bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IRISH SEA REGION: WHY THE GENERAL LACK OF EXPLORATION SUCCESS?
Authors: Naylor D. , Shannon P.M.
Published: December 2007

With the exception of the prolific East Irish Sea Basin, there have been no hydrocarbon discoveries to date in the other basins in the Irish Sea region. Excellent reservoirs, viable seals and structural traps have been identified in all the basins, suggesting that other factors have prevented the accumulation or preservation of oil and gas. The lack of exploration success in the Larne ‐ Lough Neagh, Solway and Peel, Kish Bank and Central Irish Sea Basins is attributed to a combination of poor preservation of regional source rocks, unfavourable timing of hydrocarbon migration and trap formation and, locally, a lack of seal integrity. Inversion episodes during latest Carboniferous, Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous and Early Tertiary times were critical in preventing the optimum conditions necessary for the generation and preservation of oil and gas in these basins.
CRETACEOUS CARBONATES IN THE ADIYAMAN REGION, SE TURKEY: AN ASSESSMENT OF BURIAL HISTORY AND SOURCE‐ROCK POTENTIAL
Authors: Demirel I. H. , Guneri S.
Published: December 2007

The burial history and source‐rock potential of Cretaceous carbonates in the Adiyaman region of SE Turkey have been investigated. The carbonates belong to the Aptian‐Campanian Mardin Group and the overlying Karabogaz Formation. The stratigraphy of these carbonates at four well locations was recorded. At each well, the carbonate succession was found to be incomplete, and important unconformities were present indicating periods of non‐deposition and/or erosion. These unconformities are of variable extent. When combined with the effects of rapid subsidence and sedimentation which took place in the SW of the Adiyaman region during end‐Cretaceous foredeep development, they have resulted in variations in the carbonates' present‐day burial depths, thereby influencing the regional pattern of source‐rock maturation and the timing of oil generation. Burial history curves indicate that the carbonates' maturity increases from SW to NE, towards the Late Cretaceous thrust belt. Predicted levels of maturity for the Mardin Group are consistent with measured geochemical data from three of the wells in the study area (the exception being well Karadag‐1).

Three potential source‐rock intervals of Cretaceous age have been identified. Two of these units — the Derdere and Karababa Formations of the Mardin Group — are composed of shallow‐water carbonates which were deposited on the northern margin of the Arabian Platform. The third source‐rock unit, the overlying Karabogaz Formation, is composed of pelagic carbonates which were deposited during a regional transgression. These potential source‐rock intervals contain marine organic matter dominated by Type II kerogen. Total organic carbon contents range from 0.5 to 2.9 %. Time‐temperature analyses indicate that the Mardin Group carbonates are immature to marginally mature at well locations in the SW of the study area, and are mature at western and NE well locations. The onset of oil generation in these Cretaceous source rocks took place between the middle Eocene (48 million yrs ago) and the Oligocene (28 million yrs ago).
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM IN THE CHAIWOPU SUB‐BASIN (JUNGGAR BASIN), NW CHINA
Authors: Huang H. P.
Published: December 2007

The Chaiwopu Sub‐basin is a minor extension of the Junggar Basin, hW China, and covers an area of about 2,500 sq. km. It is bounded to the east and north by the Bogda Shan and to the south by the Tian Shan (“Shan” meaning “mountains” in Chinese). Four wells have been drilled in the sub‐basin; condensate and gas have been produced in noncommercial quantities at one of the wells (Well C), but the other three wells were dry. In this paper, I investigate the nature and origin of the petroleum at Well C.

Three of the four wells in the Chaiwopu Sub‐basin penetrated the Upper Permian Lucaogou Formation. Previous studies in the Junggar Basin have established that laminated lacustrine mudstones assigned to this formation comprise a very thick high quality source rock. However, the analysis of cores from wells in the sub‐basin shows that the Lucaogou Formation is composed here of shallow lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial deposits which have very low petroleum generation potential. Overlying sediments (Upper Permian, Triassic and younger strata) likewise have little source potential.

Around 1,000 m of Upper Permian laminated oil shales crop out at Dalongkou and Tianchi on the northern side of the Bogda Shan. On the southern side of the Bogda Shan, however, only 30 m of Upper Permian oil shales occur at Guodikong. Shales and oil seeps from these locations were analysed using standard organic‐geochemical techniques.

The physical properties of the petroleum present at Well C, and its carbon isotope and biomarker characteristics, suggest that it has migrated over long distances from its source rock, although an alternative explanation for its origin is not precluded. Burial history modelling indicates that hydrocarbon generation and migration may have occurred before the uplift of the Bogda Shan in the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous, the orogenic episode which resulted in the diflerentiation of the Chaiwopu Sub‐basinfrom the Junggar Basin.
DOLOMITIZATION OF THE EARLY EOCENE JIRANI DOLOMITE FORMATION, GABES‐TRIPOLI BASIN, WESTERN OFFSHORE, LIBYA
Authors: Mriheel I. Y. , Anketell J. M.
Published: December 2007

Dolomitization in the early Eocene Jirani Formation in the Gabes‐Tripoli Basin (offshore western Libya) occurred in two stages. Stage I dolomites are composed of two types, one associated with anhydrite (Type I) the other anhydrite free (Type II,). The stratigraphic and sedimentological settings together with petrographic and geochemical criteria suggest that dolomitization was effected by refluxed evaporative seawater. Stable isotope and trace element analyses suggest dolomitization of both Types from a fluid of near‐surface seawater composition under oxidising conditions modified by evaporation. Non‐luminescence and lack ofzonation of all the dolomite indicate that the dolomitizing fluids maintained a relatively constant composition. The geologic setting during the early Eocene, interpreted as hypersaline lagoon, supports an evaporative reflux origin for the anhydritic dolomite Type I. Type II developed under less saline conditions in the transition zone between lagoon and open marine shelf.

