bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photopolymers for astronomy: the case of Volume Phase Holographic Gratings
Authors: Bianco Andrea , Frangiamore Michele , Vanella Andrea , Oggioni Luca , Pariani Giorgio , Moretti Paola , Bertarelli Chiara
Published: August 2024

Modern astronomical spectrographs required high performance dispersing elements such as Volume Phase Holographic Gratings (VPHGs). We develop holographic photopolymers for the manufacturing of large size VPHGs from the UV to the NIR. More than 10 telescopes around the world use our devices and the requests are increasing.
Incoherent holographic single-shot 3D imaging via physics-enhanced neural networks with spatial regularization
Authors: Wang Yuheng , Wang Huiyang , Lu Xiaoxu , Zhong Liyun
Published: August 2024

We propose a self-calibrating reconstruction approach based on physics-enhanced neural networks with spatial regularization priors for incoherent holography. The contradiction between SNR and temporal resolution is alleviated, and the interlayer crosstalk artifacts are greatly suppressed.
Immersive Exploration of Tomographic Datasets: Virtual Reality Revolutionizing Microscopic Analysis
Authors: Mosca Nicola , di Summa Maria , Rafik Moh , Bianco Vittorio , Pirone Daniele , Stella Ettore
Published: August 2024

Traditional microscopy has limitations. On the contrary, tomographic methods provide non-destructive 3D visualization. This paper proposes immersive exploration via virtual reality, revolutionizing scientific analysis by bridging traditional techniques with advanced methodologies for enhanced research insights.
Interferometric methods as a novel approach for bacterial biofilm degradation research
Authors: Baczewska Maria , Kuś Arkadiusz , Gałczyńska Katarzyna , Arabski Michał , Mazur Martyna , Kujawińska Małgorzata
Published: August 2024

In this work we present an interferometric approach to quantifying the bacterial growth medium diffusion through a bacterial biofilm pretreated with a tested antibacterial agent. The effect of antibacterial agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mature biofilm was tested by digital holographic microscopy and laser interferometry and compared with biological tests (spectrofluorimetric measurement of bacterial pyocyanin and pyoverdine production). It is shown that multimodal measurement approach provides better determination of bacterial cell eradication and/or degradation of bacterial matrix forming biofilm.
Imaging through mouse skull by using single-pixel microscopy
Authors: Yoneda Naru , Tatsumi Yuuki , Ordóñez Luis , Ipus Erick , Morita Mitsuhiro , Kumar Manoj , Tajahuerce Enrique , Matoba Osamu
Published: August 2024

Although neuroscientists want to observe deeper brain regions to understand neuron activity, the depth region is limited by scattering due to turbid media such as the intact skull. In this paper, we propose imaging through the mouse skull by using single-pixel imaging (SPI). The experimental results indicate the proposed method can see through the intact skull of the mouse.
Fast phase reconstruction using digital translation complex amplitude division
Authors: Zhong Zhi , Sun Yan , Liu Bin , Yu Lei , Shan Mingguang , Liu Lei
Published: August 2024

A phase reconstruction method of structured light is proposed using digital translation complex amplitude division to enhance the reconstructed efficiency and verified by experiment.
Orbital angular momentum study of a Laguerre-Gauss vortex beam in finite-amplitude acoustic wave perturbed atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Zhang Jialin , Wang Mingjun , Wu Xiaohu
Published: August 2024

The paper establishes a transmission model for Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams in atmospheric turbulence that is affected by finite-amplitude acoustic waves (i.e. non-linear acoustic waves). This study examines the variations in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) properties of the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam in atmospheric turbulence disrupted by finite-amplitude acoustic waves. It also explores the effects of source parameters, namely acoustic pressure amplitude and acoustic frequency, on the spiral spectrum and detection probability. The results indicate that the impact of finite-amplitude acoustic waves on the OAM properties of the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam varies depending on the distance of acoustic wave transmission. Moreover, the effects on the OAM characteristics of the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam become more pronounced with higher acoustic pressure amplitude and frequency. The acoustic pressure amplitude solely impacts the extent of variation in the atmospheric refractive index structure constant, while the acoustic frequency is associated not only with the extent of variation in the atmospheric refractive index structure constant but also with the distribution of the atmospheric refractive index structure constant. Hence, the OAM properties of the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam can be intentionally modified by employing various acoustic source models.
Multidimensional manipulation and encoding of versatile vector vortex beams empowered by phase-change metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Shenglan , Tian Ximin , Xu Junwei , Xu Yaning , Huang Yafeng , Xu Kun , Ma Xiaolong , Yu Zhanjun , Fu Linjie
Published: August 2024

