bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Social Distancing Among Older Adults With Kidney Disease
Authors: Bowling C Barrett , Berkowitz Theodore S Z , Smith Battista , Whitson Heather E , DePasquale Nicole , Wang Virginia , Maciejewski Matthew L , Olsen Maren K
Published: July 2021

Background

While social distancing policies protect older adults with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) from exposure to COVID-19, reduced social interaction may also have unintended consequences.

Methods

To identify subgroups of patients at risk for unintended health consequences of social distancing, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from a national cohort study of older veterans with advanced CKD (n = 223). Characteristics included activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs (IADLs), cognition score, depression score, social support, financial stress, symptom burden, and number of chronic conditions. Unintended consequences of social distancing included restricted Life Space mobility, low willingness for video telehealth, reduced in-person contact with caregivers, and food insecurity. We identified subgroups of patients at risk of unintended consequences using model-based recursive partitioning (MoB).

Results

Participants had a mean age of 77.9 years, 64.6% were white, and 96.9% were male. Overall, 22.4% of participants had restricted Life Space, 33.9% reported low willingness for video telehealth, 19.0% reported reduced caregiver contact, and 3.2% reported food insecurity. For Life Space restriction, 4 subgroups partitioned (ie, split) by IADL difficulty, cognition score, and ADL difficulty were identified. The highest rate of restricted Life Space was 54.7% in the subgroup of participants with >3 IADL difficulties. For low willingness for telehealth and reduced caregiver contact, separate models identified 2 subgroups split by cognition score and depression score, respectively.

Conclusions

Measures of function, cognition, and depressive symptoms may identify older adults with advanced CKD who are at higher risk for unintended health consequences of social distancing.
Racialized Disgust, Embodied Affect, and the Portrayal of Native Americans in Classic Hollywood Westerns
Authors: Flory Dan
Published: July 2021

During the early part of the classic Hollywood sound period (1930–60), filmmakers sharpened a standardized way to portray Native American characters in Westerns. Such figures were depicted as disgusting by virtue of being beyond the pale in terms of their “acceptable” moral behavior, as measured by common white sensibilities of the era. This behavior was attributed to their nonwhiteness and therefore presumptively stemmed from their allegedly subhuman, “savage” nature. This stock depiction of Native American characters became one of creatures who communicated by means of silence, war whoops, animal sounds, or unintelligible language, and committed grievous moral transgressions without qualm. In this article I analyze the theoretical structure of such depictions and how these depictions work in terms of typical audience reaction, using recent work in philosophy of film, philosophy of emotion, and cognitive film theory.
Effects of Imidacloprid Applied Alone or in Combination With Organosilicone Surfactants on Biological Traits and Predatory Feeding ofChrysoperla nipponensis(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Liu Zhongfang , Zhang Pengjiu , Yang Jing , Gao Yue , Fan Jianbin , Fan Renjun
Published: July 2021

Organosilicone adjuvants are widely used to increase insecticide application on targeted surfaces. In this work, our aim was to investigate side effects of imidacloprid treatment, either applied alone or in combination with organosilicone compounds, against Chrysoperla nipponensis, an important predator of aphids. Four types of organosilicones were mixed with imidacloprid at different concentrations. The toxicity of the mixture to C. nipponensis was measured under laboratory conditions. The LC50 and LC30 of imidacloprid applied alone and in combination with 0.05% organosilicone were determined. Imidacloprid (LC30) applied alone or in combination with 0.05% organosilicone was used to treat second instar larvae of C. nipponensis; thereafter, its effects on the growth, development, longevity, reproduction, and predatory ability of C. nipponensis were evaluated The results demonstrated that the organosilicone Silwet L-77 reduced the LC50 and LC30 of imidacloprid to 6.09 (95% CI: 2.31–9.42) and 10.95 mg/L (95% CI: 8.16–13.63), respectively, and enhanced imidacloprid toxicity to C. nipponensis, as reflected by the resulting extension of the growth and developmental period, reduction in female longevity, and inhibition of reproduction. When applied alone or in combination with an organosilicone, imidacloprid reduced the consumption of Corcyra cephalonica eggs by C. nipponensis. The functional response of C. nipponensis treated with imidacloprid alone or in combination with organosilicone was type II. Concomitantly, the attack rate was reduced and the handling time of prey increased.
The Tuna Bond Scandal: The Continued Lack of Transparency in Bank-to-State Credit Facilities Agreements
Authors: Connelly Stephen
Published: July 2021