Stage II dolomitization is recorded by negative isotope values in both Types I and II indicating their dissolution and recrystallization (neomorphism) by dilute solutions. A period of exposure of the overlying Jdeir Formation following a relative sea‐level fall allowed ingress of meteoric waters into both the Jdeir and the underlying Jirani Formations. Flushing by meteoric waters also resulted in development of excellent secondaly porosity and caused major dissolution of anhydrite to form the anhydritic‐free dolomite facies typical of Type II. Following, and possibly during, both Stages I and II, low temperature dolomites (Type IIIa) precipitated in pore spaces from residual jluids at shallow burial depths, partially occluding porosity. In the late stage of basin evolution, medium clystalline, pore‐filling saddle dolomite precipitated, causing some filling of mouldic and vuggy porosity (Type IIIb). Very light oxygen isotopic signatures confirm that it developed from high temperature fluids during deep burial diagenesis. Calculation of temperatures and timings of the dolomitization and cement phases show that the main dolomitization phases and Type IIIa cements occurred in the early Eocene, and that the saddle dolomite precipitated in the Miocene; these results are consistent with age relationships established from stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical signatures. The most common porosity includes intercrystal, vuggy and mouldic types. Porosity is both pre‐dolomitization and syn‐dolomitization in origin, but the latter is the most dominant. Hence, reservoir quality is largely controlled by fluid dynamics.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STRIKE‐SLIP FAULTING IN THE BASEMENT OF THE ZAGROS FOLD AND THRUST BELT
Authors: Hessami K. , Koyi H. A. , Talbot C. J.
Published: December 2007

Lateral offsets in the pattern of seismicity along the Zagros fold and thrust belt indicate that transverse faults segmenting the Arabian basement are active deep‐seated strike‐slip faults. The dominant NW‐SE trending features of the belt have undergone repeated horizontal displacements along these transverse faults. These reactivated basement faults, which are inherited from the Pan‐African construction phase, controlled both deposition of the Phanerozoic cover before Tertiary‐Recent deformation of the Zagros and probably the entrapment of hydrocarbons on the NE margin of Arabia and in the Zagros area. We have used observations of faulting recognized on Landsat satellite images, in conjunction with the spatial distribution of earthquakes and their focal mechanism solutions, to infer a tectonic model for the Zagros basement.

Deformation in the NW Zagros appears to be concentrated on basement thrusts and a few widely‐spaced north‐south trending strike‐slip faults which separate major structural segments. In the SE Zagros, two main structural domains can be distinguished. A domain of NNW‐trending right‐lateral faults in the northern part of the SE Zagros implies that fault‐bounded blocks are likely to have rotated anticlockwise about vertical axes relative to both Arabia and Central Iran. In contrast, the predominance of NNE‐trending left‐lateral faults in the southern part of the SE Zagros implies that fault‐bounded blocks may have rotated clockwise about vertical axes. We propose a tectonic model in which crustal blocks bounded by strike‐slip faults in a zone of simple shear rotate about vertical axes relative to both Arabia and Central Iran. The presence of domains of strike‐slip and thrust faulting in the Zagros basement suggest that some of the convergence between Arabia and Central Iran is accommodated by rotation and possible lateral movement of crust along the belt by strike‐slip faults, as well as by obvious crustal shortening and thickening along thrust faults.
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND CORRELATIONS OF PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS IN THE ARAB‐D RESERVOIR,ABQAIQOILFIELD, EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Sahin A. , Saner S.
Published: December 2007

The Upper Jurassic Arab‐D is a complex carbonate reservoir present in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It has been subdivided into five zones on the basis of porosity. A statistical analysis of the extensive dataset from the three productive zones in the reservoir unit (Zones 1, 2 and 3) has shown that patterns of well‐log porosity and core porosity distributions are strikingly similar in each zone, but that the means are not. Consistently higher mean values observed in core distributions can be explained by a possible bias in core selection and/or differences in the measurement conditions. The results also show that each zone has a distinctive pattern of porosity distribution, reflecting its general lithological character.

The corresponding distributions of vertical and horizontal core permeability are similar, but the means of horizontal permeability in Zones 1 and 2 are higher than the corresponding means of vertical permeability. The reverse is true for Zone 3, in which mean vertical permeability is slightly higher than horizontal permeability. This is probably due to the presence of vertical hairline fractures, which were frequently observed in mud‐dominated fades in Zone 3.

