bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULOGA FIZIČKE AKTIVNOSTI I VJEŽBANJA KOD PRETILOSTI I KONTROLE TEŽINE
Authors: Gajić Danimir
Published: February 2017

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased during the last decade causing devastatingconsequences to the public health. Health and dietary exerts recommended healthier diet andphysical activity as strategies to reduce obesity. However, there has been a great deal of confusionabout the role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management in general. Thefocus of this article is based on the fact that reduced physical activity and energy expenditure causeobesity and the obesity can lead to serious health problems among which are cardio vasculardiseases. The idea that obesity is caused by consistent decline in daily energy expenditure is notsupported either by objective measures of energy expenditure or physiological theory of weight gainalone. However, since voluntary exercise is the most important discretionary component of total dailyenergy expenditure, it can affect energy balance. In regards to the above-mentioned physical activityhas a big potential to become important part of the solution for the ongoing obesity epidemic.
TRANSFORMACIJA FUNKCIONALNOG STATUSA UČENIKA PROGRAMIRANOM VANŠKOLSKOM AKTIVNOŠĆU ODBOJKOM
Authors: Stević Dalibor , Radojević Davor
Published: February 2017

Predmet istraživanja predstavlja funkcionalni status učenika, odnosno programirani sistemvježbanja vanškolskom aktivnošću odbojkom. Uzorak ispitanika čine učenici srednjegškolskog uzrasta, muškog pola (15 godina +, - 6 meseci). Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 66ispitanika distribuiranih u dva subuzorka: eksperimentalni (34) i kontrolni (32). Prvisubuzorak, njih 32 činili su ispitanici koji su pohađali samo nastavu fizičkog vaspitanja (2x45minuta nedeljno), a drugi subuzorak ispitanika, njih 34 koji su pored nastave fizičkogvaspitanja imali vanškolski programirani odbojkaški trening (3x45 minuta nedeljno), uvremenskom periodu od 6 meseci. Procjena funkcionalnih sposobnosti ispitanika nainicijalnom mjerenju ukazuje da postoji značajna razlika između dvije grupe ispitanika, anajizraženija je kod: Oporavka, Minimalne frekvencije srca, Maksimalanog broja pretrčanihmetara, Maksimalne portošnje kiseonika. Na finalnom mjerenju statistički značajne razlike suutvrđene kod: Opiravka u 3 i u 5 min, Minimalne frekvencije srca, Maksimalanog brojapretrčanih metara, Maksimalne portošnje kiseonika.
One reporter for in-cell activity profiling of majority of protein kinase oncogenes
Authors: Gudernova Iva , Foldynova-Trantirkova Silvie , Ghannamova Barbora El , Fafilek Bohumil , Varecha Miroslav , Balek Lukas , Hruba Eva , Jonatova Lucie , Jelinkova Iva , Kunova Bosakova Michaela , Trantirek Lukas , Mayer Jiri , Krejci Pavel
Published: February 2017

In-cell profiling enables the evaluation of receptor tyrosine activity in a complex environment of regulatory networks that affect signal initiation, propagation and feedback. We used FGF-receptor signaling to identify EGR1 as a locus that strongly responds to the activation of a majority of the recognized protein kinase oncogenes, including 30 receptor tyrosine kinases and 154 of their disease-associated mutants. The EGR1 promoter was engineered to enhance trans-activation capacity and optimized for simple screening assays with luciferase or fluorescent reporters. The efficacy of the developed, fully synthetic reporters was demonstrated by the identification of novel targets for two clinically used tyrosine kinase inhibitors, nilotinib and osimertinib. A universal reporter system for in-cell protein kinase profiling will facilitate repurposing of existing anti-cancer drugs and identification of novel inhibitors in high-throughput screening studies.
Longitudinal imaging of HIV-1 spread in humanized mice with parallel 3D immunofluorescence and electron tomography
Authors: Kieffer Collin , Ladinsky Mark S , Ninh Allen , Galimidi Rachel P , Bjorkman Pamela J
Published: February 2017

Dissemination of HIV-1 throughout lymphoid tissues leads to systemic virus spread following infection. We combined tissue clearing, 3D-immunofluorescence, and electron tomography (ET) to longitudinally assess early HIV-1 spread in lymphoid tissues in humanized mice. Immunofluorescence revealed peak infection density in gut at 10–12 days post-infection when blood viral loads were low. Human CD4+ T-cells and HIV-1–infected cells localized predominantly to crypts and the lower third of intestinal villi. Free virions and infected cells were not readily detectable by ET at 5-days post-infection, whereas HIV-1–infected cells surrounded by pools of free virions were present in ~10% of intestinal crypts by 10–12 days. ET of spleen revealed thousands of virions released by individual cells and discreet cytoplasmic densities near sites of prolific virus production. These studies highlight the importance of multiscale imaging of HIV-1–infected tissues and are adaptable to other animal models and human patient samples.
The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury patients who have undergone surgery: a retrospective study
Authors: Tang Qilin , Wu Xiang , Weng Weiji , Li Hongpeng , Feng Junfeng , Mao Qing , Gao Guoyi , Jiang Jiyao
Published: February 2017

Background

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) results and aggravates in secondary brain injury, which seriously affects the prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury patients. Although several studies have focused on the treatment of PSH, few have concentrated on its prevention.

