bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapy in the rehabilitation of neurological patients
Authors: Mikusev Y. Е.
Published: September 2021

Recently, clinicians are rethinking some of those concepts that were previously considered purely theoretical. One of them is the fundamental concept of the therapeutic and prophylactic action of physical exercises, which is based on the generally accepted position of neurophysiology about the neuro-reflex mechanism of action of physical exercises, it meets modern ideas about the systemic level of functioning and response of the patient's body to physical training.
Pharmacy service of the Republic of Tatarstan in the new socio-economic conditions
Authors: Safiullin R. S.
Published: September 2021

In recent years, a structural reform of the pharmacy network has taken place in most regions of the Russian Federation. An active search for ways to improve the organization and structure of the pharmacy service is also underway in the Republic of Tatarstan.
Treatment of patients with polyradiculoneuritis, encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis
Authors: Manelis Z. S.
Published: September 2021

The treatment of polyradiculoneuritis (DRE) and polyneuropathies (PN) is currently being carried out empirically, since etiotropic therapy is naturally impossible due to the unknown nature of the disease, and pathogenetic treatment, despite the creation of a model of experimental allergic neuritis, has not received sufficient theoretical justification. This is evidenced by conflicting information on the use of corticosteroids (CS) in Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS). In authoritative guidelines on the problems of neurology, edited by V.K. Wiederholt (1984), A.K. Asbury and R.W. Gilliatt (1987), it is noted that there are no convincing data confirming the opinion about the effectiveness of CS in acute GBS.
Peculiarities of frustrational tolerance and anticipational activity in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rechanik D. P. , Mendelevich V. D.
Published: September 2021

Peculiarities of the system of psychocorrection and probabilistic prediction functioning in 110 patients with multiple sclerosis with different evidence of emotional disturbances are investigated. The unbalanced system of psychocorrection impeding adequate correction of the activity was revealed in more than 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis. On this basis patients with multiple sclerosis can be assigned to psychologically unfavourable contingent, group of the so-called potential neurotics.
On the pathogenesis of true trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Grechko V. E. , Stepanchenko A. V. , Sharov M. N.
Published: September 2021

Among the pain syndromes of the face, trigeminal neuralgia ranks first in frequency. However, despite the fact that the disease has been known for more than 2000 years [14] and was isolated as a separate nosological form more than 200 years ago [7], the issues of etiology and pathogenesis, and, consequently, treatment, cannot be considered resolved. At the same time, knowledge of the mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia is of great importance for the treatment of patients.
Integrative activity of the brain in health and disease of the nervous system
Authors: Bykov Yu. N.
Published: September 2021

Attempts to link human mental and mental activity with the brain were made in the days of Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and Galen (131-201). At the same time, a connection between the brain and movements on the opposite half of the body was noticed. This was judged by the occurrence of seizures in the half of the body opposite to the lesion of the head [44]. The origin of this fact was associated with a general disruption of the brain. The pathogenesis of all disease states was explained by the humoral theory. In accordance with it, the balance of four fluids - phlegm, blood, black and yellow bile - ensures the normal development and activity of the body. When the balance of these components is disturbed, a disease occurs [39]. In the 17th century, Thomas Willis, the author of the term "neurology", somewhat modernized the humoral theory [45]. He believed that general sensitivity is represented in the striatum, his own feelings in the corpus callosum, and memory in the cortex. This marked the beginning of the development of localization as a direction in the study of brain function. At the extreme pole of this scientific worldview is the phrenological teaching of Franz-Joseph Gall and his students [36]. They assumed that mental and moral qualities are localized in certain areas of the brain surface. At the same time, there is a direct relationship between the degree of development of a particular ability and the volume of its cortical representation. By the shape of the skull, its "tubercles" and "bumps, Gall tried to unravel the professional abilities of a person and characterological features. In 1842, Flurance and Haller put forward the thesis of the physiological equivalence of the cortex. The dogma of the equipotentiality of parts of the brain arose, and then the theory of universalism appeared.
Historical milestones in the development of the Kazan neurological school
Authors: Ismagilov M. F.
Published: September 2021

The oldest Russian centers of progressive thought greatly influenced the scientific and social life of Russia and European countries. For a long time, the leading centers of Russian neuropathology were created for the first time in the world, the departments of nervous diseases of the medical faculties of Moscow and Kazan universities, which nurtured a galaxy of world-renowned neurologists. Within the walls of such famous educational institutions, domestic clinical medicine reached the highest development, original directions and schools appeared, the foundation of modern clinical neurology was laid.
Vertical diplopia
Authors: Acierno M.
Published: September 2021

The diagnosis of "vertical diplopia" presents some difficulties due to specific diagnostic tests.
Examples of the use of music in clinical medicine
Authors: Myskja A. , Lindbaek M
Published: September 2021

The use of music as a therapeutic effect has been used in practical medicine for a long time, but only recently have serious clinical studies been carried out on the real therapeutic efficacy of music therapy.
Problems of classification of sleep disturbance in children with cerebral paroxysms
Authors: Kravtsov Y. I. , Malov А. G.
Published: September 2021

