bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leisure in the British Atlantic World
Authors: Zacek Natalie
Published: October 2020

Play and recreation are sometimes considered to be less significant elements of culture in general and of individual societies than aspects such as work, politics, religion, the arts, and domestic life, but archaeological excavations and textual sources alike indicate that leisure pastimes have been and remain ubiquitous in past and present human societies. Because the very term “play” implies an activity that is the province of children, or which, when applied to adults, is inherently frivolous, or, within some religious or cultural contexts, even sinful, the historical and sociological study of this concept is not as developed as those that relate to what are widely believed to be more important subjects in the study of individual or communal life of the past. Yet even societies as regimented with respect to daily life and as concerned with the proper use of time as that of Puritan New England have been revealed to have included forms of recreation for children and adults alike. The historiography of the early modern Atlantic world includes numerous monographs, journal articles, and other types of scholarly works that depict practices of play and recreation throughout the colonial Americas, and among people of European, African, Native American, and mixed heritage in rural and urban contexts alike. The sources that are listed in this article describe activities and sites of leisure that range from wrestling matches between enslaved men on Southern plantations to fishing trips undertaken by elite Philadelphia clubmen to civic festivities in colonial Peru, and they depict the importance of such activities both among those whose lives centered on labor (free or unfree) and among those who were able to dedicate themselves to the enjoyment of leisure.
Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Plouffe Michael
Published: October 2020

Foreign direct investment (FDI), which is defined by the ownership and control of foreign productive assets by a multinational corporation or enterprise (MNC/MNE), is a core component of economic globalization, particularly in industries where production is commonly characterized by cross-national processes and transactions. The rapid growth in FDI following the end of World War II created new governance challenges, both for the home governments of MNCs and the hosts of their investments. For many host governments in the developing world, foreign-owned assets proved to be a lucrative target for nationalization activities, while MNCs and their home-state governments sought to protect these same investments. These efforts led to the rise of what has developed into the modern investment treaty regime, which itself provides protection for a wide range of international investments, extending well beyond FDI. Concerns over the structure and breadth of disputes have contributed to a new range of political clashes over the same sorts of sovereignty-driven issues that dogged the treatment of earlier investments.
The Politics of Waste and Social Inequalities in Indian Cities
Authors: Mirza Shireen
Published: October 2020

Waste studies is premised on the understanding that waste is not essentially dirty or invaluable, but rather an arena through which classification, social boundaries, and state-making takes place. Mary Douglas’s structural approach in Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (2002) forms the cornerstone of waste studies by seeing waste as “matter out of place.” It explores the social function of waste as posing a problem of the unknown, disorderly and disturbing. The terming of something as “disorderly,” “risky,” “insanitary,” or “polluted,” Douglas argues, constitutes dominant power structures of states and scientific and religious institutions that determine the drawing of individual, social, and cultural boundaries. Douglas’s insights are used to recognize the ways the categories of value-non-value, norm-exception, structure-deviation, nature-culture, and object-subject get made. As a constructed category, waste in the context of Indian cities is seen to exacerbate existing class inequalities as well as to express and reify caste structures, together constituting a distinct postcolonial urbanism. Urban waste practices lay bare disjunctures of India’s postcolonial modernity in the everyday functioning of the state, labor, and economy for urban sanitation, which deploy caste-community labor of the former untouchable castes for waste-work. At the same time, colonially constituted sanitary science and advanced waste technology adopted by municipalities frame a circular relationship between poverty and disease, deeming the urban poor, their dwellings in crowded slums, and the work of sanitation as the cause of filth, squalor, and the contamination of cities. The prevalence and dominance of particular cultures of sanitation can be linked to social location, including an intersection of caste, class, minority, linguistic, and gender identities, requiring a political understanding of social interests within urban governance and the science of sanitation. In describing these disjunctures at the heart of India’s urbanism, this review will outline five conceptual tropes through which waste in Indian cities has been viewed: (1) as a common resource in a fluid terrain of property rights; (2) as informal and enabling the right to the city; (3) in terms of the colonial making of waste infrastructure, as highly unequal and differentiated; (4) as socially reproducing stigmatized caste labor through a social division of purity and pollution; and (5) as involving multiple stakeholders, including private initiatives, neoliberal policies, international networks, and global circuits.
Mass Incarceration in the United States and its Collateral Consequences
Authors: Mingo Meaghan , Haskins Anna R.
Published: October 2020

