bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical considerations and statistical analysis of industry involvement in machine learning research
Authors: Hagendorff Thilo , Meding Kristof
Published: September 2021

Industry involvement in the machine learning (ML) community seems to be increasing. However, the quantitative scale and ethical implications of this influence are rather unknown. For this purpose, we have not only carried out an informed ethical analysis of the field, but have inspected all papers of the main ML conferences NeurIPS, CVPR, and ICML of the last 5 years—almost 11,000 papers in total. Our statistical approach focuses on conflicts of interest, innovation, and gender equality. We have obtained four main findings. (1) Academic–corporate collaborations are growing in numbers. At the same time, we found that conflicts of interest are rarely disclosed. (2) Industry papers amply mention terms that relate to particular trending machine learning topics earlier than academia does. (3) Industry papers are not lagging behind academic papers with regard to how often they mention keywords that are proxies for social impact considerations. (4) Finally, we demonstrate that industry papers fall short of their academic counterparts with respect to the ratio of gender diversity. We believe that this work is a starting point for an informed debate within and outside of the ML community.
Penetrating Colon Trauma—the Effect of Injury Location on Outcomes
Authors: Oosthuizen G. V. , Čačala S. R. , Kong V. Y. , Couch D. , Buitendag J. , Variawa S. , Allen N. , Clarke D. L.
Published: September 2021

Background

There is limited evidence to suggest that the more distal a penetrating colonic injury, the poorer its expected outcome, prompting consideration of diversion rather than anastomosis when faced with left colonic injury. The clinical outcomes of penetrating colonic trauma in relation to their anatomical location within the colon were reviewed.

Methods

A review was performed over eight years (2012—2020) of all patients over 18 years who had sustained penetrating colon injury and presented to our trauma centre in South Africa. Direct comparison was made between right colon vs left colon injuries.

Results

A total of 450 patients were included; right colon: 260, left colon: 190. Gunshots predominated in the right colon, and the PATI was higher in this group. There were minimal differences in admission physiology and blood gas parameters between groups, but higher damage control surgery and ICU admission rates for the right colon group. There were similar rates of primary repair, anastomosis, and stoma between groups. Leak rates were no different between the two groups, and although overall complication rates were higher for the right colon, there was no difference with regard to gastro‐intestinal and other complications, nor for mortality. While regression analysis did identify PATI to be a risk factor for overall complications and mortality, it failed to do so for anastomotic leak.

Conclusion

Our study did not demonstrate any difference in anastomotic leak rates or mortality between right vs left colonic injury. We recommend that all colonic injuries should be treated on their own merit, balanced against the patient's condition, regardless of anatomical location within the colon.
Climate change over UK cities: the urban influence on extreme temperatures in the UK climate projections
Authors: Keat William J. , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Bohnenstengel Sylvia I.
Published: September 2021

Increasing summer temperatures in a warming climate will increase the exposure of the UK population to heat-stress and associated heat-related mortality. Urban inhabitants are particularly at risk, as urban areas are often significantly warmer than rural areas as a result of the urban heat island phenomenon. The latest UK Climate Projections include an ensemble of convection-permitting model (CPM) simulations which provide credible climate information at the city-scale, the first of their kind for national climate scenarios. Using a newly developed urban signal extraction technique, we quantify the urban influence on present-day (1981–2000) and future (2061–2080) temperature extremes in the CPM compared to the coarser resolution regional climate model (RCM) simulations over UK cities. We find that the urban influence in these models is markedly different, with the magnitude of night-time urban heat islands overestimated in the RCM, significantly for the warmest nights (up to $$4~^{\circ }$$

4

∘

C), while the CPM agrees much better with observations. This improvement is driven by the improved land-surface representation and more sophisticated urban scheme MORUSES employed by the CPM, which distinguishes street canyons and roofs. In future, there is a strong amplification of the urban influence in the RCM, whilst there is little change in the CPM. We find that future changes in soil moisture play an important role in the magnitude of the urban influence, highlighting the importance of the accurate representation of land-surface and hydrological processes for urban heat island studies. The results indicate that the CPM provides more reliable urban temperature projections, due at least in part to the improved urban scheme.
On the physical nudging equations
Authors: Conti Giovanni , Aydoğdu Ali , Gualdi Silvio , Navarra Antonio , Tribbia Joe
Published: September 2021

In this work we show how it is possible to derive a new set of nudging equations, a tool still used in many data assimilation problems, starting from statistical physics considerations and availing ourselves of stochastic parameterizations that take into account unresolved interactions. The fluctuations used are thought of as Gaussian white noise with zero mean. The derivation is based on the conditioned Langevin dynamics technique. Exploiting the relation between the Fokker–Planck and the Langevin equations, the nudging equations are derived for a maximally observed system that converges towards the observations in finite time. The new nudging term found is the analog of the so called quantum potential of the Bohmian mechanics. In order to make the new nudging equations feasible for practical computations, two approximations are developed and used as bases from which extending this tool to non-perfectly observed systems. By means of a physical framework, in the zero noise limit, all the physical nudging parameters are fixed by the model under study and there is no need to tune other free ad-hoc variables. The limit of zero noise shows that also for the classical nudging equations it is necessary to use dynamical information to correct the typical relaxation term. A comparison of these approximations with a 3DVar scheme, that use a conjugate gradient minimization, is then shown in a series of four twin experiments that exploit low order chaotic models.
Assessment of cervical vascularization density in patients with locally advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma evaluated in colour Doppler and power Doppler functions
Authors: Tomalczyk Adam , Tomasik Bartłomiej , Fijuth Jacek , Moszynska-Zielinska Malgorzata , Gottwald Leszek
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The aim of the prospective study was to assess changes during treatment and prognostic significance of cervical vascularization density in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) staged II B and III B and to find relationship of cervical vascularization density with tumour diameter, grading, staging and age of patients.

