bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compliance in the Cloud and the Implications on Electronic Discovery
Authors: Gonsowski Dean
Published: December 2014

Cloud Computing will be a disruptive technology that will ultimately change the face of computing with a market approaching $300 billion over the next five years, according to recent study from the Market Intel Group (Mathews, 2010). The unstoppable migration of data to the Cloud is undoubtedly due to numerous financial benefits, particularly for small and medium-sized companies, which historically do not have the same capital budgets as larger enterprises. However, this boundless upside is not without risks from a legal and compliance perspective, making it all that more important for entities to look before they leap. Today, nearly every corporation is required to preserve and produce Electronically Stored Information (ESI), such as emails and other electronic documents, as part of their response to litigation, regulatory inquiries, and subpoenas. When the subject ESI happens to be stored in the Cloud, there are a handful of potential obstacles that serve to complicate the eDiscovery process. For some, this leads to sanctions and increased compliance risks. In order to navigate these potentially treacherous waters, organizations need to be proactive and follow a “measure twice, cut once” approach. This chapter will discuss the basics of eDiscovery and explore ways to minimize potential compliance hurdles when migrating significant data stores to/from the Cloud.
The Legal Implications of Cloud Computing
Authors: Kemp Michael L. , Robb Shannon , Deans P. Candace
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the current legal environment of cloud computing. As the cloud platform continues to evolve, companies will find the need to address the business risks, particularly legal issues which will be of paramount concern. This chapter discusses the legal dimensions of cloud computing from the perspective of three L's: Location, Litigation, and Liability. Most of the current issues can be evaluated as part of one of these categories. Although the legal aspects of the cloud lag behind the business and technology side, prior case law is discussed as it applies to issues arising from various implementations of cloud computing applications. This discussion provides a road map for CIOs and other managers as they deal with emerging issues and legal ramifications of cloud computing. The chapter also provides direction for research in this realm.
The Cloud Inside the Network
Authors: Soares João , Monteiro Romeu , Melo Márcio , Sargento Susana , Carapinha Jorge
Published: December 2014

The access infrastructure to the cloud is usually a major drawback that limits the uptake of cloud services. Attention has turned to rethinking a new architectural deployment of the overall cloud service delivery. In this chapter, the authors argue that it is not sufficient to integrate the cloud domain with the operator's network domain based on the current models. They envision a full integration of cloud and network, where cloud resources are no longer confined to a data center but are spread throughout the network and owned by the network operator. In such an environment, challenges arise at different levels, such as in resource management, where both cloud and network resources need to be managed in an integrated approach. The authors particularly address the resource allocation problem through joint virtualization of network and cloud resources by studying and comparing an Integer Linear Programming formulation and a heuristic algorithm.
Reasoning of the Use of TVR-IM Electric Drives of Closed-Loop Type by the Angular Velocity Observer for Solving Technological Problems
Authors: Timoshkin V. , Glazyrin A. , Kozlova L.
Published: December 2014

This article describes the main advantages and disadvantages of electric drive TVR-IM compared with a frequency converter. The necessity to use electric drives TVR-IM and angular velocity observers to solve technological problems is substantiated. Promising directions in the field of constructing closed-loop by the speed observer systems TVR-IM are shown.
Electromagnetic Modification of Aluminium Ingots in Rotary Casting Machine
Authors: Avdulov Anton , Gudkov Ivan , Avdulova Julia
Published: December 2014

This article considers the problem of modifying the ingot structure by electromagnetic effects in the rotor casting machine. The principle of the electromagnetic modifier operation and the apparatus design are described. The results of physical modeling process of electro-magnetic modification of crystallizing ingot are presented.
Induction Assisted Hybrid-Welding Processes to Join Heavy-Walled Steel Components
Authors: Neumeyer Jörg , Nacke Bernard
Published: December 2014

In order to weld heavy-walled metal sheets (16mm and more) a hybrid process, that includes an electric arc and the laser beam, is frequently applied at present. Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals and the enormous temperature gradient between the laser-welded area and the not welded region around the bond, there is a great heat flow and the welded material is cooled down in very short time. This high decrease of temperature leads to decayed metallurgical qualities. In order to slow down the temperature drop, an inductive process is applied to the hybrid welding device. Because of the high thickness of the metal sheets both an inductive preheating and an inductive post-heating process are added. To configure an optimal design for the inductors the numerical simulation is used and especially the heat generation of the welding process has to be included in a physical realistic way.
Investigation of Winding Circuit Effect on Characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines with Fractional Slot Concentrated Winding
Authors: Vialcev Georgy B. , Toporkov Dmitriy M. , Gubareva Olga E.
Published: December 2014

Star-connected
and
delta-connected
circuits
of
fractional
slot
concentrated
winding
in
permanent
magnets
synchronous
machines
(SMPM)
are
described
in
the
paper.
Advantages
and
drawbacks
of
these
winding
circuit
types
are
shown.
Investigation
results
on
the
characteristics
degradation
in
the
machines
with
fractional
slot
concentrated
windings
owing
to
delta-connected
circuit
are
presented.
Electrolyte Pressure Influence on the Speed of Steel 110G13L Electrochemical Dissolution during Electrochemical Jet Machining
Authors: Yanpolskiy Vasily , Krasilnikov Boris , Rakhimyanov Konstantin
Published: December 2014

