bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Miles William F. S.
Published: July 2016

The idea to convene a special forum on “Islamism in West Africa” occurred to me while attending an African Studies Association Roundtable at our meeting in Washington, D.C., in 2002. A full year had elapsed since September 11, 2001, and the onset of the U.S.-led campaign to rout the Taliban from Afghanistan. Personal post-9/11 experience in Africa, as well as the writings and communications of other colleagues, had convinced me that in certain circles throughout the continent bin Laden had unexpectedly emerged as a kind of folk hero. Just how widely the Osama rage had taken hold—whether it was a fleeting Afro-pop phenomenon or a serious political challenge—began to loom as a pressingaffaire d'état. Suddenly, black Africa was being reexamined by U.S. intelligence and media alike through the prism of potential apologists for “Islamic terrorism,” or worse. What, I wondered, would the African Muslim landscape look like by the time the African Studies Association was to reconvene in 2003? More important, what was the true state of Islamism in sub-Saharan Africa?
Gambia
Authors: Darboe Momodou
Published: July 2016

Over the past fifteen years, the practice of Islam in the Gambia has undergone a perceptible change, from a tolerant and accommodating type of Qaddriyya-inspired Islam to a more radical form. This transformation has coincided with the rulership of President Yahya Jammeh, a master of manipulation of Islamic symbols. Breaking with his predecessor Sir Dawda Jawara, Jammeh has frequently blurred the line between mosque and state to reinforce his political advantage. Examples include building a mosque on state grounds and cultivating particular imams. At the same time, Jammeh has not hesitated to break with his local Wahhabi allies when he has judged it expedient to do so. Thus, in the wake of severe economic deterioration and a resulting rapprochement with the United States, the Jammeh regime has challenged the nation's prime Wahhabi leader over girls' wearing of headscarves to school. Gambia's recent experience illustrates the reciprocal relationship between religion and politics, and politicians' use of Islam for personal gain.
Fieldwork and Local Government: An Example from Tanzania
Authors: Knight C. Gregory
Published: July 2016

The problem of obtaining permission of national governments for field research in Africa has been frequently documented. The Research Liaison Committee of the African Studies Association was formed in 1966 with the purpose of serving as a center for collection and dissemination of information on U.S. scholars and their research in Africa, communications on the role and mode of research in Africa, referral of questions it was unable to answer itself, collection of files on research clearance regulations, establishing of contact on behalf of researchers going to Africa, and maintaining liaison with African studies groups outside the United States. In interviews conducted in East Africa for the Committee in 1967, Vernon McKay learned that control procedures associated with foreign scholars in Africa were only partially security oriented. Officials, especially those in the national capitals, were being inundated by would-be researchers. Although the value of research was not denied, officials suggested to McKay that research be directed toward needs of the host country -- toward studies that would aid its economic, social, and development planning. Local officials issued a plea that research results be made available to the host as soon as possible.

Research clearance problems in Tanzania are better structured than elsewhere in Africa. Applications are directed through the University College in Dar es Salaam. In Tanzania, as in other countries, even the clearance successfully completed must be followed by establishment of contacts and working relationships “upcountry.” Field research circumstances, especially pertinent to geographers, demand the tolerance, if not the active encouragement of local (subnational) government.
Bibliographical Progress in South Africa 1967-1968
Authors: Musiker Reuben
Published: July 2016

This is a two-year survey of bibliographical work completed in the Republic of South Africa. Recent developments in current and retrospective national bibliography are outlined. The South African National Bibliography has been mechanised and good progress has been made with the retrospective volume for 1926-1958. Attention is drawn to the State Library's work on the documentation of banned books. Catalogues of important collections completed are briefly described, and recent developments in the field of periodical lists and indexes are outlined. Special attention is paid in the review to Africana indexes and bibliographies. The author concludes that despite lacunae which remain to be filled, the bibliographical scene in South Africa is satisfactory and full of promise.

This review, like its forerunner covers a two-year period and is based on information derived from a questionnaire sent to the major libraries of South Africa. The interim period has also been covered to some extent by a number of informal bibliographical progress reports published in the South African Library Association Newsletter.
Nineteenth-Century Travel Literature on the Comoro Islands: A Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Dubins Barbara
Published: July 2016

Because of their location at the head of the Mozambique Channel, the four islands of the Comoro Archipelago, Anjouan (or Johanna), Grande Comore (Great Comoro), Mohilla (Mohély), and Mayotte (Mayotta) have been the subject of a considerable body of literature. European ships in need of supplies for their voyages to the east, or along the eastern coast of Africa, stopped at one or all of the islands, and many travelers and ship captains published their observations on the archipelago. Literature dealing with the period before 1800 has been arranged into collections cited below, but the numerous accounts of nineteenth-century travelers ar e scattered in periodicals and books, and the major bibliographical works on the islands, by and large, cover die same ground. This essay brings together accounts of the Comoro Islands arranged in a geographical and historical, although not necessarily chronological, context; and secondary material particularly related to the events and people is also described.
German Records in the National Archives of Tanzania
Authors: Brown Walter T.
Published: July 2016

The National Archives of Tanzania (Idara ya Kumbukumbu za Taifa la Tanzania) were established on 28 August 1965. Since this date energies have been directed toward building an efficient archival service: better storage facilities have been acquired, trained Tanzanian personnel have been hired, and there is now seating space for ten researchers. The most significant development from the historian's point of view has been the recent organization of the German records into a concise and convenient index catalogue.

