bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER Regulates Ethylene Responses in Aerial Tissues of Arabidopsis
Authors: Ellison Cory T. , Vandenbussche Filip , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Harmer Stacey L.
Published: December 2010

The phytohormone ethylene differentially regulates plant architecture and growth in both a light- and nutrient-dependent fashion. The modulation of plant development by ethylene in response to both external and internal signals can also generate tissue-specific differential responses. Here, we report that XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER (XCT) is involved in blue light-dependent ethylene responses in the aerial tissues of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. XCT was first identified as a circadian clock mutant with a short free-running period. The xct mutation also causes sugar-specific hypocotyl growth defects, in which mutants are short in blue light when grown on a sucrose-rich medium but tall when grown on sucrose-deficient medium. Our data suggest that the hypocotyl defects in blue light are not directly caused by defects in clock or light signaling but rather by enhanced ethylene responses. In blue light, xct mutants have a more active ethylene response pathway and exhibit growth phenotypes similar to the constitutive ethylene signaling mutant constitutive triple response1 (ctr1). xct mutants also have reduced ethylene emission, analogous to plants that have lost CTR1 function. Genetic analysis suggests that XCT negatively regulates ethylene responses downstream of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 in aerial tissues. However, XCT is not required for all ethylene-mediated processes, such as the inhibition of root growth. Thus, XCT acts downstream of a major transcriptional regulator in an organ-specific manner, playing an environment-dependent role in the regulation of plant growth.
Conformation and geometry of cyclopropane rings having π-acceptor substituents: a theoretical and database study
Authors: Cruz-Cabeza Aurora J. , Allen Frank H.
Published: December 2010

The 3e′ orbitals of cyclopropane have the correct symmetry to interact with low-lying unoccupied orbitals of π-acceptor substituents and maximum overlap occurs when the two orbital systems are parallel, i.e. when the π-acceptor bisects the ring in projection down the substituent bond. Since the cyclopropyl group is a common component of active pharmaceutical and agrochemical ingredients, it is important that these strong conjugative interactions are well modelled by computational techniques, and clearly represented in experimental crystal structures. Here we show that torsion angle distributions derived from crystal structure data in the Cambridge Structural Database are in excellent correspondence with torsional energy profiles computed using density functional theory (DFT) for a range of substituents: —COOR, —CONR
2, —NO2, vinyl and phenyl. We also show that crystal structure information is invaluable in modelling conformations of compounds that contain multiply substituted rings, where steric interactions require some substituents to adopt energetically disfavoured conformations. Further, conjugative interactions with π-acceptors lead to significant asymmetry in the cyclopropane ring bond lengths and again the experimental and computational results are in excellent agreement. Such asymmetry effects are additive, and this explains bond-length variations in cyclopropane rings bearing two or more π-acceptor substituents.
Comparative analysis and clinical value of the expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors by intratumour stromal mononuclear inflammatory cells and those at the invasive front of breast carcinomas
Authors: González Luis O , González‐Reyes Salomé , Marín Laura , González Lucía , González José M , Lamelas Maria L , Merino Antonio M , Rodríguez Elena , Pidal Iván , del Casar José M , Andicoechea Alejandro , Vizoso Francisco
Published: December 2010

González L O, González‐Reyes S, Marín L, González L, González J M, Lamelas M L, Merino A M, Rodríguez E, Pidal I, del Casar J M, Andicoechea A & Vizoso F (2010) Histopathology57, 862–876

Comparative analysis and clinical value of the expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors by intratumour stromal mononuclear inflammatory cells and those at the invasive front of breast carcinomas

Aims:  Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) play an essential role in the degradation of stromal connective tissue and basement membrane components. The aim of this study was to determine whether the dynamic analysis of these components can help to predict tumour aggressiveness.

Methods and results:  An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against MMPs ‐1, ‐2, ‐7, ‐9, ‐11, ‐13 and ‐14 and TIMPs ‐1, ‐2 and ‐3. More than 5000 determinations on cancer specimens from 124 patients with invasive breast cancer were performed on the tumour centre core as well as on the invasive front. Immunostaining for MMPs/TIMPs on mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) was evaluated. To identify specific groups of tumours with distinct expression profiles, data obtained from both MICs populations were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. When compared with MICs at the invasive front, intratumour MICs more frequently showed expression of MMP‐7 and ‐1 and TIMP‐3, but less frequently expression of MMP‐9 and ‐11 and TIMP‐2.

Conclusions:  Our data led us to consider the need of further studies in order to identify subsets of MICs and other protein elements of the microenvironment as attractive targets for new therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Renal oncocytoma revisited: a clinicopathological study of 109 cases with emphasis on problematic diagnostic features
Authors: Trpkov Kiril , Yilmaz Asli , Uzer Dina , Dishongh Kristin M , Quick Charles M , Bismar Tarek A , Gokden Neriman
Published: December 2010

Trpkov K, Yilmaz A, Uzer D, Dishongh K M, Quick C M, Bismar T A & Gokden N (2010) Histopathology57, 893–906

Renal oncocytoma revisited: a clinicopathological study of 109 cases with emphasis on problematic diagnostic features

Aim:  To evaluate problematic diagnostic features in renal oncocytoma.

Methods and results:  One hundred and nine cases of oncocytoma were reviewed and the problematic gross and microscopic features recorded. Multifocal and bilateral neoplasms were found in 12 (11%) and five (4.6%) cases, respectively. Haemorrhage was seen grossly in 30 (27.5%) neoplasms and a central scar was identified in 35 (32.1%). On microscopy, perinephric fat extension was present in 17 (15.6%) neoplasms and vascular extension was identified in four (3.7%) oncocytomas. Rare mitoses and focal coagulative necrosis were identified in two (1.8%) cases each. Focal clear cell changes were found in 16 (14.7%) oncocytomas, typically within hyalinized areas. Limited foci with chromophobe‐like histology (not exceeding 5% of the neoplasm) were found in 13 (11.9%) oncocytomas. In 12 (11%) oncocytomas, rare papillary formations were noted in the lumina of microcysts. Significant nuclear atypia, oncoblasts and entrapped tubules were identified in 27 (24.8%), 41 (37.6%) and 40 (36.7%) neoplasms, respectively. After a median follow‐up of 52 months (range 1–113 months), there was no disease recurrence, progression or death attributed to oncocytoma.

Conclusions:  The recognition of the spectrum of morphological changes observed in renal oncocytoma should help pathologists establish a diagnosis of oncocytoma in problematic cases.
Accuracy of the iPex multi‐frequency electronic apex locator in primary molars: an ex vivo study
Authors: Nelson‐Filho P. , Romualdo P. C. , Bonifácio K. C. , Leonardo M. R. , Silva R. A. B. , Silva L. A. B.
Published: December 2010

Nelson‐Filho P, Romualdo PC, Bonifácio KC, Leonardo MR, Silva RAB, Silva LAB. Accuracy of the iPex multi‐frequency electronic apex locator in primary molars: an ex vivo study. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  To evaluate ex vivo the accuracy of the iPex multi‐frequency electronic apex locator (NSK Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) for working length determination in primary molar teeth.

Methodology  One calibrated examiner determined the working length in 20 primary molar teeth (total of 33 root canals). Working length was measured both visually, with the placement of a K‐file 1 mm short of the apical foramen or the most coronal limit of root resorption, and electronically using the electronic apex locator iPex, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Data were analysed statistically using the intraclass correlation (ICC) test.

Results  Comparison of the actual and the electronic measurements revealed high correlation (ICC = 0.99) between the methods, regardless of the presence or absence of physiological root resorption.

Conclusions  In this laboratory study, the iPex accurately identified the apical foramen or the apical opening location for working length measurement in primary molar teeth.
Assessing spatial patterns of disease risk to biodiversity: implications for the management of the amphibian pathogen,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Murray Kris A. , Retallick Richard W. R. , Puschendorf Robert , Skerratt Lee F. , Rosauer Dan , McCallum Hamish I. , Berger Lee , Speare Rick , VanDerWal Jeremy
Published: December 2010

1. Emerging infectious diseases can have serious consequences for wildlife populations, ecosystem structure and biodiversity. Predicting the spatial patterns and potential impacts of diseases in free‐ranging wildlife are therefore important for planning, prioritizing and implementing research and management actions.

2. We developed spatial models of environmental suitability (ES) for infection with the pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes the most significant disease affecting vertebrate biodiversity on record, amphibian chytridiomycosis. We applied relatively newly developed methods for modelling ES (Maxent) to the first comprehensive, continent‐wide data base (comprising >10000 observations) on the occurrence of infection with this pathogen and employed novel methodologies to deal with common but rarely addressed sources of model uncertainty.

3. We used ES to (i) predict the minimum potential geographic distribution of infection withB. dendrobatidisin Australia and (ii) test the hypothesis that ES forB. dendrobatidisshould help explain patterns of amphibian decline given its theoretical and empirical link with organism abundance (intensity of infection), a known determinant of disease severity.

4. We show that (i) infection withB. dendrobatidishas probably reached its broad geographic limits in Australia under current climatic conditions but that smaller areas of invasion potential remain, (ii) areas of high predicted ES forB. dendrobatidisaccurately reflect areas where population declines due to severe chytridiomycosis have occurred and (iii) that a host‐specific metric of ES forB. dendrobatidis(ES for Bdspecies) is the strongest predictor of decline in Australian amphibians at a continental scale yet discovered.

5. Synthesis and applications.Our results provide quantitative information that helps to explain both the spatial distribution and potential effects (risk) of amphibian infection withB. dendrobatidisat the population level.Given scarce conservation resources, our results can be used immediately in Australia and our methods applied elsewhere to prioritize species, regions and actions in the struggle to limit further biodiversity loss.
Quantifying dietary pathways of proteins and lipids to tissues of a marine predator
Authors: Cherry Seth G. , Derocher Andrew E. , Hobson Keith A. , Stirling Ian , Thiemann Gregory W.
Published: December 2010

1. Using measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes in animal tissues is useful for monitoring diets of wide‐ranging species that would otherwise be logistically difficult to evaluate. However, differential metabolic routing of macromolecules within a consumer can be problematic when using stable isotope analysis of bulk tissues to trace dietary input.

