bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling Exposure to Chemicals
Authors: HAY ALASTAIR
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Controlling exposure to chemicals in the workplace has been made easier by the use of a guide published by the U.K. Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Known as COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations) Essentials, the guide is a simple five‐step procedure to devise appropriate control strategies to reduce exposures to various substances under different conditions. U.K. health and safety law requires risk assessments prior to use of hazardous substances and installation of appropriate control strategies before work commences. A 1996 survey of 1500 safety managers and trade union safety representatives revealed that the majority had little understanding of occupational safety limits for chemicals. Small‐ and medium‐sized companies had little understanding of limits, and most could not develop control strategies. A new approach was required. COSHH Essentials is it. Developed over 3 years by a working group of hygienists and toxicologists representing HSE, industry, trade unions, and independent experts, the guide is now available in both paper‐based and internet versions. It applies a hazard banding approach validated by data for 111 substances that have well‐founded U.K. occupational exposure limits. New users select an appropriate hazard band for chemicals based on risk phrases. Details about dustiness for powders or volatility for liquids are inserted, and the guide allocates substances to one of four exposure bands linked, in turn, to specific control strategies. Now accessible through the HSE web site, COSHH Essentials will offer control strategies for both single chemicals and whole processes. To date over 300,000 risk assessments have been carried out using the internet version of COSHH Essentials.
Cancer and Pesticides
Authors: MILIGI LUCIA , COSTANTINI ADELE SENIORI , VERALDI ANGELA , BENVENUTI ALESSANDRA ,   WILL, VINEIS PAOLO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Exposure to pesticides is recognized as an important environmental risk factor associated with development of cancer. Epidemiological studies, although sometimes contradictory, have linked phenoxy acid herbicides with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS); organochlorine insecticides with STS, NHL, and leukemia; organophosphorous compounds with NHL and leukemia; and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer. Exposure assessment is a crucial point in studying the association between cancer and pesticides.
In order to investigate the association between hematolymphopoietic malignancies and occupational exposures, including pesticides, a population‐based case–control study was carried out in Italy in 11 areas, 9 of which are agricultural or mixed areas. All newly diagnosed cases of hematolymphopoietic malignancies were collected in a 3‐year period (1991–1993). The control group consisted of a random sample of the population residing in each area. The approach to infer exposures in agriculture was based on: the use of an agricultural questionnaire with 24 crop‐specific questionnaires; expert agronomists who reviewed the collected information for each subject and translated it into pesticides histories. In total, 1925 cases and 1232 controls were interviewed in the nine agricultural areas. Increased risk was observed for some specific classes of pesticides. Furthermore, a nonstatistically significant increased risk of NHL was observed for subjects who were exposed to phenoxy herbicides not using protective equipment and a significant increased risk for exposure to 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D).
Science and Policy in Risk Assessments of Chlorinated Ethenes
Authors: RUDÉN CHRISTINA
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  In this article the use of data obtained from standardized experimental methods, for example, as specified in OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, epidemiology data, and mechanism data obtained from nonstandardized experimental methods in carcinogen risk assessment is scrutinized using the most recent risk assessments made by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the MAK(MAK)‐Kommission, World Health Organization (WHO), European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for the four chlorinated ethenes as examples. The analysis shows that there was little controversy among these risk assessors about the interpretation of standardized animal data. On the other hand, they differ in their interpretation of epidemiology data, in particular in their assessment of statistical significance including the use of meta‐analyses, and in quality evaluation of studies initiated on the basis of a priori concerns for carcinogenicity. The selection of mechanism data for species extrapolation is diverse among these risk assessors. Furthermore, in some cases they refrain from transparently motivating significant claims about mechanisms of toxicity by avoiding to give (explicit) references to the sources of information forming the basis of these claims or conclusions. This practice is not according to the scientific standards that should be required of a risk assessment document, and it makes it difficult to follow the argumentation and consequently to scrutinize the scientific accuracy of the conclusions drawn. In this article it is concluded that in some of these risk assessment documents, the use of mechanism data is not according to the scientific standards that should be required. It is furthermore concluded that if the use of mechanism data in these documents are representative of risk assessments in general, then there is an urgent need for further development and implementation of quality criteria for the use of mechanism data in species extrapolation.
Beyond Managing Healthcare Risks
Authors: SANTOS‐BURGOA CARLOS
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The hospital industry is unique for having within it “customers” exposed to a complex mix of risks. A model is proposed that combines both the risk assessment and the promoting hospital models. This model acts in three stages: exposure elimination and protection, health aptitudes and culture, and hospital population action, and includes specific operations that can be tracked through specific effectiveness factors. Being tested in a small community hospital, there is an opportunity to apply it within the current Mexican Health reform that moves the financial risk from the patient to the provider and thus may support health promotion.
Misuse of Genetic Data in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: VINEIS PAOLO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The implications of attributing health and diseases more to “nature” (genes) or “nurture” (the environment) have been debated for a long time. Although considerable advancements have been made both in theoretical clarification of concepts, and in the study of the origins of disease, there is still much confusion, for example, in the press and in the beliefs of the population. There is a large consensus, among scientists, that only a small fraction of diseases is due to genes in the usual meaning, that is, according to mendelian inheritance (say around 5% of all diseases), whereas the vast majority of cases are due to environmental exposures or to “gene–environment interactions.” In this article I will briefly discuss a model for gene–environment interactions, and I will recall an important discussion that took place decades ago around the mistakes related to attributing diseases or other traits to inheritance. Finally, I will describe a specific example of potential misuse of genetic information.
Werner syndrome protein participates in a complex with RAD51, RAD54, RAD54B and ATR in response to ICL-induced replication arrest
Authors: Otterlei Marit , Bruheim Per , Ahn Byungchan , Bussen Wendy , Karmakar Parimal , Baynton Kathy , Bohr Vilhelm A.
Published: November 2006

Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by genomic instability caused by defects in the WRN gene encoding a member of the human RecQ helicase family. RecQ helicases are involved in several DNA metabolic pathways including homologous recombination (HR) processes during repair of stalled replication forks. Following introduction of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICL), WRN relocated from nucleoli to arrested replication forks in the nucleoplasm where it interacted with the HR protein RAD52. In this study, we use fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and immune-precipitation experiments to demonstrate that WRN participates in a multiprotein complex including RAD51, RAD54, RAD54B and ATR in cells where replication has been arrested by ICL. We verify the WRN-RAD51 and WRN-RAD54B direct interaction in vitro. Our data support a role for WRN also in the recombination step of ICL repair.
Non-Gaussian Membrane Potential Dynamics Imply Sparse, Synchronous Activity in Auditory Cortex
Authors: DeWeese Michael R. , Zador Anthony M.
Published: November 2006

Many models of cortical dynamics have focused on the high-firing regime, in which neurons are driven near their maximal rate. Here we consider the responses of neurons in auditory cortex under typical low-firing rate conditions, when stimuli have not been optimized to drive neurons maximally. We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordingin vivoto measure subthreshold membrane potential fluctuations in rat primary auditory cortex in both the anesthetized and awake preparations. By analyzing the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics on single trials, we made inferences about the underlying population activity. We found that, during both spontaneous and evoked responses, membrane potential was highly non-Gaussian, with dynamics consisting of occasional large excursions (sometimes tens of millivolts), much larger than the small fluctuations predicted by most random walk models that predict a Gaussian distribution of membrane potential. Thus, presynaptic inputs under these conditions are organized into quiescent periods punctuated by brief highly synchronous volleys, or “bumps.” These bumps were typically so brief that they could not be well characterized as “up states” or “down states.” We estimate that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of presynaptic neurons participate in the largest volleys. These dynamics suggest a computational scheme in which spike timing is controlled by concerted firing among input neurons rather than by small fluctuations in a sea of background activity.
The Evolution of Preventive Diplomacy in the ASEAN Regional Forum: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Yuzawa Takeshi
Published: November 2006

This article examines the processes behind the evolution of preventive diplomacy in the ASEAN Regional Forum. The Forum's potential to establish meaningful preventive diplomacy mechanisms is likely to remain highly limited unless it departs from the rules of the “ASEAN Way” of institution building. This departure would only be a prerequisite, not a solution.
Population Genetics, Lethal Yellowing Disease, and Relationships among Mexican and Imported Coconut Ecotypes
Authors: Zizumbo‐Villarreal Daniel , Ruiz‐Rodriguez Mariana , Harries Hugh , Colunga‐GarcíaMarín Patricia
Published: November 2006

Lethal Yellowing (LY) is one the main diseases affecting coconut worldwide, making the research for resistant germplasm vital to production. Study objectives were to: (i) estimate diversity and genetic structure within four commercial Mexican ecotypes and five imported ecotypes; (ii) analyze the genetic relationships between Mexican ecotypes and the main coconut gene pools identified worldwide; and (iii) measure the correlation between the genetic distance among these ecotypes and Malayan Yellow Dwarf and their percentage mortality due to LY. The Mexican pool had high genetic diversity (pl = 94; HT = 0.34 ± 0.02) similar to that of the populations imported from the world's main gene pools (pl = 94; HT = 0.36 ± 0.01). Both molecular variance and Wright's index of differentiation indicated strong differentiation among Mexican ecotypes (FST = 0.32) despite significant gene flow (Nm = 1.4 to 5.6). UPGMA analysis and exact tests of differentiation suggested that the Indo‐African gene pool is found along the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico coasts, while the Asian‐Pacific pool is found on the Pacific coast. High positive correlations were found between genetic distance and LY mortality percentages under severe incidence conditions during 9‐ and 14‐yr periods (r2 = 0.80; P = 0.02; r2 = 0.78; P = 0.04), suggesting that genetic distance may be useful for the estimation of the potential LY mortality in regions as yet unaffected and identification of potential parents for LY resistance breeding.
Irrigation and Inoculation Treatments that Increase the Severity of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome in the Field
Authors: de Farias Neto Austeclinio L. , Hartman Glen L. , Pedersen Wayne L. , Li Shuxian , Bollero Germán A. , Diers Brian W.
Published: November 2006

