bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Study of Old Age Mental Disorders in the Two Rural Areas of Japan
Authors: Ichinowatari Naomichi , Tatsunuma Toshihiko , Makiya Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Epidemiological investigations of mental disorders among the aged population were conducted in two rural areas of the southernmost prefecture of Japan. The population of the people aged 65 and over was 708 in Sashiki Village and 211 in Ikema Island. The prevalence of mental disorders among the aged inhabitants was 6.64% in Sashiki Village and 3.79% in Ikema Island. Dementia in the aging process was found in 5.36% in Sashiki Village and 2.37% in Ikema Island. All cases of dementia were of the simple type, except for a case with a paranoid state in Sashiki Village. There was no case of nonorganic psychotic conditions in both areas, except for the cases of schizophrenic psychosis whose onset occurred at an earlier age.
Clinical Study on Idiopathic CNS Hypersomnolence
Authors: Matsunaga Hiroki
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Although idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence is the third most frequent hypersomnia diagnosis, the syndrome is still unfamiliar to physicians, especially in Japan. In the Sleep Disorders Clinic of Kurume University Hospital, seven patients were diagnosed as idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence. All the patients complained of persistent daytime sleepiness, difficulty in morning awakening and lengthening of nocturnal sleep. Their daytime sleepiness had not been reduced even when they have taken sufficient nocturnal sleep. Various autonomic symptoms were observed, but what has noticeably been absent were cataplexy, sleep paralysis, sleep attack, sleep apnea or any other identifiable neurological disorders. The onset of the syndrome in four of the seven patients occurred in their teens. No therapeutic effects had been found after undergoing medical treatments.
Serial Polysomnograms in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease
Authors: Kazukawa Satoru , Nakamura Ichiro , Endo Masaomi , Hori Ariyuki , Inao Gyoshun
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This is a report of the case of a patient with Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease, whose electroencephalograms and polysomnograms were repeatedly recorded throughout the course of the illness with details of the alterations of periodic synchronous discharges. In the advanced stage of the disease, the appearance of peculiar paroxysms was noted, predominantly in the early morning. Furthermore, apnea of the central type was observed during the same time period. Discussions were held on the mechanisms inducing the EEG paroxysms and apneas.
Nondominant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Depressive Reaction
Authors: Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Miura Chishin , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A 56‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital because of insomnia and psychomotor retardation. This is her second admission. She was diagnosed as having depression and began to receive antidepressants. Her conditions got better after the treatment but the depressive state occurred again after she stopped taking those drugs. As EEG showed some spike discharges at the nondominant temporal lobe area, she was given anticonvulsants this time. Her depressive state improved rapidly by taking anticonvulsants instead of the antidepressants. The spike discharges at the nondominant temporal lobe area disappeared when the clinical symptoms improved.
Albumin gene encoding free fatty acid and β‐amyloid transporter is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease
Authors: KIMURA RYO , KAMINO KOUZIN , YAMAMOTO MITSUKO , KIDA TOMOYUKI , AKATSU HIROYASU , UEMA TAKESHI , KOBAYASHI TOSHIKO , HATTORI HIDEYUKI , NURIPA AIDARALIEVA , NESSA BEGUM NURUN , KAZUI HIROAKI , IKEJIRI YOSHITAKA , TANAKA TOSHIHISA , TANII HISASHI , KUDO TAKASHI , YONEDA HIROSHI , YAMAGATA HIDEHISA , MIKI TETSURO , TAKEDA MASATOSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Alzheimer disease (AD), the major cause of dementia in the elderly, is characterized by β‐amyloid deposition in senile plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Since albumin, binding and transporting free fatty acids is also the major transporter of β‐amyloid, we examined the association between the albumin (ALB) gene and the occurrence of late‐onset AD (LOAD). We found that the allele distribution of the intron 4 microsatellite of the ALB gene showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between LOAD (n = 285) and control group (n = 656). An allele with 11 CA repeat, termed (CA)11 allele, was significantly predominant in the control group (P < 0.005), and the odds ratio carrying the (CA)11 allele was 0.43 (P < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.24–0.79). Logistic regression indicated that this effect was independent of age and the ɛ4 dose of the apolipoprotein E gene (P < 0.01), while the ALB gene was supposed to be related to aging. Our results indicate that the ALB gene is genetically related with the occurrence of LOAD, supporting the link between fatty acid and β‐amyloid transport in the development of LOAD.
Neural substrates of emotionally valenced episodic memory: A PET study using film stimuli
Authors: MASAKI YOSHIHIRO , NISHIKAWA TAKASHI , IKEJIRI YOSHITAKA , TOKUNAGA HIROMASA , HATTA NAOKI , UEMA TAKESHI , KAZUI HIROAKI , DORONBEKOV TALANT K. , OGINO ATSUSHI , MIYOSHI NORIKO , TANII HISASHI , TANAKA TOSHIHISA , OKU NAOHIKO , TAKEDA MASATOSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  To reveal the pathogenetic mechanism of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we modeled the ‘re‐experience’ symptom of PTSD in healthy subjects, and investigated its neural substrates using PET activation experiments on an emotionally (fear) valenced episodic memory task and several contrast tasks. Ten right‐handed healthy male volunteers underwent H215O‐PET. Each subject was required to watch a horror film the previous day. During the PET scan, the subject was shown part of the film for 60 s immediately before the terrifying climax scene and told to recall the following scene. The subject did not watch the scene directly, but re‐experienced fear induced by the trigger. The rCBF in this task compared with that in control tasks was analyzed with SPM99. The subjective emotional state of the subject in each task was evaluated using an analog scale. The main cerebral areas where rCBF significantly correlated with the task of emotionally valenced episodic memory, compared with the novel emotional task, were the left retrosplenial cortex (Brodmann's area: BA 31), the left visual association cortex (BA 19) and the right prefrontal cortex (BA 10). Although the retrosplenial cortex or the posterior cingulate gyrus has been regarded as engaged in processing either only emotion or only episodic memory, this area is considered to be involved in processing ‘emotionally valenced episodic memory’.
Age of onset has limited association with body mass index at time of presentation for anorexia nervosa: Comparison of peak‐onset and late‐onset anorexia nervosa groups
Authors: KIMURA HIROYUKI , TONOIKE TAKASHI , MUROYA TAMIO , YOSHIDA KEIZO , OZAKI NORIO
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The clinical characteristics differentiating late‐onset anorexia nervosa (AN) from typical pubertal onset AN remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine these differences in a retrospective analysis. A total of 149 female AN patients was divided into two groups: a peak‐onset AN group (n = 125) in which onset occurred between the ages of 15 and 24 years, and a late‐onset AN group (n = 24) in which onset occurred at the age of ≥25 years. A logistic regression analysis was conducted with this classification as the target variable and five clinical factors as explanatory variables for the clinical characteristics at the time of initial examination. Body mass index (BMI) at the time of presentation was identified as a possible factor affecting classification as peak‐onset or late‐onset AN. In addition, a negative linear correlation was detected between age of onset and BMI at the time of initial examination. The results suggest that BMI at the time of the initial examination is an important clinical characteristic to differentiate peak‐onset AN and late‐onset AN.
Application of Empowerment Scale to patients with schizophrenia: Japanese experience
Authors: YAMADA SUMIE , SUZUKI KUNIFUMI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Rogers et al. invented the Empowerment Scale, and conducted a factor analysis, which found five factors: self‐esteem, power, activism, righteous anger and optimism. Hata et al. translated this scale into Japanese and named it Empowerment Scale‐J. They found that the score of the righteous anger factor does not have a significant correlation with the overall score of the Empowerment Score‐J. With the aim of clarifying the characteristics of the Empowerment Scale‐J, the purpose of the present study was to assess the levels of empowerment in 72 Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia using the scale, and examine the relationship between the results of the scale and the results of the following two batteries: Social Adjustment Scale II (SAS II), and Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ; a questionnaire to assess some aspects of attitude toward negative circumstances). Four results were obtained as follows. No significant correlation was found between the score of righteous anger factor and overall score. No significant correlation was found between the Empowerment Scale‐J score and the degree of social adjustment. Significant correlations were found between some subscales of Empowerment Scale‐J and the degree of social adjustments: self‐esteem and optimism, but inverse correlations were obtained between the power factor and the righteous anger factor and the degree of social adjustment. Results for the EASQ showed that subjects with a higher righteous anger score have a tendency opposite to that of subjects with higher social adjustment. On the basis of these results it is suggested that behavior related to the righteous anger among Japanese persons with schizophrenia may have some negative influence on their social adaptation and that in applying Empowerment scale‐J attention should be paid to the significance of the righteous anger factor.
Increased positive thought disorder with illness duration in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: MAEDA KEIKO , KASAI KIYOTO , UETSUKI MIKI , HATA AKINOBU , ARAKI TSUYOSHI , ROGERS MARK A. , YAMASUE HIDENORI , IWANAMI AKIRA
Published: August 2010

