bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reinvestigation of Japan's Final Memorandum to the United States and the Decoding of Roosevelt's Message to the Emperor, December 1941
Authors: Takeo Iguchi
Published: November 2011

At the final phase of the negotiations in the fall of 1941, the Japanese government set a deadline of 30 November to reach a modus vivendi with the United States. After the failure of several proposals, on 6 December, Roosevelt sent a telegram directly to the emperor proposing further negotiations. This article draws on the author's extensive publications in Japanese to demonstrate that the Japanese Army intercepted Roosevelt's telegram and secretly decoded it before it reached the emperor and the Foreign Ministry had to amend the Memorandum to preclude further negotiation. The Army and the Foreign Ministry, which succumbed to the Army, further interfered with the transmission of the Final Memorandum, and confused the Japanese embassy's handling. Its delivery was made after the commencement of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Foreign Minister Tōgō, facing prosecution in 1945, falsely shifted blame for the delay to the embassy in Washington, and the Foreign Ministry has released misleading documents to strengthen that accusation.
Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part Two, Taking A Trip Thru China to America
Authors: Curry Ramona
Published: November 2011

Part One of this essay traced a biography for Benjamin Brodsky and revealed surprising facets of the production of his 1916 feature-length travelogue A Trip Thru China. Part Two addresses the film's genre inscription and cinematic qualities and relates its embedded values to its enthusiastic reception across America 1916-18. Although the ethnographic documentary pays admiring tribute to laboring men and women throughout China, it also valorizes the moribund Chinese empire, as embodied in Brodsky's ultimate patron in China, President Yuan Shikai. While fully eschewing the "Yellow Menace" U.S. discourse of its period, Trip humorously delineates the East and West as essentially different. The rare work's exceptional critical and popular success from California to New York City points to Brodsky's skilled showmanship and ability to engage the support of independent movie distributors and investors. Why, then, the essay considers in conclusion, did Brodsky's subsequent experiences after his shift in 1917 to making films in Japan, including the feature-length travelogue Beautiful Japan (1918), so diverge in its outcome from his early filmmaking career in China?
Performativity as Tense and Aspect
Authors: ŽAgar Igor Ž.
Published: November 2011

Almost all verbs in Slovene have two aspectually different forms, the perfective (PF) and the imperfective (IPF). But in institutional settings or settings strongly marked with social hierarchy only the first, the imperfective form, is used by Slovene speakers in a performative sense.

Why is that? And what, in fact, has a Slovene speaker said if (s)he used the imperfective verb in "performative circumstances"? No doubt that (s)he may be in the process of accomplishing such an act. But at the same time, having the possibility of choosing between the PF and the IPF form, (s)he may have also indicated that this act hasn't been accomplished (yet): as long as we are only promising (IPF), we have not really promised anything yet, and if we are only promising (IPF), we cannot take anything as having been really promised. That was how Stanislav Škrabec, the 19th century Slovene linguist and the central figure of this paper, saw the role of verbal aspect within language use.

Being caught in such a dilemma, a question inevitably arises: how to accomplish an act of promise (or any other performative act) in Slovene? at dilemma may seem more than artificial at first, but it was very much alive among Slovene linguists at the end of the 19 th century. And it was that very dilemma – how to use aspects in Slovene – that quite unexpectedly gave rise to the foundations of performativity in Slovene, half a century before Austin!

In the present paper, the author tries to shed some light on this controversy that involved different Slovene scholars for about thirty years, and proposes a delocutive hypothesis as a solution for the performative dilemma this controversy unveiled.
Applying Risk/Need Assessment to Probation Practice and its Impact on the Recidivism of Young Offenders
Authors: Luong Duyen , Wormith J. Stephen
Published: November 2011

Evaluating the extent to which case management practices are guided by risk/need assessment is important because the impact of the assessment process will not be realized if the instrument is not applied as fully intended. This study investigated whether risk/need assessment is linked to the case management of young offenders and whether adherence to the principles of risk, need, and responsivity, as part of the case management plan, is related to recidivism. Data were collected on a sample of 192 young offenders. The Level of Service Inventory–Saskatchewan Youth Edition (LSI-SK) total score and seven of the eight subscale scores were positively correlated with recidivism. Generally, the LSI-SK was used to inform supervision intensity and interventions toward criminogenic needs. Moreover, adherence to the need principle was associated with reductions in recidivism. Implications for case management and direction for future research are discussed.
Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset How Identity Salience, Fiscal Policy, and Natural Resource Profiles Moderate Outcomes
Authors: Miodownik Dan , Bhavnani Ravi
Published: November 2011

Using an agent-based computational framework designed to explore the incidence of conflict between two nominally rival ethnic groups, we demonstrate that the impact of ethnic minority rule on civil war onset could be more nuanced than posited in the literature. By testing the effects of three key moderating variables on ethnic minority rule, our analysis demonstrates that: (i) when ethnicity is assumed to be salient for all individuals, conflict onset increases with size of the minority in power, although when salience is permitted to vary, onset decreases as minority and majority approach parity; (ii) fiscal policy—the spending and investment decisions of the minority EGIP—moderates conflict; conflict decreases when leaders make sound decisions, increases under corrupt regimes, and peaks under ethno-nationalist regimes that place a premium on territorial conquest; and lastly (iii) natural resources—their type and distribution—affect the level of conflict which is lowest in agrarian economies, higher in the presence of lootable resources, and still higher when lootable resource are “diffuse”. Our analysis generates a set of propositions to be tested empirically, subject to data availability.
Design of all electric secondary power system for future advanced medium altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Chiesa S , Farfaglia S , Fioriti M , Viola N
Published: November 2011

System for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) advanced alternative energy (SAvE) is a research project funded in 2007 by Piemonte Regional Government, Italy, and assigned to Politecnico di Torino and Alenia Aeronautica. Aim of the project is the study of new, more efficient, more effective, and more environmentally friendly on board systems for future advanced UAV, particularly for future advanced medium altitude long endurance (MALE) UAVs. This article deals with the analysis and design of the all electric secondary power system of a future advanced MALE UAV that is considered as ‘reference aircraft’. After a thorough trade-off analysis of different configurations of the secondary power system, the hybrid fuel cells configuration, characterized by starter/generators, fuel cells, and traditional and innovative batteries, has been selected as the most promising. Detailed investigations to find the best way to apportion the supply of secondary power, considering the various power sources (starter/generators, batteries, and fuel cells) in the different modes of operations, have been performed thanks to an integrated simulation environment, where physical, functional, and mission scenario simulations continuously exchange data and results.
Assessing the prospects for a revival of nuclear power in Britain
Authors: Baker K , Stoker G , Simpson J
Published: November 2011

Historical institutionalism is used to examine why successive British governments have had difficulties wrestling with the policy issues surrounding the promotion of nuclear power. Attention is drawn to the role of institutions and path dependency in creating the situation in which policy decisions have been taken. Analysis of documents and interviews with key participants was carried out. It is shown that nuclear power is seen by politicians as a solution to the problems of energy security and climate change. The British government faces a number of obstacles to overseeing a revival of nuclear power. These obstacles are imposed by shortages in the supply chain for key components, the operation of the electricity market itself, the complexity of the Britain’s regulatory system, and critical shortages in manpower in regulatory agencies. These obstacles have all arisen from the consequences of previous political decisions.
Efficiency in Human Development Achievement
Authors: Dutta Swati
Published: November 2011

Research on human development has received considerable importance in India from both academics and a policy point of view. However, previous studies on human development have mainly focused on the equity aspects of development without considering the resource base. The current study seeks to estimate efficiency level of Indian states in achieving various dimensions of human development by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the periods 1981, 1991 and 2001. It is seen that Delhi, Kerala and Tamil Nadu with relatively high achievement rates in health and education are operating at the efficiency frontiers. On the other hand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh have low outcomes, but also face the problem of limited scope for improving these outcomes and catching up with the better-off states. It is argued here that adequate inputs need to be made available for such states—either by generating and investing more in every sector or by better usage of existing centrally sponsored schemes. The study has also made an attempt to identify the determinants of efficiency. It is found that greater road connectivity, share of expenditure on social sector, fund allocation to the local bodies and share of state’s own-tax revenue tend to increase the efficiency level, and higher crime rates and corruption tend to decrease the efficiency level.
Universal to Targeted Public Distribution System
Authors: Nair Reshmy
Published: November 2011

For several decades, the public distribution system in Kerala was considered an effective measure of food security, a model for most other states. However, the salient features of Kerala’s model that received widespread recognition and appreciation, namely, universal coverage, high levels of utilisation, progressive utilisation, etc., are no longer true of the present times. The introduction of a targeted public distribution system (TPDS), resulting in the massive withdrawal of people from the system, does not seem to have contributed to any additional benefit in Kerala. Not only have the offtakes greatly declined but also the attendant benefits of progressive distribution to the poorer regions have not materialised. Though the genuinely needy continue to be dependent on the system, the highly arbitrary identification of beneficiaries has gone on to deprive sizeable eligible households from the benefit of the food security cover.
Network analysis
Authors: Löblich Maria , Pfaff-Rüdiger Senta
Published: November 2011

Structures of interest, influence and power in communication policy are shifting due to increasing digitization, economization and globalization. Against this background it is necessary to reflect more than before upon methods to study the relations between actors and their potential influences on regulation processes. The article explains qualitative network analysis as a research strategy for communication policy research and discusses qualitative interviews and network cards as research tools to put network analysis into practice. The theoretical basis consists of governance and network theory. The article focuses on an analysis of the German youth protection system, which provides practical insight into a qualitative network study.
Skeletal Silica Nanoparticles Prepared by Control of Reaction Polarity
Authors: Takai Chika , Fuji Masayoshi , Fujimoto Kyoichi
Published: November 2011

