bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syndecan‐1 (CD138) contributes to prostate cancer progression by stabilizing tumour‐initiating cells
Authors: Shimada Keiji , Anai Satoshi , Fujii Tomomi , Tanaka Nobumichi , Fujimoto Kiyohide , Konishi Noboru
Published: October 2013

Increasing evidence suggests that tumour‐initiating cells (TICs) contribute to the development of prostate cancer. Here, we identified syndecan‐1 as a key molecule maintaining the stability of prostate cancer TICs. Holoclones harbouring the biological properties of stemness were derived from single‐cell cultures of the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line. These holoclones over‐expressed syndecan‐1, but showed reduced expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen radicals. Stable RNA‐mediated silencing of syndecan‐1 gene expression up‐regulated NOX‐dependent generation of reactive oxygen species and reduced the survival of holoclones in vitro. Syndecan‐1 down‐regulation also strongly reduced the number of CD133+/CD44+ primitive cancer cells and tumour growth in vivo. Interestingly, syndecan‐1 gene knockdown significantly enhanced the tumour‐suppressive effects of docetaxel by inhibiting the docetaxel‐induced increase in CD133+/CD44+ cells in vivo. In the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model of prostate cancer, early intervention with a syndecan‐1 inhibitor (OGT2115) or syndecan‐1 RNAi reduced the incidence of adenocarcinoma and the number of c‐kit+/CD44+ cells in cancer foci. Finally, we found that syndecan‐1 immunopositivity in prostate cancer cells was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Taken together, our results show that syndecan‐1 contributes to prostatic carcinogenesis by maintaining TICs and may be a target molecule for therapy. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of resveratrol and N‐acetylcysteine for cancer chemoprevention in a Fanconi anemia murine model
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Shuo , Marquez‐Loza Laura , Sheehan Andrea M. , Watanabe‐Smith Kevin , Eaton Laura , Benedetti Eric , Major Angela , Schubert Kathryn , Deater Matthew , Joseph Eric , Grompe Markus
Published: October 2013

Fanconi anemia (FA) patients suffer from progressive bone marrow failure and often develop cancers. Previous studies showed that antioxidants tempol and resveratrol (RV) delayed tumor onset and reduced hematologic defects in FA murine models, respectively. Here we tested whether antioxidants N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) or RV could delay cancer in tumor prone Fancd2−/−/Trp53+/− mice. Unlike tempol, neither compound had any significant chemopreventive effect in this model. We conclude that not all anti‐oxidants are chemopreventive in FA. In addition, when given to Fancd2−/− mice, NAC helped maintain Fancd2−/− KSL cells in quiescence while tempol did not. The mechanisms behind the different actions of these antioxidants await further investigation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:740–742. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of Amygdalin and Prunasin in Prunus serotina Ehrh. using 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Santos Pimenta Lúcia P. , Schilthuizen Menno , Verpoorte Robert , Choi Young Hae
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Prunus serotina is native to North America but has been invasively introduced in Europe since the seventeenth century. This plant contains cyanogenic glycosides that are believed to be related to its success as an invasive plant. For these compounds, chromatographic‐ or spectrometric‐based (targeting on HCN hydrolysis) methods of analysis have been employed so far. However, the conventional methods require tedious preparation steps and a long measuring time.

Objective

To develop a fast and simple method to quantify the cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin and prunasin in dried Prunus serotina leaves without any pre‐purification steps using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy.

Methods

Extracts of Prunus serotina leaves using CH3OH‐d4 and KH2PO4 buffer in D2O (1:1) were quantitatively analysed for amygdalin and prunasin using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Different internal standards were evaluated for accuracy and stability. The purity of quantitated 1H‐NMR signals was evaluated using several two‐dimensional NMR experiments.

Results

Trimethylsilylpropionic acid sodium salt‐d4 proved most suitable as the internal standard for quantitative 1H‐NMR analysis. Two‐dimensional J‐resolved NMR was shown to be a useful tool to confirm the structures and to check for possible signal overlapping with the target signals for the quantitation. Twenty‐two samples of P. serotina were subsequently quantitatively analysed for the cyanogenic glycosides prunasin and amygdalin.

Conclusion

The NMR method offers a fast, high‐throughput analysis of cyanogenic glycosides in dried leaves permitting simultaneous quantification and identification of prunasin and amygdalin in Prunus serotina. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparative Isolation of six Anti‐Tumour Biflavonoids from Selaginella Doederleinii Hieron by High‐Speed Counter‐Current Chromatography
Authors: Li Shaoguang , Zhao Meifeng , Li Yuxiang , Sui Yuxia , Yao Hong , Huang Liying , Lin Xinhua
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Biflavonoids are the primary constituents of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron, to which different bioactivities have been attributed, including anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐fungal and anti‐virus activity. However, effective methods for separation of these compounds are not currently available.

Objective

To develop a high performance and bioassay‐guided method for preparative isolation of biflavonoids from S. doederleini via high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC).

Methods

The anti‐proliferation effects of four fractions (70% ethanol, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and acetic ether extracts) of S. doederleinii on five human cancer cells were monitored. The dichloromethane and acetic ether extracts showed good cytotoxicities to the studied cancer cell lines, guiding the subsequent separation. Two solvent systems composed of n‐hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (1:2:1.5:1.5, v/v) and n‐hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (3:2:3:2, v/v) were developed for separation of the active fractions, respectively. Identification of the biflavonoids was performed by EI‐MSn, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR.'

