bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Roles of Arecoline and Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Cancer and Strategies to Block Carcinogenesis
Authors: Ko Albert Min-Shan , Tu Hung-Pin , Ko Ying-Chin
Published: April 2023

Betel quid and areca nut are complex mixture carcinogens, but little is known about whether their derived single-agent arecoline or arecoline N-oxide (ANO) is carcinogenic, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this systematic review, we analyzed recent studies on the roles of arecoline and ANO in cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. In the oral cavity, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes arecoline to ANO, and both alkaloids conjugate with N-acetylcysteine to form mercapturic acid compounds, which are excreted in urine, reducing arecoline and ANO toxicity. However, detoxification may not be complete. Arecoline and ANO upregulated protein expression in oral cancer tissue from areca nut users compared to expression levels in adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a causal relationship between these compounds and oral cancer. Sublingual fibrosis, hyperplasia, and oral leukoplakia were diagnosed in mice subjected to oral mucosal smearing of ANO. ANO is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than arecoline. During carcinogenesis and metastasis, these compounds increase the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers such as reactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor-β1, Notch receptor-1, and inflammatory cytokines, and they activate EMT-related proteins. Arecoline-induced epigenetic markers such as sirtuin-1 hypermethylation, low protein expression of miR-22, and miR-886-3-p accelerate oral cancer progression. Antioxidants and targeted inhibitors of the EMT inducers used reduce the risk of oral cancer development and progression. Our review findings substantiate the association of arecoline and ANO with oral cancer. Both of these single compounds are likely carcinogenic to humans, and their mechanisms and pathways of carcinogenesis are useful indicators for cancer therapy and prognosis.
The Reemergence of Monkeypox in Nigeria
Authors: Ekpunobi Nzube , Akinsuyi Oluwamayowa , Ariri Theresa , Ogunmola Temitope
Published: April 2023

The emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases caused by viruses continue to be a major public health concern globally, affecting both humans and animals. One such disease is monkeypox, a zoonotic infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) that has recurred in sub-Saharan Africa over several decades. Notably, the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox in Nigeria follows a deadly outbreak in 2017, which was preceded by the disease’s first recorded outbreak in 1978. Epidemiological investigations in 2017 showed no apparent link between human monkeypox cases and the outbreak that year, indicating the potential existence of multiple sources of the virus and limited human-to-human transmission. This underscores the presence of an alternative ecological niche in humans. Furthermore, in some communities in Nigeria, monkeys are regarded as sacred and not hunted or consumed, leading to their proliferation and increased likelihood of MPXV transmission. This mini-review focuses on the occurrence, epidemiological distribution, geographical distribution, endemicity, and possible solutions to reduce the spread of human monkeypox in Nigeria. The implications of this reemergence and the need for effective public health measures to prevent and control outbreaks of monkeypox are also discussed.
Forest Inventories in Private and Protected Areas of Paraguay
Authors: Cervantes Andrew G. , Vega Gutierrez Patricia T. , Robinson Seri C.
Published: April 2023

Environmental degradation in Paraguayan ecosystems relates to anthropogenic intervention and has intensified with wildfires and drought. To help mitigate forest cover loss, the local government created laws, parceled land to private owners, and established protected areas. How differences in land tenure regimes affect dendrology and biodiversity remain to be answered. This preliminary study examined the differences and similarities between three protected area forests (National Park Ybycuí, and Natural Monuments Cerro Koi, Cerro Chorori) and three family-owned forests in Guairá, Central, and Paraguarí of eastern Paraguay. Forty-three transects were established following FAO protocols to examine tree diversity, floristic composition, and complementary vegetation structure information using two biodiversity indexes. Nine hundred and three individuals were registered, representing 92 species, 80 genera, and 35 families. The most abundant families were Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rhamnaceae; and the most abundant genera were Pilocarpus, Columbrina, Acrocomia, Plina, and Astronium. The most important species were Parapiptadenia rigida, Peltophorum dubium, and Astronium fraxinifolium. Results showed higher species richness and significantly greater tree diversity, but a nonsignificantly larger diameter in private forests compared to protected areas studied. Detected differences were small, indicating a need for additional research of forests with differing land tenure regimes as climate dynamics continually shift and management strategies show effects.
Kinetic Study of Acid Hydrolysis of the Glucose Obtained from Banana Plant
Authors: Abril-González Mónica , Vele-Salto Angélica , Pinos-Vélez Verónica
Published: April 2023

