bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancient Baffles and Modern Times: Teaching Ultimate Questions
Authors: Crews Clyde F.
Published: August 2016

A special challenge of theology courses in the private liberal arts college is the ability to maintain an institutional commitment to identifiable moral and religious values while at the same time respecting the personal and academic integrity of a pluralistic student body. The Ultimate Questions course has been constructed to introduce such students to fundamental religious questions, problems and critiques and to demonstrate that these considerations begin in a wide variety of human experiences, activities and conceptualizations. Having depended on such thinkers as Tillich and Rahner to suggest that the religious problem is ultimately the human question, the course turns to an investigation of mainline Christian doctrine, worship and praxis as distinctive responses to the ultimate questions.
Can Orthodox Ethics Liberate? A Test Case for the Adequacy of an Eastern Ethic
Authors: Gaillardetz Richard R.
Published: August 2016

This article evaluates the adequacy of Orthodox ethics by examining Orthodoxy's response to questions of social justice as they have been raised by the churches of the third world.

The Eastern tradition is skeptical of such phrases as “structures of injustice” because it is improper to speak of sin with regard to structures. This does not mean that Orthodoxy is insensitive to questions of social justice, but rather that such questions can only be properly addressed by a personalist ethic grounded in trinitarian theology. It is trinitarian theology that provides the foundation for an understanding of love, community, and human relationship which demands relationships of mutuality and reciprocity and rejects all forms of human domination. This ethic is arrived at by an examination of the mode of being of the triune God in which all Christians participate, a mode of being that is both personal and communal. Orthodox ethics, while still in need of development with regard to the problems of concrete moral decision-making, offers a rich theological foundation often lacking in the more philosophical-ethical tradition of the West.
Horizons on Contemporary Spirituality
Authors: Conn Joann Wolski
Published: August 2016

A survey of contemporary spirituality is obtained by addressing a basic set of questions to twelve recent books in this field. Five significant trends are noted and offered as an agenda for the future of Christian spirituality.
Global Teaching: Educating for Personal Understanding
Authors: Toton Suzanne C.
Published: August 2016

There is an old adage, “I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand.” In teaching courses on global poverty and hunger from a Christian perspective, one of my major concerns is how to educate for something more than a purely intellectual grasp of the problem. I call what I am aiming at personal understanding. It is an understanding that includes empathy with the suffering of the poor, the ability to critically analyze the causes of their suffering, and a sense of responsibility to alleviate their suffering. Without this type of understanding, the transformation of values, systems, and structures necessary for social change cannot occur. While readings, lectures, guest speakers, and films are a necessary and integral part of my courses, I find that, pedagogically, something more is needed. For me, it is the student project.
Teaching Church Teaching: Theological and Pedagogical Reflections
Authors: Hinsdale Mary Ann
Published: August 2016

This article describes a process of research and critical analysis of Catholic church pronouncements which I have used with both undergraduate and graduate students over the past ten years. Students are taught a method of “close reading” of Roman Catholic church pronouncements which involves their analysis of such issues as the statement's canonical significance, authorship, audience, historical context, content, and underlying ecclesiology. Through this method, students acquire a working knowledge of theological research methods and tools and learn how to practice a hermeneutics of suspicion and retrieval. They also learn how to recognize the various models of church which underlie particular formulations, the compromise nature of conciliar statements, and become acquainted with recent discussion concerning “reception” and the “hierarchy of truths.” Student awareness of the historically conditioned nature of dogmatic statements and of the need for reforming the way in which universal church teaching is formulated is also heightened.
Does Newman's “On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine” Rest upon a Mistake?
Authors: Slusser Michael
Published: August 2016

Newman, in the famous essay in question, cited the Nicene orthodoxy of the faithful during the Arian controversy as this main, and only extended, argument for the thesis that there were situations in the life of the church where the Christian faith was upheld more consistently by the ordinary faithful than by their pastors. This article shows that historical evidence does not support Newman's claim for the faithful in the Arian controversy, and raises the question as to whether this fact undermines his thesis about the dogmatic importance of the sensus fidelium.
Perichoresis: New Theological Wine in an Old Theological Wineskin
Authors: Lawler Michael G.
Published: August 2016

The history of theology demonstrates that theological exploration, seeking to understand fully an already given theological concept, regularly brings forth unexpected insights. This article seeks to do just that. Reflecting on an ancient theological word, perichoresis, coined in its original Greek to express the intimate communion of, first, the two natures in the one person of Jesus and, second, the three persons in one God, the article seeks new theological insight into the communion that is essential in, first, Christian marriage and then, church. The analysis underscores communion-through-perichoresis as essential to the definitions of God, marriage, and church, and relates the three one to the other.
A Universal Religious Experience? Comparative Theology as an Alternative to a Theology of Religions
Authors: Fredericks James L.
Published: August 2016

This article examines Liberal Theology's claim regarding a universal religious experience and George Lindbeck's rejection of this claim. Since a universal religious experience is frequently put forth as the basis for the transcendental unity of religions, the theological debate regarding such an experience is very pertinent to the current discussion of religious diversity. The author argues that neither Liberal Theology's appeal to religious experience nor Lindbeck's rejection of this appeal is helpful. In lieu of a comprehensive theology of non-Christian religions based on an appeal to a universal religious experience, the author proposes a comparative theology as the best candidate for dealing responsibly and creatively with the plurality of religions.
A Literary Interpretation of the Book of Amos
Authors: Moltz Howard
Published: August 2016

This article draws on some of the interpretive strategies of the ancient Rabbis as well as the exegetic writings of some modern literary theorists to present the Book of Amos as an unfolding story of a man of titanic courage who excoriates the powerful of society because of their rebellion against the divine will. Living in the eighth century B.C.E., Amos entered the royal sanctuary at Bethel in the Northern Kingdom to deliver his prophetic message. Speaking in the name of the Lord, he condemned the perversion of justice and the disdain of righteousness. He threatened that a day would come in which all the oppressors would be “plucked out of the land” leaving only a remnant of the people Israel. This remnant, however, will know what the Lord requires: that the weak be sustained and the fallen uplifted, that the stranger be protected and the widow and orphan cared for. Henceforth, a new age will prevail, an age in which the soil will be blessed and all will share in the abundance.
Practicing History, Practicing Theology
Authors: Tilley Terrence W.
Published: August 2016

This essay argues that “essentializing” history and theology is less useful as an approach to the problems of “faith” and “history” than a more piecemeal and pragmatic approach. It begins by invoking the intellectual virtues learned in communities of character. It analyzes role-specific responsibilities of historians and argues for evaluating historical claims in terms of historians' execution of their professional responsibilities, rather than in terms of the presuppositions they bring to their work. It examines a recent controversy involving the Catholic Theological Society of America and argues that serious confusions in that dispute about the practices of history and theology can be overcome using the approach advocated here. It concludes by arguing that overcoming specific conflicts between historical and religious claims requires exercising one of the virtues of the mind, phronēsis, and by showing how the constructivist epistemology ingredient in this approach is appropriate for a Catholic theologian.
The Marian Tradition and the Reality of Women
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2016

After a brief explanation of the feminist theological perspective, this essay explores three critiques from that perspective of the marian tradition, highlighting ways in which the symbol of Mary has been used to the detriment of the full humanity and dignity of women. A reinterpretive move than examines three parallel possibilities for a new naming of Mary which would cohere with the full liberation of all human beings. No definitive resting point is arrived at, the conclusion being that a renewed theology of Mary will emerge only with renewed attitude and praxis regarding women in the churches.
Theological Uses of Psychology: Retrospective and Prospective
Authors: McDargh John
Published: August 2016

This essay begins with a retrospective survey of theological responses to psychology over the last seventy-five years. These are organized by the way in which they have been shaped by two underlying religious concerns: the necessity to defend against the diminishment of the human as oriented to the transcendent (the “Catholic” position) and the concern to protect the divine against its reduction to the merely human (the “Protestant” position). In the final two sections of the essay I consider how, prospectively, the theological appropriation of psychologymay enter a new phase first with a reformulation of thetask of theological reflection, exemplified by Tracy's model of mutual critical correlation, and secondly by the emergence of neopsychoanalytic theory as a new dialogue partner with theology. The potential significance of the latter is explored by examining its influence on the soteriological projects of Jürgen Moltmann and Sebastian Moore.
Job and J.B.: The Goodness of God or the Godness of Good?
Authors: Priest John
Published: August 2016

This article examines the “Message” of J.B. on the basis of internal evidence from the play and direct comments by its author, Archibald MacLeish. The conclusion is that the play dismisses God as a significant factor in human experience and substitutes human love as providing an island of meaning. A reading of Job, based on the thesis that the work is ironical throughout, comes to a similar conclusion that the final author/redactor of Job also dismisses God but that he provides no new island of meaning for humanity. Thus MacLeish may be nearer to the mainstream of the canonical tradition than the final text of Job.
In The Mirror of Creation: A Muslim Mystic's View of the Individual in the Cosmos
Authors: Renard John
Published: August 2016

In the encyclopedic poetry of one of Islam's most prominent mystics, Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī (1207-73), one can discover a great deal about the main lines of classical Islamic cosmology and psychology. Conceiving of all of creation as a mirror with two sides, both of which have their reflective values, Rūmī describes both the macrocosm and the microcosm as theaters of divine revelation. In the end, one must come to know God's reflection in the intimacy of the solitary heart; but the cosmos will do for a start. Through his classic understandings of space, time, causality, the evolution of consciousness, and the attractive power of like beings in creation, Rūmī tells of Creation's potential for making known the Creator. And in his images of body, spirit, intellect, and heart, the poet limns the outlines of the essentially human. In the process, he proceeds from macrocosm to microcosm and back; for just as the heart of the individual is the locus of God's reflection in the person, His prophets are as Heart to the Body of the cosmos, in their function of revealing the divine presence and word.
Christian Hope: Messianic or Transcendent? A Theological Discussion with Joachim of Fiore and Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Moltmann Jürgen
Published: August 2016

Henri de Lubac and Hans Urs von Balthasar have criticized my “Theology of Hope” as being written “messianically” in the spirit of Joachim de Fiore and grounded from an Old Testament-Jewish perspective, whereas they claim true Christian hope is “present” in character and oriented vertically: not the future but the heavenly eternity is its fulfillment. Because both of them call upon Thomas Aquinas I have undertaken in this article a dialogue with Joachim de Fiore and Thomas Aquinas in order to elucidate my own position in conversation with them: the biblically grounded Christian hope is directed toward the parousia of Christ and sees in it future for Israel and future for the world. Chiliasm and eschatology designate the immanent and the transcendent sides of this future of Christ. Christian hope is messianic hope in the horizon of eschatological expectation.
Was the Incarnation Redundant? A Catholic and an Evangelical Respond
Authors: Trembath Kern R.
Published: August 2016

Although Catholicism and evangelical Protestantism characteristically view each other only at great distance, the present article finds evidence of methodological similarity between leading figures of each tradition. The similarities between Karl Rahner and Edward John Carnell may be traced not to mutual influence, but rather to a common desire to overcome the epistemological weaknesses of Kant by means of beliefs and categories expressive of the Christian tradition which nonetheless appreciate the subjective beginning point of the modern period. In particular, this article explores the significance of Jesus within a theological approach broadly construed as transcendentalism It asks what role is played by an incarnate God in a theology whose distinctive mark is that all moral and cognitive progress is possible only on the presupposition of the existence of God, thus seemingly making an incarnation of God redundant. Through different perspectives, both Rahner and Carnell show on the contrary that it is only because God's character is to transcend Himself that the phenomenon and the question of human transcendence arise as possibilities at all. A summary critique suggests that Carnell's emphasis on cross is not as successful in making this point as is Rahner's on cross and resurrection.
The Pyramid or the Raft: Francis Schüssler Fiorenza and Bernard Lonergan in Dialogue about Foundational Theology
Authors: Drilling Peter J.
Published: August 2016

How different from each other are transcendental method and reconstructive hermeneutics as approaches to foundational theology? Not so different that there is no room for dialogue between Bernard Lonergan and Francis Schüssler Fiorenza. Some parallel areas of concern which Lonergan and Schüssler Fiorenza develop idiosyncratically include the self-correcting process of learning, the role of faith in foundational theology, the relationship between experience and interpretation, and the specific connection within Christian foundational theology of inferiority with the data on Christianity. Imagining how the authors could be open to each other's theory yields points of complementarity.
The Power to Create: Sacraments and Men's Need to Birth
Authors: Gudorf Christine E.
Published: August 2016

The sacraments represent some of the ordinary activities involved in sustaining daily life, activities which are understood to contain meaning and therefore power. These activities are for the most part the province of women in human societies, probably because of the biological role of women in procreation. One of the ways that men have responded to the connection between women and life sustaining activities is to claim the sacramental reenactments of those activities for themselves, and to maintain that the sacramental reenactments, not the ordinary activities, contain meaning and power. The task for the church is to reconnect sacraments with ordinary life by involving men in direct nurture of life and involving women in sacramental administration, so as to demonstrate the reality of divine meaning and power in life.
Dorothy Day and Gender Identity: The Rhetoric and the Reality
Authors: O'Connor June
Published: August 2016

Dorothy Day's sense of herself as a woman and as a mother feature prominently in her writings. In light of recent inquiries into gender identity and gender ideology, and given Dorothy Day's prominence as editor, social activist, anarchist, pacifist, and religious author, questions about her views regarding woman's role and related feminist concerns invite investigation. The paper argues that although Dorothy Day did not become a vocal advocate nor public ally of the women's movements in twentieth-century American life because of some fundamental differences in viewpoint and loyalty, she did share a number of affinities with feminist perspectives. To investigate her thought on this topic enables us to understand Dorothy Day more fully and to bring a critical eye to selected features of feminism, discerning (from Day's standpoint) both strengths and weaknesses.
The Diagram of the Mourning System from Mawangdui
Authors: Lai Guolong
Published: August 2016

This article is a preliminary study of the silk diagram of the mourning system excavated from Mawangdui tomb three (dated to 168 b.c.e.) in 1973. Although it is the earliest precisely dated document of one of the most enduring social institutions in Chinese history, this mourning diagram has received little scholarly attention. Through analyzing its structure, inscriptions, kinship terms, and cosmological symbolism, and comparing it with relevant Warring States and contemporary Han sources, the author has reconstructed the diagram based strictly on evidence internal to the diagram itself. The author then explains the cosmological and numerological significance of the Mawangdui mourning system, and, through rereading passages in Lun yu 17/21, the “Sannian wen” chapter in the Li ji, the “Li lun” in the Xunzi, and the testamentary decree of Emperor Wen (d. 157 b.c.e.), he discusses the multiple ways of justifying mourning practices during the Warring States and early Han periods and the changing interpretations of the cosmological/numerological basis of the mourning system by later text-based scholars, such as Zheng Xuan and Wang Su. Finally, the author discusses the nature and function of the diagram as the source of ritual diagrams illustrating a text in the Chinese classical exegetical tradition. This Mawangdui diagram is a schematic representation of the mourning system with its basic numerological principles and cosmological significance. As a kinship chart, it illustrates the five degrees of mourning, which characterize the scope of close kinship in early Han China. It depicts a mourning tradition similar to those recorded in the Yi li and the Li ji, but represents differently in degrees of mourning that people, especially married-out daughters and their children, were obligated to observe for the death of a relative. It is thus invaluable for us to understand the historical formation of the Chinese mourning tradition and subsequent ritual manuals and legal codes, and it provides new materials for the sociological study of issues concerning Han family structure, the nature of descent groups, women's position, and patrilinealism.
Infant Abandonment in Early China
Authors: Kinney Anne Behnke
Published: August 2016

Examining the birth and population control methods employed by a given culture reveals much about the power and politics of its religious and legal institutions; it can also yield important conclusions about the hierarchical relations between young and old and male and female. But conventional methods for controlling the size and gender composition of a family in the early phases of Chinese history have received little attention. In this essay I will focus on the ways in which one important form of population control, infant abandonment, was discussed and practiced in Han times, paying particular attention to the various rationales given for it and the arguments made against it.
4. A Reexamination of the Link Between the Bronzes of Shang Civilization and the Northern Region
Authors: Yun Lin
Published: August 2016

The northern border of Shang culture moved south during the Yinxu period. At the same time bronzes belonging to the Northern complex spread through a vast region to the north of the Shang cultural area.

The appearance of Northern bronzes, characterized by specific types of short swords, fu battle-axes and daggers -- which we may take to represent the Northern bronzes of Period 1 -- must predate the Yinxu culture. During the early Yinxu period they exerted a fairly consider able influence. Analysis of the bronzes unearthed from the Fu Hao tomb reveals that, at the time of Wu Ding, the Shang were already using some Northern bronze articles. The Shang artisans not only copied Northern bronzes, they also adopted their chemical composition to improve traditional Shang tools and weapons.

On the other hand, bronzes from the Shang culture area exerted a similar influence on Northern bronzes. Some of these influences were limited to relatively close areas, whereas the ripples of other influence extended far into the distant regions. For example, the Northern “beak halberd” the creation of which was influenced by the Shang ge-halberd, was diffused as far as the Minusinsk Basin. The origin of the bronze bow-shaped article, however, which has, in the past, been taken as strong evidence for the extension of Shang influence as far as this basin may very well be in the region to the north of the Shang culture, and the Yinxu style bow-shaped bronze may, on the contrary, have been a variant of the Northern article which developed during the early Yinxu period. The influence of the authentic Yinxu style bow-shaped article only extended as far as the area of Jibei . The lobeless, geometric-patterned, hollow-socketed fu-axe, which developed from the hollow-socketed fu of the Erligang to Yinxu periods, may have early on exerted an influence as far as the southern edges of the Eastern Siberian forest.

A reexamination of the ties between the Karasuk and Yinxu cultures is needed. The theory that Seima bronzes exerted an influence on the Yinxu culture must be abandoned.
5. Yinxu Tomb Number Five and the Question of the Pan Geng-Xiao Xin-Xiao Yi Period in Yinxu Archaeology
Authors: Chang Kwang-Chih
Published: August 2016

At the time of the Shang's arrival at Yinxu their material culture was characterized by: (1) oracle-bone inscriptions; (2) bronze decor in Loehr Styles IV and V; (3) bronzes inscribed with societal emblems and ancestral “dedications”; (4) particular ceramic forms; (5) rammed-earth house foundations; and (6) pit graves lined with wooden chambers. These features appear for the first time in association with Tomb 5, that of Fu Hao, the consort of Wu Ding. Shang cultural data at Yinxu earlier than the Tomb 5 period are scarce and scattered. They involve: (1) the architectural remains at Xiaotun before the rammed earth house foundations; (2) earlier Shang tombs (M188, 232, 333, 388); and (3) an earlier Shang tomb at Wuguancun Locus North. Conspicuous cultural changes took place from Pottery Period I (prior to the Tomb 5 period) to Pottery Period II (Tomb 5 period), including: (1) expansion of the area of occupation; (2) oracle-bone inscriptions, rammed-earth house foundations, and large tombs, all evidently associated with the royal house; (3) Period II pottery becomes predominant and Loehr's bronze Styles IV and V come to replace I-III, with inscriptions becoming numerous. It is suggested that the series of changes that occurred with the onset of the Tomb 5 period resulted from Pangeng's move of his capital to this site. If this is so, then the period of the three kings from Pangeng to Xiaoyi must be found within the period of Tomb 5 rather than within the Pottery Period I.
11. A Brief Discussion on Fu Hao
Authors: Zhenglang Zhang
Published: August 2016

(N.B. A version of this paper has now been published in Kaogu 1983.6:537-41.)

Fu Hao (or Fu Zi ) appears in the oracle-bone inscriptions from Anyang. The name is often seen in Period I inscriptions (from the time of Wu Ding) and occasionally in Period IV inscriptions (from the time of Wu Yi and Wen Ding). The two are separated by four kings (Zu Geng, Zu Jia, Lin Xin, and Kang Ding), perhaps by as much as one hundred years. Does the Fu Hao in both periods refer to the same person? How can we explain this phenomenon?

In the oracle-bone records of people and their activities there are cases where one figure is active in different periods. These names are often also place names, and these figures possess a populace and products. These names are probably what is termed “Clan-Territory titles” (a term found in the Gu shi kao, as quoted in the “Zheng yi” commentary to the Zuo zhuan). Based on their clan name they served hereditarily as officials. These clan names occur in historical literature, as in “In the past, our former kings were for generations Lords of Millet (Hou Ji ), serving under the Yü and Xia “(Guo yü “Zhou Yü” ); or “The Zhong and Li clans generation after generation ordered heaven and earth, … the Sima clan for generation after generation was in charge of the history of Zhou” (Shi ji, “Taishigong zixu” ).
15. Statistical Analysis of Shang Meteorology
Authors: Hung-Hsiang Chou , Jianhua Shen , Heyes Lisa
Published: August 2016

The authors see their paper as an attempt to analyze Shang meteorology through statistics, but explicitly not to reconstruct Shang weather. It is essentially an amplified study of the oracle-bone record along the lines pioneered by Wittfogel in his “Meteorological Records from the Divination Inscriptions of Shang” (1940), which has been followed up by contributions from Chinese scholars, notably Hu Houxuan. Compiling the data into a graph, the authors, whose research is still preliminary, conclude that during Shang times, there was more rainfall, that it took place during every month of the year, and that the weather was warmer.
The “Jinhou Su Bianzhong” Inscription and its Significance
Authors: Shim Jaehoon
Published: August 2016

The “Jinhou Su bianzhong” is one of the most important archaeological discoveries in recent decades. The long inscription of 355 characters provides important information concerning various aspects of late Western Zhou history. This article begins with a preliminary account of the Jinhou Su bells, including an annotated translation of the inscription. Next, studying the identification of the Zhou king in the inscription that has already prompted lively discussions, the author shows that more concrete evidence supports a King Li dating of the inscription. Based on the relationship between Zhou and Jin documented in the “Jinhou Su bianzhong” inscription, the author finally argues that the state of Jin was becoming powerful with the decline of the Zhou king's authority in the late Western Zhou period.
Mortuary Ritual and Social Hierarchy in the Longshan Culture
Authors: Li Liu
Published: August 2016

The mortuary data from the Longshan culture provide crucial information for understanding the process of socio-political change from non-stratified to stratified societies in late Neolithic China. This article identifies the variables in Longshan burials that can be correlated with social rank, and then studies four Longshan burial sites (Taosi, Chengzi, Yinjiacheng, and Zhufeng) in two steps. The first step is to classify the evidence for determining burial rank; the second step is to analyze intra-cemetery spatial patterns through time, including the location of graves within a site, the distribution of differently ranked graves and spatial relationships between graves and associated features (houses and pits), the diachronic changes observed in a site, and the depositional practices relating to ritual activities. The results of these analyses suggest that kinship-based Longshan communities were internally and externally stratified in their social structure; that this social stratification was ideologically legitimized by ritual activities that emphasized ancestor worship; and that their society was politically reinforced by an elite exchange network of high status goods at both regional and interregional levels. These social, political, and religious relationships formed the foundation for the development of civilization in prehistoric North China.
A First Reading of the Mawangdui Yijing Manuscript
Authors: Edward L. Shaughnessy
Published: August 2016

Among the texts discovered in December, 1973, at Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan, was by far the earliest manuscript text (copied about 175 B.C.) of the Zhouyi or Zhou Changes, together with various commentaries, some known—such as the “Xici” or “Appended Statements”— and others —”Ersanzi Wen” or “The Two or Three Disciples Ask,” “Yi zhi Yi” or “The Propriety of the Changes,” and “Yao” or “Essentials”—not heretofore known. Despite the great anticipation with which scholars learned of this discovery, it was not until twenty years later, 1993, that this manuscript was finally published, and even at that only incompletely. In this comte rendu, the author introduces the state and contents of the manuscript, including especially how it varies from the received text, and some of the debate that these variora have already engendered among historians of Chinese thought.
The Contents and Terminology of the Mawangdui Texts on the Arts of the Bedchamber
Authors: Ling Li , McMahon Keith
Published: August 2016

In the Han, the art of the bedchamber belonged to the disciplines called “prescriptions and techniques,” which also included various medical arts such as nutrition, internal conduction, and associated incantations and spells. This essay investigates the Mawangdui art of the bedchamber texts with special emphasis on their terminology, and briefly addresses the importance of these texts in studying ancient Chinese culture.

Seven texts are examined: “Prescriptions for nourishing life,” “Prescriptions for miscellaneous cures,” “Book of childbirth,” “Ten questions,” ’Joining yin and yang” “Prescriptions for miscellaneous spells,” and “Talks on the loftiest ways under heaven.” The terminology found in these works is organized into the following categories: male and female genitals, the steps of foreplay, positions and methods of intercourse, the benefits and harms of intercourse, techniques of ejaculation control, and male and female sexual reactions. The terminology and topical categories of later bedchamber texts are highly consistent with the Mawangdui texts, especially regarding the following three most influential concepts: “the method of nine shallow and one deep,” “ride many young women, but ejaculate rarely,” and “returning jing to supplement the brain.”
Disputation in Ancient Chinese Culture
Authors: Kroll J. L.
Published: August 2016

During the Warring States, Ch'in, and Han periods the influence of the arts of disputation and rhetoric increased. Disputation affected the form and content of philosophical arguments and, mainly during the Han dynasty, contributed to the process of ideological synthesis. Furthermore, debate and argumentation came to play a central role in resolving social difficulties and determining government policy. Along with rhetoric, as represented by theChan-kuo-ts'e, disputation also helped define the style and nature of a wide variety of literary genres, espeically theFuand historiographical works of the Han period.

In this paper, the “program” for disputation attributed to Tsou Yen in theShih chiis presented and its influence on other philosophical schools traced. Then the tradition of debate, both court debates from their Warring States origins on into the Han, and the rise of legal disputes within society as a whole are examined. Finally, the role of theTsung Hengschool in creating, preserving, and transmitting a tradition of rhetoric Is described. Analysis of the rhetorical devices of this school suggests the close connection of debaters, persuaders, logicians, and authors ofFu.

In conclusion, the author seeks to identify some of the social and economic causes for the increasing influence of disputation, such as the emergence of private property and the concept of “individualism,” the development of a scholar class and patrons, and the increase of cultural and intellectual pluralism and diversity.
The Ru Reinterpretation of Xiao
Authors: Knapp Keith N.
Published: August 2016

Scholars have often treated the concept of xiao as an unchanging notion with a transparent meaning. In the West, the translation “filial piety” has reinforced this tendency. By endeavoring to ascertain the precise meaning of the term in pre-Qin texts, this paper shows that xiao had multiple meanings and was constantly being reinterpreted to suit new social and political circumstances. In the Western Zhou, it was inti¬mately related to the cult of the dead and its recipients extended well beyond one's parents or grandparents. The ru of the Warring States emphasized that it meant obedience and displaying respect, and made parents the sole recipients of xiao. By the late Warring States, ru recast xiao not only as obedience to one's parents, but also as obedience to one's lord. Filial sons were reinvented as loyal retainers to meet the needs of the newly emerging bureaucratic state.
Mawangdui Tomb Three – Documents: I - The Medical Documents
Authors: Harper Donald J.
Published: August 2016

A surprisingly large number of texts, many heretofore lost to us, were discovered in a lacquer box in Tomb Three at Mawangdui. (For a summary of the excavation and contents of the tomb see Early China 1[1975]:10-15.) The scrolls had fused together as a result of being tightly packed in the lacquer box; after separation, two of the scrolls were found to contain six separate treatises on medicine as well as a set of illustrations of therapeutic calisthenics.
Old Sinitic *Mᵞag, Old PersianMaguš, and English “Magician”
Authors: Mair Victor H.
Published: August 2016

The 1980 discovery at Chou-yüan (site of an important Western Chou palace complex) of two small human heads with Caucasoid features sculpted from mollusk shell raises questions concerning East-West contact during the early Chou period (roughly eighth century B.C.E.). A similar head from Anyang dating to about half a millennium earlier suggests that the contact was of long standing and that it centered in the Shang and Chou courts. On top of one of the Chou heads is engraved the oracle bone form of the graph forwu, namely, identifying the figure as a ritual specialist. Normallywuis translated as “shaman,” but it is here proposed that “mage” be adopted as a more accurate equivalent. Various types of evidence are adduced in support of this proposal, including the Old Sinitic reconstruction ofwu, i.e., *mᵞag, which indicates a direct linkage with Old Persianmaguš, the original source of Magianism.
Agricultural Technology and Agrarian Change in Han China
Authors: Bray Francesca
Published: August 2016

This article considers the Interaction between technological development in agriculture and social change. In the early Han, a period of comparatively strong and centralized rule, the government encouraged and subsidized a particular type of agricultural development designed to benefit independent small-holders, thus discouraging the formation of large estates and maximizing the state's Income from taxes. Later as the power of the landed gentry grew, large ‘manorial’ estates superseded Independent small-holdings as the dominant mode of production despite government efforts to reverse this trend. The change in tenurial pattern was accompanied by marked changes in agricultural technology and production which became far more ‘rational’ and market oriented than had been possible in a small-holder economy.
Where Do Classical Chinese Nouns Come From?
Authors: Harbsmeier Christoph
Published: August 2016

The hypothesis presented here is that in Classical Chinese syntax, nouns and noun phrases show signs of being, like verbs, capable of functioning as main predications. A definition of the noun and verb in Classical Chinese is offered, based on analysis of passages from pre-Han and Han texts, and it is argued that Classical Chinese can be more precisely understood by application of the principles of formal logic to the study of quantification, negation, conditionals, and pronominalization. This approach contrasts with approaches based on more traditional phonological, etymological, or philological methods.
Lo Chen-yu's Research on the Shang
Authors: Bonner Joey
Published: August 2016

One of the chief aims of my recently completed intellectual biography of Wang Kuo-wei (1877-1927) is to provide a critical account of the evolution of that scholar's ideas in, and the substance of his contribution to, the disciplines of philosophy, literature, and history. Because Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography will not be published until 1986 (Harvard University Press, Harvard East Asian Series 101), I have drawn on those pages of my manuscript that bear most closely on the interests of Early China readers to provide the following research note regarding the claim of Li Chi, Fu Ssu-nien, Kuo Mo-jo, P'u-i, and others that Lo Chen-yü's major works on oracle-bone inscriptions were, in fact, plagiarized.
Divertissement in Western Han
Authors: Boltz Judith Magee
Published: August 2016

Among the more unusual pottery items discovered in April of 1969 within Tomb No. 11 in Wu-ying Mountain north of Chi-nan (in Shantung just south of the Yellow River) was a set of twenty-one figures in a rendition of early Han musical entertainment. Since then, the discovery has been widely publicized in both archaeological journals and more popular sources such as the ubiquitous pamphlet, New Archaeological Finds in China (Peking, 1973) and Foreign Language Press postcards (Cultural relics unearthed in China, series I, 1972 and 1975). Four articles which focus on various aspects of this discovery appeared in rapid succession in 1972:

1) Anon. “Wu-ch'an chieh-chi wen-hua ta ko-ming ch'i-ch'ien ch'u-t'u wen-wu chan-lan chien-chieh” (A brief introduction to an exhibition of cultural relics unearthed during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution). Wen-wu 1972.1:70-86. A discussion of the Chi-nan tomb find appears on pp. 81-82. Note also a full-page color reproduction in pl. 11 preceeding the articles.
The Classroom Communication of Experienced and Inexperienced Teachers of the Deaf
Authors: Savage R.D. , Savage J.F. , Potter J.
Published: August 2016

The aim of the present study is to investigate classroom communication by teachers of the deaf. A comparison will be made of the linguistic content of the communication of experienced and inexperienced teachers using total communication methods in a classroom teaching situation. The implications of the teachers' classroom communication methods for children's language development will be discussed.
Women Priests the Legal Background
Authors: McClean David
Published: August 2016

In the coming months, the General Synod and then the diocesan synods will be considering legislation enabling bishops of the Church of England to ordain women to the office of priest, and making related provisions as to the manner and effect of this change in the law and practice of the Church of England. The purpose of this article is not to examine that draft legislation, which at the time of writing is still being subjected to line-by-line scrutiny in a Revision Committee of the General Synod, but to sketch in some of the legal background against which it was prepared. In particular, there is a fundamental issue: why is legislation needed? To which may be added: why is Parliamentary authority, expressed by the approval of a Measure, required for any necessary change in the Canons?
Famous English Canonists: III John Ayton (or Acton) U.J.D. († 1349)
Authors: Baker J. H.
Published: August 2016

Another well known name from the golden age of the Cambridge law school was that of John ‘of Aton’. The name, however, requires some comment before proceeding to the man. In the printed edition of his work he is ‘de Athon:’ or ‘de Aton’, which Stubbs rendered as Ayton, on the assumption that it derived from the place in Yorkshire. Maitland said it was convenient to follow this spelling, though he pointed out that the papal chancery addressed him as ‘Johannes Johannis de Acton’. ‘Acton’ was used in theDictionary of National Biography, and is now the preferred spelling, though more cautious writers have adopted the neutral ‘Athon’. In view of the strong East Anglian bias of the Cambridge law school in the time of Bishop Bateman, it is possible that the name derived from Acton in Suffolk. But that is only so if the papal chancery may be trusted; Athon is not itself a variant of Acton. If, on the other hand, the spelling in the treatise is preferred – and it certainly seems more common in all the manuscripts – Ayton (formerly Aton) remains a more likely identification than any other. Certainly the doctor's connections in his professional career seem to have been with the north rather than with East Anglia.
Secular Statutes of 1990 with Particular Relevance for the Church
Authors: Harte J. D. C.
Published: August 2016

Education (Student Loans) Act 1990. This Act is controversial because it challenges the established assumption that, subject to means tests, the government should fund fees and maintenance of all students taking first degrees. It envisages a proportion of such cost being met in future as a loan repayable by the student after graduation. The loans may be provided in respect of ‘courses of higher education’ as defined in a Schedule to the Act. These include first degrees and further training courses for teachers or youth and community workers. Thus first degrees in theology and post graduate courses for teachers of Religious Education would be covered. Post graduate degrees are not generally eligible although courses up to first degree level which could be funded would seem to include training for ordination. Loans can only be made in respect of universities and other designated institutions.
What of the Church in Wales?
Authors: Brown Roger Lee
Published: August 2016

Most clerics of the Church in Wales will be aware that many people on the fringe of Church life will describe themselves as belonging to the Church of England, rather than as members of the Church in Wales. A Welsh hospital chaplain recently issued a circular requesting that Anglican patients entering hospital should describe themselves as members of the Church in Wales rather than of the Church in England. Seventy and more years after the disestablishment of the Church in Wales there is thus confusion in the minds of many about the identity of the Church in Wales. Is it, or is it not, part of the Church of England? But if there is confusion in the minds of some about the identity of the Church in Wales, there is equal confusion about its status. What does it mean to belong to a disestablished Church? What does it mean to be a disestablished Church?
A View from Ripon
Authors: Brackenbury Michael
Published: August 2016

On a Friday afternoon towards the end of April, by car, train and aircraft, we converged on the northern city of Ripon, which I would imagine was not too well known to many of us. Despite road works and an accident, which meant that the writer did only 28 miles in his first hour on the A1 and contrary to received wisdom, a dull and rainy south gave way to a bright and (on Saturday) sunny north. All was redeemed on arriving at the college and seeing buildings of varying decades nestling among trees which were obviously there before the first bricks were thought of some 150 years ago. To complete the pastoral scene were Jacob sheep and many jet black lambs – the clerical members of the Society no doubt noted this illustration for future sermons.
Famous English Canon Lawyers: IX Stephen Lushington, D.C.L. († 1873)
Authors: Baker J. H.
Published: August 2016

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Doctors' Commons enjoyed a final flowering before its eradication in the 1860s, and its leading members once again achieved a reputation for scholarship and intellectual distinction. Lord Eldon's brother, William Scott (1745–1836), Lord Stowell, undoubtedly bears a considerable part of the credit for raising the public standing of the Civilian profession. Scott was a remarkable man, and his career was not a conventional one. Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford, at the age of nineteen—in the very year that his neighbour Blackstone across the High became Vinerian Professor—he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple the year after taking his D.C.L., and by 1794 was a bencher of his Inn and a distinguished ecclesiastical judge. Yet not only was Dr Scott a Civilian and a barrister, he also taught for several years at Oxford as Reader in Ancient History, and served as a member of Parliament. In law and politics, Stowell shared the conservative instincts of his brother. While professing to value the principle of religious toleration, he was strenuously opposed to Roman Catholic emancipation in Ireland, which he felt would be ‘setting fire to the country’, while in the Commons in 1815 he urged that sectarians should not be excused from contributing to the maintenance of the established Church. In a letter to Joseph Story in 1820 he explained his opposition to all manner of reform, including moderate reform; the latter he considered particularly dangerous, because a modest reform was easily made and then the violent reformers would rush into the breach.
Outrageous Behaviour
Authors: Barber Paul
Published: August 2016

The past year or so has seen a number of incidents where a public service has been disrupted by a group of people seeking to make a point through the attendant publicity. An example occurred in February 1995 when the gay rights group ‘Outrage’ disrupted the enthronement of the Bishop of Guildford. Such an incident inevitably gives rise to questions of law, and this article intends to survey very briefly the law which is particularly applicable in cases where there are disturbances in places of worship. Of course, both the general law concerning public order and the common law relating to breach of the peace also apply as much within churches as without. However, much is written about them elsewhere.
Public Religion in the English Colonies
Authors: Pearce C. C. Augur
Published: August 2016

It has become almost a commonplace of textbooks that English public ecclesiastical law has no application to the colonies. Halsbury states this baldly and without qualification, relying chiefly on the judgment of the Privy Council in Re Lord Bishop of Natal, a case of unquestioned significance for the development of the family of churches in the English Prayer Book tradition. But both from historical interest and with an eye to those colonies still in being, the issue is one which deserves a second glance. This article will argue that whether or not the Natal decision was right on its facts, the Judicial Committee in that case made an important distinction which later textbook generalisations—and indeed the Crown's advisers at the time—appear to have overlooked; and that other decisions, relied upon in support of such generalisations, can be supported neither from principle nor from earlier practice.