bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hainosan (painongsan) suppresses the biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in vitro
Authors: Minami Masaaki , Takase Hiroshi , Taira Masayo , Makino Toshiaki
Published: April 2019

Aim

Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are pathogenic bacteria that cause several periodontal diseases such as periodontitis. They frequently form biofilm to protect from threats such as antimicrobial agents. Hainosan (painongsan in Chinese) is a Japanese traditional kampo and traditional Chinese medicine formula used to treat acute and chronic purulent disease. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of antibacterial effects such as anti‐biofilm activity, of hainosan extract (HNS) against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia.

Methods

The antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activity of HNS was examined on bacterial turbidity and colony‐forming unit analysis, transmission electron microscopy, microplate analysis, and hydrophobicity and auto‐aggregation analysis.

Results

HNS significantly suppressed the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. It also significantly inhibited the formation of biofilm from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. The size and shape of HNS‐treated Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were significantly smaller and irregular. Furthermore, HNS reduced the bacterial auto aggregation and hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface. These antibacterial effects of HNS were greater than those of hangeshashinto, another Japanese traditional kampo medicine formula for oral cavity inflammation.

Conclusion

HNS may be useful for the treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia‐induced periodontitis because of the inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation.
Kleene Algebra with Hypotheses
Authors: Doumane Amina , Kuperberg Denis , Pous Damien , Pradic Pierre
Published: April 2019

We study the Horn theories of Kleene algebras and star continuous Kleene algebras, from the complexity point of view. While their equational theories coincide and are PSpace-complete, their Horn theories differ and are undecidable. We characterise the Horn theory of star continuous Kleene algebras in terms of downward closed languages and we show that when restricting the shape of allowed hypotheses, the problems lie in various levels of the arithmetical or analytical hierarchy. We also answer a question posed by Cohen about hypotheses of the form $$1=S$$ where S is a sum of letters: we show that it is decidable.
Continuous Reachability for Unordered Data Petri Nets is in PTime
Authors: Gupta Utkarsh , Shah Preey , Akshay S. , Hofman Piotr
Published: April 2019

Unordered data Petri nets (UDPN) are an extension of classical Petri nets with tokens that carry data from an infinite domain and where transitions may check equality and disequality of tokens. UDPN are well-structured, so the coverability and termination problems are decidable, but with higher complexity than for Petri nets. On the other hand, the problem of reachability for UDPN is surprisingly complex, and its decidability status remains open. In this paper, we consider the continuous reachability problem for UDPN, which can be seen as an over-approximation of the reachability problem. Our main result is a characterization of continuous reachability for UDPN and polynomial time algorithm for solving it. This is a consequence of a combinatorial argument, which shows that if continuous reachability holds then there exists a run using only polynomially many data values.
Optimal Satisfiability Checking for Arithmetic $$\mu $$-Calculi
Authors: Hausmann Daniel , Schröder Lutz
Published: April 2019

The coalgebraic $$\mu $$-calculus provides a generic semantic framework for fixpoint logics with branching types beyond the standard relational setup, e.g. probabilistic, weighted, or game-based. Previous work on the coalgebraic $$\mu $$-calculus includes an exponential time upper bound on satisfiability checking, which however requires a well-behaved set of tableau rules for the next-step modalities. Such rules are not available in all cases of interest, in particular ones involving either integer weights as in the graded $$\mu $$-calculus, or real-valued weights in combination with non-linear arithmetic. In the present work, we prove the same upper complexity bound under more general assumptions, specifically regarding the complexity of the (much simpler) satisfiability problem for the underlying one-step logic, roughly described as the nesting-free next-step fragment of the logic. The bound is realized by a generic global caching algorithm that supports on-the-fly satisfiability checking. Example applications include new exponential-time upper bounds for satisfiability checking in an extension of the graded $$\mu $$-calculus with polynomial inequalities (including positive Presburger arithmetic), as well as an extension of the (two-valued) probabilistic $$\mu $$-calculus with polynomial inequalities.
Higher-Order Distributions for Differential Linear Logic
Authors: Kerjean Marie , Pacaud Lemay Jean-Simon
Published: April 2019

Linear Logic was introduced as the computational counterpart of the algebraic notion of linearity. Differential Linear Logic refines Linear Logic with a proof-theoretical interpretation of the geometrical process of differentiation. In this article, we construct a polarized model of Differential Linear Logic satisfying computational constraints such as an interpretation for higher-order functions, as well as constraints inherited from physics such as a continuous interpretation for spaces. This extends what was done previously by Kerjean for first order Differential Linear Logic without promotion. Concretely, we follow the previous idea of interpreting the exponential of Differential Linear Logic as a space of higher-order distributions with compact-support, which is constructed as an inductive limit of spaces of distributions on Euclidean spaces. We prove that this exponential is endowed with a co-monadic like structure, with the notable exception that it is functorial only on isomorphisms. Interestingly, as previously argued by Ehrhard, this still allows the interpretation of differential linear logic without promotion.
Equational Theories and Monads from Polynomial Cayley Representations
Authors: Piróg Maciej , Polesiuk Piotr , Sieczkowski Filip
Published: April 2019

