bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: February 2019

Ethnomethodology (literally people’s methodology) is the study of practices through which members of a society collectively organize and sustain their activities. As the term suggests, ethnomethodology treats methodology as a widespread social phenomenon in addition to being a specialized set of practices in a science or other professional undertaking. Consequently, for ethnomethodology, the development and practical use of methods is a topic of sociological investigation rather than an exclusive disciplinary resource. Harold Garfinkel (b. 1917–d. 2011) coined the term “ethnomethodology” and founded the field that goes by that name. He studied under Talcott Parsons (b. 1902–d. 1979), but radically transformed the structural-functionalist theory of action that Parsons developed in the 1930s and 1940s. Garfinkel’s distinctive empirical approach to social action and interaction drew upon Edmund Husserl’s (b. 1859–d. 1938) phenomenological analysis of the everyday life-world, which Alfred Schutz (b. 1899–d. 1959) developed for sociology. Garfinkel gave relatively little mention of the philosophy of ordinary language arising from the later philosophical work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (b. 1889–d. 1951), and developed in reference to the social sciences by Peter Winch (b. 1926–d. 1997), but others have drawn linkages between them. Ethnomethodological research describes the organization of situated activities, including commonsense reasoning and ordinary language use, as well as more specialized practices of playing music, solving mathematics problems, or performing scientific experiments. Although ethnomethodology initially developed as part of sociology, and is still recognized as a sociological subfield, it has made inroads into philosophy of social science, social anthropology, communication and information studies, education studies, and science and technology studies. The allied field of Conversation Analysis, founded by Harvey Sacks (1935–1975) and developed by his students and colleagues, has also made strong inroads into sociolinguistics and related areas of research on social interaction.
Evidence-Based Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Chi Donald
Published: February 2019

The practice of evidence-based pediatric dentistry is a mindful melding of three factors: knowledge gleaned from experimental and observational science; cumulative clinical experience; and family, caregiver, and child preferences that are bounded by resource constraints. The end goal is to provide dental care that optimizes health outcomes. However, scientific knowledge gaps and barriers to dissemination of knowledge to into practice place a disproportionate emphasis on clinical experience. In addition, paternalistic provider approaches may obscure patient preferences. The scientific literature in pediatric dentistry is growing rapidly. There are unresolved challenges associated with timely translation of available scientific evidence into clinical practice. These challenges include (i) low demand for science (e.g., knowledge acquisition being a low priority, not knowing where to find scientific resources, unwillingness to pay for resources), (ii) inadequate science literacy (e.g., understanding where the gaps are, knowing how to assess the quality and generalizability of the evidence), and (iii) translational barriers (e.g., applying the evidence to clinical practice, updating knowledge and practice iteratively). Because of increasing pressures to improve the quality of care and outcomes, reduce costs, and eliminate inequalities, there will continue to be a need for high-quality scientific evidence in pediatric dentistry. The demand for evidence will come from various stakeholder groups, including policymakers, health agencies, funding agencies, institutions, clinical guideline clearinghouses, care management organizations, professional organizations, insurance companies, clinicians, and families and caregivers. The following bibliography includes a carefully curated list of resources in pediatric dentistry to help promote evidence-based practice and policies.
Doctoral Education and Training
Authors: Schneijderberg Christian
Published: February 2019

The title of the article stresses that the phase of doctoral candidacy generally consists of study (education) and practical (research) training. Research about doctoral education and training is concerned with multiple aspects of the doctorate or PhD, such as knowledge generation in supervised situations of learning, quality assurance, completion and attrition, disciplinary differences, careers, and publication outputs. In addition to being multi-thematical, a bibliography about doctoral education and training has to deal with several other challenges. Among these challenges are the heterogeneity and national specificities of doctoral education and training, which result in huge numbers of publications, which make the selection of which publications to present rather difficult. Therefore, the publications presented in this article are selected based on the two goals of presenting an overview about and to highlight core areas of study of doctoral education and training. For the overview several edited volumes are presented (first goal). The edited volumes contain mostly articles with a national focus, sometimes addressing just one part of the world (e.g., Asia) and sometimes several parts of it. The second goal, to highlight core areas of study of doctoral education and training, is supported by a bibliometric study. Based on the bibliometric study, the co-word analysis sketches three topic clusters arranged around a loophole in the middle generating the image of a doughnut of doctoral education and training topics. The image of the doughnut is a representation of (a) the diversity of research about doctoral education and training and (b) the several themes in research about doctoral education and training being somewhat disconnected from each other. The topics are knowledge and skills development of PhD candidates, contextual (macro) issues such as PhD study, career, disciplinary, national, and university differences. The bibliometric co-citation analysis helped identify five clusters of major themes in the study of doctoral education and training: Knowledge generation in supervised situations of learning; completion and attrition in US graduate education, and disciplinary differences; productivity and outcomes of doctoral education and training with focus on careers and publications; psychological studies on the relationship between super(ad)visors and doctoral candidates; research productivity and careers; and academic writing cultures and English as a second language. For each of the five clusters the ten most co-cited publications are included in this article. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical approaches to studying doctoral education and training.
Higher Education Management
Authors: Temple Paul
Published: February 2019

Universities are distinctive as organizational forms in having emerged in early medieval Europe and then spread around the world while remaining recognizably similar. The management of early universities appears to have been based on what has become known as the “collegial” model: shared decision making by the more senior academic staff, with rotating functional responsibilities fitted into normal teaching duties. In England, Oxford and Cambridge colleges (and to some extent the universities they constitute) continue to exhibit this pattern. Early universities were clearly able to take decisions that could be described as “strategic”: commitments to major building projects, for example. As universities began in the 19th century to expand in size and numbers in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere, more senior permanent managerial posts were created to support the underlying collegial arrangements: the University of London’s first paid administrator, the registrar, was appointed in 1838. But it was the expansion of higher education, particularly in western Europe and the United States in the second half of the 20th century, which created the modern profession of higher education management. In most countries in the 21st century, higher education is either state directed or steered at a distance by state agencies (even when actual ownership is private). Yet typically institutional autonomy is publicly prized, often by the same governmental agencies that seek to limit it. This tension, between governmental control (both finance and politics are involved) and institutional autonomy (which is associated with high academic achievements internationally), mean that the skills demanded of university managers are of a distinctive character, and have some broad similarities across countries and cultures. These include the ability to recognize that university academics do not generally see themselves as employees of an enterprise in the usual sense and demand (with varying degrees of success) substantial autonomy in how they carry out their duties. The tension between what academics may see as reasonable demands for individual autonomy and the requirements of operating an organization employing thousands of staff, along with tens of thousands of students, has become more acute in recent years. It should be noted that while the categories chosen for the listing of works in this article would be generally understood by most scholars of higher education, there are considerable conceptual overlaps, as the various category topics inevitably influence one another: strategy cannot be wholly divorced from finance or governance, and so on.
Wellness and Well-Being in Education
Authors: McNeil Michael P.
Published: February 2019

Wellness is not a universally defined concept, in that it has many different models and included dimensions based on a variety of publications. As will be demonstrated with the resources listed in this article, other terms that are linked with wellness and are needed to compile a compendium of reputable resources include school health, health education, health promotion, well-being, and health behavior. Additionally, a significant number of available resources are centered on one or more topics related to wellness (e.g., nutrition) but do not always incorporate broader wellness approaches. As such, those resources are only included here if they make a substantial contribution to the literature. To understand concepts of wellness in any educational setting requires first to understand how the term is being defined in that space or for that population. In some places, wellness is simply referring to physical health, not unlike an older model of health as simply the absence of disease. In a growing number of settings wellness is multidimensional, with models ranging from five to nine different dimensions. Contemporary wellness in education has grown from nurses working to address infectious diseases among school students to the belief that a well-rounded and educated individual will value and apply health principles to make informed decisions that support whole-person well-being. Along the way, colleges and universities added staff to promote wellness—to absolve faculty of having to support student’s health; and primary and secondary schools added health and wellness teachers, many primarily focused on the promotion of physical activity. Whether building on Hettler’s six-dimension wellness model to the nine-dimension model used by a number of colleges and universities it is critical to remember that education is the setting of practice. In doing so, the purpose of education must be at the center as stated by William David Burns in 1999 (cited as Burns 1999 under Reports and Other Resources: Postsecondary) when he said “Let’s start with our own core academic mission, namely guarantying the integrity, rigor, quality, and effectiveness of the education we offer…” (p. 5). The need to apply rigor and to measure effectiveness of wellness in education is an unending imperative that requires the best resources. Understanding wellness in education requires subdividing the educational context into two major domains: (1) primary and secondary and (2) postsecondary. Each setting provides contextual elements that drive wellness and these items often cannot be separated from the broader wellness concept. For the purposes of this bibliography, primary and secondary grades are defined as kindergarten through grade twelve, and postsecondary is defined as college, including undergraduate and graduate studies.
Narrative Engagement
Authors: Busselle Rick , Cutietta Nathan
Published: February 2019

Narrative engagement is the sensation we sometimes experience of being “pulled in” to the world of a story and temporarily losing awareness of ourselves and our real-world surroundings. Narrative engagement shares considerable conceptual overlap with transportation and story world absorption. It also is closely related to, but distinct from, the concepts of flow, identification, and retrospective imaginative involvement. Being more engaged in a narrative is associated with greater enjoyment of the story and greater potential for the story to influence the reader, listener, or viewer.
Cyber-Archaeology
Authors: Forte Maurizio , Danelon Nevio
Published: February 2019

Cyber-archaeology is a branch of archaeological research concerned with the digital simulation of the past. In this context the past is seen as generated by the interaction of multiple scenarios and simulations and by the creation of different digital embodiments. The term also recalls the ecological cybernetics approach, based on the informative modeling of organism-environment relationships. In fact, cyber-archaeology aims to investigate the past through interactions with multimodal simulation models of archaeological data sets in different areas of knowledge (domains). The cognitive-interpretive process is accomplished through an interaction feedback loop in a virtual reality environment, following a nonlinear cognitive path. This process allows for the formation and validation of scientific theories about archaeological contexts and material cultures. Cyber-archaeology assumes that the past cannot be reconstructed but rather simulated. Whereas virtual archaeology is mainly visual, static, and graphically oriented to photorealism, which conveys a peremptory idea of predefined knowledge, cyber-archaeology is not necessarily visual, but rather interactive, dynamically complex, and autopoietic. It focuses on the potentiality and virtuality of the interpretation, as opposed to the actuality of the physical world. It is more appropriate to think in terms of a potential past, a co-evolving subject in the human evolution generated by cyber-interactions between worlds. In the cyber-archaeological perspective, the focus is the simulation, which is the enactive-dynamic behavior of the virtual actor and the digital ecosystem. As a consequence of this, the workflow able to move and migrate data from the fieldwork to a simulation environment can generate different affordances and cybernetic models, each of which can create feedback, which serves as a new map-code for the interpretation. The increasing use of 3D digital technologies in archaeology, in fact, is identifiable in new digital workflows and real time simulations of archaeological data sets. This digital migration of data and models in such diverse domains creates unexpected results and more advanced knowledge. The study of the code is essential for re-analyzing the interpretation process in the light of a cybernetic perspective: the feedback created by different interactors operating in the same environment/ecosystem generates further feedback and not predetermined interconnections.
Kim Stanley Robinson
Authors: Canavan Gerry
Published: February 2019

Kim Stanley Robinson (b. 1952) was born in Waukegan, Illinois, but moved to California as a small child, where he has since lived most of his life. Robinson attended the University of California, San Diego, and received a BA in literature in 1974. He earned a PhD in English from UC San Diego in 1982 for his dissertation on the novels of Philip K. Dick, for which the famous Marxist literary critic Fredric Jameson served as a committee member. The dissertation was published as The Novels of Philip K. Dick by UMI Research Press in 1984, the same year as Robinson’s first novel, The Wild Shore, set in a post-apocalyptic California. Since then Robinson has published many major works in the science fiction genre, most notably the Mars trilogy (1992–1996). Robinson’s science fictions are closely associated with the socialist left, especially with regard to the environment, though the utopian optimism of his work seems to have been tempered somewhat by disheartening developments in global politics since the 1990s. Many of his post-Mars works explicitly “remix” elements of the Mars books; for instance, Aurora (2015) explores the idea of launching an inhabited asteroid out of the solar system to reach another star, as imagined in Blue Mars (1996), while Galileo’s Dream (2009) and 2312 (2012) imagine colonization of the solar system happening with much more destructive speed. Likewise, the Science in the Capital trilogy (2004–2007) and New York 2140 (2017) both explore the climate catastrophe of ice sheet collapse that also occurred in the Mars books, while the title of Red Moon (2018) alone suggests an obvious intertextual relationship with earlier works. Other noteworthy novels explore multiple possible futures for California (the Three Californias trilogy, 1984–1990), life in the scientific colony on Antarctica (Antarctica, 1997), an alternate history in which a much more virulent Black Plague killed nearly every European on the planet (The Years of Rice and Salt, 2002), and the dawn of modern humanity at the end of the Ice Age (Shaman, 2013). In 2020, his novel The Ministry for the Future focalized primarily through a United Nations subgroup charged with advocating on behalf of the unborn and the nonhuman in near-future rocked by climate crisis, brought significant new attention to his work, including an appearance on Barack Obama’s best-of list at the end of the year. While Robinson’s short fiction has not garnered the same critical attention as his novels, he has written a number of important and well-anthologized stories, most notably “The Lucky Strike” (1984), an alternate history in which the bombing of Hiroshima does not occur. Since the 1980s, Robinson has won the Campbell, Locus, Nebula, Hugo, and World Fantasy awards, among other distinctions, demonstrating his importance as a major figure in the field of contemporary science fiction.
Work Well-Being
Authors: Roberts Annabelle , O'Brien Ed
Published: February 2019

Only one third of the 100 million full-time employees in the United States feel engaged at work, according to Gallup’s 2017 State of the American Workplace report. Engaged employees are enthusiastic, productive, and feel good about their job and their lives outside of it. Alternatively, disengaged employees are unhappy and feel psychologically detached from their everyday work and leisure experiences. Understanding how to improve workplace engagement would help enhance individual well-being and also help improve organizational productivity and retention. Why is the experience of workplace well-being so difficult to achieve? We take a psychological perspective on this issue: how people think about work and leisure, when and why these judgments and intuitions can be mis-calibrated, and in turn understanding how to help people make better-informed work and leisure decisions. Indeed, both employees and managers hold beliefs about everyday work-related choices (such as how to prioritize leisure time and meet deadlines) as well as major career decisions (such as striving to make more money or attain a certain status) that are built upon mere intuition rather than empirical data, which can affect work well-being in unanticipated ways. This literary guide contains four sections that discuss the misconceptions people have in their thinking about work, both on an everyday basis and throughout their career. Thinking about Tasks includes articles both on the errors people make and the processes they should strive for on a daily basis while trying to accomplish their work. Thinking about Fun includes articles about the misconceptions people have about the order and amount of leisure time they should engage in. Thinking about Colleagues draws from the basic psychology of perspective taking to understand how to work more effectively with others. Finally, Thinking about Career Decisions draws from the basic psychology of prospection and thinking about the future to understand the decisions people make over the course of their career trajectory that they (sometimes mistakenly) believe will lead them to a happy and successful work life.
Spatial Scale and Biodiversity
Authors: McGlinn Daniel J. , Palmer Michael W.
Published: February 2019

The scale of observation leaves an indelible mark on our understanding of biodiversity. Despite wide recognition among ecologists that scale is important, most theories of biodiversity and coexistence treat mechanisms as scale-independent (e.g., coexistence theory). Furthermore, most empirical tests of theory are still only performed at a single spatial scale. A fuller understanding of scale is likely to help resolve some of ecology’s ongoing controversies. Does biodiversity increase productivity? Is the world experiencing the sixth major mass extinction? Are species interactions relevant to understanding biodiversity? Does exotic biodiversity decrease native biodiversity? We know the answers to these questions depend in large part on scale. However simply recognizing that scale plays a role is not sufficient, and currently several bodies of theory are emerging that provide a vision of a more unified ecology in which scale plays a central role. Ultimately, the daunting problems facing biodiversity require that we consider scale directly in our hypotheses. The goal of this bibliography is to highlight key papers that define scale and discuss how it influences biodiversity patterns. Another Oxford Bibliographies in Ecology article, “Species-Area Relationships” by Samantha M. Tessel, Kyle A. Palmquist, and Robert K. Peet is devoted entirely to the species-area relationship and therefore that topic is covered in less depth here.
John Ruskin
Authors: Wildman Stephen
Published: February 2019

In an era of great prose writers—although he did win the Newdigate Prize for Poetry at Oxford—John Ruskin (b. 1819–d. 1900) rises above his peers as a true polymath. Widely known as “the author of Modern Painters” by the time he was thirty, he would become a recognized authority not only on painting and architecture, following publication of The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and The Stones of Venice (1851–1853) but also on literature, history, and theology, all treated at length over the five volumes of Modern Painters (1843–1860). The pamphlets Pre-Raphaelitism (1851) and Academy Notes (1855–1859) placed him at the forefront of public controversy over modern art. Unto this Last, first published as essays in the Cornhill Magazine (1860) and then as a book (1862), was a bombshell explosion of laissez-faire capitalism, controversial and hugely influential for a generation before Marx’s writings were translated into English. From 1870, as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford, he lectured and wrote on an ever-increasing range of subjects, mostly on art but also encompassing botany (Proserpina), geology (Deucalion), and ornithology (Love’s Meinie). In Fors Clavigera, ninety-six self-proclaimed “Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain” issued between 1871 and 1884, he created an entirely new form of publication, prefiguring the age of the Internet, and in Praeterita (left unfinished in 1889), he wrote one of the most intriguing of autobiographies. A friend of, or correspondent with, eminent figures such as Carlyle, Browning, Rossetti, and Gladstone, at the time of his death in January 1900, he was the most widely read author of the age, and one of its greatest celebrities, even though he had been in retreat from public life for over a decade. Despite his reputation suffering some decline in a general reaction against Victorian sages in the early 20th century, interest revived after the war. Since the late 1960s, there has been hardly a book or art exhibition on a 19th-century subject in which Ruskin has not featured prominently. His writings have been translated into many languages, and there is a Ruskin Library in both England (Lancaster University) and Japan (Tokyo). Equally recognized as one of the finest prose writers in the English language and as a cultural commentator and social critic, Ruskin has proved capable of constant reinterpretation, most recently being lauded as a pioneer in matters of ecology and environmental concern.
Hausa
Authors: Rossi Benedetta
Published: February 2019

The term “Hausa” refers to a language spoken by over thirty million first-language speakers living mainly in the region now comprising northern Nigeria and southern Niger, with large Hausa-speaking enclaves in northern Cameroon, Ghana, Togo, and the Sudan. This term is also commonly used to refer to the society that speaks this language. However, historically Hausa society has been so internally diverse that it would be preferable to speak of “Hausa-speaking societies”: “It is almost impossible to say exactly what a Hausa is now, for he is admittedly a mixture of mixtures” (Tremearne 1911) Until the early-20th-century researchers of Hausaphone societies tended to distinguish between Muslim and “pagan” Hausa, with the latter comprising groups collectively labeled Maguzawa (northern Nigeria) and Azna, Arna, or Anna (southern Niger). Throughout the 20th century a regional process of Islamization resulted in the marginalization of non-Muslim and syncretic religious practices. Only a small minority of Hausa converted to Christianity. Political anthropologists distinguished between, on one hand, dynastic Hausa, politically centralized groups settled in the main Hausa cities, and on the other hand, lineage-based Hausa: farming communities living in the countryside. In the early 21st century these classifications are slowly becoming obsolete as all Hausa speakers are integrated in national political structures, and young people with rural origins gravitate toward large urban centers within and outside Africa in search of jobs and resources. While the literature on Hausa history, societies, and cultures in northern Nigeria is voluminous and primarily English, studies of Hausaphone southern Niger are fewer and mainly in French.
Sensemaking in and around Organizations
Authors: Watkiss Lee , Ahn Jungsoo
Published: February 2019

Sensemaking is one of the main theoretical perspectives that is used to understand both social cognition within organizational theory and the social construction of organizational behavior. Initial scholarship focused on the cognitive processes of sensemaking; discursive approaches followed in order to understand how actors come together to coordinate action. In recent years, the scope of the sensemaking perspective has expanded to account for the role of affect as well as to consider the political nature of sensemaking. Although sensemaking is most closely informed by ideas in social psychology and management, it also draws from cognitive psychology, symbolic interactionism, and ethnomethodology. The first section provides an introduction to sensemaking, including introductory works, overviews, and reviews. Next, the journals where sensemaking research is published are highlighted. This is followed by a review of the primary and emerging approaches to sensemaking. We conclude with a discussion about sensegiving, a related construct, and how a sensemaking perspective informs other areas of organizational theory, including strategic change, organizing, and symbolic approaches to organizational life.
Geography of Food
Authors: Passidomo Catarina , Miller Jeffrey
Published: February 2019

The geography of food is an emergent and growing subfield within human geography. Often distinguished from older literature in agricultural geography, writings in the geography of food tend to be critical (and in some cases, radical) in their political framing, focusing on the many ways in which food systems are connected to, and potentially disruptive of, entrenched systems of oppression and social and economic inequality. In part, this critical framing arose in response to a lack of critical food systems engagement in other disciplines, and to agricultural geography’s focus on spaces of production; geography’s persistent interest in spatial relationships and systems of power that cross spaces and scales made the discipline well-suited to critical interrogation of food and agricultural systems. Geographers who study and write about food demonstrate interest in scales ranging from the body to the global economy, and indeed the ways in which global processes become inscribed on and metabolized by individual bodies in disparate spaces. Literature in this subdiscipline is often theoretically robust, drawing on complex biopolitical formulations, state theory, and multi-scalar analyses of political economic change to link global processes with local places, and to situate alternative food systems within a dominant industrial agro-food system. The geography of food shares many theoretical and empirical interests with other food studies subdisciplines, including rural sociology and the anthropology of food. This article primarily features contributions by geographers, or by scholars who make use of geographic concepts (often emphasizing scale or place in their analysis). There is also a robust literature in agricultural geography (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Agricultural Geography”); this article aims to focus instead on geographies of food “beyond the farm gate.” As such, the article is organized by sections according to scale (global/national/urban/rural/home and body), and then focuses on a variety of food movements and responses to corporate/industrial global food systems.
Urban Political Ecology
Authors: Cornea Natasha
Published: February 2019

Urban political ecology (UPE) is a conceptual approach that understands urbanization to be a political, economic, social, and ecological process, one that often results in highly uneven and inequitable landscapes. Cities are seen not as the antithesis of nature but rather as a second nature, representing the dominant form of living in the contemporary age. Those drawing on UPE reject as false any dichotomy between nature and society. A central concern of much UPE scholarship has been in unpacking the ways that urbanization and cities rely on the transformation of biophysical matter into commodities and tracing the flows of these commodities into and through cities, understood as a metabolic process. Urban political ecologists argue that these processes cannot be understood in isolation but rather are deeply embedded in the social, political, and economic systems that shape the context in which they develop. Thus, a significant strand of research in this subfield has focused on the infrastructural arrangements of capitalist modernity—particularly networked water. UPE scholarship is often characterized by a deeply historical and material understanding of the city and seeks to capture the multi-scalar processes and relationships of power that shape urban landscapes. Reflecting the origins of this approach in Marxist urban geographies, this analysis has often been underpinned by a broader critique of the ways that capitalist production shapes cities in deeply unjust and uneven ways. In recent years, a subset of scholars have been increasingly influenced by post-structuralist understandings of power and seek to illuminate how other forms of social power are (re)produced through the production of socio-natures. As the field has grown, scholars have increasingly applied a UPE lens to the analysis of a range of resources including water, urban greenery, food, waste and other discards, sanitation, electricity, and climate change. This article proceeds by introducing the reader to the field more generally through progress reports, a selection of key early texts, and a section on emerging conceptual and theoretical shifts in the field. The latter part of the article is organized around socio-material objects of analysis, reflecting the deep utility of the field in analyzing concrete environmental phenomena and problems. The review presented here is limited, with a few noted exceptions, to research that explicitly situates itself in conversation with UPE scholarship.
Ancestor Worship
Authors: Tavor Ori
Published: February 2019

Ancestor worship refers to rituals designed to commemorate and venerate the spirits of one’s deceased forebears. While it is often associated with the Confucian notion of filial piety, ancestor worship crosses the boundaries of religious traditions, geographical regions, and socioeconomic groups. Dating back to the Neolithic period, it is one of the oldest and most influential elements of Chinese religious culture. Sacrifices intended to pacify the spirits of the ancestors feature in Shang-dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, the oldest existing documents written in Chinese. These practices continued to flourish in early China, and the worship of imperial ancestors was eventually incorporated into the official state religion. When the organized religions of Buddhism and Daoism began to spread, new forms of ancestor worship rituals, such as the Buddhist Ghost Festival (yulanpen, 盂兰盆) and its Daoist equivalent (zhongyuan, 中元), began to flourish. By the end of the Song dynasty, following the Neo-Confucian reformation of domestic rituals, ancestor worship practices could be found at all echelons of Chinese society. In the early twenty-first century, these are performed in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and among overseas communities in Southeast Asia and North America. These rituals can be divided into several types: (1) the worship of individual-lineage ancestors, which entails the presentation of ritual offering to their tablets or images at the household altar, (2) the collective veneration of ancestors and, most importantly, the founder of the lineage, at the ancestral hall, and finally, (3) communal rituals dedicated to the worship of the ancestors, which also take place at the grave on specific dates, such as the Qingming (清明) and Double Ninth (Chongyang, 重陽) Gravesweeping Festivals. Given its longevity and cultural prominence, the cult of the ancestors has attracted the attention of scholars in Chinese studies. Following the earliest accounts of ancestor worship practices written by Christian missionaries, most of the work during the twentieth century was produced by anthropologists, who situated ancestor worship in the larger context of the kinship system and lineage organization. Late 20th- and early-21st-centuries scholarship has sought to expand these seminal studies: archaeologists and art historians offer an analysis of the material objects associated with the cult of the ancestors, historians draw on textual sources to explore its different manifestations and sociocultural implications, and ethnographers offer new accounts of the varieties of ancestor worship practices among ethnic minorities groups in the mainland and overseas Chinese communities across the globe.
Service-Learning and Professional Values Development of Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Herrmann Amanda D.
Published: February 2019

Service-learning has been linked to attributes of professionalism such as integrity, altruism, and social justice in nursing literature. The purpose of this literature review was to determine how local service-learning experiences with vulnerable populations affect the development of professionalism and professional values in baccalaureate nursing students. A summary of the themes, Professionalism and Leadership and Critical Stance on Social Justice, is presented.
Noninsertional Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture Managed With Midsubstance SpeedBridge Repair
Authors: Perloff Eric , Rosenbaum Andrew
Published: February 2019

Tibialis anterior tendon rupture is uncommon but can lead to substantial functional impairment and persisting pain. Operative repair of the ruptured tendon is warranted in most cases, but little data exist on outcomes and surgical techniques for repair. To date, the literature contains only small retrospective review series and case reports on the management of this injury. We introduce a new technique for repair of lacerated tibialis anterior tendons using the Midsubstance SpeedBridge. This method is an adaptation of a previously described technique for treating Achilles tendon ruptures. The benefits of this construct are that it allows for direct tendon-bone fixation, it is knotless, and it can be preloaded to minimize postoperative repair elongation.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An Extensile Approach to the Radial Aspect of the Carpus: “The Link Incision”
Authors: Jameel Syed Suhaib , Thomas Roshin
Published: February 2019

The structures on the radial side of the wrist and thumb base can be approached by a longitudinal incision on the radial side of the wrist. However, longer longitudinal scars can be cosmetically unacceptable and can result in a scar contracture. It is preferable to curve longer incisions along the Langer’s skin lines to achieve better scar characteristics. Curving the incision also enables an extensile approach and provides easy access to the thumb base, radial carpus, and radial wrist joint. We describe our approach as a “Link” between the most common approaches that surgeons are familiar with; the dorsoulnar approach to the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint for ulnar collateral ligament repair and the flexor carpi radialis approach for distal radial fracture fixation. The zone between these two incisions is not as frequently approached. Our incision connects these two well established incisions and we have described a step by step approach to this unfamiliar area. This “Link zone” overlies the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint, scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint, and the radial styloid. It contains superficial branches of the radial nerve, first extensor compartment tendons, and the deep branch of radial artery in the anatomic snuff box. The “Link incision” is an extensile approach in both the proximal and distal directions.
Interosseous Membrane Reconstruction Utilizing Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Autograft
Authors: Smith Nicholas C. , Sivakumar Brahman S. , Tremblay Dominique M. , Bellity Jonathan P. , Lawson Richard D.
Published: February 2019

Interosseous membrane (IOM) deficiency results in longitudinal radioulnar instability, and may result in proximal radial migration, increased radiocapitellar contact, limitations in forearm rotation, ulnocarpal instability, and ulna-sided pain. A number of reconstruction methods have been posited—however, few have been implemented in vivo. We describe a 2-bundle method of IOM reconstruction, utilizing flexor digitorum superficialis autograft. This technique has the benefits of utilizing a locally available and robust autograft with minimal donor-site morbidity, obviating the concerns associated with synthetic grafts or bone-patella tendon-bone constructs. It also replicates the nonisometric nature of the native IOM. We also present long-term results of a patient who underwent IOM reconstruction utilizing this method, following a cadaveric feasibility study.
Acute Management of Hypertension Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Haller J. Tyler , Wiss Adam L. , May Casey C. , Jones G. Morgan , Smetana Keaton S.
Published: February 2019

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is responsible for approximately 15% of strokes annually in the United States, with nearly 1 in 3 of these patients dying without ever leaving the hospital. Because this disproportionate mortality risk has been stagnant for nearly 3 decades, a main area of research has been focused on the optimal strategies to reduce mortality and improve functional outcomes. The acute hypertensive response following ICH has been shown to facilitate ICH expansion and is a strong predictor of mortality. Rapidly reducing blood pressure was once thought to induce cerebral ischemia, though has been found to be safe in certain patient populations. Clinicians must work quickly to determine whether specific patient populations may benefit from acute lowering of systolic blood pressure (SBP) following ICH. This review provides nurses with a summary of the available literature on blood pressure control following ICH. It focuses on intravenous and oral antihypertensive medications available in the United States that may be utilized to acutely lower SBP, as well as medications outside of the antihypertensive class used during the acute setting that may reduce SBP.
Blood Transfusion
Authors: Jankite Michelle Keasling
Published: February 2019

This article explores the average overall costs of blood transfusion for critically ill surgical patients and in particular explores the evidence supporting reduction of transfusion as part of guideline-based care in cardiothoracic surgical patients. Average cost data compiled from various sources are presented and quality and outcome considerations in blood transfusion in the critically ill are reviewed. Multiple strategies that have a high level of evidence to support their use in this population are noted.
Spontaneous Hair Repigmentation in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case of Melanoma-Associated Hair Repigmentation and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chan Cynthia , Magro Cynthia M. , Pham Anh Khoa , LeBlanc Robert E. , Yan Shaofeng , Barton Dorothea T. , Pace Nicole C. , Chapman M. Shane , Momtahen Shabnam
Published: February 2019

Spontaneous hair repigmentation of physiologically white or gray hair is a rare occurrence that may be associated with melanoma in elderly individuals. We present the first case of this phenomenon in a man. A gray-haired, 80-year-old man presented to dermatology clinic with a 3-cm lock of black hair on his vertex scalp that developed over 1 year. Punch biopsies showed an increase in junctional dendritic melanocytes with rare pagetoid cells and extension along the follicular outer root sheath epithelium and interfollicular epidermis, associated with prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs. Although the findings on the biopsies were not diagnostic of melanoma in situ, an irregular interfollicular distribution of melanocytes was concerning for an adjacent atypical process. A complete excision was performed and revealed melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. Rare reports describe spontaneous hair repigmentation as a harbinger of lentigo maligna in women. Repigmentation can occur in the setting of proliferation of malignant pigment-producing melanocytes or by paracrine stimulation of benign bulbar melanocytes through receptor tyrosine kinase KIT activation. Presence of prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs in our patient's biopsies was suggestive of paracrine or physiologic stimulation of bulbar melanocytes. Given the importance of early melanoma detection and the low visibility of the scalp, this report raises awareness of an extraordinary presentation of lentigo maligna and exemplifies the importance of close clinicopathologic correlation to ensure optimal clinical management and patient outcome.
Collision of Subungual Neurofibroma and Onychomatricoma: S100 Positivity as a Clue
Authors: Llamas-Velasco Mar , Espinosa Pablo , Ovejero-Merino Enrique , Pérez-González Yosmar Carolina
Published: February 2019

We present a 41-year-old man with a hemionychodystrophy of the first toe, appearing as a longitudinal thickening of the nail plate, overcurved and with holes in its thickened free margin, thus leading to the clinical diagnosis of onychomatricoma. Complete excision showed typical nail plate of onychomatricoma and, underlying it, curvy disorganized neural-looking fascicles without atypia and with diffuse positivity for S100, interpreted as subungual neurofibroma (NF). Subungual NF is a very rare tumor, with only 12 previous cases reported. Its diagnosis is based on histopathology, as the tumor presents waves or whorls of disorganized neural-looking cells positive for S100. Regarding onychomatricoma, it is characterized by typical glove finger digitations (which were present in our case) and an underlying stroma composed by a cellular superficial layer (this layer expresses CD34 but not CD99) and a more sclerotic and deeper area. As we did not find information on S100 expression in the stroma of onychomatricoma, we have stained 4 typical cases, and all were negative with S100 and positive with CD34, as expected. In conclusion, as “subungual NF” is so rare and, in our case, seems to collide with a typical onychomatricoma, we recommend adding S100 staining to properly characterize tumors involving nail plate, to detect underlying neural tumors, as has happened in our case.
A Unique and Rare Case of Extramammary Paget Disease With Concomitant Herpes Simplex
Authors: Long Valencia , Michelle Liang W. T. , Joyce Lee S. S.
Published: February 2019

We describe a rare and unique case of extramammary Paget disease in the genitals with concomitant histological features of herpes virus infection. This is a very rare and interesting association that has only been reported in 1 article in the literature so far.
Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity
Authors: Neuman Manuela G.
Published: February 2019

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a comprehensive phenomenon. The injury to the liver may occur as an unexpected and undesired reaction to a therapeutic dose of a drug (idiosyncratic reaction) or as an expected therapeutic effect of the direct (intrinsic) toxicity of a drug taken in a large enough dose to cause liver injury. The direct toxicity (type A) reactions represent an extension of the drug's therapeutic effect; they occur relatively frequently and are typically dose-related and frequency-of-exposure-related. By contrast, idiosyncratic reactions, or type B reactions, are unpredictable, occurring only in susceptible individuals, and are unrelated to the dose or frequency of exposure. DILI encompasses both acute and/or chronic hepatic lesions. The liver injury may be the only clinical manifestation of the adverse drug effect. Otherwise, it may be accompanied by injury to other organs, or by systemic manifestations. The liver injury may be observed in 1–8 days from taking the drug. DILI cases may result in the disapproval of a new drug or in the removal of a useful drug from the market by regulatory agencies. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance to facilitate the detection and assessment of hepatotoxicity induced by therapeutics that received market authorization. This review supports the safe and effective use of drugs by patients and guides laboratory medicine professional in determining the possible drug-induced liver damage.