bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATRIX BUTTON PROVISIONALS
Authors: Bhat Vinaya
Published: February 2020

Fabrication of provisional restorations has been explained using different materials and techniques in the past. Formation of an external matrix before preparation of the abutment, which is later used in combination with a resin material, is one of the techniques. Here, a new material has been used as matrix in direct, indirect and indirect-direct methods to produce esthetic and functional provisional restorations. There is neither wasting of chair side time nor a second visit for the patient.
HUMAN DIROFILARIASIS: AN UNCOMMON CASE OF SUB CUTANEOUS INFECTION WITH DIROFILARIA REPENS WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: H. Sanjeev , M. Rajini , R. Prasad S.
Published: February 2020

Dirofilaria are a group of arthropod borne filarial nematodes that cause infection in wide range of domestic and wild animals. Dirofilaria repens is a common zoonotic infection in countries like Sri Lanka. Human infection with Dirofilaria repens is not widely recognized in India. Most of the documented cases of human dirofilariasis recorded in India presented with ocular infections, affecting the eyelid, periorbital region and occasionally the sub conjunctivae. Here we report a rare case of sub cutaneous dirofilariasis, which presented as a swelling at an uncommon site.
Transmission electron microscopy dislocation study of Ge-on-Si films supporting a new lattice-mismatch relaxation mechanism
Authors: Wang Weizhen , Quitoriano Nathaniel J.
Published: February 2020

We present an in-depth study of Ge(Si), Ge with a potential for some Si, films grown laterally on Si using plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Earlier, we reported that high-quality Ge films can be grown on Si by using a metal-catalyzed, lateral epitaxial growth technique. In particular, the lateral overgrowth areas of the films demonstrated a much lower dislocation density compared to the first-to-nucleate areas in cross-sectional TEM. Here, we further studied both the film and dislocation morphologies in plan-view TEM to understand more about the growth process and relaxation mechanism. For a film closely studied in plan-view TEM, the center of the film was thicker and contained much more dislocations and there were some thickness variations near the edges. For the central thicker region, the composition was analyzed and three areas within the film were found to be relatively Si-rich and are, therefore, likely to be one of the first-to-nucleate parts of the film. We investigated the dislocation morphology in depth in this film, counting dislocation numbers in both the Si-rich/first-to-nucleate and lateral overgrowth areas of the film. This study indicates that the Si-rich areas contained high dislocation densities (108 or 109 #/cm2), at least one or two magnitudes higher than that of the lateral overgrowth areas, and many dislocations were found to originate from them and extend toward the edge of the film. The observations in this study provide more evidence to support the idea that a new relaxation is present to enable high-quality, lateral Ge growth on Si.
Endothelial mechanobiology
Authors: He Ming , Martin Marcy , Marin Traci , Chen Zhen , Gongol Brendan
Published: February 2020

Lining the luminal surface of the vasculature, endothelial cells (ECs) are in direct contact with and differentially respond to hemodynamic forces depending on their anatomic location. Pulsatile shear stress (PS) is defined by laminar flow and is predominantly located in straight vascular regions, while disturbed or oscillatory shear stress (OS) is localized to branch points and bifurcations. Such flow patterns have become a central focus of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, because the focal distribution of endothelial dysfunction corresponds to regions exposed to OS, whereas endothelial homeostasis is maintained in regions defined by PS. Deciphering the mechanotransduction events that occur in ECs in response to differential flow patterns has required the innovation of multidisciplinary approaches in both in vitro and in vivo systems. The results from these studies have identified a multitude of shear stress-regulated molecular networks in the endothelium that are implicated in health and disease. This review outlines the significance of scientific findings generated in collaboration with Dr. Shu Chien.
A study on the design of propulsion/levitation/guidance integrated DSLIM with non-symmetric structure
Authors: Seo Kyo-Young , Park Chan-Bae , Jeong Geochul , Lee Jae-Bum , Kim Taehyung , Lee Hyung-Woo
Published: February 2020

Research on the magnetic levitation driving system of Hyperloop which has emerged as the next new vehicle is being carried out. Recently, magnetic levitation driving systems use EMS (Electro-Magnetic Suspension) and EDS (Electro-Dynamic Suspension) methods, and both EMS and EDS methods use two or more systems for propulsion/levitation/guidance. However, using two or more driving systems cause complexity of structure of whole system and increase significantly maintenance costs. Therefore, to solve these problems, this study proposed the concept and structure of Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor (DSLIM) that can be generating propulsion/levitation/guidance in one system, and carried out basic design and performance analysis by analyzing the design requirements of DSLIM. In addition, a detailed design through the selection of design parameters and analysis of characteristics that significantly affect the output characteristics was carried out to derive a performance improvement model for DSLIM.
Atomistic study on the pressure dependence of the melting point of NdFe12
Authors: Skelland C. , Westmoreland S. C. , Ostler T. , Evans R. F. L. , Chantrell R. W. , Yano M. , Shoji T. , Kato A. , Ito M. , Winklhofer M. , Zimanyi G. , Fischbacher J. , Schrefl T. , Hrkac G.
Published: February 2020

