bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malvone A, a Phytoalexin Found in Malva sylvestris (Family Malvaceae).
Authors: Stipanovic Robert D.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Plakortone B and Analogues
Authors: Semmelhack M. F. , Hooley Richard J. , Kraml Christina M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of 2‐Epibotcinolide.
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Takasuna Yu‐ji , Suzuki Ryo‐suke , Oshiumi Hiromi , Komiyama Yuri , Hitomi Seiichi , Fukui Hiroki
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of (R)‐(‐)‐Sporochnol A (I).
Authors: Alibes Ramon , Busque Felix , Bardaji Gisela G. , de March Pedro , Figueredo Marta , Font Josep
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Convergent Three‐Component Benzyne Coupling: The Total Synthesis of ent‐Clavilactone B.
Authors: Larrosa Igor , Da Silva Marianne I. , Gomez Patricio M. , Hannen Peter , Ko Eunjung , Lenger Steven R. , Linke Simon R. , White Andrew J. P. , Wilton Donna , Barrett Anthony G. M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antibiotics from GIiding Bacteria. Part 105. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Cruentarens A and B — Novel Members of the Benzolactone Class of ATPase Inhibitors from the Myxobacterium Byssovorax cruenta.
Authors: Jundt Larissa , Steinmetz Heinrich , Luger Peter , Weber Manuela , Kunze Brigitte , Reichenbach Hans , Hoefle Gerhard
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Total Synthesis of (+)‐Tedanolide.
Authors: Ehrlich Gunnar , Hassfeld Jorma , Eggert Ulrike , Kalesse Markus
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis of Sporiolide B.
Authors: Chen Qi , Du Yuguo
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the Spiroacetal‐Containing anti‐Helicobacter pylori Agents CJ‐12,954 and CJ‐13,014.
Authors: Brimble Margaret A. , Bryant Christina J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Importance of Local Chemical Structure for Chemical Metabolism by Human Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate—Glucuronosyltransferase.
Authors: Sorich Michael J. , McKinnon Ross A. , Miners John O. , Smith Paul A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Based Approach to in Silico Pharmacology: Nuclear Receptor Profiling.
Authors: Mestres Jordi , Martin‐Couce Lidia , Gregori‐Puigjane Elisabet , Cases Montserrat , Boyer Scott
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spiropyran‐Based Liquid Crystals: The Formation of Columnar Phases via Acid‐Induced Spiro‐merocyanine Isomerization.
Authors: Tan Boon‐Hooi , Yoshio Masafumi , Ichikawa Takahiro , Mukai Tomohiro , Ohno Hiroyuki , Kato Takashi
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Identification of Novel, Orally Bioavailable Spirohydantoin CGRP Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Bell Ian M. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Rhenium Cluster Complexes and Its Relevance to the Prospect of Corresponding Technetium Chemistry
Authors: Sasaki Yoichi
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iron, Cobalt and Iridium Compounds
Authors: Murillo Carlos A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Theory of Antiferromagnetic Pairing in Cuprate Superconductors
Authors: Plakida N. M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Tailoring the Aggregation of Heavier Alkaline Earth Metal Halides, Alkoxides and Aryloxides from Non‐Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Fromm Katharina M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metallodendrimers: Fractals and Photonics
Authors: Cho Tae Joon , Moorefield Charles N. , Wang Pingshan , Newkome George R.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
5,6‐Dihydroindolizine Core Formation under Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of N‐Allylpyrroles
Authors: Settambolo Roberta , Guazzelli Giuditta , Lazzaroni Raffaello
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold and Platinum Catalysis of Enyne Cycloisomerization
Authors: Zhang Liming , Sun Jianwei , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions on Pyridazine Moieties
Authors: Nara Susheel , Martinez Jean , Wermuth Camille‐Georges , Parrot Isabelle
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methyleneaziridines: Unusual Vehicles for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Shipman Michael
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combinatorial Carbohydrate Chemistry
Authors: Arya Prabhat , Sarma Bugga V. N. B. S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalization of Sugars
Authors: Levy Daniel E.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Glycosylation Methods
Authors: Fugedi Peter
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Oxidative Processes in Steroid Chemistry. Allylic Oxidation, β‐Selective Epoxidation, Alcohol Oxidation and Remote Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Salvador Jorge A. R. , Silvestre Samuel M. , Moreira Vania M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Applications of Transition‐Metal Complexes Bearing Diphosphinidenecyclobutenes (DPCB)
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Syntheses of Polyketide‐Derived Bioactive Natural Products
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Hosokawa Seijiro
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Hazard Exposure as a Result of Waste Land Filling
Authors: El Megrahi M. E. , Karani G. , Morris K.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3‐Dipolar and Diels—Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis
Authors: Ess Daniel H. , Jones Gavin O. , Houk K. N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NMR Studies of Nanoparticles
Authors: Mayer Christian
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A comparison of low‐dose cytarabine and hydroxyurea with or without all‐trans retinoic acid for acute myeloid leukemia and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome in patients not considered fit for intensive treatment
Authors: Burnett Alan K. , Milligan Donald , Prentice Archie G. , Goldstone Anthony H. , McMullin Mary F. , Hills Robert K. , Wheatley Keith
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

