bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiomaticity: A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery inside an Enigma
Authors: Liontas John I.
Published: June 2018

Over the years, a number of theoretical perspectives, empirical paradigms, experimental techniques, and statistical‐computational tools have emerged to provide answers to matters of idiomaticity. Numerous data findings have been suggested to account for first and second language differences in idiomatic language comprehension and production. Yet, despite all this investigative effort, the term “idiomaticity” remains as elusive as ever among idiomatologists and especially among language practitioners and curriculum developers. In this entry I discuss idiomaticity as the cover term that encompasses a multitude of expressions to emphasize the critical role idiom proper and idiomatic language play in language acquisition and use. I then offer six observations addressing some of the key tenets of a framework termed here thebreadth and depth of understanding idiomaticity. Collectively, they may “unwrap” some of the truth conditions hidden in the proposition advanced in this entry's title.
Alternate Grouping Arrangements that Benefit English Learners in Classroom Settings
Authors: Mallette Barbara
Published: June 2018

As the number of students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds increases in our schools each year, classroom teachers must have a repertoire of instructional strategies that have been effective with these students. The academic and social pressures on English learners should be recognized, particularly in core area subjects. English learners are challenged by the quantity and complexity of content present in upper elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. Teachers can structure instructional sessions to ensure the academic success of these students by manipulating grouping arrangements. This entry discusses two alternate grouping structures that have been demonstrated to be effective in positively impacting the academic performance and social acceptability of English learners. Future directions regarding research and applications of grouping arrangements that practitioners can employ with their students are also offered.
Tuning Transition Properties of Stimuli‐Responsive Brushes by Polydispersity
Authors: Qi Shuanhu , Klushin Leonid I. , Skvortsov Alexander M. , Liu Mingjie , Zhou Jiajia , Schmid Friederike
Published: June 2018

A new design for sensors and switches based on polymer brushes including a small fraction of end‐grafted adsorption‐active minority chains has been proposed recently. The switching transition is controlled by temperature or solvent composition changes and is linked to a sharp change from a flattened adsorbed conformation to a stretched conformation. Two characteristics are most important for the switch performance: the sharpness of the transition affecting the switch sensitivity, and the response time. Herein, Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the effects of brush polydispersity on the main properties of the switching transition. The chain length distribution is taken to be of Schulz–Zimm type, and different values of the polydispersity index are considered. Contrary to intuitive expectations, polydispersity enhances the performance of the switch, in particular by reducing the activation barrier controlling the response time. Polydispersity also dramatically increases the robustness of the switch with respect to modifications of the adsorption‐active switch chains.
Tunable High‐Performance Microwave Absorption of Co1–xS Hollow Spheres Constructed by Nanosheets within Ultralow Filler Loading
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Juan , Zhu Jia‐Qiang , Yin Peng‐Gang , Guo Ao‐Ping , Huang An‐Ping , Guo Lin , Wang Guang‐Sheng
Published: June 2018

Absorbers with lightweight, low filler loading and broad absorption band are highly desirable for electromagnetic wave absorption field. Here, hollow Co1–xS microspheres constructed by nanosheets are fabricated via a facile synthetic method based on hydrothermal route. As an efficient wave absorber, the Co1–xS hollow spheres demonstrate excellent microwave absorption performance. With a weight content of only 3 wt%, the maximum reflection loss (RL) can reach as strong as −46.1 dB at 13.92 GHz and its qualified frequency bandwidth (with RL value over −10 dB) remarkably achieves 5.6 GHz, covering 35% of the entire measured bandwidth. In addition, compared with other cobalt sulfides (such as CoS2 and Co9S8), the Co1–xS microspheres with hollow structure exhibit more superior absorption intensity and broader qualified bandwidth. Therefore, this work provides a promising approach for the design and synthesis of hollow Co1–xS microspheres with lightweight and high‐performance microwave absorption.
Recent Progress in Biomimetic Additive Manufacturing Technology: From Materials to Functional Structures
Authors: Yang Yang , Song Xuan , Li Xiangjia , Chen Zeyu , Zhou Chi , Zhou Qifa , Chen Yong
Published: June 2018

Nature has developed high‐performance materials and structures over millions of years of evolution and provides valuable sources of inspiration for the design of next‐generation structural materials, given the variety of excellent mechanical, hydrodynamic, optical, and electrical properties. Biomimicry, by learning from nature's concepts and design principles, is driving a paradigm shift in modern materials science and technology. However, the complicated structural architectures in nature far exceed the capability of traditional design and fabrication technologies, which hinders the progress of biomimetic study and its usage in engineering systems. Additive manufacturing (three‐dimensional (3D) printing) has created new opportunities for manipulating and mimicking the intrinsically multiscale, multimaterial, and multifunctional structures in nature. Here, an overview of recent developments in 3D printing of biomimetic reinforced mechanics, shape changing, and hydrodynamic structures, as well as optical and electrical devices is provided. The inspirations are from various creatures such as nacre, lobster claw, pine cone, flowers, octopus, butterfly wing, fly eye, etc., and various 3D‐printing technologies are discussed. Future opportunities for the development of biomimetic 3D‐printing technology to fabricate next‐generation functional materials and structures in mechanical, electrical, optical, and biomedical engineering are also outlined.
Epoxy‐Containing Copolymers: A Versatile Toolbox for Functional Nanofiber Mats with Desired Chemical Functionalities
Authors: Lee Hoik , An Sol , Kim Sukjoo , Jeon Bokyoung , Paeng Keewook , Kim Ick Soo , Kim Myungwoong
Published: June 2018

Simple, versatile, efficient, and readily scalable chemical routes using epoxy‐containing copolymers to achieve complex polymeric structures exhibiting desired chemical functionalities are demonstrated. As proof of concept, Janus nanofiber mats are fabricated. As epoxide groups in the copolymer can react with various nucleophiles such as amine, alcohol, and thiol, single‐side functionalization with a primary amine containing dopamine by floating on an aqueous dopamine solution is shown. The other side can be further modified with thiol‐containing molecules via thiol–epoxy click chemistry, elucidating effectiveness of copolymer as a versatile toolbox to impart desirable functionalities toward a variety of surfaces.
4‐Dimethylaminopyridine‐Catalyzed Regioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Isatin‐Derived Morita−Baylis−Hillman Adducts with Azo Esters: A Simple Protocol to Access 3‐Spiropyrazole‐2‐oxindoles
Authors: Ren Yue , Meng Ling‐Guo , Peng Tao , Zhu Lijuan , Wang Lei
Published: June 2018

An efficient and regioselective 4‐dimethylaminopyridine catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of isatin‐derived Morita−Baylis−Hillman adducts with azo esters was developed for the construction of 3‐spiropyrazole‐2‐oxindoles. This protocol generated the desired spiropyrazoles in good to excellent yields with good functional group compatibility under mild reaction conditions.

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Multimeric Amphipathic α‐Helical Sequences for Rapid and Efficient Intracellular Protein Transport at Nanomolar Concentrations
Authors: Oh Jae Hoon , Chong Seung‐Eun , Nam Sohee , Hyun Soonsil , Choi Sejong , Gye Hyojun , Jang Sangmok , Jang Joomyung , Hwang Sung Won , Yu Jaehoon , Lee Yan
Published: June 2018

An amphipathic leucine (L) and lysine (K)‐rich α‐helical peptide is multimerized based on helix‐loop‐helix structures to maximize the penetrating activities. The multimeric LK‐based cell penetrating peptides (LK‐CPPs) can penetrate cells as protein‐fused forms at 100–1000‐fold lower concentrations than Tat peptide. The enhanced penetrating activity is increased through multimerization by degrees up to the tetramer level. The multimeric LK‐CPPs show rapid cell penetration through macropinocytosis at low nanomolar concentrations, unlike the monomeric LK, which have slower penetrating kinetics at much higher concentrations. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors are highly involved in the rapid internalization of multimeric LK‐CPPs. As a proof of concept of biomedical applications, an adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR‐γ 2), is delivered into preadipocytes, and highly enhanced expression of adipogenic genes at nanomolar concentrations is induced. The multimeric CPPs can be a useful platform for the intracellular delivery of bio‐macromolecular reagents that have difficulty with penetration in order to control biological reactions in cells at feasible concentrations for biomedical purposes.
Prediction of gas density effects on bubbly flow hydrodynamics: New insights through an approach combining population balance models and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Hecht K. J. , Krause U. , Hofinger J. , Bey O. , Nilles M. , Renze P.
Published: June 2018

Detailed measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of the hydrodynamics in a bubble column containing internal features causing flow disturbances are presented for both air and helium gases. An optical needle probe has been used to measure profiles of bubble size, bubble velocity, and gas holdup at different locations across the cross section of the column. An approach combining CFD with population balances is able to represent observed multiphase flow phenomena such as the effect of the pipes to remix and redistribute the gas as well as the tendency of the gas to channel through a slit in the pipes rather than go around the pipes. The comparison of CFD simulation to experimental measurements reveal that the overall decrease in gas holdup observed when switching from air to helium gas can be explained by swarm effects, whereas the steeper decrease in the gas holdup profile across the column is due to coalescence effects. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3764–3774, 2018
Middle turbinate manipulation and postoperative sinus obstruction after endoscopic endonasal skull‐base surgery
Authors: Willson Thomas J. , Rowan Nicholas R. , Wang Eric W.
Published: June 2018

Background

Inadvertent lateralization of the middle turbinate (MT) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is cited as a common complication that results in both outflow tract obstruction and recurrent symptoms. In endoscopic endonasal skull‐base surgery, the MT is frequently lateralized during the parasagittal approach. Little is known about whether this strategy has unintended consequences on the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Intentional lateralization vs surgical resection of the MT were compared for radiographic evidence of sinus obstruction in this patient population.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation was conducted of pre‐ and postoperative Lund‐MacKay (LM) scores in patients who underwent an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for resection of a pituitary tumor or craniopharyngioma (transsellar or suprasellar approach) between 2012 and 2014. Side‐specific LM scores were calculated at 0–3 months, 3–6 months, and >6 months. MT lateralization vs resection sides were compared.

Results

Of the cases reviewed, 122 met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in LM scores of the adjacent paranasal sinuses between resected MTs as compared with surgically lateralized MTs at 3–6 months or >6 months (p = 0.551) postoperatively. Time‐point of assessment was statistically significant with regard to the outcome of LM = 0 (p < 0.001), with earlier postoperative imaging correlating with higher LM scores.

Conclusion

Unlike after ESS, MT lateralization does not appear to be correlated with higher LM scores after EEA. Postoperative radiographic sinus outflow obstruction was similar in patients at all measured intervals despite differences in technical management of the MT.
Stability and Bioavailability of Curcumin in Mixed Sodium Caseinate and Pea Protein Isolate Nanoemulsions
Authors: Yerramilli Manispuritha , Longmore Natalie , Ghosh Supratim
Published: June 2018

The goals of this research were to develop oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions (NE) encapsulating curcumin by partially replacing sodium caseinate (SC) with pea protein isolate (1:1) and to investigate the lipid digestibility and bioaccessibility of curcumin using in vitro digestion. Structural changes in oil droplets during digestion were also examined using particle‐size measurement and confocal laser‐scanning microscopy. Both SC and mixed protein (MP)‐stabilized NE were stable for the experimental time frame of eight weeks without significant changes in the droplet size. About 50% active curcumin encapsulated in the NE remained stable over eight weeks where the stability was higher for SC compared to the MP‐stabilized NE (MPE). An increase in the droplet sizes and changes in their distribution during in vitro digestion were found to be a combined effect of the presence of digestive enzymes and also the rapid changes in the ionic strength and pH of the system. The lipid digestibility of the MPE was significantly lower than the SC‐stabilized NE, which was attributed to a stronger viscoelastic oil‐droplet interface in the presence of pea proteins. However, the former was found to be as efficient as the latter in successfully releasing about 50% curcumin in the simulated intestine phase. Therefore, pea proteins can be used to partially replace SC as an emulsion stabilizer for the protection and delivery of oil‐soluble bioactive compounds.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Multicomponent Approach to Stereoenriched Cyclopentyl‐isoxazoles through C−C Bond Cleavage
Authors: Subramanian Parthasarathi , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: June 2018

An efficient multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of stereoenriched cyclopentyl‐isoxazoles from camphor‐derived α‐oximes, alkynes, and MeOH is reported. Our method involved a series of cascade transformations, including the in situ generation of an IIII catalyst, which catalyzed the addition of MeOH to a sterically hindered ketone. Oxidation of the oxime, and rearrangement of the α‐hydroxyiminium ion generated a nitrile oxide in situ, which, upon [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with an alkyne, delivered the regioselective product. This reaction was very selective for the syn‐oxime. This multicomponent approach was also extended to the synthesis of a new glycoconjugate, camphoric ester‐isoxazole C‐galactoside.
Multiprotein Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry: A Strategy for the Simultaneous Discovery of Subfamily‐Selective Inhibitors for Nucleic Acid Demethylases FTO and ALKBH3
Authors: Das Mohua , Yang Tianming , Dong Jinghua , Prasetya Fransisca , Xie Yiming , Wong Kendra H. Q. , Cheong Adeline , Woon Esther C. Y.
Published: June 2018

Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) is a powerful supramolecular approach for discovering ligands for biomolecules. To date, most, if not all, biologically templated DCC systems employ only a single biomolecule to direct the self‐assembly process. To expand the scope of DCC, herein, a novel multiprotein DCC strategy has been developed that combines the discriminatory power of a zwitterionic “thermal tag” with the sensitivity of differential scanning fluorimetry. This strategy is highly sensitive and could differentiate the binding of ligands to structurally similar subfamily members. Through this strategy, it was possible to simultaneously identify subfamily‐selective probes against two clinically important epigenetic enzymes: FTO (7; IC50=2.6 μm) and ALKBH3 (8; IC50=3.7 μm). To date, this is the first report of a subfamily‐selective ALKBH3 inhibitor. The developed strategy could, in principle, be adapted to a broad range of proteins; thus it is of broad scientific interest.
Cancer‐Cell Imaging Using Copper‐Doped Zeolite Imidazole Framework‐8 Nanocrystals Exhibiting Oxidative Catalytic Activity
Authors: Keum Changjoon , Park Sangwoo , Lee Sang‐Yup
Published: June 2018

Copper‐doped zeolite imidazole framework‐8 (Cu/ZIF‐8) was prepared and its peroxidase‐like oxidative catalytic activity was examined with a demonstration of its applicability for cancer‐cell imaging. Through simple solution chemistry at room temperature, Cu/ZIF‐8 nanocrystals were produced that catalytically oxidized an organic substrate of o‐phenylenediamine in the presence of H2O2. In a similar manner to peroxidase, the Cu/ZIF‐8 nanocrystals oxidized the substrate through a ping‐pong mechanism with an activation energy of 59.2 kJ mol−1. The doped Cu atoms functioned as active sites in which the active Cu intermediates were expected to be generated during the catalysis, whereas the undoped ZIF‐8 did not show any oxidative activity. Cu/ZIF‐8 nanocrystals exhibited low cell toxicity and displayed catalytic activity through interaction with H2O2 among various reactive oxygen species in a cancer cell. This oxidative activity in vitro allowed cancer‐cell imaging by exploiting the photoluminescence emitted from the oxidized product of o‐phenylenediamine, which was insignificant in the absence of the Cu/ZIF‐8 nanocrystals. The results of this study suggest that the Cu/ZIF‐8 nanocrystal is a promising catalyst for the analysis of the microbiological systems.
An iterative model predictive control algorithm for constrained nonlinear systems
Authors: Silva Nivaldo F. , Dórea Carlos Eduardo T. , Maitelli André L.
Published: June 2018

An iterative model predictive control (MPC) scheme for constrained nonlinear systems is presented. The idea of the method is to detour from the solution of a non‐convex optimization problem using a time‐variant linearization of the nonlinear system model that is adjusted iteratively by solving an iterative quadratic programming optimization problem at each sampling time. The main advantage is the faster resolution of the optimization problem by using quadratic programming instead of non‐convex programming and yet, properly describing the nonlinear dynamics of the process being controlled. In this article, a general framework of the method is presented together with a discussion on the conditions under which the iterations converge and on the uncertainty of its results due to the linearization used, as well as some practical considerations about its implementation. The performance of the proposed controller is illustrated via two examples.
Nachweise mit Methoden des Brandschutzingenieurwesens im Rahmen der MIndBauRL
Authors: Spennes Georg , Börger Kristian , Tillmann Frank
Published: June 2018

Die Bewertung und Auslegung von Industriebauten hinsichtlich brandschutztechnischer Anforderungen erfolgt in Deutschland auf Grundlage der Muster‐Richtlinie über den baulichen Brandschutz im Industriebau (MIndBauRL). Durch die Einführung als technische Baubestimmung in den jeweiligen Bundesländern ist sie als anerkannte Regel der Technik für den Bauherrn verbindlich anzuwenden. Im Gegensatz zu den rein deskriptiven Vorgaben der Muster‐Bauordnung (MBO) erschließt sich aus der Anwendung leistungsorientierter Berechnungsverfahren das Potenzial einer risikogerechten Bewertung des Gebäudes. Da jedoch auch die Verfahren nach Abschnitt 4 MIndBauRL die Gesamtheit der in den Geltungsbereich der Richtlinie fallenden Bauten abdecken müssen, kann eine entsprechende Auslegung der Gebäudestruktur weiterhin äußerst konservativ ausfallen. Die alternative Nachweisführung mit Methoden des Brandschutzingenieurwesens zur Erfüllung der Mindestanforderungen an den Brandschutz in Industriebauten kann daher eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu den bewährten Verfahren darstellen. Am Beispiel einer chemisch‐technischen Produktionsanlage werden die Grundzüge der Nachweisführung von der Definition eines geeigneten Brandszenarios über die Modellierung eines Bemessungsbrands bis hin zum Nachweis der Standsicherheit im Brandfall demonstriert.
The impact of the Phonics Screening Check on grouping by ability: A ‘necessary evil’ amid the policy storm
Authors: Bradbury Alice
Published: June 2018

This article examines the impact of a statutory assessment in England, the Phonics Screening Check (PSC), on classroom practices of grouping children by ‘ability’. Bearing in mind the argument that assessment is the rudder that steers the otherwise slow‐moving battleship of educational practice, it is argued that the PSC has altered how teachers organise their classes and curriculum in both the affected year group (Year 1, children aged 5–6) and in earlier and later years. Using data from a nationwide survey of teachers (n = 1,373), focus groups and in‐depth interviews with teachers, the article examines how this relatively new phonics assessment forms part of a ‘policy storm’ of pressures relating to accountability, which encourage teachers to place children in groups on the basis of ability, even when they have doubts about this practice and there is little evidence to suggest grouping improves attainment. Practices include grouping children within classes, across year groups or even across several year groups, by phase of phonics learning, guided by advice from bought‐in private phonics schemes. There is also evidence of ‘educational triage’, where borderline children become the focus, and increased use of interventions which involve withdrawing children. Overall, the article uses the PSC to demonstrate how, in times of multiple policy pressures, assessment can rapidly alter practice, in this case making grouping a ‘necessary evil’, as one teacher respondent argued.
CRISPR‐Enabled Tools for Engineering Microbial Genomes and Phenotypes
Authors: Tarasava Katia , Oh Eun Joong , Eckert Carrie A. , Gill Ryan T.
Published: June 2018

In recent years CRISPR‐Cas technologies have revolutionized microbial engineering approaches. Genome editing and non‐editing applications of various CRISPR‐Cas systems have expanded the throughput and scale of engineering efforts, as well as opened up new avenues for manipulating genomes of non‐model organisms. As we expand the range of organisms used for biotechnological applications, we need to develop better, more versatile tools for manipulation of these systems. Here the authors summarize the current advances in microbial gene editing using CRISPR‐Cas based tools and highlight state‐of‐the‐art methods for high‐throughput, efficient genome‐scale engineering in model organisms Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The authors also review non‐editing CRISPR‐Cas applications available for gene expression manipulation, epigenetic remodeling, RNA editing, labeling, and synthetic gene circuit design. Finally, the authors point out the areas of research that need further development in order to expand the range of applications and increase the utility of these new methods.
Centella asiatica increases hippocampal synaptic density and improves memory and executive function in aged mice
Authors: Gray Nora E. , Zweig Jonathan A. , Caruso Maya , Martin Marjoen D. , Zhu Jennifer Y. , Quinn Joseph F. , Soumyanath Amala
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Centella asiatica is a plant used for centuries to enhance memory. We have previously shown that a water extract of Centella asiatica (CAW) attenuates age‐related spatial memory deficits in mice and improves neuronal health. Yet the effect of CAW on other cognitive domains remains unexplored as does its mechanism of improving age‐related cognitive impairment. This study investigates the effects of CAW on a variety of cognitive tasks as well as on synaptic density and mitochondrial and antioxidant pathways.

Methods

Twenty‐month‐old CB6F1 mice were treated with CAW (2 mg/ml) in their drinking water for 2 weeks prior to behavioral testing. Learning, memory, and executive function were assessed using the novel object recognition task (NORT), object location memory task (OLM), and odor discrimination reversal learning (ODRL) test. Tissue was collected for Golgi analysis of spine density as well as assessment of mitochondrial, antioxidant, and synaptic proteins.

Results

CAW improved performance in all behavioral tests suggesting effects on hippocampal and cortical dependent memory as well as on prefrontal cortex mediated executive function. There was also an increase in synaptic density in the treated animals, which was accompanied by increased expression of the antioxidant response gene NRF2 as well as the mitochondrial marker porin.

Conclusions

These data show that CAW can increase synaptic density as well as antioxidant and mitochondrial proteins and improve multiple facets of age‐related cognitive impairment. Because mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress also accompany cognitive impairment in many pathological conditions this suggests a broad therapeutic utility of CAW.
Effect of epidural blood injection on upright posture intolerance in patients with headaches due to intracranial hypotension: A prospective study
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Kherani Danish , Waqas Muhammad A. , Qureshi Mushtaq H. , Raja Faisal M. , Wallery Shawn S.
Published: June 2018

Background

We performed a prospective study to quantify changes in various aspects of upright posture intolerance in patients with intracranial hypotension.

Methods

Six patients were provided a standard questionnaire before, immediately after epidural blood patch injection and at follow‐up visit within 1 month after epidural blood injection inquiring: (a) How long can they stand straight without any support? (b) Do they feel any sense of sickness when they sit or lie down after standing? (c) How long do they have to wait before they are comfortable standing again after they have stood straight? (d) How effectively and fast can they get up from sitting or lying position to stand straight? and (e) Rate their activities in upright posture without support on a standard vertical visual analogue scale between 100 (can do everything) and 0 (cannot do anything).

Results

All patients responded that they could not stand straight for ≥30 min (four responding <5 min) on pretreatment evaluation. All patients reported improvement in this measure immediately postprocedure with two reporting ≥30 min. At follow‐up, three patients reported further improvement and one patient reported worsening in this measure. The magnitude of improvement ranged from 10 to 80 points increase immediately postprocedure in their ability to perform activities, while they are standing without any support on visual analogue scale. At follow‐up, four patient reported additional improvement in their ability to perform activities, while they are standing without any support (ranged from 10 to 20 points increase compared with immediately postprocedure rating).

Conclusions

We present semiquantitative data on various aspects of upright posture intolerance in patients with intracranial hypotension before and after epidural blood injection.
Epineural adipose‐derived stem cell injection in a sciatic rodent model
Authors: Kappos Elisabeth A. , Baenziger‐Sieber Patricia , Tremp Mathias , Engels Patricia E. , Thommen Sarah , Sprenger Lima , Benz Robyn M. , Schaefer Dirk J. , Schaeren Stefan , Kalbermatten Daniel Felix
Published: June 2018

Background

The aim was to evaluate the regenerative effect of epineural injection of rat ASCs (rASCs) in three different settings of acute and chronic compression in a rat sciatic nerve model.

Methods

Acute compression (60 s) with a vessel clamp over a distance of 1 mm (group 1) or 10 mm (group 2), as well as chronic compression with a permanent remaining, nonabsorbable polymeric clip over a distance of 1 mm (group 3) was performed. Depending on the group, either 5 × 106 rASCs or the same volume (25 μl) of culture medium (CM) was injected with a 30G needle in the epineurium at the time of compression. Outcome measures were functional gait evaluations, imaging analysis, histomorphometric analyses, and muscle weight.

Results

The rats in group 2 had a better function than those with group 1 at one and especially at 2 weeks. After 4 weeks however, almost all rats were close to a normal function. There was a similar Muscle Weight Ratio (MWR) after 2 weeks in all groups, whereas after 4 weeks, the MWR in group 3 was lower compared with group 1 and 2. Histomorphometric analysis showed a better myelination in group 1 & 2 compared to group 3 after 4 weeks. ASCs have a beneficial effect on myelin thickness (G‐Ratio).

Conclusions

We successfully evaluated the regenerative effect of epineural injection of rASCs in three different settings of acute and chronic compression. However, there were no significant differences in outcomes between the ASC‐treated groups and control groups.
‘Everyone should do it’: Client experience of a 12‐week dialectical behaviour therapy group programme – An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Childs‐Fegredo Jasmine , Fellin Lisa
Published: June 2018

Objective

There is a dearth of practice‐based evidence of adapted or ‘DBT‐informed’ transdiagnostic models, which could provide services and clinicians with information of what works and for whom, in which settings. This paper aims to bridge this gap by exploring the client experience of a 12‐week transdiagnostic dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) group programme in a private psychiatric hospital.

Method

Five participants with varied clinical diagnoses and previous therapeutic experiences were interviewed following completion of one or more of the same adapted DBT programme, comprising of the standard four modules over 12 weeks, including a weekly skills group and 1:1 therapy. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was applied to give voice to the clients’ lived experience of the group.

Results

Three master themes were identified: ‘Pre DBT: Crisis & Desperation’; ‘In‐session: Belonging’; and ‘The Real World: Living’, each characterised by four sub‐themes, highlighting helpful and hindering factors of clients’ current and previous therapeutic experiences.

Conclusion

Overall this version of DBT in a transdiagnostic setting was experienced as helpful and positive by participants; main outcomes included being able to build a life worth living, feel hope and joy, build DBT skills into a lifestyle, and develop reflective practice. Implications for clinical practice, service delivery and policy are also discussed. The article aims to provide clinicians with practice‐based evidence to inform the delivery of DBT as well as supporting the case for the use of DBT with various disorders, thus paving the way for future research in this area.
Iliac and mandible osteoblasts exhibit varied responses to LMHF vibration
Authors: Pravitharangul Anute , Suttapreyasri Srisurang , Leethanakul Chidchanok
Published: June 2018

The facial and long bones have distinct developmental origins, structures, and cellular compositions. This study aimed to compare the in vitro responses of human mandible and long bone osteoblasts to low‐magnitude, high‐frequency (LMHF) mechanical vibration in terms of expression of mediators of bone remodeling. Osteoblast‐like cell cultures were prepared from iliac crest and mandibular bone specimens from three individuals and cultured in osteogenic induction media. Induction of mature osteoblastic phenotypes was confirmed by analysis of DNA content, alkaline phosphatase activity and gene expression every 3 days for 27 days. Based on gene expression, mature osteoblasts formed by day 15 of induction culture. After 15 days of culture in induction media, mature osteoblasts were subjected to vibration (0, 30, or 60 Hz) for 30 min every 24 h. After 48 h, RANKL, OPG, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TGF‐β gene, and protein expression were determined by real‐time PCR analysis of total cellular mRNA and ELISAs of the cell supernatants. Both iliac and mandible osteoblasts responded to LMHF vibration: IL‐1β and RANKL mRNA were downregulated and IL‐6 mRNA was upregulated. However, TGF‐ β mRNA was unaltered and OPG mRNA was upregulated in iliac osteoblasts, whereas both TGF‐β and OPG mRNA were downregulated in mandible osteoblasts. As a result, LMHF reduced the RANKL/OPG mRNA ratio in iliac osteoblasts but did not alter the RANKL/OPG mRNA ratio in mandible osteoblasts. This study suggests mature iliac osteoblasts exhibit a more potent anti‐resorptive response to vibration, while this tendency was not obviously apparent in mature mandible osteoblasts.
What influences social outcomes among offenders with personality disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Connell Catriona , Furtado Vivek , McKay Elizabeth A. , Singh Swaran P.
Published: June 2018

Background

Personality disorder is highly prevalent in offender populations and is associated with poor health, criminal justice, and social outcomes. Research has been conducted into factors that influence offending and health, but, in order to improve (re)habilitation, service providers must also be able to identify the variables associated with social outcomes and the mechanisms by which they operate.

Aim

To establish what is known about what influences social outcomes among offenders with personality disorder.

Method

A systematic review was completed using Cochrane methods, expanded to include nonrandomised trials. Anticipated high heterogeneity informed a narrative synthesis.

Results

Three studies met inclusion criteria. Two were qualitative studies including only 13 cases between them. All studies were low quality.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to determine what influences good social outcomes among offenders with personality disorder. Research is required to identify associated variables, to inform the development of effective interventions.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Selective Para Amination of Arylamine with Pyrazole by C−H Functionalization
Authors: Xu Jun , Du Kui , Shen Jiabin , Shen Chao , Chai Kejie , Zhang Pengfei
Published: June 2018

A coordinating activation strategy for selective para amination of arylamine with pyrazole is developed. Various substrates are compatible, giving the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy provides a practical solution for the efficient synthesis of arylamine‐containing pharmacophores from simple starting materials. A single electron transfer mechanism is suggested for this reaction.
Cutting the Green Waste. Structure‐Performance Relationship in Functionalized Carbon Xerogels for Hydrolysis of Cellobiose
Authors: Eblagon Katarzyna Morawa , Malaika Anna , Pereira Manuel Fernando R. , Figueiredo José Luís
Published: June 2018

The hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses in the presence of solid acid catalysts is of great importance as an entry process for the production of biofuels and chemicals. In this work, the effect of carbon surface chemistry on the catalyst conversion and selectivity in hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose was studied. Solid catalysts based on carbon xerogels (CXs) containing various functionalities incorporating heteroatoms (S, P, N, O), as confirmed by XPS, TPD, ICP and EA analyses, were successfully prepared. CXs containing 3.4 wt % of phosphorus showed the best catalytic performance, reaching 90 % conversion of cellobiose with 72 % selectivity to glucose, under oxidative atmosphere and in a short reaction time of only 4 h. The presence of phosphonates (−P−C−) was found to increase the selectivity to glucose up to unprecedented 87 %. On the contrary, carbonyls, quinones, pyrydinic, pyrrolic and sulfonic groups were found to promote glucose degradation, leading to a final low yield of this product. Additionally, the increased concentration of oxygen in the reaction atmosphere was shown to significantly weaken the β (1–4)‐glycosidic bond, increasing the final yield of glucose.
Solvent‐free Strategy of Photocarriers Accumulated Site and Separated Path for Porous Hollow Spindle‐Shaped BiPO4
Authors: Xie Jing , Cao Yali , Jia Wei , Zhang Su , Li Yizhao , Hu Jindou , Jia Dianzeng
Published: June 2018

Porous, hollow‐structure, inorganic nanomaterials have sparked considerable interest in catalysis and energy conversion systems. However, inorganic nanomaterials with porous hollow structures are generally synthesized under harsh conditions or through complicated procedures, which impedes large‐scale applications. Herein, we describe a novel solid‐state chemical strategy without using templates and surfactants to construct hollow spindle‐shaped BiPO4 (BP). A porous hollow structure containing rich surface oxygen vacancies was achieved by the heat treatment of BP in air at 600 °C (BP‐Air‐600 °C). Benefiting from the synergistic effect, the hollow porous structure increased light‐harvesting efficiency by multiple reflection and the plentiful oxygen vacancies decreased recombination rate of electron‐hole pairs. BP‐Air‐600 °C displays an excellent apparent rate constant for the degradation of methylene blue, which is about 4.7 times higher than that of BP. This study presents a green approach to rational design of porous hollow structured nanomaterials which possess richer surface oxygen defects and excellent photocatalytic performance.
Formation and Separation of Particles fromEmiliania huxleyi
Authors: Chairopoulou Makrina Artemis , Pereyra Clara , Teipel Ulrich
Published: June 2018

Three reactor systems forEmiliania huxleyicultivation are reviewed in respect to coccolith production. After cell lysis, the particle size distribution was determined for the system. Fraction changes caused through ultrasonication were characterized by comparing particle size distributions. Insufficient de‐agglomeration and possible re‐agglomeration at longer treatment intervals could be observed. Zeta potential measurements of the treated samples indicated no significant surface modifications. Scanning electron microscopy images showed no structural damages and the particles appeared similar to each other regardless the ultrasound exposure. In addition, settling velocities of the system using different density and viscosity solutions were examined by an analytical centrifuge. Two separation attempts for coccolith recovery are presented.
One‐Step Constructed Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Coupled with Magnetic Enhanced Solid Phase Microextraction to Sensitively Detect Bisphenol‐A
Authors: Hu Yunxia , Wang Sui , Guo Zhiyong , Hu Yufang , Xie Hongzhen
Published: June 2018

In the present study, an electrochemiluminescence quenching approach coupled with magnetic enhanced solid phase microextraction was exploited for the extraction and determination of bisphenol A. The GO‐Fe3O4 nanocomposites as solid phase microextraction sorbent were synthesized for extraction of bisphenol A. It was found that the magnetic field applied using an external magnet can not only achieve rapid separation, but also enhance the extraction efficiency to some extent. The GO−Au nanoparticle (GO‐AuNPs) composites combine the advantages of large specific surface area of graphene oxide and good conductivity of Au nanoparticles. Thus, an electrochemiluminescence sensor was constructed by immobilization of GO‐AuNPs composites on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). Bisphenol A could quench GO‐AuNPs composites enhanced electrochemiluminescence signal of luminol during the detection stage. Under optimized experimental conditions, the quenched electrochemiluminescence intensity was linearly proportionally to the negative value of the logarithm of the concentration of bisphenol A within the range of 10−8∼10−4 mol/L, with a correlation coefficient r of 0.9920 and a limitation of detection of 4.2×10−9 mol/L. This method can be used to detect bisphenol‐A in real samples, meanwhile its sensitivity was higher based on the enhancing effect of luminol by GO‐AuNPs composites and extraction of target before detection.
The Effect of Media Coverage on the Pricing of Seasoned Equity Offerings
Authors: Pinto‐Gutiérrez Cristian A.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the role of media coverage and investor attention on the outcomes of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). I use an archive of Thomson Reuters news articles to proxy for firm visibility and investor attention. I find that the volumes of news articles prior to the offerings are positively associated with the offer price discounts of SEOs. Furthermore, the volumes of news articles are negatively associated with the cumulative abnormal returns three days around the SEOs. I conclude that the costs of equity increase with media coverage prior to SEOs. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that media coverage affects investors' information processing in SEOs. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary study of the surface reactivity of 2D α‐Mo2C crystallites
Authors: Fortin Carole‐Anne , Adnot Alain , McBreen Peter H.
Published: June 2018

A preliminary study of the surface reactivity of 2D‐α‐Mo2C crystallites grown on a copper foil was performed using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Different sample preparation protocols for the as‐received materials were explored in order to remove hydrocarbon surface contamination. Annealing in vacuum and in argon led to the formation of graphitic layers, while annealing in O2 lead to almost the complete disappearance of the Mo signal. Gentle argon ion sputtering proved effective at removing the hydrocarbon contamination to reveal pristine molybdenum carbide. XPS spectra were recorded following the exposure of the prepared sample at 297 K to furfural. The results are commented on in relation to deoxygenation and olefin metathesis surface chemistry.
Rate‐related left bundle branch block and cardiac memory in a patient with bradycardia: Case report and literature review
Authors: Seibolt Luke , Maestas Camila , Lazkani Mohamad , Fatima Umaima , Loli Akil , Chesser Michael
Published: June 2018

Rate‐related left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a well‐studied phenomenon. Cardiac memory is another physiologic phenomenon in which T‐wave abnormalities occur in the absence of ischemia. The association between these 2 phenomena has been described in several case reports. A literature review was performed through Ovid and PubMed, where at total of 93 cases of rate‐related LBBB were identified. Cases were reviewed, and data were collected on rates of appearance and disappearance as well as the presence or absence of cardiac memory. There is some overlap in the rate at which LBBB appears. Cardiac memory is associated with rate‐related LBBB in several cases, but its true prevalence is unknown. Cardiac memory is a phenomenon that is well described in the literature but is often underrecognized in clinical practice. As a consequence of overlooking this phenomenon and not including cardiac memory in the differential when T‐wave abnormalities are observed, patients may be subjected to unnecessary invasive diagnostic testing.
Effect of Acylation on the Antimicrobial Activity of Temporin B Analogues
Authors: Avitabile Concetta , D'Andrea Luca Domenico , D'Aversa Elisabetta , Milani Roberta , Gambari Roberto , Romanelli Alessandra
Published: June 2018

New peptides derived from the natural antimicrobial temporin B were obtained. The design, antimicrobial activity, and characterization of the secondary structure of peptides in the presence of bacterial cells is described herein. TB_KKG6K (KKLLPIVKNLLKSLL) has been identified as the most active analogue against Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria, compared with natural temporin B (LLPIVGNLLKSLL) and TB_KKG6A (KKLLPIVANLLKSLL). Acylation with hydrophobic moieties generally led to reduced activity; however, acylation at the 6‐position of TB_KKG6K led to retained sub‐micromolar activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Botanicals and Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Roytman Marina M. , Poerzgen Peter , Navarro Victor
Published: June 2018

The use of botanicals, often in the form of multi‐ingredient herbal dietary supplements (HDS), has grown tremendously in the past three decades despite their unproven efficacy. This is paralleled by an increase in dietary supplement‐related health complications, notably hepatotoxicity. This article reviews the demographics and motivations of dietary supplement (DS) consumers and the regulatory framework for DS in the US and other developed countries. It examines in detail three groups of multi‐ingredient HDS associated with hepatotoxicity: OxyElite Pro (two formulations), green tea extract‐based DS, and “designer anabolic steroids.” These examples illustrate the difficulties in identifying and adjudicating causality of suspect compound(s) of multi‐ingredient HDS‐associated liver injury in the clinical setting. The article outlines future directions for further study of HDS‐associated hepatotoxicity as well as measures to safeguard the consumer against it.
Efficient Biomass Fuel Cell Powered by Sugar with Photo‐ and Thermal‐Catalysis by Solar Irradiation
Authors: Liu Wei , Gong Yutao , Wu Weibing , Yang Weisheng , Liu Congmin , Deng Yulin , Chao Zi‐sheng
Published: June 2018

The utilization of biomass sugars has received great interesting recently. Herein, we present a highly efficient hybrid solar biomass fuel cell that utilizes thermal‐ and photocatalysis of solar irradiation and converts biomass sugars into electricity with high power output. The fuel cell uses polyoxometalates (POMs) as photocatalyst to decompose sugars and capture their electrons. The reduced POMs have strong visible and near‐infrared light adsorption, which can significantly increase the temperature of the reaction system and largely promotes the thermal oxidation of sugars by the POM. In addition, the reduced POM functions as charge carrier that can release electrons at the anode in the fuel cell to generate electricity. The electron‐transfer rates from glucose to POM under thermal and light‐irradiation conditions were investigated in detail. The power outputs of this solar biomass fuel cell are investigated by using different types of sugars as fuels, with the highest power density reaching 45 mW cm−2.
Panchromatic Sensitization with ZnII Porphyrin‐Based Photosensitizers for Light‐Driven Hydrogen Production
Authors: Ho Po‐Yu , Mark Michael F. , Wang Yi , Yiu Sze‐Chun , Yu Wai‐Hong , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , McCamant David W. , Eisenberg Richard , Huang Shuping
Published: June 2018

Three molecular photosensitizers (PSs) with carboxylic acid anchors for attachment to platinized titanium dioxide nanoparticles were studied for light‐driven hydrogen production from a fully aqueous medium with ascorbic acid (AA) as the sacrificial electron donor. Two zinc(II) porphyrin (ZnP)‐based PSs were used to examine the effect of panchromatic sensitization on the photocatalytic H2 generation. A dyad molecular design was used to construct a difluoro boron‐dipyrromethene (bodipy)‐conjugated ZnP PS (ZnP‐dyad), whereas the other one featured an electron‐donating diarylamino moiety (YD2‐o‐C8). To probe the use of the ZnP scaffold in this particular energy conversion process, an organic PS without the ZnP moiety (Bodipy‐dye) was also synthesized for comparison. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was adopted to map out the energy transfer processes occurring in the dyad and to establish the bodipy‐based antenna effect. In particular, the systems with YD2‐o‐C8 and ZnP‐dyad achieved a remarkable initial activity for the production of H2 with an initial turnover frequency (TOFi) higher than 300 h−1 under white light irradiation. The use of ZnP PSs in dye‐sensitized photocatalysis for the H2 evolution reaction in this study indicated the importance of the panchromatic sensitization capability for the development of light absorbing PSs.