bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neovascularisation: Has the angiogenic factor already been found?
Authors: Loughnan Michael S.
Published: December 2009

Recently many soluble growth factors capable of influencing neovascularisation (angiogenesis) have been isolated and molecularly cloned. As such they are now available in a highly purified and active form. One or several of these already quite well known molecules may be of importance in the control of ocular neovascularisation. This article reviews what is presently known about growth factor control of neovascularisation with particular emphasis on both the eye and those factors that have already been molecularly cloned. In addition several recently reported inhibitors of neovascularisation are discussed. Such research is of particular interest to the ophthalmologist as knowledge gained in this area may allow for the use of both growth factors as well as growth factor inhibitors in the management of several ocular diseases involving neovascularisation.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in uveitis and scleritis
Authors: Mills Richard A. D. , Weeramanthri Tarun S. , Hollingsworth Peter N. , Cooper Richard L.
Published: December 2009

We report a case where the detection of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) at the time of diagnosis of a case of sclero‐uveitis predicted the later development of systemic features and prompted an early and definitive diagnosis of systemic vasculitis.
Stereotype Embodiment
Authors: Levy Becca
Published: December 2009

Researchers have increasingly turned their attention from younger individuals who hold age stereotypes to older individuals who are targeted by these stereotypes. The refocused research has shown that positive and negative age stereotypes held by older individuals can have beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on a variety of cognitive and physical outcomes. Drawing on these experimental and longitudinal studies, a theory of stereotype embodiment is presented here. It proposes that stereotypes are embodied when their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitions that, in turn, influence functioning and health. The theory has four components: The stereotypes (a) become internalized across the life span, (b) can operate unconsciously, (c) gain salience from self-relevance, and (d) utilize multiple pathways. The central message of the theory, and the research supporting it, is that the aging process is, in part, a social construct.
How Does Employee Involvement Stack Up? The Effects of Human Resource Management Policies on Performance in a Retail Firm
Authors: JONES DEREK C. , KALMI PANU , KAUHANEN ANTTI
Published: December 2009

The impact of innovative human resource management (HRM) practices on performance is investigated using panel data for all units of a retail firm. Our rich data include measures of the operating environment, important dimensions of core inputs, and information on HRM environments, and output is measured as value added. We estimate augmented production functions, including both establishment and manager fixed effects. When employees have opportunities to participate, and receive appropriate information and feedback from their supervisors, productivity is enhanced. Thus, even in settings where employees do simple tasks and are relatively low‐skilled, participatory work environments can enhance business performance.
Unions and Employment Growth: The Canadian Experience
Authors: WALSWORTH SCOTT
Published: December 2009

Using panel data from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey, the union effect on employment growth is examined. In line with previous North American findings, private sector unions are found to slow employment growth by approximately 2.2 percent per annum. This study is modeled after two recent articles published in this journal; one using the Australian Workplace and Industrial Relations Survey and a subsequent article using the British Workplace and Industrial/Employee Relations Survey.
Cutaneous sarcoidosis: updates in the pathogenesis
Authors: Ali MM , Atwan AA , Gonzalez ML
Published: December 2009

Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous disease in which the skin is one of the frequently involved target organs. Cutaneous involvement occurs in a third of patients with sarcoidosis and has protean manifestations. More than a century has passed since the initial description of sarcoidosis, but its cause continues to be an enigma. Recent studies have introduced several new insights into the pathogenesis of this disease.

The aim of this literature review was to provide a comprehensive overview on the current updates in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.

This review has revealed that several genetic polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis, suggesting that genetic susceptibility to sarcoidosis is probably polygenic. Environmental factors may also modify the susceptibility to sarcoidosis. Evidence favouring an infectious aetiology has been accumulating, but the results of studies are conflicting. The current concept is that the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis involves a T‐helper‐1‐mediated immune response to environmental antigens in a genetically susceptible host.

The studies carried out on sarcoidosis have largely focused on the pulmonary aspects and have been mainly conducted by respiratory physicians. In contrast, research conducted on the cutaneous aspects of sarcoidosis is comparatively limited. Although tremendous advances have been made, there is a significant gap between the vast knowledge accumulated on sarcoidosis in recent years and the understanding of this disease.
Emotional and behavioural difficulties in young children with and without developmental delay: a bi‐national perspective
Authors: Emerson Eric , Einfeld Stewart
Published: December 2009

Background:  Relatively high rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties have been reported among children with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Little is known about nature of the relationship between cognitive development and psychopathology in very young children.

Methods:  Secondary analysis of data from the first two waves of the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study (n = 11,389) and the first two waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4,606).

Results:  Two‐ to three‐year‐ old children with developmental delay show significantly higher rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties than their peers. These differences appear to reflect a general association between cognitive performance and emotional/behavioural difficulties in the bottom half of the ability spectrum and threshold‐based discontinuities within the bottom 3% of the distribution. In the UK, but to a much lesser extent in Australia, higher rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties among children with developmental delay may be partially attributed to greater risk of exposure to adverse socio‐economic circumstances.