Mass incarceration is characterized by comparatively and historically extreme rates of imprisonment in the United States, which rose drastically from the early 1970s through 2007 or so. Disproportionately affecting young, Black men from neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage, many factors contributed to the steady increase in incarceration from the early 1970s forward. While rising crime rates and harsh societal attitudes toward those convicted of crimes played a part, scholars largely argue that increases in both the likelihood of imprisonment for committing a crime and the length of prison sentences drove the increase in incarceration. Supported by more-intensive and place-based forms of policing, individuals and entire communities faced increasing contact with the criminal justice system. Underlying these policy changes lay deeper social, political, and economic drivers, which often varied by state or other jurisdictions. Ultimately, policy changes mandating longer sentences for repeat offenses (such as three-strike laws) and state and federal laws that increased the length of prison sentences for drug-related and violent crime led to a rising incarceration rate, which meant that far more Americans were serving time and for much-longer sentences than ever before. While the rate of incarceration for men has started to decline slightly, rates for women have risen. During the first two decades of the 21st century, researchers have increasingly focused their efforts on understanding and documenting the collateral consequences of mass incarceration. Beyond the individuals directly impacted, incarceration affects the lives of children and families, neighborhoods, communities, and broader society. Individuals and families especially experience detrimental effects in the education, labor market, and health spheres, while communities suffer “spillover effects,” with even those not directly touched by incarceration affected. With nearly one in thirty-six adults living under some form of correctional supervision (whether in prison or jail, or on probation or parole), and many others “marked” by their past experience with the system, mass incarceration has touched the lives of millions of Americans. Further, racial disparities throughout each phase of the criminal justice system, including in policing, arrest, conviction, and sentencing, have resulted in Americans of color disproportionately experiencing incarceration and its attendant effects. As such, mass incarceration is understood to be a major contributor to 21st-century American inequality along lines of race, class, and gender.
Future-Focused Education
Authors: Gilbert Jane
Published: October 2020

‘Future-focused education’ is not an easily definable or coherent body of knowledge. It is best described as an emerging cluster of ideas, beliefs, theories, and practices drawn from many sources, within and outside education, that are mobilized in different ways to support different purposes. The unifying idea, if there is one, is the contention that major change is needed in education if it is to meet future needs. However, there is little consensus on what these needs are or how they are best met. Educationists started to talk about future-focused education thirty or forty years ago, but although we use many new words, our education systems have not changed very much. In today’s context, future-focused education work has several very different strands. In one influential strand, education’s links to work and the economy are foregrounded. This work emphasizes the skills people need to participate—and drive economic growth—in today’s knowledge-based, networked economies, and argues that education’s purpose is to develop them. These skills are many and varied. In some work they are called the “4Cs”: creativity, critical thinking, collaboration and communication. But references to a range of other ‘soft’ skills— for example, innovation, agility, entrepreneurship, digital literacy, and design thinking—are common. Learning is also emphasized: Education’s primary purpose is to foster ‘learning skills’ and the ‘disposition’ for independent, lifelong learning. Other strands of future-focused education work are strongly critical of the focus on work skills and learning. For some educationists, this focus is linked with, and driven by, the demands of global capitalism, not by educational considerations. Others say that it is based on impoverished views of both education and the future. Educational futurists argue that major change is needed to build the higher-order, more ‘evolved’ forms of thinking everyone needs to function well in a world characterized by uncertainty and complexity. In other strands, educationists explore how changes in the meaning and use of knowledge, increased cultural diversity, and the sustainability movement strongly challenge prevailing notions of curriculum. Others have worked on reorienting traditional curriculum content to be not an end in itself but a context for building “learning power” and the “C-skills” of creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, innovation, and so on. In policy contexts, future-focused education is rhetorically linked to many other concepts, including personalization, inclusion, school-community partnerships, sustainability, citizenship, enterprise, digital literacies, computational thinking, innovative learning environments, and competencies. For space reasons, not all of these concepts are covered here.
Open Access
Authors: Baker Stewart
Published: October 2020

Put simply, “open access” is the sharing of scholarly research at no cost to end users. Although it was first popularized in the Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin statements in 2002 and 2003, there is still no universally agreed-upon definition for the term. At a minimum, a work must be freely available at no cost. Most proponents agree, additionally, that work must be released under a license that allows for it to be freely copied, used, and modified to qualify as open access. Although open access typically refers to scholarly journal articles, it can also be applied to monographs, gray literature, and other types of scholarly and nonscholarly work. Research is made available as open access in a number of ways. The two main models are “green” open access, where published works are placed in a free-to-access repository, and “gold” open access, where journals publish articles under a license that allows readers free access to their contents. In the nearly twenty years since the first open access declarations, its proponents have been broadly successful in propagating the movement’s ideals, with the result that more and more research in many subject areas has been made available under a green, gold, or other open access model. Many studies have shown that publishing a work as open access increases the number of citations it receives and improves its scores on a variety of metrics, although not all studies show a positive relationship. The growing support for open access, and upcoming initiatives like Plan S, in which a consortium of funders will require open access publishing as a condition of receiving funding, as well as continuing interest in open access from scholars, libraries, publishers, funders, and societies alike, means that open access is set to become ever more relevant to those studying scholarly communications, and research on the topic continues to grow accordingly. Research about open access is often practical in nature, and typically comes from scholars and researchers of scholarly communication, the publishing industry, or library and information science; however, because the benefits of open access apply to those in nearly all fields of study, researchers should be prepared to find studies and proponents that are interdisciplinary in nature or are published in journals outside of the sphere of communications.
Archaeology and the Body
Authors: Wesp Julie K. , Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: October 2020

The body has become a central focus of archaeological research as practitioners ask questions about the role of individual human beings, their engagement with things, and the effects of embodied actions in the past. The body can serve as a starting point for analyzing diversity in past populations in terms of sex, gender, status, ethnicity, ability, and other aspects of identity. Study of the human body allows practitioners to reconstruct how culture change affected portions of populations in different ways. Archaeologists draw on a wide range of social theories from allied disciplines that have explored gender, race, ability, and philosophical understandings of living in a body to explore how material remains of past populations can be used to provide temporal depth to questions about embodiment. Archaeologists employ a variety of materials to address embodiment, ranging from human skeletal remains, materials used as clothing and adornment, tools employed as extensions of the body, and objects and immobile features that structure embodied experiences. This diversity of materials facilitates examination of similarly diverse research questions, including phenomenological understandings of how the world is experienced through the body and the senses; how cultural practices modified bodies; how visual culture, including representations of bodies, create and change body ideologies; and how skeletal remains were shaped by daily life in the past. In recent years, archaeologists have begun to reflect on the ethical implications of archaeological research on human bodies and how this research can be conducted to include perspectives from descendant communities and the public regarding research questions and the presentation of results. Archaeologists also consider how their own experiences are shaped by working with human remains.
Individual Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Meloni Chantal
Published: October 2020

The recognition of individual criminal responsibility under international law is relatively recent. The commission of mass atrocities during the 20th century prompted the international community to recognize that individuals can be criminally responsible directly under international law and to work for the establishment of an international criminal court having jurisdiction on international crimes committed by individuals. Thus, after World War II, the principle was established that individuals—and not only states—can be the addressee of obligations, commit crimes, and therefore bear criminal responsibility directly under international law. As affirmed by the judges sitting in Nuremberg: “Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced.” As a consequence, it is now undisputed that individuals shall be punished for the commission of crimes under international law (or “international crimes”) that seriously damage the interest of the international community as a whole, so that the goals of prevention and deterrence can be achieved. This principle is now well expressed in the Preamble of the Rome Statute of 1998, where it affirms that “the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole must not go unpunished” and that the International Criminal Court aims “to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes and thus to contribute to the prevention of such crimes.” The attribution of criminal responsibility to individuals does not exclude that states can be held responsible for the violations of international law that also potentially amount to international crimes; however, individual criminal responsibility under international law possesses the same legal nature as the criminal responsibility under domestic law, whereas the responsibility of states is of an international/civil nature. Given the macro-criminal dimension of the crimes at stake, which normally involve the state apparatus and are committed by an organized group or in a systematic manner, the process of “individualization” of the responsibility encounters more than one challenge. First, the issue of immunities for heads of states and other subjects under international law; second, the regulation of the modes of liability, which need to take into account the collective dimension of commission of international crimes. To overcome some of the difficulties, the rules of attribution of criminal liability to individuals had been partly reinterpreted and new modes of liability developed. Moreover, the principle of personal culpability excludes collective and strict liability. As a consequence, several grounds to exclude criminal responsibility are recognized. Finally, the enforcement of individual criminal responsibility for international crimes is the real challenge in a context of collective commission and macro-dimension of the crimes, where, moreover, the mechanisms of enforcement are not homogeneous.
Washington Irving
Authors: Scraba Jeffrey
Published: October 2020

