bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mouse ES cell culture system as a model of development
Authors: Niwa Hitoshi
Published: July 2010

Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from pre‐implantation embryos. They are regarded as an essential tool for studying mouse development, as they provide a means for generating knock‐out mouse lines. This, however, is not the sole utility of the mES cell system. They undergo differentiation in culture, mimicking the morphological differentiation of peri‐implantation embryos from epiblast to egg‐cylinder stage. Moreover, they retain the capacity to respond to triggers of differentiation toward trophectoderm and primitive endoderm by forced activation. For these reasons, mES cells can be regarded as a useful tool for analyzing molecular mechanisms underlying early mouse development.
Generation of genetically modified animals using spermatogonial stem cells
Authors: Takehashi Masanori , Kanatsu‐Shinohara Mito , Shinohara Takashi
Published: July 2010

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) provide the foundation for spermatogenesis, and are unique tissue‐specific stem cells because of their ability to transmit genetic information to offspring. Generation of knockout mice using mouse SSCs became feasible after the successful establishment of protocols for the transplantation and long‐term culture of these cells, called germline stem (GS) cells. Furthermore, SSCs can acquire pluripotentiality similar to that of embryonic stem (ES) cells, in addition to their highly differentiated spermatogenic potential. These ES‐like cells, called multipotent GS (mGS) cells, are capable of generating knockout mice in a manner similar to that of ES cells. The use of GS and mGS cells for animal transgenesis has added a new dimension to gene‐targeting technology using ES cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer, which has limited application. Furthermore, for regenerative medicine purposes, the use of mGS will settle problems such as ethics issues and immunological rejection associated with ES cells, as well as risks of insertional mutagenesis associated with integrated genes into induced pluripotent stem cells.
Trophoblast cell lineage in cloned mouse embryos
Authors: Oda Mayumi , Shiota Kunio , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: July 2010

Most conceptuses derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in mice undergo developmental arrest as a result of embryonic or extraembryonic defects. Even when fetuses survive to term, prominent placental overgrowth or placentomegaly is often present, indicating that SCNT affects the development of trophoblast cell lineage. The trophoblast cell lineage is established at the blastocyst stage when the stem cell population of the trophoblast cell lineage resides in the polar trophectoderm. Therefore, it is possible that the developmental arrest and placentomegaly that accompany SCNT are induced by insufficient reprogramming of the donor somatic nucleus to enable the cells to acquire full potency as stem cells of the trophoblast cell lineage. Despite the abnormalities of the extraembryonic tissues of SCNT embryos, trophoblast stem (TS) cell lines have been successfully isolated from SCNT blastocysts and their properties appear to be indistinguishable from those of TS cells derived from native blastocysts. This suggests that SCNT does not affect the emergence and autonomous properties of TS cells. In this review, we discuss specification of cell lineage and the extent of reprogramming of TS cells in SCNT blastocysts.
Early and long‐term outcome after tracheostomy in children
Authors: Dursun Oguz , Ozel Deniz
Published: July 2010

Background:  Tracheostomy has become an increasingly important issue for children discharged with primary or secondary respiratory problems. Despite the known advantages, considerable controversy remains regarding the appropriate indications, timing, and results of tracheostomy, in the context of home care. The aims of this study were to retrospectively evaluate our experience with tracheostomy and to consider problems related to this procedure, both in the hospital and after discharge.

Methods:  We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients receiving new tracheostomies in our department, over a 5‐year period.

Results:  Thirty tracheostomies were performed in 30 patients over a 5‐year period. The overall tracheostomy rate among ventilated patients was 3.4%. Most (90%) of the tracheostomies were placed after mechanical ventilation. Patients who were successfully decannulated spent significantly less time in intensive care, both before (P= 0.01) and after surgical tracheostomy procedure (P= 0.034) when compared to the patients discharged with tracheostomy, either with or without home ventilation. These patients also had shorter total intensive care admissions (P= 0.002) and shorter hospitalizations overall (P= 0.013). Successful decannulation was achieved in five patients (17%). The cumulative mortality rate was 17% in the pediatric intensive care unit, 20% within 30 days, and 41% within 1 year.

Conclusions:  Patients admitted with anatomic or functional airway problems had higher decannulation rates. Patients who were successfully decannulated also had significantly shorter PICU stays prior to tracheostomy. In patients with neurologic and muscular disease, or with chronic heart/lung disease, decannulation rates are very low, and these patients have a higher mortality risk after discharge.
THE COLLAPSE OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING RETURNS IN SOUTH AFRICA 1960–90
Authors: Moll Peter G.
Published: July 2010

By 1975, the effect of a year's primary schooling upon the wages of Africans in South Africa had fallen to about 2.5 percent — one of the lowest primary schooling returns in the world. Secondary schooling returns were high throughout the period 1960–90. The collapse of primary schooling returns was due to declining school quality, an increase in the supply of primary school graduates, an increase in mining wages in the mid‐seventies, and wage regulation by the Industrial Councils and Wage Boards. The low level of the return, compared with the returns to other races in South Africa, is due to the low quality of African primary schools. Implications for education spending patterns and wage regulation are pointed out.
SOME REPARAMETERIZATIONS OF LAG POLYNOMIALS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Burke Simon P.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Various reparameterizations of scalar polynomials are considered in the context of lag polynomials. These are used to explore possibilities of testing for stationary autoregressive roots, repeated roots, and polynomial factors of given form. Multivariate generalizations of these results are then applied to VAR models and to comovement between the component series of such systems. The link between the representation of unitroots in the univariate case and cointegration in multivariate systems is demonstrated.
Using contact work in interactions with adults with learning disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Brooks Sharon , Paterson Gail
Published: July 2010

Accessible summary

Some people with learning disabilities find it hard to interact with other people.

