bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of the Soaping Aftertreatment on Vat Dyeings
Authors: Sumner H. H. , Vickerstaff T. , Waters E.
Published: July 2010

The colour changes produced in vat‐dyed cellulose fibres by the normal soaping aftertreatment have been examined quantitatively by spectrophotometric methods using dyed viscose film. From the increase in the orientation of the dye as shown by measurements of dichroism and from the analogous behaviour observed during the ageing of colloidal suspensions of vat dyes, it is concluded that the changes aie associated with crystallisation of the dye. The efficiency of various soaping agents has been measured and also the effect of the temperature of the treatment, and it has been shown that soap and Lissapol N at the boil are the most efficient methods of treatment of those examined.

It has also been found that the effects observed on viscose film occur on normal commercial fabrics, although here the visual effect is diminished by the nature of the substrate and by the greater loss of dye which occurs in the soaping treatment owing to the greater relative surface area of fibrous materials. The light fastness of a series of vat dyes on cotton in the unsoaped and soaped states has been measured, and shows that soaping has, in general, little effect on light fastness. In those cases where changes are observed the effect may be either to increase or to decrease the light fastness according to the dye.
A Simple Microthermostat for use in Colorimetric and other Optical Measurements
Authors: Marshall W. J.
Published: July 2010

A microthermostat has been constructed in an optical cell of sido 6 cm. It has beon used in making colorimetric measurements in the G.E. recording spectrophotometer and in other experiments employing optical techniques, but the method can equally well be applied to controlling the temperature of other small vessels such as beakers and flasks. The thermometric element is a small thermistor, and the temperature is controlled by the associated bridgo circuit operating an electric heater of negligible thermal capacity.
Studies in the Printing of Terylene Polyester Fibre
Authors: Michie A. G. H.
Published: July 2010

Experimental work has shown that the Dispersol and Duranol dyes, Aleian Blue 8G, pigments in the form of pigment printing compositions, and vat dyes may be applied to Terylene fibre by printing techniques. The methods of application are outlined with stress being placed on the use of pressure steaming and swelling agents for the disperse dyes. Vat dyes are applied by the acid‐leuco technique and require to be steamed at high pressures for satisfactory fixation. Their light fastness when printed on Terylene fibre is lower in practically all cases compared with prints on cotton. The mechanical conditions necessary to obtain prints of satisfactory quality on Terylene fibre are discussed.
Dyeing of Nylon Yarn in Package Form
Authors: Willson W. S.
Published: July 2010

A method of dyeing continuous‐filament nylon yarn in cake form has been developed and proved on a bulk scale. The “mock” cakes are wound on a converted coning machine, and dyeing is carried out on standard package‐dyeing machinery. The use of various classes of dye is discussed, and auitable technique and aftertreatment are described.
A Study of the Afterchrome Process
Authors: Gaunt J. F.
Published: July 2010

The following aspects of the afterchrome process have been examined‐

1. The dyeing of afterchrome dyes prior to chroming

2. The effect of dichromates on wool during afterchroming

3. The effect of dichromates on chrome dyes during afterchroming.

The main difference between chrome dyes and acid dyes of comparable constitution is the greater sensitivity of the former to precipitation by acid. Several of the more commonly used chrome dyes are out of solution under normal dyeing conditions, and yet have excellent level‐dyeing properties.

The rate of uptake of chromium by wool during afterchroming is independent of the presence of dye on the wool. When afterchroming at the boil, the pH of the liquor rises steadily, owing to the reduction of chromic acid to neutral tervalent chromium compounds, but this effect is much less marked at 80° and 90°c. The rate of absorption of chromium is very sensitive to the pH of the chroming bath, but is only slightly affected by temperature.

During afterchroming at low pH values, there is a tendency for certain dyes to be destroyed by oxidation. The chrome lakes formed by afterchroming with dichromates have much better wet fastness than those formed by aftertreatment with salts of tervalent chromium.
The Effect of Dyeing on the Sorption of Water Vapour by Wool*
Authors: Larose P.
Published: July 2010

The reduction in the sorptive capacity of wool for water vapour due to acid treatment or dyeing of the wool is discussed and previous results are reviewed. Preliminary experiments carried out with a view to showing a relation between the reduction in the amount of water sorbed and the amount of dye in the wool are reported. The results of these experiments point to an equivalence between the dye in the wool and the reduction in regain of the dyed wool as compared with undyed wool.
Variables in Padding Processes
Authors: Speke R. W.
Published: July 2010

An outline is given of the salient features governing the design of pad mangles for the application of dyes and finishing agents to woven textiles. The important manipulative variables governing the padding process‐namely the effects of cloth preparation, running speed, temperature of the pad liquor, and padding oils‐are described. The basic principles involved when wet fabrics are repadded me briefly surveyed.
Colour Fastness and Textile Finishing Requirements of the Ultimate Consumer
Authors: Ingham J. S.
Published: July 2010

