bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring emotional face processing in 5‐month‐olds: The relation with quality of parent–child interaction and spatial frequencies
Authors: van den Boomen Carlijn , Munsters Nicolette M. , Deković Maja , Kemner Chantal
Published: July 2021

It is unclear whether infants differentially process emotional faces in the brain at 5 months of age. Contradictory findings of previous research indicate that additional factors play a role in this process. The current study investigated whether five‐month‐old infants show differential brain activity between emotional faces. Furthermore, we explored the relation between emotional face processing and (I) stimulus characteristics, specifically the spatial frequency content, and (II) parent, child, and dyadic qualities of interaction characteristics. Face‐sensitive components (i.e., N290, P400, Nc) in response to neutral and fearful faces that contained only lower or higher spatial frequencies were assessed. Quality of parent–child interaction was assessed with the Manchester Assessment of Caregiver Infant Interaction (MACI). The results show that, as a full group, none of the components differed between emotional expressions. However, when splitting the group based on median MACI scores, infants who showed high quality of interaction (i.e., more attentiveness to caregiver, positive and negative affect, and liveliness) processed emotions differently, whereas infants who showed low quality did not. These results indicate that a sub‐group of infants show differential emotional face processing at 5 months of age, which seem to relate to quality of their behavior during the parent–child interaction.
Emerging coherence and relations to communication among executive function tasks in toddlers: Evidence from a Latin American sample
Authors: Gago Galvagno Lucas G. , Miller Stephanie E. , De Grandis Carolina , Elgier Angel M.
Published: July 2021

Recent work within early executive function (EF) seems to suggest that toddlers show distinct patterns of development, involving poorly correlated performance across EF tasks and significant improvements over relatively short periods of time. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating evidence for these patterns in toddlers and the existence of more traditional patterns of EF (e.g., correlations between tasks, links to language) when using the same tasks in a novel Latin American sample. Eighty toddlers (18–24 months) and sixty young preschoolers (30–36) months completed a battery of EF tasks, early social communication, and receptive and expressive language measures. Results indicated that toddlers showed similar distinct patterns of development (i.e., few relations between tasks and links to responding to joint attention), but by early preschool a more cohesive EF and links to language were present. Further, work demonstrated significant age (older children outperformed younger children), gender (girls outperformed boys), and socioeconomic differences (satisfied basic needs outperformed unsatisfied basic needs, but only on the snack delay). This work provides evidence for patterns of emerging EF development within this novel cultural sample (and evidence for group differences) that may be supported by communicative and representational development.
Bodily Rights in Personal Ventilators?
Authors: Aas Sean , Wasserman David
Published: July 2021

This article asks whether personal ventilators should be redistributed to maximize lives saved in emergency condition, like the COVID‐19 pandemic. It begins by examining extant claims that items like ventilators are literally parts of their user's bodies. Arguments in favor of incorporation for ventilators fail to show that they meet valid sufficient conditions to be body parts, but arguments against incorporation also fail to show that they fail to meet clearly valid necessary conditions. Further progress on this issue awaits clarification of difficult normative, conceptual, and metaphysical questions about the possible boundaries of a person's body. Rather than relying solely on incorporation arguments, we propose an argument against reallocation from widely accepted anti‐discrimination principles. Possession of a personal ventilator is an obvious marker of disability identity; thus, reallocating ventilators from those that already possess them discriminates on the basis of a stigmatized trait – a paradigm case of presumptively wrongful discrimination. This discrimination claim, taken together with uncertainty about the bodily status of ventilators, yields a strong presumption against personal ventilator reallocation.
Conservation threats and future prospects for the freshwater fishes of Ecuador: A hotspot of Neotropical fish diversity
Authors: Aguirre Windsor E. , Alvarez‐Mieles Gabriela , Anaguano‐Yancha Fernando , Burgos Morán Ricardo , Cucalón Roberto V. , Escobar‐Camacho Daniel , Jácome‐Negrete Iván , Jiménez Prado Pedro , Laaz Enrique , Miranda‐Troya Katherin , Navarrete‐Amaya Ronald , Nugra Salazar Fredy , Revelo Willan , Rivadeneira Juan F. , Valdiviezo Rivera Jonathan , Zárate Hugo Edwin
Published: July 2021

Freshwater fish communities in Ecuador exhibit some of the highest levels of diversity and endemism in the Neotropics. Unfortunately, aquatic ecosystems in the country are under serious threat and conditions are deteriorating. In 2018–19, the government of Ecuador sponsored a series of workshops to examine the conservation status of Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Concerns were identified for 35 species, most of which are native to the Amazon region, and overfishing of Amazonian pimelodid catfishes emerged as a major issue. However, much of the information needed to make decisions across fish groups and regions was not available, hindering the process and highlighting the need for a review of the conservation threats to Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Here, we review how the physical alteration of rivers, deforestation, wetland and floodplain degradation, agricultural and urban water pollution, mining, oil extraction, dams, overfishing, introduced species and climate change are affecting freshwater fishes in Ecuador. Although many of these factors affect fishes throughout the Neotropics, the lack of data on Ecuadorian fish communities is staggering and highlights the urgent need for more research. We also make recommendations, including the need for proper enforcement of existing environmental laws, restoration of degraded aquatic ecosystems, establishment of a national monitoring system for freshwater ecosystems, investment in research to fill gaps in knowledge, and encouragement of public engagement in citizen science and conservation efforts. Freshwater fishes are an important component of the cultural and biological legacy of the Ecuadorian people. Conserving them for future generations is critical.
Phosphorylation of MtRopGEF2 by LYK3 mediates MtROP activity to regulate rhizobial infection inMedicago truncatula
Authors: Wang Mingxing , Feng Huan , Xu Peng , Xie Qiujin , Gao Jinpeng , Wang Yanzhang , Zhang Xiaowei , Yang Jun , Murray Jeremy D. , Sun Fengli , Wang Chunyan , Wang Ertao , Yu Nan
Published: July 2021

The formation of nitrogen‐fixing no dules on legume roots requires the coordination of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis with the initiation of cell divisions in the root cortex. During infection, rhizobia attach to the tip of elongating root hairs which then curl to entrap the rhizobia. However, the mechanism of root hair deformation and curling in response to symbiotic signals is still elusive. Here, we found that small GTPases (MtRac1/MtROP9 and its homologs) are required for root hair development and rhizobial infection inMedicago truncatula. Our results show that the Nod factor receptor LYK3 phosphorylates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor MtRopGEF2 at S73 which is critical for the polar growth of root hairs. In turn, phosphorylated MtRopGEF2 can activate MtRac1. Activated MtRac1 was found to localize at the tips of root hairs and to strongly interact with LYK3 and NFP. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that MtRac1, LYK3, and NFP form a polarly localized receptor complex that regulates root hair deformation during rhizobial infection.
The twisted structure of the rat Achilles tendon
Authors: Fan Hai‐Ming , Shrestha Looniva , Guo Ying , Tao Hui‐Ren , Sun Yu‐Long
Published: July 2021

The rat is frequently used as a model to study the characteristics, aetiology and pathology of the Achilles tendon. However, though the structure of the human Achilles tendon has been extensively investigated, the anatomical structure of the rat Achilles tendon remains unclear, which impedes the ability to use rats to study Achilles tendinopathy. The purpose of this study was to reveal the structure of the rat Achilles tendon and to explore its similarities with the human Achilles tendon through an anatomical dissection of 80 rat Achilles tendons (40 female, 40 male). This study found that the subtendons of the rat Achilles tendon originating from the triceps surae muscle were twisted, and each subtendon also had its own torsion. The extent of these two types of torsion could be very different between rats. Alterations in this torsion may result in distinct stress fields in the Achilles tendon, which may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Achilles tendinopathy. This study provides an important basis to support the use of rats as model animals to investigate the characteristics of the human Achilles tendon and Achilles tendinopathy.
Arginase 1 is upregulated at admission in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Tengbom John , Cederström Sofia , Verouhis Dinos , Böhm Felix , Eriksson Per , Folkersen Lasse , Gabrielsen Anders , Jernberg Tomas , Lundman Pia , Persson Jonas , Saleh Nawzad , Settergren Magnus , Sörensson Peder , Tratsiakovich Yahor , Tornvall Per , Jung Christian , Pernow John
Published: July 2021

Background

The mechanisms underlying rupture of a coronary atherosclerotic plaque and development of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain unresolved. Increased arginase 1 activity leads to reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and increased formation of reactive oxygen species due to uncoupling of the NO‐producing enzyme endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). This contributes to endothelial dysfunction, plaque instability and increased susceptibility to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that arginase gene and protein expression are upregulated in patients with STEMI.

Methods

Two cohorts of patients with STEMI were included. In the first cohort (n = 51), expression of arginase and NO‐synthases as well as arginase 1 protein levels were determined and compared to a healthy control group (n = 45). In a second cohort (n = 68), plasma arginase 1 levels and infarct size were determined using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Expression of the gene encoding arginase 1 was significantly elevated at admission and 24–48 h after STEMI but not 3 months post STEMI, in comparison with the control group. Expression of the genes encoding arginase 2 and endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) were unaltered. Arginase 1 protein levels were elevated at admission, 24 h post STEMI and remained elevated for up to 6 months. No significant correlation between plasma arginase 1 protein levels and infarct size was observed.

Conclusion

The markedly increased gene and protein expression of arginase 1 already at admission indicates a role of arginase 1 in the development of STEMI.
Computer‐aided ration calculation (Diet Check Munich©) versus blood profile in raw fed privately owned dogs
Authors: Hajek Veronika , Zablotski Yury , Kölle Petra
Published: July 2021

Many dog owners create nutritionally imbalanced raw meat‐based diets (RMBD) with information from the Internet and pseudo‐scientific books, some even use pre‐prepared frozen raw feed from online shops, local butchers or other providers. The risk of nutritional imbalances is therefore present. Blood profiles for dogs fed RMBD are promoted by laboratories as a simple tool for the owner to check the nutritional supply situation. Veterinarian nutrition specialists seem to be consulted less frequently and, in most cases, when blood analyses show deviations from reference ranges. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a RMBD blood profile reflects possible malnutrition according to a computer‐aided ration check and to assess its clinical relevance. Using standardized questionnaires, the average daily rations of 104 dogs, 83 of which were fed raw diets versus 21 commercially fed dogs, were analysed using Diet Check Munich©, based on the National Research Council values. Afterwards, the SYNLAB.vet GmbH ‘Barfer‐Profil’ test including calcium, phosphate, calcium/phosphate ratio, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper, zinc and iodine with additional parameters taurine, urea, uric acid and creatinine was carried out. No significant correlation between nutrient supply and associated blood parameters could be detected. Diet calculation revealed significantly more nutritional imbalances in the RMBD group than in the control group. Low plasma taurine could be detected only in the RMBD group. After participating, 30% of the dog owners (RMBD group) decided to adjust their dogs’ diets at the nutrition consultation of the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine of the LMU Munich. Based on these results, for most parameters a RMBD blood profile is not an appropriate tool to monitor a dog's nutrition and computer‐aided ration calculation remains the gold standard for detecting nutritional imbalances.
A decade of photo‐identification reveals contrasting abundance and trends of Type B killer whales in the coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Fearnbach Holly , Durban John W. , Ellifrit David K. , Paredes Alyssa , Hickmott Leigh S. , Pitman Robert L.
Published: July 2021

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is rapidly warming and empirical data on abundance trends of marine organisms are required to understand the impact of these physical changes, and interacting anthropogenic impacts, on the ecosystem. Recent estimates inferred increasing abundance of Type A killer whales at the top of this food chain, and here we provide new data on the abundance of Type B1 and B2 killer whales using photographic mark‐recaptures collected during austral summers from 2008/2009 to 2017/2018. Both ecotypes were regularly photographed around the AP coastline, particularly off the west side, and individuals of both showed site fidelity across years. B1s had a higher re‐identification rate (58% photographed in multiple years, range: 1–7 years) compared to B2s (31%, 1–4 years). We fit mark‐recapture models that allowed temporary emigration beyond the study area, to effectively monitor the size of wide‐ranging populations and documented contrasting trends for B1s and B2s. A smaller population size (~102) of B1s was estimated to use the area, with a declining trend in abundance (−4.7% per year) and reduced apparent survival in recent years. In contrast, a much larger population size (~740) of B2s was estimated to be generally stable in abundance and apparent survival over the past decade.
Modulation of mitochondrial and inflammatory homeostasis through RIP140 is neuroprotective in an adrenoleukodystrophy mouse model
Authors: Ranea‐Robles Pablo , Galino Jorge , Espinosa Lluís , Schlüter Agatha , Ruiz Montserrat , Calingasan Noel Ylagan , Villarroya Francesc , Naudí Alba , Pamplona Reinald , Ferrer Isidre , Beal M. Flint , Portero‐Otín Manuel , Fourcade Stéphane , Pujol Aurora
Published: July 2021

Aims

Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are at the core of axonal degeneration in several multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The transcriptional coregulator RIP140/NRIP1 (receptor‐interacting protein 140) modulates these functions in liver and adipose tissue, but its role in the nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the impact of RIP140 in the Abcd1− mouse model of X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD), a genetic model of chronic axonopathy involving the convergence of redox imbalance, bioenergetic failure, and chronic inflammation.

Methods and results

We provide evidence that RIP140 is modulated through a redox‐dependent mechanism driven by very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), the levels of which are increased in X‐ALD. Genetic inactivation of RIP140 prevented mitochondrial depletion and dysfunction, bioenergetic failure, inflammatory dysregulation, axonal degeneration and associated locomotor disabilities in vivo in X‐ALD mouse models.

Conclusions

Together, these findings show that aberrant overactivation of RIP140 promotes neurodegeneration in X‐ALD, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target for X‐ALD and other neurodegenerative disorders that present with metabolic and inflammatory dyshomeostasis.
Do resistance exercises during biofeedback therapy enhance the anal sphincter and pelvic floor muscles in anal incontinence?
Authors: Tuttle Lori J. , Zifan Ali , Swartz Jessica , Mittal Ravinder K.
Published: July 2021

Aim

To determine if a biofeedback therapy that includes concentric resistance exercise for the anal sphincter muscles can improve muscle strength/function and improve AI symptoms compared to the traditional/non‐resistance biofeedback therapy.

Background

Biofeedback therapy is the current gold standard treatment for patients with anal incontinence (AI). Lack of resistance exercise biofeedback programs is a limitation in current practice.

Methods

Thirty‐three women with AI (mean age 60 years) were randomly assigned to concentric (resistance) or isometric (non‐resistance) biofeedback training. Concentric training utilized the Functional Luminal Imaging Probe to provide progressive resistance exercises based on the patient's ability to collapse the anal canal lumen. Isometric training utilized a non‐collapsible 10 mm diameter probe. Both groups performed a biofeedback protocol once per week in the clinic for 12 weeks and at home daily. High definition anal manometry was used to assess anal sphincter strength; symptoms were measured using FISI and UDI‐6. 3D transperineal ultrasound imaging was used to assess the anal sphincter muscle integrity.

Results

Concentric and isometric groups improved FISI and UDI‐6 scores to a similar degree. Both the concentric and isometric groups showed small improvement in the anal high‐pressure zone; however, there was no difference between the two groups. Ultrasound image analysis revealed significant damage to the anal sphincter muscles in both patient groups.

Conclusions

Concentric resistance biofeedback training did not improve the anal sphincter muscle function or AI symptoms beyond traditional biofeedback training. Anal sphincter muscle damage may be an important factor that limits the success of biofeedback training.
Thinness, overweight, and obesity in 6‐ to 9‐year‐old children from 36 countries: The World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative—COSI 2015–2017
Authors: Spinelli Angela , Buoncristiano Marta , Nardone Paola , Starc Gregor , Hejgaard Tatjana , Júlíusson Petur Benedikt , Fismen Anne‐Siri , Weghuber Daniel , Musić Milanović Sanja , García‐Solano Marta , Rutter Harry , Rakovac Ivo , Cucu Alexandra , Brinduse Lacramioara Aurelia , Rito Ana Isabel , Kovacs Viktoria Anna , Heinen Mirjam M. , Nurk Eha , Mäki Päivi , Abdrakhmanova Shynar , Rakhmatulleoeva Sanavbar , Duleva Vesselka , Farrugia Sant'Angelo Victoria , Fijałkowska Anna , Gualtieri Andrea , Sacchini Elena , Hassapidou Maria , Hyska Jolanda , Kelleher Cecily C. , Kujundžić Enisa , Kunešová Marie , Markidou Ioannidou Eliza , Ostojic Sergej M. , Peterkova Valentina , Petrauskienė Aušra , Popović Stevo , Pudule Iveta , Russell Jonsson Kenisha , Dal‐Re Saavedra Maria Ángeles , Salanave Benoît , Shengelia Lela , Spiroski Igor , Tanrygulyyeva Maya , Tichá Ľubica , Usupova Zhamilya , Ozcebe Lütfiye Hilal , Abildina Akbota , Schindler Karin , Weber Martin W. , Filipović Hadžiomeragić Aida , Melkumova Marina , Stojisavljević Dragana , Boymatova Khadichamo , Williams Julianne , Breda João
Published: July 2021

In 2015–2017, the fourth round of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was conducted in 36 countries. National representative samples of children aged 6–9 (203,323) were measured by trained staff, with similar equipment and using a standardized protocol. This paper assesses the children's body weight status and compares the burden of childhood overweight, obesity, and thinness in Northern, Eastern, and Southern Europe and Central Asia. The results show great geographic variability in height, weight, and body mass index. On average, the children of Northern Europe were the tallest, those of Southern Europe the heaviest, and the children living in Central Asia the lightest and the shortest. Overall, 28.7% of boys and 26.5% of girls were overweight (including obesity) and 2.5% and 1.9%, respectively, were thin according to the WHO definitions. The prevalence of obesity varied from 1.8% of boys and 1.1% of girls in Tajikistan to 21.5% and 19.2%, respectively, in Cyprus, and tended to be higher for boys than for girls. Levels of thinness, stunting, and underweight were relatively low, except in Eastern Europe (for thinness) and in Central Asia. Despite the efforts to halt it, unhealthy weight status is still an important problem in the WHO European Region.
United We Stand, Divided We Fall: Sociopolitical Predictors of Physical Distancing and Hand Hygiene During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Cárdenas Diana , Orazani Nima , Stevens Mark , Cruwys Tegan , Platow Michael , Zekulin Michael , Reynolds Katherine J.
Published: July 2021

Most health models emphasize individual factors in predicting health behavior. However, in the context of COVID‐19 where the immediate response to stopping the spread of the virus requires collective efforts and change, other sociopolitical factors need to be considered. Prior research points to health behaviors being impacted by neighborhood and national social relations, social identification, confidence in government and political orientation. This research, though, is generally piecemeal (or specific), tends to be cross‐sectional, and is usually not oriented to pandemics. These issues are addressed in the current research. A two‐wave study with a representative sample of Australians (NWave 1 = 3028) gathered during COVID‐19 examined sociopolitical factors at the local and national level as predictors of health behaviors one month later. Four models were tested. These encapsulated geographic levels (local or national) and two health behaviors (hand hygiene or physical distance). In the three of the four models, social identification was a significant predictor of health behavior, while controlling for sociodemographic and individual‐level measures. There were more mixed results for social relations and confidence in government. There is evidence that to better promote health behaviors sociopolitical factors need to be more prominent in public policy and health behavior models.

Highlights

The goal of this study is to examine how sociopolitical factors impact physical distance and hand hygiene during the Australian COVID‐19 pandemic.

Based on social cohesion literature and the social identity approach, we expected three social cohesion dimensions (social identification, confidence in government and social relations) to predict greater health behaviors one month later. Political orientation was also expected to predict health behaviors.

The results show that social identification consistently predicts health behaviors, with weaker evidence for political orientation and confidence in the government, and mixed evidence for social relations.

This research highlights the importance of considering and strengthening the sociopolitical context in our response to pandemics.
Firm‐level trade effects of WTO accession: Evidence from Russia
Authors: Cristea Anca D. , Miromanova Anna
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the impact of Russia’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession on international trade patterns at the firm level. A large literature of cross‐country studies examines the long‐run trade effects of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO membership. Our paper contributes to this literature by bringing short‐run micro‐level evidence from the experience of a large trading country. Using customs data on the monthly import and export transactions of Russian firms over the period 2011–2015, we investigate the short‐run responses of firm‐level trade along the intensive and extensive margins following Russia’s WTO accession in 2012. Our results indicate an increase in the number of foreign countries that Russian firms export to or import from, and a significant increase in the number of exported products. The evidence on the effects of the WTO accession on the intensive margin of firm‐level trade is mixed. Additionally, we find suggestive evidence that the Russian retaliatory food embargo imposed in response to the Crimean economic sanctions might have been intended as a protectionist policy to help out a vulnerable domestic industry (i.e. agriculture) directly impacted by the country’s WTO accession.
Discovering Auctions: Contributions of Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson*
Authors: Teytelboym Alexander , Li Shengwu , Kominers Scott Duke , Akbarpour Mohammad , Dworczak Piotr
Published: July 2021

The 2020 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson for “improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats”. In this survey article, we review the contributions of the laureates, emphasizing the subtle interplay between deep theoretical questions and practical design challenges that resulted in one of the most successful fields of economics.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*15:598 allele identified in a Korean individual by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Kweon Oh Joo , Lim Yong Kwan , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Kim Hyue Mee , Kim Hye Ryoun
Published: July 2021

One nucleotide substitution in codon 169 of B*15:01:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*15:598.
Red blood cell frequencies and genetic polymorphisms of various blood grouping systems in the emirati population
Authors: AlHumaidan Hiba , Edinur Hisham Atan , Omeziane Naima , Alvares Marion , Al Yafei Zain , Al Mahri Ayeda , ElGhazali Gehad , Al Zaabi Eiman
Published: July 2021

Background and objectives

Data on the frequencies of RBC antigens and their variants in the Arab world are limited. Thus, determining the antigenic profile of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population by serologic and molecular methods is significant to enhance operational efficiency in donor centres and transfusion services.

Study design and methods

The study is a retrospective retrieval of serologic and genotype data. The serological ABO type data of 30 954 UAE national donors, the serological RHD and RHCE data of 10 036 UAE national donors, and the genotype data of 354 patients and donors of admixed nationalities for determining different blood group systems were retrieved and analysed.

Results

Rh D negative (dccee) phenotype in the UAE national donor population is lower compared to the reported Rh D negative phenotype in the European population (6·8% vs. 18%) and there were a high number of variants observed in the patient and donor populations, especially in the RhCE and Duffy blood group systems (12·1% and 59·3%, respectively).

Conclusion

High number of variants and rare blood group profiles were observed and the gene pool of the Emirati nationals, as well as their antigenic frequencies, is an intermediate between the European and African populations rather than the Asian gene pool.
A Newly Discovered Annotated Partimento Manuscript : "Rudimenti di Musica per Accompagnare del Sig. r Maestro Vignali" (1789)
Authors: Curtice Sean , Carlisi Lydia
Published: July 2021

The partimento tradition of eighteenth-century Italy developed within a musical culture that prioritized oral pedagogy. While these teaching methods were successful in producing generations of great composers, they have left scholars with vexing questions concerning the precise manner
in which partimenti should be realized. The recent appearance of a remarkable and previously unknown manuscript—"Rudimenti di Musica per Accompagnare del Sig. Maestro Vignali," dated 1789—promises to shed invaluable new light on the oral tradition of partimento instruction. The
manuscript's likely author is Gabriele Vignali (c. 1736– 1799), a maestro di cappella active in Bologna; it is unique in the presently known canon owing to the detailed footnotes that accompany each of its twenty-four Bassi (one in each major and minor key). Vignali's annotations
provide precisely the sort of commentary that was ordinarily restricted to real-time explanation, teaching the student to recognize keys, scale degrees, modulations, cadences, typical bass progressions, and significant motives. The present article and accompanying English-language edition
examine this exceptional partimento collection in detail, offering modern partimentisti the opportunity for the first time to listen in, as it were, on a series of lessons between an eighteenth-century maestro and his student.
Tristan und Isolde at the Margins of Music-Analytical Discourse: A Dialogic Perspective
Authors: Koslovsky John
Published: July 2021

Whether or not the Prelude to Richard Wagner's 1859 music drama Tristan und Isolde is the most analyzed piece in the history of Western music, owing to its ongoing canonical status, it behooves us to consider how it has affected the field of music analysis over the past 150 years.
More than any other piece, Wagner's Prelude is able to expose the many conflicts that arise between analytical approaches: while it can demonstrate the limits of one particular approach vis-à-vis another, it may also reveal new potentialities that divergent analyses offer when seen
from an intertextual point of view.
 As a test case, this article will position three contemporaneous analyses of the opening measures of the Prelude against one another: Horst Scharschuch's post-Riemannian harmonic analysis and Jacques Chailley's style-historical analysis, both
from 1963, and William Mitchell's Schenkerian analysis of 1967. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts of "dialogism" and "heteroglossia," I will trace a broader historiographical and intertextual network surrounding the history of analyzing Tristan, with the goal of refocusing our analytical
priorities around this work and penetrating the continuities and discontinuities between competing analyses. In this way, the article aims at opening up a further dialogic space in music analysis, both in our historical considerations and in the way we approach analysis as an intertext—that
is, by traversing the fissures in the reified verities of a "unified" analysis and the multiple interpretative transpositions underlying our deciphering of analytical texts. It will conclude by offering yet another interpretation of Wagner's famous chord.
Analysis of Transonic Bladerows With Non-Uniform Geometry Using the Spectral Method
Authors: Wang Feng , di Mare Luca
Published: July 2021

Turbomachinery blade rows can have non-uniform geometries due to design intent, manufacture errors or wear. When predictions are sought for the effect of such non-uniformities, it is generally the case that whole assembly calculations are needed. A spectral method is used in this paper to approximate the flow fields of the whole assembly but with significantly less computation cost. The method projects the flow perturbations due to the geometry non-uniformity in an assembly in Fourier space, and only one passage is required to compute the flow perturbations corresponding to a certain wave-number of geometry variation. The performance of this method on transonic blade rows is demonstrated on a modern fan assembly. Low engine order and high engine order geometry non-uniformity (e.g., “saw-tooth” pattern) are examined. The non-linear coupling between the flow perturbations and the passage-averaged flow field is also demonstrated. Pressure variations on the blade surface and the potential flow field upstream of the leading edge from the proposed spectral method and the direct whole assembly solutions are compared. Good agreement is observed on both quasi-3D and full 3D cases. A lumped approach to compute deterministic fluxes is also proposed to further reduce the computational cost of the spectral method. The spectral method is formulated in such a way that it can be easily implemented into an existing harmonic flow solver by adding an extra source term and can be potentially used as an efficient tool for aeromechanical and aeroacoustics design of turbomachinery blade rows.
Call repertoire and inferred ecotype presence of killer whales (Orcinus orca) recorded in the southeastern Chukchi Sea
Authors: Madrigal Brijonnay C. , Crance Jessica L. , Berchok Catherine L. , Stimpert Alison K.
Published: July 2021

Killer whales occur in the Arctic but few data exist regarding the ecotypes present. The calling behavior differs among ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on pulsed call type, call rate, and bandwidth. In this study, a passive acoustic recorder was deployed 75 km off Point Hope, Alaska, in the southeastern Chukchi Sea to identify which ecotypes were present. A total of 1323 killer whale pulsed calls were detected on 38 of 276 days during the summers (June–August) of 2013–2015. The majority of calls (n = 804, 61%) were recorded in 2013 with the most calls recorded in July (76% of total calls). The calls were manually grouped into six categories: multipart, downsweep, upsweep, modulated, single modulation, and flat. Most detections were flat (n = 485, 37%) or multipart calls (n = 479, 36%), which contained both high and low frequency components. Call comparisons with those reported in the published literature showed similarities with other transient populations in fundamental frequency contour point distribution and median frequency. This study provides the first comprehensive catalog of transient killer whale calls in this region as well as reports on previously undescribed calls.
Recurrent networks for direction-of-arrival identification of an acoustic source in a shallow water channel using a vector sensor
Authors: Whitaker Steven , Barnard Andrew , Anderson George D. , Havens Timothy C.
Published: July 2021

Conventional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms for shallow water environments usually contain high amounts of error due to the presence of many acoustic reflective surfaces and scattering fields. Utilizing data from a single acoustic vector sensor, the magnitude and DOA of an acoustic signature can be estimated; as such, DOA algorithms are used to reduce the error in these estimations. Three experiments were conducted using a moving boat as an acoustic target in a waterway in Houghton, Michigan. The shallow and narrow waterway is a complex and non-linear environment for DOA estimation. This paper compares minimizing DOA errors using conventional and machine learning algorithms. The conventional algorithm uses frequency-masking averaging, and the machine learning algorithms incorporate two recurrent neural network architectures, one shallow and one deep network. Results show that the deep neural network models the shallow water environment better than the shallow neural network, and both networks are superior in performance to the frequency-masking average method.
An Innovative Approach to Increasing Youth Sport Participation: The Case of Baseball5™
Authors: Bodin Kerri , Teare Georgia , Bakhsh Jordan T. , Taks Marijke
Published: July 2021

Youth sport participation preferences are evolving and shifting toward unorganized, nontraditional types of sport participation. This trend has left more traditional sports with decreasing participation numbers. Baseball Canada noticed a similar trend and therefore implemented an innovative approach to increase interest and participation in baseball. This case study follows Alex, the Manager of Sport Development at Baseball Canada, as they develop and evaluate Baseball5™, an innovative street version of the traditional sport of baseball. This alternative form of baseball needs to be tested and evaluated in five pilot programs throughout Canada. Alex collects survey, interview, and focus group data following each of the pilot programs to determine whether the approach is viable for increasing interest in baseball long term. After reading the case, students are tasked with analyzing the collected data and designing the Baseball5™ program for long-term implementation. The case is ideal for upper year undergraduate students who have the skills and knowledge necessary to execute program evaluations and build holistic program implementation plans, and for undergraduate courses in research methods or data analysis.
Genome Sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 P.1 Variant of Concern (20J/501Y.V3) from Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar M. Murshed Hasan , Rabbi Mohammad Fazle Alam , Akter Shahina , Banu Tanjina Akhtar , Goswami Barna , Jahan Iffat , Hossain M. Saddam , Osman Eshrar , Uzzaman Mohammad Samir , Habib M. Ahashan , Mahmud Abu Sayeed Mohammad , Kabir Firoz , Hasan Kazi Nadim , Rahman M. Mizanur , Khaleque M. Abdul , Akhteruzzaman Sharif , Khan M. Salim
Published: July 2021

This study reports the coding-complete genome sequence, with variant identifications and phylogenetic analysis, of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) P.1 variant (20J/501Y.V3), obtained from an oropharyngeal swab specimen from a female Bangladeshi patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with no travel history.
Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Roberts Jordan E , Campbell Jeffrey I , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Lamb Gabriella S , Newburger Jane , Son Mary Beth , Dionne Audrey
Published: July 2021

Objective

Features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) overlap with other febrile illnesses, hindering prompt and accurate diagnosis. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory findings that distinguished MIS-C from febrile illnesses in which MIS-C was considered but ultimately excluded, and to examine the diseases that most often mimicked MIS-C in a tertiary medical centre.

Study design

We identified all children hospitalised with fever who were evaluated for MIS-C at our centre and compared clinical signs and symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 status and laboratory studies between those with and without MIS-C. Multivariable logistic LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression was used to identify the most discriminative presenting features of MIS-C.

Results

We identified 50 confirmed MIS-C cases (MIS-C+) and 68 children evaluated for, but ultimately not diagnosed with, MIS-C (MIS-C-). In univariable analysis, conjunctivitis, abdominal pain, fatigue, hypoxaemia, tachypnoea and hypotension at presentation were significantly more common among MIS-C+patients. MIS-C+and MIS-C-patients had similar elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP), but were differentiated by thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated ferritin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, BNP and troponin. In multivariable analysis, predictors of MIS-C included age, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelets, conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension.

Conclusions

Among hospitalised children undergoing evaluation for MIS-C, children with MIS-C were older, more likely to present with conjunctivitis, oral mucosa changes, abdominal pain and hypotension, and had higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and lower platelet counts. These data may be helpful for discrimination of MIS-C from other febrile illnesses, including bacterial lymphadenitis and acute viral infection, with overlapping features.
Peritoneal lesions caused byEnterobius vermicularissuspected to be metastases of ovarian malignancy
Authors: Croonen Britt , Oei Angèle , Mol Suzanne , Schneeberger Peter
Published: July 2021

Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm, is a helminth that commonly causes intestinal parasitic infestation.E. vermiculariscan also cause extraintestinal infestations. We report a case of lower abdominal pain and intermittent vaginal bleeding in a 45-year-old woman who was referred to our gynaecology department. On investigation, a transvaginal ultrasound showed a multilocular cyst in the left ovary, along with elevated levels of cancer antigen 125. Consequently, a laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. A biopsy of atypical peritoneal lesions revealed remains ofE. vermicularis. Peritoneal lesions are a rare complication of enterobiasis, and the diagnosis of this complication is usually delayed by limitations in diagnostic options. Although extraintestinal enterobiasis does not require treatment because it is the last stage of the parasitic cycle, primary intestinal infestation requires treatment with mebendazole.
Democratizing type 1 diabetes specialty care in the primary care setting to reduce health disparities: project extension for community healthcare outcomes (ECHO) T1D
Authors: Walker Ashby F , Cuttriss Nicolas , Haller Michael J , Hood Korey K , Gurka Matthew J , Filipp Stephanie L , Anez-Zabala Claudia , Yabut Katarina , Roque Xanadu , Wong Jessie J , Baer Linda , Figg Lauren , Bernier Angelina , Westen Sarah , Lewit Eugene , Sheehan Eleni , Basina Marina , Lal Rayhan , Maizel Jennifer , Maahs David M
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is a tele-education outreach model that seeks to democratize specialty knowledge to reduce disparities and improve health outcomes. Limited utilization of endocrinologists forces many primary care providers (PCPs) to care for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without specialty support. Accordingly, an ECHO T1D program was developed and piloted in Florida and California. Our goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of an ECHO program focused on T1D and improve PCPs’ abilities to manage patients with T1D.

Research design and methods

Health centers (ie, spokes) were recruited into the ECHO T1D pilot through an innovative approach, focusing on Federally Qualified Health Centers and through identification of high-need catchment areas using the Neighborhood Deprivation Index and provider geocoding. Participating spokes received weekly tele-education provided by the University of Florida and Stanford University hub specialty team through virtual ECHO clinics, real-time support with complex T1D medical decision-making, access to a diabetes support coach, and access to an online repository of diabetes care resources. Participating PCPs completed pre/post-tests assessing diabetes knowledge and confidence and an exit survey gleaning feedback about overall ECHO T1D program experiences.

Results

In Florida, 12 spoke sites enrolled with 67 clinics serving >1000 patients with T1D. In California, 11 spoke sites enrolled with 37 clinics serving >900 patients with T1D. During the 6-month intervention, 27 tele-education clinics were offered and n=70 PCPs (22 from Florida, 48 from California) from participating spoke sites completed pre/post-test surveys assessing diabetes care knowledge and confidence in diabetes care. There was statistically significant improvement in diabetes knowledge (p≤0.01) as well as in diabetes confidence (p≤0.01).

Conclusions

The ECHO T1D pilot demonstrated proof of concept for a T1D-specific ECHO program and represents a viable model to reach medically underserved communities which do not use specialists.
Mediating effects of lower extremity function on the relationship between night sleep duration and cardiovascular disease risk: a cross-sectional study in elderly Chinese without cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chen Xiaoyu , Han Peipei , Ma Weibo , Zhang Yuanyuan , Song Peiyu , Wu Yunxiao , Zhu Yibo , Jiang Zhengxing , Cai Ming , Guo Qi , Wang Hong
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of physical performance on the relationship between night sleep duration and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in elderly Chinese without CVD.

Methods

782 participants without CVD over 65 years (average: 70.82±3.86 years, 448 women) were included in this study. CVD risk was calculated by the Framingham Risk Score and participants were divided into four groups of night sleep duration (in hours): <7 hours, ≥7–8 hours, >8–9 hours and >9 hours. Upper extremity function was measured by grip strength and lower extremity function was measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), consisting of balance, 4 m walk and chair stands tests.

Results

After adjusting for covariates, long night sleep duration (>9 hours) and CVD risk were significantly positively associated compared with moderate night sleep duration (≥7–8 hours) (β=1.152; 95% CI 0.05 to 2.25). SPPB total score (indirect effect ab=−0.122; 95% CI −0.291 to –0.0008) rather than grip strength partially mediated the relationship between long night sleep duration and CVD risk, in which chair stands played a major mediating role (indirect effect ab=−0.171; 95% CI −0.040 to –0.0006), while balance (indirect effect ab=−0.016; 95% CI −0.100 to 0.063) and 4 m walk (indirect effect ab=0.048; 95% CI −0.066 to 0.201) did not.

Conclusions

Lower extremity function, especially lower limb muscle strength, partially mediates a positive association between long night sleep duration and CVD risk in the elderly without CVD. Suitable interventions for physical performance and sleep may minimise the risk of subsequent CVD.
Online information on face masks: analysis of websites in Italian and English returned by different search engines
Authors: Mehta Shaily , Ghezzi Daria , Catalani Alessia , Vanzolini Tania , Ghezzi Pietro
Published: July 2021

Objective

Countries have major differences in the acceptance of face mask use for the prevention of COVID-19. This work aims at studying the information online in different countries in terms of information quality and content.

Design

Content analysis.

Method

We analysed 450 webpages returned by searching the string ‘are face masks dangerous’ in Italy, the UK and the USA using three search engines (Bing, Duckduckgo and Google) in August 2020. The type of website and the stance about masks were assessed by two raters for each language and inter-rater agreement reported as Cohen’s kappa. The text of the webpages was collected from the web using WebBootCaT and analysed using a corpus analysis software to identify issues mentioned.

Results

Most pages were news outlets, and few (2%–6%) from public health agencies. Webpages with a negative stance on masks were more frequent in Italian (28%) than English (19%). Google returned the highest number of mask-positive pages and Duckduckgo the lowest. Google also returned the lowest number of pages mentioning conspiracy theories and Duckduckgo the highest. Webpages in Italian scored lower than those in English in transparency (reporting authors, their credentials and backing the information with references). When issues about the use of face masks were analysed, mask effectiveness was the most discussed followed by hypercapnia (accumulation of carbon dioxide), contraindication in respiratory disease and hypoxia, with issues related to their contraindications in mental health conditions and disability mentioned by very few pages.

Conclusions

This study suggests that: (1) public health agencies should increase their web presence in providing correct information on face masks; (2) search engines should improve the information quality criteria in their ranking; (3) the public should be more informed on issues related to the use of masks and disabilities, mental health and stigma arising for those people who cannot wear masks.