This project looks at one way of making interaction easier.

We tried a way of measuring whether this worked or not.

The project was useful, but there is more work to be carried out on how to measure this.

This article describes a project about using contact work with people with learning disabilities and autistic spectrum disorder. People with learning disabilities and additional autistic spectrum disorder are at risk of becoming socially isolated because of their difficulties in interacting with others. Contact work is a form of Pre‐Therapy, which is based on Carl Rogers’ person‐centred approach. It focuses on psychological contact, which is the first of the ‘necessary and sufficient’ conditions for therapeutic relationships. The approach was developed by Gary Prouty and has been used with people who find it difficult to establish psychological contact because of their emotional, mental health or cognitive problems. The approach was used with two clients with learning disabilities and autistic spectrum disorder. The sessions were evaluated using a tool created for the project that was designed to measure different contact behaviours. The impact of the project on both clients and therapists is discussed. In addition, the measurement tool is examined, and areas for further study are identified. The project was felt to be useful on a subjective level. The measurement tool was useful in collecting quantitative data but requires more work to capture more qualitative aspects of the work.
Independent Predictors for Lifetime and Recent Substance Use Disorders in Patients with Rapid‐Cycling Bipolar Disorder: Focus on Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Gao Keming , Chan Philip K. , Verduin Marcia L. , Kemp David E. , Tolliver Bryan K. , Ganocy Stephen J. , Bilali Sarah , Brady Kathleen T. , Findling Robert L. , Calabrese Joseph R.
Published: July 2010

We set out to study independent predictor(s) for lifetime and recent substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with rapid‐cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD). Extensive Clinical Interview and Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used to ascertain DSM‐IV Axis I diagnoses of RCBD, anxiety disorders, and SUDs
. Data from patients enrolling into four similar clinical trials were used. Where appropriate, univariate analyses with t‐test or chi‐square were applied. Stepwise logistic regression was used to examine the relationship among predictor variables and lifetime and recent SUDs. Univariate analysis showed that patients with co‐occurring anxiety disorders (n = 261) had significantly increased rates of lifetime (odds ratio [OR]= 2.1) and recent (OR = 1.9) alcohol dependence as well as lifetime (OR = 3.4) and recent (OR = 2.5) marijuana dependence compared to those without co‐occurring anxiety disorder (n = 303). In logistic regression analyses, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was associated with increased risk for lifetime SUDs (OR = 2.34), alcohol dependence (OR = 1.73), and marijuana dependence (OR = 3.36) and recent marijuana dependence (OR = 3.28). A history of physical abuse was associated with increased risk for lifetime SUDs (OR = 1.71) and recent marijuana dependence (OR = 3.47). Earlier onset of first mania/hypomania was associated with increased risk for lifetime SUDs (5% per year), and recent marijuana dependence (12% per year) and later treatment with a mood stabilizer were also associated with increased risk for recent SUDs (8% per year). Positive associations between GAD, later treatment with a mood stabilizer, and early childhood trauma and history of SUDs suggest that adequate treatment of comorbid anxiety, early treatment with a mood stabilizer, and prevention of childhood trauma may reduce the risk for the development of SUDs in patients with bipolar disorder. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–10)
Co‐occurring Psychiatric Symptoms Are Associated with Increased Psychological, Social, and Medical Impairment in Opioid Dependent Pregnant Women
Authors: Benningfield Margaret M. , Arria Amelia M. , Kaltenbach Karol , Heil Sarah H. , Stine Susan M. , Coyle Mara G. , Fischer Gabriele , Jones Hendrée E. , Martin Peter R.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of psychiatric symptoms with drug dependence during pregnancy is not well understood. This study examines the relationship of psychiatric symptoms to severity of drug use and drug‐related problems among participants in a clinical trial of pharmacologic treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy (N = 174). A total of 64.6% reported additional psychiatric symptoms (48.6% mood symptoms, 40.0% anxiety symptoms, and 12.6% suicidal thinking). Women who endorsed co‐occurring psychiatric symptoms showed more severe impairment on the Addiction Severity Index. Further investigation is warranted to understand the effect of psychiatric symptoms on long‐term maternal and neonatal outcomes. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–6)
The Timing of Onset of Pain and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Ilgen Mark A. , Perron Brian , Czyz Ewa K. , McCammon Ryan J. , Trafton Jodie
Published: July 2010

Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey—Replication, this study examined the timing of onset of self‐report comorbid chronic nonarthritis pain and substance use disorders (SUDs) and characteristics associated with different onset patterns. Most individuals (58.2%; N = 351/632) report that the SUD preceded the onset of pain. Relative to those with SUDs prior to the onset of chronic pain, those experiencing pain first were less likely to have a drug use disorder, more likely to have head pain, to be younger at the onset of the first condition, and to have a shorter duration between condition onsets. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–7)
A New Method for Human ABO Genotyping Using a Universal Reporter Primer System
Authors: Asari Masaru , Omura Tomohiro , Maseda Chikatoshi , Matsubara Kazuo , Shiono Hiroshi , Shimizu Keiko
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  We developed a new method for forensic ABO genotyping based on a universal reporter primer (URP) system. This allows for the simultaneous detection of six single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the ABO gene (nucleotide positions 261, 297, 526, 703, 796, and 803). This URP system provides obvious peaks, ranging from 82 to 151 bp in length. ABO genotypes were classified and successfully genotyped by our method, including minor alleles that may cause a discrepancy between the genetic data and serological phenotypes. Full profiles were identified using as little as 0.1 ng (0.05 ng/reaction) of standard K562 and 9947A DNA. Moreover, the success rate of genotyping from a URP system was much higher than that from a conventional primer extension method in degraded DNA. This method enables simple and rapid detection of multiple SNP sites on human ABO genes and is highly specific and sensitive when using limited and degraded DNA.
Stress fracture of the seventh rib in a squash player
Authors: Orava S. , Jaakkola L. , Kujala U. M.
Published: July 2010

A 17‐year‐old boy had a stress fracture of the seventh rib caused by playing squash.
Blood flow of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament in a canine model
Authors: Bødtker S. , Kramhøft M. , Sylvest A. , Stürup J.
Published: July 2010

The vascular supply of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments was investigated in 21 adult dogs. The investigations were camed out under general anesthesia, and respirators were used. Measurements of the blood supply were performed by means of a microsphere technique. The ligaments were divided equally into a proximal part, a middle part and a distal part. Values recorded regarding the 3 parts of the anterior ligament were 3.0, 2.2 and 3.5 ml per 100 g of tissue per min respectively. As to the posterior ligament the respective values were 2.8, 2.8, and 3.2 ml per 100 g of tissue per min. No significant difference between the two ligaments or their various parts could be detected.
Intramuscular pressure and torque during isometric, concentric and eccentric muscular activity
Authors: Styf J. , Ballard R. , Aratow M. , Crenshaw A. , Watenpaugh D. , Hargens A. R.
Published: July 2010

Intramuscular pressures, electromyography (EMG) and torque generation during isometric, concentric and eccentric maximal isokinetic muscle activity were recorded in 10 healthy volunteers. Pressure and EMG activity were continuously and simultaneously measured side by side in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles. Ankle joint torque and position were monitored continuously by an isokinetic dynamometer during plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot. The increased force generation during eccentric muscular activity, compared with other muscular activity, was not accompanied by higher intramuscular pressure. Thus, this study demonstrated that eccentric muscular activity generated higher torque values for each increment of intramuscular pressure. Intramuscular pressures during antagonistic co‐activation were significantly higher in the tibialis anterior muscle (42–46% of maximal agonistic activity) compared with the soleus muscle (12–29% of maximal agonistic activity) and was largely due to active recruitment of muscle fibers. In summary, eccentric muscular activity creates higher torque values with no additional increase of the intramuscular pressure compared with concentric and isometric muscular activity.
Does calf‐muscle fatigue affect standing balance?
Authors: Adlerton A.‐K. , Moritz U.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to find out whether fatiguing calf‐muscle exercise affects postural sway during standing. Thirteen healthy subjects with a mean age of 25 years participated. Body sway in one leg stance was measured on a force plate before and after fatiguing exercises of the calf muscles of the subject's right leg. Repeated measurements for up to 10 min after exercises showed no increase of body sway. The results indicate that postural control in quiet standing can be maintained by compensatory mechanisms activated during muscle fatigue. A significant decrease of body sway over time on the non‐fatigued leg indicated a learning effect. A similar decrease was not observed on the fatigued leg, indicating interference of compensatory mechanisms on learning.
Saliva and marathon running
Authors: Ljungberg G. , Ericson T. , Ekblom B. , Birkhed D.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to follow changes in saliva and serum after strenous prolonged exercise. Twenty individuals, three women and 17 men, 24–62 years old, well‐trained but not at elite level, participating in the Stockholm Marathon, were selected for the study. Two of the subjects broke the race after 20 km. Three samples of saliva were collected, i.e. (i) just before the race, (ii) directly after the race, and (iii) 1 h after the race. Paraffin‐stimulated whole saliva, resting non‐stimulated whole saliva and citric acid‐stimulated parotid saliva were investigated. In all three types of saliva, there was a decrease in secretion rate and only 14 of the 18 participants could produce resting non‐stimulated whole saliva directly after the race. The salivary concentration of chloride, phosphate, potassium, amylase, hexosamine, sialic acid and salivary peroxidase were significantly higher after than before the race. There were no significant changes in salivary pH and buffer capacity. The total protein concentration was increased in all types of saliva after the race. To conclude, there were several changes in the saliva composition just after the marathon, but most of the values were back to baseline after 1 h of rest. However, the values for sodium, calcium, phosphate, salivary peroxidase, amylase and salivary IgA were still elevated 1 h after the race.
Coping strategies among long‐term injured competitive athletes. A study of 81 men and women in team and individual sports
Authors: Johnson U.
Published: July 2010