Methods

The study group included 50 patients who underwent transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography prior to chemoradiotherapy, after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and 6 weeks after HDR brachytherapy. The colour Doppler (CD) vascularity index (CDVI) and the power Doppler (PD) vascularity index (PDVI) in cervical tumour were examined.

Results

CDVI and PDVI values decreased significantly during radiotherapy (0.13 (95% CI 0.09–0.16); 0.09 (95% CI 0.07–0.11) and 0.05 (95% CI 0.03–0.06) for CDVI (p < 0.001) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.22–0.31); 0.18 (95% CI 0.14–0.22) and 0.08 (95% CI 0.06–0.11) for PDVI (p < 0.001)). No statistically significant associations of CDVI and PDVI with tumour diameter, grading, staging and age of patients were found. The higher (above median) CDVI values before EBRT were associated with better OS (p = 0.041). The higher (above median) PDVI values before EBRT were associated with superior DFS (p = 0.011) and OS (p < 0.001). DFS and OS did not differ significantly regarding CDVI and PDVI values after EBRT and after the treatment.

Conclusions

In the study group, cervical vascularization density evaluated in CD and PD functions did not depend on tumour diameter, grading, staging and age of patients and decreased during radiotherapy. The prognosis for our patients with CDVI and PDVI before the treatment above the median value was better than compared to patients with these parameters below the median value.
What triggers explicit awareness in implicit sequence learning? Implications from theories of consciousness
Authors: Esser Sarah , Lustig Clarissa , Haider Hilde
Published: September 2021

This article aims to continue the debate on how explicit, conscious knowledge can arise in an implicit learning situation. We review hitherto existing theoretical views and evaluate their compatibility with two current, successful scientific concepts of consciousness: The Global Workspace Theory and Higher-Order Thought Theories. In this context, we introduce the Unexpected Event Hypothesis (Frensch et al., Attention and implicit learning, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003) in an elaborated form and discuss its advantage in explaining the emergence of conscious knowledge in an implicit learning situation.
Damping of inter-area oscillations by combining control strategies in hydropower plants
Authors: Fank Daniel , Renner Herwig
Published: September 2021

This paper examines how the damping capability can be improved if inter-area oscillations occur by combining control strategies in hydropower plants. First, the control challenges of hydropower plants, such as the water hammer effect, are discussed. In a single-machine infinite bus system (SMIBS), the use of a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) in the generator excitation and in the governor control path as well as the combination of both strategies are examined for their effectiveness in terms of their damping capability. In addition, these results are compared with an optimal state space controller with an observer as a damping element. The Heffron-Phillips model is the design model for the PSS as well as for the model-based controller. The verification of the damping capability through the PSS variants is evaluated by using a three-machine model in the time domain and by using modal analysis.
Hippocampussklerose im Alter: eine unterdiagnostizierte Entität bei Demenz
Authors: Bancher Christian , Gelpi Ellen
Published: September 2021

Die Hippocampussklerose beschreibt das neuropathologische Bild einer Verödung unterschiedlicher Sektoren des Hippocampus. Sie tritt im Rahmen von 5 klinischen und neuropathologischen Entitäten auf. Während sie bei jungen Patienten im Rahmen einer Temporallappenepilepsie vorkommen kann, tritt sie weit häufiger im Rahmen degenerativer Hirnerkrankungen bei alten bis sehr alten Menschen auf. Hauptursachen sind die frontotemporale lobäre Degeneration, die sog. non-Alzheimer-Tauopathien oder die kürzlich beschriebene Entität „limbic age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy“ (LATE), die wahrscheinlich für einen erklecklichen Anteil aller heute als Alzheimer-Krankheit diagnostizierten Demenzen im hohen bis höchsten Lebensalter ursächlich ist. Die Erkrankung ist klinisch noch wenig erforscht und wird in Anbetracht ihres Vorkommens bei der am schnellsten wachsenden Bevölkerungsgruppe in der Zukunft eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose darstellen.
Preoperative visualization of the lingual nerve by 3D double-echo steady-state MRI in surgical third molar extraction treatment
Authors: Al-Haj Husain Adib , Valdec Silvio , Stadlinger Bernd , Rücker Martin , Piccirelli Marco , Winklhofer Sebastian
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To assess the lingual nerve (LN) visualization using a 3D double-echo steady-state MRI sequence (3D-DESS).

Materials and methods

Three readers prospectively evaluated the LN for its continuous visibility in 3D-DESS MRI in 19 patients with an indication for removal of mandibular impacted third molars, using a 5-point scale (4 = excellent to 0 = none). Six LN anatomical intermediate points (IP) were selected and checked for their detectability by a 4-point scale (4 = yes to1 = no). Inter- and intra-rater agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient and percentage of agreement.

