bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aversion Therapy in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: A Case Study
Authors: Crawford David A.
Published: June 2009

This paper presents a single case study of a patient with compulsive hairpulling (trichotillomania) of 16 years' duration, who was successfully treated using electric aversion therapy. All previous attempts at treatment and self-help had been unsuccessful. A behavioural self-control programme was tried initially with some success, but the progress was not maintained following an unplanned break in treatment and this treatment was ineffective when reinstated. Electric aversion therapy eliminated hair pulling almost immediately and the results were maintained on follow-up, with the exception of a minor relapse at a time of stress.
Continuous Reinforcement to Facilitate Extinction to Counter Exhaustion
Authors: Carr Janet
Published: June 2009

A problem behaviour which had been maintained on a variable reinforcement schedule was first put onto a continuous schedule and subsequently treated by extinction. The rapid response to extinction was judged to have been due to the prior move to a CRF schedule. Reasons for the emergence and maintenance of problem behaviours in certain situations are discussed.
An Investigation of the Treatment of Adolescent Social Difficulty in a Community-based Setting
Authors: Jackson Mary F. , Marzillier John S.
Published: June 2009

This study reports an evaluation of the effectiveness of a communitybased treatment for adolescents with social difficulties. In an earlier study (Jackson and Marzillier, 1982) we described how a therapeutic youth club was set up and subjected to preliminary evaluation. In this study we report on findings from a controlled evaluation in which adolescents with social difficulty were randomly assigned to two conditions, the therapeutic youth club and a waiting list control condition. Change was assessed on a range of measures including self report measures of social problems, a conversation test, social diaries, a self-esteem inventory and parent questionnaires. While the youth club proved to be a success in practical terms, the results of this study failed to demonstrate its superiority to waiting list control procedures. The results suggest that further evaluation of this type of delivery of therapeutic services is necessary.
Prediction of Outcome in the Treatment of Agoraphobia
Authors: Thomas-Peter B. A. , Jones R. B. , Sinnott A. , Fordham Ann Scott
Published: June 2009

Seventeen female agoraphobic patients were treated in three groups by in vivo exposure over 10 sessions. Dependent measures comprised an assessment using a behavioural hierarchy and an assessment of subjective anxiety. Pre-treatment assessment of the number of problems and fears, interpersonal variables and personality as measured by the E.P.P.S. were also carried out. Correlational evidence was sought of relationships between pre-treatment assessment variables and treatment outcome. It was found that low scores for “Aggression” on the E.P.P.S. and the rated ability of designated significant others to manage the agoraphobics' behaviour successfully were predictive of good outcome. Possible reasons for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Determinants of Staff Behaviour in Long-term Care
Authors: Woods P. A. , Cullen Chris
Published: June 2009

For some years now, working with long-stay populations such as the mentally handicapped and elderly mentally infirm has been a “Cinderella” area with difficulties in attracting high quality staff and resources. This has resulted in poor quality of care. There may be many reasons for the relative lack of interest shown by professionals in the problems of long-term care, but two stand out as potentially important:

(a) the rate of client behaviour change and

(b) the permanency of client behaviour change.

Within the areas of out-patient neuroses and other similar nonchronic problems, it is often expected that change can be brought about relatively quickly by trained therapists (cf. Marks, 1981a, b). With chronic problems, however, the situation is quite different. Usually change is only brought about slowly, if at all.

Secondly, with an out-patient population, given new ways with which to cope with their problems, we hope that somehow the natural contingencies will “trap” (Baer and Wolf, 1970) the new repertoires. The client gets better, stays better, and does not come back. From our own experience of this type of work, the situation is rarely so sanguine and with chronic populations, there isn't usually even much reason for hope. We are all too familiar with changes occurring and then the group of clients begins rapidly to slip back to where they started from (or beyond!). We have become accustomed to blaming poor motivation, inadequate training, organizational variables, Hawthorne effects, and so on. Almost anything except ourselves.

In this paper, we look at some failures and some relative successes in achieving desired change in long-stay institutions, and ask the questions “How?” and “Why?”. It should be obvious before we go any further that we do not have definite answers, but the questions are still worth asking. Work with long-stay populations can be extremely exasperating and demanding, but appeals to abandon the large institutions where such groups reside are defeatist.
Behavioural Treatment of Faecal Soiling: A Case Study
Authors: Brown Barrie , Doolan Moira
Published: June 2009

Some aspects of the literature on the aetiology and classification of faecal soiling are reviewed briefly, and behavioural treatment approaches described. A case study—a 4-year-old girl with faecal soiling—is presented using a behavioural strategy. The case highlights the clinical importance of systematic fading of treatment contingencies, and a detailed analysis of the presenting problem in more recalcitrant cases.
Incubation of Anxiety: A Theory Prematurely Hatched
Authors: Paxton Roger
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper Eysenck asked why conditioned responses show incrementation. In several publications he has provided the outline of an answer, which he has used in proposing a theory of the development of neuroses. It is suggested here that in the way he sets out the problem and in the development of his theory of incubation he overstates the applicability of the theory, incorporates questionable assumptions, and omits thorough consideration of competing accounts. The theory focuses on classical conditioning to the near-exclusion of other processes of behaviour change, ignores the consequences and social context of neurotic behaviour, and provides an incomplete discussion of the temporal patterning of relevant events. By taking a view which is broader in terms of psychological processes, environmental events, and temporal sequences, alternative models of the development of phobias can be offered. These involve classical and operant conditioning, and observational and informational learning.
The Selective Suppression of a Stereotypy in an Autistic Child: A Stimulus Control Approach
Authors: Woods Thomas S.
Published: June 2009

This study tested the hypothesis that operant response suppression strategies function more effectively when predetermined stimulus context variables are explicitly manipulated as “intervention facilitators”. Specifically, the self-stimulatory “book flipping” behaviours of a young autistic child were subjected to a brief immobilization contingency both in the presence and the absence of a contrived Sd stimulus comparison factor. An ABCBC multiple baseline across settings analysis of the subject's self-stimulatory responding under these conditions revealed a clear enhancement of response suppression effects when the above stimulus control feature was incorporated into the strategy. Results are discussed in light of contextual vs. absolute criteria for defining behaviour as undesirable, and the implications of stimulus control knowledge for suppression programming in general are explored.
Modification of Binge Eating in Anorexia Nervosa: A Single Case Report
Authors: Smith G. R. , Medlik L.
Published: June 2009

Exposure and response prevention has recently been reported as a successful treatment for binge eating in obesity (Smith, 1981). This present paper further extends this treatment to modification of binge eating in a single case study of a young anorexic woman. Binge eating decreased during treatment and this improvement was maintained at 9 months follow-up. Satisfactory weight was also attained during treatment and maintained at follow-up.
The Effects of Cardiovascular Feedback and Relaxation on Angina Pectoris
Authors: Johnston D. W. , Lo C. R.
Published: June 2009

Seven patients with angina pectoris were treated with relaxation training, electromyographic feedback and feedback of heart rate, pulse transit time or the product of these measures. Six showed a decreased frequency of anginal attacks, of trinitrin usage and an increased exercise tolerance.
An Ecological Validation of Nurse Training in Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Milne Derek
Published: June 2009

Behavioural ecology is a perspective within applied behaviour analysis which focuses on the complex relationship between interacting parts of a system, and particularly on the untargeted “side-effects” of interventions. This article considers two ecological effects of a large-scale nurse training venture in which 65 qualified psychiatric nurses received a one week in-service training in behaviour therapy. The effects of this training on two untargeted parameters, the nurses' clinical case notes (response generalization; N = 73) and ward teaching (generalization across subjects; N = 50) were evaluated via a combination of time-series and control group designs. The results indicated that the case notes became significantly more descriptive and less subjective, and that the learners developed significantly superior skills and knowledge in behaviour therapy as a consequence of the in-service training. These findings are discussed in terms of nurse training and behavioural ecology. The implication is that evaluations to date have generally been ecologically invalid, and that research on this topic would benefit from a more complex, naturalistic perspective.
Promoting Generalization of Appropriate Classroom Behaviour: a Comparison of Two Strategies
Authors: Stumpf John , Holman Jacqueline
Published: June 2009

This study applied a number of behaviour modification strategies in an attempt to reduce the level of disruptive classroom behaviour, and to programme for generalization of treatment effects across time and settings. Eight disruptive students represented either the Control, the Experimenter-selected Objects, or the Self-selected Activities Group. During intervention phases subjects in the Experimenter-selected Objects Group received school related material reinforcers for low levels of disruptive behaviour. The Self-selected Activities Group experienced a more complex set of conditions: partial self-determination of natural reinforcers, self-evaluation and recording, bonuses, group contingencies, individual progress graphs, eventual transition from continuous to intermittent reinforcement, and inclusion of common stimuli in the training and generalization settings. The results indicated that both reinforcement programmes dramatically reduced disruptive behaviour. The less complex package employed with the Experimenter-selected Objects Group, however, yielded significantly better generalization of treatment effects across time in the training setting, as well as across settings during the intervention phases. Additionally, this group showed significantly better maintenance of generalization across settings following programme termination.
Observation and Social Validation of Staff Behaviours in a Residential Care Setting
Authors: Spence Susan H. , Lee Peter
Published: June 2009

Eleven residential care staff working in a secure unit with disruptive or delinquent youths were trained to use a variety of behavioural methods and teaching-parent interaction skills as outlined by the Achievement Place Programme. Three months following a 1-month full-time training programme, staff were observed in the work environment using a behaviour coding system. An attempt was made to identify which care staff behaviours influenced the clients' and colleagues' judgements about staff behaviour towards the youths. Staff who frequently asked for information from the youths were rated more positively by both colleagues and youths. The use of praise influenced the youths' judgements of care staff, whereas the expression of affection towards the youths influenced staff judgements of colleagues. Other aspects of conversation or teaching interaction skills did not correlate with boys' or colleagues' judgements of the care staff. Responses such as checking for understanding, requesting practice, giving prompts and feedback were rarely used by care staff. The study provides evidence of social validity for certain staff behaviours as influencing judgements made by clients and colleagues.
Paradoxical Intention and Exposure In vivo in the Treatment of Psychogenic Nausea: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Lesage Alain , Lamontagne Yves
Published: June 2009

Two patients suffering from long-standing psychogenic nausea were treated by paradoxical intention and exposure in vivo within an A–BC–B–BC single case experimental design. Each received six treatment sessions. At the six month follow-up, both patients had improved substantially. Contrary to what was expected, paradoxical intention produced adverse outcome; both patients because nauseous and even vomited a few times while practicing the technique. Exposure in vivo gave better results.
Is Behaviour Therapy on Course?
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: June 2009

When I was asked by Professor Aubrey Lewis (later Sir Aubrey Lewis) to undertake the establishment of the first school of clinical psychology in this country, and to establish a profession of clinical psychology, I went to the United States of America in order to study how this profession was organised (Eysenck, 1980a). The very hospitable reception I received did not lead me to advocate the establishment of a similar system in this country. It seemed to me that there were three major faults inherent in the American system.
Behaviour Therapy – An Autiobiographic View
Authors: Jones H. Gwynne
Published: June 2009

I have subtitled this address An Autobiographic View; it is also anecdotal and subjective. I find it fascinating to realize that my own autobiography coincides with, and indeed is part of, the history of behaviour therapy and, indeed, of much of clinical psychology as a profession in Britain. Clinical psychology scarcely existed before the Second World War. Even in 1945 the British Psychological Society listed it among terms not entirely meaningless, but too ambiguous for use by the Society. Between the Wars, there had been great resistance to lay encroachment upon medical territory, although there had been a little intellectual testing in mental hospitals by interested academic researchers. At the end of the war, Hans Eysenck came to the Maudsley having done his pioneer factor analytic work on dimensions of personality at Mill Hill. He was keen to establish a clinical psychology course, but was appalled by the existing main models along psychoanalytic lines, both in the United States of America and in the Tavistock Clinic in London. His most important initial recruit was Monte Shapiro, who became head of the clinical course of which I was an early student member and a relatively early staff member. The early emphasis was on assessment mainly by objective standardized tests. Indeed, much of our early intellectual effort went into disputations about the lack of validity of projective tests, such as the Rorschach. We had no real involvement in treatment. Aubrey Lewis, who was the Professor of Psychiatry at the Institute and the dominant figure at the Maudsley Hospital was very much against non-medical participation in therapy.
Social Skills Training for Children: A Methodological and Clinical Review of Behavior Modification Studies
Authors: Beck Steven , Forehand Rex
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this paper was to review the methodological rigor and clinical implications of behavior modification studies in which social skills have been taught to socially deficient children. Thirty two studies were reviewed. The following four treatment approaches were identified and reviewed: adult contingent attention; peer-mediated strategies; modeling; and treatment packages. The clinical merits and limitation of each approach are discussed. Identification and possible target behaviors for neglected and rejected children are outlined. It appears however that conclusions are not warranted at this time about the relative effectiveness of the four treatment strategies. Research issues such as subject selection and the need to document that skills acquired during training are associated with relevant outcome measures are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future social skills studies are offered.
Reactivity of Measures of Self-efficacy in Tasks Involving Assertiveness
Authors: Lee Christina
Published: June 2009

Self-efficacy is normally measured by a pencil-and-paper test, and two separate studies involving snake phobics have indicated that this test does not have significant reactive effects on related behaviour. Two experiments are reported which examine the possibilities of measurement reactivity with a different type of behaviour, the social skill of assertiveness. In the first experiment, 46 non-assertive female students served as subjects. Measuring efficacy was shown to have reactive effects on later behaviour. These reactive effects showed consistent changes during the course of an assertiveness training programme, with the effect of measurement being initially to enhance performance and later to produce slight decrements. A second experiment examined the possibility that this change was related to differing levels of assertiveness. Sixty female students of varying levels of assertiveness participated in this study; again, reactive effects occurred, but they were not related to level of assertiveness. The question of possible therapeutic advantages and disadvantages of using efficacy measures at various points during therapy was raised.
The Use of Broad Conversational Targets in Social Skills Training to Promote Generalization of Gains to Real Life: A Case Study
Authors: Stravynski Ariel
Published: June 2009

Social dysfunction in a 45-year-old man was treated by a combination of exposure in vivo, social skills training and cognitive modification. Social skills training utilized broad conversational targets designed to help the patient to engage flexibly in social interactions and to be able to generate them in order to achieve his personal goals: to expand and increase his social contacts and meet the opposite sex.

Change was assessed on the basis of the patient's records of daily frequency of performance of targeted behaviours and associated anxiety within a single-case multiple baseline design. Change occurred only with the introduction of treatment and not before it, ruling out effects of time or mere contact.

The intervention resulted in an increased performance of social targets in real life, general social activity, and a related decrease in associated anxiety. The outcome was maintained for an available 1 year follow-up; systematic data collection was stopped after 6 months. A general improvement in the patient's personal, social and vocational life has also occurred.
Self-exposure Instructions by Telephone With a Severe Agoraphobic: A Case Study
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: June 2009

This case study explores the therapeutic usefulness of self-exposure instructions by telephone. With very little contact (2 h 20 min over 11 weeks), the agoraphobic client made considerable progress in traveling by bus and shopping in crowded stores. As he lived a considerable distance from the hospital and could not have attended for regular out-patient sessions, a home-based programme would have been the only other alternative. This would have been much less cost-effective.
The Effects of Therapist Presence and Relaxation Training on the Efficacy and Generalizability of in vivo Exposure
Authors: AuBuchon Peter G. , Calhoun Karen S.
Published: June 2009

The present study examined the effects of therapist presence and the addition of relaxation training on the efficacy and generalizability of in vivo exposure procedures in the treatment of multiply-phobic individuals. Thirty-two individuals who were severely phobic of at least two objects/situations were assigned to one of three treatment groups or a waiting list control group, but received treatment for only one phobia. The Exposure Alone group received prolonged exposure to a phobic stimulus while alone in a room with that stimulus. The Exposure + Relaxation group were also exposed to a phobic stimulus but had received additional training in a relaxation technique. Subjects in the Exposure + Therapist group were accompanied by a nonanxious/nonavoiding “therapist” during exposure sessions. All treatment groups improved significantly, but the Exposure + Therapist group demonstrated significantly greater extinction of fear responses related to the treated phobias than the other groups. The Exposure + Relaxation group demonstrated the greatest generalization of treatment effects to untreated phobias. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Anxiety, Freedom and Democracy
Authors: Kopp Maria S.
Published: June 2009

Arousing anxiety is one of the most important instruments of tyranny. Arousing anxiety is a weapon used not only by dictatorial societies, but also by the dictators of the family, school, workplace or organization. The essence of anxiety is the inability to actively control situations perceived as threatening —the experience of this lack of control and the inability to avert the impending threat causes this situation. In the interest of preserving and strengthening their power, the person or group possessing crucial information is able to withdraw the possibility of control, or to portion it out as a reward; in this way anxiety is aroused in those affected. Arousing anxiety is not only an instrument, but can also be the essence of the exercise of power for its own sake. Tyrannical power wishes to ensure full freedom of decision for itself at all times and it therefore does not commit itself, not even in the form of an agreement serving its own interests. This is true for all relationships of dependency in which the more independent partner is able to withhold information, thereby keeping the other partner in a state of “loss of control”. If the plumber does not turn up at the time agreed and does not inform us of this beforehand, if the garage does not repair the car on the grounds of a shortage of spare parts despite the fact that they have parts, we are placed in a state of powerlessness. We encounter various forms of abuse of power and induced anxiety day after day, but do not pay sufficient attention to it, do not recognise it in its essence and do not understand how this slow-acting poison kills. However, we can also arrive at a psychological definition of freedom and democracy through an understanding of the essence of arousing anxiety and of anxiety.
Teaching Age and Gender Discrimination by the Enhancement of Criterion-related Cues
Authors: Reading Jon C. , Ager Alastair K.
Published: June 2009

Teaching procedures encouraging the “errorless” acquisition of discriminations through the enhancement of criterion-related cues have proved popular and effective in work with individuals with severe learning difficulties. To date, however, their application has primarily been restricted to the learning of relatively simple discriminations, such as size and colour. The present study describes the successful implementation using two adults with severe learning difficulties of a teaching programme adopting this approach with respect to the skills of age and gender discrimination. Along with encouraging generalization and maintenance data, this success suggests that procedures involving the enhancement of criterion-related cues may have utility with a far broader range of tasks than previously considered.
The Role of Maternal Distress in a Parent Training Program to Modify Child Non-compliance
Authors: Forehand R. , Furey W. M. , McMahon R. J.
Published: June 2009

