bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, risk and protective factors of substance use amongst adolescents living in peri‐urban communities in Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Shuaibu Hassana Ojonuba , Abdul Rahman Haliza , Zulkefli Nor Afiah Mohd
Published: December 2023

Adolescents living in peri‐urban communities are more vulnerable to risky behaviours such as substance use. This was a cross‐sectional study carried out to determine the prevalence, risk and protective factors of adolescent substance use in peri‐urban communities in Abuja. Data on lifetime and current substance use were collected using the Youth Risk Behaviour Survey Instrument. Data on risk and protective factors of adolescent substance use, based on the Problem Behaviour Theory, were also collected. Using the SPSS software, descriptive analysis was conducted to summarise the data. Bivariate analysis was conducted using chi‐square and independent t‐tests, and multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression. A p‐value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of lifetime substance use was 22.8%, whilst current substance use was 18.5%. The consumption of mixed drinks was the most currently used form substance at 8.1%, followed by alcohol (5.7%) and shisha (4.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that self‐esteem (0.007), delinquency (p < 0.001) and parent alcohol use (p = 0.045) were independently associated with adolescent substance use. There is a high prevalence of substance use amongst adolescents living in peri‐urban communities in Abuja, Nigeria, as well as a new pattern of substance use consumption. The findings showed that some risk factors identified by the problem behaviour theory were independently associated with adolescent substance use, whilst the protective factors were not. There is a dire need for adolescent substance use interventions in peri‐urban communities that addresses certain risk factors.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase accelerates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression by regulating macrophage autophagy
Authors: Jin Guiyuan , Yao Xiaoying , Liu Dong , Zhang Juan , Zhang Xiaobei , Yang Yonghong , Bi Yanzhen , Zhang Hui , Dong Guanjun , Tang Huixin , Cheng Shumin , Hong Feng , Si Meng
Published: December 2023

Background

Cells and tissues, such as macrophages, express inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) after stimulation by certain factors. INOS helps mediate the macrophage inflammatory reaction, but few studies have explored how INOS affects macrophage function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Objective

This study investigated the role of INOS‐mediated macrophage activity in NAFLD.

Methods

A high‐fat diet was used to establish an NAFLD mouse model. After 12 weeks, blood was collected for immune cell and lipid analyses, and liver tissues were collected for pathological analyses with hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. Peritoneal macrophages were extracted in situ, cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and stimulated with palmitic acid to mimic in vivo conditions for further assays. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to verify the expression of target genes or proteins.

Results

In the NAFLD model, INOS expression in macrophages increased, andINOSknockdown significantly decreased the number of macrophages. Pathological examinations confirmed thatINOSknockdown slowed NAFLD progression and macrophage infiltration during inflammation.INOSknockdown also enhanced phagocytosis and lipid transport by macrophages, and increased the expression of autophagy‐related molecules in macrophages, which improved the autophagy level, promoted apoptotic cell degradation, and maintained intracellular environment homeostasis.

Conclusions

These results indicate a correlation between INOS expression and macrophage function in NAFLD.
Profiling of circulating glial cells for accurate blood‐based diagnosis of glial malignancies
Authors: O'Neill Kevin , Syed Nelofer , Crook Timothy , Dubey Sudhir , Potharaju Mahadev , Limaye Sewanti , Ranade Anantbhushan , Anichini Giulio , Patil Darshana , Datta Vineet , Datar Rajan
Published: December 2023

Here, we describe a blood test for the detection of glial malignancies (GLI‐M) based on the identification of circulating glial cells (CGCs). The test is highly specific for GLI‐M and can detect multiple grades (II–IV) and subtypes including gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas and glioblastomas, irrespective of gender and age. Analytical validation of the test was performed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Real‐world performance characteristics of the test were evaluated in four clinical (observational) studies. The test has high analytical sensitivity (95%), specificity (100%) and precision (coefficient of variation [CV] = 13.7% for repeatability and CV = 23.5% for within laboratory precision, both at the detection threshold) and is not prone to interference from common drugs and serum factors. The ability of the test to detect and differentiate GLI‐M from non‐malignant brain tumours (NBT), brain metastases from primary epithelial malignancies (EPI‐M) and healthy individual donors (HD) was evaluated in four clinical cohorts. Across these clinical studies, the test showed 99.35% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.44%–99.98%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 99.37%–100%). The performance characteristics of this test support its clinical utility for diagnostic triaging of individuals presenting with intracranial space‐occupying lesions (ICSOL).
Quality of life and burden of disease of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A single‐center retrospective study in China
Authors: He Yuexi , Liu Lin , Yang Kun , Sun Kailv , Zhang Qiuli , Yang Min , Chang Jianmin
Published: December 2023

Objective

This study examined the quality of life and burden of disease of vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) patients in three states of menstruation to better understand VLS.

Methods

A total of 607 VLS patients were enrolled into this retrospective study. According to the ages of onset, menarche and menopause, the patients were divided into three groups: prepubertal group (n = 96), reproductive group (n = 400) and postmenopausal group (n = 111). Data were collected by direct interview and clinical examination.