We investigated, using molecular dynamics, how pressure affects the melting point of the recently theorised and epitaxially grown structure NdFe12. We modified Morse potentials using experimental constants and a genetic algorithm code, before running two-phase solid-liquid coexistence simulations of NdFe12 at various temperatures and pressures. The refitting of the Morse potentials allowed us to significantly improve the accuracy in predicting the melting temperature of the constituent elements.
A self-propelled flexible plate with a Navier slip surface
Authors: Wang Shuai , Ryu Jaeha , He Guo-Qiang , Qin Fei , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: February 2020

The hydrodynamics of a three-dimensional self-propelled flexible plate with a Navier slip surface was explored in an effort to assess its role in the hydrodynamics of a slip boundary that mimics the mucus layer. The Navier slip arises when the component of the tangential velocity at a wall is proportional to the strain. The immersed boundary method was employed to simulate the flow. For comparison, simulations were also performed with the no-slip condition. The clamped leading edge of the flexible plate was forced into a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the vertical direction but was free to move in the horizontal direction. For validation of the results obtained with the Navier slip, experiments were performed on a solid surface with a seaweed covering. The average cruising speed (ŪC), the input power (P¯), and the propulsion efficiency (η) of the plate were determined as a function of the flapping frequency (f) to characterize its kinematics. The drag reduction due to the Navier slip was determined by examining the changes in the powers resulting from its effects on the Lagrangian momentum forces. The reduction in the power in the tangential direction due to the Navier slip condition is greater than that in the normal direction. The effects of the Navier slip on the force (F), power (P), and propulsion performance of the plate were evaluated. The hydrodynamic benefits of the slip condition for a self-propelled flexible body were elucidated in detail.
Photoexcited organic molecules en route to highly efficient autoionization
Authors: Vempati Sesha , Bogner Lea , Richter Clemens , Deinert Jan-Christoph , Foglia Laura , Gierster Lukas , Stähler Julia
Published: February 2020

The conversion of optical and electrical energies in novel materials is key to modern optoelectronic and light-harvesting applications. Here, we investigate the equilibration dynamics of photoexcited 2,7-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-2′,7′-ditertbutyl-9,9′-spirobifluorene (SP6) molecules adsorbed on ZnO(10-10) using femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoelectron and optical spectroscopies. We find that, after initial ultrafast relaxation on femtosecond and picosecond time scales, an optically dark state is populated, likely the SP6 triplet (T) state, that undergoes Dexter-type energy transfer (rDex = 1.3 nm) and exhibits a long decay time of 0.1 s. Because of this long lifetime, a photostationary state with average T–T distances below 2 nm is established at excitation densities in the 1020 cm−2 s−1 range. This large density enables decay by T–T annihilation (TTA) mediating autoionization despite an extremely low TTA rate of kTTA = 4.5 ⋅ 10−26 m3 s−1. The large external quantum efficiency of the autoionization process (up to 15%) and photocurrent densities in the mA cm−2 range offer great potential for light-harvesting applications.
Magnetoelectric cantilever sensors under inhomogeneous magnetic field excitation
Authors: Özden Mesut-Ömür , Teplyuk Alexander , Gümüs Ömer , Meyners Dirk , Höft Michael , Gerken Martina
Published: February 2020

The behavior of strain-coupled composite magnetoelectric cantilever sensors under excitation with an inhomogeneous magnetic field is investigated. We consider a local excitation generated by a ring-shaped copper coil with one winding, variably positioned around the sensor. 3D finite-element-method simulations of the sensitivity along the longitudinal sensor axis are conducted and compared to the experimental results. The investigated sensor consists of a 2 µm thick magnetostrictive layer [(Fe90Co10)78Si12B10] and a 2 µm thick AlN piezoelectric layer on the opposite sides of a 350 µm thick silicon cantilever of 26.25 mm length and 2.45 mm width. The sensitivity along the sensor axis is investigated for three different frequencies—one below the resonance frequency, one at resonance, and one above resonance. A rich position-dependent sensitivity behavior is observed in simulations and experiments with a maximum sensitivity at ∼4 mm from the fixed end of the cantilever for all three frequencies. Below and at the resonance frequency, a monotonously decreasing sensitivity is observed toward the free end of the cantilever. For the frequency above resonance, we observe a position of zero sensitivity at ∼17 mm from the fixed end and a subsequent second maximum of sensitivity. We attribute the zero sensitivity to the destructive interference of local excitation and resonance effects.
Probing surface defects of ZnO using formaldehyde
Authors: Cao Yunjun , Luo Jie , Huang Wugen , Ling Yunjian , Zhu Junfa , Li Wei-Xue , Yang Fan , Bao Xinhe
Published: February 2020

