bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature‐Processed Stable and Efficient Carbon‐Based CsPbI2Br Planar Perovskite Solar Cells by In Situ Passivating Grain Boundary and Trap Density
Authors: Ye Zhili , Zhou Junshuai , Hou Jie , Deng Fei , Zheng Yan-Zhen , Tao Xia
Published: April 2019

Improvement in stability and an economical processing technique are the main aspects of the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a 425 nm‐thick CsPbI2Br film with a high crystalline, smooth, and uniform surface morphology is obtained by Pb(SCN)2 passivating the grain boundaries under low temperature (150 °C). The results of a series of electrochemical analyses, including space‐charge‐limited‐current (SCLC), open‐circuit voltage decay (OCVD), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), intensity‐modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), demonstrate that the trap density of the CsPbI2Br film is greatly reduced with Pb(SCN)2, which effectively inhibits the interface recombination and promotes charge transport in CsPbI2Br PSC. Efficiencies of 12.22% and 10.44% are achieved for low‐temperature‐processed CsPbI2Br planar‐architecture PSCs with ITO/SnO2/CsPbI2Br/ poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/Ag and ITO/SnO2/CsPbI2Br/carbon, respectively. This low‐cost, high‐efficiency carbon‐based inorganic PSC shows potential industrial application, especially for tandem solar cells.
Using a portable total reflection X‐ray fluorescence system for a multielement analysis of Swiss mice brains with experimental Alzheimer's disease induced by β‐amyloid oligomers
Authors: Almeida D.S. , Brígido M.M. , Anjos M.J. , Ferreira S.T. , Souza A.S. , Lopes R.T.
Published: April 2019

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible disorder whose pathological features include β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal and synaptic loss. Metals such as iron, copper, and zinc are increased in the brains of patients with AD. Those metals can interact with Aβ, resulting in the promotion of Aβ deposition and formation of plaque. However, no study analyzing the effects of single injection of Aβ soluble oligomers (AβOs) in the elements' homeostasis in mice was developed. Total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) is a multielement analytical technique that can be utilized to identify and quantify trace elements present in a sample at very low concentrations. In this study, in order to evaluate the concentration of metals in brain regions of Swiss mice, three groups of female mice and three of male mice were studied: control, AD10, and AD100. The AD groups received an AβOs intracerebroventricular injection so as to induce experimental AD. Afterwards, a craniotomy was performed, and six brain compartments were dissected and evaluated. TXRF measurements were performed using a portable TXRF system that uses an X‐ray tube with a molybdenum anode and a detector Si‐PIN. It is proved to determine the following elements' concentrations: phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, iron, copper, zinc, and rubidium. Results showed differences in the elemental concentration in some brain regions between AD groups. These alterations suggest that AβOs act quickly, even before the amyloid plaques' formation, explaining cognitive deficits independently of amyloid plaques. This study helped to understand that this modification on elemental concentration can be influenced by AβOs.
Acting on Work Designs: Providing Support for Validation and Implementation of Envisioned Changes
Authors: Oppl Stefan , Stary Christian
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces methods to enable to act on the results of articulation and alignment processes. As such, it outlines paths towards sharing and anchoring new work practices in organizations. The proposed methodologically grounded interventions allow to qualitatively validate novel work practices and to agree on strategies for their organization-wide roll-out. Drawing from current practice-oriented research in organizational development, Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and knowledge management, this chapter also includes an account on supporting technology that could be used to aid method deployment.
Case Studies
Authors: Oppl Stefan , Stary Christian
Published: April 2019

This chapter demonstrates the use of the proposed framework for digital work design and the embedded methods. It shows the mutual interplay of its components for articulating work knowledge, organizational learning, knowledge processing, and preserving design-relevant knowledge. The case studies describe the impact that could be generated through digital design support. The healthcare case demonstrates how meaningful work-model entities evolve in the course of articulation and guide aligned re-structuring of work. It stems from a complex planning process in clinical health treatment requiring the structured elicitation of contextual knowledge from all stakeholders involved to develop working procedures in time-critical situations. The CoMPArE/WP (Collaborative Model Articulation and Elicitation of Work Processes)-case has its focus on alignment when bridging from intuitive or semi-structured models to techno-centric (formal) models that can be executable for some workflow engine. The education case targets educator knowledge involving domain knowledge, didactic competence, and social skills. Finally, the Me2Me2You-case addresses mental model alignment of interaction behavior for executable workflow support from a cascaded interaction perspective.
(m, n)-string and D1-brane in stringy Newton-Cartan background
Authors: Klusoň J.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This paper is devoted to the analysis of (m, n)-string in stringy Newton-Cartan background. We start with the Hamiltonian constraint for (m, n)-string in general background and perform limiting procedure on metric and NSNS and Ramond-Ramond two form background that leads to stringy Newton-Cartan gravity. We also analyze conditions that these background fields have to obey in order to define consistent world-sheet (m, n)−theory. We also discuss D1-brane with dynamical electric field in stringy Newton-Cartan gravity.
A Pilot Study on Measuring Tissue Motion During Carotid Surgery Using Video‐Based Analyses for the Objective Assessment of Surgical Performance
Authors: Sugiyama Taku , Nakamura Toshitaka , Ito Yasuhiro , Tokairin Kikutaro , Kazumata Ken , Nakayama Naoki , Houkin Kiyohiro
Published: April 2019