A large retail organisation quickly obtains the public's reaction towards visible factors of style anti colour. During the past few years, we have attempted in our laboratories to obtain some information on the invisible factors of durability and wearability. From a survey and our laboratory findings, it is clear that certain standards must be achieved to meet the demands of the public. This paper deals with some of these findings and observations in the field of dyeing, printing, and finishing. Further, we have tried to pass on the information to dyers, finishers, and dyemakers, and pointed out the gaps in production, which it would be very desirable to fill to meet the public's demand.
The Preparation and Properties of Some Inorganic Alginate Fibres
Authors: Dudgeon (Mrs.) M. J. , Thomas R. S. , Woodward F. N.
Published: July 2010

Alginate fibres have been produced in which alginic acid is combined partly with calcium and partly with other metals. In the case of all the metals examined (chromium, copper, cadmium, tin, bismuth, barium, zinc, and aluminium) there is a reduction in water imbibition but. with the exception of aluminium. barium, and cadmium, this is accompanied by a reduction in dry and wet extensihilitics. Calcium‐cadmitun alginate appears to be most promising, since, compared with calcium alginate fibre. it shows no loss in dry extensibilit.y, an increased wet tenacity, and only a small loss in dry tenacity, and, moreover can be produced with no more difficulty than calcium alginate.
A Laboratory Apparatus for Detergency Studies
Authors: Straw W. A.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus is described for providing controlled mechanical agitation of chopped fibre in detergent liquors on a laboratory scale, employing relatively low liquor: fibre ratios. Thermostatic tenipertlt are control is provided, and by means of calibration graphs, temperature‐time conditions can be selected to follow industrial practice. An estimate is given of the accuracy of speed and temperature control.
Continuous Ribbon Dyeing
Authors: Clarke L. J.
Published: July 2010

One‐day Symposium on Continuous Dyeing held by the Manchester Section at the Manchester College of Technology on 19th March 1954, Mr. G. S.J. White, in the chair

A method for the continuous dyeing of ribbon is described in which uniformity of shade over long runs is attained by introducing feed liquor into the dyebath through fine jets, thus maintaining turbulent conditions and uniformity of composition throughout the bath.
An Investigation into some Methods for the Assessment of the Weathering Fastness of Dyed Textiles
Authors: Butterbworth E. , Guthrie J. C.
Published: July 2010

Dyed textiles are, in general, less resistant to colour change when weathered than when exposed behind glass to daylight. No standard method exists for the assessment of weathering fastness. An outdoor weathering test and a wet fading lamp test are described, and their merits and deficiencies discussed. The method of assessment allows direct comparison between the weathering (or wet‐fading‐lamp) fastness of a pattern and the light fastness according to B.S. 1006. These methods have yielded useful results in practice, and this paper records some work carried out to date.
The Influence of the Physical State of Dyes upon their Light Fastness*
Authors: Baxter G. , Giles C. H. , McKee Miss M. N. , Macaulay N.
Published: July 2010

From a study of the quantitative relationship between light fastness and dye concentration conclusions are drawn regarding the physical state of dyes in air‐dry substrates, on the basis of a simple theoretical model representing the nature of particle growth with increase in concentration.

Only one type of dye‐substrate system, viz. a water‐insoluble merocyanine dye in solid solution in collodion, has been found to obey the normal photochemical laws for ideal systems. All other systems, whether involving water‐insoluble or water‐soluble dyes, behave non‐ideally: i.e. the dye appears to exist in the form of aggregates or crystals (usually submicroscopic) and to obey a fading law in which the rate‐affecting factor is the extent of the dye‐air interface. Treatments which cause microscopically visible growth of such particles, e.g. soaping of azoic‐dyed cellulose, raise the light fastness as anticipated.

Also in accordance with prediction, the light fastness even of water‐soluble dyes is raised by increasing the porosity of the substrate; this is believed to result from the formation of larger aggregates of dye in the dry substrate. Thus the light fastness of direct cotton dyes is higher on highly porous (“gel”) Cellophane film than on normal film, and on normal viscose rayon fibre than on highly oriented viscose rayon fibre; and acid wool dyes have higher fastness on the sulphuric‐acid anodic film on aluminium than on the less porous chromic‐acid film. A number of other examples of changes in light fastness, believed to be due to similar physical factors, are discussed.

The following two observations are reportedndash(a) undried “gel” Cellophane film slowly reverts to the normal form on keeping, even when wet; and (b) there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of percentage reflectance and the logarithm of total dye content for direct dyes on various viscose rayon fabrics.
The Effect of Chlorine on Dyed Nylon
Authors: Davidson A. N. , Preston R.
Published: July 2010

After dry chlorination of wool, the chlorine retained by the fibres is present as hydrochloric acid (i.e. is extractable by alkaline solutions); whilst with nylon it is shown that the chlorine is more strongly combined, so that it is not completely extracted by sodium carbonate solution but can be removed by sodium bisulphite solution. Generally, absorption of chlorine by nylon is attended by an increase in fluidity of the nylon in m‐cresol and a corresponding decrease in tensile strength; the degree of absorption of chlorine appears to vary with the type of dye used. The presence of wool has a “buffering” action on the uptake of chlorine by nylon and hence tends to protect the nylon from excessive damage.

Of the groups of dyes examined (chrome, level‐dyeing and neutral‐dyeing acid dyes, together with a few soluble acetate‐rayon dyes and direct cotton dyes), the chrome dyes were satisfactory in their fastness to chlorination. The lighter shades of neutral‐dyeing acid dyes were useless and the other dyeings occupied intermediate positions. All these dyes, with a few exceptions, have a slightly higher fastness to wet chlorination.