Differences in personality, mood and coping ability between athletes of a high competitive level with long‐term injuries (n=81), with a mean age of 24.4 years, and a matched non‐injured group (n=64), with a mean age of 24.2 years, were investigated. Three self‐rating scales were employed: mood adjective check‐list, general coping questionnaire and Karolinska scales of personality. Although no differences in basic personality traits were found, being injured was found to result in a depressed mood state and in the activation of coping strategies directed at receiving help. Comparisons were made between injured male and female athletes as well as between team‐sport and individual‐sport athletes. Women were found to become more anxious and tense and to have a stronger inclination to use emotion‐focused coping strategies. Team‐sport athletes were found to cope more in terms of ‘passive acceptance’ of help from others, whereas individual athletes were found to activate ‘problem‐solving’ strategies in face of a stressor. The results suggest that social aspects of rehabilitative work are important and support the concept that rehabilitative work with long‐ term injured athletes should be individualized to be maximally effective. They also support the usefulness of cognitive models of the injured athlete's experience of being long‐term injured. Such models, however, do not account for differences between the sexes or between individual and team athletes.
The effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Athanasopoulos S. , Paxinos T. , Tsafantakis E. , Zachariou K. , Chatziconstantinou S.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis, in selective respiratory parameters (VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/VC% FEV1/FVC) as well as the ability to perform aerobic work (PWC170). The training group consisted of 20 young girls with a mean age of 13.51±0.16 years. They wore a Boston‐type brace for a mean period of 0.30±0.04 years and suffered from a scoliotic curve (27.4±1.9°). They followed a two‐month training program on the cycloergometer. Each training session lasted 30 min and was performed four times a week. The control group consisted of 20 girls with a mean age of 13.61±0.18 years and they wore the same type of brace for a mean period of 0.24±0.04 years. They also suffered from a scoliosis (29.5±1.8°). The results of the study revealed that aerobic training sustained (VC, FEV1, FEV1/VC) or improved significantly (FVC, FEV1/FVC) the parameters of pulmonary function, while the respective parameters (VC, FVC) for the control group were reduced during the two‐month period. The ability to perform aerobic work increased 48.1% (P<0.01) in the training group, while it decreased 9.2% (P<0.01) in the control group.
Isolated total ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament – a clinical study with long‐term follow‐up of 7 years
Authors: Scavenius M. , Bak K. , Hansen S. , Nørring K. , Jensen K. H. , Jørgensen U.
Published: July 2010

Seventy patients met our inclusion criteria in this retrospective study, all with an arthroscopic/arthrotomic‐verified isolated total anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)‐rupture and a minimum follow‐up period of 3 years and no associated lesions. Due to emigration/death, 3 patients were not available for follow‐up. Of the remaining 67, 25 patients underwent secondary ACL‐reconstruction, equivalent to a failure rate of the initial non‐operative treatment of 37%. All patients were initially treated conservatively. This left 42 patients for follow‐up – 9 answered a questionnare and 33 went through follow‐up examination after a median of 7.1 years (range 3.3–14.6) including IKDC‐evaluation form. Lysholm & Tegner score, ES‐SKA‐score, clinical examination and Stryker Laxity test. In the present study all values represent the 33 patients available for follow‐up. Soccer, handball and alpine skiing were most frequently responsible for the injury. We observed in the 33 patients a decline in median Lysholm score from 100 (90–100) pretraumatic to 86 (42–100) at follow‐up, and a decrease in median Tegner values from 7 (3–9) pretraumatic to 5 (2–7) at follow‐up. All but 2 patients demonstrated a decline in Lysholm score, and only 3 patients returned to their preinjury level. According to the ESSKA‐classification, the number of “cutting‐sports performers” declined dramatically from 24 to 2. All but one patient ascribed their decline in activity to their knee status. The Stryker‐measured AP‐translocations were significantly higher on the injured knee (7.27) compared to the healthy knee (4.80) (P<0.05). Intermittant rest pain was suffered by 63% of the patients. During the time from inclusion until follow‐up, 13 (39%) patients sustained an additional ipsilateral knee lesion, most commonly a tear of the medial meniscus. The overall outcome was expressed in a low frequency of return to unrestricted preinjury level of function, and a high level of instability complaints resulting in many secondary ACL‐reconstructions. Naturally some have adapted to their ultimate functional disability, but only through modification of activities, and the overall outcome after conservative therapy of these ACL‐ruptures was not satisfactory.
CHILD REARING IN THE “RISK” SOCIETY: ON THE DISCOURSE OF RIGHTS AND THE “BEST INTERESTS OF A CHILD”
Authors: Smeyers Paul
Published: July 2010