Background

The ‘gentle’ handling of tissue (i.e., ‘respect for tissue’) is a fundamental aspect of surgical performance and learning. To date, there have been no methodological assessments that quantitatively measure ‘gentleness.’ Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to propose a novel metric for gentle surgical maneuvers, (2) to validate the feasibility of this methodology, and (3) to explore safer surgical techniques through this methodology.

Methods

Using surgical video‐based motion software, the motion of the carotid artery around plaque was analyzed and quantified during a carotid endarterectomy. Kinematic parameters (minimum and maximum acceleration, and maximum and mean velocity) were compared among the surgical tasks and techniques, as well as between novice and expert surgeons.

Results

The surgical tasks of dissecting the common carotid artery, passing the proximal vessel loops, and ligating vessels showed the highest absolute values of kinematic parameters. Dissections perpendicular to the line of the internal carotid artery tended to show higher kinematic parameters than those in the parallel direction, with blunt dissections typically higher than sharp dissections. The kinematic parameters of novice surgeons were significantly higher than those of experts, and receiver operating curve analysis showed a strong discriminative power.

Conclusion

This study shows that tissue motion parameters could be a novel and feasible surrogate marker for the objective assessment on the ‘gentleness’ of surgical performance. Future studies should be performed to further elucidate the relationship on the direct correlation between tissue kinematic data and clinical outcomes or surgical adverse events.
On the need to consider wood formation processes in global vegetation models and a suggested approach
Authors: Friend Andrew D. , Eckes-Shephard Annemarie H. , Fonti Patrick , Rademacher Tim T. , Rathgeber Cyrille B. K. , Richardson Andrew D. , Turton Rachael H.
Published: April 2019

• Key message

Dynamic global vegetation models are key tools for interpreting and forecasting the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climatic variation and other drivers. They estimate plant growth as the outcome of the supply of carbon through photosynthesis. However, growth is itself under direct control, and not simply controlled by the amount of available carbon. Therefore predictions by current photosynthesis-driven models of large increases in future vegetation biomass due to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2may be significant over-estimations. We describe how current understanding of wood formation can be used to reformulate global vegetation models, with potentially major implications for their behaviour.
Forest adaptation to climate change—is non-management an option?
Authors: Jandl Robert , Spathelf Peter , Bolte Andreas , Prescott Cindy E.
Published: April 2019

Key message

Climate change is posing a considerable challenge to foresters. The intensity of required adaptive measures and the relevance of old-growth forests as benchmark for managed forests are debated. Forest managers need to make decisions on stand treatment that are based on climatological and biological parameters with high uncertainties. We provided the conceptual basis for adaptive forest management and provide a number of case studies that reflect the options and limitations of ways of coping with climate change. The examples are derived from the experience of the authors. We conclude that only few forest types are either not strongly affected by climate change or do not require immediate adaptations of forest management. Many productive forests have stand properties that are decisively shaped by past management decisions, such as tree species composition, age distribution, rotation period, and stand structure. Maintaining these properties under the influence of climate change requires continuous and even increasing efforts of forest managers.
Theoretical and experimental characterizations of gigahertz acoustic streaming in microscale fluids
Authors: Cui Weiwei , Pang Wei , Yang Yang , Li Tiechuan , Duan Xuexin
Published: April 2019

Abstract Even as gigahertz (GHz) acoustic streaming has developed into a multi-functional platform technology for biochemical applications, including ultrafast microfluidic mixing, microparticle operations, and cellar or vesicle surgery, its theoretical principles have yet to be established. This is because few studies have been conducted on the use of such high frequency acoustics in microscale fluids. Another difficulty is the lack of velocimetry methods for microscale and nanoscale fluidic streaming. In this work, we focus on the basic aspects of GHz acoustic streaming, including its micro-vortex generation principles, theoretical model, and experimental characterization technologies. We present details of a weak-coupled finite simulation that represents our current understanding of the GHz-acoustic-streaming phenomenon. Both our simulation and experimental results show that the GHz-acoustic-induced interfacial body force plays a determinative role in vortex generation. We carefully studied changes in the formation of GHz acoustic streaming at different acoustic powers and flow rates. In particular, we developed a microfluidic-particle-image velocimetry method that enables the quantification of streaming at the microscale and even nanoscale. This work provides a full map of GHz acoustofluidics and highlights the way to further theoretical study of this topic.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on nanodiamond-derived carbon onions
Authors: Song Ying , Xu Zongwei , Rosenkranz Andreas , Rommel Mathias , Shi Changkun , Fang Fengzhou
Published: April 2019

