bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid‐Crystalline Thiol‐ and Disulfide‐Based Dendrimers for the Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles. Preliminary Communication
Authors: Frein Stéphane , Boudon Julien , Vonlanthen Mireille , Scharf Toralf , Barberá Joaquín , Süss‐Fink Georg , Bürgi Thomas , Deschenaux Robert
Published: December 2008

Liquid‐crystalline dendrons carrying either a thiol or disulfide function which display nematic, smectic A, columnar, or chiral nematic phases have been synthesized. Their mesomorphic properties are in agreement with the nature of the mesogenic units and structure of the dendrons. The first‐generation poly(aryl ester) dendron containing two cyanobiphenyl mesogenic units was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles. For full coverage, a smectic‐like supramolecular organization on the nanometer scale is observed, when the gold nanoparticles are spread onto carbon‐coated copper grids. This result indicates that the dendritic ligands reported here act as self‐organization promoters.
Late Quaternary landscape development along the Rancho Marino coastal range front (south‐central Pacific Coast Ranges, California, USA)
Authors: Stokes Martin , García Antonio F.
Published: December 2008

Late Quaternary landscape development along the Rancho Marino coastal range front in the central‐southern Pacific Coast Ranges of California has been documented using field mapping, surveying, sedimentary facies analysis and a luminescence age determination. Late Quaternary sediments along the base of the range front form a single composite marine terrace buried by alluvial fans. Marine terrace sediments overlie two palaeoshore platforms at 5 m and 0 m altitude. Correlation with the nearby Cayucos and San Simeon sites links platform and marine terrace development to the 125 ka and 105 ka sea‐level highstands. Uplift rate estimates based on the 125 ka shoreline angle are 0.01–0.09 m ka−1 (mean 0.04 m ka−1), and suggest an increase in regional uplift along the coast towards the NW where the San Simeon fault zone intersects the coastline. Furthermore, such low rates suggest that pre‐125 ka uplift was responsible for most of the relief generation at Rancho Marino. The coastal range front landscape development is, thus, primarily controlled by post 125 ka climatic and sea‐level changes. Post 125 ka sea‐level lowering expanded the range front piedmont area to a width of 7.5 km by the 18 ka Last Glacial Maximum lowstand. This sea‐level lowering created space for alluvial fan building along the range front. A 45 ± 3 ka optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age provides a basal age for alluvial fan building or marks the time by which distal alluvial fan sedimentation has reached 300 m from the range front slope. Fan sedimentation is related to climatic change, with increased sediment supply to the range front occurring during (1) glacial period cold stage maxima and/or (2) the Late Pleistocene–Holocene transition, when respective increases in precipitation and/or storminess resulted in hillslope erosion. Sea‐level rise after the 18 ka lowstand resulted in range front erosion, with elevated localised erosion linked to the higher relief and steeper slopes in the SE. This study demonstrates that late Quaternary coastal range front landscape development is driven by interplay of tectonics, climatic and sea‐level change. In areas of low tectonic activity, climatic and sea‐level changes dominate coastal landscape development. When the sea‐level controlled shoreline is in close proximity to the coastal range front, localised patterns of sedimentation and erosion are passively influenced by the pre‐125 ka topography. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the Extent of Starch Dissolution in Dimethyl Sulfoxide by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmitz Sarah , Dona Anthony C. , Castignolles Patrice , Gilbert Robert G. , Gaborieau Marianne
Published: December 2008

Complete dissolution is needed for the separation, characterization, or homogeneous labeling of whole starch molecules. A method is presented to quantify the extent of starch dissolution in DMSO for the first time; it is validated on a commercial rice starch. It is used directly on starch dispersions containing possible undissolved or co‐dissolved species. High‐amylose maize starches, known to be digested slowly in vivo, only quantitatively dissolve in the presence of high concentrations of an H‐bond disrupter, LiBr, although they form clear dispersions at low LiBr concentrations. Starch quantitatively dissolves from waxy rice flours; non‐starch components partially co‐dissolve but do not interfere with the dissolution quantification.

magnified image
Fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of 13Cr and duplex stainless steel and a welded nickel alloy employed in oil and gas production
Authors: Schroeder R. M. , Müller I. L.
Published: December 2008

The materials used in off‐shore oil and gas production, e.g. in risers, are often exposed to cyclic loads from the water movement because of their contact with seawater. These factors acting together can develop a corrosion fatigue (CF) process. A duplex and a 13% chromium (13Cr) wrought stainless steel (SS) and a welded nickel base alloy Inconel 625 were tested at different cyclic load magnitudes in an eccentric fatigue machine type. The specimens were tested in the presence of a corrosive environment at low loading frequencies (0.3 Hz). The medium used was an aqueous solution with 115.000 ppm of chloride, pH adjusted to 4, and CO2bubbling inside the solution during the test. The end of the test was determined in maximum 500.000 cycles (23 days for frequency of 0.3 Hz) if no fracture occurred before. In the 13Cr steel the fissure seems to propagate in a uniform unique path, while in the duplex steel the crack changes the direction when passing from the ferritic to austenitic grains. The propagation speed seems to be different in the ferrite and in the austenitic structures. Among the materials tested the Inconel 625 alloy, even being in the welded condition, showed higher CF strength than the SSs; 13Cr shows better results when compared with the duplex steel, even though the last one would be more corrosion resistant.
Oxygen Barrier Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Frounchi Masoud , Dourbash Alireza
Published: December 2008

