bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell-Type–Specific Aptamer and Aptamer-Small Interfering RNA Conjugates for Targeted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Therapy
Authors: Zhou Jiehua , Rossi John
Published: October 2015

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a chronic and incurable disease of the human immune system. As the standard of care for the patients with HIV-1, current highly active antiretroviral treatment has been therapeutically effective in most patients; however, it is not curative, and highly active antiretroviral treatment is intolerable because of severe adverse effects. Therefore, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, such as antisense oligonucleotide, ribozyme, messenger RNA, RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics, aptamer, and so on, have been actively developed as alternative or adjuvant agents for those chemical antiviral drugs to surmount those drawbacks. The combinatorial use of various antiviral nucleic acids could be more efficacious in blocking viral replication and preventing the emergence of resistant variants. In this regard, RNAi can function as a gene-specific therapeutic option for controlling HIV-1 replication. Another type of therapeutic nucleic acid—aptamers—shows promise as a new and potent class of anti-HIV agent and can additionally function as a cell-type–specific delivery vehicle for targeted RNAi. The combined use of small interfering RNA (siRNAs) and aptamers could effectively block viral replication and prevent the emergence of resistant variants. The present review offers a brief overview of the use of cell-type–specific aptamer and aptamer-siRNA conjugates’ development in our group for the treatment of HIV-1. Their potentials for targeted delivering RNAi therapeutics (eg, siRNA) and suppressing HIV-1 replication in vitro and in humanized animal model will be highlighted here.
A Low Glycemic Index Staple Diet Reduces Postprandial Glucose Values in Asian Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hu Zhi-Geng , Tan Rong-Shao , Jin Di , Li Wei , Zhou Xiao-Yan
Published: October 2015

Background

A low glycemic index (GI) diet is beneficial for glucose control in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the influence of a low-GI diet on postprandial glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

Pregnant women with GDM were randomized to receive a normal diabetic control diet or a low-GI staple diet for 5 days. A low-GI staple food was used to replace rice in lunch and dinner for the low-GI staple diet group, whereas the total energy and carbohydrate levels remained equal in both groups. Fasting and postprandial glucose levels were determined daily.

Results

A total of 140 pregnant women with GDM were included in the study, including 66 in the low-GI staple diet group and 74 in the normal diabetic diet control group. No differences existed in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups (all P > 0.05). After dietary intervention, glucose levels were significantly reduced in the low-GI staple diet group (all P < 0.01) and the control group (all P < 0.008). Postintervention glucose values after breakfast, lunch, and dinner were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The percentage changes from baseline of all glucose values were significantly greater in the treatment group than in the control group (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A low-GI staple diet significantly reduces postprandial glucose levels in women with GDM.
Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated to HNF4A T130I Polymorphism in Families of Central Spain
Authors: Cieza-Borrella Clara , Díaz-Soto Gonzalo , Martínez-Pino Isabel , Puig-Domingo Manuel , González-Sarmiento Rogelio
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and maturity-onset diabetes of the young present some similar clinical and biochemical characteristics that make them difficult to differentiate. Currently, the polymorphism T130I (rs1800961) in the HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A) gene has been described as a risk factor to type 2 DM and shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern associated to β-cell function decrease. The aim of the present work was to characterize the phenotypic profile of the T130I carrier and noncarrier relatives included in 3 unrelated families.

Methods

We studied GCK, HNF1A, and HNF4A genes by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 3 unrelated subjects from Valladolid, Spain, in which maturity-onset diabetes of the young was suspected. We collected genetic, clinical, and biochemical data from these subjects and their relatives in order to check the presence of the T130I polymorphism.

Results

The heterozygous T130I mutation was the unique functional gene variation that could explain diabetes phenotype. We observed significant differences in glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and Homeostasis Model Assessment index when we compared T130I mutation carriers and noncarriers. Diabetes diagnosed in T130I mutation carriers was related to stressful situations in an earlier age and tightly associated with gestational diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels increased with age in all carriers ( r = 0.69 and r = 0.66, P < 0.01), respectively.

Conclusions

Our study supports the T130I variant in HNF4A as a major susceptibility genotype associated with early-onset type 2 DM. Healthy carriers of this mutation require a stricter control in the population of central Spain.
Interrelationships among Cortisol, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Androstenendione Exposures in the Management of Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Zimmerman Cheryl L. , Gonzalez-Bolanos Maria T. , Willis Brian A. , Brundage Richard
Published: October 2015

Hydrocortisone is the standard replacement therapy for children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Relationships between cortisol exposures and pharmacodynamic responses of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione exposures have not been systematically evaluated.

