal malnutrition caused by shortening of the lactation period is important for metabolic programming of future diseases.
Effects of a supra-sustained gelatin–milk protein diet compared with (supra-)sustained milk protein diets on body-weight loss
Authors: Hochstenbach-Waelen Ananda , Soenen Stijn , Westerterp Klaas R. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: January 2011

Diets higher in protein content result in increased satiety and energy expenditure. In the short term, gelatin showed stronger hunger suppression and less subsequent energy intake compared with other proteins. The present study investigated whether a supra-sustained gelatin–milk protein (GMP) diet promotes weight loss compared with a sustained milk protein (SMP) diet and a supra-sustained milk protein (SSMP) diet during an 8-week diet period. A total of seventy-two healthy subjects (31·2 (sd4·8) kg/m2; 43 (sd10) years) followed one of the three diets in a subject-specific amount: SMP, SSMP or GMP diet. During weeks 1–4, energy intake was 100 % of individual energy requirement: 10, 40 and 50 % of energy (En %) as protein, fat and carbohydrate, respectively (SMP diet), and 20, 30 and 50 En % as protein, fat and carbohydrate, respectively (SSMP diet or GMP diet). During weeks 5–8, energy intake was 33 % of individual energy requirement: 30, 35 and 35 En % as protein, fat and carbohydrate, respectively (SMP diet), and 60, 5 and 35 En % as protein, fat and carbohydrate, respectively (SSMP diet or GMP diet). Thus, absolute protein intake was kept constant throughout per subject. Significant decreases in BMI (P < 0·0001) were similar between the GMP ( − 1·7 (sd0·5) kg/m2) and the SMP ( − 2·1 (sd0·8) kg/m2) and SSMP ( − 1·6 (sd0·5) kg/m2) diets. Decreases in fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) and FM %, and increases in FFM % were similar between the GMP and both control diets. Changes in RQ differed (P < 0·05) between the GMP ( − 0·01 (sd0·06)) and SSMP ( − 0·04 (sd0·04)) diets. Changes in HDL concentrations differed (P < 0·05) between the GMP ( − 0·21 (sd0·18) mmol/l) and the SMP and SSMP diets ( − 0·08 (sd0·18) mmol/l and − 0·09 (sd0·26) mmol/l, respectively). In conclusion, a gelatin–milk protein diet does not induce more beneficial effects during an 8-week weight-loss period compared with a SMP or SSMP diet.
Relative validity of fruit and vegetable intake estimated from an FFQ, using carotenoid and flavonoid biomarkers and the method of triads
Authors: Carlsen Monica H. , Karlsen Anette , Lillegaard Inger T. L. , Gran Jon M. , Drevon Christian A. , Blomhoff Rune , Andersen Lene F.
Published: January 2011

The aim of the present study was to validate the intakes of fruit, juice and vegetables from an FFQ. In sub-study I (n147), intakes from the FFQ were evaluated against 7 d weighed food records (WR) and plasma carotenoid concentrations, whereas in sub-study II (n85), the intakes were evaluated against plasma carotenoid concentrations and amounts of flavonoids in 24 h urine samples. Relative validity was evaluated by comparing median intakes, estimating correlation coefficients and validity coefficients using the method of triads. In sub-study I, we observed no significant difference in daily median fruit intake between the FFQ and the WR, whereas the intake of vegetables was higher from the FFQ than from the WR. The correlations between intakes from the FFQ and the WR ranged from 0·31 to 0·58. In sub-study II, the intakes of fruit and vegetables correlated significantly with plasma carotenoid concentrations and urinary flavonoids. The validity coefficients for the intakes of fruit and vegetables from the FFQ ranged from 0·61 to 0·88 in sub-study I and from 0·60 to 0·94 in sub-study II. In summary, based on the associations observed between intakes from the FFQ and the biomarkers and the FFQ validity coefficients, the FFQ was found valid and suitable for ranking individuals according to their usual intake of fruit, juice and vegetables.
Growth, body composition and hormonal status of growing pigs exhibiting a normal or small weight at birth and exposed to a neonatal diet enriched in proteins
Authors: Morise Anne , Sève Bernard , Macé Katherine , Magliola Corinne , Le Huërou-Luron Isabelle , Louveau Isabelle
Published: January 2011

