bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kūno kultūros mokytojų nuostata dėl komunikacijos kaip mokinių požiūrio į kūno kultūros ugdymąsi determinantė
Authors: Fominienė Vilija , Kardelienė Laimutė , Kardelis Kęstutis
Published: May 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojami veiksniai, lemiantys mokinių požiūrį į kūno kultūros ugdymąsi. Remiantis mokslo tyrimais, iškeliami du pagrindiniai veiksniai: kūno kultūros mokytojo elgsena ir kūno kultūros kaip mokomojo dalyko turinys, nusakantis mokinių požiūrį į ﬁ zinį aktyvumą. Paskui pristatomas tyrimas, kurio tikslas — atskleisti kūno kultūros mokytojų nuostatos dėl komunikacijos kaip mokinių požiūrio į kūno kultūros ugdymąsi determinantės ypatumus. Pažymėtina, kad tyrimo prielaida apie kūno kultūros mokytojų neigiamą nuostatą dėl komunikacijos formuluota remiantis įvairiose šalyse (ir Lietuvoje) atliktais tyrimais pedagoginės komunikacijos srityje ir prasminės nuostatos koncepcija (Augis, Kočiūnas, 1993). Tiriamąją imtį sudarė 110 kūno kultūros mokytojų, atsitiktinai parinktų iš bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų didžiuosiuose Lietuvos miestuose. Taikytas V. V. Bojko (2000) testas iš tokių penkių skalių: neatskleistas žiaurumas bendraujant su žmonėmis ir apie juos samprotaujant; bendraujant atvirai demonstruojamas žiaurumas; pagrįstai neigiamas požiūris į bendravimo situacijos dalyvius; niurzgėjimas dėl nepagrįstai neigiamai vertinamo bendravimo; negatyvi patirtis bendraujant. Nustatyta, kad tirtų kūno kultūros mokytojų nuostatai dėl komunikacijos socialiniame gyvenime būdingesnis netie-sioginis žiaurumas ir pagrįstas neigiamas požiūris į komunikacijos akto dalyvius, mažiau būdingi — niurzgėjimas bendraujant ir neigiama patirtis bendraujant. Be to, tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad 33,6% tirtų kūno kultūros mokytojų nuostata dėl komunikacijos neigiama. Verta pažymėti, kad kūno kultūros mokytojai vyrai turi neigiamą nuostatą dėl komunikacijos socialiniame gyvenime (atitinkamai 57,5% ir 42,5%; p < 0,05). Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia formuluoti išvadas: 1) dažnesnė kūno kultūros mokytojų neigiama nei teigiama nuostata dėl komunikacijos atskleidžia tokią kūno kultūros veiklos situaciją, kurią retokai galima būtų apibūdinti kaip pedagoginį demokratiškumą; 2) vyresni kūno kultūros mokytojai dėl amžiaus, taigi ir profesinės bei gyvenimiškos patirties, dažniau nei jaunesni pedagogai modeliuoja bendravimo situacijas vadovaudamiesi kauzaliosios atribucijos principais.Raktažodžiai: kūno kultūros pamoka, nuostata dėl komunikacijos, požiūris į ugdymąsi, pedagoginis demokratiškumas.
Mykolo Romerio universiteto studenčių fizinės saviugdos prielaidos
Authors: Poteliūnienė Sniegina , Veršinskas Robertas , Muliarčikas Algirdas
Published: May 2019

Daugelis mokslinių tyrimų rodo, kad studentų ﬁ zinė būklė, kurios optimalus funkcionavimas daro didelę įtaką žmo-gaus psichinei ir socialinei sveikatai, blogėja. Viena svarbių to priežasčių yra nevienodas studentų pasirengimas savarankiškai ﬁ zinei veiklai. Svarbu tirti, ar akademinis jaunimas nenori, ar nepajėgia dėl objektyvių priežasčių mankštintis savarankiškai ar organizuotai. Tyrimo tikslas — atskleisti studenčių požiūrį ir nuostatas į kūno kultūrą, išsiaiškinti jų ﬁ zinio aktyvumo pobūdį ir motyvus, t. y. ﬁ zinės saviugdos prielaidas. Anketų metodu apklaustos 233 Mykolo Romerio universiteto studentės. Požiūriui į kūno kultūrą nustatyti pateikti 7 teiginiai, kurių kiekvienas įvertintas balais nuo 1 iki 4, kur didesnis balas reiškė pozityvesnį požiūrį. Susumavus balus (minimalus balas buvo septyni, maksimalus — 28), studentės, surinkusios 17 ir mažiau balų, pateko į neigiamą požiūrį turinčiųjų rangą, daugiau kaip 17 balų — į teigiamą. Fizinio aktyvumo motyvacijos (motyvo vertės) balas (jis gali būti nuo 0 iki 100) buvo nustatomas pagal formulę: p (lab) + 0,5 (gan), kur p (lab) — procentas studenčių, kurioms tas motyvas labai svarbus; 0,5 (gan) — procentas studenčių, kurioms tas motyvas gana svarbus, padaugintas iš 0,5. Tyrimo duomenys buvo apdoroti statistiniais metodais („Statistica“). Neparametrinėms hipotezėms tikrinti naudotas chi kvadrato (χ 2 ) kriterijus.Tyrimas parodė, kad būsimųjų teisininkių požiūris į kūno kultūrą yra teigiamas, jos supranta sporto vertybinį aspektą, bet neįžvelgia sporto kaip savirealizacijos galimybės siekiant puikių sportinių rezultatų. Nors kas trečia teigia, kad mankštinasi savarankiškai, bet studentės turi silpną ﬁ zinės saviugdos poreikį, nepakankama motyvacija. Studentėms aktualiausi sveikatos stiprinimo, protinio darbingumo ir ﬁ zinio parengtumo gerinimo motyvai. Pagrindine netinkamos ﬁ zinės saviugdos priežastimi jos nurodo valios ir laiko dėl didelio mokymosi krūvio stygių. Galimybė rinktis kūno kultūrą kaip laisvai pasirenkamąjį dalyką galėtų ne tik padėti studentėms atsigauti po įtempto protinio darbo, bet ir suteiktų galimybę veikti, tobulėti jų asmenybei, padėtų gerinti sveikatą, įgyti savarankiško mankštinimosi žinių ir įgūdžių. Be to, priklausomai nuo pasiektų rezultatų, įgytos patirties ir suvoktos kompetencijos bei emocinių išgyvenimų gali kisti ir merginų elgesys — jos taps ﬁ ziškai aktyvesnės.Raktažodžiai: fizinė saviugda, fizinis aktyvumas, fizinio aktyvumo motyvacija, fizinė būklė.
The Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Blood Glucose Concentration in Healthy Girls and Girls with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sideravičiūtė Sandrija , Gailiūnienė Alina , Visagurskienė Kristina , Vizbaraitė Daiva
Published: May 2019

Regular aerobic exercises are beneﬁ cial not only for healthy people. Physical activity plays a big part in the lives of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus too. Walking, biking, swimming, dancing, and many other activities are considered to be aerobic exercises and they are all healthy. What kind of physical exercises are the most useful for the youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus? So, the aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the effect of aerobic exercise such as swimming and aerobics, on blood glucose concentration of young girls. 19 girls aged 16.5 ± 0.24 years with the duration of diabetes for 8.1 ± 0.9 years and 28 healthy girls aged 16.9 ± 0.36 years participated in the study. Two experiments were carried out. The ﬁ rst experiment was a 7-day physical exercise program, consisting of aerobics and swimming training sessions each day. The other experiment was a 14-week swimming program, where all the participants attended swimming training sessions two times per week, and there were all in all 28 training sessions. Glycemia control was assessed by blood glucose level (mmol / l) monitored before and after every training sessions during the 7-day and 14-week physical programs. After the analysis of blood test it was found, that the 7-day physical program decreased blood glucose concentration for all subjects (p < 0.05) but, swimming had a greater effect on blood glucose control for girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus than aerobics (p < 0.01). After the 14-week duration swimming program, hyperglycemia signiﬁ cantly decre-ased for all subjects too, but it’s response to the regular physical activity in the water was the highest for diabetics (p < 0.001).The evidence obtained in this study showed that both swimming and aerobics decreased blood glucose concentration for healthy subject and for subjects with diabetes. But swimming had a greater effect on the dynamics of blood glucose level for girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus than aerobics.Keywords: type 1 diabetes mellitus, swimming, aerobics, blood glucose, glycemia.
Suaugusiųjų požiūris į fizines bausmes kaip į pedagoginę elgesio korekcijos priemonę
Authors: Majauskienė Daiva , Paulauskienė Jolanta
Published: May 2019

Suaugusieji turi daug vaiko negatyvaus elgesio korekcijos priemonių. Jie gali vaikui kantriai paaiškinti, kodėl jo veiksmai yra netinkami ir kokio elgesio tikisi iš savo vaiko arba be komentarų taikyti įvairias bausmes. Aptarsime tik ﬁ zines bausmes, nes nėra vieningos mokslininkų nuomonės apie tokių priemonių pasekmes vaiko asmenybės raidai, o suaugusieji jas ypač dažnai taiko vaiko elgesio korekcijai.Tyrimo tikslas — suaugusiųjų požiūrio į ﬁ zines bausmes, kaip į pedagoginę elgesio korekcijos priemonę, tyrimas. Ištirta 100 respondentų imtis (50 vyrų ir 50 moterų), sudaryta patogiuoju būdu. Tyrimui atlikti sudarėme anketą, rem-damiesi viešosios nuomonės ir rinkos tyrimo centro „VILMORUS“ gyventojų apklausos metodika, vaikų patiriamam smurtui tirti (1999). Tyrimo medžiaga analizuota taikant matematinės statistikos metodus. Gautų rezultatų skirtumo patikimumas buvo apskaičiuojamas pagal chi kvadrato (χ²) kriterijų, kuris naudojamas hipotezėms apie kintamojo skirstinį populiacijoje tikrinti. Pasirinktas patikimumo lygmuo α = 0,05. Rezultatų skirtumas laikytas reikšmingu, kai p < 0,05. Išsiaiškinta, kad ﬁ zines bausmes naudoja daugumas tėvų (atitinkamai 52% vyrų ir 78% moterų) (p < 0,05). Moterys reikšmingai dažniau nei vyrai yra patys patyrę ﬁ zinę bausmę vaikystėje. Pastaruoju metu pastebima tendencija, kad ﬁ zinė bausmė vaikams, kaip elgesio korekcijos priemonė, pasirenkama rečiau. Respondentus tėvai vaikystėje dažniau-siai bausdavo už neklusnumą atsikalbinėjimą, dingimą iš namų, melą. Pagrindinės priežastys, dėl kurių respondentai baudžia savo vaikus, — atsikalbinėjimas, neklusnumas, melas, blogi pažymiai, prasta tėvų nuotaika. Beveik pusė respondentų (58% vyrų ir 48% moterų) mano, kad ﬁ zinės bausmės padeda tapti geresniu žmogumi. Nuomonei, kad ﬁ zinės bausmės yra būtina auklėjimo priemonė, prieštarauja 52% vyrų ir 22% moterų. Tačiau tik trečdalis respondentų (30% vyrų ir 28% moterų) mano, kad ﬁ zines bausmes reikia uždrausti įstatymu.Raktažodžiai: elgesio korekcija, fizinė bausmė, fizinių bausmių taikymo priežastys, fizinių bausmių pasekmės.
Mobilization of Cardiovascular Function at Onset of Exercise and Peculiarities of Recovery in Dependence on the Type of Adaptation
Authors: Buliuolis Alfonsas , Poderys Jonas , Ežerskis Mindaugas , Poderytė Kristina , Miseckaitė Birutė
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to compare the peculiarities of the mobilization of cardiovascular function at onset of exercise test in dependence on the type of adaptation to physical loads. The study participants were 17 voluntary students who were not engaged in the sport training; 21 — endurance group; 19 — sprint group and 21 — combativesport group (box, judo and wrestling). The subjects underwent: 1) a Roufier test (30 squats per 45 seconds); 2) a 30- second duration maximal vertical jump test, 3) a bicycle ergometry of incremental increase in provocative workload (graded stress). A computerized ECG system “Kaunas—Workload” was employed for 12 lead ECG recording and analysis during the performance of workloads. A computerized program allowed to measure the ratio of JT and RR intervals (JT / RR) and the velocity of adaptation of cardiovascular system to exercise, i.e. the index of velocity of adaptation (VAd), by the calculation of the difference between the relative changes of JT interval and RR interval as a difference: VAd = (JTi / JT0) 100% – (RRi / RR0) 100%. The results obtained during the study show that the velocity of adaptation at onset of exercise depends on the residual effects of training but not on the type of exercise-test. The fastest adaptation at onset of exercise was in sprint group (16.3 ± 1.33%). The values of velocity of adaptation in endurance group were 19.8 ± 1.34%. The difference between sprint and endurance cohorts was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The velocity of adaptation in the group of nonathletes was the slowest — 21.4 ± 1.33%. There were no differences in the ratio JT interval and RR interval (JT / RR between cohorts at the end of graded stress, i.e. when maximal mobilization of muscular and cardiovascular systems was obtained. On the other hand the greatest difference between cohorts was revealed in a 30-second all-out maximal vertical jump test. The greatest values were in the group of non-athletes and the least in endurance group. The difference between these cohorts was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: 1 —The velocity of adaptation of cardiovascular system at onset of exercise depends on the type of adaptation to exercise type. A faster adaptation at onset of exercise is rather characteristic of sprint and combative sports than representatives of endurance or nonathletes. 2 — The change in ratio of JT interval and RR interval (JT / RR) of ECG allows to assess the dynamics of mobilization of cardiovascular system during the workouts. 3 — A significant property of recovery after physical loads is an adequate sequence of recovery of cardiovascular system functional indicators and this sequence does not depend on the type of adaptation to exercise. The faster recovery is the ratio JT / RR, then recovery of heart rate (RR interval), then — JT interval.Keywords: cardiovascular system, adaptation, recovery, JT interval.
Pirmokų fizinio aktyvumo priklausomybė nuo socialinių-ekonominių veiksnių
Authors: Dregval Liudmila , Malinauskaitė Vaida
Published: May 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojami pirmaklasių ﬁ zinio aktyvumo ypatumai, atsižvelgiant į tėvų socialinę-ekonominę padėtį. Tyrimas atliktas 2008 m. atsitiktinai atrinktose Šiaulių apskrities mokyklose. 630 pirmaklasių išdalytos anketos, pra-šant tėvus jas užpildyti. Anketas grąžino 515 žmonių (atsako dažnis — 81,8%). Pirmokų ﬁ zinis aktyvumas vertintas atsižvelgiant į tėvų išsilavinimą, pajamas ir gyvenamąją vietą.Nustatyta, kad sporto ar šokių būrelius lanko 39,6% pirmokų. Daugiausia lankančių būrelius buvo tarp vaikų, kurių tėvų (mamų ar tėčių) išsilavinimas aukštasis (atitinkamai 52,8 ir 59,5%), mažiau — šeimose, kuriose tėvų išsilavinimas aukštesnysis ar žemas. Sporto ar šokių būrelius lankė daugiau vaikų, gyvenančių mieste (45,5%) negu kaime (35,4%, p < 0,05). Daugiau kaip pusė pirmaklasių nueina (58,8%) ir grįžta iš mokyklos (72,2%) pėsčiomis, 1,2% važiuoja dviračiu. Trečdalį moksleivių į mokyklą automobiliu nuveža tėvai, o parsiveža — tik kas penktą. Didėjant šeimos pajamoms, didėja į mokyklą automobiliu nuvežamų pirmokų dalis (31,1% mažų, 34,1% vidutinių ir 46,3% didelių pajamų). Darbo dienomis beveik trečdalis (36,9%) pirmaklasių lauke žaidžia apie 3 ir daugiau valandų per dieną, tuo tarpu savaitgaliais tokį pat laiką praleidžia lauke didžioji dalis vaikų — 87,1%. Tyrimas parodė, kad pirmokai daug laiko praleidžia pasyviai žaisdami kompiuteriu arba žiūrėdami televizorių. Žaisdami kompiuteriu vaikai dažniausiai praleidžia apie 1 valandą per dieną: darbo dienomis tiek laiko žaidžia 33,9% pirmaklasių, savaitgaliais — 28,5%. Darbo dienomis vaikai dažniausiai žiūri televizorių apie 2 valandas per dieną (45,1%), savaitgaliais — apie 3 va-landas ir daugiau (41,4%).Išvados: 1) pirmaklasių ﬁ zinis aktyvumas nėra pakankamas — daugiau negu pusė vaikų nelanko nei sporto, nei šokių būrelių, pirmaklasiai daug laiko praleidžia pasyviai žiūrėdami televizorių ar žaisdami kompiuteriu; 2) tėvų socialinė-ekonominė padėtis turi įtakos pirmokų sportavimui ir jų ﬁ ziniam aktyvumui — daugiausia vaikų, lankančių sporto ar šokių būrelius, žaidžiančių kompiuterinius žaidimus, buvo aukšto tėvų išsilavinimo ir didelių pajamų šeimose; 3) pir-mokų ﬁ zinis aktyvumas priklausė nuo jų gyvenamosios vietos — kaimo vaikai mažiau sportuodavo, mažiau žaisdavo kompiuteriu, jie daugiau laiko darbo dienomis praleisdavo lauke negu mieste gyvenantys pirmokai.Raktažodžiai: fizinis aktyvumas, tėvų išsilavinimas, socialiniai-ekonominiai veiksniai.
Didelio meistriškumo sportininkų bėgimo greičio rezultatų kaitos priklausomumas nuo treniruočių krūvio
Authors: Stanislovaitis Aleksas , Stanislovaitienė Jūratė , Kavaliauskienė Edita , Skurvydas Albertas , Muliarčikas Algirdas , Dargevičiūtė Gintarė
Published: May 2019

Nors pasaulio 100 m bėgimo rekordai gerinami kasmet (paskutinėse Pekino olimpinėse žaidynėse taip pat jis buvo pagerintas — rekordas dabar priklauso Jamaikos sprinteriui Usain Bolt (9,69 s)), tačiau naujų technologijų paieška, kuri trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikams padėtų dar labiau gerinti rezultatus, vykdoma ir dabar. Labai daug yra judesių, kurių atlikimo veiksmingumas priklauso nuo žmogaus greitumo ypatybių. Greitumo poreiškio formų yra labai daug, todėl ir jų lavinimas turi būti speciﬁ nis. Greitumo lavinimo ypatumai mažiausiai aiškūs treneriams ir mokslininkams. Dažniausiai manoma, kad lavinant raumenų jėgą greitumas gerėja savaime — tai klaidinga nuomonė (Skurvydas, 1998). Taigi iškilo būtinybė ištirti svarbiausius ﬁ zinius gebėjimus ir jų poveikį sportiniam rezultatui. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti ir įvertinti didelio meistriškumo sportininkų bėgimo greičio rezultatų kaitos priklausomu-mą nuo treniruočių krūvio. Buvo tirtos lengvaatletės moterys (60—400 m nuotolio bėgikės), Lietuvos nacionalinės ir olimpinės rinktinės narės (n = 6, amžius — 19—29 m., svoris — 57,8 ± 4,73 kg, ūgis — 168 ± 7,9 cm). Taikytos trys ugdymo programos (akcentuojant jėgos greitumą, greitumą ir greitumo ištvermę). Greitumas buvo vertinamas 60 m bėgimo testu, kurio metu registruoti: 30 m bėgimo iš vietos, 30 m bėgimo įsigreitėjus ir viso 60 m bėgimo vidutinio greičio rezultatai.Tyrimas parodė, kad jėgos greitumo ﬁ zinis krūvis pagerino 30 m iš vietos (p < 0,05) ir pablogino 60 m bėgimo rezulta-tus. 30 m bėgimo įsigreitėjus rezultatas pablogėjo (p < 0,05); greitumo ﬁ zinis krūvis pagerino 60 m bėgimo iš vietos ir 30 m bėgimo įsigreitėjus rezultatus (p < 0,05), bet pablogino startinį įsibėgėjimą (p < 0,05); greitumo ištvermės ﬁ zinis krūvis pablogino visų, t. y. 60 ir 30 m bėgimo iš vietos ir 30 m bėgimo įsigreitėjus (p < 0,05), testų rezultatus.Raktažodžiai: bėgimo greitis, treniruočių krūvio specifika, adaptacija.
Mojamosios kojos padėties ir šuolio į tolį rezultatų ryšio analizė
Authors: Čižauskas Ginas , Zdanavičienė Sigita Marija , Pilkaukas Kęstutis , Palionis Albinas , Tamošiūnaitė Adelė , Pukėnas Kazimieras
Published: May 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, koks mojamosios kojos padėties ir šuolio į tolį rezultatų ryšys. Šuolio į tolį rezultatą lemia įsibėgėjimo greitis, atsispyrimo galia, judesių tobulumas skriejant oru ir nušokimas. Atlikta daug šuolio technikos tobulinimo mokslinių tyrimų, tačiau labai mažai dėmesio skiriama mojamosios kojos padėčiai atsispiriant tirti.Tokio tyrimo metu naudojant dešimties segmentų modelį, rezultatai iš dalies sutampa su eksperimentiniais, kartu jiems ir prieštarauja. Nagrinėti judesį šiuo modeliu yra sudėtinga. Dėl šios priežasties, taip pat ir dėl tikslo ribotumo analizuojama tik mojamosios kojos įtaka ⎯ buvo sudarytas trijų masių modelis. Juo įvertinamas kojos judrumas per pėdos sąnarį. Tuo tikslu sudaromas strypinis trijų masių modelis, kuriuo įvertinamas pėdos sąnario judrumas, sudaroma kinetinio ir varomojo sukimo momentų lygtys. Pateiktasis modelis, keičiant įėjimo ir valdomuosius dydžius, suteikia galimybę tyrinėti atsispyrimo procesą nepriklausomai nuo to, ar šuoliai tuo metu gali būti atliekami, ar ne. Yra nustatoma pagrindinių šuolio elementų (smūgio atsispyrimo metu, pėdos tiesimo per sąnarį ir mojamosios kojos) padėties ryšys. Mojamosios kojos dinaminiai rodikliai išreiškiami dinamogramomis. Tokių priklausomybių negalima išvesti iš ﬁ lmuoto vaizdo. Nustačius kūno korpuso svyravimų dažnį, skaičiuojamos atskirų masės centrų koordinatės, jų pirmosios išvestinės, randamos bendrojo masės centro koordinatės, nustatomas teorinis šuolio tolio priklausomumas nuo kampinių pagreičių, kuriuos valdo sportininkas. Taip sudaroma kinetinio momento lygtis, kurios pirmoji laiko išvestinė rodo ieškomą varomąjį sukimo momentą. Šiuo būdu gali būti nustatomas ir rodiklių įvairavimas, o norint kuo toliau nušokti ir įvertinti šuolio atlikimo nuoseklumą būtina tiksliai nustatyti veikimo kryptį. Pirmiausia nustatomi šuolio tolį lemiantys sukimo impulsai. Tada ⎯ realiai pasiekta momentinė sąnario jėga. Iš modeliavimo rezultatų galima padaryti išvadą: būtina šiuos įverčius objektyvizuoti. Iki šiol (neatlikus siūlomo modeliavimo) nebuvo galima nustatyti, kaip šuolio į tolį rezultatus veikia nedideli pėdos sąnario kampo pokyčiai.Raktažodžiai: mojamoji koja, šuolis į tolį, modeliavimas.
Nugaros skausmo, kūno svorio ir liemens raumenų statinės ištvermės sąsajos
Authors: Dudonienė Vilma , Spudytė Donata
Published: May 2019

Nutukimas ir nugaros skausmas yra šiuolaikinės visuomenės problema. Mokslininkai nesutaria dėl nugaros skausmo ir nutukimo priklausomybės teorijų (Guo et al., 2008). Tyrimo tikslas ⎯ patikrinti, ar tikrai per didelis kūno svoris, didelė liemens apimtis yra nugaros skausmo atsiradimo priežastis. Buvo tiriami 86 tiriamieji, suskirstyti į dvi grupes pagal nugaros skausmo pasireiškimą: kontrolinę grupę (30 tiria-mųjų, kurie neturėjo jokių nusiskundimų nugaros skausmu) ir tiriamąją (56 tiriamieji, kenčiantys nugaros skausmą). Tyrimas atliktas Šiaulių reabilitacijios centre. Buvo nustatomas tiriamųjų kūno masės indeksas, liemens ir klubų apimtis, liemens ir klubų apimties santykis, liemens raumenų statinė ištvermė. Tiriamųjų nugaros skausmas buvo vertinamas naudojant McGill skausmo klausimyną ir Oswestry negalios indeksą. Tyrimo rezultatų analizė parodė, kad nutukimas nėra pagrindinė nugaros skausmą lemianti priežastis. Tarp kūno masės indekso ir nugaros skausmo reikšmingos priklausomybės nenustatyta. Moterų, besiskundžiančių nugaros skausmu, liemens apimtis buvo didesnė (p < 0,01) nei nesiskundžiančiųjų. Kenčiančių nugaros skausmą vyrų liemens ir klubų apimties santykis didesnis nei nesiskundžiančiųjų (p < 0,05). Liemens raumenų statinė ištvermė buvo didesnė tų tiriamųjų, kurie nesiskundė nugaros skausmu (p < 0,01).Raktažodžiai: nugaros skausmas, kūno masės indeksas, liemens ir klubų apimties santykis, McGill skausmo klausimynas, Oswestry negalios indeksas.
Changes in Physical Fitness among High Grade Schoolgirls
Authors: Smirnovienė Oksana , Sadzevičienė Rita , Maciulevičienė Edita
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. During the last five years Lithuanian long-term research related to the peculiarities of changes  in  physical fitness among 10-12 th -grade  schoolgirls has  not  been  found.  Other research in Lithuania showed negative tendencies of physical fitness changes of Lithuanian schoolchildren and prevailing sedentary lifestyle.Research aim was to determine peculiarities of change results in physical fitness among Kaunas schoolgirls (10–12 th  grades).Research methods. The present research included 10 th -grade schoolgirls (n = 244) of Kaunas city who were at school during the research and were able to perform the necessary Eurofit tests: 10  × 5 m Shuttle run, Standing Broad Jump, Sit ups in 30 seconds, 20 m endurance Shuttle run.Research  results.  Changes in results of Eurofit tests performed from 10 th  grade autumn to 12 th  grade spring were different. Results of girls (10–12 th -grade) in 10 × 5 m shuttle run test did not change (p > 0.05). Results of standing broad jump improved significantly in Grade 11 (p  < 0.05). Results in 20 m endurance shuttle run test improved in Grade 12 (p < 0.05). Results in Sit ups in 30 seconds test improved in spring. Significant differences were found between 10 and 12 th -grade schoolgirls spring Sit ups in 30 seconds test results, and 10 and 11 th -grade autumn results.Discussion and conclusions. Comparison of physical fitness of 10 and 12 th -grade girls showed that it improved only in 20 m endurance shuttle run, in the 11 th  grade explosive strength of schoolgirls significantly improved.Keywords: changes in physical fitness, Eurofit tests, physical characteristics.
Maximal Respiratory Pressures, their Association with Spirometric Parameters, Swimming Skills and Changes Due to Immersion in Water
Authors: Rumaka Maija , Upitis Imants , Grants Juris , Augškalne Liga Aberberga
Published: May 2019

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  We  checked  hypothesis  that  swimming  skill  improvement  is  more dependent on inspiratory muscle strength than endurance volume to be ventilated.Research aim was to determine associations between maximal static inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, swimming skills, parameters of forced spirometry. Research methods. Investigation involved 62 female students (age 22.13 ± 1.3 years, height 168.4 ± 6.6 cm, and weight 61.3 ± 7.0 kg) of the Latvian Academy of Sports Education. All of them were non-smokers. Swimming skills in four strokes were evaluated by a swimming coach. MIP and MEP were measured at the mouth level outside the swimming pool and repeated in the swimming pool while the subject was immersed up to the neck level. Forced spirometry was performed according ATS guidelines outside the water. Research  results.  Average  value  for  MIP  outside  the  water  was  109  ±  30  cm  H 2 0  and  for  MEP  it  was 147 ± 33 cm H 2 0. There was positive correlation between peak expiratory flow and MIP, MEP, and the rate of increase of both pressures (p < 0.05). Forced vital capacity was not related to maximal pressures. Faster rate of inspiratory pressure increase was positively related to forced inspiratory volume in one second (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease of MIP and the rate of increase of inspiratory pressure in the immersion state while no changes of expiratory parameters were observed. Discussion and conclusions. Swimming skill improvement is more dependent on inspiratory muscle strength than volume to be ventilated. Students with higher PEF have higher respiratory pressure parameters. Immersion in water decreases MIP, IMRPD and increases IMMRR. Changes of these parameters due to immersion are not related  to swimming skills.Keywords: maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, swimming education, immersion in water.
Subjective Perception of the Realities of Modern Physical Education Classes Among Physical Education Teachers and Students in Higher Grades
Authors: Maciulevičienė Edita , Gedvilienė Jolanta
Published: May 2019

Background. Intense changes in national education require new students’ teaching technologies in physical education. There are a number of studies, published books or articles on the topics of modern physical education classes and they provide guidance for teachers, but we believe that there is a lack of modernity in the reality of physical education, still focusing on sports lessons avoiding non-traditional content of the lessons. Research aim was to reveal the subjective opinions of physical education teachers and students in higher grades about the realities of modern physical education classes.Methods. The sample included physical education teachers (n = 33) and 10–11 th  grade students (n = 324), who were selected applying the convenience sampling strategy from Kaunas city schools. The research employed a questionnaire by Pate, Corbin, and Pangrazi (1998), and some more questions of interest to the researchers were added.  The  survey  was  conducted  in  spring  of  2012.  The  research  participants  were  surveyed  in  their  schools during the classes with the consent of physical education teachers and students and with the permission of school administration received in advance. Results. Students more often pointed out the lack of attention to individual work and its implementation, just one-fifth of the students indicated that lessons met their needs and physical education teachers sometimes met modern requirements, showing sincerity, respect, etc. The survey showed that physical education classes were still largely dominated by sports and movement skills, and only sometimes by the non-traditional or healthy lifestyle. Teachers more often than students highlighted the progress and initiative criteria. The most common means of discipline for students in physical education were a whistle and loud shouting.Conclusion.  Physical  Education  teachers  tend  to  subjectively  better  evaluate  the  contemporary  realities  of physical education classes compared to students. Teachers more often indicated that they applied independent work in their lessons, and thought that the lesson content met the needs of the students and led enough to unconventional physical activity and healthy lifestyle. Students more often pointed out that teachers never assessed them according to their progress in the development of their physical qualities and knowledge during lessons. In the opinions of teachers and students, physical fitness test results are still common evaluation criteria in the lessons.Keywords: lesson, physical education, modern, teachers.
Effect of Kinesio Taping on Arm Function in Stroke Patients in the Early Stage of Rehabilitation
Authors: Lendraitienė Eglė , Šakalienė Rasa , Petruševičienė Daiva , Paškevičienė Jūratė
Published: May 2019

Substantiation of the study. There is a lack of literature about the efficiency of Kinesio Taping methods which improve recovery of arm functions for patients after stroke in the early stage of rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Kinesio Taping on the recovery of the affected arm function in stroke patients during the early stage of rehabilitation. Subjects and methods. Forty stroke patients were divided into two groups. Inclusion criteria for the subjects were: age under 75 years, affected arm muscle strength – at least 2 points, and cognitive function – at least 11 points according Mini mental state exam (moderate cognitive impairment). The patients of the frst group had only exercise therapy, while to the patients of the second group exercised together with the applied Kinesio Taping method. Patients’ affected hand strength was measured using a dynamometer, arm function was assessed by Wolf Motor test, a modifed Motor Assessment Scale and modifed Fugl-Meyer motor function impairment test. Results. After physiotherapy procedures, the evaluation of arm function with Wolf and Fugl-Meyer tests showed signifcant improvement in the both groups: in the frst group of patients, Wolf test results indicated the change and the estimated values were 49.4 ± 1.3 points, in the second group – 23.1 ± 2.0 points, Fugl-Meyer test – 31.3 ± 0.3 and 21.9 ± 0 6 points (p < 0.05). In the frst group of patients, hand muscle strength improved signifcantly by 26.2 ± 2.2 kg, in the second group – 12.2 ± 1.8 kg (p < 0.05). In the frst group of patients, shoulder motion recovery by JVS improved by 3.0 ± 0.1 points, in the second group – 2.1 ± 0.1 points, hand movements recovery – by 2.6 ± 0.1 and 1.7 ± 0.1 points, complex hand movements – by 2.8 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.1 points (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The effect of exercises with Kinesio Taping on the affected arm function in stroke patients was signifcantly more pronounced (p < 0.05) than the effect of exercises only.Keywords: stroke, arm function, Kinesio Taping, physiotherapy
Effect of Physiotherapy on Foot Function During Treatment of Hallux Valgus
Authors: Samienė Asta , Berneckė Vaida , Simavičienė Aurelija
Published: May 2019

Research background. The present final paper presents an analysis of the effects of physiotherapy on foot function when treating the hallux valgus deformity. The research object was the change of the deformity degree of the great toe, foot pain, muscle strength, load distribution in the sole, trajectory of the sole’s center of gravity and foot’s contact with the movement’s surface in different stages of walking after the treatment. Objectives of the research were to analyze scientific literature about the hallux valgus, the concept of foot function and its treatment; determine the changes in the deformity degree of the great toe, pain intensity and muscle strength prior to and after the physical therapy exercises; assess the load distribution in the soles of the respondents, trajectory of the sole’s center of gravity and foot’s contact with the movement’s surface in different stages of walking prior to and after the physiotherapy exercises. Methods. The study was carried out at the Out-Patient Recuperation Center of the Public Institution Šiauliai National Hospital. The computer-aided pedobarographic assessment of the foot was performed by a representative of the Bauerfeind Company at the Manual Medicine Clinic. The study was carried out from December 2013 to April 2014. Twelve respondents afﬂicted with hallux valgus deformity participated in the study. The duration of the exercise sessions was 11 Results. According to the analysis of the research data, the intensity of pain was inﬂuenced by both the exercises and the use of orthopedic supports. However, the pain decreased more after physiotherapy compared to the use of orthopedic supports. The changes in the deformity degree of the great toe and muscle strength were also positively affected by exercises. In EKt group the muscle strength of the tested muscles changed by 1–2 points. In the EO group the muscle strength and the deformity degree of the great toe remained unchanged after the use of orthopedic supports. Following the analysis of the load distribution in the sole, trajectory of the sole’s center of gravity and foot’s contact with the movement’s surface, it became obvious that the physiotherapy had positive a impact on the decrease of load distribution points in different places of the sole and the trajectory of the sole’s center of gravity for the respondents in the Conclusion. After the exercises the toe of one patient was aligned properly and the remaining patients were close to achieving proper alignment. Also, the exercises had a positive inﬂuence on the foot’s contact with the movement’s surface. The EO group did not observe any positive changes after using the orthopedic supports, i.e. the load distribution points, trajectory of the center of gravity and foot’s contact with the movement’s surface were not altered.Keywords: hallux valgus, foot function, physical therapy.
The Effect of Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Arbačiauskaitė Auksė , Dudonienė Vilma
Published: May 2019

Background. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common and most diffcult chronic rheumatic disease in children. Exercise helps to avoid joint deformities or corrects them, also reduces pain and disease activity, normalizes physical function, growth and development, improves the patient’s quality of life. So far, there is no consensus on what kind of exercise is appropriate for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Goal of the research. To defne the most often applied physiotherapy techniques and their impact on the treatment of children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis analysing and summarizing scientifc articles. Methods. Twelve articles have been analysed. Systemic literature overview involved the articles on clinical research which were selected in the light of the following criteria: children with juvenile’s idiopathic arthritis; classic clinical tests performed; application of different physical exercises and survey of their accessibility; Childhood Health Assessment questionnaire; language and year of publication (2000–2015). Results. Research participants in the selected articles were 525 research children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Their mean age ± SD was 11.2 ± 2.9 years (range 4–21 years). There were 348 (66%) girls and 177 (34%) boys. Aquatic therapy and Pilates workout had the strongest effect on pain relief, general physical performance and life quality, whereas balance and proprioception exercises had the best effect on balance and mobility. The results showed that regular physical exercises did not increase pain, they reduced the number of swollen joints, they were safe and effcient, also, that high-intensity aerobic exercises did not provide additional benefts, so it may suggest that low-intensity exercise program is more suitable for children with JIA because it is a slow and mild. Conclusion. Analysis of 12 articles have shown that general physical exercises (33.5%) and aquatic therapy (33.5%) are used most often, whereas balance-proprioception exercises are less frequent (17%), Pilates workout (8%) and Qigong relaxation (8%) are used very rarely. The most effcient methods for the improvement of general physical performance, quality of life, and reducing pain include aquatic therapy, Pilates workout and Qigong therapy. Balance-proprioception exercises are proved to be most effective in the improvement of mobility and balance.Keywords: juvenile idiopathic arthritis, physical exercises, training, physiotherapy, physical condition, life quality.
Changes in Functional Independence of Patients with Acute Stroke during Treatment
Authors: Samuolienė Lina , Mockienė Vida
Published: May 2019

Background. Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most topical medical and social problems because of high morbidity and severe residual disability. The goal of the research was to analyze inﬂuencing changes in the independence of patients with acute stroke during treatment. Methods included the retrospective research, carried out in September 2015– November, 2015, using Barthel Index test (BI), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modifed Rankin scale (mRS). The research sample was 104 respondents, 48 of which underwent treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), and 56 of them – not. Research fndings were processed using statistical “SPSS 17 for Windows” package. The research was carried out complying with the ethical principles. Results. Treatment by intravenous thrombolysis was applied to approximately half of IS patients. The majority of IS patients were of average severity state by neurological damage. There neurological state after the thrombolysis improved the state of 50% of patients on average in seven days. Half of IS patients were completely dependent before treatment and after the treatment the number of absolutely dependent patients decreased by 21.3%. The independence of patients treated by intravenous thrombolysis and non-treated did not vary signifcantly at the beginning and the end of the treatment, however, its change was insignifcantly higher for the patients to whom this treatment was applied than for the patients to whom this treatment was not applied. The independence before the treatment was higher of men than of women, and of the patients under 65 years old than of older patients. The change of independence was higher for patients under 65 years old than for the older ones, and there was no signifcant difference between men and women. Conclusions. The treatment by intravenous thrombolysis was applied to approximately half of the patients. The neurological damage was more severe for those who were 65 years old. After the treatment the state recovered for 9.6% and those were only men, the number of absolutely dependent persons decreased by 21.3%. Keywords: ischemic stroke, during treatment patients, independence.
Everyday Life Experiences of Independence in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Levulytė Gintarė , Lamsodienė Evelina
Published: May 2019

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable disease which affects the human body and day to day activities. Diffcultly completing daily tasks is the main problem associated with rheumatoid arthritis. This chronic disease causes a large number of restrictions when dealing with daily life. Restrictions can be simple as having diffculty with basic activities such as looking after themselves and their homes, and too diffcult in more advanced tasks which require greater effort. These restrictions not only affect the ability of the individual to complete daily tasks but can also have a negative impact on the individual’s emotional and social relationships and their overall quality of life. The aim – describe everyday life experiences of women with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods. A qualitative study was carried out where 3 women who suffered with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed. The average duration of the disease was 15 years and the average age of women interviewed was 56 years. The interview consisted of 7 questions, including how independent women were in conducting daily activities when they had the disease. The study was carried out in February– April, 2017. Each woman was interviewed individually and the conversation was recorded with a Dictaphone and the conversation was then transcribed. Data were analysed applying the method of content analysis. All the data was then analysed and later sorted in subcategories, which were then grouped into larger categories. The interview period lasted from 30 minutes up to 1 hour. Results. The results revealed that women had problems with the symptoms of illness in their daily lives such as dealing with self-care, clothing, food and work. Conclusions. 1) Women with rheumatoid arthritis had changes in daily activities in the following areas: personal hygiene, dressing and undressing, preparing food, having problems showering, the pain they had in the shoulder did not allow them to complete daily activities as desired. 2) As the conditions of the joints worsen, everyday activities become more painful, performed slower and require greater effort, it becomes diffcult to grab and hold small objects. 3) Activities performed by individuals with rheumatoid arthritis are decreased due to the presence of symptoms, but women took measures to complete these activities easier.Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, independence, life experiences, daily activities, occupational therapy.
Effect of Early Physiotherapy after Lateral Ankle Ligament Injury on Pain and Function. Systematic Review
Authors: Masiulytė Ieva , Gasiulytė Vygintė , Jurgelaitienė Giedrė
Published: May 2019

Background. Lateral ankle ligament injuries are most common in sports, which affects athletes in all ages. It has been found that lateral ankle ligaments are injured in 1 of 10000 physically active people. Higher sports level professional players and amateurs need to return to sport early with no physical, psychological and economic consequences. Studies search for the most effective treatment after lateral ankle ligament injuries. Research aim – to perform a systematic review and determine the effect of early physiotherapy on pain and function after lateral ankle ligament injury. Methods. We conducted literature search using the Pubmed, Ebsco, Pedro, Google scholar databases, and chose controlled trials where early physiotherapy orientated to pain and function was used. Results. In control groups where traditional immobilization with RICE method was used, pain decreased to 1.96 ± 1.33 points, in the intervention groups who had early physiotherapy and RICE method, pain decreased to 1.53 ± 1.23 points. Effect size in control groups was r = 0.55 points, in the intervention groups it was r = 0.54 points. In control groups who had traditional immobilization with RICE method, function increased to 68.67 ± 16.79 point, in the intervention groups who had early physiotherapy and RICE method, function increased to 75.61 ± 13.27 points. Effect size in control groups was r = 0.82 points, in the intervention groups r = 0.88 point. Conclusions. Early physiotherapy orientated to pain and functions after lateral ankle ligaments injury helps to reduce pain faster and increases function, and helps return back to work and sports activities.Keywords: lateral ankle ligament, injuries, early physiotherapy.
Ober’s Test and Modified Ober’s Test are Reliable Means of Measuring Iliotibial Band using both Goniometer and Inclinometer
Authors: Kesminas Rolandas , Burbulevičiūtė Jovita , Sipavičienė Saulė
Published: May 2019

Research background. Iliotibial band syndrome is common among athletes due to intensive training or repetitive knee ﬂexion and extension. There is not much data about iliotibial band length on the measurement reliability in the literature. Research aim was to investigate the links and the reliability of Ober’s test and Modifed Ober’s test results measuring iliotibial band length using goniometer and inclinometer. Methods. Ober’s test and Modifed Ober’s test were performed for the estimation of iliotibial band length, and the ﬂexion angles were measured using a standard goniometer and an inclinometer. Results. Research results indicated that the values of intraclass correlation coeffcient were within the range of 0.85–0.94, so the measurement reliability (reproducibility) of Ober’s test and Modifed Ober’s test were estimated as good or very good. Conclusions. In Ober’s test and Modifed Ober’s test iliotibial band length can be reliably measured using both goniometer and inclinometer. The results of goniometric and inclinometric measurements of iliotibial band length in both Ober’s test and Modifed Ober’s test are reliable and their reproducibility is adequate. Keywords: reliability, Ober’s test, iliotibial band length, goniometer, inclinometer.
História (do Tempo Presente), memória e trauma na Ditadura do Estado Novo no Brasil (1937-1945)
Authors: Pompéo Wagner Augusto Hundertmarck
Published: May 2019

Recebido:  15/08/2018Aprovado:  20/11/2018Publicado: 10/12/2018Por se tratar de um período de bastante violência, ameaça e repressão, a Ditadura do Estado-Novo de Vargas vem chamando cada vez mais a atenção de historiadores que, atentos a relação entre história (do tempo presente), memória e trauma, voltavam-se mais comumente ao Golpe de 1964 para justificar a necessidade de construção do que se pode chamar de uma memória coletiva. Partindo desse contexto, o presente trabalho, para além de explorar as relações entre história (do tempo presente), memória e trauma, procurará melhor compreender a Ditadura do Estado-Novo, que perdurou de 1937 a 1945, bem como porquê, diante de episódios tão importantes e representativos como esse, nos foi imposto, no mais das vezes, um dever de silêncio e esquecimento. Adotando metodologia bibliográfica e método dedutivo, o trabalho conclui, ao seu final, que, em paralelo ao trauma que atinge as vítimas, é o Estado um dos que mais contribui para um esquecimento desses episódios que, pelo contrário, merecem ser lembrados e sobretudo discutidos criticamente, como forma de disso retirarmos valiosas contribuições para nos afastar desse mesmo passado em direção a um futuro diferente. Palavras-chave: História, memória, trauma, ditadura e Brasil.
A Grécia na encruzilhada do século XX
Authors: Silva de Souza Felipe Alexandre
Published: May 2019

Recebido:  03/12/2018Aprovado:  30/12/2018Publicado: 10/12/2018
An Introduction of NoSQL Databases Based on Their Categories and Application Industries
Authors: Chen Jeang-Kuo , Lee Wei-Zhe
Published: May 2019

The popularization of big data makes the enterprise need to store more and more data. The data in the enterprise’s database must be accessed as fast as possible, but the Relational Database (RDB) has the speed limitation due to the join operation. Many enterprises have changed to use a NoSQL database, which can meet the requirement of fast data access. However, there are more than hundreds of NoSQL databases. It is important to select a suitable NoSQL database for a certain enterprise because this decision will affect the performance of the enterprise operations. In this paper, fifteen categories of NoSQL databases will be introduced to find out the characteristics of every category. Some principles and examples are proposed to choose an appropriate NoSQL database for different industries.
The Translation and Validation of the Dutch Monash Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS)
Authors: van Houtert Emmy A.E. , Endenburg Nienke , Wijnker Joris J. , Rodenburg T. Bas , van Lith Hein A. , Vermetten Eric
Published: May 2019

The Monash Dog–Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS) is a questionnaire that is used to evaluate the perceived relationship between humans and their dog. This questionnaire was originally only formulated and validated in English, which limits its use among non-English speaking individuals. Although a translation could be made, the translation of questionnaires without additional validation often impairs the reliability of that questionnaire. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a translation of the MDORS that is suitable for use among native Dutch speakers. To achieve this, a Dutch translation of the MDORS was made and checked for spelling/grammar mistakes, readability, feasibility, and clarity. A test–retest comparison was subsequently performed on the translation together with a calculation of Cronbach’s alpha score and principal component analysis (PCA). Through the PCA, we found that the three-factor model of the original MDORS was also largely present in the Dutch translation. However, deviations were also found, as several questions did not achieve high PCA scores in their original factor. Therefore, we propose that these questions are excluded from the Dutch MDORS.