Annealing nanodiamonds (ND) at high temperatures up to 1700 °C is a common method to synthesize carbon onions. The transformation from NDs to carbon onions is particularly interesting because of carbon onions’ potential in the field of tribology and their application in ultra-charge/discharge devices. In this paper, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique that involves coating the sample with nanoscopic gold particles is proposed to characterize the NDs after different annealing treatments. Conventional Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectra were obtained, and the changes of peak parameters as the function of annealing temperature were evaluated. It was found that the widths of the D and the G peaks decreased with increasing annealing temperature, reflecting an improved order in the sp2-hybridized carbon during the transformation from NDs to carbon onions. After annealing at 1700 °C, the sp2-carbon was highly ordered, indicating desirable electrical conductivity and lubricity. With increasing annealing temperature, the D peak showed a blue shift of almost 30 cm−1, while the G peak merely shifted by 5 cm−1. For annealing temperatures above 1100 °C, an increase of intensity ratio ID/IG was observed. Compared to the uncoated area, red shifts of 0.5–2 cm−1 and of 5–9 cm−1 for the G and D peaks, respectively, were detected for the gold-coated area, which was due to the coupling of the plasmons and the phonons of the samples.
Fluence's smart packaged wastewater treatment systems continue to make their mark in China
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: April 2019

Sales of Fluence Corp Ltd's Aspiral™ wastewater treatment systems continue to grow worldwide with, in addition to China, contracts coming from the USA, Philippines and, more recently, Argentina. But as reported previously in this newsletter, sales are notably strong in China where, as this article reveals as part of a round-up of the latest activities there, one customer in particular is now making substantial use of this technology.
Red, Green, and Blue
Authors: Karol David
Published: April 2019

This Element explores the growing party divisions on the environment in the United States. It draws upon quantitative and qualitative data from several decades of national and state politics. The study contributes theory to the party position change literature, showing that interest groups change parties, but in turn are changed by them. In the 1970s the characteristics that predicted voters' attitudes on the environment also predicted legislators' votes. Yet as environmentalists and their opponents aligned with parties, officials had incentives to set their own views aside to represent new party constituencies. Influence flowed in both directions, however. Environmentalists were drawn to the Democrats as they confronted GOP-linked business lobbies. Environmentalists' resulting need to cooperate with other groups close to Democrats led them to change their positions. Although environmentalists were long unwelcoming to minorities, they embraced immigration reform, allied with unions on trade, and worked with civil rights lobbies and labor in battles over judicial nominations. The Element concludes with discussion of how the current party alignment on the environment might change.
Not So Sweet: Economic Implications of Restricting U.S. Sugar Imports from Mexico
Authors: Sinclair Wilson , Countryman Amanda M.
Published: April 2019

After Mexican sugar producers gained unlimited, tariff-free access to the U.S. market in 2008, U.S. and Mexican governments bilaterally agreed to constrain Mexico’s sugar exports to the United States because of dumping allegations by U.S. producers in December 2014. This analysis employs a dynamic partial equilibrium model to estimate the price and welfare impacts of the U.S.-Mexico agreement by simulating the reimplementation of North American Free Trade Agreement sugar policies. Estimates suggest liberalizing the market would decrease U.S. sugar prices, translating to an average annual decrease in producer surplus of approximately $660 million and increase in consumer surplus of $1.67 billion across the simulation.
Coworkers' organizational citizenship behaviors and employees' work attitudes: The moderating roles of perceptions of organizational politics and task interdependence
Authors: Goo Wongun , Choi Yongjun , Choi Wonseok
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the relationship between coworkers' organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and employees' work attitudes. In addition, we test if the two-situational factors – perceptions of organizational politics and task interdependence – moderate the relationship between coworkers' OCBs and focal employees' work attitudes. Using a sample of 411 employees, we found that coworkers' OCBs beneficial to organizations (OCBO) was positively related to focal employees' job satisfaction but negatively related to their turnover intention. The relationship between coworkers' OCBO and job satisfaction was stronger when perceptions of organizational politics were low. On the other hand, the relationship between coworkers' OCBs beneficial to other individuals and turnover intention was stronger when task interdependence was high. Implications of these results and future research directions are discussed.
Response of glacier flow and structure to proglacial lake development and climate at Fjallsjökull, south-east Iceland
Authors: DELL REBECCA , CARR RACHEL , PHILLIPS EMRYS , RUSSELL ANDREW J.
Published: April 2019

