bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Bias in Simulation-Based Assessments of Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Siegelman Jeffrey N. , Lall Michelle , Lee Lindsay , Moran Tim P. , Wallenstein Joshua , Shah Bijal
Published: July 2018

Background 

Gender-related disparities persist in medicine and medical education. Prior work has found differences in medical education assessments based on gender.

Objective 

We hypothesized that gender bias would be mitigated in a simulation-based assessment.

Methods 

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of emergency medicine residents at a single, urban residency program. Beginning in spring 2013, residents participated in mandatory individual simulation assessments. Twelve simulated cases were included in this study. Rating forms mapped milestone language to specific observable behaviors. A Bayesian regression was used to evaluate the effect of resident and rater gender on assessment scores. Both 95% credible intervals (CrIs) and a Region of Practical Equivalence approach were used to evaluate the results.

Results 

Participants included 48 faculty raters (25 men [52%]) and 102 residents (47 men [46%]). The difference in scores between male and female residents (M = −0.58, 95% CrI –3.31–2.11), and male and female raters (M = 2.87, 95% CrI –0.43–6.30) was small and 95% CrIs overlapped with 0. The 95% CrI for the interaction between resident and rater gender also overlapped with 0 (M = 0.41, 95% CrI –3.71–4.23).

Conclusions 

In a scripted and controlled system of assessments, there were no differences in scores due to resident or rater gender.
Corrosion and Hydrogen Permeation in H2S Environments with O2 Contamination, 1: Tests on Pure Iron at High H2S Concentration
Authors: Deffo Ayagou Martien Duvall , Mendibide C. , Duret-Thual Claude , Kittel Jean , Belkhadiri Khawla , Mai Tran Thi Tuyet , Sutter Eliane , Tribollet Bernard , Ferrando Nicolas
Published: July 2018

Materials selection in the oil and gas industry relies on engineering standards, such as NACE TM0177 and NACE TM0284, which stipulate that oxygen pollution should be avoided during materials testing in H2S-containing media. In this paper, we explore the manner in which traces of oxygen can modify the test solution chemistry and the corrosion of/hydrogen permeation across iron membranes in H2S-containing solutions. Oxygen pollution is shown to strongly influence solution chemistry, through the introduction of sulfur-oxygen reaction products resulting in bulk acidification. Weight loss, electrochemical methods, and solution chemistry measurements conclude that iron corrosion rates in the presence of oxygen pollution are doubled, when compared against the control system (without oxygen pollution). Unexpectedly, despite a lower pH and higher corrosion rates in the oxygen-polluted H2S-containing solutions, the hydrogen permeation rate decreases monotonically, relative to the control. We discuss how this observation is most likely related to a disruption of sulfur adsorbates involved in hydrogen entry promotion.
Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol is mainly controlled by molecular weight, not water solubility
Authors: Wang Jian , Shilling John E. , Liu Jiumeng , Zelenyuk Alla , Bell David M. , Petters Markus , Thalman Ryan , Mei Fan , Zaveri Rahul A. , Zheng Guangjie
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Aerosol particles strongly influence global climate by modifying the properties of clouds. An accurate assessment of the aerosol impact on climate requires knowledge of the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), a subset of aerosol particles that can activate and form cloud droplets in the atmosphere. Atmospheric particles typically consist of a myriad of organic species, which frequently dominate the particle composition. As a result, CCN concentration is often a strong function of the hygroscopicity of organics in the particles. Earlier studies showed organic hygroscopicity increases nearly linearly with oxidation level. Such increase of hygroscopicity is conventionally attributed to higher water solubility for more oxidized organics. By systematically varying the water content of activating droplets, we show that for the majority of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), essentially all organics are dissolved at the point of droplet activation. Therefore, the organic hygroscopicity is not limited by solubility, but is dictated mainly by the molecular weight of organic species. Instead of increased water solubility as previously thought, the increase of the organic hygroscopicity with oxidation level is largely because (1) SOA formed from smaller precursor molecules tend to be more oxidized and have lower average molecular weight and (2) during oxidation, fragmentation reactions reduce average organic molecule weight, leading to increased hygroscopicity. A simple model of organic hygroscopicity based on molecular weight, oxidation level, and volatility is developed, and it successfully reproduces the variation of SOA hygroscopicity with oxidation level observed in the laboratory and field studies.
Intercomparison of mid-latitude tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements and comparison to ECMWF humidity data
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan , Voigt Christiane , Heller Romy , Jurkat-Witschas Tina , Krämer Martina , Rolf Christian , Zöger Martin , Giez Andreas , Buchholz Bernhard , Ebert Volker , Thornberry Troy , Schumann Ulrich
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Accurate measurement of water vapor in the climate sensitive region near the tropopause turned out to be very challenging. Unexplained systematic discrepancies between measurements at low water vapor mixing ratios made by different instruments on airborne platforms have limited our ability to adequately address a number relevant scientific questions on the humidity distribution, cloud formation and climate impact in that region. Therefore, during the past decade, the scientific community has undertaken substantial efforts to understand these discrepancies and improve the quality of water vapor measurements. This study presents a comprehensive intercomparison of airborne state-of-the-art in situ hygrometers deployed onboard the DLR (German Aerospace Center) research aircraft HALO during the Mid-Latitude CIRRUS (ML-CIRRUS) campaign conducted in 2014 over central Europe. The instrument intercomparison shows that the hygrometer measurements agree within their combined accuracy (±10 to 15 %, depending on the humidity regime), total mean values even agree within 2.5 %. However, systematic differences on the order of 10 % and up to a maximum of 15 % are found for mixing ratios below 10 parts per million (ppm) H2O. A comparison of relative humidity within cirrus clouds does not indicate a systematic instrument bias in either water vapor or temperature measurements in the upper troposphere. Furthermore, in situ measurements are compared to model data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) which are interpolated along the ML-CIRRUS flight tracks. We find a mean agreement within ±10 % throughout the troposphere and a significant wet bias in the model on the order of 100 % to 150 % in the stratosphere close to the tropopause. Consistent with previous studies, this analysis indicates that the model deficit is mainly caused by a blurred humidity gradient at tropopause altitudes.
Determining the link between hygroscopicity and composition for semi-volatile aerosol species
Authors: Alroe Joel , Cravigan Luke T. , Mallet Marc D. , Ristovski Zoran D. , Miljevic Branka , Osuagwu Chiemeriwo G. , Johnson Graham R.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Internally and externally mixed aerosols present significant challenges in assessing the hygroscopicity of each aerosol component. This study presents a new sampling technique which uses differences in volatility to separate mixtures and directly examine their respective composition and hygroscopic contribution. A shared thermodenuder and unheated bypass line are continuously cycled between an aerosol mass spectrometer and a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser, allowing real-time comparative analysis of heated and unheated aerosol properties. Measurements have been taken of both chamber-generated secondary organic aerosol and coastal marine aerosol at Cape Grim, Australia, to investigate system performance under diverse conditions. Despite rapidly changing aerosol properties and the need to restrict analysis to a narrow size range, the former experiment separated the hygroscopic influences of ammonium sulfate and two distinct organic components with similar oxygen to carbon ratios but different volatilities. Analysis of the marine aerosol revealed an external mixture of non-sea-salt sulfates and sea spray aerosol, which likely shared similar volatile fractions composed of sulfuric acid and a non-hygroscopic organic component.
Limited impact of El Niño – Southern Oscillation on the methane cycle
Authors: Schaefer Hinrich , Smale Dan , Nichol Sylvia E. , Bromley Tony M. , Martin Ross J. , Moss Rowena , Englund Michel Sylvia , White James W. C.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been suggested as a strong forcing in the methane cycle and as a driver of recent trends in global atmospheric methane levels. Such a sensitivity of the global CH4 budget to climate events would have important repercussions for climate change mitigation strategies and the accuracy of projections for future greenhouse forcing. Here, we test the impact of ENSO on the CH4 cycle in a correlation analysis. We use local and global records of methane mixing ratio [CH4], as well as stable carbon isotopic records of atmospheric CH4 (δ13CH4), which are particularly sensitive to the combined ENSO effects on CH4 production from wetlands and biomass burning. We use a variety of nominal, smoothed and detrended time series including growth rate records. We find that at most 38 % of the variability in [CH4] and δ13CH4 is attributable to ENSO, but only for detrended records in the Southern tropics. Trend-bearing records from the Southern tropics, as well as all studied hemispheric and global records show a minor impact of ENSO, i.e.
Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low pH–ocean acidification–conditions
Authors: Ye Facheng , Jurikova Hana , Angiolini Lucia , Brand Uwe , Crippa Gaia , Henkel Daniela , Laudien Jürgen , Hiebenthal Claas , Šmajgl Danijela
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Throughout the last few decades and in the near future CO2–induced ocean acidification is potentially a big threat to marine calcite-shelled animals (e.g., brachiopods, bivalves, corals and gastropods). Despite the great number of studies focusing on the effects of acidification on shell growth, metabolism, shell dissolution and shell repair, the consequences on biomineral formation remain poorly understood, and only few studies addressed contemporarily the impact of acidification on shell microstructure and geochemistry. In this study, a detailed microstructure and stable isotope geochemistry investigation was performed on nine adult brachiopod specimens of Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789), grown in the natural environment as well as in controlled culturing experiments at different pH conditions (ranging 7.35 to 8.15 ± 0.05) over different time intervals (214 to 335 days). Details of shell microstructural features, such as thickness of the primary layer, density and size of endopunctae and morphology of the basic structural unit of the secondary layer were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O) were tested from the secondary shell layer along shell ontogenetic increments in both dorsal and ventral valves. Based on our comprehensive dataset, we observed that, under low pH conditions, M. venosa produced a more organic-rich shell with higher density of and larger endopunctae, and smaller secondary layer fibres, when subjected to about one year of culturing. Also, increasingly negative δ13C and δ18O values are recorded by the shell produced during culturing and are related to the CO2–source in the culture setup. Both the microstructural changes and the stable isotope results are similar to observations on brachiopods from the fossil record and strongly support the value of brachiopods as robust archives of proxies for studying ocean acidification events in the geologic past.
faSavageHutterFOAM 1.0: depth-integrated simulation of dense snow avalanches on natural terrain with OpenFOAM
Authors: Rauter Matthias , Kofler Andreas , Huber Andreas , Fellin Wolfgang
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Numerical models for dense snow avalanches have become central to hazard zone mapping
and mitigation. Several commercial and free applications, which are used on a
regular basis, implement such models. In this study we present a tool based
on the open-source toolkit OpenFOAM® as an
alternative to the established solutions. The proposed tool implements a
depth-integrated shallow flow model in accordance with current practice. The
solver combines advantages of the extensive OpenFOAM infrastructure with
popular models from the avalanche community. OpenFOAM allows assembling
custom physical models with built-in primitives and implements the numerical
solution at a high level. OpenFOAM supports an extendable solver structure,
making the tool well-suited for future developments and rapid prototyping. We
introduce the basic solver, implementing an incompressible, single-phase
model for natural terrain, including entrainment. The respective workflow,
consisting of meshing, pre-processing, numerical solution and
post-processing, is presented. We demonstrate data transfer from and to a
geographic information system (GIS) to allow a simple application in
practice. The tool chain is based entirely on open-source applications and
libraries and can be easily customised and extended. Simulation results for a
well-documented avalanche event are presented and compared to previous
numerical studies and historical data.
Symmetric Equations on the Surface of a Sphere as Used by Model GISS:IB
Authors: Russell Gary L. , Rind David H. , Jonas Jeffrey
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Standard vector calculus formulas of Cartesian three space are projected onto the surface of a sphere. This produces symmetric equations with three nonindependent horizontal velocity components. Each orthogonal axis has a velocity component that rotates around its axis (eastward velocity rotates around the north-south axis) and a specific angular momentum component that is the product of the velocity component times the cosine of axis' latitude. Angular momentum components align with the fixed axes and simplify several formulas, whereas the rotating velocity components are not orthogonal and vary with location. Three symmetric coordinates allow vector resolution and calculus operations continuously over the whole spherical surface, which is not possible with only two coordinates. The symmetric equations are applied to one-layer shallow water models on cubed-sphere and icosahedral grids, the latter being computationally simple and applicable to an ocean domain. Model results are presented for three different initial conditions and five different resolutions.
Multivariate stochastic bias corrections with optimal transport
Authors: Robin Yoann , Vrac Mathieu , Naveau Philippe , Yiou Pascal
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Bias correction methods are used to calibrate climate model outputs with respect to observational records. The goal is to ensure that statistical features (such as means and variances) of climate simulations are coherent with observations. In this article, a multivariate stochastic bias correction method is developed based on optimal transport. Bias correction methods are usually defined as transfer functions between random variables. We show that such transfer functions induce a joint probability distribution between the biased random variable and its correction. The optimal transport theory allows us constructing a joint distribution that minimizes an energy spent in bias correction. This extends the classical univariate quantile mapping techniques in the multivariate case. We also propose a definition of non-stationary bias correction as a transfer of the model to the observational world, and we extend our method in this context. Those methodologies are first tested on an idealized chaotic system with three variables. In those controlled experiments, the correlations between variables appear almost perfectly corrected by our method, as opposed to a univariate correction. Our methodology is also tested on daily precipitation and temperatures over 12 locations in southern France. The correction of the inter-variable and inter-site structures of temperatures and precipitation appears in agreement with the multi-dimensional evolution of the model, hence satisfying our suggested definition of non-stationarity.
Modelled fracture and calving on the Totten Ice Shelf
Authors: Cook Sue , Åström Jan , Zwinger Thomas , Galton-Fenzi Benjamin Keith , Greenbaum Jamin Stevens , Coleman Richard
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The Totten Ice Shelf (IS) has a large drainage basin,
much of which is grounded below sea level, leaving the glacier vulnerable to
retreat through the marine ice sheet instability mechanism. The ice shelf
has also been shown to be sensitive to changes in calving rate, as a very
small retreat of the calving front from its current position is predicted to
cause a change in flow at the grounding line. Therefore understanding the
processes behind calving on the Totten IS is key to predicting its future
sea level rise contribution. Here we use the Helsinki Discrete Element Model (HiDEM)
to show that not all of the fractures visible at the front of the
Totten IS are produced locally, but that the across-flow basal crevasses,
which are part of the distinctive cross-cutting fracture pattern, are
advected into the calving front area from upstream. A separate simulation of
the grounding line shows that re-grounding points may be key areas of basal
crevasse production, and can produce basal crevasses in both an along- and
across-flow orientation. The along-flow basal crevasses at the grounding
line may be a possible precursor to basal channels, while we suggest the
across-flow grounding-line fractures are the source of the across-flow
features observed at the calving front. We use two additional models to
simulate the evolution of basal fractures as they advect downstream,
demonstrating that both strain and ocean melt have the potential to deform
narrow fractures into the broad basal features observed near the calving
front. The wide range of factors which influence fracture patterns and
calving on this glacier will be a challenge for predicting its future mass loss.
Large spatial variations in the frontal mass budget of a Greenland
tidewater glacier
Authors: Wagner Till J. W. , Straneo Fiamma , Richards Clark G. , Slater Donald A. , Stevens Laura A. , Das Sarah B. , Singh Hanumant
Published: July 2018

Abstract. We investigate the frontal mass budget of a medium-sized tidewater glacier in western Greenland. This is done by comparing the seasonal retreat of the glacier to ice advection and ablation along the front. Frontal ablation is partitioned into calving and submarine melting, both of which are estimated from in situ observations. We observe large spatial variability in all mass budget terms along the glacier front. In particular, we find that the ablation of the glacier front is characterized by two main regimes: melting dominated versus calving dominated. While melting-dominated segments appear to be associated with subglacial discharge plumes, calving-dominated regions occur outside such plumes. The melting-dominated segments are rather localized, and the majority of ablation is estimated to occur in the form of calving. However, we stress the large uncertainty in melt rate estimates and consider the possibility that current parameterizations substantially underestimate melting. Finally, we argue that localized melt incisions into the glacier front can be significant drivers of calving. Our results suggest a complex interplay of melting and calving marked by high spatial variability along the glacier front. Understanding the impact of such local variability on larger scale ice dynamics may help guide future mass balance projections for tidewater glaciers.
Exploring School Foodservice Directors’ Intentions to Implement Farm-To-School Procurement Methods Considering Food Safety Practices
Authors: Curwood Sandra C , Rajagopal Lakshman , Arendt Susan W. , Sapp Stephen W.
Published: July 2018

This study explored the intentions of foodservice directors' (FSD) who oversee Farm-to-School (F2S) programs to implement alternative procurement methods that better account for food safety practices. A web-based questionnaire was distributed to 864 California school FSDs with 136 (15.7%) usable surveys returned. Findings revealed that although FSDs understand the importance of food safety training and have confidence in their ability to manage produce safety practices, they express little intention to change their procurement practices. This finding might indicate a need for more resources and supportive policies.
Bacterial Endocarditis of the Pulmonic Valve in a Dog
Authors: Clark Grace K. , Spier Alan , Nestor Derek , Rizzo Scott
Published: July 2018

An 11 yr old female spayed golden retriever weighing 30.3 kg presented for evaluation of progressive lethargy, anorexia, tachypnea, stiff gait, and nonlocalized pain. On physical exam, the patient was febrile and tachycardic, and an arrhythmia with pulse deficits was noted. Clinicopathological abnormalities included thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, nonregenerative anemia, and mild hypoalbuminemia. The patient progressed overnight to develop a productive cough, and an echocardiogram performed the next morning revealed irregular proliferative lesions of the pulmonic valve with moderate pulmonic regurgitation. Subsequent blood cultures grew two organisms: alpha-hemolytic streptococci spp. and Empedobacter brevis. The dog was treated with appropriate intravenous antibiotics for 2 wk and then switched to oral therapy. The clinicopathologic abnormalities, fever, and clinical signs resolved with oral antibiotic treatment. To the authors' knowledge, this case report represents the first detailed published case of bacterial endocarditis with E brevis bacteremia involving the pulmonic valve. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are discussed.
Ileocolic Perforation Secondary to Disk Battery Ingestion in a Dog
Authors: Meltzer Lauren
Published: July 2018

A 7 yr old spayed female shih tzu was evaluated for anorexia of 4 days duration. Conservative treatment for gastroenteritis had been administered by another veterinarian 2 days before presentation. Abdominal radiography revealed two round, disk-shaped, metallic-opacity foreign objects within the bowel with loss of serosal detail. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and revealed circumferential full-thickness necrosis and perforation of the intestines at the ileocolic junction with a small amount of peritoneal effusion. Two disk batteries were palpated in the colon and milked out of the rectum. An ileocolic anastomosis was performed without complication. However, the dog died following cardiopulmonary arrest shortly after extubation. Disk batteries are capable of causing severe tissue necrosis due to the generation of electric current when prolonged contact with mucosal surfaces occurs. Immediate removal is recommended to prevent gastrointestinal perforation and potential fatalities.
Comparison of Initial and Postlavage Bacterial Culture Results of Septic Peritonitis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Kalafut Sarah Ruth , Schwartz Pamela , Currao Rachael Leigh , Levien Andrew Scott , Moore George E.
Published: July 2018

Septic peritonitis is a common, life-threatening condition encountered in dogs and cats. Efficacy of peritoneal lavage has not been proven in veterinary studies. Our objective was to evaluate differences in bacterial identity and susceptibility in samples obtained pre- and postlavage in animals who underwent laparotomy for treatment of septic peritonitis and to assess the effect of empirical antimicrobial selection on survival. Culture samples were collected from the peritoneal surface pre- and postlavage from dogs and cats treated surgically for septic peritonitis. Culture results were compared for each patient with regard to bacterial isolates and bacterial susceptibility profiles. Survival to discharge was evaluated.

Microbial growth occurred in at least one culture in 88.6% of patients. There was no significant difference in bacterial isolates or susceptibility profiles pre- versus postlavage. Positive culture pre- or postlavage and appropriate antimicrobial selection did not significantly affect survival. For individual animals, culture results differed between pre- and postlavage samples, although no definitive effect of peritoneal lavage was seen for the population as a whole. Antimicrobials most commonly effective against isolates were Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Imipenem. If prompt surgical source control is employed, antibiotic choice may not affect clinical outcome.
Factores de riesgo relacionados con evisceración en pacientes sometidos a laparotomía
Authors: Aguirre Barillas Carlos Haroldo
Published: July 2018

El estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la relación entre la presencia de las condiciones consideradas factores de riesgo para evisceración y la aparición de dicha complicación en los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía en el Hospital Esc. Dr. Roberto Calderón durante el 2010-2012. Es un estudio no experimental, analítico, retrospectivo y correlacional. Se consideró como casos a los pacientes sometidos a Laparotomía Exploradora que presentaron evisceración, (21 pacientes) y como testigo a aquellos que fueron sometidos a Laparotomía, sin presentar la complicación (21 pacientes). Se efectuaron pruebas de asociación entre cada uno de los factores de riesgo y la presencia de evisceración. Se excluyó a aquellos pacientes que fueron intervenidos fuera de la unidad asistencial, aquellos en los que se siguió un protocolo de control de daños, con cierre rápido de pared abdominal y los que presentaran hernia incisional en la primera intervención. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre desarrollo de Evisceración y la Edad Avanzada (mayor 60 años), Anemia e Infección del sitio quirúrgico. La presencia de Evisceración fue independiente de la presencia de los demás factores de riesgo estudiados. Se recomienda aplicar con rigor las medidas orientadas a reducir las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, mejorar el registro de peso y talla de los pacientes para identificar a aquellos que sufren obesidad, así como estudiar la influencia de la calidad de manufactura de los materiales utilizados en el cierre de la pared abdominal y variantes en las técnicas quirúrgicas como factores relacionados con evisceración.
Teor de nitrato em águas subterrâneas da região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará: um Alerta
Authors: Bezerra Antonia Diana Alves , Rocha Janelane Coelho da , Nogueira Elcivania Rodrigues , Araújo Francisco Gabriel Dias Mota , Farias Magda Kokay , Brandão Maíra Gadelha Alves , Pantoja Lydia Dayanne Maia
Published: July 2018

Diante do quadro de escassez hídrica em regiões de clima semiárido como é o caso do Estado do Ceará, a exploração de água subterrânea é uma importante medida para abastecimento da população, porém, ações antropogênicas podem comprometer a sua qualidade. Considerando, que o íon nitrato é utilizado mundialmente como indicador de contaminação e que teores de nitrato acima de 10 mg/L N-NO3 acarretam danos à saúde, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar o teor de nitrato em águas subterrâneas da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (CE). Por meio de método de espectrofotometria na região do visível foram analisadas 37 amostras de águas subterrâneas oriundas das cidades de Aquiraz, Caucaia, Pacatuba, Horizonte, Eusébio e Fortaleza (CE). As amostras coletadas foram analisadas por profissionais do laboratório da Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente - SEMACE. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 37,8% das amostras estão em desacordo a legislação nacional em vigor. Os resultados corroboram estudos que apontam elevados teores do íon nitrato encontrados em regiões densamente urbanizadas, como é o caso da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (CE), por tanto, o déficit do serviço de esgotamento sanitário seria uma das causas para a presença dessa contaminação.
Post-ingestive effects of flavonoids in the midgut epithelium of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae
Authors: Cruz Norberto Aparecido , Hoffmann-Campo Clara Beatriz , Levy Sheila Michele , Ferreira Falleiros Angela Maria
Published: July 2018

An alternative control to soybean caterpillar has been the use of insect resistant plants that present phenolic flavonoids. The midgut is the main access pathway of food and chemical substances ingested. The present study examined morphological alterations in the midgut epithelium of the soybean caterpillar, after the ingestion of soybean genotypes containing the flavonoids rutin and genistin. The caterpillars and genotypes (BRS 257 - control, BR 16, Dowling, PI 229358, IAC 100 and PI 227687) were obtained from the insect rearing facility at the Embrapa Soja. The midguts were collected, fixed in Karnovsky, processed and analyzed under a light microscope. All treatments caused alterations in the midgut epithelial cells. These alterations in the columnar cells were more assiduous than the on other cell types, showing an increase of cytoplasmic protrusions and vacuoles. The goblet cells showed few changes for all genotypes tested, while the regenerative cells presented alterations mainly for the Dowling and PI 227687 treatments. The peritrophic membrane was absent for genotypes IAC100 and PI 227687. We conclude that the Dowling and PI 227687 genotypes were effective and promoted great morphological alterations in the midgut of the soybean caterpillars, being able to be very effective for the control of this plague.
Estimativa de custos diretos para a implantação e efetivação da vacinação contra o HPV no Estado do Amazonas
Authors: Magalhães Patricia da Silva , Neves André Luiz Machado das , Souza Filho Zilmar Augusto de
Published: July 2018

O estudo estimou os custos diretos da implantação e efetivação das campanhas de vacinação contra o HPV no Estado do Amazonas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal prospectivo, com uso de modelos matemáticos e descritivo de avaliação econômica em saúde. Utilizou-se dados primários e secundários para estimativa dos custos envolvidos nas campanhas realizadas entre os anos de 2013 a 2014. Avaliou-se os custos através da análise de correlação de Pearson, com valores significativos de p(menor ou igual)0,05. Identificou-se que no Amazonas, o percentual de cobertura da campanha para a 1ª dose foi de 95,4%, na 2ª dose a cobertura foi de 94,4% e na 3ª dose 84,1% da população de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Os custos diretos totais estimados para as três etapas da campanha, revelaram o valor de R$ 16.149.814,79, aplicados através da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Amazonas, bem como os custos apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significativa com a variável população alvo (p<0,001). A realização de campanhas de vacinação no Amazonas é muito onerosa e deve-se considerar a complexidade e dinamicidade da territorialidade do Estado e os recursos humanos, fazendo-se necessário a aplicação do princípio da equidade no processo de planejamento das ações de saúde para a implantação e efetivação de campanhas de vacinação na Amazônia.
Perfil epidemiológico e prisional das detentas de um município do médio norte de Mato Grosso
Authors: Graça Bianca Carvalho da , Mariano Michele de Melo , Silva Juliana Herrero da , Nascimento Vagner Ferreira , Hattori Thalise Yuri , Terças-Trette Ana Cláudia Pereira
Published: July 2018

Objetivou-se apresentar o perfil de mulheres privadas de liberdade em uma cadeia pública da região médio de Mato Grosso. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa realizada em 2017. Foi realizada aplicação de formulário semiestruturado contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas com as 57 mulheres, sendo as mesmas entrevistadas individualmente; posteriormente os dados foram sistematizados em planilhas eletrônicas e analisados pelo SPSS versão 20.0. O perfil predominante foi de participantes autodeclaradas pardas (73,7%), com faixa etária entre 18 e 31 anos (56,2%), ensino fundamental incompleto (56,2%), donas de casa (38,6%), solteiras (47,4%), com até 4 filhos (82,5%), detidas pelo crime de tráfico de drogas (54,4%) e com período de reclusão de até dois anos (82,5%). O perfil aqui descrito reflete a relação entre a população com maior fragilidade socioeconômica, a inserção no crime através do parceiro e o tráfico de drogas como busca de renda. Neste sentido faz-se necessário a elaboração de políticas públicas intersetoriais que possibilitem a redução das desigualdades sociais, de gênero e a inserção das mulheres desde a infância em ambientes que potencializem sua qualidade de vida.
Pesquisa de Clostridium perfringens em carnes bovinas embaladas a vácuo comercializadas no Distrito Federal e entorno
Authors: Poty Igor de Oliveira , Palma Joana Marchesini , Lobato Francisco Carlos Faria , Mota Ana Lourdes Arrais de Alencar , Santana Angela Patricia
Published: July 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença de Clostridium perfringens em 54 amostras de carne bovina embaladas a vácuo comercializadas na região do Distrito Federal, bem como detectar a presença da toxina cpe por PCR, ainda avaliar os meios de cultivo ágar SPS® e ágar TSC®, com e sem etapa de pré-enriquecimento das amostras em caldo infusão de cérebro e coração (BHI) na câmara de anaerobiose, e posterior incubação das placas de SPS® e TSC® tanto em jarra de anaerobiose, como em câmara de anaerobiose. Na análise da incubação das placas em ágar SPS® e TSC®, sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento em caldo BHI na câmara de anaerobiose, observou-se o crescimento em apenas uma (1,85%) das 54 amostras analisadas, em ambos os meios de cultivo e formas de incubação. Com a etapa de pré-enriquecimento com caldo BHI em câmara de anaerobiose, observou-se crescimento em todas as 54 amostras (100%), em ambos os meios de cultivo e formas de incubação. Na reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) nenhuma das cepas oriundas das amostras analisadas apresentaram a amplificação de fragmento do gene da toxina cpe. Os resultados evidenciam a presença de C. perfringens em carnes embaladas a vácuo comercializadas no Distrito Federal e Entorno, porém não foi detectada a toxina cpe em nenhuma cepa isolada analisada. Na comparação estatística aplicando o teste qui-quadrado de McNemar, observou-se que houve diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre as análises sem e com a etapa de pré-enriquecimento em caldo BHI, verificando-se a influencia positiva do meio na recuperação de esporos, destacando desta forma a importância do enriquecimento prévio em meio BHI e a incubação em câmara de anaerobiose, na recuperação de esporos deste microrganismo.
Tributação como instrumento de redução das desigualdades no Brasil
Authors: Anselmini Priscila , Buffon Marciano
Published: July 2018

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de demonstrar como a desigualdade de renda e de riqueza podem ser reduzidas através de um sistema tributário mais equânime. A tributação baseada sobre os bens de consumo e serviços aumentam as desigualdades de renda, uma vez que a carga tributária atinge significativamente a parcela da população de classe baixa e média. Os seus efeitos regressivos acarretam problemas na distribuição de renda, bem como no acesso aos direitos básicos do cidadão brasileiro. Assim, no primeiro momento, analisar-se-á como é distribuída a carga tributária brasileira, para que, posteriormente, verifiquem-se os princípios da capacidade contributiva e progressividade dos impostos como instrumentos hábeis e eficazes para a redução da desigualdade de riqueza. Em termos gerais, o artigo aborda a real possiblidade de diminuir a concentração de riqueza e desigualdade de renda através da tributação, isto é, tributar mais o patrimônio e renda, diminuindo a incidência sobre os bens de consumo e serviços, respeitando a capacidade econômica do contribuinte.
O papel da lei de improbidade administrativa para a minimização de condutas ineficientes
Authors: Seger de Camargo Patrícia Maria , Oliveira Celmar Corrêa de
Published: July 2018

A Administração Pública precisa de valores éticos e de instrumentos jurídicos que previnam ou minimizem erros administrativos inescusáveis. A presente pesquisa fundamenta-se na Lei de Improbidade Administrativa brasileira e visa diagnosticar condutas de agentes públicos responsabilizados por improbidade administrativa culposa, bem como analisar como a Lei de Improbidade Administrativa brasileira pode contribuir para minimizar condutas ineficientes. O trabalho apresenta uma análise estrutural da Lei de Improbidade Administrativa brasileira e verifica quais condutas previstas no diploma legal admitem forma culposa. Na sequência apresenta condutas coletadas em julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período compreendido entre 01/01/2010 e 19/12/2015, responsabilizadas por ação ou omissão culposa. Na análise de resultados, identifica as causas dessas condutas culposas. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa, e o material utilizado são fontes indiretas. Nas conclusões, a pesquisa permitiu identificar o ponto de fraqueza que atinge a eficiência funcional e apresenta de que modo a Lei 8.429/92 explicita funcionalidades preventivas, assumindo função de ferramenta jurídica educativa no campo ético normativo
Relações entre design gráfico e revistas brasileiras de jogos eletrônicos da década de 1990
Authors: Teixeira da Silva Luiz Carlos , Moretto Joicelaine , Carrara Domiciano Cássia Letícia , Koji Nakata Milton
Published: July 2018

Esse trabalho propõe levantar informações sobre as revistas brasileiras de games dos anos 90, período que foi marcado pela popularização do uso de computadores, culminando, no design, em criações digitais características. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa exploratório-descritiva utiliza procedimento bibliográfico no levantamento de dados. Questiona-se aqui alguns aspectos como o foco das editoras, o perfil dos leitores e o projeto gráfico das revistas abordadas. Desse modo, foram apresentados dados sobre cada um desses pontos e uma avaliação sobre as características de quatro revistas brasileiras de games.
An updated mortality risk analysis of the post-pubertal undescended testis
Authors: Shah Ankur , Feustel Paul J. , Knuth Jennifer , Welliver Charles
Published: July 2018

Introduction: The undescended testicle (UDT) presents a problem in post-pubertal (PP) men, as it carries an increased risk of developing a germ cell tumour (GCT). Management of the PP patient with an UDT must weigh the relative risk (RR) of perioperative mortality (POM) from orchiectomy against the lifetime risk of death from a GCT.

Methods: The most recent data on GCT mortality were obtained from the National Centre for Health Statistics. Standard life tables were used to calculate the cumulative risk over a man’s lifetime based on age. The increased RR of GCT in men with UDT was determined by weighing the observed and expected rates from literature review. Life table data was then multiplied by the RR to define the risk of GCT in men with UDT. Data from patients undergoing similar risk surgical procedures, stratified by American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, was used to determine POM.

Results: Lifetime risk of dying from GCT decreases with increasing age. POM exceeded risks of death from GCT for men after age 50.2 for ASA class 1 and age 35.4 for ASA class 2. Men with an ASA class higher than 2 have a higher risk of POM compared to GCT for all ages.

Conclusions: We found different ages from previous reports at which observation is advised. We consider prophylactic orchiectomy only in men who are under 50.2 years if ASA class 1 and under 35.4 years if ASA class 2. Men with an ASA class 3 or higher should always undergo observation.
Use of Robotic Anastomosis Competency Evaluation (RACE) tool for assessment of surgical competency during urethrovesical anastomosis
Authors: Khan Hijab , Kozlowski Justen D. , Hussein Ahmed A. , Sharif Mohamed , Ahmed Youssef , May Paul , Hammond Yana , Stone Kevin , Ahmad Basim , Cole Adam , Hasasneh Adam , Raheem Sana , Guru Khurshid A.
Published: July 2018

Introduction: We sought to evaluate the Robotic Anastomosis Competency Evaluation (RACE) — a validated tool that objectively quantifies surgical skills specifically for urethrovesical anastomosis (UVA) — as a means to track progress of trainees, as well as to determine its predictive value.

Methods: UVAs performed by trainees at our institution were evaluated using RACE over a period of two years. Trainees were supervised by an experienced robotic surgeon. Outcomes included traineerelated variables (RACE score, proportion of UVA performed by trainee, and suturing speed), and clinical outcomes (total UVA duration, postoperative urinary continence, and UVA-related complications). Significance was determined using linear regression analysis.

Results: A total of 51 UVAs performed by six trainees were evaluated. Trainee RACE scores (19.8 to 22.3; p=0.01) and trainee proportion of UVA (67% to 80%; p=0.003) improved significantly over time. Trainee suture speed was significantly associated with RACE score (mean speed range 0.54–0.74 sutures/minute; p=0.03). Neither urinary continence at six weeks nor at six months was significantly associated with RACE score (p=0.17 and p=0.15, respectively), and only one UVA-related postoperative complication was reported.

Conclusions: Trainee RACE scores improved and the proportion of UVA performed by trainees increased over time. RACE can be used as an objective measure of surgical performance during training. Strict mentor supervision allowed safe training without compromising patient outcomes.
Jazz Internationalism
Authors: Lowney John
Published: July 2018

Jazz Internationalism argues for the critical significance of jazz in Afro-modernist literature, from the beginning of the Great Depression through the radical social movements of the 1960s. Through consideration of literary texts that feature jazz as a mode of social criticism as well as artistic expression, it examines how jazz functions as a discourse of radical internationalism and Afro-modernism during the Long Civil Rights Movement. This book redefines the importance of jazz for African American literary history, as it relates recent jazz historiography to current theoretical articulations of black internationalism, including articulations of socialist, diasporic, and Black Atlantic paradigms. In discussing how jazz is invoked as a mode of social criticism in radical African American writing, it considers how writers such as Claude McKay, Frank Marshall Davis, Ann Petry, Langston Hughes, Bob Kaufman, and Paule Marshall dramatize the possibilities and challenges of black internationalism through their innovative adaptations of black music.
Spectrum of Cribriform Proliferations of the Prostate: From Benign to Malignant
Authors: Lee Thomas K. , Ro Jae Y.
Published: July 2018

Context.—

The presence of cribriform glands/ducts in the prostate can pose a diagnostic challenge. Cribriform glands/ducts include a spectrum of lesions, from benign to malignant, with vastly different clinical, prognostic, and treatment implications.

Objective.—

To highlight the diagnostic features of several entities with a common theme of cribriform architecture. We emphasize the importance of distinguishing among benign entities such as cribriform changes and premalignant to malignant entities such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical intraductal cribriform proliferation, intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, and invasive adenocarcinoma (acinar and ductal types). The diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and clinical implications of these cribriform lesions are discussed.

Data Sources.—

Literature review of pertinent publications in PubMed up to calendar year 2017. Photomicrographs obtained from cases at the University of California at Irvine and authors' collections.

Conclusions.—

Although relatively uncommon compared with small acinar lesions (microacinar carcinoma and small gland carcinoma mimickers), large cribriform lesions are increasingly recognized and have become clinically and pathologically important. The spectrum of cribriform lesions includes benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions, and differentiating them can often be subtle and difficult. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate in particular is independently associated with worse prognosis, and its presence in isolation should prompt definitive treatment. Patients with atypical intraductal cribriform proliferation, intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, or even focal cribriform pattern of invasive adenocarcinoma in biopsies would not be ideal candidates for active surveillance because of the high risk of adverse pathologic findings associated with these entities.
Le pluralisme juridique en contexte atikamekw nehirowisiw dans le secteur pénal et la protection de la jeunesse
Authors: Jaccoud Mylène , Sylvestre Marie-Ève , Fournier Anne , Coocoo Christian , Denis-Boileau Marie-Andrée , Barbeau-Leduc Marie-Claude
Published: July 2018

À partir de l’étude de cas de trois communautés atikamekw nehirowisiwok au Québec, nous présentons dans cet article un schéma d’intelligibilité des interactions entre droit autochtone et droit étatique dans le champ des conflictualités des violences familiales et dans celui de la protection de la jeunesse. Ces interactions sont structurées par un modèle fondamental, l’imposition de l’ordre juridique étatique, qui consacre la subordination du droit atikamekw. À partir de ce modèle, deux modèles d’interaction sont repérables : celui des « accommodements » et celui de l’« autonomisation ». L’accommodement consiste à adapter, modifier ou intégrer des principes et des pratiques pour tenir compte de la spécificité d’un système de droit par rapport à un autre. Quoique les deux systèmes de droit soient bidirectionnels, c’est-à-dire que le système de droit étatique peut incorporer des éléments du droit atikamekw et vice-versa, nous trouvons que la tendance qui se dessine en pratique est celle d’une plus grande propension à retrouver des situations où le droit atikamekw incorpore des éléments du système de droit étatique. Le modèle d’autonomisation demeure, quant à lui, marginal, en particulier dans le domaine de la gestion de la criminalité. Notre analyse fait ressortir deux types d’autonomisation : une autonomisation « déléguée » et une autonomisation « revendiquée ». L’autonomisation déléguée procède d’un transfert de pouvoirs exercés par l’État à la nation atikamekw en ayant recours à des mécanismes prévus dans le système de droit étatique. L’« autonomisation revendiquée » participe d’un mouvement de revendications de droits par la mobilisation des communautés atikamekw. C’est dans la sphère socioprotectionnelle que l’autonomisation revendiquée s’est le plus affirmée.
L’interaction entre le droit innu et le droit québécois de l’adoption
Authors: Grammond Sébastien , Guay Christiane
Published: July 2018

Le présent texte est consacré à l’étude des interactions entre le droit québécois et le droit innu de l’« adoption » (ne kupaniem), avant l’entrée en vigueur des récentes modifications au Code civil du Québec portant sur ce sujet. Le discours officiel, qui nie les interactions entre les deux ordres juridiques, contraste avec les pratiques des acteurs du terrain, qui établissent, sans nécessairement le dire explicitement, des points de contact entre les deux ordres juridiques. L’analyse de récits de personnes impliquées dans ces pratiques et celle des décisions des tribunaux font voir que la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse, l’adoption légale, la tutelle et les règles du droit de la famille peuvent être utilisées pour superposer un rapport de droit québécois à une relation qui existait déjà en droit innu.