bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
After the Honeymoon: The Uneasy Marriage of Human Rights and the Environment Under the European Convention on Human Rights and in UK Law Under the Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Morrow Karen
Published: January 2014

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (ECHR) regime has, in the absence of specific coverage of environmental rights, developed a “creative” approach in its jurisprudence in this area, pressing a variety of other rights, notably: Article 6 (the right to a fair hearing); Article 8 (the right to privacy and family life); and Article 1 to the First Protocol of the ECHR (the right to enjoyment of property) into service. This creativity has achieved much in according indirect protection to individuals in this regard, but has also placed additional pressure on the already congested Convention system. The entry into force of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) made long-held rights under the ECHR directly accessible in domestic law in the United Kingdom. This naturally spawned a wave of litigation. One of the most prominently litigated areas concerned the pursuit of a variety of environment-based rights claims. In the intervening decade, the application of the ECHR to environmental claims in the UK courts has generated somewhat mixed results. This is in part a result of the “patchwork” approach that has developed toward environmental claims within the Convention regime itself, but it is also a product of the nature of the relationship between the ECHR and domestic law and the content and ethos of both regimes. This article will conclude by briefly considering the on-going role of the ECHR regime in environmental cases in light of subsequent developments in this area of law, notably under the Aarhus Convention.
Regards croisés sur la justice environnementale en droit états-unien et en droit européen
Authors: Alzais Sabrina
Published: January 2014

La justice environnementale a émergé aux États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 60; elle exprime l’idée d’une protection de l’environnement par le truchement des droits humains et plus spécifiquement par le recours au droit de la non-discrimination. Cette démarche est à explorer autant en raison de son originalité que de sa réception grandissante en droit européen. Elle repose sur le postulat selon lequel l’environnement est un concept indéterminé; sa signification ne peut être imposée. Certes, la justice environnementale porte les stigmates de sa genèse : l’immanence des droits et libertés aux États-Unis d’Amérique ne permet pas que la puissance publique en détermine la teneur. Tant et si bien que chacun peut faire valoir sa propre conception de l’environnement. Il en résulte que les règles de non-discrimination n’ont pas pour seule fonction l’égalité; elles tendent aussi à garantir l’autodétermination de la signification et de la teneur des droits et, partant, l’autodétermination de l’idée d’environnement. Loin d’être hermétiques à une telle approche, les juges de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme tendent aussi à prendre en compte les représentations subjectives de l’environnement. Ceci ne manque pas d’interroger le rapport entre les politiques publiques en matière d’environnement — reposant sur une large marge d’appréciation des États — et l’approche individualisée de l’environnement. Il s’agit dès lors d’étudier le discours états-unien relatif à la justice environnementale pour en déceler les idées, les pensées, les sensibilités en vue de remettre ensuite en question les évolutions du droit européen.
A Critique of the “Common Ownership of the Earth” Thesis 1
Authors: Abizadeh Arash
Published: January 2014

In On Global Justice, Mathias Risse claims that the earth’s original resources are collectively owned by all human beings in common, such that each individual has a moral right to use the original resources necessary for satisfying her basic needs. He also rejects the rival views that original resources are by nature owned by no one, owned by each human in equal shares, or owned and co-managed jointly by all humans. I argue that Risse’s arguments fail to establish a form of ownership at all and, moreover, that his arguments against the three rival views he considers all fall short. His argument establishes, rather, a moral constraint on any conventional system of property ownership.
Gilabert on the Feasibility of Global Justice
Authors: Macleod Colin M.
Published: January 2014

In this article, I discuss the analysis of the feasibility of global justice developed by Pablo Gilabert in his recent book From Global Poverty to Global Equality: A Philosophical Exploration. Gilabert makes many valuable contributions to this topic and I agree with most of his analysis. However, I identify a distinction between strategic justification and moral justification that Gilabert neglects. I show how this distinction is useful in addressing objections to the feasibility of global justice. I also claim that Gilabert makes some problematic assumptions concerning the way in which global justice is morally demanding.
Autonomy, Well-Being and the Order of Things: Gilabert on the conditions of social and global justice
Authors: Straehle1 Christine
Published: January 2014

Gilabert argues that the humanist conception of duties of global justice and the principle of cosmopolitan justifiability will lead us to accept an egalitarian definition of individual autonomy. Gilabert further argues that realizing conditions of individual autonomy can serve as the cut-off point to duties of global justice. I investigate his idea of autonomy, arguing that in order to make sense of this claim, we need a concept of autonomy. I propose 4 possible definitions of autonomy, none of which seem to necessitate Gilabert’s duties of egalitarian global justice. Instead, I propose that he may have in mind Autonomy 5, which requires that individuals have access to a maximum number of options and not simply a sufficient range of options to choose from. I criticize this premise as too demanding in the global world characterized by fundamental inequality. Second, I argue that if we were to endorse the preconditions for Autonomy 5, we would have to accept that Gilabert’s theory of global justice doesn’t provide for a cut-off point of duties of global justice.
Use of efavirenz during the first trimester and resulting pregnancy outcome: experience of the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville
Authors: Ekat M , Bitsindou P , Courpotin C
Published: January 2014

