bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milestones in research on the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wichmann Thomas , DeLong Mahlon R. , Guridi Jorge , Obeso Jose A.
Published: June 2011

Progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardinal motor abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular akinesia and bradykinesia and their treatment, has been remarkable. Notable accomplishments include insights into the functional organization of the basal ganglia and their place in the motor system as components of a family of parallel cortico‐subcortical circuits that subserve motor and nonmotor functions and the development of models of the intrinsic organization of the basal ganglia, including delineation of the so‐called direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways. Studies in primate models of PD have provided insight into the alterations of neuronal activity that are responsible for the motor features of PD, revealing both altered tonic levels of discharge and significant disturbances of the patterns of discharge throughout the motor circuitry and have led to the formulation of circuit models of PD, providing testable hypotheses for research and stimulating the development of new therapies. Most importantly, the discovery that lesions of the subthalamic nucleus, a key node of the indirect pathway, abolish the cardinal features of PD contributed to the renaissance in the use of surgical approaches to treating patients with PD, including ablation and deep brain stimulation. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease, proteins, and prions: Milestones
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , McNaught K.
Published: June 2011

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by protein accumulation in the form of Lewy bodies and neurites. It is thus reasonable to consider that alterations in protein handling in the form of increased production, impaired clearance, or both might be central to the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Increasing genetic, laboratory and pathologic evidence has accumulated over the past 25 years supporting this hypothesis. A vicious cycle could develop in which increased protein accumulation from any cause could lead to interference with lysosomal and proteasomal clearance mechanisms causing further protein accumulation. Eventually, protein accumulation could overwhelm the cell's defenses and lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and amyloid‐based inclusions such as Lewy bodies, disruption of critical cell processes, and ultimately neurodegeneration. More recent findings of Lewy pathology in implanted embryonic dopamine neurons in PD patients raises the intriguing possibility that PD might be a prion disorder. These concepts suggests new targets and novel candidate therapies that might be neuroprotective for PD. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in dystonia
Authors: Ozelius Laurie J. , Lubarr Naomi , Bressman Susan B.
Published: June 2011

The last 25 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the genetic etiologies of dystonia, new approaches into dissecting underlying pathophysiology, and independent progress in identifying effective treatments. In this review we highlight some of these advances, especially the genetic findings that have taken us from phenomenological to molecular‐based diagnoses. Twenty DYT loci have been designated and 10 genes identified, all based on linkage analyses in families. Hand in hand with these genetic findings, neurophysiological and imaging techniques have been employed that have helped illuminate the similarities and differences among the various etiological dystonia subtypes. This knowledge is just beginning to yield new approaches to treatment including those based on DYT1 animal models. Despite the lag in identifying genetically based therapies, effective treatments, including impressive benefits from deep brain stimulation and botulinum toxin chemodenervation, have marked the last 25 years. The challenge ahead includes continued advancement into understanding dystonia's many underlying causes and associated pathology and using this knowledge to advance treatment including preventing genetic disease expression. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Guidelines for the Management of the Foot Health Problems Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Williams Anita E. , Davies Samantha , Graham Andrea , Dagg Abbie , Longrigg Kerry , Lyons Caroline , Bowen Catherine
Published: June 2011

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a chronic systemic disease, commonly affects the feet, impacting negatively on patients' quality of life. Specialist podiatrists have a prime role to play in the assessment and management of foot and ankle problems within this patient group. However, it has been identified that in many areas there is no specialist podiatry service, with many patients being managed by non‐specialist podiatrists. Therefore, the North West Clinical Effectiveness Group for the Foot in Rheumatic Diseases (NWCEG) identified the need to develop ‘practitioner facing’ guidelines for the management of specific foot health problems associated with RA.

Methods. Members of a guideline development group from the NWCEG each reviewed the evidence for specific aspects of the assessment and management of foot problems. Where evidence was lacking, ‘expert opinion’ was obtained from the members of the NWCEG and added as a consensus on current and best practice. An iterative approach was employed, with the results being reviewed and revised by all members of the group and external reviewers before the final guideline document was produced.

Results. The management of specific foot problems (callus, nail pathology, ulceration) and the use of specific interventions (foot orthoses, footwear, patient education, steroid injection therapy) are detailed and standards in relation to each are provided. A diagrammatic screening pathway is presented, with the aim of guiding non‐specialist podiatrists through the complexity of assessing and managing those patients with problems requiring input from a specialist podiatrist and other members of the rheumatology multidisciplinary team.