The permeability distribution for each zone is generally consistent with the corresponding porosity distribution, reflecting a degree of correlation between porosity and permeability. However, semi‐log plots of core porosity versus core permeability indicate a relatively poor correlation between these variables, with the correlation coefficient being less than 0.7 for all zones. Separate correlation plots for each lithology within Zone 1 indicate that the lithological control on porosity is not very significant in this zone.
CRETACEOUS TO MIOCENE PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF TURKEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
Authors: Gorur N. , Tuysuz O.
Published: December 2007

The Cretaceous to Miocene palaeogeographic development of Turkey in general reflects the evolution of the various oceanic branches of Neo‐Tethys together with interactions between the Laurasian and Gondwanan margins. At the beginning of the Cretaceous, the first‐order palaeotectonic units which make up present‐day Turkey either formed parts of these supercontinents or were isolated continental blocks within the Neo‐Tethys. In Aptian to Albian times, north‐dipping subduction commenced along the southern margins of these units and resulted in the development of magmatic arcs and arc‐related sedimentary basins. Coeval with the start of subduction, large‐scale ophiolite obduction occurred on the units' passive margins. Terminal closure of the oceans' branches took place between the latest Cretaceous and the Miocene, forming the Anatolian orogenic collage whose outline defines present‐day Turkey. Post‐collisional intra‐continental convergence continued until the late Miocene and resulted in north‐south shortening of the collage. This shortening led to internal imbrication, thrusting and crustal thickening. It forced the Anatolian landmass westwards, away from east Anatolia where there has been continuous north‐south compression since the Miocene between Laurasia and the Arabian Platform.

Both the continental and the oceanic palaeotectonic units pose significant problems regarding their original geometry, size, depth, extent, contact relations, motion paths, subduction polarity, stratigraphy and timing of formation. Clarification of these issues is essential if the units' original paleogeographic relationships with respect to Neo‐Tethys are to be reconstructed. This paper reviews some of these problems with the aid of a number of palinspastic and non‐palinspastic maps. These maps are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the hydrocarbon potential of Turkey.
TIMING AND MODES OF DEFORMATION IN THE WESTERN SICILIAN THRUST SYSTEM, SOUTHERN ITALY
Authors: Tortorici L. , Monaco C. , Mazzoli S. , Bianca M.
Published: December 2007

Imbricate units in the western Sicilian fold‐and‐thrust belt originated on the southern continental margin of Neotethys, and were deformed during the Neogene‐Recent in response to convergence between the African and European Plates. Neogene‐Pleistocene synorogenic sediments, deposited in flexural foredeeps and satellite piggy‐back basins, contain a record of the belt's evolution. Progressive migration of the thrust front southwards into the foreland has been documented, beginning in the Tortonian and continuing to the present‐day particularly in western parts of the belt. In the eastern part, activity on Quaternary strike‐slip fault zones has produced asymmetric flower structures and other interference structures.

In this paper, we present two regional sections across the western Sicilian foreland‐thrust belt system. These structural cross‐sections extend down as far as the top of the Hercynian basement and integrate our field observations with previously‐acquired well log, magnetic and seismic data. We show that complex interactions between the foreland‐migrating thrust belt, which developed between the Late Miocene and the Pleistocene, and Pleistocene strike‐slip faults led to the development of structural traps which constitute potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration.
A NEW DEPOSITIONAL MODEL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION FOR THE UPPER JURASSIC ARAB “D” RESERVOIR IN QATAR
Authors: Al‐Saad H. , Sadooni F. N.
Published: December 2007

Deposition of the Arab Formation on the Arabian Plate followed a eustatic sea‐level high during the Oxfordian that deposited the open‐marine shelfal carbonates of the Hanifa and Jubaila Formations. Oolite/peloidal shoals and local coral‐algal stromatoporoid banks were subsequently deposited on the platform margin. These acted as barriers and led to the differentiation of intrashelf basins from open‐marine (Tethyan) waters to the east. During the subsequent Kimmeridgian lowstand, gypsum wedges were laid down in the intrashelf basins. Slight changes in water depth, which exposed or flooded these barriers, are believed to be responsible for the cyclic nature of the Arab Formation sediments. Arab Formation cycles show a 4′h order frequency but have thicknesses more typical of 3rd order Vail‐type sequences. This is probably explained by the 4th order flooding events merely topping‐up pre‐existing accommodation space of tens of metres water depth in the intrashelf basin. Diagenesis associated with movement of hypersaline brines may have been responsible for the development of widespread dissolution porosity and dolomitization. The laminated, organic‐rich, bituminous lime mudstones of the Hanifa/Jubaila Formations are the probable source of oil in the Arab Formation in Qatar. The main reservoir types are oolitic‐peloidal grainstones and dolomitized limestones.
THE ROLE OF PLEISTOCENE STRIKE‐SLIP TECTONICS IN THE NEOGENE‐QUATERNARY EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTHERN APENNINE OROGENIC BELT: IMPLICATIONS FOR OIL TRAP DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Monaco C. , Tortorici L. , Catalano S. , Paltrinieri W. , Steel N.
Published: December 2007

