bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Questions on the move
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: August 2018

The paper contributes to the study of complex multimodal Gestalts involving mobile bodies in interaction and to an approach of action formation considering embodiment and the local ecology of the activity. The analyses deal with question-answer sequences in guided visits and provide for a systematic analysis of the interactional space in which they are produced. More specifically, it deals with questions asked when the guide is about to move vs. while the guide is walking ahead, showing different mobile practices making them possible – such as stopping, intercepting, catching up, joining, queuing. It then deals with answers, showing the mobile responsive practices implementing them – such as stopping, moving forward, body-torqueing, walking backwards. These embodied practices are consequential for the type of action accomplished and their participation framework: they configure the question as a public vs. a personal one, recipient oriented to an individual vs. to a group.
Bodily shadowing
Authors: Sunakawa Chiho
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, I examine synchronous body movements made by an orchestral conducting teacher and students while engaging one another in an instructional interaction. This behavioral synchrony, which I refer to as bodily shadowing, provides participants with effective ways to learn and teach orchestral conducting skills. It is important for students to move their bodies as the teacher moves his because students learn forms of body movement that are situated in a specific temporal context. By analyzing the elements of the teacher’s behavior that are chosen for shadowing and how shadowing is initiated, I demonstrate the process by which participants communicate the correction. Additionally, I explain how bodily shadowing becomes a means to display understanding and a way of participating in an apprenticeship interaction.
Prefiguring the future
Authors: Schmidt Axel
Published: August 2018

Theater rehearsals have a characteristic temporal organization: They rely on fleeting (talk/embodied conduct) and endurable resources (e.g. manipulation of objects) to accomplish a stage play which has a defined shape. In doing this, participants have to bridge time gaps and they are therefore dependent on practices which are able to prefigure the future in a more sustainable way. Based on video recordings from theater rehearsals I will show the basic operation of these practices: While projections-by-arrangements anticipate the play world verbally, preparations produce material parts of the play world (e.g. attaching props). Finally, I consider more general implications of the differences between “verbalizing” (projections) and “materializing” (preparations) for the temporalities of interactional organization.
Changes in turn-design over interactional histories – the case of instructions in driving school lessons
Authors: Deppermann Arnulf
Published: August 2018

This paper studies how the turn-design of a highly recurrent type of action changes over time. Based on a corpus of video-recordings of German driving lessons, we consider one type of instructions and analyze how the same instructional action is produced by the same speaker (the instructor) for the same addressee (the student) in consecutive trials of a learning task. We found that instructions become increasingly shorter, indexical and syntactically less complex; interactional sequences become more condensed and activities designed to secure mutual understanding become rarer. This study shows how larger temporal frameworks of interpersonal interactional histories which range beyond the interactional sequence impinge on the recipient-design of turns and the deployment of multimodal resources in situ.
Pragmatics vs rhetoric
Authors: Ilie Cornelia
Published: August 2018

Pragmatics and rhetoric display a range of commonalities and convergences in that both are concerned with discursive and extra-discursive strategies that enable the negotiation and re-negotiation of context-situated meaning, and the co-performance of interpersonal and institutional relationships in terms of intentions and expectations. At the same time, while pragmatics and rhetoric display differences in analytical focus, they complement each other, through specific insights into, e.g., interactive uses of addressing forms and goal-oriented speech acts (pragmatics) and figurative language use and argumentation processes (rhetoric). The aim of this chapter is to explore the interface between pragmatics and rhetoric, arguing that a pragma-rhetorical approach provides systematic tools for a multi-level analysis of discursive contextualisation of political power struggle and of metadiscursive framing of question-answer political confrontation.
Translation studies and pragmatics
Authors: House Juliane
Published: August 2018

My chapter highlights the role of context in the interface between translation studies and pragmatics. Translated texts are doubly contextually bound: to their originals and the new recipients’ contextual conditions. This double linkage underlies the equivalence relation – the conceptual heart of translation. Translation involves re-contextualisation, and a distinction is often made between overt and covert translation as qualitatively different ways of re-contextualisation. Overt translations are embedded in new contexts co-activating original contexts for their new recipients. Covert translations have the status of originals in new contexts being of equal concern for old and new addressees. Here the new addressees’ communicative preferences are accounted for via a cultural filter resulting from relevant contrastive pragmatic studies. Examples of such filtering are provided.
Pragmatics and anthropology
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: August 2018

Bronislaw Malinowski – based on his experience during his field research on the Trobriand Islands – pointed out that language is first and foremost a tool for creating social bonds. It is a mode of behavior and the meaning of an utterance is constituted by its pragmatic function. Malinowski’s ideas finally led to the formation of the subdiscipline “anthropological linguistics”. This paper presents three observations of the Trobrianders’ attitude to their language Kilivila and their language use in social interactions. They illustrate that whoever wants to successfully research the role of language, culture and cognition in social interaction must be on ‘common ground’ with the researched community.
Corpus linguistics and pragmatics
Authors: Rühlemann Christoph , Clancy Brian
Published: August 2018

