bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inherited Diseases of Haemoglobin Are an Emerging Global Health Burden
Authors: Fucharoen S. , Winichagoon P.
Published: January 2012

Thalasseamia is one of the common genetic disorders. A genetic defect causes reduction of the globin chains leading to chronic haemolytic anaemia from birth. The mainstay of treatment is blood transfusion to maintain adequate levels of the haemoglobin. Secondary iron overload in β-thalassaemia patients is secondary to multiple blood transfusions and increased iron absorption. Excesses iron potentially catalyses free-radicals generation and impairment in cellular function and integrity. Extensive iron-induced injury develops in the heart, liver, pancreas and endocrine system. In regularly transfused patients, in the absence of iron-chelation therapy, death from iron-induced heart failure occurs by the mid-teenage years. Conventional treatment with the parenteral iron chelator desferrioxamine improves mortality but it is too expensive for middle and lowincome countries. Oral iron chelators, such as deferiprone (L1) and deferasirox, appear to be promising, however, they are still too expensive or need special monitoring. Serum ferritin has been used for many years as a guide for chelation therapy. However, recent studies demonstrated that using serum ferritin or liver iron measurements as a monitor of iron-chelation intensive therapy would have been discontinued long before the iron had cleared from the heart. There is evidence of the value of myocardial T2* measurements by MRI for the detection of early cardiac iron overload which cannot be predicted by liver iron or serum ferritin and for the monitoring of iron-chelation therapy. The major problem is the expensiveness of MRI measurement. In conclusion, the problem of iron chelation in low-income countries may be summarized as follows: (i) drugs, are not available in every countries that need the medicine, (ii) the cost of drugs is too high for most low income countries, (iii) there is poor education of doctor, parents/ patients and local government about the benefit of iron chelation, (iv) there is need for monitoring of its toxicity and adverse drug reaction. In the TIF conference in Dubai, in 2006, a group of experts had agreed to send a document to the D-G of the WHO with a strong request that all chelators (currently available and those that will be available in the future) be designated essential for the treatment of transfusion dependent anaemias.
Overview of Current Chelation Practices
Authors: Aydinok Y.
Published: January 2012

Deferoxamine (DFO) is reference standard therapy for transfusional iron overload since the 1980s. Although it is a highly effective iron chelator, the compliance problem to subcutaneous administration of DFO remains as the major problem. The oral chelator Deferiprone (DFP) has no marketing licence in North America, however, it has been licensed in India since 1994 and the European Union (EU) granted marketing approval for DFP in 1999, specifically for patients with thalassemia major when DFO is inadequate, intolerable or unacceptable. There are still limited data available on the use of DFP in children between 6 and 10 years of age, and no data on DFP use in children under 6 years of age. Subsequently the oral chelator Deferasirox (DFX) was approved by FDA and EMA for the treatment of patients with transfusional iron overload -older than 2 years of age- as first line therapy, in 2005 and 2006 respectively. The primary objective of iron chelation is to maintain body iron at safe levels at all times but once iron is accumulated, the objective of iron chelation is to reduce tissue iron to safe levels which is a slow process. The chelation regimen, dose and frequency of administration, of the chelator(s) are mainly determined based on body iron burden, presence of myocardial iron and the transfusional iron loading rate. A proper monitoring of chelation is of importance for measuring the response rate to a particular regimen and providing dose adjustments to enhance chelation efficacy and to avoid toxicity. Efficacy of a chelation regimen may exhibit individual variability resulting from factors such as absorbtion and metabolism of the chelator. Tolerability and compliance are also individual variables effecting the response to chelation. Understanding of advantages and limitations of chelators, accurately determining chelation needs of patients with iron overload and designing individualized chelation regimens with less toxicity but optimum efficacy, should provide long-term survival and quality of life for patients with iron loading anemias. The goal of this review is to summarize current concepts in iron chelation therapies based on the considerable amount of prospective data obtained by clinical studies.
Importance of Iron Chelation Therapy
Authors: Varoğlu A.
Published: January 2012

