bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced‐dose post‐transplant cyclophosphamide plus low‐dose post‐transplant anti‐thymocyte globulin as graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis with fludarabine–busulfan–cytarabine conditioning in haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: A multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Gui Ruirui , Zu Yingling , Zhang Binglei , Li Zhen , Zhang Yanli , Wang Xianjing , Guo Shuli , Zhan Xinrong , Fu Yuewen , Song Yongping , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2022

Anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) or post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy)‐based regimens are widely used for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT). To improve the effectiveness of GVHD prophylaxis in haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (haplo‐PBSCT), we conducted a multicentre, randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of reduced‐dose PTCy (40 mg/kg/d on days 3 and 4) combined with low‐dose post‐transplant ATG (2.5 mg/kg on day 8)‐based GVHD prophylaxis (reduced‐dose PTCy/ATG) with fludarabine–busulfan–cytarabine (FBA) conditioning for patients with haematological malignancies. From 2018 to 2022, 122 patients from four institutions were randomly assigned 1:1 to either a reduced‐dose PTCy/ATG or a standard‐dose ATG group (‘Beijing Protocol’, ATG: 10 mg/kg). All patients achieved myeloid engraftment. Cumulative incidences of grade II–IV (11.5% vs 39.3%, p = 0.001) and grade III–IV (6.6% vs 24.6%, p = 0.014) acute GVHD at day 100 were significantly reduced in the reduced‐dose PTCy/ATG group. Furthermore, two‐year overall survival, disease‐free survival and GVHD‐free/relapse‐free survival were significantly improved in the reduced‐dose PTCy/ATG group (75.4% vs 54.1%, p = 0.021; 72.7% vs 55.0%, p = 0.044; 61.3% vs 42.3%, p = 0.022 respectively). Our results demonstrate that the addition of low‐dose ATG to reduced‐dose PTCy with FBA conditioning is a promising strategy in haplo‐PBSCT.
Holocene relative sea level changes in the Västervik‐Gamlebyviken region on the southeast coast of Sweden, southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Katrantsiotis Christos , Dahl Martin , Palm Veronica , Rönnby Johan , Andrén Thomas , Andrén Elinor
Published: October 2022

We reconstruct the Holocene shore displacement of the Västervik‐Gamlebyviken area on the southeast coast of Sweden, characterised by a maritime cultural landscape and archaeological significance since the Mesolithic. Sediment cores were retrieved from four lake basins that have been raised above sea level due to the postglacial land uplift and eustatic sea level changes after the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The cores were radiocarbon dated and analysed for loss on ignition and diatoms. The isolation thresholds of the basins were determined using LiDAR data. The results provide evidence for the initiation of the first Littorina Sea transgression in this area at 8.5 thousand calibrated years before present (cal. ka BP). A relative sea level rise by ∼7 m a.s.l. is recorded between 8.0 and 7.5 cal. ka BP with a highstand at ∼22 m a.s.l. between 7.5 and 6.2 cal. ka BP. These phases coincide with the second and third Littorina Sea transgressions, respectively, in the Blekinge area, southern Sweden and are consistent with the final deglaciation of North America. After 6.2 cal. ka BP, the relative sea level dropped below 22 m a.s.l., and remained at ∼20 m a.s.l. until 4.6 cal. ka BP coinciding with the fourth Littorina Sea transgression in Blekinge. From 4.6 to 4.2 cal. ka BP, the shore displacement shows a regression rate of 10 mm a−1 followed by a slowdown with a mean value of 4.6 mm a−1 until 1.6 cal. ka BP, when the relative sea level dropped below 3.3 m a.s.l. The Middle to Late Holocene highstand and other periods of minor sea level transgressions and/or higher salinity between 6.2 and 1.7 cal. ka BP are attributed to a combination of warmer climate and higher inflow of saline waters in the southern Baltic Sea due to stronger westerlies, caused by variations in the North Atlantic atmospheric patterns.
Management of IgE‐mediated food allergy in the 21st century
Authors: Cafarotti Arianna , Giovannini Mattia , Begìn Philippe , Brough Helen A. , Arasi Stefania
Published: October 2022

The 21st century has seen the propulsion of research in the field of food allergy, which has driven real changes in the clinical approach. Allergen immunotherapy has been recommended for the active management of food allergy. Data have shown promising additional methods of treatment, including biologics. Efforts have been devoted to the risk stratification of food allergy and the standardization of the assessment of food‐allergic severity. Alternative routes of administration of epinephrine are under investigation to minimize any mechanical issue and the fear of injections. Evidence‐based guidelines have been published by the main international societies in the field of anaphylaxis and food allergy management and new updates are in preparation. In the coming years, treatment options that are currently in pre‐clinical or early clinical evaluation will hopefully lead to safe and effective disease‐modifying therapies for food allergy in clinical practice. The identification of reliable biomarkers and the standardization of definitions and measurement approaches, alongside a shared decision‐making with patients and families, will be key for the development of personalized care and to help minimize the substantial burden of food allergy.
Anti‐abortion strategizing and the afterlife of the Geneva Consensus Declaration
Authors: Morgan Lynn
Published: October 2022