The Southern Apennine orogenic belt is composed of allochthonous continental units derived from the African and European palaeo‐margins of NeoTethys (the Adria and Corsica‐Sardinia Blocks, respectively), together with oceanic units derived from the intervening NeoTethyan domain. The frontal part of the belt has been thrust over a foredeep‐foreland system consisting of the Bradano Trough and Apulian Platform. The belt can be divided into two structural levels which are separated by a major detachment surface. The upper level consists of a multilayer complex made up of allochthonous NeoTethyan nappes; these were deformed during oceanic subduction, and are now emplaced on the Adria Block as a consequence of continent‐continent collision. The lower structural level is characterised by large‐scale duplexes involving the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic sedimentary cover of the Adria Block which in recent years has formed an important target for oil exploration. On top of these allochthonous terranes, a series of small Plio‐Pleistocene basins developed during the final phases of the migration of the thrust belt into the foreland. During the last stages of orogenesis, thrust migration became locked as a result of collisional thickening of the continental crust, and deformation in the southern Apennines was taken up by strike‐slip faults which now cut across the fold and thrust belt.
INTEGRATED FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION USING NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC: THREE CASE STUDIES
Authors: Zellou A. M. , Ouenes A.
Published: December 2007

Two categories of natural fractures are generally recognized: regional orthogonal fractures and structure‐related or tectonic fractures. Over the past eight years or so, we have developed a methodology using neural networks and fuzzy logic to assist with the characterization of naturally fractured reservoir rocks. Conventional methods use only one or two geological parameters to characterize a naturally fractured reservoir. However, an integrated approach that utilizes all the information available (including lithology, thickness, state of stress and fault patterns) is required. Our approach makes use of fuzzy logic to quantify and rank the importance of each geological parameter on fracturing; a neural network is used to find the complex, non‐linear relationship between these geological parameters and the fracture index.

Three case studies are described in this paper to illustrate the use of this methodology. They report respectively on a faulted limestone oil reservoir in North Africa which is deformed by fault‐related fractures; a carbonate oil reservoir in New Mexico which is characterized by fold‐related fractures; and a sandstone gas reservoir in NW New Mexico which has regional orthogonal fractures.

These three case studies illustrate fracture identification and prediction using static information (i.e. image logs) and/or dynamic information (i.e. well performance) as a fracture index. The results of these studies are described as they relate to infill drilling, understanding the fractured reservoir and improved reservoir simulation.
R7464 ‐ A NEW POTENT ANAESTHETIC IN FISH
Authors: Thienpoint D. , Niemegeers C.J. E.
Published: December 2007

R7464 is a soluble, potent, atoxic and polyvalent anaesthetic in fish and amphibian. Different degrees of anaesthesia can be easily obtained, depending upon concentrations used and immersion times allowed. The lowest concentration which will tranquillize goldfish is 1:4,000,000. The highest concentration, producing deep anaesthesia (1:15,750) is atoxic for immersion periods of less than quarter of an hour.
HOLDEN MUSEUM OF LIVING REPTILES
Authors: Austin William A.
Published: December 2007

Most of the animal exhibits at the Holden Museum of Living Reptiles have proved very successful, and longevity and breeding have been satisfactory for a new exhibit. Efforts to make the exhibit an attractive one have been very well‐received and the exhibit is the most popular in the Detroit Zoo, attracting over 2,000,000 visitors during the six‐month season annually.

Some modifications have been made to displays, but only of a minor nature. Problems have been encountered with inadequate filtration of water in the display cages and temperatures in the public area have exceeded comfortable limits due to the large crowds. With the addition in 1964 of new ventilation fans, seven times the previous capacity, the comfort index now seems to be well‐adjusted.
A method of dolphin transport and its physiological evaluation*
Authors: WILKIE DONALD W. , BELL G. BRUCE , COLES JOHN S.
Published: December 2007

The dolphin hammock and technique used in this experiment, and subsequently in actual transportation, appears to be safer than mattress and tank‐type transport. Loading and unloading time is less than with either method, especially that of the tank, and significantly reduces the time a dolphin is in transit.

It appears very advisable to monitor heart rate and deep rectal temperature during transportation, as a means of evaluating the animal's condition. Although further work must be done, it appears that fin temperatures can serve as indicators of the state of heat balance and may precede core temperature changes. We have no idea from present data what is the range of air temperature and humidity to which a dolphin in a hammock can adjust but by appropriately providing either insulation or cooling of the fins it may be possible to help the animal compensate for undesirable variances in ambient temperatures.
Observations on a breeding group of Black‐and‐white colobus monkeys Colobus polykomos at Jersey Zoo
Authors: MALLINSON JEREMY J. C.
Published: December 2007

Black‐and‐white colobus are reasonably successful in captivity but births are relatively rare (Napier & Napier, 1967). Between 1959 and 1965, 28 infants were born in seven zoos (International Zoo Yearbook). I believe that all belong to five or six subspecies of the Abyssinian species and that the Jersey Zoo's breeding group is the first in captivity of any of the twelve subspecies of the King colobus.
The role of zoos and public aquariums in fish conservation
Authors: MAITLAND PETER S.
Published: December 2007

Around the world, freshwater and marine fishes face a variety of threats and many fish species and communities have disappeared in recent years. Zoos and public aquariums have an important role to play in helping to reverse this trend. Although the aim of conservation must be to protect and restore habitats in the wild, thereby saving fish communities and individual species, captive conservation activities can provide important back‐up to this objective. In particular, zoos and public aquariums can play a major part in public education, the provision of holding facilities for fish and the captive breeding of some threatened species. Many zoos and public aquariums are now taking part in such activities and are becoming recognized as major contributors to the field of fish conservation.
The status of North American public aquariums at the end of the century
Authors: TAYLOR LEIGHTON
Published: December 2007

In recent years public aquariums have grown in number and their popularity has increased. In today's increasingly competitive economic times, aquariums are using their popularity to earn revenues to support their capital and operational costs. Although philanthrophy still exists, most institutions must earn their own support. Such economic reliance presents the risk of losing the critical primary focus on the ethics and practice of maintaining and displaying living organisms. Living collections are the secret of the success of aquariums but they place serious responsibilities upon aquarium professionals. Allegiance to ethical practices, which should include conservation and education, will help to assure the continued success of aquariums. In addition to the living organisms that are the heart of an aquarium, new trends (but with historic origins) in exhibition techniques promise to make aquariums more exciting and popular. From habitat replication to integrated film programmes, these methods and materials will enhance the popularity of aquariums and make them even more successful in building appreciation and sensitivity for the natural world. Examples are given mainly from North America but also from around the world.
The Kattegat Centre, Grenaa
Authors: ANDERSEN KNUD B. , MØLLER JØRGEN L. , SKAARUP BO , TOPHOLM RIKKE H.
Published: December 2007

The Kattegat Centre, situated on the waterfront at Grenaa, has been established to educate the public about the marine environment, in particular about the Kattegat, the shallow waters between Sweden and Denmark. The development comprises three main exhibition sections: an Aquarium, displaying local and exotic fish, a Science Centre, with interactive exhibits exploring the physical aspects of marine waters, and an Environmental Centre, demonstrating the influence of mankind's activities on the sea and its inhabitants. The Aquarium is divided into three sections, a temperate‐water exhibit area displaying local species, a tropical exhibit area and a quarantine station. The Aquarium exhibits range from a touch pool showing locally acquired species of fish and invertebrates to a large mixed species display featuring sharks from Florida waters. The Centre also runs an education programme which aims to encourage schoolchildren to adopt a positive approach to biology and man's relationship with the oceans.
Conserving fishes and aquatic invertebrates: Chester Zoo Aquarium and the FAI Taxon Advisory Group
Authors: Reid Gordon McGregor
Published: December 2007

The Chester Zoo Aquarium, established in 1934 and with a long history of breeding fishes, has in the 1990s concentrated its efforts more strongly on the breeding of threatened species. In particular, successes have been achieved with Omani blind cave fish Garra barreimiae and Lake Victoria cichlids Haplochromis spp. Together with Glasgow Zoo, Chester Zoo was concerned with the formation of the Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group and its co‐operation with groups in the USA and continental Europe. Among a wide range of activities, assistance, in the form of organization of a workshop and a survey, has been given to conservation initiatives in Africa.
Innovative system for exhibiting and rearing Broad‐mantle squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana at Miyajima Aquarium
Authors: YAMASHITA KINJI
Published: December 2007

Squid are popular exhibit animals but have been bred comparatively rarely in aquariums. A method of displaying and rearing the Broad‐mantle squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana has been developed at Miyajima Aquarium. The construction of the exhibition tank and the successful rearing to maturity of eggs collected from the wild are described.
Preliminary observations on the reproductive biology of ornamental cleaner prawns Stenopus hispidus Lysmata amboinensis Lysmata debelius
Authors: FLETCHER D. J. , KÖTTER I. , WUNSCH M. , YASIR I.
Published: December 2007

Preliminary data are presented detailing the reproductive biology and culture requirements of three species of tropical prawn. Stenopus hispidus, Lysmata amboinensis and Lysmata debelius are commercially important to the ornamental aquarium trade and are targeted by collectors. Collection of these Crustacea can involve direct damage to coral reefs apart from the potential negative impact on the coral reef ecology. The present findings demonstrate that these prawns may be cultured using standard techniques developed for the commercial penaeid industry.
Advisory logos for pet‐trade fishes in public aquariums
Authors: MARLIAVE JEFFREY , MULLIGAN MICHAEL , ANDREWS CHRISTOPHER
Published: December 2007

As members of the Marine Fishes Taxon Advisory Group, three institutions, Vancouver Aquarium, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, and National Aquarium in Baltimore, have developed trial logos to advise visitors to public aquariums on the suitability of fishes for home aquariums. The objectives of the logos are explained and sample texts in use at the aquariums are given. The results of surveys on the reaction of visitors and pet keepers are briefly reported.
An easy and effective device for breeding anemone fish Amphiprion spp at Stuttgart Zoo Aquarium
Authors: FRITZ UWE , KAISER KURT , SCHIERLE SYLVIA
Published: December 2007

Although the Aquarium at Stuttgart Zoo has bred and exhibited young anemone fishes Amphiprion spp for over 25 years, one of the problems of breeding marine fishes, the sensitivity of the larvae of some species to changes in water quality, remained. In 1989 the Aquarium developed a breeding tank which provides a simple method of separating newly hatched larvae from the breeding pair while maintaining the same water system in both sections of the tank.
Management of Giant tortoises Geochelone elephantopus and Geochelone gigantean at Zurich Zoological Gardens
Authors: CASARES M. , HONEGGER R. E. , RUBEL A.
Published: December 2007

At Zurich Zoological Gardens 3.1 Geochelone elephantopus and 2.4 G. gigantea are maintained in an enclosure comprised of a 400 m2outdoor area, which contains a shelter with a heated floor to which the tortoises have constant access, and an adjacent 65 m2indoor house with a partially heated floor, where the temperature reaches 30oC. In 1984 the diet offered was adjusted to a lower protein, higher fibre composition after one animal died from chronic kidney disease and visceral gout. No eggs have been produced by G. gigantea while maintained at the Zoo because the ♀ have failed to ovulate which may be an indicator of unfavourable environmental conditions, such as low ambient temperatures. Since 1989 six G. elephantopus have hatched at the Zoo. Details
A review of social parameters which influence breeding Pithecia pithecia in White‐faced saki in captivity
Authors: WATERS SIÂN S.
Published: December 2007

Information on reproductive parameters and social behaviour of the White‐faced saki Pithecia pithecia is limited and new data reported here will be useful for the long‐term management of the species and should prove useful to the maintenance of other more threatened pitheciines. A survey of 29 collections holding White‐faced sakis has revealed problems associated with their reproduction and mortality which suggest that young are possibly being removed from their natal groups earlier than separation would occur in the wild.
Growth and development of hand‐reared Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago
Authors: ROSENTHAL MARK A. , DUNN PAM
Published: December 2007

In 1991 2.1 Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus pups were born at Lincoln Park Zoo. Because of high i infant mortality in mother‐reared pups the Maned wolf Species Survival Program recommends that offspring are removed for hand‐rearing (Rodden, 1995).] This paper documents the formula, feeding technique, weaning, housing, medical treatment and behavioural enrichment involved in the hand‐rearing of these three and a (J pup born 11 months later. Comparative data from other zoos are also 1 presented.
Untethered housing of Asian elephants Elephas maximus at Zurich Zoo
Authors: WIEDENMAYER CHRISTOPH , TANNER RUEDI
Published: December 2007

In 1994 Zurich Zoo initiated the development of a new management programme for their Asian elephants Elephas maximus. Previously elephants had been tethered by foot chains overnight, which imposed restrictions on some of their behaviour. Because the group was socially stable and a new barrier was designed and utilized, the elephants could be untethered and allowed to move freely within their enclosure. The effects of untethering are described and discussed against the background of the existing debate about the two contrasting methods of elephant care, ‘free contact’ and ‘protected contact’.
Inbreeding in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis
Authors: BAUR BRUNO , STUDER PETER
Published: December 2007

Since the 1950s the Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis has bred successfully in captivity. An analysis of the international studbook has revealed a high incidence of inbreeding in some captive populations. This paper discusses the effects of inbreeding in relation to other factors, such as parity, birth weight and gestation length, and calls for the introduction of an international co‐operative breeding programme to minimize inbreeding and to maintain genetic diversity within the captive population.
Hand‐feeding a Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis calf at Dvur Kralove Zoo
Authors: VÁHALA J. , VONDRA Z. , KOBER M. , PETRžÍLEK P.
Published: December 2007

In December 1992 a Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis was born to a 22‐year‐old ± at Dvur Kralove Zoo. Because this was her first calf and she appeared to have an under‐developed udder, preparations were made for hand‐rearing. The tolerant behaviour of the dam allowed us to hand‐feed the calf which remained with its mother until weaning at 15 months. This paper describes the feeding formula, feeding technique and veterinary care involved.
Breeding the White‐lipped peccary Tayassu pecari at Berlin Zoological Garden
Authors: FRÄDRICH HANS
Published: December 2007

The White‐lipped peccary Tayassu pecari is hardy and breeds well in zoos. At Berlin Zoological Garden a founder group of 1.4 imported between 1979 and 1985 has bred successfully and by August 1994 has resulted in a living population of 38 animals, housed at a number of European Zoos. Data have been obtained on age at sexual maturity, annual distribution of births, gestation period, litter size, sex ratio at birth, juvenile mortality and interbirth intervals.
An overview of small felid hand‐rearing techniques and a case study for Mexican margay Leopardus wiedii glaucula at the Zoological Society of San Diego
Authors: EDWARDS MARK S. , HAWES JANET
Published: December 2007

Although parental rearing of young is preferred, occasionally it is necessary to hand‐rear animals to ensure their immediate health and long‐term well‐being. The hand‐rearing techniques used at San Diego Zoo have been developed over 25 years. In May and October 1995 0.2 Mexican margays Leopardus wiedii glaucula were hand‐reared at the Zoo. This paper documents the formula and feeding technique used. Details on the growth rate of the Mexican margays are compared to those of other felids.
Breeding and husbandry of the Margay Leopardus wiedii yucatanica at the Ridgeway Trust for Endangered Cats, Hastings
Authors: MANSARD PAT
Published: December 2007

The Ridgeway Trust for Endangered Cats obtained a young pair of confiscated wild‐caught Margays Leopardus wiedii yucatanica from Belize. Kittens have been born in 1994 and 1995 and although the first died, the second was mother‐reared to independence. Oestrous cycles, courtship, mating behaviour and the rearing of the infant are described. It is concluded that total privacy for the ♂ and young is an important factor for successful breeding of this species.
Management and husbandry of the Snow leopard Uncia uncial†
Authors: WHARTON DAN , MAINKA SUE A.
Published: December 2007

The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive‐management survey is also given.
Dispelling some common misconceptions about the keeping of felids in captivity
Authors: LAW G. , MACDONALD A. , REID A.
Published: December 2007

There are a number of management procedures that can be implemented in zoos which would create a more complex environment for felids and encourage them to achieve a more complete behavioural repertoire. Enclosure substrates and furnishings and the techniques used for offering food to captive cats all influence their psychological well‐being. This paper discusses some of the common misconceptions about cats in captivity and presents information about beneficial changes that have already been made in some institutions.
Feeding enrichment and behavioural changes in Canadian lynx Lynx Canadensis at Louisville Zoo
Authors: GILKISON JAMIE J. , WHITE BRENT C. , TAYLOR STEVE
Published: December 2007

A study at Louisville Zoo examined whether feeding enrichment significantly increased the level and diversity of activity in a 4 year‐old ♂ and a 15 year‐old ♀ Canadian lynx Lynx canadensis. Dead prey items, such as day‐old chicks, trout and mice, were hidden around the outdoor exhibit. Previously, these items were fed in the holding area with processed diet. Activity levels and enclosure use were recorded for a total of 37 hours under three feeding conditions: baseline data prior to the addition of the hidden prey; prey items offered on a daily basis; prey items offered only twice in one week. Follow‐up observations of behavioural changes were made 26 months later. The ♂ lynx showed a significant reduction in time spent sleeping and resting, particularly when the hidden prey was offered daily. Because a new 2 had been introduced by the time of the follow‐up observation it was not possible to assess the long‐term changes in the study ♂'s behaviour.
An overview of captive‐management programmes and regional collection planning for parrots
Authors: WILKINSON R.
Published: December 2007

Psittacines are kept widely in captivity in zoos and private aviculture, and although 130 of the c. 360 parrot species are threatened, international stud‐books are only maintained for a small number of these. Regional collection planning is well advanced in Australasia, North America and Europe with high‐level co‐ordinated breeding programmes and regional studbooks. A few regional studbooks are also maintained by zoos in Africa, Brazil and Japan. Within Australasia most programmes are for indigenous parrots and some are linked closely to species‐recovery projects involving local wildlife agencies. In Europe and North America the majority of breeding programmes and studbooks are for exotic species of larger macaws, cockatoos and amazons. Some of these breeding programmes in zoos assist field conservation through active fundraising and participation of staff in field projects. Zoos also support conservation projects for species not maintained at their institutions. The role that private aviculture may play in conservation breeding programmes is discussed.
Husbandry, breeding and hand‐rearing of Salmon‐crested cockatoo at Loro Parque Fundacion, Puerto de la Cruz
Authors: Moluccensis Cacatua , SWEENEY R. G.
Published: December 2007

The Salmon‐crested or Moluccan cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis is threatened in the wild and in 1993 an EEP (European Endangered Species Programme) was established for the species. Loro Parque Fundacion (LPF), Puerto de la Cruz, considers C. moluccensis a priority species for husbandry research and successful captive‐breeding was achieved there during the 1990s. Parent‐rearing has been successful for some pairs but artificial neonatal care has been necessary for a significant percentage of chicks. Husbandry guidelines developed at LPF for neonatal care of C. moluccensis are based upon the successful hand‐rearing of over 30 offspring from two pairs of problematic adults. The guidelines recommend parent‐rearing whenever possible but when hand‐rearing is necessary, every attempt should be made to minimize the risks of imprinting. The general management of adult birds, husbandry while breeding and guidelines for artificial neonatal care are described.
Breeding and hand‐rearing Pesquet's parrot at the Zoological Society of San Diego
Authors: Fulgidus Psittrichas , WITMAN P. , LEWINS E.
Published: December 2007

Pesquet's parrots Psittrichas fulgidus are rare in avi‐cultural collections and successful breeding is uncommon and usually off‐exhibit. At San Diego Zoo, however, two pairs of P. fulgidus which were on‐exhibit have bred successfully. In the 1980s a pair of wild‐caught adults nested in a natural palm log in their enclosure and eight chicks hatched from 17 eggs which were artificially incubated. In 1997 two hand‐reared adults nested in an artificial nestbox laying seven eggs all of which were removed for artificial incubation and two of which hatched. The chicks from both pairs were hand‐reared owing to the lack of parent‐rearing success in the past. A review of breeding history since 1988 at San Diego Zoo is given and the methods used for artificial incubation and hand‐rearing are described.
The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Hyacinth macaw from 1989 to 1998: Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
Authors: LÜCKER H. , PATZWAHL S.
Published: December 2007