The survival of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia has not improved. Few clinical trials have been available for older patients who are not considered fit for an intensive chemotherapy approach.

METHODS

Between December 1998 and November 2003, as part of National Cancer Research Institute Acute Myeloid Leukemia 14 Trial, 217 patients, who were deemed unfit for intensive chemotherapy were randomized to receive low‐dose cytarabine (Ara‐C) (20 mg twice daily for 10 days) or hydroxyurea with or without all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA).

RESULTS

Low‐dose ara‐C produced a better remission rate (18% vs 1%; odds ratio [OR], 0.15; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.06–0.37; P = .00006) and better overall survival (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44–0.81; P = .0009), which was accounted for by the achievement of complete remission (CR) (duration of CR: 80 weeks vs 10 weeks for patients with no CR). Patients who had adverse cytogenetics did not benefit. ATRA had no effect. Toxicity scores or supportive care requirements did not differ between the treatment arms.

CONCLUSIONS

Older, less fit patients have a poor outcome, and few trials have been conducted in this patient group. Low‐dose ara‐C treatment was superior to best supportive care and hydroxyurea because it had greater success in achieving CR, and it could represent standard care against which new treatments may be compared in this patient group. [See editorial on pages 000–000, this issue.] Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in the imatinib era
Authors: Aziz Zeba , Iqbal Javaid , Akram Mohammad , Saeed Sarah
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

There is paucity of data from developing countries on the efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The primary objective of this study was to document complete and partial cytogenetic responses to imatinib in all phases of CML. Secondary objectives included evaluations of complete hematologic response, safety, time to progression, and survival.

METHODS

Two hundred seventy‐five patients in all phases of CML who received treatment with imatinib from January 2001 to December 2005 were included in the study. All patients had on bone marrow or BCR‐ABL positive in peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

After a median follow‐up of 18 months, major cytogenetic responses (Ph <35%) in chronic phase (CP), accelerated phase (AP), and blastic phase (BP) were documented in 61%, 57%, and 28% of patients, respectively. A complete cytogenetic response was observed in 39.4%, 35.7%, and 14.3% of patients in CP, AP, and BP, respectively; and a complete hematologic response was observed in 90%, 86%, and 30%, respectively. The median time to progression at 18 months was 91% in CP and 68% in AP. The overall survivals in CP, AP, and BP at 18 months was 92%, 74%, and 38%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Impressive hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular responses to imatinib were observed, similar to the responses reported in patients from Western countries. Patients had good compliance, toxicity was limited, and overall quality of life was improved markedly. The results indicated that the biology of CML is not different in patients from developing countries. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Endometrial cancer and menopausal hormone therapy in the National Institutes of Health‐AARP Diet and Health Study cohort
Authors: Lacey James V. , Leitzmann Michael F. , Chang Shih‐Chen , Mouw Traci , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur , Brinton Louise A.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND.

Menopausal hormone therapy formulations for women without hysterectomy have included estrogen plus progestin for years, but endometrial cancer risks associated with the use of sequential and continuous estrogen‐plus‐progestin regimens remain unclear.

METHODS.

The National Institutes of Health‐AARP Diet and Health Study included 73,211 women who were ages 50 years to 71 years at baseline and who completed 2 questionnaires (1995–1996 and 1996–1997). Linkage to state cancer registries and mortality indices identified 433 incident endometrial cancers through 2000. Using proportional hazards regression, the authors estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) relative to never‐use of hormone therapy.

RESULTS.