Results

The average nerve continuity score was 3.3 ± 0.46. In 35% of the cases, the entire course was continuously visible. In 10%, the proximal and 60%, the distal part of the nerve was not continuously visible. Inter- and intra-reader agreement was good (ICC = 0.76, ICC = 0.75). The average detectability score of all IP was 3.7 ± 0.41. From IP1 to IP5, the detectability was excellent; meanwhile, IP6 had lower visibility. The inter- and intra-reader percentage of agreement was 77% and 87%.

Conclusions

The 3D-DESS sequence allowed accurate and continuous visualization of the LN with high reproducibility in more than one-third of the patients. This could improve the preoperative clarification of the LN position and thereby reduce complications during dentoalveolar surgical interventions.

Clinical relevance

3D-DESS MRI might be beneficial in clinical scenarios where the second molar is elongated or presents a difficult rotational position while simultaneously having a close positional relationship to the third molar. Thereby, osteotomy performed more lingually, indicating extended lingual flap detachment may increase the risk of LN damage.
Polysomnographic correlates of sleep disturbances in de novo, drug naïve Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Orso Beatrice , Famà Francesco , Giorgetti Laura , Mattioli Pietro , Donniaquio Andrea , Girtler Nicola , Brugnolo Andrea , Massa Federico , Peira Enrico , Pardini Matteo , Morbelli Silvia , Nobili Flavio , Arnaldi Dario
Published: September 2021

Background

Sleep disturbances
are common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

Methods

The aim of this study was to investigate the polysomnographic correlates of sleep changes, as investigated by the Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2), in a cohort of sixty-two consecutive de novo, drug naïve PD patients (71.40 ± 7.84 y/o).

Results

PDSS-2 total score showed a direct correlation with stage shifts (p = 0.008). Fragmented sleep showed an inverse correlation with sleep efficiency (p = 0.012). Insomnia symptoms showed an inverse correlation with wake after sleep onset (p = 0.005) and direct correlation with periodic leg movements (p = 0.006) and stage shift indices (p = 0.003). Motor Symptoms showed a direct correlation with Apnoea-Hypopnoea (AHI; p = 0.02) and awakenings indices (p = 0.003). Dream distressing showed a direct correlation with REM without atonia (RWA, p = 0.042) and an inverse correlation with AHI (p = 0.012). Sleep quality showed an inverse correlation with RWA (p = 0.008).

Conclusion

PDSS-2 features are significantly correlated with polysomnography objective findings, thus further supporting its reliability to investigate sleep disturbances in PD patients.
Efficacy and safety of nivolumab in Japanese patients with first recurrence of glioblastoma: an open-label, non-comparative study
Authors: Aoki Tomokazu , Kagawa Naoki , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Wakabayashi Toshihiko , Arakawa Yoshiki , Yamaguchi Shigeru , Tanaka Shota , Ishikawa Eiichi , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Nagane Motoo , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Suehiro Satoshi , Hata Nobuhiro , Kuroda Junichiro , Narita Yoshitaka , Sonoda Yukihiko , Iwadate Yasuo , Natsumeda Manabu , Nakazato Yoichi , Minami Hironobu , Hirata Yuki , Hagihara Shunsuke , Nishikawa Ryo
Published: September 2021

Background

An open-label, non-comparative study assessed the efficacy and safety of nivolumab in Japanese patients with first recurrence glioblastoma.

Methods

Patients with first recurrence of histologically confirmed World Health Organization Grade IV glioma, after treatment with temozolomide and radiotherapy, received nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks until confirmed disease progression (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria) or toxicity. Primary endpoint was 1-year overall survival rate assessed by Bayesian approach. The prespecified efficacy criterion was that the Bayesian posterior probability threshold for exceeding the 1-year overall survival of bevacizumab (34.5%) from the Japanese phase 2 study (JO22506) would be 93%.

Results

Of the 50 enrolled patients, 44 (88.0%) had recurrent malignant glioma (glioblastoma, gliosarcoma), and of these, 26 (59.1%) had at least one measurable lesion at baseline. The Bayesian posterior mean 1-year overall survival (90% Bayesian credible intervals) with nivolumab was 54.4% (42.27–66.21), and the Bayesian posterior probability of exceeding the threshold of the 1-year overall survival rate of bevacizumab (34.5%) was 99.7%. Median (90% confidence interval) overall and progression-free survival was 13.1 (10.4–17.7) and 1.5 (1.4–1.5) months, respectively. One partial response was observed (objective response rate 1/26 evaluable patients [3.8%]). Treatment-related adverse event rates were 14.0% for Grade 3–4 and 2.0% for Grade 5; most adverse events resolved and were manageable.

Conclusions

The 1-year overall survival with nivolumab monotherapy in Japanese patients with glioblastoma met the prespecified efficacy criterion. The safety profile of nivolumab was consistent with that observed in other tumor types.