Abstract  It is unclear whether the severity of positive formal thought disorder, a core clinical feature of schizophrenia, is stable or worsening through the chronic course of the illness. The neurocognitive basis for positive thought disorder also remains unclear. The aim of the present paper was to examine the relationship between thought disorder as measured by the Thought Disorder Index (TDI) and duration of illness and neuropsychological indices in 79 patients with schizophrenia. TDI scores increased in proportion to illness duration. TDI scores were not associated with verbal memory or executive functioning. These results indicate an ongoing worsening of positive thought disorder through the course of illness in schizophrenia.
Cognitive insight and acute psychosis in schizophrenia
Authors: BORA EMRE , ERKAN ARZU , KAYAHAN BULENT , VEZNEDAROGLU BAYBARS
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Cognitive insight is a new concept. There are very few data regarding the relationship between cognitive insight and positive symptoms. The goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of acute psychosis (delusions and hallucinations) on overconfidence in judgments and self‐reflectiveness of patients with schizophrenia. The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale was used to compare the cognitive insight of schizophrenia patients with (n = 93) and without (n = 45) current psychotic symptoms. Clinical symptoms and clinical insight of the patients were also assessed. The present findings suggest that both overconfidence in judgments and impaired self‐reflectiveness are associated with acute psychosis. Only diminished self‐reflectiveness seem to be improved following hospitalization. Although overconfidence of schizophrenia patients in their judgments was more severe in schizophrenia patients with psychotic symptoms, self‐certainty of schizophrenia patients may be a relatively persistent characteristic that is also present after recovery of psychosis. Studies with larger samples involving follow up for longer periods will be valuable to understand the nature of the relationship between cognitive insight and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.
Emotional distress and its correlates among parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: YAMADA ATSUROU , SUZUKI MIYOSHI , KATO MISUZU , SUZUKI MIE , TANAKA SAYUMI , SHINDO TAKUO , TAKETANI KAZUO , AKECHI TATSUO , FURUKAWA TOSHI A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  A number of studies have reported that parents of autistic children face higher levels of stress, but few studies examined the stress associated with the home care of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) other than autistic disorder. The aims of the present study were therefore to (i) evaluate the emotional stress level of parents caring for their children with PDD; and (ii) explore the correlates of their emotional stress. Participants were 147 families (147 mothers and 122 fathers) of 158 children with PDD (42 with autistic disorder, 35 with Asperger's disorder and 81 with PDD not otherwise specified). K6 was used to measure the stress level of the parents. Marital relationships and personality were assessed with the Intimate Bond Measure and the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory, respectively. The parents also rated the characteristics of their children with PDD through the Pervasive Developmental Disorder–Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS). The mean K6 score of the mothers was significantly higher than that of the women in the general population in Japan. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that the emotional stress of the mothers was correlated with the personality traits of Neuroticism and Agreeableness, perceived Control by the husband, and the children's PARS score. Clinicians can deliver better service by paying appropriate attention to the emotional distress of mothers of children with not only autistic disorder but also other PDD.
Health‐related quality of life and restless legs syndrome among women in Sweden
Authors: Wesström Jan , Nilsson Staffan , Sundström‐Poromaa Inger , Ulfberg Jan
Published: August 2010

Aim:  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological movement disorder with a female preponderance, an increasing prevalence with age and comorbidity. Previous studies on the relationship between health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and RLS are still sparse but knowledge is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the unique impact of RLS on HRQOL in a population‐based sample.

Methods:  A random sample of 5000 women aged 25–64 years was selected from the general Swedish population. The women were sent diagnostic questions on RLS together with the Short Form 12 (SF‐12) questionnaire for assessment of physical and mental HRQOL. The unique burden of RLS on HRQOL was analyzed by excluding RLS‐positive women from four self‐reported diagnostic groups (diabetes, depression, heart problems, muscle and joint pain) and by excluding subjects with these diagnoses from the group of RLS‐positive women.

Results:  Compared with mental SF‐12 scores for the RLS‐negative women in our population, mental HRQOL of the RLS sample in our study was lower in every age group but not significantly lower in the age group 35–44 years. Physical SF‐12 scores for RLS‐positive women were also below scores for RLS‐negative women in every age group but significance was only found in women between 45 and 54 years. A unique burden of RLS on HRQOL remained after statistical adjustment for comorbidities.

Conclusion:  RLS‐positive women had an impaired mental HRQOL compared to RLS‐negative women in the studied population. The physical aspects of HRQOL were less affected among RLS‐positive women. The impaired well‐being among women with RLS further strengthens the importance of identifying women with this condition and evaluating their need for medication or other actions in order to improve their quality of life.
Neurocognitive functioning in women presenting with undifferentiated somatoform disorders in Oman
Authors: Al‐Adawi Samir , Al‐Zakwani Ibrahim , Obeid Yousif A. , Zaidan Ziad
Published: August 2010

Aim:  There is a dearth of research from non‐Western populations focusing on neurocognitive functioning in patients presenting with undifferentiated somatoform disorders. The aim of the present quest is to examine the presence of cognitive impairment and other health‐related parameters among attendees at psychiatric settings in Oman, an Arab/Islamic country, with a diagnosis of undifferentiated somatoform disorder.

Method:  In order to compare the performance of patients diagnosed with undifferentiated somatoform disorder (n = 20) and normal healthy subjects (n = 18) on indices of attention and concentration, tests of executive functioning, mood, somatization and vegetative functioning were carried out.

Results:  The performance of patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder differed from that of normal healthy subjects on the presently operationalized indices of working memory and executive functioning, anxiety, quality of sleep and psychosomatically expressed psychological distress.

Conclusion:  To our knowledge, this is the first study highlighting neurocognitive functioning in patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorders from a non‐Western population. This type of study has the potential of shedding light on the covariates of such a debilitating and intransigent condition as undifferentiated somatoform disorder.
Fronto‐limbic abnormalities in a patient with compulsive hoarding: a 99mTc‐ECD SPECT study
Authors: Ohtsuchi Hiromasa , Matsuo Koji , Akimoto Takashi , Watanabe Yoshifumi
Published: August 2010

Little is known about the neuronal mechanism underpinning the pathophysiology of compulsive hoarding. We report the cerebral blood flow changes in an obsessive‐convulsive patient with severe hoarding. The patient showed hyperperfusion of the fronto‐temporal region and hypoperfusion of the striatal, the middle cingulate and the medial temporal regions during the stage with severe symptoms. Following improvement from the hoarding behaviors, the extent of hypoperfusion was expanded in the bilateral striatum, the anterior and middle cingulate gyrus. The result may substantiate evidence of the fronto‐limbic abnormality involved in the pathophysiology of compulsive hoarding.
ECTOPARASITES OF THE EUROPEAN HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS (PALLAS)) IN TWO REGIONS OF VICTORIA
Authors: SHEPHERD ROSAMOND C. H. , NOLAN I. F. , LANE I. L. , EDMONDS J. W.
Published: August 2010

Hares from the Mallee and central regions of Victoria were examined for ectoparasites. Hares from the Mallee carried the stickfast flea Echidnophaga myrmecobii and the mite Leporacarus gibbus. Hares from central Victoria carried the lice Haemodipsus setoni and H. lyriocephalus. H. setoni was found mainly on the body of the hare, H. lyriocephalus on the head.

The recently introduced rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi was found on hares in both regions.
THE ROLE OF DISEASE DURING AN OUTBREAK OF ONCOPERA ALBOGUTTATA TINDALE AND O. RUFOBRUNNEA TINDALE. (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE) IN THE EBOR/DORRIGO REGION OF N.S.W.
Authors: MILNER R. J.
Published: August 2010

Two diseases, caused by a microsporidan Pleistophora oncoperae Milner and Beaton and pox virus, were found to be common and widespread in populations of Oncopera alboguttata. In contrast, disease was rare in O. rufobrunnea populations and only P. oncoperae was found. Studies of field populations of O. alboguttata between 1971 and 1974 indicated that disease was responsible for the dramatic decrease in population density which occurred during 1973.
DIFFUSE COMPETITION AND POLYMORPHISM IN SOME PAPUA NEW GUINEA MOTHS
Authors: MACKEY A. P.
Published: August 2010

Diffuse competition is suggested to be the mechanism causing the polymorphism of some species of noctuid and geometrid moths from Papua New Guinea. Polymorphism is seen as a device for maintaining dense populations and avoiding competition.
THE INSECT PATHOGENIC FUNGUS CULICINOMYCES IN ADULTS OF THE MOSQUITO ANOPHELES AMICTUS HILLI
Authors: DEBENHAM M. L. , RUSSELL R. C.
Published: August 2010

The insect pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces has been recorded infecting larval mosquitoes in Sydney and in North Carolina, U.S.A. The first discovery of the fungus in adult mosquitoes is here recorded, with evidence that infected adults are themselves infective to larvae. It is suggested that this interstadial infection could contribute to the natural dispersal of the fungus.
THE GENUS MILLOTELLINA JUPEAU IN AUSTRALIA (MYRIAPODA: SYMPHYLA: SCUTIGERELLIDAE)
Authors: NAUMANN I. D. , SCHELLER ULF
Published: August 2010

The genus Millotellina is reported from Australia for the first time and divided into two subgenera: Millotellina sens. str. (with unpaired sternal appendages) and Diplomillotellina Scheller subgen. n. (with paired sternal appendages). M. (M.) monteithi Naumann sp. n.is described from northern Australia and M. (D.) bidens Scheller sp. n. from southern mainland Australia.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Sutherst R. W.
Published: August 2010

Insects, Science & Society: David Pimental (Editor). Academic Press, New York. 1975 284 pp. Recommended price $15.
THE OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIA OF LACHNOPHOROIDES DISTANT (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: WOODWARD T. E.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of the rhyparochromine genus Lachnophoroides Distant, 1914 (Targaremini), previously known only by two species from New Caledonia, is extended to Queensland with the description of L. thompsoni sp. n. A third New Caledonian species, L. monteithorum sp. n., is described. A specific key is provided and the immature stages of L. thompsoni are described and the nymphal instars keyed out.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Domrow Robert
Published: August 2010

The Mites of Stored Food and Houses: A. M. Hughes. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Technical Bulletin 9, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London,1976, 400 pp. Second edition. Price. £12 net.
APPARENT FAILURE OF TWO PARASITES, ANARHOPUS SYDNEYENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) AND HUNGARIELLA PEREGRINA (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) TO ESTABLISH ON FIELD POPULATIONS OF PSEUDOCOCCUS LONGISPINUS (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: FURNESS G. O.
Published: August 2010

Two exotic parasites of the long‐tailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni‐Tozzetti), Anarhopus sydneyensis Timberlake and Hungariellaperegrina (Compere), were introduced into Loxton and successfully mass reared on cultures of the mealybug. About 3,000 A. sydneyensis and 40,000 H. peregrina adults were released into field populations of the mealybug in fruit trees along the River Murray in South Australia during 1972 to 1974. In addition several pumpkins infested with mealybugs parasitized by these species were placed in the field. Mealybugs collected from the release trees for a year after release did not yield either species of parasite and it appears that they did not become established.
A CHEAP LIGHTWEIGHT EFFICIENT VACUUM SAMPLER
Authors: De Barro P. J.
Published: August 2010

The McCulloch Eager Beaver Blower/Vac R is a cheap, light and efficient tool for sampling aphids in roadside grasses and pastures.
RESISTANCE TO DELTAMETHRIN IN BLATTELLA GERMANICA (L.) (BLATTODEA: BLATTELLIDAE)
Authors: Horwood M. A. , Toffolon R. B. , Preece R. M.
Published: August 2010

A strain of Blattella germanica from N.S.W. was tested for resistance to topically applied deltamethrin. A 20X resistance factor was determined at the LD50. This is the first report of synthetic pyrethroid resistance in B. germanica in Australia.
Abundance and diversity of termites in a savanna woodland reserve in tropical Australia
Authors: Dawes‐Gromadzki Tracy Z
Published: August 2010

This study contributes to the paucity of knowledge on the structure of Australian tropical savanna termite assemblages, compared with that available for tropical savannas elsewhere in the world. Termite species diversity, frequency of occurrence and functional diversity in Charles Darwin National Park, a savanna woodland reserve in tropical northern Australia, were assessed. In four 50 × 50 m sites, a direct search and bait sampling protocol was used to sample mounds, standing and lying dead wood, litter, soil and arboreal nest microhabitats for termites between April and June 2003. Results were compared with a priori predictions of termite community structure based on the work by Braithwaite et al. (1988). Sixteen species from nine genera and three families (Mastotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) were recorded, including the first record of Ephelotermes taylori (Hill) from open savanna woodland habitat and the first official record of Macrognathotermes errator Miller from north Australian savanna. The family Termitidae represented 69% of termite occurrences. From this family, the wood/soil interface feeder Nasutitermes eucalypti (Mjöberg) represented 30% of encounters. High levels of termite activity were recorded at baits within 6 weeks. Four nesting habits were represented: epigeal (mounds above ground), hypogeal (subterranean nests), nests within wood and arboreal nests. Termites were most frequently encountered in epigeal mounds and lying dead wood. Wood and wood/soil interface feeders were the most common. The findings partially supported the a priori predictions proposed. The termite assemblage structure was represented by species commonly found in other Northern Territory savanna woodland habitats. However, species diversity was lower; soil feeders and live wood feeders were less common and grass‐harvesting species were absent. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus and species richness and patchiness of ground vegetation may contribute to these differences. The lower species diversity recorded contrasts with the richer termite faunas of tropical savannas recorded elsewhere.
A new species of Cerotrioza Crawford (Hemiptera: Triozidae) damaging New South Wales Christmas Bush, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, in eastern Australia
Authors: Taylor Gary , Gollnow Bettina , Worrall Ross
Published: August 2010

A new species of Cerotrioza Crawford (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is described, which damages New South Wales Christmas Bush, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, in Australia. Cerotrioza nigromacula sp. n. is considered a serious commercial pest species, of which the nymphs induce malformation of leaves and produce copious amounts of viscous waste, both considered unacceptable in the cut flower industry. The generic placement of species formerly assigned to Cerotrioza is reviewed and the following revised combinations are proposed: Leuronota corniger (Crawford) and L. microceras (Crawford) are returned to the genus Cerotrioza, and Cerotrioza umalii (Miyatake) is returned to the genus Trioza Foerster. A key to all known species of Cerotrioza is provided.
New species of gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and an associated nematode (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) from flower bud galls on Corymbia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Taylor Gary S , Davies Kerrie A
Published: August 2010

A new species of fly, Fergusonina giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. (Diptera: Fergusoninidae), and its associated nematode, Fergusobia ptychocarpae Davies sp. nov. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), are described from flower bud galls on Corymbia ptychocarpa (Myrtaceae). Fergusonina giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. forms flower bud galls up to about 20 mm in diameter, one of the largest galls recorded for the Fergusoninidae. Unlike other species of Fergusonina Malloch that produce large galls, only one species of Hymenoptera, Megastigmus sp. (Torymidae), a solitary obligate ectoparasitoid, has been reared from F. giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. The large size and thick epidermis of the flower buds of C. ptychocarpa may preclude many other parasitoids from successful oviposition. A second new species of fly, Fergusonina thomasi Taylor sp. nov., is described from flower bud galls on Corymbia abbreviata. Its associated nematode is unknown.
Susceptibility of four field populations of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) to six insecticides in the Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Eziah Vincent Y , Rose Harley A , Clift Alan D , Mansfield Sarah
Published: August 2010

Concerns about the failure of insecticides to control the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in the Sydney region of New South Wales, Australia, necessitated the current investigation to establish the susceptibility of four field populations of the DBM to six insecticides. These include two each of organophosphates (OPs), and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as well as two new products with different modes of action, spinosad and indoxacarb, currently recommended for DBM control in the region. Topical application of the insecticides to the third‐instar larvae showed high resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and esfenvalerate) of 35.0‐ to 490.0‐fold. Resistance to the OPs (methamidophos and chlorpyrifos) and indoxacarb ranged from 12.1‐ to 36.2‐fold and from 11.4‐ to 34.6‐fold, respectively. However, the field populations were susceptible to spinosad (resistance factors only two‐ to threefold compared with the susceptible strain). A 2 h pre‐treatment of the esfenvalerate‐resistant strain with the synergists piperonyl butoxide and diethyl maleate increased the toxicity of esfenvalerate by 30.0‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases and/or monooxygenases as the key mechanism(s) of insecticide resistance with glutathione S‐transferases playing a minor role.
In vitro effectiveness of ivermectin and spinosad flystrike treatments against larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Levot Garry , Sales Narelle
Published: August 2010

Compared with the reference susceptible strain neonate larvae of composite field strains of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina displaying either moderate diazinon and diflubenzuron resistance or, moderate diazinon and extreme diflubenzuron resistance, were equally cross‐resistant to ivermectin and spinosad. Resistance factors were low (2–3×). As third instar larvae these strains exhibited cross‐resistance to ivermectin by better tolerating exposure to higher concentrations, or longer exposure to the registered concentration (32 mg/L). Despite this, larval mortality in each strain exceeded 85% following exposure to ivermectin at the registered flystrike dressing concentration for as little as 30 s. As third instar larvae these strains and the reference strain, were equally susceptible to spinosad, but mortality was only around 40% even after immersion for 60 s in an aqueous solution at the registered rate (25 mg/L). Maximum mortality (99%) was observed in larvae immersed in 250 mg/L spinosad. Two hours after 30 s immersion in ivermectin (32 mg/L) 80% of third instar larvae were no longer moving. This figure rose to 99% by 6 h. In similar bioassays spinosad (25 mg/L) failed to elicit obvious symptoms within 10 h of treatment.
Vardenaﬁl 20‐mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy to 10‐mg in Japanese men with diabetes mellitus suffering from erectile dysfunction
Authors: ISHII NOBUHISA , NAGAO KOICHI , FUJIKAWA KEITA , TACHIBANA TAKASHI , IWAMOTO YASUHIKO , KAMIDONO SADAO
Published: August 2010

Aim: Vardenaﬁl is a highly selective and potent phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The efﬁcacy of vardenaﬁl has been demonstrated in a broad range of ED populations, but has not yet been assessed in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), although DM is frequently associated with difﬁcult‐to‐treat ED. This is the ﬁrst study to investigate whether high‐dose vardenaﬁl (20 mg) can demonstrate superior efﬁcacy to the usual dose (10 mg) in this subpopulation in Japan.

Methods: The study was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multi‐centre, parallel group comparison 12‐week study. Following 4 weeks observation period, 778 patients aged 26–64 years old with ED and DM (HbA1c >12% at screening was excluded) both of more than 3 years duration were randomly allocated to one of the three groups, vardenaﬁl 10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo (randomization ratio 3:3:1). Erectile function (EF) domain score of the International Index of Erectile Function was estimated as the primary efﬁcacy parameter.

Results: Vardenaﬁl 10 and 20 mg both signiﬁcantly improved the EF domain score from 13.6 and 13.9 at baseline to 21.8 and 22.9 at last observation carried forward (LOCF), respectively, compared to placebo (13.7 at baseline to 16.3 at LOCF; p<0.0001). In addition, vardenaﬁl 20 mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy to 10 mg (p<0.05), and the difference was more evident in severe ED patients (baseline EF domain score <11). The safety proﬁle was comparable between these two doses (drug‐related adverse events: 6.6, 22.0 and 24.2% in placebo, vardenaﬁl 10 mg, and 20 mg arms, respectively). The most common adverse events were hot flush, headache and nasal congestion, which were mild in intensity and transient, and are known to be common to PDE5 inhibitors.

Conclusion: In Japanese men with DM and ED, vardenaﬁl 10 mg and 20 mg were effective in improving erectile function with comparable safety proﬁles. Vardenaﬁl 20 mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy compared with 10 mg, suggesting incremental clinical beneﬁt in using the higher dose in this difﬁcult‐to‐treat population.
Testosterone administration promotes regeneration of chemically impaired spermatogenesis in rats
Authors: UDAGAWA KOICHI , OGAWA TAKEHIKO , WATANABE TAKESHI , TAMURA YOICHI , KITA KAORU , KUBOTA YOSHINOBU
Published: August 2010

Aim: It has been proposed that gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analog administered after testicular damage stimulates the recovery of spermatogenesis. However, GnRH analogs suppress the function of sex accessory organs. In this study, we investigated whether testosterone also stimulates the regeneration of rat spermatogenesis after exposure to busulfan.

Methods: Male Fisher rats were divided into three groups of five each and all rats were treated with busulfan, 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally at week 0. Group A served as the control. The other two groups received testosterone enanthate, 8 mg/kg, subcutaneous injections at 3 week intervals two times before (group B) or three times after (group C) busulfan. States of spermatogenesis were evaluated by histology and by the number of spermatid nuclei per testis at week 25.

Results: The mean percentage of ‘recovered’ seminiferous tubules plus or minus standard deviation was 10.3 ± 7.8% in group A and 2.1 ± 1.2% in group B. In both groups, more than 80% of the tubules remained degenerated. However, testes of group C rats showed an improvement of up to 37.1 ± 20.5% (P < 0.05). The significant recovery of spermatogenesis was also demonstrated in group C by counting the number of spermatid nuclei per testis ([78.8 ± 57.5] ×106). However, the count was only (7.6 ± 13.5) ×106 and (0.52 ± 1.0) ×106 in group A and B, respectively.

Conclusions: Testosterone administration after severe testicular damage enhanced the regeneration of spermatogenesis in rats. We assumed that supplementary doses of testosterone would be more practical for clinical application than GnRH analogs, because exogenous testosterone maintains androgenicity.
Possible involvement of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in heterotopic ossification in metastatic lesion from urothelial carcinoma of bladder
Authors: KOMAI YOSHINOBU , MORIMOTO SHINJI , SAITO KAZUTAKA , URUSHIBARA MASAYASU , SAKAI KUNIHIKO , IKEDA SATOSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Heterotopic bone formation caused by urothelial carcinoma is rare. The precise mechanism of heterotopic ossification is still unknown. We report a case of urothelial carcinoma with heterotopic bone formation in a metastatic site and investigate the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) and the BMP receptor (BMPR)‐Ib using immunohistochemistry. Positive staining of BMP‐2 was observed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both bladder and psoas lesions. In addition, positive staining of BMPR‐Ib was seen in osteoblast‐like cells adjacent to bone formation in the psoas metastasis. The heterotopic ossification may result from the metaplasia of pluripotent stem cells into osteoblast cells induced by BMP‐2 in a paracrine fashion.
Clinical research of renal vein control using Hem‐o‐lok clips in laparoscopic nephrectomy
Authors: IZAKI HIROFUMI , FUKUMORI TOMOHARU , TAKAHASHI MASAYUKI , NAKATSUJI HIROYOSHI , OKA NATSUO , TAUE RYUICHI , NISHITANI MASA‐AKI , KANAYAMA HIRO‐OMI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Control of the renal vein represents a crucial step in laparoscopic nephrectomy. Although endovascular gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) staplers have generally been used for renal vein control because of the large diameter of the vessel, Hem‐o‐lok clips have recently been used for renal artery control. GIA staplers are expensive and can malfunction on rare occasions, resulting in severe complications. We evaluated renal vein control using Hem‐o‐lok clips (adaptive vascular width 7–16 mm) in laparoscopic nephrectomy. Since April 2004, we have ligated renal arteries using Hem‐o‐lok clips. From June 2004, this method was applied for renal vein control in 40 laparoscopic nephrectomies. After renal pedicle dissection, renal pedicle ligation was accomplished using extra large (XL) Hem‐o‐lok clips on both the renal arteries and veins by placing two clips on the patient side and one clip on the specimen side. Ligation times for obtaining renal vein control were compared between XL Hem‐o‐lok clips and GIA staplers in 40 cases before June 2004. Vascular control using XL Hem‐o‐lok clips was successful in all 40 cases, without any slipping of clips or uncontrolled bleeding. After renal pedicle dissection, ligation time for achieving renal vein control was 167.0 ± 48 s (range: 122–295 s) using XL Hem‐o‐lok clips (mean, three clips) and 68 ± 24.0 s (range: 54–150 s) using a GIA stapler. XL Hem‐o‐lok clips allow safe and reliable control of renal veins in laparoscopic nephrectomy. Ligation time is only 100 s longer than using a GIA stapler. In addition, costs are reduced by more than 90% compared to GIA stapling.
Renal cell carcinoma in dialysis patients: A single center experience
Authors: KOJIMA YASUYUKI , TAKAHARA SHIRO , MIYAKE OSAMU , NONOMURA NORIO , MORIMOTO AKIRA , MORI HIROSHI
Published: August 2010

Aim: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a life‐threatening complication of end‐stage renal disease with an unclear pathogenesis. We evaluated RCC developing in patients undergoing dialysis.

Methods: In 2624 patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis at our hospital between July 1993 and March 2004, we performed annual screening for RCC using abdominal computed tomography and ultrasonography. Patients diagnosed with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy as well as clinical and pathologic evaluation.

Results: RCC was detected in 44 patients (1.68%; 31 males and 13 females). The age of RCC patients was 55.5 ± 11.1 years. Dialysis duration before RCC diagnosis was 11.2 ± 7.2 years. Most RCC were early stage and low stage by TNM classification, 43 patients had N0M0 RCC, whereas one had N1M0. Tumor size was 2.9 ± 1.9 cm. The predominant histological type of RCC was common or conventional cell‐type carcinoma (clear cell carcinoma and granular cell carcinoma). Of patients, 5(11.4%) had bilateral RCC, and satellite tumor lesions in RCC were detected in 13 (29.5%). In 36 patients (81.8%) RCC was accompanied by acquired cystic disease of the kidney. These patients had longer dialysis durations (P = 0.01) and smaller tumors (P = 0.048). RCC metastasized postoperatively in 4 patients (9.1%), while one (2.3%) died of cancer.

Conclusions: Our dialysis patients showed a higher incidence of RCC than the general population. Prognosis was favorable because tumors were detected by screening when they were small. Therefore, periodical screening for RCC seems very important in dialysis patients.
Color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine clinical examination in male infertility
Authors: SAKAMOTO HIDEO , SAITO KATSUYUKI , SHICHIZYO TAKESHI , ISHIKAWA KIMIYASU , IGARASHI ATUSHI , YOSHIDA HIDEKI
Published: August 2010

Aim:We assessed the value of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine examination in infertile men.

Methods:Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 545 infertile men with a mean age of 35.8 years to detect intrascrotal abnormalities. Findings were compared with those of physical examination.