Conclusion. This pragmatic approach ensured that the guidelines were relevant and applicable to current practice as ‘best practice’, based on the available evidence from the literature and consensus expert opinion. These guidelines provide both specialist and non‐specialist podiatrists with the essential and ‘gold standard’ aspects of managing people with RA‐related foot problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Roles of Non‐physician Health Professionals and Innovative Models of Care within Europe: Results from a Web‐based Survey
Authors: Stamm Tanja , Hill Jackie
Published: June 2011

Background and objective. Due to the increasing prevalence of rheumatic diseases, extended roles of non‐physician health professionals and innovative models of care may be important options in rheumatology in the future. Extended roles have been pioneered in the UK, Canada, USA and Australia and been found to be effective and safe. However, few data are available about mainland Europe, so the aim of this study was to explore the current status of the extended roles undertaken by health professionals within Europe, and the corresponding models of care used.

Methods. Non‐physician health professionals from various European countries were asked to complete a web‐based survey using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Data analysis involved calculating descriptive statistics and frequencies based on the countries where the participants currently worked.

Results. Of the 479 health professionals who filled in the survey, 430 (92%) indicated that they were performing extended roles. Considerable differences between the 27 participating countries existed, in terms of which extended roles and which innovative models of care were being used. Barriers to performing extended roles were cited as the attitude of rheumatologists in all but eight countries, while attitudes of patients were less common barriers. Lack of knowledge, education and educational opportunities were also experienced in several countries.

Conclusion. The present study produced the first data on extended roles for non‐physician health professionals and corresponding innovative models of care in rheumatology within Europe. We recommend increasing educational opportunities, as well as developing strategies to limit the barriers experienced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Men's Experiences of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Inductive Thematic Analysis
Authors: Lack Sarah , Noddings Robert , Hewlett Sarah
Published: June 2011

Objectives. There is a lack of evidence for understanding the clinical needs of men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study investigated the psychosocial experience of this group, to inform clinical practice and generate further research.

Methods. Twelve adult male patients with RA were interviewed once. Interview data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis procedure. Categories and themes were validated by a second researcher and a male RA patient research partner.

Results. Four themes were generated: loss of power and control; use of power and control; adjustment; influencing factors (age, pain, medication, relationships and health staff communication). Loss of power and control left participants vulnerable to low mood. Participants asserted power and control over RA by adopting a problem‐solving stance in order to continue with ordinary life. An accepting attitude characterized the adjustment theme where men respected their bodies' limits. The final theme consisted of factors which influenced these three themes.

Discussion. These data suggest that when RA results in loss of personal power and control, patients experience distress, which they may not express to their clinicians. Findings indicate directions for further research investigating the possibility that men and women may have differing clinical needs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Exploration of the Support Person's Perceptions and Experiences of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and the Rehabilitation Process
Authors: Lauder Alison , McCabe Candida S. , Rodham Karen , Norris Emma
Published: June 2011

We explored the perceptions and experiences of those who support a relative or friend with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a chronic pain condition of unknown aetiology usually affecting a single limb. Semi‐structured interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, and four superordinate themes are presented here. These themes describe the efforts of carers to make sense of CRPS and the rehabilitation process, to be sensitive to the discomfort of the person with CRPS and to respond in an attuned and helpful way. CRPS had become integrated into the carers' lives as they sought to monitor, protect and motivate the person they supported. The themes are discussed in relation to each other and to extant literature, including work on social support and adjustment to chronic illness, and the clinical implications are explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satirists as opinion leaders: is social media redefining roles?
Authors: Crittenden Victoria L. , Hopkins Lucas M. , Simmons J. M.
Published: June 2011

Satire has been used throughout history to raise awareness of critical issues. Although its use was once limited to professional satirists and to the media, it has evolved over time and has now become a genre of the masses. The combination of social media and satire has not only changed the nature of critical inquiry and discourse but also redefines the concept of satirists as opinion leaders. This paper overviews the linkages among satire, social media, and message deconstruction and offers four types of satirical opinion leaders: traditionalist, creator, rookie, and technologist. The examination results in several major research questions deserving of future exploration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of nitroxyl (HNO) by a prefluorescent probe
Authors: Cline Meredith R. , Toscano John P.
Published: June 2011

