bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Heav’n bess you, my Dear”
Authors: Anglemark Linnéa
Published: January 2019

TheEnglish and Swedish Drama Dialogue(ESDD) corpus is a sociopragmatically tagged corpus of English and Swedish drama texts from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Using this corpus, I investigated the use of the address termsFool, Dear, SirandBrother. The study focused on the contexts where these terms were found and traced diachronic usage patterns. The main questions asked in the investigation concerned, first, the speaker’s attitude towards the addressees when using the address phrases and whether attitudes connected with particular phrases changed over time; second, whether the phrases could be said to signal intimacy or distance between the interlocutors.
Vocabulary development in closely-related languages
Authors: Lindgren Josefin , Bohnacker Ute
Published: January 2019

This paper investigates vocabulary comprehension and production in 46 bilingual Swedish-German children age 4–6 growing up in Sweden. Using a newly developed tool, the Cross-linguistic Lexical Task (CLT, Haman, Łuniewska & Pomiechowska 2015), the children’s receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge of nouns and verbs is assessed in both their languages, compared to each other and over age. Performance on test items of different word types (nouns/verbs; cognates/non-cognates) is also explored. There are clear vocabulary gains with age for the majority language Swedish, but not for the minority (home) language German. Overall vocabulary scores are higher in Swedish than in German, but this difference only concerns verbs, not nouns. Cognate facilitation occurs both ways in these closely-related languages, but is stronger in the minority language German. We suggest that what at first sight looks like a noun advantage on the German CLT is largely an effect of Swedish/German cognate status.
Structure, mechanical and corrosion properties of extruded Mg-Nd-Zn, Mg-Y-Zn and Mg-Y-Nd alloys
Authors: Dvorský Drahomír , Kubásek Jiří , Voňavková Ilona , Vojtěch Dalibor
Published: January 2019

Rare earth elements are known to improve both mechanical and corrosion properties. However, it highly depends on the final microstructure conditions of prepared material. During extrusion, intermetallic phases may be redistributed, partially dissolved or on the contrary, precipitated. The knowledge of the impact of extrusion on the individual alloys is therefore essential for their application. In this work, three magnesium alloys (Mg-4Y-3RE, Mg-2Y-1Zn, Mg-3Nd-0.5Zn) were prepared by an extrusion process. Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties were compared with extruded pure Mg. The advantages and disadvantages of individual alloys are discussed. Based on the obtained results, the Mg-4Y-3RE alloy seems to exert the best mechanical and corrosion properties. Other materials were characterised with anisotropy of mechanical properties and much higher corrosion rate.
Metastable phase-assisted nucleation in a near-alpha titanium matrix composite with network architecture
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wang DongJun , Yuan ShiJian
Published: January 2019

The secondary alpha (αs) phase is an important component of a novel TiBw/TA15 composite with network architecture. In order to investigate the precipitation mechanism of the αs phase, the microstructure after multi-directional forging was characterised by EPMA, EBSD, and TEM. The results showed that several differently sized αs phases separated out from the (Mo and V)-enriched phase, which was composed of a nano-sized metastable omega phase along with some retained beta phase. It could be also found that the metastable omega phase would transform to the alpha phase when adequate activation energy was provided. The precipitation mechanism of the αs phase in this composite has been discussed in detail and it can be inferred as an omega-assisted heterogeneous nucleation process.

This paper is part of a thematic issue on Titanium.
Nutritional and bioactive compounds in dried tomato processing waste
Authors: Nour  , Panaite  , Ropota  , Turcu  , Trandafir  , Corbu
Published: January 2019

This research investigated the nutritional and antioxidant composition of tomato processing waste with the aim to enable the development of new alternatives for the recycling of this by-product. The samples of dried tomato waste were found to contain 176.2 g/kg protein, 21.9 g/kg
fat, 524.4 g/kg crude fiber and 42.1 g/kg ash. The essential amino acids represented 34.2% of total protein, the most abundant being leucine, followed by lysine and isoleucine. Unsaturated fatty acids represent 77.04% of the total fatty acids, linoleic being the major one. The results
confirmed that dried tomato wastes contain considerable amounts of lycopene (510.6 mg/kg) and β-carotene (95.6 mg/kg) and exhibited good antioxidant properties. Total phenolics showed average contents of 1229.5 mg GAE/kg, of which flavonoids accounted for 415.3 mg
QE/kg. Ellagic and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids while among flavonoids only rutin and myricetin were quantified.
Inhibiting neuraminidase can make the difference
Authors: Rappuoli Rino , Del Giudice Giuseppe
Published: January 2019

Immunogens inducing antibodies against the stem of influenza virus hemagglutinin are promising candidates for the development of universal vaccines. In this issue of JEM, Kosik et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181624) report that inhibition of neuraminidase by anti-stem antibodies contributes to their broadly neutralizing activity.
Chronotopes and Social Types in South Korean Digital Gaming
Authors: Rea Stephen C.
Published: January 2019

This article examines a South Korean cultural chronotope from the perspective of Korea’s world-renowned digital gaming culture, including its professional electronic sports (e-sports) scene and the experiences of amateur gamers in online gaming cafés (PC bang). My analysis centers on two of Korean digital gaming culture’s recognizable social types and the spatiotemporal qualities of their play: professional gamers and the quickness embodied in their e-sports performances; and a specific kind of amateur PC bang gamer who is more socially isolated and whose engagement with games is slow and repetitive. I argue that through their performances in digital games’ virtual and actual-world participation frameworks, gamers orient to these social types in ways that differentially construe their relationships to semiotic depictions of places, times, and personhoods. Thinking through these orientations and their spatial, temporal, and social qualities is critical to understanding chronotopic representations of contemporary Korea.
The Spatiotemporal Transformations of Lutheran Airplanes
Authors: Handman Courtney
Published: January 2019

Lutheran missionaries in pre–World War II colonial New Guinea transformed their mission when they became the first group to use “aviation for souls.” Transformations in modes of circulation (from muddy, dark paths through dense rainforests into fast, sun-filled flights above a mountainous landscape) depended upon the discursive organization of a set of different space-times—to use Nancy Munn’s term—so as to properly sacralize a mode of transportation that had until then been used almost exclusively in service of colonial resource extraction at the New Guinea gold fields. The mission prized movement and circulation as a Christian evangelistic practice in and of itself, in which the “message” and the process of its spread could be conflated. Yet this emphasis on circulation has been obscured by the almost exclusive attention within the anthropology of religion to evangelism as a form of agonistic comparison between Christianity and local culture and within linguistic anthropology to circulation as about type-token relations among texts.
Ragtime, Clockwork: Community Work, Mobility, and Chronotope Production in Amazonian Communities
Authors: Browne Ribeiro Anna
Published: January 2019

Inhabitants of Gurupá, a rural municipality in the Brazilian Amazon, routinely move between economic, social, and territorial systems that order community spheres, the Brazilian state apparatus, and global networks. Each of these comes encumbered with temporalities and spatialities that differentially parse space and time. Drawing upon my ethnographic fieldwork, I examine how chronotopes are made, and remade, in a place where community commitments are paramount. Through planning and calculation of urgency and priority, Gurupaenses make strategic choices to achieve calibration between Clockwork and community time. By waiting or leaving, hurrying or lingering, and by choosing the object, mode, and speed of motion, actors independently and communally “flex” time, constructing a Ragtime temporality in which some intervals are stretched and others compressed. In so doing, actors strategically navigate these theoretically incommensurable chronotopes, thus meeting immediate and long-term needs and attending to the social, economic, and political demands of both worlds.
Report on supplementary comparison COOMET.PR-S2: angle of rotation of plane of polarization
Authors: Vishnyakov G N , Fricke A , Parkhomenko N M , Przybylska J
Published: January 2019

The Supplementary Comparison COOMET.PR-S2 was carried out to ensure the correctness and comparability of angle of rotation of plane of polarization measured by the Participants of the comparison within the uncertainties claimed for their measuring facility.

COOMET.PR-S2 was conducted within the Regional Metrology Organization (RMO) "Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions" known as COOMET and has the RMO project number of 438/RU/08.

The Comparison was piloted by the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI). Four NMIs from two RMOs (COOMET and EURAMET) participated in the comparison.

This report describes the measurement results of three quartz control plates (QCP) with different value of optical rotations at the wavelength of He-Ne laser (632.8 nm).

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Polarimetry, angle of rotation of plane of polarization, quartz control plates, optical rotation

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Robustness in the instability of the incoherent state for the Kuramoto-Sakaguchi-Fokker-Planck equation with frustration
Authors: Ha Seung-Yeal , Lee Jaeseung , Zhang Yinglong
Published: January 2019

We study the robustness in the nonlinear instability of the incoherent state for the Kuramoto-Sakaguchi-Fokker-Planck (KS-FP for short) equation in the presence of frustrations. For this, we construct a new unstable mode for the corresponding linear part of the perturbation around the incoherent state, and we show that the nonlinear perturbation stays close to the unstable mode in some small time interval which depends on the initial size of the perturbations. Our instability results improve the previous results on the KS-FP with zero frustration [J. Stat. Phys. 160 (2015), pp. 477–496] by providing a new linear unstable mode and detailed energy estimates.
Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Weight Loss and Physical Activity Outcomes
Authors: Butryn Meghan L , Martinelli Mary K , Remmert Jocelyn E , Roberts Savannah R , Zhang Fengqing , Forman Evan M , Manasse Stephanie M
Published: January 2019

Background

Executive functioning, which is fundamental for carrying out goal-directed behaviors, may be an underappreciated predictor of outcomes in lifestyle modification programs for adults with obesity.

Purpose

This study tested the hypotheses that higher levels of baseline executive functioning would predict greater weight loss and physical activity after 6 months of behavioral treatment.

Methods

Participants (N = 320) were recruited from the community and provided with 16 treatment sessions. Executive functioning was measured with the tower task component of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). At months 0 and 6, weight was measured in the clinic and physical activity was measured with tri-axial accelerometers.

Results

Baseline D-KEFS achievement score, rule violations, and completion time significantly predicted weight loss at 6 months. For example, among participants without any rule violations (n = 162), weight loss averaged 11.0%, while those with rule violations (n = 158) averaged 8.7% weight loss. Rule violations also significantly predicted physical activity at 6 months. Among participants without any rule violations, physical activity at 6 months averaged 169.8 min/week, versus 127.2 min/week among those with rule violations.

Conclusions

Particular aspects of executive functioning may predict the relative ease or difficulty of changing eating and exercise-related behaviors, albeit with small effect sizes. This study is the first to our knowledge to detect a predictive relationship between components of executive functioning and objectively measured physical activity in adult lifestyle modification, and one of the first to predict weight loss in adults using an objective measure of executive functioning.

ClinicalTrials.gov registration number

NCT02363010
Factor Analysis of the Texas Functional Living Scale in an Outpatient Clinical Sample
Authors: Lowe Deborah A , Nguyen Christopher M , Copeland Christopher T , Linck John F
Published: January 2019

Objective

Prior factor analysis of the Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), a performance-based measure of functional abilities, in a military veteran sample supported four factors discrepant from the published subscales. This study analyzed TFLS factor structure in a non-veteran clinical sample.

Method

Two hundred seventy adult outpatients completed the TFLS during neuropsychological evaluation. Principal axis factor analysis with oblique promax rotation was conducted with age and education effects partialed out.

Results

Parallel analysis indicated five factors for extraction that accounted for a combined 48% of the variance. The first factor independently explained 26% of the total variance. Inspection of factor loadings suggested the following factor interpretations: complex calculations/time, complex visual search, praxis, memory, and basic calculations/math concepts. Five items did not significantly load onto any of the factors.

Conclusions

Current results did not entirely correspond to the published subscales or prior results in a veteran sample. Further clarification of the TFLS factor structure is warranted.
The expanding roles of APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factors and their potential applications in crop improvement
Authors: Srivastava Rajat , Kumar Rahul
Published: January 2019

Understanding the molecular basis of the gene-regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits or plant responses to abiotic/biotic stresses is very important for crop improvement. In this context, transcription factors, which either singularly or in conjugation directly control the expression of many target genes, are suitable candidates for improving agronomic traits via genetic engineering. In this regard, members of one of the largest class of plant-specific APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily, which is implicated in various aspects of development and plant stress adaptation responses, are considered high-value targets for crop improvement. Besides their long-known regulatory roles in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and submergence, the novel roles of AP2/ERFs during fruit ripening or secondary metabolites production have also recently emerged. The astounding functional plasticity of AP2/ERF members is considered to be achieved by their interplay with other regulatory networks and signalling pathways. In this review, we have integrated the recently accumulated evidence from functional genomics studies and described their newly emerged functions in plants. The key structural features of AP2/ERF proteins and the modes of their action are briefly summarized. The importance of AP2/ERFs in plant development and stress responses and a summary of the event of their successful applications in crop improvement programs are also provided. Altogether, we envisage that the synthesized information presented in this review will be useful to design effective strategies for improving agronomic traits in crop plants.
Modelling the Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Extended Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Treatment with Direct-acting Antivirals in a Swiss Custodial Setting
Authors: Girardin François , Hearmon Natalie , Castro Erika , Negro Francesco , Eddowes Lucy , Gétaz Laurent , Wolff Hans
Published: January 2019

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people living in detention (PLD) is typically high in many countries including Switzerland, where it is estimated that the HCV prevalence rate is between 5.7% and 6.2%. In Switzerland, the existing screening strategy involves routine screening of PLD who indicate they are from HCV high-risk populations based on questionnaire responses upon entry to the detention center, rather than an offer to screen all PLD.

Methods

A cost-effectiveness analysis from a Swiss healthcare provider perspective was conducted by combining a 5-year decision tree screening model with results from a Markov model of HCV treatment outcomes. This model explored the cost-effectiveness of increased HCV screening to cover all PLD compared to the current approach, using a standard test package and subsequent treatment with a single-tablet regimen in Swiss custodial settings. Sensitivity and scenario analyses examined the uncertainty of results.

Results

At the willingness-to-pay threshold of 100 000 Swiss Francs (CHF) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), comprehensive general screening was cost-effective compared to current risk-based screening, with a base case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CHF 14 312 per QALY. The net monetary benefit of screening the whole PLD population was CHF 23 298 046 and CHF 4298 per person. The proportion of PLD tested was predicted to increase from 13.6% to 67.0% under comprehensive screening.

Conclusion

The results showed that comprehensive screening strategies in detention centers in Switzerland can be cost-effective, with the probabilistic sensitivity analysis estimating an 82.3% probability of cost-effectiveness.
Comparison of the sustainability of mitral annular dynamics between two semi-rigid annuloplasty devices
Authors: Bouchez Stefaan , Timmermans Frank , Philipsen Tine , François Katrien , Bové Thierry
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVES

The choice of annuloplasty device is fundamental at the time of mitral valve repair, the goal being to optimally restore the physiological 3-dimensional (3D) structure and dynamics of the mitral annulus (MA). This study evaluated MA dynamics after annuloplasty with 2 different semi-rigid devices.

METHODS

Thirty-three patients eligible for mitral valve repair were selected for annuloplasty with the Physio II ring (Edwards Lifesciences, Irving, CA, USA) (n = 17) or the Memo 3D ring (LivaNova, Saluggia, Italy) (n = 16). MA dynamics were assessed with transoesophageal 3D echocardiography intraoperatively and 1 year after repair.

RESULTS

The postoperative changes in the anteroposterior diameter {3.7% [standard deviation (SD) 2.7] vs 1.9% [SD 1.3]; P = 0.013} and in the annular height [27.7% (SD 8.7) vs 18.0% (SD 13.9); P = 0.003] were significantly larger with the Memo 3D ring during the cardiac cycle. The restoration of the saddle shape at baseline was superior with the Physio II ring, defined by a larger systolic annular height-to-commissural width ratio [15.1% (SD 2.3) vs 7.1% (SD 2.4); P < 0.001]. These observations of MA dynamics were sustained after 1 year, shown by a greater anteroposterior extension [5.1% (SD 1.0) vs 1.7% (SD 1.6); P = 0.002] and change in annular height-to-commissural width ratio [15.7% (SD 12.7) vs 3.1% (SD 3.0); P = 0.020] for the Memo 3D ring. There were no significant differences in mitral valve function between the 2 devices.

CONCLUSIONS

The MA dynamics after annuloplasty with the Physio II and Memo 3D rings demonstrated a better systolic 3D restoration of the saddle shape with the Physio II ring, whereas the saddle-shaped geometry improved significantly with the Memo 3D ring, as a dynamic phenomenon. The Memo 3D ring also showed increased anteroposterior annular mobility and folding dynamics throughout the cardiac cycle. Moreover, the observed differences in MA dynamics between both devices appeared to be sustainable 1 year after ring implantation.
Foreign capital in 19th century Spain’s investment boom†
Authors: Prados De La Escosura Leandro
Published: January 2019

Spain’s investment boom (1850–1874) has been largely attributed to capital inflows. Sudrià challenged the consensus on the basis of Moro et al. capital balance estimates. Dishoarding of bullion and previous savings would have catered for an increasing investment demand. I argue that the empirical basis for Sudrià's claim is flawed. Moro et al. underestimated the net capital inflow and biased upwards the change in reserves. The current account deficit resulted from an inflow of capital that allowed investment to raise facilitating imports of capital goods and raw materials. Foreign capital contributed significantly to the investment boom.
The UN and Multilateralism under Siege in the “Age of Trump”
Authors: Weiss Thomas G
Published: January 2019

This essay poses two questions: “Would the World Be Better without the UN?” and “Would the World Be Better without Donald Trump?” The answers are “No” and “Yes.” It begins by discussing the UN’s value and continues by probing the historical context of U.S. approaches to multilateralism and Washington’s unhesitating leadership during World War II, an era as fraught as ours. It then analyzes the implications of the Trump Administration’s “America First” policy on the United Nations and considers the possibilities for concerted international action without Washington. It concludes by examining the odds that the world body can become fitter-for-purpose.
Systemic investigation of bone and muscle abnormalities in dystrophin/utrophin double knockout mice during postnatal development and the mechanisms
Authors: Gao Xueqin , Tang Ying , Amra Sarah , Sun Xuying , Cui Yan , Cheng Haizi , Wang Bing , Huard Johnny
Published: January 2019

The dystrophin−/−/utrophin−/−/ double knockout (dKO-Hom) mouse is a murine model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study investigated the bone and muscle abnormalities of dKO-Hom mouse and mechanisms. We collected bone and skeletal muscle samples from control mice and three muscular dystrophic mouse models at different ages and performed micro-computer tomography and histological analyses of both bone and skeletal muscle tissues. Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin (SOST) levels, osteoclastogenesis and serum proteomics were also analyzed. Our results indicated that dKO-Hom mice developed skeletal muscle histopathologies by 5 days of age, whereas bone abnormalities developed at 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, our results indicated that the numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were decreased in the proximal tibia and spine trabecular bone of dKO-Hom mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, which correlated with a significant reduction in serum RANKL levels. The number of tibia cortical osteocytes also decreased, whereas serum SOST levels increased significantly in dKO-Hom mice than WT mice. Osteoblastic number was significantly lower, but osteoclast number increased, in the spine L6 of dKO-Hom mice than WT mice at 6 weeks of age, resulting in a decrease in bone formation and an increase in bone resorption. Serum proteomics results revealed abnormal proteome profiles in dKO-Hom mice compared to control mice. In conclusion, our study elucidated the timing of development of bone and muscle abnormalities. The bone abnormalities in dKO-Hom mice are correlated with lower serum RANKL and higher SOST levels that resulted in dysregulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis and bone loss.
Harmony and Resilience: US Democracy Promotion's Basic Premises
Authors: Poppe Annika Elena
Published: January 2019

Scholarship on US foreign policy regularly claims that US democracy promotion policy is informed by a coherent and harmonious set of basic premises. In this article, I first examine the validity of this claim for US post–Cold War administrations. I find operational in US foreign policy rhetoric three stable premises: that democracy is a universal(ly aspired to) principle, that external democracy promoters are legitimately involving themselves in another country's political affairs, and that this policy endeavor is in the best interest of all involved stakeholders. Following theoretical expectations that culture and cultural aspects are relatively stable and adaptable entities and promote stability in behavior, I then pursue the question of how these premises have fared in an environment particularly challenging to their validity, namely in the case of US democracy promotion in Egypt. I show how, even in light of contradictory evidence, the basic premises remain resilient and function as a discursive structure that enables and constrains policy options.
An NMR-based clay content evaluation method for tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Li Ziyue , Mao Zhiqiang , Sun Zhongchun , Luo Xingping , Wang Zhenlin , Zhao Peiqiang
Published: January 2019

An effective assessment of tight oil reservoirs requires accurate calculation of their clay content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs play an important role in the evaluation process because of the abnormally high values of gamma-ray (GR) logs and the poor resolution of spontaneous potential (SP) logs in source reservoirs. In this study, an NMR method was proposed to determine the clay content in tight oil reservoirs. We analysed the NMR characteristics of the sandstone samples, which contained different types of main clay minerals, through various experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the transverse relaxation time (T2) cutoff value of clay-bound water varies with the type of clay. This indicates that different T2 cutoff values will be determined according to NMR logging while calculating the clay-bound water saturation in a specific area. Based on the cation-exchange capacity equation and the clay water saturation, a certain relation could be observed between the clay content and the remaining three parameters, including the clay water saturation, density logs and neutron logs. Further, we used the least-squares method for calculating the clay content based on this relation. The calculation result obtained from the field examples agreed well with the experimental measurements, thereby demonstrating the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed method.
Relationship with the Attorney
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

This chapter is about establishing a clear, productive attorney–expert relationship that sets the stage for good testimony. As clinicians and scientists, we are accustomed to being in control of how we share information. In our classrooms and consultation rooms, we orchestrate “what” and “how” information is shared. As expert witnesses in the courtroom, however, others are in control of the process. The idea of walking into a courtroom without first establishing a clear, precise plan with the attorney who is orchestrating the information exchange should be a very unsettling proposition. The chapter also frames the benefits of establishing a good working relationship with attorneys as a “two-way street.” Ideally, attorneys educate neuropsychologists and psychologists about the legal issues at hand, specific questions the expert will be asked to address, and the rules of testimony in the jurisdiction where the case is being heard. At the same time, neuropsychologists and psychologists educate attorneys about how we can contribute to understanding complex psychological and neuropsychological issues in cases. Together, a complex game plan for exchanging information during a trial is orchestrated.
Establishing Credentials and Person Centered Credibility
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

How credentialing is conducted and how we as experts conduct ourselves during the credentialing process is an opportunity to build credibility for jurors or other triers of fact. This chapter introduces the concept of “person-centered credibility.” While judges and juries tend to think of credibility as hinging on the truthfulness and other personal qualities of the witness, academics tend to think of credibility as hinging almost entirely on the soundness of their research methods or assessment tools. Viewing credibility as “person-centered” is a fundamental shift for many psychologists and neuropsychologists engaging in expert testimony. Just as earlier chapters make the argument for disrupting an academic communication style in our roles as expert witnesses, this chapter makes an argument for shedding a sole focus on an academic definition of credibility centered on research methods. This chapter will cover the general topic of credibility during all stages of testimony, including the credentialing phase.
Creating Access to Assessment Methods and Results
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

Jurors may have no idea how our assessment tools and procedures work. Professionals are so used to speaking and thinking with the basic assumptions of our professions that those assumptions become invisible to us. Standardized testing and normative interpretation are a great example of this concept. After years of graduate school and clinical practice, when a neuropsychologist uses the word testing we have a very precise image in our thought bubbles of a battery of valid and reliably constructed instruments, normed on appropriate populations, administered in a standardized fashion, and interpreted in the context of the larger assessment. But very few jurors will have been exposed to the concept of normative interpretation. To ensure that jurors and triers of fact have access to our broader message regarding assessment results, we need to begin our testimony with a clear, accessible, and engaging description of our assessment tools and process. This chapter addresses strategies for explaining psychological and neuropsychological assessment procedures, as well as specific tests like the MMPI, in a clear, accessible manner.
Performance and Symptom Validity
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

Position papers from the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology define assessment of symptom and performance validity, using well-validated assessment tools, as a critical component of a competent neuropsychological assessment. The ability to provide information to the court about whether defendants/plaintiffs are providing accurate information about their symptoms and abilities is a unique and valuable contribution that our field brings to the forensic table. This chapter addresses strategies to assist jurors and other triers of fact in their understanding of concepts of effort and exaggeration, through evaluation of noncredible symptom patterns and performance validity and symptom validity testing.
Testifying in a Diverse World
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

By the year 2050, the majority of Americans will no longer be white, monolingual English-speaking people of European descent. One in three Americans will be Hispanic and one in five foreign-born. As these dramatic demographic changes sweep through the country, the number of plaintiffs and defendants who are “untestable” with our current toolkit of largely monolingual, monocultural neuropsychological and psychological assessment measures will increase dramatically. The changing demographics will also be represented in the jury box and among the personnel in the courtroom. This chapter shares experts’, attorneys’, and judges’ experiences in the courtroom wrestling with these issues. They provide clear, succinct strategies to help experts increase their cultural competence in this changing world.
Preparation for Court and Managing Anxiety on the Stand
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers frames and strategies from seasoned forensic psychologists, neuropsychologists, judges, and attorneys for managing your anxiety on the stand as an expert, so that your opinions, and not your anxiety, will be the focus of the testimony. Many experts, attorneys, and judges make the important point that techniques for managing anxiety on the stand begin with the premise that experts have first done competent work and took the time to be well prepared. Strong preparation figured so prominently in so many interviewees’ advice for managing anxiety that this chapter presents preparation strategies side by side with strategies to manage anxiety.
Specific Testifying Situations
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers advice and strategies from seasoned forensic psychologists, neuropsychologists, attorneys, and judges regarding specific testifying situations, including testifying in front of a judge rather than a jury, testifying about a record reviews (when you haven’t met the plaintiff), testifying as a fact witness, and testifying in capital cases.
Implications of Obergefell for Same-Sex Marriage, Divorce, and Parental Rights
Authors: Knauer Nancy J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the implications of the landmark US Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges for same-sex marriage, divorce, and parental rights. Heralded as one of the most significant civil rights victories in recent memory, Obergefell had an immediate impact on the lives of same-sex couples by providing uniform and nationwide access to both marriage and divorce. It ended a confusing patchwork of state laws, some of which recognized same-sex marriage and some of which prohibited not only same-sex marriage but also domestic partnerships and civil unions. Obergefell also ensured that all same-sex married couples would be eligible for federal benefits regardless of where they lived. The longer-term effects and applications of Obergefell remain unclear, especially with respect to parental rights. In addition, Obergefell has ignited a backlash of religious exemptions law and concern remains that marriage equality may further marginalize nontraditional families and those who choose not to marry.
Demographic Approaches to Same-Sex Relationship Dissolution and Divorce
Authors: Manning Wendy D. , Joyner Kara
Published: January 2019

The recent US Supreme Court decision to legalize marriages of same-sex couples has resulted in a surge of new marriages, and some end in divorce. There is a limited research base to draw on to understand the potential patterns and correlates of divorce among same-sex couples. There are only a few recent studies on the instability or dissolution of same-sex relationships in the United States in part because there are only a handful of data sources with large enough samples of same-sex couples that can be used to analyze the instability of same-sex relationships and compare their stability to different-sex relationships. The chapter reviews recent findings on the dissolution of same-sex relationships in Europe and the United States with a focus on the legal status of the relationship, noting areas for future research. It discusses potential opportunities and challenges in new studies of divorce and dissolution among same-sex couples.
What Makes Same-Sex Relationships Endure?
Authors: Rostosky Sharon S. , Riggle Ellen D. B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter asks, What contributes to the stability of same-sex couples?—or, in other words, Why do same-sex couples stay together? First, it reviews and critiques the empirical literature on stability and longevity in same-sex couple relationships. It then argues for the utility of more consistently integrating theories from relationship science that focus on investments, commitment, and intimate relationship interaction processes with the theory of minority stress. It suggests this integration will better reflect the lived experience of social stigma that continues to influence same-sex relationship stability. It ends with suggestions for future research to increase knowledge needed to build supportive, evidence-based interventions.
Family, Loss, and Change
Authors: Allen Katherine R.
Published: January 2019

Same-sex relationship dissolution has reverberations for individuals beyond the nuclear family. This chapter discusses a lesbian-parent family, consisting of two moms and two kids—when it broke up nearly two decades ago, many other family members, including the donor and his husband, were deeply affected. This chapter reflects on this experience from the author’s perspective of a family scholar and an activist for LGBTQ family rights. In the absence of legal marriage and thus legal divorce, family lives turned out in ways that even the most careful, deliberate efforts could not anticipate nor protect. The experiences described highlight many losses and regrets, despite the intentional love and concern for all of the parents, children, and extended family members involved. These reflections on this experience are intended to honor the family as it once was and the families they have become.
A Lesbian Parent’s Perspective on LGBTQ Families of Choice
Authors: Kauffman Joyce
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the intersection of the author’s personal experience as a lesbian mother with her work as an activist and lawyer as well as the challenges involving the end of her relationship with her daughter’s other mother, who was not a legal parent. In 1978, she helped organize the first Lesbian Mothers’ Day Celebration on the steps of the State House in Boston; in 1984, she gave birth to her daughter; in 1993, Adoption of Tammy (the first appellate brief she ever wrote) was decided—giving same-sex couples the right to adopt in Massachusetts; and in 2002, she successfully petitioned the Court to allow a three-parent adoption, creating for the first time a legally recognized relationship between her former partner and their daughter. The chapter concludes with observations—based on personal and professional experience—about the work that remains to be done in order to protect LGBTQ families.
Transition Through a Shattered Crystal Snowglobe
Authors: Brogan-Kator Denise
Published: January 2019

In this essay, the author reflects on her life and the impact that transitioning from male to female had on her marriage, her children, and her life. The piece examines the coming out process; the discovery by her wife (i.e., after an episode of cross-dressing); telling their children; the couple’s attempts to keep their marriage intact despite intrapersonal, interpersonal, and financial strain; and, ultimately, the process of first separation and then divorce. In addition to exploring the experience of transitioning, and the role of this transition in the author’s separation and divorce, the chapter also addresses how employment and financial stresses—incurred in large part because of trans-related discrimination—exacerbated existing intrapersonal, interpersonal, and familial stresses.
Emerging Legal Issues in Same-Sex Divorces
Authors: Hertz Frederick
Published: January 2019

There is no such thing as “gay marriage.” Rather, it is “straight” marital law that is applied to same-sex couples, with its well-established heteronormative rules of shared assets and debts, potential obligation for postseparation financial support, and marriage-based rules of parentage. While marriage equality is rightly celebrated as a civil rights victory, it has resulted in a host of unanticipated challenges for couples dealing with the break-up of their marital or registered partnership/civil union relationships. This is especially true for recently married couples that lived together for decades as an unmarried couple due to the inability to marry. This chapter describes the recurring challenges faced by same-sex couples seen through the lens of a variety of case examples, as observed by a California family law attorney and mediator who specializes in same-sex dissolutions, and who has been working with the LGBT community for more than thirty years.
Exploring the Polysemy of Voice and Silence
Authors: Yep Gust A. , Gigi Rebecca N. , Avila Briana E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the complex interplay between voice and silence in US LGBT communities. In terms of voice, the chapter focuses on Evan Wolfson, founder of Freedom to Marry and colloquially known as “Mr. Gay Marriage,” whose public comments on same-sex divorce before and after the Supreme Court ruling on marriage equality focused on two central themes: (1) fairness and (2) protection. In terms of silence, the chapter focuses on the largely absent discourse about same-sex divorce in mainstream LGBT online media to explore its multiple meanings. The analysis explores three major themes: (1) that same-sex divorce is a recent phenomenon, (2) that same-sex divorce may not be relevant to unconventional long-term relationships, and (3) that creation of a pseudo charmed circle suppresses the visibility of same-sex divorce. The chapter concludes by exploring the implications of the multiple meanings of voice and silence surrounding same-sex relational dissolution.
Ethical Challenges Related to Participation of Adolescents and Young Adults with Intellectual Disability in Research
Authors: Nathanson Pamela G. , Schall Theodore E. , Feudtner Chris
Published: January 2019

This chapter lays out the ethical challenges and proactive strategies involved in balancing the rights of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with intellectual disability (ID) to participate in clinical research with the obligation to protect a potentially vulnerable population from research harms. The chapter presents an illustrative case study involving a young adult research participant with Down syndrome whose capacity and legal authority to consent to participate in a study was questioned after an exchange with a staff member aroused suspicion about potential misconduct. Techniques to enhance participation, especially in the consent or assent processes, of AYAs with ID in research are outlined. Both individual-level and structural-level protections to ensure ongoing voluntary participation, relevant for both study teams and institutional review boards, are recommended.
Ethical Challenges Conducting Pediatric Research in the Era of Scarce Drugs
Authors: Unguru Yoram
Published: January 2019

Scarcities of drugs have broad implications across health systems, including research. Insofar as clinical research trials, drug shortages adversely affect trial enrollment, result in protocol deviations and modifications, and, ultimately, impede the ability to advance the state of science. At the patient level, drug shortages compromise patient choice, minimize contributions of patients already enrolled in research studies while simultaneously exposing them to risk of harm without the potential for benefit, and waste valuable time that for some research participants may be irrecoverable. Before embarking on a clinical trial, clinician-investigators and sponsors must engage in transparent discussions with one another and with research ethics committees and relevant public bodies concerning researchers’ reciprocity-based obligations, post-trial access, and balancing generalizable knowledge with participant/proxy hope for therapies determined to be beneficial.
Catastrophically Ill Children, Access to Unregistered Medical Interventions, and Trial Recruitment Needs
Authors: Hartvigsson Thomas D. , Schuklenk Udo
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the case of a young girl infected by the Ebola virus during the epidemic outbreak in West Africa. She arrives alone to a medical center run by a non-governmental organization and is relatively well, but she has a high viral load and will with all certainty die within a week. This chapter argues that, in the face of imminent and certain death, it is permissible for the doctors at the medical center to use unregistered medical interventions, if they deem it to be in the best interest of the child. It further argues that they are permitted to do so without enrolling the child in a clinical trial, if the unregistered intervention is not scarce and the trial has placebo control groups.
Recruitment and Parental Permission for Neonatal Clinical Trials
Authors: Wilfond Benjamin S. , Shah Anita R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses the example of a randomized clinical trial of erythropoietin in extremely premature infants to improve neurocognitive outcomes in order to highlight ethical questions related to this clinical context. One question regards whether the recruitment and permission process is more ideally conducted in the prenatal or postnatal setting. A second set of questions regards the role of the person who obtains permission and whether this should be the clinical attending or the researcher, and if it is acceptable for a clinician to hold both roles simultaneously. The normative concerns are that understanding and voluntariness can be affected by specific recruitment approaches. However, excluding some approaches has the potential to limit eligibility, which has implications for generalizability, fairness, and resource utilization. This chapter considers the normative concerns related to these recruitment approaches as well as empirical research about parental permission and parental attitudes.
Clinical Innovations Near the Boundary of Viability—The Artificial Womb
Authors: Antiel Ryan M. , Flake Alan W.
Published: January 2019

Extreme prematurity is the leading cause of infant death and morbidity. And, despite advances in neonatal medicine and surgery, the rate of prematurity has risen. The urgent need for a better way to support the extremely premature infant led to the development of an extrauterine system to better bridge the transition from fetal to postnatal life. The goal of this “artificial womb” is to maintain prenatal physiology in the extremely premature neonate to support normal development and reduce the complications associated with prematurity. This chapter discusses the development and applications of the artificial womb, as well as the limitations of this technology. It explores three current ethical challenges: ectogenesis, the boundary of viability, and the difference between physiological and clinical success.
At This Stage of My Career Paying for Supervision or Consultation Is Just Ridiculous
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

It is easy to assume that being licensed to practice a mental health profession independently renders one competent to manage effectively every clinical challenge that comes one’s way. Whether novice or experienced senior clinician, all mental health practitioners face clinically challenging situations, ethical dilemmas, and legally perplexing situations in the course of assessing and treating clients. This chapter explains the role of expert consultants in these situations and how they may save one significant money, time, and stress in the long run. Further, this chapter highlights the types of situations during which consultation and supervision may be especially helpful. Guidance is provided on how to know when this type of support and assistance is needed or may be beneficial, both to the client and to the mental health clinician, and how best to utilize it.