bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НАУКОВЕ ОПРАЦЮВАННЯ ДОКУМЕНТІВ ОСОБИСТОГО АРХІВУ ІСТОРИКА, КРАЄЗНАВЦЯ С. І. ШЕВЧЕНКА
Authors: Барабаш Вікторія , Глєбова Людмила , Тупчієнко Микола
Published: September 2021

Актуальність теми дослідження визначається загальними проблемами комплектування фондів музеїв та наукового дослідження музейних предметів, які надходять та зберігаються в музейних фондах. Це обумовлено низкою таких факторів, як підвищення ролі музеїв у вихованні здобувачів вищої освіти; підвищення суспільного інтересу до пам’яток історії; удосконалення форм і методів роботи задля прискорення темпів розвитку і підвищення рівня музейної справи, зростання популярності музеїв.
Класифікація і систематизація музейних предметів має на меті встановити їх взаємозв’язки. Класифікація полягає у розподілі на групи за ознаками спорідненості й відмінності всього обсягу потрібних музею матеріалів. Така класифікація здійснюється за розробленими самим музеєм класифікаційними схемами й охоплює і наявні в музеї предмети, і ті, у придбанні яких зацікавлена установа. Таким чином класифікація виявляє певні прогалини в музейних зібраннях.
У фондах Кіровоградського обласного краєзнавчого музею зберігається низка документів, які дають змогу уточнити та конкретизувати біографію визначного вченого краєзнавця та громадського діяча С. І. Шевченка, а також поглибити уявлення про його творчу спадщину. У даному дослідженні проаналізовано основні віхи громадської та наукової діяльності відомого історика; проведено історіографічний аналіз проблеми комплектування музейних фондів; визначено основні класифікаційні ознаки документів архівного фонду в музеях; здійснено науково-фондове описування, класифікацію та систематизацію документів персонального архіву відомого історика, краєзнавця Сергія Шевченка, які автор у 2015 році передав до фондів Кіровоградського обласного краєзнавчого музею. Досліджені документи погруповано на три фонди: основний, науково-допоміжний, обмінний. До кожного фонду застосована класифікація і групування за тематикою, хронологією і станом збереження.
МІЖСЕКТОРАЛЬНІ ПРОЄКТИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО АРХІВУ КИЇВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ ЯК ЗАСІБ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ З МІСЦЕВОЮ ГРОМАДОЮ
Authors: Курченко Тетяна , Юрченко Ольга
Published: September 2021

У статті розкрито  актуальну проблему організації комунікації архівів України з місцевими громадами з метою популяризації архівної інформації на прикладі проєктної діяльності Державного архіву Київської області.  Особливо нагальним, в контексті сучасної адміністративно-територіальної реформи, є оприлюднення регіонального інформаційного ресурсу  та залучення місцевих громад до його використання. Не менш важливим завданням є перетворення місцевих архівів на організатора інформаційного та соціального простору територіальної громади.
Авторами статті було з’ясовано, що в практичній  роботі ДАКО активно використовується проєктна діяльність. За період з 2018 по 2020 рр., включно, колектив головної  архівної  установи Київщини взяв участь у 10 міжсекторальних проєктах, таких як: «Українська державність: Відродження. 100 років» (2018), «Історична Київщина - заповітна земля Кобзаря»(2019), «Бортництво Полісся: архаїчна традиція в сучасному вимірі»(2020) та багатьох ін. Окремі регіональні проєкти – «З відданістю Україні в серці» (2018) та «НепрOSTі листи» (2019) було ініційовано саме колективом ДАКО. В статті зазначається, що успішна реалізація проєктів  в першу чергу залежить від налагодження архівами ефективної взаємодії  з різними інститутами соціальної пам’яті, установами, органами влади, рухами, фондами, ЗМІ  тощо, що дає можливість більш глибокого та ефективного розкриття змісту архівних фондів та долучення громадян до історико-культурної спадщини України. Партнерами  ДАКО в період 2018-2020 рр. стали десятки музейних закладів, культурних товариств, мистецьких колективів. Проєкти були успішно реалізовані завдяки підтримці органів центральної та місцевої влади, Державної архівної служби України, архівній спільноті Київщини.
Досягнення Державного архіву Київської області у реалізації міжсекторальних проєктів в цілому свідчать про ефективність та перспективність такої виду діяльності. Організацію  взаємодії та співпраці ДАКО із місцевими громадами та інституціями Київщини можна вважати найбільш оптимальним шляхом досягнення кінцевої мети архівних проєктів – наближення архівного інформаційного ресурсу до громадян України та реалізації  їх прав на інформацію, задекларовану Конституцією та законами держави.
АДАПТАЦІЯ БІБЛІОТЕК ДО РЕАЛІЙ ЦИФРОВОГО ПРОСТОРУ
Authors: Овсієнко Алла
Published: September 2021

Сьогодні вже неможливо зупинити швидке розповсюдження гаджетів, рідерів, мобільних телефонів як засобів доступу до ресурсів Інтернет, у тому числі до бібліотечного контенту глобальної мережі. Неможливо також змінити ситуацію у бік актуалізації електронного читання, загальновизначним є той факт, що найбільш ефективне інформаційно-бібліотечне обслуговування населення досягається шляхом створення електронних бібліотек. Електронні бібліотеки можуть складатися з колекцій електронних документів (оцифрованих традиційних матеріалів, або створених відразу в електронному вигляді), та систем з уніфікованим підходом до виробництва, зберігання, організації різноманітної інформації.
У роботі описані основні елементи оцифрування бібліотеки як складової інформаційного суспільства, що розвивається.
Бібліотечні сайти – це ворота в бібліотеку, її візитна картка в інтернет просторі. Акаунти у соціальних мережах та блоги різко підвищують інтерактивність обміну інформацією і відвідуваність бібліотечних сайтів, в цілому підвищують інтерес до бібліотеки з боку існуючих і потенційних користувачів.
Глобальна переорієнтація пріоритетів у роботі бібліотечно-інформаційних установ, у зв’язку зі створенням електронної бібліотеки, є очевидною, вона спрямовується на розвиток мережевих технологій, електронних ресурсів, інформаційного сервісу, бібліотечної кооперації.
Цифрові бібліотеки, електронні колекції, системи електронного резерву, онлайнові каталоги публічного доступу, бази даних електронних журналів та інші ІР стали популярними засобами доступу до джерел інформації. Створення електронних, цифрових бібліотек сприяє глобалізації світового інформаційного співтовариства, відкриває принципово нові умови доступу до віддалених ІР і забезпечує рівні права користувачів на отримання необхідної інформації.
У статті проаналізовано інтенсивність впливу Інтернету на довідково-бібліографічне обслуговування користувачів бібліотек, та  необхідність реорганізації довідково-бібліографічних служб, зміни у традиційних функціях бібліографії.
ПУБЛІЦИСТИКА І.Л.ШРАГА (1847-1919) ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО З ІСТОРІЇ ЗЕМСЬКОГО ЛІБЕРАЛЬНОГО РУХУ НА ПІВНОЧІ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ (60-80 рр. ХІХ ст.)
Authors: Котельницький Назар
Published: September 2021

У статті досліджуються публіцистичні твори І.Шрага, які були опубліковані на сторінках демократичних засобів масової інформації початку ХХ ст., зокрема в одеському журналі «Южные записки» та центральній газеті «Киевская мысль». Методологічною основою публікації стали базові принципи персональної історії, системності, цілісності, логічності, послідовності, антропоцентризму. Інструментарієм дослідження слугували  універсальні методи наукового аналізу та синтезу, узагальнення, контент-аналізу, методи індукції та дедукції, проблемно-хронологічний, історико-генетичний та порівняльно-історичний методи. Наукова новизна публікації полягає у тому, що вперше у сучасній історіографії до міжнародного наукового обігу запроваджується якісно новий корпус першоджерел з історії земського ліберального руху на півночі Лівобережної України (60-80 рр. ХІХст.), який раніше не був предметом спеціального вивчення. Крім того, у статті аналізується публікація сина видатного діяча - М.Шрага, присвячена аналогічній тематиці, яка вперше запроваджується до міжнародного наукового обігу та дозволяє співвставити позиції батька і сина Шрагів та прослідкувати політичну спадковість різних поколінь українських інтелектуалів.
У результаті проведеного дослідження автор приходить до висновків, що віднайдені та запроваджені до міжнародного наукового обігу публіцистичні твори І.Шрага є вагомим першоджерелом з історії земського ліберального руху на півночі Лівобережної України. Проведений контент-аналіз пам’яток, зокрема авторських статей опублікованих в одеському журналі «Южные записки», переконливо засвідчує, що проблема «українського питання» у Російській імперії другої половини ХІХ ст. займала належне місце у системі світоглядних орієнтирів, координат та програматиці опозиційної аристократичної фронди північної України. Публічне персональне інтерв’ю Іллі Людвиговича газеті «Киевская мысль» можна вважати справжньою джерельною скарбницею для дослідників визвольного руху у Російській імперії другої половини ХІХ - початку ХХ ст., створеною за усіма канонами усної історії, оскільки у ньому І.Шраг дав вагомі свідчення про розвиток земського конституційного руху у Російській імперії 70-80 рр. ХІХ ст. Аналіз публікації сина І.Шрага - М.Шрага засвідчує, що між батьком і сином Шрагами існувала генетична політична спадковість позицій, яка проявлялася у тому числі й на рівні історичних поглядів.
РОЛЬ ГРОМАДСЬКОЇ ІНІЦІАТИВИ У РОЗШИРЕННІ МЕРЕЖІ ПОЧАТКОВИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ НА ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНІЙ УКРАЇНІ В 1805-1860 РР.
Authors: Левченко Інна
Published: September 2021

У статті досліджується проблема становлення та функціонування початкових навчальних закладів на Лівобережній Україні у 1805-1860 рр. Проаналізовано роль Міністерства освіти, яке залишило за собою контрольні функції, а утримання початкових навчальних закладів переклало на плечі громадськості.
Висвітлюється позиція консервативної частини суспільства, яка не підтримувала освітні ініціативи і позицію прогресивної частини громадськості, яка брала на себе левову частку фінансування у справі відкриття, функціонування та розвитку повітових та приходських училищ на Лівобережній Україні у досліджуваний період.
Розкривається головна умова існування навчальних закладів, яка полягала у їх матеріальному забезпеченні. Авторка згадує імена меценатів, які активно впливали на розвиток освітнього процесу, жертвували на користь училищ значні кощти, книги, навчальні приладдя, меблі, медикаменти, помешкання тощо.
Згадується роль національних меншин у становленні та функціонуванні початкових навчальних закладів на Лівобережній Україні у досліджуваний період. Зокрема, висвітлюється ініціатива ніжинських греків, які переймалися освітніми проблемами своїх співвітчизників.
 У статті висвітлюється роль почесних опікунів та наглядачів повітових училищ, які нерідко ставали їх постійними меценатами. Переймаючись господарськими проблемами, вони намагались покращити умови навчання своїх підопічних. Вказуються факти, які свідчать про їх безкорисливу благодійну справу, яка полягала у постійних пожертвуваннях.
Розглядається двостороннє фінансування початкових навчальних закладів, яке полягало у наданні матеріальної допомоги від почесних опікунів (наглядачів) навчальних закладів, а також приватних осіб.
New and interesting records of ground beetles of the tribe Harpalini from China (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Kataev B.M. , Liang H.-B.
Published: September 2021

New data about distribution of 17 species of the tribe Harpalini in China are provided. The following eight species are recorded from China for the first time: Dicheirotrichus coreanus Mlynář, 1974 (Inner Mongolia and Hebei), Loxoncus nagpurensis (Bates, 1891) (Yunnan), Harpalus ussuricus Mlynář, 1979 (Hebei), H. solitaris Dejean, 1829 (Jilin), H. servus (Duftschmid, 1812) (Xinjiang), H. inexspectatus Kataev, 1989 (Xinjiang), H. akinini Tschitschйrine, 1895 (Xinjiang), and Ophonus laticollis Mannerheim, 1825 (Xinjiang).
Introduction
Authors: Hallama Peter
Published: September 2021

This introduction to Aspasia’s Special Forum on the history of men and masculinities under socialism demonstrates the interest and originality of applying critical men’s studies and the history of masculinities to state-socialist Eastern Europe. It reviews existing scholarship within this field, stresses the persisting difficulties in analyzing everyday performances of gender and masculinities in socialist societies, and argues for adopting new approaches in order to get closer to a social and cultural history of masculinities. It puts the contributions to this Special Forum in their broader historiographical context—in particular, concerning studies on work, family, violence, war, disability, and generational change and youth—and shows how they will contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and everyday performances of gender in state-socialist societies.
Who Is Afraid of Feminist Thought?
Authors: Sokolová Veřa , Oates-Indruchová Libora
Published: September 2021

Hana Havelková quickly became a leading voice of Czech feminist thought in the 1990s when she participated in the “East-West” debates about the place and usefulness of feminism in postsocialist societies. When did her journey to gender theory and research begin? She tells us about those beginnings:

I did not start to take an interest in the question of the position of women in our republic at my own initiative. I had to be asked to do so, and even then, around 1990, I thought, like many others did, that there is not much to say about the topic of men and women, that there are not many problems in this area. I quickly learned how very wrong I was. I realised with a shock that the communist authorities had managed to erase from public attention and discussion even such elementary human questions as the relations between the sexes and the transformations of men’s and women’s roles, including, for example, parental roles.

After the initial nudge, she wrote dozens of studies and essays, educated and mentored hundreds of students, gave innumerable speeches at conferences at home and abroad, and shaped the discussion on the “politics of gender culture” in Czech society, to borrow from the title of the book on which all three of us, together with a team of twelve other researchers, worked under Hana’s leadership.2 But what was that first impulse? Perhaps we thought we could always ask her the next time we met. Perhaps the thought has become pressing only now, when we can ask no more.
Maneuvering Whiteness in France
Authors: Galonnier Juliette
Published: September 2021

This article examines the meanings of Whiteness in France by focusing on the specific case of White converts to Islam. By becoming Muslim, converts enter religious spaces in which they are a numerical minority. Usually unmarked and unnoticed, their Whiteness is now very much visible, prompting interrogations about their racial categorization. Faced with moral dilemmas on how to best position themselves ethically while holding a position of dominance, White converts to Islam resort to a variety of strategies to portray themselves as “good Muslims” and “good Whites.” Relying on ethnography and in-depth interviewing, this article explores the contradictions, inconsistencies, and ambivalences that characterize White identities in the French context.
“White” Guadeloupeans of “Mixed” Ancestry
Authors: Gordien Ary
Published: September 2021

This article explores the various ways in which Guadeloupeans of mixed African and European ancestry who are perceived as White self-identify in relation to their family and individual trajectories. This partial analysis is based on half-dozen semistructured interviews carried out in the course of researching nationalism, race, and ethnicity in Guadeloupe. Complicating rigid definitions of Whiteness and White supremacy, this article interprets the intricate meanings of Whiteness in the specific context of Guadeloupe, and its complex articulation with material and symbolic privilege.
Important Features of the Perception of Russia in the Modern American Elite
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Mosyakov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2021

The article examines some of the key issues that most directly affect the prevailing attitude towards Russia in the United States. In particular, it is argued that the sharpness of contradictions in relations with Russia is largely due to the fact that the American elite has proved largely unable to recognize its own assertions about the “final collapse” and weakening of Russia and perceive it not as a “departing nature”, but as a global player who has regained his strength on the political arena. In this, the Americans were far from China, which even in the “darkest” period of the Russian turmoil was convinced that Russia will return and influence the development of international relations in the most decisive way.
Economic Relations of India with the Countries of Southeast Asia – Investment Aspect
Authors:   IMEMO RAS, Russia, Moscow, Bragina Elena A.
Published: September 2021

The article argues that the investment aspect of India's economic relations with the countries of Southeast Asia is clearly inferior to the trade, but in recent years there has been a noticeable revival of the exchange of direct investments. First, this applies to the Southeast Asian countries, which are playing an increasingly significant role as investors in the Indian economy – the inflow of direct investment from Southeast Asian countries to India increased from 0.14 billion USD in 2000 to 15.15 billion USD in 2019 (they account for almost a third of total FDI inflows to India). The author cites the main competitive advantages of India that attract investors from Southeast Asian countries, and the relatively small and stable volume of Indian investments in Southeast Asian countries (no more than 2 billion USD per year) explains the relatively low competitiveness of Indian companies as investors in the markets of these countries.
Gold of Indonesia (Part 2.)
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Popov Aleksandr V.
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of the current state of the Indonesian gold-mining industry, the role of this country in the world gold production, and also the situation of the biggest gold-ore deposits of Indonesia and the companies exploiting them.
Agriculture of the Australian Union: Challenges, Responses, Tasks Ahead
Authors:   HSE University, Russia, Moscow, Spitsina Kseniya A. , Shikunova Anastasiya A. ,   HSE University, Russia, Moscow
Published: September 2021

The article analyses the current state of agriculture industry in the Australian Union. It examines the impact of miscellaneous factors, such as natural disasters, climate conditions, the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the establishment of regional free trade regimes, as well as the degree of their implementation. The paper reveals the specificity of the entry of Australian agriculture products into the markets of China, South Korea and Japan along with the development of agriculture in Australia and the efforts made by the Australian government and business community to overcome the troubles the industry suffered from in 2018-2020. In the authors’ opinion, the growing tensions in trade and economic relations between the Australian Union and the PRC affect the overall situation of Australian agriculture. In its turn, this incentivizes Canberra to explore new sources of agriculture product sales and expand cooperation with other partners.
India – ASEAN: cultural aspect of cooperation
Authors:   RUDN University, Russia, Moscow, Ponka Tatiana I. , Dkhar Anita P. ,   RUDN University, Russia, Moscow, Dkhar Prashanta ,   RUDN University, Russia, Moscow
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the India`s modern foreign policy based on the "Look to the East" policy in terms of cultural diplomacy and cooperation with ASEAN countries. The authors examine the cultural bases and prerequisites for India's interaction with the countries of the group, in particular, cultural, historical and religious factors. India's modern foreign policy is aimed at restoring cultural ties with ASEAN within various multilateral and bilateral meetings and projects, as well as existing institutions, which were reviewed in the article. In conclusion, author attempts to reveal the influence of India's cultural diplomacy within the framework of interaction with ASEAN on other issues of cooperation with the group.
Identifikasi Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka Berdasarkan Kecamatan Di Kabupaten Pekalongan Menggunakan Spatial Model
Authors: Ariyanto Tory , Yunianto Era , Taryadi Taryadi
Published: September 2021

Unemployment is an economic problem that the central and regional governments must resolve comprehensively and integrated. The open unemployment rate in Pekalongan Regency in the last three years has increased. It is influenced by several factors, one of which is the population growth rate. Likewise, the labor force participation rate has increased. It shows that the increasing availability of the workforce is not accompanied by additional employment and is not proportional to population growth. This study aims to determine the level of open unemployment and labor force participation in the sub-district, whether there is a relationship and mutual influence between sub-districts in Pekalongan Regency. The method used to see the correlation between sub-districts is the spatial analysis method. The method used to analyze the correlation between regions is the Moran's Index and the Moran Scatterplot, while to prove the dependence or spatial effect between regions partially used the LISA test. The test results show the Moran Index for the open unemployment rate of 0,915 and the labor force participation rate of 0,737 with a significance level of 5%. This measurement value shows that the Moran index value is close to 1, which means autocorrelation between neighboring sub-districts on the open unemployment rate and the labor force participation rate. While the LISA test results show that there are seven spatially related H-H districts, meaning that there is a strong correlation between the observed sub-districts and the surrounding districts. The strong correlation between observation sub-districts and their surroundings can be used as a reference for making policies in overcoming open unemployment between sub-districts. The policy for handling open unemployment has become more comprehensive and integrated among sub-districts by seeing that each sub-district has a spatial correlation and affects open unemployment in the district.
Age-Related Changes in Human Posture Control: Motor Coordination Tests
Authors: Peterka R.J. , Black F.O.
Published: September 2021

Postural responses to support surface displacements were measured in 214 normal human subjects ranging in age from 7 to 81 y. Motor tests measured leg muscle electromyographic (EMG) latencies, body sway, and the amplitude and timing of changes in center of pressure displacements in response to sudden forward and backward horizontal translations of the support surface upon which the subjects stood. There were small increases in both EMG latencies and the time to reach the peak amplitude of center of pressure responses with increasing age. The amplitude of center of pressure responses showed no change with age if the amplitude measures were normalized by a factor related to subject height. In general, postoral responses to sudden translations showed minimal changes with age, and all age-related trends that were identified were small relative to the variability within the population.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Kimura Robert S.
Published: September 2021