Objectives

(1) Assess individual oral hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics; (2) relate the observed cortisol exposure in each subject to the observed exposures of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione; (3) determine potential individualized treatment regimens based on each subject's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters.

Methods

Thirty-four patients (18 boys, 16 girls, aged 1.4 to 18.1 years) with CAH underwent 6-hour pharmacokinetic studies. Results were analyzed by noncompartmental methods to obtain the area under the curve (AUC) for cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione; maximum concentration and time-to-maximum concentration for cortisol; and minimum and time-to-minimum concentration for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione.

Results

Mean (SD) cortisol half-life and Cmax were 1.01 (0.20) hours and 24.4 (5.4) μg/dL, respectively. The AUCs for cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione were 40.8 (14.5) μg hour/dL, 29,490 (23,539) ng hour/dL, and 680 (795) ng hour/dL, respectively. No significant relationships existed between cortisol AUCs and the AUCs of either 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( P = 0.32) or androstenedione ( P = 0.99); nor were there differences between the change-from-baseline concentrations for cortisol with either 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( P = 0.80) or androstenedione ( P = 0.40). Cortisol simulations indicated that although four daily doses decreased 24-hour hypercortisolemia and hypocortisolemia, substantial periods of each remained.

Conclusions

Concentration profiles of cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione are highly variable in children with CAH, and knowledge of them can assist in personalizing the therapy of CAH patients. Hydrocortisone's rapid half-life and the lack of a sustained-released product make it difficult to closely approximate normal circadian profiles.
Assessment of a Possible Link between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hyperuricemia
Authors: Cohen Eytan , Levi Amos , Vecht-Lifshitz Susan E. , Goldberg Elad , Garty Moshe , Krause Ilan
Published: October 2015

Background/Aim

Hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperuricemia are both considered risk factors for coronary artery disease. However, the relationship between the 2 has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate this relationship more closely.

Material and Methods

This study is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from a screening center in Israel assessing 16,477 subjects, within an age range of 20 to 80 years.

Results

The mean age of the study sample was 46 years, and 68% were males. Hyperuricemia was found in 24.9% and 14.6% of subjects with elevated and normal homocysteine serum levels, respectively ( P < 0.001). A positive association was found between homocysteine serum levels and uric acid serum levels. Compared with subjects with normal homocysteine serum levels, those with hyperhomocysteinemia had an odds ratio (OR) for hyperuricemia of 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–1.9) and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1–2.5) for males and females, respectively. After multivariate adjustment for age, hypertension, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thiazide use, the association remained significant in males (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3–1.7; P < 0.001) but not in females (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6–1.6; P = 0.82).

Conclusions

This large cohort showed a significant association between hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperuricemia. Sex differences were observed. This study suggests that accelerated atherosclerosis may be a consequence of the combined effect of these 2 factors.
Renal Elasticity Quantification by Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Applied to the Evaluation of Kidney Diseases
Authors: Zaffanello Marco , Piacentini Giorgio , Bruno Costanza , Brugnara Milena , Fanos Vassilios
Published: October 2015

For centuries, clinicians have used palpation to evaluate abdominal organs. After exploring almost all the different methods of interaction between x-rays, ultrasound, and magnetic fields on tissues, recent interest has focused on the evaluation of their mechanical properties.

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) is a recent, established ultrasound-based diagnostic technique that allows physicians to obtain a measure of the elastic properties of an organ. Shear wave velocity, obtained by the ARFI technique, depends on the elasticity of tissues.

To date, there are studies on the ARFI technique applied to normal kidneys, chronic kidney diseases, and kidney transplants. Mechanical properties of the kidney, such as stiffness and deformity, depend on various conditions that alter its histology, in particular the amount of fibrosis in the renal parenchyma; urinary pressure and renal blood perfusion may be other important contributing factors. Unfortunately, the ARFI technique applied to native renal pathologies is still limited, and not all studies are comparable because they used different methods. Therefore, the results reported in recent literature encourage further improvement of this method and the drawing up of standardized guidelines of investigation.
Thiazolidinediones Inhibit Mouse Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cell Proliferation in Part through the Wnt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Duan Miao , Zhou Bowen , Zhou Xinrong , Yuan Gang
Published: October 2015

Background

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and Wnt play different roles in bone homeostasis. Thiazolidinediones are PPARγ agonists that cause bone mineral density loss. This study investigated the relationship between PPARγ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.