Questioning on sleep disturbances and polygraphic investigations of sleep and active state in 31 children with temporal epilepsy has been carried out. According to literature available and original observations, the novel classification of sleep disturbances in children is offered. Sleep disturbances are divided into permanent and paroxysmal. Paroxysms are divided into typical hypnic (non-epileptic), sleep-related "border" paroxysms and typical sleep-related epileptic attacks.
Experience of use of human leukocyte interferon in remittent course of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zavalishin I. A. , Khaidarov В. Т. , Zakharova М. N. , Adarcheva L. S. , Niyazbekova А. S. , Kuznetsov V. P. , Belyaev D. L. , Babayants А. А.
Published: September 2021

Results of follow up of 58 patients with remittent type of course of multiple sclerosis, who were treated with human leukocyte interferon for 3 years are presented. Improvement in the course of disease of incidence of aggravation and neurological deficite, normalization of cytokines allows to recommend human leucocyte interferon for treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Present-day professional lead polyneuropathy — chronic demyelinating disease of peripheral nervous system
Authors: Obraztsova R. G. , Borzunova J. I.
Published: September 2021

Relatively high positive correlation between lead content in biologic environment and indices of porphyrinic exchange in patients with neurogenic form of chronic polyneuropathy has been determined. In risk group such correlation was absent. Clinical symptoms, change in electric neuromyography, indices of porphyrinic exchange and lead content in biologic environment has been studied in 92 workers engaged in making lead and exposed to small average concentrations of it close to the limiting permissible concentration during the working day. Progression of chronic lead intoxication, the initial form of which clinically reveals in 124 years by vegetosensoric polyneuropathy of upper and lower extremities and intrinsic changes in electric neuromyography indices has been determined. Isolated symptoms of polyneuropathy and lowering of the indicated parameters of electric neuromyography by 510% are revealed in preclinical stage (risk signs). The nature of electric neuromyography changes points to segmental myelinopathy.
Clinical genetic analysis of myotonia dystrophica in the republic of bashkortostan
Authors: Magzhanov R. V. , Akhmadeeva L. R. , Khusnutdinova Е. К. , Tunik V. F. , Fatkhlislamova R. I. , Farrakhov Е. Z. , Semenov Е. К.
Published: September 2021

In the Republic of Bashkortostan computer data bank on myotonia dystrophica (MD) was created where information on all diagnosed patients and members of their families was entered. For the first time in the republic qualitative molecular genetic RNA-diagnosis of MD started, with the help of which one phenotypically healthy mutation carrier is revealed. Clinical genetic characteristic of MD in Bashkortostan and main subpopulation of the republic is presented. Besides neuromuscular symptoms cerebral and extraneural symptoms are analyzed.
Age in the system of pathokinetic factors of insult
Authors: Vilensky B. S. , Grinevich Т. V, , Semjonova G. M. , Semjonova I. V. , Smirnova Е. D.
Published: September 2021

Pathokinesis of ischemic and hemorrhagic insult, of subarachnoid hemorrhage has been analyzed on the basis of data of 211 patients and analysis of 282 autopsy protocols for people, dying from the same forms of acute lesion of cerebral circulation. It was stated that the age itself does not determine the course and outcome of insult, being only the background for revealing other, not less important factors: sex, type, severity and insult complications, degree of homeostatic disorganization. At different ages compensatory reserves of the body are being realized not synonymously, resulting in the determination of social-and-life-rehabilitation level.
Alterations in nervous system and hormone-metabolic disturbances in paresthesias and pain syndromes of oral cavity
Authors: Grechko V. Е. , Kushlinsky N. Е. , Savushkin А. N.
Published: September 2021

Clinical examination of 102 patients including, besides objective neurological examination, determination of functional state of vegetative nervous system, electroencephalography, reoencephalography, stomatologic examination, stomatoscopy, measurement of microcurrent in oral cavity, was carried out. Biochemical investigation involved determination of the total content of testosteron, biologically active free forms of it, concentration of B-endorphine, series E prostaglandines. In 81,3% of patients in vegetative security sympatho-tonic, in 7,8% vagotonic and in 10,7% mixed responses were dominant. Change in electroencephalograms and reoencephalograms of the examined patients differed in their dependence on vegetative state. Findings of stomatological examination and stomatoscopy allowed to estimate objectively local changes in oral cavity. The obtained results evidently show the dependence of suprasegmental structures of brain, and of the pituitary bodyadrenal gland system as well.
Peculiarities of day dynamics of transient and stable ischemic disorders of cerebral circulation
Authors: Martynov М. J.
Published: September 2021