Results

A total of 93% of patients had itching, with a median numerical rating scale score of five. In the prepubertal group, the median score was three. Nocturnal itching occurred in 49.6% patients. Nearly half of the patients (45.9%) thought the itching affected their sleep. However, this ratio was very different in the prepubertal group (20.7%). Some patients (12.8%) cleaned their vulva more than seven times per week. Only 17.2% of patients experienced no effect on their sex life. The median dermatology life quality index score in all patients was six, but it was only three in the prepubertal group. The median number of hospital visits was two times, and the number of clinic visits was three times. Previous expenses, in median, were 2000 RMB. For 84.3% patients, the gynecologic clinic was their first choice.

Conclusion

VLS places great physical, mental and economic burdens on patients. Patients in the prepubertal group had milder symptoms and dermatology life quality index score. VLS should arouse the attention of patients and specialists.
Mixed methods evaluation of the Caring for Providers to Improve Patient Experience intervention
Authors: Afulani Patience A. , Getahun Monica , Okiring Jaffer , Ogolla Beryl A. , Oboke Edwina N. , Kinyua Joyceline , Oluoch Iscar , Odiase Osamuedeme , Ochiel Dan , Mendes Wendy Berry , Ongeri Linnet
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the impact of the Caring for Providers to Improve Patient Experience (CPIPE) intervention, which sought to improve person‐centered maternal care (PCMC) by addressing two key drivers: provider stress and bias.

Methods

CPIPE was successfully piloted over 6 months in two health facilities in Migori County, Kenya, in 2022. The evaluation employed a mixed‐methods pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design. Data are from surveys with 80 providers (40 intervention, 40 control) at baseline and endline and in‐depth interviews with 20 intervention providers. We conducted bivariate, multivariate, and difference‐in‐difference analysis of quantitative data and thematic analysis of qualitative data.

Results

In the intervention group, average knowledge scores increased from 7.8 (SD = 2.4) at baseline to 9.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.8) at endline for stress (P = 0.001) and from 8.9 (SD = 1.9) to 10.7 (SD = 1.7) for bias (P = 0.001). In addition, perceived stress scores decreased from 20.9 (SD = 3.9) to 18.6 (SD = 5.3) (P = 0.019) and burnout from 3.6 (SD = 1.0) to 3.0 (SD = 1.0) (P = 0.001), with no significant change in the control group. Qualitative data indicated that CPIPE had an impact at multiple levels. At the individual level, it improved provider knowledge, skills, self‐efficacy, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. At the interpersonal level, it improved provider–provider and patient–provider relationships, leading to a supportive work environment and improved PCMC. At the institutional level, it created a system of accountability for providing PCMC and nondiscriminatory care, and collective action and advocacy to address sources of stress.

Conclusion

CPIPE impacted multiple outcomes in the theory of change, leading to improvements in both provider and patient experience, including for the most vulnerable patients. These findings will contribute to global efforts to prevent burnout and promote PCMC and equity.
Lithium salts cytotoxicity and accumulation in melanoma cells in vitro
Authors: Taskaeva Iuliia , Kasatova Anna , Razumov Ivan , Bgatova Nataliya , Taskaev Sergey
Published: December 2023

Boron neutron capture therapy is a perspective selective technology for the destruction of cancer cells, while the use of lithium instead of boron may represent a new and promising vector for the development of neutron capture therapy (NCT). The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the cytotoxicity of various lithium salts, as well as an analysis of the accumulation of lithium in tumor cells in vitro to determine the possibility of using lithium in NCT. The cytotoxicity of lithium salts was determined using MTT‐test and colony forming assay on human fibroblasts BJ‐5ta, human skin melanoma SK‐Mel‐28, and mouse skin melanoma B16 cell lines. An assessment of lithium concentration in cells was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Our results showed that three different lithium salts at a concentration of 40 μg/ml are not toxic for both tumor and normal cells. The highest uptake values were obtained on murine melanoma B16 cells when exposed to lithium carbonate (0.8 μg/106 cells); however, human melanoma SK‐Mel‐28 cells effectively accumulated both lithium carbonate and lithium citrate (about 0.46 μg/106 cells for two salts). Thus, our results demonstrate a range of non‐toxic doses of lithium salts and a high uptake of lithium by tumor cells, which indicates the possibility to use the lithium in NCT.
Prevalence of and risk factors for sarcopenia in community‐dwelling people: The Vietnam Osteoporosis Study
Authors: Hoang Duy K. , Doan Minh C. , Le Nhan M. , Nguyen Huy G. , Ho‐Pham Lan T. , Nguyen Tuan V.
Published: December 2023

Background

Sarcopenia is a geriatric disease characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal lean mass and strength with age. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the Vietnamese population is unknown. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for sarcopenia among community‐dwelling individuals in Vietnam.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study is part of the ongoing Vietnam Osteoporosis Study project. The study involved 1308 women and 591 men aged 50 years and older as at 2015 (study entry). Whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to measure the appendicular skeletal lean mass. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria proposed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between potential risk factors and sarcopenia.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia in women and men was 14% (n = 183) and 16% (n = 83), respectively. Age (odds ratio [OR] per 10 years = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.48) and being underweight (OR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.00–2.58) were independently associated with increased risk of sarcopenia. The combination of low physical activity, being underweight and advancing age accounted for ~27% of sarcopenic patients. However, most of the attributable fraction was due to ageing.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia is common in community‐dwelling Vietnamese adults, particularly those with advancing age, who are underweight and with low physical activity.
The age‐related obesity paradigm: results from two large prospective cohort studies
Authors: Ge Yi‐Zhong , Liu Tong , Deng Li , Zhang Qi , Liu Chen‐An , Ruan Guo‐Tian , Xie Hai‐Lun , Song Meng‐Meng , Lin Shi‐Qi , Yao Qin‐Hua , Shen Xian , Shi Han‐Ping ,   Investigation on the Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers (INSCOC) Group
Published: December 2023

Background

The obesity paradigm has been a health concern globally for many years, its meaning is controversial. In this study, we assess the characteristics and causes of obesity paradigm and detail the mediation of obesity and inflammation on survival.

Methods

The original cohort included participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018, a prospective cohort of a nationally representative sample of adult participants; the oncology validation cohort included patients from the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers (INSCOC) from 2013 to 2021, a prospective cohort of Chinese patients with cancer. Survival analysis was performed using weighted (NHANES) or unweighted (INSCOC) Cox survival analyses. The normal BMI group was used as a reference for all comparisons. Systemic inflammation was defined as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 3. Model‐based causal mediation analysis was used to identify the mediators.

Results

A total of 52 270 (weighted population: 528506229) participants of the NHANES [mean follow‐up times: 10.2 years; mean age (SD): 47 (19.16) years] were included in the original cohort; and a total of 17 418 patients with cancer of INSCOC [mean follow‐up times: 2.9 years; mean age (SD): 57.37 (11.66) years] were included in the validation cohort. In the subgroups of all the participants, the obesity paradigm was more apparent in older participants and participants with disease [HR (95% CI): age ≥ 65 years, 0.84 (0.76, 0.93); with cancer, 0.84 (0.71, 0.99); with CVD, 0.74 (0.65, 0.85)]. As aged, the protective effect of a high BMI on survival gradually increased and a high BMI showed the effect of a protective factor on older participants [for obese II, HR (95% CI): young adults, 1.91 (1.40, 2.62); middle age, 1.56 (1.28, 1.91); old adults, 0.85 (0.76, 0.96]). The aged‐related obesity paradigm in patients with cancer from the NHANES was verified in the INSCOC cohorts [for obese, HR (95%CI): 0.65 (0.52, 0.81)]. The NLR is an important mediator of the effect of BMI on survival (proportion of mediation = 15.4%).

Conclusions

The obesity paradigm has a strong correlation with age. Relative to normal weight, obese in young people was association with higher all‐cause mortality, and obese in elderly people was not association with higher mortality. The protection of obesity is association with systemic inflammation.
TRPC3 signalling contributes to the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Padbury Elise H. , Bálint Štefan , Carollo Emanuela , Carter David R. F. , Becker Esther B. E.
Published: December 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to a wide range of pathological processes including cancer progression, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis remain incompletely characterized. The development of tetraspanin‐based pHluorin reporters has enabled the real‐time analysis of EV release at the plasma membrane. Here, we employed CD81‐pHluorin to investigate mechanisms of EV release in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and report a novel role for the Ca2+‐permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channel TRPC3 in EV‐mediated communication. We found that specific activation of TRPC3 increased Ca2+ signalling in SKOV3 cells and stimulated an immediate increase in EV release. Ca2+‐stimulants histamine and ionomycin likewise induced EV release, and imaging analysis revealed distinct stimulation‐dependent temporal and spatial release dynamics. Interestingly, inhibition of TRPC3 attenuated histamine‐stimulated Ca2+‐entry and EV release, indicating that TRPC3 is likely to act downstream of histamine signalling in EV biogenesis. Furthermore, we found that direct activation of TRPC3 as well as the application of EVs derived from TRPC3‐activated cells increased SKOV3 proliferation. Our data provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics underlying EV release in OC cells, proposing a key role for TRPC3 in EV biogenesis.
“I felt special!”: a qualitative study of peer‐delivered HIV self‐tests, STI self‐sampling kits and PrEP for transgender women in Uganda
Authors: Mujugira Andrew , Karungi Beyonce , Mugisha Jackson , Nakyanzi Agnes , Bagaya Monica , Kamusiime Brenda , Nalumansi Alisaati , Nalukwago Grace Kakoola , Kasiita Vicent , Twesigye Chris Collins , Nampewo Olivia , Nsubuga Rogers , Nyanzi Kikulwe Robert , Muwonge Timothy , Wyatt Monique A. , Ware Norma C. , Haberer Jessica E.
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Peer delivery is a client‐centred approach that could maximize the coverage and impact of HIV services for transgender women (TGW). We conducted qualitative interviews to examine how peer‐delivered HIV self‐testing (HIVST), sexually transmitted infection self‐sampling (STISS) and oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) influenced prevention choices among TGW and their intimate partners in Uganda.

