bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALICE MEYNELL'SPRELUDES, OR PRELUDES TO WHAT FUTURE POETRY?
Authors: Peterson Linda H.
Published: April 2008

In 1875, the young poet Alice Thompson (soon to be Alice Meynell) publishedPreludes(1875), a slender volume of lyrics illustrated by her sister, Elizabeth. Given the professional musical training of the Thompson women, the title of the volume may recall Chopin's musicalPreludes(1838), those brief lyrical pieces composed when Chopin was twenty-seven that cover all twenty-four musical keys and demonstrate, as one critic has put it, an “astonishing variety and vividness of mood…achieve[d] in little more than a blink of an eye” (Siepman 5). Meynell'sPreludes, written in her mid-twenties and published when she, too, was twenty-seven, may similarly have aimed at variety and vividness of mood, achieved within the brief compass of lyric verse; this sense of the title certainly fits with a wide range of subjects, meters, and stanzaic forms in the volume. Yet whether or not the title embeds a musical allusion,Preludessuggests, more fundamentally, a first volume of poetry, a volume anticipatory of a later, larger poetic achievement and perhaps also of a new direction in lyric verse.
RAPTUROUS FORMS: MATHILDE BLIND'S DARWINIAN POETICS
Authors: Rudy Jason R.
Published: April 2008

Inspired whilst on holiday in 1893, the poet and literary critic Mathilde Blind speculated on the potential for intimacy in great poetry: “The poet only truly lives when he feels the rapture of communion; when his soul mirrored in a sister soul is doubled like the moon glassed in the Lake of Nemi” (Commonplace book36; hereafterCB). Blind here alludes to the belief that from the shores of Lake Nemi, located just southeast of Rome, one might witness a perfect reflection of the moon upon the lake's still waters. Like the moon that casts its light down on the lake, Blind imagines the poet radiating outward toward her readers and experiencing with them “the rapture of communion,” a flash of sympathetic confederacy. It was an ideal Blind had considered from her first volume of poetry in 1867 to her recently publishedDramas in Miniature(1891), and it had determined most notablyThe Ascent of Man, Blind's 1889 poetic re-writing of Darwinian evolution. In her work as a literary critic as well as in her poetry, Blind singles out moments of passionate communication, such as lines of D. G. Rossetti that “set[] ones nerve tingling” (Correspondence; letter to Richard Garnett, 10 October 1881), and Shelley's poetry, which is like an “electric telegraph of thought flashing its fiery spark through the dull dense world of sense” (“Shelley” 97). At its best, poetry fuses an “intensity of feeling, [a] depth of thought, music, and form” (Correspondence; letter to Richard Garnett, 26 January 1870) so as to resonate most effectively with what Tennyson called “the deep heart of every living thing” (Poems1: 85).
DAUGHTERS OF DANAUS AND DAPHNE: WOMEN POETS AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION
Authors: Hughes Linda K.
Published: April 2008

If New Woman writing embraced everything from political reform, sexual freedoms, and economic and social independence to literary publishing, Lucy Bland and other historians have confirmed that New Woman debates often played out in terms of marriage, whether in Mona Caird's path-breaking 1888 essay on “Marriage” or her by-now familiar novel of 1894,The Daughters of Danaus. This title, taken from the myth of women in Hades condemned to haul water in leaky jars after murdering their husbands on their wedding nights, suggests both the futility of life for middle-class Victorian women and the latent, murderous recoil they could harbor. To fall back upon these two Caird works to exemplify New Woman writing, however, is in some ways to perpetuate a generic oversimplification that New Woman writing was a prose medium.
“THE ARMYTAGE-TOMSON-WATSON SEQUENCE”: POETIC ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE PERIODICAL PRESS, 1886–96
Authors: Bristow Joseph
Published: April 2008

In the summer of 1895 American critic Edmund Clarence Stedman sent a letter across the Atlantic to Robert Bridges about a second decisive change that had just occurred in the career of one of the English poet's most widely published compatriots: “the Armytage-Tomson-Watson sequence is interesting. Well, a woman who can write such ballads has a right to be her own mistress” (Stedman and Gould 2: 185). Stedman's intriguing comment arose from the succinct biographical entries that he was compiling forA Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895(1895). Without doubt, Stedman's eagerness to include up-to-date information about numerous poets whose reputations developed in the 1880s and 90s shows an unmatched thoroughness in such anthologies of the day, and the resulting comprehensiveness of his 1895 volume has ensured that it remains an enduringly useful source of reference.
“BALLADS IN PROSE”: GENRE CROSSING IN LATE-VICTORIAN WOMEN'S WRITING
Authors: Stetz Margaret D.
Published: April 2008

