bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policies and Practices of Low Carbon City Development in China
Authors: Wang Can , Lin Jie , Cai Wenjia , Zhang ZhongXiang
Published: January 2014

Globally as well as in China, cities have contributed to most of economic output and have accordingly given rise to most of CO2 emissions. In particular, given unprecedented urbanization, cities will play an even greater role in shaping energy demand and CO2 emissions. Therefore, cities are the key to meeting its proposed carbon intensity target in 2020 and whatever climate commitments beyond 2020 that China may take. Given the paramount importance of cities, China is practicing low carbon city (LCC) development. Against this background, this paper first summarizes the general situation and main characteristics of China's LCC development. The paper then indentifies eight problems and challenges for China's LCC development including the absence of sound carbon accounting systems, lack of low-carbon specific evaluation system, rare use of market-based instruments, insufficient government-enterprise interactions, excessive budget dependence on land concession, increasing difficulty in further carbon mitigation, inevitable emissions growth due to rising living standards, and coal-dominant energy structure in the foreseeable future. Since these challenges are not applied to one or few cities, but are to all cities across the country, finally, the paper discusses how governments, in particular the central government, should address these problems and challenges. Given that China has faced great difficulty ensuring that local governments act in accordance with centrally-directed policies, the paper in particular discusses ways to incentivize local governments not to focus on economic growth alone and to move away from a heavy reliance on land concession. The paper ends with emphasizing on putting a price on carbon a crucial step for China's endeavor of harnessing the market forces to reduce its energy consumption and carbon emissions and genuinely transiting into a low-carbon economy.
Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following partial nephrectomy – a case report
Authors: Winter Ashley G. , Ramasamy Ranjith
Published: January 2014

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can cause severe life-threatening events such as bilateral adrenal hemorrhage (BAH). A 48-year-old female developed a pulmonary embolus (PE) following partial nephrectomy. The anticoagulation treatment for her PE was complicated by HIT and subsequent BAH. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first reported case of HIT-associated BAH following renal surgery.
Attachment and Student Success During the Transition to College
Authors: Kurland Robert M. , Siegel Harold I.
Published: January 2014

We used 2 studies to examine attachment security and college student success. In the 1st study, 85 first-semester students provided information on attachment dimensions and psychological, ethical, and social indices. More anxious students performed worse academically in college than they had in high school and indicated they would be more willing to cheat; they also scored lower on measures of academic locus of control and self-esteem than their peers. Securely attached students reported low levels of depression and anxiety. Findings were supported with regression analysis conducted with controls for attachment avoidance, high school grade-point average, and gender. A 2nd follow-up study showed that college students who had plagiarized papers reported high levels of attachment anxiety. The contribution of attachment theory to academic advising is discussed.
Advising and Progress in the Community College STEM Transfer Pathway
Authors: Packard Becky Wai-Ling , Jeffers Kimberly C.
Published: January 2014

Community college students enrolled in science and technology fields face many challenges as they pursue transfer pathways to earn a 4-year degree. Despite clear links to student persistence, advising interactions that facilitate or inhibit transfer progress are not clearly understood. In this study, 82 community college students pursuing science and technology transfer-based programs of study participated in phenomenological interviews. Students described how professors, major advisors, and transfer office staff supported their progress by providing accurate information or referring them to helpful resources; students learned answers to unasked questions and stayed on track to transfer. Interactions impeded progress when initial advisors, in particular, provided misinformation, leading to frustration and costly delays. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Assessing Academic Risk of Student-Athletes: Applicability of the NCAA Graduation Risk Overview Model to GPA
Authors: Johnson James
Published: January 2014

In an effort to standardize academic risk assessment, the NCAA developed the graduation risk overview (GRO) model. Although this model was designed to assess graduation risk, its ability to predict grade-point average (GPA) remained unknown. Therefore, 134 individual risk assessments were made to determine GRO model effectiveness in the identification of academic risk for Division I student-athletes as determined by semester GPA. Pearson correlations and least-squares multiple-regression analyses revealed the GRO model as an effective means by which to assess academic risk. Academic advisors and other stakeholders of college student-athlete well-being can use this model to identify student-athletes most at risk for academic struggles and advise them accordingly.
Mitigation of Water Crisis and Growing Crops in Lean Period by Rainwater Harvesting Through Concreted Rooftops and Household Ponds in Sagar Island
Authors: Gayen Anadi , Zaman A
Published: January 2014

