bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broadening the reaction scope of unprotected aldosesviatheir corresponding nitrones: 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with alkenes
Authors: Messire Gatien , Massicot Fabien , Pascual Laura , Riguet Emmanuel , Vasse Jean-Luc , Behr Jean-Bernard
Published: July 2020

Condensation reactions of unprotected tetroses and pentoses with hydroxylamines afforded nitrones, which were easily converted to densely functionalized isoxazolidines in the presence of electron-poor alkenes.
Phosphonopeptides containing free phosphonic groups: recent advances
Authors: Kafarski Paweł
Published: July 2020

Chemistry and physiologic activity of peptide mimetics containing phosphonic acid moiety in their structures was reviewed.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study of novel pyridoxine–triazoles as anti-Alzheimer's agents
Authors: Pal Tiyas , Bhimaneni Saipriyanka , Sharma Abha , Flora S. J. S.
Published: July 2020

A series of multi-target natural product-pyridoxine based derivatives were designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated as anti-Alzheimer agents. Out of all the molecules of the series, 5i was found to be best.
Formal oxo- and aza-[3 + 2] reactions of α-enaminones and quinones: a double divergent process and the roles of chiral phosphoric acid and molecular sieves
Authors: Luo Weiwei , Sun Zhicheng , Fernando E. H. Nisala , Nesterov Vladimir N. , Cundari Thomas R. , Wang Hong
Published: July 2020

A double divergent process for [3 + 2] cycloadditions of α-enaminones with quinones led to the formation of N-substituted indoles and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
Origin of rate enhancement and asynchronicity in iminium catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions
Authors: Vermeeren Pascal , Hamlin Trevor A. , Fernández Israel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: July 2020

Quantum chemical activation strain analyses revealed that iminium catalysts accelerate Diels–Alder reactions by reducing the Pauli repulsion between reactants.
Engineering a highly selective probe for ratiometric imaging of H2Sn and revealing its signaling pathway in fatty liver disease
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Lu , Yin Shulu , Lai Huanhua , Yuan Lin , Zhang Xiaobing
Published: July 2020

A highly selective probe (PPG-Np-RhPhCO) used for revealing the intracellular H2Sn signaling pathways in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model.
3Mg/Mg2Sn anodes with unprecedented electrochemical performance towards viable magnesium-ion batteries
Authors: Ikhe Amol Bhairuba , Han Su Cheol , Prabakar S. J. Richard , Park Woon Bae , Sohn Kee-Sun , Pyo Myoungho
Published: July 2020

3Mg/Mg2Sn composed of intermetallic Mg2Sn and extra Mg is used as a high-performance anode in conventional electrolytes for magnesium-ion batteries.
Hybrid power quality conditioner for three-phase four-wire power systems
Authors: Chernyshov Maxim , Dovgun Valery , Temerbaev Sergei , Shakurova Zumeyra
Published: July 2020

The article considers a hybrid power quality conditioner (HQPC) for 3-phase 4-wire systems with a distributed modular structure. Some conditioner modules provide compensation for the component currents and voltages that form the negative and zero sequence systems. The open structure of the HQPC, consisting of independent modules, allows compensating for distortions of currents and voltages of the 3-phase network caused by the nonlinear nature and asymmetry of single-phase loads. The compensation characteristics of the proposed conditioner were researched using a model developed in the MatLab environment. The simulation showed that the proposed conditioner can ensure normalization of power quality in 3-phase 4-wire system at various modes of network operation.
Cordline multi-motor electric drive with energy recovery
Authors: Ganiev Rishat
Published: July 2020

The article offers a variant of developing a cordline electric drive in the production of automobile tires to increase the energy-efficient due operation of production lines based on interconnected electric drives with energy recovery. The modes of operation of the technological line of cord production with energy recovery is possible in the network are shown, requirements for the drive system are drawn up. Simulations in Matlab 10, Simulink and SimPowerSystems carried out the research. The developed version of the frequency-controlled electric drive allows increasing the energy efficiency of production lines in the production technology of automobile tires by using generator modes of asynchronous motors as a part of frequency-controlled electric drives.
Provision of High-efficient Milling Methods Using a PMSM Electric Drive with a Controlled Information-Measuring System
Authors: Ambrosimov Sergey , Meshcheryakov Victor , Ivshyn Igor
Published: July 2020

The article presents new highly effective methods of milling shaped surfaces, which are implemented on four-and five-coordinate CNC machines. For their implementation, three simultaneously coordinated movements of the machine’s organs are used. To implement the proposed milling methods on CNC machines, an electric drive is proposed, built on the basis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with a vector control system with a proportional P-speed controller. For this purpose, an ecstatic control information and measurement system with zero static error is proposed. Comparative results of mathematical modeling of transient processes in electric drives with the standard and proposed control systems are presented.
Study of the effect of fuel temperature on gas turbine performance
Authors: Marin George , Mendeleev Dmitrii , Osipov Boris , Akhmetshin Azat
Published: July 2020

