bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exceptionally perennial surface artwork: fresco on lime or on cement
Authors: Horgnies M. , Darque‐Ceretti E. , Bayle M. , Gueit E. , Aucouturier M.
Published: January 2014

The paper describes the near‐surface microstructure of artistic frescoes and compares the traditional fresco technique in which the pigments are applied on a fresh limeintonacowith the more recent technique in which the limeintonacois replaced by a fresh cement plaster. The study is performed on artworks produced at different periods: one Roman fresco fragment dated from the first century CE, samples from a Renaissance Botticelli fresco and two works by a 20th century artist, Henri Marret, one on a limeintonacoand the other on a cement plaster. A special attention is given to the nature of the pigments used, to their position and adhesion process near the surface and to the colorimetric analysis of the pieces. The characterization of the different objects (performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, colorimetric measurements and X‐ray diffraction) gives full information on the influence of the artist's technique on the adhesion process and durability of the coloured decoration. It is proved that fresco painting on fresh cement, although considered at the beginning as not as efficient as fresco on lime, leads to a similar mechanism of pigment adhesion and probably to a similar durability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of cobalt doped TiO2 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Gong Bin , Luo Xi , Bao Nina , Ding Jun , Li Sean , Yi Jiabao
Published: January 2014

Five percent Co‐doped TiO2 films have been prepared under an oxygen partial pressure from 10−6 to 10−4 Torr. The samples were stored for two weeks under ambient conditions prior to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation. The X‐ray photoelectron spectra of Ti 2p and 3p, as well as X‐ray induced Auger electron spectrum Ti L3M23V all show evidence for Ti3+ at the surface of the film grown in 10−6 Torr O2 partial pressure. The curve fitted Ti 2p3/2 spectrum indicates a concentration of 6.5% Ti3+. The films grown in higher O2 pressure do not show Ti3+ state clearly. Surface‐enriched cobalt in Co2+ state has been noted. Such Co2+ enrichment can be removed by in‐situ annealing at 650 °C for 45 min resulting in elemental state cobalt at the annealed surface. The annealed film still shows Ti3+ state in the surface region but the concentration becomes lower. The Ti3+ concentration was lowered to the detection limit after the annealed sample was exposed to atmosphere for 30 min. The surface enrichment of cobalt may play some role in preventing the Ti3+ species in the uppermost surface layer from being quickly oxidized in atmosphere. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educational Model for Promoting Creativity and Innovation in Primary Schools
Authors: Likar Borut , Cankar Franc , Zupan Blaž
Published: January 2014

In the post‐affluence phase of socio‐economic development, innovation may be equally crucial, if it can be more usual and holistic, hence socially responsible, including youngsters. Many countries are, like Slovenia, lagging behind most developed economies in innovation and economic results. In order to alleviate this problem, authors developed a model for the sustainable promotion of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship among primary school students. Deliberately, no complex strategy for the revision of the curriculum is proposed. Such a revision, though necessary, is questionable now. Authors' approach is almost minimalist and, thus, feasible in the current environment. Here three forms of the proposed educational activities are presented. Each of the three sets of activities has work guidelines founded on authors' concept. The introduction of these guidelines will help improve the creative, innovative and entrepreneurial competencies of youngsters. Although the proposal envisions no immediate financial effects, it presents an important and socially responsible long‐term investment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of fetal midbrain and hindbrain in mid‐sagittal cranial plane by three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography. Part 2: application of nomograms to fetuses with posterior fossa malformations
Authors: Leibovitz Z. , Shkolnik C. , Haratz K. Krajden , Malinger G. , Shapiro I. , Lerman‐Sagie T.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To apply fetal midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) nomograms, developed using three‐dimensional multiplanar sonographic reconstruction (3D‐MPR) in the mid‐sagittal cranial plane, to fetuses with known posterior fossa malformations.

Methods

In this retrospective study we examined sonographic volumes obtained by sagittal acquisition in 43 fetuses diagnosed with posterior fossa abnormalities and evaluated in the mid‐sagittal cranial plane, using 3D‐MPR, the following: MB parameters tectal length (TL) and anteroposterior midbrain diameter (APMD), and HB parameters anteroposterior pons diameter (APPD), superoinferior vermian diameter (SIVD) and anteroposterior vermian diameter (APVD). Fetuses were grouped, according to malformation, into eight categories: cobblestone malformation complex (CMC, n = 3), Chiari‐II malformation (C‐II, n = 7), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH, n = 2), rhombencephalosynapsis (RES, n = 4), Dandy–Walker malformation (n = 8), vermian dysgenesis (VD, n = 7), persistent Blake's pouch cyst (n = 6) and megacisterna magna (n = 6). In each case and for each subgroup, the MB‐HB biometric parameters and their z‐scores were evaluated with reference to our new nomograms.