The occurrence of sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by the fungus Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines (FSG) (syn. Fusarium virguliforme Akoi, O'Donnell, Homma and Lattanzi), is unpredictable in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field trials making it difficult to evaluate soybean for resistance to the pathogen. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of field inoculation, soil compaction, and irrigation on the occurrence and severity of SDS symptoms. Six inoculation treatments were tested which included applications of FSG‐infested grain planted in the furrow with the soybean seed, broadcasted and incorporated into the soil before planting, or placed below the soybean seed just before planting. Soil was compacted by driving a tractor across the field once in early spring. Irrigation treatments were applied at combinations of growth stages V3, V7, R3, R4, and/or R5. Significant increases in foliar SDS severity were observed from inoculation and irrigation treatments (P < 0.05), but not from compaction treatments. The inoculation treatments that placed inoculum close to the seed resulted in the greatest foliar severity. Irrigation treatments during mid to late reproductive growth stages resulted in significant increases in SDS foliar symptom development. These results increase our understanding of what environmental conditions increase SDS field symptoms and will be useful to researchers establishing SDS field nurseries.
Effect of hydraulic conductivity probability distribution function on simulated solute leaching
Authors: Cooke Richard A. , Mostaghimi Saied , Woeste Frank
Published: November 2006

In this paper, the effect of fitting several different probability‐distribution functions to hydraulic conductivity or pore‐water velocity values, in the simulation of the movement of a nonreactive solute through the soil, is evaluated. The simulation of solute transport in the soil was found to be sensitive to the distribution fitted to pore‐water velocity. The log‐Gaussian (log‐normal) distribution, though traditionally used, is not necessarily the best distribution for characterizing the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore‐water velocity, or infiltrability. The upper tails of the simulated relative concentration series are best fitted by beta distributions, regardless of the input distribution used for pore‐water velocity.
Predicting aqueous concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures
Authors: Lane W. F. , Loehr R. C.
Published: November 2006

The release of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from buried organic wastes into groundwater occurs over long periods of time. Estimation of the equilibrium aqueous concentration or “solubility” of PAHs in mixtures of contaminated soil and water can aid in predicting fate and transport processes. Four methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in predicting aqueous concentrations of 16 PAH compounds. The results indicated that a cosolvent method was extremely effective in predicting aqueous concentrations and that equilibrium models (Raoult's law) provided estimates within an order of magnitude of PAH concentrations in complex mixtures. Predicted concentrations from soil‐water partition coefficients (Kp) generally were within an order of magnitude of actual concentrations.
The loss of plasmid‐encoded phenotypes in alcaligenes eutrophus, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas putida during freeze‐drying and storage
Authors: Lange Clifford R. , Weber A. Scott
Published: November 2006

Three bacterial strains, which serve as hosts for plasmids containing phenotypes of environmental interest, were subjected to freeze‐drying and storage. Plasmid‐encoded phenotypes investigated included heavy metal resistance in A. eutrophus and S. aureus and catechol 2,3‐oxygenase enzyme activity in A. eutrophus and P. putida Both freeze drying and storage treatments were found to affect strain viability and plasmid phenotype expression. In all cases studied, loss of strain viability was greater than 95.6% after freeze‐drying. Strain viability losses were accompanied by phenotype losses which averaged an order of magnitude greater than viability losses. Viability and phenotype loss continued during storage and were described using first‐order decay. The implications of these trends for application of specialized cultures to promote enhanced biodegradation are discussed.
The Emerging Recognition of Universal Civil Jurisdiction
Authors: Donovan Donald Francis , Roberts Anthea
Published: November 2006

Modern international law takes as a fundamental value the condemnation and redress of certain categories of heinous conduct, such as genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity. Recognizing the need to end impunity for those crimes, international law permits a state, by the principle of universal jurisdiction, to prosecute them even when they take place outside its territory and do not involve its nationals.

In virtually all domestic legal systems, an individual who engages in wrongful conduct causing personal inj ury or death will be subject not only to criminal prosecution, but to a civil action by the injured party. Yet, though the principle of universal jurisdiction is well established in the criminal sphere, it is still regarded as novel in the civil context.