Groundwater occurring in the shallow aquifers is highly saline and is not suitable for drinking. Fresh potable ground water is occurring at great depth (245–325 m bgl). Occurrence of fresh ground water at deeper aquifers restricts large scale groundwater development, because it is beyond the economic capacity of common people. Source of drinking water is mainly Government owned hand pump fitted tube wells. Approximately per 70 households only one such tube well has been allocated. Many of these tube wells are yielding very less quantity of water during peak summer. Hence, the island is suffering from potable water scarcity especially during summer for around 4-5 months. Water supply is available in very few villages. Almost all the households are having one or two ponds. Most of the ponds are dried up during summer. Therefore, people in the island are facing water shortage round the year. The island receives very good precipitation (1900 mm) during monsoon. Major quantum of rainfall is lost as surface run-off to the sea or rivers. If this rain water run-off can be arrested and stored, island may be developed in many ways. There is a vast scope of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) in Sagar Island. Water conservation can help to minimize the huge monsoon run-off. Roof top rain water harvesting can solve the drinking and domestic needs of the people of Sagar Island. In this context, harvesting and conservation of roof top rainwater during monsoon in storage tanks and ponds were explored, so that the same can be utilized in the lean periods. Present study has aimed to understand total amount of water may likely to be available from the concrete roofs of different existing buildings like public offices, schools, guest houses and individual houses as well as household ponds. At present, total water requirement of Sagar island in peak summer (4-5 months) for drinking and domestic uses is around 1589947.50 cu. m. Total amount of rain water be conserved through small household ponds (12418) and concrete roof tops (3194) is 3692853 cu. m. of which ponds contribute 3588976 cu. m. water and concrete roof tops used to contribute 10,38,77 cu. m. water. Thus, this conserved rain water could able to benefit in catering 492380 people (i.e., more than double of present population) of Sagar Island for five months in peak summer for drinking and domestic uses.
Price Causality and Bivariate Autoregressive Analysis of Dry Season Okra Marketing in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Agbugba Ikechi
Published: January 2014

The study examined the price causality tests and Bivariate auto-regressive analysis of dry season Okra in south eastern Nigeria. The study specifically described the socio-economic features of dry season Okra marketers in the study area, determine the price causality in the marketers’ prices of dry season vegetable in the study area and measure the extent of market integration amongst dry season vegetable markets in the study area. Multi-stage technique of sampling was used to select 111 Okra marketers in the study area, and structured questionnaires administered to them. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies were used to analyze the socio-economic features, as well as determine the price causality in the marketers’ prices of the respondents. Granger causality test conducted showed that there was no causality relationship existing between the farmgate and wholesale prices for Okra wholesalers; and a unidirectional price causality relationship existing from the wholesale price of Okra and retail price, and not the other way. Bivariate autoregressive model was used to measure integration between central and local markets. From the study, there was a significant relationship between the central and local market prices for Okra wholesalers and retailers. The result also showed that there was an instantaneous adjustment to price changes in the market pairs of the marketers, an indication of perfect competitiveness amongst them suggesting the existence of non-collusive pricing behaviour.
Sex Segregation in Advertising Creative Departments Across the Globe
Authors: Grow Jean M. , Deng Tao
Published: January 2014

This study explores sex segregation in advertising creative departments globally. Using data from the 2013 Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies , the authors investigate the lack of gender diversity in creative departments in 50 countries across the world. The theoretical frames that anchor this work are the sociologically based multidimensional model of sex segregation and Csikszentmihalyi’s system’s theory of creativity. In the end, this study demonstrates powerful vertical and horizontal sex segregation. Further, for the first time, this study quantifies the underrepresentation of women in advertising creative departments, demonstrating a global average of only 20.3 percent female representation in advertising creative departments.
Perceptions of Work/Life Balance Among U.S. Advertising Students: A Study of Gender Differences
Authors: Fullerton Jami A. , Kendrick Alice
Published: January 2014

U.S. advertising students rated statements pertaining to work/life balance in the advertising industry as part of a national survey. A factor analysis of the statements revealed four underlying dimensions— Balance, Parenting, Career Now, and Work Obligation . Students generally indicated that they “want it all” with respect to a rewarding career and a full personal and family life. However, a slightly positive response on the Balance dimension indicated a general modest tilt toward work over leisure. Men showed statistically significantly stronger leanings toward career than did women, a finding consistent with the literature. Results indicate a relationship between career orientation and a desire to work in the advertising business after college, a finding that may bode well for the industry. Implications of the findings for advertising employers and educators are discussed.
Sarmiento's Vida de Horacio Mann : Translation, Importation, and Entanglement
Authors: Genova Thomas
Published: January 2014

This article focuses on the broad sociopolitical implications of Sarmiento's translations of Northern Hemispheric texts and ideas into the South American context in Las escuelas and the author's correspondence with Mary Mann. Exploring the relationship between the two reformers—both of whom were interested in using education to prepare nonwhites for the duties of citizenship in a broadly defined "South"—in order to examine the entangled history of Argentina during the War of the Triple Alliance and the early Reconstruction-era United States, this article shows how Sarmiento puts his relationship with Mann to creative use in his effort to incorporate Argentina's popular classes into the national project through public education. Ultimately, the relationship between the two writers points to how the interplay between transnational conversations and local histories gives rise to the entanglement of imperialism and neocolonialism in the Americas during the second half of the nineteenth century.
José Juan Tablada y el ideograma kotobuki : sus fuentes y su uso en "Li-Po"
Authors: Pascucci Michele M.
Published: January 2014

