bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STAT5-mediated chromatin interactions in superenhancers activate IL-2 highly inducible genes: Functional dissection of the
Il2ra
gene locus
Authors: Li Peng , Mitra Suman , Spolski Rosanne , Oh Jangsuk , Liao Wei , Tang Zhonghui , Mo Fei , Li Xingwang , West Erin E. , Gromer Daniel , Lin Jian-Xin , Liu Chengyu , Ruan Yijun , Leonard Warren J.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Superenhancers regulate the expression of genes that specify cell type-specific development, but little is known regarding their function and regulation in vivo. Here, we study the cytokines IL-2 and IL-21, which critically control the immune response. These cytokines induce the binding of transcription factors STAT5 and STAT3, respectively, at superenhancers in a cytokine- and gene-specific manner. STAT5-bound superenhancers regulate genes highly induced by IL-2, with STAT5 mediating chromatin looping within such genes, including
Il2ra
, which mediates responsiveness to IL-2. By deleting three STAT5 binding sites that mediate IL-2–induced chromatin looping at the
Il2ra
locus, we demonstrate that superenhancer elements cooperatively control gene expression. Overall, we elucidate cytokine-dependent superenhancer function in general and provide detailed analysis of the
Il2ra
superenhancer.
Thin myelin sheaths as the hallmark of remyelination persist over time and preserve axon function
Authors: Duncan Ian D. , Marik Rachel L. , Broman Aimee T. , Heidari Moones
Published: October 2017

Significance

The hallmark of remyelination in the CNS has been proposed to be the presence of thin myelin sheaths. This has been demonstrated in multiple experimental models and in multiple sclerosis. It is the only surrogate marker of remyelination, and therefore a crucial fingerprint of myelin repair. However, this has been challenged recently in separate studies, in which, by implication, the degree or presence of remyelinated axons has been underestimated. In this article, we provide evidence from two different models that thin myelin sheaths and short internodes persist almost indefinitely. Future attempts to promote myelin repair in models of multiple sclerosis will be crucially dependent on a definitive marker of repair. We propose that the thin myelin sheath remains the gold standard.
Characterisation of surface recrystallisation in a grit-blasted single-crystal superalloy
Authors: Zhuo Longchao , Liu Min , Chen Qiuyu , Liang Shuhua , Xiong Jichun , Wang Feng
Published: October 2017

In this work, detailed experimental insights regarding the microstructural features on surface recrystallisation of a grit-blasted single crystal superalloy DD6 have been obtained by transmission electron microcopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microcopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The broadened diffraction ring arcs typical for micro-textures revealed the fragmented finer grains after surface grit-blasting. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis and STEM mapping confirmed the characteristic elements for differentiation of γ′ and γ phase, and the precipitated secondary or tertiary γ′ in the recrystallised region was characterised by dark field TEM. Moreover, the recrystallisation depth was feasibly revealed by ion-etching and further used for EBSD imaging without polishing. The resulted EBSD pole figures and misorientation profiles confirmed that the recrystallised region exhibited a rather random orientation, destroying the original single crystal type.
Cancer cells, on your histone marks, get SETDB1, silence retrotransposons, and go!
Authors: Robbez-Masson Luisa , Tie Christopher H.C. , Rowe Helen M.
Published: October 2017

Cancer cells thrive on genetic and epigenetic changes that confer a selective advantage but also need strategies to avoid immune recognition. In this issue, Cuellar et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612160) find that the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 enables acute myeloid leukemia cells to evade sensing of retrotransposons by innate immune receptors.
Identification and characterization of T reg–like cells in zebrafish
Authors: Kasheta Melissa , Painter Corrie A. , Moore Finola E. , Lobbardi Riadh , Bryll Alysia , Freiman Eli , Stachura David , Rogers Arlin B. , Houvras Yariv , Langenau David M. , Ceol Craig J.
Published: October 2017

Regulatory T (T reg) cells are a specialized sublineage of T lymphocytes that suppress autoreactive T cells. Functional studies of T reg cells in vitro have defined multiple suppression mechanisms, and studies of T reg–deficient humans and mice have made clear the important role that these cells play in preventing autoimmunity. However, many questions remain about how T reg cells act in vivo. Specifically, it is not clear which suppression mechanisms are most important, where T reg cells act, and how they get there. To begin to address these issues, we sought to identify T reg cells in zebrafish, a model system that provides unparalleled advantages in live-cell imaging and high-throughput genetic analyses. Using a FOXP3 orthologue as a marker, we identified CD4-enriched, mature T lymphocytes with properties of T reg cells. Zebrafish mutant for foxp3a displayed excess T lymphocytes, splenomegaly, and a profound inflammatory phenotype that was suppressed by genetic ablation of lymphocytes. This study identifies T reg–like cells in zebrafish, providing both a model to study the normal functions of these cells in vivo and mutants to explore the consequences of their loss.
R-Spondin1 expands Paneth cells and prevents dysbiosis induced by graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Hayase Eiko , Hashimoto Daigo , Nakamura Kiminori , Noizat Clara , Ogasawara Reiki , Takahashi Shuichiro , Ohigashi Hiroyuki , Yokoi Yuki , Sugimoto Rina , Matsuoka Satomi , Ara Takahide , Yokoyama Emi , Yamakawa Tomohiro , Ebata Ko , Kondo Takeshi , Hiramine Rina , Aizawa Tomoyasu , Ogura Yoshitoshi , Hayashi Tetsuya , Mori Hiroshi , Kurokawa Ken , Tomizuka Kazuma , Ayabe Tokiyoshi , Teshima Takanori
Published: October 2017

The intestinal microbial ecosystem is actively regulated by Paneth cell–derived antimicrobial peptides such as α-defensins. Various disorders, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), disrupt Paneth cell functions, resulting in unfavorably altered intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis), which further accelerates the underlying diseases. Current strategies to restore the gut ecosystem are bacteriotherapy such as fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, and no physiological approach has been developed so far. In this study, we demonstrate a novel approach to restore gut microbial ecology by Wnt agonist R-Spondin1 (R-Spo1) or recombinant α-defensin in mice. R-Spo1 stimulates intestinal stem cells to differentiate to Paneth cells and enhances luminal secretion of α-defensins. Administration of R-Spo1 or recombinant α-defensin prevents GVHD-mediated dysbiosis, thus representing a novel and physiological approach at modifying the gut ecosystem to restore intestinal homeostasis and host–microbiota cross talk toward therapeutic benefits.
Group spike-and-slab lasso generalized linear models for disease prediction and associated genes detection by incorporating pathway information
Authors: Tang Zaixiang , Shen Yueping , Li Yan , Zhang Xinyan , Wen Jia , Qian Chen’ao , Zhuang Wenzhuo , Shi Xinghua , Yi Nengjun
Published: October 2017

Motivation

Large-scale molecular data have been increasingly used as an important resource for prognostic prediction of diseases and detection of associated genes. However, standard approaches for omics data analysis ignore the group structure among genes encoded in functional relationships or pathway information.

Results

We propose new Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear models, called group spike-and-slab lasso GLMs, for predicting disease outcomes and detecting associated genes by incorporating large-scale molecular data and group structures. The proposed model employs a mixture double-exponential prior for coefficients that induces self-adaptive shrinkage amount on different coefficients. The group information is incorporated into the model by setting group-specific parameters. We have developed a fast and stable deterministic algorithm to fit the proposed hierarchal GLMs, which can perform variable selection within groups. We assess the performance of the proposed method on several simulated scenarios, by varying the overlap among groups, group size, number of non-null groups, and the correlation within group. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method provides not only more accurate estimates of the parameters but also better prediction. We further demonstrate the application of the proposed procedure on three cancer datasets by utilizing pathway structures of genes. Our results show that the proposed method generates powerful models for predicting disease outcomes and detecting associated genes.

Availability and implementation

The methods have been implemented in a freely available R package BhGLM (http://www.ssg.uab.edu/bhglm/).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Managing public health data: mobile applications and mass vaccination campaigns
Authors: McClung Melissa W , Gumm Sarah A , Bisek Megan E , Miller Amber L , Knepper Bryan C , Davidson Arthur J
Published: October 2017

In response to data collection challenges during mass immunization events, Denver Public Health developed a mobile application to support efficient public health immunization and prophylaxis activities. The Handheld Automated Notification for Drugs and Immunizations (HANDI) system has been used since 2012 to capture influenza vaccination data during Denver Health’s annual employee influenza campaign. HANDI has supported timely and efficient administration and reporting of influenza vaccinations through standardized data capture and database entry. HANDI’s mobility allows employee work locations and schedules to be accommodated without the need for a paper-based data collection system and subsequent manual data entry after vaccination. HANDI offers a readily extensible model for mobile data collection to streamline vaccination documentation and reporting, while improving data quality and completeness.
Information-processing biases in emotional disorders
Authors: Mathews Andrew
Published: October 2017

Chapter 3 discusses information-processing biases in emotional disorders, including the nature of information-processing in cognition and emotion, biases in information-processing (perceptual encoding, interpretation of meaning, implicit and explicit memory), automatic and controlled processing, content specificity, differences among disorders, the distinction between normal and abnormal mood, and links between research and treatment.
Eating disorders
Authors: Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 9 discusses eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It reviews the scientific standing and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy as applied to eating disorders, including a rationale for the use of cognitive behaviour therapy, its efficacy, an outline of the treatments themselves, and the utility of the cognitive behavioural approach.
Depression
Authors: Williams J. Mark G.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 11 summarizes some of the ways in which psychological theory has contributed to the understanding of depression and how best to treat it. The nature of depression is outlined, along with the learning theory and social skills approach, self-control theory, cognitive theory and therapy of depression, evaluating the efficacy of cognitive therapy, the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, the prevention of relapse and recurrence, and mechanisms of change.
Hypochondriasis
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M. , Bass Christopher
Published: October 2017

Chapter 13 explores severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis), it first defines hypochondriasis, and outlines its prevalence, comorbidity, before discussing the evolution of treatment, theories of health anxiety and hypochondriasis, cognitive behavioural approaches to understanding and treatment, factors that maintain health anxiety, cognitive behavioural treatment, assessment for psychological treatment, intervention, and future directions for research.
Darwinian Psychiatry: The Context
Authors: McGuire Michael , Troisi Alfonso
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 presents the context of Darwinian psychiatry. Using a case study, it outlines causal explanations in psychiatry (conceptual pluralism, failure of model integration, new knowledge and research techniques), as well as a summary of the title as a whole, and its arguments.
A Theory of Behavior
Authors: McGuire Michael , Troisi Alfonso
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents an overview of a theory of behavior. Systems of behavior are reviewed first, before focusing on the four infrastructures responsible for behavior: motivations-goals, automatic systems, algorithms, and functional capacities. The social environment and environment-condition interactions are the topics of the third section, and the last section discusses the functional analysis of behavior—psychiatry’s missing link. Clinical cases illustrate key points.
Mechanisms, Symptoms, and Affects
Authors: McGuire Michael , Troisi Alfonso
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the mechanisms, symptoms, and affects, including physiological, biological, psychological states, traits and events; emotions, moods and affects (anxiety, depression, frustration-anger, pleasure-satisfaction-joy, pain, power-control-elation).
Key Points
Authors: McGuire Michael , Troisi Alfonso
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents a review and summary of the key points discussed in this title, as well as the immediate implications of the evolutionary approach for psychiatry (the collection of new types of data, revision of classification systems and treating conditions).
Reality Negotiation and Coping
Authors: Higgins Raymond L. , Leibowitz Ruth Q.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the development and current status of the reality-negotiation construct, relates the construct to coping processes, and suggests that it has important implications for conceptualizations of social support and the mechanisms through which social support is related to coping. Following brief definitional, historical, and measurement sections, it provides a compendium of reality-negotiation strategies and relates the reality-negotiation construct more specifically to the issue of coping with adversity. A discussion of selected issues related to coping with chronic illness and disability will serve as the vehicle for linking the reality-negotiation construct to some evolving notions about the underlying nature of social support.
Dr. Seuss, the Coping Machine, and “Oh, the Places You’ll Go”
Authors: Snyder C. R. , Pulvers Kimberley Mann
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 presents a model of coping that has broad applications. It describes previous definitions of coping, and proposes a new definition, before presenting a schematic for understanding our model of coping and describing the nature of appraisal-like processes involved in stressors that impact subsequent coping. It explores individual differences in people (the “coping machines”) that can moderate coping responses to a stressor. Lastly, it explicates the responses that are, in varying degrees, effective according to our model.
Self-Focused Attention and Coping
Authors: Hamilton Nancy A. , Ingram Rick E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores self-focused attention and coping. It presents definitions of self-focused attention, theories incorporating attentional variables (schemas and automatic thinking, differential activation processes, associative network models, ruminative response styles, self-regulatory perseveration, and self-statement specificity in emotional distress), self-focus and coping with distress, distraction, and mindfulness.
In My Voice
Authors: Liew Jeffrey
Published: October 2017

Chapter 5 explores the struggles of the contributor’s family as immigrants, compounded by his mother’s increasingly severe depression, and the stigma they encountered in their neighbourhood.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents a commentary from the editor on the key issues found in these contributions and in providing my own personal perspective on the value of disclosure of mental illness—and the power of narrative in general. It also provides an overview of future trends regarding mental illness, disclosure, and stigma.
Session 11: Getting Ready for Summer
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 11 discusses preparation for summer break, and how to cope with unstructured time, including daily structure, activities for parents and children together, community-based activities and events, reading programs, summer chores, family vacations, and dealing with increased levels of stress.
Session 14: Family Problem Solving
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 14 explores family problem solving, and outlines four steps of family problem solving (the PICC Model) for when a problem or conflict arises between parents and children.
Report Writing and Testimony
Authors: Piechowski Lisa Drago
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on report writing and testimony as part of disability evaluation. More specifically, it explains how to organize a report, what information should (and should not) be included, the required level of detail, and the effective response to referral questions. It also highlights the importance of accurate communication of information. The chapter first discusses the purpose of a written report in evaluations of disability and the organizational structure of the forensic report before turning to the information that must be included in the evaluation report. It presents an example of a format divided into the following sections: introduction, procedures, summary of records reviewed, behavioral observations and mental status data, clinical interview, data from psychological or neuropsychological testing, collateral contacts, formulation of opinions, and answers to referral questions. Finally, the chapter describes how the written report can form the basis for testimony in court or in an administrative hearing.
Why Seek Board Certification?
Authors: Nezu Christine Maguth
Published: October 2017

This chapter will address this question from the perspective of the newlylicensed professional as well as of the seasoned and successful professional psychologist. It presents board certification as a logical sequence of steps toward demonstrated competence,ethical responsibility, and confidence in one’s psychology specialty practice.
Board Certification
Authors: Kaslow Nadine J. , Ingram M. Victoria
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses board certification from a competency-based perspective. It begins by definingthe relevant constructs and reviewing the evolution of the shift toward aculture of competence and competency assessment within professional psychology, and then discusses the history of a competency-based approach within board certification in professional psychology, focusing on the currentcompetencies of interest to ABPP’s board certification process.
How to Prepare for the Written Examinations in Clinical Neuropsychology and Forensic Psychology
Authors: Lee Gregory P. , Otto Randy K.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 discusses how to prepare for the written examinations in clinical neuropsychology and forensic psychology. The American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) and AmericanBoard of Forensic Psychology (ABFP) are the only ABPP specialty boards that include a written examination. This chapter outlines the development of the written examinations, their content and focus, and preparation methods for each test.
Professional Development and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Finch A. J
Published: October 2017

This chapter is about professional development and lifelong learning. Forpurposes of simplicity, the term professional development is used throughout and is defined as a “developmental process of acquiring, expanding, refining,and sustaining knowledge, proficiency, skill, and qualifications for competentprofessional function”. It discusses the process of professional development, learning new information, sustaining professional skills and proficiencies, and qualifications.
Building a Psychology Orientation Course
Authors: Loher Brian T. , Landrum R. Eric
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses psychology orientation courses. It describes the assumptions and themes common to orientation courses and presents several sample exercises used in the author’s courses. It concludes by briefly reviewing some of the administrative issues related to implementation of orientation courses.
The Capstone Course in Psychology as Liberal Education Opportunity
Authors: Dunn Dana S. , McCarthy Maureen A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter is about applying the strengths of liberal education to a particular arena: the capstone course in the psychology major. A capstone course marks a final educational experience in an undergraduate curriculum as well as the beginning of a student’s next learning opportunity in the world of work or graduate or professional education. It argues that liberal education should be an integral concern when crafting capstone courses for psychology students, founded on two seemingly incompatible goals. Firstly, that relatively few psychology majors will have careers in the discipline; and so should graduate with skills grounded in liberal education that will help them make their way in the world beyond campus. Secondly, that psychology majors should have a final, in-depth educational experience that allows them to think, act, and communicate like academic psychologists.
Research Teams
Authors: Beins Bernard C. , Wann Phil D.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses research teams, and the development of a capstone experience with programmatic research. It outlines the benefits and importance of student experience with research, varieties of research experience, and obstacles to student research, along with case examples in establishing research teams, their advantages, assessment, and outcomes.
Honors Thesis as a Capstone
Authors: Serdikoff Sherry L.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the honors thesis as a capstone option whereby students develop a research idea, conduct a literature review, collect and analyze data, summarize and interpret results, and present the findings in a presentation and written thesis. This process builds upon key curricular components in that it necessarily involves knowledge of research methods and data analysis techniques, theories and findings in relevant substantive content areas, and ethical considerations. Using a case example, the chapter argues that an honors thesis is a reasonable option for meeting capstone goals.
Helping Undergraduates Transition to the Workplace
Authors: Hettich Paul
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce four specific dimensions of workplace transition: youth-to-adult transitions, organizational differences between college and workplace, skills employers seek, and characteristics of new employees that lead to promotion, discipline, or termination. The term workplace is used in its general context to include most types of paid employment.
Overview and Background for IPT-ci
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

This chapter summarizes the adaptations that make up interpersonal psychotherapy for cognitive impaired older adults (IPT-ci). This includes the engagement of caregivers, the delivery of IPT-ci in common care settings, and who should implement IPT-ci.
Specific IPT Foci in IPT-ci
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 9 explores specific interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) foci in IPT for cognitive impairment (IPT-ci). The four foci or problem areas of IPT are role transition, unresolved grieving, role dispute, and interpersonal deficit/sensitivity. These are each outlined using illustrative case examples.
Flexible Individual and Joint Sessions
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 11 outlines flexible individual and joint sessions for interpersonal therapy for cognitive impairment (IPT-ci). In contrast to traditional IPT, which was designed as an individual treatmentwith an allowance to meet a significant other at some point for clarificationof their respective social role(s), the core of IPT-ci is its comprehensive inputfrom the patient and all involved parties whose role may be evolving intocaregiver status from the first meeting.
Hitler Should Have Finished the Job
Authors: Grodin Michael A.
Published: October 2017

This case explores countertransference, religious differences, and abandonment. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
To Warn or Not to Warn
Authors: Shapiro David L.
Published: October 2017

This case explores the conflict between ethics and law, scientific and professional judgement, and confidentiality when a third party may be at risk from the client. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
“I’ve Got This Friend”
Authors: Johnson W. Brad
Published: October 2017

This case discusses multiple relationships, informed content, and beneficence in a military context. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
When in Doubt, Pull Them Out?
Authors: Chriki Lyvia
Published: October 2017

This case describes a situation in which the decision must be made whether or not to remove a disabled child from their home and the care of their parents. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Can You Help Us?
Authors: Campbell Clark D.
Published: October 2017

This case describes the issues involved in the supervision of students following their involvement in a distressing crisis situation. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Doing It by the Book
Authors: Corey Gerald
Published: October 2017

This case discusses ethical and boundary issues in teaching a group of student counselors didactically and experientially. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Working Out One’s Salvation in Fear and Trembling
Authors: Michel Andrew
Published: October 2017

This case explores ethical and spiritual dilemmas around therapeutic boundaries and extra-therapy contact. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
The Reach of Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions
Authors: McHugh R. Kathryn , Barlow David H.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the movement toward evidence-based mental health care, including a description of the brief history of evidence-based psychological interventions (EBPIs) and the current status of the research-practice gap. As such, this chapter will serve as a backdrop for subsequent chapters highlighting state-of-the-art efforts to disseminate and implement EBPIs.
Enhancing Dissemination Outcomes through a Population-Based Approach to Parenting Intervention
Authors: Sanders Matthew R. , Calam Rachel
Published: October 2017

Chapter 11 describes the unique challenges and strategies of utilizing a universal approach to disseminating an intervention, including a number of direct-to-consumer strategies, such as the use of mass media. It further discusses the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P).
Motor-images, self-consciousness, and autism1
Authors: Pacherie Elisabeth
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores motor-images, self-consciousness, and autism, including mentalizing and executive difficulties in autism; the nature of motor intentions and imagery; action representations, self-consciousness, and understanding the mind; and action representation impairments in autism. It argues that a capacity for action plays a major role in the structuring of a unitary experience of the world and in the development of self-world dualism.
Using focus groups
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the main uses of focus groups in health research, and argues that focus groups are an ideal method for gaining access to participants’ own meanings, using with examples from health-related research.
Analysis of repertory grids in clinical practice
Authors: Leach Chris , Freshwater Kate
Published: October 2017

This chapter’s main aim is to provide an account of some of the forms of analysis of repertory grid data, illustrating strengths, weaknesses and appropriate use of the various methods currently available and commenting on the pitfalls of inappropriate analysis. A detailed analysis is presented of repertory grids completed by a client at various stages of group therapy.
Some statistical and graphical strategies for exploring the effect of interventions in health research
Authors: Adamson Gary , Bunting Brendan
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores statistical and graphical strategies for exploring the effect of interventions in health research and presents a brief overview of some common and some not so common methods for assessing data from interventions and have pointed to some associated advantages and disadvantages. It discusses gain scores, analysis of variance models, structural equation modelling, and the latent growth model.
Attention
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Watkins Edward , Mansell Warren , Shafran Roz
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores attention. It defines the key concepts within attention research (selective attention, self-focused attention), and reviews evidence across psychological disorders with a particular focus on determining the extent to which attentional processes are truly transdiagnostic, and/or whether they are distinct to particular disorders (including anxiety disorders, phobias, somatoform disorders, sexual disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).
Can neurobiology explain the relationship between stress and disease?
Authors: Lightman Stafford
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores if neurobiology can explain the relationship between stress and disease. It considers if events that occurred early in life, perhaps during a period of prolonged stress, may affect biological processes, sometimes permanently, through changes in the midbrain neurotransmitter concentrations, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of stress are used to demonstrate these changes.
Neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours
Authors: Munafò Marcus R. , Hitsman Brian
Published: October 2017

Chapter 8 discusses neurocircuitry of attentional processes in addictive behaviours. It reviews implicit measures of nicotine addiction and smoking behaviour (cognitive measures, and measures of attentional bias, and evidence from neuroimaging studies, including fMRI, PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), and reviews the utility of these implicit measures in studies which are informative with respect to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and cigarette smoking.
Appetite lost and found
Authors: Ryan Frank
Published: October 2017

Chapter 10 discusses cognitive psychology in the addiction clinic, including cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for addiction, neuroscience perspectives, treatment outcome research, the re-conceptualization of CBT for addiction, enhanced reward detection, negative reinforcement, individual differences, neurocognitive deficits, the application of research findings to psychological interventions, the role of cognitive processes in therapeutic engagement, assessment of cognitive processes, assessment and formulation of specific therapeutic strategies.
Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Kass Erica , Posner Jonathan E. , Greenhill Laurence L.
Published: October 2017

More than 225 placebo-controlled type 1 investigations demonstrate that psychostimulants are highly effective in reducing core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. In contrast, there are limited type I studies demonstrating that psychopharmacological management with U.S. Food & Drug Administration-approved agents for ADHD (stimulants and nonstimulants), atypical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers decrease the defiant and aggressive behavior characteristic of disruptive behavior disorders. Stimulant treatment evidence has been supplemented by two large multisite randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials from the past 15 years continue to report several key adverse events associated with stimulants but have not supported rarer and more serious problems. Although psychostimulants have been shown to retain their efficacy for as long as 14 months, their long-term academic and social benefits are not as robust. Nonstimulant agents for which there is more limited evidence of efficacy include atomoxetine, alpha-agonists, modafinil, and bupropion.
Pharmacological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Keck Paul E. , McElroy Susan L.
Published: October 2017

The majority of clinical trials in patients with bipolar disorders have been conducted in groups with bipolar I illness, although a few trials have included patients with bipolar II disorder. Pharmacological management of bipolar disorder involves the treatment of acute manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes, as well as the prevention of further episodes and subsyndromal symptoms. Lithium, divalproex, carbamazepine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and asenapine have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of acute mania in randomized controlled (type 1) trials. Although the pharmacological treatment of acute bipolar depression remains understudied, data from randomized controlled trials indicate that lithium, olanzapine, olanzapine-fluoxetine, quetiapine, lurasidone, tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and fluoxetine have efficacy in this phase of the illness. Lithium, lamotrigine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and risperidone (long-acting, injectable) have been shown to have efficacy in relapse prevention. Less extensive data suggest that divalproex and carbamazepine are also efficacious for prevention.
Psychosocial Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Craighead W. Edward , Johnson Benjamin N. , Carey Sean , Dunlop Boadie W.
Published: October 2017

Behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy have each been shown by at least two randomized controlled trials, as well as by numerous meta-analytic reports, to be effective psychosocial interventions for patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. All three psychosocial treatments have yielded substantial reductions in scores on the two major depression rating scales, significant decreases in percentage of patients meeting depression criteria at posttreatment, and substantial maintenance of effects well after treatment has ended. The data for outcomes of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for major depressive episodes suggest that the two treatment modes are equally efficacious.
Combination Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Aaronson Cindy J. , Katzman Gary , Moster Rachel L.
Published: October 2017

Clinical wisdom and intuition suggest that when treating major depression and/or anxiety disorders, combining two documented efficacious treatments such as antidepressants and psychotherapy would improve outcome. However, the data do not completely support this conclusion. This chapter reviews randomized clinical trials comparing combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy with monotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder in adults. Although DSM-V no longer categorizes posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as anxiety disorders, the authors continue to include them in this chapter.
Psychosocial Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Blonigen Daniel M. , Finney John W. , Wilbourne Paula L. , Moos Rudolf H.
Published: October 2017

The most effective psychosocial modalities for treating substance use disorders are cognitive-behavioral interventions, motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement, contingency management, community reinforcement, behavioral couples and family therapies, and 12-step facilitation approaches. The foci of these interventions include substance use behavior, patients’ life contexts, and their social and personal resources. Limited evidence is available for these interventions’ differential effectiveness. Brief interventions are highly effective in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. However, as stand-alone treatments, they are best suited for individuals with mild to moderate alcohol use problems. Therapists who are interpersonally skilled, empathic, and nonconfrontational, and who develop a strong therapeutic alliance, are more effective at helping patients achieve better outcomes.
A Possible Neuroscientific Basis for Vitality Forms
Authors: Stern Daniel N.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 4 discusses possible neuroscientific bases for vitality forms and the arousal systems. The chapter outlines how the arousal systems provide the felt ‘force’ of vitality dynamics, if the arousal systems are regulated from higher centers, and the specificity of the arousal systems.
Borderline personality disorder
Authors: Bateman Anthony W. , Krawitz Roy
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 outlines borderline personality disorder (BPD), the history of BPD, its epidemiology, diagnosis and a thorough discussion of the elements of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for BPD, and explores individual factors to help understand a person’s BPD (biological vulnerability theory, emotional sensitivity, mentalizing vulnerability, Beck’s core schemas, dichotomous (all or nothing) thinking, fluctuating competence, active passivity), and co-occurring conditions (depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms, dissociation, personality disorders). The chapter also discusses etiology (biological factors, psychological factors, nature and nurture, sociocultural factors), self-harm, prognosis, and psychosocial treatment outcome studies.
Structured clinical management: team strategies
Authors: Bateman Anthony W. , Krawitz Roy
Published: October 2017

Chapter 4 discusses team strategies of the structured clinical management (SCM) treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD). It presents a rational for the use of teams, coordination, common language, mentalizing, team support (morale, leadership), team meetings, and supervision.
In vitro activity of isavuconazole against fluconazole-resistant isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Spec Andrej , Connolly Patricia , Montejano Rocio , Wheat L Joseph
Published: October 2017

No clinical trials for histoplasmosis have been performed with the newer azoles, leaving itraconazole as the azole of choice. In vitro studies suggest that Histoplasma capsulatum from patients that relapse on fluconazole has higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to fluconazole and voriconazole but not itraconazole and posaconazole. The newest azole, isavuconazole, shares structural similarity to voriconazole, but to date nobody has explored emergence of resistance. In vitro susceptibilities to isavucoanzole and fluconazole were performed on previously obtained isolates from the patients who relapsed on fluconazole therapy. Susceptibilities were determined by NCCLS method M27A developed for yeasts, as modified for H. capsulatum. The change in the MIC from the primary to the relapse isolate was tested using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum for paired data. Among the primary isolates, the median MICs were 1.0 (range 0.25 to 4.0) μg/ml for fluconazole and ≤0.007 (range ≤0.007 to 0.015) μg/ml for isavuconazole. In the group of relapsed isolates, the median MICs rose to 8.0 (range 0.25 to 64.0) μg/ml for fluconazole and remained unchanged at ≤0.007 (range ≤0.007 to 0.015) μg/ml for isavuconazole (P < .001). Only one isolate exhibited a nonsignificant increase in MIC to isavuconazole. Histoplasma isolates from patients who relapsed on fluconazole did not have an elevation in MICs to isavuconazole. This differs from the results previously seen with voriconazole and suggests that despite a closer structural similarity to voriconazole than itraconazole and posaconazole, isavuconazole has a higher barrier to resistance and may be effective as therapy for histoplasmosis.
Off-axis short GRBs from structured jets as counterparts to GW events
Authors: Kathirgamaraju Adithan , Barniol Duran Rodolfo , Giannios Dimitrios
Published: October 2017

Binary neutron star mergers are considered to be the most favourable sources that produce electromagnetic (EM) signals associated with gravitational waves (GWs). These mergers are the likely progenitors of short duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The brief gamma-ray emission (the ‘prompt’ GRB emission) is produced by ultrarelativistic jets, as a result, this emission is strongly beamed over a small solid angle along the jet. It is estimated to be a decade or more before a short GRB jet within the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave observatory (LIGO) volume points along our line of sight. For this reason, the study of the prompt signal as an EM counterpart to GW events has been sparse. We argue that for a realistic jet model, one whose luminosity and Lorentz factor vary smoothly with angle, the prompt signal can be detected for a significantly broader range of viewing angles. This can lead to an ‘off-axis’ short GRB as an EM counterpart. Our estimates and simulations show that it is feasible to detect these signals with the aid of the temporal coincidence from a LIGO trigger, even if the observer is substantially misaligned with respect to the jet.
Predicting Smoking Lapses in the First Week of Quitting: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Authors: Bolman Catherine , Verboon Peter , Thewissen Vivianne , Boonen Viviane , Soons Karin , Jacobs Nele
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

This study focused on lapse shortly after an attempt to quit smoking. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies have mapped real-time situational factors that induce lapses in everyday life. However, the possible role of nonsmoking intention is disregarded in the dynamic context of daily life, whereas intention plays a key role in behavior change and shifts during smoking cessation. This study therefore aimed to capture the influence of intention on lapse, next to the known risk factors of negative affect, low self-efficacy, craving, positive outcome expectations towards smoking (POEs), being around smokers, and stress. It is hypothesized that scores on these factors shift during the day, especially shortly after quitting, which may induce lapse. Based on behavioral explanation models, intention is hypothesized to mediate the influence of the mentioned factors on lapse.

Methods:

An EMA study was conducted among 49 self-quitters in the first week of smoking cessation.

Results:

Generalized Linear Mixed Model regression analyses revealed that low nonsmoking intentions, low self-efficacy, and being around smokers (estimates were, respectively, −0.303, −0.331, and 2.083) predicted lapse. Nonsmoking intention partially mediated the influence of self-efficacy on lapse. Nonsmoking intention was predicted by not being around smokers, high self-efficacy, and low POEs (estimates were, respectively, −0.353, 0.293, and −0.072).

Conclusions:

This small-scale EMA study confirms the importance of nonsmoking intention on lapse, next to self-efficacy and being around smokers. It adds insights into the mediating role of intention on the relationship between self-efficacy and lapse, and into the predictors of nonsmoking intention.
Opioid Prescribing Practices by Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeons After Isolated Femur Fractures
Authors: Attum Basem , Rodriguez-Buitrago Andres , Harrison Nichelle , Evans Adam , Obremskey William , Sethi Manish K. , Jahangir A. Alex
Published: October 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify opioid prescribing practices, determine the number of morphine milliequivalents (MMEs) prescribed by orthopaedic/nonorthopaedic members to narcotic naive and previously exposed patients, and provide narcotic prescribing recommendations.

Methods:

Patients older than 18 years with an isolated femur fracture sustained between 2013 and 2015 were identified using the CPT code 27506. Prescribing information was obtained from the State Controlled Substance Monitoring Database. Descriptive analysis of MMEs was then performed. Outliers and patients without prescriptions from orthopaedic providers were excluded to eliminate skewing of data. Mean and standard deviations were then calculated for patients without a history of opiates prescribed within 1 year of injury and for patients with a history of opiates prescribed within 1 year before the injury.

Results:

Forty-five percent (40/88) of patients were opiate exposed at the time of injury. Previously exposed patients received 1491 MMEs (SD, 1044; median, 1350; range, 210–5140) and nonexposed patients received 1363 MMEs (SD, 977.2; median, 1260; range, 105–4935) from orthopaedic providers (P = 0.1473). Nonorthopedists prescribed 530 MMEs (SD, 780.7; median, 140; range, 0–3515) to previously exposed patients and 175 MMEs (SD, 393; median, 140; range, 0–1890) to patients without exposure (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Patients with prior exposure are more likely to be prescribed more opiates after femoral shaft fracture treatment. We recommend a protocol of prescribing half the mean of MMEs currently prescribed by orthopedists equating to 47 (711 MMEs) pills of oxycodone 10 mg in up to 3 prescriptions.
Large Intratendinous Peroneus Tertius Ganglion Excised Via a 2-incision Technique
Authors: Marsland Daniel , Elliot Robin R.
Published: October 2017

Intratendinous ganglia are relatively uncommon but can cause significant symptoms. We present the case of an intratendinous ganglion within peroneus tertius requiring surgical excision. We discuss the anatomy and function of peroneus tertius and the existing literature regarding intratendinous ganglion treatment.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V.