The above observations are illustrated in detail by tabulated and graphed data, together with colorimetric data for a representative selection of the dyes before and after dry chlorination.
The Behaviour of Formaldehyde‐sulphoxylate in Vat Printing
Authors: THORNTON R. , LIQUORICE W. F.
Published: July 2010

An experimental method for the determination of the Formosul concentration on a print, described in the paper, has been used to investigate the rate of decomposition of Formosul during the various stages of the vat printing process. The effects of the constituents of the print paste, drying and storage conditions, temperature, and conditions during steaming are examined.
In the Footsteps of Perkin
Authors: CLIFFE W. H.
Published: July 2010

It is less easy to make Perkin's Mauve than may be supposed. With little more than the original patent specification as a guide, yet with all the facilities of modern laboratories, chemists of 1956 have experienced difficulty in preparing on a small scale Mauve equal in quality to that which Perkin & Sons manufactured almost a century ago.
The Rotproofing of Viscose Rayon II–Treatment of Viscose Rayon with Iron and Chromium Salts
Authors: BELL J. W. , RAMSEY MARGARET M.
Published: July 2010

Although Mineral Khaki* treatments are recommended for proofing cotton against micró‐organisms, certain types of chromium and iron pigmentation are shown to be relatively ineffective when applied to viscose rayon, at least when fairly drastic test methods are employed. This is in agreement with results previously obtained with cotton1,2. The proof is slightly improved by using potassium chromate as the developing agent, but the sexavalent chromium produced is not fast to leaching. Little improvement is effected by incorporating copper. The viscose rayon takes up considerably less pigment than does cotton under similar conditions, but even where the amounts are almost the same the rayon is still much less resistant to micro‐organisms. This difference may be partly due to the lower inherent resistance of viscose rayon. When chromate development is used the rayon appears to be less damaged (as measured by euprammonium fluidity) than cotton similarly treated.
The Identification of Vat Dyes
Authors: DERRETT‐SMITH D. A. , GRAY J.
Published: July 2010

The tables published in 1940 by Derrett‐Smith and Bradley1 and in 1947 by Derrett‐Smith and Gee2 have been brought up to date to include all the British, German, and Swiss vat and solubilised vat dyes which have appeared on the British market since 1940. Dyes which were included in the original tables but have since been made by other firms are included under their new names.

In addition, it is shown that certain vat dyes behave differently when treated with sodium hydrosulphite and sodium hydroxide as compared with sodium hydrosulphite and sodium carbonate.
Detection of Dyes possessing a p‐Phenylenediamine or a p‐Nitroaniline Structure by means of Spot Tests
Authors: FEIGL F. , NETO C. COSTA
Published: July 2010

When Bandrowski's base and azo dyes containing a p‐phenylenediamine or a p‐nitroaniline structure are fused with a dry mixture of sodium formate and sodium hydroxide at 210–230°C. p‐phenylenediamine is formed by reductive cleavage. Under these conditions the diamine sublimes and the vapour reacts with an acetic‐acid solution of aniline and alkali‐metal persulphate to yield the indamine dye Phenylene Blue. This procedure may be conducted by the technique of spot test analysis and serves to detect such dyes. The detection limits are in the range 5–10 μg., as has been verified by testing thirteen pertinent compounds.
Recommended Conditions for Fading Lamp Operation
Authors:   Light Fastness Subcommittee
Published: July 2010

Many of the discrepancies between daylight exposures and those made in fading lamps arise from differences in the effective humidity during exposure. The average value occurring during daylight exposures in the United Kingdom is 20%. and fading lamps should be adjusted to operate at this effective humidity.
Report on Early Work on Fixing Standards for Light Fastness
Authors:   Fastness Tests Co‐ordinating Committee
Published: July 2010

Portions are reproduced of the first (1934) of the Society's reports on fastness tests, relating to the fixing of standards for light fastness.
The Effect on Wool of Boiling in Aqueous Solutions III—Acids and Acidic Salt Solutions
Authors: Peryman R. V.
Published: July 2010

Worsted yarn of 64s quality is boiled at controlled pH values and for times simulating commercial dyeing in a package‐dyeing machine using sulphuric, phosphoric, formic, acetic, oxalic, and hydrochloric acids with and without salts. Changes produced in the wool, as measured by alkali solubility or alternatively by urea–bisulphite solubility, are related to the pH value of the treatment solution at 100°c., which is obtained by extrapolation of measurements at lower temperatures. Sulphuric acid is found to be the most active of the acids but, in terms of the pH value of the cooled solution, sodium sulphate–sulphuric acid solutions are exceptional in having an “apparent” protective action, which is attributed to the rise in pH with rise in temperature. Practical implications are discussed.
The Supply, Treatment, and Disposal of Water in the Dyehouse
Authors: Richardson R. W.
Published: July 2010

An attempt is made to review briefly the many aspects of water—its supply, treatment, and disposal—from the point of view of dyehouse management and the dyer, rather than from that of the water‐treatment specialist.
The Preparation and Properties of Regenerated Cellulose containing Vinyl Polymers
Authors: Landells G. , Leathley J. A. , Whewell C. S.
Published: July 2010

Large quantities of hydrophobic vinyl polymers deposited inside viscose rayon fibres reduce water imbibition comparatively slightly, but hydrophilic polymers increase the imbibition. Measurements of the absorption‐desorption isotherms of fibres containing various polymers show that deposition of polymethyl methacrylate or polystyrene produces little effect on the moisture contents calculated on the weight of cellulose. Introduction of hydrophilic polymers increases the moisture contents of the fibres.
Levelling Problems in Vat Dyeing
Authors: Musshoff H.
Published: July 2010

An important factor in the poor levelling of certain vat dyes is slow migration due to molecular aggregation (up to 3000 molecules) of the leuco compound in solution. Migration may be improved by addition to the dyebath of a suitable non‐ionic solvent, e.g. Solidegal GL (CFM). Practical methods for overcoming levelling difficulties in package dyeing and piece dyeing, notably the vat‐acid and pad–steam processes, are discussed.
The Chemistry of Esters of Leuco Vat Dyes: II— A Comparison of the Rates of Oxidation with the Standard Redox Potentials of the Parent Vat Dyes
Authors: AINSWORTH S. , JOHNSON A.
Published: July 2010

The rates of oxidation, with acidic hydrogen peroxide, of a number of disulphuric esters of leuco vat dyes have been measured and compared with the standard redox potentials of the parent vat dye‐leuco vat dye systems. On the basis of this comparison the esters may be divided into two classes according to the relative importance of oxidation or hydrolysis in the development sequence.
Alginate Hessian
Authors: BASHFORD L. A. , EASTHAM M. D. , HILTON J. P. , HOLDEN W. S. , Horton L. , Thomas R. S. , Woodward F. N.
Published: July 2010

Alginate hessian suitable for military camouflage use has been fabricated from pigmented continuous‐filament yarn using the interlace knitting technique. Resistance to use and weathering was enhanced by chromating the fabric thus obtained and coating with pigmented, chlorinated paraffin wax emulsified in sodium caseinate solution.
Reactive Dyes for Textiles
Authors: VICKERSTAFF T.
Published: July 2010

Of various methods of achieving wet fastness in dyeings, direct chemical linkage of the dye to the fibre has not hitherto been employed in practice. The Procion dyes are a new class of dyes, which will react with cellulose in presence of alkali. The evidence for chemical reaction is reviewed. Being dyes of small molecular weight, their affinity for cellulose is low and diffusion inside cellulose fibres rapid, so that cold dyeing becomes feasible. Also, side‐reaction of the dyes with water is minimised at low temperatures. The importance of these properties in determining the preferred dyeing methods is discussed.

Procion dyes can be applied in practice by continuous processes, including a method which entails only padding and drying. Novel batch dyeing methods have been developed. The dyes can also be applied by printing with a suitable thickener, and again a novel non‐steaming printing style has been evolved and a particularly interesting style using white and vat‐dye‐illuminated resists under Procion dyes.

The fastness properties characteristic of chemical linkage are briefly reviewed.
Dyeing The Apotheosis of Synthesis or a Team playing for its Colours against White
Authors: WHITE GEORGE S. J.
Published: July 2010

A subjective assessment of recent advances in dyeing technique covering machinery, research into the mechanism of the dyeing process, and new types of dyes for application to textiles.
The Dyemaking Works of Perkin & Sons Some Hitherto Unrecorded Details
Authors: CLIFFE W. H.
Published: July 2010

Although the works of Perkin & Sons at Greenford Green are now part of industrial history, little is known of them today. Some details which have recently come to light are not without interest and are now recorded for the first time.
Determination of the Migratory Properties of Direct Dyes
Authors: Cegarra José
Published: July 2010

The effects have been studied of four variables—temperature, electrolyte concentration, liquor ratio, and agitation—on the migration of direct dyes selected from Classes A, B, and C. At low temperatures increase of temperature has a more favourable influence with Classes A and B than with Class C. An optimum electrolyte concentration for maximum migration is shown by dyes of Classes A and B, but with Class C the migration diminishes steadily as the electrolyte concentration is increased. Increase in liquor ratio increases migration of B and C dyes, but not that of A dyes. Agitation increases migration in all cases.
Education in a Changing Society
Authors: White G. S. J.
Published: July 2010

The discussion falls into two parts. The first is designed to show the progression ofthe Society's interest and involvement in education. The second displays some recent comparisons of educational processes, particularly in science and technology, in the U.S.S.R., U.K., and U.S.A.
Colour in Writing and Copying
Authors: Gill J. P.
Published: July 2010

A general summary of types of dyes and pigments used in inks (other than printing inks), pencils, typewriter ribbons, and carbon papers. An account of the propérties necessary for the different applications is given, together with some particulars of the methodof manufacture and use of typewriter ribbons and carbon papers, both for normal typing purposes and for spirit duplicating.
The Finishing of Cellulose Triacetate Fabrics, with particular reference to Setting, Embossing, and Pleating
Authors: Bradshaw S. N. , Cluley A. S.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this paper is to review and summarise knowledge of thermal finishing of fabrics containing Tricel, and an attempt has been made to define the reasons for the different methods in use and to specify the sequence of operations in processing.
Determination of Performance of Fibre Blends in Wet Processing
Authors: Cheetham R. C. , Edwards H. D.
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of fibre blends during wet processing such as scouring, milling, and dyeing has been studied with the object of developing laboratory techniques to simulate works conditions. A method is described for determining the behaviour of fibres under pack‐dyeing conditions. In the case of fabrics, particular attention has been given to the effect of processing strains on dimensional stability.

It has been demonstrated that the temperature‐extension curves for fabrics from different acrylic fibres show characteristic points of inflexion. Apparatus for measuring fabric crease recovery in hot liquors is described, and the information obtained has been used to study rope marking in winch dyeing.

Milling has received attention with reference to felt making, and an experimental method of evaluation has made use of small‐scale machines for carding and milling. Using this technique, the effect of acid liquors of various kinds in felting has been measured. Fabric has also been used in the small‐scale milling stocks to obtain the optimum conditions for milling a Fibrolane‐wool velour cloth.
The Impact of Man‐made Fibres upon the Dyeing Industry*
Authors: Wilson A. H.
Published: July 2010

The largest potential field for the expansion of man‐made fibres is likely to be the woollen and worsted industries, and dyeing problems will largely determine the extent to which this expansion will take place.

The paper gives a survey of the various types of problems which may arise, together with some general indication of the lines of development which are likely to be most fruitful.
Azo Dyes from Substituted 2‐Aminothiophens
Authors: Dickey J. B. , Towne E. B. , Bloom M. S. , Moore W. H. , Jr. B. H. Smith , Hedberg D. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper concerns the effects of the position and the nature of substituents on the colour of azo dyes derived from 2‐arainothiophens. Of primary interest is the colour shift from the red of phenylazo dyes to the greenish blue of the analogous 5‐substituted 3‐nitro‐2‐thienylazo dyes. The greenish blue of 2‐amino‐3‐nitro‐5‐aeyl(or aroyl)thiophen dyes is in striking contrast with the violet—red of 2‐amino‐5‐acylthiophen dyes and the violet of dyes from 2‐amino‐3:5‐bismethylsulphonylthiophen.

Even simple aniline coupling components afford blues to blue‐greens with the 5‐substituted 2‐amino‐3‐nitrothiophens. However, progressively increased bathoehromic shifts to bluish green are obtained with the following coupler types— tetrahydroquinoline, benzomorpholine, and 2‐alkoxy‐5‐acetamidoaniline.

Dyes from 2‐amino‐3‐nitro‐5‐acylthiophens, particularly, have excellent affinity for secondary cellulose acetate and give good exhaustion and level dyeing. They colour cellulose acetate deep, bright blues to greens. Dyed fabrics have superior gas‐fume fastness, moderate light fastness, and good dischargeability.
A Dye‐uptake Meter for Studies of Dyeing Kinetics
Authors: Bakkee E. , Patterson D.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus for measuring the rate at which dye is transferred from dyebath to fibre is described. It differs from previous forms of apparatus in that no special device for circulating the solution through a separate observation cell is required. Instead, the observation cell is formed within the dyebath by two inverted “periscopes” facing each other at a fixed distance. A simple double‐beam optical system provides a means of eliminating the effects of any drift in the output of the light source or in the sensitivity of the light‐measuring system. The types of experiment which can be carried out with the apparatus are mentioned and some examples given.
The Pad‐Jig System of applying Vat Dyes to Linen Cloth
Authors: Phillips J. N. F.
Published: July 2010

A practical description is given of a system of dyeing linen cloth with vat dyes by the pad‐jig method, employed in a dyehouse whose annual production exceeds two million yards (for dresses and shirts). Stress is laid on the attainment of the highest possible absorbency during bleaching and other preparatory treatments for dyeing. Details of the padding mangles are given, and the danger of aggregation of dye as a result of the use of unsuitable padding oils is discussed.
Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Colouring of Man‐made Fibres”
Authors: Luck Weenee
Published: July 2010

Successful results in dyeing depend on a series of simultaneous equilibria. The formation of micelles by non‐ionic levelling agents has been demonstrated spectroscopically and the micellar size determined. The equilibrium conditions in the formation of complexes between dyes and levelling‐agent micelles have been studied. These conditions are intimately related to the equilibrium between dye and fibre. The latter equilibrium has been investigated with dyeings on polyamides. Study of the simultaneous equilibria dye‐fibre and dye‐levelling agent gives a clear picture of the nature of the retarding and levelling action of textile auxiliaries. The equilibrium between auxiliary and dye decreases the association of the latter. Results obtained in previous diffusion studies, however, have been interpreted as indicating increased association of dyes on addition of levelling agents. These results have been re‐examined, and shown to be in accordance with the theories developed in the present paper.
Investigations into the Dyeing of Continuous‐filament Nylon with Disperse and Anionic Dyes
Authors: Peters H. W. , Turner J. C.
Published: July 2010

The nature of the variations in continuous‐filament nylon and their influence on dyeing behaviour are explained. By the use of a special fabric containing yarn differing in physical and chemical properties by known and controlled amounts, the sensitivities to such variations of many dyes for nylon have been assessed. These results appear in the appendix in tabular form, and are intended to help the dyer to select suitable dyes, by indicating their abilities to cover yarn irregularities. New and current dyeing methods are discussed, and suggestions are made for improved uniformity. Laboratory investigations have shown which new methods offer most prospects of success, and also where more detailed investigation will be of value.
The Chemistry of Esters of Leuco Vat Dyes III—The Oxidation of the Mono‐ and Di‐sulphuric Esters of Quinol (Hydroquinone) and of 1:4‐Naphthaquinol with Acidic Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Johnson A. , Rahman M. L.
Published: July 2010

The mono‐ and di‐sulphuric esters of l:4‐naphthaquinol react with acidic hydrogen peroxide in the same way as the di‐sulphuric ester of 9:10‐anthraquinol‐2‐sulphonic acid: i.e. removal of most of the sulphate groups by direct oxidation follows removal of some groups by hydrolysis. The catalytic effect of the mono‐ester in the oxidation of the di‐ester has been directly demonstrated. On the other hand, with the mono‐ and di‐sulphuric esters of quinol, the sulphate groups are not removed by direct oxidation but by hydrolysis only. Oxidation of the resultant quinol then follows as a separate reaction.
The Colouring of Vinylon
Authors: Nomura S. , Tanabe K.
Published: July 2010

Vinylon is usually made by spinning an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, heat‐treating the water‐soluble fibres obtained, and subsequently acetalising with formaldehyde. As both hydroxyl and acetal groups in the accessible region are concerned in the dyeing of vinylon, it is generally intermediate in dyeing behaviour between cellulosic fibres and typical synthetic fibres. The dyeing properties of vinylon with direct dyes are thus affected not only by crystallisation due to heat‐treatment and degree of acetalisation but also by the acetalising conditions.

For the practical dyeing of vinylon to medium or heavy depths direct, sulphur, vat, azoic, disperse, and metal‐complex dyes may be employed, and their fastness is not greatly different from their corresponding fastness on other fibres. Dope dyeing is now most advantageous for blacks and dark blues, and is carried out on a commercial scale.
The High‐temperature Dyeing of Terylene Slubbing or Loose Stock
Authors: Smith Fred
Published: July 2010

Practical aspects of the operation of machines designed for dyeing loose fibres at temperatures above the boil are discussed, special stress being laid on safety precautions.
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds III—Photochemistry in the Solid State
Authors: Egerton G. S. , Roach A. G.
Published: July 2010

Solid transparent films on quartz of six aminoanthraquinone compounds (1‐mono‐, 2‐mono‐, 1:4‐ and 1:5‐di‐, 1:4:5‐tri‐, and 1:4:5:8‐tetra‐aminoanthraquinone) have been prepared by vacuum deposition. The action of (a) near ultraviolet radiation and visible light and (b) short‐wave ultraviolet radiation (mainly 253·7 mμ.) on these solid films has been studied spectrophotometrically. The stability of the solid dye to (a) is shown to be substantially greater than when the dye is present in the form of a dyeing on a polymer film. In moist air the photochemical stability of the solid dye is much less than in dry oxygen or dry nitrogen. The nature of the changes occurring as a result of irradiation in these atmospheres is also different, and reasons for these differences are discussed. The action of (b) on the solid dye is shown to lead to rapid destruction of the dye. The rate is greater in dry oxygen than in dry nitrogen, and ultimately all the dye and photoproducts appear to be removed from the quartz. 2‐Aminoanthraquinone is most rapidly affected by (a) but is the most stable of the six compounds to (b).
Fast‐to‐washing Dyeing of Wool Yarn
Authors: Gaunt J. F.
Published: July 2010

The dyeing of wool yarn with dyes other than the level‐dyeing type has become important only since about 1950, but it is now possible to dye almost all colours fast to the S.D.C. No. 2 Washing Test (B.S. 2684) and yet sufficiently level for knitting in solid‐shade garments. The requirements of the various trades using fast‐dyed yarn are considered, and an outline is given of the developments in dyes and dyeing machines leading to the present‐day position. Advances have been made in dyes, dyeing machines, and dyeing methods, and these have been complementary. These aspects are discussed separately, and attention is drawn to complications which have arisen as a result of the adoption of new methods.
The Dyeing of Acrilan Acrylic Fibre
Authors: Hadfield H. R. , Sokol W. M.
Published: July 2010

The methods of dyeing Acrilan are outlined, and the limitations of various classes of dyes stated. Data are presented to show how the concentration of sulphuric acid affects the handle of the fibre and the fastness properties of acid, chrome, and 2: 1 metal‐complex dyes. Generally, disperse dyes are the most satisfactory for the dyeing of Acrilan, although for specialised purposes azoic, acid, basic, chrome, metal‐complex, and reactive dyes are suggested.
Adsorption at Organic Surfaces
Authors: Giles C. H. , Hassan A. S. A. , Laidlaw Margaret , Subramanian R. V. R.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption of mineral and organic acids, from aqueous solution, by chitin prepared from the carapace of Nephrops norvegicus has been studied.

Full elementary analyses suggest that chitin does not consist entirely of poly‐N‐acetylglucosamine as usually supposed, but that about one‐eighth of the amino groups are unacetylated. The material appears to be highly crystalline.

Mineral acid anions are adsorbed at all the acetamido or amino groups of the substrate at pH about 2.5. At pH < 2.5 very greatly increased adsorption occurs, much beyond stoichiometric quantities. Organic acids, both aliphatic and aromatic, are much less strongly adsorbed than mineral acids, and < 10% of the total amount of the substrate appears to be accessible to them. Two opposing factors appear to determine the amount of an organic acid adsorbed at moderate acidities: (a) the crystallinity of the substrate, and (b) the length of the conjugate chain of the anion.

The main source of anion affinity under acid conditions appears to be physical attraction between the anion and the water‐solvated glucosidic residues of the chitin molecular chains. Hydrogen‐bond affinity appears to be weaker than the ion–ion affinity or that due to the van der Waals attraction of large aromatic anions, and does not appear to influence the extent of adsorption under acid conditions.
A Study of the Spectral Dependence of the Fading of Dyed Textiles
Authors: Bedford R. E.
Published: July 2010

A method for calculating the contributions of various spectral regions of light in causing fading is described, and results are given for three dyed samples. The materials were exposed to sunlight plus skylight, for which the spectral energy distribution is rather well known, behind a set of coloured filters. Fading was measured as an actual colour change by means of the Hunter colour‐difference meter. A set of simultaneous equations is set up whose solution gives the relative efficiencies of the various regions in producing fading. A comparison of various equations to describe fading is also made.
Studies on Haematoxylin and Haematein, the Colouring Principles of Logwood: I–Absorption Spectra of Pure Compounds in Various Solvents and a Spectrophotometric Method of Analysis for Haematoxylin and Haematein
Authors: LALOR G. C. , MARTIN S. L.
Published: July 2010

A modified method is described for the preparation from logwood extracts of pure haematoxylin. The criterion of purity is the ultraviolet absorption spectrum in methanol. In most solvents with low ultraviolet absorption, haematoxylin is either too insoluble or too susceptible to oxidation for suitable spectra to be obtained without special precautions.

The salient features of the visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of haematein (about 10 mg. / litre) in six solvents are given. In most of these haematein is eventually oxidised to give a product with a characteristically different spectrum. Solutions in dimethylformamide containing 1 % of a phosphate–citric acid buffer are sufficiently stable for the haematein content to be determined by reference to the peak at 440 mμ. instead of the previously used peak at 280 mμ., which is shown to be unsuitable.

Examples of the application of the analytical method to commercial materials are given.
Optical Studies: II–SMR Values for a Comprehensive Range of Colours
Authors: MANN H. B.
Published: July 2010

The SMR values of a wide range of colours have been measured and the results listed. Two series of tests have been made. The dependence of SMR on depth of colour and flattening is examined in detail. Reference to the listed values will enable any colour to be assessed approximately in respect of the relative liability to show soiling.
Some Chemical Foundations of Fast Colour Printing
Authors: Alsberg F. R. , Clarke W. , Fern A. S.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Northern Ireland Section held in Thompson's Restuarant, Belfast, on 14th January 1958, Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; and of the Manchester Section held at the Textile Institute, Manchester, on 17th January 1958, Mr. J. W. Reidy in the chair

The chemical foundations of the printing of cotton fabrics with vat, onium, and reactive dyes are discussed. Quantitative measurements of the intrinsic properties of vat dyes and of reducing systems enable a clear picture of the printing process to be obtained. The comparatively simple basis of fixation of onium dyes is discussed in relation to printing recipes and fixation conditions. Quantitative studies with reactive dyes show the effects of the solubilisitig agent, alkali, and fixation conditions on the percentage fixation obtainable under printing conditions.
Acrylonitrile in the Textile Industry
Authors: MacGregor J. H.
Published: July 2010

The rapid development of acrylonitrile as an industrial organic chemical during the past twenty years is reviewed and noted. Its reactivity with materials, such as cellulose, starch, wool, etc., which play a dominant role in the textile industry is discussed. The properties of the products obtained in these eyano‐ethylation reactions are considered, and some possible industrial applications of the products suggested. Finally a number of worthwhile uses of polyacrylonitrile and of copolymers containing acrylonitrile and other vinyl monomers are noted, with special reference to their outstanding value in the production of the comparatively new group of fully synthetic fibres known collectively as the acrylics. The properties of these fibres are commented on, and their value in certain applications is postulated. Brief mention is made also of the processing and dyeing of yarns and fabrics made from these fibres.
Setting Reduced Keratin Fibres with 1‐Fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene
Authors: Speakman P. T.
Published: July 2010

Keratin fibres, when extended, reduced, and allowed to react with 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene under either acid or alkaline conditions at 40d̀c, acquire a permanent set. Unreduced fibres and fibres reduced before extension are not permanently set. The effect may be caused by steric hindrance of mutual movement of protein chains by the large 2,4‐dmitrophenyl group, or by hydrogen bonding between the nitro groups and ambient protein chains; or alternatively reaction with 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene may alter the stability of the hydrogen‐bonded protein system. The experiments seem to confirm earlier results which suggested that on extension certain cystine disulphide residues in the fibre become accessible to attacking reagents, and that these residues, previously inaccessible at 40d̀c, are those which are essentially involved in permanent setting.
The Life and Times of Peter Griess
Authors: Cliffe W. H.
Published: July 2010

Until he was 28 years old Peter Griess betrayed no sign of his latent genius for chemical research. As a student at Marburg University, he at first showed little interest in science and preferred the society of irresponsible and pleasure‐seeking companions. His discovery of diazo compounds in 1858 attracted the attention of others and led him to write the first of more than 140 contributions to chemical literature. Almost the whole of his work on diazo compounds and their reactions, and on azo dyes, was carried out in England, first at the Royal College of Chemistry and thereafter during his 25 years as chemist to Samuel Allsopp & Sons at Burton‐on‐Trent. Griess's work is sketched against the background of the times. He is seen as a nostalgic, lone worker, watching the growth of a great industry in which he had no part but which developed by organised research based on his own pioneering offorts. Honoured in this country and abroad during his lifetime, Griess died suddenly in 1888.
Recent Work on the Mechanism of Diazotisation
Authors: Ridd J. H.
Published: July 2010

A reinvestigation of the kineties of diazotisation, combined with a study of the exchange of 18O between nitrous acid and water, has shown that the diazotisation of aniline in dilute mineral acids occurs by the interaction of the free amine with nitrous anhydride. The rate of formation of the nitrous anhydride can be the slow step of the reaction, and the reaction rate is then independent of the concentration of the amine. Other nitrosating agents (e.g. the nitrosonium ion) become important in more acidic solutions.
The Finishing of Fabrics containing Wool blended with Terylene or Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Whewell C. S.
Published: July 2010

One‐day Conference of the West Riding Section held at the Bradford Institute, of Technology on 7th November 1958, Dr. R. L. Elliott in the chair

An account is given of modern practice in the finishing of fabrics containing wool blended with polyester or acrylic fibres, together with the new data relating to the changes in dimensions of wool‐Terylene blended fabrics during finishing and to certain physical properties of the finished cloths.
The Uses of Acrylic Fibre Blends with reference to Colour Fastness*
Authors: Edwards H. D. , Jackson N.
Published: July 2010

One‐day Conference of the West Riding Section held at the Bradford Institute of Technology on 7th November 1958, Dr. R. L. Elliott in the chair
Emulsion Thickenings‐Possibilities in Textile Printing
Authors: Dawson T. L.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Rooms, Belfast, on 13th January 1959,

Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; and of the Munchester Section held at the Textile Institute, Manchesfer, on 20th February 2959, Mr. J. W. Reidy in the chair

The use of emulsion thickenings for printing dyes, other than pigment compositions, on both natural and synthetic fibres is discussed. Theoretical and practical aspects of these emulsion systems are considered, and the advantages of oil‐in‐water emulsions over the water‐in‐oil type are set out. The rheological properties of eniulsion thickenings aro compared with those of soxne conventional thirkenings, and the practical implications of these results are discussod. Details of recipes for the preparation of stork emulsion thickenings for the application of a wide range of dyes (including reactive. vat, onium, and azoic dyes) are given, and the terhnical adventring resulting from their use enumerated.
Correspondence
Authors: Kendell G. V. W.
Published: July 2010

The Editor does not hold himself responsible for opinions exprmsed by correspondenta
The Action of Sulphuric Acid on Wool
Authors: ELLIOTT R. L. , ASQUITH R. B. , RAWSON D. H.
Published: July 2010

Three structural coiiiponents isolated froiii tlie wool fibre, t>wo by acid treatmen and one by allrali treatment, have been studied. Each treatment has been followed by specific analyses iii tun attempt to define the purity of the final products. Totttl o, niino‐acirl analyses were perfornied on these products when the specific analyses approached a constant due arid the iiiicroscopica examination inclicated that a well defined residualmeinbrano wars present.

The results clearly show that t, he two nie, inhranes isolated by twirl treat, iiient> differ from each other, but that the third inay be identical with one of these. Further, all the irienihranes resistant to attack have a low content, of long‐side‐cliaiii amino acids, and in one case an exceptionally high cryst, irie content was found.
Recent Advances in Textile Printing with special reference to Calcium Sulphoxylate Formaldehyde
Authors: HANNAY R. J.
Published: July 2010

A description is given of investigations aimed at producing increased stability of prints containing sulphoxylate formaldehyde reducing agents and avoidance of “haloing” and “wicking” in the production of discharge prints on protein fibres and synthetic fibres such as acetate rayon and nylon.
Dyeing and Finishing Fabrics containing Tricel Triacetate Fibre
Authors: Mann R. J.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Booms, Belfast, on 8th March 1960,

Mr. W. J. Watts in the chair

The salient properties of Tricel, as they affect the dyer and finisher, are reviewed and processes for the treatment of knitted and woven fabrics are described.
The Solubility of Wool Dyes Its Assessment and Practical Significance
Authors: BEAL W.
Published: July 2010

The methods of testing the solubility of wool dyes at present in use are criticised and a new method is suggested. This method takes into account such variables as liquor: goods ratio, temperature at which dyeing is commenced, the dyeing assistants used, the type of water, the depth of shade being dyed, and the method by which the dyebath is prepared.