2. We used stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analysis to examine polar bear Ursus maritimus diet, which includes both lipid‐rich blubber and the proteinaceous tissues of their marine mammal prey. Because the proportion of proteins and lipids consumed may depend on prey type and size, it was necessary to consider metabolic routing of these macromolecules separately in isotope mixing models.

3. Bayesian mixing models (MixSIR, version 1.04) were used to separately estimate protein (δ13C, δ15N) and lipid (δ13C) dietary inputs. We used existing knowledge of the relative lipid and protein intake for polar bears and isotopic information from both macromolecules to estimate overall diet composition.

4. The results for both male and female polar bears indicated that smaller prey (e.g. ringed seal Pusa hispida) contributed the largest proportion to the protein‐metabolic pathway. In contrast, the largest proportion of the lipid‐metabolic pathway for both sexes tended to consist of larger prey (e.g. bearded seal Erignathus barbatus).

5. The diet composition of male polar bears consisted of more large than small prey. Diet estimates for females overlapped to some degree with males but tended to consist of less large prey.

6. Synthesis and applications. Monitoring polar bear diet may help determine the effects of climate‐induced environmental changes in Arctic marine ecosystems including shifts in prey composition. Additionally, tracing origins of anthropogenic pollutants is currently a priority for wildlife managers concerned with the health of marine mammals. However, our results indicate using stable isotopes to infer dietary inputs when proportions of macromolecules fluctuate amongst food sources requires the sampling and analysis of multiple tissues representing distinct macromolecular metabolic pathways. In such cases, utilizing only proteinaceous tissues for analysis will result in erroneous dietary source estimates and inaccuracies when examining trophic‐level transfer of contaminants, especially those that are lipophylic.
The Effect of Absorptive Capacity on Innovativeness: Context and Information Systems Capability as Catalysts
Authors: Cepeda‐Carrion Gabriel , Cegarra‐Navarro Juan G. , Jimenez‐Jimenez Daniel
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between absorptive capacity and company innovativeness and to identify potential contexts and capabilities that can act as catalysts for these relationships. We also examine the relationship between absorptive capacity and the existence and enhancement of innovativeness. These relationships are examined through an empirical investigation of 286 large Spanish companies. Our results show that absorptive capacity is an important dynamic determinant for developing a company's innovativeness. Moreover, this relationship is best explained by two related constructs. First, the company's unlearning context is a crucial determinant for both potential capacity and realized absorptive capacity. Second, the results also indicate a tangible means for managers to enhance their absorptive capacity through information systems capabilities.
Amending a loamy sand with three compost types: impact on soil quality
Authors: Arthur E. , Cornelis W. M. , Vermang J. , De Rocker E.
Published: December 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the long‐term addition of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost – VFYW, garden waste compost – GW and spent mushroom compost – SM) on the physical properties of a sandy soil and to quantify any such effects using indicators of soil physical quality. Soil samples were taken from a field with annual compost applications of 30 m3/ha for 10 yr and various physico‐chemical analyses were undertaken. Results show a significant increase in soil organic carbon (21%) with the VFYW and GW compost types. With SM, soil organic carbon increased by 16%. Increased soil macroporosity and water content at saturation with a corresponding decrease in bulk density were observed for all compost types. However, quantification of these improvements using existing soil physical quality indicators such as the ‘S‐index’, soil air capacity and matrix porosity gave mixed results showing that these indices perform poorly when applied to sandy soils. It is concluded that the long‐term application of compost does not significantly improve the physical properties of sandy soils, but the absence of adverse effects suggests that these soils are a viable disposal option for these composts, but new indices of quality are needed for the proper characterization of sandy soils.
Inadvertent transvaginal administration of sodium phosphate enemas in 2 alpaca crias
Authors: Bragg Ryan , Hackett Eileen S. , Callan Robert J. , Holt Timothy N. , Hackett Timothy B.
Published: December 2010

Objective –To describe the clinical presentation and resultant metabolic disturbances following retroperitoneal administration of hyperphosphate enemas in alpaca crias.

Case or Series Summary –Two crias presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital after inadvertent transvaginal retroperitoneal hyperphosphate enema administration. The first cria developed an acute onset of neurologic signs, severe hypernatremia, and died soon after presentation. The second cria developed severe hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and acidemia. The metabolic derangements normalized within 24 hours of intensive treatment with calcium supplementation and IV crystalloid fluid diuresis. The cria was discharged after 1 week in the hospital.

