bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas Atomizer Making to Produce Tin Powders
Authors: Pipatpanyanugoon Kasem , Nakvachiratrakul Chantra
Published: September 2016

The objective of this research is to make an economical laboratory-scale, horizontal gas atomizer for producing tin powders. The procedures were designing a furnace, gas chamber and cyclone, and 2-nozzle air tubes. All equipments were built and assembled to be a gas atomizer. The gas atomizer was trial run by blowing nitrogen gas to molten tins. It produced powders in many sizes. The trial run had been repeated in many conditions. The variable conditions were the molten tin temperature, the 2-nozzle air tubes angle, and the gas pressure. The best trial run resulted, tin powder smaller than 150 μm was 75.4 %. The best conditions of trial run result were 300 o C of molten tin temperature, 30 degree of 2-nozzle air tubes angle, and 200 psi of gas pressure. The tin powder particles were spherical shape. This research can produce an economical laboratory-scale, horizontal gas atomizer for learning metal powder.
Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Advantages and Shortcomings for Application in Conductometric Gas Sensors
Authors: Korotcenkov G. , Han S.H. , Cho B.K.
Published: September 2016

The features of conductometric gas sensors based on metal oxide composites are considered. The methods of the composites forming and the advantages of their using in the development of gas sensors are discussed. It is given the analysis of the factors that reduce the effectiveness of the composites using in conductometric gas sensors, which should be taken into account while designing and fabricating sensors based on metal oxide composites. The mechanisms explaining the operation of conductometric gas sensors based on metal oxide composites are also discussed.
Impedance Spectroscopic Inspection Toward Sensitivity Enhancement of Ag-Doped WO3 Nanofiber-Based Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor
Authors: Boonma Pundaree , Jaroenapibal Papot , Horprathum Mati , Pornnimitra Sathiraporn , Charoen Boonying , Triroj Napat
Published: September 2016

This work reports the impedance analysis and carbon monoxide gas sensing response of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanofibers with silver (Ag) nanoparticle doping. The Ag-doped WO3 nanofibers were prepared by an electrospinning technique. The impedance spectroscopic measurements of undoped and Ag-doped WO3 nanofibers were performed to study the contribution of electrical parameters involved in the electron transport. The impedance modeling obtained from the fitted Nyquist plot shows that the RC components attributed to Ag-WO3 interface are introduced to the system upon Ag addition. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas detection was carried out by resistance measurement using a DC method. The sensitivity of Ag-doped WO3 nanofibers is found to be greater than that of the undoped sample. The improved sensitivity is derived from the high interface resistance between Ag and WO3 grains. The contribution of Ag dopants is conceived to induce electronic structure alteration of the sensor material.
The Improvement in Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) Nanocomposites with Low Loadings of Graphene Oxide (XGO)
Authors: Buasri Achanai , Kampichit Udon , Salacharoen Panupong , Sangsawee Pouvadon , Loryuenyong Vorrada
Published: September 2016

This research aims to study the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of poly (butylene succinate)/graphene oxide (PBS/XGO) nanocomposites. The polymer nanocomposites were successfully prepared by solution processing in conjunction with compression molding at various contents of XGO from 0-1.0 wt%. The structure, tensile properties and thermal stability of materials have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mechanical test, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that PBS and XGO could mix with each other homogeneously, and uniform dispersion of XGO in the PBS matrix occurred when the filler content was less than 1.0 wt%. Young′s modulus and degradation temperature (Td) of biopolymer were greatly improved by the addition of a small amount of XGO (1.0 wt%). The nanocomposites have potential application as packing materials.
Preparation of Zeolite Nanocrystals via Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis Using of Rice Husk Ash and Metakaolin
Authors: Setthaya Naruemon , Chindaprasirt Prinya , Pimraksa Kedsarin
Published: September 2016

Synthesis of zeolite nanocrystals from rice husk ash and metakaolin was studied. Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods at 120 °C for 6 h were used as comparative study. Starting mixes were prepared with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 4. Two factors; stirring time before hydrothermal and solvothermal treatments and solvent types were studied. The synthesized products were characterized in terms of mineralogy using X-ray diffraction, specific surface area using N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm, morphology and composition using scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion X-ray analysis. The results showed that faujasite and zeolite P1 were obtained from both of hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. However, crystals sizes of the synthesized zeolites from solvothermal method were smaller than that of hydrothermal method in that 100-300 nm and 100-1500 nm for solvothermal and hydrothermal methods, respectively. Specific surface area of the zeolites obtained from hydrothermal and solvothermal methods were 418 and 487 m2/g, respectively.
Effects of Hydroxyapatite/Silk Fibroin/Chitosan Ratio on Physical Properties of Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Application
Authors: Wattanutchariya Wassanai , Oonjai Atitaya , Thunsiri Kittiya
Published: September 2016

