bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey on the occurrence of milk fever in dairy cows and the current preventive strategies adopted by farmers in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Bhanugopan MS , Lievaart J
Published: May 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate general and specific strategies adopted by New South Wales (NSW) farmers to prevent milk fever (MF) and its occurrence at calving within their dairy herds.

Design and methods

Of 300 dairy farmers in NSW randomly chosen and sent questionnaires, descriptive analysis of the returned data was performed for 102 questionnaires. To identify the various strategies used to prevent MF and its incidence, farms were classified as having a low (<3%) or high (>3%) incidence of MF. The data were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression model and backwards stepwise elimination to identify significant preventive strategies adopted by farmers having a low or high incidence of MF.

Results

Based on the 102 responses, the median incidence of MF in the NSW dairy region was 3% (range 0–30%). The farms with low MF incidence practised specific MF control strategies, such as feeding dry cows separately, grain supplementation and feeding a low‐potassium ration before calving and using a commercial ration mix immediately after calving. The time to first milking post‐calving was on average 13.6 h on the low‐incidence farms compared with 21.1 h on the high‐incidence farms.

Conclusions

The low median incidence of MF (3%) in NSW was probably related in part to awareness of the importance of feeding a low‐potassium, high‐grain diet before calving. However, the incidence of MF was high on the farms not practising specific MF preventive methods.
Antimetastatic Effects of Licochalcone B on Human Bladder Carcinoma T24 by Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases‐9 and NF‐кB Activity
Authors: Zhao Hong , Yuan Xuan , Jiang Jiangtao , Wang Penglong , Sun Xiling , Wang Dong , Zheng Qiusheng
Published: May 2014

This study investigated the mechanisms by which licochalcone B (LCB) inhibits the adhesion,invasion and metastasis of human malignant bladder cancer T24 cells. Cell viability was evaluated using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cell migration and invasion ability were conducted using wound‐healing assay and matrigel transwell invasion assay. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 were measured by gelatin zymography protease assays. The expression in protein level of NF‐κBP65 and AP‐1 was determined using the ELISA method; the protein levels of MMP‐9, NF‐κBP65, IκBα and P‐IκBα were detected by Western blot. The expression in mRNA level of MMP‐9 was assessed using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR. The results indicated that LCB attenuated T24 cell migration, adhesion and invasion in a concentration‐dependent manner. LCB treatment down‐regulated the mRNA expression, protein expression and activity of MMP‐9 but had no effect on MMP‐2. In addition, LCB treatment decreased the protein level of NF‐кBP65 and nuclear translocation of NF‐кB. These findings suggested that LCB attenuated migration of bladder cancer T24 cells and adhesion and invasion accompanied with down‐regulated protein expression of MMP‐9 and the nuclear translocation of NF‐кB. Our results provide support that LCB may be a potent adjuvant therapeutic agent in the prevention and therapy of bladder cancer.
Adaptive Surface Visualization of Vessels with Animated Blood Flow
Authors: Lawonn Kai , Gasteiger Rocco , Preim Bernhard
Published: May 2014

The investigation of hemodynamic information for the assessment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) gained importance in recent years. Improved flow measuring modalities and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations yield in reliable blood flow information. For a visual exploration of the flow information, domain experts are used to investigate the flow information combined with its enclosed vessel anatomy. Since the flow is spatially embedded in the surrounding vessel surface, occlusion problems have to be resolved. A visual reduction of the vessel surface that still provides important anatomical features is required. We accomplish this by applying an adaptive surface visualization inspired by the suggestive contour measure. Furthermore, an illustration is employed to highlight the animated pathlines and to emphasize nearby surface regions. Our approach combines several visualization techniques to improve the perception of surface shape and depth. Thereby, we ensure appropriate visibility of the embedded flow information, which can be depicted with established or advanced flow visualization techniques. We apply our approach to cerebral aneurysms and aortas with simulated and measured blood flow. An informal user feedback with nine domain experts, we confirm the advantages of our approach compared with existing methods, e.g. semi‐transparent surface rendering. Additionally, we assessed the applicability and usefulness of the pathline animation with highlighting nearby surface regions.
RETRACTED: Biphasic β‐TCP mixed with silicon increases bone formation in critical site defects in rabbit calvaria
Authors: Calvo‐Guirado José Luis , Garces Miguel , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Ramirez Fernandez Maria P. , Ferres‐Amat Eduard , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: May 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the bone regeneration of critical size defects in rabbit calvarias filled with β‐TCP doped with silicon.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐one New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. Two critical size defects were created in the parietal bones. Three experimental groups were evaluated: Test A (HA/β‐TCP granules alone), Test B (HA/β‐TCP granules plus 3% silicon), Control (empty defect). The animals were sacrificed at 8 and 12 weeks. Evaluation was performed by μCT analysis and histomorphometry.