Editor’s Note – At the 1990 Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, the Award of Merit of the Association was presented to Dr. Robert S. Kimura in recognition of his contributions to the field. During the introduction to his more formal comments, Dr. Kimura stressed the importance of team research, particularly the collaboration of clinicians and basic scientists. Dr. Kimura’s association with Dr. Schuknecht over the past two decades at Harvard Medical School serves as an exemplary model for such collaboration. Dr. Kimura’s comments come out of a mind which developed the best animal model in existence for endolymphatic hydrops (in guinea pigs). Thus, one must carefully consider his words. Young investigators would do well to read carefully everything Dr. Kimura has written, and to spend as much time as possible with him. Dr. Kimura’s address to the Association follows.
Effect of Telescopic Spectacles on Head Stability in Normal and Low Vision
Authors: Demer Joseph L. , Goldberg Jefim , Porter Franklin I.
Published: September 2021

Telescopic spectacles, highly magnifying visual aids mounted in spectacle frames, markedly alter the visual consequences of head movements. To evaluate the effect of this altered visual feedback on head stability, angular head velocity of normally sighted and low vision subjects was measured in the roll, pitch, and yaw axes. Measurements were made under two postural conditions: (1) quiet standing; and (2) walking in place, as well as three visual conditions: (1) eyes closed; (2) unmagnified vision; and (3) vision with 4× binocular telescopic spectacles. For normal subjects during quiet standing, both unmagnified vision and vision with telescopic spectacles tended to reduce spontaneous head velocity in all axes as compared to the eyes-closed condition. However, in low vision subjects neither unmagnified vision nor vision with telescopic spectacles produced significant changes in values of head velocity relative to those measured with eyes closed. Spontaneous head velocities for standing low vision subjects tended to be higher than in normal subjects, although not all differences were statistically significant. During walking in place, Fourier analysis demonstrated prominent frequency components related to harmonics of the walking frequency under all viewing conditions. In normal subjects, vision with telescopic spectacles, to a greater degree than unmagnified vision, reduced head velocity during walking in the roll and yaw, but not the pitch, axes. For low vision subjects, significant reductions in head velocity during walking were observed only during vision with telescopic spectacles. These findings indicate that vision reduces angular instability of the head during standing and walking. Magnification produced by telescopic spectacles further improves head stability under some conditions, although the effect of vision is least evident in the pitch axis. The stabilizing effect of vision is reduced in low vision subjects.
Human Otolithic Function Before and After Unilateral Vestibular Neurectomy1
Authors: Curthoys I.S. , Dai M.J. , Halmagyi G.M.
Published: September 2021

One index of otolith function is the so-called oculogravic “illusion” that during centrifugal stimulation a small luminous bar, fixed with respect to the observer, appears to be roll-tilted by the same amount that the observer feels to be roll-tilted. Many patients undergoing therapeutic unilateral vestibular nerve section show the illusion symmetrically for left and right roll-tilts prior to the operation, but at testing one week after vestibular nerve section show a large asymmetry: they perceive the illusion when the resultant force is directed toward their intact ear, but they perceive a much reduced illusion when the force is directed toward their operated ear. This roll-tilt perceptual response asymmetry appears similar to the asymmetrical horizontal semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular responses for symmetrical but opposite head accelerations that these same patients exhibit for values of head angular accelerations in the natural range (Ewald’s second law), and the present paper suggests that a version of Ewald’s second law may apply to the otolithic system: specifically, that there is a response asymmetry for linear accelerations. Anatomical and physiological evidence concerning such an otolithic asymmetry is reviewed.
Roles of Head, Gaze, and Spatial Orientation in the Production of Oscillopsia
Authors: Takahashi Masahiro , Okada Yukihiro , Saito Akira , Takei Yasuhiko , Tomizawa Ikuko , Uyama Keiko , Takeuti Izumi , Kanzaki Jin
Published: September 2021

To clarify the factors causing oscillopsia, we investigated head movement, gaze stability, and perception under various situations. High-frequency head movements, whether they were horizontal rotations or passively induced vertical oscillations, produced blurred vision and gaze fluctuations in patients with labyrinthine loss. However, this sensation differed from the oscillopsia perceived during walking, as it did not involve a sensation of oscillation of the surrounding space or a loss of body balance. Although patients with labyrinthine loss showed large irregular head perturbations during stepping, the resultant retinal velocity slips seemed too small to explain oscillopsia. Walking while wearing horizontal reversing prisms produced loss of spatial orientation, dysequilibrium, and instability of vision in normal subjects, which resembled the symptoms found in patients with oscillopsia. The present study suggests that oscillopsia represents a perceptual inability to detect spatial orientation during head or body movements rather than a mere blurring of vision caused by deficient compensation.
Asymmetric Optokinetic Afterresponse in Patients with Small Acoustic Neurinomas1
Authors: Brantberg Krister , Magnusson Måns
Published: September 2021

Directional asymmetry of primary and secondary optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN I and OKAN II, respectively) was studied in 20 patients with small acoustic neurinomas (⩽20 mm), and results were compared to those for 24 normal controls. The optokinetic afterresponse was induced by 60 s of horizontal whole-field optokinetic stimulation in both directions. Among patients, the optokinetic afterresponse was asymmetric, OKAN I and OKAN II beating toward the lesioned ear being significantly weaker than the OKAN I and OKAN II beating toward the healthy ear. Hence, in these patients with gradual deterioration of vestibular function, the vestibular side-difference was reflected both in OKAN I and OKAN II. Although asymmetry in OKAN I was frequently observed among controls, it was significantly more pronounced among the patients. Moreover, patients could be distinguished by the occurrence of OKAN II, as it did not occur at all among controls exposed to the same stimulation.
Effects of Ketamine on Ocular Movements of the Cat
Authors: Mettens P. , Godaux E. , Cheron G.
Published: September 2021

We studied the effects of ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, on (1) the spontaneous saccades, (2) the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and (3) the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in 8 cats. Ketamine was given intramuscularly at four dosages (1, 2, 8, and 16 mg/kg). Eye movements were measured using the magnetic field-search coil technique. Ketamine did not prevent the occurrence of saccades, but each of them was followed by a centripetal postsaccadic drift. The time-constant of the drift induced by ketamine was 1.0 s when the given dosage was 1 mg/kg and 0.35 s when the given dosage was 16 mg/kg. Post-saccadic drift caused by a low dosage of ketamine may reflect only a mismatch between the pulse and the step commands that create saccades. The highest used dosages of ketamine aggravated the post-saccadic drift probably by disturbing the oculomotor neural integrator. To elicit the horizontal VOR, the head was submitted either to sinusoidal rotations (± 20∘; 0.05 to 1 Hz) or to a rotation at a constant velocity (100∘/s during 40 s). In darkness, the VOR step gain was reduced by ketamine in a dosage-dependent manner. VOR phase lead at 0.10 Hz oscillation in darkness increased from 4.0∘ ± 2.4∘ to 51.6∘ ± 7.5∘ after administration of ketamine at 16 mg/kg. This suggests that ketamine, at least at higher dosages, induces a failure of the neural integrator. Chemical blockade of the vestibular commissure by ketamine may also be responsible for the reduction of the VOR gain. Horizontal OKN was tested using a step stimulus (30∘/s during 40 s). When ketamine was given at 1 mg/kg, the average steady-state gain of the OKN diminished from 0.6 ± 0.2 to 0.3 ± 0.1. After administration of ketamine at 2 mg/kg, the OKN was abolished. The sensitivity of OKN to ketamine is explained at least partly by the fact that ketamine acts against the visual pathways in the retina, in the geniculate nucleus, and in the visual cortex. The time course of the optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) and that of the decrease of the perrotatory and postrotatory VOR were not reduced by ketamine administered at 1 or 2 mg/kg. This shows that ketamine does not affect the velocity-storage mechanism at these dosages.
Three-Dimensional Structure of the Human Vestibular Nuclear Complex
Authors: Briner W. , Linthicum F.H. , Gadre A.
Published: September 2021

We used computer techniques to reconstruct in three dimensions 12 vestibular nuclear complexes (VNC) from serially sectioned brains of 7 patients. Specimens were from 4 patients with vestibular disorders and 3 patients considered vestibular normal. Despite the variety of the patient’s otologic histories all the nuclei demonstrated the same shape and structural characteristics.
Suppression of Optokinetic Velocity Storage in Humans by Static Tilt in Roll
Authors: Lafortune S.H. , Ireland D.J. , Jell R.M.
Published: September 2021

The effects of static tilts about the roll (anterior-posterior) axis on human horizontal optokinetic afternystagmus (HOKAN) were examined. Static tilts in roll, with subjects lying on their left side, produced significant tilt-dependent HOKAN suppression. Only the slow (indirect pathway) component time constant (1/D) of the double exponential model for human HOKAN decreased with angle of roll tilt. The effect was direction specific in that suppression occurred only following a leftward-going stimulus. These findings provide further support for the postulate that otolith-organ-mediated activity can couple to the horizontal velocity storage mechanism in humans. A slight trend towards a tilt-dependent reduction of coefficient A (initial slow phase velocity of fast component decay) was revealed, suggesting the possibility that otolith-organ-mediated activity could couple to direct (pursuit-mediated?) pathways as well. No horizontal-to-vertical cross-coupling occurred, indicating that this aspect of the 3-dimensional model for velocity storage proposed by Raphan & Cohen (1988) may not completely apply to humans.
Effects of Asymmetric Vergence on Compensatory Eye Movements During Active Head Rotation1
Authors: Hine Trevor
Published: September 2021

The kinematics of the horizontal VOR for near fixation demand that VOR gain should change dependent on the target distance and the orientation of the head with respect to the target, or, equivalently, the amount of ocular vergence and the asymmetry of this vergence. Across two experiments, the gain of the VOR was measured in the right eye of humans who rotated their heads to the right or left while viewing a target placed either 22, 32.5 or 200 cm from the center of head rotation, in conditions with and without visual feedback. When tbe eye was in-line with the target, the measured VOR gain was up to 43% greater than when the eye was in an eccentric position. However, in the eccentric position, higher VOR gains were achieved with visual feedback of the target than without feedback, indicative of a visual component in the compensatory eye movement. Also, by changing the posture of the left eye but keeping the right eye constant, the VOR gain in the right eye was changed substantially during a subsequent head rotation. Hence, the positions of both eyes in their orbits determine the gain of the VOR in each eye.
Calcium Currents in Solitary Hair Cells Isolated from Frog Crista Ampullaris
Authors: Prigioni I. , Masetto S. , Russo G. , Taglietti V.
Published: September 2021

Some properties of Ca2+ currents in hair cells isolated from frog semicircular canals by enzymatic or mechanical treatment were studied by using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. After blocking the large outward K+ currents by substituting Cs+ for K+ and adding tetraethylammonium to the pipette filling solution, voltage- and time-dependent inward currents were clearly detectable in the presence of 4 mM Ca2+ in the extracellular solution. Ca2+ current was recruited at test potentials more positive than -60 mV, showed a rapid activation, and exhibited no inactivation during 150-ms depolarizing pulses. The maximal amplitude was attained at about -20 mV, with an average value of about 80 pA. When Ca2+ in the extracellular solution was replaced with Ba2+, the magnitude of inward currents increased about twofold. Ba2+ currents were blocked more effectively by Cd2+ than by Ni2+, were suppressed by 0.5 μM ω-conotoxin, and were virtually unaffected by amiloride. The dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 caused a marked voltage-dependent increase in inward currents. The present data suggest that hair cells from frog crista ampullaris are endowed with a homogeneous population of Ca2+ channels having several properties similar to those described for neuronal L channels. Since these channels are recruited in a range of potentials close to the resting level, it is suggested that they subserve the control of both resting and evoked transmitter release from the basal pole of the hair cells.
Fitting Adaptation Models to Velocity Step Responses: Simulation of Normal and Abnormal Responses
Authors: Huygen P.L.M. , Nicolasen M.G.M.
Published: September 2021

A method is described to obtain suitable parameter values for an adaptation model that can be used to simulate velocity step (VS) responses. The input parameters are the dominant time constant fitted to the first part of the VS response and the time of reversal in nystagmus direction. This method allows a particular solution for the model previously defined by others with a vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) time constant, a time constant of adaptation, and a fixed (unitary) gain of the adaptation element. However, because it might be arbitrary to assume a unitary gain, we also studied a more general model with a variable gain element. It appeared that patients showing short responses had a short VOR time constant and less adaptation than normal. Patients exhibiting prolonged responses appeared to have an excessively long VOR time constant and more adaptation than normal, presumably to compensate for the long time constant.
Relation Between Perception of Vertical Axis Rotation and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Symmetry
Authors: Peterka Robert J. , Benolken Martha S.
Published: September 2021

Subjects seated in a vertical axis rotation chair controlled their rotational velocity by adjusting a potentiometer. Their goal was to null out pseudorandom rotational perturbations in order to remain perceptually stationary. Most subjects showed a slow linear drift of velocity (a constant acceleration) to one side when they were deprived of an earth-fixed visual reference. The amplitude and direction of this drift can be considered a measure of a static bias in a subject’s perception of rotation. The presence of a perceptual bias is consistent with a small, constant imbalance of vestibular function that could be of either central or peripheral origin. Deviations from perfect vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) symmetry are also assumed to be related to imbalances in either peripheral or central vestibular function. We looked for correlations between perceptual bias and various measures of vestibular reflex symmetry that might suggest a common source for both reflexive and perceptual imbalances. No correlations were found. Measurement errors could not account for these results since repeated tests in the same subjects of both perceptual bias and VOR symmetry were well correlated.
Electrically Evoked Motile Responses of Mammalian Type I Vestibular Hair Cells
Authors: Zenner Hans Peter , Reuter Günter , Hong Shi , Zimmermann Ulrike , Gitter Alfred H.
Published: September 2021

Vestibular hair cells, type I and II, with membrane potentials around -64 mV were prepared from guinea pig ampullar cristae and maculae. In type I cells, current injection, application of voltage steps during membrane patch-clamping, or extracellular alternating current (ac) fields evoked fast length changes of 50 nm to 500 nm of the cell “neck”. Mechanical responses were determined by computerized video techniques with contrast-enhanced digital image subtraction (DIS) and interpeak pixel counts (IPPC) or by double photodiode measurements. These techniques allowed spatial resolutions of 300 nm, 120 nm, and 50 nm, respectively. In contrast to measurements of high-frequency movements of auditory outer hair cells (OHCs), the mechanical responses of type I VHCs were restricted to low frequencies below 85 Hz. In addition to recently reported slow motility of VHCs, the present results suggest that fast mechanical VHC responses could significantly influence macular and cupular mechanics. Isometric and isotonic variants are discussed. The observed frequency maxima gap between VHCs and OHCs is suggested to contribute to a clear separation of the auditory and the vestibular sensory modality.
The High-Frequency Oscillopsia Test1
Authors: Burgio Don L. , Blakley Brian W. , Myers Steven F.
Published: September 2021

There is a need to develop bedside tests of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) that could be used in the clinical situation to screen patients who may be candidates for further evaluation. In 1984 Barber described the oscillopsia test, which compared visual acuity with and without head movement. Barber indicated that head movement should occur at greater than 1 Hz. This study was performed to evaluate the oscillopsia test at higher frequencies (2 to 7 Hertz) in the hope of improving its performance. The sensitivity and specificity of this test were evaluated using three examiners (the authors) and were referenced to clinical electronystagmographic results in 115 patients and 17 control subjects. The oscillopsia test evaluated in this study was highly specific, but not highly sensitive. It did not detect vestibular loss or subjective dizziness in more than 50% of cases. The high frequency oscillopsia test does not appear to be an effective screening test for VOR abnormalities or vestibular loss.
Characteristics of Nystagmus Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of The Uvular/Nodular Lobules of the Cerebellum in Monkey
Authors: Heinen S.J. , Oh D.K. , Keller E.L.
Published: September 2021

Electrical stimulation in the monkey vestibulocerebellum has previously been shown to produce ocular nystagmus, but large stimulating current values were used. Using long duration (⩽10-second) stimulus pulse trains and low current values (<50 μA), we studied the nystagmus evoked by microstimulation in the uvular/nodular regions of the cerebellum. In doing this, we found quantitative differences in the nystagmus evoked from these two regions. Stimulation of the nodulus typically produced a vigorous nystagmus with a contralateral slow phase and a prolonged afternystagmus in the same direction. In contrast, stimulation of the uvula typically produced a regular ipsilateral nystagmus pattern with a very short, if any, afternystagmus in the same direction. In addition, at some stimulation sites in the uvula we observed an adaptation in the slow phase eye velocity during the time that the stimulation remained on. This effect could result in a secondary nystagmus, with a slow phase velocity direction opposite to that first evoked by the stimulation, followed by a prolonged afternystagmus in the direction of the secondary nystagmus at stimulus offset. The nystagmus evoked by these cerebellar stimulations differs from both natural nystagmus produced by large field visual motion and from the nystagmus produced by electrical stimulation of the nucleus of the optic tract. The nystagmus produced by uvular and nodular stimulation shows a shorter latency and a more rapid slow phase eye velocity buildup. The uvula stimulations also showed a much shorter afternystagmus. Also, the same nystagmus was evoked whether the animal was in a lighted or dark surround. These characteristics and recent single-unit recording studies in the uvula seem to suggest that the uvula acts not as a direct input to the velocity storage mechanism, but instead perhaps as part of an internal regulator for balance between the bilateral vestibular nuclei which are normally part of the nystagmus response. On the other hand, the nodulus, with its prolonged afternystagmus in the same direction as the evoked nystagmus, may be involved as a part of the velocity storage mechanism.
The Effects of Dynamic Visual Stimulation on Perception and Motor Control
Authors: Previc Fred H.
Published: September 2021

A set of research findings is described that deals with three principal laboratory measures of visual orientation (vection and postural and manual control). Two studies are highlighted, one of which compared the latencies of vection and visually induced postural change and the other of which investigated manual tracking under visually disorienting conditions. The first study showed that although vection and postural change are somewhat related to each other (for example, both were greater in response to roll and pitch as opposed to linear visual motion), the onset of vection is delayed by several seconds relative to the initiation of visually induced postural shifts. The second study showed that manual biases induced by visual roll motion are not overcome using a thumb-and-fore-finger (pyramidal) motor strategy, arid may not be equivalent to the “giant hand” illusion that is believed to reflect the predominance of the vestibulospinal (extrapyramidal) motor pathways during extreme spatial disorientation. These and other findings indicate that various visual orientation effects may involve at least partially independent mechanisms.
Loss of Ipsidirectional Quick Phases of Torsional Nystagmus with a Unilateral Midbrain Lesion1
Authors: Leigh R. John , Seidman Scott H. , Grant Michael P. , Hanna Joseph P.
Published: September 2021

We report a patient with a long-standing, unilateral lesion of the midbrain who showed ipsidirectional loss of torsional quick phases, impairment of all vertical eye movements and normal horizontal eye movements. The findings are consistent with recent reports of the effects of experimental lesions, in monkeys, of the,rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal.
Postural Control Reduced by Subanesthetic Nitrous Oxide Narcosis
Authors: Padoan Serge , Fransson Per Anders , Magnusson Mans , Johansson Rolf
Published: September 2021

The effects of subanesthetic (21%) nitrous oxide (N2O) narcosis on postural control, as measured by posturography were studied in 12 subjects. Vibration induced body sway, with open and closed eyes, and body sway induced by a visual stimulus were evaluated. Adaptation was measured as the quotient of body sway variance between the second and first halves of each trial. Change in postural strategy was evaluated as change in the variance of shear forces relative to change in body sway. Subjective evaluation of narcosis was recorded. Body sway variance increased significantly during exposure to N2O, and equally for all body sway inducing stimuli. With tbe eyes open, adaptation to vibratory perturbation was significantly reduced by N2O. Postural strategy was unaffected by N2O, but differed significantly between stimuli, with relatively less involvement of shear forces during vibratory perturbation in the eyes open condition than during the other body sway inducing stimuli. Subjective evaluation of narcosis correlated with body sway variance during the visual stimulus. The present findings indicate that subanesthetic N2O narcosis reduces postural control. Adaptation to a balance disturbing stimulus, with undisturbed vision, is decreased by N2O. Visual clues are shown to be crucial to the postural strategy adopted to maintain balance. The effects of N2O are assumed to be due to impairment of sensorimotor integration in the CNS.