bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supply chain transformation and technology management challenges in developing regions: Inductive theory building from rural Chinese nanostores
Authors: Guo Xitong , Lu Guanyi , Villena Veronica H. , Vogel Doug , Heim Gregory R.
Published: July 2022

Rural nanostores are the dominant source of packaged products for consumers in rural China, thus the more these stores order from reliable suppliers, the better the product quality available to rural areas. To improve merchandise circulation in rural areas, the Chinese government embarked on the large‐scale “Thousands of Villages” (ToV) program in 2005. One of its key components was the implementation of an information technology (IT) procurement system to facilitate transactions between rural nanostores and the ToV program's certified consumer packaged goods (CPG) suppliers. The nanostores' adoption of the ToV procurement system was encouraged yet voluntary. We study how this system was used initially and how it evolved over time. If effective, this program has the potential to address the growing social disparity between rural and developed areas in China. We first embarked on an exploratory analysis (March 2012) to understand the ToV program from the perspectives of nanostore owners, the ToV's CPG suppliers, and the government. We then collected interview data. In Period 1 (2013–2014), when the technology was still nascent, we found that nanostore owner's trust in the ToV's CPG suppliers, and system value, played key roles for nanostore owners to use the ToV procurement system. In Period 2 (2018–2019), three contextual factors emerged—population demographic shift, improved technology infrastructure, and trust in new [non‐ToV] purchasing platforms—each hindering the ToV procurement system's use. We observed strong government support during the early phases of ToV, but that support evolved from subsidizing the ToV platform and offering associated training (Period 1), to also providing credibility to competing non‐ToV procurement platforms (Period 2). Collectively, the findings identify idiosyncratic challenges that arise when public policies attempt to address developing region problems by reengineering supply chains via IT. We provide implications for IT research about technology management in rural developing areas and for managers to recognize potential pitfalls of managing IT projects in supply bases unfamiliar with advanced IT.
Paleoenvironmental dynamics in central‐eastern Brazil during the last 23 000 years: tropical peatland record in the Cerrado biome
Authors: Costa Camila Rodrigues , Pinto da Luz Cynthia Fernandes , Horák‐Terra Ingrid , de Camargo Plínio Barbosa , Barral Uidemar Morais , Mendonça‐Filho Carlos Victor , Gonçalves Thamyres Sabrina , Silva Alexandre Christófaro
Published: July 2022

The Cerrado biome is the second largest in Brazil, but the evolution of the Cerrado during the late Quaternary is not yet fully known. This study identifies paleoenvironmental changes during the last 23 000 years, based on a tropical mountain peatland record, in the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional in central‐eastern Brazil. A multi‐proxy approach was used that involved palynological analysis, stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N), geochemistry, radiocarbon dating and multivariate statistics derived from a peatland core from Rio Preto (Minas Gerais state). The study reveals a very humid and cold climate during the late Pleistocene, with an increase in temperature and decrease in humidity at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. During this period there was strong instability in the landscape (episodes of erosion). At the beginning of the Holocene there was a reduction in humidity with greater landscape stability. The current sub‐humid climatic conditions seem to have been established in the mid‐/late Holocene, with periods of landscape instability. Our findings agree with other Cerrado records that contradict previously established hypotheses, such as the Amazonian Refuge and the Pleistocene Arc.
In vitro germination and controlled release fertilizer effects on ex vitro development of Eugenia uniflora L. plantlets
Authors: Simão Mariela Justiniano , Cola Marília Poton Arcobeli , da Silva Nina Claudia Barboza
Published: July 2022

Background

Eugenia uniflora L (Myrtaceae) is a native shrub from Brazil and is used in traditional medicine and also in the food industry to produce different types of juices, jellies, ice cream, and can also be consumed unprocessed. This species is propagated by seeds, which have irregular germination leading to low producer orchards affecting its economic viability for large‐scale production and the quality of seedlings. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate different in vitro germination conditions and the effects of substrate and fertilizer on ex vitro plantlets development.

Results

Seeds germinated in MS0 under light had the highest speed germination index (1.63). The highest root system length was observed in seeds cultivated in MS + 1 μmol GA3 in the presence of light (12.85 cm). Plantlets developed under MS + 1 μmol GA3 in the presence of light, showed the highest dry weight mass (29.7 mg). The three‐way ANOVA indicated that the type of fertilizer, culture medium, and light conditions separately showed significant effects on shoot length (p < 0.0001, 0.0278, and 0.036 respectively), root collar diameter (p < 0.0001, 0.0428, and 0.0165, respectively) and also for the fresh and dry weight of the shoot, just by the type of fertilizer (p < 0.0001) and culture medium (p < 0.05) used.

Conclusion

It was concluded that MS0 under light is the most suitable condition for Brazilian cherry germination and commercial substrate plus the controlled release NPK 15‐9‐12 fertilizer provides better plant growth.
A case of contact stomatitis of the oral floor caused by magnesium oxide in an elderly with paralysis
Authors: Okubo Masahiko , Kamimura Hideyuki , Fukushima Yosuke , Ito Ko , Sato Tsuyoshi , Kokabu Shoichiro
Published: July 2022

Background

On the mucosa, the retention of drugs including magnesium oxide for laxative sometimes causes drug‐induced contact mucositis.

Case presentation

A 72‐year‐old man presented with discomfort in the oral floor. He suffered from paralysis on the right side of his body. After his meal, it was observed magnesium oxide were retained on the right side of the oral floor. After our instruction of taking drugs with food thickening agents, his mucosa became normal soon.

Conclusion

We realized that the supervising of taking medicine in the right way is important for the patients such as oral dysphagia especially with elderly and paralysis.
Water transport in epoxy/polyurethane interpenetrating networks
Authors: Bratasyuk Nikita A. , Ostanin Stepan A. , Mokeev Maxim V. , Zuev Vjacheslav V.
Published: July 2022

Diffusion of water in epoxy–polyurethane (PU) interpenetrating networks was investigated using gravimetry, time‐resolved ATR‐FTIR, and 2D correlation analysis. In this study, the amount of PU component and the length of polyethylene oxide soft block in them were systematically varied to determine their influence on water uptake. The diffusion coefficients were calculated and anomalous water diffusion is well described by the Carter and Kibler model. Water molecules of four different states were identified in the network volume, and sequence of their formation was determined by 2D‐IR spectroscopy. One of them could be confined into free volume (microvoids) or molecularly dispersed with hydrogen‐bonding at cluster formation (bulk dissolved), while the others could be attributed to the bound water forming strong hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic entities of networks. These results were supported by solid‐state 2H NMR data. The influence of water uptake on thermomechanical behavior of epoxy/PU networks was determined. It was shown that the increase of PU content in composites leads to the changes of the effect of water uptake from plasticizing to the anti‐plasticizing as a result of the formation of new networks of interchain hydrogen bonds.
A review on the alternative of indium tin oxide coated glass substrate in flexible and bendable organic optoelectronic device
Authors: Shankar Uday , Oberoi Deepa , Bandyopadhyay Anasuya
Published: July 2022

Flexible and optically transparent electrodes (TEs) are essential for most state‐of‐art organic optoelectronic devices (OOED). The demand for bendable electronic devices with aesthetic impact and multi‐functionality has driven the rapid development of flexible TEs with improved optoelectrical and mechanical properties. However, conventional rigid TEs, that is, indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate (ITO/glass), cannot match smart devices' requirements in unique fields, like electrochromic devices, electronic skins, and wearable electronics, foldable displays, smart windows, and solar cells. To substitute extensively used ITO/glass electrodes has been endeavored because of the increasing price and inherently brittle ITO and glass substrate behavior. Emerging TEs based on the combination of the polymers substrate and conducting fillers like graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and transparent conducting oxides are bendable, lightweight, and inexpensive. They have shown substantial prospects to be used in the devices mentioned above. With each tiny development in these emerging TE‘s, such as outstanding optoelectrical and mechanical features in flexible electrodes, they become more suitable for practical applications in miscellaneous bendable devices. This review summarizes the comprehensive overview of the modern alternative flexible TEs and their implementation in bendable and stretchable devices.
Design and synthesis of composite films with excellent microwave absorption performance using polydimethylsiloxane as flexible frame
Authors: Li Songyan , Tian Xiaoxia , Wang Jiafu , Ma Lisi , Li Chenchen , Qin Zhe , Qu Shaobo
Published: July 2022

The preparation of flexible ultra‐thin microwave absorption composite films for practical application is a known challenge. In this work, we use polydimethylsiloxane as the frame, extra conducting electric carbon black and carbonyl iron powder as absorbents. The microwave absorption performances of composite films can be well adjusted by changing the mass ratio of extra conducting electric carbon black and carbonyl iron powder. Meanwhile, the maximum reflection loss can reach −50.53 dB with a thickness of 1.63 mm, while the effective absorption bandwidth can achieve 4.80 GHz at a 1.48 mm thickness. The excellent microwave absorption performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of good impedance matching, magnetic loss, dielectric loss and conduction loss. Importantly, the preparation of this ultra‐thin composite film explores the application of polydimethylsiloxane as a flexible framework material in microwave absorption field.
Organic solvents enhance polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol self‐healing hydrogels for artificial cartilage
Authors: Ye Zishuo , Lu Hailin , Jia Endong , Chen Jian , Fu Lifeng
Published: July 2022

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have potential applications in bionic articular cartilage due to their good biocompatibility and low friction. However, the lack of adequate mechanical properties is a key obstacle for PVA hydrogels to replace natural cartilage. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced into the PVA hydrogel, and the (PVA/PEG) composite gels were prepared by a blending physical cross‐linking method. The PVA/PEG gels were treated with a simple and novel organic solvent immersion dehydration to improve its mechanical and tribological properties. And the using of organic solvents for dehydration changed the network structure of the PVA/PEG gels, which improved the mechanical properties effectively. In this study, the effects of different organic solvents on the tribological properties, swelling ratio, shore hardness, and dehydration rate of PVA/PEG hydrogels were investigated. Compared with natural drying, organic solvent dehydration reduced the gel formation time. Notably, the organic solvent dehydration treatment reduces the wear rate of PE ball friction pair to 27.4% of the original amount, improving wear resistance. Meanwhile, self‐healing and cellular immune assays demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility and self‐healing ability of the PVA/PEG gels. This study provides a new candidate material for the design of articular cartilage, which is expected to advance the progress of artificial cartilage repair.
Effect of surface modified magnesium sulfate whisker on crystallization and mechanical properties of polybutylene succinate composites
Authors: Hou Hongbo , Pu Zejun , Zhu Rongli , Wang Xu , Li Xianyong , Yu Dayang , Wu Fang , Zhong Jiachun
Published: July 2022

In this study, the M@MgSO4 whiskers (MOSw) are successfully prepared by the surface treatment of MOSw. Then, using polybutylene succinate (PBS) as the matrix and M@MOSw as the filler, the PBS/M@MOSw and PBS/MOSw composite films were prepared. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results show that the PBS was successfully coated on the surface of MOSw. With the introduction of the M@MOSw, it has been improved the MOSw and the PBS dispersibility and interface compatibility obviously. After the addition of the M@MOSw or MOSw in the PBS‐based composites, not only does the crystallization rate improve, but also the crystal size and structure changes. The PBS/M@MOSw composites show excellent mechanical properties. When the with 10 wt% M@MOSw loading, the tensile strength of the PBS/M@MOSw composites is 34.67 MPa, which is 9.3% higher than that of pure PBS. Meanwhile, when the M@MOSw with 20 wt% loading, the bending strength of PBS/M@MOSw increases significantly, reaching 45.26 MPa, which is improved 35.55% than that of pure PBS.
Molecular characteristics, mechanism of synthesis, adhesive properties of graft copolymer of chloroprene rubber with acrylic acid
Authors: Rafikov Adham Salimovich , Khodjaeva Saodat Adilbekovna , Karimov Sardorbek Khodjibaevich , Ibragimov Abdusattar Turgunivich
Published: July 2022

Synthesized graft copolymers of chloroprene rubber with acrylic acid in a solution of a mixture of dimethylformamide and benzene, in the presence of potassium persulfate. The gravimetric method determined the orders of the reaction rate by the concentrations of acrylic acid (2.0) and potassium persulfate (1.2), the total activation energy of the process (24.4 kJ/mol). It was found that the degree of grafting increases up to 140% with an increase in the concentration of the monomer, initiator, temperature, and process time. The efficiency of grafting changes insignificantly with changes in synthesis conditions and has a high value (67%–91%) over a wide range of concentrations, temperatures, and times. With an increase in the concentration of acrylic acid and a process time of up to 8 h, the molecular weight of the grafted polyacrylic acid chains increases to 38,000. IR Fourier,1H, and13C NMR spectroscopic studies established the mechanism of graft copolymerization. Radical active centers are formed as a result of hydrogen abstraction from the rubber molecule after interaction with potassium persulfate. Copolymers synthesized at a mass ratio of rubber:acrylic acid from 1:0.5 to 1:2, have excellent adhesion to the surface of the skin and textile material.
Comparing fluoroscopic versus ultrasound guidance in glenohumeral joint aspiration
Authors: Provo Justin , Teramoto Masaru , Foley Justin , Roesly Heather , Gee Christopher , Cushman Daniel M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Joint aspiration is a common technique used to aid in the diagnosis of glenohumeral pathology. Fluoroscopy and ultrasound are both used as image‐guidance methods to increase the accuracy of the procedure. There are no prior studies comparing the ability of these two methods to obtain joint fluid.

Objective

To evaluate whether fluoroscopy or ultrasound‐image guidance more often obtains fluid from the glenohumeral joint and which technique obtains a greater amount of fluid.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Single academic orthopedic clinic.

Patients

A total of 206 patients undergoing glenohumeral aspiration, generally to rule out infection.

Interventions

Fluoroscopic‐ or ultrasound‐guided joint aspirations, performed by numerous physicians.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary was the successful aspiration of at least 0.1 mL of joint fluid; secondary was the total amount of joint fluid obtained.

Results

There was no significant difference in rate of successful aspirations between ultrasound (69.4% successful; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 54.4%, 84.5%) and fluoroscopy (70.6% successful; 95% CI = 63.7%, 77.4%). The amounts of fluid obtained by fluoroscopy and ultrasound did not differ significantly (p = .349; mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 7.1 ± 12.6 vs. 10.0 ± 16.8 mL; median [interquartile range [IQR] = 3 [7] vs. 5 [8.75] mL). Sub‐analysis showed that significantly more fluid was obtained with fluoroscopy in patients with a >35 body mass index (BMI) (adjusted mean = 7.9 mL; 95% CI = 4.3, 11.5) when compared with ultrasound (2.3 mL; 95% CI = 0.6, 4.0).

Conclusions

Fluoroscopic‐ and ultrasound‐guided aspirations of the glenohumeral joint demonstrate similar success in obtaining fluid. For nonobese patients, ultrasound guidance is typically less expensive, office‐based, less uncomfortable, and allows for dynamic visualization. For obese patients, fluoroscopy appears to have an advantage with respect to the amount of fluid obtained. Prospective studies are warranted to make more robust conclusions.
New insights into cypermethrin insecticide resistance mechanisms of Culex pipiens pallens by proteome analysis
Authors: Zhang Chongxing , Guo Xiuxia , Li Tao , Cheng Peng , Gong Maoqing
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

Due to the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, with worldwide mosquito‐borne diseases resurgence in recent years, recent advances in proteome technology have facilitated a proteome‐wide analysis of insecticide resistance‐associated proteins in mosquitoes. Understanding the complexity of the molecular basis of insecticide resistance mechanisms employed by mosquitoes will help in designing the most effective and sustainable mosquito control methods.

RESULTS

After 30 generations, insecticide‐selected strains showed elevated resistance levels to the cypermethrin used for selection. Proteome data allowed the detection of 2892 proteins, of which 2885 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) achieved quantitative significances in four stages (egg, larvae, pupae, adult) of Culex pipiens pallens cypermethrin‐resistant strain as compared to the susceptible strain. Among them, a significant enrichment of proteins, including cuticular proteins, enzymes involved in the detoxification (cytochrome P450, glutathione S‐transferases, esterase, ATP‐binding cassette) and some biological pathways (oxidative phosphorylation, hippo signalling) that are potentially involved in cypermethrin resistance, was observed. Thirty‐one representative DEPs (cytochrome P450, glutathione S‐transferase, cuticle protein) during Cx. pipiens pallens developmental stages were confirmed by a parallel reaction monitoring strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study confirmed the power of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification for identifying concomitantly quantitative proteome changes associated with cypermethrin in Cx. pipiens pallens. Proteome analysis suggests that proteome modifications can be selected rapidly by cypermethrin, and multiple resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in cypermethrin‐resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens, Our results interpret that an up‐regulated expression of proteins and enzymes like cytochrome P450, glutathione S‐transferases, esterase etc. has an impact in insecticide resistance. Previously neglected penetration resistance (cuticular proteins) may play an important role in the adaptive response of Cx. pipiens pallens to insecticides. This information may serve as a basis for future work concerning the possible role of these proteins in cypermethrin resistance in mosquito Cx. pipiens pallens. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Modifying the Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Monolayer 2H‐VS2 via Ferroelectric Substrate with Different Surface Terminations
Authors: Dai Jian-Qing , Liu Yu-Zhu , Yuan Jin
Published: July 2022

A promising strategy to tailor the magnetic and electronic properties of 2D van der Waals magnets is to integrate them with a ferroelectric (FE) substrate. Herein, the FE substrate effect of BiFeO3(0001) with different surface terminations is explored using density functional theory calculations for the ferromagnetic 2H‐VS2 monolayer. It is observed that depending on the polarization direction and surface termination of the BiFeO3(0001) FE substrate, the 2H‐VS2/BiFeO3(0001) interface exhibits a substantially varied charge transfer behavior. The magnetic and electronic properties of the monolayer 2H‐VS2 are significantly modulated by the interface charge transfer. Furthermore, in the 2H‐VS2/BiFeO3(0001) heterostructures, large interface magnetoelectric coupling coefficients are predicted. The in‐plane magnetic and electronic properties of monolayer 2H‐VS2 can be effectively tuned by the out‐of‐plane FE polarization, paving the way for a novel class of spintronic devices based on the 2H‐VS2/BiFeO3(0001) hybrid system.
Characteristics of book talks aboutNature of Science
Authors: Leden Lotta , Hansson Lena , Thulin Susanne
Published: July 2022

This study explores book talks as an approach to teaching Nature of Science (NOS) to young children (4–6 years old). To teach about NOS means to, in one way or another, focus on the processes, humans that build science knowledge, as well as the characteristics and limits of scientific knowledge. Previous research in this area has studied the representation of NOS in science trade books and suggested ways for teachers to highlight this content, specifically in relation to books that have been rendered “exemplary” for teaching NOS. This study focuses on the actual conversations (i.e., book talks) between teachers and children related to science trade books that are available in bookstores. The aim of the study was to contribute further knowledge about the characteristics of book talks related to such books when they are used as an approach to teaching NOS. Book talks (N = 58) between two teachers and their respective groups of children were audiorecorded and transcribed. The results contribute by shedding light on how teachers use the book as a resource in combination with other resources to highlight various aspects of NOS during book talks. This is important since it shows how book talks as an approach to NOS teaching can be staged even if exemplary books are not available. A tentative model that can scaffold teachers' didactic analysis is presented.
Biologically Emulated Flexible Sensors With High Sensitivity and Low Hysteresis: Toward Electronic Skin to a Sense of Touch
Authors: Guo Xiaohui , Zhou Deyi , Hong Weiqiang , Wang Dandan , Liu Tianqi , Wang Di , Liu Long , Yu Shencheng , Song Yanjun , Bai Su , Li Yewei , Hong Qi , Zhao Yunong , Xiang Lei , Mai Zhihong , Xing Guozhong
Published: July 2022

Recently, flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) have attracted intensive attention owing to their ability to mimic and function as electronic skin. Some sensors are exploited with a biological structure dielectric layer for high sensitivity and detection. However, traditional sensors with bionic structures usually suffer from a limited range for high‐pressure scenes due to their high sensitivity and high hysteresis in the medium pressure range. Here, a reconfigurable flea bionic structure FPS based on 3D printing technology, which can meet the needs of different scenes via tailoring of the dedicated structural parameters, is proposed. FPS exhibits high sensitivity (1.005 kPa−1 in 0–1 kPa), wide detection range (200 kPa), high repeatability (6000 cycles in 10 kPa), low hysteresis (1.3%), fast response time (40 ms), and very low detection limit (0.5 Pa). Aiming at practical application implementation, FPS has been correspondingly placed on a finger, elbow, arm, neck, cheek, and manipulators to detect the actions of various body parts, suggestive of excellent applicability. It is also integrated to make a flexible 3 × 3 sensor array for detecting spatial pressure distribution. The results indicate that FPS exhibits a significant application potential in advanced biological wearable technologies, such as human motion monitoring.
Comparison performance of coagulation flocculation process and combination with ozonation process of stabilized landfill leachate treatment
Authors: Zakaria Siti Nor Farhana , Abdul Aziz Hamidi , Mohamad Maheera
Published: July 2022

Landfill leachate is well known as a hazardous byproduct from dumpling sites that has a negative impact on the environment and human life. Therefore, an effective treatment is imperative to overcome this issue. This research study investigates the effectiveness of zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) and tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) as a coagulant in leachate treatment. Two parameters selected as a performance indicator in this study are color and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The data obtained showed that SnCl4 performed well as a coagulant with removal percentages of color and COD, which are 97% and 77%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential of integrated treatment using ozonation (O3) and the coagulation‐flocculation process was also investigated. Four sequences of integrated treatment setup for this study were ozonation followed by jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant), ozonation followed by jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant), jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process, and jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process. The experimental data showed that the combination treatment of SnCl4 as a coagulant (jar test) followed by the ozonation process had recorded the highest removal of color (97.1%) and COD (88%) compared to other sequences. Moreover, the biodegradability ratio of this sequence also improved from 0.03 to 0.28, compared with other methods. Comparatively, integrated treatment is more effective in treating stabilized landfill leachate compared to the coagulation flocculation process alone.

Practitioner Points

Stabilized landfill leachate is difficult to be treated by natural coagulants or biological process.

SnCl4 performed well as a coagulant in removing COD and colour from landfill leachate compared to ZrCl4.

However, too much usage of SnCl4 potentially generate secondary pollutant. Therefore, combination with O3 as pre‐treatment is investigated.

Combination treatment of SnCl4 ( as coagulant) with O3 had recorded the highest removal of colour (97.1%) and COD (88%).

The biodegradability ratio of this sequence also improved from 0.03 to 0.28.
Aerobic post‐treatment of effluent from anaerobic reactors fed with residues from 1G and 2G sugarcane biorefineries
Authors: Procópio Paula Fontoura , de Aquino Sérgio Francisco , Adarme Oscar Fernando Herrera
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to evaluate an activated sludge system as a post‐treatment step of anaerobic effluents from the co‐digestion of sugarcane vinasse and hemicelluloses hydrolysate. The system consisted, initially, of a two‐stage anaerobic system followed by a continuously fed activated sludge, all in bench scale. After adaptation of aerobic microorganisms to effluent conditions, the anaerobic digestion was conducted in a single‐stage anaerobic reactor, increasing the influent organic loading rate (OLR) of activated sludge from 0.73 to an average of 2.36 gCOD/L·day. Under optimal conditions (12‐h hydraulic retention time [HRT]), a 62 ± 9% efficiency was observed on the aerobic post‐treatment, resulting in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 414.3 ± 95 mg/L. Overall efficiency of the combined system (anaerobic + aerobic) averaged 88 ± 3%. Influent and effluent characteristics were then analyzed by Folin‐Ciocalteau method, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for identification of potentially toxic and recalcitrant compounds. Compounds that absorb light within the visible spectra were well removed by the combined treatment system. Most compounds identified by GC–MS in the influent were completely removed by aerobic microorganisms. Saturated fatty acids such as adipic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid were observed in the final effluent, as well as other potentially toxic compounds such as stigmasterol, di‐isobutyl phthalate, and benzene. Activated sludge proved to be an efficient post‐treatment for anaerobic co‐digestion, able to cope with changes of anaerobic effluent quality and providing a final effluent of stable organic load. However, phenol removal was not efficient and further studies could be performed to optimize its degradation.

Practitioner Points

Conventional activated sludge with a 12‐h HRT was capable of handling significant OLR variation, providing a final effluent with lower and stable COD concentration.

Glucose addition for carbon supplementation was necessary during the start‐up of activated sludge.

Compounds that absorb light within the visible spectra were mostly removed by the combined (anaerobic–aerobic) treatment system.

Most potentially toxic compounds were well removed in the post‐treatment system.

Saturated fatty acids, VFA, phenols, and low molecular weight aromatic compounds remained in the final effluent.
A phase Ⅱ prospective trial of photobiomodulation therapy in limiting oral mucositis in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Taylor Janielle K.‐A. , Mady Leila J. , Baddour Khalil , Iheagwara Uzoma K. , Zhai Shuyan , Ohr James P. , Zandberg Daniel P. , Gorantla Vikram C. , Ferris Robert L. , Kim Seungwon , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Kubik Mark W. , Sridharan Shaum , Johnson Jonas T. , Holeva Karen D. , Quinn Annette E. , Clump David A.
Published: July 2022

Objective

This study aimed to compare the historical incidence rate of severe oral mucositis (OM) in head and neck cancer patients undergoing definitive concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) versus a prospective cohort of patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with prophylactic photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT).

Methods

This US‐based, institutional, single‐arm, phase Ⅱ prospective clinical trial was initiated in 50 patients (age ≥ 18 years, Karnofsky Performance Scale Index > 60, with locally advanced HNSCC (excluding oral cavity) receiving definitive or adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) with concurrent platinum‐based chemotherapy (CT). PBMT was delivered three times per week throughout RT utilizing both an intraoral as well extraoral delivery system. Primary outcome measure was incidence of severe OM utilizing both the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 4.0 (NCI‐CTCAE) Grade ≥3 and the World Health Organization Mucositis Grading Scale (WHO) Grade ≥3 versus historical controls; secondary outcome measures included time to onset of severe OM following therapy initiation.

Results

At baseline, all patients included in final analysis (N = 47) had OM Grade 0. Average RT and CT dose was (66.3 ± 5.1) Gy and (486.1 ± 106.8) mg/m2, respectively. Severe OM was observed in 11 of 47 patients (23%, confidence interval: 12, 38). OM toxicity grade trended upward during treatment, reaching a maximum at 7 weeks (WHO: 1.8 vs. NCI‐CTCAE: 1.7). Subsequently, OM grade returned to baseline 3 months following completion of RT. The mean time to onset of severe OM was (35 ± 12) days. The mean time to resolution of severe OM was (37 ± 37) days.

Conclusions

Compared to historical outcomes, PBMT aides in decreasing severe OM in patients with locally advanced HNSCC. PBMT represents a minimally invasive, prophylactic intervention to decrease OM as a major treatment‐related side effect.
Policy: Energy Demand and Welfare in the UK
Authors: Butler Catherine
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents a detailed discussion of contemporary UK energy demand policy and welfare policy. These two areas of policy form the focus of the empirical research that will be utilised to examine and develop the conceptual ideas discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. Through this chapter, I first discuss policies relating to fuel poverty, contextualising them in relation to wider energy demand strategies, before going on to address welfare policy with focus on contemporary reforms. In concluding the chapter, I explore existing forms of interconnection for these different policy areas and issues, explicating some of the key challenges that arise for thinking across different domains.
Invisible Energy Policy and Energy Capabilities
Authors: Butler Catherine
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the value of bringing thought about invisible energy policy together with key analytic endeavours in the field of energy poverty. It uses empirical material to develop understanding of how capabilities that are linked to experiences of energy deprivation are shaped by (non-energy) policy. Within this, the chapter explores the potential for  the invisible energy policy orientation to advance existing work related to the ways that wider discourses and framings shape experiences of energy poverty issues. The chapter gives particular focus to the implications of relations between discourses of fuel poverty and those of broader poverty, arising from energy and welfare policy, respectively, extending analysis by exploring how such discourses act upon subjects in ways that affect possibilities for challenging conditions of energy poverty.
ATF2 loss promotes tumor invasion in colorectal cancer cells via upregulation of cancer driver TROP2
Authors: Huebner Kerstin , Erlenbach-Wuensch Katharina , Prochazka Jan , Sheraj Ilir , Hampel Chuanpit , Mrazkova Blanka , Michalcikova Tereza , Tureckova Jolana , Iatsiuk Veronika , Weissmann Anne , Ferrazzi Fulvia , Kunze Philipp , Nalli Enise , Sammer Elisabeth , Gehring Annemarie , Cheema Marie M. , Eckstein Markus , Paap Eva-Maria , Soederberg Agnes , Fischer Corinna , Paul Sushmita , Mahadevan Vijayalakshmi , Ndreshkjana Benardina , Meier Melanie A. , Muehlich Susanne , Geppert Carol I. , Merkel Susanne , Grutzmann Robert , Roehe Adriana , Banerjee Sreeparna , Hartmann Arndt , Sedlacek Radislav , Schneider-Stock Regine
Published: July 2022

In cancer, the activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has pleiotropic functions in cellular responses to growth stimuli, damage, or inflammation. Due to only limited studies, the significance of ATF2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well understood. We report that low ATF2 levels correlated with worse prognosis and tumor aggressiveness in CRC patients. NanoString gene expression and ChIP analysis confirmed trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) as a novel inhibitory ATF2 target gene. This inverse correlation was further observed in primary human tumor tissues. Immunostainings revealed that high intratumoral heterogeneity for ATF2 and TROP2 expression was sustained also in liver metastasis. Mechanistically, our in vitro data of CRISPR/Cas9-generated ATF2 knockout (KO) clones revealed that high TROP2 levels were critical for cell de-adhesion and increased cell migration without triggering EMT. TROP2 was enriched in filopodia and displaced Paxillin from adherens junctions. In vivo imaging, micro-computer tomography, and immunostainings verified that an ATF2KO/TROP2high status triggered tumor invasiveness in in vivo mouse and chicken xenograft models. In silico analysis provided direct support that ATF2low/TROP2high expression status defined high-risk CRC patients. Finally, our data demonstrate that ATF2 acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the cancer driver TROP2. Therapeutic TROP2 targeting might prevent particularly the first steps in metastasis, i.e., the de-adhesion and invasion of colon cancer cells.
MiR-30c-1-3p targets matrix metalloproteinase 9 involved in the rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Yang Lin , Sui Hong-Gang , Wang Meng-Meng , Li Jia-Yin , He Xiao-Feng , Li Jing-Yuan , Wang Xiao-Zeng
Published: July 2022

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can be fatal if ruptured, but there is no predictive biomarker. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic potential of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in an AAA mouse model and patients with unruptured AAA (URAAA) and ruptured AAA (RAAA). Among the 64 miRNAs differentially expressed in mice with AAA compared to control, miR-30c-1-3p, miR-432-3p, miR-3154, and miR-379-5p had high homology with human miRNAs. MiR-30c-1-3p plasma levels were significantly lower in patients with RAAA than in those with URAAA or control and tended to negatively correlate with the maximum aortic diameter (r =  −0.3153, P = 0.06109). MiR-30c-1-3p targeted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA through the coding region and downregulated its expression in vitro. MMP-9 plasma concentrations were significantly higher in the RAAA group than in the URAAA group (P < 0.001) and were negatively associated with miR-30c-1-3p levels (r =  −0.3671, P = 0.01981) and positively–with the maximal aortic diameter (r = 0.6251, P < 0.0001). The optimal cutoff values for MMP-9 expression and the maximal aortic diameter were 461.08 ng/ml and 55.95 mm, with areas under the curve of 0.816 and 0.844, respectively. Our results indicate that plasma levels of miR-30c-1-3p and MMP-9 may be candidate biomarkers of AAA progression.

Key messages

Downregulation of miR-30c-1-3p expression and upregulation of its potential target MMP-9 are predictors of the devastation of AAA.

Downregulation of miR-30c-1-3p expression and its downstream impact on MMP-9 have a potential on predicting the development and rupture of AAA.
Parenthood and lower risk of suicide in women and men: the total Swedish population followed across adulthood
Authors: Sörberg Wallin Alma , Sjöqvist Hugo , Dehara Marina , Wells Michael B. , Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Kosidou Kyriaki , Dalman Christina
Published: July 2022

Background

Previous studies suggest a protective effect of parenthood on suicide, but little is known about how the association may change across the lifespan, or in relation to sex, marital status or occurrence of psychiatric disorders.

Methods

We followed a cohort of over 5 million Swedish women and men, from 1991 to 2011, up to max. age 75, for death by suicide using national registers. Information on childbirths/adoptions, potential confounders and modifying factors were obtained from national registers. We assessed the associations between parenthood and suicide across adulthood using within time-stratified Cox regression models, with parenthood as a time-dependent exposure.

Results

Parents had a lower risk of suicide than non-parents across the lifespan, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. The association was most pronounced in young adults, especially young women, but attenuated with increasing age and converged between sexes in older age groups. The lower risk of suicide over the life course was similar whether parents were married, unmarried or divorced, apart from married men; among them, parents only had a lower risk above age 55. The lower risk in parents was also evident in people with a history of psychiatric hospitalizations, but disappeared from age 55 in this population.

Conclusion

The lower risk of suicide was present in both parents, was most pronounced in young adulthood and weakened with increasing age. Our results are consistent with a plausible mechanism where feelings of responsibility and connectedness are protective against suicide in parents.
Chest examinations in children with real-time magnetic resonance imaging: first clinical experience
Authors: Hirsch Franz Wolfgang , Sorge Ina , Voit Dirk , Frahm Jens , Prenzel Freerk , Wachowiak Robin , Anders Rebecca , Roth Christian , Gräfe Daniel
Published: July 2022

Background

Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on a fast low-angle shot technique 2.0 (FLASH 2.0) is highly effective against artifacts caused due to the bulk and pulmonary and cardiac motions of the patient. However, to date, there are no reports on the application of this innovative technique to pediatric lung MRI.

Objective

This study aimed to identify the limits of resolution and image quality of real-time lung MRI in children and to assess the types and minimal size of lesions with these new sequences.

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, pathological lung findings in 87 children were classified into 6 subgroups, as detected on conventional MRI: metastases and tumors, consolidation, scars, hyperinflation, interstitial pathology and bronchiectasis. Subsequently, the findings were grouped according to size (4–6 mm, 7–9 mm and ≥ 10 mm) and evaluated for visual delineation of the findings (0 = not visible, 1 = hardly visible and 2 = well visualized).

Results

Real-time MRI allows for diagnostic, artifact-free thorax images to be obtained, regardless of patient movements. The delineation of findings strongly correlates with the size of the pathology. Metastases, consolidation and scars were visible at 100% when larger than 9 mm. In the 7–9 mm subgroup, the visibility was 83% for metastases, 88% for consolidation and 100% for scars in T2/T1 weighting. Though often visible, smaller pathological lesions of 4–6 mm in size did not regularly meet the expected diagnostic confidence: The visibility of metastases was 18%, consolidation was 64% and scars was 71%. Diffuse interstitial lung changes and hyperinflation, known as “MR-minus pathologies,” were not accessible to real-time MRI.

Conclusion

The method provides motion robust images of the lung and thorax. However, the lower sensitivity for small lung lesions is a major limitation for routine use of this technique. Currently, the method is adequate for diagnosing inflammatory lung diseases, atelectasis, effusions and lung scarring in children with irregular breathing patterns or bulk motion on sedation-free MRI. A medium-term goal is to improve the diagnostic accuracy of small nodules and interstitial lesions.
Sensory processing and adaptive behavior in Phelan-McDermid syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Serrada-Tejeda Sergio , Cuadrado María-Luz , Martínez-Piédrola Rosa Mª , Máximo-Bocanegra Nuria , Sánchez-Herrera-Baeza Patricia , Camacho-Montaño Lucía Rocío , Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres Marta
Published: July 2022

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation or deletion of the SHANK3 gene (chromosome 22q13.3), characterized by different sensory processing anomalies. The objective of this study is to expand and provide a detailed definition of the sensory profile of patients with PMS. The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between sensory patterns and adaptive behavior. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 51 Spanish patients with a confirmed genetic diagnosis of PMS. All the participants’ parents completed the Short Sensory Profile-Spanish (SSP-S) and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System II (ABAS-II). Correlational, multiple regression and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed. An atypical sensory profile was identified in almost 75% of PMS patients. Definite differences were found among scores; nonetheless, sub-threshold values were observed in tactile sensitivity, underresponsive/seeks sensation, auditory filtering, and low energy/weak sensory categories. Conceptual, social, and practical domains, as well as the General Adaptive Composite (GAC) of the ABAS-II showed extremely low scores (i.e., <70). Significant correlations were found (p<0.005) between SSP-S scores and the conceptual, social, practical, and GAC index of the ABAS-II, whereby higher SSP-S scores were associated with better skills and higher adaptive performance. The cluster analysis indicated that the group with the largest mutation size (7.23 Mb) showed the greatest sensory processing difficulties and very low adaptive skills.

Conclusions: Patients with PMS show an atypical sensory profile, which correlates with limitations in general adaptive behaviors.

What is Known:• PMS sensory processing difficulties were associated with a pattern of underresponsive/seeks sensation, low energy/weak, and tactile
hyporeactivity.• Sensory processing difficulties have been associated with limitations in the development of appropriate adaptive communication and
interaction behaviors.

What is New:• Sensory definite differences associated with tactile hyperreactivity, as well as significant effects of underresponsiveness/seeks sensation and auditory filtering categories on the adaptive abilities were found in SHANK3deletionpatients.• Cluster analysis suggests that smaller mutation sizes were related to better sensory processing and higher adaptive skills, while patients with larger deletion sizes have greater adaptive difficulties and worse sensory processing skills.
Dysphagia Management and Cervical Auscultation: Reliability and Validity Against FEES
Authors: Jaghbeer Mariam , Sutt Anna-Liisa , Bergström Liza
Published: July 2022

This study investigated the reliability and validity (sensitivity and specificity) of cervical auscultation (CA) using both swallow and pre-post swallow-respiratory sounds, as compared with Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). With 103 swallow-respiratory sequences from 23 heterogenic patients, these swallows sounds were rated by eight CA-trained Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) to investigate: (1) if the swallow was safe (primary outcome); (2) patient dysphagia status; (3) the influence of liquid viscosity on CA accuracy (secondary outcomes). Primary outcome data showed high CA sensitivity (85.4%), and specificity (80.3%) with all consistencies for the safe measurement, with CA predictive values of $$>$$
>
90% to accurately detect unsafe swallows. Intra-rater reliability was good (Kappa $$=$$
=
0.65), inter rater reliability moderate (Kappa $$=$$
=
0.58). Secondary outcome measures showed high sensitivity (80.1%) to identify if a patient was dysphagic, low specificity (22.9%), and moderate correlation (rs$$=$$
=
0.62) with FEES. A difference across bolus viscosities identified that CA sensitivities (90.1%) and specificities ($$>$$
>
84.7%) for thin liquids were greater than for thick liquids (71.0–77.4% sensitivities, 74.0–81.3% specificities). Results demonstrate high validity and moderate-good reliability of CA-trained SLPs to determine swallow safety when compared with FEES. Data support the use of CA as an adjunct to the clinical swallow examination. CA should include pre-post respiratory sounds and requires specific training. Clinical implications: The authors advocate for holistic dysphagia management including instrumental assessment and ongoing CSE/review $$+$$
+
CA. Adding CA to the CSE/review does not replace instrumental assessment, nor should CA be used as a stand-alone tool.