bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kahramanmaraş İlinde Bina İçi Mevsimsel Radon Gazı Aktivitesi Ölçümü
Authors: KÜÇÜKÖNDER Erdal
Published: September 2021

Radon gazı; Uranyum ve Toryumun radyoaktif bozunmasıyla oluşan kokusuz, tatsız ve renksiz bir gazdır. Radon gazı 238U radyoaktif serisinde bulunan 226Ra’ nın kız çekirdeğidir. 222Rn, 5.490 MeV enerjili alfa parçacıkları yayımlayarak bozunur. Alfa parçacıkları en yüksek iyonlaştırmaya sahip parçacıklar olduğu için radon gazının solunması ciddi akciğer hastalıklarına neden olabilir. Günlük hayatımızda maruz kaldığımız radyasyon dozunun %54’nün özellikle 222Rn kaynaklandığı bilinmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne (WHO) ve A.B.D. Çevre Koruma Ajansına (EPA) göre; radon gazı, sigaradan sonra akciğer kanserinin ikincil önde gelen sebebidir.

Bu çalışmada Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi (KSÜ), Avşar yerleşkesinde bulunan tüm binalarda bina içi, mevsimsel olarak Radon gazı aktivitesi DURRIDGE Rad7 elektronik radon detektörü kullanılarak ölçüldü. Bu çalışmada amaç, tüm çalışanlar ve öğrencilerin sağlık açısından ne kadar risk altında olduğunu gözlemlemektir. Bina içi kışlık radon konsantrasyon değerleri 53.12±16 Bq m-3 ile 8.52±3 Bq m-3 arasındadır. Yazlık radon konsantrasyon değerleri 22.79±9 Bq m-3 ile 4.74±1 Bq m-3 arasındadır. Bu değerler tavsiye edilen sınır değerlerin altında olduğu bulundu.
A new high-frequency eddy current technique for detection and imaging of flaws in carbon fibre-reinforced polymer materials
Authors: Watson J M , Liang C W , Sexton J , Missous M
Published: September 2021

Using a high-frequency (50 kHz-4 MHz) alternating current field measurement (ACFM)-style inspection, non-destructive imaging of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) was performed for the detection and evaluation of flaws developed during their manufacture or in-service use. This
was achieved using quantum well Hall-effect (QWHE) sensors, which have proven suitability for use in different non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) applications based on their high sensitivity (they require lower strength applied fields and can detect smaller perturbations in
the magnetic field), high linearity (high contrast and imaging evaluation capabilities), wide dynamic range (making them less sensitive to offset and lift-off variations), wide frequency operating range (DC to MHz) and compact size (5-70 microns depending on the application). Their advanced
III-V semiconductor materials and design enable these characteristics. Their low capacitance allows them to be operated at significantly higher frequencies than coils of comparable sensitivity or size. As such, the inherent advantages of QWHE sensors have been used in conjunction with a high-frequency
ACFM-style magnetic imaging inspection technique, which is referred to as quantum well eddy current field measurement (QW-ECFM) in this paper. Here, the fundamentals of this new technique are outlined, as well as the outcomes of such a technique for evaluating CFRP materials, where individual
fibre bundles have been resolved in high detail with high contrast. In addition, the ability to detect fibre misalignment has been shown, suggesting technique sensitivity to 3D orientations of fibre for better material qualification and the detection of delamination down to 2 mm in diameter.
Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of this new QW-ECFM technique and summarise its performance for the detection and evaluation of various CFRP material flaws that are commonly found during manufacture and service.
Reflection interference removal for infrared thermography images based on GAN
Authors: Zhang Jiali , Tian Yupeng , Ren LiPing , Cheng Jiaheng , Shi JinChen
Published: September 2021

Reflection in images is common and the removal of complex noise such as image reflection is still being explored. The problem is difficult and ill-posed, not only because there is no mixing function but also because there are no constraints in the output space (the processed image).
When it comes to detecting defects on metal surfaces using infrared thermography, reflection from smooth metal surfaces can easily affect the final detection results. Therefore, it is essential to remove the reflection interference in infrared images. With the continuous application and expansion
of neural networks in the field of image processing, researchers have tried to apply neural networks to remove image reflection. However, they have mainly focused on reflection interference removal in visible images and it is believed that no researchers have applied neural networks to remove
reflection interference in infrared images. In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) and propose an end-to-end trained network based on this with two types of loss: perceptual loss and adversarial loss. A self-built infrared reflection
image dataset from an infrared camera is used. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this GAN for removing infrared image reflection.
Limited-angle weighted ultrasonic back-projection imaging with ART algorithm imaging
Authors: Hoyle C , Sutcliffe M , Charlton P , Mosey S
Published: September 2021