We generalise Cayley’s theorem for monoids by providing an explicit formula for a (multi-sorted) equational theory represented by the type $$PX \rightarrow X$$, where $$P$$ is an arbitrary polynomial endofunctor with natural coefficients. From the computational perspective, examples of effects given by such theories include backtracking nondeterminism (obtained with the original Cayley representation $$X \rightarrow X$$), finite mutable state (obtained with $$n \rightarrow X$$, for a constant n), and their different combinations (via $$n \times X \rightarrow X$$ or $$X^n \rightarrow X$$). Moreover, we show that monads induced by such theories are implementable using the type formers available in programming languages based on a polymorphic $$\lambda $$-calculus, both as compositions of algebraic datatypes and as continuation-like monads. We give a set-theoretic model of the latter in terms of Barr-dinatural transformations. We also introduce , a tool that takes a polynomial as an input and generates the corresponding equational theory together with the two implementations of the induced monad in Haskell.
A Dialectica-Like Interpretation of a Linear MSO on Infinite Words
Authors: Pradic Pierre , Riba Colin
Published: April 2019

We devise a variant of Dialectica interpretation of intuitionistic linear logic for "Equation missing", a linear logic-based version $$\mathsf {MSO}$$ over infinite words. "Equation missing" was known to be correct and complete w.r.t. Church’s synthesis, thanks to an automata-based realizability model. Invoking Büchi-Landweber Theorem and building on a complete axiomatization of $$\mathsf {MSO}$$ on infinite words, our interpretation provides us with a syntactic approach, without any further construction of automata on infinite words. Via Dialectica, as linear negation directly corresponds to switching players in games, we furthermore obtain a complete logic: either a closed formula or its linear negation is provable. This completely axiomatizes the theory of the realizability model of "Equation missing". Besides, this shows that in principle, one can solve Church’s synthesis for a given $$\forall \exists $$-formula by only looking for proofs of either that formula or its linear negation.
Deciding Equivalence of Separated Non-nested Attribute Systems in Polynomial Time
Authors: Seidl Helmut , Palenta Raphaela , Maneth Sebastian
Published: April 2019

In 1982, Courcelle and Franchi-Zannettacci showed that the equivalence problem of separated non-nested attribute systems can be reduced to the equivalence problem of total deterministic separated basic macro tree transducers. They also gave a procedure for deciding equivalence of transducer in the latter class. Here, we reconsider this equivalence problem. We present a new alternative decision procedure and prove that it runs in polynomial time. We also consider extensions of this result to partial transducers and to the case where parameters of transducers accumulate strings instead of trees.
Coalgebra Learning via Duality
Authors: Barlocco Simone , Kupke Clemens , Rot Jurriaan
Published: April 2019

Automata learning is a popular technique for inferring minimal automata through membership and equivalence queries. In this paper, we generalise learning to the theory of coalgebras. The approach relies on the use of logical formulas as tests, based on a dual adjunction between states and logical theories. This allows us to learn, e.g., labelled transition systems, using Hennessy-Milner logic. Our main contribution is an abstract learning algorithm, together with a proof of correctness and termination.
Tight Worst-Case Bounds for Polynomial Loop Programs
Authors: Ben-Amram Amir M. , Hamilton Geoff W.
Published: April 2019

In 2008, Ben-Amram, Jones and Kristiansen showed that for a simple programming language—representing non-deterministic imperative programs with bounded loops, and arithmetics limited to addition and multiplication—it is possible to decide precisely whether a program has certain growth-rate properties, in particular whether a computed value, or the program’s running time, has a polynomial growth rate.

A natural and intriguing problem was to improve the precision of the information obtained. This paper shows how to obtain asymptotically-tight multivariate polynomial bounds for this class of programs. This is a complete solution: whenever a polynomial bound exists it will be found.
A Complete Normal-Form Bisimilarity for State
Authors: Biernacki Dariusz , Lenglet Sergueï , Polesiuk Piotr
Published: April 2019

We present a sound and complete bisimilarity for an untyped $$\lambda $$-calculus with higher-order local references. Our relation compares values by applying them to a fresh variable, like normal-form bisimilarity, and it uses environments to account for the evolving store. We achieve completeness by a careful treatment of evaluation contexts comprising open stuck terms. This work improves over Støvring and Lassen’s incomplete environment-based normal-form bisimilarity for the $$\lambda \rho $$-calculus, and confirms, in relatively elementary terms, Jaber and Tabareau’s result, that the state construct is discriminative enough to be characterized with a bisimilarity without any quantification over testing arguments.
Structure constants of twist-two light-ray operators in the triple Regge limit
Authors: Balitsky I.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The structure constants of twist-two operators with spinjin the BFKL limitg2→ 0,j→ 1 and$$ \frac{g^2}{j-1} $$g2j−1∼ 1 are found from the calculation of the three-point correlator of twist-two light-ray operators in the triple Regge limit. It is well known that the anomalous dimensions of twist-two operators in this limit are determined by the BFKL intercept. Similarly, the obtained structure constants are determined by an analytic function of three BFKL intercepts.
Reviving 3D $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 superconformal field theories
Authors: Hohm Olaf , Samtleben Henning
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We present a Lagrangian formulation for