The Geneva Consensus Declaration, introduced by the Trump‐Pence administration in 2020 and signed by thirty‐two countries, claims that there is no international right to abortion. Although the Declaration was subsequently repudiated by the Biden administration, it did not die. This paper traces the afterlife of the Geneva Consensus Declaration as part of an ongoing antiabortion strategy to form a global coalition. Its supporters hope to mobilize signing nations to remove sexual and reproductive rights from the agendas of multilateral agencies including the United Nations and Organization of American States. The Geneva Consensus Declaration puts antiabortion politics above all other considerations, creating common cause among governments that oppose reproductive and sexual rights by undermining multilateral governance.
Semaglutide improves cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity: STEP 1 and 4 exploratory analyses
Authors: Kosiborod Mikhail N. , Bhatta Meena , Davies Melanie , Deanfield John E. , Garvey W. Timothy , Khalid Usman , Kushner Robert , Rubino Domenica M. , Zeuthen Niels , Verma Subodh
Published: October 2022

Aims

Evaluate the effects of once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg on cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight/obesity without diabetes in the STEP 1 and 4 trials.

Materials and Methods

STEP 1 and 4 were phase III, 68‐week, placebo‐controlled trials of once‐weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg combined with lifestyle intervention; STEP 4 had a 20‐week semaglutide run‐in and 48‐week randomized withdrawal period. Participants had a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with one or more weight‐related comorbidity, without diabetes. Pre‐specified endpoints were changes in waist circumference, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), lipids, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin and antihypertensive/lipid‐lowering medication use. Post‐hoc assessments included non‐high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR; STEP 1 only), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association algorithm; STEP 1 only) and cardiometabolic risk factors by weight loss achieved (<5%, 5% to <10%, 10% to <15%, or ≥15%) (STEP 1 only).

Results

Of the 1961 participants in STEP 1 and 803 in STEP 4, most had one or more complication/comorbidity at baseline, with dyslipidaemia and hypertension most prevalent. In STEP 1, reductions in waist circumference, SBP, DBP, FPG, fasting serum insulin, lipids and HOMA‐IR were greater with semaglutide versus placebo (p ≤ .001). Reductions in SBP, non‐HDL cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and FPG were generally greater with semaglutide than placebo within weight‐loss categories. Non‐significant ASCVD risk reductions were observed with semaglutide versus placebo (p > .05). In STEP 4, improvements in waist circumference, SBP, FPG, fasting serum insulin and lipids during the semaglutide run‐in (week 0‐20) were maintained over week 20‐68 with continued semaglutide, but deteriorated following the switch to placebo (p < .001 [week 20‐68]). Net reductions in antihypertensive/lipid‐lowering medication use occurred with semaglutide versus placebo (both trials).

Conclusions

Semaglutide may improve cardiometabolic risk factors and reduce antihypertensive/lipid‐lowering medication use versus placebo in adults with overweight/obesity without diabetes. These potential benefits were not maintained after treatment discontinuation.

ClinicalTrials.gov numbers

STEP 1 NCT03548935, STEP 4 NCT03548987.
Statin‐based endothelial prophylaxis and outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Pabst Caroline , Schreck Nicholas , Benner Axel , Hegenbart Ute , Schönland Stefan , Radujkovic Aleksandar , Schmitt Michael , Müller‐Tidow Carsten , Orsatti Laura , Dreger Peter , Luft Thomas
Published: October 2022

Background

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) often remains the only curative therapy for hematologic malignancies. Although the management of transplant‐associated adverse events considerably improved over the last decades, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) remains a challenge, and endothelial dysfunction was identified as a major contributor to NRM.

Methods

Statin‐based endothelial prophylaxis (SEP) has been implemented in the standard of care in our transplant centre to reduce NRM caused by endothelial injury. Here, we retrospectively analysed the impact of SEP on clinical outcome in a cohort of 347 alloSCT patients.

Results

SEP (n = 209) was associated with significantly reduced NRM (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.96) and better overall survival (OS) after acute graft‐versus‐host disease (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37–0.93). Subgroup analyses showed that the NRM benefit was mainly found in patients with an intermediate endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX), while relapse risk was not affected. On day 100 post‐alloSCT, patients receiving SEP had significantly higher levels of the rate‐limiting enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), higher kynurenine to tryptophan ratios as a proxy of IDO activity and tended to have lower levels of the endothelial injury marker ST2 (p = .055). No significant differences in interferon‐gamma or IL18 levels were observed. These biomarker signatures suggest that the beneficial effects of SEP might be mediated by both endothelial protection and immunomodulation.