The catalytic properties of metal oxides are often enabled by surface defects, and their characterization is thus vital to the understanding and application of metal oxide catalysts. Typically, surface defects for metal oxides show fingerprints in spectroscopic characterization. However, we found that synchrotron-radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) is difficult to probe surface defects of ZnO. Meanwhile, CO as a probe molecule cannot be used properly to identify surface defect sites on ZnO in infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Instead, we found that formaldehyde could serve as a probe molecule, which is sensitive to surface defect sites and could titrate surface oxygen vacancies on ZnO, as evidenced in both SRPES and IR characterization. Density functional theory calculations revealed that formaldehyde dissociates to form formate species on the stoichiometric ZnO(101¯0) surface, while it dissociates to formyl species on Vo sites of the reduced ZnO(101¯0) surface instead. Furthermore, the mechanism of formaldehyde dehydrogenation on ZnO surfaces was also elucidated, while the generated hydrogen atoms are found to be stored in ZnO bulk from 423 K to 773 K, making ZnO an interesting (de)hydrogenation catalyst.
Catalytic activity, water formation, and sintering: Methane activation over Co- and Fe-doped MgO nanocrystals
Authors: Niedermaier Matthias , Schwab Thomas , Kube Pierre , Zickler Gregor A. , Trunschke Annette , Diwald Oliver
Published: February 2020

Microstructure, structure, and compositional homogeneity of metal oxide nanoparticles can change dramatically during catalysis. Considering the different stabilities of cobalt and iron ions in the MgO host lattice [M. Niedermaier et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 25991 (2019)], we employed MgO nanocube powders with or without transition metal admixtures for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction to analyze characteristic differences in catalytic activity and sintering behavior. Undoped MgO nanocrystals exhibit the highest C2 selectivity and retain the nanocrystallinity of the starting material after 24 h time on stream. For the Co–Mg–O nanoparticle powder, which exhibits the highest activity and COx selectivity and where OCM-induced coarsening is strongest, we found that the Co2+ ions remain homogeneously distributed over the MgO lattice. Trivalent Fe ions migrate to the surface of Fe–Mg–O nanoparticles where they form a magnesioferrite phase (MgFe2O4) with a characteristic impact on catalytic performance: Fe–Mg–O is initially less selective than MgO despite its lower activity. An increase in C2 selectivity and a decrease in the CO2/CO ratio with time on stream are attributed to the increasing fraction of coarsened particles that become depleted in redox active Fe. Surface water is a by-product of the OCM reaction, favors mass transport across the particle surfaces, and serves as a sintering aid during catalysis. The characteristic changes in size and morphology of MgO, Co-doped, and Fe-doped MgO particles can be consistently explained by activity and C2 selectivity trends. The original morphology of the nanocubes as a starting material for the OCM reaction does not impact the catalytic activity.
Detecting current-induced quantum magnetization fluctuations with a spin-torque nano-oscillator
Authors: Wang Lianwei , Wang Yong , Xia Ke
Published: February 2020

Interactions between conduction electrons and quantum fluctuations of ferromagnetic order have seldom been observed in magnetoelectronic devices. We show that current-induced quantum magnetization fluctuations can be detected using a spin-torque nano-oscillator by measuring its linewidth at different temperatures. The relative linewidth in a special dynamic region of the device can distinguish quantum magnetization fluctuations from their thermal counterparts, which is important in understanding magnetization dynamics beyond the mean-field level in magnetoelectronic devices.
A non-isentropic model of aluminized explosives involved with the reaction degree of aluminum powder for post-detonation burning behavior
Authors: Yuan Xiaoxia , Wu Cheng , An Fengjiang , Liao Shasha , Zhou Mingxue , Shi Zhenqing , Xue Dongyu
Published: February 2020

The post-detonation burning effect of aluminum (Al) powder plays an important role during the expansion of detonation products (DPs) of aluminized explosives (AEs). Lithium fluoride (LiF) is an inert substitute for Al, and hence, a comparison of the performance of composite explosives based on cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), such as RDX/Al and RDX/LiF, clearly illustrates its contribution to accelerating ability due to Al oxidation. A series of metal plate tests is conducted to measure the velocity history of a metal plate driven by RDX/Al and RDX/LiF through a photonic Doppler velocimetry system with 5%, 15%, and 25% Al or LiF contents. The detonation and expansion process of the AEs is generally divided into two stages: the detonation zone (DZ) and the post-detonation zone (PDZ). In the DZ, the Al powder remains inert, while it absorbs the detonation energy from pure explosives. Therefore, the equivalent inert dilution model is established and the equivalent inert dilution coefficient of the Al powder is introduced. In the PDZ, the Al powder reacts with DPs, and the Al oxidation reaction results with a change in entropy related to the reaction degree of the Al powder. Based on the local isentropic assumption, as well as the function of the reaction degree of the Al powder, a non-isentropic model is established. The method of the non-linear characteristic line is applied to theoretically calculate the metal plate velocity based on the non-isentropic model. In addition, the theoretical results show good agreement with the metal plate test results with an acceptable error (less than 10%), indicating that the non-isentropic model can be effectively applied to analyze the accelerating ability of the AEs.
Large deformation of a conductive nanodroplet in a strong electric field
Authors: Nie Qichun , Huang Yongan , Yin Zhouping , Fang Haisheng
Published: February 2020

