bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Computational Systems in the Development and Evolution of Mammalian Brains
Authors: Imam Nabil , Kielo Matthew , Trude Brandon M. , Finlay Barbara L.
Published: November 2024

Analyses of brain sizes across mammalian taxonomic groups reveal a consistent pattern of covariation between major brain components, including a robust inverse covariation between the limbic system and the neocortex. To find the functional basis of this inverse relationship, we mapped the multidimensional representations of task-optimized machine learning systems onto two-dimensional surfaces resembling the forebrain cortices. We found that visual, somatosensory and auditory systems develop ordered spatiotopic maps where units draw information from localized regions of the sensory input. Olfactory and relational memory systems, in contrast, develop fractured maps with distributed patterns of information convergence. Evolutionary optimization of multimodal systems for varying task objectives results in inverse covariation between spatiotopic and disordered system components that compete for representational space. These results suggest that the observed pattern of covariation between brain components reflect an essential computational duality in brain evolution.
Knockdown of TTLL1 reduces Aβ-induced TAU pathology in human iPSC-derived cortical neurons
Authors: Al Kabbani Mohamed Aghyad , Wied Tamara , Adam Daniel , Klimek Jennifer , Zempel Hans
Published: November 2024

Microtubules play a crucial role in neuronal structure and function, with their stability and dynamics regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as polyglutamylation. In Alzheimer disease (AD), the microtubule-associated protein TAU becomes mislocalized into the somatodendritic compartment (TAU missorting), dissociates from microtubules, aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles, and contributes to microtubule destabilization and neuronal death. Here, we investigated the role of Tubulin-Tyrosine-Ligase-Like proteins (TTLLs) in TAU missorting and microtubule dysregulation using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons treated with oligomeric amyloid-beta (oAβ) to replicate AD-like conditions. TTLL1, TTLL4, TTLL6 were selectively knocked down (KD) to assess their impact on TAU missorting and microtubule stability. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy was used to examine interactions between TAU and TTLL proteins. We observed TAU missorting, increased tubulin polyglutamylation, decreased microtubule stability, and synaptic declustering in oAβ-treated neurons. TTLL1 KD significantly reduced TAU missorting, tubulin polyglutamylation, and synaptic disintegration, while TTLL4 KD showed moderate effects, and TTLL6 KD restored microtubule acetylation. Importantly, TTLL KD did not impair neuritic networks, dendritic complexity, or neuronal activity. FRET microscopy revealed a potential interaction between TAU and TTLL1, but not other TTLLs, suggesting a direct role of TTLL1 in TAU-mediated toxicity. Our findings indicate that targeting TTLL1, either alone or in combination with other TTLLs, may be a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract microtubule and synaptic dysfunction in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
CRAGE-RB-PI-seq enables transcriptional profiling of rhizobacteria during plant-root colonization
Authors: Honda Tomoya , Yu Sora , Mai Dung , Baumgart Leo , Babnigg Gyorgy , Yoshikuni Yasuo
Published: November 2024

Plant roots release a wide array of metabolites into the rhizosphere, shaping microbial communities and their functions. While metagenomics has expanded our understanding of these communities, little is known about the physiology of their members in host environments. Transcriptome analysis via RNA sequencing is a common approach to learning more, but its use has been challenging because plant RNA masks bacterial transcripts. To overcome this, we developed randomly-barcoded promoter-library insertion sequencing (RB-PI-seq) and combined it with chassis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE), usingPseudomonas simiaeWCS417 as a model rhizobacterium. This method enables targeted amplification of barcoded transcripts, bypassing plant RNA interference and allowing measurement of thousands of promoter activities during root colonization. We identified promoters involved in biofilm formation, reactive oxygen species response, and root immune suppression, which all contribute to root colonization. Additionally, we discovered that transcriptional activation of xanthine dehydrogenase and a lysozyme inhibitor are crucial for evading plant immune system defenses. This framework is scalable to other bacterial species and provides new opportunities for understanding rhizobacterial gene regulation in native environments.
Endothelial Rho kinase controls blood vessel integrity and angiogenesis
Authors: Lange Martin , Francis Caitlin , Furtado Jessica , Kim Young-Bum , Liao James K , Eichmann Anne
Published: November 2024

Background

The Rho kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1/2) are serine-threonine specific protein kinases that control actin cytoskeleton dynamics. They are expressed in all cells throughout the body, including cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and intimately involved in cardiovascular health and disease. Pharmacological ROCK inhibition is beneficial in mouse models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and neointimal thickening that display overactivated ROCK. However, the consequences of endothelial ROCK signaling deficiency in vivo remain unknown. To address this issue, we analyzed endothelial cell (EC) specificROCK1and2deletions.

Methods

We generated Cdh5-CreERT2 driven, tamoxifen inducible loss of function alleles ofROCK1andROCK2and analyzed mouse survival and vascular defects through cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches.

