bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEGENERATION CHANGES AFTER UNILATERAL LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY, WITH GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE NERVE‐FIBRE CONSTITUTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES AND NERVE‐ROOTS
Authors: Nevin Samuel
Published: December 2014

(1) Following section of the preganglionic fibres passing to the subjacent ganglion the cells were found to show slight regressive changes at an early period following the lesion; but at later periods no differences could be observed between the cells on the operated and those on the normal side.

(2) After the same operative procedure the ganglia (seventh lumbar and first sacral) showed complete disappearance of the intercellular preganglionic plexus. This plexus was unaltered after section of the ventral roots at this level. The sympathetic outflow is therefore not segmental at this level.

(3) In the lumbosacral sympathetic chain sufficient myelinate postganglionic fibres were found to account for the majority of myelinate fibres in the grey rami. In these rami no myelinate fibres were found passing from the ventral or dorsal roots into the sympathetic chain. (4) The following points regarding the nerve‐fibre constitution of peripheral nerves have been observed as a result of sympathectomy and lesions of the nerve‐roots:—

(a) Sympathetic fibres in peripheral nerves are amyelinate.

(b) The small myelinate fibres which occur in main peripheral nerves in groups arise in the dorsal root ganglia and pass mainly to skin branches, but also to a lesser extent to the muscle branches.

(c) The small myelinate fibres which occur irregularly throughout a main peripheral nerve‐trunk are ventral root components and pass entirely to muscle branches.

(d) There are amyelinate fibres in main peripheral nerves which arise in the dorsal root ganglia. These are always found associated with the groups of small myelinate fibres. They pass mainly to skin branches, but also, in smaller numbers, to muscle branches. They are less numerous than the amyelinate fibres of sympathetic origin.

(e) The amyelinate fibres of sympathetic origin travel in peripheral nerves either free among the larger myelinate fibres, or intimately associated with groups of amyelinate and small myelinate fibres from the dorsal roots. The sympathetic fibres to the skin are more numerous than those to muscle.

(5) No evidence has been found in support of the view that there are efferent fibres in the dorsal spinal nerve‐roots. All fibres in these roots, both myeinate and amyelinate, appear to have their origin in the spinal ganglia.

(6) No changes were found in voluntary muscle at different periods after sympathectomy, even in young puppies during the active period of growth of the muscles.

The above investigations were carried out under the direction of Professor T. H. Milroy, to whom my best thanks are due for his criticism and advice.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Sixth Article. THE NERVE‐SUPPLY OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Kuré Ken , Wada Yasuhiko , Okinaka Shigeo
Published: December 2014

1. Fine medullated fibres pass to the suprarenals almost wholly in the splanchnics; they have no intermediate ganglia in the abdominal cavity and are of spinal parasympathetic nature.

2. Stimulation of the greater splanchnic after application of nicotine to the cœliac ganglion causes marked dilatation of the suprarenal vessels. This is demonstrated both by histological observation and by measurement of the blood‐flow. This vasodilatation does not appear until the sympathetic nerve fibres are interrupted; it is brought about by means of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. It is not blocked even by a large dose of atropine.

3. The vagus seems not to play any significant part in the innervation of the suprarenal.
REACTIONS OF ISOLATED BRONCHI
Authors: Thornton J. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The reactions of surviving bronchi have been studied.

2. It has been shown that they are constricted by histamine, pilo‐carpine, and by alkali within physiological ranges.

3. They are dilated by adrenaline (however constricted), by atropine when the constriction is produced by pilocarpine, and by acid within physiological ranges.

4. They exhibit typical anaphylactic reactions to specific sensitising proteins.

The expenses of this work were defrayed in part by a grant from the Asthma Research Council. The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor R. J. S.
McDowall for advice and criticism.
SKIN TRANSPLANTATION IN THE MOUSE AND ITS EFFECT ON PIGMENTATION
Authors: Boyd Evlyn
Published: December 2014

1. A description is given of several methods of skin grafting used in Autotransplantation, Syngenesiotransplantation, and Homoiotransplantation in the mouse.

2. Their adaptation for, and special application in, minimising the incompatibility which always exists in some degree between the body fluids of host and donor, is illustrated. A new technique, devised to prevent undue connective tissue proliferation below the graft, is described in detail.

3. The Schültz reaction is recorded for the skin of self‐coloured and piebald mice, and its importance indicated.

4. Various observations on the effects of grafting, in so far as the growth of hair in both host and donor is concerned, are given.

5. In autotransplantation it is shown that the grafted skin invariably retains its individuality, and in other cases it was not possible to define the extent to which colour changes in the graft were due to transplantation injuries or to the influence of the new environments.

6. Since pigment formation is dependent on the interaction of the constituents of the pigmentary system, it is suggested that a study of prevalent conditions in the fœtus during the differentiation of pigment‐producing cells would throw some light on those factors controlling the production of the enzyme constituents of the pigmentary system.

The writer has pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing to Professor
Crew her thanks for his interest in this research and for the hospitality of his department. She is also indebted to Mr
Wm. C.
Miller for much helpful advice and criticism.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE.—I. THE NORMAL MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ACTION OF THE LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR MUSCLE FIBRES IN THOSE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Krishnan B. T.
Published: December 2014

The normal movements of the small intestine, observed when the abdomen of an anæsthetised animal is opened under suitable conditions, are described.

Methods for recording graphically the simultaneous action of the two muscular coats in segmenting and peristaltic movements are described.

It is concluded that in the movements of the bowel there is no synchronous action of the two muscle layers, but a reciprocal action and inhibition, i. e. when the circular muscle contracts in a segment the longitudinal muscle relaxes, and vice versa. The pendulum movements are considered to be only longitudinal muscle phenomena. In peristalsis there is a wave of longitudinal muscle contraction with the circular muscle relaxed, ahead of a wave of circular muscle contraction with the longitudinal muscle relaxed. The “law” of
Bayliss and
Starling is applicable only to the action of the circular muscle layer.
INCREASE IN WEIGHT OF THE MOTHER AND OF THE FŒTUS DURING PREGNANCY (RAT)
Authors: Hain Annie M.
Published: December 2014

Approximately 92 per cent. of the growth of the fætus of the rat takes place between the fifteenth day and term, i. e. during the last third of pregnancy.

Approximately 54 per cent. of the increase in the weight of the mother during pregnancy occurs after the fifteenth day.

The gross increase in weight due to the pregnant condition is 71 grams, which is roughly equivalent to 41 per cent. of the body‐weight of the rat.

The “permanent” increase in weight during a single pregnancy (no lactation) is considerably in excess of the increase which takes place over the same period in virgin rats.

Rats injected with alkaline extract of anterior pituitary gain an excess of 100 per cent. in weight over controls during the first seven days of pregnancy; this increase is retained, and is comparable with that of virgin rats under the same treatment.

The author desires to acknowledge the assistance and advice of Drs
Wiesner and
Robson in the work recorded in this and the preceding paper.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Eighth Article. INFLUENCE OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC ON THE BLOOD‐VESSELS AND ON THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Kuré Ken , Fujii Minoru
Published: December 2014

Stimulation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnics causes vasodilatation in the pancreas. Simple stimulation of the intact splanchnics sometimes causes increase of pancreatic secretion. Such increase is more often seen when the sympathetic fibres have been previously interrupted by nicotine application to the cœliac and superior mesenteric ganglia. We suggest, therefore, that the increase must be due to excitation of spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnic.

The total nitrogen of the pancreatic juice is increased by excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. This is the case even when there is no remarkable increase of secretion.

Correlated with these observations on the external secretion is the further observation that the internal secretion of the organ is also increased by excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres. This is dealt with in the succeeding article.

We have to express our best thanks to the foundation “Hattori Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Ninth Article. INFLUENCE OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC UPON THE INTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Kuré Ken , Tanishima Tatsuo , Okinaka Shigeo
Published: December 2014

After cutting both vagi, interrupting the sympathetic fibres by application of nicotine to the cœliac ganglia, and ligaturing off both suprarenals so as to completely shut off their adrenaline from the general circulation, we have stimulated the splanchnics. Under these conditions only the spinal parasympathetic fibres in the splanchnic can act. The stimulation causes marked decrease of sugar in the blood and increase of glycogen in the liver. We were even able to observe changes in the sugar of the blood and in the glycogen content of the liver in the control animals; indeed, in these the glycogen content was in most cases decreased.

The conclusion we arrive at is that excitation of the spinal parasympathetic fibres promotes the internal secretion of the pancreas.

We have to thank the foundation “Hattori‐Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXIII. THE NORMAL COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Kennedy Walter P.
Published: December 2014

The modified Arneth Count of ninety healthy students was examined and the average weighted mean was found to be 2•628, and the standard deviation 0–19. When this was compared with the results previously obtained by
Cooke and
Ponder on a population selected by a rigid health standard, a significant but small difference was found which was not considered to upset the validity of the earlier work. The reasons for this are discussed.

This investigation was carried out during my tenure of a Beit Memorial Research Fellowship. The cost of the experiments was defrayed by a grant from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CREATININE ON BLOOD AND URINE
Authors: Cameron J. D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. The constancy of blood and urinary creatinine amounts is verified during periods of (a) protein and (b) non‐protein diet.

2. The effect of ingestion of 1, 3, 5, and 7 grm. of creatinine upon blood and urine contents is recorded.

3. Administration of 1 grm. creatinine to a series of normal individuals shows that wide variations of response are obtained.

4. Similar administration to subjects of renal impairment gives no information which cannot be obtained from estimation of “fasting” blood creatinine concentration.

