bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian mechanics for fields
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

An introduction to Lagrangian methods for classical fields in flat spacetime and then in curved spacetime. The Euler-Lagrange equations for Lagrangian densities are obtained, and applied to the wave, Klein-Gordan, Weyl, Dirac, Maxwell and Proca equations. The canonical energy tensor is obtained. Conservation laws and Noether’s theorem are described. An example of the treatment of Interactions is given by presenting the the QED Lagrangian. Finally, covariant Lagrangian methods are described, and the Einstein field eqution is derived from the Einstein-Hilbert action.
Conclusion
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

Concluding remarks, in part about the enduring significance of General Relativity, and in part about current and future lines of research.
Introduction
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

The introduction examines three major theories of humor: superiority theory, incongruity theory, and release theory. Considering these models with the work of feminist and anti-racist scholars in mind, we see that each is also a theory of what it means to be human, carrying ethical and political implications far beyond any immediate analysis of joking. While incongruity theory is probably the best model from which to approach the poets discussed in this book, no one theory satisfactorily describes their work, and certainly not the human experience of laughter as a whole. A better approach may be to draw on theories of empathy, which many philosophers see as opposed to laughter, to define a new category: “constructive humor.” This form of laughter promotes mutual understanding among joker, listener, and the target of the joke.
“Shocked at my Levity”
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Ezra Pound’s humor promotes unorthodox intimacies between readers and writers. His portraits in The Pisan Cantos catch Henry James and James Joyce laughing, emphasizing their human peculiarities and Pound’s personal knowledge of them. These scenes suggest how unsatisfactory he finds traditional notions of poetic immortality. Instead, his portraits of jesting writers make literary texts contain the artist as both heroic figure and human individual, doing the work of high art and personal interaction simultaneously. Pound loves the Romantic figure of the poet-hero, but his laughter emphasizes that artist’s fallible humanity, and highlights modernism’s concern with creating accurate models of imaginative sympathy. As Pound’s laughter becomes more intimate, however, it is also more troubling: humor in The Cantos seeks to enlist his reader not just in his poem but in his hierarchical vision of art and his fascist politics.
Sterling Brown’s Laughter Out of Hell
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Brown’s sense of humor provides guiding principles for real-world action while making the Black tradition of private anti-racist laughter public. Brown examines the violence of traditional superiority humor in poems like “Sam Smiley,” in which Black laughter is silenced by lynching. Rather than simply rejecting such humor, Brown gives readers alternatives: his anti-hierarchical approach in the “Slim Greer” poems inverts Bergson’s logic, making humor a precondition for empathy. The partial resemblance we see between ourselves and the object of laughter can teach us to recognize our commonality even with our enemies. For Brown, the ethical underpinnings of art lie in artists’ awareness of contingency, complexity, and the subjectivities of unlike others. Empathic humor turns laughter from a zero-sum game to a game everyone can win by rejecting not just racism but hierarchical thinking as a whole. Brown shows how empathic laughter can reframe our knowledge of other people and upend the way we systematize that knowledge.
Coastal State Jurisdiction over Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone
Authors: Goodman Camille
Published: December 2021

Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), coastal States have sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the living resources of the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ). However, nearly forty years after the adoption of the LOSC , there is still a great deal of uncertainty about the nature and extent of these sovereign rights. This book examines the ways in which coastal States can exercise authority on the basis of their sovereign rights over living resources in the EEZ. It explores the key concepts of ‘fishing’ and ‘fishing related activities’ to establish what vessels and which activities can be regulated by coastal States, canvasses the criteria and conditions that coastal States can apply as part of regulating foreign access to their resources, and considers the regulation of unlicensed foreign fishing vessels in transit through the EEZ. It also examines the way in which such regulations can be enforced within the EEZ and the circumstances under which enforcement can take place beyond the EEZ following hot pursuit. Based on its review and analysis of the practice of 145 coastal States, the book identifies the contemporary ‘extent’ of coastal State jurisdiction over living resources in the EEZ and proposes a formulation of the underlying and enduring ‘nature’ of that jurisdiction which could be applied to resolve future jurisdictional challenges in the EEZ.
Rethinking Occupational Mobility in Developing Countries
Authors: Heath Anthony , Zhao Yizhang
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses current methods for measuring and analysing occupational mobility, and the way in which methods designed for the analysis of industrial countries may need to be modified when applied in other contexts. The chapter discusses particular features of some developing countries, such as their large and complex agricultural and informal sectors, and the problem of ‘equivalence of meaning’, which arises when stratification systems involve rather different institutional arrangements, for example with respect to land tenure. The chapter concludes with a discussion of absolute and relative mobility in Chile, China, Egypt, and India, bringing out both the similarities and the differences between these countries in their absolute and relative rates of mobility and intersectionality with gender.
Science Wars
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