Results

The new MB‐HB nomograms were able to identify the brainstem and vermian anomalies and differentiate fetuses with MB‐HB malformations from those with isolated enlarged posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Use of the nomograms enabled detection of an elongated tectum in fetuses with CMC, C‐II and RES, and a flattened pontine belly in cases of CMC, PCH and VD. In the fetuses with VD, the nomograms enabled division into three distinctive groups: (1) those with small SIVD and APVD, (2) those with normal SIVD but small APVD, and (3) those with small SIVD but normal APVD.

Conclusions

Application of our new reference data, that for the first time include the MB, enables accurate diagnosis of brain malformations affecting the MB and HB and makes possible novel characterization of previously described features of posterior fossa anomalies. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Assessing the risks posed by mixtures of chemicals in freshwater environments: case study of Lake Geneva, Switzerland
Authors: Gregorio Vincent , Chèvre Nathalie
Published: January 2014

Aquatic organisms are typically exposed simultaneously to several organic compounds released from human activities like agriculture, industries, or simply from people living in cities. The ecological risk assessment of mixtures of such compounds has therefore to be addressed by scientists. The aims of this paper are (1) to describe the current mixture risk assessment procedures, (2) to apply such approach to a specific case study, Lake Geneva and the River Rhône in Switzerland, and (3) to discuss the outcomes of such an application. Two models, called concentration addition and independent action, are recognized to be robust enough to predict the mixture effect of substances on a given species. They are classically used also to assess the risk of mixtures for the ecosystem, but their use is often limited by the lack of available ecotoxicity data. Adopting a first level assessment, we describe the evolution of the mixture risk for several years of Lake Geneva, and for 2010 for the River Rhône. These first assessments allow identification of the most problematic substances demanding risk reduction measures. Furthermore, again for the two cases studies, we show that the risk levels associated with mixtures of compounds can rapidly exceed critical aquatic thresholds, and therefore, it is the sum of the substances that is problematic, which is more challenging in term of risk management. Further analysis of effects in compound mixtures as well as a better characterization of the overall ecological risk are necessary for the thousands substances co‐occuring at very low concentrations.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Quality
Development and validation of a new joint system for sectional blades
Authors: Saenz E. , Nuin I. , Montejo R. , Sanz J.
Published: January 2014

The development and validation of a new joint system for sectional blades is presented in this paper. The system is a bolted connection located in the blade spar cap, and its geometry accommodates a higher number of bolts than any other conventional solution requiring inserts. This results in higher transmitted loads per spar cap width.

The modular concept of the system is composed of cell units that can be easily integrated into the design and manufacturing of different blade architectures and used in blades of various lengths by selecting the appropriate number of cell units.

The design of the system was performed using analytical and finite element analyses. The analyses were validated using risk reduction mechanical tests, which resulted in an optimized joint system. The loads to be transmitted by the joint system were calculated according to IEC61400‐1 using the GH‐Bladed Version 3.80 on a 5 MW onshore class II‐A wind turbine with a tower height of 120 m and a 61.5 m blade with double spar webs. The joint system was successfully tested in a full‐scale mechanical test for its validation under Germanischer Lloyd guidelines and supervision. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geoelectric and Geochemical Studies for Hydrological Characterization of Canning and Adjoining Areas of South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal
Authors: Majumdar R. K. , Kar S. , Talukdar D. , Duttagupta T.
Published: January 2014

Integrated geoelectric and geochemical investigation were carried out in the Canning and adjoining areas to assess the prevailing groundwater conditions and chemical quality of groundwater. Geologically, the area is constituted of alluvial sediments of Quaternary age. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) in the area of investigation mostly show six layers consisting of top soil, saline water, clay layer, brackish water, clay layer and fresh-water bearing zone of appreciable thicknesses at depths of 137 to 182 meter at six locations and from 370 to 430 meter for other two locations under confined conditions. The result of VES studies significantly correspond with the borehole litholog and well log data. A litho-resistivity relationship is established for this area of investigation A Fence diagram is constructed to show the spatial variation of the sub-surface lithology and hydrological characteristics. Chemically the ground water is fresh and mixed cation and anion type as revealed from Piper-Trilinear diagram with TDS ranging from 699 to 1547 mg/l. The geochemical parameters like Total hardness (TH), Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Percentage of sodium (PS), Kelley’s ratio (KR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Corrosivity ratio (CR), Gibbs ratios (GR), Chloro alkaline indices (CAI), Sea water contamination (SWC) are also calculated for examining the quality of groundwater in the area. The depth of occurrences of freshwater bearing ground water zones for drinking and irrigation purposes are occurring at depths from 137 meter to 430 meter in this area.
Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of Alkaline–Carbonatite Complex in Singhbhum Crustal Province, Purulia Region, Eastern India
Authors: Basu S. K. , Bhattacharyya T.
Published: January 2014