Washington Irving (b. 1783–d. 1859) had a long and diverse career as an author and public figure. Irving first published satirical essays (as “Jonathan Oldstyle”) for his brother Peter’s newspaper in 1802–1803. He collaborated with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding on the 1807–1808 satirical periodical Salmagundi, which was wildly popular in New York. A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809), narrated by the fictitious xenophobic historian Diedrich Knickerbocker, was at once an accurate history of New Amsterdam, a satire on Thomas Jefferson’s administration, and a meditation on the writing of history. Irving moved to Europe in 1815 as an agent for his brothers’ business, but after the business went bankrupt in 1818, Irving set about making a living through his writing. The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon (1819–1820) was published nearly simultaneously in installments in the United States and the United Kingdom to secure copyright in both; it was an immediate success and was lauded on both sides of the Atlantic. His attempts to follow up this initial success with similar collections of tales and sketches (Bracebridge Hall [1822] and Tales of a Traveller [1824]) met with considerably less commercial and critical success. Invited to Spain in 1824 to translate newly available documents from Columbus’ expeditions, Irving instead produced The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), which became the standard English-language account of Columbus and went through 175 editions in the United States and Europe. Irving’s subsequent travels in southern Spain produced A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and the immensely popular “Spanish Sketch-Book,” The Alhambra (1832). During this period Irving also produced a biography of the Prophet Muhammad, which was eventually published in 1849 as Mahomet and His Successors. Irving finally returned to the United States in 1832, almost immediately participating in an expedition preparing for Indian removal, which was recounted in A Tour on the Prairies (1835). John Jacob Astor then commissioned him to write Astoria (1836), a history of the fur-trading colony, while he also collected materials for another Western narrative, The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837). Apart from a period as American Minister to Spain (1842–1846), during which he mediated on behalf of Isabella II during the Carlist Wars, Irving spent much of the rest of his life building his Hudson Valley home called Sunnyside. His final work was the monumental five-volume Life of George Washington (1855–1859). Not only was Irving the first American writer to achieve international celebrity, but he served as a US ambassador; revived tourist interest in Andalusia; shaped the profession of authorship in America and Europe; produced the first comprehensive histories of New Amsterdam/New York, Columbus, and the founder of Islam in English; and wrote the first and perhaps best-known American short stories.
Julian Barnes
Authors: Guignery Vanessa
Published: October 2020

Julian Barnes (b. 1946) is an English novelist, short story writer, and essayist who received considerable praise in 1984 with the publication of Flaubert’s Parrot, a book that, together with A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters (1989), defies categorization. Barnes belongs to a generation of British writers (including Martin Amis, Pat Barker, Kazuo Ishiguro, Ian McEwan, Salman Rushdie, and Graham Swift) who came to prominence in the 1980s at a time when suspicion toward the main tenets of realism, foundational grand narratives‚ and the figure of the stable and reliable narrator led many authors to disrupt and subvert conventional modes, favor historiographical metafiction and postmodernist skepticism‚ and experiment with narrative strategies. Thus, a number of scholars have examined Barnes’s work through the prism of postmodernism on the grounds of the metafictional dimension of some of his books, his transgression of realist strategies and reliance on various forms of intertextuality, and his mistrust of truth claims and fondness for fragmentation, polyphony‚ and generic hybridity. Several of his books (fictional and nonfictional) have been analyzed for the way in which they challenge the borders that separate existing genres, texts, arts‚ and languages and, thereby, oscillate among novel, essay, biography‚ and meditation. However‚ the restrictive label of postmodernism can apply to only part of Barnes’s production‚ as other novels published throughout his career are inscribed within a more conventional and realistic framework—in particular, such early books as Metroland (1980), Before She Met Me (1981), and Staring at the Sun (1986)—and his most recent production is marked by a less ironic and subversive mood and a more personal, subdued‚ and melancholy tone, for example in The Sense of an Ending (2011), which won the Man Booker Prize; The Noise of Time (2016); and The Only Story (2018). Barnes has also been praised for his art as an essayist and a short-story writer. Drawing from a variety of critical and theoretical approaches, scholars have examined such recurrent themes and concerns in Barnes’s work as memory, art, love, longing, death, or Englishness. They have also probed his self-reflexive questioning relating to the evasiveness of truth, the irretrievability of the past, the construction of national identity‚ and the relationship between fact and fiction.
Latinas and Soccer: An Understudied Population
Authors: Pescador Juan Javier
Published: October 2020

The history of the participation of Latinas in sports, leisure and recreational activities has been neglected by both historians of American women and researchers on the history of Latinas/os in the United States. The contribution of Latinas to soccer organizations, soccer leagues, soccer fields and soccer teams is a vastly unexplored territory mainly because of the resistance of historians of American women to incorporate Latinas in the national narrative and the negligence of Latino researchers in recognizing the presence and role of Latinas in the world of sports and recreation in the United States. This double inattention is not only rooted in the nativist shaping of the perspectives on the studies of American women and soccer, but also in the prevalent views inside Latino families, and sometimes Latino scholars, that soccer is a sport for men and, along with boxing, baseball and other sports, is a unique venue to display and assert Latino masculinity.
Cryptococcus Species Other Than Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: Are They Clinically Significant?
Authors: Cano Edison J , Yetmar Zachary A , Razonable Raymund R
Published: October 2020

Background

Cryptococcus spp is a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, primarily due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. There are occasional reports of other Cryptococcus species causing invasive human disease. However, their epidemiology and clinical significance are not fully defined. We sought to describe cases with cultures positive for Cryptococcus species other than C neoformans and C gattii.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive analysis of clinical and laboratory data of patients with cultures growing Cryptococcus species other than C neoformans and C gattii from November 2011 to February 2019 was performed. Three Mayo Clinic sites in Arizona, Florida, and Minnesota were included.

Results

From 176 cases with a culture growing Cryptococcus spp, 54 patients (30%) had a culture for Cryptococcus other than C neoformans and C gattii in the study time frame. The most common species were Cryptococcus magnus, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Cryptococcus ater. The organisms were isolated and identified in culture of bronchoalveolar lavage (11), skin (11), urine (7), oral (4), sinus (3), intraoperative soft tissue (3), sputum (2), synovial fluid (2), cerebrospinal fluid (2), and intravenous catheter (2), among others (7).

Only 8 (15%) cases were considered to be potentially pathogenic, with 1 case of invasive disease. Antifungal treatment was fluconazole, itraconazole, and griseofulvin, for a mean systemic antifungal duration of 42 days.

Conclusions

This large series of patients with Cryptococcus spp other than C neoformans and C gattii suggests that these species rarely cause clinically significant infection in humans. Only 1 case of invasive disease was found.
Early Rehabilitation in Acute Care Inpatient Wards May Be Crucial to Functional Recovery 3 Months After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Wang Ching-Yi , Chen Yueh-Chi , Wang Chun-Hou
Published: October 2020

Objective

Early rehabilitation in acute care inpatient wards may maximize functional outcome at 3 months after stroke in survivors of stroke. It is unknown whether functional change during acute care hospitalization is significantly associated with functional recovery at 3 months in survivors of acute stroke. The purposes of this study were to examine the association of the Barthel Index (BI) at 3 months with functional change as measured with the Barthel Index (ΔBI) in an acute care inpatient ward and to identify the factors associated with ΔBI and who could benefit from an early rehabilitation program.

Methods

In this prospective longitudinal study, 76 patients with ischemic stroke in an acute care inpatient ward received early rehabilitation of up to 2 sessions per day for 5 d/wk during their stay. Therapy density was calculated as the proportion of total therapy sessions completed. At admission and discharge, they were assessed with the BI and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). Demographic and health-related information was also collected. The Barthel Index (BI) was reassessed at 3 months.

Results

ΔBI in the acute care inpatient ward significantly predicted the BI at 3 months, over and above the other significant variables; in addition, therapy density and change in PASS were significantly associated with ΔBI. Patients with moderate initial functional dependence had the largest ΔBI, followed by the group with a more severe condition.

Conclusions

ΔBI in acute care inpatient wards may be an important predictor of the BI at 3 months. Therapy density and change in PASS were significantly associated with ΔBI.

Impact

Survivors of acute stroke who receive up to 2 rehabilitation sessions per day for 5 d/wk early in their hospitalization have better functional recovery at 3 months after stroke.
A “Supportive and Catalytic” Supervisor? UNHCR’s Role in the Global Compact for Refugees
Authors: Kinchin Niamh
Published: October 2020

The Global Compact for Refugees describes UNHCR as its ‘supportive and catalytic’ leader. The ability for UNHCR to negotiate and collaborate within a highly political environment is critical to the Refugee Compact’s ongoing success. However, the Refugee Compact is non-binding, which means that there is no call for UNHCR to exercise its supervisory mandate. By removing the impetus for enforcement, which includes submissions to courts and parliaments, and State admonishment, the Refugee Compact diminishes the non-political elements of UNHCR’s work. The consequence of sidelining UNHCR’s supervisory mandate is that State interests are elevated above those of refugees, which risks diluting principles of international law and human rights. Entrenched problems of voluntary funding are ignored, and whilst robust conversations may flourish within this forum, realizable outcomes will be undermined by ‘endless conversations’ and positive optics. UNHCR’s moral authority, which stems from its embodiment of the protector of refugees, will not act as a motivation for State action. A reconsideration of UNHCR’s role is required in order to allow UNHCR to refocus on its supervisory mandate and to ensure the Refugee Compact can strike a balance between being “entirely non-political in nature” and the reality of international cooperation, which is inherently political.
ZBED6 binding motifs correlate with endogenous retroviruses and Syncytin genes
Authors: Pettersson Mats E , Jern Patric
Published: October 2020