Results

Under the optimised conditions, 12.6 mg amentoflavone (91.4%), 6.6 mg robustaflavone (90.4%), 7.5 mg 2'', 3''‐dihydro‐3', 3'''‐biapigenin (98.2%) and 7.3 mg 3', 3'''‐binaringenin (90.3%) from acetic ether extract (500 mg) and 6.3 mg heveaflavone (93.5%) and 5.3 mg 7, 4', 7'', 4'''‐tetra‐O‐methyl‐amentoflavone (94.5%) from dichloromethane extract (200 mg) were obtained, respectively. The anti‐proliferation effects of the six biflavonoids on the five human cancer cells were further verified.

Conclusion

The study provides methodological references for simultaneously preparative isolation of several bioactive biflavones from the herbal family of Selaginella. It is the first report discovering 2'', 3''‐dihydro‐3', 3'''‐biapigenin and 3', 3'''‐binaringenin from this herb and describing their cytotoxicities to human cancer cell lines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dalton quantum chemistry program system
Authors: Aidas Kestutis , Angeli Celestino , Bak Keld L. , Bakken Vebjørn , Bast Radovan , Boman Linus , Christiansen Ove , Cimiraglia Renzo , Coriani Sonia , Dahle Pål , Dalskov Erik K. , Ekström Ulf , Enevoldsen Thomas , Eriksen Janus J. , Ettenhuber Patrick , Fernández Berta , Ferrighi Lara , Fliegl Heike , Frediani Luca , Hald Kasper , Halkier Asger , Hättig Christof , Heiberg Hanne , Helgaker Trygve , Hennum Alf Christian , Hettema Hinne , Hjertenæs Eirik , Høst Stinne , Høyvik Ida‐Marie , Iozzi Maria Francesca , Jansík Branislav , Jensen Hans Jørgen Aa. , Jonsson Dan , Jørgensen Poul , Kauczor Joanna , Kirpekar Sheela , Kjærgaard Thomas , Klopper Wim , Knecht Stefan , Kobayashi Rika , Koch Henrik , Kongsted Jacob , Krapp Andreas , Kristensen Kasper , Ligabue Andrea , Lutnæs Ola B. , Melo Juan I. , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Myhre Rolf H. , Neiss Christian , Nielsen Christian B. , Norman Patrick , Olsen Jeppe , Olsen Jógvan Magnus H. , Osted Anders , Packer Martin J. , Pawlowski Filip , Pedersen Thomas B. , Provasi Patricio F. , Reine Simen , Rinkevicius Zilvinas , Ruden Torgeir A. , Ruud Kenneth , Rybkin Vladimir V. , Sałek Pawel , Samson Claire C. M. , de Merás Alfredo Sánchez , Saue Trond , Sauer Stephan P. A. , Schimmelpfennig Bernd , Sneskov Kristian , Steindal Arnfinn H. , Sylvester‐Hvid Kristian O. , Taylor Peter R. , Teale Andrew M. , Tellgren Erik I. , Tew David P. , Thorvaldsen Andreas J. , Thøgersen Lea , Vahtras Olav , Watson Mark A. , Wilson David J. D. , Ziolkowski Marcin , Ågren Hans
Published: October 2013

Dalton is a powerful general‐purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree–Fock, Kohn–Sham, multiconfigurational self‐consistent‐field, Møller–Plesset, configuration‐interaction, and coupled‐cluster levels of theory. Apart from the total energy, a wide variety of molecular properties may be calculated using these electronic‐structure models. Molecular gradients and Hessians are available for geometry optimizations, molecular dynamics, and vibrational studies, whereas magnetic resonance and optical activity can be studied in a gauge‐origin‐invariant manner. Frequency‐dependent molecular properties can be calculated using linear, quadratic, and cubic response theory. A large number of singlet and triplet perturbation operators are available for the study of one‐, two‐, and three‐photon processes. Environmental effects may be included using various dielectric‐medium and quantum‐mechanics/molecular‐mechanics models. Large molecules may be studied using linear‐scaling and massively parallel algorithms. Dalton is distributed at no cost from http://www.daltonprogram.org for a number of UNIX platforms.

This article is categorized under:

Software > Quantum Chemistry
A self‐adjusting expandable GPS collar for male elk
Authors: Dick Brian L. , Findholt Scott L. , Johnson Bruce K.
Published: October 2013

It is a challenge to use collars on male cervids because their neck size can increase substantially during the rut and also because of growth as the animal matures. We describe how to build a self‐adjusting expandable collar for yearling or adult male Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to which very high frequency transmitters and global positioning system (GPS) units can be attached. We evaluated performance and durability of 35 expandable collars placed on male elk from 2009 through 2011 within the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range enclosure, Northeast Oregon, USA. Twenty‐four (69%) collars remained on elk throughout our sampling period for GPS fixes from March or April to 1 November each year. Eight (23%) collars broke before 1 November and 3 (9%) collars were removed when males were harvested by hunters. Six of 8 collars that broke before 1 November came off during the rut. Mean date these collars broke was 19 September (SE = 7.1 days, 95% CI = 1 Sept. to 7 Oct.). Excluding 1 collar still being worn by a male elk and those collars either recovered when males were harvested by hunters (3) or removed from adult males on the winter feed ground (7), mean number of days collars stayed on was 279 (SE = 25.5, 95% CI = 225.8–331.3 days). No deaths or injuries were attributed to the collars. Because these collars can break, especially during the rut, we recommend sample sizes of males be increased ≥25% to compensate for collars that may come off during that period. Collars are not recommended for multi‐year studies of male elk without substantial modifications to our design and further testing. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Lipoprotein Subfraction Profile and HDL‐Associated Enzymes in Sickle Cell Disease Patients
Authors: Ozturk Oktay H. , Can Yesim , Yonden Zafer , Motor Sedat , Oktay Gonul , Kaya Hasan , Aslan Mutay
Published: October 2013