Methods

Within a cluster randomized trial of peer‐delivered HIVST, STISS and PrEP among HIV‐negative TGW (NCT04328025), we conducted 55 qualitative interviews with 30 TGW, 15 intimate partners and 10 TGW peers (August 2021–February 2022). TGW interviews explored: (1) HIV self‐test and PrEP experiences; (2) HIVST with intimate partners; and (3) descriptions of self‐sampling for STI testing. Partner interviews covered: (1) experiences with HIVST; (2) disclosure of HIV status to intimate partner; and (3) descriptions of sexual behaviours after testing. Peer interview topics included: (1) intervention delivery experiences; and (2) recommendations for peer‐delivered HIV prevention services to TGW, including psychological support and coping strategies. Qualitative data were analysed using an inductive content analytic approach.

Results

Peer‐delivered combination prevention was valued by this group of TGW and their partners. (1) Peer services extended beyond delivering HIV/STI kits and PrEP refills to caring for individual health and wellbeing by providing stigma coping strategies. Peer psychosocial support empowered research participants to become “HIVST ambassadors,” teach non‐study TGW about self‐testing and PrEP, and encourage linkage to care. (2) HIVST with intimate partners and mutual disclosure of HIV status strengthened partnered relationships. PrEP use after both partners tested HIV negative implied infidelity. (3) Self‐sampling enabled TGW to take control of their STI testing and avoid the embarrassment of exposing their bodies. Privacy and confidentiality motivated the uptake of STI testing and treatment.

Conclusions

In this sample of TGW from Uganda, peer delivery of HIVST, STISS and PrEP refills benefitted individual prevention efforts and extended to a new linkage of TGW not engaged in care. Integrating peer services into differentiated PrEP delivery could increase HIV/STI test coverage and PrEP use in this vulnerable population.
Heterogeneous effects of violence on student achievement: Evidence from Colombia
Authors: Grueso Hernando
Published: December 2023

In this paper, I study the causal relationship between violence and human capital accumulation. Due to a power vacuum left in conflict zones of Colombia after the 2016 peace agreement, large spikes in violence were reported in the municipalities of the country dominated by the rebel group FARC. I compare student test scores in municipalities that experienced the increase in violence to the ones that did not, before and after the national peace agreement. I find that a 10% increase in the homicide rate reduces average high school test scores by approximately 0.03 standard deviations. However, this impact is greater in the case of poor students who suffered a reduction of about 0.1 standard deviations per subject area, equivalent to 3.3 percentage points out of the final score. I also consider heterogeneity by gender finding a slightly larger negative impact on female students. This disparate effect on women and on the poorest students adds new evidence to the literature on the effects of armed conflict on learning outcomes.
Increased neurotoxicity of high‐density lipoprotein secreted from murine reactive astrocytes deficient in a peroxisomal very‐long‐chain fatty acid transporter Abcd1
Authors: Fujitani Naoki , Akashi Tomoya , Saito Masayoshi , Morita Masashi , So Takanori , Oka Kozo
Published: December 2023

X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1, resulting in the accumulation of very‐long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in tissues. The etiology of X‐ALD is unclear. Activated astrocytes play a pathological role in X‐ALD. Recently, reactive astrocytes have been shown to induce neuronal cell death via saturated lipids in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), although how HDL from reactive astrocytes exhibits neurotoxic effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we obtained astrocytes from wild‐type and Abcd1‐deficient mice. HDL was purified from the culture supernatant of astrocytes, and the effect of HDL on neurons was evaluated in vitro. To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that HDL obtained from Abcd1‐deficient reactive astrocytes induces a significantly higher level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of cell damage, from mouse primary cortical neurons as compared to HDL from wild‐type reactive astrocytes. Notably, HDL from Abcd1‐deficient astrocytes contained significantly high amounts of VLCFA‐containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LysoPC. Activation of Abcd1‐deficient astrocytes led to the production of HDL containing decreased amounts of PC with arachidonic acid in sn‐2 acyl moieties and increased amounts of LysoPC, presumably through cytosolic phospholipase A2α upregulation. These results suggest that compositional changes in PC and LysoPC in HDL, due to Abcd1 deficiency and astrocyte activation, may contribute to neuronal damage. Our findings provide novel insights into central nervous system pathology in X‐ALD.
Effect of quasi‐biennial oscillation on the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon
Authors: Hu Yiyang , Jian Maoqiu , Gao Si
Published: December 2023