Conclusions

Together, these data suggest that SEP improves NRM and OS post‐alloSCT in particular in patients with intermediate endothelial risk and provide first mechanistic clues about its potential mode of action.
Risk factors for insidious uveitis in the Knabstrupper breed
Authors: Kingsley Nicole B. , Sandmeyer Lynne , Parker Sarah E. , Dwyer Ann , Heden Sanna , Reilly Camilla , Hallendar‐Edman Anna , Archer Sheila , Bellone Rebecca R.
Published: October 2022

Background

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is the leading cause of blindness for horses; previous research implicated the leopard complex spotting allele (LP) as a genetic risk factor for insidious uveitis in the Appaloosa. There is limited information about risk in the Knabstrupper.

Objective

To evaluate clinical manifestations, disease frequency and potential risk factors for ERU in Knabstrupper horses.

Study design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Ocular examinations were performed on 116 horses, and based on identified anomalies, horses were classified as suspect, ERU‐affected or having no clinical signs. Microagglutination testing (MAT) of serum assessed exposure toLeptospiraspp. Clinical signs, age, sex, base colour, coat pattern,LPandPATN1genotypes, percent white at birth, progressive roaning andLeptospirawere assessed as risk factors using multivariable exact logistic regression, accounting for clustering at the barn level. Additionally, a pedigree analysis was performed (n = 20 cases and 21 controls), and coefficients of coancestry (CC) and inbreeding were calculated.

Results

Prevalence of insidious uveitis in this sample of Knabstruppers was 20.7%. Similar to findings for Appaloosas,LPhomozygotes had higher odds of uveitis compared with true solid (N/N) horses (LP/LPOR = 7.64, 95% CI [0.8 to +INF],p = 0.04) and age was also identified as a risk factor. After accounting forLP, the 16–20 age group had higher odds compared with the youngest group (OR = 13.36, 95% CI [1.4–213.4],p = 0.009). The distributions of average CC were significantly different between cases and controls (p = 0.01).

Main limitations

A relatively small sample size decreased the power for detecting additional associations. The progressive nature of insidious uveitis may have prevented identification of younger affected horses.

Conclusions

Our data support genotyping forLPto assess risk of ERU in Knabstruppers. Additional studies are necessary to develop more robust risk models across LP breeds for earlier detection and improved clinical management.
Scoping review: Occurrence and definitions of postoperative complications in equine colic surgery
Authors: Gandini Marco , Cerullo Anna , Giusto Gessica
Published: October 2022

Background

Postoperative complications frequently occur following equine colic surgery but there is a lack of consistency in their definitions and reporting.

Objectives

To perform a scoping review to identify current evidence on the definitions and classifications of postoperative complications in equine colic surgery.

Study design

Evidence review.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted in CAB, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases using a PCC (Population‐equids, Concept‐complications, adverse events, sequelae, failure to cure, technical failure, disease progression and Context‐postoperative period after colic surgery) search strategy. Peer‐reviewed scientific articles in the English language on equine colic surgery in live client‐owned equids between 1992 and 2022 were included. The resulting references were independently and blindly screened by two investigators. Relevant data on the study method, sample size, intestinal tract involvement and postoperative complications were extracted and charted.

Results

Among 5850 articles potentially eligible, 272 met the final inclusion criteria. The most frequent types of study design were retrospective cohort studies (121/272) and retrospective case series (82/272). Median sample size was 53 animals, range 3–896. Seventy‐nine of 272 (29%) studies reported diseases of the small intestine, 65 of 272 (24%) of the large intestine and 128 of 272 (47%) reported both. Seventy‐two studies (26.4%) focused on single complications. No study explicitly defined the term complication or cited a classification of complications. One study reported the definitions of ‘sequela’, ‘progression’ or ‘recurrence’ of lesions. Eighty‐one postoperative complications were reported in two‐time frames defined as short‐ and long‐term. The definitions of most complications and long‐term follow‐ups were highly variable.

Main limitation

Non‐English language studies or conference proceedings were excluded.

Conclusion

There was a substantial lack of classifications of postoperative complications. The definitions of complications were highly variable, making it difficult to compare studies. Adopting classification systems and definitions may help surgeons to obtain a complete picture of the efficacy of a procedure or treatment and allow comparisons between studies, centres or time periods.
Prototypical words for core categories in French and English: Vocabulary as a window to culture
Authors: Hurst Sarah‐Kay
Published: October 2022

The Challenge

Vocabulary is often presented as a simple list of paired (L2: L1) items for a category, but does this approach overlook that the most prototypical words may be culture‐specific? Can authentic native speaker data enrich the selection and presentation of lexical items and allow learners to explore culture through vocabulary?
Ecological and methodological drivers of non‐stationarity in tree growth response to climate
Authors: Tumajer Jan , Begović Krešimir , Čada Vojtěch , Jenicek Michal , Lange Jelena , Mašek Jiří , Kaczka Ryszard J. , Rydval Miloš , Svoboda Miroslav , Vlček Lukáš , Treml Václav
Published: October 2022

