bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscale variations in the mating system and heterospecific incompatibility mediated by pollination competition in alpine snowbed plants
Authors: KUDO GAKU , KASAGI TETSUYA
Published: September 2010

The effects of pollination competition between related species on pollen limitation, selfing ability and heterospecific incompatibility were studied in the alpine snowbed shrubs,Phyllodoce caeruleaandPhyllodoce aleutica(Ericaceae) along local snowmelt gradients. The flowering season of these species highly overlapped and they shared the same method of pollination (via bumblebees). The floral density and nectar production were higher inP. caeruleain the early snowmelt habitat, but they were higher inP. aleuticain the late snowmelt habitat, reflecting the species‐specific sensitivity to a short growing season. Bumblebee preference shifted fromP. caeruleatoP. aleuticaalong the snowmelt gradient, reflecting the changes in the relative reward level between the species. The extent of pollen limitation ofP. caeruleawas severe in the late snowmelt habitat, whereas that ofP. aleuticawas obvious in the early snowmelt habitat. A pollination experiment revealed thatP. caeruleashowed a consistently low selfing ability, whereasP. aleuticashowed a high selfing ability in the early snowmelt habitat and shifted to an obligate outcrosser in the late snowmelt habitat. The frequency of interspecific bumblebee movement forP. caeruleafromP. aleuticaincreased in the late snowmelt habitat. To the contrary, the frequency of interspecific movement forP. aleuticafromP. caeruleadecreased along the snowmelt gradient.P. caeruleadid not indicate heterospecific incompatibility toP. aleuticapollen. In contrast,P. aleuticaindicated heterospecific incompatibility toP. caeruleapollen, reflecting the high risk of receiving heterospecific pollen as a result of interspecific bumblebee movement. However, heterospecific compatibility ofP. aleuticadisappeared in the late snowmelt habitat, where the risk of heterospecific pollen receipt was low. Therefore, changes in interspecific bumblebee movement might have been responsible for the variation in heterospecific incompatibility amongP. aleuticapopulations. The local snowmelt gradient creates diverse biological interactions and mating system evolution in the alpine ecosystem.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 3: Allium monanthum Maxim. (Alliaceae)
Authors: KAWANO SHOICHI , NAGAI YUKIO , HAYASHI KAZUHIKO
Published: September 2010

The life‐history characteristics and demography of Allium monanthum Maxim. (Alliaceae) are described here. This is a typical spring ephemeral of temperate broad‐leaved deciduous forests in the Japanese Islands and adjacent Far East regions. It possesses a very specialized life‐history strategy because it is a monocarpic ‘pseudo‐annual’. This tiny wild onion species, with one or two (or very rarely, three) small slender aerial leaves measuring only 10 cm long and 4–6 mm wide, has an exceedingly complex sexuality (i.e. male, female, hermaphrodite, andromonoecy and gynomonoecy). Populations including male and hermaphrodite sexualities are exceedingly limited, and thus far have been found only in a few localities in Yamanashi and Niigata Prefectures, Central Honshu. The sexuality and reproductive systems of this species are extremely complex. The exceedingly low efficiency of sexual reproduction is apparently supplemented by vegetative propagation. A. monanthum is karyologically very complex, including a polyploid series of 2x (2n = 16), 3x (2n = 24) and 4x (2n = 32), with the basic karyotype of n (x = 8) = 7 V + 1I. Also, unique translocations, denoted as TrI, TrIIA, TrIIB and TrIII, are found in diploid males. Some other cytotypes, such as 4x/5I, 4x + 1 and 4x − 1, are also found in tetraploid plants. Such cytological peculiarities form the background of the complex sexuality and predominant asexual reproduction of A. monanthum.
Occupational violence and assault in mental health nursing: A scoping project for a Victorian Mental Health Service
Authors: McKinnon Brett , Cross Wendy
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of occupational assault against nurses at a Victorian Mental Health Service, including inpatient units and community teams. The results of this study will assist in developing strategies to minimize the occurrence of occupational assault and, more importantly, its impact for nursing staff. A survey methodology was used. All nurses from two adult acute psychiatric inpatient units as well as those from the community‐based teams were invited to participate in a single survey (n = 90). The sample group for this research included all nursing staff from both inpatient units and community services. High levels of occupational violence against nurses overall and in the past year, underreporting of incidents, and high levels of staff fear are prominent findings of this study. There needs to be a total review of all policy relating to occupational violence with special focus given to the results of this study. The areas of risk management, training, sanctioning, and incident reporting should head the list, as well as addressing staff culture. Universally adopting a zero tolerance approach to occupational violence suggests that it is far from being part of the job. Further, management should consider a comprehensive orientation package that informs patients and their significant others about the role of the treating team. Communicating adequately with patients and their significant others is needed to clarify expectations and to avoid frustration and angry outbursts.
An exploration of mental health nursing models of care in a Queensland psychiatric hospital
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Moyle Wendy
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  This qualitative study that took place in 2006 in a publicly funded Queensland psychiatric hospital explored nursing models of care from multiple points of view. Eleven participants were interviewed. Two were post‐acute consumers, three were nurse unit managers, one was an enrolled nurse, and the remaining five were registered nurses. Even though participants valued an approach that was different to a medical model, in the absence of an explicit nursing approach, the predominantly illness‐care culture led nurses to resort to problem‐focused care. Relying on implicit models of care created inconsistencies and precluded the nursing strategies from being systematically evaluated, revised, or extended. Various changes were identified and included the desire for further consultation and staff development so that an explicit model of care could be introduced and evaluated.
Practice standards to improve the quality of family and carer participation in adult mental health care: An overview and evaluation
Authors: Lakeman Richard
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  Mental health services are required to involve family, carers, and service users in the delivery and development of mental health services but how this can be done in routine practice is challenging. One potential solution is to prescribe practice standards or clear expectation relating to family involvement. This paper describes practice standards introduced to an adult mental health service and a study that aimed to evaluate the impact of the standards on practice. Hospital and community files were audited before and after the introduction of standards for evidence of participation and surveys of carers and consumers relating to the quality of participation were undertaken. Increases in documented carer participation were found, particularly in relation to treatment or care planning. The expressed needs relating to participation varied in hospital and community settings. The majority of carers and service users were satisfied with their level of participation. The introduction of practice standards is an acceptable, inexpensive, and feasible way of improving the quality of family and carer participation, but gains may be modest.
A comparative study of antipsychotic medication taking in people with schizophrenia
Authors: McCann Terence V. , Deans Cecil , Clark Eileen , Lu Sai
Published: September 2010

Medication adherence is problematic in all chronic illnesses, none more so than in individuals with schizophrenia. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the factors that impacted upon antipsychotic medication taking in people with schizophrenia living in regional–rural and metropolitan Victoria, Australia, and to assess if differences existed between these two groups of participants in the factors that affected medication taking. The Factors Influencing Neuroleptic Medication Taking Scale was used with a non‐probability survey sample of 81 people with schizophrenia. Ethics approval was given by university and hospital ethics committees. The results showed, overall, that there were no significant differences between the sets of participants in several demographic characteristics, insight, stigma, substance abuse, types of antipsychotic medications, significant others' support, and access to case managers and general practitioners. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups concerning living circumstances, involvement in religious/spiritual activities, perceived impact of medication side‐effects, and access to psychiatrists. However, there were no statistically significant relationships between these factors and medication omission. The implications of the findings for consumers, mental health nurse case managers, families, mental health service provision, and further research, are considered.
Effectiveness of home visits by mental health nurses for Japanese women with post‐partum depression
Authors: Tamaki Atsuko
Published: September 2010

Post‐partum depression affects 10–13% of Japanese women, but many do not receive appropriate treatment or support. This intervention study evaluated the effectiveness of home visits by mental health nurses for Japanese women with post‐partum depression. Eighteen post‐partum women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated into the intervention (n = 9) or control (n = 9) group at 1–2 months after giving birth. The intervention group received four weekly home visits by a mental health nurse. Control group participants received usual care. Two women in the intervention group did not complete the study. Depressive symptoms and quality of life were measured at 1 and 6 weeks' postintervention. In addition, participants completed an open‐ended questionnaire on satisfaction and meaning derived from the home visits. Women in the intervention group had significant amelioration of depressive symptoms over time and reported positive benefits from the home visits, but there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed at times 2 and 3 between groups in terms of increased median scores of physical, environmental, and global subscales, and the total average score of the World Health Organization/quality of life assessment instrument. On the psychological subscale, significant differences (P = 0.042) were observed between groups at time 2. The qualitative analysis of comments about home visitation revealed four categories related to ‘setting their mind at ease’, ‘clarifying thoughts’, ‘improving coping abilities’, and ‘removing feelings of withdrawal from others’. These results suggest that home visits by mental health nurses can contribute to positive mental health and social changes for women with post‐partum depression. A larger trial is warranted to test this approach to care.
Developing the concept of family involvement and the alienation questionnaire in the context of psychiatric care
Authors: Ewertzon Mats , Lützén Kim , Svensson Elisabeth , Andershed Birgitta
Published: September 2010

Research shows that family members of people with a mental illness often experience a lack of involvement in the psychiatric care of their relative. An interpretation of the findings of these studies raises the question of whether the family members' experience of not being involved can be conceptualized in terms of alienation towards mental health services from their encounter with psychiatric care. In order to explore this possibility, the Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire (FIAQ) was constructed, guided by relevant theoretical frameworks and empirical research. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by two groups of experienced researchers who had sound knowledge of the theoretical frameworks used. Validity based on the response process was evaluated by the parents of people with mental illness. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by a test–retest design with a group of 15 family members. The data were analyzed by a non‐parametric statistical method. The results of the validity and reliability evaluations showed that of the 46 original items in the questionnaire, 28 would be useful in exploring the concept of family involvement and alienation in the context of psychiatric care. Further, minor modifications could make the FIAQ useful in exploring these concepts in other settings.
Healthy babies for mothers with serious mental illness: A case management framework for mental health clinicians
Authors: Hauck Yvonne , Rock Daniel , Jackiewicz Tanyana , Jablensky Assen
Published: September 2010

Women with a serious mental illness (SMI), notably schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders are considered high risk for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, which in turn, are associated with poor neurodevelopment in the child. Failure to access antenatal care, poor adherence with folate supplementation, an unhealthy lifestyle, and inappropriate health decisions can contribute to poor outcomes. Many women with SMI continue contact with mental health services while pregnant. This primary prevention project aimed to develop a framework for community mental health clinicians to improve the reproductive health outcomes for women with SMI. The consultation process involved discussions with key stakeholders, an environmental scan to determine current service delivery issues, a literature review, and individual and group interviews with community mental health clinicians, consumers, general practitioners, and midwives. Three key elements underpin the framework: early detection and monitoring of pregnancy, providing reproductive choices, and implementing a ‘small known team approach’ in the management of the pregnant client. Specific modules within the framework focus upon establishing a professional support network, assessing the risk of pregnancy, the early detection of pregnancy, monitoring during pregnancy, preparing for birth, and planning for the postnatal period. Implementation of the framework has the potential to significantly improve obstetric and neonatal outcomes for this high‐risk group.
‘I'm not an outsider, I'm his mother!’ A phenomenological enquiry into carer experiences of exclusion from acute psychiatric settings
Authors: Wilkinson Claire , McAndrew Sue
Published: September 2010

Contemporary standards and policies advocate carer involvement in planning, implementing, and evaluating mental health services. Critics have questioned why such standards and policies fail to move from rhetoric to reality, this particularly being applicable to carer involvement within acute psychiatric settings. As there is only limited UK research on this topic, this interpretive phenomenological study was undertaken to explore the perceived level of involvement from the perspective of carers of service users who were admitted to acute inpatient settings within the previous 2 years. Interviews were conducted with four individuals who cared for a loved one with a mental illness. The interview analysis was influenced by Van Manen, whose interpretive approach seeks to generate a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study. Four main themes emerged: powerlessness, feeling isolated, needing to be recognized and valued, and a desire for partnership. The findings reflect the views expressed by carers in other studies, identifying that while carers seek to work in partnership with health‐care professionals, at a clinical level they often feel excluded. The study concludes by discussing ways of improving and promoting carer involvement and advocating a partnership in care approach within acute psychiatry.
Consumer perspectives on recovery: A focus on housing following discharge from hospital
Authors: Browne Graeme , Hemsley Martin , St. John Winsome
Published: September 2010

Housing is a critical element in recovery from mental illness. Without suitable housing, people have little chance of maintaining other resources in their lives, such as supportive social relationships and meaningful activities. This study investigated consumers' perspectives on the recovery needs of people who are living with a mental illness, especially those who might need supported accommodation as part of their reintegration into the community. Good quality housing is a critical element in recovery for people living with a mental illness. Findings indicate that when people become unwell, they can destroy resources in their lives, such as housing and friendships. A lack of financial stability can be a problem and exacerbate other difficulties. Having a mental illness means living with loss, stigma, and loneliness, but having someone who understands contributes significantly to recovery. The literature suggests that ‘recovery’ can relate to the relief of symptoms or from the stigma of the illness, recovering from the effects of treatment, from the lack of opportunities, and from the destructive aspects of mental illness. Findings from this study support these aspects, but also that recovery seems to be more. After spending time with the participants, the authors concluded that recovery also means the recovery of a life that includes supportive friends, living in a community in which at least some people ‘understand’, and of recovering a life that includes activities that give that life meaning. Consumers can make a significant contribution to our understanding of mental illness and recovery.
Cell envelope architecture in the Chloroflexi: a shifting frontline in a phylogenetic turf war
Authors: Sutcliffe Iain C.
Published: September 2010

It is important that attempts to understand bacterial phylogeny take into account fundamental bacterial characteristics such as cell envelope composition and organization. Several prominent phylogenetic studies have assumed that the cell envelopes of members of the phylum Chloroflexi are ‘Gram‐negative’ (diderm, i.e. defined by both an inner plasma membrane and an outer membrane) and some of these studies have placed the branch leading to the extant Chloroflexi near the root of the bacterial phylogenetic tree. This Correspondence summarizes the compelling evidence that the Chloroflexi are in fact monoderm, i.e. have only a single cellular membrane. The phylogenetic implications of this conclusion are discussed. The data reviewed also shed interesting light on the distribution of protein secretion systems in diderm bacteria.
Metabolic networks, microbial ecology and ‘omics’ technologies: towards understanding in situ biodegradation processes
Authors: Vilchez‐Vargas Ramiro , Junca Howard , Pieper Dietmar H.
Published: September 2010

Microbial degradation is the main mechanism responsible for the recovery of contaminated sites, where a huge body of investigations is available in which most concentrate on single isolates from soils capable of mineralizing pollutants. The rapid development of molecular techniques in recent years allows immense insights into the processes in situ, including identification of organisms active in target sites, community member interactions and catabolic gene structures. Only a detailed understanding of the functioning and interactions within microbial communities will allow their rational manipulation for the purpose of optimizing bioremediation efforts. We will present the status of the current capabilities to assess and predict catabolic potential of environmental sites by applying gene fingerprinting, catabolome arrays, metagenomics and complementary ‘omics’ technologies. Collectively, this will allow tracking regulation and evolution within microbial communities ultimately aiming to understand the mechanisms taking place in large scale bioremediation treatments for aromatic decontamination.
Attitudes toward the unconscious
Authors: Beebe John
Published: September 2010

As a keynote to a conference bringing together psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists, this paper addresses different mythic attitudes toward the unconscious, Starting with the caricatures of Oedipus and Narcissus that the author feels Jung and Freud originally projected onto each Other in the course of their quarrel. He moves on to the fairytale‐like stories of Perseus and Beauty and the Beast to discover mote complex images of the stance taken in relation to the unconscious by present‐day analysts: working within both die Jungian and the Freudian traditions.
Thawing the ‘frozen accidents’: the archetypal view in countertransference
Authors: Zabriskie Beverley D.
Published: September 2010

Jung's concepts of psyche and psychic energy are relevant in countertransference. Working with Jung's archetypes as ‘transconscious’ dynamic fields of probabilities helps the analyst, as a clinician and teacher with limited human consciousness, to confront and recognize the unconscious cross‐purposes of ‘anomalous’ countertransference, and to convert it to insightful ‘participatory’ countertransference‐Jung's archetypes will be juxtaposed with William James's fields, Gerald Edelman's qualia, and most particularly with Murray Gell‐Mann's ‘frozen accidents’. Two vignettes – from A clinical and a training setting – suggest chat from a Jungian perspective, countertransference may be seen at the psychic juncture where ego, the personal shadow, the interpersonal other and the archerype of the collective unconscious meet in the determining images of a life, fantasy, dream, analysis, and seminar. So‐called ‘parallel process’ will be seen as enclosure in the circles of reference emanating from the patient's experiences in those arenas deemed archetypal, i.e., structurally significant. The relativity of unconscious time will be mentioned. Jung's notion that, called or uncalled, the archetypes are present, informs the thesis that we must name archetypal images if we are to know them, and we must know them to be free.
Presence and absence through the mirror of transference: a model of the transcendent function
Authors: Joseph Steven M.
Published: September 2010

The workings of the transcendent function are explored through the development of a model of psychical process which is founded on the symbolism of the mirror. The model consists in a three‐dimensional psychical manifold comprising apperceptive, reflective, and subjective axes. A fourth, temporal axis is implicit in the process character of the model. A fifth, affective axis is not discussed. The model is used to enhance understanding of both failed and successful transcendent functioning. Parallels with modes of initiation are developed. The transference role of the therapist is explored.
On different types of dignity in nursing care: a critique of Nordenfelt
Authors: Wainwright Paul , Gallagher Ann
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Dignity appears to be an important concept in nursing philosophy and more widely in health care policy and provision. Recent events in the UK have generated much interest in the subject. However, there appears to be some confusion about the precise meaning and application of the concept. An influential contribution to the debate has come from Nordenfelt, who, as part of a European project investigating dignity and the care of older people, has proposed a four‐part typology of dignity. In this article, we will explore some of the background to the dignity debate in UK nursing and health care, give a brief overview of Nordenfelt's position, offer some criticisms of his work and propose some modifications to his view.
Spirituality and nursing: a reductionist approach
Authors: Paley John
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The vast majority of contributions to the literature on spirituality in nursing make extravagant claims about transcendence, eternity, the numinous, higher powers, higher levels of existence, invisible forces, cosmic unity, the essence of humanity, or other supernatural concepts. Typically, these assertions are made without the support of argument or evidence; and, as a consequence, alternative ways of theorizing ‘spirituality’ have been closed off, while the lack of consistent scholarship has turned the topic into a metaphysical backwater. In this paper, I adopt a different premise, rejecting unsupported claims, and surveying the ‘spirituality’ terrain from a naturalistic and reductionist perspective. I argue that, if we rid ourselves of non‐naturalistic assumptions, we will discover theoretical and clinical resources in health psychology, social psychology, neuropsychology, and pharmacopsychology – resources which confirm that it is possible to conceptualize the study of existential concerns, and how health professionals might respond to them, in a properly scientific manner. In order to illustrate the potential usefulness of these resources, I will take palliative care as an example.
Increasingly distant from life: problem setting in the organization of home care
Authors: Ceci Christine
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The analysis undertaken in this paper explores the significance of a central finding from a recent field study of home care case management practice: a notable feature of case management work is the preparation of an orderly, ordered space where care may be offered. However, out of their encounters with an almost endless variety of situations, out of people's diverse narratives of need, case managers seem able to pick out only limited range of recognized needs to which to respond and demonstrate a series of responses themselves equally limited. Though this observation suggests a kind of efficiency that is currently highly valued within healthcare systems, it also underlines the system's inability to engage difference and variability in a meaningful way. This inability or limitation in effectively engaging difference is conceptualized here as, in some sense, a problem, and the nature of this problem is explored through the rhetorical process of problem setting. The central question becomes how might we develop and deploy an orderly and coherent system of care without essentializing people's experiences, without treating these experiences reductively, without, in a Foucaultian frame of reference, allowing what can be understood as similarity or resemblance among clients and situations to be folded back into sameness? As we encounter complexity, variability and difference in practice, how should we treat it?
Beleaguered by technology: care in technologically intense environments
Authors: Almerud Sofia , Alapack Richard J. , Fridlund Bengt , Ekebergh Margaretha
Published: September 2010

Abstract Modern technology has enabled the use of new forms of information in the care of critically ill patients. In intensive care units (ICUs), technology can simultaneously reduce the lived experience of illness and magnify the objective dimensions of patient care. The aim of this study, based upon two empirical studies, is to find from a philosophical point of view a more comprehensive understanding for the dominance of technology within intensive care. Along with caring for critically ill patients, technology is part of the ICU staff's everyday life. Both technology and caring relationships are of indispensable value. Tools are useful, but technology can never replace the closeness and empathy of the human touch. It is a question of harmonizing the demands of subjectivity with objective signs. The challenge for caregivers in ICU is to know when to heighten the importance of the objective and measurable dimensions provided by technology and when to magnify the patients’ lived experiences, and to live and deal with the ambiguity of the technical dimension of care and the human side of nursing.
An International Trade Flow Model with Substitution: An Extension of the Gravity Model
Authors: BIKKER JACOB A.
Published: September 2010

The traditional gravity model has often been applied to international trade flows, especially to analyze trade creation and trade diversion. However, there are two fundamental objections to the model: it cannot describe substitutions between flows, and it lacks a cogent theoretical foundation. A newly developed model, the Extended Gravity Model (EGM), overcomes these objections. An empirical test strongly rejects the gravity model in favour of the EGM. The empirical analysis also proves that the gravity model widely overestimates the influence of the determinants of international trade. The EGM encompasses several models originating in regional economics, and can be applied usefully to a variety of subjects.
Falsificationism and Fallibilism as Epistemic Foundations of Economics: A Critical View
Authors: SALANTI ANDREA
Published: September 2010

A new awareness of the major issues in the contemporary philosophy of science is one of the most remarkable features of current debates on economic methodology. Under the prevailing influence of POPPER'S writings, for example, it has been repeatedly maintained that POPPERian falsificationism ought to be regarded as the proper methodological framework for the appraisal of economic theories. More recently, it has also been argued we should see POPPERian fallibilism as the right epistemological perspective for approaching the problem of agents' behaviour in economic theory. This paper suggests that both such perspectives are doomed to failure: the former because of the heuristic nature of most economic theories, the latter for having overlooked the sharp contrast between ‘practical’ and ‘scientific’ rationality which is so typical of POPPERian epistemology. As often the case when methodology is concerned, criticism is easier than the provision of a sound alternative. We suggest, however, that a fallibilist economist and a falsificationist economic man could do economics a much better service than vice versa.
Capitalism Needs Risk‐, not Profit‐Sharing
Authors: GRUBEL HERBERT G.
Published: September 2010

The analysis of general risk‐sharing systems shows that profit‐sharing represents a special case of the more general systems. General risk‐sharing systems are more efficient than profit‐sharing systems in that they permit contracting parties to exclude or treat differently certain types of risk, especially those which are endogenous to the firm and its management and therefore subject to moral hazard. Most important, general risk‐sharing systems make it possible to exclude the returns from entrepreneurial risk‐taking from share arrangements with workers. This feature makes general risk‐taking consistent with the efficient operation of dynamic SCHUMPETERian market economies. Risk‐sharing systems can also be used to increase the efficiency of contracts between parties other than employers and employees and they are most likely to raise welfare when one of the contracting parties is the government.
Stagflation and Shortageflation: A Comparative Approach
Authors: KOLODKO GRZEGORZ W. , MCMAHON WALTER W.
Published: September 2010

This paper compares inflation and unemployment in western market economies with the repressed inflation and persistent shortages common in centrally planned economies. Stagflation and shortageflation, the latter defined as inflation accompanied by shortages, have much in common, and a similar, albeit inverse, theoretical structure is offered. Measures of stagflation for the western economies and development of a conceptual framework for measuring shortageflation for the eastern European socialist countries leads to a new ‘misery index' facilitating comparisons that are not as misleading as comparison only of inflation rates. They suggest that Italy and Poland have the most severe unhappiness index, and West Germany and East Germany have the lowest unhappiness index. Furthermore, where relative prices fail to reflect relative scarcities, then the failure of production to fully respond, and the time and other resources wasted through queuing, gluts, and other allocative inefficiencies can slow growth.
Inflation in Portugal, 1953‐1980: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: MORRISON RODNEY J.
Published: September 2010

This paper is a study of inflation in Portugal during the years 1953‐1980, a period marked by political revolution and the start of the country's modern economic development. The analysis is conducted within the context of the monetarist‐structuralist debate and employs, as explanatory variables, changes in expected prices, money, permanent income, exchange rates, and a vector of structural factors. Ordinary least squares and first‐ and second‐order autoregressive models, estimated by means of BEACH and MCKINNON'S full maximum likelihood technique, are the empirical methods used to investigate the sources of this inflation. In addition to the usual hypotheses, the question of economies of scale in money‐holding and the general equilibrium notion of a direct and proportional relationship between changes in money and prices are tested. The empirical results demonstrate that, despite political upheaval and government intervention in the market, neoclassical theory provides a reliable explanation of inflation in Portugal during the period considered.
An Expert at Work: Revisiting Jeremy Bentham's Proposals on Codification
Authors: Couyoumdjian Juan Pablo
Published: September 2010

Throughout his life the English philosopher, economist and jurist Jeremy Bentham exhibited a marked interest in the design and the transfer of institutions. What is more, he was determined that his proposals illuminate the course of institutional design all over the world during his era. His work along these lines thus represents an obvious example of the work of a hands‐on expert on codification. In this paper we review the theoretical and practical activities undertaken by Bentham on the issue of codification and discuss them in the context of a rational choice model of the economics of expertise. While experts may claim to be concerned with the advancement of the public interest, it seems safer to consider them as economic agents just like the rest of us. The different activities undertaken by Jeremy Bentham in terms of offering proposals for codification throughout the world in the early 19th century represent a fascinating case‐study on the economics of expertise. Our examination of his activities in this sense will also allow us to discuss the contemporary relevance of Bentham's enterprise.
The Crumbling Hidden Wall:  towards an Economic Theory of Journalism
Authors: Fengler Susanne , Russ‐Mohl Stephan
Published: September 2010

While economic theory has been applied to fields such diverse as religion, arts, law and crime in past years, journalism has until recently remained a blind spot of economic analysis. Media economists may have described media markets, but few economists so far have studied self‐interested journalists as actors in information‐attention markets. Frequently, it is still assumed that journalists serve the public, strive for objectivity in their news products, and seek to act as a ‘fourth estate’ in democracy. We consider this a ‘nirvana approach’ to journalism, and we seek to demonstrate instead that media content is severely influenced by rational journalists' and other communication professionals' self interests.

In this paper we outline an Economic Theory of Journalism, referring to the few scholars of economics and of mass communication who have, explicitly or implicitly, used economic theory as an analytical tool to analyze journalism. We argue that economic concepts like principal‐agent theory, free‐riding, external effects, the tragedy of the commons, and the tyranny of small decisions can fruitfully be applied in order to provide more in‐depth explanations of often‐criticized developments in journalism such as the rising influence of PR and spin doctors on journalism, ‘pack reporting’, and ‘horse‐race journalism’. We conclude that an Economic Theory of Journalism will enable both economists and scholars of journalism to identify and predict more systematically the failures of journalism, the excesses and the blind spots of media coverage, and we claim that economics and mass communications need to observe and to inspire each other more closely in the future.
Motivation and Engagement in Music and Sport: Testing a Multidimensional Framework in Diverse Performance Settings
Authors: Martin Andrew J.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe present study assessed the application of a multidimensional model of motivation and engagement (the Motivation and Engagement Wheel) and its accompanying instrumentation (the Motivation and Engagement Scale) to the music and sport domains. Participants were 463 young classical musicians (N=224) and sportspeople (N=239). In both music and sport samples, the data confirmed the good fit of the four hypothesized higher‐order dimensions and their 11 first‐order dimensions: adaptive cognitions (self‐efficacy, valuing, mastery orientation), adaptive behaviors (planning, task management, persistence), impeding/maladaptive cognitions (uncertain control, anxiety, failure avoidance), and maladaptive behaviors (self‐handicapping, disengagement). Multigroup tests of factor invariance showed that in terms of underlying motivational constructs and the composition of and relationships among these constructs, key subsamples are not substantially different. Moreover—and of particular relevance to issues around the generalizability of the framework—the factor structure for music and sport samples was predominantly invariant.
Necessity and Language: In Defence of Conventionalism
Authors: Glock Hans‐Johann
Published: September 2010

Kalhat has forcefully criticised Wittgenstein's linguistic or conventionalist account of logical necessity, drawing partly on Waismann and Quine. I defend conventionalism against the charge that it cannot do justice to the truth of necessary propositions, renders them unacceptably arbitrary or reduces them to metalingustic statements. At the same time, I try to reconcile Wittgenstein's claim that necessary propositions are constitutive of meaning with the logical positivists’ claim that they are true by virtue of meaning. Explaining necessary propositions by reference to linguistic conventions does not reduce modal to non‐modal notions, but it avoids metaphysical accounts, which are incapable of explaining how we can have a priori knowledge of necessity.
Moral Conviction and Political Engagement
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Bauman Christopher W.
Published: September 2010

The 2004 presidential election led to considerable discussion about whether moral values motivated people to vote, and if so, whether it led to a conservative electoral advantage. The results of two studies—one conducted in the context of the 2000 presidential election, the other in the context of the 2004 presidential election—indicated that stronger moral convictions associated with candidates themselves and attitudes on issues of the day uniquely predicted self‐reported voting behavior and intentions to vote even when controlling for a host of alternative explanations (e.g., attitude strength, strength of party identification). In addition, we found strong support for the hypothesis that moral convictions equally motivated political engagement for those on the political right and left and little support for the notion that a combination of morality and politics is something more characteristic of the political right than it is of the political left.
The Implicit Motives of Terrorist Groups: How the Needs for Affiliation and Power Translate into Death and Destruction
Authors: Smith Allison G.
Published: September 2010

This study explored the dynamics of terrorism through a quantitative content analysis of documents issued by terrorist groups and nonterrorist comparison groups. Thirteen terrorist groups were matched with comparison groups that shared the same ideologies, and their documents were coded for ingroup affiliation, outgroup affiliation, and power motive imagery. As hypothesized, compared with nonterrorist groups, terrorist groups were significantly higher in ingroup affiliation motive imagery and significantly lower in outgroup affiliation motive imagery in the full sample of documents and in an indicator sample that included only terrorist groups' preterrorism documents. Terrorist groups were significantly higher than comparison groups in power motive imagery in the full sample and marginally significantly higher in power motive imagery in the indicator sample. These results highlight the important role that group dynamics play in terrorist groups.
Sowing Patriotism, But Reaping Nationalism? Consequences of Exposure to the American Flag
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Winter David G.
Published: September 2010

The American flag is a frequently displayed national symbol in the United States. Given its high visibility and importance, the present research examines the consequences of exposure to the flag on Americans' sense of national attachment. We hypothesized that the flag would increase patriotism, defined as love and commitment to one's country, and nationalism, defined as a sense of superiority over others. Two experimental studies supported the idea that the American flag increased nationalism, but not necessarily patriotism. The discussion focuses on the practices surrounding the American flag and its implications for the reproduction of American national identity.
The Psychological Citizen and the Two Concepts of Social Contract: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: September 2010

A shift in focus from the logical to the psychological social contract allows us to better explore the socialization of the psychological citizen, and the relationship between identity of individuals and the socio‐political order, with its particular group‐based inequalities. Traditional psychological studies have provided valuable insights into certain aspects of identity, but the new narrative research is leading to novel insights into longer term processes associated with the positioning of identity. The new approach recognizes the dual nature of mental processes and the integral role of context in individual development. Illustrative examples are discussed of the role of cultural carriers in the formation of identity, highlighting the infusion of the macrolevel normative system to thought and action at the microlevel of individuals.
Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low‐Information Elections
Authors: Banducci Susan A. , Karp Jeffrey A. , Thrasher Michael , Rallings Colin
Published: September 2010

In low‐information elections, voters are often faced with the task of choosing from a list of unknown candidates. By examining a set of low‐information elections where candidate photographs were displayed on the ballot, we test how first impressions of candidates can influence election outcomes. We find that attractive candidates are more likely to be attributed the qualities associated with successful politicians and these trait inferences, based on facial appearances, influence the outcomes of elections. We also find that these trait inferences are based on physical characteristics of the candidates, such as age, race and ethnicity, evident from a photograph. Therefore, first impressions can be important determinants of election outcomes, especially in low‐information elections.
The Conceptual Complexity of Central Bankers and the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Thies Cameron G.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the impact of the conceptual complexity of central bankers on exchange rate volatility during the Asian Financial Crisis of the late 1990s. Theoretically, this paper develops a framework to study the cognitive style of individual central bankers in conjunction with the institutional features of the central banks they head. The paper also controls for a variety of other common explanations for exchange rate volatility during this time period, including the number of veto players representing the political system and underlying structural features of the Asian economies. Empirically, the cross‐sectional time‐series analysis finds that more conceptually complex central bankers were able to reduce exchange rate volatility during the crisis years, especially when they inhabited highly independent central banks. This paper concludes that linking the study of key individuals to macroeconomic outcomes in the global political economy is a promising area of research.
Worn Themes and New Developments in Quebec and Canadian Politics
Authors: Lawton William
Published: September 2010

Taking the Quebec election of September 1994 as a starting point, this article provides observations on developments in Canadian politics and Quebec-Canada relations. The Quebec election resulted in the transfer of power to a government committed to Quebec's withdrawal from the Canadian federation. This latest manifestation of Quebec nationalism bears similarity with events in the past but the Canadian political landscape has undergone profound changes over the past decade. The article seeks to place the nationalist victory in the contexts of Canada's quest for constitutional reform, the regionalisation of federal politics, and North American economic integration.
Elizabeth Eckford's Appearance at Little Rock: The Possibility of Children's Political Agency
Authors: Nakata Sana M.
Published: September 2010

In 1957, Hannah Arendt argued against the legally enforced desegregation of public schools in the American South. She argued that African Americans had mistaken schools and education for a site of political debate, when they properly belonged to a social realm instead. This article disagrees and reconsiders Arendt's separation between the social and political realms. Arendt also took exception to the role Elizabeth Eckford, a 15-year-old, played in this debate. It is argued here that Elizabeth Eckford's actions were deeply political and give rise to a need to consider the possibility of children's political agency.
The other Side of the Coin: Knowledge, NGOs and EU Trade Policy
Authors: Jarman Holly
Published: September 2010

Despite the persistent influence of business, non-profit interest groups promoting development for the world's poorest countries, environmental protection, public health and other issues are actively seeking to influence the European trade agenda. Presenting interview evidence from doctoral research on lobbying and trade policy in the European Union and United States, this article argues that within new forms of EU consultation, insider business associations and NGOs adopt similar lobbying strategies, but that this has done little to bridge the divide between their fundamental beliefs.
Locating Agency in Collective Political Behaviour: Nationalism, Social Movements and Individual Mobilisation
Authors: Githens-Mazer Jonathan
Published: September 2010

Some studies have emphasised the role of modernity and/or the emergence of the state in the occurrence of nationalism. These perspectives have underemphasised the motivations and rationales of individuals who claim to act on behalf of the nation. Over-reliance on state-based accounts of nationalism contributes to a broader failure to explain or predict specific and definable moments of popular nationalist mobilisation. This article seeks to redress this imbalance by suggesting that a combination of ethno-symbolist approaches to nationalism with theoretical explanations of mobilisation and contentious politics refocuses attention back on to content rather than structural factors. It will be argued here that national ‘repertoires’ of myths, memories and symbols serve as collectively defined but individually understood factors for nationalist mobilisation. The article will conclude by suggesting potential mechanisms which explain how ‘popular resonance’ translates the ‘imagined community’ of the nation into tangible bases for political action.