bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Psychological Problems Associated with Neonatal Intensive Care Admission
Authors: Yurdakul Ziya , Akman Ipek , Kuşçu M. Kemal , Karabekiroglu Aytul , Yaylalı Gulsum , Demir Figen , Özek Eren
Published: July 2009

Background. Mothers of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are believed to have heightened distress. The purpose of this paper was to determine depression and anxiety symptoms and attachment style in NICU mothers.Methods. The NICU group consisted of mothers whose infants were admitted to the NICU and the control group consisted of mothers of healthy term infants. The psychosocial assessments were done at the first month.Results. The mean Edinburgh Postpartum Depression (EPDS) score of NICU mothers was significantly higher than that of the control group mothers (9.6±5.6versus7.3±4.9,P=.005). NICU mothers who had high EPDS (≥13) scores had significantly higher anxiety scores and insecure attachment style in comparison to the subgroup of NICU mothers who had low EPDS scores.Conclusion. Mothers of NICU babies had higher EPDS scores. Mothers who had higher EPDS scores had higher anxiety scores as well. These NICU mothers should receive appropriate counseling during the hospitalization of their babies.
Intramural Ganglion Structures in Esophageal Atresia: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Zuccarello Biagio , Spada Antonella , Turiaco Nunzio , Villari Daniela , Parisi Saveria , Francica Isabella , Fazzari Carmine , Pederiva Federica , Tovar Juan A.
Published: July 2009

Introduction and Aim. Disorders of esophageal motility causing dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux are frequent in survivors to esophageal atresia (EA) and distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The aim of the present study was to investigate the histologic and immunohistochemical features in both esophageal atretic segments to further understand the nature of the motor disorders observed in these patients.Material and Methods. Esophageal specimens from 12 newborns with EA/TEF and 5 newborns dead of unrelated causes were examined. The specimens were fixed in 5% buffered formalin, included in paraffin and cut in 5 micron sections that were stained with hematoxilin and eosin (H and E), and immunohistochemical stainings for Actin, S-100 protein, Neurofilament, Neuron-Specific-Enolase, Chromogranin A and Peripherin were evaluated under the microscope.Results. In controls, the distribution of the neural elements was rather homogenous at both levels of the esophagus. In contrast, the atretic segments showed quantitative and qualitative differences between them with sparser nervous tissue in the distal one in comparison with the proximal one and with controls.Conclusions. These results further support the assumption that histomorphological alterations of the muscular and nervous elements within the esophageal wall might contribute to esophageal dysmotility in patients surviving neonatal operations for EA/TEF.
On the Solvability of a Problem of Stationary Fluid Flow in a Helical Pipe
Authors: Pažanin Igor
Published: July 2009

We consider a flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid through a pipe with helical shape. We suppose that the flow is governed by the prescribed pressure drop between pipe′s ends. Such model has relevance to some important engineering applications. Under small data assumption, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution to the corresponding Navier‐Stokes system with pressure boundary condition. The proof is based on the contraction method.
Differences in Adipocytokines and Fatty Acid Composition between Two Adipocyte Fractions of Small and Large Cells in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Matsubara Yoshiyuki , Kano Koichiro , Kondo Daisuke , Mugishima Hideo , Matsumoto Taro
Published: July 2009

Objective: This study was conducted to compare the differences in adipocytokines and fatty acid composition between two fraction sizes of small and large cells from subcutaneous and visceral fat of mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Body weight, blood glucose and cholesterol levels, and adipocyte diameter distribution were examined. Total adipocyte fractions could be separated into the small-cell fraction (SCF) and the large-cell fraction (LCF). Adipocytokine expression, fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) expression were compared between SCF and LCF. Results: In HFD mice, body weight, glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in NCD mice. The adipocyte diameter of HFD mice continuously increased throughout the feeding period regardless of the fat depot. The expression of adipocytokine genes such as angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, adipsin, leptin, TNF-α and adiponectin was higher in LCF than SCF. The ratio of stearic acid to the total fatty acid content was lower in SCF than LCF, whereas oleic acid composition was higher in LCF. SCD expression was higher in LCF than SCF. Conclusion: Our results indicate that large adipocytes strongly express adipocytokine genes and show high oleic acid composition via SCD upregulation. Based on these findings, the differences in fatty acid composition between adipocyte sizes may be related to adipocytokine expression.
Antigen in Feed as Cause of Antibody in Unimmunized Animals
Authors: Dolezel J. , Strauss H. , Bienenstock J.
Published: July 2009

Lymphoid cells which reacted with BSA labelled with fluorescein or 125I were found in mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes, spleen and lamina propria of the small intestine from unimmunized Syrian golden hamsters. Hamster and rabbit feed contain BSA and this probably is the antigenic stimulus for the cells containing antibody to BSA. Unimmunized hamsters had no serum antibody to BSA as judged by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and PGA in the guinea pig.
Studies on the Origins of ‘Tissue’ Antigens and Enzymes in Normal Human Urine
Authors: Greene E.L. , Halbert S.P. , Pallavicini J.C.
Published: July 2009