“Oh, it is indeed a burning shame that there would be one law for men and another law for women. I think that there should be no law for anybody” (Beckson, I Can Resist 100). So said Oscar Wilde to a journalist interviewing him in January 1895. And for the first five years of the 1890s, it looked as though the British literary and publishing worlds, at least, were increasingly in accord with this Wildean perspective. Texts challenging the double standard of heterosexual conduct proliferated, even as bold articulations of same-sex desire appeared. At the same time, laws of all sorts that governed the production and consumption of literature seemed to be struck down daily. The three-volume novel declined and, with it, the circulating libraries' law of conforming to Mudie's definition of the reading public's tastes. New Women and other new realists gleefully violated the laws that required fictional narratives to end with marriage or, indeed, to provide some version of closure. In the sphere of periodical publishing, the law demanding that the visual arts be subordinate to words vanished in April 1894 with the first issue of the Yellow Book. The Bodley Head's new quarterly proudly stated that “The pictures will in no case serve as illustrations to the letter-press, but each will stand by itself as an independent contribution” (Stetz and Lasner 8).
“THE HECTIC BEAUTY OF DECAY”: POSITIVIST DECADENCE IN MATHILDE BLIND'S LATE POETRY
Authors: Diedrick James
Published: April 2008

Wan mists enwrap the still-born day;

The harebell withers on the heath,

And all the moorland seems to breathe

The hectic beauty of decay.

—Mathilde Blind, “The Evening of the Year,”Songs and Sonnets

To again invoke the organic metaphor at the root of decadence, what is crucial about the notion of decay is not so much the change from a greater to a lesser state, but the changing itself.

—David Weir,Decadence and the Making of Modernism

[T]he aim of decadence, whether in science or art, is to challenge the limits that mark some forms of knowledge as permissible and others as forbidden, regardless of the results.

—Christine Ferguson, “Decadence as Scientific Fulfillment”
MICHAEL FIELD AND SAPPHIC FAME: “MY DARK-LEAVED LAURELS WILL ENDURE”
Authors: O'Gorman Francis
Published: April 2008

Long Ago(1889), Michael Field's inaugural collection of verse, celebrated Sappho, the ancient poetess of Lesbos. The volume proclaimed the diversity of her sexuality; it saluted verse that was connected to the self; and it urged the authenticity of her creative force in ages beyond her death. Taking surviving fragments of Sapphic writing as embarkation points for new poems in her spirit, Michael Field, the joint pseudonym of the two poets Katherine Bradley (1846–1914) and Edith Cooper (1862–1913), hailed the continuing presence of the Greek in the modern age, drawing the reader back to an imagined version of Sappho's mind and experience, her desires and troubles, of which history held so slight a record. Developing ideas articulated by Robert Browning, particularly in the opening book ofThe Ring and the Book(1868–69),Long Agodiscerned in poetry a way of regenerating the energy – or of creating the illusion of such regeneration – of an almost-lost, but indisputably authentic person from the ancient Mediterranean. The volume privileged a post-Romantic assumption about the signal importance of the self behind writing, the complexities and contradictions of which I explore here, and it understood modern poetry's dealings with a nearly vanished Greece as recuperative of a nearly disappeared artist. As such,Long Agoimplicitly imagined the work of the contemporary poet as, to use Robert Browning's word, a matter of “galvanism” (Browning I.740): the calling back into the present of the lost forms of distant lives.
ON PRACTICES AND THE LAW
Authors: Greenberg Mark
Published: April 2008

In a recent paper, “How Facts Make Law,” I launch an attack on a fundamental doctrine of legal positivism. I argue that nonnormative facts cannot themselves constitutively determine the content of the law. In a response published in this journal, Ram Neta defends the view that nonnormative social facts are sufficient to determine normative facts, including both moral and legal facts. Neta's paper provides a useful opportunity to address a spelled-out version of this view, which in various forms is widely held in philosophy of law and other areas of philosophy. I begin by addressing Neta's attempts to show that descriptive facts can alone determine moral and legal facts. First, Neta's account of why it is wrong to break promises fails. In addition to other problems, it begs the question by taking for granted that a person's desires or other motivational states necessarily justify the actions that they motivate. Next, I turn to Neta's attempt to provide a counterexample to my view about law. In my original paper, I claim that the nature of the constitutive determination relation in the legal domain is what I callrational determination. Roughly speaking, a full constitutive account of the legal facts must include reasons that explain the relation between the determining facts and the legal facts. The facts on which Neta's putative counterexample depends cannot be reasons of the required sort because they take for granted what they are supposed to explain—the way in which nonnormative social facts contribute to the content of the law. Finally, I address the larger issue of how far my argument applies to other domains. I consider and reject Neta's argument that purports to show that all normative domains have the relevant features of the legal domain. I then sketch a competing picture of some normative domains.
DUTIES AND LIABILITIES IN PRIVATE LAW
Authors: Jaffey Peter
Published: April 2008

Private law is generally formulated in terms of right–duty relations, and accordingly, private-law claims are understood to arise from breaches of duty, or wrongs. Some claims are not easy to explain on this basis because the claim arises from an act that the defendant was justified in doing. The violation/infringement distinction seems to offer an explanation of such claims, but it is argued that the explanation is illusory. Claims of this sort are best understood as based not on a primary right–duty relation at all but on a “primary liability” or “right–liability” relation. A primary-liability claim is not a claim arising from the breach of a strict-liability duty. The recognition of primary-liability claims does not involve skepticism about duties or rules or legal relations and it is consistent with the analysis of private law in terms of corrective justice.
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND LAND REFORM: Theorizing Eminent Domain after Kelo
Authors: Chartier Gary
Published: April 2008

[Originally published in 11 LEGAL THEORY 363–385 (2005)]
LEGAL PROOF AND FACT FINDERS' BELIEFS
Authors: Beltrán Jordi Ferrer
Published: April 2008

In procedural-law scholarship as well as in the theoretical analysis of the notion of proof as a result of the joint assessment of all items of evidence introduced in a trial, reference is frequently made to notions such as the conviction, belief, or certainty of a judge or a jury member about what happened. All these notions underscore the mental states involved in the process of determining the facts on the part of a judge or a jury. In this analysis, I look at the links between beliefs and the justification in the findings of fact provided by the judge or jury in her or its verdict.
INSTRUMENTAL RULES AND MOTIVATION
Authors: Hatzistavrou Antony
Published: April 2008

In this paper I address the issue of the normativity of instrumental rules (for example, legal rules). On the one hand, I criticize Scott Shapiro's “constraint model” of instrumental rule-following according to which instrumental rules have motivational clout qua rules: the agent conforms to them simply because they are rules. On the other, I argue for a purely epistemic account of instrumental rule-following. According to this account, instrumental rules inform the agent which action she is required to perform but do not get her to act. Rather the agent is motivationally guided by the reasons for which she adopted the instrumental rules.
HOW LAW IS LIKE CHESS
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: April 2008

This article strives to articulate some of the conventional foundations of law. The article consists of three main arguments. First, between H. L. A. Hart's conception of the rules of recognition and H. Kelsen's theory of the basic norm, Hart's view is more compelling. Second, the paper argues that the rules of recognition are social conventions but not of the familiar coordinative type, as some commentators have claimed. Finally, the article draws a distinction between deep and surface conventions, arguing that there are some deep conventions about what law is, and surface conventions that determine what counts as law in a particular community. This distinction between deep and surface conventions is employed to solve some of the puzzles about the nature of the rules of recognition.
Long-term neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: VANDERPLOEG RODNEY D. , CURTISS GLENN , BELANGER HEATHER G.
Published: April 2008

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is common, yet few studies have examined neuropsychological outcomes more than 1 year postinjury. Studies of nonreferred individuals with MTBI or studies with appropriate control groups are lacking, but necessary to draw conclusions regarding natural recovery from MTBI. We examined the long-term neuropsychological outcomes of a self-reported MTBI an average of 8 years postinjury in a nonreferred community-dwelling sample of male veterans. This was a cross-sectional cohort study derived from the Vietnam Experience Study. Three groups matched on premorbid cognitive ability were examined, those who (1) had not been injured in a MVA nor had a head injury (Normal Control;n= 3214), (2) had been injured in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) but did not have a head injury (MVA Control;n= 539), and (3) had a head injury with altered consciousness (MTBI;n= 254). A MANOVA found no group differences on a standard neuropsychological test battery of 15 measures. Across 15 measures, the average neuropsychological effect size of MTBI compared with either control group was −.03. Subtle aspects of attention and working memory also were examined by comparing groups on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) continuation rate and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) proactive interference (PI). Compared with normal controls, the MTBI group evidenced attention problems in their lower rate of continuation to completion on the PASAT (odds ratio = 1.32,CI= 1.0–1.73) and in excessive PI (odds ratio = 1.66,CI= 1.11–2.47). Unique to the MTBI group, PASAT continuation problems were associated with left-sided visual imperceptions and excessive PI was associated with impaired tandem gait. These results show that MTBI can have adverse long-term neuropsychological outcomes on subtle aspects of complex attention and working memory. (JINS, 2005,11, 228–236.)
Patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury: A population-based, epidemiological study
Authors: HORNER MICHAEL DAVID , FERGUSON PAMELA L. , SELASSIE ANBESAW W. , LABBATE LAWRENCE A. , KNIELE KATHRYN , CORRIGAN JOHN D.
Published: April 2008

This study delineated patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a large, population-based, epidemiological, nonclinical sample, and identified predictors of heavy alcohol use in these individuals. Participants were 1,606 adults identified by review of a South Carolina statewide hospital discharge data set, on the basis of satisfying the Centers for Disease Control case definition of TBI, and were interviewed by telephone 1 year after TBI-related discharge. Alcohol use in the month prior to interview was classified according to categories from the Quantity–Frequency–Variability Index; heavy drinking was defined as nearly daily use with ≥ 5 drinks at least occasionally, or at least three occasions with ≥ 5 drinks. A polychotomous logistic regression with 3 response levels (heavy, moderate, and abstinent/infrequent/light drinking) was used to identify predictors of heavy drinking. Heavy drinking in the month prior to interview was reported by 15.4% of participants, while 14.3% reported moderate drinking and 70.3% reported abstinence or light/infrequent drinking. Risk factors for heavy drinking included male gender, younger age, history of substance abuse prior to TBI, diagnosis of depression since TBI, fair/moderate mental health, and better physical functioning. There was no association between drinking patterns and TBI severity. (JINS, 2005,11, 322–330.)
Neurobehavioral effects of harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins: A critical review
Authors: FRIEDMAN MELISSA A. , LEVIN BONNIE E.
Published: April 2008

Human exposure to naturally occurring marine toxins has been associated with a range of neurobehavioral abnormalities. The toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) and are typically contracted through seafood consumption. The primary target of many of the HAB toxins is the neurologic system, and the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with the HAB illnesses have influenced public health policy. The HAB-related illnesses most frequently linked to neuropsychological disturbance are Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, and Possible Estuarine Associated Syndrome, which is associated with exposure to thePfiesteria piscicidaorganism. Although the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying many of the HAB illnesses have been well delineated, the literature examining the neuropsychological impairments is unclear and needs to be defined. This review is intended to introduce an emerging area of study linking HAB illnesses with neuropsychological changes. (JINS, 2005,11, 331–338.)
Core Memory for Clinicians
Authors: Jones R.D.
Published: April 2008

The Essential Handbook of Memory Disorders for
Clinicians. Alan D. Baddeley, Michael D. Kopelman, and Barbara A.
Wilson (Eds.). (2004). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 381 pp., $45.00,
£26.99/€40.50 (PB).

In the preface to this book, the editors reflect that the original
Handbook of Memory Disorders (Baddeley et al.,
1995) was aimed at a clinically oriented readership. Following
publication of the original text, it was noted that neuroscientists
expressed enthusiasm for the work, thus the second edition of the handbook
(Baddeley et al., 2002) expanded significantly
on scientific issues that were perhaps of less immediate clinical
relevance. The current text, which the editors have titled The
Essential Handbook of Memory Disorders for Clinicians is composed of
a series of chapters from the 2002 text. Similar to the 1995 first
edition, the goal of this new book is to provide an accessible text aimed
at clinicians. Core clinical issues of assessment, nomenclature,
phenomenology, etiology, and management are examined as they relate to
disorders of memory and associated underlying diseases.
OUTSIDE THE MAINSTREAM: AN INTERVIEW WITH AXEL LEIJONHUFVUD
Authors: SNOWDON BRIAN
Published: April 2008

Axel Leijonhufvud made an enormous impact on macroeconomics in the late 1960s with the publication of his bookOn Keynesian Economics and the Economics of Keynes: A Study of Monetary Economics(1968). In this famous book, Leijonhufvud argued that the standard neoclassical synthesis (Hicks–Hansen IS-LM) interpretation of the General Theory totally misunderstood and misinterpreted Keynes. However, during the 1970's, interest in Keynes and Keynesian models waned as new classical equilibrium models became all the rage. Nevertheless, Leijonhufvud, from a position outside the mainstream, continued his research into problems of unemployment, business cycles, and inflation—issues that from his perspective are problems of coordination failure in complex dynamical systems. Axel Leijonhufvud is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles, and, since 1995, Professor of Monetary Economics at the University of Trento, Italy. In this interview the author discusses with Leijonhufvud a wide range of issues relating to his own work as well as his views on the development of macroeconomics after Keynes.
IN MEMORY OF FRANCO MODIGLIANI, 1918–2003
Authors: SHILLER ROBERT J.
Published: April 2008

Franco Modigliani was a great clarifier of fundamental economic concepts. Often the mathematical rigor of our economic models is misleading, since underlying our actual use of these precisely defined models are some less-rigorous, sometimes even fallacious, concepts. Modigliani's energetic mind drove him to reflect on how our models actually function to yield policy prescriptions, and from that thinking to refine and redefine the concepts that underlie the models.
ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MODELING NONLINEARITIES: THE ASSET PRICING EXAMPLE
Authors: BIDARKOTA PRASAD V.
Published: April 2008

We investigate the economic importance of modeling nonlinearities in the dynamics of exogenous processes on the implied moments of endogenous variables in the context of the consumption-based asset pricing model. For this purpose, we model the endowment process alternatively as a linear autoregression and as a nonlinear threshold autoregression. The asset pricing model with nonlinear endowment is solved using quadrature techniques. A comparison of the moments of the model-implied rates of return in the two cases suggests that the economic impact of modeling nonlinearities is small.
CONTINUOUS PIECEWISE LINEAR FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALIPRANTIS CHARALAMBOS D. , HARRIS DAVID , TOURKY RABEE
Published: April 2008

The paper studies the function space of continuous piecewise linear functions in the space of continuous functions on them-dimensional Euclidean space. It also studies the special case of one dimensional continuous piecewise linear functions. The study is based on the theory of Riesz spaces that has many applications in economics. The work also provides the mathematical background to its sister paper Aliprantis, Harris, and Tourky (2006), in which we estimate multivariate continuous piecewise linear regressions by means of Riesz estimators, that is, by estimators of the the Boolean form

whereX=(X1,X2, …,Xm) is some random vector, {Ej}j∈Jis a finite family of finite sets.
INTELLECTUAL APPROPRIABILITY, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, AND GROWTH
Authors: COZZI GUIDO , SPINESI LUCA
Published: April 2008

In the modern world, the main assets are immaterial ideas. Such assets are much more easily stolen than traditional factors such as physical capital and land. In this paper, we investigate the long-run growth effects of intellectual misappropriation at the R&D level. We adopt a generalized framework with both vertical and horizontal innovation. Inspired by recent evidence and by the patent law, we assume that only vertical innovations can be spied, because they are less easily patented than horizontal innovations. The main results are: (1) despite growing population, the fraction of labor engaged in spying activities tends to be constant; (2) in economies in which the R&D process is more vulnerable to ideas theft, growth rates are lower but product differentiation will be more intense; (3) intellectual misappropriation neutralizes the positive growth effect of R&D subsidies but not their positive level effects.
A NOTE ON THE EXACT SOLUTION OF ASSET PRICING MODELS WITH HABIT PERSISTENCE
Authors: COLLARD FABRICE , FÈVE PATRICK , GHATTASSI IMEN
Published: April 2008

This paper provides a closed-form solution to a standard asset pricing model with habit formation when the growth rate of endowment follows a first-order Gaussian autoregressive process. We determine conditions that guarantee the existence of a stationary bounded equilibrium. The findings are useful because they allow to evaluate the accuracy of various approximation methods to nonlinear rational expectation models. Furthermore, they can be used to perform simulation experiments to study the finite sample properties of various estimation methods.
INFLATION AND FINANCIAL DEPTH
Authors: KHAN MOHSIN S. , SENHADJI ABDELHAK S. , SMITH BRUCE D.
Published: April 2008

There is now a substantial theoretical literature arguing that inflation impedes financial deepening. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that the relationship is a nonlinear one, in that there is a threshold level of inflation below which inflation has a positive effect on financial depth, but above which the effect turns negative. Using a large cross-country sample, empirical support is found for the existence of such a threshold. The estimates indicate that the threshold level of inflation is generally about 3–6 percent per annum, depending on the specific measure of financial depth that is utilized.
A NOTE ON LIQUIDITY AND REAL EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST RATES
Authors: STRACCA LIVIO
Published: April 2008

This note proposes a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous households and a financial market where each financial instrument provides liquidity services in addition to enabling a transfer of purchasing power over time. Importantly, liquidity services may be asymmetric according to whether the financial instrument is held as an asset or as a liability, and are also agent-specific. The main purpose of the study is to develop an analytical framework and a language for evaluating the effect of (broadly defined) liquidity factors on equilibrium rates of return.
UNEMPLOYMENT, GROWTH, AND FISCAL POLICY: NEW INSIGHTS ON THE HYSTERESIS HYPOTHESIS
Authors: RAURICH XAVIER , SALA HECTOR , SOROLLA VALERI
Published: April 2008

We develop a growth model with unemployment due to imperfections in the labor market. In this model, wage inertia and balanced budget rules cause a complementarity between capital and employment capable of explaining the existence of multiple equilibrium paths. Hysteresis is viewed as the result of a selection between these different paths. We use this model to arguea that, in contrast to the United States, those fiscal policies followed by most of the European countries after the shocks of the 1970s may have played a central role in generating hysteresis.
A NOTE ON MUTH'S RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS HYPOTHESIS: A TIME-VARYING COEFFICIENT INTERPRETATION
Authors: SWAMY P.A.V.B. , TAVLAS GEORGE S.
Published: April 2008

Under certain interpretations of its coefficients, a specified econometric model is an exact representation of the “true” model, defining the “objective” probability distribution. This note enumerates these interpretations. In the absence of the conditions implied by these interpretations, the econometric model is misspecified. The note shows that model misspecifications prevent the satisfaction of a necessary and sufficient condition for individual expectations to be rational in Muth's sense. Whereas restrictive forms of econometric models can give very inaccurate predictions, this note describes the conditions under which the predictions generated from time-varying coefficient models coincide with the predictions generated from the relevant economic theory.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Barnett William A.
Published: April 2008

Macroeconomics is at a crossroads. The call of real science is
drawing it forward to a degree that is without precedent in the
history of the field. But the field's origins are related to the
exceptional policy relevance of macroeconomics, and the field
continues to be pressed for answers to difficult policy problems that
sometimes are beyond the current capabilities of the field.
Continuing tensions exist between policy demands and the constraints
of systematic, rigorous scientific development. A commonly mentioned
example is the increasing size of structural macroeconometric models.
While highly regarded in many governments, those massive models are
greeted with skepticism by the best economics journals.
TWO COMPUTATIONS TO FUND SOCIAL SECURITY
Authors: HUANG HE , İMROHOROGˇLU SELAHATTIN , SARGENT THOMAS  J.
Published: April 2008

We use a general equilibrium model to study the impact of
fully funding social security on the distribution of consumption
across cohorts and over time. In an initial stationary equilibrium
with an unfunded social security system, the capital/output ratio,
debt/output ratio, and rate of return to capital are 3.2, 0.6, and
6.8%, respectively. In our first experiment, we suddenly terminate
social security payments but compensate entitled generations by a
massive one-time increase in government debt. Eventually, the
aggregate physical capital stock rises by 40%, the return on capital
falls to 4.4%, and the labor income tax rate falls from 33.9 to
14%. We estimate the size of the entitlement debt to be 2.7 times
real GDP, which is paid off by levying a 38% labor income tax rate
during the first 40 years of the transition. In our second
experiment, we leave social security benefits untouched but force the
government temporarily to increase the tax on labor income so as
gradually to accumulate private physical capital, from the proceeds
of which it eventually finances social security payments. This
particular government-run funding scheme delivers larger efficiency
gains (in both the exogenous and endogenous price cases) than
privatization, an outcome stemming from the scheme's public provision
of insurance both against life-span risk and
labor income volatility.
ESTIMATION OF CONTINUOUS-TIME MODELS FOR STOCK
RETURNS AND INTEREST RATES
Authors: GALLANT A. RONALD , TAUCHEN GEORGE
Published: April 2008

Efficient Method of Moments is used to estimate and test
continuous-time diffusion models for stock returns and interest rates.
For stock returns, a four-state, two-factor diffusion with one state
observed can account for the dynamics of the daily return on
the S&P
Composite Index, 1927–1987. This contrasts with results indicating
that discrete-time, stochastic volatility models cannot explain these
dynamics. For interest rates, a trivariate Yield-Factor Model
is estimated from weekly, 1962–1995, Treasury rates. The
Yield-Factor Model is sharply rejected, although extensions permitting
convexities in the local variance come closer to fitting
the data.
Measuring quality of life at the end of life: Validation of the QUAL-E
Authors: STEINHAUSER KAREN E. , CLIPP ELIZABETH C. , BOSWORTH HAYDEN B. , MCNEILLY MAYA , CHRISTAKIS NICHOLAS A. , VOILS CORRINE I. , TULSKY JAMES A.
Published: April 2008

Objectives:To validate the QUAL-E, a new measure of quality of life at the end of life.

Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the instrument's psychometric properties, including the QUAL-E's associations with existing measures, evaluation of robustness across diverse sample groups, and stability over time. The study was conducted at the VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, in 248 patients with stage IV cancer, congestive heart failure with ejection fraction ≤20%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with FEV1≤ 1.0 l, or dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease. The main outcome measures included QUAL-E and five comparison measures: FACIT quality of life measure, Missoula-VITAS Quality of Life Index, FACIT-SP spirituality measures, Participatory Decision Making Scale (MOS), and Duke EPESE social support scales.

Results:QUAL-E analyses confirmed a four-domain structure (25 items):life completion(α = 0.80),symptoms impact(α = 0.87),relationship with health care provider(α = 0.71), andpreparation for end of life(α = 0.68). Convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated with multiple comparison measures. Test–retest reliability assessment showed stable scores over a 1-week period.

Significance of results:The QUAL-E, a brief measure of quality of life at the end of life, demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability, is easy to administer, performs consistently across diverse demographic and disease groups, and is acceptable to seriously ill patients. It is offered as a new instrument to assist in the evaluation of the quality and effectiveness of interventions targeting improved care at the end of life.
Physicians' practices related to the use of terminal sedation: Moral and ethical concerns
Authors: POMERANTZ SHERRY C. , BHATT HIMANI , BRODSKY NANCY L. , LURIE DEBORAH , CIESIELSKI JANICE , CAVALIERI THOMAS A.
Published: April 2008

Objective:Although terminal sedation (TS) has generally been seen as legal and ethically acceptable, ethical and moral issues remain. Little is known about the use of TS in general clinical practice and about how TS is viewed by physicians, given moral and ethical concerns. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe attitudes of physicians regarding terminal sedation; (2) to explore demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, subspecialty, and number of years in practice, that might be related to the use of TS; and (3) to compare physicians who have and have not used TS on the degree to which they view TS as moral and consistent with their professional and personal ethics.

Methods:An anonymous survey of New Jersey physicians was conducted at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–School of Osteopathic Medicine. A 39-item questionnaire assessing general opinions about, experiences with, and religious, moral, ethical attitudes toward TS and other end-of-life treatments was utilized.

Results:A majority of physicians (73%) had used TS for a patient. Most (93%) said there were circumstances under which they would use TS. With regard to questions about whether TS would be “immoral,” “would violate my religious beliefs,” “would violate my professional ethics” and “is inconsistent with the physician's role of preserving life,” approximately 55% of those who have used TS disagreed; for those who have not used TS, approximately 35% disagreed.

Significance of results:Professional education and opportunities for discussion appear necessary to help reconcile the conflicts raised in the use of this end-of-life treatment strategy.
Difficulties in screening for adjustment disorder, Part I: Use of existing screening instruments in cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation
Authors: KIRSH KENNETH L. , McGREW JOHN H. , DUGAN MICHAEL , PASSIK STEVEN D.
Published: April 2008

Objective:Although success rates for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) continue to improve, there is still a high level of morbidity and physical and emotional distress associated with BMT. To date, limited research has focused on the assessment of and screening for specific psychiatric disorders of patients facing BMT. This is especially true with regard to identifying adjustment disorder (AD), despite the fact that AD is the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in cancer patients.

Methods:A sample of 95 BMT patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (SCID) and completed several commonly used self-report instruments to determine if these tools could be used to identify patients with adjustment disorder in need of further assessment and intervention.

Results:Of these patients, 34.7% were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, 11.6% with major depression, and 5.3% with generalized anxiety disorder. The instruments were not found to be predictive of AD. However, the results of a regression analysis showed that the Social Subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (R2Δ = 0.04,F= 4.30,p< 0.05) was a significant predictor of adjustment disorder.

Significance of results:We conclude that there is little efficacy in using existing scales for detecting adjustment disorders in cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, and that other tools for identifying patients with adjustment disorder who might benefit from counseling are needed.
Yizkor Minyan: Memorial Suite
Authors: LUPU DALE
Published: April 2008

Yizkor Minyan: Memorial suite.
Courage: The heart of the matter
Authors: WEIN SIMON
Published: April 2008

Cancer is frequently compared with war. The daily newspapers report on such-and-such a person's battle against cancer. A patient declares, “I will fight it with everything I've got.” One country has called its peak body “The Association of War against Cancer.” In America the National Cancer Act of 1971 “declared war on cancer” (Levy, 2005). Thus is cancer declared the enemy, which must be conquered.
Preparation of residents for death pronouncement: A sensitive and
supportive method
Authors: BAILEY F. AMOS , WILLIAMS BEVERLY ROSA
Published: April 2008

Objective: To identify factors associated with internal
medicine interns' self-assessed competency in death pronouncement and
to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-minute death pronouncement module
and pocket card guidelines.

Methods: In June 2003 at the Birmingham VAMC, Alabama, 48
internal medicine interns completed a survey of medical school education,
training, and experience in death pronouncement and a self-assessment of
death pronouncement competency. In September 2003, 33 of the 48 interns
completed a follow-up training/education survey and rated their
post-intervention competency. Using chi-square and paired
t-tests, we identified factors associated with variations among
baseline and post-intervention variables and examined pre-post changes in
self-assessed competency levels.

Results: At baseline, less than 30% of the interns had
medical school instruction in the process of death pronouncement. More
than 70% reported needing basic instruction/close supervision.
Post-intervention, close to 90% interns needed minimal or no assistance.
Over 50% reported using pocket card guidelines. We found significant
pre-post increases in mean rankings in each of the 5 self-assessed
competencies (p < .001). Factors associated with differences
in baseline and post-intervention assessments included medical school
training/experience and use of the pocket card guidelines.

Significance of results: When interns began training, most
had no instruction in death pronouncement and felt unprepared for this
task. With brief instruction, pocket card guidelines, and 3-months
experience, the majority of interns reported needing minimal/no
assistance in pronouncing death. A larger sample from multiple sites is
needed to confirm these findings.
God and science: Can we believe in both?
Authors: BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: April 2008

At a recent scientific conference in New York City, a student asked
one of the scientists participating in a panel discussion on science and
religion a provocative question. “Can you be a good scientist and
also believe in God?” The scientist, a Nobel laureate, quickly
responded: “Belief in the supernatural, especially belief in God, is
not only incompatible with good science, this kind of belief is damaging
to the well-being of the human race!” But disdain for religion is
far from universal among scientists. Francis Collins, who directs the U.S.
National Genome Research Institute and was head of the first team to map
the entire human genome, is an example of a highly visible and respected
scientist who also openly embraces a religious Christian faith. As
palliative care clinicians and researchers, we, as well as our patients,
are constantly confronted with this very dilemma: the age-old tension
between faith and reason, God and science.
Cruising for a bruising
Authors: CHOCHINOV HARVEY M.
Published: April 2008

Perhaps I best not mention his name; his lawyers, after all, are much
more familiar with The Color of Money than mine will ever be.
Nevertheless, these outrageous rantings by one of Hollywood's alleged
Top Guns—denouncing psychiatry and challenging the
legitimacy of psychiatric illness—has got to stop.
Health-related quality of life and enrollment in Phase 1 trials in children with incurable cancer
Authors: BARRERA MARU , D'AGOSTINO NORMA , GAMMON JANET , SPENCER LYNLEE , BARUCHEL SYLVAIN
Published: April 2008

Objectives: To investigate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children eligible for Phase 1 trials and the reasons why families consider participating in these trials.

Methods: Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with parents (seven mothers, two fathers) and three children, after a child was invited to participate in a clinical trial. Information regarding disease and treatment progression, daily life, and decision making about experimental treatments was elicited. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes.

Results: HRQOL themes were grouped into four main domains: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Minimal physical restrictions, maintaining normalcy and control, information sharing, and having hope for life seemed to be critical HRQOL components. Hope for a cure and prolonging the child's life were the main reasons for enrolling in Phase 1 trials.

Conclusions: Normalcy and control are key end-of-life HRQOL components, and hope for life is a main reason for participating in Phase 1 trials.
Proactive: Spiritual care for terminal restlessness
Authors: TELOS NANCY
Published: April 2008

According to the Journal of Pain and Palliative Care
Pharmacology, 25–88% of all hospice patients, caregivers, and
hospice staff will observe significant changes in a patient's
behaviors. Some of the changes include picking at sheets or Depends,
restlessness movements of the arms and legs, confusion, tight clutching at
caregiver's hands, and twitching and jerking. These signs are usually
categorized as terminal restlessness. Sometimes, the cause is a medical
condition that can be treated.
Pain management and related factors in advanced cancer patients who initiated opioid therapy in an outpatient setting
Authors: KIMURA RIEKO , HASHIGUCHI SAORI , KAWA MASAKO , MIYASHITA MITSUNORI , SASAHARA TOMOYO , SHIRAI YUKI , KAZUMA KEIKO
Published: April 2008

Objective:The aim of this study was to clarify the state of pain management in Japanese patients with advanced cancer who initiated opioid therapy in an outpatient setting.

Methods:Interview surveys using questionnaires were conducted and medical records were reviewed. Pain relief was defined as >33% decrease in worst pain intensity score, and significance of early pain relief was investigated in terms of changing self-efficacy for activities of daily living (ADL). Factors related to early pain relief were also investigated.

Results:The study was conducted between June and December 2003, on 20 patients (13 women, 7 men; mean age, 59 years). Compared to score at initiation of opioid administration (Numerical Rating Scale, 8.3 ± 1.3), pain relief was generally insufficient at 2 weeks (early pain relief ratio was only 42%). Patients with sufficient pain relief at 2 weeks displayed significant improvements in numerous ADL functions and symptom-coping efficacy (p= 0.037), confirming the importance of early pain relief. Early pain relief was associated with high frequency of hospital visits before opioid administration and absence of sudden excavation within the first 2 weeks.

Significance of results:Result of this study indicated insufficient pain relief at an outpatients setting with advanced cancer patients. In the meantime, patients had who their pain decrease after 2 weeks also had improved ADL and self-efficacy at the same time. These findings suggest that to achieve early pain relief in an outpatient setting, clinical staff must assess pain earlier and inform patients of possible breakthrough pain following opioid administration and available treatments for such occurrences.
Development of Wernicke encephalopathy in a terminally ill cancer
patient consuming an adequate diet: A case report and review of the
literature
Authors: YAE SUZU , OKUNO SHIGEKO , ONISHI HIDEKI , KAWANISHI CHIAKI
Published: April 2008

Malignancy-associated primary thiamine deficiency has been documented
in several experimental tumors, clinical case reports, and in patients
with fast growing malignancies. We report a terminally ill cancer patient
who developed delirium. Close examination of the patient demonstrated that
delirium was caused by thiamine deficiency, although she had been
consuming an average of 990 cal/day for the past 3 weeks.
Malabsorption or consumption by the tumor was considered the mechanism of
thiamine deficiency. Early recognition and subsequent treatment resulted
in successful palliation of delirium. In terminally ill cancer patients,
clinicians must remain aware of the possibility of Wernicke's
encephalopathy, when the patients develop unexplained delirium, even if
the patient has been consuming adequate amounts of food. Early
intervention may correct the symptoms and prevent irreversible brain
damage, and the quality of life for the patient may improve.
Collective soul: The spirituality of an interdisciplinary palliative care team
Authors: SINCLAIR SHANE , RAFFIN SHELLEY , PEREIRA JOSE , GUEBERT NANCY
Published: April 2008

Objective:Although spirituality as it relates to patients is gaining increasing attention, less is known about how health care professionals (HCP) experience spirituality personally or collectively in the workplace. This study explores the collective spirituality of an interdisciplinary palliative care team, by studying how individuals felt about their own spirituality, whether there was a shared sense of a team spirituality, how spirituality related to the care the team provided to patients and whether they felt that they provided spiritual care.

Methods:A qualitative autoethnographic approach was used. The study was conducted in a 10-bed Tertiary Palliative Care Unit (TPCU) in a large acute-care referral hospital and cancer center. Interdisciplinary team members of the TPCU were invited to participate in one-to-one interviews and/or focus groups. Five interviews and three focus groups were conducted with a total of 20 participants.

Results:Initially participants struggled to define spirituality. Concepts of spirituality relating to integrity, wholeness, meaning, and personal journeying emerged. For many, spirituality is inherently relational. Others acknowledged transcendence as an element of spirituality. Spirituality was described as being wrapped in caring and often manifests in small daily acts of kindness and of love, embedded within routine acts of caring. Palliative care served as a catalyst for team members' own spiritual journeys. For some participants, palliative care represented a spiritual calling. A collective spirituality stemming from common goals, values, and belonging surfaced.

Significance of results:This was the first known study that focused specifically on the exploration of a collective spirituality. The culture of palliative care seems to foster spiritual reflection among health care professionals both as individuals and as a whole. While spirituality was difficult to describe, it was a shared experience often tangibly present in the provision of care on all levels.