bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community forestry and its implications for Northern Ontario
Authors: Duinker P. N. , Matakala P. W. , Zhang D.
Published: February 2014

Community forestry is becoming an increasingly important policy issue for provincial governments in Canada. Many single-industry communities in the northern parts of the provinces, surrounded as they are by forests, are looking to forest resources for possible economic diversification and stability. At the same time as there is increasing interest, there is little understanding about what community forestry could and should be for communities surrounded by Crown land forests. This paper looks at some definitions and dimensions of community forestry, as well as reviewing briefly some experiences with it. We examine various ways in which community forestry might be different from provincial government forestry and industrial forestry, and reflect on whether community forestry could lead to improvements in forest management. We conclude with some thoughts on potential future directions for community forestry in Ontario. Key words: community forestry. Crown land forests, single-industry communities, land tenure, local involvement, economic stability, Northern Ontario
Intercropping Valuable Hardwood Tree Species and Agricultural Crops in Southern Ontario
Authors: Gordon Andrew M. , Williams Peter A.
Published: February 2014

Intercropping of hardwood trees with cash crops is an alternative to conventional agriculture and forestry practices that gives flexibility in goals and a potential for gradual changes in land use. Six intercropped plantings have been established in southern Ontario to investigate aspects of tree growth, crop production, and site relationships. This paper reports preliminary results from this research.Important considerations during establishment of an intercropped plantation include: equipment size, cropping methods, competition control and wildlife concerns. Plantings and spraying equipment have primary influence over plantation layout; and mice, groundhogs and deer can cause serious problems in some situations.
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Agroforestry – Its Design and Potential as a Land-use Alternative
Authors: Garrett H. E. , Jones J. E. , Kurtz W. B. , Slusher J. P.
Published: February 2014

Integrated forestry-farming (agroforestry) management typically involves the planting of trees at a wide spacing with intercrops grown in alleys between trees. A program initiated in Missouri, USA in 1965 establishes eastern black walnut on a 40- × 10-foot spacing with row intercrops (wheat, milo, soybeans etc.) for the first 10-to-12 years followed by cover crops of cool-season forages thereafter. Specialty crops of Christmas trees, balled and burlapped landscaping species, small berry crops and vegetables are also grown during the early years of plantation establishment. Contrary to conventional management of black walnut, short, clear boles (8 to 16 feet in length) with large full crowns for nut production are developed for maximization of profits. Economic analyses show the highest investment returns associated with management practices combining nut and wood production within an agroforestry regime. Key words: Forestry-farming, agroforestry, eastern black walnut, economics
The use of agroforestry to control erosion — financial aspects
Authors: Kurtz W. B. , Thurman S. E. , Monson M. J. , Garrett H. E.
Published: February 2014

A long-term study was initiated in northwest Missouri to evaluate the financial and biological aspects of adopting agroforestry systems by area farmers. Three "representative farms" of different sizes containing a composite mix of the most common soils in the region were developed and several agroforestry systems along with terracing and grass stripcropping were simulated for each farm size to reduce soil erosion from typical crop rotations on the highly erodible soils to tolerance (T) levels. Trees were planted in strips on the contour within row crops for each of the three representative farm sizes. Tree species included were black walnut for timber and nuts, Scotch pine for Christmas trees, and American sycamore for industrial fuelwood. Agroforestry enterprises (except biomass production) were found to be more profitable over the long run than conventional cropping systems utilizing conservation measures. Economies of size were noticeable among the different farm sizes. Key words: Agroforestry, erosion, economics, black walnut, veneer, nuts, sycamore, fuelwood, Scotch pine, Christmas trees
Canopy structure, light penetration and tree growth in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii) silvo-pastoral system at different stand configurations in Florida
Authors: Sequeira W. , Gholz H. L.
Published: February 2014

Canopy structure, light penetration and accumulated stem volume were studied for a one-year-period in an 18-year-old slash pine/native understory silvo-pastoral system at the Withlacoochee State Forest, central Florida. Trees were planted in six different single and double row configurations at a constant stand density. Below-canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature were monitored along transects within the plots on a monthly basis. Above-canopy PAR was continuously recorded as reference. Tree stem dimensions (height, diameter) and crown dimensions (height, width) were measured on trees adjacent to the transects and stem volumes estimated. Results showed that tree crown area and stem volume were highly correlated, and both were also significantly related to light penetration (below-canopy PAR: above-canopy PAR ratio). Soil temperature and light penetration were also correlated. The results suggest that canopy geometry can be significantly managed to optimize both tree growth and light available to an understory. Key words: Canopy, configuration, Florida, light, silvopastoral, slash pine, stem volume growth, understory, PAR
A chronological overview of the 1989 fire season in Manitoba
Authors: Hirsch Kelvin G.
Published: February 2014

In 1989 a new record was established for the number of fires (1147) and area burned (3.28 million ha) in Manitoba. These fires resulted in the unprecedented evacuation of 24,500 people from 32 different communities and cost over $68 million (CDN) to suppress. The first major outbreak of fires occurred in central Manitoba in mid-May and was followed by a second peak of fire activity in northern Manitoba between July 16 and August 2. Both periods were characterized by multiple fire ignitions, severe fire weather and fire danger conditions, and extreme fire behavior. A general description of the events that took place during this historic fire season are presented in this paper.
Test précoce pour l'évaluation de la sensibilité de peupliers hybrides au chancre septorien
Authors: Mottet Marie-Josée , Vallée Gilles , Bussières Guy
Published: February 2014

Septoria musiva, a fungal pathogen that causes cankers and leaf spots, is found in hybrid poplar plantations (Populus spp.) in southern Québec. A high incidence of severe cankers is observed on susceptible poplars. To accelerate the evaluation for resistance to Septoria canker, sprouts were inoculated with S. musiva twice in the nursery. From the 725 clones tested, 100 showed a low degree of susceptibility. Among these, 45 belong to the Ageiros section, 13 to the Tacamahaca section and 42 are hybrids between the two sections. The four isolates used in this test demonstrate variations in aggressiveness. Key words: Septoria musiva, Septoria canker, screening for resistance, hybrid poplars.
Integrating plant autecology and silvicultural activities to prevent forest vegetation management problems
Authors: Wagner Robert G. , Zasada John C.
Published: February 2014

Forest managers are under increasing pressure to decrease herbicide use throughout North America. Reducing herbicide use for stand tending, while maintaining or increasing reforestation success, will require greater knowledge of how to minimize vegetation management problems in young stands. The type, intensity, timing, and frequency of silvicultural activities (especially harvesting and site preparation) interact with the autecological characteristics of forest weeds to affect their survival or invasion. Autecological characteristics include 1) habitat requirements 2) modes of reproduction 3) growth habit 4) phenology and 5) response to disturbance. Not considering these relationships often initiates successional pathways that force vegetation management into a "removal loop", where release treatments are required to remove or suppress forest weeds. Modifying silvicultural activities based on thorough analysis of site conditions and an understanding of plant autecology can move vegetation management into a "prevention loop" thus reducing dependence on herbicides for stand tending. Key words: forest vegetation management, forest weeds, forest ecology, herbicides, silviculture, succession, disturbance, plant population models
Silvicultural herbicides in Canada: registration status and research trends
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: February 2014

At present, there are five herbicides (2,4-D, glyphosate, hexazinone, simazine, and triclopyr) available to forest managers in Canada. It is unlikely that any new active ingredients will be registered for forestry in the foreseeable future. The only additions likely are extensions of existing labels (e.g., aerial application of Pronone® and Release®) and registration of new formulations (e.g., Velpar® ULW). Research in the short term future will concentrate on improving efficacy, efficiency and versatility, and reducing environmental impact of currently registered products. Some of the current work is described. Key words: silviculture, herbicide, 2,4-D, glyphosate, hexazinone, simazine, triclopyr, research trends, application technology, cost-benefit, vegetation management model, environmental impact
Implementing GIS into Alberta's integrated resource planning program
Authors: Leggat Keith , Buckley David
Published: February 2014

The Province of Alberta's Integrated Resource Planning Program is used to provide direction for the management of public land and resources. Over the past 15 years since the Program's inception, change has occurred in personnel, processes, and deliverable products. The recent introduction of GIS technology into the Resource Planning Branch has the potential for helping professional planners undertake their activities in significantly different ways. A host of new capabilities and different methodologies may evolve from this marriage.In order to successfully implement GIS into our organization, a GIS implementation strategy has been prepared and is currently being undertaken. Our plan identifies primary goals, objectives, and specific means by which this technology transfer will occur. Of crucial importance has been the support and commitment of the Branch's management and planners. The use of a structured implementation strategy has the greatest potential for ensuring a successful incorporation of GIS into the integrated resource planning process. This paper presents details on the strategy, methods, and issues that must be addressed for a successful implementation. A review of preliminary results with respect to resource planning applications is also provided.
Heritability and genetic correlations of wood characters of Upper Ottawa Valley white spruce populations grown in Quebec
Authors: Corriveau A. , Beaulieu J. , Daoust G.
Published: February 2014

The degree of inheritance and the genetic correlations of white spruce wood characters were studied from 39 half-sib families of eight populations from the Upper Ottawa Valley, 19 years after planting. The results indicated that these characters differ significantly among half-sib families. Furthermore, the study showed that white spruce wood characters are genetically related. Strong genetic correlations exist between the characters of inner wood and those of outer wood. Moderate to strong genetic control of outer wood characters was found while inner wood characters were found to be much more influenced by environmental factors. Expected genetic gains from a sequential two-step selection strategy were calculated.
A review of forest site classification activities in Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Meades W. J. , Roberts B. A.
Published: February 2014

This paper provides a review of past and present forest site classification activities in Newfoundland and Labrador over the last thirty years. Initially, research concentrated on the development of a classification system using floristic and edaphic criteria to define forest types. This was followed by a period in which the relationships between forest types and stand productivity were assessed. Subsequently, pilot projects were undertaken in which the forest site classification was incorporated into the biophysical land classification approach and applied to forest capability mapping. In recent years the trend towards more intensive forest management has rekindled interest in forest site classification: emphasis is being placed on technology transfer of site classification to operational foresters in industry and government. Key words: Forest classification, site classification, soils, vegetation, Newfoundland, Labrador, forest ecology
Québec forest ecological classification program
Authors: Bergeron Jean-François , Saucier Jean-Pierre , Robert Denis , Robitaille André
Published: February 2014

In 1986, the ministère des Forêts du Québec instituted a provincial program to study forest ecosystems entitled the "Forest Ecological Classification (FEC) Program." Under this program, a multidisciplinary team was charged with conducting ecological surveys, analyzing and characterizing the variables of the physical environment, classifying vegetation and preparing integrated forest inventory maps. Their goal is to complete the ecological classification of the forests in all territories south of the 52nd parallel. To undertake such a vast project, it was necessary to prepare detailed methodological guides for data collection, data analysis and mapping. The following products are now available for many different ecological regions: classifications of forest types, toposequences, physiographic and surface deposit maps and integrated forest inventory maps. Multivariate analysis methods are used in analyzing ecological data; in this way, hierarchical classifications and ordinations can be used as the basis for identifying and describing forest types, vegetation-physical environment relationships and successional patterns. Such ecological classification products are an indispensable tool for forest managers and users. Key words: ecological classification, forest ecology, forest management, forest site classification, multivariate analysis, physical environment, Québec.
Forest site classification in Alberta: its evolution and present status
Authors: Corns Ian G. W.
Published: February 2014

The early history of forest site classification in Alberta is briefly reviewed. The major site classification effort, the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification, and its progress over the past fifteen years is discussed. Available forest ecosystem and soil survey information was combined with other available information to produce a field guide with interpretations for forest management for one area in west-central Alberta. Similar field guides are in preparation. The obstacles to implementing a site classification are discussed, as are opportunities for using new information systems technologies. Key words: Alberta, biogeoclimatic classification, forest ecosystems, forest site classification, site description.
Logging on mule deer winter range: An integrated management approach
Authors: Armleder H. M. , Dawson R. J.
Published: February 2014

Integrated management is becoming increasingly important to meet public demands for wildlife habitat and forest industry requirements for timber. An example of the integration of timber production with the maintenance of mule deer winter range is presented, taken from the interior of British Columbia. A special selection system featuring low volume partial cutting is described and its implications to forest management discussed. Key words: integrated management, Odocoileus hemionus, mule deer, winter range logging, partial cutting, selection system.
The role of Salicaceae species in windbreaks
Authors: Kenney W. A.
Published: February 2014

Windbreaks and shelterbelts have long been known to provide valuable amelioration of the environment to reduce wind erosion; improve crop yields; reduce heating costs in buildings; protect livestock; control snow drifting; provide wildlife habitat; improve the aesthetics of rural landscapes; etc. The efficiency of a windbreak will be affected by many of its design parameters such as length, height, width, orientation and porosity. Different wind-control objectives will require different designs, particularly with respect to porosity. The specific implications for the use of poplars and willows in windbreaks are discussed in terms of these objectives and design characteristics.
The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands
Authors: Weber M. G. , Taylor S. W.
Published: February 2014

Present uses of prescribed fire in Canada are reviewed. Fire has been a natural component of many forested North American landscapes for millennia, making it an obvious choice as an effective forest management tool. It can be used in harmony with known fire adaptations of ecosystems to be managed. Prescribed fire uses are separated into six categories: (1) hazard reduction which evolved into (2) silviculture (including fire use for site preparation, managing competing vegetation, stand conversion, and stand rehabilitation) (3) wildlife habitat enhancement (4) range burning (5) insect and disease control (6) conservation of natural ecosystems. Some historic developments of prescribed fire use are presented including area burned under prescription by province and territory. Prescribed fire emerges as a cost effective practice that is ecologically compatible with many forest, wildlife, and park management objectives. Its continued use in the management of Canadian forests seems to be assured, as long as it is constantly developed and adapted to the changing needs and priorities of the general public.
Comprehensive wilderness protection in British Columbia: An economic impact assessment
Authors: M'Gonigle Michael , Gunton Thomas , Fletcher Chris , McAllister Murdoch , MacKnight Doug
Published: February 2014

This study develops an economic model for assessing the impacts of a comprehensive wilderness proposal on the British Columbia forest industry. The results indicate that, overall, the impacts are relatively small, involving a 3.5% reduction in the provincial allowable annual cut, with regional impacts ranging from 1.9% to 5.2%. Some ways to offset these impacts are discussed, since the ability to offset employment loss significantly influences the feasibility of wilderness designations. The study highlights the feasibility of developing quantitative models for assessing the economic impacts of land use options. Extending the model developed in this paper by integrating growth and yield models with a geographical information system and an input-output model would facilitate quick and flexible assessments of alternative land use strategies. Development of such a framework is essential for resolving forestry conflicts.
Potential effects of global climate change on the biodiversity of plants
Authors: Schwartz Mark W.
Published: February 2014

Climatologists have observed a consistent increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past 30 years. It is predicted that CO2 levels could double the pre-industrial level of 280 ppm by the year 2100, perphaps much earlier. Climate models of doubled atmospheric CO2 predict that mean temperatures will increase between 1.5 and 4.5 °C globally; these temperature changes will be greater at high latitudes. Mid-continental regions will experience lower rainfall. Predictions of species northward range shifts in response to climate change vary from 100 km to over 500 km. Historical evidence of species range movements following the Pleistocene indicate that tree species typically migrated at rates of 10 km to 40 km per century. A simulation model that predicts the migration response of trees through modern fragmented landscapes predicts migration rates much lower than Pleistocene observations. Thus migration response is likely to lag far behind rates of climatic change, potentially threatening narrowly distributed species whose predicted future ranges do not overlap with their current range. Insect pests and microbial pathogens should respond to climatic warming faster than long-lived trees. Predicted increased drought frequency may increase plant stress and thereby increase the frequency of insect outbreaks and disease. Predictions of species responses are complicated by direct effects of increased CO2, such as increased water-use efficiency. However, response to elevated CO2 varies among species. Thus, shifts in composition within plant communities are also likely, but are, as yet, unpredictable.
Changing perspectives of the demands on tropical forests
Authors: Ayling R. D.
Published: February 2014

Underlying many of the issues associated with tropical forests, deforestation and ecosystem degradation is the relationship between North and South – the relationship between "developed" and "developing" countries. This relationship is the origin of some major perceptions which we in the North hold about the needs and expectations of societies in the South related to their tropical forest resources.
Addressing the advanced education needs of silviculturists: The Silviculture Institute of British Columbia
Authors: Weetman G. F. , Carvill K. M. , Laird C. E.
Published: February 2014

The Silviculture Institute of British Columbia (SIBC) was established in 1985 to provide five 2-week modules of in-residence advanced education in silviculture for Registered Professional Foresters having five years of field experience. This paper reviews the first six years of operation of SIBC and some of the assumptions and concepts behind its formation and curriculum. Key words: Silviculture, education, Registered Professional Foresters, curriculum, basic silviculture, intensive silviculture
Status of research on the development of management tactics and strategies for the spruce bud moth in white spruce plantations
Authors: Turgeon Jean J.
Published: February 2014

The spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis, represents an economic threat to white spruce, Picea glauca, managed for lumber production in eastern Canada. Larvae feed on developing shoots. Larval feeding on the leader adversely affects tree form and reduces vertical growth. Although the economic impact of this insect has not been critically established, it is feared that this damage could decrease the quality and value of the lumber produced and could delay harvest by several years. This paper reviews the information on the spruce bud moth life cycle, behaviour, impact, sampling and monitoring, and the possible management tactics investigated to date.
Estimating stump volume, stump inside bark diameter and diameter at breast height from stump measurements
Authors: Kozak Antal , Omule Stephen A. Y.
Published: February 2014

Equations were derived for estimating stump volume, stump inside bark diameter at any given height from ground and diameter at breast height from measured stump height and stump inside bark diameter. The equations were tested on 33 British Columbia commercial tree species groups and the results of four species groups are presented in this paper. This prediction system will play an important role in "waste" or "residue" surveys in British Columbia and in reconstructing the initial stand conditions by estimating diameter at breast height.
Cluster analysis: An application in forest management planning
Authors: Newnham R. M.
Published: February 2014

The basic principle of cluster analysis is illustrated with a simple example. The method is used to aggregate stands into clusters, each of which is relatively homogeneous and geographically compact but distinct from the remainder. Such aggregation is required to convert the output from a harvest scheduling model to a form suitable as input for a one-year, operational planning model. An application of the method, based on data from the Iroquois Falls Management Unit in northern Ontario, is given.
Genetic consequences ofin situandex situconservation of forest trees
Authors: Yang Rong-Cai , Yeh Francis C.
Published: February 2014

To counteract loss of genetic diversity crucial for current and future tree improvement, tree breeders have conserved forest genetic resources in situ in their natural ecosystems in protected areas or ex situ in plantations, seed orchards, and breeding arboreta. This article reviews the genetic consequences of these two conservation methods in terms of single-locus and multilocus population structure from electrophoretic studies of natural forests and breeding populations. Although natural forest populations have maintained high level of genetic diversity and exhibited low level of population differentiation, loss of genetic diversity would occur during the entire conservation process, from population establishment to management of breeding and production populations. Since forest trees are still at their earliest stage of domestication in Canada, loss of genetic diversity comes primarily from the initial sampling process during population establishment. We discuss the optimal sampling strategy during population establishment to conserve common and widespread alleles, common and localized alleles, rare and widespread alleles, and rare and localized alleles. We also discuss three methods for studying the multilocus structure of forest trees and show how such information would be useful for conserving co-adapted gene complexes. We conclude that being small and maintained in controlled environments, ex situ conserved populations would retain less genetic diversity than in situ conserved forest populations. While ex situ conservation is operationally convenient for the short-term gains in tree improvement, we believe in situ conservation is essential for renewing the genetic diversity to meet the changing environments of an uncertain future.
Dynamique d'établissement d'un peuplement bi-étagé de bouleau blanc et de sapin baumier en zone boréale
Authors: Bélanger Louis , Allard Daniel , Meek Philippe
Published: February 2014

The age structure of a boreal two-storied stand formed by an upperstory of white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) with an understory of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) was analysed. The establishment of this 50-year stand followed a burn that ran through a cut-over area. The objective was to verify if the establishment of the fir understory followed the traditional succession model or the initial floristic composition model. The age structure analysis indicated an immediate and rapid establishment of white birch during a period of 6 years after the fire. Establishment of fir, however, was initiated only 16 years after the fire. Peak establishment was 33 years after the fire. Fir regeneration followed a cycle. The regeneration pattern was characterized by the absence of fir establishment the first 16 years after the fire, followed by sporadic fir regeneration the next 12 years, then by a 13-year period of abundant regeneration after which there was a complete halt to fir regeneration. So, in this case, the successional model was more fit to describe the dynamics of balsam fir. The absence of fir regeneration during the initial period after the fire could be explained by the absence of the nearby fir seed sources due to harvesting. However, the total absence of fir establishment during the last period is more difficult to explain. Seedbed evolution since the fire could possibly be in cause. This and other studies indicate that in the boreal balsam fir-white birch ecoclimatic domain vegetation dynamic after fire does not limit itself to one pathway. Stand regeneration after fire is significantly affected by local conditions.
How to identify bud initiation and count needle primordia in first-year spruce seedlings
Authors: Templeton C. W. G. , Odlum K. D. , Colombo S. J.
Published: February 2014

Bud initiation and subsequent bud development are key steps in the nursery production of first-year temperate spruce seedlings for reforestation. An understanding of the bud initiation and development processes and monitoring methods are of vital importance to both tree seedling nursery workers and foresters. A review of bud morphology and the bud development process is given for spruce seedlings. The equipment required and techniques used in the determination of bud initiation, and estimation of the number of needle primordia are presented. When properly applied, the examination of spruce buds forms a cornerstone for successful nursery management using extended greenhouse culture. Key words: bud initiation, bud morphology, bud dissection, black spruce, Picea mariana, needle primordia, nursery management
Standards for evaluating taper estimating systems
Authors: Kozak A. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Four taper-estimating systems were evaluated for coastal Douglas-fir to demonstrate statistical and practical considerations that should be used when selecting a taper-estimating system for forest inventory purposes. The four equations compared were: Max and Burkhart's (1976) segmented polynomial, Newnham's (1988) variable-form, Ormerod's (1986) diameter-point and Kozak's (1988) variable-exponent equation. Key words: Taper, segmented polynomial, variable-form, diameter-point, variable exponent, coastal Douglas-fir
Damage by Tomentosus root rot in white spruce plantations in Ontario, and the effects of thinning on the disease
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: February 2014

Mortality caused by Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.) Teng (Tomentosus root rot) to dominant and codominant trees was found in all but one of 17 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) plantations 43–58 years old. Even though mortality usually commences at 30–35 years, younger trees can be killed. An average of 0.7% of white spruce were killed annually over the 6-year study period.Average accumulated mortality of dominant and codominant trees was 10.3 % for all plantations. Butt cull in remaining living trees averaged 13.8% of gross merchantable volume in two plots that had been clearcut at Searchmont, Ontario. Observations of the stumps of clearcut trees at Searchmont revealed that 56% of the trees had been infected. At Petawawa, Ontario, significantly higher proportions of trees were killed by I. tomentosus, and there were higher numbers of sporophores of this fungus in unthinned than in heavily thinned plantations. Tomentosus root rot also killed trees in 35- to 60-year-old plantations of black spruce (P. mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), red spruce (P. rubens Sarg.) and Norway spruce (P. abies [L.] Karst.). Circumstantial evidence is presented that indicates Tomentosus root rot was introduced into plantations as I. tomentosus basidiospores.
Implementing sustainable forests: A Canadian commitment
Authors: Griss Paul
Published: February 2014

Sustainable Forests: A Canadian Commitment promises some fundamental changes in the approach to forest management in Canada. Achieving these objectives will require political will and creative and innovative approaches to securing the necessary human and financial resources. In particular, increased attention is required to non-timber values, changing roles and responsibilities, public participation, research, and reporting, if the strategy is to be implemented successfully. Governments must demonstrate leadership in these areas, but are impeded by structural, political, and financial constraints.
Ecological factors affecting abundance of advanced growth in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands of the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec
Authors: Béland Martin , Bergeron Yves
Published: February 2014

Natural regeneration in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands in Quebec is only sufficient 4% of the time and up to only 33% of the time in mixed stands. This study evaluates the usefulness of forest ecological types as defined by the Quebec Ministry of Forests in predicting abundance of advanced growth in pure and mixed jack pine stands of the Abitibi region, in north-western Quebec. Trees above 1.3 m in height and up to 5 cm DBH were tallied in 102 quadrats of 20 × 20 metres to evaluate advanced growth densities. No significant difference in advanced growth densities was observed between the two main types of surficial geological deposit in the region, lacustrine clays and glacial tills. Only shallow till and organic deposits over bedrock and fluvio-glacial sands showed significantly higher advanced growth densities. Prediction can be improved by using ecological variables such as soil texture, moisture regime, distance from a seed source and stand composition. Abundance of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) regeneration is positively associated with the proportion of sand in the soil profile and with drier sites; advanced growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) is weakly associated with the distance to a fire-preserved zone containing seed trees. Abundance of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.), probably associated with canopy openings, is positively linked with abundance of balsam fir and white spruce advanced growth. Jack pine regeneration by means of advanced growth occurs almost exclusively in jack pine stands on sand; higher proportions of hardwoods in the overstory appear to be negatively linked to jack pine advanced growth. Although the site variables studied showed some significant relationships with advanced growth abundance (maximum R2 = 0.32) which were slightly improved with stand composition variables (maximum R2 = 0.38), no satisfactory predictive model could be implemented. Key words: jack pine, advanced growth, ecological classification
Évolution quinquennale de la régénération protégée lors de récoltes par abattage manuel dans des sapinières
Authors: Pominville Pierre
Published: February 2014

In 1985, an experiment was undertaken in the Gaspé peninsula, in Québec, in different stand types to assess the feasibility of preserving advance growth by changing logging methods. This article deals with manual felling combined with wheeled cable skidders in balsam fir stands. Regeneration was assessed before, immediately after, and 3 and 5 years after logging in five 2-ha pairs of blocks, in order to compare the effect of traditional harvesting (control) and a method using directional felling and spaced skidding trails (preserved).The use of directional felling and spaced skidding trails resulted in a decreased loss of advance growth. Five years after logging, this loss in softwood stocking for the preserved blocks was still lower in each of the five pairs; the difference averaged 25%. Moreover, the regeneration height in the preserved blocks was slightly greater, which seems to indicate a lower level of invasion by brush and herbaceous vegetation after logging as a result of this method.
Control of white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, on Sitka spruce using implants containing systemic insecticide
Authors: Fraser R. G. , Heppner D. G.
Published: February 2014

Young Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., trees in three stands were treated with either Gelcaps® containing oxydemeton-methyl or Acecaps® containing acephate to test their effectiveness in protecting trees from white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) attack. All treatments were applied in late March 1989. Weevil attack was recorded in early September 1989, 1990 and 1991. Attack was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in all but one stand/treatment combination in 1989. Gelcaps provided significant protection (P < 0.01) in two of three stands after two years. Stem implants containing systemic insecticide can protect young Sitka spruce from weevil attack. Alternative delivery systems, such as the Ezect® lance, should be evaluated as they may improve the speed and lower the cost of operational treatments. Keywords: acephate, oxydemeton-methyl, stem implants, systemic insecticides, white pine weevil
Poplar breeding for the purpose of biomass production in short rotation periods in Germany: Problems and first findings
Authors: Weisgerber Horst
Published: February 2014

Investigations so far on the suitability of poplars for biomass production in short rotation periods in Germany were conducted almost exclusively with clones conceived for conventional cultivation. To introduce improved plant material, a special breeding program was implemented in Hann. Münden. It takes into consideration the most important criteria of suitability for the new form of land utilization. A report is given on findings so far from the realization of this program. Comprehensive basic plant material is available for European, North American and East Asian species from the sections Aigeiros, Leuce and Tacamahaca. Interspecific crossings are being carried out mainly in order to make the best possible use of combination and heterosis effects. A period of at least 20 years is necessary to develop new cultivars with high yield performance and yield stability. First results are presented on hybrids of species which are site-tolerant, resistant and particularly fast-growing at the juvenile phase. Plans to produce multiclonal varieties, each with 5 to 10 suitable clones with the same growing rhythm are in place. Special cultivation recommendations advocate clonal mixtures for each of the most important site units and for different rotation periods of from 2 to 5, 6 to 10 and more than 10 years. Key words: poplar, breeding, biomass, short rotation
Cold storage of conifer seedlings: An update from the British Columbia perspective
Authors: Camm E. L. , Goetze D. C. , Silim S. N. , Lavender D. P.
Published: February 2014

In both the temperate and boreal regions of North America and Scandinavia, conifer seedlings are routinely cold stored for several months in order to accommodate the schedules of nurseries and tree planters alike. It is critical to the success of the practice to understand the biology of the seedlings, in particular the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and light on their yearly cycle. Since Hocking and Nyland's important 1971 review, research has characterized the effects of different methodoligical parameters of the cold storage process (lift date, storage temperature, moisture, etc.) on a number of physiological aspects of the trees (root growth potential, photosynthesis, stress resistance). This has led to better guidelines and awareness on the manipulation of seedlings for cold storage. This article will review some of that research, concentrating on the Western experience. Key words: conifer seedlings, nurseries, cold storage, physiology, stress resistance
Forest reproduction methods for coastal British Columbia: Principles, criteria, and a stand selection guide
Authors: Klinka K. , Kayahara G. J. , Carter R. E.
Published: February 2014

Once a decision to regenerate a particular stand is made at the forest level, a forester has to make critical decisions at the stand level as to the choice of cutting method for existing stands to regenerate the desired species and develop a stand of the desired structure. Two related critical decisions in stand-level forest management are (1) selecting the best tree species to regenerate on a given site, and (2) selecting the appropriate method of cutting existing stands for both the regeneration of the desired species within a certain time and for maintaining or developing the desired stand structure. This paper discusses the management factors and principles and criteria for choosing a cutting method to meet decision (2) (i.e., the reproduction method). The four criteria used to guide the appropriate reproduction method are (1) maximum sustainable forest productivity, (2) stand reliability, (3) silvicultural feasibility, and (4) harvesting feasibility. With these criteria in mind, a stand-level guide devised for coastal British Columbia is proposed. This guide is in the form of a dichotomous key and is based on 13 selected ecological, stand, and management factors. Combining this approach with principles, criteria and guidelines for tree species selection already practiced, regeneration and management objectives can be achieved both on a species-and site-specific basis. Key words: forest reproduction methods, decision support systems, silvicultural prescriptions, harvesting methods, stand regeneration, stand structure
Community forests in Canada: An overview
Authors: Duinker Peter N. , Matakala Patrick W. , Chege Florence , Bouthillier Luc
Published: February 2014

A great deal of attention is being given in Canada at present to the idea of community forest. This is occurring at a time of unprecedented attention to forest management on one hand, and to community empowerment on the other. We conceive of a community forest as a tree-dominated ecosystem managed for multiple community values and benefits by the community.We review the literature and present examples of community forests in Europe and the United States. For Canada, we present an overview of community forest initiatives, policy developments, and research projects. For communities contemplating the concept of community forest, we present a series of considerations that need to be made early on: (a) landbase; (b) range of resources involved; (c) property rights and tenure options; (d) models of administration; (e) decision-making; (f) public participation; and (g) financing.The apparent growing interest in community forests in Canada has opened an exciting and challenging frontier for forest interests. We are convinced that Canada's future will be characterized by increases in people's demands for community forests, and by more experiments and trials to test a variety of manifestations of the concept. Learning from both successes and failures is vital. Key words: community, forest, community forest, community forestry, social forestry, Canada, forest management
Defining Canada's old-growth forests — problems and solutions
Authors: Duchesne Luc C.
Published: February 2014

Conceptual and working definitions of old-growth forests are proposed for Canada. Conceptually, old-growth forests are defined in terms of stand age, structure, species composition, anthropogenic influence, and landscape ecology. Working definitions based on stand age in relation to age of maximum mean annual increment and site class are formulated for Canada's inventoried timber-productive forests. The difference between stand age and the age of maximum mean annual increment is proposed as a measure of old-growthness. Recommendations are made for improving Canada's forest inventory database to help acquire ecological definitions of old-growth forests and monitor and maintain Canada's old-growth heritage. Key words: old-growth forests, stand composition, anthropogenic influence, biodiversity, landscape ecology
Status of cone and seed insect pest management in Canadian seed orchards
Authors: Groot Peter de , Turgeon Jean J. , Miller Gordon E.
Published: February 2014

Many of Canada's conifer seed orchards are entering their productive phase. In most, if not all seed orchards, insect pest management will be required in order to meet the seed production targets. Canadian seed orchard managers will soon need to know the basic requirements and what information is available to implement an insect pest management program. In this review, a synthesis is provided of the major components of an integrated pest management program for cone and seed insects. A list of the insect pests of conifer cones and seeds in Canada as well as features of their life cycles and population dynamics that could influence pest management strategies is presented. Current and future needs for insect damage appraisal and insect monitoring techniques are discussed. Finally, the various strategies and tactics to control insects are reviewed. Key words: conifer seed orchards, cone insects, seed insects, pest management strategies, integrated pest management
Nondestructive volume estimates of 11-year-old jack pine and black spruce using the power function volume model
Authors: Forslund R. R. , Paterson J. M.
Published: February 2014

Two methods for estimating the total outside-bark stem volume of all trees in young plantations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were compared. The first method was time-intensive, and required destructive sampling to obtain volume estimates using many paired diameter/height measurements. The second method was nondestructive and required only two field measurements: an outside-bark diameter at either a fixed height (such as breast height) or at a relative height, and the total stem height. The results indicated that total plantation volume estimates to within ±5% can be obtained using the power function model and two stem measurements: a diameter at a relative height of 30% from the base of the stem and total stem height. The power function model offers a good alternative for accurately assessing plantation volume. Key words: black spruce, jack pine, power function volume model, paracone, upper diameters, profile shape, stem volume
Lodgepole pine stem diseases and management of stand density in the British Columbia interior
Authors: Kamp B. J. van der
Published: February 2014

The incidence of western gall rust, stalactiform blister rust, comandra blister rust and Atropellis canker was measured in 16 permanent sample plots in young lodgepole pine stands in the Interior of B.C. in 1980, shortly following juvenile spacing, and again in 1985 and 1992. The incidence (as percent of living trees with live rust infections) of the three rusts increased substantially between 1980 and 1985 in both treated and control plots, but declined from 1985 to 1992, partly because of infected tree mortality, but mostly because of a low rate of new infection and the death of all branch infections on many surviving trees. More than 85 percent of all stalactiform and comandra blister rust infections and 60 percent of all gall rust stem infections occurred within 2 m of the ground. The low incidence of new infection in these plots since 1985 is probably attributable to the loss of live branches due to crown closure and branch suppression in that 2 m zone as well as altered climatic conditions and reduced inoculum levels. Atropellis canker infection increased at each remeasurement, and in 1992, was less in spaced plots than in unthinned controls (3.4 and 8.9% of trees infected). A set of recommendations concerning allowances for disease mortality at the time of regeneration and juvenile spacing is presented. Key words: stand density management, Lodgepole pine, western gall rust, blister rust, Atropellis canker