Results

We observed that postnatal or adult loss of endothelialROCK1and2was lethal within a week. Mice succumbed to multi-organ hemorrhage that occurred because of loss of vascular integrity. ECs displayed deficient cytoskeletal actin polymerization that prevented focal adhesion formation and disrupted junctional integrity. Retinal sprouting angiogenesis was also perturbed, as sprouting vessels exhibited lack of polymerized actin and defective lumen formation. In a three-dimensional endothelial sprouting assay, combined knockdown ofROCK1/2or knockdown orROCK2but notROCK1led to reduced sprouting, lumenization and cell polarization defects caused by defective actin and altered VE-cadherin dynamics. The isoform specific role of endothelial ROCK2 correlated with ROCK2 substrate specificity for FAK and LIMK. By analyzing single and three allele mutants we show that one intact allele ofROCK2is sufficient to maintain vascular integrityin vivo.

Conclusion

Endothelial ROCK1 and 2 maintain junctional integrity and ensure proper angiogenesis and lumen formation. The presence of one allele ofROCK2is sufficient to maintain vascular growth and integrity. These data indicate the need of careful consideration for the use of ROCK inhibitors in disease settings.
Ovarian germline stem cell dedifferentiation is cytoneme-dependent
Authors: Sutcliffe Catherine , Nandy Nabarun , Ashe Hilary L. , Wilcockson Scott G.
Published: November 2024

Progenitor cell dedifferentiation is important for stem cell maintenance during tissue repair and age-related stem cell decline. Here, we useDrosophilaovarian germ cells as a model to study the role of cytonemes in BMP signalling-directed dedifferentiation to germline stem cells. We provide evidence that differentiating germ cell cysts extend cytonemes towards the niche during dedifferentiation to reactivate BMP signalling. We show that the Enabled (Ena) actin polymerase is localised to the tips of germ cell cytonemes and is necessary for robust cytoneme formation, as its mislocalisation reduces the frequency, length and directionality of cytonemes. Furthermore, specifically perturbing cytoneme function through Ena mislocalisation reduces germ cell BMP responsiveness and the ability of differentiating cysts to dedifferentiate. We discuss how cytonemes may be widely used by differentiating cells to re-establish niche contact and signal responsiveness following stem cell loss, promoting robust dedifferentiation of stem cells in diverse contexts.
Modifying the aggregation state may improve the activity of Ozempic
Authors: Bolaño Alvarez Alain , Arvesen Kristian B. , Hjuler Kasper F. , Bjerring Peter , Petersen Steffen B.
Published: November 2024

We here report a study of aggregation of Semaglutide at different temperatures, using resonance light scattering (RLS), fluorescence polarization and back-scattering techniques. Fluorescence emission spectra were obtained by exciting the samples at 275 nm and 295 nm, revealing a peak emission at 600 nm associated with the aggregation process. The size of the aggregates is around 100 nm according to back-scattering measurements. Two distinct thermal transitions were observed by RLS: the first melting point (Tm1) at 30°C and the second (Tm2) at 91°C, indicating changes in aggregation state. The fluorescence polarization revealed a fast rotational dynamics of the aggregates at Tm2, leading to greater depolarization of the emitted light. The structural organization of the Ozempic aggregates was studied using two dyes, Laurdan for lipid components and 1,8-ANS for protein component (GLP1). Thus, revealing a stable PEG-lipid core which hold the GLP1, increasing their exposition to the solvent. An enhanced FRET event inside the aggregates in presence of Fe2+and Fe3+was observed. We conclude that the PEG-lipid core plays a significant role in the aggregates structure stability, being a key to improve the biological activity of Ozempic. This methodology can be used to study similar aggregation constructs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Prematurity and Genetic Liability for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Zhang Yali , Yahia Ashraf , Sandin Sven , Åden Ulrika , Tammimies Kristiina
Published: November 2024

Background

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by diverse presentations and a strong genetic component. Environmental factors, such as prematurity, have also been linked to increased liability for ASD, though the interaction between genetic predisposition and prematurity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the impact of genetic liability and preterm birth on ASD conditions.

Methods

We analyzed phenotype and genetic data from two large ASD cohorts, the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK) and Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), encompassing 78,559 individuals for phenotype analysis, 12,519 individuals with genome sequencing data, and 8,104 individuals with exome sequencing data. Statistical significance of differences in clinical measures were evaluated between individuals with different ASD and preterm status. We assessed the rare variants burden using generalized estimating equations (GEE) models and polygenic load using ASD-associated polygenic risk score (PRS). Furthermore, we developed a machine learning model to predict ASD in preterm children using phenotype and genetic features available at birth.

Results

Individuals with both preterm birth and ASD exhibit more severe phenotypic outcomes despite similar levels of genetic liability for ASD across the term and preterm groups. Notable, preterm ASD individuals showed an elevated rate of de novo variants identified in exome sequencing (GEE model with Poisson family, p-value = 0.005) in comparison to the non-ASD preterm group. Additionally, a GEE model showed that a higher ASD PRS, preterm birth, and male sex were positively associated with a higher predicted probability for ASD, reaching a probability close to 90%. Lastly, we developed a machine learning model using phenotype and genetic features available at birth with limited predictive power (AUROC = 0.65).

Conclusions

Preterm birth may exacerbate the multimorbidity present in ASD, which was not due to the ASD genetic factors. However, increased genetic factors may elevate the likelihood of a preterm child being diagnosed with ASD. Additionally, a polygenic load of ASD-associated variants had an additive role with preterm birth in the predicted probability for ASD, especially for boys. We propose that incorporating genetic assessment into neonatal care could benefit early ASD identification and intervention for preterm infants.
Understanding isoform expression by pairing long-read sequencing with single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
Authors: Belchikov Natan , Hsu Justine , Li Xiang Jennie , Jarroux Julien , Hu Wen , Joglekar Anoushka , Tilgner Hagen U.
Published: November 2024

RNA isoform diversity, produced via alternative splicing, and alternative usage of transcription start and poly(A) sites, results in varied transcripts being derived from the same gene. Distinct isoforms can play important biological roles, including by changing the sequences or expression levels of protein products. The first single-cell approaches to RNA sequencing—and later, spatial approaches—which are now widely used for the identification of differentially expressed genes, rely on short reads and offer the ability to transcriptomically compare different cell types but are limited in their ability to measure differential isoform expression. More recently, long-read sequencing methods have been combined with single-cell and spatial technologies in order to characterize isoform expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the emergence of single-cell and spatial long-read sequencing and discuss the challenges associated with the implementation of these technologies and interpretation of these data. We discuss the opportunities they offer for understanding the relationships between the distinct variable elements of transcript molecules and highlight some of the ways in which they have been used to characterize isoforms’ roles in development and pathology. Single-nucleus long-read sequencing, a special case of the single-cell approach, is also discussed. We attempt to cover both the limitations of these technologies and their significant potential for expanding our still-limited understanding of the biological roles of RNA isoforms.
Subcycle resolved strong field ionization of chiral molecules and the origin of chiral photoelectron asymmetries
Authors: Hofmann M. , Trabert D. , Geyer A. , Anders N. , Kruse J. , Rist J. , Schmidt L. Ph. H. , Jahnke T. , Kunitski M. , Schöffler M. S. , Eckart S. , Dörner R.
Published: November 2024

We report on strong field ionization of S- and R-propylene oxide in circularly polarized two-color laser fields. We find that the relative helicity of the two single-color laser fields affects the photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD). Further, we observe that PECD is modulated as a function of the subcycle release time of the electron. Our experimental observations are successfully described by a heuristic model based on electrons in chiral initial states, which are selectively liberated by the laser field and, after tunneling, interact with an achiral Coulomb potential.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
High-throughput crystallization and crystal structure of N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methylbenzamide: a benzamide bearing the 4-aminoantipyrine moiety
Authors: Al Mamari Hamad H. , Al Sulaimi Shamsaa , Mardiana Lina , Waddell Paul G. , Hall Michael J.
Published: November 2024

A recent communication on Ru-catalyzed C—H bond arylation with 4-aminoantipyrine (AP) reported the synthesis of AP benzamides. In order to provide additional support to the published structures of AP benzamides, crystallization by high-throughput (HTP) encapsulated nanodroplet crystallization (ENaCt) was undertaken. This allowed for conclusive structure determination by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (SCXRD). This article describes the crystallization and X-ray crystal structure of N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methylbenzamide, C19H19N3O2, as a benzamide bearing 4-aminoantipyrine, providing structural confirmation. X-ray structure analysis reveals intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between the AP benzamide N—H proton and the carbonyl O atom of the AP moiety.
A hybrid approach for modelling safety hazards in China subways: multi-stakeholders’ perspective
Authors: Ahmad Abdulaziz , Wang Weidong , Qiu Shi , Wang Wenjuan , Wang Tian-Yi , Aliyu Bamaiyi Usman , Sun Ying , Ismail Abubakar Sadiq
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Unlike previous research that primarily utilized structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate safety hazards in subway projects, this research aims to utilize a hybrid approach to investigate and scrutinize the key indicators of safety hazards leading to accidents, thereby hindering the progress of subway projects in China, taking into cognizance the multiple stakeholder’s perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

By administering a survey questionnaire to 373 highly involved stakeholders in subway projects spanning Changsha, Beijing and Qingdao, China, our approach incorporated a four-staged composite amalgamation of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to develop an optimized model that determines the causal relationships and interactions among safety hazards in subway construction projects.

Findings

The optimized model delineated the influence of individual safety hazards on subway projects. The feasibility and applicability of the model developed was demonstrated on an actual subway project under construction in Changsha city. The outcomes revealed that the progress of subway projects is significantly influenced by risks associated with project management, environmental factors, subterranean conditions and technical hazards. In contrast, risks related to construction and human factors did not exhibit a significant impact on subway construction progress.

Research limitations/implications

While our study provides valuable insights, it is important to acknowledge the limitation of relying on theoretical approaches without empirical validation from experiments or the field. In future research, we plan to address this limitation by assessing the SEM using empirical data. This will involve a comprehensive comparison of outcomes derived from CB-SEM with those obtained through SEM-ANN methods. Such an empirical validation process is crucial for enhancing the overall efficiency and robustness of the proposed methodologies.

Originality/value

The established hybrid model revealed complex non-linear connections among indicators in the intricate project, enabling the recognition of primary hazards and offering direction to improve management of safety in the construction of subways.
Tourism direct GDP: configuration of antecedents and tourism future performance in high-income countries’
Authors: Agostinho Mario Nuno , Dias Alvaro , F. Pereira Leandro
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study aims to provide a new perspective on the factors determining a country’s tourism performance, understand the interrelationships among these factors and explore their implications for the future of tourism in high-income countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) using five variables from the World Economic Forum’s Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI). The focus is on identifying seven configurations of antecedents of Travel and Tourism Industry Gross Domestic Product (T&T Industry GDP).

Findings

The study identifies seven configurations of antecedents influencing T&T Industry GDP, revealing how these factors operate in different scenarios, specifically in countries with high and low T&T GDP. These configurations offer insights into potential future pathways for tourism development.

Research limitations/implications

The study implies that tourism is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple interacting factors. It provides a framework for understanding how different combinations of factors can lead to high or low tourism performance, offering valuable insights for anticipating and shaping the future of tourism.

Originality/value

This study adds value by providing a more nuanced understanding of the tourism industry, challenging the notion of singular effects of variables and highlighting the importance of analyzing multiple, interacting factors in understanding and predicting tourism performance. It contributes to the field of futures studies by offering a tool for anticipating potential future scenarios and their impact on the tourism industry.
Anchoring effect in corporate social behaviors: evidence from donations and pollution
Authors: Li Qian , Wang Jianan
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This paper examines the role of the anchoring effect, including internal anchor formed by prior experience or external anchor produced by similar external practices of industrial competitors and investor networks in the decision-making of corporate social behaviors (CSBs).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper sets corporate donations and pollution as examples of CSBs, and conducts an empirical study through the data of A-share listed companies between 2010 and 2020 in China.

Findings

This paper found that both internal and external anchoring effects exist in CSBs. In addition, when internal and external anchors appear simultaneously, they will have the same intensity and promote each other.

Originality/value

This paper not only adds to the literature on the motives for CSBs and links cognitive and social psychology with strategic decisions but also has managerial implications for firms and managers.
Boundary layers at the interface of thermally radiative nanofluid and Ree–Eyring fluid with different shear strength
Authors: Goher Sana , Abbas Zaheer , Rafiq Muhammad Yousuf
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The boundary layer flow of immiscible fluids plays a crucial role across various industries, influencing advancements in industrial processes, environmental systems, healthcare and more. This study explores the thermally radiative boundary layer flow of a shear-driven Ree–Eyring fluid over a nanofluid. The investigation offers valuable insights into the intricate dynamics and heat transfer behavior that arise when a nanofluid, affected by thermal radiation, interacts with a non-Newtonian Ree–Eyring fluid. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions governing such systems, which is essential for enhancing efficiency and innovation in multiple applications.

Design/methodology/approach

The simulation investigates the convergence of boundary layers under varying shear strengths. A comparative analysis is conducted using γAl2O3 and Al2O3 nanoparticles, with water as the base fluid. The model’s numerical outcomes are derived using the bvp4c method through the application of appropriate similarity transformations. The resulting numerical data are then used to produce graphical representations, offering valuable insights into the influence of key parameters on flow behavior and patterns.

Findings

The temperature of the Al2O3 nanoparticles is always higher than the γAl2O3 nanoparticles, and hence, Al2O3 nanoparticles become more significant in the cooling process then γAl2O3 nanoparticles. It is also observed that the fluid velocity for both regions is enhanced by increasing values of the Ree–Eyring fluid parameter.