Recent developments—most notably the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain—will cause greater examination of the function and scope of universal jurisdiction as authorization for national courts to hear civil claims based on heinous conduct proscribed by international law. We here consider whether a civil dimension of universal jurisdiction has emerged, whether it should correspond to the criminal dimension, and whether its use as a basis of jurisdiction should depend on the absence of effective remedies in jurisdictions with traditional links to the proscribed conduct.
Une application des méthodes séquentielles aux tests de permutations
Authors: Lefebvre Mario
Published: November 2006

To carry out a permutation test we have to examine the n! permutations of the observations. In order to make the permutation test feasible, Dwass (1957) proposed to examine only a sample of these permutations. With the help of sequential methods, we obtain a test which is never less efficient than that proposed by Dwass or the permutation test itself, in the sense that it is as powerful and never requires more permutations to make a decision. In practice, we can expect to gain much efficiency.
Sampling theory for species abundances in certain biological populations
Authors: Wani J. K. , Watterson G. A.
Published: November 2006

The sampling theory of Fisher's logarithmic distribution, discussed in Wani (1978), is extended to the class of power‐series distributions.
The need for a federal lotteries review board
Authors: Bellhouse David R.
Published: November 2006

Three areas in the running of a lottery may be distinguished: the design of the prize structure, the marketing of the product, and the selection of the winners. The rules and regulations in each of these areas governing the large‐scale Canadian lotteries are not clear. Some examples show the need for an independent body which would clarify these regulations and provide control over the large lottery operations in Canada.
Products of random variables and star‐shaped ordering
Authors: Rivest Louis‐Paul
Published: November 2006

It is shown that if V1 and V2 are two positive random variables such that V1 is “star‐shaped” with respect to V2, then for any random variable X with a distribution F(x) such that F(ax) has the monotone likelihood‐ratio property, XV1 is star‐shaped with respect to XV2. This result is then used to prove that the stable laws are star‐shaped ordered.
The Auchinleck Manuscript and a Possible London Bookshop of 1330-1340
Authors: Loomis Laura Hibbard
Published: November 2006

From 1477 when Caxton, in his little Westminster shop, published the first book printed in England, the history of English book production is richly documented. Even before the invention of printing, the story of monastic books, in England and elsewhere, can be fairly well traced. A good deal is now known about the output of medieval university books. But there is a notable gap, even in our theorizing, about the early production of vernacular works in England, especially about the very large amount of secular verse that was composed before 1350 by anonymous authors. We know practically nothing about either the authors or the transcribers of those works, or about the circumstances under which manuscripts of contemporary date were compiled.
Analysis of Imagery: A Critique of Literary Method
Authors: Hornstein Lillian Herlands
Published: November 2006

Let us suppose that an irate wife complains to her husband: “We used to live like love-birds; now you act as if you were loony; and when I tell you that your behavior is as rude as that of a savage, you respond by roaring like a lion and repeating parrot-like everything your brother says about your being henpecked.” Let us suppose, moreover, that she repeats this indictment over a number of years, in a series of letters to her sympathetic relatives and friends. A commentator on these letters might be tempted to conclude that the lady was fairly familiar with Africa (probably had even been big-game hunting and clearly had been more impressed by the fauna than the flora), that she was aware of and concurred in medieval notions concerning the effect of the moon on the mind, and, finally, that she must have lived for some time on a chicken farm.
The Function of the Prologues in Paradise Lost
Authors: Diekhoff John S.
Published: November 2006

It was Milton's habit in his controversial prose to write at considerable length about himself. This habit has been cited often enough as proof of his arrogance, his pride, his self-concern. No doubt it is. There is a great deal of self-concern, and some arrogance, in Milton. But if he liked to write of himself, he made good use of the liking—a use which he explains among other places in the Apology for Smectymnuus:

. . . I conceav'd my selfe to be now not as mine own person, but as a member incorporate into that truth whereof I was perswaded, and whereof I had declar'd openly to be a partaker. Whereupon I thought it my duty, if not to my selfe, yet to the religious cause I had in hand, not to leave on my garment the least spot, or blemish in good name so long as God should give me to say that which might wipe it off.1
Herder's Conception of “Kraft”
Authors: Clark Robert T.
Published: November 2006

It has long been recognized that the fundamental ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder's thought are few and consistent, in spite of the fact that their author frequently expressed his deep-seated aversion to metaphysical systematics. Herder's principle of regarding the individual experience as primordial and the abstract statement as derivative has been labeled by his biographers and commentators as “irrationalism,” when, as a matter of fact, his aversion to systematics was merely the result of a sincere concern with the discoveries of empirical science. Though Herder very often gave voice to his belief that all philosophical systems are “fictions” or “poems,” he was unwilling to go as far as do the radical positivists of our own day—Wittgenstein, Carnap, et al., who deny validity to all metaphysics. In fact, certain conceptions frequently used by Herder are admitted by him to be genuinely metaphysical. At the same time, in his use of the conception of “Kraft,” which definitely belongs among these, Herder will be seen to stand in much the same position as the Kant of the first Kritik, i.e., in that of having to reconcile inherited metaphysics and the results of the scientific experimentation of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. An examination of Herder's attempted reconciliation has long been overdue; it has been neglected in the past because of the outspokenly pro-Kantian attitude of Herder's biographers, among whom Rudolf Haym and Eugen Kühnemann stand unquestionably preëminent. It is the purpose of the following to sketch the conception of “Kraft” inherited by Herder and to indicate the synthesis he attained between the older idea and the scientific conceptions of his age. In addition, the rôle played by the final development of the idea in the break between Herder and Weimar classicism will be brought forward as a better explanation than the purely personal (and hence unfairly derogatory) motives hitherto adduced to explain it.
Oxford and Endimion
Authors: Bennett Josephine Waters
Published: November 2006