In 51,312 women who never used hormones or only used estrogen‐plus‐progestin regimens at doses consistent with current practice, neither sequential estrogen plus progestin (daily estrogen plus progestin for 10–14 days per cycle: RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.39–1.40) nor continuous estrogen plus progestin (daily estrogen plus progestin for ≥20 days per cycle: RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.55–1.15) had any statistically significant association with endometrial cancer. Long durations (≥5 years) of sequential regimen use (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.38–1.66) and of continuous regimen use (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.53–1.36) were not associated with endometrial cancer.

CONCLUSIONS.

Confirmation that these estrogen‐plus‐progestin regimens neither increase nor decrease the risk of endometrial cancer could influence menopausal symptom management for women who are considering estrogen‐plus‐progestin therapy. Cancer 2007. Published 2007 by The American Cancer Society.
Association of endometrial cancer risk with a functional polymorphism (Asp327Asn) in the sex hormone‐binding globulin gene
Authors: Kataoka Nobuhiko , Cai Qiuyin , Xu Wang Hong , Xiang Yong‐Bing , Cai Hui , Zheng Wei , Shu Xiao Ou
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Sex steroid hormones play a central role in the development of endometrial cancer. Sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) modulates the bioavailability of circulating sex hormones and regulates their signaling systems in target cells. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that blood SHBG levels are associated inversely with the risk of endometrial cancer. A functional polymorphism, an amino acid substitution of asparagine (Asp) for aspartic acid (Asn) at residue 327 (Asp327Asn) (reference sequence 6259), in the SHBG gene recently was identified and has been associated with an increased half‐life and elevated blood levels of SHBG. The authors tested the hypothesis that this genetic variance is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer in the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Study, a population‐based, case‐control study that was conducted in urban Shanghai, China between 1997 and 2003.

METHODS

This study included 1037 women with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer ages 30 years and 69 years and 1031 age‐matched controls from the community who had completed an in‐person interview and donated a blood and/or buccal cell sample to the study. Genotyping for the Asp327Asn polymorphism was performed by using the TaqMan method. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) derived from logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between the genetic variation and endometrial cancer risk.

RESULTS

The allele frequencies of Asn were 15.0% in cases and 17.1% in controls (P = .06). The variant Asn327 allele was associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.93) but not in premenopausal women (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.74–1.42). The inverse association was more pronounced among postmenopausal women who had a low body mass index (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.31–0.76) or longer years of menstruation (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46–0.89), although the results from tests for multiplicative interaction were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggested that the codon 327 Asn allele in the SHBG gene may be related to a reduced risk of endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Feasibility of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for intrathoracic malignancies
Authors: Sano Yoshifumi , Kanazawa Susumu , Gobara Hideo , Mukai Takashi , Hiraki Takao , Hase Soichiro , Toyooka Shinichi , Aoe Motoi , Date Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become an accepted alternative for treating intrathoracic malignancies; however, the incidence and characteristics of peri‐ and postprocedural complications are not well described. The purpose of the study was to assess the safety and technical feasibility of percutaneous RFA in unresectable intrathoracic malignancies.

METHODS

Percutaneous RFA was performed in patients with intrathoracic malignancies between June 2001 and December 2004. In total, 366 tumors were treated in 137 patients in 211 sessions. All patients were nonsurgical candidates or had refused surgery. Three hundred and thirty‐six lesions were subjected to RFA for the treatment of metastases and 30 lesions for primary lung carcinoma.

RESULTS

Although no procedural mortality occurred, 2 patients died during the course of the study because of intractable pneumothorax and massive hemoptysis (0.9%). The overall major complication rate was 17.1% (pneumothoraces requiring tube drainage in 25, pleuritis in 6, pleural effusion requiring tube drainage in 4, lung abscess in 1, and intrapulmonary hemorrhage with hemothorax in 1). Minor complications included pneumothoraces not requiring tube drainage in 108 sessions, pleural effusion without drainage in 34, hemosputum in 9, nausea and/or vomiting in 3, subcutaneous emphysema in 3, cough in 2, skin burn in 2, atelectasis in 1, and subileus in 1. High fever and/or chest pain were seen in 33.8% and 39.3% of patients, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

With over 200 procedures, RFA appears to be a safe and minimally invasive option with negligible mortality and little morbidity in selected patients with unresectable intrathoracic malignancies. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3a disease
Authors: Freedland Stephen J. , Partin Alan W. , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Mangold Leslie A. , Walsh Patrick C.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Men with clinical stage T3a disease are at high risk and are often encouraged to undergo radiation therapy with concomitant hormonal therapy. The long‐term outcomes among men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3a disease were examined.

METHODS

Among 3397 men treated by radical prostatectomy by 1 surgeon between 1987 and 2003, 62 (1.8%) men were identified who had clinical stage T3a disease. Among the 56 men not treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies before prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence, the long‐term outcomes of PSA‐free survival, metastasis‐free survival, and prostate cancer specific survival were examined. Median and mean follow‐up after surgery were 10.3 and 13 years, respectively (range, 1–17).

RESULTS

Ninety‐one percent of men in this group had pathological T3 disease. PSA‐free survival at 15 years after surgery was 49%. Metastasis‐free survival and cause‐specific survival at 15 years after surgery were 73% and 84%, respectively. Among men with a PSA recurrence, 46% received secondary therapy before metastasis. The only preoperative or pathological feature that predicted risk of prostate cancer death was lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio [HR]: 9.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–80.02, P = .044). Among the 28 men with a PSA recurrence, PSA doubling time (PSADT) data were available for 23, of which 11 (48%) has a PSADT ≥9 months. No patient with a PSADT ≥9 months died of prostate cancer. A PSADT <9 months was significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer death (log‐rank, P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS

In a select cohort of men with clinical stage T3a disease, radical prostatectomy alone provides long‐term cancer control in about half of the men and results in a prostate cancer‐specific survival of 84%. Among men with a PSA recurrence, PSADT at the time of recurrence is a useful determinant of risk of prostate cancer death. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
When basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus is not enough—what next?
Authors: Raccah Denis , Bretzel Reinhard G , Owens David , Riddle Matthew
Published: February 2007

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease characterized by co‐existing insulin deficiency (relative) and insulin insensitivity. Both fasting and post‐prandial blood glucose are elevated, exposing the patient to acute and chronic complications due to micro‐ and macro‐vascular angiopathy. Improving glycaemic control has been demonstrated to lower the risk of these complications. Owing to the progressive nature of the disease, an evolving treatment strategy is necessary to maintain glycaemic control. Insulin therapy is required when dietary and lifestyle modifications combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents fail to provide adequate glycaemic control. Adding an optimized dose of basal insulin to the existing oral therapy is a simple and widely used method for initiating insulin therapy. However, despite an effective control of fasting hyperglycaemia, further intervention to control post‐prandial hyperglycaemia may become necessary to achieve HbA1c targets.

Strategies for the addition of prandial insulin include administering short‐acting (or rapid‐acting) insulin analogues before each meal or twice‐daily administration of pre‐mixed insulin. As a single large meal often contributes to the greatest part of daytime hyperglycaemia, an alternative strategy is emerging with the addition of a single injection of prandial insulin prior to the meal that induces the largest post‐prandial blood glucose excursion measured 2 h after the start of the meal. Over time, additional prandial boluses of insulin may be required to sustain daytime glycaemic control. This strategy offers a simple, stepwise approach to progress from basal insulin to a basal–bolus regimen. Studies are needed to validate this method and better define specific titration tactics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in cell migration and survival in the olfactory bulb of the pcd/pcd mouse
Authors: Valero J. , Weruaga E. , Murias A.R. , Recio J.S. , Curto G.G. , Gómez C. , Alonso J.R.
Published: February 2007

Postnatally, the Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice lose the main projecting neurons of the main olfactory bulb (OB): mitral cells (MC). In adult animals, progenitor cells from the rostral migratory stream (RMS) differentiate into bulbar interneurons that modulate MC activity. In the present work, we studied changes in proliferation, tangential migration, radial migration patterns, and the survival of these newly generated neurons in this neurodegeneration animal model. The animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine 2 weeks or 2 months before killing in order to label neuroblast incorporation into the OB and to analyze the survival of these cells after differentiation, respectively. Both the organization and cellular composition of the RMS and the differentiation of the newly generated neurons in the OB were studied using specific markers of glial cells, neuroblasts, and mature neurons. No changes were observed in the cell proliferation rate nor in their tangential migration through the RMS, indicating that migrating neuroblasts are only weakly responsive to the alteration in their target region, the OB. However, the absence of MC does elicit differences in the final destination of the newly generated interneurons. Moreover, the loss of MC also produces changes in the survival of the newly generated interneurons, in accordance with the dramatic decrease in the number of synaptic targets available. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Age‐related changes in climbing behavior and neural circuit physiology in Drosophila
Authors: Martinez V.G. , Javadi C.S. , Ngo E. , Ngo L. , Lagow R.D. , Zhang B.
Published: February 2007