Clinical Trial Registration

JapicCTI-152967.
The Prevalence and Negative Impacts of Substance Use Disorders among People with HIV in the United States: A Real-Time Delphi Survey of Key Stakeholders
Authors: Garner Bryan R. , Gotham Heather J. , Knudsen Hannah K. , Zulkiewicz Brittany A. , Tueller Stephen J. , Berzofsky Marcus , Donohoe Tom , Martin Erika G. , Brown L. Lauren , Gordon Theodore
Published: September 2021

Although HIV and substance use disorders (SUDs) constitute a health syndemic, no research to date has examined the perceived negative impacts of different SUDs for people with HIV (PWH). In May 2019, 643 stakeholders in the U.S., representing clients of AIDS service organizations (ASOs), ASO staff, and HIV/AIDS Planning Council members, participated in an innovative Stakeholder-Engaged Real-Time Delphi (SE-RTD) survey focused on the prevalence and individual-level negative impact of five SUDs for PWH. The SE-RTD method has advantages over conventional survey methods by efficiently sharing information, thereby reducing the likelihood that between-group differences are simply due to lack of information, knowledge, and/or understanding. The population-level negative impacts were calculated by weighting each SUD’s individual-level negative impact on indicators of the HIV Care Continuum and other important areas of life by the perceived prevalence of each SUD. Overall, we found these SUDs to have the greatest population-level negative impact scores (possible range 0–24): alcohol use disorder (population-level negative impact = 6.9; perceived prevalence = 41.9%), methamphetamine use disorder (population-level negative impact = 6.5; perceived prevalence = 3.2%), and opioid use disorder (population-level negative impact = 6.4; perceived prevalence = 34.6%). Beyond further demonstration of the need to better integrate SUD services within HIV settings, our findings may help inform how finite funding is allocated for addressing the HIV-SUD syndemic within the U.S. Based on our findings, such future efforts should prioritize the integration of evidence-based treatments that help address use disorders for alcohol, methamphetamine, and opioids.
Effective elastic properties of one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal composites
Authors: Li Shuang , Li Lianhe
Published: September 2021

The explicit expression of Eshelby tensors for one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystal composites is presented by using Green’s function method. The closed forms of Eshelby tensors in the special cases of spheroid, elliptic cylinder, ribbon-like, penny-shaped, and rod-shaped inclusions embedded in 1D hexagonal quasicrystal matrices are given. As an application of Eshelby tensors, the analytical expressions for the effective properties of the 1D hexagonal quasicrystal composites are derived based on the Mori-Tanaka method. The effects of the volume fraction of the inclusion on the elastic properties of the composite materials are discussed.
Construction of a rAAV-SaCas9 system expressing eGFP and its application to improve muscle mass
Authors: Weng Shaoting , Zhao Yitian , Yu Changhong , Wang Xiaofan , Xiao Xuehan , Han Liqiang , Zhang Kunpeng , Wang Jiang , Yang Guoyu
Published: September 2021

An ideal rAAV gene editing system not only effectively edits genes at specific site, but also prevents the spread of the virus from occurring off-target or carcinogenic risks. This is important for gene editing research at specific site in vivo. We report a single rAAV containing SaCas9 and guide RNAs under the control of subtle EF1a and tRNA promoters. The capacity of rAAV was compressed, and the editing efficiency was similar to that of the classical Cas9 system in vitro and in vivo. And we inserted the sequence of the green fluorescent protein eGFP into rAAV. The number of cells infected with the rAAV and the region in which the rAAV spreads were known by the fluorescent expression of eGFP in cells. In addition, we demonstrated that myostatin gene in the thigh muscles of C57BL/10 mice was knocked out by the rAAV9-SaCas9 system to make muscle mass increased obviously. The protein eGFP into rAAV has significant implications for our indirect analysis of the editing efficiency of SaCas9 in the genome of the target tissue and reduces the harm caused by off-target editing and prevents other tissue mutations. The rAAV system has substantial potential in improving muscle mass and preventing muscle atrophy.
Biomarkers in Child and Adolescent Depression
Authors: Zwolińska Weronika , Dmitrzak-Węglarz Monika , Słopień Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

Despite the significant prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in the pediatric population, the pathophysiology of this condition remains unclear, and the treatment outcomes poor. Investigating tools that might aid in diagnosing and treating early-onset depression seems essential in improving the prognosis of the future disease course. Recent studies have focused on searching for biomarkers that constitute biochemical indicators of MDD susceptibility, diagnosis, or treatment outcome. In comparison to increasing evidence of possible biomarkers in adult depression, the studies investigating this subject in the youth population are lacking. This narrative review aims to summarize research on molecular and biochemical biomarkers in child and adolescent depression in order to advocate future directions in the research on this subject. More studies on depression involving the youth population seem vital to comprehend the natural course of the disease and identify features that may underlie commonly observed differences in treatment outcomes between adults and children.
Improved interval methods for solving circle packing problems in the unit square
Authors: Markót Mihály Csaba
Published: September 2021

In this work computer-assisted optimality proofs are given for the problems of finding the densest packings of 31, 32, and 33 non-overlapping equal circles in a square. In a study of 2005, a fully interval arithmetic based global optimization method was introduced for the problem class, solving the cases 28, 29, 30. Until now, these were the largest problem instances solved on a computer. Using the techniques of that paper, the estimated solution time for the next three cases would have been 3–6 CPU months. In the present paper this former method is improved in both its local and global search phases. We discuss a new interval-based polygon representation of the core local method for eliminating suboptimal regions, which has a simpler implementation, easier proof of correctness, and faster behaviour than the former one. Furthermore, a modified strategy is presented for the global phase of the search, including improved symmetry filtering and tile pattern matching. With the new method the cases $$n=31,32,33$$

n
=
31
,
32
,
33

have been solved in 26, 61, and 13 CPU hours, giving high precision enclosures for all global optimizers and the optimum value. After eliminating the hardware and compiler improvements since the former study, the new proof technique became roughly about 40–100 times faster than the previous one. In addition, the new implementation is suitable for solving the next few circle packing instances with similar computational effort.
The impact of mergers in higher education on micro-level processes – a literature review
Authors: Wollscheid Sabine , Røsdal Trude
Published: September 2021