New or Unique Information Provided –This report provides a description of electrolyte disturbances secondary to inadvertent transvaginal retroperitoneal administration of hyperphosphate enemas in 2 crias and attendant clinical signs of these disturbances. Management of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia in 1 cria via aggressive fluid therapy with calcium supplementation led to a rapid and sustained normalization of phosphorus, calcium, and acid‐base balance.
Presumptive pseudohypoaldosteronism secondary to chronic urinary tract obstruction from sloughed urinary bladder mucosa and urinary tract infection in a cat
Authors: Mahlum Lisa M. , Rollings Christopher , Basseches Jessica , Bracker Kiko
Published: December 2010

Objective –To describe a case of presumptive secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) in a cat with urinary tract infection and chronic urethral obstruction. The obstruction was believed to have resulted from sloughed urinary bladder mucosa secondary to pressure necrosis.

Case Summary –A 5‐year‐old, 4 kg, castrated male Siamese cat presented for vomiting and stranguria. Medical history included a perineal urethrostomy for urethral obstruction. Physical examination revealed a large, painful, nonexpressible urinary bladder. Point‐of‐care testing demonstrated electrolyte derangements consistent with a postrenal azotemia and metabolic acidosis. Results of urine culture was positive for bacterial growth. Diagnostic imaging revealed presence of retroperitoneal fluid, marked urinary bladder wall thickening, bilateral hydroureter, mild bilateral pyelectasia, and small nephroliths. The patient was treated for a urinary tract obstruction and infection. In the 3 weeks following initial discharge, the patient was evaluated on multiple occasions for lethargy, intermittent vomiting, inappropriate urination, and progressive polyuria and polydipsia. Although the urinary bladder was easily expressed during repeat examinations, it was persistently distended and subjectively thickened upon palpation. Repeat ultrasound of the urinary tract showed evidence of sloughed tissue in the bladder lumen, likely secondary to chronic urethral obstruction and pressure necrosis. A cystotomy was performed to remove the necrotic tissue, and a revised perineal urethrostomy was done due to a partial urethral stricture. Bladder biopsies were obtained at this time. Postoperatively, the cat was reported by the owners to be urinating normally but continued to be polyuric and polydipsic in the week following discharge. One week after surgery, the cat presented in hypovolemic shock with laboratory findings consistent with a presumptive diagnosis of secondary PHA.

New or Unique Information Provided –PHA has not been reported previously in a cat. This case report suggests that aldosterone resistance should be considered in cats with consistent laboratory findings and a history of documented obstructive uropathy and urinary tract infection.
Hepatic and metabolic changes in surgical colic patients: a pilot study
Authors: Underwood Claire , Southwood Louise L. , Walton Raquel M. , Johnson Amy L.
Published: December 2010

Objective –To determine: (1) changes in blood ammonia, bile acid (BA), bilirubin, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations and liver enzyme activities in perioperative colic patients and (2) the association between these laboratory findings and short‐term survival.

Design –Prospective observational clinical study.

Animals –Thirty‐two adult horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic.

Interventions –None.

Measurements and Main Results –Blood samples were collected preoperatively and at 24–36 and 72–84 hours postoperatively and analyzed for blood ammonia, BA, bilirubin, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Short‐term survival was defined as survival to hospital discharge. Data were analyzed using a Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance. Mildly increased blood ammonia concentrations were present in 2 horses at admission. Postoperative blood ammonia concentrations were within reference intervals in all horses. There were increases in liver enzyme activities as well as in BA, triglyceride, and total bilirubin concentrations. Horses with markedly increased admission BA concentrations and SDH activities did not survive. BA concentrations and SDH activities decreased postoperatively. There was no association between GGT activity and survival; GGT activity remained increased postoperatively. Blood triglyceride concentration was increased in almost all horses postoperatively; horses that did not survive had higher triglyceride concentrations at 24–36 hours postoperatively than horses that survived.

Conclusion –Alterations in metabolism and hepatobiliary function are common in colic patients. The results of this study provide further prognostic indices for colic patients and highlight areas for improvement in patient management.
Spy Games in a Foreign Land: Georg Klein’s Libidissi
Authors: Partsch Cornelius
Published: December 2010

When Georg Klein made his debut in 1998 with the enigmatic spy novelLibidissi, critics hailed him as the purveyor of a style of writing that effortlessly combines and appropriates a supposedly repressed German modernism, in which transcendence and subjectivity were valued more highly than moral purpose, and imitation of the Anglo‐American mainstream.Libidissicombines parodying the Anglo‐American exemplars of the spy genre with investigating the secret of contemporary Germany in a playful reconfiguration of the spy genre. The labyrinthine, postcolonial “Eastern” city of Libidissi is inscribed as the novel’s central topography in which the hunt for a rogue agent unfolds and, at the same time, serves as the cipher for the text itself and its layered, brittle construction out of the strewn pieces of languages, genres, and discourses. The paradoxical textual shape of the deep surface in which knowledge is both disclosed and withheld keeps the reader suspended in the text’s fanciful web as it inscribes a reflection on national identity and belonging.
Migrating Motor Complex in Colectomized Ileo Stoma Patients
Authors: Hansen Mark B. , Wallin Lene , Husebye Einar , Dommergaard Louise , Gregersen Hans
Published: December 2010

Abstract: In colectomized patients with ileo stoma, the reflex modulation of small intestinal functions is disturbed, resulting in high enteric stoma outputs and malabsorption. Serotonin has a pivotal role in initiating motor and secretory reflexes involving activation of neuronal 5‐HT3and smooth muscle muscarinic receptors. We aimed to evaluate the effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), ondansetron and atropine on fasting and stimulated antro‐duodeno‐jejunal migrating motor complex (MMC) in colectomized patients with ileo stoma compared with healthy subjects. Manometric recordings were obtained in a blinded, age‐ and gender‐matched design. The effects of either standard meal or intravenous 5‐HT (10 nmol/kg/min.) treatment with pre‐treatment of saline (placebo) or ondansetron (250 μg/kg) or atropine (10 μg/kg) were compared. Adverse effects, blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiographic data were also evaluated. 5‐HT increased the frequency (threefold) and migration velocity (twofold) of MMC phase III in both experimental groups. Ondansetron reduced 5‐HT‐induced frequency of MMC phase III in patients (p < 0.05) but not in healthy subjects. Atropine reduced 5‐HT‐induced frequency of MMC phase III in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Ondansetron did not alter fasting or postprandial MMC in either experimental group (p > 0.05). Atropine did not change fasting MMC in healthy subjects (p > 0.05). We conclude that 5‐HT is a stimulator of MMC phase III and that ondansetron reduces the 5‐HT‐induced MMC phase III without affecting fasting or postprandial properties in colectomized patients with ileo stoma. Similar effects were observed for 5‐HT and atropine in healthy subjects.
Thermomechanical Performance of Si–Ti–C–O and Sintered SiC Fiber‐Bonded Ceramics at High Temperatures
Authors: Matsunaga Tadashi , Kajii Shinji , Matsunaga Kenji , Ishikawa Toshihiro , Lin Hua‐Tay , Singh Mrityunjay
Published: December 2010

The stress–temperature‐lifetime response of Si–Ti–C–O fiber‐bonded ceramic (Tyrannohex™) and sintered SiC fiber‐bonded ceramic (SA‐Tyrannohex™) materials as investigated in air from 500 to 1150°C and 500 to 1400°C, respectively. The apparent threshold stress in bending of Si–Ti–C–O fiber‐bonded ceramic with a lifetime of more than 1000 h was about 175 MPa in the 500–1150°C temperature range. In the case of sintered SiC fiber‐bonded ceramic, when the applied stress was below an apparent threshold stress in bending (e.g., ∼225 MPa) for tests conducted ≤1150°C, no failures were observed for lifetimes up to≥1000 h. While, at the temperature of ≥1300°C, the apparent threshold stress in bending decreased to 175 MPa. The decrease in strength was caused by grain growth, which was confirmed from scanning electron microscopic fractography. Both fiber‐bonded ceramics exhibited much higher durability than a commercial SiC/SiC composite at temperatures above 500°C. In addition, results suggested that the sintered SiC fiber‐bonded ceramic (SA‐Tyrannohex) exhibited better mechanical performance than a Hi‐Nicalon/MI SiC composite with BN/SiC fiber coating at temperatures above 1300°C.
A National Survey of Mentoring Programs for KL2 Scholars
Authors: Silet Karin A. , Asquith Pamela , Fleming Michael F.
Published: December 2010

There is limited information on how academic institutions support effective mentoring practices for new investigators. A national semistructured telephone interview was conducted to assess current “state of the art” mentoring practices for KL2 scholars among the 46 institutions participating in the Clinical Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium. Mentoring practices examined included: mentor selection, articulating and aligning expectations, assessing the mentoring relationship, and mentor training. Telephone interviews were conducted in winter/fall 2009, with 100% of the CTSAs funded (n= 46) through 2009, participating in the survey. Primary findings include: five programs selected mentors for K scholars, 14 programs used mentor contracts to define expectations, 16 programs reported formal mentor evaluation, 10 offered financial incentives to mentors, and 13 offered formal mentoring training. The interviews found considerable variation in mentoring practices for training new investigators among the 46 CTSAs. There was also limited consensus on “what works” and what are the core elements of “effective mentoring practices. Empirical research is needed to help research leaders decide on where and how to place resources related to mentoring. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 299–304
Fasting Increases the In Vivo Gene Delivery of AAV Vectors
Authors: Moulay Gilles , Scherman Daniel , Kichler Antoine
Published: December 2010

Successful gene therapy of many genetic diseases requires efficient delivery of the gene to several tissues of the organism. Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) is, to date, the sole vehicle that allows to achieving this result but only at the condition of administering very large amounts of vectors. This, however, raises questions about the feasibility of the large‐scale production and about the safety of the approach. One way to overcome both problems would be to develop strategies that increase the in vivo efficiency. Here, we investigated the effect of fasting on the transduction efficiency of AAV serotypes 2, 6, and 9. The transgene expression was followed for several weeks and vector biodistribution was determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results show that fasting increases the transduction efficiency of all three serotypes. Altogether, we present here a simple and clinically acceptable approach that may allow to reducing the vector dose. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 333–336
Using Research Metrics to Improve Timelines: Proceedings from the 2nd Annual CTSA Clinical Research Management Workshop
Authors: Johnson Tesheia , Joyner Michael , DePourcq Fred , Drezner Marc , Hutchinson Raymond , Newton Kara , Uscinski Kathleen T. , Toussant Kim
Published: December 2010

The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium Workshop was conceived as a venue to foster communication among Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) in the development of methods to improve clinical research management. The consortium, comprised of 46 awardee sites as of 2009, many with multiple AMCs, is expected to expand to 60 sites when fully implemented. At the 2nd Annual CTSA Clinical Research Management Workshop held on June 22nd and 23rd, 2009, on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus, consortium members and potential CTSA sites gathered with stakeholders from private industry, the NIH, the Food and Drug Administration, and private research organizations, to formulate a plan to address challenges in clinical research management. Specific aims included improving protocol processing and sharing process improvement initiatives in the expectation that best practices will be implemented and improvements will be measured and reported. The findings presented at this workshop indicated significant variance in Institutional Review Board approval of protocols and contract execution by AMC and CTSA sites. Most represented marked delays compared to non‐AMC sites and that, as a likely consequence, AMCs were later to enroll patients and/or meet enrollment targets compared to dedicated or professional sites. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 305–308
Successfully Accelerating Translational Research at an Academic Medical Center: The University of Michigan‐Coulter Translational Research Partnership Program
Authors: Pienta Kenneth J.
Published: December 2010

Translational research encompasses the effective movement of new knowledge and discoveries into new approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. There are many roadblocks to successful bench to bedside research, but few have received as much recent attention as the “valley of death.” The valley of death refers to the lack of funding and support for research that moves basic science discoveries into diagnostics, devices, and treatments in humans, and is ascribed to be the result of companies unwilling to fund research development that may not result in a drug or device that will be utilized in the clinic and conversely, the fact that researchers have no access to the funding needed to carry out preclinical and early clinical development to demonstrate potential efficacy in humans. The valley of death also exists because bridging the translational gap is dependent on successfully managing an additional four risks: scientific, intellectual property, market, and regulatory. The University of Michigan (UM) has partnered with the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation (CF) to create a model providing an infrastructure to overcome these risks. This model is easily adoptable to other academic medical centers (AMCs). Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 316–318
Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Dynamic Hydrocyclones
Authors: Zhao Lixin , Li Feng , Ma Zhanzhao , Hu Yanqing
Published: December 2010

Characteristics of dynamic hydrocyclones are introduced. The advantages of dynamic hydrocyclones, such as wider applicable flowrate range, smaller cut size, etc., are analyzed compared with normally used static hydrocyclones. By analyzing the inside velocity field distributions, the reason why dynamic hydrocyclones have higher efficiency than static ones is further described. Laboratory experiments and field tests of dynamic hydrocyclones were carried out. Relationships of flowrate, outer shell rotation speed, and split ratio with pressure were studied. Pressure and pressure drop inside hydrocyclones were measured and analyzed. The effect of main operating parameters, such as split ratio and rotation speed, on hydrocyclonic separation performance was also studied. It is shown that the rise of split ratio is beneficial for enhancing the separation efficiency, but the split ratio must be controlled in an appropriate range so as to obtain satisfactory separation results. The increase of rotation speed is helpful for the forming of an oil core inside the dynamic hydrocyclone, but the vibration phenomenon should also be avoided. Field tests, as anticipated, indicated satisfactory results.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Novel Cooling and Power Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Malhotra Vaibhav , Lear W. E. , Khan J. R. , Sherif S. A.
Published: December 2010

A life cycle cost analysis was performed to compare life cycle costs of a novel gas turbine engine to those of a conventional microturbine with similar power capacity. This engine, called the high-pressure regenerative turbine engine (HPRTE), operates on a pressurized semiclosed cycle and is integrated with a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The HPRTE uses heat from its exhaust gases to power the absorption refrigeration unit, which cools the high-pressure compressor inlet of the HPRTE to below ambient temperatures and also produces some external refrigeration. The life cycle cost analysis procedure is based on principles laid out in the Federal Energy Management Program. The influence of different design and economic parameters on the life cycle costs of both technologies is analyzed. The results of this analysis are expressed in terms of the cost ratios of the two technologies. The pressurized nature of the HPRTE leads to compact components resulting in significant savings in equipment cost versus those of a microturbine. Revenue obtained from external refrigeration offsets some of the fuel costs for the HPRTE, thus proving to be a major contributor in cost savings for the HPRTE. For the base case of a high-pressure turbine (HPT) inlet temperature of 1373 K and an exit temperature of 1073 K, the HPRTE showed life cycle cost savings of 7% over a microturbine with a similar power capacity.
Mortality and end-stage renal disease incidence among dry cleaning workers
Authors: Calvert Geoffrey M , Ruder Avima M , Petersen Martin R
Published: December 2010

Objective

Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a known animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen. Dry cleaning exposures, particularly PCE, are also associated with renal toxicity. The objective was to follow-up a cohort of dry cleaners to evaluate mortality and assess end-stage renal disease (ESRD) morbidity.

Methods

This study adds 8 years of mortality follow-up for 1704 dry cleaning workers in four cities. Employees eligible for inclusion worked for ≥1 year before 1960 in a shop using PCE as the primary solvent. Life table analyses for mortality and ESRD morbidity were conducted. Only employees alive on 1 January 1977 were included in ESRD analyses.

Results

Overall cancer deaths were in significant excess in this cohort (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.36). Oesophageal, lung and tongue cancers had significant excesses of deaths. Oesophageal cancer risk was highest among those employed in a PCE-using shop for ≥5 years with ≥20 years' latency since first such employment. Deaths from non-malignant underlying diseases of the stomach and duodenum were in significant excess. Hypertensive ESRD morbidity was significantly elevated in the entire cohort (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 1.98, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.27), and among workers employed only in PCE-using dry cleaning shops for ≥5 years.

Conclusion

Employment in the dry cleaning industry and occupational exposure to PCE are associated with an increased risk for ESRD and for cancer at several sites. The employment duration findings for oesophageal cancer and hypertensive ESRD further support an association with PCE exposure instead of lifestyle or socioeconomic factors.
Pig's blood in cigarette filters: how a single news release highlighted tobacco industry concealment of cigarette ingredients
Authors: MacKenzie Ross , Chapman Simon
Published: December 2010

The tobacco industry is not obligated to disclose ingredients and additives used in manufactured tobacco production. This paper describes global reaction to a press release highlighting evidence that porcine haemoglobin (“pig's blood”) was sometimes used in cigarette manufacturing while never being disclosed to smokers. The case study illustrates the power of press releases to ignite major interest in tobacco control issues.
An istiodactylid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Arbour Victoria M. , Currie Philip J.
Published: December 2010

An unusual jaw found in a calcite nodule from Collishaw Point, Hornby Island, British Columbia (off the east coast of Vancouver Island) represents the first definitive pterosaur found in British Columbia, and the first istiodactylid from Canada. The nodule was derived from the Northumberland Formation (Nanaimo Group), a fossiliferous formation known for producing numerous plants, invertebrates, sharks, and mosasaurs. The pterosaur is represented by the anterior portion of the rostrum, including the anterior edge of the nasoantorbital fenestra, and numerous small, triangular teeth lacking denticles. These teeth are similar in overall morphology to the teeth of istiodactylids, but are smaller, more numerous, more tightly packed, and have proportionately smaller crowns. Although fragmentary, this specimen is diagnostic and represents a new genus of istiodactylid pterosaur. Its presence in the upper Campanian Northumberland Formation makes this the latest occurring istiodactylid and extends the stratigraphic and geographic range of this enigmatic group of pterosaurs.
Comparison of the measured and finite element–predicted ground deformations of a stiff lodgement till
Authors: Lawler Myles L. , Farrell Eric R. , Lochaden Andrew L.E.
Published: December 2010

The use of the finite element method to model excavations and tunnels in Dublin black boulder clay has, in the past, had limited success owing to the failure of the available constitutive models in commercially available software programs to adequately represent the essential features of a stiff soil. A stiff soil — lodgement till — underlies much of the city of Dublin, Ireland; consequently, the successful prediction of deformations in this soil arising from structural and infrastructural projects is of considerable importance. Research has shown that the stress–strain response of a stiff soil is complex and depends on many factors including stress history, stress level, and strain direction. These important features are included in the hardening plasticity small strain stiffness (HSS) soil model that is incorporated in the Plaxis V8.4 finite element code. This paper describes the field and laboratory methods that were used to determine the parameters for incorporation in this soil model and the validation of these parameters. These parameters are used to model the deformations around two excavations: a 4.5 m deep excavation with a vertical face, and a 10.7 m deep excavation with a face slope of 70°–75°. Good agreement was found between the predicted and observed deformations.
A method to assess risk reduction when utilizing geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) with compacted soil liners
Authors: Menzies W. T. , Fenton G. A. , Lake C. B. , Griffiths D. V.
Published: December 2010

This paper presents an analytical solution developed to estimate probabilities of “failure” or advective flux “exceedance” for the case of a spatially variable geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) situated over a spatially variable compacted soil liner (CSL). The risk of utilizing such a liner system is assessed relative to a regulatory compacted clay-based soil liner. The analytical solution developed is validated over a range of parameters against random field simulation using the Local Average Subdivision method, and the analytical solution is shown to be in good agreement with simulation. The analytical solution is then used to examine the “probability of exceedance” for a spatially variable GCL and CSL combined liner system. It is shown that the use of a GCL can potentially result in a low probability of exceedance when used with a spatially varying, high hydraulic conductivity CSL. The risk of exceedance generally decreases as the hydraulic conductivity of the CSL decreases. An example problem is presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the analytical solution.
a-MAXIMIZATION IN ${\mathcal N}=1$ SUPERSYMMETRIC Spin(10) GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: KAWANO TERUHIKO , YAGI FUTOSHI
Published: December 2010

A summary is reported on our previous publications about four-dimensional [Formula: see text] supersymmetric Spin(10) gauge theory with chiral superfields in the spinor and vector representations in the non-Abelian Coulomb phase. Carrying out the method of a-maximization, we studied decoupling operators in the infrared and the renormalization flow of the theory. We also give a brief review on the non-Abelian Coulomb phase of the theory after recalling the unitarity bound and the a-maximization procedure in four-dimensional conformal field theory.
HIGH SCALE PHYSICS CONNECTION TO LHC DATA
Authors: NATH PRAN
Published: December 2010

The existing data appear to provide hints of an underlying high scale theory. These arise from the gauge coupling unification, from the smallness of the neutrino masses, and via a nonvanishing muon anomaly. An overview of high scale models is given with a view to possible tests at the Large Hadron Collider. Specifically we discuss here some generic approaches to deciphering their signatures. We also consider an out of the box possibility of a four-generation model where the fourth generation is a mirror generation rather than a sequential generation. Such a scenario can lead to some remarkably distinct signatures at the LHC.
STRUCTURAL, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF Ni–Cu–Zn SPINEL FERRITES
Authors: PENCHAL REDDY M. , RAMANA M. VENKATA , MANOHAR REDDY N. RAMA , SIVA KUMAR K. V. , KRISHNA REDDY R. RAMA , MADHURI W. , KUMAR REDDY K. SIVA , SREEDHARA REDDY P. , MURTHY V. R. K.
Published: December 2010

Ni – Cu – Zn ferrite materials have been extensively used in multilayer chip inductors because of their remarkable properties at higher frequencies. In the present work, single phase Ni 0.35 Cu 0.05 Zn 0.60 Fe 1.98 O 4-δ ferrite, has been prepared by microwave sintered (MS) method. In comparison with the conventional sintering method (CS), the sintering temperature and time for this MS method were significantly reduced to 30 min and 950°C from 5 h and 1250°C for the CS process. The frequency dependence of the dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss ( tan δ) were studied. The temperature dependence of magnetic initial permeability (μi) was studied. The saturation magnetization was also studied as a function of magnetic field. These microwave sintered ferrites results were compared with the properties of ferrites prepared by conventional sintering method in normal heating. Microwave sintering improves structural as well as electromagnetic parameters measured and thus makes the ferrite more suitable in microwave applications and electromagnetic devices.
DYNAMICS AND SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA USING FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: SZABO JUDIT K. , FEDRIANI EUGENIO M. , SEGOVIA-GONZÁLEZ M. MANUELA , ASTHEIMER LEE B. , HOOPER MIKE J.
Published: December 2010

This paper introduces a new technique in ecology to analyze spatial and temporal variability in environmental variables. By using simple statistics, we explore the relations between abiotic and biotic variables that influence animal distributions. However, spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, a key variable in ecological studies, can cause difficulties to any basic model including time evolution.

The study was of a landscape scale (three million square kilometers in eastern Australia), mainly over the period of 1998–2004. We simultaneously considered qualitative spatial (soil and habitat types) and quantitative temporal (rainfall) variables in a Geographical Information System environment. In addition to some techniques commonly used in ecology, we applied a new method, Functional Principal Component Analysis, which proved to be very suitable for this case, as it explained more than 97% of the total variance of the rainfall data, providing us with substitute variables that are easier to manage and are even able to explain rainfall patterns. The main variable came from a habitat classification that showed strong correlations with rainfall values and soil types.
Functional medial thickening and folding of the internal elastic lamina in coronary spasm
Authors: Uchida Yasumi , Uchida Yasuto , Matsuyama Akimasa , Koga Atsushi , Maezawa Yuko , Maezawa Yoshiro , Hiruta Nobuyuki
Published: December 2010

Although there are a number of studies on vasospastic angina, the structural changes at the cellular level that occur in the coronary arterial wall during spasm are not well known. Coronary spasm was induced by brushing the coronary adventitia in nine anesthetized beagles, and structural changes in the spastic coronary segments were examined by light and electron microscopy, making comparisons with the adjacent nonspastic segments. The % diameter stenosis of the spastic segments as measured angiographically was 79.4 ± 12% (mean ± SD). Light microscopic changes in the spastic and nonspastic segments were as follows: medial thickness 1,512 vs. 392 μm ( P < 0.0001) and % diameter and % area stenoses of spastic segment 81.0% and 96.5%, respectively, indicating that spasm was induced by medial thickening. Circular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the media were arranged in parallel with the internal (IEL) and external (EEL) elastic lamina in nonspastic segments but radially rearranged in spastic segments. SMCs were classified by their patterns of connection to IEL into six types by electron microscopy. Of these, three contracted and pulled the IEL toward the EEL, causing folding of the IEL and waving of EEL resulting in thickening of the media and narrowing of the lumen. We conclude that coronary spasm was elicited by radial rearrangement of the medial SMCs due to their own contraction and resultant medial thickening and folding of IEL, creating a piston effect to narrow the lumen, i.e., spasm.