Ultrasonic through-transmission data processed using the back-projection algorithm offers depth and lateral information about a defect beyond the capabilities of current through-transmission techniques. This technique was trialled on a carbon steel block containing side-drilled holes.
Imaging artefacts can arise from the use of the backprojection algorithm, due to applying a weighting of one to each pixel, irrespective of how much of the pixel is intersected by the beam. Noise can also occur within the image where there are few intersections of the pixels made. This is
seen at the edges of the image. In this paper, a novel back-projection technique utilises the weighting of pixels, dependent on the normalised weight of the beam that intersects them, to reduce any artefacts that occurred previously due to the backprojection algorithm. This paper also explores
the use of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) algorithm for noise removal, thus increasing the sharpness of the defect.
Weld defect inspection based on machine vision and weak magnetic technology
Authors: Ye Jing , Xia Guisuo , Liu Fang , Fu Ping , Cheng Qiangqiang
Published: September 2021

This study proposes a weld defect inspection method based on a combination of machine vision and weak magnetic technology to inspect the quality of weld formation comprehensively. In accordance with the principle of laser triangulation, surface information about the weldment is obtained,
the weld area is extracted using mutation characteristics of the weld edge and an algorithm for identifying defects with abnormal average height in the weld surface is proposed. Subsequently, a welding seam inspection process is developed and implemented, which is composed of a camera, a structured
light sensor, a magnetic sensor and a motion control system. Inspection results from an austenitic stainless steel weldment show that the method combining machine vision and magnetism can identify defect locations accurately. Comprehensive analysis of the test results can effectively classify
surface and internal defects, estimate the equivalent sizes of defects and evaluate the quality of weld formation in multiple dimensions.
Optimal configuration of a seismographic network: A statistical approach
Authors: Rabinowitz Nitzan , Steinberg David M.
Published: September 2021

We consider the problem of selecting sites for a seismographic network so that the network resolution will be optimal. Configurations are compared via the D-optimality criterion proposed in the statistical literature on optimal design of experiments. Optimal configurations are found using the efficient DETMAX algorithm. We also show how to implement the criterion and the algorithm in the presence of spatially correlated error terms.
Some observations on data compression for digital strong-motion accelerograms
Authors: Peng Chia-Yen , Iwan W. D.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of a study of data compression for digital strong-motion accelerograms. The general characteristics of a class of data compression algorithms based on time history interpolation are discussed. Six particular compression/decompression algorithms are examined in detail. In four of these algorithms only peaks are recorded with different interpolation schemes being used to recover, or decompress, the original acceleration waveform between peaks. The compression/decompression algorithms based on peaks only are observed to result in generally unacceptable errors that are nonuniform in both the time and frequency domain. The remaining two algorithms are based on selectively sampling the data with a prescribed accuracy control. This approach is termed backward successive approximation (BSA). The algorithms store only those points between peaks which are required to maintain the desired accuracy. One algorithm also incorporates a complementary differential bit reduction (DBR) scheme to further reduce the storage required. An optimum balance between accuracy and degree of compression is achieved when the BSA and DBR schemes are combined.
Estimation of Q in eastern Canada using coda waves
Authors: Woodgold Catherine R. D.
Published: September 2021

The determination of Q0 and η (where Q = Q0fη) from seismic coda over the United States by Singh and Herrmann (1983) has been extended to cover a large area of southeastern Canada (south of 50°N, east of 80°W). The model used assumes, like that of Singh and Herrmann (1983), that the coda is generated by isotropic single scattering of surface waves, but also takes into account nonzero source-receiver distances. An average value of 0.43 is found for η for the whole region. Assuming this value of η, and using data in the 1 to 10 Hz range, Q0 has been estimated independently in nine different subregions, so that the variation of Q0 within the area of study can be seen. Q0 varies from 480 in New Brunswick to 770 near Ottawa. Q0 is also high (760) in the Adirondack Mountains and near Val-d'Or, Quebec (730), but lower along the St. Lawrence River (620). The results agree well with those of other studies in which Q for the same geographical regions is determined by other methods.

Above 10 Hz and below 1 Hz, Q is more strongly dependent on frequency than in the 1 to 10 Hz range. The same result has been obtained by Shin and Herrmann (1987) by a different method.
Source characteristics of earthquakes along the southern San Jacinto and Imperial fault zones (1937 to 1954)
Authors: Doser Diane I.
Published: September 2021

Body waveform inversion techniques are used to study the source parameters of four earthquakes occurring between 1937 and 1954 along the southern San Jacinto and Imperial faults (1937 Buck Ridge, 1940 Imperial Valley, 1942 Borrego Mountain, and 1954 Salada Wash events). All earthquakes had simple rupture histories with the exception of the 1940 Imperial Valley main shock, which consisted of at least four subevents whose relative locations indicate unilateral rupture toward the southeast. Earthquakes in regions of high heat flow (>80 mW/m2) had focal depths near the base of the seismogenic zone (8 to 10 km). The 1937 Buck Ridge earthquake, located in a region of lower heat flow, however, appears to have occurred at a shallow (3 ± 2 km) depth. The location, mechanism, and aftershock distribution for the 1942 Borrego Mountain earthquake suggest it could have occurred along the Split Mountain fault, a recently identified northeast-trending cross fault located between the Elsinore and Coyote Creek faults or along an unnamed fault that parallels the trend of the Coyote Creek fault. Moment and rupture length estimates obtained from this study agree well with estimates obtained in previous studies that used different data sets.
Effects of centroid location on determination of earthquake mechanisms using long-period surface waves
Authors: Zhang Jiajun , Lay Thorne
Published: September 2021