Recent research has shown that nitroxyl (HNO) has important and unique biological activity, especially as a potential alternative to current treatments of cardiac failure. HNO is a reactive molecule that spontaneously dimerizes and subsequently dehydrates to form nitrous oxide (N2O), making its detection in solution or biologically relevant preparations difficult. The prefluorescent probe 4‐((9‐acridinecarbonyl)amino)‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO‐9‐AC) has been used to detect HNO in aqueous solution and to differentiate it from nitric oxide (NO). TEMPO‐9‐AC reacts with HNO via a net hydrogen abstraction to produce the highly fluorescent TEMPO‐9‐AC‐H and NO. The utility of TEMPO‐9‐AC as a probe for HNO has been shown using the common HNO donors Angeli's salt and Piloty's acid (PA) along with a recently reported HNO donor, 2‐bromo‐PA. The use of TEMPO‐9‐AC is complicated by intermolecular fluorescence quenching and competitive HNO trapping by the NO produced, but nonetheless, it can be used to study HNO reactivity in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the molecular mechanism of inactivation by chemical modification of triosephosphate isomerase from the human parasite Giardia lamblia: A study for antiparasitic drug design
Authors: Enríquez‐Flores Sergio , Rodríguez‐Romero Adela , Hernández‐Alcántara Gloria , Oria‐Hernández Jesús , Gutiérrez‐Castrellón Pedro , Pérez‐Hernández Gerardo , Mora Ignacio de la Mora‐de la , Castillo‐Villanueva Adriana , García‐Torres Itzhel , Méndez Sara T. , Gómez‐Manzo Saúl , Torres‐Arroyo Angélica , López‐Velázquez Gabriel , Reyes‐Vivas Horacio
Published: June 2011

Giardiasis, the most prevalent intestinal parasitosis in humans, is caused by Giardia lamblia. Current drug therapies have adverse effects on the host, and resistant strains against these drugs have been reported, demonstrating an urgent need to design more specific antigiardiasic drugs. ATP production in G. lamblia depends mainly on glycolysis; therefore, all enzymes of this pathway have been proposed as potential drug targets. We previously demonstrated that the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase from G. lamblia (GlTIM), could be completely inactivated by low micromolar concentrations of thiol‐reactive compounds, whereas, in the same conditions, the activity of human TIM (HuTIM) was almost unaltered. We found that the chemical modification (derivatization) of at least one Cys, of the five Cys residues per monomer in GlTIM, causes this inactivation. In this study, structural and functional studies were performed to describe the molecular mechanism of GlTIM inactivation by thiol‐reactive compounds. We found that the Cys222 derivatization is responsible for GlTIM inactivation; this information is relevant because HuTIM has a Cys residue in an equivalent position (Cys217). GlTIM inactivation is associated with a decrease in ligand affinity, which affects the entropic component of ligand binding. In summary, this work describes a mechanism of inactivation that has not been previously reported for TIMs from other parasites and furthermore, we show that the difference in reactivity between the Cys222 in GlTIM and the Cys217 in HuTIM, indicates that the surrounding environment of each Cys residue has unique structural differences that can be exploited to design specific antigiardiasic drugs. Proteins 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insecticide detoxification indicator strains as tools for enhancing chemical discovery screens
Authors: Shah Sheetal , Yarrow Carol , Dunning Rebecca , Cheek Ben , Vass Simon , Windass John , Hadfield Stephen
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Insecticide discovery screens carried out on whole organisms screen for potency resulting from chemical activity at the target site. However, many potentially insecticidal compounds are naturally detoxified in vivo and do not make it to the target site. It is hypothesised that insect strains with their xenobiotic detoxification machinery compromised could be used to identify such compounds that normally fail to show up in screens; these compounds could then be more rationally designed to increase their bioavailability. This strategy was tested with transgenic Drosophila lines with altered expression of Cyp6g1 and Dhr96.

RESULTS: It was observed that Cyp6g1 knockdown transgenic lines have increased susceptibility to the test compound imidacloprid, while Dhr96 knockdown transgenic lines are resistant. Evidence was found for a systemic response to xenobiotic exposure, uncovered by piperonyl butoxide treatment and by gene expression profiling. Sex‐specific gene expression regulated by DHR96 was also observed.

CONCLUSION: The results confirm that this approach to chemical discovery could identify compounds that escape traditional screens. The complexity of the system means that a panel of single and multiple gene knockdown transgenic lines may be required. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Antihistamines: their properties and use in hay fever
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Scadding Glenis
Published: June 2011

A concise guide to the properties of oral and nasal antihistamines and their current recommended place in the treatment of hay fever. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Do sulfonylureas still have a role in type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Krentz Andrew , Sinclair Alan
Published: June 2011

The prescribing of sulfonylureas has declined in recent years with the introduction of newer agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The authors argue, however, that the judicial use of a sulfonyl ‐ urea can still be both effective and well tolerated. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
New analytical expressions, symmetry relations and numerical solutions for the rotational overlap integrals
Authors: Akdemir S. Ö. , Eryilmaz S. D. , Öztekin E.
Published: June 2011

