bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Offenders and their Communities: Reframing the Institution as an Extension of the Community
Authors: Ungar Michael , Teram Eli , Picketts John
Published: October 2014

This paper makes a case for using the institution as an extension of community resources rather than as a place for the exclusion of young offenders. This argument is built on 2 case studies that highlight the importance of treating young offenders in their own community and the need for permeable boundaries between institutions for young offenders and their communities. It is shown that processing youths as young offenders without helping them to maintain a sense of belonging to the community threatens their identity. Collaboration between institutions and communities to address the root causes of problems presented by at-risk youths and their families is as important for serious offenders as for their less delinquent peers. While the Youth Criminal Justice Act does not preclude movement in this direction, it is ambiguous about the development of community alternatives for serious offenders.
A New Model of Leadership: Getting Results in Australia
Authors: McGrath John , Hinkley Carmen , Groom Grace
Published: October 2014

This paper provides an outline of the delivery of mental health care in Australia and the development of a National Mental Health Strategy, which set the agenda for mental health reform including a national transition to community-based care through an integrated health system. A key achievement in this reform process was the establishment of an independent national mental health body representative of the sector and community views, and which has direct access at national decision-making level. An overview of the development, structure, and significant activities of the Mental Health Council of Australia is provided, such as processes for influencing national policy, management of national projects, and representative activities. A core ingredient to the success of the Council has been through the establishment of committed partnerships between all key stakeholders in promoting the mental health of all Australians.
Mental Health Reform in Post-Soviet Society: Canadian Supported Community Focused Mental Health Services Reform Initiatives in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia
Authors: Ilves Peter , Trainor John , Poder Kulli , Veldhorst Georgina
Published: October 2014

Mental health services in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are in transition from highly institutional to community-focused systems of care. Despite a shared history, the three countries are reforming their service infrastructures at different rates and with different areas of focus. Working in partnership with consumers, families, and national and local administrators, the Community Support and Research Unit of the Toronto-based Centre for Addiction and Mental Health has provided varied technical assistance to support the building of a community mental health infrastructure in all three countries. In Canada, mental health reform efforts are supported by a broad constituency; in the Baltic countries, however, community-focused service innovations and systems-level reform are advanced by a few motivated individuals (local change agents). Nonetheless, in comparison to the decades-long development of community-focused services in Canada, countries such as Estonia have reformed quickly.
Description of and Preliminary Data from a Women's Dual Diagnosis Community Mental Health Program
Authors: Holdcraft Laura C. , Comtois Katherine Anne
Published: October 2014

Gender differences in dually diagnosed populations with regard to clinical characteristics and treatment issues suggest that single gender programs for women in particular may be warranted. This article describes an innovative approach taken in the treatment of women with dual diagnoses, a traditionally underserved and unempowered population. The Harborview Mental Health Services Women's Dual Diagnosis Program incorporated empirically based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy for dual disorders, dialectical behavior therapy and contingency management into a comprehensive, integrated dual diagnosis program. Preliminary data indicate that this approach has excellent effectiveness in areas such as psychiatric hospitalization, sobriety, productivity, and housing.
Parental Separation from Children Who Enter the Child Welfare System
Authors: Kufeldt Kathleen , Simard Marie , Vachon Jacques
Published: October 2014

This paper addresses the continuing importance of family of origin to the child in foster care. A brief review of relevant literature is reinforced by findings from a recent study, Looking After Children in Canada. The authors argue both for the continuing importance of family and for the value of consulting the children themselves, as does the Looking After Children approach. They suggest that family preservation does not necessarily depend on where one resides, but on a continuing set of relationships.
Lesbian Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Community, Identity, and Resilience
Authors: Baker Sarah
Published: October 2014

Adult lesbian survivers of childood sexual abuse were interviewed using grounded and structured methods to explore the interaction between being, or coming out as, a lesbian and healing from childhood sexual abuse (CSA). A history of CSA was found to render coming out as a lesbian more complicated and often more difficult. Having or developing a lesbian identity caused significant changes in respondents' social support networks and spiritual beliefs and communities, afforded many opportunities for greater healing, and in the balance seemed to facilitate the healing process. Implications for program planning and service delivery are briefly discussed.
Living Beside Traumatic Experience
Authors: Lewis Tanya
Published: October 2014

This article examines the limitations of the medical model's formulation of survivors of sexual abuse. It argues that therapeutic goals framed within the medical model reflect the outcomes of mastery and rational control in liberal individualistic conceptions of the self. Through a critical analysis of auto-biographical vignettes of a survivor's experiences, the article proposes that a post-structural understanding of living beside traumatic experience is helpful in fully recognizing the issues faced by survivors of sexual abuse. It outlines 6 contributions that the formulation of living beside traumatic experience offers to current understandings of survivors.
Barriers to Treating Depression in the Family Physician's Office
Authors: Miedema Baukje (BO) , Tatemichi Sue , Thomas-Maclean Roanne , Stoppard Janet
Published: October 2014