An experimental investigation of an electrochemical dissolution of steel 110G13L (steel of Hadfield) in NaNO3, Na2SO4, and NaCl aqueous solutions was carried out. It has been found that the electrochemical dissolution of steel 110G13L in NaNO3, Na2SO4 aqueous solutions occurs in the active state when φ = 4.5 V. Based on the results of the polarization analysis and determination of the steel 110G13L dissolution depth in each of these solutions, the rational electrolyte composition was chosen for ECJM. The technologic experiment has shown that an increase in the electrolyte feeding pressure up to two МPа leads to a machining depth increase up to 600 μm.
Calculation Method of Pure Resistance and Inductance of Ore-Thermal Furnaces Electrode Holder Tubes
Authors: Goreva L.P. , Ignatenko A.Yu. , Bordunova A.V.
Published: December 2014

While designing an ore-thermal furnace it is necessary to minimize and balance its secondary current contact jaw electrical parameters. The study deals with the method of calculating pure resistance and inductance of ore-thermal furnace electrode holder tubes. It is significant because the tubes have complicated wires configuration and their resistance is noticeable in current contact jaw total impedance because of the same half-phase currents flow in tube bundles and absence of magnetic flux compensation. Real bent wires are suggested to be approximated by broken lines. After that both existing and proposed by the authors formulas can be used for calculating inductance and mutual inductance of two straight-line wires arbitrary placed in space. Current distribution non-uniformity along separate tubes is taken into account in an iterative algorithm. Currents in wires are assumed to be equal at the first iteration. Then they are corrected at following steps of the iteration algorithm with respect to wires resistances calculation results. Skin effect and closure effect between wires segments are taken into account when pure resistance is calculated. The proposed method has been applied in the development of the software for calculating ore-thermal furnace secondary current-contact jaw electrical parameters. The method has been approbated in the design of the 60 MVA ore-thermal furnace made by ZAO “Electroterm”, Novosibirsk, Russia. The results obtained have been tested with numeric 3D models created in ANSYS environment. Inductance calculation error is 10%, pure resistance error is 25%.
Reliability Increase of Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints
Authors: Chevakinskaya Alexandra , Nikulina Aelita , Plotnikova Natalia
Published: December 2014

In this paper combined Hadfield steel - stainless steel - rail steel compounds are considered. Structural studies and estimation of mechanical properties showed that using an intermediate layer of low-carbon steel with 0.2 C wt. % and 5-20 mm thick between high-carbon steel and chromium-nickel steel in the formation of welded joints increases the reliability of connections by reducing the amount of high-strength zones as compared to compounds without a barrier layer.
Development of a Force Parameter Model for a New Severe Plastic Deformation Technique – Multi-ECAP-Conform
Authors: Fakhretdinova E.I. , Raab Georgy I. , Ganiev M.M.
Published: December 2014

Severe plastic deformation is one of promising techniques for omproving metal properties. In this work a new SPD technique – Multi-ECAP-Conform – is studied. The technique ensures an accumulation of a true strain degree to е>2.5 during one processing cycle. Models for force characteristics calculation have been developed on the basis of theoretical procedures of metal forming. The derived equations determine force parameters of the Multi-ECAP-Conform process.
Impact of Local Weld Pool Zones on the Heterogeneous Material Structure
Authors: Burov Vladimir G. , Bataeva Zinaida B. , Drobyaz Еkaterina A.
Published: December 2014

This work is devoted to formation of the Widmanstatten ferrite in the zone of complete recrystallization of the base metal during welding of low-carbon steels and cladding of hard coatings on the surface of low-carbon steels. The methods to reduce the brittleness of the ferrite in the overheated zones are proposed.
Full Order Observer for Speed Estimation of Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive
Authors: Zaki Diab Ahmed , Kotin Denis , Anosov Vladimir , Slepcov Oleg
Published: December 2014

In this paper, full order observer speed estimation of a vector controlled induction motor is presented. To decrease the associated maintenance costs, the most conventional model reference adaptive system MRAS structure is used to estimate the rotor speed. The adaptive full-order observer based on IM equation is used to estimate stator currents and rotor flux. Lyapunov’s stability criterion is employed to estimate rotor speed. Synthesis of the controller has been described. Digital simulations have been carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless drive system. The results prove excellent steady-state and dynamic performance of the drive system in a wide speed range, which confirms validity of the proposed scheme.
New Criterion for Prediction of Amorphous Alloy Compositions: A Сombination of Dense Packing of Spheres and the Lambda Criterion through the Coordination Number
Authors: Silva Nascimento Carlos Ociran , Jorge Alberto Moreira
Published: December 2014

