bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-vitro Release and Stability Studies of Raloxifene Loaded Solid-Lipid Nanoparticle
Authors: Pant Navin Chandra , Juyal Vijay
Published: August 2021

Objective: Raloxifene HCl (RLX) show a low oral bioavailability (<2%) in human due to its poor solubility and extensive (>90%) first-pass metabolism. To overcome these limitations, the present investigation deals with the development of Compritol 888 ATO based optimized RLX-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) .

Methods: Compritol 888 ATO-based RLX-loaded optimized solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) were formulated using oil in water microemulsion method. Drug-excipients compatibility was confirmed through a powder X-ray diffraction study. The optimized SLN was characterized for particle size and drug release.

Results: Drug-excipients compatibility was confirmed powder X-ray diffraction study. As per the desirability function value (0.959) the optimized formulation has the size and EE of 168.97 nm and 93.14%. In-vitro study showed a sustained release of RLX from the optimized SLNs. The optimized formulation was found stable for 180 days.

Conclusion: The high biocompatibility, biodegradability, ability to protect drug in GIT and sustained release properties make SLNs an ideal candidate to resolve poor oral bioavailability challenges.
Disparities and Gaps in Breast Cancer Screening for Women Aged 40 to 49 Years
Authors: Gu Tianshu , Yuan Jing , White-Means Shelley , Li Minghui
Published: December 2024

This cross-sectional study analyzes factors associated with overdue or lack of mammogram screening among women aged 40 to 49 years.
Hypoxia‐guided treatment planning for lung cancer with dose painting by numbers
Authors: Li Yazhou , Ma Yuanyuan , Wu Jieyan , Zhang Hui , Cai Hongyi , Liu Xinguo , Li Qiang
Published: December 2024

Tumor hypoxia significantly impacts the efficacy of radiotherapy. Recent developments in the technique of dose painting by numbers (DPBN) promise to improve the tumor control probability (TCP) in conventional radiotherapy for hypoxic cancer. The study initially combined the DPBN method with hypoxia‐guided dose distribution optimization to overcome hypoxia for lung cancers and evaluated the effectiveness and appropriateness for clinical use of the DPBN plans. 18F‐FMISO PET‐CT scans from 13 lung cancer patients were retrospectively employed in our study to make hypoxia‐guided radiotherapy. In the clinic, TCP and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) derived from the DPBN plans in comparison to conventional intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were evaluated. Additionally, in order to investigate the improved clinical suitability, the robustness of DPBN plans in response to potential patient positioning errors and radiation resistance variations throughout the treatment course was assessed. The DPBN approach, employing voxelized prescription doses, led to an average increase of 24.47% in TCP, alongside a reduction of 1.83% in NTCP, compared to the conventional radiotherapy treatment plans. Regarding the robustness of the DPBN plans, it was observed that positional uncertainties were limited to 2 mm and radiosensitivity deviations were within 4%. The lung NTCP showed a 0.05% increase when the isocenter was moved by 3 mm in any direction, suggesting that the DPBN plan meets clinical acceptability criteria. Our study has shown that the DPBN technique has significant potential as an innovative approach to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for lung cancer with hypoxic regions.
Substance use by teens stays low: MTF study
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2024

Adolescent substance use remains low, according to the most recent Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. Results released last week by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) show the fourth year of continued lowered levels for this age group.
An Experimental and Computational Framework to Investigate the Microstructural Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Pearlitic Steels
Authors: Bollineni Ravi Kiran , Mirzaeifar Reza , Ahmadian Mehdi , Li Ling
Published: December 2024

Fully pearlitic steels are essential in many demanding structural applications due to their exceptional mechanical properties. These superior mechanical properties are attributed to the microstructural features of pearlite. However, investigating these steels via entirely experimental approaches is both time‐consuming and costly, and only limited computational frameworks consider mesoscale plastic deformation of ferrite and cementite phases. This study introduces a comprehensive framework, integrating experimental and computational approaches, to scrutinize the impact of microstructural features on the mechanical behavior of pearlitic steels. Assigning specific plastic deformation and damage mechanics material models to the phases in the pearlite microstructure, along with calibrated parameters, enables a detailed investigation of the relationship between microstructure and mechanical behavior. Consistent with previous findings, the results show that a higher cementite volume fraction improves strength but diminishes failure strain, while increased interlamellar spacing correlates with reductions in both strength and fracture strain. Varying from random ferrite orientations to the [110] texture increases strength and reduces failure strain. These results validate the computational approach and reinforce the relationships between microstructural attributes and mechanical properties in pearlitic steels. Additionally, the study provides the basis for further computational material design that can enable tailored microstructures to achieve desired mechanical properties.
Optically Driven Dynamics of a Mott Insulator‐to‐Metal Transition
Authors: Rabinovich Ksenia S. , Yaresko Alexander N. , Dawson Robert D. , Krautloher Maximilian J. , Priessnitz Tim , Mathis Yves‐Laurent , Kirilyuk Andrei , Keimer Bernhard , Boris Alexander V.
Published: December 2024