Pragmatics and corpus linguistics were long considered mutually exclusive. In recent years, however, common ground has been discovered thus paving the way for the new field of corpus pragmatics. This chapter shows that corpus pragmatics integrates the qualitative methodology typical of pragmatics with the quantitative methodology predominant in corpus linguistics. To illustrate, we examine the choice between indicative was and subjunctive were in as-if clauses in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The findings suggest that the choice is co-determined by the factuality of the comparison expressed in the as-if clause and the syntactic functions of the as-if clause in the matrix clause. We finally discuss the was/were alternation as a form of negative empathetic deixis.
The interface between pragmatics and internet-mediated communication
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: August 2018

The aim of this chapter is to apply pragmatics to internet-mediated communication. On paper, two broad and apparently incompatible premises constitute the foundation of these distinct applications: (1) internet-mediated communication “makes no difference” for a pragmatic analysis (we do not have specific cognitive mechanisms to interpret online discourses that differ from the ones used offline); and (2) internet “makes all the difference” (the inferential gap-filling made by internet users, intended to turn online texts into valid interpretations, is influenced by the interfaces used for interactions and the range of contextual support that users can access in the interpretation of these online discourses). This chapter will review pragmatic analyses of internet-mediated communication with an emphasis on a cyberpragmatic framework (Yus 2011a).
Pragmatics, humor studies, and the study of interaction
Authors: Bell Nancy D.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, I examine the interface between pragmatics and humor studies, first by outlining the contributions pragmatics has made to our understanding of what humor is and how it functions in everyday interaction. I review research that draws on a range of empirical methods, to illustrate the diverse ways in which the interface has been approached and what these approaches have demonstrated about non-serious talk. I then examine how humor scholarship can inform our understanding of language use, and close by considering ways in which the pragmatics-humor interface might continue to develop. Here, I argue specifically for further integration of humor research into pragmatics.
Mapping at external interfaces
Authors: Leal Tania
Published: August 2018

This study investigates embedded clitic left dislocation (CLLD), a syntax-discourse interface structure expressing topicalization, in a group of native and L2 Spanish speakers (beginners, intermediate, advanced). The Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2011) proposes that external interfaces pose inordinate difficulty for bilinguals, even at near-native levels. Results did not show evidence of such difficulty although differences in methodology (tasks imposing time pressure vs. not) could account for divergences. Additionally, not all syntax-discourse interface properties might be equally problematic: CLLD might not intrinsically place the same processing burden as other structures (e.g., anaphora resolution). Finally, results showed input quality was positively correlated to native-like outcomes, beyond proficiency. Hence, results are in broad agreement with accounts proposing input is the key factor for acquisition.
The Bottleneck Hypothesis as applied to the Spanish DP
Authors: Judy Tiffany
Published: August 2018

By examining knowledge of interpretive constraints that obtain from new DP feature acquisition in Spanish, this chapter tests the Bottleneck Hypothesis’s claim (Slabakova, 2013, 2014, 2016) that functional morphology is the “bottleneck” of SLA. Individual data from two language groups (Romance (Italian n = 35) and Germanic (English n = 41; German n = 19)) across three tasks testing for knowledge of Spanish DP morphology, syntax and semantics reveal that participants demonstrate knowledge of DP functional morphology before knowledge of the syntax-semantics of adjectival position. The import is twofold: first, individual L2 data is examined across tasks; second, comparing distinct L1 groups makes it possible to ask whether the “bottleneck” is equally problematic for all language pairings, an issue not currently addressed by the hypothesis.
Proficiency and transfer effects in the acquisition of gender agreement by L2 and L3 English learners
Authors: Imaz Agirre Ainara , García Mayo María del Pilar
Published: August 2018

The present study examines proficiency and transfer effects in the acquisition of gender agreement in third person singular possessives (his/her) by second (L2) and third language (L3) learners of English. Within current generative second language acquisition research, gender agreement has been found to be a complicated feature to acquire for non-native language learners. A group of Basque/Spanish speakers (n = 117) and a group of Spanish speakers (n = 70) divided into three proficiency levels (elementary, intermediate and advanced) completed two written (a fill in the gap task and a written description task) two oral production tasks (an oral elicitation and a picture description). Our findings show that previous linguistic knowledge and proficiency level in English seem to have an influence on the type of errors attested in the L2 and the L3 groups.
Generative second language acquisition and language teaching
Authors: Marsden Heather
Published: August 2018

Though language teaching concerns lie outside the core aim of generative second language acquisition (GenSLA) research, consideration of how GenSLA findings might be useful for the language classroom has nonetheless been a consistent sub-theme within Roumyana Slabakova’s work. This paper reports on a recent body of “applied GenSLA” research and teacher-researcher networking activities that address this theme by explicitly aiming to investigate applications of GenSLA research in a language teaching context. The applied GenSLA work is then discussed in the broader context of engagement between language teachers and SLA research generally (E. Marsden & Kasprowicz 2017; Nassaji, 2012), and concludes with proposals for how applied GenSLA can contribute towards advancing the teacher-researcher dialogue.
Seasonal management.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

Once a vineyard has been established there is ongoing management to keep it in top producing form. In many ways this process starts at pruning and matching the vine to the trellising system, as this sets the vine up for producing fruit in the following year. There are then many other management interventions that can be used during the growing season, including those dealing with frost, canopy, any cover crop, water application and other methods (such as girdling, fruit and flower cluster thinning, application of plant growth regulators and harvesting) that fine-tune the grape product. Finally, determining when and how to harvest the crop caps off a season of preparation.
Grapevine pests, diseases and disorders.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter concentrates on the more ubiquitous, global pests: those causing problems in many grape-growing areas. These include fungal, bacterial and viral diseases; other disorders; insect pests; mites; animal pests, including nematodes and birds; and weeds. Some methods of controlling these pests are discussed, focusing on application of pesticides and quarantines. Topics on pesticide application and resistance as well as on pest and disease control in organic grape production are also included.
Effects of yttrium on microstructure and properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel
Authors: Qiu Guoxing , Zhan Dongping , Li Changsheng , Qi Min , Jiang Zhouhua , Zhang Huishu
Published: August 2018

This study investigates the inclusions, microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels with different Y contents (0.006, 0.034 and 0.071 wt-%). Owing to the pinning of the grain boundary to the Y inclusions (which refines the original austenite grain size) and an existing Fe–Cr–Ta–Y–S–O phase, the tensile strength at both room and high temperatures increased with increasing Y content (below 0.071%). Increasing the Y content to 0.034 wt-% decreased the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). However, when the Y content reached 0.071 wt-%, the DBTT increased as the Y precipitated into blocky yttrium-rich inclusions. The microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of the RAFM steel were optimised at a Y content of approximately 0.034 wt-%.
Atlastins remodel the endoplasmic reticulum for selective autophagy
Authors: Liang Jin Rui , Lingeman Emily , Ahmed Saba , Corn Jacob E.
Published: August 2018

Specific receptors are required for the autophagic degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as ER-phagy. However, little is known about how the ER is remodeled and separated for packaging into autophagosomes. We developed two ER-phagy–specific reporter systems and found that Atlastins are key positive effectors and also targets of ER-phagy. Atlastins are ER-resident GTPases involved in ER membrane morphology, and Atlastin-depleted cells have decreased ER-phagy under starvation conditions. Atlastin’s role in ER-phagy requires a functional GTPase domain and proper ER localization, both of which are also involved in ER architecture. The three Atlastin family members functionally compensate for one another during ER-phagy and may form heteromeric complexes with one another. We further find that Atlastins act downstream of the FAM134B ER-phagy receptor, such that depletion of Atlastins represses ER-autophagy induced by the overexpression of FAM134B. We propose that during ER-phagy, Atlastins remodel ER membrane to separate pieces of FAM134B-marked ER for efficient autophagosomal engulfment.
Opening leads to closing: Allosteric crosstalk between the activation and inactivation gates in KcsA
Authors: Delemotte Lucie
Published: August 2018

Delemotte appraises new computational work revealing that the intracellular activation gate must open for C-type inactivation to occur in K+ channels.
An evaluation of supervised methods for identifying differentially methylated regions in Illumina methylation arrays
Authors: Mallik Saurav , Odom Gabriel J , Gao Zhen , Gomez Lissette , Chen Xi , Wang Lily
Published: August 2018

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) have become increasingly popular for studying DNA methylation (DNAm) variations in complex diseases. The Illumina methylation arrays provide an economical, high-throughput and comprehensive platform for measuring methylation status in EWASs. A number of software tools have been developed for identifying disease-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the epigenome. However, in practice, we found these tools typically had multiple parameter settings that needed to be specified and the performance of the software tools under different parameters was often unclear. To help users better understand and choose optimal parameter settings when using DNAm analysis tools, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of 4 popular DMR analysis tools under 60 different parameter settings. In addition to evaluating power, precision, area under precision-recall curve, Matthews correlation coefficient, F1 score and type I error rate, we also compared several additional characteristics of the analysis results, including the size of the DMRs, overlap between the methods and execution time. The results showed that none of the software tools performed best under their default parameter settings, and power varied widely when parameters were changed. Overall, the precision of these software tools were good. In contrast, all methods lacked power when effect size was consistent but small. Across all simulation scenarios, comb-p consistently had the best sensitivity as well as good control of false-positive rate.
admetSAR 2.0: web-service for prediction and optimization of chemical ADMET properties
Authors: Yang Hongbin , Lou Chaofeng , Sun Lixia , Li Jie , Cai Yingchun , Wang Zhuang , Li Weihua , Liu Guixia , Tang Yun
Published: August 2018

admetSAR was developed as a comprehensive source and free tool for the prediction of chemical ADMET properties. Since its first release in 2012 containing 27 predictive models, admetSAR has been widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical fields. This update, admetSAR 2.0, focuses on extension and optimization of existing models with significant quantity and quality improvement on training data. Now 47 models are available for either drug discovery or environmental risk assessment. In addition, we added a new module named ADMETopt for lead optimization based on predicted ADMET properties.

Availability and implementation

Free available on the web at http://lmmd.ecust.edu.cn/admetsar2/

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Variable selection and validation in multivariate modelling
Authors: Shi Lin , Westerhuis Johan A , Rosén Johan , Landberg Rikard , Brunius Carl
Published: August 2018

Motivation

Validation of variable selection and predictive performance is crucial in construction of robust multivariate models that generalize well, minimize overfitting and facilitate interpretation of results. Inappropriate variable selection leads instead to selection bias, thereby increasing the risk of model overfitting and false positive discoveries. Although several algorithms exist to identify a minimal set of most informative variables (i.e. the minimal-optimal problem), few can select all variables related to the research question (i.e. the all-relevant problem). Robust algorithms combining identification of both minimal-optimal and all-relevant variables with proper cross-validation are urgently needed.

Results

We developed the MUVR algorithm to improve predictive performance and minimize overfitting and false positives in multivariate analysis. In the MUVR algorithm, minimal variable selection is achieved by performing recursive variable elimination in a repeated double cross-validation (rdCV) procedure. The algorithm supports partial least squares and random forest modelling, and simultaneously identifies minimal-optimal and all-relevant variable sets for regression, classification and multilevel analyses. Using three authentic omics datasets, MUVR yielded parsimonious models with minimal overfitting and improved model performance compared with state-of-the-art rdCV. Moreover, MUVR showed advantages over other variable selection algorithms, i.e. Boruta and VSURF, including simultaneous variable selection and validation scheme and wider applicability.

Availability and implementation

Algorithms, data, scripts and tutorial are open source and available as an R package (‘MUVR’) at https://gitlab.com/CarlBrunius/MUVR.git.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PhenoSpD: an integrated toolkit for phenotypic correlation estimation and multiple testing correction using GWAS summary statistics
Authors: Zheng Jie , Richardson Tom G , Millard Louise A C , Hemani Gibran , Elsworth Benjamin L , Raistrick Christopher A , Vilhjalmsson Bjarni , Neale Benjamin M , Haycock Philip C , Smith George Davey , Gaunt Tom R
Published: August 2018

Background

Identifying phenotypic correlations between complex traits and diseases can provide useful etiological insights. Restricted access to much individual-level phenotype data makes it difficult to estimate large-scale phenotypic correlation across the human phenome. Two state-of-the-art methods, metaCCA and LD score regression, provide an alternative approach to estimate phenotypic correlation using only genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary results.

Results

Here, we present an integrated R toolkit, PhenoSpD, to use LD score regression to estimate phenotypic correlations using GWAS summary statistics and to utilize the estimated phenotypic correlations to inform correction of multiple testing for complex human traits using the spectral decomposition of matrices (SpD). The simulations suggest that it is possible to identify nonindependence of phenotypes using samples with partial overlap; as overlap decreases, the estimated phenotypic correlations will attenuate toward zero and multiple testing correction will be more stringent than in perfectly overlapping samples. Also, in contrast to LD score regression, metaCCA will provide approximate genetic correlations rather than phenotypic correlation, which limits its application for multiple testing correction. In a case study, PhenoSpD using UK Biobank GWAS results suggested 399.6 independent tests among 487 human traits, which is close to the 352.4 independent tests estimated using true phenotypic correlation. We further applied PhenoSpD to an estimated 5,618 pair-wise phenotypic correlations among 107 metabolites using GWAS summary statistics from Kettunen's publication and PhenoSpD suggested the equivalent of 33.5 independent tests for these metabolites.

Conclusions

PhenoSpD extends the use of summary-level results, providing a simple and conservative way to reduce dimensionality for complex human traits using GWAS summary statistics. This is particularly valuable in the age of large-scale biobank and consortia studies, where GWAS results are much more accessible than individual-level data.
Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection with strong inverse-Compton cooling in pair plasmas
Authors: Werner Gregory R , Philippov Alexander A , Uzdensky Dmitri A
Published: August 2018

Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that relativistic collisionless magnetic reconnection drives non-thermal particle acceleration (NTPA), potentially explaining high-energy (X-ray/γ-ray) synchrotron and/or inverse Compton (IC) radiation observed from various astrophysical sources. The radiation back-reaction force on radiating particles has been neglected in most of these simulations, even though radiative cooling considerably alters particle dynamics in many astrophysical environments where reconnection may be important. We present a radiative PIC study examining the effects of external IC cooling on the basic dynamics, NTPA, and radiative signatures of relativistic reconnection in pair plasmas. We find that, while the reconnection rate and overall dynamics are basically unchanged, IC cooling significantly influences NTPA: the particle spectra still show a hard power law (index ≥ −2) as in non-radiative reconnection, but transition to a steeper power law that extends to a cooling-dependent cut-off. The steep power-law index fluctuates in time between roughly −3 and −5. The time-integrated photon spectra display corresponding power laws with indices ≈−0.5 and ≈−1.1, similar to those observed in hard X-ray spectra of accreting black holes.
Use of Cigarettes With Flavor-Changing Capsules Among Smokers in the United Kingdom: An Online Survey
Authors: Moodie Crawford , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Thrasher James F , McNeill Ann , Hitchman Sara
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Cigarettes with flavor-changing capsules in the filter have experienced phenomenal global growth in the last decade. We explore sociodemographic and smoking-related factors associated with using capsule cigarettes, how frequently users burst the capsule, and reasons for using them.

Methods

An online survey was conducted in the United Kingdom between April and May 2016 with 6234 factory-made and/or hand-rolled cigarette smokers. This analysis focuses on 3620 factory-made cigarette smokers, aged 18 years and over, who had smoked in the past month.

Results

Thirteen percent smoked capsule cigarettes, with younger smokers more likely than older smokers to do so. Capsule use was significantly more common among White non-British than White British and among those planning to quit in the next 6 months than those not planning to quit. Most capsule users who crushed the capsule did so always (51%) or most of the time (18%), with more frequent crushing of capsules more common among females, younger and middle-aged participants, White British, and those with a lower score on the Heaviness of Smoking Index. The most common reasons for using capsule cigarettes were that they taste better (52%), are smoother (41%), provide a choice of flavors (32%), and the enjoyment of clicking the capsule (25%). Capsule and noncapsule smokers did not differ significantly in their perceptions of the harmfulness of their brand relative to other brands.

Conclusions

Our study provides an insight into how and why smokers of capsule cigarettes use these products, with the key drivers of use being taste, flavor choice, and interactivity.

Implications

Cigarettes with capsules in the filter that can be burst to change the flavor have experienced remarkable growth since being introduced in 2007, but little is known about how and why smokers use these products. Thirteen percent of factory-made cigarette smokers in our sample smoked a brand with a capsule in the filter, with approximately two-thirds crushing the capsule all or most of the time. Capsule use was more likely among younger participants. The main reasons for smoking capsule cigarettes were related to how they taste, having a choice of flavors, and enjoyment of clicking the capsule (interactivity).
Association of antibodies against myelin and neuronal antigens with neuroinflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Pröbstel Anne-Katrin , Thanei Madlaina , Erni Barbara , Lecourt Anne-Catherine , Branco Léonore , André Raphaël , Roux-Lombard Pascal , Koenig Katrin F , Huynh-Do Uyen , Ribi Camillo , Chizzolini Carlo , Kappos Ludwig , Trendelenburg Marten , Derfuss Tobias ,   Swiss Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort Study Group
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To determine frequency and syndrome specificity of novel and known nervous system (NS)-directed antibodies in a large, unbiased cohort of SLE patients in the Swiss SLE Cohort Study.

Methods

This retrospective pilot study included 174 patients in a cross-sectional and 102 in a longitudinal study. Antibodies against 12 NS antigens [myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), neurofascin 186 (NF186), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (subunit NR1) (NMDAR-NR1), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (subunits 1 and 2) (AMPAR1/2), gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (subunits B1 and B2) (GABABR1/2), glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), glycine receptor (GlyR), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX)] were screened with validated cell-based assays and correlated with clinical and diagnostic findings.

Results

Twenty-three of one hundred and seventy-four (13.2%) patients harboured antibodies against MOG (n = 14), NF186 (n = 6), GAD65 (n = 2), AQP4 and GlyR (n = 1). Anti-MOG antibodies were most frequently found in the cohort (8%). Thirteen of the anti-NS antibody-positive patients showed clinical symptoms of NS involvement, a subgroup of which (n = 8) resembled the syndrome associated with the antibody. Nine patients harboured antibodies without neurological symptoms and one patient was lost to follow-up. The frequency of NPSLE was significantly higher in the anti-NS antibody-positive patients (13/23, 56.5%: MOG 6/14, 42.9%; NF186 5/6, 83.3%; GAD65 2/2, 100%; AQP4/GlyR 0/1, 0%) compared with the antibody-negative cohort (21/151, 13.9%) (chi-square test, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Anti-NS antibodies, most prevalently anti-MOG antibodies, are significantly associated with NPSLE and manifest with the distinct neurological syndrome associated with the antibody in a subgroup. Follow-up studies in large, independent cohorts will reveal whether these anti-NS antibodies could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for NPSLE and enable tailored treatment decisions in this challenging and diverse patient cohort.
A New Online Resource to Monitor New or Emerging Plant Pests: MEDISYS Media Monitoring and the Case of Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Ferilli Franco , Stancanelli Giuseppe , Linge Jens P. , Mannino Maria Rosaria
Published: August 2018

The European Food Safety Authority has established a horizon scanning exercise for plant pests by automated monitoring of open-source media. The news sources are screened using the publicly accessible MEDISYS (Medical Information System) platform of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Here, we report the example of monitoring for Xylella fastidiosa, a highly polyphagous plant-pathogenic bacterium. Since its first occurrence in Europe, news sources have reported findings and latest developments. Media monitoring-related data can support surveillance or plant pests’ management programs by early warning and can help understand the impacts of plant pests and the societal response to new plant health threats.
Sitting Our Lives Away
Authors: Kennedy Maureen Shawn
Published: August 2018

Exercise may not mitigate the ill effects of prolonged sitting.
The AACN Drafts Proposal for BSN as the Entry Level for RNs, Gets Pushback
Authors: Potera Carol
Published: August 2018

Comments show this issue is far from settled among nurses.
Antidepressant Medications
Authors: Sabella Donna
Published: August 2018

Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions. Many nurses will care for patients who have depression and may be receiving treatment. Treatment often includes the use of medications that affect mood. This article provides a brief overview of the history, indications for use, adverse effects, and nursing considerations regarding antidepressants. This is the second in a series of articles about medications used in the treatment of mental health disorders. For the first article in this series, see “Antipsychotic Medications,” June 2017.
Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Pregnancy Linked to Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: August 2018

According to this study:

Exposure to the endocrine disruptor diethylstilbestrol during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder in grandchildren.
Efficacy of Topical Anesthetics for Pain Control During Skin Laceration Repair
Authors: Pich Jacqueline
Published: August 2018

Editor's note: This is a summary of a nursing care–related systematic review from the Cochrane Library. For more information, see http://nursingcare.cochrane.org.
Delirium Monitoring in Neurocritically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review*
Authors: Patel Mayur B. , Bednarik Josef , Lee Patricia , Shehabi Yahya , Salluh Jorge I. , Slooter Arjen J. , Klein Kate E. , Skrobik Yoanna , Morandi Alessandro , Spronk Peter E. , Naidech Andrew M. , Pun Brenda T. , Bozza Fernando A. , Marra Annachiara , John Sayona , Pandharipande Pratik P. , Ely E. Wesley
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

The Society of Critical Care Medicine recommends routine delirium monitoring, based on data in critically ill patients without primary neurologic injury. We sought to answer whether there are valid and reliable tools to monitor delirium in neurocritically ill patients and whether delirium is associated with relevant clinical outcomes (e.g., survival, length of stay, functional independence, cognition) in this population.

Data Sources:

We systematically reviewed Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and PubMed.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Inclusion criteria allowed any study design investigating delirium monitoring in neurocritically ill patients (e.g., neurotrauma, ischemic, and/or hemorrhagic stroke) of any age. We extracted data relevant to delirium tool sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, interrater reliability, and associated clinical outcomes.

Data Synthesis:

Among seven prospective cohort studies and a total of 1,173 patients, delirium was assessed in neurocritically patients using validated delirium tools after considering primary neurologic diagnoses and associated complications, finding a pooled prevalence rate of 12–43%. When able to compare against a common reference standard, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, the test characteristics showed a sensitivity of 62–76%, specificity of 74–98%, positive predictive value of 63–91%, negative predictive value of 70–94%, and reliability kappa of 0.64–0.94. Among four studies reporting multivariable analyses, delirium in neurocritically patients was associated with increased hospital length of stay (n = 3) and ICU length of stay (n = 1), as well as worse functional independence (n = 1) and cognition (n = 2), but not survival.

Conclusions:

These data from studies of neurocritically ill patients demonstrate that patients with primary neurologic diagnoses can meet diagnostic criteria for delirium and that delirious features may predict relevant untoward clinical outcomes. There is a need for ongoing investigations regarding delirium in these complicated neurocritically ill patients.
Association of Postoperative Antibiotics With Surgical Site Infection in Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Levin Ethan C. , Chow Conroy , Makhzoumi Zaineb , Jin Chengshi , Shiboski Stephen C. , Arron Sarah T.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most frequent complication of Mohs micrographic surgery. Previous studies have identified risk factors for SSI, but it is not known whether antibiotic prophylaxis mitigates this risk.

OBJECTIVE

To measure the association between antibiotic prophylaxis and SSI in a convenience sample of Mohs cases and to report on the utility of propensity scoring to control for confounding by indication in registry data.

METHODS

Data were drawn from a pilot quality improvement registry of 816 Mohs cases. The relationship between antibiotic prophylaxis and SSI was assessed with logistic regression modeling using propensity score methods to adjust for confounding.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-one cases were prescribed antibiotic prophylaxis (18.5%). Of 467 cases with follow-up, 16 (3.4%) developed SSI. Infection rates were higher in subjects prescribed prophylaxis, but propensity adjustment reduced this effect. Adjusted odds of infection were 1.47-fold higher in subjects prescribed antibiotics and not statistically significant (95% confidence interval 0.29–7.39; p = .64).

CONCLUSION

Although there was no significant difference in SSI among patients prescribed prophylactic antibiotics, statistical precision was limited by the low incidence of infection. Larger population-based prospective registry studies including propensity adjustment are needed to confirm the benefit of prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk surgical cases.
Studying Factors Affecting Indoor Gamma-radiation Dose using Mcnp5 Simulation Software—revisited: Adding Two More Factors
Authors: Orabi M.
Published: August 2018

The main factors that affect the gamma-radiation dose rate inside a room are defined in a simulation model. Some previously studied factors are the point of detection inside the room, the dimensions of the room, the thicknesses of the different parts of the room, and the density of the building material. The model is meant to ease the dose-rate estimation. Relative dose rates are calculated for different values of the different factors. The calculations are made using Monte Carlo n-particle simulation software. In this study two new factors are being added: the existence of a neighboring room and the split of a wall into two portions.
Verification of Safety Compliance of Delivering Radionuclides at Vanderbilt University
Authors: Chen Liang , Helstern Christopher M.
Published: August 2018

Various radionuclides are transported at Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center on a daily basis, to provide the necessities for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research applications. The delivery of the radionuclides takes various pathways where the general public may receive radiation doses. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Health Radiological Division regulates the dose limits for members of the public to be less than 1 mSv per year and 20 μSv in any hour. We designed a project to verify that potential doses received by the general public meet state regulations. Before the departure of the delivery, dose rates from three directions at a distance of 30 cm with respect to the transport vehicle, were measured using a tissue equivalent survey meter. During the shipment, times were recorded and the number of persons encountered along the path was estimated. Annual and hourly doses were calculated, conservatively assuming that a member of general public would follow the shipment at a distance of 30 cm, for the entire duration of the delivery. Calculated dose rates for each delivery and various combinations of radionuclides were found to be below state regulation limits.
Evaluation of an Upward Trend in Background Count Rates from a Stack Particulate Continuous Air Monitor
Authors: Rishel Jeremy P. , Barnett J. Matthew , Mozhayev Andrey V. , Dutcher Elliott “Dutch” , Colby Scott A. , Carter Gregory L. , Patello Gertrude K. , Steen Franciska H. , Hanson Eric M.
Published: August 2018

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operates the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory, which is a multi-purpose, non-reactor nuclear research facility. Regulations require both continuous sampling and monitoring of radioactive particulates and tritium gas in the exhaust from the main stack. Releases of other radioactive gases, including planned releases of radon, are tracked separately in a database and reported. During the 2015 calibration of the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory stack continuous air monitor, measured alpha and beta background count rates were much higher than expected, especially when compared to count rates from previous calibrations. The source of the higher background count rates was examined by trending of historical continuous air monitor measurements and a comparison to the sampler data. The analysis revealed that the sample results showed no increase in emissions, whereas the continuous air monitor showed a steady increase in count rates. Ultimately, the continuous air monitor filter was analyzed and found to contain higher-than-normal background levels of 220Rn progeny. Assessments were performed to determine the cause of the increased background values, including reviews of building research activities, radioactive material usage and storage, adequacy of procedures, and the potential for internal continuous air monitor contamination. Project reviews determined that a research activity involving 228Th was left in an unsealed state, resulting in 220Rn being released from a hot cell into the exhaust system. The 228Th source material was subsequently repackaged and contained, resulting in a decrease of continuous air monitor background count rates. An estimate of the 220Rn release was made and the contribution to the annual offsite dose from the facility was calculated. The released activity and reported dose results were well below the permit limits for the facility.
Dose Estimation in Recycling of Decontamination Soil Resulting From The Fukushima NPS Accident For Road Embankments
Authors: Takai Shizuka , Sawaguchi Takuma , Takeda Seiji
Published: August 2018

Since the Fukushima nuclear power station accident, large quantities of radiocesium-contaminated soil generated from decontamination activities have been stored in Fukushima prefecture. To complete the final disposal of decontamination soil, reducing the disposal volume through recycling can prove effective. The Ministry of the Environment of Japan has developed a policy of handling low-activity decontamination soil as recycled materials under the management of public authority. The recycling is limited to civil engineering structures in public projects, such as road embankments and coastal levees. However, there has been no practical review or safety assessment of decontamination soil recycling. In this study, to contribute to guideline development for decontamination soil recycling by the Ministry of the Environment, dose estimation was considered as a way of ensuring that the use of recycled decontamination soil for road embankments was safe. First, based on Japanese construction standards, additional doses to workers and the public in construction and service (e.g., use of a road embankment) scenarios were evaluated. From the result, the radioactive cesium concentration level of recycled materials that would result in all additional doses meeting the radiation criterion of 1 mSv y−1 was derived to be 6,000 Bq kg−1. Then, construction conditions were reviewed to reduce additional doses to the public in a service scenario. To confine doses to the public to below 10 μSv y−1 based on the derived radioactivity level, an additional layer of soil slope protection of 40 cm or more was needed. Finally, additional doses expected in a disaster scenario were confirmed to be below 1 mSv y−1 based on the derived radioactivity level, an additional layer of soil slope protection of 40 cm or more was needed. Finally, additional doses expected in a disaster scenario were confirmed to be below 1 mSv y−1 based on the derived radioactivity level.
Comparison of U.S. NRC’S Rascal Emergency Response Code with Noaa’s Hyrad Dispersion Model and Tracer Experimental Data
Authors: Abbott Michael L.
Published: August 2018

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Field Research Division uses the HYRad-HYSPLIT dispersion model to assess hypothetical accidental releases of airborne radioactive materials at the Idaho National Laboratory in southeastern Idaho. The State of Idaho Department of Environmental Quality Idaho National Laboratory Oversight Program provides independent assessment of these releases using a different model, RASCAL, which is the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s primary reactor-emergency response code. To confirm RASCAL is a reasonable independent assessment tool, the Oversight Program compared the two models’ output for typical meteorological cases encountered at the Idaho National Laboratory. RASCAL results were also compared to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration experimental SF6 tracer data from 2013 at the Idaho National Laboratory. Both RASCAL and HYRad predicted very similar plume shapes and paths for the different meteorological cases. For typical daytime conditions, HYRad predicted slightly higher integrated air concentrations by up to a factor of two at downwind distances of less than about 40 km, then decreased below the RASCAL concentrations. The opposite was true for a nighttime release, with RASCAL giving significantly higher concentrations (by one to two orders of magnitude) at a distance of 20 km. For all the runs, RASCAL predicted significantly less total deposition, except at the outer edges of the plume during a nighttime release. Most of the discrepancies are believed to be due to differences in the models’ simulation algorithms and the hard-wired input parameter values used by each model (e.g., deposition velocities). For tracer data comparisons, RASCAL’s straight-line Gaussian plume model calculated maximum 2 h predicted-to-observed concentration ratios of 0.8 to 1.8 for unstable conditions and 0.4 to 0.9 for neutral conditions.
137Cs Lake Sediment Depth Profiles and Inventories Within Four Lakes of Idaho’s Sawtooth Wilderness
Authors: Bishop Benjamin Thomas , Brey Richard
Published: August 2018

A total of 68 sediment cores from four freshwater alpine lakes in Idaho’s Sawtooth Wilderness were collected during the summer of 2017. The objectives of the study were to determine depth distributions of 137Cs in the cores using gamma spectrometry and to estimate the sedimentation rates of the lakes from the identified geochronological peaks linked to nuclear fallout. The 137Cs radioactivity above reference-area values was detected in all studied lakes. The maximum 137Cs concentrations measured in each lake’s sediment ranged from 74.0 ± 6.09 to 255 ± 7.48 Bq kg−1. Factors such as elevation, latitude, and pH showed no correlation to total 137Cs deposition. However, the data developed during this investigation suggested that characteristics such as geological location or lake flushing patterns are important factors in the total 137Cs deposition observed. Three of the lakes had 137Cs sediment depth distributions that resembled the deposition pattern of weapons testing as a function of time. Mean sedimentation rate estimates ranged from 0.08 ± 0.3 to 0.1 ± 0.05 cm y−1 and decreased with increasing altitude.