Identifying the cellular and molecular basis for functional decline remains key to understanding aging. To this end, we have characterized age‐dependent changes in climbing and the electrophysiology of the giant fiber circuitry in wild type (Wt) and mutant flies with altered lifespan (methuselah and fragile‐X). Our data demonstrate a gradual decline in climbing in Wt and methuselah flies aged 5–45 days. In contrast, fragile‐X flies climbed poorly even at 5 days and failed completely at 45 days. We then examined whether synaptic transmission to indirect flight muscles along the giant fiber circuit was altered with aging. At 5 days, the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) in Wt flies followed high frequency stimulation well (at 130 Hz or above). At 35 and 45 days, these flies only followed 60–80 Hz. Methuselah flies did not follow stimuli as well as the Wt flies did at 5 and 25 days, but they were similar to Wt flies at older ages. Fragile‐X flies responded poorly even at 5 days (40 Hz) and worsened at 35 days (30 Hz). Unlike DLMs, the tergotrochanteral muscle followed high frequency stimuli relatively well in all genotypes, suggesting that the peripheral interneuron along the DLM pathway or the DLM muscular synapse is prone to age‐dependent functional decline. These studies reveal subcellular structures as potential targets of aging, indicating that the giant fiber pathway can be used as a model circuit for quantitative studies of aging in flies as well as fly models of age‐related human neurological disorders. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
DC electrical stimulation of the pretectal thalamus and its effects on the feeding behavior of the toad (Bufo bufo)
Authors: McConville James , Laming Peter R.
Published: February 2007

The feeding motivation of the common European common toad (Bufo bufo) can be quantified by the feeding sequence of arousal‐orientation‐approach‐fixate‐snap. Previous work has found that the optic tectum is an important structure responsible for the mediation of feeding behaviors, and combined electrical and visual stimulation of the optic tectum was found to increase the animals feeding behaviors. However, the pretectal thalamus has an inhibitory influence upon the optic tectum and its lesion results in disinhibited feeding behaviors. This suggests that feeding behavior of anurans is also subject to influence from the pretectal thalamus. Previous studies involving the application of DC stimulation to brain tissue has generated slow potential shifts and these shifts have been implicated in the modulation of the neural mechanisms associated with behavior. The current study investigated the application of DC stimulation to the diencephalon surface dorsal to the lateral posterodorsal pretectal thalamic nucleus in Bufo bufo, in order to assess effects on feeding motivation. The application of DC stimulation increased the incidence of avoidance behaviors to a visual prey stimulus while reducing the prey catching behavior component of approach, suggesting that the DC current applied to the pretectum increased the inhibition upon the feeding elements of the optic tectum. This can be explained by the generation of slow potential shifts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Neurotransmitter‐induced changes in the intracellular calcium concentration suggest a differential central modulation of CCAP neuron subsets in Drosophila
Authors: Vömel Matthias , Wegener Christian
Published: February 2007

The complete sequencing of the Drosophila melanogaster genome allowed major progress in the research on invertebrate neuropeptide signaling. However, it is still largely unknown how the insect CNS exerts synaptic control over the secretory activity of peptidergic neurons; afferent pathways and employed chemical transmitters remain largely unidentified. In the present study, we set out to identify neurotransmitters mediating synaptic input onto CCAP‐expressing neurons (NCCAP), which play an important role in the regulation of ecdysis‐related events. By in vitro and in situ calcium imaging with synthetic and genetically encoded calcium indicators, we provide evidence that differential neurotransmitter inputs control the activity of NCCAP subsets. In short‐term culture, almost all NCCAP showed increases of the free intracellular calcium concentration after application of acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine, whereas only some NCCAP responded to glutamate and GABA. In the intact ventral ganglia of both larvae and adults, only few NCCAP showed intracellular calcium‐rises or calcium‐oscillations after application of cholinergic agonists indicating a prevailing central inhibition of most NCCAP during these developmental stages. In larvae, responding NCCAP were primarily located in the third thoracic neuromere. At least one NCCAP pair in this neuromere belonged to a morphologically distinct subset with neurohemal endings on the body wall muscles. Our results suggest that NCCAP express functional receptors for ACh, glutamate, and GABA, and indicate that these transmitters are involved in a context‐dependent regulation of functionally distinct NCCAP subsets. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Double‐sided permeable wave absorber
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Dota Chikamasa , Sato Risaburo
Published: February 2007

A new double‐sided electromagnetic wave absorber allowing transmission is proposed. In the conventional permeable wave absorber, a resistive film is attached to a lossless dielectric layer. However, this is not nonreflective for an incident wave on the resistive film side. In the present paper, a basic structure is considered in which there is no reflection on both sides of the absorber. A simple structure made of two resistive films inserted between three dielectric layers is proposed. The nonreflection condition of the present wave absorber is derived by means of the equivalent circuit, and the reflection and transmission characteristics are derived for given permittivities of the dielectric layers. It is found that the bandwidth of the reflection coefficient does not significantly depend on the permittivity of the inner layer and that the permittivity of the outer layers is increased and that of the inner layer is decreased in order to make the transmission coefficient smaller. The wave absorber is fabricated and measured for confirmation of the validity of the theory. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(6): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20369
Tungsten Oxide and Tungsten Oxide‐Titania Thin Films Prepared by Aerosol‐Assisted Deposition – Use of Preformed Solid Nanoparticles
Authors: Qureshi Uzma , Blackman Christopher , Hyett Geoffrey , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: February 2007

Aerosol‐assisted deposition (AAD) was used to deposit films of WO3 from a suspension of solid nanoparticulate WO3 in toluene. Titania films were deposited by the aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition of [Ti(OiPr)4] in the presence of WO3 nanoparticles. The WO3 and TiO2 films exhibited photoactivity and photoinduced superhydrophilicity, further the titania films showed very unusual highly crenulated microstructures. These microstructures could not be obtained by sol‐gel, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition or evaporation routes. Furthermore, the microstructures could not be obtained from [Ti(OiPr)4] in the absence of nanoparticulate WO3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis of Enantioenriched 2‐ and 2,6‐Substituted Piperidin‐3‐ols from α‐Dibenzylamino Aldehydes
Authors: Andrés José M. , Pedrosa Rafael , Pérez‐Encabo Alfonso
Published: February 2007

Homochiral α‐dibenzylamino aldehydes react with 4‐butenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether at 0 °C to yield anti‐β‐amino alcohols in excellent yield and dr. These anti diastereoisomers were transformed into enantioenriched 2‐ and 2,6‐substituted 3‐piperidinols in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Frontal analysis in microchip CE: A simple and accurate method for determination of protein–DNA dissociation constant
Authors: Gong Maojun , Wehmeyer Kenneth R. , Limbach Patrick A. , Heineman William R.
Published: February 2007

Equilibrium constants, such as the dissociation constant (Kd), are a key measurement of noncovalent interactions that are of importance for the proper functioning of molecules in living systems. Frontal analysis (FA) is a simple and accurate CE method for the determination of Kd. Microchip CE coupled with LIF detection was used to determine Kd of protein–DNA interactions using the FA method. A model system of IgE and the IgE‐binding aptamer was selected to demonstrate the capability of FA in microchip CE. Because the fluorescence emission was dependent on the dye migration velocity, the velocity of the free aptamer was adjusted to be the same as that of the aptamer–IgE complex by setting up individual separation voltage configurations for the free and bound aptamers. The ratio of the free and bound aptamers in the equilibrium mixture was directly measured from the heights of their plateaus detected at 1.0 cm from the intersection of the microchip, and no internal standard was needed. The Kd of the IgE–aptamer pair was determined as 6 ± 2 nM which is consistent with the reported results (8 nM).
Interception of some direct‐acting mutagens by ergothioneine
Authors: Hartman Zlata , Hartman Philip E.
Published: February 2007

Ergothioneine, a novel imidazole sulfhydryl/thione compound formed in milli‐molar amounts by fungi, is a potentially important defense against electrophiles and free radicals. Protection may well occur both in organisms that synthesize ergothioneine and in animals including man that ingest and store ergothioneine in red blood cells, the liver, seminal fluid, and central nervous system. Ergothioneine blocks the mutagenicity for Salmonella strain TA1950 (hisG46 uvrB) of the nitrosation products of spermidine to an extent that is approximately proportional to the ergothioneine concentration. Ergothioneine also alleviates mutagenicity of cumene and t‐butyl hydroperoxides but does not react with N‐methyl‐N' nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine as does the cysteinyl sulfhydryl compound, glutathione.
Enhancement of concurrent yield of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphase chromosomes from Chinese hamster testes
Authors: Lavappa K. S. , Sheu C. W.
Published: February 2007

A procedure to enhance the concurrent yield of large numbers of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphases from Chinese hamster testes has been developed. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg of colchicine/kg and killed 3 hr after the treatment. Both testes from each animal were excised; one testis was minced, and germ cells were isolated by using 0.1% trypsin solution; the other testis was minced, and germ cells were isolated by using a conventional procedure. Chromosomal preparations were made with a standard air‐drying technique. Examination of slides revealed that with the trypsin‐isolation procedure the concurrent yields of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphases were significantly higher (P < .05) than the yields obtained with the conventional procedure. Furthermore, 40 mg of colchicine/kg produced maximum numbers of all three types of germ cell metaphases. At this maximum concentration, metaphases were stable with no evidence of structural aberrations, and the frequency of hyperploidy was not significantly different (P > .05) from hypoploidy.
Modulation of ultraviolet light‐, ethyl methanesulfonate‐, and 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced unscheduled dna synthesis by retinol and retinoic acid in the primary rat hepatocyte
Authors: Budroe John D. , Shaddock Joseph G. , Casciano Daniel A.
Published: February 2007

The effects of retinol and retinoic acid on unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary Sprague‐Dawley rat hepatocytes were studied in the presence and absence of known chemical and physical mutagens. Neither retinol nor retinoic acid caused a significant increase in UDS over solvent control at concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 50 μM. Retinol and retinoic acid did not significantly affect 200 μg/mL ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)‐ or 32 J/m2 ultraviolet light(UV)‐induced UDS at concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 50 μM. In contrast, retinol and retinoic acid significantly inhibited 2.5 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL 7,12‐dimethyl‐benz[a]anthracene(DMBA)‐induced UDS at concentrations of 1 μM or greater. Retinol‐and retinoic acid‐induced hepatocytotoxicity was studied in vitro using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as an indicator of cytoxicity. Neither retinol nor retinoic acid caused significant increases in LDH release over solvent control 3 hours after treatment, whereas retinol caused a biologically significant increase in LDH release 24 hours posttreatment at concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM. These data suggest that nontoxic concentrations of retinol and retinoic acid do not inhibit the DNA excision repair process but apparently affect the effective DNA adduct load due to the ultimate species of DMBA metabolite responsible for hepatocellular DNA damage.
Mutagenicity testing of some medicinal herbs
Authors: Riazuddin S. , Malik M. M. , Nasim A.
Published: February 2007

Extracts of four brands of a Pakistani local medicine called naswar and six indigenous herbs commonly used as medicine in children were tested for their ability to induce mutations to prototrophy in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537. Petroleum ether extracts of one brand of naswar, namely green naswar of Peshawar, exhibited mutagenicity in all of the four tester strains. Organic extracts of three herbs, Saussurea lappa, Swertia chiraita, and Skimmia laureola, exhibited mutagenic activity in tester strain TA98. Green naswar of Bannu, grey naswar, red naswar, and the remaining three herbs, namely, Acorous calamus, Azadarachta indica, and Zanthozylum alatum, exhibited no mutagenic activity under the present experimental conditions. The abilities of green naswar of Peshawar and Saussurea lappa to induce mutations was shown to be related to the presence of cyclic aromatic compounds with molecular formulas C34 H44 O9 and C15 H18 O2, respectively. The experimental data are discussed as they relate to the potential hazards of such naturally occurring compounds and to synthetic compounds in excessive and uncontrolled use by the general public in villages in Pakistan.
Mitomycin C‐induced sister chromatid exchanges in vivo and in vivo/in vitro in mice and Chinese hamsters
Authors: Krishna G. , Nath J. , Ong T.
Published: February 2007

Mouse and Chinese hamster models have been extensively used for assessing the cytogenetic effects of environmental carcinogens and mutagens. However, there is little information on comparative analysis of chromosomal damage in these species under in vivo and in vivo/in vitro (culturing of cells from animals exposed to the test compound) systems. To obtain such information, mice and Chinese hamsters were injected with varying concentrations (0.5–6.0 mg/kg) of mitomycin C, an antineoplastic drug. The bone marrow and spleen cells were analyzed for the number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) under in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions. The results indicated a dose‐related SCE response that varied with species, tissues, and assay conditions. The mouse cells appeared more sensitive to the effects of mitomycin C than did Chinese hamster cells. In general, the SCE frequencies were relatively higher under in vivo conditions than under in vivo/in vitro conditions in both species. The spleen cells had higher SCE values than bone marrow cells under in vivo/in vitro conditions in both species. These differences may be related to the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug in different species and tissues, to treatment conditions, or to the repair capabilities of the cells. This study also indicates the usefulness of recently established bone marow and spleen in vivo/in vitro cell cultures for comparative cytogenetic analysis.
Genotoxic effects of cisplatin in somatic tissue of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Katz Alan J.
Published: February 2007

Third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster transdihybrid for mwh and flr were exposed to varying concentrations of cisplatin by feeding on dry media wetted with aqueous solutions of the test compound. Larval feeding continued until pupation, and surviving transdihybrid adults were collected seven days following commencement of feeding. Wings of adults were removed and scored under 400X magnification for the presence of twin spots and single spots comprised of clones of cells possessing malformed wing hairs. Cisplatin was found to induce both twin spots and single spots, and significant (p < 0.05) linear concentration‐response relationships were obtained with respect to the induction of all endpoints. Induction of twin spots demonstrates that cisplatin induces mitotic recombination in the somatic tissue of Drosophila larvae. This capacity to induce mitotic exchange in the somatic tissue of Drosophila compares well with the compound's reported ability to induce chromosome breaks in Drosophila germ cells [Brodberg et al, 1983]. However, not all compounds possess similar genotoxic profiles in the somatic and germ tissue of Drosophila.
Structure‐mutagenicity relationships of benzidine analogues
Authors: Messerly E. A. , Fekete J. E. , Wade D. R. , Sinsheimer J. E.
Published: February 2007

The mutagenic activities of benzidine, its dihydrochloride salt, and 12 of their analogues were compared in the Ames test using strains TA100 and TA98 with and without rat liver S9 activation. With the exceptions of 4,4′‐methylenebis(3‐nitroaniline) in both strains and 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine in TA98, little or no mutagenicity was observed in the series when tested without S9 activation. All compounds, except tetramethylbenzidine, exhibited some activity in TA100 with S9 activation; dichlorobenzidine and 4‐aminobiphenyl were significantly more mutagenic than the other compounds. This was in contrast to the TA98 results where the bridged diphenyl compounds, with the exception of the nitroaniline derivative, were only slightly mutagenic compared to the more planar biphenyl series. Only the nitroaniline compound was mutagenic in both strains in the presence or absence of S9 activation. For benzidine and the 3,3′‐disubstituted benzidines (the dimethoxy‐, diamino‐, and dichloro‐ compounds), an increase in mutagenicity correlated to a decrease in basicity of the parent anilines in both TA100 and TA98.
Mutagenic and lethal effects of near‐ultraviolet radiation (290–400 nm) on bacteria and phage
Authors: Eisenstark A.
Published: February 2007

Despite decades of study of the effect of near‐ultraviolet radiation (NUV) on bacterial cells, insights into mechanisms of deleterious alterations and subsequent recovery are just now emerging. These insights are based on observations that 1) damage by NUV may be caused by a reactive oxygen molecule, since H2O2 may be a photoproduct of NUV; 2) some, but not all, of the effects of NUV and H2O2 are interchangeable; 3) there is an inducible regulon (oxyR) that responds to oxidative stress and is involved in protection against NUV; 4) a number of NUV‐sensitive mutants are defective either in the capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen molecules or to repair DNA damage caused by NUV; and 5) recovery from NUV damage may not directly involve induction of the SOS response. Since several distinctly different photoreceptors and targets are involved, it is unknown whether NUV lethality and mutagenesis result from an accumulation of damages or whether there is a particularly critical photoeffect. To fully understand the mechanisms involved, it is important to identify the chromophore(s) of NUV, the mechanism of toxic oxygen species generation, the role of the oxidative defense regulon (oxyR), the specific lesions in the DNA, and the enzymatic events of subsequent repair.