Background

The aim of this study is to report the experience of the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville regarding the use of efavirenz (EFV) during pregnancy.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of HIV‐positive women was conducted at the Ambulatory Treatment Center of Brazzaville. The study examined the use of an anti‐retroviral treatment containing EFV in women who reported being pregnant during follow‐up between January 2009 and September 2011. Demographic, clinical and biological data, and adverse effects associated with exposure to EFV during pregnancy were assessed after each pregnancy from the register of pregnant women in terms of preterm delivery (birth occurring before 37 weeks of age) and spontaneous miscarriage (spontaneous expulsion of the fetus before 15 weeks of age).

Results

Of 220 patients on an anti‐retroviral treatment who reported being pregnant during follow‐up, 34 patients were administered combinations containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT/3TC=27; d4T/3T=4; TDF/FTC=3) and EFV, with a median age of 31.95 years (IQR: 27.71–36.37) and median durations of exposure to EFV of 11.81 months (IQR: 5.46–21.22) and 35.14 weeks (IQR: 11–39.86) before and during pregnancy, respectively. In 13 patients who reported to be in their first trimester of pregnancy, a change from EFV to nevirapine was made in nine of these patients. The median CD4 count was 271.5 cells/mm3 (IQR: 233.5−414.5) and 305 cells/mm3 (IQR: 205–408) in early pregnancy and at delivery, respectively; the viral load was undetectable in 90% and 85.7% of the patients, respectively. Twenty‐three deliveries took place after 37 weeks gestation; additionally, five preterm deliveries, four spontaneous miscarriages, one terminated pregnancy, and one death in utero occurred.

Conclusions

EFV used during the first trimester of pregnancy offers security, but the number of fetal deaths is also important.
Global interior eddy available potential energy diagnosed from Argo floats
Authors: Roullet Guillaume , Capet Xavier , Maze Guillaume
Published: January 2014

By combining all Argo profiles for the period 2002 to present, a cumulative density function is constructed on a 3‐D grid of the global ocean. This function quantifies the statistics of isopycnals: time‐averaged density, root‐mean square of isopycnal displacement, and eddy available potential energy (EAPE). EAPE is the analogue of the eddy kinetic energy, but for the potential energy reservoir. Because it is essentially tied to the spatial structure and magnitude of mesoscale activity, EAPE is an important quantity that should be useful to evaluate eddy resolving/permitting model turbulence and circulation. Among other striking features are the turbulent behavior of Pacific and southern Atlantic Tsuchiya jets and subsurface EAPE maxima in some parts of the ocean, particularly in the Southern Ocean.
Quiet time observations of He ions in the inner magnetosphere as observed from the RBSPICE instrument aboard the Van Allen Probes mission
Authors: Gerrard Andrew , Lanzerotti Louis , Gkioulidou Matina , Mitchell Donald , Manweiler Jerry , Bortnik Jacob
Published: January 2014

He ions contribute to Earth's ring current energy and species population density and are important in understanding ion transport and charge exchange processes in the inner magnetosphere. He ion flux measurements made by the Van Allen Probes Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument are presented in this paper. Particular focus is centered on geomagnetically quiet intervals in late 2012 and 2013 that show the flux, L‐shell, and energy (65 keV to 518 keV) morphology of ring current He ions between geomagnetic storm injection events. The overall He ion abundance during the first nine months of RBSPICE observations, the appearance of a persistent high energy, low L‐shell He ion population, and the temporal evolution of this population all provide new insights into trapped ring current energy He ions. These data provide a unique resource that will be used to provide verifications of, and improvements to, models of He ion transport and loss in Earth's ring current region.
Size and shape of the distant magnetotail
Authors: Sibeck D. G. , Lin R.‐Q.
Published: January 2014

We employ a global magnetohydrodynamic model to study the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength and direction upon the cross section of the magnetotail at lunar distances. The anisotropic pressure of draped magnetosheath magnetic field lines and the inclusion of a reconnection‐generated standing slow mode wave fan bounded by a rotational discontinuity within the definition of the magnetotail result in cross sections elongated in the direction parallel to the component of the IMF in the plane perpendicular to the Sun‐Earth line. Tilted cross‐tail plasma sheets separate the northern and southern lobes within these cross sections. Greater fast‐mode speeds perpendicular than parallel to the draped magnetosheath magnetic field lines result in greater distances to the bow shock in the direction perpendicular than parallel to the component of the IMF in the plane transverse to the Sun‐Earth line. The magnetotail cross section responds rapidly to variations in the IMF orientation. The rotational discontinuity associated with newly reconnected magnetic field lines requires no more than the magnetosheath convection time to appear at any distance downstream, and further adjustments of the cross section in response to the anisotropic pressures of the draped magnetic field lines require no more than 10–20 min. Consequently, for typical ecliptic IMF orientations and strengths, the magnetotail cross section is oblate, while the bow shock is prolate.
A comparison of momentum mixing models for the planetary boundary layer
Authors: Xie Bo , Fung J. C. H.
Published: January 2014

In a convective planetary boundary layer (PBL), nonlocal closure PBL models represent the turbulent mixing as nonlocal mixing induced by large‐scale eddies in addition to local mixing between adjacent grid levels. Recently, the nonlocal mixing approach formulated with a counter‐gradient term has been developed for the momentum transport in many numerical models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the UK Met Office Unified Model. This study reviews a few momentum mixing models, provides alternative mixing formulations to address the potential problem in momentum transport, and analyzes the wind and momentum flux profiles predicted by these momentum mixing models. The predictions for momentum mixing from two nonlocal closure PBL models, i.e., the Yonsei University (YSU) PBL model and the modified Frech and Mahrt (FMX) PBL model, and from one local closure PBL model (YSU‐local) are compared, using the WRF model. The YSU model, in which the nonlocal momentum flux is aligned with the surface wind shear, is found to often predict larger vertical wind shear than the local momentum mixing model YSU‐local in the interior of the convective PBL. In contrast, the FMX model produces more well‐mixed wind profiles that agree better with observations and large eddy simulations results than the YSU and YSU‐local models, especially when the sign of the bulk wind shear over the convective PBL is opposite to that of the surface wind shear.
Investigating the preservation of nitrate isotopic composition in a tropical ice core from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
Authors: Buffen Aron M. , Hastings Meredith G. , Thompson Lonnie G. , Mosley‐Thompson Ellen
Published: January 2014

The nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in ice cores offers unique potential for examining reactive nitrogen oxide (NOx) budgets and oxidation chemistry of past atmospheres. A low‐latitude record is of particular interest given that the dominant natural sources of NOx and production of hydroxyl radical are most prevalent in the tropics. Any interpretation of nitrate in ice cores, however, must first consider that nitrate in snow is vulnerable to postdepositional loss and isotopic alteration. We report and assess the integrity of nitrate–δ15N, –δ18O, and –Δ17O in a 30 m ice core from a high‐elevation site in the central Andes. Clear seasonality in δ15N, δ18O, and nitrate concentration exists throughout most of the record and cannot be explained by photolysis or evaporation based on our current understanding of these processes. In contrast, nitrate in the upper ~12 m of the core and in a snowpit shows very different behavior. This may reflect alteration facilitated by recent melting at the surface. The relationships between δ15N, δ18O, Δ17O, and concentration in the unaltered sections can be interpreted in terms of mixing of nitrate from discrete sources. Transport effects and an englacial contribution from nitrification cannot be ruled out at this time, but the observed isotopic compositions are consistent with expected signatures of known NOx sources and atmospheric oxidation pathways. Specifically, nitrate deposited during the wet season reflects biogenic soil emissions and hydroxyl/peroxy radical chemistry in the Amazon, while dry season deposition reflects a lightning source and ozone chemistry at higher levels in the troposphere.
Nanoarchitectured Graphene/CNT@Porous Carbon with Extraordinary Electrical Conductivity and Interconnected Micro/Mesopores for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Peng Hong‐Jie , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Liu Xin‐Yan , Qian Wei‐Zhong , Wei Fei
Published: January 2014

The sp2‐hybridized nanocarbon (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) exhibits extraordinary mechanical strength and electrical conductivity but limited external accessible surface area and a small amount of pores, while nanostructured porous carbon affords a huge surface area and abundant pore structures but very poor electrical conductance. Herein the rational hybridization of the sp2 nanocarbon and nanostructured porous carbon into hierarchical all‐carbon nanoarchitectures is demonstrated, with full inherited advantages of the component materials. The sp2 graphene/CNT interlinked networks give the composites good electrical conductivity and a robust framework, while the meso‐/microporous carbon and the interlamellar compartment between the opposite graphene accommodate sulfur and polysulfides. The strong confinement induced by micro‐/mesopores of all‐carbon nanoarchitectures renders the transformation of S8 crystal into amorphous cyclo‐S8 molecular clusters, restraining the shuttle phenomenon for high capacity retention of a lithium‐sulfur cell. Therefore, the composite cathode with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 1121 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, a favorable high‐rate capability of 809 mAh g−1 at 10 C, a very low capacity decay of 0.12% per cycle, and an impressive cycling stability of 877 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 1 C. As sulfur loading increases from 50 wt% to 77 wt%, high capacities of 970, 914, and 613 mAh g−1 are still available at current densities of 0.5, 1, and 5 C, respectively. Based on the total mass of packaged devices, gravimetric energy density of GSH@APC‐S//Li cell is expected to be 400 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 10 000 W kg−1, matching the level of engine driven systems.
Enhancing the Adhesion of a Biomimetic Polymer Yields Performance Rivaling Commercial Glues
Authors: Meredith Heather J. , Jenkins Courtney L. , Wilker Jonathan J.
Published: January 2014