What do scientists actually know and what do they know about? Answers to these questions are crucial not only for our understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge, but also for the formulation of effective science-based public policies, from global warming and energy to biotechnology and nanoscience. There is a lack of convincing answers to these questions because of an illogical conflation within modern science of epistemology and ontology, seeking to transcend experience and produce knowledge of reality using experience itself. Attempts at explaining the nature of scientific knowledge from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries reveal that scientific reasoning has selectively employed deduction and induction, rationalism and empiricism, the universal and the particular, and necessity and contingency as if these opposites were compatible. As Thomas Kuhn showed, the history of science belies the definitive truth of ontological claims deduced from theories and, as a corollary, the definitive truth of theories themselves. Science Wars reviews the competing conceptions of scientific knowledge from Plato and Aristotle in the fourth century bce to the “science wars” of the 1990s and provides thought-provoking analyses for understanding scientific thought in the twenty-first century.
Early Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

The pursuit of a definitive explanation of how scientists produce knowledge and what kinds of knowledge they produce became more urgent in the early twentieth century as science became increasingly important to society in the form of society-transforming technologies. As the century proceeded, philosophy of science emerged as a subdiscipline within philosophy, coordinate with the elusiveness of the goal of explaining science. By mid-century, philosophers, many trained in the physical sciences, had displaced scientists as the dominant figures in this effort. Henri Poincaré proposed a Mach-like relationalist theory of science, Bertrand Russell defended a logical atomism theory indebted to Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Percy Bridgman defended a theory he called operationalism. Concurrently, William James and John Dewey developed the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce into an action- and belief-based explanation of science. But the dominant philosophy of science from the 1920s through the 1950s was logical positivism/empiricism.
Einstein Versus Bohr on Reality
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

Ontology is integral to the two most fundamental scientific theories of the twentieth century: quantum theory and the special and general theories of relativity. Issues that drove the development of quantum theory include the reality of quanta, the simultaneous wave- and particle-like nature of matter and energy, determinism, probability and randomness, Schrodinger’s wave equation, and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. So did the reality of the predictions about space, time, matter, energy, and the universe itself that were deduced from the special and general theories of relativity. Dirac’s prediction of antimatter based solely on the mathematics of his theory of the electron and Pauli’s prediction of the neutrino based on his belief in quantum mechanics are cases in point. Ontological interpretations of the uncertainty principle, of quantum vacuum energy fields, and of Schrodinger’s probability waves in the form of multiple universe theories further illustrate this point.
The Opening Phase of the Science Wars
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

Kuhn’s monograph fed into the broad antiestablishment spirit of the 1960s and elicited polar-opposite responses, from the defense of objectivity and realism within scientific knowledge to an enthusiastic embrace of the view of scientific knowledge as ineluctably subjective interpretations of experience. The philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend aggressively attacked the rationality of scientific reasoning and eventually rationality itself. Kuhn’s new image of science fed into the emerging postmodernist critique of reason and truth as rhetorical devices wielded for political ends. Jacques Derrida’s “deconstruction” swept the humanities and social sciences, concluding that there could not be a single correct meaning of any text, including scientists’ “reading” of the “book” of nature. Concurrently, philosophers of science, among them Israel Scheffler, Imre Lakatos, and Karl Popper, began a counterattack against Kuhn, defending the rationality and objectivity of scientific knowledge and reason generally.
The Science Wars Go Public
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

In the 1990s, the Science Wars moved from the academic world into the public arena, further widening the gulf between critics of science, who argued that science was a socially empowered belief system or ideology, and defenders of a more traditional view of scientific knowledge. The critics of science were alienated by scientists’ insistence on promoting scientific knowledge as archaeological-ontological rather than interpretational-epistemological. They became actively hostile to the practice of science as well as to the putative knowledge that scientists produced, denouncing both as ideological, patriarchal, sexist, racist, and pretenders to truth. The religious right responded with its own critique of science by arguing that creation science was just as legitimately science as evolutionary theory, but successive court decisions rejected this interpretation. The implications for how we are to understand the nature of scientific knowledge remain profound for formulating effective science-based public policies.
The Sargonic and Ur III Empires
Authors: Steinkeller Piotr
Published: December 2021

