bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of oscillation-like patterns in eclipsing binary light curves using neural network-based object detection algorithms
Authors: Ulaş B. , Szklenár T. , Szabό R.
Published: February 2025

The primary aim of this research is to evaluate several convolutional neural network-based object detection algorithms for identifying oscillation-like patterns in light curves of eclipsing binaries. This involved creating a robust detection framework that can effectively process both synthetic light curves and real observational data. The study employs several state-of-the-art object detection algorithms, including Single Shot MultiBox Detector, Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network, You Only Look Once, and EfficientDet, as well as a custom non-pretrained model implemented from scratch. Synthetic light curve images and images derived from observational TESS light curves of known eclipsing binaries with a pulsating component were constructed with corresponding annotation files using custom scripts. The models were trained and validated on established datasets, which was followed by testing on unseen Kepler data to assess their generalisation performance. The statistical metrics were also calculated to review the quality of each model. The results indicate that the pre-trained models exhibit high accuracy and reliability in detecting the targeted patterns. The Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network and You Only Look Once in particular showed superior performance in terms of object detection evaluation metrics on the validation dataset, including a mean average precision value exceeding 99%. The Single Shot MultiBox Detector, on the other hand, is the fastest, although it shows a slightly lower performance, with a mean average precision of 97%. These findings highlight the potential of these models to significantly contribute to the automated determination of pulsating components in eclipsing binary systems and thus facilitate more efficient and comprehensive astrophysical investigations.
Growth of massive black holes in FFB galaxies at cosmic dawn
Authors: Dekel Avishai , Stone Nicholas C. , Dutta Chowdhury Dhruba , Gilbaum Shmuel , Li Zhaozhou , Mandelker Nir , van den Bosch Frank C.
Published: February 2025

The scenario of feedback-free starbursts (FFB), which predicts excessively bright galaxies at cosmic dawn as observed using JWST, may provide a natural setting for black hole (BH) growth. This involves the formation of intermediate-mass seed BHs and their runaway mergers into super-massive BHs with high BH-to-stellar mass ratios and low Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) luminosities. We present a scenario of merger-driven BH growth in FFB galaxies and study its feasibility. Black hole seeds form within the building blocks of the FFB galaxies, namely, thousands of compact star clusters, each starbursting in a free-fall time of a few million years before the onset of stellar and supernova feedback. The BH seeds form by rapid core collapse in the FFB clusters, in a few free-fall times, which is sped up by the migration of massive stars due to the young, broad stellar mass function and stimulated by a ``gravo-gyro" instability due to internal cluster rotation and flattening. BHs of ∼!10^4 are expected in ∼!10^6 FFB clusters within sub-kiloparsec galactic disks at z 10. The BHs then migrate to the galaxy center by dynamical friction, hastened by the compact FFB stellar galactic disk configuration. Efficient mergers of the BH seeds will produce BHs with a BH-to-stellar mass ratio ∼! 0.01 by z 7, as observed. The growth of the central BH by mergers can overcome the bottleneck introduced by gravitational wave recoils if the BHs inspiral within a relatively cold disk or if the escape velocity from the galaxy is boosted by a wet compaction event. Such events, common in massive galaxies at high redshifts, can also help by speeding up the inward BH migration and by providing central gas to assist with the final parsec problem. The cold disk version of the FFB scenario provides a feasible route for the formation of supermassive BHs.
Sago Marketing Strategy in South Sulawesi
Authors: Hastuty Saruman Sri , Masyhuri  , Handoyo Mulyo Jangkung , Jamhari
Published: February 2025

Sago plays essential functions local food and raw material for agroindustry. Data for 2021 indicates that South Sulawesi produces 2,943 tonnes. The available market limited capacity and most the products are wet sago at comparatively cheap prices become issues of sago marketing. The purpose of this study to evaluate both internal and external factors and develop sago marketing strategy. In Luwu and North Luwu Regencies, this study carried out with 100 respondents consist of farmers, marketers, government, and academics. Field observations, FGD, questionnaires, interviews with respondents. After determining internal and external factors (IFE and EFE) in data analysis, sago marketing strategies are developed using SWOT. The research results show that the sago marketing position in quadrant 3, therefore the strategy, which includes; (i) changing facilities to support e-comerce, promotion and innovation products; (ii) changes in the economic institutional structure of farmers and business actors; (iii) changing infrastructure upgrading production facilities, machinery; (iv) transitioning from monoculture farming system to integrated farming; (v) changing human resource by enhancing the skills and expertise of farmers and processors; (vi)changing sago processing technology. The chosen strategic alternative is intended as guide for stakeholders involved in the growth sago marketing in South Sulawesi.
Prediction of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Spad Chlorophyll Under High Maize Population Density
Authors: Zainuddin Bunyamin , Syam’un Elkawakib , Azrai Muhammad , Musa Yunus
Published: February 2025