Originality/value

The results stated are original and new with the thermal radiative boundary layer flow of two immiscible Ree–Eyring fluid and Al2O3/γAl2O3 nanofluid.
Factors influencing the entry of logistics service providers (LSPs) into the logistics clusters: a case study of Casablanca city
Authors: El Moussaoui Alaa Eddine
Published: November 2024

Purpose

In recent years, the concept of logistics cluster has attracted the attention of several researchers and practitioners. It is an agglomeration of different types of companies and operations: notably, those providing logistics services, such as supply chain organization, storage and distribution. The paper focuses on this concept by examining the factors influencing logistics service providers (LSPs) to enter the logistics clusters.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews was conducted. Regarding the sample size, the author interviewed 31 professionals belonging to logistics clusters located in the Moroccan economic metropolis: Casablanca.

Findings

The results show that the cost reduction, the reputation of the cluster, the learning from other LSP, the communal services, the geographical proximity, and the role of public authorities are the main factors impacting the entry of LSPs into these clusters.

Practical implications

The findings of this study provide several practical insights for LSPs, government authorities, and cluster managers. For LSPs, understanding the key factors influencing their entry into logistics clusters—such as cost reduction, proximity and the role of public authorities—enables them to make strategic decisions that optimize their operations and enhance competitiveness. For cluster managers, the study highlights the importance of maintaining a strong cluster reputation and fostering collaboration between LSPs to attract new entrants. Finally, public authorities can leverage the insights to design policies that incentivize LSPs to join clusters by providing infrastructure, financial support and governance structures that align with industry needs.

Originality/value

This theme has never been investigated. Therefore, this research expands the literature review and tries to examine this gap of literature by studying the factors that can affect the adhesion of LSPs to these clusters.
Impact of structural characteristics on energy-absorption of 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane line-oriented structures
Authors: Shirazi Amirhossein Termebaf , Zamani Miandashti Zahra , Momeni Seyed Alireza
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Additive manufacturing offers the ability to produce complex, flexible structures from materials like thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for energy-absorption applications. However, selecting optimal structural parameters to achieve desired mechanical responses remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate the influence of key structural characteristics on the energy absorption and dissipation behavior and the deformation process of 3D-printed flexible TPU line-oriented structures.

Design/methodology/approach

Samples with varying line orientations and infill densities were fabricated using material extrusion and subjected to quasi-static compression tests. The design of experiments methodology explored the significance of design variables and their interaction effects on energy absorption and dissipation.

Findings

The results revealed a statistically significant interaction between infill density and orientation, highlighting their combined influence; however, the effect was less pronounced compared to infill density alone. For low-density structures, changing the orientation from 0°/90° to 45°/−45° and increasing infill density enhanced energy absorption and dissipation, while high-density structures exhibited unique energy absorption behavior influenced by deformation patterns and heterogeneity levels. This study facilitates the prediction of mechanical responses and selection of suitable TPU line-oriented printed parts for energy absorbing applications.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present work have investigated for the first time the energy-related responses of flexible line-oriented TPU structures highlighting the distinction between the low and high density structures.
Understanding policies through storytelling: Refugees and inclusion
Authors: Hewitt Shirley
Published: November 2024

This article summarises a storytelling process used to obtain data from five anonymised teachers as part of a doctoral thesis. The small story and story completion approach was used to gain insight into how teachers reconciled refugee/asylum seeker policies with inclusive practice. The process proved a useful way of enabling teachers to consider a range of influences on their personal and professional lives in a supportive environment. The teachers were able to reflect on challenges faced by refugee children and their teachers, including professional dilemmas. As well as providing useful data for the thesis, feedback indicated that the procedure enabled teachers to reflect on their practice, with some introducing changes which impacted positively on provision in their settings.
Contesting individualization and individualism in marriage in East Asia: Dual‐income couples' monetary practices
Authors: Hsu Chieh
Published: November 2024

This study uncovers Taiwanese dual‐earner couples' monetary practices and explores how the marriage institution is conceived of in the context of East Asian familism and the sweeping trend of individualism. Ample cross‐national research has investigated household finances and money management among couples over time, yielding mostly Western‐oriented insights. It is nevertheless matched with little evidence from East Asian societies that share similar trends of individualization. Drawing from interviews with 22 couples and 3 married individuals (N = 47) in Taiwan, who are at least university‐educated, middle‐class, and on average in their mid‐30s, this paper analyzes couples' monetary practices from a relationship constellation perspective that factors in resources from intergenerational transfer, as well as individual spouses' interpretation of their practices. Individualized management was found to be exceedingly prevalent among Taiwanese couples, unlike couples elsewhere that predominantly adopt pooling. Institutionalized individualization, on the one hand, posed higher hurdles for joint management and pooling. On the other, most interviewees showed an individualistic orientation in their practices, which can be seen as a strategy to anticipate and manage risks—marriage dissolution among others—in a highly uncertain world. Embedding monetary practices in the ‘individualization without individualism’ debate, this study unveils how the traditional marriage institution is implicitly challenged by not only increasing institutionalized individualization but also an ideational shift towards individualism, often assumed to not have taken root in East Asia. The empirical evidence from Taiwan sheds new light on both resource management in marriage and on how intimate relationships are constrained by institutional and socio‐cultural contexts.
Phylogeogenomic analysis of the earliest reported sequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 from 161 countries
Authors: Laskar Rezwanuzzaman , Hoque Mehboob , Ali Safdar
Published: November 2024