This chapter surveys the history of arguably the two earliest empires on record, both of which originated in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). The first of them was founded, ca. 2350 BCE, by Sargon of Akkade, reaching the apex of its power under Sargon’s grandson Naram-Suen. The Akkadian rulers conquered an area extending from eastern Iran to Anatolia, a feat that was not to be replicated until the times of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the first millennium BCE. However, the Sargonic Empire, which lasted roughly 150 years, never developed an articulated system of imperial control over the conquered territories, its basic raison-d’être rather being the control and exploitation of trade routes. After a passage of roughly one century, another imperial experiment was undertaken, ca. 2050 BCE, by a king of Ur named Šulgi. The empire of Ur had clearly been inspired by the Sargonic example, as it was motivated by similar economic and ideological objectives. While the extent of Ur’s territorial expansion was much more limited, Šulgi and his successors were able to create an exquisitely designed mini-empire, whose operations were guided by a characteristically self-limiting (and largely defensive) strategy, and which was much more internally cohesive and better organized than Sargon’s creation. In spite of its seeming perfection, this—equally brief—imperial experiment also failed, even more resoundingly than the Sargonic one. The causes of the collapse of the two empires are considered in detail.
The Mauryan Empire
Authors: Ray Himanshu Prabha
Published: December 2021

The unique feature of the Mauryan Empire is the religious writings or dhamma-lipi inscribed by King Aśoka on rocks and sandstone pillars across the Indian subcontinent. Many of the edicts are repeated in different parts of the country and present a unified vision for the region. These records have been a primary source for understanding the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire. It is significant that the edicts have not been replicated by subsequent rulers. Though the nature of Aśoka’s dhamma has been debated by historians, there is no denying the fact that it is in Buddhist writings that Aśoka figures prominently as a righteous ruler whose model rule was followed by later rulers to the present.
The Ming Empire
Authors: Robinson David M.
Published: December 2021

The chapter begins by contextualizing early Ming efforts to establish itself in an Eurasia that still bore the clear imprint of the Mongolian Empire. It considers the Ming’s institutional sinews, its ideological underpinnings, and its military structures. It examines early Ming policies for managing its expansive borders, relations with neighboring peoples and polities, and incorporation of immigrants into society and state institutions. It then turns to the twin challenges of (a) negotiating the demands of competing interests, particularly those of the throne, national elites, and local notables, and (b) responding to new socioeconomic imperatives. Finally, after review of the Ming’s foreign relations, the chapter concludes with an assessment of the empire, including explanations of its final collapse in 1644.
The Ottoman Empire
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Dariusz
Published: December 2021

The Ottoman rulers masterfully combined military prowess with state-building skills. Having adopted Persian bureaucratic institutions, at the same time they maintained such typical Turkic traits as the nomadic warrior ethos, religious tolerance, and the institution of slave soldiers. To their Greek and Slavic subjects in the Balkans, the Ottoman sultans appealed as a viable (and more successful) alternative to the Roman/Byzantine emperors; to Arab subjects in the Middle East, they were the legitimate successors of the first caliphs. Yet in the long run, keeping such distinct traits proved difficult: the more rigid the Ottoman rulers were in their confessional policy in order to consolidate the Sunni Muslim core of the empire’s population, the more they alienated those who did not belong to this core. The empire’s final decades were characterized by the rising nationalisms and ethnic cleansings whose effects were further deepened by the humanitarian catastrophe related to the wars fought incessantly in the years 1911–1922.
The First British Empire
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: December 2021

As this chapter traces the development of Britain’s Atlantic Empire, it shows how the authority of what was originally an English state began to rely upon support from the ever-more diverse populations coming under British control. While Scots were the only ones to achieve equality with English people, initially in the Ulster Plantation and later, following the Act of Union of 1707, throughout Britain’s overseas empire, the chapter shows that many of the Protestant and Catholic populations of Ireland also prospered from, and served, the empire, and that many Native Americans and African American slaves were enlisted to serve its cause at moments of crisis. The chapter also addresses the extent to which the governance of the British state and empire was managed by people from military backgrounds, which is unsurprising given Britain’s successive military engagements in Ireland, in Continental Europe and, latterly, in defending its empire.
Deconstructing the British Empire
Authors: Bayly C. A
Published: December 2021

The aim of this chapter is to explain why the British Empire survived so long in conditions of massive change. The empire was remarkably heterogeneous as a system of political economy and, even more importantly, as a system of ruling ideologies. For generations, these several systems and ideologies were, however, mutually reinforcing. The decline or atrophy of one “element of empire” merely set the scene for the emergence of another way of projecting power and legitimacy. As for the legacy of the British Empire in the modern world, the chapter emphasizes ideology, without wanting to detract from the significance of empire’s political and economic consequences. The leading social and economic ideologies in the modern world, from neoliberal economics through Third World nationalism, to Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist revivalism, have all been deeply affected by the heritage of the British Empire, its ideologies and structures of power.
Ottoman Turkey and Qing China
Authors: Reynolds Michael A. , Mitter Rana
Published: December 2021

The late Ottoman Empire and Qing China were both imperial states that were weakened by their relationship with the changing Western world. In 1839, the Ottoman Empire embarked on the Tanzimat reforms which sought to change ideas about education, technology, and government structure. In the same year, China experienced the first Opium War, and its defeat led to the signing of “unequal treaties” which would force China to deal on unfavorable terms with the West for the best part of a century. In the end, the empires met different fates. Qing China was replaced by a republic in 1912, but its territory remained mostly intact. The Ottoman Empire was split up after World War I. One reason for the split of the Ottoman Empire was the variegated nature of its population, compared even to the multiethnic Qing. Another was Turkey’s relative closeness to the other European powers, which made it easier for them to divide it up.
The Soviet Union
Authors: Hosking Geoffrey
Published: December 2021

The USSR was a unique empire in the universality of its claims and its aim of complete equality between nationalities. Its strengths and weaknesses were indissolubly connected. It was formally a federal state, with extensive rights given to constituent nationalities; in practice it was tightly centralized through Gosplan, the armed forces, the security services, and the Communist Party, with its messianic ideology. The USSR’s tight centralization ensured that in wartime it could mobilize social energy to an unprecedented extent, but also that in peacetime localized patronage became the main form of social cohesion. The economy was so rigidly planned as to discourage innovation, which meant that the USSR could not maintain its superpower status. Its nationality policy both encouraged ethnic feeling and repressed it. The final collapse was precipitated by the clash between the largest republic, Russia, and the Soviet Union as a whole.
The Changing Information Ecosystem in South Korea
Authors: Seo Hyunjin
Published: December 2021

This chapter applies the agent-affordance framework introduced in Chapter 2 to the ever-changing information ecosystem in South Korea by identifying changes in key agents and affordances in the country over the past three decades. This is accomplished in the context of co-adapting technological, cultural, political, and legal environments in the country. The chapter provides the background information necessary to explicating the dynamics of information generation and dissemination by and between different agents in South Korea. In particular, it contributes to enhancing understandings of technological, social, political, and legal affordances in South Korea that lay the groundwork for analyses in the subsequent chapters. South Korea’s news media environment, citizens’ use of social media, concerns of misinformation, and issues related to the division of the Korean Peninsula are discussed in the context of agent-affordance interactions. Secondary data analysis is used to document changes in the media environment and ecology in South Korea.
Landemore: Response to Brennan
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: December 2021

Despite the avalanche of facts that Jason Brennan brings against the average voter and his skepticism of deliberation among ordinary citizens, the resulting attack on democracy turns out to be surprisingly limited. In the end, Brennan concedes, democracy is still the best regime around, no matter how flawed, and we have a duty to fix it. He also concedes that deliberation among randomly selected citizens is going to be part of the solution. Landemore argues that Brennan’s solution, however—a combination of randomly selected mini-publics designing questionnaires and a weighted vote system based on these questionnaires—is still too elitist, empirically inattentive to existing experiments in deliberative democracy, and unlikely to work.
The Mantra
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to Tantric mantras. It situates them within ritual and meditation and offers a brief overview of their form. It then contextualizes the mantra oṃ juṃ saḥ within the Tantric canon and compares it to a Vedic mantra that shares both its name and its intended outcome. Finally, it offers a translation of the section of the text in which the mantra is encoded. This provides the reader with an example of mantric encoding. It also demonstrates that each component of the mantra can be defined by sound, shape, and movement. These elements are far from arbitrary. Instead, they show that mantras are essential parts of the cosmos. They exist to help people discover, not to create. Even in- and out-breaths can be understood and utilized as mantra.
Language, Physicality, and Mantra
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 examines the nature of mantra. It first explores ideas of mantras as magic utterances and examines ritual language. This leads to a theoretical discussion that argues against Staal’s assertion that mantras are not speech acts. While Staal’s work is useful for understanding mantras, the chapter claims that the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras anticipate his argument and offer a counterexplanation. The perspective they offer is unique to these two texts, and the Netra Tantra’s twenty-first chapter provides a philosophically rigorous examination into the composition, characteristics, power, and productiveness of mantras. The Netra Tantra offers a tripartite explanation of mantras as formless, disembodied, and embodied or unmanifest potential, potential, and limited potential. This discussion presents the most important feature of mantras: that no matter their form (or lack thereof), the mantra and the deity are inseparable. This too helps explain the importance of encoding the mantra within the text. The chapter ends with a brief section on the practicalities of mantric recitation, namely, in the eleven types of sequences that protect the mantra from impurities such as mispronunciation or incorrect usage. Further, it presents a type of semantic analysis called nirvacana that uses the roots of words to demonstrate the eternal nature of the text itself.
Iconography
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on devotion: the god Śiva or Bhairava as manifested in the forms of Amṛteśa and Mṛtyujit. It locates the deity in the wider corpus of Sanskrit literature. It first situates Śiva as outside of Vedic orthodoxy instead of living and worshipping in the charnel ground. This associates the deity with death and the ability to overcome it. The chapter then examines references to Mṛtyujit and the conquering or cheating of death within the Purāṇas. Again returning to the Netra Tantra, the chapter then translates sections of text that describe the physical forms of Amṛteśa and Mṛtyujit. The practice of worshipping Amṛteśa in the guise of other Brahminical deities allows the practitioner to use the mantra while simultaneously adhering to calendrical rites and festivals that center on those other deities.
Religion of Monarchs
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 examines the socio-historical practicalities of a monarch participating in the Tantric sphere. The twelfth-century chronicle Rājataraṅgiṇī offers a useful guide. Its narratives demonstrate how practitioners who have shed caste identity through initiation still retain it in the social world. It focuses largely on monarchs, disapproving of their participation in Tantric rites. The chapter discusses literary evidence that demonstrates the widespread agreement on what qualifies as prohibited and the penalties for transgressions. It discusses evidence of royal patronage before turning to specific rites related to the king. These rites include marking the body and food of the king with preventative ritual objects and mantras and large-scale rituals that protect everything under the king’s purview. The chapter contrasts these public or semi-public rituals with the private rituals to maintain the monarch’s health.
A Time to Gather
Authors: Lustig Jason
Published: December 2021

A Time to Gather: Archives and the Control of Jewish Culture examines Jewish archives in Germany, the United States, and Israel/Palestine and argues that historical records took on potent value in modern Jewish life as both sources of history and anchors of memory, precisely because archives presented one way of transmitting Jewish culture and history from one generation to another. Creating archives was one means for Jews to take control of their history, especially after the Holocaust, when efforts at archive restitution removed looted archives from the hands of perpetrators. Such efforts also raised complex questions of who could actually “own” this history. This book contends that twentieth-century Jewish archival efforts served as a proxy for wide-ranging struggles over the meaning and control of Jewish culture: whether in Israel’s claims to be a successor to European Jewry, the reality of American Jewry’s rising prominence, or the question of the continued vitality of Jewish life in Germany after the Holocaust, gathering archives was a means to assert dominance over Jewish culture by making claims of ties to the past and constituting a kind of “birth certificate” or legitimization of communal life. A Time to Gather presents archive making as a metaphor with the dispersion and gathering of documents falling in the context of the Jews’ long diasporic history. In the end, a rising urgency of archival memory in Jewish life and the importance of history’s traces meant archives were powerful but contested symbols of control of the past, present, and future.
The Transmission of Spirituality in Broader Landscapes of Power
Authors: Kucinskas Jaime
Published: December 2021

When spirituality moves—from one religion to another, from religious to secular fields, or from private to public spheres—it can change in many ways, based on who is sending and who is receiving the practices, and the local and broader institutional contexts in which practitioners abide. Yet scholarship seldom interrogates how strongly different cultural and structural layers of social settings impact spiritual practitioners’ experiences, and the pluralistic forms of spirituality that result. To show how peer and institutional cultures can shape spirituality in their own likeness and to serve their own needs, I provide illustrative examples of how, in order to resonate with new audiences, spirituality changes. These examples reveal how deeply socially situated American spirituality is in broader social and institutional fields, in contrast to common perceptions among the public and scholars that describe spiritual practices as typically individualistic private means of transcending social life.
Introduction
Authors: Carrión Julio F.
Published: December 2021

The global rise of populism is driving a process of democratic erosion. Accordingly, scholarly attention has shifted from processes of democratization to de-democratization trajectories; or, how democracies perish after they have transitioned from authoritarianism. This chapter distinguishes between populism (a political strategy) and competitive authoritarianism (a regime type). The chapter enumerates the conceptual contributions of this book, primarily, that the rise to power of populism can lead to regime change by creating significant power asymmetries. However, while unconstrained populism in power can lead to hybrid regimes or even full-scale authoritarianism, strong judiciaries, and other institutional actors, can contain or constrain populism in power, preventing regime change. The chapter offers a new definition of populism that includes a governance dimension that is missing in other definitions and argues that Alberto Fujimori, Hugo Chávez, Álvaro Uribe, Evo Morales, and Rafael Correa are examples of populism.
Opening Shot
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

Yuan-tsung Chen writes her memoir in the midst of growing unrest when in 2019 the Communist rulers try to pass an extradition law in Hong Kong’s Legislative Council. To begin with, they set about “reforming” middle schoolers’ education— for instance, through the Orwellian rewriting of the history of the Cultural Revolution, from the ten-year-long “cataclysm” (Hao Jie—浩劫‎) to the ten years of “arduous exploration and development achievement.” Even according to the official death toll, 1.7 million people perished in the Cultural Revolution. The dead had families or relatives, friends or lovers, so how many more lives were ruined? Yuan-tsung simply cannot accept such a whitewashing without a guilty conscience. She is fully aware of the consequences of confronting the untruth. Nevertheless, she decides to write what she witnessed, saw, and understood as truth.
My First Affair
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

With the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, Yuan-tsung’s family moved to an inland city, Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province, or more precisely, to a backwater called Little Stone Village, where she accidentally met Double-Minister Sa, her father’s boss, and had her first affair. Though Yuan-tsung was only twelve, Sa fell for her, though not in any perverse or overtly erotic way; something about her made him want to talk, to reveal his private thoughts and struggles. His attention, inappropriate as it might have been, boosted her confidence about breaking into the social circle of her mother’s dreams.
Introduction
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

The introductory chapter sets forth the book’s central argument that the struggle over inequality has been the underlying force driving the unfolding of all human history. This struggle underlies the other presumed primary drivers of history such as technological advances, demographics, group conflict, war, religion, or great men. Three key supporting claims are briefly explored. First, the ultimate driving force for inequality is found in human biology, the fact that the decisive competition that counts for sexually reproducing animal species is success in mating and thereby sending one’s unique set of genes into future generations. Second, because of sexual selection and because humans are social beings, inequality underlies all politics. Third, although physical violence always remains the trump card in creating, maintaining, or increasing inequality, ideology has always been, day to day, the most important inequality-sustaining political weapon. How the book will unfold is then set forth.
The Shift toward Secular Ideology
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

Following the rise of the state, religion served to legitimate societies’ institutions, practices, and unequal distributions of income, wealth, and privilege. However, emerging capitalism and its expanding bourgeoisie in Western Europe challenged the Catholic Church’s monopoly on truth and meaning, opening space for secular legitimation. The science of political economy increasingly evolved as a principal body of social thought legitimating inequality. This transfer from religion to political economy begins with the mercantilists and is mostly complete by the end of the nineteenth century. Political economy’s principal inequality-legitimating doctrines include the utility of poverty, the justice of the invisible hand, the Malthusian population doctrine, the wages-fund doctrine, and the trickle-down thesis. Most of these doctrines take on more of a patina of “natural” science in the late nineteenth century when the neoclassical revolution in economics attempted to sever economic science from morality and politics and express itself technically with calculus.
Inequality, Conspicuous Consumption, and the Growth Trap
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

Avoiding devastation of the human habitat is arguably the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced, and high inequality greatly impairs successfully addressing this threat. In societies in which fluid social mobility is believed possible, inequality encourages households to seek social certification and status through consumption. Rising inequality strengthens this dynamic. The institutions and behavior generated by the belief that ever-greater consumption brings ever-greater well-being reduce the potential for people to achieve social status and self-respect through more environmentally friendly domains such as democratized work and community. Inequality impedes responses aimed at reducing environmental damage by augmenting the political power of the wealthy, whose interests would be most harmed by measures to protect the environment. The wealthy benefit from pollution because their far greater consumption is made less expensive and their assets yield higher profits. They are also better able to shield themselves from the negative consequences of environmental degradation.
The Problem Is Inequality, Not Private Property and Markets
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

Capitalism has always had vociferous critics, none of whom was more insightful than Marx. He recognized that although capitalism produced unprecedented wealth, behind its ideological patina of freedom, it was an exploitative social system wherein capitalists extracted workers’ surplus. Marx and other critics also held capitalism’s institutions of private property and markets to be corrupting. This has been a mistake. The problem is not these institutions but the inequality that co-evolved with them, providing elites with the political power to structure private property and markets to exploit producers. Marx believed that capitalism’s evolution would eventually empower producers to take political power, and that they would abandon these institutions. But these institutions are essential for economic dynamism and freedom. Blaming capitalism’s institutions of private property and markets for the injustices and social irrationality that accompanied them is a mistake that hinders evolution of a non-exploitative future that makes use of them.
Identity
Authors: Shaver Stephen R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter proposes that the Synoptic/Pauline metaphor (“This is my body”) is best understood as what Robert Masson calls a “tectonic equivalence” or “tectonic shift.” This is a metaphoric blend that makes a proper truth claim by reconfiguring the meaning of an existing concept. The author argues that a tectonic shift involves the creation of a radial extension from a source category that comes to be understood as a prototypical example of that category. This accounts for the difference between metaphors like GOD IS A ROCK (which does not create a tectonic shift) and JESUS IS GOD (which does). The chapter argues that THIS LOAF IS CHRIST’S BODY and THIS WINE IS CHRIST’S BLOOD are tectonic equivalences that reconfigure the meaning structure of CHRIST’S BODY and CHRIST’S BLOOD, leaving those concepts polysemous, so that different senses (historic, eucharistic, etc.) are held together in both identity and distinction.
Conduit
Authors: Shaver Stephen R.
Published: December 2021

The third of three chapters exploring spatial imagery, Chapter 9 presents the conduit, a distinctively Reformed motif, which portrays Jesus Christ as located in heaven and connected to believers on earth by means of the Holy Spirit. The conduit is a SOURCE-PATH-GOAL image schema by which the body and blood of Christ reach from heaven to the recipient. Typically, this is understood as taking place by faith rather than through physical eating. On occasion, however, Reformed writers use prepositions like par or per, which convey a sense that the body and blood might be received “through” the consecrated bread and wine. More frequently, they use these prepositions in connection with the idea that Christ might be seen through the elements. The chapter proposes that this might create possibilities for Reformed theologians today to experiment with conduit imagery as a component of an ecumenical repertoire of motifs for eucharistic presence.
U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J.
Published: December 2021

U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions is a must for those who deal with U.S. government export control and economic sanctions regulations. Written as a user’s manual rather than an academic or historical treatise, it covers in considerable detail—but in language that is intelligible to non-lawyers as well as lawyers—the Commerce Department’s controls on exports of commercial, “dual-use” (having both commercial and military utility), and low-level military items, the State Department’s controls on higher-level military items, the Treasury Department’s approximately thirty different economic sanctions programs, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s controls on nuclear-related commodities, and the Energy Department’s restrictions on assistance to foreign nuclear programs. Given the authors’ decades of experience with these regulations, the book not only explains the legal rules but also offers tips—not necessarily reflected in the regulations themselves—about how to interpret the regulations and deal with the regulators.
Spiritual Support
Authors: Krause Neal M.
Published: December 2021

Spiritual support is defined as assistance that is provided by one church member to a fellow church member with the explicit purpose of bolstering and maintaining the faith of the recipient. Four issues are examined in this chapter: (1) a detailed theoretical explanation of the ways in which communities of faith promote spiritual support is provided; (2) issues in the measurement of spiritual support are discussed; (3) the scant empirical literature on communities of faith and spiritual support is reviewed; and (4) two submodels are presented that provide further insight into the nature of the relationship between communities of faith and spiritual support.
Giving Voice to Children's Artistry
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

This book addresses the development of children’s artistry in the music classroom and children’s chorus. It unveils children’s artistry, identifying its characteristic behaviors, its progression of development and necessary components for growth, and guides the practical application of principles addressed. The book addresses the development of children’s artistry from the perspective of both the choral art and the process of music learning, with each informing the other, rooting artistry in music learning and developing artistry in an ongoing manner throughout childhood. It presents the musical mind as the gateway to children’s artistry. It discusses the power of movement in the embodiment of children’s artistry. It examines song and its role in the development of children’s artistry, demonstrating how rhythm, melody, and text—independently and together—influence children’s developing artistry musically, expressively, and vocally, at all ages and stages. Musical examples throughout demonstrate principles presented, provide professional development with tonalities, meters, movement, and songs, and offer a multitude of songs of increasing difficulty for the music classroom and children’s chorus that compel the musical mind, prompt artistic expression, and enable vocal technique. Practices and techniques that facilitate the development of children’s artistry are included, and the book can be used with any methodology. This book leads teachers to draw artistry out of every child and draw every child into the choral art. Content is intended for application with children from kindergarten through seventh grade, though it is also appropriate with older singers in the process of developing artistry.
Women and Minorities as Living Organ Donors
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, two demographic traits of living donors are observed: the over-representation of women and the under-representation of Blacks. This raises the question of whether these differences should be considered a disparity or a preference. A traditional bioethics approach would state that as long as living donors believe that the benefits of participation outweigh the risks and harms (beneficence) and the donors give a voluntary and informed consent (autonomy or, more accurately, respect for persons), then the demographics reflect a mere difference in preferences. Such an analysis, however, ignores the social, economic, and cultural determinants as well as various forms of structural discrimination (such as racism and sexism) that may imply that the distribution is less voluntary than may appear initially. The distribution also raises justice concerns regarding the fair recruitment and selection of living donors and their recipients. A vulnerabilities analysis can help explain the demographics of living donation.
Kidney Paired Exchanges and Variants
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard
Published: December 2021

Given the growing gap between the demand and supply of kidneys needed for transplantation, and the better outcomes of living versus deceased donor kidney transplants, living kidney donation is being more aggressively endorsed and promoted. Traditionally, living kidney donors were ABO- and HLA-compatible with their recipients, with whom they were genetically and/or emotionally related. When a living donor-recipient pair is not compatible, there is growing acceptance of employing alternative living donor transplantation strategies such as paired kidney exchanges and domino chains. This chapter addresses the ethical and policy issues that are raised by participation in kidney paired exchanges and domino kidney chains. Specific attention is given to the participation of histocompatible donor-recipient pairs in these programs when the donor could just donate directly. Justice and other ethical issues raised by advance donor programs and list-paired exchanges are also discussed.
Organ Markets
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the arguments in favor of and opposed to a market for kidney grafts from living sources. Although the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) of 1984 made it illegal to buy or sell organs in the US, and the World Health Organization recommended a similar ban in 1991 (which was reaffirmed in 2010), there is some support for a kidney market in academic circles. While measures to make living donation financially neutral for living donors are ethical and widely popular, payments that serve as incentives or bribes are neither. The buying and selling of living organ grafts are not an ethical means to mitigate the shortage of organs for transplantation.
Rondas (Singing Games)
Authors: Gibson Rachel
Published: December 2021

Part 2: La Música (The Music) contains 90 joyful songs learned on playgrounds, in classrooms, and from families and teachers. The repertoire allows for musical play and movement, encourages lyrical improvisation, and fosters community. The collection is organized into three categories: Rondas (Singing games), Rimas y Juegos (Chants and games), and Canciones (Songs). Canciones, which comprises 51 songs, includes many pieces with accompanying actions as well as three religious songs and three in a Mayan language, Kaqchikel. La Musica includes song transcriptions, game or movement directions, English translations, informant and location citations, brief notes on song histories or performance practice, and illustrations by the Mayan artist Sucely Puluc. Field video, audio recordings, and additional song information on the companion website allow teachers and students to witness the songs in authentic contexts, demonstrate singing games, guide in pronunciation, and learn more about the history of the songs.
Conclusion
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: December 2021

Chapter 13 concludes the book. It first highlights some of the communal ethic’s advantages compared to standard utilitarian and Kantian moral theories, recalling how it uniquely grounds judgements such as: animals have a moral status, albeit one less than that of humans; persons have a dignity of a sort that plausibly explains why reducing their quality of life matters morally; and despite people’s dignity’s demanding impartial consideration, an agent has duties to do more for those who have been in relationship with her. Then, the chapter sketches three projects it would be sensible to undertake, supposing the book’s central ideas have been worth taking seriously. Whereas the book focuses on prescriptive matters pertaining to right action in interpersonal contexts, it is also worth considering how well communality describes morality, whether it grounds an attractive account of good character, and what it entails for justice in legal, political, and economic institutions.