The variant rock types of an Alkaline–Carbonatite Complex (ACC) comprising alkali pyroxenite, nepheline syenite, phoscorite, carbonatite, syenitic fenite and glimmerite along with REE and Nb–mineralization are found at different centres along WNW-ESE trending South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) in parts of Singhbhum Crustal Province. The ACC occurs as intrusions within the Mesoproterozoic Singhbhum Group of rocks. Alkali pyroxenite comprises of aegirine augite, magnesiotaramite, magnesiokatophorite as major constituents. Pyrochlore and eucolite are ubiquitous in nepheline syenite. Phoscorite contains fluorapatite, dahllite, collophane, magnetite, hematite, goethite, phlogopite, calcite, sphene, monazite, pyrochlore, chlorite and quartz. Coarse fluorapatite shows overgrowth of secondary apatite (dahllite). Secondary apatite is derived from primary fluorapatite by solution and reprecipitation. The primary fluorapatite released REE to crystallize monazite grains girdling around primary apatite. Carbonatite is composed dominantly of Srcalcite along with dolomite, tetraferriphlogopite, phlogopitic biotite, aegirine augite, richterite, fluorapatite, altered magnetite, sphene and monazite. The minerals comprising of the carbonatite indicate middle stage of carbonatite development. Fenite is mineralogically syenite. Glimmerite contains 50–60% tetraferriphlogopite. An alkali trend in the evolution of amphiboles (magnesiotaramite–magnesiokatophorite–richterite) and chinopyroxenes (aegirine augite, aegirine) during the crystallization of the suite of rocks is noted. Monazite is the source of REE in phoscorite and carbonatite. Fluorapatite has low contents of REE, PbO, ThO2 and UO2. Pyrochlore reflects Nb-mineralization in nepheline syenite and it is enriched in Na2O, CaO, TiO2, PbO and UO2. Pyrochlore containing UO2 (6.605%) and PbO (0.914%) in nepheline syenite has been chemically dated at 948 ± 24 Ma by EPMA.
Intertidal Foraminifera from the Savitri Estuary, West Coast, Maharashtra and their Implications on the Depositional Environment
Authors: Pachkhande Sangita M. , Kamble Prafull B. , Mookherjee Aditi , Rajshekhar C. , Kavathankar Nikhil A.
Published: January 2014

The benthic foraminifera from the Savitri estuary are being reported for the first time. The faunal analyses reveal the occurrence of mixed assemblage. It is observed that Trochammina inflata is the most dominant species and appears to be the indigenous to mangrove environment.
Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Flow and Contamination Transport in Nahavand Plain Aquifer, West of Iran
Authors: Banejad Hossein , Mohebzadeh Hamid , Ghobadi Mohammad Hossein , Heydari Majid
Published: January 2014

Numerical simulation of groundwater flow used for the estimation of hydraulic and hydrologic parameters which is an important tool for the management of aquifers. This study presents the results of a mathematical model developed for the simulation of groundwater flow in Nahavand plain aquifer in the southwest Hamadan province. For this purpose Groundwater Modeling Software (GMS) was used which supports the MODFLOW-2000 code. After gathering required data such as the hydrological, hydrogeological and topography maps, a 3D hydrogeological model of plain was constructed with borehole and surface elevation data. Then MODFLOW was used for simulation of flow. After initial simulation of the flow, the model was calibrated in steady state with trial-and-error and parameter estimation methods the observed head of groundwater table monitoring data of 1997. Results of calibration show that error between observed head and computed head is in allowable range. Also results of computed head with model show that groundwater flow is in the direction of the dominate slope (southeast to northwest). Finally MODPATH code which simulates advective transport of particles was used for estimation of flow path and source of contaminants.
MOOCs and SMOCs: changing the face of medical education?
Authors: Sharma Neel , Doherty Iain , Harbutt Darren
Published: January 2014

None
A blended design in acute care training: similar learning results, less training costs compared with a traditional format
Authors: Dankbaar Mary E. W. , Storm Diana J. , Teeuwen Irene C. , Schuit Stephanie C. E.
Published: January 2014

Introduction There is a demand for more attractive and efficient training programmes in postgraduate health care training. This retrospective study aims to show the effectiveness of a blended versus traditional face-to-face training design. For nurses in postgraduate Acute and Intensive Care training, the effectiveness of a blended course design was compared with a traditional design. Methods In a first pilot study 57 students took a traditional course (2-h lecture and 2-h workshop) and 46 students took a blended course (2-h lecture and 2-h online self-study material). Test results were compared for both groups. After positive results in the pilot study, the design was replicated for the complete programme in Acute and Intensive Care. Now 16 students followed the traditional programme (11 days face-to-face education) and 31 students did the blended programme (7 days face-to-face and 40 h online self-study). An evaluation was done after the pilot and course costs were calculated. Results Results show that the traditional and blended groups were similar regarding the main characteristics and did not differ in learning results for both the pilot and the complete programme. Student evaluations of both designs were positive; however, the blended group were more confident that they had achieved the learning objectives. Training costs were reduced substantially. Conclusion The blended training design offers an effective and attractive training solution, leading to a significant reduction in costs.
Parental autonomy support and honesty: The mediating role of identification with the honesty value and perceived costs and benefits of honesty
Authors: Bureau Julien S. , Mageau Geneviève A.
Published: January 2014