The SARS‐CoV‐2 is the causative agent of COVID‐19 whose evolutionary path with geographical context forms the focus of present study. The first reported sequence from each of the 161 countries was downloaded from the GISAID database. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using MAFFT v.7, and a TCS‐based network was constructed using PopART v.1.7. A total of 27 proteins were analyzed including structural and non‐structural proteins. NSP3 and NSP12, responsible for viral replication and RNA synthesis, respectively, had the highest mutation incidence and frequency among non‐structural proteins. The spike (S) protein, critical for viral attachment and entry, had the highest prevalence and frequency of mutations. ORF3a had the highest mutation incidence and frequency among accessory proteins. The phylogeogenomic network identified six haplogroups containing 35 sequences, while the remaining sequences belonged to different haplotypes. The virus's genetic distinctiveness was higher in European genomes, with four haplogroups dominated by Europe‐linked sequences. The triangular‐shaped pattern observed in the virus's evolutionary path suggests that it spread to different continents from Asia. Multiple transmission pathways connecting different countries affirm the virus's ability to emerge in multiple countries by early 2020. The possibility of new species emergence through “saltation” due to the pandemic is also discussed.
Morphology and chronology of critical events for early‐life history survival of an old word killifish, Esmaeilius shirini (Teleostei: Aphaniidae): A conservation management approach
Authors: Esmaeili Hamid Reza , Asrar Tayebeh , Sayyadzadeh Golnaz
Published: November 2024

In this study, the live cell imaging microscopy of an old word cyprinodontiform fish, the Shirini toothcarp Esmaeilius shirini during its embryogenesis, is described and illustrated for the first time through the detailed morphological description and chronology of the events of all developmental stages (from fertilization to hatching). External fertilization of transparent, spherical, sticky and macrolecithal eggs bearing adhesive filaments with an average diameter of 0.83–1 mm is the first step in the ontogenesis of E. shirini. Embryogenesis continued with a process of meroblastic cleavage (approximately 2 and half h post‐fertilization, hpf), formation of blastula (blastulation), gastrula (gastrulation), neurulation, somatogenesis, organ formation (organogenesis) and pre‐hatching. The development continued with hatching (a stage between the embryonic and larval periods) at approximately 131 haf (at 24 ± 1°C). The new larvae were about 3.9–5.8 mm in length with distinct fin rays and pigmentation on the head, body and fins. Basic data from this study can be used in forthcoming investigations on the reproduction processes, breeding, behaviour and conservation of E. shirini. Fish development comprises an integrated, ordered and well‐mapped sequence of early life‐history events controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Knowledge of fish developmental stages during embryogenesis/ontogeny is essential for a better understanding of their biology, breeding criteria, phylogenetic relationships, dietary requirements, conservation plans, environmental requirements and ecological preferences.
Cracking the code of the slow code: A taxonomy of slow code practices and their clinical and ethical implications
Authors: Andrist Erica , Meadow Jacqueline , Lawal Nurah , Laventhal Naomi T.
Published: November 2024

The ethical permissibility of the “slow code” sparks vigorous debate. However, definitions of the “slow code” that exist in the literature often leave room for interpretation. Thus, those assessing the ethical permissibility of the slow code may not be operating with shared definitions, and definitions may not align with clinicians' understanding and use of the term in clinical practice. To add clarity and nuance to discussions of the “slow code,” this manuscript highlights the salient medical and moral components that distinguish resuscitative practices, resulting in a taxonomy that includes nine distinct entries: the Fake Code, Casual Code, Time‐Limited Code, Family Code, Contained Code, a la Carte Code, Preventive Code, Passive Code, and Accepted Code. We argue that cogent analyses of the ethical implications of the “slow code” must begin with clear, shared understandings of the practices under debate.
Depression, sleep and pain affect instrumental activities of daily living through cognitive functioning in adults with sickle cell disease: A report from the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium
Authors: Longoria Jennifer N. , Howell Kristen E. , Porter Jerlym S. , Treadwell Marsha , King Allison A. , Gordeuk Victor , Shah Nirmish , Abrams Christina M. , McCuskee Sarah , Gollan Siera , Hankins Jane S. , Heitzer Andrew M. ,   the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium
Published: November 2024

Depression, disrupted sleep and pain are common comorbidities in sickle cell disease. We tested (1) if these comorbidities are associated with attention/executive functioning, processing speed and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), which describe complex skills that support independence, and (2) if cognitive symptoms mediate the relationship between comorbidities and IADLs. Participants (n = 2417) completed patient‐reported outcome measures through the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium. Mean age of participants was 28 years and HbSS/Sβ0 genotypes were prevalent (73%). Comorbidities of depression, pain frequency and disrupted sleep were associated with processing speed and attention/executive functioning (all p < 0.01) when controlling for stroke and demographics. IADLs were associated with depression, pain, sleep, attention/executive functioning, income (<$25 000) (all p < 0.001) and genotype (p = 0.0025) after controlling for covariates. The indirect effects of attention/executive functioning and processing speed were both significant (p < 0.001) in mediation models that examined pathways between comorbidities and IADLs. Attention/executive functioning accounted for 17.5% of the relationship between depression and IADLs and sleep and IADLs. Processing speed explained 10% of the relationship between sleep and IADLs and 8% of the relationship between depression and IADLs. Managing comorbidities should be prioritized to mitigate cognitive symptoms and improve complex daily living skills.
The Abnormal Proliferation of Midbrain Dopamine Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Induced by Exposure to the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Xue Jun , Wu Dongyan , Bao Yuting , Wu Yifan , Zhang Xin , Chen Liang
Published: November 2024

Aims

Tumorigenicity is a significant concern in stem cell‐based therapies. However, traditional tumorigenicity tests using animal models often produce inaccurate results. Consequently, a more sensitive method for assessing tumorigenicity is required. This study aimed to enhance sensitivity by exposing functional progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vitro before transplantation, potentially making them more prone to abnormal proliferation or tumorigenicity.

Methods

Midbrain dopamine (mDA) cells derived from hPSCs were exposed to the TME by coculturing with medulloblastoma. The cellular characteristics of these cocultured mDA cells were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanisms underlying the observed alterations were investigated.

Results

Our findings demonstrated increased proliferation of cocultured mDA cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, these proliferating cells showed a higher expression of Ki67 and SOX1, suggesting abnormal proliferation. The observed abnormal proliferation in cocultured mDA cells was attributed to the hyperactivation of proliferation‐related genes, the JAK/STAT3 pathway, and cytokine stimulation.

Conclusion

This study indicates that exposing functional progenitors to the TME in vitro before transplantation can induce abnormal proliferation, thereby increasing the sensitivity of tumorigenicity tests.
Senescence Biomarkers and Trajectories of Frailty and Physical Function After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Lorenz Elizabeth C. , Smith Byron H. , Wadei Hani M. , Mour Girish , Kennedy Cassie C. , Schinstock Carrie A. , Kremers Walter K. , Cheville Andrea L. , Hickson LaTonya J. , Atkinson Elizabeth J. , White Thomas A. , Rule Andrew D. , LeBrasseur Nathan K.
Published: November 2024

Cellular senescence is a biological mechanism of aging and age‐related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine whether senescence biomarkers are associated with frailty and physical function trajectories in patients undergoing kidney transplantation (KT). We also discussed the relationship between senescence biomarkers and KT function. In this multicenter study, we prospectively assessed plasma levels of senescence biomarkers, frailty as measured by the Physical Frailty Phenotype, and physical function as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery prior to KT. Frailty, physical function, and KT function were also measured 1 year after KT. Variable associations were assessed using Cox and relaxed least absolute shrinkage and selection operation regression. The cohort consisted of 197 participants (mean age 53 ± 13 years, 61.4% male, and 80.2% White race). Higher pre‐KT levels of macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) were independently associated with less improvement in frailty and/or physical function during the first year after KT. Higher pre‐KT levels tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS) and MMP‐9 levels were independently associated with lower KT function one year after KT. Pre‐KT cellular senescence may contribute to frailty, physical function, and kidney function trajectories during the first year after KT.
Intellectual Property Policy and County Economic Growth: A Quasi‐natural Experiment from the Intellectual Property Powering County Project
Authors: Yu Changlin , Shen Bing
Published: November 2024

As fundamental economic units, county economies play a crucial role in China's national economic system. However, it remains unclear whether intellectual property rights policies at the county level can promote economic growth. We used a quasi‐natural experiment from the Intellectual Property Powering County Project (“the Project”) to measure their impact on county economic growth from 2009 to 2020, applying a multi‐period difference‐in‐differences method. County economic growth indicators were measured using Enhanced Vegetation Index‐calibrated nighttime light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite. The findings demonstrated that the Project promoted economic growth significantly by incentivizing innovation, attracting high‐tech and new‐tech enterprises, and fostering brand creation. The Project also exhibited significant heterogeneity across districts and counties, along with spillover effects on economic growth in surrounding counties within approximately 80 kilometers.
Circulating inflammatory proteins are elevated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and associated to complications
Authors: van Heck Julia I. P. , Ajie Mandala , Joosten Leo A. B. , Tack Cees J. , Stienstra Rinke
Published: November 2024

Background

The presence of low‐grade inflammation has been reported in people with type 2 diabetes and related to the development of (macro)vascular complications. Whether systemic inflammation is present in type 1 diabetes and linked to long‐term complications remains unknown. We used a targeted proteomics approach to compare inflammation in people with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with control subjects and linked these proteins to diabetes related characteristics and complications.

Methods

We included 233 participants with type 1 diabetes, 387 participants with type 2 diabetes and 150 healthy controls. Plasma was collected and used to determine high sensitive C‐reactive proteins (hs‐CRP) and an additional 92 inflammatory proteins using the Olink proteomics platform.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, 41 circulating inflammatory proteins were higher in type 1 diabetes (FDR < 0.05) and 64 inflammatory proteins in type 2 diabetes (FDR < 0.05) (including CXCL5, IL‐15RA, MCP‐4 and AXIN1 for both groups). HbA1c levels were positively associated with 21 inflammatory proteins (including CDCP1, FGF‐21, HGF and IL‐18R1) in type 1 diabetes (FDR < 0.05), whereas a positive association existed between body mass index (BMI) and 26 inflammatory proteins (including IL6, IL17C, FGF‐23 and CSF‐1) in type 2 diabetes. Inflammatory proteins associated with the presences, of complications, particularly nephropathy, were similar in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. FlT3L and EN‐RAGE were associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

Both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased circulating inflammatory protein concentrations, but the increase is more pronounced in type 2 diabetes. These results suggest both differences in drivers of inflammation between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes as well as potential similarities in pathways involved in the development of diabetes‐associated complications.
Sown wildflower meadows: Can they replace natural meadows in urban spaces for bees, butterflies and hoverflies?
Authors: Zajdel Barbara , Dylewski Łukasz , Jojczyk Agata , Banaszak‐Cibicka Weronika , Kucharska Kornelia , Borański Mikołaj , Gąbka Jakub
Published: November 2024

The decline in pollinator populations is partly due to human practices that have contributed to the loss of wild and flower‐rich habitats. In cities, especially city centres, urban green spaces, which are usually small, are often sown with wildflower meadows.

The study compared the number and species richness of three main groups of pollinating insects (wild bees, butterflies and hoverflies) for two types of meadows in Warsaw: sown wildflower meadows and the natural meadows.

The research results showed that there was no difference in the composition of insect‐pollinated plants between the meadow types. There was also no difference between the meadow types concerning the species richness of butterflies, bees and hoverflies. However, it was confirmed that the number of butterflies was twice as high in natural meadows than it was in sown floral meadows, while in the case of wild bees and hoverflies, no such differences were found.

The study confirmed that areas sown with wildflowers, usually of small area, concentrate pollinating insects and have a similar value for pollinators as larger areas of natural meadow. Sown wildflower meadows, if properly cared for, can ensure the richness of melliferous plant species and thus positively affect the diversity and number of pollinators.

Sown meadows can compensate insects for the absence of large, natural meadows, especially in the fragmented spaces in cities.
Financial Regulators on Boards: Evidence From Earnings Information Quality
Authors: Chang Ching‐Hung , Chi Yung‐Ling , Wu Qingqing
Published: November 2024

We find that directors with a financial regulatory background are associated with lower earnings quality. The influence of financial regulatory directors (FRDs) is more substantial for firms with higher proprietary costs and FRDs with greater expertise and experience. FRD firms do not have a greater likelihood of financial misconduct or meeting or beating analysts' forecasts. The stock market reacts more positively to FRD appointments than to the appointments of other directors. Our findings suggest that FRDs certify firm discipline, with lower earnings quality reflecting strategic choices rather than opportunistic manipulation, highlighting the impact of postemployment restrictions in financial regulatory agencies.
Long‐Term Soil Warming Drives Different Belowground Responses in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal Trees
Authors: Chari Nikhil R. , Muratore Thomas J. , Frey Serita D. , Winters Cristina L. , Martinez Gabriela , Taylor Benton N.
Published: November 2024

The ability of trees to acquire soil nutrients under future climate conditions will influence forest composition and function in a warmer world. Rarely are multiple belowground carbon allocation pathways measured simultaneously in large global change experiments, restricting our understanding of how trees may shift their allocation of resources to different nutrient acquisition mechanisms under future climates. Leveraging a 20‐year soil warming experiment, we show that ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees reduce mycorrhizal colonization and root exudation while increasing fine root biomass, while arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees largely maintained their belowground carbon allocation patterns in warmer soils. We suggest that AM trees may be better adapted to thrive under global warming due to higher rates of nitrogen mineralization in warmer soils and the ability of their mycorrhizal symbiont to acquire mineralized inorganic nutrients, whereas EM trees may need to alter their belowground carbon allocation patterns to remain competitive as global temperatures rise.