bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Logos’ bei Priscillianus
Authors: Martin Josef , Arbesmann R.
Published: August 2016

Im 10. Traktate Priscillians steht folgendes Ungetüm eines Satzes:

In hac parte psalmidici sermonis, quos fides constans ad Studium veritatis vocat, non tantum excipere auditu, sed introspicere sensu convenit, qualiter ad omnem se intelligentiae nostrae inbecillitatem psalmus adcommodet et dispositione sermonis profetici opeis modum temperans arduum divinae intelligentiae iter velut clivo molliens leniori faciliori instituit ascensu, ut, quia conversis ad fidem facilius est peccatorum suorum mala nosse quam dispensationem divinae in se intellegere naturae promptiusque est homini peccatum nolle quam velle divinum, ita in psalmo aptissimus profectibus legentium ordo succederet, ut leservata in processu psalmi cognitione sui deo, qui nisi per se cognitus non est, primum redarguitio domini agnitio peccati divino muneri faceret ingressum et, ubi homo naturae suae locus factus quid deus vellet agnosceret, sensatae historiae sermo sequeretur dicens: ‘deus locutus est in sancto suo,’ ut qui se sanctificasset deo, loquente in se domino, deum loqui audiret in sancto et omne quod in historiis sanctorum virtus fecisse putabatur humana, naturae suae legibus metiens inter divinas professiones habitae de se protestationis expenderet, ut profeticus sermo semel loquens et duo praedicans exultationem salvati hominis in Christo et gloriam Christi in homine triumfantis velut germanum insigne circumferens ad doctrinam nostrae eruditionis aperiret, ut, dum sanctorum gesta cognoscimus, triumphum bonae vitae absoluta dictorum dispensatione teneamus.
Seigneurial Obligations and ‘Lex Baiuvariorum’ I,13
Authors: Rivers Theodore John
Published: August 2016

The development of the pre-Carolingian seigneurie has received little attention, although this neglect is due in large part to a scarcity in source material. This lack may be supplemented by relying on other material, such as that supplied in the Lex Baiuvariorum. The latter, the Bavarian code, was promulgated within the first half of the eighth century and slightly before the appearance of the Carolingian estate organization. The development of manorial obligations in eighth-century Bavaria is illustrated by one major law in the Lex Baiuvariorum, and this law is I, 13. However, the study of the seigneurie in Bavaria is complicated by differing interpretations of the evidence. What follows is an attempt to re-evaluate the evidence as supplied in L. Baiu. I, 13 and to show its relationship with the Carolingian estate organization.
Vincentius Hispanus, ‘Pro Ratione Voluntas,’ and Medieval and Early Modern Theories of Sovereignty
Authors: Post Gaines
Published: August 2016

Some years ago I called attention to these words of the early thirteenth-century decretalist, Vincentius Hispanus, on the powers of the pope and of the prince: ‘… sit voluntas pro ratione.’ What is the meaning? Did Vincentius hold that the supreme authority was arbitrarily absolute, that the voluntas of the monarch must in all circumstances be accepted as reason itself? Must we believe that he advanced a doctrine of unlimited absolutism — of the pope in the Church and of the emperor in the Empire? And that he anticipated a theory of sovereignty as the authority and powers of the ruler subject neither to the law nor to the laws?
Medieval Latin Aristotle Commentaries Authors: Narcissus—Richardus
Authors: Lohr Charles H.
Published: August 2016

These pages continue the inventory of Medieval Latin Aristotle Commentaries published in Traditio 23 (1967) 313–413, 24 (1968) 149–245, 26 (1970) 135–216, and 27 (1971) 251–351. The commentaries have been arranged alphabetically according to the author's first name, with a brief bio-bibliographical note and indication of manuscripts and editions.
Robert Grosseteste as Translator, Transmitter, and Commentator: The ‘Nicomachean Ethics’
Authors: Dunbabin Jean
Published: August 2016

Because Robert Grosseteste's translation of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is now seen as having provided the framework for a dynamic study of Aristotle's moral philosophy, more significance must be attached to what itself became the standard translation in the Middle Ages. That Grosseteste was responsible both for the full translation of Aristotle's text and for the translation of the Greek commentaries which accompany the Ethics in twenty-one known manuscripts modern scholars are now in agreement. Grosseteste's work on the Nicomachean Ethics has been dated confidently to the 1240s, arguably to 1246–47, and scholars have tended to stress the rapidity with which the Aristotelian ethics were assimilated in the thirteenth century, in contrast, for example, with the slow progress recorded by John of Salisbury on the Posterior Analytics in the twelfth. These results of recent research seem, it should be notd in passing, strangely at odds with the verdict of Roger Bacon, that there was comparatively little work on the Ethics in his period. He, Grosseteste's most ardent admirer, appears not to have known that this master translated the text and comments: ‘Tardius communicata est Ethica Aristotelis et nuper lecta a magistris et raro.’
St. Augustine and the Parson's Tale
Authors: Kellogg Alfred L.
Published: August 2016

In her Radcliffe monograph The Sources of the Parson's Tale, Miss Kate Petersen concluded that the ultimate sources of the Parson's ‘litel tretys’ were two thirteenth-century Latin works: the Summa Casuum Poenitentiae of St. Raymond of Pen afort, from which Chaucer drew the material on penance; and the Summa de Vitiis of Guilielmus Peraldus, from which came the discussion of the Seven Deadly Sins. Because of its highly persuasive parallels and careful construction, Miss Petersen's study has won very general acceptance. In the present writer's opinion, however, there is one aspect of Miss Petersen's work which is perhaps worth some reconsideration, and that is the positiveness of her identifications of the ultimate sources of the tale. Can it be successfully maintained, as Miss Petersen would have us believe, that exactly here and here we may fix the ultimate limits of the sources upon which Chaucer drew in the Parson's Tale?
Christening the Romans
Authors: Van Engen John
Published: August 2016

Europe was christened in the waters of Roman Christianity. Creeds, liturgies, hierarchies, saints, and ascetic practices favored in later imperial Rome washed over the European peoples in successive centuries and marked their Christianity indelibly. The splendor of that imperial era, rescued from facile notions of a declining Rome, has come to historical life in a distinct epoch called “late antiquity” (300–650). Its monuments testify to an ethos at once classical and spiritual. Late antique Christians instinctively took from Roman surroundings all that suited their new religious ends, from the architectural form given churches to the rhetoric and philosophy that mediated sermons and theologies. This Roman imprint passed to European Christians as a sacred legacy: the basilica as a church rather than a civic hall, the metropolitan as a clerical rather than a civic official, Rome as the city of Saint Peter rather than the emperor, the Empire as destined for Christ's birth as much as Augustus's triumphs. Medieval believers, seeking to re-create the church of first-century Jerusalem, fixed repeatedly upon exemplars from late antique Rome: the teachings of Augustine, the Bible of Jerome, the philosophical theology of Boethius, the laws of Leo, the Rule of Benedict, the prayers ascribed to Gregory. Even the story of Rome's religious transformation entered into the self-understanding of medieval and modern Europeans, the conversion narrative joined to biblical history with its outcome treated as providential and decisive.
From Prophecy to Mysticism: Bonaventure's Eschatology in Light of Joachim of Fiore
Authors: Delio Ilia
Published: August 2016

In the Middle Ages, the destiny of the historical process was a subject of intense thought, fueled by an overarching notion of historical change and the impending final age. Of the many theologians who contributed to this discussion none stands out in more colorful form than the Cistercian abbot, Joachim of Fiore (1135–1202). Joachim made his mark by describing history as a process of patterns unfolding according to the relationships of the Trinity. For Joachim, history was an ongoing work of the living God, and he sought to elucidate the innermost mystery of the trinitarian relationships in the working-out of history. The whole process of history, he maintained, was progressing toward a higher spiritual level that would be characterized by the image of the mystical body of Christ in the final age, an age that he held would take place in this world. Although Bonaventure dismissed Joachim early in his academic career as ignorant andsimplex, his rise to minister general in an order divided by radical Joachimism may have influenced his view of the abbot's theology. E. Randolph Daniel has shown that Bonaventure borrowed one of Joachim's patterns of history to define his eschatology more clearly in terms of Christocentricity. Like Joachim, Bonaventure held that the final age would take place in this world, and would be characterized by mystical peace. Potential Joachimist influence may also be detected in Bonaventure'sLegenda maior.
The Commentary Literature on Aristotle'sNicomachean Ethicsin Early Renaissance Italy: Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Lines David A.
Published: August 2016

In a letter of 1404 to the Sienese professor Francesco Casini, the Italian humanist Coluccio Salutati expressed appreciation for the addressee's commentary on Aristotle'sNicomachean Ethics, comparing it favorably with the Greek (XI/XII century) commentaries of Eustratius and Michael of Ephesus, and with the Latin ones of Albert the Great, Albert of Saxony, Gerard of Odo, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan. He invited Casini not to neglect the works of Henry of Friemar, a minor fourteenth-century figure. Furthermore, Salutati remarked that Casini had even surpassed Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome, whose commentaries were doubtless the most widespread in the Latin West of Salutati's time. As Luca Bianchi has pointed out, Salutati's letter highlights the degree to which Italian humanists depended on the scholastic tradition (whether Byzantine or Latin) when approaching Aristotle'sEthics; even Donato Acciaiuoli's famous commentary, published in 1478, draws heavily on Eustratius, Albert the Great, and St. Thomas. This was actually seen as one of its greatest merits by later commentators.3 However, Salutati's comments invite yet another observation: namely, that Salutati is unable to point to any specificallyItaliantradition connected with this work. In fact, although Salutati does name two Italians (Thomas and Giles of Rome), they too, like all the other commentators mentioned, spent most of their lifetimes in northern Europe; for most of them, the center was not Italy but Paris. This is why Salutati heaped so much praise on Francesco Casini — finally an indigenous Italian tradition might develop; its beginnings were promising indeed.
TheCronica de Angliain London, British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius C.VIII, fols. 6v–21v: Another Product of John of Worcester's History Workshop
Authors: Hayward Paul Antony
Published: August 2016

This article comprises a study and edition of theCronica de Anglia, a significant but neglected history of England from AD 162 to 1125 whose importance lies chiefly in its connections to other accounts of the period. Though it is uniquely preserved in a late twelfth-century manuscript from Rievaulx Abbey, close reading confirms that it was composed between 1125 and 1137, not in the north of England but in the West Midlands, almost certainly at Worcester Cathedral Priory. If it is not the work of the priory's foremost historian, John of Worcester (d. after 1143), then it was almost certainly produced under his direction. Not only are its contents closely related to hisChronica chronicarumandChronicula, they also shed new light on John's interests and the ways in which he and his helpers compiled and edited their histories. Turning to another purpose materials used in John's other works,Cronica de Angliaarranges them in order to speak to questions about the relative antiquity and status of the kingdom's bishoprics, churches, and monasteries — a concern not otherwise prominent in this corpus. This chronicle also sheds precious light on the immediate reception of William of Malmesbury's histories of the English, especially the first edition ofGesta pontificum Anglorum. Carefully suppressing dangerous nuances in William's reportage,Cronica de Angliabetrays John's anxiety to avoid becoming entangled in Malmesbury's campaign against the king's chief minister, Bishop Roger of Salisbury (1102–39). The article concludes with the first complete edition of the text.
Yes and No: Late Medieval Dispensations from Canonical Bigamy in Theory and Practice
Authors: Müller Wolfgang P.
Published: August 2016

Canonical bigamy posed a barrier for late medieval men who were or had been married to a widow or unfaithful wife and wanted to retain or be appointed to clerical rank. Western church norms from the twelfth century onward permitted only the papacy to dispense from the obstacle for promotion or readmission to the sacred orders of sub-deacon, deacon, and priest. And yet, papal administrative records from the period indicate that actual dispensations were hardly ever granted to “bigamous” recipients. What accounts for this discrepancy between theoretical freedom and practical restraint? The article discusses the historical evidence and suggests that besides theological reservations the risk of political conflict with lay jurisdictions may have persuaded most of the popes not to make use of their dispensatory power in cases ofbigamia.
A New Manuscript of Nicholas of Lynn's ‘Kalendarium’: MS Chapel Hill 522, fols. 159r–202r
Authors: Kuczynski Michael P.
Published: August 2016

MS Chapel Hill 522, fols. 159r-202r, contains a hitherto unidentified manuscript of the Latin Kalendarium of Nicholas of Lynn, a medieval astronomical almanac known to and used by Chaucer. Sigmund Eisner has already identified fifteen MSS of the Kalendarium, none of them complete, and has published an edition for the New Chaucer Society. Although Chapel Hill's manuscript is also incomplete, it does contain important materials missing from Eisner's base text, MS Oxford, Bodleian Laud. Misc. 662 — namely, all the lunar eclipse figures and the tables of ascensions and equations of houses for Aries and Taurus. In this paper I provide a brief introduction to Nicholas of Lynn and medieval kalendaria, followed by a summary description of CH 522, fols. 159r–202r, which contains a list of the other astronomical and mathematical texts bound with Nicholas of Lynn's Kalendarium in the book. Then I present my reasons for believing that CH 522 was an early MS, perhaps one intended for use as an exemplar. Finally, I add two plates from the MS and a full list of textual variants for CH 522, collated against Eisner's edition.
Das Werk des Nicolaus von Lyra im mittelalterlichen Spanien
Authors: Reinhardt Klaus
Published: August 2016

Als der Bischof von Burgos, Pablo de Santa Maria, 1429 im Alter von 80 Jahren für seinen Sohn Alonso gleichsam als geistliches Vermächtnis einen Kommentar zur Heiligen Schrift schreiben wollte, da brauchte er nicht von vorne zu beginnen. In der 100 Jahre zuvor (1322–32) verfaßten Postilla litteralis des französischen Franziskaners Nicolaus von Lyra († 1349) lag ihm ein Kommentar vor, der weithin den Vorstellungen des zum Christentum konvertierten ehemaligen Rabbiners entsprach, nämlich ein Kommentar, der in ständiger Auseinandersetzung mit der jüdischen Exegese die ganze Bibel in ihrem buchstäblichen Sinne erläutert; Pablo de Burgos konnte sich damit begnügen, Additiones zur Postilla des Nicolaus zu schreiben.
Gerard of Solo's ‘Determinatio de Amore Hereos’
Authors: Wack Mary Frances
Published: August 2016

The disease of love (amor hereos) proved a topic of longstanding interest at the medical school of Montpellier between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries. From Arnald of Villanova and Bernard of Gordon in the late thirteenth century to Valescus of Taranta and Jacques Angeli in the fifteenth, generations of Montpellier masters and students studied, expounded, and debated the lover's malady. Gerard of Solo, who received his master's degree in medicine from Montpellier in 1335, and who remained at the university to become a leading figure of medical scholasticism, compiled a university exercise on lovesickness, the Determinatio de amore hereos. Though best known to students of lovesickness as the author of a commentary on the ninth book of al-Rāzī's Liber ad almansorem, Gerard's Determinatio, which is probably his magisterial version of a disputation on love, treats the subject more systematically than does the commentary on al-Rāzī. The Determinatio, which represents how the topic of lovesickness was taught outside the framework of textual commentary, provides a useful summary of fourteenth-century scholastic medical doctrine on love.
Dante's ‘Baptism’ and the Theology of the Body in ‘Purgatorio’ 1–2
Authors: Marti Kevin
Published: August 2016

When, in the first canto of Purgatorio, Vergil requests permission to ascend through the Mountain's seven kingdoms, Cato issues instructions for the requisite purification. Vergil complies, descending with Dante to the base of the island, where he applies the morning dew to remove dirt and tears from Dante's eyes and cheeks, and girds Dante with a smooth rush. This brief drama, said to restore the color to Dante's face and to prepare for a meeting with the primo ministro (98–99) of paradise, is both the most densely ritualized moment of transition between the first two canticas and the thematic centerpiece of Purgatorio 1.
More on the ‘Priapeum’ of Jacobus Cremonensis
Authors: O'Connor Eugene M.
Published: August 2016

In 1969 Ian Thomson published the texts of two humanist poems with a selective commentary. One of them, Item 144 of the Toledo Cathedral Library MS 100.42, fol. 233r (henceforth T, following Thomson's designation), which also appears as Item 68 in Cod. Vaticanus Barberinianus latinus 42, fol. 328r–v (henceforth simply B, again following Thomson), is a 20-line work attributed to the lawyer Jacobus Cremonensis salaciously describing an erotic contest between Priapus and the nymph Dione. Although Thomson's article appeared two decades ago, I have only recently come upon it, and wish here, if somewhat belatedly, to reply to several of Thomson's textual and other notes on this Priapic poem.
Christian Formulas in Old English Literature:Næs Hyre Wlite Gewemmedand its Implications
Authors: Tkacz Catherine Brown
Published: August 2016

The heroes of God scorn apostasy. Bound and thrust into an insanely fired furnace, its flames jetting nine and forty cubits above the oven itself, they stand unconcerned in the midst of it, their bonds wondrously burned away. And the flames do not touch them; rather, the fire bursts out the sides to incinerate the torturers who stoke it. Then an angel of the Lord enters the furnace and thrusts the fire from the saints, who feel the pleasant refreshment of a dewy breeze. In the middle of the fire they stand and praise God. Astonished, their persecutor beholds the trio with the fourth who has joined them, who is like unto the Son of God, and calls the three forth from the midst of the fire. He, too, acknowledges and praises God when he and his court see, no longer through the confusing shimmer of heat, but with indisputable clarity, right before their eyes, the converting proof: no power had the fire over the saints' bodies, and not a hair of their heads had been singed, and neither had their garments been affected.
William of Auvergne and the Manichees
Authors: Teske Roland J.
Published: August 2016

William of Auvergne became a master of theology in the University of Paris in 1223 and was appointed bishop of Paris by Gregory IX in 1228. William governed the church of Paris until his death in 1249, while continuing to write the works which constitute his immense Magisterium divinale et sapientiale. Despite the fact that he was the first of the thirteenth-century theologians to appreciate the value of the Aristotelian philosophy that poured into the Latin West during the last half of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth century, his writings have not received the scholarly attention they deserve. Étienne Gilson has sketched well the impact of the influx of Greek and Arabian philosophical works into the Christian West:

Up to the last years of the twelfth century, when the Christian world unexpectedly discovered the existence of non-Christian interpretations of the universe, Christian theology never had to concern itself with the fact that a non-Christian interpretation of the world as a whole, including man and his destiny, was still an open possibility.
The Apocalypse Cycle in the Bedford Hours
Authors: Emmerson Richard K.
Published: August 2016

The Bedford Hours (British Library MS Additional 18850) has been called one of “the very finest examples of French art of the earlier half of the fifteenth century….” Its lavish use of gold and bright colors, its beautifully conceived calendar pages and large miniatures, its connection with the marriage of John of Lancaster, the duke of Bedford, to Anne of Burgundy, and its fascinating history as a manuscript have received much attention. Scholars, however, have virtually ignored the almost 1,250 marginal illustrations that decorate the manuscript's 289 folios. These tiny pictures are generally woven into the ivy-leaf border, painted within roundels of approximately one inch in diameter. Thematically related, they are usually placed two to a folio side, one within the left or right border, and one within the lower border. The roundels, furthermore, are accompanied by one-line Old French texts. These are always placed together below the lower border and are arranged so that the first text, written in blue, identifies the roundel within the side border, whereas the second text, written in gold, explains the roundel painted within the lower border.
Deathless Marriage and Spiritual Fecundity in Venantius Fortunatus'sDe Virginitate
Authors: Brennan Brian
Published: August 2016

The Latin poet Venantius Fortunatus (ca. 530–600) is known today for his Holy Cross hymns, for the classicizingepithalamiumthat he wrote for the wedding of the Frankish king Sigibert, and for his panegyrics of the royal and powerful in Merovingian society. Yet despite the attention that has been lavished on Fortunatus's other major works, his ambitious four hundred line poemDe Virginitate(8.3) has been noticeably neglected, perhaps because of its subject matter. A highly original work nevertheless, this poem was written in the late 560s for his patroness, the royal nun Radegund. Most probably, it was recited by the poet at the installation of Radegund's “spiritual daughter” Agnes as abbess of the Convent of the Holy Cross, which Radegund had founded at Poitiers. It is a work equal in importance to Fortunatus's episcopal panegyrics and other ceremonial poems for church occasions.
The Doctrine of Transubstantiation in Durand's Rationale
Authors: Thibodeau Timothy M.
Published: August 2016

In a recent article on the medieval dogma of transubstantiation, Gary Macy builds upon the works of Hans Jorissen and James F. McCue to question the validity of Jaroslav Pelikan's claim that “at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, the doctrine of the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist achieved its definitive formulation in the dogma of transubstantiation.” Macy demonstrates that through most of the thirteenth century, the majority of theologians did not, in fact, consider Lateran IV's decree the final word on eucharistic theology. The debate over precisely how the real presence of Christ occurred in the eucharist was far from closed.
Kαλós in Acclamation
Authors: Smothers Edgar R.
Published: August 2016

Kαλós in acclamation has a continuous life throughout Hellenic, Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine times. The history belongs, for the most part, to the fields of ancient pagan culture, with Christian materials accruing to its later stages. The interest of the following study, for the author at all events, has lain as much in the subject-matter itself as in inferences that may be drawn from it. Readers bent on the severe pursuit of a thesis will not find it here.
The Practice of Charity at the University of Paris during the Middle Ages: Ave Maria College
Authors: Gabriel A. L.
Published: August 2016

Life within the Colleges of the University of Paris was a charming one, full of interesting details concerning teaching and education in medieval Paris. A manuscript buried amongst the documents of the National Archives is revealing for those who believe that the lectures on Boethius and the explanation of Donatus constituted the entire programme of the student. The present article is only a sketch intended to call attention to some of the practical methods used to implement the Christian teachings on charity.
State of Emergency Health in the Palestinian Territories
Authors: Venugopal Raghu , Greenough P. Gregg , Ehrhardt Derek , Brahmbhatt Daksha , Oweis Fadia
Published: August 2016

The Palestinian emergency healthcare system faces numerous difficulties in its efforts to develop and improve patient care. The Emergency Medical Assistance Project, a four-year, emergency health capacity-building project, is described in this report. The factors contributing to the current lack of inhospital emergency care and the measures performed to improve the situation are highlighted. The authors surveyed 48 emergency healthcare providers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip on key emergency care development indicators and compared the level of emergency health development with those of Israel and the United States using a model of structured development criteria. Survey results and project observations provide a basis for future recommendations in education and infrastructure.
“Stay Connected”: Psychological Services for Retired Firefighters after 11 September 2001
Authors: Alvarez Jennifer , Rosen Craig , Davis Kim , Smith Greg , Corrigan Malachy
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

A large number of firefighters retired after 11 September 2001. These retirees were confronted with multiple challenges, including grief, trauma- related physical injuries and psychological distress, difficulties related to the transition of their roles, and deterioration of social support.

Objective:

The Fire Department of NewYork (FDNY) Counseling Service Unit's “Stay Connected” Program designed and implemented after 11 September 2001 is described in this report. This unique program was designed to usea combination of peer outreach and professional counseling to address the mental health needs of retiring firefighters and their families.

Methods:

Descriptive information about the intervention program was gathered through semi-structured interviews with Counseling Service Unit staff. Client satisfaction surveys were collected during three six-week periods.

Results:

Quantitative data indicate that clients rated their overall satisfaction with the clerical and counseling staff a perfect 4 out of 4. The report of their overall satisfaction with the services also was nearly at ceiling (3.99 out 4).The perceived helpfulness of the services in resolving the problems experienced by the clients increased significantly over time.Qualitative data indicate that peer involvement and intensive community outreach, i.e., social events, wellness activities, and classes, were integral to the success of the intervention.

Conclusions:

This project provided valuable lessons about how to develop and implement a “culturally competent”intervention program for public safety workers retiring after a disaster. Creative, proactive, non-traditional outreach efforts and leveraging peers for credibility and support were particularly important.
Establishing a High Level of Knowledge Regarding Bioterrorist Threats in Emergency Department Physicians: Methodology and the Results of a National Bio-Preparedness Project
Authors: Leiba Adi , Drayman Nir , Amsalem Yoram , Aran Adi , Weiss Gali , Leiba Ronit , Schwartz Dagan , Levi Yehezkel , Goldberg Avishay , Bar-Dayan Yaron
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Medical systems worldwide are facing the new threat of morbidity associated with the deliberate dispersal of microbiological agents by terrorists. Rapid diagnosis and containment of this type of unannounced attack is based on the knowledge and capabilities of medical staff. In 2004, the knowledge of emergency department physicians of anthrax was tested. The average test score was 58%. Consequently, a national project on bioterrorism preparedness was developed. The aim of this article is to present the project in which medical knowledge was enhanced regarding a variety of bioterrorist threats, including cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax, botulinum, and smallpox.

Methods:

In 2005, military physicians and experts on bioterrorism conducted special seminars and lectures for the staff of the hospital emergency department and internal medicine wards.Later, emergency department senior physicians were drilled using one of the scenarios.

Results:

Twenty-nine lectures and 29 drills were performed in 2005.The average drill score was 81.7%.The average score of physicians who attended the lecture was 86%, while those who did not attend the lectures averaged 78.3% (NS).

Conclusions:

Emergency department physicians were found to be highly knowledgeable in nearly all medical and logistical aspects of the response to different bioterrorist threats. Intensive and versatile preparedness modalities, such as lectures, drills, and posters, given to a carefully selected group of clinicians, can increase their knowledge, and hopefully improve their response to a bioterrorist attack.
Enhancing Collaboration during Humanitarian Response: An Interim Report from Stakeholders Survey
Authors: Parmar Shivani , Lobb Ano , Purdin Susan , McDonnell Sharon
Published: August 2016

The effectiveness of humanitarian response efforts has long been hampered by a lack of coordination among responding organizations. The need for increased coordination and collaboration, as well as the need to better understand experiences with coordination, were recognized by participants of a multilateral Working Group convened to examine the challenges of coordination in humanitarian health responses. This preliminary study is an interim report of an ongoing survey designed by the Working Group to describe the experiences of coordination and collaboration in greater detail, including factors that promote or discourage coordination and lessons learned, and to determine whether there is support for a new consortium dedicated to coordination. To date, 30 key informants have participated in 25-minute structured interviews that were recorded and analyzed for major themes. Participants represented 21 different agencies and organizations: nine non-governmental organizations, eight academic institutions, two donor organizations, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization.

Common themes that emerged included the role of donors in promoting coordination, the need to build an evidence base, the frequent occurrence of field-level coordination, and the need to build new partnerships. Currently, there is no consensus that a new consortium would be helpful.

Addressing the underlying structural and professional factors that currently discourage coordination may be a more effective method for enhancing coordination during humanitarian responses.
Dialogue is Destiny: Managing the Message in Humanitarian Action
Authors: Lobb Ano , Mock Nancy
Published: August 2016

During humanitarian response efforts, the mass media serves as the primary informational intermediary informing donors, policy makers, and the nonaffected public. A lack of professional standards within the current culture of journalism, the politics of media ownership, and media manipulation by governments has distorted reporting on humanitarian crises, with possible detrimental effects on response efforts. Humanitarian response organizations must assume a proactive, leading role in the management and sharing of information with each other as well as with donors, policy makers, and the public. This will require working with the media as partners, as well as exploring innovative methods of mass communication. A multi-stakeholder, cooperative communication initiative could help improve media involvement, and harness the media as a credible and knowledgeable communication tool for response efforts. A professional publication dedicated to the discipline of humanitarian relief also could optimize efforts, communicate the perspectives of beneficiaries, and manage the underutilized resource of the general public.
The effects of sward height and concentrate supplementation on the performance of spring calving dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover swards
Authors: Rook A. J. , Huckle C. A. , Wilkins R. J.
Published: August 2016

Forty-eight spring-calving, Holstein-Friesian cows were continuously stocked on perennial ryegrass-white clover swards maintained at compressed sward heights of 4, 6 or 8 cm and offered 0 (U) or 4 (S) kg concentrates. Milk yields and composition, live weights and intakes (estimated by the n-alkane technique) were recorded for periods 24 May to 27 June (P1) and 28 June to 8 August 1992 (P2) with 4 cm swards not used in P2. Milk and component yields were significantly lower at 4 cm than at 6 or 8 cm in P1 and significantly higher when supplements were offered in both periods with no significant interaction. Herbage intakes were reduced more by supplementation at lower sward heights. Live weight was significantly lower on the 4 cm sward. Fat concentrations were unaffected by height and supplementation in P1 but significantly increased by supplementation in P2. These results suggest that maintaining a sward height of 6 cm offers advantages in terms of individual animal output and output per ha compared with grazing at greater or lower sward heights.
Modelling foetal growth in pigs
Authors: van Oijen M. A. A. J. , Koops W. J. , Zandstra T. , Kemp B.
Published: August 2016

A theoretical function is proposed which describes the individual weight-age relationship for foetuses in pigs. The function is based on total growth of the litter. A maximum uterus capacity, dependent on insemination weight of the sow, and a limitation of this capacity, dependent on litter size, is assumed. A modified Michaelis-Menten function is used as a basic growth function. The model was tested against experimental data and compared with four models from the literature. Goodness of fit, extrapolation outside the range of data, and biological interpretation of the parameters from the model were checked. A maximum uterus capacity of 20·3 kg for the average insemination weight of 119·0 kg was found. The inflexion point of the model was significantly (P< 0·05) dependent on litter size.
Maintenance feeding of 100 kg pigs: effect on carcass lean and fat yield and on gastrointestinal organ size
Authors: Pekas J. C.
Published: August 2016

The study was conducted to test the hypotheses that sustained restriction of food to maintain constant body weight of market-ready pigs, hereafter terminal maintenance (TM), would (1) decrease the size of gastrointestinal and other visceral organs, (2) increase dressing proportion, and (3) increase lean and decrease fat content and improve the lean: fat ratio of carcass. Forty-eight crossbred castrated male pigs (initial body weight, 23·5 kg) were randomly assigned to eight treatment groups (six pigs per group; one pig per pen). Three comparison groups were included. Thead libitumcontrol group (AL) was slaughtered at the target weight, 105 kg. One group was continuously restricted (CR) to 0·8 of the intake by AL and slaughtered at the target weight. The terminally restricted (TR) group was given food ad libitum to 1·1 times the target weight; then food was restricted to effect weight loss to the target weight before slaughter. Five TM groups were given food ad libitum to the target weight; then TM was administered for various periods (7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days) before slaughter. CR either had no effect or caused enlargement of visceral organs compared with AL. TR caused reduction of viscera, especially of abdominal-digestive organs. TM caused reduction of most viscera organs (0·001 <P< 0·05). Regression analyses indicated that most abdominal organs were reduced 50 to 70 g/kg per 10 days of terminal maintenance. TM and TR also increased carcass weight (P< 0·05). Catabolism associated with reduction of viscera organs may provide nitrogenous substrates to support the continued lean accretion observed during terminal maintenance. The reduced viscera and increased carcass weight combined resulted in increased dressing proportion (P= 0·06). Regression analyses (weightv.TM-days) showed that lean mass increased (71 g/day;P< 0·05) and fat mass decreased (−52 g/day;P< 0·01). Weight of bone and belly did not change. Differential lean gain, lean gain minus fat gain, during TM occurred at a rate of about 120 g/day.
The continuum between preferences and aversions for flavoured foods in sheep conditioned by administration of casein doses
Authors: Arsenos G. , Kyriazakis I.
Published: August 2016

The main objective of the experiment was to investigate whether a continuum links the development of conditioned flavour preferences and conditioned flavour aversions (CFPs and CFAs) in sheep, towards food flavours associated with intraruminal administration of increasing doses of the same nutritive stimulus: casein. A secondary objective was to investigate the effects of dose of casein administration and the number of repeated exposures to casein on the rate of establishment, magnitude and degree of persistence of developed CFPs and CFAs.

The experiment consisted of three conditioning periods (each lasted 8 days). A food with low crude protein (CP) (39.3 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and metabolizable energy (ME) (5.3 MJ/kg DM) contents was used in combination with one of two flavours, orange and aniseed, on a total of 48 Texel × Greyface male, 3-month-old sheep. The sheep were conditioned to associate one flavour added to the test food with a particular dose of casein (C) suspended in water (8.75, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 g per animal), or a different flavoured test food with an equal amount of water. Each dose was administered by gavage through a stomach tube twice daily to each animal. At the end of each conditioning period the preference for the two flavours was measured by a two choice preference test between the two flavoured test foods for 40 min. After the completion of the last conditioning period, three more preference tests (persistence tests), without any intervening exposure to the flavoured test food, were conducted at 7, 21 and 35 days. Preference for the flavoured test food paired with casein was affected by the interaction (P< 0·001) between the dose of casein and casein association respectively. Association with casein (DPR: intake of a flavoured test food paired with casein per g total intake of flavoured test foods during the preference test) led to CFPs (DPR > 0·70) at the two lowest and to CFAs (DPR < 0·30) at the two highest doses. CFPs and CFAs were established by the second conditioning and there was no difference in the rate of establishment between preferences and aversions. The persistence tests showed a strong and similar degree of persistence of both formed CFPs and CFAs, since these were not affected by time of persistence test or by any of the interactions with time. In view of these results a model is proposed which could account for the conditioned responses of sheep towards administration of increasing doses of the same nutrient. The existence of a continuum between CFPs and CFAs created by the same nutrient given at different doses, could be the basis of how ruminants select a diet which meets their nutrient requirements at a particular point in time and thereby avoid excess of nutrient intake.
Effects of nutrition pre-partum and post partum on subsequent productivity and health of N’Dama cows infected with Trypanosoma congolense
Authors: Bennison J. J. , Akinbamijo O. O. , Jaitner J. , Dempfle L. , Hendy C. R. C. , Leaver J. D.
Published: August 2016

This experiment studied the effects of body condition, long- and short-term levels of nutrition and trypanosomosis infection on the productivity of N’Dama cows using a 2 x 2 × 2 factorial cross-over design. Pre-partum, 23 cows received supplements for 6 months (H), the other group of 20 for 2 months (L). Both groups grazed native pastures. Two days post partum, half the cows from each group were placed on a basal (B) or supplemented (S) plane of nutrition. The diet of concentrate, groundnut hay and andropogon hay was the same, only the quantities differed. Four weeks post partum half the animals in each group were inoculated with T. congolense organisms (I), the others acted as controls (C). The trial continued for a further 6 weeks.

Pre-partum nutrition (H, L had no effect on dry-matter intake (DMI) but pre-partum feeding (H) improved post-partum productivity, evident by higher dam live weights (P < 0·05), body condition (P < 0·001), calf birth weight (P < 0·05) and calf live-weight gain (P < 0·01). Post-partum nutrition had no effect on productivity. Trypanosomosis infection caused a reduction (P < 0·05) in total DMI. The decline in groundnut hay and concentrate intake was proportionally (P < 0·001) greater in the S-I group than in the B-I group. A low plane of nutrition pre-partum depressed milk yield but increased fat concentration (P < 0·05). Infection significantly reduced milk offtake (P < 0·05). The reduction in milk offtake (P < 0·01) and calf live weight (P < 0·05) were proportionally larger in the B-I than in the S-I group. Infection caused a decline in milk protein concentration (P < 0·05) and protein yield (P < 0·01) which was independent of dietary effects. Infection reduced (P < 0·01) the packed-cell volume but there were no interactions with diet. None of the cows was pregnant 150 days post partum but seven were cycling, 3(5) in the H-S-I group, 2(7) in the H-B-I group, 1(5) in the L-B-I group and 1(5) in the L-S-C group. These results suggest that S-I cows attempted to maintain milk yield at the expense of live weight whereas the B-I cows had insufficient live-weight reserves that could be mobilized. This suggests the nutritional balance and changes in weight at the time of infection might be more important than historical planes of nutrition.
Prediction of the metabolizable energy value of whole-crop wheat from laboratory-based measurements
Authors: Adesogan A.T. , Owen E. , Givens D.I.
Published: August 2016

The accuracy with which several laboratory-based measurements predict the metabolizable energy (ME) value of whole-crop wheat (WCW) was determined. Twenty-six WCW forages differing in variety (cv. Slepjner, Hussar and Cadenza), maturity at harvest (milk, cheese and dough stages) and treatment applied (urea-treated, untreated or acid-based additive treated) were harvested in 2 years and conserved anaerobically in 200·1 barrels. The forages were then scanned using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and analysed for chemical composition,in vitrorumen fluid-pepsin digestibility,in vitroneutral detergent-cellulase plus gamannase digestibility,in vitrofermentation gas production and in situ rumen degradability. ME was calculated using measured energy losses in faeces and urine and predicted energy losses as methane. The relationships between ME and the laboratory-based measurements were determined by regression. Gross energy was consistently the best predictor of ME (R2= 0.53 and 0.86 in years 1 and 2 respectively). However the autocorrelation involved, militates against the prediction of ME from gross energy. None of the chemical constituents or biological techniques gave a good, robust prediction of ME. However, an NIRS calibration developed using the WCW samples was highly correlated (R2 = 0.68) with ME. This work therefore suggests that traditional laboratory-based, food evaluation techniques are unsuitable for predicting the ME content of WCW but that NIRS holds promise.
The influence of increased feeding on the susceptibility of sheep to infection with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Wallace D.S. , Bairden K. , Duncan J.L. , Eckersall P.D. , Fishwick G. , Holmes P.H. , McKellar Q.A. , Mitchell S. , Murray M. , Parkins J.J. , Stear M.J.
Published: August 2016

Previous research has shown that supplementing the diet of growing lambs with urea enhances their ability to withstand gastrointestinal infection with the nematode Haemonchus contortus. This study compared lambs given two different amounts (χ 1 and χ 1·5) of the same urea-supplemented diet. One dietary allowance was sufficient to allow uninfected lambs to gain approximately 400 g/week without adverse clinical signs. In contrast half of the H. contortus infected lambs on this dietary allowance had to be humanely killed before the end of the experiment due to severe anaemia and anorexia. All infected lambs on this dietary allowance showed decreased mean red cell volumes and decreased plasma albumin concentrations indicating inadequate replacement of red blood cells and plasma proteins lost during the infection. The remaining lambs were offered proportionately 0·5 more of the same dietary allowance. Among lambs on this dietary allowance, there were very few differences between uninfected and infected sheep in clinical signs and growth rate. Therefore, dietary allowances that are adequate for uninfected lambs are not necessarily sufficient for infected lambs. As nearly all grazing lambs are infected with nematodes, dietary recommendations should take parasitic infection and its nutritional demands into account.
Studies on cannulation method and alternative indigestible markers and the effects of food enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets on ileal and overall apparent digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: Yin Y.-L. , McEvoy J. D. G. , Schulze H. , McCracken K. J.
Published: August 2016

Two different cannulation procedures (simple ileal ‘T’ cannula v. The post valve ‘T’ caecal cannula (PVTC)) and two indigestible markers (TiO2 v. Cr2O3) were studied with six male littermate pigs fitted with PVTC or simple ileal ‘T’ cannulae. Six diets were used, of which two were based on wheat and wheat bran and the other four were based on two barleys of different bushel weight without and with exogenous enzymes (ß-glucanase/xylanase). Proportional TiO2 and Cr2O3 recoveries in faeces were less than 1·00, the mean values for the six diets being 0·858 for TiO2 and 0·811 for Cr2O3. With both markers, recovery in faeces was lowest for the most digestible wheat-based diet (A). The ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy and amino acids measured with Cr2O3 were significantly (P < 0·001) lower than those measured with TiO2. There was no difference in overall apparent digestibility of DM, CP and energy measured with simple ileal ‘T’ cannula and PVTC techniques. However, IAD of DM, energy and CP measured with the PVTC method were significantly higher than those measured with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method. The data also showed that the standard errors with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method were greater than when using the PVTC method. Diet significantly affected ileal and overall digestibility of nutrients (P < 0·001) with values being highest for diet A and least for the wheat bran-based diet (B). Overall digestibility (OD) of DM and energy were higher for the higher bushel weight barley-based diet (C) than for the normal bushel weight barley-based diet (E). Enzyme inclusion improved OD for both barley diets and ileal digestibility of energy (0·060) and CP (0·057) for the normal bushel weight barley.