The development of gas turbine technologies requires the search for new solutions to improve the efficiency of gas turbine plants. The energy characteristics of a gas turbine depend on many external factors the temperature and pressure of the surrounding air including the composition of the fuel gas. This paper considers the effect of fuel gas temperature. Natural gas, synthesis gas, and aviation kerosene are considered as fuel for a gas turbine. For research, a gas turbine of the GE 6FA model was selected and its mathematical model was created. The results of calculations of the effect of fuel temperature on the energy and economic characteristics of a gas turbine are presented. The dependences of the main characteristics of the turbine were obtained. At the same time, the turbine power is assumed constant since during possible operation as part of a combined cycle gas turbine unit it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature of the exhaust gases after the gas turbine. The assumption was made the costs of heating the fuel were not considered.
Supply of additional working fluid to the flow part of the NK-8 gas turbine engine
Authors: Marin George , Mendeleev Dmitrii , Osipov Boris , Akhmetshin Azat
Published: July 2020

Modern energy development strategies of advanced countries are based on the construction of gas turbine units which is associated with sufficiently high values of thermal efficiency and a relatively short term for putting them into operation. In this paper, the NK-8 engine is considered. It is modernized with a mixing chamber and a power turbine for the purpose of its ground application. A study was conducted of the injection of an additional working fluid into the flow part of a dual-circuit gas turbine engine. Steam is used as an injectable substance. For research a mathematical model was created in the AS «GRET» software package. The studies were carried out under constant load, the maximum load during injection was determined. An additional worker can be supplied with summer power limitations when it is necessary to increase the power of a gas turbine installation. Studies have shown that the maximum power that can be obtained by supplying steam to the flow part is 32.2 MW.
Calculation of pulse voltage stabilizer
Authors: Cheremukhin Dmitry
Published: July 2020

This scientific article is devoted to one of the priority issues in electronics, namely the implementation of the engineering task of designing a power source. In my case, according to the terms of reference, which includes: the main parameters of the network, efficiency, a structural electrical circuit of a switching power supply was developed. In the process, the main functional units (blocks) were calculated and the choice of radio components from which they were built on the basis of: current values, reverse voltage, gain, operating frequency and other parameters of diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, Zener diodes, operational amplifiers was justified. In the “Methods” section, calculations will be made for the device blocks: a network rectifier, a push-pull transformer converter, a pre-amplifier circuit with a transformer input, an error signal comparison and amplification circuit, a sawtooth voltage generator, and a secondary power source. The information presented in the text is recommended to a narrow circle of specialists, priority in the field of power electronics, as well as in the field of communication systems.
Fuel Saving And Electric Power Quality Improvement In Autonomous Power Supply Systems By Using Energy Storages
Authors: Bakhteev Kamil , Fedotov Alexander , Misbakhov Rinat
Published: July 2020

In autonomous power supply systems for diesel power stations located in remote areas, the main component of costs is the cost of imported fuel. The use of energy storage systems reduces fuel consumption for an autonomous power station. Reducing the northern import of liquid fuel is a relevant task for Russia. The organization of the charge-discharge process of an energy system storage according to the criterion of the minimum daily fuel consumption depends on both the load schedule and the type of flow rate characteristic of the primary engine. When making design and investment decisions on the feasibility of using alternative technical solutions for the modernization of sources in isolated energy supply systems, a comparative assessment of their economic efficiency is necessary. The paper studies the choice of energy storage system power in terms of fuel economy, reducing the installed capacity of a power station for electric power supply systems.
The study of structural fields of daily gas consumption of the balance groups of the regional gas supply system
Authors: Moroz Deniz , Hruntovich Nadzeya , Hruntovich Nikolay , Jhukovets Svetlana , Kapansky Aleksey , Dolomanyak Leonid
Published: July 2020

The study of the balance sheet structure of the regional gas supply system is necessary to solve a number of operational tasks. An information database has been created for conducting research. It includes information on daily gas consumption and the actual average daily outdoor temperature for a six-year period for more than 539 elements of the balance structure of the regional gas supply system. The most significant factors determining gas consumption were identified for 7 enlarged balance groups. It´s investigated the dynamics of factors in time. The article presents the types of daily fields “gas flow – average daily outdoor temperature” for enlarged groups of the balance structure of the regional gas supply system. Four temperature areas were identified and substantiated in the daily fields. The assessment of qualitative and quantitative indicators characterizing the temperature areas is presented in the article.
Structure of many-level adaptive automatic voltage regulation system
Authors: Golikov I.O. , Vinogradov A.V. , Bolshev V.E. , Vinogradova A.V. , Jasinski M. , Gibadullin R.R.
Published: July 2020

This article describes the features of voltage regulation in electrical networks of 35, 110, 220 kV. The structural diagram of the 35/10/0.4 kV network is presented. The paper also describes the adaptive automatic voltage regulation system which allows regulating the voltage taking into account the actual voltage values at the consumers’ inputs. The structural diagram of the adaptive automatic voltage regulation system in the 0.4 kV electrical network using a boost transformer as an additional means of voltage regulation is given. The system is based on voltage sensors installed in different parts of an eletcrical network sending information on voltage values to to the processing unit which generates a signal for voltage regulating supplied to the executive device and the working body whuch, in turn, change the on-load tap-changer position of a transformer. The paper justifies the need for the enhancement of the adaptive automatic voltage regulation system for different voltage classes wich allows controlling a voltage change at different power supply system levels and regulating voltage level in accordance with this change. For this problem the multi-level adaptive automatic voltage regulation systemis proposed. The system allows regulating the voltage not only in the 0.4 kV network but also in networks of higher voltage classes. The proposed system can be integrated into the structure of intelligent electrical networks.
Septische Granulomatose als seltene Differenzialdiagnose rezidivierender pulmonaler Infektionen bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Kleymann J. , Schütz C. , Körholz J. , Taube F. , Vogler M. , Halank M. , Kolditz M. , Langner S. , Geberzahn L. , Holotiuk O. , Roesler J. , Koschel D.
Published: July 2020

Die septische Granulomatose (engl.: chronic granulomatous disease, CGD) ist bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit häufigen Infektionen durch bestimmte Erreger differenzialdiagnostisch zu berücksichtigen.

In vorliegender Kasuistik berichten wir über eine 64-jährige Patientin mit über Jahre zunehmenden bronchopulmonalen Infektionen, teilweise durch seltene Erreger, Autoimmunphänomenen, Malignomen und im weiteren Verlauf rezidivierenden organisierenden Pneumonien (OP) mit Nachweis von Granulomen. Ursächlich wurde bei der Patientin eine septische Granulomatose, Unterform p47phox-Defizienz diagnostiziert. Ein Überleben von Patienten mit einem primären Immundefekt (PID) bis ins hohe Erwachsenenalter wird trotz wiederholter Komplikationen in Einzelfällen beobachtet, insbesondere wenn die defekte Zellstruktur eine Restaktivität aufweist. Bei rezidivierenden bronchopulmonalen Infektionen insbesondere durch bestimmte seltene Erreger und in Kombination mit organisierend-granulomatösen Lungenreaktionen sowie Autoimmunphänomenen ist auch bei älteren Erwachsenen an eine CGD zu denken. Durch eine Diagnoseverzögerung kommt es oft zu einem erheblichen Anstieg der Morbidität und Mortalität.
Sclerotherapy – How to Achieve a Spectacular Outcome
Authors: Mann Margaret W.
Published: July 2020

When performed correctly, sclerotherapy results in fibrous occlusion that is not amenable to recanalization. Paramount to success is adequate contact time of a sclerosant to the endothelial cells to cause sufficient damage to the vein while minimizing side effects. To optimize sclerotherapy results, one needs to choose the right patient and the right vein and then use the proper sclerosing agent and injection techniques. This paper will review current literature on sclerotherapy, as well as tips and tricks to optimize outcome and minimize complications.
Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Burn Patients Undergoing Fluid Resuscitation: An Opportunity to Avoid Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Shen Christine Y. , Woody Spencer , Fuller Spencer D. , Grange Landon K. , Tran Kimberly D. , Lee Jeanne G. , Kikkawa Don O. , Lee Jeffrey E.
Published: July 2020

Objective This study aims to discuss clinical characteristics of burn patients who developed elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We propose management strategies to prevent orbital compartment syndrome before invasive treatment is required.

Methods A retrospective review of 47 burn patients at the University of California San Diego (UCSD), Burn Intensive Care Unit (ICU; major regional burn center for San Diego county), was analyzed for demographics, fluid resuscitation volumes, and physical exam findings. Patients requiring topical treatment for high-IOP, defined as ≥30 mm Hg in either or both eyes, were compared with those who did not require treatment, using the t-test and Fisher's exact test. Linear regression tested for an association between peak IOP and fluid volume. Logistic regression evaluated the association between total fluid and treatment of high IOP, while adjusting for other characteristics.

Results Six of 47 patients required IOP-lowering treatment. Of the patients requiring treatment, one drop of dorzolamide/timolol in both eyes twice daily was the most common treatment recommendation. Presence of periocular burns was a significant risk factor in patients who required treatment for high IOP. No patients developed orbital compartment syndrome or required surgical intervention to lower IOP. The mean total fluid volume delivered in the first 24 hours was 0.8 times the level prescribed by fluid resuscitation guidelines.