This paper reviews the effects of maternal distress on several aspects of parent—child interactions that were identified in the course of a parent training program for child non-compliance. Distress was measured by a number of self-report questionnaires examining depression, anxiety, marital relations, and extrafamilial relationships. The parent training program is initially reviewed. Subsequently, pretreatment relationships between maternal distress and parent—child interactions were examined. Distress appears to be related primarily to measures of parent perceptions of child maladjustment. Several relationships between distress and treatment outcome also were noted. A recent study designed to enhance parent training by modifying maternal distress factors is presented. Finally, implications and limitations of the data are discussed.
Maintenance Procedures in the Behavioral Treatment of Agoraphobia: A Program and some Data
Authors: Jansson Lars , Jerremalm Anita , Öst Lars-Göran
Published: June 2009

The sparse empirical research on maintenance of treatment effects in behavior therapy is reviewed and a practical maintenance program for phobic clients is presented. Preliminary results with the program for 32 agoraphobic patients showed that the treatment effects had been maintained 6 months after conclusion of treatment.
A Description and Evaluation of a “Levelled Token Economy” Operating within the School Day in a Residential School for Junior Maladjusted Boys
Authors: Mendham R. P. , Thorne M. T.
Published: June 2009

This study was carried out in a residential school for 46 junior boys ascertained as maladjusted. Some of the dissatisfactions with the more conventional classroom based economies are expressed and the “Levelled Economy” is put forward as an alternative model. The levelled system is described in detail and the economy evaluated over a 3-month period. The results showed a dramatic reduction of inappropriate behaviour and also a large increase in the acquisition of skills.
Establishing Appropriate Mealtime Behaviour of a Severely Disruptive Mentally Handicapped Woman
Authors: de Kock Ursula , Mansell Jim , Felce David , Jenkins Judith
Published: June 2009

A profoundly mentally handicapped woman was reported to be a major management problem for staff in the residential home where she lived, especially at mealtimes. Following a constructional approach the subject's appropriate behaviour was targeted. A multiple baseline design with reversal was used to investigate the effects of a contingent contact procedure on the subject's level of engagement. Results showed the procedure to be effective in increasing the amount of time the subject spent engaged in appropriate mealtime behaviour. Continuing problem behaviour at other times of day is discussed within the context of the overall living environment.
The Effectiveness of Abbreviated Overcorrection-based Treatments
Authors: Jenner Sue
Published: June 2009

Treatment programmes involving a very brief period of Restitution and/or Positive Practice as derived from the overcorrection rationale, coupled with differential reinforcement of other behaviours, were successfully implemented with six severely mentally handicapped children who displayed either self-injurious or self-stimulatory behaviours. The reduction in the period of time devoted to Restitution and/or Positive Practice from the 20 min traditionally used to approximately 1 min is seen as beneficial in that it reduces demands on direct care-givers' time and stamina, while concurrently allowing an increase in the number of times the child associates the undesirable behaviour with its aversive consequences. The importance of positive reinforcement, the care necessary when using punishment procedures, however brief, in an institutional setting and the attitudes of direct care-givers are discussed.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Teaching Behavioural Methods to Staff Training in Mental Handicap
Authors: Sebba J.
Published: June 2009

Staff training placements for psychologists and social workers at the Anson House Preschool Project, a service-research facility at the Hester Adrian Research Centre are described. The placements involved working in an interdisciplinary team with an integrated group of handicapped and non-handicapped children. Part of the training included the acquisition of behavioural skills which were taught through a microteaching model with the emphasis on the enactive mode of learning. The effectiveness of this training was evaluated through written and practical procedures. Significant improvements were found on all evaluation procedures from pre-test to post-test. However, trainees who scored highly on one procedure did not necessarily show high scores on the other procedures relative to the other trainees, except on post-test scores. A ceiling effect was noted on the practical procedures, the better the trainees scored initially the smaller the percentage gain made from pre-test to post-test. No significant differences emerged between social workers and psychologists.
Extinction versus Exhaustion: or “Oh Sleep, Why Dost Thou Leave Me?”
Authors: Carr Janet , Bicknell Joan
Published: June 2009

Persistent night-time disturbance in a small dog was treated by extinction. The difficulties of carrying out the programme, which in this case necessitated the use of an associate therapist, are discussed. Although a reversal design was not employed and therefore contingency control could not be indisputably demonstrated, the programme was judged to have been successful.
Thought Suppression Induces Intrusions
Authors: Lavy Edith H. , van den Hout Marcel A.
Published: June 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate whether deliberate attempts to avoid a thought content have paradoxical effects. Twenty-four Ss received thought suppression instructions, 16 neutral instructions. Thought suppression resulted in an increased number of occurrences of the thought to be suppressed. The contribution of the results to the theory of obsessions is discussed.
Functional Analysis and Challenging Behaviours
Authors: Samson D. M. , McDonnell A. A.
Published: June 2009

Some of the weaknesses and ambiguities of the currently accepted definition of a functional analysis (Owens and Ashcroft, 1982) are outlined. Functional analysis is re-defined in order to try and overcome some of these difficulties. The utility of this new definition is discussed in relation to the assessment and treatment of challenging behaviours. A possible structure for the more general use of a functional analysis in the assessment and treatment of problems is outlined. The implications of this type of approach are discussed.
Behavioural Treatment of Injection, Dental and Medical Phobias in Adolescents: A Case Study
Authors: Sanders Matthew R. , Jones Lyndall
Published: June 2009

This case study describes the use of a multi component behavioural programme in the treatment of a 13-year-old girl with multiple phobias of injections, dental and medical procedures who faced major surgery within 6 months. The treatment involved coping skills training, systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization with participant modelling and homework assignments. Measures of anxiety via SUDS ratings, behavioural approach tests and self-report measures demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatment program and the subsequent maintenance of treatment effects at 8 months follow-up.
Behavioural Marital Therapy: A Critique and Appraisal of Integrated Models
Authors: Bennun I.
Published: June 2009

Behavioural Marital Therapy (BMT) has undergone significant changes over the last fifteen years. Empirical data supports its efficacy yet there has been widespread criticisms of the approach. Integrative behavioural models have been developed in response to some of these criticisms but the question remains as to the efficacy of these new behavioural innovations. This paper gives an account of the current status of BMT and details the new treatment extensions.
Prognostic Factors in the Behavioral Treatment of Agoraphobia
Authors: Jansson Lars , Öst Lars-Göran , Jerremalm Anita
Published: June 2009

A multiple linear regression analysis was made on behavioral, questionnaire and other data from 40 agoraphobic patients, who participated in a behavioral outcome study. The dependent variable was treatment outcome as determined by changes in behavioral, subjective and physiological data after treatment and at 7-month and 15-month follow-up. The main predictors of outcome were self-rated anxiety and heart-rate at a behavioral test, and scores on the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire and Fear Survey Schedule-III, all related to the phobia. However, both level of depression and marital relationship were found to be weak predictors.
A Longitudinal Psychophysiological Assessment of a Schizophrenic Patient in Relation to the Expressed Emotion of his Relatives
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Barrowclough Christine
Published: June 2009

This article reports a longitudinal study of the psychophysiological responses of a schizophrenic patient towards his parents, in relation to their Expressed Emotion status. Recordings were taken during periods of relapse and remission. The results are discussed in the context of environmental and vulnerability factors affecting the illness.
Teaching Self-Instructions to Chronic Schizophrenic Patients: Efficacy and Generalization
Authors: Bentall R. P. , Higson P. J. , Lowe C. F.
Published: June 2009

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of teaching chronic schizophrenic patients to verbally regulate their own behaviour by means of self-instructional training. In Experiment 1, self-instructional training on a short-term memory task produced improvements in performance which did not generalize to a second memory task. In Experiment 2 an attempt to enhance generalization by teaching a rehearsal strategy on two different memory tasks produced improvements of performance only on those new tasks that were similar to the teaching tasks. The third experiment compared task-specific and general problem solving self-instructions and showed no differences in the effectiveness of the two methods. Some of the difficulties encountered when teaching self-instructions to the subjects, together with the failure to produce adequate generalization of treatment effects, leave the clinical utility of the procedure uncertain. Before a practical cognitive therapy for chronic schizophrenics can be developed it will be necessary to explore more fully the relationships that exist between the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of these patients.
Review of Self Rating Devices in Social Skills Assessment, and the Preliminary Investigation of a New Scale (S.O.C.S.I.T.)
Authors: Tyler Peter , Tapsfield Paddy
Published: June 2009

Self report instruments for assessing social competence are briefly reviewed. The amount of assistance available from the literature to those wishing to apply the scales psychometrically seems scarce, and construct infrastructure of many such scales is limited and insufficiently explicit. A new inventory was investigated, using three male samples (controls = 100; alcohol abusers = 160; other psychiatric = 58) from an Armed Services population. Results indicate an underlying factorial framework which comprises five separate scales, and data are presented which indicate the scale's potential usefulness in such ways as identifying candidates for social competence training, and for inter-group analyses of social competence.
A Brief Report on the Elimination of Long Term Sleeping Problems in a 6-year-old Autistic Boy
Authors: Howlin Patricia
Published: June 2009

Sleeping difficulties are relatively common amongst normal young children at some stage in their development. It is estimated, for example, that approximately 20% of normal 1–2 year olds and 14% of 3 year olds wake regularly during the night (Bernal, 1973; Jenkins, Bax and Hart and Land-sown, 1980). Amongst handicapped children rates of sleeping disturbance tend to be even higher (Richman, Stevenson and Graham, 1975; Richman, Douglas, Hunt, Levere, 1982) and in autistic children, in particular sleeping difficulties are frequently severe and persistent. Thus, De Meyer (1979) found that almost all autistic children had shown sleeping problems at some stage in their development and at an average age of 5½ years, 49% still showed severe sleeping difficulties (as compared with only 3% of normal controls). This additional strain on parents, who already have to cope with many behavioural problems throughout the day, can be considerable, and frequently has a deleterious effect on many aspects of family and marital relationships.
Improving the Effectiveness of Behavioural Management of Severe Obesity by Incorporating Hospitalized Fasting
Authors: Martin Paul R.
Published: June 2009

A treatment approach to severe, refractory obesity involving combining therapeutic starvation with behavioural management techniques was advocated. The potential of the approach was illustrated by the description of a patient who lost 53 lb in weight over a 14-month-period.
Factors Associated with Drop-Out, Relapse and Failure in the Conditioning Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Fielding Dorothy
Published: June 2009

The enuresis alarm is a very successful method of treating nocturnal enuresis. Nevertheless many children drop-out of treatment and many relapse once dryness has been achieved. This paper examines the relationship between 30 variables, measured during the pre-treatment assessment of 75 enuretic children, and treatment outcome (success, failure, drop-out and relapse). Treatment was either by the enuresis alarm alone or the enuresis alarm preceded by four weeks of retention control training. Two features of diurnal bladder control (frequency and urgency) were related to failure in treatment and two factors reflecting parental intolerance to wetting (early toilet training and parental urging to use the toilet) were related to treatment drop-out.
Effects of Short Exposures to Phobic Material upon Subsequent Phobic Responses
Authors: Markus Daniel F. , Canavan A. G. M.
Published: June 2009

Two theories have been advanced to explain the paradoxical increase in fear and avoidance seen after short unreinforced exposures to phobic stimuli. Incubation theory (Eysenck, 1968) and sensitization theory (Watts, 1971) are similar with regard to the conditions specified for enhancement of such responses. However, an incubated response is seen as specific to the CS in question, whereas sensitized responsiveness is a more generalized process. Subjects were either exposed or not exposed to a feared stimulus (cockroaches), and were then administered generalization tests to the same stimulus or to a non-feared stimulus (toad). Measures of subjective anxiety, behavioural avoidance and physiological activity were taken. No evidence was found for the enhancement phenomenon to either phobic material or non-feared material. The phenomenon does not appear to be a reliable one.
Classical and Operant Paradigms in the Management of Gambling Addictions
Authors: Brown R. I. F.
Published: June 2009

Previous (mainly classical) conditioning and current (mainly operant) approaches to the treatment of gambling addictions are reviewed in the light of recent evidence of the central importance of heightened arousal in the experience of normal gambling. Within a general framework which views the central features of addiction as the phenomenology of arousal and the acquisition of altered states of consciousness as goals, the possible contributions of reversal theory are explored. A more detailed examination of operant and classical conditioning analyses of the maintenance and reinstatement of excessive gambling behaviour appears to point towards a return to interventions based upon classical conditioning theory, although to cue exposure and the extinction of “peak experiences” rather than to aversion therapy.
The Management of Children's Nighttime Behaviour Problems: Evaluation of an Advice Booklet
Authors: Weymouth Jane , Hudson Alan , King Neville
Published: June 2009

An advice booklet was developed and evaluated over three studies of diminishing clinical contact. Study 1 (n = 5) utilized full support through clinic sessions and telephone contact. During study 2 (n = 5) therapists maintained reduced contact with families, while minimal therapist support or contact was employed in study 3 (n = 10). A multliple baseline design across families was used to evaluate studies 1 and 2. Additionally all phases were evaluated using a consumer satisfaction measure. Overall the results suggest that the booklet was moderately successful in reducing nighttime behaviour problems. While parents could use the booklet on a self administered basis, some families may require additional clinical support to succeed with effective management of their child's nighttime behaviour problems. The research findings point to the need for specific advice packages for use by parents in the management of simple problems evinced by their children.
Towards Multi-level Needs Assessment
Authors: Harding Kay , Baldwin Steve , Baser Caroline
Published: June 2009

The term “needs assessment” has been used previously to describe a variety of concepts relating to the relationships between service provision and users/consumers. Different meanings have been attached according to the means by which service agents have attempted to identify relevant services; limitations have been observed in needs assessments that have tried to define the need for change solely within individuals. An effort is made to extend the scope and range of such needs assessments beyond a consideration of the individual consumer and to enable assessors to make concurrent statements relating to the behaviour of both workers and service systems. An attempt is made to locate behaviourally-based work within an understanding of human need.
Programming Common Antecedents: A Practical Strategy for Enhancing the Generality of Learning
Authors: Woods Thomas S.
Published: June 2009

Four developmentally handicapped (autistic) boys in a treatment centre for behavior disordered children were taught to perform coloring and block-assembly play responses within a discrete trial format training paradigm. Two training strategies that differed with respect to antecedent cueing methods were examined. Specifically, a “naturalistic” cueing procedure, involving the simple presentation of play materials to set play in motion, was compared to the more conventional approach of giving verbal instructions to instigate play responses. Generalization across comparable play “tasks” with only naturalistic cueing was probed. Findings indicated that, with all participants, where the antecedent cues for training matched those found in the generalization condition, there was substantially more carry-over. Suggestions for future remedial practice based upon antecedent control factors are offered.
Effects of Depression and Headache Type on Biofeedback for Muscle-contraction Headaches
Authors: Levine Bruce A.
Published: June 2009

The present study was designed to investigate further the possible interactive role of both depression and headache type on the outcome of a standard E.M.G. biofeedback therapy for muscle-contraction headache. Forty-eight patients applying for treatment at a headache treatment center were given forehead/posterior neck E.M.G. biofeedback therapy for 20 weeks. Twelve subjects in each of four groups had either depression with or without a history of head trauma, or were not depressed, with or without a history of head trauma. Results showed that headache activity was lowered more for non-depressed subjects and more for non-trauma subjects, although there was no interaction. However, post-hoc examination also showed that the possibility of monetary gain from legal action might have confounded the data for some of the trauma subjects. The study supports the need for separation of depressed and non-depressed patients in headache treatment and the probable need for treatment for the depression itself, aside from the headache.
Organic and Hyperventilatory Causes of Anxiety-type Symptoms
Authors: McCue Elspeth C. , McCue Peter A.
Published: June 2009

In treating anxiety and phobic disorders it is helpful to be aware of physical illnesses that can present with anxiety-type features. This paper discusses a number of organic conditions whose presenting features could be mistaken for an anxiety state, viz. hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, hypoparathyroidism, phaeochromocytoma, hypoglycaemia, mitral valve prolapse, paroxysmal tachycardia, temporal lobe epilepsy, caffeinism, and food and chemical allergy. Hyperventilation is also discussed since it is an important but frequently neglected mechanism in many cases of anxiety and phobia.
Social Skills Training with Young Offenders: False Expectations and the “Failure of Treatment”
Authors: Hollin Clive R. , Henderson Monika
Published: June 2009

Alongside the view that “nothing works” in correctional rehabilitation, the behavioural technique of social skills training (S.S.T.) has been singled out for use with offenders. The present paper critically reviews empirical evidence regarding the long-term effects of S.S.T. on young offenders with a view to examining the conceptual and methodological issues linking S.S.T. with criminal behaviour. It is concluded that S.S.T. has been shown to have only very limited effects on the future criminal behaviour of young offenders. Several explanations for this finding are considered, and it is concluded that re-offending is an inadequate measure of the efficacy of S.S.T. programmes as reported in the extant literature. Following criticism of research designs which produce false expectations by including unrealistic measures, several proposals for future research are made.
Behavioural Psychotherapy for a Blood and Needle Phobic Mastectomy Patient Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Horne David J. De L. , McCormack Heather
Published: June 2009

A 50-year-old married woman who had had a radical mastectomy was on the threshold of ceasing to take adjuvant chemotherapy because of a longstanding needle and blood phobia and a recently acquired conditioned nausea response to hospital and medical situations. A cognitive-behavioural therapy programme incorporating relaxation training, imaginal systematic densitization and video modelling, allowed her to complete the chemotherapy course and to feel less anxious in hospital and medical settings.
Cognitive Science and Behavioural Psychotherapy: Where Behaviour was, There Shall Cognition Be?
Authors: Power Mick J.
Published: June 2009

The argument is presented that behavioural psychotherapy has long been infiltrated by cognitive ideas, whether at the level of underlying philosophy, assessment or practice. For example, none of the traditional laws of learning have withstood the test of time, but although modern learning theory has had to become increasingly cognitive, behaviour therapists have yet to integrate these advances into a better understanding of therapeutic techniques and practice. Examples are also presented of a range of cognitive tasks that may provide further insights into the nature of the affective disorders.