This qualitative research aims to understand, from the standpoint of the family physician, the barriers to treating depression in the office setting. Three primary barriers to treating depression in the family physician's office were identified: systemic, physician-related, and patient-related. The systemic barriers involved the shortage of qualified, publicly-funded counsellors, lack of locally available counselling, and the cost of medication. Physician-related barriers included lack of time and expertise, and inadequacies of the reimbursement system. Patient-related barriers were rooted in the stigma attached to depression and failure to comply with treatment.
The Probable Impacts of the Removal of the Addiction Disability Benefit in Ontario
Authors: Erickson Patricia G. , Callaghan Russell C.
Published: October 2014

In Ontario, those dependent on substances are no longer eligible for welfare payments based on an addiction disability. While the impact of this program has not been assessed, evidence from a similar policy shift in the USA suggests deleterious effects on the health and social functioning of about half of those who lose this form of social support. A review of the research on the chronic-illness view of addiction, the fostering of stigma by exclusionary social policies, and the negative effects on mental health and homeless status associated with the loss of welfare benefits leads to the conclusion that this is an ill-advised policy for Ontario. Its continuation there, and its extension to other provinces, is not recommended.
Four Types of Family Involvement Over the Course of Severe Mental Illness: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Carpentier Normand
Published: October 2014

Little is known about the long-term involvement of families in the life of persons suffering from severe psychiatric disorders. The trajectories of 80 young adults are drawn in this study to determine social networks, service utilization patterns, and family involvement type. Findings indicate that, for community-living patients, family involvement type is a key adaptation factor.
A Systematic Review of Psychological Return-to-Work Interventions for People with Mental Health Problems and/or Physical Injuries
Authors: Corbière Marc , Shen Jie
Published: October 2014

The objectives of the current systematic review are (a) to describe psychological return-to-work (RTW) interventions for people with mental health problems and/or physical injuries, and (b) to summarize the impact of these RTW interventions on work and health outcomes. Three conventional systematic review methods were used, and 14 studies were identified. The most popular psychological interventions focus on coping strategies, problem-solving strategies, and belief/attitude adjustments. These components are most often grouped together under the broad label, cognitive behavioural approach, an approach which has yielded significant results in terms of RTW and health improvement outcomes. Other key interventions include communication between stakeholders and the involvement of each framework level (i.e., individual, group, and organization) in the RTW process, supported by follow-up in the community.
Broadband Light Out‐Coupling Enhancement of Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Biomimetic Quasirandom Nanostructures
Authors: Wang Rong , Xu Lu‐Hai , Li Yan‐Qing , Zhou Lei , Li Chi , Ou Qing‐Dong , Chen Jing‐De , Shen Su , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: October 2014

Flexible organic light‐emitting diodes are gaining increasing importance as a leading technology for high‐quality displays and lighting in wearable electronics due to their low power consumption, excellent color gamut, and the desirable mechanical flexibility with soft materials and curvilinear surfaces. However, further enhancements in efficiency are still challenging because of the optical confinement and limited light out‐coupling efficiency. Here, a simple and wavelength‐independent light extraction scheme is demonstrated using the biomimetic quasirandom nanostructures that can simultaneously enhance the out‐coupling of the waveguided light and allow the minimized ohmic losses without spectral distortion. Compared to periodic grating structures, the nanoimprinted quasirandom nanostructures can broaden the periodicity and randomize the emission directionality, leading to the superiority of color stability over the visible wavelength range for a large variation of viewing angles. The resulting external quantum efficiency and current efficiency are 1.51 and 1.43 times that of a conventional flexible organic light‐emitting diode used as a comparison, respectively.
Highly Solvent‐Resistant Polystyrene Based on Uniform Tetraamide Units
Authors: Vakees E. , Suresh J. , Kayalvizhi M. , Nagarajan S. , Arun A.
Published: October 2014

In this article, segmented multiblock copolymers are synthesized using monodispersed tetraamide (T6T6T or T6A6T dimethyl) as hard segments and hydroxy‐terminated polystyrene (PSt) with a low molecular weight of 2500 g/mol as a soft segment. The soft segment length was varied from 2500 to 11,000 g/mol using dimethylterephthalate as a chain extender. The copolymers are characterized by inherent viscosity measurements, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water absorption, and solvent resistivity. The inherent viscosity increases with increasing soft segment length. Depending on the amide concentration in the copolymers, the hard segment melting temperature ranged between 248 and 287°C. From the FTIR, DSC, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction results, it is concluded that the hard segments in the copolymer are crystallized completely. All the polymers showed single‐stage decomposition temperature centered around 430°C. The solvent resistivity of these materials is extremely very high even at a low concentration of amide content (7%).
Cyclosporine in combination with mycophenolate mofetil versus methotrexate for graft versus host disease prevention in myeloablative HLA‐identical sibling donor allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Hamilton Betty K. , Rybicki Lisa , Dean Robert , Majhail Navneet S. , Haddad Housam , Abounader Donna , Hanna Rabi , Sobecks Ronald , Duong Hien , Hill Brian T. , Copelan Edward , Bolwell Brian , Kalaycio Matt
Published: October 2014

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) despite current prophylaxis. Methotrexate (MTX) with a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) is the current standard, however, has several toxicities. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is frequently used in reduced‐intensity HCT, but data in myeloablative transplants is limited. We thus retrospectively identified 241 patients who underwent myeloablative HCT from an HLA‐identical sibling donor; 174 patients received cyclosporine (CSA) + MMF and 67 received CSA+MTX. Patients receiving MMF + CSA had rapid neutrophil (median 11 vs. 19 days with MTX+CSA), and platelet recovery (median 19 vs. 25 days), lower incidence of severe mucositis by OMAS (19% vs. 53%), and shorter length of hospital stay (median 25 vs. 36 days) (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). There were no significant differences in incidence of grade 2–4 (MMF+CSA 37% vs. MTX+CSA 39%) or 3–4 acute GVHD (17% vs. 12%), chronic GVHD (46% vs. 56%), relapse (28% vs. 27%), non‐relapse mortality (20% vs. 27%), or overall survival (47% vs. 44%) (P = NS for all). However, in multivariable analysis, the use of MMF+CSA was associated with an increased risk of severe grade 3–4 acute GVHD (HR 2.92, 95% CI 1.2–7.15, P = 0.019). There were no differences between the two regimens in multivariable analyses for other survival outcomes. This analysis demonstrates that the use of MMF in myeloablative sibling donor transplantation is well tolerated. However, there may be an increased risk of severe GVHD with MMF+CSA compared to MTX+CSA. Further studies evaluating optimal dosing strategies are needed. Am. J. Hematol. 90:144–148, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Axial‐chirale BODIPY‐DYEmers: eine offensichtliche Ausnahme für die Exciton‐Chiralitäts‐Methode
Authors: Bruhn Torsten , Pescitelli Gennaro , Jurinovich Sandro , Schaumlöffel Anu , Witterauf Franziska , Ahrens Johannes , Bröring Martin , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: October 2014

Die Exciton‐Chiralitäts‐Methode (ECM) ist bekannt als einer der besten Ansätze zur Bestimmung der Absolutkonfiguration von Biarylen. Hier wird die erste echte Ausnahme für ein einfaches Biarylsystem beschrieben. Durch eine Kombination von ECD‐ und VCD‐Messungen mit DFT‐ (B3LYP/6‐311G*), TDDFT‐ (CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311G*) und “Coupled‐Cluster”‐Rechnungen (RI‐SCS‐CC2) wurden die Absolutkonfigurationen von BODIPY‐DYEmers mit Chiralitätsachse bestimmt. Für das 1,1′‐verknüpfte Dimer sagt die ECM das falsche Vorzeichen für das CD‐Couplet bei 500 nm voraus. Dieses ungewöhnliche Verhalten kann mit dem starken magnetischen Übergangsdipolmoment der Anregung bei 500 nm erklärt werden, das zu einer unerwarteten Dominanz der μm‐ gegenüber der μμ‐Kopplung führt. Damit sind diese Dimere der erste Fall, in dem eine starke μm‐Kopplung die Verwendung der ECM verhindert. Dieses Verhalten sollte nicht auf den BODIPY‐Chromophor beschränkt sein.
Rapid Autoxidation Forms Highly Oxidized RO2 Radicals in the Atmosphere
Authors: Jokinen Tuija , Sipilä Mikko , Richters Stefanie , Kerminen Veli‐Matti , Paasonen Pauli , Stratmann Frank , Worsnop Douglas , Kulmala Markku , Ehn Mikael , Herrmann Hartmut , Berndt Torsten
Published: October 2014

Gas‐phase oxidation routes of biogenic emissions, mainly isoprene and monoterpenes, in the atmosphere are still the subject of intensive research with special attention being paid to the formation of aerosol constituents. This laboratory study shows that the most abundant monoterpenes (limonene and α‐pinene) form highly oxidized RO2 radicals with up to 12 O atoms, along with related closed‐shell products, within a few seconds after the initial attack of ozone or OH radicals. The overall process, an intramolecular ROO→QOOH reaction and subsequent O2 addition generating a next R′OO radical, is similar to the well‐known autoxidation processes in the liquid phase (QOOH stands for a hydroperoxyalkyl radical). Field measurements show the relevance of this process to atmospheric chemistry. Thus, the well‐known reaction principle of autoxidation is also applicable to the atmospheric gas‐phase oxidation of hydrocarbons leading to extremely low‐volatility products which contribute to organic aerosol mass and hence influence the aerosol–cloud–climate system.
Effect of solvents on photophysical properties and quenching of 2‐{[3‐(1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐yl) phenyl] carbonoimidoyl}phenol
Authors: Suman G. R. , Bubbly S. G. , Gudennavar S. B. , Thipperudrappa J. , Roopashree B. , Gayathri V. , Nanje Gowda N. M.
Published: October 2014

The effect of solvents of varying polarity on the absorption and fluorescence emission of the Schiff base, 2‐{[3‐(1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐yl) phenyl]carbonoimidoyl}phenol, was studied using Lippert‐Mataga bulk polarity function, Reichardt's microscopic solvent polarity parameter and Kamlet's multiple linear regression approach. The spectral properties follow Reichardt's microscopic solvent polarity parameter better than Lippert‐Mataga bulk polarity parameter, indicating the presence of both general solute–solvent interactions and specific interactions. Catalan's multiple linear regression approach indicates the major role of solvent polarizability/dipolarity influence compared with solvent acidity or basicity. The solvatochromic effect was utilized to calculate the dipole moments of ground and excited states of the Schiff base using different methods. Bathochromic shift in the emission spectrum and the increase in dipole moment in the excited state signifies the intramolecular charge transfer character in the emitting singlet state. Fluorescence quenching by aniline was also studied in 1,4‐dioxane and n‐butanol, and the results were analyzed using sphere of action static quenching and finite sink approximation models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discriminating Halogen‐Bonding from Other Noncovalent Interactions by a Combined NOE NMR/DFT Approach
Authors: Ciancaleoni Gianluca , Bertani Roberta , Rocchigiani Luca , Sgarbossa Paolo , Zuccaccia Cristiano , Macchioni Alceo
Published: October 2014

Herein a combined NOE NMR/DFT methodology to discriminate between adducts held together by halogen bonding (XB) and other noncovalent interactions (non‐XB, such as lone pair/π), based on the determination of the XB donors′ and acceptors′ relative orientation, is proposed. In particular, 19F,1H HOESY NMR spectroscopy experiments and DFT calculations on different XB donors, such as perfluorohexyl iodide (I1), iodopentafluorobenzene (I2) and bromopentafluorobenzene (Br), combined with different Lewis bases, such as 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine (Me3Py), were performed. The results clearly show that in the case DABCO/I1 the XB adduct is practically the only one present in solution, whereas for the other pairs a certain amount of non‐XB adduct is present. Combining DFT and HOESY results, the amount of non‐XB adducts can be roughly quantified under our experimental conditions as 4 % for DABCO/I2, between 10 and 20 % for Me3Py/I1 and Me3Py/I2, and 44 % for DABCO/Br.
Metal‐Free CN‐ and NN‐Bond Formation: Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles from Ketones, N‐Tosylhydrazines, and Amines in One Pot
Authors: Chen Zhengkai , Yan Qiangqiang , Liu Zhanxiang , Zhang Yuhong
Published: October 2014

A novel synthetic approach toward 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles by CN‐ and NN‐bond formation has been established under transition‐metal‐free conditions. Complete control of the regioselectivity was successfully achieved. Commercially available anilines, ketones, and N‐tosylhydrazine were treated with molecular iodine in one pot to allow the regioselective generation of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles in high yields without the use of azides.
Synthesis of Chlamydia Lipopolysaccharide Haptens through the use of α‐Specific 3‐Iodo‐Kdo Fluoride Glycosyl Donors
Authors: Pokorny Barbara , Kosma Paul
Published: October 2014

A scalable approach towards high‐yielding and (stereo)selective glycosyl donors of the 2‐ulosonic acid Kdo (3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐oct‐2‐ulosonic acid) is a fundamental requirement for the development of vaccines against Gram‐negative bacteria. Herein, we disclose a short synthetic route to 3‐iodo Kdo fluoride donors from Kdo glycal esters that enable efficient α‐specific glycosylations and significantly suppress the elimination side reaction. The potency of these donors is demonstrated in a straightforward, six‐step synthesis of a branched Chlamydia‐related Kdo‐trisaccharide ligand without the need for protecting groups at the Kdo glycosyl acceptor. The approach was further extended to include sequential iteration of the basic concept to produce the linear Chlamydia‐specific α‐Kdo‐(2→8)‐α‐Kdo‐(2→4)‐α‐Kdo trisaccharide in a good overall yield.
Solid Tryptophan as a Pseudoracemate: Physicochemical and Crystallographic Characterization
Authors: Li Yan , Zhao Yuming , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2014

The crystalline nature of solid tryptophan has been characterized by X‐ray single crystal and powder diffraction analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, as well as measurement of solid–liquid equilibrium in water/isopropanol solution. Both the thermodynamic and crystallographic investigations have demonstrated unambiguously that solid tryptophan crystallizes in the form of a pseudoracemate (i.e., solid solution) with maximum melting over the entire enantiomeric composition range. Comparative single‐crystal X‐ray studies show that the crystal structures of racemic and enantiomeric tryptophan give very similar solid‐state packing geometries dictated by hydrogen bonding interactions. Our results indicate that the insignificant difference between homochiral and heterochiral interactions accounts for the formation of a pseudoracemate for this system. Chirality 27:88–94, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How will we recruit, train, and retain physicians and scientists to conduct translational cancer research?
Authors: Pickering Curtis R. , Bast Robert C. , Keyomarsi Khandan
Published: October 2014

Advances in clinical medicine require effective translational research. Ideally, this research will be performed by multidisciplinary teams that include both physicians and basic scientists. However, the current system does not appropriately train either physicians or basic scientists for these careers. In addition, translational researchers are often not properly rewarded, and this creates a disincentive for pursuing this kind of research. The roles and challenges for physicians and basic researchers in the field of translational research are discussed along with proposed solutions for improving their recruitment, training, and retention. Cancer 2015;121:806–816. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Reactivity of [60]Fullerene with Primary Nitro Compounds: Addition or Catalysed Condensation to Isoxazolo[60]fullerenes
Authors: Biagiotti Giacomo , Cicchi Stefano , De Sarlo Francesco , Machetti Fabrizio
Published: October 2014

The catalysed condensation of [60]fullerene with ethyl nitroacetate (1b) or analogous activated nitro derivatives to afford isoxazolino[60]fullerenes has been achieved in both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. This direct synthetic approach is more convenient than previous methods. Model reactions with electron‐poor dipolarophiles led to either condensation to isoxazolines or to conjugate addition products, depending on the nitro compound and catalyst. The former product was favoured by the use of CuII in the catalytic system. Conversely, [60]fullerene underwent catalytic condensation, even in the absence of copper(II) salts, only with activated nitro compounds and addition only with nitroalkanes in excess base. Note, the formal conjugated fullerene addition product was obtained in isomeric form, as previously reported. A possible explanation is presented for this contrasting behaviour.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Enones by AuI/CuI‐Co‐Catalyzed Tandem 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration/Trifluoromethylation Reaction of Propargyl Acetates
Authors: Ji Yun‐Long , Lin Jin‐Hong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Gu Yu‐Cheng
Published: October 2014

AuI/CuI‐co‐catalyzed tandem 1,3‐acyloxy migration/trifluoromethylation reaction of propargyl esters to give α‐trifluoromethyl enones in moderate yields and with excellent stereoselectivity is described. It is proposed that the reaction proceeds through the 1,3‐acyloxy migration of the propargyl esters catalyzed by AuI to produce an allenic intermediate, followed by its trifluoromethylation to give the final product.
An Economical and Practical Synthesis of rac‐(Z)‐β‐Santalol: Application of a Scriabine‐Inspired Reaction to Alkenes Results in the One‐Step Preparation of a Key Intermediate
Authors: Birkbeck Anthony A. , Marquet Xavier , Millet Pascal , Pamingle Hervé
Published: October 2014

An economical and practical synthesis of rac‐(Z)‐β‐santalol was accomplished. The key coupling step is based on a Scriabine‐inspired reaction of a dienyl diacetate substrate and an alkene. The total synthesis was achieved in five steps (longest linear sequence) in 19 % overall yield from cyclopentadiene.
Impact of di‐ethylhexylphthalate exposure on metabolic programming in P19 ECC‐derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Schaedlich Kristina , Schmidt Juliane‐Susanne , Kwong Wing Yee , Sinclair Kevin D. , Kurz Randy , Jahnke Heinz‐Georg , Fischer Bernd
Published: October 2014

Di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is the most common plasticizer in plastic devices of everyday use. It is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and primarily known to impair male gonadal development and fertility. Studies concerning the long‐term effects of prenatal DEHP exposure on certain diseases [The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease paradigm (DOHaD) hypothesis] are scarce although it is proven that DEHP crosses the placenta. Rising environmental pollution during the last centuries coincides with an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We have investigated the effects of an early embryonic DEHP exposure at different developmental stages on cardiomyogenesis. We used an in‐vitro model, the murine P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line (P19 ECC), mimicking early embryonic stages up to differentiated beating cardiomyocytes. P19 ECC were exposed to DEHP (5, 50, 100 µg ml–1) at the undifferentiated stage for 5 days and subsequently differentiated to beating cardiomyocytes. We analyzed the expression of metabolic (Pparg1, Fabp4 and Glut4), cardiac (Myh6, Gja1) and methylation (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) marker genes by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), beating rate and the differentiation velocity of the cells. The methylation status of Pparg1, Ppara and Glut4 was investigated by pyrosequencing. DEHP significantly altered the expression of all investigated genes. The beating rate and differentiation velocity were accelerated. Exposure to DEHP led to small but statistically significant increases in methylation of specific CpGs within Ppara and Pparg1, which otherwise were generally hypomethylated, but methylation of Glut4 was unaltered. Early DEHP exposure of P19 ECC alters the expression of genes associated with cellular metabolism and the functional features of cardiomyocytes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From A to Google: How Technology Is Impacting Information and Leadership
Authors: Davenport Brian
Published: October 2014

The current article explores the way that information is increasingly spreading at rapid speeds. By examining both positive and negative examples of the rapid proliferation of information, the author explores why leaders need to be cognizant of the impact this can have on leadership. Additionally, the article acknowledges that each piece of information created in the digital world leaves a small bit of data. By considering these small pieces of data as a whole, the newly termed big data is still emerging as a powerful tool. The article ends by examining how leaders can become more aware of the various potentials and pitfalls big data has to offer.
Roles of astrocytic Na+,K+‐ATPase and glycogenolysis for K+ homeostasis in mammalian brain
Authors: Hertz Leif , Gerkau Niklas J. , Xu Junnan , Durry Simone , Song Dan , Rose Christine R. , Peng Liang
Published: October 2014

