bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
154 Reduction of particle size of field peas increases net energy and digestibility of starch when fed to growing pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H , Nyachoti Martin
Published: May 2024

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size of field peas and location of production may affect the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and net energy (NE). One source of peas from the U.S., and two sources from Canada were procured. The U.S. peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the two Canadian peas were ground to 411 and 415 µm, respectively. A basal diet containing corn and soybean meal as the sources of energy, starch, and AA, and five diets containing corn and soybean meal and 50% of each source of peas were formulated. Pigs were fed the same diets in Exp. 1 and 2, but an N-free diet was also used in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, barrows [n = 7; initial body weight (BW) = 60.6 kg; SD = 2.1] that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven diets and seven periods. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed for Cr and AA. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 24; initial BW = 30.8 kg; SD = 1.0) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six calorimetry chambers and six periods. To determine NE, feces and urine were quantitatively collected and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured. In both Exp. 1 and 2, the statistical model included diet as the main effect and pairwise comparisons were used to separate the means. Contrast coefficients were also used to determine linear effects of particle size within the U.S. peas. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the SID of AA was not influenced by the origin of the peas or by particle size, except that the SID of Arg was linearly (P = 0.042) increased (Table 1) as particle size of U.S. field peas was reduced. The AID of starch in the U.S. peas ground to 265 µm was greater (P < 0.05) than in the two Canadian sources, and the AID of starch and NE in diets were linearly (P < 0.001) increased as particle size was reduced. The NE in U.S. peas ground to 678 µm was less (P < 0.05) than in all other pea samples. In conclusion, AID of starch, SID of AA, and NE did not differ between field peas grown in Canada and peas grown in the U.S., but reducing the particle size of field peas resulted in improved digestibility of starch and energy by pigs.
198 Evaluation of zinc source and concentration on growth performance of nursery swine
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: May 2024

Trace minerals (TM) supplementation in swine diets can negatively interact with other nutrients. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) mutually inhibit their intestinal absorption; thus, limiting their bioavailability. Recent peer-reviewed work has suggested that nursery pigs fed a diet supplemented with increased Zn experienced impaired Cu metabolism, negatively impacting growth performance. However, it has been demonstrated that mitigation of antagonisms might be possible with the use of organic TM supplemented at decreased concentrations. To validate these findings, a total of 2,629 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 6.2 kg] were used in a 37-d experiment. Pens of 36 pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 9 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to contain 1 of 4 Zn sources: Zn Sulfate, Zn Hydroxychloride A (Intellibond Zn [Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN), Zn Hydroxychloride B [Zn Hydroxychloride (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY)] or Organic Zn [Bioplex Zn (Alltech, Inc)] at 1 of 2 concentrations: 125 or 250 ppm. The concentrations utilized for Organic Zn treatment were 62.5 or 125 ppm per published recommendations. Experimental diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 21 and phase 2 from d 22 to 37. Added Cu in both dietary phases was 10 ppm. At d 37, serum and liver samples (data not showed) were collected from 1 barrow per pen and submitted to Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to determine Zn and Cu concentration. No significant source × concentration interactions were observed for growth performance in this study. From d 0 to 37, pigs fed the greatest Zn concentration had less (P = 0.040) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and marginally decreased (P = 0.060) average daily gain (ADG), despite Zn source (Table 1). In addition, a marginal improvement (P = 0.070) in gain to feed ratio (G:F) was observed in pigs fed diets containing Organic Zn, regardless of concentration. For mineral concentrations in serum, there was a marginally significant source × concentration interaction (P = 0.078), where pigs fed diets with 125 ppm of Zn Hydroxychloride B had one of the greatest Zn concentrations, yet it was drastically reduced when pigs were fed diets with 250 ppm. Furthermore, Cu concentration in serum was decreased (P = 0.045) in pigs fed the greatest concentration of Zn, despite source. In conclusion, these results suggest that greater dietary Zn concentration impaired Cu absorption, reduced feed intake, and marginally decreased growth. Organic Zn, included at 50% reduced concentrations, marginally improved feed efficiency.
196 Effects of zinc source and level in low ABC-4 diets on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Riedmüller Jonathan , Monteiro Alessandra , Zentek Jürgen , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D
Published: May 2024