In this article, extremely simple analytical formulas are obtained for rotational overlap integrals which occur in integrals over two reduced rotation matrix elements. The analytical derivations are based on the properties of the Jacobi polynomials and beta functions. Numerical results and special values for rotational overlap integrals are obtained by using symmetry properties and recurrence relationships for reduced rotation matrix elements. The final results are of surprisingly simple structures and very useful for practical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
First word: nudging men towards better health
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: June 2011

Most of us aspire to be slim and healthy, but, by regularly succumbing to temptation, we persist in behaving in ways that undermine that goal. In truth, it is much easier to uncork a bottle of wine when you get home instead of putting on running shoes and going out on the common. The instant gratification of a hamburger and chips (which contain around 700 calories) contrasts sharply with the sweat of an hour in the gym, which is necessary to burn that amount of consumed fat and carbohydrate. So what can be done to counteract these unhealthy tendencies? Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
The mental health of boys
Authors: Kraemer Sebastian
Published: June 2011

Boys are in trouble even before birth; during their childhood they are more likely than girls to experience conduct and hyperactive disorders; and as adolescents they are at greater risk of suicide. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Cancer Research UK
Authors: Jones Sophie
Published: June 2011

Cancer Research UK is the world's leading charity dedicated to beating cancer. We receive no government funding for our research and rely entirely on public donations. Our vision is ‘Together we will beat cancer’. This is clearly an enormous challenge, but it is a vital one to tackle because more than one in three of us will get cancer at some point in our lives. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
An experimental and numerical study of the performance of a model turbine
Authors: Krogstad P. ‐Å. , Lund J.A.
Published: June 2011

The performance of a 0.9 m diameter model wind turbine using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory S826 airfoil profile has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. The geometry was laid out using blade element momentum (BEM) theory, and a detailed description of the geometry is given here. The design was tested experimentally and gave a peak power coefficient of CP = 0.448 at the design tip speed ratio of λ = 6. After the model tests had been undertaken, numerical calculations were performed by means of fully three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using a k −ω turbulence model. It was found that the BEM correctly predicts the shape of the power and thrust coefficient curves, with the efficiency coefficient virtually identical to the measurements at the design conditions. At higher tip speed ratios, the performance is over‐predicted. The estimated thrust was, however, consistently too low by a shift of the order of ΔCT ∼ 0.1 in the normal operating tip speed range. The high‐resolution CFD predictions (using about 3.5 ×106 grid points) reproduced the model thrust coefficient almost perfectly, and the predicted power coefficients were also very close to the measurements, although the agreement with the measurements at high tip speed ratios were only marginally better than those from the BEM method. At the design tip speed ratio, the CFD over‐predicted the power coefficient by merely 2%. The good agreement between the measured and computed performance at model scale assures that accurate predictions of turbine performance at full‐scale conditions are also possible with high‐resolution CFD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifungal activity of Coriaria nepalensis essential oil by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida
Authors: Ahmad Aijaz , Khan Amber , Kumar Pankaj , Bhatt R. P. , Manzoor Nikhat
Published: June 2011

Fungal diseases in humans have increased significantly with the advent of an expanding population of immunosuppressed patients and with the introduction of sophisticated life‐saving medical procedures. Plant extracts and products have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Coriaria nepalensis essential oil (CNEO) is known to possess antimicrobial activity. This study was an attempt to examine CNEO against various fluconazole‐sensitive and ‐resistant Candida isolates. Insight into the mechanism of action was elucidated by flow cytometric analysis and ergosterol biosynthesis studies. The susceptibility tests for CNEO were carried out in terms of MIC and by disc diffusion assays against all Candida isolates, employing standard protocols. Insight into the mechanism of action was elucidated by propidium iodide cell sorting (FACS) and by assessing ergosterol content in treated and untreated isolates with the test entity. CNEO was found effective against all Candida isolates, including the resistant strains. While CNEO inflicts fungal cell death by disrupting membrane integrity, significant impairment of ergosterol biosynthesis was induced by the test entity. CNEO showed a strong antifungal effect against all the Candida isolates. Mechanisms of action appear to originate from the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis and the disruption of membrane integrity. It can be concluded that the observed antimicrobial characteristics of C. nepalensis indicate that it might be a promising antimicrobial agent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment effects of stimulant medication in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Roberts Jane E. , Miranda Margot , Boccia Maria , Janes Heather , Tonnsen Bridgette L. , Hatton Deborah D.
Published: June 2011