Nanocomposites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and two different montmorillonite‐based organoclays were prepared by a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. Dispersion of nanoclays in the polymer matrix was examined by TEM and XRD. Nanocomposites with lower content of organoclay showed exfoliated morphology while by increasing the amount of organoclay the intercalated morphology was more prevalent. Both organoclays had a good intercalation with PET and were uniformly dispersed within the polymer. Oxygen permeability of thin films of nanocomposites showed that the nanocomposites had better oxygen barrier properties than the neat PET. Tensile and impact properties of the nanocomposites also were measured.

magnified image
Water Storage in Thin Films Maintaining the Total Film Thickness as Probed with in situ Neutron Reflectivity
Authors: Wang Weinan , Metwalli Ezzeldin , Perlich Jan , Troll Kordelia , Papadakis Christine M. , Cubitt Robert , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: December 2008

We investigate a new type of thin film material which allows for water storage without an increase in film thickness, whereas typically water storage in polymers and polymer films is accompanied with a strong swelling of the film, i.e., a strong increase in the film thickness. So these films will avoid problems related to strains which are caused by swelling. The basic key for the preparation of such thin films is the installation of a glassy network by the use of an asymmetric diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) [P(S‐b‐NIPAM)] with a long PS and short PNIPAM block in combination with a solvent which is more equal in interaction with both the blocks as compared to water. With in situ neutron reflectivity the water storage and removal are probed. The total film thickness increases only by 2.5% by allowing for a total water storage of 17.4%. Thus the material can be used for coatings to reduce humidity in nano‐applications, which might suffer from changes in the water content of the surrounding environment.

magnified image
Design of Heterocomplementary H‐Bonding RAFT Agents – Towards the Generation of Supramolecular Star Polymers
Authors: Bernard Julien , Lortie Frédéric , Fenet Bernard
Published: December 2008

Supramolecular poly(vinyl acetate) PVAc 3‐arms stars were successfully generated by Reversible Addition–Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT)‐polymerized chains bearing hydrogen‐bonding heterocomplementary associating units. Chain Transfer Agents (CTA) bearing thymine‐ and diaminopyridine‐based units were first synthesized and proved to mediate efficiently the polymerization of VAc. The binding ability of the chains in solution was then demonstrated by 1H NMR and GPC measurements, proving the formation of the supramolecular stars.

magnified image
Elaboration and Morphology Investigation of Poly (styrene‐co‐acrylic acid)/Poly(styrene‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Interpolymer Complexes
Authors: Hamou Assia Siham Hadj , Djadoun Said , Meurer Bernard , Weill Gilbert
Published: December 2008

Summary: Random copolymers of styrene with acrylic acid (SAA) and with N, N‐dimethylacrylamide (SAD) of different compositions were prepared and characterized.

Depending on the nature of the solvent and the densities of interacting species incorporated within these polystyrene matrices, novel materials as soluble interpolymer complexes in THF or precipitates from butan‐2‐one were elaborated when SAA and SAD copolymers are mixed together due to the presence of specific interpolymer interactions. These specific intermolecular interactions were evidenced by ATR/FTIR spectroscopy, qualitatively from the appearance of new bands in the 1800–1550 cm−1 region and quantitatively using adequate spectral curve fitting for the determination of the fraction of the different species. The DSC analysis showed that all these materials as soluble or precipitate interpolymer complexes exhibited one composition‐dependence glass transition temperature Tg, indicating that they are homogenous on a 20–40 nm scale. Information about the mixing at a smaller scale obtained by solid state proton NMR, provided from measurements of proton spin relaxation times T1 (H) and T1ρ (H) in the laboratory and rotatory frames carried out for SAA‐27, SAD‐17 and their (70/30 and 50/50) mixtures as cast from THF or butan‐2‐one, confirmed similar phase behaviour promoted by a solvatation effect.

The single T1 (H) observed in the pure components and their blends as cast from both THF and butan‐2‐one confirm that these blends are homogeneous on the scale of 20–40 nm. Furthermore, the T1ρ (H) recoveries indicate that the blends were homogeneous on the scale of 2–3 nm only when cast from THF, while composite recovery curves T1ρ (H) were however observed with SAA‐27 and its mixtures of different ratios below 120 °C when butan‐2‐one is the casting medium.
Hydrogen Bonding Complexes of Poly(styrene‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) and Poly (styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Bouzouia Fatiha , Djadoun Said
Published: December 2008

Summary: Random copolymers of poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) (S4VP) and poly (styrene‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (SHEA) of different compositions were prepared and characterized. An investigation of the effects of solvent and densities of the interacting species incorporated within these copolymers showed that novel and various hydrogen bonding interpolymer complexes of different structures were elaborated when these copolymers are mixed together. The specific interactions that occurred within the SHEA copolymers and the elaborated complexes were evidenced by FTIR qualitatively from the appearance of a new band at 1604 cm−1 and quantitatively using appropriate spectral curve fitting in the carbonyl and pyridine regions. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions that occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the SHEA and the nitrogen atom of the pyridine groups in the S4VP are stronger than the self‐associations within the SHEA. In the solid state, a DSC analysis showed that the variation of the glass transition temperatures of these materials with the composition behaved differently with the densities of interacting species and were analyzed quantitatively. A thermal stability study of the synthesized copolymers and of their different mixtures carried by thermogravimetry confirmed a similar behaviour.
Phase Diagram of Gelatin Plasticized by Water and Glycerol
Authors: Coppola Mara , Djabourov Madeleine , Ferrand Maria
Published: December 2008

Summary: Gelatin is widely used in capsules manufacturing. Most of the capsules in pharmaceutical applications are hard capsules made out of concentrated solutions of gelatin, where water has been progressively removed during the drying process. More recently soft capsules found an increasing interest in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications where they are filled and sealed with a liquid substance. In order to keep the shells of capsules flexible after drying at room temperature, plasticizer is added to the gelatin aqueous solutions. We present in this paper a systematic investigation of gelatin films, equilibrated under a range of relative humidity (RH). The films contain glycerol as plasticizer P or only water and gelatin, (G). In order to analyze the role of the plasticizer, we fixed various P/G ratios and measured the water retention versus RH. Films were characterized by DSC (Mettler Toledo DSC823). Glass transition temperature Tg, melting temperature Tm and enthalpy associated with helix‐coil transition were determined. The role of water and glycerol was examined in relation with the large variations of these transition temperatures with film composition. Non equilibrium effects are also discussed, in particular concerning the glass transition temperature, the relaxation effects and the water repartition between amorphous coils and helical structure. In conclusion, we propose a unique phase diagram of the gelatin films with any proportion of water and glycerol.
Removal of Evans Blue by using Nickel‐Iron Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanoparticles: Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment Temperature on Textural Properties and Dye Adsorption
Authors: Saiah Fatiha Boukraa Djellal , Su Bao‐Lian , Bettahar Noureddine
Published: December 2008

Summary: The use of low‐cost adsorbent has been investigated as a replacement for the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. The sorption of acid dye (Evans Blue) from aqueous effluents onto anionic clays (hydrotalcite‐like) has been studied. Hydrotalcite may be an effective adsorbent of organic molecules due to its hydrophobic nature and the accessibility of its interlayer region. Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH), with a molar ratio of 3, were synthesised by coprecipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment at different temperatures (85, 100 and 140 °C) for 4 days. The materials were characterised by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption‐desorption (BET). The diffractograms and FT‐IR spectroscopy of the fresh materials showed that the hydrotalcite is present in all samples. The XRD pattern obtained was typical of a hydrotalcite, where the interlayer anion is CO, XRD and Infrared spectroscopy complemented each other by showing that with treatment the degree of order increased regardless of the type of treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that aging at increased temperature and pressure increased crystallinity. TEM showed that crystal size increased with aging temperature, so that growth occurred on the edges resulting in the formation of hexagonal plate shaped hydrotalcite crystals. The surface area decreased with increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature. The effects of various parameters such as hydrothermal treatment temperature, crystallite size, contact time and calcination on the extent of adsorption were investigated. The studies of the removal efficiency of the reactive textile dye: Evans Blue (Direct Blue 53) by NiFeCO3 HDLs showed that the effect of hydrothermal treatment temperature on adsorption increases with aging temperature. The Evans Blue (EB) removal percent increased with increasing contact time. Above the 70%, 50% and 20% of EB adsorption occurred in the first 2 min for HDL‐140, HDL‐100 and HDL‐85°C respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the calcined materials are much more effective than the original LDH in removing Evans Bleu dye from an aqueous solution.
Formation of Mixed Ionic Complementary Peptide Fibrils
Authors: Boothroyd Stephen , Saiani Alberto , Miller Aline F.
Published: December 2008

Summary: Two peptides (FEFEFKFK and HHHHHHFEFEFKFK) have been synthesised and their phase diagrams mapped out as a function of concentration and temperature. Both peptides formed self‐supporting fibrillar hydrogels above a similar critical molar gelation concentration with a fibril diameter corresponding to the length of the fully stretched monomer. Mixing the peptides in a 9:1 ratio of FEFEFKFK to histadine functionalized FEFEFKFK in the presence of nanogold particles (binds to the histadine groups) resulted in thicker fibres suggesting that two fibrils associate together to form a fibre. TEM studies revealed that the gold particles were distributed throughout the hydrogel and adjacent to both sides of the fibrillar structures with an average distance between particles of 21 nm. It is postulated that the peptides form anti‐parallel beta sheet fibrils that associate together via π‐stacking interactions between the imidazole side chains of the histadine groups to form a fibre, where on average 1 in every 44 peptides is functionalized.
Symmetric Versus Asymmetric “Homologous” Vinylic Cross‐Linkers in Two‐Components Networks: Formation of Pseudo‐Conetworks or Pseudo‐IPNs
Authors: Reinecke Helmut , Gallardo Alberto
Published: December 2008

Radical copolymerizations of heterologous comonomers are compositionally heterogeneous, unless the reaction is performed in continuous conditions. A bicomponent network prepared from a heterogeneous reaction like the mentioned before is therefore a complex structure where chains with different compositions are linked through the cross‐linker molecules. It is theoretically shown here that the use of cross‐linkers with different structural homologies toward the two comonomers may lead to very different topologies. Thus, a mixture of symmetric cross‐linkers, each one homologous to each comonomer, tends to form interpenetrated networks (IPNs). However, the use of a single bihomologous asymmetric cross‐linker, where each of the functionalities is homologous toward each of the comonomers, tends to form conetworks. It is shown here that the higher the differential reactivity between the groups, the higher is the tendency toward these extreme structures.

magnified image
An Experimental Study on the Free‐Radical Copolymerization Kinetics with Crosslinking of Styrene and Divinylbenzene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: García‐Morán Pedro R. , Jaramillo‐Soto Gabriel , Albores‐Velasco Martha E. , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo
Published: December 2008

A study on the effect of process conditions and composition of the reacting mixture on the kinetics and particle properties in the copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in supercritical carbon dioxide is presented. Polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane and Krytox 257 FSL (Dupont) were used as stabilizers, and their performance compared. A 38 mL, high‐pressure view cell, equipped with one frontal and two lateral sapphire windows, was used as the reacting vessel. The polymer product was characterized for total monomer conversion, gel content, molecular weight averages of the sol fraction and particle size distribution. Acceptable polymerization rates and partially‐agglomerated spherical particles were produced under the conditions tested.

magnified image
Randomized comparison of tolterodine with vaginal estrogen cream versus tolterodine alone for the treatment of postmenopausal women with overactive bladder syndrome
Authors: Tseng Ling‐Hong , Wang Alex C. , Chang Yao‐Lung , Soong Yung‐Kuei , Lloyd L. Keith , Ko Yet‐Jane
Published: December 2008

Aims

To investigate whether vaginal estrogen cream combined with tolterodine is more effective than tolterodine alone in the treatment of postmenopausal women with overactive bladder (OAB).

Materials and Methods

This is an unblinded study without placebo. A preliminary study consisted of tolterodine 2 mg twice per day for 3 months had been conducted for 25 postmenopausal women with OAB. Over a period of 11 months, 80 postmenopausal women with OAB underwent a prospective randomized trial. These patients were equally randomized into two groups. The interventions for the 12‐week treatment period included 2 mg tolterodine twice per day for the group A and 2 mg tolterodine twice per day/vaginal conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg twice a week for the group B. Identical pre‐ and post‐treatment assessments included bladder diary, Urogenital Distress Inventory‐6 (UDI‐6), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire‐7 (IIQ‐7).

Results

All 80 women (65.2 years, range 58–73) completed this study. The between groups comparison showed that the group B had significant improvements in mean daytime frequency and voided volume after treatment (14.8–5.8 vs. 14.1–6.4, P = 0.001 and 115.8–141.9 vs. 108.5–134.5, P = 0.007, respectively). Additionally, a comparison of the final total scores of UDI‐6 and IIQ‐7 between the two groups revealed that the group B had a statistically significant improvement in quality of life than that in the group A (8.6–6.9 vs. 9.5–7.2, P < 0.001 and 9.4–6.1 vs. 10.2–6.5, P < 0.001, respectively). Changes in the other symptoms, including nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence, were not statistically significant but actually achieved improved in both groups.

Conclusions

A combination of vaginal estrogen cream and tolterodine is a potential therapy for postmenopausal women with OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:47–51, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐linear seismic analysis of RC structures with energy‐dissipating devices
Authors: Mata P. , Barbat A. H. , Oller S. , Boroschek R.
Published: December 2008

The poor performance of some reinforced concrete (RC) structures during strong earthquakes has alerted about the need of improving their seismic behavior, especially when they are designed according to obsolete codes and show low structural damping, important second‐order effects and low ductility, among other defects. These characteristics allow proposing the use of energy‐dissipating devices for improving their seismic behavior. In this work, the non‐linear dynamic response of RC buildings with energy dissipators is studied using advanced computational techniques. A fully geometric and constitutive non‐linear model for the description of the dynamic behavior of framed structures is developed. The model is based on the geometrically exact formulation for beams in finite deformation. Points on the cross section are composed of several simple materials. The mixing theory is used to treat the resulting composite. A specific type of element is proposed for modeling the dissipators including the corresponding constitutive relations. Special attention is paid to the development of local and global damage indices for describing the performance of the buildings. Finally, numerical tests are presented for validating the ability of the model for reproducing the non‐linear seismic response of buildings with dissipators. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential Starch Utilisation in a Model Processed Cheese System
Authors: Gampala Pradymna , Brennan Charles S.
Published: December 2008

