bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of zygomycetes to nine antifungal agents as determined by the NCCLS M38‐A microdilution method
Authors: Singh Jagpal , Rimek Dagmar , Kappe Reinhard
Published: June 2005

The in vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of six genera of zygomycetes including Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus arrhizus), Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor circinelloides (three), Absidia corymbifera (three), Rhizomucor pusillus (three), Cunninghamella bertholletiae (two), and Syncephalastrum racemosum (two) to nine antifungal agents were determined by the NCCLS M38‐A broth microdilution method. Geometric means of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were: amphotericin B 0.07 mg l−1 (range 0.03–0.5 mg l−1), nystatin 0.83 mg l−1 (range 0.25–4 mg l−1), itraconazole 0.59 mg l−1 (range 0.03 to >8 mg l−1), voriconazole 6.50 mg l−1 (range 2 to >8 mg l−1), ciclopiroxolamine 1.59 mg l−1 (range 0.5–4 mg l−1), and amorolfine 9.19 mg l−1 (range 1 to >16 mg l−1). All strains were resistant to 5‐flucytosine, fluconazole (MIC >64 mg l−1) and caspofungin (MIC >16 mg l−1).
Candidaemia in an Irish tertiary referral hospital: epidemiology and prognostic factors
Authors: Boo T. W. , O'Reilly B. , O'Leary J. , Cryan B.
Published: June 2005

There were two parts to this study. Part 1 evaluated the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream isolates within the Southern Health Board (SHB) of Ireland from 1992 to 2003 by retrospective surveillance of all such isolates of patients reported from SHB hospitals to our laboratory database during that period. Part 2 reviewed candidaemia cases occurring in Cork University Hospital (CUH) from 1999 to 2003 using surveillance of all positive blood culture isolates in CUH microbiology laboratory during the 5‐year period. In part 1, 250 Candida bloodstream isolates were reported in the SHB over 12 years. There was a pattern of decreasing percentage of C. albicans with time. Whereas in part 2, 63 cases of candidaemia were identified in CUH from 1999 to 2003. Candida albicans constituted 50% of all isolates, while C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata accounted for 21.2% and 18.2% respectively. Average annual incidence rate was 0.48 episodes/1000 admissions and 0.70 episodes/10 000 patient‐days. Vascular catheters were the commonest source of candidaemia (61.9%) followed by the urinary tract (12.7%). Risk factors included exposure to multiple antibiotics (75%); central vascular catheterization (73%); multiple colonization sites (71%); severe gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction (54%) and acute renal failure (43%). Crude 7‐day and 30‐day mortality rates were 20.6% and 39.7% respectively. Logistic regression multivariate analysis identified the following to be independent predictors for mortality: age ≥65 years [odds ratio (OR) 7.2, P = 0.013]; severe GI dysfunction (OR 10.6, P = 0.01); acute renal failure (OR 7.6, P = 0.022); recent/concurrent bacteraemia (OR 5.2, P = 0.042); endotracheal intubation (OR 7.7, P = 0.014); while major surgery was associated with a better prognosis (OR 0.05, P = 0.002). Appropriate antifungal treatment was also found to be associated with survival (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001). The epidemiology of Candida bloodstream isolates within our health board had changed over the years. Incidence and mortality of candidaemia were relatively high in our hospital. Dysfunction of major organ systems and recent bacteraemia were found to predict mortality.
Dermatophytoses in forestry workers and farmers
Authors: Sahin Idris , Kaya Demet , Parlak Ali Haydar , Oksuz Sukru , Behcet Mustafa
Published: June 2005

To assess the frequency of superficial mycoses in forestry workers and farmers in the rural region of Duzce, a total of 467 residents of the rural region were examined for dermatomycosis infection. Of these, 349 were forestry workers and 118 farmers. All specimens collected were analysed by direct microscopy and culture. Tinea pedis et manus was found in 23 (19.4%), and onycomycosis in 21 (17.7%) farmers. Tinea pedis et manus was found in 50 (14.3%), and onycomycosis in 28 (8%) forestry workers. One tinea corporis, two tinea inguinalis and two erosio interdigitalis cases were determined in the farmer group but no cases of tinea corporis, tinea inguinalis, or erosio interdigitalis were found in the forestry group. In total, five tinea versicolor cases were found in the two groups on clinical examination but no agent positivity was yielded in mycological cultures. The most frequently isolated agent in the two groups was Trichophyton rubrum. The frequencies of superficial mycosis and onychomycosis were found to be higher in the farmer group than in the forestry group, although similar aetiological agents were isolated in both groups. The farmers had greater rates of contact with pathogenic fungi present in soil as well as from infected farm animals than the foresters; furthermore, animal husbandry, and the wearing of rubber shoes and nylon socks were more frequent in the farmer group. These results suggest that habits such as the wearing of rubber shoes and nylon socks, and the practice of animal husbandry may be the most important factors in determining the frequency of superficial mycoses and aetiological agents in forestry workers and farmers. To our knowledge, there is no previous report about dermatophytoses in forestry workers.
Helicobacter heilmannii infection: Clinical, endoscopic and histopathological features in Japanese patients
Authors: Okiyama Yoko , Matsuzawa Kenji , Hidaka Eiko , Sano Kenji , Akamatsu Taiji , Ota Hiroyoshi
Published: June 2005

Gastric biopsy materials of 4074 consecutive Japanese patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy were reviewed, along with those of 15 patients with Helicobacter heilmannii infection (11, chronic gastritis; four, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma). In four patients with H. heilmannii infection, the materials were examined by transmission electronmicroscopy. Urea breath test (three patients) and antibody test (five patients) were performed in patients with H. heilmannii infection. In two patients with MALT lymphoma, H. heilmannii was eradicated. The prevalence of H. heilmannii was 0.1% in the consecutive series. In chronic gastritis, the gastric mucosa was endoscopically normal (13.3%), had erythema (33.3%), or had erosions (53.3%); histologically, it showed no epithelial change, mild mononuclear cell infiltration, and slight and focal neutrophil infiltration; Helicobacter heilmannii was positive with anti‐H. pylori antibody, and was detected in the mucous gel layer and in foveolae. In MALT lymphoma, the gastric mucosa was coarsely granular with enlarged mucosal folds without ulcers (two cases), with small ulcers (one case), or with multiple erosions (one case). Urea breath test and antibody test were both negative. Eradication of H. heilmannii resulted in remission of MALT lymphoma. Helicobacter heilmannii infection is therefore uncommon in Japanese adults, but is associated with chronic gastritis and gastric MALT lymphoma.
Reproducible and clinically meaningful differential diagnosis is possible between lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia and ‘adenoma malignum’ based on common histopathological criteria
Authors: Tsuda Hitoshi , Mikami Yoshiki , Kaku Tsunehisa , Hasegawa Tadashi , Akiyama Futoshi , Ohishi Yoshihiro , Sasajima Yuko , Kasamatsu Takahiro
Published: June 2005

The aim of the present study was to determine if the differential diagnosis between lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) and minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA), or ‘adenoma malignum’, is reproducible when clear criteria for these two lesions are given. A total of 44 proliferative endocervical glandular lesions were collected, for which differential diagnosis from MDA was considered to be necessary. Seven observers independently classified these 44 lesions into LEGH, LEGH with adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), MDA, or common cervical adenocarcinoma, according to the following criteria: LEGH was non‐invasive proliferation of endocervical glandular cells without any obvious adenocarcinoma component. MDA was very well‐differentiated endocervical‐type mucinous adenocarcinoma composed mostly of LEGH‐looking glands but containing the component of obviously invasive adenocarcinoma. LEGH with AIS was defined as continuous coexistence of LEGH and AIS. Among these four diagnostic categories, the interobserver agreement level was substantial (κ = 0.618). The level increased to almost perfect (κ = 0.928) between the group of non‐invasive lesions consisting of LEGH and LEGH with AIS and the other group of invasive lesions comprising MDA and common adenocarcinoma. When the modal diagnosis was adopted as the final diagnosis for individual lesions, the 5 year survival rate of patients after surgery was 100% for the non‐invasive lesions but only 54% for the invasive lesions (P < 0.01). It is clearly shown that reproducible differential diagnosis is possible between LEGH, LEGH with AIS, and MDA and that such a differentiation is clinically meaningful.
Malignant T‐cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Motoi Noriko , Ozawa Yasunori
Published: June 2005

Reported herein is a rare case of malignant T‐cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland that developed in a 71‐year‐old woman with a past history of chronic thyroiditis. The chief complaints were rapidly growing neck mass, weight loss and hoarseness. Presence of abnormal lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood, and an increase in anti‐microsome antibodies and anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies were found on preoperative laboratory tests. A diagnosis of suspicious malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland accompanied by Hashimoto's thyroiditis was made, and a total thyroidectomy was performed. Histological examination revealed diffuse small lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid gland associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the small lymphocytes were positive for T‐cell markers with CD4 predominance. Southern blot analysis of tumor specimens revealed a monoclonal T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement. Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma was diagnosed. No adjuvant therapy was performed because of the tumor stage and its subtype. The patient is well with no recurrence or metastasis 25 months after the surgical removal of the thyroid. The present case suggests that Hashimoto's thyroiditis might play an important role in the carcinogenesis of thyroid lymphoma not only of B‐cell lineage but also of T‐cell lineage.
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Shintaku Masayuki , Arimoto Akira , Sakita Nobuko
Published: June 2005

A case of serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas in an 85‐year‐old woman is reported. The tumor extensively involved the body and tail of the pancreas and contiguously invaded the spleen. The histopathology of the tumor was similar to that of serous cystadenoma, but mild nuclear hyperchromatism and atypism were noted, and the neoplastic invasion of nerve fibers in the stroma was observed. In the spleen neoplastic cells forming microcysts were diffusely insinuated in the red pulp without the fibrous stroma. The patient is in good health without recurrence and metastasis after the operation. The present case is the second example of this kind of neoplasm that showed direct splenic invasion. Because serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas exhibits bland cytological features, diligent search for the invasion of the surrounding tissue or peripheral nerves is needed for the differentiation from its benign counterpart.
THE VIETNAMESE REFUGEES AT OUR DOORSTEP: POLITICAL AMBIGUITY AND SUCCESSFUL IMPROVISATION
Authors: Moos Felix , Morrison C.S.
Published: June 2005

In the spring of 1975, the United States was faced not only with military defeat in Vietnam, but also with the challenge of processing, caring for and eventually resettling more than 130,000 persons fleeing Vietnam.

This paper presents a case study of the operation‐“New Life” which evacuated these refugees and cared for them on Guam until they could be resettled. The account focuses on the logistic problems and pragmatic solutions reached in a situation where there existed a wide gap between public policy and i t s application. This discussion is especially instructive in light of the growing national and international problem of refugee relocation.
THE POLITICS OF PLURALISM AND ASSIMILATIONIST POLICY IN ANN ARBOR'S BLACK ENGLISH TRIAL: SOCIOLINGUISTICS AS A POLICY SCIENCE
Authors: Swearingen C. Jan , Jacobs David L. , Sledd James
Published: June 2005

Sociolinguistics has generally promoted assimilationkt language policy even though many sociolinguists are ardent supporters of cultural and linguistic pluralism, and have been politically active in support of the languages and cultures of their research subjects. The 1978 Ann Arbor Black English Trial‐the King decision depended heavily upon the testimony given by sociolinguists in support of the plaintiffs, who argued that they had been denied an equal educational opportunity. The King decision exemplifies a problematic and unresolved conflict between linguistic research as a descriptive enterprise and applications of linguistic research which, by and large, implement assimilationkt language policy. Many sociolinguists favor the retention of cultural and linguistic pluralism, yet their research is utilized to design programs which will promote literacy in standard written English.

The King decision suggests that the participation of sociolinguists in policymaking processes simultaneously improves the data base underlying policy decisions, and complicates the implementation of new policy by disseminating linguistic data which clash with mainstream cultural values, thereby generating a backlash against the new policy.
TWO FACES OF BAIL REFORM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PRETRIAL STATUS ON DISPOSITION PRETRIAL FLIGHT AND CRIME IN HOUSTON
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R. , Wheeler Carol L.
Published: June 2005

Bail reform is under attack by public officials historically identified with the cause of social justice. Release on personal recognizance is increasingly assailed as significantly contributing to the problem of pretrial flight and crime. Are these observations valid or have such reforms represented a step toward equal justice‐without seriously threatening public safety? To test the argument against bail reform, the authors analyzed the outcome of randomly selected felony cases in Houston, Texas. All defendants were monitored by a computerized information system for athirty month period.

The results of the major hypotheses were mixed. Pretrial status was found to have no significant effect on conviction outcome. However, as expected, a significantly higher proportion of convicted detained defendants were sentenced to prison than their bonded counterparts. While failure to appear rate was found relatively high for both defendants released on recognizance and money bail, the actual fugitive rate (2%) and pretrial crime rate (7%) for total bonded defendants were low. Finally the results indicated that bail reform, as experienced in this major southwestern jurisdication, has not significantly affected pretrial flight or crime.
STATE ENERGY POLICIES: FEDERAL FUNDS FOR PAPER PROGRAMS
Authors: Dye Thomas R. , Davidson Dorothy K.
Published: June 2005

Taking their policy cues from the federal government, the states have done little to effectively deal with energy problems. In fact, their programs could be styled “federal funds for paper programs.” inasmuch as the state programs have been written to conform to federal language, but not to attack energy problems in a serious fashion. There is great variation among the states in energy program expenditures, but these are not related to economic or political structures. However, the more urbanized, economically growing, and energy “rich” states spend the most on energy problems.
THE STATES' ROLE IN LAND USE POLICY
Authors: Mushkatel Alvin H. , Judd Dennis R.
Published: June 2005

Historically, land use had been an exclusively local function. By the early 1960s, a “quiet revolution” broke the local government monopoly over zoning and land use, with a larger state role. Those states which passed land use legislation soon were faced with substantial political opposition, especially from rural dwellers and developers. When Congress considered national land use legislation in the early 1970s. these same interests united in effective opposition.
THE STATES' ROLE IN HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT*
Authors: Engquist‐Seidenberg Gretchen
Published: June 2005

Under the Social Security Act of 1935, the federal government expanded its involvement in maternal and child health care programs through grants‐in‐aid to state and local health departments. The Medicaid legislation of 1965 vastly enlarged federal expenditures, and state responsibilities. State performance was frequently criticized, especially in health care cost containment. Recently, the states have initiated several efforts to link cost containment and the quality of health care.
LEGAL ISSUES IN EVALUATION RESEARCH*
Authors: Serow Elizabeth Goetz
Published: June 2005

Using a 1978 evaluation of a defensible space project which was published in the Social Science Quarterly, and later challenged by the originator of the project being evaluated this article explores the legal issues and considerations for those reporting evaluations and the journals which publish the evaluation reports. Serow outlines the information gathered in interviews with several practicing attorneys, a university press, two law school professors, a political science professor, an attorney in a University Legal Counsel's office and from a review of relevant legal references. She concludes the article with five recommendations for evaluators reporting their research.
THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERAL CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT POLICY
Authors: Langton Stuart
Published: June 2005

This article traces the emergence of federal citizen involvement policy during the past 34 years which is described as emerging in an incremental and disjointed manner since World War II. The essay summarizes the major stages in this evolution, describes important principles associated with each stage, and identifies 24 elements that constitute an accrued federal citizen involvement policy.
REGULATORY POLICY ANALYSIS: WORKING IN A QUAGMIRE
Authors: Dubnick Mel , Gitelson Alan R.
Published: June 2005

The authors review five “definitions‐in‐use” that characterize regulatory policymaking and policy analysis. They survey these contradictory meanings and argue that the common use of all five has adversely affected efforts to reform and study government regulation.
CONSUMERISM AND THE REGULATORY SYSTEM: PARADIGMS OF REFORM
Authors: Berman David R.
Published: June 2005

The problem of protecting consumer interests in the regulatory process is viewed from the free enterprise, progressive, and pluralist paradigms. Berman considers the characteristics of each paradigm, the ways reformers have sought to implement each, and how they interact and shape the nature of the regulatory system. The greatest conflict lies between the free enterprise and progressive paradigms on the need for regulation. The author concludes, however, that the regulatory system can best be viewed as a blend of the different paradigms–unstable though that blend may be.
ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR COST EFFECTIVE POLLUTION ABATEMENT: THE NEED FOR IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Marcus Alfred A. , Sommers Paul , Morris Frederic A.
Published: June 2005

After examining policies and proposals designed to achieve cost‐effective pollution abatement, the authors argue that design of economically elegant solutions to pollution control problems needs implementation analysis if the policies are to be successfully carried out. They review some institutional obstacles to implementation and conclude that these impediments should not prevent adoption.
CITIZEN GROUPS AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO REGULATORY REFORM
Authors: Berry Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2005

Berry examines alternative regulatory reform proposals which could lead to greater citizens group control over regulatory policy making. Citizens groups have been handicapped by problems of maintaining large‐scale lobbying efforts, seeing little in the way of long‐term rewards for accomplishing deregulation, being unwilling to play the Congressional logrolling game, and simultaneously favoring regulation in one area and deregulation in another. The costs and benefits to citizen group organizations are emphasized in considering the alternatives they advocate. Citizen participation programs are seen as the most likely to expand in the future.
THE CORVAIR, THE PINTO AND CORPORATE BEHAVIOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGULATORY REFORM
Authors: Halpern Paul J.
Published: June 2005

Top corporate management responds to what is socially desirable when the costs and economic benefits provide the incentive to do so. Even when changing directions to match what is thought to be socially desirable would produce long‐term profit maximization, some firms may stay with what is socially undesirable for what is perceived as a greater short‐term profit maximization. Halpern suggests that such short‐term profit decisions made by General Motors with the Corvair, and by Ford with the Pinto, backfired. A key problem is seen as the time lag between corporate misdeeds and the final judgment of courts or the government.
POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF RATES IN ELECTRIC UTILITIES
Authors: Kamerschen David R. , Kau James B. , Paul Chris W.
Published: June 2005

The authors undertake an empirical examination of the hypothesized relationship between political variables and regulatory commission behavior (i.e., utility rate levels). Focusing on five political variables, they find evidence to support the argument that political factors do effect electric utility rates. They find commissioner terms of office and number of commissioners to be significantly, related to rate levels and offer explanations for contrary findings.
RUNAWAY BUREAUCRACY AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT: WHY REFORMS FAIL
Authors: Calvert Randall L. , Weingast Barry R.
Published: June 2005

Attempts to reign‐in runaway regulatory bureaucracy fail because the bureaucracy has all the important resources. The bureaucracy also holds the upper hand in policy‐making because Congress has neither the time nor inclination to effect legislative control and oversight. The authors examine the travails of the Federal Trade Commission during the 1970s to show the blurred distinction between bureaucratic autonomy and legislative control.
THE COURTS AS A SOURCE OF REGULATORY REVITALIZATION: EXTERNAL AGENDA SETTING AND EQUAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Regens James L.
Published: June 2005

The authors examine the relationship between the courts and HEW's Office for Civil Rights (OCR), to illustrate the effects of legal efforts to generate more vigorous agency enforcement. Opponents of racial and sex discrimination in public schools won a series of suits against OCR after it had ceased to effectively implement anti‐discrimination legislation. As a result of court decisions, OCR has had its discretion over how it will carry out its legislative responsibilities curtailed.
GRESHAM'S LAW: THE REGULATORY ANALOGY
Authors: Rowland C. K. , Marz Roger
Published: June 2005

The authors argue that delegation of discretion over environmental regulation to the states may trigger a process analogous to Gresham's Law in which lax regulation in one state drives out stringent regulation in neighboring states. This devolution to regulatory laxity is illustrated by the lax pesticide regulations in five Midwestern “agricultural” states. Questions are raised about the effects of the Reagan Administration's commitment to reduce the stringency of federal environmental regulations and delegate more regulatory discretion to the states.
BUREAUCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION AND THE REDISTRIBUTION OF URBAN SERVICES: THE CASE OF TEAM POLICING1
Authors: Petrick Richard L.
Published: June 2005

Two extreme positions dominate the decentralization debate in urban politics: one school consistently opposes decentralization, while the other maintains that only complete radical community control can solve the problems of politics and administration in the city. Positions and policies between these two extremes tend to get lost in rhetoric and argument, or receive only passing recognition. This paper is an attempt to carve out, theoretically and empirically, some space for an intermediate position. Following a brief exploration of the decentralization debate, we discuss and present some analysis from a team policing experiment, a type of ecentralization that falls in between the two extremes. The data suggest that this type of decentralization can be successful if the program is designed as a non‐zero‐sum game, and the paper concludes that intermediate programs represent attractive third choices to discredited or unworkable alternatives.
OSHA INSPECTION COSTS, COMPLIANCE COSTS, AND OTHER OUTCOMES: THE FIRST DECADE
Authors: Pettus Beryl E.
Published: June 2005

A number of critics of the Occupational Safety and Health Act have argued that it has greatly increased the cost of operation of the regulated industries while providing very little benefits. But OSHA's inspection costs were relatively inconsequential (only a small percent of work sites actually inspected). Although it engaged in a number of “nitpicking” inspections of non‐serious citations, the average penalties were extremely low. At the same time OSHA provided considerable consultation and educational assistance to industry. Compliance costs, in theory, could be much larger, but it is incorrect to attribute all of these to OSHA. A num ber of indirect positive outcomes could be attributed to OSHA, even though it is not possible to measure these through cost‐benefit analysis.
THE INFORMATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE REGULATORY REVIEW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EPA LEAD STANDARD
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip
Published: June 2005

The shortcomings of the EPA lead standard were largely determined by the requirements of the Clean Air Act. EPA's analysis was inadequate since the underlying risks were modelled in terms of critical thresholds irrespective of the particular probability of the adverse health outcome associated with the exposure. The informational requirements for meaningful review are compared with the actual benefit and cost data provided by EPA.

The misplaced EPA approach prevented the generation of appropriate information on which to base a policy decision and hampered the subsequent review efforts by the White House oversight group. It is doubtful whether any oversight effort can be fully effective without a major change in the Clean Air Act.
ACCOUNTABILITY AND CREDIBILITY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX HAZARDOUS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Anthony Robert
Published: June 2005

The requirements for dependable management of complex hazardous technologies include multiple barriers against serious failure, clear accountability for errors, and credibility for the decision‐making process. Unfortunately, these requirements are in direct conflict. These conflicts can undermine the public's assurance that their health and safety concerns are being properly addressed. These conflicts can be reduced by the adoption of policies that enhance information exchange and evaluation, thereby, complementing the current policies based on physical safe guards and adversarial processes.
THE COURTS AND RISK ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Vig Norman J. , Bruer Patrick J.
Published: June 2005

In the past decade the federal courts have come to play an important role in reviewing agency decision‐making on prospective risks. Questioning the conventional wisdom that judges are poorly equipped for the task, the authors outline the range of choices facing courts in such cases and contend that they cannot avoid making ultimate decisions on risk policy. However, recent Supreme Court cases on nuclear hazards and occupational benzene indicate narrowing of the scope for judicial review.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ROLES IN LOCAL ENERGY CONSERVATION: A RESEARCH FRONTIER
Authors: Cigler Beverly A.
Published: June 2005

This article examines a frontier research area: local energy conservation and intergovernmental relations. The vast potential for financial and energy savings by local governments through energy conservation is contrasted to a significant lack of meaningful programs by reviewing current local programs through examination of research efforts, intergovernmental trends in assistance and the legal foundation for local energy roles. Several items for the energy conservation research agenda are offered, especially a call for more research on the relationship between rising energy prices and development of energy programs. Other research foci are the impacts of intergovernmental technical assistance, organizational structures for incorporating energy conservation concerns into local government, state‐local program coordination, citizen demand for conservation programs and the information dissemination networks in energy policy.
THE CHANGING NATURE OF RURAL AMERICA1
Authors: Bradshaw Ted K. , Blakely Edward J.
Published: June 2005

Rural regions are changing, both in terms of economic dispersal and population patterns. Rural growth is attributed to technological innovation, improving capacity to deal with impending problems as well as improving quality of life, and intercommunity linkage. For some communities, this means the prospects of indigenous economic development.
POLITICAL VALUES IN A CHANGING RURAL COMMUNITY
Authors: Browne William P.
Published: June 2005

This survey data from a rapidly growing rural community reports on the attitudes and expectations residents have toward government. These residents, influenced by their “politics of escapism” from urban living, are oriented to relationships with a few friends and neighbors and a sense of community cooperation. Rather than being primarily interested in better public services, these residents possess a larger view of the values of a rural life style and a willingness to accept less service as its cost.
POPULATION GROWTH AND ADMINISTRATIVE VARIATIONS IN SMALL CITIES1
Authors: Sokolow Alvin D.
Published: June 2005

This seven city study of administrative arrangements finds that small municipal governments deal with rapid growth in a variety of ways. Some employ central executives, some expand the duties of incumbent officials, and others turn to consultants and outside sources of aid. Accordingly, more or less population increase in a community is not necessarily related to either the kind or degree of administrative change, at least in the short term.
THE REGIONALISM ALTERNATIVE IN RURAL AREAS1
Authors: Bender Lewis G.
Published: June 2005

This study suggests that rural reigonal councils have greater support among public officials for continuing current program activities and services than their urban counterparts. It also suggests, however, that rural regionalism may have a better chance of survival in states where regional councils have a long history of service to local governments, especially in light of present federal cutbacks. Study results contrast Georgia and Michigan regional councils.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ORDERS AND THE PROCESS AND POLITICS OF SELF‐REGULATION
Authors: Anderson James E.
Published: June 2005

Agricultural marketing orders, put into operation with the initiative and approval of affected producers, are a form of supervised self‐regulation. The 47 orders in effect variously authorize quantity controls, quality controls, and market support activities for fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops. Administered by producer committees under the supervision of the Agricultural Marketing Service, for most of their history they produced l i t t l e controversy. In recent years they have been attacked as anticompetitive. The impact of orders on prices, however, seems limited at best. Orderly marketing has largely replaced concern for “parity prices” as the goal of marketing orders.
EFFECTIVENESS BUDGETING: THE LIMITS OF BUDGET REFORM
Authors: Harkin James M.
Published: June 2005

This paper is concerned with the potential for improving public sector financial management by means of efforts to budget in terms of effectiveness. A series of statements are derived from the assumptions of Effectiveness Budgeting to consider what the preconditions for its success and failure might be, in an effort to begin to fill what i s argued to be a void in the literature in the field. Comments are offered as to the likelihood of Effectiveness Budgeting realizing i t s own stated ideal and its utility under less than ideal conditions.
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: IS IT JUST ANOTHER WAY OF TINKERING WITH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM?*
Authors: Palumbo Dennis J.
Published: June 2005

This article discusses the theory underlying community corrections, problems involved in implementing it, and describes two recent evaluations of comprehensive community corrections, one in Minnesota and one in Oregon. Among the issues addressed are whether or not it has achieved the intended goals of reducing incarceration in state prisons at less cost, and whether or not it has widened the net of social control.
INCARCERATION VS. COMMUNITY‐BASED CORRECTIONS: MORE THAN JUST POLITICS*
Authors: Byrne John , Yanich Donald
Published: June 2005

Community‐based corrections (CBC) is advocated as a solution to many of the problems of contemporary American corrections. Its smallscale, treatment‐oriented approach, emphasis on employment and adjustment programs, and stress on greater accessibility are cited increasingly as reforms needed by a system now dominated by overcrowded and highly expensive prisons. Yet, the implementation of CBC programs has been slow and very often little actual reform is evident. This paper offers an explanation for the failure of CBC initiatives using Delaware's experience as a case in point. The domination of American correctional thinking by an ideology of incarceration and the stable‐state requirements of prisons are identified as the crucial factors shaping the fate of CBC.
A NOTE ON AMERICA'S “CLOACAL” JAILS
Authors: Weimer David L. , Reixach Karen
Published: June 2005

A large literature points to the abominable condition of American jails. Comparison of national surveys of jail conditions conducted in 1972 and 1978 indicates that what little improvement has occurred is minimal compared to remaining problems. A number of factors have prevented state‐set standards from achieving widespread improvement in local jail conditions: high costs, local autonomy and lack of credible threats for forcing compliance. The failure of New York State to implement adequate health standards illustrates the limitations of the standards approach. Other approaches, such as strategies for replacing local jails with regional facilities, deserve the attention of policy researchers.
DESIGNING EFFECTIVE TRANSITIONS FOR NEW CORRECTIONAL LEADERS
Authors: Gilmore Thomas , McCann Joseph E.
Published: June 2005

Leadership transitions in corrections pose both risks and opportunities. A four phase model of the transition process is presented which identifies key issues of each phase. Two directions for action are recommended. First, a structured support network of correctional leaders across state lines can be strengthened to share experiences and advice. Second, internal strategies are offered that help a new commissioner join with the department both to build effective working relationships and to identify the major challenges to the organization.
REMEDIES WITHOUT RIGHTS? THE LEGAL BASIS OF BROAD‐GAUGE DECREES IN PRISON CONDITIONS CASES
Authors: Fair Daryl R.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the legal basis for “broad‐gauge” or “administrative intervention” decrees in the sort of lawsuits which have come to be known as extended impact cases, polycentric disputes, or public law litigation. It concludes that equity provides an adequate basis for such decrees and that the Supreme Court's recent use of a narrower view of judicial equity powers, sometimes called the tailoring principle, is not compelled by precedent. The paper further argues that the Supreme Court appears headed in the direction of using the tailoring principle in prison conditions cases (e.g., Bell v. Wolfish), although some support for a broader view of judicial equity power is found in Hutto v. Finney.
NEW FEDERALISM, OLD REMEDIES, AND CORRECTIONS POLICYMAKING
Authors: McCoy Candace
Published: June 2005

Corrections litigation is changing, but new case law does not authorize a wholesale cutback of prisoner constitutional rights. Supreme Court cases urge a return to traditional compensatory damages as the remedy for unconstitutional acts and conditions. Monitoring of state correctional performance by federal courts is disfavored. The author believes that basic rights of prisoners will remain protected, but that systematic planning and exemplary programs will erode. Under the money damages model, legal reform should thus urge waiver of the state sovereign immunity provided by the Eleventh Amendment.
DIFFERENTIAL PROGRAM IMPACT AS A FUNCTION OF TARGET NEED: OR WHY SOME GOOD POLICIES OFTEN SEEM TO FAIL
Authors: Hofferbert Richard I.
Published: June 2005

A growing body of evaluation research has been reporting negative or lack of positive effects from a wide range of social policies and programs. Yet within the data presented one can frequently detect that relative ineffectiveness is far from uniform across time periods and/or population groups.

Evidence may be gleaned from existing research to suggest that some policies have differential effectiveness, being most effective where and when the need is greatest, with “need” measured as the change in conditions reasonably assumed to be the policy goal.

The essay cautions policy analysts against over‐aggregation of data on policy impact. It also argues that a substantial amount of money and public effort could be saved, without sacrificing net positive effect, by fitting policy efforts to demonstrable need/effectiveness curves.
THE LIMITS OF ENERGY POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Costain W. Douglas
Published: June 2005

Glenn R. De Souza, Energy Policy and Forecasting: Economic, Financial, and Technological Dimensions

Raymond C. Scheppach and Everett M. Ehrlich, (Eds.), Energy‐Policy Analysis and Congressional Action

Aaron Wildavsky and Ellen Tenenbaum, The Politics of Mistrust: Estimating American Oil and Gas Resources
FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND INTEREST FORMATION: THE CASE OF IMPUTED INTEREST GROUPS
Authors: Colarulli Guy C. , Berg Bruce F.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines an impact of federal legislation on the formation of political interests; it identifies and defines a phenomenon we have labeledimputed interest groups. The interest groups can be seen when federal legislation makes benefit packages that serve as incentives to interest formation and ties interest groups to the maintenance of these benefit packages. Identification of imputed interest groups necessitates a re‐examination of subgovernments, service deliverer‐recipient relationships, and policymaking in a federal system.
INNOVATION POLICY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Authors: Farina Chummer , Kelly Micheal
Published: June 2005

This paper offers a rationale for expanding current efforts to support industrial innovation to encompass the important and unique contributions that the social sciences can make in this area. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of these contributions, the paper examines the role that social factors play in the process of technological innovations, the importance of social innovations, and the potential contributions of social science research to the diffusion of innovation as well as its importance in considering the broad social impacts of social innovations.
BALANCING AUTONOMY AND CAPACITY IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS: THE DILEMMA OF OFFICIAL RECOGNITION AND SUPPORT FOR NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Rich Richard C.
Published: June 2005

Community organization helps relatively powerless groups improve their political bargaining position by increasing the stability. persistence, and standing of the group… But… community organizations of relatively powerless groups remain constrained by their need to secure resources and develop incentives to attract constituents. For the most part, those may be acquired only through interactions requiring compromises of group independence and goals.
VICTORY IS NOT POSSIBLE: A REJOINDER TO THE STRATEGIC MYTHMAKERS
Authors: Beres Louis René
Published: June 2005

The current strategic planning for nuclear war is based on the assumptions that it is an effective way to deter the Soviet Union and that we can actually survive such a war. These are erroneous, for the Soviets are not likely to be any more deterred by our plans for nuclear war than they are by our current strategy. The illusion that “victory” is possible in a nuclear war overlooks the medical and other evidence about the extent of death, injury and disease that a nuclear war would bring. War should be conducted with a view of post‐war benefit in mind, but a nuclear war would yield no benefits, regardless of the futile and even delirious efforts to make evacuation plans for major cities in the event of nuclear war.
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Authors: Maynard‐Moody Steven
Published: June 2005

What is the role of program evaluation research in making and implementing social policy and how do program evaluators view the social programs they evaluate? This article discusses the findings of two closely related studies that examine these questions from the perspective of organization theory. These studies found that program evaluations rely on methods of research that do not correspond to the extent of uncertainty in social programs over goals and causal knowledge, and that most evaluations define organizational effectiveness solely in terms of goal achievement. In addition, of the various groups with a stake in the evaluation process, only federal and top program administrators influenced the implementation and interpretation of the studies. These findings, when taken together, suggest that program evaluation research acts more to augment administrative control than to increase our understanding of the effects of social policy.
THE COMPARATIVE POLITICS OF AGENDA SETTING: THE EMERGENCE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION AS A PUBLIC POLICY ISSUE IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Flickinger Richard
Published: June 2005

This article compares the emergence of consumer protection as an issue on the public policy agendas of Britain and the United States in the 1960s. Similar forces caused the emergence of consumer protection in both cases. Governmental responses to consumer protection issues also have been similar, but distinctive features of each country's political system are evident as well. The analysis draws upon existing consumer protection literature for each country as well as the author's interviews with a number of Britons involved in this policy area. The principal conclusion is that consumer protection gained each country's policy agenda as a discretionary item. Events of the past few years demonstrate that it is not yet a durable agenda item in either case.
CONSUMER PROTECTION, EDUCATION AND INFORMATION: A CONSUMER INCENTIVES PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Thomas Ruth G.
Published: June 2005

Research evidence concerning product characteristics, consumer characteristics and product purchase situations is examined. Assumptions underlying consumer policy strategies directed at enhancing the ability of consumers to protect themselves and those strategies aimed at product quality control are analyzed in light of the evidence. Alternative policy strategies are analyzed for consumer incentives and with respect to product characteristics, consumer characteristics and product purchase situations. Recommendations regarding consumer protection policy strategies and for research concerning alternative policy strategies are provided. Illustrative policy strategies are included.
QUALITY SIGNALING AND OLIGOPOLISTIC OVERCHARGES
Authors: Lesser William H. , Masson Robert T.
Published: June 2005

When making brand selection decisions for complex technological products, a consumer is likely to use a subset of the characteristics as a “signal” of a brand's quality and performance. This study examines the usefulness of brandedness as a signal for consumers selecting three types of durable products, small and large appliances, and power hand tools. Using quality data from Consumer Reports, the brand image was found to assist appliance shoppers in avoiding low quality, but to be of little value in assuring high quality. For hand tools the signal provided universally weak and misleading information. As a result of the imperfect informational content of brandedness, consumers are estimated to pay overcharges of 5 to 39 percent for these products. A need for improved sources of quality information was identified.
POLICY RESPONSES TO CITIZEN ATTITUDES
Authors: Benton J. Edwin
Published: June 2005

Though many studies have provided only limited support for the idea of policymaker “responsiveness,” the present study indicates that constituents do have some impact on public policy decisions, though not directly. With the aid of data on decisionmaking of country property appraisers in Florida, I was able to demonstrate that constituency preferences affect policy decisions indirectly through the effect of decisionmaker attitudes, thus suggesting an intervening model of decisionmaking.

Specifically, I found that constituency tax preferences impacted on property appraiser tax attitude and through it on the property assessment ratio. More importantly, I was able to isolate some of the potential factors which accentuate those relationships posited by an intervening model of decisionmaking. In particular, I found that the more policymakers (the property appraisers) were immersed into their social and political context or engaged in “social interaction” activities the more likely they and their own attitudes were to be influenced by prevailing constituency tax sentiment.
OVERVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF REVITALIZATION ISSUE
Authors: Burggraf Shirley P.
Published: June 2005

Symptoms of stagnation and decline exhibited by the U.S. economy in the 1970s have created extensive concern for our economic health. Before undertaking extensive and perhaps radical treatment, it is important at this juncture to define the problem as carefully as possible and to diagnose the cause as objectively as theory and data permit. This study examines the symptoms of economic trauma, ostensible causes, and apparent linkages and concludes that much of the “devitalization“ of the 1970s was due to unique economic shocks on the supply‐side of the economy which reflected considerable cost and precipitated extensive structural change. Some of the losses of the 1970s appear to be temporary while others are probably permanent. The most painful, costly, and chronic result of the structural shifts may be the extensive regional dislocation and subsequent loss of public and private investment and place‐bound. If so, public policy would probably be helped by explicit recognition of the spatial problems that accompany structural change.
REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF AMERICA
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: June 2005

If the United States is to sustain a fairly high level of economic growth, seven functional needs must be met: transportation, communication, power, innovation, human resources, financialbegal institutions, and capital goods. Attention to these elements amounted for the successful development of the infrastructure and the capital goods sector during America's first industrialization, roughly from the 1820s to the 1920s, providing the foundation for a strong economy able to mass‐produce consumer goods and services. In the decades following World War II, however, roughly from 1950 to the late 1970s, insufficient resources were dedicated to maintaining and adapting these seven elements, and in varying degrees all but one deteriorated. The result was economic underdevelopment. For the United States to regain i t s economic vitality, steps must now be taken to serve these basic needs of economic development more effectively.