bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Egypt in the First Intermediate Period
Authors: Carlos Juan , García Moreno
Published: August 2022

The First Intermediate Period was a time of considerable transformation in Egypt. After a millennium of apparent political stability, major shifts in the circulation and control of wealth derived from international trade altered the balance of power between the crown and the provincial authorities, and the crown lost control over key regions situated at strategic commercial crossroads. In turn, Thebes and Herakleopolis became the centers of independent kingdoms. Meanwhile, Middle Egypt and the Elephantine region on the First Nile Cataract continued to thrive as indispensable trade mediators, and the western Nile delta flourished in a context of increasing fluvial trade and a sustained expansion of cities. Political support from these regions was crucial for the nascent kingdoms of Thebes and Herakleopolis, leading to a complex interplay of negotiation, alliances, and occasional warfare, from which also Nubia emerged as an important power of its own. As the tax system previously implemented by the centralized monarchy had collapsed, certain individuals were able to accumulate substantial wealth that allowed them to commission their own monuments, in whose inscriptions they emphasized their economic autonomy. Far from being a “dark age,” the First Intermediate Period in Egypt was a time of notable innovations in all domains, from politics to material culture, from religious beliefs to the expression of self-identities. Its durable impact on the organization of power was such that it inspired a rich body of literary compositions aiming to redefine royal authority, social hierarchy, and the expressions of authority itself.
The Middle East after the Fall of Ur
Authors: De Graef Katrien
Published: August 2022

The disintegration of the southern Mesopotamian kingdom of Ur caused the emergence of various small polities in the adjacent regions east of the Tigris and in the Zagros Mountains, on the one hand, and of a large power block in the Iranian highlands, on the other. This chapter gives an overview of current knowledge on the kingdom of Ešnunna in the Diyala valley, the Zagros kingdoms of Lullubum and Simurrum, and the powerful Elamite kingdom in the east, extending from the Susiana plain to the Iranian highlands. The chapter traces their evolving interrelationships and the encounters between lowland and highland communities throughout the early second millennium bc.
Justice in Diverse Education Spheres
Authors: Sabbagh Clara
Published: August 2022

This introductory chapter tells the author’s story as a researcher of justice and how it led to writing the book. The main thesis of the book is that daily distribution practices in schools, non-formal education, and the family shape children’s and young people’s experiences of justice or injustice, affecting their beliefs and behavior. The book focuses on the justice perspectives of younger generations but also elaborates the perspectives of other educational agents as well—the actual purveyors of distributive justice, such as policymakers, teachers, and parents. The main argument in this connection is that young generations are objects of social justice, targeted by different educational agents in an endeavor to establish and sustain justice in democratic societies. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these issues, the book intersects justice research with established disciplines such as education, sociology of education, (social) psychology, and political philosophy.
Justice and Educational Placement
Authors: Sabbagh Clara
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 examines school tracking as a distribution practice in the learning process, one anchored in a differentiated curriculum. Tracking is essentially a selection device that differentiates learning opportunities and socialization experiences, thus affecting students’ academic performance, their subsequent educational careers and, ultimately, their occupational positions and life chances. Tracking is guided by the liberal justice ideals of equal educational opportunity and meritocracy. Selection for tracking is largely left to the discretion of district authorities and is carried out within institutions by site-based allocators: principals, counselors, and teachers. However, this process often deviates from such liberal justice ideals, giving rise to injustice. Accordingly, the chapter also discusses the adverse implications of injustice when school tracking decisions are driven by bias. With an eye to sociocultural settings, the chapter illustrates cultural variation in school tracking systems and possible differences arising from achievement-based and occupational outcomes.
Pedagogies
Authors: Sabbagh Clara
Published: August 2022

Chapter 5 looks into pedagogical practices, defined as the means teachers use to inspire learning, foster knowledge acquisition, and guide intellectual and personal development. All these goals, once achieved, are expected to contribute to successful performance in society. Since pedagogical practices affect students’ opportunities to learn, questions arise about notions of justice embedded therein. Unlike research into justice in distributional aspects of teaching, which is rather scant, socially just pedagogies have been accorded considerable scholarly attention. These studies largely concur that particular pedagogies can liberate from oppression children and young people with disadvantaged ethnic and racial backgrounds. The chapter encompasses works on critical pedagogies, youth participation action research (YPAR), authentic and productive pedagogies, and Iris Young’s justice legacy. Illustrations are provided of the ways these pedagogies are implemented in various cultural settings. Moreover, two perspectives contravening these approaches are presented: Noddings’s caring pedagogy and Jacques Rancière’s radical pedagogy.
Grading
Authors: Sabbagh Clara
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 is devoted to grading. A case is argued that grading is a distribution practice whereby, within the classroom, teachers place students on a hierarchical scale according to their effort and academic performance. This practice forms an integral part of both teaching and learning and can ultimately influence students’ life chances and psychosocial well-being. Grades are a highly valued educational good and are thus salient to the issue of justice. Despite a consensus that teachers should distribute grades according to a meritocratic justice principle, distribution preferences are shaped by other factors as well, such as students’ capacity (i.e., high- versus low-achieving students), learning disability, and the subject taught. Moreover, students’ sense of justice concerning grades affects educational outcomes, such as learning motivation, school engagement, and civic attitudes and behavior. Finally, the chapter discusses some mutually contradictory perspectives on the benefits and drawbacks of grading.
Voluntarism and Social Justice
Authors: Sabbagh Clara
Published: August 2022

Chapter 10 examines the interplay between voluntarism and social justice. It develops the idea that voluntary initiatives in non-formal education, such as extracurricular activities, instill justice principles embedded in Western democracies, such as individual freedom and equal participation rights. The value of freedom, in turn, involves elements of procedural justice, such as being active in decision-making and having a right to speak out and exit an activity if dissatisfied. However, voluntary participation in non-formal frameworks is often restricted by social class affiliation: affluent participants usually have wider access than do disadvantaged ones. These differences are attributed to the lower levels of the financial and cultural capital in the hands of disadvantaged groups. Thus, voluntary activities organized by schools are greater equalizers than those that take place outside of school. The chapter points to the putative advantages of participating in non-formal educational settings, such as increasing participants’ social capital through extended social networks.
Balladic Consciousness
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: August 2022

Opera and the ballad had an intimate yet vexed relationship. Eighteenth-century opera had occasionally turned to narrative romances or ballads, as one type of aria among many, always in the service of the broader plot. Romantic opera began taking a serious interest in folklore, the rhythms of everyday life, and the poetic forms of the people. But for all that, opera proved hesitant in adapting the ballad form to its own ends. Some operas of the period were often balladic without containing ballads, while others contained ballads as discrete numbers, which ironically made them to contemporaries less Romantic and less balladic. Richard Wagner centered Der fliegende Holländer (1843) on a ballad that tells the opera’s story in compressed form, and at the same time claimed the opera as an extended ballad. This chapter investigates what demands Wagner was placing on his audience while doing so, and what kind of a receptivity he thought ballads demanded both on the stage and off. Wagner operates with a picture of a collective unconscious that gives rise to and dictates various responses to the ballad.
Memorizing Ballads
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: August 2022

The ballad had a strange relationship to memory. It pretended to come from a place of collective memory—to tell a story that had circulated for generations—and to replicate acts of bardic memorialization. Due to their narrative clarity, their straightforward cadences, and their precise, at times humorously precise, rhymes, ballads seemed tailor-made for memorization. This dynamic put the poet in a strange position: these poems pretended at one kind of memorialization (of historic events whether real or imagined, of a moral imparted through a memorable story); and at the same time, especially if they proved successful, they were likely to be integrated into a larger collective memorial apparatus far more rote and uncomprehending. Before long, poets began to make use of this duality: August von Platen’s Das Grab im Busento (1828) tells the story of a young king felled in a foreign land. Platen explicitly positions his poem as an extension of the historical memory of the Gothic King Alarich, but the story the poem tells is about the unavailability of this same king to historical memory. In the poem, Alarich’s men hide their king’s body underneath the rapids of the river Busento. Platen likewise hid a story underneath the flow of his prosody: a homoerotic subtext meant to be missed as generations of schoolchildren had to memorize Das Grab im Busento.
The Ballad and the Family
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: August 2022

During the nineteenth century, the ballad was—both in England and in the German-speaking world—frequently understood in hereditary terms: it was a tradition passed down as an heirloom from generation to generation, its authority rested on its supposedly oral ancestry, and it, like the fairy tale, tended to tell of family lines in disarray whose proper transmitting function had to be brought into line. This association of poetic form and family politics made sisterhood a useful, but ambiguous, topic for ballads that wanted to interrogate the ideology of the ballad. This chapter traces family structures in Christina Rosetti’s Goblin Market, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff’s balladry, and Friedrich Hebbel’s family ballads. The chapter traces how sisterhood allowed for a kind of anti-balladry—poems that looked and sounded like ballads, but that undercut the ballad’s claim to represent popular knowledge, oral culture, and the ancestry of the Volk.
Giving Now
Authors: Illingworth Patricia
Published: August 2022

Despite the abundance of great wealth and an ever-growing number of billionaires, deep poverty and inequality persist worldwide. Nonetheless, donors often favor religion and education in their giving. Social injustice is exacerbated by the mismatch between need and giving. This book looks at the human rights responsibilities of non-state actors. This book argues that philanthropists and the nonprofit sector should be guided by their human rights responsibilities. Grounding philanthropy on human rights has explanatory power with respect to the social consensus about tainted donations, tainted donors, the pornography of poverty, donor-advised funds, and manipulative fundraising. By practicing human rights due diligence, this book maintains that philanthropy can promote social justice, protect human rights, and mitigate philanthropy’s complicity in the violation of human rights. Ultimately philanthropy stands to regain social trust.
Introduction
Authors: Illingworth Patricia
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it unanticipated suffering and death throughout the world. It exacerbated existing poverty, racism and injustice. It also highlighted philanthropy’s strengths and weaknesses. The author describes some of the moral and social problems raised by philanthropy and argues that a human rights framework can address these problems. To develop this argument the author applies The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the nonprofit sector. After identifying philanthropy’s vulnerabilities, and using case studies, the author demonstrates in a chapter by chapter outline how a human rights framework can address the moral and social problems raised by philanthropy and improve the practice of philanthropy.
Blood Money
Authors: Illingworth Patricia
Published: August 2022

Most people believe that philanthropy is good. In this chapter, the author discusses bad philanthropy. Using Sackler philanthropy as a case study, the author considers whether nonprofits should accept tainted donations. A human rights approach to this question can explain why we believe it is morally wrong to accept tainted donations. The Sacklers are major donors who made much of their money through the sale of OxyContin, the drug many people regard as responsible for the global opioid epidemic, a mammoth violation of the right to health. When nonprofits accept tainted donations, they are complicit in the violation of human rights. The author concludes that, given their human rights responsibilities, nonprofits should refuse tainted donations.
Rome
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

Rome: Strategy of Empire is the first book in nearly five decades to explore Roman strategic thinking and execution. Combining both thematic chapters with a narrative history of the Roman Empire, this work explores how the Empire survived for over five hundred years despite being challenged by ruthless and determined enemies on every front. Rome: Strategy of Empire dispels many of the myths and errors that have crept up in Roman studies since the 1970s, including the most widespread and pernicious of them all: that the Romans were incapable of executing on a strategic level or even of thinking in strategic terms. The Roman Empire was a military autocracy built and maintained on the backs of the legions and this work explores Rome’s military power and its use in detail. In addition, it explains how Rome sustained its power through diplomacy, superior administration, and most crucially, never (until the end of the Empire) losing sight of the crucial role economics plays as a foundation for military power. Rome: Strategy of Empire not only tells the reader what happened; it explains why it happened.
Introduction
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

The introduction explains how this book came to be written and why it is important. It establishes the foundational idea of the book, which is that no one has yet written an adequate history of Roman strategic thinking and execution, or one that tells the story of the Empire from its beginning to its collapse. This introduction also spells out the author’s debt to the many great Roman historians who have provided the foundational work for this book.
Paying for a Strategy
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

The face of Roman power was always the legions, but these legions had to be paid and maintained. Doing so at the unprecedented levels the Empire sustained for five hundred years could be accomplished only through the creation and maintenance of a powerful economy from which resources could be drawn (taxes) in huge amounts without breaking the economic engine. During the great expansion of the Roman Republic, war was made to pay for itself, as Rome exploited its conquests to fund further conquests. But most of that expansion ended with the birth of the Empire, forcing the Romans to integrate their conquests into a unified economic system. As a consequence of the Pax Romana, this integrated economic system was able to grow at historically unprecedented rates and maintain this growth for almost two hundred years. The resultant economy was the foundation of Roman power throughout the five hundred years of the Empire. Only after Rome lost sight of the crucial importance of securing its economic core was the Empire doomed.
Roman Naval Power
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

Although it has not received much attention from historians, naval power was the glue that bound the Empire together. As long as Rome maintained its naval supremacy, it also retained the resilience to recover from any shock. This was demonstrated during the Crisis of the Third Century, during which, despite some major naval reverses in the Black and Aegean Seas, Roman naval dominance secured the Empire’s hold on the great tax and resource spines of North Africa and Spain. It was only after the Vandals took control of the bulk of Rome’s western naval forces that the final demise of the Western Empire became a certainty. At the end of the Civil War Augustus controlled fleets totaling approximately seven hundred ships, far more than were needed to enforce Rome’s will during a general peace. The surplus ships were laid up or burned, and Agrippa organized the remainder into two large fleets (classis). Over the next several hundred years, these two praetorian fleets—the Classis Misenensis, stationed at Misenum (near Naples), and Classis Revennas, based at Ravenna—provided the foundation of Roman naval power. Other smaller and more specialized fleets were constructed during the course of the Empire to protect vital stretches of the frontiers. To a large degree, the end of the Empire was a consequence of the deterioration of the size and capacity of the fleets.
The Year of the Four Emperors and the Flavians
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

This chapter follows Rome’s path in the wake of the bloody end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. It starts in the year 69 CE—the Year of the Four Emperors—and follows the bloody civil war that left Vespasian in charge of the Empire. It details the early construction of the Roman frontier system and the final expansion in Britain, which gave us the famous line “You Romans create a desert and call it peace.” The chapter also details the changes in the Roman economy that were manifested during the first century of empire. It ends with a complete strategic appraisal of the Roman world, which established the conditions for the next century.
The Empire at High Tide
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

This chapter covers the Empire at the height of its power and glory. As captured by Edward Gibbon: “In the second century of the Christian Era, the Empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valor. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury.” In this chapter I discuss the reigns of the five “good” emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. I cover the last great period of Roman expansion, as Trajan adds Dacia and Mesopotamia to the Empire. I also cover the deteriorating situation toward the end of this period, when the Empire is locked in a multi-decade struggle on the Danube, and a long series of debilitating wars with Parthia. Finally, I discuss the extensive damage done to the fabric of the Empire by the Antonine Plague.
Adrianople’s Aftermath
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

The true consequence of the Battle of Adrianople was that it locked in place the separation that had arisen when Constantine’s sons decided to divide the Empire between them and then fought a series of civil wars to bring it back together. In the meantime, they had done little to assist each other against outside threats. It had, of course, been long understood that the Empire was too big to be entirely run by just one man. This realization had been the basis for the tetrarchy, but even the tetrarchy had a single senior emperor to rule the others. There were always centrifugal forces trying to break up the Empire or tear parts of it away. After Adrianople, the Empire was for all practical purposes permanently divided, although not in any manifestly political way, as there remained two Augusti who were communicating with each other. What changed was that only rarely would either half of the Empire be willing to help one another. And even when they were, the help was rarely of meaningful size or long maintained. When Gratian’s army marched to help Valens, it marked the last time an eastern or western Roman field army marched to the assistance of the other. When his army marched back west, it heralded a break that doomed the consolidated Empire, which had existed since the reign of Augustus.
Denouement
Authors: Lacey James
Published: August 2022

This chapter covers the dizzying events that devastated the Western Empire up to its final collapse in 476. He we see the end of Roman glory as the Goths twice sack Rome. We cover the rise of Attila and the establishment of the Hunnic Empire in Central Europe. From this power base the Huns first strike the Eastern Empire in two devastating raids that almost bring Constantinople to its knees. But Attila changes paths and marches west, where he threatens Rome. He is defeated by a combination of Roman and Gothic arms at the Battle of Chalons, which proves the catalyst for the final destruction of Hunnic power. But in the meantime, in 407, there was a disaster on the Rhine: a large number of barbarian tribal amalgamations crossed into the Empire, stripping away the provinces of Gaul and Spain. Eventually one of the tribes, the Vandals, break into North Africa and seize Carthage. This was the greatest unforced error of the late Empire, for it deprived Rome of its richest province. The Vandal surge in effect broke the Roman tax spine. With its economic foundations gone, there was no longer any hope of a Roman resurgence in the west. In 476 the barbarian king Odoacer put the empire out of its misery and handed over to the eastern emperor the imperial insignia. The message was clear: the Western Empire no longer existed.
Oxford Assess and Progress: Situational Judgement Test
Authors: Metcalfe David , Dev Harveer
Published: August 2022

Oxford Assess and Progress: Situational Judgement Test is the definitive guide for students preparing to sit the Situational Judgement Test (SJT) for entry into the UK Foundation Programme. This authoritative book, mapped to the Foundation Programme Curriculum and General Medical Council guidance, includes over 250 practice questions to help you maximize your SJT score. All scenarios are based on real experiences informed by practising doctors and medical students who have sat the SJT to ensure that the questions closely mirror the content of the real exam. Written by junior doctors and overseen by experts in medical assessment, this guide demystifies the SJT, allowing you to achieve the best possible score and take control of the first stage of your medical career.
American Linguistics in Transition
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: August 2022

American Linguistics in Transition is devoted to a major chapter in the history of linguistics in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1960s a form of structural linguistics was dominant in that country. By the end of the 1960s Chomsky’s generative grammar had to a significant extent eclipsed its structuralist antecedents. The book discusses the rise of structuralism in the 1930s, explaining its successes and its limitations. One chapter is devoted to the interplay between American structuralism and European structuralism. Another deals with the early debate between structuralism and generative grammar, pinpointing what the two approaches shared and how they differed. Other chapters focus on the what generativists did to make their new ideas known, on how their theory was accepted (or not) in Europe, and on the resistance to the new theory by leading structuralists, which continued into the 1980s. The final chapter demonstrates that generative grammarians were not organizationally dominant in the field in the US in the 1970s and 1980s, despite what has often been claimed.
The Ontology of Artworlds
Authors: Prum Richard O.
Published: August 2022

In previous work, the author has proposed a post-human, coevolutionary framework which defines art as a form of communication that coevolves with its evaluation. This coevolutionary process occurs within aesthetic communities, or artworlds, that consist of social networks of aesthetic producers and receivers. This chapter presents a formal ontology of artworlds as historical entities, or ontological individuals, that persist through time through ongoing aesthetic coevolution. It discusses how mechanisms of aesthetic change within artworlds contribute to their origin, diversification, and extinction. A fundamental consequence of this coevolutionary framework is that all aesthetic evaluations, criticisms, and influences can be contextualized as occurring within or among independent, overlapping, or non-overlapping artworlds, or as aesthetic evaluations of non-art. Aesthetic canons are further analyzed as persistent, parallel conceptual conservatories for historical aesthetic productions, evaluations, and criticisms. This coevolutionary aesthetic framework provides non-reductive, post-human intellectual tools for empirical analysis in aesthetics and art criticism in both humans and non-human animals.
Can Migrants Be Seen?
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers the preponderance of treatments of the current “migration crisis” in contemporary Western literature, art, and film. Surveying a wide range of works in different media, it identifies recurrent themes and approaches, and considers the ways in which the saturation of the aesthetic sphere by works of “migration art” has shaped contemporary aesthetic practices. Paradoxically, one of the recurrent themes of these works is to note the relative invisibility of migrants in everyday life, and attempts to redress this sidelining in some cases (e.g., Haneke’s Happy End (2017)) result in a complex interrogation of the limits of contemporary representational practices. This self-reflexivity is evident in a number of works of “migration art.” While these works are examples of what Rancière refers to as the “ethical turn,” occupying an “indistinct sphere where .?.?. the specificity of political and artistic practices [are] dissolved,” nevertheless there are examples of works (e.g., Bouchra Khalili’s installation, The Mapping Journey Project (2008–11)) in which the tension between their ethical intentionality and their actualization as a formal work of art is productively explored. The final section of the chapter situates the contemporary trend of migration art in a longer history of representations of shipwrecks in Western art and literature, and suggests that contemporary artists, writers, and film makers draw on a received aesthetic language of individual risk and danger in the face of the elements (the sublime) in which to cast the fate of present day migrants. A reading of two contrasting works of poetry, Caroline Smith’s The Immigration Handbook (2016) and Caroline Bergvall’s Drift (2014), suggests where we might see both the limits and efficaciousness of these techniques.
On the Last Paragraph of the 1859 Edition of Darwin’s Origin of Species
Authors: Jehlen Myra
Published: August 2022

A reading of the last paragraph of Darwin’s Origin of Species.
The Genesis of Lewis’s Counterfactual Analysis of Causation
Authors: Beebee Helen
Published: August 2022

David Lewis first proposed a counterfactual analysis of causation in an essay written for his very first undergraduate philosophy course in 1958. This chapter outlines that proposal and situates it within its mid-century philosophical and legal context, arguing that it was a bold departure from the status quo in its severing of the link between causation and exceptionless regularity. The chapter also discusses Lewis’s nascent view of counterfactuals—and in particular whether his use of ‘comparison cases’ in his various undergraduate attempts to solve the problem of redundant causation commits him to a contrastivist view of causation—and his early views on the transitivity of causation. Finally, it notes some significant differences between his early and later positions on causation.
Paradoxes of Time Travel to the Future
Authors: Bernstein Sara
Published: August 2022

This chapter brings two fresh perspectives on Lewis’s theory of time travel. First: many key aspects and theoretical desiderata of Lewis’s theory can be captured in a framework that does not commit to eternalism about time. Second: implementing aspects of Lewisian time travel in a non-eternalist framework provides theoretical resources for a better treatment of time travel to the future. While time travel to the past has been extensively analyzed, time travel to the future has been comparatively underexplored. The chapter makes progress on this topic. Along the way, it discusses Lewis’s lesser-known time travel oeuvre, especially his recently published correspondence and lectures on the topic. Lewis’s body of unpublished work on time travel yields fruitful insights into his broader thinking on the subject.
Lewis on Time Travel
Authors: Bennett Jonathan
Published: August 2022

This chapter, originally written for a symposium commemorating David Lewis in 2002, considers the possibilities for telling stories concerning time travel to the past that do not involve the time traveller coming to see themselves (whether rightly or wrongly) as unable to perform the kinds of action they are normally able to perform, the doing of which would prevent something that did, in fact, occur from occurring—as in the ‘grandfather paradox’. Various options are considered—for example, the time-travelling somehow either causing selective amnesia concerning what happens at the past time or causing the time traveller not to want to change the past; or a ban on travelling back to a time about which the time traveller has information.
The Comic Body in Ancient Greek Theatre and Art, 440-320 BCE
Authors: Piqueux Alexa
Published: August 2022

Using both textual and iconographic sources, this richly illustrated book examines the representations of the body in Greek Old and Middle Comedy, how it was staged, perceived, and imagined, particularly in Athens, Magna Graecia, and Sicily. The study also aims to refine knowledge of the various connections between Attic comedy and comic vases from Sout Italy and Sicily (the so-called ‘phlyax vases’). After introducing comic texts and comedy-related vase-paintings in the regional contexts, the book considers the generic features of the comic body, characterized as it is by a specific ugliness and a constant motion. It also explores how costumes—masks, padding, phallus, clothing, accessories—and gestures contribute to the characters’ visual identity in relation with speech: it analyzes the cultural, social, aesthetic, and theatrical conventions by which spectators decipher the body. This study thus leads to a re-examination of the modalities of comic mimesis, in particular when addressing sexual codes in cross-dressing scenes which reveal the artifice of the fictional body. It also sheds light on how comic poets make use of the scenic or imaginary representations of the bodies of those who are targets of political, social, or intellectual satire. There is a particular emphasis on body movements, where the book not only deals with body language and the dramatic function of comic gesture, but also with how words confer a kind of poetic and unreal motion to the body.
Social and Moral Characterization through Costume
Authors: Piqueux Alexa
Published: August 2022

The fourth chapter is devoted to elements of the costume (clothing and masks) which act in support of the social and moral characterization of the personage, as well as visual caricature. It also shows how verbal suggestions play a major role in the audience’s identification of the characters and in visual characterization. In particular, this chapter looks at the way in which the comic poets make use of the scenic or imaginary representation of the body of those who are the target of political, social, intellectual, or moral satire. Masks and faces are considered in greater depth. After discussing the typology of comic masks, particular attention is paid to faces with a distinctive complexion, especially those of hetairai and philosophers, as well as to the way these overly colourful or pallid faces contribute to the creation of ridiculous and spectacular bodies.
The Body in Movement
Authors: Piqueux Alexa
Published: August 2022

The fifth chapter focuses on the body in movement. First, by cross-referencing textual data with iconographic testimony, it describes and analyses the general look (schēma) of the comic body, as it relates to the development of the genre. It also examines social and moral characterization through gesture, movement, deportment, and gait, thus helping to shed light upon the evolution of ancient acting. The chapter continues by exploring the articulation of visual and verbal signs in comedy performances by studying various examples of the visual and dramatic efficacy of the comic gesture, in particular in paratragic contexts. To conclude, it shows how incessant motion, whether real or imaginary, performed on stage or suggested by words, characterizes the comic body and the most ludicrous figures until the dawn of New Comedy, as they exhibit frantic activity and seem to be protean.
Roman Imperial Portrait Practice in the Second Century AD
Authors: Niederhuber Christian
Published: August 2022

The creation of centrally defined imperial portrait types and the first ‘step’ of their dissemination in metropolitan Rome in the second century ad is the main focus of this study. Through systematic case studies of Faustina the Younger’s and Marcus Aurelius’ portraits on coins and in sculpture, new insights into the functioning of the imperial image in Rome have been gained that move a difficult, much-discussed subject forward decisively. It has long been thought that imperial portrait types were officially commissioned to commemorate specific historical moments and that they were made available to both the mint and the marble workshops in Rome, assuming a close correspondence between portraits on coins and in the round. All of this, however, has never been clearly proven, nor has it been disproven by a close systematic examination of the evidence on a broad material basis by those scholars who have questioned it. The new evidence presented in the present study has made it necessary to adjust this model in certain ways. More flexibility than currently allowed for is needed to describe the ancient processes and practices behind the phenomenon of ‘repeated’ imperial portraits. Norms have been investigated, and an adjusted and more flexible model of how the imperial image worked in the mint of Rome and in the metropolitan marble workshops in the second century ad has been outlined.
Introduction
Authors: Niederhuber Christian
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 offers a concise introduction to the topic of imperial portraiture and its methodology. The state of research is briefly discussed and different positions in modern portrait studies are outlined. This is followed by a short introduction to the main portrait media—imperial coins and medallions, and sculptured portraits—as well as to the epigraphic evidence of statue bases.
Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Niederhuber Christian
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 reassesses the complete typology of sculptured portraits of Marcus Aurelius. The prevailing types are firmly established but interesting adjustments of and some shift between types can be observed, that allow insight into the workings of the imperial image in the metropolitan marble workshops. Furthermore, the chapter demonstrates that a subdivision of portrait types in most cases presses the evidence too closely and gives (minor) variations greater importance than they deserve.
The Start
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: August 2022

An opening chapter about the start—James’s own delayed beginnings and his recurring problems with depression, but also the kick-start that James’s thinking provides for his reader. ‘A motor’ is what William James called himself, and that is what he is in this book: a human motor force, performing in his readers the equivalent of the work of the spinal cord and the brain’s motor cortex, to create movement—mental, emotional, and physical. William James stands for the intellectual and psychological transformation of neurological driving forces into fully human thought and action. He gets under the skin, inside the very nerves of live thinking.
The Will to Believe
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: August 2022

This chapter is about the need to believe and the risk of believing, in relation to modern-day doubts and dispersals. In the words of James’s student and first biographer, Ralph Perry, it involves the struggle ‘To believe by an act of will in the efficacy of the will’. At their own risk, human beings have a right not to be vetoed as to what they need, and a right to believe in trying for it. To want to believe is closer to belief than we normally suppose. This desire and need and search are illustrated through the author’s first experience of reading James as well as other reader case-histories. The stories show individuals as fighters for ends which without their lonely fight would not exist at all. Theirs are efforts to add to the world what they find lacking in it — but without the certainty of guarantees. ‘I find myself willing to take the universe to be really dangerous and adventurous,’ writes James, ‘I am willing that there should be real losses and real losers, and no preservation of all that is.’ In the human adventure so much has to depend upon a ‘maybe’.
James’s Field Work
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: August 2022

This chapter concerns James’s idea of a field of consciousness, a moving and shifting sense of exploratory experience beyond the restrictive ideas of a ‘self’. For James the self, and its consciousness, is not a separate, isolated substance but is a vibrating field opening out into the surrounding world. The field always has a centre, a focus or nucleus. Around it, less conscious, is a periphery, a fringe or halo or margin. But the field is dynamic and can shift: the margin—what is at the back of the mind or at the corner of the eye—may come more into focus, permeate the nucleus, and change the centre of gravity by acts of new realization and discovery. This is how the human mind is truly mobile. Our sense of the actual is surrounded by other possibilities – not merely other points of view but changes in the very topography of a person’s being. The chapter gives examples of mental experience on the fringes of consciousness: the virtual, the implicit, the potential and the possible. Thought is what makes human beings more than merely automatic: it exists in between stimulus from without and response from within, to provide a pause and make a difference. To James, the movement from sub-conscious to conscious, from fringe to nucleus, was thought itself at its very best. The pragmatic question is always What does this mean as applied to real life? As in chapter 3, particular human examples are given of ‘James, not Pure but Applied’: intellectual thought and artistic creativity translated into ordinary life.
‘What Does Not Work’—Thomas Hardy
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: August 2022

This is a counter-chapter, offering challenges and objections to William James’s brave and exhilarating view, partly through the story of his student W. E. B. Du Bois, who became a great African-American activist, and partly through the problems of belief, hope, and feeling embodied in the work and person of Thomas Hardy. Hardy copied from a magazine article these words: ‘“Truth is what will work” said Wm. James’; but for Hardy, it needed to be put the other way: Truth is precisely what does not work. Here the author now asks: what if William James does not work? That after all was not a fear or doubt that James himself was ever secure from. His life’s work, suggested John Jay Chapman, was to have what he called ‘a purgatorial influence’, to get whomsoever he connected with out of hell on earth. In this chapter, Hardy represents something of that hell on earth—the challenge that the poet Robert Frost, student of James, admirer of Hardy, acknowledges. And in what James calls ‘the zone of insecurity’, Du Bois represents the threat of earthly failure in a great social cause. The question is whether the story of a life is judged by its apparent end and outcome. Or whether, without a heaven or a political utopia, pragmatic and agnostic William James can still offer those haunted by failure some real sense of purpose and future.
‘Mental Drama’
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: August 2022

This chapter brings the story to an end in terms of James’s continuing belief in life and thought and feeling as essentially dramatic in their happening, and the author’s sense of the value of that fast and dynamic way of being. James loves thought that has an intense ‘firstness’ about it: ‘the mind is at every stage a theatre of simultaneous possibilities’; the world ‘a zone of insecurity’. It is good that what William James offers is not a self-contained system of tame and undramatic philosophy. Instead, it is nearer what D. H. Lawrence described in the final chapter of Studies in Classic American Literature (1924) as characteristic of the new American way, especially through Walt Whitman: a venture down ‘the open road’ in search of still unopened life. Its incompleteness means that his writing needs its readers for its development, as handed on in the human relay. His thought needs its human hosts and co-workers to feel it, to understand its implicitness, to put the spirit of it into practice, as far as is possible at any time, in diverse individual ways.
Where Is Love?
Authors: Federico Annette
Published: August 2022

This chapter on Oliver Twist explores the innocent love of words, books, and music and the maturing of love through the work of remembering. Federico’s introduction to Dickens was through her father’s affection for Lionel Bart’s hit musical, Oliver! and the 1968 film directed by Carol Reed. Throughout her childhood and adolescence, she believed that Oliver! was the novel Dickens wrote—until she read it and learned what really happens to Fagin. It was not the ending she wanted to believe. Yet despite its cheerful revisionism, Oliver! captures elemental truths about human vulnerability and the hurt that needs to be healed. Victorian sentimentality and the sentimentality of musical theater cannot rub out Dickens’s profound insight into the devastation of lovelessness.
Ethnoreligious Otherings and Passionate Conflicts
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

Departing from the mainstream practice and conventional wisdom of materialist and rationalist accounts of internal and intrastate conflicts, the book demonstrates how and why emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions are just as powerful and useful in understanding and explaining these phenomena. By uncovering the invisible albeit concrete emotive, symbolic, and perceptual causal mechanisms underpinning ethnoreligious otherings and the resulting violent protracted conflicts, the book aims to help address the incongruence between how the actual actors operating within these contexts think and act and the existing theories and models of how they are expected to behave. Accordingly, the book has three main goals. First, to highlight the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in providing a more holistic and realistic understanding of otherings and conflicts. Second, to illustrate how the ethnoreligious othering framework developed and applied in the study bolsters and advances process tracing explanations by systematically incorporating context-specific intersubjective meanings into causal accounts of the events under investigation. And third, to emphasize the importance of recognizing religion and nationalism as legitimate constituents and instruments of contemporary realpolitik by underlining their enduring security utility and essence at individual, group, and state levels. As argued and established throughout the book, because the causal mechanisms driving ethnoreligious otherings and passionate conflicts are simultaneously emitting and are propelled by deeply entrenched emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, achieving durable peace settlement requires reconciliation initiatives and regulation strategies that directly and unapologetically incorporate and address these neglected “immaterial” and “irrational” forces.
Deliberative Accountability in Parliamentary Committees
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl
Published: August 2022

In recent decades, we have seen an explosion in expectations for greater accountability of public policymaking. But, as accountability has increased, trust in governments and politicians has fallen. By focusing on the heart of public accountability—the reason-giving by policymakers for their policy decisions (i.e., deliberative accountability)—this work offers an empirical route for understanding why more accountability may not always deliver more public trust. The focus is on the British Parliament, where both the Treasury Select Committee and the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee hold hearings on monetary policy, financial stability, and fiscal policy. The intent in these hearings is to challenge policymakers to explain their decisions, and thus the dialogue is expected to be deliberative. But how do we judge the quality of this deliberative accountability? Three metrics are explored and measured: respect, non-partisanship, and reciprocity. The approach is multi-method, including (1) quantitative text analysis to gauge the verbatim transcripts in committee hearings; (2) qualitative coding combined with an experimental design to gauge the role of nonverbal communication in the hearings; and (3) interviews with the MPs, peers, central bankers, and Treasury officials who participated in the hearings. The first method measures the content of ‘what’ was said, the second examines ‘how’ the words and arguments were expressed, and the third provides a more reflective ‘why’ component by asking participants to explain their motivations. This merging of the ‘what’, the ‘how’, and the ‘why’ offers a novel template for studying both accountability and deliberation.