Conclusions:  The results highlight the potential value of targeted preventative interventions for young children with developmental delay.
d‐Serine enhancement of NMDA receptor‐mediated calcium increases in rat retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Daniels Bryan A. , Baldridge William H.
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 1180–1189.

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation is enhanced byd‐serine or glycine acting at a specific binding site. Previous work has shownd‐serine enhancement of NMDAR currents in retinal ganglion cells. One of the major functions of most NMDA channels is to permit calcium influx into cells. We show thatd‐serine enhances glutamate‐induced calcium responses in immunopanned retinal ganglion cells. This effect was specific to NMDA receptors as similar results were found with NMDA, but not kainate, and was reduced or blocked by modulators of the NMDAR coagonist binding site.d‐Serine and glycine enhanced glutamate‐induced calcium responses in a dose‐dependent manner and at equimolar concentrations there was no difference in the efficacy of the coagonists. In isolated retinas NMDA‐induced calcium responses were enhanced byd‐serine coapplication in 46% of ganglion cells. Endogenousd‐serine degradation by treatment withd‐amino acid oxidase caused a ∼45% decrease in the NMDA‐induced response that could be reversed by coapplication withd‐serine.d‐Serine and glycine were equally effective in enhancing glutamatergic calcium responses. Endogenousd‐serine contributes to NMDAR activation in retinal wholemounts and some but not all retinal ganglion cells may experience saturating levels ofd‐serine or glycine.
Behavior expectations in cross‐sex friendships, same‐sex friendships, and romantic relationships
Authors: FUHRMAN ROBERT W. , FLANNAGAN DOROTHY , MATAMOROS MIKE
Published: December 2009

Abstract

In 2 studies, university students from the United States rated the importance of 43 behavior expectations about their cross‐sex friends, same‐sex friends and romantic partners. In Study 1, all 399 participants had a current romantic partner, whereas in Study 2, romantic partner status varied across the 165 participants. Participants always rated their expectations for romantic partners higher than for either type of friend, and expectations for behaviors promoting emotional closeness were always rated higher than expectations about behaviors promoting social companionship or relationship positivity. In Study 2, expectations for cross‐sex friends were rated lower and more similar to same‐sex friends when participants had a current romantic partner than when they did not.
Climate and development economics: Balancing science, politics and equity
Authors: Stanton Elizabeth A. , Ackerman Frank
Published: December 2009

The interaction of climate and development threatens to create a paradox: economic development could accelerate climate change, which in turn could block further development, locking the world into existing patterns of inequality as the natural environment deteriorates. The solution to this paradox is far from obvious. What analytical tools are needed to chart a path that leads toward sustainable, low‐carbon economic development? This article reviews the implications for climate policy of the climate economics and development literature, focusing on three key areas of judgments and assumptions that are built into a number of leading climate‐economics models: 1) the treatment of climate science, risk, and uncertainty in climate‐economics models; 2) questions of abatement technologies and costs, including a focus on the cost effectiveness method of economic analysis; and 3) ethical issues surrounding the distribution of the costs of emission reductions and adaptation measures. The article concludes that since climate and development goals are inextricably linked, there is a need for a new economic analysis that can help interpret and guide the creation of an innovative, low‐carbon path to economic development.
14C‐dated fluctuations of the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet 45–25 kyr BP compared with Bølling–Younger Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard–Oeschger events in Greenland
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , GULLIKSEN STEINAR , LARSEN EILIV
Published: December 2009

Mangerud, J., Gulliksen, S. & Larsen, E. 2009: 14C‐dated fluctuations of the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet 45–25 kyr BP compared with Bølling–Younger Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard–Oeschger events in Greenland. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00127.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

We present 32 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates obtained on well‐preserved bones from caves in western Norway. The resulting ages of 34–28 14C kyr BP demonstrate that the coast was ice‐free during the so‐called Ålesund Interstadial. New AMS 14C dates on shells aged 41–38 14C kyr BP are evidence of an earlier (Austnes) ice‐free period. The Ålesund Interstadial correlates with Greenland interstadials 8–7 and the Austnes Interstadial with Greenland interstadials 12–11. Between and after the two interstadials, the ice margin reached onto the continental shelf west of Norway. These events can be closely correlated with the Greenland ice core stratigraphy, partly based on identification of the Laschamp and Mono Lake palaeomagnetic excursions. We found that the pattern of the NGRIP δ18O curves for the two periods Greenland Interstadial (GI) 8 to Greenland Stadial (GS) 8 and GI 1–GS 1 (Bølling–Younger Dryas) were strikingly similar, which leads us to suggest that the underlying causes of these climate shifts could have been the same. We therefore discuss some aspects of glacial fluctuations during the Bølling–Younger Dryas in order to elucidate processes during Dansgaard–Oeschger events.
Re‐dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: a warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)?
Authors: ALEXANDERSON HELENA , JOHNSEN TIMOTHY , MURRAY ANDREW S.
Published: December 2009