This study reports the effects of the mixing ratio of hydroxyapatite (HA), silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) on the physical properties of the scaffold used in tissue engineering. Experimental design based on mixture design was implemented to investigate the degradation rate of the scaffolds fabricated from various ratios of those biomaterials. Furthermore, pore morphology and pore size were evaluated to confirm the compatibility of the scaffold topography for cell growth and adhesion. The results from the study showed that all ratios, except pure HA solution, can be fabricated into porous scaffolds with an interconnected pore structure and appropriate pore sizes to allow all types of human cells to pass through. Furthermore, the scaffold solutions with high CS ratio resulted in a uniform pore structure and lower rates of biodegradation. Therefore, CS is recommended as the main structure because it provides the highest resistance to biodegradation. The scaffolds from various ratios may be applied for different tissue replacements in the near future.
Comparative Studies of the Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl), LYSO and BGO Scintillation Crystals
Authors: Limkitjaroenporn Pruittipol , Sangwaranatee Narong , Chaiphaksa Wuttichai , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2016

This article, for comparison, the non-proportionality of light yield and energy resolution of BGO, LYSO and CsI(Tl) scintillators couple to the R1306 PMT readouts were investigated. At 662 keV from 137Cs source, the good energy resolution of 7.13% for CsI(Tl) superior than LYSO and BGO scintillators. The energy resolution on gamma-ray energy was also evaluated to expose the scintillator intrinsic resolution parameters. For non-proportionality of light yield, the study showed a light yield non-proportionality 0.35% of LYSO, the value is better than 4.82 % for CsI(Tl) and 1.53 % of BGO scintillators.
Compressive Strength Development of High Strength High Volume Fly Ash Concrete by Using Local Material
Authors: Solikin Mochamad
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a research to produce high strength concrete incorporated with fly ash as cement replacement up to 50% (high volume fly ash concrete) by using local material. The research is conducted by testing the strength development of high volume fly ash concrete at the age of 14 days, 28 days and 56 days. As a control mix, the compressive strength of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete without fly ash is used. Both concrete mixtures use low w/c. consequently, they lead to the use of 1 % superplasticizer to reach sufficient workability in the process of casting. The specimens are concrete cubes with the dimension of 15 cm x15 cm x 15 cm. The totals of 24 cubes of HVFA concrete and OPC concrete are used as specimens of testing. The compressive strength design of concrete is 45 MPa and the slump design is ± 10 cm. The result shows that the compressive strengths of OPC concrete at the age of 14 days, 28 days, and 56 days are 38 MPa, 40 MPa, and 42 MPa. Whereas the compressive strength of HVFA concrete in the same age of immersing sequence are 29 MPa, 39 MPa, and 42 MPa. The result indicates that HVFA concrete can reach the similar compressive strength as that of normal concrete especially at the age of 56 days by deploying low water cement ratio.
Influence on Fatigue and Biomechanics of Cone Fit of Dental Implant around the Surrounding Bone Tissue
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Xiao , Zhou Yu Feng , Chen Xian Shuai , Wang Ya Ling
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the purpose is to compare three different cone fit of dental implant around the surrounding bone tissue that influence on fatigue and biomechanics, it is also to provide a theoretical basis for the design and clinical application of dental implant. The method is that loading the force 100N and 200N with different angle to the three different cone with dental implant with the finite element analysis (FEA) that analyzes the stress and fatigue in ideal conditions. The Results is that when the loading is vertical, cone for 3 degrees of the implant have the best performance. The cone for 80 degrees of the implant is min among the max equivalent stress of the implants. However, comprehensive view, Cone for 24 degrees of the implant the most stable. we find that cone of different implant when subjected to the same force the maximum equivalent stress is different, smaller conical implant under vertical load force have good performance, but with the increase of the loading angle the bigger conical implant performance better.
Welding Repair of Aluminium Alloy 6082 T6 by TIG Welding Process
Authors: Hoyingchareon Kraiwut , Muangjunburee Prapas
Published: September 2016

This work focuses on welding repair of aluminium alloy 6082 T6 by TIG welding process. Two types of filler, 4043 and 5356 were used. A comparison at I= 120A,140A, welding speed 20cm/min and gas flow rate 15 L/min was studied. Physical characteristics, macrostructure and microstructure at weld metal and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) were investigated. Which at 140A can welding repair. The parameter 140A have complete melting and fail area at HAZ and mechanical properties more than 120A.
Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Hard-Facing Weld Metal on JIS-S50C Carbon Steel in Agricultural Machine Parts
Authors: Kimapong Kittipong , Poonayom Pramote , Wattanajitsiri Voraya
Published: September 2016

Hard-facing welding is one of the repairing methods for increasing hard metal on the agricultural machine part surfaces that caused by the wear mechanism. To this date, the investigation of an optimized welding process parameter that could produce high hardness and wear resistance of the hard-facing layer is still being developed and performed. This paper aims to study the effects of hard-facing welding layer on mechanical properties and microstructure of hard-facing weld metal on JIS-50C carbon steel. The summarized results are as follows: (a) an increase of hard-facing layer affected to increase the hardness of the layer, (b) the hardness of the welds showed a maximum hardness of about 750 HV at a top surface of 3rd welds layers with no-buffering layer and showed the minimum hardness of about 225 HV at a base metal, (c) microstructure investigation showed that the increase of the phase that contained higher chromium, molybdenum and manganese affected the increase of the hardness and the wear resistance of the weld metal, (d) The minimum mass loss of 0.2559 mg/m could be found when a welding current of 100A, non-buffering layer and 3 layers of hard-facing weld metal were applied, and (e) the buffering layer was able to produce a sound weld metal and might not be suited for the hard-facing welding of the medium carbon steel because it produced the dilution effect that deteriorated the mechanical properties of the weld metal.
Life Extension of Propeller Shafts by Hardfacing Welding
Authors: Sitthipong Siva , Towatana Prawit , Sitticharoenchai Amnuay , Meengam Chaiyoot
Published: September 2016

