bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-378-083601-R02 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC
Authors: Chen Weixing
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the work completed in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of PRCI SCC-2-12 project: Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. The following two insights from the two-phase PRCI SCC 2-12 project can be proven to be the most important: 1) The identification of three types of pressure fluctuations and their different susceptibility to crack growth; 2) The importance of load interaction effects during variable amplitude pressure fluctuations in the prediction of crack growth rate. The work has enabled us to divide near-neutral pH SCC cracking into the following two governing processes: the dissolution growth process for crack initiation and early stage crack growth and the hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth after crack initiation and dormancy. The first process features very high rate of dissolution at the pipe surface caused by various forms of galvanic processes and reduced crack growth in the depth direction leading to crack dormancy. The hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth process has been determined to be predominant for the crack growth after crack initiation and dormancy. Depending on the location of pipeline sections, the pressure fluctuations could be characterized into three types based on the relative pressure levels of the large loading events and the minor cycles. It has been determined from extensive experimental investigations that crack growth under Type I pressure fluctuations with frequent underload cycles, which is often found within 30 km downstream of a compressor station, can be enhanced significantly because of effects of load interactions of variable amplitude of cyclic loading. The load-interactions during SCC of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments are complex, which include both the time independent load-history interactions and the time dependent load interactions related to the rate of diffusion of hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement in response to various scenarios of pressure fluctuations. Based on the experimental findings obtained, strategies for mitigating near-neutral pH crack initiation and crack growth during field operations have been proposed. The experimental findings have also been integrated into a software, namely the Pipe-Online, for making crack growth and remaining life prediction. For the purpose of capturing all the crack-growth contributing events of pressure fluctuations for life predictions, a method of recording pressure fluctuations has also been developed.
PR-214-123734-R01 In The Ditch Non-Destructive Mechanical Property Measurement
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron , Ghovanlou Morvarid , (Archived) Nick Pussegoda
Published: August 2023

This report describes a new approach using existing non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques to determine pipe properties when existing data and information are absent or incomplete. The research work developed a neural network-based tool making use of linepipe hardness, chemistry and microstructure information to determine pipe characteristics, including strength and toughness. This research was completed to develop a tool to fill gaps in pipeline operators' knowledge and records and provide the basis to meet the requirements of "traceable, verifiable, and complete" (TVC) records requirements and regulatory Integrity Verification Processes (IVP), where applicable, and to establish and maintain operating pressure thresholds that provide for safe operation of liquids and gas pipeline systems.

This download includes a copy of the report and a copy of the Excel based Check Mate software (aka Checkmate).

This report has a related webinar.
PR-015-15608-R01 Sample Probe Insertion Depth Testing
Authors: Thorson Jacob , George Darin
Published: August 2023

Probes for natural gas sample collection and analysis must extend far enough into the pipeline to avoid contaminants at the pipe wall, but must not be so long that there is a risk of flow induced resonant vibration and failure. PRCI has sponsored a project to determine the minimum probe depth for obtaining a representative single-phase gas sample in flows with small amounts of contaminants. Phase 2 of the project evaluated the effect of probe tip design and insertion length on the fidelity of gas samples from flows carrying small amounts of liquid hydrocarbons.
PR-164-133747-R01 Evaluation of Inspection Technologies for Challenging to Inspect Pipelines
Authors: Tuncbilek  , Mudge
Published: August 2023

Pipelines may have number of characteristics that makes pigging impractical or even impossible so those pipelines are classed as unpiggable. A literature review and the definition of "unpiggable" have been reported in another PRCI funded project - EC-5-6. The purpose of this document is to provide PRCI Members with a source of information about inspection tools suitable for different applications on Challenging to Inspect Pipes.
PR-261-15609-R02 Machine Learning Algorithms for Smart Meter Diagnostics � Part III (TR2777)
Authors: Crowe Jeff
Published: August 2023

Our objective of this work was to investigate exclusively Daniel USMs. Sixty five thousand individual data points were used in MLA development which totaled over 18 hours of USM data from seven experimental data sets generated at three flow facilities. Six disturbance types were investigated (baseline, single elbow, double elbow out of plane, liquid, elbow header, and tee header). All experimental data was labeled with the disturbance type, if any, and deviation from baseline error. The MLA feature set was improved from the 2015 work by using gas flow conditions to compare measured and predicted flow velocities (flow profiles) and adding features that quantify the stability of the USM flow measurement. Supervised clustering and regression algorithms were fit to the labeled USM data and the accuracy of the MLAs was calculated using a cross-validation technique.
PR-244-9827-R06 Finite Element Parametric Analysis of Local Buckling
Authors: Khoo  , Cheng
Published: August 2023

This work developed a finite element model to be used in a subsequent parametric study. Ten machined corroded pipes were used in the verification of the models.
CPSEX001 Experimental Evaluation of the Hoerbiger-Altronic HYPERfuel High Pressure Fuel Injection System
Authors: Willson
Published: August 2023

An evaluation study was conducted of the Hoerbiger/Altronic HYPERfuel� high-pressure fuel injection system. This work was performed by the EECL under contract to Hoerbiger Corporation of America. The project was funded by the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). The first phase of this program consisted of start up and shakedown testing of the system. Start up was generally very straightforward and the system was operating and running the engine within a few hours of commencing start up / shakedown. The initial valve implementation tested would not operate at the target pressure of 500 psi. The initial test run was halted before its completion due to a failure of the EECL�s high pressure fuel gas compressor. A second round of testing and evaluation began on June 6. A new valve design produced by Hoerbiger was utilized in the second round of testing. This new valve operated successfully from 400 to 550 psi. The valves were not tested outside of this range.
PR-322-05215-R03 Pipeline Pump Study Virtual Prototype CFD Investigation
Authors: Hessman
Published: August 2023

Utilize the latest state of the art design tools to develop an optimal single stage pipeline pump design that improves off-peak efficiency without negatively impacting other performance parameters (suction performance, reliability, etc.).
L51393 A.G.A. Gas-Liquid Data Bank
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

The purposes of the Data Bank are to organize field (operating pipeline) data from a wide variety of gas and oil pipelines and make these data available in a convenient form to interested pipeline designers and operators. The Data Bank itself consists of a computer tape written in IBM Fortran and a User's Manual. The tape contains two computer programs, (one to enter data and one to read back the data), the files of the data, an index listing pipelines contained in the Data Bank, a bibliography for the data in the Data Bank, and a brief summary describing the data. The types of data of interest include: composition, pipe geometry, pressure drop and holdup data (obtained pigging or by measurements). Transient data during pigging operations or from rapid flow changes are also of interest.
PR-185-0351-R04 Welding Processes for Small to Medium Diameter Pipelines - Improved Root Pass Techniques
Authors: Reichert  , Harris  , Vaze
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this portion of the project was to develop improved root pass automation (Task 3) and process control systems (Task 4) for girth welding of pipeline butt joints. To achieve these goals a motion control module was developed for control of a track-mounted Serimer-Dasa welding tractor (bug). The module includes a software program that can communicate with a motion controller and control all motions of the axes.
PR-185-0351-R05 Welding for Small to Medium Diameter Gas Pipelines - Real-Time Quality Monitoring
Authors: Harris  , Vaze
Published: August 2023

A literature review was conducted to establish and highlight the state of the art for real-time quality monitoring (RTQM). Work in this task advanced the state of the art in terms of achieving constant welding power input at constant contact tip-to-workpiece distance (CTWD), thus achieving constant welding heat input at constant welding travel speed. This was coupled with high speed on-board DAQ to achieve RTQM, in these terms.
L51867 Remaining Strength of Pipelines w Coexistent Corrosion and SCC
Authors: Leis  , Rudland
Published: August 2023

Failures have occurred on gas-transmission pipelines at stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) locations that formed along the bottom of significant metal-loss defects. In one case, axial low pH SCC occurred within a large patch of significant metal loss; in a second case, selective axial metal loss occurred adjacent to the long seam, with coaxial low pH SCC forming at the bottom of this corrosion. While only a few instances of SCC growing in corrosion defects have been identified to date, the fact that initiation of SCC may favor more highly stressed sites, such as metal-loss defects, indicates that these past occurrences can be expected to recur. The increased likelihood of cracking in corrosion highlights the need to develop a failure criterion for SCC lying within metal-loss defects. This report presents the development of a failure criterion for cracks emanating from corrosion defects. The failure criterion is embedded in the suite of PRCI failure criteria for defects in pipelines, which is being delivered as part of the update for the PRCTs failure criterion for sharp defects, known as pipeline axial flaw failure Criterion, PAFFC.
L41017 Flow of Natural Gas Through Experimental Pipe Lines and Transmission Lines
Authors: Smith  , Miller  , Ferguson
Published: August 2023

This report is intended to present primarily the results of tests conducted on experimental pipelines and to describe those lines and the related test equipment; it also includes in the appendixes formulas and data which operating and design engineers will find useful in the practical application of the results of the investigation. These appendixes are in no way intended as a handbook for pipeline design, because the scope of the investigation was limited to the study of short experimental pipelines. The design engineer is offered two methods of computing transmission factors for pipeline- flow problems, once the effective hydraulic roughness of the pipeline is known or assumed. The first method consists of equations which are generally applicable to the complete range of possible Reynolds numbers within which the flow is turbulent. The second method is presented by figures which give reasonably accurate transmission factors applicable for the Reynolds numbers indicated. Pending the development of additional information concerning the effective roughness of actual pipelines, the design engineer may use either the value suggested herein or such other value as his own experience may indicate.
L41029 An Analysis for Predicting Pipe Response to Buried Explosive Charges
Authors: Wenzel
Published: August 2023

The major objective of Phase I of the program is: Develop an analysis procedure for determining the response of buried gas transmission pipelines to nearby (1 to 100 ft) blasting. This analysis considers all types of soil conditions commonly encountered in U.S. pipelines, normal pipeline operating practices, and materials used for buried high pressure gas transmission structures.
NR197703 Inhibitor - Containing Coatings in Controlling Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Line-Pipe Steel
Authors: McKinney
Published: August 2023

Field and laboratory research has identified many of the factors that contribute to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in buries pipelines, an important one being the chemical composition of the environment. One approach to reducing the susceptibility of pipelines to SCC is to incorporate chemicals into the pipeline coatings that can modify that environment and inhibit SCC. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated and manufacturers of pipeline coatings have been encouraged to develop inhibitor-containing coatings.

This report describes the state of progress in the development of procedures and techniques for assessing the effectiveness with which an inhibitor can be leached from a coating and reduce the occurrence of stress-corrosion cracking in pipeline steels. These test procedures have been developed through the evaluation of several types of pipeline coatings obtained from coatings manufacturers. Some modification of the procedures for coating leaching may be necessary for evaluation of some types of coatings.
L52104 Differentiation of Corrosion Mechanisms by Morphological Feature Characterization
Authors: Pound
Published: August 2023

Corrosion of liquid and gas pipelines can occur by various mechanisms. The ability to differentiate between mechanisms is crucial if corrosion control measures are to be effective. The objective of this work was to determine whether corrosion of pipeline steels results in characteristic morphological features that are diagnostic for specific corrosion mechanisms, particularly with regard to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Coupons of 1018 carbon steel were exposed for two weeks in 5 wt% NaCl under abiotic and biotic conditions in different environments (N2, N2-CO2, and N2-H2S). Pitting occurred in all environments both with and without bacteria present. Many of the pits formed under biotic conditions were similar in morphology to those formed under abiotic conditions. However, other pits exhibited a different morphology from the abiotic pits in the N2 and N2-CO2 environments. In the N2-H2S environment, the presence of bacteria did not result in any discernible differences in pit morphology. The biotic pits in the N2 and N2-CO2 environments were similar in shape and size to those previously found on pipeline steel in a biotic culture medium, where MIC was essentially the sole cause of pitting. Thus, identification of pits associated with MIC appears feasible for natural gas environments.
L52132 The Safety Performance of Natural Gas Transmission and Gathering Systems
Authors: Trench  , Selig
Published: August 2023

This report provides a summary of the safety performance of the gas transmission pipeline systems from 1985 to 2001. This summary report is based on RSPA form 7100-2 for incidents involving Transmission and Gathering Operators, both intra and interstate. The number of incidents has fallen over the 1985-2001 period while gas consumption - and thus gas transported -- has increased. The result is a decline in the number of incidents per unit transported of nearly 40%. About 90% of the onshore incidents occur in unpopulated areas. Fatalities are uncommon and injuries have decreased by 50% over the 17-year period. The largest cause of onshore safety incidents is "Third Party Damage," where an excavator, contractor or farmer damages a line while working in its right-of-way.
L52128 Effect of High CP Potentials on Pipelines
Authors: Yunovich  , Tossey
Published: August 2023

This effort included an experimental program to evaluate high cathodic protection on the impact to coatings and high hydrogen potentially damaging the steel. Pipe (X65) with and without hardspots were evaluated.
NR198507 Effects of Postweld Heat Treatment on Selective Corrosion and Ductility of Welds in ERW Pipe
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

Postweld heat treatments originally were applied to improve the strength and toughness of the weld. Recent information has indicated that postweld heat treatments also can have a significant effect on the resistance of the weld line to selective corrosion in service.

The objective of the present investigation was to gain a better understanding of the effects of postweld heat treatments on both weld ductility and resistance to selective corrosion so as to aid pipe users in the selection of pipe for optimum serviceability.
NR197101 Effect of Sulfide Inclusion Morphology on the Mechanical Properties of an X-52 Pipe Steel
Authors: Groeneveld  , Grube  , Elsea
Published: August 2023

Nonmetallic inclusions in steel generally are considered to be detrimental to the mechanical properties of steels; low ductility and poor fracture behavior of various steels have been attributed to nonmetallic inclusions. However, the relationship between mechanical properties and inclusions often has been based on qualitative observations whereas quantitative data are needed if specification and design are to be established.