Results:Intrascrotal abnormalities were detected by ultrasonography in 65.3% of patients. Of 374 abnormalities, 58.3% were undetected by physical examination. Left varicocele was found in 313 patients (57.4%); testicular microlithiasis in 30 (5.5%); epididymal cyst in 21 (3.9%); right varicocele in 4 (0.8%); and testicular cysts in 3 (0.6%). One occurrence each (0.2%) was found for testicular tumor, intrascrotal hemangioma, and hydrocele of the spermatic cord. Compared to ultrasonography, sensitivity in detecting left varicocele by physical examination was 58.4%; specificity, 79.3%; accuracy, 67.3%; and positive predictive value, 79.3%. Venous diameters in the pampiniform plexus were 3 mm or more in 61.5% of 130 subclinical left varicoceles. Of 30 patients with testicular microlithiasis, 14 had varicocele, 2 had epididymal cyst,s 3 had a history of mumps orchitis, 1 had retractile testis, and 1 had a history of orchiectomy for contralateral testicular tumor.

Conclusions:The routine Color Doppler ultrasonography is valuable for diagnosing scrotal abnormalities in infertile men, frequently detecting non‐palpable lesions.
Clinical value of vesical leukoplakia and evaluation of the neoplastic risk by mutation analyses of the tumor suppressor gene TP53
Authors: STAACK ANDREA , SCHLECHTE HORST , SACHS MARKUS , KRISTIANSEN GLEN , BURKHARDT MICK , SCHNORR DIETMAR
Published: August 2010

Aim: Leukoplakia has been found to be precancerous in organs covered with squamous epithelium. The present study was conducted to determine whether leukoplakia described in the female bladder is also a premalignant lesion.

Methods: Between 1973 and 1996, 77 female patients were diagnosed with vesical leukoplakia by cystoscopy and cytology and were followed‐up until 2004 (mean follow‐up time: 8.3 years). A survey was conducted to analyze exposure to cocarcinogens. Additionally, DNA was isolated from 36 urine sediments and analyzed for TP53 mutations. The results were compared to the mutation frequency of TP53 in urine sediments from patients diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder and healthy controls.

Results: The whitish lesion was mostly located at the trigone and varied in size and location during the follow‐up years. TP53 mutations were detected in 6 out of 36 urine samples in exons 5, 6 and 7 (mutation frequency: 16.7%). Among control patients with no leukoplakia or TCC of the bladder (n = 70), the spontaneous mutation frequency was similar (14.3%). In contrast, the mutation frequency in patients with TCC of the bladder (n = 148) revealed 39.9% in exons 5, 6, 7 and 8. The present study did not show any statistically significant correlations between chronic inflammations, TP53 mutations, exposure to carcinogens and vesical leukoplakia.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that vesical leukoplakia does not necessarily hold neoplastic potential and needs to be clearly distinguished from leukoplakia in other localizations. Therefore, we suggest that a biopsy can be omitted, if follow‐up controls by cystoscopy are performed regularly.
Severe eosinophilic cystitis in a woman with anorexia nervosa
Authors: PHILIP JOE , ALI FAISAL SM , ZAKHOUR HANI D , PARR NIGEL J
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare inflammatory disorder. It is considered to be self limiting necessitating only supportive therapy. Surgical intervention is unusual. We report here an association between eosinophilic cystitis and anorexia nervosa in an adult woman requiring radical surgery for progressive relentless disease. Estrogen deficiency associated with a possible allergic etiology could explain this association.
Real‐time flow resistance compensation for urodynamic examinations of the upper urinary tract through single lumen catheters
Authors: Lovasz Sandor , Romics Imre
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We developed a special calculation method for the compensation of resistance in urodynamic studies of the upper urinary tract that allows us to use existing single lumen nephrostomy catheters. We integrated a new calibration routine into the setup of our urodynamic equipment. Following the initial calibration procedure using the same size catheter as the previously inserted nephrostomy catheter, our software calculates actual resistance based on actual flowrate and the known linear resistance–flow correlation. Actual resistance and calculated intrapelvic pressure curves are presented in real‐time. Using single lumen nephrostomy catheters for pressure‐flow studies allows us to consider intrapelvic pressure during the measurement, to adjust filling pressure accordingly. It makes time consuming and sophisticated postprocessing resistance calculation unnecessary and also provides a challenging new method for conventional urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract.
Combination chemotherapy with weekly docetaxel and estramustine for hormone refractory prostate cancer in Japanese patients
Authors: Takenaka Atsushi , Yamada Yuji , Kurahashi Toshifumi , Soga Hideo , Miyake Hideaki , Fujisawa Masato
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The aim is to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of weekly docetaxel and estramustine for Japanese men with hormone refractory prostate cancer who were treated at a single institution. Twenty eligible patients had histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate with metastases that were progressing despite complete androgen blockade and antiandrogen withdrawal. All of the patients received docetaxel 30 mg/m2 weekly (days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36). After a two week break, the treatment schedule was repeated. Patients were scheduled to receive daily oral estramustine 560 mg/day throughout the protocol. In the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) response, three (15%) patients achieved a complete response, and 8 (40%) acheived a partial response. Overall survival and time to progression were 13.4 months and 6.4 months, respectively, however sixty‐seven percent of the patients had to discontinue treatment because of toxicity. The high toxicity of this protocol suggests that the regimen and/or the timing should be altered for Japanese patients.