bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compliance, Resistance and Pragmatism: The (re)construction of schoolteacher identities in a period of intensive educational reform
Authors: Moore Alex , Edwards Gwyn , Halpin David , George Rosalyn
Published: August 2002

Drawing on empirical research, this article explores the ways in which schoolteachers ‘reposition’ themselves in the face of rapid and extensive educational change, some of which they may view with ambivalence or hostility. Arguing that local responses to public policy are prompting teachers to become increasingly pragmatic in their philosophies and practice, the article identifies and illustrates two distinct forms of pragmatism: ‘principled pragmatism’, through which teachers who feel generally positive towards recent reforms feel able to strengthen and affirm their pedagogic identities by drawing eclectically on a range of educational practices and traditions; and ‘contingent pragmatism’, adopted by teachers in oppositional orientations to reform, whereby enforced reactions to policy change take on something of the function of a survival strategy. The article suggests that a consequence ‐ and possible cause ‐ of the adoption of self‐consciously pragmatic teacher identities is the effective depoliticisation of teachers through an internalisation of current dominant discourses of compromise.
Performance measurement: a look at some possible dysfunctions
Authors: Halachmi Arie
Published: August 2002

Performance measurement can promote both accountability and improved performance but schemes that are geared for one purpose may not be ideal for promoting the other. This paper suggests that performance measurement can involve the siphoning of resources from “production” to overhead (under noble pretenses) and that this may not foster greater value for money.
Virtual offices: understanding and managing what you cannot see
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , Raiszadeh Farhad M.E.
Published: August 2002

To achieve their business objectives, many companies are exploring varying degrees of virtuality or remote working (away from the office location), facilitated by technology. Managers have to decide when, where, and for whom such virtuality is appropriate to ensure that rewards are maximized for the staff and for the organization. This paper explores the challenges for managers in establishing virtual offices or teams. It suggests that successful virtual offices require more than just technology. They require radical new approaches to evaluating, educating, organizing and informing workers. The real challenge in maximizing the virtual experience lies in designing the organization structure and processes to achieve agreed goals.
Business continuity planning
Authors: Savage Mick
Published: August 2002

The 11 September tragedy in the USA has provided a wake up call to remind businesses of the need for adequate disaster recovery and business continuity planning. A business continuity plan must be comprehensive and up to date. This paper outlines the key content of such a plan and the issues to be addressed in drawing one up to ensure it meets real business recovery needs. Continues the plan through to the actions needed to handle an actual emergency.
The stock market reaction to fraudulent financial reporting
Authors: Cox Raymond A.K. , Weirich Thomas R.
Published: August 2002

Explores the impact that recent fraudulent financial reporting has had on the capital markets. Attempts to examine the stock market reaction, both to return and risk, to fraudulent financial reporting that has occurred in major corporations during the decade 1990‐1999. Finds that capital market impact is significant in dollar terms with strong negative announcement effects the day before and on the day of a news event. Concludes that auditor and regulator vigilance needs to be strongly maintained in monitoring firms’ financial reporting.
The development of auditing standards and the certified public accounting profession in China
Authors: Cooper Barry J. , Chow Lynne , Yun Wei Tang
Published: August 2002

The organisational framework for the development of auditing in China evolved from government audit, internal audit and public audit institutions and subsequently provided the focus for services offered by the certified public accounting firms. By the mid 1990s, China’s independent auditing standards were being issued, incorporating the General Independent Auditing Standard, specific auditing standards and practice pronouncements. The standards, while largely modelled on international standards, nevertheless reflected China’s unique transition to a market economy. However, there are a number of issues in the public accounting profession in China that have yet to be resolved, to ensure the application of auditing standards that are in line with international norms. These issues revolve around professional competence, independence, ethical standards and auditing practice. Nevertheless, with an established credible auditing standards framework in place and the ongoing upgrading of educational and training standards of CPAs, the profession in China is heading in the right direction.
Learning in libraries: lessons for staff
Authors: McNicol Sarah
Published: August 2002

The mere provision of resources is rarely sufficient to meet the learning needs of library users. Learners also require assistance from staff, first to identify their needs, and then to ensure these are met successfully. An understanding of the possible barriers that may prevent learning taking place and an appreciation of the factors that motivate people to learn can help library staff to meet the learning needs of their users more effectively. As providing support for learners is assuming increasing importance in libraries, librarians will need a broad understanding of learning methods in order to recognise the many and varied ways in which their users approach learning. An appreciation of some of the concepts and techniques of both formal and informal education should, therefore, be delivered as part of librarians’ initial training, with additional opportunities to develop skills provided through continuing professional development.
Book Express: a mini‐library for rail commuters
Authors: Flores Alan A.
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the development and operation of a new and unique public library service in Gosford, Australia. It explains that although the library had been thriving for 50 years, a mixture of causes was creating the effect of reducing loans. Details are provided as to the method the library used to target specific non‐users with a service tailored to their needs so as to increase loans. The new service is called “Book Express” and enables rail commuters to borrow material as they rush to catch their morning train. The service differs in that it is provided at 5.30 a.m. when all other libraries are closed and is physically located outside. The paper outlines in detail what is required to set the service up, the costs, how results are measured and alternative uses. Usage and publicity has been above expectation. It recommends that minimalist libraries be considered as a cost‐effective alternative to doing nothing at all.
Historic libraries and their enduring value
Authors: Martin Elisabeth
Published: August 2002

The preservation of historic library buildings can produce results that meet or surpass expectations. Discusses key features that greatly impact on the renovation of libraries in general, and historic libraries in particular. Renovation with preservation sensitivity is not merely a re‐creation of the library building as it existed when it was built. Renovated historic libraries must provide for today’s collections and services, climatic controls, comfort levels, ergonomics, accessibility standards and desired amenities. The skillful integration of inviting new spaces and uses can actually enhance the existing historic building. The ease with which expanded services can be integrated is a testament to the innate flexibility of these profoundly civic structures. Historic library buildings afford infinite renovation possibilities. These inspirational buildings exude a civic presence and serve a vital purpose in connecting and enriching communities. Restorations of these grand and evocative civic buildings can preserve and transform their awe‐inspiring spaces to serve generations to come.
Misplaced marketing “Mine is the blue one on the left”: function and dysfunction of pharmaceutical brand names
Authors: Rotfeld Herbert Jack
Published: August 2002

Looks at the use of brand names in the pharmaceutical industry in comparison with generic versions. Gives a brief history of brand name development. Concludes that brand names for pharmaceutical drugs should be banned since this is open to abuse in the area of cost enhancement.
Science resources: does the Internet make them cheaper, better?
Authors: Lawal Ibironke
Published: August 2002

Over the past several years the price of science, technical and medicine (STM) materials has been increasing steadily at a rate unimaginable and unexplainable in economical terms. Over the same period of time, there has been a technological revolution that would change the way libraries deliver their services forever. The Internet and, subsequently, the Web have become the greatest delivery options available to publishing. Hence, one of the suggested solutions to the serials crisis was to eliminate the typesetting, printing and distribution costs of journals with the hope that that would make them cheaper, speed up the distribution process and give end‐users more control. This paper focuses on whether the Internet has made STM resources cheaper or better. In order to gather information, a survey and interviews of science librarians in academic institutions and STM publishers and vendors were conducted.
Efficient parallel computations of flows of arbitrary fluids for all regimes of Reynolds, Mach and Grashof numbers
Authors: Mulas M. , Chibbaro S. , Delussu G. , Di Piazza I. , Talice M.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a unified numerical method able to address a wide class of fluid flow problems of engineering interest. Arbitrary fluids are treated specifying totally arbitrary equations of state, either in analytical form or through look‐up tables. The most general system of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations is integrated with a coupled implicit preconditioned method. The method can stand infinite CFL number and shows the efficiency of a quasi‐Newton method independent of the multi‐block partitioning on parallel machines. Computed test cases ranging from inviscid hydrodynamics, to natural convection loops of liquid metals, and to supersonic gasdynamics, show a solution efficiency independent of the class of fluid flow problem.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer in a square duct
Authors: Piller M. , Nobile E.
Published: August 2002

The results from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent, incompressible flow through a square duct, with an imposed temperature difference between the horizontal walls, are presented. The vertical walls are assumed perfectly insulated, and the Reynolds number, based on the bulk velocity and the hydraulic diameter, is about 4400. Our results indicate that secondary motions do not affect dramatically global parameters, like the friction factor and the Nusselt number, with respect to the plane‐channel flow, but the distributions of the local shear stress and heat flux at the walls are highly non‐uniform, due to the presence of these secondary motions. It is also shown that an eddy‐diffusivity approach is capable to reproduce well the turbulent heat flux. All simulations were performed by an efficient finite volume algorithm. A description of the numerical algorithm, together with an analysis of time‐accuracy, is included. The OpenMP parallel programming language was exploited to obtain a moderately‐scalable application.
Influence of a magnetic field on liquid metal free convection in an internally heated cubic enclosure
Authors: Ciofalo Michele , Cricchio Fabrizio
Published: August 2002

The buoyancy‐driven magnetohydrodynamic flow in a cubic enclosure was investigated by three‐dimensional numerical simulation. The enclosure was volumetrically heated by a uniform power density and cooled along two opposite vertical walls, all remaining walls being adiabatic. A uniform magnetic field was applied orthogonally to the gravity vector and to the temperature gradient. The Prandtl number was 0.0321 (characteristic of Pb–17Li at 300°C), the Rayleigh number was 104, and the Hartmann number was made to vary between 0 and 2×103. The steady‐state Navier–Stokes equations, in conjunction with a scalar transport equation for the fluid's enthalpy and with the Poisson equation for the electrical potential, were solved by a finite volume method using a purposely modified CFD code and a computational grid with 643 nodes in the fluid. Emphasis was laid on the effects of increasing the Hartmann number on the complex three‐dimensional flow and current pattern.
An exploratory study of eating patterns of Singapore children and teenagers
Authors: Ling Ang Kai , Foo Schubert
Published: August 2002

Presents a first attempt to investigate eating patterns in children in Singapore in terms of frequency, sources and types of food, with specific emphasis on eating outside the home. Two sets of data were collected. A guided questionnaire was administered to adults accompanying the pre‐school age children and young people at various eating outlets, hawker centres, food courts and fast food outlets. All 198 transcripts were usable. Overall, 19 per cent of those interviewed ate out five to seven times a week. The two most common reasons given for this were “convenience” (65, 33 per cent), and “nobody prepares home‐cooked meals” (62, 31 per cent). “Convenience” was most common among pre‐school (29, 48 per cent) and teenaged (27, 42 per cent) children, whereas “nobody cooks at home” (31, 43 per cent) was most common in school‐age children. Few boys said that they ate fruit or vegetables. This picture is in keeping with the pattern among Singaporean adults and may contribute to the high rate of obesity that increases risk of adult diseases. Research is needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the social influences on eating patterns with a view to designing effective nutrition/health education that can effect behavioural change.
Women and work‐home conflict: a dual paradigm approach
Authors: Mackey Jones Wendy , McKenna Jim
Published: August 2002

Work‐home conflict of women in a multinational computer organisation was examined in two phases using quantitative and qualitative methods. In Phase 1 a questionnaire was sent to all directly employed females (n = 204), who were also invited to participate in Phase 2, a one‐hour on‐site focus group. A total of 31 women contributed to four focus groups. In line with previous research, Phase 1 identified the dominant construct to be work interfering with home. Almost one in ten women scored in the highest quartile of possible scores (24 to 30) for work‐to‐home conflict. In Phase 2, issues such as lack of time and lack of social support, family, careers and guilt were discussed in depth. Central to the development of conflict was commitment to both domains. The different meanings women attached to “work” and “home” added to the complexity of these issues. In contrast with past studies, part‐time working status was found to contribute to conflict and intensified the feelings of “juggling”, as did being single. Poor physical and psychological health was a common outcome. A minority of participants experienced positive work‐home “spill‐over”. Witnessing that other women accepted and acknowledged the negative effects of the stressors was thought to be a first step to resolving them. The dual approach adopted facilitated a greater understanding of the concept of work‐home conflict that health professionals may use both to develop and to deliver effective interventions.
Sports advertising in print media: the case of 2000 Olympic Games
Authors: Kambitsis Chris , Harahousou Yvonne , Theodorakis Nicholas , Chatzibeis Giannis
Published: August 2002

This research attempted to investigate why sport themes are used in advertisements, and the motives that lead companies and advertisers to use sport celebrities and sport concepts in advertisements. The detailed examination of the fieldwork took place in Sydney, prior to and during the 2000 Olympic Games. Printed media were observed for a period of five to six months. Many parameters were taken into consideration comparing three monthly magazines and two daily newspapers in order to gain knowledge and provide answers to the fundamental questions. In addition, two famous athletes, a sport manager and an advertising executive were interviewed. Furthermore the outcome of the research showed that Olympic Games did not play a catalyst role in sport advertisement issues in the particular print media. It also concluded that the selection procedures that advertising companies followed, in order to select athletes, were not based only on their achievements but mostly were related to their personalities.
Reason for cross‐cultural communication training
Authors: Nixon Judy C. , Dawson Gail A.
Published: August 2002

In this article, we examine the demographic changes in the American population and look at communication and culture to make cross‐cultural communications more effective by resolving the problems that occur when communicating between co‐cultures. Therefore, for comparison purposes, we will look at the three major co‐cultures (African American, Asian American, and Hispanic American) as they relate to communication and what is considered the majority culture, European American, and their respective communication patterns. Finally, the authors present guidelines for training programs.
Improving IP connectivity in the least developed countries: breaking the vicious circle
Authors: Sarrocco Claudia
Published: August 2002

The Internet, with its requirement for high‐quality, high‐speed connections, places heavy demands on telecommunication infrastructure. In most LDCs, however, national and international Internet connectivity is in short supply: optical fibres may not be available, satellite links are limited and expensive, and internal telecommunication infrastructures are typically concentrated in a few main cities and present severe shortcomings in rural areas. These obstacles, together with lack of clear telecommunication policies and regulations and an internal market that is often closed to competition, result in a lack of investment and highly‐priced services, all of which impede Internet penetration. All the above‐mentioned elements are connected, and an intervention on one of them could positively impact on all the others. Improved, low‐cost, international Internet connectivity could transform this “vicious circle” in a “virtuous [Internet] circle”?
Closing the gap in access to rural communication: Chile 1995‐2002
Authors: Wellenius Björn
Published: August 2002

Telecommunications reforms in Chile led to rapid development in the 1990s driven by the private sector, but rural areas remained largely excluded because of the high cost of providing service, low revenue potential, and lack of strategic interest to the operating companies. In 1994 the Government established a fund to catalyze additional private investment in payphone service in rural areas with low income and low telephone density. As a result, the proportion of Chile’s population living in places without access to basic voice communication decreased from 15 percent to 1 percent in 2002. Success was due largely to extensive reliance on market forces to determine and allocate subsidies, minimal regulatory intervention, simple and relatively expeditious processing, and effective government leadership. The design of the fund proved robust, and remains the leading example of a cost‐effective solution to reduce access gaps in basic communication in emerging economies.
Regulation and the development of electronic communications in Europe
Authors: Gual Jordi
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the future evolution of the European regulatory framework for electronic communications. The paper argues that the deregulation model used so far is inappropriate for the nascent broadband market, both for mobile and fixed broadband. To guarantee the successful deployment of broadband, the regulatory framework should emphasize network competition, and establish network access conditions which promote the investment in alternative infrastructure. Policy should also focus on factors which are key for the expansion of this market: guaranteeing that content can provided across alternative networks, and that there are no obstacles to the Europeanization of the market.
Mobile commerce and the creation of a marketplace
Authors: Lembke Johan
Published: August 2002

The initial debate on mobile commerce (m‐commerce) was characterized by a high level of optimism, followed by a more nuanced and realistic approach. Still, m‐commerce is expected to constitute a significant future market worldwide. It is a new concept and is emerging in a context of few or no established norms, rules and standards. This article explores the move toward global rules and strategies for m‐commerce and the creation of a viable marketplace. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between initiatives to elaborate a coordinated strategy for m‐commerce in line with European regulatory requirements, on the one hand, and ambitions to promote technology and build global alliances in the world marketplace, on the other. These objectives, however, are often difficult to combine due to the variation in preferences among the corporate and standards organizations involved as a result of global competition and corporate activities in information and communications technology markets.
Product cycle, Wintelism, and cross‐national production networks for developing countries
Authors: Tan Zixiang (Alex)
Published: August 2002

Focusing on the telecom manufacturing industry in China as a case, this paper contends that the existing literature needs to be expanded. Product cycle theory could be applied to explain multinational corporations’ strategies of importing and localizing their products in developing countries in order to take advantage of lower labor costs and to break barriers to the local markets. However, rapid technology changes have limited the power of traditional product cycle theory while favoring the “dynamic adding‐and‐dropping” product cycle. Meanwhile, the success of “Wintelism” and the maturity of cross‐national production networks in the global market have significant impacts on developing countries’ indigenous industries. Indigenous manufacturers start to take advantage of their strength in the distribution and production value‐chain and to outsource their weaknesses to Western corporations. This model of “reversed cross‐national production networks” represents a feasible industrialization path with great potential to enable indigenous manufacturers to emerge as competitors in advanced Western markets as well as less developed markets.
LibQUAL+™ spring 2001 comments: a qualitative analysis using Atlas.ti
Authors: Anna Guidry Julie
Published: August 2002

Respondents’ comments to the LibQUAL+™ spring 2001 survey were examined to refine the instrument and reduce non‐sampling error. Using qualitative data analysis software, Atlas.ti, respondents’ unsolicited e‐mail messages were analyzed. Results showed that the major problem with the survey was its length, which was due to a combination of factors. This information helped the survey designers in reducing the number of library service quality items from 56 to 25 and in addressing technical problems from the Web‐based survey. An in‐depth discussion of the steps followed in conducting the Atlas.ti analysis will also be discussed.
LibQUAL+™ as a confirming resource
Authors: Boykin Joseph F.
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses library strategic visioning processes at Clemson University. Major themes for library advancement are identified. LibQUAL+™ emerged as a means of measuring or confirming progress toward the Clemson strategic vision. The paper outlines the use of LibQUAL+™ data to confirm previously identified areas that needed attention as well as areas of strength within the library.
Continuous assessment at Washington State University Libraries: a case study
Authors: McCord Sarah K. , Nofsinger Mary M.
Published: August 2002

Since 1996, when a first comprehensive use survey was conducted, librarians at the Washington State University (WSU) Libraries have worked to build a culture of continuous assessment. Using information obtained from surveys and other sources, library administrators focus limited resources on priorities identified by users. In 2000, an Assessment Working Group was formed to initiate and coordinate assessment projects throughout the WSU Libraries. The group conducted a local survey of library users to help determine specific areas of strength and weakness in the fall of 2000. In 2001, the libraries participated in the second pilot of LibQUAL+™. This article compares the results of the three surveys, and provides an analysis of how each survey differs in representing user needs and priorities. The rationale for the libraries’ decision to continue participation in LibQUAL+™ is also discussed.
Probing user perceptions of service quality: using focus groups to enhance quantitative surveys
Authors: Crowley Gwyneth H. , Gilreath Charles L.
Published: August 2002

Pencil‐and‐paper surveys can provide useful information about user perceptions of service quality in libraries, but qualitative methods must be used to gain more precise understanding of problem areas. Texas A&M University Libraries conducted focus group studies in spring 2001 with graduate and undergraduate studies in order to gather specific information related to their satisfaction with and confidence in the assistance provided at library service points. The sessions revealed that users were generally pleased with the assistance provided them by professional staff at reference desks and that they found librarians to be usually patient and helpful. Elements of dissatisfaction identified by the sessions included a sense of inability or unwillingness to assist at some service points and a perceived lack of knowledge of the library, particularly by student workers and staff at locations away from reference areas. The data are being used to improve library directional tools and to improve staff training for public services staff.
A Personal History of the Mouse Genome
Authors: Lyon Mary F.
Published: August 2002

The chapter describes some personal reminiscences of various stages in the growth of knowledge of the mouse genome in the past 50 years. Initially mapping was done by crossing new mutants with linkage testing stocks, a slow and laborious method. In the 1950s major mutagenesis experiments led to spin-offs in terms of new mutants, new knowledge of phenomena including sex determination and X-chromosome inactivation, and further understanding of the t-complex. The 1970s saw the development of recombinant inbred (RI) strains and the use of biochemical variants for mapping. In addition the linkage groups were assigned to chromosomes. Techniques of embryo surgery were developed, leading to work with embryonic stem (ES) cells and hence to the identification of gene functioning by knockouts and transgenesis. Another major advance in the 1970s and 1980s was the beginning of comparative mapping, which is now so important. With the advent of DNA technology, progress in mapping increased considerably. Progress became even faster with the use of interspecific backcrosses and with the development of microsatellite markers. The completion of the mouse DNA sequence is now imminent, opening fascinating prospects for the analysis of gene function.
The Application of Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Neonatal Screening for Inherited Disorders of Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Chace Donald H. , Kalas Theodore A. , Naylor Edwin W.
Published: August 2002

This review is intended to serve as a practical guide for geneticists to current applications of tandem mass spectrometry to newborn screening. By making dried-blood spot analysis more sensitive, specific, reliable, and inclusive, tandem mass spectrometry has improved the newborn detection of inborn errors of metabolism. Its innate ability to detect and quantify multiple analytes from one prepared blood specimen in a single analysis permits broad recognition of amino acid, fatty acid, and organic acid disorders. An increasing number of newborn screening programs are either utilizing or conducting pilot studies with tandem mass spectrometry. It is therefore imperative that the genetics community be familiar with tandem mass spectrometric newborn screening.
DATABASES AND TOOLS FOR BROWSING GENOMES
Authors: Birney Ewan , Clamp Michele , Hubbard Tim
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  To maximize the value of genome sequences they need to be integrated with other types of biological data and with each other. The entire collection of data then needs to be made available in a way that is easy to view and mine for complex relationships. The recently determined vertebrate genome sequences of human and mouse are so large that building the infrastructure to manage these datasets is a major challenge. This article reviews the database systems and tools for analysis that have so far been developed to address this.
DEVELOPMENTALGENOMICAPPROACHES INMODELORGANISMS
Authors: Reinke Valerie , White Kevin P.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Functional genomics technologies can help decipher how information encoded in the genome is translated into morphology, physiology, and behavior during the development of complex organisms. A number of researchers have begun to apply DNA microarrays and other functional genomics approaches to study development. Here we review recent studies that take the first steps toward relating genome-wide information to developmental events, we discuss recent genomics approaches taken in animal model systems used to study human disease, and we outline methods that may be useful for constructing genome-wide maps of developmental processes.
FROM ZEBRAFISH TO HUMAN: Modular Medical Models
Authors: Shin Jordan T. , Fishman Mark C.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio clarified the logic of metazoan development by revealing critical unitary steps and pathways to embryogenesis. Can genetic screens similarly organize medicine? We here examine human diseases that resemble mutations in Danio rerio, the zebrafish, the one vertebrate species for which large-scale genetic screens have been performed and extensively analyzed. Zebrafish mutations faithfully phenocopy many human disorders. Each mutation, once cloned, provides candidate genes and pathways for evaluation in the human. The collection of mutations in their entirety potentially provides a medical taxonomy, one based in developmental biology and genetics.
MOLECULARMECHANISMS FORGENOMICDISORDERS
Authors: Inoue Ken , Lupski James R.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Genomic rearrangements play a major role in the pathogenesis of human genetic diseases. Nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between low-copy repeats (LCRs) that flank unique genomic segments results in changes of genome organization and can cause a loss or gain of genomic segments. These LCRs appear to have arisen recently during primate speciation via paralogous segmental duplication, thus making the human species particularly susceptible to genomic rearrangements. Genomic disorders are defined as a group of diseases that result from genomic rearrangements, mostly mediated by NAHR. Molecular investigations of genomic disorders have revealed genome architectural features associated with susceptibility to rearrangements and the recombination mechanisms responsible for such rearrangements. The human genome sequence project reveals that LCRs may account for 5% of the genome, suggesting that many novel genomic disorders might still remain to be recognized.
Hypnosis Modulates Activity in Brain Structures Involved in the Regulation of Consciousness
Authors: Rainville Pierre , Hofbauer Robert K. , Bushnell M. Catherine , Duncan Gary H. , Price Donald D.
Published: August 2002

The notion of consciousness is at the core of an ongoing debate on the existence and nature of hypnotic states. Previously, we have described changes in brain activity associated with hypnosis (Rainville, Hofbauer, Paus, Duncan, Bushnell, & Price, 1999). Here, we replicate and extend those findings using positron emission tomography (PET) in 10 normal volunteers. Immediately after each of 8 PET scans performed before (4 scans) and after (4 scans) the induction of hypnosis, subjects rated their perceived level of “mental relaxation” and “mental absorption,” two of the key dimensions describing the experience of being hypnotized. Regression analyses between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and self-ratings confirm the hypothesized involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the thalamus, and the ponto-mesencephalic brainstem in the production of hypnotic states. Hypnotic relaxation further involved an increase in occipital rCBF that is consistent with our previous interpretation that hypnotic states are characterized by a decrease in cortical arousal and a reduction in cross-modality suppression (disinhibition). In contrast, increases in mental absorption during hypnosis were associated with rCBF increases in a distributed network of cortical and subcortical structures previously described as the brain's attentional system. These findings are discussed in support of a state theory of hypnosis in which the basic changes in phenomenal experience produced by hypnotic induction reflect, at least in part, the modulation of activity within brain areas critically involved in the regulation of consciousness.
VIEWING THE BIBLE THROUGH THE EYES AND EARS OF SUBALTERNS IN INDIA
Authors: Clarke Sathianathan
Published: August 2002

This paper sets out to do four things. First, it situates the concept of Subalterns in the Indian context. Caste plays an important part in its definition. Subalterns are the outcaste (Dalits) and non-caste (Adivasis) communities in the process of contracting a labouring people's solidarity. Second, it submits a methodological argument. In dialogue with postcolonial discourse on biblical interpretation, it makes the case that subalternity is characterized by the primary interplay of domestic, local and particular mechanisms of power. Thus, this location must be the starting point for interrogating the Bible from the Subalterns' viewpoint. Third, it examines the complex pattern of changes that the Bible brought about for Subalterns. Three aspects are accentuated while discussing the Bible in relation to Subalterns in India: the Bible entered into a Subaltern world that already had a long history of iconizing material objects of sacred power; the Bible was an important instrument for expounding and expanding colonial mission activity; the Bible functioned as an alternate canon within the worldview of Hinduism, which kept its sacred book (Vedas) beyond the reach of Dalits and Adivasis. Finally, it extrapolates three aspects of Subaltern biblical hermeneutics in India. There is an attribute of generosity employed in retrieving universal axioms from the Bible, which is not devoid of imaginative contextual amplification in its application to human life. Moreover, Subalterns' interpretation of the Bible is directed by the goal of transformation rather than understanding. Furthermore, the summons of Subalterns' hermeneutics is not only to take up the challenge of working within the multiscriptural context but also to take seriously the ramifications of doing hermeneutics in the multimodal and multimedia context of the Dalits and the Adivasis of India.
NEGOTIATING THE FRAME FOR VIEWING THE DEATH OF JEZEBEL
Authors: McKinlay Judith
Published: August 2002

The details of the death of Jezebel as told in 2 Kgs 9: 30-37 stay in the mind long after the account has been read. In this reading I apply different interpretive frames in an attempt to understand the dynamics both within and behind the text, recognizing that Jezebel and the writer(s) can be seen in different lights depending on the viewing. A reading that highlights the "woman in the window" motif hints at a goddess dimension within the Jezebel frame, which resists the text's attempted erasure. An overlying psychoanalytical frame allows the text to be read as one of many textual grapplings with the M(Other) lingering within the body. The possibility of such an innate resistance provides an answer to the question whether such careful viewing of such a text matters.
Press Reports of Animal Hoarding
Authors: Luke Carter , Patronek Gary , Arluke Arnold , Nathanson Jane , Messner Edward , Steketee Gail , Frost Randy , Papazian Michelle
Published: August 2002

This article explores how the press reports nonhuman animal hoarding and hoarders. It discusses how 100 articles from 1995 to the present were content analyzed. Analysis revealed five emotional themes that include drama, revulsion, sympathy, indignation, and humor. While these themes draw readers' attention and make disparate facts behind cases understandable by packaging them in familiar formats, they also present an inconsistent picture of animal hoarding that can confuse readers about the nature and significance of this behavior as well as animal abuse, more generally.
The Social Practice of Racehorse Breeding
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca
Published: August 2002

This paper suggests that the stories that thoroughbred breeders tell about racehorse reproduction can contribute to an understanding of their ideas about relatedness between humans. It examines the thoroughbred pedigree as it is presented in the English sales catalogue as a locus of complex ideas about heredity, fertility, and procreation. It argues that resistance within the industry to new reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination, can be understood in terms of ideas about relatedness between horses and, by implication, between people.This paper is based upon extensive participant observation conducted within the horseracing industry based in the town of Newmarket, England.
The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927-1998)
Authors: Munro Lyle
Published: August 2002

This paper profiles the animal activism of the late American animal activist Henry Spira, whose campaign strategies and tactics suggest a number of links with the nineteenth century pioneers of animal protection as well as with approaches favored by contemporary animal activists. However, the article argues that Spira's style of animal advocacy differed from conventional approaches in the mainstream animal movement in that he preferred to work with, rather than against, animal user industries. To this end, he pioneered the use of "reintegrative shaming" (J. Braithwaite, 1989) in animal protection, an accommodation strategy that relied on moralizing with opponents as opposed to the more common approach in animal advocacy of adversarial vilification, and hence, disintegrative shaming. The article describes the framing of some of Spira's best-known anti-cruelty campaigns and his use of reintegrative shaming to induce animal users to change their ways.
Animal Rights as a Post-Citizenship Movement
Authors: Ginsberg Caryn , Lowe Brian
Published: August 2002

Post-citizenship movements include persons who are well integrated into the economic and educational structures of their society, advocate goals that offer little or no benefit to movement members, and pursue cultural changes in addition to more traditional social movement goals (Jasper, 1997). This survey of 105 attendees at the Animal Rights 2000 conference, described by organizers as the largest event of its kind, supported viewing the animal rights movement as a post-citizenship movement. While confirming the high level of economic and education integration, as well as the moral motivation of participants, this study also showed a threefold increase in veganism over an earlier survey (Plous, 1991), supporting the importance of Jasper's cultural dimension of the post-citizenship model.
Decline in FEV1 related to smoking status in individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ)
Authors: Piitulainen E , Eriksson S
Published: August 2002

Severe alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency predisposes to emphysema development. Highly variable rates of decline in lung function are reported in PiZZ individuals. The annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; delta FEV1) was analysed in relation to smoking status in a cohort of 608 adult PiZZ individuals included in the Swedish national AAT deficiency register. Delta FEV1 was analysed in 211 never-smokers, in 351 exsmokers, and in 46 current smokers after performing at least two spirometries during a follow-up time of 1 yr or longer (median 5.5 yrs, range 1-31). The adjusted mean delta FEV1 in never-smokers was 47 mL x yr(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI) 41-53 mL x yr(-1)), 41 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 36-48 mL x yr(-1)) in exsmokers, and 70 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 58-82 mL x yr(-1)) in current smokers. A dose-response relationship was found between cigarette consumption and delta FEV1 in current smokers and exsmokers. In never-smokers, a greater delta FEV1 was found after 50 yrs of age than before. No sex differences were found in delta FEV1. In conclusion, among PiZZ individuals, the change in forced expiratory volume in one second is essentially the same in never-smokers and exsmokers. Smoking is associated with a dose-dependent increase in the change in forced expiratory volume in one second.
Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and visits to accident and emergency departments in London for respiratory complaints
Authors: Atkinson RW , Anderson HR , Strachan DP , Bland JM , Bremner SA , Ponce de Leon A
Published: August 2002

Many epidemiological studies have shown positive short-term associations between health and current levels of outdoor air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution and the number of visits to accident and emergency (A&E) departments in London for respiratory complaints. A&E visits include the less severe cases of acute respiratory disease and are unrestricted by bed availability. Daily counts of visits to 12 London A&E departments for asthma, other respiratory complaints, and both combined for a number of age groups were constructed from manual registers of visits for the period 1992-1994. A Poisson regression allowing for seasonal patterns, meteorological conditions and influenza epidemics was used to assess the associations between the number of visits and six pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particles measured as black smoke (BS) and particles with a median aerodynamic diameter of <10 microm (PM10). After making an allowance for the multiplicity of tests, there remained strong associations between visits for all respiratory complaints and increases in SO2: a 2.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-4.9) increase in the number of visits for a 18 microg x (-3) increase (10th-90th percentile range) and a 3.0% (95% CI 0.8-5.2) increase for a 31 microg x m(-3) increase in PM10. There were also significant associations between visits for asthma and SO2, NO2 and PM10. No significant associations between O3 and any of the respiratory complaints investigated were found. Because of the strong correlation between pollutants, it was difficult to identify a single pollutant responsible for the associations found in the analyses. This study suggests that the levels of air pollution currently experienced in London are linked to short-term increases in the number of people visiting accident and emergency departments with respiratory complaints.
Bacterial pneumonia as a suprainfection in young adults with measles
Authors: Loukides S , Panagou P , Kolokouris D , Kalogeropoulos N
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to report the clinical and laboratory characteristics of bacterial pneumonia related to measles infection, and also to assess any correlation between severity and time of onset. Four hundred and twenty-four previously healthy young males (age 22+/-2.1 yrs) were hospitalized with typical symptoms and signs of measles. One hundred and twelve (26%) developed bacterial pneumonia on admission (n=41), during their hospital stay (n=20) or days after their discharge (n=51): groups A, B and C, respectively. Single lobar consolidation was the most common finding, accounting for 89% of cases. Pleural effusion was uncommon and associated in half of the cases with empyema. A microbiological diagnosis was made in 81 cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae (65 cases) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9 cases) were the most commonly identified organisms. Patients from group C had significantly higher values of white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lower values of arterial oxygen tension (14+/-0.8 x 10(9) x L(-1), 88+/-4 mm and 6.3+/-0.4 kPa (47+/-3 mmHg), respectively) than the other two groups. There were no deaths during the hospitalization period. The mean duration of hospital stay was 13+/-2.4 days and was longer in the presence of K. pneumoniae infection (19+/-1.6 days). Six patients from group C were admitted to the intensive care unit. In conclusion, these data suggest that bacterial pneumonia associated with measles is not unusual in hospitalized adults, and it seems to be more severe when it occurs days after the onset of rash.
A pilot study of low-dose erythromycin in bronchiectasis
Authors: Tsang KW , Ho PI , Chan KN , Ip MS , Lam WK , Ho CS , Yuen KY , Ooi GC , Amitani R , Tanaka E
Published: August 2002

Patients with bronchiectasis suffer from sputum production, recurrent exacerbations, and progressive airway destruction. Erythromycin is effective in diffuse panbronchiolitis, another suppurative airway disorder, although its efficacy is unknown in idiopathic bronchiectasis. A double-blind placebo-controlled study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of 8-week administration of low dose erythromycin (500 mg b.i.d.) in steady-state idiopathic bronchiectasis. Patients in the erythromycin group (n=11, 8 female, mean age 50+/-15 yrs), but not the placebo group (n=10, 8 female, mean age 59+/-16 yrs) had significantly improved forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and 24-h sputum volume after 8 weeks (p<0.05). There was no parallel improvement in sputum pathogens, leukocytes, interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, or leukotriene B4. The results of this pilot study show that low-dose erythromycin improves lung function and sputum volume in bronchiectasis. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the efficacy of long-term erythromycin therapy in bronchiectasis.
Long-term recovery of diaphragm strength in neuralgic amyotrophy
Authors: Hughes PD , Polkey MI , Moxham J , Green M
Published: August 2002

Diaphragm paralysis is a recognized complication of neuralgic amyotrophy that causes severe dyspnoea. Although recovery of strength in the arm muscles, when affected, is common, there are little data on recovery of diaphragm function. This study, therefore, re-assessed diaphragm strength in cases of bilateral diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy that had previously been diagnosed at the authors institutions. Fourteen patients were recalled between 2 and 11 yrs after the original diagnosis. Respiratory muscle and diaphragm strength were measured by volitional manoeuvres as maximal inspiratory pressure and sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure. Cervical magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation was used to give a nonvolitional measure of diaphragm strength: twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure. Only two patients remained severely breathless. Ten of the 14 patients had evidence of some recovery of diaphragm strength, in seven cases to within 50% of the lower limit of normal. The rate of recovery was variable: one patient had some recovery after 2 yrs, and the rest took 3 yrs or more. In conclusion, in most patients with diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy, some recovery of the diaphragm strength occurs, but the rate of recovery may be slow.