bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USGS oil well drilling chart
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A chart showing the number of oil wells drilled over the world in comparison to the site of areas favorable for petroleum was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, in an attempt to summarize in a clear and simple manner for experts, planners, policy makers, and the general public all pertinent information concerning the global oil potential situation.

On the chart, the areas within the bars are proportional to the size of the total potentially oil‐bearing areas of the various regions indicated, onshore and offshore to the 200‐m water depth. The six blocks on the left of the chart correspond to the developed countries, i.e., U.S.A., USSR, Western Europe (including also the socialist countries), Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. On the right side of the chart are shown the developing countries or regions, i.e., Latin America, the African Continent, South and Southeast Asia, People's Republic of China, and the Middle East. The cumulative drilling in each of the regions or countries is shown by circles. Each circle represents 50,000 wells. In regions or countries where there are less than 50,000 wells, only a proportional sector of the full circle is shown.
The new adjustment of the North American horizontal datum
Authors: Bossler John D.
Published: October 2011

Geodesy, like astrometry, was a highly precise science when other branches of geophysics were still in their infancy. Over continental distances, surveys reached levels of precision of the order of a part in 100,000. The burden of extensive hand computation was the limiting factor applied to the field. Geocentric coordinates and ties between continents were less well known; the uncertainties were 200 m or more. One of the major scientific achievements of its day was the North American 1927 Datum, compiled by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The coordinates of points in the contiguous 48 states and parts of Canada were adjusted and put into a single system with a high degree of internal consistency. Chord lengths determined by satellite methods have verified the quality of the work [Marsh et al., 1973].
Awards presented at the Spring Annual Meeting: Thirty‐Eighth Presentation William Bowie Medal to Jule Charney for Outstanding Contribution to Fundamental Geophysics and for Unselfish Cooperation in Research
Authors: Goody Richard , Charney Jule
Published: October 2011

Jule Charney, more than any other living figure, has guided the postwar evolution of modern meteorology. His scientific work has had dramatic impact in a number of areas. In his early work he showed how cyclones draw their energy from larger‐scale atmospheric nows. This work was the result of his doctoral studies at UCLA, under the guidance of J. Bjerknes, and his research in his first postdoctoral years. Here he showed the great physical insight that has characterized his entire career, namely, the ability to distill from among the complex interactions which characterize the atmosphere those relatively few ingredients that permit the construction of simplified models that still have a strong relevance to natural phenomena.
Awards presented at the Spring Annual Meeting: First Presentation Robert E. Horton Medal to Walter B. Langbein for Outstanding Contributions to the Geophysical Aspects of Hydrology
Authors: Chow Ven Te , Langbein Walter B.
Published: October 2011

The man that we are honoring has distinguished himself both as a specialist and a generalist in the field of geoscience. Few can match his breadth and depth of understanding in the science of water and especially its role in water resources planning and management. His recognition as one of the greatest hydrologists today is well deserved.

Walter B. Langbein, born in 1907 and graduated as a civil engineer from Cooper Union in 1931, has spent most of his career with the U.S. Geological Survey. First as a hydraulic engineer and later as a senior research hydrologist, he has become the hidden conscience and soul of our hydrologic profession. Not only is the science of hydrology indebted to his innovative research over a wide range of subjects (including flood frequencies, sediment transport, geochemistry, evaporation, reservoir storage, river meanders, and the hydraulic geometry of streams, just to mention a few), but also the public at large, for his work in floodplain regulation, water management, and hydrologic education, which has helped the establishment of many national water policies and programs.
Awards presented at the Spring Annual Meeting: Fifteenth Presentation James B. Macelwane Award to Kurt Lambeck in rEcognition of Significant Contributions to the Geophysical Sciences by a Young Scientist of Outstanding Ability
Authors: Kaula Bill , Lambeck Kurt
Published: October 2011

Geodesy, the study of the earth's shape, gravity field. and orientation. is the oldest of the geophysical sciences. Such antiquity sometimes connotes sterility. Hence it is a special pleasure to extol someone who has developed significant new comprehension of the earth from geodetic studies.