We report skeletal silica nanoparticles using a cubic template whose surface is coated by surfactant. The controlling factors, (a) high acidity of silanol compared to that of surfactant, (b) low affinity between surfactant and organic medium, and (c) high surface energy of vertex and edge of the template, are associated to obtain such structures.
Interpreting ‘community cohesion’: modes, means and mixes
Authors: Lowndes Vivien , Thorp Leila
Published: November 2011

Often portrayed as a struggle between ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘assimilation’, the community cohesion agenda actually connects with broader currents in the New Labour policy programme. Three contrasting, yet overlapping, ‘modes’ of community cohesion are identified: communitarian, republican and neoliberal. These prioritise, respectively, moral, political and economic ‘means’ of achieving greater cohesion. Different ‘mixes’ are found in practice, varying in relation to policy goals, and over time and across localities. Despite the change of government in 2010, the three modes continue to structure the range of policy options on offer, and continuing practice on the ground. Beyond Britain, the agenda is being picked up in an increasing range of international contexts. An understanding of the ideational underpinnings of community cohesion allows for a more nuanced analysis of policy design and implementation, and provides a heuristic for future comparative and longitudinal research.
Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonate-Bearing Hydrotalcite—Pyroaurite Solid Solutions with A 3:1 Mg/(Al+Fe) Mole Ratio
Authors: Rozov K. B. , Berner U. , Kulik D. A. , Diamond L. W.
Published: November 2011

The naturally occurring layered double hydroxides (LDH, or anionic clays) are of particular interest in environmental geochemistry because of their ability to retain hazardous cations and especially anions. However, incorporation of these minerals into predictive models of water-rock interaction in contaminant environments, including radioactive-waste repositories, is hampered by a lack of thermodynamic and stability data. To fill part of this gap the present authors have derived properties of one of the complex multicomponent solid solutions within the LDH family: the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series, Mg3(Al1−xFex)(OH)8(CO3)0.5·2.5H2O.

Members of the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series with fixed MgII/(AlIII+FeIII) = 3 and various FeIII/(FeIII+AlIII) ratios were synthesized by co-precipitation and dissolved in long-term experiments at 23±2°C and pH = 11.40±0.03. The chemical compositions of co-existing solid and aqueous phases were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and liquid scintillation counting of 55Fe tracers; X-ray diffraction and Raman were used to characterize the solids. Based on good evidence for reversible equilibrium in the experiments, the thermodynamic properties of the solid solution were examined using total-scale Lippmann solubility products, ΣΠT. No significant difference was observed between values of SPT from co-precipitation and from dissolution experiments throughout the whole range of Fe/Al ratios. A simple ideal solid-solution model with similar end-member ΣΠT values (a regular model with 0 < WG < 2 kJ mol −1 sufficient to describe the full range of intermediate mineral compositions. In turn, this yielded the first estimate of the standard Gibbs free energy of the pyroaurite end member, G298,Pyro = −3882.60±2.00 kJ/mol, consistent with G298,Htlco = −4339.85 kJ/mol of the hydrotalcite end member, and with the whole range of solubilities of the mixed phases. The molar volumes of the solid-solution at standard conditions were derived from X-ray data. Finally, Helgeson’s method was used to extend the estimates of standard molar entropy and heat capacity of the end members over the pressure-temperature range 0−70°C and 1–100 bar.
Upper Cretaceous Clayey Levels from Western Portugal (Aveiro and Taveiro Regions): Clay Mineral and Trace-Element Distribution
Authors: Marques Rosa , Dias M. Isabel , Prudêncio M. Isabel , Rocha Fernando
Published: November 2011

Clay-rich deposits of Upper Cretaceous levels in the Taveiro (Reveles and S. Pedro) and Aveiro (Bustos) regions of west-central Portugal are economically and environmentally important, but detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization is lacking. The purpose of this study was to partially fill that gap by correlating the trace-element geochemistry (particularly the rare earth elements, REE) with the mineralogy of both the whole rock and of the <2 μm fraction along selected stratigraphic levels of the formations. The results will help the ceramics industry in the region and will be important in paleoreconstruction environmental studies.

Mineralogical and chemical characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The following clay-mineral associations were identified: (1) at Reveles — smectite, illite, and kaolin minerals; (2) at S. Pedro — kaolin minerals and illite; and (3) at Bustos — illite, kaolin minerals, and mixed-layer illite-smectite. The distribution of trace elements in the <2 μm fraction depended on the clay mineralogy, suggesting that the trace elements were incorporated in, adsorbed to, or even replaced major elements in the clays, as follows: (1) first-row transition elements, particularly Zn and Ga, were enriched when smectite predominated; (2) As, Rb, and Cs were enriched in this fraction of the S. Pedro deposit, the only one with Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and a high proportion of illite; and (3) REE were more concentrated when kaolin minerals predominated. Eu was enriched in the <2 μm fraction, which was due to preferential incorporation in the Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and/or carbonates.
The Discoverers of the Ruthenium Isotopes
Authors: Arblaster John W.
Published: November 2011

This review looks at the discovery and the discoverers of the thirty-eight known ruthenium isotopes with mass numbers from 87 to 124 found between 1931 and 2010. This is the sixth and final review on the circumstances surrounding the discoveries of the isotopes of the six platinum group elements. The first review on platinum isotopes was published in this Journal in October 2000 (), the second on iridium isotopes in October 2003 (), the third on osmium isotopes in October 2004 (), the fourth on palladium isotopes in April 2006 () and the fifth on rhodium isotopes in April 2011 (). An update on the new isotopes of palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum discovered since the previous reviews in this series is also included.
X-Ray Absorption SpectroscopicStudies of Platinum Speciation in Fresh and Road Aged Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emission Control Catalysts
Authors: Hyde Timothy I. , Ash Peter W. , Boyd David A. , Randlshofer Gabriele , Rothenbacher Klaus , Sankar Gopinathan
Published: November 2011

The species present in a variety of fresh and road aged light-duty diesel catalysts were determined by platinum L3 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). It was found that it is not sufficient to use the analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) alone to determine the nature of species present in fresh and road aged catalysts. Detailed analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) revealed the presence of a mixture of oxidic and metallic species in the fresh catalysts. Metallic components were predominantly found in the road aged catalysts. The present study did not find any chloroplatinate species in the systems investigated.
How Should Mental Health Professionals Respond to Outbreaks of Mass Psychogenic Illness?
Authors: Bartholomew Robert E. , Muniratnam M. Chandra Sekaran
Published: November 2011

The management of episodes of mass psychogenic illness poses a challenge for mental health professionals who have a history of inadvertently exacerbating episodes. This article identifies the two major presentation types (anxiety vs. motor), discusses their significance as a public health issue, and offers guidelines for responding to outbreaks and addressing the media.
Fertilizer NPK from human urine and olive oil mill wastewaters
Authors: Aguilar Manuel Jimenez
Published: November 2011

The objective of this work was to determine how some wastewater acids could be used to prevent the decomposition of urea into ammonia during storage. The effect of storing human urine with olive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW) or water bubbled with CO2 (BW), was studied. Moreover, the application of two levels of urine dissolved in water OOMW, has been studied in relation to the properties of two soils (loam and silty-clay loam). Our data provide evidence that human urine dissolved in OOMW significantly reduced the release of ammonium-N. Moreover, OOMW and CO2 significantly lowered the pH. A dosage higher 10% OOMW dissolved in fresh urine in volume could inhibit the hydrolysis of the urea for more than 6 months. Moreover, urine-N dissolved in OOMW significantly reduced the emission of nitrates from soils for 3 months, increasing K and P values. The application of urine with BW raised the soil pH and lowered the EC, but had no effect on nutrient contents. Thus, urine dissolved in OOMW and applied to soils could act as NPK-fertilizer. However, the impact of fertilization with human urine–OOMW–CO2 requires further investigation with respect to crop production and pollution.
Reuse of treated wastewater using sequencing batch bioreactor for the improvement of wheat growth
Authors: Saba Beenish , Mahmood Tariq , Zaman Bushra , Hashmi Imran
Published: November 2011

Reclaimed wastewater reuse for irrigation to crop plants is evaluated in a laboratory-scale experiment to assess growth and water saving potential from natural resources. A prototype laboratory-scale treatment plant was established for this purpose with suspended and attached growth configurations. Chakwal wheat variety was selected to examine growth parameters. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were evaluated to check the quality of treated water. It was found that a suspended growth sequencing batch bioreactor (SGSBBR) achieved 97% ± 2 removal efficiency over a 4 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). For an attached growth sequencing batch bioreactor (AGSBBR) results showed 98% ± 2 removal efficiencies with polyurethane. TN and TP removal efficiency was 58.7 ± 3% and 64 ± 4.8% in SGSBBR, 53 ± 0.17% and 67 ± 2.7% in polyurethane. AGSBBR enhanced performance with AGSBBR may be due to enforced anoxic/aerobic conditions in the inner layers of biofilm formed on biocarriers which facilitate the required metabolic conditions for treating high strength wastewater. Plant growth was visibly greater in SGSBBR treated wastewater than AGSBBR because of less nutrient removal.
Cultural, Social, and Environmental Influences on Surviving Dietary Patterns of the Past: A Case Study from the Northern Villages of Karpathos
Authors: Tourlouki Eleni , Matalas Antonia-Leda , Panagiotakos Demosthenes
Published: November 2011

The present work documents the core diet of a population in a Mediterranean island that has been minimally eroded by industrialization and tourism, and links present food-consumption patterns to the foods' historical roots and to the exploitation of natural resources available to the community. Demographic, behavioral, cultivation, and food-intake information were collected among inhabitants of the isolated northern villages of Karpathos. The core diet of the elderly village inhabitants was found to be based on wheat, barley, legumes, and olive oil. Inhabitants in the northern villages of Karpathos rely on local resources for most of their food. Absence of mechanized farming, the social role of women, and customs of inheritance are factors that have contributed to the preservation of traditional food-related practices.
Beyond the Group: The Implications of Roderick D. McKenzie's Human Ecology for Reconceptualizing Society and the Social
Authors: MacDonald Dennis W.
Published: November 2011

Among the many contributions of Roderick D. McKenzie to sociology are two ideas which continue to be useful in understanding modern society. First, as the main proponent and theorist of the human ecology of the Chicago School, McKenzie offers suggestions for an alternative conception of society, one that emphasizes among other things the physical basis of social relations. Secondly, McKenzie's works suggest in various ways that modern society is characterized by a growth in physical integration. The first aspect of this argument is found in his discussion of the centrality of institutions in the analysis of social relations. The second aspect is his detailed description and analysis of the “great integrated unity“ that he called the Great Society or World Society. Many decades before sociologists began to write of “globalization,“ McKenzie provides detailed description and extensive analysis of global society and many of the issues in the current globalization debate.
Becoming-Rhythm: A Rhizomatics of the Girl
Authors: Jones Leisha
Published: November 2011

I appropriate Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the refrain for a feminist analysis of the girl because it offers more insight into the ways girls construct themselves as performative networks than the death-by-culture or at-risk model preferred by such feminists as Jean Kilbourne, Carol Gilligan, and even Susan Bordo. I proffer that it costs women everything to practise a politics of difference that is by definition reactionary, a reaction to the cultural refusal of leaky gendered bodies that must be overcome. Girl is mapped through such alternations as powerful aggregates of the tremulous, roaming emissions of monstrous particles most desired and desirous.
The Muslim Festival of Nabi Rubin in Palestine: From Religious Festival to Summer Resort
Authors: Mahmoud Yazbak
Published: November 2011

This article traces the origin of the annual pilgrimage (mawsim) to the shrine (maqam) of Nabi Rubin, located 14 kilometres south of Jaffa, from the late thirteenth century to the destruction of Palestine in 1948 and the Palestinian Nakba. The resulting line of historical continuity reveals a gradual process of desanctification: the mawsim's pronouncedly religious nature is gradually transformed over time into a far more secular event, with ever larger crowds turning the maqam into a true summer resort (masif). Viewed as a Foucauldian heterotopia, the ‘transitory’ tent city of Nabi Rubin represents not just a symptom or an effect of an unfolding modernity in Palestine and its effect on the Palestinian city of Jaffa but becomes itself constitutive of that modernity.
Introduction: Affixes and bases
Authors: Manova Stela
Published: November 2011

This special issue includes a selection of papers presented at the 2nd Vienna Workshop on Affix Order held in Vienna, Austria on June 4–5, 2009. The workshop was in honor of Wolfgang U. Dressler on the occasion of his 70th birthday. However, this special issue differs from the classical Festschrift dedicated to a renowned scholar and is ‘more special’ in two respects at least: 1) not all authors are Dressler's friends and colleagues, some of them are only indirectly related to him, through his students; and 2) since the papers were presented at a topic-oriented workshop, they are thematically uniform. In other words, this special issue is a kind of scientific genealogy in terms of affix ordering. Thus, the title Affixes and bases should be understood in two ways: literally – affixes and bases as linguistic notions, and metaphorically – affixes and bases as linguists related directly and indirectly to a prominent base: Wolfgang U. Dressler.
On the order of word-class preserving derivational suffixes in the Hungarian verb
Authors: Kiefer Ferenc , Komlósy András
Published: November 2011

The main aim of the paper is to show that the order of verbal derivational suffixes in Hungarian is determined by three factors: (i) by morphological constraints, (ii) by productivity and (iii) by prototypicality. The suffixes required by the morphology must precede all other suffixes. In general, the more prototypical suffixes appear closer to the stem. The prototypicality cline correlates with the productivity cline in the following way: the more prototypical is the less productive. The paper discusses the properties of the stem-forming, the causative, the factitive, the diminutive and the possibility suffixes in more detail.
On the nature of Bulgarian prefixes: Ordering and modification in multiple prefixation
Authors: Markova Angelina
Published: November 2011

The paper deals with multiple prefixation in Bulgarian and the linearization of the Bulgarian verbal prefixes. Following the basic intuition behind Baker's (1985) ‘Mirror Principle’, according to which syntax reflects morphology and vice versa, I propose that the linearization of the Bulgarian prefixes is syntactically driven. More precisely, and in order to describe the principles according to which prefixes are merged in syntax, I defend the existence of a universal hierarchy of functional projections, as in Cinque (1999) , according to which affixes are merged in order to check their features. Consequently, whenever a prefix bears some aspectual (Aktionsart) content, it is merged within this hierarchy of aspectual features as a head of the corresponding functional projection. In this way, the attested prefix orderings are correctly accounted for. With these assumptions in mind, I present syntactic, semantic and morphological evidence for establishing three types of prefixes in Bulgarian: lexical (idiosyncratic), inner (argument-structure related) and outer (adverbial), and show that the surface order is always [outer [inner [lexical]]]. Moreover, I show that the different syntactic derivations of these prefixes are responsible for the observed semantic and morphological differences together with the linearization patterns and hierarchical dependencies attested within the three prefix groups.
Desorption of Herbicides from Atmospheric Particulates During High-Volume Air Sampling
Authors: Cessna Allan J. , Waite Don T. , Bailey Jonathan , Kerr Lorne A. , Quiring Dwight V.
Published: November 2011

Pesticides can be present in the atmosphere either as vapours and/or in association with suspended particles. High-volume air sampling, in which air is aspirated first through a glass fibre filter to capture pesticides associated with atmospheric particulates and then polyurethane foam (PUF), often in combination with an adsorbent resin such as XAD-2, to capture pesticides present as vapours, is generally employed during atmospheric monitoring for pesticides. However, the particulate fraction may be underestimated because some pesticides may be stripped or desorbed from captured particulates due to the pressure drop created by the high flow of air through the filter. This possibility was investigated with ten herbicide active ingredients commonly used on the Canadian prairies (dimethylamine salts of 2,4-D, MCPA and dicamba, 2,4-D 2-ethylhexyl ester, bromoxynil octanoate, diclofop methyl ester, fenoxaprop ethyl ester, trifluralin, triallate and ethalfluralin) and seven hydrolysis products (2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, diclofop, clopyralid and mecoprop). Finely ground heavy clay soil fortified with active ingredients/hydrolysis products was evenly distributed on the glass fibre filters of high-volume air samplers and air aspirated through the samplers at a flow rate of 12.5 m3/h for a 7-day period. The proportion desorbed as vapour from the fortified soil was determined by analysis of the PUF/XAD-2 resin composite cartridges. The extent of desorption from the fortified soil applied to the filters varied from 0% for each of the dimethylamine salts of 2,4-D, MCPA and dicamba to approximately 50% for trifluralin, triallate and ethalfluralin.
Analysis of Injection and Production Data for Open and Large Reservoirs
Authors: Kaviani Danial , Valkó Peter , Jensen Jerry
Published: November 2011

Numerous studies have concluded that connectivity is one of the most important factors controlling the success of improved oil recovery processes. Interwell connectivity evaluation can help identify flow barriers and conduits and provide tools for reservoir management and production optimization. The multiwell productivity index (MPI)-based method provides the connectivity indices between well pairs based on injection/production data. By decoupling the effects of well locations, skin factors, injection rates, and the producers’ bottomhole pressures from the calculated connectivity, the heterogeneity matrix obtained by this method solely represents the heterogeneity and possible anisotropy of the formation. Previously, the MPI method was developed for bounded reservoirs with limited numbers of wells. In this paper, we extend the MPI method to deal with cases of large numbers of wells and open reservoirs. To handle open reservoirs, we applied some modifications to the MPI method by adding a virtual well to the system. In cases with large numbers of wells, we applied a model reduction strategy based on the location of the wells, called windowing. Integration of these approaches with the MPI method can quickly and efficiently model field data to optimize well patterns and flood parameters.
Isolation and Identification of a New Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacterial Species, Raoultella terrigena, from Hong Kong Marine Puffer Fish Takifugu niphobles
Authors: Yu Vincent Chung-Him , Yu Peter Hoi-Fu , Ho Kin-Chung , Lee Fred Wang-Fat
Published: November 2011

Puffer fish, Takifugu niphobles, collected from the Hong Kong coastal waters were screened for tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria. A Gram-negative, non-acid-fast, non-sporing and rod shaped bacterial strain (designated as gutB01) was isolated from the intestine of the puffer fish and was shown to produce tetrodotoxin (TTX). Based on the Microbial Identification (MIDI) and 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Raoultella terrigena. The TTX production ability of the strain was confirmed by mouse bioassay, ELISA and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Our results reiterate that the TTX found in puffer fish was likely produced by the associated bacteria and TTX are widely produced amongst a diversity of bacterial species.
Purification of a Lectin from Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott and Its Pro-Inflammatory Effects
Authors: Liu Xian Qiong , Wu Hao , Yu Hong Li , Zhao Teng Fei , Pan Yao Zong , Shi Run Jun
Published: November 2011

The monocot lectin from the tubers of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott has been purified by consecutive hydrophobic chromatography and ion exchange chromatography methods. The molecular weight of this A. erubescens lectin (AEL) was determined to be about 12 kDa by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods. AEL could agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. The haemagglutination activity of AEL was only inhibited by asialofetuin, while monosaccharide did not react. Rat paw edema and neutrophil migration models were used to investigate the pro-inflammatory activity of AEL. AEL (100 and 200 μg/paw) could induce significant rat paw edema. In addition, AEL (100, 200 and 300 μg/mL/cavity) could induce significant and dose-dependent neutrophil migration in the rat peritoneal cavities. Besides, AEL at doses ranging from 100 to 300 μg/mL/cavity could significantly increase the concentration of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peritoneal fluid. As compared with control animals, 75% depletion in the number of resident cells following peritoneal lavage did not reduce the AEL-induced neutrophil migration. However, pre-treatment with 3% thioglycollate which increased the peritoneal macrophage population by 201%, enhanced the neutrophil migration induced by AEL (200 μg/mL/cavity) (p < 0.05). Reduction of peritoneal mast cell population by chronic treatment of rat peritoneal cavities with compound 48/80 (N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde) did not modify AEL-induced neutrophil migration. The results provided the basis for identifying the toxic components of A. erubescens and AEL could be a new useful tool for pro-inflammatory research.
Synthesis of Endohedral Metallofullerene Glycoconjugates by Carbene Addition
Authors: Yamada Michio , Someya Chika I. , Nakahodo Tsukasa , Maeda Yutaka , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: November 2011