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 superconformal field theories in three spacetime dimensions that is general enough to encompass infinite-dimensional gauge algebras that generally go beyond Lie algebras. To this end we employ Chern-Simons theories based on Leibniz algebras, which give rise to L∞ algebras and are defined on the dual space

$$ \mathfrak{g} $$

g

* of a Lie algebra

$$ \mathfrak{g} $$

g

by means of an embedding tensor map ϑ:

$$ \mathfrak{g} $$

g

* →

$$ \mathfrak{g} $$

g

. We show that for the Lie algebra

$$ \mathfrak{sdif}{\mathfrak{f}}_3 $$

sdif

f
3

of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms on a 3-manifold there is a natural embedding tensor defining a Leibniz algebra on the space of one-forms. Specifically, we show that the cotangent bundle to any 3-manifold with a volume-form carries the structure of a (generalized) Courant algebroid. The resulting

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 superconformal field theories are shown to be equivalent to Bandos-Townsend theories. We show that the theory based on S
3 is an infinite-dimensional generalization of the Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson model that in turn is a consistent truncation of the full theory. We also review a Scherk-Schwarz reduction on S
2 × S
1, which gives the super-Yang-Mills theory with gauge algebra

$$ \mathfrak{sdif}{\mathfrak{f}}_2 $$

sdif

f
2

, and we construct massive deformations.
Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis of Pure Laparoscopic Versus Hand‐Assisted/Hybrid Major Hepatectomy at Two Western Centers
Authors: Fiorentini G. , Swaid F. , Cipriani F. , Ratti F. , Heres C. , Tsung A. , Aldrighetti L. , Geller D. A.
Published: April 2019

Background

Laparoscopic major hepatectomy is expanding, but little data exist comparing surgical approaches. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pure laparoscopic liver resection (PLAP) has advantages over hand‐assisted (HALS) or hybrid (HYB) resection for major hemi‐hepatectomy at two western centers.

Methods

Using propensity score matching, 65 cases of HALS + HYB (18 hand‐assisted and 47 hybrid) were matched to 65 cases of PLAP. Baseline characteristics were well matched for gender, age, ASA score, Childs A cirrhosis, right/left hepatectomy, malignancy, tumor size, and type between the groups.

Results

The HALS + HYB group had 27 right and 38 left major hepatectomies (n = 65) versus 29 right and 36 left (n = 65) in the PLAP group (p = NS). The median number of lesions resected was 1 in each group, with median size 5.6 cm (HALS + HYB) versus 6.0 cm (PLAP), (p = NS). The HALS + HYB group had shorter OR time (240 versus 330 min, p < 0.01), and less blood loss (EBL 150 ml vs. 300 ml, p < 0.01) versus the PLAP group, respectively. Median length of stay (LOS) was 4 days with HALS + HYB versus 5 days in the PLAP group (p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in use of the Pringle maneuver, transfusion rate, ICU stay, post‐op morbidity, liver‐specific complications, or R0 resection. Pain regimen/usage in each group is provided. There were no 30/90‐day deaths in either group.

Conclusion

This is the first reported series of propensity score matching of HALS + HYB versus PLAP for major hepatectomy. The HALS + HYB group had non‐inferior OR time, blood loss, and LOS versus the PLAP group, while the other perioperative parameters were comparable. We conclude that minimally invasive liver resection with either PLAP or HALS + HYB technique yields excellent results.
Emergency medicine residency fact board: Why our attempt to encourage on-shift learning failed
Authors: Sokol Kimberly , Wray Alisa , Boysen-Osborn Megan , Wiechmann Warren , Bennett Kathryn , Toohey Shannon
Published: April 2019

Residents commonly feel that a lack of time is a significant barrier in keeping up-to-date with both medical knowledge and literature. In this study, we addressed that barrier by placing an iPad-based live fact feed in the resident workroom of our emergency department, therefore allowing for passive learning while on shift. We hypothesized that residents with access to the live feed would score higher on monthly post-curriculum block exams. We ended up finding that the residents actually prefer a more active approach to learning and that many more people in the emergency department other than the residents benefitted from the fact board.
How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others
Authors: Neubauer Brian E. , Witkop Catherine T. , Varpio Lara
Published: April 2019