The study investigates the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), SPAD reading and visible color spectra under high maize population density. Utilizing machine learning techniques and RGB colorimeter data from the CIE Lab color space, predictive models for NDVI and SPAD values were developed. The study, conducted at the Bajeng Research Station in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, spanned from October 2023 to January 2024. The experiment involved 78 hybrid maize candidates and five commercial varieties cultivated at a high-density setting of 83,333 plants per hectare. NDVI and SPAD measurements were conducted between 46-52 days post-planting using GreenSeeker and SPAD Konica Minolta devices respectively. Additionally, leaf color data were captured using a commercial LAB colorimeter. A decision tree-based machine learning algorithm was employed for data processing. Results indicate strong predictive capabilities of tree-based machine learning models in predicting NDVI, with a significant association between color components and NDVI. Combining L, A, and B as input features notably improves the model’s performance with an R2 value of 0.862, MAE = 0.018, RMSE = 0.023, and MPE = 0.001, underscoring the importance of integrating multiple color channels for comprehensive vegetation characterization. As for SPAD prediction, the machine learning model also exhibits promising results, with an R2 value of 0.686, MAE = 2.327, RMSE = 3.175, and MPE = 10.081. Integrating visible spectral data from a colorimeter with decision tree algorithms could serve as an alternative approach for assessing plant health.
The Use of Banyumas Centrosema pubescens Compost and Ajibarang’s Phosphate Rock to Kandiudults for Soybeans Amelioration
Authors: Widyasunu Purwandaru , Maryanto Joko , Widarawati Rosi
Published: February 2025

Kandiudults is intensively weathered soil with low in pH and clay activity, though is high of H+ and Al3+ activities. Hydrolysis of Al3+ affects soil acidity and H+ both are increasingly. Change to better chemical properties is key to increase the productivity by decreasing it’s positively charge by adding negative functional of “like-humus” organic fertilizer as a one key way technology to adapt climate change. The research was aimed to know effect local Centrosema pubescens (Cp) compost and Phosphate Rock Banyumas for Kandiudults improvement by increasing it’s: (i) chemical properties, (ii) P soils availability and P absorption by soybean though to its quality, and (iii) to find best dose of compost and Phosphate Rock. Research was done under plastic house Fac. of Agriculture – UNSOED, Purwokerto. Materials used: (i) low activity of Krumput Banyumas Kandiuldults, (ii) the Cp compost from Krumput, Banyumas, and (iii) Slamet soybean variety. Randomized complete block design was employed with factorial combination by 3x3 with three replicates though it had 27 polybag units. Research result: (i) Cp compost effect on soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable-Al, P-uptake by plant and grain soybean protein-N; (ii) Phosphate Rock effect on soil pH, exchangeable-Al, and CEC, it affect P-uptake by plant, grain soybean protein-N, crop dry weight, and grain dry weight. These results were induced that: “like-humus” of Cp producing compost was able to manage the negative charge of Krumput’s Kandiudults though it meant increasing of its positively charge.
Genetics variances of three elite cassava clones under different environment of fertilizer types
Authors: Ardian  , Setiawan K. , Kamal M. , Pramono E. , Hadi M.S. , Sungkono
Published: February 2025

It is very important to evaluate traits of cassava clones, especially early harvest cassava clones under different environments of fertilizer types. Until now, study of genetics variance in early harvest cassava is still very rare. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetics parameter of early harvest cassava clones under different fertilizer types. Treatments were arranged by factorial design (3x4) in completely randomized block design with two reps. The first factor was three cassava clones as Soponyono, local Waxy (early harvest clone), and UJ5 (conventional clone). The second factor was four fertilizer types as inorganic fertilizer of KCl, organic fertilizer of K, cow manure, modified EM (bio fertilizer). The organic fertilizer of K was from cassava fresh stem that was finely small chipping as source of K. Observations of variables were carried out when the plants were 6 months old after planting. The observed variables were plant height, number of green leaves, total number of leaves, stem weight, fresh leaf weight, number of roots, number of storage root, storage root weight. The result was storage root number and storage root weight showed negative genetic variation. It means that storage root traits were influenced by environment as fertilizer types.
Toward Greener Harvests: Unveiling the Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Biosaka on Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata) Growth, Yield, and Physiology
Authors: Umam Syaiful , Padjung Rusnadi , Jayadi Muh.
Published: February 2025

Numerous studies highlight the benefits of rice husk biochar in improving the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, the synergistic effects of biochar combined with biosaka as a plant defense elicitor remain understudied. This research investigates the joint impact of rice husk biochar and biosaka on soil water retention, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels to enhance plant nutrition and defense mechanisms. Conducted at Hasanuddin University’s Experimental Garden in Makassar, the study employed a split-plot design with biochar doses (0 and 10 tons ha−1) as main plots and biosaka concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 mL L−1) as subplots. Analysis of variance was used for data interpretation. Results showed that combining 10 tons ha−1 of biochar with 2.50 mL L−1 of biosaka optimized cob weight per ear (512.24 g), cob weight per plot (7.63 kg), and cob productivity per hectare (30.27 tons ha−1). Additionally, 10 tons ha−1 of biochar significantly increased plant height (262.22 cm) and stomatal aperture area (133.58 μm2), while biosaka at 2.50 mL L−1 led to the highest plant height (271.83 cm). These findings underscore how biochar-biosaka combinations can improve soil quality and enhance sweet corn productivity through fortified plant defense systems.
Implementation of Mathematics Teaching Module Based on Reflective Pedagogy Paradigm (RPP) at Taruna Nusantara High School
Authors: Anwari Rizky , Pramesti Angelin Ica , Santoso Eko Budi
Published: February 2025

