bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Unique Historical Isolate of African Swine Fever Virus Isolate Spencer from Outbreaks in 1951
Authors: Spinard Edward , Dinhobl Mark , Fenster Jacob , Davis Charronne , Borca Manuel V. , Gladue Douglas P.
Published: July 2024

African swine fever (ASF) is a deadly hemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild swine that was first described in the early 20th century after the introduction of European pigs to Kenya. The etiological agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large DNA virus within the Asfarviridae family that is broadly categorized epidemiologically into genotypes based on the nucleotide sequence of B646L, the gene encoding the major capsid protein p72. ASF outbreaks in Africa have been linked historically to 25 genotypes by p72 nucleotide analysis and, recently, to 6 genotypes by amino acid comparison, whereas global outbreaks of ASF outside of Africa have only been linked to 2 genotypes: genotype I, which led to an outbreak in Europe during the 1960s that later spread to South America, and genotype II, responsible for the current pandemic that began in Georgia in 2007 and has since spread to Europe, Asia, and Hispaniola. Here, we present an analysis of the genome of ASFV Spencer, an isolate that was collected in 1951 near Johannesburg, South Africa. While nucleotide analysis of Spencer indicates the p72 coding sequence is unique, differentiating from the closest reference by five nucleotides, the predicted amino acid sequence indicates that it is 100% homologous to contemporary genotype 1. Full genome analysis reveals it is more similar to Mkuzi1979 and encodes genes that share similarity with either genotype 1 or genotype 2 outbreak strains.
High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals New Viroid Species in Opuntia in Mexico
Authors: Ortega-Acosta Candelario , Ochoa-Martínez Daniel L. , Rodríguez-Leyva Esteban
Published: July 2024

In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads (“nopalitos”) which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of “nopalitos” (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, 86 samples including cladodes from “nopalitos”, plants for fruit production, xoconostles, and some wild Opuntia were analyzed via RT-PCR with specific primers for the viruses and viroids previously detected via HTS. Three viruses were discovered [Opuntia virus 2 (OV2), cactus carlavirus 1 (CCV-1), and Opuntia potexvirus A (OPV-A)], along with a previously reported viroid [Opuntia viroid 1 (OVd-1)]. Additionally, two new viroids were identified, provisionally named the Mexican opuntia viroid (MOVd, genus Pospiviroid) and Opuntia viroid 2 (OVd-2, genus Apscaviroid). A phylogenetic analysis, pairwise identity comparison, and conserved structural elements analysis confirmed the classification of these two viroids as new species within the Pospiviroidae family. This is the first report of a pospiviroid and two apscaviroids infecting cactus pears in the world. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the virome associated with cactus pears in Mexico.
Elucidating the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: Natural Infection versus Covaxin/Covishield Vaccination in a South Indian Population
Authors: Vanamudhu Agalya , Devi Arumugam Renuka , Nancy Arul , Selvaraj Nandhini , Moiden Kadar , Hissar Syed , Ranganathan Uma Devi , Bethunaickan Ramalingam , Babu Subash , Kumar Nathella Pavan
Published: July 2024

A natural infection or a vaccination can initially prime the immune system to form immunological memory. The immunity engendered by vaccination against COVID-19 versus natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 has not been well studied in the Indian population. In this study, we compared the immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccines to naturally acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in a South Indian population. We examined binding and neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels against the ancestral and variant lineages and assessed the ex vivo cellular parameters of memory T cells, memory B cells, and monocytes and finally measured the circulating cytokine response. COVID-19 vaccination stimulates heightened levels of IgG antibodies against the original strain of SARS-CoV-2, as well as increased binding to the spike protein and neutralizing antibody levels. This enhanced response extends to variant lineages such as B.1.617.2 (Delta, India), B.1.1.529 (Omicron, India), B.1.351 (Beta, South Africa), and B.1.1.7 (Alpha, UK). COVID-19 vaccination differs from SARS-CoV-2 infection by having increased frequencies of classical memory B cells, activated memory B and plasma cells, CD4/CD8 T cells of effector memory, effector cells, stem cell-like memory T cells, and classical and intermediate monocytes and diminished frequencies of CD4/CD8 T cells of central memory and non-classical monocytes in vaccinated individuals in comparison to those with natural infection. Thus, COVID-19 vaccination is characterized by enhanced humoral responses and robust activation of innate and memory T cell responses in comparison to natural infection in a South Indian population.
The Development of a Multivalent Capripoxvirus-Vectored Vaccine Candidate to Protect against Sheeppox, Goatpox, Peste des Petits Ruminants, and Rift Valley Fever
Authors: Boshra Hani , Blyth Graham A. D. , Truong Thang , Kroeker Andrea , Kara Pravesh , Mather Arshad , Wallace David , Babiuk Shawn
Published: July 2024

Capripoxviruses are the causative agents of sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle, which cause economic losses to the livestock industry in Africa and Asia. Capripoxviruses are currently controlled using several live attenuated vaccines. It was previously demonstrated that a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) field isolate from Warmbaths (WB) South Africa, ORF 005 (IL-10) gene-deleted virus (LSDV WB005KO), was able to protect sheep and goats against sheeppox and goatpox. Subsequently, genes encoding the protective antigens for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) viruses have been inserted in the LSDV WB005KO construct in three different antigen forms (native, secreted, and fusion). These three multivalent vaccine candidates were evaluated for protection against PPR using a single immunization of 104 TCID50 in sheep. The vaccine candidates with the native and secreted antigens protected sheep against PPR clinical disease and decreased viral shedding, as detected using real-time RT-PCR in oral and nasal swabs. An anamnestic antibody response, measured using PPR virus-neutralizing antibody response production, was observed in sheep following infection. The vaccine candidates with the antigens expressed in their native form were evaluated for protection against RVF using a single immunization with doses of 104 or 105 TCID50 in sheep and goats. Following RVF virus infection, sheep and goats were protected against clinical disease and no viremia was detected in serum compared to control animals, where viremia was detected one day following infection. Sheep and goats developed RVFV-neutralizing antibodies prior to infection, and the antibody responses increased following infection. These results demonstrate that an LSD virus-vectored vaccine candidate can be used in sheep and goats to protect against multiple viral infections.
The Problem with Delaying Measles Elimination
Authors: Crowcroft Natasha S. , Minta Anna A. , Bolotin Shelly , Cernuschi Tania , Ariyarajah Archchun , Antoni Sébastien , Mulders Mick N. , Bose Anindya S. , O’Connor Patrick M.
Published: July 2024

Measles is a highly infectious disease leading to high morbidity and mortality impacting people’s lives and economies across the globe. The measles vaccine saves more lives than any other vaccine in the Essential Programme of Immunization and is also the most cost-effective vaccine, with an extremely high return on investment. This makes achieving measles elimination through vaccination a key child health intervention, particularly in low-income countries, where the overwhelming majority of measles deaths continue to occur. All countries and regions of the world have committed to achieving measles elimination, yet many have faced challenges securing political commitment at national and global levels and predictable, timely, and flexible support from global donors, and experienced setbacks during the COVID-19 pandemic. This has happened against a backdrop of stagnant measles vaccination coverage and declining enthusiasm for vertical programmes, culminating in a World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (WHO SAGE) review of the feasibility of measles eradication in 2019. Sustaining the elimination of measles long term is extremely difficult, and some countries have lost or nearly lost their measles elimination status in the face of ongoing importation of cases from neighbouring or closely connected countries in which elimination had been delayed. Thus, a widening equity gap in measles immunisation coverage creates challenges for all countries, not just those facing the greatest burden of measles morbidity and mortality. Delaying elimination of measles in some countries makes it cumulatively harder for all countries to succeed for three principal reasons: increased inequity in measles immunisation coverage makes outbreaks more likely to happen and to be larger; political will is very difficult to sustain; and immunity may wane to a point that transmission is re-established. New strategies are needed to support countries and regions in their vision for a world without measles, including ways to galvanise domestic, regional and global resources and ignite the political will that is essential to make the vision a reality.
Possible Paths to Measles Eradication: Conceptual Frameworks, Strategies, and Tactics
Authors: Winter Amy K. , Moss William J.
Published: July 2024

Measles elimination refers to the interruption of measles virus transmission in a defined geographic area (e.g., country or region) for 12 months or more, and measles eradication refers to the global interruption of measles virus transmission. Measles eradication was first discussed and debated in the late 1960’s shortly after the licensure of measles vaccines. Most experts agree that measles meets criteria for disease eradication, but progress toward national and regional measles elimination has slowed. Several paths to measles eradication can be described, including an incremental path through country-wide and regional measles elimination and phased paths through endgame scenarios and strategies. Infectious disease dynamic modeling can help inform measles elimination and eradication strategies, and all paths would be greatly facilitated by innovative technologies such as microarray patches to improve vaccine access and demand, point-of-contact diagnostic tests to facilitate outbreak responses, and point-of-contact IgG tests to identify susceptible populations. A pragmatic approach to measles eradication would identify and realize the necessary preconditions and clearly articulate various endgame scenarios and strategies to achieve measles eradication with an intensified and coordinated global effort in a specified timeframe, i.e., to “go big and go fast”. To encourage and promote deliberation among a broad array of stakeholders, we provide a brief historical background and key considerations for setting a measles eradication goal.
Building Quality Control for Molecular Assays in the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network
Authors: Bankamp Bettina , Anderson Raydel , Hao Lijuan , Lopareva Elena , Chen Min-hsin , Kim Gimin , Beard R. Suzanne , Mori Yoshio , Otsuki Noriyuki , Ryo Akihido , Rota Paul A.
Published: July 2024

More than 100 laboratories in the World Health Organization Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) perform nucleic acid-based methods for case confirmation of measles or rubella infections and/or strain surveillance (genotyping). The quality of laboratory data is critical to ensure that diagnostic results and country reports to regional verification committees are based on accurate data. A molecular External Quality Assurance (mEQA) program was initiated by the US-CDC in 2014 to evaluate the performance of laboratories in the network. The inclusion of testing for measles and rubella viruses, with a focus on detection and genotyping, plus the diversity of assays and platforms employed required a flexible and comprehensive proficiency testing program. A stepwise introduction of new evaluation criteria gradually increased the stringency of the proficiency testing program, while giving laboratories time to implement the required changes. The mEQA program plays an important role in many processes in the GMRLN, including informing plans for the training of laboratory staff, access to reagents, and the submission of sequence data to global databases. The EQA program for Local Public Health Institutes in Japan is described as an example for national mEQA programs. As more laboratories initiate molecular testing, the mEQA will need to continue to expand and to adapt to the changing landscape for molecular testing.
Delivery and Safety of a Two-Dose Preventive Ebola Virus Disease Vaccine in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Participants during an Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Kavunga-Membo Hugo , Watson-Jones Deborah , Kasonia Kambale , Edwards Tansy , Camacho Anton , Mambula Grace , Tetsa-Tata Darius , Choi Edward Man-Lik , Aboubacar Soumah , Brindle Hannah , Roberts Chrissy , Manno Daniela , Faguer Benjamin , Mossoko Zephyrin , Mukadi Pierre , Kakule Michel , Balingene Benith , Mapendo Esther Kaningu , Makarimi Rockyath , Toure Oumar , Campbell Paul , Mousset Mathilde , Nsaibirni Robert , Ama Ibrahim Seyni , Janvier Kikongo Kambale , Keshinro Babajide , Cissé Badara , Sahani Mateus Kambale , Johnson John , Connor Nicholas , Lees Shelley , Imbault Nathalie , Robinson Cynthia , Grais Rebecca F. , Bausch Daniel G. , Muyembe-Tamfum Jean Jacques
Published: July 2024

During the 2018–2020 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, residents in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, were offered a two-dose prophylactic EVD vaccine. This was the first study to evaluate the safety of this vaccine in pregnant women. Adults, including pregnant women, and children aged ≥1 year old were offered the Ad26.ZEBOV (day 0; dose 1), MVA-BN-Filo (day 56; dose 2) EVD vaccine through an open-label clinical trial. In total, 20,408 participants, including 6635 (32.5%) children, received dose 1. Fewer than 1% of non-pregnant participants experienced a serious adverse event (SAE) following dose 1; one SAE was possibly related to the Ad26.ZEBOV vaccine. Of the 1221 pregnant women, 371 (30.4%) experienced an SAE, with caesarean section being the most common event. No SAEs in pregnant women were considered related to vaccination. Of 1169 pregnancies with a known outcome, 55 (4.7%) ended in a miscarriage, and 30 (2.6%) in a stillbirth. Eleven (1.0%) live births ended in early neonatal death, and five (0.4%) had a congenital abnormality. Overall, 188/891 (21.1%) were preterm births and 79/1032 (7.6%) had low birth weight. The uptake of the two-dose regimen was high: 15,328/20,408 (75.1%). The vaccine regimen was well-tolerated among the study participants, including pregnant women, although further data, ideally from controlled trials, are needed in this crucial group.
Immunogenicity of an Extended Dose Interval for the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola Vaccine Regimen in Adults and Children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Choi Edward Man-Lik , Kasonia Kambale , Kavunga-Membo Hugo , Mukadi-Bamuleka Daniel , Soumah Aboubacar , Mossoko Zephyrin , Edwards Tansy , Tetsa-Tata Darius , Makarimi Rockyath , Toure Oumar , Mambula Grace , Brindle Hannah , Camacho Anton , Connor Nicholas E. , Mukadi Pierre , McLean Chelsea , Keshinro Babajide , Gaddah Auguste , Robinson Cynthia , Luhn Kerstin , Foster Julie , Roberts Chrissy h. , Johnson John Emery , Imbault Nathalie , Bausch Daniel G. , Grais Rebecca F. , Watson-Jones Deborah , Muyembe-Tamfum Jean Jacques
Published: July 2024

During the 2018–2020 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo, a phase 3 trial of the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine (DRC-EB-001) commenced in Goma, with participants being offered the two-dose regimen given 56 days apart. Suspension of trial activities in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic led to some participants receiving a late dose 2 outside the planned interval. Blood samples were collected from adults, adolescents, and children prior to their delayed dose 2 vaccination and 21 days after, and tested for IgG binding antibodies against Ebola virus glycoprotein using the Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group (FANG) ELISA. Results from 133 participants showed a median two-dose interval of 9.3 months. The pre-dose 2 antibody geometric mean concentration (GMC) was 217 ELISA Units (EU)/mL (95% CI 157; 301) in adults, 378 EU/mL (281; 510) in adolescents, and 558 EU/mL (471; 661) in children. At 21 days post-dose 2, the GMC increased to 22,194 EU/mL (16,726; 29,449) in adults, 37,896 EU/mL (29,985; 47,893) in adolescents, and 34,652 EU/mL (27,906; 43,028) in children. Participants receiving a delayed dose 2 had a higher GMC at 21 days post-dose 2 than those who received a standard 56-day regimen in other African trials, but similar to those who received the regimen with an extended interval.
Formulation Development of a COVID-19 Recombinant Spike Protein-Based Vaccine
Authors: Xiao Emily , Mirabel Clémentine , Clénet Didier , Zhu Shaolong , James Andrew , Ettorre Luciano , Williams Trevor , Szeto Jason , Rahman Nausheen , Ausar Salvador Fernando
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study was to develop a formulation for a recombinant prefusion spike protein vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. It was found that the spike protein was susceptible to aggregation due to mechanical stress. Therefore, formulation studies were initiated focused on screening pharmaceutical excipients capable of preventing this. The screening of a panel of potential stabilizing conditions found that Tween 20 could inhibit mechanically induced aggregation. A concentration-dependent study indicated that a higher concentration of Tween 20 (0.2% v/v) was required to prevent conformational changes in the trimer. The conformational changes induced by mechanical stress were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), indicating the formation of an extended trimeric conformation that was also unable to bind to antibodies directed to the S2 domain. Long-term stability modeling, using advanced kinetic analysis, indicated that the formulation containing 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20 at a neutral pH was predicted to be stable for at least two years at 2 °C to 8 °C. Additional stabilizer screening conducted by thermal shift assay indicated that sucrose and glycerol were able to significantly increase the spike protein melting temperature (Tm) and improve the overall thermostability of the spike protein in a short-term stability study. Thus, while 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20 was sufficient to prevent aggregation and to maintain spike protein stability under refrigeration, the addition of sucrose further improved vaccine thermostability. Altogether, our study provides a systematic approach to the formulation of protein-based COVID-19 vaccine and highlights the impact of mechanical stress on the conformation of the spike protein and the significance of surfactants and stabilizers in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the spike protein.
Changes in Snow Cover and Its Surface Temperature across the Tibetan Plateau Region from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Li Zhihan , Chen Qikang , Deng Zhuoying , Yang Minjie , Zhou Qi , Zhang Hengming
Published: July 2024

Currently, the global climate system is complex and ever-changing, with multiple factors influencing climate change. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, known as the “Third Pole” of the Earth, is particularly sensitive to global climate change. Without timely and scientific research on the ecological environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and without summarizing relevant adaptive strategies, global climate change will impact the sustainable development of the plateau. This study utilized Landsat remote sensing images from 2000 to 2020 to extract the snow cover area and snow temperature of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using the snow frequency threshold method. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of snow cover and temperature over the 20-year period and investigated some of the climate and topographical driving factors influencing their changes. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the permanent snow cover area in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau region showed a fluctuating decreasing trend, reducing from approximately 12.34 thousand km2 to around 9.01 thousand km2; the permanent snow temperature showed an initial increase followed by a decrease during the same period. The highest annual average snow temperature was approximately −3.478 °C, while the lowest annual average temperature was around −8.150 °C. Over the 20-year period, the snow cover area in the plateau was negatively correlated with temperature and precipitation, while snow temperature was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. The snow cover in the weak wind areas of the plateau showed a significant reduction. Areas with higher average wind speeds, such as shaded slopes and semi-shaded slopes, had larger snow cover areas. These research findings provide important insights into the protection and management of the ecological environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.
Towards a Sustainable Structure of an Urban Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Based on Network and Hierarchy Analysis
Authors: Sun Chengshuang , Li Guangxia , Zhou Ke , Huang Daohan , Luo Qianmai
Published: July 2024

Water, energy, and food (WEF) are critical resources to sustain urban development, which requires a sustainable structure of the urban WEF nexus to address trade-offs and achieve synergies. Although interactions in the WEF nexus are widely explored, its sustainable structure has largely been ignored. This study constructs a framework of WEF nexus sustainability factors. Based on a literature review and expert opinions, 21 factors influencing urban WEF nexus sustainability were extracted and their interrelationships determined. We used social network analysis (SNA) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) to analyze the structure of the urban WEF network. The results indicate that technological investment and industrial added-value energy consumption are the most critical and fundamental factors for promoting the sustainable development of the urban WEF nexus. Additionally, the balance of water supply and demand and the comprehensive management of waste pollutants are also driving and supporting factors for the sustainability of the urban WEF nexus. The results of this study complement the interaction mechanism research of the urban WEF nexus and provide practical references for sustainable decision-making in urban WEF nexus practices.
The Contradictory Issue of the Impact of Antecedent Soil Moisture to Interrill Erosion in Clay Soil: A Two-Year Field Study
Authors: Chen Yu-Da , Wu Chia-Chun
Published: July 2024

The impact of antecedent soil moisture content on soil erosion has been a contradictory issue in erosion research, as well as process-based soil loss estimation models. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of antecedent soil moisture content on the loss of clay soil through two-year runoff plot experiments under natural rainfall. Volumetric soil moisture sensors were used to monitor soil moisture changes, and readings were used along with rainfall records to quantify the antecedent soil moisture conditions. The results of this study show that the impact of antecedent soil moisture on interrill erosion is conditional, and the impact only exists in erosion events with a low Rainfall–Runoff Erosivity Index. The coefficient of determination between antecedent soil moisture content and soil loss per the Rainfall–Runoff Erosivity Index (Soil Loss/EI30) varies from 0.222 to 0.758, depending on the rainfall duration and Rainfall–Runoff Erosivity. The results of this study also suggest that accumulative rainfall within 48 h (Pp48) prior to an effective erosion event is strongly correlated with Soil Loss/EI30, particularly when the duration of an effective erosion event is either 3~7 h or 10~30 h. Hence, Pp48 can be considered as a replacement for antecedent soil moisture in process-based soil loss simulation models.
Crop Water Use and a Gravity Model Exploration of Virtual Water Trade in Ghana’s Cereal Agriculture
Authors: Tette Alexander Sessi Kosi , Odey Golden , Ahmad Mirza Junaid , Adelodun Bashir , Choi Kyung-Sook
Published: July 2024

Agricultural water productivity is crucial for sustainability amidst the escalating demand for food. Cereals are pivotal in providing nutritious food at affordable prices. This study was based on Ghanaian data spanning from 1992 to 2021 to evaluate water usage in the cultivation of major cereals. It also examined the virtual water losses or gains in cereal trade alongside influencing factors. The analysis utilized secondary data encompassing the virtual water content, production quantity, export and import quantities, distance, GDP per capita, population, and land per capita of Ghana and its 75 trade partners. In the last 5 years, crop water use (CWU) reached an average of 7.08 billion m3/yr for maize, 3.48 billion m3/yr for rice, 1.08 billion m3/yr for sorghum, and 0.63 billion m3/yr for millet production. Ghana’s major partners for exported virtual water (EVW) were Niger, Burkina Faso, South Africa, and Togo. Major partners for imported virtual water (IVW) were Argentina, South Africa, Ukraine, Togo, Russia, Burkina Faso, Canada, Senegal, Nigeria, Portugal, UK, Niger, and the USA. The Panel Least Squares Method of regression was used to apply the Gravity Model principle in assessing influencing factors. The findings indicate that Ghana is a net importer of virtual water in the cereal trade, with significant influences from geographical distance, GDP per capita, population, land per capita, and cereal water use.
Effects of Fresh Groundwater and Seawater Mixing Proportions and Salt-Freshwater Displacement on Coastal Aquifer Microbial Communities
Authors: Chen Lin , Ma Meng , Li Xiao , Yu Kun , Zhi Chuanshun , Cheng Long , Ma Hongwei , Wang Zhuo , Qian Xin
Published: July 2024

Seawater intrusion significantly affects the microbial communities within coastal aquifers. Investigating the spatial distribution of groundwater microbial communities in coastal regions is crucial for understanding seawater intrusion. The primary objective of this study is to develop a novel microbial index-based method for detecting seawater intrusion. Groundwater microbial samples were collected and sent to the laboratory in the west coastal area of Longkou City, Shandong Province. By characterizing the microbial community within the whole interval of seawater intrusion into fresh groundwater and discussing the effects of salt-freshwater displacement intensities on groundwater microbial communities, including diversity, structure, and function, using indoor domestication experiments, we reveal the response of microorganisms to the seawater intrusion process under in situ environmental conditions. The results show that the microbial community diversity is highest in environments with a seawater mixing proportion (P(sm)) of 2.5% and lowest in those with a P(sm) of 75%. When considering species abundance and evolutionary processes, the microbial community structure is similar at higher P(sm) levels, while it is similar at lower P(sm) levels based on the presence or absence of species. Tenericutes, Flavobacteriia, Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Cohaesibacteraceae, and Cohaesibacter are significantly positively correlated with the P(sm). Strong salt-freshwater displacement enhanced the richness and evenness of the microbial community, whereas weak displacement showed the opposite trend. Strong displacement affects the functional profiles of the microbial community. This study effectively addressed the challenge of obtaining samples in coastal areas and also incorporated salt-freshwater displacement intensities, which can more comprehensively describe the microbial community characteristics within the groundwater of coastal aquifers.
Optimising the use of the prostate- specific antigen blood test in asymptomatic men for early prostate cancer detection in primary care: report from a UK clinical consensus
Authors: Harding Thomas A , Martin Richard M , Merriel Samuel WD , Jones Robert , O’Sullivan Joe M , Kirby Mike , Olajide Oluwabunmi , Norman Alexander , Bhatt Jaimin , Hulson Oliver , Martins Tanimola , Gnanapragasam Vincent J , Aning Jonathan , Burgess Meg , Rosario Derek J , Pashayan Nora , Tesfai Abel , Norori Natalia , Rylance Amy , Seggie Andrew
Published: July 2024

Background

Screening is not recommended for prostate cancer in the UK. Asymptomatic men aged ≥50 years can request a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test following counselling on potential harms and benefits. There are areas of clinical uncertainty among GPs, resulting in the content and quality of counselling varying.

Aim

To produce a consensus that can influence guidelines for UK primary care on the optimal use of the PSA test in asymptomatic men for early prostate cancer detection.

Design and setting

Prostate Cancer UK facilitated a RAND/UCLA consensus.

Method

Statements covering five topics were developed with a subgroup of experts. A panel of 15 experts in prostate cancer scored (round one) statements on a scale of one (strongly disagree) to nine (strongly agree). Panellists met to discuss statements before rescoring (round two). A lived experience panel of seven men scored a subset of statements with outcomes fed into the main panel.

Results

Of the initial 94 statements reviewed by the expert panel, a final 48/85 (56%) achieved consensus. In the absence of screening, there was consensus on proactive approaches to initiate discussions about the PSA test with men who were at higher-than-average risk.

Conclusion

Improvements in the prostate cancer diagnostic pathway may have reduced some of the harms associated with PSA testing; however, several areas of uncertainty remain in relation to screening, including optimal PSA thresholds for referral and intervals for retesting. There is consensus on proactive approaches to testing in higher-than-average risk groups. This should prompt a review of current guidelines.
DI(4-METHOXYPHENYL)TELLUROXIDE AS A CATALYST IN THE ALDOLS CONDENSATION REACTION
Authors: Редькин Н.А. , Корсиков Д.А.
Published: July 2024

Работа посвящена изучению реакции альдольной конденсации в присутствии теллурорганического катализатора. Было исследовано протекание реакции между 3,4-диметоксибензальдегидом с п-бромацетофеноном в присутствии гидроксида натрия и ди(4-метоксифенил)теллуроксида. Показано, что на протекание химических реакций конденсации влияют концентрация катализатора, природа растворителя, температура.

The work is devoted to the study of the aldol condensation reaction in the presence of an organotellurium catalyst. The reaction between 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and p-bromoacetophenone in the presence of sodium hydroxide and di(4-methoxyphenyl)telluroxide was studied. It has been shown that the occurrence of chemical condensation reactions is influenced by the concentration of the catalyst, the nature of the solvent, and temperature.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UREA SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Дубенко И.В. , Карасева И.Н. , Попова Ю.В.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассмотрены наиболее востребованные технологии «карбамидной» отрасли на различных предприятиях России. Предложены основные направления модернизации технологических решений для обеспечения производственной и экологической безопасности синтеза карбамида.

The article discusses the most popular technologies in the “urea” industry at various enterprises in Russia. The main directions of modern technological solutions to ensure the production and safety of urea synthesis are proposed.
ANALYSIS OF ADSORPTION METHODS FOR GAS PURIFICATION USING THE EXAMPLE OF SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES
Authors: Гаврилова У.С. , Карасева И.Н. , Попова Ю.В.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассмотрены некоторые адсорбционные методы очистки газов от примесей при помощи синтетических цеолитов, их преимущества перед другими методами очистки. Показана сравнительная способность адсорбционной очистки от CO2, H2S c помощью цеолитов и активированных углей.

The article discusses some adsorption methods for purifying gases from impurities using synthetic zeolite, their advantages over other purification methods. The comparative ability of adsorption purification from СO2, H2S using zeolites and activated carbons is shown.
THE CONTENT OF WATER-SOLUBLE SUGARS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN THE LEAVES OF WILD PLANTS OF SAMARSKAYA LUKA
Authors: Богданова Е.С. , Розенцвет О.А. , Нестеров В.Н. , Гребенкина Т.М.
Published: July 2024

Изучено содержание биологически активных соединений (БАС) в пяти видах растений, произрастающих на территории национального парка Самарская Лука. Из предварительно высушенных листьев были выделены водорастворимые фенольные соединения и углеводы. Наибольшее их количество обнаружено в растениях Arctostaphylos uva-ursi и Thymus zheguliensis (544,9, 499,1 мг/г и 166,2, 46,2 мг/г сухой массы, соответственно). Концентрация фотосинтетических пигментов, выделенных из свежей массы листьев, варьировала от 2,5 до 4,4 мг/г сухой массы. Самое низкое содержание исследованных типов БАС отмечено в растениях Ephedra distachya.

The content of biologically active compounds (BAC) in five plant species growing on the territory of the Samarskaya Luka National Park was studied. Water-soluble phenolic compounds and carbohydrates were isolated from pre-dried leaves. Their greatest amount was found in plants Arctostaphylos uva-ursiand Thymus zheguliensis (544.9, 499.1 mg/g and 166.2, 46.2 mg/g dry weight, respectively). The concentration of photosynthetic pigments isolated from the fresh mass of leaves varied from 2.5 to 4.4 mg/g dry mass. The lowest content of the studied BAC types was noted in Ephedra distachya plants.
«GREEN SYNTHESIS» OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AG-NPS) USING AQUEOUS-ETHANOL PLANT EXTRACTS
Authors: Алексашина С.А.
Published: July 2024

В настоящее время популярность получил широкий спектр наноструктур. Ввиду своей простоты, низкой стоимости, более высокого восстановительного потенциала, а также низкого воздействия на окружающую среду процесс синтеза на основе растительных экстрактов недавно стал одним из активных направлений современных нанобиотехнологических исследований. На процесс образования наноструктур влияет множество факторов. Были получены растворы наночастиц серебра (Ag-NPS) с использованием экстракта Astragalus L. На основании изменения цвета можно сделать вывод, что на скорость образования наночастиц существенно влияет рН среды – с увеличением значения до рН 9 раствор приобретает более интенсивную окраску.

Currently, there is a growing popularity for a wide range of nanostructures. Due to their simplicity, low cost, higher reducing potential, and minimal environmental impact, synthesis processes based on plant extracts have recently become one of the active directions in modern nanobiotechnology research. The formation of nanostructures is influenced by numerous factors. Solutions of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were obtained using an extract of Astragalus L. Based on the color change, it can be concluded that the pH of the medium significantly affects the rate of nanoparticle formation – as the pH value increases to pH 9, the solution acquires a more intense color without.
THE USE OF FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PACKAGING MATERIALS
Authors: Червоткина Д.Р. , Борисова А.В.
Published: July 2024

Большое количество отходов, остающихся в процессе переработки и потребления фруктов и овощей, представляет серьезную проблему для окружающей среды. Поэтому целесообразно искать пути решения проблемы и наиболее полно извлекать ценные вещества из кожуры фруктов. Кожура граната содержит ценные питательные компоненты, которые могут быть использованы в различных применениях. В статье сообщается о положительном опыте применения экстракта кожуры граната в составе упаковочной пленки для хранения пищевых продуктов.

The large amount of waste remaining during the processing and consumption of fruits and vegetables is a serious problem for the environment. Therefore, it is advisable to look for ways to solve the problem and extract valuable substances from the peel of fruits as fully as possible. Pomegranate peel contains valuable nutritional components that can be used in various applications. The article reports on the positive experience of using pomegranate peel extract as part of a packaging film for food storage.
INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Authors: Макрушин Н.А. , Кашинская А.В. , Трошина В.А. , Дульнев А.В. , Афанасьев С.В.
Published: July 2024

В работе выполнен обзор по катализаторам, используемым в процессах производства водорода, которые выпускаются ООО «НИАП-КАТАЛИЗАТОР» в промышленном масштабе. Их использование позволяет проводить очистку природного газа для его последующей конверсии с водяным паром с целью получения водорода и его дальнейшей очистки, а также осуществлять очистку водородсодержащих газов от различных примесей. Многолетний опыт эксплуатации многих из приведенных катализаторов подтвердил их высокую эффективность и надежность.

The work provides a review of catalysts used in hydrogen production processes, which are produced by NIAP-KATALIZATOR LLC on an industrial scale. Their use makes it possible to purify natural gas for its subsequent conversion with water vapor to produce hydrogen and its further purification, as well as to purify hydrogen-containing gases from various impurities. Many years of experience in operating many of the above catalysts has confirmed their high efficiency and reliability.
DEVELOPMENT OF HEATING FLUIDS BASED ON ORGANIC MIXTURES
Authors: Казакова А.И.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассмотрены системы с участием дифенила. Методами Шредера, UNIFAC и UNIFAC Dortmundрассчитаны диаграмма плавкости исследуемых систем. С применением дифференциального сканирующего микрокалориметра экспериментально исследованы индивидуальные вещества и их смеси. Изученные составы являются эвтектическими, поэтому полученные органические смеси могут быть рекомендованы к использованию в качестве теплоносителя, а также рабочего тела теплового аккумулятора.

The article discusses systems involving biphenyl. The fusibility diagram of the systems under study was calculated using the Schroeder, UNIFAC and UNIFAC Dortmund methods. Individual substances and their mixtures were experimentally studied using a differential scanning microcalorimeter. The studied compositions are eutectic, therefore the resulting organic mixtures can be recommended for use as a coolant, as well as a working fluid of a heat accumulator.
INCREASING THE ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS OF DIESEL FUEL
Authors: Шатилов К.В. , Юсупов Р.Р.
Published: July 2024

В проектной работе определены преимущества и недостатки биодизельного топлива в сравнении с нефтяным дизельным топливом, рассмотрены возможности приобретения и создания собственного производства биодизеля. В практической части синтезирована проба биодизеля с дальнейшим её смешением с нефтяным дизельным топливом. Определено оптимальное соотношение смеси биодизеля и дизельного топлива. Выполнена оценка влияния на окружающую среду полученной смеси экологичного топлива. Предложен проект по внедрению экологичного топлива в АО «НК НПЗ».

The project work identified the advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel fuel in comparison with petroleum diesel fuel, and considered the possibilities of purchasing and creating one’s own biodiesel production. In the practical part, a biodiesel sample was synthesized and then mixed with petroleum diesel fuel. The optimal ratio of the mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel was determined. An assessment of the environmental impact of the resulting mixture of environmentally friendly fuel was carried out. A project has been proposed for the introduction of environmentally friendly fuel at JSC NK Refinery.
METHOD FOR REDUCING THE ZONE OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION WITH DESTRUCTION OF A CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECT
Authors: Жуков Д.В. , Коновалов Н.А.
Published: July 2024

В статье проведен анализ существующих технических решений по сокращению зон поражения территорий, расположенных в непосредственной близости с опасными производственными объектами, при разрушении емкостей с ядовитыми и химически опасными веществами. Проанализирована и уточнена расчетная методика, приведенная в своде правил «Инженерно-технические мероприятия по гражданской обороне». Предложен способ и техническое решение, позволяющие дополнительно снизить зону негативного воздействия в случае аварийных разливов АХОВ, основанные на сокращении объемов испарения жидкостей за счет снижения площади испарения.

The article analizes the most advanced technical solutions to reduce the affected areas of territories located in close proximity to hazardous production facilities, when the destruction of containers with toxic and chemically hazardous substances. The calculation methodology has been analyzed and refined given in the set of rules «Engineering and technical measures for civil defense». A method and technical solution are proposed that allows additionally reduce the area of negative impact in the event of accidental spills of hazardous substances, based on reducing the volume of evaporation of liquids due to the reduction of the evaporation area.
THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE HYDROGENATION OF A SERIES OF HETOOROGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE PROCESS OF PROCESS GAS PURIFICATION
Authors: Макрушин Н.А. , Кондрашова А.С. , Кабанова Д.Н. , Кашинская А.В. , Дульнев А.В. , Добрыднев С.В.
Published: July 2024

Проведен теоретический и экспериментальный анализ процесса влияния метионина на никелевый катализатор восстановления и изомеризации растительных масел в процессе их гидрирования до жиров. С помощью квантовохимических программ, а также экспериментальных методов исследования (рентгенофазовый анализ, дериватография, температурно-программируемое восстановление и др.) показано влияние метионина на катализатор в процессе получения твердых жиров путем гидрирования растительных масел.

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the process of the influence of methionine on a nickel catalyst for the reduction and isomerization of vegetable oils in the process of their hydrogenation to fats was carried out. Using quantum chemical programs, as well as experimental research methods (X-ray phase analysis, derivatography, temperature-programmed reduction, etc.), the effect of methionine on the catalyst in the process of producing solid fats by hydrogenation of vegetable oils is shown.
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS AS A REFLECTION OF THE MODERNITY OF SOCIETY
Authors: Мазур З.Ф. , Кудинова Г.Э. , Мазур Н.З.
Published: July 2024

Одним из важнейших стратегических приоритетов социально-экономического развития России в настоящее время является формирование современной национальной инновационной системы на основе экологических инноваций. В статье рассматриваются основные нормативно-законодательные документы в области экологии и реализованные в патентах, согласно имеющегося патентного фонда Роспатента. Активная деятельность в области экологических инноваций и патентования, защита авторских прав создают благоприятные условия для развития инновационной деятельности, обеспечивающей ускоренное продвижение инноваций в экономику и социальную сферу и являющейся отражением современности общества.

One of the most important strategic priorities of Russia's socio-economic development at present is the formation of a modern national innovation system based on environmental innovations. The article discusses the main regulatory and legislative documents in the field of ecology and implemented in patents, according to the existing patent fund of Rospatent. Active activity in the field of environmental innovation and patenting, copyright protection creates favorable conditions for the development of innovative activities that ensure the accelerated promotion of innovations in the economy and social sphere and is a reflection of the modernity of society.
A biodegradable analogue of a plastic bag from food waste
Authors: Середкин И.А. , Сабанцев В.В. , Сучугов Я.В. , Тёскин К.А. , Гуляева А.Н. , Воронина М.С.
Published: July 2024

В данной статье авторы рассуждают о вреде, который человек причинил экологии планеты в результате развития промышленности и использования пластика. Авторы предлагают решение проблемы в виде биоразлагаемого полимерного пакета, созданного из пищевых отходов. Через исследование разложения пакета в почве с использованием отходов пищевого производства авторы пришли к выводу, что пакеты разлагаются полностью при определенных условиях. Описан эксперимент, в котором кусочки пакетов были разделены на три категории с разными уровнями полива и проведено наблюдение за процессом разложения и изменениями в свойствах пакетов.

In this article, the authors discuss the harm that humans have caused to the ecology of the planet as a result of industrial development and the use of plastic. The authors propose a solution to the problem in the form of a biodegradable polymer bag created from food waste. Through a study of bag decomposition in soil using food waste, the authors concluded that bags decompose completely under certain conditions. An experiment is described in which pieces of bags were divided into three categories with different levels of watering, and the decomposition process and changes in the properties of the bags were observed.
В.Г. АФАНАСЬЕВ, Ф.Л. СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ, И.В. ВОЛОШИНОВА. ВЫПУСКНИК ГОРНОГО ИНСТИТУТА БАРОН ПЕТР ВРАНГЕЛЬ: ЖИЗНЬ И СУДЬБА. СПБ.: САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ГОРНЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИМЕНИ Г.В. ПЛЕХАНОВА (ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ), 2010. 199 С. ANTHONY KRÖNER. THE WHITE KNIGHT OF THE BLACK SEA. THE LIFE OF THE GENERAL PETER WRANGEL. THE HAGUE, LEUXENHOFF PUBLISHING. 2010. 426 P. Э. КРОНЕР. БЕЛАЯ АРМИЯ, ЧЕРНЫЙ БАРОН: ЖИЗНЬ ГЕНЕРАЛА ПЕТРА ВРАНГЕЛЯ / ПЕР. С АНГЛ. Т.П. ТЕТЕРЕВЛЕВОЙ. М.: РОССИЙСКАЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ (РОССПЭН), 2011. 463 С.
Authors: Исхаков С.М.
Published: July 2024

Рецензируется монография отечественных исследователей В.Г. Афанасьева, Ф.Л. Севастьянова, И.В. Волошиновой и переведенная на русский язык книга голландского исследователя Э. Кронера, посвященные жизни и деятельности Петра Николаевича Врангеля.
ДЕМОБИЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1918 ГОДА (К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ СОВНАРХОЗОВ)
Authors: Морозов В.Ю.
Published: July 2024

Автором рассмотрены ход и результаты политики советской власти по демобилизации промышленности в первой половине 1918 года на примере Самарской, Саратовской и Симбирской губерний России. Этот процесс показан в разрезе руководства советами народного хозяйства. Особо обращено внимание на проблемы, которые привели к незавершенности этой политики.
ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИЯ "ОБРАЗА ВРАГА" В ПЕРИОД ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ В ДОНСКОЙ САТИРИЧЕСКОЙ ГРАФИКЕ
Authors: Братолюбова М.В.
Published: July 2024

Предпринята попытка проследить специфику визуализации образа врага сквозь зеркало военной карикатуры. Охарактеризованы стратегии исключения чужих в донской периодической печати периода Первой мировой войны.
Н.Е. ДОБРОНРАВОВ. КРОВАВЫЕ ЖЕРТВЫ. ДЕСЯТИДНЕВНЫЙ БОЙ ПОД МУКДЕНОМ
Authors: Морозов В.Ю. , Александров А.В.
Published: July 2024

Публикация редкого издания о Русско-японской войне (Добронравов Н.Е. Кровавые жертвы. Десятидневный бой под Мукденом: составлено по последним официальным сведениям).