In June 1967 the West German Government Technical Aid Program sent Mr. Peter Geissler, an Archivinspektor at Hessiches Staatsarchiv, Marburg, on a two-year project to reorganize the German records. Mr. Geissler is already familiar to historians of the American Revolution for his research on the Hessian troop records at Marburg. In Deutsch-Ostafrika the old German Registry System (renewed in 1902 and in effect until 1916) had been utilized in numbering the various files. A still extant two-volume Registry lists all the documents in existence before the First World War, but many of these have since been lost, eaten by white ants, stolen, or destroyed. It is evident that only a few records concerning district political administration have survived, while land, legal, mission, public works, and education files are among the most complete. The files have been divided into two main groupings: (1) the old German Registry and other German Government Administration (G 1 - G 65); and (2) Private Archives (G 66 - G 86). Each file card contains both the new “G” number and the old German Registry designation. In addition Mr. Geissler has performed a painstaking task in listing on each card some of the outstanding names, places, etc. mentioned in the particular file.
Distribution of African Studies Programs and Africanists in the United States: A View from the South
Authors: Vermeer Donald E.
Published: July 2016

Chronicles of the African Studies Association and of the development of African studies programs give clear evidence that both have achieved substantive progress after a rather late arrival on the academic scene. At the same time, however, mapping of both programs and Africaniste equally clearly indicates their quite restricted distribution. Consequently the impact of African studies programs and scholarship on our academies and on the wider society of which we are a part has been far more limited than is desirable.

The distribution of Africanists is largely related to the location and size of African studies programs, and the distribution of both of these in turn is influenced by population distribution in the United States. Although large parts of the United States are devoid of African studies programs and of dedicated African scholars, they certainly are not unpopulated. Thus, awareness and understanding of African phenomena bypass large portions of the student and general population, and at least some of the responsibility for ignorance about Africa results from the spotty distribution of programs and scholars. It may be argued that little or nothing can be done to remedy this maldistribution of programs and scholars, but such an argument can logically be offered only after an attempt has been made.
African Studies in Spain
Authors: Beltrán Luis
Published: July 2016

It is a well-known saying that Africa begins at the Pyrenees. What is also obvious is that due to historical, cultural, and geographical reasons, Spain constitutes a unique bridge between Africa and Europe. Within Spain itself, as it advances toward the south, one can appreciate how the north of Africa gradually penetrates into Europe. Hence the African root in Spain is a logical consequence of the geographical reality and the evolution of social historic facts, which throughout the centuries have strongly related Spain and Africa, particularly its northwestern regions; so that when Africa is mentioned in Spain the Maghreb often comes to mind. For the same reason Arabic and Islamic studies occupy a privileged position in Spanish Africanism.

Historically speaking, since the end of the nineteenth century, coinciding with the last impulse in exploration and delimitation of areas under European influence in the sub-Saharan continent, an Africanist movement in research and study has always been manifest in Spanish cultural life. Four definite phases can be traced in its development.

1. The first phase, dating from the end of the last century and the beginning of the present one, is characterized by deep social and political instability (the Spanish-American War, the civil wars, etc.). The ever increasing gap between West Europe and Spain, and the consequent feeling of isolation, created a favorable “Africanist atmosphere” in intellectual milieux. In that time, institutions such as the Real Sociedad Geográfica or the Liga Africanista Española, to mention the most important, did away with the first major obstacle: the emphasis on scientific dedication to Hispanic-American and Arab studies. The above mentioned institutions promoted with success a systematic work in widespread African investigation.
Department of Psychology and Education Lovanium University (Congo-Kinshasa)
Authors: Missinne L. E.
Published: July 2016

When Lovanium University was founded in October, 1954, only 10 students registered for the Department of Education. Within twelve years, 43 students graduated either in Psychology or in Education, and 54 others obtained a Diploma in Education. During the academic year 1966-1967, there were about 200 students in the Department. These are tangible results. Young people have been prepared to serve their countries in the field of education and teaching, a field which is very important in a developing country.