Conclusion By treating early clinical signs and properly managing fluid resuscitation, development of orbital compartment syndrome in burn patients can be avoided.
Biopolymer model generalizes predictions of self-assembly processes
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: July 2020

The updated model is more descriptive and can predict previously unexplained features related to diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Statin use and discontinuation in Danes age 70 and older: a nationwide drug utilisation study
Authors: Thompson Wade , Jarbøl Dorte Ejg , Nielsen Jesper Bo , Haastrup Peter , Pottegård Anton
Published: July 2020

Background and objective

There is limited evidence on the clinical effects of statins in older persons. We aimed to explore statin use and discontinuation patterns in Danes age 70 and older.

Design

Register-based drug utilisation study.

Setting

Danish nationwide health registries.

Subjects

All Danish persons aged ≥70 years between 2011 and 2016.

Measurements

(1) Monthly prevalence and (2) quarterly incidence of statin use, (3) characteristics of new users, (4) total amount of statin redeemed, (5) statin discontinuation rate between 2014 and 2016 in long-term statin users and (6) factors associated with discontinuation.

Results

We identified 395,279 unique older statin users between 2011 and 2016. The prevalence increased from 30% in 2011 to 33% in 2016 (23% for primary prevention and 56% for secondary prevention in 2016). The quarterly incidence fell from 11 per 1,000 persons in 2011 to 7 per 1,000 persons in 2016. The prevalence was generally stable in those 70 to 79 years. In those aged ≥80 years, the prevalence increased despite decreasing incidence. The proportion of persons initiating for primary prevention decreased from 58% in 2011 to 52% in 2016. Approximately 19% of long-term statin users discontinued therapy between 2014 and 2016. Increasing age was the strongest predictor of statin discontinuation.

Conclusions

Approximately one in three Danes age ≥ 70 years were taking statins in 2016. The characteristics of incident users shifted between 2011 and 2016, with less people age 80 and older starting on statins and fewer people starting for primary prevention.
The health burden of non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA between 1990 and 2017
Authors: Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad , Dehghan Kaveh , Edwards Cristina , Mohammadi Najmeh , Attar Setareh , Sahraian Mohammad Ali , Eskandarieh Sharareh
Published: July 2020

In this observational study, using the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Study, we aimed to (i) report the magnitude of health loss due to non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA in 2017 by sex, age, years and States and (ii) to identify non-communicable neurological disorders attributable environmental, metabolic and behavioural risk factors. We provide estimates of the burden of non-communicable neurological disorders by reporting disability-adjusted life-years and their trends from 1990 to 2017 by age and sex in the USA. The non-communicable neurological disorders include migraines, tension-type headaches, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, motor neuron diseases and other neurological disorders. In 2017, the global burdens of non-communicable neurological disorders were 1444.41 per 100 000, compared to the USA burden of 1574.0. Migraine was the leading age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years 704.7 per 100 000, with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (41.8.7), and epilepsy (123.8) taking the second and third places, respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for aggregate non-communicable neurological disorders relative to all cause increased by 3.42%. More specifically, this value for motor neuron diseases, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis increase by 20.9%, 4.0%, 2.47%, 3.0% and 1.65%, respectively. In 2017, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for the aggregate non-communicable neurological disorders was significantly higher in females than the males (1843.5 versus 1297.3 per 100 000), respectively. The age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for migraine were the largest in both females (968.8) and males were (432.5) compared to other individual non-communicable neurological disorders. In the same year, the leading non-communicable neurological disorders age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates among children ≤9 was epilepsy (216.4 per 100 000). Among the adults aged 35–60 years, it was migraine (5792.0 per 100 000), and among the aged 65 and above was Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (78 800.1 per 100 000). High body mass index, smoking, high fasting plasma glaucous and alcohol use were the attributable age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years risks for aggregate and individual non-communicable neurological disorders. Despite efforts to decrease the burden of non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA, they continue to burden the health of the population. Children are most vulnerable to epilepsy-related health burden, adolescents and young adults to migraine, and elderly to Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias and epilepsy. In all, the most vulnerable populations to non-communicable neurological disorders are females, young adults and the elderly.
A pilot with a helicopter in the left atrium: a case report of an embolized Watchman device
Authors: Halim Jonathan , Tavernier Rene , Missault Luc , Debonnaire Philippe
Published: July 2020

Background

Embolization of a Watchman device in patients undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is a rare complication. Retrieval of the device can be achieved percutaneously with a snaring technique or a bioptome.

Case summary

We present an illustrative case of Watchman closure device embolization during an LAA closure attempt in a 77-year-old man. The complication was caused by anatomical restraints of the LAA, in particular limited depth resulting in poor stability of the closure device after implantation. By the use of a double snaring technique, however, we managed to retrieve the device percutaneously. By applying such strategy, a more invasive surgical approach can be prevented.