Introduction As a research methodology, phenomenology is uniquely positioned to help health professions education (HPE) scholars learn from the experiences of others. Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world. Although it is a powerful approach for inquiry, the nature of this methodology is often intimidating to HPE researchers. This article aims to explain phenomenology by reviewing the key philosophical and methodological differences between two of the major approaches to phenomenology: transcendental and hermeneutic. Understanding the ontological and epistemological assumptions underpinning these approaches is essential for successfully conducting phenomenological research.
Purpose This review provides an introduction to phenomenology and demonstrates how it can be applied to HPE research. We illustrate the two main sub-types of phenomenology and detail their ontological, epistemological, and methodological differences.
Conclusions Phenomenology is a powerful research strategy that is well suited for exploring challenging problems in HPE. By building a better understanding of the nature of phenomenology and working to ensure proper alignment between the specific research question and the researcher’s underlying philosophy, we hope to encourage HPE scholars to consider its utility when addressing their research questions.
Benefit and performance impact analysis of using hydrogen fuel cell powered e-taxi system on A320 class airliner
Authors: Stockford J. A. , Lawson C. , Liu Z.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the work carried out to evaluate the benefits and performance impacts of introducing a hydrogen fuel cell powered electric taxiing system to a conventional short-haul aircraft. Tasks carried out in this research and reported in this paper include the initial system design, hydrogen tank initial sizing, calculation of the impact on fuel burn and emissions and the evaluation of the effects on Direct Operating Cost (DOC). The Airbus A320 has been selected as the datum aircraft for sizing the system, and the benefits analysis is particularly focused on the fleet composition and financial data of a Europe-based, low-cost, large-scale A320 family operator in 2016. The maximum power capacity of 400 kW has been sized based on the rolling friction coefficient of 0.02. Based on the operator’s 2016 financial, up to 1% fuel reduction can be achieved using the proposed system and the reduction in total maintenance cost is expected to be up to 7.3%. Additionally, up to 5.97% net profit improvement is estimated in comparison with the annual after-tax profit of the datum operator in 2016.
BIAS-CORRECTED INFERENCE FOR A MODIFIED LEE–CARTER MORTALITY MODEL
Authors: Liu Qing , Ling Chen , Li Deyuan , Peng Liang
Published: April 2019

As a benchmark mortality model in forecasting future mortality rates and hedging longevity risk, the widely employed Lee–Carter model (Lee, R.D. and Carter, L.R. (1992) Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 659–671.) suffers from a restrictive constraint on the unobserved mortality index for ensuring model’s identification and a possible inconsistent inference. Recently, a modified Lee–Carter model (Liu, Q., Ling, C. and Peng, L. (2018) Statistical inference for Lee–Carter mortality model and corresponding forecasts. North American Actuarial Journal, to appear.) removes this constraint and a simple least squares estimation is consistent with a normal limit when the mortality index follows from a unit root or near unit root AR(1) model with a nonzero intercept. This paper proposes a bias-corrected estimator for this modified Lee–Carter model, which is consistent and has a normal limit regardless of the mortality index being a stationary or near unit root or unit root AR(1) process with a nonzero intercept. Applications to the US mortality rates and a simulation study are provided as well.
Existence of positive solutions for a class of semipositone problem in whole ℝN
Authors: Alves Claudianor O. , de Holanda Angelo R. F. , dos Santos Jefferson A.
Published: April 2019

In this paper we show the existence of solution for the following class of semipositone problem
P$$\left\{\matrix{-\Delta u & = & h(x)(f(u)-a) & \hbox{in} & {\open R}^N, \cr u & \gt & 0 & \hbox{in} & {\open R}^N, \cr}\right.$$
where N ≥ 3, a > 0, h : ℝN → (0, + ∞) and f : [0, + ∞) → [0, + ∞) are continuous functions with f having a subcritical growth. The main tool used is the variational method together with estimates that involve the Riesz potential.
Postglacial vegetation dynamics at high elevation from Fairy Lake in the northern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Montana, USA
Authors: Benes James V. , Iglesias Virginia , Whitlock Cathy
Published: April 2019

The postglacial vegetation and fire history of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is known from low and middle elevations, but little is known about high elevations. Paleoecologic data from Fairy Lake in the Bridger Range, southwestern Montana, provide a new high-elevation record that spans the last 15,000 yr. The records suggest a period of tundra-steppe vegetation prior to ca. 13,700 cal yr BP was followed by openPiceaforest at ca. 11,200 cal yr BP.Pinus-Pseudotsugaparkland was present after ca. 9200 cal yr BP, when conditions were warmer/drier than present. It was replaced by mixed-conifer parkland at ca. 5000 cal yr BP. Present-day subalpine forest established at ca. 2800 cal yr BP. Increased avalanche or mass-wasting activity during the early late-glacial period, the Younger Dryas chronozone, and Neoglaciation suggest cool, wet periods. Sites at different elevations in the region show (1) synchronous vegetation responses to late-glacial warming; (2) widespread xerothermic forests and frequent fires in the early-to-middle Holocene; and (3) a trend to forest closure during late-Holocene cooling. Conditions in the Bridger Range were, however, wetter than other areas during the early Holocene. Across the Northern Rockies, postglacial warming progressed from west to east, reflecting range-specific responses to insolation-driven changes in climate.
Response to Phillips
Authors: CLACK BRIAN R.
Published: April 2019

In this response to D. Z. Phillips's critique of my interpretation of Wittgenstein's view of magic and ritual, I counter Phillips's claim that I have misrepresented the Wittgensteinian view of ritual, consider the instrumentalist dimension of the Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, offer some objections to Phillips's expressivist view that a ritual ‘says itself’, and detect obscurantism in his approach to the study of religion.
Omniscience and radical particularity: a reply to Simoni
Authors: SHIELDS GEORGE W.
Published: April 2019

This paper is a brief reply to Henry Simoni's ‘Divine passibility and the problem of radical particularity: does God feel your pain?’ in Religious Studies, 33 (1997). I treat his discussion of my paper entitled ‘Hartshorne and Creel on impassibility’, Process Studies, 21 (1992). I argue that Simoni's examples used to illustrate the purportedly contradictory nature of the experiences of a God who universally feels creaturely states fail. For Simoni tacitly employs an inadequate notion of the law of non-contradiction, and thereby misses the relevant phenomenological fact that it is possible for human beings to have integrated mental states that contain spatially distinctive but conflicting hedonic properties. Thus, it is possible for God (at least under Hartshornean descriptions) to have such experiences. I also argue that I have not ‘exploited an isolated passage’ in Hartshorne to make his views seem more palatable. The point of the passage in question is in fact repeated by Hartshorne and is systematically connected with his doctrine of the ‘objective and subjective form of feeling’.
Rethinking authoritarian institutions, rules and procedures
Authors: Mohamad Husam A.
Published: April 2019

Careful inspection of state-created institutions and of interactions that surround them may explain many ambiguous details about domestic politics in the Arab world. Advancing this broad message in Structuring Conflict in the Arab World, Ellen Lust-Okar provides analytical tools and case studies that explain the abilities of incumbent elites to use different structures and rules to control their opponents. She tackles gaps in available research affiliated with the conventional wisdom that has failed to explain the absence of unrest in countries experiencing prolonged economic crises or to clarify the strengthening of regimes in countries promoting political liberalization and inclusion of reformist oppositions. This work uses a formal model of politics to study “how state created institutions shape government-opposition relations” (20). It also reviews literatures ranging from modernization, the Third Wave, liberalization, and rational choice theories to the politics of protest and theories of social revolution. To build on earlier models and point to new directions in research on government-opposition relations, Lust-Okar uses Robert Dahl's classic work and diagram of the paths to polyarchy (37).
AUTONOMOUS AUTONOMY: SPINOZA ON AUTONOMY, PERFECTIONISM,
AND POLITICS
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas
Published: April 2019

These epigraphs present us with part of the problem that is to be
discussed in this essay. For Spinoza (1632–1677) there is no
metaphysical freedom, except for God/Substance/Nature. The
behavior of individual things, or modes, is completely a
function of causes that bring about the behavior. This might suggest
that there can be no autonomy in any meaningful sense either,
thus aborting at the outset any talk of autonomy in Spinoza. To add to
this problem, “autonomy” is somewhat anachronistic when
applied to Spinoza. The philosophical theory surrounding the concept
of autonomy seems to have developed later, perhaps mostly from Kant
(1724–1804), which is not to say that it did not have parallels
earlier. Kantian metaphysics is certainly different from Spinozistic
metaphysics in allowing for freedom, if nothing else. But even if we
ignore the metaphysics, the structure of a Kantian ethics is different
from a Spinozistic one in its focus on duty and imperatives. One finds
little of that in Spinoza. Consequently, on both metaphysical and
historical grounds, it seems somewhat problematic to speak of Kantian
autonomy in Spinoza.
REASON AND AUTONOMY
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: April 2019

Reason has co-opted our conception of autonomy. My purpose is to set
autonomy free. Here is the problem: some philosophers, Kant most notably,
have said that governing your life by reason or by being responsive
to reason is the source of autonomy. But there is a paradox concealed
in these plausible claims. On the one hand, a person can be enslaved
to reason and lack autonomy because of this kind of bondage. On the
other hand, if reason has no influence, then it appears that one would
be the slave of one's passions, and, however eloquently Hume might
have written about reason being the slave of the passions, there is
something odd about the idea that a person who is enslaved by his passions
is autonomous. The paradox, which I shall call the paradox of
reason, is that if we are governed by reason in what we choose,
then we are in bondage to reason in what we choose, and we are not
autonomous. Yet, if we are not governed by reason, then we do not govern
ourselves in what we choose, and again we are not autonomous.
IDENTIFICATION, THE SELF, AND AUTONOMY
Authors: Berofsky Bernard
Published: April 2019

Autonomy, we suppose, is self-regulation or self-direction. There
is a distinct idea that is easily confused with self-direction, namely,
self-expression, self-fulfillment, or self-realization. (I do not mean
to suggest that the latter three terms are all synonymous. But in this
essay, whatever differences there are among them play no role, so I
will use them interchangeably.) Although it will turn out paradoxically
that autonomy is neither self-regulation nor
self-realization, it is reasonable to suppose that the former is a
superior candidate. My teacher of Indian religion, Dr. Subodh Roy,
blind from birth, chose not to undergo an operation that would have
made him sighted because he believed, perhaps rightly, that the ability
to see would interfere with his religious quest. He thereby chose not to
realize one of his fundamental human capacities, one whose cultivation
has produced some of the finest fruits of civilization. Joseph Raz
describes a case in which a man places his life in jeopardy by undertaking
a trip to deliver medical aid to a group of people in a distant place.
Since he will be unable to secure food for several days, he, in effect,
subordinates one of his own basic needs or interests to a goal that he
deems more important. There is no reason to believe that, in refusing to
express or realize a dimension of self, either Dr. Roy or Raz's
philanthropist have failed to act autonomously.
AUTONOMY FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF TELEOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: April 2019