From the beginning the main objective of the Department has been to adapt a specifically African programme and training. The increasing success known by this Department, especially since 1963-1964, shows that it really meets the needs of a young Republic which is constantly searching for qualified African professors for secondary schools and training colleges as well as school inspectors and competent counsellors in education. The psychologists also face a very big task. Centres for school orientation and selection, as well as for vocational selection and orientation, are in bad need of qualified staff to create new centres or to extend the ones already existing.
Address by the Prime Minister of Bechuanaland on October 28, 1965, at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting
Authors: Khama Seretse
Published: July 2016

Mr. President, members of the Association, and guests: I regard it as a very great honor to be asked to address this Association. I know what a deep interest you hold in the continent of Africa and of the good that the members of the Association can do in publicizing the needs of and developments in African states. I also appreciate that many of you have personal knowledge of the African scene and I must refrain from the all top usual but reprehensible habit that some politicians indulge in of stretching the truth to suit their own ends. With such a well-informed audience before me, I shall take no risks.

Mr. President, the subject on which I am best qualified to speak is Bechuanaland, and today I would like to talk a little of the current position of Bechuanaland and of our hopes and ambitions for the future.

By September 30, 1966, Bechuanaland will be an independent country. I fear we are going to add to the confusion of the students of geography by following the fashion of changing the name of our country.

The people of Bechuanaland are certainly a “new” nation, as that term is now used. The country, according to its present boundaries, was created a mere seventy years ago. And for the bulk of these seventy years the local African inhabitants played little or no part in the administration of the country. For many years, of course, it was expected that Bechuanaland, along with Basutoland and Swaziland, would become an integral part of the Union, now the Republic, of South Africa. However, the people of Bechuanaland made it quite clear that they had no ambition to become politically integrated with the Republic of South Africa, and although I still occasionally hear it suggested that our future would be best safeguarded if we should become a Bantustan, I can assure you all that that is not where our future lies.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives in African Linguistic Research
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H.
Published: July 2016

Ours is an association organized on an areal basis. What we have in common is an interest in a particular portion of the earth's surface. Yet every member of the society whether a practicing academician or not bears an affiliation of a different order, namely, membership in one of the standard academic disciplines--sociology, history, anthropology, or some other. This is formally acknowledged by the placing of an appropriate letter abbreviation after each name in our membership list, and it can normally be assigned without hesitation. The latter basis of group identification, that of discipline rather than area, seems in a real sense to be primary. It is older and better established, and, above all, it supplies the very framework of American academic organization, that into departments which normally are distinguished along the lines of division of the disciplines.

True, there are programs of African studies in a number of universities, just as there are other programs, both areal and nonareal. But after a period of initial enthusiasm in some quarters following World War II for the training of areal specialists as such and without primary reference to traditional disciplinary affiliation, it became evident that if a scholar was to be, for example, an Africanist and a sociologist, he should receive his higher degree in a sociology department. He would thus be a sociologist in the broadest sense of the word, but one with a special interest in Africa rather than an Africanist with a greater interest in the sociological than the other aspects of African life. Area study programs thus failed to shake the fundamental organizational basis of American academic life. In fact, today most African programs are interdepartmental as well as interdisciplinary and their staff members are usually at the same time members of established academic departments.
Articles on African Affairs Translated by Joint Publications Research Service
Authors: Witherell Julian W.
Published: July 2016

The United States Joint Publications Research Service, an organization established to service the foreign language needs of the various federal government agencies, has translated a number of items on African affairs. The following list of JPRS translations on Africa south of the Sahara was compiled in the Government Publication Section, Serial Division, Library of Congress. It includes translations of material originally published in various foreign language journals, primarily those of the Soviet Union and Communist China. A large percentage of the articles is devoted to politics and propaganda, setting forth the current policies of the two major Communist nations toward Africa. But there is also a considerable body of material — much of it translated from French publications — on anthropology, ethnology, economic development, labor movements and mining activity.
Social Research in Africa
Authors: Lystad Robert , Kraus Jon
Published: July 2016

The first of a series of meetings at which material concerning the
current status of social research in Africa was considered, was opened by
the chairman, the editor of the African Studies Association's forthcoming
volume on this topic. At this plenary session John Fage, of the University
of London, spoke on recent developments and trends in African history,
Arthur Schiller of Columbia University on law, and Joseph Greenberg of
Stanford University on linguistics.

Taking historical studies on Africa from their beginning, Dr. Fage
indicated that there had been a continuous output of historical material
relating to Africa from the time of Herodotus up to the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the writing of African
history ceased to be respectable. One reason for this was a change in the
character of historical research, with great emphasis being placed on
written sources. By comparison with the western world, Africa was deficient
in written history and records, and the attitude that Africa therefore had
no history came to prevail. This attitude was not unconnected with the
supremacy of Europe, with the feeling that Europe would have to civilize
Africa, and it was considered that the study of Africa was the job of the
ethnographer rather than the historian. Secondly, there emerged a new branch
of historical enquiry, that of colonial history in Africa, with its emphasis
on European rather than African activities. The result was that academic
historians had no contact with Africa. In fact, however, historical
materials on Africa did exist, and in ignoring them the historian had simply
left the field to anthropologists, or to amateurs. Anthropologists
established a close association with Africa but were little concerned with
the past and suspicious of “conjectural history.” Their concentration on
simple societies and the relative lack of attention given to political
structures kept the social anthropologists from developing too close an
interest in African history.
Protein quality of feeding-stuffs
Authors: Boyne A. W. , Ford J. E. , Hewitt D. , Shrimpton D. H.
Published: July 2016

1. Twenty-two samples of high-protein feeding-stuffs, sixteen of them fish meals, were used in a collaborative study of the precision and the limits of discrimination of theStreptococcus zymogenesassay procedure, as applied to the estimation of available methionine, tryptophan and isoleucine contents.