Kurt Lambeck is truly a ‘dynamic’ geodesist. in that he has for several years devoted his attention to temporal changes: either in the measurement technique, as in his analyses of artificial satellite orbits; or in the implications of the results, as in his accounting for gravity anomalies by models of floor spreading; or in the observed natural processes themselves, as in his examinations of the variations of the earth's rotation. By his power of mathematical analysis, his persistence in coping with complex and varied data, and his physical insights he has solved several problems with long histories of frustration. Thus Kurt Lambeck has been the first to show that the short‐term (annual and less) variations in the earth's rotation are closely coupled to atmospheric changes‐; that the rate of deceleration in the moon's orbit is closely accounted for by dissipation in the oceans; that the long‐term perturbations of satellite orbits are appreciably affected by ocean tides; that the decade‐scale rotational variations are correlated with climatic changes in a phasing suggestive of solid earth effects on climate; and so on.
Fellows elected 1976
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Wallace Broecker For major contributions in research on ocean circulation, geochronology, climatic change and Pleistocene glaciation.

John Dewey For distinguished research in applying the concepts of plate tectonics to the geologic record.
Spacecraft payload optimization
Authors: Liemohn H. B. , Reardon W. A. , Engel R. L.
Published: October 2011

Many factors are considered in the selection and integration of scientific experiments for spacecraft payloads. Ideally, the payload should provide maximum scientific value subject to the finite limitations of cost, telemetry, power, weight, and volume imposed by the scope of the mission. The process of picking the payloads is frequently a source of consternation for proposers of experiments as well as mission administrators. Large amounts of money and maintenance of technical staffs as well as personal prestige and scientific careers are at stake in these deliberations. The unique nature of spacecraft experiments requires very specialized knowledge for the review process, which is usually only available from principal investigators of previous spacecraft experiments. Owing to the limited opportunities for missions, a small group of capable experimenters has emerged.
Safer burial grounds for radioactive wastes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

To help stem any leakage of radioactive wastes, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior, has embarked on an expanded program to study the hydrology and geology of the nation's present and proposed radioactive waste disposal sites. Despite recent reports by waste managers of underground leakage of radioactive wastes at burial sites, USGS scientists believe that safe burial grounds for solid radioactive wastes can be established but only if strict hydrogeologic criteria are rigorously applied in the selection of all new sites and if proper attention is given to inventory and classification of the waste to be buried. The USGS has been working with the Energy Research and Development Administration (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission) for more than 30 years on geology and water supply of atomic energy reservations and on research related to the disposal of high‐level liquid radioactive wastes in geologic formations, but the USGS role in solid radioactive waste disposal has been limited to reacting to problems as they were recognized by the agencies responsible for the regulation and development of nuclear energy.

In 1975, Congress instructed the USGS to establish hydrogeologic criteria within 5 years for the selection of future sites for the disposal of solid radioactive wastes. In compliance with these instructions the USGS launched comprehensive field investigations in cooperation with responsible state agencies at state‐owned commercial burial sites in New York, South Carolina, and Kentucky. Similar studies that will include at least 5 years of data collection are planned in Illinois, Nevada, and Washington. These studies should have wide application because they will provide data on what has happened to radioactive wastes in six different hydrogeologic environments.
1977 SEED Program announced
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is announcing the Scientists and Engineers in Economic Development (SEED) program for 1977. Under this program, funded by the Agency for International Development and administered by NSF, scientists and engineers from U.S. colleges and universities teach and conduct research in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The program is designed to enable U.S. scientists and engineers to share their knowledge and experience in fields important to the economic development of the host country‐engineering, physical sciences, earth sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, and science education. Two types of awards are available. Researchlteaching grants, of particular interest to faculty members who may be on sabbatical, enable scientists and engineers to spend 5 months to a year at an academic institution in a developing country. Stipends and fringe benefits up to $1500 per month may be paid. International travel grants are awarded to scientists and engineers for short‐term visits to conduct seminars, give lectures, review specific research projects, and survey educational developments. For the 1977 program, NSF anticipates approximately 40 awards totaling $400,000. The closing date for submission of proposals is December 15, 1976: awards will be announced in April 1977.
Geodynamics of the Betica Range and the Alboran Sea
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A Symposium on the Geodynamics of the Betica Range and the Alboran Sea was held May 13 and 14 at the University of Granada, Granada, Spain, and was sponsored by the Spanish National Committee of the Geodynamic Project.

Four sessions were held: deep seismic sounding, general tectonic trends, regional geological studies, and geophysical studies. Papers presented at these sessions will be published before December 1976, and the publication can be obtained free of charge from M. Orozco, Departamento de Geologia, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
Solar output workshop held in Boulder
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Forty scientists working in solar physics and related fields met in Boulder recently to produce a summary of present scientific knowledge of the energy output of the sun and the possibility that this output may vary with time.