Methods

Ninety post-operation (post-op) severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients admitted from October 2014 to April 2016 were chosen to participate in this study. Fifty of the post-op sTBI patients were sedated with dexmedetomidine and were referred as the “dexmedetomidine group” (admitted from May 2015 to April 2016). The other 40 patients (admitted from October 2014 to May 2015) received other sedations and were referred as the “control group.” The two groups were then compared based on their PSH scores and the scores and ratios of those patients who met the criteria of “probable,” “possible” and “unlikely” using the PSH assessment measure (PSH-AM) designed by Baguley et al. (2014). The durations of the neurosurgery intensive care unit (NICU) and hospital stays and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) values for the two groups were also compared to evaluate the therapeutic effects and the patients’ prognosis.

Results

The overall PSH score for the dexmedetomidine group was 5.26 ± 4.66, compared with 8.58 ± 8.09 for the control group. The difference between the two groups’ PSH scores was significant (P = 0.017). The score of the patients who met the criterion of “probable” was 18.33 ± 1.53 in the dexmedetomidine group and 22.63 ± 2.97 in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.045). The ratio of patients who were classified as “unlikely” between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.028); that is, 42 (84%) in the dexmedetomidine group and 25 (62.5%) in the control group. The differences in NICU, hospital stays and GOS values between the two groups were not significant.

Conclusion

Dexmedetomidine has a preventive effect on PSH in sTBI patients who have undergone surgery.
ToxGen: an improved reference database for the identification of type B-trichothecene genotypes inFusarium
Authors: Kulik Tomasz , Abarenkov Kessy , Buśko Maciej , Bilska Katarzyna , van Diepeningen Anne D. , Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak Anna , Krawczyk Katarzyna , Brankovics Balázs , Stenglein Sebastian , Sawicki Jakub , Perkowski Juliusz
Published: February 2017

Type B trichothecenes, which pose a serious hazard to consumer health, occur worldwide in grains. These mycotoxins are produced mainly by three different trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes: 3ADON (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol), 15ADON (15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and NIV (nivalenol), named after these three major mycotoxin compounds. Correct identification of these genotypes is elementary for all studies relating to population surveys, fungal ecology and mycotoxicology. Trichothecene producers exhibit enormous strain-dependent chemical diversity, which may result in variation in levels of the genotype’s determining toxin and in the production of low to high amounts of atypical compounds. New high-throughput DNA-sequencing technologies promise to boost the diagnostics of mycotoxin genotypes. However, this requires a reference database containing a satisfactory taxonomic sampling of sequences showing high correlation to actually produced chemotypes. We believe that one of the most pressing current challenges of such a database is the linking of molecular identification with chemical diversity of the strains, as well as other metadata. In this study, we use the Tri12 gene involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis for identification of Tri genotypes through sequence comparison. Tri12 sequences from a range of geographically diverse fungal strains comprising 22Fusariumspecies were stored in the ToxGen database, which covers descriptive and up-to-date annotations such as indication on Tri genotype and chemotype of the strains, chemical diversity, information on trichothecene-inducing host, substrate or media, geographical locality, and most recent taxonomic affiliations. The present initiative bridges the gap between the demands of comprehensive studies on trichothecene producers and the existing nucleotide sequence databases, which lack toxicological and other auxiliary data. We invite researchers working in the fields of fungal taxonomy, epidemiology and mycotoxicology to join the freely available annotation effort.
Physiological Models, Development
Authors: Bahill A. Terry
Published: February 2017

A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of a real system. Models are ephemeral: they are created, they explain a phenomenon, they stimulate discussion, they foment alternatives, and then they are replaced by new models. Models can be used for many reasons, such as understanding or improving an existing system, creating a new system, controlling a system, suggesting new experiments, guiding data collection activities, allocating resources, identifying cost drivers, increasing return on investment, identifying bottlenecks, helping to sell the product, and reducing risk. The purpose of this article is to show the development of a model for one physiological system. Our example is that of the smooth pursuit eye movement system. We give a lot of detail for this model because the detail is necessary in order to see the process. We hope that you, the reader, can see the forest through the trees.
Infrared Imaging
Authors: Meitzler Thomas , Bednarz David , Sohn Euijung , Singh Harpreet , Raj J.
Published: February 2017