2. All the participating laboratories ranked the test samples in much the same sequence with respect to content for all three amino acids. There were apparently systematic differences between laboratories which impaired the precision of some of the estimates, and these were greatly reduced by including a common reference sample in the tests as an auxiliary standard.

3. Values for available methionine content for eleven test samples were highly correlated (r0.86) and quantitatively similar to those obtained for chick growth assays, but those for available tryptophan content were markedly lower and were probably in error.
The role of energy and fluid imbalance in weight changes found during field work in Antarctica
Authors: Boyd J. J.
Published: July 2016

1. The effect on body-weight of field work in Antarctica when travelling by mechanical transport has been studied.

2. A steady loss of weight (mean 6.2 kg) was found in the field, and there was a slow gain on return to less arduous conditions.

3. Changes in skinfold thickness and hip girth suggested that the loss of weight was due to an energy deficit, and the gain was due to an excess of energy.

4. However, although weight was being lost the energy balance was calculated to be positive. This was probably because the expenditure was underestimated as the result of a failure to take into account: (a) the weight and restriction of heavy clothing, (b) the high-protein diet, (c) the difficulty imposed by the terrain, (d) the intensity of the subjects' response to the cold.

5. Daily weight changes were significantly related to climatic conditions.

6. Daily weight changes were significantly related to fluid intakes, but it was not possible to assess with certainty the contribution made by dehydration to the recorded weight loss.

7. Daily fluctuations in weight were greater than those previously found under more standard conditions.
Variations in the apparent nutrient content of foods: a study of sampling error
Authors: Yuk A. W. Chan Chim , Wheeler Erica F. , Leppington Irene M.
Published: July 2016

1. Successive portions of boiled and mashed potatoes, roast pork, cooked, freeze-dried peas and ice-cream were taken in order to determine the total (sampling and experimental) error involved in the ‘duplicate analysis’ method of dietary survey.

2. These samples were analysed for water, nitrogen, fat, iron and energy.

3. The experimental error of the methods was also studied separately.

4. The sampling and experimental errors ranged from 0.3% for water in potatoes, to 23% for Fe in ice-cream. Sampling error was significantly greater than experimental error for all nutrients studied.

5. It is concluded that in reporting the results from dietary surveys, it is necessary to take account of the errors inherent even in the most precise methods.
Note on Thucydides II. c. 48, § 3
Authors: Roberts W. Rhys
Published: July 2016

May a reader of Mr. Herbert Richards' Thucydidea briefly defend the manuscript reading in this familiar passage ? In the October issue of the Classical Quarterly (vii. 245) Mr. Richards suggests καì πολλοὺσ ἰδών in place of καì αὐτ⋯ς ἰδών. He says, ‘The second aὐróς is very pointless, and a πoλλoὐς seems wanted. We do not need to be told that he saw them himself, and hardly that he did see them; that he saw many is worth mentioning.
On Some Passages of Oviod's Tristia
Authors: Owen S. G.
Published: July 2016

Since the publication of my critical edition in 1889 the Tristia of Ovid has received some attention. A paper in Hermathena, vol. vii. (1890) by Professor R. Ellis contains several conjectural emendations, and in a public lecture on The Second Book of Ovid's ‘Tristia’ (Clarendon Press, 1913), this veteran scholar analysed the intricate contents of Book II. Two learned pamphlets by Dr. R. Ehwald, Ad historiam carminum Ouidianorum recensionemque symbolae (I. Gotha, 1889 ; II. Gotha, 1892) deal with the history of the text, and the textual criticism and interpretation generally. Dr. Paul Vogel's Kritische und exegetische Bemerkungen zu Ovid ‘Tristien’ (Festschrift, Schneeberg [Sachsen] 1891) is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the text and its interpretation.
Etymologies and Derivations
Authors: Fay Edwin W.
Published: July 2016

I. In Skr. medín we have an Indo-Iranian -in derivative of a proethnic start-form (s)met-sdos ‘co-sedens,’ whose initial s may have been lost by haplology, but cf. Av. mat ‘μετά.’ Homeric ἂoζoς ‘attendant’ (start-form sm-sodyos) is a like compound, meaning co-sedens and not ‘mitgänger’ (pace Johannson IF. III. 199), but has suffered psilosis. Out of composition, unless the ‘suffix’ conceals a posterius, we may have a further cognate in Lat. sodalis ‘boon-companion,’ wherein sodā- may have meant something like ‘session’ (the council or board of elders in the Scotch kirk).
Catvllvs VI. 1 sqq
Authors: Nutting H. C.
Published: July 2016

Sentences of the form si sit … esset crop out at rare intervals in the literature of classical Latin, deviating so sharply from what might be called the standard forms of conditional speaking that they have commonly been regarded with more or less suspicion.
Gleanings from Glossaries and Scholia
Authors: Lindsay W. M.
Published: July 2016

My hope (Class. Rev. 34, 105) of an edition of the quotations in the Liber Glossarum has at last been realized in Professor Mountford's excellent Quotations from Classical Authors in Medieval Latin Glossaries (= Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. XXL), New York and London (Longmans, Green and Co.), 1925.
Variation in grain skinning among spring barley varieties induced by a controlled environment misting screen
Authors: BRENNAN M. , TOPP C. F. E. , HOAD S. P.
Published: July 2016

The current study investigated use of a controlled misting environment to simulate field conditions that have been implicated in high levels of the malting barley defect, grain skinning. More than 200 spring barley varieties were assessed to identify those varieties that were particularly resistant or susceptible to the defect. Relationships between skinning severity and the traits ear length, floret number, grain number and grain weight were examined among the varieties. In a panel of seven varieties chosen as treatment controls, misting was found to significantly increase skinning severity. The misting treatment had no effect on measured ear traits of these varieties. Among the 200 varieties grown under the misting treatment, there was a continuous spectrum of skinning severities, which were not correlated with ear length, floret number, grain number or grain weight. Using the misting treatment, differences in susceptibility to grain skinning could be determined among varieties. As the misting treatment did not affect measured ear traits, and no correlation was found between ear traits and skinning severity among varieties, the effect of misting on skinning severity must be mediated through other physiological characteristics.
Structure of foliicolous thalli of the Gomphillaceae in a south-western Florida lichen community
Authors: SANDERS William B. , DE LOS RÍOS Asunción
Published: July 2016

Foliicolous lichens complete their life cycles upon non-deciduous leaves in humid tropical and subtropical environments. The anatomy of these lichens and its adaptations to this specialized niche have received only limited attention. The present work examines the structural organization in seven species of the Gomphillaceae that colonize palm leaves in south-west Florida, USA. Thalli with their leaf substratum were embedded in resin and examined with SEM in backscattered electron detection mode. All species showed a continuous, covering epilayer of fungal origin that consisted of relatively sparse, scattered cell lumina of reduced diameter connected by cell wall-derived material. Fungal cells were intermixed below this layer, with algal cells often resting directly on the substratum. Interactions between symbionts were mainly limited to wall-to-wall contacts without penetration. The epilayer showed continuity with the fungal prothallus at the perimeter of the thalli. Crystalline deposits in the upper portions of thalli were common, particularly in the species of Gyalectidium examined. All thalli were entirely epicuticular; some covered the stomata of the leaf beneath. It is suggested that the prominence of non-living wall materials and mineral crystals in thallus structure might serve to minimize the metabolic cost of fungal tissue in climates where warm temperatures at night result in higher rates of respiration.
How to optimize lichen relative growth rates in growth cabinets
Authors: GAUSLAA Yngvar , ALAM Md Azharul , SOLHAUG Knut Asbjørn
Published: July 2016

In order to improve growth chamber protocols for lichens, we tested the effect of 1) wet filter paper versus self-drained nets as a substratum for lichens, and 2) gradual versus abrupt transitions between dark and light periods. For Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. cultivated on nets, RGR increased by 60% compared to those on wet papers, whereas abrupt on/off transitions between day/night gave as high growth rates as gradual transitions mimicking sunrise/sunset. Because thalli on nets had less surface water than those on papers, the higher RGR on nets likely resulted from less suprasaturation depression of photosynthesis. By supporting very high growth and eliminating any visible damage, the revised growth chamber protocols facilitate new functional lichen studies.
Contrasting pattern of photobiont diversity in the Atlantic and Pacific populations ofErioderma pedicellatum(Pannariaceae)
Authors: CORNEJO Carolina , NELSON Peter R. , STEPANCHIKOVA Irina , HIMELBRANT Dmitry , JØRGENSEN Per-Magnus , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph
Published: July 2016

The present study investigates the photobiont diversity of the boreal felt lichen,Erioderma pedicellatum. Previously sampled genetic data from Newfoundland were reanalyzed and new sequence data (16S rDNA,rbcLX) of the boreal felt lichen from Alaska (USA), Kamchatka (Russia), and North Trøndelag (Norway) were generated. The highest genetic diversity of the photobiont is found in Alaska and Kamchatka, indicating that these may be the primary sources of the species in the Northern Hemisphere. In Newfoundland, the photobiont ofE. pedicellatumwas screened on leaves of the symbiotic liverwortFrullania asagrayanaand it was found to occur on trees where no other lichens were present, demonstrating that the geographical distribution, and possibly also the ecological requirement of the photobiont ofE. pedicellatum, is wider than that of the lichen phenotype. Finally, a postulated association between the occurrence of the vegetatively reproducingCoccocarpia palmicolaand the occurrence of the compatible photobiont ofE. pedicellatumon the same tree could not be established.
New Light on the Early History of the Breve Compendio. The Background to the English Translation of 1612
Authors: Allison A.F.
Published: July 2016