This work presents the development of a new criterion which can indicate unknown compositions for amorphous metallic alloys. This new criterion was based on dense packing of spheres combined with the lambda criterion through the coordination number. A simplified mathematical development is presented, and software was developed with the purpose of indicating alloys with best glass forming ability (GFA). This software includes and concatenates several other criteria. For this purpose, we performed a mathematical analysis of the criteria, which included: (i) λ_min criterion which uses the minimum topological instability parameter and is used as an indication of phase competition during the solidification. (ii) the γ parameter, which reflects the relative GFA between bulk metallic glasses (BMG), and it is based on characteristic temperatures, such as: the glass transition temperature - Tg, the crystallization onset temperature - Tx and the liquidus temperature - Tl. (iii) the parameter Zc that is the critical thickness for bulk glass formation, which corresponds to the maximum dimension in which the molten can be formed without any crystals precipitation and (iv) the parameter Rc that is the critical cooling rate for glass formation, which decreases inversely to the Zc values. Through a mathematical formalism combining all the parameters, the software can decide the most suitable composition range to produce a new alloy. The results are presented and compared with the ones available in the literature. The results indicate good agreement with the literature since it is not a general theory, but intends to meet some specific cases with a reasonable convergence and which still need to be better studied.
Features of Velocity and Pressure Fields Formation in the Centrifugal Dust Collector
Authors: Buligin Y. , Alexeenko L. , Koronchik D.
Published: December 2014

Patterns of velocity and pressure field formation inside the cyclone apparatus have been revealed. Also, the standard k-turbulence model for the study of aerodynamic processes in centrifugal dust collectors has been adapted A high degree of adequacy of the results is shown. Using the proposed model, taking into account vortex air flow processes forming the velocity and pressure fields in the body of cyclone apparatuses are described.
Assemblability and Mobility of Bricard’s Linkage Modifications
Authors: Yarullin Munir Gumerovich , Galiullin Ilnar Ayratovich
Published: December 2014

6R mechanisms tends to be stationary. However, some of these mechanisms are movable. Some additional conditions ensure their mobility. The article identifies these special conditions providing assemblability and mobility of Bricard’s linkage modifications.
Innovative Means of Increasing the Adjustment Ability of Wind Turbine
Authors: Zubova Natalya , Udalov Sergey , Achitaev Andrey
Published: December 2014

Today, wind power is the fastest-growing renewable energy source. Wind power is free, clean, and endless. Furthermore, the cost of the electricity produced by wind turbines reached already the point where it is comparable with that of electricity produced by some of the conventional, fossil based power plants. However, it is still important to improve the technology in order to keep wind energy economically competitive with traditional and other renewable energy sources. In this paper the concept of variable length blades and active flow control systems has been proposed as a means of increasing the energy yield of the turbine.
Migration of Nanoparticles in Operating Media of Heat Exchange Systems
Authors: Bubenchikov Mikhail A. , Potekaev Alexander I. , Bubenchikov Alexey M.
Published: December 2014

The paper presents a scheme of elementary calculation of thermophoresis of shaped nanoparticles (nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes), based on the molecule direct paths model and the theorem on variation of momentum for the system: nanoparticle-molecule in λ-layer. It has been found that there is relation of thermophoresis dimensionless velocity and parameters of the task.
Power Flow Calculation Realization in Software for Grids with Four-Phase Power Lines
Authors: Bliznyuk Dmitry I. , Bannykh Pavel Y. , Khalyasmaa Alexandra I.
Published: December 2014

The paper is devoted to the problem of power flow calculation and steady state analysis methods adaptation for four-phase electrical grids. These methods are based on developed models of four-phase power lines and phase convering transformers. The basis of research is nodal voltages equations for three-phase, four-phase and mixed (combined by three-and four-phase elements) grids. Algorithm of four-phfase elements parameters automized adaptation for power flow calculation model of "RastrWin" software have been developed.
The Basic Principles of Controlled Switching and Synchronous Vacuum Circuit Breaker Application in Local Distribution Networks
Authors: Shevtsov Dmitry , Pavluchenko Dmitry , Prohorenko Evgeny
Published: December 2014

The paper is devoted to the solution of the switching overvoltage problem in distribution networks by application synchronous vacuum circuit breaker. The basic principles of controlled switching are considered. The example of vacuum circuit breaker application realizing principles of synchronous switching is presented. It is shown, that synchronous vacuum circuit breaker is reliable and effective device for overvoltage reduction.
A new long-tubed subspecies of Pelargonium dipetalum (section Hoarea) (Geraniaceae) from the Albertinia-Swellendam area in Western Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Le Roux M. Marianne , Manning John C.
Published: December 2014

Background: Field studies confirmed that unusually long-tubed populations of Pelargonium dipetalum from between Swellendam and Albertinia, Western Cape Province, South Africa, are a distinct ecotype adapted to pollination by the long-proboscid fly, Prosoeca longipennis. The geographical and morphological isolation of these populations suggests that they are reproductively isolated from short-tubed populations, which are pollinated by bees.Objectives: To determine and describe the floral variation in P. dipetalum, with a view to recognising the long-tubed populations at some taxonomic level.Method: All available collections were measured and compared.Results: Populations of P. dipetalum were segregated into a short-tubed form with hypanthium 3 mm – 24 mm long and mostly pink petals that occurs from Betty’s Bay to Knysna, and a long-tubed form with the hypanthium 34 mm – 54 mm long and consistently white petals that is restricted to a small area east of Swellendam between Suurbraak and Albertinia. We described the long-tubed form as the new subspecies P. dipetalum subsp. stenosiphon.Conclusion: The new subspecies increases our understanding of the diversity in P. dipetalum and represents a new taxon of conservation concern.
Avaliação de desempenho de técnico-administrativos em educação no âmbito das instituições federal de ensino superior
Authors: Xandó Baptista André de Lima , Sanabio Marcos Tanure
Published: December 2014

As Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) foram demandadas pelo Governo Federal a partir da Lei nº 11.091, de 12 de janeiro de 2005, a criar diretrizes para instituir uma nova sistemática de avaliação de desempenho para seus servidores, estruturando-a como uma das premissas do Plano de Carreiras dos Cargos Técnico-Administrativos em Educação das Universidades Federais. Os objetivos dessa avaliação de desempenho consistiam em promover a melhoria da qualificação dos serviços públicos, subsidiar a política de gestão de pessoas das instituições, principalmente quanto à capacitação, desenvolvimento no cargo e carreira, remuneração e movimentação de pessoas. No entanto, nem todas as IFES se apropriaram dessa ferramenta de maneira adequada e, ao invés de incorporarem o instrumento, associando aos seus sistemas de gestão e aos planos de desenvolvimento institucionais, muitas passaram a utilizá-la de maneira burocrática e corporativista. O presente trabalho pretende investigar os processos de avaliação de desempenho de servidores técnico-administrativos em educação e analisar os impactos dessa regulamentação nas políticas de Recursos Humanos desenvolvidas pelas universidades. Foram investigados os instrumentos avaliativos e nas regulamentações internas de uma amostra de 18 universidades federais e se os métodos de avaliação utilizados estão correlacionados aos sistemas de gestão e aos Planos de Desenvolvimento Institucionais dessas organizações.
Trends in peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over southern Asia during the summer monsoon season: regional impacts
Authors: Fadnavis S. , Schultz M. G. , Semeniuk K. , Mahajan A. S. , Pozzoli L. , Sonbawne S. , Ghude S. D. , Kiefer M. , Eckert E.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We analyze temporal trends of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) retrievals from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) during 2002–2011 in the altitude range 8–23 km over the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) region. The greatest enhancements of PAN mixing ratios in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) are seen during the summer monsoon season from June to September. During the monsoon season, the mole fractions of PAN show statistically significant (at 2σ) positive trends from 0.2 ± 0.05 to 4.6 ± 3.1 ppt yr−1 (except between 12 and 14 km) which is higher than the annual mean trends of 0.1 ± 0.05 to 2.7 ± 0.8 ppt yr−1. These rising concentrations point to increasing NOx (= NO + NO2) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from developing nations in Asia, notably India and China. We analyze the influence of monsoon convection on the distribution of PAN in UTLS with simulations using the global chemistry–climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ. During the monsoon, transport into the UTLS over the Asian region primarily occurs from two convective zones, one the South China Sea and the other over the southern flank of the Himalayas. India and China host NOx-limited regimes for ozone photochemical production, and thus we use the model to evaluate the contributions from enhanced NOx emissions to the changes in PAN, HNO3 and O3 concentrations in the UTLS. From a set of sensitivity experiments with emission changes in particular regions, it can be concluded that Chinese emissions have a greater impact on the concentrations of these species than Indian emissions. According to SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) NO2 retrievals NOx emissions increases over India have been about half of those over China between 2002 and 2011.
Henry's law constants of polyols
Authors: Compernolle S. , Müller J.-F.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Henry's law constants (HLC) are derived for several polyols bearing between 2 and 6 hydroxyl groups, based on literature data for water activity, vapour pressure and/or solubility. While deriving HLC and depending on the case, also infinite dilution activity coefficients (IDACs), solid state vapour pressures or activity coefficient ratios are obtained as intermediate results. An error analysis on the intermediate quantities and the obtained HLC is included. For most compounds, these are the first values reported, while others compare favourably with literature data in most cases. Using these values and those from a previous work (Compernolle and Müller, 2014), an assessment is made on the partitioning of polyols, diacids and hydroxy acids to droplet and aqueous aerosol.
Nitrous oxide emissions from a commercial cornfield (Zea mays) measured using the eddy covariance technique
Authors: Huang H. , Wang J. , Hui D. , Miller D. R. , Bhattarai S. , Dennis S. , Smart D. , Sammis T. , Reddy K. C.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Increases in observed atmospheric concentrations of the long-lived greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) have been well documented. However, information on event-related instantaneous emissions during fertilizer applications is lacking. With the development of fast-response N2O analyzers, the eddy covariance (EC) technique can be used to gather instantaneous measurements of N2O concentrations to quantify the exchange of nitrogen between the soil and atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of a new EC system, to measure the N2O flux with the system, and finally to examine relationships of the N2O flux with soil temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, and fertilization events. An EC system was assembled with a sonic anemometer and a fast-response N2O analyzer (quantum cascade laser spectrometer) and applied in a cornfield in Nolensville, Tennessee during the 2012 corn growing season (4 April–8 August). Fertilizer amounts totaling 217 kg N ha−1 were applied to the experimental site. Results showed that this N2O EC system provided reliable N2O flux measurements. The cumulative emitted N2O amount for the entire growing season was 6.87 kg N2O-N ha−1. Seasonal fluxes were highly dependent on soil moisture rather than soil temperature. This study was one of the few experiments that continuously measured instantaneous, high-frequency N2O emissions in crop fields over a growing season of more than 100 days.
Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment
Authors: Verma V. , Fang T. , Guo H. , King L. , Bates J. T. , Peltier R. E. , Edgerton E. , Russell A. G. , Weber R. J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We assess the potential of the water-soluble fraction of atmospheric fine aerosols in the southeastern United States to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and identify major ROS-associated emission sources. ROS-generation potential of particles was quantified by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and involved analysis of fine particulate matter (PM) extracted from high-volume quartz filters (23 h integrated samples) collected at various sites in different environmental settings in the southeast, including three urban-Atlanta sites, in addition to a rural site. Paired sampling was conducted with one fixed site in Atlanta (Jefferson Street), representative of the urban environment, with the others rotating among different sites, for ~250 days between June 2012 and September 2013 (N=483). A simple linear regression between the DTT activity and aerosol chemical components revealed strong associations between PM ROS-generation potential and secondary organic aerosol (WSOC – water-soluble organic carbon) in summer, and biomass burning markers in winter. Redox-active metals were also somewhat correlated with the DTT activity, but mostly at urban and roadside sites. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to apportion the relative contribution of various sources to the ROS-generation potential of water-soluble PM2.5 in urban Atlanta. PMF showed that vehicular emissions contribute uniformly throughout the year (12–25%), while secondary oxidation processes dominated the DTT activity in summer (46%) and biomass burning in winter (47%). Road dust was significant only during drier periods (~12% in summer and fall). Source apportionment by chemical mass balance (CMB) was reasonably consistent with PMF, but with higher contribution from vehicular emissions (32%). Given the spatially large data set of PM sampled over an extended period, the study reconciles the results from previous work that showed only region- or season-specific aerosol components or sources contributing to PM ROS activity, possibly due to smaller sample sizes. The ubiquitous nature of the major sources of PM-associated ROS suggests widespread population exposures to aerosol components that have the ability to catalyze the production of oxidants in vivo.
Mechanistic study of secondary organic aerosol components formed from nucleophilic addition reactions of methacrylic acid epoxide