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Principles on Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing provide inter alia that creditors should ensure debt contracts are duly authorized; yet, the Mozambique Tuna Bond Scandal suggests that in the market for private bank-to-state credit facilities agreements, there is still work to do. This article presents empirical evidence suggesting growth in the amount of private bank-to-state loans and argues that this growth, combined with a lack of transparency, will lead to increasing numbers of legal disputes over want and abuse of official authority. The English law doctrines of ultra vires contracting in private international law and abuse of agent authority, usually applied in the context of corruption, are considered, and various reforms are proposed, including a transparency register and a legislative reversal of presumption of agent authority.
Cost-effectiveness analysis for the parenteral anticoagulants in Jordan
Authors: Alquraan Shatha , Darwish El-Hajji Feras
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Pharmacoeconomic dimensions linking clinical effectiveness of parenteral anticoagulants for management of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cost of treatment are needed to support choices by healthcare providers. The objective of the study was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis for 5-day treatment with parenteral anticoagulants in Jordan.

Methods

Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted based on decision analysis tree model. The perspective was the payer, considering direct medical costs. Probabilities of failure of treatment and major bleeding were derived from published clinical studies. Costs were estimated based on 2019 prices in Jordan.

Key findings

The average cost of VTE hospitalization and major bleeding management in Jordan were 2324.00 US$ and 3347.40 US$, respectively. Bemiparin was associated with the highest clinical efficacy and lowest probability of major bleeding. Nadroparin had the lowest clinical efficacy, while tinzaparin was found to have the highest risk of major bleeding. Bemiparin had the lowest average cost-effectiveness ratio (101.63 US$/success) and nadroparin had the highest cost-effectiveness ratio (295.56 US$/success). Throughout the sensitivity analysis calculations, bemiparin and nadroparin had the lowest and highest cost of treatment, respectively.

Conclusions

The cost of parenteral anticoagulant drugs, the same as many other drugs, does not always correlate with cost of VTE treatment. Other direct medical costs (e.g. treatment failure and management of bleeding) have a high contribution to the total cost calculation. Pharmacoeconomically, bemiparin is the dominant cost-effective parenteral anticoagulant in Jordan, while nadroparin is the dominated one.
gwsim: a code to simulate gravitational waves propagating in a potential well
Authors: He Jian-hua
Published: July 2021

We present a code to simulate the propagation of GWs in a potential well in the time domain. Our code uses the finite element method based on the publicly available code deal.ii. We test our code using a point source monochromatic spherical wave. We examine not only the waveform observed by a local observer but also the global energy conservation of the waves. We find that our numerical results agree with the analytical predictions very well. Based on our code, we study the propagation of the leading wavefront of GWs in a potential well. We find that our numerical results agree with the results obtained from tracing null geodesics very well. Based on our simulations, we also test the accuracy of the thin-lens model in predicting the positions of the wavefront. We find that the analytical formula of the Shapiro time delay is only accurate in regimes that are far away from the centre of the potential well. However, near the optic axis, the analytical formula shows significant differences from the simulated ones. Besides these results, we find that unlike the conventional images in geometric optics, GWs cannot be sheltered by the scatterer due to wave effects. The signals of GWs can circle around the scatterer and travel along the optic axis until they arrive at a distant observer, which is an important observational consequence in such a system.
The puzzling origin of massive compact galaxies in MaNGA
Authors: Schnorr-Müller A , Trevisan M , Riffel R , Chies-Santos A L , Furlanetto C , Ricci T V , Lohmann F S , Flores-Freitas R , Mallmann N D , Alamo-Martínez K A
Published: July 2021

We characterized the kinematics, morphology, and stellar population (SP) properties of a sample of massive compact quiescent galaxies (MCGs, $10\, \lesssim \, \log M_\star$/M$_\odot \, \lesssim \, 11$ and re ∼ 1–3 kpc) in the MaNGA Survey, with the goal of constraining their formation, assembly history, and assessing their relation with non-compact quiescent galaxies. We compared their properties with those of a control sample of median-sized quiescent galaxies (re ∼ 4–8 kpc) with similar effective velocity dispersions. MCGs have elevated rotational support, as evidenced by a strong anticorrelation between the Gauss–Hermite moment h3 and V/σ. In contrast, 30${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of control sample galaxies (CSGs) are slow rotators, and fast-rotating CSGs generally show a weak h3–V/σ anticorrelation. MCGs and CSGs have similar ages, but MCGs are more metal-rich and α-enhanced. Both MCGs and CSGs have shallow negative metallicity gradients and flat [α/Fe] gradients. On average, MCGs and CSGs have flat age gradients, but CSGs have a significantly larger dispersion of gradient values. The kinematics and SP properties of MCGs suggest that they experienced highly dissipative gas-rich events, such as mergers, followed by an intense, short, and centrally concentrated burst of star formation, between 4 and 10 Gyr ago (z ∼ 0.4–2), and had a quiet accretion history since then. This sequence of events might be analogous to, although less extreme than, the compaction events that formed compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2. The small sizes of MCGs, and the high efficiency and short duration of their last star formation episode suggest that they are descendants of compact post-starburst galaxies.
Cryo-EM structure of the nucleosome core particle containing Giardia lamblia histones
Authors: Sato Shoko , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Hoshikawa Fumika , Dacher Mariko , Tanaka Hiroki , Tachiwana Hiroaki , Kujirai Tomoya , Iikura Yukari , Ho Cheng-Han , Adachi Naruhiko , Patwal Indu , Flaus Andrew , Kurumizaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2021

Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic unicellular eukaryotic parasite that causes giardiasis. Its genome encodes the canonical histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which share low amino acid sequence identity with their human orthologues. We determined the structure of the G. lamblia nucleosome core particle (NCP) at 3.6 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. G. lamblia histones form a characteristic NCP, in which the visible 125 base-pair region of the DNA is wrapped in a left-handed supercoil. The acidic patch on the G. lamblia octamer is deeper, due to an insertion extending the H2B α1 helix and L1 loop, and thus cannot bind the LANA acidic patch binding peptide. The DNA and histone regions near the DNA entry-exit sites could not be assigned, suggesting that these regions are asymmetrically flexible in the G. lamblia NCP. Characterization by thermal unfolding in solution revealed that both the H2A–H2B and DNA association with the G. lamblia H3–H4 were weaker than those for human H3–H4. These results demonstrate the uniformity of the histone octamer as the organizing platform for eukaryotic chromatin, but also illustrate the unrecognized capability for large scale sequence variations that enable the adaptability of histone octamer surfaces and confer internal stability.
A simple model explains the cell cycle-dependent assembly of centromeric nucleosomes in holocentric species
Authors: Câmara Amanda Souza , Schubert Veit , Mascher Martin , Houben Andreas
Published: July 2021

Centromeres are essential for chromosome movement. In independent taxa, species with holocentric chromosomes exist. In contrast to monocentric species, where no obvious dispersion of centromeres occurs during interphase, the organization of holocentromeres differs between condensed and decondensed chromosomes. During interphase, centromeres are dispersed into a large number of CENH3-positive nucleosome clusters in a number of holocentric species. With the onset of chromosome condensation, the centromeric nucleosomes join and form line-like holocentromeres. Using polymer simulations, we propose a mechanism relying on the interaction between centromeric nucleosomes and structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins. Different sets of molecular dynamic simulations were evaluated by testing four parameters: (i) the concentration of Loop Extruders (LEs) corresponding to SMCs, (ii) the distribution and number of centromeric nucleosomes, (iii) the effect of centromeric nucleosomes on interacting LEs and (iv) the assembly of kinetochores bound to centromeric nucleosomes. We observed the formation of a line-like holocentromere, due to the aggregation of the centromeric nucleosomes when the chromosome was compacted into loops. A groove-like holocentromere structure formed after a kinetochore complex was simulated along the centromeric line. Similar mechanisms may also organize a monocentric chromosome constriction, and its regulation may cause different centromere types during evolution.
G-quadruplexes mark alternative lengthening of telomeres
Authors: Yang Sunny Y , Chang Emily Y C , Lim Joanne , Kwan Harwood H , Monchaud David , Yip Stephen , Stirling Peter C , Wong Judy M Y
Published: July 2021

About 10–15% of all human cancer cells employ a telomerase-independent recombination-based telomere maintenance method, known as alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT), of which the full mechanism remains incompletely understood. While implicated in previous studies as the initiating signals for ALT telomere repair, the prevalence of non-canonical nucleic acid structures in ALT cancers remains unclear. Extending earlier reports, we observe higher levels of DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops) in ALT-positive (ALT+) compared to telomerase-positive (TERT+) cells. Strikingly, we observe even more pronounced differences for an associated four-stranded nucleic acid structure, G-quadruplex (G4). G4 signals are found at the telomere and are broadly associated with telomere length and accompanied by DNA damage markers. We establish an interdependent relationship between ALT-associated G4s and R-loops and confirm that these two structures can be spatially linked into unique structures, G-loops, at the telomere. Additionally, stabilization of G4s and R-loops cooperatively enhances ALT-activity. However, co-stabilization at higher doses resulted in cytotoxicity in a synergistic manner. Nuclear G4 signals are significantly and reproducibly different between ALT+ and TERT+ low-grade glioma tumours. Together, we present G4 as a novel hallmark of ALT cancers with potential future applications as a convenient biomarker for identifying ALT+ tumours and as therapeutic targets.
Stealth Vaping Among College Students on Four Geographically Distinct Tobacco-Free College Campuses: Prevalence and Practices
Authors: Russell Alex M , Yang Meng , Barry Adam E , Merianos Ashley L , Lin Hsien-Chang
Published: July 2021

Introduction

To offset tobacco use among college students, many universities have implemented tobacco-free campus policies. Given how easily e-cigarette users can discreetly vape in places where it is prohibited without being detected (ie, stealth vape), it is important to assess whether students are subverting these policies. This study examined the prevalence of stealth vaping on-campus among students at multiple universities, including frequency and methods for stealth vaping.