The interannual relationship between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon intensity (SCSSMI) is investigated using the ERA5 data set in the period of 1953–2020. The QBO–SCSSMI connection is weak in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related summer, but significant in neutral ENSO summer. In neutral ENSO summer, there is significant positive correlation between QBO and SCSSMI, that is, the SCSSMI is enhanced in the QBO westerly phase, while it is weakened in the QBO easterly phase with larger amplitude of the SCSSMI anomaly. QBO may modulate the SCSSMI in three possible ways. The QBO‐related temperature anomalies downward to the lower stratosphere directly affect the SCS monsoon convection by modulating the upper‐tropospheric stability and tropopause height over the SCS region. Moreover, the QBO‐related anomalous zonal wind downward to the lower stratosphere may regulate cross‐tropopause vertical wind shear and then modulate the convection development. Besides, the QBO‐related zonal wind and temperature signals propagating downward into the upper troposphere can affect the horizontal divergence by influencing the vertical vorticity and the geopotential via thermal forcing. Through those three processes, QBO directly affects the deep convection activities and then modulates the SCSSMI via internal dynamic adjustment. In the southern SCS, cross‐tropopause vertical wind shear makes a main contribution to deep convections, while upper‐tropospheric static stability makes a major contribution to deep convection in the northern SCS. The conclusions are also generally verified by the CMIP6 model simulation.
Does cryotherapy decrease the local recurrence rate in the treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst? A comparative assessment
Authors: Levanon Eran , Merose Omri , Segal Ortal , Dadia Solomon , Sternheim Amir , Levin Dror , Sher Osnat , Gortzak Yair
Published: December 2023

Curettage with or without the use of adjuvants is the standard of care in the treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Historically, our approach combined curettage, high‐speed burr drilling, and cryoablation. However, treatments varied based on age, tumor location, and surgeon preference. We asked: (1) Does cryoablation in addition to curettage and burr drilling decrease the local recurrence rates? (2) Are there any risk factors for the local recurrence rate? (3) Does cryoablation improve postsurgical functional outcomes in these patients? Patients treated for an ABC, between January 2006 and December 2019 were included in this retrospective analysis. Patient and surgical characteristics, such as age, gender, tumor location, type of treatment, time of follow‐up, recurrence rate, and functional outcome measured by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score 1993 (MSTS93) score were compared between those treated with and without cryoablation. Both groups, without cryoablation (n = 88) and with cryoablation (n = 42), showed no significant difference in local recurrence rates (9.1% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.553) and functional outcomes as measured by the MSTS93 score (28.9 vs. 27.8, p = 0.262). Risk factors analyzed did not significantly affect local recurrence risk, except for secondary ABC diagnosis (p = 0.017). The cryoablation group had a more extended follow‐up (45.6 vs. 73.2 months, p < 0.001), reflecting a shift in practice over time. We found no significant difference in local recurrence rate or functional outcome in patients treated with or without cryoablation. Formal curettage with additional high‐speed burr drilling provides effective tumor control and favorable functional outcomes, negating the need for adjuvant cryoablation.
Layered manganese oxides structures: Micro‐Raman and selected mobile Raman spectroscopic studies
Authors: Vermeersch Eva , Košek Filip , De Grave Johan , Jehlička Jan , Rousaki Anastasia
Published: December 2023

The main structural building blocks that form manganese oxides are MnO6 octahedra; these share corners and edges to construct specific structures, which can either be tunneled or layered. In the layered structures, that is, phyllomanganates, the MnO6 octahedra form sheets, which, in turn, alternate with sheets of metal oxides and H2O. These metal ions can vary (Zn, Co, Ni, Al, Li, …) and give rise to an entire range of different metal oxides. The characterization of these layered materials is important as they have various economical/industrial applications. Birnessite‐type materials, a specific type of layered manganese oxides, are widely studied for their use as cathode materials in alkali‐ion batteries. Phyllomanganates are also commonly found as constituents in sediments and soils or as coatings on rock surfaces. Their natural occurrence as black colored components have ensured that these minerals were also applied as pigments in archaeological and historical contexts. They are, for example, often found in rock art paintings and on pottery. As the oxides are used in unique archaeological objects, Raman spectroscopy is an evident choice for characterization due to its non‐destructive nature of analysis. In the current study, five mineral samples of (layered) manganese oxides are analyzed with different Raman instrumentations, including mobile systems and a benchtop micro‐Raman setup. The characterization of each selected manganese oxide and their comparison with literature data is discussed for the micro‐Raman instrumentation. In addition, the ability of identifying and characterizing layered manganese oxides and the possible challenges when using mobile instrumentation are discussed as well.
The preservation effect of biodegradable gelatin coating incorporated with grape seed oil on glazed shrimp
Authors: Baygar Tuba , Metin Hacisa Cansu , Baygar Taçnur , Alparslan Yunus
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to investigate the quality and shelf life of shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) glazed with biodegradable gelatin solutions combined with grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil (GSO). Therefore, shrimps were divided into five groups and were glazed with distilled water (control), G (gelatin), G + 5% GSO (gelatin with 5% GSO), G + 10% GSO (gelatin with 10% GSO) and G + 15% GSO (gelatin with 15% GSO). Glazed shrimps were vacuum packaged and stored at −18 °C for 12 months. Proximate composition of the shrimps was determined, and the microbial (total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacteria count and Enterobacteriaceae), sensorial, chemical (residual sulfite, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) analysis, colour measurement, and melanosis formation were evaluated throughout the storage period.

RESULTS

According to the analysis results, edible G + GSO coatings improved the meat quality and the brightness of the shrimps. The combined treatment reduced the quality loss of the shrimps which was caused by lipid content and prevented the total psychotropic bacteria growth throughout the storage. Moreover, glazing with G + GSO retarded the melanosis formation of the frozen shrimps.

CONCLUSION

The study results revealed that GSO may be a recommended alternatively to sodium metabisulfite, which is a hazardous chemical substance commonly used against melanosis of shrimps. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Investigation of phytotoxicity and defense responses in pepper exposed to molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles by multi‐omics and phenotypic analyses
Authors: Li Xiaokang , Yan Yan , Meng Chongchong , Zhang Sibo , Hu Xiangang
Published: December 2023

Molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2NPs) have attracted considerable attention in the fields of environmental protection and agricultural production. Understanding the potential crop risk (especially in edible parts) incurred by MoS2NPs and the corresponding plant defense against toxicity is a prerequisite for assessing human dietary safety and improving the safe‐by design of such NPs; however, relevant information remains largely unknown. This study examines the toxicity of MoS2NPs to edible vegetable crops of pepper and their corresponding defense mechanisms. Our findings revealed that exposure to MoS2NPs triggered the defense in pepper via reducing transpiration rates in leaves by 36.5%–54.8% and via increasing catalase activity, mineral elements, and gibberellic acid in fruit by 10.7%–32.4%, 0.2%–92.8%, and 28.0%–72.4%, respectively. The defensive response to MoS2NPs stress was also reflected in the elevated amino acid metabolism (e.g., arginine and proline metabolism in leaves, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in fruits), and in the regulation of the oxidation–reduction process proteins in fruits (e.g., increased acyl‐coenzyme A oxidase and cytochrome P450, decreased NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain and cytokinin dehydrogenase). However, oxidative stress in pepper fruits (e.g., increased H2O2 and malondialdehyde, ultrastructural damage, reduced biomass) was still induced by MoS2NPs, suggesting an unbalance between defense systems and abiotic stress. This study provides valuable insights into the impacts of MoS2NPs on edible parts of crops and helps to assess their ecological risk.
Laser surface textures enhance the friction and wear behaviour of orthodontic brackets
Authors: Zhou Kai , Pan Zonglin , Luo Xin , Yang Ping , Wang Pengfei
Published: December 2023

Minimising the friction force of the archwire‐bracket sliding contact is crucial for achieving a high‐quality orthodontic treatment. Micro‐dimples and micro‐grooves textures were successfully produced on the two slot surfaces of the stainless steel orthodontic brackets with the laser surface texturing technology. The effect of surface texture on reducing the friction and wear behaviour of the stainless steel archwire‐bracket sliding contact combinations in artificial saliva environment was investigated. Friction coefficients of less than 0.15 and mild wear were obtained by using the three rows micro‐grooves textured bracket with a width of 60 μm and a spacing of 150 μm. The friction and wear performance was further enhanced with the addition of orthodontic wax materials. It was strongly argued that the synergetic effects of the fabricated micro‐grooves texture and the added orthodontic wax materials leading to the outstanding friction and wear behaviour of the archwire‐bracket sliding contacts.
Recent advances and key challenges of the emerging MBenes from synthesis to applications
Authors: Guo Zhuobin , Zhang Liangzhu , Azam Tasmia , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: December 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal borides (MBenes) as an analog to 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have been considered promising platform materials for exploring their physical and chemical properties, due to their tunable composition, excellent stability, and good conductivity. Lots of theoretical studies have predicted possible mechanical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of MBenes, which inspired their research in energy storage and conversion applications. However, a detailed review focusing on the synthesis of high‐quality MBene nanosheets and their energy‐related applications is not available. In this review, MBene with different structures and the latest developments in synthesizing high‐quality MBene nanosheets from top‐down exfoliation and down‐top chemical vapor deposition are first summarized. Then, the basic properties of MBene are investigated, including mechanical properties, metallicity, and magnetism. Next, their key applications such as hydrogen production, ammonia production, and energy storage are elaborately discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and key challenges of MBenes's synthesis and applications are briefly provided.
A novel 11 base pair deletion in KMT2C resulting in Kleefstra syndrome 2
Authors: Whitford Whitney , Taylor Juliet , Hayes Ian , Smith Warwick , Snell Russell G. , Lehnert Klaus , Jacobsen Jessie C.
Published: December 2023

Background

Haploinsufficiency of the Lysine Methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C) gene results in the autosomal dominant disorder, Kleefstra syndrome 2. It is an extremely rare neurodevelopmental condition, with 14 previous reports describing varied clinical manifestations including dysmorphic features, delayed psychomotor development and delayed growth.

Methods

Here, we describe a female with global developmental delay, attention deficit disorder, dyspraxia, short stature and subtle non‐specific dysmorphic features. To identify causative mutations, whole exome sequencing was performed on the proband and her younger brother with discrete clinical presentation.

Results

Whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo heterozygous 11 bp deletion in KMT2C (c.1759_1769del), resulting in a frameshift mutation and early termination of the protein (p.Gln587SerfsTer7). This variant is the second‐most N‐terminal reported mutation, located 4171 amino acids upstream of the critical enzymatically active SET domain (required for chromatin modification and histone methylation).