A range of three commercial starch ingredients (differing in amylose/ amylopectin ratios) were incorporated into a processed cheese formulation. The use of starch in the cheese system significantly increased the cook (final) viscosity of the cheese mixture compared to the control formulation. Starch containing high amounts of amylose produced hot cheese pastes with the highest final viscosity values. Processed cheese firmness was significantly increased with starch addition. Cheese products with high‐amylose starch recorded a five‐fold increase in firmness, whereas high amylopectin‐based starches yielded a two‐fold increase in firmness. No significant differences were observed in the adhesive and cohesive properties of the processed cheeses when starch was added to the formulation. The addition of starch to the cheese samples significantly reduced the degree of melt of the processed cheese samples compared to the control. The high‐amylose starch exhibited a minimum of a 26% reduction in the degree of melt compared to the control sample. The amount of cheese melt decreased with increased starch content.
Synthesis of Higher Fatty Acid Starch Esters using Vinyl Laurate and Stearate as Reactants
Authors: Junistia Laura , Sugih Asaf K. , Manurung Robert , Picchioni Francesco , Janssen Leon P. B. M. , Heeres Hero J.
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the synthesis of long‐chain fatty esters of corn starch (starch laurate and starch stearate) with a broad range in degree of substitution (DS = 0.24−2.96). The fatty esters were prepared by reacting the starch with vinyl laurate or vinyl stearate in the presence of basic catalysts (Na2HPO4, K2CO3, and Na acetate) in DMSO at 110°C. The yellowish products were characterized by 1H‐, 13C‐NMR and FT‐IR. The DS of the products is a function of the carbon number of the fatty acid chain, vinyl ester to starch ratio and the type of catalyst. When performing the reactions using Na2HPO4 as the catalyst, the DS for the starch laurate compounds is higher than for the corresponding starch stearates. For low vinyl ester to starch ratios, an increase in the vinyl ester concentration leads to higher product DS values. At higher ratios, the DS decreases, presumably due to a reduction of the polarity of the reaction medium. K2CO3 and Na acetate are superior catalysts with respect to activity compared to Na2HPO4 and products with DS values close to 3 were obtained.
A case of bilateral luxatio erecta
Authors: Camarda Lawrence , Martorana Umberto , D’Arienzo Michele
Published: December 2008

Luxatio erecta is an uncommon form of glenohumeral dislocation. Cases of bilateral inferior shoulder dislocation (luxatio erecta) are very rare, and only ten cases have been described in literature. We describe a case of a woman with bilateral luxatio erecta of the shoulders treated with close reduction, immobilization and rehabilitation. The patient had fallen downstairs while clinging to both lateral banisters.
The effect of landscape heterogeneity on host–parasite dynamics
Authors: Su Min , Li Wenlong , Li Zizhen , Zhang Fengpan , Hui Cang
Published: December 2008

Environmental heterogeneity has been shown to have a profound effect on population dynamics and biological invasions, yet the effect of its spatial structure on the dynamics of disease invasion in a spatial host–parasite system has received little attention. Here we explore the effect of environment heterogeneity using the pair approximation and the stochastic spatially explicit simulation in which the lost patches are clustered in a fragmented landscape. The intensity of fragmentation is defined by the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) was shown to be detrimental to the parasitic disease invasion and transmission, which implies that the potential of using artificial disturbances as a disease‐control agency in biological conservation and management. Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) formed a trade‐off in determining the host–parasite dynamics. An extremely high degree of habitat loss was, counter‐intuitively, harmful to the host. These results enrich our understanding of eco‐epidemiological, host–parasite systems, and suggest the possibility of using the spatial arrangement of habitat patches as a conservation tool for guarding focal species against parasitic infection and transmission.
Viability selection on early body mass and the effect of female body size on fecundity: a study on the leaf‐eared mouse Phyllotis darwini
Authors: Nespolo Roberto F. , Bacigalupe Leonardo D.
Published: December 2008

Viability selection and fecundity of size‐related traits has been demonstrated to be strong in vertebrates. In small mammals, both offspring and adult size are important for viability and fecundity, respectively. We studied the role of early phenotypic selection on size attributes and female fecundity in the leaf‐eared mouse (Phyllotis darwini). Our results support that larger females produce more offspring, and since the likelihood of attaining adulthood is similar for different sizes of the females, those larger females also produce more offspring that attain sexual maturity. From the offspring perspective, larger pups at birth have significantly more probability of attaining sexual maturity. However, weaning mass and growth rate did not show any differential survival. Our study suggests that early selection could be important and could prevent further episodes of selection by early culling of the distribution of sizes, and that “effective” fecundity is strongly dependent on the size of the female.
Role of spinal microglia in myositis‐induced central sensitisation: An immunohistochemical and behavioural study in rats
Authors: Chacur Marucia , Lambertz Daniela , Hoheisel Ulrich , Mense Siegfried
Published: December 2008

There is increasing evidence that spinal glial cells play an important role in chronic pain states. However, so far no data on the role of microglia in muscle pain are available. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of spinal microglial cells in chronic muscle pain. In a rat model of chronic muscle inflammation (injection of complete Freunds adjuvant into the gastrocnemius‐soleus muscle) alterations of microglia were visualized with quantitative OX‐42 immunohistochemistry in the dorsal horn of the segments L4 and L5 12 days after induction of inflammation. In behavioural experiments the influence of chronic intrathecally applied minocycline – a specific microglia inhibitor ‐ or an antibody against tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α; a cytokine released from microglia) on pain‐related behaviour was investigated after 1, 3, 6, and 12 days. The immunhistochemical data show that in the deep laminae of the spinal dorsal horn microglial cells reacted with morphological changes to the muscle inflammation. Following inflammation, the mean boundary length surrounding the OX‐42 immunostained area was significantly shorter. This indicates that microglial cells were activated by the myositis and withdrew their processes. Chronic intrathecal administration of minocycline or anti TNF‐α with an osmotic mini‐pump largely normalised the inflammation‐induced changes in spontaneous exploratory behaviour and attenuated the hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Both the immunohistochemical and behavioural data show that spinal microglial cells are involved in nociceptive processes in the cause of a chronic muscle inflammation.
Une Entente Franco-Allemande
Authors: Bourgin Georges
Published: December 2008