Authors: Birdsall A. W. , Miner C. R. , Mael L. E. , Elrod M. J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Recently, methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) has been proposed as a precursor to an important class of isoprene-derived compounds found in secondary organic aerosol (SOA): 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) and a set of oligomers, nitric acid esters, and sulfuric acid esters related to 2-MG. However, the specific chemical mechanisms by which MAE could form these compounds have not been previously studied with experimental methods. In order to determine the relevance of these processes to atmospheric aerosol, MAE and 2-MG have been synthesized and a series of bulk solution-phase experiments aimed at studying the reactivity of MAE using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been performed. The present results indicate that the acid-catalyzed MAE reaction is more than 600 times slower than a similar reaction of an important isoprene-derived epoxide, but is still expected to be kinetically feasible in the atmosphere on more acidic SOA. The specific mechanism by which MAE leads to oligomers was identified, and the reactions of MAE with a number of atmospherically relevant nucleophiles were also investigated. Because the nucleophilic strengths of water, sulfate, alcohols (including 2-MG), and acids (including MAE and 2-MG) in their reactions with MAE were found to be of similar magnitudes, it is expected that a diverse variety of MAE + nucleophile product species may be formed on ambient SOA. Thus, the results indicate that epoxide chain reaction oligomerization will be limited by the presence of high concentrations of non-epoxide nucleophiles (such as water); this finding is consistent with previous environmental chamber investigations of the relative humidity dependence of 2-MG-derived oligomerization processes and suggests that extensive oligomerization may not be likely on ambient SOA because of other competitive MAE reaction mechanisms.
Stratospheric ozone depletion from future nitrous oxide increases
Authors: Wang W. , Tian W. , Dhomse S. , Xie F. , Shu J. , Austin J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We have investigated the impact of the assumed nitrous oxide (N2O) increases on stratospheric chemistry and dynamics using a series of idealized simulations with a coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM). In a future cooler stratosphere the net yield of NOy from N2O is shown to decrease in a reference run following the IPCC A1B scenario, but NOy can still be significantly increased by extra increases of N2O over 2001–2050. Over the last decade of simulations, 50% increases in N2O result in a maximal 6% reduction in ozone mixing ratios in the middle stratosphere at around 10 hPa and an average 2% decrease in the total ozone column (TCO) compared with the control run. This enhanced destruction could cause an ozone decline in the first half of this century in the middle stratosphere around 10 hPa, while global TCO still shows an increase at the same time. The results from a multiple linear regression analysis and sensitivity simulations with different forcings show that the chemical effect of N2O increases dominates the N2O-induced ozone depletion in the stratosphere, while the dynamical and radiative effects of N2O increases are overall insignificant. The analysis of the results reveals that the ozone depleting potential of N2O varies with the time period and is influenced by the environmental conditions. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) increases can strongly offset the ozone depletion effect of N2O.
Effect of different emission inventories on modeled ozone and carbon monoxide in Southeast Asia
Authors: Amnuaylojaroen T. , Barth M. C. , Emmons L. K. , Carmichael G. R. , Kreasuwun J. , Prasitwattanaseree S. , Chantara S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In order to improve our understanding of air quality in Southeast Asia, the anthropogenic emissions inventory must be well represented. In this work, we apply different anthropogenic emission inventories in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) version 3.3 using Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) gas-phase chemistry and Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosols to examine the differences in predicted carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) surface mixing ratios for Southeast Asia in March and December 2008. The anthropogenic emission inventories include the Reanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition (RETRO), the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B), the MACCity emissions (adapted from the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate and megacity Zoom for the Environment projects), the Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS) emissions, and a combination of MACCity and SEAC4RS emissions. Biomass-burning emissions are from the Fire Inventory from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (FINNv1) model. WRF-Chem reasonably predicts the 2 m temperature, 10 m wind, and precipitation. In general, surface CO is underpredicted by WRF-Chem while surface O3 is overpredicted. The NO2 tropospheric column predicted by WRF-Chem has the same magnitude as observations, but tends to underpredict the NO2 column over the equatorial ocean and near Indonesia. Simulations using different anthropogenic emissions produce only a slight variability of O3 and CO mixing ratios, while biomass-burning emissions add more variability. The different anthropogenic emissions differ by up to 30% in CO emissions, but O3 and CO mixing ratios averaged over the land areas of the model domain differ by ~4.5% and ~8%, respectively, among the simulations. Biomass-burning emissions create a substantial increase for both O3 and CO by ~29% and ~16%, respectively, when comparing the March biomass-burning period to the December period with low biomass-burning emissions. The simulations show that none of the anthropogenic emission inventories are better than the others for predicting O3 surface mixing ratios. However, the simulations with different anthropogenic emission inventories do differ in their predictions of CO surface mixing ratios producing variations of ~30% for March and 10–20% for December at Thai surface monitoring sites.
Prerequisites for application of hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation on managed grasslands and alternative net ecosystem exchange flux partitioning
Authors: Riederer M. , Hübner J. , Ruppert J. , Brand W. A. , Foken T.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Relaxed eddy accumulation is still applied in ecosystem sciences for measuring trace gas fluxes. On managed grasslands, the length of time between management events and the application of relaxed eddy accumulation has an essential influence on the determination of the proportionality factor b and thus on the resulting flux. In this study this effect is discussed for the first time. Also, scalar similarity between proxy scalars and scalars of interest is affected until the ecosystem has completely recovered. Against this background, CO2 fluxes were continuously measured and 13CO2 isofluxes were determined with a high measurement precision on two representative days in summer 2010. Moreover, a common method for the partitioning of the net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration based on temperature and light response was compared with an isotopic approach directly based on the isotope discrimination of the biosphere. This approach worked well on the grassland site and could enhance flux partitioning results by better reproducing the environmental conditions.
Solar irradiances measured using SPN1 radiometers: uncertainties and clues for development
Authors: Badosa J. , Wood J. , Blanc P. , Long C. N. , Vuilleumier L. , Demengel D. , Haeffelin M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The fast development of solar radiation and energy applications, such as photovoltaic and solar thermodynamic systems, has increased the need for solar radiation measurement and monitoring, for not only the global but also the diffuse and direct components. End users look for the best compromise between getting close to state-of-the-art measurements and keeping low capital, maintenance and operating costs. Among the existing commercial options, SPN1 is a relatively low cost solar radiometer that estimates global and diffuse solar irradiances from seven thermopile sensors under a shading mask and without moving parts. This work presents a comprehensive study of SPN1 accuracy and sources of uncertainty, drawing on laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and comparison studies between measurements from this sensor and state-of-the art instruments for six diverse sites. Several clues are provided for improving the SPN1 accuracy and agreement with state-of-the art measurements.
Modeling the impediment of methane ebullition bubbles by seasonal lake ice
Authors: Greene S. , Walter Anthony K. M. , Archer D. , Sepulveda-Jauregui A. , Martinez-Cruz K.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Microbial methane (CH4) ebullition (bubbling) from anoxic lake sediments comprises a globally significant flux to the atmosphere, but ebullition bubbles in temperate and polar lakes can be trapped by winter ice cover and later released during spring thaw. This "ice-bubble storage" (IBS) constitutes a novel mode of CH4 emission. Before bubbles are encapsulated by downward-growing ice, some of their CH4 dissolves into the lake water, where it may be subject to oxidation. We present field characterization and a model of the annual CH4 cycle in Goldstream Lake, a thermokarst (thaw) lake in interior Alaska. We find that summertime ebullition dominates annual CH4 emissions to the atmosphere. Eighty percent of CH4 in bubbles trapped by ice dissolves into the lake water column in winter, and about half of that is oxidized. The ice growth rate and the magnitude of the CH4 ebullition flux are important controlling factors of bubble dissolution. Seven percent of annual ebullition CH4 is trapped as IBS and later emitted as ice melts. In a future warmer climate, there will likely be less seasonal ice cover, less IBS, less CH4 dissolution from trapped bubbles, and greater CH4 emissions from northern lakes.
Enhanced viral production and virus-mediated mortality of bacterioplankton in a natural iron-fertilized bloom event above the Kerguelen Plateau
Authors: Malits A. , Christaki U. , Obernosterer I. , Weinbauer M. G.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Above the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean natural iron fertilization sustains a large phytoplankton bloom over 3 months during austral summer. During the KEOPS1 project (KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study1) we sampled this phytoplankton bloom during its declining phase along with the surrounding high-nutrient–low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters to study the effect of natural iron fertilization on the role of viruses in the microbial food web. Bacterial and viral abundances were 1.7 and 2.1 times, respectively, higher within the bloom than in HNLC waters. Viral production and virus-mediated mortality of bacterioplankton were 4.1 and 4.9 times, respectively, higher in the bloom, while the fraction of infected cells (FIC) and the fraction of lysogenic cells (FLC) showed no significant differences between environments. The present study suggests viruses to be more important for bacterial mortality within the bloom and dominate over grazing of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNFs) during the late bloom phase. As a consequence, at least at a late bloom stage, viral lysis shunts part of the photosynthetically fixed carbon in iron-fertilized regions into the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool with potentially less particulate organic carbon transferred to larger members of the food web or exported.
CRIOPRESERVAÇÃO DE FOLÍCULOS PRÉ-ANTRAIS CANINOS COM GLICEROL E ETILENOGLICOL
Authors: Alves Kele Amaral , Alves Benner Geraldo , Beletti Marcelo Emílio , Lúcio Aline Costa , Jacomini José Octavio
Published: December 2014

