bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixing and inter-scale energy transfer in Richtmyer–Meshkov turbulence
Authors: Zhou Zhangbo , Ding Juchun , Cheng Wan
Published: April 2024

This work investigates the compressible turbulence induced by Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instability using high-resolution Navier–Stokes simulations. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of RM turbulence including the mixing width growth, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) decay, the mixing degree, inhomogeneity and anisotropy. Three distinct initial perturbation spectra are designed at the interface to reveal the initial condition imprint on the RM turbulence. Results show that cases with initial large-scale perturbations present a stronger imprint on statistical characteristics and also a quicker growth of mixing width, whereas cases with small-scale perturbations present a faster TKE decay, greater mixing level, higher isotropy and homogeneity. A thorough analysis on the inter-scale energy transfer in RM turbulence is also presented with the coarse-graining approach that exposes the two subfilter-scale (SFS) energy fluxes (i.e. deformation work and baropycnal work). A strong correlation between the nonlinear model of baropycnal work (Fluids, 4(2), 2019) and the simulation results is confirmed for the first time, demonstrating its potential in modelling the RM turbulence. Two primary mechanisms of baropycnal work (the straining and baroclinic generation processes) are explored with this nonlinear model. The evolutions of two SFS energy fluxes exhibit distinct behaviours at various filter scales, in different flow regions and under various flow motions (strain and rotation). It is found that all three cases share the common inter-scale energy transfer dynamics, which is important for modelling the RM turbulence.
Pairwise interaction of spherical particles aligned in high-frequency oscillatory flow
Authors: Kleischmann F. , Luzzatto-Fegiz P. , Meiburg E. , Vowinckel B.
Published: April 2024

We present a systematic simulation campaign to investigate the pairwise interaction of two mobile, monodisperse particles submerged in a viscous fluid and subjected to monochromatic oscillating flows. To this end, we employ the immersed boundary method to geometrically resolve the flow around the two particles in a non-inertial reference frame. We neglect gravity to focus on fluid–particle interactions associated with particle inertia and consider particles of three different density ratios aligned along the axis of oscillation. We systematically vary the initial particle distance and the frequency based on which the particles show either attractive or repulsive behaviour by approaching or moving away from each other, respectively. This behaviour is consistently confirmed for the three density ratios investigated, although particle inertia dictates the overall magnitude of the particle dynamics. Based on this, threshold conditions for the transition from attraction to repulsion are introduced that obey the same power law for all density ratios investigated. We furthermore analyse the flow patterns by suitable averaging and decomposition of the flow fields and find competing effects of the vorticity induced by the fluid–particle interactions. Based on these flow patterns, we derive a circulation-based criterion that provides a quantitative measure to categorize the different cases. It is shown that such a criterion provides a consistent measure to distinguish the attractive and repulsive arrangements.
Formation and evolution of laminar thermal structures: correlation to the thermal boundary layer and effects of heating time
Authors: Qin Pei-Jiang , Hou Yu-Yang , He Ji-Dong , Wei Ping , Huang Shi-Di
Published: April 2024

We report an experimental study of the formation and evolution of laminar thermal structures generated by a small heat source, with a focus on their correlation to the thermal boundary layer and effects of heating time

$t_{heat}$

. The experiments are performed over the flux Rayleigh number (

$Ra_f$

) range

$2.1\times 10^6 \leq Ra_f \leq 3.6\times 10^{7}$

and the Prandtl number (

$Pr$

) range

$28.6 \leq Pr \leq 904.7$

. The corresponding Rayleigh number (

$Ra= t_{heat}\,Ra_{f}/\tau _0\,Pr$

) range is

$900 \leq Ra \leq 4\times 10^{4}$

, where

$\tau _0$

is a diffusion time scale. For thermal structures generated by continuous heating (i.e. starting plumes), their formation process exists three characteristic times that are well reflected by changes in the thermal boundary layer thickness. These characteristic times, denoted as

$t_{emit}$

,

$t_{recover}$

and

$t_{static}$

, correspond to the moments when the plume emission begins and completes, and when the thermal boundary layer becomes quasi-static, respectively. Their

$Ra_f$

–

$Pr$

dependencies are found to be

$t_{emit}/\tau _0\sim Ra_f^{-0.41}\,Pr^{0.41}$

,

$t_{recover}/\tau _0\sim Ra_f^{-0.48}\,Pr^{0.48}$

and

$t_{static}/\tau _0\sim Ra_f^{-0.49}\,Pr^{0.33}$

, respectively. Thermal structures generated by finite

$t_{heat}$

exhibit similar evolution dynamics once

$t_{heat} \ge t_{emit}$

, with the accelerating stage behaving like starting plumes and the decay stage like thermals (i.e. a finite amount of buoyant fluids). It is further found that their maximum rising velocity experiences a transition in the