In 1989 the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Hyacinth macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus was founded following concerns about the status of the wild population and the lack of breeding success in captivity. In 1993 management guidelines were developed and published, and these were revised in 1996 to bring them into line with EEP guidelines for other species. Problematic aspects of breeding, hand‐rearing and diet are discussed, and several detailed guidelines to facilitate successful breeding in captivity are given.
Parrot conservation and Loro Parque Fundacion, Puerto de la Cruz
Authors: WAUGH D. R.
Published: December 2007

Loro Parque Fundación (LPF), a non‐governmental organization created in 1994, maintains the largest parrot collection in the world and is a major supporter of international efforts to conserve threatened parrots and their habitats. The collection, comprising approximately 2750 specimens from 310 taxa, is an educational resource which also provides opportunities for research aimed at improving husbandry techniques. LPF supports field research projects designed to integrate the needs of both people and parrots through local community participation and education programmes and a number of these are described here. Data compiled from field research and captive populations are also used to facilitate production of global management plans. In addition, LPF supports research at other institutions into diseases which are a major threat to wild and captive birds: a diagnostic test for psittacine beak and feather disease and a vaccine against polyoma‐virus have already been developed by the Psittacine Disease Research Group, Georgia. The support provided for projects involving the zoo community, avi‐culturists, field researchers and local communities, as well as basic research is described here hiehliahtine the key role LPF plays in encouraging effective collaboration for conservation of parrots in their natural habitat.
Zoos and a century of change
Authors: KNOWLES J. M.
Published: December 2007

Over the last 100 years changes in life‐style expectations of the human population have brought about unprecedented demands on the Earth's resources. Over the same period responsible zoos have developed from menageries to satisfy the curiosity of the masses to conservation organizations with a greater sensitivity to the welfare of animals and an improved knowledge of animal husbandry. Cooperation and education are required to stem the flow of the growing extinction crisis now facing many populations of wild animals. A personal view of the role that zoos have played in addressing these challenges in the 20th century is presented here.
Zoo education: from formal school programmes to exhibit design and interpretation
Authors: ANDERSEN L. L.
Published: December 2007

In the past zoo education largely comprised the formal education of school groups but this concept has altered dramatically in the last 10–15 years as the role of zoos has changed. Zoo education now encompasses all visitors. The education department is often consulted on the design of new exhibits because enclosures need to provide an environment which is not only beneficial for the animals but also interesting and thought‐provoking for visitors. The use of signage, interpretative graphics, worksheets and presentations by staff increase awareness and knowledge for children and adults alike and result in a stimulating visit to the zoo. Education and interpretation will increasingly utilize modern information technology, allowing direct links to in situ conservation programmes which zoo visitors help to support. The principles behind zoo educationhnterpretation are described and examples of successful exhibits at Copenhagen and Bronx Zoos are provided.
Zoo legislation
Authors: COOPER M. E.
Published: December 2007

Many countries have legislation to regulate zoos that requires these institutions to be licensed and inspected. A European Union Directive also requires that zoos in member countries have conservation objectives. Although the form and content of zoo legislation are diverse, there are common elements and these are discussed. Zoo regulation is usually supported by written standards relating to species, exhibits and management.
Characteristics of a world‐class zoo or aquarium in the 21st century
Authors: HUTCHINS M. , SMITH B.
Published: December 2007

At the start of the 21st century modern zoos and aquariums are expected to contribute to the survival of the species they display, to educate the public, and to maintain the physical and psychological well‐being of the animals in their care. For the future, however, zoos and aquariums will have to be extraordinary in both quality and accomplishments. In this article the characteristics of a world‐class zoo or aquarium are described, ranging from organizational structure and philosophy, and staff recruitment and training, to animal care and husbandry, research, conservation, education and exhibit design. The importance of inter‐institutional co‐operation, technology, government affairs, marketing and development, and public relations are also discussed. In the future managers will have to take a more holistic approach to all these characteristics in order to achieve their core mission without losing sight of the primary objectives of the zoo or aquarium.
Food consumption and suckling in Killer whales
Authors: KASTELEIN R. A. , KERSHAW J. , BERGHOUT E. , WIEPKEMA P. R.
Published: December 2007

Between 1976 and 1996 food consumption and suckling in Killer whales Oscines orca maintained at Marineland Antibes, France, were studied. The food intake of the whales was still increasing at 20 years of age, when they were consuming c. 19 000 kg of fish per year. Wild Killer whales will expend more energy foraging than captive animals and probably eat more than 19 000 kg/year. A seasonal pattern of food consumption was observed in all the whales, although this may have been caused by seasonal changes in the feeding schedule. Data on the number of suckling bouts per 24 hours in the first 5–10 days after birth of 1.1 calves are presented, together with the body measurements of a 13 year‐old ♂.