This study aims to explore the application of teaching modules based on the Reflective Pedagogy Paradigm (PPR) in learning mathematics, especially on the topic of geometric sequence at Taruna Nusantara High School. The focus of the research is to assess the academic and character aspects of students based on the 4C components (Competence, Conscience, Compassion and Commitment). This is a qualitative approach with Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The research subjects are 33 X grade students who took part in learning geometric sequence through PPR teaching modules. Data were collected using cognitive diagnostic tests, observation of the learning process, 4C assessment, and reflections form. The results of the study showed that the application of PPR teaching modules not only contributed to the improvement of students’ understanding on the topic of geometry sequence, but also effective in assessing students’ character development in accordance with 4C. The average score for the competence aspect reached 78.74, while for the conscience, compassion and commitment aspects obtained an average score of 8.03, 8.25 and 8.16 respectively. This finding indicates that character education implemented at Taruna Nusantara High School can run well through the integration of PPR in the mathematics learning process.
Validity Analysis of Digital Puzzle Game Media with a Realistic Mathematics Education Approach on Arithmetic Operations Material for Early Childhood
Authors: Kurniasih Eem , Ngastiti Pukky Tetralian Bantining
Published: February 2025

Early childhood in the era of digital development is in a unique process of growth and development. Children have growth and development patterns, thinking power, creativity, language and communication, which are included in intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, according to the child’s growth and development level. The purpose of the results of this study is to produce a product in the form of a digital puzzle game media with arithmetic operations material approach Realistic Mathematics Education for Kindergartens. The method in this article uses 4 stages, namely 1) potential and problems, 2) data collection, 3) product design, 4) design validation. The output that has been achieved in this study is that a valid digital puzzle game based of RME product is produced on validity tests from material experts and media experts. Based on the results of the average assessment obtained from material experts that is equal 89,43% and the average assessment of media experts is equal 91,64%, It can be concluded that the results of the digital puzzle game media assessment of material experts and media experts are classified as very worth it and the digital puzzle game based of RME media is suitable for use by kindergarten students at Kekancan Mukti and IT Harapan Bunda.
Occupation Times of Fractional Brownian Motion as White Noise Distributions
Authors: Suryawan Herry Pribawanto
Published: February 2025

Occupation times of a stochastic process models the amount of time the process spends inside a spatial interval during a certain finite time horizon. It appears in the fiber lay-down process in nonwoven production industry. The occupation time can be interpreted as the mass of fiber material deposited inside some region. From application point of view, it is important to know the average mass per unit area of the final fleece. In this paper we use white noise theory to prove the existence of the occupation times of one-dimensional fractional Brownian motion and provide an expression for the expected value of the occupation times.
Counting The Number of Arrangements of Tatami Mats in a Rectangular Room of Vertical Length 2, 3 and 4
Authors: Ueno Yoshiaki
Published: February 2025

Japanese rooms are measured by the number of tatami mats that will fit inside. The size of a tatami mat can vary by region, but is generally around 180 cm by 90 cm, giving it a 2:1 ratio of length to width. In the following, for simplicity, we suppose that each tatami mat is a rectangle with two adjacent sides of lengths 1 and 2. A typical tea ceremony room is square-shaped and its area is the equivalent of 4 and a half tatami mats. Questions regarding to lay tatami mats are not only fun for elementary school students, but also often included in entrance exams. In this paper, we derive recurrence formulae for determining the number of ways to lay tatami mats in a rectangular room whose vertical length is fixed at four or less, by using the concept of compartments or indivisible factors. Since the area of each tatami mat is two, if the area of the room is odd, only one half-sized tatami mat is allowed to be used. Therefore, if the vertical length of the room is three, the results will be different depending on whether the horizontal length of the room is even or odd. A generating function is used in this case, since it is difficult to derive the recurrence formula from direct consideration.
On Independent [1, 2]-sets in Hypercubes
Authors: Santoso Eko Budi , Marcelo Reginaldo M. , Ruiz Mari-Jo P.
Published: February 2025

Given a simple graph G, a subset S ⊆ V(G) is an independent [1, 2]-set if no two vertices in S are adjacent and for every vertex υ ϵ V(G)\S, 1 ≤ |N(υ) ∩ S | ≤ 2, that is, every vertex υ ϵ V(G)\S is adjacent to at least one but not more than two vertices in S. This paper investigates the existence of independent [1, 2]-sets of hypercubes. We show that for some positive integer k, if n = 2k − 1, then hypercubes Qn and Qn+1 have an independent [1, 2]-set. Furthermore, for 1 ≤ n ≤ 4, we find bounds for the minimum and maximum cardinality of an independent [1, 2]-set of hypercube Qn, while for n = 5, 6, we get the maximum of cardinality of an independent [1, 2]-set of hypercube Qn.
Jeu sérieux de sensibilisation à l’Approche Par Compétences
Authors: Kohler Sophie , Zaepffel Sandrine , Job Dilan
Published: February 2025

Le passage des programmes des Bachelors Universitaires de Technologie en Approche Par Compétences s’est fait à la rentrée de septembre 2021. L’ensemble des Instituts Universitaires de Technologie ont ainsi changé de stratégies d’apprentissage pour basculer dans le monde de l’APC. Cette transformation pédagogique s’est opérée sur une durée très courte et a nécessité de modifier profondément les méthodes d’enseignement en passant d’une transmission de connaissances au développement d’apprentissages à partir de situations authentiques et de problèmes complexes. Les bacheliers démarrant leur cursus universitaire n’ont que peu de connaissances de l’APC, il est donc primordial, dès leur arrivée, de leur donner les clefs pour appréhender sereinement leurs trois années d’études. À l’Institut Universitaire de Mulhouse, nous avons développé un jeu sérieux permettant de comprendre six notions de base de l’APC, indispensables pour bien démarrer un parcours universitaire dont le programme est décliné en APC. Ce jeu a été conçu afin de faire vivre une expérience immersive sur chacune des notions, afin que les étudiants s’approprient plus facilement le concept. Dans cet article, nous présenterons le contexte et les objectifs de ce jeu sérieux, puis nous aborderons les modalités du jeu en détaillant l’intégralité des énigmes ainsi que la séance de synthèse réalisée avec les étudiants. Nous finirons avec des retours sur expérience aussi bien de la part des étudiants que des encadrants des énigmes qui nous ont permis de faire évoluer les énigmes et le jeu.
Risk and causes of early mortality among extremely preterm infants born small for gestational age
Authors: Kehinde Olasunknami , Tumin Dmitry , Akpan Uduak S , Naylor Martha
Published: February 2025

Objective: Extreme preterm (EPT) delivery, occurring before 28 weeks of gestation, carries high morbidity and mortality risks. Small for Gestational Age (SGA) infants, about 8-20% of EPT neonates, face increased risks. Mortality risk varies with gestational age and birth weight, with mixed reports on specific morbidities. This study aims to determine mortality rates and common causes of death among EPT SGA infants.
Study Design: The study used data from the CDC National Vital Statistics System, covering births and deaths from 2016-2021, with follow-up through 2022. It included infants born between 22 and 27 weeks gestation who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. The outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality within 30 days of birth, with causes of mortality classified based on ICD-10 codes. Small for Gestational Age (SGA) was the primary independent variable.
Results: Based on a sample of N=96134 infants, we estimated 13% were born SGA and 30-day mortality rates were higher among SGA compared to non-SGA infants (31% vs. 13%). On multivariable analysis SGA infants had higher 30-day mortality than non-SGA (odds ratio: 3.82; 95% CI: 3.64, 4.01; p<0.001), and were more likely to have death ascribed to complications of short gestation rather than other causes of death (Relative Risk Ratio: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.27, 1.59; p<0.001).
Conclusions: SGA infants receiving intensive care have high mortality risk, especially due to complications of short gestation and low birthweight complications.
Carcinosarcoma Maxillary Sinus: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Puthiyottil Sanudev Sadanandan Vadakke , K. Mohamed Jabir , Edayattil Arathi , K. Suprya N. , R. Suma , Abdurahman Amina
Published: February 2025

Carcinosarcoma of maxillary sinus is an extremely rare type of cancer in the head and neck region. It is an aggressive tumor compared with other head and neck malignancies.

An 85-year-old male evaluated for left nasal obstruction, swelling at the root of the nose, and epistaxis. On evaluation with nasal endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging showed an enhancing proliferative soft tissue mass, involving the left nasal cavity, with destruction of the left frontal bone, extending up to the medial wall of the orbit. Biopsy showed a biphasic tumor with malignant squamous and sarcomatoid areas. He underwent medial maxillectomy and histology report was consistent with carcinosarcoma, with positive margins. Repeat CT showed gross residual disease. The patient was treated with palliative radiotherapy in view of advanced age, multiple comorbidities, and poor performance status and poor general health. He tolerated the treatment well. Surgery with or without adjuvant radiation is the mainstay of treatment. There is no role of adjuvant chemotherapy as of now. Chemotherapy can be tried in neoadjuvant or palliative setting. Radiotherapy can be delivered for postsurgical palliation of local recurrence. Palliative radiotherapy can be offered when no other options are available or not tolerated, or to relieve symptoms, or to treat the metastases, or in case of recurrent disease. There is no evidence for role of immunotherapy or targeted agents in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. Molecular studies may pave way to the future therapeutic options for this rare variant.
Acquiring a Comprehensive Awareness of the Current Insights on Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Malignancies
Authors: Zarekar Mohit , Satpute Apurva , Zarekar Mohini
Published: February 2025

Orofacial tumors constitute a heterogeneous collection of pathological conditions characterized by distinct types of histology and clinical behaviors. Numerous accounts of craniofacial tumors in kids and young adults are being recorded globally. Within the pediatric population, leukemia, lymphoma, and nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer in developing nations; yet, when concentrating on specific anatomical regions, such as the head and neck, the incidence of malignant tumors is comparatively low. Additionally, the occurrence of oral and maxillofacial malignancy in pediatric populations is rare, varying from roughly 0.5 to 6%. The authors of this article conducted a comprehensive retrospective review of various cases and studies concerning oral and maxillofacial malignancies in the pediatric population, utilizing electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify pertinent articles. We performed a narrative review on the current aspects and therapeutic procedures related to the four most prevalent oral and maxillofacial malignancies: Burkitt's lymphoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
Pattern of Expression of PML-RARα Transcripts in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Patients and Its Correlation with Overall Survival: A Retrospective Study from Western India
Authors: Gondha Shweta , Walia Prerna , Brahmbhatt Beena , Patel Jayendrakumar , Mandalia Toral , Jethva Disha
Published: February 2025

Introduction Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with specific molecular pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment. It is cytogenetically characterized by translocation t (15;17) (q24;q21). The location of breakpoints within the PML gene determines the formation of distinct promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARα) transcript subtypes which have prognostic significance. Breakpoints in intron 6 result in the long (L or bcr-1) subtype, those in exon 6 produce the variant (V or bcr-2) subtype, and breakpoints in intron 3 lead to the short (S or bcr-3) subtype.

Objectives The aim of our study was to determine the frequencies of the different PML-RARα transcripts in patients with APL at baseline and to investigate the impact of bcr-3 transcript as a prognostic factor on survival in newly diagnosed patients with APL.

Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted that included 54 newly diagnosed patients with APL. Clinicopathological parameters were evaluated in all cases for prognostic significance with overall survival. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the quantification of PML-RARα transcripts.

Results Out of 54 patients, 53 (98.1%) patients expressed bcr-3 transcript either alone or in combination with either bcr-1 or bcr-2 transcripts. Twenty-one patients (38.9%) in our study showed expression of bcr-3 transcript only. Twenty eight (51.9%) patients in our study expressed all the three transcripts. Out of the 54 patients, 20 (37%) patients died of disease, out of which 19 patients died before completion of induction therapy. Complete remission was obtained in 34 patients (63%) after induction therapy. The survival rate for patients expressing the bcr-3 transcript alone was 66.66% as compared with 60.71% for patients expressing bcr-3 transcript in combination with other two transcripts. The survival rate for patients receiving all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with arsenic trioxide was far better than patients receiving ATRA alone.

Conclusion The total leucocyte count is an independent prognostic factor in patients with APL as it was statistically significant with overall survival in our study. The bcr transcript either alone or in combination with bcr-1 and/or bcr-2 transcripts was the most frequent pattern observed.
Quantitative assessment of physical aging on dynamical heterogeneity of amorphous alloys: Insight from stress relaxation
Authors: Meng Shaoyi , Hao Qi , Wang Bing , Wang Yunjiang , Pineda Eloi , Qiao Jichao
Published: February 2025

Probing the dynamical and structural heterogeneity is a critical issue for understanding the mechanical and physical properties of amorphous alloys. Here, the stress relaxation of a (La0.6Ce0.4)65Al10Co25 amorphous alloy is investigated to probe the evolution of dynamical and structural heterogeneity due to aging. The characteristics of amorphous alloys are time-dependent during stress relaxation due to the metastability; thus, the aging effect should be considered by modifying the classical Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function. We find that the fixed-parameter KWW function during prolonged stress relaxation is not valid due to aging. Furthermore, the parameters of the modified KWW function indicate that physical aging leads to an increase in the characteristic time τ and decrease in the stretched exponent βKWW. The latter widens the instantaneous stress relaxation curve toward long-time end. The results demonstrated that the modified KWW function and the corresponding parameters conform to the conventional understanding of amorphous alloys.
Automated micro-plastic detection and classification using deep convolution neural network pre-trained models and transfer learning
Authors: Devipriya K. , Tlija Mehdi , Kumar Chanumolu Kiran , Kumar V. Chandra , Jana Subrata , Jana Chiranjibe
Published: February 2025

Micro-plastics, which are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, pose significant environmental threats due to their persistence and potential toxicity to marine life and humans. This work compares the effectiveness of several convolutional neural network (CNN) designs, including MobileNetV3Large, ResNet50V2, ResNet101V2, and EfficientNetB7, in identifying and categorizing microplastics into three groups: beads, fibers, and fragments. We evaluate the models using precision, recall, and F1-score criteria. The outcomes indicate that while all models perform well in identifying fiber microplastics, achieving high recall and moderate precision, they struggle significantly with bead and fragment categories. EfficientNetB7 and MobileNetV3Large exhibited the highest performance for fiber detection but failed to detect bead and fragment microplastics. The findings highlight the need for further research to enhance the classification accuracy for bead and fragment micro-plastics, suggesting that future work should focus on addressing class imbalance, utilizing advanced techniques such as transfer learning, and incorporating domain-specific knowledge to improve feature discrimination. This work provides the path for more efficient environmental monitoring systems by offering insightful information about the advantages and disadvantages of the CNN architectures now in use for the detection of microplastics.
Study and optimization on hyperthermia performance of magnetic fluids modeled by coupled Brownian–Néel rotations
Authors: Xin Shumin , Sun Jiajia , Shi Zongqian , Li Ruohan , Liu Xiaofeng , Wang Nan , Weaver John B. , Wu Kai
Published: February 2025

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) with nonlinear magnetic behavior under alternating magnetic fields hold great potential in biomedical applications, including magnetic hyperthermia, biosensing, magnetic separation, magnetic particle imaging, etc. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy, based on the relaxation movement of SMNPs subjected to an alternating magnetic field, is a promising modality for tumor treatment. Herein, we applied the stochastic Langevin equation to study the magnetic hyperthermia performance of SMNPs by taking the coupled Brownian–Néel rotations into account. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of magnetic fluids is used as a parameter for optimizing the amplitude and frequency of alternating magnetic fields and guiding the design of SMNPs. Specifically, by accounting for the dipole–dipole interactions between SMNPs, it is revealed that these interactions significantly suppress the relaxation behavior of particles, thereby reducing SAR. Furthermore, this study systematically examines the effects of key factors such as particle concentration, particle size, and magnetic anisotropy constant on SAR. The accurate prediction of the rotational and magnetic dynamics of SMNPs under an oscillating magnetic field provides valuable theoretical insights and technical support for the optimized design of external magnetic field systems and the precise fabrication of SMNPs.
Energy harvesting using piezoelectric sheet fixed on a flexible plate attached to a cylinder in free stream flow
Authors: Giri Shubham , Patel Umesh Kumar , Kartik V. , Agrawal Amit , Bhardwaj Rajneesh
Published: February 2025

We experimentally investigate the piezoelectric energy harvesting of ambient wind energy due to the flow-induced vibration of a flexible plate. A piezoelectric sheet is glued on a thin flexible plate and the composite plate is attached to a lee side of a circular cylinder subjected to a free stream flow. We study seven cases of this simple configuration, comprising only a piezoelectric sheet and a piezoelectric sheet pasted on flexible plates with varying lengths and thicknesses. The wind velocity and the external load resistance are varied in the range of 4.8–17.1 m/s and 5–100 kΩ, respectively, to test a large range of practical conditions. We describe the plate dynamics by analyzing the displacement, frequency response, phase plane, and oscillation envelopes. In addition, voltage and power output are recorded and analyzed. Furthermore, we illustrate the energy budget assessment and estimate the efficiency of the system. An optimum load resistance for the maximum power output and an optimum velocity for the maximum transduction efficiency are found in the lock-in regime. The maximum power output (order of mW) is observed at different ranges of flow velocities for different cases. Furthermore, a piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit is designed to demonstrate the harvested energy can power multiple light-emitting diodes. The piezoelectric sheet pasted on the flexible plate, therefore, increases power output by two to three orders of magnitude compared to only using a piezoelectric sheet.
Thrust generation by dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators in the filamentary discharge regime
Authors: Dalvand Sadegh , Pouryoussefi Sohrab Gholamhosein , Doostmahmoudi Alireza , Hosseini Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2025

The thrust force generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators is highly dependent on their electrical, geometric, and structural variables. Furthermore, plasma discharge in DBD plasma actuators can occur in two distinct regimes: the uniform discharge and the filamentary discharge. When the discharge shifts to the filamentary regime, the actuator behaves differently. In the present paper, a full factorial design of experiments is used to investigate the effects of applied voltage, carrier frequency, and covered electrode width on the thrust force and power consumption of DBD plasma thrusters in both the uniform and filamentary discharge regimes. The results show that, although the performance of DBD plasma actuators for flow control purposes decreases upon entering the filamentary regime, the presence of high-speed filaments allows the thrust force to continue increasing, showing a similar increasing trend in both the uniform and filamentary regimes. Moreover, a heat- and deformation-resistant composite dielectric is introduced. It is demonstrated that using this dielectric delays arc discharge, which in turn increases the duration and length of filamentary discharge, thereby allowing the thrust force to reach higher magnitudes.
Optical anisotropy in WS2/ReS2 heterostructure with one-dimensional moiré pattern
Authors: Yu Wentao , Wang Shuxian , Liang Zhaoming , Cui Xinyu , Cui Yanwei , Chen Fanqiang , Pan Chen , Liang Shi-Jun , Cheng Bin
Published: February 2025

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with low symmetry have garnered considerable attention due to their anisotropic electrical and optical properties, demonstrating great potential in various fields. Recently, 2D anisotropic/isotropic heterostructures have shown promise in breaking isotropic symmetry and inducing anisotropic responses through precise control of interfacial structures, such as moiré patterns. However, detailed experimental investigations into the correlation between anisotropic behaviors and anisotropic moiré patterns remain scarce. Here, we report optical anisotropy in WS2 by stacking a WS2/ReS2 heterostructure. Through measurements of polarized photoluminescence spectra, we observe that the intralayer excitons (both localized-state exciton LX and neutral exciton XA) of WS2 in the heterostructure exhibit pronounced anisotropy, which remains robust at both room temperature and a low temperature of ∼10 K. Furthermore, the angles between the linear polarization directions and the orientation of the corresponding one-dimensional moiré patterns remain approximately constant values (∼60° for LX and ∼45° for XA), demonstrating a clear correlation between anisotropic exciton emission and the anisotropic moiré patterns. Our work offers valuable insights into achieving artificial optical anisotropy using anisotropic/isotropic heterostructures, paving the way for enhanced performance in anisotropic sensing devices.
HflX-mediated drug resistance through ribosome splitting and rRNA disordering in mycobacteria
Authors: Majumdar Soneya , Kashyap Amuliya , Koripella Ravi K. , Sharma Manjuli R. , Hurst-Hess Kelley , Manjari Swati R. , Banavali Nilesh K. , Ghosh Pallavi , Agrawal Rajendra K.
Published: February 2025

HflX is a highly conserved ribosome-associated GTPase implicated in rescuing stalled ribosomes and mediating antibiotic resistance in several bacteria, including macrolide-lincosamide antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria. Mycobacterial HflXs carry a distinct N-terminal extension (NTE) and a small insertion, as compared to their eubacterial homologs. Here, we present several high-resolution cryo-EM structures of mycobacterial HflX in complex with the 70S ribosome and its 50S subunit, with and without antibiotics. These structures reveal a distinct mechanism for HflX-mediated ribosome splitting and antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria. Our findings indicate that the NTE of mycobacterial HflX induces persistent disordering of multiple 23S rRNA helices, facilitating the dissociation of the 70S ribosome and generating an inactive pool of 50S subunits. During this process, HflX undergoes a large conformational change that stabilizes its NTE. Mycobacterial HflX also acts as an anti-association factor by binding to predissociated 50S subunits. Our structures show that a mycobacteria-specific insertion in HflX reaches far into the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), such that it would overlap with the ribosome-bound macrolide antibiotics. However, in the presence of antibiotics, this insertion retracts, adjusts around, and interacts with the antibiotic molecules. These results suggest that mycobacterial HflX is agnostic to antibiotic presence in the PTC. It mediates antibiotic resistance by splitting antibiotic-stalled 70S ribosomes and inactivating the resulting 50S subunits.
“I am a fat ass but I’m also a bad ass”
Authors: Eberhardt Maeve
Published: February 2025

In this article, I analyze language on the reality television show My Big Fat Fabulous Life, asking how the show reconciles a positive framing of the fat female body within makeover/intervention media. Using critical discourse analysis, I focus on the presence of external “enforcers” representing cultural norms of health and weight. I argue that these normative discourses temper the show’s celebration of fatness, thus making the larger display legible to the audience as fitting within reality TV, self-transformations, and the neoliberal order. Despite explicit talk of body positivity and acceptance, the show overall reinscribes the hegemonic narrative in which the only acceptable fat female body is one whose ultimate destination is thinness, and who is actively working to get there.
LT-DETR: lightweight UAV object detection and dual knowledge distillation for remote sensing scenarios
Authors: Han Zixian , Jia Dongli , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the rapid advancement of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has amplified the need for robust object detection algorithms capable of handling aerial perspectives in remote sensing applications. Traditional detection algorithms are often difficult to simultaneously cope with two challenges in UAV application scenarios, i.e. small target detection and lightweighting. To address these issues, we propose lightweight transformer-based detector, a lightweight object detector designed specifically for UAV-based object detection in remote sensing scenarios. To solve the problem of difficult feature extraction for small targets, we propose three modules to optimize feature fusion, namely Cross Stage Partial-Omni Kernel, dynamic sampling (DySample), and Lightweight Group Convolution Channel Shuffle. In order to improve the real-time operation of the model, we adopt a dual knowledge distillation strategy that combines feature distillation and logical distillation, which maintains the original accuracy while the model is lightweight. Experimental results on the VisDrone 2019 and TinyPerson datasets show that Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance while decreasing the network parameters and computation by nearly 50%.
Designing an electromechanical metamaterial beam with arbitrary decoupled defect modes for multi-band wave localization
Authors: Jian Yupei , Tang Lihua , Huang Deqing , Han Hesheng , Liu Weiqun , Hu Guobiao
Published: February 2025

Defective phononic crystals (PnCs) and metamaterials have gained considerable attention for applications in waveguiding, energy harvesting, and sensing. Despite the increasing interest, traditional defective PnCs/metamaterials are typically restricted to single or dual defect bands, with narrow tunable ranges constrained by the bandgap width. Instead of structural defects, this study introduces an approach to achieve arbitrary decoupled defect modes in defective piezoelectric metamaterial via electrically controlled defects, enabling flexible wave localization across multiple frequency bands. Specifically, we design multiple bandgaps in piezoelectric metamaterials by paralleling unit cells with higher-order resonant circuits that include ‘current-flowing’ branches and consequently propose a multi-bandgap decoupling tuning method. Based on this, a conjecture that adjusting the inductance of a single cell can produce defect bands in all bandgaps is proposed. To accurately predict defect bands, harmonic responses, and wave modes, the spectral element method, incorporating the Timoshenko beam unit, is used to describe the dynamic properties of the metamaterial, which are further validated by finite element analysis. The influence of electrical open-circuit and short-circuit conditions on defect-mode frequencies, alongside the frequency-dependent properties of the energy localization effect are investigated. Results confirm that an arbitrary number of defect bands at specific frequencies can be achieved by tuning the defective cell’s electrical impedance, with each band’s tunability and corresponding energy-localized behavior functioning independently. The proposed approach uniquely enables multi-band wave localization with a single-point defect, offering a significant advantage over conventional methods requiring multiple structural defects, and opening new avenues for programmable wave localization in complex vibration scenarios.
Magnetic and mechanical analysis of Bi-2212 Rutherford cable in a cos-theta sub-scale dipole coil*
Authors: D’ Agliano A , Zlobin A V , Novitski I , Turrioni D , Barzi E , Donati S , Giusti V
Published: February 2025

The U.S. Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) explores high-field accelerator magnets compatible with operational conditions beyond the limits of Nb3Sn technology. The ongoing R&D High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) suggests using Bi2Sr2CaCu2O

8
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x

 

(Bi-2212) as superconducting element. Bi-2212 Rutherford cables maintain a high critical current (

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C

) when exposed to a large external magnetic field. However, Bi-2212 exhibits an oversensitive stress–strain response when subject to large Lorentz forces. This paper reports on the magnetic and mechanical analysis of the Bi-2212 cosine-theta insert being developed at Fermilab for a hybrid magnet composed of two external layers of Nb3Sn and two internal layers of Bi-2212. We performed a FEM analysis of the insert to estimate the HTS stress state in the coil’s strands under magnetic and mechanical loads.
Robustness of the solitons against perturbations in certain nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations in nonlinear physics
Authors: Sreelakshmi M D , Sinthuja N , Priya N Vishnu , Senthilvelan M
Published: February 2025

The nonlocal nonlinear evolution equations describe phenomena in which wave evolution is influenced by local and nonlocal spatial and temporal variables. These equations have opened up a new wave of physically important nonlinear evolution equations. Their solutions provide insights into the interplay between nonlinearity and nonlocality, making it a cornerstone in the study of nonlocal nonlinear systems. However, the stability of such solutions has not been extensively explored in the literature. Stability analysis ensures that these solutions are robust and capable of persisting under real-world perturbations, making them physically meaningful. In this work, we examine the stability of soliton solutions of four types of nonlocal nonlinear evolutionary equations: (i) the space-shifted nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation, (ii) the nonlocal complex time-reversed Hirota equation, (iii) the nonlocal real space-time-reversed modified Korteweg–de Vries equation, and (iv) a fourth-order nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation. These equations arise in various physical fields such as nonlinear optics, Bose–Einstein condensates, plasmas and so on where nonlocality and nonlinearity play significant roles. We introduce certain perturbations to the soliton solutions of these equations and analyze their stability. Our findings indicate that the soliton solutions of the aforementioned equations are stable under such perturbations. To the best of our knowledge, this approach to investigating the stability of these solutions is novel.
Data taking strategy for ψ(3770) and ϒ(4S) branching fraction measurements at e+e- colliders
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Ma Jun-Li , Hou Xiantao , Yuan Chang-Zheng , Wang Xiaolong
Published: February 2025

The $\psi(3770)$ and $\Upsilon(4S)$ states predominantly decay into open-flavor meson pairs, while the decays of $\psi(3770) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}D\bar{D}$ and $\Upsilon(4S) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}B\bar{B}$ are rare but crucial for elucidating the inner structure and decay dynamics of heavy quarkonium states. To achieve precise branching fraction measurements for the $\psi(3770) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}D\bar{D}$ and $\Upsilon(4S) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}B\bar{B}$ decays at the high luminosity $e^+e^-$ annihilation experiments, we employed Monte Carlo simulations and Fisher information to evaluate various data taking scenarios, ultimately determining the optimal scheme. The consistent results of both methodologies indicate that the optimal energy points for studies of $\psi(3770) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}D\bar{D}$ decays are $3.769~{\rm GeV}$ and $3.781~{\rm GeV}$, while those for $\Upsilon(4S) \to \mbox{\text{non}-}B\bar{B}$ decays are $10.574~{\rm GeV}$ and $10.585~{\rm GeV}$. In addition, we provide an analysis of the relationship between the integrated luminosity and the precision in branching fraction measurements derived from these data samples, with the branching fraction spanning several orders of magnitude. In addition, we studied the dependence of the precision in branchingfraction measurements on the integrated luminosity, with the branching fractions spanning severalorders of magnitude.