Amidst increased research on mergers in higher education, studies addressing micro level processes are scarce and fragmented across disciplines: our aim is to systematically review existing studies, providing implications for research and practice. We grouped 21 studies from different countries under four themes: academic identity and self-image; cultural integration; staff reaction; teaching and research. Timing, status of institutions and staff, and disciplinary cultures apparently affect post-merger micro-level processes. Policy reforms might indirectly address micro-level processes following a merger, for example in a change of academic identities. Few studies investigated the impact of mergers on teaching and research activities. Studying merger consequences for academic core activities is complex, requiring a longer perspective involving students, staff and quantitative indicators. Longitudinal design in further studies might investigate changes from different angles and for different staff groups and students, exploring country differences in micro-level processes, applying a comparative design. Despite limitations, our review might inform the planning of merger processes regarding reactions at micro level.
Effects of Gentiopicroside on activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in acute gouty arthritis mice induced by MSU
Authors: He Menglin , Hu Cheng , Chen Meijuan , Gao Qian , Li Liqiu , Tian Weiqian
Published: September 2021

Acute gouty arthritis is a self-limiting inflammatory disease resulting from the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. It has been shown that Gentiopicroside (GPS) possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic functions. The aim of this study was to parse out whether GPS has an effect on acute gouty arthritis. We established an acute gouty arthritis model by the injection of MSU into the paw, and found that GPS relieves MSU-induced mechanical, thermal hyperalgesia, and paw swelling. Furthermore, GPS down-regulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in paw tissues, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α. The results of H&E staining and MPO activity measurement showed that GPS inhibits neutrophil infiltration. And the over-expressions of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and Caspase-1 induced by MSU were inhibited by treatment with GPS. These results revealed that GPS can treat acute gouty arthritis based on anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, which might be ascribed to the inhibition on NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, we performed in vitro study to confirm the results of in vivo study. Consistently, the results proved that GPS could inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by LPS-MSU. In conclusion, this study provides an experimental basis for the application of GPS and expands the potential value of GPS in the therapy of acute gouty arthritis.
Lernen und Lehren mit digitalen Medien: Eine Standortbestimmung
Authors: Scheiter Katharina
Published: September 2021

Im Beitrag wird der Stand der Forschung zum Einsatz digitaler Medien im Bildungskontext vor dem Hintergrund zweier Forschungsperspektiven beschrieben. Die erste, schon länger vertretene Forschungsperspektive beschäftigt sich mit dem Lernen mit digitalen Medien. Untersucht werden hier vor allem Lernprozesse und -ergebnisse in Abhängigkeit von Medienmerkmalen und individuellen Eigenschaften der Lernenden. Diese Forschungstradition hat zahlreiche Erkenntnisse hervorgebracht. Allerdings wird die Frage nach einer lernwirksamen Integration digitaler Medien in den Unterricht hier nicht berücksichtigt. Hier greift die zweite, jüngere Forschungsperspektive zum Lehren mit digitalen Medien, in welchem das Unterrichten mit digitalen Medien und dafür notwendige professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehrpersonen adressiert werden. Im Beitrag wird abschließend dafür plädiert, beide Perspektiven stärker miteinander zu kombinieren, insbesondere da diese relevante Gemeinsamkeiten in ihren Grundannahmen aufweisen. So werden in beiden Perspektiven digitale Medien weniger anhand von Oberflächenmerkmalen, sondern vielmehr bezüglich ihrer Funktionen für die Förderung von Lern- und Lehrprozessen analysiert.
Establishment of Down’s syndrome periodontal ligament cells by transfection with SV40T-Ag and hTERT
Authors: Asakawa Takeyoshi , Yamada Atsushi , Kugino Masumi , Hasegawa Tomokazu , Yoshimura Kentaro , Sasa Kiyohito , Kinoshita Mitsuhiro , Nitta Masakazu , Nagata Karin , Sugiyama Tomomi , Kamijo Ryutaro , Funatsu Takahiro
Published: September 2021

Down’s syndrome is one of the most common human congenital genetic diseases and affected patients have increased risk of periodontal disease. To examine involvement of the disease with periodontal disease development, we established immortalized periodontal ligament cells obtained from a Down’s syndrome patient by use of SV40T-Ag and hTERT gene transfection. Expressions of SV40T-Ag and hTERT were observed in periodontal ligament cell-derived immortalized cells established from healthy (STPDL) and Down’s syndrome patient (STPDLDS) samples. Primary cultured periodontal ligament cells obtained from a healthy subject (pPDL) had a limited number of population doublings (< 40), while STPDL and STPDLDS cells continued to grow with more than 80 population doublings. Primary cultured periodontal ligament cells obtained from the patient showed a chromosome pattern characteristic of Down’s syndrome with trisomy 21, whereas STPDLDS samples showed a large number of abnormal chromosomes in those results. Gene expression analysis revealed that expression of DSCR-1 in STPDLDS is greater than that in STPDL. These results suggest that the newly established STPDLDS cell line may be a useful tool for study of periodontal disease in Down’s syndrome patients.
Anticancer Properties and Mechanism of Action of Oblongifolin C, Guttiferone K and Related Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols
Authors: Bailly Christian , Vergoten Gérard
Published: September 2021

Polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols represent an important class of natural products found in many plants. Among them, the two related products oblongifolin C (Ob-C) and guttiferone K (Gt-K) isolated from Garcinia species (notably from edible fruits), have attracted attention due to their marked anticancer properties. The two compounds only differ by the nature of the C-6 side chain, prenyl (Gt-K) or geranyl (Ob-C) on the phloroglucinol core. Their origin, method of extraction and biological properties are presented here, with a focus on the targets and pathways implicated in their anticancer activities. Both compounds markedly reduce cancer cell proliferation in vitro, as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. They are both potent inducer of tumor cell apoptosis, and regulation of autophagy flux is a hallmark of their mode of action. The distinct mechanism leading to autophagosome accumulation in cells and the implicated molecular targets are discussed. The specific role of the chaperone protein HSPA8, known to interact with Ob-C, is addressed. Molecular models of Gt-K and Ob-C bound to HSPA8 provide a structural basis to their common HSPA8-binding recognition capacity. The review shed light on the mechanism of action of these compounds, to encourage their studies and potential development.
Vermessung und Vermittlung der Krise in den frühen Lageberichten zur Corona-Pandemie: ein deutsch-französischer Vergleich
Authors: Koch Christian , Thörle Britta
Published: September 2021

Mit Ankunft des Coronavirus in Europa im Frühjahr 2020 beginnen in Deutschland und Frankreich relativ zeitgleich Lageberichte durch die staatlichen Gesundheitsinstitutionen – das Robert Koch-Institut und die Direction générale de la santé. Diese mündlich gehaltenen Expertenvorträge dienen sowohl zur Beschreibung der aktuellen Verbreitung des Virus als auch zur Begründung der zu ergreifenden Maßnahmen. Untersucht wird in diesem Artikel eine Reihe von Lageberichten beider Länder im Hinblick auf Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede auf sprachlicher Ebene. Neben den verschiedenen kommunikativen Handlungen des Beschreibens und Interpretierens der Sachlage, des Argumentierens für Maßnahmen sowie des Empfehlens und Anordnens von Handlungen wird die neu entstehende Lexik zur Bezeichnung des Virus und der Masken genauer betrachtet. Die Gegenüberstellung von deutschen und französischen Textauszügen zeigt, dass die beiden parallel, aber voneinander unabhängig stattfindenden Veranstaltungen zahlreiche Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen. Unterschiede, die gezeigt werden können, betreffen im Bereich der Maßnahmen und Appelle die divergierende politische Funktion der beiden Einrichtungen mit einer stärker beratenden Rolle des Robert Koch-Instituts gegenüber der Direction générale de la santé als Teil des Gesundheitsministeriums und damit als dem stärkeren politischen Entscheidungsträger.
360° Videos for Immersive Mental Health Interventions: a Systematic Review
Authors: Ionescu Alina , Van Daele Tom , Rizzo Albert , Blair Carolyn , Best Paul
Published: September 2021

Virtual reality is increasingly recognized as a powerful method for clinical interventions in the mental health field, but has yet to achieve mainstream adoption in routine mental healthcare settings. A similar, yet slightly different technology, immersive 360° videos might have the potential to cover this gap, by requiring both lower costs and less technical skills to construct and operate such virtual environments. This systematic review therefore aims to identify, evaluate, and summarize mental health interventions using immersive 360° videos to support an understanding of their implementation in daily clinical practice. The quality of the 14 selected studies was evaluated using a critical appraisal tool, addressing populations with clinical levels of psychopathological symptoms, somatic conditions associated with psychological implications, and other at-risk groups. Immersive 360° videos successfully increased users’ feelings of presence, given their realistic features, and therefore yielded positive outcomes in clinical interventions where presence is considered as an essential precondition. Because the technical skills required to create immersive 360° video footage are fairly limited, most of the interventions using this approach have been created by mental health researchers or clinicians themselves. Immersive 360° videos are still in an early phase of implementation as a tool for clinical interventions for mental health, resulting in high heterogeneity in focus, procedures, and research designs. An important next step for making use of this technology may therefore involve the creation of standardized procedures, as a means to increase the quality of research and evidence-based interventions.
Der Antisemitismus der Anderen: Für eine differenzierte Betrachtung antisemitischer Einstellungen unter Muslim:innen in Deutschland
Authors: Öztürk Cemal , Pickel Gert
Published: September 2021