5. These findings suggest the unsuitability of creatinine administration as a test for renal function.

6. It is concluded that raised blood creatinine concentration alone does not cause “uræmic” symptoms.

This work was carried on with the aid of a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.
CARNOSINE IN AMPHIBIAN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
Authors: Eggleton M. Grace , Eggleton P.
Published: December 2014

1. Three modifications are suggested in the KOESSLER and HANKE colorimetric technique (based on the Pauli reaction) for the estimation of pyrimidine bases: (a) the substitution of bicarbonate for some of the carbonate in one of the reagents (leading to greater stability in the pigment formed); (b) the use of carnosine nitrate as a standard of reference for estimation instead of a mixture of dyestuffs; and (c) the use of an appropriate light filter in conjunction with the colorimeter. This leads to an eightfold increase in sensitivity.

2. Extracts from symmetrical pairs of muscles from the legs of the frog give Pauli reactions of equal intensity. This equality is not destroyed by previous fatiguing or killing by heat of one of the pair.

3. The cutaneo‐crural, sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius muscles contain increasing concentrations of carnosine (measured by the Pauli reaction) in the order named.

4. Different frogs from one batch differ considerably in the apparent carnosine content of any one muscle; variations in the gastrocnemius, for example, were observed from 124 to 293 mg. per 100 grm.

5. The Pauli reaction given by histidine, histamine, carnosine, and extracts of living and dead muscles have been studied. In the conditions chosen, all save histamine were alike in the tint given and in the rate of colour production and fading.

6. No substance capable of giving the Pauli reaction was found to diffuse from living muscles into a surrounding saline whether the muscles were resting or fatigued, and regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen.

7. Histidine can diffuse from saline into an excised resting muscle and out again. The equilibrium reached appears to be a simple osmotic equilibrium.

8. All substances capable of giving the Pauli reaction diffuse freely out of a muscle in rigor (induced by heat or by iodoacetic acid).

9. Carnosine has been isolated in the form of its copper salt in comparable amounts both from muscles killed while in the resting state and from those previously sent into heat rigor.

10. Carnosine diffuses freely and completely into a dead muscle, but if the muscle is alive only 30 per cent. of its bulk appears to be permeable to carnosine diffusing in.

11. It is concluded that the carnosine in living muscles of the frog is contained within some series of structures occupying only 70 per cent. of the bulk of the muscle. It is retained in virtue of some property of the tissue which is lost at death.

12. No evidence was found for the existence either in dead or living muscle of substances other than carnosine capable of giving the Pauli reaction.

This work has been financed by the Medical Research Council.
THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE ON A VITAMIN‐B1 PREPARATION (TIKI‐TIKI)
Authors: Malcolm John
Published: December 2014

The B1 factor of tiki‐tiki is destroyed or inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde in the proportion of 1 grm. HCOH to 5 c.c. tiki‐tiki.
IS THE SMALL INTESTINE INNERVATED BY THE SO‐CALLED SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Authors: Hukuhara T.
Published: December 2014

1. The stimulation of the splanchnic nerves always produces an inhibitory effect on the intestinal movements. After the application of nicotine to the solar plexus, the stimulation becomes ineffectual and gives no evidence of the excitatory effect, the existence of which is claimed by Kureé and his collaborators. Accordingly the existence of the so‐called spinal parasympathetic nervous system regarding the innervation of the small intestine is very doubtful.

2. The stellate ganglia do not send any inhibitory fibre to the small intestine through the vagus nerves.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Authors: Clark G. A. , Wall T. F.
Published: December 2014

Experiments are described in which cats and rabbits are rendered unconscious by the very brief application of an electric current to the head region. No permanent disability follows, and the animal appears to have no memory of the occurrence.

The current employed was a unidirectional one, interrupted between 10 and 400 times per sec.; frequencies above 50 per sec. were most effective. The optimum voltage varied with different frequencies.

Direct observation and photographs of the vessels of the cerebral cortex show that these vessels are constricted by the current used.

Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves also produces constriction of the pial vessels, but stimulation of these nerves in the unanæsthetised cat does not produce unconsciousness.

Unconsciousness can be produced by the electric current in cats three weeks after removal of the superior cervical ganglion.

The cause of unconsciousness in the cases described is not cerebral anæmia.

The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
MODE OF ACTION OF OXYGEN LACK AND CARBON DIOXIDE EXCESS ON RESPIRATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Wright Samson
Published: December 2014

1. The mode of action of oxygen lack and carbon dioxide excess was examined in the rabbit.

2. Oxygen lack (as in the cat) depresses the “deafferented” respiratory centre and produces reflex stimulation through the sinus, aortic, and vagus nerves. The sinus afferents are probably more important than the others. The vagal fibres employed are probably aortic and not pulmonary in origin.

3. Carbon dioxide excess acts predominantly centrally. Afferent impulses in the sinus nerves are of inconstant importance, but no convincing evidence was obtained that the vago‐aortic nerves participated in any significant degree in the total response.
HYPERGLYCÆMIA IN FASTED RABBITS FOLLOWING INJURY IN THE PITUITARY REGION
Authors: Dawson Donald J. , Milne Adam
Published: December 2014

1. The modified Schmidt method used for decerebration anterior to the pons has been shown to be unsatisfactory for the production of a non‐hyperglycaemic preparation of the fasted rabbit.

2. Decerebration anterior to the pons either by the Schmidt method or by the needle method followed by mechanical damage to the base of the cranium in the neighbourhood of the pituitary fossa is usually followed by an immediate and marked hyperglycæmia.

3. The possible reasons for the occurrence of this hyperglycæmia are discussed.
CONTRADICTORY ACTIONS OF CAFFEINE, CORAMINE, AND METRAZOL
Authors: Maloney Arnold Hamilton
Published: December 2014

The results of experiments on rats and rabbits narcotised with barbital and treated with caffeine, coramine, or metrazol reveal the fact that these substances are capable of accentuating the depressant action of the barbiturate under certain conditions.

The barbiturate was administered in single sub‐lethal doses. The other substances were given in varying quantities, each dosage unit being slightly below or above the lethal level for normal controls.

Sub‐lethal doses of caffeine and coramine administered to the barbitalised rat caused transient arousals, with tremors or mild convulsions at certain dosage levels and the same effects, followed by delayed death in depression, at higher levels. The percentage of recoveries from the combined substances was less than that from caffeine and coramine alone.

Lethal doses of metrazol caused permanent arousal without convulsions at lower dosage levels, permanent arousal with convulsions at higher levels, and convulsions followed by death at still higher levels. The barbitalised rat was able to tolerate large lethal doses of metrazol, indicating a high degree of reciprocal antagonism between barbital and metrazol in that species.

A depressant effect was more in evidence than a stimulatory action with caffeine.

The rat manifests a distinct species intolerance to coramine. It is not a suitable animal on which to make generalisations in comparative studies on coramine.

Normally stimulating doses of coramine and metrazol, administered in single or fractional portions to barbitalised rabbits, caused transitory arousal at certain dosage levels, with death in depression in others; but in every instance coramine or metrazol, when combined with barbital, increased the duration of narcosis over that of the controls, and caused some fatalities.

These studies point to possible danger in the use of these substances indiscriminately in barbiturate depression and emphasise their contraindication in deep barbiturate depression.

We interpret these phenomena as due to a secondary depressant action of caffeine, coramine, and metrazol elicited at certain levels of depression initiated by the barbiturates.
CYSTINE DEFICIENCY IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Weichselbaum Theodore Edwin
Published: December 2014

In three separate batches of young Wistar strain albino rats from two different sources, kept on the Sherman‐Merrill cystine‐deficient diet, a large proportion developed a characteristic syndrome and died when untreated. Cystine or methionine prevented this; once the symptoms had definitely appeared cystine brought about recovery in most cases, but methionine was without effect. Males were markedly more susceptible than females.

It is suggested that the long deprivation of cystine and methionine shows a difference in the readiness with which these amino acids can be utilised.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF STIMULI ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE GASTRIC JUICE
Authors: Toby C. Gwendoline
Published: December 2014

1. The composition of the gastric juice varies with the stimulus, which may act selectively on different groups of cells. Two extremely different types of gastric juice are obtained (a) after subcutaneous administration of histamine, and (b) after sham‐feeding or pilocarpine injection.

2. There is little difference in the total chloride concentration and the total acidity of the gastric secretion provoked by sham‐feeding as compared with that provoked by histamine. In the secretion produced by pilocarpine the total acidity is markedly lower and the concentration of total chloride a little lower than with the first two stimuli. At times practically all the chloride present is in the form of HCl.

3. These slight variations in the total chloride may be due (a) to contamination of the parietal secretion with varying amounts of fluid less rich in chloride, secreted by groups of cells other than the parietal, or (b) to a less extent to changes in the concentration of chloride in the blood plasma.

4. Under the influence of any one stimulus, the gastric glands produce a secretion in which the acidity parallels more or less closely the total chloride concentration; but as soon as a new stimulus is superimposed, or at the end of the secretory period, there is an alteration in the activity of different cellular groups, and a dissociation of the two curves may occur.

5. Since the volume of secretion and the concentration of total chloride vary little with different stimuli, whereas the organic content may be ten to twenty times more than the minimum, it is therefore concluded that the greatest part of the chloride and of the fluid of the gastric juice is produced by the parietal cells.

I am greatly indebted for much helpful criticism to Professor B. P. Babkin, under whose direction this work was carried out.
INTRAVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND ESERINE IN MAN
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Wilson W. C.
Published: December 2014

1. Acetylcholine introduced into the human cerebral ventricles produced a prolonged and characteristic reaction.

2. The responses were a result of the action of acetylcholine on cerebral centres and not of peripheral action after absorption into the blood stream.

3. The responses were due to specific actions of acetylcholine; they were prevented or abolished by atropine.

4. Eserine injected in small quantities into the ventricles produced a reaction in all respects very closely resembling that to acetylcholine. The site of action was also central.

5. Sub‐stimulant quantities of eserine in the ventricles potentiated the action of intraventricular acetylcholine.

6. The results of intraventricular eserine suggested that acetylcholine may normally be liberated at some synapses in the brain.

7. The nature of the responses to intraventricular acetylcholine has been discussed and particular reference has been made to sleep.