Fundamental understanding and on‐demand control of correlation‐driven insulator‐to‐metal transitions (IMTs) via nonequilibrium drive are prime targets of current materials research, especially in view of a host of potential applications in a wide range of next‐generation quantum devices. Photoinduced switching between competing orders in correlated insulators requires a free‐energy landscape with nearly degenerate ground states, which is commonly reached in 3d‐electron materials through heavy doping, strain, or the application of static electric fields. The associated spatial inhomogeneity leads to a photoinduced phase transition (PIPT) that remains confined near the illuminated region. Here, optical spectroscopy experiments are reported within the hysteretic region at the first‐order IMT in the 4d‐electron compound Ca3(Ru0.99Ti0.01)2O7 and show that specific Ru interband transitions resonantly excited by light with a threshold fluence corresponding to the planar density of Ru atoms can trigger reversible, avalanche‐like coherent propagation of phase interfaces across the full extent of a macroscopic sample, in the absence of assisting external stimuli. Based on detailed comparison of spectroscopic data to density functional calculations, we attribute the extraordinary photo‐sensitivity of the IMT to an exceptionally shallow free‐energy landscape generated by the confluence of electron–electron and electron‐lattice interactions. These findings highlight Ca3(Ru0.99Ti0.01)2O7 as a powerful model system for building and testing a theory of Mott transition dynamics in the presence of strong electron‐lattice coupling and may pave the way toward nanoscale devices with quantum‐level photosensitivity.
Enhancing Near‐Room‐Temperature Thermoelectric Performance of n‐Type Mg3(Bi,Sb)2‐Based Materials through Induction Sintering and Mg Evaporation Control
Authors: Yang Jiawei , Zhao Shuang , Liu Xinyu , Chen Ling , Wu Li‐Ming
Published: December 2024

n‐type Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 is a newly developed high‐performance thermoelectric material with significant potential for use in next‐generation thermoelectric coolers (TECs) at room temperature. However, its electrical transport properties, sensitive to magnesium content and high vapor pressure, pose challenges for manufacturing. Herein, using the finite element method, it is demonstrated that reducing the effective specific surface area suppresses magnesium evaporation. Increasing the thickness of the Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 pellet (φ = 12.7 mm) from 3 to 10 mm reduces evaporation by approximately 60%. Building on this, an induction sintering technique is employed, which extends sintering time at 1053 K, enabling the successful preparation of n‐type 0.25%‐Te‐doped Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 material. The as‐obtained Mg3.2Bi1.4975Sb0.5Te0.0025 material exhibits a thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) value of approximately 0.83 at room temperature, attributed to a 20‐fold increase in Hall mobility to lattice thermal conductivity ratio. The homemade seven‐pair module of n‐type Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 and commercial p‐type Bi2Te3 achieves a maximum temperature difference of 63.4 K at room temperature, one of the highest reported. These results reaffirm the superior performance of n‐type Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 and propose an economical approach to scalable production.
High Thermoelectric Performance and Energy Conversion in Hg‐doped GeTe
Authors: Guo Zhe , Wu Guangjie , Yuan Minhui , Li Hongtao , Tan Xiaojian , Cai Jianfeng , Zhang Zongwei , Shuai Jing , Liu Guoqiang , Jiang Jun
Published: December 2024

Due to the high intrinsic zT of≈1.0 by multi‐band valleys, GeTe‐based thermoelectric materials are promising for medium‐temperature applications. In this work, the extraordinary role of the new dopant Hg on the electro‐phonon transport of GeTe is comprehensively elucidated. According to the first‐principles calculations, Hg doping can effectively reduce the energy offset between light and heavy valence bands, and increase the density‐of‐states effective mass from 1.45 m0 to 2.58 m0. Experimentally, the (GeTe)1‐x(HgTe)x samples are demonstrated to possess an enhanced room‐temperature Seebeck coefficient from 30.3 to 59.9 µV K−1, plus an outstanding average power factor (300–773 K) of 28.8 µW cm−1 K−2. The Pb‐Bi codoping further optimizes the hole concentration and significantly suppresses the lattice thermal conductivity to 0.47 W m−1 K−1 by the induced various phonon scattering centers including dense point defects, grain boundaries, dislocations, and nano‐precipitates. Consequently, a high zTmax of 2.31 at 650 K and an average zTavg of 1.52 between 300 and 773 K are obtained in (Ge0.89Pb0.08Bi0.03Te)0.97(HgTe)0.03. Utilizing the optimized materials, achieving a high energy conversion efficiency of 10.8% at a temperature difference of 500 K in the fabricated 7‐pair thermoelectric module. This study clarifies the multiple benefits of Hg doping in GeTe‐based derivatives and provides a framework for designing high‐performance medium‐temperature thermoelectric materials.
Unlocking Interfacial Dynamics of Porous Electrode via Vertical‐Aligned Bismuth‐Nanosheet Decorating for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Yu Zihan , Jia Xiongjie , Gao Huan , Su Ruihang , Wang Xiaoyi , Zhao Tianshou , Jiang Haoran
Published: December 2024