Results

μCT evaluation showed higher volume reduction in Test A group compared with Test B (P < 0.05). The Test B group showed the highest values for cortical closure and bone formation around the particles, followed by Test A and controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this animal study, it can be concluded that HA/β‐TCP plus 3% silicon increases bone formation in critical size defects in rabbit calvarias, and the incorporation of 3% silicon reduces the resorption rate of the HA/β‐TCP granules.
Implants failures related to endodontic treatment. An observational retrospective study
Authors: López‐Martínez Fanny , Gómez Moreno Gerardo , Olivares‐Ponce Patricia , Eduardo Jaramillo David , Eduardo Maté Sánchez de Val José , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis
Published: May 2014

Objective

The aim of the study was to analyze potential etiological risk factors that constitute a complex problem in the clinical management of peri‐implantitis.

Materials and methods

An observational retrospective study was conducted to describe the possible effect of lesions of origin pulpar and/or periapical success or failure of the implant. The sample consisted of review of 800 implants, of which 500 were conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry of the UANL and 300 private clinics of Maxillofacial surgeons experienced in the placement of those who reside in Monterrey, Mexico. Five hundred and eighty cases correspond to female patients while that 220 patients of the male gender. The age of patients at the time of placing the implant ranged from 28 to 81 years.

Results

Of 800 study subjects who underwent dental implant treatments, 200 cases (25%) were detected which presented endodontic failure prior and/or adjacent to the placement of the implant. The 50.41% had peri‐implantitis, recording 62 cases in the Faculty and 18 cases (23.38%) in private clinics, finding that there was a statistically significant difference between the presence and absence of peri‐implantitis in terms of failed endodontic prior and/or adjacent to the placement of the implant.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this observational retrospective study, it could be concluded that the development of inflammatory changes mediated by the presence of remnant bacteria surrounding hard tissues adjacent to implants might induce late failures of implants, and potentially trigger pathological features of apical peri‐implantitis.
Maintenance therapy in patients following the surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Serino Giovanni , Turri Alberto , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To evaluate the outcomes of conventional periodontal maintenance therapy on patients surgically treated for peri‐implantitis.

Material and methods

27 patients with 149 dental implants were monitored during 5 years every 6 months. At each recall visit, the prostheses were removed to have proper access for implant examination and supra‐ and sub‐gingival instrumentation. Sub‐gingival instrumentation was performed using an ultrasonic instrument with under 0.12% chlorhexidine irrigation.

Results

At baseline (6 months following peri‐implant surgery), 149 implants (78 not treated and 71 treated) were available for analysis. Of the 71 treated implants, 43 presented healthy peri‐implant condition, while 28 had residual peri‐implant pockets either of 4–5 mm or ≥6 mm associated with bleeding on probing/suppuration. The longitudinal evaluation revealed that the plaque and the bleeding index scores were low during the entire follow‐up period, and healthy peri‐implant conditions were maintained for both the 78 non‐treated and the 43 treated “healthy” implants. Of the 28 implants with residual pockets, nine showed clinical attachment loss during the 5‐year follow‐up. Thus, of 71 treated implants, probing attachment loss occurred in only in 9 (13%) of the implants in four patients during the 5‐year period. The presence of residual pockets at three or four sites of the implants (circumferential type of pockets) was frequently associated with increased probing pocket depth (PPD) and attachment loss, while this was not the case for implants with the presence of pockets at one or two sites only (site specific).

Conclusion

In patients with a high standard of oral hygiene and enrolled in a recall system every 6 months, the peri‐implant conditions obtained following peri‐implant surgery were maintained stable for the majority of subjects and implants during a 5‐year period. Presence of residual pockets around the circumference of the implants seemed to be a high predictor for disease progression.
Bone neo‐formation and mineral degradation of 4Bone.® Part I: material characterization and SEM study in critical size defects in rabbits
Authors: Maté Sánchez de Val José E. , Calvo Guirado José Luis , Delgado Ruiz Rafael A. , Gómez Moreno Gerardo , Ramírez Fernández Maria P. , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: May 2014

Objective

This study reports the characterization process and in vivo application of a new high‐porosity biphasic calcium phosphate (4Bone® – HA 60%/β‐TCP 40%) inserted into the critical size defect of a rabbit tibiae.

Material and methods

Two critical size defects of 6 mm diameter were created in each tibia of 15 New Zealand rabbits, and a total of 60 defects were divided into a test group filled with 4Bone® (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The material and the implants were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) fitted with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX).

Results

The biomaterial's grain size decreased progressively with the graft integration process over the 60‐day study period. Element analysis revealed increased percentages of Ca/P (2.86 ± 0.32 vs. 1.97 ± 0.59) in new bone and at the interface (P < 0.05). Element mapping showed that Ca and P were concentrated in the medullary and cortical zones in the test group but were concentrated only in cortical zones in the control group.

Conclusions

Critical size defects in a rabbit tibia model can be sealed using this highly porous biphasic calcium phosphate; it supports new bone formation, creates a bridge between defect borders, and facilitates bone in growth
Bone formation in sinus augmentation procedures using autologous bone, porcine bone, and a 50 : 50 mixture: a human clinical and histological evaluation at 2 months
Authors: Cassetta Michele , Perrotti Vittoria , Calasso Sabrina , Piattelli Adriano , Sinjari Bruna , Iezzi Giovanna
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to perform a 2 months clinical and histological comparison of autologous bone, porcine bone, and a 50 : 50 mixture in maxillary sinus augmentation procedures.