Bereits seit einigen Jahren schwelt eine Diskussion über einen neuen Antisemitismus. Im Fokus dieser Debatten finden sich immer häufiger Einwanderer:innen, vor allem aber Muslim:innen wieder. Als Folge kam der Begriff eines islamisierten Antisemitismus auf. Schnell wurden diese Diskussionen zu einem Politikum. Rechtsextreme Akteure wie die Alternative für Deutschland griffen die Hinweise auf Antisemitismus unter Muslim:innen auf und instrumentalisierten diese für ihre antimuslimische Agenda. Diese Instrumentalisierung wiederum macht es Menschen, die sich gegen antimuslimische Diskriminierung einsetzen, schwer, die Existenz eines muslimischen Antisemitismus anzuerkennen. Anhand unterschiedlichen empirischen Materials untersucht dieser Beitrag die Prävalenz antisemitischer Ressentiments unter Muslim:innen und wie diese mit der Persistenz von Antisemitismus in der deutschen Gesellschaft zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass traditionelle Formen des Antisemitismus und insbesondere israelbezogener Antisemitismus unter Muslim:innen besonders akzentuiert ausfällt. Der Antisemitismus, in muslimischen Submilieus, stellt neben dem ethnonationalen, rechtsextremen Antisemitismus eine Bedrohung für Jud:innen in Deutschland dar. Der Antisemitismus unter Muslim:innen stützt sich sowohl auf Narrative, die aus ihren Herkunftsländern stammen, sowie auf religiöse Quellen. Allerdings ist der Antisemitismus unter Muslim:innen in Deutschland geringer ausgeprägt als in den meisten Gesellschaften der islamischen Welt. Darüber hinaus sind schuldverleugnende Artikulationen von Antisemitismus nach wie vor ein Markenzeichen der autochthonen Bevölkerung und rechter politischer Milieus. Antisemitismus in Deutschland bedarf daher eines differenzierteren Verständnisses, als es noch vor wenigen Jahren notwendig erschien.
Fasten: Zur Popularität einer (religiösen) Praktik
Authors: Heiser Patrick
Published: September 2021

Fasten weist nicht nur eine jahrtausendealte Tradition auf, sondern ist bis heute Bestandteil aller Weltreligionen. Auch in spätmodernen Gesellschaften wird es von vielen Menschen regelmäßig praktiziert; eine Beschränkung auf bestimmte Altersgruppen oder Schichten lässt sich nicht erkennen. Dies zeigt die Analyse einer standardisierten Online-Befragung von 1908 Personen aus Deutschland, deren Ergebnisse im vorliegenden Aufsatz vorgestellt und diskutiert werden. Ausgeleuchtet wird dabei eine hohe Gestaltungs- und Deutungshoheit des fastenden Individuums. Insbesondere die nachwachsende Generation von Fastenden bringt neue Verzichtsoptionen und Fastenmotivationen in die tradierte Fastenpraxis ein. Eine deskriptive Analyse arbeitet drei Konstanten des zeitgenössischen Fastens heraus: einen temporären Verzicht auf Genussmittel wie Alkohol und Süßigkeiten, eine subjektbezogene Fastenmotivation und eine fastenbedingte Steigerung des körperlichen Wohlbefindens. Anhand einer Regressionsanalyse werden drei zentrale Determinanten identifiziert, von denen sowohl die Gestaltung als auch die Effekte des Fastens abhängen: das Alter, die Konfessionszugehörigkeit und die Religiosität. Anhand dieser Befunde wird die Frage diskutiert, ob und inwiefern Fasten auch unter den säkularen Bedingungen der späten Moderne als religiöse Praktik konzeptualisiert werden kann. In Anschluss an den Lived-religion-Ansatz wird es als gelebte religiöse Praktik verstanden, deren Popularität sich durch ein spezifisches Zusammenspiel von individuellen Gestaltungsspielräumen und institutioneller Evidenzsicherung erklären lässt. Nicht irgendwann nämlich fastet die überwiegende Mehrheit der Befragten, sondern in konfessionell proklamierten Fastenzeiten mit langer Tradition.
Synthesis techniques, characterization and mechanical properties of natural derived hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone implants: a review
Authors: Osuchukwu Obinna Anayo , Salihi Abdu , Abdullahi Ibrahim , Abdulkareem Bello , Nwannenna Chinedu Sixtus
Published: September 2021

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) with good mechanical properties is a promising material meant for a number of useful bids in dentistry and orthopedic for biomedical engineering applications for drug delivery, bone defect fillers, bone cements, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been done, by reviewing different literatures related to synthesis techniques, mechanical properties and property testing, method of calcination and characterization of hydroxyapatite which are product of catfish and bovine bones. The discussion is in relations of the obligatory features vital to attain the best properties for the envisioned bid of bone graft. The process approaches that are capable of fabricating the essential microstructure and the ways to advance the mechanical properties of natural mined HAp are reviewed. The standard values for tensile strength were found to be within the range of 40–300 MPa, compressive strength was 400–900 MPa, while Elastic modulus was 80–120 GPa and fracture toughness was 0.6–1 MPa m1/2 (Ramesh et al. in Ceram Int 44(9):10525–10530, 2018; Landi et al. in J Eur Ceram Soc 20(14–15):2377–2387, 2000; Munar et al. in Dent Mater J 25(1):51–58, 2006). Also, the porosity range was 70–85% (Yang et al. in Am Ceram Soc Bull 89(2):24–32, 2010), density is 3.16 g/cm3 and relative density is 95–99.5% (Ramesh et al. 2018; Landi et al. 2000; Munar et al. 2006). The literature revealed that CaP ratio varies in relation to the source and sintering temperature. For example, for bovine bone, a CaP ratio of 1.7 (Mezahi et al. in J Therm Anal Calorim 95(1):21–29, 2009) and 1.65 (Barakat et al. in J Mater Process Technol 209(7):3408–3415, 2009) was obtained at 1100 °C and 750 °C respectively. Basic understanding on the effect of adding foreign material as a strengthening agent to the mechanical properties of HAp is ground factor for the development of new biomaterial (Natural hydroxyapatite, NHAp). Therefore, it is inferred that upon careful combination of main parameters such as compaction pressures, sintering temperatures, and sintering dwell times for production natural HAp (NHAp), mechanical properties can be enhanced.

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Contaminants and heavy metals along the mangrove area of Dongzhai Harbor, China: distribution and assessment
Authors: Liu Jing , Myat Thiri
Published: September 2021

In recent decades, higher-place shrimp ponds are prevalent in coastal areas of developing countries. However, shrimp aquaculture has a growing negative impact on mangrove wetland ecosystems. Mangroves located in Dongzhai harbor are under threat continuously of this commercialization. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of contaminants and heavy metals is necessary for Dongzhai harbor, considering the mangrove area was declined and ecological services offered to the coastal communities with an insight for future restoration activities. In this study, pond effluents (Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonia Nitrogen (AN), Total phosphorus (TP), Chemical Oxygen Demond (COD)) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) were monitored in Dongzhai harbor yearly between 2013 and 2017. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were far lower than the standards. However, the main contaminants were organic matter and nitrogen. Maximum values of COD and TN were 26.10 mg·L−1 and 1.34 mg·L−1, respectively in 2017. Single factor index, Nemerow's pollution index, and Trophic level index revealed that the heavily polluted areas were Tashi and Sanjiang town.
Development and evaluation of drug delivery patch for topical wound healing application
Authors: Hassan Sadia , Ali Murtaza Najabat , Mir Mariam , Ahmed Ammad , Arshad Munam
Published: September 2021

Wound treatment remains a challenge to many clinicians because of the complexities of the wound healing process. With the astonishing progress of biomedical engineering during the past few decades, conventional drug delivery systems have been evolved into smart drug delivery systems with stimuli-responsive characteristics. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an electromechanically actuated drug dispensation device which can release active pharmaceutical compound in a controlled fashion. Additive manufacturing was employed to design and fabricate the device. Haptic technology was used to provide stimulation for drug release, and Cicatrin was used to evaluate the drug release patterns of device. Drug release study was comprised of in vitro drug release, static study, and the purpose of this study was to develop a compliance chart for different wound conditions. The effectiveness of shortlisted drug regimen from compliance chart was validated through microbial study and animal studies. The results of animal studies were compared with commercially available drug release systems. The results of drug release studies gave different dose regimens for different wound conditions. The effective dose regimen was able to create 1-cm-wide microbial zone of inhibitions. The wound healing rate of mice for commercially available release system for five consecutive days was 10%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 50% and for test device was 10%, 30%, 60%, 90% and 100%. Hence, the device proved its effectiveness and efficacy of dosage regimen for wound healing applications through in vitro, microbial and in vivo studies. In conclusion, this device proved to be an accurate and specific drug delivery system with improved medication and therapeutic outcomes for personalized medication.
Diet-dependent entropic assessment of athletes’ lifespan
Authors: Yildiz Cennet , Öngel Melek Ece , Yilmaz Bayram , Özilgen Mustafa
Published: September 2021

Life expectancies of the athletes depend on the sports they are doing. The entropic age concept, which was found successful in the previous nutrition studies, will be employed to assess the relation between the athletes’ longevity and nutrition. Depending on their caloric needs, diets are designed for each group of athletes based on the most recent guidelines while they are pursuing their careers and for the post-retirement period, and then the metabolic entropy generation was worked out for each group. Their expected lifespans, based on attaining the lifespan entropy limit, were calculated. Thermodynamic assessment appeared to be in agreement with the observations. There may be a significant improvement in the athletes’ longevity if they shift to a retirement diet after the age of 50. The expected average longevity for male athletes was 56 years for cyclists, 66 years for weightlifters, 75 years for rugby players and 92 years for golfers. If they should start consuming the retirement diet after 50 years of age, the longevity of the cyclists may increase for 7 years, and those of weightlifters, rugby players and golfers may increase for 22, 30 and 8 years, respectively.
Midcentury Modern: The Emergence of Stakeholders in Democratic Practice
Authors: ABRAHAM KAVI JOSEPH
Published: September 2021

Since the 1960s, “the stakeholder,” or affected party, has emerged as a novel democratic subject whose participation in varied institutional sites—from universities to government agencies, corporate boardrooms to international organizations—is seen as necessary for the management of complex problems. However, few specifically attend to the stakeholder as a distinct political subject and consider its implications for democratic practice. This paper presents a genealogy of the stakeholder, documenting its appearance in corporate managerialism and US public administration and showing how racial mobilization, rapid technological progress, and the political rationality of systems thinking provided the conditions of possibility for its emergence. Though orienting democracy around stakeholders permits opportunities for participation in political life, I argue that this subject is predicated on a circumscribed form of participatory politics that erodes habits of discovering a common good, erases distinctions between individuals and corporate bodies, and amplifies the problem of expertise.