The experimental work described in this report was conducted to determine (1) the effect of variations in the deoxidation practice used in manufacturing pipe steel on the shape and distribution of the sulfide inclusions in the steel and (2) the influence of these variations in the sulfide inclusions on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the steel.
NR198106 Information on the Through-Thickness Properties of Controlled-Rolled Pipe Steels
Authors: VanEcho J. A. , Williams D. N.
Published: August 2023

Controlled-rolling has produced materials that have certain attractive properties; high yield strength and toughness are the two major features. Controlled-rolling may also result in a material with certain deficiencies, principally, low ductility in the through-thickness direction. Low through-thickness ductility can result in lamellar tearing at or near midthickness under the action of stresses developed in plate or pipe from welding operations. A literature search was undertaken to define various aspects of the problem that are important to the users of pipe produced from controlled rolled plate of skelp. There are several methods for conducting tests for through-thickness properties. The principal methods reported in the literature are the use of (1) subsize tensile specimens when sufficient thickness is available; (2) grip extensions formed to either Charpy V-notch or tensile specimens by electron-beam welding; and (3) specially designed double-ligament tensile specimens. The use of adhesively bonded or friction-welded grip extensions would appear to be feasible, but no reports of the use of specimens of this type to measure through-thickness properties were found.
L52193 Guidelines on Tensile Strain Limits
Authors: Wang  , Cheng
Published: August 2023

There are no generally accepted industry standards that allow the determination of the maximum tensile strain limits of girth welds. Most ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) codes are stress-based and cannot be used if the longitudinal strain is greater 0.5%. The objective of this project was to develop guidelines on tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds as a part of the overall development of seismic design guidelines. The loading on pipelines from seismic events is largely displacement-controlled. Such loading can impose high longitudinal tensile strains on the girth welds of pipelines. Therefore, it is necessary to define tensile strain limits of girth welds in the seismic design guidelines.

This work represents a systematic investigation of various factors affecting the tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds. By using the concept of crack driving and apparent toughness, baseline tensile strain limits have been established for a wide range of pipe grade, wall thickness, defect size, and material toughness.
PR-015-05602-R01 Evaluation of Clamp-on Ultrasonic Meters as Diagnostic Tools
Authors: George
Published: August 2023

This study has evaluated the ability of commercially available clamp-on ultrasonic meters (USMs) to diagnose natural gas flow conditions that can produce measurement errors in traditional natural gas meters, and quantify the errors in measurements made with traditional metering technologies under these conditions. Commercially available clamp-on meters were tested in a fully developed, steady flow downstream of a high-performance flow conditioner to evaluate their measurement repeatability and reproducibility. The clamp-on meters were then installed on a conventional orifice meter run and an in-line ultrasonic meter run. Data were collected from all meters under ideal conditions and different adverse conditions, including an improperly installed orifice plate, orifice runs altered to simulate scale or dirt on the orifice plate and tube walls, and a partially plugged flow conditioner generating an asymmetric flow profile in the ultrasonic meter run.
L51901 Model for Interpretation of Pipeline Survey Data
Authors: Orazem  , Qiu
Published: August 2023

This final report describes the progress made in a 2-year effort to develop an initial version of a computer program that can be used to extract the condition of the pipe taking into account a wide variety of field data. The goal of this work was to develop an initial version of a computer program to facilitate interpretation of pipeline survey data in terms of the corrosion conditions or the state of protection for a single pipe. The intention of this preliminary effort was to establish a proof of concept which could motivate future development.
GRI-05-0175 Technology Enhancements for Solution Mined Salt Caverns
Authors: Bannach A. , Wagler T. , Walden S. , Klafki Michael , K�ckritz V. , Mulkamanov A. , Kneer A.
Published: August 2023

This effort investigates mechanical integrity testing of gas caverns by field tests, instrumented laboratory tests, and CFD modeling. The evaluation contributes to a better understanding of the flow conditions and temperature fields inside of a cavern at steady state and injection/withdrawal periods.
NMCQ4YK Development of a Low Cost Inferential Natural Gas Energy Flow Rate Prototype Retrofit Module
Authors: Kelner E. , George Darren , Nored Marybeth , Burkey Russell C.
Published: August 2023

In 1998, a multi-year project to develop a working prototype instrument module for natural gas energy measurement was initiated. The module will be used to retrofit a natural gas custody transfer flow meter for energy measurement, at a cost an order of magnitude lower than a gas chromatograph. Development and evaluation of the prototype energy meter in 2002-2003 included: (1) refinement of the algorithm used to infer properties of the natural gas stream, such as heating value; (2) evaluation of potential sensing technologies for nitrogen content, improvements in carbon dioxide measurements, and improvements in ultrasonic measurement technology and signal processing for improved speed of sound measurements; (3) design, fabrication and testing of a new prototype energy meter module incorporating these algorithm and sensor refinements; and (4) laboratory and field performance tests of the original and modified energy meter modules.Field tests of the original energy meter module have provided results in close agreement with an onsite gas chromatograph. The original algorithm has also been tested at a field site as a stand-alone application using measurements from in situ instruments, and has demonstrated its usefulness as a diagnostic tool. The algorithm has been revised to use measurement technologies existing in the module to measure the gas stream at multiple states and infer nitrogen content. The instrumentation module has also been modified to incorporate recent improvements in CO2 and sound speed sensing technology. Laboratory testing of the upgraded module has identified additional testing needed to attain the target accuracy in sound speed measurements and heating value.
NR198804 In-Situ Determinations of Yield Strength
Authors: House
Published: August 2023

The objective of this program was to establish the feasibility of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to measure on-site the yield strength of the steel used in gas pipelines. The need for this capability exists primarily because of the loss of construction records for many pipelines, which would document the grade of steel used to construct the pipeline. Without this information, pipelines must be operated at conservative pressures to minimize the chances for failure and to comply with 49 CFR part 192 of the federal requirements. A method of determining the yield strength nondestructively would allow a more informed decision on the possible use of higher operating pressures.

This report discusses the results from the first year of a planned two-year program, initiated in 1987. In spite of rather encouraging results from the first year, approval for the second year of work was not given. The objective of the first year of this program was to determine whether correlations between yield strength and certain nondestructive measurement parameters that were previously established and reported in the literature for a variety of steels could be extended to pipeline steels.
L52009 Guidelines for Assessing Corrosion Associated with Seam and Girth Welds
Authors: Lies
Published: August 2023

Guidelines for the use of pipe-body-based corrosion assessment criteria in applications to weld seams have been developed in terms of specific metrics that address the line pipe properties, the pipelines loadings and service conditions, and the nature of the corrosion and a flowchart has been developed to implement these metrics. the guidelines have been validated by the available full-scale tests, laboratory tests, and in-service failures involving corrosion on weld seams, for both girth welds and longitudinal seams. In all cases, the guidelines have been validated, although for some applications the one-size-fits all approach that underlies these guidelines leads to conservative results.
L51984 Engine-Compressor Performance Data Normalization
Authors: Smalley
Published: August 2023

This report defines methods for normalizing parameters which relate to performance and integrity of compression equipment. As a basis for normalization, the project compares each parameter as recorded or derived during operation to a corresponding expected value. The report presents a method to characterize operational behavior by mapping, and by linear regression to develop a model which predicts the expected value as a function of certain independent variables. The report discusses active and passive options for mapping. The project has focused considerable attention on the choice of both dependent and independent variable(s) for the mapping process (guided both by knowledge of the physics involved, and by typical data from various sources for most of the parameters). The report presents a basis for assessing the statistical significance of a deviation between measured and expected values and, where appropriate, for evaluating the economic significance. In addition, the report gives trouble-shooting guidelines for use by operators in the event a significant deviation between a measured and expected parameter is identified.
L51871 SCC Field Data Collection
Authors: Beavers  , Johnson
Published: August 2023

The original objectives of PRCI project PR 186-9506 were:

(1) to establish a standard protocol for the collection of field data on SCC,

(2) to instruct field engineers and technicians from the pipeline companies to insure that the protocol is used properly, and

(3) to establish and maintain a data base for the compilation and analysis of the field data.

The program was divided into three Tasks:

Task 1 - Protocol Development,

Task 2 - Protocol Training, and

Task 3 - Data Base Development and Management.

In the final scope of work, the PRCI Committee canceled Task 3 of the project.
L52027 External Weld Deposition Repair for Internal Wall Loss in Tees and Elbows - Further Validation
Authors: Bruce
Published: August 2023

Pipeline repair by direct deposition of weld metal, or weld deposition repair, is an attractive alternative to the installation of full-encirclement sleeves or composite reinforcement, particularly for repair of wall loss defects in bend sections and fittings. Previous work concluded that the static strength of straight sections of pipe, field bends, elbows, and tees can be fully restored when the after-repair minimum wall thickness is equal to or greater than the nominal wall thickness, provided that the weld metal strength is at least equal to the strength of the parent material and that the repair overlaps the perimeter of the wall loss by at least one nominal wall thickness. This criteria was validated by full-scale tests that included a limited number of wall loss locations and end-restraint conditions. To allow the confident use of this repair method, additional validation experiments were required for different wall loss locations and end-restraint conditions. The objective of this project was to further validate the criteria developed in previous work.
GRl-90-00180 Field Implementation Plan for Inert Base Gas Use in Underground Storage
Authors: Wilkowski
Published: August 2023

A four-step systematic approach was developed for use by storage field operators to plan and implemerit inert base gas projects in the U.S. These steps are site selection, data collection and analysis, engineering analysis, and field implementation plan. An example illustrates the use of this approach. Appendixes include an evaluation of potential field
test sites and a discussion of regulatory issues relating to the use of inert gas in underground storage.
L51981 Status of Guided Waves Technology to Detect Defects in Buried Pipelines March 2002
Authors: Loo van de
Published: August 2023

This project describes the long term overall development process with contributions of almost all major suppliers in the field. In the field application to buried sections of pipeline, especially those that are bitumen coated, the results are not always successful. This report gives a generic summary of all factors involved in the performance of guided wave testing.
L52038 Stress Corrosion Cracking Gap Analysis
Authors: Fessler
Published: August 2023

The focus of the project was to study the potential productivity of the LBW and HLAW processes in terms of the thickness of material that could be welded in a single pass at a given travel speed. Additionally, the robustness of the process was determined using weld joints with less than ideal fitup. Potential feasibility of the processes were then determined by considering both the practical aspects of their application as well as the economic justification.
L51987 Turbine Meter Research in Support of the Planned AGA Report No 7 Revision
Authors: George
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to provide independent turbine meter performance data to support the planned revision of the AGA turbine meter standard, AGA Report No. 7. Specific objectives were to test new high-capacity turbine meter designs, to confirm the performance of the installation configurations referenced in AGA-7, and to evaluate the effect of changes in line pressure on meter calibration.
GRI-03-0177 Systematic Testing of Formation Damage Potential in Gas Storage Fields
Authors: Stewart
Published: August 2023

The objectives of these studies are: 1) to identify common fluids and materials that are used in the course of gas storage operations and/or transmission operations that may cause damage to gas storage reservoirs, 2) to determine the availability of formation damage test data, and 3) to conduct tests on selected fluids to augment data already available.
L51853 Pipeline Landfall Design and Protection
Authors: Kirk
Published: August 2023

The overall objective of this work is to summarize the design and construction methods for pipeline landfalls on non-rocky coastlines and give an overview of the concerns and provisions required to find an optimum solution to the pipeline landfall. The review includes cost and safety aspects as well as environmental impact considerations.
L51882 Mill Test Techniques for Predicting Crack Arrest Ability in High Toughness Steels
Authors: Mannucci  , Demofonti
Published: August 2023

The cost for construction of new pipelines to meet the demand for natural gas can be justified by using high strength materials: however line safety requires steel properties that preclude catastrophic failures should the pipe wall be breached. Important problems faced in the eighties, come now again onto the table of the international scientific community driven directly by the incoming projects of future high productivity transmission lines, and need final solutions.

The objective of this project, was to develop a simple laboratory testing method, that can be easily transferred and used in the mill practice, to provide a reliable measure of the ductile fracture toughness, expressed by the critical value of the Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOAc), for high grade/high toughness line pipe steel (grade API X80 and Charpy V shelf energy 200 J). Such parameter has been measured up to now by using the CSM Two Specimen CTOA Test Methodology (methodology developed in the frame of past PRCI sponsored project for gas pipeline steels in grade up to API X80 and with Charpy V shelf energy up to about 200 Joule).
L51476 Development of a System to Measure Depth of Radiographic Anomalies
Authors: Baker
Published: August 2023

Reports the use of a radiographic anomaly measurement system to evaluate simulated and real internal undercut and volumetric internal flaws in pipeline girth welds.
K83XPSQ Modeling of Damage in Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Brown  , Zyglowicz  , Frantz
Published: August 2023

The primary aim of this study is to addresses this specific question. In addition, this study also establishes techniques to conduct cost-benefit analyses on deliverability enhancement treatments, quantitatively determine the impact of operational changes on deliverability, and conduct comprehensive damage surveillance less expensively and therefore more frequently.

The zip file contains the final report, the associated data that the analysis was performed on, and spreadsheets to analyze/graph the results.
L52032 Reliability of Girth Welds in Early Generation Pipelines - Joint Design and Flaw Combinations
Authors: Mohr
Published: August 2023

Demonstrating the reliability of existing pipelines under new loading conditions requires the use of standard methods that have known applicability to that type of pipe and data relevant to the pipe.� Both of these may be lacking for early generation pipelines, such as ones from the 1930s and 1940s, where the girth welds can have been welded with processes not commonly used today (oxyacetylene welding) or with joint designs that use internal backing.� Three types of joint designs were particularly used in this study:� butt joints with an internal backing ring, butt joints with a backing or chill ring and enlarged diameter on either side of the weld (bell-bell chill ring joints), and butt joints where one side of the weld has an enlarged diameter sufficient to slide that side over the other side (bell and spigot joints).

Three approaches were taken to demonstrating the capacity of early generation pipelines for longitudinal loading across girth welds.� First, small-scale tests were performed on a variety of girth weld types, determining both stresses and strains to failure and other mechanical properties.� Testing data from individual pipeline companies is included here to add to the available data.� Second, finite-element analyses were performed for welds with internal backing rings so that comparisons could be made between small-scale specimens and full-scale pipes.� The effect of internal pressure was also examined.� Third, two full-scale tests of early generation bell-bell chill ring welds were performed with combined axial loading and internal pressure.
L51463 Effect of Weld Metal Strength on the Control of Root Pass Cracking
Authors: Glover
Published: August 2023

This study was conducted to determine the influence of root bead weld deposit strength on the crack susceptibility of the root pass of the girth weld. Both small-scale procedural tests and full scale field tests were performed. The results indicate that using a nominally lower strength root pass reduces the critical preheat required to prevent cracking. The overall behavior of the weld metal was shown to be influenced by its chemical composition, hydrogen content, and the local stresses due to weld geometry and external loading. Furthermore, the local stress level in the weld could be calculated from finite element analysis, and the effects of wall thickness, misalignment, and lift height could be accurately modeled.
L51972 Encroachment Monitoring via Earth Observation Data
Authors: McHugh  , Power  , Randell
Published: August 2023

The objective of the pipeline encroachment monitoring project was to demonstrate the feasibility of using Earth observation (EO) satellites for early detection of third-party encroachment activities. Examples of encroachment activities include road construction, cable laying, farming, and residential or commercial development.

Optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images taken from space-borne platforms were evaluated for use in detecting encroachment activities. C-CORE and TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. conducted an encroachment field program near Whitecourt, Alberta. Various encroachment activities, principally involving heavy equipment, were staged and concurrent satellite-based optical (IKONOS) and SAR (RADARSAT) images acquired. These images were then analyzed for signatures of the encroachment events.

A total of 22 multispectral and panchromatic IKONOS images and 14 RADARSAT SAR images were acquired. The IKONOS satellite proved to be effective in detecting smaller vehicles (for example, small trucks or Bobcat tractors) in areas that are free from cloud cover. RADARSAT proved effective in the detection of larger vehicles (for example, excavators or dump trucks), linear excavation, deforestation, and the provision of reliable coverage in all weather conditions.
L51907 Internal Corrosion Risk Assessment and Management of Steel Pipelines
Authors: Mauney  , Moghissi  , Sridhar
Published: August 2023

The objective of this work is to provide a risk assessment and management software tool that will: (i) Provide probability of pipeline segment leak versus time for each pipeline segment of concern based on past laboratory research, (ii) Provide a means of conducting a formal interview for Probability of Leak where data is not available, and (iii) Provide an analysis tool for timing inspection/repair/replacement of each pipeline segment with a maximized Net Present Value (NPV) for the group.
L51794A Failure Criterion for Residual Strength of Corrosion Defects in Moderate to High Toughness Pipe
Authors: Leis Brian
Published: August 2023

This project extends the investigation of the remaining strength of blunt and sharp flaws in pipe to develop a new, simple equation, known as PCORRC, for predicting the remaining strength of corrosion defects in moderate- to high-toughness steels that fail by the mechanism of plastic collapse. This report summarizes the development of this criterion, which began with the enhancement of a special-purpose, analytical, finite-element-based software model (PCORR) for analyzing complex loadings on corrosion and other blunt defects. The analytical tool was then used to compare the influence of different variables on the behavior of blunt corrosion defects and to develop an equation to reliably and conservatively predict failure of corrosion defects in moderate- to high-toughness steels. The PCORR software and the PCORRC equation have been compared against the experimental database and have been shown to reduce excess conservatism in predicting failure of actual corrosion defects that were likely to have been controlled by the plastic collapse mechanism. Because of the general nature and theoretical foundation of these developments, both the software tool and the equation can be extended in future work to develop similar criteria for combinations of defects and loadings not addressed by this version of the PCORRC equation such as interaction of separated adjacent defects and axial loads on defects.
GRI-02-0242 Geomechanical Analysis of Pressure Limits for Thin Bedded Salt Caverns
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Several organizations have developed guidance documents for designing and operating storage salt caverns (CSA 1993; API 1994; IOGCC 1995). Few of these efforts, however, have focused on some of the critical technical aspects related to cavern development in thin, heterogeneous, bedded salt formations. There are three basic geomechanical processes that limit maximum and minimum pressures in a bedded salt cavern. These are:

The tensile fracturing pressure for the salt material and interbedded non-salt materials;
The formation stresses, induced by cavern pressure decline or increase, at which bedding plane slip might be induced between heterogeneous material layers;�
The minimum cavern pressure that might induce roof instability or excessive closure.

The goals of this project have been to investigate and summarize for operators each of these limiting factors, and to present guidelines and analysis tools to determine minimum and maximum pressure limits for bedded salt caverns in a variety of structural settings.
L51921 Evaluating the Remaining Creep Life of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Bernstein
Published: August 2023

A study was performed on methods to determine the remaining creep life of gas turbine blades. The objective of the study was to develop a remaining creep life methodology that will allow greater life to be obtained from these very expensive engine components. The focus of this study was on methods of physical testing, especially mechanical testing.
L51959 Cathodic Protection Requirements for Mitigation Corrosion on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Thompson  , Lawson
Published: August 2023

As pipelines age, the need for predictive capability and comprehensive models for cathodic protection and corrosion mitigation is becoming significantly more critical. It is imperative that such models be developed to insure future pipeline integrity and risk management that is both economically feasible and utilizes best-practice engineering. Present cathodic protection (CP) models are based on a simplified mechanism of cathodic protection that does not explain certain basic field observations for operating underground pipelines. In addition, the lack of a comprehensive mechanism for cathodic protection of steel in soil environments has prevented industry from developing predictive models for (1) establishing long-term cathodic protection current requirements as a function of pipeline conditions and (2) quantifying the magnitude of corrosion mitigation for a specific level of cathodic polarization. In this study, long-term laboratory experiments were used to define and quantify an environmental polarization effect. The environmental polarization term was capable of explaining most of the field observations concerning current requirements and depolarization. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were utilized to quantify the effects of environmental polarization.
L51969 Development and Construction of a 24 inch and 36 inch Mk3 Elastic Wave In-Line Inspection Vehicle
Authors: Pearce
Published: August 2023

The Elastic Wave (EW) technology has a proven record of detecting longitudinal cracking in gas and liquid pipelines. Prior to the initiation of this project, the technology had been based on a 36" pipe diameter with conversion kits covering 30", 32" and 34". Bend passing capability was 3D back to back, changing to 5D on the 30" build. To extend the technology over a greater range of pipe diameters and to incorporate 1.5D bend-passing capability on the smaller sizes required a radical re-design of the whole system. The brief of this project was to design a system capable of operating over the size range from 20" to 48", to produce a mechanical arrangement that enabled 1.5D bend passing on the 24" to 30", and to provide built-in gas by-pass capability for all sizes from 24"to 48". The project has been completed. Designs have been schemed for 20"to 48". A 24" 1.5D tool and a 36" 3D tool have been designed, manufactured and tested. The mechanical integrity and defect detection capabilities of both vehicles have been proven. Seven commercial inspection operations were successfully completed in 2000, collecting a total 572.8km (355.9 miles) of EW data.
L51555 Estimation of Average Reservoir Pressure in Underground Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Guppy  , Babur  , Remezani
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was to examine different methods available for estimating the average reservoir pressure of an underground storage reservoir and to determine the relative accuracy of each technique under varying conditions. Three techniques were reviewed, including a new procedure developed as a part of this research project.

Approach 1: Shutting-in all wells and monitoring several wells or one representative well upstructure after a selected length of time. Either the arithmetic or weighted average of the final pressure for all the wells is used to determine the average
reservoir pressure.

Approach 2: Pressure build-up analysis was performed on several wells and the average reservoir pressure for that drainage area was determined from the Horner plots. The average reservoir pressure for the entire reservoir was found by computing the weighted average of average drainage pressures for the individual wells.

Approach 3: All data collected from Approach 2 was combined into one composite Horner plot from which the average reservoir pressure could be determined.
L51470 Experimental Evaluation of Fracture Propagation in an Underwater Gas Pipeline
Authors: Maxey
Published: August 2023

Reports the results of three underwater fracture experiments conducted with nitrogen and the development of a fracture model based on the results.