Over recent decades, the number of outlet glaciers terminating in lakes in Iceland has increased in line with climate warming. The mass-balance changes of these lake-terminating outlet glaciers are sensitive to rising air temperatures, due to altered glacier dynamics and increased surface melt. This study aims to better understand the relationship between proglacial lake development, climate, glacier dynamics and glacier structure at Fjallsjökull, a large, lake-terminating outlet glacier in south-east Iceland. We used satellite imagery to map glacier terminus position and lake extent between 1973 and 2016, and a combination of aerial and satellite imagery to map the structural architecture of the glacier's terminus in 1982, 1994 and 2011. The temporal evolution of ice surface velocities between 1990 and 2018 was calculated using feature tracking. Statistically significant increases in the rate of terminus retreat and lake expansion were identified in 2001, 2009 and 2011. Our surface velocity and structural datasets revealed the development of localised flow ‘corridors’ over time, which conveyed relatively faster flow towards the glacier's terminus. We attribute the overall changes in dynamics and structural architecture at Fjallsjökull to rising air temperatures, but argue that the spatial complexities are driven by glacier specific factors, such as basal topography.
Being explicit about the implicit: inference generating techniques in visual narrative
Authors: COHN NEIL
Published: April 2019

abstract

Inference has long been acknowledged as a key aspect of comprehending narratives of all kinds, be they verbal discourse or visual narratives like comics and films. While both theoretical and empirical evidence points towards such inference generation in sequential images, most of these approaches remain at a fairly broad level. Few approaches have detailed the specific cues and constructions used to signal such inferences in the first place. This paper thereby outlines several specific entrenched constructions that motivate a reader to generate inference. These techniques include connections motivated by the morphology of visual affixes like speech balloons and thought bubbles, the omission of certain narrative categories, and the substitution of narrative categories for certain classes of panels. These mechanisms all invoke specific combinatorial structures (morphology, narrative) that mismatch with the elicited semantics, and can be generalized by a set of shared descriptive features. By detailing specific constructions, this paper aims to push the study of inference in visual narratives to be explicit about when and why meaning is ‘filled in’ by a reader, while drawing connections to inference generation in other modalities.
Assessment of on-farm welfare for dairy cattle in southern Spain and its effects on reproductive parameters
Authors: Molina Laura , Agüera Estrella , Maroto-Molina Francisco , Pérez-Marín Carlos Carmelo
Published: April 2019

In this Research Communication we analyse the animal welfare status of dairy farms located in southern Spain and test the hypothesis that monitoring of wellbeing could increase the profitability of dairy herds by improving indices of reproduction. Twenty dairy farms were visited and a total of 1650 cows were assessed using the Welfare Quality® (WQ) protocol to determine their welfare status. These farms were selected as representatives of the main types of dairy farms found in the south of Spain. No farms attained a welfare status of ‘excellent’, but all obtained an adequate score for most parameters. Feeding assessment showed relatively low variability among farms, whereas housing and health assessments exhibited high variability. Significant correlations were found between a number of welfare parameter pairings: between percentage of collisions and time needed to lie down; between cleanliness of water points and cleanliness of various animal parts; between farms with access to an outdoor loafing area and an inadequate body condition score and with animal cleanliness; between the frequency of animals lying partly or completely outside of the lying area and the percentage of integument alterations and finally between the presence of respiratory problems and farm hygiene parameters. Furthermore, significant correlations between welfare parameters, reproductive indices and milk production were found. The percentage of cows exhibiting an inadequate body condition score and farms where cows took longer to lie down were correlated with the calving-first insemination interval. Animals showing a higher incidence of coughing and hampered respiration presented lower heat detection rates and milk production and finally farms with dirtier animals had lower milk production. This study is the first step towards including welfare in the recording of routine data in dairy cattle farms in southern Spain.
Aspirational theism and gratuitous suffering
Authors: LICON JIMMY ALFONSO
Published: April 2019

Philosophers have long wondered whether God exists; and yet, they have ignored the question of whether we should hope that He exists – call this stance aspirational theism. In this article, I argue that we have a weighty pro tanto reason to adopt this stance: theism offers a metaphysical guarantee against gratuitous suffering (i.e. God would not permit gratuitous suffering). On the other hand, few atheist alternatives offer such a guarantee – and even then, there are reasons to worry that they are inferior to the theistic alternative. Given this difference, we have a strong pro tanto, but not all-things-considered, reason to adopt aspirational theism.
Les paradoxes de la Protohistoire française
Authors: Lehoërff Anne
Published: April 2019

Au XIXe siècle, alors que l’archéologie se constitue progressivement en un champ disciplinaire en Europe, la France choisit une voie particulière qui marque encore aujourd’hui les recherches et l’enseignement universitaire. Refusant la périodisation des trois âges mise au point en Scandinavie, ellemilite pour une origine méditerranéenne de son histoire et associe l’archéologie à l’histoire de l’art. La Préhistoire trouve sa légitimité dans le cercle des naturalistes, qui reste néanmoins marginal dans les structures académiques liées au champ historique. Dans les années 1880, Gabriel de Mortillet propose une « Protohistoire » destinée à combler une lacune en termes de période. Pendant des décennies, cette « quatrième voie » chronologique n’a pas bénéficié d’un grand dynamisme en France et n’a reçu aucune reconnaissance, tandis que le reste de l’Europe faisait progresser la connaissance sur le Néolithique, l’âge du Bronze et l’âge du Fer. Dénoncé dès les années 1950, ce retard n’a commencé à être comblé qu’à partir de la fin des années 1960 en France. La question de la Protohistoire n’y est toujours pas réglée à l’aube du XXIe siècle alors que le reste de l’Europe, sans toujours adopter le terme, a depuis longtemps légitimé cette période historique.
Dolorisme rel igieuxet reconstructions identitaires: Les conversions néo-évangéliques dans l’Algérie contemporaine
Authors: Dirèche Karima
Published: April 2019