Aims and Methods

A convenience sample of college students was obtained from four geographically distinct, large, public universities with established policies prohibiting all forms of tobacco use on campus. Participants (N = 863 current e-cigarette users) reported on demographics and e-cigarette use. Those who previously stealth vaped on-campus (n = 422) completed additional questions, including common locations, techniques, and devices/e-liquids used for stealth vaping.

Results

Nearly half (48.9%) of past 30-day e-cigarette users reported previously stealth vaping on-campus. Among stealth vapers, 48.1% owned a smaller device for stealth vaping and 38.9% used e-liquids with low visibility vapors. Common on-campus stealth vaping locations included bathrooms, libraries, parking garages, and classrooms. Techniques used for stealth vaping included deep inhale, blowing a hit into one’s clothes, and swallowing a hit.

Conclusions

A large percentage of respondents commonly violated campus tobacco-free policies by stealth vaping. For such policies to be effective at reducing on-campus e-cigarette use, there is a need for enhanced monitoring and enforcement. More research is needed to better understand factors influencing stealth vaping behaviors and public health implications.

Implications

This sample of college student e-cigarette users commonly violated campus smoke- and tobacco-free policies by stealth vaping on campus. Respondents used a range of methods (eg, smaller device and low visibility e-liquids) and locations (eg, bathrooms, libraries, and parking garages) for stealth vaping. If campus policies are to be effective at reducing on-campus e-cigarette use, there is a need for enhanced monitoring and enforcement. E-cigarette devices specifically designed and marketed to facilitate stealth vaping (eg, resembling USB flash drives and pens) may require regulatory action. More research is needed to better understand factors influencing stealth vaping behaviors and public health implications.
How a Brain Sees: Constructing Reality
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

The distinction between seeing and knowing, and why our brains even bother to see, are discussed using vivid perceptual examples, including image features without visible qualia that can nonetheless be consciously recognized, The work of Helmholtz and Kanizsa exemplify these issues, including examples of the paradoxical facts that “all boundaries are invisible”, and that brighter objects look closer. Why we do not see the big holes in, and occluders of, our retinas that block light from reaching our photoreceptors is explained, leading to the realization that essentially all percepts are visual illusions. Why they often look real is also explained. The computationally complementary properties of boundary completion and surface filling-in are introduced and their unifying explanatory power is illustrated, including that “all conscious qualia are surface percepts”. Neon color spreading provides a vivid example, as do self-luminous, glary, and glossy percepts. How brains embody general-purpose self-organizing architectures for solving modal problems, more general than AI algorithms, but less general than digital computers, is described. New concepts and mechanisms of such architectures are explained, including hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. Examples from the visual arts and technology are described to illustrate them, including paintings of Baer, Banksy, Bleckner, da Vinci, Gene Davis, Hawthorne, Hensche, Matisse, Monet, Olitski, Seurat, and Stella. Paintings by different artists and artistic schools instinctively emphasize some brain processes over others. These choices exemplify their artistic styles. The role of perspective, T-junctions, and end gaps are used to explain how 2D pictures can induce percepts of 3D scenes.
Laminar Computing by Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

The cerebral cortex computes the highest forms of biological intelligence in all sensory and cognitive modalities. Neocortical cells are organized into circuits that form six cortical layers in all cortical areas that carry out perception and cognition. Variations in cell properties within these layers and their connections have been used to classify the cerebral cortex into more than fifty divisions, or areas, to which distinct functions have been attributed. Why the cortex has a laminar organization for the control of behavior has, however, remained a mystery until recently. Also mysterious has been how variations on this ubiquitous laminar cortical design can give rise to so many different types of intelligent behavior. This chapter explains how Laminar Computing contributes to biological intelligence, and how layered circuits of neocortical cells support all the various kinds of higher-order biological intelligence, including vision, language, and cognition, using variations of the same canonical laminar circuit. This canonical circuit can be used in general-purpose VLSI chips that can be specialized to carry out different kinds of biological intelligence, and seamlessly joined together to control autonomous adaptive algorithms and mobile robots. These circuits show how preattentive automatic bottom-up processing and attentive task-selective top-down processing are joined together in the deeper cortical layers to form a decision interface. Here, bottom-up and top-down constraints cooperate and compete to generate the best decisions, by combining properties of fast feedforward and feedback processing, analog and digital computing, and preattentive and attentive learning, including laminar ART properties such as analog coherence.
A Universal Developmental Code
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