It is necessary to remember that today patients have different options of chelation treatment, as desferrioxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox are available. However, a patient has to be compliant with treatments. They have always to remember that too much iron causes different complications and could be a barrier for a definitive cure from thalassemia.
Transfusion Regimens in Thalassemia Intermedia
Authors: Karakas Z.
Published: January 2012

Thalassemia intermedia (TI) is a heterogeneous disease, in terms of both clinical manifestations and underlying molecular defects. Some TI patients are asymptomatic until adult life, whereas others are symptomatic from early childhood. In contrast with patients with Thalassemia major (TM), the severity of anemia is less and the patients do not require transfusions during at least the first few years of life. Many patients with TI, especially older ones, have been exposed to the multiple long-term effects of chronic anemia and tissue hypoxia and their compensatory reactions, including enhanced erythropoiesis and increased iron absorption. Bone marrow expansion and extramedullary hematopoiesis lead to bone deformities and liver and spleen enlargement. Therapeutic strategies in TI are not clear and different criteria are used to decide the initiation of transfusion and chelation therapy, modulation of fetal hemoglobin production, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on an individual basis. The clinical picture of well-treated TM patients with regular transfusionchelation therapy is better from TI patients who have not received adequate transfusion therapy. There is a significant role of early blood transfusion to prevent and treat complications commonly associated with TI, such as extramedullary erythropoiesis and bone deformities, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, leg ulcers, gallstones, pseudoxantoma elasticum, hyperuricosuria, gout and pulmonary hypertension, which are rarely seen in thalassemia major. Nowadays, indications of transfusion in patients with TI are chronic anemia (Hb < 7 g/dL), bone deformities, growth failure, extramedullary erythropoiesis, heart failure, pregnancy and preparation for surgical procedures. Conclusion: Adequate (regular or tailored) transfusion therapy is an important treatment modality for increasing the quality of life in patients with thalassemia intermedia during childhood.
Cardiac Failure in β-Thalassemia: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management
Authors: Aessopos A. , Farmakis D. , Berdoukas V.
Published: January 2012

Heart failure always represented and still remains the leading cause of mortality in β (β)-thalassemia, despite the therapeutic advances and the considerable amelioration of prognosis accomplished over the last decades. High cardiac output due to chronic anemia and myocardial iron overload due to repetitive blood transfusions are the two main pathogenetic mechanisms causing heart failure in β-thalassemia. In regularly treated thalassemia major patients, left ventricular dysfunction, resulting mainly from myocardial siderosis, is considered to be the primary cause of heart failure and thus the prevention, early recognition and effective management of iron overload is of key importance. However, the spectrum of cardiovascular complications that may ultimately lead to heart is wide and should be individually investigated in each one of the patients. Echocardiography is the main modality used for the regular follow-up and screening of asymptomatic patients and for the evaluation of patients with cardiac symptoms, while the T2* relaxation time provided by magnetic resonance imaging allows the accurate identification and quantification of myocardial iron burden and thus the proper guidance of iron chelation therapy.
Diagnosis of Iron Overload and Heart Disease by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wood J.C. , Noetzli L.
Published: January 2012

The use of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to estimate tissue iron was initiated nearly three decades ago but has only become a practical reality in the last ten years. MRI is most often used to estimate hepatic and cardiac iron in patients with thalassemia or sickle cell disease and has largely replaced liver biopsy for liver iron quantification. The ability of MRI to image extra hepatic organs has really transformed our understanding of iron mediated toxicity in transfusional siderosis. For decades, iron cardiomyopathy was the leading cause of death in thalassemia major, but it is now relatively rare in centers with regular MRI screening. Early recognition of cardiac iron loading allows more gentle modifications of iron chelation therapy prior to life threatening organ dysfunction. Serial MRI evaluations have demonstrated differential kinetics of uptake and clearance among the difference organs of the body. Although elevated serum ferritin and liver iron concentration increase the risk of cardiac and endocrine toxicities, extra hepatic iron deposition and toxicity occurs in many patients despite having low total body iron stores; there is no safe liver iron level in chronically transfused patients. Instead, the type, dose, and pattern of iron chelation therapy all contribute to whether cardiac iron accumulation will occur. These observations, coupled with the advent of increasing options for iron chelation therapy, are allowing clinicians to more appropriately tailor chelation therapy to individual patient needs, producing greater efficacy with fewer toxicities. With the decline in cardiac mortality, future frontiers in MRI monitoring including better prevention of endocrine toxicities, particularly hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and diabetes. These organs also serve as early warning signals for inadequate control of non-transferrin bound iron, a risk factor for cardiac iron loading. Thus MRI assessment of extra hepatic iron stores is a critical monitoring tool for chronically transfused patients. Further prospective work is necessary to determine whether markers of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function can be used as surrogates of cardiac risk in regions where MRI is not available.
Promoting Access to Treatment for Patients with Haemoglobin Disorders
Authors: Perickleous L.
Published: January 2012

For the thalassaemia syndromes the Thalassaemia International Federation, the international patients’ organization has been struggling since its inception in 1987 to facilitate access to treatment for all thalassaemia patients across the globe. Ever since we accepted the doctrine that where strong patient organisation exists, we have observed that there has been a marked improvement in the health care services provided for the haemoglobin disorders worldwide. Unfortunately personality or ego issues and lack or inexperience of strategic planning have always proved to be major drawbacks in achieving collective goals for patients. But the biggest obstacle to access to treatment in the years of my early adulthood has been no other than my self. Having finally secured safe and adequate blood, sample chelating agents and excellent medical professionals, I had decided that I had enough and I stopped chelating. I know now that the access to treatment has as much to do with our determination to live and prosper as with the influence of our countrymen to provide to the less privileged. My disorder provided me with much more than I could ever pray for… Thank God.
Pain and Bone Disease: A Patient’s View
Authors: Brunetta L.
Published: January 2012

Pain in thalassemia proves to be an emergent issue even if it is not possible to correlate it definitely to bone disease, but we strongly believe that a multidisciplinary approach, may be as decisive in this case as it was in the struggle against thalassemia. In fact, we strongly believe that the involvement of various specialists such as endocrinologists, orthopedist, anesthesiologist, in a close team coordinated by a specialist in thalassemia is absolutely necessary for achieving our aims. First of all, we need to implement clinical trials to identify the mechanisms of disease, to find the optimal management of the problem in order to provide new therapeutic methods for preventing the thalassemia-induced osteoporosis and to reduce the presence of very disabling pain for patients. Patients’ expectations for the future are to continuously improve the quality of life. To do that it is needed to identify pathways to prevent all the complications of thalassemia that cause widespread pain, above all osteoporosis. Although we have seen that osteoporosis is not the sole cause of pain for thalassemia patients, it is true that this seems to have a great incidence in thalassemia patients and it gives a significant contribute to an increased pain.
Managing the Acute Painful Episode in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Kaya B.
Published: January 2012

Sickle cell pain is a complex but frequently experienced symptom. Acute painful events in children can be managed effectively in the community with appropriate support and education. If hospital management is required, rapid access to a consistent, reliable and safe analgesic pathway is recommended to ensure a good standard of care. Use of oral opiates in addition to short acting easily administrable forms of analgesia and strict adherence to protocoled monitoring will enable the acute event to be well managed and the negative pain experience minimised. An important part of the outpatient evaluation is determining the impact pain events are having on the child’s quality of life. Addressing psycho-social aspects, defining and modifying precipitating factors, if any are identified, and having a holistic approach to pain management is helpful. Education and use of self-management techniques can also be productive. Use of sickle modifying interventions such as hydroxycarbamide therapy or transfusion therapy can have a significant impact on reducing the severity and frequency of the acute pain event.
Counterfeit/Copy Drugs: Patients Safety in the Heart
Authors: Capan Y.
Published: January 2012

Some studies demonstrate that a large proportion of copy drugs contain lower levels of active substances and higher impurity levels than reference drugs. The number of copy drugs failing to meet internationally recognised quality criteria consequences of patients receiving lower doses of active substances than expected. In addition, possible clinical effect of impurities must be considered. Counterfeiting of drugs exhibits a significant and growing threat to human health and public safety.
Haemoglobinopathy Prevention Program in Turkey
Authors: Canatan D.
Published: January 2012