Due to a number of radical changes in society, the role of parents in the upbringing of their children has been redefined. In this essay, Paul Smeyers argues that “risk” thinking, and the technologization that goes with it in the context of child rearing, naturally leads to the rights discourse, but that thinking about the relation between parents and children in terms of rights confronts one with a number of insurmountable problems. The concept of the “best interests of a child” that is often invoked is, to say the least, not at all clear. Smeyers contends that while the discourse of rights is clearly important and relevant insofar as the relation between parents and the state are discussed, it impoverishes our understanding of relations of family members when used as an all‐inclusive framework in that context. Therefore, he concludes that we must surpass the totalizing tendency of the transformation of the social realm into a system, of defining the relation between parents and children in technical terms, and of holding parents liable for their children's upbringing.
THE STATE, PARENTING, AND THE POPULIST ENERGIES OF ANXIETY
Authors: Conroy James C.
Published: July 2010

In this essay James Conroy raises the question of how far the state should engage in the rearing of children, looking in particular at homeschooling as a site for contestation. He considers this question by looking specifically at recent developments in the United Kingdom around the elision of child safeguarding issues with concern about the control of home education. In the first part of the essay, Conroy explores some general questions about the relation between politics and populism, and the consequences for the prerogatives of parents. In the second part of the essay, he interrogates constructivist accounts of the family and offers something of a historical corrective to the widely held view (emanating from Philippe Ariès) that the very conceit of the family is a “modern” invention. This analysis leads Conroy to conclude that, while states do have a proper locus in the upbringing of children, they must make certain presumptions in favor of the parent if governmental responses to home education are to be considered political rather than populist and “controlling.”
THE RESIDUAL PARENT TO COME: ON THE NEED FOR PARENTAL EXPERTISE AND ADVICE
Authors: Vansieleghem Nancy
Published: July 2010

In this essay, Nancy Vansieleghem starts from the observation that parents nowadays are addressed as individuals in need of parental expertise and advice. She maintains that the notion that we are living in a permanently changing society has created a context in which parents feel that they no longer “know” what is good or bad for their children. On this view, parents need to learn how to manage their parenthood. Vansieleghem questions the need for expertise and advice that is characteristic of our new mode of understanding parenting. In developing her argument, she borrows from Michel Foucault the notion “figure”—in this case, the type of parents who understand themselves as in need of expertise in order to respond to their children—and she draws further on Giorgio Agamben's analysis of the state of exception. Vansieleghem concludes by detailing the figure of the residual self as one that understands parental care as something that can and should be managed beyond concepts such as “disciplinary power” and “normalization.”
Mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration and precipitation revisited
Authors: Chinopoulos Christos , Adam‐Vizi Vera
Published: July 2010

The ability of mitochondria to sequester and retain divalent cations in the form of precipitates consisting of organic and inorganic moieties has been known for decades. Of these cations, Ca2+ has emerged as a major player in both signal transduction and cell death mechanisms, and, as a consequence, the importance of mitochondria in these processes was soon recognized. Early studies showed considerable effort in identifying the mechanisms of Ca2+ sequestration, precipitation and release by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation; however, relatively little information was obtained, and these processes were eventually taken for granted. Here, we re‐examine: (a) the thermodynamic aspects of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release, (b) the insufficiently explained effect of uncouplers in inducing mitochondrial Ca2+ release, (c) the thermodynamic effects of exogenously added adenine nucleotides on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake capacity and precipitate formation, and (d) the elusive nature of the Ca2+‐phosphate precipitates formed in the mitochondrial matrix.
Knowledge and practice of foot care in Iranian people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Khamseh Mohammad Ebrahim , Vatankhah Nasibeh , Baradaran Hamid Reza
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of foot care in people with type 2 diabetes. We carried out a cross‐sectional study. A questionnaire was completed by 148 patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Knowledge score was calculated and the current practice was determined. The mean knowledge score was 6·6 (standard deviation ±3·0) out of a possible 16. Illiterate patients were the least knowledgeable (P= 0·008). Lack of adequate knowledge includes the following: 56% not aware of the effect of smoking on the circulation to the feet, 60% failed to inspect their feet and 42% did not know to trim their toenails. High risk practices including use of irritants to water (66·5%) and walking barefoot (62%). The results of this study highlight the patients’ inadequate knowledge of self‐care about their foot and lack of optimal podiatry service in Iran. These findings have implications for further evaluation, planning and management of patient care in diabetic foot disease.
ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF THE TURKEY INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: A.Soliman M.
Published: July 2010

This paper is an empirical investigation of the several major relationships that explain the behavior of the U.S. turkey industry in the 1946‐66 period. A model is constructed that consists of four structural equations: (1) consumer demand, (2) farm supply, (3) cold storage accumulation, and (4) cold storage liquidation, and an identity equation.

Four different estimation techniques are used to derive values for the structural parameters. These procedures are: (1) ordinary least squares (OLS), (2) limited information single equation (USE). (3) two stage least squares (TSLS). and (4) three stage squares (3SLS).

The estimation techniques are evaluated by assessing their forecasting ability against observed data in the post 1966 period. So one method proved superior to another. An index of dispersion indicated that 3SLS is superior in forecasting consumer demand and farm supply. The 3SLS and OLS are about equal in forecasting cold storage accumulation, and TSLS, LISE. and OLS are about equal forecasters for cold storage liquidation.

Cel article répresente une étude empirique des facleurs imporlanls qui servenl à expliquer ľinduslrie américaine ďélevage de dindes. au cours de la période 1945‐66. Un modèle est construit qui comporte qualre équations structurelles: la demande finale. (2) ľoff re au niveau de ľexploitation agricole. (3) ľaccumulation de slocks de viande congelée. et (4) le liquidation des stocks, plus une équation ďidentité.

Quaire différentes techniques ďestimalion sont utilisées pour déterminer la valeur des parametres: (1) simples moindres carrés, (2) équation unique avec information limitée, (3)doubles moindres carrés. et (4) triples moindres carrés.

En se hasant sur la qualité des previsions par rapport aux observations de la période postérieure à 1966. on a pu évaluer les différentes techniques ďestimalion, pour se rendre compte qu'aucune méthode ne s'est avérée supérieure aux autres. Un indice de dispersion démontre que les triples moindres carrés fournissenl une meilleure prévision de la demande finale et de ľoffre au niveau de ľentreprise. Les triples moindres carrés et les simples moindres carrés sont équivalents lorsqu'il s'agit de prévoir ľaccumulalion des slocks. ľéquation simple avec information limitée peut prédire ľécoulement des stocks avec une précision sensihlemenl égale à celle obtenue avec les simples et triples moindres carrés.
Production functions in Agriculture
Authors: Mankin Wyatt B.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quadratic production functions used by D. Gale Johnson [4] in his investigation of sharecropping and by H. Scott Gordon [3] in his classic analysis of a common property resource. Both Johnson and Gordon use linear average and marginal production functions in the geometric exposition of their respective theories, but neither author has explored the unusual properties of the quadratic production function which yields a linear marginal product and average product for one factor.

The first part of this paper will investigate the quadratic production function used by Johnson in his sharecropping study, and the second part of this paper will explore the similar quadratic production function employed by Gordon in a subsequent paper on the economic theory of fisheries.

In his seminal study of sharecropping, Johnson finds that when one maximizes with respect to labor, the tenant will rent additional land until the marginal physical product of land is zero. He demonstrates this remarkable result in two ways. First he does so with calculus by using a neoclassical production function, and second he does so with geometry in Figure 1 of this classic paper. [4].

Although the calculus is correct, his geometric example raises interesting questions. He says linear functions are shown in Figure 1 of this paper for simplicity, but the example can be generalized for any type of average product function. However, he does not explain what type of production function can generate linear marginal and average product functions, and it is the intention of this paper to do so. In particular, one can ask whether such a production function is neoclassical, or one can ask what is the nature of the marginal and average product functions for the second factor of production? Also, one can ask whether such a production function is linear homogeneous?

The properties of a neoclassical production function can be found in Burmeister and Dobell [1]. They list six properties of a neoclassical production function, Y = F(K,L):
Management and breeding of pelicans Pelecunus spp: in captivity
Authors: BROUWER KOEN , HIDDINGA BART , KING CATHERINE E.
Published: July 2010

Improvement of the breeding results of pelicans Pelecanus spp in captivity is possible and much needed. A variety of factors must be considered. Group size and composition are two of the most obvious and, with good inter‐zoo co‐operation, easily alterable variables. The experiences of zoos for which data are provided here give some indication of other important considerations. Much research is still needed before all of the mysteries regarding the breeding of these birds are unravelled.
Methods of individual identification for captive colonial waterbirds: lessons from the field
Authors: ELBIN SUSAN B. , BURGER JOANNA
Published: July 2010

The identification of individuals is essential for scientific captive management of colonial birds as well as for field studies. The authors review the methods and techniques available for marking aquatic birds permanently or temporarily and consider the suitability of the systems for captive populations.
Paraneoplastic T cell lymphocytosis associated with a thymoma in a dog
Authors: Batlivala T. P. , Bacon N. J. , Avery A. C. , Barabas K. , Gunn‐Christie R. G. , Conway J. , Avery P. R.
Published: July 2010

A four‐year‐old male neutered Australian shepherd dog was diagnosed with a thymoma and concurrent mature T cell lymphocytosis. The lymphocytosis consisted of a mixed population of T cells expressing either CD4 or CD8 or neither marker, and the result of polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement was negative. The peripheral lymphocytosis resolved within 24 hours following thoracotomy and thymectomy. Similar cases have been reported in man, but the aetiology of the increased circulating lymphocytes remains unclear. Although peripheral lymphocytosis is an uncommon paraneoplastic syndrome associated with thymomas, thymoma should be considered as a differential when the increased lymphocytes consist of a mixed population of T cells.
T.H. Green and the Dissidence of Dissent: On Religion and National Character in Nineteenth‐Century England
Authors: LEIGHTON DENYS P.
Published: July 2010