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and is caused by a CGG repeat expansion at Xq27.3 on the FMR1 gene. The majority of young boys with FXS display poor attention and hyperactivity that is disproportionate to their cognitive disability, and approximately 70% meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology is employed with 82% of young males 5–17 years of age, with stimulant medication as the most common medication prescribed. This study evaluated the effects of stimulant medication on the academic performance, attention, motor activity, and psychophysiological arousal of boys with FXS, as well as the concordance of effects within individuals. Participants in this study included 12 boys with FXS who were treated with stimulants. Participants completed videotaped academic testing on two consecutive days and were randomly assigned to be off stimulants for 1 day and on stimulants the other day. On each day, multiple measures including academic performance, behavior regulation, and psychophysiological arousal were collected. Approximately 75% of participants performed better on attention and academic measures, and 70% showed improved physiological regulation while on stimulant medication. A high degree of concordance among measures was found. Lower intelligence quotient (IQ), but not age, correlated with greater improvements in in-seat behavior. IQ and age did not relate to on-task behaviors. The frequency and magnitude of response to stimulant medication in boys with FXS is higher than those reported for most children with non-specific intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.
Language and sociability: insights from Williams syndrome
Authors: Fishman Inna , Yam Anna , Bellugi Ursula , Mills Debra
Published: June 2011

One of the most compelling features of Williams syndrome (WS) is the widely reported excessive sociability, accompanied by a relative proficiency in expressive language, which stands in stark contrast with significant intellectual and nonverbal impairments. It has been proposed that the unique language skills observed in WS are implicated in the strong drive to interact and communicate with others, which has been widely documented in WS. Nevertheless, this proposition has yet to be empirically examined. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between a brain index of language processing and judgments of approachability of faces, as a proxy for sociability, in individuals with WS as contrasted to typical controls. Results revealed a significant and substantial association between the two in the WS, but not in the control group, supporting the hitherto untested notion that language use in WS might be uniquely related to their excessive social drive.
Ultrasound in austere settings: a case report from a field hospital in Haiti
Authors: Gerson Samuel Jeffrey , Perera Phillips
Published: June 2011

This case report from a field hospital in post-earthquake Haiti underscores the utility of portable ultrasound in austere environments. An 8-year-old boy was evaluated for several weeks of fevers and chills, general malaise, and increasing abdominal girth. He appeared ill with mild tachypnea, decreased breath sounds at bilateral lung bases, a distended abdomen with a palpable fluid wave, and bilateral pitting edema. This clinical picture was concerning for advanced schistosomiasis and ultrasound findings supported this presumptive diagnosis and helped direct treatment. Images from this case demonstrated several classic ultrasound findings described by the WHO including hepatosplenomegaly and diffuse fibrotic changes in the hepatobiliary and urogenital tracts. This case report demonstrates the effective use of portable ultrasound in making an accurate diagnosis and forming a definitive treatment plan for a patient in a resource-limited environment.
A comparison of proliferative capacity and passaging potential between neural stem and progenitor cells in adherent and neurosphere cultures
Authors: Sun Tao , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Xie Shan‐Shan , Zhang Dao‐Lai , Wang Xu‐Ping , Li Bo‐Qin , Ma Wu , Xin Hua
Published: June 2011

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) can be isolated from the fetal or adult brain and expanded in culture for potential use in basic research, drug discovery and cell therapy. In the present study, two culture systems have been commonly used to maintain and expand NSPCs isolated from mammalian CNS: neurosphere and adhesive substrate‐bound monolayer culture. NSPCs were isolated from the neuroepithelium of E14 embryonic rat cerebral cortex and maintained and expanded on fibronectin substrates or within neurospheres in serum‐free medium. Ultrastructural study under transmission electron microscope revealed similar characteristics of immature morphology of NSPCs in adherent and neurosphere cultures. NSPCs cultured on adherent substrates and within neurospheres shared the properties of self‐renewal and multipotency, but little is known about proliferation capacity and passaging potential of adherent NSPCs compared to neurosphere culture. We found that the self‐renewal capacity of NSPCs in adherent culture was higher than that in neurosphere culture in the P1 and P3 passages, and reduced after the P5 passage. At the same time, comparative analysis using BrdU incorporation and immunostaining for nestin indicated that NSPCs grew significantly faster in primary cultures on adherent substrates than within neurospheres. Whereas, NSPCs in adherent culture could not maintain such robust growth for more than 6 passages. The growth of NSPCs within neurospheres was slower than that in adherent culture, but increased steadily and could be maintained for more than 10 passages. These data provide useful information for large scale in vitro expansion of NSPCs required by potential drug screening and cell therapy.
Marketing Australian Universities to Overseas Students
Authors: Wilkinson John W.
Published: June 2011

