bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflection
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

This chapter reflects on the sequence of the book so far, and applies the discussion to some aspects of human life. It is false to say that an arch is explained by the properties of stones. It would still be false to say that an arch is explained by what stones are, even if all arches everywhere were made of stones. Similar observations extend throughout science, and from this it can, and should, be deduced that the moral stature of human beings is neither eroded nor replaced by the study of the physical mechanism of human beings. It is the duty of scientists writing for the general public to make this clear and not fudge it. It is false to say, for example, that the language of justice and responsibility is less objective than statements about wavefunctions coming from physics, or statements about genes in biology.
What Must Be Embraced, Not Derived
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

The chapter discusses the subject of values and moral judgement. This begins with what is meant by values, and whether or not they can be objective and absolute. The main business of the chapter is to present a philosophical argument about the nature of this area. The argument shows that the existence of a standard which can properly command the allegiance of all free agents can be neither proved nor disproved using the tools of reason and logic. It is argued that the absence of such a standard would tend towards isolation of individuals from one another. Finally, it is pointed out that what people are most drawn to and value highest is not well captured in terms of purely impersonal abstractions. This is a pointer towards the journey beyond atheism. The interplay of reason and faith is then discussed.
Religious Language
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

Religion is considered as a social phenomenon, having both good forms and bad forms. The widespread modern nervousness around religion is recognized, but that nervousness itself often misconstrues religion. Religious violence is briefly analysed, and compared with other forms of violence. The variety of meanings of the word ‘God’ is sketched. The main aim is to point out that there is this variety, and to point out that some of them don’t work, and then to consider briefly what sort of religious language can be helpful.
The Unframeable Picture
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

A short story about a picture which looks wonderful, but loses its appeal whenever an attempt is made to put a frame around it.
A Farewell to Hume
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

A well-known argument of David Hume is presented and refuted. The argument concerns the notion that the natural world may be self-contained, for all we know, and religious claims are superfluous. This is essentially the position also advocated by Richard Dawkins, in slightly different terms. These arguments are presented, and then it is explained that they fail, owing to what amounts to a false premise. This is subtle because the false premise is in the very way the discussion is framed. If one assumes that when we are talking about God we are talking about abstract intellectual tools, then one goes wrong. Various witnesses are invoked to show that thoughtful religious language operates differently.
The Human Community
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

The chapter considers the worldwide community of people. Our evolutionary story is briefly sketched, and early human expression such as cave art. Our aesthetic ability, reasoning ability, and moral ability are considered. All of these are end-products of physical processes; all are none the less genuine for that. The same goes for our religious sense, which is the aptitude for discerning meaning. Some of the variety of forms of religious expression are mentioned, and comments on their history are given.
The Human Being
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

The nature of human being is considered. To be human is to be a part of a network of connected people who bear with one another, and teach and support and receive and give one another. Our life comes both from below and from above: that is to say, both from the physical structures of the world, and from the shaping influence which moulds what those structures can express. This is especially true of the way we see ourselves and each other. Humans both build on existing resources, and also receive creative inspiration. This inspiration is not able to be fully captured in impersonal language. We find our life in full by being willing to admit this.
Witnessed to
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: July 2018

A brief chapter consisting of a spiritual exercise on the nature of parenthood, and a few words about the concept of parenthood applied~to~God.
The Contractarian Perspective
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2018

Chapter 3 proposes a contractarian approach to normative economics. Instead of taking a view from nowhere, a contractarian analyst addresses citizens as individuals, advising them how to reach mutually beneficial agreements. I identify early contractarian arguments in Hobbes’s Leviathan and Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature. I argue that contractarianism is appropriate if politics is understood as primarily about negotiation, rather than executive action or debate. I discuss the ‘libertarian paternalist’ (or ‘nudging’) approach to policy-making recommended by many behavioural economists. Although paternalistic recommendations can legitimately be addressed to social planners or to assemblies of public reasoners, they are out of bounds to contractarian reasoning. A contractarian has to show that her recommendations are in the separate interests of each individual, as that individual perceives those interests.
Opportunity
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2018

Chapter 5 proposes using opportunity rather than preference-satisfaction as a normative criterion. I present an ‘Individual Opportunity Criterion’, which essentially states that expansions in any individual’s opportunity set should be treated as having value to that individual. I give a contractarian justification for this criterion under the assumption that individuals’ preferences are neoclassical, arguing against philosophers who claim that preference-satisfaction is not an acceptable normative criterion, even when preferences satisfy neoclassical assumptions. I then show that the contractarian justification of the Individual Opportunity Criterion extends to cases in which those assumptions do not hold, including cases in which an individual’s decisions are dynamically inconsistent.
Regulation
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2018