The three‐day (April 26–28) Solar Output Workshop, which included a number of Boulder scientists as well as researchers from universities, government agencies, and other organizations across the country, was designed to produce a reference book that will include a tabulation of all available data on the output of the sun as well as discussions of historical inferences and important future issues concerning solar output. In addition to solar physicists the workshop included scientists who are studying related subjects such as planetary atmospheres, stellar evolution, climatic change, and the earth's upper atmosphere.
Clarification of the news
Authors: Timothy Adrienne F.
Published: October 2011

A news item entitled ‘Satellite Observations of Sun Planned’ was recently published on page 451 of EOS (June 1976). The article concerned the plans of the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the sun during the coming period of maximum activity (1979–1981).

Although it was not explicitly stated, a distinct impression was given that the satellite on which the HAO coronagraph/polarimeter will fly was sponsored or initiated by that organization. This is not the case. The satellite in question, the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), is an element of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Fiscal Year 1977 program, which is currently awaiting Congressional approval and authorization.
Mars: An informal photographic essay
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Viking mission to Mars, one of t h e most exciting and significant events ever to occur in planetary science, is happening at the midpoint of a decade that has been full of new discoveries. Our understanding of the nature and evolution of the solar system has been profoundly enlarged by the Mariner 9 Mars mission (1971), the Mariner 10 mission to Venus and Mercury (1973), the encounters of Pioneer 10 and 11 with Jupiter (1973 and 1974), and t he Helios interplanetary probe (1974). Still to come are the Pioneer Venus orbiter and atmospheric probes (1978) and the dual Mariner Jupiter/Saturn spacecraft which will reach Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1981. Other missions are in the planning stages (see the reports ‘Opportunities and Choices in Space Science,’ 1974, and ‘Report on Space Science,’ 1975, by the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences).
Interagency Work Group on Flood Flow Frequency
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Hydrology Committee of the U.S. Water Resources Council has created an Interagency Work Group on Flood Flow Frequency for Ungaged Watersheds. The work group has initiated a study of techniques for determining flood flow frequency estimates at ungaged locations; the study will be limited to watersheds that have not undergone man‐made changes such as urbanization.
Lunar Curatorial Facility
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

President Frank Press sent the following letter to Senators Barry Goldwater, Edward Kennedy, Charles Mathias, Frank Moss, and William Proxmire and to Representatives Edward Boland, Don Fuqua, and Larry Winn.
Irrigation and hydropower
Authors: Armstrong Ellis L.
Published: October 2011

The pairing of irrigation and h y d r o p o w e r in a discussion of progress in the hydrospheric sciences may seem an incongruity. In many ways the use o f water for irrigation or for the generation of electric power is in conflict, the first requiring seasonal use only and the latter a steady supply year around with only daily fluctuations to meet demands. Initially, the water resource projects were single purpose, built and operated to provide irrigation or to generate power.

However, to make efficient use of water, both require water control structures involving the same basic scientific principles. Also, in areas of limited water supply, such as the western half of the United States, it soon became evident that water development projects must be multipurpose for the best overall returns. The pioneering work in the application of science to large‐scale water control for irrigation and power generation has largely taken place in the large multipurpose water development programs of the West.
Quasars tremendous distances from Earth
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A team of astronomers has reported that it has ‘strong evidence’ that quasars are indeed tremendous distances from the earth. If their findings are confirmed, it could end a debate that has continued among scientists for years. Many astronomers have held that quasars are among the most distant objects in the universe—about 20 billion light years away. Others have contended that quasars are much closer—a few hundred million light years from earth.
Manganese nodules off Australian coast
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Australian geologists have discovered a huge deposit of manganese nodules on the ocean floor off the Western Australian coast. The deposit covers about 600,000 km2.

Similar finds in other parts of the world have been found to contain iron as well as manganese and also traces of copper, cobalt, nickel, gold, uranium, and platinum. Those deposits, however, are far from port and transport facilities and are sparsely scattered. The Australian find is heavily concentrated and close to Fremantle, the shipping port for the state capital, Perth.
Hans Klinkenberg Scholarship Fund
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Canadian Institute of Surveying has set up a memorial scholarship fund to honor Hans Klinkenberg, an international specialist in geodetic survey and mapping. U.S. friends of Klinkenberg who wish to contribute to the fund may direct their contributions (which are tax deductible) to the AGU for forwarding to the Candian Institute of Surveying.
Reply [to Comment on Use of anomalous stations for IMS]
Authors: Lanzerotti L. J. , Suglura M.
Published: October 2011

We agree with the comments of Camfield and Gough in that it is desirable to remind the magnetospheric community that geomagnetic anomalies can affect the interpretation of data from certain ground stations. However, of the three stations in question, those at Alert and Mould Bay, N.W.T., are regular magnetic observatories operated by the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources for many years, and they were not chosen by the IMS planners. Unlike the previous international programs such as IGY and IQSY, the essence of the IMS lies in the active coordination of the existing multidisciplinary programs with a minimum of increment funding. Thus the inclusion of the Alert and Mould Bay observatories in the IMS network [Lanzerotti et al., 1976] came about quite naturally. Indeed, with the limited increment funds available to the Canadian and U.S. IMS programs it would be virtually impossible to relocate the Alert and Mould Bay observatories or to add replacement stations. To do so would have meant sacrificing other strategically located magnetometer stations designed for specific purposes.
The IMS Satellite Situation Center
Authors: Suguira Masahisa , Vette James
Published: October 2011

In a series of articles that has appeared in EOS, various aspects of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) have been described. J. G. Roederer, chairman of the IMS Steering Committee, has emphasized (see the January 1976 EOS, pp. 6–8) that the key element of the IMS is the coordination of the complex system of magnetospheric observations by means of satellites, rockets, balloons, and aircraft and use of ground‐based facilities. R. H. Manka, U.S. IMS coordinator, has discussed (in the February 1976 EOS, pp. 63–67) the IMS program planned and being implemented in the United States. One of the major projects that the United States is undertaking jointly with Canada during the IMS is the establishment and operation of the North American magnetometer network. The use of digital magnetometers for the network and the modernized data handling system described in an article by L. J. Lanzerotti, R. D. Regan, M. Sugiura, and D. J. Williams (see the June 1976 EOS, pp. 442–449) will have a great impact on data analysis efforts.
New AAAS activities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) will offer an annual prize of $5000 for the best paper published in the Reports section of Science. The first contest year began with the October 1, 1976, issue. An AAAS selection panel will make the evaluation and choose the winning paper. Plans call for awarding the prize at the annual AAAS meeting, and the recipient will be asked to present a review paper on the allied field at the annual meeting. This paper will also be published in Science.
Geodynamics project notes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Geodynamics: Progress and Prospects was prepared by the Inter‐Union Commission on Geodynamics and issued as a paperback volume by AGU in July 1976 (238 pages, soft cover, list price $7.50, AGU member price $6.00). This book was prepared under the guidance of the Geodynamics Commission and its Working Group chairmen as an attempt to draw together contributions from the international Working Groups that would reflect current thinking and research and provide a background for subsequent activities under the Geodynamics Project. There are 38 articles by 67 authors. It is must reading for those who are following the project.
New model developed for waste disposal
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A computer model developed for the U.S. Geological Survey by Intercomp Resource Development and Engineering, Inc., Houston, Texas, provides methodology useful to the design and management of deep well waste disposal systems. The increased use of injection wells for the subsurface disposals of liquid wastes into deeply buried saline aquifers has brought about the need to determine the fate of waste liquids, particularly in those cases in which the disposal zone occupies part of an aquifer system that contains freshwater in other areas. David B. Grove, chemical engineer, who served as the USGS technical officer for the study, stated that the direction and rate of migration of the injected wastes depend in part on the spatial variation of the preinjection pressure, temperature, and salt concentration and the changes in these variables induced by the injection process.
AGI Minority Scholarships
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Geological Institute will again offer scholarships for geoscience majors who are U.S. citizens and members of the following ethnic minority groups: American‐born Blacks, American Indians, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Ricans. Approximately 40 such awards (ranging from $500 to $1250) were granted in 1976–1977. About the same number (and amounts) will be awarded in 1977–1978.

The term ‘geoscience’ is used broadly to include major study in the fields of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, and space and planetary sciences. Monies for support and funding of this program are administered by the institute's Minority Participation Program Advisory Committee and have come from six member societies, more than 14 mining, petroleum, geological supply, and geophysical companies, and many individuals.
COSPAR
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Nineteenth Annual COSPAR Meeting and five associated symposia were held in June 1976 in Philadelphia at the invitation of the National Academy of Sciences. Nearly 500 papers were presented during the open sessions of COSPAR working groups and panels and during the specialized symposia. Total participation was 634 from 33 countries. Of the 34 national scientific institutions in COSPAR, 32 were officially represented, as were 9 international scientific unions of the 12 in COSPAR. Fourteen invited intergovernmental and nongovernmental international organizations sent official representatives.
AGI Scholarship Program
Authors: Honkala Fred S.
Published: October 2011

I want to thank each AGU member for his share of the $800 check forward to the American Geological Institute's Minority Participation Program. You have been kind and generous. Your gift will go directly for the scholarship grants with no overhead of any type charged against it.

We appreciate your gift for several reasons. From a pragmatic viewpoint there is much talent in our young minority people, and the profession, industry, and our country would be that much the poorer for not availing ourselves of this talent.
President's page: A new era for science?
Authors: Maxwell Arthur E.
Published: October 2011

Over the past decade or so, science has passed in general from an era of relative prosperity to an era in which the situation can better be described in terms of apprehension, concern, or crisis. In the sixties, science was growing faster than the gross national product—a situation that everyone agrees could not endure. Yet no one could have expected that scientific support would level off so dramatically in a climate of rapidly rising inflation, that constraints would be put so rigidly on basic research vis‐a‐vis applied programs, that increasing bureaucratic regulations would so stifle universities, and that tremendous pressure for the research dollar would yield a system of grants whereby each grant becomes increasingly small and short.
Worldwide growth of geophysics and astrophysics research since 1967
Authors: Ellyett Clifton D.
Published: October 2011

A simple indicator of research activity throughout the world in any particular specialty within physics is the number of journal references in Physics Abstracts that are classified under that specialty. I have compiled these numbers for most of the classification groups covering geophysics and astrophysics by using each issue of Physics Abstracts from the beginning of 1967 to the end of June 1975. There was a total of 75,245 abstracts. The compilation of the data is described at the end of this paper.

The yearly totals of all geophysics papers processed are given in Table 1. The rise in output is steep through 1971, but thereafter, the overall rate of research output has remained relatively steady at almost 4 times the 1967 rate.
Offshore gas: “Prize worth pursuing”
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Offshore gas has been and will continue to be an important source of energy and represents a prize well worth pursuing, according to V. E. McKelvey, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, in remarks made last November before an annual meeting of the Institute of Gas Technology.

McKelvey said that of 550,000 square miles of potentially productive continental margin out to a water depth of 200 meters, less than 4% has ever been explored.
Glomar Explorer
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation has authorized a study of the feasibility of converting and operating the ship Glomar Explorer for deepsea scientific research drilling. The study will be undertaken by Global Marine Development, Inc., of Newport Beach, California, at a cost of about $75,000 and is expected to take three months.

If the study shows use of Explorer to be practical, the NSF may consider recommending to the administration and to the NSF's congressional committees conversion of Explorer for use in the Deep‐Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), part of the NSF's Ocean Sediment Coring Program. The program is designed to increase understanding of the earth's crust beneath the oceans by studying cores of sediments and hard rocks taken from the ocean floor.
University of Wyoming elected to UCAR membership
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The University of Wyoming has been elected to membership in the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), the nonprofit consortium of universities that operates the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation.

The election of the University of Wyoming brings the total number of UCAR member universities to 45. To be eligible for UCAR membership, a university must have made a strong commitment to progress in the atmospheric sciences, must offer a graduate program leading to the doctorate in the atmospheric sciences or a closely related field, and must be prepared to participate actively in UCAR and NCAR activities.
New state‐level advisory body
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The only state‐level scientific advisory body which is both legislatively chartered and privately funded will undertake an extensive program in its initial effort to apply technological expertise to problems of public concern in Connecticut.

The Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, Inc. (CASE), was established by a special act of the Connecticut General Assembly in May 1976. CASE is to provide guidance to the people of Connecticut and to industry and commerce; initiate reports when advances in science and engineering raise implications that impact on public policy; and encourage, foster, and promote interest in science and engineering on the part of the public, especially young people.
Paleohydrologic phenomena recorded by lake sediments
Authors: Winter Thomas C. , Wright H. E.
Published: October 2011

Hydrologic phenomena are dynamic, so their understanding and prediction are difficult and challenging. Many are cyclic, ranging from diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles to climatic fluctuations of many hundreds or thousands of years. Predicting the magnitude and recurrence intervals of long‐term fluctuations of these phenomena is a primary concern of hydrologists. The best data upon which to base predictions are those that directly measure a hydrologic phenomenon, such as stream discharge, lake level, and precipitation. Programs for collection of these data over a large area on a scientific basis, however, are less than 100 years old‐not a very sound statistical base for predicting events that have recurrence intervals of at least that long.
Quake predictions by the public
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As part of an attempt to separate facts and fallacies about earthquake predictions, the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, is keeping score on all earthquake predictions brought to its attention. The program is outlined in the September–October 1976 issue of the USGS Earthquake Information Bulletin in an article written by Roger N. Hunter, geophysicist, of the USGS National Earthquake Information Service, Denver.