Although hypocholesterolemia is a reported finding in sickle cell disease (SCD), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)/high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and HDL‐associated enzymes have not been determined in SCD patients. Blood was collected from 38 hemoglobin (Hb)A volunteers and 45 homozygous HbSS patients who had not received blood transfusions in the last 3 months. Serum lipids were measured by automated analyzer while LDL and HDL subfraction analysis was done by continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A‐1 (apoA‐I) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels were significantly decreased, while TG levels were significantly increased in SCD patients compared to controls. A significant decrease in intermediate‐density lipoprotein (IDL)‐C, IDL‐B, IDL‐A and LDL‐1 fractions were seen in SCD patients, while no significant difference was observed in small dense LDL particles. A significant decrease was seen in HDL‐large, HDL‐intermediate and HDL‐small fractions in SCD patients versus controls. Levels of LCAT and ApoA‐1 protein measured in SCD patients were significantly lower while no significant difference was observed in CETP and ApoB protein levels compared to controls. The reduction observed in LDL‐ and HDL‐C in SCD patients was reflected as significantly decreased IDL, LDL‐1 and HDL‐subfractions. Decreased HDL subfractions may possibly lead to the reduced ApoA‐1 and LCAT protein levels observed in SCD patients.
Physicochemical Properties of Interesterified Blends of Fully Hydrogenated Crambe abyssinica Oil and Soybean Oil
Authors: Guedes Andréa Madalena Maciel , Ming Chiu Chih , Ribeiro Ana Paula Badan , da Silva Roberta Claro , Gioielli Luiz Antonio , Gonçalves Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo
Published: October 2013

The chemical interesterification of blends of soybean (SO) and fully hydrogenated crambe oil (FHCO) in the ratios of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 (w/w), respectively, was investigated. FHCO is a source of behenic acid. The blends and the interesterified fats were analyzed for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, slip melting point, solid profile, and consistency. The regiospecific analysis of the TAG indicated random insertion of saturated fatty acids at sn‐2 of the glycerol of the interesterified blends with more significant alterations at sn‐2 than at sn‐1 and sn‐3. The gradual addition of FHCO increased the solid fat content and the slip melting point. The chemical interesterification formed new TAG facilitating the miscibility between SO and FHCO. The 70:30 interesterified blend was suitable for general use, 60:40 for use as a base stock. At 35 °C, the 65:35 interesterified blend showed suitable plasticity for use in products with fat contents below 80 %. FHCO, rich in behenic acid, is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat. FHCO is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat alternative.
Monotonicity of solutions to quasilinear problems with a first-order term in half-spaces
Authors: Farina Alberto , Montoro Luigi , Riey Giuseppe , Sciunzi Berardino
Published: October 2013

We consider a quasilinear elliptic equation involving a first-order term, under zero Dirichlet boundary condition in half-spaces. We prove that any positive solution is monotone increasing with respect to the direction orthogonal to the boundary. The main ingredient in the proof is a new comparison principle in unbounded domains. As a consequence of our analysis, we also obtain some new Liouville type theorems.
High‐throughput screens identify microRNAs essential for HER2 positive breast cancer cell growth
Authors: Leivonen Suvi-Katri , Sahlberg Kristine Kleivi , Mäkelä Rami , Due Eldri Undlien , Kallioniemi Olli , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Perälä Merja
Published: October 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non‐coding RNAs regulating gene expression post‐transcriptionally. We have characterized the role of miRNAs in regulating the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐pathway in breast cancer. We performed miRNA gain‐of‐function assays by screening two HER2 amplified cell lines (KPL‐4 and JIMT‐1) with a miRNA mimic library consisting of 810 human miRNAs. The levels of HER2, phospho‐AKT, phospho‐ERK1/2, cell proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (cPARP) were analyzed with reverse‐phase protein arrays. Rank product analyses identified 38 miRNAs (q < 0.05) as inhibitors of HER2 signaling and cell growth, the most effective being miR‐491‐5p, miR‐634, miR‐637 and miR‐342‐5p. We also characterized miRNAs directly targeting HER2 and identified seven novel miRNAs (miR‐552, miR‐541, miR‐193a‐5p, miR‐453, miR‐134, miR‐498, and miR‐331‐3p) as direct regulators of the HER2 3′UTR. We demonstrated the clinical relevance of the miRNAs and identified miR‐342‐5p and miR‐744* as significantly down‐regulated in HER2‐positive breast tumors as compared to HER2‐negative tumors from two cohorts of breast cancer patients (101 and 1302 cases). miR‐342‐5p specifically inhibited HER2‐positive cell growth, as it had no effect on the growth of HER2‐negative control cells in vitro. Furthermore, higher expression of miR‐342‐5p was associated with better survival in both breast cancer patient cohorts. In conclusion, we have identified miRNAs which are efficient negative regulators of the HER2 pathway that may play a role in vivo during breast cancer progression. These results give mechanistic insights in HER2 regulation which may open potential new strategies towards prevention and therapeutic inhibition of HER2‐positive breast cancer.
Consequences of viscous anisotropy in a deforming, two-phase aggregate. Part 2. Numerical solutions of the full equations
Authors: Katz Richard F. , Takei Yasuko
Published: October 2013