I will argue that the autonomy of a particular act of a particular
person depends on the pattern of behavior in which it is embedded. I
call this conditional autonomy. A person's act is
conditionally autonomous or not, relative to other acts at other times.
Consider an example of a person crossing the street. On the one hand,
this act might not be done for its own sake, but may fit into some ongoing
long-term behavioral pattern that is personally beneficial to the person
crossing the street—such as regularly buying groceries in the
supermarket (which happens to be across the street). On the other hand,
crossing the street might be done simply for its own sake. If such an act
were considered to be autonomous, regardless of its temporal context, its
autonomy would be unconditional. However, I will argue that
whereas conditional autonomy is a highly useful social concept, indeed a
necessary concept, for any human society, unconditional autonomy is a
useless concept that actually impedes our efforts to understand and
explain human behavior.
Changing prevalent T serotypes and emm genotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) patients in Japan
Authors: IKEBE T. , MURAI N. , ENDO M. , OKUNO R. , MURAYAMA S. , SAITOH K. , YAMAI S. , SUZUKI R. , ISOBE J. , TANAKA D. , KATSUKAWA C. , TAMARU A. , KATAYAMA A. , FUJINAGA Y. , HOASHI K. , ISHIKAWA J. , WATANABE H. , The Working Group for Group A Streptococci in Japan
Published: April 2019

We surveyed T serotypes and emm genotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) patients. T1 (emm1) remained dominant through 1992 to 2000, but the dominant T3 (emm3.1) strains from 1992 to 1995 disappeared during 1996–2000. Strains of several emm genotypes emerged during 1996–2000, indicating alterations in the prevalent strains causing TSLS.
Transmission of bovine herpesvirus 1 within and between herds on an island with a BHV1 control programme
Authors: HAGE J. J. , SCHUKKEN Y. H. , SCHOLS H. , MARIS-VELDHUIS M. A. , RIJSEWIJK F. A. M. , KLAASSEN C. H. L.
Published: April 2019

Transmission of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) within and between herds was studied on the island of Ameland, The Netherlands. There were 50 herds with 3300 head of cattle on the island. Herds were divided into three groups: (1) only containing seronegative cattle, (2) containing seronegative cattle and vaccinated seropositive cattle, and (3) containing only vaccinated cattle. All 23 herds in groups 1 and 2 were monitored. Three major outbreaks of BHV1 infections were observed due to the introduction of infectious cattle. Another major outbreak was most likely induced by reactivation of latent BHV1 in seropositive cattle. The basic reproduction ratio within these herds was estimated at least 4. Only one of these outbreaks led to three secondary outbreaks in susceptible herds in which all cattle were seronegative. These outbreaks were most likely due to respectively, direct animal contact, human transmission, and aerogenic transmission. The basic reproduction ratio between herds in this study was estimated to be 0·6.
Laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteric pathogens in The Netherlands, 1991–2001
Authors: van PELT W. , de WIT M. A. S. , WANNET W. J. B. , LIGTVOET E. J. J. , WIDDOWSON M. A. , van DUYNHOVEN Y. T. H. P.
Published: April 2019

Results of the Dutch laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteritis between 1991 and 2001 are presented and compared with recent findings in general practices and in the community. Between 1996 and 2000 the mean annual number of stools screened by sentinel laboratories was about 1000 samples/100000 inhabitants, which is 4% of the estimated annual incidence of gastroenteritis in the Dutch population. Campylobacter (36/100000 inhabitants) and salmonella (24/100000 inhabitants) were the main pathogens isolated. Since 1996, the incidence of laboratory confirmed salmonellosis decreased by 30%, predominantly among young children. The incidence of campylobacter was highest in urban areas and Salmonella Enteritidis emerged as the predominant serotype in urban areas. Between 1991 and 2001, multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 emerged to comprise up to 15% of all salmonella isolates in 2001. Reported rates of Shigella spp. and Yersinia spp. varied little, with average annual incidences of 3·2 and 1·2 cases/100000 inhabitants, respectively. Escherichia coli O157 (90% STEC) was scarcely found (0·26/100000).
Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970–2000
Authors: SAID B. , WRIGHT F. , NICHOLS G. L. , REACHER M. , RUTTER M.
Published: April 2019

In England and Wales over the last 30 years there have been 25 reported outbreaks of infection, associated with private water supplies (PWS). The majority (16 outbreaks) were reported after the introduction of enhanced surveillance. Although PWS only serve 0·5% of the population, 36% of drinking water outbreaks are associated with PWS. The main pathogen, campylobacter, was implicated in 13 (52%) outbreaks. Most reported outbreaks (88%) occurred in commercial or Category Two supplies, which potentially affect larger populations. The main factors implicated in these outbreaks are temporary or transient populations, treatment (lack or failure), the presence of animals and heavy rains. The public health problem associated with PWS could be prevented by the identification and understanding of risk factors, by the proper protection of water sources and adequate treatment and maintenance. This could be facilitated through the introduction of a risk assessment as part of a scheme for PWS.
Indonesia–Chicken: Tensions between International Trade and Domestic Food Policies?
Authors: RIGOD BORIS , TOVAR PATRICIA
Published: April 2019

This paper analyzes the dispute Indonesia – Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products from a legal-economic perspective. We evaluate alternative explanations for the motive behind Indonesia's import restrictions and conclude that they can be linked to protectionist political-economic motives and are most likely due to a self-sufficiency objective and the legal requirements attached to it. Economically, the import restrictions on chicken and other food products have led to substantial price volatility, and they impose costs on Indonesian consumers and small farmers who are net buyers of food, firms that import certain raw materials, as well as foreign exporters. Therefore, by making food more expensive and less accessible, they could reduce food security. We also argue that an additional issue with the goal of self-sufficiency in Indonesia is lack of comparative advantage in some food items, including chicken meat and chicken products. Legally, although the Panel highlighted that self-sufficiency is a legitimate policy objective that as such does not lead to a violation of WTO law, the Indonesia–Chicken case leads to the question of whether, in practice, it is feasible to implement a self-sufficiency target resorting only to WTO-compliant policies. Finally, we discuss potential alternative economic policies and examine whether Indonesia could have attained its food self-sufficiency objective in a WTO-consistent manner.
Green manure and phosphorus fertilization affect weed community composition and crop/weed competition in organic maize
Authors: Carlesi Stefano , Bigongiali Federica , Antichi Daniele , Ciaccia Corrado , Tittarelli Fabio , Canali Stefano , Bàrberi Paolo
Published: April 2019

Green manure and compost-enriched in phosphorus can promote the sustainability of cropping systems by increasing soil fertility over the long term. They can also be used to manage crop/weed interactions, a key element in guaranteeing an appropriate level of satisfactory crop yields. We studied how green manuring with hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) and the application of different types of phosphorous-enriched compost affect weed/maize (Zea maysL.) interactions in an organic stockless Mediterranean agroecosystem for two consecutive dry years. Green manure stimulated the expression of maize traits related to a higher competitive ability against weeds, such as early growth, height and leaf area index, while the effect of compost was less clear. Regarding crop/weed competition, both green manuring and a phosphorus-enriched compost application gave a significant advantage to maize. Neither green manure nor compost increased total weed density and biomass compared to the control. Green manuring significantly affected the weed community composition. The relative density of ruderal and competitive-ruderal species (according to Grime's classification) was higher in plots where the green manure was applied. The use of green manure, together with novel composting techniques, significantly affected crop/weed competitive interactions, favoring maize, but also creating favorable conditions for unwanted weed species such as competitive-ruderals. Increasing nitrogen availability in the early growth stages of maize through green manuring can increase crop competitive ability. However, this may not suffice to preserve the system from future weed problems, should potentially detrimental species be selected. Dedicated strategies for the control of emerging weed species may thus be needed.
Variation in tolerance mechanisms to fluazifop-P-butyl among selected zoysiagrass lines
Authors: Liu Wenwen , MacDonald Gregory E. , Unruh J. Bryan , Kenworthy Kevin E. , Trenholm Laurie E. , Leon Ramon G.
Published: April 2019

Breeding herbicide tolerance into new cultivars can improve safety and weed control in turfgrass systems. The sensitivity to fluazifop-P-butyl of 27 zoysiagrass (Zoysiaspp.) lines was screened under greenhouse conditions to identify potential tolerant germplasm for breeding programs. The herbicide rate that caused 50% biomass reduction (GR50) and the rate that caused 50% injury (ID50) were calculated to select the three most-tolerant and the five most-susceptible lines for studying the physiological mechanisms responsible for fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance. The differences in GR50and ID50between susceptible and tolerant lines ranged from 4-fold to more than 10-fold. Cytochrome P450–mediated metabolism was not detected in fluazifop-P-butyl–tolerant lines. Sequencing of theACCasegene confirmed that none of the seven previously reported mutations conferring resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in other species were present in any of the tolerant or susceptible zoysiagrass lines studied. An Ala-2073-Thr substitution was identified in two tolerant lines, but this mutation did not completely explain the tolerant phenotype. No clear differences in absorption and translocation rates of14C-radiolabeled fluazifop-P-butyl were observed among most lines, with the exception of a susceptible line that exhibited greater translocation than two of the tolerant lines. Metabolite profiles did not differ between tolerant and susceptible lines. Our results suggest that the diversity in tolerance to fluazifop-P-butyl in zoysiagrass germplasm is most likely the result of a combination of different, minor, additive non–target site mechanisms such as translocation rate and compartmentation after absorption.
Aerosol Particle Size May Contribute to Varying Health Responses
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: April 2019

Particulate matter in the atmosphere derives from industrial and environmental sources. The size of the particle determines how it deposits in the body and leads to different health challenges.
Through Flood and Drought: Reconstructing the Yellow River
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: April 2019

Tree ring chronologies fill in gaps in the historical record and offer insights into the natural flow of China’s Yellow River.
Multiyear Increase in the Stable Isotopic Composition of Stream Water From Groundwater Recharge Due to Extreme Precipitation
Authors: Boutt David F. , Mabee Stephen B. , Yu Qian
Published: April 2019

The isotopic composition of surface and groundwater is impacted by many hydrologic processes. The long‐term stable water isotopic response of systems to hydrologic change is critical for interpreting isotopic information for streamflow generation, stream‐aquifer‐coupling, and recharge processes. To evaluate the response of stream‐aquifer systems to extreme precipitation events we use 743 surface and groundwater isotopes with drainage areas ranging from 0.1 to >800 km2. Results show multiannual trends from high to low isotopic compositions associated with increases in the composition of shallow groundwater. The year 2011 was one of the wettest years and the months of August and September were the wettest consecutive 2‐month period in the 123‐year record. This increase in the isotopic composition has long‐term impact on the isotopic composition of surface and groundwater highlighting the importance of groundwater sources of baseflow to streams and the transient storage and release mechanisms of groundwater at the catchment scale.
Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism through selective turnover of NCoR1
Authors: Saito Tetsuya , Kuma Akiko , Sugiura Yuki , Ichimura Yoshinobu , Obata Miki , Kitamura Hiroshi , Okuda Shujiro , Lee Hyeon-Cheol , Ikeda Kazutaka , Kanegae Yumi , Saito Izumu , Auwerx Johan , Motohashi Hozumi , Suematsu Makoto , Soga Tomoyoshi , Yokomizo Takehiko , Waguri Satoshi , Mizushima Noboru , Komatsu Masaaki
Published: April 2019

Selective autophagy ensures the removal of specific soluble proteins, protein aggregates, damaged mitochondria, and invasive bacteria from cells. Defective autophagy has been directly linked to metabolic disorders. However how selective autophagy regulates metabolism remains largely uncharacterized. Here we show that a deficiency in selective autophagy is associated with suppression of lipid oxidation. Hepatic loss of Atg7 or Atg5 significantly impairs the production of ketone bodies upon fasting, due to decreased expression of enzymes involved in β-oxidation following suppression of transactivation by PPARα. Mechanistically, nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 (NCoR1), which interacts with PPARα to suppress its transactivation, binds to the autophagosomal GABARAP family proteins and is degraded by autophagy. Consequently, loss of autophagy causes accumulation of NCoR1, suppressing PPARα activity and resulting in impaired lipid oxidation. These results suggest that autophagy contributes to PPARα activation upon fasting by promoting degradation of NCoR1 and thus regulates β-oxidation and ketone bodies production.
Bio-inspired ultra-high energy efficiency bistable electronic billboard and reader
Authors: Zhang Weiran , Wang Xiaojun , Wang Yuyang , Yang Guojian , Gu Chang , Zheng Wenxuan , Zhang Yu-Mo , Li Minjie , Zhang Sean Xiao-An
Published: April 2019

Bistable display has been a long-awaited goal due to its zero energy cost when maintaining colored or colorless state and electrochromic material has been highly considered as a potential way to achieve bistable display due to its simple structure and possible manipulation. However, it is extremely challenging with insurmountable technical barriers related to traditional electrochromic mechanisms. Herein a prototype for bistable electronic billboard and reader with high energy efficiency is demonstrated with excellent bistability (decay 7% in an hour), reversibility (104 cycles), coloration efficiency (430 cm2 C−1) and very short voltage stimulation time (2 ms) for color switching, which greatly outperforms current products. This is achieved by stabilization of redox molecule via intermolecular ion transfer to the supramolecular bonded colorant and further stabilization of the electrochromic molecules in semi-solid media. This promising approach for ultra-energy-efficient display will promote the development of switching molecules, devices and applications in various fields of driving/navigation/industry as display to save energy.
Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predictive Modeling of Beef Attributes Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) Data
Authors: Gredell Devin A. , Schroeder Amelia R. , Belk Keith E. , Broeckling Corey D. , Heuberger Adam L. , Kim Soo-Young , King D. Andy , Shackelford Steven D. , Sharp Julia L. , Wheeler Tommy L. , Woerner Dale R. , Prenni Jessica E.
Published: April 2019

Ambient mass spectrometry is an analytical approach that enables ionization of molecules under open-air conditions with no sample preparation and very fast sampling times. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is a relatively new type of ambient mass spectrometry that has demonstrated applications in both human health and food science. Here, we present an evaluation of REIMS as a tool to generate molecular scale information as an objective measure for the assessment of beef quality attributes. Eight different machine learning algorithms were compared to generate predictive models using REIMS data to classify beef quality attributes based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade, production background, breed type and muscle tenderness. The results revealed that the optimal machine learning algorithm, as assessed by predictive accuracy, was different depending on the classification problem, suggesting that a “one size fits all” approach to developing predictive models from REIMS data is not appropriate. The highest performing models for each classification achieved prediction accuracies between 81.5–99%, indicating the potential of the approach to complement current methods for classifying quality attributes in beef.