Says Hunter, ‘We are simply keeping score on those who claim to be able to predict earthquakes. Those individuals will stand or fall on their own records.’
Growth and decline of a scientific speacialty: The case of radar meteor research
Authors: Gilbert G. Nigel
Published: October 2011

This article traces the rise and eventual decline of a field of research devoted to the study of meteors by radar. It shows how a new experimental tool, radar, provided the impetus for the emergence of a new scientific specialty, and how this specialty later declined after its initial problems had been solved and after most of its participants had moved on to more promising fields. Radar meteor research provides an example of how new fields grow and how scientific developments affect the research careers of scientists.
Cloud physicists invited to Trip'77
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Scientists engaged in the Thunderstorm Research International Program (Trip) conducted last summer at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida have indicated that they would like to be joined by scientists from cloud physics and cloud dynamics for summer 1977. At the 1976 AGU Fall Meeting (December 6–10, San Francisco) there were several formal scientific sessions and other informal discussions about the results of Trip 76 and plans for Trip 77. Out of these discussions recurringly came the suggestion that studies of the electrical aspects of thunderstorms would be more effective if there were concurrent studies of the internal circulations (updrafts, downdrafts, etc.) and precipitation physics.
Sites for geodetic surveys
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Geodetic Survey of the National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has established a Geodynamics Group to maximize the benefits available from basic survey data and to respond to the increasing demands for such data made by the geodynamics community. Funds in the amount of $100,000 have been authorized for October 1, 1977, through September 30, 1978, for National Geodetic Survey personnel to do surveying fieldwork at sites of geodynamic interest that are proposed by academic scientists. The survey data will be made available to the academic community in addition to other geodetic data that are currently available.
National Water Information Network
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey has established a new service, the National Water Data Exchange (Nawdex), which will provide local assistance to governmental agencies and the public in identifying, locating, and acquiring available water data.

Centrally managed by a program office at the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia, Nawdex now provides local services through a national network of 51 local assistance centers located in 45 states and Puerto Rico. These centers, linked by computer terminals, provide rapid access to information about the availability of more than 1 billion measurements of streamflow, groundwater levels, sediment discharges, and the quality of surface water and groundwater for thousands of stations operated by more than 300 organizations across the country.
Sponsors of 1977 new members
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

One hundred three new members have been elected in 1977. The following AGU members have sponsored a new member this year.
Report on the 1976 Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 1976 Fall Meeting was held in San Francisco, California, December 6–10. Sessions were at the Jack Tar Hotel and the Holiday Inn‐Golden Gateway. During the 5‐day meeting, approximately 1190 papers were presented, an increase of nearly 150 over 1975.

Total registration was 1707, of whom 1224 were members, 207 were students, and 276 were nonmembers. Total registration for 1975 was 1535. One hundred twenty‐eight new members joined AGU at this meeting, the largest number ever to join during an AGU meeting.
Fulbright‐Hays awards in Geology
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

About 500 Fulbright‐Hays awards will be available in 92 countries for 1978–1979; a number have been programed in geology: Australia, fission track dating; Ivory Coast, geology (French required); New Zealand, earthquake prediction; Norway, prognostic mathematical modeling, Quaternary geology of the United States, paleontology; Pakistan, geology; Senegal, geology (French required); USSR, mathematical modeling of ocean dynamics; Uruguay, sedimentology (Spanish required).

Those desiring a copy of the 1978–1979 announcement of Fulbright‐Hays award opportunities for university teaching and advanced research abroad should immediately send their name, address, highest degree, specialization, and country interest to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES), 11 Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036. Applications are due for the American Republics, Australia, and New Zealand by June 1, 1977, and for Africa, Asia, and Europe by July 1, 1977.
USGS and the metric system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey is committed to a complete conversion of its topographic mapping program to use of the metric system, although it will delay conversion in states that want the USGS to first complete current mapping programs using conventional units of measurement.

‘Common use of the metric units of measurement in the United States has been a long time coming,’ said Robert H. Lyddan, chief of the USGS Topographic Division. It was 111 years ago that Congress first authorized its use. The trend toward metrification has gained momentum with passage of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, even though the act does not make conversion mandatory, nor does it specify a timetable.
SEAN report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following geophysical events were reported by the Scientific Event Alert Network (SEAN), Smithsonian Institution, NHB Stop 129, Washington, D.C. 20560.

A 6‐ to 7‐km tephra column was erupted from Bezymianny Volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula, USSR) on March 25, following a series of earthquakes registered on the preceding day. Subsequent explosions on March 25 and 31 produced eruption clouds as high as 15 km and caused heavy ashfall. No damage has occurred to populated areas. The present activity at Bezymianny, which last erupted March 1965 to March 1970, is reportedly the strongest since the great eruption of 1955–1957.
New digital compass
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Brunton Company of Riverton, Wyoming, has developed a digital readout compass which should be available by July 1.

