bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twenty Years of Simulation/Gaming: Reminiscences and Thoughts of a Scottish Practitioner
Authors: Ellington Henry
Published: March 2007

In this essay, the author looks back on 20 years of experience in simulation/gaming. He begins by describing how he changed careers from physics to educational technology in 1973 and how he immediately became involved in the development of two major simulation/games-THE POWER STATION GAME and the BRUCE OIL MANAGEMENT GAME-each of which subsequently spawned a large number of other gaming and simulation projects. He then looks at how the use of games and simulations has spread throughout education and training during the past 20 years and examines the impact that electronic calculators and computers have had on simulation/gaming, using his own experiences as illustrations in both cases. Finally, he offers a personal view on the likely future role of simulation/gaming in education and training.
Give a Small Child a Hammer and Soon Everything Needs Hammering
Authors: Lederman Linda C.
Published: March 2007

The essay reviews the use of simulations and games in communication education over the past 25 years. After a rapid embracement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, disenchantment set in for many not trained in the use of simulations and games. In reflection, the author writes about three important things that she and others like herself have learned in the design and use of simulations and games: the nature of participation in simulations and games, the importance of debriefing, and the implications of both of these for the relationships between students and teachers in the classrooms.
A Historical Examination of Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship Pedagogy
Authors: Solomon George T. , Weaver K. Mark , Fernald Lloyd W.
Published: March 2007

Four national surveys on course offerings and pedagogies in entrepreneurship and small business management were conducted by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in 1979, 1982, 1986, and 1992. The data are summarized, providing historical information in terms of the number of responses received and the major teaching pedagogies used by both 4-year colleges and universities and 2-year community and junior colleges. Tables are provided that reflect a definite growth pattern in small business management and entrepreneurship course offerings at both 4-year and 2-year schools. Tables also are provided that indicate the extent and use of various teaching and evaluation pedagogies used by these academic institutions.
Developing an Entrepreneurship Game for Teaching and Research
Authors: Low Murray , Venkataraman S. , Srivatsan V.
Published: March 2007

An entrepreneurship game that is based on solid theory has significant potential to inform entrepreneurship research and enhance classroom experiences. However, developing a game that succeeds at both teaching and research is a difficult task This article describes one such attempt, which has achieved initial indications of success on both counts. The article describes the game and its theoretical underpinnings. It discusses the value of the game for teaching and provides an example of its research potential Lessons learned while developing the game are discussed.
Life and Luck: Survival of the Fattest
Authors: Thorngate Warren , Hotta Miho
Published: March 2007

Computer simulations were conducted to examine how three different methods of redistributing wealth would affect the survival rate and wealth distribution of players with limited funds who repeatedly played a game of chance. In one simulation the winner of each game was taxed, and the revenues were immediately redistributed equally to the losers. In a second simulation each winner was required to donate some of the winnings to an insurance fund that paid as many players as possible who just went broke enough money to play one more game. In a third simulation multiple winners were allowed in each game, and the winnings divided equally among them. Fourth and fifth simulations combined these methods. Results indicate that increasing the number of winners is far more effective in increasing survival and equalizing wealth than either taxation or insurance.
A Historian and his Games
Authors: Campion Martin C.
Published: March 2007

After becoming a game designer in his youth, the author, after a conventional education, becomes a conventional professor of history. Dissatisfied, he becomes involved in using and writing about hobby war games, then goes on to design historical computer games for his classes and publication. He also becomes a NASAGA "old-timer. "
Problem Framing through Gaming: A Rebuttal to Law-Yone
Authors: Klabbers Jan H. G.
Published: March 2007

In this rebuttal, structural aspects that relate the trivial machine, nontrivial machine, and the actor system are discussed. The term rationalism is discussed in terms of discourses that include or exclude those who participate in the debate. Subsequently, the author elaborates on the notion of reality and the meaning of the real world in relation to gaming, especially in free-form gaming. Finally, roles of educators are discussed.
A Computer-Mediated Assessment of the Salmon Smolts' Spring Migration
Authors: Ford Andrew
Published: March 2007

This article explains the design and use of a computer-mediated assessment of the spring migration of salmon smolts on the Snake and Columbia rivers. It begins with a discussion of the students and their program of study. It then describes the assignment, which calls for a simulation analysis of various proposals to increase the number of smolts that survive the migration. The article explains three software programs that permit a large number of undergraduates to perform the required analyses. It then concludes with observations on students' learning and the author's plans to expand the exercise.
A Framework for the Object-Oriented Design and Simulation of Information System Dynamics
Authors: Barbeau Luc J. A. , Dececchi Tom
Published: March 2007

A framework for the object-oriented (00) design and simulation of information system (IS) dynamics is proposed, supported by an object-oriented simulation (OOS) mapping tool and a prototype object-oriented integrated development environment (OOIDE). The objective is to make the design and simulation of IS design dynamics a common and integral part of the 00 systems development process by implementing the framework within an integrated and computer-aided systems development environment. The framework proposes a series of steps to follow for the developer who has decided to look at the dynamics of an information system's (IS) logical design and is using an 00 methodology for the development of the new system. The use of the framework, the OOS mapping tool and the prototype OOIDE are validated using an existing IS.
Group Competitiveness and Cohesion in a Business Simulation
Authors: Neal Derrick J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the relationship between the groups' competitive disposition, group cohesion, learning, and economic performance within the MARKSTRAT2 simulation. To investigate the role of competitive disposition, the methodology required that the industries be created with a specific structure rather than the more commonly adopted random formation approach. The results show that individual competitive disposition is not significant in explaining the economic performance. However; a strong correlation was found between the level of group cohesion and economic performance. The impact of this factor could be detected early in the simulation, and in 80% of cases, the team leading its industry in the simulation at the halfway stage was able to maintain the advantage until the end of the simulation. A positive association was also established between levels of individual self-assessed learning and economic performance.
Simulations: Reading for Action
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: March 2007

In teaching children to read, simulations can be a highly effective technique with powerful motivation. The reasons for using the methodology are varied and include communication skills and linguistic practice. Simulations can also be used as icebreakers.
The Association Between Complex Types of Therapist Interventions and Outcomes in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Coady Nick F.
Published: March 2007

The association between complex types of therapist interventions and psychotherapy outcome was investigated by comparing five individual therapy cases with good outcomes to four with poor outcomes. Therapist behaviors in the third session of 20 sessions of psychodynamic psychotherapy were analyzed by four different rating systems. These ratings were used individually and in combination to investigate group differences between good- and poor-outcome cases. Results demonstrated that therapists in the poor-outcome cases exhibited significantly more disaffiliative communications and significantly more disaffiliative interpretive communications that did not focus on the therapist-client relationship or client affect. Additionally, results indicated that interpretive communications and communications that focused on the therapist- client relationship were most prone to being used in a disaffiliative manner. Implications for social work practice and further research are discussed.
Principles of Care for Dually Diagnosed Homeless Persons: Findings From a Demonstration Project
Authors: Blankertz Laura E. , Cnaan Ram A.
Published: March 2007

The literature on treating dually diagnosed homeless individuals is scant. Few programs are described in detail, and none appears to have been evaluated as to effectiveness. This article describes the development of an urban demonstration program for dually diagnosed homeless persons and describes the characteristics of the homeless client. Monthly monitoring indicated that the original low-demand residential services alone were not productive toward rehabilita tion. Consequently, key modifications were added to the program that resulted in seven princi ples of care. Findings from the data analysis indicate that the revised program design effectively decreased negative client behaviors and increased active participation in rehabilitation activities.
Assisting Unemployed Older Workers to Become Reemployed: An Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Rife John C. , Belcher John R.
Published: March 2007

Unemployed older workers face significant labor market obstacles when attempting to find employment. Social workers employed in community-based gerontology settings often intervene with older workers as they search for employment. This article presents the findings from an evaluation and replication of a Job Club intervention strategy designed to assist older workers in regaining employment. Using an experimental pre-post control group design, the results indicate that Job Club programs are more effective than traditional job search assistance strategies in helping participants obtain employment. The benefits of using behavioral strategies such as the Job Club in social work practice with unemployed older workers are discussed.
The Children's Action Tendency Scale: Is It Reliable and Valid with Latino Youngsters?
Authors: Briggs Harold , Tovar Daniel , Corcoran Kevin
Published: March 2007

The Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS) is designed to ascertain how a youth will tend to behave in conflict situations. Although the CATS has favorable psychometric properties, it was developed with an Anglo sample. We evaluated the CATS with a sample of Latino youth and obtained similarly positive findings with respect to the instrument's reliability and validity, suggesting that it may be usefully employed in social work practice with Latino sixth and seventh graders.
Understanding and Interpreting Polytomous Logistic Regression: Applications to Research on Social Work Practice
Authors: Unrau Yvonne A. , Coleman Heather
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates the use of polytomous logistic regression (PLR) and its application to a case example. An outcome study is used to illustrate the use of PLR in applied social work research. The case example is taken from an outcome evaluation of a family support program, involving 250 cases. This instructive article provides readers with (a) a conceptual overview of PLR, (b) an example of how to interpret key features of statistical output (BMDP), (c) a simple formula for calculating probabilities and odds for a particular outcome, and (d) a substantive interpretation of how results can be used in the context of program evaluation. Finally, recommendations for the application of this statistic in practice settings are given.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Multifamily Group Therapy in Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Meezan William , O'Keefe Maura
Published: March 2007

This article compares the effectiveness of multifamily group therapy (MFGT) with traditional family therapy in the treatment of abusing and neglectingfamilies. Eighty-one families were ran domly assigned to the MFGT group or a comparison group where they received traditional fam ily therapy. Comparison of group means was conducted at pretest and at the close of service on child abuse potential and numerous measures of family functioning. Within-group changes were also examined between pretest and posttest. At posttest, families receiving MFGT reported sig nificantly lower child abuse potential scores and significantly better social support scores than families in the comparison group. Additionally, within-group comparisons show that the MFGT group significantly improved in a larger number of areas of family functioning than the comparison group. The findings argue for the expanded use of MFGT with maltreating families and its adoption of a greater number of family service agencies dealing with this population.
Tell Me What you Mean by “Sí”: Perceptions of Quality of Prenatal Care among Immigrant Latina Women
Authors: Bender Deborah E. , Harbour Catherine , Thorp John , Morris Peter
Published: March 2007

Individual perceptions form the basis of many health research reports related to access, utilization, continuity, and quality. Many health care providers are not well equipped for designing studies or collecting data with immigrant populations. In this article, the authors examine issues in data collection on topics related to perceptions of quality of prenatal care among immigrant Latino populations. The conceptual model is Donabedian’s framework for quality. Two instruments—a qualitative interview with photographs representing components of quality and a questionnaire—were used for data collection. Examples of narrative responses given by women in response to the photo-narrative prompts are presented and compared to shorter survey responses. The authors emphasize the importance of designing research instruments that reflect the perceptions of the research subjects rather than simply those of the investigators.
"Ethnography": What's in a Word—Process? Product? Promise?
Authors: Hughes Charles C.
Published: March 2007

As a technique for gathering data on human behavior, "ethnography" has become very popular in a wide range of disciplines and fields. Such popularity has its cost, however. While providing valuable insights and depth of knowledge into understanding behavior, the perspective that informed its historical development and provides a continuing intellectual reationale is often dulled through excessive familiarity. This article places the term and the generic idea at its semantic core in the context of its development in anthropology and consequent adoption by other disciplines.
She won't be Dancing Much Anyway: A Study of Surgeons, Surgical Nurses, and Elderly Patients
Authors: Fisher Bradley J. , Peterson Constance
Published: March 2007

This research examined how the interpersonal dynamics between surgeons and surgical nurses in the operating room and their attitudes toward elderly patients affected the quality of care delivered. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews with surgeons and surgical nurses and from 5 months of participant observation in an operating room. The findings indicate that surgeons strongly influence how surgical personnel treat patients during surgery. The surgeon's ultimate control and unquestioned authority in surgery, when combined with depersonalization of patients, created situations in which the quality of care was compromised. The recommendations discussed include establishing the surgeon as a positive role model, specialized training for those working with elderly patients, and shared governance of the operating room.
Regaining a Valued Self: The Process of Adaptation to Living with Genital Herpes
Authors: Swanson Janice M. , Chenitz W. Carole
Published: March 2007

This study describes the experience of young adults' adaptation to living with the chronic sexually transmitted disease genital herpes. Interview data from 70 adults with a diagnosis of genital herpes were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Findings from the study indicated that the process of adaptation to living with genital herpes involves regaining a valued sense of self. The process occurs in three stages. In the first stage, young adults strive to protect themselves from devaluation due to the stigmatization connected with the disease. In the second stage, they try to renew their sense of self by reaching out and balancing their lives. In the third stage, they adopt a management style that enables them to preserve their sense of self Implications for further research and for practice are suggested.
The Experience of Living with Stroke Sequelae Illuminated by Means of Stories and Metaphors
Authors: Häggström Terttu , Axelsson Karin , Norberg Astrid
Published: March 2007

Twenty-nine persons 60 to 91 years old participated in a study concerning living with stroke sequelae. They narrated stories about two different photographs showing a person of the same age and gender as themselves being fed or eating independently. The stories were analyzed and interpreted by means of a phenomenological hermeneutic method. Some interviewees identified themselves with the actor and the action that took place in the photograph and others did not. Four themes were found: uncertainty; sadness and mourning; gratefulness, hope, and satisfaction; and isolation. The stories varied regarding completeness and expressed optimistic or pessimistic future expectations. The stories were condensed into four core stories. The emotional content of each core story was expressed by a metaphor. The tacit knowledge embedded in the interview texts, expressed through core stories and metaphors, is essential to nursing care.
Feminist Grounded Theory: An Exploration of the Congruency and Tensions between Two Traditions in Knowledge Discovery
Authors: Wuest Judith
Published: March 2007

The feminist perspective applied to the method of grounded theory offers an approach to knowledge discovery for nursing that incorporates diversity and change. The epistemological congruency of feminist theory and grounded theory is discussed. Tensions created by the application of feminist methodological features to the grounded theory method are explored and reflexivity suggested as a means of ensuring that both traditions are respected.
Potential Uses of Focus Groups in Federal Policy and Program Evaluation Studies
Authors: Straw Roger B. , Smith Mickey W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the potential uses of focus groups as a formal data collection technique in federal policy and program evaluation studies. By policy studies, we mean studies that examine how existing and/or prospective policies might affect program activities. These studies will frequently be descriptive in nature and of relatively short duration. The results are intended to be used by the policymaker (agency head, congressperson, and so forth) to inform decisions about program policies. In these studies, qualitative methods often are used as the principal means of collecting data.
"My Hurts": Hospitalized Young Children's Perceptions of Acute Pain
Authors: Woodgate Roberta , Kristjanson Linda J.
Published: March 2007

A qualitative method was used to study hospitalized young children's perceptions of their pain experiences. Participating were 11 children (ages 2 1/2 to 6 1/2 years) who had received surgical intervention. Participant observation and interviews were used to study the children's pain experiences. Each child also participated in a formal interview that combined play or drawing with a semistructured interview format. Data analysis occurred concurrently with data collection, consistent with the grounded theory technique. Findings revealed that the children experienced many different types of pain, which they defined as "my hurts." Their hurts were all perceived as "bad." Preferred care practices were also identified. Information from this investigation will help sensitize professionals to how to better care for young children in pain.
Q Methodology and Qualitative Research
Authors: Brown Steven R.
Published: March 2007

Q methodology combines the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods, and its use in research has been facilitated by recent developments in computer software. Q methodology is briefly illustrated in a single-case study of the subjective experience of health care, and the data generated are used to illustrate the QMethod package, a menu-driven freeware program for mainframes and PCs that facilitates Q-sort data entry, correlation and factor analysis, theoretical rotation of factors, and calculation of factor scores. Instructions are provided for obtaining QMethod, for subscribing to a journal devoted to Q methodology, and for joining the Q methodology electronic discussion group.
The Language of Reproduction: Is it Doctored?
Authors: Lloyd Mike
Published: March 2007

Among the large body of feminist scholarship on infertility and reproductive technologies there is a subargument about the language of reproduction. Following a "medicalization" thesis, feminists argue that the language of reproduction pathologizes the female reproductive system and simultaneously hides the pathology of the male reproductive system. This article describes 3 examples of such an argument and then offers a critique. The overall point that contemporary societies display gender inequality is not disputed, but methodologically, the feminist argument about the language of reproduction is found wanting. Alternative lines of inquiry are mentioned, suggesting a need for greater methodological rigor in studies of medical discourse.
Nerves as Status and Nerves as Stigma: Idioms of Distress and Social Action in Newfoundland and Northern Norway
Authors: Davis Dona Lee , Joakimsen Lisa Moe
Published: March 2007

The nature of the cross-culturally occurring folk or popular complaint of nerves as a form of psychosomatic illness and idiom of distress has been speculated on by a wide variety of scholars. Much of the research seeks to identify common symptomatologies with universal, diagnostic equivalents and/or seeks to expand on the more distinctive metaphorical qualities of nerves as an idiom of distress. Comparison and contrast of anthropological studies of two fishing villages (one in Newfoundland and one in Northern Norway) shows how, despite similarities in symptomatologies and metaphorical qualities of nerves in each community, the local sociocultural context can shape and reflect social action in ways that affect the experience of nerves and the consequences for those who suffer from them in a significantly different fashion. Contrary to the universalist perspective, we conclude that a person's experience of nerves cannot be abstracted from the local sociocultural context.
The Qualitative Description of Human Experience: The Aesthetic Dimension
Authors: Todres Leslie
Published: March 2007

This article asks the question: What kind of qualitative descriptions of human experience produce a feeling of understanding in the reader? The answer to this question may involve not only issues about truth (validity) but also issues about beauty (aesthetics). The themes discussed include the relationship between the structure and texture of an experience, the relationship between the concrete and abstract uses of language, and the relationship between the individual and general levels of description. The article draws on the thought of Dilthey, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Hillman to articulate the need for using language in a way that serves the qualitative dimensions of experience. This tradition would ask for a way of communicating our descriptions that can retain their concrete and embodied occasions; it wishes to return texture to structure and thus involve readers in forms of understanding that cannot be separated from aesthetic participation.
Patients' Perceptions of their Experiences with ESRD and Hemodialysis Treatment
Authors: Gregory Deborah M. , Way Christine Y. , Hutchinson Thomas A. , Barrett Brendan J. , Parfrey Patrick S.
Published: March 2007

A grounded theory methodology was used to explore patients' experiences with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and hemodialysis. The emerging theory suggests that a "new sense of self" is an emotional/psychological state that fluctuates with the evolving meanings of ill-ness and treatment and perceived quality of supports. The findings indicate that when con-fronted with this new way of being in the world, the individual becomes cognizant of an uncertain future, continued dependence on life-sustaining technology and the expertise of health care providers, and the demands on and sacrifices incurred by significant others. All aspects of patients' experiences with ESRD and hemodialysis treatment must be considered if health care providers are tofacilitate positive health outcomes.
A Spiritual Response to the Challenge of Routinization: A Dialogue of Discourses in a Buddhist-Initiated Hospice
Authors: McGrath Pam
Published: March 2007

The hospice vision of providing democratic and humane care of the dying needs to be operationalized in the "real world" of health care bureaucracies. It is at this interface between idealists and the demands of mainstream health care that hospice organizations experience compromise, diversion, and an ongoing threat to their singleness of purpose. This discussion explores this process of routinization through research findings on a hospice organization known as Karuna Hospice Service (KHS). Such findings suggest that, although this hospice inevitably defers to the bureaucratic demands of the system, KHS's spiritual discourse does offer some protection to the formalizing and dehumanizing demands of routinization. Such research findings are provided as a contribution to exploring and documenting the ways in which hospices are negotiating this difficult and important ideological challenge. It is argued that effectively meeting such a challenge is of central importance for the survival of the hospice movement.
Preparing Business- and Technical-Writing Teachers: An Extended Program
Authors: Storms C. Gilbert
Published: March 2007

While demand for business- and technical-writing courses at colleges and uni versities has increased, genuinely qualified teachers are not always available. This article describes an extended program for training graduate assistants to teach business and technical writing. The three-semester program includes a semester of apprenticeship teaching, followed by two semesters in which the graduate assistants teach their own classes. During the graduate assistants' first two semesters, they attend preparatory seminars on the teaching of pro fessional writing. The program emphasizes providing guidance and support for new teachers throughout their assistantship period, while encouraging the graduate assistants to develop their own teaching styles.
The New Historicism and Studies in the History of Business and Technical Writing
Authors: DILLON W. TRACY
Published: March 2007

This article argues that researchers can benefit as scholars and teachers by conducting studies in the history of business and technical writing within the framework of the new historicism. It discusses the problems and features of the historical studies literature, explains the legitimizing effects of treating studies as the new historicism, and advocates teaching students to conduct new historical analyses of business and technical texts.
Using the Arts to Acquire and Enhance Management Skills
Authors: Mockler Robert J.
Published: March 2007

There are many ways to gain insights into and develop approaches to acquiring and enhancing management skills. This article explores one of them—through examining analogies between strategic management and the creative arts fields, especially drama and dramatic literature and the experiences of symphony conductors. The article describes a variety of ways in which these art fields have been and are being used to enrich management learning experiences. These are neither the only nor necessarily the best approaches for everyone in every learning situation. Their study, nonetheless, does provide stimulating insights into the subject for many working in the field.
The Carrier Truck: An Exercise Exploring Organizations as Open Systems
Authors: Trefry Mary G.
Published: March 2007

This article is an experiential activity designed to introduce management and organizational behavior students to basic systems concepts. Students participate as employees of Acme Carrier Truck, Inc. to build carrier trucks that must meet specific criteria. During the exercise, the students respond to changing environmental circumstances and internal organizational problems. A brief summary of basic systems concepts and a discussion of implications for management are provided for instructors, as well as instructions for the experiential activity and suggestions for postexercise processing. The value of the exercise is that participants can combine exploration of systems concepts theories as well as their practical applications in a challenging and engaging experience.
Simulating Organizations: A Student-Documented History of Emergent Behavior
Authors: Betton John H.
Published: March 2007

A study of an organizational simulation is reported. Emergent behavior occurring in classes of undergraduate students is discussed and documented with intra-organization memoranda and entries in student journals. Implications for using classrooms as learning laboratories and ethnographic research are considered in the context of bridging the gap between managerial theory and practice.
Learning from a Realistic Simulation: A Case Study
Authors: Gunz Hugh P.
Published: March 2007

Although management simulations can be excellent teaching vehicles, they can also appear to support a number of fantasies about organizational life that bear no relationship to reality. A simulation, Proteus, is described that attempts to deal with this issue by placing participants into a managerial situation with a high degree of realism. The effects of this realism are described and discussed in the light of a theoretical framework based on Kolb's model of learning and developed elsewhere. Paradoxically, the potential for improved learning from heightened realism can be obscured by the difficulties, and attendant anxieties, caused by that realism.
A Muse of Fire or a Winter of Discontent? Teaching Shakespeare in the Leadership Course
Authors: Stevenson William B.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an attempt to use Shakespeare's plays to teach management principles in a leadership course. Henry V and Richard III provided contrasting examples of leadership behavior. Brief synopses of the plays, videos, a quiz, and student group presentations helped to convey the leadership principles in the plays. A survey of student opinion indicated that the preparatory materials aided student understanding, and the plays were well received.
Condoms and Culture: An Exercise to Foster Classroom Participation of International Students
Authors: Egan Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

One problem encountered in teaching American and international management students is that class members tend to cluster by nationality and language, avoiding discussion with each other. This article presents a classroom role-playing exercise for management or marketing students to increase international student class participation. The exercise focuses on the interaction of culture and management and looks beyond simple business etiquette. It confronts students' preconceived notions and raises issues of the influence of culture on foreign market entry and product definition.
Creating Materials for Interactive Television ("Winging it" doesn't Work)
Authors: Hall James C.
Published: March 2007

This article looks beyond camera skills to focus on the planning and development efforts needed to make televised instruction a rich and productive experience for learners. Jim Hall, an experienced TV instructor who has coached more than 300 university faculty members and corporate trainers on how to teach on television, describes the design of instructional materials, student and instructor guides, and graphics that will add value to interactive TV courses for both teachers and learners.
The Shop Floor Schopenhauer: Hope for a Theory-X Supervisor
Authors: Harter Nathan W.
Published: March 2007

Douglas McGregor's description of theory X has considerable staying power. Supervisors still regard employees as lazy, selfish, and indifferent. A 19th-century philosopher named Arthur Schopenhauer began from similar assumptions about human nature, and yet, despite being called the philosopher of pessimism, he came to realize that such assumptions can lead to a humane ethic of empathy. Maybe theory X gets a bum rap.
A Little Jeitinho in Brazil: A Case Study on International Management
Authors: Dennis Leslie E. , Stroh Linda K.
Published: March 2007

As more and more American companies have expanded into parts of the world where the moral and ethical values are different from those in the United States, it has become increasingly important for U.S. companies and individuals considering overseas employment to be able to assess adaptability to different cultures. One method for evaluating such flexibility is through a case study that challenges participants to confront difficult moral and ethical dilemmas business people are likely to encounter during foreign assignments. This case study concerns one such dilemma that faces many business people in South America: whether to participate in the practice of bribing officials "to get things done."
Ideology and Demystification: Tom Peters and the Managerial (Sub-) Text—An Experiential Exploration of Critique and Empowerment in the Management Classroom
Authors: Prasad Anshuman , Cavanaugh J. Michael
Published: March 2007

Although critique has come to enjoy a well-recognized place in organizational research and scholarship, the typical business management classroom continues to be relatively underexposed to the critical program. This article represents an attempt to bring critical management scholarship closer to the business classroom. The article discusses issues such as the disciplinary status and relevance of criticism in management as well as the usefulness of the concept of ideology as a critical device. This is followed by the outlines of an experiential exercise (based on a Tom Peters video) followed by the outlines of an experiential exercise (based on a Tom Peters video) designed to engage business students in critical theorizing. Finally, some implications of the exercise are presented.
Experiencing the Dynamics of Inclusiveness: A Model for Teaching Graduate Management Students
Authors: Rusaw A. Carol
Published: March 2007

Teaching inclusiveness in power relationships helps graduate students understand many leader-group behaviors. Inclusiveness, as well as recognizing, valuing, and promoting contributions of different group members, can be taught in a design that includes case study; theoretical discussions of power, influence, and group process; and a simulated exercise that allows students to experience the effects of group inclusiveness and exclusiveness. This article describes the designs, uses, and out-comes of teaching inclusiveness in a graduate course in organizational behavior in public administration. It also describes the implications for other management courses.
A Project in Small Group Decision Making
Authors: Kolb Judith A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a small group decision-making/problem-solving assignment that is suitable for use in any class in which decision making is a topic of interest. Students are given information on a variety of decision-making techniques and are then assigned to groups of four to six people to choose and demonstrate a technique that is appropriate for an organizational decision-making situation that they develop. Class members observe and evaluate each group's performance on criteria such as choice and explanation of situation, choice and demonstration of technique, and quality of resolution.
Demonstrating Mediation (Ob’S Forgotten Topic) Through the Use of Role Playing
Authors: Cousins Roland B.
Published: March 2007

Mediation is rapidly catching on in the United States as a technique for dispute resolution.However, the typical organizational behavior course includes, at most, only a brief introduction to the topic. This article provides a role-playing exercise that can be used to demonstrate mediation and supplement assigned reading on the subject. The situation presented involves a dispute between coworkers that has become violent. The students and/or professor play the roles of mediator and disputants in an attempt to resolve the conflict.
Mismatched Caring in High-Risk Perinatal Situations
Authors: Stainton M. Colleen
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study with a phenomenological approach revealed mismatched perceptions between caregivers and women in high-risk perinatal care. The participants were 27 women, 20 of which were recruited during a high-risk pregnancy and 7 who were recruited following the birth of a high-risk newborn. Interviews and diaries were analyzed to gain understanding of the subjective experience of being in a high-risk situation. One of the major discoveries was the inappropriate labeling of mothers as denying the seriousness of the situation. Mothers focused on the possibilities in the situation, whereas caregivers focused on the actual or potential problems. The article describes this mismatch and proposes changes in practice to offset dysynchronous caring.
Submucous Resection
Authors: Oberle Kathy , Allen Marion , Lynkowski Patricia
Published: March 2007

With the need to cut costs in the health care system, there has been a rapid increase in the number of surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis. It is therefore important that patients have enough information to enable them to cope at home. To determine the informational needs of patients undergoing several surgical procedures and examine their postoperative course, a telephone survey was conducted: The results from one group, those undergoing a submucous resection (SMR), stood out When compared with the 292 patients in the overall study, the 33 SMR patients complained of considerably more discomfort, tiredness, and nausea. Sixty percent of these patients were not satisfied with the information they received. Most would have liked more information about how they would feel postoperatively and how they could cope with their various concerns and problems. The teaching materials and approach to postoperative care for these patients may need to be altered.
Skin Temperature and Limb Blood Flow as Predictors of Cardiac Index
Authors: Sommers Marilyn Sawyer , Stevenson Joanne S. , Hamlin Robert L. , Ivey Tom D.
Published: March 2007

Thermodilution cardiac output and cardiac index (CI) require inserting a pulmonary artery catheter, an invasive device associated with many iatrogenic complications. The purpose of this study was to establish the concurrent validity of two noninvasive measures of CI (skin temperature and limb blood flow) by determining their correlation with invasive CI. Twenty-one subjects undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were studied every 2 hours for 8 hours in the immediate postoperative period. Neither limb blood flow (LBF) nor skin temperature at five sites correlated significantly (p < .05) with CI at all five data collection times. Ankle temperature and LBF were significantly correlated with CI at one data collection time. On the basis of the findings of this study, neither skin temperature nor LBF can be used as a noninvasive predictor of CI in the immediate postoperative period following CABG.
Beliefs and Perceptions of Childbearing Women Choosing Different Primary Health Care Providers
Authors: Callister Lynn Clark
Published: March 2007

The beliefs and perceptions of 60 low-risk childbearing women (n = 60) who had either nurse midwives or obstetricians as health care providers are identified in this descriptive phenomenological study. Interviews were conducted following childbirth, and participants completed the Utah Test for the Childbearing Year, which measures beliefs and perceptions about childbearing. There were no significant demographic differences, or significant differences in fear of childbirth, between groups of women having different providers. Mothers with physician caregivers had significantly higher rates of epidural anesthesia for pain management higher levels of reliance on others, and less active participation in childbirth care decisions. Mothers with certified nurse midwives as caregivers participated more actively in childbirth care decisions and emphasized the quality of the birth experience. In this sample, differences in the beliefs and perceptions of women choosing different health care providers are identified. The importance of a philosophical fit with care providers and availability of options that are congruent with the individualized needs of childbearing women is evident from the study findings.
Mediators of Depression in Adults with Diabetes
Authors: Bailey Brenda Jean
Published: March 2007

Several factors have been related to depression for people with diabetes, but mechanisms of depression in this population remain unclear. The purpose of this research was to test mastery and self-esteem as mediators of disease-related depression in people with diabetes. A sample of 180 adults ages 21 to 81 participated in the cross-sectional, correlational study. Mastery and self-esteem mediated the relationships between depression and two predictors, effects of diabetes complications and general social support. Feelings of self-esteem alone mediated the effect of regimen demands. The effect of diabetes on daily activities had a significant, direct (i.e., nonmediated) relationship to depressive symptoms. The entire model predicted 53% of variance in depression scores (p = .0001). These findings suggest nursing strategies for managing depression in patients with diabetes.
Distribution of Cues Across Assessed Levels of Infant Pain
Authors: Fuller Barbara F. , Conner Douglas A.
Published: March 2007

A convenience sample of 24 more experienced, 20 less experienced, and 20 novice nurses assessed videotaped infants in varying degrees of pain (none, mad, moderate, and severe), as determined by an expert panel. Participants identified all information they used in making an assessment (AU cues) and that subset they deemed most important (Key cues). Data were analyzed using a two-level analysts of variance (level of assessed pain and pediatric nursing experience). Forty-five of the 62 cues mentioned by participants did not differ across levels of pain Eleven AU cues and 1 I Key cues differed between infants in pain and not in pain, suggesting that these cues may be potentially useful as predictors of the presence/absence of pain. Three AU cues differed both between pain and no pain as well as between levels of pain, which suggests that participants' awareness of subtle levelings might be used in the discrimination of a wider range of pain levels. Differences in cue utilization among the more experienced, less experienced, and novice participants are discussed.
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Assisting Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease to Manage Breathing Difficulty
Authors: Scherer Yvonne K. , Schmieder Linda E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in self-efficacy after attending a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Twenty-nine subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were enrolled in the program, which was designed to increase patients' confidence in their own ability to manage or avoid breathing difficulty in certain situations. Results showed a significant improvement (p < .05) in scores on the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale between preprogram and postprogram attendance. These findings were still evident at 6 months following program attendance. Incorporation of self-efficacy theory should be considered in the rehabilitation of individuals with COPD.
Adaptation to Suffering
Authors: Pollock Susan E. , Sands Dolores
Published: March 2007

Nurses daily encounter persons who are suffering, but few have studied the suffering experience. Although the phenomena has been observed in the clinical setting, scientific inquiry has been limited. The meaning of suffering was explored through semistructured interviews with 20 subjects who had multiple sclerosis. The adaptation to suffering model provided the conceptual framework for this qualitative study. Stressors (e.g., problems associated with multiple sclerosis) and strategies perceived as helpful were identified. Subjects' responses about their suffering experiences followed an hierarchical progression from shock and denial through acceptance and understanding to finding meaning in their suffering. Rank ordering of responses illustrated the components of adaptation and how they changed with duration of illness. Findings provided support for the theoretical model and the importance of assisting clients to find meaning in their suffering experiences.
Clinical Reasoning Strategies Used during Care Planning
Authors: Fowler Latrell P.
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study provides insight into home health nurses' thinking processes as they planned care for chronically ill clients. The author interviewed five experienced home health nurses to elicit think-aloud data about 10 different chronically ill clients, obtaining 20 interviews. The researcher used verbal protocol analysis, a content analysis interpretive strategy, to unravel the concepts and label the cognitive processes used in the thinking task of planning nursing care. The following cognitive strategies were discovered: hypothesizing, cue logic, framing, reflexive comparison, prototype case reasoning, and testing. Findings support the importance of content, clinical context, and experience whenever reasoning to plan care. Findings did not support problem-solving models of thinking such as the nursing process. The findings for this study are applicable to staff development and education programs. Theoretical models of clinical reasoning need to be further developed and tested.
Developing Managerial Wisdom
Authors: Bigelow John
Published: March 2007

Current university and on-the-job learning programs for managers seldom address managerial wisdom. Yet a number of authors point to the importance of wisdom in the management of a firm. This article identifies the changes that occur in a person as he or she becomes wiser; it also presents a model of the process of becoming wise. Implications for university education and in-house development of managerial wisdom are discussed.
Agenda Setting in Organizational Behavior
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: March 2007

Theory-focused research, portrayed as an exercise in sense making that is driven by curiosity rather than compassion, outsider rather than insider views, divergent rather than convergent thinking, and knowledge growth by extension rather than intention, is contrasted with problem-focused research. A research agenda for organizational behavior, written from a theory-focused perspective, illustrates how the perspective is actualized.