L’Algérie (et le Maghreb en général) est considérée depuis plusieurs décennies comme une terre demission par diverses obédiences néo-évangéliques mondialisées. Les conversions se multiplient, les lieux de culte émergent un peu partout. Les revendications publiques pour une liberté de culte et de conscience ont déclenché un véritable débat national et des réactions plutôt autoritaires et souvent répressives de la part des autorités politiques et religieuses. Cet article analyse le phénomène de la conversion à l’échelle de la Kabylie, région berbère du nord de l’Algérie et considérée (dans les représentations médiatiques et étatiques) comme favorable à la présence missionnaire et à l’entreprise apostolique chrétienne. Dans une perspective historique, l’auteur propose une lecture de la conversion à l’aide de plusieurs paramètres : enjeux identitaires et militants autour de la berbérité, questions économiques liées à la redistribution de la rente pétrolière, effets de la décennie noire, impasse du projet de société, usages idéologiques du passé. Tout cela concourt à l’explication d’un phénomène qui dépasse largement la question de la foi.
La justice révolutionnaireen Amérique du Sud pendant les guerres d’indépendance
Authors: Bragoni Beatriz
Published: April 2019

L’article examine un procès criminel qui eut lieu dans la capitale du gouvernement deCuyo, en 1818, au cours des guerres d’indépendance hispano-américaines, avec l’intentionde l’analyser comme une pratique judiciaire, source privilégiée pour examiner la pluraliténormative et procédurale alors en vigueur et les procédures pénales inquisitoires mises enœuvre, objets du débat historiographique contemporain. L’exercice spécifique de la preuveet les arguments qui ont légitimé la condamnation sont également analysés. En l’absenced’un centre de pouvoir unifié, ce cas de sédition permet de mettre en lumière une mutationde la culture politique, où patriotisme et vertu républicaine deviennent prépondérants, audétriment de la tradition monarchique.
L’OAS à Alger en 1962
Authors: Thénault Sylvie
Published: April 2019

Le Tribunal de l’ordre public jugea en Algérie des centaines de membres de l’OrganisationArmée Secrète (OAS), entre le cessez-le-feu et l’indépendance, en 1962. De ses dossiersémergent deux grandes catégories d’acteurs de la violence de cette période : les jeunes etles anciens militaires. Les premiers s’engagèrent dans le terrorisme aveugle, les secondsdans les maquis, qui attirèrent aussi les militants d’extrême droite. Généralement nés en Algérie et entrés à l’OAS peu avant leur arrestation, ces hommes ont un profil caractéristiquede ce contexte particulier, lorsque l’OAS devait recruter dans l’urgence pour éviter de disparaître, tandis que les événements poussaient les Français d’Algérie dans ses bras.
Un « tournant spatial » en histoire ?
Authors: Torre Angelo
Published: April 2019

Le succès récent de la catégorie de paysage en histoire permet d’examiner les formes et les contenus du « tournant spatial ». L’utilisation de cette catégorie en termes essentiellement visuels et symboliques de la part des historiens et des géographes peut être mise en relation avec l’influence de la géographie culturelle. Cet article essaie d’identifier quelques-unes des discussions théoriques qui ont donné naissance à cette démarche méthodologique, et en particulier sa distance par rapport à l’analyse localisée des processus. Enfin, l’auteur propose une lecture alternative de la notion de paysage grâce aux méthodes de l’écologie historique, dont il illustre les possibilités explicatives à travers un exemple d’analyse localisée des pratiques d’utilisation des ressources végétales dans les montagnes de Ligurie.
Les réformes russes du XVIe siècle :un mythe historiographique ?
Authors: Krom Mihail M.
Published: April 2019

Traditionally, the reign of Ivan IV “the Terrible” is seen in the Russian historiography as an era of deep reforms, including the currency, the police and the justice system. This article points to the limitations of such a view, based on an anachronistic understanding of “reform” as a conscious, planned, and well-considered effort. Sources rather reveal a host of local and temporary measures aiming at restoring the traditional order. From the study of the dynamics of those decisions, the role of the czar and the other political actors, and the conditions of local experimentations, a new image of 16th-century Russia emerges: that of a political system based on the practice of “corrections according to tradition.”
Lesres publicaerusses. Discours sur la propriété publique à la fin de l’empire
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: April 2019

Cet article analyse l’emergence d’un discours sur la « propriete publique» a la fin de l’empire russe et trace la facon dont se construit la notion d’un bien public a travers le cas de l’eau. Alors qu’en Europe occidentale, a la suite de la Revolution francaise, les transformations politiques et sociales ont conduit a l’emergence d’un « domaine public» et a son affirmation dans la legislation, dans la Russie monarchique, au contraire, la doctrine de la propriete publique a trouve ailleurs ses origines : les transformations du role de l’Etat et l’essor de l’etatisme economique ; le colonialisme russe en Transcaucasie et Asie centrale (qui a provoque l’invention de nouvelles formes de puissance et de propriete) ; l’exploitation industrielle des ressources naturelles (eau, minerais) et l’elargissement de la sphere du « public» a travers l’interet pour la nature, l’art national et l’architecture (toutes choses vues comme du bien commun) ; et enfin le developpement d’une ideologie liberale russe et la reconsideration des valeurs individualistes qui en forment le coeur.
Qu’est-ce qu’une constellation philosophique? Propositions pour une analyse des réseaux intellectuels
Authors: Mulsow Martin
Published: April 2019

L’analyse des constellations philosophiques se concentre sur les relations « épaisses » entre les personnes, les théories, les problèmes et les documents. Elle est fondée sur l’idée que seule l’analyse de ces relations, et pas des éléments pris séparément, peut rendre compte des accomplissements philosophiques et des développements des personnes, des idées et des théories. Cet article essaie d’établir l’analyse de constellations, mise au point par Dieter Henrich pour son étude des débuts de l’idéalisme allemand, comme méthode générale pertinente pour d’autres périodes de l’histoire de la philosophie. Il engage alors un dialogue avec d’autres méthodes dans les sciences humaines, comme celles proposées par Foucault, Elias, Chartier, Collins, etc. Il fournit quelques exemples de constellations philosophiques, du cercle de Comenius auXVIIesiècle à une « crypto-constellation » de penseurs clandestins duXVIIIesiècle.
L’histoire de la philosophie médiévale depuis 1950: méthodes, textes, débats
Authors: König-Pralong Catherine
Published: April 2019

Discipline mixte, l’histoire de la philosophie est un champ de tensions: l’objet du travail philosophique – la recherche de critères atemporels de vérité – paraît immunisé contre tout processus d’historicisation. L’histoire de la philosophie est cependant un fait institutionnel: peu de philosophes professionnels ont consenti ou réussi à en faire complètement l’économie. Cet article présente le cas de l’histoire récente de la philosophie médiévale. Les diverses manières d’envisager l’histoire de la philosophie ouvrent d’abord l’éventail des alternatives méthodologiques. Une enquête plus pragmatique documente ensuite les formes littéraires et les manières concrètes d’écrire l’histoire de la philosophie médiévale. Enfin, trois débats historiographiques classiques sont abordés; ils concernent la définition de l’objet historique, sa situation dans un monde et l’échelle de la reconstruction historique.
Implementation of the self-consistent Kröner–Eshelby model for the calculation of X-ray elastic constants for any crystal symmetry
Authors: Vermeulen Arnold C. , Kube Christopher M. , Norberg Nicholas
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we will report about the implementation of the self-consistent Kröner–Eshelby model for the calculation of X-ray elastic constants for general, triclinic crystal symmetry. With applying appropriate symmetry relations, the point groups of higher crystal symmetries are covered as well. This simplifies the implementation effort to cover the calculations for any crystal symmetry. In the literature, several models can be found to estimate the polycrystalline elastic properties from single crystal elastic constants. In general, this is an intermediate step toward the calculation of the polycrystalline response to different techniques using X-rays, neutrons, or ultrasonic waves. In the case of X-ray residual stress analysis, the final goal is the calculation of X-ray Elastic constants. Contrary to the models of Reuss, Voigt, and Hill, the Kröner–Eshelby model has the benefit that, because of the implementation of the Eshelby inclusion model, it can be expanded to cover more complicated systems that exhibit multiple phases, inclusions or pores and that these can be optionally combined with a polycrystalline matrix that is anisotropic, i.e., contains texture. We will discuss a recent theoretical development where the approaches of calculating bounds of Reuss and Voigt, the tighter bounds of Hashin–Shtrikman and Dederichs–Zeller are brought together in one unifying model that converges to the self-consistent solution of Kröner–Eshelby. For the implementation of the Kröner–Eshelby model the well-known Voigt notation is adopted. The 4-rank tensor operations have been rewritten into 2-rank matrix operations. The practical difficulties of the Voigt notation, as usually concealed in the scientific literature, will be discussed. Last, we will show a practical X-ray example in which the various models are applied and compared.
Prediction of heart failure and death in an adult population of Fontan patients
Authors: Sieweke Jan Thorben , Haghikia Arash , Riehle Christian , Klages Carolin , Akin Muharrem , König Tobias , Zwadlo Carolin , Treptau Jens , Schäfer Andreas , Bauersachs Johann , Westhoff-Bleck Mechthild
Published: April 2019

Background:

Late Fontan survivors are at high risk to experience heart failure and death. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate the role of non-invasive diagnostics as prognostic markers for failure of the systemic ventricle following Fontan procedure.

Methods:

This monocentric, longitudinal observational study included 60 patients with a median age of 24.5 (19–29) years, who were subjected to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and blood analysis. The primary endpoint of this study was decompensated heart failure with symptoms at rest, peripheral and/or pulmonary edema, and/or death.

Results:

During a follow-up of 24 months, 5 patients died and 5 patients suffered from decompensated heart failure. Clinical (NYHA class, initial surgery), functional (VO2peak, ejection fraction, cardiac index), circulating biomarkers (N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide), and imaging parameters (end diastolic volume index, end systolic volume index, mass-index, contractility, afterload) were significantly related to the primary endpoint. Multi-variate regression analysis identified afterload as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as an independent predictor of the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 1.98, 95% confidence interval 1.19–3.29, p = 0.009).

Conclusion:

We identified distinct parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise testing, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and blood testing as markers for future decompensated heart failure and death in patients with Fontan circulation. Importantly, our data also identify increased afterload as an independent predictor for increased morbidity and mortality. This parameter is easy to assess by non-invasive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Its modulation may represent a potential therapeutic approach target in these high-risk patients.
Population Evacuations in Industrial Accidents: A Review of the Literature about Four Major Events
Authors: Soffer Yechiel , Schwartz Dagan , Goldberg Avishay , Henenfeld Maxim , Bar-Dayan Yaron
Published: April 2019

This article reviews the literature describing four chemical and nuclear accidents and the lessons learned from each regarding the evacuation of civilian populations. Evacuation may save lives however, if poorly orchestrated, it may cause serious problems. For example, an inaccurate assessment of danger may lead to the evacuation of the same population twice, as the area requiring evacuation becomes larger than originally expected. Evacuation programs should focus on the vulnerable components of the populations, such as the elderly, children, and the disabled, and also should include plans for the care of pets and other animals. Training programs for civilians living near industrial centers and other high-risk areas should be considered. Finally, pre-event planning and preparation can improve the evacuation process and prevent panic behavior, and thus result in fewer casualties.
Public Awareness and Disaster Risk Reduction: Just-in-Time Networks and Learning
Authors: Ardalan Ali , Linkov Faina , Shubnikov Eugene , LaPorte Ronald E.
Published: April 2019

Improving public awareness through education has been recognized widely as a basis for reducing the risk of disasters. Some of the first disaster just-in-time (JIT) education modules were built within 3–6 days after the south Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the Bam, Pakistan, and Indonesia earthquakes through a Supercourse. Web monitoring showed that visitors represented a wide spectrum of disciplines and educational levels from 120 developed and developing countries. Building disaster networks using an educational strategy seizes the opportunity of increased public interest to teach and find national and global expertise in hazard and risk information. To be effective, an expert network and a template for the delivery of JIT education must be prepared before an event occurs, focusing on developing core materials that could be customized rapidly, and then be based on the information received from a recent disaster. The recyclable process of the materials would help to improve the quality of the teaching, and decrease the time required for preparation. The core materials can be prepared for disasters resulting from events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, and bioterrorism.
The role of psychopharmacology in suicide prevention
Authors: Saunders Kate E. A. , Hawton Keith
Published: April 2019

The potential role of psychopharmacology in suicide prevention is often minimised. This may to some extent reflect that few medication trials have specifically focussed on prevention of suicidal behaviour – indeed this outcome is often not reported in trials. However, there is reasonably strong evidence that lithium may reduce risk of suicide, the postulated mechanism being a specific effect on aggression. Evidence is lacking with regard to any protective effect of other mood stabilizers. Clozapine may reduce suicidal behaviour in patients with schizophrenia, with reduction of affective symptoms being a possible explanation. The role of antidepressants in relation to suicide risk is highly controversial, especially in children and adolescents. It is unclear whether minor tranquillizers or hypnotics can assist in suicide prevention, although they can reduce the anxiety symptoms that may occur during initial treatment with SSRI antidepressants. Itis also uncertain whether psychopharmacology has a role in preventing suicidal behaviour in people with personality disorders. Despite the limitations of the evidence we contend that suicide risk should be an important factor in deciding when and what to prescribe.

Declaration of Interest: We have no interests to declare.
Eating disorders and obesity: two sides of the same coin?
Authors: Day Jemma , Ternouth Andrew , Collier David A.
Published: April 2019

The eating disorders anorexia and bulimia nervosa have traditionally been regarded as entirely separate from obesity. Eating disorders have been regarded as Western culture-bound syndromes, arising in societies with excessive emphasis on weight, shape and appearance, and best treated by psychological therapies, in particular cognitive behavioural therapy or familybased interventions. In contrast, obesity has been considered a medical illness with metabolic and genetic origins, and thought to be best treated by mainstream medicine, involving dietary, drug or surgical treatment. We believe that this polarisation is fundamentally flawed, and research and treatment of both types of disorder would be better served by greater appreciation of the psychosocial components of obesity and the biological and genetic components of eating disorders. There are similarities in phenotype (such as excessive attempts at weight control, binge eating behaviours) and in risk factors (such as low self-esteem, external locus of control, childhood abuse and neglect, dieting, media exposure, body image dissatisfaction, weight-related teasing and shared susceptibility genes). One example of shared genetic risk is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) gene, in which the valine allele of the Va166Met amino acid polymorphism predisposes to obesity, whereas the methionine allele predisposes to eating disorders. Thus the evidence suggests that these disorders will have both shared and distinct susceptibility factors; some will predispose to both types of disorder, some will push in opposite directions, and some will separate them.
Pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic drugs: examples of current research challenges on major public health issues
Authors: Verdoux Hélène , Tournier Marie , Bégaud Bernard
Published: April 2019

Background– As a large number of persons are exposed to prescribed psychotropic drugs, their utilisation and impact should be further explored at the population level.Aims– To illustrate the interest of pharmacoepidemiological studies of psychotropic drugs by selected examples of major public health issues.Method– Selective review of the literature. Results – Many questions remain unsolved regarding the behavioural teratogenicity of prenatal exposure to psychotropic drugs, the impact of their increasing use in children, the long-term cognitive consequences of exposure to benzodiazepines, and the risks associated with extension of indications of antipsychotic drugs.Conclusion– Pharmacoepidemiological studies need to be further developed owing to the large number of public health questions raised by the extensive and expanding use of psychotropic drugs.
Obesity and psychopathology. A study of psychiatric comorbidity among patients attending a specialist obesity unit
Authors: Carpiniello Bernardo , Pinna Federica , Pillai Gianluca , Nonnoi Valentina , Pisano Enrica , Corrias Silvia , Orrù Maria Germana , Orrù Walter , Velluzzi Fernanda , Loviselli Andrea
Published: April 2019

Aims – The study aims to evaluate the frequency of association between Axis I and II disorders according to DSMIVTR criteria and obesity, and use of mental health services in a clinical sample of patients attending a centre for the diagnosis and treatment of Obesity. Methods – 150 consecutive patients (32 Males, 118 females, mean age 44.614.3 yrs; mean BMI 35.46.2) were interviewed by means of SCID I and SCID II. Results – Lifetime Prevalence of Axis I disorders was 58% (males 50%; females 61%); the highest prevalence rate was found for Anxiety Disorders (approx 35%), whilst 30% of subjects were affected by Mood disorders, chiefly Major Depression (20%), and 18% by Eating Disorders. 28% of obese patients presented a Personality Disorder, 23% of patients being affected both by an Axis I and Axis II disorder. Mood Disorders, in particular Major Depression, were significantly prevalent among female obese. 50% of females and approx 37% males included in the sample had contacted mental health units for treatment. Conclusion – Data obtained in the present study confirm the high prevalence rates of mental disorders in obese patients seeking treatment. Specialist units should therefore include thorough psychiatric evaluation of patients as a routine practice.

Declaration of Interest: The study was supported by a research grant by University of Cagliari (ex 60% funding, financial year 2006); the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Information systems for mental health
Authors: Amaddeo Francesco , Tansella Michele
Published: April 2019

The use of information systems and computer science applications in the health sector is now entrenched and widespread. In mental health services there are the typical applications of information systems concerning administrative, clinical and research issues, as well as innovative applications concerning diagnostic procedures, self-help, communication and delivery of psychotherapy.
Interhemispheric communication in schizophrenia
Authors: Bellani Marcella , Marzi Carlo Alberto , Brambilla Paolo
Published: April 2019

The corpus callosum (CC) is the brain's largest white matter tract, mostly composed by both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. The CC can be divided into different sections: rostrum, genu, body, isthmus and splenium (Aboitiz et al., 1992). Myelinated fibres predominate in the midbody and the splenium while unmyelinated fibres are more numerous in the rostrum and the genu. The callosal fiber disposition approximately reflects brain topography: the anterior sections connect the frontal lobes, the median sections connect temporal and parietal regions, and the posterior sections link occipital areas (Pandya et al., 1971). This traditional picture, however, which has been obtained mainly through studies in non-human primates has been partly modified by modern diffusion tensor imaging studies in humans (Hofer & Frahm, 2006). The CC matures after birth through adolescence and into early adulthood and is involved in different cognitive processes such as sensory-motor integration, attention, language, arousal and memory. Its size has been shown to be associated with handedness, sex (i.e., greater splenium in females and greater genu in males, Dubb et al., 2003) and cerebral laterality (i.e., inverse correlation between callosal connectivity and brain lateralization in males; Luders et al., 2003), and age (Ota et al., 2006) Specifically, age-related callosal degeneration has been detected by a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study (Ota et al., 2006) in the sub-regions that connect areas which are thought to be vulnerable to normal aging: the genu, rostral body, and isthmus. This result replicated post mortem findings of callosal degeneration in rostral body, anterior midbody and isthmus (Aboitiz et al., 1996).