It is curious, in view of the strange fascination which the seventeenth Earl of Oxford has exercised on a whole school of modern critics, that perhaps the most crucial episode in his life has been glossed over or ignored completely. Yet this episode, however discreditable to the Earl, is of some literary interest.
Robert Mannyng of Brunne: A New Biography
Authors: Crosby Ruth
Published: November 2006

A New study of the life of Robert Mannyng of Brunne finds its justification in the belief that one of Chaucer's most interesting predecessors in the art of story telling deserves to be better known than he is. Since all accounts of the life of Robert Mannyng are based upon his own statements about himself, the present attempt at a reinterpretation may be clarified by quoting the pertinent passages to begin with.
“Homicide” in the Parson's Tale
Authors: Johnson Dudley R.
Published: November 2006

In that section of his “tale” which treats the deadly sin of Ire, Chaucer's Parson observes that from this sin come various “stynkynge engendrures,” including manslaughter, or homicide.
Thomas Percy: Antiquarian vs. Man of Taste
Authors: Dennis Leah
Published: November 2006

Thomas Percy was a born scholar. He loved the meticulous detail-hunting his studies required—or he would not have done so much of it. But pure scholarship offered him little opportunity for advancement. Given a post, one might be a solitary worker, like Wanley, content with doing one's duty to the books without much interest in the public. And if Percy had obtained the assistant librarianship in the British Museum about which he inquired, he might have become a scholar of that type. But he was expecting scholarship to subserve literature as a means to clerical advancement. And clerical advancement required pull. Percy had no pull—he must make it himself. He must become widely known; his approach must be literary.
The Puritan Argument in Spenser
Authors: Fletcher Jefferson B.
Published: November 2006

In 1911 Edwin Greenlaw offered the following interpretation of the fable in the February eclogue of Spenser's Shepheards Calendar:

The Oak stands for the ancient religion, once good and great, but brought by superstition to ruin, ‘pitied of none.’ The Briar, cause of the Oak's downfall,… ‘puffed up with pryde and vaine pleasaunce,’ is the proud Anglican church, and also comes to ruin when deprived of the support afforded by the sturdy elements in the old religion, elements which taken away leave nothing but the pride and ambition that lead to destruction.
L'intermède “Populiste” de La Littérature Française 1778–1792
Authors: Baldensperger Fernand
Published: November 2006

“le familier, non le bas …” L. S. Mercier. Du Théâtre.“ … le familier devient populaire …” Marmontel à l'Académie, 1785.

Faut-il s’étonner si aucun manuel des lettres françaises ne place dans son jour authentique l'intervalle qui sépare, de la mort de Voltaire et de celle de Rousseau, la réelle époque révolutionnaire? Tantôt le lecteur est laissé sous l'impression que, ces deux antagonistes ayant disparu, Diderot n'a guère qu’à les suppléer de son mieux pour faire le pont entre les mouvements des lettres et ceux de l'histoire, tandisque Beaumarchais s'agite en aventurier politique autant qu'en écrivain. Tantôt, le Romantisme ayant à toute force à succéder au “siècle des lumières,” les prodromes des prochaînes nouveautés étant mis au compte de L. S. Mercier et de B. de Saint-Pierre, n'ont vraiment plus qu’à paraître de soudains protagonistes tels que Chateaubriand et Mme de Staël, pour opérer une de ces volte-faces qui sont, en réalité, l'un des problèmes par excellence de tout exposé se préoccupant de continuité. Ainsi qu'il est naturel quand “les arbres nous cachent la forêt,” les contemporains ont peut-être moins à nous dire à ce sujet que les historiens rétrospectifs: ni les Mémoires d'outre-tombe, ni les innombrables relations, plus ou moins fidèles, de l'Ancien Régime agonisant ne mettent, à mon sens, l'accent principal sur ce qui paraît bien avoir été la caractéristique maîtresse de ces douze quinze années—et maintenant que nous disposons d'un néologisme savoureux pour les désigner, pourquoi hésiter à dire que c'est une variété de “populisme” qui fut la dominante d'une pleine décade de littérature française?
The Genesis and Staging of the Jeu D'Adam
Authors: Frank Grace
Published: November 2006

Many of the remarkable qualities of the Jeu d' Adam have long been recognized and warmly admired: the subtlety of its characterization and motivation, the vivacity and freshness of its dialogue, the skill with which its verse forms have been handled. Yet its author has never been given sufficient credit, it would seem, for the originality of his composition. Here is a play still attached to the church, through its use of the church itself and of church properties, through its incorporaton of liturgical lectiones and responsoria, and through its adaptation and translation of a liturgical Ordo Prophetarum; nevertheless its author has dramatized and visualized for himself, with more spirit and imagination than any of his successors (he had no known predecessors), the stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel. Surely a man capable of such creative and untrammelled writing needed few “sources” and may be presumed, when proof to the contrary is lacking, to have drawn largely upon his own inspiration.
Le Boèce de Chaucer et les Manuscrits Français de la Consolatio de J. De Meun
Authors: Dedeck-Héry V. L.
Published: November 2006

Oue Chaucer, pour sa traduction de Boèce, se soit servi de celle de J. de Meun est un fait établi. Toutefois notre curiosité va plus loin. Nous aimerions savoir si Chaucer a suivi un certain manuscrit et quel est ce manuscrit. On a suggéré ici même, il y a une vingtaine d'années, que Chaucer qui vérifie sans cesse son texte latin par la traduction de J. de Meun et qui puise indépendamment dans le commentaire de Trivet, a pu s'aider d'un manuscrit combiné de la traduction française, du texte latin et du commentaire de Trivet, tel qu'est p.ex.le ms.latin 18424 de la Bibl. Nat.
Hamlet's Sea-Voyage
Authors: Lawrence William Witherle
Published: November 2006

It is an odd feature of the greatest of English tragedies that the hero disappears completely from view for a considerable time, and even leaves the country in which the action takes place. Slackening in the dramatic tension is avoided by the introduction of new and startling events—the madness and death of Ophelia, the revolt against Claudius, and the return and threatened vengeance of Laertes, a far more picturesque and dangerous agent of the King's designs than Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who are at this point disposed of for good and all. The adventures of Hamlet are in the meantime reported by letters, not always an exciting business in the theatre, and briefly recounted to Horatio just before the final tragedy. They are generally little regarded by the audience, who have more absorbing matter for their attention in the coming encounter with the King. In most acting versions the scene on a plain in Denmark, with the fine and important soliloquy “How all occasions do inform against me,” is omitted.
Fanny Keats: Biographical Notes
Authors: Rollins Hyder E.
Published: November 2006

In the last letter he is known to have written, John Keats mentions “my sister—who walks about my imagination like a ghost—she is so like Tom.” This sister, Fanny, remained more or less a ghost until Mrs. Adami published an interesting biography of her in 1937.
Spenserian Armor
Authors: Gilbert Allan H.
Published: November 2006

In the first edition of the Faerie Queene appeared a woodcut of the Red Cross Knight in combat with the Dragon. The Knight is clad in armor of the sixteenth-century type. In particular the iron skirt, or tonnlets, of the rider are like those in a suit of armor given by the Emperor Maximilian to Henry VIII in 1515. The artist, however, may not have been very familiar with armor, for the plates over the knees and elbows are not accurate. The plumes of knight and horse are suitable for pageantry rather than for serious combat. The knight's shield, with its red cross, is wholly unfitting, since shields were not worn with such armor in service, and shields such as were used in some types of jousting were of different shape. The horse wears armor on the head and neck, but not on the body, though the body is covered with cloth housing.
Spenser's “House of Temperance”
Authors: Hopper Vincent Foster
Published: November 2006

The frame thereof seemd partly circulare,And part triangulare, O worke divine;These two the first and last proportions are,The one imperfect, mortall, foeminine;Th' other immortall, perfect, masculine,And twixt them both a quadrate was the baseProportioned equally by seven and nine;Nine was the circle set in heavens place,All which compacted made a goodly diapase.—The Faerie Queene,ii. ix. 22

To offer one more interpretation of the meaning of Spenser's cryptic “House of Alma” may appear like the gratuitous opening of an old wound. I do so only in the fond belief that my proposed therapy will produce a lasting cure, since it satisfies the twin requirements of entire self-consistency and consistency with the Aristotelian ethics which dominate both the canto and book of which this stanza is a part.
XLVIII The Pépin-Bertha Saga and Philip I of France
Authors: Green Herman J.
Published: November 2006

La Legende de Berte,“ says Léon Gautier, ”est née tardivement et les érudits n'en ont pas encore trouvé de trace réelle avant le comencement du xiiie siècle. Le plus ancien texte où on la rencontre est celui de la Chronique Saintongeaise.“ Gautier's statement remains essentially true today. This article will attempt to indicate some historical reasons that may account for the late origin of the legend, and at the same time try to establish the historical prototype after whom the epic Pépin was fashioned.
LII The Genesis of John Oldham's Satyrs Upon the Jesuits
Authors: Williams Weldon M.
Published: November 2006

Cursory critics of John Oldham have quite correctly noted that his Satyrs Upon the Jesuits are distinguished from the rougher popular satire of the early Restoration by their more pretentious literary quality, the generalized nature of the satire, and the greater concentration and force of the invective. But beyond noting Oldham's acknowledged indebtedness to Persius, Horace, Ben Jonson, and Buchanan's Franciscanus, such critics have been generally somewhat vague on the subject of his literary patterns. Currently accepted views seem to be divided between two theories, stressing the classical or the neo-classical elements in his work: (1) According to one view, advanced by Mr. C.W. Previté-Orton, the lurid, violent tone of the poems is derived directly from Juvenal. (2) According to the analysis of Mr. A. F. B. Clark, the direct inspiration of the Satyrs was Boileau's Le Lutrin, which Oldham was engaged in translating at the time he began their composition. It is obvious from a survey of critical comments on Oldham that no English influence has been given much consideration, and that Oldham's almost complete separation from the popular English school of political satire has been generally taken for granted.
LXI The Editorial Policies of Charles Dickens
Authors: Grubb Gerald Giles
Published: November 2006

During his busiest years as a novelist Charles Dickens was also the editor, and for twenty years the controlling proprietor, of a series of periodicals, the greatest of which attained a circulation larger than that of the London Times of the period. At the same time, he issued successful American editions of his periodicals, developed distinctive editorial methods, became a pioneer in the art of serialization in weekly publications, and throughout his entire career as a journalist was activated by certain well-considered editorial policies. In this article I shall confine my remarks to the general policies, or principles, that guided Dickens in the development of his periodicals, with special attention to those practiced in Household Words and All the Year Round.
LXII Motifs of Cultural Eschatology in German Poetry from Naturalism to Expressionism
Authors: Schümann Detlev W.
Published: November 2006

When Gottfried Keller in his poetic rejoinder to Justinus Kerner's romantic plaint extolled the world-transforming forces of technology, he expressed the dominant faith of his time in a possible synthesis of the spiritual and the utilitarian, of idealism and materialism. To use the vernacular: he did not doubt but that he could eat his cake and have it. To Kerner it was a bad dream that after the steamship and the locomotive the next step would be aviation, that in the future leaking airborne oil vats might sully the pure atmosphere, the last element to remain undefiled by man; he wished to lie in the grass and gaze up into the serene blue depths while yet he might. Keller replied that there was nothing to prevent such idyllic escape, but that he for one preferred to identify himself with the dynamism of the new “fire dragon.” In fact, was not only now the magic of Kerner's old parchments at last being transformed into reality by the forces of nature in the service of the human spirit? Were they not building for man a “brave new world?”
The Valkyries and the Irish War-Goddesses
Authors: Donahue Charles
Published: November 2006

In an appendix to the first and most complete study of the Irish wargoddesses, C. Lottner called attention to their resemblance to the valkyries and pointed particularly to the following apparent similarities:

(1)

The valkyries, like the war-goddesses, appear alone or in groups of three.

(2)

Like the war-goddesses, they are often companions of single heroes.

(3)

Like the war-goddesses, they appear in the form of birds.

(4)

The Germanic cognate of Irish Bodb, a war-goddess, the Cathubodua of a continental inscription, appears in Baduhenna, the name of a Germanic goddess mentioned by Tacitus.

Lottner concluded that these similarities must have been caused by interchange of ideas between the Celts and Germanic peoples on the Continent.
The Towneley Harrowing of Hell
Authors: Frampton Mendal G.
Published: November 2006

The Towneley play on the Harrowing of Hell, play xxv, derives throughout most of its length from the York play on the same subject, York xxxvii. Towneley, however, varies from York constantly in wording, omits some Y lines, and transmits others in varied degrees of confusion. It also contains considerable writing in septenar quatrains and trimeter double quatrains which, in form and content, have no relation whatever to Y xxxvii as it has come down to us. As the York play is composed of thirty-four perfectly regular stanzas of twelve lines each, the variations of T have given rise to many suggestions in an effort to account for them. It is the purpose of this paper to study these suggestions and the play itself in the hope that from such a study a solution of the complex problem offered by the composite nature of T may emerge with sufficient clarity to warrant belief.
Renaissance Commentaries on “Genesis” and Some Elements of the Theology of Paradise Lost
Authors: Williams Arnold
Published: November 2006

Throughout his prose works Milton shows familiarity with the theological literature of his time. In particular, he shows, by citation and reference, that he used on occasion, especially in the divorce pamphlets, certain commentaries on Genesis written in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He mentions by name the commentaries of four authors: John Calvin, Paulus Fagius, Andreus Rivetus,and David Pareus. Because he knew their other theological works, he may also have been familiar with the commentaries on Genesis of Wolfgang Musculus, Peter Martyr (Pietro Martiro Vermigli), and Hieronymus Zanchius. He almost certainly knew the commentaries on the Old Testament, including Genesis, of Hugo Grotius and John Diodati.
A Major Source of The Revolt of Islam
Authors: Cameron Kenneth N.
Published: November 2006

The influence of Count Volney's Les Ruines upon Queen Mab has long been known to Shelley scholars, but it has apparently been assumed that Shelley's interest in the work ceased shortly afterwards. Such, however, was not the case. The Ruins had made so deep an impression upon Shelley that he derived from it much of the central pattern of The Revolt of Islam, some four years later than Mab, and echoes of it are to be found in Prometheus Unbound, some six years later. In fact, Shelley's debt to the work in The Revolt of Islam is of so extensive a nature that it is clear he must have reread it shortly before, or even during, the composition of that poem. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the nature of this debt.
Proverb Lore in the Ring and the Book
Authors: Smith Cornelia Marschall
Published: November 2006

Scholars have identified very few proverbs and proverbial phrases in Browning's poetry. He is credited with only one by Apperson, five by Smith, three by Hodell, ten by Cook, and three by Birrell. Of these twenty-one proverbs the foregoing scholars cite sixteen as occurring in The Ring and the Book. Investigation, however, reveals that seventeen of them and ninety-five additional ones are found in that poem. Listed in the order of their appearance in The Ring and the Book, with their occurrences in Browning's other poems indicated, these one hundred twelve proverbs are:

Stung to the quick. 653.19; 831.67; Touched to the quick. 837.75; Incident of the French Camp, 333.38; Balaustion's Adventure, 565.39; Vexed to the quick. Sordello, 106.86; pierce to the quick. Pippa Passes, 185.43; cf. Apperson 642; Smith 138.
Poe and the Mystery of Mary Rogers
Authors: Wimsatt William Kurtz
Published: November 2006

One of the topics most often discussed by critics of Poe has been his exceptional power of “analysis” or “abstract reason.” It is not necessary to do more than remind the student of the persistence of such terms. The most careful writers have employed them. And these terms, if they refer to anything at all more specific than general power of intellect, must refer to an analytic as opposed to a creative power, to a power of solving puzzles, of reasoning from known premises to testable conclusions, where truth is different from error. One of Poe's claims to this power I have scrutinized in a previous article, and it is my purpose now to do the same to another and bolder, the short story called “The Mystery of Marie Roget.”
Wordsworth and de Quincey in Westmorland Politics, 1818: Addendum
Authors: Broughton L. N.
Published: November 2006

In a recent article, Wordsworth and De Quincey in Westmorland Politics, 1818, Professor John Edwin Wells has ably presented with his usual thoroughness an important chapter in the political campaign of 1818 in which Wordsworth and De-Quincey played an important role. On p. 1084 Professor Wells remarks: “Hitherto only the pamphlet Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland, with his own mention of newspaper publication of parts of it, and two letters to the Chronicle, have been securely assigned to him” [Wordsworth]. Some years ago Mr. Thomas J. Wise in his Ashley Library showed me a speech published as a pamphlet which he was convinced was also written by Wordsworth. I was able to give it only a hurried examination at the time without reaching any conclusion, and so far as I know the authorship has never been discussed.
Lichtenbergs Anfänge in Ihren Wesenszügen
Authors: Mautner Franz H.
Published: November 2006

Als Gottfried Christoph Lichtenberg 1799 starb, war er der öffentlichen Meinung als angesehener Physiker und als viel bewunderter satirischer Schriftsteller bekannt, der allerdings mit dem Aufstieg der deutschen Literatur nicht habe Schritt halten können. Von dem Zeitpunkte aber an, da sein Bruder, bald nach Lichtenbergs Tode, aus dem Nachlaβ die Notizhefte herausgab, jene unausschöpfliche, Jahrzehnte hindurch fortgeführte Sammlung von Beobachtungen und Gedanken, von Wendungen und Einfällen, begann ihr Glanz, sein bei Lebzeiten veröffentlichtes Werk zu überstrahlen. Ihre Wirkung verstärkte sich langsam, aber stetig, und heute sind sie allein berühmt. Tiefsinnig in ihrer Toleranz, amüsant noch im schrulligen Eigensinn, voll von “Widersprüchen”, sind sie uns wert um ihrer selbst willen und als ein Spiegel ihrer Zeit mit seltsamen Brechungswinkeln. Der oft bemerkte angebliche Widerspruch zwischen angespanntem Rationalismus und der Hingabe an mystische Stimmungen ist nur eines der Probleme, die uns sein Werk aufgibt, und vielleicht nicht das bedeutendste.
“Extraordinary Action for Libel — Yescombe v. Landor”
Authors: Super R. H.
Published: November 2006

The story of Landor's relations with the Yescombes, and the background of the libel suit which caused him to fly from England showered with the abuse of respectable Englishmen, has never been told. It was shunned by those of his friends who might best have told it, John Forster and Mrs. Lynn Linton, and we are left to reconstruct the tale principally from Landor's three pamphlets on the subject, now quite rare and never reprinted, and from contemporary newspapers.
Elinor Wylie's Shelley Obsession
Authors: Cluck Julia
Published: November 2006

Elinor Wylie's closest literary kinship, which began in early childhood and lasted throughout her lifetime, developing as an obsession in her life and work, was Percy Bysshe Shelley. The best and the greater part of her prose and poetry reflect his subtle influence. Seven of her eleven essays and sketches in Fugitive Prose are a key to her sources and methods in regard to Shelley. In her four novels there is a progression of interest in the same poet: Jennifer Lorn contains a background resembling that of the Shelley family; The Venetian Glass Nephew stems from some of Shelley's thought and the philosophy of his age; The Orphan Angel brings Shelley to life again; and Mr. Hodge and Mr. Hazard is a composite picture of Shelley and Elinor Wylie. Of her four volumes of verse, the last two books Trivial Breath and Angels and Earthly Creatures, which contain her finest poetry, also show an increasing preoccupation with Shelley himself and with his thought. For the purposes of this paper I shall limit my study to a detailed examination of the two novels and the poems concerned directly with Shelley.