One of the most stunning visual effects included in the 1920 volume of ideographic poetry, Li-Po y otros poemas , by José Juan Tablada (1871-1945), is the incorporation of the Sino-Japanese ideogram kotobuki in the title composition. Critics have long speculated on the significance of this character to the poem and have debated whether or not Tablada was even cognizant of the symbol's actual meaning and uses within Asiatic contexts. Furthermore, the nontraditional form in which the character is graphically reproduced in Li-Po has led some critics to question the Mexican's understanding of Oriental writing systems. This article, based on an analysis of materials from Tablada's Graphic Archive and personal library, examines the sources that the poet had at his disposal to inform his appreciation of the ideogram's semantics and aesthetics, and offers a reevaluation of his use of the specific character kotobuki in his verbal-visual homage to the Chinese poet Li-Po.
La literatura de embajada como uso ideológico "nacional" del espacio: del testimonio combativo a la alegoría política
Authors: Álvarez-Moreno Raúl
Published: January 2014

This article intends to characterize "embassy literature" within the frame of the "national" literature produced by Franco's supporters during the Spanish Civil War. I argue that the former literary production, typically a testimony of political refugees who are secluded in the limited space of a foreign embassy for long periods of time, moves beyond a testimonial or denunciative character. On one hand, this embassy space transforms into a rhetorical-political site of resistance and combat against the Republic and the Franco faction's exterior enemies. On the other hand, the works I analyze offer an ethical dimension that highlights the moral limits of human beings. This dimension is used by the authors politically to condemn options such as communism or to justify the need for an authoritarian figure to maintain order. Finally, contrary to expectations, the diversity of "embassy literature" stands out as an excellent example of the divisions within the very ideological and social base that supported Franco's uprising.
Alogical Memory: Thinking Beyond (Counter)hegemonic Postdictatorial Discourse in Beatriz Bracher's Não falei
Authors: Rajca Andrew C.
Published: January 2014

In the novel Não falei , Beatriz Bracher engages with post-dictatorial memory in Brazil in ways that move beyond the denunciatory genres that have dominated literary production in the aftermath of dictatorship. Part of a younger generation of writers revisiting the cultural memory of dictatorships in the Southern Cone, Bracher offers new ways of reading the effects of dictatorship and resignifying these experiences in different social contexts. Building upon the critical work of such authors as Flora Süssekind, Idelber Avelar, and Nelly Richard, in dialogue with theoretical considerations on subalternity, hegemony, and discourse, in this essay I examine the ways in which Não falei explores the limits of the discursive logic of memory in postdictatorial Brazil. I argue that Bracher offers a more critical engagement with postdictatorial memory than much recent cultural production by creating an alogical narrative space that destabilizes the discursive mechanisms that dominate the cultural politics of memory today.
San Jerónimo en el eje de la polémica en torno de la Carta atenagórica de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Authors: Riva Fernando
Published: January 2014

This article explores the polemic around Sor Juana's Carta atenagórica of 1690 and its consequences for her last years. The texts participating in this controversy—both favorable and unfavorable to Sor Juana—base many of their arguments on Saint Jerome's authority and tradition, which promotes the right of women to study under the strict observance of a pious life. Saint Jerome is a key figure for the understanding of the polemic since his thought on the participation of women in Christian intellectual life is used by the authors of La fineza mayor, the Discurso apologético , and by Sor Juana herself in her famous Carta al Padre Núñez . The conflictive nature of Sor Juana's studies during her last years and Saint Jerome's authority are also reflected in new testimonies such as the recently discovered Carta de Puebla of 1691.
Differing Interpretations of la conscience collective and “the Individual” in Turkey: Émile Durkheim and the Intellectual Origins of the Republic
Authors: Özavcı Hilmi Ozan
Published: January 2014

The ideological impact of Émile Durkheim on Turkish political and social thought has long been analyzed within the framework of Ziya Gökalp’s nationalist thought. This article seeks to show that there were also liberal followers of Durkheim as seen in the works of particularly Ahmet Ağaoğlu. Ağaoğlu’s social liberalism carried Durkheimian motifs as we see in his constant emphasis on division of labor and functional differentiation as integral elements of the modern liberal mentalité, and in the importance he imputed to intermediary groups to protect the rights of the individual.
Review-Essay: Religion and Enlightenment
Authors: Grote Simon
Published: January 2014