Antisera to a variety of nongenitourinary tissues (pancreas, submaxillary gland, liver and heart) revealed numerous constituents in normal human urine. By the methods used, these urinary antigens were not related to plasma proteins, and in the case of antipancreas and antisubmaxillary gland sera, several of them apparently were also not derived from kidney, or from the remainder of the genitourinary tract. The evidence suggested that some of these urinary antigens may have originated in nongenitourinary tissues, entered the circulation in trace quantities, being preferentially concentrated and excreted by the kidney into the urine. Urine concentrates appeared to be relatively enriched in several of the ‘tissue’ antigens detected with these antisera, as compared to extracts of the tissue used for immunization. Five of the urinary ‘tissue’ antigens were found to possess enzyme activities (esterase, phosphatase, cystine-amino-peptidase, glucosaminidase and glucuronidase). Their organ distribution was variable, ranging from presence in all the tissues tested, to detection only in urine.
Trapping of Blood Lymphocytes on Glass Bead Columns Coated by Autologous Thymus and Lymph Node Extract
Authors: Linna T.J. , Fichtelius K.-E.
Published: July 2009

Glass bead columns were coated with aqueous guinea pig organ extracts. Heparinized blood from the extract donor was allowed to incubate in the different columns, and the number of lymphocytes, which was trapped per mm3 blood in each column, was recorded. Lymphocytes were trapped in all organ extract coated columns except in the liver extract coated column. Thymus and lymph node extract coated columns trapped significantly more blood lymphocytes than did any other columns. The method is presented as a possibly useful tool to study cell recognition phenomena including lymphocyte homing.
Antibody Induced Lysis of PPD-coated Chicken Erythrocytes by Spleen Cells of Non-Immunized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Wasserman J. , Packalén T. , Perlmann P. , Perlmann H.
Published: July 2009

Chicken erythrocytes coated with PPD were labelled with 51Cr. When incubated with spleen cells from non-immunized animals in the presence of heat inactivated serum from immunized guinea pigs, the red cells were lysed as assessed by isotope release. The reaction was highly specific and required direct contact between target cells and spleen cells. Cytotoxicity of normal spleen cells was observed after preincubation of the PPD-coated erythrocytes, or when immune serum was present in the incubation mixture. Spleen cells pretreated with immune serum exhibited an activity of low degree. Sera from animals injected with tubercle bacilli or with PPD in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant were active, whereas sera from animals immunized with alum precipitated PPD were of weak or doubtful activity. The stimulating activity of sera increased with the intensity of immunization. Cytotoxicity inducing activity and haemagglutinating antibody titers were roughly correlated in animals injected with PPD but not in animals immunized with tubercle bacilli.
An Antigenic Relationship Between Kidney and Certa in Escherichia coli Strains
Authors: Holmgren J. , Hanson L.Å. , Holm S.E. , Kaijser B.
Published: July 2009

By means of double diffusion analyses supplemented with absorption experiments an antigenic relationship was shown between human kidney and three out of nine tested E.coli strains. Antiserum to bacteria of these strains (serotypes O2:K1:H4, O14:K7:H- and O22:K13:H1) precipitated with kidney antigen from three adults and one infant, and antiserum to human kidney precipitated with veronal buffer extract antigens from the 3 E.coli strains. The veronal buffer extract antigen from the O2 strain contained at least 2 such antigenic factors, one related to the O2 lipopolysaccharide and another which was present also in the O22 and the O14 strains in an antigenically identical or related form. No antigens related to the tested E.coli strains were found in spleen, liver or AB Rh( + ) red cells. A possible significance of this antigenic relationship between kidney and some E.coli strains for the pathogenesis of the renal parenchymal reduction and scarring processes observed in some cases of pyelonephritis is proposed.
Reactivity of Sera from Patients with Renal and Liver Diseases with Membrane Antigens on Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Sundqvist K.G.
Published: July 2009

Sera from patients with renal and liver diseases showed reactivity against membrane antigens on monkey kidney cells in about 35%, using the mixed haemadsorption technique (MHT). The incidence of reactions on the same tissue with sera from patients with thyroid diseases and normal blood donors was about 10%. 18 sera from the liver and renal disease groups were studied with regard to antibody specificity. Immunofluorescence showed that some sera contained antibodies reacting with a restricted number of monkey kidney cells, the relative proportion of which ranged from 5 to 40%. The antibodies were predominantly of IgG class. Human kidney cells showed a similar staining pattern and similar number of stained cells. The results suggest that this reactivity is due to the presence in high concentration of an antigenic marker related or identical to human A and B blood group substances on certain kidney cells, which easily distinguishes such cells from other kidney cells. The present investigation shows that ordinary levels of isoagglutinins can interfere with the result in immunological tests, for instance HL-A typing, where the target tissue contains A or B blood group-related substances, especially when such sensitive techniques as MHT are used. The data further point to the possibility that elevation of anti-A and anti-B reactivity exists in connection with certain kidney and liver diseases.
Digitoxin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Medenica R. , Hatam K. , Hatam V. , Girard J.-P. , Junet R.
Published: July 2009

A case of digitoxin-induced thrombocytopenia is reported in a 76-year-old female patient who had been treated with digitoxin over a period of 5 years. This thrombocytopenia was associated with a moderate eosinophilia and clinical signs of severe digitalis intoxication. A search for thromboagglutinins and the culture of lymphocytes provided significantly positive results, establishing consequently the digitoxin’s responsibility. Further evidence is provided by the fact that the discontinuation of digitoxin was followed by a slow return to normal of the platelet count. The administration of digoxin, on the other hand, was perfectly tolerated.
Study of Fab and F(ab′)2 from Rabbit IgG for Capacity to Induce Lymphocyte-Mediated Target Cell Destruction in vitro
Authors: Larsson Å. , Perlmann P.
Published: July 2009

The capacity of Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments to induce cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in vitro was studied. Target cells were chicken erythrocytes and effector cells purified human peripheral lymphocytes. Inducing antibodies were from rabbit immune serum against the target cells. Fab I, Fab II and F(ab′)2 fragments, obtained from the IgG fraction of such antiserum by digestion with papain or pepsin, respectively, had no inducing effect. In contrast, they inhibited cytotoxicity induction by undigested antibodies when the latter were added at slightly suboptimal concentrations. The results indicate that the intact Fc part of the anti-target cell antibodies is required for the cytotoxic reaction.
An Immunochemical Study of Pigeon-Breeder’s Disease
Authors: Berrens L. , Guikers C.L.H.
Published: July 2009

The major specific ‘B’ antigens in aqueous extracts of pigeon excreta encompass powerful hydrolytic enzymes which cleave proteins and synthetic-ester substrates. An enriched enzyme preparation, isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and exhibiting appreciable hydrolytic activity, still caused precipitate formation with the sera of patients with pigeon-breeder’s lung. Subsequent analysis showed that human serum possesses negligible inhibitory activity against this enzyme product. By contrast, normal-range inhibition was noted of bovine trypsin, bacterial alkaline proteinase, or human C1 esterase. No significant differences were observed in the levels of the latter inhibitors between the sera of ill pigeon breeders and of patients with closely related pulmonary disorders of unconnected aetiology.
Transfer Factor with Dinitrochlorobenzene
Authors: Arala-Chaves M.P. , Santos Pinto A.S.
Published: July 2009

Human volunteers were sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) applied to the skin in a single 1.5-mg dose in acetone, and extracts from their leukocytes were injected into human recipients. Positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to DNCB were observed both in recipients of extracts and in controls, but there was a slight difference between the two groups. Moreover, the capacity of extracts to transfer – or enhance – sensitivity to DNCB appeared to be correlated to the degree of sensitivity of donors.
Selective Stimulation of Mouse Lymphocyte Populations by Lectins
Authors: Schumann G. , Schnebli H.P. , Dukor P.
Published: July 2009

The mitogenic effect of a number of plant agglutinins was investigated in mouse lymphocyte cultures set up with different populations of T and B cells (lymph node cells and thoracic duct cells from normal mice, cortisone-resistant thymus cells, and lymph node cells from congenitally athymic mice). Concanavalin A and three agglutinin preparations from Phaseolus vulgaris were mitogenic for T cells only. Pokeweed mitogen and Robinia pseudoacacia agglutinin stimulated both T and B cells. The mitogenicity of Ulexeuropaeus agglutinin I was restricted to B cells. Ulex europaeus agglutinin II, wheat germ agglutinin and the soybean agglutinins were not mitogenic. The lymphagglutinating and lymphocyte-stimulating activity profiles of the different lectins were unrelated.
Investigations on the Catecholamine Release in Anaphylactic, Anaphylatoxin, and Histamine Shock of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bundschu D. , Bernauer W. , Filipowski P.
Published: July 2009

(1) Antigen, in sensitized guinea pigs, produced a dose-dependent increase of the serum adrenaline concentrations, whereas the noradrenaline levels were not enhanced significantly. (2) The anaphylactic adrenaline release was diminished, but not prevented, by high doses of the antihistamine mepyramine. (3) Rat serum anaphylatoxin, in non-sensitized animals, provoked a significant increase in both the adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations. Mepyramine abolished the adrenaline release, but not the noradrenaline release. (4) Histamine, in non-sensitized guinea pigs, also caused a dose-dependent adrenaline release, which was partially resistant to mepyramine.
Factors Affecting the Lymphoid Cells in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of the Mouse
Authors: Glaister J.R.
Published: July 2009

The ontogeny of the lymphoid cells in conventional and germ-free mice has been studied. Development is similar in both groups up to the age of 4 weeks. During the first 2 weeks of neonatal life, few cells are present, but the numbers increase rapidly between 2 and 4 weeks of age. The number of cells continues to increase in conventional mice, but remains static in germ-free mice. Exposing adult germ-free mice to a conventional environment results in an increase in the size of the epithelial lymphocyte population to that characteristic of conventional mice. Rearing conventional weanling mice on antibiotic-treated drinking water does not prevent the post-weaning increase in lymphoid cell numbers. The results are interpreted as showing that the lymphoid cell population in the intestinal epithelium is part of the second-level or peripheral lymphoid tissue rather than part of the first-level systems such as the thymus and bursa of Fabricius.
Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the Intestine of Rats: Evidence for a Third Component in the Rejection Mechanism
Authors: Kelly J.D. , Dineen J.K. , Love R.J.
Published: July 2009

Mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from immunized donors caused the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in both non-irradiated and irradiated (400 rad) syngeneic recipients (DA strain). They did not cause the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms in syngeneic recipients irradiated at 750 rad, although in one experiment they did suppress worm egg production per female worm. It is clear that both non-irradiated cell recipients and recipients irradiated at 400 rad made an active contribution to worm expulsion. This third component is in addition to the humoral (worm damage by antibody) and cell-mediated components previously defined by the studies of Jones and Ogilvie [1971], Keller and Keist [1972] and Dineen et al. [1973b]. In a collateral study, using the production of plaque-forming cells in rat spleen following antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells, it was shown that there was considerable regeneration of immunological reactivity in rats immunized after irradiation at 400 rad during the time course (4–6 days) of the present studies. No such regeneration occurred in rats irradiated at 750 rad. The nature of the third component is currently under investigation.
Autoradiographic Studies of Lymphoid Cells in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of the Mouse
Authors: Glaister J.R.
Published: July 2009

The labelling index of the lymphoid cell population in the small intestinal epithelium of the mouse was determined at various time intervals after single or multiple intraperitoneal injections of tritiated thymidine. The results show that the population is composed on both short-lived and long-lived lymphoid cells. The generation time of short-lived cells was estimated at 10–14 h. Although the long-lived lymphocytes appear to have a generation time in the order of months, the actual number of these cells present in the epithelium declines fairly rapidly with a half-life of approximately 7 days.
Quantitative Studies of Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Andersen Paul , Nisengard Russell , Beutner Ernst H.
Published: July 2009

Unwanted staining reactions in tissue immunofluorescence (IF) entail two mechanisms, notably the nonimmunologically mediated nonspecific staining (NSS) and undesired specific staining reactions (USS) of unwanted antibodies. Indirect IF titrations and assays for fluorescein and anti-Ig antibody protein employed might afford procedures for evaluating the efficacy of absorption with the tissue sediments. Absorption of anti-immunoglobulin conjugates with tissue sediments removes the USS. Formalin fixation reduced reactivity of tissue antigens but had no detectable effect on the reaction of the heterophilΕ antibodies. The addition of bovine serum albumin to the buffered saline diluent stabilizes conjugates and sera but has no significant effect on specific or nonspecific staining at concentrations up to 4%. It is recommended on the basis of these studies that FITC conjugates used in indirect IF studies of tissue antibodies be absorbed with tissue sediments and diluted in 4% bovine serum albumin.
Studies on the Sensitization of Animals with Simple Chemical Compounds
Authors: Chase Merrill W. , Maguire, jr. Henry C.
Published: July 2009

(1) Following the onset of sensitivity to picric acid (PA) by means of a ‘split-adjuvant’ technique, an anamnestic rise in the degree of sensitivity occurs accompanied by a qualitative change in the lymphoid cells, confirmed in cellular transfer experiments. (2) Animals sensitized with PA respond to picryl chloride (PCI) in contact, not in intradermal tests, and fail to respond to picrylated protein in intradermal tests. Animals rendered tolerant to PA cannot, as expected, be sensitized with PA and after attempted sensitization with PA failed to show any recognition of PCI; PCl-tolerant animals sensitized with PA divide into two populations, non-responders and responders. Possibly different ‘carrier’ structures are utilized in epicutaneous and in intradermal sensitizations. (3) A special sensitizing procedure (Ikuta) leads to the appearance of (a) anti-’picric’ (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) antibodies, and (b) delayed hypersensitivity to intradermal PA without contactant-type sensitivity to PA. The delayed-type hypersensitivity is transferable by cells, but again only intradermal, not contactant, hypersensitivity has been noted, indicating that these two delayed-type responses may be dissociable. The anti-’picric’ antibodies differ from anti-picryl antibodies and require a 2-step eliciting technique to secure passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Effects of Heterologous Antiserum Ig on Function of the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Artis W.M. , Artis P.A. , Blazkovec A.A.
Published: July 2009

The effects of heterologous antiserum Ig on clearance and organ localization of SRBC-51Cr were studied in the guinea pig. Treatment with ALS or ATS did not suppress vascular clearance of SRBC-51Cr, whereas AMS and APES treatments significantly suppressed RES function. SRBC-51Cr localization within the liver was likewise shown to be significantly reduced in animals treated with AMS or APES suggesting impairment of the Kupffer cell function; only treatment with APES resulted in significantly lower levels of radioactivity within the lung when compared with other means of treatment.
Structure and Biological Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Armen Robert C.
Published: July 2009

A macromolecule cross-reacting with antihuman IgD was detected by radial immunodiffusion in the sera of patas, rhesus and macaque monkeys. Sera from chimpanzees and the one baboon tested also showed this reactivity. Physicochemical studies demonstrated that this cross-reacting molecule from the chimpanzee is of similar molecular weight as human IgD and has antigenic characteristics of delta chains. Based on our data, we propose that these nonhuman primates possess an immunoglobulin comparable with human IgD.
Interrelationship of Human IgE Antibody and Allergen in the Rat Mast Cell Technique
Authors: Perelmutter L. , Liakopoulou A.
Published: July 2009

The present study was undertaken to determine the dose-response relationship between human IgE-type antibodies and a specific allergen using the rat mast cell technique. Using sera from ragweed-sensitive individuals, it was found that the higher the IgE antibody levels (as measured by the P-K test) the lower the concentration of ragweed antigen needed to elicit a response. Antigen titration was useful in (a) distinguishing 14 individuals allergic to ragweed from 8 non-allergic volunteers, (b) in determining relative levels of IgE antibody in these sera, and (c) in following relative changes of IgE antibody levels in untreated patients during and after the ragweed season.
Blood Lymphoblast Proliferation in vivo in Cutaneous Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Lalla M. , Virolainen M.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of lymphoblasts in peripheral blood was studied with tritiated thymidine labelling during cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reactions and after provocation tests with drugs suspected to be the causative agents. During the first few days after exanthematous reactions due to sulfonamides and several other drugs, the number of lymphoblasts increased markedly. No significant lymphoblast response could be demonstrated in urticaria or Lyell’s syndrome. In most clinically positive provocation tests with sulfonamides and some other drugs, an increase in blood lymphoblasts was observed 5–7 days after the test dose. Differential counting of the labelled cells was necessary for evaluation of results, since many of the patients were being treated with corticosteroids which caused proliferating myeloid cells to appear in the blood.
Relationship of the Primary and Secondary Immune Response to Induction and Relapse of Experimental Allergic Uveitis with Retina Antigen
Authors: Wacker W.B. , Barbee J.Y.
Published: July 2009

The initial injection of guinea pigs with homologous retina led to uveitis of maximal severity within 3–4 weeks which slowly diminished in intensity with time, but was still present at 20 weeks. Complement-fixing (CF) antibodies were detected in the large majority of animals with uveitis, and declined in parallel with the subsiding course of the disease. Reimmunization during the phase of antibody decline resulted in acute relapse of uveitis in approximately half of the animals, even though clinical evidence of persisting chronic ocular inflammation was present. Relapse was limited to those with little or no circulating CF antibody remaining at the time of reinjection, and occurred in a large majority of such animals. Those with CF antibody titers greater than 1/10 failed to relapse, although the anamnestic responses indicated stimulation of the immune mechanism. Results indicate that CF antibodies prevented reinduction of the disease and represent a potentially protective response.
Thrombocytolysis in Gel
Authors: Yoshida H. , Kano K. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Cytolysis test in agarose gel was applied to study surface antigens of platelets. By means of rabbit antisera to nucleated cells and/or erythrocytes, species-specific antigens were demonstrated on platelets of various species. In studying reactions of human platelets with rabbit antisera, it was found that species antigens shared by nucleated cells and erythrocytes play a major role in thrombocytolysis. Evidence was also presented that human platelets contain surface antigens specific for platelets. Forssman antigen was detected on platelets of Forssman-positive species guinea pig, hamster and chicken. Heterophile antigen (Paul-Bunnell antigen) was demonstrated on bovine and sheep platelets. Lytic titers of most infectious mononucleosis sera were considerably higher against bovine than against sheep platelets. Results obtained in preliminary studies indicated that thrombocytolysis in gel may be used for detection of human alloantigens on platelets.
An in vitro Analysis of the Immune Capabilities of Mice Treated with Immunosuppressive Drugs
Authors: Lefkovits Hana , Reber K. , Lefkovits I.
Published: July 2009

Nude mice were used to test the T cell function of mice treated with immunosuppressive drugs. It was found that spleen cells from mice treated with procarbazine (600 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg): (1) are not capable of responding to sheep red cells (SRC) in vitro; (2) if mixed with nude spleen cells in a ratio of 1:10 or 1:100, do restore the response of nude spleen cells. It is concluded that spleen cells from mice treated with these immunosuppressive drugs are still able to supply the T cell function for the primary response in vitro.
Surface of Human Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Tilz G.P. , Albegger K.W.
Published: July 2009

Since the initiation of the immunological response of lymphocytes is linked with their surface structure, morphological investigation by means of scanning and replica transmission electron microscopy has been undertaken. Various types of lymphocytes with short and long projections could be found. Sometimes they exhibit a polar orientation enabling contact between one cell and another suggesting cellular cooperation. ALG is surface-active, abolishes the long processus and leads to a complement-mediated cytolysis.
Immediate Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig Conjunctiva
Authors: Dwyer R.St.C. , Turk J.L. , Darougar S.
Published: July 2009

An immediate hypersensitivity reaction in the conjunctiva of guinea pigs sensitised systemically to normal rabbit serum is described. The reaction could be demonstrated for at least as long as 116 days after primary sensitisation of the animals. Two types of homocytotropic antibodies were shown to be present in the sera of such sensitised guinea pigs. One was heat-labile and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)-sensitive, persisted in the skin of passively sensitised guinea pigs for at least 10 days, and was considered to be an IgE-like antibody. The other was heat-stable and 2-ME-stable, persisted in the skin of passively sensitised guinea pigs for at least 10 days, and was considered to be an IgG1 antibody. Passive systemic transfer of serum to normal guinea pigs showed that both these types of antibodies were capable of causing the immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
Competitive Inhibition of Reagin-Mediated Histamine Release by a Human IgG2 Myeloma Protein
Authors: Malley A. , Baecher L. , Porter G. , Gerding R.
Published: July 2009

Two human IgG myeloma proteins were isolated from other serum proteins based upon their fixation to monkey lung tissue. Electrophoretic and subclass studies revealed that the slow (γ2) migrating protein belonged to the IgG1 subclass, and the fast (γ1) migrating protein belonged to the IgG2 subclass. Competition experiments showed that the IgG2 myeloma protein competes for the same tissue-binding sites as human reagin. In addition, the IgG2 myeloma protein (1) loses its tissue-binding properties upon heating at 56 °C and treatment with mercaptoethanol, (2) gives reverse histamine release from monkey lung tissue challenged with rhesus antihuman IgG, and (3) fixes to monkey skin for at least 3 days. On the other hand, the IgG1 myeloma protein does not compete with human reagin for tissue-binding sites but apparently binds at separate, distinct receptor sites on monkey lung tissue.
Studies on Allergens of Horse Epithelium with Two Variants of RAST
Authors: Aronsson T. , Wide L.
Published: July 2009

Application of the radioallergosorbent technique (RAST) as a method for determining allergenic activity in horse epithelia extracts was investigated. Two variants of RAST are described: a direct and an indirect RAST allergen assay. Different batches of commercial horse epithelia extracts showed large variations with regard to allergenic activity. Gel chromatographic separation of the extracts showed that they contained a wide molecular weight spectrum of allergenic components in the range 10,000–75,000 g/mol with large variations between different extracts as to the composition of allergenic components. Large variations were also found between different patients with regard to the pattern of components in the extracts to which the patients were allergic. Irrespective of whether a skin test or RAST is used as a test method, the measure of the allergenic activity of an extract is dependent on the reagin pattern of the patients selected for the test. The extracts contain several components without allergenic activity. Results from fractionation of allergen extracts by ion-exchange chromatography indicate that this method might be suitable for isolating allergenic material in horse epithelia. It is suggested that RAST should be used for monitoring preparation and quality control of allergenic extracts.
Immunologic and Physiologic Characterization of the Role of Reaginic Antibodies in Experimental Asthma in Dogs
Authors: Kessler G.-F. , Frick O.L. , Gold W.M.
Published: July 2009

Examination of the role of reaginic antibodies in experimental canine asthma indicates that the immunologic species involved in the airway response to inhaled antigens in allergic dogs is in the 0.030 M DEAE-cellulose fraction, in cuts 19–21 by zone electrophoresis and in the ascending limb of the second peak by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Reaginic activity is eliminated after heating to 56 °C for 4 h and after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. Reaginic activity can be transferred passively to the skin and airway of hyposensitive recipients from hypersensitive allergic dogs. Furthermore, radiolabeled antigens specifically bind to the 0.030 m DEAE-cellulose fraction which primarily contains reaginic activity. We have developed rabbit and guinea pig anti-canine reaginic sera which absorb the reaginic activity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that rabbit antiserum can produce a reversed Prausnitz-Küstner response in both skin and airways. Because the response is completely abolished by atropine sulfate, we suggest that canine reaginic antibody produces airway constriction in the allergic dog by a vagally-mediated reflex mechanism in addition to a local effect caused by mediator release.
A Search for Markers of Rabbit Lymphoid Cells; Alloantigens Characterized by Antisera to Rabbit Thymus
Authors: Bash J.A. , Dubiski S. , Cinader B.
Published: July 2009

Two types of cytotoxic alloantisera were obtained by alloimmunization with rabbit thymus tissue. One of the two antisera reacted with a transplantation antigen designated W1, it is present on lymphoid cells and liver cells but was not detected on erythrocytes or brain cells. The antiserum killed approximately 70% peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of 37% of the rabbits tested. The second antiserum reacted with an antigen which was only found on lymphoid cells. Though it did not promote complement mediated kill of thymus cells, its activity towards PBL could be partially removed by absorption with thymus cells. Such absorption resulted in a decrease of the cytotoxic index (PBL) from ∼0.7 to ∼0.4. Absorption with bone marrow cells abolished cytotoxic activity completely.
Local Antibodies in Childhood Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Jodal U. , Ahlstedt S. , Carlsson B. , Hanson L.Å. , Lindberg U. , Sohl A.
Published: July 2009

A sensitive and discriminative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyse antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes to E. coli·and K antigens in serum and unconcentrated urine of normals and of infants and children with urinary tract infections. No IgA antibodies and only occasionally very low levels of IgG antibodies were found in urine of normals. In patients with pyelonephritis high levels of serum and urine antibodies were seen. In patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria without signs of renal involvement, SC-containing IgA antibodies to E. coli were often found in the urine in the absence of detectable serum IgA antibodies, suggesting a local antibody response.
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses of Lewis Rats to Syngeneic Basic Protein of Myelin
Authors: Lennon Vanda A. , Dunkley Peter R.
Published: July 2009

In Lewis rats, injection of syngeneic basic protein of myelin with Freund’s complete adjuvant and pertussis vaccine induced clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), humoral antibody, and cell-mediated immunity to the basic protein. Antigenic cross reactivity between the encephalitogenic basic proteins of rat and human was demonstrated. Injection into Lewis rats of graded doses of rat or human basic protein induced dose-related levels of serum antibody and severity of EAE. In growing rats, low doses of rat basic protein (0.1–1.0 μg) did not induce clinical or histological signs of EAE, nor detectable serum antibody, but did induce loss of weight. In rats receiving larger doses of basic protein, weight loss was marked, and the mean levels of serum antibody rose abruptly when the rats began to regain weight. A possible function in vivo of serum antibody to myelin basic protein may be to reestablish immunological tolerance to the basic protein at the level of the immunocompetent cell; the amount of antibody required to restore tolerance may depend on the dose of immunogen used to initiate the autoimmune response.
Studies on the Inhibition of C56-Initiated Lysis (Reactive Lysis). II. C567-INH – An Inhibitor of the C567 Trimolecular Complex of Complement
Authors: McLeod Bruce C. , Baker Patricia , Gewurz Henry
Published: July 2009

We have recently described an activity in serum designated ‘INH-RL’ which inhibits C56-initiated lysis (reactive lysis) of sheep red cells and which may have a role in prevention of damage to host tissue during complement activation. This activity did not prevent either formation of C567 from C56 and C7 or consumption of C8 and C9 by these complexes. Amounts of active material which prevented C56-initiated lysis in dilute GPC-EDTA did not prevent lysis of EC567 in the same reagent; however, formation of EC567 from E, C56, and C7 was inhibited. This inhibition could not be overcome by an excess of either C56 or C7 alone, but it was overcome by an excess of both C56 and C7. Consumption of C8 and C9 by mixtures of C56 and C7 was not inhibited by amounts of active material which would prevent EC567 formation. Thus, these experiments show that this activity has its predominate effect upon preventing formation of EC567 by E and C567. This activity is distinct from previously described inhibitors of complement. Despite the observations that this activity is shared by several serum proteins, its site of action is discrete. Therefore, it is suggested that the designation C567 inhibitor (C567-INH) be used to describe this activity.
Effects of Anti-Anaphylactic Drugs upon Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Mediated by Graded Doses of Reaginic or Non-Reaginic Antibodies in Rats
Authors: Mielens Z.E. , Ferguson E.W. , Rosenberg F.J.
Published: July 2009

The sizes of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions, mediated by reagin or hyperimmune antibodies, were directly related to the degree of sensitization and, to a lesser degree, to the dose of the challenging antigen. Inhibition by anti-anaphylactic drugs of both types of PCA was inversely related to the degree of sensitization. Anti-anaphylactic drugs shifted the diameter-antibody concentration slopes to the region of higher antibody concentration in a parallel manner which suggests a possible competitive nature of the inhibitory mechanisms of these drugs. Disodium cromoglycate and methysergide were effective against reagin-mediated PCA but they were ineffective against hyperimmune antibody-mediated PCA. Then-yldiamine and chlorpheniramine had marginal activities against both PCA systems. Aminophylline was effective against both systems and it had similar potencies and efficacies against both types of PCA. Three β-adrenergic sympathomimetic drugs were more efficacious against hyperimmune antibody-mediated PCA than against reagin-mediated PCA.
Cortisol Inhibition of Immunologic Activity in Guinea Pig Alveolar Cells
Authors: Gaumer Richard , Salvaggio John E. , Weston William L. , Claman Henry N.
Published: July 2009

Bronchoalveolar macrophages of normal guinea pigs respond, in vitro, to a preformed macrophage aggregation factor (MAF) with clumping nearly as strong as that seen with peritoneal wash cells. This aggregation was completely inhibited by 10––4 m hydrocortisone (hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate) and marginally inhibited by 10––4 m hydrocortisone. Inhibition was not due to direct lysis of macrophages or lymphocytes by hydrocortisone since alveolar exudate cells remain viable following 17 h of in vitro incubation with 10––4 m hydrocortisone. These results, together with previous accounts showing that hydrocortisone does not inhibit secretion of lymphokine in response to antigen, suggest that corticosteroid therapy in hypersensitivity pneumonitis and related diseases is successful because of interference with the effector limb of the cell-mediated immune responses, represented by macrophage aggregation factor.
In vitro Cellular Immunity and in vivo Delayed Hypersensitivity in Uremic Patients Maintained on Hemodialysis
Authors: Sengar Dharmendra P.S. , Rashid Abdur , Harris Jules E.
Published: July 2009

Uremic patients on hemodialysis for periods in excess of 1 year have a significantly better survival rate for their renal allografts than do similar patients hemodialyzed for less than 1 year. Lymphocytes from the patients of both groups show no difference in response in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction and to nonspecific mitogens such as PHA and PWM. A significant difference between the two groups of patients was observed with regard to their cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions and in their in vitro lymphocyte responses to streptokinase-streptodornase. Patients hemodialyzed over 1 year were anergic to skin test antigens and had a significantly diminished in vitro response to streptokinase-streptodornase. Monitoring of patients for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and for in vitro lymphocyte responses to streptokinase-streptodornase may be of some practical value in selecting recipients for renal transplantation.
Studies on the Role of Histamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Immunity against the Nematode Trihostrongylus colubriformis
Authors: Rothwell T.L.W. , Jones W.O. , Love R.J.
Published: July 2009