Thomas Hill Green (1836–82) has been widely recognized for his contributions to Liberal political‐social theory and for his Liberal partisanship. Historians and political theorists continue to emphasize his advocacy of limited state interference and democratic localism, as well as his anti‐imperialist statements. Recent scholars of English nationalism, national identity and patriotism, including Peter Mandler, Julia Stapleton, Krishan Kumar, H.S. Jones, Roberto Romani and Georgios Varouxakis, acknowledge Green as an acolyte of Giuseppe Mazzini, a Cobdenite and a Little Englander. While they place Green's ideas within a continuum of Victorian Liberal nationalist ideas (blending into Conservatism and socialism during the 20th century), their investigations foster the view that Green placed little value in the nation as a focus of individual and collective identification. In their readings of Green, the abstract ‘community’, free of national peculiarities, was to him the antidote to both individual and national narrowness. However, examination of Green's statements about community, the moral ideal and religion reveals that his theorising was informed by a view of national character different from that of most contemporary liberal intellectuals. Green rejected the ‘Liberal anglican’ view that a national church or clerisy was necessary to guide the development of the English nation. He identified ideas and practices of protestant dissenters as progressive forces in English history and endorsed them as means of national development. Religious pluralism and forms of ecclesiastical organisation promoting democratic localism were to Green among the essential characteristics of Englishness.
Establishment and Properties of Neural Stem Cell Clones: Plasticity In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Vescovi Angelo L. , Snyder Evan Y.
Published: July 2010

The study of the basic physiology of the neural precursors generated during brain development is driven by two inextricably linked goals. First, such knowledge is instrumental to our understanding of how the high degree of cellular complexity of the mature central nervous system (CNS) is generated, and how to dissect the steps of proliferation, fate commitment, and differentiation that lead early pluripotent neural progenitors to give rise to mature CNS cells. Second, it is hoped that the isolation, propagation, and manipulation of brain precursors and, particularly, of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs), will lead to therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. The debate is still open concerning the most appropriate definition of a stem cell and on how it is best identified, characterized, and manipulated. By adopting an operational definition of NSCs, we review some of the basic findings in this area and elaborate on their potential threapeutic applications. Further, we discuss recent evidence from our two groups that describe, based on that rigorous definition, the isolation and propagation of clones of NSCs from the human fetal brain and illustrate how they have begun to show promise for neural cell replacement and molecular support therapy in models of degenerative CNS diseases. The extensive propagation and engraftment potential of human CNS stem cells may, in the not‐too‐distant future, be directed towards genuine clinical therapeutic ends, and may open novel and multifaceted strategies for redressing a variety of heretofore untreatable CNS dysfunctions.
Chordoid Glioma of the Third Ventricle: Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Characterization of a Novel Tumor Entity
Authors: Reifenberger Guido , Weber Tillmann , Weber Ruthild G. , Wolter Marietta , Brandis Almuth , Kuchelmeister Klaus , Pilz Peter , Reusche Erich , Lichter Peter , Wiestler Otmar D.
Published: July 2010

Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle was recently reported as a novel tumor entity of the central nervous system with characteristic clinical and histopathological features (Brat et al., J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 283–290, 1998). Here, we report on a histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis of five cases of this rare neoplasm. All tumors were immunohistochemically investigated for the expression of various differentiation antigens, the proliferation marker Ki‐67, and a panel of selected proto‐oncogene and tumor suppressor gene products. These studies revealed a strong expression of GFAP, vimentin, and CD34. In addition, most tumors contained small fractions of neoplastic cells immunoreactive for epithelial membrane antigen, S‐100 protein, or cytokeratins. The percentage of Ki‐67 positive cells was generally low (< 5%). All tumors showed immunoreactivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor and schwan‐nomin/merlin. There was no nuclear accumulation of the p53, p21 (Waf‐1) and Mdm2 proteins. To examine genomic alterations associated with the development of chordoid gliomas, we screened 4 tumors by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. No chromosomal imbalances were detected. More focussed molecular genetic analyses revealed neither aberrations of the TP53 and CDKN2A tumor suppressor genes nor amplification of the EGFR, CDK4, and M DM2 proto‐oncogenes. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that chordoid glioma of the third ventricle constitutes a novel tumor entity characterized by distinct morphological and immunohistochemical features, as well as a lack of chromosomal and genetic alterations commonly found in other types of gliomas or in meningiomas.
Neuropathologic Aspects of Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency
Authors: Tanji Kurenai , Bonilla Eduardo
Published: July 2010