Retroviruses have infiltrated vertebrate germlines for millions of years as inherited endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Mammalian genomes host large numbers of ERVs and transposable elements (TEs), including retrotransposons and DNA transposons, that contribute to genomic innovation and evolution as coopted genes and regulators of diverse functions. To explore features distinguishing coopted ERVs and TEs from other integrations, we focus on the potential role of ZBED6 and repeated ERV domestication as repurposed Syncytin genes. The placental mammal-specific ZBED6 is a DNA transposon-derived transcription regulator and we demonstrate that its binding motifs are associated with distinct Syncytins and that ZBED6 binding motifs are 2- to 3-fold more frequent in ERVs than in flanking DNA. Our observations suggest that ZBED6 could contribute an extended regulatory role of genomic expression, utilizing ERVs as platforms for genomic innovation and evolution.
Revisiting the phylogenetic predicament of the genusHuia(Amphibia: Ranidae) using molecular data and tadpole morphology
Authors: Arifin Umilaela , Chan Kin Onn , Smart Utpal , Hertwig Stefan T , Smith Eric N , Iskandar Djoko T , Haas Alexander
Published: October 2020

Despite a considerable amount of research, the systematics of the ranid genus Huia have remained unresolved, mostly owing to insufficient sampling and morphological similarities. As currently circumscribed, Huia consists of five species, but multiple studies have consistently demonstrated that it is not a monophyletic genus. However, no study has approached the problem with adequate data and provided a systematically sound solution, leaving the genus to languish in a classification that is phylogenetically incoherent. We generated the most comprehensive sampling of Huia to date, based on extensive fieldwork in Java and Sumatra. Using an integrative taxonomy framework, we analysed four mitochondrial and two nuclear markers and, in conjunction with tadpole morphology, investigated the phylogenetics of Huia and its congeners. Corroborating previous studies, Huia is recovered as a paraphyletic group. Huia cavitympanum emerges as the sister taxon to Meristogenys. The remaining members of Huia form a monophyletic group, sister to the H. cavitympanum + Meristogenys clade. Our extensive geographical sampling in Sumatra and Java reveals multiple highly divergent lineages that potentially represent undescribed species. Using our expanded molecular and morphological dataset, we resolve the paraphyly of Huia by restricting the genus to its type species and propose a new genus to accommodate the strongly supported clade of Sumatran and Javan populations previously belonging to Huia.
Signatures of Post-Glacial Genetic Isolation and Human-Driven Migration in the Dothistroma Needle Blight Pathogen in Western Canada
Authors: Capron Arnaud , Feau Nicolas , Heinzelmann Renate , Barnes Irene , Benowicz Andy , Bradshaw Rosie E. , Dale Angela , Lewis Kathy J. , Owen Timothy J. , Reich Richard , Ramsfield Tod D. , Woods Alex J. , Hamelin Richard C.
Published: October 2020

Many current tree improvement programs are incorporating assisted gene flow strategies to match reforestation efforts with future climates. This is the case for the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), the most extensively planted tree in western Canada. Knowledge of the structure and origin of pathogen populations associated with this tree would help improve the breeding effort. Recent outbreaks of the Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) pathogen Dothistroma septosporum on lodgepole pine in British Columbia and its discovery in Alberta plantations raised questions about the diversity and population structure of this pathogen in western Canada. Using genotyping-by-sequencing on 119 D. septosporum isolates from 16 natural pine populations and plantations from this area, we identified four genetic lineages, all distinct from the other DNB lineages from outside of North America. Modeling of the population history indicated that these lineages diverged between 31.4 and 7.2 thousand years ago, coinciding with the last glacial maximum and the postglacial recolonization of lodgepole pine in western North America. The lineage found in the Kispiox Valley from British Columbia, where an unprecedented DNB epidemic occurred in the 1990s, was close to demographic equilibrium and displayed a high level of haplotypic diversity. Two lineages found in Alberta and Prince George (British Columbia) showed departure from random mating and contemporary gene flow, likely resulting from pine breeding activities and material exchanges in these areas. The increased movement of planting material could have some major consequences by facilitating secondary contact between genetically isolated DNB lineages, possibly resulting in new epidemics.
Striving for Inclusive Excellence in the Recruitment of Diverse Surgical Residents During COVID-19
Authors: Gerull Katherine M. , Enata Nichelle , Welbeck Arakua N. , Aleem Alexander W. , Klein Sandra E.
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically altered the 2020 residency application cycle and resulted in many changes to the usual application processes. Particular attention should be placed on the obstacles faced by applicants who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM) as they may be disproportionately affected by the changes in 2020. These challenges are especially relevant in competitive surgical specialties, where racial and gender diversity already lags behind other medical specialties. Inclusive excellence is a guiding philosophy in creating equitable resident selection processes. It focuses on the multilayered processes that form the foundation of inclusive institutional culture, while recognizing that excellence and inclusivity are mutually reinforcing and not mutually exclusive.

A key tenant in inclusive excellence for resident recruiting involves applying an equity lens in all decision making. An equity lens allows programs to continuously evaluate resident selection policies and processes through an intentional equity-forward approach. In addition to using an equity lens, programs should emphasize the importance of equity-focused skill building, which ensures that all individuals engaged in the resident selection process have the tools and knowledge to recognize biases. Finally, institutions should implement specific programming for URiM applicants to provide them with information about key aspects of department culture and mechanisms of support for URiM trainees.

Every residency program should adopt a sustained perspective of inclusive excellence, in this application cycle and beyond. The status quo has existed for far too long, and COVID-19 offers institutions and their residency programs a unique opportunity to try new and innovative equity-forward practices.
Prognostic Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Ferrando-Vivas Paloma , Doidge James , Thomas Karen , Gould Doug W. , Mouncey Paul , Shankar-Hari Manu , Young J. Duncan , Rowan Kathryn M. , Harrison David A.
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVES:

To identify characteristics that predict 30-day mortality among patients critically ill with coronavirus disease 2019 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

DESIGN:

Observational cohort study.

SETTING:

A total of 258 adult critical care units.

PATIENTS:

A total of 10,362 patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 with a start of critical care between March 1, 2020, and June 22, 2020, of whom 9,990 were eligible (excluding patients with a duration of critical care less than 24 hr or missing core variables).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

The main outcome measure was time to death within 30 days of the start of critical care. Of 9,990 eligible patients (median age 60 yr, 70% male), 3,933 died within 30 days of the start of critical care. As of July 22, 2020, 189 patients were still receiving critical care and a further 446 were still in acute hospital. Data were missing for between 0.1% and 7.2% of patients across prognostic factors. We imputed missing data ten-fold, using fully conditional specification and continuous variables were modeled using restricted cubic splines. Associations between the candidate prognostic factors and time to death within 30 days of the start of critical care were determined after adjustment for multiple variables with Cox proportional hazards modeling. Significant associations were identified for age, ethnicity, deprivation, body mass index, prior dependency, immunocompromise, lowest systolic blood pressure, highest heart rate, highest respiratory rate, Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio (and interaction with mechanical ventilation), highest blood lactate concentration, highest serum urea, and lowest platelet count over the first 24 hours of critical care. Nonsignificant associations were found for sex, sedation, highest temperature, and lowest hemoglobin concentration.

CONCLUSIONS:

We identified patient characteristics that predict an increased likelihood of death within 30 days of the start of critical care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019. These findings may support development of a prediction model for benchmarking critical care providers.
Pregnancy, Pancreatitis, and Hypoglycemia: Multi-modal Management in a Case with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 Syndrome
Authors: Aggarwal Anshita , Dutta Aditya , Bhadada Sanjay K. , Bhansali Anil
Published: October 2020

A 32-year-old lady presented to us at 6 months of gestation with acute pancreatitis due to parathyroid hormone-dependent hypercalcemia and with insulin-dependent hypoglycemia, owing to parathyroid adenoma and possibly insulinoma, respectively. The parathyroid adenoma was localized on the magnetic resonance imaging of the neck; however, imaging for the insulinoma could not be done due to the gravid state. Due to the simultaneous occurrence of tumours in two endocrine glands, namely, parathyroid gland and pancreatic islet cells, a diagnosis of MEN-1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia) was considered, which is very rarely seen in pregnancy. Her hypercalcemia was effectively managed with cinacalcet and alcohol ablation of the parathyroid adenoma while her hypoglycemic episodes were managed with short and long-acting octreotide injections during the antenatal period. She had a full-term cesarean delivery, with no maternal or neonatal complications, except for transient neonatal hypoglycemia. The patient was followed up for 1 year after her delivery with no further episodes of hypercalcemia and hypoglycemia, on medical management. Tc99m sestamibi scan was done after delivery which confirmed the presence of a left inferior parathyroid adenoma. MEN-1 with pregnancy thus poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and our case highlights the role of multimodal medical therapy for successful management.
Combating With COPD by QiGong Physical and Mental Exercise
Authors: Kaplan Serin Emine
Published: October 2020

Physical activity levels of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are low due to the symptoms of COPD. The patients diagnosed with COPD are headed for complementary and alternative treatments to reduce the COPD symptoms, facilitate the treatment, and increase their physical activity. One of these treatments is QiGong, which is not yet common in our country. QiGong is a type of exercise based on ancient Chinese medicine, and mainly consists of active and passive exercises. These exercises open energy channels in the body, and thus prevent and/or heal diseases by establishing energy balance in the body through meditation, breath control, and bodily exercises. According to a literature review abroad, there are a small number of scientific studies related the therapeutic effect of QiGong exercises on symptom control, anxiety, reduction of stress and depression, increase in physical activity and quality of life, and the development of lung function of patients with COPD. By considering the educative role of nurses, it is important that the nurse has adequate knowledge of the treatment and care of patients with COPD. Therefore, this review is compiled to be informative about the effects of QiGong in the treatment of COPD, and assistance to subsequent studies.
Gender Disparities in Cardiac Catheterization Rates Among Emergency Department Patients With Chest Pain
Authors: Steenblik Jacob , Smith Alison , Bossart Christopher S. , Hamilton David S. , Rayner Thomas , Fuller Matthew , Carlson Margaret , Madsen Troy
Published: October 2020

Background:

Previous studies have noted differences in rates of cardiac testing based on gender of patients. We evaluated cardiac catheterization rates for men and women presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain, particularly among patients without a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or recent positive stress test.

Methods:

We performed a prospective evaluation of patients presenting to an urban, academic medical center for assessment of chest pain. We recorded baseline information, testing, and outcomes related to ED, observation unit, and inpatient stay. Primary outcomes included gender differences in cardiac catheterization and stenting rates among patients without an MI or positive stress test.

Results:

Over the 5.5 year study period, 2242 ED patients with chest pain participated in the study (45% male). Men and women had similar rates of cardiac stress testing (16.7% vs. 15.2%, P = 0.317) as well as similar rates of positive cardiac stress testing (2.9% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.116). Men were more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization (10.4% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.001). Men who had neither MI nor positive stress test were more likely than women to undergo cardiac catheterization: 5.8% versus 3.3%, P = 0.010. Similarly, men in this group were more likely to experience stent placement: 2.1% versus 0.7%, P = 0.003.

Conclusions:

Similar to previous studies, we noted disparities in cardiac testing by gender. Men were more likely to go to cardiac catheterization without an MI or a positive stress test. This disparity in a more aggressive strategy of cardiac catheterization in men may result in higher stenting rates in this group.
Microstructure of the hyoid bone based on micro-computed tomography findings
Authors: Wang Xing , Wang Chaoqun , Zhang Shaojie , Wang Wei , Li Xiaohe , Gao Shang , Li Kun , Chen Jie , Wang Haiyan , Chen Lianxiang , Shi Jun , Liu Xiaoling , Li Zhi-Jun
Published: October 2020

In this study, micro-CT was used to observe the microscopic anatomy of the hyoid bone, examine the variation of the trabecular bone inside the hyoid bone, and investigate the internal structure of the hyoid bone.

A total of 22 hyoid bones were scanned using micro-CT. The changes in the internal bone trabeculae were assessed with 3D reconstructions, and the fine anatomical structure of the hyoid bone was further analyzed.

Micro-CT images showed the microstructure of various parts of the hyoid bone. There were significant differences in total volume, bone volume, bone area, bone density, and volume fraction between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone (P < .05), but no significant differences in the ratio of bone area/volume and bone surface density were found between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone (P > .05). In addition, significant differences in the trabecular bone measurements, bone trabecular connectivity, and Euler number were found between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone (P < .05). Other parameters, including bone trabecular thickness, number of trabecular bones, bone trabecular structure model index, and anisotropy of bone trabeculae, did not differ between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone (P > .05). There was noticeably ossified healing at the joint between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone.

Micro-CT can adequately display the internal structure of the hyoid bone. The identified bone structure may help clarify the physiological function of the hyoid bone. The present findings provide a theoretical basis for further studies aimed at pathological changes due to hyoid injury in clinical and forensic medicine.