Determination of shallow earthquake source mechanisms by inversion of long-period (150 to 300 sec) Rayleigh waves requires epicentral locations with greater accuracy than that provided by routine source locations of the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) and International Seismological Centre (ISC). The effects of epicentral mislocation on such inversions are examined using synthetic calculations as well as actual data for three large Mexican earthquakes. For Rayleigh waves of 150-sec period, an epicentral mislocation of 30 km introduces observed source spectra phase errors of 0.6 radian for stations at opposing azimuths along the source mislocation vector. This is larger than the 0.5-radian azimuthal variation of the phase spectra at the same period for a thrust fault with 15° dip and 24-km depth. The typical landward mislocation of routinely determined epicenters of shallow subduction zone earthquakes causes source moment tensor inversions of long-period Rayleigh waves to predict larger fault dip than indicated by teleseismic P-wave first-motion data. For dip-slip earthquakes, inversions of long-period Rayleigh waves that use an erroneous source location in the down-dip or along-strike directions of a nodal plane, overestimate the strike, dip, and slip of that nodal plane. Inversions of strike-slip earthquakes that utilize an erroneous location along the strike of a nodal plane overestimate the slip of that nodal plane, causing the second nodal plane to dip incorrectly in the direction opposite to the mislocation vector. The effects of epicentral mislocation for earthquakes with 45° dip-slip fault mechanisms are more severe than for events with other fault mechanisms. Existing earth model propagation corrections do not appear to be sufficiently accurate to routinely determine the optimal surface-wave source location without constraints from body-wave information, unless extensive direct path (R1) data are available or empirical path calibrations are performed. However, independent surface-wave and body-wave solutions can be remarkably consistent when the effects of epicentral mislocation are accounted for. This will allow simultaneous unconstrained body-wave and surface-wave inversions to be performed despite the well known difficulties of extracting the complete moment tensor of shallow sources from fundamental modes.
Fast and accurate dynamic raytracing in heterogeneous media
Authors: Lafond Claude F. , Levander Alan R.
Published: September 2021

We have developed a fast and accurate dynamic raytracing method for 2.5-D heterogeneous media based on the kinematic algorithm proposed by Langan et al. (1985). This algorithm divides the model into cells of constant slowness gradient, and the positions, directions, and travel times of the rays are expressed as polynomials of the travel path length, accurate to the second other in the gradient. This method is efficient because of the use of simple polynomials at each raytracing step.

We derived similar polynomial expressions for the dynamic raytracing quantities by integrating the raytracing system and expanding the solutions to the second order in the gradient. This new algorithm efficiently computes the geometrical spreading, amplitude, and wavefront curvature on individual rays. The two-point raytracing problem is solved by the shooting method using the geometrical spreading. Paraxial corrections based on the wavefront curvature improve the accuracy of the travel time and amplitude at a given receiver.

The computational results for two simple velocity models are compared with those obtained with the SEIS83 seismic modeling package (Cerveny and Psencik, 1984); this new method is accurate for both travel times and amplitudes while being significantly faster. We present a complex velocity model that shows that the algorithm allows for realistic models and easily computes rays in structures that pose difficulties for conventional methods. The method can be extended to raytracing in 3-D heterogeneous media and can be used as a support for a Gaussian beam algorithm. It is also suitable for computing the Green's function and imaging condition needed for prestack depth migration.
A statistical model for ground motion produced by earthquakes at local and regional distances
Authors: Ou Gwo-Bin , Herrmann Robert B.
Published: September 2021

To adapt random process theory techniques for statistical estimation of peak ground motion to more realistic earth models, we constrain the parameters of duration, geometrical spreading, and spectral shape by modeling the main ground motion as being the result of major contributions by the direct S wave and supercritically reflected S waves. The results of our modeling are constrained to be consistent with values from full-wave synthetics for the test models. The combination of estimation theory and theoretical amplitude spectrum of the main ground motion within the ergodic window successfully predicts the mean peak vertical ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the 1982 Miramichi earthquakes in New Brunswick, Canada. In addition, upon considering the effects of source depth and crustal structure for the November 25, 1988, Saguenay earthquake (M = 5.8) in Québec, Canada, the predicted mean peak horizontal ground accelerations match the observed data very well. The effects of source depth and crustal structure on the peak ground motion are complicated for different source sizes and at different epicentral distance ranges.
Array analysis of seismic scattering
Authors: Dainty Anton M. , Nafi Toksöz M.
Published: September 2021

The use of high frequency arrays permits investigation of the spatial as well as the temporal character of the seismic wavefield in the frequency band 1-10 Hz. The authors have carried out investigations into seismic scattering at NORESS, FINESA, and ARCESS. Two principal methods have been used, frequency-wavenumber analysis of coda and coherency analysis of seismic phases. For regional seismograms, frequency-wavenumber analysis of Lg coda shows that Lg-to-Lg scattering dominates and that scattering is initially concentrated in the forward direction, changing to isotropic backscatter later in the coda. The P coda is more complex, although all cases studied show that energy is concentrated in the on-azimuth direction. However, different phase velocities are found for the three different cases studied, indicating that P coda is made up of several different contributions whose balance varies in different situations. In previous work, we have found that the decay of coherency with spatial separation scales as the wavelength for the Lg phase of regional events in the frequency band 1-10 Hz, declining to about 0.5 within one wavelength. Analysis of synthetic seismograms for realistic models of the area suggests that this loss of coherency is not due to dispersion, reaffirming a scattering interpretation. However, the decline in coherency is isotropic, seemingly contradicting the finding of forward scattering found in the frequency-wavenumber analysis. This may reflect a sensitivity of the coherency analysis to scattering within or very close to the array, while the frequency-wavenumber analysis favors scatterers at greater distance.
Discriminating quarry blasts from earthquakes using coda waves
Authors: Su F. , Aki K. , Biswas N. N.
Published: September 2021

A new quarry blast-earthquake discrimination method is presented based on the analysis of seismic coda waves. Quarry blasts and local earthquakes in the area encompassing the south-central Mojave Desert and Eastern Transverse Ranges were used to test this method. We found that the coda decay rate Qc−1 is significantly higher for quarry blasts than earthquakes for lower frequencies (1.5 and 3 Hz) for lapse time up to about 30 sec. This result is attributed to the greater contribution of surface waves to quarry blasts due to the shallowness of their source depth. The difference in Qc−1, however, disappears for lapse time greater than 30 sec for the same frequency range as well as for higher frequencies (6 and 12 Hz) for lapse time greater than 20 sec. This suggests that the coda waves, at the lapse time greater than these critical values, are dominated by the same type of body waves, probably S waves, for both quarry blasts and earthquakes. The power spectrum P0(ω) obtained after the correction for attenuation was compared between earthquakes and quarry blasts at the same stations, and a significant difference was found in the spectral shape between these two data sets. The curves of power spectrum P0(ω) versus frequency for quarry blasts decrease more sharply than for earthquakes at high frequencies, indicating a lack of energy in high frequencies for quarry blasts as compared to earthquakes. The different frequency dependence of power spectrum P0(ω) between quarry blasts and earthquakes is attributed to their different source properties and can be used for seismic discrimination of quarry blasts from earthquakes.
PANDA: A simple, portable seismic array for local- to regional-scale seismic experiments
Authors: Chiu J. M. , Steiner G. , Smalley R. , Johnston A. C.
Published: September 2021

A portable array for numerical data acquisition (PANDA) was designed and built in-house at the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI), Memphis State University. The design goal was a transportable set of instruments that could record high-quality seismic data. By making modifications to traditional seismic network technology and using a super-microcomputer workstation for digital data acquisition, this array provides a set of reliable and cost-effective instruments for the collection and analysis of high-resolution seismic data. The field equipment and central recording system are designed to overcome several major limitations in existing seismic network technologies, such as low dynamic range, single-component recording, lack of a common time base between stations, topographic constraints in radio telemetry, and lack of field processing capabilities. PANDA overcomes these limitations. To increase the dynamic range and record full three-component data, each PANDA station has six channels divided into two three-component sets. One set is operated at high gain and the other at low gain, giving a minimum of 90 dB dynamic range. Modular design of the PANDA station electronics facilitates field maintenance and also permits the stations to be run in several additional modes (e.g., with both sets of three channels operating at high gain) or with different sensors on each set. Each telemetry link to the central recording site carries data from two stations (12 channels) by repeating data from an “outer” seismic station through an “inner” seismic station and repeater combination. In addition, several repeat-only stations were built. This ability to repeat signals increases the aperture of PANDA to more than 150 km and overcomes topographic limitations on station locations. Other design features include low power consumption, solar power operation, and transmission of daily calibration and diagnostic signals. These features enable the stations to operate unattended for long periods and provide verification of station performance from the central recording site. The central recording system is based on a high-performance super-micro-computer workstation with a 256 channel A/D front end, which allows both real time digital recording with a common time base and immediate processing of the data. A 40-station network with 6 channels per station uses 240 channels, leaving 16 channels for auxiliary inputs such as time codes and spares. PANDA was field tested in the Arkansas earthquake swarm region from October 1986 to April 1987. It was then deployed in San Juan, Argentina, from August 1987 to May 1988, and in Jujuy, Argentina, from September 1988 to May 1989. A total of more than 20,000 earthquakes were recorded during the two Argentina experiments.
Loma Prieta aftershock relocation withS-Ptravel times: Effects of 3-D structure and true error estimates
Authors: Schwartz Susan Y. , Nelson Glenn D.
Published: September 2021

Aftershocks of the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake are located using S-P arrival-time measurements from stations of the PASSCAL aftershock deployment. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using S-P arrival-time data in locating earthquakes recorded by a sparse three-component network. Events are located using the program QUAKE3D (Nelson and Vidale, 1990) with both 2-D and 3-D velocity models that have been developed independently for this region. The dense coverage of the area around the Loma Prieta rupture zone by instruments of the California Network (CALNET) has allowed the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to find P-wave earthquake locations for both velocity models, which we compare with our solutions. We also perform synthetic calculations to estimate realistic location errors resulting from uncertainties in both the 3-D velocity structure and the timing of arrivals. These calculations provide a comparison of location accuracies obtained using S-P arrival times, S and P arrival times, and P times alone. We estimate average absolute errors in epicentral location and in depth for the Loma Prieta aftershocks to be just under 2 km and 1 km, respectively, using S-P phase data and the sparse PASSCAL instrument coverage. The synthetic tests show that these errors are much smaller than those predicted using P-wave data alone and are nearly the same as those predicted using S- and P-phase data separately. This suggests that future aftershock recording deployments with sparse networks of three-component data can retrieve accurate event locations even if absolute timing is problematic.

We find moderate differences between our locations and those determined by the USGS from a larger network of stations; however, common characteristics in both seismicity patterns are apparent. Neither set of locations yields earthquake patterns that can be easily interpreted in terms of simple faulting geometries. The absence of a simple pattern in both sets of earthquake locations indicates that this complexity is not the result of earthquake mislocation but is a genuine feature of the seismicity. A deep southwesterly dipping plane and a near-vertical fault extending from the surface to at least 7-km depth beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas Fault are imaged by both sets of earthquake locations. Although earthquake locations indicate the existence of many more fault segments, the complexity of this region requires that a definitive picture of the faulting geometry will have to await improvement in our knowledge of the P- and S-wave velocity structures.
The site response of two rock and soil station pairs to strong and weak ground motion
Authors: Darragh Robert B. , Shakal Anthony F.
Published: September 2021

The site response to strong and weak ground motion depends largely on the subsurface conditions at the soil site for the two rock-soil station pairs studied. The first station pair consists of a soft-soil site (Treasure Island) and a sandstone and shale site (Yerba Buena Island). These stations recorded strong ground shaking from the Loma Prieta mainshock and weak ground motion from four aftershocks. The range of peak ground acceleration is from approximately 0.00006 to 0.07 g at the rock site. Compared to the rock site, the strong ground motion at the soft-soil site is amplified by a factor of about 3 over a frequency range from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz. The amplification is much higher for weak motion and suggests a dependence on signal amplitude. For example, near 1 Hz, the site response shows an increasing amplification as magnitude (and the peak velocity at the rock site) decreases. For events of local magnitude 7.0, 4.3, 4.1, 3.5, and 3.3, the maximum soil-site amplifications are 4, 12, 17, 19, and 25, respectively.

A second station pair consisting of a stiff-soil site (Gilroy #2) and a sandstone site (Gilroy #1) was also studied with contrasting results. These two stations recorded strong ground shaking from the 1979 Coyote Lake, 1984 Morgan Hill, and 1989 Loma Prieta mainshocks. Weak ground motion was recorded at these stations after the Loma Prieta mainshock. The range of peak ground acceleration is from 0.006 to 0.43 g at the rock site. Unlike the results for the soft-soil study above, the estimated stiff-soil site responses are not significantly different for strong and weak motion from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz. Near 0.7 Hz, the stiff-soil site responses range from 2.5 to 4.5 for strong ground shaking from three mainshocks and from 1.5 to 4.0 for weak ground shaking from thirteen aftershocks.
State response to the Loma Prieta earthquake: Competing against time
Authors: Thiel Charles C. , Housner George W. , Tobin L. Thomas
Published: September 2021

A Board of Inquiry was appointed by the Governor of California to investigate the damage, particularly to bridges and freeway structures, caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The Governor wanted to know not only what happened, but how to prevent such destruction in the future. The Board identified three essential challenges that must be addressed by the citizens of California, if they expect a future adequately safe from earthquakes: (1) ensure that earthquake risks posed by new construction are acceptable; (2) identify and correct unacceptable seismic safety conditions in existing structures; and (3) develop and implement actions that foster the rapid, effective, and economic response to and recovery from damaging earthquakes. The Governor issued an Executive Order implementing the principal Board recommendations that all state-owned and -operated structures are to be seismically safe and that important structures are to maintain their function after earthquakes. The Seismic Safety Commission has evaluated the response of state agencies to the Order and found performance generally to be good, but variable. Inadequate funding is the most serious and the most difficult for the agencies to address internally, as are legislative capital budgeting processes that are cumbersome. Agencies were encouraged to identify single administrators responsible for seismic safety to assure management accountability, rather than the generally diffuse responsibility found in most agencies. The Board, Governor, and Commission all concluded that, while much progress has been made during the past two decades in reducing earthquake risks, much more awaits doing. More aggressive efforts to mitigate the consequences of future, certain earthquakes are needed if one of the most fundamental of responsibilities of government is to be fulfilled—to provide for the public safety.
Mapas de viaje: Metodología para el diagnóstico y propuestas de mejora de la accesibilidad universal en sistemas de transporte público en América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: Olivares Claudio , Urbano Camilo , Hidalgo Darío , Tinjacá Natalia , Pérez José Manuel , Gutiérrez Maria Clara , Navas Cristian , Glen Claudia , Pedraza Lauramaría , Rodriguez Porcel Manuel
Published: September 2021

AUTOROlivares, Claudio; Urbano, Camilo; Hidalgo, Darío; Tinjacá, Natalia; Pérez, José Manuel; Gutiérrez, Maria Clara; Navas, Cristian; Glen, Claudia; Pedraza, Lauramaría; Rodriguez Porcel, ManuelFECHADec 2019DESCARGA:Español (928 descargas)DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002065EDITORIsabel Granada, Camila RamosSe propone una nueva metodología, mapeando experiencias de viaje, para identificar las barreras y brechas en la accesibilidad universal para usuarios del transporte público con discapacidad, movilidad reducida permanente o temporal y de viajes asociados al cuidado. La metodología se centra en la experiencia de viaje de estos usuarios teniendo en cuenta sus percepciones, sentimientos y emociones. Para ello, la metodología utiliza métodos etnográficos y proporciona una representación gráfica del viaje o Mapa de Viaje de Cliente (MVC). Esta herramienta ayuda a identificar elementos clave para visualizar la aplicación de la metodología y permite orientar a los investigadores para encontrar brechas y barreras de modo que permita definir acciones de mejora en la planificación, diseño, implementación y operación de los sistemas de transporte público. La metodología tiene dos partes: i) Acompañamiento y observación del viaje completo y cotidiano de las personas con discapacidad permanente o temporal, y ii) análisis y visualización de la experiencia de viaje, mediante la elaboración de un Mapa de Viaje de Cliente para cada uno de los usuarios observados. La metodología se aplicó en Bogotá, Santiago de Chile y Medellín. Los resultados de la metodología permitieron formular recomendaciones de políticas para mejorar los sistemas de transporte de estas ciudades a corto, mediano y largo plazo.
Intelligent Control of Uncertain PMSM Based on Stable and Adaptive Discrete-Time Neural Network Compensators
Authors: El Idrissi Aziz El Janati , Beniysa Mohsin , Bouajaj Adel , Britel Mohammed Réda
Published: September 2021

In this paper, stable and adaptive neural network compensators are proposed to control the uncertain permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Firstly, the overall uncertainties caused by mathematical modelling, parameters variation during operation and external load torque disturbances are modelled. Secondly, a new motion control scheme, where (d-q) current loops are dotted by two on-line tuning neural network compensators (NNCs), is used to compensate these uncertainties. As a result, the speed control loop is processed easily by proportional integral (PI) controller. Stability of the closed-loop system is also designed according to the Lyapunov stability. Compared to classical vector control, the simulations of PMSM system at different speeds including nominal, low and high speed, with and without uncertainties, show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
An Optimal Tilt Integral Derivative Applied to the Regulation of DC Link Voltage in a Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System
Authors: Bahri Ahmed , Thameur Abdelkrim , Mordjaoui Mourad , Bechouat Mohcene , Sedraoui Moussa
Published: September 2021

This paper presents an application of fractional control scheme named Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) to control a stand-alone hybrid energy system composed of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery bank (BB). A three-level NPC inverter is inserted in order to increase the efficiency of the energy injected into the AC load. Variation in solar radiation or AC load may cause power imbalance, which leads to variation in DC link voltage. As a solution, a buck-boost converter is connected between the DC link and the battery bank to ensures the transfer of energy in both directions. The parameters of TID controller were tuned using a powerful optimization technique known a Genetic Algorithm (GA) by minimizing the Mean Square Error (MSE) used as a performance index. The effectiveness of the proposed TID controller is demonstrated through a comparison with a conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, whose parameters are computed by the pidtool function of the Matlab/Simulink tool where the DC link voltage behavior is previously modeled by a capacitor transfer function. The obtained results show that the proposed TID controller provides a stable DC bus with low chattering, regardless of the rapid irradiation and load changes, when compared to a conventional PID controller.
Faculty in the Applied and Pure Sciences May Have Limited Experience with E-books
Authors: Kaari Jennifer
Published: September 2021

A Review of:
Bierman, J., Ortega, L., & Rupp-Serrano, K. (2010). E-book usage in pure and applied sciences. Science & technology libraries, 29(1-2), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942620903579393
Abstract
Objective – To determine the usage of and attitudes toward e-books among faculty in the applied and pure sciences.
Design – Online survey and in-person interviews.
Setting – A large public university in the United States.
Subjects – 11 faculty members.
Methods – Participants completed an 11-item survey covering demographic data and questions about electronic book experience and preferences. This was followed up by an in-person interview with the researchers. The interviews were structured into three sections: opening questions about e-book usage, an interactive demonstration and discussion of two preselected e-books, and final follow-up questions. Interviews followed a general script of prepared questions, but also encouraged open discussion and dialogue.
Main Results – Most participants in the study reported limited experience with e-books and only 3 of the 11 participants reported using library-purchased e-books in their research and instruction. Participants noted ease of access and searchability as key advantages of e-books. Concerns included the belief that reading and learning is more difficult on a desktop computer, as well as concerns about the stability and reliability of e-book access. Participants also felt negatively about the necessity to create a new login profile and password to access e-books.  The study found no difference in the way faculty in pure and applied sciences approached e-books.
Conclusion – The authors determine that e-books will likely become more commonly used in academia. Users want e-books that are easy to use and customizable. In addition, the authors conclude that librarians need to understand their patrons’ needs as e-book users and proactively promote and market their e-book collections.
IDENTIFICATION: THE EFFECT OF MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCE ON PEDAGOGIC COMPETENCY OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHER
Authors: Asrial  , Syahrial  , Kurniawan Dwi Agus , Chan Faizal , Nugroho Putut , Pratama Reza Aditya , Septiasari Retno
Published: September 2021

Purpose of Study: The aim of this study was to determine the mathematics competencies and pedagogical competencies of prospective teachers and to determine the effect of mathematical competencies on pedagogical prospective teacher competencies in Elementary School Teacher Education.

Methodology: Quantitative research on this type of survey uses a sample of 540 prospective teachers.

Findings and Results: The results of this study were that prospective teachers mathematics competencies tended to be predominantly or less dominant with a percentage of men of 34.5% and 34.4% of women and pre-service pedagogic competencies in primary school education study programs classified as tend to be more or less dominant with the percentage of men 36.8% and women 33.3%, and there is an influence between mathematical competencies on pedagogic competence of prospective teachers in Primary School Teacher Education at Jambi University.

Implication/Application : Research conducted by researchers is useful to provide input and motivation to prospective elementary school teachers regarding the improvement of the competence of an elementary school teacher candidate teacher to implement his pedagogic science in elementary school.
PRACTICUM GUIDE: BASIC PHYSICS BASED OF SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL
Authors: Darmaji  , Astalini  , Kurniawan Dwi Agus , Parasdila Hanaiyah , Irdianti  , Hadijah Siti , Perdana Rahmat
Published: September 2021

Purpose: This research aims to develop basic physics practicum guidebooks based on science process skills that can assist students in training and developing students' science process skills through practicum
Design/methodology/approach: This research is development research that uses the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation that adopted from Branch
Findings: Based on the validation results indicate that the reconstruction of basic physics practicum guidebooks based on science process skills that got good category result so that it can be used.
Research limitations/implications: The results of student responses when using the reconstruction of basic physics practicum guidebooks based on science process skills are well categorized so as to improve students' science process skills
Social implications: By using the reconstruction of basic physics practicum guidebooks based on science process skills of this student can have good skills so as to have experience as a prospective teacher so that later can teach it to students in science class.
POST-PARTUM SUB-CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS IN DAIRY COWS: INCIDENCE AND DIAGNOSIS
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur176062 INDIA, Sharma Akshay , Singh Madhumeet
Published: September 2021

Post-partum uterine infections such as metritis, clinical endometritis and sub-clinical endometritis, are the most common cause for decreased productivity and fertility in dairy cows. Being the least severe form of endometritis, sub-clinical endometritis (SCE) is defined as the superficial inflammation of endometrium with no signs of systemic illness and characterized by an increase in number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) inside the uterine lumen. The impact of sub-clinical endometritis on fertility of dairy cows is well known probably due to absence of any clinical signs and thus, difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Different techniques such as endometrial cytology, uterine biopsy, biochemical analysis of uterine fluid, and measurement of acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers have been employed for the diagnosis of SCE. Doppler and B-mode ultrasonography of middle uterine arteries and uterus have also been used to diagnose the inflammation via assessment of uterine perfusion, respectively. Among all methods, endometrial cytology via cytotape is one of the most advanced and frequently employed methods for diagnosis of cytological endometritis based on the fact that proportion of PMNCs increase during uterine inflammation. The review focuses mainly on current status of incidence and diagnosis of post-partum sub-clinical endometritis in dairy cows.
Physical activity promotion in community pharmacies: pharmacists’ attitudes and behaviours
Authors: Viegas Ruben , Godinho Cristina A. , Romano Sónia
Published: September 2021

Background: Health systems and their professionals play a key role in the promotion and maintenance of behaviours contributing to increased physical activity levels. Pharmacists are well placed within communities, making them an accessible source to provide brief advice to people on how to be more physically active.

Objective: This study aimed to characterize physical activity promotion actions taking place in the Portuguese community pharmacies, as well as the major facilitators and barriers faced by pharmacists in their daily practice.

Methods: A cross-sectional study based on an online questionnaire targeting community pharmacists was developed based on COM-B model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and distributed by email to 94% of the Portuguese pharmacies.

Results: In total, 396 complete responses from community pharmacists were obtained. Three out of four participants reported to promote physical activity in their daily routine, of which 87.7% reported doing it in only a few attendances. The majority (92.3%) mentioned to provide information orally, with walking being the activity most promoted (99.4%). More active and younger pharmacists were more likely to promote physical activity. Nearly all pharmacists (98.7%) believed it was important or very important to practice regular physical activity for the health, but only 41.4% of the respondents were able to correctly identify the WHO general recommendations for physical activity. The lack of coordination with other healthcare professionals (M=3.35; SD=1.11), lack of interest by customers (M=3.25; SD=1.09) and lack of time (M=3.06; SD=1.10) were the main barriers to physical activity promotion, all scoring above the scale mid-point (i.e., 3).

Conclusions: Physical activity promotion in the Portuguese community pharmacies is still not present as daily activity. Younger pharmacists seem to be a generation that better understand this need and could easily integrate this practice in their daily routine. Possibilities for including pharmacies and pharmacists as promoters of physical activity in the primary health care sector in the future are discussed in the light of these findings.
Pharmacy student-assisted medication reconciliation: Number and types of medication discrepancies identified by pharmacy students
Authors: Deep Louise , Schneider Carl R. , Moles Rebekah , Patanwala Asad E. , Do Linda L. , Burke Rosemary , Penm Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Background: Medication reconciliation aims to prevent unintentional medication discrepancies that can result in patient harm at transitions of care. Pharmacist-led medication reconciliation has clear benefits, however workforce limitations can be a barrier to providing this service. Pharmacy students are a potential workforce solution.

Objective: To evaluate the number and type of medication discrepancies identified by pharmacy students.

Methods: Fourth year pharmacy students completed best possible medication histories and identified discrepancies with prescribed medications for patients admitted to hospital. A retrospective audit was conducted to determine the number and type of medication discrepancies identified by pharmacy students, types of patients and medicines involved in discrepancies.

Results: There were 294 patients included in the study. Overall, 72% (n=212/294) had medication discrepancies, the most common type being drug omission. A total of 645 discrepancies were identified, which was a median of three per patient. Patients with discrepancies were older than patients without discrepancies with a median (IQR) age of 74 (65-84) vs 68 (53-77) years (p=0.001). They also took more medicines with a median (IQR) number of 9 (6-3) vs 7 (2-10) medicines per patient (p<0.001). The most common types of medicines involved were those related to the alimentary tract and cardiovascular system.

Conclusions: Pharmacy students identified medication discrepancies in over 70% of hospital inpatients, categorised primarily as drug omission. Pharmacy students can provide a beneficial service to the hospital and contribute to improved patient safety by assisting pharmacists with medication reconciliation.
Cryotherapy Has No Significant Effect on MMP-9 anTGF-β1 Expression in Fungal Corneal Ulcer
Authors: Permatasari Dwita , Soebagjo Hendrian Dwikoloso , Zuhria Ismi , Kurniasari Nila , Notobroto Hari Basuki , Nandini Cinintha
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND: Usually, surgical intervention is needed to eradicate the fungal microorganism that cause fungal corneal ulcers. However, since surgical intervention is invasive, the latest technology uses cryotherapy in treating it. Cryotherapy plays a vital role in the wound healing process. We aimed to evaluate is to study the decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in fungal corneal ulcers after the administration of cryotherapy.METHODS: Aspergillus flavus fungus was injected to the intrastromal corneas of all Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into four groups, the first group was not given any therapy, the second group was given topical natamycin therapy, the third group was given cryotherapy, and the fourth group was given a combination between cryotherapy and topical natamycin therapy. Therapy was given after five days of follow up on the formation of a corneal ulcer. After four days of therapy, the eyes were enucleated to determine MMP-9 and TGF-β1 expression.RESULTS: The result in the third group showed lower MMP-9 expression (20.0±10.0% cells per field of view) compared to the second group (40.0±20.0% cells per field of view) and the fourth group (30.0±25.0% cells per field of view), but had the same MMP-9 expression value as the first group. There was no significant difference in MMP-9 expression between the four groups (p=0.356). The third group reduced more TGF-β1 expression (10.0±12.50% cells per field of view) compared to the fourth group (30±27.5% cells per field of view) and the first group (30±32.5% cells per field of view). There was also no significant difference in TGF-β1 between the four groups (p=0.315).CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in the expression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9 after the cryotherapy treatment.KEYWORDS: corneal ulcer, cryotherapy, MMP-9, TGF-β1