Vector vortex beams, encompassing orbital angular momentum (OAM) and polarization states, have sparked considerable interest owing to their diverse potential applications. Although existing 3D optical devices are constrained to manipulating vector fields with a single function in one dimension, recent progressions have spawned compact and integrated approaches for multidimensional and multifunctional vector manipulation by leveraging metasurfaces, displacing cumbersome optical setups. Nonetheless, a notable obstacle lingers in achieving simultaneous control over the OAM and polarization states for focused vector beams using a single metasurface. Here, we introduce a versatile all-dielectric metasurface platform designed to generate vector vortex beams with customized OAM and polarization states. Employing a hybrid-phase modulation approach, we have successfully demonstrated three spin-multiplexed metasurface platforms capable of generating versatile vector vortex beams, featuring customized independent polarization states along the propagation path characterized by coplanar distinct topological charges coupled with longitudinal varying polarization states. This enables the creation of vector vortex beam arrays with coplanar-customized OAM accompanied by longitudinal varying polarization states, respectively. This platform operates by harnessing the coherent superposition of orthogonal circularly polarized components with unique topological charges while controlling their axial phase difference. Moreover, as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the third metasurface encoding customized OAM and polarization states in the parallel channels of versatile vector vortex beams are implemented for optical information encryption. Our findings not only enable the generation of complex vector fields with tailored OAM and polarization states but also open up new possibilities for advanced beam shaping, polarization switchable devices, information encryption, and versatile light-matter interactions.
Effective and group refractive index extraction and cross-sectional dimension estimation for silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides
Authors: Zhang Enge , Zhu Xiaoran , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2024

The accurate determination of the effective and group refractive indices (neff and ng) of optical waveguides as a function of wavelength is of critical importance to the design of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). This paper demonstrates the extraction of the two parameters of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguides using the transmission spectra of two racetrack micro-ring resonators (MRRs) with different perimeters. The extracted neff and ng exhibit an uncertainty of approximately 10−3. Based on the extracted neff(λ), we estimate the cross-sectional dimension of the SOI rib waveguide that constitutes the MRR. This waveguide has a nominal rectangular cross section with a width, height, and slab thickness of 450 nm, 200 nm, and 70 nm, respectively. The estimated cross-sectional dimension is in accordance with the findings of the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis, exhibiting a discrepancy of approximately 1%. The proposed methodology offers a universal approach to neff and ng extraction and a non-invasive method for cross-sectional dimension assessment, which can be applied in different PIC platforms.
Design criteria for a wavelength-selectable laser by adjusting birefringence filter temperature for yellow-green adjustable output
Authors: Cho Chun-Yu , Wang Xiang , Lin Chun-I , Chen Chang-Yu , Chang Chuan-Yu
Published: August 2024

The design criteria of the wavelength-selectable Nd:YAG laser by controlling a birefringence filter (BRF) rotational angle and temperature are explored. Theoretically, the angle and temperature-dependent BRF transmission are applied to the threshold pump power equation to verify the achievable output wavelength. It is found that by using a thicker BRF with a 3.3-mm length instead of the typical <1-mm design, the temperature-varying range can be narrower, which can be controlled by the thermoelectric module. A selectable wavelength at 1077 nm or 1122 nm can then be achieved for further green-yellow selectable output via SHG. The output performance of the Nd:YAG laser with BRF is experimentally verified, where eight emission peaks can be selected. The green-yellow selectable output is finally obtained with SHG by varying the BRF temperature only.
Tunable optical matrix convolution of 20-Gbit/s QPSK 2-D data with a kernel using optical wave mixing
Authors: Minoofar Amir , Alhaddad Abdulrahman , Ko Wing , Karapetyan Narek , Almaiman Ahmed , Zhou Huibin , Ramakrishnan Muralekrishnan , Annavaram Murali , Tur Moshe , Habif Jonathan L. , Willner Alan E.
Published: August 2024

Compared to its electronic counterpart, optically performed matrix convolution can accommodate phase-encoded data at high rates while avoiding optical-to-electronic-to-optical (OEO) conversions. We experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable matrix convolution of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)-encoded input data. The two-dimensional (2-D) input data is serialized, and its time-shifted replicas are generated. This 2-D data is convolved with a 1-D kernel with coefficients, which are applied by adjusting the relative phase and amplitude of the kernel pumps. Time-shifted data replicas (TSDRs) and kernel pumps are coherently mixed using nonlinear wave mixing in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. To show the tunability and reconfigurability of this approach, we vary the kernel coefficients, kernel sizes (e.g., 2 × 1 or 3 × 1), and input data rates (e.g., 6–20 Gbit/s). The convolution results are verified to be error-free under an applied: (a) 2 × 1 kernel, resulting in a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) output with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of ∼5.1–8.5%; and (b) 3 × 1 kernel, resulting in a 64-QAM output with an EVM of ∼4.9–5.5%.
Limited impact of the sidewall effect in dependence of temperature for InGaN-based blue micro-LEDs grown on a silicon substrate
Authors: Zheng Xi , Tong Changdong , Liu Yu , Ai Sidan , Fu Yi , Zhou Mingbing , Huang Tao , Lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Guo Weijie
Published: August 2024

The electroluminescence (EL) properties of InGaN-based micro-LEDs grown on a silicon substrate are investigated in this Letter to reveal the dominant mechanism in dependence on different temperatures and dimensions. The invalidation of sidewall nonradiative recombination and the impact of localization-induced carrier tunneling on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) are analyzed systematically to realize high performance silicon-based micro-LEDs. Microscopic EL mapping exhibits that the localized carriers in the silicon-grown micro-LED mainly recombine in the central region of mesa. The defects in the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on the silicon substrate can lead to carrier tunneling and EQE reduction at cryogenic temperatures below 200 K, which is more conspicuous for the 30 μm device with a larger inner area ratio. The low-temperature EQE evolution can be attributed to the trade-off between localization-induced tunneling and Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination.
Stokes-based analysis for the estimation of 3D dipolar emission
Authors: Alonso Miguel , Herrera-Hernandez Isael , Aleman-Castaneda Luis , Brasselet Sophie
Published: August 2024

We provide a general description of the measurement capabilities of systems that probe the 3D state of polarization of light emitted by a dipole or a collection of dipoles. This analysis is based on a generalization of the Stokes parameters for 3D polarization, and its goal is to provide insight into what constitutes a good measurement system under specific circumstances, through the definition of appropriate merit functions. Three cases are considered: the general case of arbitrary states of 3D polarization, the special case of 3D linear full or partial polarization states, and the even more specific case of linear dipoles that wobble with rotational symmetry around a central direction. Note that the latter two cases are of interest in fluorescence microscopy. The analysis presented here is illustrated by applying it to two different approaches used commonly in orientation microscopy: PSF engineering and radiometric measurements.
Protein superfolds are characterised as frustration-free topologies: A case study of pure parallel β-sheet topologies
Authors: Murata Hiroto , Toko Kazuma , Chikenji George
Published: August 2024

A protein superfold is a type of protein fold that is observed in at least three distinct, non-homologous protein families. Structural classification studies have revealed a limited number of prevalent superfolds alongside several infrequent occurring folds, and in α/β type superfolds, the C-terminal β-strand tends to favor the edge of the β-sheet, while the N-terminal β-strand is often found in the middle. The reasons behind these observations, whether they are due to evolutionary sampling bias or physical interactions, remain unclear. This article offers a physics-based explanation for these observations, specifically for pure parallel β-sheet topologies. Our investigation is grounded in several established structural rules that are based on physical interactions. We have identified “frustration-free topologies” which are topologies that can satisfy all the rules simultaneously. In contrast, topologies that cannot are termed “frustrated topologies.” Our findings reveal that frustration-free topologies represent only a fraction of all theoretically possible patterns, these topologies strongly favor positioning the C-terminal β-strand at the edge of the β-sheet and the N-terminal β-strand in the middle, and there is significant overlap between frustration-free topologies and superfolds. We also used a lattice protein model to thoroughly investigate sequence-structure relationships. Our results show that frustration-free structures are highly designable, while frustrated structures are poorly designable. These findings suggest that superfolds are highly designable due to their lack of frustration, and the preference for positioning C-terminal β-strands at the edge of the β-sheet is a direct result of frustration-free topologies. These insights not only enhance our understanding of sequence-structure relationships but also have significant implications for de novo protein design.
Bird song comparison using deep learning trained from avian perceptual judgments
Authors: Zandberg Lies , Morfi Veronica , George Julia M. , Clayton David F. , Stowell Dan , Lachlan Robert F.
Published: August 2024

Our understanding of bird song, a model system for animal communication and the neurobiology of learning, depends critically on making reliable, validated comparisons between the complex multidimensional syllables that are used in songs. However, most assessments of song similarity are based on human inspection of spectrograms, or computational methods developed from human intuitions. Using a novel automated operant conditioning system, we collected a large corpus of zebra finches’ (Taeniopygia guttata) decisions about song syllable similarity. We use this dataset to compare and externally validate similarity algorithms in widely-used publicly available software (Raven, Sound Analysis Pro, Luscinia). Although these methods all perform better than chance, they do not closely emulate the avian assessments. We then introduce a novel deep learning method that can produce perceptual similarity judgements trained on such avian decisions. We find that this new method outperforms the established methods in accuracy and more closely approaches the avian assessments. Inconsistent (hence ambiguous) decisions are a common occurrence in animal behavioural data; we show that a modification of the deep learning training that accommodates these leads to the strongest performance. We argue this approach is the best way to validate methods to compare song similarity, that our dataset can be used to validate novel methods, and that the general approach can easily be extended to other species.
Satisfaction of chronic patients with community-based health insurance schemes and related factors: Explanatory sequential mixed methods study
Authors: Birhan Desalew , Aderaw Zewudie , Agdew Eskeziaw , Siferih Melkamu
Published: August 2024