Conclusion

The majority of the other reported mutations are frameshift mutations upstream of the SET domain and are predicted to result in protein truncation. It is thought that truncation of the SET domain, results functionally in an inability to modify chromatin through histone methylation. This report expands the clinical and genetic characterisation of Kleefstra syndrome 2.
Multiscale Monte Carlo simulations for dosimetry in x‐ray breast imaging: Part II ‐ Microscopic scales
Authors: Massera Rodrigo T. , Tomal Alessandra , Thomson Rowan M.
Published: December 2023

Background

Although the benefits of breast screening and early diagnosis are known for reducing breast cancer mortality rates, the effects and risks of low radiation doses to the cells in the breast are still ongoing topics of study.

Purpose

To study specific energy distributions () in cytoplasm and nuclei of cells corresponding to glandular tissue for different x‐ray breast imaging modalities.

Methods

A cubic lattice (500 μm length side) containing 4064 spherical cells was irradiated with photons loaded from phase space files with varying glandular voxel doses (). Specific energy distributions were scored for nucleus and cytoplasm compartments using the PENELOPE (v. 2018) + penEasy (v. 2020) Monte Carlo (MC) code. The phase space files, generated in part I of this work, were obtained from MC simulations in a voxelized anthropomorphic phantom corresponding to glandular voxels for different breast imaging modalities, including digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) and breast CT (BCT).

Results

In general, the average specific energy in nuclei is higher than the respective glandular dose scored in the same region, by up to 10%. The specific energy distributions for nucleus and cytoplasm are directly related to the magnitude of the glandular dose in the voxel (), with little dependence on the spatial location. For similar values, for nuclei is different between DM/DBT and CEDM/BCT, indicating that distinct x‐ray spectra play significant roles in . In addition, this behavior is also present when the specific energy distribution () is considered taking into account the GDD in the breast.

Conclusions

Microdosimetry studies are complementary to the traditional macroscopic breast dosimetry based on the mean glandular dose (MGD). For the same MGD, the specific energy distribution in glandular tissue varies between breast imaging modalities, indicating that this effect could be considered for studying the risks of exposing the breast to ionizing radiation.
Mechanical, Rheological, and Heat Seal Properties of 1‐Octene Grafted Low Density Polyethylene Films
Authors: Salmani Fatemeh , Shemshadi Rasoul , Moghaddampour Issa Mousazadeh , Ahmadi Shervin , Naderi Ghasem , Sahraeian Razi , Paran Seyed Mohamad Reza
Published: December 2023

Heat seal and mechanical properties of 1‐octene grafted low density polyethylene films containing various concentrations of Dicumyl peroxide as the initiator and 1‐octene grafting agent is investigated through using experimental measurements. The results of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements revealed that the melting temperature shifts to higher values and the peak of the DSC curve becomes wider with the increase of 1‐octene concentrations. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a higher thermal stability up to 20 °C for 1‐octene grafted PE compared with neat LDPE alloy. The results of stress–strain measurements revealed that the 1‐octene grafted PE alloys has higher tensile strength in comparison with neat PE alloy and samples containing only DCP initiator. The results of heat seal analysis indicated that both DCP initiator and 1‐octene tended to offer a moderate increase peel strength of PE alloy. DMTA measurements for various grafted PE alloys show a higher damping factor in comparison with neat LDPE alloy. Rheological measurements indicated a higher storage modulus up to 25% and higher complex viscosity for grafted PE samples containing 1‐octene comonomer.
Quantification of whole‐organ individual and bilateral renal metabolic rate of oxygen
Authors: Deshpande Rajiv S. , Langham Michael C. , Lee Hyunyeol , Kamona Nada , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Renal metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO2) is a potentially important biomarker of kidney function. The key parameters for rMRO2 quantification include blood flow rate (BFR) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) in a draining vessel. Previous approaches to quantify renal metabolism have focused on the single organ. Here, both kidneys are considered as one unit to quantify bilateral rMRO2. A pulse sequence to facilitate bilateral rMRO2 quantification is introduced.

Methods

To quantify bilateral rMRO2, measurements of BFR and SvO2 are made along the inferior vena cava (IVC) at suprarenal and infrarenal locations. From the continuity equation, these four parameters can be related to derive an expression for bilateral rMRO2. The recently reported K‐MOTIVE pulse sequence was implemented at four locations: left kidney, right kidney, suprarenal IVC, and infrarenal IVC. A dual‐band variant of K‐MOTIVE (db‐K‐MOTIVE) was developed by incorporating simultaneous‐multi‐slice imaging principles. The sequence simultaneously measures BFR and SvO2 at suprarenal and infrarenal locations in a single pass of 21 s, yielding bilateral rMRO2.

Results

SvO2 and BFR are higher in suprarenal versus infrarenal IVC, and the renal veins are highly oxygenated (SvO2 >90%). Bilateral rMRO2 quantified in 10 healthy subjects (8 M, 30 ± 8 y) was found to be 291 ± 247 and 349 ± 300 (μmolO2/min)/100 g, derived from K‐MOTIVE and db‐K‐MOTIVE, respectively. In comparison, total rMRO2 from combining left and right was 329 ± 273 (μmolO2/min)/100 g.