$Ra$

-dependence from

$Ra$

to

$(Ra\ln Ra)^{0.5}$

at

$Ra \simeq 6000$

; and their maximum acceleration reaches the value of starting plumes at

$t_{heat}\simeq t_{recover}$

, and remains unchanged for larger

$t_{heat}$

. In particular, the maximum rising velocity for the cases with

$t_{heat} = t_{recover}$

follows a scaling relation

$Ra_f^{0.37}\,Pr^{-0.37}$

, in contrast to the relation

$Ra_f^{0.48}\,Pr^{-0.48}$

for starting plumes. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of laminar thermal structures, which are relevant to a range of processes in nature and laboratory systems such as Rayleigh–Bénard convection.
African Americans’ Willingness to Extend Legitimacy to the Police: Connections to Identities and Experiences in the Post-George Floyd Era
Authors: Gibson James L.
Published: April 2024

Numerous benefits materialize when people extend legitimacy to institutions; consequently, many investigations of the legitimacy of the police have been reported. However, several critical issues remain unanswered. My paper’s purpose is to revisit the question of willingness to grant police legitimacy, focusing on a nationally representative sample of African Americans. I test hypotheses connecting police legitimacy with experiences with unfair treatment by legal authorities, ingroup attachments, attitudes toward systemic racism, and engagement with Black Lives Matter. My findings reveal significant connections between experience with discrimination, ingroup attachments, and beliefs about systemic racism but little relationship between BLM attitudes and police legitimacy.
A
$ \prod _{2}^{0}$
SINGLETON OF MINIMAL ARITHMETIC DEGREE
Authors: GERDES PETER M.
Published: April 2024

In the study of the arithmetic degrees the

$\omega \text {-REA}$

sets play a role analogous to the role the r.e. degrees play in the study of the Turing degrees. However, much less is known about the arithmetic degrees and the role of the

$\omega \text {-REA}$

sets in that structure than about the Turing degrees. Indeed, even basic questions such as the existence of an

$\omega \text {-REA}$

set of minimal arithmetic degree are open. This paper makes progress on this question by demonstrating that some promising approaches inspired by the analogy with the r.e. sets fail to show that no

$\omega \text {-REA}$

set is arithmetically minimal. Finally, it constructs a

$\prod ^0_{2}$

singleton of minimal arithmetic degree. Not only is this a result of considerable interest in its own right, constructions of

$\prod ^0_{2}$

singletons often pave the way for constructions of

$\omega \text {-REA}$

sets with similar properties. Along the way, a number of interesting results relating arithmetic reducibility and rates of growth are established.
Visual channel facilitates the comprehension of the intonation of Brazilian Portuguese wh-questions and wh-exclamations: evidence from congruent and incongruent stimuli
Authors: Miranda Luma da Silva , de Moraes João Antônio , Rilliard Albert
Published: April 2024

This paper presents an audiovisual perceptual analysis of the wh-question and wh-exclamation intonation in Brazilian Portuguese using auditory–visual congruent and incongruent stimuli, to investigate the relative importance of each modality in signaling pragmatic meanings. Ten Brazilian Portuguese speakers (five female) were filmed while producing both speech acts 10 times. Next, artificial stimuli were created: audio and visual cues were either matched (audio and video from the same speech act) or mismatched (audio and video from the different speech acts), resulting in 10 congruent and 10 incongruent stimuli of the wh-questions and the wh-exclamations. The perceptual experiment was taken by 36 Brazilians who identified the stimulus as a question or an exclamation. Results from the logistic regression showed that the factor ‘congruence’ was significant and had a significant interaction with ‘speakers’, which means that the congruent stimuli increased the comprehension of the Brazilian Portuguese wh-questions and wh-exclamations. In contrast, the incongruent stimuli tended to lower listeners’ identification, but to a degree depending on individual speakers’ strategies. Although variation in the accuracy of expressing both speech acts was also found across speakers, this study corroborates that the visual channel impacts the perceptual identification of the pragmatic intonation function of distinguishing sentence mode.
Climate, diseases and medicine: the welfare of soldiers during the East Asian War of 1592–1598
Authors: Duan Baihui
Published: April 2024

This article examines the care provided for the welfare of soldiers by the three combatant countries – China, Korea and Japan – during the East Asian War of 1592–8. Also known as the Imjin War, this large-scale military conflict can also be understood as an encounter between different state cultures and strategies of military medicine. This study focuses on cold-induced injuries, epidemic outbreaks and external wounds suffered during the war. I illuminate provision of prophylactic measures against cold by the Ming state, as well as attempts by the Sino-Chosŏn medical alliance to manage epidemics and treat wounded soldiers. I contrast these measures with the lack of similar centralised support for the Japanese forces, and examine the effect these differences had upon on military outcomes during the war. The difference in the amount of time, efforts and resources that the three combatant states devoted to sick and injured soldiers has implications not only for our understanding of the war but also for illuminating the early modern history of military medicine in East Asia. By exploring East Asian military medicine during and after the Imjin War, this article responds to recent calls for more detailed examination of histories of military medicine in premodern periods and non-European regions.
Discriminant and integral basis of number fields defined by exponential Taylor polynomials
Authors: Jindal Ankita , Khanduja Sudesh K.
Published: April 2024

Let $K_n=\mathbb{Q}(\alpha_n)$ be a family of algebraic number fields where $\alpha_n\in \mathbb{C}$ is a root of the nth exponential Taylor polynomial $\frac{x^n}{n!}+ \frac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}+ \cdots +\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x}{1!}+1$, $n\in \mathbb{N}$. In this paper, we give a formula for the exact power of any prime p dividing the discriminant of Kn in terms of the p-adic expansion of n. An explicit p-integral basis of Kn is also given for each prime p. These p-integral bases quickly lead to the construction of an integral basis of Kn.
Mitochondrial genome and nuclear ribosomal RNA analysis place Alveonasus lahorensis within the Argasinae and suggest that the genus Alveonasus is paraphyletic
Authors: Mans Ben J. , Chitimia-Dobler Lidia , Pienaar Ronel , de Castro Minique , Khan Mehran , Almutairi Mashal M. , Alouffi Abdulaziz , Ali Abid
Published: April 2024

Two major families exist in ticks, the Argasidae and Ixodidae. The Argasidae comprise 2 sub-families, Argasinae and Ornithodorinae. The placement into subfamilies illuminate differences in morphological and molecular systematics and is important since it provides insight into evolutionary divergence within this family. It also identifies fundamental gaps in our understanding of argasid evolution that provide directions for future research. Molecular systematics based on mitochondrial genomics and 18S/28S ribosomal RNA confirmed the placement of various genera and subgenera into the Argasinae: Argas (including Argas and Persicargas), Navis, Ogadenus, Otobius lagophilus, Proknekalia, Secretargas and the Ornithodorinae: Alectorobius, Antricola (including Antricola and Parantricola), Carios, Chiropterargas, Nothoaspis, Ornithodoros (including Microargas, Ornamentum, Ornithodoros sensu strictu, Pavlovskyella), Otobius sensu strictu, Reticulinasus and Subparmatus. The position of Alveonasus remains controversial since traditional taxonomy placed it in the Ornithodorinae, while cladistic and limited molecular analysis placed it in the Argasinae. The current study aimed to resolve the systematic position of Alveonasus using mitochondrial genomic and 18S/28S ribosomal RNA systematics by sequencing the type species Alveonasus lahorensis from Pakistan. In addition, the mitochondrial genomes for Argas reflexus and Alectorobius kelleyi are reported from Germany and the USA, respectively. The systematic data unambiguously place Alveonasus in the Argasinae and also suggest that Alveonasus may be another paraphyletic genus.
Investigating change in network structure of eating disorder symptoms after delivery of a smartphone app-based intervention
Authors: Linardon Jake , Greenwood Christopher J. , Aarsman Stephanie , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: April 2024

Background

Eating disorder (ED) research has embraced a network perspective of psychopathology, which proposes that psychiatric disorders can be conceptualized as a complex system of interacting symptoms. However, existing intervention studies using the network perspective have failed to find that symptom reductions coincide with reductions in strength of associations among these symptoms. We propose that this may reflect failure of alignment between network theory and study design and analysis. We offer hypotheses for specific symptom associations expected to be disrupted by an app-based intervention, and test sensitivity of a range of statistical metrics for identifying this intervention-induced disruption.

Methods

Data were analyzed from individuals with recurrent binge eating who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioral smartphone application. Participants were categorized into one of three groups: waitlist (n = 155), intervention responder (n = 49), and intervention non-responder (n = 77). Several statistical tests (bivariate associations, network-derived strength statistics, network invariance tests) were compared in ability to identify change in network structure.

Results

Hypothesized disruption to specific symptom associations was observed through change in bivariate correlations from baseline to post-intervention among the responder group but were not evident from symptom and whole-of-network based network analysis statistics. Effects were masked when the intervention group was assessed together, ignoring heterogeneity in treatment responsiveness.

Conclusion

Findings are consistent with our contention that study design and analytic approach influence the ability to test network theory predictions with fidelity. We conclude by offering key recommendations for future network theory-driven interventional studies.
A review of the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of children in developing countries and the impact of prebiotics
Authors: Iddrisu Ishawu , Monteagudo-Mera Andrea , Poveda Carlos , Shahzad Muhammed , Walton Gemma E. , Andrews Simon C.
Published: April 2024

Iron is essential for many physiological functions of the body, and it is required for normal growth and development. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common form of micronutrient malnutrition and is particularly prevalent in infants and young children in developing countries. Iron supplementation is considered the most effective strategy to combat the risk of ID and ID anaemia (IDA) in infants, although iron supplements cause a range of deleterious gut-related problems in malnourished children. The purpose of this review is to assess the available evidence on the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota during childhood ID and to further assess whether prebiotics offer any benefits for iron supplementation. Prebiotics are well known to improve gut-microbial health in children, and recent reports indicate that prebiotics can mitigate the adverse gut-related effects of iron supplementation in children with ID and IDA. Thus, provision of prebiotics alongside iron supplements has the potential for an enhanced strategy for combatting ID and IDA among children in the developing world. However, further understanding is required before the benefit of such combined treatments of ID in nutritionally deprived children across populations can be fully confirmed. Such enhanced understanding is of high relevance in resource-poor countries where ID, poor sanitation and hygiene, alongside inadequate access to good drinking water and poor health systems, are serious public health concerns.
Reactive and control processes in the development of internalizing and externalizing problems across early childhood to adolescence
Authors: Harris Jordan L. , LeBeau Brandon , Petersen Isaac T.
Published: April 2024

Reactive and control processes – e.g., negative emotionality and immediacy preference – may predict distinct psychopathology trajectories. However, externalizing and internalizing problems change in behavioral manifestation across development and across contexts, thus necessitating the use of different measures and informants across ages. This is the first study that created developmental scales for both internalizing and externalizing problems by putting scores from different informants and measures onto the same scale to examine temperament facets as risk factors. Multidimensional linking allowed us to examine trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from ages 2 to 15 years (N = 1,364) using near-annual ratings by mothers, fathers, teachers, other caregivers, and self report. We examined reactive and control processes in early childhood as predictors of the trajectories and as predictors of general versus specific psychopathology in adolescence. Negative emotionality at age 4 predicted general psychopathology and unique externalizing problems at age 15. Wait times on an immediacy preference task at age 4 were negatively associated with age 15 general psychopathology, and positively associated with unique internalizing problems. Findings demonstrate the value of developmental scaling for examining development of psychopathology across a lengthy developmental span and the importance of considering reactive and control processes in development of psychopathology.
The music theory booklet Balliol 173A, fols. 74r–81v: scribal organisation of an early medieval theory miscellany
Authors: BALENSUELA C. MATTHEW
Published: April 2024

Using evidence of the quality of vellum, fascicle structure, scribal hands and illustrations, this article argues that the first fascicle of the music portion of Oxford, Balliol College, 173A (fols. 74–81) is a self-standing booklet, perhaps created to teach a scribe the basics of music theory and how to arrange text while leaving space for illustrations or examples. A new fascicle structure of the gathering is proposed that accounts for a previously unrecognised missing folio. An analysis of the contents of the gathering demonstrates that the theory booklet is a compilatio, with portions of the Musica disciplina (or it sources) acting as a frame to start and end the booklet, with other works (Pseudo-Jerome, Isidore of Seville and Cassiodorus) inserted in between. The final folios are completed with a number of small tractatuli, including the brief dialogue Diapason quid est? The contents of both the booklet and the entire music codex are closely paralleled in one of the smaller manuscripts collected into Oxford, St John's College 188 and also Cambridge, Trinity College R.15.22. While it will be ever easier to study digital images of manuscripts and to create critical editions of well-defined texts, this article argues for the continuing importance of codicological study of manuscripts in situ to coordinate the placements of texts within the structure of codices.
Changes to sleep patterns and insomnia symptoms following cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adolescents
Authors: Sukiennik Olivia , Waite Polly , Percy Ray , Orchard Faith
Published: April 2024

Background:

It is unclear whether treatment for an anxiety disorder improves sleep. This study examined baseline sleep characteristics of adolescents with an anxiety disorder, comparing weekdays and weekends, and whether there were significant improvements in sleep following cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT).

Aims:

To improve our understanding of sleep problems in adolescents with an anxiety disorder and examine whether CBT for the treatment of the anxiety disorder improves sleep.

Method:

Data was gathered from 179 participants with an anxiety disorder (11–17 years old) who had previously engaged with the out-patient child and adolescent mental health service. Baseline self-report measures of anxiety and depression symptoms, sleep patterns and experiences of insomnia were examined. Of this group, 135 participants had baseline data. A subset (n=73) had outcome data, which was used to examine changes in sleep following CBT.

Results:

At baseline, adolescents reported significantly less total sleep and more night-time waking on weekdays than weekends. Following treatment for their anxiety disorder, adolescents’ weekday sleep patterns significantly improved for sleep onset latency and total sleep time, whereas weekend sleep patterns only showed improvements for sleep onset latency. No significant improvements were reported for symptoms of insomnia.

Conclusions:

The study relied upon subjective measurement of sleep and there was no control group; however, the findings provide promising results that CBT for adolescent anxiety disorders can improve some sleep problems. Further research is needed to understand discrepancies between subjective and objective sleep, and to explore avenues for the delivery of support for sleep problems.
Effects of traffic light labelling and increased healthy range on beverage choices from vending machines
Authors: Calabro Ryan , Kemps Eva , Prichard Ivanka , Tiggemann Marika
Published: April 2024

Objective:

To test whether traffic light labels and an increased range of healthy beverages, individually and in combination, can increase healthy beverage choices from vending machines.

Design:

Two studies (n 558, 420) tested whether the provision of traffic light labels (green, amber and red) and an increased range of healthy beverages (from 20 % to 50 % green options), individually and in combination, could increase healthy beverage choices from a digital vending machine display. The studies used a between-subjects experimental design, and a hypothetical beverage choice, a limitation when considering real-world applicability.

Setting:

Both studies utilised an online Qualtrics survey that featured a digital vending machine display.

Participants:

Both studies (n 558, 420) consisted of university students from Flinders University and individuals from a survey recruitment service.