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito dos crioprotetores glicerol e etilenoglicol em duas concentrações (1,5 M e 3,0 M) sobre a viabilidade de folículos pré-antrais caninos após exposição e criopreservação. Ovários (n=8) de cadelas, sem raça definida, foram submetidos ao processo de isolamento mecânico simples para resgate dos folículos pré-antrais. Em seguida, amostras do pool folicular foram destinadas a avaliação da viabilidade, após o teste de toxicidade com exposição de 20 minutos ao glicerol e etilenoglicol e após congelação/descongelação, utilizando o corante fluorescente iodeto de propídeo. No teste de toxicidade, apenas o grupo que utilizou etilenoglicol a 1,5 M (51,5%) não apresentou redução significativa da viabilidade folicular em relação ao controle (63,2%). Após os procedimentos de criopreservação, a viabilidade foi consideravelmente menor em todos os grupos, sendo 12% para glicerol (1,5 M), 15,5% para etilenoglicol (1,5 M), 14% para glicerol (3,0 M) e 28% para etilenoglicol (3,0 M). Ressaltando-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de criopreservação de folículos pré-antrais caninos, conclui-se que o etilenoglicol demonstrou os melhores resultados após o período de exposição e procedimentos de criopreservação/descongelação.
ESTUDO RETROSPECTIVO DAS NEOPLASIAS DIAGNOSTICADAS EM ANIMAIS SELVAGENS OU EXÓTICOS PELO SERVIÇO DE PATOLOGIA DO HOSPITAL VETERINÁRIO DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ ENTRE 1974 E 1996
Authors: WERNER PEDRO RIBAS , CHIQUITO MÁRCIO , PACHALY JOSÉ RICARDO
Published: December 2014