Previous research emphasizes the importance of honesty (or the absence of lying) in adolescent‐parent communication as it is ultimately linked to adolescent non‐delinquency (Engels, Finkenauer, & van Kooten, 2006). Empirical evidence also suggests that positive parental practices may prevent adolescents' lying (Darling, Cumsille, Caldwell, & Dowdy, 2006; Jensen, Arnett, Feldman, & Cauffman, 2004). This study tests an integrated model where perceived parental autonomy support and controlling parenting are expected to have opposite effects on adolescent's honesty in the parent–adolescent relationship via differential identification to the honesty value and perceived costs/benefits of being honest. Using structural equation modeling, results from 167 parent‐adolescent dyads showed that autonomy support was associated with adolescents' identification to the honesty value and perceived low costs/high benefits of honesty. Opposite relations were observed with controlling parenting. Higher honesty value identification and low costs/high benefits of honesty in turn predicted adolescents' honesty. The importance of autonomy‐supportive parenting in creating honest family settings is discussed.
Smoothing effect of the homogeneous Boltzmann equation with measure valued initial datum
Authors: Morimoto Yoshinori , Yang Tong
Published: January 2014

We justify the smoothing effect for measure valued solutions to the space homogeneous Boltzmann equation of Maxwellian type cross sections. This is the first rigorous proof of the smoothing effect for any measure valued initial data except the single Dirac mass, which gives the optimal description on the regularity of solutions for positive time, caused by the singularity in the cross section. The main new ingredient in the proof is the introduction of a time degenerate coercivity estimate by using the microlocal analysis.

Nous justifions l'effet régularisant pour les solutions à valeurs mesures de l'équation de Boltzmann spatialement homogène dans le cas des molécules maxwelliennes. Il s'agit de la première preuve rigoureuse de l'effet régularisant pour toutes données initiales à valeurs mesures sauf la masse de Dirac seule, ce qui donne la description optimale de la regularité des solutions en temps positif à causée par la singularité dans le noyau de collision. Le principal ingrédient nouveau dans la preuve est l'introduction d'unc inégalité de coercivité dégénérée par rapport au temps en utilisant l'analyse microlocale.

Highlights
Gap junctional regulation of signal transduction in bone cells
Authors: Buo Atum M. , Stains Joseph P.
Published: January 2014

The role of gap junctions, particularly that of connexin43 (Cx43), has become an area of increasing interest in bone physiology. An abundance of studies have shown that Cx43 influences the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes, which ultimately impacts bone mass acquisition and skeletal homeostasis. However, the molecular details underlying how Cx43 regulates bone are only coming into focus and have proven to be more complex than originally thought. In this review, we focus on the diverse molecular mechanisms by which Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels regulate cell signaling pathways, gene expression, mechanotransduction and cell survival in bone cells. This review will highlight key signaling factors that have been identified as downstream effectors of Cx43 and the impact of these pathways on distinct osteoblast and osteocyte functions.
Old cogs, new tricks: A scaffolding role for connexin43 and a junctional role for sodium channels?
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rengasayee , Poelzing Steven , Gourdie Robert G.
Published: January 2014

Cardiac conduction is the process by which electrical excitation is communicated from cell to cell within the heart, triggering synchronous contraction of the myocardium. The role of conduction defects in precipitating life‐threatening arrhythmias in various disease states has spurred scientific interest in the phenomenon. While the understanding of conduction has evolved greatly over the last century, the process has largely been thought to occur via movement of charge between cells via gap junctions. However, it has long been hypothesized that electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes could also occur ephaptically, without direct transfer of ions between cells. This review will focus on recent insights into cardiac myocyte intercalated disk ultrastructure and their implications for conduction research, particularly the ephaptic coupling hypothesis.
Role of Connexin/Pannexin containing channels in infectious diseases
Authors: Eugenin Eliseo A.
Published: January 2014

In recent years it has become evident that gap junctions and hemichannels, in concert with extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors, play key roles in several physiological processes and pathological conditions. However, only recently has their importance in infectious diseases been explored, likely because early reports indicated that connexin containing channels were completely inactivated under inflammatory conditions, and therefore no further research was performed. However, recent evidence indicates that several infectious agents take advantage of these communication systems to enhance inflammation and apoptosis, as well as to participate in the infectious cycle of several pathogens. In the current review, we will discuss the role of these channels/receptors in the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases and the possibilities of generating novel therapeutic approaches to reduce or prevent these diseases.
The mutation of DBC2 in breast cancer patients from the Han ethnic group in Eastern China
Authors: Fu Guoping , Wang Haixin , Wu Hongmei , Wang Mei
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate DBC2 mutations in breast cancer patients and evaluate the relationship between gene mutations and breast cancer susceptibility in an Eastern China population.

METHODS:

Mutation analyses of 285 bp promoter sequence, coding exon 7 and its exon/intron boundaries of DBC2 were performed in 32 breast cancer specimens by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Eighteen benign breast tumor specimens were also analyzed as control.

RESULTS:

No mutation in the promoter or exon 7 was found in either group. An intronic alteration (IVS7 + 53C > G) was detected in 13 specimens. There was no significant difference in the rate of IVS7 + 53C > G alteration between the study and control groups (8/32 vs 5/18, respectively, P > 0.05). The Gallele of IVS7 + 53 was correlated with HER2 and p53 expression (P < 0.05), but not with age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, ER or PR expression (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

Mutation in the promoter and exon 7 of DBC2 gene is not common in the Chinese population and may not contribute to the susceptibility for breast cancer in China. The intronic alteration IVS7 + 53C > G is a common polymorphism in the Chinese Han ethnic group. Further research is warranted to evaluate the relationship between IVS7 + 53C > G and the susceptibility for breast cancer.
Human-ecosystem interactions in relation to Holocene environmental change in Port Joli Harbour, southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Neil Karen , Gajewski Konrad , Betts Matthew
Published: January 2014

A high-resolution pollen record from Path Lake in Port Joli Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, provides a paleo-ecological perspective on Holocene climate and vegetation variability within the context of local archaeological research. Pollen assemblages in the early Holocene reflect a post-glacial forest dominated byPinus,Tsuga,BetulaandQuercus. During this time, a lower frequency of radiocarbon dated cultural material suggests lower human settlement intensity. Shallow water aquatic (Isoetes) and wetland (Alnus,Sphagnum) taxa increased after 3400 cal yr BP in response to a transition towards wetter climatic conditions. Culturally significant periods, where settlement intensity increased in the Maritimes and Maine, coincide with maximum values of reconstructed total annual precipitation, suggesting that environmental conditions may have influenced prehistoric human activity. European settlement, after 350 cal yr BP, was marked by a rise inAmbrosia. The impact of anthropogenic fire disturbances on the landscape was evidenced by peak charcoal accumulations after European settlement.
Rimbaud’s Poetic Vision as a Clue to Perception in the Later Merleau-Ponty
Authors: PALMEIRO TITO MARQUES
Published: January 2014

One of the difficulties in understanding the meaning of perception in Merleau-Ponty’s work comes from the ambiguous tone of his descriptions. Therefore, to understand it thoroughly one should question the origin of this tone and inquire about the relationship between perception and language and, more particularly, between philosophy and literature. This is what is at stake in his last courses at the Collège de France, where Merleau-Ponty envisages perception as being associated with literature and as having a special kinship to the notion of “poetic vision,” which appears in Rimbaud’s first ‘Letter from the Seer’.
ADAM SMITH AS ADVOCATE OF EMPIRE, c. 1870–1932
Authors: PALEN MARC-WILLIAM
Published: January 2014

This article examines howThe wealth of nations(1776) was transformed into an amorphous text regarding the imperial question throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Adam Smith had left behind an ambiguous legacy on the subject of empire: a legacy that left long-term effects upon subsequent British imperial debates. In his chapter on colonies, Smith had proposed both a scheme for the gradual devolution of the British empire and a theoretical scheme for imperial federation. In response to the growing global popularity of protectionism and imperial expansionism, the rapid development of new tools of globalization, and the frequent onset of economic downturns throughout the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, turn-of-the-century proponents of British imperial federation formed into a formidable opposition to England's prevailing free trade orthodoxy – Cobdenism – a free trade ideology which famously expanded upon the anti-imperial dimensions ofThe wealth of nations. Ironically, at the turn of the century many advocates for imperial federation also turned to Smith for their intellectual inspiration. Adam Smith thus became an advocate of empire, and his advocacy left an indelible intellectual mark upon the burgeoning British imperial crisis.
THE OCCASIONAL CONFORMITY CONTROVERSY, MODERATION, AND THE ANGLICAN CRITIQUE OF MODERNITY, 1700–1714
Authors: SIROTA BRENT S.
Published: January 2014

The occasional conformity controversy during the reign of Queen Anne has traditionally been understood as a straightforward symptom of the early eighteenth-century ‘rage of party’. For all the pious rhetoric concerning toleration and the church in danger, the controversy is considered a partisan squabble for short-term political gain. This traditional interpretation has, however, never been able to account for two features of the controversy: first, the focus on ‘moderation’ as a unique characteristic of post-Revolutionary English society; and second, the prominence of the Anglican nonjurors in the debate. This article revisits the occasional conformity controversy with an eye toward explaining these two related features. In doing so, it will argue that the occasional conformity controversy comprised a referendum on the Revolution settlement in church and state. Nonjurors lit upon the practice of occasional conformity as emblematic of the broader malady of moderation afflicting post-Revolutionary England. From their opposition to occasional conformity, the nonjurors, and soon the broader Anglican high-church movement, developed a comprehensive critique of religious modernity that would inform the entire framework of debate in the early English Enlightenment.
POPULAR READING AND SOCIAL INVESTIGATION IN BRITAIN, 1850s–1940s
Authors: HILLIARD CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2014