This final chapter discusses far-ranging implications of the discoveries that this book describes, including lessons about how to live more fulfilling lives, how perplexing aspects of the human condition arise, and how ethical value systems and religious beliefs are sustained. Principles of our brains’ self-organizing measurement process generalize to all cellular biological organisms, and are shaped by the physical world with which our brains ceaselessly communicate and adapt. In particular, our brains’ complementary computing, uncertainty principles, and resonance have analogs in the laws of the physical world that has shaped them. A universal computational code for mental life enables a lifetime of experiences to cohere in an emerging sense of self. Complementary computing and hierarchical resolution of uncertainty require conscious states to select effective actions, and thus actively engage us in the ceaseless brain-environment perception-cognition-emotion-action feedback loop that drives brain self-organization to adapt to a changing world. Actions that lead to errors can be corrected using cognitive and cognitive-emotional processes to discover a better understanding of environmental causes and the physical laws that shape them. Symmetry-breaking between approach and avoidance outcomes in cognition and emotion provides a biological basis for morality and religion, with positive emotions facilitating sustainable motivations and empathy, while also causing negative experiences like learned helplessness, self-punitive behaviors, fetishes, and the motivations to commit evil acts. A universal developmental code uses similar STM and LTM laws for brain development, adult learning, gastrulation, organ size increases that preserve tissue form, Hydra regeneration, slime mold aggregation, and Rhodnius cuticles.
Strategic Marketing Planning for Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy
Published: July 2021

Chapter 3 deals with the importance of planning—specifically planning for the overall organization and its connection to marketing. The chapter starts with a discussion of the importance of a strong strategic plan and how this informs effective marketing decisions. The chapter then presents an outline and explanation of both the overall strategic plan and the marketing plan and how they relate to each other. This chapter also gets into funding models—including some newer ones—that are applicable to nonprofit organizations. Finally, the chapter deals with the role of various stakeholders, including boards of directors, advisory boards, and consultants, and it also includes tips on choosing marketing partners for advertising, fundraising, and other important activities.
Gaining Insight
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 covers the fundamentals of marketing research. Research is vitally important to organizations, but it is not something many nonprofit organizations feel they can easily afford. This chapter outlines the process so that organizations can do it themselves or know enough to ask the right questions of others doing research for them. This chapter covers the various types of research and the advantages and disadvantages of each. It includes why to do marketing research and what types of questions should be asked. It also includes the role of the Internet—with social media in particular—as important avenues for research and insights. The chapter also includes a section on becoming a learning organization by putting these insights to systemic use.
Products, Services, and Delivery
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 covers the core aspect of what a nonprofit organization actually does: creates programs or services and delivers them to their clients. That said, there are several important issues to consider when designing products and services; namely, how they can be used to develop a strong value proposition. This chapter also introduces the concept of the product life cycle (PLC) and its implications for nonprofit contexts. It is vital that nonprofits continue to listen to constituents and continue to innovate, so this chapter examines ways for nonprofit organizations to develop new ideas and evaluate new ventures. It also provides a framework for evaluating existing programs and services to determine where changes can be made. Many times partners and alliances are important players in innovation, so this chapter discusses important parameters for evaluating them. Last, the chapter includes ways to increase overall innovation within an organization (and also discusses times when innovation is not right for the organization).
Black Boxes
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

Textbooks and other popular venues commonly present science as a progressive “brick-by-brick” accumulation of knowledge and facts. Despite its hallowed history and familiar ring, this depiction is nowadays rejected by most specialists. Then why are books and articles, written by these same experts, actively promoting such a distorted characterization? The short answer is that no better alternative is available. There currently are two competing models of the scientific enterprise: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old metaphor of the “wall” of knowledge. This book explores an original conception of the nature and advancement of science. The proposed shift brings attention to a prominent, albeit often neglected, construct—the black box—which underlies a well-oiled technique for incorporating a productive role of ignorance and failure into the acquisition of empirical knowledge. What is a black box? How does it work? How is it constructed? How does one determine what to include and what to leave out? What role do boxes play in contemporary scientific practice? By detailing some fascinating episodes in the history of biology, psychology, and economics, Nathan revisits foundational questions about causation, explanation, emergence, and progress, showing how the insights of both reductionism and antireductionism can be reconciled into a fresh and exciting approach to science.
Emergence Reframed
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents, motivates, and defends a strategy for characterizing emergence and its role in scientific research, grounded in the analysis of black boxes. Emergents can be characterized as black boxes: placeholders in causal explanations represented in models. The present proposal has the welcome implications of bringing together various usages of emergence across domains, and to reconcile emergence with reduction. Yet, this does come at a cost. It requires abandoning a rigid perspective according to which emergence is an intrinsic or absolute feature of systems, in favor or a more contextual approach that relativizes the emergent status of a property or behavior to a specific explanatory frame of reference.
Sailing through the Strait
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter takes the reader back to where the book started: philosophy of science as metaphorically navigating between Scylla and Charybdis, between reductionism and antireductionism. At the outset, two related questions were raised. First, is it possible to steer clear of both hazards? Is there an alternative model of the nature and advancement of science that avoids the pitfalls of both stances and, in doing so, provides a fresh way of presenting science to an educated readership in a more realistic fashion? Second, how does science bring together the productive role of ignorance and the progressive growth of knowledge? The final chapter cashes out these two promissory notes. These problems have a common answer: black boxes. Specifically, the first four sections argue that the black-boxing strategy outlined throughout the book captures the advantages of both reductionism and antireductionism, while eschewing more troublesome implications. The final section addresses the interplay of ignorance and knowledge.
Village celebrations
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents a detailed ethnography of the professional activity of the Roma musicians of Ceuaş. Two village celebrations are analyzed: a Hungarian banquet and a Roma wedding. The description focuses on the interactions between the musicians and their clients, on the repertoire played, and on the participants’ emotional experiences. It is argued that the “service” that Roma musicians provide to their customers is generally the same whether they are playing for a Gaje or Roma audience. The comparison between the two gatherings suggests that they share a similar structure, fostering increasingly affective communion between the guests. By the end of these events, musicians arouse bittersweet feelings in their audience by playing slow “table” songs.
Funerals and the politics of emotion
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents a detailed ethnography of the funeral rituals of the Roma of Ceuaş. It describes how a funeral ceremony unfolds and how musicians participate in it. The ethnographic description points to the instable and open-ended distinction between the “relatives” (neamuri) of the deceased and the “outsiders” (străini). These two groups interact on an essentially emotional level: the former are under pressure to express their grief to the latter, who are themselves on the lookout for these expressions of feeling. The chapter highlights the key differences between the tears of the neamuri, who cry “with full throat,” and those of the străini, who “cry inside.” The final part of the chapter presents an interpretation of the Roma funerals. Ritual actions, including wailing and playing music, seek to nudge the relationships between the living and the dead, and the neamuri and the străini, toward the positive emotional poles of piety and pity (milă) and away from the negative poles of fear and shame (laja).
Casual Coinage
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Some terms go viral due more to enthusiasm on the part of consumers than determination by producers. Repurposed words such as Gen. Ben Butler’s contraband (referring to those who escaped enslavement), Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm, and Clayton Christensen’s disruption were introduced casually, with little anticipation of how popular – and influential – they would become. Containment was just one of 8,000 words in a 1947 article by diplomat George Kennan proposing that the Soviet Union’s expansionist ambitions be contained. Kennan hadn’t meant that word to be his article’s focus. Years later, he recalled choosing it “light-heartedly.” This casually chosen term ended up having an inordinate influence on world affairs, however. In the same sense disruption has had a major impact on management practices, paradigm and paradigm shift on scholarship (and language in general), and contraband on the course of the Civil War.
Coins in Bubbles
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Cartoons and comic strips have contributed an inordinate number of neologisms to the English lexicon. Many terms we commonly use made their debut in cartoons and comic strips such as Li’l Abner (double whammy), The Timid Soul (milquetoast), and Popeye (goon). The contributions to the vernacular from these sources are due in part to the fact that so many have had longer runs (more than four decades for Li’l Abner alone) than their counterparts in electronic media. In addition, space constraints keep cartoonists from using big words. Active, vivid language is their stock in trade. That terseness, simplicity, and zaniness has appealed to cartoon fans of all ages. During the past century especially, words in comic strips, cartoons, and comic books were among the first ones children read in adult media, and at an impressionable age. Those they assimilated over time became a common part of our discourse.
Kiddie Lit
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Since they’re “only writing for children,” and feel little need to observe the norms of proper speech, authors such as Lewis Carroll and Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss) have a license to create wacky neologisms that their young readers like and continue to use once they grow up. Authors of books for children may not have expected their coinages to appear in dictionaries, but many have, including wimp, goop, nerd, grinch, and snark. One reason children’s authors have contributed so many words to the adult lexicon is that they have a keen awareness of the fun-hunger that characterizes readers of all ages. Words and phrases coined by Geisel / Seuss continually show up in adult discourse, including court decisions. A scholarly analysis of Dr. Seuss’s imaginative vocabulary concluded that its appeal lay not in his coined words’ usefulness but in their zaniness.
Van Winkle Words
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Many coined words lie dormant for a time, a long time even, then – like Rip Van Winkle – re-appear when needed. Such “Van Winkle words” include serendipity, which languished for nearly two centuries after being coined by Horace Walpole in 1754, before twentieth-century developments in science and technology needed that word to describe discoveries-by-chance. Changing circumstances are the alarm clock of slumbering words, waking them up as demand for such terminology mounts: greenhouse effect, vegan, groupthink. Slangy terms such as cool, chill, hip and vibe that sound so contemporary routinely turn out to have a long historical provenance. So do muggle, hobbit, and grit. Once these terms do reappear, they are typically thought to have been coined recently. This exemplifies what linguist Arnold Zwicky calls the recency illusion, “the belief that things YOU have noticed only recently are in fact recent.”
Word Wars
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Pitched battles have long been fought between neology advocates and those who think we have enough words already. Centuries ago language purists such as Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift railed against the many new words they thought were defiling the English language. Britons and Americans subsequently squabbled fiercely over Americanisms, the neologisms that settlers began to create soon after they arrived in the New World (e.g., foothill, skunk, eel grass). Jefferson’s coinage belittle raised particular hackles in the mother country. Jefferson – a self- proclaimed “friend to neology” – joined John Adams, Noah Webster and others in defending the coinage-rich American version of English that they thought was integral to establishing a sense of independence from the mother country. Guardians of the King’s English in Great Britain considered this attitude impudent. Protecting their national franchise and sense of ethnic privilege proved to be integral to that guardianship.
Coiner’s Remorse
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Some who create new words later wish they hadn’t. They experience “coiner’s remorse.” Such penitents include Alan Greenspan (irrational exuberance), Trent Lott (nuclear option), Peter Drucker (profit center), and John Gyakum (bomb cyclone). Coinage regret is felt for a variety of reasons: coiners can develop reservations about their verbal offspring, terms they coined years earlier may no longer reflect their outlook, or the ways others use and misuse it is not to their liking. In that case coinage penitents don’t regret a term they created as much as its usage. As part of the process of semantic change, linguists assume that the meaning of coined words will diversify in ways never intended by their coiner. This is small consolation to those who introduced such terms, however. They’re far more likely to be perturbed than reassured by this inevitable process of definition diffusion.
Form and Content in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry, Antony Aumann
Authors: Aumann Antony
Published: July 2021

The goal of this chapter is to reconcile two competing camps of thinking regarding Dickinson’s poetry. According to the first camp, the form and content of her poems cannot be pulled apart. What she says is tightly bound up with how she says it. According to the second camp, her poems can be paraphrased; what they say can be said in other words. To resolve the tension between these views, the chapter defends the following two claims. First, poets and critics tend to ask too much of paraphrases, wrongly demanding they reproduce everything contained in the original poem. Second, poets and critics are engaged in different kinds of activities. These activities are governed by different norms. In particular, form and content must be tied together for a poet such as Dickinson but not for a critic intent on a paraphrase.
Khorasan, the Birthplace of Post-Classical Philosophy, a Land in Decline?
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

Post-classical philosophy in Islam developed during the sixth/twelfth century in the eastern Islamic lands, in Iraq, Iran, and what is today Central Asia. Tracing the conditions and circumstances of its development requires an understanding of the political context, the patterns of patronage, and institutions of higher education and of research during this era. This chapter offers an introduction to the political history of the sixth/twelfth century with a focus on the courts that offered patronage to philosophers, and it analyzes the proliferation of madrasas during this era and their role for higher education and research.
Books and Their Method
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

This chapter deals with the method of philosophical books during the sixth/twelfth century. It begins with an analysis of Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi’s method of i’tibar (careful consideration) and highlights its departure from al-Farabi’s and Avicenna’s (Ibn Sina’s) demonstrative method as the ideal of philosophical inquiry. The chapter looks at how Fakhr al-Din al-Razi describes his own method in his philosophical books and it analyzes the method of “probing and dividing” (sabr wa-taqsim) used therein. Finally, the chapter zooms in on the methodical differences between Fakhr al-Din’s philosophical books and his books of kalam and focuses on the principle of sufficient reason. This philosophical principle requires that every event must have a rational explanation of its cause(s). The principle is universally valid in al-Razi’s philosophical books, yet in his books on kalam only insofar as God’s will is excluded from this requirement. This difference has far-reaching effects on the teachings put forward in these two genres of books.
Conclusions
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s philosophical books argue for a God who acts out of pure necessity and whose creative activity goes on forever, creating a pre-eternal world. His books of kalam, however, argue for a freely choosing creator who creates a world that began at one point in time. The Conclusions explain this contradiction by suggesting that for al-Razi the rational evidence for both understandings of God was equally strong and one could not trump the other. While he never wrote a text where the arguments for both sides are compared, he wrote different kinds of books that argue forcefully for the one position or the other. Unlike al-Ghazali, al-Razi acknowledged that a pre-eternal world is possible and that Avicenna had strong arguments in favor of it. Triggered by 12th century developments on the method of philosophy and the genre of philosophical texts, al-Razi developed a new type of philosophical summa of which his Eastern Investigations (al-Mabahith al-mashriqiyya) and his Compendium on Philosophy and Logic (al-Mulakhkhas fi l-hikma wa-l-mantiq) are the prime examples.
Discursive Psychology and Journalism
Authors: Meredith Joanne
Published: July 2021

Discursive psychology is focussed on the microanalysis of the language—how specific words and practices can perform specific actions and how alternate ways of describing the situation are omitted. In this chapter, a review is presented of discursive psychology and its application to media research. This is followed by an illustrative case study based on newspaper headlines relating to Brexit, the process of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union following the referendum on UK membership in June 2016. Finally, the chapter proposes that discursive analyses can not only help readers explore how particular events, people, and texts are constructed in the news but also help journalists understand how readers might interpret their words and what inferences may be drawn from this.
The Development of Study and Work Engagement in Young Adulthood
Authors: Upadyaya Katja , Symonds Jennifer E. , Salmela-Aro Katariina
Published: July 2021

Despite the large number of studies on study/work engagement, there is relatively little integrated discussion about how engagement develops in young adulthood (18–24 years old). Consequently, this chapter reviews this area using perspectives drawn from positive psychology and developmental science. The chapter begins by discussing conceptualizations of study/work engagement and then discusses how engagement develops in relation to various personal and environmental resources and demands in the context of study/work. The authors then trace the development of study/work engagement in Finnish young adults, referring to a suite of studies on a large sample of young Fins studied across the past 15 years. In the context of this sample, they demonstrate how engagement develops in parallel to study/work well-being, discussing the mechanisms of this interaction from the perspectives of spillover, developmental cascades, and demands and resources theories. The authors conclude the review by identifying the general trends in engagement observed in Finland and elsewhere and by suggesting implications for practice.
It Wasn’t Sheer Luck After All
Authors: Baay Pieter E. , Napolitano Christopher M. , Schipper Mattijs C.
Published: July 2021

Evidence suggests that chance plays an important role in careers. Instead of describing such events through “sheer luck,” the authors propose in this theoretical and empirical chapter that opportunity and preparation helps explain the occurrence, perception, and selection of chance events. Study 1 used longitudinal data on 390 emerging adults who reported the occurrence of chance events in their school-to-work transition. Supporting the hypotheses, participants who had prepared better for the school-to-work transition and had better opportunities (in terms of their social network) experienced more chance events. Study 2 examined the perception and selection of chance events in a lab setting. Sixty-seven emerging adult applicants for an actual position were exposed to the same chance events. Consistent with hypotheses, better prepared job applicants were more likely to select these events. Instead of sheer luck, the authors suggest that job seekers can create serendipity by capitalizing on chance events.
Youth Work Transitions in the South of Europe
Authors: Parada Filomena
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents an in-depth review of the literature addressing the work transitions of emerging adults from the South of Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). These countries were severely hit by the 2008 economic crisis, which strongly impacted youth facing labor market integration. For southern European youth, labor market integration remains as a key transition enabling engagement in other adult roles and responsibilities. To address the work transitions of young people from the South of Europe, the authors (a) outline the specifics of the Mediterranean context influencing these transitions; (b) look into the general patterns and timing of youth work transitions in these countries; and (c) discuss how such transition patterns and timing affect how emerging adults approach and live their lives, in particular how they navigate the ongoing, multiple, and interconnected transitions to adulthood. The chapter concludes by highlighting the impact changing, adverse social contexts have on the ways in which youth construct their pathways to work and adulthood.
A Cultural Perspective on School and Work Transitions for Indigenous Young Adults in Canada
Authors: Marshall E. Anne , Stewart Suzanne L.
Published: July 2021

Successful transitions to higher education and work have been identified as particularly high priorities for Indigenous young adults; however, there is limited research that explores transition experiences from their perspectives, including the impact of culture. In this chapter, the authors describe the issues, options, and pathways for Indigenous young adults and how these affect educational and work transitions. Findings from three narrative studies with a total of 190 Indigenous young adults in two urban sites are presented. Six common themes across studies and sites were identified: importance of cultural identity, relational connectedness, need for respecting diversity, roles of family and community, roles of employers and co-workers (or instructors and fellow students), and overcoming the impact of discrimination. Fifteen employers were also interviewed about workplace supports and barriers for these young people. The findings are discussed, with implications for more culturally oriented theory and practice.