Dentre 970 casos de neoplasias diagnosticados entre abril de l974 e março de l996 no Serviço de Patologia do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná, 28 casos (2,88%) ocorreram em animais selvagens ou exóticos. Dezoito desses animais eram mamíferos (seis hamsters, quatro camundongos, dois coelhos, uma cutia, uma cobaia, um macaco prego, um lobo guará, um puma e um leão) e 9 eram aves (dois canários belgas, dois papagaios, dois periquitos australianos, uma marreca irerê, um lóris negro e um sabiá laranjeira). Destes, 17 casos (60,7%) eram de neoplasias malignas, sendo seis linfossarcomas, três carcinomas espinocelulares, três carcinomas indiferenciados, um fibrossarcoma, um hemangiossarcoma, um sarcoma indiferenciado, um seminoma, um adenocarcinoma de glândula sebácea e um adenocarcinoma indeterminado. As neoplasias benignas somaram nove casos (32,1%), sendo dois hemangiomas, dois lipomas, dois fibromas, um adenoma hepatocelular, um papiloma e um tricoepitelioma. Além disso, registraram-se dois casos (7,0%) de carcinomas basocelulares, considerados mais como localmente agressivos do que como malignos. Abstract From 1974 to 1996, 28 cases of neoplasia were diagnosed in wild or exotic animals at the Service of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Paraná - Brazil, comprising 2.88% of all neoplasia diagnosed during that period. Eighteen cases (66.7%) occurred in mammals (six hamsters, four mice, two rabbits, one agouti, one guinea pig, one capuchin monkey, one manned wolf, one puma and one lion). Nine cases (33.3%) were diagnosed in birds (two domestic canaries, two amazon parrots, two budgerigars, one white-faced whistling-duck, one black lory and one rufous-bellied thrush). Seventeen cases (60.7%) were of malignant neoplasia: six lymphosarcomas, three epidermoid carcinomas, three undifferentiated carcinomas, one fibrosarcoma, one hemangiosarcoma, one undifferentiated sarcoma, one seminoma, one sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma, and one undetermined adenocarcinoma. Benign neoplasia totaled nine cases (32.1%): two hemangiomas, two lipomas, two fibromas, one hepatocelular adenoma, one papilloma and one trichoepithelioma. Additionally, two basal cell carcinomas were diagnosed. These were considered as locally aggressive, rather than malignant neoplasms.
INFLUÊNCIA DA TEMPERATURA E DO pH NAS PROPRIEDADES CINÉTICAS DA LACTATO DESIDROGENASE DO MÚSCULO EPAXIAL DE Prochilodus scropha e Notothenia neglecta
Authors: CARVALHO CLEONI SANTOS , ROSA RUBENS , SASSAKI KIKUE T. , BACILA METRY
Published: December 2014

Foi levado a efeito um estudo comparativo das propriedades cinéticas da lactico desidrogenase (Llactato NAD+ oxidorreductase, E.C.1.1.1.27) purificada do músuclo epaxial do peixe tropical Prochilodus scropha e do peixe antártico Notothenia neglecta. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: a. Efeito do pH; efeito da temperatura e valores para a energia de ativação; efeito da concentração de substrato e o efeito da temperatura sobre os valores de Km. Abstract It has been carried out a comparative study on the kinetic properties of the lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.27) purified from the epaxial muscle of the tropical fish Prochilodus scropha and the Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta. The following parameters were studied: a. Effect of pH; effect of temperature and values for energy of activation; effect of substrate concentration and the effect of temperature on the Km values.
ESTUDO DA CITOTOXICIDADE IN VITRO DE CLOROFENOXIACETATO COM CÉLULAS HEPÁTICAS EM CULTIVO DE Metynnis roosevelti (PISCES, CHARACIDAE), EIGENMANN, 1915
Authors: SALVO LIGIA MARIA
Published: December 2014

Estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro utilizando-se culturas de células de peixes, tem sido desenvolvidos para identificar os agressores químicos que causam impacto no meio ambiente. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, estabelecer técnicas de cultivo celular primário com células hepáticas de Metynnis roosevelti, e através dessas realizar testes de citotoxicidade in vitro com os princípios ativos 2,4-D+MCPA. Foram realizadas três metodologias de cultivo celular primário, sendo que a técnica com dissociação celular enzimática e a adição de Lglutamina, fibronectina e insulina no meio de cultivo, proporcionaram excelentes resultados de confluência da monocamada. As células iniciaram seu processo de diferenciação celular em fibroblásticas após 4 dias de cultivo, e uma confluência de 90% na monocamada após 15 dias. Estabelecidas as técnicas de cultivo celular primário, as células foram semeadas na densidade de 3x104 de células por ml, em microplacas, e realizados os testes de citotoxicidade.Os testes para determinação do CL50, foram realizados por período de 24 horas nas seguintes concentrações do herbicida 2,4-D+MCPA: 0,0275 g/ml; 0,00275 g/ml e 0,000275 g/ml. Em ambos os testes realizados, a concentração letal média do herbicida ficou em torno de 0,0275 g/ml, para as células hepáticas de Metynnis roosevelti em cultivo primário. Para a determinação da velocidade de oxigênio consumido foi utilizada densidade de 4x106 células por ml. Além da respiração endógena foram feitos experimentos com três substratos: glicose, succinato e α-cetoglutarato. nas mesmas concentrações do 2,4-D+MCPA citadas anteriormente. Observamos uma nítida inibição na velocidade de consumo de oxigênio na respiração endógena quanto com os substratos, comprovando a toxicidade dos princípios ativos tanto utilizados em maior ou menor intensidade, dependendo do substrato.