Peculiarities of day dynamics of transient and stable ischemic disorders of cerebral circulation were studied in 186 patients. Influence of time after arousal, peculiarities of pathogenesis, sex and age on circadian pattern of acute disorders of cerebral circulation were studied. It was noticed prevailing of transient and stable disorders of cerebral circulation of all variants of pathogenesis in the morning hours in men and women of all ages, except for the age group of 80 years old and older. The causes of such peculiarities of circadian dynamics were discussed.
Functional reserves of cerebral circulation in patients with arterial hypertension and cerebrovascular insufficiency
Authors: Morozova О. A. , Kuzmin I. K.
Published: September 2021

765 patients with different forms of arterial hypertension, having cerebrovascular insufficiency, were examined. Correlations of parameters of cerebral and system hemodynamics, microcirculation and functional state of the central nervous system under conditions of controlled physical exercise were studied. The prognostic significance of the early objectivization of initial manifestations of cerebral circulation insufficiency before development of arterial hypertension in preclinical and early clinical stages of brain vascular diseases and the possibil ity of de term in ing functional reserves of cerebral neurodynamics and hemodynamics were shown.
Pathogenetic bases of migraine pharmacotherapy
Authors: Kolosovа О. L. , Osipova V. В.
Published: September 2021

Migraine is one of the most common diseases among the various forms of headache. Their frequency reaches 38%. Several main blocks are involved in the pathophysiology of migraine cephalgias: cerebral, the interaction of certain neurotransmitter systems, the state of the trigeminal and vascular systems.
Simulation of Pulse-Like Ground Motions during the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel Earthquake with a New Source Model Using Corrected Empirical Green’s Functions
Authors: Fernández Claudio , Nozu Atsushi , Crempien Jorge G. F. , de la Llera Juan Carlos
Published: September 2021

Pulse-like near-source ground motions were observed by the local network during the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel, Chile earthquake. Such ground motions can be quite damaging to a wide range of infrastructures. The primary objective of this study is to provide a source model that can explain such ground motions. The isolated nature of the pulses indicated that the rupture of some small isolated region on the fault contributed to the generation of the pulse. Therefore, we considered such regions and termed them as Strong Motion Pulse Generation Areas (SPGAs). We used the corrected empirical Green's function (EGF) method because this method has been successfully applied to near-source pulse-like ground motions in previous studies. We simulated synthetic waveforms using the frequency dependent quality factor Q=239f0.71 and empirical site amplification factors, which we obtained by applying a generalized inversion technique to local weak-motion data. The result indicated that the observed ground motions from the Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake can readily be explained with a source model that involves two SPGAs with dimensions of several kilometers in spite of the huge rupture zone of the earthquake. The source model can reproduce velocity waveforms, acceleration Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) and pseudoacceleration response spectra. It also reproduces the duration of strong ground motions quite accurately. No significant bias was found with respect to distance and frequency. In conclusion, the corrected EGF method is a very efficient tool to simulate near-source ground motions of a subduction earthquake when it is combined with higher stress-drop subevents whose sizes are adjusted to the observed pulse widths.
Magnitudes of great shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1952
Authors: Geller Robert J. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: September 2021

abstract

The “revised magnitudes”, M, converted from Gutenberg's unified magnitude, m, and listed by Richter (1958) and Duda (1965) are systematically higher than the magnitudes listed by Gutenberg and Richter (1954) in Seismicity of the Earth. This difference is examined on the basis of Gutenberg and Richter's unpublished original worksheets for Seismicity of the Earth. It is concluded that (1) the magnitudes of most shallow “class a” earthquakes in Seismicity of the Earth are essentially equivalent to the 20-sec surface-wave magnitude, Ms; (2) the revised magnitudes, M, of most great shallow (less than 40 km) earthquakes listed in Richter (1958) (also used in Duda, 1965) heavily emphasize body-wave magnitudes, mb, and are given by M=14Ms+34(1.59mb−3.97). For earthquakes at depths of 40 to 60 km, M is given by M = (1.59 mb − 3.97). M and Ms are thus distinct and should not be confused. Because of the saturation of the surface-wave magnitude scale at Ms ≃ 8.0, use of empirical moment versus magnitude relations for estimating the seismic moment results in large errors. Use of the fault area, S, is suggested for estimating the moment.
A study of northeastern North American spectral moments, magnitudes, and intensities
Authors: Street R. L. , Turcotte F. T.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Thirty-two earthquakes in northeastern North America ranging in seismic moments of 1.5E19 to 6.0E26 (dyne-cm) are used to develop relationships between spectral moment, magnitudes (mbLg and MS), and intensity. It is shown that northeastern North American events are readily characterized by a well-behaved, steadily increasing stress drop relative to increasing magnitude. As a result, the relationship between the regional mbLg and MS as implied by the spectral results is

m b L g = M s + 1.2 ( 1.8 ≦ m b L g ≦ 4.4 )

and

m b L g = 0 . 6 1 M s + 2.33 ( 4.4 ≦ m b L g ≦ 6.8 ) .

Published relationships between the mbLg magnitude, the log10 of the area within the intensity IV isoseismal contour, and the falloff of the intensity technique described by Nuttli (1973b) are checked for suitability. The results are as follows

m b L g = 1.13 log 10 ( A I V ) − 0.32 A I V ≧ 10 , 000 k m 2

and

m b L g = 0.97 m b ( b a s e d o n f a l l o f f ) + 0.22 ,

with regression coefficients of 0.94 and 0.99 respectively.
Observations of creep-related tilt, strain, and water-level changes on the central San Andreas fault
Authors: Mortensen C. E. , Lee R. C. , Burford R. O.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Several simultaneous observations of surface fault creep, tilt, strain, and water-level fluctuations have been recorded along the San Andreas fault in the vicinity of the Almaden-Cienega Winery south of Hollister, California. Creep events recorded on the winery creepmeters on February 16, 1975, and by the winery and Harris Ranch creepmeters on September 17, 1975, were modeled as migrating dislocations with geometries chosen to give results that match the observed tilt and strain data. Source depths for the February 16th and September 17th creep events were found to be relatively shallow, the depth to the lower boundary of the slip surface being 0.4 and 2.0 km, respectively. In both cases slip was found to propagate from the northwest toward the southeast, which is consistent with changes in water level observed in a well near the winery.

Since the installation of the tiltmeter and strainmeter 0.8 km northwest of the Cienega Winery, six tilt and strain signals with durations typical of creep events have been related to observed surface creep, while 11 such signals appear unrelated to recorded surface creep. The latter may result from surface creep of limited extent or creep at depth.
Reflection and transmission coefficients for transversely isotropic media
Authors: Daley P. F. , Hron F.
Published: September 2021

abstract

It has become necessary in seismology to consider more complicated models of the Earth's structure in order to obtain synthetic seismograms that are more consistent with actual field data. Gassmann (1964) and Postma (1955) have presented results dealing with travel-time methods in anisotropic media—in particular, transversely isotropic media. Kinematic properties alone, however, are not enough to conclusively interpret seismic records. Consequently, dynamic properties must be considered producing a need for synthetic seismograms.

One of the most efficient methods for obtaining synthetic seismograms is through the use of asymptotic ray theory (Hron and Kanasewich, 1971; Hron, 1973; Hron, Kanasewich and Alpaslan, 1974). A necessary step in the implementation for layered media displaying transverse isotropy is the computation of reflection and transmission coefficients at the interface between two such layers. Reflection coefficients for a free interface and the corresponding surface conversion coefficients must be computed, as well.

Theoretical formulas for reflection, transmission, and surface conversion coefficients corresponding to the zero-order approximation of asymptotic theory are presented for the above-mentioned media.
Rayleigh-wave dispersion over the Canadian Shield
Authors: Godlewski M. J. C. , West G. F.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A study was made of the dispersion of fundamental Rayleigh-mode surface waves along a line in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, from Flin Flon, Manitoba to Thunder Bay, Ontario, (a distance of 1121 km). The two-station method together with multiple filter analysis was used to determine the interstation group velocities of surface waves from five Alaskan earthquakes. The observed dispersion was then inverted to obtain the average shear velocity as a function of depth. The data are found to indicate a typical shield velocity structure and a crustal thickness of 40 ± 3 km. The results agree well with body-wave seismic studies conducted in the same area, and when these observations are combined with the results of this study, they yield an interestingly high Poisson's ratio (0.275 ± 0.007) for the lower crust.
Seismicity of San Diego, 1934-1974
Authors: Simons Richard S.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Twelve quarry explosions in the city of San Diego have been used to determine the following crustal velocity model for the region around it:

h 1 = 1.5 k m α 1 = 3.50 k m / sec β 1 = 1.90 k m / sec ⁡ h 2 = 26.5 k m α 2 = 6.35 k m / sec ⁡ β 2 = 3.65 k m / sec h 3 = ∞ α 3 = 8.00 k m / sec β 3 = 4.60 k m / sec

A computer program employing this model has been used to recalculate the epicenters of all events previously located in the San Diego area, utilizing data from the California Institute of Technology seismic network as well as recent new stations within the city. Tests on the accuracy of the location process indicate that over 50 per cent of the solutions can be expected to be within 2 km of the true epicenters and that 90 per cent will be within 4 km.

A total of 37 earthquakes can now be identified with some confidence as having occurred within the study area (32.5°-33.0°N, 116.75°-117.5°W) from 1934 through 1974. Some events previously thought to be earthquakes are now found to have been quarry blasts. The great majority of the earthquakes lie either offshore or less than 10 km inland, in regions of known faulting paralleling the Coronado Escarpment and the Rose Canyon fault zone. Three earthquakes are located within 2 km of the La Nacion fault. Nine of the 11 events since 1963 have taken place within or around the south end of San Diego Bay. Depths are poorly controlled, but seem to be generally less than 8 km. Magnitudes range from 2.3 to 3.7.
Normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous body: A one-dimensional example
Authors: Geller Robert J. , Stein Seth
Published: September 2021

abstract

Various methods, including first- and second-order perturbation theory and variational methods have been proposed for calculating the normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous earth. In this paper, we test all three of these methods for a simple one-dimensional example for which the exact solution is available: an initially homogeneous “string” in which the density and stiffness are increased in one half and decreased in the other by equal amounts. It is found that first-order perturbation theory (as commonly applied in seismology) yields only the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for a string with the average elastic properties; second-order perturbation theory is worse, because the eigenfunction is assumed to be the original eigenfunction plus small correction terms, but actually may be almost completely different.

The variational method (Rayleigh-Ritz), using the unperturbed modes as trial functions, succeeds in giving correct eigenvalues and eigenfunctions even for modes of high-order number. For the example problem only the variational solution correctly yields the transient solution for excitation by a point force, including correct amplitudes for waves reflected by and transmitted through the discontinuity. Our result suggests but does not demonstrate, that the variational method may be the most appropriate method for finding the normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous earth model, particularly if the transient solution is desired.
Tilt near an earthquake (ML= 4.3), Briones Hills, California
Authors: Johnston Malcolm J. S. , Jones Alan C. , Daul William , Mortensen Carl E.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Three years of continuous records of surface tilt preceding a moderate earthquake (ML = 4.3) on January 8, 1977, have been obtained at a point 5.5 km from the earthquake epicenter. A possible short-term percursive tilt to the southwest started December 18, 1976 and reached a maximum amplitude of 2 μradians relative to the tilt trend at this time. Other changes of this amplitude are evident, however, in the 3-year record. The sense of tilt changed abruptly following the earthquake, gradually returning to the general tilt trend. A substantial postseismic tilt of 10 μradians is consistent with aseismic slip of the Hayward fault, or on any of several other faults local to the tiltmeter in this region. The data are insufficient to discriminate between these possibilities, and accompanying surface displacements are apparently too small to be detected in the geodetic records. Short-term accelerated tilting just preceding the seismic events, as proposed by Wood and Allen (1971), are not apparent in these data. An observed coseismic tilt step of 0.14 μradians does not agree with that expected from current fault-failure models.
Seismic inversion for the shape of a boundary between two layer stacks
Authors: McMechan George A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A completely geometrical inversion can be performed to determine the shape and position of a boundary between two layer stacks. The constraints are observed epicentral distances, ray parameters, and travel times. The solution is iterative and involves finding all combinations of ray segments that give an observed epicentral distance, and then choosing the correct combination by imposing the travel-time constraint. The entire process can be performed by manipulation of areas in the p-Δ plane.
Evidence for anisotropic scattering of short-period P phases in the upper mantle
Authors: Chowdhury Dipak K. , Frasier Clint W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

In an attempt to isolate the transmission effects of the upper mantle and crust on short-period compressional phases, amplitude ratios (pPcP/pP)/(PcP/P) were studied from 18 earthquakes using steered beams of LASA data. This ratio eliminates the source radiation pattern and earth transmission effects below the earthquake focus including spherical spreading and Q in the lower mantle, the core-mantle reflection, and the upper mantle and crust structure under LASA. What remains can be attributed to geometric spreading, attenuation and scattering along the two-way ray paths of pPcP and pP from focus to surface. The measured ratios vary from ~1 for shallow events to ~4 or greater for deep events independently of epicentral distance. This strong depth effect cannot be due to geometric spreading or attenuation using a typical low Q model (60 < Q < 450 in the upper mantle). Attenuation models which could produce the depth effect require unrealistically low Q's <40 in the upper 200 km. A possible cause of the depth effect is anisotropic scattering in the upper mantle whereby waves of high dT/dΔ are attenuated more severely than those of low dT/dΔ. This agrees with an earlier study of PcP/P ratios at LASA, which had a similar though less severe depth effect.
A numerical boundary integral equation method for elastodynamics. I
Authors: Cole David M. , Kosloff Dan D. , Minster J. Bernard
Published: September 2021

abstract

The boundary initial value problems of elastodynamics are formulated as boundary integral equations. It is shown that these integral equations may be solved by time-stepping numerical methods for the unknown boundary values. A specific numerical scheme is presented for antiplane strain problems and a numerical example is given.
A dynamic source model for the San Fernando earthquake
Authors: Bouchon Michel
Published: September 2021

abstract

We model the San Fernando earthquake as a propagating rupture in a half-space, using for the slip-time-history on the fault plane analytical expressions which approximate the slip functions of dynamic crack models obtained by Das and Aki (1977a, b). We synthesize the strong ground motions and accelerations at the Pacoima Dam site and compute the teleseismic signals for different models of cracks. Three major featuras of the data–the strong pulse associated with the beginning of the rupture, the high acceleration phase on the Pacoima Dam records, and the presence of ripples on the teleseismic seismograms–which are not compatible with a smooth rupture process, are well explained by a crack with barriers model where the rupture encounters, along the fault plane, barriers or obstacles of high strength materials which may remain unbroken after the passage of the rupture front. A high-stress drop (400 to 500 bars) is required in the hypocentral area to explain the high-amplitude short-duration first pulse of the teleseismic records. This indicates a high level of tectonic stress in the area. A study of the earthquake series following the main shock shows that the aftershocks which took place in the region where major slipping occurred during the earthquake may represent the release of some of the barriers.
A simple method for the computation of body-wave seismograms
Authors: Dey-Sarkar S. K. , Chapman C. H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The computational procedure for a new method of computing high-frequency body-wave seismograms for a spherically symmetric earth model is presented. The seismograms are accurate provided that the WKBJ approximation can be used for the transformed response and the asymptotic form of the Legendre function is applicable. The method remains valid when geometrical ray theory breaks down at caustics and for head waves. The computation of the seismograms is extremely easy and rapid as both inverse transforms are evaluated analytically. Seismograms are presented to show how, for a discrete time series, the method is insensitive to small features in the model. The method is illustrated for a reflected signal plus a head wave and for turning rays in three very different upper mantle models.
Transnational Policy Networks and Change Through Internationalization (The Record of Project 5-100)
Authors: Crowley-Vigneau Anne , Istomin Igor , Baykov Andrey , Kalyuzhnova Yelena
Published: September 2021

This article considers the ideational and political contexts in which Project 5-100, the Russian excellence in higher education initiative emerged, as well as the specificities of its organisational and behavioural model. While Project 5-100 has been studied in the academic literature as regards its efficiency and how it affected the performance and inner workings of the participating universities, the question of how the project came about and the characteristic traits of its internal set-up still remain largely overlooked. The study focuses on the involvement of local and international players, arguing that their successful and organic cooperation influenced both the architecture and the implementation of the project. This paper contributes to the literature on policy networks by showing that transnational actors do not necessarily undermine or challenge state power and can on the contrary help governments implement systemic change. Inspired by the international experience of establishing world-class universities, Project 5-100 was conceived and lobbied by a small but influential group of visionaries pushing for change who – acting in a concerted and purposive manner – acquired a novel and powerful capacity to use international expertise for the development of a key national project, capable of deeply transforming the country’s higher educational system.
Российская образовательная политика и конфликты интересов в сфере инноваций
Authors: Трофимова Ирина
Published: September 2021

Подготовка кадров для инновационной наукоемкой экономки рассматривается в статье как сфера, где сталкиваются интересы наиболее влиятельных “игроков” – государства, бизнеса, университетов, научно-исследовательских и академических институтов, учащихся и их семей. Теоретико-методологическую базу исследования составляет совокупность положений, раскрывающих углубление кооперации вузов, научных организаций и производственных компаний как необходимое условие для модернизации российской экономики и общества. Эмпирической основой исследования выступают результаты экспертного опроса руководителей ведущих организаций научного, образовательного и производственного секторов, а также федеральных и региональных органов управления, имеющих практический опыт взаимодействия в сфере инновационного производства. В статье критически рассматриваются модели образовательной политики. Подчеркивается, что отношение к инновациям заложено в идеологии и политике: экономические, правовые и социальные институты и отношения могут как стимулировать, так и ограничивать их. Показано, что текущая образовательная политика в России имеет смешанный характер. Она способствует росту привлекательности сферы инноваций, однако остается недоступной и малопривлекательной для многих потенциальных участников в силу консервативных ориентаций правящей элиты и концентрации в ее руках финансовых и материальных ресурсов. В результате талантливые выпускники лучших вузов либо предпочитают уехать из страны, либо перенимают стратегии правящей элиты, превращаясь в обслуживающий ее класс – “рентную” техно-элиту. Особое внимание уделяется анализу противоречий между участниками инновационного процесса. Выявлено критическое отношение бизнеса к стремлению научных и образовательных учреждений заниматься инновационным предпринимательством. Главные претензии связаны со слабостью технологических разработок, незнанием рынка, отсутствием материально-технической базы, избытком бюрократических процедур. Ключевой запрос бизнеса – кадры, способные продвигать инновации в открытой, неопределенной, высококонкурентной среде. В статье обосновывается, что участники инновационной деятельности в большей степени ориентированы на взаимодействие с государственными структурами, чем между собой. Образовательная политика при всей ее сфокусированности на инновациях, с одной стороны, объективно не может дать быстрых результатов, с другой – ограничена логикой развития рентной экономики. Автор прогнозирует, что масштаб и скорость инновационных эффектов образовательной политики зависят не только от элиты, техно-элиты, но и от широкой поддержки общества.
Friendly URLs in the CMS and Power of Global Ranking with Crawlers with Added Security
Authors:   Adobe Systems, Ganapathy Apoorva
Published: September 2021

The web space has the capacity for constant evolution in a dynamic world like ours; hence keeping up to date with the amounts of data that keeps trickling into its space per second requires an apt introspection of the fundamental tool designed for such task. The URL is saddled with the duty to safe keep most of the informational resources. So a functional and reliable one always gives users reasons to bookmark and return to it on a future date. This very writes up gave an in-depth definition of what a URL entails and the appropriate way of using it, which we argued should be: precise, comprehensive, explicit, impressionable, and long-lasting. The relevance of this fine internet tool was also explained in much detail, ranging from its ability to enhance user's experience, facilitate good ranking for the web owner, and ensure smooth linking, which others would give a favorable rating. Conclusively, the importance of a URL is that it enables the SEO and other websites linking to your site and your visitors to appreciate the fact that you care for their informational needs and have taken it upon yourself to provide a very dependable platform to provide solutions.
Left ventricular global function index as a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Kapustina A. Yu. , Minushkina L. O. , Alekhin M. N. , Selezneva N. D. , Safaryan V. I. , Brazhnik V. A. , Chumakova O. S. , Evdokimova M. A. , Galyavich A. S. , Khasanov N. R. , Chichkova M. A. , Kosmacheva E. D. , Tereshchenko S. N. , Koziolova N. A. , Glezer M. G. , Boeva O. I. , Konstantinov V. O. , Zateyshchikov D. A.
Published: September 2021

Aim      To evaluate the prognostic significance of the left ventricular global function index (LV GFI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using echocardiography (EchoCG).

Material and methods             The LV GFI is an index that integrates LV cavity volumes, stroke volume, and myocardial volume. This study included 2169 patients with ACS (1340 (61.8%) men) aged 64.1±12.6 years from two observational multicenter studies, ORACLE I and ORACLE II. 1800 (83 %) cases were associated with increased concentrations of myocardial injury markers, including 826 (38.1 %) cases of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). The observation was started on the 10th day of clinical condition stabilization and lasted for one year. EchoCG was performed with evaluation of LV GFI, which was calculated as a ratio of LV stroke volume to LV global volume. The LV global volume was calculated as a sum of mean LV cavity volume (LV end-diastolic volume + LV end-systolic volume / 2) and LV myocardial volume.

Results The main outcome of the study was all-cause death (n=193); recurrent coronary complications (n=253) were analyzed separately. The only EchoCG parameter indicating an adverse outcome during the one-year follow-up was a LV GFI decrease to below 22.6 % with a sensitivity of 72 % and a specificity of 60% (area under the curve, AUC=0.63). A LV GFI <22.6 % was an independent predictor of all-cause death (p=0.019) along with age (p=0.0001), history of MI (p=0.034), and presence of heart failure (HF) (p=0.044), diabetes mellitus (p=0.012), and peripheral atherosclerosis (p=0.001). The LV GFI <22.6 %, (p=0.044), heart rate upon discharge from the hospital (p=0.050), history of MI (p=0.006), presence of HF (p=0.014), and peripheral atherosclerosis (p=0.001) were also independent predictors for recurrent coronary complications. Decreased LV GFI was associated with the risk of fatal outcomes independent of the LV ejection fraction at baseline.

Conclusion      In patients with ACS, the left ventricular global function index is an independent predictor for all-cause death and recurrent coronary complications and may be used for risk stratification.
Occurrence of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients screened for Hepatitis A virus
Authors: Shetty Anup Kumar , Kannur Jeshma Crasta
Published: September 2021

: Infectious hepatitis can be caused by Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses. Hepatitis E infection is a water-borne disease transmitted by faeco-oral route. It is a cause of major health problems in developing countries. Outbreaks can happen due to improper hygiene and poor sanitation. Hepatitis E infection shows similar mode of transmission and clinical features of Hepatitis A infection.

: This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients screened for hepatitis A virus.

: This prospective surveillance study was conducted between March 2020 to March 2021 on 57 serum samples which is came for the screening of anti-Hepatitis A virus IgM by enhanced Chemiluminescence method. These samples were collected and tested for anti- Hepatitis E virus IgM by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

: Among 57 samples, 11 samples (19.3%) were positive for Hepatitis A Virus IgM, 13 samples (22.8%) were positive for Hepatitis E virus IgM, and 7 samples (12.3%) were positive for both.

: Hepatitis E virus infections were more than Hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis E and Hepatitis A virus co- infection was also observed. Screening of both viruses is suggested for infectious hepatitis.
Prophylactic use of natural phage cocktail for plants and potential for human applications
Authors: Jhunjhunwala Bharat
Published: September 2021

Phages targeting specific bacteria have been used for control of bacterial pathogens in plants and humans. We report results of prophylactic use of a natural cocktail of phages on plants.

Water was collected from upper reaches of the Alaknanda river where more than 200 isolates of phages have been reported. The river water was collected in April 2020 before the onset of monsoons and stored with sediments. The water was sprayed twice weekly on spinach, cabbage and coriander plants. We did not isolate, identify or multiply the phages. We sprayed the water in its natural condition after diluting it to 10 percent with normal spring water that is used for irrigation in the area. Control plots were sprayed with normal spring water only.

We find 47 percent higher yields in spinach, 6 percent in cabbage and 40 percent in coriander.

Natural phages of Ganga river could provide an inexpensive approach for the improvement of plant yields. Implications for prophylactic use of cocktail of phages for humans are discussed.
Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of endotracheal tube secretion of patients in ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab
Authors: Kaur Kiranjeet , Jindal Shavetika
Published: September 2021

Healthcare associated pneumonia (HAP)is second most common HCAIs that occur in 27% critically ill patients. Eighty-six percent of HAP are associated with mechanical ventilation and termed as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP due to multidrug resistant has also increased in recent past.

To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens in endotracheal tubes aspirates of ICUs patients and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care hospital over a period of six months after clearance from institutional Research Committee and Ethical Committee. All the samples of ETT secretions received in Clinical Microbiology lab from ICU patients and fulfilling the criteria for VAP were included in this study. Samples were processed as per standard protocol and organisms were identified on the basis of gram staining, colony characters and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines.

: A total of 100 samples of ET secretions were collected and proceeded for culture. Out of 100 samples, 76 (76.0%) were positive for bacterial growth. Among 76 positive cultures, a total 80 bacterial isolates were obtained as some cultures were showing polymicrobial growth. Five (6.26%) isolates were Gram Positive bacteria and 75(93.7%) were Gram negative. The most frequent isolates were 35(43.7%) followed by , isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin and amoxiclav. isolates were sensitive to colistin and resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, cefixime, piperacillin tazobactam. isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ceftizidime and piperacillin tazobactam.

In our study antimicrobial pattern of isolated bacteria shows multidrug resistant pathogens which are associated with VAP and limit therapeutic options.
Primary, secondary screening and evaluation of LAS degrading potential of soil bacteria isolated from Vidya Pratishthan’s college area
Authors: Sharma Rajesh J , Patil H S , Firme Vaishnavi
Published: September 2021

Inefficiency of use of soap in hard water popularized the use of anionic surfactants namely, branched alkylbenzene sulphonates (BAS) and Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS) in detergents. The low cost and superior solubility in hard water had made them popular and first choice of many household care-products. However, the disadvantage associated with their use was formation of stable foam over waterbodies which is detrimental for both the aquatic plants and animals. The current study involves primary and secondary screening of LAS degrading organisms and evaluates their potential. The three isolates screened isolate 1 can degrade LAS to the tune of 66% in 5 days, isolate 2 and isolate 3 degrade 72.16% and 68.25% respectively in 4 days.
Evaluation of different phenotypic diffusion methods in the identification of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing uropathogenic
Authors: Anandkumar H , Nigudgi Amaresh , Hajare Vinay , Biradar Sunil
Published: September 2021

: The study was aimed to identify the occurrence of extended spectrum of Beta lactamases (ESBLs), to compare different phenotypic methods used for the confirmation and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern in ESBL producing uropathogenic

: The strains were isolated from urine and the isolates resistance to at least one of the three representative cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefpodoxime and ceftazidime) was tested for ESBL production by Double disc synergy test (DDST), Inhibitory potentiated disc diffusion (IPDD) test and quantitative E-strip method.

: Of 120strains isolated, 62(51.6%) were resistant to at least one of the three cephalosporins and 28 (45.1%) were positive for ESBL by IPDD and E-strip test. However, 9 (14.5%) strains were positive by DDST method. Among third generation cephalosporins, cefpodoxime was (45.8%) better screening indicator followed by ceftazidime (40.0%) and cefotaxime (37.5%). Most of the ESBL producers (97.3%) were resistant to three or more drugs, compared to (51.2%) non-ESBL producers.

: The acceptable method for detection of ESBL producing were IPDD and E-strip tests compared to DDST with better sensitivity (100%), specificity (95.8%) and positive predictive value (96.5%). ESBL producers showed significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to tobramycin, amoxyclav and amikacin compared to non ESBL producers.
Anti-Plaque and Anti-Gingivitis Efficacy of 0.25% Lemongrass Oil and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Children
Authors: S Akula , J Nagarathna , Srinath S K
Published: September 2021

Objectives: Research is ongoing to find safe and effective oral hygiene aids for oral self‑care in children. Mouthwashes are used to complete the process of mechanical plaque control. Lack of affordability and side effects of most commercially available mouthwashes limit their use in children. Hence, the cost-effective and easily available essential oil, lemongrass oil, when formulated as a mouthwash, may possibly serve as an adjunct to oral hygiene maintenance. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of lemongrass oil and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in children.
Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy children between 9-12 years were selected. During the initial visit, the plaque pH, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were assessed, and oral prophylaxis was performed. The patients were randomized into three groups (n=20) and received 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash (group A), 0.2% CHX mouthwash (group B), and oral prophylaxis alone (group C). The patients were recalled after 14 and 21 days. ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni and paired t-test were used to analyze the results by SPSS software.
Results: Intragroup comparison of PI and GI showed a significant decrease between 14 and 21 days in groups A and B (P≤0.05). Intragroup comparison of the mean plaque pH in group A showed a significant increase at day 21 compared with baseline (P=0.028).
Conclusion: The results showed that the lemongrass oil mouthwash was effective in reducing PI and GI in children. Thus, it may be used as a good herbal alternative to CHX mouthwash.