Methods

MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with either pioglitazone (Pio) or rosiglitazone (Rosi), thiazolidinediones, for 24 hours at 10 to 40-μM concentrations. Recombinant mouse Wnt3a protein (50 ng/mL) for 6 hours was also used to treat the 20-μM Pio and Rosi pretreated cells. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT, and apoptosis with flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide staining; reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction measured mRNA expression levels of LRP5/6 (low-density lipoprotein–related protein 5/6), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7–like 2), PPARγ, and cyclin D1, and Western blots detected β-catenin and p-GSK3β proteins.

Results

Pioglitazone and Rosi decreased MC3T3-E1 cell viability by 28.07% and 18.14% at 20 μM, respectively ( P < 0.05). Apoptosis increased compared with controls (7.21%), after 20-μM treatment with Pio or Rosi, to 10.45% and 12.10%, respectively ( P < 0.05). Both Pio and Rosi decreased β-catenin protein levels and increased p-GSK3β, but the LRP5/6, GSK3β, and TCF7L2 mRNA levels were constant. Upon activation of the Wnt pathway by mouse Wnt3a protein, β-catenin and p-GSK3β protein levels were reversed, accompanied with increased proliferation, but apoptosis remained high.

Conclusions

Activation of PPARγ in osteoblasts accompanied Wnt signaling suppression. Activation of Wnt signaling alleviated the PPARγ proliferation decreases but not the apoptosis increases. The thiazolidinedione PPARγ agonists act in part through inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway, showing there is a relationship between PPARγ and Wnt signaling.
Clinical Predictors of Progressive Beta-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Irace Concetta , Tripolino Cesare , Carallo Claudio , Scavelli Faustina Barbara , Valle Elisabetta Della , Cortese Claudio , Gnasso Agostino
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with progressive beta-cell failure in a cohort of nonselected subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Two hundred twenty-four medical records were evaluated. Progressive beta-cell failure was defined as the following: glycated hemoglobin is higher than 7.5% despite combined drug therapy and appropriate diet (ie, isocaloric or hypocaloric diet depending on body weight) and absence of any illness causing acute hyperglycemia. The following factors were considered as possible predictors: diabetes-related symptoms, fasting plasma glucose at the onset of disease, family history of type 2 diabetes, number of visits per year, and residency. Further potential predictors were disease duration, age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia at the enrollment in the study.

Results

The prevalence of beta-cell failure was 41%. Independent predictors of failure were longer disease duration (hazard ratio [HR] for each year of diabetes, 1.03; confidence intervals (CIs), 1.01–1.05; P = 0.03), history of hypertension (HR, 1.90; CIs, 1.73–2.89; P = 0.04), hyperlipidemia (HR, 1.65; CIs, 1.06–2.58; P = 0.03), residence in suburb (HR, 1.78; CIs, 1.06–3.01; P = 0.03), and presence of symptoms at the onset of disease (HR, 2.47; CIs, 1.51–4.03; P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

Patients with long disease duration, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia who are residents in suburbs and had diabetes-related symptoms at diagnosis might deserve intensive treatment to obtain adequate and stable glycemic control.
Red Blood Cells Store and Release Interleukin-33
Authors: Wei Jianxin , Zhao Jing , Schrott Valerie , Zhang Yingze , Gladwin Mark , Bullock Grant , Zhao Yutong
Published: October 2015

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine superfamily that potently drives production of a variety of cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The IL-33 is a nuclear protein and is released from apoptotic or necrotic cells. Serum IL-33 levels are increased in various diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, chronic hepatitis C infection, and asthma. Here, we show that red blood cells (RBCs) are one of the major sources of plasma IL-33. The IL-33 levels are significantly increased in supernatants from lysed RBCs. Plasma IL-33 levels are increased in patients during hemolysis, and plasma IL-33 levels show a positive correlation with degree of hemolysis. The IL-33 protein and messenger RNA levels were detected in the late stages of differentiation in ex vivo primary human erythroid progenitor cell cultures, suggesting that IL-33 is expressed during maturation of RBCs. Furthermore, hemoglobin depleted red cell lysates induced IL-8 expression in human epithelial cells. This effect was attenuated in IL-33 decoy receptor expressing cells and was enhanced in IL-33 receptor expressing cells. These results suggest that erythroid progenitor cells produce IL-33 and circulating RBCs represent a major source of IL-33 that is released upon hemolysis.
Elevated Human Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 Level and Its Association with Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Xiong Chang , Zhao Zi-wen , Chen Zhao-yang , Wu Ling-zhen , Luo Yu-kun , Hu Fu-dong , Lin Chao-gui , Chen Liang-long
Published: October 2015

Background

Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD). Previous studies suggested that human endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (endocan) may be a novel endothelial dysfunction marker. This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum endocan level and the presence and severity of CAD in patients with hypertension.

