bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geology of Barbados Part I. The Coral-rocks of Barbados and other West-Indian Islands
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Harrison J. B.
Published: October 2009

§ 1: I
ntroduction
.

S
eeing
that Barbados has always been a station for our West-Indian ibrces, and that it has for some time been the first place of call for the Royal Mail steamers, it is somewhat strange that no adequate account of the geology of the island has ever been published, especially as it is one of the most healthy of our West-Indian possessions and offers few physical difficulties to the explorer.

The earliest notice on Barbados is a short paper by Dr. J. Skey, but this gives very little information. Ehrenberg in 1s5g described the Microzoa obtained from the white earths of Barbados, and the Radiolaria have since become familiar to microscopical students; but the true geological position of these earths has never been made known.

So far as we can learn, the only geological description of the island is that given by Sir Robert Schomburgk in his “History of Barbados” (1848). So far as it goes, and considering the date at which it was written, Sehomburgk's description is a good one. He describes the rocks under two heads : (1) Coral Limestone, (2) Siliceous rocks.

His account of the Coral Limestone is fairly complete and accurate; he explains the phenomena which it presents by a gradual but discontinuous upheaval of the area, and truly remarks that the structure of the island offers several features which are difficult to reconcilewith Darwin's theory of coral-reefs.

For the siliceous rocks he proposes the name of “Scotland Formation,” because the area in
On a Phosphatic Chalk with
Belemnitella quadrata
at Taplow
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: October 2009

While engaged in the course of my duties in arranging the specimens collected for the Rock Collection in the Museum of Practical Geology, my attention was attracted by a chalk of unusual character. The specimen was collected by John Rhodes, when the second edition of the “Geology of London” (Memoirs of the Geological Survey) was in preparation, from an old pit at the Lodge of Taplow Court, the seat of W. H. Grentfell, Esq. By permission of the Director-General, I examined the pit, and made the following descending section:—
Lodge Pit, Taplow Court
. ft. in. Soft white chalk, top not seen 12 0 passing down into Brown chalk with
Ostrea acutirostris
, Nilss.,
Belemnifella quadrata
, Defrance (both abundant),
Echinocorys vulgaris
, Breyn., and
Cidaris sceptrifera
, Defrance, about 8 0 White chalk traversed by numerous tubes and cavities filled with brown chalk ; a hard and blocky top, forming a marked floor to the brown chalk above 3 0 White chalk, mostly inaccessible, and not examined in detail 14 0 White chalk with scattered brown grains 2 6 passing down into Brown chalk, about 4 0 Hard crystalline chalk with nodular structure and greenish markings (like Chalk Rock), about 1 0 White chalk, piped with brown chalk as above 1 10 A sandy brown layer 0 0½ White chalk, piped with brown chalk 2 6 White chalk to the bottom of the pit, the first flints occurring 12 feet below the lower band of brown chalk 15 0+ At the top of the
On the Drifts of Flamborough Head
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
object of this paper is to describe the glacial deposits which overlie the Chalk on Flamborough Head, and to show their relation to those of the neighbouring areas north and south of the headland. Though a considerable amount of scattered information respecting these beds has already been published, no systematic or detailed account of the drifts as a whole has yet been carried out.

The district is one of peculiar importance for students of the glacial phenomena of our :East coast, since it is at this poinb that the connexion between the drift of the hills and that of the plains must be traced, the coast-line here passing from the low ground of Holderness (an unsubmerged corner of the plain of the North Sea) to the elevated and broken region of the Wolds and Moorlands, and of the North of England generally. And that the nature of this connexion is by no means obvious has been shown in the former attempts to unravel it. The promontory affords almost unparalleled

facilities for such an investigation, for with an area of less than sixteen square miles it possesses a precipitous coast-line over fifteen miles in length, presenting magnificent sections in various directions through the thickest part of the drifts; and has, besides, in the interior, three or four miles of railway-cuttings, and chalk pits in abundance. If the glacial history of an area thus laid open cannot be deciphered, there must indeed be slight hope for less favoured localities.
Results of an Examination of the Crystalline Rocks of the Lizard District
Authors: Bonney T. G. , McMahon C. A.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
.

G
eologists
during the last decade have devoted much more attention to the rocks of the L i z a r d t h a n in previous years. At the same time the effects of pressure as an agent of metamorphism, especially in producing ibliation and simulating stratification, have become increasingly appreciated. Hence it is not surprising that the correctness of the view advocated by Prof. Bonuey in 1883, viz., that the crystalline schists of the Lizard were in the main of sedimentary origin, has been contested, some writers even going so far as to express doubts whether the relation of these masses to the serpentine, gabbro, and other rocks of igneous origin had been correctly understood.

The results of work in other regions had raised suspicions in the author's own mind as to the trustworthiness of some of the data on which his inductions had been founded, and after spending several days in 1886 at the Lizard with Mr. Teall, who was more disposed than himself to regard pressure as a potent agent of metamorphism, he felt convinced that his earlier views would have to be modified, though to what extent could only be determined by further study of the district and by comparison with other regions.