At present the Cut-stern Kolek Boats of local fishermen at Kaoseng Community on the Coast of Songkhla Lake have a high rate of shaft failure. Consequently, the fishermen have spent lots of money on maintenance program of repairing shafts for a few years. Besides, the repairing cost, each time of the failure also causes water pollution from the leakage of grease. The incomplete transmission of power leads to engine overloading and fuel wasting. The investigation of the high failure rate of propeller shafts which were major machine component in power transmission illustrated the failure in normal fracture caused by the mechanisms of metal fatigue. Using the welding repair by shield metal arc welding process did not give the satisfied outcome because it created the short service life of reused propeller shafts after repairing. This research was aimed to study the metal fatigue behavior of long tail shafts in the Cut-stern Kolek boats and introduce the new method of welding repair process to prolong their service life. The experiment revealed that specimens resulted from the new welding repair process and the conventional one possessed different service life. The new process used the flux core which arc welding can prolong the service life of the shafts of boats more than 1.6 times of using the conventional method which is the electric welding by flux core arc welding. The research result will be extended to fishermen, in order to encourage them to become a part of sustainable inshore fisheries.
Improvement of Welding Repair Aluminium Alloy 6082T6 by MIG Welding Process
Authors: Nimaeh Nitipon , Muangjunburee Prapas
Published: September 2016

The repair welding of aluminium alloy 6082T6 with two fillers 4043 and 5356 were studied by using MIG welding process with pulse current at frequency 5 Hz. After that, macrostructure and microstructure were investigated and the density of porosity and testing of mechanical properties were determined. The results found that the density of new weld was less than repair weld. The results of mechanical tests showed that the new weld were better than the repair weld.
Structural Characterization of a Glass Ceramic Developed from TiO2 and a Novel Material-Silica Xerogel Converted from Sago Waste Ash
Authors: Aripin Haji , Mitsudo Seitaro , Sudiana Inyoman Nyoman , Busaeri Nundang , Sunendar Bambang , Sabchevski Sliven
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we present the synthesis procedure and the results of an investigation of a novel silica xerogel (SX) glass ceramic developed from an amorphous SX derived from sago waste ash that incorporates TiO2 as an additive. The studied compositions have been prepared by adding of either 20% or 80 wt% of TiO2 into SX, respectively. The samples have been dry pressed and sintered in the temperature range between 900°C and 1500°C. Their properties have been characterized on the basis of the experimental data obtained using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It has been found that an increase of the content of SX in the composition leads to an increase of the shift of the bandgap energy of TiO2. The analysis based on the interpretation of both XRD patterns and FTIR spectrum allows one to explain the shift in the bandgap energy by an enlargement of the crystallite size of TiO2 and by forming of more Si–O–Ti bonds in the samples with a smaller loading of TiO2.
Fabrication and Properties of Mullite Ceramics from Ranong Kaolin
Authors: Lertcumfu Narumon , Eitssayeam Sukum , Pengpat Kamonpan , Tunkasiri Tawee , Sweatman Denis Russell , Jaita Pharatree , Sanjoom Ratabongkot , Rujijanagul Gobwute
Published: September 2016

In the present study, mullite powders were prepared from fired Ranong kaolin powder at high temperatures. Differential thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique were used to understand kaolin–mullite reaction sequence and phase formation of the starting material after a heat treatment, respectively. It was found that phase of mullite started to occure at ∼1000 °C. Microstrural study by a scanning microscope, indicated that there was a change in microsture after the heat treatment, i.e. grain shape changed from equiaxed to needle grains shape . The AC conductivity decreased with decreasing the sintering temperature and 1500 °C ceramic presented a very high frequency stabilty of conductivity, suggesting that this martial can be used as an electrical insulator for wide frequency range.
Stratigraphy and structural geology of the Cowansville-Sutton-Mansonville area in the Appalachians of southern Quebec
Authors: Rickard M J
Published: September 2016

This report presents a detailed account of the stratigraphy, and analyses the structure and metamorphic textures, of an area at the western edge of the Appalachian region in the southern part of the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Three broad northerly-trending
structural zones with different stratigraphies are recognized: the western Oak Hill sequence, the central realm of Sutton schists and an eastern Mansonville sequence. The Western Zone is interpreted to be a late Precambrian to Cambrian rifted continental margin, the Central Zone is a
continental-slope flysch wedge and the Eastern Zone sequence represents oceanic deposits. Deformation commenced in the Early Ordovician with the obduction of serpentinite, and by the Middle Ordovician (Taconic Orogeny), arc collision caused strong folding and westward thrusting. A highly attenuated
slide zone separates the western folds from a major anticline in the central schists. Stress perturbations across an embayment in the continental margin produced east-west cross folds in deeper parts and successively oblique fold trends. The peak of metamorphism accompanied the late development of
the major Sutton Anticline, and its effects are superimposed on earlier structures to the west. In the eastern part of the area, unconformable Upper Silurian slates were folded into a tight syncline by the Middle Devonian (Acadian) orogeny. Radiometric dating yields equivocal results for the age of
metamorphism in the Central and Western zones; it may be Taconic or as young as Acadian.
Upper Moscovian [Desmoinesian] fusulinaceans from the type section of the Nansen Formation, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Lin R , Ross C A , Nassichuk W W
Published: September 2016