Thalassemia and abnormal haemoglobins are a serious health problem in Turkey. Very important steps for toward preventing thalassemia have been taken in Turkey by Ministry of Health (MOH), Turkish National Haemoglobinopathy Council (TNHC) and Thalassemia Federation of Turkey (TFT) since 2000. In 1993, a law was issued called Fight Against Hereditary Blood Disease especially for thalassemia and haemoglobinopathies. The law commends to prevent haemoglobinopathies and to treat all patients with haemoglobinopathy and thalassemia. A pilot project was started and centres were created in the MOH Hospitals in the southern provinces of Turkey. In 2000, TNHC was installed to combine all centres, foundations, and associations into one organization controlled by the MOH. In 2001, the MOH and the TNHC made an inventory of all recorded patients with thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobins in Turkey, registering at least 4513 patients. In 2002, written regulations for the Fight Against Hereditary Blood Disease were published. MOH and TNHC selected 33 provinces situated in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and South Eastern regions with high birth prevalence of severe haemoglobinopathies. In 2003, the haemoglobinopathy scientific committee was set-up, a guidebook was published and a national Hemoglobinopaty Prevention Program (HPP) was started in these high risk provinces . This program is running in these provinces successfully. In 2005, TFT was established as a secular society organization instead of TNHC. In 2007, National Thalassemia Prevention Campaign (NTPC) was organized for public education by TFT. This campaign contributed very important supporting to HPP in Turkey, because totally 62.682 people such as health workers, students, teachers, demarches, religion officers and the other many people were educated for preventing thalassemia and haemoglobinopathies. In 2009, National Thalassemia Education Seminars (NTES) for health personnel have been planned in 26 cities by MOH and TFT. A total 3.600 health persons were educated on thalassemia prevention and therapy with NTES in 18 centres in 2009 and 2010. In conclusion, according to reports of MOH, 46 first level haemoglobinopathy diagnosis centres, 5 second level diagnosis and therapy centre and 5 third level prenatal diagnosis centre were setup and licenced in 30 cities between 2003 and 2009. While premarital screening tests were 30% of all couples in 2003, it increased continuously during 6 years and it reached 81% in 2008. The number of new born with thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies was 272 in 2002, it was decreased to 23 in 2008, as a result there has been an 90% reduction in new affected births.
Novel Therapeutic Agents for HbF Induction: A New Era for Treatment of β Thalassemia?
Authors: Perrine S.P.
Published: January 2012

Fetal globin is endogenous, normally integrated in hematopoietic stem cells in all humans, and available for reactivation. Inducing expression of fetal globin (γ-globin) gene expression to 60–70% of α globin synthesis produces β-thalassemia trait globin synthetic ratios, and has been shown to reduce anemia to mild levels which do not require regular blood transfusion. Several classes of therapeutics have induced γ-globin expression in β thalassemia patients, raised total hemoglobin levels, and even eliminated transfusion requirements in formerly transfusion-dependent patients, demonstrating proof-of-concept of the approach. However, prior generations of therapeutics were not readily feasible for widespread use. Currently, several recently discovered oral therapeutic candidates are more potent and/ or patientfriendly, requiring low oral doses, have distinct molecular mechanisms of action, and can be used in combination regimens. Tailoring therapeutic regimens to patient subsets stratified for solely β+ or a β0 globin mutation, and for quantitative trait loci (QTL) which modulate HbF and clinical severity, can guide more effective and informative clinical trials. These advancements provide methods for a rational approach to applying fetal globin gene induction in therapeutic regimens suitable for use in diverse thalassemia patient populations world-wide.
Electron-cylotron maser radiation from electron holes: downward current region
Authors: Treumann R. A. , Baumjohann W. , Pottelette R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The electron-cyclotron maser emission theory from electron holes is applied to holes generated in the downward current region of the aurora. It is argued that the main background auroral kilometric radiation source may still be located in the upward current region electron-ring (horseshoe) distribution while the fine structure is caused by electron holes predominantly in the downward current region. There the existence of electron holes is well established and electron densities are high enough for substantial maser growth rates. Trapping of radiation by the holes provides strong amplification. Upward motion of holes favours the escape of radiation both, from the holes and from the downward current region, into the upward current region. Since upward and downward current regions always exist simultaneously, they are acting in tandem in generating auroral kilometric radiation and its fine structure by the same mechanism though in different ways. This mechanism solves the long-standing problem of auroral kilometric radiation fine structure.
Short Communication: Flexure delicacies
Authors: Henein S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Flexures are nowadays enjoying a new boom in numerous high-precision and extreme-environment applications. The paper presents some delicate issues concerning stiffness compensation, large reduction ratios, as well as rectilinear and circular movements in compliant mechanisms. Novel concrete technical solutions to these well-known issues are described, giving a glimpse into the vast and still largely unexploited potential of flexure mechanisms manufactured by wire-electrical-discharge machining.
Initial sea-ice growth in open water: properties of grease ice and nilas
Authors: Naumann A. K. , Notz D. , Håvik L. , Sirevaag A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. To investigate initial sea-ice growth in open water, we carried out an ice-tank study with three different setups: grease ice grew in experiments with waves and in experiments with a current and wind, while nilas formed in a quiescent experimental setup. In this paper we focus on the differences in bulk salinity, solid fraction and thickness between these two ice types. We find that the bulk salinity of the grease-ice layer remains almost constant until the ice starts to consolidate. In contrast, the bulk salinity of nilas is in the first hours of ice formation well described by a linear decrease of 2.1 g kg−1 h−1 independent of air temperature. Such rapid decrease in bulk salinity can be understood qualitatively in the light of a Rayleigh number, the maximum of which is reached while the nilas is still less than 1 cm thick. Comparing three different methods to measure solid fraction in grease ice based on (a) salt conservation, (b) mass conservation and (c) energy conservation, we find that the method based on salt conservation does not give reliable results if the salinity of the interstitial water is approximated as being equal to the salinity of the upper water layer. Instead the increase in salinity of the interstitial water during grease-ice formation must be taken into account. We find that the solid fraction of grease ice is relatively constant with values of 0.25, whereas it increases to values as high as 0.5 as soon as the grease ice consolidates at its surface. In contrast, the solid fraction of nilas increases continuously in the first hours of ice formation. The ice thickness is found to be twice as large in the first 24 h of ice formation in the setup with a current and wind compared to the other two setups, since the wind keeps parts of the water surface ice free. The development of the ice thickness can be reproduced well with simple, one dimensional models given only the air temperature or the ice surface temperature.
Impression cytology of the ocular surface and tear function in patients with periocular vitiligo
Authors: Serin Didem , Buttanri Ibrahim Bulent , Parlak Ali Haydar , Boran Cetin , Tirak Erkan
Published: January 2012

Purpose

We evaluated the ocular surface and tear function in patients with periocular vitiligo in this prospective, case-control study.

Methods

Sixty eyes of 30 vitiligo patients with periocular involvement and 100 eyes of 50 control subjects were included in the study. Patients and control subjects were compared for Schirmer test and tear film break-up time (BUT) results and impression cytology findings graded according to Nelson's classification.

Results

The mean BUT value was 9.5±4.1 seconds in patients with periocular vitiligo and 13.1±4.2 seconds in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.005). Thirty-seven eyes (61.7%) in the vitiligo group and 28 eyes (28.0%) in the control group had BUT values less than 10 seconds (p<0.001). The mean Schirmer test value was 14.6±4.3 mm in patients with periocular vitiligo and 15.1±4.4 mm in the control group (p>0.05). Nineteen eyes (31.7%) in patients with periocular vitiligo and 8 eyes (8.0%) in the control group had grade 2–3 changes according to Nelson's classification (p<0.001). Three eyes (5.0%) in the periocular vitiligo group and none of the eyes in the control group had inflammation signs in the impression cytology analysis.

Conclusions

In patients with periocular vitiligo, ocular surface and tear function alterations may occur. Further studies on ocular surface involvement in periocular vitiligo patients may help to increase understanding of the pathophysiology of vitiligo.
Shades of Authority
Authors: James Stephen
Published: January 2012

What is the relationship between poetry and power? Should poetry be considered a mode of authority or an impotent medium? And why is it that the modern poets most commonly regarded as authoritative are precisely those whose works wrestle with a sense of artistic inadequacy? Such questions lie at the heart of this study, prompting fresh insights into three of the most important poets of recent decades: Robert Lowell, Geoffrey Hill and Seamus Heaney. Through attentive close reading and the tracing of dominant motifs in each writers works, James shows how their responsiveness to matters of political and cultural import lends weight to the idea of poetry as authoritative utterance, as a medium for speaking of and to the world in a persuasive, memorable manner. And yet, as James demonstrates, each poet is exercised by an awareness of his own cultural marginality, even by a sense of the limitations and liabilities of language itself.
Nuclear Papers
Authors: Owen David
Published: January 2012

This timely book, published in advance of 2010s inter-governmental Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, makes available for the first time newly declassified government correspondence from David Owens tenure as Foreign Secretary. Nuclear Papers gives new insight into the work of, and response to, the last major strategic nuclear study of the UKs nuclear needs, which was undertaken in 1978. The book demonstrates sustained dialogue between the Callaghan and Carter administrations on the one hand but also the internal disputes and concerns of the UK government as the Cold War and a bleak economic outlook exerted equal pressures, in much the same way as recent foreign policy and the economic downturn have challenged the current government. Owen skilfully ties the events of 30 years ago to the present, highlighting Barack Obamas determination to show the world that America believes in its existing commitment under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to work ultimately to eliminate all nuclear arms. As ever, David Owen is at the forefront of debate, arguing convincingly that momentum should be established towards the elimination of nuclear weapons by all five of the existing declared nuclear weapon states before the 2010 NPT Review Conference gets underway. This book, then, is an attempt to rejuvenate and expand discussions of the future of the worlds nuclear weapons by exploring the classified and highly sensitive debates of the past. It will be required reading for anyone interested in UK and US nuclear policy.
The BBC at the Watershed
Authors: Bloomfield Kenneth
Published: January 2012

On 12 September 1988 the BBC news carried the story of the attempted assassination of Sir Kenneth Bloomfield, then Head of the Civil Service in Northern Ireland. In the aftermath of this event Gerry Adams used the media to warn all other Civil Service collaborators that they were under threat from the IRA. In response Margaret Thatcher introduced the broadcasting ban, ensuring that terrorists were unable to freely articulate threats through the British media. Though the ban was not advocated by Ken Bloomfield, this event provided his first major role in the contemporary history of the BBC.From 1927-2007 the Board of Governors of the BBC regulated the Corporation and represented the public in its management. Ken Bloomfield served as Regional Governor for Northern Ireland, Head of the BBC Audit Committee, and Chair of the Northern Ireland Broadcasting Council from 1991-1999, one of the longest terms in that position. During this time he brought considerable political and managerial experience to the Corporation in a period of uncertainty and change, presiding over a challenging period within Northern Ireland but also within at least two revolutions within the BBC. Bloomfield was the only Governor to serve on the Board through the entire period from John Birts accession to the Director Generalship to the choice of Greg Dyke to succeed him. He offers critical judgements on the Birt and Dyke regimes, and on the Hutton Inquiry and events leading up to and following it. He expresses regret at the replacement of Governors by a Trust and examines the challenges facing the Corporation today.
Underground Writing
Authors: Welsh David
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this book is to explore the ways in which the London Underground/ Tube was mapped by a number of writers from George Gissing to Virginia Woolf. From late Victorian London to the end of the World War II, underground writing created an imaginative world beneath the streets of London. The real subterranean railway was therefore re-enacted in number of ways in writing, including as Dantean Underworld or hell, as gateway to a utopian future, as psychological looking- glass or as place of safety and security. The book is a chronological study from the opening of the first underground in the 1860s to its role in WW2. Each chapter explores perspectives on the underground in a number of writers, starting with George Gissing in the 1880s, moving through the work of H. G. Wells and into the writing of the 1920s & 1930s including Virginia Woolf and George Orwell. It concludes with its portrayal in the fiction, poetry and art (including Henry Moore) of WW2. The approach takes a broadly cultural studies perspective, crossing the boundaries of transport history, literature and London/ urban studies. It draws mainly on fiction but also uses poetry, art, journals, postcards and posters to illustrate. It links the actual underground trains, tracks and stations to the metaphorical world of underground writing and places the writing in a social/ political context.
Arsenic—Environmental Impact, Health Effects, and Remediation Methods
Authors: Ahuja Satinder
Published: January 2012

The pollution of drinking water with arsenic from natural sources is a major hazard in many countries. Furthermore, arsenic from anthropogenic sources can present some additional concerns. Because groundwater contaminated with arsenic is used for irrigation purposes, it can lead to accumulation of soil with this toxic element, and eventual exposure to the food chain through plant uptake and animal consumption. The health effects from arsenic intake include dark spots on the chest, back, limbs, and gums; enlargement of the liver, kidneys, and spleen. Patients may develop nephropathy, hepatopathy, gangrene, or cancers of the skin, lung, or bladder. As a result, the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 ppb for drinking water has been approved by many countries. Sensitive methods for detecting arsenic at low levels are provided, and various economical approaches to remediate groundwater contamination are discussed at some length.
Manganese and Manganese Alloys
Authors: Matricardi Louis R. , Downing James
Published: January 2012

Manganese belongs to Group 7 (VII) in the Periodic Table. Manganese is a gray metal resembling iron and is hard and brittle. Manganese occurs in many minerals and is widely distributed in the earth's crust. World resources of manganese are large, but irregularly distributed. The United States has no deposits of manganese ores of value. A potentially important future source of manganese is in the deep sea nodules found over large areas of the ocean.

The greatest application of manganese is in ferrous metallurgy. Ferromanagense is produced in blast furnaces in a process similar to the production of iron. Electric furnaces are used for smelting ferromangnese. Silicomanganese is an alloy of manganese and iron containing up to 12.5 to 18.5% silicon which provides the steel industry with two most important alloying and deoxidizing elements consumed in steel production. Manganese metal can be produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions. This process can produce manganese that is 99.9% pure. Manganese in trace amounts is an essential element for both plants and animals and is among the trace elements least toxic to mammals, including humans. Manganese metal main use is in the steel‐making industry. It is also used in aluminum beverage can manufacture, in automobiles, cookware, radiators, and roofing. Nonmetallurgical purposes include dry cell batteries, in plant fertilizer, in animal feed, and as a brick colorant.
Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Sajanlal P. R. , Pradeep T.
Published: January 2012

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been the most extensively studied systems in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology as a result of their fascinating physical and chemical properties. Diversity in the modes of preparation, unique properties, and unusual stability in comparison with related materials make GNPs ideal for a vast array of applications in chemistry, biology, engineering, and medicine. An overview of the fascinating area of GNPs is presented here. The rich history of GNPs is briefly reviewed followed by a concise description of various pioneering synthetic strategies and their properties. Important aspects of novel anisotropic GNPs and assembled gold nanostructures are briefly described in the subsequent sections. A few interesting aspects of supported GNPs have also been outlined. We have highlighted important applications of GNPs and have given a special mention of a new category of ultrasmall materials of gold known as quantum clusters. The article ends with the new directions of GNPs and outlines the prospects of future applications.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003a]
Authors: Hahn J.U. , Assenmacher‐Maiworm H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration solutions

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for high‐performance liquid chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recoveries

Limits of quantification

Shelf‐life

Blank values

Standard chromatogram
Dieselmotoremissionen [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2006b]
Authors: Messmer W. , Wieschenkämper I.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 15. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2006

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien und Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Vorbereitung der Filter

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Arbeitsbedingungen

Konditionierung der Messapparatur

Bestimmung des Gesamtkohlenstoffes

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Ergebnisse von Vergleichsmessungen

Diskussion
Diesel particulate matter [Air Monitoring Methods, 2007b]
Authors: Messmer W. , Wieschenkämper I.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 10 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals and solutions

Sampling and preparation of samples

Preparation of the filters

Sampling

Preparation of samples

Operating conditions

Conditioning of the measuring apparatus

Determination of total carbon

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of detection and limit of quantification

Results from comparative measurements

Discussion of the method
Lackaerosole [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2000]
Authors: Auffarth J. , Hebisch R. , Rentel K.‐H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 12. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte und Chemikalien

Geräte

Chemikalien

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Vorbehandlung der Filter

Vorbehandlung der Adsorptionsröhrchen

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Kalibrierung

Analytische Bestimmung

Bestimmung der Partikel

Bestimmung der Lösemittel

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Berechnung der Konzentration der Lackpartikel

Berechnung der Konzentration der gesammelten Lösemitteldämpfe

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Ergebnisse von Vergleichsmessungen

Diskussion
Lackaerosole [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2003a]
Authors: Friedrich C. , Hennig M. , Lichtenstein N.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 13. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Verwendete Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenträgervorbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Bestimmung der Partikel

Kalibrierung

Bestimmung der Lösemittel

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Bestimmung der Partikel

Berechnung der Konzentration der Lösemitteldämpfe

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Ergebnisse von Vergleichsmessungen

Diskussion
Lackaerosole [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2003b]
Authors: Dahmann D. , Fricke H.‐H. , Möcklinghoff K.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 13. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Kalibrierstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Vorbehandlung der Filter

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Bestimmung der Partikel

Kalibrierung

Bestimmung der Lösemittel

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Bestimmung der Partikel

Berechnung der Konzentration der Lösemitteldämpfe

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Ergebnisse von Vergleichsmessungen

Diskussion
Lacquer aerosols [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003a]
Authors: Auffarth J. , Hebisch R. , Rentel K.‐H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Sample collection and preparation

Pretreatment of the filters

Pretreatment of the adsorption tubes

Sample collection

Sample preparation

Calibration

Analytical determination

Determination of the particles

Determination of the solvents

Calculation of the analytical result

Calculation of the concentration of the particles

Calculation of the concentration of the solvent vapour

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Discussion of the method
Lacquer aerosols [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003b]
Authors: Friedrich C. , Hennig M. , Lichtenstein N.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Preparing the sampling tubes

Sample collection

Sample preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Determination of the particles

Calibration

Determination of the solvents

Calculation of the analytical result

Calculation of the concentration of the particles

Calculation of the concentration of the solvent vapour

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Sources of error

Results of comparative studies

Discussion of the method
Lacquer aerosols [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003c]
Authors: Dahmann D. , Fricke H.‐H. , Möcklinghoff K.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Pretreatment of the filters

Sample collection

Sample preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Determination of the particles

Calibration

Determination of the solvents

Calculation of the analytical result

Calculation of the concentration of the particles

Calculation of the concentration of the solvent vapour

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Sources of error

Results of round robin tests

Discussion of the method
Lösemittelgemische [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1998a]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Aufbereitung der Sammelphase

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Injektion

Trennbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Richtigkeit

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002a]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Sample collection

Preparation of the sample

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Injection

Chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Specificity

Discussion of the method
Lösemittelgemische [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1998b]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung der Probenträger

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Richtigkeit

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002b]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Sample collection

Preparation of the sample

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Specificity

Discussion of the method
Lösemittelgemische [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1998c]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Aufbereitung der Sammelphase

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses bei Aktivsammlung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Richtigkeit

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002c]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Sample collection

Preparation of the sample

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Calculation of the analytical result after active sampling

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Specificity

Discussion of the method
Lösemittelgemische [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1998d]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Kalibrierstandard

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Aufbereitung der Sammelphase

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Richtigkeit

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002d]
Authors: Angerer J. , Flammenkamp E. , Hebisch R. , Krämer W. , Kuck M. , Lichtenstein N. , Risse U. , Schröter U. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standard

Sample collection and preparations

Sample collection

Preparation of the sample

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Specificity

Discussion of the method