Methods

A total of 190 eligible hypertension patients were enrolled in this study. Serum endocan level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence and severity of CAD were evaluated by coronary angiography.

Results

Hypertensive patients with CAD had significantly higher serum endocan level than those without CAD (1.63 ± 0.51 ng/mL vs 1.31 ± 0.65 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that serum endocan level was independently associated with the presence of CAD (odds ratio, 2.662; 95% confidence interval, 1.560–4.544; P < 0.001). Spearman rank correlation analysis demonstrated that serum endocan level was associated with SYNergy between PCI with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery score (r = 0.349, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Serum endocan level is independently correlated with the presence and severity of CAD in hypertension patients, and those with high endocan level may have an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.
Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Measured by Coronary Phase Contrast Flow Velocity Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Maroules Christopher D. , Chang Alice Y. , Kotys-Traughber Melanie S. , Peshock Ronald M.
Published: October 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine if differences in coronary endothelial function are observed between asymptomatic women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and control subjects using coronary phase contrast flow velocity magnetic resonance imaging in response to cold pressor stress, an established endothelium-dependent vasodilatory stress.

Methods

Phase contrast flow velocity imaging of the right coronary artery was performed in 7 asymptomatic premenopausal women with DM and 8 healthy female participants in response to the cold pressor test at 3 T.

Results

There was no significant difference in percent increase in coronary flow velocity from rest to peak flow velocity between DM and control subjects (32% ± 22% vs 46% ± 17%; P = 0.11). However, percent increase in coronary flow velocity was lower in DM than in control subjects (−3% ± 14% vs 31% ± 30%; P = 0.01) during the second minute of cold pressor stress, when endothelial-mediated vasodilation should occur.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic women with DM demonstrate reduced coronary flow velocity during the second minute of cold pressor stress, indicating coronary endothelial dysfunction.
Immune interventions to preserve β cell function in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ehlers Mario R
Published: October 2015

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of pancreatic β cells, lifelong dependence on insulin, and increased morbidity and mortality from diabetes-related complications. Preservation of residual β cells at diagnosis is a major goal because higher levels of endogenous insulin secretion are associated with better short- and long-term outcomes. For the past 3 decades, a variety of immune interventions have been evaluated in the setting of new-onset T1D, including nonspecific immunosuppression, pathway-specific immune modulation, antigen-specific therapies, and cellular therapies. To date, no single intervention has produced durable remission off therapy in most treated patients, but the field has gained valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential immunologic correlates of success. In particular, T-cell–directed therapies, including therapies that lead to partial depletion or modulation of effector T cells and preservation or augmentation of regulatory T cells, have shown the most success and will likely form the backbone of future approaches. The next phase will see evaluation of rational combinations, comprising one or more of the following: an effector T-depleting or -modulating drug, a cytokine-based tolerogenic (regulatory T-cells–promoting) agent, and an antigen-specific component. The long term goal is to reestablish immunologic tolerance to β cells, thereby preserving residual β cells early after diagnosis or enabling restoration of β-cell mass from autologous stem cells or induced neogenesis in patients with established T1D.
Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Calvo-Romero José María , Ramiro-Lozano José Manuel
Published: October 2015

Background

Vitamin D may influence many diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Patients and Methods

We studied serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and associated characteristics in type 2 diabetic outpatients with pharmacologic treatment attended in internal medicine offices in a first-level hospital from Extremadura (Southern Spain).

Results

We included a total of 103 patients. Seventy-two patients (69.9%) had serum levels of 25(OH)D lower than 20 ng/mL. There was inverse correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and glycosylated hemoglobin ( r = −0.74, P = 0.01). In 78 patients without insulin therapy, we found inverse correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and fasting serum insulin ( r = −0.82, P = 0.001) and Homeostasis Model Assessment–Insulin Resistance ( r = −0.51, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is common in type 2 diabetic patients. There are inverse correlations between vitamin D and metabolic control and insulin resistance.
Prehospital thoracostomy in patients with traumatic circulatory arrest: results from a physician-staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service
Authors: Peters Joost , Ketelaars Rein , van Wageningen Bas , Biert Jan , Hoogerwerf Nico
Published: October 2015

Objective

Until recently, traumatic cardiac arrest (tCA) was believed to be associated with high mortality and low survival rates. New data suggest better outcomes. The most common error in tCA management is failing to treat a tension pneumothorax (TP). In the prehospital setting, we prefer thoracostomies for decompressing a potential TP in tCA cases; however, interventions can only be recommended with adequate information on their results. Therefore, we reviewed the results of thoracostomies performed by our Helicopter Emergency Medical Service.

Methods

Our Helicopter Emergency Medical Service database was reviewed for all patients who underwent a single or a bilateral prehospital thoracostomy in tCA. We evaluated the incidence of TP, the return of circulation in tCA, the incidence of infections, the incidence of sharps injuries and patient survival.

Results

A total of 267 thoracostomies were performed in 144 tCA patients. Thoracic decompression was performed to rule out TP. TP was identified in 14 patients; the incidence of TP in tCA was 9.7%. Two of the tCA patients survived and were discharged from the hospital; neither had clinical signs of TP. No infections or sharps injuries were observed.

Conclusion

The outcomes of patients with tCA who underwent prehospital thoracostomy were poor in our group. The early identification of TP and strict algorithm adherence in tCA may improve outcomes. In the future, to reduce the risk of unnecessary thoracic interventions in tCA, ultrasound examination may be useful to identify TP before thoracic decompression.
Major improvements to the Heliconius melpomene genome assembly used to confirm 10 chromosome fusion events in 6 million years of butterfly evolution
Authors: Davey John , Chouteau Mathieu , Barker Sarah L. , Maroja Luana , Baxter Simon W. , Simpson Fraser , Joron Mathieu , Mallet James , Dasmahapatra Kanchon K. , Jiggins Chris D.
Published: October 2015

The Heliconius butterflies are a widely studied adaptive radiation of 46 species spread across Central and South America, several of which are known to hybridise in the wild. Here, we present a substantially improved assembly of the Heliconius melpomene genome, developed using novel methods that should be applicable to improving other genome assemblies produced using short read sequencing. Firstly, we whole genome sequenced a pedigree to produce a linkage map incorporating 99% of the genome. Secondly, we incorporated haplotype scaffolds extensively to produce a more complete haploid version of the draft genome. Thirdly, we incorporated ~20x coverage of Pacific Biosciences sequencing and scaffolded the haploid genome using an assembly of this long read sequence. These improvements result in a genome of 795 scaffolds, 275 Mb in length, with an L50 of 2.1 Mb, an N50 of 34 and with 99% of the genome placed and 84% anchored on chromosomes. We use the new genome assembly to confirm that the Heliconius genome underwent 10 chromosome fusions since the split with its sister genus Eueides, over a period of about 6 million years.
Functional differences between statistical learning with and without explicit training
Authors: Batterink Laura J. , Reber Paul J. , Paller Ken A.
Published: October 2015

Humans are capable of rapidly extracting regularities from environmental input, a process known as statistical learning. This type of learning typically occurs automatically, through passive exposure to environmental input. The presumed function of statistical learning is to optimize processing, allowing the brain to more accurately predict and prepare for incoming input. In this study, we ask whether the function of statistical learning may be enhanced through supplementary explicit training, in which underlying regularities are explicitly taught rather than simply abstracted through exposure. Learners were randomly assigned either to an explicit group or an implicit group. All learners were exposed to a continuous stream of repeating nonsense words. Prior to this implicit training, learners in the explicit group received supplementary explicit training on the nonsense words. Statistical learning was assessed through a speeded reaction-time (RT) task, which measured the extent to which learners used acquired statistical knowledge to optimize online processing. Both RTs and brain potentials revealed significant differences in online processing as a function of training condition. RTs showed a crossover interaction; responses in the explicit group were faster to predictable targets and marginally slower to less predictable targets relative to responses in the implicit group. P300 potentials to predictable targets were larger in the explicit group than in the implicit group, suggesting greater recruitment of controlled, effortful processes. Taken together, these results suggest that information abstracted through passive exposure during statistical learning may be processed more automatically and with less effort than information that is acquired explicitly.
Associative learning and sensory neuroplasticity: how does it happen and what is it good for?
Authors: McGann John P.
Published: October 2015

Historically, the body's sensory systems have been presumed to provide the brain with raw information about the external environment, which the brain must interpret to select a behavioral response. Consequently, studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory have focused on circuitry that interfaces between sensory inputs and behavioral outputs, such as the amygdala and cerebellum. However, evidence is accumulating that some forms of learning can in fact drive stimulus-specific changes very early in sensory systems, including not only primary sensory cortices but also precortical structures and even the peripheral sensory organs themselves. This review synthesizes evidence across sensory modalities to report emerging themes, including the systems’ flexibility to emphasize different aspects of a sensory stimulus depending on its predictive features and ability of different forms of learning to produce similar plasticity in sensory structures. Potential functions of this learning-induced neuroplasticity are discussed in relation to the challenges faced by sensory systems in changing environments, and evidence for absolute changes in sensory ability is considered. We also emphasize that this plasticity may serve important nonsensory functions, including balancing metabolic load, regulating attentional focus, and facilitating downstream neuroplasticity.
Crystal structure ofcatena-poly[[[triaqua(4-cyanobenzoato-κO)nickel(II)]-μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2N:N′] 4-cyanobenzoate]
Authors: Morales-Tapia Alfredo A. , Colorado-Peralta Raúl , Duarte-Hernández Angélica M. , Flores-Parra Angelina , Rivera José María
Published: October 2015

In the title polymeric complex salt, {[Ni(C8H4NO2)(C10H8N2)(H2O)3](C8H4NO2)}n, the NiIIcation is coordinated by a 4-cyanobenzoate anion, two 4,4′-bipyridine ligands and three water molecules in a distorted N2O4octahedral geometry. The 4,4′-bipyridine ligands bridge the NiIIcations to form polymeric chains of the title complex cations, propagating along thec-axis direction. The dihedral angle between the pyridine rings of the 4,4′-bipyridine ligand is 24.9 (6)°. In the crystal, the uncoordinating 4-cyanobenzoate anions link with the complex cationsviaO—H...O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. Weak C—H...O, C—H...N interactions and π–π stacking [centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.566 (4) and 3.885 (4) Å] are also observed in the crystal.
Experiencing websites: UK DVD distributors and the promotion of Asian media
Authors: Wroot Jonathan
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose what can be learned from the study of specific promotional materials.

Design/methodology/approach

– The in-depth analysis of the text and layout of websites – adapted from Niels Brugger, and in contrast to the study of promotional materials as ancillary or interrelated texts.

Findings

– That websites can tell the author much about the intentions of distributors, and their target market, even when these resources are no longer active or social media is used.

Research limitations/implications

– Specific promotional materials should be increasingly studied as individual texts. Websites have their own conventions and structures that can be studied, as well as other digital and physical artefacts.

Originality/value

– The findings are potentially widespread, as they are evident within a defunct distributor’s webpages, as well as one that remains to be active in the UK market.
So just what is a trailer, anyway?
Authors: Vollans Ed
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to posit a methodology for exploring promotional trailers in the public domain and a critical discussion of the findings therein.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach utilises third part press as a mechanism to limit videosharing website results and allows for a varied corpus of data.

Findings

– The paper posits that the term “trailer” has shifted significantly since its original use in the film industry and now applies to a certain type of experiential promotion.

Originality/value

– This is the first time a methodology has been discussed that considers trailers as a shared vernacular term, rather than subject of historical archive.
Perceived effects of part-time MBAs on careers
Authors: Personini Cruz Julia Fernandes , Wood Jr. Thomaz
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– Considering that MBA programs have been the focus of many evaluations and much criticism in recent years, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the objective and subjective effects on careers experienced by part-time MBA students and graduates.

Design/methodology/approach

– To achieve this purpose the authors conducted an empirical research, involving more than 700 students and graduates of three part-time MBA programs in Brazil.

Findings

– The authors found that students and graduates experience more subjective than objective effects of such programs in their careers and that the subjective effects are primarily related to self-confidence, employability, expansion of business view, and ability to “play the game.”

Research limitations/implications

– The authors note two limitations of the study. First, the study focussed on Brazilian programs and cannot be generalized to other countries or contexts. Second, the study was based on the perceptions of students and graduates.

Practical implications

– The authors believe that this study makes a contribution for program coordinators in business schools. By re-balancing attention among objective subjective effects, coordinators might improve their programs.

Originality/value

– This study makes three contributions to the knowledge of the effects of MBAs. First, it provides insight into students’ perspectives. Second, it increases the knowledge of the subjective effects of MBAs on the careers of students. And third, it focusses on part-time programs in a developing nation rather than on full-time programs in a developed nation such as the USA, as is often the case.
Fundraising for life: the children's cancer center of Lebanon
Authors: Yaacoub Hala Khayr , Kfoury Jessica El , Ayoub Elias , Rihana Lea
Published: October 2015

Subject area

Fundraising, Marketing Strategy.