In 1889 a paper was read before this Society by Gen. M
cMahon
, in which the igneous origin of many of the foliated crystalline rocks was maintained, and an hypothesis put forward to explain, in certain cases, the banded arrangement of
On some of the Melaphyres of Caradoc, with Notes on the Associated Felsites
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

W
hile
staying at Church Stretton during the autumn of last year I paid several visits to Caradoc Hill for the purpose of acquiring some information concerning the nature of the felsites which occur there. Many chips were collected, not only of felsites but also of basic eruptive rocks, and sections were subsequently cut from those specimens which seemed likely to show points of interest.

Although the structural geology of this area has been investigated by several observers since the publication of the Geological-Survey map, no account of the microscopic characters of these rocks appears, hitherto, to have been published. In the following paper an attempt is made to supply this deficiency to a certain extent, but, since the time at my disposal permitted the collection of specimens from only a limited portion of Caradoc Hill, chiefly from different spots situated to the south and south-west of the Camp, there remains much ground which the present paper leaves untouched.

The points from which the different specimens were derived are marked with some approximation to truth on the accompanying outline map, on which the geological boundaries laid down on the published Survey map are indicated. The Arabic numerals refer to the numbers with which the specimens of felsite, derived from those spots, were ticketed, while the Roman numerals denote basic eruptive rocks. The numbering of the specimens and sections bears no relation to any sequence in the field or relation of the rocks to one another, and has merely been retained to
On some Recently-exposed Sections in the Glacial Deposits at Hendon
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

F
or
the past twenty years I have watched with interest the numerous exposures which have been made in the Glacial deposits at Hendon and in the adjoining areas, in making foundations for buildings, in digging for gravel, and in excavations in the course of laying down sewers. Some of the observations which I have made have been incorporated in the writings of authors who have referred to this area, but hitherto I have avoided publishing the general results owing to the fact that new exposures which added fresh information were constantly being made. The recent completion of the main sewering of most of the parish of Hendon, however, has furnished data for giving a fairly complete summary which I now place before the Society. Twenty years ago the nature, extent, aud boundary of these deposits were very imperfectly known, and doubt existed as to how they should be classified. When Mr. Henry Walker was making his researches in the Glacial deposits at Finehley, the results of which he communicated to the Geologists' Association in 1871, I expressed to him the opinion, which he mentions in his paper, that the sands and gravels at and near Hendon ought to be classed with the so-called Middle Sands and Gravels of the Eastern Counties. This view, which I still hold, is now generally adopted; but the clay-with-flints which overlies these beds on the Hendon Plateau has only recently been satisfactorily demonstrated to be, in part, the equivalent of the Chalky Boulder-clay
Notes on the Geology of the Tonga Islands
Authors: Lister J. J.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

V
ery
little of a detailed character has, so far as I am aware, been published on the geology of the Tonga Islands.

Prof. Dana makes a brief mention of some of the islands in ‘Coral and Coral Islands’ ; and in the edition of ‘Coral Reefs’ punished in 1874 Darwin gave a summary of what was known of the group.

I spent several months in Tonga in 1889 and 1890, and had opportunit, ies of visiting some of the islands in H.M.S. ‘Egeria,’ which was engaged, for part of the time, in making a survey. Such observations as I made on the geology of the group are embodied in the following notes.

II . T
opography
of the G
roup
.

The Tonga or Friendly Islands are situated in the Pacific Ocean between 18° and 22° 30' lat. S., and on either side of the 175th degree long. W. Tongatabu lies a little over 1000 miles to the N.N.E. of Auckland in New Zealand. The large islands of Fiji are about 400 miles to the W.N.W., and those of Samoa about 300 miles to the N.N.E.

The greater number of islands fall into three main groups. The northernmost is Vavau, which consists of one moderately large island (about 13 miles in its longest diameter), giving its name to the group, and a number of islets lying to the south and south-west of it. Rather more than fifty miles to the south is the Hapai group, containing the high volcanic islands of
The Bagshot Beds of Bagshot Heath
Authors: Monckton Horace W.
Published: October 2009

In the ‘Geological Magazine’ for August 1891 Dr. Irving advocates the adoption of a twofold division of the beds of the Bagshot Series of the London Basin, and in the ‘Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association′ for July 1891 Mr. Hudleston (p. 102) suggests a slight alteration in the system of subdivision at present adopted for that series. I must say I am opposed to these changes, and I may at once point out that Dr. Irving himself uses the terms “Middle Beds,” “Middle Group,” and “Lower and Middle Group” in the paper referred to—very good evidence, I think, of the practical convenience of the threefold division now in use.

I think that a good deal of the controversy which has arisen in relation to these beds is due to the unfortunate adoption by Dr. Irving of the well-section at Wellington College as the type, instead of the much more satisfactory section at Goldsworthy Hill originally adopted by Prof. Prestwich in 1847. I call the well-section at Wellington College unsatisfactory for several reasons, one of which is that two accounts apparently of the same well are given in the ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey,’ vol. iv. (1872) p. 425, which differ in material details. If they do both relate to the same well I should prefer the account given by Prof. Rupert Jones to that of the well-sinkers, even though they preserved a series of specimens.