The compass uses an electronic display for horizontal angle, is the 0°–360° type, and reads in ½° increments. This instrument is approximately the same size as conventional pocket transits and weighs about 280 grams. Electronic components and the compass itself are housed in a leather case which attaches to the user's belt. The instrument is easily adjusted for declination angle.
Report of the treasurer
Authors: Aldrich L. T.
Published: October 2011

Below you will find a description of the activities of the AGU distilled from the dollar transactions involved in its operations. For those of you concerned with such a distillation, a presentation is made which demonstrates the current financial state of the Union, the changes from 1975, and the proposed expenditures for this year. It was decided that the evolutionary pattern presented was a necessary service to the membership.

This presentation is made in a format which is felt to be most informative to the membership rather than one required by auditors. The numbers in the two reports are equivalent and may be recovered from the other by a suitable linear transformation. The audited report is available to any member on written request to the AGU office. The ‘new’ item in the 1976 statement under liabilities recognizes long‐term obligations on the part of the Union to staff, to life members, and to those who paid for three years of membership and journals last year.
Lustbüraz Observatory opens
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Lustbühel‐Graz Observatory (latitude, ∼47°4′N; longitude, ∼15°30′E; altitude, ∼480 m ), located on the eastern outskirts of Graz, Austria, opened in December 1976. The observatory is at the disposal of several institutes of the two universities of Graz and the Institute of Space Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Extending over 38 m east to west, the observatory has a cupola at each end. The eastern cupola houses the 40‐cm reflecting telescope of the Astronomisches Institut. The instrument is used mainly for photometric research on asteroids. Study of their rotation periods and phase relationships will lead to knowledge of the sizes and axial positions of the tiny albedos.
Rings around Uranus
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Rings orbiting the planet Uranus, the first major structures in the solar system to be found since the discovery of the planet Pluto in 1930, have been identified by Cornell University researchers flying aboard the NASA Ames Research Center Kuiper Airborne Observatory.

Uranus is the seventh planet out from the sun, one of the giants of the outer solar system. It is almost 1.6 billion km beyond Saturn, until now the only ringed planet, and is unique in ‘lying on its side’ with its rotation axis almost in its orbit plane.
New product: Resistivity system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Bison Instruments, Minneapolis, has announced model 2390, a deep‐penetration earth resistivity system for locating and delineating ground‐water aquifers, salinity contamination, pollution, rock, sand, or gravel and ore deposits.

A signal enhancement feature is said to give the 2390 increased sensitivity and accuracy as well as greater depth penetration than conventional systems. Small successive coded signals are electronically summed over a long time period to produce a more clearly readable signal with less power consumption. Voltage interference from natural earth currents is electronically canceled, allowing highly accurate studies for difficult applications requiring deep penetration. Other features include a liquid crystal digital readout that automatically displays the voltage value of the received signal.
Sponsors of 1977 new members
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Three hundred twenty‐one new members have been elected in 1977. The following AGU members have sponsored one or more new members this year.
President's page: AGU elections
Authors: Cox Allan
Published: October 2011

At the 1977 Spring Meeting the AGU Council decided that beginning with the 1980 election, two candidates are to be nominated for each national and sectional office. At present the nominating committees for both national and sectional offices have the option of nominating either one or several candidates. For the 1978 election, most of the nominating committees have in fact nominated multiplecandidate slates, so in the forthcoming election we are already taking a significant step toward multiple‐candidate elections. The Council also looked at the lengths of terms for officers, and by law changes will be introduced to implement the recommendations voiced. In particular, the term of office of the General Secretary will be extended to four years to insure adequate continuity in this position.
Alaska Pipeline is 11,000‐km conductor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Since the Alaska pipeline has been in operation the character of environmental questions surrounding it has changed somewhat. Focusing on the pipeline as a long electrical conductor that stretches an enormous distance, S. I . Akasofu, at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, reports that magnetic storms may generate sufficiently large electric currents along the pipeline to be a fire hazard. During a magnetic storm the usual 2‐A current flowing from the pipeline has peaked as high as 200 A .

James Kane of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) recently testified before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee saying, ‘The discovery that very large electrical currents will be generated in the Alaskan pipeline by sun‐induced magnetic storms will permit corrective actions to avoid serious corrosion problems and fire hazards prior to full operation of the pipeline.’
Lunar rocks confirm wide solar variations
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Solar activity and proton production varies a great deal according to the record left behind in lunar rocks. Robert C. Reedy, chemist at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, reports that average proton fluxes for solar cycle 19 (1954–1964) are about 5 times those of solar cycle 20 (1965–1975). Reedy's measurements centered on depth versus activity of three radionuclides, 56Co, 22Na, and 55Fe, in lunar rocks gathered on early Apollo missions.
Hourly solar radiation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Energy consumption analyses and solar building construction require detailed information on solar radiation at specific sites. For the first time this information is available through the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).

Average day hourly solar radiation data for 80 locations at eight different orientations is available in NBS publication building science series 96, Hourly Solar Radiation Data for Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces on Average Days in the United States and Canada, S.D. stock 003‐003‐01698‐5 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The cost is $4.65.
A Guide to Funds and Volunteers for Field Research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Need volunteers or funds for field research? Maybe the Center for Field Research, which has fielded 225 research teams in 40 countries, can help. The center reviews and evaluates research proposals in a wide range of disciplines. Those accepted are assigned to Earthwatch, which raises funds from nonspecialists to finance projects. In return, the contributors have the opportunity to work as assistants to research scholars in the field. Support teams generally consist of 6–15 individuals who contribute from $200 to $600 exclusive of transportation.
Awards Presented at the Spring Meeting: Thirty‐ninth Presentation: William Bowie Medal to James Alfred van Allen for Outstanding Contributions to Fundamental Geophysics and for Unselfish Cooperation in Research
Authors: Van Allen James A.
Published: October 2011

In his nearly 4 decades of scientific research, James A.Van Allen has distinguished himself and his discipline by significant and unselfish contributions to the general field of geophysics. He is among the few individuals of whom it can truly be said that they were instrumental in the development of an entirely new field of scientific investigation, in this case the space sciences. He is a citizen, a scientist, a scholar, and a teacher whose responsible and dignified accomplishments are ones of which the AGU and the American people can be justifiably proud. What contemporaries and/or students of history will forget the pride felt with the successful launch of Explorer 1 and the classic 1958 photo of the triumphant trio of Von Braun, Pickering, and Van Allen holding aloft a replica of that spacecraft?
Awards Presented at the Spring Meeting: Sixteenth Presentation: James B. Macelwane Award to Paul G. Richards in Recognition of Significant Contributions to the Geophysical Sciences by a Young Scientist of Outstanding Ability
Authors: Brune James N. , Richards Paul G.
Published: October 2011

Paul Richards's important, elegant, and thorough contributions to theoretical seismology, in topics ranging through seismic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media, full‐wave theories, and seismic source theory, have made him eminently qualified to receive the Macelwane Award.

Paul received his B.A. degree in mathematics from Cambridge in 1965 and his Ph.D. from Cal Tech in 1970. His thesis topic concerned high‐frequency wave propagation and the shadow of the earth's core. He spent a year as a research geophysicist at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCSD, where he extended his work on the theory of wave propagation and wrote a paper on the pressure wave radiation from ocean bottom earthquakes. He became assistant professor at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory in 1971 and associate professor in 1976. He was a Sloan Foundation research fellow from 1973 to 1976. Since 1973 he has been American Editor of the Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Comment [on Review of “Composition and petrology of the Earth's mantle”]
Authors: Ringwood A. E.
Published: October 2011

I wish to draw your attention to an unfavorable review by B. Mysen of my book. Composition and Petrology of Vie Earth's Mantle, published in the March 1977 issue of EOS (pp. 133–187). It seems to me that the publication of this review raises some serious issues of principle.

The first concerns the objectivity of the reviewer. It is well known in petrological circles that during the last few years, Mysen has beén involved in an intense public disputation with myself and colleagues concerning the conditions under which andesitic magmas might or might not be formed by hydrous melting of peridotite in the mantle. In view of this record it is questionable whether Mysen should have accepted an invitation to review the book. It is just possible that he may have been unable to fulfill the responsibility of a reviewer to his readers to be objective. Whether or not this is so 1 leave for others to judge. I should point out, however, that Mysen's review presents a remarkable contrast to reviews of the book published in other journals. I have also been impressed by the number of U.S. colleagues who have approached me and volunteered their opinion that the review was unfair.
Nation progressing toward air quality standards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Clean Air Act of 1970 divided the country into Air Quality Control Regions. At that time the goal of compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) was set for 1975. Subsequently, the deadline for attaining primary NAAQS in some areas was extended to 1977. These maps compiled from 1976 Environmental Protection Agency data by Environmental Research & Technology, Inc., show how the nation is progressing toward the primary NAAQS.