The biomass of crops in rotation, such as that generated by the banana plant, is an interesting source of lignocellulose due to its composition and availability. This research aimed to compare the amount of glucose obtained from different parts of the banana plant (leaves, rachis, and pseudostem) by hydrolysis with sulfuric acid at 100 °C. This reaction was analyzed to determine the amount of water and reagents consumed versus the glucose obtained. The optimal time and acid concentration were studied between 0–30 min and 3–5% v/v, respectively. The best results were obtained with the pseudostem of 13.02 gL−1 of glucose in a reaction time of 20 min and an acid concentration of 5%. In addition, the kinetic study of hydrolysis was carried out. The adjustment to the Saeman model was R2 0.96, which represents a first-order reaction and kinetic constants K1 = 0.5 and K2 = 0.3 min−1. This study has shown that these residues can be used as raw materials to generate value-added products due to their high glucose content.
A Bird with No Name Was Born, Then Gone: A Child’s Processing of Early Adoption through Art Therapy
Authors: Metzl Einat S.
Published: April 2023

An art-based case study was used to illustrate the therapy journey of a child working through issues related to early adoption. The objective of this case was to review art products and clinical notes systematically, exploring main clinical themes and illustrating both challenges related to adoption and the potential of art therapy to support healing within this context. The methods of investigation and report focused on exploring the meaning of narratives, the art products, and the relational dynamic which emerged during sessions. The results are discussed within the context of the relevant literature, emphasizing considerations for working through adoption challenges in art therapy.
Association of In-School and Electronic Bullying with Suicidality and Feelings of Hopelessness among Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Nguyen Tran H. , Shah Gulzar , Muzamil Maham , Ikhile Osaremhen , Ayangunna Elizabeth , Kaur Ravneet
Published: April 2023

Background: Suicide-related behaviors increasingly contribute to behavioral health crises in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. The problem was worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for youth and young adults. Existing research suggests suicide-related behaviors are a consequence of bullying, while hopelessness is a more distal consequence. This study examines the association of in-school and electronic bullying with suicide-related behavior and feelings of despair among adolescents, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, abuse experience, risk-taking behaviors, and physical appearance/lifestyles. Method: Using Chi-square, logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression, we analyzed the US 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) national component. The YRBSS includes federal, state, territorial, and freely associated state, tribal government, and local school-based surveys of representative sample middle and high school students in the US. The 2019 YRBSS participants comprised 13,605 students aged 12 to 18 years and roughly equal proportions of males and females (50.63% and 49.37%, respectively). Results: We observed a significant association (p < 0.05) between being bullied and depressive symptoms, and the association was more vital for youth bullied at school and electronically. Being bullied either at school or electronically was associated with suicidality, with a stronger association for youth who experienced being bullied in both settings. Conclusion: Our findings shed light on assessing early signs of depression to prevent the formation of suicidality among bullied youth.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Derived Left Ventricular Eccentricity Index and Right Ventricular Mass Measurements Predict Outcome in Children with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Haarman Meindina , Coenraad Iris , Hagdorn Quint , Hillege Hans , Willems Tineke , Berger Rolf , Douwes Johannes
Published: April 2023

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with increased right ventricular (RV) afterload, affecting RV remodeling and RV performance, a major determinant of outcome in PAH-patients. In children with PAH, treatment strategy is guided by risk stratification where noninvasive prognosticators are highly needed. The prognostic value of RV characteristics derived by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been scarcely studied in pediatric PAH. We aimed to identify CMR-derived morphometric and functional RV characteristics prognostic for outcome in children with PAH. From the Dutch National cohort, thirty-eight children with either idiopathic/heritable PAH (IPAH/HPAH) or PAH associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD), who underwent CMR, were included (median (interquartile range) [IQR] age 13.0 years (10.8–15.0), 66% females). Patients had severe PAH, characterized by their World Health Organization Functional Class, increased N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index at time of CMR. RV-ejection fraction (RVEF), indexed RV-mass (RVMi), the ratio between RV and LV mass (RVM/LVM-ratio) and left ventricular eccentricity index (LVEI) all correlated with transplant-free survival from time of CMR. These correlations could not be confirmed in the PAH-CHD group. This study shows that CMR-derived measures reflecting RV function and remodeling (LVEI, RVMi, RVM/LVM-ratio, RVEF) predict transplant-free survival in children with IPAH/HPAH and may be included in risk stratification scores in pediatric PAH.
May Artificial Intelligence Influence Future Pediatric Research?—The Case of ChatGPT
Authors: Corsello Antonio , Santangelo Andrea
Published: April 2023

Background: In recent months, there has been growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize various aspects of medicine, including research, education, and clinical practice. ChatGPT represents a leading AI language model, with possible unpredictable effects on the quality of future medical research, including clinical decision-making, medical education, drug development, and better research outcomes. Aim and Methods: In this interview with ChatGPT, we explore the potential impact of AI on future pediatric research. Our discussion covers a range of topics, including the potential positive effects of AI, such as improved clinical decision-making, enhanced medical education, faster drug development, and better research outcomes. We also examine potential negative effects, such as bias and fairness concerns, safety and security issues, overreliance on technology, and ethical considerations. Conclusions: While AI continues to advance, it is crucial to remain vigilant about the possible risks and limitations of these technologies and to consider the implications of these technologies and their use in the medical field. The development of AI language models represents a significant advancement in the field of artificial intelligence and has the potential to revolutionize daily clinical practice in every branch of medicine, both surgical and clinical. Ethical and social implications must also be considered to ensure that these technologies are used in a responsible and beneficial manner.
Echo-Endoscopy Combined with Virtual Reality: A Whole Perspective of Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration in Children
Authors: Destro Francesca , Salerno Raffaele , Calcaterra Valeria , Ardizzone Sandro , Meroni Milena , Roveri Margherita , Pierucci Ugo Maria , Zaja Alberta , Rizzetto Francesco , Campari Alessandro , Vertemati Maurizio , Milani Paolo , Pelizzo Gloria
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Endoscopic procedures are performed more frequently in children due to technological advances that can be safely performed in an adequate setting with a support of a multidisciplinary team. Pediatric indications for ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) occur mainly due to congenital malformations. In a pediatric case series, we report the application of EUS combined with duodenoscopy, eventually associated with ERCP and minimally invasive surgery, highlighting the importance of defining a tailored dedicated management pathway for each patient. Patients and methods: A series of 12 patients, managed at our Center in the last three years, were evaluated, and their management was discussed. Results: EUS was performed in eight patients and permitted the differential diagnosis of duplication cysts and the visualization of the biliary tree and pancreatic anatomy. ERCP was attempted in five patients: in one case, it permitted the preservation of pancreatic tissue, postponing surgery and in three patients, it was technically unfeasible. MIS (minimally invasive surgery) was performed in seven patients, two with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Precise anatomical definition and the possibility of surgical simulation and team sharing were evaluated under VR HMD (Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display) in four cases. Conclusions: Exploration of the common bile duct in children differs from that of the adult population and combines echo-endoscopy and ERCP. The integrated use of minimally invasive surgery in the pediatric area is necessary for the whole management perspective in complex malformations and small patients. The introduction in the clinical practice of a preoperative study with Virtual Reality allows a better survey of the malformation and a tailored treatment.
Effect of the Surface Film Formed by Hydrogen Charging on the Corrosion Behavior of an As-Cast Mg–8%Li (in wt. %) Alloy
Authors: Wang Shuo , Xu Daokui , Wang Baojie , Wang Dongliang , Zhang Zhiqiang , Xu Xiangbo
Published: April 2023

In this study, the effect of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior of an as-cast Mg–8%Li alloy was investigated. It was revealed that after being cathodically hydrogen charged in a 0.1 M NaCl solution at a constant current density of 50 mA/cm2 for 3 h, a product film with an average thickness of 20 μm was formed in the α-Mg phase, whilst the average thickness of the product film being formed in the β-Li phase was 6 μm. When the charging time was prolonged to 18 h, the thicknesses of the product films being formed on the α-Mg and β-Li phases were increased to 75 and 20 μm, respectively. The results of the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) testing showed that the product films of the differently charged samples mainly consisted of Mg(OH)2, LiOH and Li2CO3. The formed product films on the two matrix phases were dense and could hinder the erosion of Cl− in a solution, and hence improved the corrosion resistance of the alloy. After being hydrogen charged for 3 h, the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) value of the alloy was increased from 527 to 1219 Ω·cm2. However, when the hydrogen charging time was prolonged to 18 h, the Rct was slightly reduced to 1039 Ω·cm2 due to the cracking of the surface product films and the interfacial cracking of the film/substrate matrix.
Tribological Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Stellite 20 Alloy Coating Prepared by HVOF and HVAF
Authors: Zhou Zhiqiang , Yong Jiahui , Hao Jiaoshan , Sun Deen , Cheng Qian , Jing Huan , Zhou Zhongyun
Published: April 2023

This study examines the tribological and corrosion properties of Stellite 20 alloy coatings on F310H heat-resistant stainless steel that were prepared using HVOF and HVAF supersonic flame spraying techniques. To investigate the coatings’ microstructure, phase, microhardness, wear, and corrosion resistance, a range of characterization techniques, including SEM, EDS, XRD, microhardness, and friction wear-testers, weas employed. The results indicate that both HVOF and HVAF-prepared coatings exhibit a dense structure with porosity of 0.41% and 0.32%, respectively. The coatings are composed of γ-Co solid solution, ε-Co solid solution, Cr-rich solid solution, Cr7C3, WC, and CoCr2O4 phases. The microhardness of the Stellite 20 coatings prepared by HVOF and HVAF methods was 610 HV0.3 and 690 HV0.3, respectively, which is three times higher than that of the F310H stainless steel substrate. The wear mechanism of the HVAF coating is abrasive wear, while the wear mechanism of the HVOF coating is mainly fatigue wear with slight abrasive wear. The HVAF coating demonstrates superior wear resistance due to its higher flame velocity, denser coating, and higher average microhardness. In contrast, the HVOF coating shows a higher friction coefficient stability due to its lower hardness dispersion. The corrosion potentials of the HVOF and HVAF coatings are −0.532 V and −0.376 V, respectively, with corresponding corrosion current densities of 1.692 × 10−7 A·cm−2 and 6.268 × 10−7 A·cm−2, respectively. Compared to the HVOF coating, the Stellite 20 coating prepared using HVAF technology exhibits better wear and corrosion resistance.
Fabrication of Modified Polyurethane Sponge with Excellent Flame Retardant and the Modification Mechanism
Authors: Li Hang , Zhang Chen-Yang , Yu Ya-Ling , Liang Chang-Jin , Yuan Guang-Ming , Yang Huan , Wu Yun-Ying , Lin Shao-Min
Published: April 2023

Research on polyurethane sponge (PUS), a widely used polymer material, and its flame-retardant performance is of great significance. In this study, PUS was modified to prepare a highly efficient flame-retardant composite using a soaking method. The PUS nearly vanished at 11 s after ignition, and the solid residue rate of the PUS was 5.65 wt% at 750 °C. The net structure, composed of nano SiO2, was maintained in the modified PUS at 750 °C, and the solid residue rate was 69.23%. The maximum HRR of the PUS decreased from 617 W/g to 40 W/g and the THR of the sample reduced from 33 kJ/g to 9 kJ/g after modification. The results suggested that the modified PUS gained excellent flame-retardant performance. The flame-retardant layer in the modified PUS was amorphous. The surface of the modified PUS was rich in Si, O, and C elements and lacked a N element, suggesting that inorganic flame retardants were abundant on the surface layer of the modified PUS. The Si-O-C vibration and Si-O-Si stretching in the modified PUS indicates that the organic–inorganic hybrid structure formed on the PUS surface, which could be attributed to the polymerization and condensation of the silica precursor. Thus, the modified PUS provided an excellent flame-retardant layer. The results are of interest for producing efficient flame-retardant PUS using a simple method.
How Dimensionality Affects the Structural Anomaly in a Core-Softened Colloid
Authors: Krott Leandro B. , Bordin José Rafael
Published: April 2023

The interaction between hard core–soft shell colloids are characterized by having two characteristic distances: one associated with the penetrable, soft corona and another one corresponding to the impenetrable core. Isotropic core-softened potentials with two characteristic length scales have long been applied to understand the properties of such colloids. Those potentials usually show water-like anomalies, and recent findings have indicated the existence of multiple anomalous regions in the 2D limit under compression, while in 3D, only one anomalous region is observed. In this direction, we perform molecular dynamics simulations to unveil the details about the structural behavior in the quasi-2D limit of a core-softened colloid. The fluid was confined between highly repulsive solvophobic walls, and the behavior at distinct wall separations and colloid densities was analyzed. Our results indicated a straight relation between the 2D- or 3D-like behavior and layer separation. We can relate that if the system behaves as independent 2D-layers, it will have a 2D-like behavior. However, for some separations, the layers are connected, with colloids hopping from one layer to another, thus having a 3D-like structural behavior. These findings fill the gap in the depiction of the anomalous behavior from 2D to 3D.
Effect of Excessive Bleeding on the Properties of Cement Mortar
Authors: Abadassi Mimoune , El Bitouri Youssef , Azéma Nathalie , Garcia-Diaz Eric
Published: April 2023

The bleeding of cementitious materials corresponds to the settlement of the granular skeleton accompanied by the accumulation of water at the surface (bleed water). Part of this water (internal bleeding) remains trapped under the aggregates (sand or gravel) or the reinforcements. The excess of this trapped water can weaken the bond between the cementitious matrix and the aggregates (or the reinforcements), which affects the mechanical performance and durability of the material. This study aims to investigate the effect of excessive bleeding induced by superplasticizer on the properties of mortars. For this, a study of cement paste bleeding in the presence of superplasticizer was carried out. The effects of the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and the superplasticizer (SP) dosage on this bleeding have been characterized. Then, the influence of the proportion of sand on the bleeding was examined by varying the sand/cement (s/c) ratio. The water trapped by sand (internal bleeding) was determined by the difference between the external bleeding on the cement paste and the external bleeding on the corresponding mortar. The results show that the internal bleeding increases with the s/c ratio and the SP dosage, until it reaches a plateau. The effect of the internal bleeding on the mechanical properties and the porosity of the mortar were then examined. Microscopic observations were made to assess the quality of the paste/sand bond. The results showed that the internal bleeding causes a degradation of the paste/sand bond (a more porous bond), resulting in a decrease in the mechanical strength (by 30% for compressive strength and 25% for flexural strength) of the hardened mortar.
Compositions of Abrasive Cosmetics from Polish Manufacturers
Authors: Guzik Martyna , Czerwińska-Ledwig Olga , Piotrowska Anna
Published: April 2023

Microplastics have been widely used in cosmetics and, among other things, very often as an abrasive component in peelings. This type of additive is not the main cause of environmental microplastic contamination, but it can pose a significant threat to the environment and to people. Manufacturers are increasingly taking the decision to withdraw microplastics from cosmetics, replacing them with alternatives, and this is also happening because of legal requirements. The European Chemicals Agency, in 2019, presented a proposal to limit the use of polymer plastics in cosmetic products due to the fact that they may be a potential source of primary microplastics. The final form of the EU regulation is planned for the years 2023–2024. The aim of this study was to analyze the compositions of widely available rinse-off abrasive cosmetics from Polish manufacturers and to identify the most common natural raw materials replacing microplastics. Fifty randomly selected rinse-off products were analyzed for abrasive ingredients in INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) formulations. Among the tested cosmetics, 13 contained microplastics and 49 contained natural abrasive particles, and polyethylene did not appear in any product. The most common vegetable raw material substitute for microplastics was sugar, and sodium chloride was the most common mineral substitute. Compared to previous years, there has been an improvement in the Polish cosmetics market, where manufacturers are increasingly opting for plant-based substitutes for microplastics, but relevant legal regulation is still needed.
Application of Wheat Straw Compost Mixed with Chemical Fertilizer Regulates Soil Bacterial Community Diversity in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantation
Authors: Fu Haiyan , Song Dapeng , Wang Kunpeng , Fang Fengxiang , Han Shunying , Yang Fengshan , Ding Shibo
Published: April 2023

Biofertilizers have been suggested as alternatives to synthetic fertilizers, which could reduce soil degradation brought on by excessive chemical fertilization and have an impact on the bacterial diversity and community in the soil. The diversity and community of soil bacteria in tea plantations treated with wheat straw compost have, however, received relatively little attention. In this research, a two-year field trial was run to examine the effects of applying wheat straw compost on the characteristics of the soil and the quality of the tea. We also used high-throughput sequencing to investigate the response of the soil bacterial community, and Spearman’s rank correlation was used to estimate the relationship between the soil bacterial community, soil characteristics, and tea quality. It was noticed that applying chemical fertilizer along with compost increased the fertility of the soil and the quality of the tea. Based on a two-year thorough data analysis, the T4 treatment (compost fertilizers 15,000 kg ha−1 + chemical fertilizers 1050 kg ha−1, chemical fertilizer reduction 30%) was determined to be the best group. The diversity and community makeup of soil bacteria were impacted by fertilization management. After the initial compost replacement, soils with compost had a greater bacterial richness than soils with inorganic fertilizers. After the second compost substitution, PCoA analysis revealed that compost fertilizer could be easily differentiated from chemical fertilizer. In 2019, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Patescibacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla. In 2020, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi overtook Bacteroidetes and Patescibacteria as the two major bacterial phyla. In addition to increasing the diversity of soil bacteria and having an impact on the bacterial population, the application of wheat straw compost mixed with chemical fertilizers can also control the soil’s characteristics and the quality of the tea produced in tea plantations. So, as a fertilization way with less environmental impact, wheat straw compost fertilization can be used in tea plantations.
Barranca variabilis sp. nov.—A New Terrestrial Alga of the Genus Barranca (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyta) from the Baikal Region (Russia)
Authors: Egorova Irina N. , Kulakova Nina V. , Boldina Olga N. , Tupikova Galina S.
Published: April 2023

Filamentous green chaetophoralean algae are distributed mainly in aquatic ecosystems, less known from terrestrial habitats. Many of them have a complicated thalli and complex life cycles that make it difficult to determine these organisms by morphology. Description of new representatives of the Chaetophorales continues. In this study, we have explored the filamentous green alga IRK–A 341 from soil of the Baikal Region by light and electron microscopy along with molecular phylogeny. Based on the results of morphological, ecological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses (18S–28S rDNA, tufA), we described the studied alga as the new species, Barranca variabilis sp. nov. The study complements the data on the diversity of soils green filamentous algae, and their biogeography. For the first time, the data on the structure of the cell walls and the cell ultrastructure of Barranca were established. The information on the morphology of the reproductive and resting cells is updated.
Efficacy of Tofacitinib in the Treatment of Universal Alopecia Areata and Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Authors: Rodenas-Herranz Teresa , Cebolla-Verdugo Marta , Llamas-Segura Carlos , Ruiz-Villaverde Ricardo , Herranz-Marín Maria Teresa
Published: April 2023

Dear Editor: Alopecia areata (AA) is a form of alopecia whose prevalence ranges from 0 [...]
Aortic Dilatation in Pediatric Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve: How the Choice of Nomograms May Change Prevalence
Authors: Spaziani Gaia , Bonanni Francesca , Girolami Francesca , Bennati Elena , Calabri Giovanni Battista , Di Filippo Chiara , Porcedda Giulio , Passantino Silvia , Nistri Stefano , Olivotto Iacopo , Favilli Silvia
Published: April 2023

Background: Aortic dilation (AoD) is commonly reported in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and has been related to flow abnormalities and genetic predisposition. AoD-related complications are reported to be extremely rare in children. Conversely, an overestimate of AoD related to body size may lead to excess diagnoses and negatively impact quality of life and an active lifestyle. In the present study, we compared the diagnosis performance of the newly introduced Q-score (based on a machine-learning algorithm) versus the traditional Z-score in a large consecutive pediatric cohort with BAV. Materials and methods: Prevalence and progression of AoD were evaluated in 281 pediatric patients ages > 5 and < 18 years at first observation, 249 of whom had isolated BAV and 32 had BAV associated with aortic coarctation (CoA–BAV). An additional group of 24 pediatric patients with isolated CoA was considered. Measurements were made at the level of the aortic annulus, Valsalva sinuses, sinotubular aorta, and proximal ascending aorta. Both Z-scores using traditional nomograms and the new Q-score were calculated at baseline and at followup (mean 4.5 years). Results: A dilation of the proximal ascending aorta was suggested by traditional nomograms (Z-score > 2) in 31.2% of patients with isolated BAV and 18.5% with CoA–BAV at baseline and in 40.7% and 33.3%, respectively, at followup. No significant dilation was found in patients with isolated CoA. Using the new Q-score calculator, ascending aorta dilation was detected in 15.4% of patients with BAV and 18.5% with CoA–BAV at baseline and in 15.8% and 3.7%, respectively, at followup. AoD was significantly related to the presence and degree of aortic stenosis (AS) but not to aortic regurgitation (AR). No AoD-related complications occurred during the followup. Conclusions: Our data confirm the presence of ascending aorta dilation in a consistent subgroup of pediatric patients with isolated BAV, with progression during followup, while AoD was less common when CoA was associated with BAV. A positive correlation was found with the prevalence and degree of AS, but not with AR. Finally, the nomograms used may significantly influence the prevalence of AoD, especially in children, with a possible overestimation by traditional nomograms. This concept requires prospective validation in long-term followup.
Craniovertebral Junction Instability after Oncological Resection: A Narrative Review
Authors: Ottenhausen Malte , Greco Elena , Bertolini Giacomo , Gerosa Andrea , Ippolito Salvatore , Middlebrooks Erik H. , Serrao Graziano , Bruzzone Maria Grazia , Costa Francesco , Ferroli Paolo , La Corte Emanuele
Published: April 2023

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a complex transition area between the skull and cervical spine. Pathologies such as chordoma, chondrosarcoma and aneurysmal bone cysts may be encountered in this anatomical area and may predispose individuals to joint instability. An adequate clinical and radiological assessment is mandatory to predict any postoperative instability and the need for fixation. There is no common consensus on the need for, timing and setting of craniovertebral fixation techniques after a craniovertebral oncological surgery. The aim of the present review is to summarize the anatomy, biomechanics and pathology of the craniovertebral junction and to describe the available surgical approaches to and considerations of joint instability after craniovertebral tumor resections. Although a one-size-fits-all approach cannot encompass the extremely challenging pathologies encountered in the CVJ area, including the possible mechanical instability that is a consequence of oncological resections, the optimal surgical strategy (anterior vs posterior vs posterolateral) tailored to the patient’s needs can be assessed preoperatively in many instances. Preserving the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments, principally the transverse ligament, and the bony structures, namely the C1 anterior arch and occipital condyle, ensures spinal stability in most of the cases. Conversely, in situations that require the removal of those structures, or in cases where they are disrupted by the tumor, a thorough clinical and radiological assessment is needed to timely detect any instability and to plan a surgical stabilization procedure. We hope that this review will help shed light on the current evidence and pave the way for future studies on this topic.
The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among Neonates in Kuwait
Authors: Alajmi Rehab Zafer , Alfouzan Wadha Ahmed , Mustafa Abu Salim
Published: April 2023

Increasing numbers of neonates with serious bacterial infections, due to resistant bacteria, are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the neonatal population and their mothers in Farwaniya Hospital in Kuwait and to determine the basis of resistance. Rectal screening swabs were taken from 242 mothers and 242 neonates in labor rooms and wards. Identification and sensitivity testing were performed using the VITEK® 2 system. Each isolate flagged with any resistance was subjected to the E-test susceptibility method. The detection of resistance genes was performed by PCR, and the Sanger sequencing method was used to identify mutations. Among 168 samples tested by the E-test method, no MDR Enterobacteriaceae were detected among the neonates, while 12 (13.6%) isolates from the mothers’ samples were MDR. ESBL, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and folate pathway inhibitor resistance genes were detected, while beta-lactam–beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, and tigecycline resistance genes were not. Our results showed that the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae obtained from neonates in Kuwait is low, and this is encouraging. Furthermore, it is possible to conclude that neonates are acquiring resistance mostly from the environment and after birth but not from their mothers.
A Semi-Supervised Graph Convolutional Network for Early Prediction of Motor Abnormalities in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Li Hailong , Li Zhiyuan , Du Kevin , Zhu Yu , Parikh Nehal A. , He Lili
Published: April 2023

Approximately 32–42% of very preterm infants develop minor motor abnormalities. Earlier diagnosis soon after birth is urgently needed because the first two years of life represent a critical window of opportunity for early neuroplasticity in infants. In this study, we developed a semi-supervised graph convolutional network (GCN) model that is able to simultaneously learn the neuroimaging features of subjects and consider the pairwise similarity between them. The semi-supervised GCN model also allows us to combine labeled data with additional unlabeled data to facilitate model training. We conducted our experiments on a multisite regional cohort of 224 preterm infants (119 labeled subjects and 105 unlabeled subjects) who were born at 32 weeks or earlier from the Cincinnati Infant Neurodevelopment Early Prediction Study. A weighted loss function was applied to mitigate the impact of an imbalanced positive:negative (~1:2) subject ratio in our cohort. With only labeled data, our GCN model achieved an accuracy of 66.4% and an AUC of 0.67 in the early prediction of motor abnormalities, outperforming prior supervised learning models. By taking advantage of additional unlabeled data, the GCN model had significantly better accuracy (68.0%, p = 0.016) and a higher AUC (0.69, p = 0.029). This pilot work suggests that the semi-supervised GCN model can be utilized to aid early prediction of neurodevelopmental deficits in preterm infants.
Convex Hull Obstacle-Aware Pedestrian Tracking and Target Detection in Theme Park Applications
Authors: Choi Yumin , Kim Hyunbum
Published: April 2023

Barriers are utilized for various tasks in security, environmental monitoring, penetration detection and reconnaissance. It is highly necessary to consider how to support pedestrian tracking and target detection in theme park areas having multiple obstacles. In this paper, we create security barriers through cooperation between mobile robots and UAVs for use in theme park areas where multiple obstacles of undetermined forms are placed. We formally define the problem and the goals. The goals are the following: to maximize the number of convex hull obstacle-aware tracking barriers using mobile robots and UAVs, to satisfy given detection accuracy, and to ensure that all environments are protected by convex hull obstacle-aware tracking barriers without disturbance from irregular obstacles. To address the problem, we propose two different algorithms, to improve security barriers and avoid various forms of obstacles, in a bid to work towards a 6G-enabled virtual emotion environment. Then, the proposed schemes are executed through simulations with various settings, and the numerical results evaluated with detailed discussions and demonstrations.
Exploring Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures for Recognition of Drone Types
Authors: Yan Jun , Hu Huiping , Gong Jiangkun , Kong Deyong , Li Deren
Published: April 2023

In this study, we examine the use of micro-Doppler signals produced by different blades (i.e., puller and lifting blades) to aid in radar-based target recognition of small drones. We categorize small drones into three types based on their blade types: fixed-wing drones with only puller blades, multi-rotor drones with only lifting blades, and hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) fixed-wing drones with both lifting and puller blades. We quantify the radar signatures of the three drones using statistical measures, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), Doppler speed, Doppler frequency difference (DFD), and Doppler magnitude ratio (DMR). Our findings show that the micro-Doppler signals of lifting blades in all three drone types were stronger than those of puller blades. Specifically, the DFD and DMR values of pusher blades were below 100 Hz and 0.3, respectively, which were much smaller than the 200 Hz and 0.8 values for lifting blades. The micro-Doppler signals of the puller blades were weaker and more stable than those of the lifting blades. Our study demonstrates the potential of using micro-Doppler signatures modulated by different blades for improving drone detection and the identification of drone types by drone detection radar.
Exterminator for the Nests of Vespa velutina nigrithorax Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Lee Chun-Gu , Yu Seung-Hwa
Published: April 2023

Vespa velutina nigrithorax, a species of hornet, is spreading globally, with increasingly negative effects on human health. To effectively eliminate V. velutina, its nest should be destroyed and its queen removed; however, the nests are difficult to reach. Thus, we analyzed the requirements for a drone-assisted hornet exterminator using field observations and physical tests on a sample hornets’ nest, and based on these, a UAV exterminator equipped with a nest-perforating device (based on an airsoft rifle) and pesticide-spraying system was designed and manufactured. Pesticides and bullets were manufactured using ecofriendly materials. An actuator at the rear of the device adjusted the pitch of the perforator and sprayer, and a monitoring system was installed to aid the operator in targeting. The operating parameters of the UAV exterminator were evaluated in laboratory tests, with a spray distance of 5 m deemed suitable. To evaluate the system’s pest-control performance, several V. velutina nests were targeted in field tests. An insecticidal effect of over 99% was achieved using two pyrethrum-based pesticides (15% pyrethrum extract and 10% pyrethrum extract with additives). In addition, compared to conventional nest-removal methods, the UAV exterminator reduced the work time by 85% and the cost by 54.9%.
Research on Performance Degradation Estimation of Key Components of High-Speed Train Bogie Based on Multi-Task Learning
Authors: Ren Junxiao , Jin Weidong , Wu Yunpu , Sun Zhang , Li Liang
Published: April 2023

The safe and comfortable operation of high-speed trains has attracted extensive attention. With the operation of the train, the performance of high-speed train bogie components inevitably degrades and eventually leads to failures. At present, it is a common method to achieve performance degradation estimation of bogie components by processing high-speed train vibration signals and analyzing the information contained in the signals. In the face of complex signals, the usage of information theory, such as information entropy, to achieve performance degradation estimations is not satisfactory, and recent studies have more often used deep learning methods instead of traditional methods, such as information theory or signal processing, to obtain higher estimation accuracy. However, current research is more focused on the estimation for a certain component of the bogie and does not consider the bogie as a whole system to accomplish the performance degradation estimation task for several key components at the same time. In this paper, based on soft parameter sharing multi-task deep learning, a multi-task and multi-scale convolutional neural network is proposed to realize performance degradation state estimations of key components of a high-speed train bogie. Firstly, the structure takes into account the multi-scale characteristics of high-speed train vibration signals and uses a multi-scale convolution structure to better extract the key features of the signal. Secondly, considering that the vibration signal of high-speed trains contains the information of all components, the soft parameter sharing method is adopted to realize feature sharing in the depth structure and improve the utilization of information. The effectiveness and superiority of the structure proposed by the experiment is a feasible scheme for improving the performance degradation estimation of a high-speed train bogie.
Local Gaussian Cross-Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Jordanger Lars Arne , Tjøstheim Dag
Published: April 2023

The ordinary spectrum is restricted in its applications, since it is based on the second-order moments (auto- and cross-covariances). Alternative approaches to spectrum analysis have been investigated based on other measures of dependence. One such approach was developed for univariate time series by the authors of this paper using the local Gaussian auto-spectrum based on the local Gaussian auto-correlations. This makes it possible to detect local structures in univariate time series that look similar to white noise when investigated by the ordinary auto-spectrum. In this paper, the local Gaussian approach is extended to a local Gaussian cross-spectrum for multivariate time series. The local Gaussian cross-spectrum has the desirable property that it coincides with the ordinary cross-spectrum for Gaussian time series, which implies that it can be used to detect non-Gaussian traits in the time series under investigation. In particular, if the ordinary spectrum is flat, then peaks and troughs of the local Gaussian spectrum can indicate nonlinear traits, which potentially might reveal local periodic phenomena that are undetected in an ordinary spectral analysis.
A Person-Centered Approach toward Balanced Gender Identity in Emerging Adults: Associations with Self-Esteem and Attitudes about Education
Authors: Endendijk Joyce J.
Published: April 2023

Balanced identity theory (BIT) has played an important role in research examining women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, BIT’s main balanced-congruity principle has not been tested specifically for gender-science cognitions. Additionally, BIT’s predictions have been tested primarily from a variable-centered approach. The current study therefore examined whether (1) gender-science cognitions form a balanced identity configuration; (2) different identity profiles can be distinguished; (3) identity profiles differ in background characteristics, study motivation, and self-esteem. Dutch emerging adults (18–25 years old) enrolled in education (N = 318, 51% female) completed a gender-science Implicit Association Test (gender-science stereotypes) and questionnaires assessing felt similarity to males and females (gender identity), interest in science and liberal arts occupations (occupational self-concept), self-esteem, and study motivation and engagement. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed multiplicative interactions between gender-science stereotypes, gender identity, and occupational self-concept, providing evidence for a balanced identity configuration. Furthermore, latent profile analyses revealed three balanced identity profiles and two unbalanced profiles. Unbalanced identity profiles were characterized by non-Dutch ethnicity, lower educational level, and living independently without parents. The identity profiles did not differ in self-esteem and study motivation. Future research should examine the longer term consequences of unbalanced identity for academic and career pursuits.
Outcomes of a Teaching Learning Sequence on Modelling Surface Phenomena in Liquids
Authors: Battaglia Onofrio Rosario , Agliolo Gallitto Aurelio , Termini Giulia , Fazio Claudio
Published: April 2023

In this paper we discuss the effects of modelling and computer simulation activities in promoting student use of lines of reasoning useful to explain proposed or observed situations. The activities are part of a structured Teaching/Learning Sequence on surface phenomena in liquids. We outline a model of liquid based on a mesoscopic approach, examples of computer simulations students can use during the activities, and we describe the Teaching/Learning Sequence. During the pedagogical activities, students can simulate the liquid behaviour by controlling many simulation parameters, such as the interaction intensity among liquid and solid particles. The results of the analysis of student answers to a questionnaire before and after instruction, and of other qualitative data, show that these activities can help the students to think in terms of “mechanisms of functioning”.