Five subjects were patients under charge of Dr. E. Arnold Carmichael and two under charge of Mr. N. M. Dott. We are indebted to them for facilities for this work.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS ACETYLCHOLINE INJECTIONS ON THE THORACIC LYMPH PRODUCTION
Authors: Beznák A. B. L.
Published: December 2014

1. Intravenous injection of acetylcholine in doses 0·02–0·2 γ/cat and 0·2–2 γ/dog causes an increase in the lymph‐flow through the thoracic duct.

2. Experiments are described proving that most of the increased lymph‐flow comes from the intestines, and a smaller proportion from the liver.

3. It was shown by direct microscopical observation that acetylcholine causes a dilatation of both the precapillary arteries and the capillaries of the villi, but the dilatation of the former is greater. Such a condition results in an increased lymph production. The action of acetylcholine on the capillaries and precapillary arteries is regarded as the cause of the increased lymph‐flow. Atropine annuls the effect of acetylcholine on the lymph‐flow. The effect of atropine on the blood pressure and lymph‐flow is parallel. The effect of acetylcholine on the contractile elements of the vascular system is probably not the sole cause of the increased lymph‐flow because in animals dyed with chlorazol skyblue the increase in the lymph‐flow is greater, although the capillary changes are less marked. It seems probable that acetylcholine also increases the permeability of the capillary walls.

4. It has been shown that contraction of the villi also provoked by acetylcholine cannot be the cause of the increased lymph‐flow, because chlorazol skyblue, while completely paralysing the motion of the villi, enhances the effect of acetylcholine on the lymph‐flow. Based on this fact the supposition that the contraction of villi plays any important rôle in the emptying of the contents of the villi and the propulsion of lymph is questioned. It had also been shown that increased peristalis cannot be the cause of the increased lymph‐flow, though both factors may play a rôle in the propulsion of the lymph. Gland activity as a possible cause has also been excluded.

5. Since acetylcholine exerts its influence on the lymph‐flow in physiologically occurring doses, and since its effect is evanescent and repeatable many times, acetylcholine is regarded as a compound acting as a physiological lymph producer.

The author has pleasure in thanking Professor Sándor Belák for his many useful suggestions in the course of this work.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT. THE COMBINED ACTION OF MALE AND FEMALE HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE AND ŒSTRONE)
Authors: Hain A. M.
Published: December 2014

1. An antagonistic action was observed in the ovariectomised rat between œstrone and testosterone propionate (male hormone), the latter annulling the œstrogenic effect of the former.

2. In the pregnant rat, male hormone did not overcome the interruptive action of œstrone even in very large amounts.

3. Such amounts were themselves interruptive in effect when administered alone at the same stage of gestation.

4. These amounts had no œstrogenic effect on ovariectomised rats.

5. It is concluded that the interruptive effect of male hormone on pregnancy is probably specific, and may be by way of the anterior pituitary or other ductless gland.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and the Medical Research Council.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. The author measured the actions of various quaternary ammonium salts on a series of isolated tissues, namely: leech muscle, frog's rectus abdominis, frog's auricle, and rat's gut.

2. The following series of compounds were tested:—

(1) Me3N.Me, Me3N.Et . . . Me3N.Oct, Me3N.Cet.

(2) Me4N to Bu4N.

(3) Me4N, Me3.EtN, Me2.Et2N, Me.Et3N, Et4N.

(4) Me3N.Phen, Me3N.Benz, Me3N(CH2)2Phen.

3. The tissues studied fell into three groups as regards their responses to the Me3N.R series:

Group A. Leech muscle, which resembled in its response the motor‐nerve endings.

Group B. The rectus abdominis.

Group C. The frog's auricle and the rat's gut.

In Group A all the compounds produced actions similar in kind but of varying intensity.

In Group C a reversal of action occurred. An increase of R in the Me3N.R series caused increased activity up to Me3N.Am, but further increase abolished the action, and the higher compounds then inhibited the action of the lower members of the series.

The responses of the rectus abdominis were intermediate in character between Groups A and C, but more nearly resembled those of Group C.

4. The responses to the series Me4N, Et4N, Br4N, and But4N showed a similar grouping, but the similarity between the leech response and the curariform action was less complete.

5. The series Me4N, Me3EtN, Me2Et2N, etc., showed more complex responses.

6. The compound Me3N.CHPhen resembled in its actions Me3BuN and not Me3OctN. Hence the effect of introducing a phenyl group resembled that of the addition of 3 carbon atoms in a straight chain rather than that of the addition of 6 carbon atoms.

It is with pleasure that I put in record my indebtedness to Prof. A. J. Clark for his kind hospitality, and for his constant help and advice. The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by the Moray Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
THE ANTAGONISM OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. The study of a number of antagonists in a variety of tissues shows that all drugs which antagonise acetylcholine also antagonise Me4N.

2. The concentration of antagonist needed in any tissue to produce an equal intensity of antagonism is similar with acetylcholine and with Me4N.

3. A considerable proportion of the antagonism studied between drugs termed A and B approximate to the simple relation [A]/[B]=constant. A certain proportion of antagonisms deviate from this relationship.