Un registre de copies de télégrammes des archives du ministère des Affaires étrangères français jette des lueurs vives, par les textes qu'il contient, sur les conditions dans lesquelles furent discutées par Jules Favre et Bismarck les clauses du traité de Francfort. Il s'y révèle les hésitations des deux partenaires, l'un à recourir à la force prussienne pour avoir raison de la Commune, l'autre à tirer parti de la conjoncture défavorable pour la cause allemande. Les textes gravitent d'abord autour du sort du fort d'Issy, occupé par la Commune et dont la position commandait l'avenir du second siège de Paris, puis ils évoluent à propos de la question des prisonniers français en Allemagne, dont la réincorporation dans l'armée régulière devait faciliter la répression de l'insurrection algérienne et grossir les effectifs d'une masse de combattants forcément hostiles aux gardes nationaux dont la résistance retardait leur libération définitive. Sans la sommation du général prussien de Fabrice, sans le recours aux prisonniers, le sort de la capitale n'eût sans doute pas été différent, il eût été vraisemblablement prolongé.
The Politics of the Polish Peasant
Authors: Brock Peter
Published: December 2008

The Polish Peasant Party celebrated its sixtieth anniversary last year. Founded in July 1895 in the provincial town of Lwow, its influence was at first confined to the parts of Poland then under Austrian rule. From modest beginnings, however, it eventually came to play a vital role in Polish politics. The important part taken by the peasant in Polish cultural life over the last half century has been largely the achievement of the political peasant movement. It was to give the reborn Polish state one of its greatest political leaders, Wincenty Witos, who three times held the office of Prime Minister between the two wars; and Witos's successor as leader of the Peasant Party was Mr Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, Prime Minister of the war-time Polish Government-in-Exile during some of the most crucial years in Polish history. Inflexibly opposed to the semi-authoritarian regime which ruled Poland during the 'thirties, the party likewise opposed the imposition of Communism on the country after the last war.
Tribun und Prophet
Authors: Hirsch Helmut
Published: December 2008

Wer das heutige Chikago mit seinem im Hintergrund bleibenden deutschen Element durchstreift, vermag sich kaum vorzustellen, dass es einmal einige zwanzig Prozent der Einwohnerschaft bildete. Nicht bloss die Zahlenstärke, auch die Geschlossenheit der aus Deutschland Stammenden beeindruckt den rückblickenden Beobachter. Angehörige aller Religionen fanden sich damals zu ausgesprochen prodeutschen Kundgebungen zusammen, besassen doch Katholizismus, Protestantismus und Judentum in den Worten eines massgeblichen Führers „nicht mehr Bedeutung als schwarze, braune, blonde oder rothe Haare”. Kein Wunder also, dass die Vorstellung entstehen konnte, diese Stadt sei „zum grossen Theile eine deutsche Schöpfung”.
Buonarroti's Ideas on Communism and Dictatorship
Authors: Lehning Arthur
Published: December 2008

At the University of Pisa, where he studied law, Buonarroti had been acquainted with the i8th century social philosophers especially Helvetius, Mably, Rousseau and Morelly, who had moulded his social and political ideology. When the French Revolution broke out he was among the most courageous protagonists to defend its ideas: “J'attendais depuis longtemps le signal, il fut donné”. In October 1789 he left his native Tuscany, “ivre de l'amour de la liberté, épris de la courageuse entreprise des Français, indigné centre la tyrannic, et las de l'inquisition et des persécutions du despotisme”, as he said later in his defence at Vendôme. In Corsica he published an Italian paper in defence of the French Revolution, the Giornale Patriottico, and in November 1790 he obtained a post in the administration of the island as head of the “Bureau des domaines nationaux et du clergé”. In this capacity he had to deal with the administration and sale of landed property. The rural economy of the island was based on a nearly equal distribution of very small holdings, there were hardly any labourers, and there existed a strong tradition of common interests and collective rights. In his Survey of Corsica Buonarroti wrote: “La communalité des biens semble garantir partout au pauvre le sentiment de son indépendance: partout les communes des campagnes réclament des biens que la tyrannic génoise et française ravit au peuple pour récompenser les crimes de ses favoris. Les grands propriétaires sont en très petit nombre: l'homme sans terre est rare, comme celui sans courage”.
Jaures and the Formulation of a Socialist Peasant Policy, 1885–1898
Authors: Goldberg Harvey
Published: December 2008

On January 8, 1893, the voters in the second electoral district, Department of the Tarn, cast ballots in a partial election of more than local interest. The Marquis de Solages had resigned his seat in the Chamber of Deputies on the previous October 14 during the bitterness generated by the strike against his Carmaux coal company. The socialists of the district, at first with considerable hesitation, nominated as their candidate Jean Jaurés, who had emerged as the outstanding champion of the Carmaux miners in 1892. When he carried the election against Héral, his chief opponent, by a vote of 5317 to 4843, it meant the return to Parliament of the man who emerged as one of the three most important socialists in the prewar Republic.
Evolution of Civil Society and Caste System in India
Authors: Bose A. N.
Published: December 2008

In some passages of the Ṛgveda, the Upaniṣads, the Mahābhārata and the Pali canon there are references to a casteless millennium of equality, plenty and piety which was supposed to have existed in some remote unrecorded antiquity. It was the golden age of kṛta or satyayuga when there was only one caste of deva (gods) or Brāhmaṇa, when people called no goods their own nor women their chattels, when crops were produced without toil and all were pious and happy. The legendary Uttarakurus of the far north were a model of this Arcadian society of godly men who lived in their natural virtue, rich in physical and moral wealth without any disabilities of sex and distinctions of property and, consequently, who received the blessings of God in the form of timely rain and juicy harvest (Mbh. VI. 6. 13; Dīghanikāya, xxxii. 7).
Der junge Moses Hess im Lichte bisher unerschlossener Quellen
Authors: Silberner Edmund
Published: December 2008

Intensives Nachdenken über religiöse und soziale Probleme versetzte Hess im Herbst 1835 in eine Art prophetischen Trancezustandes, in dem er sich als einen göttlichen Verkünder einer neuen Lehre betrachtete. Mitte November beginnt er ein Buch auszuarbeiten und bezeichnet es als „ein Werk des heiligen Geistes der Wahrheit” (Tagebuch, fo. 101). Der Sohn Gottes habe die Menschen von ihrer eigenen Knechtschaft erlöst, er, Hess, werde sie aber auch von der politischen Knechtschaft befreien (19. November 1835). Er sei berufen, „das Werk des heiligen Geistes zu verkünden” (4. Dezember 1835). Die Zeit sei gekommen für die Erfüllung des Gebetes der Christen. Das Reich Gottes nahe mit mächtigen Schritten. Er, Hess, obwohl ein Laie, sei berufen, es zu verkünden, während Deutschlands Männer den Beruf hätten, dasselbe zu erkennen und in der ganzen Welt zu verbreiten. Man werde aber, wie immer, nach Zeichen und Wundern fragen, damit man glauben könne, dass er von Gott berufen und nicht von einem Teufel des Wahnsinns besessen sei. „So sage ich Euch, das Zeichen wird sein, dass ich, ein Laie, das Werk des h[eiligen] G[eistes] der Wahrheit gegen alle Gelehrten, Doktoren und Professoren der Erde verteidigen kann; das Wunder aber wird sein, dass dieses Werk Eingang wird finden bei allen Völkern im Osten und im Westen, im Süden und im Norden.” (13. Dezember 1835). Als Grundlage aller Forschungen müsse „das letzte Buch der Bücher– Spinozas „Ethik” – dienen. (Ebenda).
Le Socialisme et le Mouvement Ouvrier à Barcelone à la chute d'Isabelle II
Authors: Marti Casimir
Published: December 2008

Dans cet article nous nous proposons de dévoiler, autant que possible, les origines souvent tràs cachées des opinions différentes et divergentes qui après la révolution de septembre 1868, lorsque le mouvement ouvrier pouvait s'exprimer librement, s'y sont manifestées. A cet effet nous devrons décrire le milieu où le mouvement s'est développé pendant les années qui précèdent immédiatement la révolution, aussi bien pendant les périodes où on ne pouvait travailler que dans la clandestinité qu'aux moments où le gouvernement avait une attitude tolérante vis-à-vis du mouvement. Or, il est indispensable de décrire de façon globale quelques-unes des forces les plus importantes qui ont déclanché la révolution en question.
Die Neue Oder-Zeitung und Karl Marx als ihr Korrespondent
Authors: Schwann Stanislaw
Published: December 2008

Im Jahre 1855 war Karl Marx Londoner Korrespondent der Neuen Oder-Zeitung. Im Anhang zu diesem Artikel veröffentlichen wir die nicht verloren gegangenen Briefe aus seiner Korrespondenz mit dem Redakteur der Zeitung, Elsner. Unser Artikel wird einiges über die Geschichte der Zeitung mitteilen, insbesondere Marx' Mitwirkung an ihr beleuchten und schliesslich einige bibliographische Daten bringen, welche dazu beitragen mögen, die Lücken auszufüllen, die in allen bisherigen in betracht kommenden Veröffentlichungen gerade in bezug auf Marx' Tätigkeit für die Neue Oder-Zeitung festzustellen sind, sowie ein Standortsverzeichnis der noch übrig gebliebenen Exemplare der Zeitung enthalten.
The Labour Churches and New Zealand
Authors: Roth Herbert
Published: December 2008

The British Labour Church movement which was discussed by Mr. K. S. Inglis in a recent article is of some importanceto New Zealand for two resons. A native New Zealander, H. A. Atkinson, was one of the early leaders of the movement in Britain, and he later introduced the idea of the Labour Church to New Zealand and formed the first openly socialist organisation in this country.
Un Demi-Siècle de Glissement à Droite
Authors: Weber Eugen
Published: December 2008

Une des formules les plus généralement admises par les interprètes et les exégètes de la politique française a été celle d'un progrès vers la gauche, progrès plus ou moins continu, inscrit dans des pages d'histoire où les fastes de la Grande Révolution ouvraient toute une perspective de révolutions et de réformes amenant le pays à des attitudes et à des institutions toujours plus démocratiques, et où chaque pas en arrière serait recompensé par deux pas en avant…au moins à longue échéance. C'était une version eschatologique de l'histoire (une de plus) qui ne mettait pas en doute la réalisation inéluctable des grands rêves humanitaires et libéraux du dix-neuvième siècle, incarnés dans une gauche sans cesse renouvelée mais consistante dans son réformisme, son progressisme, son radicalisme et sa conscience d'un triomphe éventuel. La gauche devait vaincre selon cette doctrine et elle allait vaincre parce qu'elle était dans la ligne de l'histoire, mais aussi parce qu'elle était le parti du peuple, c'est-à-dire de la majorité, et qu'elle détenait ainsi non seulement la force morale mais aussi la force numérique.
The Management of Labor Protest in Tsarist Russia: 1870–1905
Authors: Rimlinger Gaston V.
Published: December 2008

An autocratic regime undergoing industrialization either develops effective techniques to “manage” inevitable labor protest or sows the seeds of its own destruction. Its highly concentrated authority is incompatible with the accumulation of power within the mass movements which industrialization engenders or stirs into action. It must destroy or control them. This problem faced Tsarist Russia as it later faced Soviet Russia. In neither case were the rulers inclined to treat industrial disputes as a private affair between employers and workers and leave the solution in their hands. Yet, the two cases are radically different in methods and consequences. The modern totalitarian state directs and controls labor through worker mass organizations, by channelling the energy of the leaders and the enthusiasm of the followers into predetermined patterns. This method of control, which is essentially indirect and “from within”, contrasts sharply with the old-fashioned method of direct control “from the top down”, which aimed mainly at repressing rather than using labor organizations and at resolving industrial unrest partly through punishment and partly through more positive preventive measures.
The Social Thought of the Action Française
Authors: Tannenbaum Edward R.
Published: December 2008

The Action Française was the most notorious reactionary movement in twentieth-century France. From the Dreyfus Affair to the fall of the Vichy Regime it carried on its campaign against “the principles of 789”, which many Frenchmen (and other Western Europeans) mistakenly blamed for the “evils” of modern industrial society. But it represented neither the frustrated lower-middle classes that were attracted to fascism, nor the genteel bien-pensants who pined for the good old days” under Louis XVI or Charles X. Its leaders were café intellectuals who flaunted their newly acquired devotion to the monarchy and the church. They were professional nativists clamoring or a return to the traditional virtues of a golden age that never insisted. Their utopia was a highly intellectualized daydream invented by charles Maurras.
Karl Marx, «Quarante-Huitard» Français?
Authors: Amann P.
Published: December 2008

Le séjour de Karl Marx à Paris au lendemain de la Révolution de Février est bien connu. Expulsé par les autorités belges le 4 mars 1848, Marx, s'empressant d'accepter l'invitation de Ferdinand Flocon, s'établit à Paris avec sa famille. Ce séjour ne devait pas être de longue durée: au cours de la première quinzaine d'avril, Marx est parti pour Cologne où son rôle révolutionnaire d'éditeur de la Neue Rheinische Zeitung est notoire. Pendant cet interméde français Marx fonda la section parisienne de la Ligue des Communistes dont il devint le secrétaire; il dirigeait l'opposition des communistes allemands de Paris aux desseins de Born et Herwegh qui organisaient une légion allemande révolutionnaire.
Soviet Employers in the ILO: The Experience of the 1930's
Authors: Windmuller John P.
Published: December 2008

Since 1954 no question has so well succeeded in exacerbating the once rather staid proceedings of the International Labor Conference of the International Labor Organization as the problem of the status and rights of employer delegates from those countries which may be designated as “the states with fully socialized economies”. While David A. Morse, Director-General of the International Labor Office, was certainly correct in pointing out that “The ILO has always been confronted with political issues of one kind or another and [that] many of them have related to the representation of employers and workers within the Organization”, there is hardly any parallel in the history of the International Labor Organization for the fury of the debate over employer delegates from Communist countries which was unleashed when the Soviet Union rejoined the ILO in 1954.
Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Aktion Lassalles im Briefwechsel mit Rodbertus
Authors: Na'aman Shlomo
Published: December 2008

Der Briefwechsel Rodbertus-Lassalle umfasst die ganze Zeit der Arbeiteragitation. Er beginnt mit dem 25. Dezember 1862, nachdem Lassalle schon mit dem Komitee der Leipziger in Verbindung getreten war, und endigt erst kurz vor seinem Tode mit einem Brief vom 14. Juni 1864.
Zwei unbekannte Briefe von Moses Hess an Heinrich Heine
Authors: Silberner Edmund
Published: December 2008

Die beiden nachstehend mitgeteilten Briefe fand ich, kurz nach der Herausgabe der Hess'schen Korrespondenz, in der “Heine-Sammlung” der Landes- und Stadtbibliothek Düsseldorf, derem Leiter, Herrn Dr. Eberhard Galley, ich für die Genehmigung der Veröffentlichung und mehrere nützliche Hinweise zu Dank verpflichtet bin. Der Inhalt des Briefes vom 19. Oktober 1837 zeigt deutlich, dass er der erste ist, den Hess an Heine richtete. Dieser Brief, in dem Hess ein ungeschminktes Bild seiner eigenen Persönlichkeit entwirft, ist psychologisch einer der interessantesten, die er je geschrieben hat.