Marine mussels clinging to rocks inspire the development of novel materials. Characterization of mussel adhesive plaques describes a matrix of proteins containing 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which provides cross‐linking chemistry that allows mussels to attach firmly. Several synthetic polymer systems have been developed based on this DOPA chemistry. High strength bonding has been achieved with poly[(3,4‐dihydroxystyrene)‐co‐styrene], a simplified mimic of mussel proteins in which 3,4‐dihydroxystyrene provides the cross‐linking and adhesion of DOPA. The poly(styrene) host polymer stands in for a protein backbone. Prior efforts showed that a monomer ratio of 1:2 3,4‐dihydroxystyrene:styrene within the statistical copolymer poly[(3,4‐dihydroxystyrene)‐co‐styrene] yields the highest adhesion. To enhance adhesive performance of this biomimetic polymer, a systematic study is carried out in which a range of cross‐linking agents, cure times, cure temperatures, polymer concentrations, and fillers are examined. Lap shear adhesion testing revealed substantial increases in bond strength from each study. Consensus conditions are then determined and bonding performance is assessed on several substrates. Adhesion of this system turns out to be one of the strongest of all biomimetic polymers. These studies show that DOPA chemistry may be able to stand alongside of cyanoacrylate (e.g., Super Glue) and epoxy when it comes to high strength bonding.
Reactive Oxygen Species‐Scavenging Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Oxidative Stress Injuries
Authors: Yoshitomi Toru , Nagasaki Yukio
Published: January 2014

This Progress Report describes a development of two types of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries, referred to as pH‐sensitive redox nanoparticle (RNPN) and pH‐insensitive redox nanoparticle (RNPO), which are prepared by self‐assembling amphiphilic block copolymers possessing nitroxide radicals as a side chain of hydrophobic segment via amine and ether linkages, respectively. Due to a protonation of amino groups in hydrophobic core, RNPN disintegrates in low pH environments such as ischemic, inflamed, and tumor tissues, resulting in increased ROS‐scavenging activity because of the exposed nitroxide radicals from the core. Utilizing pH‐responsiveness of RNPN, it shows remarkable therapeutic effects on oxidative stress injuries such as renal and cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injuries after intravenous administration. Moreover, RNPN shows an enhancement of the activity of anticancer drugs by suppression of activation of transcription factors in tumor due to the ROS scavenging. On the other hand, orally administered RNPO has notable characteristics such as preferential accumulation in mucosa and inflamed area of gastrointestinal tract and no uptake into blood stream. Based on these characters, RNPO shows a remarkable therapeutic effect for the gastrointestinal inflammation without any adverse effects. Thus, ROS‐scavenging nanomedicines have therapeutic efficacy in numerous oxidative stress diseases.
Nanocarbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Li Qing , Cao Ruiguo , Cho Jaephil , Wu Gang
Published: January 2014

Alkaline oxygen electrocatalysis, targeting anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Zn‐air batteries, and alkaline‐based Li‐air batteries, has become a subject of intensive investigation because of its advantages compared to its acidic counterparts in reaction kinetics and materials stability. However, significant breakthroughs in the design and synthesis of efficient oxygen reduction catalysts from earth‐abundant elements instead of precious metals in alkaline media remain in high demand. Carbon composite materials have been recognized as the most promising because of their reasonable balance between catalytic activity, durability, and cost. In particular, heteroatom (e.g., N, S, B, or P) doping can tune the electronic and geometric properties of carbon, providing more active sites and enhancing the interaction between carbon structure and active sites. Importantly, involvement of transition metals appears to be necessary for achieving high catalytic activity and improved durability by catalyzing carbonization of nitrogen/carbon precursors to form highly graphitized carbon nanostructures with more favorable nitrogen doping. Recently, a synergetic effect was found between the active species in nanocarbon and the loaded oxides/sulfides, resulting in much improved activity. This report focuses on these carbon composite catalysts. Guidance for rational design and synthesis of advanced alkaline ORR catalysts with improved activity and performance durability is also presented.
Removal of Hg0 from containing‐SO2/NO flue gas by ultraviolet/H2O2 process in a novel photochemical reactor
Authors: Liu Yangxian , Pan Jianfeng , Wang Qian
Published: January 2014