Despite their remarkable effect on printing accuracy and uniformity, charge migrations that dominate the deformation of ink droplets during electrohydrodynamic jet printing have not been widely investigated. In this work, the large deformation mechanisms of a conductive nanodroplet under a strong electric field are examined from the point of view of charge migrations. It is found that the charge migrations include the charge relaxation in the bulk of the droplet and surface charge convection at the fluid interface. A conductive nanodroplet first evolves into an ellipsoid through charge relaxation. Then, the ellipsoid is deformed by the convection of the surface charges in four modes, namely, tip streaming (mode 1), lobe formation (mode 2), finger stretching (mode 3), and dumbbell stretching (mode 4). Finally, the stretched nanodroplet is broken into secondary droplets. Modes 1, 2, and 4 are in agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, it is found that over 20% of the charges are distributed inside the bulk nanodroplet and the other charges are distributed at the surface, causing the four deformation modes. Analysis based on the electric Reynolds number (the ratio of electric field force to viscous force) and the Coulombic capillary number (the ratio of surface tension to Coulombic force) shows that the nanodroplet is prolate if the electric field force is dominant. When the Coulombic force plays a crucial role, the nanodroplet deforms into an ellipsoid with wide cones. By contrast, the nanodroplet will generate hemispherical ends if the deformation is dominated by the effect of surface tension.
Assessing aneuploidy with repetitive element sequencing
Authors: Douville Christopher , Cohen Joshua D. , Ptak Janine , Popoli Maria , Schaefer Joy , Silliman Natalie , Dobbyn Lisa , Schoen Robert E. , Tie Jeanne , Gibbs Peter , Goggins Michael , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Wang Tian-Li , Shih Ie-Ming , Karchin Rachel , Lennon Anne Marie , Hruban Ralph H. , Tomasetti Cristian , Bettegowda Chetan , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Vogelstein Bert
Published: February 2020

We report a sensitive PCR-based assay called Repetitive Element AneupLoidy Sequencing System (RealSeqS) that can detect aneuploidy in samples containing as little as 3 pg of DNA. Using a single primer pair, we amplified ∼350,000 amplicons distributed throughout the genome. Aneuploidy was detected in 49% of liquid biopsies from a total of 883 nonmetastatic, clinically detected cancers of the colorectum, esophagus, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, breast, or stomach. Combining aneuploidy with somatic mutation detection and eight standard protein biomarkers yielded a median sensitivity of 80% in these eight cancer types, while only 1% of 812 healthy controls scored positive.
Structure of a paramyxovirus polymerase complex reveals a unique methyltransferase-CTD conformation
Authors: Abdella Ryan , Aggarwal Megha , Okura Takashi , Lamb Robert A. , He Yuan
Published: February 2020

Paramyxoviruses are enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses that cause a wide spectrum of human and animal diseases. The viral genome, packaged by the nucleoprotein (N), serves as a template for the polymerase complex, composed of the large protein (L) and the homo-tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). The ∼250-kDa L possesses all enzymatic activities necessary for its function but requires P in vivo. Structural information is available for individual P domains from different paramyxoviruses, but how P interacts with L and how that affects the activity of L is largely unknown due to the lack of high-resolution structures of this complex in this viral family. In this study we determined the structure of the L–P complex from parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) at 4.3-Å resolution using cryoelectron microscopy, as well as the oligomerization domain (OD) of P at 1.4-Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. P-OD associates with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain of L and protrudes away from it, while the X domain of one chain of P is bound near the L nucleotide entry site. The methyltransferase (MTase) domain and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of L adopt a unique conformation, positioning the MTase active site immediately above the poly-ribonucleotidyltransferase domain and near the likely exit site for the product RNA 5′ end. Our study reveals a potential mechanism that mononegavirus polymerases may employ to switch between transcription and genome replication. This knowledge will assist in the design and development of antivirals against paramyxoviruses.
Exploring the effects of web-based communication tasks on the development and transferability of audience awareness in
L2 writers
Authors: Sasaki Miyuki , Baba Kyoko , Nitta Ryo , Matsuda Paul Kei
Published: February 2020

This article reports on two quasi-experimental studies that investigated the possible development and transfer of
audience awareness in novice EFL writers as they engaged in online writing tasks through a Social Networking Service (SNS).
Japanese students from two universities were asked to write, read, and comment on other students’ writing once a week. The two
studies were arranged sequentially so as to capture in an exploratory but jointly illuminating manner whether and how the
“elusive” (Hyland, 2005) construct of “sense of audience” can develop and transfer
across genres. The results of both studies suggest that the SNS environment can help L2 writers develop audience awareness and
transfer that awareness across genres when two conditions are met: (1) the genre of the SNS tasks should be perceived as similar
to that for which transfer was expected; and (2) the students did not develop a sense of audience in previous writing
instruction.
Anti-scope prefix order and zero-marked obliques
Authors: Baker Brett , Harvey Mark
Published: February 2020

A number of indigenous languages of northern Australia have complex systems of noun class prefixation
incorporating the formal realization of case or topicality, as well as class. The markers of case and topicality occur inside the
marking of class, in an unexpected position according to considerations of scope. In addition, where case is marked, zero marking
is associated with oblique case roles while core roles are associated with substantive marking; again, an unexpected pattern given
universals of case expression. We present evidence for the diachronic development of these noun class prefixation systems from an
older system of demonstratives prefixed for class via a grammaticalization path: demonstrative > topic article > topic
prefix. The class/topic prefixes then developed into class/case-marking prefixes through frequency correlations between topic,
case, animacy and humanness. All stages in our reconstructed pathway are attested by extant languages.
The influence of first language at the semantics–pragmatic interface
Authors: Zhang Lulu
Published: February 2020

Definite and demonstrative determiners in English share the same central semantics of uniqueness (e.g.,Hawkins, 1991;Ionin, Baek, Kim, Ko, & Wexler, 2012;Wolter, 2006), but the computation of the semantics is constrained by different discourse conditions and determined by pragmatic knowledge, which pertains to the interface between semantics and pragmatics. This paper investigates whether L2 learners may have persistent difficulty in acquiring properties involving the semantics-pragmatics interface, by exploring the acquisition of L2 English definite and demonstrative determiners by advanced and near-native L1 Chinese learners of English. It also examines whether acquisition results are influenced by the learners’ L1 Chinese, which lacks an article system but allows demonstrative determiners. The results from a forced-choice written task show that advanced learners were unable to distinguish between the two determiners in different discourse conditions; near-native-level L1 Chinese learners displayed a native-like preference for the definite determiner, but not for the demonstrative determiner. It is argued that convergence at the semantics-pragmatics interface is not impossible for L2 learners, but (un)acquirability may be constrained by asymmetries in the L1–L2 realizations of semantics-pragmatics mappings. The findings raise interesting questions for future research into factors that can influence the acquisition of external interfaces.
Increasing Buprenorphine access for Veterans with Opioid use Disorder in Rural Clinics using Telemedicine
Authors: Brunet Nicole , Moore David T. , Lendvai Wischik Dora , Mattocks Kristin M. , Rosen Marc I.
Published: February 2020

Background: Having prescribers use clinical video teleconferencing (telemedicine) to prescribe buprenorphine to people with opioid use disorder (OUD) has shown promise but its implementation is challenging. We describe barriers, facilitators and lessons learned while implementing a system to remotely prescribe buprenorphine to Veterans in rural settings. Methods: We conducted a quality improvement project aimed at increasing the availability of medications for OUD (MOUD) to Veterans. This project focused on tele-prescribing buprenorphine to rural sites via a hub (centralized prescribers) and spoke (rural clinics) model. After soliciting a wide-range of inputs from site visits, qualitative interviews of key stakeholders at rural sites, and review of preliminary cases, a “how-to” toolkit was developed and iteratively refined to guide tele-prescribing of buprenorphine. After internal and external facilitation strategies were employed, Veterans with OUD at three clinics were transitioned to buprenorphine treatment via telemedicine. Results: Factors impacting adoption of the tele-prescribing intervention were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) constructs. Barriers to adoption included concerns about legality of tele-prescribing a controlled substance, conflicting interests between different stakeholders, and coordination with an existing buprenorphine program requiring more attendance and abstinence from Veterans than the tele-prescribing program required. Factors facilitating adoption included a sense of mission around combating the opioid epidemic, preexisting use of and comfort with tele-prescribing, and rural sites’ control over Veterans referred to tele-prescribers. A total of 12 patients from rural areas were successfully transitioned onto buprenorphine, of whom 9 remained on buprenorphine 6 months after initiation of treatment. Conclusions: Implementing tele-prescribing was negotiated with stakeholders at the target clinics and operationalized in a toolkit to guide future efforts. Implementation issues can be addressed by activities that foster collaboration between hubs (centralized prescribers) and spokes (rural clinics) and by a toolkit that operationalizes tele-prescribing procedures.
Evaluation of auditory disability and cochlear functions in industrial workers exposed to occupational noise
Authors: Soylemez Emre , Mujdeci Banu
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate cochlear functions and auditory disability in industrial workers exposed to occupational noise (IWEON).

Method

A total of 30 normal hearing male workers (mean age: 34.2 ± 6.7; range: 24–50) who were actively working in the metal industry for at least 5 years and 30 healthy male subjects (mean age: 31.9 ± 8.3; range: 23–49) without occupational noise exposure were included in the study. Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and Turkish version of Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap (T-AIADH) was applied to all subjects.

Results

DPOAEs at 3 and 4 kHz of the IWEON group was significantly lower than the control group (p < .05). IWEON group also was worse than the control group in terms of speech and music intelligibility in the T-AIADH (p < .05).

Conclusions

Minimal damage of the outer hair cells may cause poor speech and music intelligibility. T-AIADH and DPOAE may be used as a screening test in routine practice for early diagnosis of minimal cochlear damage.
Heparan sulfate and clusterin: Cleaning squad for extracellular protein degradation
Authors: Sánchez-Martín Pablo , Komatsu Masaaki
Published: February 2020

The mechanisms of quality control for extracellular proteins are still poorly understood. In this issue, Itakura et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201911126) show that upon binding to misfolded proteins, the extracellular chaperone clusterin is internalized via the heparan sulfate receptor to undergo lysosomal degradation.
MapPIng PI inside cells brings new light to polyphosphoinositide biology
Authors: Drin Guillaume
Published: February 2020

It is unclear how phosphatidylinositol (PI), the precursor of polyphosphoinositides, is distributed within cell membranes. Pemberton et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201906130) and Zewe et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201906127) describe new approaches to map the subcellular PI abundance and clarify how polyphosphoinositide metabolism relates to PI distribution.
Transforming growth factor–β in tissue fibrosis
Authors: Frangogiannis Nikolaos G.
Published: February 2020

TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of proteases, integrins, and specialized extracellular matrix molecules. Although fibroblasts are major targets of TGF-β, some fibrogenic actions may reflect activation of other cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. TGF-β–driven fibrosis is mediated through Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways and is modulated by coreceptors and by interacting networks. This review discusses the role of TGF-β in fibrosis, highlighting mechanisms of TGF-β activation and signaling, the cellular targets of TGF-β actions, and the challenges of therapeutic translation.
Calibration, Coherence, and Consilience in Radiometric Measures of Geologic Time
Authors: Bokulich Alisa
Published: February 2020

In 2012, the Geological Time Scale, which sets the temporal framework for studying the timing and tempo of all major geological, biological, and climatic events in Earth’s history, had one-quarter of its boundaries moved in a widespread revision of radiometric dates. The philosophy of metrology helps us understand this episode, and it, in turn, elucidates the notions of calibration, coherence, and consilience. I argue that coherence testing is a distinct activity preceding calibration and consilience, and I highlight the value of discordant evidence and trade-offs scientists face in calibration. The iterative nature of calibration, moreover, raises the problem of legacy data.
Amorphous optical coatings of present gravitational-wave interferometers*
Authors: Granata M , Amato A , Balzarini L , Canepa M , Degallaix J , Forest D , Dolique V , Mereni L , Michel C , Pinard L , Sassolas B , Teillon J , Cagnoli G
Published: February 2020

We report on the results of an extensive campaign of optical and mechanical characterization of the ion-beam sputtered oxide layers (Ta2O5, TiO2, Ta2O5–TiO2, SiO2) within the high-reflection coatings of the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors: refractive index, thickness, optical absorption, composition, density, internal friction and elastic constants have been measured; the impact of deposition rate and post-deposition annealing on coating internal friction has been assessed. For Ta2O5 and SiO2 layers, coating internal friction increases with the deposition rate, whereas the annealing treatment either erases or largely reduces the gap between samples with different deposition history. For Ta2O5–TiO2 layers, the reduction of internal friction due to TiO2 doping becomes effective only if coupled with annealing. All measured samples showed a weak dependence of internal friction on frequency [ϕ
c(f) = af

b
, with −0.208 < b < 0.140 depending on the coating material considered]. SiO2 films showed a mode-dependent loss branching, likely due to spurious losses at the coated edge of the samples. The reference loss values of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo input (ITM) and end (ETM) mirror HR coatings have been updated by using our estimated value of Young’s modulus of Ta2O5–TiO2 layers (120 GPa) and are about 10% higher than previous estimations.
Entanglement entropy of physical states in hypercuboidally truncated spin foam quantum gravity
Authors: Bahr Benjamin
Published: February 2020

In this article we consider physical states in the hypercuboidal truncation of the EPRL-FK spin foam model for Euclidean quantum gravity. In particular, these states are defined on graphs which allow considering the entanglement entropy (EE) associated to the bipartition of space. We compute the EE numerically for some examples, and find that it depends on the coupling constant α within the theory, which has recently been introduced in the face amplitude. We also find that there appears a maximum of the EE within the region of the coupling constant containing the non-Gaussian fixed point of the RG flow of the truncated model. We discuss the relation of this behaviour with the restoration of diffeomorphism symmetry at the fixed point.
Photonic architecture for reinforcement learning
Authors: Flamini Fulvio , Hamann Arne , Jerbi Sofiène , Trenkwalder Lea M , Nautrup Hendrik Poulsen , Briegel Hans J
Published: February 2020

The last decade has seen an unprecedented growth in artificial intelligence and photonic technologies, both of which drive the limits of modern-day computing devices. In line with these recent developments, this work brings together the state of the art of both fields within the framework of reinforcement learning. We present the blueprint for a photonic implementation of an active learning machine incorporating contemporary algorithms such as SARSA, Q-learning, and projective simulation. We numerically investigate its performance within typical reinforcement learning environments, showing that realistic levels of experimental noise can be tolerated or even be beneficial for the learning process. Remarkably, the architecture itself enables mechanisms of abstraction and generalization, two features which are often considered key ingredients for artificial intelligence. The proposed architecture, based on single-photon evolution on a mesh of tunable beamsplitters, is simple, scalable, and a first integration in quantum optical experiments appears to be within the reach of near-term technology.
Stackable luminescent device integrating blue light emitting diode with red organic light emitting diode*
Authors: Su Kang , Li Jing , Ge Chang , Lu Xing-Dong , Li Zhi-Cong , Wang Guo-Hong , Li Jin-Min
Published: February 2020

We present a novel stackable luminescent device integrating a blue light emitting diode (LED) with a red organic LED (OLED) in series. The anode of the OLED is connected with the cathode of the LED through a via in the insulation layer on the LED. The LED–OLED hybrid device is electroluminescent and two electroluminescence (EL) peaks (the blue peak around 454 nm and the red peak around 610 nm) are observed clearly. The effect of the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer on the device performance is analyzed. Compared with the individual LED and OLED, their combination shows great potential applications in the field of white lighting, plant lighting, and display.
Nanofabrication of 50 nm zone plates through e-beam lithography with local proximity effect correction for x-ray imaging*
Authors: Zhu Jingyuan , Zhang Sichao , Xie Shanshan , Xu Chen , Zhang Lijuan , Tao Xulei , Ren Yuqi , Wang Yudan , Deng Biao , Tai Renzhong , Chen Yifang
Published: February 2020

High resolution Fresnel zone plates for nanoscale three-dimensional imaging of materials by both soft and hard x-rays are increasingly needed by the broad applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology. When the outmost zone-width is shrinking down to 50 nm or even below, patterning the zone plates with high aspect ratio by electron beam lithography still remains a challenge because of the proximity effect. The uneven charge distribution in the exposed resist is still frequently observed even after standard proximity effect correction (PEC), because of the large variety in the line width. This work develops a new strategy, nicknamed as local proximity effect correction (LPEC), efficiently modifying the deposited energy over the whole zone plate on the top of proximity effect correction. By this way, 50 nm zone plates with the aspect ratio from 4 : 1 up to 15 : 1 and the duty cycle close to 0.5 have been fabricated. Their imaging capability in soft (1.3 keV) and hard (9 keV) x-ray, respectively, has been demonstrated in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) with the resolution of 50 nm. The local proximity effect correction developed in this work should also be generally significant for the generation of zone plates with high resolutions beyond 50 nm.
A numerical study of dynamics in thin hopper flow and granular jet*
Authors: Wang Meng-Ke , Yang Guang-Hui , Zhang Sheng , Cai Han-Jie , Lin Ping , Chen Liang-Wen , Yang Lei
Published: February 2020

The dynamics of granular material discharging from a cuboid but thin hopper, including the hopper flow and granular jet, are investigated via discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The slot width is varied to study its influence on the flow. It is found the flow in the cuboid hopper has similarity with the flow in two-dimensional (2D) hopper. When the slot width is large, the flowrate is higher than the predicted value from Beverloo’s law and the velocity distribution is not Gaussian-like. For granular jet, there is a transition with varying slot width. For large slot width, there is a dense core in the jet and the variations of velocities and density are relatively small. Finally, the availability of continuum model is assessed and the results show that the performance with large slot width is better than that with small slot width.
Dark count in single-photon avalanche diodes: A novel statistical behavioral model*
Authors: Yu Wen-Juan , Zhang Yu , Xu Ming-Zhu , Lu Xin-Miao
Published: February 2020

Dark count is one of the inherent noise types in single-photon diodes, which may restrict the performances of detectors based on these diodes. To formulate better designs for peripheral circuits of such diodes, an accurate statistical behavioral model of dark current must be established. Research has shown that there are four main mechanisms that contribute to the dark count in single-photon avalanche diodes. However, in the existing dark count models only three models have been considered, thus leading to inaccuracies in these models. To resolve these shortcomings, the dark current caused by carrier diffusion in the neutral region is deduced by multiplying the carrier detection probability with the carrier particle current at the boundary of the depletion layer. Thus, a comprehensive dark current model is constructed by adding the dark current caused by carrier diffusion to the dark current caused by the other three mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dark count simulation model into which incorporated simultaneously are the thermal generation, trap-assisted tunneling, band-to-band tunneling mechanisms, and carrier diffusion in neutral regions to evaluate dark count behavior. The comparison between the measured data and the simulation results from the models shows that the proposed model is more accurate than other existing models, and the maximum of accuracy increases up to 31.48% when excess bias voltage equals 3.5 V and temperature is 50 °C.
Biofuel burning and human respiration bias on satellite estimates of fossil fuel CO2 emissions
Authors: Ciais P , Wang Y , Andrew R , Bréon F M , Chevallier F , Broquet G , Nabuurs G J , Peters G , McGrath M , Meng W , Zheng B , Tao S
Published: February 2020

The satellites that have been designed to support the monitoring of fossil fuel CO2 emissions aim to systematically measure atmospheric CO2 plumes generated by intense emissions from large cities, power plants and industrial sites. These data can be assimilated into atmospheric transport models in order to estimate the corresponding emissions. However, plumes emitted by cities and powerplants contain not only fossil fuel CO2 but also significant amounts of CO2 released by human respiration and by the burning of biofuels. We show that these amounts represent a significant proportion of the fossil fuel CO2 emissions, up to 40% for instance in cities of Nordic countries, and will thus leave some ambiguity in the retrieval of fossil fuel CO2 emissions from satellite concentration observations. Auxiliary information such as biofuel use statistics and radiocarbon measurement could help reduce the ambiguity and improve the framework of monitoring fossil fuel CO2 emissions from space.
Analysing fisheries conflict with the FishCollab ‘conflict mapping’ toolkit: lessons from Selayar, Indonesia
Authors: Abdurrahim A Y , Ross H , Adhuri D S
Published: February 2020

Fisheries conflicts often occur among coastal fishers throughout the world, especially when the condition of coastal ecosystems decreases. This paper presents a method for analysing conflicts over the utilisation of coastal resources and a route to solutions involving multiple stakeholders in achieving sustainable fisheries management. This methodwas developed and tested in a participatory study conducted with coastal communities and local government in 2016-2018 in the Selayar Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Within the participatory approach, data collection incorporated participant observation, in-depth interviews, and discussions. The conflict mapping tool identifies the direct and indirect parties to each conflict, their contexts, strengths, the underlying needs that manifest as positions, and their concerns with respect to the conflict issues. The analysis helps analysts or the parties themselves to look for common interests, and to identify “win-win” possibilities and opportunities to negotiate new solutions.
Macrobenthos community structure in coral reef ecosystem around Pramuka Island, Jakarta
Authors: Amfa M O , Abdurrahman M I , Hidayat S A , Situmeang G L , Farwati N , Yudha F K
Published: February 2020

Macrobenthos are organisms that live crawling, sessile, and digging holes in substrates such as sand, silt, rock, coral fragments, or dead coral. Benthos have low mobility, easy to catch, have a long life, and sensitive to some pollutants so that it can mean that benthic community structure can be used as a parameter of condition the current ecosystem of a particular area and also as information about wealth contained in the aquatic area. The study was conducted on 6-14 September 2018 in the Pramuka Island area, Kepulauan Seribu district, Indonesia. The collection of ecological data was carried out at seven different observation stations. Along with the rapid development of facilities on this island, there are threats both directly and indirectly to the preservation of the coral reef ecosystem around the Pramuka Island. The method used in collecting macrobenthos data is the Belt Transect method and collecting diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, and density. During the observation at the seven observation stations, 94 species of the seven macrobenthos phylum with the highest phylum were found, namely the Chordata phylum. The species most commonly found is Atriolum robustum. Diversity Index at each station in shallow depth and in the medium category. The evenness value obtained indicates a stable community condition. The highest index of dominance occurred at Pramuka Island Dock. Macrobenthos conditions from seven observation stations on Pramuka Island and its surroundings are still relatively good.
Study on the medium effect for the growth rate of Spirulina, Arthrospira platensis in natural seawater
Authors: Aung U S T
Published: February 2020

Spirulina,Arthrospira platensis, is the most important microalgae for the production of biomass as health food for human and animal food. In this experiment, the growth rates ofA. platensiswere tested at seven different media (F-2 with CaCO3, F-2 with NaHCO3, Z-1 with CaCO3, Z-1 with NaHCO3, Z-2 with NaHCO3, urea and T-super with NaHCO3, and PES with NaHCO3) at pH 9 to 10 and salinity 30%0. The culture was started at the optical density (OD) 0.20 and the experimental period was ended after 10 days in the laboratory room. Among the media urea and T-super with sodium bicarbonate were recorded the best. The optimum growth ofA. platensis(OD 0.69) was observed in urea and T-super with sodium bicarbonate. In addition, urea and T-super with sodium bicarbonate gave rise to the maximum growth ofA. platensisand then followed by Z-1 medium with NaHCO3and PES medium with NaHCO3. The minimum OD 0.44 was recorded in F-2 medium by using CaCO3. The results of present investigation revealed the potential use of seawater with some nutrients for laboratory culture ofA. platensis.
Biological aspect of double-spined rock lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) in Wonogiri Regency waters, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Beni  , Zairion  , Wardiatno Y
Published: February 2020

Spiny lobsters (Panulirus spp.) are an economically important species in the fishery industry and continuously being exploited, particularly in the South of Java. Lobsters in Wonogiri Regency waters have decreased in number, and the average size lobsters caught is also getting smaller. Double-spined rock lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) is the dominant species caught by the fishermen but has limited biological information. The objective of this study is to identify several factors affecting double-spined rock lobster (P. penicillatus) population in terms of growth parameters, mortality rates, and exploitation rates. This study was conducted in August 2018-January 2019. The analysis uses the FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool (FISAT II) program. The growth rates (K) of P. penicillatus male and female lobsters are 0.32 year-1and 0.37 year-1. The mortality rates (Z) 2.35 year-1for males and 2.84 year-1for females. The exploitation rate of males 0.77 and females 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. It has exceeded the optimal level (0.5) and reached overfishing value. The management of lobster fisheries needs to be done by several approaches, including a reduction of fishing efforts and prohibited from catching lobster in berry (with eggs) conditions to sustain their population naturally.