Neuronal excitation increases extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) in vivo and in incubated brain tissue by stimulation of postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors and by channel‐mediated K+ release during action potentials. Convincing evidence exists that subsequent cellular K+ reuptake occurs by active transport, normally mediated by Na+,K+‐ATPase. This enzyme is expressed both in neurons and in astrocytes but is stimulated by elevated [K+]o only in astrocytes. This might lead to an initial K+ uptake in astrocytes, followed by Kir4.1‐mediated release and neuronal reuptake. In cell culture experiments, K+‐stimulated glycogenolysis is essential for operation of the astrocytic Na+,K+‐ATPase resulting from the requirement for glycogenolysis in a pathway leading to uptake of Na+ for costimulation of its intracellular sodium‐binding site. The astrocytic but not the neuronal Na+,K+‐ATPase is additionally stimulated by isoproterenol, a β‐adrenergic agonist, but only at nonelevated [K+]o. This effect is also glycogenolysis dependent and might play a role during poststimulatory undershoots. Attempts to replicate dependence on glycogenolysis for K+ reuptake in glutamate‐stimulated brain slices showed similar [K+]o recovery half‐lives in the absence and presence of the glycogenolysis inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐d‐arabinitol. The undershoot was decreased, but to the same extent as an unexpected reduction of peak [K+]o increase. A potential explanation for this difference from the cell culture experiments is that astrocytic glutamate uptake might supply the cells with sufficient Na+. Inhibition of action potential generation by tetrodotoxin caused only a marginal, nonsignificant decrease in stimulated [K+]o in brain slices, hindering the evaluation if K+ reaccumulation after action potential propagation requires glycogenolysis in this preparation. © 2014 W iley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy as a method to identify the metallic and semiconducting configurations of double‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Baibarac Mihaela , Baltog Ioan , Matea Adelina , Mihut Lucian , Lefrant Serge
Published: October 2014

Although Raman spectra reveal, as a signature of double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), two radial breathing mode (RBM) lines associated with the inner and outer tubes, the specification of their nature as metallic or semiconducting remains a topic for debate. Investigating the spectral range of the RBM lines, we present a new procedure of the indexing of the semiconducting or metallic nature of the inner and outer shell that forms the DWCNT. The procedure exploits the difference between the intensities of recorded anti‐Stokes Raman spectrum and the anti‐Stokes spectrum calculated by applying the Boltzmann formulae to the recorded Stokes spectrum. The results indicate that the two spectra do not coincide with what should happen in a normal Raman process, namely, that there are RBM lines of the same intensity in both spectra, as well as RBM lines of higher intensity that are observed in the calculated spectrum. This discrepancy results from the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering mechanism that operates differently on metallic or semiconducting nanotubes. In this context, the analysis of the RBM spectrum can reveal pairs of lines associated with the inner/outer shell structure of DWCNT, and when the intensities between the recorded and calculated spectra coincide, the nanotube is metallic; otherwise, the nanotube is semiconducting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core–Shell–Shell and Hollow Double‐Shell Microgels with Advanced Temperature Responsiveness
Authors: Dubbert Janine , Nothdurft Katja , Karg Matthias , Richtering Walter
Published: October 2014

Unique doubly temperature‐responsive hollow microgels are presented. These consist of two concentric thermoresponsive polymer shells made of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM), respectively. The hollow particles are derived from silica‐PNIPAM‐PNIPMAM core‐shell–shell (CSS) particles by dissolution of the silica core. Light scattering measurements reveal the twofold volume phase transition behavior that occur in the PNIPAM and PNIPMAM regions of the CSS and the respective hollow particles. In the presence of the silica core, i.e., in case of the CSS particles, the swelling of the inner shell is tremendously restricted by the core. However, after the core is dissolved, the transition of the inner shell from the swollen to the collapsed state is highly pronounced. This versatile approach allows preparing hollow particles with individually tunable properties on the particle inside and outside for various applications as multifunctional smart materials.

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Modeling photon transport in fluorescent solar concentrators
Authors: Parel Thomas S. , Danos Lefteris , Fang Liping , Markvart Tomas
Published: October 2014

Fluorescent solar concentrators (FSC) can concentrate light onto solar cells by trapping fluorescence through total internal reflection. In an ideal FSC, the major obstacle to efficient photon transport is the re‐absorption of the fluorescence emitted. In order to decompose the contribution of different photon flux streams within a FSC, the angular dependent re‐absorption probability is introduced and modeled in this paper. This is used to analyze the performance of different FSC configurations and is also compared with experimental results. To illustrate the application of the modeling, the collection efficiency of ideal devices has also been calculated from the re‐absorption probability and is shown to be useful for estimating non‐ideal losses such as those due to scattering or reflection from mirrors. The results also indicate that among the FSCs studied, the performance of those surrounded by four edge solar cells is close to ideal. The rapid optimization of FSCs has also been presented as another practical application of the models presented in this paper. © 2014 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic nanoparticles as fragmentable support for Ziegler–Natta catalysts
Authors: Nietzel Sven , Joe Daejune , Krumpfer Joseph W. , Schellenberger Frank , Alsaygh Abdulhamid A. , Fink Gerhard , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus
Published: October 2014