Reserpine treatment inhibited the expulsion of the intestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis by adoptively immunized guinea pigs, but similar treatment of immune cell donors did not inhibit the capacity of their mesenteric lymph node cells to transfer immunity against the parasite. The treatment schedule used in these experiments decreased the levels of both histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the small intestinal mucosa. Utilizing the rejection of transplanted fourth-stage larvae from the small intestine of immune guinea pigs as a model of worm expulsion, it was shown that a single injection of reserpine inhibited worm expulsion and caused a reduction in the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not of histamine in the small intestinal mucosa. The results support the hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine is involved in the expulsion of T. colubriformis by immune guinea pigs.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Immune Reaction
Authors: Whiteside Theresa L. , Manski W.J.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence and specificity of metabolically dependent cell surface antigens in various rabbit and chicken tissues were studied in vitro with cytotoxic duck anti-rabbit and rabbit anti-chicken tissue sera. In all tissues investigated, a relationship between the accessibility of cell surface antigens and the metabolic condition of cells was established. Only actively growing rabbit and chicken tissue cultures in vitro were found to be sensitive to cytotoxic anti-tissue antibodies. No cell surface binding of the fluorescein-tagged anti-tissue antibodies and no cytotoxic effects were detected in cultures inhibited by physical (cold) or chemical means. The metabolically dependent accessibility of certain cell surface antigens is thus a universal phenomenon. The metabolically dependent surface antigens (MDA) in tissues of birds and mammals were found to have an ubiquitous distribution. Cross-cytotoxicity involving the MDA was found to be restricted to tissues of common ontogenic origin. The same cross-cytotoxicity tests showed that species-specific antigenic determinants are not involved in the MDA. The common ontogenic antigen or antigens appear to constitute the majority of the metabolically dependent cell surface antigens. However, the occurrence of some metabolically dependent antigens with even more restricted specificity was established in all tissues tested.
Antibody and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Phytohemagglutinin-Treated Chickens
Authors: Rao Subba , Glick B.
Published: July 2009

The effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on humoral and homograft immunity in young chickens were studied. Intravenous (IV) injections of PHA stimulated the antibody production while intraperitoneal (IP) injections suppressed the antibody production. IP injected PHA failed to prolong the survival of the homografts. The route and time of PHA administration must be considered when evaluating the influence which PHA exerts on homograft survival and hemagglutinin production in the chicken. The results obtained in this study suggest that there may be two different target cell lines involved in PHA’s action. The reduced antibody production following IP injections of PHA may be due to its interference with the peritoneal macrophages and T cells and in the case of IV administration PHA may be activating both macrophages and T cells. Possibly, there may be a difference in the effective PHA concentration after IP versus IV administration to account for different responses observed.
Chemistry of Allergens
Authors: Spies Joseph R. , Stevan Mary Ann , Stein William J. , Gordon William G.
Published: July 2009

Twelve new antigens previously have been demonstrated in the pepsin digests of milk proteins. The term ‘new antigen’ is defined as an antigen with a specificity distinct from that of the protein from which it was generated. Three new antigenic (α-, β-, and D2i) polypeptides and one nonantigenic γ-polypeptide have been isolated from the dialysates of six successive pepsin hydrolyses of β-lactoglobulin. The α- and β-ρolypeptídes were 1/5 and D2i was 1/10–1/20 as potent immunogens as precursor β-lactoglobulin as determined by the Schultz-Dale technique. The minimum observed amounts of new antigen eliciting maximum response of uterine strips in the Schultz-Dale tests were: α-D2, 50 ng; β-D2, 15 ng; β-D3, 10 ng; and D2i, 1,000 ng. Except for the α-polypeptide, the amino acid contents of the polypeptides differed markedly from that of β-lactoglobulin. The β-polypeptide has been tentatively identified as a 33 amino acid fragment of β-lactoglobulin (3,910 daltons). The γ-polypeptide has been tentatively identified as a 12 amino acid fragment of β-lactoglobulin (1,372 daltons).
Half-Lives of Two Types of Rat Homocytotropic Antibodies in Circulation and in the Skin
Authors: Tada Tomio , Okumura Ko , Platteau Bernadette , Beckers Andrée , Bazin Hervé
Published: July 2009

The half-lives of two classes of rat immunoglobulins with homocytotropic properties, i.e., IgE and IgG2a, in the circulating blood and in the skin were studied. The catabolism of both normal (reaginic) and pathological (myeloma) IgE proteins in circulation was found to be extremely rapid with a half-life of 12 h. In contrast, the half-life of IgE antibody in the homologous skin was calculated to be 7.4 days. On the other hand, the half-life of IgG2a in circulation was about 5 days regardless of normal or pathological origin. IgG2a protein was, however, rapidly cleared from the injected skin site with a half life of 2.4 days, a value not longer than that obtained with nonskin-sensitizing goat IgG. The results indicate that rat IgE has an extremely short half-life in circulation despite of its long sensitization period in tissues, and that the affinity for the target cells, as well as the mode of sensitization, of the two classes of homocytotropic antibodies, IgE and IgG2a, is different.