4. A considerable proportion of the facts observed can be interpreted on the assumption that antagonistic drugs compete for a common receptor.

The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund, and the cost of illustrations by a grant from the Carnegie Trust, for both of which we express our thanks.
THE INHIBITION OF WATER‐DIURESIS BY EMOTIONAL STRESS AND BY MUSCULAR EXERCISE
Authors: Rydin H. , Verney E. B.
Published: December 2014

1. The inhibition of water‐diuresis induced in the dog by mild exercise of 4 to 5 minutes' duration begins about 2 minutes after the onset of exercise.

2. Emotional stress produces an inhibition of similar form: reasons are given for the view that the inhibition produced by exercise is due to an emotional accompaniment.

3. The course of the inhibitory response to emotional stress is unaltered by successive operations comprising (a) division of the renal nerves; (b) removal of the right suprarenal and denervation of the left; (c) decentralisation of the whole abdominal sympathetic system with removal of ganglia L2 to SI inclusive. After (a) and (b) the mean arterial pressure rises during emotional stress; after (c) it remains unaffected.

4. When, in the normal dog, the renal artery is compressed during water‐diuresis for a period of 2 to 6 minutes, the course of the inhibition shows close temporal accord with that of the compression (confirming Samaan [1936]).

5. The experiments recorded support the view that the inhibition of water‐diuresis by emotional stress is due to some agent humorally conducted to the kidney, and that this agent is not adrenaline. They accord with the view that local hæmodynamic events are not essential accompaniments of the inhibitory action of this substance on the kidney.

6. The course of the inhibitory response to emotional stress can be closely matched by an intravenous injection of post‐pituitary extract. The post‐pituitary equivalent of this stress in terms of the standard powder is of the order of 1 µg.

7. After section of the splanchnic nerves, or after decentralisation of the whole abdominal sympathetic system, a profound and longlasting inhibition of water‐diuresis has been seen to follow arterial hæmorrhage to the extent of about 6 per cent. of the blood‐volume. The inhibition showed no apparent relation with the small and transient fall in blood‐pressure which the hæmorrhage also induced.

8. The experimental results are discussed in the light of the theory of the pituitary control of water‐secretion.

We are indebted to the Rockefeller Foundation for defraying part of the expenses of this work.
THE SECRETION OF THE COLON OF THE CAT
Authors: Wright R. D. , Florey H. W. , Jennings M. A.
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation by faradic stimuli at the rate of thirty per second of the peripheral ends of the severed nervi erigentes of decerebrate cats causes a secretion of fluid by the colon. The distal half of the colon forms this fluid at an average rate of 5 c.c. per hour when stimulated for 25 seconds per minute.

2. Secretion by the colon can also be excited by stimulating the central end of one nervus erigens when the other is left intact.

3. The rate of secretion is reduced by stimulating the nerves emanating from the inferior mesenteric ganglia at the same time as the nervi erigentes.

4. Stimulation of these paravertebral sympathetic nerves alone does not excite any secretion by the colon.

5. The administration of eserine increases greatly the rate of secretion excited by nervous stimulation.

6. Narcotics, e.g., chloralose and luminal, greatly decrease the rate of secretion. This is a peripheral effect, for it occurs in the completely decentralised colon. The fact that it is combated to a large extent by eserine suggests that it is due to narcosis of the enteric plexuses.

7. A similar fluid is secreted in response to injection of pilocarpine and, in the eserinised cat, acetylcholine.

8. Atropin inhibits the secretion caused by any of these procedures.

9. The composition of the secretion is: Total inorganic . •95 per cent. Enterokinase Nil. Organic matter . •46>0 per cent. Invertase Nil. Chlorine . •34 per cent. Amylase Trace. Phosphate . •0·5 mg. per cent. Dipeptidase Present. Calcium . •2·0 mg. per cent. Erepsin Nil. Trypsin Nil. Lipase Nil.

10. The resting or atropinised colon can resorb this secretion completely.

11. The reaction of the fluid when collected is about pH 8•4, but rapidly goes to pH 9•1 when exposed to the air. 1 c.c. juice neutralises about 0•5 c.c. of N/10 HCl. The reaction of the solid fæces contained in the colon varies from pH 7 at the surface to as low as pH 4•8 at the centre of the mass.

We are indebted to the Nuffield Trust for a grant towards the expenses of this work.

Dr. E. Chain has been most helpful with assistance in the chemical estimations; Dr. Sanders kindly photographed the abdominal window, and Dr. C. L. G. Pratt supplied a good trypsin activator. H. Axtell and A. Sale have provided technical assistance.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THYROID AND SEX GLAND FUNCTIONING IN THE BROWN LEGHORN FOWL
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Chu J. P.
Published: December 2014

Of 5 thyroidectomised pullets raised to maturity 2 began to lay eggs at an age average for the flock; at the same time others exhibited certain morphological criteria associated with egg production although they did not lay. In all the experimental females sexual growth of the comb was completely inhibited.