In partially molten regions of Earth, rock and magma coexist as a two-phase aggregate in which the solid grains of rock form a viscously deformable framework or matrix. Liquid magma resides within the permeable network of pores between grains. Deviatoric stress causes the distribution of contact area between solid grains to become anisotropic; this, in turn, causes anisotropy of the matrix viscosity at the continuum scale. In the second of a two-paper set, we use numerical methods to solve the full, nonlinear, time-dependent equations governing this system. We consider porosity evolution in simple shear, Poiseuille and torsional flow. Under viscous anisotropy, there are two modes of porosity evolution: base-state segregation, which modifies the domain-scale porosity distribution, and growth of porosity perturbations into melt-rich bands. Simulation results with fixed anisotropy confirm and extend the linearized analysis of Part 1 (Takei & Katz, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 734, 2013, pp. 424–455). Most importantly, numerical solutions capture the interaction of the two modes: under Poiseuille flow, base-state segregation enhances band formation; under torsional flow, bands are suppressed. Simulations also show that low band angle is maintained by nonlinear processes such as reconnection of high-porosity segments and by back-rotation of the compacted regions between bands. Simulations with dynamic anisotropy modify these results, further lowering the average band angle. The effective viscosity of each flow is controlled by base-state segregation; it does not evolve under simple shear, decreases in Poiseuille flow and increases in torsion. We propose a reinterpretation of experimental results in terms of the consequences of viscous anisotropy.
The Rise of Modern Smyrna
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The sharp contrast which is apparent to-day between the fortunes of Smyrna and of her sister ‘Churches of Asia’ has long been brought into connection with the prophecies contained in the Revelation of S. John. While the apocalyptic messages to the other Churches are minatory or equivocal, Smyrna is favoured by the promise of a ‘crown of life’ on condition of ‘faithfulness to the end,’ a condition vaguely felt to have been fulfilled by the steadfastness under persecution of S. Polycarp and his companions in the second century of our era. Modern Smyrna is exuberantly prosperous: the other episcopal cities are either, like Ephesus, ruined and desolate, or, like Pergamus, reduced from international to purely local importance.
Miniature Panathenaics
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

Stephani, in Compte-rendu for 1876, pp. 55–6 and pl. 1, 4–7, published two small black-figure vases which he saw to be imitations of Panathenaic amphorae, but serving a different purpose: they were doubtless lekythia, intended to contain small quantities of scented oil, perhaps, he conjectured, the perfume panathenaikon which long held its own in the market (Pliny 13, 6: Panathenaicum suum Athenae pertinaciter obtinuere). A good many such vases have appeared since Stephani wrote, and the class has been studied by other writers, among them Jacobsthal (Gött. V. 15–16), Pfuhl (333), Miss Shoe (Hesp. I, 86), F. P. Johnson (AJA 1943, 393). I shall try to examine them more closely, date them more precisely, and set them in a context: the article will be a sort of appendix to Panathenaica, my study of the prize vases in AJA 1943, 441–65.
The Bamboula Hill at Larnaca
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The Bamboula Hill lies in open ground between Scala and Old Larnaca, about 100 yards north-west of the Roman Catholic Convent, and about 30 yards east of the road which runs past the front of the Convent into Old Larnaca. Another track, which diverged in 1913 from this road at the Convent, and led to the village of Livadhia, separated the Bamboula Hill site from the Bamboula Marsh, which extended nearly as far east as the carriage road from Scala to Famagusta.

The Bamboula Hill was once of much greater extent than now, and was described by old residents as having had a steep slope towards the marsh. It was on or in the Bamboula that the inscribed conquest-stele of Sargon was found in 1845, which is in the Berlin Museum.
A Garland-Sarcophagus in Beroea
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

Outside the new Metropolis in Beroea lies an uninscribed fragment of a sarcophagus, belonging to the well-known type described by Altmann in his Architektur und Ornamentik der antiken Sarkophage as ‘Guirlanden-Sarkophage’. These Imperial garland-sarcophagi fall into four classes, listed thus by Miss J. M. C. Toynbee in The Hadrianic School, Cambridge, 1934, 202–3: ‘First, those on which the garlands, generally two, but sometimes three, in number, are supported by Amorini, while masks fill the semi-circular spaces above the garlands; secondly, those on which figure-scenes are substituted for masks; thirdly, the type with Victories instead of Amorini holding up the garlands, and with masks occupying the field above each garland; and, fourthly, the type with Victories as supports and with figure-scenes in the place of masks.’
§ 3. Hellenic Pottery from the Temple Site at Palaikastro
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

The pottery from the Post-Minoan strata on the ‘Temple Field’ (area χ) falls into three principal groups, (i) Geometric, (ii) Archaic, and (iii) Hellenistic. For the plan of the site, see BSA VIII, pl. xv.