Insufficient electrochemical activity and mass transport have been a longstanding issue hindering the development of high‐performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries. In this work, vertical‐aligned bismuth‐nanosheets that unlock interfacial dynamics with enhanced catalytic and transport properties are decorated on the electrode surface. The vertical‐aligned structures form highways to guide reactants transport from bulk solution to electrode surface, reducing transport resistance and optimizing active sites utilization. Meanwhile, the bismuth‐nanosheets, dominated by (012) planes with large amounts of unsaturated bismuth atoms, boost the number of electroactive sites and catalytic activity. Full‐cell EIS tests show that the charge transfer resistance and the finite diffusion resistance with prepared electrode are 49.4 and 47.7 mΩ cm−2, 71.3%, and 6.7% lower than those with traditional electrode. In full‐cell tests, the battery delivers a peak power density of 1340 mW cm−2 and achieves an energy efficiency of 85.8% at 200 mA cm−2, which is 4.4% higher than that with traditional electrodes. Remarkably, the battery can maintain an energy efficiency of 82.4% at 300 mA cm−2 and be stably cycled for over 2000 cycles with an only 0.0016% efficiency decay per cycle. This work paves a feasible platform to fabricate advanced electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
Highly Luminous Scintillating Nanocomposites Enable Ultrafast Time Coincidence Resolution for γ‐rays Detection with Heterostructured Multilayer Scintillators
Authors: Sala Matteo , Orfano Matteo , Secchi Valeria , Mattei Ilaria , Pianta Nicolò , Zabloudil Vojtech , Lowis Carsten , Kučerková Romana , Nikl Martin , Meinardi Francesco , Auffray Etiennette , Villa Irene , Monguzzi Angelo
Published: December 2024

Brighter fast scintillators are needed for advanced applications to acquire data with high signal‐to‐noise ratio in short time windows, like in the time‐of‐flight positron emission tomography (ToF‐PET) imaging technique for cancer. A new composite polymeric fast scintillator loaded with high‐density hafnium dioxide (HfO2, hafnia) nanoparticles is developed here to be used for detection of the 511 keV γ‐rays employed in ToF‐PET. By a fine tuning and engineering of the electronic properties of its components, namely the polymeric matrix, the dense nanoparticles and the embedded fluorescent dye, a highly luminous polymeric scintillating nanocomposite is realized, showing an unprecedented scintillation efficiency for plastic materials and nanosecond‐scaled scintillation decay. Nanocomposite films are then coupled to dense bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12, BGO) crystal sheets to fabricate an heterostructured multilayer scintillator as a prototype pixel for ToF‐PET scanners. Thanks to the nanocomposite high scintillation efficiency, the prototype detector shows an ultrafast time resolution of 115 ps for 511 keV γ‐rays detection, actually limited by the non‐optimal light transport properties in the pixel and by the sensitivity of the employed photodetector.
Nanoelectrode‐Mediated Extracellular Electrical Stimulation Directing Dopaminergic Neuronal Differentiation of Stem Cells for Improved Parkinson's Disease Therapy
Authors: Wang Liang , Yao Yuan , Xie Bojun , Lei Ming , Li Yiwei , Shi Jiaming , Yu Liyang , Zhou Wenjuan , Sang Yuanhua , Kong Liang , Liu Hong , Qiu Jichuan
Published: December 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons. Neural‐stem‐cell (NSC)‐based therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of PD but its therapeutic performance is limited by low efficiency of differentiation of NSCs to dopaminergic neurons. Although electrical stimulation can promote neuronal differentiation, it is not verified whether it can induce the NSCs to specifically differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Meanwhile, it is a great challenge to precisely apply electrical stimulation to dynamically migrating NSCs after transplantation. Here, electrochemically exfoliated graphene nanosheets are designed to anchor to the membrane of NSCs to serve as wireless nanoelectrodes. After anchoring to the cell membrane, these nanoelectrodes are able to migrate together with the cells and precisely apply extracellular electrical stimulation to the receptors or ion transport channels on the membrane of transplanted cells under alternating magnetic field. The nanoelectrode‐mediated electrical stimulation induces 38.46% of the NSCs to specifically differentiate into dopaminergic neurons, while the percentage is only 5.82% for NSCs without the nanoelectrode stimulation. Transplantation of NSCs anchored with the nanoelectrodes effectively improves the recovery of the motor and memory ability of PD mice under alternating magnetic field within 2 weeks.
Novel Selectivity: Target of Gas Sensing Defined by Behavior
Authors: Miao Lei , Song Peng , Xue Yibei , Hou Zhufeng , Hasegawa Takuya , Okawa Ayahisa , Goto Tomoyo , Seo Yeongjun , Maezono Ryo , Sekino Tohru , Yin Shu
Published: December 2024

Traditional selectivity of gas sensors determined by the magnitude of the response value has significant limitations. The distinctive inversion sensing behavior not only defies the traditional sensing theory but also provides insight into defining selectivity. Herein, the novel definition of selectivity is established in a study with VO2(M1). The sensing behavior of VO2(M1) is investigated after its synthesis conditions optimization by machine learning. In gases of the same nature, VO2(M1) shows remarkably selective for NH3 marked with unique resistance increase behavior. Such anomalous behavior is attributed to the formation of the Schottky junction between VO2(M1) and the electrode. The “work function‐electron affinity” relation is summarized as the selectivity coefficient, a parameter for predicting the selectivity of the sensing material effectively.
Self‐Adaptive Zwitterionic Polysilazane Coatings with Mechanical Robustness, High Transparency, and Broad‐Spectrum Antiadhesion Properties
Authors: Huang Yinjie , Zhang Zhenqiang , Zhang Bin , Ma Chunfeng , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: December 2024

Antiadhesive coatings have been extensively studied owing to their wide applications in biology, environment, and energy. However, developing a mechanically robust coating with broad‐spectrum antiadhesion properties remains challenging. Herein, a novel strategy for preparing hard yet flexible and self‐adaptive zwitterionic polysilazane coatings with broad‐spectrum antiadhesion properties (anti‐biofouling, anti‐liquid adhesion, and anti‐scaling) is proposed. The coatings are prepared by combining polysilazane with a telomer (FT) consisting of a low‐surface‐energy fluorine motif and hydrolysis‐induced zwitterions. Before Si─OH generation in polysilazane, the fluorine motif drives the zwitterionic precursor to enrich on the surface, generating a zwitterionic layer following pre‐hydrolysis. This unique design prevents the coatings from swelling in water, allowing them to adapt to diverse environments. The fluorine motif can orient toward the surface of air, providing anti‐liquid adhesion capabilities, whereas the zwitterions orient underwater to endow anti‐biofouling, anti‐liquid adhesion, and anti‐scaling capabilities. The highly cross‐linked network toughened by FT contributes to the high hardness (up to 7H) and good flexibility of the coating. The chemical bonding between the coating and substrates ensures their strong adhesion (≈2.06–7.67 MPa). This study contributes to the design of mechanically robust broad‐spectrum antiadhesive coatings applicable in marine industries, optical devices, pipeline transportation, and other fields.
Machine Learning in Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage Materials: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Zhou Panpan , Zhou Qianwen , Xiao Xuezhang , Fan Xiulin , Zou Yongjin , Sun Lixian , Jiang Jinghua , Song Dan , Chen Lixin
Published: December 2024

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a pioneering tool in advancing the research application of high‐performance solid‐state hydrogen storage materials (HSMs). This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art research of ML in resolving crucial issues such as low hydrogen storage capacity and unfavorable de‐/hydrogenation cycling conditions. First, the datasets, feature descriptors, and prevalent ML models tailored for HSMs are described. Specific examples include the successful application of ML in titanium‐based, rare‐earth‐based, solid solution, magnesium‐based, and complex HSMs, showcasing its role in exploiting composition–structure–property relationships and designing novel HSMs for specific applications. One of the representative ML works is the single‐phase Ti‐based HSM with superior cost‐effective and comprehensive properties, tailored to fuel cell hydrogen feeding system at ambient temperature and pressure through high‐throughput composition‐performance scanning. More importantly, this review also identifies and critically analyzes the key challenges faced by ML in this domain, including poor data quality and availability, and the balance between model interpretability and accuracy, together with feasible countermeasures suggested to ameliorate these problems. In summary, this work outlines a roadmap for enhancing ML's utilization in solid‐state hydrogen storage research, promoting more efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions.
A Normalizing Flow Based Validity‐Preserving Inverse‐Design Model for Nanoscale MOSFETs
Authors: Ashai Aasim , Badami Oves , Sarkar Biplab
Published: December 2024

A two‐stage inverse model for the design of gate‐all‐around nanowire metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is proposed in this article. The proposed model first validates the selection of output characteristics using a normalizing flow based generative model, and then predicts the device parameters corresponding to the valid output characteristics using a cascade of inverse and forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). This accurately captures any out‐of‐distribution datapoint in the output characteristics distribution and computes the device parameters through the inverse ANN, avoiding any conflicts created by non‐unique mappings. The two‐stage model instantly predicts possible device designs for a target output characteristic set without going for multiple iterations to arrive at a device‐design, highlighting the accuracy and robustness of the model.
RUNX2 Phase Separation Mediates Long‐Range Regulation Between Osteoporosis‐Susceptibility Variant and XCR1 to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Xin‐Hao , Peng Pai , Qiu Zi‐Han , Di Chen‐Xi , Chen Xiao‐Feng , Wang Nai‐Ning , Chen Fei , He Yin‐Wei , Liu Zhong‐Bo , Zhao Fan , Zhu Dong‐Li , Dong Shan‐Shan , Hu Shou‐Ye , Yang Zhi , Li Yi‐Ping , Guo Yan , Yang Tie‐Lin
Published: December 2024

GWASs have identified many loci associated with osteoporosis, but the underlying genetic regulatory mechanisms and the potential drug target need to be explored. Here, a new regulatory mechanism is found that a GWAS intergenic SNP (rs4683184) functions as an enhancer to influence the binding affinity of transcription factor RUNX2, whose phase separation can mediate the long‐range chromatin interaction between enhancer and target gene XCR1 (a member of the GPCR family), leading to changes of XCR1 expression and osteoblast differentiation. Bone‐targeting AAV of Xcr1 can improve bone formation in osteoporosis mice, suggesting that XCR1 can be a new susceptibility gene for osteoporosis. This study is the first to link non‐coding SNP with phase separation, providing a new insight into long‐range chromatin regulation mechanisms with susceptibility to complex diseases, and finding a potential target for the development of osteoporosis drugs and corresponding translational research.
Understanding Degradation and Enhancing Cycling Stability for High‐Voltage LiCoO2‐Based Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Wu Baolin , Chang Zhenghua , Chen Zhiqiang , Windmüller Anna , Tsai Chih‐Long , Qin Zhizhen , Danilov Dmitri L. , Zhou Lei , Daniel Davis Thomas , Schaps Kristian , Ahmed Jehad , Raijmakers Luc H. J. , Yu Shicheng , Tempel Hermann , Granwehr Josef , Chen Chunguang , Wei Yujie , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Notten Peter H. L.
Published: December 2024

Improving the energy density of Lithium (Li)‐ion batteries (LIBs) is vital in meeting the growing demand for high‐performance energy storage and conversion systems. Developing high‐voltage LIBs using high‐capacity and high‐voltage cathode materials is promising for enhancing energy density. However, conventional cathode and electrolyte materials face serious decomposition and structural degradation at high operating voltages. Herein, a dual‐salts electrolyte of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiFSI‐LiTFSI) is developed to improve the cycling stability of high‐voltage lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO)||Li batteries. Operando X‐ray diffraction analysis experiments are carried out to characterize the structural stability of cathode materials, suggesting a severe irreversible phase transformation at high voltage levels. Aging simulations, combined with experimental studies, suggest that a fast loss of active materials is mainly responsible for the capacity loss at high voltages. Carbon‐coated LCO cathodes are synthesized to mitigate cycling degradation. The designed LCO||Li cells exhibit a high‐capacity retention of over 85% after 400 cycles at 4 .7V. The present work provides a novel insight into understanding the degradation and enhancing the stability of high‐voltage LCO‐based Li‐metal batteries, thus facilitating their practical applications.
Lithium Kinetics in Ag–C Porous Interlayer in Reservoir‐Free Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Park Se Hwan , Naik Kaustubh G. , Vishnugopi Bairav S. , Mukherjee Partha P. , Hatzell Kelsey B.
Published: December 2024

Lithium reservoir‐free solid‐state batteries (SSBs) can potentially be energy‐dense alternatives to conventional lithium‐ion batteries. However, controlling the morphology and organization of lithium metal at a current collector remains a challenge and hampers the cycle lifetime of these types of batteries. Porous interlayers have the potential to guide uniform lithium plating and improve electrochemical performance. Factors such as stack pressure, interlayer composition, current density, and interlayer mechanical properties all influence lithium electrode kinetics. This study explores how these kinetic factors impact lithium movement through a porous silver–carbon (Ag‐C) interlayer, lithium electrodeposits morphology, and electrochemical performance. Silver nanoparticles in interlayer can facilitate the lithium movement and induce internal stress which contributes to void formation which impedes the lithium flow. Decreasing pore sizes in the interlayer can lead to creep enhancement and preferential formation of lithium metal at the current collector. Porosity‐driven creep enhancement is correlated with the formation of denser and uniform electrodes which enable greater reversible operation at lower pressures.
Irrigation management and biochar × mineral fertilization for improving rice yield and profitability
Authors: Muhindo Daniel , Lelei Joyce J. , Munyahali Wivine , Cizungu Landry , Kangela Alain , Bukombe Benjamin , Mwonga Samuel , Rewald Boris
Published: December 2024

Inefficient fertilizer management and increasing water scarcity are affecting rice yields and thus food security in Central African lowlands. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of biochar and mineral fertilizer application and irrigation regime on paddy rice growth, yield and profitability. A randomized complete block design with a split‐split plot arrangement and three replications was used at three field sites and for two consecutive seasons. The main plots consisted of two irrigation regimes, permanent flooding and alternate wetting and drying. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars TAI and AR2017105 were assigned to subplots. Six fertilization treatments were applied in sub‐subplots: control, rice husk biochar or manure‐charged biochar, each with and without mineral fertilizer. Alternate wetting and drying did not penalize yield. The combined use of biochar and mineral fertilizer increased paddy rice yield compared to fertilizer alone (+16%) and the control (+85%). The sole application of biochar, with or without manure, did increase yield in the first (+14%) but not in the second season compared to the unfertilized control. In both cropping seasons, the combined use of biochar and mineral fertilizer significantly increased the gross margin of paddy rice farming compared to the sole application of fertilizer. The combined application of biochar and mineral fertilizer under alternate wetting and drying can thus be recommended as a key climate‐smart agricultural practice to increase food security and the agronomic profitability of rice cropping in Central African lowlands and comparable rice growing areas worldwide.
Effect of solvents on furfural liquid‐phase hydrogenation and catalysts: A review
Authors: Zhang Jinxin , Zhang Heng , Wu Dongfang
Published: December 2024

Furfural (FFR) is one of the most important biomass derivatives, usually obtained by initial hydrolysis of xylose oligomers derived from hemicellulose to xylose and then acid catalyzed dehydration. The FFR liquid‐phase hydrogenation reaction conditions are mild, which is conducive to connecting with upstream chemicals. The solvent systems play a crucial role in the selectivity of target products and the sustainability of the reaction process in the catalytic hydrogenation of FFR to high value‐added chemicals. This work reviews various solvent systems (organic solvents, aqueous phase, supercritical CO2, and ionic liquids) used in the FFR hydrogenation. The functions, characteristics, and limitations of various solvents in FFR hydrogenation are discussed, and the interactions among solvents and FFR, reaction intermediates, and catalysts are summarized. This review can promote the development of FFR liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation systems and provide valuable references for improving the yield and sustainability of FFR hydrogenation to high value‐added chemicals.
Sodium Oxybate‐Treated Familial Myoclonus‐Dystonia Syndrome Due to Novel SGCE Variant
Authors: Alghamdi Malak Ali , Hamad Muddathir H. , Alghamdi Isra , Alghamdi Ghiada , Al‐Jelaify Muneera , Alshimemeri Sohaila , Hamed Hebattalah , Adly Nouran , Salih Mustafa A. , Almontashiri Naif A. , Bashiri Fahad A.
Published: December 2024

Myoclonus‐dystonia syndrome (MDS, OMIM #159900) is an autosomal‐dominant movement disorder caused by heterozygous variants in the epsilon sarcoglycan gene (SGCE) and characterized by a combination of myoclonic jerks, dystonia, and psychiatric comorbidities. Patients with MDS have a normal life expectancy with markedly reduced quality of life. Here, we report four family members diagnosed with MDS of variable severity due to a novel heterozygous splicing variant in SGCE (c.341‐2A>G), including a 13‐year‐old female who presented with disabling dystonic spasms, myoclonic jerks, and psychiatric symptoms. She had shown little or no response to several conventional MDS treatments. However, disabling axial dystonia was significantly improved by sodium oxybate (1 g, twice daily). Although there was less effect on myoclonus, sodium oxybate treatment significantly improved the overall quality of life at the 3‐years follow‐up. Clinical trials are warranted to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of sodium oxybate for MDS‐associated dystonia.
Ontogenetic Scaling of the Primate Middle Ear
Authors: Franklin Katheryn P. , Smith Timothy D. , DeLeon Valerie B.
Published: December 2024

The study of primate auditory morphology is a significant area of interest for comparative anatomists, given the phylogenetic relationships that link primate hearing and the morphology of these auditory structures. Extensive literature addresses the form‐to‐function relationship of the auditory system (outer, middle, and inner ear) in primates and, by extension, provides insight into the auditory system of extinct primates and even modern humans. We add to this literature by describing the ontogenetic trajectory of the middle ear cavity and ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes) due to their critical role in relaying auditory stimuli for interpretation. We examined middle ear morphology in neonatal primates and adult primates using a taxonomically broad sample. We focused primarily on nocturnal primate taxa (Daubentonia, Loris, Galago, Aotus, and Tarsier), which are underrepresented in the literature. However, we also included three diurnal taxa (Macaca, Lemur, and Saguinus). Using 3D Slicer, we visualized middle ear structures in three dimensions using conventional micro CT data informed by diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced CT (diceCT) data. We illustrated how spatial relationships between otic elements, such as the various epitympanic sinuses of the middle ear and the auditory ossicles, vary throughout ontogeny. Our major findings include that the central tympanic cavity scaled with negative allometry in all taxa and that the accessory cavities scaled with isometry or positive allometry in most taxa. Despite these changes in chamber size, the size of the ear ossicles remained relatively consistent through ontogeny in most taxa. We confirmed our expectation that anthropoids exhibit an increase in the complexity of accessory cavities throughout ontogeny, mirroring the exponential pneumatization of the face in anthropoids. These findings provide an ontogenetic perspective and reveal further functional complexities of the middle ear as a conduit for sound proliferation and as a pressure regulator.
Association between PaCO2 and outcomes in patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Kawakami Ayumi , Shibahashi Keita , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Hifumi Toru , Inoue Akihiko , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Kuroda Yasuhiro ,   the SAVE‐J II Study Group
Published: December 2024

Aim

The optimal arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between post‐resuscitation PaCO2 and neurological outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Study of Advanced Life Support for Ventricular Fibrillation with Extracorporeal Circulation in Japan, a multicenter registry study across 36 hospitals in Japan, including patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) admitted to intensive care units (ICU) after ECPR between 2013 and 2018. Good PaCO2 management status was defined as a PaCO2 value of 35–45 mmHg. We classified patients into four groups (poor–poor, poor–good, good–poor, and good–good) according to their PaCO2 management status upon admission at the ICU and the following day. The primary outcome was a favorable neurological outcome, defined as cerebral performance category 1 or 2, 30 days after cardiac arrest. The secondary outcome was survival 30 days after cardiac arrest.

Results

We classified 885 eligible patients into poor–poor (n = 361), poor–good (n = 231), good–poor (n = 155), and good–good (n = 138) groups. No significant association was observed between PaCO2 management and favorable 30‐day neurological outcomes. Compared with the poor–poor group, the poor–good, good–poor, and good–good groups had adjusted odds ratios of 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.52–1.44), 1.17 (0.65–2.05), and 0.95 (0.51–1.73), respectively. The 30‐day survival rates among the four groups did not differ significantly.

Conclusion

PaCO2 values were not significantly associated with 30‐day neurological outcomes or survival of patients with OHCA after ECPR.
Review of chemical characterization methods and data for compositional analysis of fruit wastes: current status and opportunities
Authors: Durán‐Aranguren Daniel D. , Posada John A. , Sierra Rocío , Mussatto Solange I.
Published: December 2024

Fruit waste (FW), mainly from agroindustry, is currently left behind in landfills despite its rich composition. The bioactive compounds (e.g., oils, polyphenols), carbohydrates, and lignin present in this biomass type require comprehensive characterization (i.e., identification and quantification) before they can be used as raw materials in biorefineries. This review collected information from scientific papers on FW compositional analysis methods and characterization data; the information needs to be compiled in a systematic, standardized, and comprehensive way to understand and quantify the true potential of FW as feedstocks for biorefineries. The information gathered in this review allowed us to identify the biomass fractions that could be valorized further depending on the kind of FW (peels, seeds, or seed vessels, and pomace or mixed residues). Fruit waste differs from conventional lignocellulosic biomass due to the presence of higher amounts (>5%) of extractives – pectin, and starch. This review describes current compositional analysis methodologies to identify possible strengths and weaknesses that could affect the adequate selection of valorization platforms. As no current methodology allows the composition of FW to be described thoroughly, this work identifies procedures applicable to biorefineries that use FW. Possible improvements are suggested to fill methodological gaps in the quantification of samples with large amounts of extractives and pectin. The standardization of methods for FW's quantification is fundamental for the adequate integration of different valorization platforms into biorefineries. It is essential to consider all the substances present in FW to exploit fully their potential for new value‐added molecules, including oils, polyphenols, and pectin.
Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots as an Eco‐Friendly Fluorescent Probe for Galantamine Analysis: Greenness Evaluation With Application to Pharmacokinetics Monitoring
Authors: Alosaimi Manal E. , Almalki Atiah H. , Abduljabbar Maram H. , Alnemari Reem M. , Alaqel Saleh I. , Serag Ahmed
Published: December 2024

In this study, the use of functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a fluorescent probe has been investigated for the quantitative determination of galantamine, a choline esterase inhibitor used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The GQDs exhibit a significant quenching in their fluorescence intensity upon interaction with galantamine allowing for sensitive and selective detection of the drug. This quenching process follows a dynamic pattern with a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and the concentration of galantamine. Several factors affecting the quenching process were investigated and optimized, including the concentration of GQDs, the pH of the solution, and the incubation time. The proposed probe exhibited excellent analytical performance with a linear range of 10–500 ng/mL, a limit of detection of 15 ng/mL, accuracy of 100.78 ± 0.698%, and intraday and interday precision of 0.742 and 1.369%, respectively. Furthermore, the GQDs‐based sensor exhibited good selectivity towards galantamine in the presence of potentially interfering substances. Another advantage of the GQDs‐based sensor is its greenness evaluation, as it offers a more environmentally friendly alternative compared to traditional methods. In addition, the GQDs‐based sensor was successfully applied to analyze galantamine in pharmaceutical samples and in vivo samples, demonstrating its potential for pharmacokinetics monitoring.
Wearable photobiomodulation halts thyroid cancer growth by leveraging thyroid photosensitivity
Authors: Zhao Changrui , Fu Kun , Tian Jiameng , Long Tian , Song Jianzhong , Chen Siyu , Liu Chang
Published: December 2024

With papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) rates rising significantly, concerns about conventional treatments like thyroidectomy and radiotherapy highlight the need for non‐invasive options. Our study explores photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which uses specific light wavelengths to evoke cellular responses in PTC treatment. Our research utilized a custom‐designed optical system to investigate PBMT, finding that blue light at a wavelength of 465 nm can safely and effectively inhibit the proliferation of the TPC‐1 PTC cell line by inducing cell cycle arrest. Additionally, we developed a wirelessly powered wearable PBMT device, which is equipped with an advanced light delivery system that ensures precise and consistent dosage. This device designed for optimal patient comfort, effectively suppressed tumor growth in mouse models without adverse effects. PBMT indicates thyroid tissue's light responsiveness as a non‐visual organ. Our study's innovative approach integrates the disciplines of oncology, biophysics, and medical device technology, thereby advancing the treatment paradigms for PTC. This interdisciplinary bridge not only highlights our groundbreaking findings but also paves the way for future research in cancer therapy and photomedicine.
Morphology of the sternoclavicular joint and its microanatomical changes in response to osteoarthritic degeneration
Authors: Mok Sophie , Almajed Yousef , Alomiery Abdulaziz , Soames Roger , Alashkham Abduelmenem
Published: December 2024

Although the sternoclavicular joint shares structural similarities with the knee and hip joints as a diarthrodial joint, its biomechanics differ significantly due to its non‐weight‐bearing nature. Nevertheless, it is subject to considerable loading, leading to increased susceptibility to osteoarthritis, a prevalent condition characterized by the degeneration of the joint's articular surfaces and fibrocartilaginous intra‐articular disc. The osteoarthritic degeneration of the fibrocartilaginous and cartilaginous surfaces of the sternoclavicular joint has been investigated, considering multiple factors. These include cell count, collagen alignment, surface fibrillation, cyst formation, and glycosaminoglycan content, with the findings deemed significant. However, current treatments for osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint tend to focus on symptom management rather than active prevention of disease progression. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, and morphological changes of the sternoclavicular joint during all stages of the osteoarthritic disease is essential for effective management to allow for maximum patient outcomes. This review explores the current literature on the anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint, starting with its structure and comparison to surrounding joints, biomechanics, and morphology, before considering the microanatomical changes that occur due to osteoarthritic degeneration. Early identification of osteoarthritic changes within this joint can enhance treatment and management outcomes before advancing joint degeneration, improving the quality of life for those affected.
Development and Validation of an MRI‐Based Radiomics Nomogram to Predict the Prognosis of De Novo Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Liu Wen‐Qi , Xue Yu‐Ting , Huang Xu‐Yun , Lin Bin , Li Xiao‐Dong , Ke Zhi‐Bin , Chen Dong‐Ning , Chen Jia‐Yin , Wei Yong , Zheng Qing‐Shui , Xue Xue‐Yi , Xu Ning
Published: December 2024

Objective

We aimed to develop and validate a nomogram based on MRI radiomics to predict overall survival (OS) for patients with de novo oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

A total of 165 patients with de novo oligometastatic PCa were included in the study (training cohort, n = 115; validating cohort, n = 50). Among them, MRI scans were conducted and T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences were collected for radiomics features along with their clinicopathological features. Radiological features were extracted from T2WI and ADC sequences for prostate tumors. Univariate Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) combined with 10‐fold cross‐validation were used to select the optimal features on each sequence. Then, a weighted radiomics score (Rad‐score) was generated and independent risk factors were obtained from univariate and multivariate Cox regressions to build the nomogram. Model performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and Rad‐score were included in the nomogram as independent risk factors for OS in de novo oligometastatic PCa patients. We found that the areas under the curves (AUCs) in the training cohort were 0.734, 0.851, and 0.773 for predicting OS at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. In the validating cohort, the AUCs were 0.703, 0.799, and 0.833 for predicting OS at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of the predictive nomogram was confirmed through the analysis of DCA and calibration curve analysis.

Conclusion

The MRI‐based nomogram incorporating Rad‐score and clinical data was developed to guide the OS assessment of oligometastatic PCa. This helps in understanding the prognosis and improves the shared decision‐making process.
Mechanoadaptive Bioelectronics for Deep Tissue Sensing
Authors: Ren Xueyang , Yuan Yuehui , Li Jianqing , Hu Benhui
Published: December 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Deep‐tissue physiological signals are critical for accurate disease diagnosis. Current clinical equipment, however, often falls short of enabling continuous, long‐term monitoring. Wearable and implantable flexible electronics offer a promising avenue for addressing this limitation, allowing in vivo signal collection and paving the way for early diagnosis and personalized treatment. A major challenge lies in ensuring that these devices seamlessly integrate with the diverse physiological microenvironments throughout the human body. Mechanoadaptive bioelectronics is emerging as a key solution to optimize signal acquisition and device robustness. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological characteristics of various organs and the types of signals they generate. Furthermore, it explores recent advancements in mechanoadaptive bioelectronics, systematically categorizes their strategies, and underscores their potential to revolutionize healthcare. Finally, we delve into the ongoing challenges in this field and highlight promising directions to advance the adaptability of bioelectronics further.

Key Scientists

In 2017, researchers developed an ionic skin with enhanced mechanical compatibility through strain‐hardening properties.[1] Three years later, a neural interface platform called the adaptive self‐healing electronic epineurium (A‐SEE) was reported.[2] This platform minimized stress on neural tissue by dynamically relaxing stress. In 2021, an adaptive hydrogel hybrid probe was developed for long‐term tracking of isolated neuroelectric activity, optogenetics, and behavioral studies of neural circuits. This probe also utilized hydration‐induced softening to minimize the foreign body response.[3] In the same year, a shape‐adaptive imager with a Kirigami design was proposed.[4] In the following year, a morphing electronic (MorphE) device was reported, which exhibited attractive viscoelasticity and minimal stress on the growing nerve during long‐term implantation.[5] In 2023, a standardized tissue‐electronic interface was developed, which can be implanted with minimally invasive cardiac procedures on a rapidly beating heart.[6] Recently, a needle‐like microfiber based on biphasic liquid metal was created. This microfiber can reach the target site simply by puncturing and enable multifunctional sensing.[7] At about the same time, a device amalgamated with living and synthetic components was developed for studying and treating inflammatory skin disease.[8] This device enables real‐time digital updates and potentially adaptive treatment of non‐resolving inflammation, which is enlightening for the new generation of adaptive bioelectronics.