bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pupils Appraise Vocational Interest Blanks
Authors: GORDON HANS C. , HERKNESS WALTER W.
Published: December 2011

A novel examination of the intrinsic attractiveness and mechanical arrangement of seven vocational interest inventories is reported in this article. It is granted that the ratings made by only fifty high school boys are not necessarily conclusive but they suggest that interest inventories may be subjected to investigations looking beyond statistical reliability and validity.
Relating Occupational Study to the Defense Program
Authors: SHAPIRO JOSEPHINE STREIT , BILLINGS MILDRED LINCOLN
Published: December 2011

Teachers of the class in Occupations are concerned over the question of incorporating information about the whirling kaleidoscopic tasks in industry brought about by the defense effort. Ways of incorporating such information into the class work are described in this article by persons who write from a vast fund of practical experience in disseminating information about occupations.
Tennessee Probes Placement of Farm Youth
Authors: KNIGHT E. B.
Published: December 2011

A state‐wide study to secure basic placement data for Tennessee rural youth in both farming and related fields is here described. This article will inform our readers what is being attempted in one agricultural area and may stimulate other surveys of a similar nature.
Graded Readings on Occupational Life
Authors: HERBERT LOUIS
Published: December 2011

Teachers interested in occupational readings for pupils in elementary schools will welcome this description of graded occupational readers being developed by the New York City schools. Although the readers are not yet available for general distribution, the news that some one is working on them is worthy of notice.
The Trade Unions and Vocational Services
Authors: SIEGEL HAROLD , SOBEL LOUIS H.
Published: December 2011

According to the “Principles and Practices” of NVGA, group guidance should help the young worker “to understand his relationship to other workers and to appreciate the contribution of all forms of labor to the welfare of society.” Since trade unions have become such a potent force in the labor market, it is imperative that vocational counselors have a thorough understanding of the movement in order that they may be equipped to interpret it to young job seekers.
Vocational Guidance in the Employment Interview
Authors: DRAKE CHARLES A.
Published: December 2011

The role of the employment interviewer in the company personnel office is thoughtfully considered in this article. It is good business practice, says the author, for the interviewer to take advantage of his opportunity to give vocational advice, assuming that he is qualified in vocational guidance techniques.
A Study of the Stanford Scientific Aptitude Test
Authors: MARSHALL M. V.
Published: December 2011

Counselors in school and college are continually searching for reliable tools to aid them in effective guidance. The experience of others with specific tests is therefore of interest to those who want to select the best material available.
Want Ads Give Students Leads
Authors: COLLINS DWANE R.
Published: December 2011

How one high school uses to advantage the want ads of a metropolitan daily paper is described in this article. This use of a newspaper as a source of current occupational information may prove helpful to other schools wishing to launch similar projects.
Employment Trends at Ventura Junior College
Authors: KIBBY LEO P.
Published: December 2011

In most schools some students are working part time but frequently the school administrators have no accurate figures on employment. This California Junior College, however, decided to “count noses” and obtain the information presented in this article.
The Vocational Successes of Intellectually Gifted Individuals*
Authors: TERMAN LEWIS M.
Published: December 2011

We take pride in presenting these hitherto unpublished data regarding the vocational achievements of gifted youth who were first observed twenty years ago. The marked incidence of vocationally successful persons among the group confirms Professor Terman's insistence throughout the years that society will profit by taking thought of its gifted.
A Program for the Mentally Handicapped
Authors: SCHMIDT BERNARDINE G.
Published: December 2011

With a war program demanding effective use of all available manpower, the mentally handicapped take on greater significance as part of our national resources. While vocational guidance for this group follows in general the regular pattern, the author here points out the special techniques that are called for.
Fortune Tellers as Vocational Counselors
Authors: HUMISTON T. F.
Published: December 2011

Among those who offer the gullible short cuts to vocational success are the fortune tellers. Frank W. Parr reported on astrologers' predictions in the Magazine {XVI, 3, pp. 236–238}. Here is an analysis of the vocational suggestions of 25 seers. The results will furnish ammunition to our readers in combating malpractice in vocational guidance.
Vocational Guidance Stressed in Victory Corps Program
Authors: JAGER HARRY A.
Published: December 2011

Counselors eager to make the most effective contribution to the Victory Corps program will welcome this very practical article, with its announcement of the forthcoming Guidance Manual.
Camoufleur
Authors: GREENLEAF WALTER J.
Published: December 2011

The art of camouflage which has developed so rapidly during the present war requires a new type of specialist, the camoufleur. A description of the job and the qualifications required are given here for the information of counselors who wish to be up to date on occupational opportunities in new fields.
Job Satisfaction
Authors: HOPPOCK ROBERT , SHAFFER ROBERT H.
Published: December 2011

A study of job satisfaction is particularly significant at a time when the demands of the war rerquie even greater production. This report of researches published 1940–1941 follows two earlier biennial summaries which appeared in this journal. Readers will be interested in comparing the results of these later studies with those reported previously.
Otsego Reports on New Program
Authors: WOODWORTH W. E.
Published: December 2011

Reports on county‐wide programs of vocational guidance have previously been made in this journal—Kearney County, Nebr., XIV, pp. 656–660; Rockland County, N. Y., XIV, pp. 394–410, 835–911; Breathitt County, Ky., XIV, pp. 1011–1110. Here is a report of the first year's operation of the program in effect in Otsego County, N. Y. Its record will furnish encouragement to other counties contemplating a similar program. There are now three counties in New York State—Rockland, Otsego, and Lewis—which give vocational guidance service from the office of the County Superintendent of Schools.
Shortage of Pharmacists
Authors: BERNAYS EDWARD L.
Published: December 2011

[Aware of the acute shortage of registered pharmacists, a group from the pharmaceutical profession and drug trades approached Edward L. Bernays, Counsel on Public Relations, for recommendations on how to overcome the difficulty. Mr. Bernays and his staff made an objective survey and submitted their findings in a 1,200‐page report. The survey was based on published material available, correspondence with thousands in the industry and the profession, personal interviews with representatives of important groups, and with key men.

Those recommendations from the report which are of special significance to vocational counselors are given here. They are excerpts from a paper read by Mr. Bernays at a meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Columbus, Ohio, and published in The New York State Pharmacist, October, 1943. You will note that among the recommendations is the suggestion that a study of pharmacy as a career be made by the National Vocational Guidance Association.—Ed.]
Chemically extracted acellular muscle: A new potential scaffold for spinal cord injury repair
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Ying , Xue Hui , Liu Jia‐Mei , Chen Dong
Published: December 2011

Extracellular matrix is the gold standard for tissue regeneration. In this study, we directly made the extracellular matrix of the tissue or organ into scaffold for spinal cord injuries, a strategy that is seldomly tried in spinal cord engineering. The aim of this study was to determine if the chemically extracted acellular muscle could be a potential scaffold for spinal cord injury. The chemically extracted acellular muscle was implanted in the lateral hemisected adult rat thoracic spinal cord. Control rats were similarly injured. After 1 and 4 weeks, scaffold integration and biocompatibility, axon sprouting, and myelination were evaluated. The chemically extracted acellular muscle scaffolds were found to be well integrated with the host tissue. Sprouting axons grew into the full length of the scaffold in a strikingly parallel and linear fashion. A few remyelinated axons were also detected in the scaffolds. The tracing results in another six rats showed that labeled fibers entered the chemically treated muscle grafts. Furthermore, there were no apparent quantitative differences in the ED‐1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells between groups. Neuron counting showed more surviving neurons in the acellular muscle treated group than those of the injured only group. Vascularization of the grafts was also confirmed. These findings clearly demonstrated that chemically extracted acellular muscle grafts provided useful biomatrices to enhance axon sprouting in the injured spinal cord. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Effect of nanocoating with rhamnogalacturonan‐I on surface properties and osteoblasts response
Authors: Gurzawska Katarzyna , Svava Rikke , Syberg Susanne , Yihua Yu , Haugshøj Kenneth Brian , Damager Iben , Ulvskov Peter , Christensen Leif Højslet , Gotfredsen Klaus , Jørgensen Niklas Rye
Published: December 2011

Long‐term stability of titanium implants are dependent on a variety of factors. Nanocoating with organic molecules is one of the methods used to improve osseointegration. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro effect of nanocoating with pectic rhamnogalacturonan‐I (RG‐I) on surface properties and osteoblasts response. Three different RG‐Is from apple and lupin pectins were modified and coated on amino‐functionalized tissue culture polystyrene plates (aminated TCPS). Surface properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of nanocoating on proliferation, matrix formation and mineralization, and expression of genes (real‐time PCR) related to osteoblast differentiation and activity were tested using human osteoblast‐like SaOS‐2 cells. It was shown that RG‐I coatings affected the surface properties. All three RG‐I induced bone matrix formation and mineralization, which was also supported by the finding that gene expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen type‐1 were increased in cells cultured on the RG‐I coated surface, indicating a more differentiated osteoblastic phenotype. This makes RG‐I coating a promising and novel candidate for nanocoatings of implants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Bisphosphonate‐decorated lipid nanoparticles designed as drug carriers for bone diseases
Authors: Wang Guilin , Mostafa Nesrine Z. , Incani Vanessa , Kucharski Cezary , Uludağ Hasan
Published: December 2011

A conjugate of distearoylphosphoethanolamine‐polyethylene glycol with 2‐(3‐mercaptopropylsulfanyl)‐ethyl‐1,1‐bisphosphonic acid (thiolBP) was synthesized and incorporated into micelles and liposomes to create mineral‐binding nanocarriers for therapeutic agents. The micelles and liposomes were used to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and a model protein lysozyme (LYZ) by using lipid film hydration (LFH) and reverse‐phase evaporation vesicle (REV) methods. The results indicated that the micelles and LFH‐derived liposomes were better at DOX loading than the REV‐derived liposomes, while the REV method was preferable for encapsulating LYZ. The affinity of the micellar and liposomal formulations to hydroxyapatite (HA) was assessed in vitro, and the results indicated that all the thiolBP‐incorporated nanocarriers had stronger HA affinity than their counterparts without thiolBP. The thiolBP‐decorated liposomes also displayed a strong binding to a collagen/HA composite scaffold in vitro. More importantly, thiolBP‐decorated liposomes gave increased retention in the collagen/HA scaffolds after subcutaneously implantation in rats. The designed liposomes were able to entrap the bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in a bioactive form, indicating that the proposed nanocarriers could deliver bioactive factors locally in mineralized scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Tailored magnetic nanoparticles for optimizing magnetic fluid hyperthermia
Authors: Khandhar Amit P. , Ferguson R. Matthew , Simon Julian A. , Krishnan Kannan M.
Published: December 2011

Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH) is a promising approach towards adjuvant cancer therapy that is based on the localized heating of tumors using the relaxation losses of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in alternating magnetic fields (AMF). In this study, we demonstrate optimization of MFH by tailoring MNP size to an applied AMF frequency. Unlike conventional aqueous synthesis routes, we use organic synthesis routes that offer precise control over MNP size (diameter ∼10 to 25 nm), size distribution, and phase purity. Furthermore, the particles are successfully transferred to the aqueous phase using a biocompatible amphiphilic polymer, and demonstrate long‐term shelf life. A rigorous characterization protocol ensures that the water‐stable MNPs meet all the critical requirements: (1) uniform shape and monodispersity, (2) phase purity, (3) stable magnetic properties approaching that of the bulk, (4) colloidal stability, (5) substantial shelf life, and (6) pose no significant in vitro toxicity. Using a dedicated hyperthermia system, we then identified that 16 nm monodisperse MNPs (σ–0.175) respond optimally to our chosen AMF conditions (f = 373 kHz, Ho = 14 kA/m); however, with a broader size distribution (σ–0.284) the Specific Loss Power (SLP) decreases by 30%. Finally, we show that these tailored MNPs demonstrate maximum hyperthermia efficiency by reducing viability of Jurkat cells in vitro, suggesting our optimization translates truthfully to cell populations. In summary, we present a way to intrinsically optimize MFH by tailoring the MNPs to any applied AMF, a required precursor to optimize dose and time of treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Medical therapies with adult stem/progenitor cells (MSCs): A backward journey from dramatic results in vivo to the cellular and molecular explanations
Authors: Prockop Darwin J. , Oh Joo Youn
Published: December 2011

There is currently great interest in the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for the therapy of many diseases of animals and humans. However, we are still left with the serious challenges in explaining the beneficial effects of the cells. Hence, it is essential to work backward from dramatic results obtained in vivo to the cellular and molecular explanations in order to discover the secrets of MSCs. This review will focus on recent data that have changed the paradigms for understanding the therapeutic potentials of MSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1460–1469, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VE‐cadherin trans‐interactions modulate Rac activation and enhancement of lung endothelial barrier by iloprost
Authors: Birukova Anna A. , Tian Yufeng , Dubrovskyi Oleksii , Zebda Noureddine , Sarich Nicolene , Tian Xinyong , Wang Yingxiao , Birukov Konstantin G.
Published: December 2011

Small GTPase Rac is important regulator of endothelial cell (EC) barrier enhancement by prostacyclin characterized by increased peripheral actin cytoskeleton and increased interactions between VE‐cadherin and other adherens junction (AJ) proteins. This study utilized complementary approaches including siRNA knockdown, culturing in Ca2+‐free medium, and VE‐cadherin blocking antibody to alter VE‐cadherin extracellular interactions to investigate the role of VE‐cadherin outside‐in signaling in modulation of Rac activation and EC barrier regulation by prostacyclin analog iloprost. Spatial analysis of Rac activation in pulmonary EC by FRET revealed additional spike in iloprost‐induced Rac activity at the sites of newly formed cell–cell junctions. In contrast, disruption of VE‐cadherin extracellular trans‐interactions suppressed iloprost‐activated Rac signaling and attenuated EC barrier enhancement and cytoskeletal remodeling. These inhibitory effects were associated with decreased membrane accumulation and activation of Rac‐specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Tiam1 and Vav2. Conversely, plating of pulmonary EC on surfaces coated with extracellular VE‐cadherin domain further promoted iloprost‐induced Rac signaling. In the model of thrombin‐induced EC barrier recovery, blocking of VE‐cadherin trans‐interactions attenuated activation of Rac pathway during recovery phase and delayed suppression of Rho signaling and restoration of EC barrier properties. These results suggest that VE‐cadherin outside‐in signaling controls locally Rac activity stimulated by barrier protective agonists. This control is essential for maximal EC barrier enhancement and accelerated barrier recovery. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3405–3416, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of exogenous histone H1 on rat adipose‐derived stem cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro
Authors: Hsu Li‐Wen , Goto Shigeru , Nakano Toshiaki , Chen Kuang‐Den , Wang Chih‐Chi , Lai Chia‐Yun , Hou Chiung‐Hui , Chang Yen‐Chen , Cheng Yu‐Fan , Chiu King‐Wah , Chen Chien‐Chih , Chen Shu‐Hui , Chen Chao‐Long
Published: December 2011

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) are of great interest for the development of novel cell therapies due to their ease of isolation and expansion, immunosuppressive activity, and multilineage differentiation potential. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of ASCs remain to be elucidated. Others and we have shown that nuclear proteins such as histone H1 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) play important roles in the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, we previously demonstrated translocation of histone H1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in DCs. In the present study, we confirmed that histone H1 does not alter the immunophenotype and immunosuppression potential of ASCs, but that histone H1 enhanced wound healing and increased interleukin (IL)‐6 expression. Moreover, histone H1 treated‐ASCs showed up‐regulation of MAPKs extracellular‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and sequential NF‐κB translocation. Finally, we found that culture in differentiation media supplemented with histone H1 enhanced ASC osteogenesis. In contrast, inhibition of histone H1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced osteogenic differentiation markers including ALP. These results suggest that histone H1 may be useful for induction of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering and future potential ASC therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3417–3425, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scriptaid effects on breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Giacinti L. , Giacinti C. , Gabellini C. , Rizzuto E. , Lopez M. , Giordano A.
Published: December 2011

In breast cancer tumor expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) is important as a marker of prognosis and mostly as a predictor of response to endocrine therapy. In fact, the loss of α‐ER expression leads to unresponsiveness to anti‐hormone treatment. In a significant fraction of breast cancers, this loss of expression is a result of epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, within the α‐ER promoter. Previous studies have shown that pharmacologic inhibition of these mechanisms using the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine (AZA), and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA), results in expression of functional α‐ER mRNA and protein. Moreover, the activity of a novel HDAC inhibitor, Scriptaid, has been shown to induce inhibition of tumor growth in breast cancer and to cause re‐expression of functional α‐ER in α‐ER negative breast cancer cells. We sought to better characterize the effects of Scriptaid on cell growth, apoptosis, and α‐ER expression in α‐ER‐positive (MCF‐7), α‐ER‐negative (MDA‐MB‐231), and α‐ER‐negative/Her‐2 over‐expressing (SKBr‐3) human breast cancer cell lines. In all of these cell lines Scriptaid treatment resulted in significant growth inhibition and apoptosis, and RT‐PCR confirmed an increase of α‐ER mRNA transcript in MDA‐MB‐231 after 48 h of Scriptaid treatment. Furthermore, following treatment with Scriptaid, the formerly unresponsive MDA‐MB‐231 and SKBr‐3 breast cancer cells became responsive to tamoxifen. These results show that the HDAC inhibitor Scriptaid is able to sensitize tamoxifen hormone‐resistant breast cancer cells, and that Scriptaid or related HDAC inhibitors are candidates for further study in breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3426–3433, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The filler content of the dental composite resins and their influence on different properties
Authors: Rastelli Alessandra N.S. , Jacomassi Denis P. , Faloni Ana Paula S. , Queiroz Thallita P. , Rojas Seila S. , Bernardi Maria INÊs B. , Bagnato Vanderlei S. , Hernandes AntÔnio C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the inorganic content and morphology of one nanofilled and one nanohybrid composite with one universal microhybrid composite. The Vickers hardness, degree of conversion and scanning electron microscope of the materials light‐cured using LED unit were also investigated. One nanofilled (Filtek™ Supreme XT), one nanohybrid (TPH®3) and one universal microhybrid (Filtek™ Z‐250) composite resins at color A2 were used in this study. The samples were made in a metallic mould (4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). Their filler weight content was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The morphology of the filler particles was determined using scanning electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun (SEM‐FEG). Vickers hardness and degree of conversion using FT‐IR spectroscopy were measured. Filtek™ Z‐250 (microhybrid) composite resin shows higher degree of conversion and hardness than those of Filtek™ Supreme XT (nanofilled) and TPH®3 (nanohybrid) composites, respectively. The TPH3® (nanohybrid) composite exhibits by far the lowest mechanical property. Nanofilled composite resins show mechanical properties at least as good as those of universal hybrids and could thus be used for the same clinical indications as well as for anterior restorations due to their high aesthetic properties. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:758–765, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Comparing different preparation methods to study human fibrin fibers and platelets using TEM
Authors: Buys Antoinette V. , Pretorius Etheresia
Published: December 2011

For the study of cellular ultrastructure, the sample needs to be stabilized by fixation, with the ultimate aim to preserve the native tissue organization and to protect the tissue against later stages of preparation. Chemical and freezing fixation are most used, and chemical fixation employs agents that permeate tissues and cells by diffusion and covalently bind with their major biochemical constituents to fix them. Most widely used chemical fixatives are aldehydes, e.g., formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, which are noncoagulating, crosslinking agents. Cryofixation methods for ultrastructural studies are also popular, and high‐pressure freezing immobilizes all cell constituents and arrests biological activity by removing the thermal energy from the system. In the current research, we used platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) to study expansive fibrin fibers and platelet ultrastructure to compare the two fixation techniques. We also used thrombin and calcium chloride as a clotting agent to determine the technique most suitable for the formation of extensive fibrin networks. Chemically fixated fibrin fibers were more compact and condensed and also showed a banding pattern on longitudinal sections. High‐pressure frozen samples were more dispersed while platelets fixated showed better preserved cellular membranes and organelle structure. PRP coagulated by addition of CaCl2 showed blood platelets that are noticeably more activated compared with PRP; however, with thrombin, a sharp ultrastructure was seen. We conclude that PRP mixed with thrombin, and freeze substituted, is the most suitable method for the study of extensive fibrin fibers as well as platelets. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:801–806, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological analysis of colon goblet cells and submucosa in type I diabetic rats submitted to physical training
Authors: Remedio Rafael Neodini , Castellar Alexandre , Barbosa Rodrigo Avelaira , Gomes Ricardo JosÉ , Caetano FlÁVio Henrique
Published: December 2011

Colon layers, especially the submucosa, as well as the secretion of goblet cells are extremely important for the functioning and transit of substances in this organ. However, the damages arising from type I diabetes and the effects of physical training, which plays crucial role in the treatment of this disease, are not yet known in these regions. To analyze the changes in colon submucosa and goblet cells of diabetic rats, as well as the effects of physical training, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic (SD), and trained diabetic (TD). The training protocol consisted of swimming for 60 min a day, 5 days per week, during 8 weeks. Colon samples were collected, processed, and evaluated by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Goblet and submucosa cells did not show alterations in shape, size, protein and carbohydrate content, in all treatment groups. Decreased amount of collagen fibers, however, was observed in the submucosa and lamina propria of SD rats, but this alteration was recovered in TDs. The ultrastructural analysis, in turn, revealed greater quantity of Golgi apparatus cisterns in SDs, distinctly than TDs, which showed improvement in this diabetic condition. Thus, physical training was responsible for the recovery of some important diabetic alterations, possibly improving the motility of substances in the large intestine. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered alone in the treatment of this disease, requiring the combined practice of other methods. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:821–828, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward a more realistic prediction of peri‐prosthetic micromotions
Authors: van der Ploeg Bas , Tarala Maria , Homminga Jasper , Janssen Dennis , Buma Pieter , Verdonschot Nico
Published: December 2011

The finite element (FE) method has become a common tool to evaluate peri‐prosthetic micromotions in cementless total hip arthroplasty. Often, only the peak joint load and a selected number of muscle loads are applied to determine micromotions. Furthermore, the applied external constraints are simplified (diaphyseal fixation), resulting in a non‐physiological situation. In this study, a scaled musculoskeletal model was used to extract a full set of muscle and hip joint loads occurring during a walking cycle. These loads were applied incrementally to an FE model to analyze micromotions. The relation between micromotions and external loads was investigated, and how micromotions during a full loading cycle compared to those calculated when applying a peak load only. Finally, the effect of external constraints was analyzed (full model vs. diaphyseal fixation and reduced number of muscle loads). Relatively large micromotions were found during the swing phase when the hip joint forces were relatively low. Maximal micromotions, however, did concur with the peak hip joint force. Applying only a peak joint force resulted in peak micromotions similar to those found when full walking cycle loads were applied. The magnitude and direction of the micromotions depended on the applied muscle loads, but not on external constraints. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1147–1154, 2012
Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, induces apoptosis in synovial sarcoma cell lines
Authors: Sakai Toshinori , Eskander Ramez N. , Guo Yi , Kim Kap Jung , Mefford Jason , Hopkins Justin , Bhatia Nitin N. , Zi Xiaolin , Hoang Bang H.
Published: December 2011

Synovial sarcomas (SS) are soft tissue sarcomas with poor prognosis, displaying a lack of response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although SS cell lines have moderate chemosensitivity to isofamide and doxorubicin therapy, the clinical prognosis is still poor. In this article, we showed that flavokawain B (FKB), a novel chalcone from kava extract, potently inhibits the growth of SS cell lines SYO‐I and HS‐SY‐II through induction of apoptosis. Treatment with FKB increased caspase 8, 9, and 3/7 activity compared to vehicle‐treated controls, indicating that both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways were activated. Furthermore, FKB treatment of both cell lines resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of death receptor‐5 and the mitochondrial pro‐apoptotic proteins Bim and Puma, while down‐regulating the expression of an inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin in a dose‐dependent manner. Our results suggest the natural compound FKB has a pro‐apoptotic effect on SS cell lines. FKB may be a new chemotherapeutic strategy for patients with SS and deserves further investigation as a potential agent in the treatment of this malignancy. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1045–1050, 2012
Bayesian hierarchical model assessment of nest site and landscape effects on nest survival of aplomado falcons
Authors: Brown Jessi L. , Collopy Michael W.
Published: December 2011

We investigated potential effects of nest site and landscape scale factors, including anthropogenic disturbance and habitat patchiness, on the nesting success of a reintroduced population of northern aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) in southern Texas. We monitored 62 nesting attempts during 2002–2004 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. We developed hierarchical models describing daily nest survival rates (DSR) and compared the models using a Bayesian approach in R and WinBUGS. We considered possible effects of nest age, temporal trends, nest site variables, landscape structure, territory (a random effect), and 3 measures of anthropogenic disturbance: distance to paved road, proximity to power pole, and nocturnal light intensity. Whether evaluated by Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) scores or the models' overall posterior probabilities as estimated with a reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, none of our landscape or disturbance measures affected DSR. Rather, variation in DSR was best described by nest height, overhead cover, and nest source (artificial or natural). These nest site level factors may be manipulated by managers through provision of artificial nests. We recommend that artificial nests continue to be provided, as such nests are highly successful when located on moderately tall substrates, and they permit researchers to access nest contents for population monitoring. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials Consisting of Antibacterial and Cell‐Supporting Layers
Authors: Mat Amin Khairul Anuar , Gilmore Kerry J. , Matic Jake , Poon Stephen , Walker Mark J. , Wilson Mark R. , in het Panhuis Marc
Published: December 2011

The characterization of a polyelectrolyte complex material comprised of two biopolymers, a chitosan upper layer and a gellan gum under layer, is reported. It is shown that the upper layer of chitosan with incorporated levofloxacin displays an antibacterial activity, while the under layer of a gellan gum/TiO2 composite supports the growth of fibroblastic cells.

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Controlled Cell Proliferation on an Electrochemically Engineered Collagen Scaffold
Authors: Gendron Robert , Kumar M. Ramesh , Paradis Helene , Martin Darryl , Ho Nhu , Gardiner Danielle , Merschrod S. Erika F. , Poduska Kristin M.
Published: December 2011

Therapies for corneal disease and injury often rely on artificial implants, but integrating cells into synthetic corneal materials remains a significant challenge. The electrochemically formed collagen‐based matrix presented here is non‐toxic to cells and controls the proliferation in the corneal fibroblasts seeded onto it. Histology and biomolecular studies show a behavior similar to corneal stromal cells in a native corneal environment. Not only is this result an important first step toward developing a more realistic, multi‐component artificial cornea, but it also opens possibilities for using this matrix to control and contain the growth of cells in engineered tissues.

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The role of magnetic fields in the strong stabilization of a hybrid magneto‐elastic structure
Authors: Grobbelaar‐Van Dalsen Marié
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we are concerned with a model for the magneto–elastic interactions of a three‐dimensional elastic body and a two‐dimensional flexible plate, which is attached to the flat flexible part of the surface of the body. Both the solid body and the plate are permeated by magnetic fields. The mathematical model is analyzed from the point of view of existence and uniqueness and stabilization.It turns out that, in the presence of the magnetic fields in the solid and the plate, strong stabilization can be achieved under viscous damping in the plate in one direction that is determined by the nature of the primary magnetic fields in the body and the plate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the growth order of the inverse and product bases of special monogenic polynomials
Authors: Hassan G. F.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this paper is to generalize some theorems on the representation of certain classes of the entire special monogenic functions by inverse and product bases of special monogenic polynomials. We derive bounds for the order of inverse and product bases. Some examples are given showing that the resulting bounds are attainable. Our results improve and generalize some known results in Clifford setting concerning the order of inverse and product bases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal erosion of chemically reinforced granular materials: a mathematical modeling approach
Authors: Khalil Tony , Saiyouri Nadia , Muresan Bogdan , Hicher Pierre‐Yves
Published: December 2011

Internal erosion (IE) affects the stability of natural and reinforced materials by causing instability within their granular structure. The dislodgement and transport of eroded particles affect both the particulate concentration of eroding fluid and the pore network of eroded material. In this study, we examined these modifications using a transport model with a finite element code. First, IE tests on chemically reinforced sand columns were performed to obtain information about eroded material loss of mass, particulate concentration of effluent, porosity and permeability modifications, and existing IE stages. Second, based on experimental results, a mathematical one‐dimensional model has been formulated to monitor the evolution and spatial distribution of erodible solids, fluidized particles, porosity, permeability, and seepage stresses. The model consists of a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations solved in sequence. It provides valuable information about the extent and the dynamics of structural changes, which can be used to estimate an IE time for the hydraulic work to reach failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How the signal‐to‐noise ratio influences hyperpolarized 13C dynamic MRS data fitting and parameter estimation
Authors: Santarelli Maria Filomena , Positano Vincenzo , Giovannetti Giulio , Frijia Francesca , Menichetti Luca , Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan‐Henrik , De Marchi Daniele , Lionetti Vincenzo , Aquaro Giovanni , Lombardi Massimo , Landini Luigi
Published: December 2011

MRS of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled compounds represents a promising technique for in vivo metabolic studies. However, robust quantification and metabolic modeling are still important areas of investigation. In particular, time and spatial resolution constraints may lead to the analysis of MRS signals with low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The relationship between SNR and the precision of quantitative analysis for the evaluation of the in vivo kinetic behavior of metabolites is unknown. In this article, this topic is addressed by Monte Carlo simulations, covering the problem of MRS signal model parameter estimation, with strong emphasis on the peak amplitude and kinetic model parameters. The results of Monte Carlo simulation were confirmed by in vivo experiments on medium‐sized animals injected with hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate. The results of this study may be useful for the establishment of experimental planning and for the optimization of kinetic model estimation as a function of the SNR value. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Japanese Older Adults' Perspectives on Resuming Daily Life During Hospitalization and After Returning Home
Authors: Bontje Peter , Asaba Eric , Tamura Yumi , Josephsson Staffan
Published: December 2011

Throughout Japan, occupational therapy for older adults is available in an increasing array of institutional and community settings. However, there is a need for more knowledge of “how” older adults resume their daily lives particularly in the community. The aim of this qualitative research was to identify and describe how some older adults in Japan describe their experiences of resuming daily life during hospitalization and after returning home. Nine older adults with various physical impairments were interviewed. The open interviews were conducted 10 months to 5 years from the onset of their physical impairment. Data analysis on the basis of a constant comparative methodology resulted in three themes that characterize their experiences of resuming daily life: “doing the right thing”, “reconciling to dependence” and “becoming invigorated”.

These themes may inform occupational therapists to take into consideration older clients' perspectives when assisting them to recapture the quality of their daily life according to their preferences. Adaptive change is promoted by assisting older clients to generate the energy they need by judiciously varying approaches appropriate to their goals and by helping older clients to make decisions that are “right” for them, which may fluctuate during processes of resuming daily life. Limitations of this study are found in the small sample size, and additional research may help to clarify how moral aspects, vigour (physical and mental energy/force) and other dimensions shape processes of resuming daily life as well as the influences of time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal prepared by successively controlled living radical polymerization
Authors: Qin Ailin , Sun Zhen , Zhang Yuliang , Wang Yinghan
Published: December 2011

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films were obtained by successive controlled living radical polymerizations: starting polystyrene (M1) was obtained by reversible addition‐fragmentation polymerization (RAFT), M1 was converted to P‐chloromethylated polystyrene (M2) which was grafted with polystyrene branches by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to yield RAFT‐initiating graft polymer containing trithiocarbonate moieties in the backbone (M3, RAFT‐active grafted polystyrene), and then PDLC films were prepared by photo‐induced RAFT copolymerization of methyl acrylate with M3 in the presence of a nematic liquid crystal. The electro‐optical properties of the films were investigated for the purpose to apply them to optical devices. Experimental results showed that preferable properties could be acquired by controlling the amount of M3 and the liquid crystal E7 in the polymer matrix of PDLC films. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electrochemical investigations on the corrosion protection effect of poly(vinyl carbazole)‐silica hybrid sol–gel materials
Authors: Kuo Tai‐Hung , Weng Chang‐Jian , Chen Chi‐Lun , Chen Ya‐Lun , Chang Chi‐Hao , Yeh Jui‐Ming
Published: December 2011

A series of sol–gel derived organic–inorganic hybrid coatings consisting of organic poly (vinyl carbazole) (PVK) and inorganic silica (SiO2), with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MSMA) as coupling agent, were successfully synthesized. First of all, vinyl carbazole (VCz) monomers are copolymerized with MSMA by performing free‐radical polymerization reactions with AIBN as initiator. Subsequently, as‐prepared copolymer (i.e., sol–gel precursor) was further reacted with various feeding content of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) through organic acid (CSA)‐catalyzed sol–gel reaction to form a series of PVK‐silica hybrid (PSH) sol–gel materials. The as‐synthesized hybrid materials were subsequently characterized by Fourier‐Transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid‐state 29Si NMR. It should be noted that the PVK‐SiO2 hybrid (PSH) coating on cold‐rolled steel (CRS) electrode with low silica loading (e.g., 10 phr) was found to be superior in anticorrosion property over those of neat PVK based on a series of electrochemical measurements such as corrosion potential, polarization resistance, corrosion current, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte. The better anticorrosion performance of PSH coatings as compared to that of neat polymer may probably be attributed to the stronger adhesion strength of PSH coatings on CRS electrode, which was further evidenced by Scotch tape test evaluation. Increase of adhesion strength of PSH coatings on CRS electrode may be associated with the formation of Fe–O–Si covalent bonds at the interface of PSH coating and CRS electrode based on the FTIR–RAS (reflection absorption spectroscopy) studies. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
The role of nanofillers on the degradation behavior of polylactic acid
Authors: Kontou Evagelia , Georgiopoulos Panayiotis , Niaounakis Michael
Published: December 2011

This study examines the effect of type and content of various nanofillers on the aging behavior of polylactic acid (PLA)/nanocomposites compared with that of pristine PLA, under specific environmental conditions, namely 80% relative humidity, 40°C temperature, and exposure time up to 6 months. Two different types of nanosized fillers (silica and montmorillonite, MMT) at three different weight fractions as well their mixtures were used for this purpose. The role of the various nanofillers on the aging of pristine PLA and its nanocomposites was investigated in terms of several experimental techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), and tensile testing. All studied samples, except those of PLA/MMT/Si nanocomposites, exhibited the same trend in properties during aging. In particular, no significant changes are noted after 1 month of aging. The materials after 3 months of aging experienced a dramatic lowering of the stress–strain curve, whereas at 6 months a reverse effect was observed. Comparing the effect of nanofiller types on the degradation, one could conclude that PLA/MMT nanocomposites exhibit a more homogeneous degradation effect, having a higher impact on yield stress in comparison with silica. In contrast, silica has a greater effect in Young's modulus and strain at break, compared with MMT. The peculiar behavior of the PLA/MMT/Si nanocomposites during aging is explained by the hindering action of the mixture of the two nanofillers on the molecular reordering of the PLA chains in the amorphous region. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimization of stress wave propagation in a multilayered elastic/viscoelastic hybrid composite based on carbon fibers/carbon nanotubes
Authors: Safdari Masoud , Al‐Haik Marwan S.
Published: December 2011

The hypothesis of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the interfacial layers of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites fiber‐reinforced Polymers (FRPs) to enhance their mechanical properties and mitigate the stress wave propagation during a blast event is investigated. A numerical model is developed to simulate the stress wave propagation in a laminated elastic/viscoelastic FRP. Coupled with multiobjective optimization paradigms, the optimal CNTs contents in the interfacial layers are determined to minimize the stress‐to‐strength ratio in each layer. A case study demonstrating the design of a five‐layered FRP subjected to a blast event is presented. The simulation revealed that the viscoelastic properties of the matrix material contribute significantly to the energy dissipation during stress wave propagation. It is shown that addition of 0.69% CNTs by volume to the epoxy interface significantly enhances the ability of composite to resist blast loading. Results were compared with a standard model that assumes only elastic behavior. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Properties of PMMA/Carbon nanotubes nanocomposites prepared by “grafting through” method
Authors: Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Behboodi‐Sadabad Farid , Rahimi‐Razin Saeid , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein
Published: December 2011

A number of batch polymerizations were performed to study the effect of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the properties of PMMA/MWCNTs nanocomposites. To improve the dispersion of nanotubes in PMMA matrix, MWCNTs were functionalized with methacrylate groups via a four‐step modification process and the modified nanoparticles were used to synthesize the nanocomposites. The prepared samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, UV–visible, and TEM techniques. According to the results, modified nanotubes improved thermal and mechanical properties better than the pristine MWCNTs. The main improvement in the mechanical and thermophysical properties was achieved for the nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt% of MWCNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and properties of thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposites using N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide as a new additive
Authors: Dai Hongguang , Sheng Xianliang , An Liping , Liu Naren , Yu Jiugao , Ma Xiaofei
Published: December 2011

N,N‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide (BHF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite (TPS/MMT) nanocomposites. Here, BHF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among BHF, starch, and MMT was proven by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposites were formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, BHF‐plasticized TPS (BTPS), and TPS/MMT nanocomposites was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), XRD demonstrated that partially intercalated TPS/MMT nanocomposites were formed. The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposites increased compared with that of pure BTPS. Mechanical properties of BTPS and TPS/MMT nanocomposites were examined. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers