Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins
Authors: Mantzouki Evanthia , Lürling Miquel , Fastner Jutta , De Senerpont Domis Lisette , Wilk-Woźniak Elżbieta , Koreivienė Judita , Seelen Laura , Teurlincx Sven , Verstijnen Yvon , Krztoń Wojciech , Walusiak Edward , Karosienė Jūratė , Kasperovičienė Jūratė , Savadova Ksenija , Vitonytė Irma , Cillero-Castro Carmen , Budzyńska Agnieszka , Goldyn Ryszard , Kozak Anna , Rosińska Joanna , Szeląg-Wasielewska Elżbieta , Domek Piotr , Jakubowska-Krepska Natalia , Kwasizur Kinga , Messyasz Beata , Pełechata Aleksandra , Pełechaty Mariusz , Kokocinski Mikolaj , García-Murcia Ana , Real Monserrat , Romans Elvira , Noguero-Ribes Jordi , Duque David , Fernández-Morán Elísabeth , Karakaya Nusret , Häggqvist Kerstin , Demir Nilsun , Beklioğlu Meryem , Filiz Nur , Levi Eti , Iskin Uğur , Bezirci Gizem , Tavşanoğlu Ülkü , Özhan Koray , Gkelis Spyros , Panou Manthos , Fakioglu Özden , Avagianos Christos , Kaloudis Triantafyllos , Çelik Kemal , Yilmaz Mete , Marcé Rafael , Catalán Nuria , Bravo Andrea , Buck Moritz , Colom-Montero William , Mustonen Kristiina , Pierson Don , Yang Yang , Raposeiro Pedro , Gonçalves Vítor , Antoniou Maria , Tsiarta Nikoletta , McCarthy Valerie , Perello Victor , Feldmann Tõnu , Laas Alo , Panksep Kristel , Tuvikene Lea , Gagala Ilona , Mankiewicz-Boczek Joana , Yağcı Meral , Çınar Şakir , Çapkın Kadir , Yağcı Abdulkadir , Cesur Mehmet , Bilgin Fuat , Bulut Cafer , Uysal Rahmi , Obertegger Ulrike , Boscaini Adriano , Flaim Giovanna , Salmaso Nico , Cerasino Leonardo , Richardson Jessica , Visser Petra , Verspagen Jolanda , Karan Tünay , Soylu Elif , Maraşlıoğlu Faruk , Napiórkowska-Krzebietke Agnieszka , Ochocka Agnieszka , Pasztaleniec Agnieszka , Antão-Geraldes Ana , Vasconcelos Vitor , Morais João , Vale Micaela , Köker Latife , Akçaalan Reyhan , Albay Meriç , Špoljarić Maronić Dubravka , Stević Filip , Žuna Pfeiffer Tanja , Fonvielle Jeremy , Straile Dietmar , Rothhaupt Karl-Otto , Hansson Lars-Anders , Urrutia-Cordero Pablo , Bláha Luděk , Geriš Rodan , Fránková Markéta , Koçer Mehmet , Alp Mehmet , Remec-Rekar Spela , Elersek Tina , Triantis Theodoros , Zervou Sevasti-Kiriaki , Hiskia Anastasia , Haande Sigrid , Skjelbred Birger , Madrecka Beata , Nemova Hana , Drastichova Iveta , Chomova Lucia , Edwards Christine , Sevindik Tuğba , Tunca Hatice , Önem Burçin , Aleksovski Boris , Krstić Svetislav , Vucelić Itana , Nawrocka Lidia , Salmi Pauliina , Machado-Vieira Danielle , De Oliveira Alinne , Delgado-Martín Jordi , García David , Cereijo Jose , Gomà Joan , Trapote Mari , Vegas-Vilarrúbia Teresa , Obrador Biel , Grabowska Magdalena , Karpowicz Maciej , Chmura Damian , Úbeda Bárbara , Gálvez José , Özen Arda , Christoffersen Kirsten , Warming Trine , Kobos Justyna , Mazur-Marzec Hanna , Pérez-Martínez Carmen , Ramos-Rodríguez Eloísa , Arvola Lauri , Alcaraz-Párraga Pablo , Toporowska Magdalena , Pawlik-Skowronska Barbara , Niedźwiecki Michał , Pęczuła Wojciech , Leira Manel , Hernández Armand , Moreno-Ostos Enrique , Blanco José , Rodríguez Valeriano , Montes-Pérez Jorge , Palomino Roberto , Rodríguez-Pérez Estela , Carballeira Rafael , Camacho Antonio , Picazo Antonio , Rochera Carlos , Santamans Anna , Ferriol Carmen , Romo Susana , Soria Juan , Dunalska Julita , Sieńska Justyna , Szymański Daniel , Kruk Marek , Kostrzewska-Szlakowska Iwona , Jasser Iwona , Žutinić Petar , Gligora Udovič Marija , Plenković-Moraj Anđelka , Frąk Magdalena , Bańkowska-Sobczak Agnieszka , Wasilewicz Michał , Özkan Korhan , Maliaka Valentini , Kangro Kersti , Grossart Hans-Peter , Paerl Hans , Carey Cayelan , Ibelings Bas 
Published: April 2018

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.