Radial tree growth is sensitive to environmental conditions, making observed growth increments an important indicator of climate change effects on forest growth. However, unprecedented climate variability could lead to non‐stationarity, that is, a decoupling of tree growth responses from climate over time, potentially inducing biases in climate reconstructions and forest growth projections. Little is known about whether and to what extent environmental conditions, species, and model type and resolution affect the occurrence and magnitude of non‐stationarity. To systematically assess potential drivers of non‐stationarity, we compiled tree‐ring width chronologies of two conifer species, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, distributed across cold, dry, and mixed climates. We analyzed 147 sites across the Europe including the distribution margins of these species as well as moderate sites. We calibrated four numerical models (linear vs. non‐linear, daily vs. monthly resolution) to simulate growth chronologies based on temperature and soil moisture data. Climate–growth models were tested in independent verification periods to quantify their non‐stationarity, which was assessed based on bootstrapped transfer function stability tests. The degree of non‐stationarity varied between species, site climatic conditions, and models. Chronologies of P. sylvestris showed stronger non‐stationarity compared with Picea abies stands with a high degree of stationarity. Sites with mixed climatic signals were most affected by non‐stationarity compared with sites sampled at cold and dry species distribution margins. Moreover, linear models with daily resolution exhibited greater non‐stationarity compared with monthly‐resolved non‐linear models. We conclude that non‐stationarity in climate–growth responses is a multifactorial phenomenon driven by the interaction of site climatic conditions, tree species, and methodological features of the modeling approach. Given the existence of multiple drivers and the frequent occurrence of non‐stationarity, we recommend that temporal non‐stationarity rather than stationarity should be considered as the baseline model of climate–growth response for temperate forests.
Effect of residual chlorine on fluorescence emission of Dy3+ doped chalcogenide glasses with low gallium content
Authors: Cui Jian , Xu Yantao , Xiao Xusheng , Cui Xiaoxia , Liu Chengzhen , Guo Haitao
Published: October 2022

Chlorine or chlorides are usually used as a dehydrating agent for removing the O‐H or S(Se)‐H in the preparation of high‐purity chalcogenide glasses. However, the residual chlorine in some rare‐earth ions doped chalcogenide glasses was found to have a great negative impact on fluorescence emission. In this work, the effect of residual chlorine on the fluorescence emission of Dy3+ ions in serial (Ge)GaAsSbS glasses was studied quantitatively, and the reasons were discussed. Cl2 gas and SbCl3 were used as the source of chlorine and their residual contents were controlled by the post‐distillation process and added content, respectively. The results can give some suggestions for how to eliminate the negative effects of chlorine and improve the glass’ optical gain properties.
Balancing liquidity and returns through interbank markets: Endogenous interest rates and network structures
Authors: Xiao Di , Krause Andreas
Published: October 2022

In this article, we develop a model of interbank lending based on liquidity and return on equity considerations of homogeneous banks. We derive the reservation prices of interbank lending and its properties before exploring how, because of an idiosyncratic liquidity shock, banks engage in bilateral lending to form an interbank network. We establish that the resulting networks exhibit realistic properties, including a core‐periphery structure. Banks in the core and the periphery of this network differ not only in the amounts of interbank lending and borrowing but also in the interest rates applied to their transactions.
Injury to the muscle layer, increasing the risk of post‐colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome
Authors: Omori Takafumi , Funasaka Kohei , Horiguchi Noriyuki , Kamano Toshiaki , Nagasaka Mitsuo , Nakagawa Yoshihito , Miyahara Ryoji , Hashimoto Senju , Shibata Tomoyuki , Ohmiya Naoki , Hirooka Yoshiki
Published: October 2022

Background and Aim

In colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), post‐ESD electrocoagulation syndrome (PECS) has been recognized as one of the major complications. There are no reports on the relationships between ESD findings and PECS. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors for PECS, including ESD findings such as muscularis propria exposure.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent colorectal ESD between January 2017 and December 2021 in Japan. The grade of injury to the muscle layer caused by ESD was categorized as follows: Grade 0, no exposure of muscularis propria; Grade 1, muscularis propria exposure; Grade 2, torn muscularis propria; and Grade 3, colon perforation. The risk factors for PECS, including injury to the muscle layer, were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Out of 314 patients who underwent colorectal ESD, PECS occurred in 28 patients (8.9%). The multivariate analysis showed that female sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.233; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.264–8.265, P = 0.014), large specimen size (≥ 40 mm) (OR 6.138; 95% CI: 1.317–28.596, P = 0.021), long procedure time (≥ 90 min) (OR 2.664; 95% CI: 1.053–6.742, P = 0.039), and Grade 1 or 2 injury to the muscle layer (OR 3.850; 95% CI: 1.090–13.61, P = 0.036) were independent risk factors for PECS.

Conclusions

Injury to the muscle layer, such as exposure or tear, was identified as a novel independent risk factor for PECS. We should perform colorectal ESD carefully to avoid injuring the muscle layers.
Time to dementia diagnosis by race: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Davis Matthew A. , Lee Kathryn A. , Harris Melissa , Ha Jinkyung , Langa Kenneth M. , Bynum Julie P. W. , Hoffman Geoffrey J.
Published: October 2022

Background

Non‐Hispanic Black individuals may be less likely to receive a diagnosis of dementia compared to non‐Hispanic White individuals. These findings raise important questions regarding which factors may explain this observed association and any differences in the time to which disparities emerge following dementia onset.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using survey data from the 1995 to 2016 Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare fee‐for‐service claims. Using the Hurd algorithm (a regression‐based approach), we identified dementia onset among older adult respondents (age ≥65 years) from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and proxy respondents. We determined date from dementia onset to diagnosis using Medicare data up to 3 years following onset using a list of established diagnosis codes. Cox Proportional Hazards modeling was used to examine the association between an individual's reported race and likelihood of diagnosis after accounting for sociodemographic characteristics, income, education, functional status, and healthcare use.

Results

We identified 3435 older adults who experienced a new onset of dementia. Among them, 30.1% received a diagnosis within 36 months of onset. In unadjusted analyses, the difference in cumulative proportion diagnosed by race continued to increase across time following onset, p‐value <0.001. 23.8% of non‐Hispanic Black versus 31.4% of non‐Hispanic White participants were diagnosed within 36 months of dementia onset, Hazard Ratio = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.88). The association persisted after adjustment for functional status and healthcare use; however, these factors had less of an impact on the strength of the association than income and level of education.

Conclusion

Lower diagnosis rates of dementia among non‐Hispanic Black individuals persists after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, functional status, and healthcare use. Further understanding of barriers to diagnosis that may be related to social determinants of health is needed to improve dementia‐related outcomes among non‐Hispanic Black Americans.
Between construction yard and village: Changing relations of caste and hierarchy among Madhya Pradesh's labouring classes
Authors: Kaba Arnaud
Published: October 2022

In Madhya Pradesh, India, rural migrant workers hired in flyover's construction yards experiment a space of work where the social practices relating to caste separation and hierarchy are temporally softened. This paper shows that these processes of conviviality, through mixing between castes and trans‐communitarian work identities based on the hierarchies of labour, are taking part in the lower classes' long quest for less oppressive labour relations. Starting from the construction yard, and then going to the village, this paper shows that the labour relations involved in the circulation of rural migrants to the flyover construction yards are contributing to shaping their complex and flexible social consciousness in a context of slow reconfiguration of oppressive rural labour relations.
“Jumping into the COVID‐19 arena”: The professional transition into clinical practice of new graduate nurses in Italy at time of COVID‐19
Authors: Bani Marco , Russo Selena , Cardinale Chiara , Ardenghi Stefano , Rampoldi Giulia , Luciani Michela , Ausili Davide , Di Mauro Stefania , Strepparava Maria Grazia
Published: October 2022

Aims and Objectives

To evaluate the impact of the professional transition of new graduate nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

The transition from the role of student to the professional role can be challenging for new graduate nurses for the acquisition of higher autonomy and responsibility. The COVID‐19 pandemic impacted the quality of the professional transition.

Design

This was a cross‐sectional observational study following the Strengthening and Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.

Methods

One hundred and two nurses who graduated in three consecutive sessions (November 2019—pre‐pandemic, March 2020—pandemic outbreak, and November 2020—2nd wave) in a north Italian university located in the most affected Italian region by the COVID‐19 pandemic, completed an online survey assessing well‐being, risk of burnout, resilience, perceived stigma, strengths and limitations and quality of the professional transition. The study was performed between March and May 2021.

Results

81.4% of participants described the professional transition as worse than expected, and new graduate nurses who worked in COVID‐19 settings reported a more difficult transition to professional life. No differences emerged in burnout, mental well‐being and perceived stigma between new graduate nurses who worked in COVID‐19 settings and those who did not. Similarly, no differences emerged amongst the three graduated cohort sessions. The most commonly mentioned challenges faced during the transition were organisational aspects, suddenly acquired autonomy and lack of suitable coaching.

Conclusion

New graduate nurses reported a challenging academic‐professional transition, in particular, those who worked in COVID‐19 settings. The mid‐ and long‐term impact of experiencing an academic‐professional transition in COVID‐19 settings should be assessed and monitored.

Relevance to clinical practice

The professional transition of new graduate students should be adequately planned and monitored, new graduates should be assisted to develop realistic expectations about the transition, and an adequate coaching period should be guaranteed all the more during health emergencies.
Associations of plasma TMAO and its precursors with stroke risk in the general population: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Liu Dong , Gu Shujun , Zhou Zhengyuan , Ma Ze , Zuo Hui
Published: October 2022

Background

Trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) is a gut‐derived atherogenic metabolite. However, the role of TMAO and its precursors in the development of stroke remains unclear. We aimed to examine the associations between metabolites in TMAO biosynthesis and stroke risk.

Methods

A nested case‐control study was performed in a community‐based cohort (2013–2018, n = 16,113). We included 412 identified stroke cases and 412 controls matched by age and sex. Plasma carnitine, choline, betaine, trimethyl lysine (TML), and TMAO were measured by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between these biomarkers and stroke risk.

Results

After adjustment for body mass index, smoking, hypertension, educational attainment, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, the corresponding OR for the highest versus lowest quartile was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.16–2.61, P trend = 0.006) for total stroke and 1.81 (95% CI: 1.14–2.86, P trend = 0.020) for ischemic stroke in an essentially linear dose–response fashion. A significant association between TMAO and nonischemic stroke was shown as a J‐shape with OR for the highest versus second quartile of 5.75 (95% CI: 1.73–19.1). No meaningful significant risk association was found among plasma carnitine, choline, betaine, and TML with stroke risk.

Conclusions

Increased TMAO was associated with higher stroke risk in the community‐based population, whereas the TMAO precursors carnitine, choline, betaine, and TML were not associated. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to further elucidate the role of TMAO in the development of stroke.
Examining Secondary School Choice Processes as a Predictor of Adjustment After the School Transition
Authors: de Moor Elisabeth L. , Branje Susan
Published: October 2022

The secondary school transition is an important moment in adolescents' lives. Taking a prospective approach, the present study examined whether educational identity regarding a secondary school choice and own and parental expectations during the last year of primary school predicted post‐transition school and psychological adjustment in Dutch adolescents (N = 314, Mage = 11.58). Additionally, the study qualitatively examined the reasons adolescents gave for their school choice, and linked these reasons to exploration behavior and post‐transition adjustment. Identity processes and expectations predicted adjustment. Adolescents mostly reported multiple reasons for their school choice, with educational, practical, and social aspects of secondary schools appearing most important. The number of reasons mentioned was associated with pre‐transition exploration behavior.
Contrasting continental patterns of adaptive population divergence in the holarctic ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis
Authors: Tremble Keaton , Hoffman J. I. , Dentinger Bryn T. M.
Published: October 2022

In the hyperdiverse fungi, the process of speciation is virtually unknown, including for the > 20 000 species of ectomycorrhizal mutualists. To understand this process, we investigated patterns of genome‐wide differentiation in the ectomycorrhizal porcini mushroom, Boletus edulis, a globally distributed species complex with broad ecological amplitude.

By whole‐genome sequencing 160 individuals from across the Northern Hemisphere, we genotyped 792 923 single nucleotide polymorphisms to characterize patterns of genome‐wide differentiation and to identify the adaptive processes shaping global population structure.

We show that B. edulis exhibits contrasting patterns of genomic divergence between continents, with multiple lineages present across North America, while a single lineage dominates Europe. These geographical lineages are inferred to have diverged 1.62–2.66 million years ago, during a period of climatic upheaval and the onset of glaciation in the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. High levels of genomic differentiation were observed among lineages despite evidence of substantial and ongoing introgression. Genome scans, demographic inference, and ecological niche models suggest that genomic differentiation is maintained by environmental adaptation, not physical isolation.

Our study uncovers striking patterns of genome‐wide differentiation on a global scale and emphasizes the importance of local adaptation and ecologically mediated divergence, rather than prezygotic barriers such as allopatry or genomic incompatibility, in fungal population differentiation.
A VIOLENT END OR A RESPECTFUL BEGINNING? CAVE 120 AT LACHISH REVISED
Authors: Garfinkel Yosef , Cohen Eylon
Published: October 2022

Cave 120 and three adjacent caves at Tel Lachish in southern Israel produced the largest concentration of human crania ever unearthed in the Near East. The conventional interpretation associates this deposit with primary burials of victims of the city’s destruction by King Sennacherib of Assyria in 701 BC. Taking into consideration attitudes to human skulls, site formation processes and taphonomic aspects, we indicate that these conclusions are incorrect. The caves contained mainly crania and almost completely lacked other skeletal material. The numerous morphological and morphometric studies carried out on the assemblage could not point to any standardized population. We conclude that large‐scale quarrying of stones, probably for the construction of the city wall in the seventh century BC, destroyed a large number of older burial caves. The crania from these caves, each symbolizing a deceased person, were carefully collected and reburied.
The impact of anxiety on postural control: CO2 challenge model
Authors: Taylor Alexander N. W. , Low Daniel C. , Walsh Gregory S. , Holt Nigel
Published: October 2022

Anxiety and balance and postural control are linked via common neural pathways, such as the parabrachial nucleus network. A laboratory‐based model of general anxiety disorder (GAD) using the CO2 challenge, has potential to be used to observe this relationship, potentially mimicking subjective, autonomic, and neuropsychological features of GAD. The current feasibility study used the CO2 challenge to explore postural control changes in healthy adults. It was predicted that during the CO2 condition, participants would show increased postural sway path length and decreased sway stability, compared with a normal air breathing condition. To assess this, heart and breathing rate, quiet standing postural sway path length, sway dynamic stability, and subjective measures of emotion were measured either before and after or during and after the inhalation conditions. Results demonstrated that CO2 inhalation led to both an increase in sway path length and reduced sway stability compared to the air breathing conditions; the effect on sway path lasted after the inhalation of CO2 had ceased. Additionally, replication of HR and subjective measures of emotion were observed when comparing air and CO2 conditions. This provides experimental evidence that CO2 inhalation can affect balance, suggestive of shared mechanisms between anxiety and balance performance, as well as indicating that the CO2 model of GAD is suitable to look at changes in balance performance in healthy adults. Future use of this model to explore factors that can reduce the influence of GAD on balance would be beneficial as would a more detailed exploration of the neural pathways associated with the associated comorbidity.
Drivers of success in collaborative monitoring in forest landscape restoration: an indicative assessment from Latin America
Authors: Evans Kristen , Meli Paula , Zamora‐Cristales René , Schweizer Daniella , Méndez‐Toribio Moisés , Gómez‐Ruiz Pilar A. , Guariguata Manuel R.
Published: October 2022

Despite growing global attention on forest landscape restoration (FLR) as an integrated approach to enhancing environmental and human well‐being, the potential for leveraging monitoring to catalyze learning and improve management outcomes is not being fully realized. We assessed the extent to which collaborative monitoring, a process that embraces cross‐scale multilevel actors and interactions in the collection and use of information, is considered across FLR projects in Latin America by applying a diagnostic of 54 “success factors” scored from 1 (factor not in place) to 5 (factor fully in place). Responses were collected from 36 projects across 12 countries. Although respondents generally understood monitoring as crucial to FLR success, local participation scored as insufficient. Several of the lowest‐ranked success factors related to training for local people in the use of tools, forms, and technology for data collection, and to interpreting data to promote understanding of management outcomes. The most notable finding related to the paucity of networks or entities to leverage information into knowledge‐sharing and learning opportunities from the top‐down and the bottom‐up. Our results provide a preliminary indication of how to promote collaborative monitoring approaches in the context of FLR projects in Latin America. First, it requires enhanced integration among academics, local communities and governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Second, it requires a minimum level of harmonization with current policy and normative forest conservation and restoration instruments. Finally, it needs bridging organizations or individuals to share results and learning as well as dedicated resources for information infrastructures to facilitate knowledge sharing.
Fish use of restored mangroves matches that in natural mangroves regardless of forest age
Authors: Kitchingman Michaela E. , Sievers Michael , Lopez‐Marcano Sebastian , Connolly Rod M.
Published: October 2022

The loss and degradation of mangrove forests have triggered global restoration efforts to support biodiversity and ecosystem services, including fish stock enhancement. As mangrove restoration accelerates, it is important to evaluate outcomes for species that play functional roles in ecosystems and support services, yet this remains a clear knowledge gap. There is remarkably little information, for example, about how fish use of mangroves varies as restored vegetation matures, hampering efforts to include fisheries benefits in natural capital assessments of restoration. We used unbaited underwater cameras within two distinct zones of mangrove forests—fringe and interior—at five pairs of restored‐natural mangrove sites of increasing age from restoration in southeast Queensland, Australia. We used deep learning to automatically extract data for the four most common species: yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis), sea mullet (Mugil cephalus), common toadfish (Tetractenos hamiltoni), and common silverbiddy (Gerres subfasciatus). The abundance of these species varied among sites and zones, but was equal or greater in restored sites compared to paired natural sites. Despite younger restored sites having dramatically lower structural vegetation complexity, abundances did not increase with restoration site maturity. Furthermore, while yellowfin bream and sea mullet were more abundant in the fringe zone, we observed similarities in how fish used fringe and interior zones across all sites. Our paired, space‐for‐time design provides a powerful test of restoration outcomes for fish, highlighting that even newly restored sites with immature vegetation are readily utilized by key fish species.
Can oral toxicity data for PFAS inform on toxicity via inhalation?
Authors: Monnot Andrew D. , Massarsky Andrey , Garnick Lindsey , Bandara Suren B. , Unice Kenneth M.
Published: October 2022

Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and are detected in wildlife and humans. With respect to human exposure, studies have shown that ingestion is the primary route of exposure; however, in certain settings, exposure via inhalation could also be a significant source of exposure. While many studies examined toxicity of PFAS via ingestion, limited information is available for PFAS toxicity via the inhalation route, translating into a lack of exposure guidelines. Consequently, this article examined whether route‐to‐route extrapolation to derive guidelines for inhalation exposure is appropriate for PFAS. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were used as exemplary PFAS given the abundance of toxicity data for these two compounds. Our evaluation determined that available toxicity and toxicokinetic data support route‐to‐route extrapolation for PFAS in order to derive inhalation‐based standards. Results from this analysis suggest that an air concentration of 7.0 × 10−5 mg/m3 (or 0.07 μg/m3) would be an appropriate RfC for PFOA and PFOS assuming the 2016 EPA RfD of 0.00002 mg/kg‐day, whereas use of the interim RfDs proposed in 2022 of 1.5 × 10−9 and 7.9 × 10−9 mg/kg would yield much lower RfCs of 5.25 × 10−9 and 2.77 × 10−8 mg/m3 (or 5.25 × 10−6 and 2.77 × 10−5 μg/m3) for PFOA and PFOS, respectively.
Female leaders' social network structures and managerial performance: The moderating effects of promotional orientation and climate for inclusion
Authors: Bodla Ali Ahmad , Li Yuan , Ali Ahsan , Hernandez Bark Alina S.
Published: October 2022

Leaders' managerial performance is influenced not only by their attributes and leadership styles but also by their social network structures. This study examines the effect of female leaders' in‐degree centrality on their managerial performance and how the relationship is moderated by leaders' regulatory focus and workplace climate for inclusion. Hereby, we used survey data of 340 female leaders working in multinational organizations and managerial performance ratings by their supervisors. Results showed that the leaders' in‐degree centrality positively related to their managerial performance and that a high climate for inclusion increases this relationship, whereas female leaders' promotional orientation did not. However, when the climate for inclusion was high, female leaders' promotional orientation positively related to managerial performance. This study reveals that female leaders' feeling of inclusion at a workplace complements their promotional orientation and augments the effect of network structures on managerial performance. Our findings provide new prospects for future studies to examine a leader's managerial performance by incorporating social, relational, and structural contexts. This study contributes to women's leadership and social network literature by explaining the boundary conditions that enhance female leaders' managerial performance.
Effects of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on biochar characteristics pertinent to soil carbon and soil health: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Lidong , Long Amelia , Fossum Britt , Kaiser Michael
Published: October 2022

Biochar amendment to soil is utilized globally as an approach to enhance carbon storage and to improve soil functioning. However, biochar characteristics and related improvements of soil functioning depend on biochar production conditions. Systematic evaluation of corresponding biochar characteristics is needed for more targeted and efficient biochar application strategies. Herein, we systematically review the effects of biochar pyrolysis temperature (175–950°C) and feedstock (corn stover, switchgrass and wood) on selected biochar characteristics (carbon content, H/C ratio, nitrogen content, pH, specific surface area, ash content and pore volume). These specific characteristics were selected as being pertinent to soil organic carbon sequestration and soil health improvement. Despite numerous studies on these topics, few have numerically quantified the effects of pyrolysis temperature. Our results show that high pyrolysis temperature (>500°C) increased carbon content and pore volume for wood biochar compared with low pyrolysis temperature (≤500°C). The high pyrolysis temperature decreased the H/C ratio and nitrogen content but increased pH, specific surface area and ash content regardless of feedstock. Compared with corn stover biochar and switchgrass biochar, wood biochar had higher carbon content and larger specific surface area but lower nitrogen and ash contents regardless of pyrolysis temperature. The higher biochar carbon content might be derived from higher lignin and cellulose contents of wood feedstock. Wood feedstock had 76%–109% more lignin and 27%–47% more cellulose than corn stover and switchgrass. Corn stover biochar had higher pH, and switchgrass biochar had larger pore volume than wood biochar. Our study indicates that the targeted production of biochar with specific characteristics can be facilitated by the selection of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type. For amending soil with biochar, more operationally defined biochar production conditions and feedstock selection might be a way forward to wider acceptance and better predictability of biochar performance under field conditions.
Balancing Method of Retired Battery Pack Based on Variable Domain Fuzzy Control
Authors: Wu Tiezhou , Chen Liuliang , Xu Yuhong , Zhang Xiaoxing
Published: October 2022

For the problem of the performance gap between individual cells in retired lithium batteries after group use, which affects the usable capacity of the battery pack, a grouping bidirectional equalization method based on variable domain fuzzy control is proposed. Equalization circuits based on a single inductor and LC oscillation circuit are respectively used for inter-cell and inter-cell group, to achieve inter-cell equalization and inter-cell group equalization. Variable domain fuzzy control strategy is used to determine the reasonable range of operating current according to state of health (SOH) of the battery, combined with the relationship between the capacity decay coefficient, and the average operational range of state of charge (SOC); the equalization current is dynamically adjusted according to its mathematical relationship with the operating current. To verify the effectiveness of this equalization method, an experimental platform was built and verification simulations were performed. The result of experiments shows, the equalization speed is increased by 25%, compared to the fixed equalization current control strategy; the capacity decay is reduced by 6% and the service life is extended after experiments of 1200 charge/discharge cycles, compared to traditional fuzzy equalization strategy.