The Nansen Formation in the type area ranges in age from Middle Carboniferous (late Serpukhovian) to Early Permian (Sakmarian) and contains a rhythmically bedded succession of limestones that are thick bedded at the base of the formation and thin to medium bedded
elsewhere. Deposition occurred in a transitional "belt" between the shallow water shelf and the shelf slope in an environment characterized by strong and continued wave or current agitation. The upper Moscovian (Desmoinesian) fusulinaceans studied are from between 1105-1649 m (3625-5410 ft.) above
the base of a section 1.6 km west of the type section.
The fauna in this interval contains 60 species belonging to Beedeina, Eostaffella, Fusulinella, Millerella, Neostaffella, Ozawainella, Pseudoendothyra, Schubertella, Staffella, and Wedekindellina, some of which have worldwide distribution. Six new species are described: Fusulinella daviesi, F.
subelliptica, F. thorsteinssoni, Pseudoendothyra ellesmerensis, Wedekindellina pulchra, and W. quasicylindrica. Two informal range zones have been recognized, the lower of which is the Wedekindellina lata-Wedekindellina uralica longa zone and the upper , the Fusulinella eopulchra zone.
Fusulinaceans evolved rapidly during late Moscovian (Desmoinesian) time, and four biogeographic provinces have been identified: the Arctic, Midcontinent-Andean, Tethyan, and Ural provinces. The fauna from the Nansen Formation belongs to the Arctic Province. The pattern of distribution of the
fusulinacean biogeographic provinces seems to be a reflection of the different geographic climatic zones. The Arctic Province represents a warm temperate climatic zone in the northern hemisphere.
Affine hom-complexes
Authors: Bakuradze Malkhaz , Gamkrelidze Alexander , Gubeladze Joseph
Published: September 2016

For two general polytopal complexes the set of face-wise affine maps between them is shown to be a polytopal complex in an algorithmic way. The resulting algorithm for computing the affine hom-complex is analyzed in detail. There is also a natural tensor product of polytopal complexes, which is the left adjoint functor for Hom. This extends the corresponding facts from single polytopes, systematic study of which was initiated in [6], [12]. Explicit examples of computations of the resulting structures are included. In the special case of simplicial complexes, the affine hom-complex is a functorial subcomplex of Kozlov’s combinatorial hom-complex [14], which generalizes Lovász’ well-known construction [15] for graphs.
Impact of NOx and OH on secondary organic aerosol formation from
β-pinene photooxidation
Authors: Sarrafzadeh Mehrnaz , Wildt Jürgen , Pullinen Iida , Springer Monika , Kleist Einhard , Tillmann Ralf , Schmitt Sebastian H. , Wu Cheng , Mentel Thomas F. , Zhao Defeng , Hastie Donald R. , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In this study, the NOx dependence of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from photooxidation of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) β-pinene was comprehensively investigated in the Jülich Plant Atmosphere Chamber. Consistent with the results of previous NOx studies we found increases of SOA yields with increasing [NOx] at low-NOx conditions ([NOx]0  <  30 ppb, [BVOC]0 ∕ [NOx]0  >  10 ppbC ppb−1). Furthermore, increasing [NOx] at high-NOx conditions ([NOx]0  >  30 ppb, [BVOC]0 ∕ [NOx]0  ∼  10 to  ∼  2.6 ppbC ppb−1) suppressed the SOA yield. The increase of SOA yield at low-NOx conditions was attributed to an increase of OH concentration, most probably by OH recycling in NO + HO2  →  NO2 + OH reaction. Separate measurements without NOx addition but with different OH primary production rates confirmed the OH dependence of SOA yields. After removing the effect of OH concentration on SOA mass growth by keeping the OH concentration constant, SOA yields only decreased with increasing [NOx]. Measuring the NOx dependence of SOA yields at lower [NO] ∕ [NO2] ratio showed less pronounced increase in both OH concentration and SOA yield. This result was consistent with our assumption of OH recycling by NO and to SOA yields being dependent on OH concentrations. Our results furthermore indicated that NOx dependencies vary for different NOx compositions. A substantial fraction of the NOx-induced decrease of SOA yields at high-NOx conditions was caused by NOx-induced suppression of new particle formation (NPF), which subsequently limits the particle surface where low volatiles condense. This was shown by probing the NOx dependence of SOA formation in the presence of seed particles. After eliminating the effect of NOx-induced suppression of NPF and NOx-induced changes of OH concentrations, the remaining effect of NOx on the SOA yield from β-pinene photooxidation was moderate. Compared to β-pinene, the SOA formation from α-pinene photooxidation was only suppressed by increasing NOx. However, basic mechanisms of the NOx impacts were the same as that of β-pinene.
High-spatial-resolution mapping of precipitable water vapour using SAR
interferograms, GPS observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis
Authors: Tang Wei , Liao Mingsheng , Zhang Lu , Li Wei , Yu Weimin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A high spatial and temporal resolution of the precipitable water vapour (PWV) in the atmosphere is a key requirement for the short-scale weather forecasting and climate research. The aim of this work is to derive temporally differenced maps of the spatial distribution of PWV by analysing the tropospheric delay "noise" in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Time series maps of differential PWV were obtained by processing a set of ENVISAT ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) images covering the area of southern California, USA from 6 October 2007 to 29 November 2008. To get a more accurate PWV, the component of hydrostatic delay was calculated and subtracted by using ERA-Interim reanalysis products. In addition, the ERA-Interim was used to compute the conversion factors required to convert the zenith wet delay to water vapour. The InSAR-derived differential PWV maps were calibrated by means of the GPS PWV measurements over the study area. We validated our results against the measurements of PWV derived from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) which was located together with the ASAR sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite. Our comparative results show strong spatial correlations between the two data sets. The difference maps have Gaussian distributions with mean values close to zero and standard deviations below 2 mm. The advantage of the InSAR technique is that it provides water vapour distribution with a spatial resolution as fine as 20 m and an accuracy of ∼ 2 mm. Such high-spatial-resolution maps of PWV could lead to much greater accuracy in meteorological understanding and quantitative precipitation forecasts. With the launch of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites, every few days (6 days) new SAR images can be acquired with a wide swath up to 250 km, enabling a unique operational service for InSAR-based water vapour maps with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
Ozone profiles above Kiruna from two ground-based radiometers
Authors: Ryan Niall J. , Walker Kaley A. , Raffalski Uwe , Kivi Rigel , Gross Jochen , Manney Gloria L.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper presents new atmospheric ozone concentration profiles retrieved from measurements made with two ground-based millimetre-wave radiometers in Kiruna, Sweden. The instruments are the Kiruna Microwave Radiometer (KIMRA) and the Millimeter wave Radiometer 2 (MIRA 2). The ozone concentration profiles are retrieved using an optimal estimation inversion technique, and they cover an altitude range of  ∼ 16–54 km, with an altitude resolution of, at best, 8 km. The KIMRA and MIRA 2 measurements are compared to each other, to measurements from balloon-borne ozonesonde measurements at Sodankylä, Finland, and to measurements made by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite. KIMRA has a correlation of 0.82, but shows a low bias, with respect to the ozonesonde data, and MIRA 2 shows a smaller magnitude low bias and a 0.98 correlation coefficient. Both radiometers are in general agreement with each other and with MLS data, showing high correlation coefficients, but there are differences between measurements that are not explained by random errors. An oscillatory bias with a peak of approximately ±1 ppmv is identified in the KIMRA ozone profiles over an altitude range of  ∼ 18–35 km, and is believed to be due to baseline wave features that are present in the spectra. A time series analysis of KIMRA ozone for winters 2008–2013 shows the existence of a local wintertime minimum in the ozone profile above Kiruna. The measurements have been ongoing at Kiruna since 2002 and late 2012 for KIMRA and MIRA 2, respectively.
D-region ion–neutral coupled chemistry (Sodankylä Ion
Chemistry, SIC) within the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM 4)
– WACCM-SIC and WACCM-rSIC
Authors: Kovács Tamás , Plane John M. C. , Feng Wuhu , Nagy Tibor , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Verronen Pekka T. , Andersson Monika E. , Newnham David A. , Clilverd Mark A. , Marsh Daniel R.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This study presents a new ion–neutral chemical model coupled into the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The ionospheric D-region (altitudes ∼  50–90 km) chemistry is based on the Sodankylä Ion Chemistry (SIC) model, a one-dimensional model containing 307 ion–neutral and ion recombination, 16 photodissociation and 7 photoionization reactions of neutral species, positive and negative ions, and electrons. The SIC mechanism was reduced using the simulation error minimization connectivity method (SEM-CM) to produce a reaction scheme of 181 ion–molecule reactions of 181 ion–molecule reactions of 27 positive and 18 negative ions. This scheme describes the concentration profiles at altitudes between 20 km and 120 km of a set of major neutral species (HNO3, O3, H2O2, NO, NO2, HO2, OH, N2O5) and ions (O2+, O4+, NO+, NO+(H2O), O2+(H2O), H+(H2O), H+(H2O)2, H+(H2O)3, H+(H2O)4, O3−, NO2−, O−, O2, OH−, O2−(H2O), O2−(H2O)2, O4−, CO3−, CO3−(H2O), CO4−, HCO3−, NO2−, NO3−, NO3−(H2O), NO3−(H2O)2, NO3−(HNO3), NO3−(HNO3)2, Cl−, ClO−), which agree with the full SIC mechanism within a 5 % tolerance. Four 3-D model simulations were then performed, using the impact of the January 2005 solar proton event (SPE) on D-region HOx and NOx chemistry as a test case of four different model versions: the standard WACCM (no negative ions and a very limited set of positive ions); WACCM-SIC (standard WACCM with the full SIC chemistry of positive and negative ions); WACCM-D (standard WACCM with a heuristic reduction of the SIC chemistry, recently used to examine HNO3 formation following an SPE); and WACCM-rSIC (standard WACCM with a reduction of SIC chemistry using the SEM-CM method). The standard WACCM misses the HNO3 enhancement during the SPE, while the full and reduced model versions predict significant NOx, HOx and HNO3 enhancements in the mesosphere during solar proton events. The SEM-CM reduction also identifies the important ion–molecule reactions that affect the partitioning of odd nitrogen (NOx), odd hydrogen (HOx) and O3 in the stratosphere and mesosphere.
Disentangling timing and amplitude errors in streamflow simulations
Authors: Seibert Simon Paul , Ehret Uwe , Zehe Erwin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This article introduces an improvement in the Series Distance (SD) approach for the improved discrimination and visualization of timing and magnitude uncertainties in streamflow simulations. SD emulates visual hydrograph comparison by distinguishing periods of low flow and periods of rise and recession in hydrological events. Within these periods, it determines the distance of two hydrographs not between points of equal time but between points that are hydrologically similar. The improvement comprises an automated procedure to emulate visual pattern matching, i.e. the determination of an optimal level of generalization when comparing two hydrographs, a scaled error model which is better applicable across large discharge ranges than its non-scaled counterpart, and "error dressing", a concept to construct uncertainty ranges around deterministic simulations or forecasts. Error dressing includes an approach to sample empirical error distributions by increasing variance contribution, which can be extended from standard one-dimensional distributions to the two-dimensional distributions of combined time and magnitude errors provided by SD. In a case study we apply both the SD concept and a benchmark model (BM) based on standard magnitude errors to a 6-year time series of observations and simulations from a small alpine catchment. Time–magnitude error characteristics for low flow and rising and falling limbs of events were substantially different. Their separate treatment within SD therefore preserves useful information which can be used for differentiated model diagnostics, and which is not contained in standard criteria like the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Construction of uncertainty ranges based on the magnitude of errors of the BM approach and the combined time and magnitude errors of the SD approach revealed that the BM-derived ranges were visually narrower and statistically superior to the SD ranges. This suggests that the combined use of time and magnitude errors to construct uncertainty envelopes implies a trade-off between the added value of explicitly considering timing errors and the associated, inevitable time-spreading effect which inflates the related uncertainty ranges. Which effect dominates depends on the characteristics of timing errors in the hydrographs at hand. Our findings confirm that Series Distance is an elaborated concept for the comparison of simulated and observed streamflow time series which can be used for detailed hydrological analysis and model diagnostics and to inform us about uncertainties related to hydrological predictions.
Data assimilation for moving mesh methods with an application to ice sheet modelling
Authors: Bonan Bertrand , Nichols Nancy K. , Baines Michael J. , Partridge Dale
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We develop data assimilation techniques for nonlinear dynamical systems modelled by moving mesh methods. Such techniques are valuable for explicitly tracking interfaces and boundaries in evolving systems. The unique aspect of these assimilation techniques is that both the states of the system and the positions of the mesh points are updated simultaneously using physical observations. Covariances between states and mesh points are generated either by a correlation structure function in a variational context or by ensemble methods. The application of the techniques is demonstrated on a one-dimensional model of a grounded shallow ice sheet. It is shown, using observations of surface elevation and/or surface ice velocities, that the techniques predict the evolution of the ice sheet margin and the ice thickness accurately and efficiently. This approach also allows the straightforward assimilation of observations of the position of the ice sheet margin.
Nitrogen addition alters elemental stoichiometry within soil aggregates in a temperate steppe
Authors: Yin Jinfei , Wang Ruzhen , Liu Heyong , Feng Xue , Xu Zhuwen , Jiang Yong
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Ongoing increases in anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs have largely affected soil carbon (C) and nutrients cycling in most terrestrial ecosystems. Numerous studies have concerned the effects of elevated N inputs on soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic N (DIN), available phosphorus (AP), exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and available iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). However, little has emphasized on stoichiometric traits of these soil parameters, especially within different soil aggregate fractions. In a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia, we studied effect of N addition on the ratios of DOC : DIN, DOC : AP, DIN : AP, exchangeable Ca:Mg, available Fe : Mn within three soil aggregate classes of large macroaggregates (> 2000 μm), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), and microaggregates (
Remarks on the Literary Portrait of the Photographer and Death
Authors: Madloch Joanna
Published: September 2016

The article presents various ways in which the character of the photographer has been linked to death in literature. The photographer is often portrayed in literary fiction as the one who witnesses, records, or even causes death. Special attention is given in this chapter to the linguistic analogy between a camera and a gun. Such words as “trigger,” “aim,” and “shoot” are used by Ernest William Hornung, Victor Sawdon Pritchett, Margaret Atwood, and Anthony Horowitz to emphasize the danger of being photographed. I argue that the fictitious photographer plays the role of a trickster-psychopomp, as the click of the camera's aperture often accompanies a dying person to the outer world. I describe how the photographer is portrayed in literature as the one who gets under the control of his or her apparatus and acts as a functionary of the machine that feeds on human images. The chapter concludes with the topic of death caused by the actions of paparazzo, as is portrayed in works by Leif Davidsen, Allan Russell, and Robert M. Everesz.
Adding Enhanced Services to the Internet: Lessons from History
Authors: claffy k. c. , Clark David D.
Published: September 2016

We revisit thirty-five years of history related to the design of Quality of Service (QoS) on the Internet, hoping to offer some clarity to current debates around service differentiation. We describe the continual failure to get QoS capabilities deployed on the public Internet, including the technical challenges of the 1980s and 1990s, the business challenges of the 1990s and 2000s, and recent regulatory challenges. In short, while the standards community developed protocols to support enhanced services (QoS), service providers have only deployed them in intranet scenarios where they can internalize costs and benefits, rather than across fiscally distinct organizational boundaries. We examine lessons learned from this failure to deploy interdomain QoS, the resulting tensions and risks, and their regulatory implications.
Contribución de las Regiones Autónomas al Producto Interno Bruto de Nicaragua
Authors: Williamson Cuthbert Ninian Dennis
Published: September 2016

El objetivo general de este artículo es calcular la contribución de la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte y la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur al producto interno bruto de Nicaragua, en el año 2010. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo presentando, mediante el método comparativo, la participación de las economías regionales en la economía nacional. La principal técnica de investigación utilizada fue la revisión documental y el análisis de las actividades del producto interno bruto. Uno de los principales resultados de la investigación fue determinar las cinco actividades con las mayores contribuciones a la economía nacional, en el año 2010, y comparar esta situación con el existente en el 2000. Una conclusión relevante es que las regiones autónomas persisten en el rol de economía primaria-exportadora con importantes contribuciones a la producción primaria y minera nacional. Otra conclusión importante es que las regiones autónomas son territorios con un menor desarrollo relativo en Nicaragua. La suma de ambas regiones autónomas fue de 13.1% y 9.6%, respectivamente, de la población y el PIB de Nicaragua.
Algodón y externalidades ambientales en Nicaragua
Authors: Juárez Juárez Darwin , Rocha Molina Lester
Published: September 2016

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados parciales de la investigación “Externalidades, medio ambiente y política económica en Nicaragua”. Parte de la temática referida al algodón fue presentada en el II Coloquio Internacional Doctoral y Postdoctoral Geopolítica, Sociedad, Nueva Economía y Gerencia (Caracas, 2012) y durante el II Seminario Internacional Historia, Cultura y Medio Ambiente (Managua, 2013). La investigación se inscribe dentro del Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Económicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela), y consistió en determinar la posible relación entre las externalidades del mercado asociadas a los cuatro principales rubros históricos de exportación de Nicaragua, sus impactos sobre el medio ambiente y posibles riesgos para actividades económicas emergentes. Los resultados revelaron que el modelo agroexportador, además de generar grandes externalidades negativas, se ha fortalecido acompañado de severos impactos ambientales que llevaron incluso al colapso del propio rubro algodonero.
Evaluación de programas públicos
Authors: Chavarría Montenegro José Adrián
Published: September 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es ahondar en los aspectos relevantes que se deben evaluar en un programa público presupuestado. Así como los aspectos conceptuales de la evaluación, tomando como referencia la aplicación del Marco Lógico como herramienta metodológica de evaluación de la estructura de los proyectos y de los programas públicos, a través de la cadena de valor público. El trabajo se fundamenta en la investigación de la literatura especializada, en el tema para el caso de los países de América Latina. Los resultados de la investigación indican que estos países han avanzado en el ámbito de la formulación, ejecución y evaluación de los planes y programas, sin embargo, en el ámbito de la evaluación los avances no son satisfactorios, específicamente en materia de seguimiento y evaluación de los programas públicos. Una de las razones que explica la situación anterior es que estos países, no disponen de una sólida base de datos que refleje los registros contables, financieros y patrimoniales de los programas y proyectos del sector público. Por tanto, un sólido sistema estadístico permitiría mejorar la información cualitativa y cuantitativa de calidad para calcular el costo de las metas de los programas y poder realizar de mejor forma el seguimiento y la evaluación física y financiera de los programas y proyectos del sector público
La Intuición Colectiva en las cooperativas de Nicaragua
Authors: Escalante Zepeda Jorge Dimitrov
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo surge de la necesidad de abordar desde la Psicología, la economía el tema a Intuición colectiva en las cooperativas de Nicaragua, como una necesidad de dar a conocer cómo operara la Intuición individual y colectiva en las cooperativas de Nicaragua y qué aportes hacen a la sociedad, a su colectivo comunitario y su familia. Para responder a la creencia que las asociaciones, ¿cooperativas nacen a través de un líder? Pues es menester explicar esta concepción del hombre en el mundo de las creencias y mitos.  Al contrario, las asociaciones, cooperativas, gremios sociales se auto organizan a través de redes sociales donde se articulan de una manera inconsciente por la psiquis (Mente) como se auto organizan. Con este cambio de mirada de la concepción dogmática y domesticada de la sociedad en que vivimos, se tratará de explicar en este humilde articulo-ensayo como operan. Para lo cual se recurre a los postulados científicos de Carl Jung que aborda el tema desde la teoría psicológica. A los paradigmas emergentes (Holístico), tomando como referentes que sustentan este ensayo a: Boff Leonardo, Bohm, David Brockman, Capra Fritjof, Eisler Riane, Gelb, Michael, Gutiérrez Pérez Francisco, Marx Carlos, Engels Frederick, entre otros autores.
Estimación de Tres Índices de Concentración Económica: Una Aplicación al Sector Bancario en Nicaragua
Authors: Morales Rivas Oliver David , Canales Ricardo José
Published: September 2016