Many Australian universities appear to make little use of the expertise of their marketing academics within their overseas marketing programs. Also, most university administrators believe that they could improve the effectiveness of their marketing programs quite significantly. This situation is surprising, given the substantial potential income from Asian and other foreign students. On the other hand, most institutions do appear to have at least some degree of “customer-orientation” with respect to their international student programs, consistent with a marketing philosophy.
A study of Mach wave radiation using active control
Authors: KEARNEY-FISCHER M. , KIM J.-H. , SAMIMY M.
Published: June 2011

Mach wave radiation is one of the better understood sources of jet noise. However, the exact conditions of its onset are difficult to determine and the literature to date typically explores Mach wave radiation well above its onset conditions. In order to determine the conditions for the onset of Mach wave radiation and to explore its behaviour during onset and beyond, three ideally expanded jets with Mach numbers Mj = 0.9, 1.3 and 1.65 and stagnation temperature ratios ranging over To/T∞ = 1.0–2.5 (acoustic Mach number 0.83–2.10) were used. Data are collected using a far-field microphone array, schlieren imaging and streamwise two-component particle image velocimetry. Using arc filament plasma actuators to force the jet provides an unprecedented tool for detailed examination of Mach wave radiation. The response of the jet to various forcing parameters (combinations of one azimuthal mode m = 0, 1 and 3 and one Strouhal number StDF = 0.09–3.0) is explored. Phase-averaged schlieren images clearly show the onset and evolution of Mach wave radiation in response to both changes in the jet operating conditions and forcing parameters. It is observed that Mach wave radiation is initiated as a coalescing of the near-field hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations in the immediate vicinity of the large-scale structures. As the jet exit velocity increases, the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations coalesce, first into a curved wavefront, then flatten into the conical wavefronts commonly associated with Mach wave radiation. The results show that the largest and most coherent structures (e.g. forcing with m = 0 and StDF ~ 0.3) produce the strongest Mach wave radiation. Conversely, Mach wave radiation is weakest when the structures are the least coherent (e.g. forcing with m = 3 and StDF > 1.5).
Effect of early postnatal air-conduction auditory deprivation on the development and function of the rat spiral ganglion
Authors: Wang F , Gao X , Chen J , Liu S-L , Wang F-Y , Hei R-Y , Chen Y , Qiu J-H
Published: June 2011

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of early postnatal air-conduction auditory deprivation on the development and function of the rat spiral ganglion.

Study design:

Randomised animal study.

Methods:

Sixty neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: controls (n = 30) given regular chow and water ad libitum; and study animals (n = 30) fed within a soundproof chamber. Auditory brainstem response testing was conducted in both groups on postnatal day 42.

Results:

Auditory deprivation between postnatal days 12 and 42 resulted in an increased hearing threshold and reduced auditory brainstem response amplitudes, together with degeneration of type I spiral ganglion neurons and the presence of apoptotic cells.

Conclusion:

Non-invasive auditory deprivation during a critical developmental period resulted in numerous changes in rat cochlear function and morphology.
Rossby–Khantadze electromagnetic planetary vortical motions in the ionospheric E-layer
Authors: KALADZE T. D. , TSAMALASHVILI L. V. , KAHLON L. Z.
Published: June 2011

It is shown that in the earth's conductive ionospheric E-region, large-scale ultra low-frequency Rossby and Khantadze electromagnetic waves can propagate. Along with the prevalent effect of Hall conductivity for these waves, the latitudinal inhomogeneity of both the earth's angular velocity and the geomagnetic field becomes essential. Action of these effects leads to the coupled propagation of electromagnetic Rossby and Khantadze modes. Linear propagation properties of these waves are given in detail. It is shown that the waves lose the dispersing property for large values of wave numbers. Corresponding nonlinear solitary vortical structures are constructed. Conditions for such self-organization are given. It is shown that nonlinear large-scale vortices generate the stronger pulses of the geomagnetic field than the corresponding linear waves. Previous investigations are revised.
‘Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong’: Emergency Powers, Administration of Justice and the Turbulent Year of 1967
Authors: YEP RAY
Published: June 2011