A novel photochemical spray reactor is first developed and is used to remove Hg0 and simultaneously remove Hg0/SO2/NO from flue gas by ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2 process. The effects of several parameters (UV wavelength, UV power, H2O2 concentration, Hg0 inlet concentration, solution temperature, liquid–gas ratio, solution pH, SO2 concentration, NO concentration, and O2 concentration) on removal of Hg0 by UV/H2O2 process were investigated. Removal mechanism of Hg0 is proposed and simultaneous removal of Hg0, NO, and SO2 is also studied. The results show that the parameters, UV wavelength, UV power, H2O2 concentration, liquid–gas ratio, solution pH, and O2 concentration, have significant impact on removal of Hg0. However, the parameters, Hg0 inlet concentration, solution temperature, SO2 concentration, and NO concentration, only have small effect on removal of Hg0. Hg2+ is the final product of Hg0 removal, and Hg0 is mainly removed by oxidations of H2O2, ·OH, · O, O3, and photoexcitation of UV. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2275–2285, 2014
Summarizing craniofacial genetics and developmental biology (SCGDB)
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: January 2014

This overview article highlights active areas of research in craniofacial genetics and developmental biology as reflected in presentations given at the 34th annual meeting of the Society of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology (SCGDB) in Montreal, Quebec on October 11, 2011. This 1‐day meeting provided a stimulating occasion that demonstrated the present status of research in craniofacial genetics and developmental biology and where the field is heading. To accompany the abstracts published in this issue I have selected several themes that emerged from the meeting. After discussing the basis on which craniofacial defects/syndromes are classified and investigated, I address the multi‐gene basis of craniofacial syndromes with an examination of the roles of Sox9 and FGF receptors in normal and abnormal craniofacial development. I then turn to the knowledge being gained from population‐wide and longitudinal cohort studies and from the discovery of new signaling centers that regulate craniofacial development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A recessive genetic model and runs of homozygosity in major depressive disorder
Authors: Power Robert A. , Keller Matthew C. , Ripke Stephan , Abdellaoui Abdel , Wray Naomi R. , Sullivan Patrick F. ,   MDD PGC Working Group, Breen Gerome
Published: January 2014

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) of major depressive disorder (MDD) have yet to identify variants that surpass the threshold for genome‐wide significance. A recent study reported that runs of homozygosity (ROH) are associated with schizophrenia, reflecting a novel genetic risk factor resulting from increased parental relatedness and recessive genetic effects. Here, we explore the possibility of such a recessive model in MDD. In a sample of 9,238 cases and 9,521 controls reported in a recent mega‐analysis of 9 GWAS we perform an analysis of ROH and common variants under a recessive model. Since evidence for association with ROH could reflect a recessive mode of action at loci, we also conducted a genome‐wide association analyses under a recessive model. The genome‐wide association analysis using a recessive model found no significant associations. Our analysis of ROH suggested that there was significant heterogeneity of effect across studies in effect (P = 0.001), and it was associated with genotyping platform and country of origin. The results of the ROH analysis show that differences across studies can lead to conflicting systematic genome‐wide differences between cases and controls that are unaccounted for by traditional covariates. They highlight the sensitivity of the ROH method to spurious associations, and the need to carefully control for potential confounds in such analyses. We found no strong evidence for a recessive model underlying MDD. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Macroscopic inspection of ape feces: What's in a quantification method?
Authors: Phillips Caroline A. , McGrew William C.
Published: January 2014

Macroscopic inspection of feces has been used to investigate primate diet. The limitations of this method to identify food‐items to species level have long been recognized, but ascertaining aspects of diet (e.g., folivory) are achievable by quantifying food‐items in feces. Quantification methods applied include rating food‐items using a scale of abundance, estimating their percentage volume, and weighing food‐items. However, verification as to whether or not composition data differ, depending on which quantification method is used during macroscopic inspection, has not been done. We analyzed feces collected from ten adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We compare dietary composition totals obtained from using different quantification methods and ascertain if sieve mesh size influences totals calculated. Finally, this study validates findings from direct observation of feeding by the same individuals from whom the fecal samples had been collected. Contrasting diet composition totals obtained by using different quantification methods and sieve mesh sizes can influence folivory and frugivory estimates. However, our findings were based on the assumption that fibrous matter contained pith and leaf fragments only, which remains to be verified. We advocate macroscopic inspection of feces can be a valuable tool to provide a generalized overview of dietary composition for primate populations. As most populations remain unhabituated, scrutinizing and validating indirect measures are important if they are to be applied to further understand inter‐ and intra‐species dietary variation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:539–550, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the upper deciduous M2 and permanent M1
Authors: Bailey Shara E. , Benazzi Stefano , Hublin Jean‐Jacques
Published: January 2014

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of allometry on the shape of dm2 and M1 crown outlines and to examine whether the trajectory and magnitude of scaling are shared between species. The sample included 160 recent Homo sapiens, 28 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, 10 early H. sapiens, and 33 H. neanderthalensis (Neandertal) individuals. Of these, 97 were dm2/M1 pairs from the same individuals. A two‐block partial least squares analysis of paired individuals revealed a significant correlation in crown shape between dm2 and M1. A principal component analysis confirmed that Neandertal and H. sapiens dm2 and M1 shapes differ significantly and that this difference is primarily related to hypocone size and projection. Allometry accounted for a small but significant proportion of the total morphological variance. We found the magnitude of the allometric effect to be significantly stronger in Neandertals than in H. sapiens. Procrustes distances were significantly different between the two tooth classes in Neandertals, but not among H. sapiens groups. Nevertheless, we could not reject the null hypothesis that the two species share the same allometric trajectory. Although size clearly contributes to the unique shape of the Neandertal dm2 and M1, the largest H. sapiens teeth do not exhibit the most Neandertal‐like morphology. Hence, additional factors must contribute to the differences in dm2 and M1 crown shape between these two species. We suggest an investigation of the role of timing and rate of development on the shapes of the dm2 and M1 may provide further answers. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:104–114, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimentelle Elektronendichteuntersuchung eines Silylons
Authors: Niepötter Benedikt , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Kratzert Daniel , Samuel Prinson P. , Mondal Kartik Chandra , Roesky Herbert W. , Jerabek Paul , Frenking Gernot , Stalke Dietmar
Published: January 2014

Untersuchungen der experimentell sowie theoretisch bestimmten Elektronendichte zeigen, dass die Interpretation der Bindungssituation des (cAAC)2Si als die eines Silylones korrekt ist. In der Analyse der Elektronendichte konnten zwei deutlich voneinander separierte und in keinerlei Bindungen involvierte VSCCs gefunden werden, was als Zeichen für zwei freie Elektronenpaare genommen werden kann. Im Experiment zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede sowohl in den Bindungslängen als auch in den Elliptizitäten der Si‐C‐Bindungen. Periodische Festkörperrechnungen zeigen, dass sich dies auf schwache intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen zurückführen lässt. Die Stickstoff‐Carbenkohlenstoff‐Bindungen weisen einen erhöhten Doppelbindungsanteil auf, was auf ein Singulett‐Carben schließen lässt, das für das Vorliegen einer Donor‐Akzeptor‐Bindung nötig ist. Folglich ist die Winkelsumme an den Stickstoffatomen ein guter Anhaltspunkt für die Entscheidung, ob ein Singulett‐ oder Triplett‐Zustand bei cAACs vorliegt.
Der elektronische Grundzustand von [Fe(CO)3(NO)]−: eine spektroskopische und theoretische Studie
Authors: Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Miehlich Burkhard , Holzwarth Michael S. , Bauer Matthias , Milek Magdalena , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Knizia Gerald , Werner Hans‐Joachim , Plietker Bernd
Published: January 2014

Fe‐katalysierte Reaktionen haben sich in den vergangenen 10 Jahren fest in der organischen Synthese etabliert. Das ursprünglich von Hogsed und Hieber beschriebene komplexe Ferrat [Fe(CO)3(NO)]− zeigt katalytische Aktivität in zahlreichen organischen Reaktionen und wird allgemein als isoelektronisch zum [Fe(CO)4]2− betrachtet. Allerdings zeigt der letztgenannte Komplex kaum katalytische Aktivität. Die hier vorgestellten spektroskopischen und quantenchemischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass das komplexe Ferrat [Fe(CO)3(NO)]− nicht wie angenommen als eine Fe−II‐Spezies, sondern vielmehr als eine Fe0‐Spezies, in der das Metall kovalent über zwei π‐Bindungen an ein NO− gebunden ist, aufgefasst werden sollte. Eine Metall‐N‐σ‐Bindung wird nicht beobachtet.
Direct meso‐Alkynylation of Metalloporphyrins Through Gold Catalysis for Hemoprotein Engineering
Authors: Nierth Alexander , Marletta Michael A.
Published: January 2014

A method was developed for the direct functionalization of metalloporphyrins at the methine protons (meso positions) to yield asymmetric alkynylated derivatives by using gold catalysis and hypervalent iodine reagents. This single‐step procedure was applied to b‐type heme and the product was incorporated into a gas‐sensor heme protein. The terminal alkyne allows fluorophore labeling through copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Hemoproteins with this type of engineered cofactor have several potential applications in labeling and imaging technologies. Additionally, the alkyne provides a handle for modulating porphyrin electron density, which affects cofactor redox potential and ligand affinity. This method will be helpful for investigating the chemistry of natural heme proteins and for designing artificial variants with altered properties and reactivities.
A highly selective synthesis of 1‐substituted (E)‐buta‐1,3‐dienes with 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐2‐vinyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane as building block
Authors: Szudkowska‐Frątczak Justyna , Ryba Aline , Franczyk Adrian , Walkowiak Jędrzej , Kubicki Maciej , Pawluć Piotr
Published: January 2014

Highly selective synthesis of 1‐substituted (E)‐buta‐1,3‐dienes via palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of (E)‐alkenyl iodides with 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐2‐vinyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane (1) is reported. The vinylboronate pinacol ester (1) acts as a vinyl building block to show high chemoselectivity for the Suzuki–Miyaura pathway versus Heck coupling in the presence of biphasic conditions (Pd(PPh3)4, aqueous K2CO3, toluene and ethanol). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Henry reactions of aldehydes with various nitroalkanes catalyzed by copper(II) complexes of novel chiral N‐monoalkyl cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamines
Authors: Liu Fei , Gou Shaohua , Li Lei
Published: January 2014