Chapter 7 considers a range of conditions that are usually considered as ‘market failures’ to be corrected by governmental regulation. I discuss these conditions, and possible responses to them, from a contractarian viewpoint. I argue that neoclassical arguments for regulations against cartels and against the exploitation of monopoly power can be endorsed on contractarian grounds, as can certain kinds of regulations against spurious complexity in pricing. I raise doubts about the significance of behavioural arguments for regulation that assume choice overload or preferences for self-constraint. I develop a concept of consumers’ surplus that does not depend on assumptions about preferences, and is defined in terms of the maximum yield of discriminatory pricing. I discuss two opportunity-enhancing mechanisms for the supply of public goods.
Cooperative Intentions
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2018

Chapter 10 presents an analysis of ‘intentions for mutual benefit’. This builds on theories of team reasoning, but uses opportunity-based rather than preference-based concepts and makes minimal assumptions about people’s rationality. In a population of people who act on intentions for mutual benefit, those actions tend to reproduce practices that provide opportunities for mutual benefit. Intentions for mutual benefit are neither self-interested nor altruistic. Such intentions do not lead to the Paradox of Trust, and can be expressed in ordinary market behaviour. If market participants act on intentions for mutual benefit, market relationships are fundamentally cooperative, contrary to the virtue-ethical critique considered in Chapter 9.
The Principle of Mutual Benefit
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2018

Chapter 11 begins by arguing that, if one takes a contractarian approach, one can recommend to citizens together that they uphold specific normative principles. I then present a contractarian argument for a normative principle, the Principle of Mutual Benefit, that generates intentions for mutual benefit of the kind analysed in Chapter 10. I argue that this normative principle has psychological stability because of a mechanism of ‘correspondence of sentiments’ first proposed by Adam Smith, and which is supported by psychological evidence. The final section of the chapter rounds off the book by using Immanuel Kant’s relationship with the builders of his house to link the Principle of Mutual Benefit with the idea of a market as a community of advantage.
Community Interests in International Adjudication
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal
Published: July 2018

The chapter examines the extent to which international courts and tribunals can take community interests into consideration and develop community obligations. It explores the significance of this distinction between the ad hoc dispute-settlement tribunals and standing courts with jurisdiction to adjudicate multiple cases, and argues that the recursive function transforms international courts into global lawmakers that weave together a system of norms with secondary rules of recognition. International tribunals serve a crucial role of coordinating the behavior of state and nonstate actors by creating focal points that define the parties’ legal obligations and stabilize expectations. Moreover, the chapter argues that because of this function international courts are uniquely situated to take community interests into account, and they often, if not always, do so. This implies that if properly insulated from pressures and prejudices, international adjudicators are institutionally inclined to promote community obligations.
Community Interest Obligations in International Energy Law
Authors: Azaria Danae
Published: July 2018

The chapter defines ‘international energy law’ as an amalgam of different international obligations concerning energy activities—the exploration and exploitation of energy resources, their trade and transportation, and investment in the energy sector—as well as the effects of these activities on the environment and on human rights. It is thus not surprising that it accommodates bilateral obligations as well as obligations that protect community interests either of all states (erga omnes) or of groups of states (erga omnes partes). Furthermore, the role of community interest obligations in international energy law is not only relevant vis-à-vis the nature of obligations that fall within the field’s scope. Given the importance that states place on economic activities in the energy sector, international obligations, which reflect community interests, may be and often are enforced by energy-related measures.
Socioeconomic Rights, Extraterritorially
Authors: Wilde Ralph
Published: July 2018

The chapter offers a critical evaluation of the 2011 Maastricht Principles on the Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, using the Principles and its associated Commentary as a case study to assess the potential contribution of international human rights in the struggle against global poverty and economic inequality. The case study is used because, on the fundamental bases for obligation—conceptions of “power” and “cooperation” that will be reviewed herein—the Principles and the Commentary reflect how many international legal experts, not only those associated with the Principles, view the general contours of the law in this area. The chapter argues that this view of the law has a very limited potential to transform global economic relations for the better.
Common Interests of Humankind and the International Regulation of the Use of Force
Authors: Cannizzaro Enzo
Published: July 2018

