bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF BOVINE AND OVINE BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: CUNNINGHAM N. F.
Published: December 2008

The insulin-like activities of ovine blood plasma diluted fourfold, and of acid-ethanol extracts of plasma taken before, and at various times up to 2 hr. after the intravenous injection of glucose (0·1–1·1 g./kg.), were determined by the rat diaphragm assay.

Diluted plasma generally showed a transient increase in insulin-like activity after the injection of glucose, but the magnitude of the increase was not related to the amount of glucose injected. Starvation for 3 days did not abolish the effect of glucose on the insulin-like activity of diluted plasma in two out of four sheep, although all four animals showed a reduced tolerance to glucose.

Increases in the insulin-like activity of extracts of plasma were observed in two experiments only, when 1·1 g. glucose/kg. had been administered. The results in the other experiments were variable, and the possible significance of these variations is discussed.

The results on sheep are compared with those obtained in monogastric animals by other workers.
STUDIES ON GROWTH AND BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN THE YOUNG CASTRATED GOAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: TINDAL J. S. , YOKOYAMA A.
Published: December 2008

Nine male goats were castrated at 6 weeks of age, and four of them were hypophysectomized at 7–8 months of age. Hypophysectomy resulted in a decreased rate of growth compared with the controls. Packed cell volume and blood sugar levels were slightly lower in the hypophysectomized group, but plasma sodium and potassium levels were normal. During a 48 hr. starvation period, the level of plasma non-esterified fatty acids rose steadily in the control group. The hypophysectomized group showed a rapid rise until the 19th hr. of starvation, a rapid decline until the 24th hr., and a slight rise until the end of the starvation period.
THE EFFECT OF CLOMIPHENE ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: HARKNESS R. A. , BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. , MORSE W. I.
Published: December 2008

The effect of clomiphene on hormone excretion in four normal males has been investigated.

In all subjects there was a marked rise in the urinary excretion of oestrone and oestradiol both during and after administration of the drug. The rise in oestrone excretion preceded and was more marked than the increase in oestriol output.

All subjects showed an increase in total 17-oxosteroid excretion during and after clomiphene administration. This was associated with a rise in the output of dehydroepiandrosterone in 2 of the 4 men studied.

The effect of clomiphene on steroid output occurred without any consistent change in the pattern of urinary gonadotrophin excretion.
HISTOLOGY AND WEIGHT OF THE MOUSE ADRENAL: A DIALLEL GENETIC STUDY
Authors: MECKLER R. J. , COLLINS R. L.
Published: December 2008

Relative adrenal weights were obtained and histological preparations of the adrenals were made from adult offspring derived from all mating combinations of four pure strains of mice. Both quantitative and qualitative genetic differences in the adrenals were found. The following variables affecting adrenal weight were significant: laterality, sex, strain, gametes, reciprocals, and reciprocals by sex (sex-linkage). Histological investigation of the adrenal glands of females aged 100 days differed in the absence or presence of heritable peri-medullary fatty metamorphosis of cortical cells. X-zone degeneration was independent of laterality and was found in two pure strains including all hybrid combinations of the two and a third strain. Females from genotypes displaying X-zone degeneration had significantly heavier adrenal glands than the remaining groups. The results of this diallel study indicate the presence of systematic genetic influences underlying histological and morphological differences in the mouse adrenal.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF HEXOESTROL AND PROGESTERONE AS OILY SOLUTIONS AND AS CRYSTALLINE SUSPENSIONS IN INDUCING MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION IN EARLY AND LATE OVARIECTOMIZED GOATS
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , HOSKING ZENA D.
Published: December 2008

Hexoestrol (0·5 mg.) and progesterone (70 mg.) in oily solutions injected subcutaneously every day over a period of 150 days were more effective in inducing mammary growth and lactation in ovariectomized goats than crystalline suspensions of hexoestrol (intramuscular injection every 50 days) and progesterone (intramuscular injection every 30 days) given during the same period and at the same total dosage. Within treatments, the goats ovariectomized as adults, i.e. just before the hormone treatments were started, always had higher yields than goats ovariectomized in infancy.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTISONE
Authors: KEKWICK A. , PAWAN G. L. S.
Published: December 2008

The metabolic effects of cortisone in mice were shown to vary widely with the dose employed. At a high dose level (12 mg./kg.) cortisone produced a negative nitrogen balance and loss of weight when food intake was constant. At a lower dose (5 mg./kg.) mice maintained nitrogen equilibrium and increased their total body fat when food intake was constant.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION XIV. THE CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT OF THE UTERUS, OVARY AND HYPOPHYSIS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: BARNEA AYALLA , SHELESNYAK M. C.
Published: December 2008

Uterine, ovarian, and hypophysial catecholamines in rats were measured daily during the first 6 days of pregnancy. A marked decrease in uterine adrenaline was observed between L3 and L4 of pregnancy. (L0 was the day when postcoital spermatozoa were observed in the vaginal smear. L1, L2, etc., denote leucocyte type smears.) Daily fluctuations in ovarian catecholamines as well as a rise in hypophysial catecholamines between L2 and L3 followed by a reduction thereafter were observed.

The results suggest a correlation between the 'oestrogen surge' on L3 of pregnancy and the reduction of uterine adrenaline and hypophysial adrenaline and noradrenaline. The rise in hypophysial catecholamines was related to the hypothalamic stimulation of hypophysial gonadotrophic activity on L2 of pregnancy.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF OESTROGEN IN RAT TISSUES
Authors: INMAN D. R. , BANFIELD R. E. W. , KING R. J. B.
Published: December 2008

The intracellular localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol in rat pituitary, liver and uterus has been studied using autoradiography. In the anterior pituitary the oestrogen has been located on the nuclear membrane and nucleolus of the eosinophils. The posterior pituitary did not produce positive autoradiographs and only occasional silver grains were seen in the pars intermedia. In the liver the silver grains were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm; only very occasionally were grains associated with the nucleus. No satisfactory results were obtained with the uterus. Labelled erythrocytes were seen in all the tissues studied. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of oestradiol.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THYROID HORMONE AND THYROXINE-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE EARLY NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: ŚLEBODZIŃSKI A.
Published: December 2008

(1) The interaction between thyroid hormone and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in 39 pigs from eight litters, aged from 12 hr. to 11 days. In addition, single observations were made on six batches of 42 pigs from 1 day to 6 months old and in five newborn sheep.

(2) A rapid increase in the level of the unsaturated TBG capacity was found to occur from the 1st day after birth.

(3) Continuous changes in the unsaturated TBG capacity resulted in a decline in the plasma level of free thyroxine and in a decrease in the uptake of [131I]triiodothyronine by erythrocytes. Equilibrium between the hormonal iodine metabolism and its blood carrier is reached at the end of the 1st week of life.

(4) These findings suggest that in discussing thyroid metabolism in neonatal animals it is important to distinguish between the early neonatal adaptive period and the remainder of the period of thyroid hyperactivity. The physiological implications of the higher level of free thyroxine in the blood after birth for the adaptation to post-uterine life is discussed.
THE APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LOW-LEVEL COUNTING TO THE STUDY OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN PLASMA
Authors: SHIMAOKA K. , JASANI B. M.
Published: December 2008

The triiodothyronine (T3):thyroxine (T4) radioactive iodine ratio in the blood of six thyrotoxic and twelve thyroid cancer patients was measured radiochemically by means of two-dimensional paper chromatography and a low-level counter. The ratio was found to be 0·046 (with a standard error of 0·004). No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients. When the binding properties of these thyroid hormones to the serum protein are considered, the contribution of T3 to the metabolic effect is estimated to be one half of that of T4 in the patients studied.
THE UPTAKE OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL BY DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOURS
Authors: KING R. J. B. , COWAN DOROTHEA M. , INMAN D. R.
Published: December 2008

The uptake and intracellular localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol has been studied in liver, kidney and mammary adenocarcinoma from female rats treated with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). The tumour is similar to other oestrogen-responsive tissues in that the major oestrogen* within the tissue is oestradiol which is mainly associated with cell nuclei. The tumour has the ability to retain the oestrogen for at least 4 hr.

Virtually no oestrogen is associated with the nuclei from liver and this result is discussed in relation to the intranuclear localization of oestrogen and the mechanism whereby oestrogen can enter the nuclei of some cells.

A significant amount of oestradiol is associated with nuclei from kidney.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE METABOLISM OF OESTROGENS BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: JELLINCK P. H. , LUCIEER IRENE
Published: December 2008

Liver microsomes derived from male rats were shown to convert a higher proportion of [14C]oestrone and [14C]oestradiol to water-soluble products than did similar preparations from female rats. This sex difference became apparent at maturity and could be influenced by castration or treatment with sex hormones. The increased formation of water-soluble material by male rats was accompanied by an increase in the yield of 2-hydroxyoestradiol and other ether-soluble metabolites but no sex difference in oestrogen metabolism was detected in mice or guinea-pigs and the effect was less pronounced with [14C]stilboestrol as substrate. The enzyme system influenced by the hormonal status of the animals was present in the microsomes and showed similarities to the non-specific oxygenases which hydroxylate steroids and a number of drugs.
URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION IN HYPOGONADAL MEN
Authors: HUTCHINSON J. S. M. , WORDEN J. M. , PRUNTY F. T. G.
Published: December 2008

Gonadotrophin excretion in 50 hypogonadal males has been investigated by the kaolin-acetone extraction method and the mouse uterus test.

Patients with panhypopituitarism had values for gonadotrophin excretion below the normal range while those thought to have gonadotrophin insufficiency not due to hypopituitarism had values either below or around the lower limit of the normal range. Patients with primary testicular failure, involving both seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, including those of the Klinefelter syndrome type, usually had a high gonadotrophin excretion. Patients with failure of the seminiferous tubules had values within the normal range only. In patients with gynaecomastia without evidence of testicular disease, gonadotrophin excretion was usually normal.

The differentiation of abnormal levels, particularly at the lower limits, was not always clear-cut.
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE METABOLISM OF [4-14C]CORTISOL IN MAN
Authors: SHAW D. A.
Published: December 2008

Specific activities were determined for cortisol and its metabolites isolated from several successive urine samples collected from patients who had each received a single injection of a tracer dose of [4-14C]cortisol. Some theoretical aspects of the curves relating specific activity to time after injection are considered.

Evidence is presented and discussed for an alternative route to the 11-oxygenated 17-oxosteroid metabolites of cortisol probably involving not an initial reduction of the ring A of cortisol but a simultaneous cleavage of the side-chain at C-17 of the steroid nucleus and reduction of ring A.
INSULIN LABELLED WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE: PREPARATION, PURIFICATION AND HORMONAL PROPERTIES
Authors: BANERJEE R. N.
Published: December 2008

(1) Two methods for the preparation of radioactive iodine-labelled insulin of high specific activity are described.

(2) Gel filtration on Sephadex proved to be a suitable method for purification of the labelled insulin.

(3) No loss of antigenicity of the labelled hormone could be detected.

(4) Bioassays of the labelled insulin showed that it was as active as the non-labelled hormone.
THE METABOLISM OF STEROIDS BY TISSUE FROM NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC RAT BREAST
Authors: KING R. J. B. , PANATTONI MARTA , GORDON J. , BAKER ROSEMARY
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of oestrone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and testosterone by normal mammary gland tissue from pregnant rats and by dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumours has been investigated.

Oestradiol was the only compound regularly formed from oestrone. DHA was mainly converted to androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (Δ5-androstenediol), but another compound with the characteristics of an hydroxylated derivative of DHA was also formed. These tissues also had Δ4-5α-hydrogenase, 3-oxosteroid reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities when testosterone was used as substrate. Hormone-dependent and -independent tumours had higher enzyme activities towards oestrone and testosterone than had normal mammary tissue from pregnant rats. This difference cannot be accounted for solely by the difference in the cellularity of these tissues. The production of oestradiol by the hormone-dependent tumours was related to the growth rate of the tumour. No similar relationship was found for the metabolism of testosterone. Evidence is presented that hormone-independent tumours might be able to metabolize more oestrone than dependent tumours of similar growth rates.
A COMPARISON OF STEROID PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO BY THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: VINSON G. P. , RANKIN J. C.
Published: December 2008

The major steroid products of the rat adrenal gland were studied both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that these methods gave similar results with regard both to the nature of the compounds produced and to their relative proportions. In particular, the status of 11-desoxycorticosterone as a physiologically important adrenal product is discussed, and it is concluded that this compound, as well as aldosterone, may possibly be instrumental in controlling electrolyte flux in the rat.
PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF RENIN IN A PATIENT WITH CONN'S SYNDROME WITH FIBRINOID LESIONS OF THE RENAL ARTERIOLES: THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH SPIRONOLACTONE
Authors: BROWN J. J. , DAVIES D. L. , LEVER A. F. , PEART W. S. , ROBERTSON J. I. S.
Published: December 2008

A case is described in which the presence of an adrenal cortical adenoma was predicted from the association of hypertension, hypokalaemia, raised aldosterone secretion and depressed plasma renin concentration.

Pre-operatively, administration of a spironolactone for a period of 10½ months corrected the electrolyte abnormalities, increased the plasma renin concentration to normal and lowered the blood pressure, although the raised aldosterone secretion was unchanged.

At operation a typical adrenal cortical adenoma was found.

Renal biopsy at operation showed arteriolar fibrinoid lesions, although no retinal lesions were seen at any stage.
GENETIC VARIATION IN DIURETIC RESPONSES TO WATER LOADS: DEFINITION OF SOME PARAMETERS OF DIURETIC RESPONSE AND INITIAL RESULTS OF SELECTION FOR THESE PARAMETERS
Authors: STEWART J. , SPICKETT S. G.
Published: December 2008

Three parameters of the diuretic response to a water load are defined these are: diuretic lag, rate of diuresis and total output/input. A heterogeneous stock of mice was set up using the strains A/Cam, CBA/FaCam, SF/Cam and Peru. Directional selection was made from this stock for rate of diuresis, and total output/input. The initial generations of selection showed positive and significant parent-offspring regressions and hence demonstrated genetic variation in these parameters. Two positive disruptive selection experiments were set up to explore the relationship between diuretic lag at 4 and 8 weeks of age. These experiments show also that there is genetic variation in diuretic lag and that gene manifestation at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks is different.

The genetic variation affecting diuretic response to water load is discussed with respect to concepts of 'normal' physiology.
THYROIDAL ADJUSTMENT TO THE IODINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: MYHILL J.
Published: December 2008

Data on percentual uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid and on urinary stable iodide excretion under homeostatic conditions were collected from reports from seven geographical areas. An analysis was performed for the structural relationship between these two random variables. It is concluded that under homeostatic conditions the thyroid operates in such a manner that the thyroidal stable iodide intake is greater at the lower values of percentual radioactive uptake occurring in geographical areas of sufficient or excess iodine. The adjustment of the gland to the iodine environment is thus incomplete.
EVALUATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE URINARY STEROIDS OF THE PREGNANT DAIRY COW
Authors: HEITZMAN R. J. , THOMAS G. H.
Published: December 2008

The ketonic and non-ketonic neutral steroids from the urine of pregnant dairy cows were examined by gas chromatography. The free and acetylated metabolites were chromatographed on QF-1, the trimethylsilyl ethers on NPGA, and the oxidized material on QF-1, SE-30 and NPGA. As an aid to structural identifications, the elution ranges for various groups of metabolites were calculated for steroid alcohols and acetates on QF-1, and for trimethylsilyl ethers on NPGA. Epiandrosterone, aetiocholanolone and androsterone were the most abundant metabolites in the ketonic fraction, their combined concentration in the urine being of the order of 0·6 mg./l. Minor metabolites in the ketonic fraction included 5α- and 5β-androstanedione, 5β-pregnanedione and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-2-one. The non-ketonic fraction contained 5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 5α-androstane3β,17α-diol. In addition, evidence was obtained for the presence of a number of pregnanediols in this fraction, of which 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol was identified with certainty. The possibility of estimating this diol quantitatively by means of gas chromatography has been examined.
A BIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR CALCITONIN
Authors: KUMAR M. A. , SLACK E. , EDWARDS A. , SOLIMAN H. A. , BAGHDIANTZ A. , FOSTER G. V. , MacINTYRE I.
Published: December 2008

(1) Calcitonin preparations from acetone-dried thyroid were administered to rats by various routes.

(2) Intravenous administration, especially by infusion, produced a much greater fall in plasma calcium than s.c. or i.p. injection.

(3) The log dose-effect curves after i.v. injection or infusion showed no evidence of non-linearity over a 100-fold dose range and had highly significant slopes.

(4) The potency ratio of two preparations was estimated by means of a (2+2) assay design using both i.v. infusion and single i.v. injection. There was satisfactory agreement.

(5) The i.v. injection method is recommended for the routine assay of calcitonin. A simple assay schedule is given in the Appendix.

(6) A unit of calcitonin activity is defined in terms of a standard preparation.
ENDEMIC GOITRE IN THAILAND
Authors: DIMITRIADOU ALICE , SUWANIK ROMSAI , FRASER T. RUSSELL , PEARSON J. D.
Published: December 2008

(1) In a village in the endemic-goitre area in Thailand, studies of the iodine metabolism (127I as well as 131I, and including chromatographic analysis of thyroid biopsy digests) have been made on 35 subjects sampled particularly from the younger decades.

(2) The high 24-hr. uptake of 131I by the thyroid was correlated inversely with the urinary 127I-iodide excretion; the [131I]thyroid discharge rate was very rapid in the diffuse goitres of young subjects, less so in the older subjects with nodular goitres, and was not rendered normal by a previous iodide repletion.

(3) Thyroid biopsy studies on some of these subjects showed: (a) in the three diffuse endemic goitres of young subjects studied, low iodine concentrations, rapid formation of [131I]iodothyronines, a normal MIT:DIT ratio (< 1) and a normal distribution of 127I-iodoaminoacids; (b) in two nodular endemic goitres in older individuals total iodine concentration was similarly low, but the rate of formation of [131I]iodothyronines was very slow, the MIT:DIT ratio high (> 1), and the 127I-iodoaminoacids stored consisted preponderantly of iodotyrosines, as found also in twenty sporadic goitres in Londoners.

(4) These findings suggest that hormone synthesis was normal and rapid in the diffuse endemic goitres of the young subjects, but defective in the nodular endemic goitres of older subjects, as was also found in sporadic goitres.
MANIFESTATIONS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA WITH HIGH OESTROGEN EXCRETION
Authors: HARRISON M. T. , BRUSH M. G. , MACFARLANE M.
Published: December 2008

A 27-yr.-old woman with adrenal cortical carcinoma excreted large amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (21–25 mg./day) and oestriol (94 μg./day). The latter may have prevented the development of virilizing features and so added to the difficulty in diagnosis. The clinical features and studies of adrenal steroid metabolism are presented, and the significance of the high levels of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone is discussed.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE SHEEP: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMBRYO AND THE CORPUS LUTEUM
Authors: MOOR R. M. , ROWSON L. E. A.
Published: December 2008

The stage at which the embryo first affects the corpus luteum of the sheep in such a way as to prevent its regression at the end of the oestrous cycle was determined by means of embryo transplantation. Up to the 12th day after oestrus the transfer of embryos to non-pregnant ewes resulted consistently in pregnancy, an indication that the transferred embryos had a luteotrophic effect on the corpora lutea of the recipients. However, embryos transferred to recipients in which oestrus had occurred 13 or 14 days previously had only a slight, or more frequently, no effect on the life-span of the corpus luteum. The factor responsible for the failure of these transfers was shown to lie in the recipient ewes and not in the transferred embryo. The findings indicate that the presence of the embryo in the uterus between the 12th and 13th day after oestrus is essential for the maintenance of the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
THE CARBOHYDRATE OF HUMAN SEMEN
Authors: MANN T. , ROTTENBERG D. A.
Published: December 2008

The carbohydrates of human semen are partly dialysable and ethanol-soluble, and partly non-dialysable and ethanol-insoluble. The dialysable and ethanol-soluble portion contains fructose as the principal free sugar, and, in addition, inositol, sorbitol, glucose, ribose, fucose, small amounts of certain other sugars and a polysaccharide which, on acid hydrolysis, yields mannose, fucose and amino sugar. The non-dialysable and ethanol-insoluble portion is even richer in polysaccharide material. It contains, in a bound form (g./100 ml. semen): 0·2 amino sugar, 0·1 sialic acid, and 0·4 orcinol-reactive carbohydrate material which on acid hydrolysis yields galactose, mannose, and fucose, but only a trace of glucose. On incubation of human semen at room temperature, a proteolytic breakdown of seminal proteins sets in, accompanied by a release of carbohydrate in an ethanol-soluble form. Glycogen occurs in human semen in traces only.
PARTIAL INACTIVATION OF A CRUSTACEAN CHROMACTIVATOR BY THIOGLYCOLLATE
Authors: CARLISLE D. B.
Published: December 2008

Thioglycollate (2-mercaptoethanoate) partially inactivates the melanophore-dispersing substance of the eyestalks of the shore crab Carcinus, reducing the activity by 97 % after incubation in vitro. It is without discernible action on erythrophore-concentrating hormones. Thioglycollate neither acts directly on chromatophores nor antagonizes the hormone at the receptor site.
EFFECTS OF PITUITARY HORMONES ON PROGESTATIONAL HORMONE PRODUCTION BY THE RABBIT OVARY IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: DORRINGTON J. H. , KILPATRICK R.
Published: December 2008

Ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) increased the output of progestational steroids (20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and progesterone) in rabbit ovarian venous blood. Similar increases were found with ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and growth hormone, but much larger amounts were necessary. Ovine prolactin was without effect. The increased output was due to increased synthesis and not only to release of stored steroids.

Synthesis of these progestational steroids was stimulated by LH incubated with rabbit ovarian tissue. The stimulation produced by FSH was probably due to contamination by LH since the log dose-response lines for LH and FSH were parallel, and FSH was approximately 100 times less active than LH. Ovine prolactin had no stimulatory activity in concentrations up to 20 μg./ml.

The stimulatory action of LH was unrelated to the presence of corpora lutea. Separated corpora lutea showed only a slight response to LH, whereas the response of interstitial tissue was similar to that found with undissected ovaries. Hence LH caused progestational steroid synthesis by stimulating the ovarian interstitial tissue.
THE HUMAN MALE CYCLE OF URINARY OESTRONE AND 17-OXOSTEROIDS
Authors: EXLEY D. , CORKER C. S.
Published: December 2008

A study has been made of the amounts of oestrone excreted in the urine on alternate days and of the daily excretion of creatinine, 17-oxosteroids, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids of one homosexual and four normal men. The results suggest an 8- to 10-day cycle of urinary oestrone and 17-oxosteroids excretion. Although the cyclical change is small it is statistically significant.

The cyclical activity is interpreted to be of testicular origin and suggests the possibility of a sexual cycle in the human male. Sexual cycles of male animals are discussed, and the human male cyclic period compared with that of the human menstrual cycle.

A similar rhythmic period of feedback between the gonads and the nervous system in males and females is suggested.
COMPARISON OF THE EARLY THYROIDAL IODIDE CLEARANCE WITH ESTIMATES OBTAINED AT LATER INTERVALS
Authors: KOUTRAS D. A. , SFONTOURIS J.
Published: December 2008

The rate of thyroidal iodide clearance has been measured repeatedly during the periods 2–20 min., 20 min.-2 hr., 2–10 hr. and 10–24 hr after i.v. administration of 131I Early measurements (after 2–20 min.) gave higher values than the estimates obtained at later, more conventional, periods. Treatment with carbimazole produced a slight decrease in the clearance when measured between 2 and 20 min., a more pronounced decrease when measured between 20 min. and 2 hr., and a decrease to virtually zero after 2 hr. It is suggested that the 2–20 min. measurements may correspond to the theoretical 'unidirectional' clearance, whereas later measurements, and especially those obtained after 2 hr., may correspond to the theoretical 'net' clearance. The 'net' clearances, expressed as a percentage of the 'unidirectional' one, may probably be used as an index of the proportion of iodide which, after trapping, remains organically bound in the thyroid. In normal persons the mean 2–10 hr. clearance was 55·4 ± 3·09 (s.e.)% of the value obtained between 2 and 20 min., suggesting that normally only about 55 % of the iodide trapped remains in the thyroid. In thyrotoxicosis and simple goitre the clearance values were high in absolute terms, but when expressed as a percentage of the 2–20 min. values, results obtained during the periods 20 min.-2 hr. and 2–10 hr. did not differ significantly from normal. In a patient with Pendred's syndrome with defective organic binding of iodide, the 2–10 hr. clearance was 7·4% of the 2–20 min. value.
THE METABOLISM OF 3β,21-DIHYDROXYPREGN-5-EN-20-ONE AND 3β,17α,21-TRIHYDROXYPREGN-5-EN-20-ONE IN MAN
Authors: PASQUALINI J. R. , DUTTER F. , JAYLE M. F.
Published: December 2008

After the oral administration of tritiated 3β,21-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (21-hydroxypregnenolone) to a normal subject, 40% of the radioactivity was excreted during the first 24 hr. The disulphate fraction which contained mainly 21-hydroxypregnenolone 3,21-disulphate, accounted for 62 % of the total radioactivity. The monosulphate fraction accounted for 6·8% of the total radioactivity. In the glucosiduronic acid fraction (8·7%) 21-hydroxypregnenolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were detected.

After the simultaneous oral and intravenous administration of inert and tritiated 3β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α,21-dihydroxypregnenolone) only 25·7% of the radioactivity was excreted in the first 24 hr. The monosulphate fraction, accounting for 64% of the total radioactivity, contained 3β,17α,20ξ,21-tetrahydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17α,21-dihydroxypregnenolone. In the glucosiduronic acid fraction (15%), 17β,21-dihydroxypregnenolone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, allotetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, aetiocholanolone and androsterone were detected.
THE SEQUENCE, TIME, AND DURATION, OF THE RELEASE OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN RELATION TO OESTRUS AND TO OVULATION IN THE SHEEP
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A. , RAKHA A. M.
Published: December 2008

A difference in the timing of the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary of the sheep at about the time of the ovulatory discharge is described.

The FSH content of the ovine pituitary began to decrease 8 hr. before the onset of oestrus, by which time 28 % of the FSH content of the pituitary had been discharged. The discharge of FSH continued at a steady rate until 6 hr. after the onset of oestrus to result in a further decrease of 24%.

No change in the LH content of the pituitary occurred during the 12 hr. before the onset of oestrus. The discharge of LH started at the onset of oestrus and was completed within 6 hr. by which time 52 % of the LH in the pituitary had been released.

The significance of these findings in relation to oestrus and to ovulation is discussed.
THE SERUM TYROSINE LEVEL AS AN INDEX OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: MALAMOS B. , MIRAS C. J. , KARLI-SAMOUILIDOU J. N. , KOUTRAS D. A.
Published: December 2008

Serum tyrosine was measured in 22 normal subjects, 17 patients with non-toxic goitre, ten patients with hypothyroidism, 37 patients with thyrotoxicosis and eight geriatric patients. Low values were obtained in hypothyroidism and high values in thyrotoxicosis. In thyrotoxicosis there was only a small overlap with the euthyroid subjects. Thus, measurements of serum tyrosine appear to be a useful test for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, not invalidated by previous iodine administration and not involving the use of radio-isotopes. Administration of vitamin C reduced the increased values of tyrosine in thyrotoxicosis to normal levels. It is suggested that a latent vitamin C deficiency may partly explain the increase in the serum tyrosine values in thyrotoxicosis.
INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON LOBULO-ALVEOLAR DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE MAMMARY GLANDS IN VITRO
Authors: ICHINOSE RUBY R. , NANDI S.
Published: December 2008

(1) To induce mammary differentiation in vitro, BALB/cCrgl mice were given hormones before incubation of their mammary glands in defined medium containing steroid hormones (oestradiol, progesterone and aldosterone), anterior pituitary hormones (prolactin and growth hormone), and insulin. The sequence of lobule development in vitro obtained in this way was determined by cultivation of tissues for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. Lobules appeared on the 3rd day of culture, although proliferation occurred throughout the 5-day period.

(2) In two other sets of experiments, mammary glands were exposed to various combinations of hormones in culture. Survival of cultured tissues required the presence of insulin, whereas differentiation required the presence of steroid hormones, anterior pituitary hormones, and insulin. Of the steroid hormones used, aldosterone alone fulfilled the minimum steroid hormone requirement for lobule formation in vitro.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OVINE GROWTH HORMONE IN SHEEP
Authors: WHEATLEY I. S. , WALLACE A. L. C. , BASSETT J. M.
Published: December 2008

The administration of 5 mg. ovine growth hormone (GH) per day for 4 weeks to adult sheep resulted in the retention of 0·5 g. nitrogen/24 hr. This is less than that reported to occur in man and dog with a similar dose of GH. Both plasma volume and red blood cell volume increased by 20 % during treatment. A small decrease occurred in the amount of sodium excreted, but no change in potassium excretion could be demonstrated. The water intake of the treated group declined during GH injections.

Plasma glucose concentrations increased slightly during treatment but there was no alteration in the concentration of plasma free fatty acids or ketone bodies.

Body weight did not change measurably with GH treatment. Wool growth decreased during treatment but then increased and remained above control values for at least 20 weeks.
INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING HORMONERELEASING ACTIVITY OF HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS IN THE DOG
Authors: YAMASHITA K.
Published: December 2008

The effect of hypothalamic extracts on 17-ketosteroid secretion by the testis of the dog was investigated. Stalk-median eminence extracts produced an increased rate of 17-ketosteroid secretion by the testis but extracts of the anterior hypothalamus caused little or no increase in the testicular output. No effect was obtained after the administration of extracts of the pre-optic, posterior hypothalamic and other brain regions. Stalk-median eminence extracts, after boiling, were still active in stimulating the testis though part of the activity was lost. The extracts failed to increase the testicular output of 17-ketosteroids in the hypophysectomized dog and the response is thus considered to be pituitary-dependent. Furthermore, intracarotid administration of acetylcholine, catechol amines, γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid and aspartic acid did not stimulate testicular 17-ketosteroid secretion.
NEUTRAL STEROID SULPHATION AND OESTROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY A FEMINIZING LEYDIG CELL TUMOUR OF THE TESTIS
Authors: PIERREPOINT C. G. , GRIFFITHS K. , GRANT J. K. , STEWART J. S. S.
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of [7α-3H]pregnenolone and [4-14C]dehydroepiandrosterone by a feminizing Leydig cell tumour from a man has been studied in vitro.

The tumour formed the 3β-sulphoxy derivatives of pregnenolone, 17α-hydropregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone.

Carbon-labelled oestradiol-17β and tritiated oestriol were isolated from the tumour indicating that the probable pathway of the formation of oestriol was by way of 16α-hydroxylated steroids not involving DHA or oestradiol.
THE EFFECT OF UREA ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: VISUTAKUL PACHARA , BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. , FISHER R. B.
Published: December 2008

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (National Institutes of Health—NIH have been incubated with varying concentrations of urea at different temperatures and for different periods of time.

The luteinizing activity of NIH-LH was destroyed to a greater extent than the follicle-stimulating activity of NIH-FSH at all concentrations of urea employed.

Higher temperatures tended to increase the degree of inactivation of both FSH and LH, while the time of incubation did not affect the results.

It is suggested that at concentrations of urea below 6 m inactivation of gonadotrophic activity is produced by ammonium cyanate formed from urea during incubation.
INTERMITTENT CUSHING'S SYNDROME WITH ANOMALOUS RESPONSE TO DEXAMETHASONE
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , JEFFCOATE S. L. , LONDON D. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G. , SMITH P. M.
Published: December 2008

A patient is described who showed evidence of 25 years' duration of intermittent hyperadrenocorticalism due to adrenocortical hyperplasia. The most pronounced clinical symptom was oedema formation, which was shown to be associated with phases of increased adrenocortical activity. Cortisol secretion rates, for example, ranged from 24 to 161 mg./24 hr. There was also potassium depletion.

The response to dexamethasone was repeatedly anomalous, there being a tenfold increase in excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Responses to metyrapone and pyrogen were absent but the response to insulin appeared excessive. There was no alteration by dexamethasone in vitro of synthesis of cortisol or corticosterone. Binding of plasma cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin were decreased.
ALDOSTERONE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN LIVER MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: BEDRAK E. , SAMOILOFF V.
Published: December 2008

A single intraperitoneal injection of 2 μg. d-aldosterone monoacetate/g. body weight produced a rapid, but temporary, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mouse liver mitochondria. This resulted in low P:O ratios in male and female animals of 1·21 and 1·52, respectively. The P:O ratio of females remained somewhat lower than the control levels but there was a progressive improvement in oxidative phosphorylation during the first 24 hr. after the injection leading to P: O ratios similar to those in the controls. Experiments in vitro showed that the uncoupling effects of aldosterone were related to its concentration in the reaction medium. Aldosterone added to fresh rat liver mitochondria, at concentrations of 10−10, 10−7 and 10−4m inhibited phosphorylation by 9·5, 77·1 and 95·1% and lowered P:O ratios to 2·46, 1·66 and 0·41, respectively. These changes in oxidative phosphorylation were not related to alteration in ATPase activity and were independent of mitochondrial electrolyte concentration.
DEPENDENCE OF 131I-LABELLED THYROXINE BIOSYNTHESIS ON THYROIDAL 131I UPTAKE AND 131I-LABELLED DI-IODOTYROSINE FORMATION IN VIVO
Authors: PITT-RIVERS ROSALIND
Published: December 2008

(1) 131I uptakes and the distribution of 131I in the iodoamino acids of the thyroid have been measured in rats fed a low iodine diet and very small doses of antithyroid agents. (2) 16 hr. and 4 hr. after the dose the labelled monoiodotyrosine content was inversely proportional, and the labelled di-iodotyrosine content directly proportional to the 131I uptake. (3) The labelled thyroxine content was directly proportional to the 131I uptake and labelled di-iodotyrosine content. (4) No obvious correlation between labelled tri-iodothyronine content and 131I uptake or labelled iodotyrosine content was apparent.
THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA 17-OXOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: DESHPANDE N. , BULBROOK R. D.
Published: December 2008

(1) Total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-oxosteroids have been determined simultaneously in plasma from 76 normal men.

(3) The 17-OHCS are positively correlated with age and negatively with weight. The 17-oxosteroids are negatively correlated with age.

(3) The age-adjusted mean 17-OHCS levels are identical in men and women but the age relationship differs significantly. Conversely, the slopes of the regressions of 17-oxosteroids on age are the same but the adjusted mean level is higher in men than in women.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ANTIBODY TO RELAXIN
Authors: McCLINTOCK J. A. , ZARROW M. X.
Published: December 2008

An antibody to relaxin that combined with the hormone in immunodiffusion and haemagglutination tests was produced in rabbits. The antibody quantitatively inhibited the interpubic ligament-response to relaxin in oestrogen-primed immature female mice and partially inhibited the separation of the pubic bones at the symphysis pubis in the parturient mouse.
LOCALIZATION OF 131I-LABELLED ANTIBODY TO RELAXIN
Authors: ZARROW M. X. , McCLINTOCK J. A.
Published: December 2008

An antibody to relaxin labelled with 131I was injected into pregnant mice and rats. It was found to be localized in the ovaries, placenta, and uterus of the mouse. The localization in the ovary and placenta was apparent on day 10 of pregnancy, increased markedly to a plateau on days 14–15, and fell at parturition. In the uterus accumulation of 131I anti-relaxin antibody rose to a much smaller degree than in the other two tissues and fell before parturition. Analysis of rat tissues during pregnancy indicated a localization of the labelled antibody in the ovary, placenta, cervix and mammary gland. The localization of the antibody was competitively inhibited by simultaneous injection or preincubation with relaxin. The localized antibody was competitively extracted by saline solutions containing relaxin but not by saline alone.
THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED OESTRADIOL BY DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE-INDUCED MAMMARY TUMOURS OF THE RAT
Authors: MOBBS B. G.
Published: December 2008

The uptake of injected [6,7-3H]oestradiol by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced mammary tumours of the rat was investigated. Hormone-responsive adenomata differed from unresponsive adenomata in their ability to concentrate the hormone. The concentration of tritiated oestrogen present as free steroid in adenomata which failed to regress after ovariectomy was twice that found in muscle 20 min. after injection, and this ratio did not change significantly for 2 hr. after injection. Hormone-responsive adenomata concentrated the hormone to a much greater extent: the amount of tritiated oestrogen/mg. wet weight continued to rise for 100 min. after injection, when the concentration of radioactive steroid present in the tumours was 8–20 times that present in muscle. In this respect, the hormone-responsive tumours behaved in a similar way to the uterus and other target organs for oestrogen which have been investigated by other authors. Mixed adenomata, that is, those which contained both hormone-responsive and -unresponsive tissue, and fibroadenomata concentrated the injected oestradiol to an extent intermediate between the wholly responsive and wholly unresponsive adenomata.
A SENSITIVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: WILDE C. E. , ORR A. HILARY , BAGSHAWE K. D.
Published: December 2008

A quantitative assay for human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) based on the competition between isotopically labelled HCG and unlabelled HCG for HCG antibody is described. Antibody-bound HCG is separated from free HCG by precipitation with anti-γ-globulin serum. As a result of an immunological cross-reaction the assay also measures pituitary luteinizing hormone. It detects 0·001 i.u. HCG/ml. and normal urinary luteinizing hormone concentrations can be estimated without extraction. The specificity of the assay is discussed.
MODE OF ACTION OF I.C.I. 46,474 IN PREVENTING IMPLANTATION IN RATS
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. , WALPOLE A. L.
Published: December 2008

Trans-1-(p-β-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene (I.C.I. 46,474), given by mouth, was most effective in terminating early pregnancy in rats on the fourth day after mating. A single intravenous dose was effective on day 4 but even early on day 5 large doses had little effect.

A single oral dose on day 1 or 2 sufficient to prevent implantation completely, caused accelerated tubal transport of the eggs and their premature expulsion from the uterus. This was partially blocked by progesterone and appears to be an oestrogenic effect. The corresponding dose on day 3 or 4 did not affect egg transport or development. After giving the compound on day 4, substantial but diminishing numbers of unimplanted eggs were recovered from the uterus up to day 11 of 'pregnancy'. Such blastocysts could be induced to implant in a proportion of rats by giving a single large injection of oestrogen at the same time as the compound (on day 4) or a progressively smaller dose up to day 11.

These results support the hypothesis (Harper & Walpole, 1966) that I.C.I. 46,474 can prevent implantation in rats by counteracting the 'oestrogensurge' on day 4 necessary for its induction. They further suggest that the compound persists for some days in the uterus.
A THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY STUDY ON THE METABOLISM OF PREDNISOLONE IN THE HORSE
Authors: MOSS M. S. , RYLANCE H. J.
Published: December 2008

Thin-layer chromatography previously used to detect synthetic steroids in horse urine has been applied to a study of the metabolism of prednisolone in the horse.

Chromatography of the crude steroid extract was carried out successively in (1) ether, (2) a methylene chloride: dioxane: water system and (3) ethyl acetate. Provisional identification of the metabolites was confirmed by chromatography of the acetates and the bismuthate and chromic acid oxidation products aided by colour reactions with (1) a tetrazolium reagent, (2) vanillin: perchloric acid and (3) a Zimmermann reagent.

Unconjugated steroids detected in the urine after prednisolone administration to the horse were prednisolone, prednisone, cortisol, 20β-dihydroprednisone, 20β-dihydroprednisolone and 11-deoxycortisol. None of these materials was found in normal urine.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VARIATION IN RESPONSE OF MICE TO GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES
Authors: McLAREN ANNE
Published: December 2008

The variation in the number of eggs shed by mice in response to treatment with gonadotrophic hormones depends on the sexual maturity and genetic constitution of the treated females, on the amount of pregnant mare serum used, and on the number of injections into which the total dose is divided. Dividing the dose into six administrations spread over 24 hr. nearly halved the variability of the response in one strain, and reduced the variance sixfold in another.
AN EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: STARK E. , VARGA B. , ÁCS ZS.
Published: December 2008

Administered intravenously, a commercial preparation of naturally occurring corticotrophin as well as synthetic corticotrophin were found to raise ovarian blood flow both in the normal and in the adrenalectomized dog and cat, without affecting systemic blood pressure. Peaks and periods of time for which flow remained increased were dose-dependent.
CENTRAL NERVOUS CONTROL OF PROLACTIN SECRETION IN THE RABBIT: EFFECT OF LOCAL OESTROGEN IMPLANTS IN THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX
Authors: TINDAL J. S. , KNAGGS G. S. , TURVEY A.
Published: December 2008

Virgin female New Zealand White rabbits were made pseudopregnant by i.v. injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Seventy-six animals received bilateral implants of oestradiol monobenzoate in the amygdaloid complex and neighbouring regions of the brain on the 7th day of pseudopregnancy; 15 animals were given daily injections s.c. of 20 i.u. ovine prolactin from day 7 to 17, and 21 animals served as controls, four of which were implanted bilaterally with blank steel tubes on day 7. All animals were killed on day 18 of pseudopregnancy.

At autopsy, lactogenic responses were present in 20 of the animals with implants. Lactogenesis occurred when oestrogen implants had been placed in the medial nucleus, in the central nucleus and in the basomedial part of the basal nucleus of the amygdala, as well as in the stria terminalis.

It is suggested that the lactogenic responses may have been caused by oestrogen-sensitive neurones in the amygdala acting via the stria terminalis on the preoptic area and/or basal hypothalamus to cause the release of prolactin, and that the amygdala may play a role in the normal animal, via the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, in the modulation of the secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary.