bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Continuous Auditing on the Relationship between Internal Audit Sourcing and the External Auditor's Reliance on the Internal Audit Function
Authors: Davidson Bruce I. , Desai Naman K. , Gerard Gregory J.
Published: February 2013

Prior research indicates that external auditors are willing to rely to a greater extent on the work of the internal audit (IA) function when the function has been outsourced, or co-sourced, as opposed to maintained in-house. This article addresses the extent to which this relationship between IA sourcing and external auditor reliance is moderated by the use of continuous auditing. One hundred forty-two auditors, all CPAs, participated in an experiment in which we manipulated both IA sourcing type (in-house versus outsourced) and audit type (periodic versus continuous) and measured ratings of external auditor reliance on the IA function. Results indicate that when the IA function uses periodic auditing, external auditors rely more on an outsourced function than an in-house function. However, when the IA function uses continuous auditing, external auditors do not differ in reliance on an outsourced or in-house function. The prior literature suggests that outsourcing an IA function can lead to higher levels of external auditor reliance and subsequently lower external audit costs. The results here suggest that maintaining the IA function in-house and employing continuous auditing may lead to similar external audit effects.
Evaluation of the effects of a killed whole-cell vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in 3 herds of dairy cattle with natural exposure to the organism
Authors: Knust Barbara , Patton Elisabeth , Ribeiro-Lima João , Bohn Jeff J. , Wells Scott J.
Published: February 2013

Objective—To evaluate effects of vaccination with a killed whole-cell vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) on fecal shedding of the organism, development of clinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease [JD]), milk production, measures of reproduction, and within-herd longevity of dairy cattle naturally exposed to MAP.

Design—Controlled clinical trial.

Animals—200 vaccinated and 195 unvaccinated (control) dairy cows from 3 herds in Wisconsin.

Procedures—Every other heifer calf born in each herd received the MAP vaccine; 162 vaccinates and 145 controls that had ≥ 1 lactation were included in analyses. Bacteriologic culture of fecal samples for MAP was performed annually for 7 years; results were confirmed via histologic methods and PCR assay. Production records and culture results were evaluated to determine effects of vaccination on variables of interest in study cows. Annual whole-herd prevalence of MAP shedding in feces was also determined.

Results—Vaccinates had a significantly lower hazard of testing positive for MAP via culture of fecal samples than did controls over time (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.97). Fewer vaccinates developed clinical JD than did controls (n = 6 and 12, respectively), but these differences were nonsignificant. Overall within-herd longevity, total milk production, and calving-to-conception intervals were similar between vaccinates and controls. In all herds, prevalence of MAP shedding in feces decreased over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination with a killed whole-cell MAP vaccine appeared to be an effective tool as part of a program to control the spread of JD in dairy cattle.
Mapping a medical curriculum using a learning objectives database - Lessons learned at the University of Munich
Authors: Hege Inga , Fischer Martin R.
Published: February 2013

A curriculum map gives an overall overview about a curriculum and what is taught where, when and how. At the medical faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich (LMU) a curriculum mapping tool based on learning objectives was introduced some years ago. Since that time teachers could document the learning objectives of their courses in a standardised way. In this article we describe the status quo of our efforts and the challenges to implement such learning-objective-based
curriculum map that reflects the overall curriculum at our faculty.
Integration of the medical information systems for the risk groups of the congenital pathologies formation
Authors: Kobrinsky Boris , Lupin Sergey , Ponomareva Natalia
Published: February 2013

Problem of formation the risk groups of the congenital pathologies needs in a close collaboration between medicine and IT technologies. Article reviews the formal apparatus based on the set-theoretical approach to the information systems, which allow assessment of their integration methods and prediction features. One of these integration methods was implemented on practice by authors during the creation of the medical integrated IS, designed for the Moscow district genetic center in Zelenograd.
Quality of life, assertiveness, and personality dimensions in elderly men
Authors: Olvasztóné Balogh Zsuzsanna , Bognár József , Barthalos István , Kopkáné Plachy Judit , Németh Teodóra Ráczné
Published: February 2013

Quality of life, assertiveness, and personality dimensions in elderly men

Study aim: To assess quality of life, assertiveness associated with aging personalities, and personality dimensions as related to age, highest level of qualification, and place of residence of elderly males.

Material and methods: Elderly (n = 1269) men were chosen from the clubs for the elderly from settlements in one of the poorest counties in Hungary. The sample was divided into groups according to their age (60-69 years old; 70 years old and above), education (primary, secondary/higher), and place of residence (village-town). Quality of life was assessed by Quality of Life – OLD (WHOQOL-OLD), assertiveness was measured by the Rathus assertiveness schedule, and personality characteristics were measured by the Big Five Questionnaire.

Results: Predominantly, relatively low levels of the quality of life, assertiveness, and personality of elderly males were noticed. In none of the scales, no significant gender- or education-related differences were found; however, men living in a town had higher (p<0.05) levels of Sociability (3.49 vs. 3.42), Emotions (3.01 vs. 2.94), Openness (3.18 vs. 3.08), and Conscientiousness (3.37 vs. 3.30) and lower levels of Self-efficacy (0.31 vs. 0.69) than those living in villages.

Conclusions: Age and level of education do not seem to have a meaningful effect on elderly men’s quality of life, assertiveness, and personality characteristics; however, elderly living in villages have fewer opportunities for successful ageing.
Changes in strength abilities of adolescent girls: the effect of a 3-year physical education curriculum
Authors: Czarniecka Renata , Milde Katarzyna , Tomaszewski Paweł
Published: February 2013

Study aim: To evaluate changes in strength abilities of adolescent girls that underwent a 3-year physical education
curriculum.

Material and methods: The research participants comprised 141 girls aged 13.3 ± 0.35 years who participated in a 3-
year physical education curriculum (PEC). Evaluation was based on the following EUROFIT Testing Battery tests:
standing broad jump, handgrip strength, sit-ups, and bent arm hang. After the completion of the curriculum, changes
in strength abilities of the participants were evaluated. Test results were compared to reference values for the population
of Polish girls.

Results: After the 3-year PEC, research participants obtained significantly better results in all analyzed tests. At the
beginning of the PEC, participants performed significantly worse in comparison to the reference values for the standing
broad jump and bent arm hang tests, and better in the handgrip strength test. After the completion of the PEC, the participants
performed significantly better in the sit-up and handgrip strength tests compared to reference values; for the
standing broad jump and bent arm hang tests, they performed closer to the reference values.

Conclusions: While the development of student physical fitness is achievable through physical education lessons at
school, innovative teaching methods and professional and creative approaches on the part of teachers are necessary.
Prevalence of faulty posture in children and youth from a rural region
in Iran
Authors: Gh Maghsoud Eivazi , Alilou Amin , Ghafurinia Solmaz , Fereydounnia Sara
Published: February 2013

Study aim: To assess the presence of musculoskeletal deformities in lower extremities and to detect faulty posture in
schoolchildren living in a rural region of Iran.

Material and methods: 172 schoolchildren aged 5-20 years, including 66 boys and 106 girls were screened deviations
in the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, the postural muscles including the hamstring and gastroc-soleus were
examined for finding any shortness.

Results: The prevalence of cervical lordosis (22.6% vs. 6.1%), forward head posture (24.1% vs. 9.1%) and thoracic
kyphosis (27.8 % vs. 7.6%) was significantly higher in girls than in boys. The prevalence of cervical lordosis, FHP,
thoracic kyphosis, and genu varum increased with age; in the case of genu valgum, the situation was reversed. Genu
varum was almost twice as frequent in girls as in boys (44.4% vs. 25.8%; p<0.01), while the genu valgum was more
frequent (p<0.001) in boys than in girls (13.6 and 2.8, respectively). No significant age or gender-dependent differences
were found for hamstring shortness (29%), gastroc-soleus shortness (21%), genu recurvatum (22%), and hallux
valgus (31%).

Conclusions: Faulty posture and lower limb deformities were highly prevalent in school children in this rural region.
More attention should be paid to implementing school-based screening programs aimed at early detection of any
musculoskeletal-related abnormalities and taking preventive steps to reduce their negative consequences.
Quality in Service Management System According to ISO 20000
Authors: Šrubařová Ružena
Published: February 2013

ISO 20000 is a service management system standard. It specifies requirements for the service provider to plan, establish, implement, operate, monitor, review, maintain and improve an service management system. The requirements include the design, transition, delivery and improvement of services to fulfil agreed service requirements.
Innovative Improvement and Intensification of Business Relationships Supported by Cooperative Networks
Authors: Vančová Viera , Čambál Miloš , Cagáňová Dagmar
Published: February 2013

Nowadays, the opportunity for companies to be involved in cluster initiatives and international business associations is a major factor that contributes to the increase of their innovative potential. Companies organized in technological clusters have greater access to mutual business contacts, faster information transfer and deployment of advanced technologies. These companies cooperate more frequently with universities and research - development institutions on innovative projects.

An important benefit of cluster associations is that they create a suitable environment for innovation and the transfer of knowledge by means of international cooperation and networking. This supportive environment is not easy to access for different small and mediumsized companies, who are not members of any clusters or networks. Supplier-customer business channels expand by means of transnational networks and exchanges of experience. Knowledge potential is broadened and joint innovative projects are developed. Reflecting the growing importance of clusters as driving forces of economic and regional development, a number of cluster policies and initiatives have emerged in the last few decades, oriented to encourage the establishment of new clusters, to support existing clusters, or to assist the development of transnational cooperation.

To achieve the goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy, European countries should have an interest in building strong clusters and developing cluster cooperation by sharing specialized research infrastructures and testing facilities and facilitating knowledge transfer for crossborder cooperation. This requires developing a long term joint strategy in order to facilitate the development of open global clusters and innovative small and medium entrepreneurs.
Age and Gender Specific Variations in Attitudes to Performance Enhancing Drugs and Methods. A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Singhammer John
Published: February 2013

Background: Little is known about age and gender specific attitudes to performance enhancing drugs and methods or other characteristics by which attitudes may vary. Methods: Using a population based cross-sectional sample of 1,703 Danish men and women aged 15-60 years, the present study examined age and gender variation in attitudes to performance enhancing drugs and methods. Response rate was 34 %. Information on attitudes was collected by questionnaire. Results: Overall, participants held negative attitudes to drugs and methods enhancing predominantly cognitive abilities enhancing performance drugs and to appearance modifying methods, but were positive to drugs for restoring physical functioning conditions. However, attitudes varied nonlinearly across age. Lenient attitudes peaked at age around 25 and subsequently decreased. Lenient attitudes to use of drugs against common disorders decreased in a linear fashion. No gender differences were observed and attitude did not vary with level of education, self-reported health or weekly hours of physical activity. Conclusion: The present study expands existing knowledge about attitudes toward PEDM with respect to age and gender specific differences. Future studies should take age variations into account, when examining attitudes to PEDM in the general population.
A Lab Study on Speed of Self-defense Skills of American College Men and Women
Authors: Yu Jing , Liu Liu , Chen Gong
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate college students on their speed of performing different types of self-defense skills commonly taught in American university self-defense courses. The results indicated that close defense skills and distance punches are faster than distance kicks in most single skills or combination skills. Women can do most skills as fast as men. The results also indicated that all kicks with back-foot are slower than kicks with front-foot in distance defense. Women need 2.42- 6.12 seconds to escape from all 20 holds, while men need 1.14-5.54 seconds for people who successfully escaped. Escaping from different holds is not as difficult as what most people think. After proper learning and practice, a majority of college women and men can escape from many holds in 1-6 seconds.
A unique case of electric circular saw suicide with injuries to the chest and abdomen
Authors: Bedford Paul
Published: February 2013

This case report discusses the previously unreported situation of a suicidal death, with injuries to the chest, by means of an electric circular saw. A review of the English and German literature provides an overview of common sites of injury, gender and psychiatric status in power saw related deaths.
Patterns of Verbal -s in the Varieties of English Today
Authors: Bismark Christina
Published: February 2013

The occurrence of the verbal ending -s with non-3rd person singular subjects is a frequent phenomenon in varieties of English worldwide. It has been attested to fulfil a wide range of functions in addition to its Standard English use as a person-number marker. This paper is to characterize the various factors which condition the use of nonstandard verbal -s. It will discuss their areal distribution and give an account of the frequency with which each of the conditioning factors is attested. Based on this characterization, a group of core constraints will be isolated, the specific character of which will be shown to have facilitated their stability, endurance and spread.
Ancient Stories of Eccentric Lands: Shakespeare’s Classical Geography of the Black Sea
Authors: Matei-Chesnoiu Monica
Published: February 2013

The paper examines migratory motifs and allusions to the Black Sea area from the classical texts into three Shakespearean comedies and a history play. The analysis focuses on how Shakespeare used classical myth related to the
Macbeth in (the Shade of) Iraq: Crossing the Borders of Poland, Nato and the Defensive War
Authors: Fabiszak Jacek
Published: February 2013

The numerous Polish productions of Macbeth in an overt or covert fashion address issues that have been at the core of political debate in the past decade, such as the state’s engagement in military missions that are in fact real wars. Furthermore, they also comment on the new Polish political system (is it still “new”?) and the situation of individuals in it, how they can profit in it. The paper discusses productions such as Andrzej Wajda’s (2004) from the Stary Theatre in Kraków, Maja Kleczewska’s (2004) from the Kochanowski Theatre in Opole, Grzegorz Jarzyna’s (2005; the full title is “2007: Macbeth”) from the Teatr Rozmaitości (TR) in Warsaw, and Piotr Kruszczyński’s (2005) from the Polski Theatre in Warsaw.
Descriptions of the Body: Violence in the Subcultures of Contemporary Romanian Youth
Authors: Doboș Daniela
Published: February 2013

For a long time, with few exceptions, Romanian linguistics took no interest in native slang, but after 1990 this has made a dramatic comeback in more than one way. One of the crudest versions of new slang, with touches of violence and licentiousness, turning the unsayable into sayable, is that currently used by young Romanians. It has been justly argued that such linguistic outlet came as a logical consequence, after the demise of communism, of the former censorship and wooden tongue. The paper sets out to put this oft-deplored linguistic phenomenon into perspective and analyse the main linguistic means employed in shaping it up.
Suturing a Wounded Body—Wounded Mind in Red Silk on White Linen: Embodied and Hand(Y) Knowledge of Trauma
Authors: Goggin Maureen Daly
Published: February 2013

In 1830, Elizabeth Parker, daughter of a day laborer and of a teacher in Ashburnham, East Sussex, England, cross-stitched in red silk thread an extraordinarily complex text that participates in several genres, including a memoir of her then brief life of some seventeen years, a confession, a suicide note, and a prayer. These various genres cohere around one momentous event in Parker’s young life: the sexual violation and physical abuse at the hands of her employer, Lt. G. After suturing 46 lines, 1,722 words, and 6,699 characters, she stops mid-line and mid-way down her cloth with the powerful plea, “What will become of my soul[?]” This paper argues that Parker’s sampler was a robust site in which Parker was able to grapple with her wounded body and mind. To justify the claim that a woman’s stitching can be interpreted as an epistemic activity, the proposed paper turns to two key concepts “situated knowledges” and “embodied knowledge”- both of which have been posited by feminists as a way to destabilize the dominant validation of disembodied, abstract thinking where the eye serves as the mind’s tool of investigation. (Haraway; Knappett; Frank; Driver)
Reduction of the nonlinear phase shift induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering for bi-directional pumping configuration system using particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Al-Asadi H. A.
Published: February 2013

We present a theoretical analysis of an additional nonlinear phase shift of backward Stokes wave based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in the system with a bi-directional pumping scheme. We optimize three parameters of the system: the numerical aperture, the optical loss and the pumping wavelength to minimize an additional nonlinear phase shift of backward Stokes waves due to stimulated Brillouin scattering. The optimization is performed with various Brillouin pump powers and the optical reflectivity values are based on the modern, global evolutionary computation algorithm, particle swarm optimization. It is shown that the additional nonlinear phase shift of backward Stokes wave varies with different optical fiber lengths, and can be minimized to less than 0.07 rad according to the particle swarm optimization algorithm for 5 km. The bi-directional pumping configuration system is shown to be efficient when it is possible to transmit the power output to advanced when frequency detuning is negative and delayed when it is positive, with the optimum values of the three parameters to achieve the reduction of an additional nonlinear phase shift.
Editorial
Authors: Gnawali Laxman
Published: February 2013

Editorial
Contributions of Formal Education to Social Development – What do we Know on the Basis of Research Evidence?
Authors: Takala Tuomas
Published: February 2013

This article gives an overview, on the basis of existing synthesis reports and articles, of the current state of knowledge on the role of formal education in promoting social development. The existing evidence is contrasted with simplistic assumptions that abound in the political discussions on education and development. At the same time, the limitations of the potential of research to serve as a guide to policy decisions are also acknowledged.
Multicultural Classroom Issues in the Nepalese Context
Authors: Subedi Dhanapati
Published: February 2013

Multicultural issue in the present context is a global issue of socialization. It has not yet been materialized into the education system in Nepal. The education system of a country should prepare students to function in today's diverse society. There are issues emerging in the effectiveness of the multicultural education and the concerns how to better shape the multicultural classroom in Nepal. This paper focuses on issues such as curriculum design, classroom management, and role of teachers and students in the multicultural classroom context. It also discusses the context, and recommends measures that can bring the multicultural education into the right track.
Inclusive Education for Transhumance Groups in Himalayas: Educational Policy Challenge for Nepal
Authors: Basnet Shreshna , Banskota Mahesh
Published: February 2013

Nepal's education policy documents lack a focus as they try to incorporate several issues like modernization and economic growth, to social transformation, social justice, inclusion, equality, social development, human rights etc. This lack of focus has been aggravated by the pathological approach by the international actors through 'multiple diagnoses' and 'multiple prescriptions'. This paper discusses major challenges the educational development stakeholders face in this multiethnic and geographically diverse country where the issue of the inclusion is prominent.
Emotional Intelligence in the Educational and Therapeutic Community in Nepal
Authors: Rybak Christopher , Maharjan Chhori Laxmi , Adhikari Anubha
Published: February 2013

Emotional intelligence has been gaining increased attention in both the educational as well as therapeutic communities of Nepal. Research suggests that development of emotional intelligence has a significant influence on an individual's achievements including academic success and is seen as a key aspect of positive development (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2004). Ankur Counseling Center in Kathmandu was established in 2006, primarily to work with children who have experienced great stress in their lives. Counselors at Ankur have been using play and sand tray therapy to understand the emotional lives of their clients, as well as to assist the process of emotional healing.
Selection Guidelines for In-Place Recycling Projects
Authors: Stroup-Gardiner Mary
Published: February 2013

Information on the type, extent, and project features of hot in-place recycling (HIR), cold in-place recycling (CIR), and full-depth reclamation (FDR) was collected through an online survey of state agencies and in-place recycling contractors. Agency and contractor responses were compared, and guidelines were developed for the most appropriate traffic, climate, and geometric features of projects. Preferences for materials, mix design methods, structural design considerations, and wearing courses were summarized. Findings showed that FDR projects could be constructed in all regions, whereas CIR and HIR would require careful consideration when constructed in either hot and wet or cold and wet climates. Agencies were found to overuse HIR and CIR on roadways with low traffic volume (annual average daily traffic lower than 5,000); these roadways may have inadequate support for recycling equipment. Geometric features were more likely to restrict the use of HIR than the use of either CIR or FDR. Most agencies required the contractor to design recycled mixes. The benefits of in-place recycling included reduced use of natural materials, reduced fuel consumption, reduced emissions, and briefer lane closures. Barriers to increased use were lack of specifications, competing industries, unsuccessful experiences, lack of experienced contractors, and lack of project selection criteria.
Preservation Strategies for Concrete Pavement Network of Washington State Department of Transportation
Authors: Li Jianhua , Luhr David R. , Uhlmeyer Jeffrey S. , Mahoney Joe P.
Published: February 2013

The Washington State Department of Transportation (DOT) has about 2,400 lane miles of mainline concrete pavements. The pavements have far exceeded their design lives and have carried several times the estimated traffic loading. Initial Washington State DOT estimates place the cost of reconstructing and rehabilitating the concrete pavement network in the next 10 years at approximately $1.1 billion. However, as for most DOTs, Washington State's roadway preservation budget has been reduced. Maintaining a good performance level with reduced funding requires innovative techniques and the best investment choices. A preservation strategy was developed for the Washington State DOT's concrete pavement network to allow delay or avoidance of capital construction spending. The strategy accounts for current pavement conditions, predicted future conditions, and financial constraints. The DOT's pavements division uses a detailed four-step process to select the proper preservation methods for a project: (a) monitor the current concrete pavement performance annually, (b) use updated indices to evaluate pavement conditions, (c) scope the rehabilitation needs by the least life-cycle cost, and (d) propose preservation strategies within various scenarios of constrained funding. The state's pavement management system provides a framework for evaluating and monitoring the performance of the Washington State DOT's roadway investments.
Preservation Strategies for Flexible Pavement Network of Washington State Department of Transportation
Authors: Luhr David R. , Li Jianhua , Uhlmeyer Jeffrey S. , Mahoney Joe P.
Published: February 2013

The flexible pavement network of the Washington State Department of Transportation (DOT) consists of 11,600 lane miles of asphalt pavement and 4,600 lane miles of chip seal pavement. Every year a portion of those lane miles will require rehabilitation. However, budget shortfalls in the past decade have created a backlog of pavement rehabilitation needs that must be addressed. Funding forecasts for the next 10 years are for roughly one-half the levels of those before 2000. The ability to maintain a good performance level with reduced funding comes from using innovative techniques and picking the best investment alternatives. Through such strategies, preservation funds are allocated for preventive measures to extend pavement life. The Washington State DOT uses four basic steps to address this mission: (a) continually monitor the condition of the road network, (b) manage the pavement network into the lowest life-cycle cost, (c) create preventive strategies to extend pavement life and reduce costs, and (d) generate 2-year and 10-year plans for preservation of the road network that are based on rehabilitation needs and available resources. Preservation of the concrete network is considered separately. The use of the state's pavement management system provides a framework for evaluating and continually monitoring the performance of the state's roadway investments.
Determination of Critical Bending Stresses in Portland Cement Concrete Layer with Asphalt Overlay
Authors: Saxena Priyam , Khazanovich Lev
Published: February 2013

An asphalt concrete overlay of a jointed plain concrete pavement is intended to extend the service life of the existing pavement structure. Also known as composite pavements, these structures exhibit features of both rigid and flexible pavements. Whereas the behavior of rigid pavements is mainly elastic, the behavior of an asphalt layer is dependent on load duration. At the same time, temperature curling causes nonlinear interaction with the foundation. The available structural models for composite pavements ignore the behavior of the asphalt layer that is load duration dependent when the composite pavement is subjected to a combination of temperature curling and traffic loads. Research was conducted to address the improvement of structural modeling of composite pavements that were subjected to slow-developing temperature curling and instantaneous traffic loads. A simplified procedure was developed that maintained compatibility with the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide. The procedure used a different asphalt modulus for curling than it did for axle loading and determined the total stresses in the pavement as a combination of the stresses from solutions of three elastic boundary value problems. The simplified procedure was compared with the existing design guide structural model for fatigue cracking in a jointed plain concrete pavement overlain with asphalt concrete. A framework for implementing the proposed procedure into the design guide was developed.
Ten-Year Performance of Full-Depth Reclamation with Expanded Asphalt Stabilization on Trans-Canada Highway, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lane Becca , Kazmierowski Tom
Published: February 2013

In 2001, the Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Canada, constructed its first stabilization project involving full-depth reclamation with expanded (foamed) asphalt on the Trans-Canada Highway, south of Wawa, Ontario. The project involved three mix designs, two with corrective aggregate and one without corrective aggregate. A control section of full-depth reclamation with the same thickness of hot-mix overlay (without expanded asphalt stabilization) was placed in the middle of the project. The project has been monitored annually for the past 10 years. Analysis of roughness data and pavement distress data indicated a significant difference between the test sections with expanded asphalt stabilized base and the control section. The expanded asphalt stabilization has delivered superior performance compared with the conventional full-depth reclamation with hot-mix overlay. Performance curves for the treatments on this project were compared with the ministry's average performance curve for full-depth reclamation (reconstruction) projects and with the performance of treatments on two adjacent projects. This project demonstrated the exceptional performance of the expanded asphalt mixes through 10 years of proven superior pavement condition and ride.
Determining Timing of Overlay on Cold In-Place Recycling Layer: Development of New Tool Based on Moisture Loss Index and in Situ Stiffness
Authors: Woods Adam , Kim Yongjoo , Lee Hosin (David)
Published: February 2013

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) is one of the most popular rehabilitation techniques in Iowa. The Iowa Department of Transportation has increased the minimum moisture criterion from 1.5% to 2.0% because many overlays have been successfully applied on the CIR layer with moisture contents above 2.0%. However, a contractor must make daily measurements of the moisture content with a nuclear gauge. It is difficult to achieve 2.0% moisture content during a rainy summer in Iowa. For the curing issue to be addressed systematically, the moisture contents and temperatures of one project of CIR with emulsified asphalt and four projects of CIR with foamed asphalt were monitored. Capacitance moisture and temperature sensors were embedded at the midpoint of the CIR layer to measure moisture contents and pavement temperature. A GeoGauge was used to measure the stiffness. The field data obtained from the embedded moisture sensors and from a weather station were used to develop a moisture prediction model as a function of the initial moisture content, CIR layer temperature, wind speed, and humidity. With the developed moisture prediction model, a contractor can predict optimal timing for placement of the wearing surface without continually measuring moisture contents of the CIR layer with a nuclear gauge. The stiffness of the CIR layer measured with the GeoGauge was found to continue to increase as the curing period increased, despite an increase in moisture content caused by rainfall. The stiffness measured by the GeoGauge steadily increased during the curing period until it reached a value of 30 MN/m. For the optimal timing of an overlay to be determined, the stiffness, rather than the moisture, of the CIR layer should be measured.
Highlighting Dynamically Loaded Pavement Sections with Profile Indices
Authors: Hassan Rayya
Published: February 2013

The interaction between road surface roughness and heavy vehicles results in dynamic wheel loading (DWL), which increases pavement damage. The magnitude of DWL is dependent on the level of surface roughness and its characteristics and the properties and speeds of heavy vehicles. The measurement of DWL under normal operating conditions is costly, and the estimation of the resultant pavement damage is difficult because of the great variation in heavy vehicle fleet characteristics operating on the network. Additional damage caused by DWL is reflected in increased pavement deterioration over time. Deterioration is apparent in changes in the surface profile characteristics, which have a determining influence on dynamic loading and the degree of its spatial repeatability. The suitability of a number of profile indices as indicators of dynamically loaded pavement sections was assessed. Several regression models were developed with different profile indices used as predictors of different measures of pavement damage caused by DWL. The international roughness index and heavy articulated truck index were among the indices tested. The magnitudes of the simulated DWL were represented by such measures as dynamic load coefficient and dynamic aggregate force coefficient. This approach could help road authorities identify sections that are subject to high DWL and to take appropriate measures to reduce the impact. The heavy articulated truck index, measured with the dynamic aggregate force coefficient, proved to be the best predictor of pavement damage caused by DWL.
Influence of Tire–Pavement Stress Distribution, Shape, and Braking on Performance Predictions for Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Hajj Elie Y. , Thushanthan Palasuntharam , Sebaaly Peter E. , Siddharthan Raj V.
Published: February 2013

Advances in computing power and more realistic laboratory characterization of properties of pavement layers have resulted in a rational approach to predicting the performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures that takes into account pavement temperature, complex contact stress distributions, and rate of loading. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tire–pavement contact stress distribution and braking on flexible pavement responses while also considering moving loads and viscoelastic properties of the asphalt layer. The computed pavement responses were used to predict rut depth and bottom-up fatigue cracking in the asphalt layer following the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide approach for computation of pavement distresses. The comprehensive study used three pavement sections and laboratory-measured mixture properties for the HMA layer. The data for measured nonuniform contact stresses showed a much larger contact area and substantial variation in contact stress distribution than did the conventional uniform conditions often assumed in pavement analyses. Regardless of the asphalt layer thickness, mixture type, and braking condition, all three uniform contact stress distributions (circular, square, and elliptical) overestimated the maximum vertical strains and thus HMA rut depth by as much as 71% compared with those from a nonuniform contact stress distribution. For the nonbraking condition, an increase of 34% to 71% in HMA rut depth was observed for the uniform stress distributions compared with the nonuniform stress distributions. The HMA rut depth was three to four times larger for the pavements subjected to braking condition regardless of the type and shape of the tire–pavement contact stress distribution. Numbers of cycles to fatigue failure in nonbraking conditions for the uniform contact stress distributions were within 15% of those determined for the nonuniform stress distributions. Braking further increased the failure limit to as much as 27%, an indication of the importance of accounting for braking in pavement performance analyses.
Short-Term Performance of Plant-Mixed Warm Stone Mastic Asphalt: Laboratory Testing and Field Evaluation
Authors: Al-Qadi Imad L. , Leng Zhen , Baek Jongeun , Wang Hao , Doyen Matthew , Gillen Steven L.
Published: February 2013

Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is gaining attention in the pavement industry because of its environmental benefits. WMA would be especially useful if it could be applied to heat-sensitive mixes, such as stone mastic asphalt (SMA). However, before these SMA mixes are used with warm mix additives, the performance of the mixes must be examined. A study was conducted to verify the early-age performance of a warm SMA with an Evotherm 3G additive. An Evotherm SMA and a conventional SMA were evaluated and compared with in situ lightweight deflectometer testing and comprehensive laboratory tests, including complex modulus, wheel track, indirect tensile strength, and semicircular bending fracture. Gyratory-compacted specimens made with fresh plant mixtures were tested in the lab at various curing periods; lightweight deflectometer tests were conducted in the field directly on an Illinois expressway overlay immediately after compaction up to 24 h. The results showed that at the same curing period, the early-age performance of the Evotherm SMA was generally comparable to that of the conventional SMA. The curing process increased the dynamic modulus of both Evotherm SMA and conventional SMA but did not significantly affect other laboratory test results. The onsite modulus of the Evotherm SMA was found to be less than that of the conventional SMA at the same temperature. However, because of the lower compaction temperature, the pavement constructed with the Evotherm SMA could be opened to traffic earlier than could the pavement constructed with the conventional SMA while providing the same modulus.
Falling Weight Deflectometer Joint Load Tests Used for Direct Calculation of Pavement Joint Stiffness
Authors: Byrum Christopher R.
Published: February 2013

A load test performed with a falling weight deflectometer over a joint or crack was used in a new method for the direct calculation of the apparent vertical shear stiffness of a pavement joint or crack feature (i.e., joint stiffness). Joint stiffness is the primary input parameter, or constant, in most software for the structural analysis of pavements by the finite element method (FEM) used for controlling how much load is transferred through joints between simulated concrete slabs. FAA has been developing multislab FEM analysis tools for rigid pavement. Joint models used in FEM analysis tools for pavements must be calibrated to reproduce real measured joint behaviors. The new procedure for calculation of joint stiffness based on the falling weight deflectometer enables these calibrations. This technique was used as part of a procedure for mechanistic site evaluations performed at airfield sites of heavy-duty rigid pavements as part of a study within the Innovative Pavement Research Foundation program in cooperation with FAA.
Harmonization of Texture and Friction Measurements on Florida's Open-Graded and Dense-Graded Pavements
Authors: Choubane Bouzid , Lee Hyung Suk , Holzschuher Charles , Upshaw Patrick , Jackson N. Mike
Published: February 2013

A study was initiated to harmonize the dynamic friction tester and a locked-wheel tester on Florida's typical open-graded and dense-graded surfaces under various speed conditions. In addition, two texture measuring devices, the circular track meter and a high-speed 64-kHz laser mounted to the locked-wheel tester, were evaluated. These devices were first harmonized at a standard test speed of 40 mph (65 km/h). Because of the increased level of macrotexture in the open-graded mixtures, the open- and dense-graded surfaces were assumed to show different frictional behavior under different speed conditions. As a consequence, the harmonization equations for the open- and dense-graded surfaces were developed separately. Harmonization of different test speeds was also performed for each given test method to allow for converting the friction measured at a range of speeds—30 mph (50 km/h) to 60 mph (95 km/h)—back to that of the standard speed. The flexibility provided by these harmonization efforts is of great practical use and provides an alternative to the international friction index for Florida's conditions.
Precision of Florida Methods for Automated and Manual Faulting Measurements
Authors: Mraz Alexander , Nazef Abdenour , Lee Hyung , Holzschuher Charles , Choubane Bouzid
Published: February 2013

Traditionally, the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has measured faulting with a manual fault meter. However, this method is slow and labor intensive, disrupts traffic, and presents safety hazards. Extracting the fault magnitude from a pavement profile collected with an automated high-speed inertial profiler is a more efficient and cost-effective alternative. Thus, the Florida DOT developed the Florida automated faulting method (FAFM), which detects joints and calculates faulting from longitudinal profile data. A study was conducted to establish the accuracy and precision of the FAFM. In addition, an improved manual fault meter was developed by the Florida DOT and used as a reference device for the FAFM in the field. Because accuracy and precision measures for the new fault meter were not readily available, the study assessed the accuracy of the fault meter under controlled laboratory conditions, as well as the precision in both laboratory and field conditions. The results of the study indicated that the manual fault meter demonstrated no bias and a repeatability of 0.06 mm (0.002 in.) in laboratory conditions. Under field conditions, the fault meter showed a repeatability of 0.42 mm (0.02 in.). Also under field conditions, the FAFM achieved accuracy in terms of bias ranging between 0.2 mm (0.01 in.) and 0.7 mm (0.03 in.). The repeatability and reproducibility of the FAFM were determined to be 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm (0.04 in.), respectively.
Determination of Pavement Macrotexture Limit for Use in International Friction Index Model
Authors: Fuentes Luis G. , Gunaratne Manjriker , de León Izeppi Edgar , Flintsch Gerardo W. , Martinez Gilberto
Published: February 2013

Macrotexture is a fundamental parameter used to characterize the frictional properties of a pavement surface. In models such as the international friction index (IFI), macrotexture is used to quantify the speed sensitivity of wet friction measurements on a given pavement surface. IFI is primarily a statistical model, in which the pavement macrotexture is correlated to the speed constant, Sp, or the slope of the linear regression relationship between ln(friction) and the slip speed. An evaluation is presented of the statistical significance of pavement macrotexture on the IFI model and the applicability of IFI concepts to the range of macrotexture typical of highway and runway pavements. The results of the investigation showed that the proposed concept in the IFI model was not applicable for high macrotexture levels in particular because friction measured on such pavements was known to remain constant with changing slip speeds. At high levels of macrotexture, variations of friction measurements with slip speed could be explained by the error term used in linear regression. Moreover, the speed constant used in the IFI model was shown to be extremely sensitive at high levels of macrotexture from a theoretical perspective as well. The findings limit the applicability of the IFI model at relatively high levels of macrotexture. An appropriate threshold macrotexture level was determined for reliable application of the IFI model.
Assessment of Impact of Splash and Spray on Road Users: Results of Controlled Experiment
Authors: Flintsch Gerardo W. , Williams Brian , Gibbons Ronald , Viner Helen
Published: February 2013

A preliminary field test assessed the impact of splash and spray on road users. The test was part of a larger project sponsored by FHWA to develop a model that could characterize a highway's propensity to generate splash and spray during rainfall and the impact of this on road users. “Splash and spray” refers to water thrown into the air when a vehicle tire crosses a wet surface. For the experiment, participants observed videos recorded from the driver position of a vehicle as it traveled behind another vehicle in rain conditions. The videos were recorded on the Virginia Smart Road, and the rain conditions were created with a weather-making system. The full factorial design used two levels for each of the five variables: driver vehicle, spray vehicle, maneuver, rain rate, and speed. Participants rated each video for five categories: obstruction, concentration, confidence, control, and risk. In addition, an objective measure of visual obstruction, the occlusion factor, was recorded. Several factors and interactions were found to be significant for the subjective ratings, but significance varied depending on the category being rated. The occlusion factor was found to have a strong correlation with each of the ratings, and the lowest R2 value was .75. This correlation result suggests that the occlusion factor could be used to predict user perceptions of splash and spray.
Development of Design Procedure to Predict Asphalt Pavement Skid Resistance
Authors: Wu Zhong , King Bill , Abadie Chris , Zhang Zhongjie
Published: February 2013

A laboratory design procedure was developed to evaluate the skid resistance of asphalt pavement with laboratory test results. For the development of the procedure, twelve typical asphalt wearing course mixtures with different combinations of aggregate sources and mix types were considered. The frictional performance of asphalt mixtures was evaluated with an accelerated polishing and testing procedure developed at the National Center for Asphalt Technology. The circular texture meter and the dynamic friction tester at various predetermined polishing cycles were used to evaluate the variations in surface texture and friction characteristics of asphalt testing slabs during accelerated polishing. The skid resistance of asphalt mixtures attributable to accelerated polishing was quantified with the international friction index number F60, which was computed with the friction numbers measured with the dynamic friction tester at 20 km/h and the obtained mean profile depth values. The analysis of F60 results led to the development of a set of friction prediction models and a laboratory friction-resistant mix design procedure. The developed procedure, which allows estimation of asphalt pavement skid resistance based on laboratory measured micro- and macrotexture results, is a useful tool for laboratory evaluation of a mixture's friction resistance. The procedure can also facilitate the use of locally available aggregates with lower skid resistance in a wearing course mix design and thereby produce both cost-effective and skid-resistant surface mixtures.