Results:

Featuring traffic lights did not significantly influence beverage choices (P = 0·074), while increasing the healthy range (P = 0·003, OR = 3·27), and the combination of both, did significantly increase healthier beverage choices (P < 0·001, OR = 4·83).

Conclusions:

The results suggest that the traffic light system and increased healthy range are not maximally effective when used on their own, and benefit greatly when combined, to increase healthy beverage choices. It was suggested that the provision of traffic light labels supplied the necessary nutritional information, and the increased healthy range offered greater opportunity to act in accordance with that information. In so doing, the present findings offer a promising pathway for reducing unhealthy beverage consumption.
Republican Policing: From Consent to Contestation
Authors: Smith William
Published: April 2024

Policing by consent is an influential frame of reference for police forces, policy makers, and members of the public in appraising the means and ends of law enforcement in Anglo-American societies. The doctrine is nonetheless vulnerable to powerful philosophical and political objections, which suggests that an alternative paradigm is necessary. This article draws on recent republican political theory in elaborating a doctrine of policing by contestation. This republican conception does not rest the legitimacy of policing on the supposed consent of the policed, but on the availability and adequacy of the means through which the policed can contest arbitrary interference at the hands of the police.
New Numerically Derived Scaling Relationships for Impact Basins on Mars
Authors: Branco Hely C. , Miljkovic Katarina , Plesa Ana‐Catalina
Published: April 2024

Most impact basins are believed to have formed during the early epochs of planetary evolution. The planet's gravity, internal structure, and thermal regime have the strongest control over their formation. Because of this, we can use the geophysical constraints on Mars' interior composition, structure, and geophysical evolution derived from the InSight mission to better understand the formation of impact basins on the planet. To achieve this, we performed numerical simulations of large impacts using the iSALE shock physics code. We investigated the effects of temperature and crustal thickness variations on impact basin size and morphology. Our scaling relationships indicate that: (a) basins formed in a warmer crust have larger final diameters in comparison to basins formed in a colder crust, a difference that is further accentuated as basin size gets bigger; and (b) the largest impact basins on Mars were created by impactors ranging from 35 to 680 km in diameter, up to ∼32% larger than estimates based on classical scaling. Our results expand the current understanding of the extent of early and large impact bombardment on Mars and provide a more comprehensive knowledge of impact basin formation on planetary surfaces.
Observational Analysis of Vertical Heat Flux Caused by Typhoon‐Induced Near‐Inertial Waves Under the Modulation of Mesoscale Eddies
Authors: Lu Xiaojie , Dong Changming , Zhang Han , Lim Kam Sian Kenny T. C. , Yang Jingsong , Xu Zhenhua , Li Gang , Wang Qingyue , Cao Qian , You Zhiwei , Sommeria Joёl
Published: April 2024

Tropical cyclones (TCs) induce heat pump and cold suction in the upper ocean layer. However, limited research investigated whether this heat can be effectively transported into the deep ocean. The present study shows that seawater at Station S2 is anomalously warmer in the deep ocean layer than at S1 and S3 during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) in the South China Sea. The turbulence‐induced vertical heat flux is estimated based on fine‐scale mixing parameterization but it cannot explain the warming rate below the thermocline. Therefore, a new method is proposed to estimate the vertical velocity, allowing us to calculate the heat flux more accurately. To elucidate the underlying causes of the observed differences, we analyze horizontal velocity to examine the role of mesoscale eddies in modulating near‐inertial waves (NIWs)‐induced vertical heat flux. Station S1 is located inside a cyclonic eddy while S2 and S3 are within two distinct anticyclonic eddies. According to the “Chimney Effect” theory, cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies tend to limit (enhance) the vertical propagation of the NIWs. While this theory explains the confined heat flux at S1, it fails to explain the differences observed at S2 and S3. Further examination of the vertical structures and intensities of the two anticyclonic eddies reveals that the eddy at S2 extends much deeper and is stronger than that at S3, allowing the NIWs to propagate and transport heat deeper at S2 than at S3. The study demonstrates the role of TC‐induced NIWs in deep ocean heat transport under the influence of mesoscale eddies.
High-efficiency crystalline white organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Liu Yijun , Zhu Feng , Wang Yue , Yan Donghang
Published: April 2024

Crystalline white organic light-emitting diodes (C-WOLEDs) are promising candidates for lighting and display applications. It is urgently necessary, however, to develop energy-saving and high-efficiency C-WOLEDs that have stable and powerful emission to meet commercial demands. Here, we report a crystalline host matrix (CHM) with embedded nanoaggregates (NA) structure for developing high-performance C-WOLEDs by employing a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material and orange phosphorescent dopants (Phos.-D). The CHM-TADFNA-D WOLED exhibit a remarkable EQE of 12.8%, which is the highest performance WOLEDs based on crystalline materials. The device has a quick formation of excitons and a well-designed energy transfer process, and possesses a fast ramping of luminance and current density. Compared to recently reported high-performance WOLEDs based on amorphous material route, the C-WOLED achieves a low series-resistance Joule-heat loss ratio and an enhanced photon output, demonstrating its significant potential in developing the next-generation WOLEDs.
Nanoimprint-induced strain engineering of two-dimensional materials
Authors: Sun Chuying , Zhong Jianwen , Gan Zhuofei , Chen Liyang , Liang Chuwei , Feng Hongtao , Sun Zhao , Jiang Zijie , Li Wen-Di
Published: April 2024

The high stretchability of two-dimensional (2D) materials has facilitated the possibility of using external strain to manipulate their properties. Hence, strain engineering has emerged as a promising technique for tailoring the performance of 2D materials by controlling the applied elastic strain field. Although various types of strain engineering methods have been proposed, deterministic and controllable generation of the strain in 2D materials remains a challenging task. Here, we report a nanoimprint-induced strain engineering (NISE) strategy for introducing controllable periodic strain profiles on 2D materials. A three-dimensional (3D) tunable strain is generated in a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) sheet by pressing and conforming to the topography of an imprint mold. Different strain profiles generated in MoS2 are demonstrated and verified by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The strain modulation capability of NISE is investigated by changing the imprint pressure and the patterns of the imprint molds, which enables precise control of the strain magnitudes and distributions in MoS2. Furthermore, a finite element model is developed to simulate the NISE process and reveal the straining behavior of MoS2. This deterministic and effective strain engineering technique can be easily extended to other materials and is also compatible with common semiconductor fabrication processes; therefore, it provides prospects for advances in broad nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.
Gastric emptying of a glucose drink is predictive of the glycaemic response to oral glucose and mixed meals, but unrelated to antecedent glycaemic control, in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Xiang Chunjie , Sun Yixuan , Luo Yong , Xie Cong , Huang Weikun , Sun Zilin , Jones Karen L. , Horowitz Michael , Rayner Christopher K. , Ma Jianhua , Wu Tongzhi
Published: April 2024

Background

Gastric emptying (GE), with wide inter-individual but lesser intra-individual variations, is a major determinant of postprandial glycaemia in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is uncertain whether GE of a carbohydrate-containing liquid meal is predictive of the glycaemic response to physiological meals, and whether antecedent hyperglycaemia influences GE in T2D. We evaluated the relationships of (i) the glycaemic response to both a glucose drink and mixed meals with GE of a 75 g glucose drink, and (ii) GE of a glucose drink with antecedent glycaemic control, in T2D.

Methods

Fifty-five treatment-naive Chinese adults with newly diagnosed T2D consumed standardised meals at breakfast, lunch and dinner with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. On the subsequent day, a 75 g glucose drink containing 150 mg 13C-acetate was ingested to assess GE (breath test) and plasma glucose response. Serum fructosamine and HbA1c were also measured.

Results

Plasma glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) within 2 hours after oral glucose was related inversely to the gastric half-emptying time (T50) (r = −0.34, P = 0.012). The iAUCs for interstitial glucose within 2 hours after breakfast (r = −0.34, P = 0.012) and dinner (r = −0.28, P = 0.040) were also related inversely to the T50 of oral glucose. The latter, however, was unrelated to antecedent fasting plasma glucose, 24-hour mean interstitial glucose, serum fructosamine, or HbA1c.

Conclusions

In newly diagnosed, treatment-naive, Chinese with T2D, GE of a 75 g glucose drink predicts the glycaemic response to both a glucose drink and mixed meals, but is not influenced by spontaneous short-, medium- or longer-term elevation in glycaemia.
Role of enzalutamide in primary and recurrent non-metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review of prospective clinical trials
Authors: Shelan Mohamed , Achard Vérane , Appiagyei Felix , Mose Lucas , Zilli Thomas , Fankhauser Christian D. , Zamboglou Constantinos , Mohamad Osama , Aebersold Daniel M. , Cathomas Richard
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Enzalutamide, a second-generation androgen receptor inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of metastatic disease, as well as in the treatment of non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (PCa). This systematic review aims to determine outcomes and toxicity in patients with non-metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (nmCSPC) treated with enzalutamide in the primary or salvage settings.

Method

We performed a systematic review focusing on the role of Enzalutamide in the treatment of nmCSPC, using the PubMed/Medline database. Articles focusing on androgen receptor inhibitors in nmCSPC were included, while articles discussing exclusively metastatic or castration-resistant PCa were excluded.

Results

The initial search retrieved 401 articles, of which 15 underwent a thorough assessment for relevance. Ultimately, 12 studies with pertinent outcomes were meticulously examined. Among these, seven studies were dedicated to the investigation of enzalutamide in the primary setting, while the remaining five publications specifically addressed its use in salvage settings. Regardless of the treatment setting, our data revealed two distinct therapeutic strategies. The first advocates for the substitution of enzalutamide for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), based on the premise of achieving equivalent, if not superior, oncological outcomes while minimizing treatment-related toxicity. The second, adopting a more conventional approach, entails augmenting the effectiveness of ADT by incorporating enzalutamide.

Conclusion

Enzalutamide has considerable potential as a therapeutic strategy for nmCSPC, either used alone or in combination with ADT in the primary or in the salvage settings. The use of enzalutamide instead of ADT is an appealing strategy. However, more trials will be required to further understand the efficacy and side-effect profile of enzalutamide monotherapy.
The ability of different compositions of calcium silicate and epoxy sealers to withstand gutta percha removal via in vitro pull-out testing
Authors: Stiklaru Idan , Lalum Ella , Hamoud Sobhi , Paz Maayan , Levin Avi , Ben Itzhak Joe , Yavnai Nirit , Gorenbein Pavel , Solomonov Michael
Published: April 2024

Objective

examination of the influence of chemical composition changes on the ability of sealers to withstand a pull-out test.

Materials and methods

Fifty distal or palatal canals of extracted teeth were prepared by Dc Taper files. The teeth were divided into five groups: AH Plus, BJM RCS, Total Fill BC,AH Plus Bioceramic and a group with Gutta Percha with no sealer added. Ten days after obturation, each cone was subjected to the “pull-out test” with the Shimadzo Universal Testing Machine until it was torn or removed from the canal. A force to Stroke graph was generated and the maximum vertex of this graph was recorded. The number of times the cone was torn or removed was recorded.

Results

The amount of force needed to remove or rupture the cone was significantly higher in all sealer groups compared to the AH Plus Bioceramic group. The force needed for the AH Plus group was double that needed for the AH Plus Bioceramic group 4 (1.87 ± 0.53 N vs 0.93 ± 0.48 N, respectively, P < 0.001). All of the cones (n = 10) in the AH Plus Bio Ceramic Sealer group were removed in their entirety (P = 0.01 compared to each of the other groups).

Conclusions

The addition of macromolecules to epoxy sealer does not change the material’s ability to withstand the pull-out test. Decreasing the amount of tri- and di-calcium silicate compounds combined with increasing amounts of zirconium oxide in a Bioceramic sealer significantly decreased the material’s ability to withstand the pull-out test.
Mitochondria transcription and cancer
Authors: Lei Tang , Rui Yu , Xiaoshuang Zhou , Jinglan Zhang , Jihong Zhang
Published: April 2024

Mitochondria are major organelles involved in several processes related to energy supply, metabolism, and cell proliferation. The mitochondria function is transcriptionally regulated by mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), which encodes the key proteins in the electron transport chain that is indispensable for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial transcriptional abnormalities are closely related to a variety of human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. The mitochondria transcription is regulated by the mtDNA, mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), two transcription factors (TFAM and TF2BM), one transcription elongation (TEFM), and one known transcription termination factor (mTERFs). Dysregulation of these factors directly leads to altered expression of mtDNA in tumor cells, resulting in cellular metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysregulation plays a role in modulating tumor progression. Therefore, understanding the role of mitochondrial transcription in cancer can have implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Targeting mitochondrial transcription or related pathways may provide potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Additionally, assessing mitochondrial transcriptional profiles or biomarkers in cancer cells or patient samples may offer diagnostic or prognostic information.
The value of virtual glaucoma clinics: a review
Authors: Mercer Rachel , Alaghband Pouya
Published: April 2024

Virtual clinics are being utilised to tackle the growing demand for glaucoma healthcare. We conducted a literature search on 28 February 2023 using MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Web of Science databases. We searched for studies on virtual glaucoma clinics, published in the English language between 2000 and 2023. Studies suggest that virtual glaucoma clinics are a safe and effective alternative to traditional face-to-face clinics for patients with stable and early-to-moderate glaucoma. Patient satisfaction is high across all clinics surveyed. Satisfaction appears to be linked to good communication, trust and improved waiting times. The majority of healthcare professionals are also content with virtual glaucoma clinics. There are no dedicated cost-benefit analyses for virtual glaucoma clinics in the UK. However, virtual clinics in other specialties have reported significant cost savings.
Electron paramagnetic resonance as a tool to determine the sodium charge storage mechanism of hard carbon
Authors: Wang Bin , Fitzpatrick Jack R. , Brookfield Adam , Fielding Alistair J. , Reynolds Emily , Entwistle Jake , Tong Jincheng , Spencer Ben F. , Baldock Sara , Hunter Katherine , Kavanagh Christopher M. , Tapia-Ruiz Nuria
Published: April 2024

Hard carbon is a promising negative electrode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries due to the ready availability of their precursors and high reversible charge storage. The reaction mechanisms that drive the sodiation properties in hard carbons and subsequent electrochemical performance are strictly linked to the characteristic slope and plateau regions observed in the voltage profile of these materials. This work shows that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful and fast diagnostic tool to predict the extent of the charge stored in the slope and plateau regions during galvanostatic tests in hard carbon materials. EPR lineshape simulation and temperature-dependent measurements help to separate the nature of the spins in mechanochemically modified hard carbon materials synthesised at different temperatures. This proves relationships between structure modification and electrochemical signatures in the galvanostatic curves to obtain information on their sodium storage mechanism. Furthermore, through ex situ EPR studies we study the evolution of these EPR signals at different states of charge to further elucidate the storage mechanisms in these carbons. Finally, we discuss the interrelationship between EPR spectroscopy data of the hard carbon samples studied and their corresponding charging storage mechanism.
Pushing thermal conductivity to its lower limit in crystals with simple structures
Authors: Zeng Zezhu , Shen Xingchen , Cheng Ruihuan , Perez Olivier , Ouyang Niuchang , Fan Zheyong , Lemoine Pierric , Raveau Bernard , Guilmeau Emmanuel , Chen Yue
Published: April 2024

Materials with low thermal conductivity usually have complex crystal structures. Herein we experimentally find that a simple crystal structure material AgTlI2(I4/mcm) owns an extremely low thermal conductivity of 0.25 W/mK at room temperature. To understand this anomaly, we perform in-depth theoretical studies based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and anharmonic lattice dynamics. We find that the unique atomic arrangement and weak chemical bonding provide a permissive environment for strong oscillations of Ag atoms, leading to a considerable rattling behaviour and giant lattice anharmonicity. This feature is also verified by the experimental probability density function refinement of single-crystal diffraction. The particularly strong anharmonicity breaks down the conventional phonon gas model, giving rise to non-negligible wavelike phonon behaviours in AgTlI2at 300 K. Intriguingly, unlike many strongly anharmonic materials where a small propagative thermal conductivity is often accompanied by a large diffusive thermal conductivity, we find an unusual coexistence of ultralow propagative and diffusive thermal conductivities in AgTlI2based on the thermal transport unified theory. This study underscores the potential of simple crystal structures in achieving low thermal conductivity and encourages further experimental research to enrich the family of materials with ultralow thermal conductivity.
Cis-regulatory interfaces reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the notochord gene regulatory network of Ciona
Authors: Negrón-Piñeiro Lenny J. , Wu Yushi , Popsuj Sydney , José-Edwards Diana S. , Stolfi Alberto , Di Gregorio Anna
Published: April 2024

Tissue-specific gene expression is fundamental in development and evolution, and is mediated by transcription factors and by the cis-regulatory regions (enhancers) that they control. Transcription factors and their respective tissue-specific enhancers are essential components of gene regulatory networks responsible for the development of tissues and organs. Although numerous transcription factors have been characterized from different organisms, the knowledge of the enhancers responsible for their tissue-specific expression remains fragmentary. Here we use Ciona to study the enhancers associated with ten transcription factors expressed in the notochord, an evolutionary hallmark of the chordate phylum. Our results illustrate how two evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, Brachyury and Foxa2, coordinate the deployment of other notochord transcription factors. The results of these detailed cis-regulatory analyses delineate a high-resolution view of the essential notochord gene regulatory network of Ciona, and provide a reference for studies of transcription factors, enhancers, and their roles in development, disease, and evolution.
A chemical proteomics approach for global mapping of functional lysines on cell surface of living cell
Authors: Wang Ting , Ma Shiyun , Ji Guanghui , Wang Guoli , Liu Yang , Zhang Lei , Zhang Ying , Lu Haojie
Published: April 2024

Cell surface proteins are responsible for many crucial physiological roles, and they are also the major category of drug targets as the majority of therapeutics target membrane proteins on the surface of cells to alter cellular signaling. Despite its great significance, ligand discovery against membrane proteins has posed a great challenge mainly due to the special property of their natural habitat. Here, we design a new chemical proteomic probe OPA-S-S-alkyne that can efficiently and selectively target the lysines exposed on the cell surface and develop a chemical proteomics strategy for global analysis of surface functionality (GASF) in living cells. In total, we quantified 2639 cell surface lysines in Hela cell and several hundred residues with high reactivity were discovered, which represents the largest dataset of surface functional lysine sites to date. We discovered and validated that hyper-reactive lysine residues K382 on tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) and K285 on Endoglin (ENG/CD105) are at the protein interaction interface in co-crystal structures of protein complexes, emphasizing the broad potential functional consequences of cell surface lysines and GASF strategy is highly desirable for discovering new active and ligandable sites that can be functionally interrogated for drug discovery.
Europium in plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions reveals mantle melting modulates oxygen fugacity
Authors: Dygert Nicholas , Ustunisik Gokce K. , Nielsen Roger L.
Published: April 2024

To gain insights into the composition and heterogeneity of Earth’s interior, the partial pressure of oxygen (oxygen fugacity, or fO2) in igneous rocks is characterized. A surprising observation is that relative to reference buffers, fO2s of mantle melts (mid-ocean ridge basalts, or MORBs) and their presumed mantle sources (abyssal peridotites) differ. Globally, MORBs have near-uniform fO2s, whereas abyssal peridotites vary by about three orders of magnitude, suggesting these intimately related geologic reservoirs are out of equilibrium. Here, we characterize fO2s of mantle melting increments represented by plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions, which were entrapped as basaltic melts migrated from their sources toward the seafloor. At temperatures and fO2s constrained by rare earth element distributions, a range of fO2s consistent with the abyssal peridotites is recovered. The fO2s are correlated with geochemical proxies for mantle melting, suggesting partial melting of Earth’s mantle decreases its fO2, and that the uniformity of MORB fO2s is a consequence of the melting process and plate tectonic cycling.