There is one light alteration which I think Dr. Irving, Mr. R. S. Herries, Leiut.
Supplementary Note to the Paper on the ‘Red Rocks of the Devon Coast-section’ (Q. J. G. S. 1888)
Authors: Irving A.
Published: October 2009

In my former paper I took for the basement-limit of the Keuper what we might fairly call the base of the ‘ building-stones’ Prof. Hull, on a visit with me to Sidmouth in the summer of 1891, suggested that the bed of breccia below the footbridge over the Sid would make a better basement-line for the Keuper formation, and bring the classification more into harmony with the lines of demarcation adopted by himself and others for the Midlands and elsewhere. Though I had noted this bed and referred to it in my paper, its character as a distinct basement-breccia had not impressed itself upon me, since I regarded it as nothing more than one of the intercalated lenticular masses of the Bunter Sandstone.

A closer examination reveals, however, its true character. It contains angular and subangular fragments of grit and quartz, enclosed in a dull brick-red matrix. What mainly deterred me from adopting this breccia as a basal line for the Keuper was the very marked current-bedded structure of the 10 to 15 ft. of coarse Bunter-like sandstone, which follows the breccia in the upward succession on the face of the cliff. This, however, is not a real difficulty, because— as Prof. Hull pointed out to me on the ground—this structural character is not at all uncommon in the basement-beds of the Keuper below the Waterstones in other areas. On looking into the literature of the subject a little more closely since my visit to Devon with Prof. Hull, I
On the Os Pubis of
Polacanthus Foxii
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

The evidence of the systematic position of the Wealden fossil
Polacanthus
has not been very precise. Mr. Hulke in 1881 regarded the dermal armour as closely resembling that of
Scelidosaurus
; and the dermal spines were compared with those of
Acanthopholis
,
Stegosaurus
, and
Omosaurus
, with indications of some differences of structure. It is to the Wealden
Hylceosaurus
that
Polacanthus
was most closely allied, the resemblance in their dermal spines being very close, and their tibiæ are stated to be remarkably alike. These views were adopted by Prof. Marsh, who in January 1882 placed
Polacanthus
in the Scelidosauridge, immediately after
Hylceosaurus
.

When the great tuberculate shield which covers the pelvic region in
Polacanthus
became known in 1887 by the skill of Mr. J. Lingard in fitting it together and of Mr. Richard Hail in removing the matrix, Mr. Hulke described the pelvis, and found the ilia so blended with the dermal bones that their exact form was not made out. The remains of the
os pubis
are said to be too fragmentary to give the shape of that bone; but it was thought that indications were recognizable of its division into posterior and anterior parts. I was unable to recognize any indication of that bone on the shield, and the lettering on Mr. Hulke's figure only refers to the ischium and acetabulum. Further search fortunately resulted in detecting the missing pubis as an isolated specimen, collected by Mr. Fox with the other remains, east of Barnes Chine, in the Isle of Wight
High-Level Glacial Gravels, Gloppa, Cyrn-y-bwch, near Oswestry
Authors: Nicholson A. C.
Published: October 2009

The Gloppa (spelt ‘Glopa’ on the Ordnance map) is a small farm, about two miles north-east of Oswestry, situate on the eastern slope of the ridge of Carboniferous rocks (Millstone Grit) which forms the western boundary of the Northern Shropshire and Cheshire Plain, and upon this and adjacent farms the gravels and sands are spread out. The main mass is comprised in a ridge of eskers about 1000 yards long, and appears to rest immediately upon the Millstone Grit, the beds of which formation crop out directly to the westward, and dip here about 20° to 25° E. and S.E., the average slope of the hill being about 10°. The portion of the deposit worked out forms but a small part of the whole, although about 33,000 tons of material have now been extracted.

A pit was opened here in the year 1888 for the purpose of getting sand for the filter-beds on the Oswestry works of the Liverpool Vyrnwy Waterworks, and since that date I have had it under observation; it is not now being worked.

The deposit ranges here from about 900 to 1160 feet above sea-level, but the main mass is from 1000 to 1150 feet, the sandpit worked being 1070 to 1130 feet. The highest point at which I have found marine shells in the drift is 1120 feet; the other recorded instances of such drift at similar heights in Great Britain being Moel Tryfaen (1330 to 1360 feet), Prestwich's Patch, Macclesfield (1150 feet); and in
On the Plutonic Rocks of Garabal Hill and Meall Breac
Authors: Dakyns J. R. , Teall J. J. H.
Published: October 2009

The schists of the Southern Highlands of Scotland have been traversed in many places by igneous rocks. Sills and dykes are widely distributed throughout the district, and here and there, as for example in Glen Tilt, Glen Lednock, and near the head of Loch Lomond, extensive areas are composed of plutonic rocks. Our object in this communication is to describe some of the phenomena which may be observed in the last-mentioned locality.

The plutonic rocks in question form the belt of high ground stretching in a south-west direction from Inverarnan. They vary considerably in chemical and mineralogical composition. Different parts of the mass can be proved by the phenomena of veins and inclusions to belong to slightly different periods, but regarded as a whole it must evidently be referred to one geological epoch. Whenever two portions in juxtaposition are seen to differ in age, the more acid, so far as our observations go, is invariably the younger. Thus the veins are more acid and the inclusions more basic than the material surrounding them.

Rather more than half a mile above Inverarnan tonalite (quartz-diorite) appears in the bed of the Arnan and on each side of the stream. From this point it extends in a south-westerly direction for about

miles, as shown on the accompanying map, and possesses a fairly uniform character. Garabal Hill, south-west of Inverarnan and immediately south of the place where tonalite appears in the Arnan valley, is composed of diorite. In some places, as, for instance
On the Hornblende-schists, Gneisses, and other Crystalline Rocks of Sark
Authors: Hill Edwin , Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

A paper on the Geology of Sark by one of the Authors has already appeared in this Journal. In 1889 he introduced the other to the island. Their visit was a very short one, but in 1890, after working at the Lizard hornblende-schists, as to the genesis of which they felt doubtful, they entertained some hope that a careful study of those of Sark might help in solving the riddle; so they determined to examine carefully
de novo
all the more important sections in Sark. They spent nearly a fortnight there shortly after Easter 1891, weather and tides being on the whole alike favourable. The present communication gives the results of this work and of the study of the specimens collected on that and former occasions.

As Mr. Hill's paper was published so lately as 1887, the Authors beg leave to refer to it for a general account of the physical structure and petrology of Sark; but it may be well to summarize at the outset the facts bearing most on the present investigation:- (1) The gneisses and hornblende-schists of Sark are fairly markedly foliated, and sometimes also are rather conspicuously banded. (2) These structures, whatever be their genesis, are older than the intrusion of the two great granitic masses and of the ‘green-stones,’ mica-traps, and other dyke-rocks. (3) Thus these structures, for reasons indicated in former papers, are of great antiquity. The rocks in which they occur may be classed, with reasonable probability, among the Archæan gneisses and schists.
On a new form of
Agelacrinites
(
Lepidodiscus
Milleri, n. sp.) from the Lower Carboniferous Limestone of Cumberland
Authors: Sharman G. , Newton E. T.
Published: October 2009

During the Geological Survey of parts of Cumberland and Northumberland (Sheet 106, N.W.) by Mr. Hugh Miller, a large series of fossils was obtained by the Survey collector, Mr. J. Rhodes, from the Lower Carboniferous rocks; and among them are two referable to that rare and interesting group of Echinoderms, the Agelacrinitidæ. The only representatives of this group hitherto recorded from British deposits are
Agelacrinites Buchianus
, from the Bala Beds, described by rorbes, and
Lepidodiscus Lebouri
, from the Carboniferous Limestone, described by Mr. Percy Sladen; our specimens are evidently closely related to the latter species. It is very desirable that some account of such rare fossils should be placed on record, more especially as we believe them to represent a new species.

Both the specimens are attached to valves of Myalina, and both are from the River Irthing; but one is from near Lamport, on the Northumberland side of the river, and the other from near Waterhead, on the Cumberland side. The example from Lamport is too imperfect for description, but that from Waterhead is in a very perfect state of preservation, and is alone alluded to in the following remarks. The test is extremely flat, and forms an almost circular disc about

inch (1 centim.) in diameter. There is a distinct marginal zone, the width of which is about one fifth of the diameter of the entire test. Five rays or arms radiate from near the centre, curving outwards towards the circumference; but they end at the inner
North Italian Bryozoa.—Part II. Cyclostomata
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm.
Published: October 2009

The Chilostomata from the same localities were dealt with in vol. xlvii. (1891) p. 1 of this Journal. It is always unsatisfactory to describe Cyclostomata, as there are so few characters that can be employed in classification, nor are we yet sure as to the relative importance of those used. The difficulties are much increased by the vast number of named species based upon some slight difference in the mode of growth, and in some cases the individual state of preservation has been the ground of a new species.

I have before me a list of 424 names of Tertiary Cyclostomata, which no doubt could be increased to nearly 600, but we are certainly within the mark when we say that of these more than 200 could not be recognized again, while many are known to be only synonyms.

In the Tertiaries
Hornera, Idmonea, Filisparsa
, and
Entalophora
are by no means sharply-defined genera, and seem to run into one another.

The most interesting species dealt with is a new one, which I have called
Diastopora brendolensis
. It has a tubule to most zoœcia, but differs from the living species
D. obelia
, which also has tubules; for in the fossil they run up more by the side of the zoœcium, whereas in
D. obelia
they are on the front of the zoœcium, about the middle. The zoarium is usually erect, formed by very compressed branches with zoœcia on both sides; but there are, besides, some incrusting specimens having similar small zoœcia
Archæopneustes abruptus
, a New Genus and Species of Echinoid from the Oceanic Series in Barbados
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

I. Diagnosis of the Echinoid.
Archæopneustes
, nov. gen.—Test large, elongate; high and generally conical, with the anterior slope much the steepest. Anterior ambulacrum flush.

Apical system: ethmolysian (in cases which are certainly known; but M. Cotteau's figure leaves the matter doubtful in one species).

Ambulacra: the lateral are subpetaloid, broad and unequal; the petaloid portions extend to the ambitus. The pores are large; in the posterior pair the outer pores arc elongate or comma-shaped. The anterior ambulacrum is reduced, and contains only very small, scattered, single pores.

Peristome: very excentric anteriorly. Labiate: in a depression. Periproct: on the narrow posterior vertical margin. Fascicles: none, or possibly an imperfectly developed marginal one. Distribution.—Cainozoic (recent and fossil) in West Indies. Species I. (Type of genus) Archœpneustes hystrix (A. Agassiz). Species 2. Arvhceopneuztes abruptus, 2 n. sp.

Form: anterior margin wellrounded and with no anterior groove; the maximum width, which is greater than the length, is at a little less than a third of the length of the test from the anterior margin; from the widest part the sides taper back by a long curve tot he narrow posterior end. Seen from the sides the anterior margin is short and steep; and from the vertex there is a long backward slope which increases in steepness till it reaches the posterior margin.

Apical system: at the apex, very excentric anteriorly; details unknown, but it is probably compact.

Ambulacra: the antero-lateral pair diverge from the apex almost at right angles to the long axis of
The Raised Beaches, and ‘Head’ or Rubble-drift, of the South of England: their Relation to the Valley Drifts and to the Glacial Period; and on a late post-Glacial Submergence
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

§1. Objects of the Paper.
I have
HAVE been led of late years to conclude that, besides the subaerial, marine, and river-valley drifts of Glacial and post-Glacial age, there is another which cannot be referred to any of the causes to which those drifts owe their origin. Nevertheless this drift is not only of common occurrence, but it is found in positions and with characters at one time simulating the Valley Gravels, and at another presenting features more analogous to those due to Glacial or to Subaerial action. It is therefore desirable, in order to prevent confusion, that the place of this Drift should be defined before proceeding, as I had intended, with the other Quaternary series ill their due order.

I described long ago one phase of the Rubble-drift—as I propose for the present to term this drift—in the Sangatte Cliff,
1
namely that long known as the ‘Head,’ which is associated with all our Raised Beaches; and more recently I have briefly discussed some of the theoretical questions connected with its origin
2
Since then I have, however, materially enlarged the scope of the enquiry and arrived at more definite conclusions.

I purpose, therefore, in this paper—lstly, to give the range of the Raised Beaches and Head in the South of England and South Wales; 2ndly, to show their relation to the Valley Drifts; 3rdly, to define the characters and position of the Head or Rubble-drift, and to determine its several phases inland; and, 4thly, to enquire into the
The Pleistocene Deposits of the Sussex Coast, and their Equivalents in Other Districts
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: October 2009

The geological survey of the district lying between the South Downs and the Sussex coast has been completed, but the time needed for finishing and engraving the maps will make it impossible to publish a memoir for several years to come. It seems advisable, therefore, to bring before this Society an outline of the general results obtained, especially as certain of these results may seriously modify our views as to the succession of the deposits, and also as to the climatic changes in late Tertiary times in the South of England. A previous communication, published in this Journal, dealt with the question of the origin of the Coombe Rock and of dry Chalk valleys; I now propose to continue this work by showing the relation of the Coombe Rock to the various Pleistocene strata which occupy the plain lying between the southern edge of the Downs and the sea. I propose also to indicate briefly the probable correlation of these strata with the glacial deposits of other parts of England.

The literature of the subject is somewhat extensive, for many good observers have examined the deposits between Brighton and Selsey Bill, especially the ‘Pagham erratics,’ the ‘mud-deposit’ of Selsey, and the Brighton ‘elephant-bed.’ It will scarcely be necessary here to speak of the whole of the writings relating to the district, but certain important memoirs and original observations must be referred to; otherwise it would be impossible to show in what respect the recently completed Survey supplements our previous knowledge
On the Occurrence of the so-called
Viverra Hastingsiæ
of Hordwell in the French Phosphorites
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Some few years ago the late Mr. William Davies described and figured the imperfect skull of a small Carnivore from the Upper Eocene (Lower Oligocene) of Hordwell, under the title of
Viverra Hastingsiæ
. With his accustomed care, Mr. Davies pointed out that the species so named agreed very closely with a so-called
Viverra
from the Lower Miocene of St. Gérand-le-Puy, in the Allier, known as
V. antiqua
, and also with one from the Quercy Phosphorites described by M. Filhol as
Viverra angustidens
. Indeed, Mr. Davies gives no characters whereby
V. Hastingsiæ
can be distinguished from
V. angustidens
, at that time known only by several mandibular rami.

The chief point of resemblance to
V. angustidens
was shown by the great height of the blade of the lower carnassial tooth in
V. Hastingsiæ
. It was also pointed out that the first upper premolar of the latter was of unusually small size in regard to the other teeth; and since the same feature occurs in the lower jaw of
V. angustidens
(the first lower premolar of
V. Hastingsiæ
is wanting), we have another point of resemblance between the English and French Civets.

It, may clear the ground here to say that the skull figured by M. Filhol as
Viverra antiqua
has been referred by Dr. Schlosser to
Herpestes lemanensis
, which has lower teeth of quite a different type.

So far as I am aware no description of the crabium of
V. angustidens
from the Phosphorites has hitherto been given. Recently, however, the British
Note on Two Dinosaurian Foot-Bones from the Wealden
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Bones of the feet of the Sauropodous Dinosaurs of the Wealden are of such rare occurrence that all specimens seem worth record, even in cases where we are unable to determine definitely the species to which they pertain. The specimens of these bones in the British Museum hitherto recorded comprise one huge claw-phalange, together with another associated bone of the foot (No. R. 986) provisionally referred to
Hoplosaurus armatus
; and several associated metatarsals and phalangeals (Nos. 36559,
e
, and R. 206) assigned to
Morosaurus brevis
. In addition to these, Prof. Seeley has described and figured the metapodium (?metatarsus) of a Sauropod from the Cambridge Greensand under the name of
Acanthopholis platypus
, showing the whole five bones in their natural position. The genus
Acanthopholis
, it need scarcely be observed, belongs to the Stegosaurian section of the Ornithopodous Dinosaurs, and the Sauropodous nature of the so-called
A. platypus
was subsequently admitted by its describer, who suggested that it might prove identical with his
Macrurosaurus semnus
, of which the specific name ranks later. Quite recently Dr. Baur has observed that the type of
A. platypus
is indistinguishable from the metatarsus of
Morosaurus
, of the American Jurassic, to which genus it may perhaps belong.

The two specimens forming the subject of this communication are represented in the figure on the following page; they comprise a perfect metapodial (? metacarpal) bone and an associated phalangeal. Both were obtained by Mr. C. Dawson from the Bone-bed of the Wadhurst Clay, near Hastings and they were extracted
On the Lithophyses in the Obsidian of the Rocche Rosse, Lipari
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. , Butler Gerard W.
Published: October 2009

The Rocche Rosse lava-stream, partly filling the pumice crater of Monte Pelato, Lipari, and breaching it on the north-eastern side, was described by Prof. Judd in 1875. As recorded by him and by Cortese we find in this locality all varieties of obsidian lava, from compact black glass to the pumice of commerce, or even a honeycombed material passing into ‘thread-lace scoria’ A person who, arriving at the south-western or landward side of the crater, begins walking over the hummocky surface of the Rocche Rosse along the centre of that part which lies within the crater, cannot fail to be struck by the fact, emphasized by Cortese, that much of the lava here, as at the Forgia Vecchia, has a texture intermediate between that of pumice and compact glass. In fact, he might walk along the middle of perhaps the first third of the Rocche Rosse without finding anything that he would call obsidian. However, if he turn to the right and make his way towards the southern margin of the lava, he will find portions of it in which black glass predominates.

From one of the numerous outstanding hummocks of this part of the Rocche Rosse were obtained the specimens of black glass with vesicles, lithophyses, and spherulites, which have led to the writing of this paper, and from which the sections figured in Plate XII. have been taken. It must not be supposed, however, that the rock here differed in any essential from the lithophyse-bearing obsidian found elsewhere
The Morphology of ‘Stephanoceras’ zigzag
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

Many years must elapse ere I shall be able to describe
Stephanoceras zigzag
in the volumes of the Palæontographical Society. Meanwhile, the material which has come into my possession during the last few years throws an important light on the developments of this fossil; and such developments seem to supply a missing link in the connexion of Bathonian and Bajocian species. Not only is
Stephanoceras zigzag
raised from comparative obscurity to the position of probable progenitor of a large series of Bathonian species, but it is more than likely that the evidence now brought forward will be of considerable service to those engaged in studying the genealogy of the later species. For these reasons I submit the following paper to the Society.

D'Orbigny's figures of
Ammonites zigzag
represent only small specimens of two varieties of the species. Quenstedt figures as
euryodos
a more quickly-coiled, more coarsely-ribbed form; but this is also small. He says it is the same as d'Orbigny's
zigzag
.

In a former paper on Inferior Oolite Ammonites, remarked on the change of form which appears to have escaped previous notice; but the specimens then referred to were only a little larger than the Continental examples. The best figures of the species are those given by Quenstedt under the name euryodos in his last great work; but they afford no adequate idea of the developments of the fossil. It may be noted that there are distinct differences in coiling and ribbing between the specimens depicted in his fig. 5
On the Discovery of Mammoth and other Remains in Endsleigh Street and on Sections exposed in Endsleigh Gardens, Gordon Street, Gordon Square, and Tavistock Square, London
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

Conclusions

The old land-surface under Endsleigh Street, on which the Mammoth died, is almost exactly 60 feet above the present sea-level.

The deposits which subsequently accumulated over the remains were evidently laid down in moderately tranquil water, otherwise the bones, especially those of the young Mammoth, would not have remained so near together. The epiphyses of the long bones were found close to the shafts, and unless the animal was suddenly buried in sediments accumulated in fairly quiet waters such as those of a lake, the epiphyses would have been readily moved as soon as the soft tissues and cartilage decayed. Except in caverns, where the bones in their fresh state must have been carried in by hyænas and other beasts of prey, it has been difficult in many cases to determine the exact horizon at which the Mammoth lived, since the bones have as a rule been removed from the spot where the animal died, and re-deposited in newer sediments. Here, however, we have the old land-surface, and evidence of the contemporaneous flora in the loam in which the bones were embedded.

An examination of the sections in this area, and also in adjoining areas, shows that there is a well-marked sequence in the deposits. Immediately over the bones there was, first, a fairly rough gravel; this was followed by a sandy gravel with smaller pebbles, and the latter was overlain by a fine, somewhat loamy sand with occasional seams of clay. Above this came the yellowish clay containing a
On
Delphinognathus conocephalus
(Seeley) from the Middle Karoo Beds, Cape Colony, preserved in the South African Museum, Capetown
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

The skull herein described is the only portion of the animal collected. No locality for it is recorded in the South African Museum, but Mr. Thomas Bain, the Government geologist in Cape Colony, believes it to have been collected by himself from near Beaufort West. It is slightly distorted with the folding of the strata. The preservation of the specimen leaves something to be desired, for the pre-orbital region is more or less obscured by weathering, which has destroyed the superior contour of the snout, the alveolar border, and the anterior extremity of the jaws. The occipital condyle and much of the occipital plate from the back of the skull are also lost. But, notwithstanding these defects, the skull is the most interesting Anomodont preserved in Cape Colony, and indicates a new family of fossil Reptilia.

The head is characterized by its broad, high, vertical occipital plate. The broad subpentagonal roof to the brain-case (fig. 2) ascends laterally from the inclined temporal region, and is elevated in a cone, which terminates in a large, circular, crater-like parietal foramen. The skull has large sub-circular vertical orbits, placed far backward above the hinder extremity of the lower jaw, so as to converge forward. The temporal fossæ are short and small, owing to the position of the orbits and the width of the cerebral region. The quadrato-squamosal region is directed obliquely forward, and forms a vertical articular surface to articulate with the lower jaw, which is singularly deep posteriorly, and suggests the jaw
Notes on the Geology of the Nile Valley
Authors: Pasha E. A. Johnson , Richmond H. Droop
Published: October 2009

These notes refer to some observations on the geology of the Nile, during journeys from Cairo to Wady Halfa.

The rocks on both sides of the Nile are, speaking generally, Eocene (and? Cretaceous) from Cairo to Esneh; at Esneh, or about five miles south, we enter a sandstone region, which continues to near Assouan, where it meets the granite and basalt. A few miles south of Assouan the sandstone recommences and continues to Wady Halfa, broken only by enormous dykes of granite, which occur at Bab-el-Kalabsha and one or two other localities.

The following points are worth noticing as we follow the Nile from Cairo to Wady Haifa:—

(i)

The saturation with silica of the old sand-and-gravel beds overlying the Nummulitic Limestone near Cairo, forming sandstones of all qualities from an extremely hard stone to one that can be rubbed down to powder between the fingers.

A similar saturation, apparently from water containing silica in solution, is visible in the beds overlying the Nummulitic Limestone in Biluchistan.

(ii)

The fact that these old sands and gravels are formed from very old rocks, principally granitic. They contain great quantities of the Assouan pebbles, brown and red, wholly or semi-transparent, which were so largely used by the Romans to cut cameos and intaglios. Some minerals are found in these gravels, notably cobalt, the source of which is unknown.

(iii)

The petrified forests of the same region.

(iv)

The occurrence in greater or less quantity of titaniferous magnetic oxide of iron in the beds forming the Nile Valley;
The Bagshot Beds of Bagshot Heath (a Rejoinder)
Authors: Irving A.
Published: October 2009

The Author maintains that the northerly attenuation of the Lower Sands and of the ‘green-earth series’ between the two principal brick-clays of the district is an established fact. He insists on the value of the Wellington College well-section as a vertical datumline, on account of its proximity to the northern outcrop (which is not the case with the Goldsworthy section), and criticizes the arguments recently put forward in favour of an alternative and very doubtful sectional reading. But it does not stand alone, for the well-section at the Bagshot Orphan Asylum gives practically the same sequence, and affords strong evidence of the thinning northward of the above-named deposits. (Other instances cited by the Author in ‘Recent Contributions’ &c., corroborate the reading he has adopted.) The Goldsworthy section itself lends strong corroborative evidence as to the value of the College well-section. The evidence of attenuation in the direction of Bracknell the Author reserves for the present. In his paper published in the February number of the Society's Journal for the current year, Mr. Monckton ignores the determinative value of stratigraphical alignment of the clays claimed as the basal clays of the Middle group with clays of the same character seen cropping out from below the ‘green-earth series’ at no great distance. This evidence of stratigraphical alignment must be allowed due weight when set against evidence derived from such lithological characters as the presence of pipe-clay, mica, and false-bedding. The Author considers that the argument as to the fossil evidence is over-stated
Microzoa from the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow
Authors: Chapman F.
Published: October 2009

The present paper is the result of an examination of some material kindly sent me by Mr. Llewellyn Treacher, who obtained it from about the middle of the phosphatic band at Taplow.

A short list of the foraminifera of the Taplow Chalk has already been given by A. Strahan, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., of H.M. Geological Survey, with the assistance of Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S., and I wish at this point to express my obligation to the latter for help and advice in preparing these notes.

The material used was excessively rich in well-preserved specimens of foraminifera, forming perhaps 75 per cent. of the whole; and a series selected from it proving so extensive and interesting, there seemed good cause to communicate a list of them.

On treating the disintegrated chalk with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, the most perfect casts in phosphate of lime are obtained, the Rotaline forms being especially noteworthy.

The total number of species and varieties of foraminifera found is 98; and to these must be added 5 species and varieties of ostracoda, represented by 11 specimens.

All the forms of ostracoda herein noted have been previously found in the Chalk. They are:—
Pontocypris triquetra
, Jones, sp., 2 specimens;
Bythocypris silicula
, Jones, sp., 1 specimen;
Cythereis auriculata
, Cornuel, sp., 1 specimen;
C. Wrightii
, Jones and Hinde, 6 specimens; and
Cytherella Williamsoniana
, var.
granulosa
, Jones, 1 specimen.

Of the 98 varieties of foraminifera, 5 appear to be entirely new to science, whilst altogether 30 are new
On the Structure of the American Pteraspidian,
Palæaspis
(Claypole); with Remarks on the Family
Authors: Claypole E. W.
Published: October 2009

I. Review of the Discovery of Palæaspis.
In
the volume of this Journal for 1885 1 the present writer published a description of the first specimens of Pteraspidian fishes that had come to light in the New World. They were discovered in the autumn of 1883 in a bed of variegated marl, and later in a bed of red and green sandstone enclosed in the marl and belonging to the Onondaga or Salina Group of the Upper Silurian formation. The fossils were found in Perry Co., Pennsylvania, in the survey of which the writer was at that time engaged. The sandstone and shale pass under the town of New Bloomfield, and for this reason the stratum has received the name of the ‘Bloomfield Sandstone.’ The horizon of these beds corresponds with that of the English Lower Ludlow, or with the interval between that and the Wenlock, inasmuch as the Lower Helderberg Limestone which overlies it is unquestionably the pal—ontological equivalent of the English Ludlow, and the Niagara Limestone which lies next beneath it is as certainly the counterpart of the: English Wenlock. The whole mass of the Salina Shale is, in Perry Co., about 1500 feet in thickness, and for the most part, with the exception now noted, is entirely unfossiliferous. This mass is but slightly represented in the English series.

The fossils consisted of the usual shields resembling those so long known from the rocks of nearly corresponding age in Herefordshire, and occurred in ‘great abundance, but were for
The Mesosauria of South Africa
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

Prof. Gervais in 1865 described under the name
Mesosaurus tenuidens
the remains of a small reptile from Griqualand, South Africa, which had been brought to France more than thirty years before. It is preserved in a slab which shows the skull and anterior portion of the skeleton. As with other vertebrate remains from South Africa, its exact geological age is unknown. The author states that the animal was a little larger than the Ocellated Lizard, and has many affinities; resembling in some characters terrestrial types of reptiles, while in other characters it approaches Simosaurians and Plesiosaurians. Its cervical vertebræ have some resemblance to those of Crocodiles. The lower jaw recalls in a general way Crocodiles and Plesiosaurs. The dorsal vertebræ are rather elongated and comparable to those of Homœosaurians and of Teleosaurs. The ribs are stronger than in any known reptile except
Pachypleura
, and are arranged as in that genus. They have much the same relation to the ribs of other reptiles that the ribs of Sirenians have to those of other mammals. The sternal ribs, identified by Cope, were regarded as annelid tracks. The scapular arch is compared to those of Crocodiles and Plesiosaurs; but the scapula and coracoid are anchylosed. The humerus is that of a Plesiosaur or Simosaur, with an ent-epicondylar perforation, like that seen in
Varanus
and certain mammals. The forearm and hand are of less aquatic type than in Plesiosaurs, and approach the terrestrial type; but the ulna, unlike that of terrestrial reptiles, has no
Contributions to the Geology of the Wengen and St. Cassian Strata in Southern Tyrol
Authors: Ogilvie Maria M.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

My interest in the Alpine Trias was first aroused by several geological excursions in Northern Tyrol during the summer of 1891. In response to a wish of mine to undertake some original research, it was kindly suggested by Freiherr F. von Richthofen, of the Berlin University, that I might make a detailed study of the Wengen and St. Cassian Beds in the valleys of Enneberg and Ampezzo in Southern Tyrol, and with these vaileys in particular the present paper deals.

I shall ever regard it as a peculiar honour that, Freiherr von Richthofen, whose early work, ‘Geognostiscbe Beschreibung der Umgegend von Predazzo, St. Cassian, und der Seisser Alpe,’ still holds the highest place in the literature of the Southern Tyrol ‘Dolomites,’ guided me in my first attempt in Alpine geology, that he himself taught me the chief points at issue concerning the district between Schlern and Ampezzo, and gave me, in a short space of time, a far clearer insight into the work which lay before me than falls to the lot of most young geologists.

In the course of my work during the two seasons of 1891–92, I have been led to extend somewhat my primary object, and to include some of the more interesting tectonic aspects of the whole group of Upper Triassic strata in the ‘Dolomite Alps.‘

My most grateful thanks are due to Herr Prof. von Zittel for the constant kindness he has shown me, and for his advice and encouragement during the two