Resistance to modernization narratives that associate the Enlightenment with religion’s demise continues unabated. One approach, exemplified in recent books by David Sorkin, Jeffrey Burson, and Ulrich Lehner, has been to defend religion’s place in the Enlightenment, and by extension religion’s modernity, by associating enlightened religion with, and defending the modernizing tendencies of, the “moderate Enlightenment” influentially described and critiqued by Jonathan Israel. For all the difficulties faced by this approach, these books — like that of Thomas Ahnert, also reviewed here — reveal the long-underestimated benefits that historians of eighteenth-century Europe can reap from knowledge of theology and church history.
Euripides’s Orestes and the Concept of Conscience in Greek Philosophy
Authors: Atkins Jed W.
Published: January 2014

This article challenges the common view that philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of conscience begins with medieval philosophers. Just as Jerome’s Commentary on Ezekiel furnished the medieval schoolmen with a common text, vocabulary, and philosophical concerns, so Euripides’s Orestes served a similar function for four pre-medieval Greek philosophers: Plutarch, Philostratus, Olympiodorus, and Philoponus. Stimulated by a common text, these philosophers offered a series of intricate and interrelated philosophical accounts of conscience and its place in human psychology. I track the development of the philosophers’ different conceptions of conscience, and indicate relevant points of comparison with later notions of the concept.
Competing Traditions in the Historiography of Ancient Greek Colonization in Italy
Authors: Urquhart Lela M.
Published: January 2014

Recent assessments of the historiography of ancient Greek colonization have generally focused on its development in the context of European imperialism. Such studies have often overlooked a second tradition that evolved among Italian scholars and that differed from the “hellenization” paradigm common among scholars in northern Europe. Differing perceptions of non-Greek or “native” Italians informed these divergent representations of the process and significance of Greek colonization produced by each scholarly body. Such perceptions were, additionally, variantly shaped by both the political conditions of imperialism and Italian nationalism and the recursive dialectic in which Italian and European intellectuals engaged.
Vitoria’s Ideas of Supernatural and Natural Sovereignty: Adam and Eve’s Marriage, the Uncivil Amerindians, and the Global Christian Nation
Authors: Tung Toy-Fung
Published: January 2014

In examining the potentially lawless core of Vitoria’s ideas of sovereignty, I argue that Vitoria traces civil sovereignty to his concept of a fourth dominium (obligatio-dominium), originating in mankind’s first marriage and embodying bivalent legal and moral values. Vitoria’s obligatio-dominium unites the Thomist/Aristotelian and neo-Augustinian threads of his argument, which are tied to legal obligation and lawmaking freedom. Reflecting this duality, Vitoria envisions a doubled natural law and doubled ius gentium, which empower constituent communities to overthrow legally constituted commonwealths by invoking mankind’s inalienable lawmaking power. Thus, Vitoria morally justified the conquistadors' supernatural Christian nation, while disenfranchising Amerindian civil communities.
Francis Bacon, Violence, and the Motion of Liberty: The Aristotelian Background
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: January 2014

The elucidation of Francis Bacon’s new approach to nature calls for constant comparison with Aristotle’s terminology, the common starting point for Bacon and his contemporaries. What Bacon called “the violence of impediments” is only understandable in relation to Aristotle’s technical use of the term “violence,” as distinguished from other common uses of this word. Bacon’s “impediments” do not violate nature but reveal its latent possibilities, for “violence” starts within nature itself, as a dramatic nexus of conflicting forces whose release results in the “motion of liberty.” Subtle co-optation of this natural violence can transform and control nature.
Sir John Davies’s Agrarian Law for Ireland
Authors: Orr D. Alan
Published: January 2014

The following article examines Sir John Davies’s treatise A Discovery of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Never Entirely Subdued [and] Brought Under Obedience of the Crown of England Until the Beginning of His Majesty's Happy Reign (Dublin, 1612) with regard to the idea of an Agrarian Law for Ireland. While one prominent scholar has recently suggested a generalized hostility to any redistribution of landed property in early modern political discourse, in the context of the Jacobean colonization of Ireland the idea of an “equal agrarian” in all future plantation efforts received significant support from writers such as Davies.
Mediterranean Blues: The Crisis in Southern Europe
Authors: Matthijs Matthias
Published: January 2014

The design of Europe's monetary union was flawed in that it works in a similar way to the interwar gold standard. With deflation the only viable option in response to crises, the burden of adjustment falls mainly on workers and debtors in deficit countries, while letting surplus countries off the hook. The euro crisis has thus not only led to a widening North-South gap within Europe, but also to an erosion of democratic legitimacy in the periphery. This has been manifested by the emergence of new antiestablishment parties and plummeting popular support for the EU in southern Europe. Voters have reacted to what they perceive as Brussels' encroachment on their national sovereignty and seeming failure to comply with democratic principles.
The Legacies of 1989: The Transformative Power of Europe Revisited
Authors: Mungiu-Pippidi Alina
Published: January 2014

Abstract: Why has the EU succeeded in promoting democracy in the new member states but failed in promoting good governance? This essay seeks to answer this question first by distinguishing governance from political regimes, and second by exploring to what extent national governance—which is defined as the set of formal and informal institutions that determine who gets what in a given country—is susceptible to being improved by external pressure or intervention. It concludes that improving governance remains a challenge even for the democratic character of the European project.
What Can Constitutions Do?: The Afghan Case
Authors: Ginsburg Tom , Huq Aziz
Published: January 2014

What aims should guide a new constitution's drafters? Aspirational homilies about the rule of law, human rights, or democracy aside, there remains a surprising dearth of tools with which to gauge the success or failure of a constitution. We suggest four mid-range metrics for constitution-making: the legitimation of a new state; the channeling of political conflict; the dampening of agency costs from representational government; and the creation of national public goods. We apply these metrics to the 2004 Afghan constitution, arguing that it has had some modest successes in some areas, while failing in others.
The Legacies of 1989: Bulgaria's Year of Civic Anger
Authors: Ganev Venelin I.
Published: January 2014

Abstract: This article offers an analytical interpretation of the various strategies which Bulgaria's mobilized citizens have recently deployed in order to hold political elites accountable. It focuses on post-accession hooliganism, a specific form of elite misbehavior which became increasingly visible after the country joined the European Union, and on civic anger, a political sentiment that spread as a popular reaction to this misbehavior. The main conclusion to which the examination of the ongoing process of antigovernment mobilization in Bulgaria lends credence is that civic involvement in democratic politics is the most important factor that might reverse the decline of a democracy's quality.
The Crisis of Liberalism
Authors: Manent Pierre
Published: January 2014

Liberalism as a governing order is barely two centuries old. A response to the great alternatives presented by Europe's political history, it represents a unique synthesis of the ancient and the modern. But globalization has cast a deep shadow across liberalism's future by separating economic activity and the political community of belonging. Thus we are threatened not only by massive impoverishment but also by a political dislocation and a moral rift as well.
The Legacies of 1989: Myths and Realities of Civil Society
Authors: Ekiert Grzegorz , Kubik Jan
Published: January 2014

Abstract: The reconstitution of civil society in the postcommunist world is misunderstood. Commonly diagnosed as weak and ineffective, really existing civil societies vary widely across the region. They differ from each other along several dimensions: constitution of public space, organizational composition, patterns of behavior, and normative orientations. Such differences result from dissimilar legacies of communism, diverging patterns of transformation, and different regime types. In Central Europe civil societies are generally as developed as in some countries of the West. In Central Asia incipient civic organizations are constrained in a manner resembling the pre-1989 Eastern Europe. In other parts of the former communist world, associational life has intensified despite many obstacles, but civil societies are politically impotent.
Albania: From Bunkers to Ballots
Authors: Bajrovic Ivana Cvetkovic , Satter Janet Rabin
Published: January 2014

In Albania's more than 20 years of postcommunist elections, all but one of the polls has resulted in disputed outcomes, political turmoil, and, in some cases, massive popular unrest. With the parliamentary elections of 23 June 2013, however, Albania seems to have turned an important corner in its democratic development. Faced with growing political conditionality from the European Union, the potential EU candidate held a relatively successful contest that produced a clear victory for the opposition coalition and was followed by a smooth transfer of power. This does not change the fact that the June elections went well in spite of, rather than thanks to, Albania's institutions, which remain ineffective and politicized. Such apparent contradictions make Albania an interesting case study of the extent to which political conditionality - particularly related to EU accession - can encourage meaningful democratization.
The Legacies of 1989: The Moving Ruins
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: January 2014

Abstract: The article reassesses the post-communist landscape in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the revolutions of 1989. A quarter of a century after the upheaval, the old definitions of civic and ethnic belongings have lost their previous meanings. The idea of civil society bequeathed a legacy of non-conformity and refusal of regimentation. Former dissidents have come under attack from the far left and the far right. Because of EU accession, the revolutions of 1989 succeeded in bringing a return to Europe of most of the former socialist bloc. Understanding the diversity of the postcommunist transitions requires the exploration of pre-1989 legacies. Disillusionment with the new order translates into nostalgia for the time of stability. Resurgent nationalism operates as an umbrella, all-encompassing fantasy of salvation, mixed with populism and, sometimes, with self-styled conservatism. The article stresses the importance of dealing with the past of twentieth century Eastern Europe, as it is increasingly clear that a democracy deprived of memory is profoundly vulnerable.
Georgian Democracy: Seizing or Losing the Chance?
Authors: Fairbanks Charles H.
Published: January 2014

A year ago, Alexi Gugushvili and I described Georgia's October 2012 election and the events surrounding it as "amazing," "truly remarkable," and "nearly unheard of." Is Georgian political life still unfolding in such an exceptional fashion, or is there a "new normal"—and if so, is it friendlier to liberal democracy, or fraught with problems for it? It may be that electoral democracy is becoming more routine in Georgia, but something is missing: Robust democratic opposition, and with it a sense that there is some continuing structure that contains and organizes competition among rival parties. Parties, elections, laws, and institutions still define the road to liberal democracy, and Georgians must lose their fear of traveling that road.
Breaking the News: The Role of State-Run Media
Authors: Walker Christopher , Orttung Robert W.
Published: January 2014

Despite the rise of the Internet, state-dominated media—especially television—remain a crucial tool for regime control in authoritarian societies. Governments in China and Russia are the forefront of the state media model, but such systems dominate in countries as diverse as Azerbaijan, Iran, Rwanda, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. To achieve dominance state media seek to influence four audiences: regime coalition elites; the populace at large; Internet users; and the opposition and civil society. The authoritarian media strategy is not designed to block everything, but instead is aimed at obstructing news about politics or other sensitive issues from consistently reaching key audiences. The Internet may offer a freer alternative to state-dominated media, but the Internet's fragmented character makes it a poor match for the disciplined messaging of authoritarian regimes that have a single-minded focus on self-preservation.
The Criminal Subversion of Mexican Democracy
Authors: Schedler Andreas
Published: January 2014

Threats to the integrity of electoral democracy are manifold. The comparative literature has focused on "vertical" threats: the manipulation of elections by central governments. This article, by contrast, draws attention to "horizontal" threats: the societal subversion of democratic elections by criminal violence. It analyzes the so-called drug war in Mexico to illustrate the chilling effects private organized violence has on electoral democracy. After tracing the origins of Mexico's new internal war, the article documents the damages it bears on the democratic integrity of elections as well as on surrounding rights and liberties.
Reconsidering the Transition Paradigm
Authors: Diamond Larry , Fukuyama Francis , Horowitz Donald L. , Plattner Marc F.
Published: January 2014

Four leading experts on democracy—Larry Diamond, Francis Fukuyama, Donald L. Horowitz, and Marc F. Plattner—discuss the relevance of the "transition paradigm" in light of the "Arab Spring" and other developments in the world today.
Internal Migration and the Renovation-era Fertility Decline in Vietnam
Authors: Phan Ly
Published: January 2014

The Renovation era in Vietnam (since 1986) has been a period of dramatic social change accompanied by large volume of internal migration. This study aims to identify a link between migration and the rapid decline of fertility levels among Vietnamese women in the last stage of the fertility transition in Vietnam. Data from the Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey 2002 was used to examine three theories of socialization, adaptation and migration on women’s fertility. These theories are examined by fitting both OLS and Poisson regression models for the number of children ever born. The results most strongly support the adaptation theory after controlling for education, age, age at marriage and wanted fertility. Women adapt to the fertility norms at their place of current residence to a greater extent than their place of birth. More specifically, among women born in rural areas, those who currently live in urban areas have 17 percent fewer children ever born than those who live in rural areas. This seems to be primarily due to adaptation to the new environment rather than to the act of migration itself, suggesting that migrating was not associated with lower or higher fertility during the Renovation era in Vietnam.
Marriage, Force, and Alternatives to Force in John Dryden’s Fables
Authors: Ernst Winifred
Published: January 2014

This essay examines persuasion and force through four poems of Dryden’s Fables (1700) : The Wife of Bath Her Tale, Ovid XII, Cymon and Iphigenia , and Theodore and Honoria . Dryden engages the personal stories of love and weddings, and force and rape, and he connects them to the political concerns regarding usurpation and divine right, pertinent not only to the Glorious Revolution but also to a larger and longer look backward at English history. The elaboration of persuasion and force alludes in part to the relationship between a king (or usurper) and his subjects. The following pages investigate the political implications of combining marriage and rape within the same fable, and consider the narratives of these fables that do not always prioritize Jacobite sympathies: sometimes they portray the horrors of civil war, sometimes they satirize irreverently the ongoing struggle between parliament and monarch, and sometimes they wryly appreciate the talents of William III. Through Fables , Dryden assumes a voice like Nestor’s in Ovid XII : one that is wise and authoritative as he illuminates the historical relevance of current events for his audience, but one that also is self-conscious as he recognizes his own participation in the complex and imperfect world that surrounds him.
Toward a Theory of Old English Poetic Genres: Epic, Elegy, Wisdom Poetry, and the “Traditional Opening”
Authors: Battles Paul
Published: January 2014

In the absence of contemporary references to Old English poetic genres, literary critics have grown increasingly skeptical about the validity of genre criticism; elegy and epic, in particular, have come to be viewed as retrospective and subjective categories. But evidence for the existence of genres can also be deduced from the poems themselves. Opening formulas are among the most common literary devices for signaling genre, and Old English verse is no exception. The “traditional opening,” which occurs in many poems, contains genre-specific cues that alert the audience to what manner of poem will follow. Analysis of the “traditional opening” reveals three distinct kinds of verse: epic, elegy, and wisdom poetry. Each type of opening also provides information about the respective genre’s distinctive features, as shown by the first verses of Beowulf, The Wife’s Lament , and Vainglory. Because genres exist in relation to each other, examining several together yields valuable insights. Most Old English poems are generic hybrids, combining the characteristics of several genres; for instance, Juliana combines epic and saint’s life, Judgment Day II blends elegy and planctus, The Phoenix unites wisdom poetry and “Physiologus” lore, and Fates of the Apostles juxtaposes epic and elegy. The choices made by the authors of these works show that Anglo-Saxon poets were certainly conscious of genre in composing their texts. Much work remains to be done on Old English poetic genre, ranging from the existence of other genres and genre-markers to further analysis of individual poems.
The Art of Persuasion and Shakespeare’s Two Iagos
Authors: Beier Benjamin V.
Published: January 2014

Shakespeare’s plays exhibit a sustained interest in rhetoric and in epistemology. Critics have been attracted to Othello in their attempts to understand Shakespeare’s view both of the nature of rhetoric and of the ability of human agents to penetrate beneath false appearances so as to acquire authentic knowledge. This article proposes that our understanding of Shakespeare’s view of rhetoric and of epistemology can be deepened by reading Othello with Cymbeline . While Shakespeare shows the real power of sophistry and concealment in the character of Iago, whose façade is impenetrable and whose words are persuasive, Imogen’s ability to discern the evil intentions of the honey-tongued Iachimo and to forestall tragedy with her own ethical, skilled speech enlarges our understanding of Shakespeare’s conception of rhetoric and epistemology and challenges interpretations in which it is proposed that he has a cynical view of rhetoric and a skeptical epistemology.
Afterlives: Thomas Middleton and Anthony Munday
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: January 2014

In 1613, Thomas Middleton produced a civic pageant, The Manner of His Lordship’s Entertainment , to commemorate the completion of the New River project that brought fresh water to London. In 1618, Anthony Munday, in his revision of John Stow’s Survey of London , included most of Middleton’s pageant text in the history. Thereby, Munday granted Middleton an unexpected “afterlife.” This unprecedented inclusion of a minor civic pageant into a historical text raises several important questions, such as why Munday decided to do this and why it seems to have been an afterthought, given its curious placement in the Survey . A number of later historians also reproduce Munday’s account of the 1613 pageant but without acknowledging their source. They thereby grant an afterlife to Munday. Just as Munday never names Middleton as the pageant’s author, so these later writers do not name Munday. This “forgetting” underscores a paradox of historical writing: namely, as writers make history, they also erase history. Thus, the 1618 Survey and all of its subsequent variations perpetuate in varying degrees an “afterlife” for Middleton and Munday, but an “afterlife” tinged with loss and death.
Reading Providence out of History: The Destruction of Jerusalem in William Heminge’s The Jewes Tragedy
Authors: Neelakanta Vanita
Published: January 2014

William Heminge’s critically neglected play The Jewes Tragedy (c. 1628–30; pub. 1662) presents a singular illustration of the seventeenth-century preoccupation with the siege and destruction of Jerusalem described by Josephus in The Jewish Wars (75 CE). Unlike other early modern retellings which habitually interpret the tragic event as divine punishment for the Jews’ rejection of Christ, Heminge eschews the conventional Christian moral and its accompanying providentialist rhetoric in favor of a thoughtful political analysis of the Jews’ defeat at the hands of the Romans. This article analyzes Heminge’s secular focus in the context of the fraught political and religious climate of the late 1620s, when the play was composed, as well as the Restoration during which it was first published. Specifically, it investigates the contentious interrogation of providentialism and the corresponding shift away from religious etiology and a deterministic worldview (in which God assigns the outcome) to a conception of history that emphasizes human actions over divine intervention.
Digesting Job in Paradise Lost
Authors: Ransom Emily A.
Published: January 2014

This article explores Milton’s engagement with his biblical model for the epic genre throughout his diffuse epic. Paradise Lost draws from Job in its depictions of the wonder of creation, the agony of despair, and the boldness of a creature to question the creator. While some Renaissance commentators find the combativeness of Job’s complaint to be theologically problematic, Milton infuses it into his depictions of the unfallen Adam and the Son who exercise the digestive functions of reason in their freedom to debate with God. These Joban echoes demonstrate that hubristic presumption directed toward dialogue with the creator is characteristic of the righteous; it is the rigidity of despair that avoids such dialogue and leads to the Fall. In the end, through a network of carefully placed allusions to the scriptural epic of suffering, Milton achieves a model of righteous questioning as a safeguard against error and despair.
The Chameleon or the Sponge?: Marvell, Milton, and the Politics of Literary History
Authors: Augustine Matthew C.
Published: January 2014

Andrew Marvell’s critical stock has never been higher. Long admired for a handful of widely anthologized lyrics, more recent interest in his prose writings has revealed Marvell to be among the most penetrating observers of the debates over liberty and toleration that convulsed the seventeenth century. As a result of this attention Marvell himself has become—along with his friend John Milton—closely identified with the founding of modern liberalism. My concern in this essay however is to interrogate the ways in which Marvell’s politics have been read under the shadow of Milton; and indeed I discover a “Miltonizing” hermeneutic in common between the High-Church controversialists who repudiated Marvell’s tolerationist pamphlet The Rehearsal Transpros’d (1672) and modern historians and critics who have sought to write Marvell into the history of English liberty. Without seeking to nullify Marvell’s significant contribution to that history, I argue here that the lyric poet of “inconclusiveness” is more continuous with the Restoration politician than we have thought; and moreover that by taking Marvell’s politics on his own terms we stand to gain valuable perspective on the unstable divisions and contingencies of seventeenth-century political experience.
Conceptualizing the arts as tools for medicine and public health
Authors: Christenson Gary A.
Published: January 2014

The arts are often neglected in the context of modern medicine. However, they offer opportunities for greater patient understanding, improved patient comfort and treatment results, and enhanced clinical skills, personal enrichment, and resilience in medical practitioners. The application of the arts to medicine can be categorized into five main categories: medical education, prescriptive options, improved patient experience, public health and care for medical personnel.
Developing arts and health – Within creative-arts therapy or separately?
Authors: McNiff Shaun
Published: January 2014

In support of the mission of the Journal of Applied Arts & Health, which ‘defines “health” broadly to include physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, occupational, social and community health’, this article expands upon a keynote talk for the 2013 The Arch of Arts in Health International Conference in Haifa, addressing the degree to which the established creative-arts therapy professions have focused more on mental health rather than embrace this more holistic vision of arts healing. There is an essential conflict between the creative-arts therapy position that therapeutic practice is conducted exclusively within a professional relationship by trained therapists and how arts and health engages artists, volunteers and professionals from various medical fields.
Mandalas as indicators of burnout among end-of-life care workers
Authors: Potash Jordan S. , Bardot Heidi , Wang Xiao Lu , Chan Faye , Ho Andy H. Y. , Cheng Carol
Published: January 2014

Hospice and palliative care workers can reduce the potential for burnout by nurturing self-competence and self-awareness in order to manage challenging and painful emotions that arise from the nature of working with dying individuals and bereaved families. An art therapy supervision programme for end-of-life care workers in Hong Kong utilized mandala-making as a tool for cultivating self-awareness. A total of 60 mandalas were collected, rated according to J. Kellogg’s The Archetypal Stages of the Great Round of Mandalas and compared to burnout scores as assessed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey. The findings demonstrate associations between mandala stages and burnout and offer implications for mandala-making as an indicator of burnout and coping strategies.
Omnia mutantur: Metamorfosis, de Ovidio a Picasso
Authors: Martín Carlos Alcalde
Published: January 2014

Las ilustraciones de Picasso a las Metamorfosis de Ovidio evidencian la tradición clásica en distintos aspectos: tema centrado en el hombre, iconografía, estilo y espíritu. Tienen un rasgo fundamental de los mitos, la libertad en el tratamiento que les da permanente vitalidad y actualidad.
Tres modos para evadir la "Curia" combatidos por Juliano (C. Th., XII, 1, 50)
Authors: Chao Fernández Juan José
Published: January 2014

La constitución C. Th., XII, 1, 50, de 13 de Marzo de 362, forma parte de una serie de medidas tomadas por Juliano en Constantinopla a fin de dotar a las ciudades de medios con los que hacer frente a todos los servicios que cumplían en el Bajo Imperio. Se compone de tres partes claramente diferentes, que son otras tantas medidas para impedir nuevos tipos de evasión de las cargas de la curia que aparecen a mediados del siglo IV: huida de los clérigos cristianos por los privilegios concedidos por los hijos de Constantino, que llevan a ordenaciones masivas de curiales; ejercicio del comercio a gran escala por parte de los curiales sin abonar la collatio lustralis. Juliano eximirá de su pago a los curiales que no ejerzan el comercio o se limiten al minorista. Y finalmente la huida al patronazgo de un potens.
The effects of active games on aggressive behaviors of 7-year-old children
Authors: Inan Mehmet , Karagözoğlu Cengiz , Şimşek Özgür
Published: January 2014

This research is conducted to determine the possible effects of aggressive behaviours of 7 'year- old children during active games. The video tapes from various angles of children while playing games are used as the main assessment tool for collecting the data as well as "The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test" and "The Observation Form for Aggressive Behaviours of Children during the Games". The observation form is used to record the active and passive aggressive behaviours of the child towards his/her teammates, the opponent team players, the referee/s and the game instruments and facilities. This form is designed by the researchers and refined by views of the experts.