Small birth weight and excess of early protein intake are suspected to enhance later obesity risk. The present study was undertaken to determine the impact of neonatal diets differing in protein content on growth, body composition and hormonal status of 70-d-old pigs born with normal weight (NW) or small weight (SW). At 7 d of age, male and female suckled piglets were assigned to the NW (approximately 1·4 kg at birth) or SW (approximately 0·99 kg at birth) groups. They were fed milk replacers formulated to provide an adequate protein (AP) or a high protein (HP) supply for 3 weeks. From weaning to 70 d of age, all animals receivedad libitumthe same standard diet. Growth rates were higher (P < 0·05) in HP piglets than in AP piglets during formula feeding and remained higher (P < 0·05) only in HP male pigs thereafter. No difference in feed consumption was detected between groups during the periods examined. Carcass lipid content and the relative weight of perirenal adipose tissue did not differ between the AP and HP pigs. Whereas plasma leptin concentration was higher (P < 0·05) in HP pigs than in AP pigs with a marked difference in SW pigs, plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentration and expression of IGF system genes were not affected by the diets. In summary, a HP intake during the suckling period induced an increase in growth rate that persisted only in male pigs during the post-weaning period. This response was not associated with any difference in adiposity parameters in this period.
Lichen planus of the larynx
Authors: Rennie C E , Dwivedi R C , Khan A S , Agrawal N , Ziyada W
Published: January 2011

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of laryngeal lichen planus.

Method:

A case report and literature review of the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of laryngeal lichen planus are presented.

Results:

A male patient presented with hoarseness and a history suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. However, characteristic histopathological findings demonstrated lichen planus. The patient responded very well to oral steroids, and at the time of writing had remained symptom-free for two years.

Conclusion:

This is the first English language report of laryngeal lichen planus. Lichen planus is a diagnosis of exclusion and responds well to steroids. However, patients should be followed up regularly as malignant change is known to occur.
Present state of the Belgica project
Authors: Loy Walter
Published: January 2011

Further progress is reported concerning the preservation of Belgica, currently a wreck in Norwegian waters.
Incidence and risk factors for late-life depression in the Ibadan Study of Ageing
Authors: Gureje O. , Oladeji B. , Abiona T.
Published: January 2011

Background

We present the incidence and risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) among community-dwelling elderly Nigerians.

Method

A cohort study of persons aged ⩾65 years residing in eight contiguous Yoruba-speaking states in south-west and north-central Nigeria was conducted between November 2003 and December 2007. Of the 2149 baseline sample, 1408 (66%) were successfully followed up after approximately 39 months. Face-to-face in-home assessments were conducted with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3 (CIDI.3) and diagnosis was based on the DSM-IV. Incident MDD was determined in the group with no prior lifetime history of MDD at baseline and who were free of dementia at follow-up (n=892).

Results

During the follow-up period, 308 persons had developed incident MDD, representing a rate of 104.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 93.3–116.6] per 1000 person-years. Compared to males, the age-adjusted hazard for females was 1.63 (95% CI 1.30–2.06). Lifetime or current subsyndromal symptoms of depression at baseline did not increase the risk of incident MDD. Among females, but not males, rural residence and poor social network were risk factors for incident MDD. Physical health status at baseline did not predict new onset of MDD.

Conclusions

The finding of a high incidence of MDD among elderly Nigerians complements earlier reports of a high prevalence of the disorder in this understudied population. Social factors, in particular those relating to social isolation, constitute a risk for incident MDD.
Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review
Authors: Solé B. , Martínez-Arán A. , Torrent C. , Bonnin C. M. , Reinares M. , Popovic D. , Sánchez-Moreno J. , Vieta E.
Published: January 2011

Background

There is evidence that bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits and this occurs in individuals with BD type I (BD I) and with BD type II (BD II). Only a few studies have focused on cognitive impairment in BD II. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of cognitive impairment in patients with BD II, in order to identify specific cognitive deficits that distinguish BD II from BD I patients as well as from healthy subjects.

Method

We performed a systematic review of the literature of neuropsychological studies of BD II published between 1980 and July 2009. Fourteen articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this review.

Results

Main cognitive deficits found in BD II include working memory and some measures of executive functions (inhibitory control) and approximately half of the studies also detected verbal memory impairment.

Conclusions

There are subtle differences between the two subtypes regarding cognition. This may suggest neurobiological differences between the two subgroups which will be helpful in order to determine cognitive endophenotypes in BD subtypes.
Teenage motherhood and risk of premature death: long-term follow-up in the ONS Longitudinal Study
Authors: Webb R. T. , Marshall C. E. , Abel K. M.
Published: January 2011

Background

Teenage motherhood is relatively common in the UK, but little is known about related health inequalities in this population. We estimated cause-specific mortality risks over three decades in a nationally representative cohort.

Method

We examined premature mortality in a 1.1% sample of all women who were teenagers in England and Wales during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s using data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS). Our primary outcome was suicide. Long-term follow-up to 31 December 2006, to a potential maximum age of 49 years, was achieved through near-complete routine linkage to national mortality records. We created a time-dependent exposure variable, with relative risks estimated according to age when women first experienced motherhood versus a reference group of those currently without children.

Results

Women who were teenage mothers were around 30% more likely to die prematurely by any cause and almost 60% more likely to die unnaturally, whereas first-time motherhood at mature age conferred lower risk compared to women without children. Teenage motherhood was associated with a more than doubled risk of suicide [mortality rate ratio (MRR) 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–3.83], and elevated risks of fatal cancer of the cervix and lung were also found. Changing the reference category to first-time mothers at 20 years and above also revealed a significant elevation in risk of accidental death.

Conclusions

The complex psychosocial needs of these women require greater attention from clinicians, public health professionals, social services and policymakers. Their elevated risk of poor health outcomes may persist well beyond the actual teenage motherhood years.
Experimental verification of soft-robot gaits evolved using a lumped dynamic model
Authors: Saunders Frank , Golden Ethan , White Robert D. , Rife Jason
Published: January 2011

When generating gaits for soft robots (those with no explicit joints), it is not evident that undulating control schemes are the most efficient. In considering alternative control schemes, however, the computational costs of evaluating continuum mechanic models of soft robots represent a significant bottleneck. We consider the use of lumped dynamic models for soft robotic systems. Such models have not been employed previously to design gaits for soft robotic systems, though they are widely used to simulate robots with compliant joints. A major question is whether these methods are accurate enough to be representations of soft robots to enable gait design and optimization. This paper addresses the potential “reality gap” between simulation and experiment for the particular case of a soft caterpillar-like robot. Experiments with a prototype soft crawler demonstrate that the lumped dynamic model can capture essential soft-robot mechanics well enough to enable gait optimization. Significantly, experiments verified that a prototype robot achieved high performance for control patterns optimized in simulation and dramatically reduced performance for gait parameters perturbed from their optimized values.
Characterising texture formation in fibre lattices embedded in a nematic liquid crystal matrix
Authors: PHILLIPS P. M. , REY A. D.
Published: January 2011

A two-dimensional computational study is performed on the texturing of fibre-filled nematic liquid crystals using the Landau-de Gennes model describing the spatio-temporal evolution of the second moment of the orientation distribution function or quadrupolar tensor order parameter. The investigation is performed on a consistent computational domain comprising a square array of four circular fibres embedded within a unit square containing a uniaxial low molar mass calamitic liquid crystal. Interest is focused on the role of temperature, boundary conditions and their effect on the nucleation and evolution of defect structures. Thermal effects are characterised below and above the temperature at which the nematic state is stable. Simulations in the stable nematic state serves as a scenario for investigating the effect of imposing different external boundary conditions, namely periodic and Dirichlet; the former describes a square lattice array of fibres embedded in a nematic liquid crystal, and the latterdescribes a four-fibre arrangement in an aligned nematic material. In each case, the influence of temperature is characterised, with defect structures forming and either remaining or splitting into lower strength defects. For fibre lattices, splitting transitions of defects at the centre of the domain occur at a critical temperature, but for the four-fibre arrangement, defect transitions occur continuously over a temperature range. The discontinuous defect splitting transition in fibre arrays occurs at lower temperatures than the continuous defect transformation in the four-fibre arrangement. At sufficiently low temperatures, the four-fibre arrangement and the fibre lattice give the same texture consisting of two disclination lines close to each fibre. The evolution of the texture with respect to temperature can be characterised as a change from single-fibre mode at low temperature to a collective mode with a centre-located heterogeneity at higher temperature. At higher temperatures, in the stable isotropic state, it is shown that surface-induced ordering arising from the fibre/liquid crystal interaction propagates into the bulk forming thin disclination lattices around the four-fibre configuration.
Choquet–Kendall–Matheron theorems for non-Hausdorff spaces
Authors: GOUBAULT-LARRECQ JEAN , KEIMEL KLAUS
Published: January 2011

We establish Choquet–Kendall–Matheron theorems on non-Hausdorff topological spaces. This typical result of random set theory is profitably recast in purely topological terms using intuitions and tools from domain theory. We obtain three variants of the theorem, each one characterising distributions, in the form of continuous valuations, over relevant powerdomains of demonic, angelic and erratic non-determinism, respectively.
Breaking bad news: an interview study of paediatric cardiologists
Authors: Birkeland Anna-Lena , Dahlgren Lars , Hägglöf Bruno , Rydberg Annika
Published: January 2011

Technical developments in paediatric cardiology over the last few decades have increased expectations on professionals, demanding of them more emotional competence and communicative ability. The aim of this study was to examine the approach of paediatric cardiologists in informing and communicating with the family of the patient.

Method

A qualitative interview method was first tested in a pilot study with two paediatric cardiologists. There were nine subsequent semi-structured interviews that were carried out with paediatric cardiologists. A researcher performed all the interviews, which were taped, transcribed, decoded, and analysed.

Results

Among paediatric cardiologists, how to break bad news to the family is an important concern, evident in findings regarding the significance of trust and confidence, the use of different emotional positions, and a common ambition to achieve skills to handle the situation. There is a need for reflection, education, and sharing of experiences. The cardiologists desire further development of teamwork and of skills in medical students and residents for delivering bad news.

Conclusions

Doctors are expected to cope with the complexities of diagnoses and decisions, while simultaneously being sensitive to the feelings of the parents, aware of their own emotions, and able to keep it all under control in the context of breaking the bad news to the parents and keeping them informed. These conflicting demands create a need to expand the professional role of the doctor by including more training in emotional competence and communicative ability, beginning in medical school and continuing through consultancy.
The evolving approach to paediatric myocarditis: a review of the current literature
Authors: May Lindsay J. , Patton David J. , Fruitman Deborah S.
Published: January 2011

Paediatric myocarditis remains challenging from the perspectives of diagnosis and management. Multiple aetiologies exist and the majority of cases appear to be related to viral illnesses. Enteroviruses are believed to be the most common cause, although cases related to adenovirus may be more frequent than suspected. The clinical presentation is extremely varied, ranging from asymptomatic to sudden unexpected death. A high index of suspicion is crucial. There is emerging evidence to support investigations such as serum N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide levels, as well as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as adjuncts to the clinical diagnosis. In the future, these may reduce the necessity for invasive methods, such as endomyocardial biopsy, which remain the gold standard. Management generally includes supportive care, consisting of cardiac failure medical management, with the potential for mechanical support and cardiac transplantation. Treatments aimed at immunosuppression remain controversial. The paediatric literature is extremely limited with no conclusive evidence to support or refute these strategies. This article summarises the current literature regarding aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of myocarditis in paediatric patients.
Holt–Oram syndrome: novel TBX5 mutation and associated anomalous right coronary artery
Authors: Vianna Caio B. , Miura Nana , Pereira Alexandre C. , Jatene Marcelo B.
Published: January 2011

The Holt–Oram syndrome was confirmed in an asymptomatic 36-year-old man by a novel TBX5-gene mutation (exon 8 acceptor splicing site, c.663-1G greater than A). Computed tomography showed an atrial septal defect and an anomalous right coronary artery crossing between the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Surgery corrected the septal defect and the initial segment of the anomalous vessel was unroofed and enlarged. Anomalous coronary arteries were not previously described in the Holt–Oram syndrome patients and should be added to the list of possible associated cardiac defects.
Computerized CBT (Think, Feel, Do) for Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Outcomes and Feedback from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Stallard Paul , Richardson Thomas , Velleman Sophie , Attwood Megan
Published: January 2011