Materials and methods

A total of 10 consecutive patients, undergoing two‐stage sinus augmentation procedures using 100% autologous bone (Group A), 100% porcine bone (Group B), and a 50 : 50 mixture of autologous and porcine bone (Group C) were included in this study. After a 2‐month healing period, at the time of implant insertion, clinical evaluation was performed and bone core biopsies were harvested and processed for histological analysis.

Results

The postoperative healing was uneventful regardless of the materials used for the sinus augmentation procedures. The histomorphometrical analysis revealed comparable percentages of newly formed bone, marrow spaces, and residual grafted material in the three groups.

Conclusion

The clinical and histological results of this study indicated that porcine bone alone or in combination with autologous bone are biocompatible and osteoconductive materials and can be successfully used in sinus augmentation procedures.
Digital Games and Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Sandbrook Chris , Adams William M. , Monteferri Bruno
Published: May 2014

Digital games play an important role in the lives of millions of people worldwide. The games industry is expanding rapidly, and games are developing in sophistication and complexity. Games (and gaming approaches to other activities) are increasingly being used for serious or social purposes in a wide range of fields, including biodiversity conservation. This paper evaluates the potential of “conservation games” (digital games that promote conservation). It explores ways in which conservation might make use of digital games in the areas of (1) education and behavior change, (2) fundraising, and (3) research, monitoring, and planning. It discusses the risk that games may distract gamers from the real world and its problems or provide misleadingly simple narratives about conservation issues. We conclude that there is great potential for conservation to take more advantage of digital games, provided that conservation games are developed in collaboration with game design specialists, have specific rather than general aims, target a specific and conservation‐relevant audience, and (above all) are fun to play.
Participatory Conservation of Coastal Habitats: The Importance of Understanding Homeowner Decision Making to Mitigate Cascading Shoreline Degradation
Authors: Scyphers Steven B. , Picou J. Steven , Powers Sean P.
Published: May 2014

Along densely populated coasts, the armoring of shorelines is a prevalent cause of natural habitat loss and degradation. This article explores the values and decision making of waterfront homeowners and identifies two interlinked and potentially reversible drivers of coastal degradation. We discovered that: (1) misperceptions regarding the environmental impacts and cost‐effectiveness of different shoreline conditions was common and may promote armoring; and (2) many homeowners reported only altering their shorelines in response to damage caused by armoring on neighboring properties. Collectively, these findings suggest that a single homeowner's decision may trigger cascading degradation along a shoreline, which highlights the necessity of protecting existing large stretches of natural shoreline. However, our study also found that most homeowners were concerned with environmental impacts and preferred the aesthetics of natural landscapes, both of which could indicate nascent support and pathways for conservation initiatives along residential shorelines.
Acute application of antioxidants protects against hyperoxia‐induced reduction of plasma nitrite concentration
Authors: Vucinovic Zoran , Duplancic Darko , Seselja‐Perisin Ana , Kukoc‐Modun Lea , Gunjaca Grgo , Radman Maja , Vukovic Jonatan , Tsikas Dimitrios , Poljak Kolja , Modun Darko
Published: May 2014

We investigated the effects of acute intake of antioxidants on hyperoxia‐induced oxidative stress, reduction of plasma nitrite and change in arterial stiffness. Twelve healthy males randomly consumed either placebo or an oral antioxidant cocktail (vitamin C, 1000 mg; vitamin E, 600 IU; alpha‐lipoic acid, 600 mg). Every therapy was consumed once, a week apart, in a cross‐over design, 30 min before the experiment. The volunteers breathed 100% normobaric oxygen between 30th and 60th min of 1‐h study protocol. Plasma levels of nitrite, lipid peroxides (LOOH) and vitamin C, arterial stiffness (indicated by augmentation index, AIx) and arterial oxygen (PtcO2) pressure were measured before and after hyperoxia. Exposure to oxygen caused a similar increase of PtcO2 in both placebo and antioxidants groups, confirming comparable exposure to hyperoxia (438 ± 100 versus 455 ± 83 mm Hg). Vitamin C was increased in the antioxidants group confirming successful application of antioxidants (69 ± 14 versus 57 ± 15 μm). Hyperoxia resulted in increased AIx and LOOH and decreased nitrite in placebo (−32 ± 11 versus −47 ± 13%, 72 ± 7 versus 62 ± 6 μm H2O2 and 758 ± 184 versus 920 ± 191 nm, respectively), but not in the antioxidants group (−42 ± 13 versus −50 ± 13%, 64 ± 9 versus 61 ± 8 μm H2O2 and 847 ± 156 versus 936 ± 201 nm, respectively). The acute intake of selected antioxidants was effective in preserving bioavailabity of ˙NO and vascular function, against hyperoxia‐induced oxidative stress.
Differential effects of age on large artery stiffness and minimal vascular resistance in normotensive and mildly hypertensive individuals
Authors: Svendsen Morten B. , Khatir Dinah S. , Peters Christian D. , Christensen Kent L. , Buus Niels H.
Published: May 2014

Large artery stiffness and small artery structural changes are both cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial stiffness increases with age and blood pressure (BP), but it is unclear in which way large artery pulse wave velocity (PWV) and peripheral vascular resistance are related and whether age has any influence. In a cross‐sectional study, PWV and forearm minimum vascular resistance (Rmin) was compared with emphasis on the impact of age. Normotensive (n = 53) and untreated hypertensive (n = 23) subjects were included based on 24‐h BP measurements. Age ranged from 21 to 79 years with an even distribution from each age decade. PWV was assessed using tonometry. Forearm Rmin was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography at maximal vasodilatation induced by 10 min of ischaemia in combination with skin heating and hand grip exercise. In both normotensive and hypertensive subjects, PWV correlated significantly with age and BP. Based on median age, both groups were assigned into two equally large subgroups. Normotensive older (66 ± 7 years) and younger (35 ± 10 years) persons had different carotid‐femoral PWV (7·9 ± 1·8 versus 5·7 ± 0·9 m/s, P<0·01), but similar Rmin values (3·7 ± 0·9 versus 3·6 ± 1·2 mmHg/ml/min/100 ml). Hypertensive older (63 ± 6 years) and younger (40 ± 10 years) also had different PWV (8·0 ± 1·5 versus 6·7 ± 1·1 m/s, P<0·05), but the older had lower Rmin (3·1 ± 0·8 versus 4·7 ± 2·2 mmHg/ml/min/100 ml, P<0·05). In a regression analysis adjusting for age, BP, gender and heart rate, no correlation was seen between PWV and Rmin. The data suggest that age differentially affects PWV and Rmin and that BP can increase in older persons without affecting Rmin.
Characteristics of patients with non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding taking antithrombotic agents
Authors: Yamaguchi Daisuke , Sakata Yasuhisa , Tsuruoka Nanae , Shimoda Ryo , Higuchi Toru , Sakata Hiroyuki , Fujimoto Kazuma , Iwakiri Ryuichi
Published: May 2014

Background and Aim

The present study aimed to clarify the features and management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in Japanese patients taking antithrombotic agents.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 560 patients who underwent emergency endoscopy for UGIB from 2002 to 2013. The patients were divided into two groups: group A, antithrombotic agent use; and group NA, no antithrombotic agent use. We compared clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and causes of UGIB between the groups. We also investigated management with antithrombotics.

Results

Of 560 patients with UGIB, 27.5% were taking antithrombotics, and this proportion gradually increased during the study period. Mean hemoglobin levels on admission were significantly lower in group A (8.0 ± 1.7 g/dL) than in group NA (8.9 ± 2.9 g/dL) (P < 0.001). Patients in group A developed more gastric ulcers and multiple ulcers than did patients in group NA. Incidence of Forrest Ia‐type bleeding was lower in group A than in group NA (P < 0.001), and the rate of endoscopic hemostasis was significantly higher in group A (98.7%) than in group NA (94.3%) (P = 0.022). After the release of the 2012 Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society guidelines, the antithrombotic agent cessation periods were significantly shortened (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Among patients with UGIB, those taking antithrombotics exhibited more severe clinical signs. However spurting hemorrhage was rare. Antithrombotics may be resumed early after endoscopic hemostasis.
High diabetes risk among asylum seekers in the Netherlands
Authors: Goosen S. , Middelkoop B. , Stronks K. , Agyemang C. , Kunst A. E.
Published: May 2014

Aims

To map the prevalence and incidence of recorded diabetes among asylum seekers according to demographic factors and length of stay in the host country.

Methods

We used a nationwide database from the Community Health Services for Asylum Seekers. The study population included all asylum seekers aged 20–79 years who arrived in the Netherlands between 2000 and 2008. Case allocation was based on International Classification of Primary Care codes. A general practice registry was used to obtain reference data. Standardized prevalence and incidence ratios were calculated and their association with length of stay was explored with Cox regression.

Results

The study included 59 380 asylum seekers among whom there were 1227 recorded cases of diabetes. The prevalence of recorded diabetes was higher among asylum seekers compared with the reference population for both men (standardized prevalence ratio=1.85, 95% CI 1.71–1.91) and women (standardized prevalence ratio=2.26, 95% CI 2.08–2.45). The highest standardized prevalence ratios were found for asylum seekers from Somalia, Sudan and Sri Lanka. The standardized prevalence ratio was higher in asylum seekers aged ≥ 30 years. Incidence rates were higher compared with the reference population for all length‐of‐stay intervals.

Conclusions

Asylum seekers from the majority of countries of origin were at higher risk of diabetes compared with the general population in the Netherlands. Asylum seekers from Somalia were particularly at risk. This emerging public health issue requires attention from policy‐makers and care providers.
Fusion of Golgi‐derived vesicles mediated bySNAP‐25 is essential for sympathetic neuron outgrowth but relatively insensitive to botulinum neurotoxinsin vitro
Authors: Lawrence Gary W. , Wang Jiafu , Brin Mitchell F. , Aoki K. Roger , Wheeler Larry , Dolly J. Oliver
Published: May 2014

Sympathetic neurons ramify to innervate multiple cells in target tissues. In compartmentalized cultures of rat superior cervical ganglion neurons, cleavage of synaptosomal‐associated protein ofMr = 25 000 (SNAP‐25) in neurites exposed to botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) arrested their growth and collapsed interstitial branches, but this required large, nonclinical doses. A protease‐inactive mutant proved ineffective, confirming involvement ofSNAP‐25 in neurite extension and arborization. BoNT/C1 acted like BoNT/A, but BoNT/E caused only mild inhibition, likely due to transientSNAP‐25 proteolysis. Near‐total lack of susceptibility to BoNT/B or BoNT/D revealed that vesicle‐associated membrane protein (VAMPs) isoforms 1–3 are not essential. Neurite length was not reduced when either BoNT/A or BoNT/C1 was applied to the somata, with no detrimental effect on neuron viability being observed. Treatments that protect cells from deprivation of nerve growth factor failed to prevent the toxin‐induced loss of neurites. Inactivation ofSNAP‐25 caused the accumulation at neurite branch sites of Golgi‐derived organelles labelled withN‐(4,4‐difluoro‐5,7‐dimethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene‐3‐pentanoyl)‐sphingosine conjugated to bovine serum albumin, prior to the collapse of arbors. Notably, neurite growth was ~ 1000‐fold less susceptible to BoNT/A than cholinergic transmission in these neurons. Accordingly, a BoNT/A acceptor synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) was found to be colocalized withVAMP 1–3, but not withVAMP 7, which is implicated in the growth of neurites. In conclusion, neurites depend onSNAP‐25 for extension but this is quite resistant to BoNT/A, possibly, because of a low density ofSV2 at growth sites that are distant from the highly susceptible regions of neurotransmitter release.
Assessing the Validity of Can‐Do Statements in Retrospective (Then‐Now) Self‐Assessment
Authors: Brown N. Anthony , Dewey Dan P. , Cox Troy L.
Published: May 2014

In this study, the authors evaluated the strengths and limitations of a self‐assessment based on ACTFL Can‐Do statements (ACTFL, ) as a tool for measuring linguistic gains over an internship abroad in Russia. They assessed its reliability, determined how its items mapped with the ACTFL scale, and measured the degree to which students' self‐evaluations matched oral proficiency interview (OPI) test results (i.e., predictive validity). Data revealed a high level of reliability. Furthermore, self‐assessment items ascended in the order of difficulty expected (i.e., Superior items were the most difficult, followed by Advanced), but differences between the means for items representing the ACTFL levels were not statistically significant. Finally, while students demonstrated significant gains from pre‐ to posttests on both the OPI and the self‐assessment, correlations between these measures were only moderate.
Water temperature and fish growth: otoliths predict growth patterns of a marine fish in a changing climate
Authors: Rountrey Adam N. , Coulson Peter G. , Meeuwig Jessica J. , Meekan Mark
Published: May 2014

Ecological modeling shows that even small, gradual changes in body size in a fish population can have large effects on natural mortality, biomass, and catch. However, efforts to model the impact of climate change on fish growth have been hampered by a lack of long‐term (multidecadal) data needed to understand the effects of temperature on growth rates in natural environments. We used a combination of dendrochronology techniques and additive mixed‐effects modeling to examine the sensitivity of growth in a long‐lived (up to 70 years), endemic marine fish, the western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii), to changes in water temperature. A multi‐decadal biochronology (1952–2003) of growth was constructed from the otoliths of 56 fish collected off the southwestern coast of Western Australia, and we tested for correlations between the mean index chronology and a range of potential environmental drivers. The chronology was significantly correlated with sea surface temperature in the region, but common variance among individuals was low. This suggests that this species has been relatively insensitive to past variations in climate. Growth increment and age data were also used in an additive mixed model to predict otolith growth and body size later this century. Although growth was relatively insensitive to changes in temperature, the model results suggested that a fish aged 20 in 2099 would have an otolith about 10% larger and a body size about 5% larger than a fish aged 20 in 1977. Our study shows that species or populations regarded as relatively insensitive to climate change could still undergo significant changes in growth rate and body size that are likely to have important effects on the productivity and yield of fisheries.
Diet and body temperature in mammals and birds
Authors: Clarke Andrew , O'Connor Mary I.
Published: May 2014

Aim

We test the hypothesis that endotherm body temperature varies with diet.

Location

Global terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods

We compile data from the literature on diet and body temperature in mammals and birds. We analyse these and demonstrate global macrophysiological patterns.

Results

In mammals, carnivores overall have a lower mean body temperature (Tb) than either herbivores or omnivores. However, within carnivores, those taking vertebrate prey have a higher meanTbthan predators of invertebrates. Among herbivores, species eating grass, leaves or seeds have the highest meanTb, those taking fruit an intermediate meanTband those taking flowers or nectar the lowest meanTb. These patterns are robust to the influence of body mass and phylogenetic non‐independence. In birds the relationship betweenTband diet is complicated by a significant inverse relationship between body mass andTband strong dietary niche conservation within lineages. After allowing for body mass, herbivores show an identical qualitative pattern to mammals, whereas carnivores show the opposite trend to mammals: those taking invertebrate prey have a higher meanTbthan those taking vertebrates.

Main conclusions

There is a significant relationship between diet andTbin mammals. Birds show a qualitatively similar but non‐significant pattern. Published studies show that in reptiles and fish herbivory is largely confined to species that can maintain a relatively highTbeither by living in warm environments or through behavioural thermoregulation. We therefore propose a general relationship for all vertebrates: herbivory requires a warmer body than carnivory. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) will then be higher in herbivores because of the universal relationship betweenBMRandTb, together with the higher maintenance costs of their longer guts. We suggest that the evolution of endothermy was a key factor in the widespread incidence of herbivory in mammals.
Tumor markers are more useful in patients undergoing surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma with unreliable results by ultrasonography
Authors: Mikami Shintaro , Tateishi Ryosuke , Hagiwara Shu , Sato Masaya , Minami Tatsuya , Uchino Koji , Enooku Kenichiro , Sato Takahisa , Nakagawa Hayato , Masuzaki Ryota , Asaoka Yoshinari , Kondo Yuji , Shiina Shuichiro , Ikeda Hitoshi , Omata Masao , Yoshida Haruhiko , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: May 2014

Aim

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the utility of tumor markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance based on the reliability of ultrasonography.

Methods

We analyzed 313 patients with HCC detected through a surveillance program using ultrasonography combined with three tumor markers from February 2000 to December 2010. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the triggering event: the US group (n = 281) in which a tumor was first detected using ultrasonography and the TM group (n = 32) in which elevated tumor markers led to the diagnosis of a tumor that was undetected using ultrasonography. The reliability of ultrasonography was scored on a 4‐point scale based on three items (coarseness of liver parenchyma, patient obesity and liver atrophy). Additionally, patient survival was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log–rank test.

Results

The median tumor size was 20 mm (interquartile range, 15–24). The reliability of ultrasonography was evaluated as good in 208 (66.5%), satisfactory in 80 (8.0%), poor in 21 (6.7%) and unsatisfactory in four (1.2%) patients. The proportion of patients in the TM group increased significantly according to the score, from 7.2% to 25.0% (P = 0.01). The survival rates of patients at 3 and 5 years were 83.7% and 57.2% in the US group, and 79.3% and 59.4% in the TM group, respectively (P = 0.98).

Conclusion

Tumor markers may play a diagnostic role in patients with unreliable ultrasonography results. The survival of patients diagnosed by elevated tumor markers was not significantly different from those diagnosed by ultrasonography.
Student attitudes towards clinical teaching resources in complementary medicine: a focus group examination of Australian naturopathic medicine students
Authors: Wardle Jonathan Lee , Sarris Jerome
Published: May 2014

Background

Complementary medicine is forming an increasingly large part of health care in developed countries and is increasingly being formally taught in tertiary academic settings.

Objectives

An exploratory study of naturopathic student perceptions of, use of and attitudes towards teaching resources in naturopathic clinical training and education.

Methods

Focus groups were conducted with current and recent students of 4‐year naturopathic degree programmes in Brisbane and Sydney to ascertain how they interact with clinical teaching materials, and their perceptions and attitudes towards teaching materials in naturopathic education.

Results

Naturopathic students have a complex and critical relationship with their learning materials. Although naturopathic practice is often defined by traditional evidence, students want information that both supports and is critical of traditional naturopathic practices, and focuses heavily on evidence‐based medicine. Students remain largely ambivalent about new teaching technologies and would prefer that these develop organically as an evolution from printed materials, rather than depart from dramatically and radically from these previously established materials.

Conclusions

Findings from this study will assist publishers, librarians and academics develop clinical information sources that appropriately meet student expectations and support their learning requirements.
Efficacy of different irrigation techniques in the removal of calcium hydroxide from a simulated internal root resorption cavity
Authors: Topçuoğlu H. S. , Düzgün S. , Ceyhanlı K. T. , Aktı A. , Pala K. , Kesim B.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of six irrigation techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from a simulated internal root resorption cavity.

Methodology

The root canals of 100 single‐rooted teeth were prepared using the ProTaper system to size F5. The roots were split longitudinally, and standardized simulated internal root resorption cavities were prepared in the two root halves. The root halves were reassembled, and CH was placed into the root canals, with the exception of five teeth that served as the negative control group. Another five teeth (the positive control group) were not subjected to the CH removal procedure. Ninety teeth were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 15), according to the final irrigation techniques used: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), CanalBrush (CB), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), self‐adjusting file (SAF) system, EndoActivator (EA), and apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system). Five millilitres of 3% NaOCl and 17% EDTA were used in all experimental groups during the CH removal procedure. The amount of remaining CH was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 20 ×magnification, using a 4‐grade scoring system. The data were statistically compared using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests (P < 0.05).

Results

Remnants of CH in simulated internal root resorption cavities were found in all experimental groups. SAF and PUI were superior to the other groups (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between the SAF and PUI (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the CSI, CB, EA and EndoVac groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

None of the irrigation techniques was able to completely remove CH from a simulated internal root resorption cavity.
Comparison of the effect of nonactivated self‐adjusting file system, Vibringe, EndoVac, ultrasonic and needle irrigation on apical extrusion of debris
Authors: Karatas E. , Ozsu D. , Arslan H. , Erdogan A. S.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To compare the effects of Vibringe, EndoVac, nonactivated SAF and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) with a conventional syringe on the amount of apically extruded debris.

Methodology

Seventy‐five extracted human maxillary incisors were selected and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 15). The root canals were irrigated with Vibringe (Vibringe B. V. Corp, Amsterdam, Netherlands), EndoVac (Discus Dental, Smart Endodontics, Culver City, CA, USA), nonactivated SAF (ReDent‐Nova, Ra'anana, Israel), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and conventional syringe. Distilled water was used as an irrigant, and debris was collected in pre‐weighed glass vials. The tubes were then stored in an incubator at 37 °C for 10 days to evaporate the irrigant before weighing the dry debris. The mean weight of debris was assessed, and one‐way analysis of variance was used for comparison of values and post hoc Tukey's test was used between groups (P = 0.05).

Results

The SAF group extruded significantly less debris than PUI and Vibringe groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference between needle, Vibringe and EndoVac groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

All irrigation systems were associated with apical extrusion of debris. Nonactivated SAF extruded significantly less than Vibringe, EndoVac, passive ultrasonic and syringe irrigation.
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Chemical Interaction Between Yttrium Borosilicate Glass Sealants and YSZ for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Kumar Vishal , Kaur Gurbinder , Pandey Om P. , Singh Kulvir , Lu Kathy
Published: May 2014

This article is to address the bonding and sealing capability of two yttrium borosilicate glasses. These glass seals have been tested with AISI 441 steel and high‐temperature solid electrolyte that is yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ), as a function of different heating durations for planar solid oxide fuel cell applications in air atmosphere. The diffusion couples were prepared by slurry coating and then subjected to heat‐treatment for different time durations of 1, 100, and 500 h at 850°C. In addition to this, the diffusion couples with YSZ were also thermally cycled between room temperature and 850°C. These prepared diffusion couples have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD indicated surface crystallization of the coating glass/YSZ diffusion couple. MgY glass sample shows less devitrification than the CaY glass. The overall analysis of the resulting microstructure by SEM/EDS revealed improvement in adhesion with increase in time duration of heat treatment as well as thermally cycled sample without any detrimental phase formation. The diffusion couples with AISI 441 steel have shown good adhesion with crack‐free interface.
Depressive symptoms are associated with fasting insulin resistance in obese youth
Authors: Hannon T. S. , Li Z. , Tu W. , Huber J. N. , Carroll A. E. , Lagges A. M. , Gupta S.
Published: May 2014

Background

In adults, depressive symptoms are positively associated with insulin resistance.

Objective

To determine whether an association exists between depressive symptoms and markers of insulin resistance in youth.

Methods

This study used a retrospective review of data from an obesity clinic. We evaluated the association between depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory, CDI) and fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) in obese youth (n = 207, age 10–18 years). Individuals with lower vs. higher CDI T‐scores (<65 vs. ≥65) were compared; this cut‐point is accepted as indicating the possibility of clinical depression. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate relationships between CDI T‐scores and insulin resistance.

Results

Fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR values were 40% higher in patients with higher CDI T‐scores (P = 0.04). After accounting for gender, race, age and body mass index, CDI T‐score remained associated with HOMA‐IR, although the strength of the association was small (b = 0.007, P = 0.049).

Conclusions

Relationships between depressive symptoms and insulin resistance should be considered when evaluating obese youth.
Good News and Bad News about Firm‐Level Stock Returns of Internationally Exposed Firms
Authors: Giaccotto Carmelo , Krapl Alain
Published: May 2014

We examine stock returns of firms with international exposure. Our empirical work relies on Campbell's variance decomposition framework. Not surprisingly, we find that the volatility of discount rate and cash flow news increase with the degree of international exposure. As firms globalize, the cash flow effect is good news, while the discount rate effect amounts to bad news. The surprising result is that the covariance between the news terms increases with international exposure. This finding provides indirect evidence for the proposition that foreign exchange (FX) risk is a priced factor in the cross‐section of risk‐adjusted expected returns.

JEL Classifications: G12, G15; EFM Classification Code: 330
The Causes and Consequences of Accelerated Stock Repurchases
Authors: Akyol Ali , Kim Jin S. , Shekhar Chander
Published: May 2014

We examine the choice between accelerated share repurchase (ASR) and open market repurchase (OMR) as repurchase mechanisms between 2004 and 2007. For a sample of ASRs and OMRs that actually buy shares in the announcement quarter, we find that ASR firms have lower market‐to‐book ratios, less cash, but greater managerial entrenchment. Prior to repurchase, ASR firms are subject to significantly more takeover rumors than OMR firms are, and this, along with entrenchment and undervaluation, affects the choice to use ASRs. ASR firms experience positive average abnormal returns both before and after the announcement. Moreover, the latent takeover probability is significantly lower for both ASR and OMR firms (when compared with pre‐announcement levels), but the reduction for ASR firms is more pronounced. Our results suggest that repurchases, and especially ASRs, indeed make a firm a less attractive prospect for takeover.
Factors Influencing Wound Healing Complications After Wide Excision of Injection Site Sarcomas of the Trunk of Cats
Authors: Cantatore Matteo , Ferrari Roberta , Boracchi Patrizia , Gobbetti Matteo , Travetti Olga , Ravasio Giuliano , Giudice Chiara , Di Giancamillo Mauro , Grieco Valeria , Stefanello Damiano
Published: May 2014

Objective

Wide surgery is the mainstay of the multimodal treatment of injection site sarcomas (ISS) in cats. The aim of the study was to analyze potential factors influencing the development of wound healing complications (WHC) in cats undergoing wide excision of ISS.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Forty‐nine cats with ISS located on the trunk underwent wide excision after contrast‐enhanced computed tomography planning.

Methods

The prognostic effect of covariates (sex, age, weight, body condition score (BCS), site, clinical dimension (CD), computed tomographic dimension (CTD), histotype, duration of surgery, surgical margin status, local anesthesia) on total, major and minor WHC was evaluated by univariate and bivariate analysis. Cox model was used for total WHC and Fine and Gray model was used for major and minor WHC. The relationship between duration of surgery and clinical and imaging variables was evaluated.

Results

The main factor associated to the risk of total and major WHC was surgical time. Based on univariate analysis, pattern of reconstruction, CDT, CD, weight, and BCS were significant prognostic factors for major WHC, but this was not confirmed when adjusted for other clinical variables in bivariate analysis. The duration of surgery was influenced by excision pattern and tumor CTD width.

Conclusions

An increased duration of surgery as the consequence of complex surgical procedures represented the best predictor for the development of WHC.
Thermodynamics of Ferroelectric Solid Solutions with Morphotropic Phase Boundaries
Authors: Heitmann Adam A. , Rossetti George A.
Published: May 2014

A thermodynamic analysis is presented for the diffusionless phase diagrams of ferroelectric solid solutions that display a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) separating adjacent tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. Equations are developed for the shape of the MPB, the locations of triple and tricritical points, and for the line along which the anisotropy of polarization vanishes. The appearance of lower symmetry orthorhombic and monoclinic phases is considered and the topologies of energy surfaces in the region of the phase diagram where these phases may stabilize are illustrated. The theory is applied to the solid solution of lead zirconate with lead titanate (PZT) and relationships between polar anisotropy and the transformation strain, dielectric susceptibility and piezoelectric properties, are discussed. The analysis is used to reproduce phase boundary lines for solid solutions of lead titanate with lead magnesium niobate (PMN‐PT) and lead zinc niobate (PZN‐PT) and composition–temperature diagrams along isopleths in the ternary system PMN‐PZT are estimated. The anisotropies of polarization in solid solutions based on lead titanate and barium titanate are contrasted. The results provide a thermodynamic framework useful for guiding experimental investigations of ferroelectric solid solutions and for generating energy functions used in constitutive modeling and phase field simulations of microstructure and properties.
Evaluation of Rare‐Earth Modified ZrB2–SiC Ablation Resistance Using an Oxyacetylene Torch
Authors: Tan Winnie , Adducci Mitchell , Trice Rodney
Published: May 2014

Rare‐earth modified ZrB2–SiC coatings were prepared via mechanical mixing Sm2O3 or Tm2O3 powders with spray‐dried ZrB2, or by chemically doping samarium ions into spray‐dried ZrB2. In either approach, SiC powders were also added and coatings were fabricated via shrouded air plasma spray. An oxyacetylene torch was utilized to evaluate the coatings under high heat flux conditions for hold times of 30 and 60 s. The resulting phases and microstructures were evaluated as a function of rare‐earth type, modification approach, and ablation time. A brittle m‐ZrO2 scale was observed in the ZrB2/SiC‐only coating after ablative tests; during cooling this scale detached from the unreacted coating. In contrast, rare‐earth modified coatings formed a protective oxide scale consisting primarily of either Sm0.2Zr0.8O1.9 or Tm0.2Zr0.8O1.9, along with small amount of m‐ZrO2. These rare‐earth oxide scales displayed high thermal stability and remained adhered to the unreacted coating during heating and cooling, offering additional oxidation protection.
Y3Al5O12–SiO2 Glasses: Structure and Polyamorphism
Authors: Nasikas Nektarios K. , Retsinas Andreas , Papatheodorou George N.
Published: May 2014

Aerodynamic levitation and CO2 laser melting have been used to synthesize the yttrium aluminosilicate glasses zY2O3–yAl2O3–xSiO2 with z/y = 3/5 corresponding to the YAG (Y3Al5O12) composition and x between ~5 and ~45 mol%. The low‐ and high‐density (LDA inclusion and HDA matrix) polyamorphic phases in glasses with less than ~14 mol% SiO2 were identified with backscattering electron imaging. Polarized and depolarized Raman spectra show the formation of various Qn SiO4 species whose relative populations change smoothly as the SiO2 content is altered. The AlOs (s = 4–6) and YOz (z = 6–9) polyhedra formed in the YAG glass are preserved upon silica additions while the terminal oxygens of the Q2AlO4 tetrahedra are gradually bridged to the Qn‐SiO4 species. The low‐frequency Boson Peak overlaps with the vibrational spectrum and its maximum is redshifted with increasing silica content. Micro‐Raman spectra measured for the LDA and HDA amorphous phases are found to be similar to the spectra of the bulk glass indicating common structural characteristics. The stability of the LDA phase against crystallization appears to be lower than that of the HDA phase. The crystallinity on certain inclusions consisted of YAG microcrystals and a new unidentified microcrystalline phase within Y4Al2(1−x)Si2xO(9+x) solid solution.