A number of novel chiral diamines 3, (1R,2R)‐N‐monoalkylcyclohexane‐1,2‐diamines, were designed and synthesized from trans‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine and applied to the catalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of benzaldehyde and nitromethane to provide β‐nitroalcohol in high yield (up to 99%) and good enantiomeric excess (up to 89%). By using ligand (1R,2R)‐N1‐(4‐methylpentan‐2‐yl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine (3g), the reaction was optimized in terms of the metal ion, temperature, solvent and base. Further experiments indicated that the complex, 3g–Cu(OAc)2, was an efficient catalyst in the asymmetric Henry reaction between different aldehydes and nitromethane, and the desired products have been obtained with high chemical yields (up to 99%) and high enantiomeric excess (up to 93%). The optimized catalyst promoted the diastereoselective Henry reaction of various aldehyde substrates and nitroalkane, which gave the corresponding anti‐selective adduct with up to 99% yield and 83:17 anti/syn selectivity. Upon scaling up to gram quantities, the β‐nitroalcohol was obtained in good yield (96%) with excellent selectivities (93% ee). The chiral induction mechanism was tentatively explained on the basis of a previously proposed transition‐state model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Phenyl‐substituted carbene precursors and their silver complexes: synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities
Authors: Gök Yetkin , Akkoç Senem , Albayrak Sevil , Akkurt Mehmet , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz
Published: January 2014

A series of unsymmetrically substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e) were synthesized from the reaction of N‐phenylbenzimidazole with various alkyl halides. These compounds were used to synthesize NHC–silver(I) complexes (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e). The five new 1‐phenyl‐3‐alkylbenzimidazolium salts (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e) and their NHC–silver complexes (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) were characterized by the 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis techniques. Also, the two NHC–silver complexes 2b and 2c were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, which confirmed the linear C―Ag―Cl arrangements. The antibacterial activities of the NHC precursor and NHC–silver complexes were tested against three Gram‐positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram‐negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using the microdilution broth method. The NHC–silver complexes showed higher antibacterial activity than the NHC precursors. In addition, silver complexes 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d showed high antibacterial activity against the Gram‐positive bacteria L. monocytogenes and S. aureus compared to the standard, tetracycline. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sn‐mediated one‐pot four‐component allylation of aldimines
Authors: Li Jian , Lv Wenxian , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Niu Teng , Su Yingpeng , Hu Yulai
Published: January 2014

A convenient and facile method for the synthesis of homoallylic amines was disclosed. The one‐pot reaction of aldehydes, aromatic amines and allylic bromide with tin powder at room temperature could afford the homoallylic amines in good to excellent yield without any promoter or additive. The method is highly efficient and environmentally benign with low cost and concise manipulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of mouthguard materials: A comparison of a commercial material to a novel thiolene family
Authors: McNair Olivia D. , Gould Trenton E. , Piland Scott G. , Savin Daniel A.
Published: January 2014

The goal of this study is to compare the thermal and mechanical properties of a commercial mouthguard material with a novel class of thermoset polymers based on thiolene “click” chemistry. Ternary thiolene systems modified with urethane or acrylate [urethane‐modified thiolene network (UMTEN) and acrylate‐modified thiolene network (AMTEN), respectively] were synthesized and their properties compared with commercially available Polyshok™. Durometer hardness (ASTM D2240‐05), water absorption [ASTM D570‐98 (2005)], tear strength (ASTM D624‐00), and impact attenuation [ASTM D6110‐06f (modified)] were measured for physical property comparison. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were used as a means to compare thermal properties. One‐way analysis of variance and independent t tests were used to test for differences between Polyshok™, AMTEN and UMTEN samples. It was found that the novel thiolene networks exhibit higher impact attenuation at intraoral temperature compared with Polyshok™, although Polyshok™ demonstrates lower water absorption and hardness, as well as higher tear strength. With further modification, this family of thiolene materials may provide a platform for developing next‐generation mouthguard materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40402.
Needle‐punched nonwoven matrix from regenerated collagen fiber for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: He Nanfei , Ke Qinfei , Huang Chen , Yang Jun , Guo Yaping
Published: January 2014

In this study, a new application of needle‐punched three‐dimensional (3D) fiber matrix from regenerated collagen fiber in articular cartilage tissue engineering (TE) was developed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the arrangement of fibers well mimicked the transitional part of the zonal articular cartilage. The 3D matrices exhibited a high porosity (93.5 ± 2.3%) and a large pore size range from about 20 μm in the inner part to 200–300 μm on the surface. The interconnected pore structure and hydrophilicity of the fibers led to the rapid and desired water uptake capacity of the matrices. Although the tensile and compressive properties of the scaffold were slightly lower than those of the natural articular cartilage, the anisotropic and nonlinear tension–compression were highly similar. In vitro human bone marrow stromal cells proliferation and cell morphology revealed the well cytocompatibility of the matrix, indicating its great potential in articular cartilage TE. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40404.
Gastro‐resistant controlled release of OTC encapsulated in alginate/chitosan matrix coated with acryl‐EZE® MP in fluidized bed
Authors: Kleinubing Sirlene Adriana , Seraphim Danielle Chati , Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato , Canevesi Rafael Luan Sehn , da Silva Edson Antonio , César Carlos Lenz , Mei Lucia Helena Innocentini
Published: January 2014

A gastro‐resistant system of acryl‐EZE® MP coated alginate/chitosan microparticles was developed to improve the controlled release of oxytetracycline (OTC). Microparticles were obtained by complex coacervation and, thereafter, were coated using fluidized polymer dispersion with acryl‐EZE® MP solution. OTC distribution inside the microparticles was determined by multiphoton confocal microscopy, demonstrating the efficiency of encapsulation process. In vitro OTC release kinetic was performed in order to obtain the release profile in gastric and intestinal simulated fluids. A fast initial release, or burst effect, was observed with uncoated microparticles loaded with OTC in gastric conditions. When a 50% mass increase in acryl‐EZE® MP coating was achieved, OTC release in acidic medium was greatly reduced, resulting in the expected gastro‐resistant effect. Different mathematical models were applied to describe the drug diffusion across the polymer matrix. The Logistic model was the best tool to interpret the experimental data in most of the systems studied. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40444.
Experimental evidence for species‐specific response to turbidity in imperilled fishes
Authors: Gray Suzanne M. , Bieber F. Matthias E. , Mcdonnell laura H. , Chapman lauren J. , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: January 2014

The use of non‐lethal experiments to elucidate behavioural and physiological thresholds to environmental stressors can provide valuable data for identifying threats to, and critical habitat of, imperilled species. Increased turbidity contributes to population declines and loss of fish diversity globally, but the complex direct and indirect effects of this stressor on imperilled species are not well understood.

Response to turbidity was examined in a group of closely related North American fishes (Notropis spp.), including four imperilled shiners: pugnose shiner (N. anogenus), bridle shiner (N. bifrenatus), blacknose shiner (N. heterolepis), blackchin shiner (N. heterodon), and the more common mimic shiner (N. volucellus). Two experiments quantified (i) the behavioural response of each species to progressively increasing turbidity, and (ii) critical swimming speed of fishes acclimated in turbid‐ and clear‐water treatments to provide insights into effects of low turbidity on aerobic performance.

Very low levels of turbidity (<10 NTU) altered schooling behaviour of pugnose and bridle shiners, both imperilled. Critical swimming speed was lower in pugnose shiner acclimated to low turbidity than fish acclimated to clear waters, while the opposite pattern was observed in bridle shiner. Low turbidity did not affect behaviour or critical swimming speed in the other three shiner species, suggesting that they are more tolerant of low levels of turbidity.

The demonstration of alterations in ecologically significant measures of behaviour and performance in the pugnose and bridle shiners, provides evidence required to identify and implement conservation and recovery actions related to turbidity of human origin. In addition, it is suggested that species‐specific responses should be evaluated, where possible, when defining critical habitat.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIGESTION IN ADULT FEMALES OF THE LEAF‐FOOTED BUG Leptoglossus zonatus (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES α‐AMYLASE, α‐GALACTOSIDASE, AND α‐GLUCOSIDASE
Authors: Rocha Ariane A. , Pinto Carlos J. C. , Samuels Richard I. , Alexandre Daniel , Silva Carlos P.
Published: January 2014

The leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is an emerging pest of several crops around the World and up to now very little is known of its digestive system. In this article, glycoside hydrolase (carbohydrase) activities in the adult midgut cells and in the luminal contents of L. zonatus adult females were studied. The results showed the distribution of digestive carbohydrases in adults of this heteropteran species in the different intestinal compartments. Determination of the spatial distribution of α‐glucosidase activity in L. zonatus midgut showed only one major molecular form, which was not equally distributed between soluble and membrane‐bound isoforms, being more abundant as a membrane‐bound enzyme. The majority of digestive carbohydrases were found in the soluble fractions. Activities against starch, maltose and the synthetic substrate NPαGlu were found to show the highest levels of activity, followed by enzymes active against galactosyl oligosaccharides. Based on ion‐exchange chromatography elution profiles and banding patterns in mildly denaturing electrophoresis, both midgut α‐amylases and α‐galactosidases showed at least two isoforms. The data suggested that the majority of carbohydrases involved in initial digestion were present in the midgut lumen, whereas final digestion of starch and of galactosyl oligosaccharides takes place partially within the lumen and partially at the cell surface. The complex of carbohydrases here described was qualitatively appropriate for the digestion of free oligosaccharides and oligomaltodextrins released by α‐amylases acting on maize seed starch granules.