The chapter discusses the philosophical foundations of the current regulation of the use of force. The chapter argues that, in correspondence with the emergence of a sphere of substantive rules protecting common interests of humankind, international law is also gradually developing a system of protection against egregious breaches of these interests. This conclusion is reached through an analysis of the law and practice governing the action of the UN Security Council as well as the law of state responsibility concerning individual and collective reactions to serious breaches of common interests. This system is based on positive obligations imposed upon individual states as well as UN organs, and it appears to be still rudimentary and inefficient. However, the chapter suggests that the mere existence of this system, these shortcomings notwithstanding, has the effect of promoting the further development of the law in search for more appropriate mechanisms of protection.
Rational Leadership
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: July 2018

This book shows how a business version of rational leadership develops business corporations (and inspires people with confidence) by using the appropriate rational methods. The book presents classic examples of leaders using these corporation-developing methods to establish or enhance an iconic corporation. The main examples are Sloan (General Motors), Ohno (Toyota), Kroc (McDonalds), Walton (Walmart), Grove (Intel), and Whitman (eBay). These examples cover a wide range of different times, from the 1920s to the 2000s, and different industries, from fast-food and the automobile to microprocessors and e-commerce. In addition to being ‘best practice’ examples, they present a ‘leader’s-eye view’ through autobiographical writings, which are supplemented and corroborated by biographical and historical sources. (There are other supplementary examples that include Bezos of Amazon, Sandberg of Facebook, Jobs of Apple, Armani of Armani fashion, and Roddick of The Body Shop.) There is a comparative aspect, too, as the examples also describe the variation in leaders’ selection or emphasising of particular methods, which vary according to the circumstances or a leader’s personal preferences. The conclusion suggests that the book’s approach should also be applied to versions of military leadership and the political leaders of contemporary democracies. The book has been prepared as both an academic monograph and a graduate text, but will also appeal to general readers who are interested in leadership and/or business.
Intel: Grove’s Only the Paranoid Survive
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: July 2018

Andy Grove enhanced the microprocessor manufacturer Intel in the 1980s–90s by learning to adapt to the crises that he later termed ‘strategic inflection points’. The first section describes how and what CEO Grove learnt from these ‘inflection point’ adaptive crises. The second section describes his three-stage adaptive framework for dealing with these adaptive crises. It includes rapid adaptation and two other rational methods, diverse and institutionalized deliberation, plus a pre-deliberation experimental process that ‘delivers’ new product ideas. The third section focuses on this experimentation process, so important for high-tech firms seeking product innovation and diversification. Packard’s memoir The HP Way described the Hewlett-Packard decentralized, multi-divisional, experimentation system that produced a long series of innovations and diversifications. The final section discusses Steve Jobs’s relatively top-down, hands-on approach to experimentation and diversification, which provided Apple with the iPod, iPhone, and iPad.
Nietzsche
Authors: Ridley Aaron
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out to establish that Nietzsche’s other commitments do not preclude his having been an expressivist. This needs to be done because commentators often attribute to Nietzsche sceptical views about the very existence or possibility of agency—views which, if he held them and they were true, would undercut any substantive approach to the philosophy of agency (empiricism just as much as expressivism). The chapter considers a variety of these sceptical views and argues that Nietzsche held none of them; it then addresses some preliminary evidence for the conclusion that he was not just not a sceptic about agency, but that he may in fact have been an expressivist. The remainder of the book is devoted to testing this hypothesis in the context of Nietzsche’s conceptions of freedom, autonomy, morality, and the self.
Morality
Authors: Ridley Aaron
Published: July 2018

This chapter is devoted to the consequences of Nietzsche’s expressivist conceptions of freedom and autonomy for his critique of morality. These turn out to be quite far-reaching, for all their subtlety. Nietzsche’s expressivist objection to Kant’s moral philosophy, for instance, turns out to be the comparatively unexpected one that Kant is insufficiently exacting; his commitment to the virtues of honesty and courage turns out, when read in an expressivist light, to place him in a more nuanced relation to Aristotle than is usually appreciated; while his remarks about love lead to a deepened, expressivist version of his critique of Christian morality. These results are taken to vindicate the attribution to Nietzsche of an expressivist conception of agency, and it is argued that they advance our understanding of his thought further than, e.g., constitutivist readings of him do.
‘University’
Authors: Evans G. R.
Published: July 2018

This chapter addresses the need for a definition of ‘university’ in England. The lack of any comprehensive and consistent definition of a ‘university’ in the English tradition does not mean that trends and indications left no footprints. Certain norms have come and gone. Until the nineteenth century, there was no expectation that a university would be engaged in both teaching and ‘research’, though a level of advanced knowledge (‘scholarship’) was to be expected of university teachers. In its teaching, for many centuries, an English university offered a limited range of subjects. The expansion from the nineteenth century into scientific and ‘humanities’ studies — such as modern history and English language and literature and modern languages — led to in the late twentieth-century and twenty-first century, additions such as media studies and management studies and sports science.
James Axtell, Wisdom’s Workshop. The Rise of the Modern University.
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: July 2018

This concluding chapter explores the rise of the modern university. The history of the modern university, especially the twentieth-century university, cannot be understood without considering the century of wars, because modern warfare promotes the highest level of technological development and creates a demand for it that extends beyond the duration of hostilities. The historian's task is to explain how the past became the present. Ultimately, not every cause of an outcome can be completely explained. While some institutions, as the result of their benefactions, income, and enviably-placed graduates, have a relatively free hand in setting campus priorities in order to pursue the best, most others cannot. Most, both private and public, are not so happily situated with respect to either history or markets.
Introduction
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: July 2018

The crucial interpretive hypothesis of the present book is that central parts of Spinoza’s theoretical philosophy, and in particular his philosophy of mind established in Part Two of the Ethics, can only be understood against the backdrop of the conviction that subjective experience is explainable, and that its successful explanation is ethically relevant because it makes us wiser, freer, and happier. The introduction discusses, in a general manner, what requirements a philosophical system that aims do this must fulfill. Such a system, it is argued, commits itself to a realist version of extreme rationalism that maintains the difference between thought and reality; it cannot, as is sometimes assumed, turn into some form of absolute idealism. Furthermore, in looking at how this fits with Spinoza’s approach in the Ethics, the book shows how the structure of Part Two, along with Spinoza’s proceeding in geometrical manner, must be comprehended.
The Concept of Idea and Its Logic
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: July 2018

What are ideas for Spinoza? Through a discussion of the definition of “idea” in 2def3, it is shown, first, that Spinoza is reacting here to both Hobbes’ objections to the Meditations and Descartes’ replies. While he agrees with Hobbes that ideas are conceptions that are formed, rather than merely perceived, by the human mind, he sides with Descartes regarding the irreducibly mental character of ideas. With respect to the issue of mental content, the chapter next argues that Spinoza not only distinguishes between formal and objective reality but also assumes that objective reality comprises two aspects, representational content and epistemic value. This is one reason why Spinozistic ideas have proved notoriously difficult to clearly individuate. Lastly, through an examination of how Spinoza employs Descartes’ Pegasus example, the case is made that, far from simply elaborating on Descartes’ approach, Spinoza dismisses Cartesian nativism as a basis for his rationalism.
The Problem of the Numerical Difference between Subjects
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses Spinoza’s views on the numerical difference between finite minds. It shows, first, that this problem only arises because Spinoza addresses the issue of the reality of the mental independently of the issue of the ascription of mental content to particular subjects. Consequently, it is only after 2p7 that he develops the notion of individual minds; yet he does so before addressing the issue of physical individuation. This distinction between themes in Spinoza is reminiscent of the strategy of those contemporary approaches that assume compatibility between the notion of first-person authority and semantic externalism. But why is it important for Spinoza to be able to account for the numerical difference between subjects? Were it not possible to draw distinctions between finite minds, one of the most crucial tenets of Spinoza’s political philosophy—the view that one’s judgment cannot be delegated to the state—would be undermined.
Finitude, or the Limited Knowability of Finite Things
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: July 2018

This chapter addresses the issue of the limitation of the knowability of particular finite things. Focusing on 2p8 and 2p9, the chapter discerns two sorts of limitations: the empirical origin of the existence of particular objects and the local determination of events. Neither of these limitations undermines the universal validity of the rationalist principle of the intelligibility of any being. Nevertheless, they establish conditions of possibility for the notion of understanding or intellection itself. Rather than being concerned with the paradoxical notion of infinite perspective, Spinoza’s introduction of these limitations posits that the perspective from which particular objects or events may be understood must itself be temporally or locally determined. This also touches upon the explanation of experience: any instance of experience must be viewed from a particular perspective in order to be comprehended.
Conclusion
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: July 2018

The conclusion, first, critically assesses what Spinoza’s theory of the human mind, as reconstructed in this book, achieves with respect to an overall aim of advocating the view that subjective experience is explainable. It is argued that, while not providing a conclusive argument for this view, Spinoza defends such a position against a variety of skeptical objections. Realist rationalism, the book concludes, turns out to be a credible view, albeit one that needs to be defended time and again. Second, the conclusion also provides a reading of some of the most intriguing tenets of Spinoza’s ethical theory. In particular, it shows how successful explanation can be understood as contributing to all human wisdom, prudence, freedom, and eventually even happiness.
The Problem
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Mair Peter
Published: July 2018

Most conventional conceptions of what democracy is and of how it should be organized imply particular characteristics and functions for parties and party systems, and particular kinds of relationships among parties, citizens, and the state. Our contention is that the party government model so conceived, while quite powerful prescriptively, has only a marginal connection to the way parties and party system really work in the early twenty-first century. Our basic argument is that at the level of party systems, the mainstream parties, and most minor parties as well, have effectively formed a cartel. While the appearance of competition is preserved, in terms of political substance it has become spectacle—a show for the audience of audience democracy.
The Rise and Decline of Parties
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Mair Peter
Published: July 2018

When they rose to prominence in the régimes censitaires of the nineteenth century, most political parties were based primarily in parliament and had little external organization. With the advent of mass suffrage, these elite parties were challenged by a new type of organization, the mass party ostensibly rooted in particular segments of society and with extensive extraparliamentary membership organizations that were, in theory, the authoritative voice of the party. By the second half of the twentieth century, both mass parties and the remaining elite parties were evolving into catch-all parties, with the party in public office more assertive of its independence and with parties increasingly working as brokers among competing interests rather than as the agents of particular interest. None of these any longer describes the nature of contemporary party politics, however.
Parties and One Another
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Mair Peter
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses how over the last decades, not only have mainstream parties become more similar to one another organizationally, they have also become more similar politically. On the one hand, their policy positions have tended to converge (not necessarily toward the electoral median) and they have devoted less attention to the questions that traditionally have defined the left/right axis in politics. On the other hand, they devote more attention to questions of honesty and managerial competence. It is noted that the mainstream parties have also become more flexible and promiscuous when faced with the matter of choosing a coalition partner.
The Cartel Party and Populist Opposition
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Mair Peter
Published: July 2018

Cartelization has given rise to opposition in the form of anti-party-system or populist parties. While this possibility was clear as early as the 1990s, in the last decade the growth of these parties has led to alarm in some quarters about the continued viability of liberal democratic party government. In contrast to accounts that attribute this rise to the recent policy failures of the political mainstream, this chapter suggests that its roots lie in internal contradictions in the expectations that the parties have raised in the process of cartelization. Rather than being solutions to these problems, models of “the regulatory state” or “consensus democracy” are strikingly similar to democracy under the cartel party model.
Eunomius’ Creeds
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew
Published: July 2018

This chapter offers a new reading of Against Eunomius 1, juxtaposing it with Refutation of Eunomius’ “Confession.” Structurally, Against Eunomius 1’s dogmatic section is shown to be organized around a refutation of the confession of faith in Eunomius’s Second Apology. Thematically, the chapter argues, Gregory’s book emphasizes what he takes to be Eunomius’ misunderstanding of baptismal grace in that confession. The famous metaphysical and epistemological arguments of Against Eunomius 1 are shown to be subordinate to the contrast Gregory draws between Eunomius’ creed, in which the persons are ranked in accordance with the ranking of their proper activities, and Christ’s creed. As in the anti-Pneumatomachian works, so too here Gregory’s central claim is that the giving of life in baptism (a work of the Spirit) must not be ranked as inferior to the creation of the universe (a work of the Son).
After the Passion
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew
Published: July 2018

This chapter begins Part II of the book, which examines texts on the incarnate economy of Christ. After a brief glance at To Simplicius, the focus turns to select passages from Against Eunomius 3. The chapter argues that Gregory’s account of the saving economy, and in particular his exegesis of disputed verses, works by developing chains of images, models, and metaphors. One of the key models he uses for Christological union is that of mixture, which, in Against Eunomius 3, is explained in terms of a total absorption of humanity by the divinity. Moreover, the chapter shows that Gregory places the point of humanity’s transformation “after the passion.”
383 and After
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew
Published: July 2018

This chapter shows how developments outlined in previous chapters informed Gregory’s later works, focusing especially on On the Deity of the Son and the Holy Spirit and the Catechetical Oration. In particular, it demonstrates connections between To Ablabius and On the Deity, as well as links between Epistle 3 and the anti-Apollinarian works on the one hand and the Catechetical Oration on the other. It shows how the economic theology developed there reflects Gregory’s sense of liturgical time and examines the Catechetical Oration’s two Trinitarian sections. One of these treats the doctrine under the topic of the baptismal mystery, while the other detaches it from this context, offering an analogy for the Trinitarian unity meant to persuade Greek and Jewish interlocutors, but in fact treating them as stand-ins for Christian heresies. Thus the chapter claims that Gregory’s notion of Trinitarian orthodoxy is strongest when framed as an account of baptism.
An introduction to the microstructural approach to organization design
Authors: Puranam Phanish
Published: July 2018

