bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lexis that rings a bell: on the influence of auditory support in vocabulary acquisition
Authors: Bürki Andreas
Published: July 2010

This empirical study investigated the effectiveness of auditory support in vocabulary learning by comparing acquisition and retention of lexical items studied using a traditional paired‐associates memorisation technique to results achieved using an audio‐supported paired‐associates technique. The subjects were 88 Korean university students. Results indicated that the audio‐supported vocabulary learning approach leads to significantly higher rates of acquisition. This advantage was retained over the two months following treatment. The largest difference was noticed in pronunciation. Furthermore, it was found that success in the audio‐supported approach was not significantly dependent on learning preferences, and that the approach enjoyed a higher level of acceptance among subjects than non‐auditory paired‐associates memorisation.
Effects of aging and gender on the spatial organization of nuclei in single human skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Cristea Alexander , Qaisar Rizwan , Edlund Patrick K. , Lindblad Joakim , Bengtsson Ewert , Larsson Lars
Published: July 2010

The skeletal muscle fibre is a syncitium where each myonucleus regulates the gene products in a finite volume of the cytoplasm, i.e., the myonuclear domain (MND). We analysed aging‐ and gender‐related effects on myonuclei organization and the MND size in single muscle fibres from six young (21–31 years) and nine old men (72–96 years), and from six young (24–32 years) and nine old women (65–96 years), using a novel image analysis algorithm applied to confocal images. Muscle fibres were classified according to myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression. Our image analysis algorithm was effective in determining the spatial organization of myonuclei and the distribution of individual MNDs along the single fibre segments. Significant linear relations were observed between MND size and fibre size, irrespective age, gender and MyHC isoform expression. The spatial organization of individual myonuclei, calculated as the distribution of nearest neighbour distances in 3D, and MND size were affected in old age, but changes were dependent on MyHC isoform expression. In type I muscle fibres, average NN‐values were lower and showed an increased variability in old age, reflecting an aggregation of myonuclei in old age. Average MND size did not change in old age, but there was an increased MND size variability. In type IIa fibres, average NN‐values and MND sizes were lower in old age, reflecting the smaller size of these muscle fibres in old age. It is suggested that these changes have a significant impact on protein synthesis and degradation during the aging process.
Leaching of nitrogen from a 3‐yr grain crop rotation on a clay soil
Authors: Aronsson H. , Stenberg M.
Published: July 2010

Crop N uptake, soil mineral N and N leaching were measured during 5 yr in a field experiment with separately tile‐drained plots on a clay soil in southwest Sweden. The main objective was to quantify the potential risks of N leaching associated with a 3‐yr grain cropping sequence, which consisted of spring oat, winter wheat and winter wheat. In treatment A the soil was left fallow after winter wheat harvest, mouldboard ploughed in mid‐November and sown with spring oats in April. Spring oat was followed by treatment B, with tine cultivation as the primary tillage operation before winter wheat was sown in September. In treatment C, the soil was mouldboard ploughed in September before sowing of winter wheat. Drainage water was sampled on a flow‐proportional basis and analyzed for total and NO3–N. Soil samples were taken for the 0–0.9 m depth four times per year for determination of the mineral N content of the profile. Harvested crops were measured and analyzed for N. Above‐ground plant material of winter wheat and weeds was sampled in late autumn. Mean annual N leaching amounted to 8.5 kg total N/ha, which corresponded to 7% of the measured N exports associated with harvest and leaching. Not all leachable N was lost during the main drainage period from September to May and there was an accumulation of mineral N in the soil during winter in all years. There were also indications of gaseous N losses from the soil during autumn. The results showed that moderate deviations (−15 to +50 kg/ha) from the optimum N application for winter wheat affected N leaching. It was therefore concluded that development of methods for appropriate adjustment of fertiliser levels to predicted crop yields and potential N mineralization is crucial to reduce the risk of N leaching from this type of clay soils. Timing of autumn ploughing proved to be of minor importance for the risk of N leaching in this cropping sequence.
Rodent models of partial hepatectomies*
Authors: Martins Paulo N. A. , Theruvath Tom P. , Neuhaus Peter
Published: July 2010

Small rodents are the most used experimental models in liver surgical research. Hepatic resections in rodents are commonly performed to study liver regeneration, acute liver failure, hepatic metastasis, hepatic function, ‘small‐for‐size’ transplantation and metabolic response to injury. Most resections require only basic skills, are fast, reliable and highly reproducible. The partial hepatectomy technique in rodents can be improved by microsurgical techniques, which permit individualized dissection and ligature of the vascular and biliary branches with minimal operative morbidity and mortality. This is particularly relevant for murine models of liver resection. However, it requires advanced microsurgical skills. Here, we review the models, surgical techniques, results and limitations of partial liver resections in rodent models. We also reported for the first time segmentectomies of the median lobe in rodent models.
Independent and opposite associations of trunk fat and leg fat with liver enzyme levels
Authors: Perlemuter Gabriel , Naveau Sylvie , Belle‐Croix Frédéric , Buffet Catherine , Agostini Hélène , Laromiguière Muriel , Cassard‐Doulcier Anne‐Marie , Oppert Jean‐Michel
Published: July 2010

Background: In contrast to trunk fat mass (TFM), which is associated with cardiovascular risk markers, leg fat mass (LFM) displays independent protective effects against atherosclerosis. Little is known about the respective influence of central and peripheral adiposity on liver enzyme levels.

Aims: To assess the respective influence of TFM and LFM on alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels, and to test whether LFM might protect against an increase of liver enzyme levels.

Methods: Cross‐sectional study on 1442 patients (women: 1155; men: 287) referred for overweight/obesity over 3 years. Body composition was analysed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. The relationships among liver enzymes, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), biological indices and body composition were studied.

Results: The mean BMI was 39.7 ± 7.9 kg/m2 in women and 38.2 ± 6.6 kg/m2 in men. In women, after adjustement for confounding factors, ALT, AST and GGT were negatively and independently correlated with LFM and positively with TFM. Similar independent associations were observed for ALT and AST in men. The strongest associations were found for ALT in both women and men.

Conclusions: As observed for cardiovascular risk factors, LFM and TFM are inversely and independently correlated with liver enzyme levels in obese patients. LFM may confer independent protective effects against obesity‐associated liver damage.
Biopsy Strategies for Endoscopic Surveillance of Pre‐malignant Gastric Lesions
Authors: De Vries Annemarie C. , Haringsma Jelle , De Vries Richard A. , Ter Borg Frank , Van Grieken Nicole C.T. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Van Dekken Herman , Kuipers Ernst J.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Endoscopic surveillance of pre‐malignant gastric lesions may add to gastric cancer prevention. However, the appropriate biopsy regimen for optimal detection of the most advanced lesions remains to be determined. Therefore, we evaluated the yield of endoscopic surveillance by standardized and targeted biopsy protocols.

Materials and Methods:  In a prospective, multi‐center study, patients with intestinal metaplasia (IM) or dysplasia (DYS) underwent a surveillance gastroscopy. Both targeted biopsies from macroscopic lesions and 12 non‐targeted biopsies according to a standardized protocol (antrum, angulus, corpus, cardia) were obtained. Appropriate biopsy locations and the yield of targeted versus non‐targeted biopsies were evaluated.

Results:  In total, 112 patients with IM (n = 101), or low‐grade (n = 5) and high‐grade DYS (n = 6) were included. Diagnosis at surveillance endoscopy was atrophic gastritis (AG) in one, IM in 77, low‐grade DYS in two, high‐grade DYS in three, and gastric cancer in one patient. The angulus (40%), antrum (35%) and lesser curvature of the corpus (33%) showed the highest prevalence of pre‐malignant conditions. Non‐targeted biopsies from the lesser curvature had a significantly higher yield as compared to the greater curvature of the corpus in diagnosing AG and IM (p = .05 and p = .03). Patients with extensive intragastric IM, which was also present at the cardia were at high risk of a concurrent diagnosis of dysplasia or gastric cancer. High‐grade DYS was detected in targeted biopsies only.

Conclusions:  At surveillance endoscopies, both targeted and non‐targeted biopsies are required for an appropriate diagnosis of (pre‐)malignant gastric lesions. Non‐targeted biopsies should be obtained in particular from the antrum, angulus and lesser curvature of the corpus.
Can an Ecoregion Serve as a Seed Transfer Zone? Evidence from a Common Garden Study with Five Native Species
Authors: Miller Stephanie A. , Bartow Amy , Gisler Melanie , Ward Kimiora , Young Amy S. , Kaye Thomas N.
Published: July 2010

Prairie restoration is often limited by the availability of appropriate local plant materials. Use of locally adapted seed is a goal in restoration, yet little information to inform seed transfer guidelines is available for native plant species. We established common gardens of five plants (Eriophyllum lanatum var. leucophyllum, Epilobium densiflorum, Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis, Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus, and Saxifraga oregana) frequently used in prairie restoration in the Pacific Northwest of North America to determine if populations differed in morphological and phenological traits and whether this variability was structured by geography, climate, or habitat. Ordination techniques were used to summarize the observed variability of multiple traits for each species. Ordination distance was significantly correlated with geographic distance in L. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus, and populations of this species differed significantly among geographic groups within an ecoregion. Little or no spatial structure was detected in the remaining species, despite correlations between ordination scores and monthly temperatures. We suggest that a single seed zone in the Willamette Valley ecoregion may be appropriate for all species examined except L. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus. Ecoregions in general may be useful boundaries for seed transfer zones, especially in regions with relatively little topographical or climatic variation.
Genetic Variation for Adaptive Traits in Bottlebrush Squirreltail in the Northern Intermountain West, United States
Authors: Parsons Matthew C. , Jones Thomas A. , Monaco Thomas A.
Published: July 2010

Adaptive‐trait correlations in plant ecology are often calculated among species, but in order to develop and characterize plant materials of target species for restoration, intraspecific comparisons are of greatest relevance. Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey (bottlebrush squirreltail) is an important component of sagebrush‐steppe communities in the northern Intermountain West, United States. We evaluated 32 accessions of E. elymoides subspecies C, a newly recognized unnamed taxon, in the field and greenhouse. Our objectives were to assess genetic diversity for putatively adaptive traits, to elucidate biological relationships among biomass, morphological, and phenological traits through correlation analysis, and to gather evidence suggesting whether these traits might be truly adaptive, that is, related to collection‐site variables. We observed a positive correlation (r = 0.73;p < 0.01) between greenhouse shoot and root biomass among accessions, suggesting that shoot and root biomass are not in an inherent trade‐off relationship across accessions. In addition, accessions with higher greenhouse shoot biomass possessed lower specific leaf area (r = −0.43;p < 0.05) and lower specific root length (r = −0.47,p < 0.05). Correlations between greenhouse and field‐measured productivity traits were not significant (p > 0.05), indicating seedling performance is not predictive of mature‐plant performance. Elevation was the collection‐site variable most closely correlated with plant‐measured traits, particularly phenological dates, whereas average annual precipitation was the least significant variable. Therefore, elevation may be used as an easily applied metric to match subspecies C plant material to restoration site in the northern Intermountain West.
Restoration of Nontarget Species: Bee Communities and Pollination Function in Riparian Forests
Authors: Williams Neal M.
Published: July 2010

Nontarget species such as pollinators may be of great importance to the restoration process and the long‐term functioning of restored habitats, but little is known about how such groups respond to habitat restoration. I surveyed bee communities at five equal‐aged restored sites, paired with five reference sites (riparian remnants) along the Sacramento River, California, United States. Flower availability and bee visitation patterns were also measured to examine the restoration of pollination function. Restoration of structural vegetation allowed diverse and abundant native bee communities to establish at the restoration sites; however, the composition of these important pollinator communities was distinct from that in the remnant riparian sites. Differences did not arise primarily from differences in the composition of the flowering‐plant community; rather there must be other physical characteristics of the restored sites or differences in nesting site availability that led to the different pollinator communities. Because sites were spatially paired, the differences are unlikely to be driven by landscape context. Bee life‐history and other biological traits may partially explain the differences between bee communities at restored and remnant sites. Patterns of visitation to native plant species suggest that pollination function is restored along with pollinator abundance and richness; however, function may be less robust in restored habitats. An examination of interaction networks between bees and plant species found at both restored and remnant riparian sites showed less redundancy of pollinators visiting some plants at restored habitats.
Exotic Slugs Pose a Previously Unrecognized Threat to the Herbaceous Layer in a Midwestern Woodland
Authors: Hahn Philip G. , Draney Michael L. , Dornbush Mathew E.
Published: July 2010

Developing effective restoration strategies requires first identifying the underlying factors limiting native plant recovery. The slugDeroceras reticulatumis an important herbivore in Europe, a global agricultural pest, and is introduced and abundant throughout eastern North America, but little information is available on the effect of this exotic herbivore on the forest herbaceous layer. Here, we test the palatability of 12 forest herbs to the introduced slugD. reticulatumand use field surveys to determine the degree to which slugs are damaging plants in the field. In laboratory feeding trials, slugs readily consumed most plants, but avoided the grassElymus virginicus, the invasive forbAlliaria petiolata(garlic mustard), and thicker leaved plants. In the field, we documented significant slug damage, with close to 50% or more of plant leaves damaged by slugs on five of the six native species tested. Slug damage in the field was predicted by laboratory‐determined acceptability, but was significantly greater on short‐statured rosette species than on erect plants for a given acceptability value. Our results identify introduced slugs as an important, but overlooked obstacle to forest herb restoration and potential drivers of larger scale understory compositional change. The relaxed herbivore pressure onA. petiolata, relative to native competitors, suggests that invasive plant removal alone may not result in the recovery of native flora. Rather, restoration of unpalatable native species should accompany invasive plant control in slug invaded areas. Erect forbs, thick‐leaved plants, and graminoids should have the greatest success where introduced slugs are abundant.
Astrocytic function and its alteration in the epileptic brain
Authors: Jabs Ronald , Seifert Gerald , Steinhäuser Christian
Published: July 2010

Summary

Currently available anticonvulsant drugs and complementary therapies are insufficient to control seizures in about a third of epileptic patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for new treatments that prevent the development of epilepsy and control it better in patients already afflicted with the disease. A prerequisite to reach this goal is a deeper understanding of the cellular basis of hyperexcitability and synchronization in the affected tissue. Epilepsy is often accompanied by massive reactive gliosis. Although the significance of this alteration is poorly understood, recent findings suggest that modified astroglial function may have a role in the generation and spread of seizure activity. Here we summarize properties of astrocytes as well as their changes that can be associated with epileptic tissue. The goal is to provide an understanding of the current knowledge of these cells with the long‐term view of providing a foundation for the development of novel hypotheses about the role of glia in epilepsy.
Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in Long‐Term Care Facilities: A Review
Authors: Simor Andrew E.
Published: July 2010

Clostridium difficile is a significant healthcare‐associated pathogen and the major cause of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea. The incidence and severity of C. difficile infection have increased in many parts of North America and Europe in the past few years with the widespread dissemination of a hypervirulent strain of C. difficile, referred to as North American pulsed‐field type 1, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 (NAP1/027). C. difficile infection appears to affect older adults disproportionately. Long‐term care facility (LTCF) residents are at greater risk because of advanced age, the frequent need for hospitalization, and recurrent exposures to antimicrobial agents. Early identification of C. difficile infection and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy are required to reduce morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is based on the detection of C. difficile toxins A or B in diarrheal stool specimens. The treatment of choice for moderate or severe C. difficile infection (defined as the presence of pseudomembranous colitis, treatment in an intensive care unit, or two of (i) aged 60 and older, (ii) fever greater than 38.3°C, (iii) peripheral leukocytosis (>15,000 cells/mm3), or (iv) hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 mg/dL) should be with oral vancomycin (125 mg four times a day for 10–14 days). Treatment with oral metronidazole should be reserved for those with milder disease. Measures to prevent outbreaks and reduce the risk of C. difficile infection in LCTFs should include antimicrobial stewardship to ensure judicious use of antibiotics, C. difficile infection surveillance, appropriate use of contact or barrier precautions, and careful environmental cleaning and disinfection using sporicidal agents.
Heterogeneity in Serum 25‐Hydroxy‐Vitamin D Response to Cholecalciferol in Elderly Women with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Giusti Andrea , Barone Antonella , Pioli Giulio , Girasole Giuseppe , Razzano Monica , Pizzonia Monica , Pedrazzoni Mario , Palummeri Ernesto , Bianchi Gerolamo
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D (25(OH)D) of two dosing regimens of cholecalciferol in women with secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPTH) and hypovitaminosis D and to investigate variables affecting 25(OH)D response to cholecalciferol.

DESIGN: Randomized‐controlled trial with 6‐month follow‐up.

SETTING: Two osteoporosis centers in northern Italy.

PARTICIPANTS: Sixty community‐dwelling women aged 65 and older with sHPTH and hypovitaminosis D, creatinine clearance greater than 65 mL/min and without diseases or drugs known to influence bone and vitamin D metabolism.

INTERVENTION: Cholecalciferol 300,000 IU every 3 months, once at baseline and once at 3 months (intermittent D3 group) or cholecalciferol 1,000 IU/day (daily D3 group).

MEASUREMENTS: Serum PTH, 25(OH)D, calcium, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, β‐C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, phosphate, 24‐hour urinary calcium excretion.

RESULTS: The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. All participants had vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D<20 ng/mL)], and 36 subjects (60%) had severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL), with no difference between the groups (severe deficiency: intermittent D3 group, n=18; daily D3 group, n=18). After 3 and 6 months, both groups had a significant increase in 25(OH)D and a reduction in PTH. Mean absolute increase±standard deviation of 25(OH)D at 6 months was higher in the intermittent D3 group (22.7±11.8 ng/mL) than in the daily D3 group (13.7±6.7 ng/mL, P<.001), with a higher proportion of participants in the intermittent D3 group reaching desirable serum concentration of 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (55% in the intermittent D3 group vs 20% in the daily D3 group, P<.001). Mean percentage decrease of PTH in the two groups was comparable, and at 6 months, a similar proportion of participants reached normal PTH values. 25(OH)D response to cholecalciferol showed a wide variability. In a logistic regression analysis, body mass index and type of treatment appeared to be significantly associated with normalization of 25(OH)D values.

CONCLUSION: Cholecalciferol 300,000 IU every 3 months was more effective than 1,000 IU daily in correcting vitamin D deficiency, although the two groups achieved similar effects on PTH at 6 months. Only 55% of the higher‐dose intermittent group reached desirable concentrations of 25(OH)D, suggesting that yet‐higher doses will be required for adequate vitamin D repletion.
Toward a definition of “fresh” whole blood: an in vitro characterization of coagulation properties in refrigerated whole blood for transfusion
Authors: Jobes David , Wolfe Yanika , O'Neill Daniel , Calder Jennifer , Jones Lisa , Sesok‐Pizzini Deborah , Zheng X. Long
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The hemostatic property of “fresh” whole blood (WB) has been observed in military application and cardiac surgery and is associated with reduced blood loss, transfusion requirements, and donor exposures. The time from donation to transfusion defining “fresh” has not been systematically studied. We undertook an in vitro study of coagulation properties of refrigerated WB stored for 31 days.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty‐one WB units were obtained from healthy volunteer donors and stored under standard AABB refrigerated conditions. Samples were obtained on the day after donation and again on Days 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 31. Tests included complete blood count, pH, pO2, pCO2, glucose, lactate, thromboelastography (TEG), and platelet function by light transmission aggregometry (LTA).

RESULTS: There was progressive decline in pH, pO2, glucose, and sodium, but progressive increase in potassium, pCO2, and lactate. TEG variables in all units were normal through Day 11; abnormal values in some variables in some units began on Day 14. Final aggregation levels exhibited no change from Day 1 to Day 21 with adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine, but a decline with collagen (Day 7) and ristocetin (Day 17).

CONCLUSION: This in vitro study of coagulation properties demonstrates preservation of normal integrated coagulation function to a minimum of 11 days under standard conditions of refrigerated storage of WB for transfusion. These observations strongly suggest that the hemostatic quality of WB may extend beyond current transfusion practices. If confirmed clinically, this would increase availability and extend benefits of reduced donor exposure and transfusion requirements.
Postoperative anemia after joint replacement surgery is not related to quality of life during the first two weeks postoperatively
Authors: So‐Osman Cynthia , Nelissen Rob , Brand Ronald , Brand Anneke , Stiggelbout Anne M.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Lower limb joint replacement surgery provides a considerable improvement in quality of life (QoL), but is associated with peroperative blood loss and with anemia in the direct postoperative period. General acceptance of low transfusion thresholds and shorter postoperative hospital stays will result in patients leaving hospital with low hemoglobin (Hb) levels. To evaluate the role of QoL scores as a possible alternative for Hb values to serve as a further indicator for red blood cell transfusion, we performed a secondary analysis of a previously conducted randomized clinical trial to compare QoL and fatigue scores with simultaneously measured pre‐ and postoperative Hb levels, in total hip and knee arthroplasty patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: QoL measurement was measured preoperatively and twice up to 14 days postoperatively using the Functional Status Index (FSI), the Visual Analogue Score (VAS)‐Fatigue score, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Anemia (FACT‐Anemia) subscale. Pearson correlation coefficients between (change in) FSI, VAS‐Fatigue, and FACT‐Anemia subscale scores and (change in) Hb levels were calculated. Additionally, partial correlations were calculated and linear regression analysis was performed, correcting for possible confounding variables.

RESULTS: A total of 603 patients were evaluated. All patients scored worse postoperatively, but none of the scores correlated with Hb values, neither after correcting for confounding factors. Even more, the changes between preoperative and postoperative Hb levels were not correlated with changes in fatigue scores.

CONCLUSION: In hip and knee prosthesis surgery no correlation existed between postoperative Hb levels or acute postoperative decline in Hb values and QoL scores (FSI, VAS‐Fatigue, or FACT‐Anemia).
Hybrid E‐Learning Acceptance Model: Learner Perceptions
Authors: Ahmed Hassan M. Selim
Published: July 2010

E‐learning tools and technologies have been used to supplement conventional courses in higher education institutions creating a “hybrid” e‐learning module that aims to enhance the learning experiences of students. Few studies have addressed the acceptance of hybrid e‐learning by learners and the factors affecting the learners’ satisfaction with these tools. This study assesses hybrid e‐learning acceptance by learners using three critical success factors: instructor characteristics, information technology infrastructure, and organizational and technical support. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine and validate the hypothesized relationships among the three factors and their effects on learners’ acceptance of hybrid e‐learning. A total of 538 usable responses from university students were used to validate the proposed research model. The influence of the three factors on learners’ decision to accept hybrid e‐learning was empirically examined. The results show that all three factors significantly and directly impacted the learners’ acceptance of hybrid e‐learning courses. Information technology infrastructure and organizational support were proven to be key determinants of the instructor characteristics as a critical success factor of hybrid e‐learning acceptance by learners. Implications of this work for higher education institutions, researchers, and instructors are described.
Anthropology in blue jeans
Authors: MILLER DANIEL
Published: July 2010

I begin this article with a brief history of the use of “the normative” in anthropology, starting with Kant and concluding with discussion of the concept within theories of practice. This is followed by an account of an ethnographic study of blue‐jeans wearing in North London. The importance of becoming ordinary is exemplified in that study by migrants’ experience of being comfortable in blue jeans. I argue that jeans are the first postsemiotic garment, an antithesis to identity. I end by considering the challenge represented by the concept of “the ordinary” for anthropology's foundational presumption of the normative.
Phatic labor, infrastructure, and the question of empowerment in Cairo
Authors: ELYACHAR JULIA
Published: July 2010

In this article, I draw on ethnographic research in Cairo to analyze outcomes of Egyptian women's practices of sociality. In Cairo, “phatic labor” creates a social infrastructure of communicative channels that are as essential to economy as roads, bridges, or telephone lines. Projects to empower Egyptian women via finance made these communicative channels visible as an economic infrastructure for projects oriented around the pursuit of profit. A social infrastructure that had functioned as a kind of semiotic commons became visible as a resource that could be privatized or formatted as a public good.
The crisis of masculinity: Class, gender, and kindly power in post‐Mao China
Authors: YANG JIE
Published: July 2010

In this article, I examine how Chinese state enterprises sustain social stability in the wake of mass unemployment caused by privatization. At the same time that China, in its attempt to sustain stability, unmakes, or remakes, state workers into entrepreneurial subjects, it attempts to remake itself as a benevolent patriarchal government exercising kindly power. State enterprises translate labor unrest into a crisis of masculinity and the sustaining of stability into governing men and masculinity. For men, mass unemployment has meant the loss of virility associated with life‐tenured employment, and this loss of livelihood and virility results in social instability, which is embodied in the unemployed male. Male workers then use the language of gender and family and translate it back into an expression of class antagonism.
THE DEEP‐ VEE HULL FORM — IMPROVES SEAKEEPING AND COMBAT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Authors: KEHOE JAMES W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , SERTER ERBIL H.
Published: July 2010

A unique deep‐Vee hull form has been developed and model tested in Europe for use in the design of corvette and frigate sized ships. The seakeeping performance of this new deep‐Vee hull form, whose proportions are suitable for ship operations in a displacement mode at conventional speed‐to‐length ratios, exceeds the performance of ships with more conventional round‐bilge hull forms. It promises to provide a 4,500‐ton frigate with the speed, course selectivity, and combat system performance equivalent to that of larger destroyers when operating in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic, especially during the winter season.

The authors describe and compare the seakeeping performance of two 4,500‐ton frigates, one with a deep‐Vee and the other with a round‐bilge hull. They discuss the impact of differences in seakeeping performance on combat system availability.

From the standpoint of incorporating a deep‐Vee hull form into a ship design, certain features of a deep‐Vee hull form affect ship proportions, calm water resistance, hull structure (particularly hull girder bending moments), stability, deck area, arrangements, propulsion plant configuration, light ship weights and centers of gravity, and acquisition and life cycle costs differently than a round‐bilge hull form. Based on a comparative feasibility design study of two frigates of about 4,500‐tons, one with a deep‐Vee and the other with a round‐bilge hull, the authors quantify the impact of these differences on a ship design.
Fighting Dirty! Sustaining Operations in a CBRN Environment
Authors: HARNEY ROBERT C.
Published: July 2010

The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) has identified problems with the way in which the Department of Defense addresses the growing threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. This article describes the conclusions and recommendations of the GAO report. It further analyzes the CBRN threat, the past response of the US Navy to the threat, and how that threat may affect future naval operations. The impact of the potential threat on warship design and performance is discussed. An ad hoc set of design guidelines that can minimize the impact of future threat developments on warship performance is presented.
An investigation of the effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on induced bacteraemia: a pilot study
Authors: Fine Daniel H. , Furgang David , McKiernan Marie , Tereski‐Bischio Debra , Ricci‐Nittel Danette , Zhang Paul , Araujo Marcelo W. B.
Published: July 2010

Fine DH, Furgang D, McKiernan M, Tereski‐Bischio D, Ricci‐Nittel D, Zhang P, Araujo MWB. An investigation of the effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on induced bacteraemia: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 840–847. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01590.x.

Aim: This pilot study was designed to assess the effect of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse (EOM) in reducing bloodstream bacteria after chewing an apple.

Material and Methods: From a panel of 200, we screened 62 individuals with mild‐to‐moderate gingivitis. Twenty‐two individuals who showed a bacteraemia after chewing an apple were enroled. Subjects were recalled, instructed to chew an apple, had blood drawn (first baseline), and were randomly assigned EOM or a control (C) treatment for 2 weeks. Subjects were recalled, given an apple, and had blood taken for bacterial counts. Following a 1‐week fluoride dentifrice wash‐out, subjects were recalled, given the apple challenge, had blood drawn (second baseline), assigned the alternate treatment, and recalled for testing. Differences between baseline and 2‐week post‐treatment (EOM versus C) in blood‐borne bacteria were assessed by analysis of covariance.

Results: Mean aerobic blood‐borne bacteria decreased by 68.5% (17.7 viable counts from baseline; p<0.001), while anaerobic counts decreased by 70.7% (14.5 mean viable counts from baseline; p<0.001) for the EOM treatment. No reduction was seen for the C treatment.

Conclusions: This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, 2‐week cross‐over study showed that rinsing with essential oils reduced the level of bloodstream bacteria in subjects with mild‐to‐moderate gingivitis.
Somatostatin regulates tight junction function and composition in human keratinocytes
Authors: Vockel Matthias , Breitenbach Ute , Kreienkamp Hans‐Jürgen , Brandner Johanna M.
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Somatostatin regulates tight junction function and composition in human keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 888–894.

Abstract:  Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory peptide hormone that acts through five different G protein‐coupled receptors (SSTR1‐5). Whereas expression of all five SSTR subtypes in epidermis has been shown, the biological relevance of the SST/SSTR system in the skin is completely unknown. We show here that SST is expressed in human skin and is present in a subset of Merkel cells and dendritic cells as well as in keratinocytes. We focused further on the somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (SSTR3) and its interacting protein MUPP1, as both were found to be localized at cellular junctions in epidermal keratinocytes. MUPP1 is a component of tight junctions (TJs); these cell–cell junctions contribute to barrier function of the paracellular pathway in cultured keratinocytes. We provide evidence that SSTR3 and MUPP1 interact in primary cultured human keratinocytes at high Ca2+ conditions. Interestingly, SST, presumably via SSTR3/MUPP1, regulates TJ permeability in cultured keratinocytes. During long‐term treatment of human keratinocytes, SST also affects the expression of distinct TJ proteins such as claudin‐4. Our data are the first example of a peptide hormone regulating TJ functionality and composition in human keratinocytes, suggesting that control via peptide hormones provides the possibility to regulate the TJ barrier characteristics of the skin.
Polyamines and hair: a couple in search of perfection
Authors: Ramot Yuval , Pietilä Marko , Giuliani Giammaria , Rinaldi Fabio , Alhonen Leena , Paus Ralf
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Polyamines and hair: a couple in search of perfection. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 784–790.

Abstract:  Polyamines (spermidine, putrescine and spermine) are multifunctional cationic amines that are indispensable for cellular proliferation; of key significance in the growth of rapidly regenerating tissues and tumors. Given that the hair follicle (HF) is one of the most highly proliferative organs in mammalian biology, it is not surprising that polyamines are crucial to HF growth. Indeed, growing (anagen) HFs show the highest activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‐limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, while inhibition of ODC, using eflornithine, results in a decreased rate of excessive facial hair growth in vivo and inhibits human scalp hair growth in organ culture. In sheep, manipulation of dietary intake of polyamines also results in altered wool growth. Polyamine‐containing nutraceuticals have therefore been proposed as promoters of human hair growth. Recent progress in polyamine research, coupled with renewed interest in the role of polyamines in skin biology, encourages one to revisit their potential roles in HF biology and highlights the need for a systematic evaluation of their mechanisms of action and clinical applications in the treatment of hair disorders. The present viewpoint essay outlines the key frontiers in polyamine‐related hair research and defines the major open questions. Moreover, it argues that a renaissance in polyamine research in hair biology, well beyond the inhibition of ODC activity in hirsutism therapy, is important for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the manipulation of human hair growth. Such targets could include the manipulation of polyamine biosynthesis and the topical administration of selected polyamines, such as spermidine.
Cutaneous wound healing of chronically stressed mice is improved through catecholamines blockade
Authors: Romana‐Souza Bruna , Porto Luis Cristóvão , Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Cutaneous wound healing of chronically stressed mice is improved through catecholamines blockade. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 821–829.

Abstract:  Stress impairs cutaneous wound healing; however, it is unclear how β‐adrenoceptors participates in alterations induced by stress on skin wound repair. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propranolol, a non‐selective β‐blocker, administration on cutaneous wound healing of chronically stressed mice. Male mice were spun at 115 rpm for 15 min every hour from three days before wounding until euthanasia. Control animals were not submitted to stress. Stressed and control animals were treated with propranolol dissolved in water; controls received only water. Propranolol administration began one day before wounding and was continued daily until euthanasia. A full‐thickness excisional lesion was performed. Seven and fourteen days later, animals were killed, and lesions were formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded. Sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin and immunostained against F4/80 to quantify macrophages, α‐smooth muscle actin to quantify the myofibroblast density and proliferating cell nuclear antigen to quantify the cell proliferation. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 activity, nitrite and hydroxyproline levels and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) expression were measured in wound. Stress and control + propranolol groups presented a delay in wound contraction, re‐epithelialization, F4/80‐positive macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells infiltration, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, myofibroblastic differentiation, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activation and TNF‐α expression, whereas an increase in the nitrite levels. Stress + propranolol group presented results similar to control group. In conclusion, stress impairs cutaneous wound healing in mice through β1‐ adrenoceptors and β2‐adrenoceptors activation.
Knowledge of dental trauma among mothers in Mangalore
Authors: Hegde Amitha. M. , Pradeep Kumar K. N. , Varghese Eby
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of Mangalore mothers regarding dental trauma. Methods: A questionnaire inquiring about mother’s knowledge on dental trauma was distributed to 500 working and non‐working mothers via their children attending two primary schools in the Mangalore city. Results: Around 68.5% of the mothers were aware of the management of dental trauma. Of the working mothers, 72% were aware of the management of dental trauma while 65% of the non‐working mothers were aware. When asked about saving the avulsed tooth, 36% of mothers said that the avulsed tooth can be saved. Regarding mouth guards, 54.5% of the mothers said that they aware of the use of mouth guards to prevent traumatic injuries to the teeth. Of the working mothers 72% knew that mouth guards are useful in the prevention of dental trauma while 37% of the non‐working mothers have this knowledge; 68% of the mothers would take the child to the dentist following tooth injury whereas 17% of the mothers would use an emergency kit. Chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis indicated a significant difference between the responses of working and the non‐working mothers with regard to mouth guard knowledge and recommendation (P‐value 0.001). Conclusion: Most of the mothers were graduates and were aware of the emergency management of dental trauma. The working mothers had better knowledge and awareness regarding mouth guards (72%) when compared with non‐working mothers (37%).
Primary microcephaly in Hungary: epidemiology and clinical features
Authors: Szabó Nóra , Pap Csenge , Kóbor Jenő , Svékus András , Túri Sándor , Sztriha László
Published: July 2010

Aim:  To describe the population‐based epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of primary microcephaly in Hungary.

Methods:  A retrospective survey of patients born with microcephaly in a region (Dél‐Alföld – South Great Plain) in Hungary between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 2006 was performed. Patients with microcephaly and without any environmental or obstetric risk factors and/or dysmorphism (primary microcephaly) were included in the study. The birth prevalence of primary microcephaly per 10 000 live births was calculated.

Results:  Ten patients (8 girls and 2 boys) were found with primary microcephaly among 185 486 live births, which corresponds to a birth prevalence of 0.54 per 10 000 live births (95% confidence interval: 0.20–0.87). Developmental delay and intellectual disability were the main clinical features. Dyskinesia was seen in one and epilepsy was diagnosed in two patients. The MRI revealed simplified gyral pattern in all patients.

Conclusion:  Primary microcephaly is a very rare brain malformation, although the birth prevalence found in this survey is slightly higher than the few figures published earlier. As more and more genes and mutations responsible for primary microcephaly are discovered, the ascertainment of these rare cases is mandatory to provide the parents with genetic counselling.
Stroke in Swedish children II: long‐term outcome
Authors: Christerson S , Strömberg B
Published: July 2010

Aim:  To evaluate the long‐term outcome of childhood stroke in a population‐based cohort of Swedish children.

Methods:  We followed up children with stroke over 7 years from 2000 to 2006 in a health care region covering one‐fifth of the Swedish population. Children aged between 28 days and 18 years, who had arterial ischaemic stroke, cerebral sinus venous stroke or nontraumatic haemorrhagic stroke, were included. The long‐term outcome study 1.6–8.6 years later included a clinical investigation, evaluation of school performance, everyday activities and participation and health‐related quality of life questionnaires (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Child Health Questionnaire and Short‐Form General Health Survey).

Results:  Of 51 children, 4 (8%) had died and 85% of the long‐term survivors had some acquired impairment: 65% of the children had neurological impairment, and 59% had deficits affecting school activity and participation. The parents experienced the negative effect of the stroke on their child’s general health, daily life activities and participation and also on their own family life.

Conclusion:  Childhood stroke results in serious long‐term functional deficits in 85% of survivors affecting their everyday life, the child’s performances and the life of the family as a whole.
The Effects of Candidate Age in the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: KENSKI KATE , JAMIESON KATHLEEN HALL
Published: July 2010

Using data from the 2008 National Annenberg Election Survey (NAES), this study finds that during the general election, adults in the United States were more likely to report that John McCain, who was 71 during the 2008 primaries and 72 in the general election, was “too old to be president” than to report that Barack Obama was “too young to be president.” The percentage of the population subscribing to these views was not a constant in the general election. Instead, the belief that McCain was “too old to be president” increased across the campaign period, while the belief that Obama was “too young to be president” declined. Throughout the general election, major party identifiers were more likely to believe that the other major party candidate's age was a liability. Newspaper consumption and Internet use were positively associated with perceptions of McCain being “too old to be president,” even when controlling for demographic and political ideological factors. Perceptions about candidate age were significantly associated with candidate evaluations and vote preference even after controls were factored in.
Misfolded endoplasmic reticulum retained subunits cause degradation of wild‐type subunits of arylsulfatase A heteromers
Authors: Poeppel Peter , Abouzied Mekky Mohamed , Völker Christof , Gieselmann Volkmar
Published: July 2010

Arylsulfatase A is an oligomeric lysosomal enzyme. In the present study, we use this enzyme as a model protein to examine how heteromerization of wild‐type and misfolded endoplasmic reticulum‐degraded arylsulfatase A polypeptides affects the quality control of wild‐type arylsulfatase A subunits. Using a conformation sensitive monoclonal antibody, we show that, within heteromers of misfolded and wild‐type arylsulfatase A, the wild‐type subunits are not fully folded. The results obtained show that arylsulfatase A polypeptide complexes, rather than the monomers, are subject to endoplasmic reticulum quality control and that, within a heteromer, the misfolded subunit exerts a dominant negative effect on the wild‐type subunit. Although it has been shown that mature lysosomal arylsulfatase A forms dimers at neutral pH, the results obtained in the present study demonstrate that, in the early biosynthetic pathway, arylsulfatase A forms oligomers with more than two subunits.