Incorporating pharmacological levels of Zn in nursery pig diets is a well-recognized practice for reducing post-weaning diarrhea, enhancing growth performance, and enhancing gut health. We hypnotized that the use of a specific form of ZnO (small aggregates and agglomerated particles; SAAP), which provides a greater antibacterial property than standard ZnO, could be added at reduced levels without compromising piglet performance. This study aimed to explore the effects of different levels of SAAP Zn source (HiZox, Animine, France) in low ABC-4 diets with low or high CP content. A total of 360 weanling barrows [DNA 200 × 400, initial body weight (BW) = 5.9 ± 0.4 kg] were used in a 38-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens assigned to 1 of 6 treatments with 12 pens/treatment. The experiment consisted of phase 1 from d 0 to 10, phase 2 from d 11 to 24, and phase 3 from d 25 to 38. Treatments consisted in a negative control (NC), which had 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) throughout the experiment and the remaining treatments were: positive control (PC) containing 3,000 ppm (phase 1) and 2,000 ppm (phase 2) of Zn provided by ZnO; low-HiZox containing 500 ppm (phase 1) and 300 ppm (phase 2) of Zn; low-HiZox-low-CP was similar to low-HiZox but contained less CP (19.3%) than the NC, PC, low and high-HiZox diets (21.3%); high-HiZox containing 800 ppm (phase 1) and 500 ppm (phase 2) of Zn; and high-HiZox-low-CP was similar to high-HiZox but contained 19.3% CP. In phase 3, all pigs were fed a common diet containing 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) and high CP. For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P = 0.007) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P = 0.018) increased as HiZox increased (Table). Pigs fed high-HiZox-low-CP had poorer gain to feed ratio (G:F; P < 0.05) than NC, PC, low-HiZox, and high-HiZox. Additionally, in both experimental and overall periods, pigs fed diets with low CP had decreased G:F (P = 0.043) than those fed the same Zn levels but with high CP. Overall, pigs fed high-HiZox-low-CP had decreased G:F than pigs fed high-HiZox only (732 vs. 761 g/kg, respectively; P < 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. For fecal dry matter (DM), pigs fed low CP diets had greater (P = 0.008) DM compared with pigs fed high CP. Thus, the inclusion of HiZox at 800 and 500 ppm in phases 1 and 2, respectively, in a low-ABC-4 diet might be a strategy to reduce the use of pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO in nursery diets.
199 Phytosorb improves feed efficiency in pigs of two different commercial Duroc sire lines in late finishing compared with tri-basic copper chloride
Authors: Kwon Woong Bi , England Steve J , Hartsook Greg , Aparachita Pornpim , Soltwedel Kevin , Fischer Robert , Sandberg Fredrik
Published: May 2024

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether Phytosorb could replace tribasic copper chloride in grow-finish rations with equal or better performance, and evaluate this in two Duroc sire lines. A total of 1,080 growing pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 35.3 ± 1.05 kg) from DNA female with 2 different sire lines (A and B) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 27 pigs in each pen and 10 replicate pens per treatment. The 2 dietary treatments were 1) standard diet with an additional 150 ppm of Cu supplementation (CON); 2) standard diet without copper supplementation + 0.45 kg of Phytosorb (PHY) a source of natural flavors and soy lecithin. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded by pen on d 0, 21, 35, 49, 64, and 77, and were used to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). After d 77, an equal number of pigs from each pen were weighed and marketed over 5 individual cuts. Data were used to calculate all parameters and were analyzed using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. The initial model included treatment, genetics (sire lines), and the interaction between treatment and genetics, however, the interaction was excluded in the final model due to being non-significant on the response criteria. Results indicated that ADG was greater (P < 0.05) and ADFI tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in pigs fed CON compared with pigs fed PHY from d 0 to 64 Table 1). G:F was greater (+5.9%, P < 0.05) from d 64 to 77, and G:F tended (+3.8%, P < 0.10) to be greater from d 64 to market weight (MKT; approximately 104 to - 134 kg BW) in pigs fed PHY compared with pigs fed CON. For the overall finishing phase (approx. 35.5 to 134 kg BW), ADG tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed CON compared with pigs fed PHY but no differences in ADFI and G:F were observed. For genetics, there were G:F differences (P < 0.05, respectively) between sire line A and B from d 0 to 64, d 64 to MKT, and d 77 to MKT and overall finishing phase. Phytosorb was not able to replace copper in early finishing; the response during this phase was what we would expect copper to do. In late finishing, however, these results demonstrate that Phytosorb may give equal ADG, with an improved G:F ratio leading to an improved cost per kg of gain as compared with feeding tribasic copper chloride. This feeding strategy would support environmental sustainability by reducing the usage of copper in finishing diets.
202 Source matters: long-term effects of nursery sanitary condition and dietary Zinc source and level on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and carcass metrics of pigs
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas , Cornelison Alyssa S , Schweer Wesley , Kramer Ton , Langer Stefan , Socha Mike , Chaves Rhuan F , Cantarelli Vinicius
Published: May 2024

There is growing evidence that requirements for particular nutrients increase when pigs are kept under low sanitary conditions (LSC). It may be hypothesized that dietary zinc (Zn) source can exert influence on immune status, which may influence resistance to subclinical and clinical diseases. The objective was to investigate the long-term effects of nursery sanitary condition and dietary Zn source and growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and carcass metrics of pigs. An experiment was performed with 480 mixed-sex weanling pigs (initial body weight = 6.4 ± 0.38 kg) which were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments during the nursery (42 d) as follows: 1) pigs housed in high sanitary conditions (HSC) and fed 50 mg/kg Zn from Zn-amino acid complex (ZnAA), pigs housed in LSC and fed either 2) 50 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA, 3) 100 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA, 4) 100 mg/kg Zn and 0.4 mg/kg chromium (Cr) from Zn+Cr-amino acid complex (Zn+CrAA), or 5) 100 mg/kg Zn from inorganic Zn (ZnSO4). Pigs were then placed onto a common grower (42 d) and finisher (42 d) diets and housed under similar, standard conditions and were monitored until slaughter. Growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and carcass characteristics were assessed. Pigs housed in LSC and fed 100 mg/kg from ZnSO4 had less average daily feed intake (ADFI) during wk 1 and 2 of nursery (0.29 vs. 0.33 ± 0.01 kg/d; P < 0.05) and poorer feed to gain (FGR) during wk 3 and 4 of nursery (1.76 vs. 1.54 ± 0.03 kg/kg; P < 0.05), compared with the other groups. Overall nursery FGR was poorer in pigs housed in LSC and fed 100 mg/kg from ZnSO4 compared with the other groups housed in LSC (1.63 vs. 1.54 ± 0.02 kg/kg; P < 0.05). Diarrhea incidence tended to increase in all groups housed in LSC compared with the group housed in HSC during week 1 of nursery (91.1 vs. 80.4 ± 3.11%; P < 0.10), while no effect on diarrhea incidence was observed during the subsequent week (P > 0.10). Slaughter weight was increased in pigs housed in LSC and fed 100 mg/kg Zn and 0.4 mg/kg Cr from Zn+CrAA compared with pigs housed in LSC and fed 100 mg/kg from ZnSO4 (123.4 vs. 120.1 ± 0.63 kg; P < 0.05). Housing pigs in LSC during the nursery seems to trigger negative effects on growth performance and diarrhea incidence during nursery only, but these effects do not seem to be translated into the grower and finisher phases. Feeding ZnAA and Zn+CrAA aid the pigs in responding to LSC during nursery and may be an approach to help minimize negative effects of immune system stimulation.
201 The effects of the supplementation of a Zinc-amino acid complex in pig nursery diets with differing pharmacological levels of zinc oxide and complexity
Authors: Schweer Wesley , Cornelison Alyssa S , Socha Mike , Williams Todd E , Rodrigues Lucas
Published: May 2024

Diet complexity (DC), which has significance in nursery pig production, generally refers to a greater number of highly digestible ingredients. Increased DC may have even greater significance in scenarios of reduction or withdrawal of zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery diets. The objectives were to determine 1) the impact of adding Zn-amino acid complex (Zinpro ProPath Zn) to mid- (MC) and low-complexity (LC) diets on nursery pig performance and health compared with a high complexity (HC) diet, and 2) the impact of Zinpro ProPath Zn in diets with and without pharmacologic levels of ZnO. A total of 2,400 mixed-sex weanling pigs [initial body (BW) weight = 5.79 ± 0.15 kg] were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments during nursery (42 d) as follows: 1) HC; MC diet with 2) MC+ZnO) or without 3) MC-ZnO) pharmacologic ZnO; and LC diet with 4) LC+ZnO) or without 5) LC-ZnO) pharmacologic ZnO. All diets except HC were supplemented with Zinpro ProPath Zn (125 mg/kg Zn) and ZnO [3,000, 2,000, and 0 mg/kg Zn during Phases I (14 d), II (14 d) and III (14 d), respectively]. Different DC were achieved by manipulating the inclusion of spray-dried plasma, soy protein concentrate, and whey protein. Growth performance, onset of feed intake, fecal dry matter, number of injectable treatments administered, and serum acute-phase response were assessed. Pigs fed HC (20.0 kg) had greater final BW (FBW) compared with pigs fed MC-ZnO (18.8 kg), which had greater FBW compared with pigs fed LC-ZnO (17.5 kg; SEM = 0.34; P < 0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater in pigs fed HC (0.46 kg/d) compared with MC-ZnO (0.43 kg/d) and LC+ZnO (0.42 kg/d), which had greater ADFI compared with LC-ZnO (0.39 kg/d; SEM = 0.01; P < 0.05). Similarly, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were greater in pigs fed HC (0.33 kg/d, 0.72 kg/kg, respectively) compared with pigs fed LC (0.27 kg/d, 0.67 kg/kg, respectively), regardless of ZnO (SEM = 0.01; P < 0.05). There was no effect of dietary treatments on the fecal dry matter or on the onset of feed intake of pigs (P > 0.10). The number of injectable treatments administered was greatest in LC-ZnO (62.7%), followed by LC+ZnO (50.6%), MC regardless of ZnO (44.0%), and HC (36.7%; SEM = 1.04; P < 0.05). Serum alkaline phosphatase was less in LC-ZnO than the other groups (229.8 vs. 280.9 ± 11.9 IU/L; P < 0.05). Taken together, feeding HC diets during the nursery appears to be effective in improving performance and health of pigs, particularly when compared with MC and LC diets without ZnO. Moreover, the addition of Zinpro ProPath Zn may partially attenuate the negative effects of ZnO removal in MC, but not LC, diets.
138 Growth performance and physiological response of nursery pigs fed a high canola meal diet with acidifiers
Authors: McClellan Katlyn A , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Weaver Eric , Levesque Crystal L , Hong Jinsu
Published: May 2024

This study investigated the impact of feed additives aimed at reducing gut pH on the growth performance and physiological responses of nursery pigs when fed a high canola meal (CM) diet. A total of 315 nursery pigs, 6.0 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW), were allotted to one of five dietary treatments with 9 replicates (7 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were PC: corn-soybean meal-based diet with 20% CM, NC: corn-soybean meal-based diet with 40% CM; NC+A: NC diet with acidifier at 1,500 ppm, NC+B: NC diet with encapsulated butyrate at 500 ppm, and NC+A+B: NC diet with acidifier and encapsulated butyrate. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of NRC (2012). All pigs received a common Phase 1 nursery diet during week 1 following weaning. Experimental diets were provided in Phase 2 (wk 2 and 3) and Phase 3 (wk 4 to 6). Individual pig BW and pen feed consumption were measured for each phase to calculate growth performance. At the conclusion of each phase, blood samples were collected from one pig per pen for analysis of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations. The selected pig was euthanized within 24 h, and its organ weights and pH of digesta were measured. The results were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS with the pen as an experimental unit. There was no difference in BW and average daily gain throughout the overall period. However, PC treatment exhibited greater (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake in phase 3 by 18.2% and overall period by 13.4% compared with NC treatment and no difference with NC+A+B treatment. The NC+A and NC+A+B treatments tended to improve (P ≤ 0.10) gain to feed ratio in phase 3 by 17.9% and overall period by 16.1% compared with PC treatment, respectively. At the end of phase 3, the PC treatment tended (P < 0.10) to have greater serum T4 concentrations compared with NC and NC+A treatments (3.2 vs 2.5 and 2.4 ug/dL, respectively), whereas there was no difference between PC and NC+A+B treatments. In phase 3, the thyroid gland weight for PC treatment was less (P < 0.05) than for NC treatment (0.156 vs 0.202 g/kg), whereas there was no difference among PC, NC+B, and NC+A+B treatments. In phase 3, dietary encapsulated butyrate decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of jejunal digesta compared with PC treatment (6.28 vs 7.01), and dietary encapsulated butyrate treatments (NC+B and NC+A+B) tended to decrease (P < 0.10) the pH of hind-colonic digesta compared with the pH of PC treatment by 6.2% and 7.2%. In conclusion, dietary encapsulated butyrate in combination with acidifier may alleviate thyroid dysfunction that is anti-nutritional effect of high canola meal diets.
145 Performance, postweaning diarrhea, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility responses of weanling pigs to nucleotide supplementation of low-protein diets
Authors: Lawal Abiola S , Ogunribido Tobi Z , Fu Yuechi , Adeola Olayiwola , Ajuwon Kolapo M
Published: May 2024

Feeding low protein (LP) diets to nursery pigs has been reported to improve intestinal health, reduce incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and nitrogen excretion. However, these benefits are often undermined by significant reduction in growth performance. This study evaluated the effects of low protein diets supplemented with dietary nucleotides on growth performance, post weaning diarrhea and nitrogen utilization. A total of 210 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were weaned at 21 d of age and allowed a 3-d adaptation to a common solid post weaning diet. At 24 d old, pigs were reweighed (6.02 ± 0.05 kg) and allocated to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design to give 7 replicates per treatment (n = 6 piglets per replicate). The 5 dietary treatments included i) a high protein positive control diet (PC) with 24% crude protein (CP); ii) a low protein negative control (NC) with 16% CP; iii) NC with 0.1% dietary nucleotide inclusion (NC01); iv) NC with 0.3% dietary nucleotide inclusion (NC03); and v) NC with 0.9% dietary nucleotide inclusion (NC09). All diets were corn-soybean meal based, supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and threonine, with all low protein diets (LP) additionally fortified with crystalline isoleucine, and valine to meet the ideal amino acid requirements. Diets were provided ad libitum for 35 d and weekly feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured. On d 35, blood and fecal samples were collected to determine serum metabolites and nutrient digestibility respectively. Data were analyzed by PROC GLM and orthogonal polynomial contrast of SAS. Comparison between positive and negative control diets and nucleotide levels were performed with orthogonal contrast analysis. Relative to PC, NC diet had decreased overall average daily gain (343.5 vs. 305.5 g/d), incidence of PWD (2.5 vs. 1.2 fecal consistency score), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 11.3 vs. 3.4 mg/dL) and total tract digestibility of energy (81.3 vs. 80.1 %; P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.1, respectively). Relative to PC, the NC01, NC03 and NC09 treatments had comparable average daily gain (P > 0.05) while maintaining reduced (P < 0.05) BUN and incidence of PWD. Total tract digestibility of dry matter (83.1 vs. 82.1%) and energy (81.3 vs. 80.1%) were similar between PC and NC09 treatments (P > 0.05). Crude protein reduction decreased serum glutathione (P < 0.05), but without an effect of nucleotide supplementation. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were not different across treatments (P > 0.05). Results suggest that feeding LP diets supplemented with dietary nucleotide after weaning can increase protein utilization efficiency, reduce incidence of PWD while partially ameliorating the negative effects of LP diets on growth performance.
141 Determination of the optimum standardized ileal digestible lysine for nursery pigs fed high levels of dietary fiber
Authors: Hart Morgan , Cemin Henrique S , Soto Jose A , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: May 2024

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys for nursery swine-fed high levels of dietary fiber. A total of 2,525 pigs [PIC 337 × 1050, initial body weight (BW) = 6.5 kg], placed in pens of 36 mixed-sex pigs, were used in a 42-d trial. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 replicates per treatment. Increasing dietary SID Lys concentrations of 1.14, 1.22, 1.30, 1.38, and 1.45% were obtained by blending the 1.14% and the 1.45% SID Lys diets via Big Dutchman DryExact Pro feeding system (Big Dutchman, Holland, MI). The different SID Lys levels were obtained by changing the inclusion rate of soybean meal, which ranged from 15 to 28%. The experimental diets contained sugar beet pulp and soy hulls, resulting in an NDF level of 10.5%. Experimental diets were fed for 17 d and followed by a common corn, soybean meal, and 10% DDGS diet with 1.30% SID Lys from d 17 to 42. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 17, and 42 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). From d 0 to 17, a quadratic (P < 0.05) improvement in ADG and ADFI was observed for pigs fed increasing SID Lys up to 1.38%, plateauing thereafter. Pigs fed increasing SID Lys had linearly (P = 0.001) improved G:F (Table 1). From d 17 to 42, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for differences in ADG, yet ADFI increased linearly (P = 0.004) while G:F decreased linearly (P = 0.001) for pigs previously fed increasing concentrations of SID Lys. Overall (d 0 to 42) for pigs fed increasing SID Lys, ADG and ADFI increased quadratically (P < 0.05) up to 1.38% SID Lys, whereas G:F increased linearly (P = 0.001) up to 1.45% SID Lys. Mortality and removal rate was quadratically influenced (P < 0.05) by feeding increasing SID Lys. Our findings suggest feeding weaned pigs from d 0 to 17 a diet containing 1.38% SID Lys is optimal for growth performance while minimizing mortality and removal rate.
137 Impact of dietary soybean-mediated trypsin inhibitor concentrations on nursery pig performance
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Spencer Joel D , Mendoza Omarh F , Krishnan Hari B , Miller Kayla A , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: May 2024

Antinutritional factors associated with soybeans and soy products, such as trypsin inhibitor proteins, have been shown to hinder amino acid bioavailability and, consequently, affect the growth performance of pigs. Thus, our objective was to assess the impact of dietary trypsin inhibitor units (TIU; expressed as TIU/mg of feed) on nursery pig performance and health. Sixty barrows [5.56 ± 0.65 kg body weight (BW), Camborough (1050) x 337, (PIC, Hendersonville, TN)], freshly weaned and 19 to 21 d of age were randomly selected and allotted across six dietary treatments (10 pigs/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. All pigs were individually penned with ad libitum access to water and feed. Diets were administered in two phases directly post-weaning, spanning 14 and 28 d, respectively, and the entire test period extended for 42 d. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be isocaloric, with uniform NDF and SID lysine concentrations. In both phases, TIU were incrementally adjusted by the inclusion of soybean meal, raw ground soybeans, soybean oil, and soyhulls to attain a target TIU/mg feed of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. All diets were analyzed for active TIU/mg. Pig BW and feed disappearance were measured at the start and end of each phase to compute average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fecal consistency was assessed daily in phase 1. Pig was the experimental unit and data were analyzed with the effect of diet, including the linear and quadratic contrasts, evaluating dietary TIU levels. The average analyzed TIU/mg over both diet phases were 0.38, 0.54, 1.85, 3.16, 3.90, and 5.79 TIU/mg diet, respectively. Fecal consistency scores did not differ across diets. At the end of phase 1, BW decreased from 8.7 to 6.9 kg as TIU/mg diet increased from 0.38 to 5.79 (linear P < 0.05). Similarly, by d 42, BW decreased from 25.3 to 15.5 kg with the increase in dietary TIU/mg from 0.38 to 5.79 (linear P < 0.0001). Both phase 1 and 2 showed a decrease in average daily gain (ADG) and G:F as TIU increased (linear P < 0.05). ADFI exhibited a decreasing trend in phase 1 (linear P = 0.079) and a decrease in phase 2 (linear P < 0.05) as dietary TIU increased. No quadratic responses were reported for ADG and G:F. Overall, as TIU increased, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were reduced, with 5.79 TIU/mg feed resulting in a decrease of these parameters by 8 to 22% (linear P < 0.01). In conclusion, increasing TIU levels in the diet had detrimental effects on nursery pig performance. The most significant negative impacts on growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency were observed in diets containing 3.16 to 5.79 TIU/mg feed.
136 Effects of acid-binding capacity in low-zinc diets on growth performance of weaned pigs
Authors: Landero Jose , Wang L F , Zhu Lingjun , Bergstrom Jon R , Young Malachy , Zijlstra Ruurd T
Published: May 2024

Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) of piglets remains a concern in the pork industry. Historically, PWD has been controlled with dietary solutions such as antibiotics as growth promotors and high dietary inclusion of ZnO. However, such use of antibiotics is not permitted any longer and such use of ZnO has already been banned in the EU. In the present trial, the objective was to study the effects on growth performance of acid binding capacity (ABC) as dietary solution in low zinc diets compared to control diet with high zinc. In total, 1,445 pigs (Camborough F1 female x 800 boar line; PIC Canada) were weaned at 20 ± 1 d of age, comprising of equal number of gilts and barrows, and were randomly placed into one of 50 mixed-gender pens (50% barrows and 50% gilts) in two rooms filled four d apart, for 28 or 29 pigs per pen. In total, five dietary regimes were tested during Phase 1 (d 0-7) and 2 (d 7-21): one high in Zn (2,000-3,000 ppm ZnO; 412 mEq/kg ABC-4) and 4 low in Zn (150 ppm) with incremental reductions in ABC-4 from 326 to 150 mEq/kg. Reductions in ABC-4 were accomplished using a combination of changes; added organic acids (formic, fumaric, benzoic), Ca formate to replace limestone, and a low ABC-4 soy protein concentrate to replace regular soy protein concentrate. Pigs were fed a common diet during Phase 3 (d 21-42). For each feeding phase all diets were formulated to equal net energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acids and contained phytase. At d 21, pigs fed high Zn were 1.6 kg heavier (11.3 vs 9.7 kg; P < 0.01) than pigs fed low Zn with greatest ABC-4. Within low Zn diets, reducing ABC-4 linearly increased body weight (BW; 9.7 vs. 10.1 kg). These differences continued until d 42: pigs fed high Zn were 1.8 kg heavier (24.1 vs 22.3 kg; P < 0.01) than pigs fed low Zn with greatest ABC-4). Within low Zn diets, reducing ABC-4 for the first 3 wk after weaning linearly increased BW (22.9 vs. 22.3 kg; P < 0.01). This increased growth was caused by a combination of increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and increased (P < 0.05) gain-to-feed and coincided with reduced (P < 0.01) incidence of scours. In conclusion, weaned pigs fed high Zn diets grew more than pigs fed low Zn diets. Dietary ABC-4 is a dietary solution to consider for ameliorating the reduced growth by pigs fed low Zn diets: 33% of the reduced growth could be compensated for by feeding diets low in dietary ABC-4 during the first 3 wk after weaning.
135 Effects of altering diet acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) with specialty soy protein sources or acidifiers on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: May 2024

A total of 300 pigs (initial body weight = 6.0 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of altering diet acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) with specialty soy protein sources or acidifiers on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs/pen and 12 replications/treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 fed from d 0 to 10 post-weaning followed by phase 2 from d 10 to 24. A low ABC-4 diet was formulated to 200 and 250 meq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The low ABC-4 diet utilized 0.38% fumaric acid, 0.36% formic acid, and specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA) at 9.38 and 7.50% of the diet in phase 1 and 2, respectively. For the first medium ABC-4 diet, specialty soy protein concentrate was replaced with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on an SID Lys-basis and resulted in an ABC-4 of 290 and 322 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. For the second medium ABC-4 diet, acidifiers were removed resulting in an ABC-4 of 271 and 321 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. In the high ABC-4 diet, both soy protein replacement and acidifier removal strategies were utilized resulting in ABC-4 values of 362 and 394 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, a control diet was utilized with the same formulation as the high ABC-4 diet but with 3,000 and 2,000 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet until d 38 of the study. Increasing ABC-4 decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.043) gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the experimental period and overall (Table). Increasing ABC-4 decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.005) fecal DM on d 10 and 24, with no differences on d 17. Pigs fed the medium ABC-4 diet based on specialty soy protein replacement had increased (P = 0.003) fecal DM on d 10 compared with the medium ABC-4 diet where acidifiers were removed. Pigs fed diets containing pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO had increased (P ≤ 0.047) body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and G:F during the experimental period but decreased (P = 0.005) ADG and G:F during the common period, with no differences overall compared with pigs fed diets not containing ZnO. In conclusion, as dietary ABC-4 increased from 200 to 362 meq/kg in phase 1 and 250 to 294 meq/kg in phase 2, growth performance and fecal DM decreased. This study suggests a dietary ABC-4 of 200 and 250 meq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively, can be utilized to improve growth performance and fecal dry matter of weanling pigs.
139 Effect of dietary crude protein concentration and sensory feed additive on nursery pig growth performance
Authors: Pound Kara , Richert Brian T , Scaff Taw , Fisk Alexandra , Cecil Mekenzie R , Otto-Tice Emily , Schinckel Allan P
Published: May 2024

Maximizing growth performance and feed intake for nursery pig diets is an ongoing challenge in the US swine industry. Using sensory feed additives is one strategy to optimize feed intake and growth rates of pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 416; average age = 19.8 d) were used to test the effects of sensory feed additive (SA; Luctamax Piglet, Lucta, Mahwah, NJ) addition to control (CON) and low crude protein (LCP; decreased 4% CP) nursery diets in a 2 x 2 factorial design (CON, CON+SA, LCP, LCP+SA). Decreased dietary CP was achieved by removing or decreasing fish meal and soy concentrate in phases 1 and 2 and reducing soybean meal in phase 3 and adding synthetic amino acids to maintain amino acid ratios (NRC 2012). Nursery treatments were fed in three phases; phase 1 (PH1, d 0-7, 0.10% SA), phase 2 (PH2, d 7-21, 0.10% SA), and phase 3 (PH3, d 21-36, 0.05% SA). Pigs were blocked by initial body weight (BW), sex, ancestry, and housed at 6 or 7 pigs/pen with 15 pens/treatment. Weekly pig BW and feed intake were used to calculate pen average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. During PH1 pigs receiving the CON diets tended (P = 0.065) to have a greater G:F compared with pigs receiving LCP diets. For the remainder of this study there were consistent interactions between dietary CP and SA. When SA was added to the LCP diet ADFI increased but when SA was added to CON diet ADFI decreased and these changes in feed intake often led to similar dietary interactions in ADG. During PH2, pigs fed CON or LCP+SA diets had greater ADFI (P = 0.032) and tended to have a greater ADG (P = 0.094) but reduced G:F (P = 0.100) compared with pigs fed CON+SA or LCP diets. In PH3, pigs fed CON or LCP+SA diets had a greater ADG (P = 0.027) and ADFI (P = 0.011) compared with CON+SA or LCP diets. Pigs fed LCP diets had greater ADFI (P = 0.001) but reduced G:F (P = 0.0001) than pigs fed CON diets. Overall, pigs fed CON or LCP+SA diets had greater ADFI (P = 0.016) and tended to have a greater ADG (P = 0.059) but reduced G:F (P = 0.067) compared with pigs fed CON+SA or LCP diets. Pigs fed CON diets had a greater G:F (P < 0.001) compared with pigs fed LCP diets, while LCP pigs tended to have a greater ADFI (P = 0.054) compared with CON pigs. Inclusion of SA to LCP diet mitigated the adverse impact of replacing whole dietary proteins with high inclusion of synthetic amino acids. Careful consideration is needed when using sensory feed additives so as not to impede growth performance in diets containing traditionally greater levels of crude protein.
142 Evaluation of low SID lysine diets fed to enteric health challenged pigs on wean-to-finish performance
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Mendoza Omarh F , Shull Caleb M , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: May 2024

