bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization and application of electrophoretic mobility analysis of human red blood cells to study their in vitro stability, interaction with polycations and proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Grandfils Christian , Foresto Patricia , Riquelme Bibiana , Valverde Juana , Sondag‐Thull Danièle
Published: July 2007

Electrophoretic light scattering method has been considered to determine both the mean and polydispersity of electrophoretic mobility of normal human red blood cells. The final goal of our study was to optimize an in vitro test allowing us to investigate the interaction of xenobiotics, in particular polyelectrolytes, with blood cells. The feasibility of our method has been evaluated based on the reproducibility of our technique to analyze the native electrophoretic mobility of human RBCs, as well as their evolution in the presence of polycationic compounds, i.e. a natural polyamine, spermine, and a synthetic polycation, a polyethylenimine (PEI). Additionally, the follow‐up of the human RBCs electrophoretic mobility has been controlled after their incubation with neuraminidase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Biostability and biocompatibility of poly(ether)urethane containing gold or silver nanoparticles in a porcine model
Authors: Chih‐Wei Chou  , Shan‐hui Hsu  , Pey‐Hwa Wang
Published: July 2007

Nanocomposites from polyether‐type waterborne polyurethane (PU) incorporated with different amounts of gold nanoparticles (17.4–65 ppm) or silver nanoparticles (30.2–113 ppm) were prepared. Specifically, the nanocomposite containing 43.5 ppm of gold or 30.2 ppm of silver was previously found to possess the best thermal and mechanical properties. The enhanced biostability of the nanocomposite at the specific nanoparticle content was also observed in subcutaneous rats. The latter was probably related to the free radical scavenging ability of the nanocomposite shown in vitro. In this study, the in vivo biostability of the full series of these nanocomposites was assessed by porcine subcutaneous implantation for 19 days followed by microscopic examination and chemical characterization using attenuated total reflectance–infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR). The nanocomposite at 43.5 ppm of gold (“PU‐Au 43.5 ppm”) and that at 30.2 ppm of silver (“PU‐Ag 30.2 ppm”) exhibited superior biostability in pigs to those at higher or lower nanoparticle contents. In particular, evidence of oxidative chain scission and crosslinking of the surface was presented by ATR‐IR spectra in the explanted PU and nanocomposites other than PU‐Au 43.5 ppm and PU‐Ag 30.2 ppm. The extent of biodegradation and that of foreign body reactions were highly associated in these nanocomposites, both of which showing negative correlation with the free radical scavenging ability. The interdependency among antioxidation/biostability/biocompatibility of PU was demonstrated in this porcine model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Interfacial assembly of bioinspired nanostructures mediated by supersensitive crystals
Authors: Toda Yuriko , Shibata Yo , Kataoka Yu , Kawawa Tadaharu , Miyazaki Takashi
Published: July 2007

Laboratory‐designed biocomposites structured by organic matrices impregnated with oriented biominerals have been significantly progressed by mimicking biological processes, although several problems associated with their formulation or antigenicity remain to be solved. Here, we describe a new strategy for the formulation of bioinspired nanostructures that involves spontaneous mediation by cooperative interactions between inorganic nanocrystals and host cells without the complex procedures required for laboratory‐designed biocomposites. In the present study, osteoblastic cells were cultured on hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate nanocrystals prepared by discharging in electrolytes. Specifically, a high level of assembly of collagenous proteins associated with cell proliferation was achieved on nanoscale β‐tricalcium phosphate crystals by catalysis of polyphosphate chains produced during cell culture. Furthermore, a spatial structure that was practically composed of natural biocomposites found in bone and teeth was obtained on the nanocrystals due to increased cross‐linking between inorganic molecules and biomolecules. Suggestions for the spontaneous formulation of bioinspired nanostructures in a living body mediated by inorganic biomaterials are also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Influence of collagen‐fibril‐based coatings containing decorin and biglycan on osteoblast behavior
Authors: Douglas Timothy , Hempel Ute , Mietrach Carolin , Viola Manuela , Vigetti Davide , Heinemann Sascha , Bierbaum Susanne , Scharnweber Dieter , Worch Hartmut
Published: July 2007

Collagen is used as a scaffold material for tissue engineering as well as a coating material for implants with a view to enhancing osseointegration by mimicry of the bone extracellular matrix in vivo. The biomimicry strategy can be taken further by incorporating the small leucine‐rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) decorin and biglycan, which are expressed in bone. Both bind to fibrils during fibrillogenesis in vitro. In this study, the ability of collagen types I, II, and III to bind decorin and biglycan was compared. Collagen type II bound significantly more SLRPs in fibrils than collagen I and III, with more biglycan than decorin bound by all three collagen types. Therefore, type II fibrils with bound decorin or biglycan or neither were used to coat titanium surfaces. Bioavailability of SLRPs was confirmed by direct ELISA after SLRP biotinilation. The in vitro behavior of osteoblasts from rat calvaria (rOs) and human knee (hOs) cultured on different surfaces was compared. Proliferation and collagen synthesis were determined. Also, the influence of SLRPs on the formation of focal adhesions by rO was investigated. Biglycan enhanced the formation of focal adhesions after 2 and 24 h. Decorin and biglycan affected rO and hO proliferation and collagen synthesis differently. Biglycan stimulated hO proliferation significantly but had no effect on rO proliferation, and also inhibited rO collagen synthesis significantly while not affecting hO collagen synthesis. Decorin promoted hO proliferation slightly but did not influence rO proliferation. The results could be relevant when designing implant coatings or tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Facile preparation of leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 containing carbon‐13 and nitrogen‐15 for quantification of cysteinyl leukotrienes by mass spectrometry
Authors: Ghomashchi Farideh , Bollinger James G. , Gelb Michael H.
Published: July 2007

With the recent ability to use combined liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to analyze for several eicosanoids in biological samples in a single and rapid experiment, heavy isotope‐labeled eicosanoids are needed as internal standards in order to quantify eicosanoid analytes. The present study describes a practical preparation of cysteinyl leukotrienes (leukotriene C4, D4 and E4) with three 13C atoms and one 15N atom in the cysteinyl residue. The method involves solid‐phase peptide synthesis to make glutathione with heavy isotopes in the cysteinyl residue and reaction of this tripeptide with commercially available leukotriene A4 methyl ester to give labeled leukotriene C4 methyl ester, which is hydrolyzed to labeled leukotriene C4. Labeled leukotriene E4 is prepared in the same way with the use of labeled cysteine. Labeled leukotriene D4 is prepared by treatment of labeled leukotriene C4 with commercially available γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase in diazepam binding inhibitor expression by sustained morphine exposure is mediated via μ‐opioid receptors in primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical neurons
Authors: Shibasaki Masahiro , Katsura Masashi , Torigoe Fumiko , Honda Takeshi , Sumimoto Ayaka , Tsujimura Atsushi , Ohkuma Seitaro
Published: July 2007

Our previous in vivo experiment demonstrates that chronic morphine treatment up‐regulates diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) transcripts in mouse cerebral cortex, although detailed mechanisms were unclear (Katsura et al. [1998] J. Neurochem. 71:2638–2641). This study sought to elucidate the precise mechanisms of DBI mRNA up‐regulation by long‐term treatment with morphine using primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical neurons. A significant increase in DBI mRNA was observed after sustained exposure to 0.3 μM morphine for 2 days, and the maximal expression occurred after 2 days of exposure, whereas transient exposure to 0.3 μM morphine for 15 min, 1 hr, and 3 hr produced no changes in the expression. Continuous exposure to DAMGO also significantly increased DBI mRNA expression, which was completely abolished by a selective antagonist of μ‐opioid receptors, β‐funaltrexamine (β‐FNA). The morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA expression and its content were completely inhibited by naloxone and β‐FNA, and the inhibitory potential of naloxonazine was about half that of β‐FNA. On the other hand, κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptor antagonists showed no effects on the morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA. In addition, both a calmodulin antagonist and a CaM II kinase inhibitor significantly suppressed the morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA. These results indicate that the increase in DBI expression is induced by continuous activation of μ‐opioid receptors but not of κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors and is regulated by the calcium/calmodulin‐related phosphorylation system. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concentration‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and molecular dynamic study of dimethyl formamide
Authors: Mishra Shivangi , Ojha Animesh K. , Singh Deepa , Prasad Rajeev R. , Srivastava Sunil K. , Singh Ranjan K.
Published: July 2007

A concentration‐dependent Raman study of dimethyl formamide (DMF) in Ag nanocolloidal solution was carried out in order to observe the effect of concentration on the surface enhancement mechanism. The Raman spectra in the region 900–2200 cm−1 comprising four prominent Raman modes were measured experimentally and analyzed at five different concentrations: 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 mM, and in neat DMF. In order to find the possible configurations of DMF + Ag complexes, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out taking one, three and five Ag atom clusters. The Raman spectra of unconjugated DMF, DMF + Ag and DMF + 3Ag complexes were calculated theoretically to assign the vibrational modes under consideration more accurately and to understand the wavenumber shift and change in intensity observed in experimental measurements. Water present in the colloidal solution may also conjugate with DMF and its complexes with Ag. In order to see the influence of water on the wavenumber shift and intensity changes, we have also obtained the optimized structures and Raman modes of DMF + water and DMF + water + Ag complexes. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical wavenumber shifts has been obtained by using B3LYP functional theory and CEP‐31G basis set for the DMF + Ag complex. The experimental results suggest that the SERS enhancement is concentration‐dependent. The concentration‐dependent linewidth shows the existence of the phenomena of motional narrowing and diffusion dynamics in the colloidal solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural impediments to strategic change in the technological enterprise
Authors: Brandon J. A.
Published: July 2007

The accepted model of three levels of technological integration is associated with levels of hierarchy in the modern modular enterprise. Particular difficulties are recognized where the boundaries of these levels coincide with the divisions between business units and the corporate centre.
The successful double turnaround of ASEA and ABB—twenty lessons
Authors: Brege Staffan , Brandes Ove
Published: July 2007

The double turnaround at ASEA and ABB is one of the most spectacular renewals of large and complex industrial firms in Europe during the last decade. However, we did not know that we had picked a winner when we started in‐depth, longitudinal studies of ASEA in 1982 and ABB in 1987. We consider the change of CEO as the starting point of the turnaround process which can be divided in five phases from retrenchment to international expansion. The lessons cover issues as the CEO's role, the initial situation, the climate for change, the turnaround process, the grand plan and learning. In comparison with earlier studies we have found that the deep involvement of CEO and the top management team in the implementation of the turnaround strategy is of decisive importance for success.
The European Community and the implications for United States banking industry
Authors: Lewis Alfred
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ramifications of the EC union on the US banking industry both in the US domestic environment and in the EC market. In the context of regulatory changes being imposed by the US government, the competitive posture of US banks is discussed. The future environment of the industry is also addressed in relation to the increasingly global nature of the industry.
Meeting business and management training and development needs through competency assessment
Authors: Tovey L. E. A.
Published: July 2007

Recent years have seen the development of a plethora of approaches to competency assessment. While many serve a purpose, it is arguably not that of meeting long‐term business objectives. In this article, I hope to dispel some of the confusion which has arisen and to strengthen the case for a strategic approach to competency assessment. I have begun with a comment on the development of the management training and development market in the UK, which leads into the inception of the concept of competency assessment in the UK. Linked to the comment on the development of the management training and development market is an explanation of why I believe a strategic approach to competency assessment is the only route to take if real business value is to be gained. An outline of the approach is given, explaining how the output can form the basis of an organization's human resource development strategy.
Assessing the performance of human resource management
Authors: Hiltrop Jean M. , Despres Charles
Published: July 2007

This article provides a review of the issues in measuring performance using non‐financial criteria.

It focuses on performance measures in Human Resource Management

Shows various approaches that can be used

Discusses the benchmarking approach

Concludes with an 8 point practical guide for action

.
The use of management buyouts as an aspect of corporate strategy in Britain
Authors: Boyle Emily
Published: July 2007

Management buyouts (MBOs) have become increasingly popular in Britain in recent years and although much has been written about the motivation of the acquiring managers‐entrepreneurs and the sources of finance for the buyouts the reasons behind the sale of the firms through this process have remained unexplored. In this article, the main reasons for MBOs taking place are considered. It is argued that where the MBO is of a division/SBU (Strategic Business Unit) from a surviving firm then it forms part of that firm's corporate strategy. The article examines the view that divisions/SBUs operating in declining industries and those that no longer fit into the firm's overall strategy are the most likely to be disposed of through MBOs. It also considers the extent to which the managements of the divesting firms are acting in a reactive or proactive way and illustrates the benefits of using MBOs proactively as part of corporate strategy.
Confucius on leadership
Authors: Platts M. J.
Published: July 2007

Sun Tzu's classic The Art of War, written nearly 2500 years ago, is reputedly the world's most widely read manual on strategic thinking. Using the language of military manoeuvres it in fact discusses the management of long‐term social and psychological growth. The Tao Tě Ching, attributed to Lao Tzu in the same period, is an equally classic guide to the long‐term responsibilities and influence of leadership. Their near contemporary, Confucius, frequently mentioned but equally rarely read in the West, completes a trio of writings containing a profound understanding of the nature of human development, which merits more attention than it gets.
Positioning a business school in the market
Authors: Trim Peter
Published: July 2007

Staff at a university business school can use a strategic marketing framework and a price‐quality matrix to establish a positioning strategy, which takes into account the strengths of the business school and the opportunities in the market. The opportunities can be classified as the untapped part‐time management executive Master of Business Administration (MBA) market and the corporate MBA market. The key to establishing an excellent relationship appears to be the ability for the provider of the product/service to identify adequately which type of client group to serve. The client group will have a number of needs and these can be classified as educational, consultancy and research related. A clearly defined strategy will help staff in a young and rapidly expanding university business school to establish an international centre of excellence.
Reaching the heart and mind of the customer: Japan's best practices in customer service
Authors: Turpin Dominique
Published: July 2007

What can we learn from the emphasis Japanese firms now place on the customer? Professor Turpin describes the seven golden rules of customer service in Japan

Corporate mission defined in terms of customer benefits.

Senior management commitment.

Make the right attitude a criterion for recruitment.

Train, train and retrain employees.

Communicate quality standards and measure results.

Use IT to improve customer satisfaction.

Exceed customer expectations.
The effect of external influences in the cross‐cultural negotiation process
Authors: Gulbro Robert , Herbig Paul A.
Published: July 2007

Internationalization, the buzzword of the eighties, has become the necessity for firms to survive in the nineties

Contact with foreign firms is a given for American businesses. With this contact comes the issue of cross‐cultural negotiations

How do American businesses prepare themselves and conduct such negotiations?

This paper examines the use of external agents, translators, bicultural brokers and renegotiating briefers/experts in the cross‐cultural negotiation process and looks at those factors which relate to success or failure in cross‐cultural negotiations.
Process strategies for turnaround change agents: Crisis and non‐crisis situations
Authors: Armenakis Achilles A. , Fredenberger William B.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the process strategies that turnaround change agents can use in facilitating change readiness, adoption and institutionalization. Examples of each strategy are taken from actual cases of such notable corporations as British Airways, Chrysler, GE, GM, Toyota, Whirlpool and Xerox. Strategies and tactics useful in facilitating change are discussed in terms of their appropriateness for crisis and non‐crisis situations.
Paradigm shifts in manufacturing ownership and leadership
Authors: Platts M. J.
Published: July 2007

This article contrasts two paradigms of how companies are viewed. One concentrates on the rights and emphasizes return on investment of those who own the business; the other sees a company as a partnership between capital and labour, serving a much wider purpose.

The author argues that the second, which has been termed by Sir Adrian Cadbury as the ‘Continental view’, is the more wholesome.
Closed or open? Four styles of employee communication
Authors: Caldwell Raymond
Published: July 2007

The article defines the fit between the strategies of involvement and commitment and employee communication styles.

Four employee communication styles are identified and described in detail.

The author argues that the organization may have to adopt more than one style to achieve its aims.
National renewal and strategic change—first lessons from an early mover in deregulation
Authors: Campbell‐Hunt Colin , Harper David A. , Hamilton Robert T.
Published: July 2007

The scope and pace of economic liberalization in New Zealand have been judged by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as the most extensive of any undertaken in a developed economy during the past decade. This paper reports on a project aimed at determining how and at what rate New Zealand businesses have adapted to this major deregulation of their commercial environment. We first describe the nature of reform in New Zealand, and then we develop a qualitative model of the adjustment processes set in motion by deregulation. The process of strategic adaptation is represented as a continuum comprising four stages: stability, survival, sharpbending and sustained adaptation. This model is embellished with evidence on actual changes that have been observed in New Zealand business since deregulation. We conclude that, after 8 years of substantial economic reform, the majority of businesses have not fully adapted to the new environment.
How successful intrapreneurs pilot firms through the turbulent 1990s
Authors: Lombriser Roman , Ansoff Igor
Published: July 2007

Success in the turbulent 1990s requires a new breed of general managers called intrapreneurs.

A successful intrapreneur combines three talents and skills:

an entrepreneur's ability to creatively visualize new strategies;

an organizational architect's skill in designing change‐seeking internal capabilities.

a charismatic leader's talent for piloting changes through resistance‐laden organizations.

This article is based on an empirical study of 30 top managers who transformed their business firms.
Performance management and the small firm: Dilemmas, tensions and paradoxes
Authors: Beaver Graham , Harris Lynette
Published: July 2007

Small firms are a major and growing provider of employment and are playing a vital role in economic regeneration.

The contribution of contemporary, relevant and focused management techniques to enhance competitive advantage is crucial, especially in performance management and reward systems.

The performance management systems of large organizations simply cannot be scaled down to fit the smaller enterprise which often exhibits a radically different management process and operating context.

The skills and abilities of managers are fundamental to the success of any performance management system. Consistency and clarity in both design and implementation are essential features.

Smaller enterprises need to be aware of the paradox of formalized performance management systems which may erode the flexibility, innovation and team working required for long‐term success and strategic health.
Developing competencies that drive business performance
Authors: Cannon Fred
Published: July 2007

The need to strengthen the link between business strategy and management development becomes critical in achieving strategic change.

The article shows how to replace managers' ‘learning by accident’ with ‘learning by experience’.

An argument is given for a strategic approach to competencies.

Against this background the author provides an explicit case history of how one multinational turned management development into a source of competitive advantage.

The focal point of the approach is business‐driven management development.
A model of excellence for total quality management: LETQMEX
Authors: Ho Samuel K. M. , Fung Christopher K. H.
Published: July 2007

In modern day business, it is well recognized that in order for companies to continue to survive and grow, the quality of their goods and services is of prime importance.

In contemporary management in the 90s, total quality management (TQM) is a proven approach for success. It is applicable to manufacturing, services and public sectors.

This paper explores what is so special about TQM and develops an excellence model based on some proven approaches adopted by the Japanese in particular. It looks at the current thinking and development of TQM. It discusses the relationship between continuous improvement and TQM.
Strategies of restructuring in East Central Europe: The example of Hungary
Authors: Papanek GÁBor
Published: July 2007

Hungary provides an example of the change at macro and micro levels that is ongoing in the former communist bloc countries of Central Europe.

This article shows how the structure of the economy changed over the period 1989–1993.

Provides evidence of the shrinking domestic market and decline in industrial performance.

Offers research on the factors that binder Hungarian companies from increasing production.

Gives a view of actions that have to be taken to improve competitiveness.
Manage the change or change the management? Guidelines for renewing, rewriting or breaking the organizational Contract
Authors: Boscheck Ralf
Published: July 2007

The paper applies some concepts of transaction cost economics to clarify the contractual context of change.

It is suggested that the contract perspective helps to make the underlying determinants of cooperation explicit, and therefore contributes to a systematic analysis of a range of change issues arising inside the firm, within supplierbuyer relationships, as well as across alliances and partnerships.

At the same time, the contract view sheds light on what it takes to manage, i.e. to effect, channel and adjust to change, and who and for what reason can ‘lead change’, and ‘motivate people’.

It also helps to clarify when the limits of change are reached, i.e. from which point onwards change cannot be accommodated by adjustable contracts but requires a change in contract partners or management.
Managerial preferences in international merger and acquisition partners
Authors: Cartwright Sue , Cooper Cary L. , Jordan Joseph
Published: July 2007

Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity is predominantly driven by a rational‐economic model.

A growing body of evidence suggests that M&A outcomes also depend on sociocultural dynamics, especially perceived cultural compatibility.

The issue of perceived cultural compatibility, and the emergence and acceptance of a new organizational culture and integrated managerial style are particularly critical to long‐term success.

When the M&A is performed at an international level, then the dynamics are complicated by differences in national cultures and associated managerial styles.

This article reports on a study to establish whether different national managerial groups (n=480) have similar/dissimilar attitudinal preferences towards strategic alliances with foreign partners. These preferences are then considered in the context of current patterns of actual activity.
Firm characteristics and industry influences as drivers of internationalization: An examination of US business responses to the new European Union
Authors: Fitzgerald Elizabeth M. , Veliyath Rajaram
Published: July 2007

This research examined the strategic responses of 70 US manufacturing firms to the European Community's unification movement.

In general, internal firm's characteristics such as competitive advantages, performance goals, and the firm's current presence in Europe significantly influenced the nature of strategic responses.

Surprisingly, external industry influences appeared somewhat ineffectual.

The findings contradict conventional wisdom that posits industry influences as being the primary drivers of internationalization.
Thoughts on organizational Utopia
Authors: Rada Juan F.
Published: July 2007

This article moves thinking beyond current organizational paradigms.

It provides a vision of what a learning organization should look like.

It examines the role that knowledge should play in organizational performance.

The intention is to stimulate thought and discussion.
My three mentors: Lessons for leading people
Authors: Drucker Peter F.
Published: July 2007

In a recent conversation, Peter Drucker shared some recollections about his earliest professional experiences and what he learned from them. More than 60 years later, these experiences still resonate—and offer enduring lessons for today's leaders.
In simplicitate veritas
Authors: Leach P. G. L.
Published: July 2007

The two paradigms of Mechanics, videlicet the Kepler Problem and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator, are renowned, each in its own way, for their beautiful mathematical and algebraic properties. We demonstrate that the free particle contains all of these properties and more and recall the relationship of the two paradigms to this most elementary problem of Mechanics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VC‐dimension on manifolds: a first approach
Authors: Ferri Massimo , Frosini Patrizio
Published: July 2007

The Vapnik–Chervonenkis‐dimension is an index of the capacity of a learning machine. It has been computed in several cases, but always in a Euclidean context. This paper extends the notion to classifiers acting in the more general environment of a manifold. General properties are proved, and some examples of simple classifiers on elementary manifolds are given. A large part of the research is directed toward a still open problem on product manifolds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of ligand–protein complex formation as reflected by saturation transfer difference NMR experiments
Authors: Groves Patrick , Kövér Katalin E. , André Sabine , Bandorowicz‐Pikula Joanna , Batta Gyula , Bruix Marta , Buchet René , Canales Angeles , Cañada F. Javier , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Laurents Douglas V. , Naranjo Jose R. , Palczewska Małgorzata , Pikula Slawomir , Rial Eduardo , Strzelecka‐Kiliszek Agnieszka , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús
Published: July 2007

We show that temperature is an important parameter for the sensitivity of saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy. A decreased intensity of STD signals is observed for lactose binding to growth‐regulatory galectin7 (p53‐induced gene 1), as well as for nucleotide binding to annexin A6, when the temperature is increased from 281 to 298–310 K. Opposite temperature effects on STD intensity are observed for S‐peptide binding to S‐protein to reconstitute RNase S. However, the STD signals for tryptophan binding to downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator of the human prodynorphin gene (DREAM)are relatively unaffected between 281 and 298 K. The known kinetics of the binding of ATP by the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondria (UCP1) predicted an observable STD at 310 K, but rapid sample degradation limits the experiments to much lower temperatures. Temperature strongly influences the kinetics and affinity constant of various types of complex formation and in so doing influences the observed STD effects. Therefore, temperature can be exploited to facilitate the optimization of STD‐based applications, and at the same time minimize the number of test samples. STD‐based screening protocols to detect new target‐specific compounds may yield a larger number of potential ligands if screened at various temperatures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadrature rules for triangular and tetrahedral elements with generalized functions
Authors: Holdych David J. , Noble David R. , Secor Robert B.
Published: July 2007

Quadrature rules are developed for exactly integrating products of polynomials and generalized functions over triangular and tetrahedral domains. These quadrature rules greatly simplify the implementation of finite element methods that involve integrals over volumes and interfaces that are not coincident with the element boundaries. Specifically, the integrands considered here consist of a quadratic polynomial multiplied by a Heaviside or Dirac delta function operating on a linear polynomial. This form allows for exact integration of expressions obtained from linear finite elements over domains and interfaces defined by a linear level set function. Exact quadrature rules are derived that involve fixed quadrature point locations with weights that depend continuously on the nodal level set values. Compared with methods involving explicit integration over subdomains,
the quadrature rules developed here accommodate degenerate interface geometries without any need for special consideration and provide analytical Jacobian information describing the dependence of the integrals on the nodal level set values. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated for a simple conduction problem with the Neumann and Robin‐type boundary conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correction of enzyme levels with allogeneic hematopoeitic progenitor cell transplantation in Niemann‐Pick type B
Authors: Schneiderman Jennifer , Thormann Kimberly , Charrow Joel , Kletzel Morris
Published: July 2007

Niemann‐Pick type B (NP) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder with variable phenotypes for which few patients have undergone hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation. We present an 18‐month old with NP type B who underwent two allogeneic HPC transplants from her HLA‐identical sister. Sphingomyelinase in the peripheral leucocytes and skin fibroblasts was absent at diagnosis. Engraftment failed following initial transplant; therefore a second with the same donor was performed. Engraftment since has been durable; all subsequent sphingomyelinase levels have been normal. Our experience indicates that HPC transplantation for patients with NP type B is feasible and beneficial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:987–989. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute intestinal pseudo‐obstruction after induction treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide
Authors: Park Jeong A , Yun Jong Hyung , Kang Hyoung Jin , Shin Hee Young , Ahn Hyo Seop
Published: July 2007

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an effective agent for the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We report a patient with intestinal pseudo‐obstruction, which occurred while treating relapsed APL with As2O3. A 6‐year‐old female with relapsed APL developed paralytic ileus, hyperleukocytosis, and a high fever while being treated with As2O3. Although As2O3 was discontinued and dexamethasone was administered, vomiting and abdominal distension worsened. An ileostomy was performed and diffuse patch‐like infiltrations on the bowel surface were noted. Pathologic findings revealed APL cells involving the entire intestinal layers. This case history suggests that As2O3 when used for reinduction therapy for APL may adversely affect the intestine and cause acute intestinal pseudo‐obstruction. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:872–874. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Freedom from the obligations of taxes
Authors: Canter Mackenzie
Published: July 2007

Exemption from federal income tax is a tremendous benefit. Freedom from the obligations of taxes is chief among the privileges accorded charitable and philanthropic organizations by federal, state, and local governments.
Advocacy and freedom of speech
Authors: Fitzgibbons Mark J.
Published: July 2007

Charitable and philanthropic organizations play a vital role in shaping the social, political, intellectual, legal, and moral landscape of our country. Few can argue that the costs of regulation impede the ability of charitable and philanthropic organizations to engage in meaningful advocacy.
Financial statements prove accountability
Authors: Williams Kenneth D.
Published: July 2007

Accounting standards affect bow charitable and philanthropic organizations' financial statements appear and ultimately bow Financial information is presented to members, volunteers, contributors, and the general public.
The demographics and experience of fundraisers
Authors: Tempel Eugene R. , Duronio Margaret A.
Published: July 2007

A survey describes typical fundraising professionals—their characteristics, histories, and attitudes—and examines four critical issues that challenge the evolution of fundraising to attain a more professional level.
Public character: Philanthropic fundraising and the claims of accountability
Authors: Pribbenow Paul
Published: July 2007

This chapter gives advice for fundraisers on responding to the pressures of a changing environment and focusing on the publics fundraisers serve.
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined [polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine)]n star‐block copolymers with poly(2‐vinylpyridine) corona blocks
Authors: Ji Haining , Sakellariou Georgios , Advincula Rigoberto C. , Smith Grant D. , Kilbey S. Michael , Dadmun Mark D. , Mays Jimmy W.
Published: July 2007

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of [polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine)]n star‐block copolymers with the poly(2‐vinylpyridine) blocks at the periphery. A two‐step living anionic polymerization method was used. Firstly, oligo(styryl)lithium grafted poly(divinylbenzene) cores were used as multifunctional initiators to initiate living anionic polymerization of styrene in benzene at room temperature. Secondly, vinylpyridine was polymerized at the periphery of these living (polystyrene)n stars in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. The resulting copolymers were characterized using size exclusion chromatography, multiangle laser light scattering, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3949–3955, 2007
Novel synthesis of biodegradable amphiphilic linear and star block copolymers based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Lemmouchi Yahia , Perry Michael C. , Amass Allan J. , Chakraborty Khirud , Schacht Etienne
Published: July 2007

Biodegradable, amphiphilic, diblock poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL‐b‐PEG), triblock poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL‐b‐PEG‐b‐PCL), and star shaped copolymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether or poly(ethylene glycol) or star poly(ethylene glycol) and potassium hexamethyldisilazide as a catalyst. Polymerizations were carried out in toluene at room temperature to yield monomodal polymers of controlled molecular weight. The chemical structure of the copolymers was investigated by 1H and 13C NMR. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by 13C NMR and DSC investigations. The effects of copolymer composition and molecular structure on the physical properties were investigated by GPC and DSC. For the same PCL chain length, the materials obtained in the case of linear copolymers are viscous whereas in the case of star copolymer solid materials are obtained with low Tg and Tm temperatures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3975–3985, 2007
Polyelectrolyte complexation between poly(methacrylic acid, sodium salt) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or poly[2‐(methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride]
Authors: Burke Nicholas A. D. , Mazumder M. A. Jafar , Hanna Mark , Stöver Harald D. H.
Published: July 2007

Polyelectrolyte complexes between poly(methacrylic acid, sodium salt) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) or poly[2‐(methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] (PMOETAC) form gels, liquid phases, or soluble complexes depending on charge ratio, total polymer loading, polymer molecular weight, and ionic strength. Increasing the ionic strength of the medium led most polyelectrolyte pairs to transition from gel through liquid complexes (complex coacervate) to soluble complexes. These transitions shift to higher ionic strengths for higher molecular weight polymers, as well as for PMOETAC compared to PDADMAC. The complex phases swelled with increasing polymer loading, ultimately merging with the supernatant phase at a critical polymer loading. The isolated liquid complex phases below and above this critical loading were temperature‐sensitive, showing cloud points followed by macroscopic phase separation upon heating. Incorporating 5 mol % lauryl methacrylate into the polyanion led to increased complex yield with PDADMAC, and increased resistance to ionic strength. In contrast, incorporating 30 mol % of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate into the polyanion led to decreased complex yield, and to lower resistance to ionic strength. Two polyelectrolyte systems that produced liquid complexes were used to encapsulate hydrophobic oils, and in one case were used to demonstrate the feasibility of crosslinking the resulting capsule walls. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4129–4143, 2007
Field tests of release, ignition, and explosion from silane cylinder valve and gas cabinet
Authors: Ngai Eugene Y. , Huang Kelvin Pai‐Ping , Chen Jenq‐Renn , Shen Chun‐Cheng , Tsai Hsiao‐Yun , Chen Shang‐Kay , Hu Shui‐Chin , Yeh Pao‐Yua , Liu Chun‐Der , Chang Yo‐Yu , Peng Deng‐Jr , Wu Hong‐Chun
Published: July 2007

This work presents field test results of silane releases from a cylinder valve into an open environment and into a gas cabinet. The following release tests were performed: (1) Leak from the valve outlet connector with and without a restrict flow orifice (RFO), (2) Leak directly from the two leak check holes of a capped Diameter Index Safety System (DISS) after the cylinder valve with and without a RFO, (3) Leak from cylinder valve stem retainer thread (via the loosened valve), and (4) High pressure releases from a 0.32‐ and 0.64‐cm tube into a ventilated single cylinder gas cabinet.

Release pressures varied from 120 psig to the full cylinder pressure of 1,250 psig. Both digital video and high speed cameras were used to record the ignition, pop, and explosion behavior. The results confirmed that the ignition behavior of a silane leak is strongly related to the release pressure, flow rate, aperture, and the exit environment.

This study has shown that silane leaks from a fully opened cylinder valve (without an RFO) or the loosened retainer thread will not autoignite while a silane leak from fully opened cylinder valve (with an RFO) or a loosened DISS cap with and without an RFO will ignite immediately even at full cylinder source pressures.

The RFO results show that the RFO increases the likelihood of the autoignition of the release, and significantly decreases release rate and the intensity of the flame. This information is important when designing systems and developing safe practices for handling silane cylinders in the semiconductor and thin‐film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) industries. The results also demonstrates safe cabinet ventilation rate to prevent explosions.

This article also includes a literature review of the most important research concerning the handling of silane. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
On Some Aspects of Variable Selection for Partial Least Squares Regression Models
Authors: Roy Partha Pratim , Roy Kunal
Published: July 2007

This paper tries to explore the optimum variable selection strategy for Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression using a model dataset of cytoprotection data. The compounds of the dataset were classified using K‐means clustering technique applied on standardized descriptor matrix and ten combinations of training and test sets were generated based on the obtained clusters. For a particular training set, PLS models were developed with a number of components optimized by leave‐one‐out Q2 and then the developed models were validated (externally) using the test set compounds. For each set, PLS model was initially constructed using all descriptors (variables). The variables having least standardized values of regression coefficients were deleted and the next model was developed with a reduced set of variables. These steps were performed several times until further reduction in number of variables did not improve Q2 value. In each case, statistical parameters like predictive R2 (R2pred), squared correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values with (r2) and without ($\rm{ r_0^{\rm{2}} }$) intercept and Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) were calculated from the test set compounds. In case of all ten sets, Q2 values steadily increase on deletion of variables while R2pred values do not show any specific trend. In no case, the highest Q2 and highest R2pred appear in the same trial, i.e., with the same combinations of variables. This suggests that from the viewpoint of external predictability, choice of variables for PLS based on Q2 value may not be optimum. Moreover, a clear separation of r2 and r02 curves in some sets suggests that such models may not be truly predictive in spite of acceptable R2pred values. Another observation is that coefficient of determination R2 for the training set is more immune to changes on deletion of variables than the validation parameters like Q2 and R2pred. Finally, a new parameter rm2 has been suggested to indicate external predictability of QSAR models.
Towards a reliable molecular mass determination of intact glycoproteins by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Giménez Estela , Benavente Fernando , Barbosa José , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria
Published: July 2007

Different matrices and sample‐matrix preparation procedures have been tested in order to study their influence on the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra of intact glycoproteins, which present different degrees of glycosylation (human transferrin; bovine fetuin; bovine α1‐acid‐glycoprotein; recombinant human erythropoietin; and the novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein). Using sinapinic acid (SA) and the fast evaporation method, the studied glycoproteins became susceptible to fragmentation at any laser intensity, suggesting that this ‘hot’ matrix is unsuitable for a reliable molecular mass determination of glycosylated compounds. In contrast, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and 6‐aza‐2‐thiothymine (ATT), with an adequate sample‐matrix preparation, provided improved results. Samples containing DHB after crystallization by vacuum drying demonstrated the best performance because the labile functional groups from the glycoforms were apparently fragmented to a lower extent. The average molecular masses obtained using this methodology were in all cases a better estimation than those values reported in the literature. The results were reproducible, and sensitivity was similar to that obtained with SA and the fast evaporation method. These excellent results suggest that this MALDI‐TOF‐MS methodology could be useful for an improved determination of the average molecular mass values of microheterogeneous compounds such as glycoproteins, glycosylated compounds or, in general, molecular mass values of molecules with similar labile functional groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐source decay of alkylated and functionalized polycyclic aromatic compounds
Authors: Frache Gilles , Krier Gabriel , Vernex‐Loset Lionel , Muller Jean‐François , Manuelli Pascal
Published: July 2007

Post‐source decay (PSD) is a valuable tool for providing structural information from large molecules by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). We used PSD to obtain this type of data from small molecules in the laser desorption/ionization (LDI) study of diesel engine exhaust particles. As the original nitrogen laser (λ = 337 nm, E = 3.5 eV/photon) of our TOF mass spectrometer does not yield sufficient energy to ionize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a second laser with a shorter wavelength has been coupled to the instrument. The fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 266 nm, 4.6 eV/photon) has been chosen to achieve two‐photon single‐step desorption/ionization of PAHs. The PSD fragmentation of functionalized, alkylated and sulfur PAHs is discussed. Diesel engine exhaust particles are also studied as an example of a real complex sample. This technique is presented herein as a way to identify small molecules in environmental samples. Information provided by LDI‐PSD‐TOFMS can be a way to distinguish pollutants with very close molecular weights even if the resolving power of a TOF mass spectrometer is not sufficient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.