A fragmentable support material for Ziegler–Natta catalysts is presented based on micrometer‐sized aggregates of polystyrene nanoparticles. Hydroxyl anchoring groups are introduced by copolymerization of hydroxymethylstyrene in emulsion process to immobilize the catalysts. The catalytic activity in ethylene slurry polymerizations is found to be directly correlated to the hydroxyl group content of the supports. Furthermore, the fragmentation behavior of dye‐labeled support aggregates into the initial nanoparticles is demonstrated using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy as a nondestructive method. These supported catalysts fulfill two important design criteria, high fragmentability and high catalyst loading, and produce high‐density polyethylene with medium molecular weight distributions (MWDs = 3–4). These values lie between those obtained using single‐site metallocene‐based (narrow MWD < 3) or inorganic supported multi‐site Ziegler–Natta‐based (broad MWD = 4–12) polymerizations without the need of blending. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 15–22
Mosaike im Gehirn des Menschen
Authors: Iourov Ivan Y. , Vorsanova Svetlana G. , Liehr Thomas , Yurov Yuri B.
Published: October 2014

Das gesunde menschliche Gehirn weist ein bemerkenswert hohes Maß an somatischen Zellmosaiken auf. Zum einen ist dies altersassoziiert, und darüber hinaus wurde nachgewiesen, dass stärker ausgeprägte Zellmosaike im Gehirn Grundlage für neurologische und/oder psychiatrische Störungen (z. B. Alzheimer-Krankheit oder Schizophrenie) sind bzw. damit im Zusammenhang stehen. Möglicherweise eröffnen diese neueren Erkenntnisse künftig Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für die klinische Diagnostik, z. B. in Kombination mit neuen Biomarkern. In diesem Zusammenhang könnte eine vielversprechende Perspektive die Erforschung molekularer Signalwege sein, die die Zellen vor Genom- und/oder Chromosomeninstabilität schützen könnten.
Ebola Triage Screening and Public Health: The New “Vital Sign Zero”
Authors: Koenig Kristi L.
Published: October 2014

During public health emergencies of international concern such as the 2014 Ebola event, health care leaders need to educate clinicians on the front lines to make uncomfortable, but real triage decisions that focus on optimization of population health outcomes over individual care. Health care workers must consider their own protection first before direct contact with potentially contagious patients. In an era of globalization and emerging infectious disease, routine triage including evaluation of the standard vital signs must shift to include public health considerations with immediate consequences. A new “vital sign zero” should be taken at the time of initial patient evaluation to assess for risk and exposure to potentially contagious infectious diseases.
To Save or Savor: A Review of Approaches for Measuring Wine as an Investment
Authors: Fogarty James J. , Sadler Rohan
Published: October 2014

In the literature, there is no standard approach for estimating the return to wine or testing for a portfolio risk diversification benefit from holding wine. Using auction data for Australian wine, we show that the estimation method has a material impact on the estimated wine return distribution and that the type of diversification benefit test used influences whether or not wine is found to provide a portfolio risk diversification benefit. Our results indicated that a simple modification to the hedonic model, which we call a pooled model, is an appropriate method for estimating the return to infrequently traded heterogeneous assets such as wine. Across the various approaches to testing for a risk diversification benefit, we find direct estimation of the efficient frontier with bootstrapped confidence intervals to be the most transparent and comprehensive method of illustrating wine's potential for lowering portfolio risk. (JEL Classifications: G11, C61, C13)
Audience Features and the Strategic Timing of Trade Disputes
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen
Published: October 2014

If international institutions are such potent alarm mechanisms that mobilize procompliance domestic audiences, as many existing theories argue, why do countries wait so long before sounding the alarm? World Trade Organization (WTO) members often wait months or even years before objecting to their trading partners’ WTO-illegal barriers. To turn a phrase, trade cooperation delayed is trade cooperation denied, so why wait? To explain this variation, I develop a theory of institutional alarm mechanisms in which (1) the preferences and strength of the audience hearing the alarm vary and (2) the decision to sound the alarm is strategic. Sounding the alarm is most valuable when strong audiences in the defendant country support compliance. I test this prediction using competing risks models analyzing the timing of WTO disputes against US tariff barriers. Consistent with the theory, disputes are more likely during election years when macroeconomic indicators suggest broader support for free trade.
XML clustering: a review of structural approaches
Authors: Piernik Maciej , Brzezinski Dariusz , Morzy Tadeusz , Lesniewska Anna
Published: October 2014

With its presence in data integration, chemistry, biological, and geographic systems, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) has become an important standard not only in computer science. A common problem among the mentioned applications involves structural clustering of XML documents—an issue that has been thoroughly studied and led to the creation of a myriad of approaches. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of structural XML clustering. First, we provide a basic introduction to the problem and highlight the main challenges in this research area. Subsequently, we divide the problem into three subtasks and discuss the most common document representations, structural similarity measures, and clustering algorithms. In addition, we present the most popular evaluation measures, which can be used to estimate clustering quality. Finally, we analyze and compare 23 state-of-the-art approaches and arrange them in an original taxonomy. By providing an up-to-date analysis of existing structural XML clustering algorithms, we hope to showcase methods suitable for current applications and draw lines of future research.
Networks of Informal Caring: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Authors: Rutherford Alasdair , Bowes Alison
Published: October 2014

RÈSUMÈ

La prise en charge des soins des personnes âgées est un phénomène complexe et un sujet de préoccupation politique urgent. En rassemblant des littératures sur les prises en charge des soins venant des domaines de la gerontologie sociale et de l’economie, nous rapportons les résultats d’un projet de méthodes mixtes explorant les réseaux de prise en charge des soins informels. À l’aide de données quantitatives provenant du « British Household Panel Survey » (sondage officiel sur des menages britanniques), ainsi que des entretiens qualitatifs avec des personnes âgées et des travailleurs sociaux informels, nous décrivons des réseaux de prise en charge des soins informels différents, et les facteurs et processus décisifs qui ont contribué à la formation des réseaux. Une approche basée sur des réseaux de prise en charge des soins permet une étude à la fois quantitative et qualitative, et peut être utilisée pour explorer plusieurs questions importantes.
L3 acquisition: A focus on cognitive approaches
Authors: GARCÍA MAYO MARÍA DEL PILAR , GONZÁLEZ ALONSO JORGE
Published: October 2014

Interest in third language (L3) acquisition has increased exponentially in recent years, due to its potential to inform long-lasting debates in theoretical linguistics, language acquisition and psycholinguistics. From the very beginning, researchers investigating child and adult L3 acquisition have considered the many diverse cognitive factors that constrain and condition the initial state and development of newly acquired languages, and their models have duly evolved to incorporate insights from the most recent findings in psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and cognitive psychology. The articles in this Special Issue of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, in dealing with issues such as age of acquisition, attrition, relearning, cognitive economy or the reliance on different memory systems – to name but a few – provide an accurate portrayal of current inquiry in the field, and are a particularly fine example of how instrumental research in language acquisition and other cognitive domains can be to each other.
Fatal mistake, awful mistake, or extreme mistake? Frequency effects on off-line/on-line collocational processing
Authors: SONBUL SUHAD
Published: October 2014

This study explored whether native speakers of English and non-natives are sensitive to corpus-derived frequency of synonymous adjective-noun collocations (e.g., fatal mistake, awful mistake, and extreme mistake) and whether level of proficiency can influence this sensitivity. Both off-line (typicality rating task) and on-line (eye-movement) measures were employed. Off-line results showed that both natives and non-natives were sensitive to collocational frequency with clearer effects for non-natives as their proficiency increased. On-line, however, proficiency had no effect on sensitivity to frequency; both natives and non-natives showed early sensitivity to collocational frequency (first pass reading time). This on-line sensitivity disappeared later in processing for both groups (total reading time and fixation count). Results are discussed in light of usage-based theories of language acquisition and processing.
The impact of bovine respiratory disease: the current feedlot experience
Authors: Engler Michael , Defoor Paul , King Carter , Gleghorn Justin
Published: October 2014

Mortality during the finishing phase in beef steers has increased over the last 13 years at a rate of 0.05% per year for cattle fed in Cactus Feeders’ operations. A change in the demographics of placements has also occurred, in that heavier weight cattle are being placed as compared to previous years. Morbidity rates are lower, but higher case fatality rates are observed when compared to years when lighter weight cattle were placed. More lung lesions of varying degree are documented at necropsy of new arrivals and there is greater perception of reduced response to therapy in animals identified with respiratory disease. As placement weights have increased, mortality in the early stages of the feeding period has decreased, resulting in a greater proportion of total death loss later in the period. This shift, in conjunction with an increasing long-term trend of total death loss, can lead to the interpretation of higher ‘late day mortality’. Rather than relying solely on observation and distributions of the data, Cactus Feeders believes that the development of a predictive model is better suited to address the potential of ‘late day mortality’ in confined cattle feeding operations.
Customary rule-following behaviour in the work of John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall
Authors: ZOUBOULAKIS MICHEL S.
Published: October 2014

The informal institutional structure embraces the social norms and moral values of a particular society and together with the formal institutional frame, they compose the social environment. Social norms and values, congealed into customary rules of behaviour, provide a stable and enduring context to economic life that acts positively or negatively on economic activity. Despite their methodological and theoretical differences, Mill and Marshall have both suggested that individual economic decisions are fully embedded in their social environment. Thus, in order to explain the economic phenomena, from simple transaction processes to long term development, they adopted a broader perspective by including the social frame inside which economic choices are made, divulging the role of custom, yet in a quite distinctive way.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation in Pediatric Drug Development
Authors: Maharaj A R , Edginton A N
Published: October 2014

Increased regulatory demands for pediatric drug development research have fostered interest in the use of modeling and simulation among industry and academia. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling offers a unique modality to incorporate multiple levels of information to estimate age‐specific pharmacokinetics. This tutorial will serve to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the procedural steps to developing a pediatric PBPK model and facilitate a discussion of the advantages and limitations of this modeling technique.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e148; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.45; published online 19 November 2014