Endohedral metallofullerene glycoconjugates were synthesized under mild conditions by carbene addition using appropriate glycosylidene-derived diazirine with La2@Ih-C80. NMR spectroscopic studies revealed that the glycoconjugate consists of two diastereomers of [6,6]-open mono-adducts. The electronic properties were characterized using Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements. This study demonstrates that glycosylidene carbene is useful to incorporate carbohydrate moieties onto endohedral metallofullerene surfaces.
Pharmacological Aspects of Vipera xantina palestinae Venom
Authors: Momic Tatjana , Arlinghaus Franziska T. , Arien-Zakay Hadar , Katzhendler Jeoshua , Eble Johannes A. , Marcinkiewicz Cezary , Lazarovici Philip
Published: November 2011

In Israel, Vipera xantina palestinae (V.x.p.) is the most common venomous snake, accounting for several hundred cases of envenomation in humans and domestic animals every year, with a mortality rate of 0.5 to 2%. In this review we will briefly address the research developments relevant to our present understanding of the structure and function of V.x.p. venom with emphasis on venom disintegrins. Venom proteomics indicated the presence of four families of pharmacologically active compounds: (i) neurotoxins; (ii) hemorrhagins; (iii) angioneurin growth factors; and (iv) different types of integrin inhibitors. Viperistatin, a α1β1selective KTS disintegrin and VP12, a α2β1 selective C-type lectin were discovered. These snake venom proteins represent promising tools for research and development of novel collagen receptor selective drugs. These discoveries are also relevant for future improvement of antivenom therapy towards V.x.p. envenomation.
N-Terminally Myristoylated Feline Foamy Virus Gag Allows Env-Independent Budding of Sub-Viral Particles
Authors: Liu Yang , Kim Yong-Boum , Löchelt Martin
Published: November 2011

Foamy viruses (FVs) are distinct retroviruses classified as Spumaretrovirinae in contrast to the other retroviruses, the Orthoretrovirinae. As a unique feature of FVs, Gag is not sufficient for sub-viral particle (SVP) release. In primate and feline FVs (PFV and FFV), particle budding completely depends on the cognate FV Env glycoproteins. It was recently shown that an artificially added N-terminal Gag myristoylation signal (myr-signal) overcomes this restriction in PFV inducing an Orthoretrovirus-like budding phenotype. Here we show that engineered, heterologous N-terminal myr-signals also induce budding of the distantly related FFV Gag. The budding efficiency depends on the myr-signal and its location relative to the N-terminus of Gag. When the first nine amino acid residues of FFV Gag were replaced by known myr-signals, the budding efficiency as determined by the detection of extracellular SVPs was low. In contrast, adding myr-signals to the intact N‑terminus of FFV Gag resulted in a more efficient SVP release. Importantly, budding of myr-Gag proteins was sensitive towards inhibition of cellular N-myristoyltransferases. As expected, the addition or insertion of myr-signals that allowed Env-independent budding of FFV SVPs also retargeted Gag to plasma membrane-proximal sites and other intracellular membrane compartments. The data confirm that membrane-targeted FV Gag has the capacity of SVP formation.
Inhibition of T-Cell Proliferation by Murine Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells is Mediated by CD39 Expression and Adenosine Generation
Authors: Sattler Christine , Steinsdoerfer Manuela , Offers Monika , Fischer Elke , Schierl Rudolf , Heseler Kathrin , Däubener Walter , Seissler Jochen
Published: November 2011

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of nonhematopoietic origin with immunoregulatory properties. Although some functions of MSCs have been identified, there are still features that are not explained thus far. The aim of the present study was to identify novel factors involved in MSC-mediated inhibition of T-cell proliferation. We here demonstrate that the surface molecule CD39 is coexpressed in concert with CD73 on murine MSCs catalyzing the generation of adenosine, which can directly act on activated T cells via the adenosine A2A receptor. Blocking of the adenosine pathway either by the A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 or the specific CD39 inhibitor polyoxotungstate 1 (POM-1) blocked MSC-mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation almost completely. We conclude that CD39/CD73 coexpression is a novel important component of the immunoregulatory functions of murine MSCs. Our findings may both be important to improve our understanding of MSC function and for the development of immunomodulatory cellular therapies.
Mesoangioblasts from Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Display in Vivo a Variable Myogenic Ability Predictable by their in Vitro Behavior
Authors: Morosetti Roberta , Gidaro Teresa , Broccolini Aldobrando , Gliubizzi Carla , Sancricca Cristina , Tonali Pietro Attilio , Ricci Enzo , Mirabella Massimiliano
Published: November 2011

