bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prescriptive and the hypological: A radical detachment
Authors: Lasonen-Aarnio Maria
Published: November 2024

My aim in this paper is to introduce and motivate a general normative framework, which I call feasibilism, and to sketch a view of the relationship between the prescriptive and the hypological in the epistemic domain by drawing on the theoretical resources provided by this framework. I then generalise the lesson to the moral domain. I begin by motivating feasibilism. A wide range of norms appear to leave uncharted an important part of the normative landscape. Across different domains we need norms more directed at the subject, and less dependent on how the world beyond our control plays out. In the beginning of this paper I briefly outline two broad ways of seeking such subject-directed norms: perspectivism and feasibilism. According to feasibilism, the ultimate reason why more objectivist norms are inadequate on their own is not that they fail to take into account the limits of an agent’s perspective, but that they are not sensitive to limits on what ways of choosing, acting, and believing are feasible in a given situation. I think of these ways of choosing, acting, and believing in terms of an agent’s dispositions. This paper focuses on a gnosticist implementation of feasibilism. Such a view supplements a knowledge norm with a norm urging one to only be in doxastic states that are manifestations of the most knowledge-conducive feasible dispositions – that is, a norm urging one to be in doxastic states that are reasonable. But how should we think about the normative statuses of knowledge versus reasonableness? By drawing on two general hypotheses about the relationship between succeeding (e.g. knowing) and manifesting dispositions conducive to success (e.g. reasonable belief), I argue for a view on which the prescriptive and the hypological come radically apart. The result is that an epistemic analogue of a thesis that many have assumed to hold in the moral realm should be rejected. This thesis is Only Blameworthy for Wrongs: we can only ever be blameworthy for acts that are morally wrong. I argue that on the picture presented, we can be epistemically blameworthy for doxastic states that do not violate any prescriptive epistemic norms. I then generalise the considerations to the moral realm, arguing against Only Blameworthy for Wrongs.
Improving power law fitting of root tensile strength–diameter relationships
Authors: Meijer G. J.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The relationship between root tensile strengths and diameters is often fitted using power law curves. More accurate fitting methodologies were developed, investigating a) the validity of least-squares regression assumptions underlying existing methods, b) how to best quantify intra-diameter variation, and c) whether to fit in terms of tensile strength or tensile force at failure.

Methods

Regression and maximum likelihood estimation were used to fit various power law models. 6461 tensile strength measurements from 153 existing datasets, covering 103 different plant species, were used to compare models.

Results

The intra-diameter variation in root strength is proportional to the average strength at each diameter, and is best described using a gamma distribution. When using linear regression on log-transformed measurements, a mathematical correction must be used to avoid underestimating the actual strength (18% on average). Compared to fitting tensile strengths, fitting in terms of root forces at failure was less reliable; the extra emphasis this method places on the effect of large diameters roots was not appropriate because of the typical abundance of thin roots in the field relative to those tested in tension. Average power law fits were proposed for broadleaved trees, conifers, shrubs, grasses and forbs.

Conclusion

Power law curves should be fitted in terms of root strength rather than root forces at failure, using the newly developed fitting methods that simultaneously fit both the inter-diameter (power law) and intra-diameter variation and can account for fitting bias. This will increase the reliability of future root reinforcement predictions.
Large deformation simulation of uprooting of trees with complex root system architectures using material point method with embedded truss elements
Authors: Huang Qi , Wang Yu , Leung Anthony Kwan , Zhu Jun
Published: November 2024

Background and aims

Urban trees in coastal cities like Hong Kong may suffer from an uprooting failure when subjected to extreme winds. A proper numerical model for tree uprooting simulation can help to select tree species or soil types that better resist uprooting failure. However, modeling tree uprooting is challenging as it is a cross-disciplinary problem involving complex root system architectures (RSAs) and large deformation of both roots and soils. This study aims to develop a hybrid numerical model that combines truss elements and material point method (MPM) to simulate the entire large-deformation uprooting process of trees with complex RSAs.

Methods

The tree uprooting model is developed by coupling truss elements in finite element method (FEM) with MPM. Laboratory pull-out tests using artificial roots and real root cuttings are adopted to validate the developed model. A comparative study is performed to investigate the difference between using complex and simplified RSAs in tree uprooting simulations.

Results

The developed model provides consistent predictions of peak load, critical displacement and failure mode when compared with results from laboratory tests. Moreover, the comparative study shows that the uprooting resistance obtained with a complex RSA is higher than that with a simplified RSA. The difference varies with the soil and root mechanical properties.