The rule of law has always been cherished as one of the key institutions central to the successful transformation of Hong Kong from ‘a barren rock’ into a global city. The colonial administration's respect for the principles of the rule of law, however, has been tested by sporadic political turbulence during the 150 years of British rule. Due process of law and other key principles of English laws have been compromised by political expediency when the colonizers felt threatened by challenges from various sources. The 1967 Riots was one of those difficult times. Despite the facade of public support for firmness against disturbances enjoyed by the colonial government, the exercise of some of these emergency powers, particularly the powers to detain and deport, remained highly controversial. With normalization of the Anglo-Chinese relationship in mind, the confrontation prisoners constituted a stumbling block for renewing the friendship with Beijing. The various attempts made by London at pressurizing the Hong Kong government for early release of these prisoners attest to the prevalence of political expediency over the respect for the rule of law under colonial rule.
The Many Voices of Political Culture: Assessing Different Approaches
Authors: Wilson Richard W.
Published: June 2011

Works in political culture have employed a variety of approaches with different assumptions and methodologies. Commentary on the field, however, generally fails to take account of these differences or to assess the merits of the different approaches. Recent works that typify five different approaches are evaluated in terms of the ways that they conceptualize preference formation and the linkage between preferences and cultural norms. The tendency in most approaches to conflate preferences and norms points to the need for further theoretical development.
Equality, Employment, and Budgetary Restraint: The Trilemma of the Service Economy
Authors: Iversen Torben , Wren Anne
Published: June 2011

This article presents an analysis of the postindustrial economy from a political economy perspective. It identifies a set of specific distributional trade-offs associated with the new role played by the services sector as the chief source of employment growth in advanced democracies over the last three decades. It is argued that three core policy objectives—budgetary restraint, wage equality, and expansion of employment—constitute a political “trilemma” that allows only two of the goals to be successfully pursued at the same time. Using a combination of statistical and caseoriented analysis, the authors demonstrate the political and economic salience of the trilemma, the distributional tensions inherent in each strategy to cope with it, and the political-institutional constraints under which these strategies are chosen.
Contentious Politics in New Democracies: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, 1989–93
Authors: Ekiert Grzegorz , Kubik Jan
Published: June 2011

The article reconstructs and explains the patterns of collective protest in four Central European countries: former East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia during the early phases of democratic consolidation (1989–93). The method of event analysis of protest behavior is employed. Content analysis of six major newspapers in each country provides empirical evidence. The examination of data reveals striking contrasts in the magnitude and forms of protests. In each country the policies of the new democratic regimes were contested by different groups and organizations, employing different repertoires of contention. The authors consider propositions derived from four theoretical traditions—relative deprivation, instrumental institutionalism, historical- cultural institutionalism, and resource mobilization theory—to determine which provides the best explanation for the patterns observed in the data set. Three main conclusions are reached. First, the levels of "objective" or "subjective" deprivation are unrelated to the magnitude and various features of protest, which are best explained by a combination of institutional and resource mobilization theories. Second, democratic consolidation is not necessarily threatened by a high magnitude of protest, since the two seem to be unrelated. Third, if the demands of collective protest are moderate and the methods routinized, then protest may contribute to the robustness of a new democracy.
The Rise of International Environmental Politics: A Review of Current Research
Authors: Zürn Michael
Published: June 2011

This review article identifies five research themes in the study of international environmental politics. Among them, the research on regime effectiveness and on transnational networks has the greatest potential for becoming a driving force in the search for new avenues in the analysis of international relations. Although at the moment less is known about regime consequences and the role of transnational networks in international environmental politics than about regime formation, the former two have recently produced research questions and strategies that seem to be promising. However, the study of regime effectiveness and transnational networks requires more sophisticated research strategies in order to realize its full potential. Although the concept of causal mechanisms used in this research strand seems to be an extremely innovative and promising approach, it needs to be developed in more detail and backed up by comparative designs.
Welfare-State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies
Authors: Clayton Richard , Pontusson Jonas
Published: June 2011

In recent years it has become commonplace for comparativists to emphasize the resilience of welfare states in advanced capitalist societies and the failure of neoliberal efforts to dismantle the welfare state. Challenging some tenets of the resilience thesis, this article seeks to broaden the discussion of welfare-state retrenchment. The authors argue that a sharp deceleration of social spending has occurred in most OECD countries since 1980, that welfare states have failed to offset the rise of market-generated inequality and insecurity, and that welfare programs have become less universalistic. They stress the distributive and political consequences of market-oriented reforms of the public sector.
Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy
Authors: Rose Gideon
Published: June 2011

Although international relations theory has been dominated for two decades by debates over theories of international politics, recently there has been a surge of interest in theories of foreign policy. These seek to explain, not the pattern of outcomes of state interactions, but rather the behavior of individual states. The author surveys three prominent theories of foreign policy and shows how the works under review set out a compelling alternative, one that updates and systematizes insights drawn from classical realist thought. Neoclassical realism argues that the scope and ambition of a country's foreign policy is driven first and foremost by the country's relative material power. Yet it contends that the impact of power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex, because systemic pressures must be translated through intervening unit-level variables such as decision-makers’ perceptions and state structure. Understanding the links between power and policy thus requires close examination of both the international and the domestic contexts within which foreign policy is formulated and implemented.
Bringing in the New World Order: Liberalism, Legitimacy, and the United Nations
Authors: Barnett Michael N.
Published: June 2011

The end of the cold war and the attendant security vacuum unleashed aflurryof intellectual activity and international commissions that reflected on the world that was being left behind and the world that should be created in its place. The reports under review are among the best and most influential of the lot. This article focuses on three issues raised by these reports. First, the portrait of the new international order offered by these reports is a liberal international order. Second, the concept of legitimacy appears in various guises, and the UN is considered the site for the legitimation of a particular order. Few international orders are ever founded or sustained by force alone, something well understood by the policymakers who drafted these reports and wisely heeded by international relations theorists who attempt to understand their actions and the international orders that they construct and sustain. Third, these reports envision the UN as an agent of normative integration. As such, it contributes to the development and maintenance of a liberal international order by increasing the number of actors who identify with and uphold its values.
Democratization and Disintegration in Multinational States: The Breakup of the Communist Federations
Authors: Leff Carol Skalnik
Published: June 2011

One of the challenges presented to democratization theory by the collapse of communist regimes is the need to take into account the impact of ethnonational diversity on the processes of transition. This article explores that question in a comparative analysis of the dissolutions of the multinational federations of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union. It revisits what has been a core—although usually unarticulated—premise of the democratization literature: that the decisions and negotiations that critically shape regime transition occur in a single, central political arena, a political space common to all actors. In contrast to that perspective, the strategic political context for transition in multinational states differs both from that in homogeneous states and from that in unitary multinational states, in offering multiple arenas of political contestation. The implication for democratization in multinational states is that, depending on the institutional structure of the state, regime change may occur at different rates in different substate political arenas—the republics—in such a way as to trigger the erosion of central control over the transition. Where democratization theory has emphasized strategic choice conditioned by the balance of power between regime and opposition actors, an accounting of the politics of transition in ethnofederal states must emphasize (1) strategic choices by actors in multiple political arenas and (2) the shifting balance of power between center and republics.
International Liberalism and Distributive Justice: A Survey of Recent Thought
Authors: Beitz Charles R.
Published: June 2011

In recent years there has been a renewal of interest in the liberal tradition in international thought, with particular attention being paid to liberal conceptions of international distributive justice. This article describes and criticizes three different approaches to international distributive justice represented in the recent literature: (1) social liberalism, which takes the nation-state as basic and argues for international transfers to the extent necessary to sustain just domestic institutions; (2) laisser-faire liberalism, which, in its redistributivist variant, aims to rectify injustices arising from the unequal appropriation of natural resources; and (3) cosmopolitan liberalism, which takes each individual's interests as equally deserving of concern in the design of global (and sectional) institutions.
Capital Mobility and Coalitional Politics: Authoritarian Regimes and Economic Adjustment in Southeast Asia
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas B.
Published: June 2011

This article investigates the coalitional bases of authoritarian rule to explain striking variation in adjustment policy to the Asian Financial Crisis in Indonesia and Malaysia. Given currency depreciation with financial sector fragility, holders of mobile assets prefer to maintain an open capital account, while owners of fixed assets and labor favor restrictions of capital mobility to facilitate expansionary macroeconomic policies. Differences in adjustment policy across the two countries reflect differences in the political coalitions supporting the authoritarian regimes. These findings illuminate the nature of political conflict during financial crises and show how a nuanced view of the coalitions supporting authoritarian rule can yield powerful insights into the political economy of authoritarianism and economic adjustment in a global economy.
The Free Trade Epidemic of the 1860s and Other Outbreaks of Economic Discrimination
Authors: Lazer David
Published: June 2011

Why was there an abrupt increase in economic openness in Europe in the 1860s? This increase may have been the result of a contagion process, in which the Cobden-Chevalier treaty between Britain and France threatened to displace third-party exports to France with British exports. As a result, most European states signed similar treaties with France, which had further ripple effects.

This article outlines a formal model of this process, based on the assumption that an agreement between two states increases the desirability of similar treaties to third parties. Propositions regarding the rate and pattern of spread of treaties are derived from this model. This article then discusses the insights these propositions may offer into the rise and fall of the most-favorednation network of treaties between 1860 and 1929.

At a theoretical level the model aims to link the microlevel processes underlying state preferences to system-level phenomena. At a substantive level this analysis offers insight into the current explosion of regionalism.