In the following article, the science and technology behind infrared imaging is described with many examples. The history of the discovery of the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum is outlined along with a physical explanation of infrared radiation and some of the applications of infrared technology in industry. Detailed descriptions of typical infrared imaging systems along with infrared imaging system modeling is provided. The next section includes a lengthy description of modern image processing, in other words, how a computer can be used to improve and analyze the images produced from infrared imaging systems. Several clutter and infrared image quality metrics, such as texture and entropy, are examined and their relevance to ground vehicle target acquisition is described. Texture and entropy metrics are computed for several example images and then compared to an experimental probability of detection in the Visual Perception Lab. Comparison of computational metrics to experimental human perception metrics is a very important type of visual image assessment. The use of human perception experiments as a qualifier and validator of infrared imagery quality along with experimental protocols are described. Image processing modern approaches such as relative clutter, probability of edge, image fusion, and fuzzy logic image fusion are explained in detail. Finally, there are examples of the use of infrared imaging for important problems in industry and to the US Army, such as using infrared imaging to detect ice on the external surface of the NASA Space Transport System and how infrared imaging can be used for the purpose of burred mine detection and homeland security applications.
Flexible Electronics
Authors: Kwon Kiyoon , Jin Jo Young , Kim Tae–il
Published: February 2017

Compared to conventional rigid and brittle electronics, shape‐deformable electronics have recently drawn attention. Flexible electronics facilitate a new class of technology and applications that would be impossible to achieve using the traditional silicon wafer‐based process. To accomplish the flexible electronics, electrical and mechanical properties of semiconductor materials as well as engineering effort for new processing technology should be developed. Herein, we review recent advances in flexible electronics placing particular focus on their materials and design.
Network Synchronization: An introduction
Authors: Rinaldi Stefano , Ferrari Paolo , Flammini Alessandra , Sisinni Emiliano , Sauter Thilo
Published: February 2017

In distributed systems based on networks, the clock synchronization allows to coordinate and schedule actions between stations. In today's systems, the clock synchronization may be considered as a required feature that has to be delivered by the network technology. Even the widely used Ethernet and Internet Protocol (IP) networks were not designed with support for the high‐performance clock synchronization required by audio and video applications, industrial systems, measurement devices, and grid power systems monitoring. In this article, we give an introduction to clock synchronization protocols that can be used in networks where real‐time performance is demanded.
Direction of Arrival Estimation: Introduction
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Cao Renzheng
Published: February 2017

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple narrow‐band sources is a fundamental problem in array signal processing and it is also significant for various engineering applications such as wireless communications, acoustics, radar, sonar, and medical imaging. In this article, we introduce the conventionalDOAestimation methods, including the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) algorithm, the Capon algorithm, and the propagator method (PM). We also discuss the uniform planar array and the two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms. Some extended two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms and low‐complexity two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms are introduced. The angular parameter estimation of distributed source is also presented.
Image Denoising Algorithms: From Wavelet Shrinkage to Nonlocal Collaborative Filtering
Authors: Pižurica Aleksandra
Published: February 2017

This article presents an overview of image denoising algorithms ranging from wavelet shrinkage to patch‐based nonlocal processing. The focus is on the suppression of additive Gaussian noise (white and colored). A great attention is devoted to explaining the main underlying ideas and concepts of representative approaches, complemented by illustrative examples, accessible also to nonexperts in the field. A Bayesian perspective of wavelet shrinkage is given, with different instances of spatial context modeling (including local spatial activity indicators, Markov random fields, hidden Markov tree models, and Gaussian scale mixture models). Extensions to other transform domains (curvelets and other generalizations of wavelets) are addressed too, showing the benefits in terms of image quality. Patch‐based image denoising is illustrated with principles of nonlocal means filtering and collaborative filtering, explaining also the connections with dictionary learning. Some general notes on the performance comparison are given, by summarizing the benefits and limitations of various approaches against each other, and pointing to some of the current trends in the field.
Superconducting Levitation Applied To Urban Transportation
Authors: Stephan Richard M. , de Andrade Rubens , Ferreira Antonio C. , Sotelo Guilherme G.
Published: February 2017

This article describes the construction and operation of superconducting magnetically levitated vehicles applied to urban transportation. The technology was tested with a full‐scale prototype namedMagLev‐Cobra. Comparisons with wheel and rail technology, high‐speedMagLevand otherMagLevtechnologies are presented and application niches identified. The steps for commercialization are also addressed.
Geographic Information Systems: Crowd‐Sourced Spatial Data
Authors: Jilani Musfira , Corcoran Padraig , Bertolotto Michela
Published: February 2017

This article covers concepts related to geographic information systems (GIS), focussing on the characteristics of the data such systems process, i.e., spatial data. In particular, it discusses the new phenomenon of crowdsourcing and how it has affected spatial data production and use. The most popular crowdsourcing project in the spatial domain, namely,OpenStreetMap(OSM), is analysed including an overview of the research literature that investigates the characteristics of its data. Issues related to the quality ofOSMdata are also the focus of much attention from the research community and are reviewed here.
Photoresponsive Azo Polymer Films
Authors: Wang Xiaogong
Published: February 2017

Polymers containing aromatic azo chromophores have been the subject of intense investigation due to their unique functions and potential applications. Many of the photoresponsive functions are related to solid films made of the azo polymers. Light absorption and electronic excitation of the aromatic azo cores are the essential steps triggering photochemical effects. Owing to the trans–cis isomerization of azo chromophores, azo polymers can exhibit a variety of photoresponsive functions, such as molecular orientation, macroscopic anisotropy, surface relief structure formation, photomechanical deformations of azo liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), and nonlinear optical properties. Many of these functions are unprecedented for polymers and other materials, attracting research interest both for fundamental understanding and possible applications. This article starts with the introduction of basic concepts and terminology, which are typically used to describe the photoresponsive properties. The following sections are devoted to azo polymer syntheses, methods to prepare solid films, and main functions of the solid films. Some of the most interesting functions such as the photoinduced orientation and anisotropy, photoinduced surface patterning, and photomechanical actions of azo LCEs are discussed in detail. The basic background and concepts are discussed at the level appropriate as a brief introduction. The material design and preparation, structure–property relationship, mechanism, and models are also presented.
CNOT1 cooperates with LMNA to aggravate osteosarcoma tumorigenesis through the Hedgehog signaling pathway
Authors: Cheng Dong‐dong , Li Jing , Li Shi‐jie , Yang Qing‐cheng , Fan Cun‐yi
Published: February 2017

While treatments for childhood osteosarcoma have improved, the overall survival for this common type of bone cancer has not changed for three decades, and thus, new targets for therapeutic development are needed. To identify tumor‐related proteins in osteosarcoma, we used isobaric tags in a relative and absolute quantitation proteomic approach to analyze the differentially expressed proteins between osteosarcoma cells and human osteoblastic cells. Through clinical screening and functional evaluation, CCR4–NOT transcription complex subunit 1 (CNOT1) correlated with the growth of osteosarcoma cells. To date, the mechanisms and regulatory roles of CNOT1 in tumors, including osteosarcoma, remain largely elusive. Here, we present evidence that knockdown of CNOT1 inhibits the growth of osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we observed that CNOT1 interacted with LMNA (lamin A) and functioned as a positive regulator of this intermediate filament protein. The RNA‐seq analysis revealed that CNOT1 depletion inhibited the Hedgehog signaling pathway in osteosarcoma cells. A rescue study showed that the decreased growth of osteosarcoma cells and inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway by CNOT1 depletion were reversed by LMNA overexpression, indicating that the activity of CNOT1 was LMNA dependent. Notably, the CNOT1 expression was significantly associated with tumor recurrence, Enneking stage, and poor survival in patients with osteosarcoma. Examination of clinical samples confirmed that CNOT1 expression positively correlated with LMNA protein expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the CNOT1–LMNA–Hedgehog signaling pathway axis exerts an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma progression, which could be a potential target for gene therapy.
Boron isotope variations in Tonga‐Kermadec‐New Zealand arc lavas: Implications for the origin of subduction components and mantle influences
Authors: Leeman William P. , Tonarini Sonia , Turner Simon
Published: February 2017

The Tonga‐Kermadec‐New Zealand volcanic arc is an end‐member of arc systems with fast subduction suggesting that the Tonga sector should have the coolest modern slab thermal structure on Earth. New data for boron concentration and isotopic composition are used to evaluate the contrasting roles of postulated subduction components (sediments and oceanic slab lithologies) in magma genesis. Major observations include: (a) Tonga‐Kermadec volcanic front lavas are enriched in B (as recorded by B/Nb and similar ratios) and most have relatively high δ11B (>+4‰), whereas basaltic lavas from New Zealand have relatively low B/Nb and δ11B (<−3.5‰); (b) both δ11B and B/Nb generally increase northward from New Zealand along with convergence rate and overall slab flux; (c) δ11B and B/Nb decrease toward the back‐arc, as observed elsewhere; and (d) low δ11B is observed in volcanic front samples from Ata, an anomalous sector where the back‐arc Valu Fa Spreading Center impinges on the arc and the Louisville Seamount Chain is presently subducting. Otherwise, volcanic front lavas exhibit positive correlations for both B/Nb and δ11B with other plausible indicators of slab‐derived fluid contributions (e.g., Ba/Nb, U/Th, (230Th/232Th) and 10Be/9Be), and with estimated degree of melting to produce the mafic lavas. Inferred B‐enrichments in the arc magma sources are likely dominated by serpentinite domains deeper within the subducting slab (±altered oceanic crust), and B systematics are consistent with dominant transport by slab‐derived aqueous fluids. Effects of this process are amplified by mantle wedge source depletion due to prior melt extraction.
Late Holocene droughts in the Fertile Crescent recorded in a speleothem from northern Iraq
Authors: Flohr Pascal , Fleitmann Dominik , Zorita Eduardo , Sadekov Aleksey , Cheng Hai , Bosomworth Matt , Edwards Lawrence , Matthews Wendy , Matthews Roger
Published: February 2017

Droughts have had large impacts on past and present societies. High‐resolution paleoclimate data are essential to place recent droughts in a meaningful historical context and to predict regional future changes with greater accuracy. Such records, however, are very scarce in the Middle East in general, and the Fertile Crescent in particular. Here we present a 2400 year long speleothem‐based multiproxy record from Gejkar Cave in northern Iraq. Oxygen and carbon isotopes and magnesium are faithful recorders of effective moisture. The new Gejkar record not only shows that droughts in 1998–2000 and 2007–2010, which have been argued to be a contributing factor to Syrian civil war, were extreme compared to the current mean climate, but they were also superimposed on a long‐term aridification trend that already started around or before 950 C.E. (Common Era). This long‐term trend is not captured by tree ring records and climate models, emphasizing the importance of using various paleoclimate proxy data to evaluate and improve climate models and to correctly inform policy makers about future hydroclimatic changes in this drought‐prone region.
Multiple mechanisms generate a universal scaling with dissipation for the air‐water gas transfer velocity
Authors: Katul Gabriel , Liu Heping
Published: February 2017

A large corpus of field and laboratory experiments support the finding that the water side transfer velocity kL of sparingly soluble gases near air‐water interfaces scales as kL∼(νε)1/4, where ν is the kinematic water viscosity and ε is the mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Originally predicted from surface renewal theory, this scaling appears to hold for marine and coastal systems and across many environmental conditions. It is shown that multiple approaches to representing the effects of turbulence on kL lead to this expression when the Kolmogorov microscale is assumed to be the most efficient transporting eddy near the interface. The approaches considered range from simplified surface renewal schemes with distinct models for renewal durations, scaling and dimensional considerations, and a new structure function approach derived using analogies between scalar and momentum transfer. The work offers a new perspective as to why the aforementioned 1/4 scaling is robust.
An inverse method to derive surface fluxes from the closure of oceanic heat and water budgets: Application to the north‐western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Caniaux G. , Prieur L. , Giordani H. , Redelsperger J.‐L.
Published: February 2017

The large amount of data collected during DeWEX, MOOSE, and HyMeX campaigns in the north‐western Mediterranean in 2012–2013 allowed to implement an inverse method to solve the difficult problem of heat and water budget closure. The inverse method is based on the simulation of the observed heat and water budgets, strongly constrained by observations collected during the campaigns and on the deduction of adjusted surface fluxes. The inverse method uses a genetic algorithm that generates 50,000 simulations of a single‐column model and optimizes some adjustable coefficients introduced in the surface fluxes. Finally, the single‐column model forced by the adjusted fluxes during 1 year and over a test area of about 300 × 300 km2 simulates the daily mean satellite bulk SST with an accuracy/uncertainty of 0.011 ± 0.072°C, as well as daily mean SSS and residual buoyancy series deduced from wintertime analyses with an accuracy of 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.03 ± 0.012 m2 s−2, respectively. The adjusted fluxes close the annual heat and rescaled water budgets by less than 5 W m−2. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a flux data set is produced. It can thus be considered as a reference for the north‐western Mediterranean and be used for estimating other flux data sets, for forcing regional models and for process studies. Compared with the adjusted fluxes, some operational numerical weather prediction models (ARPEGE, NCEP, ERA‐INTERIM, ECMWF, and AROME), often used to force oceanic models, were evaluated: they are unable to retrieve the mean annual patterns and values.
One‐dimensional evolution of the upper water column in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter
Authors: Fer Ilker , Peterson Algot K. , Randelhoff Achim , Meyer Amelie
Published: February 2017

A one‐dimensional model is employed to reproduce the observed time evolution of hydrographic properties in the upper water column during winter, between 26 January and 11 March 2015, in a region north of Svalbard in the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean. From an observed initial state, vertical diffusion equations for temperature and salinity give the hydrographic conditions at a later stage. Observations of microstructure are used to synthesize profiles of vertical diffusivity, K, representative of varying wind forcing conditions. The ice‐ocean heat and salt fluxes at the ice‐ocean interface are implemented as external source terms, estimated from the salt and enthalpy budgets, using friction velocity from the Rossby similarity drag relation, and the ice core temperature profiles. We are able to reproduce the temporal evolution of hydrography satisfactorily for two pairs of measured profiles, suggesting that the vertical processes dominated the observed changes. Sensitivity tests reveal a significant dependence on K. Variation in other variables, such as the temperature gradient of the sea ice, the fraction of heat going to ice melt, and the turbulent exchange coefficient for heat, are relatively less important. The increase in salinity as a result of freezing and brine release is approximately 10%, significantly less than that due to entrainment (90%) from beneath the mixed layer. Entrainment was elevated during episodic storm events, leading to melting. The results highlight the contribution of storms to mixing in the upper Arctic Ocean and its impact on ice melt and mixed‐layer salt and nutrient budgets.
Ocean circulation and sea‐ice thinning induced by melting ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Mathiot Pierre , Merino Nacho , Durand Gaël , Le Sommer Julien , Spence Paul , Dutrieux Pierre , Madec Gurvan
Published: February 2017

A 1/12° ocean model configuration of the Amundsen Sea sector is developed to better understand the circulation induced by ice‐shelf melt and the impacts on the surrounding ocean and sea ice. Eighteen sensitivity experiments to drag and heat exchange coefficients at the ice shelf/ocean interface are performed. The total melt rate simulated in each cavity is function of the thermal Stanton number, and for a given thermal Stanton number, melt is slightly higher for lower values of the drag coefficient. Sub‐ice‐shelf melt induces a thermohaline circulation that pumps warm circumpolar deep water into the cavity. The related volume flux into a cavity is 100–500 times stronger than the melt volume flux itself. Ice‐shelf melt also induces a coastal barotropic current that contributes 45 ± 12% of the total simulated coastal transport. Due to the presence of warm circumpolar deep waters, the melt‐induced inflow typically brings 4–20 times more heat into the cavities than the latent heat required for melt. For currently observed melt rates, approximately 6–31% of the heat that enters a cavity with melting potential is actually used to melt ice shelves. For increasing sub‐ice‐shelf melt rates, the transport in the cavity becomes stronger, and more heat is pumped from the deep layers to the upper part of the cavity then advected toward the ocean surface in front of the ice shelf. Therefore, more ice‐shelf melt induces less sea‐ice volume near the ice sheet margins.
A study of reduced numerical precision to make superparameterization more competitive using a hardware emulator in the OpenIFS model
Authors: Düben Peter D. , Subramanian Aneesh , Dawson Andrew , Palmer T. N.
Published: February 2017

The use of reduced numerical precision to reduce computing costs for the cloud resolving model of superparameterized simulations of the atmosphere is investigated. An approach to identify the optimal level of precision for many different model components is presented, and a detailed analysis of precision is performed. This is nontrivial for a complex model that shows chaotic behavior such as the cloud resolving model in this paper. It is shown not only that numerical precision can be reduced significantly but also that the results of the reduced precision analysis provide valuable information for the quantification of model uncertainty for individual model components. The precision analysis is also used to identify model parts that are of less importance thus enabling a reduction of model complexity. It is shown that the precision analysis can be used to improve model efficiency for both simulations in double precision and in reduced precision. Model simulations are performed with a superparameterized single‐column model version of the OpenIFS model that is forced by observational data sets. A software emulator was used to mimic the use of reduced precision floating point arithmetic in simulations.
Progressive Censoring Schemes
Authors: Cramer Erhard
Published: February 2017

Progressive censoring has received great attention in the last decades especially in life testing and reliability. This article highlights fundamental applications as well as probabilistic and inferential results on progressive censoring.
Hazard Change Point Estimation
Authors: Gürler Ülkü , Yenigün Deniz
Published: February 2017

In survival analysis or reliability and maintenance studies, hazard rate function plays an important role, as it describes the instantaneous failure probability given that the individual survived or the item has not failed up to that instance. Sudden changes in the hazard function may occur due to overhauls, treatment effects, or maintenance activities. A problem of statistical interest is the estimation of the times of the changes, as well as their sizes. It is also of interest to study the impact of covariates on the hazard rate function. In the article, we review the basic estimation methods for hazard change point models for complete and censored data. We also discuss extensions that allow for multiple change points and provide a brief exposure to Bayesian approach.
Spline Functions: Overview
Authors: Wahba Grace , Wang Yuedong
Published: February 2017

This article presents various spline models and related topics on smoothing parameter selection and inference. We start with the classical univariate polynomial splines involved in the estimates of regression and smoothing spline models. We then introduce general smoothing spline models with a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) on an arbitrary domain as the model space. Methods for modeling multivariate functions including multivariate B‐splines, thin‐plate splines, smoothing spline ANOVA, and semiparametric models will be discussed. Other topics include penalized likelihood estimation under the RKHS framework and nonparametric nonlinear regression models. Some special spline models such as splines on the circle, splines on the sphere, partial splines, histosplines, and splines with constraints will also be presented. We describe methods for smoothing parameter selection, confidence intervals construction, and hypothesis tests. Computation and publicly available software will be discussed briefly.
Environmental Informatics
Authors: Cressie Noel , Burden Sandy , Shumack Clint , Zammit‐Mangion Andrew , Zhang Bohai
Published: February 2017

Environmental Informatics uses a panoply of tools from the statistics, mathematics, computing, and visualization disciplines. It uses these tools to reveal, quantify, and validate scientific hypotheses in the environmental sciences, with the quantification of uncertainty central to its approach. There is now a strong recognition that scientific models need to incorporate stochastic components throughout: While it has always been recognized that data have a component of measurement error, attention is now being given to the quantification of model error, and it is becoming accepted by environmental scientists that probability models for the latter allow for a coherent way to make scientific inference. In Environmental Informatics, uncertainty may be assigned not only to data sets of measurements but also to computer‐generated climate‐model output. Methodological advances, in the form of hierarchical statistical models and the accompanying computational developments, have expanded the scope of statistical analyses into very large spatial domains. This has led to studies of the dynamical evolution of entire spatial fields of geophysical variables, where results are given in terms of predictive distributions. Environmental Informatics is not only involved in characterizing the environment, it can also be used to make decisions about mitigation and adaptation strategies. The steps taken by environmental scientists, from data to information, from information to knowledge, and from knowledge to decisions, are all taken in the presence of uncertainty. Environmental Informatics encompasses all these aspects.
Composite Likelihood/Pseudolikelihood
Authors: Yi Grace Y.
Published: February 2017

There has been growing research interest in composite likelihood or pseudolikelihood. A great variety of applications of the composite likelihood/pseudolikelihood method have emerged rapidly since the 1998 seminal paper by Lindsay. Applications include, but are not limited to, image data, geostatistics, spatial extremes and space‐time models, survival data, clustered and longitudinal data, time series, genetic data, and survey data. In this article, we provide an overview of the composite likelihood/pseudolikelihood method and discuss some related issues.
Physical‐Statistical Modeling
Authors: Kuhnert Petra M.
Published: February 2017

This article outlines the origins of physical‐statistical modeling and how it progressed from an initial idea in the 1960s using the Kalman filter to more flexible representations in a Bayesian hierarchical modeling Framework in terms of an observation model, process model, and parameter model.
Data Assimilation
Authors: Dowd Michael
Published: February 2017

The article provides a statistical overview of data assimilation (DA). DA is a class of time‐dependent estimation methods that determine the state (and parameters) of a dynamic system using available observations. It is used with the complex numerical models that govern ocean and atmospheric circulation. The state space model provides a useful statistical framework for understanding DA. The two most commonly used DA approaches are detailed here: (i) variational methods (a regression approach) and (ii) the ensemble Kalman filter (a sequential Monte Carlo method).
Lindley,Dennis
Authors: McConway Kevin
Published: February 2017

Dennis Lindley (1923–2013) was a leading figure in Bayesian statistics and an important leader of British and international statistics in the second half of the twentieth century. His statistical career began in the wartime British Civil Service. He held academic posts at the University of Cambridge and (as head of department) at the University of Aberystwyth and at University College London. He retired early fromUCLin 1977, but continued a very active career as a researcher, speaker, and consultant. Lindley's conversion to subjective Bayesian statistics was gradual at first and in line with his lifelong desire to provide a firm foundation for statistical inference and decision making. By the mid‐1960s, he was one of the firmest proponents of Bayesian statistics, with a reputation for a certain nonpersonal belligerence in debate. Apart from key contributions to Bayesian foundations, inference, and decision theory, he worked in applied areas, notably forensic statistics, the law, and medical decision analysis, and also (in his early career) in stochastic processes.
Phylogenetic Tools in Astrophysics
Authors: Fraix‐Burnet Didier
Published: February 2017

Multivariate clustering in astrophysics is a recent development justified by the bigger and bigger surveys of the sky. The phylogenetic approach is probably the most unexpected technique that has appeared for the unsupervised classification of galaxies, stellar populations, or globular clusters. On one side, this is a somewhat natural way of classifying astrophysical entities, which are all evolving objects. On the other side, several conceptual and practical difficulties arise, such as the hierarchical representation of the astrophysical diversity, the continuous nature of the parameters, and the adequation of the result to the usual practice for the physical interpretation. Most of these have now been solved through the studies of limited samples of stellar clusters and galaxies. Up to now, only the maximum parsimony (cladistics) has been used as it is the simplest and most general phylogenetic technique. Probabilistic and network approaches are obvious extensions that should be explored in the future.
Altered sleep and EEG power in the P301S Tau transgenic mouse model
Authors: Holth Jerrah K. , Mahan Thomas E. , Robinson Grace O. , Rocha Andreia , Holtzman David M.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Sleep disturbances are prevalent in human tauopathies yet despite the importance of sleep, little is known about its relationship with tau pathology. Here, we investigate this interaction by analyzing sleep and tau pathology throughout tauopathy disease progression in P301S human tau transgenic mice.

Methods

P301S and wild‐type mice were analyzed by electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography at 3, 6, 9, and 11 months of age for sleep/wake time, EEG power, and homeostatic response. Cortical volume and tau pathology was also assessed by anti‐phospho‐tau AT8 staining.

Results

P301S tau mice had significantly decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at 9 months of age and decreased REM and non‐REM (NREM) sleep as well as increased wakefulness at 11 months. Sleep loss was characterized by fewer wake, REM, and NREM bouts, increased wake bout duration, and decreased sleep bout duration. Decreased REM and NREM sleep was associated with increased brainstem tau pathology in the sublaterodorsal area and parafacial zone, respectively. P301S mice also showed increased EEG power at 6 and 9 months of age and decreased power at 11 months. Decreased EEG power was associated with decreased cortical volume. Despite sleep disturbances, P301S mice maintained homeostatic response to sleep deprivation.

Interpretation

Our results indicate that tau pathology is associated with sleep disturbances that worsen with age and these changes may be related to tau pathology in brainstem sleep regulating regions as well as neurodegeneration. Tau‐induced sleep changes could affect disease progression and be a marker for therapeutic efficacy in this and other tauopathy models.
Biocompatible D–A Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticle with Light‐Harvesting Unit for Highly Effective Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhang Jinfeng , Yang Caixia , Zhang Rui , Chen Rui , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Wenjun , Peng Shih‐Hao , Chen Xiaoyuan , Liu Gang , Hsu Chain‐Shu , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: February 2017

The development of nanotheranostic agents that integrate diagnosis and therapy for effective personalized precision medicine has obtained tremendous attention in the past few decades. In this report, biocompatible electron donor–acceptor conjugated semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (PPor‐PEG NPs) with light‐harvesting unit is prepared and developed for highly effective photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the concept of light‐harvesting unit is exploited for enhancing the photoacoustic signal and photothermal energy conversion in polymer‐based theranostic agent. Combined with additional merits including donor–acceptor pair to favor electron transfer and fluorescence quenching effect after NP formation, the photothermal conversion efficiency of the PPor‐PEG NPs is determined to be 62.3%, which is the highest value among reported polymer NPs. Moreover, the as‐prepared PPor‐PEG NP not only exhibits a remarkable cell‐killing ability but also achieves 100% tumor elimination, demonstrating its excellent photothermal therapeutic efficacy. Finally, the as‐prepared water‐dispersible PPor‐PEG NPs show good biocompatibility and biosafety, making them a promising candidate for future clinical applications in cancer theranostics.
Near‐Stoichiometric Bulk Graphane from Halogenated Graphenes (X = Cl/Br/I) by the Birch Reduction for High Density Energy Storage
Authors: Eng Alex Yong Sheng , Sofer Zdeněk , Bouša Daniel , Sedmidubský David , Huber Štěpán , Pumera Martin
Published: February 2017

Hydrogen is a clean fuel with high specific energy and its handling and storage are important toward fuel cell research. Particularly, high‐density hydrogen storage is crucial for the viability of future hydrogen‐powered devices. This leads to the search for suitable methods; one such option is chemical storage in light materials with large surface areas, such as graphene. Here, the bulk production of graphane by Birch reduction of halogenated (Cl/Br/I) graphene precursors is reported as a potentially scalable procedure. Prior treatment with strong hydrohalic acids is used to remove oxygen‐groups and to substitute these with halogens, resulting in effective hydrogenation. An unprecedented level of hydrogen storage is obtained from the iodinated‐graphene starting material at 7.44 wt%, far above the U.S. Department of Energy's 2020 system target of 5.5 wt% and close to its ultimate 7.5 wt% goal. As the stored hydrogen is chemisorbed on the graphane scaffold it is stable at both room temperature and on atmospheric exposure, where neither temperature control nor pressure regulation is required. Hydrogen may then be desorbed at elevated temperatures above 400 °C.
Gigahertz Electromagnetic Structures via Direct Ink Writing for Radio‐Frequency Oscillator and Transmitter Applications
Authors: Zhou Nanjia , Liu Chengye , Lewis Jennifer A. , Ham Donhee
Published: February 2017

Radio‐frequency (RF) electronics, which combine passive electromagnetic devices and active transistors to generate and process gigahertz (GHz) signals, provide a critical basis of ever‐pervasive wireless networks. While transistors are best realized by top‐down fabrication, relatively larger electromagnetic passives are within the reach of printing techniques. Here, direct writing of viscoelastic silver‐nanoparticle inks is used to produce a broad array of RF passives operating up to 45 GHz. These include lumped devices such as inductors and capacitors, and wave‐based devices such as transmission lines, their resonant networks, and antennas. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility of these printed RF passive structures in active RF electronic circuits, they are combined with discrete transistors to fabricate GHz self‐sustained oscillators and synchronized oscillator arrays that provide RF references, and wireless transmitters clocked by the oscillators. This work demonstrates the synergy of direct ink writing and RF electronics for wireless applications.
Fluorescent Supramolecular Polymeric Materials
Authors: Wang Hu , Ji Xiaofan , Li Zhengtao , Huang Feihe
Published: February 2017

Fluorescent supramolecular polymeric materials are rising stars in the field of fluorescent materials not only because of the inherent optoelectronic properties originating from their chromophores, but also due to the fascinating stimuli‐responsiveness and reversibility coming from their noncovalent connections. Especially, these noncovalent connections influence the fluorescence properties of the chromophores because their state of aggregation and energy transfer can be regulated by the assembly–disassembly process. Considering these unique properties, fluorescent supramolecular polymeric materials have facilitated the evolution of new materials useful for applications in fluorescent sensors, probes, as imaging agents in biological systems, light‐emitting diodes, and organic electronic devices. In this Review, fluorescent supramolecular polymeric materials are classified depending on the types of main driving forces for supramolecular polymerization, including multiple hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking interactions, metal‐coordination, van der Waals interactions and host−guest interactions. Through the summary of the studies about fluorescent supramolecular polymeric materials, the status quo of this research field is assessed. Based on existing challenges, directions for the future development of this field are furnished.