Organization design research is a branch of organization science that is concerned with understanding how organizations work in terms of aggregating the actions of their members towards organizational goals, and how to make organizations work better. The microstructural approach to organization design abstracts away from the variety and complexity of organizations to a few fundamental and universal problems of organizing (that relate to how they aggregate their members’ efforts), as well as a few reusable building blocks, called microstructures (which capture common patterns of interaction between members of an organization). The complexity and variety of organization designs, this approach claims, can be understood in terms of these simpler elements. I give an overview of the basic ideas of the microstructural approach, and its implications for theory, methodology and practice.
Integration of Effort
Authors: Puranam Phanish
Published: July 2018

For a given division of labor, (potential) breakdowns of integration can be traced to either motivational or knowledge-related sources (or both). Integration failures arising from coordination problems require managing the need for and/or the extent of predictive knowledge; those arising from cooperation problems require managing the valence of interdependence. A fruitful area for further enquiry awaits the student of organization design at the intersection of these sources of integration failure. I outlined two possible approaches: a closer look at the interactions between knowledge and motivation-related issues, or a coarser bundling of both into the construct of integration. In particular, given the behavioral assumptions of adaptive rationality, thinking of integration of effort as a search problem may be an area of high research potential. It can help understand organizations as “marvels but not miracles”—how boundedly rational designers can nevertheless organize boundedly rational agents towards accomplishing goals.
The Exercise of Authority
Authors: Puranam Phanish
Published: July 2018

From an organization design perspective, authority has three very specific roles. First, authority can be the basis on which solutions to any of the universal problems of organizing (task division, task allocation, information and motivation) are selected and enforced. This is the authority to design. Second, authority can itself be a solution to problems of motivation and coordination. This is the authority to direct subordinates. Third, authority is used to resolve exceptions arising from imperfections in the solutions to the fundamental problems of organizing. This is authority as dispute resolution. These facets of authority are often bundled together in organizations, though it is not obvious if this must universally be so. I argue that authority can be delegated in two fundamentally different ways: in terms of a commitment to refrain from ex ante or ex post intervention.
New Forms of Organizing
Authors: Puranam Phanish
Published: July 2018

Using the universal problems of organizing as a basic framework helps to expose novelty in forms of organizing in a precise manner. Even if a form of organizing is justifiably novel relative to the comparison group of organizations, it may well be that existing theory provides a sound basis to understanding much of this novelty, because the novelty in a form of organizing often takes the form of new bundles of old solutions. An implication is that the bar for novelty in organizing is significantly lower than the bar for theoretical novelty. Every new form of organizing that appears on our horizon need not lead us in fruitful quest for new theories of organizing.
The nature of “Old Spanish”
Authors: Dworkin Steven N.
Published: July 2018

This chapter surveys the major methodological problems involved in the study of Old Spanish. It begins with a survey of the names used in the Middle Ages for the local Romance vernaculars. The chapter next identifies the regional varieties of medieval Hispano-Romance There follows an overview of the rivalry between Latin and the Hispano- Romance vernaculars as the written language of administration and culture. The chapter next describes the earliest vernacular texts and the effects of manuscript copying and transmission on our knowledge of the medieval language. It concludes with a discussion of the extent to which the written sources offer insights into the spoken linguistic reality of the time, and of the role of discourse traditions in the choice of linguistic variants.
Syntactic features of medieval Hispano-Romance
Authors: Dworkin Steven N.
Published: July 2018

This chapter describes selected issues of noun phrase, verb phrase, and sentential syntax. It emphasizes differences between the selected constructions in Old Spanish and in the modern standard language. Specific issues discussed include the function of determiners, the use of subject pronouns, the preverbal or postverbal placement of clitic object pronouns, direct object marking, and issues involving subject-verb-object and noun-adjective word order. The section on verbal syntax examines the use of the present, imperfect, and preterit tenses in medieval Hispano-Romance, the syntax of analytic or compound tenses, the syntactic differences between the synthetic and analytic futures, the syntax and semantics of the subjunctive, and the syntax of aver/tener and ser/estar.
Redeeming La Raza
Authors: González Gabriela
Published: July 2018

This book examines the gendered and class-conscious political activism of Mexican-origin people in Texas from 1900 to 1950. In particular, it questions the inter-generational agency of Mexicans and Mexican Americans who subscribed to particular race-ethnic, class, and gender ideologies as they encountered barriers and obstacles in a society that often treated Mexicans as a nonwhite minority. Middle-class transborder activists sought to redeem the Mexican masses from body politic exclusions in part by encouraging them to become identified with the nation-state. Redeeming la raza was as much about saving them from traditional modes of thought and practices that were perceived as hindrances to progress as it was about saving them from race and class-based forms of discrimination that were part and parcel of modernity. At the center of this link between modernity and discriminatory practices based on social constructions lay the economic imperative for the abundant and inexpensive labor power that the modernization process required. Labeling groups of people as inferior helped to rationalize their economic exploitation in a developing modern nation-state that also professed to be a democratic society founded upon principles of political egalitarianism. This book presents cases of transborder activism that demonstrate how the politics of respectability and the politics of radicalism operated, often at odds but sometimes in complementary ways.
Social Change, Cultural Redemption, and Social Stability
Authors: González Gabriela
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyzes the First Mexicanist Congress and its offshoot, La Liga Femenil Mexicanista (hereafter referred to as the League of Mexican Women), as organizations that reflect a sophisticated and gendered transborder political culture that developed in response to racism and poverty facing both diasporic and indigenous Mexican communities. This political culture borrowed ideas across borders and reflected three distinct discourses and strategies: social change, cultural redemption, and social stability. The chapter emphasizes the liberal capitalist ideas undergirding the lives and public work of transborder activists and addresses the privileges gente decente enjoyed while many méxico-tejano families did not.
Crossing Borders to Rebirth the Nation
Authors: González Gabriela
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses how the life and work of Leonor Villegas de Magnón exemplify the transnational political roles some women as fronterizas played during the Mexican Revolution. Transborder activists saw in the revolution the opportunity to stretch the boundaries of nation and, for women, opportunities to expand traditional constructions of gender. Villegas de Magnón’s maternalism was part of feminist consciousness that informed some of the political practices within the transborder political culture. She promoted her bold ideas in ways her male associates, including the rebel Venustiano Carranza, may have found nonthreatening. She believed that both men and women, not just women, were responsible for improving conditions in society for everyone.
Integrated Effects of Genetic Resistance and Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole Application Timing on Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat
Authors: Paul P. A. , Salgado J. D. , Bergstrom G. , Bradley C. A. , Byamukama E. , Byrne A. M. , Chapara V. , Cummings J. A. , Chilvers M. I. , Dill-Macky R. , Friskop A. , Kleczewski N. , Madden L. V. , Nagelkirk M. , Stevens J. , Smith M. , Wegulo S. N. , Wise K. , Yabwalo D.
Published: July 2018

Integrated Fusarium head blight (FHB) management programs consisting of different combinations of cultivar resistance class and an application of the fungicide prothioconazole + tebuconazole at or after 50% early anthesis were evaluated for efficacy against FHB incidence (INC; percentage of diseased spikes), index (IND; percentage of diseased spikelets per spike), Fusarium damaged kernel (FDK), deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin contamination, grain yield, and test weight (TW) in inoculated field trials conducted in 11 U.S. states in 2014 and 2015. Mean log response ratios and corresponding percent control values for INC, IND, FDK, and DON, and mean differences in yield and TW relative to a nontreated, inoculated susceptible check (S_CK), were estimated through network meta-analyses as measures of efficacy. Results from the analyses were then used to estimate the economic benefit of each management program for a range of grain prices and fungicide applications costs. Management programs consisting of a moderately resistant (MR) cultivar treated with the fungicide were the most efficacious, reducing INC by 60 to 69%, IND by 71 to 76%, FDK by 66 to 72%, and DON by 60 to 64% relative to S_CK, compared with 56 to 62% for INC, 68 to 72% for IND, 66 to 68% for FDK, and 58 to 61% for DON for programs with a moderately susceptible (MS) cultivar. The least efficacious programs were those with a fungicide application to a susceptible (S) cultivar, with less than a 45% reduction of INC, IND, FDK, or DON. All programs were more efficacious under conditions favorable for FHB compared with less favorable conditions, with applications made at 50% early anthesis being of comparable efficacy to those made 2 to 7 days later. Programs with an MS cultivar resulted in the highest mean yield increases relative to S_CK (541 to 753 kg/ha), followed by programs with an S cultivar (386 to 498 kg/ha) and programs with an MR cultivar (250 to 337 kg/ha). Integrated management programs with an MS or MR cultivar treated with the fungicide at or after 50% early anthesis were the most likely to result in a 50 or 75% control of IND, FDK, or DON in a future trial. At a fixed fungicide application cost, these programs were $4 to $319/MT more economically beneficial than corresponding fungicide-only programs, depending on the cultivar and grain price. These findings demonstrate the benefits of combining genetic resistance with a prothioconazole + tebuconazole treatment to manage FHB, even if that treatment is applied a few days after 50% early anthesis.
Phylogenetic and Morphological Reassessment of Mycosphaerella nawae, the Causal Agent of Circular Leaf Spot in Persimmon
Authors: Hassan Oliul , Chang Taehyun
Published: July 2018

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit production is severely affected by circular leaf spot worldwide. Mycosphaerella nawae causes circular leaf spot of persimmon (CLSP) and can result in leaf spot, defoliation, early fruit maturation, and subsequent softening and abscission. The morphology and phylogenetic position of M. nawae within the family Mycosphaerellaceae is, therefore, of utmost importance given its impact on persimmon production. Based on previous morphological and molecular studies, the phylogenetic position of the anamorphic genera associated with M. nawae remain in confusion. In the present study, 15 isolates of M. nawae were collected from the tissue of living leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms. A subsample of three isolates was characterized phylogenetically and morphologically. Isolates were compared based on DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S ITS2), part of the 28S nrDNA including domains D1-D3 (LSU), actin (Act), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2). The anamorph and teleomorph structures, ascospore germination patterns, as well as host specificity were used to describe the isolates. The phylogenetic and morphological analyses revealed that M. nawae requires a new holomorphic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae, described herein as Plurivorosphaerella gen. nov. A host specificity test revealed that Plurivorosphaerella nawae comb. nov. (M. nawae) can superficially colonize, but not infect, apple, peach, cherry, and plum.
Transient activation of AMPK preceding left ventricular pressure overload reduces adverse remodeling and preserves left ventricular function
Authors: Nam Deok Hwa , Kim Eunah , Benham Ashley , Park Hye-Kyung , Soibam Benjamin , Taffet George E. , Kaelber Jason T. , Suh Ji Ho , Taegtmeyer Heinrich , Entman Mark L. , Reineke Erin L.
Published: July 2018

Coordinated changes in signaling pathways and gene expression in hearts subjected to prolonged stress maintain cardiac function. Loss of steroid receptor coactivator‐2 (SRC‐2) results in a reversal to the fetal gene program and disrupts the response to pressure overload, accompanied by prominent effects on metabolism and growth signaling, including increased AMPK activation. We proposed that early metabolic stress driven by AMPK activation induces contractile dysfunction in mice lacking SRC‐2. We used 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) to activate AMPK transiently before transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in wild‐type and cardiomyocyte‐specific SRC‐2 knockout (CKO) animals. In contrast to AMPK activities during stress, in unstressed hearts, AICAR induced a mild activation of Akt signaling, and, in SRC‐2–CKO mice, partially relieved an NAD+ deficiency and increased antioxidant signaling. These molecular changes translated to a mild hypertrophic response to TAC with decreased maladaptive remodeling, including markedly decreased fibrosis. Additionally, preactivation of AMPK in SRC‐2–CKO mice was accompanied by a dramatic improvement in cardiac function compared with saline‐treated SRC‐2–CKO mice. Our results show that altered molecular signaling before stress onset has extended effects on sustained cardiac stress responses, and prestress modulation of transient growth and metabolism pathways may control those effects.—Nam, D. H., Kim, E., Benham, A., Park, H.‐K., Soibam, B., Taffet, G. E., Kaelber, J. T., Suh, J. H., Taegtmeyer, H., Entman, M. L., Reineke, E. L. Transient activation of AMPK preceding left ventricular pressure overload reduces adverse remodeling and preserves left ventricular function. FASEB J. 33, 711–721 (2019). www.fasebj.org
A Collaborative Approach to Prepare Nursing Students to Implement Relationship-Based Care
Authors: Terry Allison J.
Published: July 2018

The author proposes the use of a collaborative approach to prepare nursing students to implement relationship-based care through the use of a dedicated education unit. This collaboration would use the phases of relationship-based care, Benner's novice-to-expert stages, and the semesters of the typical upper division nursing curriculum. The ways in which relationship-based care can enhance the learning process for nursing students are discussed.