Chronic disease poses a serious threat to accessible, high-quality healthcare. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes provide the poor with financial security. However, there is no evidence in Ethiopia on how satisfied chronic patients are with the schemes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the satisfaction of chronic patients with the schemes and identify contributing factors. A hospital-based explanatory sequential mixed methods study on 632 chronic patients and 12 key informants was carried out between February 28 and May 31, 2022, in the hospitals of East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. Hospitals and study participants were selected using multistage sampling methods. Quantitative data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. P value <0.05 was used to consider significant association in multivariable binary logistic regression. Thematic analysis was a method to manually review qualitative data. A narrative approach was used for integrating the two data. The mean age of study participants was 46.1 (46.1± 5.2, range: 25–82). Patients aged 45 to 64 made up the majority of the population (60.6%). Rheumatoid arthritis affected the preponderance of individuals (36.4%). The overall level of satisfaction of chronic patients with the CBHI scheme was 31% (95% CI; 27–35%). Respect and friendliness (AOR = 7.05; CI: 3.71–13.36), knowledge of benefits packages (AOR = 2.02; CI: 1.24–3.27), partial or non-availability of drugs (AOR = 0.24, AOR = 0.21, respectively), waiting times (AOR = 1.84; CI: 1.12–3.0), and availability of laboratory tests (AOR = 1.59; CI: 1.01–2.48) were significantly associated with participants’ satisfaction with the schemes. Our study revealed that the overall satisfaction of chronic patients was quite low and affected by the availability of drugs and laboratory tests, caregivers’ respect and friendliness, waiting times, and participant knowledge. Therefore, stakeholders must concentrate on reducing waiting times, improving the availability of drugs and laboratory tests at each hospital, opening back up community pharmacies, and promoting awareness about benefits packages primarily through health education. The main focus of researchers needs to be on nationally representative studies that include more important factors.
Implementation, delivery, and utilization of iron fortified rice supplied through public distribution system across different states in India: An exploratory mixed-method study
Authors: Nandeep E. R. , Mahajan Hemant , Mummadi Mahesh Kumar , Sairam Challa , K. Venkatesh , Kadiyam Jayachandra , Meshram Indrapal , Pagidoju Sreenu , Reddy Venkata Raji , Panda Hrusikesh , Pullakandham Raghu , Geddam J. J. Babu , Gavaravarapu Subbarao M. , R. Hemalatha , Reddy N. Samarasimha
Published: August 2024

Food fortification with micronutrients is one of the cost-effective and sustainable methods to prevent micronutrient deficiencies at community level. The rice fortified with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 is being supplied through various social welfare schemes in India in a phased manner and planned to cover the entire country by March 2024. We have conducted a situational analysis to assess the rollout of fortified rice supplied through the Public Distribution System (PDS) and to evaluate the accessibility, availability, acceptability, and utilization of fortified rice by the beneficiaries of the PDS. This was a mixed-method, sequential exploratory study conducted in six districts from six different states of India that had begun distribution of fortified rice through PDS in pilot mode during 2020–2021. In each district, the district supply officer of the PDS, Food Corporation of India (FCI) or State Food Corporation (SFC) warehouse supervisor, and four Fair Price Shop (FPS) dealers were interviewed. Under each FPS, a minimum of seven beneficiary households were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The in-depth interviews were conducted with different stakeholders using theme guides. All the interviewed stakeholders were aware about their roles and responsibilities and purpose to distribute fortified rice. There was a continuous supply of fortified rice (across all visited districts) to beneficiaries through a well-established system. Acceptability and compliance to intake of fortified rice was good with no reported gastrointestinal adverse outcomes following fortified rice intake. There was an efficient roll-out of fortified rice though PDS with a good compliance to intake of fortified rice. It is feasible to design and conduct a study to assess the impact of fortified rice on anemia and iron storage at the community level.
The performance of interrupted time series designs with a limited number of time points: Learning losses due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: van Leeuwen Florian D. , Lugtig Peter , Feskens Remco
Published: August 2024

Interrupted time series (ITS) designs are increasingly used for estimating the effect of shocks in natural experiments. Currently, ITS designs are often used in scenarios with many time points and simple data structures. This research investigates the performance of ITS designs when the number of time points is limited and with complex data structures. Using a Monte Carlo simulation study, we empirically derive the performance—in terms of power, bias and precision- of the ITS design. Scenarios are considered with multiple interventions, a low number of time points and different effect sizes based on a motivating example of the learning loss due to COVID school closures. The results of the simulation study show the power of the step change depends mostly on the sample size, while the power of the slope change depends on the number of time points. In the basic scenario, with both a step and a slope change and an effect size of 30% of the pre-intervention slope, the required sample size for detecting a step change is 1,100 with a minimum of twelve time points. For detecting a slope change the required sample size decreases to 500 with eight time points. To decide if there is enough power researchers should inspect their data, hypothesize about effect sizes and consider an appropriate model before applying an ITS design to their research. This paper contributes to the field of methodology in two ways. Firstly, the motivation example showcases the difficulty of employing ITS designs in cases which do not adhere to a single intervention. Secondly, models are proposed for more difficult ITS designs and their performance is tested.
Managing institutional conflicts: Stakeholder accounts of communication between conflict of interest and technology transfer offices
Authors: McCoy Matthew S. , Ward Michaela , Neergaard Rebecca , Joffe Steven , Szymczak Julia E.
Published: August 2024

There have been repeated calls for academic institutions to develop policies and procedures to manage institutional conflicts of interest (ICOI) arising from technology transfer activities. While prior research has examined adoption of ICOI policies by medical schools and universities, little is known about how these institutions handle ICOI in practice, hindering the development of evidence-based recommendations to improve ICOI management. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 senior administrators responsible for research integrity and conflict of interest issues at academic institutions. Data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative content analysis approach, combining flexible coding to index the interview data with close examination, interpretation, and synthesis of coded content. Participants identified communication and information sharing between conflict of interest (COI) and technology transfer (TT) offices as a critical factor in the effective management of ICOI and suggested several strategies to strengthen coordination between these offices. These findings suggest that academic research institutions could strengthen COI programs by taking measures to improve communication and information sharing between COI and TT offices.
Cost analysis of IPv6 distributed mobility management protocols in comparison with TFMIPv6
Authors: Aman Madeeha , Zubair Muhammad , Badshah Afzal , Farman Haleem , Ur Rehman Ghani , Khattak Sohaib Bin Altaf , Nasralla Moustafa M.
Published: August 2024

The past decade has witnessed a significant evolution in the role of the Internet, transitioning from individual connectivity to an integral aspect of various domains. This shift has prompted a move in IP paradigms from hierarchical to distributed architectures characterized by decentralized structures. This transition empowers efficient data routing and management across diverse networks. However, traditional distributed mobility management (DMM) protocols, reliant on tunneling mechanisms, incur overheads, costs, and delays, exacerbating challenges in managing the exponential growth of mobile data traffic. This research proposes Tunnel-Free Mobility for IPv6 (TFMIPv6) as a solution to address the shortcomings of existing DMM protocols. TFMIPv6 eliminates the need for tunneling, simplifying routing processes and reducing latency. A comprehensive cost analysis and performance evaluation are conducted, comparing TFMIPv6 with traditional protocols such as MIPv6, PMIPv6, FMIPv6, and HMIPv6. The study reveals significant improvements with TFMIPv6. Signaling costs are reduced by 50%, packet delivery costs by 23%, and tunneling costs are completely eliminated (100%). Real-world network traffic datasets are used for simulation, providing statistical evidence of TFMIPv6’s efficacy in supporting an uninterrupted movement of IPv6 data across networks.
Does working from home work? That depends on the home
Authors: Stroom Martijn , Eichholtz Piet , Kok Nils
Published: August 2024

Working from home (WFH) has risen in popularity since the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an ongoing debate about the productivity implications of WFH, but the physical climate of the home office has received only limited attention. This paper investigates the effect of home office satisfaction and environment-improving behavior on productivity and burnout tendency for WFH employees. We surveyed over 1,000 Dutch WFH individuals about their home office and perceived WFH performance. We fit logistic regressions and structural equation models to investigate the effect of home office satisfaction and characteristics on self-reported productivity, burnout tendency, and willingness to continue WFH. Our results reveal that individual differences in WFH productivity are explained by heterogeneity in the physical home office environment. Higher satisfaction with home office factors is significantly associated with increased productivity and decreased burnout tendency. We continue by showing that more ventilation during working hours is associated with increased productivity, willingness to continue WFH, and burnout resilience. This effect is fully mediated by satisfaction with the home office. We find that higher home office satisfaction is associated with WFH success and air-quality-improving behavior is associated with higher satisfaction. Our results underline a holistic perspective such that investing in a healthy and objectively measured physical climate is a key aspect of the bright future of working from home. The move from the work office to the home office needs to be accompanied by careful design and investment in the quality of the office and its climate.
Estimating the replicability of highly cited clinical research (2004–2018)
Authors: da Costa Gabriel Gonçalves , Neves Kleber , Amaral Olavo
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Previous studies about the replicability of clinical research based on the published literature have suggested that highly cited articles are often contradicted or found to have inflated effects. Nevertheless, there are no recent updates of such efforts, and this situation may have changed over time.

Methods

We searched the Web of Science database for articles studying medical interventions with more than 2000 citations, published between 2004 and 2018 in high-impact medical journals. We then searched for replications of these studies in PubMed using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome) framework. Replication success was evaluated by the presence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction and by overlap of the replication’s effect size confidence interval (CIs) with that of the original study. Evidence of effect size inflation and potential predictors of replicability were also analyzed.