‘What do the masses read?’ After popular literacy and an urban market for mass culture became conspicuous in Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century, dozens of literary figures and social researchers took it upon themselves to answer this question. Middle-class inquirers sought in newsagents' wares a vicarious connection with the culture and values of the readers of popular fiction. Many of these investigators, from Wilkie Collins in the 1850s to George Orwell in the 1930s, practised a form of literary criticism that doubled as social criticism. Other students of popular reading – Florence Bell in her study of early twentieth-century Middlesbrough and Mass-Observation in its surveys of reading during the Second World War – worked at the margins of British traditions of social research. Critics working from the texts of popular fiction tended to concentrate on questions of style and ideology; those doing fieldwork focused on reading as a social practice. Examining the corpus of studies of popular literacy from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century opens up the question of the scope of literary criticism and social research in modern Britain.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBALIZATION: THE GENESIS OF DUNDEE'S TWO ‘UNITED FRONTS’ IN THE 1930s
Authors: TOMLINSON JIM
Published: January 2014

Economic globalization has been a key force shaping British society since the mid nineteenth-century. This article uses a case-study of Dundee and its jute industry to examine the major issues that have arisen as the effects of those global forces have been responded to. Dundee was especially prone to detrimental effects from globalization because of its character as ‘juteopolis’, a one industry town with that industry subject to powerful competitive pressures from Calcutta producers from the 1880s onwards. In the 1930s these pressures became overwhelming, as cheap jute goods from India undercut the Dundee industry's home as well as export markets, and mass unemployment ensued. The local responses to this pressure were sharply divergent. There was both a ‘United Front’ between many elements in the local labour movement, mirroring the much-contested national calls for joint Labour and Communist party efforts, and a quite different ‘front’ bringing together jute employers, jute unions, local MPs, and the city council to call for protection for the industry. It is argued that this divergence can be used to explore key issues in the nature of the forces, national as well as local, operating on industrial cities and their populations.
THE RELIGION OF HENRY VIII
Authors: REX RICHARD
Published: January 2014

This article takes issue with the influential recent interpretation of Henry VIII's religious position as consistently ‘Erasmian’. Bringing to the discussion not only a re-evaluation of much familiar evidence but also a considerable quantity of hitherto unknown or little-known material, it proposes instead that Henry's religious position, until the 1530s, sat squarely within the parameters of ‘traditional religion’ and that the subsequent changes in his attitudes to the cult of the saints, monasticism, and papal primacy were so significant as to be understood and described by Henry himself in terms of a veritable religious ‘conversion’. This conversion, which was very much sui generis, is not easily to be fitted within the confessional frameworks of other sixteenth-century religious movements (though it was by no means unaffected by them). It hinged upon Henry's new understanding of kingship as a supreme spiritual responsibility entrusted to kings by the Word of God, but long hidden from them by the machinations of the papacy. His own providential deliverance from blindness was, he believed, but the beginning of a more general spiritual enlightenment.
PACIFISM IN FIN-DE-SIÈCLE AUSTRIA: THE POLITICS AND LIMITS OF PEACE ACTIVISM
Authors: LAQUA DANIEL
Published: January 2014

The late Habsburg Monarchy produced two of the most renowned peace activists of their day: Bertha von Suttner and Alfred Fried. In comparison to these two Nobel Peace laureates, the main association of Austro-pacifism – theÖsterreichische Friedensgesellschaft(ÖFG) – is less well known. The article concentrates on this organization, which had been founded in 1891, and it draws attention to the political and intellectual environment in which it operated. The ÖFG originated in the milieu of Austro-German liberalism, but had an ambivalent rapport with liberal politics. The Austro-pacifists’ focus on supranational principles and dynastic loyalty sat uneasily with the national dimensions of Cisleithanian politics. The obstacles encountered by the ÖFG illustrate wider aspects of the political culture of fin-de-siècle Austria, ranging from the question of militarism in Austrian society to the challenges created by socialist and nationalist movements. As a whole, the article highlights the inherent limitations of Austro-pacifism, as reflected in its quest for respectability and its acceptance of the social and political order.
CUSTOM, IDENTITY, AND THE JURY IN INDIA, 1800–1832
Authors: JAFFE JAMES A.
Published: January 2014

This article analyses the reception and understanding of the Indian village council (panchayat) among East India Company officials, British politicians, and Indian intellectuals during the first third of the nineteenth century. One of the several ways in which the panchayat was imagined was as an institution analogous to the English jury. As such, the panchayat took on significant meaning, especially for those influenced by the Scottish Orientalist tradition and who were serving in India. The issue became especially salient during the 1820s and 1830s as the jury system was debated and reformed in England. In this context, there was a transnational interplay of both ideas and policies that shaped both Company rule in India as well as the first generation of Indian nationalists.
A LATENT HISTORIOGRAPHY? THE CASE OF PSYCHIATRY IN BRITAIN, 1500–1820
Authors: HOUSTON R. A.
Published: January 2014

Both empirically and interpretively, extant histories of psychiatry reveal a vastly greater degree of difference among themselves than historical accounts of any other field. Scholarship focuses on the period after 1800 and the same is true of historiographical reviews; those of early modern British psychiatry are often brief literature studies. This article sets out in depth the development of this rich and varied branch of history since the 1950s, exploring the many different approaches that have contributed to understanding the mad and how they were treated. Social, cultural, philosophical, religious, and intellectual historians have contributed as much as historians of science and medicine to understanding an enduring topic of fascination: ‘disorders of consciousness and conduct’ and their context. Appreciating the sometimes unacknowledged lineages of the subject and the personal histories of scholars (roots and routes) makes it easier to understand the past, present, and future of the history of psychiatry. The article explores European and North American influences as well as British traditions, looking at both the main currents of historiographical change and developments particular to the history of psychiatry.
Permeable reactive interceptors: blocking diffuse nutrient and greenhouse gases losses in key areas of the farming landscape
Authors: FENTON O. , HEALY M. G. , BRENNAN F. , JAHANGIR M. M. R. , LANIGAN G. J. , RICHARDS K. G. , THORNTON S. F. , IBRAHIM T. G.
Published: January 2014

Engineered remediation technologies such as denitrifying bioreactors target single contaminants along a nutrient transfer continuum. However, mixed contaminant discharges to a water body are more common from agricultural systems. Indeed, evidence presented herein indicates that pollution swapping within denitrifying bioreactor systems adds to such deleterious discharges. The present paper proposes a more holistic approach to contaminant remediation on farms, moving from the use of ‘denitrifying bioreactors’ to the concept of a ‘permeable reactive interceptor’ (PRI). Besides management changes, a PRI should contain additional remediation cells for specific contaminants in the form of solutes, particles or gases. Balance equations and case studies representing different geographic areas are presented and used to create weighting factors. Results showed that national legislation with respect to water and gaseous emissions will inform the eventual PRI design. As it will be expensive to monitor a system continuously in a holistic manner, it is suggested that developments in the field of molecular microbial ecology are essential to provide further insight in terms of element dynamics and the environmental controls on biotransformation and retention processes within PRIs. In turn, microbial and molecular fingerprinting could be used as anin-situcost-effective tool to assess nutrient and gas balances during the operational phases of a PRI.
Identification of avir-orthologous immune evasion gene family from primate malaria parasites
Authors: PRAJAPATI SURENDRA KUMAR , SINGH OM PRAKASH
Published: January 2014

The immune evasion gene family of malaria parasites encodes variant surface proteins that are expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes and help the parasite in evading the host immune response by means of antigenic variation. The identification ofPlasmodium vivax virorthologous immune evasion gene family from primate malaria parasites would provide new insight into the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis. Threevirsubfamilies viz.vir-B, vir-Dandvir-Gwere successfully PCR amplified from primate malaria parasites, cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis confirmed orthologues ofvir-Dsubfamily inPlasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium simium, Plasmodium simiovaleandPlasmodium fieldi. The identifiedvir-Dorthologues are 1–9 distinct members of the immune evasion gene family which have 68–83% sequence identity withvir-Dand 71·2–98·5% sequence identity within the members identified from primate malaria parasites. The absence of othervirsubfamilies among primate malaria parasites reflects the limitations in the experimental approach. This study clearly identified the presence ofvir-Dlike sequences in four species ofPlasmodiuminfecting primates that would be useful in understanding the evolution of virulence in malaria parasites.
The Story of Jonah
Authors: Flaumenhaft Mera J.
Published: January 2014

The Book of Jonah depicts the tension between justice and mercy. Jonah's peculiar community, the “chosen” people, does not merely provide security and prosperity, but aims to shape the souls of its own members, and, eventually, of all human beings. The parable is optimistic about the possibility of justice in a world of distinct peoples. But on an individual level it is tragic, because Jonah himself fails to reach a practicable view of justice for imperfect but educable fellows and foreigners. He himself remains a distorted human being, deficient especially in his use of language, neither beast nor god, but, in the end, outside any community. As a reading on the highest holiday of the Jewish year, the story has a special place among Jonah's people. Neither homily nor sermon, it is an example of public storytelling as an instrument of education.
Was Montesquieu a Liberal Republican?
Authors: de Dijn Annelien
Published: January 2014

This paper sets out to criticize Thomas Pangle's and Paul Rahe's reading ofThe Spirit of the Lawsas a contribution to liberal republicanism, arguing instead that Montesquieu's text is better understood as a defense of liberal monarchism. Pangle's and Rahe's interpretation ofThe Spirit of the Lawsas an unequivocal defense of the English modern republic is wrongheaded. Montesquieu in fact spent much more of his time and energy outlining another and very different political model, moderate monarchy, embodied not by England but by the government under which he lived—France. This conclusion has profound implications for our understanding not just ofThe Spirit of the Lawsbut also of the history of early modern political thought more generally speaking, showing that the political debate of this period cannot be reduced to a struggle between classical and modern republicans.
Learning from Franklin's Mistakes: Self-Interest Rightly Understood in theAutobiography
Authors: McClure Christopher S.
Published: January 2014