Twenty-five years ago two scholars working independently published the results of their researches on the origin and early history of the late sixteenth century mystical treatise known as Breve compendio intorno alla perfezione cristiana. Marcel Viller S. J., in an article in Revue d'ascétique et de mystique (1931), settled the question of authorship and provided an invaluable account of the circumstances in which the treatise was composed. Jean Dagens, writing in Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique (1931) on Bérulle’s Bref discour de l'abnégation intérieure, which is based on the Breve compendio, discussed the history of the work in France. These two studies aroused considerable interest at the time and led to the publication of further articles and notes. Dagens summarises the results of this research in his chapter on the Bref discours in his recent extensive study, Bérulle et les origines de la restauration catholique, 1575–1611 (1952). After such thorough investigation it may seem doubtful whether any further really important discoveries are likely to be made, but within certain limits there is still scope for enquiry, and in the present note I want to discuss briefly an English translation of the Breve compendio, first published in 1612, which was unknown to Viller and Dagens. First it will be necessary to summarise what they say about the early history of the original work.
The Roman Catholic Mission to the Irish in London, 1840–1860
Authors: Gilley Sheridan
Published: July 2016

The English Catholic Church confronted in the Irish a manner of men utterly remote from its own experience. Its priests ministered to a devout gentry; they had now to serve a pious proletariat. The faith in England had survived in the country; the Irish flocked to the towns. English congregations were small, and mostly worshipped in manor chapels; the Irish multitudes would require cathedrals. The English Catholic squire resembled his heretical neighbours both in their virtues and their vices; and his exclusion from English public life had preserved in him the insular prejudice of a simpler age. Class, culture and a uniquely quietist traditional piety shut him off from the Irish poor, and created the distinctions which a common creed might alone hope to overcome.
English Benedictines and the Oath of Allegiance, 1606–1647
Authors: Lunn, O.S.B. Maurus
Published: July 2016

In the seventeenth century the question of allegiance divided the English Catholics as effectively as birth control in the twentieth. It might be of interest, therefore, to attempt a statistical breakdown of the opinions of English Benedictines on James I’s Oath of Allegiance, since by the 1630’s the monks were numerically a force to be reckoned with. Such an attempt has not been made before. Moreover, some primary documents imply that the Benedictines as a body were in favour of the Oath. But since much of the evidence on the oath was mere hearsay, party accusations or deliberately misleading, it needs to be tested carefully.
Protestant London, No-Popery and the Irish Poor, 1830–60
Authors: Gilley Sheridan
Published: July 2016

“What though the western breezes

Blow soft o'er Erin's Isle,

Though every prospect pleases,

And only Rome is vile;

In vain with lavish kindness,

The gifts of God are strewn,

The Celt in abject blindness,

Bows down to wood and stone!”2

Rev. Jos. Rogerson Cotter (1852)

The social historian in quest of Victorian commentary on the Irish in London finds a surprising dearth of materials. There were Irish beggars everywhere in the city, and their tenements lay within a few yards of the most fashionable thoroughfares, but neither their revolutionary potentialities nor predilection for violence nor deplorable religion made much impact upon the Victorian imagination. As they hardly figured in the national life, so they have left few traces in the memoirs of their betters, and hardly appear in Victorian literature, even in the novels of Dickens, who also ignored them in his hearthside journals, though he was always exploring their rookeries. They make fleeting appearances in the romances of Kingsley, Disraeli and Mrs. Gaskell; and Carlyle and Bulwer Lytton thought them a nuisance, and said so. But these few Celtic birds of passage do not greatly enlarge one’s understanding of the Irish in London, and hardly make an English literary summer.
Archbishop Manning and the Kulturkampf
Authors: von Arx Jeffrey P.
Published: July 2016

It is not surprising that Henry Edward Manning had strong opinions about the Kulturkampf, Otto von Bismarcks effort in the early 1870’s to bring the Roman Catholic Church in Germany under the control of the State. As head of the Catholic Church in England, it appropriately fell to Manning to condemn what most British Catholics would have seen as the persecution of their Church in the new German Empire. Moreover, Manning knew personally the bishops involved in the conflict with Bismarck from their time together at the Vatican Council. Indeed, he was well acquainted with some of them who had played important rôles, either for or against, in the great controversies of the Council that led to the definition of Papal Infallibility. MiecisIaus Ledochowski, Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen, imprisoned and expelled from his see by the German government in 1874, had, together with Manning, been a prominent infallibilist. Paulus Melchers, Archbishop of Cologne, and leader of the German inopportunists, suffered the same penalty. The bishops of Breslau, Trier and Paderborn, all of whom had played significant rôles at the Council, the first two against, the latter for the definition, were either imprisoned, expelled, or both. Manning considered these men to have suffered for the cause of religious liberty, and could not understand the indifference of British politicians, especially of liberals like Gladstone, to their fate.
Manning as Politician
Authors: Quinn Dermot
Published: July 2016

It is a convention—now hardened to cliché—of Victorian historiography that Henry Edward Manning and John Henry Newman lived parallel lives: both virtual contemporaries, both sons of bankrupt fathers, both Oxford Anglicans with promise of greatness, both converts to Rome, both ascetics, both Cardinals. Equally conventional are the differences: Newman’s subtlety, Manning’s stoutness, Newman’s ‘Englishness’, Manning’s Romanita, Newman the outsider, Manning an Establishment figure from the start. These conceits are serviceable, but a more useful linkage is this: Manning and Newman lived not parallel lives, but paradoxical ones, the paradox being that each, in a sense, lived the other man’s life. Consider how each developed in unimagined ways. Newman was one of the most private men of his day. To a temperament already solitary was added the isolation of conversion, then the loneliness of failure, finally the realisation that he represented only a minority in a flamboyantly Ultramontane church. Yet Newman was never left alone with his solitude. His inner life became public property: his soul-struggle debated in the popular prints, his spiritual journey subject of tract and pamphlet and letter to the editor. People thought they knew him better than he knew himself, and, were they a Henry Kingsley or a Robert Wilberforce or an Orestes Brownson, lost little time in telling him. The boundaries of a decent interiority were crossed again and again, until he became icon, symbol, Everyman’s Newman.
Plainchant in the Eighteenth-Century English Catholic Church
Authors: Zon Bennett
Published: July 2016

Certainly, by the last quarter of the eighteenth century, plain-chant performance in England had become inelegantly laborious, a fact much bemoaned by would-be chant-lovers.
Monsignor Lord William Joseph Petre (1847–93): A Pillar of Downside
Authors: Foster Stewart
Published: July 2016

Ever since the purchase of the Manor of Ingatestone in 1539, the Petre family has played a prominent part not only in the history of the Catholic community in Essex, but in the life of the Church further afield. Sir William Petre, the founder of the Essex line, and two of his descendants have merited the attention of a biographer, while there has also been a substantial periodical literature associated with the family. However, no such detailed study has yet been written on perhaps the most intriguing member of the family, the little-known thirteenth Baron of Writtle, Monsignor Lord William Joseph Petre. The present article seeks to shed light on the early part of the career of this pioneer of Catholic liberal education and the first Catholic priest to take his seat in the House of Lords since the Reformation. The focal point of Petre's earlier years was the monastery and school of St. Gregory's, Downside.
Acton, Oxenham, and the Temporal Power
Authors: O’Sullivan Wayne M.
Published: July 2016

In his inaugural lecture on the study of history, delivered at Cambridge in 1895, Lord Acton exhorted his students to ‘try others by the final maxim that governs your own lives, and to suffer no man and no cause to escape the undying penalty which history has the power to inflict on wrong … If we lower our standard in history, we cannot uphold it in Church and State.’

This was Acton in his seventh decade, some seven years before his death. As a young man in his mid twenties, writing for The Rambler, which at that time Acton and his circle of liberal catholics hoped to use as the vehicle for educating their co-religionists into harmonizing their ancient faith with contemporary science and scholarship, he struck a very different note. This was the Acton who distinguished between Catholic and Protestant intolerance, excusing the former as the product of ‘external circumstances,’ while condemning the latter as an ‘imperative precept and a part of its doctrine.’ Acton was not, at any point in his life, a conventional thinker, and just as his later view of the historian as moral judge was, and remains, controversial, so his earlier reading of ecclesiastical history was disputed by friend and foe.
Archbishop Murray of Dublin and the Episcopal Clash on the Inter-Denominational School Scripture Lessons Controversy, 1835–1841
Authors: Griffin Sean
Published: July 2016

In September 1831, the newly elected liberal Whig government under Earl Grey introduced an experiment of national education in Ireland aimed at uniting Catholics and Protestants in one general system. Schools were officially non-denominational but provision was made for separate religious instruction at designated times under the superintendence of the respective churches. It was a response to ten years of intensive lobbying by the Irish Catholic Church, and over twenty years of public and parliamentary debate, seeking a school system supported by State funds which would explicitly prohibit interference with the religious convictions of children.
Cardinal Cullen, Early Fenianism, and the MacManus Funeral Affair
Authors: Rafferty Oliver P.
Published: July 2016

The political threat posed by the growth of Fenianism in Ireland in the late 1850s and early 1860s has generally been underplayed by much present-day historiography. Even contemporaries were not disposed to see American Fenianism as much of a danger to the constitutional stability of Ireland. The Dublin police authorities decided to recall sub-inspector Thomas Doyle from his surveillance work in America in July 1860. By that time Doyle had sent dozens of reports on Irish-American revolutionary activity. On the basis of his reports the authorities knew that John O'Mahony and Michael Dohney, both of 1848 notoriety, were prominently involved in Phoenix and Fenian conspiracy. They also knew the general points of the ‘phoenix theory’ that England's difficulty was Ireland's opportunity, that men were being recruited and drilled in large numbers in the U.S. for a possible invasion of Ireland, that ‘O'Mahony's theory [was] … to root out the Government, to cut down the landlords, and to confiscate the land of Ireland’, and that John Mitchel had gone to Paris as an agent for the ‘phoenix confederacy’ in the U.S.
Pax Vobis, 1679: Its History and Author
Authors: Clancy Thomas H.
Published: July 2016

One of the most popular and intriguing Catholic books of controversy in the late seventeenth century was Pax Vobis. It first appeared in the year 1679 with the following titlepage.
The Posthumous Reputation of the Holy Maid of Kent
Authors: Watt Diane
Published: July 2016

At the beginning of his essay entitled ‘How To Be a Counter-Reformation Saint’, Peter Burke observes
‘Pierce the Dim Clouds’: The Correspondence of Francis Turville with his Chaplain, Thomas Potts, 1785–1789
Authors: Gibson William
Published: July 2016

In 1763, Francis Fortescue Turville inherited Husbands Bosworth Hall at Bosworth, Leicestershire, from his cousin Maria Aletha Fortescue. He inherited the estate directly, because his father had abandoned the Catholic religion and this debarred him from the bequest. The seat had been in the Fortescue family since 1630. In 1780 Francis Turville married Barbara Talbot, sister of the Earl of Shrewsbury. It was a marriage into a leading Catholic family and through his marriage, Francis Turville was connected with the most powerful Catholic families in the country, which had provided two vicars apostolic in the eighteenth century. But at Husbands Bosworth Hall, the Turvilles were by no means part of a larger Catholic community. Bosworth, and Leicestershire, were not strongly Catholic. With the exception of the Hastings family of Braunston and the Nevilles of Holt, both of which families sheltered missions, there were few notable Catholic families in the county; it has been estimated that Catholics made up less than five per cent of the population of the county of Leicestershire. This may have been one of the factors that influenced Francis Turville's decision to live abroad. Between 1784 and April 1789 Francis and Barbara Turville lived in Nancy in the Province of Lorraine. Although there is no explicit evidence, it seems probable that Francis Turville, like many Catholic gentry, moved to France in order to educate his son, George. One of the principal concerns of Catholic parents who sent their sons to be educated in France or the Netherlands was that they would return having lost all Englishness and connection with their family. This often led families to travel with their sons, or to send a trusted family member with them. It may also be that Francis Turville did not have a high regard for the lot of a Catholic gentleman in England. In 1786 it was reported to Turville that one of his neighbours, Mr. Saunders, ‘did not seem much to relish the description which you gave of the situation of a Roman Catholic gentleman in England. He could not conceive how the latter could be said to be oppressed’. While he was abroad, Turville maintained a correspondence with his chaplain, Thomas Potts, who remained at Husbands Bosworth Hall. This article seeks to indicate the nature of the relationship between Turville and his chaplain and to suggest that the rôles of a domestic chaplain were critical in maintaining the sense of an English Catholic community.
Contemporary Catholic History
Authors: Massie William
Published: July 2016

In his new book James Arthur has chosen a title that is controversial but befits his central thesis*: Catholic schools are in crisis, under pressure from the unsympathetic secular State (to include both the Local Education Authority and central government’s Department for Education) and lacking coherent support and direction from the Catholic community (to include bishops, school trustees and governors and teachers). The author traces how this has come about but stops short of offering a detailed manifesto for how the decline might be arrested.
‘Rome’s Snaky Brood’: Catholic Yeomen, Craftsmen and Townsmen in the West Midlands, 1600–1641
Authors: Rowlands Marie B.
Published: July 2016

At the beginning of the seventeenth century the neighbouring parishes of West Bromwich, Sedgley and Wolverhampton in South Staffordshire were notorious for popery. Although they lay close together they differed from each other in economy and organisation. West Bromwich was a rural parish with available water power, Sedgley was a rural parish on the coal outcrop with metal working, quarrying and lime burning. Wolverhampton was an ancient Minster with a market town, a seignorial borough set in a large Foreign containing three chapelries and many hamlets.
Catholic Members of Parliament who Represented British Constituencies, 1829–1885: A Prosopographical Analysis
Authors: Stack John A.
Published: July 2016

In an 1885 article on ‘Roman Catholics and Parliamentary Representation,’ The Times suggested ‘it is a strange thing that although the Catholic Emancipation Bill was passed in 1829, very few members of that faith have succeeded in holding seats for English constituencies.’ During the past few decades a number of historians have published important studies of the electoral influence of Catholics in the nineteenth century, but most of these works have paid little attention to the Catholics who were Members of Pariliament. But any attempt to understand the Catholic contribution to public life in the nineteenth century surely requires an analysis of the Catholic M.P.s.