Producers have been adopting low crude protein or low SID Lys nursery diets to address enteric health concerns. Therefore, we evaluated the longitudinal impact of these strategies on lifetime pig performance. Weaned mixed sex pigs n = 588; initial body weight (BW) = 6.81 ± 1.34 kg] sourced from a poor enteric health flow, were randomly assigned to pens and to one of four nursery dietary treatments, fed for 7 wk. Following the nursery period, pens were then assigned to one of two grow-finish treatments, fed until marketing, to complete a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 6 pens/treatment, 12 to 13 pigs/pen). Phase 1 nursery diets were formulated to a 1.10% or 1.40% SID Lys (nLLys or nHLys) with amino acids (AA) provided by both soybean meal (SBM) and crystalline AA or SBM only (nLSBM or nHSBM, respectively). Nursery phase 2 and 3 diets were formulated with a 0.05% decrease in SID Lys while maintaining a 0.30% differential between high and low lysine treatments. Following the nursery, grow-finish pigs were fed diets formulated to equal SID Lys:ME with either a conventional crystalline AA (gfLSBM) or high SBM diet lacking crystalline AA (gfHSBM) to meet AA requirements. During the nursery, enteric health was assessed by fecal pathogen PCRs and bacterial culture, confirming a high natural rotavirus and F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli burden. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded at the beginning and end of each phase to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (gain to feed ratio; G:F). Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and the fixed effects of nursery SID Lys (nLys), nursery SBM (nSBM), grow-finish SBM (gfSBM), and the two- and three-way interactions using ANOVA. There were no three-way interactions for ADG or ADFI on final performance and no two-way interactions of nLys by nSBM in the nursery. Additionally, there was no effect of nSBM on overall nursery ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P > 0.05). Pigs fed nHLys-gfHSBM (0.84 kg/d) had improved overall ADG versus pigs fed nLLys-gfHSBM (0.80 kg/d; interaction; P = 0.010). Final nursery ADG (0.47 vs. 0.42 kg/d), G:F (0.70 vs. 0.63), and ending BW (30.9 vs. 28.0 kg) were greater in pens fed nHLys compared with nLLys (P < 0.001). Grow-finish pigs fed gfHSBM were more efficient compared with gfLSBM overall (0.457 vs. 0.449, respectively; P = 0.016). Although pigs fed nHLys had improved ending ADG compared with nLLys (0.83 vs. 0.81 kg/d; P = 0.018, respectively), there were no differences in final BW (128.0 vs. 127.0 kg) or ADFI (1.83 vs. 1.80 kg/d; P > 0.05). In conclusion, low SID Lys enteric diets did not improve wean-to-market pig performance in enterically challenged pigs and there was no difference between amino acid sources (crystalline vs SBM).
144 Bioavailability of calcium salt of hydroxy analogue of methionine relative to DL-methionine to support growth performance of 11 to 20 kg pigs
Authors: Jayaraman Balachandar , Morales Joaquin , Rodriguez Maria , Htoo John K
Published: May 2024

Methionine (Met) is typically the third limiting AA in commercial swine diets and is commonly supplied as dry DL-Met (99% pure) or DL-Met hydroxy analogue. Data on the relative bioavailability (RBV) of calcium salt of hydroxy analogue of DL-Met (MHA-Ca; 84%) compared with DL-Met in weaned pigs is scarce. The objective of the experiment was to determine the RBV of MHA-Ca compared with DL-Met to support growth performance of 11 to 20 kg pigs. A total of 504 piglets [DNA x Pietrain pigs; approximately 42 d of age and 11 kg body weight (BW)] were used in two blocks of 252 pigs each with 6 pigs (3 entire males and 3 gilts) per pen and 12 replicate pens per treatment. Within each block, pigs were randomly allotted to 7 diets for 21 d. A basal diet (BD) was formulated to be adequate in all essential nutrients except for Met (0.22% standardized ileal digestible Met), which was 61% of the SID Met requirement of 0.36% recommended by NRC (2012) for 10 to 25 kg pigs. The Met-deficient BD was then supplemented with 3 graded levels of DL-Met (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15%) or MHA-Ca (0.077, 0.154, and 0.231%) at the expense of corn. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed (mash) and water. Individual pigs and pen feed disappearance were weighed on d 0 and d 21 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). On d 21, blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen after 8 h fasting to determine total protein, albumin and glucose. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc.). Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of DL-Met and MHA-Ca, and the effect of Met sources. The final BW at d 21 and overall average daily gain (ADG; 375, 401, 429, 430, 402, 431, and 428 g/d for diets 1 to 7, respectively) increased linearly (P < 0.01) by graded additions with both Met sources. The ADFI was not different but the overall FCR (1.64, 1.55, 1.51, 1.45, 1.59, 1.46, and 1.50 for diets 1 to 7, respectively) improved linearly (P < 0.01) by supplementation with DL-Met or MHA-Ca. Pig performance responses (ADG, ADFI and FCR) was not different (P ≥ 0.15) when Met was supplemented in the Met-deficient diet at a DL-Met to MHA-Ca ratio of 65:100 on a product basis. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin and glucose on d 21 were not affected (P >0.05) by dietary treatments or Met sources. Based on ADG as a response of Met supplementation level, the linear and exponential regressions estimated the RBV of 64 and 65%, respectively for MHA-Ca relative to DL-Met (product-to-product basis) in 11 to 20 kg pigs.
143 Effect of increasing dietary net energy content at a constant lysine on feed intake and performance of 7 to 11 kg and 11 to 20 kg pigs
Authors: Htoo John K , Mendoza S M S , Morales Joaquin
Published: May 2024

Information about NE requirements for nursery pigs is still limited. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary NE contents on growth performance of 7 to 11 kg pigs (Exp. 1) and 11 to 20 kg pigs (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, mixed-sex pigs (n = 192; PIC; initial body weight (BW) of 7.8 ± 1.07 kg] were assigned to 4 diets for 14 d. Diets 1 to 4 were formulated to contain 4 levels of NE (9.8, 10.1, 10.4 and 10.7 MJ/kg) and adequate in all AA with standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys being constant at 1.42%. In Exp. 2, mixed-sex pigs (n = 192; PIC; initial BW of 11.2 ± 1.54 kg) were assigned to 4 diets for 21 d. Diets 1 to 4 contained 4 levels of NE (9.6, 9.9, 10.2 and 10.5 MJ/kg) and adequate in all AA (1.32% SID Lys). For both studies, there were 6 pen replicates (4 entire males and 4 gilts/pen) per treatment, and diets were based on corn, soybean meal, whey powder, wheat bran and soy oil. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed (mash) and water. Individual pigs and pen feed disappearance were weighed weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency gain to feed ratio (G:F). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. In Exp. 1, ADFI tended to decrease (quadratic; P ≤ 0.08) with increasing NE levels during d 0 to 7 and d 8 to 14. The ADG during d 0 to 7 tended to be greater (158, 192, 187 and 152 g for diets 1 to 4; quadratic; P = 0.08) at 10.1 MJ/kg NE; however, the overall ADG (d 0 to 14) was not affected by the NE levels. Although not significant, G:F, Lys utilization efficiency were greatest at 10.1 MJ/kg NE for the overall period. In Exp. 2, ADFI decreased (827, 783, 768 and 749 g for diets 1 to 4; linear; P = 0.05) with increasing NE levels during d 15 to 21 but was not affected (P > 0.05) for other periods. The ADG (d 8 to 14) tended to be greater at 9.6 MJ/kg NE (quadratic; P = 0.06) and G:F (d 15 to 21) tended to be greater at a dietary NE of 10.2 MJ/kg (linear; P = 0.10). However, the overall (d 0 to 21) ADG and G:F were not affected (P > 0.05) by NE levels. Although not significant, G:F and Lys utilization efficiency were greatest at a dietary NE of 10.2 MJ/kg for the overall period. These results indicate that G:F of 7 to 11 kg pigs and 11 to 20 kg pigs maximized at a dietary NE content of 10.1 MJ/kg and 10.2 MJ/kg, which correspond to 1.41 and 1.29 g SID Lys/MJ NE, respectively.
301 Maxwell Lecture: Bacillus probiotics in nursery pigs: The effects of dose on gut health and performance
Authors: Jang Young Dal
Published: May 2024

Weaning is one of the most stressful events in the life of a pig and critical for their health and development. To reduce the use of antibiotics and zinc oxide in nursery diets, many feed additives have been tested to demonstrate their efficacy in weaning pigs. Bacillus subtilis, a heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria, consumes oxygen in the digestive tract and can provide a favorable anaerobic environment for lactic acid-producing bacteria, resulting in their proliferation. It also produces several digestive enzymes, such as amylase, protease, and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, Bacillus species are known to alter the gut microbiome and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Therefore, Bacillus probiotics have been widely used in nursery diets to effectively improve growth performance and protect piglets from weaning stress and postweaning diarrhea. However, when the probiotics are supplemented in diets for weaning pigs, their efficacy is dependent on multiple factors, such as strains, the health condition of the animals, product composition, and the dose of the probiotics. There has been tremendous effort in establishing the optimal supplementation level of probiotics for nursery pigs to maximize the efficacy of their supplementation, but a high dose of probiotics could be detrimental to the gut health and microflora of nursery pigs, as it could increase the incidence of diarrhea and may have potential side effects in the immune system, antibiotic resistance, and the production of unfavorable metabolites in the gut. A study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of Bacillus probiotic supplementation for nursery pigs at the recommended and high doses (10 times greater bacterial counts than the recommended dose) compared with a control treatment with no probiotic supplementation. In the study, the Bacillus supplementation at the recommended dose did improve the early postweaning growth rate, increase the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), and blood glucose concentrations, and alter the fecal microbiome. However, high-dosing probiotics in nursery diets did not show any beneficial effects that were shown in the pigs fed diets with Bacillus probiotics at the recommended dose. Bacillus-probiotic supplementation in nursery diets may enhance growth performance and benefit gut health, but a high dose of probiotics does not always lead to comparable positive effects for pigs. Therefore, it is critically important to test probiotics to optimize their efficacy and avoid unnecessary high-dosing in nursery diets, as it could be cost-ineffective and may not show benefits that can be observed with the recommended dose.