Conclusion

The present work demonstrates that bilateral rMRO2 quantification is feasible with fair reproducibility and physiological plausibility. The indirect method is a promising approach to compute bilateral rMRO2 when individual rMRO2 quantification is difficult.
PELOTA and HBS1 suppress co‐translational messenger RNA decay in Arabidopsis
Authors: Guo Rong , Gregory Brian D.
Published: December 2023

Various messenger RNA (mRNA) decay mechanisms play major roles in controlling mRNA quality and quantity in eukaryotic organisms under different conditions. While it is known that the recently discovered co‐translational mRNA decay (CTRD), the mechanism that allows mRNAs to be degraded while still being actively translated, is prevalent in yeast, humans, and various angiosperms, the regulation of this decay mechanism is less well studied. Moreover, it is still unclear whether this decay mechanism plays any role in the regulation of specific physiological processes in eukaryotes. Here, by re‐analyzing the publicly available polysome profiling or ribosome footprinting and degradome sequencing datasets, we discovered that highly translated mRNAs tend to have lower co‐translational decay levels. Based on this finding, we then identified Pelota and Hbs1, the translation‐related ribosome rescue factors, as suppressors of co‐translational mRNA decay in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we found that Pelota and Hbs1 null mutants have lower germination rates compared to the wild‐type plants, implying that proper regulation of co‐translational mRNA decay is essential for normal developmental processes. In total, our study provides further insights into the regulation of CTRD in Arabidopsis and demonstrates that this decay mechanism does play important roles in Arabidopsis physiological processes.
Structural and functional validation of a highly specific Smurf2 inhibitor
Authors: Tessier Tanner M. , Chowdhury Arvid , Stekel Zane , Fux Julia , Sartori Maria Augusta , Teyra Joan , Jarvik Nick , Chung Jacky , Kurinov Igor , Sicheri Frank , Sidhu Sachdev S. , Singer Alex U. , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2023

Smurf1 and Smurf2 are two closely related member of the HECT (homologous to E6AP carboxy terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligase family and play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes. Both were initially identified to regulate transforming growth factor‐β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways through regulating Smad protein stability and are now implicated in various pathological processes. Generally, E3 ligases, of which over 800 exist in humans, are ideal targets for inhibition as they determine substrate specificity; however, there are few inhibitors with the ability to precisely target a particular E3 ligase of interest. In this work, we explored a panel of ubiquitin variants (UbVs) that were previously identified to bind Smurf1 or Smurf2. In vitro binding and ubiquitination assays identified a highly specific Smurf2 inhibitor, UbV S2.4, which was able to inhibit ligase activity with high potency in the low nanomolar range. Orthologous cellular assays further demonstrated high specificity of UbV S2.4 toward Smurf2 and no cross‐reactivity toward Smurf1. Structural analysis of UbV S2.4 in complex with Smurf2 revealed its mechanism of inhibition was through targeting the E2 binding site. In summary, we investigated several protein‐based inhibitors of Smurf1 and Smurf2 and identified a highly specific Smurf2 inhibitor that disrupts the E2–E3 protein interaction interface.
The role of lysine acetylation in the function of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12
Authors: Paluch Katelynn V. , Platz Karlie R. , Rudisel Emma J. , Erdmann Ryan R. , Laurin Taylor R. , Dittenhafer‐Reed Kristin E.
Published: December 2023

Mitochondria play a central role in energy production and cellular metabolism. Mitochondria contain their own small genome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) that carries the genetic instructions for proteins required for ATP synthesis. The mitochondrial proteome, including the mitochondrial transcriptional machinery, is subject to post‐translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation and phosphorylation. We set out to determine whether PTMs of proteins associated with mtDNA may provide a potential mechanism for the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. Here, we focus on mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12 (MRPL12), which is thought to stabilize mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) and promote transcription. Numerous acetylation sites of MRPL12 were identified by mass spectrometry. We employed amino acid mimics of the acetylated (lysine to glutamine mutants) and deacetylated (lysine to arginine mutants) versions of MRPL12 to interrogate the role of lysine acetylation in transcription initiation in vitro and mitochondrial gene expression in HeLa cells. MRPL12 acetyl and deacetyl protein mimics were purified and assessed for their ability to impact mtDNA promoter binding of POLRMT. We analyzed mtDNA content and mitochondrial transcript levels in HeLa cells upon overexpression of acetyl and deacetyl mimics of MRPL12. Our results suggest that MRPL12 single‐site acetyl mimics do not change the mtDNA promoter binding ability of POLRMT or mtDNA content in HeLa cells. Individual acetyl mimics may have modest effects on mitochondrial transcript levels. We found that the mitochondrial deacetylase, Sirtuin 3, is capable of deacetylating MRPL12 in vitro, suggesting a potential role for dynamic acetylation controlling MRPL12 function in a role outside of the regulation of gene expression.