Benjamin Franklin divides the mistakes he lists in theAutobiographyinto “errata” and “great errata.” He derived no benefit from the latter, but some benefit from the former. Examining Franklin's regret, or lack of regret, at these errata opens a window onto Franklin's understanding of morality. The laxity in his list of virtues and his flexibility with regard to conventional morals stem from the insight Franklin tells us he gained from these errata. For Franklin, or at least his persona in theAutobiography, there was no conflict between egoism and altruism, and he is therefore the embodiment of a type of self-interest well understood. Tracing the story of the errata, which Franklin inserted into an earlier draft of the work's first part, and Franklin's later actions provides the key to understanding the rhetorical strategy of theAutobiography, and the reason he never wrote his proposedArt of Virtue.
Can tasks be inherently boring?
Authors: Charney Evan
Published: January 2014

Kurzban et al. argue that the experiences of “effort,” “boredom,” and “fatigue” are indications that the costs of a task outweigh its benefits. Reducing the costs of tasks to “opportunity costs” has the effect of rendering tasks costless and of denying that they can be inherently boring or tedious, something that “vigilance tasks” were intentionally designed to be.
USING PREDICTION INTERVALS FROM RANDOM-EFFECTS META-ANALYSES IN AN ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Teljeur Conor , O'Neill Michelle , Moran Patrick , Murphy Linda , Harrington Patricia , Ryan Máirín , Flattery Martin
Published: January 2014

Objectives: When incorporating treatment effect estimates derived from a random-effect meta-analysis it is tempting to use the confidence bounds to determine the potential range of treatment effect. However, prediction intervals reflect the potential effect of a technology rather than the more narrowly defined average treatment effect. Using a case study of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, this study investigates the impact on a cost-utility analysis of using clinical effectiveness derived from random-effects meta-analyses presented as confidence bounds and prediction intervals, respectively.

Methods: To determine the cost-utility of robot-assisted prostatectomy, an economic model was developed. The clinical effectiveness of robot-assisted surgery compared with open and conventional laparoscopic surgery was estimated using meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications. Assuming treatment effect would vary across studies due to both sampling variability and differences between surgical teams, random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool effect estimates.

Results: Using the confidence bounds approach the mean and median ICER was €24,193 and €26,731/QALY (95%CI: €13,752 to €68,861/QALY), respectively. The prediction interval approach produced an equivalent mean and median ICER of €26,920 and €26,643/QALY (95%CI: -€135,244 to €239,166/QALY), respectively. Using prediction intervals, there is a probability of 0.042 that robot-assisted surgery will result in a net reduction in QALYs.

Conclusions: Using prediction intervals rather than confidence bounds does not affect the point estimate of the treatment effect. In meta-analyses with significant heterogeneity, the use of prediction intervals will produce wider ranges of treatment effect, and hence result in greater uncertainty, but a better reflection of the effect of the technology.
ART OF THE POSSIBLE?
Authors: Garner Sarah
Published: January 2014

It is very fitting that the strap line for the article on reassessment (1) is derived from the quote “politics is the art of the possible” attributed to Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck was the first chancellor of the unified German Empire that preserved peace in Europe until 1914. Politically deft, he persuaded the southern German states to join with his North German Confederation by provoking hostilities with France.
IN DEFENSE OF HART
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: January 2014

In Legality Scott Shapiro seeks to provide the motivation for the development of his own elaborate account of law by undertaking a critique of H.L.A. Hart's jurisprudential theory. Hart maintained that every legal system is underlain by a rule of recognition through which officials of the system identify the norms that belong to the system as laws. Shapiro argues that Hart's remarks on the rule of recognition are confused and that his model of law—though commendably more sophisticated than any model propounded by earlier legal positivists—is consequently untenable. Shapiro contends that a new approach is vital for progress in the philosophy of law and, with his lengthy presentation of his own Planning Theory of Law, he aspires to pioneer just such an approach. Except for a very terse observation in the final main section, this article does not directly assess the strengths and shortcomings of Shapiro's piquant planning theory. Instead, I defend Hart against Shapiro's charges and thereby undermine the motivation for the development of the planning theory.
Recent Hubble Space Telescope Observations of SN 1987A: Broad Emission Lines
Authors: France Kevin
Published: January 2014

Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducted since 1990, have allowed us to create a “movie” of the evolution of the core-collapse supernova SN 1987A from 3–25 years after the explosion. Critical to understanding the late time evolution of SN 1987A was the successful HST Servicing Mission 4 in May 2009. The repair of the STIS instrument and the installation of the WFC3 imager and COS spectrograph have provided crucial data points for understanding the temporal variability in the physical structure and energy sources for SN 1987A, as well as measurements of the chemical abundances of the ejecta. In this proceeding, I will focus on two topics that have made use of the expanded capability of HST and highlight the importance of access to a UV/optical space observatory for the studies of local supernovae: 1) 2) The decreasing maximum velocity of neutral hydrogen crossing the reverse shock front and the role of soft X-ray/EUV heating in the outer supernova debris and 2) The detection of metals (N4+ and C3+ ions) crossing the reverse shock front and CNO processing in the progenitor star.