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most frequent inherited myopathy. We previously demonstrated that mesoangioblasts can be efficiently isolated from FSHD muscles, although their differentiation ability into skeletal muscle was variably impaired. This correlates with overall disease severity and degree of histopathologic abnormalities, since mesoangioblasts from morphologically normal muscles did not show any myogenic differentiation block. The aim of our present study was to verify whether mesoangioblasts from differentially affected FSHD muscles reproduce in vivo the same differentiation ability shown in vitro by studying their capability to form new muscle fibers during muscle regeneration of experimentally damaged muscles. We show that a diverse ability of FSHD mesoangioblasts to engraft and differentiate into skeletal muscle of SCID mice is strictly related to the characteristics of the muscle of origin, closely replicating in vivo what was previously observed in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that mesoangioblasts obtained from severely affected muscles scarcely integrate into muscle fibers, remaining mainly localized in the connective tissue. This suggests a defective migration in response to chemoattractants released by damaged fibers, as indicated by cell migration assays in response to HMGB1 and very low levels of RAGE expression, along with a decreased ability to fuse or to appropriately trigger the myogenic program. Our study indicates that FSHD mesoangioblasts from unaffected muscles can be used as selective treatment to halt muscle degeneration in severely affected muscles, and suggests that pharmacological and molecular interventions aimed to ameliorate homing and engraftment of transplanted autologous mesoangioblasts may open the way to cell therapy for FSHD patients, without requiring immunosuppression or genetic correction in vitro.
Biological and Physicochemical Characterization of a Serum-and Xeno-Free Chemically Defined Cryopreservation Procedure for Adult Human Progenitor Cells
Authors: Zeisberger Steffen M. , Schulz Julia C. , Mairhofer Mario , Ponsaerts Peter , Wouters Guy , Doerr Daniel , Katsen-Globa Alisa , Ehrbar Martin , Hescheler Jurgen , Hoerstrup Simon P. , Zisch Andreas H. , Kolbus Andrea , Zimmermann Heiko
Published: November 2011

While therapeutic cell transplantations using progenitor cells are increasingly evolving towards phase I and II clinical trials and chemically defined cell culture is established, standardization in biobanking is still in the stage of infancy. In this study, the EU FP6-funded CRYSTAL (CRYo-banking of Stem cells for human Therapeutic AppLication) consortium aimed to validate novel Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to perform and validate xeno-free and chemically defined cryopreservation of human progenitor cells and to reduce the amount of the potentially toxic cryoprotectant additive (CPA) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To achieve this goal, three human adult progenitor and stem cell populations—umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived erythroid cells (UCB-ECs), UCB-derived endothelial colony forming cells (UCB-ECFCs), and adipose tissue (AT)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs)—were cryopreserved in chemically defined medium supplemented with 10% or 5% DMSO. Cell recovery, cell repopulation, and functionality were evaluated postthaw in comparison to cryopreservation in standard fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing freezing medium. Even with a reduction of the DMSO CPA to 5%, postthaw cell count and viability assays indicated no overall significant difference versus standard cryomedium. Additionally, to compare cellular morphology/membrane integrity and ice crystal formation during cryopreservation, multiphoton laser-scanning cryomicroscopy (cryo-MPLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. Neither cryo-MPLSM nor SEM indicated differences in membrane integrity for the tested cell populations under various conditions. Moreover, no influence was observed on functional properties of the cells following cryopreservation in chemically defined freezing medium, except for UCB-ECs, which showed a significantly reduced differentiation capacity after cryopreservation in chemically defined medium supplemented with 5% DMSO. In summary, these results demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of standardized xeno-free cryopreservation of different human progenitor cells and encourage their use even more in the field of tissue-engineering and regenerative medicine.
Local Transplantation of G-CSF-Mobilized CD34+Cells in a Patient with Tibial Nonunion: A Case Report
Authors: Kuroda Ryosuke , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Miwa Masahiko , Kawamoto Atsuhiko , Mifune Yutaka , Fukui Tomoaki , Kawakami Yohei , Niikura Takahiro , Lee Sang Yang , Oe Keisuke , Shoji Taro , Kuroda Tomoya , Horii Miki , Yokoyama Ayumi , Ono Takayuki , Koibuchi Yasushi , Kawamata Shin , Fukushima Masanori , Kurosaka Masahiro , Asahara Takayuki
Published: November 2011

Although implantation of crude bone marrow cells has been applied in a small number of patients for fracture healing, transplantation of peripheral blood CD34+cells, the hematopoietic/endothelial progenitor cell-enriched population, in patients with fracture has never been reported. Here, we report the first case of tibial nonunion receiving autologous, granulocyte colony stimulating factor mobilized CD34+cells accompanied with autologous bone grafting. No serious adverse event occurred, and the novel therapy performed 9 months after the primary operation resulted in bone union 3 months later without any symptoms including pain and gait disturbance.