Conclusion

The developed hybrid model offers a novel way for simulating an entire tree uprooting process involving large deformations and complex RSAs. The study shows that using a simplified RSA to approximate the complex RSA might result in misleading failure modes.
Morphological awareness and reading comprehension: to what extent do semantic relations in the classic sentence completion task influence associations?
Authors: Ardanouy Estelle , Hélène Deacon S.
Published: November 2024

It is well-established that morphological awareness is related to reading comprehension. Morphological awareness is often assessed with a sentence completion task, in which children are asked to complete a sentence with a related word (e.g., “warm. He chose the jacket for its __”). As evident from this classic example, semantic relations could influence performance because warmth is related in meaning to jacket. We examine whether the degree of semantic relations in the sentence completion task influences the association between morphological awareness and reading comprehension. In grade 3, English-speaking children did a sentence completion task in two conditions: one with sentences designed to have high semantic relations with the target and another with low. Children also completed control measures of non-verbal reasoning, vocabulary, phonological awareness, working memory, and word reading fluency. At grade 4, children completed reading comprehension. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that performance on both conditions of the sentence completion task (i.e., high and low semantic relations) significantly predicted reading comprehension, after all controls. Intriguingly, when both tasks were in the same regression, only performance on the high semantic relations task made a unique contribution to reading comprehension. The findings confirm the contribution to reading comprehension of morphological awareness, assessed with the sentence completion task, and show the relevance of semantic dimensions to these relations. As such, findings appear to validate the use of sentence completion to assess morphological awareness and highlight its capture of the multidimensional nature of morphological awareness, including its semantic dimensions.
The factor XI/XIa antibody abelacimab combined with enoxaparin inhibits filter clotting in hemodialysis circuits ex vivo
Authors: Grafeneder Juergen , Langer Gesche , Schoergenhofer Christian , Eskandary Farsad , Jilma Bernd , Khder Yasser , Kovacevic Miljevic Katarina D.
Published: November 2024

Drugs targeting factor XI may offer an alternative to heparin for preventing blood clotting in extracorporeal circulation. We investigated the effects of abelacimab, a novel monoclonal antibody targeting factor XI. We collected whole blood samples into two bags (each 240 ml, control group: enoxaparin 1.2 mg, treatment group: enoxaparin 1.2 mg plus abelacimab 5 mg) and circulated in a hemodialysis device for up to 3 h. We performed whole blood aggregation and thromboelastometry at several time points. Time to filter clotting was the primary endpoint. We included 10 volunteers. Each volunteer’s blood was split into two bags (containing enoxaparin +/- abelacimab) and used simultaneously on two hemodialysis devices. The treatment group’s time to filter clotting was significantly prolonged (treatment: 180 min, IQR 180–180 vs. control: 120 min, IQR 97–147, p < 0.001), and the transmembrane pressure was significantly lower at the end of the circuit flow (treatment: 13 mmHg vs. control: 65 mmHg, p = 0.001). Fibrinogen levels and median platelet counts were preserved. Platelet aggregation was better preserved in the treatment group for ristocetin (p = 0.015), thrombin receptor activating peptide (p = 0.015), and arachidonic acid (p = 0.001). Thromboelastometry showed prolonged clotting times in the treatment group at the end of the experiment (INTEM, p < 0.001; HEPTEM, p = 0.001). Abelacimab prolonged the time to filter clotting in this ex vivo model of hemodialysis. This is an aggressive model due to the frequent re-circulation of blood and a lack of endothelial cells. These data provide support for testing abelacimab in patients on hemodialysis.
What Argumentative Bullshit Tells us about Argumentative Vices and Virtues
Authors: Gascón José Ángel
Published: November 2024

The study of the problem of argumentative bullshit can be useful to shed some light on the practice of argumentation and the essence of argumentative virtues. Since argumentative bullshit is arguably the greatest threat to argumentation, and it is characterised by an indifference to the constitutive value of argumentation (supporting a claim with reasons), argumentative virtue could be understood as the opposite to that indifference: caring about the practice of argumentation and being disposed to sustain and improve it through their participation in it. Whoever produces argumentative bullshit cares more about certain external ends (reputation, political goals, making fun…) than about argumentative practice, whereas virtuous arguers never lose sight of the value of the argumentative practice. This suggests a MacIntyrean conception of the practice of argumentation, according to which argumentation is a practice with internal goods than can only be recognised and achieved through participation in it, while argumentative virtues are those traits conducive to the appreciation and achievement of argumentative goods.
Is the sex ratio of Japanese quail offspring equal?
Authors: Emam Ahmed M. , Semida Doaa A. , El-Full Ensaf A. , Mahmoud Bothaina Y. , Abdel-Azim Ali M. , Elnesr Shaaban Saad
Published: November 2024

Offspring sex ratios in avian species are of significant scientific interest, with implications for evolutionary biology and poultry production. This study investigated sex ratios in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), a valuable model for other poultry species due to its rapid generation interval. The study examined the impact of selection over generations, age at first egg (AFE), and body weight at AFE (BWAFE) on offspring sex ratios. The dataset included 4,282 Japanese quail records from 968 dams over eight generations, comprising two lines: one selected for high growth rate during 1–21 days of age and an unselected control line. Offspring sex ratio data were categorized based on dam characteristics: AFE (early: <48 days, medium: 48–52 days, late: >52 days) and BWAFE (low: <249 g, medium: 249–268 g, heavy: >268 g). These categories represent below average, average, and above average values for each parameter, respectively. Analyses were done on pedigree and hatching records from two lines of selected and control quails. The chi square and logistic regression analyses exhibited insignificant associations between the examined predictor variables (generation, line, AFE, and BWAFE) and the sex ratio outcome in Japanese quail. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proportion of male and female offspring quail in the flock is statistically equal. However, regarding the BWAFE categories the residual analyses revealed a potential tendency toward a male-biased sex ratio within the medium category also, they suggest potential tendencies toward male-biased (eighth generation) and female-biased (sixth generation) sex ratios that warrant further investigation.
Advancing clinical MRI exams with artificial intelligence: Japan’s contributions and future prospects
Authors: Fujita Shohei , Fushimi Yasutaka , Ito Rintaro , Matsui Yusuke , Tatsugami Fuminari , Fujioka Tomoyuki , Ueda Daiju , Fujima Noriyuki , Hirata Kenji , Tsuboyama Takahiro , Nozaki Taiki , Yanagawa Masahiro , Kamagata Koji , Kawamura Mariko , Yamada Akira , Nakaura Takeshi , Naganawa Shinji
Published: November 2024

In this narrative review, we review the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams, with a particular focus on Japan’s contributions to this field. In the first part of the review, we introduce the various applications of AI in optimizing different aspects of the MRI process, including scan protocols, patient preparation, image acquisition, image reconstruction, and postprocessing techniques. Additionally, we examine AI’s growing influence in clinical decision-making, particularly in areas such as segmentation, radiation therapy planning, and reporting assistance. By emphasizing studies conducted in Japan, we highlight the nation’s contributions to the advancement of AI in MRI. In the latter part of the review, we highlight the characteristics that make Japan a unique environment for the development and implementation of AI in MRI examinations. Japan’s healthcare landscape is distinguished by several key factors that collectively create a fertile ground for AI research and development. Notably, Japan boasts one of the highest densities of MRI scanners per capita globally, ensuring widespread access to the exam. Japan’s national health insurance system plays a pivotal role by providing MRI scans to all citizens irrespective of socioeconomic status, which facilitates the collection of inclusive and unbiased imaging data across a diverse population. Japan’s extensive health screening programs, coupled with collaborative research initiatives like the Japan Medical Imaging Database (J-MID), enable the aggregation and sharing of large, high-quality datasets. With its technological expertise and healthcare infrastructure, Japan is well-positioned to make meaningful contributions to the MRI–AI domain. The collaborative efforts of researchers, clinicians, and technology experts, including those in Japan, will continue to advance the future of AI in clinical MRI, potentially leading to improvements in patient care and healthcare efficiency.
Risk factors for urinary retention after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder diversion: a multicenter study
Authors: Chung Younsoo , Lee Sangchul , Jeong Byong Chang , Ku Ja Hyeon , Kwon Tae Gyun , Kim Tae-Hwan , Lee Ji Youl , Hong Sung Hoo , Han Woong Kyu , Ham Won Sik , Kang Sung Gu , Kang Seok Ho , Oh Jong Jin
Published: November 2024

To determine risk factors for urinary retention (UR) after robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RALC) with orthotopic neobladder diversion. A total of 269 patients who underwent RALC with orthotopic neobladder diversion from 2008 to 2019 at seven tertiary hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. There were 68 patients who had UR (UR arm) and 201 patients who did not have UR (no-UR arm). UR was defined as voiding dysfunction without catheterization or more than 100 mL of residual urine after voiding. Preoperative demographics, perioperative factors, pathology outcomes, and postoperative complications of UR and no-UR arms were compared and predictors of UR were identified. Among demographic factors, only gender proportion showed a difference, with male proportion being significantly lower in the UR arm than in the no-UR arm (81% vs 92%, p = 0.010). For perioperative outcomes, anastomosis site stricture (27% vs 11%, p = 0.003) and length of hospital stays (23 days vs. 19 days, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the UR arm than in the no-UR arm. In multiple logistic regression analysis, female (OR 3.32, 95% CI: 1.43–7.72) and body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00–1.20) were UR predictors. UR after RALC with orthotopic neobladder diversion is significantly increased in females. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified female and BMI elevation as UR predictors.
There is business like show business! What marketing scholars and managers can learn from 40 years of entertainment science research
Authors: Behrens Ronny , Kupfer Ann-Kristin , Hennig-Thurau Thorsten
Published: November 2024