Results

A total of 89 eligible studies, of which 24 had valid replications (17 meta-analyses and 7 primary studies) were found. Of these, 21 (88%) had effect sizes with overlapping CIs. Of 15 highly cited studies with a statistically significant difference in the primary outcome, 13 (87%) had a significant effect in the replication as well. When both criteria were considered together, the replicability rate in our sample was of 20 out of 24 (83%). There was no evidence of systematic inflation in these highly cited studies, with a mean effect size ratio of 1.03 [95% CI (0.88, 1.21)] between initial and subsequent effects. Due to the small number of contradicted results, our analysis had low statistical power to detect predictors of replicability.

Conclusion

Although most studies did not have eligible replications, the replicability rate of highly cited clinical studies in our sample was higher than in previous estimates, with little evidence of systematic effect size inflation. This estimate is based on a very select sample of studies and may not be generalizable to clinical research in general.
It’s not who you know, but who you are: Explaining income gaps of stigmatized-caste business owners in India
Authors: Raj Prateek , Roulet Thomas J. , Bapuji Hari
Published: August 2024

Scholars across disciplines and around the world have diverted research attention to rising income inequalities across groups and strategies to reduce them. The literature has broadly identified human capital and social capital as two potential tools to facilitate economic mobility and to reduce inequalities. However, it is not known whether these tools work equally well for stigmatized groups, particularly in societies with systemic inequalities. Analyzing data from a pan-India survey, we show that business owners from stigmatized groups (i.e., Dalits in India, who are stigmatized as untouchables) experience a business income gap of around 16% compared to others, including those business owners who are from communities that are disadvantaged but are not similarly stigmatized. We find that, instead of being reduced, this gap in fact increases at higher levels of social capital, especially bridging social capital, illustrating the social processes of stigmatization that limit the benefits that Dalits can reap from social capital. By contrast, Dalits can reap similar income benefits as others from human capital. Our results show that human capital helps stigmatized groups mitigate the implications of stigma, but social capital does not.
Perspectives of providing magnesium sulfate to patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia: A qualitative study amongst nurse-midwives in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Chikwala Victor Z. , Massae Agnes F. , Mushy Stella E. , Tarimo Edith A. M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Preeclampsia and eclampsia are among the leading direct causes of maternal death and morbidity worldwide. Up to 34% of maternal deaths in Tanzania are due to preeclampsia/ eclampsia. Magnesium sulfate is recommended for preventing and treating convulsions in women with Preeclampsia or eclampsia. However, evidence suggests limited knowledge of its dosage and proper toxicity assessment after administration among health care providers.

Aim of the study

This study explored nurse-midwives’ perspectives on providing MgSO4 to patients with preeclampsia or eclampsia in Tanzania.

Materials and methods

A descriptive exploratory qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted to understand nurse-midwives’ perspectives on providing magnesium sulfate to patients with PE/E. Nineteen nurse-midwives were interviewed from three hospitals in the Dar es Salaam region. We used a semi-structured interview guide in Kiswahili language to collect data. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed data using inductive content analysis.

Results

This study revealed that nurse-midwives provide magnesium sulfate to save the lives of women and their unborn children. Nurse-midwives reasoned that confidence in their skill enhances provision of magnesium sulfate. However, they were concerned about its effect on the progress of labour. Ineffective use of magnesium sulfate emerged from inadequate training, an unsupportive work environment, and underutilization of the existing guidelines.

Conclusion

Nurse-midwives have clear drive to provide magnesium sulfate to women with preeclampsia or eclampsia. However, inadequate training, underutilization of guidelines and unsupportive work environment lead to ineffective use of magnesium sulfate. Targeted practical training should be emphasized for nurse-midwives mastery of clinical competencies.
Risk factors of bloodstream infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children/adolescent and young adults
Authors: Sajiki Daichi , Muramatsu Hideki , Wakamatsu Manabu , Yamashita Daiki , Maemura Ryo , Tsumura Yusuke , Imaya Masayuki , Yamamori Ayako , Narita Kotaro , Kataoka Shinsuke , Taniguchi Rieko , Narita Atsushi , Nishio Nobuhiro , Takahashi Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2024

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a crucial treatment for various diseases, including hematological malignancies, solid tumors, and genetic disorders. Despite its curative potential, HCT is associated with severe complications, notably infections, graft-versus-host disease, and organ damage. Infections, particularly bloodstream infections (BSIs), pose a significant threat in the initial weeks post-HCT, necessitating effective management strategies. This retrospective study aimed to clarify the incidence, pathogens, and risk factors associated with BSI within the first 30 days after allogeneic HCT in children/adolescents and young adults (AYAs). The study included 115 patients aged <31 years who underwent 121 allogeneic HCTs at the Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Hospital between January 1, 2018, and March 31, 2022. Data encompassed demographic characteristics, HCT details, and BSI information. Overall, 27 of 121 patients developed BSI with the cumulative incidence of 23.5% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 17.0%–30.6%) at 30 days after HCT. The median onset time of BSI was 7 (range, 4–26 days) after HCT. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 89% of pathogens isolated from blood cultures, with Streptococcus mitis/oralis being the most common. In multivariable analysis, tandem HCT (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR]: 5.67, 95% CI: 2.74–11.7, p < 0.001) and peripherally inserted central catheters (SHR: 2.96, 95% CI: 1.34–6.55, p  =  0.007) were identified as independent risk factors for BSI. In patients receiving tandem HCT, the pathogens isolated from blood cultures were all gram-positive bacteria, with Streptococcus mitis/oralis accounting for up to 67% of the isolated pathogens. Tandem HCT and PICCs were identified as independent risk factors for BSI after allogeneic HCT in children/AYAs. The pathogens were commonly gram-positive, and Streptococcus mitis/oralis is important in patients who received tandem HCT. These data can provide valuable information for future studies to consider effective interventions to reduce the risk of BSI in high-risk patients.
Microglia through MFG-E8 signaling decrease the density of degenerating neurons and protect the brain from the development of cortical infarction after stroke
Authors: Wang Eric Yuhsiang , Chen Hank Szuhan , Wu Meng-Chih , Yang Ya Lan , Wang Hwai-Lee , Liu Che-Wei , Lai Ted Weita
Published: August 2024

Neuronal loss is a hallmark of stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases, and as such, neuronal loss caused by microglia has been thought to be a contributing factor to disease progression. Here, we show that microglia indeed contribute significantly to neuronal loss in a mouse model of stroke, but this microglial-dependent process of neuronal clearance specifically targets stressed and degenerating neurons in the ischemic cortical region and not healthy non-ischemic neurons. Nonspecific stimulation of microglia decreased the density of neurons in the ischemic cortical region, whereas specific inhibition of MFG-E8 signaling, which is required for microglial phagocytosis of neurons, had the opposite effect. In both scenarios, the effects were microglia specific, as the same treatments had no effect in mice whose microglia were depleted prior to stroke. Finally, even though the inhibition of MFG-E8 signaling increased neuronal density in the ischemic brain region, it substantially exacerbated the development of cortical infarction. In conclusion, microglia through MFG-E8 signaling contribute to the loss of ischemic neurons and, in doing so, minimize the development of cortical infarction after stroke.
Varicella Zoster Virus disrupts MAIT cell polyfunctional effector responses
Authors: Purohit Shivam. K. , Stern Lauren , Corbett Alexandra J. , Mak Jeffrey Y. W. , Fairlie David P. , Slobedman Barry , Abendroth Allison
Published: August 2024

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells that respond to riboflavin biosynthesis and cytokines through TCR-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. MAIT cell activation plays an immunoprotective role against several pathogens, however the functional capacity of MAIT cells following direct infection or exposure to infectious agents remains poorly defined. We investigated the impact of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) on blood-derived MAIT cells and report virus-mediated impairment of activation, cytokine production, and altered transcription factor expression by VZV infected (antigen+) and VZV exposed (antigen-) MAIT cells in response to TCR-dependent and -independent stimulation. Furthermore, we reveal that suppression of VZV exposed (antigen-) MAIT cells is not mediated by a soluble factor from neighbouring VZV infected (antigen+) MAIT cells. Finally, we demonstrate that VZV impairs the cytolytic potential of MAIT cells in response to riboflavin synthesising bacteria. In summary, we report a virus-mediated immune-evasion strategy that disarms MAIT cell responses.
Understanding the role of plasmalogen lipids in synaptic function, and their implications for neurodegenerative processes
Authors: Sadilova Anna , Howard David , White Gemma , Filipponi Carolina , Lai Michele , Sassi Martina , Angelini Roberto
Published: August 2024

The aim of this research is to quantify synapse assembly upon changing levels of plasmalogen lipids. Plasmalogens are synaptic lipids with a conical shape that may ease vesicle fusion. Although they have been found to decrease with progression of Alzheimer’s disease (Su et al., 2019), a direct evidence of their involvement in neurotransmission is yet to be proposed. In this study, we aim to test whether plasmalogen depletion in neurons affects synaptic vesiculation and hence neurotransmission. This work could shine a light on plasmalogen role in synapse function, provide evidence for novel mechanisms of neuronal loss in AD and pave the way for novel therapies.
Monitoring, Supervising, and Improving Curriculum Systems in Arabic Language Education Study Programs at STAIN Mandailing Natal
Authors: Erlina  , Wahidmurni  , Nurhadi  , Rita Zahara Kamsir
Published: August 2024

This study aims to evaluate the monitoring, supervision, and curriculum improvement system in the Arabic Language Education Study Program at Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Mandailing Natal (STAIN Madina), assessing its effectiveness in enhancing Arabic language competence and supporting Islamic learning. Utilizing a qualitative research design, the study employs a case study methodology, combining interviews, observations, and documentation analysis. The findings reveal that the monev system, involving comprehensive planning, implementation, and reporting, effectively covers graduate competency standards, content standards, process standards, and learning assessment standards. The structured approach, involving multiple stakeholders, ensures thorough evaluation and continuous improvement. However, limitations such as the need for more in-depth internal supervision of content standards and challenges related to human resources and stakeholder engagement were noted. These findings are significant for higher education institutions aiming to enhance their curriculum systems, offering a model for structured monitoring and supervision. Further research is recommended to explore integrated internal supervision mechanisms and long-term effects on student outcomes.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Bodywork Effect on High Hardness Armour Steel Against a 7.62 x 51 mm NATO Ball M80 Projectile
Authors: Vijaykumar Gavhane Viraj , Sharma Anshul , Gorrepati Srinivasa Rao
Published: August 2024

Small arms ammunition like the 5.56×45 mm NATO Ball and 7.62×51 mm NATO Ball projectiles constitute a significant threat to light armoured vehicles. These vehicles are mostly comprised of single-layered metallic high-hardness steel armour, but as an essential vehicle design feature, mild steel bodywork is externally mounted in certain areas for fenders, toolkit boxes, storage boxes, etc. over the main armour, i.e., high-hardness steel armour. These are necessary design features of vehicles, so they can’t be neglected regarding ballistic protection against threats. Also, to provide better ballistic protection in up-armoured vehicles, armour consisting of high-hardness steel armour is integrated or mounted just behind the existing bodywork of the car. Thus, this paper experimentally and numerically investigated the “bodywork effect,” which is also called the “K-effect,” and found that the configuration where the bodywork of mild steel is placed in front of high-hardness steel armour plate failed to provide better ballistic protection against the 7.62×51 NATO Ball M80 projectile fired at 0° angle of impact with a velocity of 833±20m/s from 10 m distance. However, the single high-hardness armour steel plate provided better ballistic protection than the configuration consisting of bodywork. For the validation of the experimental investigations, the arrangements were numerically simulated. The main aim of this work was to check the bodywork effect against this particular projectile and investigate factors contributing to the phenomenon.
An Efficient Spoofing Attack Detection Using Deep Learning Based Physical Layer Security Technique
Authors: Mohan Swethambri , Annadurai Atchaya , Gunaseelan K.
Published: August 2024

Spoofing attack detection plays a crucial role in the defence field, involving critical and highly secured data processing. The accurate attack detection mechanism prevents unauthorised access to sensitive information, thereby protecting National security. Physical Layer Security (PLS) is a promising emerging technique that uses the wireless channel’s randomness to secure the communication network. The spoofing attack is one of the severe threats to the wireless network, where the attacker imitates the legitimate user to launch an attack against the network. This paper investigates the channel characteristics-based physical layer technique to detect spoofing attacks. For static radio environments, the two-sample independent hypothesis testing is used to identify the spoofing attack, showing an improvement in detection accuracy of 97 %. The attack detection problem is considered a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based classification problem for a challenging dynamic radio environment. It is simulated using the actor-critic-based Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) technique with the help of the Reformed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (Re-DDPG) algorithm. The simulated results show that the proposed method performs better than the existing strategies and achieves a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) value of 0.96. The detection accuracy of the proposed method can reach up to 98 %, with precision and recall of about 98 % and 99 %, respectively.
Supply chain efficiency a structural analysis in Türkiye's retail sector
Authors: Abdelhadi Anas , Akkartal Erkut
Published: August 2024

Goal: To investigate the impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on the effectiveness and environmental friendliness of supply chains in Turkey's retail industry.
Methodology: Applies structural equation modeling to examine data from 315 retail experts, specifically investigating the impact of IoT on supply chain integration and agility within a defined timeframe. This methodology involves doing a thorough examination of the adoption of technology and its impact on operational performance.
Results: Finds notable enhancements in supply chain performance by implementing IoT, as demonstrated by improved integration, flexibility, and immediate access to real-time data. These technological improvements enhance the sustainability, efficiency, and flexibility of supply chain systems.
Limitations of the investigation:  Recognizes limitations pertaining to the study's extent, techniques for gathering data, and the possible fluctuations in IoT adoption rates among various retail industries.
Practical implications: Proposes practical approaches for retail managers to utilize IoT technology in order to enhance supply chain efficiency and sustainability, highlighting the significance of integrating technology and implementing responsive mechanisms.
Originality: This study provides unique and valuable insights into how the Internet of Things (IoT) can contribute to the improvement of sustainable supply chain practices in the Turkish retail industry. It serves as a valuable resource for both professionals and researchers who are interested in the intersection of technology, sustainability, and supply chain management.