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is an important cause of myopathy or encephalomyopathy. Considering the structural complexity of COX, its dual genetic control, and the several nuclear genes needed for its proper assembly, the phenotypic heterogeneity is not surprising. From a morphologic view point, the application of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to the study of COX deficiency in muscle has revealed specific patterns that – we believe–are helpful both for diagnosis and for directing sequencing studies of either mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes. Similar studies in brain have shown that patients with mutations in mtDNA appear to have different patterns of COX deficiency from patients with mutations in nDNA genes. The recent discovery of mutations in COX assembly genes coupled with the potential to generate knock‐out mice with these mutations holds the promise of providing the neuropathologist with the animal models needed to study the pathogenesis of COX deficiency in brain and muscle.
Clonality of Pituitary Tumours: More Complicated than Initially Envisaged?
Authors: Clayton R. N. , Farrell W. E.
Published: July 2010

The application of allelotype microsatellite polymorphisms and X chromosome inactivation analysis in samples from women allow assessment of clonality. Early studies showed that sporadic human pituitary tumors are benign adenomas of monoclonal origin. This implies that they arise from de novo somatic mutation(s) within a single pituitary cell. However, the evidence obtained from a number of studies indicate that morphology cannot predict clonality, clonality within a given tumour may be multiple or single, multiple tumours arising on the background of hyperplasia may be of identical or differing clonality, and multiple “sporadic” tumours within a gland may be of differing clonal origin. Thus, while the early available evidence indicated that pituitary tumours appear largely monoclonal, it is simplistic to assume that this is inevitable and that these cannot be multiclonal in origin. These observations would be entirely compatible with an initiating stimulus resulting in hyperplasia of specific cell types in the pituitary, which itself gives rise to several distinct clones with variable potential to develop into tumours. Such stimuli might include hypothalamic trophic factors, intrapituitary growth factors, or pituitary specific oncogenes.
CD95‐mediated Apoptosis of Human Glioma Cells: Modulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activity
Authors: Steinbach Joachim P. , Supra Petra , Huang H.‐J. Su , Cavenee Webster K. , Weller Michael
Published: July 2010

The death ligands CD95L and Apo2L/TRAIL are promising investigational agents for the treatment of malignant glioma. EGFR is overexpressed in a significant proportion of malignant gliomas in vivo. Here, we report that CD95L‐induced cell death is enhanced by EGFR inhibition using tyrphostine AG1478 in 7 of 12 human malignant glioma cell lines. Conversely, CD95‐mediated and Apo2L‐induced cell death are both inhibited by overexpression of EGFR in LN‐229 cells. CD95L‐induced cell death augmented by AG1478 is accompanied by enhanced processing of caspase 8. LN‐229 cells overexpressing the viral caspase inhibitor, crm‐A, are not sensitized to CD95L‐induced cell death by AG1478, indicating that EGFR exerts its antiapoptotic properties through a caspase 8‐dependent pathway. These data define a modulatory effect of EGFR‐activity on death ligand‐induced apoptosis and indicate that EGFR inhibition is likely to improve the efficacy of death ligand‐based cancer therapies. Furthermore, it is tempting to speculate that EGFR amplification protects tumor cells from death ligand‐mediated host immune responses in vivo and that EGFR's effects on death receptor‐mediated apoptosis may explain the anti‐tumor effects of non‐cytotoxic, unarmed anti‐EGFR family antibodies.
The Critical Role of IL‐12p40 in Initiating, Enhancing, and Perpetuating Pathogenic Events in Murine Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis
Authors: Bao Lei , Lindgren J. Urban , van der Meide Peter , Zhu Shun Wei , Ljunggren Hans‐Gustaf , Zhu Jie
Published: July 2010

Interleukin 12 (IL‐12) is a proinflammatory cytokine with important immunoregulatory activities and is critical in determining the differentiation and generation of Th1 cells. For the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous IL‐12 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which is a CD4+ T‐cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system. EAN is used as an animal model for Guillain‐Barré syndrome of humans. Here, EAN was established in IL‐12 p40 deficient mutant (IL‐12‐/‐) C57BL/6 mice by immunization with P0 peptide 180–199, a purified component of peripheral nerve myelin, and Freund's complete adjuvant. In these IL‐12‐/‐ mice the onset of clinical disease was delayed, and the incidence and severity of EAN were significantly reduced compared to that in wild‐type mice. The former group's clinical manifestations were associated with less P0‐peptide 180–199 induced secretion of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) by splenocytes in vitro and low production of anti‐P0‐peptide 180–199 IgG2b antibodies in serum. Fewer IFN‐γ and TNF‐α producing cells, but more cells secreting IL‐4, were found in sciatic nerve sections from IL‐12‐/‐ mice, consistent with impaired Th1 functions and response. However, the IL‐12 deficiency appeared not to affect P0 peptide 180–199‐specific T‐cell proliferation. These results indicate that IL‐12 has a major role in the initiation, enhancement and perpetuation of pathogenic events in EAN by promoting a Th1 cell‐mediated immune response and suppressing the Th2 response. This information augments consideration of IL‐12 as a therapeutic target in Guillain‐Barré syndrome and other T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases.