bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percepções e atitudes de professores de escolas públicas e privadas perante o tema drogas
Authors: Ferreira Tatiana Cristina Diniz , Sanchez Zila van der Meer , Ribeiro Luciana Abeid , Oliveira Lúcio Garcia de , Nappo Solange Aparecida
Published: July 2010

No Brasil, apesar de os professores serem considerados como agentes potenciais para a prevenção do uso de drogas, há mais de duas décadas os programas escolares de prevenção não têm alcançado os resultados esperados. Com o intuito de auxiliar a identificação da origem do problema, foram avaliadas as percepções/ atitudes de professores sobre o tema. Participaram da pesquisa vinte professores do Ensino Fundamental e Médio da cidade de São Paulo, com os quais foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Embora esses profissionais se reconheçam como formadores de opinião, não se consideram suficientemente habilitados para tratar do tema com seus alunos, seja pela sua falta de informação, interesse ou habilidade para abordar o assunto. Quanto à informação sobre o tema, verificou-se haver uma baixa percepção sobre o risco associado às drogas lícitas. Perante estes resultados, sugere-se que os programas de prevenção destinados ao ambiente escolar sejam revistos e tenham a participação de profissionais especializados.
Combinação de águas doce e salobra para produção de alface hidropônica
Authors: Soares Tales M. , Duarte Sergio N. , Silva Ênio F. F. , Jorge Cristiano A.
Published: July 2010

Plantas de alface crespa cv. Verônica foram cultivadas em condição hidropônica objetivando-se avaliar dois tipos de emprego combinado de águas doce e salobras, quais sejam: usar as águas salobras para preparar a solução nutritiva (SN) e a água doce para repor a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) (Experimento I) e usar a água doce para preparar a SN e as salobras para a reposição da ETc (Experimento II). Uma estrutura de pesquisa com 40 parcelas que simulam a técnica do fluxo laminar de nutrientes (NFT) foi construída. Os níveis de salinidade da água testados foram: 0,585; 1,17; 1,755; 2,925 e 4,095 g L-1 de NaCl. A salinidade diminuiu a produtividade da alface (massa de matéria fresca da parte aérea) em 10,9 e 3,91% para cada acréscimo unitário na salinidade da água (g L-1 de NaCl), considerando-se os Experimentos I e II, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados obtidos com os dois tipos de combinação de águas doce e salobras, o uso de águas salobras para repor a ETc pode aumentar a produtividade da alface em comparação com o uso dessas águas para preparar a SN.
Análise da influência da bandagem funcional de tornozelo no tempo de reação do fibular longo em sujeitos saudáveis
Authors: Meurer Maurício Couto , Pacheco Adriana Moré , Pacheco Ivan , Silva Marcelo Faria
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da bandagem funcional de tornozelo no tempo de reação do fibular longo de indivíduos sadios. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por oito indivíduos do gênero masculino, fisicamente ativos, sem histórias prévias de lesões de tornozelo e, com os resultados negativos aos testes de instabilidade articular de tornozelo. Foram usados como instrumentos da pesquisa, a bandagem funcional de tornozelo tipo bota fechada, para realizar o teste uma plataforma capaz de inclinar 30o no plano frontal simulando a entorse lateral do tornozelo e um eletromiógrafo de oito canais (Bortec Electronics Incorporation, Canadá) para aquisições dos sinais eletromiográficos. Os sinais EMG foram coletados juntamente com o sinal da plataforma (sincronismo). A coleta dos dados foi realizada em dois momentos, primeiramente sem a bandagem e logo após com a bandagem. RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos tinham idade média de 23,3 anos (± 2,8), massa corpórea de 74,4kg (± 9,4), estatura de 1,7m (± 0,4) e IMC de 23,7kg/m2 (± 2,4). O estudo encontrou diferença estatisticamente significativa p = 0,018 na situação da bandagem funcional de tornozelo com diminuição do tempo de reação do fibular longo. CONCLUSÃO: Acreditamos que esta melhora se deva ao íntimo contato da bandagem com os receptores cutâneos do tornozelo, aumentando a ativação do reflexo fibular, com consequente ganho proprioceptivo e, assim, aumentando a habilidade dos sujeitos em responder a situações súbitas de entorses. O estudo demonstrou diminuição no tempo de reação do fibular longo de indivíduos sadios com o uso da bandagem funcional de tornozelo quando submetidos à inclinação lateral súbita do tornozelo.
Princípios fisiológicos do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na atividade esportiva
Authors: Di Alencar Thiago Ayala Melo , Matias Karinna Ferreira de Sousa
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a importância do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na prática esportiva, destacando seus principais efeitos fisiológicos e benefícios, haja vista que o presente assunto tem causado muita dúvida aos atletas profissionais ou amadores bem como em profissionais da área da saúde na realização e prescrição, respectivamente, da prática do aquecimento e alongamento muscular. Foram utilizados 52 textos, entre artigos da base de dados PubMed e livros publicados de 1978 a 2008. Do total, 18 (34,62%) estavam em português e 34 (65,38%) em inglês. Resultados mostraram que o aquecimento tem por principal objetivo prevenir lesões devido à sua gama de efeitos fisiológicos. A realização do alongamento no término do gesto esportivo tem por finalidade evitar o encurtamento muscular, ou se realizado diariamente e por um longo período, favorecer o aumento do número de sarcômeros e, consequentemente, proporcionar um ganho de flexibilidade.
Cancer Mortality for a Single Race in Low Versus High Elevation Counties in the U.S.
Authors: Hart John
Published: July 2010

A previous study compared cancer mortality in the six lowest versus six highest elevations in the U.S. for all races. This study looks at a single race since death rates tend to vary by race. In this ecological study, cancer mortality rates were compared between low and high states for a race that had sufficient number of counties reporting mortality data, that is, the white race. The average cancer mortality rate for low elevation counties was 73.47 + 18.35 compared to 53.90 + 13.76 for high elevation counties, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.0001), with a very large effect size (of 1.2). Higher elevation counties showed less cancer mortality rates for a single race compared to lower elevation counties, suggesting the presence of radiation hormesis. Further rigorous research is indicated to verify or refute these findings.
Presence of Ecotoxicologically Relevant Pgp and MRP Transcripts and Proteins in Cyprinid Fish
Authors: Klobučar Roberta , Žaja Roko , Franjević Damjan , Brozović Anamaria , Smital Tvrtko
Published: July 2010

Presence of Ecotoxicologically Relevant Pgp and MRP Transcripts and Proteins in Cyprinid Fish

One of the most intriguing defence strategies which aquatic organisms developed through evolution is multixenobiotic resistance (MXR). The key mediators of MXR activity are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins. They provide resistance of aquatic organisms by binding xenobiotics and extruding them from cells in an energy-dependent manner. Since Cyprinid fish species are common target in freshwater biomonitoring programs, we have studied the presence of two main MDR/MXR efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (Pgp, Abcb1) and MRP-like protein(s) (Abcc) in the liver of five Cyprinid species: common carp, European chub, sneep, barbel, and silver prussian carp. Their presence was evaluated on the mRNA and protein level. Various pairs of primers were designed to clone homologous fragments of MXR-related genes. At the protein level, we used Western blotting with specific monoclonal antibodies against human Pgp (Abcb1, Ab C219), MRP1 (Abcc1; Ab MRPm6) or MRP2 (Abcc2; Ab M2I-4). Transcripts of both key types of MXR transporters were identified in all species examined and here we provide the phylogenetic analysis of new partial sequences. Immunochemical determinations with mammalian antibodies failed to identify the presence of MRP(s), but Pgp expression was found in all five Cyprinid species. These results support that MXR is a defence system mediated by both Pgp and MRP types of ABC transport proteins.
Some properties of extended remainder of binet’s first formula for logarithm of gamma function
Authors: Qi Feng , Guo Bai-Ni
Published: July 2010

In the paper, we extend Binet’s first formula for the logarithm of the gamma function and investigate some properties, including inequalities, star-shaped and sub-additive properties and the complete monotonicity, of the extended remainder of Binet’s first formula for the logarithm of the gamma function and related functions.
Quasicontinuous functions, minimal usco maps and topology of pointwise convergence
Authors: Holý Dušan , Matejíčka Ladislav
Published: July 2010

In [HOLÁ, Ľ.—HOLÝ, D.: Pointwise convergence of quasicontinuous mappings and Baire spaces, Rocky Mountain J. Math.] a complete answer is given, for a Baire space X, to the question of when the pointwise limit of a sequence of real-valued quasicontinuous functions defined on X is quasicontinuous. In [HOLÁ, Ľ.—HOLÝ, D.: Minimal USCO maps, densely continuous forms and upper semicontinuous functions, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 39 (2009), 545–562], a characterization of minimal USCO maps by quasicontinuous and subcontinuous selections is proved. Continuing these results, we study closed and compact subsets of the space of quasicontinuous functions and minimal USCO maps equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence. We also study conditions under which the closure of the graph of a set-valued mapping which is the pointwise limit of a net of set-valued mappings, is a minimal USCO map.
Algae protection, conservation areas and the red data book of the Republic of Karelia
Authors: Komulaynen Sergey
Published: July 2010

Algae protection, conservation areas and the red data book of the Republic of Karelia

The conservation of algal species diversity as a component of natural ecosystems is recognized.

The problem can be solved by: 1) making up a list of endangered species and including the algae in Red Data Books and Red Lists of Protected Species; 2) selecting water bodies to be protected and restored or including them in already protected areas, since the protection of an individual alga species is fairly problematic.

In this article the principles and methods of freshwater algae conservation in Karelia Republic (Northwestern Russia), as well as problems related thereto, are analyzed.
Changes of water quality in benchmark lakes in the Polish national monitoring network in the 1999-2004 period
Authors: Soszka Hanna , Kolada Agnieszka , Gołub Małgorzata
Published: July 2010

Changes of water quality in benchmark lakes in the Polish national monitoring network in the 1999-2004 period

The national monitoring network of benchmark lakes consists of ten lakes situated in different Polish lakelands. They do not receive wastewater from point sources of pollution and their catchment areas are predominantly forested. Changes in their water quality should be natural or almost natural due to very low anthropogenic pressure. In the majority of the benchmark lakes the values of eutrophication parameters during the 1999-2004 period did not exceed 0.060 mg dm-3 P for total phosphorus or 10 μg dm-3 for chlorophyll a, and Secchi disc readings generally exceeded 2.5 m. Trend analyses in the majority of cases did not reveal significant changes in eutrophication parameters over time.
Commuting as a Spatial Feature of International Concern's Location in a Major City. Example of Poznań
Authors: Tobolska Anna
Published: July 2010

Commuting as a Spatial Feature of International Concern's Location in a Major City. Example of Poznań

The study presents the spatial aspects of the location of a branch of an international concern in a major city, viz. in Poznań, in terms of commuting streams, both from the city area, and the surrounding area, as well as their variation in the period 2000-2009. In order to characterise the spatial arrangement of commuting, the study used centrographic measures to analyse the variation of commuting directions and identify the areas of the greatest concentration. Furthermore, it was observed that there was a regular disproportion between the group of employees commuting from the city area, and the group of employees commuting from the region, the latter of which was smaller. It thus seems that an international concern production plant influences the local labour market to a significant extent, displaying the strongest regional impact within the range of 20 km from its location, with the direction of this influence being clearly related to the plant's location in relation to city borders, which might be linked to better communicational accessibility.
Crimes and Crime Dispersion in Urban Areas in Turkey
Authors: Sargin Sevil , Temurçin Kadir
Published: July 2010

Crimes and Crime Dispersion in Urban Areas in Turkey

Crime is a phenomenon that arises from the interaction between social, political, economic, physical, psychological circumstances and geographical factors. Since crime occurs in geographical locations, the relationship between crime and location is worth discussing characteristics of a location occur in differents ways. Not only natural geographical factors but also human geographical factors may lead to crime. In this study, the situation, distribution of crimes in the cities which are in the police service zone are dealt with. In addition to crime dispersion in the cities and crimes committed to people and property, crimes committed by month is also studied. In this context, it is seen that since city centres are composed of dense population and urban functions, they feed crime, social control weakens in those areas and they create opportunities for criminals. This causes weakness in society and social capital apart from economic losses in cities. The number of crime incidents, which was 229,513 in 1995, in Turkey, has risen to 785,510 in 2006 with a 3.4 fold increase. 41% of the crimes which were committed in the year of 2006 were against people, 59% were against property.
Socio-Economic Development and its Axiological Aspects
Authors: Chojnicki Zbyszko
Published: July 2010

Socio-Economic Development and its Axiological Aspects

The article presents notions and issues concerning socio-economic development in an axiological perspective. Their presentation is limited to those the present author considers valid, and ignores their wider context as expounded in the various theories of socio-economic development.

Underlying the axiological approach to socio-economic development is the opinion that the character of and research on socio-economic development are not neutral axiologically because values are an inherent component of human activity; they stimulate it and give it a direction. The knowledge concerning human activity makes use of evaluative concepts and judgements.

The article discusses: (1) the concept of socio-economic development, (2) basic axiological notions, and (3) axiological problems of socio-economic development.
Quantitative analysis of sub-alpine grasslands in trans-Himalayan region of Manang, central Nepal
Authors: Bhatt Shekhar C , Lekhak Hari D
Published: July 2010

Species composition and richness of grassland vegetation were studied in trans-Himalayan region of Manang. Two south-facing sites, both at the similar altitude (3800-4200 m asl), were selected and a total of 40 plots (10 x 10 m) with 200 quadrates (1 m x 1 m) were sampled. Altogether, 97 plant species were recorded. The similarity index between two sites was 12.37%. There was significant negative correlation between species richness and altitude in site I. Species richness did not show significant relationship with altitude in site II. Various physical and biological factors interact differently in different sites to create habitat heterogeneity which determine the distribution pattern of plant species and influence variations in species composition and diversity. Key-words: alpine region; quantitative analysis; species diversity; vegetation.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2910 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 47-51
Liverworts and hornworts of Nepal: a synopsis
Authors: Pradhan Nirmala , Joshi Sanu D
Published: July 2010

This work presents documentation of liverworts and hornworts of Nepal based on field research and compilation of the previous works done in different geographical regions of the country. Altogether, 43 families under 6 orders of the class Hepaticae and 1 family and 1 order of the class Anthocerotae reported in Nepal have been enumerated in this paper. An overall list of 107 genera and 428 species of Hepaticae, and 4 genera and 11 species of Anthocerotae are presented. Key-words: Anthocerotae; bryologists; Hepaticae.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2913 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 69-75
Scanning electron microscopic study of leaf surface of some species of Hopea Roxb. (Dipterocarpaceae): implications for taxonomy
Authors: Joshi Kunjani
Published: July 2010

Since more than two decades, the taxonomy of Hopea has been a point for discussion. Time to time, various taxonomists have tried to classify the species of Hopea on the basis of morphological and anatomical characters. This type of controversy can be solved by the study of various disciplines. Among them, the Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study may be taxonomically useful to resolve the controversies over the classification of the genus Hopea. The SEM study was carried out in Hopea of Sri Lanka. The result of SEM indicates that the two taxa (Hopea jucunda ssp. jucunda and H. jucunda ssp. modesta) possess different epicuticular appearance justifying to upgrade the subspecies of H. jucunda to species level. Key words: epicuticular wax; SEM; stomata; trichome.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2919 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 106-108
P.H. Gosse in Newfoundland and Lower Canada, 1827–1838
Authors: CROFT L.R.
Published: July 2010

Philip Henry Gosse (1810–1888) was one of the most popular naturalists of the Victorian era. Not only is he recognized as the co-inventor of the marine aquarium, and for initiating the marine biology craze that swept England during the 1850s, but he is remembered for a series of popular natural history books that opened up a new field of scientific literature. Gosse is probably best known for his opposition to evolutionary theory, notably in his book Omphalos (1857), the publication of which was dramatically documented in his son's book Father and Son (1907). Yet what is most remarkable about Gosse is the fact that he was a completely self-educated naturalist. This paper examines his development as a naturalist during his stay in Newfoundland and Lower Canada, over the period 1827–38. In addition the books he produced during these years, namely the unpublished Entomologia Terrae Novae and The Canadian Naturalist, are reassessed and their importance in the development of Canadian science discussed. Finally, Gosse's religious development during these years is also examined in an attempt to understand the reasons behind his subsequent rejection of evolutionism.
Ralph Johnson's notebook
Authors: HORSMAN FRANK
Published: July 2010

A botanical notebook is identified as Ralph Johnson's (1629–1695) of Brignall in North Yorkshire. Johnson was a great friend of John Ray (1627–1705). The dates of the notebook are established as 1649–1672, the botanical notes having been made in 1671–1672. The notebook demonstrates that Ray put Johnson's interest in botany on a scientific basis, in line with Johnson's studies of birds and fishes. It also permits a personal insight into the impact of the first edition of Ray's Catalogus Plantarum Angliae (1670) on British botany. The notebook demonstrates Ray's personal influence on the botanical discovery of Upper Teesdale, one of our most important botanical areas. An attempt is made to rectify the situation whereby Johnson is totally overlooked, despite Ray's very high opinion of him as a naturalist.
Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratio Study of Poly(di(tri-n-butyltin) citraconate-co-N-vinylimidazole)
Authors: Al-Deyab Salem S. , El-Newehy Mohamed H. , Al-Hazmi Ali M.
Published: July 2010

The organotin monomer di(tri-n-butyltin) citraconate (DTBTC, I) was synthesized. Subsequently this monomer was copolymerized with N-vinylimidazole (VI) using a free radical technique. The overall conversion was kept low (≤14% wt/wt) for all studied samples and the copolymer composition was determined from tin analysis using the Gilman and Rosenberg method. The synthesized monomer and copolymer were further characterized by elemental analysis, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy.
Vitamin D and Bone Health; Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Laird Eamon , Ward Mary , McSorley Emeir , Strain J.J. , Wallace Julie
Published: July 2010

Osteoporosis is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and significant economic and health costs. Vitamin D is a secosteriod hormone essential for calcium absorption and bone mineralization which is positively associated with bone mineral density [BMD]. It is well-established that prolonged and severe vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Sub-optimal vitamin D status has been reported in many populations but it is a particular concern in older people; thus there is clearly a need for effective strategies to optimise bone health. A number of recent studies have suggested that the role of vitamin D in preventing fractures may be via its mediating effects on muscle function (a defect in muscle function is one of the classical signs of rickets) and inflammation. Studies have demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation can improve muscle strength which in turn contributes to a decrease in incidence of falls, one of the largest contributors to fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is often considered to be an inflammatory condition and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with increased bone metabolism. The immunoregulatory mechanisms of vitamin D may thus modulate the effect of these cytokines on bone health and subsequent fracture risk. Vitamin D, therefore, may influence fracture risk via a number of different mechanisms.
The Search for Sustainable Subsurface Habitats on Mars, and the Sampling of Impact Ejecta
Authors: Ivarsson Magnus , Lindgren Paula
Published: July 2010

On Earth, the deep subsurface biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proceeds and the conditions of their habitats slowly change. Despite an almost complete isolation from surface conditions and the surface biosphere, the deep biosphere of the crustal rocks has endured over geologic time. This indicates that the deep biosphere is a self-sufficient system, independent of the global events that occur at the surface, such as impacts, glaciations, sea level fluctuations, and climate changes. With our sustainable terrestrial subsurface biosphere in mind, the subsurface on Mars has often been suggested as the most plausible place to search for fossil Martian life, or even present Martian life. Since the Martian surface is more or less sterile, subsurface settings are the only place on Mars where life could have been sustained over geologic time. To detect a deep biosphere in the Martian basement, drilling is a requirement. However, near future Mars sample return missions are limited by the mission’s payload, which excludes heavy drilling equipment and restrict the missions to only dig the topmost meter of the Martian soil. Therefore, the sampling and analysis of Martian impact ejecta has been suggested as a way of accessing the deeper Martian subsurface without using heavy drilling equipment. Impact cratering is a natural geological process capable of excavating and exposing large amounts of rock material from great depths up to the surface. Several studies of terrestrial impact deposits show the preservation of pre-impact biosignatures, such as fossilized organisms and chemical biological markers. Therefore, if the Martian subsurface contains a record of life, it is reasonable to assume that biosignatures derived from the Martian subsurface could also be preserved in the Martian impact ejecta.
Building Sustainability Assessment
Authors: Bragança Luís , Mateus Ricardo , Koukkari Heli
Published: July 2010

Although social, economic, and cultural indicators are of substantial importance to the concept of sustainable building, this concept is usually related to environmental characteristics. Any building level assessment method is complex and involves contradictory aspects. Moreover, emphasizing qualitative criteria only increases confusion. R&D and standardization are thus concentrated to transparency and usability of the environmental methods. Other directions of research aim at performance-based design and methods to take regional and cultural aspects into account. In this paper, the perspectives of the sustainability assessment of a whole building are presented, based on a state of the art, feasibility study on performance analysis and the development of an extended life-cycle assessment for buildings. Using various tools, and based on the case studies of building sustainability assessment, environmental indicators were often shown to be of lesser importance than the other, soft ones. The first steps in the development of a building sustainability assessment method for Portuguese residential buildings will be presented and discussed in the end.
Delineation of Suitable Cropland Areas Using a GIS Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation Approach in the Tam Dao National Park Region, Vietnam
Authors: Khoi Duong Dang , Murayama Yuji
Published: July 2010

Land degradation is recognized as one of the major threats to the buffer zones of protected areas (PAs) in Vietnam. In particular, the expansion of land degradation into the PAs is exerting pressure on biodiversity conservation efforts. This degradation is partially the result of mismanagement: the utilization of the land is often unmatched with the inherent suitability of the land. Identification of the spatial distribution of suitable areas for cropland is essential for sustainable land-use recommendation. This paper aims to delineate the areas suitable for cropland in the Tam Dao National Park (TDNP) region using a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation of biophysical factors and Landsat ETM+ imagery. GIS is used to generate the factors, while MCE is used to aggregate them into a land suitability index. The results indicate the location and extent of crop farming areas at different suitability levels, i.e., most suitable (28.10%), moderately suitable (23.96%), marginally suitable (28.77%), and least suitable (19.17%). The current cropland covers 46.5% of the study area, while most and moderately suitable areas are estimated to be 52.06% of the territory. The results can be used to identify priority areas for crop farming and sustainable land-use management. The GIS-MCE approach provides an effective assessment tool for land-use managers working in protected areas of Vietnam.
Food Poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins
Authors: Argudín María Ángeles , Mendoza María Carmen , Rodicio María Rosario
Published: July 2010

Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs; SEA to SEE, SEG to SEI, SER to SET) with demonstrated emetic activity, and staphylococcal-like (SEl) proteins, which are not emetic in a primate model (SElL and SElQ) or have yet to be tested (SElJ, SElK, SElM to SElP, SElU, SElU2 and SElV). SEs and SEl s have been traditionally subdivided into classical (SEA to SEE) and new (SEG to SElU2) types. All possess superantigenic activity and are encoded by accessory genetic elements, including plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, νSa genomic islands, or by genes located next to the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) implicated in methicillin resistance. SEs are a major cause of food poisoning, which typically occurs after ingestion of different foods, particularly processed meat and dairy products, contaminated with S. aureus by improper handling and subsequent storage at elevated temperatures. Symptoms are of rapid onset and include nausea and violent vomiting, with or without diarrhea. The illness is usually self-limiting and only occasionally it is severe enough to warrant hospitalization. SEA is the most common cause of staphylococcal food poisoning worldwide, but the involvement of other classical SEs has been also demonstrated. Of the new SE/SEls, only SEH have clearly been associated with food poisoning. However, genes encoding novel SEs as well as SEls with untested emetic activity are widely represented in S. aureus, and their role in pathogenesis may be underestimated.
Integrative Learning Strategies
Authors: Curtis Mary P. , Hoffman Martha
Published: July 2010

Integrative teaching strategies that include nurses’ clinical stories provide an opportunity to clarify learning needs and support a comfortable climate to share, reflect, and learn.
Using Problem-Based Learning in Staff Development: Strategies for Teaching Registered Nurses and New Graduate Nurses
Authors: Chunta Kristy S. , Katrancha Elizabeth D.
Published: July 2010

Problem-based learning, described as an active teaching strategy, provides a framework for the development of self-directed learning, self-evaluation, interpersonal communication, critical thinking, and access and retrieval of information. This teaching method can be modified to fit almost any situation. Problem-based learning provides an opportunity to actively engage staff members in learning situations, making it a great asset for teaching in staff development. This article describes the use of problem-based learning for teaching registered nurses and new graduate nurses. It provides a scenario and facilitator guide pertaining to a real patient situation on an inpatient telemetry unit and offers general tips for implementing problem-based learning in staff education.
Advanced Care Decision Making
Authors: Mahon Margaret M.
Published: July 2010

Aging often includes chronic disability and/or acute periods of illness. When seriously ill, people may be less able to participate in decision making. Decision making capacity, the ability to give informed consent or informed refusal, may not be accurately assessed or may not be assessed at all. Nurses are often ideally positioned to contribute to decision making by the clinical team and with the patient. Understanding how to assess capacity, and when and how to integrate surrogates into clinical decision making, can contribute to improved patient care. An example is used to explore the process of decision making based on medical indications, patient preferences, and the appropriate roles and responsibilities of the health care team and a surrogate decision maker.
Humor as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Chiarello Michael A.
Published: July 2010

The research and anecdotal literature has suggested therapeutic humor is beneficial in the treatment relationship between nurse and patient; however, the potential effects of therapeutic humor between students and faculty have largely been overlooked. The literature has substantiated that a positive rapport between teacher and student facilitates improved student performance during the clinical experience. The author posits that a teacher’s skillful use of humor can be an effective means of establishing and maintaining rapport with a student during potentially stressful clinical experiences. This article discusses the use of appropriate humor and how humor can be leveraged for effective academic and clinical instructional purposes, particularly in high-stress, high-demand settings. The article reflects on the potential for misinterpretation of humor, urging careful consideration of the context for its use.
El fitoplàncton dels aiguamolls de Ca l'Estany de Tordera (Barcelona)
Authors: Sabater Sergi , Sabater Francesc
Published: July 2010

Els aiguamolls de Ca l'Estany de Tordera (Maresme, Catalunya) són sistemes força fluctuants, lligats al règim del riu La Tordera. Han estat determinades un total de 71 espècies i varietats en el fitoplàncton, de les que són descrites les seves variacions estacional i de comunitat segons les localitats.
Puccinellia caespitosa (Poaceae) una nueva especie española
Authors: Montserrat Martí G. , Montserrat Martí J. M.
Published: July 2010

Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie del género Puccinellia de las lagunas endorreicas de la Mancha y Andalucía oriental. P. caespitosa se ha confundido con P. stenophylla de la que se puede distinguir por sus piezas florales menores y su hábitat.
Femeniasia, novus genus Carduearum
Authors: Susanna de la Serna Alfonso
Published: July 2010

[ca] Estudi de la posició sistemàtica de Centaurea balearica Rodríguez Femenías (Asteraceae-Cardueae ). De l'anàlisi minuciosa de la seva anatomia, especialment de les seves cípseles, resulta que l'esmentada espècie no és cap Centaurea; tampoc pot ésser inclosa en cap del altres gèneres de la tribu. En conseqüència, hom descriu un nou gènere, Femeniasia Susanna, i proposa la combinació Femeniasia balearica (Rodríguez Femenías) Susanna. Son analitzades les possibles relacions de parentiu amb d'altres gèneres del grup i l'autor arriba a la conclusió que Femeniasia és un gènere clarament isolat entre les Cardueae-Carduinae.
Notas sobre taxonomía y nomenclatura de plantas, III
Authors: De Bolòs Oriol , Vigo Josep
Published: July 2010

Notas nomenclaturales y taxonómicas referentes a plantas de la "Flora dels Països Catalans" en preparación. Este texto es continuación de los que han aparecido en el Butll. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 38: 63-89 (1984) y en Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 11: 25-89 (1979) y 14: 89-103 (1983).
Flora y vegetación de los arrozales de las provincias de Valencia y Tarragona
Authors: Carretero J. L.
Published: July 2010

De los 49 táxones registrados (29 emergentes y 20 flotantes o sumergidos) 11 son exóticos introducidos, de los cuales los más importantes son Echinochloa oryzoides y E. oryzicolaen ambas zonas, además de Cyperus difformis y Echinochloa hispidula en Valencia, y el resto propios de la flora autóctona, predominando Scirpus maritimus, Alisma plantago-aquatica. Echinochloa crus-galli y Paspalum distichum como emergentes, Lemna minor y L. gibba como flotantes, Potamogeton nodosus, Zannichellia palustris y Najas minor como sumergidos y Chara vulgaris, Cladophora glomerata, Oedogonium capilliforme. Spirogyra spp., Pirhophora oedogonia e Hydrodictyon reticulatum como algas macroscópicas. Se analiza la evolución experimentada por la flora en los últimos años, además de estudiar las comunidades vegetales presentes y de indicar la importancia de las distintas clases fitosociológicas en su contribución a la flora arvense del cultivo.
Notas agrostológicas sobre la flora balear
Authors: Romero Zarco Carlos
Published: July 2010

Se estudia el material original del herbario de H. Knoche para discutir la corología de algunas especies de gramíneas de la tribu Aveneae. Se citan tres nuevos táxones para las Islas Baleares: Avena sterilis L. var. maxima Pérez Lara, Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. baeticum Romero Zarco y A. Album (Vahl) W.D. Clayton var. album.
La teoría botánica de Jean Ruel (Ruellius, 1474-1537)
Authors: Valderas José María
Published: July 2010

Siguiendo la tarea emprendida en nuestro último estudio sobre el uso de los términos botánicos en la obra de San Alberto, este trabajo está dedicado a reexaminar de la misma manera las teorías botánicas de Jean Ruel, o Ruellius (1474-1537). Ruellius ha sido olvidado y pobremente juzgado -acaso con alguna ligereza, fruto de un conocimiento insuficiente de su obra- por la crítica posterior, pero sigue siendo el autor del primer tratado original (incluso con asomos de empirismo en su exposición) de Botánica del Renacimiento.
Estudio de la comunidad de Cystoseira mediterránea en dos localidades de la península del cabo de Creus (Alt Empordà, Nordeste de España)
Authors: Rull Lluch Jordi , Gómez Garreta Amelia
Published: July 2010

Se ha realizado un estudio de la comunidad de Cystoseira mediterranea a partir de ocho muestras recolectadas estacionalmente en dos localidades de la península del cabo de Creus (nordeste de España). Los resultados obtenidos se comentan en relación con las condiciones ambientales y se comparan con los obtenidos por otros autores.
Notas cariológicas en algumas Ranunculaceae portuguesas
Authors: Queirós Margarida
Published: July 2010

Se estudia el número cromosómico de algunos táxones de Ranunculaceae portugueses: Helleborus foetidus 2n = 32; Nigella damascena 2n = 12; N. gallica 2n = 12; Delphinium Pentagynum 2n = 16; D. Halteratum subsp. verdunense 2n = 16; Anemone palmeta 2n = 32; Clematis campaniflora 2n = 16; Ranunculus muricatus 2n = 48; R. repens 2n = 32; R. bulbosus subsp. aleae var. adscendens 2n =16; R. sceleratus 2n = 32; R. paludosus 2n = 32; R. nigrescens 2n = 16; Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. dichroa 2n = 14. Estos recuentos coinciden con los obtenidos anteriormente por otros autores.
Festuca paniculata (L.) Schinz & Thell. subsp. paui, nuevo taxon para la Península Ibérica
Authors: Cebolla Consuelo , Rivas María Antonia
Published: July 2010

Se describe una subespecie nueva, Festuca paniculata (L.) Schinz & Thell. subsp. paui Cebolla & Rivas Ponce (Poaceae).
Eficàcia i eficiència de la pollinització d'abellots i colibrís que visiten Delphinium nelsonii
Authors: Waser Nicholas M. , Price Mary V.
Published: July 2010

[ca] Delphinium nelsonii Greene és una planta perenne de floració primaveral que creix a les Muntanyes Rocoses de Nordamèrica. Les seves flors blaves s'acorden a la clàssica (síndrome de pol-linització per abellots», però, a l'oest de Colorado, són visitades per colibrís (durant la primera meitat del període de floració) així com per reines d'abellots (principalment durant la segona meitat del període). Els experiments amb plantes conreades en testes mostraren que un abellot diposita unes 10 vegades més de pol-len quan visita una flor que quan ho fa un colibrí, i origina la formació d'un nombre de granes unes 10 vegades més elevat. Tanmateix, tant els abellots com els colibrís es mostren similars en la «qualitat» del pol-len lliurat, per exemple, en llurs distàncies de creuament. Al nivell de les poblacions totals de pol-linitzadors, les taxes de visita dels colibrís poden ser unes 10 vegades més altes que no pas les dels abellots, en part perquè visiten les flors més ràpidament. Les dues menes de visitants haurien de lliurar, aleshores, quantitats de pol- Ien similars en conjunt, cosa Que es veu confirmada per les càrregues de pol-len similars a les flors al principi i al final de la floració, i haurien de contribuir aproximadament en la mateixa mesura a la producció de granes, cosa que és confirmada per diversos experiments i diverses observacions. Les contribucions relatives exactes probablement depenen de les dimensions de les poblacions de pol-linitzadors. que en el cas dels colibrís semblen haver variat en un factor de 2.5 al llarg de 14 anys. Les contribucions similars d'ocells i abellots a la producció de granes mostren que el rendiment individual de llur pol-linització s'ha de distingir de l'eficàcia a nivell de població i que la «síndrome de pol-linització» d'una flor pot no indicar l'eficàcia actual dels seus visitants.
Delphinium L. subgen. Delphinium: Origen i tendències evolutives
Authors: Blanché Cèsar
Published: July 2010

[ca] Les característiques avançades de Delphinium L. subgèn. Delphinium (tàxons anuals) són comparades amb les del subgèn. Delphinastrum (DC.) Wang i del subgèn. Oligophyllon Dimitrova (tàxons perennes). La morfologia norai mostra un intercanvi de funcions entre els pètals laterals i els pètals superiors i l'estructura de la inflorescència de molts tàxons anuals afavoreix un augment de les taxes de geitonogàmia-autogàmia. L'evolució dels cariotips és basada en una disminució de la longitud total dels cromosomes i en un increment del grau d'asimetria; el nombre cromosòmic roman constant per a totes les espècies anuals (2n = 16). l'eficàcia de la dispersió de les espècies anuals és mes gran que no pas la de les espècies perennes, per causa d'un increment en la producció de granes i per l'augment de la flotabilitat. tant a l'aire com a l'aigua. D'altres característiques adaptatives avançades són l'adquisició de noves defenses químiques i l'aparició d'un nou tipus embriogènic. Els nínxols ecològics del subgèn. Delphiniumcorresponen a hàbitats oberts i alterats, en comparació amb els hàbitats estables i relativament tancats dels subgèneres Delphinastrum i Oligophyllon. Es presenta una hipòtesi global de les tendències evolutives observades en anuals vs. perennes en connexió amb consideracions biogeogràfiques, així com un taxonòmic final.
Alguns estudis fitoquimics dels generes Aconitum L., Delphinium L. i Consolida (DC.) S.F. Gray
Authors: De la Fuente Gabriel , Reina Matías
Published: July 2010

[ca] Es revisen els alcaloides diterpènics obtinguts d'Aconitum napellus L. subsp. castellanum Molera & Blanché, A. Burnatii Gayer, A. Compactum Reichenb., Delphinium gracile DC., D. pentagynum Lam., D. verdunense Balbis (= D. cardiopetalum DC.), D. Requienii DC.. Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schröd, subsp. orientalis and C. pubescens (OC.) Soó. distribuïts a la Península Ibèrica, així com d'A . napellus L. s. Str. (d'Anglaterra), D. montanum DC. (de França), D. nanum Dc. subsp. elongatum (Boiss) Blanché & al. (= D. peregrinum L. var. elongatum Boiss.) (del Marroc) i D. pictum Willd. (de Mallorca). El contingut en alcaloides, llurs tipus estructurals i models d'oxigenació són discutits en relació a d'alt res espècies afins.
Taxonomía de Chaenorhinum rubrifolium aggr. (Scrophulariaceae) en el área mediterránea occidental
Authors: Benedí González Carles
Published: July 2010

Se realiza un estudio taxonómico de 9 taxones (seis específicos) pertenecientes al agregado de Chaenorhinum rubrifolium (Antirrhineae-Scrophularioceae) en el mediterráneo occidental, aportando una clave con nuevos caracteres diagnósticos. Para cada taxon se dan el nombre correcto, sinónimos, descripción, corología y ecología, así como comentarios nomenclaturales y relativos a la tipificación. Se proponen dos nuevas combinaciones. Chaenorhinum reyesii (Vicioso & Pau in Pau) Benedí y C. grandiflorum subsp. carthaginense (Pau) Benedí, y se describe una nueva especie del Norte de Africa: C suttonii Benedí& P. Montserrat. Se reivindican la categoría específica de C formenterae Gand. y la combinación C rupestre (Guss.) Maire.
Estudios sobre la vegetación del estado de Paraná (Brasil meridional)
Authors: De Bolòs Oriol , Cervi Armando C. , Hatschbach Gert
Published: July 2010

Aportación al conocimiento de la vegetación del estado de Paraná en el Brasil meridional (Serra do Mar, Planaltos, valle del Iguaçu). Se describen numerosas asociaciones vegetales agrupadas en las clases siguientes: Pistio-Eichhornietea (comunidades de cormófitos flotantes). Xyrido-Typhetea (vegetación herbácea helofítica). Polypodio-Tillandsietea (vegetación epifítica y comofítica). Ruderali-Manihotetea (vegetación ruderal, viaria y arvense). Andropogono-Baccharidetea (vegetación sabanoide). Rhizophoretea (manglar). Lantano-Chusqueetea (manto marginal leñoso de la selva). Cedrelo-Ocoteetea (selva pluvial y mesófila). Se dedica atención especial al estudio de la fisionomía, estructura y dinamismo de la vegetación y a su significación biogeográfica.
Considering Students’ Perspectives on Personal and Distributed Learning Environments in Course Design
Authors: Väljataga Terje , Pata Kai , Tammets Kairit
Published: July 2010

This chapter presents the findings from an experimental postgraduate student-centered course using social media tools and services to support learning. The main aim of this research was to evaluate a course design that was heavily supported by social media. The main aspects of this course design were that students were granted the freedom to select social media tools and services and use them in a personalized way, construct personal and distributed learning spaces, and visualize their conceptual understanding of these environments and their activities. Students’ perceptions of the social media they used was used to evaluate the overall course design. Their perception of the affordances of social media are presented by noting conceptual changes in how they represented the structure of their personal and distributed environments, and by how they rated their learning experience with social media. This chapter concludes with the most important aspects of course design that need to be taken into account in higher education learning environments seeking to integrate Web 2.0 tools.
Using Web 2.0 Tools to Enhance the Student Experience in Non-Teaching Areas of the University
Authors: Cluett Lisa , Skene Judy
Published: July 2010

This chapter aims to provide an overview of the nexus between student learning and student engagement outside the classroom, and to highlight the importance of non-teaching units in contributing to student satisfaction. It discusses the role of non-teaching units (such as libraries, guilds, student services departments, and other bodies) in creating online communities using Web 2.0 tools. The chapter uses the NODE project hosted by the University of Western Australia as a case study to demonstrate how some of these principles can be put into action. The significance of non-teaching units is confirmed, in addition to providing recommendations for fostering greater collaboration between staff and advice on setting up a Web 2.0-based online community in a university.
Web 2.0 and Professional Development of Academic Staff
Authors: Tynan Belinda , Barnes Cameron
Published: July 2010

This chapter argues that the latest wave of Web 2.0 technologies has the potential to transform online learning. To realize this potential, universities must rethink the way in which they develop academic skills in online teaching. The current emphasis on training academics to teach online using learning material and learning management systems has yielded mixed results. Too much of the focus has been on “top-down” models of change. Web 2.0 technologies favor “bottom-up” approaches to staff development, approaches that leverage the power, ease of use, and flexibility of Web 2.0 technologies. These have a better chance to produce the constructivist, student-centered online learning that is now widely regarded as the ideal. The authors use fictional accounts in order to capture some of the issues involved.
Stepping over the Edge
Authors: Conole Gráinne
Published: July 2010

This chapter considers the impact of Web 2.0 technologies on education and, in particular, how these new technologies are changing learning and teaching practices. It considers their fundamental characteristics and looks at the implications for learners, teachers, and institutions. It argues that the impact on practice can be both positive and negative, and that as a consequence, educational institutions need to develop new policies and strategies. The chapter concludes with two approaches to making sense of and harnessing these new technologies. The first is an example of applying Web 2.0 approaches to facilitating greater dialogue and sharing of learning and teaching ideas, through a social networking site for design. The second argues for greater use of metaphors and other forms of meaning making as a mechanism for understanding Web 2.0 technologies in an educational context.