bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Serologic Survey of Mycoplasma putrefaciens Infection in Goats
Authors: Abegunde T. O. , Adler H. E. , Farver T. B. , DaMassa A. J.
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of Mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goat populations in Mendocino and Sonoma counties of northern California was studied, using the plate and tube agglutination tests. On a county basis, Mendocino had a higher antibody prevalence (13%) than Sonoma (10%). The overall antibody prevalence among the 377 goat serum samples tested was 11%.

There was no statistical evidence to show any significant difference in prevalence on the basis of herd size. Of the common goat breeds in California, the American La Mancha had the lowest prevalence (4.7%), the Tog-genberg, highest (10.8%). Angora goats shipped from Texas showed a much higher prevalence (67%) than any of the California breeds.

The age-specific risk calculations indicate that all age groups were more susceptible to M putrefaciens than 4-year-old goats, with the lowest prevalence of 3.8%. The highest prevalence (21.3%) was observed in the Angora goats.

Males had a lower prevalence (10.7%) than females (16.1%).

A flock of sheep included in the survey showed a prevalence of 15%.
Regional Renal Blood Flow in Ewes
Authors: Reddy V. K. , Zamora C. S. , Frandle K. A. , Samson M. D.
Published: February 2025

Regional blood flow to the kidneys was measured in 6 ewes by injecting carbonized microspheres (15 μm ± 5) labeled with 85Sr into the left ventricle. There was no significant (P > 0.25) difference in the mean arterial pressure before and after injection of the microspheres. Normal values of blood flow to the outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla were determined. The blood flow to the outer cortex was highest, followed (in a decreasing order) by the inner cortex and the medulla. Significant differences in blood flow were not detected between comparable areas of the kidneys of both sides.
Sodium Oxacillin in the Horse: Serum, Synovial Fluid, Peritoneal Fluid, and Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Intramuscular Administration
Authors: Stover Susan M. , Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: February 2025

Six healthy adult mares were given a single dose (25 mg/kg of body weight) of sodium oxacillin im. Oxacillin concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum oxacillin concentration was 9.75 μg/ml at 0.5 hour after injection. Mean peak oxacillin concentrations in synovial and peritoneal fluids were 1.45 μg/ml and 2.60 μg/ml at 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. These concentrations decreased in parallel with serum values and were not measurable at 48 hours. Urine concentrations of oxacillin were high, with a mean peak concentration of 2,790.2 μg/ml at 0.5 hour.
Transruminal Palpation and Surface Projection of the Abomasum in the Permanently Fistulated Dairy Cow
Authors: McCarthy P. H.
Published: February 2025

The techniques and findings of transruminal palpation of the abomasum in the permanently fistulated dairy cow are described. A method is given whereby a projection of the abomasum can be made on the surface of the cow’s abdomen. The value of being able to monitor the position, size, consistency, and shape of the abomasum of the live cow is considered.
In Vitro Phagocytosis and Killing of Coliforms by Bovine Mammary Leukocytes
Authors: Ward G. E. , Sebunya T. K.
Published: February 2025

Four coliform isolates derived from cows with bovine mastitis—1 serum-sensitive (ss) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 intermediate serum-sensitive (is) K pneumoniae, 1 is Escherichia coli, and 1 serum-resistant (sr) E coli—were studied in vitro to determine factors associated with their phagocytosis and killing by leukocytes of mammae. The ss coliform was most easily phagocytosed, whereas the sr coliform was the least phagocytosed, and is coliforms were ingested at an intermediate rate.

The ss coliform was more readily killed in freshly collected serum alone, than by leukocytes and freshly collected serum or heat-inactivated serum. The is coliforms were killed more readily by leukocytes with freshly collected serum, than by freshly collected serum alone or leukocytes and heat-inactivated serum. The extent of the killing of sr strain was equal for leukocytes with either freshly collected serum or heat-inactivated serum. The differences in killing of various coliforms in serum alone were not as great in a system including serum and leukocytes.
Efficacy of Praziquantel Against Immature Echinococcus multilocularis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Andersen Ferron L. , Crellin John R. , Cox Danny D.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given im at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight) against immature Echinococcus multilocularis was studied in 18 experimentally infected dogs and 22 experimentally infected cats. There were no worms recovered at necropsy from any of the treated hosts. However, whereas E multilocularis worms were recovered from all nontreated control dogs (n = 9; min-max 15-1,840, mean 483), such tapeworms were recovered from only 6 of the 11 nontreated control cats (min-max 2-820; overall mean 123.4). The study demonstrates 100% clearance of E multilocularis by praziquantel in experimentally infected dogs and cats, and shows that cats are not as suitable as experimental hosts for this parasite as are dogs.
Prevalence of Bluetongue Viral Antibodies in Louisiana Goats
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Potter Marylou T. , Pearson Nancy J. , Hagstad Harry V.
Published: February 2025

A total of 504 goat sera collected from October 1979 through October 1980 in Louisiana were tested for bluetongue viral antibodies by an immunodiffusion test Seropositive goats were found in 7 of the 38 (18.4%) herds included in the serosurvey. Antibodies were detected in 14 (2.8%) of the goat sera.
Isolation of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, Pseudorabies Virus, and Porcine Enterovirus from Pharyngeal Swabs Taken from Market-Weight Swine
Authors: Kemeny L. J.
Published: February 2025

Pharyngeal swab samples were collected at a central Iowa abattoir from 6,010 market-weight slaughter hogs from September 1, 1979 to August 31,1980. The swab samples were examined for cytopathic viruses by inoculation of monolayer cultures of a continuous line of swine testicular cells. Of the 6,010 swab samples tested, transmissible gastroenteritis virus was isolated from 91 (1.51%), pseudorabies virus was isolated from 431 (7.17%), and porcine enterovirus was isolated from 21 (0.35%). Although all 3 viruses were identified throughout the year, transmissible gastroenteritis and pseudorabies viruses were found more frequently during the winter and early spring. In contrast, porcine enterovirus was detected more frequently during the spring and summer.
Exercise in the Dog with Dirofilaria immitis Infection
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Cardiopulmonary function in Beagles that had been infected 18 months previously with 100 infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae was studied before and after an exercise program. The treadmill exercise program lasted for 2.5 months at 5 days per week until the dogs were running for 20 minutes at 11.3 km/hr up a 9% grade. Although the Beagles had mild pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure before training of 26.8 ± 2.2 [sd] mm of Hg) and radiographic signs of cardiopulmonary disease, the dogs tolerated the program without signs of congestive heart failure or further development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial pressure was not increased during the 20-minute exercise period when measured at the completion of the 10-week exercise program.
Protective Immunity Against Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Dairy Goats Vaccinated with Hammondia hammondi and Hammondia heydorni
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

To determine the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii, twelve 2- to 3-month-old goats were inoculated orally with 1,000 to 100,000 infective oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii. Four of 4 goats inoculated with 100,000 oocysts, 4 of 4 goats inoculated with 10,000 oocysts, and 2 of 4 inoculated with 1,000 oocysts died (or became moribund) of acute toxoplasmosis 7 to 26 days after inoculation.

Goats vaccinated with Hammondia hammondi or H heydorni were challenge exposed with 10,000 or 100,000 oocysts (10 or 100 median lethal doses). Four of 4 goats vaccinated with H hammondi survived after challenge exposure with 10,000 T gondii oocysts, whereas only 2 of 4 goats survived challenge exposure with 100,000 T gondii oocysts. Of 4 goats vaccinated with H heydorni, 3 died or were euthanatized 13, 14, and 26 days after challenge exposure with 10,000 T gondii oocysts. Goats vaccinated with H hammondi developed low levels of Sabin-Feldman dye test antibodies (≤ 1:64) to T gondii antigen, whereas H heydomi-v&ccmated goats generally remained seronegative.

The results indicate that goats may be a model to investigate immune protection after vaccination with H hammondi against clinical toxoplasmosis in animals.
Partial Characterization of Procomplementary Activity of Porcine Serum and Its Relationship to the Fifth Component of Complement
Authors: Jensen Mark T. , Stone Stanley S.
Published: February 2025

The procomplementary factor (pcf) of porcine serum, a component that enhances the hemolytic activity of guinea pig complement, was purified by precipitation with methanol and then by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. The pcf substituted for the 5th complement component (C5) in the complement cascade in tests with functionally purified guinea pig complement components. In contrast to human C5, pcf is heat stable at 56 C.
Reproductive Performance of Gilts Exposed to Porcine Parvovirus at 56 or 70 Days of Gestation
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Paul Prem S.
Published: February 2025

A total of 18 pregnant gilts, which were free of antibody for porcine parvovirus (ppv), were exposed oronasally to ppv on either the 56th day (9 gilts) or 70th day (9 gilts) of the gestation to determine whether infection at these times would affect their reproductive performance. The gilts were either necropsied late in gestation or allowed to farrow, and their fetuses and pigs were tested for evidence of infection.

Gilts remained clinically healthy throughout the experiment, and none farrowed prematurely. Litters of 7 of 9 gilts exposed to ppv at 56 days of the gestation were infected transplacentally, and ppv caused death of fetuses in 5 of the infected litters. These litters comprised 29 dead fetuses (2 to 12/litter) and 31 live fetuses or pigs (1 to 10/litter). In addition, ppv may have been directly or indirectly responsible for an increased frequency of stillbirth and neonatal death, but the role of ppv in these conditions was difficult to assess. Litters of 6 of 9 gilts exposed to ppv at 70 days of the gestation also were infected transplacentally, but in contrast to earlier infection, ppv did not cause fetal death in these litters.
Efficacy of Ivermectin Against Inhibited Larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Williams J. C. , Knox J. W. , Baumann B. A. , Snider T. G. , Kimball M. G. , Hoemer T. J.
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of ivermectin against inhibited early 4th-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract was determined in naturally infected yearling beef cattle. The time when large numbers of inhibited larvae were acquired was determined by monthly slaughter of monitor cattle, beginning in January. In April, 12 animals were removed from pasture and maintained free of further helminth exposure until slaughter (21 days). At 9 days after the cattle were removed from pasture, ivermectin was administered to the principals by subcutaneous injection (200 μg/kg); the other 6 animals were given subcutaneous injections of the ivermectin vehicle. Both groups were killed and necropsied at 12 days after treatment. Mean numbers of O ostertagi in the 6 controls were: adults, 41,906; developing 4th stage, 73,813; and early 4th stage, 334,965. The mean proportion of early 4th-stage larvae was 73.7%. In the 6 principals (treated with ivermectin), the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults, 100%; developing 4th stage, 99.8%; and early 4th stage, 99.9%. Small numbers of dead and degenerated O ostertagi of all developmental stages were recovered from abomasal washings before fixation; few viable worms were recovered.
Chemoprophylaxis of Vector-Borne Anaplasmosis with Sustained-Release Boluses
Authors: Byford Ronnie L. , Riner J. L. , Kocan K. M. , Stratton L. G. , Hair Jakie A.
Published: February 2025

Sustained-release oxytetracycline boluses (20%) delivering 145 to 150 mg/bolus/day were administered to complement-fixation test-negative cattle at dosages of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/kg of body weight. Subsequent challenge exposure of cattle with Dermacentor andersoni Stiles infected with Anaplasma marginale Theiler indicated that treatment with the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg prevented clinical anaplasmosis and that treatment with the dosage of 3.0 mg/kg prevented disease infection.
Serologic and Molecular Comparisons of Several Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Strains
Authors: Turtinen L. W. , Allen G. P. , Darlington R. W. , Bryans J. T.
Published: February 2025

The molecular and serologic relatedness of 2 recent respiratory tract isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1, designated T1 and T2, were compared with the Army 183, Kentucky-A hamster-adapted (KyA-ha), and L-M cell-adapted (KyA-LM) strains. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed differences in virion structural proteins among 4 purified strains. Seven envelope glycoproteins (molecular weight of 93,000, 65,000, 62,000, 60,000, 36,000, 20,000, and 18,000) corresponding to vinon proteins 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26a, respectively, found in both the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains had slightly different molecular weight counterparts in both the T1 and T2 isolates, which had identical structural protein profiles. Virion protein 19 (58,000 daltons), a nonglycosylated protein, was present in reduced amounts in the respiratory tract isolates, whereas virion protein 8a (200,000 daltons) was absent. Virion protein 8a, an envelope glycoprotein, was only present in the KyA-ha strain. The T1 and T2 isolates were not neutralized by equine herpesvirus type 2 antiserum and revealed little cross-neutralization with the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains in plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of viral DNA revealed a similar, but not identical, number and size of DNA fragments between T1 and T2 isolates. Likewise, DNA profiles of Army 183, KyA-ha, and KyA-LM were also similar to each other, but vastly different from the respiratory tract isolates.
Responses of Shorn and Full-Fleeced Lambs Given Two Levels of Feed Intake and Exposed to Warm and Cold Temperatures
Authors: Horton G. M. J.
Published: February 2025

Studies on the effect of fleece length (5 and 85 mm) and feed intake (1 and 2 kg/day) were conducted in 9-to 10-month-old wether lambs kept at 2 environmental temperatures (–12.3 and 17.8 C). Digestion coefficients were lower (P < 0.05) at the high level of intake and in cold-exposed lambs. Rectal temperature was lower (P < 0.05) in lambs kept at –12.3 C. Respiration rate increased (P < 0.05) with increasing environmental temperature and higher feed consumption. Blood glucose and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were not affected by feed intake level or fleece length. Glucose was higher (P < 0.05) and plasma urea was lower (P < 0.05) in lambs at low temperatures. Serum-free fatty acids were increased (P < 0.05) in lambs given the low feeding level and kept at the low temperature. Plasma thyroxine and protein-bound iodine concentrations were lower (P < 0.10) in full-fleeced lambs and were higher (P < 0.05) at the low temperature.
Plasma and Tissue Concentrations of Oxytetracycline in the Horse After Intravenous Administration
Authors: Larson Vaughn L. , Stowe C. M.
Published: February 2025

Oxytetracycline (otc) was administered iv to 3 clinically normal horses at a dosage of 10 mg of otc/kg of body weight. Plasma otc concentrations were determined at 30-minute intervals until postinjection minute (pim) 240. At pim 240, the mean otc concentration in pulmonary tissue was 3.96 μg/g of tissue (wet weight) and in renal tissue was 25.47 μg/g. Diluted bronchial fluid had a mean concentration of 0.288 μg of otc/ml at pim 240. The data demonstrated that otc has adequate tissue distribution in horses.
Bacteriologic Examination of Equine Fecal Flora as a Diagnostic Tool for Equine Intestinal Clostridiosis
Authors: Wierup M. , DiPietro J. A.
Published: February 2025

The fecal flora of 56 clinically healthy and 23 sick horses were examined bacteriologically for counts of Clostridium perfringens, molds, coli-forms, α- and β-hemolytic streptococci, and microbes belonging to genus Bacillus, as well as for the presence of Salmonella spp. Of the healthy horses, 85.7% had a C perfringens count < 101 colony-forming units/g of feces. Of the healthy horses, lowest counts were found in race horses. Of the sick horses, equine intestinal clostridiosis was diagnosed in 2 horses with large C perfringens counts (104 to 107 colony-forming units/g) and with acute diarrhea. The 7 isolates of C perfringens were identified as serotype A. Salmonella spp were not detected from any of the horses. The study indicated that diagnosing equine intestinal clostridiosis based on the determination of the fecal C perfringens count was suitable.
Cytotoxic Activity of Pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis in Turkey Tracheal Organ Cultures
Authors: Gray J. G. , Roberts J. F. , Dillman R. C. , Simmons D. G.
Published: February 2025

Turkey tracheal organ cultures were used to study the virulence of Alcaligenes faecalis isolants that have been shown to be pathogenic for turkey poults. Viable infected and noninfected tracheal rings were examined by phase-contrast microscopy, and fixed stained sections were examined by light microscopy. Alcaligenes faecalis at concentrations of 108 and 109 colony-forming units/ml caused ciliostasis, hydropic degeneration (characterized by blebbing of the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, and cytoplasmic vacuolation), and eventual sloughing of the ciliated epithelium. Only ciliated epithelial cells appeared affected. For comparison, other bacterial isolants not pathogenic for turkeys were tried in this system. These bacterial isolants included 3 isolants of A faecalis from human beings and isolants of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and A faecalis from turkeys. Inoculation of each of these bacterial cultures onto tracheal organ cultures failed to produce the lesions described.
Induction of Immunologic Memory by a Lipopolysaccharide-Protein Complex Isolated from Fusobacterium necrophorum: Humoral Response
Authors: Hodges G. F. , Regan K. M. , Foss C. L. , Teresa G. W.
Published: February 2025

The serum antibody response in BALB/c mice to a lipopolysaccharide-protein (lps-p) complex was monitored by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutination, and radial immunodiffusion. Dose-response analyses demonstrated that suitable primary doses of lps-p injected iv or im induced substantial concentrations of specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. Moreover, these values were greatly enhanced with small-dose booster injections. Inoculation of mice with a suitable primary im dose of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated lps-p-induced specific IgM and IgG amounts that were detectable for 120 days. An enhanced secondary response to antigen booster injections was generated 105 days after primary inoculation, providing direct evidence that lps-p can induce immunologic memory. Similar results were obtained for iv inoculations of lps-p, although the primary IgG response was not as persistent. Seemingly, the memory response to lps-p was largely dependent on the protein component of the molecule.
Endotoxin-Induced Change in Hemograms, Plasma Enzymes, and Blood Chemical Values in Anesthetized Ponies: Effects of Flunixin Meglumine
Authors: Fessler J. F. , Bottoms G. D. , Roesel O. F. , Moore A. B. , Frauenfelder H. C. , Boon G. D.
Published: February 2025

A study was made of flunixin meglumine (fm), an analgesic agent with antiprostaglandin activity, in the management of endotoxin-induced changes in ponies. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: A—controls, B—nontreated ponies with endotoxin-induced shock, and C—ponies with endotoxin-induced shock treated with fm. Shock was induced in anesthetized ponies with iv injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Disruption of glucose homeostasis, insulin levels, hemograms, aerobic metabolism, and cell damage as indicated by plasma enzymes were observed.

Treatment with fm (5 minutes) after shock was induced did not prevent general tissue damage as indicated by plasma enzymes, but separation of creatine phosphokinase into its 3 isoenzymes revealed a significant increase in the amount of the creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme bb in group B ponies, but not in fm-treated ponies (group C). The source of this isoenzyme is believed to be brain tissue.

Acidosis as indicated by lactic acid and venous pH was less in fm-treated ponies than in nontreated (group B) ponies. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations changed in both groups B and C (endotoxin-induced shock), but the patterns of change were different. The only effect of fm on hematologic values was a significant decrease in blood platelet counts.

The results of these experiments indicate that fm improved cellular metabolism and reduced brain damage. These effects were believed to be the result of the maintenance of mean arterial blood pressure and enhanced perfusion of vital organs by preventing extensive vasodilation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Erythrocyte Volume Distribution Analysis in Healthy Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Dairy Cows
Authors: Weiser M. G.
Published: February 2025

Erythrocyte volume distribution curves (erythrograms) were determined on a total of 300 blood samples from healthy dogs, cats, horses, and cattle (dairy cows). An index of anisocytosis was determined for these animals. Erythrograms were highly reproducible, and the mean corpuscular volumes determined from erythrograms compared well with those determined from hemograms. Bovine and equine erythrocyte volumes were found to be stable after the blood was stored at 4 C for 24 hours. Under the same conditions, canine and feline erythrocytes increased slightly in volume. After incubation of blood diluted in isotonic cell counting solution, bovine erythrocytes had stable cell volume, whereas feline, equine, and canine erythrocytes had greater volume.
The Role of Pressure Damage in Pathogenesis of the Downer Cow Syndrome
Authors: Cox V. S. , McGrath C. J. , Jorgensen S. E.
Published: February 2025

Experimental downer cows were produced by maintaining healthy cows in sternal recumbency for 6, 9, or 12 hours with the right pelvic limb positioned under the body. Halothane anesthesia was used to create this artificial parturient paresis-like position. In 8 of 16 experiments, cows were able to stand within 3 hours after anesthesia, but the others remained recumbent until death or euthanasia. There was no correlation between duration of the treatment and ability to stand after enforced recumbency. The appearance of the right pelvic limb of downer cows resembled the injured limbs of human patients with compartmental/crush syndrome, as well as the limbs of clinical downer cows. The affected limbs were swollen and held in rigid extension. Some animals which were able to stand also had swollen right pelvic limbs. Systemic signs of crush syndrome included dark yellow or brown urine suggestive of myoglobinuria, and marked elevation of serum creatine kinase enzyme levels. Highest creatine kinase levels were observed at 24 hours in the ambulatory group and at 48 hours in the downer group.

Necropsy of downer animals revealed ischemic necrosis of the caudal thigh muscles and inflammation of the sciatic nerve caudal to the proximal end of the femur. Evidence of peroneal nerve damage was observed in at least 9 animals.
Applications of Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Staining Technique for Detection of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus in Pigs
Authors: Chu Redman M. , Li Nan-Jon , Glock Robert D. , Ross Richard F.
Published: February 2025

The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) staining technique was used for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in small intestines of tgev-infected 8-week-old pigs and in infected McClurkin pig testicle cells by means of light microscopy. The specific-positive reaction was characterized by the presence of many brown granules of various sizes in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Nonspecific granules caused by endogenous peroxidases in the cytoplasm of eosinophils stained by pap were darker, larger, more round, and more uniform in size than were specific granules. Acetone fixation was superior to fixation with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde or 10% formalin. Our results indicate that the pap staining technique is a sensitive, specific technique for detection of tgev in the small intestines of pigs.
Experimental Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis from Bobcats (Lynx rufus) to Domestic Cats (Felis domesticus)
Authors: Kier A. B. , Wagner J. E. , Morehouse L. G.
Published: February 2025

Freshly collected blood and/or spleen homogenate from an experimentally infected Florida bobcat (Lynx rufus floridanus), which had died of feline cytauxzoonosis, was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats had clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis and died within 2 weeks after they were inoculated.

Similar material collected from an eastern bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus) carrying an experimentally infected Cytauxzoon felis parasitemia was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats developed a parasitemia, but none developed clinical signs of disease and none died of the disease. Cats subinoculated with parasitemic cat blood also developed parasitemias and they too did not develop clinical signs of infection nor died. After carrying the blood phase of Cytauxzoon felis for various periods, the domestic cats were then challenge exposed with proven lethal Cytauxzoon inoculum of domestic cat origin. All cats died of cytauxzoonosis.
Developing coxal joint of the dog: Gross morphometric and pathologic observations
Authors: Shively Michael J. , Van Sickle David C.
Published: February 2025

The growth and development of the proximal parts of femurs and the acetabula were studied in 32 English Pointers. The dogs were allotted to 8 age groups, birth through 9 months of age. Dogs were euthanatized, and at necropsy, 6 linear measurements were made on the proximal part of each femur: the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters of the femoral head, and the widths of the articular surface of the head from the center of the fovea to the cranial, caudal, dorsal, and ventral articular margins. Also, 7 linear measurements were made on each acetabulum, including the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters, the length and width of the acetabular fossa, and the width of the lunate surface from the acetabular lip to the acetabular fossa in 3 places. All of the linear values increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks of life and slowly thereafter, and most of them increased simultaneously and proportionately. By 9 months of age, average body weight had increased by a factor of 52 (from initial 0.4 kg to 20.9 kg) and the diameter of the femoral heads and acetabula had increased by a factor of 4.5. Other coxal joint features were also evaluated, including the relative thickness of the joint capsule, the presence of fraying or disruption of the ligament of the femoral head, and the smoothness and regularity of the articular surfaces. Coxal joints in the younger dogs were free of grossly detectable pathologic changes. However, abnormalities of various joint components were present in 1 of the 6 dogs in the 5-month age group, in 2 of the 6 dogs in the 7-month age group, and in 4 of the 6 dogs in the 9-month age group.
Interepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of conventionally reared dogs
Authors: Thomas J. , Anderson N. V.
Published: February 2025

Interepithelial lymphocytes (iel) in the jejunum and ileum of 22 dogs, ranging in age from newborn to adult, were studied and enumerated by light microscopy, with visual counts of iel expressed in relation to the number of columnar epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Larger numbers of iel were found in the jejunum than in the ileum, and significantly larger numbers of iel were in the jejunum (P < 0.005) and ileum (P < 0.0001) of dogs ≥ 6 weeks old than in those of dogs ≤ 14 days old.
Large-segment tracheal resection and interannular anastomosis with a tension-release technique in the dog
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Bojrab M. Joseph
Published: February 2025

Tracheal resection and anastomosis were done on 7 dogs, and a modified procedure to provide optimum first-intention healing, minimum connective tissue proliferation, and optimum epithelialization was used. To test the integrity of the technique at high incision-line tensile forces, 15 to 17 tracheal rings were excised.

Excessive tracheal manipulation resulted in an increased amount of lamina propria and submucosa collagenous tissue, increased size and number of blood vessels, and increased leukocytic invasion. Criteria for a successful anastomosis were minimum postoperative coughing, good mucosal apposition and epithelialization, and tracheal lumen diameters that were at least 80% of the preoperative measurement.
Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies
Authors: Al-Darraji A. M. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D.
Published: February 2025

Colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated transtra-cheally with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), Pasteurella haemolytica, or rsv and P haemolytica. Multiple tissues were examined by immunofluorescence to localize viral and bacterial antigens, and lungs were examined by electron microscopy for cytopathologic changes.

Using immunofluorescence, viral antigen was detected only in the respiratory tract, mainly in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and in the alveolar wall. Lesser amounts of viral antigen were detected in the surface epithelium of the nasal turbinates and trachea. Bacterial antigen was not detected.

Ultrastructurally, the lambs inoculated with P haemolytica or with rsv and P haemolytica had increased numbers of type II pneumocytes, necrotic epithelial cells, neutrophils, and macrophages and excessive cellular debris in multiple foci in the lungs. Bacterial were seen only infrequently; they were within phagocytic vacuoles of neutrophils and macrophages and were free within pulmonary septa. In lambs inoculated with rsv or with rsv and P haemolytica, cells in the epithelium were multinucleated. Viral buds were seen on cytoplasmic membranes of ciliated and nonciliated cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Isolated epithelial cells were necrotic. Viral nucleoprotein was prevalent in a few alveoli, free or within vacuoles of phagocytic cells. Necrotic debris and phagocytic cells were more prominent in the alveoli of lambs inoculated with rsv and P haemolytica than in those of lambs inoculated with either agent alone.
Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin into swine
Authors: Kurtz Harold J. , Quast John
Published: February 2025

Escherichia coli endotoxin was continuously infused iv into 31 pigs. The response was related to the infusion rate. Of 13 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 15.4 to 23.1 μg/kg of body weight/hour, 10 had bilateral renal cortical necrosis similar to a generalized Shwartzman lesion. All 13 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 6.6 to 12.1 μg/kg/hour survived the infusion and were euthanatized 7 to 12 days later. Most of the pigs that developed chronic neurologic disturbances were given the smaller dose of endotoxin. Of 5 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 22.0 to 23.1 μg/kg/hour after receiving 200 U of sodium heparin/kg of body weight, 1 died during the 48-hour period of infusion and the 4 pigs euthanatized 8 to 12 days later had lesions that were similar to those produced by endotoxin without heparin. The 4 control pigs given continuous iv infusion of isotonic saline solution at a rate of 30 dl/hour had no clinical signs or pathologic lesions.

The continuous iv infusion of endotoxin into pigs at various doses produced similar clinical signs of endotoxic shock. Pigs that died acutely had widespread thrombosis. The hematologic findings indicated an intravascular coagulopathy and some of the clinical signs and lesions in the pigs resembled changes in the cns in pigs with spontaneous edema disease (ed); however, distinct differences were also observed. Fibrinoid vascular necrosis did not occur in the cns, and this lesion is consistently present in naturally occurring ed. The exact nature of the causal substance or substances causing ed is still unknown, but is considered an angiotoxin associated with hemolytic E coli.
Experimental transmission of pseudorabies virus in swine by embryo transfer
Authors: Bolin S. R. , Runnels L. J. , Sawyer C. A. , Gustafson D. P.
Published: February 2025

Embryo transfers were performed, using embryos that had been exposed in vitro to pseudorabies virus (prv) or embryos that had been collected from donors experimentally exposed to prv. Serologic evidence of prv transmission was found in recipients in both in vitro- and in vivo-exposed embryos. Pigs bom to recipients of prv-exposed embryos did not show evidence of exposure to prv by serologic testing or fluorescent antibody procedures.
Cytotoxic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired production of chemotactic factors by Pasteurella haemolytica-infected alveolar macrophages
Authors: Markham R. J. F. , Ramnaraine M. L. R. , Muscoplat C. C.
Published: February 2025

Pasteurella haemolytica exerted a cytotoxic effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. This effect was less than that seen with cultured alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes.

When alveolar macrophages were cultured with Pasteurella haemolytica, macrophages produced less chemotactic factors for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than did noninfected controls. This effect was reversible, in that removal of the bacteria permitted remaining macrophages to elaborate more chemotactic factors than was seen in controls. The possible consequences of this impairment of function of alveolar macrophages are discussed.
Radioimmunoassay for the detection of antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA in equine sera
Authors: Rearden Timothy P. , Sprouse Ronald F. , Gamer Harold E.
Published: February 2025

A radioimmunoassay was developed to discriminate immunoglobulin (Ig) classes specific for the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli (serotype O:111-B4). Adult horses were periodically inoculated im with a nonviable suspension of the J-5 mutant emulsified in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Before and after the horses were inoculated, sera were collected sequentially and examined by radioimmunoassay. Rabbit anti-(horse) Ig and [125I]protein A served as the indicator system. Antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA were observed to follow a classic immune response.

The radioimmunoassay offers a valuable tool for discrimination of circulating, antigen-specific Ig in the horse.
Concentrations of methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide in veterinary operating rooms
Authors: Ward George S. , Byland Robert R.
Published: February 2025

The surgical rooms of 14 private veterinary practices were monitored to determine methoxyflurane (mof) concentrations during surgical procedure under routine working conditions. The average room volume for these 14 rooms was 29 m3. The average mof value for all rooms was 2.3 ppm, with a range of 0.7 to 7.4 ppm. Four of the 14 rooms exceeded the maximum recommended concentration of 2 ppm. Six rooms which had 6 or more air changes/hr averaged 1.1 ppm, whereas 8 rooms with less than 6 measurable air changes/hr averaged 3.2 ppm. Operating rooms that had oxygen flows of more than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 4.4 ppm, whereas those with flows of less than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 1.5 ppm. The average time spent during a surgical procedure using mof, for all 14 facilities, was 2 hours. Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were determined in 4 veterinary surgical rooms. The average N2O concentration for 3 rooms without waste anesthetic gas scavenging was 138 ppm. Concentration of N2O in the waste anesthetic gas-scavenged surgical room was 14 ppm, which was below the maximum recommended concentration of 25 ppm.
Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Escherichia coli K88 pili antigens from clinical isolates
Authors: Mills K. W. , Phillips R. M. , Kelly B. L. , Baughman G. L.
Published: February 2025

Colonization of the small intestine is a prerequisite for enterotoxigenic Tscherichia coli (etec) to cause diarrheal disease. Colonization is dependent on the capability of etec to adhere to the villous epithelium of the small intestine. This adherence attribute is conferred by pili structures produced by etec. The present study compares the efficiencies of the standard agglutination test, Y-l mouse adrenal cell test, and infant-mouse gastric test with the efficiency of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of the K88 pilus antigen and enterotoxin-producing E coli. The elisa, a double antibody sandwich assay utilizing specific anti-K88 pilus antiserum, was used. Identification of isolates from clinical samples was accomplished on suspensions of bacteria. The sensitivity of the assay was in the nanogram per milliliter range, as determined by measuring purified pili. Results could be determined visually, but quantitative results indicated a positive optical density to negative optical density rate of 1.9 to ≥ 3.0 on samples submitted to a clinical laboratory. The development of this assay indicates the application of such an elisa for rapid identification of etec possessing K88 pili.
Isolation of viable canine intestinal lymphocytes
Authors: Willard M. D. , Bull R. W. , Coffman P. J.
Published: February 2025

A modification of a previously reported enzymatic technique was used to isolate 60% to 90% pure populations of viable lymphocytes from canine small intestinal mucosa. Mitogenesis assays were then simultaneously performed on these and isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same dogs. A technique to isolate intraepithelial lymphocytes was not successful.

Intestinal mucosal lymphocytes were simultaneously purified by 2 different techniques (suspensions B and C), which produced cell populations that responded similarly to phytohemagglutinin (pha), concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogens. The peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated greater response to pha and concanavalin A mitogens than did the intestinal mucosal lymphocytes (P < 0.05). Furthermore, peripheral blood lymphocytes had a significantly higher response to pha than to pokeweed mitogen (P < 0.05). The impure preparation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (suspension A) did not show any evidence of reactivity to mitogens.

Further studies are needed to determine whether the EDTA or collagenase had any effect upon the intestinal mucosal lymphocyte responsiveness. The present study demonstrated that viable mucosal lymphocytes can be isolated from the canine intestine and that they can maintain their responsiveness to mitogens.
Efficacy of ivermectin against naturally acquired and experimentally induced nematode infections in sheep
Authors: Wescott R. B. , LeaMaster B. R.
Published: February 2025

The activity of ivermectin against common nematode parasites of sheep was examined in 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, 14 sheep with naturally acquired infections were assigned to 2 groups of 7 sheep each. Sheep in 1 group were treated with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight and the remainder served as nontreated controls. In the 2nd experiment, 15 sheep with experimentally supplemented infections (including a benzimidazole-resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus) were assigned to 3 groups of 5 each. The 1st group was treated with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg, the 2nd was treated with 88 mg of thiabendazole/kg, and the 3rd served as nontreated controls. Ten to 12 days after treatment, all sheep were euthanatized and necropsied, and the parasites they harbored were recovered and identified. Efficacy of ivermectin was excellent (> 96%) against Dictyocaulus filaria, H contortus, Ostertagia circumcinta, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, T columbriformis, and T vi-trinus. Treatment was not as uniformly effective for Nematodirus spathiger (73% to 85%), N filicollis (80% to 96%), Cooperia curticei (92% to 100%), immature nematodes (92% to 100%), and early 4th-stage larvae (46% to 100%). Efficacy of thiabendazole was poor for H contortus (42%) and early 4th-stage larvae in the abomasum (52%), but approached 100% for most of the other parasites.
Evaluation of albendazole in cattle naturally infected with nematodes
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E.
Published: February 2025

Albendazole (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) was given to 10 calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Ten similar calves served as controls. The compound provided 99% to 100% efficacy in removing Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger, N helvetianus, N filicollis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.
Morphologic characteristics of colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in midgut epithelial cells of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Ewing S. A. , Holbert Donald , Hair Jakie A.
Published: February 2025

Colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult Dermacentor andersoni Stiles that were infected as nymphs. Colonies were categorized by light microscopy into 5 morphologic types that appear to represent stages in a developmental sequence. The mean diameter of the colony types ranged from 5.64 μm of type 1 colonies to 10.49 μm of type 5 colonies.

Representatives of each colony type were selected by light microscopy and were sectioned for examination by electron microscopy. The morphologic features of individual A marginale organisms within colony types varied and included: (i) small electron-dense forms, (ii) larger reticulated forms, (iii) pleomorphic reticulated forms, and (iv) small particles. Types 1 and 2 colonies contained small, electron-dense forms. Type 3 colonies contained electron-dense forms, early reticulated forms, and small particles that were often outside of the parasite's limiting membrane. Type 4 colonies contained many reticulated forms that often had small particles within cell membranes. Type 5 colonies contained fewer well-formed reticulated forms than did type 4 and, in some cases, large masses of pleomorphic reticulated forms.
Pulmonary function tests in standing ponies: Reproducibility and effect of vagal blockade
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. , Slocombe R. F. , Riebold T. W. , Brunson D. B.
Published: February 2025

Arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were measured in 4 sedated ponies every hour for 6 hours and in 5 ponies 4 times at 2-month intervals to assess the short- and long-term reproducibility of pulmonary function measurements. Variability in blood gas tensions was small over the short- and long-term measurement periods, whereas the variability in total respiratory resistance and functional residual capacity was small over the short term but larger over the long term. The variability in tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, and dynamic and quasistatic compliance was relatively large over the short and long term. When data from 5 ponies were pooled, significant change did not occur in any of the variables over a 6-month period.

Vagal blockade increased tidal volume and decreased respiratory rate and total respiratory resistance, but arterial blood gas tensions, minute ventilation, dynamic compliance, quasistatic compliance, functional residual capacity, and lung and thoracic cage pressure-volume curves were unaffected.

Total respiratory resistance decreased with increasing lung volume, with the vagus intact. After vagal blockade, the decrease in total respiratory resistance with lung volume was minimal.

Dynamic compliance was frequency independent over a range of 15 to 60 breaths/min−1, suggesting that measurable inhomogeneity of peripheral time constants did not exist in our clinically normal ponies.
3-Methylindole-induced pulmonary toxicosis in ponies
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. , Slocombe R. F. , Hill R. E.
Published: February 2025

In unanesthetized ponies, arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were determined before and 24 to 48 hours after oral administration of 500 ml of corn oil or 100 mg of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight in 500 ml of com oil. In the latter group, variables were also measured after bilateral cervical vagotomy.

Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were increased by 3MI treatment and decreased after vagotomy, suggesting that the tachypnea induced by 3MI was vagally mediated. The arterial O2 tension (Pao2) was unaffected but arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased below base line after 3 MI and vagotomy. Specific respiratory conductance and dynamic compliance were decreased by 3MI. Specific conductance increased again after vagotomy. Functional residual capacity, which increased after 3MI, was unaffected by vagotomy. Total lung capacity and quasistatic compliance were unaffected by either treatment. Minimal volume was larger in 3MI-treated ponies than in untreated ponies.

Decreased dynamic compliance and specific respiratory conductance and increased functional residual capacity and minimal volume are all compatible with small airway obstruction produced by the necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchiolar obstruction observed histologically in 3MI treated ponies.