For over four decades, scholars have developed the field of entertainment science, establishing a thorough understanding of the business behind filmed, recorded, written, and programmed media products and services, encompassing consumer behavior and strategic decision-making. Building on six foundational characteristics that jointly define entertainment offerings (i.e., their hedonic, narrative, cultural, creative, innovative, and digital nature), we synthesize key findings from entertainment science research. Since each of these characteristics can be found individually in various industries, this review offers substantial potential for learning beyond the entertainment world. Leveraging the entertainment industry’s pioneering role in major cross-industry trends, including virtual worlds and generative AI, we then provide best practices for adapting to these developments. We conclude by proposing a comprehensive agenda for future research on each of the foundational entertainment characteristics within the field of entertainment science and beyond.
Expressions of customer rumination in online posts and firm responses
Authors: Tran Hai-Anh , Strizhakova Yuliya , Nguyen Bach , Johnson Samuel G. B.
Published: November 2024

When faced with service failures, customers tend to ruminate, i.e., engage in repetitive negative thoughts about service failures and their causes/consequences. Some customers express these ruminative thoughts in online posts, making the internal cognitive process of rumination publicly visible to prospective customers who read the posts. This research proposes a novel conceptualization and operationalization of customer expressions of rumination as the repetitive use of words related to (a) service failure aspects and (b) service failure causes/consequences. Across two field studies, one survey, and two experiments, this research demonstrates that rumination expressions in online posts about service failures are linked to lower sales, weaker prospective customers’ purchase intention, and more “likes” of the post. Responses expressing empathetic apologies are more effective in handling rumination expressions about service failure aspects, whereas responses mentioning compensation are more effective in handling rumination expressions about service failure causes/consequences. We urge managers to recognize the visibility and harmfulness of rumination expressions in digital outlets and provide solutions to minimize their damage.
Bubble Theory and its Applications in Underwater Explosion, Marine Cavitation, and Seismic Exploration
Authors: Xu Runze , Wang Shiping , Sagar Hemant J. , Wang Haikun
Published: November 2024

Bubbles play crucial roles in various fields, including naval and ocean engineering, chemical engineering, and biochemical engineering. Numerous theoretical analyses, numerical simulations, and experimental studies have been conducted to reveal the mysteries of bubble motion and its mechanisms. These efforts have significantly advanced research in bubble dynamics, where theoretical study is an efficient method for bubble motion prediction. Since Lord Rayleigh introduced the theoretical model of single-bubble motion in incompressible fluid in 1917, theoretical studies have been pivotal in understanding bubble dynamics. This study provides a comprehensive review of the development and applicability of theoretical studies in bubble dynamics using typical theoretical bubble models across different periods as a focal point and an overview of bubble theory applications in underwater explosion, marine cavitation, and seismic exploration. This study aims to serve as a reference and catalyst for further advancements in theoretical analysis and practical applications of bubble theory across marine fields.
Novices’ reasoning with big data and data-ing through the lens of uncertainty
Authors: Gafny Ronit , Dvir Michal , Ben-Zvi Dani
Published: November 2024

Advancements in computing and statistical analyses have significantly transformed mathematics education, integrating it with data and computer science. As big data becomes increasingly prevalent, understanding its complexities, including its unique uncertainties, is crucial. This study explores the uncertainty that novice students can articulate during their initial engagement with big data, including both data preparation activities or data-ing as well as data analysis activities. Consistent with prior research on students’ engagement with small data, we offer a case study revealing that novices can also exhibit extreme views of uncertainty while engaging with big data. Contrary to the context of small data engagement, our analysis revealed different sources for these extreme views. The classification we used can offer means to identify students’ uncertainty views and support them in developing a more balanced, mature, perception of uncertainty. Moreover, the analysis underscores students’ inclination towards high-uncertainty articulations during their initial encounters with big data-ing activities.
Erosion of the Atheroma: Wicked T Cells at the Culprit Site
Authors: Lin Shiying , Yu Yinda , Söderström Leif Å , Gisterå Anton
Published: November 2024

Purpose of Review

There is a growing recognition of plaque erosion as a cause of acute coronary syndrome. This review aims to examine the potential involvement of T cells in this process.

Recent Findings

Immune-vascular interactions have been identified in the development of plaque erosions. Up to one-third of eroded plaques show evidence of active immune infiltration, with the presence of T cells. We propose that microerosions may frequently occur in association with the infiltration of T cells and macrophages in early atherosclerotic lesions. Healing of erosions could trigger the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix. The pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic actions of T cells, along with reduced endothelial integrity and other mechanisms, may subsequently give rise to clinical symptoms.

To gain a better understanding of the role of T cells in plaque erosion, it is crucial to develop improved models for conducting controlled experiments and to study atherosclerosis in younger individuals.
Feasibility and Impact of Community Pharmacy and Novel Pick-up Points for Antiretroviral Therapy Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Initiation and Continuation in Low and Middle-income Countries
Authors: Lalla-Edward Samanta Tresha , Venter Willem Daniel Francois
Published: November 2024

Purpose of Review

This review assesses recent developments in community access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). It examines literature on differentiated service delivery (DSD) and alternative delivery modes for PrEP, focusing on the role of community pharmacies and novel pick-up points. Key considerations include barriers to access, potential benefits, and strategies for implementation.

Recent Findings

Challenges to optimal HIV healthcare delivery persist globally, with LMICs facing greater barriers due to resource constraints and structural obstacles. Community pharmacies and novel pick-up points offer promising avenues to expand access to HIV medication, especially in hard-to-reach populations. However, operational complexities and regulatory frameworks present significant challenges. Recent initiatives, such as collaborative practice agreements and programmes by global health agencies, highlight efforts to integrate community pharmacies into HIV prevention and care delivery. Mobile health clinics and home delivery services have also shown promise in improving treatment coverage.

Community pharmacies and novel pick-up points play a crucial role in enhancing access to HIV PrEP in LMICs. Despite challenges related to infrastructure, funding, and regulatory oversight, innovative strategies like DSD and mobile outreach offer opportunities to reach marginalized populations. Real-life examples from LMICs demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of leveraging community pharmacies for HIV treatment. However, addressing policy gaps, strengthening pharmacist training, and promoting patient-centred approaches are essential for scaling up access to PrEP. Collaboration between governments, health agencies, and local communities is key to realizing the full potential of community pharmacies in HIV prevention and care.
Social and romantic experiences of banter: perspectives of gay men
Authors: Bickley Oscar E. , Buglass Sarah L. , Betts Lucy R.
Published: November 2024

Banter, a form of social communication, is used to facilitate social bonding in friendships and romantic relationships. However, associations between homosocial banter and “lad culture” and potential links to sexual violence and lower wellbeing have highlighted a problematic side to such interactions, especially among males during emerging adulthood. Despite male banter often involving homophobic comments and homosocial behaviour, banter experiences of gay men have to date largely been ignored in the literature. The aim of this study was to explore how gay men in a university setting understand and perceive banter. The data were devised from semi-structured interviews (n = 6, 20–22 years; male). An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) explored the participants’ experiences of banter in their everyday interactions, including within their same-sex friendships and romantic relationships. Themes highlighted how language and behaviours typical of homosocial banter often created a sense of unease when engaging with heterosexual friends, but banter use and perception could be influenced by context and social relationship. Complexities of navigating the ambiguity of banter are discussed.
Nitrogen and Spacing Requirements for Advanced Chipping Selections ND7799c-1 and ND7519-1
Authors: Grow Jed D. , Thompson Asunta L. , Secor Gary A. , Robinson Andrew P.
Published: November 2024

Adoption of new cultivars is challenging for commercial growers. To understand the best nitrogen fertilization rate (90, 134, 179, and 224 kg N ha-1) and within-row spacing (15, 23 and 31 cm) for two potential potato cultivar releases from North Dakota State University, a study was carried out in 2019 and 2020 in North Dakota. The advanced chipping selections ND7799c-1 and ND7519-1 were compared to a chip industry standard, Dakota Pearl. In 2019, ND7799c-1 grown at 23 cm within-row spacing had similar marketable yield to Dakota Pearl. In 2020, ND7519-1 at all within-row spacings, and ND7799c-1 at 15 and 23 cm within-row spacing, yielded similarly to Dakota Pearl. Nitrogen rate did not affect yield or chipping quality in 2019 or 2020. The advanced selections had lower sucrose and glucose levels one month after harvest compared to Dakota Pearl in 2020. ND7799c-1 stored for 8 months, and ND7519-1 for 6 months, before chip quality declined. This research demonstrates the potential for ND7799c-1 and ND7519-1 to be successful chip processing cultivars for the Northern Plains.
A Generalization of the Brouwer Plane Translation Theorem
Authors: Wiseman Jim
Published: November 2024

We show that if an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the plane has a topologically chain recurrent point, then it has a fixed point, generalizing the Brouwer plane translation theorem.
Comparative enhancement of H+ and OH− treatment on electromagnetic interference shielding in aligned and compact Ti3C2Tx MXene film
Authors: Li Zhao-Yang , Zhao Wei-Jun , Sun Yu , Zhou Bing , Feng Yue-Zhan , Liu Chun-Tai
Published: November 2024

The pressing demand for ultrathin and flexible shields to counter electromagnetic interference (EMI) has sparked interest in Ti3C2Tx MXene materials due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and layered structure. However, pure Ti3C2Tx MXene films often lack the mechanical properties required for practical engineering applications, and traditional reinforcement methods tend to reduce electrical conductivity. This work demonstrates an effective strategy to enhance the alignment and densely packed layered structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene films by regulating the acidity and alkalinity of Ti3C2Tx MXene aqueous solutions. This approach simultaneously improves mechanical strength and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Compared with original Ti3C2Tx MXene films, MXene films modified with ammonia solution (NH3·H2O) via OH− show a significant improvement in tensile strength (27.7 ± 1.9 MPa). Meanwhile, MXene films treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) via H+ reach an even higher tensile strength of 39 ± 1.5 MPa. Moreover, the EMI SE values of the treated MXene films increase significantly, each reaching 66.2 and 58.4 dB. The maximum improvements in EMI SE values for the acid- and alkali-treated samples are 17.9% and 4%, respectively. In conclusion, the simultaneous enhancement of mechanical strength and EMI shielding efficacy highlights the potential of acid- and alkali-treated Ti3C2Tx MXene films for applications in ultrathin and flexible EMI shielding materials.

Graphical abstract
Simulation of deformation and flow of pulmonary acinus using morphing compared with self-similar deformation
Authors: Maruyama Haruki , Suzuki Yutaro , Miyachi Yoshimasa , Sera Toshihiro , Tanaka Gaku
Published: November 2024

In previous studies of the flow inside the pulmonary acinus, the deformation of acinus was limited because a relatively simple deformation methods, such as self-similar deformation, is used. However, acinus deformation may be complex and heterogeneous. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the difference in wall deformation between the morphed model and the self-similar deformation model on flow field. The heterogeneous deformation achieved in this study is more actual by using the morphing technology that continuously changes from one shape to another. STAR-CCM + Ver. 13.06 (Siemens PLM Software) was used for numerical calculation, and the governing equations of working fluid are continuous equations and Navier–Stokes equations (NS equations). As a result, the differences in deformation influenced the formation of streamlines at the distal end of the alveolar regions. In the self-similar deformation model, the flow does not change throughout a cycle, whereas in the morphed model, the flow changes during a cycle.

Graphic abstract
Automated scenario generation from Operational Design Domain model for testing AI-based systems in aviation
Authors: Stefani Thomas , Christensen Johann Maximilian , Girija Akshay Anilkumar , Gupta Siddhartha , Durak Umut , Köster Frank , Krüger Thomas , Hallerbach Sven
Published: November 2024

Applications based on artificial intelligence (AI) promise benefits, ranging from improved performance to increased capabilities in many industries. In the aviation domain, one example is the new Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS X). The current investigation aims at combining ACAS X and AI to maintain its performance while decreasing the memory footprint. However, the anticipation of AI being increasingly used confronts regulators with challenges in terms of safety assurance and certification. Consequently, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published a concept paper for machine learning applications in aviation. Both, the Concept of Operation (ConOps) in combination with an Operational Design Domain (ODD), are listed as objectives to be met for the safety analysis. From a developer’s perspective, this raises questions on how to effectively derive the ODD from ConOps and test the given system based on the ODD description. Based on an exemplary use case of a Near Mid-Air Collision avoidance between two aircraft through the advisories of ACAS X, a highly automated framework for generating and testing synthetic data is proposed. Using this framework, 1800 Near Mid-Air Collision scenario files are created and automatically executed in the simulation environment FlightGear. Scenario-based testing is used for the logging of ACAS X advisory data and evaluating it against predefined requirements. By this approach, an efficient way of verifying system requirements and conducting automated testing based on the ODD definition is demonstrated. Throughout this process, Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is used to reduce and manage complexity. The framework in this paper enables a systematic and highly automated approach for scenario generation based on the ODD.
Head Kinematics Associated with Off-Field Head Injury Assessment (HIA1) Events in a Season of English Elite-Level Club Men’s and Women’s Rugby Union Matches
Authors: Allan David , Tooby James , Starling Lindsay , Tucker Ross , Falvey Éanna , Salmon Danielle , Brown James , Hudson Sam , Stokes Keith , Jones Ben , Kemp Simon , O’Halloran Patrick , Cross Matt , Bussey Melanie , Tierney Gregory
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematic variables in elite men’s and women’s rugby union and their ability to predict player removal for an off-field (HIA1) head injury assessment.

Methods

Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) data were collected for 250 men and 132 women from 1865 and 807 player-matches, respectively, and synchronised to video-coded match footage. Head peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA), peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA) and peak change in angular velocity (dPAV) were extracted from each head acceleration event (HAE). HAEs were linked to documented HIA1 events, with ten logistical regression models for men and women, using a random subset of non-case HAEs, calculated to identify kinematic variables associated with HIA1 events. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to describe thresholds for HIA1 removal.

Results

Increases in PLA and dPAV were significantly associated with an increasing likelihood of HIA1 removal in the men’s game, with an OR ranging from 1.05–1.12 and 1.13–1.18, respectively. The optimal values to maximise for both sensitivity and specificity for detecting an HIA1 were 1.96 krad⋅s−2, 24.29 g and 14.75 rad⋅s−1 for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively. Only one model had any significant variable associated with increasing the likelihood of a HIA1 removal in the women’s game—PAA with an OR of 8.51 (1.23–58.66). The optimal values for sensitivity and specificity for women were 2.01 krad⋅s−2, 25.98 g and 15.38 rad⋅s−1 for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively.

Conclusion

PLA and dPAV were predictive of men’s HIA1 events. Further HIA1 data are needed to understand the role of head kinematic variables in the women’s game. The calculated spectrum of sensitivity and specificity of iMG alerts for HIA1 removals in men and women present a starting point for further discussion about using iMGs as an additional trigger in the existing HIA process.
Some inner metric parameters of a digraph: iterated line digraphs and integer sequences
Authors: Bong N. H. , Dalfó C. , Fiol M. A. , Závacká D.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we first give a new result characterizing the strongly connected digraphs with a diameter equal to that of their line digraphs. Then we introduce the concepts of the inner diameter and inner radius of a digraph and study their behaviors in its iterated line digraphs. Furthermore, we provide a method to characterize sequences of integers (corresponding to the inner diameter or the number of vertices of a digraph and its iterated line digraphs) that satisfy some conditions. Among other examples, we apply the method to the cyclic Kautz digraphs, square-free digraphs, and the subdigraphs of De Bruijn digraphs. Finally, we present some tables with new sequences that do not belong to The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Circulating microRNA panels in subjects with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease after following a 2-year dietary intervention
Authors: Tobaruela-Resola Ana Luz , Riezu-Boj José Ignacio , Milagro Fermín I. , Mogna-Pelaez Paola , Herrero José I. , Elorz Mariana , Benito-Boillos Alberto , Tur Josep A. , Martínez J. Alfredo , Abete Itziar , Zulet María Ángeles
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) affects one-third of the global population. Despite its high prevalence, there is a lack of minimally non-invasive diagnostic methods to assess this condition. This study explores the potential of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic biomarkers for MASLD after a 2-year nutritional intervention.

Methods

Fifty-five subjects with steatosis (MASLD group) from the Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) study (NCT03183193) were analyzed at baseline and after 6, 12 and 24 months. Participants were classified into two groups: those who still had steatosis after the intervention (unhealthy group) and those in whom steatosis had disappeared (healthy group). Hepatic status was evaluated through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography, elastography and serum transaminases. Circulating miRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR.

Results

The dietary intervention was able to modulate the expression of circulating miRNAs after 6, 12, and 24 months. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the most effective panels for diagnosing whether MASLD has disappeared after the nutritional intervention included miR15b-3p, miR126-5p and BMI (AUC 0.68) at 6 months, miR29b-3p, miR122-5p, miR151a-3p and BMI (AUC 0.85) at 12 months and miR21-5p, miR151a-3p and BMI at 24 months (AUC 0.85).

Conclusions

Circulating miRNAs were useful in predicting MASLD in subjects with overweight or obesity after following a weight-loss oriented nutritional intervention. These findings highlight the potential role of miRNAs in diagnosing MASLD and underscore the importance of precision nutrition in managing and determining MASLD.

Clinical trial registration

Trial registration number: NCT03183193 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Testing the Goodwin Model: Can Distribution Battles Trigger Business Cycles? Evidence from a Behavioral Experiment
Authors: Conrad Christian A.
Published: November 2024

The Goodwin model provides an important explanation for business cycles with its investment decisions based on pro-cyclical wage fluctuations. The purpose of this paper is to test the central hypothesis of the Goodwin model, namely that wage developments influence investments, which creates business cycles. The model used to test this hypothesis was that of a simplified company, where labor demand is related to investments. Thus, more investments lead to higher wages and vice versa. In the behavioral experiment the test subjects played the manager of a company who maximizes their profits through investments. The central assumptions and conclusions of the Goodwin model are supported by behavioral science.
Implementation of Guidelines for Food and Meals in Kindergartens: Perspectives from Norwegian Kindergarten Staff
Authors: Fjæra Kristin E. , Lekhal Samira , Lekhal Ratib , Helseth Sølvi
Published: November 2024

Establishing dietary food habits in the early years is crucial. Kindergarten is a significant public health arena that can foster healthy eating habits regardless of socioeconomic status. In Norway, 93.4% of children aged 1–5 years attend kindergarten, and since most of their daily food intake is in kindergarten, it is important to make healthy food available. National guidelines on food and meals in kindergartens encourage kindergartens to engage in food and meal practices that promote health, well-being, development, and learning. Despite the guidelines, food and meal practices in kindergartens are highly varied, and implementation of the guidelines is lacking. To understand the challenges in implementing the guidelines, we conducted semi-structured interviews with sixteen staff representing sixteen kindergartens throughout Norway. Both public and private kindergartens were included. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and content analysis was performed. The analysis identified three primary themes reflecting staff perceptions of challenges in implementing the national guidelines: priority and structural work with food and meals, pedagogical approach to food and meals, and external expectations and social pressure regarding food and meals. The themes were seen in light of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research in the discussion. While external conditions, including municipal prioritization, external expectations, and social pressure, play significant roles, our findings suggest that the most substantial influences on implementation are internal factors, particularly leadership and individual factors.
Zeta Potential of Supercritical CO2‐Water‐Sandstone Systems and Its Correlation With Wettability and Residual Subsurface Trapping of CO2
Authors: Vinogradov Jan , Hidayat Miftah , Sarmadivaleh Mohammad , Vega‐Maza David , Iglauer Stefan , Zhang Lijuan , Mei Dajiang , Derksen Jos
Published: November 2024

Although CO2 geological storage (CGS) is thought to be one of the most promising technologies to sequester the anthropogenic CO2 to mitigate the climate change, implementation of the method is still challenging due to lack of fundamental understanding of controls of wettability, which is responsible for residual trapping of the gas and its flow dynamics. One of the key parameters that controls the wetting state is the zeta potential, ζ, at rock‐water and CO2‐water interfaces. ζ in systems comprising rocks, carbonated aqueous solutions and immiscible supercritical CO2 have not been measured prior to this study, where we detail the experimental protocol that enables measuring ζ in such systems, and report novel experimental data on the multi‐phase ζ. We also demonstrate for the first time that ζ of supercritical CO2‐water interface is negative with a magnitude greater that 14 mV. Moreover, our experimental results suggest that presence of multi‐valent cations in tested solutions causes a shift of wettability toward intermediate‐wet state. We introduce a new parameter that combines multi‐phase ζ and relative permeability endpoints to characterize the wetting state and residual supercritical CO2 saturation. Based on these results, we demonstrate that ζ measurements could serve as a powerful experimental method for predicting CGS efficiency and/or for designing injection of aqueous solutions with bespoke composition prior to implementing CGS to improve the residual CO2 trapping in sandstone formations.
Increased Asian Sulfate Aerosol Emissions Remarkably Enhance Sahel Summer Precipitation
Authors: Guo Jianing , Xie Xiaoning , Myhre Gunnar , Shindell Drew , Kirkevåg Alf , Iversen Trond , Samset Bjørn H. , Shi Zhengguo , Li Xinzhou , Sun Hui , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Yangang
Published: November 2024

Observational evidence shows that Sahel summer precipitation has experienced a considerable increase since the 1980s, coinciding with significant diverging trends of increased sulfate emissions in Asia and decreased emissions in Europe (dipole pattern of aerosols between Asia and Europe). The decrease in European sulfate aerosols has substantial effects on the Sahel summer precipitation increase, but the corresponding effect of increased Asian sulfate is unknown. Multi‐model simulations in the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP) show, compared to decreased European aerosols, that increased Asian aerosols similarly enhance the Sahel summer precipitation but with different large‐scale atmospheric circulation changes. Further analysis of the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations under historical attribution and various emission scenarios reinforces the results about the climate impacts of anthropogenic aerosols and suggests that in future scenarios with strong international cooperation and rapid climate mitigations (SSP2‐45), the Sahel drought will be intensified likely due to the decline in Asian aerosol emissions. Our results suggest that Asian anthropogenic aerosols are likely a non‐negligible driver of the recent recovery in Sahel precipitation amounts.
The Curvature of TEC as a Proxy for Ionospheric Amplitude Scintillation
Authors: Meziane K. , Hamza A. M. , Jayachandran P. T.
Published: November 2024

Fluctuations in the ionospheric electron density cause distortions in the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals recorded on the ground. The examination of these distortions reveal some of the physical conditions under which the electron density fluctuations develop as well as their physical characteristics. Several studies have investigated the correlation between the rate of change of the total electron content and amplitude and phase scintillation indices and , respectively. These studies stipulate that could be used as a proxy for scintillation indices. The link between the scintillation indices and the variations in is investigated both theoretically and empirically. Our study shows that the second derivative (the Laplacian) of the provides a better diagnosis of the nature of the interaction of trans‐ionospheric radio signals with ionospheric irregularities. In the refractive case, the second derivative of fluctuations vanishes. In the diffractive limit, we show that the amplitude scintillation index and the standard deviation of the second derivative of are linearly dependent. The theoretical results are empirically validated with measurements of GNSS radio signals propagating through the auroral ionospheric region and recorded by ground receivers of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN). The present study suggests that the use of as a proxy for scintillation occurring in the polar and auroral regions must be taken with caution.
Satellite‐Based Identification of Large Anthropogenic NMVOC Emission Sources
Authors: Franco B. , Clarisse L. , Van Damme M. , Hadji‐Lazaro J. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.
Published: November 2024

Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emitted in excess from anthropogenic sources significantly contribute to the formation of harmful pollutants, thereby degrading air quality. While satellite measurements have become valuable tools for tracking anthropogenic emitters, they have primarily targeted inorganic species and methane (). This study demonstrates the potential of infrared atmospheric sounding interferometers (IASI) to detect anthropogenic NMVOC point sources on a global scale. Using an advanced oversampling technique, we enhance the spatial resolution of IASI measurements to identify emitters of three major NMVOCs: methanol (OH), acetylene (), and propylene (). These point sources are primarily associated with chemical and petrochemical facilities, coal‐burning activities, metallurgy, pharmaceutical manufacturing sites, and megacities. We also highlight the value of combining IASI measurements of NMVOCs with those of the inorganic species, such as sulfur dioxide () and ammonia (), to aid in the identification of anthropogenic point sources.