Background: Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of computerized cognitive behaviour therapy (cCBT) for depression and anxiety in adults, but there has been little work with children and adolescents. Aims: To describe the development of a cCBT intervention (Think, Feel, Do) for young people, and preliminary outcomes and feedback from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Method: Twenty participants aged 11 to 16 with depression or anxiety were randomized to receive cCBT immediately or after a delay. Standardized measures were used to assess self-reported anxiety, depression, self-esteem and cognitions, as well as parent rated strengths and difficulties. A feedback form was also completed to assess young people's views of the programme. Results: A total of 15 participants completed the pre and post assessments in the trial, and 17 provided feedback on the intervention. Paired samples t-tests demonstrated significant improvements on 3 subscales in the control condition, compared to 7 subscales in the cCBT condition. Feedback showed moderate to high satisfaction for participants. Conclusions: This study provides encouraging preliminary results for the effectiveness and acceptability of cCBT with this age group.
Nutrition transition and health status of Cretan women: evidence from two generations
Authors: Tsakiraki Malamo , Grammatikopoulou Maria G , Stylianou Charilaos , Tsigga Maria
Published: January 2011

Objective

Research has suggested the abandonment of the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) by youngsters for a more Westernized regime. The present study aimed (i) to delineate differences in the consumption of traditional Cretan dishes and key nutrients in the MD between two contiguous generations of women and (ii) define how these dietary changes contribute to the morbidity of the younger generation.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

The island of Crete, Greece.

Subjects

Eighty pairs of mothers and daughters, all living in their own households, were recruited from Crete. Information regarding the consumption of traditional Cretan dishes and two previous-day recalls were collected. The health status of the participants was also recorded. Simple correspondence analysis (SCA) was used to assess associations between differences in the food intake of daughters compared with their mothers and the prevalence of disease.

Results

The younger women showed increased intakes of rusks and meat dishes and decreased consumption of green vegetables, pulses and wine compared with their mothers. When nutrients were accounted for, only sugar consumption of the younger women surpassed the intake reported by their mothers. SCA associated hypercholesterolaemia in the daughters with increased cheese and meat intakes; allergies and respiratory problems were associated with lower cheese, fish and oil intakes; being overweight was associated with higher baked goods, oils, desserts, fish and alcohol intakes; and Fe-deficiency anaemia was associated with lower consumption of green vegetables.

Conclusions

Results showed that, although a trend towards a more Westernized diet was noted in the younger women, the differences between the two generations appear to be small. Therefore, in Crete, the MD is still the primary diet regime.
Healthy food availability and the association with BMI in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Casagrande Sarah Stark , Franco Manuel , Gittelsohn Joel , Zonderman Alan B , Evans Michele K , Fanelli Kuczmarski Marie , Gary-Webb Tiffany L
Published: January 2011

Objective

To study the association between the availability of healthy foods and BMI by neighbourhood race and socio-economic status (SES).

Design

Trained staff collected demographic information, height, weight and 24 h dietary recalls between 2004 and 2008. Healthy food availability was determined in thirty-four census tracts of varying racial and SES composition using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey–Stores in 2007. Multilevel linear regression was used to estimate associations between healthy food availability and BMI.

Setting

Baltimore City, Maryland, USA.

Subjects

Adults aged 30–64 years (n 2616) who participated in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study.

Results

Among individuals living in predominantly white neighbourhoods, high availability of healthy foods was associated with significantly higher BMI compared with individuals living in neighbourhoods with low availability of healthy food after adjustment for demographic variables (β = 3·22, P = 0·001). Associations were attenuated but remained significant after controlling for dietary quality (β = 2·81, P = 0·012).

Conclusions

Contrary to expectations, there was a positive association between the availability of healthy food and higher BMI among individuals living in predominantly white neighbourhoods. This result could be due to individuals in neighbourhoods with low healthy food availability travelling outside their neighbourhood to obtain healthy food.
Problems at the Foundation? Comments on Felin and Foss
Authors: WINTER SIDNEY G.
Published: January 2011

This paper reviews the assessment of the routines and capabilities literature provided by T. Felin and N. J. Foss, ‘The Endogenous Origins of Experience, Routines and Organizational Capabilities: The Poverty of Stimulus’, published by theJournal of Institutional Economics. Although valuable points are raised, the assessment is largely off target because it is fixated on the implausible view that the literature assessed is strongly shaped by the tradition of behavioral psychology (B. F. Skinner and others). At the same time, important portions of the routines and capabilities literature that are highly relevant to the authors’ substantive concerns, and which are plainly inconsistent with the main interpretive claim, are not considered.
Qualität braucht Kompetenz und Verantwortung – Herausforderungen und Perspektiven einer Advanced Nursing Practice für die Gesundheitsversorgung aus pflegewissenschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Gaidys Uta
Published: January 2011

Advanced Nursing Practice scheint eine Antwort auf die komplexer werdenden Anforderungen in der Gesundheitsversorgung zu sein. Die Qualität einer Advanced Nusing Practice wird derzeit durch Vergleiche mit einer medizinischen Versorgung untersucht. Diese wissenschaftlichen Legitimationsversuche einer Advanced Nursing Practice reduzieren die Potenziale pflegerischer Gesundheitsversorgung. Eine Perspektive für eine fortgeschrittene und erweiterte pflegerische Versorgung im Sinne einer Advanced Nursing Practice sollte sich auf einem originär pflegerischen Versorgungsansatz gründen, nämlich dem Lebensweltbezug in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung, der Patientennähe und der Sicherstellung der Kontinuität der gesundheitlichen Versorgung. Einzulösen ist dieser Ansatz nur durch autonom zu verantwortendes pflegerisches Handeln. Das Erwerben einer solchen Kompetenz beruht auf einem Bildungsprozess, in welchem die Fähigkeit entwickelt wird, die Situation der Klienten und ihrer Familien als veränderbar wahrzunehmen.
Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4): An update
Authors: Roberts Andrew P. , Chang Liao , Rowan Christopher J. , Horng Chorng‐Shern , Florindo Fabio
Published: January 2011

Greigite (Fe3S4) is an authigenic ferrimagnetic mineral that grows as a precursor to pyrite during early diagenetic sedimentary sulfate reduction. It can also grow at any time when dissolved iron and sulfide are available during diagenesis. Greigite is important in paleomagnetic, environmental, biological, biogeochemical, tectonic, and industrial processes. Much recent progress has been made in understanding its magnetic properties. Greigite is an inverse spinel and a collinear ferrimagnet with antiferromagnetic coupling between iron in octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The crystallographic c axis is the easy axis of magnetization, with magnetic properties dominated by magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Robust empirical estimates of the saturation magnetization, anisotropy constant, and exchange constant for greigite have been obtained recently for the first time, and the first robust estimate of the low‐field magnetic susceptibility is reported here. The Curie temperature of greigite remains unknown but must exceed 350°C. Greigite lacks a low‐temperature magnetic transition. On the basis of preliminary micromagnetic modeling, the size range for stable single domain behavior is 17–200 nm for cubic crystals and 17–500 nm for octahedral crystals. Gradual variation in magnetic properties is observed through the pseudo‐single‐domain size range. We systematically document the known magnetic properties of greigite (at high, ambient, and low temperatures and with alternating and direct fields) and illustrate how grain size variations affect magnetic properties. Recognition of this range of magnetic properties will aid identification and constrain interpretation of magnetic signals carried by greigite, which is increasingly proving to be environmentally important and responsible for complex paleomagnetic records, including widespread remagnetizations.
Collecting Deep Seismic Data in Densely Populated Vietnam
Authors: Harder Steven , Dinh Van‐Toan
Published: January 2011

The Red River shear zone (RRSZ) is a large‐scale strike‐slip feature, similar to California's San Andreas Fault system, that extends from Tibet to the South China Sea. Many believe that this fault system allowed Southeast Asia to extrude from Asia as the Indian subcontinent collided with the continent [e.g., Tapponnier et al., 1982]. However, others believe that the collision resulted in crustal thickening and that strike‐slip faults helped to accommodate this thickening. There have been many studies of the tectonics and structural geology of the RRSZ both supporting the extrusion hypotheses [e.g., Leloup et al., 1995; Gilley et al., 2003] and challenging them [e.g., Wang and Burchfiel, 1997; Jolivet et al., 2001]. Unfortunately, there have been no crustal reflection or refraction seismic studies of the RRSZ's deep subsurface, data from which might reveal geologic structures indicative of either thickening or extrusion, helping to settle this debate.
Mapping the Intricacies of the Gulf of Mexico's Circulation
Authors: Lugo‐Fernández Alexis , Green Rebecca E.
Published: January 2011

From hosting key shipping lines, drilling platforms, and commercial fisheries, to sustaining mangrove swamps that shelter the coastline from the hurricanes that churn its waters, the Gulf of Mexico is important to the nations surrounding it for socio‐economic, ecological, military, political, and scientific reasons. Critical to all of these sectors is the Gulf's circulation—it controls hurricane tracks and intensity, biological productivity, and larvae dispersal. Since 1982, the Environmental Studies Program (ESP) of the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) has invested more than $67 million in field and numerical modeling studies to improve our understanding of the Gulf's circulation (see Figure 1). ESP‐funded research has covered a broad array of topics, some applied and some basic. Studies carried out on behalf of the bureau reflect the bureau's information needs, stakeholder input, and offshore energy exploration and development trends. All ESP studies culminate in a technical report—127 technical reports on physical oceanography are publicly available (see http://www.gomr.boemre.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/techsumm/rec_pubs.html). Additionally, more than 100 peer‐reviewed publications have been issued on the Gulf's physical oceanography and circulation. The AGU Geophysical MonographCirculation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models, the very first circulation overview since 1972, was funded by ESP. Additionally, data collected during fieldwork are deposited in national archives for public dissemination.
Congressional Science Fellowship Applications Due 1 February
Authors: Chell Kaitlin
Published: January 2011

The AGU Congressional Science Fellowship provides AGU scientists who are interested in public policy an opportunity to play an active role in the U.S. legislative process. Fellows spend 1 year as a staff member on Capitol Hill in either the office of a senator or representative or the office of a congressional committee. Fellows' responsibilities may include writing legislation, preparing for congressional hearings, meeting with lobbyists and constituents, and more. In the past, Fellows have been directly involved in policy regarding water, climate change, energy conservation, and a range of other issues of high priority to society.
A new meiosis‐specific cohesin complex implicated in the cohesin code for homologous pairing
Authors: Ishiguro Kei‐ichiro , Kim Jihye , Fujiyama‐Nakamura Sally , Kato Shigeaki , Watanabe Yoshinori
Published: January 2011

We identify a new mammalian cohesin subunit, RAD21‐like protein (RAD21L), with sequence similarity to RAD21 and REC8. RAD21L localizes along axial elements in early meiotic prophase, in a manner that is spatiotemporally different to either REC8 or RAD21. Remarkably, RAD21L and REC8 have symmetrical, mutually exclusive localization on the not‐yet‐synapsed homologues, implying that the cohesin patterning could provide a code for homologue recognition. RAD21 transiently localizes to axial elements after the dissociation of RAD21L and REC8 in late pachytene, a period of recombination repair. Further, we show that the removal of cohesins and synaptonemal complex during late meiotic prophase is promoted by Polo‐like kinase 1, which is similar to the mitotic prophase pathway.
Toll-like receptors in ocular surface diseases: overview and new findings
Authors: Lambiase Alessandro , Micera Alessandra , Sacchetti Marta , Mantelli Flavio , Bonini Stefano
Published: January 2011

The ocular surface is the first line of defence in the eye against environmental microbes. The ocular innate immune system consists of a combination of anatomical, mechanical and immunological defence mechanisms. TLRs (Toll-like receptors), widely expressed by the ocular surface, are able to recognize microbial pathogens and to trigger the earliest immune response leading to inflammation. Increasing evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in regulating innate immune responses during ocular surface infective and non-infective inflammatory conditions. In addition, recent observations have shown that TLRs modulate the adaptive immune response, also playing an important role in ocular autoimmune and allergic diseases. One of the main goals of ocular surface treatment is to control the inflammatory reaction in order to preserve corneal integrity and transparency. Recent experimental evidence has shown that specific modulation of TLR pathways induces an improvement in several ocular inflammatory conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, suggesting new therapeutic anti-inflammatory strategies. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of TLRs at the ocular surface and to propose them as potential targets of therapy for ocular inflammatory conditions.
Remote preconditioning provides potent cardioprotection via PI3K/Akt activation and is associated with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin
Authors: Li Jing , Xuan Wanli , Yan Ran , Tropak Michael B. , Jean-St-Michel Emilie , Liang Wenbin , Gladstone Rachel , Backx Peter H. , Kharbanda Rajesh K. , Redington Andrew N.
Published: January 2011

rIPC [remote IPC (ischaemic preconditioning)] has been shown to invoke potent myocardial protection in animal studies and recent clinical trials. Although the important role of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt activation in the cardioprotection afforded by local IPC is well described, our understanding of the intracellular signalling of rIPC remains incomplete. We therefore examined the hypothesis that the myocardial protection afforded by rIPC is mediated via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) signalling pathway, activation of which is associated with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. rIPC was induced in mice using four cycles of 5 min of ischaemia and 5 min of reperfusion of the hindlimb using a torniquet. This led to reduced infarct size (19±4% in rIPC compared with 39±7% in sham; P<0.05), improved functional recovery and reduced apoptosis after global I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury using a Langendorff-perfused mouse heart model. These effects were reversed by pre-treatment with an inhibitor of PI3K activity. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that, compared with control, rIPC was associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, resulting in phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3β, accumulation of β-catenin in the cytosol and its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, rIPC increased the expression of β-catenin target genes involved in cell-survival signalling, including E-cadherin and PPARδ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor δ). In conclusion, we show for the first time that the myocardial protection afforded by rIPC is mediated via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signalling pathway, activation of which is associated with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and the up-regulation of its downstream targets E-cadherin and PPARδ involved in cell survival.
Detailed intermolecular structure of molecular liquids containing slightly distorted tetrahedral molecules with C3v symmetry: Chloroform, bromoform, and methyl-iodide
Authors: Pothoczki Szilvia , Temleitner László , Pusztai László
Published: January 2011

Analyses of the intermolecular structure of molecular liquids containing slightly distorted tetrahedral molecules of the CXY3-type are described. The process is composed of the determination of several different distance-dependent orientational correlation functions, including ones that are introduced here. As a result, a complete structure classification could be provided for CXY3 molecular liquids, namely for liquid chloroform, bromoform, and methyl-iodide. In the present work, the calculations have been conducted on particle configurations resulting from reverse Monte Carlo computer modeling: these particle arrangements have the advantage that they are fully consistent with structure factors from neutron and x-ray diffraction measurements. It has been established that as the separation between neighboring molecules increases, the dominant mutual orientations change from face-to-face to edge-to-edge, via the edge-to-face arrangements. Depending on the actual liquid, these geometrical elements (edges and faces of the distorted tetrahedra) were found to contain different atoms. From the set of liquids studied here, the structure of methyl-iodide was found to be easiest to describe on the basis of pure steric effects (molecular shape, size, and density) and the structure of liquid chloroform seems to be the furthest away from the corresponding “flexible fused hard spheres” like reference system.
Critical comparison of electrode models in density functional theory based quantum transport calculations
Authors: Jacob D. , Palacios J. J.
Published: January 2011

We study the performance of two different electrode models in quantum transport calculations based on density functional theory: parametrized Bethe lattices and quasi-one-dimensional wires or nanowires. A detailed account of implementation details in both the cases is given. From the systematic study of nanocontacts made of representative metallic elements, we can conclude that the parametrized electrode models represent an excellent compromise between computational cost and electronic structure definition as long as the aim is to compare with experiments where the precise atomic structure of the electrodes is not relevant or defined with precision. The results obtained using parametrized Bethe lattices are essentially similar to the ones obtained with quasi-one-dimensional electrodes for large enough cross-sections of these, adding a natural smearing to the transmission curves that mimics the true nature of polycrystalline electrodes. The latter are more demanding from the computational point of view, but present the advantage of expanding the range of applicability of transport calculations to situations where the electrodes have a well-defined atomic structure, as is the case for carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, or semiconducting nanowires. All the analysis is done with the help of codes developed by the authors which can be found in the quantum transport toolbox ALACANT and are publicly available.
High-resolution alternating-field technique to determine the magnetocaloric effect of metals down to very low temperatures
Authors: Tokiwa Y. , Gegenwart P.
Published: January 2011

The magnetocaloric effect or “magnetic Grüneisen ratio” \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\Gamma _H=T^{-1}(dT/dH)_S$\end{document}ΓH=T−1(dT/dH)S quantifies the cooling or heating of a material when an applied magnetic field is changed under adiabatic conditions. Recently, this property has attracted considerable interest in the field of quantum criticality. Here, we report the development of a low-frequency alternating-field technique for measurements of the magnetocaloric effect down to very low temperatures, which is an important property for the study of quantum critical points. We focus, in particular, on highly conducting metallic samples and discuss the influence of eddy current heating. By comparison with magnetization and specific heat measurements, we demonstrate that our fast and accurate technique gives quantitatively correct values for the magnetocaloric effect under truly adiabatic conditions.