Study level/applicability

Undergraduate and Postgraduate.

Case overview

Professional fundraising plays a key role in the operation and sustainability of various forms of organizations, particularly non-governmental organizations (NGOs). “Fundraising for Life” is the success story of a center that is totally dependent on fundraising to achieve its mission of lifesaving and treatment for children with chronic diseases regardless of their financial situation. This case sheds the light on the primary sources of contributions, the importance of an integrated development program, the mutual benefits of partnering with other entities and the challenges encountered in the fundraising endeavors in this developing and unstable part of the world.

Expected learning outcomes

The students will be able to explore the current practices used in fundraising as well as the marketing and communication strategies employed in nurturing and maintaining relations with potential donors and partners. They will also be able to explore the internal and external challenges and opportunities available for fundraisers.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Educational orientation and employer influenced pedagogy
Authors: Devins David , Ferrández-Berrueco Reina , Kekale Tauno
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between educational orientation and employer influenced pedagogy and to consider some implications for work-based learning (WBL) higher education (HE) policy and practice in Europe.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper draws on purposefully selected case studies to describe the key attributes of WBL related pedagogy associated with three HE programmes in Finland, Spain and the UK.

Findings

– The national regulatory environment has a key role to play in issues associated with WBL pedagogy. The case studies also demonstrate a pluralistic approach to pedagogy and the key role that employers play in both providing regular intelligence to inform curriculum design and contributing to pedagogy.

Research limitations/implications

– The small number of case studies limits the opportunity for generalisation and the level of analysis masks subtle and interesting differentiations in pedagogy worthy of further exploration.

Practical implications

– The paper highlights implications for government to provide the vision and regulatory environment to encourage WBL and for universities and academics to design and implement innovative, pluralist pedagogies.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a new framework and a unique analysis of programme level case studies from three European countries.
Challenges to providing work integrated learning to international business students at Australian universities
Authors: Gribble Catriona , Blackmore Jill , Rahimi Mark
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to report on a three-year Australian study of international business and accounting students and the transition to employment. For international students seeking to differentiate themselves in a highly competitive global labour market, foreign work experience is now an integral part of the overseas study “package”. Work-integrated learning (WIL) is seen to provide critical “employability” knowledge and skills, however, international students have low participation rates. The high value placed on WIL among international students poses challenges for Australia as well as opportunities. Understanding the issues surrounding international students and WIL is closely linked to Australia’s continued success in the international education sector which has broad, long-term, social and economic implications.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper draws on 59 interviews with a range of stakeholders including international students, universities, government, employers and professional bodies. Central to the paper is an in-depth case study of WIL in the business and accounting discipline at one Australian university.

Findings

– Providing international students with access to discipline-related work experience has emerged as a critical issue for Australian universities. The study finds that enhancing the employability skills of internationals students via integrated career education, a focus on English language proficiency and “soft skills” development are central to success in WIL. Meeting the growing demand for WIL among international students requires a multipronged approach which hinges on cooperation between international students, universities, employers and government.

Originality/value

– This project aims to fill a critical knowledge gap by advancing theories in relation to international students and WIL. While there is a significant body of research in the fields of international education and WIL, there is an absence of research exploring the intersection between the two fields. The study will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in both fields by exploring the emerging issue of WIL and international students.
Impacting student learning using a living case study
Authors: Grassberger Robert , Wilder Sue
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of using a living case study method to teach graduate students in an organizational development (OD) course. A living case is defined as one where participants study a current, ongoing situation over the entire semester. Students worked with an authentic client to solve an authentic problem. After the course concluded interviews were conducted. Learners expressed a sense of feeling more connected and engaged with the course content because of the living case. Students also exhibited significant learning – new skills and mindsets developed during the course that are valued and used in their work, school, and personal lives.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is an instrumental case study of a work-based instructional design used to improve student engagement and learning outcomes.

Findings

– Students worked with an authentic client to solve an authentic problem. Learners expressed a sense of feeling more connected and engaged with the course content because of the living case. Students also exhibited significant learning – new skills and mindsets developed during the course that are valued and used in their work, school, and personal lives.

Practical implications

– Higher education (HE) instructors are expected to teach students knowledge and skills that will be valuable at work and in life after graduation. Using a living case allows students to extract learning directly from the work experience. By using the concepts and the tools in an authentic, living case, students gain experience and concrete knowledge.

Originality/value

– This study extends past research on connecting classroom learning and work experience. It looks at how a course designed using a living case study can be used to improve learner engagement and create longer term value for students.
Gen Y’s, Italians’ and Americans’ perception of cashmere
Authors: Faust Marie-Eve , Surchi Micaela
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to understand and compare Generation Y’s knowledge and perceptions of cashmere as a luxurious fibre.

Design/methodology/approach

– Dual qualitative-quantitative approach, comprising interviews with cashmere farmers and suppliers plus a structured questionnaire completed by 334 young Italians and Americans. Data were analysed statistically for comparison and interpretation.

Findings

– Interviews confirmed the literature and provided insights why cashmere is “branded” as luxurious; e.g. comes from combing the undercoat of cashmere goats thus it is rare, expensive, very warm, light, and soft. Quantitative analysis showed: the majority (+85 per cent) of the young Italians and Americans perceive cashmere fibre as luxurious and expensive, although statistically Americans participants perceive it as more luxurious and more expensive. For example, 75 per cent Italian, 85 per cent Americans think it is expensive, (µ=2.914/4 andµ=3.156/4, respectively). Americans do not perceive it as being as rare as the Italian group. Italians were more able to answer the question about richness of the fibre. Lastly and surprisingly both groups knew very little about the origin: 40 per cent of both groups thought it comes from sheep whereas 20 per cent from Alpaca.

Practical implications

– While neither sample knew the source, they both mentioned they would like to know more about the origin, attributes, etc., opening the door to marketing experts.

Originality/value

– This study complements and enhances the relatively limited body of knowledge in the academic and professional literature and provides useful information for producers, suppliers, retailers, and especially marketers of cashmere.
The complexity of value in the luxury industry
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Wiedmann Klaus-Peter , Klarmann Christiane , Behrens Stefan
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– In an attempt to satisfy the rising demand for luxury in the era of the “democratisation of luxury” or the “luxurification of society” without threatening the uniqueness and exclusivity of luxury brands, a profound understanding of the luxury concept and its deeper values is essential. As the complexity of luxury value and the assessment of effects on individual luxury value perception and related behavioral outcomes are still poorly understood and widely unexplored, the purpose of this paper is to fill this research gap.

Design/methodology/approach

– In the exploratory study context of examining the antecedents and outcomes of individual luxury value perception, PLS path modeling was used for the empirical tests of the hypotheses.

Findings

– The results support the assumption that the desire for luxury brands involves several dimensions of luxury value including financial, functional, individual and social consumer perceptions. Besides, the individual luxury value perception is significantly related to the consumption of luxury goods in terms of purchase intention, recommendation behavior and the willingness to pay a premium price.

Originality/value

– The incremental value of the present study is to present and empirically verify a concept that embraces the complexity of luxury value and its causal effects on different aspects of luxury consumption. The results have important implications for luxury brand management and future research in the domain of luxury goods. By addressing the specific value aspects that are highly relevant for consumer loyalty to the brand, a luxury company can stimulate purchase behavior with appropriate marketing campaigns that create and preserve the most important value aspects throughout the supply chain from production to distribution.
The role of provenance in luxury textile brands
Authors: Collins Marnie , Weiss Marcia
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role that provenance holds within the luxury textiles market. It defines similarities and differences in the perception and acceptance of provenance as a key strategy for luxury textile brands in the USA and the UK. Its purpose is to establish a framework of identifiable communication strategies for future growth of the luxury brand sector.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study consisted of adopting an ethnographic approach to define the role of provenance within luxury brands in the USA and the UK. Attention was focused on textile heritage labels in the USA and in Scotland, to gain insight into how historic artisanship impacts the perception of luxury and authenticity by the consumer. Interviews with key strategists were conducted, and a comparison of the discussions disseminated.

Findings

– The narrative behind a product, its authenticity and provenance, are key drivers in luxury textile brands, with the perception of quality of utmost importance. Long-standing companies have interwoven provenances with their spiritual birthplaces, people and environment which can be leveraged in product introductions and branding.

Practical implications

– The paper provides a framework of key features of provenance to inform practitioners on dilemmas such as de-localization, re-localization and transcendence within the luxury brand sector.

Originality/value

– The paper furthers academic research by investigating contemporary issues in luxury consumer behaviour; specifically in relation to the perception of provenance. While research focuses on Western luxury textile brands and consumers, it provides reference criteria and recommendations to luxury brand strategists that can be adopted and adapted for different fields and geographic locations.