Discussion

Prompt response is needed when embolization of a Watchman device occurs. A snaring technique can be used in most cases to attempt device retrieval. A double snaring technique is in this case associated with higher retrieval success than a single snaring technique.
Prevalence of torture and trauma history among immigrants in primary care in Denmark: do general practitioners ask?
Authors: Ostergaard Liv Stubbe , Wallach-Kildemoes Helle , Thøgersen Marie H , Dragsted Ulrik B , Oxholm Annemette , Hartling Ole , Norredam Marie
Published: July 2020

Background

Torture survivors typically present with varied and complex symptoms, which may challenge assessment by general practitioners (GPs). This study explored the prevalence of torture and trauma history among immigrants born in non-Western countries presenting to GPs in Denmark and the extent to which GPs ask this population about torture or trauma history.

Methods

Based on a self-reported questionnaire among non-western immigrant patients, we used bivariate analyses to determine the prevalence of torture and trauma history and the proportion of patients being asked by their GP about this. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

From 46 GP clinics, 300 questionnaires were finalized by immigrant patients. Twenty-eight percent of the patients had a history of torture. Of these, significantly more were men (70%) than women (29%). About half of the torture survivors (55%) had been asked by their GP about torture history. The odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) for being asked about torture history by the GP was 1.28 (0.46–3.53) among women compared with men. Compared with Southeast Europe, OR for being a torture survivor among male immigrants from Middle East-North African region and South and East Asia was 1.83 (0.81–4.15) and 0.25 (0.08–0.82), respectively.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that torture and trauma are widespread among immigrants presenting to GPs. In our study, the GPs had managed to detect half of the torture survivors. A more systematic approach to detection in General Practice is advisable, and more knowledge on how and when to ask is needed.
Towards real-time monitoring: data assimilated time-lapse full waveform inversion for seismic velocity and uncertainty estimation
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhu Tieyuan
Published: July 2020

Rapid development of time-lapse seismic monitoring instrumentations has made it possible to collect dense time-lapse data for tomographically retrieving time-lapse (even continuous) images of subsurface changes. While traditional time-lapse full waveform inversion (TLFWI) algorithms are designed for sparse time-lapse surveys, they lack of effective temporal constraint on time-lapse data, and, more importantly, lack of the uncertainty estimation of the TLFWI results that is critical for further interpretation. Here, we propose a new data assimilation TLFWI method, using hierarchical matrix powered extended Kalman filter (HiEKF) to quantify the image uncertainty. Compared to existing Kalman filter algorithms, HiEKF allows to store and update a data-sparse representation of the cross-covariance matrices and propagate model errors without expensive operations involving covariance matrices. Hence, HiEKF is computationally efficient and applicable to 3-D TLFWI problems. Then, we reformulate TLFWI in the framework of HiEKF (termed hereafter as TLFWI-HiEKF) to predict time-lapse images of subsurface spatiotemporal velocity changes and simultaneously quantify the uncertainty of the inverted velocity changes over time. We demonstrate the validity and applicability of TLFWI–HiEKF with two realistic CO2 monitoring models derived from Frio-II and Cranfield CO2 injection sites, respectively. In both 2-D and 3-D examples, the inverted high-resolution time-lapse velocity results clearly reveal a continuous velocity reduction due to the injection of CO2. Moreover, the accuracy of the model is increasing over time by assimilating more time-lapse data while the standard deviation is decreasing over lapsed time. We expect TLFWI-HiEKF to be equipped with real-time seismic monitoring systems for continuously imaging the distribution of subsurface gas and fluids in the future large-scale CO2 sequestration experiments and reservoir management.
Worker flows, reallocation dynamics, and firm productivity: new evidence from longitudinal matched employer–employee data
Authors: Grinza Elena
Published: July 2020

This article investigates the impact of the worker flows of a firm on productivity by using unique longitudinal matched employer–employee data. The analysis has split a firm’s total worker flows into three components: workers’ replacements (excess worker flows), hirings introduced to increase the firm’s employment level (net hirings), and separations of workers intended to decrease the firm’s workforce (net separations). This has allowed the impact of workers’ replacements, which represent the most prominent and compelling feature of worker mobility, to be isolated from the other two components. Endogeneity has been dealt with by using a modified version of Ackerberg et al.'s (2015, Econometrica, 83(6), 2411–2451) control function method, which explicitly accounts for firm-fixed effects. The main findings are that (i) excess flows have an inverted U-shape impact on productivity, (ii) net hirings foster firm productivity, and (iii) net separations damage it. The impacts are heterogeneous and vary widely on the basis of the types of replacements, the categories of workers involved, and the types of firms experiencing such flows. Overall, the findings of this article highlight the importance of reallocation dynamics to obtain better employer–employee matches, and call for a reconsideration of policies concerning the flexibility of the labor market.
JEEA-FBBVA LECTURE 2019: Consumption Insurance in Networks with Asymmetric Information: Evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Attanasio Orazio , Krutikova Sonya
Published: July 2020

This paper uses a dataset from Tanzania with information on consumption, income, and income shocks within and across family networks. Crucially and uniquely, it also contains data on the degree of information existing between each pair of households within family networks. We use these data to construct a novel measure of the quality of information both at the level of household pairs and at the level of the network. We also note that the individual level measures can be interpreted as measures of network centrality. We study risk sharing within these networks and explore whether the rejection of perfect risk sharing that we observe can be related to our measures of information quality. We show that households within family networks with better information are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. Furthermore, we show that more central households within networks are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. These results have important implications for the characterisation of the empirical failure of the perfect risk-sharing hypothesis and point to the importance of information frictions.
International labour migration and the many forms of poverty
Authors: Nogales Ricardo , Oldiges Christian
Published: July 2020

The discourse on migration and poverty has largely shown that international labour migration reduces monetary poverty for the migrant-sending households. With the international consensus that poverty is multidimensional and goes beyond income alone, many studies evaluate the nexus between migration and non-monetary aspects of life, such as education and health. These show mixed evidence. Far fewer studies assess whether suffering from simultaneous deprivations in multiple indicators of well-being is affected by migration—which would be a full multidimensional poverty analysis at the household level. To assess the value-added of the latter, we empirically compare three approaches to measure poverty and the effect of migration on the three. These are (1) a solely monetary approach, (2) a dashboard approach that considers several non-monetary well-being deprivations, and (3) a counting approach that evaluates whether the multiple deprivations manifest themselves jointly. Using household panel data for rural Bangladesh, we assess how the association between international labour migration and poverty among the stay-behind household members changes in light of the three approaches. The endogenous nature of migration in this connection is explicitly addressed by applying a Hausman–Taylor estimation procedure. We corroborate that poverty is related to a lower likelihood of being monetary poor, but we do not find that it is associated with an increased likelihood of exiting multidimensional poverty altogether. However, we do find that it is associated with a lower likelihood of facing simultaneous deprivations in terms of sanitation, electricity, and asset-ownership among those who live in multidimensional poverty.
Long-term study of extreme giant pulses from PSR B0950+08 with AARTFAAC
Authors: Kuiack Mark , Wijers Ralph A M J , Rowlinson Antonia , Shulevski Aleksandar , Huizinga Folkert , Molenaar Gijs , Prasad Peeyush
Published: July 2020

We report on the detection of extreme giant pulses (GPs) from one of the oldest known pulsars, the highly variable PSR B0950+08, with the Amsterdam-ASTRON Radio Transient Facility And Analysis Centre (AARTFAAC), a parallel transient detection instrument operating as a subsystem of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). During processing of our Northern Hemisphere survey for low-frequency radio transients, a sample of 275 pulses with fluences ranging from 42 to 177 kJy ms were detected in one-second snapshot images. The brightest pulses are an order of magnitude brighter than those previously reported at 42 and 74 MHz, on par with the levels observed in a previous long-term study at 103 MHz. Both their rate and fluence distribution differ between and within the various studies done to date. The GP rate is highly variable, from 0 to 30 per hour, with only two 3-h observations accounting for nearly half of the pulses detected in the 96 h surveyed. It does not vary significantly within a few-hour observation, but can vary strongly one from day to the next. The spectra appear strongly and variably structured, with emission sometimes confined to a single 195.3 kHz subband, and the pulse spectra changing on a time-scale of order 10 min.
Multiple Merger Genealogies in Outbreaks ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Menardo Fabrizio , Gagneux Sébastien , Freund Fabian
Published: July 2020

The Kingman coalescent and its developments are often considered among the most important advances in population genetics of the last decades. Demographic inference based on coalescent theory has been used to reconstruct the population dynamics and evolutionary history of several species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), an important human pathogen causing tuberculosis. One key assumption of the Kingman coalescent is that the number of descendants of different individuals does not vary strongly, and violating this assumption could lead to severe biases caused by model misspecification. Individual lineages of MTB are expected to vary strongly in reproductive success because 1) MTB is potentially under constant selection due to the pressure of the host immune system and of antibiotic treatment, 2) MTB undergoes repeated population bottlenecks when it transmits from one host to the next, and 3) some hosts show much higher transmission rates compared with the average (superspreaders).

Here, we used an approximate Bayesian computation approach to test whether multiple-merger coalescents (MMC), a class of models that allow for large variation in reproductive success among lineages, are more appropriate models to study MTB populations. We considered 11 publicly available whole-genome sequence data sets sampled from local MTB populations and outbreaks and found that MMC had a better fit compared with the Kingman coalescent for 10 of the 11 data sets. These results indicate that the null model for analyzing MTB outbreaks should be reassessed and that past findings based on the Kingman coalescent need to be revisited.
Post-transcriptional regulation of MRTF-A by miRNAs during myogenic differentiation of myoblasts
Authors: Holstein Ingo , Singh Anurag Kumar , Pohl Falk , Misiak Danny , Braun Juliane , Leitner Laura , Hüttelmaier Stefan , Posern Guido
Published: July 2020

The differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle from myoblasts to myotubes involves myogenic transcription factors, such as myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) and serum response factor (SRF). In addition, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs is required during myogenesis. Here, we provide evidence for novel mechanisms regulating MRTF-A during myogenic differentiation. Endogenous MRTF-A protein abundance and activity decreased during C2C12 differentiation, which was attributable to miRNA-directed inhibition. Conversely, overexpression of MRTF-A impaired differentiation and myosin expression. Applying miRNA trapping by RNA affinity purification (miTRAP), we identified miRNAs which directly regulate MRTF-A via its 3′UTR, including miR-1a-3p, miR-206-3p, miR-24-3p and miR-486-5p. These miRNAs were upregulated during differentiation and specifically recruited to the 3′UTR of MRTF-A. Concomitantly, Ago2 recruitment to the MRTF-A 3′UTR was considerably increased, whereas Dicer1 depletion or 3′UTR deletion elevated MRTF-A and inhibited differentiation. MRTF-A protein expression was inhibited by ectopic miRNA expression in murine C2C12 and primary human myoblasts. 3′UTR reporter activity diminished upon differentiation or miRNA expression, whereas deletion of the predicted binding sites reversed these effects. Furthermore, TGF-β abolished MRTF-A reduction and decreased miR-486-5p expression. Our findings implicate miR-24-3p and miR-486-5p in the repression of MRTF-A and suggest a complex network of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating myogenesis.
The Complexity of Otherness
Authors: Richardson Kathleen
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines intersections between anthropology and robots and AI. Intelligence is not a neutral concept, but was developed to justify the subjugation of people on the basis of their sex, race, class, and ability. Indeed, the computer sciences and robotics have, for most of the twentieth century, continued to be fields that develop without fuller participation from women and people of color. As such, for AI scientists and roboticists, it will be necessary to take into account issues from the social sciences and humanities when constructing their technologies in order that prejudices, stereotypes, or structural inequalities are not reproduced in the life that follows from the developments of these technologies. Arguably, the rise of ethics of AI and robotics will create committees of stakeholders who will work together to reduce bias, stereotyping, and perpetual algorithmic inequality.
AI and Migration Management
Authors: Molnar Petra
Published: July 2020

This chapter focuses on how technologies used in the management of migration—such as automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications and artificial intelligence (AI) lie detectors—impinge on human rights with little international regulation, arguing that this lack of regulation is deliberate, as states single out the migrant population as a viable testing ground for new technologies. Making migrants more trackable and intelligible justifies the use of more technology and data collection under the guide of national security, or even under tropes of humanitarianism and development. Technology is not inherently democratic, and human rights impacts are particularly important to consider in humanitarian and forced migration contexts. An international human rights law framework is particularly useful for codifying and recognizing potential harms, because technology and its development are inherently global and transnational. Ultimately, more oversight and issue specific accountability mechanisms are needed to safeguard fundamental rights of migrants, such as freedom from discrimination, privacy rights, and procedural justice safeguards, such as the right to a fair decision maker and the rights of appeal.
The Role of Professional Norms in the Governance of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gasser Urs , Schmitt Carolyn
Published: July 2020

This chapter looks at the role of professional norms in the governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Professional norms of different provenience have the potential to serve as a reservoir for AI governance when contextualized within other governance mechanisms. However, fundamental conceptual issues such as the notion of what constitutes “AI professions,” coupled with a range of empirical questions—including the actual effects of norms on professionals—remain open for further research and discussion. A related challenge relates to the capacity and legitimacy of norms of the profession to deal with fundamental challenges brought forth by AI-based technologies. Nonetheless, the review of the professional norms literature as applied to AI provides elements of an emerging—and certainly evolving—landscape of professional norms in the AI context.
Career Guidance: Living on the Edge of Public Policy
Authors: McCarthy John , Borbély-Pecze Tibor Bors
Published: July 2020

Public policy formation and implementation for career guidance provision are complex issues, not least because in most countries career guidance is a peripheral part of legislation for education, employment, and social inclusion. Policy solutions are compromises by nature. Regulations and economic incentives are the main policy instruments for career guidance provision, but there is often incoherence between the intentions of the regulations and the economic incentives provided for policy implementation. The intermediary organizations that serve to implement policy add significant variability to policy effects. International bodies and organizations have shown significant interest in the role of career guidance in education and employment policies through the undertaking of policy reviews, the formulation of recommendations for career guidance, and, in some cases, providing economic incentives to support their implementation. However, there is a dearth of evaluation studies of policy formation and implementation at the national level.
Mesoscale, Microscale, and Numerical Models
Authors: Hawbecker Patrick
Published: July 2020

Numerical models have been instrumental in analyzing the wind field of non-synoptic wind storms as it is very difficult to obtain a complete data set from observations alone. Depending on the application, one must decide between mesoscale modeling, microscale modeling, or a combination of the two. Mesoscale modeling considers the full extent of the physics involved in the atmosphere but is limited in the spatiotemporal resolution that can be achieved. On the other hand, microscale modeling can produce a high-fidelity simulation of the wind field, but often lacks in the extent of the physics and physical mechanisms that are simulated. Applications and limitations of these modeling techniques are discussed, as well as the future direction of mesoscale and microscale modeling of non-synoptic wind storms.
Matters of Life and Death: Biographies at the Beginning of Independent Mexico, 1820s
Authors: Racine Karen
Published: July 2020

Biographies are a sort of resurrection. They reanimate a life after death to draw collective meaning from individual sacrifice and offer a model of salvation for others to follow. Although still a relatively new genre, the few full-length biographies of Mexico’s independence-era leaders that were written during the 1820s contributed significantly to the process of identifying aspirational national virtues by embodying them in the stories of individual exemplary lives. Biographies of heroes began to appear from the earliest years of Mexico’s national life, as political independence became a settled reality and attention started to turn to the daunting tasks of giving it an institutional form. In the burgeoning nineteenth century, Romantic ideals animated the actions soldiers and statesmen alike: dreams of nationhood and belonging, praise for heroic individuals who embodied the spirit of their age, a taste for tragic adventure and self-sacrifice for a greater cause. These biographies appeared at the beginning, stories of Mexicans whose exemplary lives transcended their deaths and went on to achieve immortality in print form.
Animal, Mechanical, and Me
Authors: Haddow Gill
Published: July 2020

Organ donation and transplantation is a largely successful treatment used to replace failing organs. However, donation rates have never met the demand for transplantable organs. Biomedical researchers are exploring alternative sources from nonhuman animal donors such as pigs; improved biotechnological solutions such as total artificial hearts; and 3D printed organs developed from the recipient’s own cells. These solutions are in various stages of development, and they may or may not prove viable in terms of cost, functionality, and/or compatibility with the recipient’s body. In this chapter, I ask not about the viability of these proposed solutions, but rather, about the acceptability of the various technologies to potential recipients. Simply put: were these organ transplant alternatives to become available, would patients agree to them? Analyzing answers from focus group interviews and surveys, I use the responses to show that individuals imagine these various technologies as familiar or foreign, self or other, clean or dirty, and so on. People envisage that using different materials will certainly affect their bodies but also their subjectivities. New biotechnologies are raising questions about altering subjectivity through body modification, and the answers to these questions demonstrate ambiguity.
The Social Accuracy Model
Authors: Biesanz Jeremy C.
Published: July 2020

The social accuracy model (SAM) is a componential model of interpersonal perception that estimates perceiver, target, dyadic, and other effects for different components or elements of accuracy. For instance, Percy may be a good judge in that she is generally accurate in her perceptions of others. As well, Taylor may be a good target in that she is generally accurately perceived by others. The SAM allows one to estimate such individual differences in components related to accuracy, bias, and generalized knowledge as well as examine moderators of such components. The present chapter provides a broad overview of the SAM, its history, and how it compares to other modeling approaches, and provides a detailed discussion of how to interpret the elements of the SAM. Finally, an appendix is provided that discusses how to create variables, analyze the model, and interpret the output from a social accuracy model analysis using R.
Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology in Historical Perspective
Authors: Cory Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2020

Clinical neuropsychology is cross-cultural “when there are significant cultural or language differences between the examiner, examinee, informants, tests, and/or social context” (Judd et al., 2009, p. 128). Clinical neuropsychology, therefore, has been cross-cultural from the earliest examples of cognitive and mental (IQ) testing in the early 20th century, with the translation of the Binet scales from French to English by the American psychologist H. H. Goddard and the administration of the translated battery (by non-Hispanic White psychologists, via oral interpreter) to European immigrants arriving at Ellis Island. This chapter reviews that remote history; the earliest cultural neuropsychological research by A. R. Luria and colleagues in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, in the 1930s; and the more recent decades of “modern” cross-cultural neuropsychological research and practice, from the 1990s to 2018. Unfortunately, the field has most commonly downplayed or ignored the influences of culture and language on neurocognitive testing and clinical neuropsychological assessment in favor of a quantifiable, empiricist, and “universalist” view of brain-behavior relationships. This, in turn, has been problematic for the clinical assessment of rapidly increasing populations of ethnoculturally and linguistically diverse patients. A serious paucity remains of clinical neuropsychologists who are ethnoculturally and linguistically diverse and/or who possess the cross-cultural psychometric knowledge and linguistic fluency to evaluate such patients. Although there are reasons for optimism based in recent decades of research and clinical progress, the extent to which this health care specialty will remain viable and useful to increasingly large portions of US and world populations is uncertain.