El artículo presenta tres indicadores para estimar el grado de concentración económica del sector bancario en Nicaragua. Utilizando datos anuales del periodo 2007 al 2015 del Banco Central de Nicaragua. Los indicadores calculados son el índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (en adelante IHH), el índice de Ojiva (en adelante OJV) y el índice de Dominancia (en adelante ID). Estos índices se calcularán para los activos, créditos y depósitos totales de la banca privada nacional, de modo que se tendrán tres valores respecto a cada índice de concentración: uno en relación con las cuentas de activos, créditos y finalmente depósitos.  Se concluye que el sector bancario en Nicaragua es altamente concentrado, para cuentas de activos, depósitos y créditos. Los   índices IHH, OJV e ID, presentan una trayectoria creciente a futuro en el nivel de concentración de esta industria en Nicaragua.
Asimetrías en el MERCOSUR: aproximación desde el desempeño del sector automotriz y mediante la técnica de participación de mercado constante
Authors: González Germán Héctor , Davi Pablo
Published: September 2016

El artículo se propone sumar evidencia respecto a la incidencia de las asimetrías en los socios del MERCOSUR. El estudio se realiza a partir de un abordaje particular de un caso simbólico y sustantivo, esto es el desempeño comercial del sector automotriz mediante la técnica de cuota de mercado constante. En base a la evidencia, no se descarta la posibilidad de que la falta de proyectos comunes de largo plazo hubiera acentuado las asimetrías preexistentes.
La problemática del agua en Nicaragua
Authors: Rodríguez Eleonora
Published: September 2016

Este ensayo muestra una revisión teórica de la literatura sobre el tema del agua y los factores que contribuyen a la disminución en cantidad y calidad la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos susceptibles de ser aprovechados por las y los nicaragüenses para satisfacer sus necesidades. En el estudio se precisan y analizan los factores que causan la actual tendencia hacia la baja disponibilidad del agua. El estudio permitió obtener una visión integral de las causas que afectan la disponibilidad de agua y la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas para su aprovechamiento y conservación sostenible.
Caracterización del Sistema Territorial Nicaragüense
Authors: Delgadillo Maritza Del Socorro
Published: September 2016

Esta investigación titulada “Caracterización del sistema territorial nicaragüense” tiene como finalidad detectar las potencialidades económicas, sociales, culturales y ambientales del territorio nacional, así como prever desafíos en su dinámica económica y demográfica. Con éste propósito, primero, se determina el marco histórico del proceso de ordenamiento, luego se señalan las características y potencialidades de los componentes político administrativo, natural-ambiental, socio-cultural y económico-social del territorio, y finalmente se elaboraron algunos lineamientos de políticas públicas que puedan contribuir a mejorar la gestión territorial.
L'Église et les bulles. Les représentations du catholicisme dans la bande dessinée francophone (années 1990-2010)
Authors: Teinturier Sara
Published: September 2016

Le paysage de la bande dessinée francophone s'est profondément transformé depuis les années 1990. Dans le même temps, la focale portée sur le religieux s'est également modifiée dans le contexte des sociétés française, belge et québécoise, traversées à la fois par un phénomène de « retour du religieux » et de détachement des institutions religieuses. Acteur et sujet de la bande dessinée tout au long du XXe siècle, le catholicisme fait-il l'objet d'un traitement particulier du 9e art au cours des deux dernières décennies ? Analyser la BD francophone à ce prisme signale les déplacements d'une religion catholique dans des sociétés désormais sorties de la « civilisation paroissiale » et acquises à la modernité, en situation d'exculturation.
Les croix de chemin du Québec et la naissance du dévotionnalisme contemporain
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: September 2016

Les croix de chemin québécoises ont été décrites comme une tradition attaquée sur deux plans. D’abord, par une église modernisatrice dont l’objectif est de limiter le dévotionnalisme. Ensuite, par les adeptes de la laïcité qui tentent de créer une sphère publique religieusement neutre. Cet article explore les interactions souvent ambivalentes entre la dévotion publique et privée de même qu’entre le catholicisme et la patrimonialisation. Les questions en jeu concernent le rôle des structures préconciliaires dans le paysage bâti du Québec rural, avec le but de montrer que cette forme de dévotionnalisme est conçue par les « propriétaires » de croix de chemin comme une nouvelle façon de vivre la foi catholique au XXIe siècle.