Three geometric cups are reported from Ξ 14, and Professor Bosanquet records fragments of no fewer than forty lamps and twelve torch-holders scattered over different parts of the ‘Temple Field.’ One geometric cup (BSA X, 320, fig. 20), discovered in the road E, was associated with a group of seven jugs in a fine fabric, but with a poor dark grey slip (Plate 16, No. 2: CM 4615). The early date assigned to these cups, because of their position, I believe to be erroneous, and I do not think they are earlier than the Hellenistic period.
Excavations in Ithaca, V The Geometric and Later Finds from Aetos
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Robertson Martin
Published: October 2013

The circumstances of the discovery of the vases and objects described below by Mr. Robertson were, briefly, as follows:—

1931. In trial pits dug in 1931 (Figs. 2, 4, 6) the foundations of a rough wall (6) resting on virgin soil were found, to the north of which sub-Mycenaean and Protogeometric sherds associated with stones and calcined earth appeared. South of this wall appeared two layers of dark earth, of which the lower (8a) rested on virgin soil and was about 0·5 m. thick. The upper (8b) was only a few cm. thick, and was separated from the lower by a kind of stone platform, above which was a layer of more or less sterile earth (Fig. 6). Both the upper and the lower dark-earth layers were thickly packed with sherds, all post-Protogeometric. The lower layer continued below a wall (7) the foundations of which rested in it, and below a second wall (11) the foundations of which were sunk in the upper dark-earth layer.
The Greek Theatre Cavea: Addenda
Authors: Dilke O. A. W.
Published: October 2013

Syracuse. C. Anti's book, Teatri Greci Arcaici, reached me only when my article had arrived at page-proof. His theory on the earlier form of the cavea at Syracuse is as follows. As mentioned on p. 152 above, there is, in addition to the semicircular water-channel at the foot of the cavea, an earlier rectilinear channel, also rock-cut. The latter is three-sided and roughly in the shape of a trapezium, with the two short sides pointing towards the parodoi. Anti dates this channel to the period of Hieron I (478–67 B.C.), and considers it to have formed the base of a trapezium-shaped rock-cut cavea with three rectilinear sides.
The Stoa by the Harbour at Perachora: (Plates 18–27; Colour Plates A (Frontispiece) and B (before Plate 18))
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: October 2013

The position and general form of the Stoa by the Harbour at Perachora have long been known. It was discovered and excavated in 1932, the third and fullest year of Payne's excavations at Perachora. Brief notices of its discovery are to be found in the preliminary reports for that year, in BSA xxxii (1931–2) 260–1, and JHS lii (1932) 242, and in AJA xxxvii (1933) 155, AA xlvii (1932) 563, RÉG xlix (1936) 151, and in ILN 8/7/33; of these the last is perhaps the fullest. In Perachora i a single paragraph is devoted to the stoa on pp. 14–15, but rather more information can be gathered from the plan of the Hera Akraia temple, the triglyph altar, and the stoa on plate 138. This shows the position, plan, and state of preservation of the building when it was excavated. Since the publication of Perachora i in 1940 no further work has been done on the stoa, but there is a brief treatment of it in R. Martin, Recherches sur l'agora grecque, 461, 465 n. 4, 486, and in tables iv and v, and a discussion and drawing of the Ionic semi-column capital in G. Roux, L' Architecture dans l'Argolide aux IVe et IIIe siècles avant J.-C., 346 and plate 91.1.
Excavations at Mycenae, 1939
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

The following is the first instalment of the report of the excavations at Mycenae in the summer of 1939, undertaken by an expedition, largely from Cambridge, under the aegis of the British School at Athens. A preliminary account of the main results appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1939, 210 ff. The following students of the British School at Athens took part in the work at Mycenae: Miss Helen Thomas and Miss Vronwy Fisher of Girton College, Mr. F. H. Stubbings, Fellow of Emmanuel College, and Mr. Arnold Silcock, F.R.I.B.A. Other members of the expedition who undertook various parts of the work were Mrs. Alan Wace, Mr. Joseph Last, Mr. Michael Fuller and Mr. Colin Kraay of Oxford, and Dr. and Mrs. F. W. Goethert of Berlin. Miss Elizabeth Wace was actively present throughout. Orestes Dasis was foreman and Ioannis Katsarakis was mender.
Lakonian Vase-Painting
Authors: Lane E. A.
Published: October 2013

The material for a study of Lakonian pottery may be roughly divided into two classes; first, the vases scattered through the museums of Europe, mostly found outside Greece, in tolerably good preservation, but covering a comparatively short period of time; secondly, the mass of pottery unearthed during the excavations of the British School at Athens in Lakonia itself. The latter consists mainly of fragments, but represents the continuous product of about four centuries, and in the sanctuary of Orthia we have the inestimable advantages offered by a well-stratified site.
Studies in Turkish History and Folk-Legend
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The Karaosmanoglou dynasty, which during the eighteenth century and part of the nineteenth ruled the province of Saroukhan (Magnesia) in Asia Minor, stands almost alone in Turkish history as an example of a family which not only won and retained a wide local supremacy, but was conspicuous for family solidarity and wise administration throughout its tenure of power. Of the numerous pretenders to independence who disputed the Sultans' sway during the centuries in question few were able to make their claims hereditary and none could justly boast as could the Karaosmanoglou that their administration had raised their dominions from poverty and disorder to a degree of prosperity unknown probably since the Roman empire.

The history, real and mythical, of this great Turkish family affords an interesting illustration of the growth of folk-tradition and its relation to historical fact, since we have here the rare advantage of being able to compare and contrast fact and fiction, and even to trace the growth of the myth. Less than a hundred and fifty years from the rise of the family, which is not extinct at the present day, its real origin is completely obscured; its actual history is supplanted by a purely legendary set of incidents and associations by which the family gains in prestige no less than in antiquity.
Mumming Plays in the Southern Balkans
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

Attention was first drawn to this subject when Mr. Dawkins published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies in 1906, a full account of the masquerade performed by Greeks in the district of Viza in Eastern Thrace. Both he and Mr. Lawson had previously described the Skyros Carnival, and Polites had recorded several instances from Northern Greece. In 1908, Katsarov drew attention to the fact that such mumming was also known among the Bulgarians both near Adrianople and in Bulgaria proper. In 1910, I published in the sixteenth volume of this Annual an account of the Epiphany and Mayday masquerades that Mr. M. S. Thompson and I witnessed in Thessaly. Since then others have noted similar masquerades elsewhere and the evidence of these mumming plays has been used by writers on the origin of Greek tragedy and comedy. The most striking point brought out by recent study of the subject is that such plays are not confined to Greeks alone, they are performed by Bulgarians, Vlachs, Albanians and apparently, even by Gipsies. While travelling in Thessaly and Macedonia during the years 1910–1912, Mr. Thompson and I noted the existence of many similar masquerades.
A Lament
Authors: Heath Roger M.
Published: October 2013

O let me find a mountain height,

A hill that stands alone !

That I may tell my sorrow there

And it may tell its own.

You see how smoke and smouldering fire

Across that mountain creeps ?

Ah! there is one whose love is lost,

Who sits alone and weeps.'

ROGER M. HEATH.

In the spring of 1914 a party of students belonging to the School went up to Euboia, and at one of the villages where they stayed an old man recited the little Greek poem. Roger Heath, on the spur of the moment, made the translation, at once musical and literal, which was taken down by another member of the party. The Greek words were written out by a Greek lady.—[Ed.]
Two Sepulchral Inscriptions from Suvla Bay
Authors: Hutton C. A.
Published: October 2013

These inscriptions were copied by Captain G. A. Auden, R.A.M.C., near the Salt Lake, Suvla Bay, in 1915, and the transcripts handed over by him to Commander D. G. Hogarth, R.N.V.R., with the notes which are printed between inverted commas. Captain Auden writes ‘They (the inscriptions) have a good deal of persqnal interest to me, for the wells, by which they were placed, came in for a good deal of daily shelling, and it was only safe to linger over them in the early morning or after sunset.’

No. 1. ‘On a sarcophagus used as a trough near the Salt Lake. The inscription is a good deal weathered.’ The inscription is engraved on a panel flanked on either side by a rough volute or vine-tendril.

No. 2. ‘On a marble slab unearthed near the well at the foot of Lala Baba, on the edge of the Salt Lake. The slab was broken at the bottom. There were mortice holes at each end behind filled with lead, and the slab had a deep square-cut groove running the whole length behind. The inscription is very sharply cut without sign of weathering.’ Owing to the fracture only the tops of a few letters are visible in l. 4.
Some Note-Books of Sir William Gell, Part II
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

This article, continuing the account of Gell's note-books of which the first portion was published in the last volume (B.S.A. xxvii. pp. 67 ff.), deals only with note-book (2) in so far as it relates to his journey to Asia Minor and the adjacent islands. The numerous architectural drawings, plans, etc., of ancient sites made during this expedition by Gell and his assistants, Bedford and Gandy, are published in various volumes of the Antiquities of Ionia published by the Dilettanti Society, and do not concern us here. A summary of the activities of the mission and a full list of the drawings appear in Vol. V. of this work (pp. 4 f. and 7 ff.).

The relation of this short diary to a fuller one in two volumes with illustrative sketches, now in the possession of the said Society, is not clear, and could only be established by careful collation; but it is not impossible that Gell either wrote up the latter at intervals from the rougher notes in the smaller book, or, when the smaller book was full, copied its contents into the larger one before continuing in it the narrative of his journey from the time of his arrival at Rhodes.
A Prehistoric Site in Western Macedonia and the Dorian Invasion
Authors: Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

The geographical configuration of Western Macedonia, resolved into its simplest elements, may be described as consisting of two parallel depressions, running roughly north-west and south-east, and separated from one another by a mountain range, the whole area being itself entirely enclosed by mountains. The eastern of the two depressions has a northern and a southern half. The northern half is the valley of the upper Černa, the southern is composed of the low land round the western end of Lake Ostrovo, which is connected by a narrow corridor with the valley of the middle Haliákmon. Similarly, the western depression has two well-defined areas. The northern is the basin of Lake Ochrid and the plain of Korytzá; the southern, the basin of the upper Haliákmon and its tributaries.
Excavations at Thermi
Authors: Lamb W. , Brock J. K.
Published: October 2013

Since the first account of Thermi was written for Vol. XXX, a large area has been excavated, completing, more or less, the Early Bronze Age settlement, and defining, as far as is possible, a settlement belonging to the Late Bronze Age.

As space is not unlimited, I have here omitted questions dealt with in Vol. XXX, and, when discussing new aspects of the site, have published less detailed evidence than I could wish. In short, this report must be supplemented, not only by the earlier one, but by a separate and complete publication. In the meantime, I have done my best to give a general outline of the new developments.

The staff consisted of Miss Six, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Brock, Miss Mitchell (who was responsible for the maps during one season), myself and, for a shorter period, Mr. Cuttle of Downing College and Miss Horner of Newnham College.
Studies in Attic Inscriptions of the Fifth Century B.C.
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T. , McGregor Malcolm F.
Published: October 2013

The inscriptions here published or discussed have, some of them, historic interest; which I hope I have not entirely neglected to point out. But this is chiefly a report of my work in the Museum: the reconstruction of stelai, the recognising and distinguishing of hands. In the third section, A Distinctive Attic Hand, my argument for date is cumulative, and weak as cumulative arguments are: I have no single certain proof that any of the group, still less the whole of it, belongs to the 'thirties. I record it as my cumulative impression; but my main concern has been to distinguish the hand, and to try to formulate a method whereby hands can be, securely, distinguished.

Acknowledgments: first and warmest to M. Kourouniotis, Director of the Epigraphic Museum at Athens and of the excavations at Eleusis. His generosity in placing unpublished stones at my disposal, and his constant encouragement, have been delightful to remember. Next, to Hiller von Gaertringen, whose I.G. I has seldom, during this work, been far from my hand: all students of fifth-century Attic inscriptions will know what I owe him. I have had much help from Dow and Oliver of the American school: Dow indeed taught me to distinguish hands. Meritt's constant and exciting letters, while I was working on the Quota Lists, have made that the most useful section of my paper: I had much help also from West's pupil McGregor of Cincinnati University, who was working on the same subject (see below, p. 110).
A Roof at Delphi
Authors: Hodge A. Trevor
Published: October 2013

Because of its dating on the borderline of archaic and classical, and its excellent state of preservation, the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi has for long been a monument of great interest to scholars working in many fields of ancient art and architecture. It is my belief that it offers valuable and surprising evidence in the perplexing problem of how the ancients roofed their buildings; and to set forth the grounds for that belief is the aim of this paper.

The roof over the pronaos was substantially different from the roof over the cella. Among other things, the pronaos had a stone instead of a wooden ceiling, which was, moreover, at a higher level. We are here concerned with the roof over the cella, for which alone there seems to be reliable evidence (mostly on the inside face of the west pediment). The French publication, otherwise extremely full, says little more than that the rather slender ridge beam and purlins were supported by props from the five massive crossbeams spanning the building, and that these carried a ceiling of boards fixed to their underside (FdD II 48). An examination of the stonework seems to suggest different conclusions.
A Hellenic Fortification Tower on the Kefala Ridge at Knossos
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Boardman John
Published: October 2013

In the course of a search for tombs in the Knossos area during the spring of 1951 I noticed some large blocks of limestone masonry with curved edges that had just been removed from a newly planted vineyard, the property of Georgios Kargatzes, near the top of the hill forming the southern end of the long ridge on the northern tip of which stands the Isopata Royal Tomb. The site is about 250 metres north-west of the Zafer Papoura cemetery of Late Minoan tombs dug by Evans in 1904, and at the bottom of the slope to the west is a high bank with important Geometric tombs (Knossos Survey 15), explored by Hogarth during the first year of the excavations at Knossos in 1900.

The curving blocks, together with the situation on the top of a hill less than half a kilometre south of the Kefala tholos tomb (Knossos Survey 8), excavated by Mr. R. W. Hutchinson in 1939, immediately raised hopes that another tholos tomb might await discovery here; and the fragments of Minoan pottery everywhere on and below the surface encouraged this belief. Dr. N. Platon, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, visited the site and granted permission for the School to make trials to discover from what the blocks came. The Director of the School, Mr. J. M. Cook, gave his sanction for the work and asked me to undertake it. The plans were drawn by Mr. Piet de Jong, then the School's Curator at Knossos; the drawings of the vases are by Miss Susan Wood.
Identifying a Mycenaean State
Authors: Simpson R. Hope
Published: October 2013

Ancient tradition, as recorded by Strabo and Pausanias, placed the Seven Cities offered by Agamemnon to Achilles in the area of the shores of the Messenian Gulf, between Kardamyle on the south-east and Methone on the south-west. The phrase πᾶσαι δ᾿ ἐγγὺς ἁλός roughly confines them to the coastal area, but it need not exclude identifications with sites farther inland, provided that these are not too far distant from the sea, and are connected with it by easy routes. For example, Kambos (?Ἐνόπη) and the site of the classical Thouria (?Ἄνθεια or Αἴπεια) lie 5 kilometres and 6 kilometres inland respectively, but their territory may have extended towards the coast, and the distance from the sea is not great. I have assumed as a working hypothesis that the Seven Cities actually existed in the Late Mycenaean Period, although possibly with slightly different names, and although they are not mentioned in the Achaean Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad; and I have taken the position of Mycenaean sites in the area to be the most relevant factor to the problem of locating the Seven Cities.

I have carried out surface exploration in south Messenia over a period of five to six weeks with the purpose of finding out the pattern of the Mycenaean and earlier occupation of the district on the shores of the Messenian Gulf, and I shall give an account of the results obtained at each site, together with a discussion of previous work carried out by others, and then compare the facts with the testimony of the ancient writers, in particular Strabo and Pausanias, before stating my conclusions as to the locations of the Seven Cities, and attempting to reconstruct their history. The relevant sites will be discussed in geographical order from south-east to south-west. (See the map of the area, Fig. 1.)
The Currency of deniers tournois in Frankish Greece
Authors: Metcalf D. M.
Published: October 2013

The base silver deniers of the type from Tours which in the thirteenth century were the common currency of large parts of France served as the model for the later coinage of Frankish Greece. From the mid-thirteenth century onwards, for more than a hundred years, deniers tournois were the standard coin of Attica, Bœotia, the Peloponnese, and some of the Aegean islands. They were struck in very large numbers by the princes of Achaia and the dukes of Athens, and in smaller quantities by the rulers of several other territories. Three examples are illustrated in Fig. 1 d–ƒ, from which it can be seen that the design of all the coins was virtually identical, except for the names of the issuing authorities and of the places of mintage. On one side was a cross, and on the other the so-called ‘castle of Tours’, really a degenerated version of the design of a ninth-century coin showing a Christian temple (see Fig. 1a). There is a long series of Achaian coins bearing the names of Prince William of Villehardouin, Charles I king of Naples, Charles II, Prince Florent, Isabel, Philip of Savoy, Philip of Taranto, Louis, Maud, John, and Robert. Their dates of issue can therefore be readily determined. Most of the Athenian coins are from the reigns of William and Guy II de la Roche.
Small vases from Euboean workshops
Authors: Ure A. D.
Published: October 2013

Perhaps the most popular vase shape in Euboea in the fourth century was the lidded lekanis. A number of specimens, decorated with floral motives on the lid and simple leaves or linear patterns on the receptacles, may be seen in BSA lv, pls. 54–57 passim. They show considerable variety in the shape of the knobs and in the treatment of the handles, but the receptacles remain fundamentally the same. Akin to these are little bowls of similar shape, lidded, but without handles. Such are the vases of a kernos of unknown provenience in Athens with a vaguely anthropomorphic central handle consisting of a long loop surmounted by a moulded head and with small arm-like projections recalling those of a herm (Plate 1, 1). The lids of three of the four little vases are preserved, the two nearest the handle having horizontal rims, while the two outer vases both had lids with rims turning vertically down, as is shown by the one extant lid and by the flanges on both the receptacles. The knobs of the two lids with horizontal rims are of a shape similar to the stemmed foot of a cup or dish; the surviving lid with down-turned rim has a ring like the footring of a stemless cup to serve as a knob. Each kind of knob, stemmed or stemless, functioned as a foot when the lid was set upside down on the table and became a dish. The low footring knobs were not unknown in Athens, but they were commoner in Euboea. One was noticed in BSA lv. 212, no. 8 on a lid, not figured, belonging to the Bonn group of floral black-figure, which is undoubtedly of Euboean, and very probably of Chalcidian manufacture. We shall see more of them later on.
Old Smyrna: Ionic Black Figure and Other Sixth-Century Figured Wares
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

The Ionic Black Figure pottery at Old Smyrna is a fragmentary body of material and it is of no very great bulk; so there is no certainty that it is fully representative of the wares current in North Ionia in the sixth century or that it gives a reliable indication of their relative frequency. It is worth remark that no Fikellura came to light. The material here published was divided into classes after the conclusion of the excavations and the photographs were taken. The classification then adopted was a subjective one and not entirely satisfactory. The isolation (in Section A) of what seemed to be conscious imitation of Attic Black Figure may be useful; it could be improved in detail, but at least it does not cut across other divisions. For the rest, the section (E) headed ‘Clazomenian’ ought on any count to have embraced more of the material, and the boundary between Sections B (‘North Ionic Styles’) and C (the North Ionic Column Kraters) is a rather arbitrary one. But there would have been obvious dangers in a rearrangement made without full recourse to the material itself; for due attention must be paid to the physical appearance of the wares. So the original classification has been retained.
On Some Inscriptions of the Milesian Islands
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

The above text is published by G. Manganaro in his valuable and well-illustrated corpus of the inscriptions of the Milesian islands. The stone on which it is inscribed was dug up in a garden on the island of Lipsous (ancient Lepsia) in 1956 and studied by Manganaro on his visit there in 1962. The inscription, of late date, is cut at the foot of a grave stele, of whose sculptured relief surface the lesser portion survives with the lower part of a standing woman and seated man facing one another. The lettering is poor and shallow; and, to judge by the photograph in fig. 22, the text leaves a good deal of room for conjecture.

Manganaro's restoration is full of interest. In explanation he says: ‘The dead woman was buried by her father, who perhaps killed her, notwithstanding her many lamentations (συμβο(ά)-σασαν πολλά), in a ravine or valley into which he had thrown her. The reason? Her desertion of her husband Apollodorus, toward whom the lady must have cherished an aversion (ἐκ δυσμενυίας) At the age of forty, in the splendour of her youthful prime, she, the sacrificer (θύτρια), found her tomb (βωμόσ).’