In males the repressive action of the operation on the gonads was more pronounced; only the initial phases in spermatogenesis were completed and mature sperm were never found. Sexual growth of the comb was checked in the young experimental males and regression in the size of the comb was marked in the mature cocks.

Replacement therapy, using dried thyroid substance orally, induced growth of the comb in both sexes and initiated egg production in the females tested.

Comb growth ensued in 2 experimental females injected with a male hormone preparation, indicating that the absence of sexual growth in this organ was actually due to the deprivation of gonad secretion and not to a lack of sensitivity of comb tissues.

The differential response of the two sexes to the loss of thyroid tissue is discussed in relation to a postulated pituitary‐thyroid‐gonad mechanism.
ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE TRANSFUSED ERYTHROCYTES OF STORED BLOOD
Authors: Mollison Patrick L. , Young I. Maureen
Published: December 2014

Twenty patients have received 26 transfusions of stored blood, and the fate of the erythrocytes of the donor followed quantitatively by differential agglutination.

A method of performing control agglutinations using the sera both of the ABO and MN systems is suggested.

A further application of differential agglutination is outlined. Its purpose is the following of the fate of two transfusions given simultaneously. This method has been used for (1) comparison of methods of storage; (2) to obtain a comparison of the survival of two different “ages” of blood in the same patient.

1. A high proportion of the erythrocytes of blood stored in citratesaline‐glucose survive transfusion. Furthermore, the total time of survival is little inferior to that of fresh blood.

2. These observations suggest that the present method of storage is good and that little more than the normal ageing process occurs at least in blood stored for 18 days or less.

In connection with Ashby's work on the survival of the transfused erythrocytes of fresh blood, P. E. Weil [1940] has remarked: “Ce n'est donc pas aux depens de l'hæmoglobine des globules détruits que l'organisme trouve le possibilité de former des nouveaux globules, mais ce sont bien les globules transfuses eux‐meme qui continuent leur vie et leurs fonctions physiologiques.” These words might be used as a refutation of the remarks quoted at the beginning of this paper.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN B1 ON SURVIVAL TIME AFTER HÆMORRHAGE AND APPLICATION OF COLD
Authors: Maycock W. d'A.
Published: December 2014

Under the experimental conditions described it has not been possible to demonstrate that vitamin B1 exerts any significant beneficial effect upon the survival rates of rabbits subjected to bleeding and the application of cold to the intestines.

Transfusion, equivalent to half the blood removed, 3 hr. after hæmorrhage, has no significant effect upon the survival rate.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND FATE OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: Aldridge W. N. , Evans C. Lovatt
Published: December 2014

1. An analysis of the physiological effects of cyanogen chloride is given. These effects closely resemble those of hydrocyanic acid: in addition there is a local effect on the respiratory passages, resulting in broncho‐constriction and ultimately in damage, when the vapour is inhaled.

2. Blood, or red corpuscles, rapidly converts cyanogen chloride into hydrocyanic acid. Serum also rapidly destroys cyanogen chloride, but without formation of hydrocyanic acid.

3. Conversion of CNCI into HCN by blood is not quantitative. In vitro the per cent. conversion is about 30: for isolated red cells it may be more, and it may be more in vivo

4. When CNCI is inhaled, HCN can be immediately identified in the blood, and in amount comparable with that detectable when comparably toxic concentrations of HCN are breathed.

5. It is concluded that the lethal effects of CNCI are due to the formation of HCN, and that other actions are subsidiary.

6. Evidence is given that both HCN and CNCI are ultimately converted into HCNS in the body.

We wish to thank the Ministry of Supply for providing the facilities for carrying out this investigation, and for giving permission for its publication.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CIRCULATION THROUGH THE CORTEX AND THE MEDULLA OF THE KIDNEYP
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Peabody C. N. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

Angiographic records of the renal circulation of the cat and dog are presented. These illustrate the dual nature of the intrarenal circulation, with its cortical and medullary components.
SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE OF THE HORSE
Authors: Alexander Frank
Published: December 2014

1. Techniques are described for cannulating the cæcum, ventral and dorsal colon of the horse.

2. Cæcal and colonic movements consisted of irregular contractions of which three types were recognized. Withholding food caused reduction in frequency or cessation of all contractions of cæcum and ventral colon; the dorsal colon remained unaffected. No evidence was obtained of antiperistaltic movements, as judged by the movement of carbon granules.

3. Adrenaline inhibited and carbamylcholine increased the frequency of the contractions. Histamine and posterior pituitary extract inhibited movements.

4. The concentration of volatile fatty acid in the liquor of the cæcum and ventral colon was decreased by withholding food and increased by feeding. This effect was not marked in the dorsal colon. The proportion of propionic acid in the ventral colon was greater than in the dorsal colon.

5. The rate at which cotton‐threads disintegrated when suspended in the cæcum, ventral and dorsal colon decreased in an oral‐caudal direction. Withholding food greatly reduced the rate of disintegration.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON CELL DIVISION
Authors: Roberts K. B. , Florey H. W. , Joklik W. K.
Published: December 2014

1. The influence of large doses of cortisone on the mitotic activity which normally occurs after partial hepatectomy in mice was studied. At the same time the changes in liver protein, fat, glycogen and nucleic acids were followed.

2. In the mice given cortisone, mitoses were rarely seen 2 days after operation, whereas at that time the mitotic rate in controls was very high. Later, at 6 days, this difference was not observed.

3. Although the increase in weight of the liver after partial hepatectomy was the same in experimental and control mice, in the former this was largely due to a deposition of fat and glycogen. There was, however, some new formation of protein in cortisone‐treated mice.

4. RNA regeneration was nearly normal; DNA, however, failed to regenerate in mice given cortisone.

5. Cell division occurring normally in the endothelium of the crypts of Lieberkühn was not inhibited by cortisone in large doses.

6. Mitoses were seen in lymphoid follicles in mice receiving large doses of cortisone.

7. The conclusion that cortisone does not inhibit mitoses in every tissue is discussed.
Enhanced fluid uptake in frog mesenteric capillaries associated with plasmin perfusion.
Authors: Clough G , Michel C
Published: December 2014

1. We have measured the permeability of single capillaries of the mesenteries of decerebrated frogs, before and during perfusion with solutions containing the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin. 2. The hydraulic permeability (Lp) and the effective oncotic pressure exerted across the vessel walls (sigma delta pi) were measured using the method of Michel (1980). The vessels were sequentially perfused with a control frog Ringer solution containing either Ficoll 70 or bovine serum albumin (BSA) at concentrations of 40 mg ml‐1 or a mixture of Ficoll 70 (40 mg ml‐1) and BSA (10 mg ml‐1), and then with a second Ringer perfusate containing plasmin (1 mg ml‐1) but in all other respects identical to the control solution. 3. In sixteen out of seventeen experiments, perfusion with plasmin increased sigma delta pi. In eleven of these experiments the increase was very large such that sigma delta pi exceeded the in vitro value for perfusate oncotic pressure. 4. In the same seventeen vessels plasmin perfusion was associated with a fall in Lp from a mean value of 10.3 x 10(‐7) cm s‐1 cmH2O‐1 to one of 7.7 x 10(‐7) cm s‐1 cmH2O‐1. The fall in Lp was not significant. 5. In five of the seventeen vessels, a second control perfusion was made after exposure to plasmin. There was no evidence that Lp had increased above or sigma delta pi had fallen below the initial control value. 6. In a further six experiments, the effects of plasmin were investigated in the absence of other perfusate macromolecules. No significant changes in Lp or sigma delta pi were observed. 7. In a further eight vessels, the effects of plasmin on fluid filtration were investigated with the tissues cold and then at room temperature. In all eight vessels plasmin reduced filtration or increased fluid reabsorption to a greater extent when the tissue temperature was 17 degrees C than when it was 4 degrees C. 8. The large increases in sigma delta pi which we have observed during perfusion of single vessels with plasmin‐containing solutions are consistent with the development of substantial local osmotic gradients at the capillary wall following the enzyme's action upon substrates at the endothelial cell surface, one of which could be fibrin. Alternatively, plasmin might stimulate endothelial cells to liberate molecules which locally amplify the oncotic pressure exerted by the perfusate macromolecules. These effects are more marked at room temperature than at 4 degrees C.
Pattern of propriospinal‐like excitation to different species of human upper limb motoneurones.
Authors: Gracies J M , Meunier S , Pierrot‐Deseilligny E , Simonetta M
Published: December 2014

1. The pattern of distribution of non‐monosynaptic (propriospinal‐like) excitation to various motor nuclei (deltoid, extensors and flexors of the elbow, the wrist and the fingers) was investigated. 2. Changes in the firing probability of individual voluntarily activated motor units were studied following conditioning stimuli. Conditioning volleys were evoked by weak electrical stimuli applied to various mixed nerves (circumflex, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar) and to the skin. 3. In all investigated nuclei stimulation of the ‘homonymous’ nerve evoked a peak of increased firing probability with a latency which was 2‐7 ms longer than the monosynaptic Ia latency. The average central delay of the late excitation, measured from monosynaptic latency, seems to depend only on the segmental level of the motor nucleus: the more caudal the nucleus the longer the latency. This strongly suggest a transmission through neurones located above the cervical enlargement, as are C3‐‐C4 propriospinal neurones in the cat. 4. Both group I muscle and cutaneous afferents were shown to contribute to propriospinal‐like excitation. It is argued that a spatial facilitation of the effects evoked by these two inputs might explain why the threshold of late excitation is always below that of the monosynaptic Ia excitation in motoneurones. 5. The pattern of distribution of propriospinal‐like excitation was diffuse: stimulation of each mixed nerve was able to evoke excitation in all investigated motor nuclei. Similarly, stimulation of a given skin field could produce excitation of biceps and wrist flexor and extensor units. 6. Each motor nucleus therefore receives excitation from a multimodal and wide range peripheral input. However, it is argued that what appears as a diffuse pattern might simply reflect connections which are not used in each movement but appropriately selected by higher centres.