Alexanderson, H., Johnsen, T. & Murray, A. S. 2009: Re‐dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: a warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)?Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00130.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

Pilgrimstad in central Sweden is an important locality for reconstructing environmental changes during the last glacial period (the Weichselian). Its central location has implications for the Scandinavian Ice Sheet as a whole. The site has been assigned an Early Weichselian age (marine isotope stage (MIS) 5 a/c; >74 ka), based on pollen stratigraphic correlations with type sections in continental Europe, but the few absolute dating attempts so far have given uncertain results. We re‐excavated the site and collected 10 samples for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from mineral‐ and organic‐rich sediments within the new Pilgrimstad section. Single aliquots of quartz were analysed using a post‐IR blue single aliquot regenerative‐dose (SAR) protocol. Dose recovery tests were satisfactory and OSL ages are internally consistent. All, except one from an underlying unit that is older, lie in the range 52–36 ka, which places the interstadial sediments in the Middle Weichselian (MIS 3); this is compatible with existing radiocarbon ages, including two measured with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The mean of the OSL ages is 44±6 ka (n=9). The OSL ages cannot be assigned to the Early Weichselian for all reasonable adjustments to water content estimates and other parameters. The new ages suggest that climate was relatively mild and that the Scandinavian Ice Sheet was absent or restricted to the mountains for at least parts of MIS 3. These results are supported by other recent studies completed in Fennoscandia.
Destination Therapy: One‐Year Outcomes in Patients With a Body Mass Index Greater Than 30
Authors: Coyle Laura A. , Ising Mickey S. , Gallagher Colleen , Bhat Geetha , Kurien Sudha , Sobieski Michael A. , Slaughter Mark S.
Published: December 2009

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are slowly gaining acceptance as the treatment of choice in appropriately selected patients with end‐stage heart failure who are not transplant candidates. Obesity is a well‐known risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and frequently can be the reason some patients are turned down for heart transplantation. Because of this experience in transplant patients, many centers have also been reluctant to offer these patients an LVAD for destination therapy (DT). Subsequently, the 1‐year outcomes of obese patients receiving LVADs for DT at our center were reviewed. Fifty‐eight consecutive patients (83% men) were implanted with HeartMate XVE (n = 22) or HeartMate II (n = 36) LVAD. Patients were divided into normal (body mass index [BMI] ≤ 30 kg/m2, n = 38) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 20) groups according to their BMI. Preoperatively, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between normal and obese groups in age (65.9 years vs. 54.7 years), weight (72.9 kg vs. 107.5 kg), BMI (24.1 kg/m2 vs. 35.2 kg/m2), and incidence of diabetes (37% vs. 60%). At 1‐year follow‐up, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.5) between normal and obese groups: creatinine levels (1.4 vs. 1.5), New York Heart Association classification (1.2 vs. 1.6), and survival (63% vs. 65%). Our initial results demonstrate that morbidly obese patients with end‐stage heart failure with a contraindication for transplant may successfully undergo implantation of an LVAD for DT.
Cardiovascular Exercise Training Extends Influenza Vaccine Seroprotection in Sedentary Older Adults: The Immune Function Intervention Trial
Authors: Woods Jeffrey A. , Keylock K. Todd , Lowder Thomas , Vieira Victoria J. , Zelkovich William , Dumich Sara , Colantuano Kim , Lyons Kristin , Leifheit Kurt , Cook Marc , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen , McAuley Edward
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES:To determine whether cardiovascular exercise training resulted in improved antibody responses to influenza vaccination in sedentary elderly people who exhibited poor vaccine responses.

DESIGN:Single‐site randomized parallel‐arm 10‐month controlled trial.

SETTING:University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign.

PARTICIPANTS:One hundred forty‐four sedentary, healthy older (69.9 ± 0.4) adults.

INTERVENTIONS:Moderate (60–70% maximal oxygen uptake) cardiovascular exercise was compared with flexibility and balance training.

MEASUREMENTS:The primary outcome was influenza vaccine response, as measured according to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) anti‐influenza antibody titer and seroprotective responses (HI titer ≥40). Secondary measures included cardiovascular fitness and body composition.

RESULTS:Of the 160 participants enrolled, 144 (90%) completed the 10‐month intervention with excellent compliance (∼83%). Cardiovascular, but not flexibility, exercise intervention resulted in improvements in indices of cardiovascular fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake. Although not affecting peak (e.g., 3 and 6 weeks) postvaccine anti‐influenza HI titers, cardiovascular exercise resulted in a significant increase in seroprotection 24 weeks after vaccination (30–100% dependent on vaccine variant), whereas flexibility training did not.

CONCLUSION:Participants randomized to cardiovascular exercise experienced improvements in influenza seroprotection throughout the entire influenza season, whereas those in the balance and flexibility intervention did not. Although there were no differences in reported respiratory tract infections, the exercise group exhibited reduced overall illness severity and sleep disturbance. These data support the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise improves influenza vaccine responses.
What Can Improve Chronic Disease Care?
Authors: Kane Robert L.
Published: December 2009

Chronic disease care is a central part of geriatrics. The rise in chronic disease draws attention to the need to find better ways to deliver effective care. This essay examines the effectiveness of several strategies for providing better chronic disease care, reviewing the literature and relying on extant reviews whenever possible. The evidence of effectiveness is mixed; a few areas show promise. The case for cost‐effectiveness is even less strong. New strategies may be indicated, including more‐proactive monitoring of clinical courses and assessing patients' readiness to participate actively in their own care.
Tissue Engineering in Wound Repair: The three “R”s—Repair, Replace, Regenerate
Authors: THEORET CHRISTINE
Published: December 2009

Horses are predisposed to traumatic wounds that can be labor intensive and expensive to manage. Skin has a considerable potential for efficient and functional repair however, while cutaneous repair is a regenerative process in the fetus, this capability declines in late gestation as inflammation and scarring alter the outcome of healing. The historical gold standard for replacement of lost skin is the autologous skin graft. However, the horse's lack of redundant donor skin limits the practicality of full‐thickness grafting to smaller wounds; moreover, graft failure is relatively common in equine patients as a result of infection, inflammation, fluid accumulation beneath the graft, and motion. Tissue engineering has emerged as an interdisciplinary field with the aim to regenerate new biological material for replacing diseased or damaged tissues or organs. In the case of skin, the ultimate goal is to rapidly create a construct that effects the complete regeneration of functional skin, including all its layers and appendages. Moreover, an operational vascular and nervous network, with scar‐free integration within the surrounding host tissue, is desirable. For this to be achieved, not only is an appropriate source of cells required, but also a scaffold designed from natural or synthetic polymers. The newly created tissue might finally meet the numerous needs and expectations of practitioners and surgeons managing a catastrophic wound in a horse
Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis in Thirty‐Three Horses
Authors: PANIZZI LUCA , BARBER SPENCER M. , LANG HAYLEY M. , CARMALT JAMES L.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To describe signalment, clinical, and radiographic changes associated with carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC‐OA) and to report long‐term outcome.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Horses (n=33) with CMC‐OA.

Methods—Medical records (1992–2007) of horses diagnosed with CMC‐OA were reviewed and signalment, clinical, and radiographic findings retrieved. Owners were contacted for information on the impact of lameness on intended use, response to treatment, progression of lameness, outcome, and owner satisfaction with response to treatment.

Results—CMC‐OA identified in 39 limbs, occurred predominantly in middle‐aged and older Quarter Horses and Arabians, and caused severe lameness that prevented normal use. Characteristic swelling was centered over the 2nd metacarpal bone/2nd carpal bone articulation. Radiographic changes consisted of proliferative new bone, narrowed joint space, and subchondral lysis. Of 20 horses with follow‐up, 7 of 14 treated horses were euthanatized within 4 years and 4 of 5 nontreated horses within 3 years. Response to treatment was short lived and considered very poor by most owners.

Conclusion—CMC‐OA seemingly occurs primarily in Quarter Horses and Arabians in our region. Response to conservative treatment is very poor and short‐lived with most horses being euthanatized.

Clinical Relevance—Conventional treatment methods are unsuccessful for treating CMC‐OA.
Race Performance After Laryngoplasty and Ventriculocordectomy in National Hunt Racehorses
Authors: BARAKZAI SAFIA Z. , BODEN LISA A. , DIXON PADRAIC M.
Published: December 2009

Objective— To evaluate the effect of laryngoplasty (LP) on race performance in longer distance (National Hunt) Thoroughbred racehorses.

Study Design— Case‐control study.

Animals— National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorses (n=71) and race‐matched controls (n=126).

Methods— Race records for National Hunt racehorses that had LP and ventriculocordectomy were analyzed and racing performance was compared with race‐matched controls.

Results— Sixty‐three of 71 cases were matched with controls. Postoperatively, 78% of cases raced, 47% improved their individual performance and cases were as likely to start in 1 or 3 races as controls. In the 5 preoperative races, case horses earned less prize money than race‐matched controls but there was no difference in prize money earned in 5 postoperative races between groups. Cases started in significantly fewer total (lifetime) races both before and after the date of surgery compared with controls.

Conclusions— LP seemingly restored short‐term postoperative racing performance of National Hunt horses to a level comparable with that of a matched control population; however, the career “longevity” of case horses appears to be shorter than that of control horses.

Clinical Relevance— LP appears to be a suitable treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in National Hunt racehorses.
Biologic Behavior and Clinical Outcome of 25 Dogs with Canine Appendicular Chondrosarcoma Treated by Amputation: A Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology Retrospective Study
Authors: FARESE JAMES P. , KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE , KIK MARJA , BACON NICHOLAS J. , WALTMAN SUZANNE SHELLY , SEGUIN BERNARD , KENT MICHAEL , LIPTAK JULIUS , STRAW ROD , CHANG MYRON N. , JIANG YANG , WITHROW STEPHEN J.
Published: December 2009

Objective— To characterize biologic behavior, clinical outcome, and effect of histologic grade on prognosis for dogs with appendicular chondrosarcoma treated by amputation alone.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Dogs (n=25) with appendicular chondrosarcoma.

Methods— Medical records were searched to identify dogs with appendicular chondrosarcoma treated by limb amputation alone. Information recorded included signalment, anatomic location, radiographic appearance, and development of metastasis. Histopathologic diagnosis was confirmed and graded (1, 2, or 3). Survival curves were generated by the Kaplan–Meier method and the association between covariates (gender, age, weight, and tumor grade) and survival were evaluated using the univariate proportional hazards model.

Results— Histopathology slides were available for 25 dogs. Rates of pulmonary metastasis were as follows: grade 1–0%, grade 2–31%, and grade 3–50%. Overall median survival time (MST) was 979 days. Age, weight, and sex were not significantly associated with survival (P=.16; .33; and .31, respectively). Survival was significantly associated with tumor grade (P=.008), with dogs with tumor grade of 1, 2, and 3 having MSTs of 6, 2.7, and 0.9 years, respectively.

Conclusion— Canine appendicular chondrosarcoma can be treated effectively with amputation alone. Low to intermediate grade chondrosarcoma has a good prognosis, whereas high‐grade tumors appear to behave aggressively.

Clinical Relevance— The overall prognosis for appendicular chondrosarcoma is better than that of appendicular osteosarcoma treated by amputation alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
Resident Training in Emergency Ultrasound: Consensus Recommendations from the 2008 Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors Conference
Authors: Akhtar Saadia , Theodoro Dan , Gaspari Romolo , Tayal Vivek , Sierzenski Paul , LaMantia Joseph , Stahmer Sarah , Raio Chris
Published: December 2009

Over the past 25 years, research performed by emergency physicians (EPs) demonstrates that bedside ultrasound (US) can improve the care of emergency department (ED) patients. At the request of the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD), leaders in the field of emergency medicine (EM) US met to delineate in consensus fashion the model “US curriculum” for EM residency training programs. The goal of this article is to provide a framework for providing US education to EM residents. These guidelines should serve as a foundation for the growth of resident education in EM US. The intent of these guidelines is to provide minimum education standards for all EM residency programs to refer to when establishing an EUS training program. The document focuses on US curriculum, US education, and competency assessment. The use of US in the management of critically ill patients will improve patient care and thus should be viewed as a required skill set for all future graduating EM residents. The authors consider EUS skills critical to the development of an emergency physician, and a minimum skill set should be mandatory for all graduating EM residents. The US education provided to EM residents should be structured to allow residents to incorporate US into daily clinical practice. Image acquisition and interpretation alone are insufficient. The ability to integrate findings with patient care and apply them in a busy clinical environment should be stressed.
A Four‐Year Perspective of Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Tests: An Online Testing Tool for Medical Students
Authors: Senecal Emily L. , Thomas Stephen H. , Beeson Michael S.
Published: December 2009

Nationwide survey findings that most U.S. emergency medicine clerkship directors were interested in participating in a methodologically rigorous student testing program prompted the development of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Medical Student Online Testing Service (SAEM Tests). This article describes the development of SAEM Tests and details usage and progress since the on‐line release in June 2005. Specifically, we review the construction of SAEM Tests and present validity and difficulty statistics obtained at the first analysis of test performance 6 months after its release and again 12 months later after revisions aimed at enhancing test performance. We then review the current status of SAEM Tests and summarize future goals and directions.
Teaching Across the Generation Gap: A Consensus from the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors 2009 Academic Assembly
Authors: Moreno‐Walton Lisa , Brunett Patrick , Akhtar Saadia , DeBlieux Peter M. C.
Published: December 2009

Background:  Four distinct generations of physicians currently coexist within the emergency medicine (EM) workforce, each with its own unique life experience, perspective, attitude, and expectation of work and education. To the best of our knowledge, no investigations or consensus statements exist that specifically address the effect of intergenerational differences on undergraduate and graduate medical education in EM.

Objectives:  To review the existing literature on generational differences as they pertain to workforce expectations, educational philosophy, and learning styles and to create a consensus statement based on the shared insights of experienced educators in EM, with specific recommendations to improve the effectiveness of EM residency training programs.

Methods:  A group of approximately one hundred EM program directors (PDs), assistant PDs, and other academic faculty attending an annual conference of emergency physician (EP) educators gathered at a breakout session and working group to examine the literature on intergenerational differences, to share insights and discuss interventions tailored to address these stylistic differences, and to formulate consensus recommendations.

Results:  A set of specific recommendations, including effective educational techniques, was created based on literature from other professions and medical disciplines, as well as the contributions of a diverse group of EP educators.

Conclusions:  Recommendations included early establishment of clear expectations and consequences, emphasis on timely feedback and individualized guidance during training, explicit reinforcement of a patient‐centered care model, use of peer modeling and support, and emphasis on more interactive and small‐group learning techniques.
A literature review of aesthetic perceptions of dental fluorosis and relationships with psychosocial aspects/oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Chankanka Oitip , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Chalmers Jane M.
Published: December 2009

Chankanka O, Levy SM, Warren JJ, Chalmers JM. A literature review of aesthetic perceptions of dental fluorosis and relationships with psychosocial aspects/oral health‐related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Aesthetic perceptions and oral health‐related quality of life concerning dental fluorosis have been assessed in several studies during the past two decades. However, no comprehensive review article summarizing the studies investigating this issue has been published.

Objective:  To assess the relationships between perceptions of dental appearance/oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and dental fluorosis.

Methods:  The PubMed database was searched using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for English‐language studies from 1985 to March 2009. Thirty‐five articles qualified for inclusion and then were classified into three categories based on the type of study approach: (i) respondent review of photographs and assessment concerning satisfaction/acceptance, (ii) respondent assessment of study subject’s teeth concerning satisfaction/acceptance, and (iii) respondent assessments of the psychosocial/OHRQoL impact.

Results:  There were varied results from earlier studies focused on satisfaction/acceptance of very mild to mild fluorosis. More recent studies with methodological improvements to assess impact on quality of life clearly showed that mild fluorosis was not a concern. Furthermore, mild fluorosis was sometimes associated with improved OHRQoL. Severe fluorosis was consistently reported to have negative effects on OHRQoL.

Conclusion:  Because dental fluorosis in the United States and other nations without high levels of naturally‐occurring fluoride is mild or very mild, with little impact on OHRQoL, dental professionals should emphasize the appropriate use of fluorides for caries prevention and preventing moderate/severe fluorosis.
Serum concentration of L‐kynurenine predicts the clinical outcome of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with R‐CHOP
Authors: Yoshikawa Takeshi , Hara Takeshi , Tsurumi Hisashi , Goto Naoe , Hoshi Masato , Kitagawa Junichi , Kanemura Nobuhiro , Kasahara Senji , Ito Hiroyasu , Takemura Masao , Saito Kuniaki , Seishima Mitsuru , Takami Tsuyoshi , Moriwaki Hisataka
Published: December 2009

Purpose: Introduction of rituximab has largely improved the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma(DLBCL). Such change in therapeutic outcome necessitates the identification of additional prognostic factors to conventional indexes that have been validated for CHOP without rituximab. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) exerts intense immunomodulatory effects because of enzymatic activities that catalyze the breakdown of the essential amino acid L‐tryptophan. The activity of IDO can be estimated by measuring the serum concentration of L‐kynurenine. Here, we investigated the role of L‐kynurenine as a prognostic marker in R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) therapy. Experimental design: Data from 73 consecutive patients treated with eight cycles of R‐CHOP or R‐THP (tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin)‐COP between December 2002 and March 2007 were analyzed. L‐kynurenine concentrations in serum samples obtained at admission were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Results: The median serum L‐kynurenine level was 1.575 μm (range 0.537–9.588). The complete response (CR) rates of patients with L‐kynurenine <1.5 and ≥1.5 μm were 83% and 61%, respectively (P < 0.05). The three‐yr overall survival (OS) rates for patients with L‐kynurenine <1.5 and ≥1.5 μm were 89% and 58%, respectively (P < 0.005). In addition, higher age, poor performance status, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, and unfavorable as well as revised International Prognosis Index were significantly worse factors for CR rate and OS. Multivariate analyses revealed only L‐kynurenine as an independent prognostic factor for OS. Conclusions: Serum L‐kynurenine might be a novel prognostic factor to determine the treatment outcome of DLBCL with the R‐CHOP regimen.
The use of a profilometer for both quantitative and qualitative measurements of toothpaste abrasivity
Authors: Liljeborg A , Tellefsen G , Johannsen G
Published: December 2009

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene 8, 2010; 237–243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00433.x Liljeborg A, Tellefsen G, Johannsen G. The use of a profilometer for both quantitative and qualitative measurements of toothpaste abrasivity.

Abstract:  Aim:  To evaluate the abrasivity of different toothpastes both quantitatively and qualitatively with a profilometer technique and to correlate these findings to the radioactive dentin abrasivity (RDA) value.

Materials and methods:  Acrylic plates were exposed to brushing in a brushing machine with 11 different toothpastes. The results were evaluated using a profilometer. A surface roughness value (Ra‐value), that is, a qualitative measurement, and also a volume value, that is, a quantitative measurement, were calculated from the profilometer results. These values were then correlated to each other and to the RDA‐value. A comparison between RDA, Ra and volume measurements was performed using linear fitting procedure.

Results:  The results showed that the correlation between RDA and Ra measurements was low (R2 = 0.04) and also that the correlation between RDA and volume measurements was low (R2 = 0.00002). Correlation between Ra and abraded volume was high (R2 = 0.87).

Conclusions:  It is important to consider not only the RDA‐value when evaluating toothpaste abrasivity. From the profilometer results both a quantitative (volume) and qualitative (roughness) measurement of the abrasivity of a toothpaste can be obtained.
The Effectiveness of a Community‐based Education Program on Abandoning Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Senegal
Authors: Diop Nafissatou J. , Askew Ian
Published: December 2009

A pre‐ and post‐test comparison‐group design was used to evaluate the effect of a community education program on community members' willingness to abandon female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in rural areas of southern Senegal. Developed by TOSTAN (a Senegalese nongovernmental organization), the education program aimed to empower women through a broad range of educational and health‐promoting activities. Our findings suggest that information from the program was diffused widely within the intervention villages, as indicated by improvements in knowledge about and critical attitudes toward FGM/C among women and men who had and had not participated in the program, without corresponding improvement in the comparison villages. The prevalence of FGM/C among daughters aged ten years and younger decreased significantly over time as reported by women who were directly and indirectly exposed to the program, but not among daughters in the comparison villages, suggesting that the program had an impact on family behaviors as well as attitudes. Findings from this study provide evidence‐based information to program planners seeking to empower women and discourage a harmful traditional practice.
Parenting Sources: How Do Parents Differ in Their Efforts to Learn About Parenting?
Authors: Radey Melissa , Randolph Karen A.
Published: December 2009

We surveyed randomly selected parents in one state (N = 1, 081) to examine sources they used to gain child‐rearing information. On average, parents used five sources, most commonly books and family members. Usage patterns generally followed the “digital divide” perspective whereby higher education levels were associated with greater usage. Logistic regression results of Internet use showed, however, that being younger and unmarried increased the likelihood of use, indicating the Internet's potential for reaching potentially vulnerable parents.
Can Functional Traits Predict Ecological Interactions? A Case Study Using Rain forest Frugivores and Plants in Australia
Authors: Moran Cath , Catterall Carla P.
Published: December 2009

In rain forest, the large numbers of species of fleshy‐fruited plants and frugivorous animals result in a large number of potential fruit–frugivore interactions, which are challenging to survey in the field. Yet, knowledge of these relationships is needed to predict consequences of changes in the frugivore assemblage for seed dispersal. In the absence of comprehensive dietary information, it may be possible to delineate between frugivores that disperse different plants using ‘functional traits,’ or morphological and behavioral attributes of frugivores that interact with differences in salient characteristics of plant species. Here we use data on the consumption of 244 Australian rain forest plant species by 38 bird species to test for associations between patterns of frugivory and birds': (1) degree of frugivory, (2) gape width, and (3) seed treatment (seed crushing or seed dispersing). Degree of frugivory and gape width explain 74 percent of the variation in the sizes of fruits consumed by frugivorous birds. Among birds that consume a substantial dietary proportion of fruit, birds with wider gapes consume larger fruits. In contrast, this relationship was not shown by birds for which fruit is only a minor dietary component. Degree of frugivory and gape width, together with seed treatment, also strongly predict the overall taxonomic composition and diversity of plants consumed by bird species. Functional classifications of frugivore species may prove useful in developing a predictive understanding of fruit–frugivore interactions in other rain forest regions where detailed dietary information is not available for most frugivores.
GIRLS, BOYS, AND SCHOOLS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCHOOL‐RELATED FACTORS AND STUDENT DEVIANCE*
Authors: PAYNE ALLISON ANN
Published: December 2009

Research has identified several student and school characteristics that might be altered to reduce student deviance. Most of this research, however, fails to address whether gender moderates these relationships; that is, most studies do not distinguish between the effect of school‐related factors on boys' and girls' delinquency and drug use. In the current study, data from a nationally representative sample of 13,450 students in 253 public, nonalternative, secondary schools are used to examine hierarchical linear models of the relationships between student bonding, communal school organization, and male and female delinquency and drug use. Gender differences in the overall model of relationships are found as are differences in the relationships between student bonding elements and delinquency. Gender differences are not found in the relationships between student bonding elements and drug use, nor in the relationships between communal school organization elements and delinquency and drug use. Implications for theory and prevention are discussed.
ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF CRIME DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF BENEFITS: A REVIEW OF SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION EVALUATIONS*
Authors: GUERETTE ROB T. , BOWERS KATE J.
Published: December 2009

Few criticisms of situational crime‐prevention (SCP) efforts are as frequent or prevalent as claims of displacement. Despite emerging evidence to the contrary, the prevailing sentiment seems to be that crime displacement is inevitable. This study examined 102 evaluations of situationally focused crime‐prevention projects in an effort to determine the extent to which crime displacement was observed. The results indicate that of the 102 studies that examined (or allowed for examination of) displacement and diffusion effects, there were 574 observations. Displacement was observed in 26 percent of those observations. The opposite of displacement, diffusion of benefit, was observed in 27 percent of the observations. Moreover, the analysis of 13 studies, which allowed for assessment of overall outcomes of the prevention project while taking into account spatial displacement and diffusion effects, revealed that when spatial displacement did occur, it tended to be less than the treatment effect, suggesting that the intervention was still beneficial. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Temperature and Salinity Tolerances of the Tropical Spiny Lobster, Panulirus ornatus
Authors: Jones Clive M.
Published: December 2009

Interest in the development of aquaculture of the tropical spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, has increased markedly over the past 10 yr because of strong market demand and high prices. In Australia, economic conditions will necessitate that a semi‐intensive approach be taken, possibly involving managed environmental conditions. Identification of optimal temperature and salinity levels will be necessary, and therefore two experiments were performed to examine these two parameters. Juvenile lobsters were grown in tanks at five temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 C). Growth was significantly affected by temperature (P < 0.01), and maximal growth occurred at 25–31 C. Examination of the temperature effect on molt increment and intermolt period indicated that 27 C was the optimal temperature, at which molt increment was greatest and intermolt period the least. Temperature also had a significant (P < 0.01) positive effect on apparent feed intake (AFI). Juvenile lobsters were also exposed to four different salinities (20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) over a period of 91 d. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were apparent for both survival and growth. Lowest survival occurred at 35 ppt which may be attributable to higher cannibalism at that salinity. Growth was highest at 35 ppt and progressively less at lower salinities. Although full marine salinity (35 ppt) will generate best performance of P. ornatus, its capacity to tolerate reduced salinity will provide greater opportunity to develop commercial aquaculture.
Volatile Compounds and the Changes in Their Concentration Levels during Storage in Beers Containing Varying Malt Concentrations
Authors: Tsuji H. , Mizuno A.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Volatile compounds in beers brewed with different amounts of malt were analyzed by using the stir bar sorptive extraction–gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry method. We identified 90 compounds—25 esters, 17 terpenes, 14 alcohols, 11 acids, 6 furans, 6 aroma compounds, 5 carbonyls, and other compounds. An analysis of aged beer suggested that the concentration levels of stale flavor compounds—β‐damascenone, γ‐nonalactone, ethyl cinnamate, and 2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol—in nonmalt beer were different from those in all‐malt and standard beer. Additionally, concentrations of these compounds did not increase during storage in most nonmalt beer analyzed in this study. Nerolidol may be a good marker candidate regardless of the malt content.
Application of Gelidium corneum Edible Films Containing Carvacrol for Ham Packages
Authors: Lim G.O. , Hong Y.H. , Song K.B.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  We prepared an edible film of Gelidium corneum (GC) containing carvacrol as an antimicrobial and antioxidative agent. The GC film containing carvacrol significantly decreased the WVP, while TS and %E values were increased, compared to the film without carvacrol. Increasing amounts of an antimicrobial agent increased antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Application of the film to ham packaging successfully inhibited the microbial growth and lipid oxidation of ham during storage. Our results indicate that GC film can be a useful edible packaging material for food products, and the incorporation of carvacrol in the GC film may extend the shelf life.
Natural Antioxidants Protect Against Cadmium‐Induced Damage during Pregnancy and Lactation in Rats' Pups
Authors: García María Teresa Antonio , González Elvira Luján Massó
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Free‐radicals production is involved in the toxicity of cadmium. The aim of this study was to determine whether biochemical changes occurred in the liver and kidney of cadmium exposed pups during gestation and lactation, and additionally to investigate the potential beneficial role of the administration of certain antioxidants against cadmium exposure damage. Pregnant Wistar rats received the following treatments as drinking water: (1) Distilled water; (2) Cadmium (10 mg/L); (3) Cadmium + Zinc (20 mg/L) + vitamins A (50000 U/L), C (2 g/L), E (500 mg/L), and B6 (500 mg/L); (4) Vitamins + Zinc solution. We found an increase in hemolysis and in the aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ‐ALAD) activity in the erythrocytes among both cadmium‐exposed groups. Cadmium exposure increased the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase, and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in both the organs studied. The effect on the enzymatic activity was reduced by the coadministration of vitamins and zinc. Our findings suggest that administration of antioxidants during gestation and lactation could prevent some of the negative effects of cadmium.