bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of left ventricular blood flow and coronary flow reserve in patients with chronic heart failure due to coronary artery disease
Authors: Aras A. , Anik Y. , Demirci A. , Balci N. C. , Kozdag G. , Ural D. , Komsuoglu B.
Published: November 2007

Background: Coronary sinus flow reflects global cardiac perfusion and has been used for the assessment of myocardial flow reserve, which is reduced in chronic heart failure (CHF). Coronary flow reserve (CFR) can be measured by using phase-contrast (PC) velocity-encoded cine (VEC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Purpose: To quantify and compare global left ventricular (LV) perfusion and CFR in patients with CHF and in a healthy control group by measuring coronary sinus flow with PC VEC MRI, and to correlate this with global LV perfusion, segmental first-pass perfusion, and viability in the same patients.

Material and Methods: Cardiac MRI was performed in 20 patients with CHF of ischemic origin and in a control group of healthy subjects ( n = 11) at rest and after pharmacological stress induced by i.v. dipyridamole. The MRI protocol included cine MRI, VEC MRI, first-pass perfusion, and delayed contrast-enhanced MRI for viability. Global LV perfusion was quantified by measuring coronary sinus flow on VEC MRI at rest in all subjects. CFR was determined as the ratio of global LV perfusion before and after pharmacologic stress.

Results: At rest, global LV perfusion was not significantly different in patients with CHF and the control group. After administration of dipyridamole, global LV perfusion and CFR were significantly lower in patients with CHF compared to the control group ( P<0.001). An inverse correlation was observed between CFR and the number of infarcted and/or ischemic segments ( P = 0.083, P = 0.037).

Conclusion: A combined cardiac MRI protocol including function and perfusion techniques together with VEC MRI can be used to evaluate global LV perfusion and CFR in patients with CHF. Global LV perfusion and CFR measurements may have potential in the monitoring of CHF. Impaired CFR may contribute to progressive decline in LV function in patients with CHF.
Variations in internal iliac veins detected using multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Morita S. , Saito N. , Mitsuhashi N.
Published: November 2007

Background: Anatomical variations of the internal iliac veins (IIV), which have the potential to cause problems during related surgery, are not uncommon and are not fully appreciated.

Purpose: To determine the types and prevalence rates of anatomical variations of the IIV using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).

Material and Methods: IIV variations in 63 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced MDCT were interpreted and classified by two radiologists retrospectively. The prevalence rates (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated.

Results: IIV variations were classified into six types: normal ( n = 45, 69.8%; 95% CI 59–81%); left IIV connecting with the left external iliac veins centrally ( n = 5, 7.9%; 95% CI 1–15%); separated trunk of the left IIV draining into the central left common iliac veins (CIV; n = 3, 4.8%; 95% CI 0–10%); right IIV draining into the central left CIV ( n = 7, 11.1%; 95% CI 3–19%); right IIV draining into the central right CIV ( n = 1, 1.6%; 95% CI 0–5%); and the bilateral IIVs connecting with each other before draining into the central left CIV ( n = 3, 4.8%; 95% CI 0–10%).

Conclusion: MDCT demonstrates six types of IIV variations; the prevalence rate of IIV anomalies is not low.
Imaging findings of primary well-differentiated liposarcoma of the liver: a case report
Authors: Kim Jong Lim , Woo Ji Young , Lee Min Jin , Kim Kyung Rae , Jung Jae Pil , Lee Nam Ju , Choi Sang Hee , Kim Hong Dae , Yang Ik , Chung Soo Young
Published: November 2007

Primary liposarcoma of the liver is extremely rare. We report here on a case of primary well-differentiated liposarcoma in the left hepatic lobe of a 63-year-old woman. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a well-defined, echogenic, round mass. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images showed an almost fatty, lobulated mass with a few, random distributed vascular structures and a small area of nodular enhancement. The resected tumor appeared as a well-defined, round, tan-yellow mass. Histological analysis showed a well-differentiated liposarcoma.
Histomorphological changes after renal X-ray arteriography using iodine and gadolinium contrast media in an ischemic porcine model
Authors: Elmståhl B. , Leander P. , Grant D. , Doughty R. W. , Chai C.-M. , Björk J. , Almén T. , Nyman U.
Published: November 2007

Background: Gadolinium contrast media (Gd-CM) are regarded as non-nephrotoxic or considerably less nephrotoxic than iodine contrast media (I-CM), and have therefore come to be used as a substitute for I-CM in patients with renal insufficiency in a variety of radiographic examinations.

Purpose: To investigate renal histomorphological changes caused by Gd-CM in comparison with I-CM after renal X-ray arteriography in an ischemic porcine model, and to evaluate these changes in relation to the nephrotoxicity of the CM used.

Material and Methods: Test solutions: gadopentetate, gadodiamide, iohexol, gadobutrol, iopromide, iodixanol, mannitol, and saline. The experiments were performed on 152 animals. Each pig was randomized to receive one test solution injected into the balloon-occluded (10 min) right renal artery. The kidneys were evaluated histomorphologically. The severity of histomorphological changes was graded subjectively: 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = marked.

Results: The main histological changes were 1) proximal tubular and glomerular necrosis, 2) hemorrhage/congestion of the cortex, medulla, and glomeruli, 3) proximal tubular vacuolation, and 4) protein-filled tubules in the cortex and medulla. Necrosis and hemorrhage/congestion were more frequent after injections with gadopentetate, mannitol solution iso-osmotic to gadopentetate, and gadobutrol compared to all other groups ( P<0.001). The degree of necrosis and hemorrhage/congestion was related to the degree of impairment of renal function, but inversely related to vacuolation and tubular protein filling.

Conclusion: In ischemic porcine kidneys, the histomorphological changes caused by Gd-CM are similar to those caused by I-CM. Vacuolation appears to be independent of the osmolality and viscosity of the CM, and does not seem to be an indicator of renal impairment. “High-osmolal” Gd-CM are more nephrotoxic than “low- and iso-osmolal” I-CM when compared in equal volumes of concentrations, resulting in equal X-ray attenuation.
The future of change: roles, dynamics and functions for fishing communities in the management of Lake Victoria's fisheries
Authors: Geheb Kim , Medard Modesta , Kyangwa Mercy , Lwenya Carolyne
Published: November 2007

This paper is based on five years of research around the shores of Lake Victoria carried out by the lake's Fisheries Research Institutes in collaboration with the Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project. Based on this experience, the authors identify a series of difficulties, which impedes the effective management of the lake's fisheries. These relate to profound weaknesses in the current state-administered management of the lake along with difficulties transferring regulatory power to fishing communities, and problems establishing an adequate ‘co-managerial’ framework for the development and implementation of managerial action. The authors propose a management structure based on three levels of administration which have at their core ‘beach committees,’ and which serve as forums for negotiated managerial outcomes.
Towards sustainable exploitation of Nile perch consequential to regulated fisheries in Lake Victoria
Authors: Mkumbo Oliva C. , Nsinda P. , Ezekiel Charles N. , Cowx Ian G. , Aeron Mark
Published: November 2007

Understanding fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of fishery resources over space and time is fundamental in order to address concerns about their sustainability and the basis for their management. Stock assessment studies were conducted on Lake Victoria from 1997 to 2001, with the aim to assess the status of the stocks, in particular of Nile perch. This paper summarises the findings for the Tanzanian part of the lake and makes reference to the Kenyan and Ugandan national waters for comparison. Both fisheries independent data from bottom trawl surveys and fisheries dependent data from catch assessment and frame surveys were used. Current exploitation levels and practices are analysed and linked to growth, mortality and reproductive characteristics of the stock. Abundance estimates and distribution patterns are discussed in relation to the exploitation levels, and key threats to the sustainability of the resources highlighted. Options are provided for a sustainable management of the Nile perch fishery.

The 2000 frame survey revealed an intensive fishing effort. In addition, the Nile perch fishery was found to depend largely on juvenile fish. The size at first maturity was at 54.3 cm TL (1.6 yr) and 76.7 cm TL (2.5 yr), for males and females, respectively. Over 80% of the commercial catch was below the size at first maturity for males and 99% below that for females. Bottom trawl data (88% juveniles) suggest good recruitment to the stock, but yield per recruit modelling indicates unsustainable exploitation tendencies. The current annual yield (estimated at 138 324 ± 6 229 t) is well above the estimated sustainable level (109 000 t). It is recommended to reduce the exploitation rate by 50% and to increase the size at first capture. Co-management is considered to be the most effective option to implement monitoring, control and surveillance strategies.
Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution ofRastrineobola argenteain Lake Victoria
Authors: Tumwebaze R. , Cowx I. , Ridgway S. , Getabu A. , MacLennan D. N.
Published: November 2007

Following recent changes in the ecosystem of Lake Victoria resulting from the introduction of Nile perch, Lates niloticus, in the 1960s, there is urgent need for information on which to formulate rational exploitation and management of the fisheries resources. This paper presents information on the biomass and distribution of dagaa, Rastrineobola argentea, the second most important commercial species in Lake Victoria. Data were collected during five acoustic surveys conducted between 1999 and 2001, using a Simrad EY500 echo–integrator with a 120 kHz split–beam transducer. Fish samples were collected using a frame trawl, bottom trawl and pelagic trawl, all lined with 5 mm mesh size netting. The mean total biomass of R. argentea in the lake was 476,902 ± 339,308 t at an average fish density of 7.3 ± 5.4 t km−2 in the sampled area. Potential yield was estimated at 581,584 ± 305,377 t (8.5 ± 4.4 t km−2). The majority of the biomass of R. argentea (an average of 68%) was distributed in waters of more than 40 m depth. The biomass of R. argentea increased progressively over the survey period, probably as a result of decreased predation pressure by Nile perch.
Regulation of Rap1 activity by RapGAP1 controls cell adhesion at the front of chemotaxing cells
Authors: Jeon Taeck J. , Lee Dai-Jen , Lee Susan , Weeks Gerald , Firtel Richard A.
Published: November 2007

Spatial and temporal regulation of Rap1 is required for proper myosin assembly and cell adhesion during cell migration in Dictyostelium discoideum. Here, we identify a Rap1 guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein (GAP; RapGAP1) that helps mediate cell adhesion by negatively regulating Rap1 at the leading edge. Defects in spatial regulation of the cell attachment at the leading edge in rapGAP1− (null) cells or cells overexpressing RapGAP1 (RapGAP1OE) lead to defective chemotaxis. rapGAP1− cells have extended chemoattractant-mediated Rap1 activation kinetics and decreased MyoII assembly, whereas RapGAP1OE cells show reciprocal phenotypes. We see that RapGAP1 translocates to the cell cortex in response to chemoattractant stimulation and localizes to the leading edge of chemotaxing cells via an F-actin–dependent pathway. RapGAP1 localization is negatively regulated by Ctx, an F-actin bundling protein that functions during cytokinesis. Loss of Ctx leads to constitutive and uniform RapGAP1 cortical localization. We suggest that RapGAP1 functions in the spatial and temporal regulation of attachment sites through MyoII assembly via regulation of Rap1–guanosine triphosphate.
Telomere anchoring at the nuclear periphery requires the budding yeast Sad1-UNC-84 domain protein Mps3
Authors: Bupp Jennifer M. , Martin Adriana E. , Stensrud Elizabeth S. , Jaspersen Sue L.
Published: November 2007

Positioning of telomeres at the nuclear periphery can have dramatic effects on gene expression by establishment of heritable, transcriptionally repressive subdomains. However, little is known about the integral membrane proteins that mediate telomere tethering at the nuclear envelope. Here, we find a previously unrecognized function for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sad1-UNC-84 domain protein Mps3 in regulating telomere positioning in mitotic cells. Our data demonstrate that the nucleoplasmic N-terminal acidic domain of Mps3 is not essential for viability. However, this acidic domain is necessary and sufficient for telomere tethering during S phase and the silencing of reporter constructs integrated at telomeres. We show that this is caused by the role of the Mps3 acidic domain in binding and localization of the silent information regulator protein Sir4 to the nuclear periphery. Thus, Mps3 functions as an integral membrane anchor for telomeres and is a novel nuclear receptor for the Sir4 pathway of telomere tethering and gene inactivation.
In vivo visualization of type II plasmid segregation: bacterial actin filaments pushing plasmids
Authors: Campbell Christopher S. , Mullins R. Dyche
Published: November 2007

Type II par operons harness polymerization of the dynamically unstable actin-like protein ParM to segregate low-copy plasmids in rod-shaped bacteria. In this study, we use time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to follow plasmid dynamics and ParM assembly in Escherichia coli. Plasmids lacking a par operon undergo confined diffusion with a diffusion constant of 5 × 10−5 μm2/s and a confinement radius of 0.28 μm. Single par-containing plasmids also move diffusively but with a larger diffusion constant (4 × 10−4 μm2/s) and confinement radius (0.42 μm). ParM filaments are dynamically unstable in vivo and form spindles that link pairs of par-containing plasmids and drive them rapidly (3.1 μm/min) toward opposite poles of the cell. After reaching the poles, ParM filaments rapidly and completely depolymerize. After ParM disassembly, segregated plasmids resume diffusive motion, often encountering each other many times and undergoing multiple rounds of ParM-dependent segregation in a single cell cycle. We propose that in addition to driving segregation, the par operon enables plasmids to search space and find sister plasmids more effectively.
Plasmid segregation: spatial awareness at the molecular level
Authors: Møller-Jensen Jakob , Gerdes Kenn
Published: November 2007

In bacteria, low-copy number plasmids ensure their stable inheritance by partition loci (par), which actively distribute plasmid replicates to each side of the cell division plane. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopic tracking of segregating plasmid molecules, a new study provides novel insight into the workings of the par system from Escherichia coli plasmid R1. Despite its relative simplicity, the plasmid partition spindle shares characteristics with the mitotic machinery of eukaryotic cells.
Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses
Authors: Zaba Lisa C. , Cardinale Irma , Gilleaudeau Patricia , Sullivan-Whalen Mary , Suárez-Fariñas Mayte , Fuentes-Duculan Judilyn , Novitskaya Inna , Khatcherian Artemis , Bluth Mark J. , Lowes Michelle A. , Krueger James G.
Published: November 2007

Biological agents have dramatically improved treatment options for patients with severe psoriasis. Etanercept (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] receptor–immunoglobulin fusion protein) is an effective treatment for many psoriasis patients, and blockade of TNF is considered to be its primary action. However, in this clinical trial, we show that etanercept has early inhibitory effects on a newly appreciated type of T cells: T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. Etanercept reduced the inflammatory dendritic cell products that drive Th17 cell proliferation (interleukin [IL] 23), as well as Th17 cell products and downstream effector molecules (IL-17, IL-22, CC chemokine ligand 20, and β-defensin 4). In contrast, Th1 cellular products and effector molecules (interferon γ, lymphotoxin α, and myxovirus resistance 1) were reduced late in disease resolution. This study suggests a role for Th17 in addition to Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Th17 cells may be particularly important in driving epidermal activation in psoriatic plaques, whereas Th1 cells must also be eliminated for final disease resolution.
B cell–intrinsic TLR signals amplify but are not required for humoral immunity
Authors: Meyer-Bahlburg Almut , Khim Socheath , Rawlings David J.
Published: November 2007

Although innate signals driven by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in T-dependent immune responses and serological memory, the precise cellular and time-dependent requirements for such signals remain poorly defined. To directly address the role for B cell–intrinsic TLR signals in these events, we compared the TLR response profile of germinal center (GC) versus naive mature B cell subsets. TLR responsiveness was markedly up-regulated during the GC reaction, and this change correlated with altered expression of the key adaptors MyD88, Mal, and IRAK-M. To assess the role for B cell–intrinsic signals in vivo, we transferred MyD88 wild-type or knockout B cells into B cell–deficient μMT mice and immunized recipient animals with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) chicken gamma globulin. All recipients exhibited similar increases in NP-specific antibody titers during primary, secondary, and long-term memory responses. The addition of lipopolysaccharide to the immunogen enhanced B cell-intrinsic, MyD88-dependent NP-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M production, whereas NP-specific IgG increased independently of TLR signaling in B cells. Our data demonstrate that B cell–intrinsic TLR responses are up-regulated during the GC reaction, and that this change significantly promotes antigen-specific IgM production in association with TLR ligands. However, B cell–intrinsic TLR signals are not required for antibody production or maintenance.
Estimating parameters and hidden variables in non-linear state-space models based on ODEs for biological networks inference
Authors: Quach Minh , Brunel Nicolas , d'Alché-Buc Florence
Published: November 2007

Motivation: Statistical inference of biological networks such as gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and metabolic networks can contribute to build a picture of complex interactions that take place in the cell. However, biological systems considered as dynamical, non-linear and generally partially observed processes may be difficult to estimate even if the structure of interactions is given.

Results: Using the same approach as Sitz et al. proposed in another context, we derive non-linear state-space models from ODEs describing biological networks. In this framework, we apply Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) to the estimation of both parameters and hidden variables of non-linear state-space models. We instantiate the method on a transcriptional regulatory model based on Hill kinetics and a signaling pathway model based on mass action kinetics. We successfully use synthetic data and experimental data to test our approach.

Conclusion: This approach covers a large set of biological networks models and gives rise to simple and fast estimation algorithms. Moreover, the Bayesian tool used here directly provides uncertainty estimates on parameters and hidden states. Let us also emphasize that it can be coupled with structure inference methods used in Graphical Probabilistic Models.

Availability: Matlab code available on demand.

Contact:  florence.dalche@ibisc.univ-evry.fr

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available from http://amisbio.ibisc.fr/dm
Secreted proteins of Uromyces fabae: similarities and stage specificity
Authors: LINK TOBIAS I. , VOEGELE RALF T.
Published: November 2007

Uromyces fabae on Vicia faba is a model system for obligate biotrophic interactions. Searching for potential effector proteins we investigated the haustorial secretome of U. fabae (biotrophic stage) and compared it with the secretome of in vitro grown infection structures, which represent the pre‐biotrophic stage. Using the yeast signal sequence trap method we identified 62 genes encoding proteins secreted from haustoria and 42 genes encoding proteins secreted from in vitro grown infection structures. Four of these genes were identical in both libraries, giving a total of 100 genes coding for secreted proteins. This finding indicates a strong stage‐specific regulation of protein secretion. Similarity with previously identified proteins was found for 39 of the sequences analysed, 28 of which showed similarity to proteins identified among members of the order Uredinales only. This might be taken as an indication for possible roles in virulence and host specificity unique to the Uredinales.
Negative genetic correlation between diapause duration and fecundity after diapause in a spider mite
Authors: ITO KATSURA
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. Recently, the costs of diapause, i.e. the reduction of fecundity after diapause, have been examined from an evolutionary perspective.

2. The evolution of this trade‐off should be clarified by quantitative genetic approaches, as theoretical studies address the evolution of multiple traits. Nevertheless, previous studies on the costs of diapause have been based on phenotypic correlations or experimental manipulations, whereas the genetic background underlying this trade‐off remains unclear.

3. In the present study, a half‐sib breeding design was used to examine the quantitative genetic relationships between diapause duration and post‐diapause fecundity in the Kanzawa spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae).

4. The heritability of diapause duration, post‐diapause total fecundity, and post‐diapause early fecundity were 0.37, 0.14, and 0.11 respectively. Genetic correlations between diapause duration and post‐diapause total fecundity, and between diapause duration and early fecundity were both significantly negative (–0.70 and –0.90 respectively). These results suggest that the cost of prolonging diapause duration is genetically based, and that these life‐history traits respond to natural selection acting on them simultaneously.
Over‐wintering stage polymorphism of a bruchine beetle: geographical variation in optimal diapause strategy
Authors: KUROTA HIROYUKI , SHIMADA MASAKAZU
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. Most temperate insects undergo diapause at a specific developmental stage to overcome severe winters. The bruchine beetle Bruchidius dorsalis in a warmer region in Japan, however, has diverse over‐wintering stages – non‐diapausing larvae, diapausing larvae, and diapausing adults, whereas in a cooler region, it over‐winters only as the final instar larva or adult in diapause.

2. The geographical pattern of over‐wintering stages in 12 populations was investigated over a wide range along the mainland of Japan. It revealed that a distinct geographical pattern of over‐wintering stages exists in relation to temperature conditions. In regions with warmer climates, the proportion of non‐diapausing larvae increased and B. dorsalis had a more complex over‐wintering stage structure.

3. Life cycles were also compared between two areas of Japan by field experiments. In the cooler area, the first generation over‐wintered in the diapausing larval or adult stage. Conversely, in the warmer area, diapause was induced later and some of the first‐generation adults produced second‐generation offspring before over‐wintering.

4. Based on the geographical cline of climates and the differences in cold hardiness among stages, we can demonstrate that the over‐wintering stage variation among and within populations results from an adaptive timing of diapause induction in each region, because the late larval or adult diapauses protect pupae or eggs – which unlike other stages are not cold hardy – from being produced late in the season.
Grape variety affects female but also male reproductive success in wild European grapevine moths
Authors: MOREAU J. , THIERY D. , TROUSSARD J. P. , BENREY B.
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. For insect herbivores the quality of the larval host plant is a key determinant of their fitness. Only little attention, however, has been given to the effects of plants on mating success of males and its consequence for the reproductive output of their mates. In addition, almost all the studies that have investigated the influence of host plants on herbivore fitness components have been done in the laboratory, and less is known of these effects in natural conditions.

2. Using the phytophagous European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we tested the influence of grape cultivars as larval food on the probability of acquiring a mate for both sexes, and on the reproductive output of females and males.

3. Results from this study stress the importance of larval host plants on the reproductive success of both sexes. Larval diet differentially affected mating success and reproductive output of male and female moths. Fecundity, egg size, and egg hatchability were significantly different when larvae were fed on particular grape cultivars.

4. A given cultivar that is of poor quality for females is generally also of poor quality for males. A cultivar, however, could be suitable for females but not for males and vice‐versa. Apparently, the nutrients required for adult reproduction are not necessarily the same for males and females.

5. The important conclusion from this study is that evaluating the differential effect of host‐plant species on traits associated with reproductive success of herbivores requires that the effects on both sexes be taken into account.
Toll‐like receptor and tumour necrosis factor dependent endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury
Authors: Togbe Dieudonnée , Schnyder‐Candrian Silvia , Schnyder Bruno , Doz Emilie , Noulin Nicolas , Janot Laure , Secher Thomas , Gasse Pamela , Lima Carla , Coelho Fernando Rodrigues , Vasseur Virginie , Erard François , Ryffel Bernhard , Couillin Isabelle , Moser Rene
Published: November 2007

Recent studies on endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute inflammatory response in the lung are reviewed. The acute airway inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin is mediated through Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 signalling as mice deficient for TLR4 or CD14 are unresponsive to endotoxin. Acute bronchoconstriction, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐12 and keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC) production, protein leak and neutrophil recruitment in the lung are abrogated in mice deficient for the adaptor molecules myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll/Interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR)‐domain‐containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), but independent of TIR‐domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing interferon‐beta (TRIF). In particular, LPS‐induced TNF is required for bronchoconstriction, but dispensable for inflammatory cell recruitment. Lipopolysaccharide induces activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of pulmonary MAPK activity abrogates LPS‐induced TNF production, bronchoconstriction, neutrophil recruitment into the lungs and broncho‐alveolar space. In conclusion, TLR4‐mediated, bronchoconstriction and acute inflammatory lung pathology to inhaled endotoxin are dependent on TLR4/CD14/MD2 expression using the adapter proteins TIRAP and MyD88, while TRIF, IL‐1R1 or IL‐18R signalling pathways are dispensable. Further downstream in this axis of signalling, TNF blockade reduces only acute bronchoconstriction, while MAPK inhibition abrogates completely endotoxin‐induced inflammation.
Pathology and virus dispersion in cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus via different inoculation routes
Authors: Nagata Noriyo , Iwata Naoko , Hasegawa Hideki , Sato Yuko , Morikawa Shigeru , Saijo Masayuki , Itamura Shigeyuki , Saito Takehiko , Ami Yasushi , Odagiri Takato , Tashiro Masato , Sata Tetsutaro
Published: November 2007

Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) causes SARS. The pathogenic mechanisms of SARS‐CoV remain poorly understood. Six cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with the HKU39849 isolate of SARS‐CoV via four routes. After intranasal inoculation, the virus was isolated from respiratory swabs on days 2–7 postinoculation (p.i.) and virus genome was detected in intestinal tissues on day 7 p.i. Virus was not detected after intragastric inoculation. After intravenous inoculation, infectious virus was isolated from rectal swabs, and virus antigen was detected in intestinal cells on day 14 p.i. After intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation, virus antigen‐positive alveolar cells and macrophages were found in lung and infectious virus was detected in lymphoid and intestinal tissues. The peribronchial lymph nodes showed evidence of an immune response. Lung tissue and/or fluid and/or the peribronchial lymph node of the intratracheally inoculated animals had high TNF‐α, IL‐8 and IL‐12 levels. SARS lung lesions are only generated in monkeys by i.t. inoculation. The virus appears to spread into and perhaps via the intestinal and lymphatic systems. It has been suggested previously that viraemia may cause intestinal infections in SARS patients.
Lipid composition of retailed organic, free‐range and conventional chicken breasts
Authors: Jahan Kishowar , Paterson Alistair
Published: November 2007

Lipid fractions of 20 retailed chicken breasts were correlated with production system: organic, corn‐fed, free‐range and conventional. Neutral lipid (NL), phospholipid (PL) and free fatty acids (FFA) were examined separately. Influence of production systems was found more pronounced in PL composition than NLs. Corn‐fed and free‐range NLs had higher contents of nutritionally beneficial eicosapentanoic acid (C20:5 n‐3) and docosahexanoic acid (C22:6 n‐3) than organic and conventional. Lower polyunsaturated fatty acids in organic and free‐range PLs could be beneficial for tissue stability. Principal component product space for PLs showed clear clustering related to product category. In contrast, this was not observed with FFA except in the partial least square regression product space suggesting influences on NLs and PLs and FFA. PLs had lower contents of arachidonic acid than in earlier studies. Advantages were observed in lipid fractionation using advanced sorbent extraction matrices.
Garlic extract plus sodium metabisulphite enhances shelf life of ripe banana fruit
Authors: Sanwal Girdhay G. , Payasi Anurag
Published: November 2007

Ripe banana fruits were subjected to dip treatment for 4 h using chemicals, plant extracts or their combinations, and shelf life of treated fruits stored at room temperature was monitored by assaying fruit firmness. The treatment of fruit with 1% garlic clove extract or 10% onion bulb extract and adjusting the pH to 4.5 extended the shelf life by 4–5 days when compared with untreated fruit. Treatment with a combination of 1% garlic extract and 1 mm sodium metabisulphite and adjusting the pH to 4.5 prolonged the shelf life of ripe banana to 13–14 days when compared with 6–7 days for the untreated fruit. The treatment delayed the fruit softening by diminishing the rate of starch and pectin degradation. The rate of increase in β‐amylase and polygalacturonase activities along with softness was also retarded in treated fruits when compared with control fruits.
Effect of pre‐freezing and solutes on mass transfer during osmotic dehydration and colour of oven‐dried African star apple during storage
Authors: Falade Kolawole O. , Adelakun Temilade A.
Published: November 2007

The effects of freezing, solutes (glucose and sucrose) and concentrations (44, 52 and 60 °Bx) on water loss and solid gain during osmotic dehydration and on CIE colour parameters, colour intensity (ΔE) and chroma (ΔC), of osmo‐oven‐dried African star apple pulp during storage were investigated. Water loss and solid gain were higher in fruits immersed in glucose solutions than in sucrose solutions. Freeze‐thawed fruits recorded a rapid increase in water loss and solid gain within 30 min of immersion when compared with the fresh African star apple that showed higher water loss after 2–3 h of immersion. Generally, L* value increased in the osmo‐air‐dried African star apple preosmosed in glucose and sucrose solution while a* and b* values decreased during storage. Higher colour intensity and chroma values were recorded in air‐dried African Star apple preosmosed in glucose solution than in sucrose solution.
Improving storage performance of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins by controlling some physiological disorders
Authors: Bajwa Babar E. , Anjum Faqir M.
Published: November 2007

Physiological disorders like chilling injury (CI), rind staining (RS) and physiological loss in weight (PLW) limit the postharvest shelf life and reduce the quality of mandarins. Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins were examined for these physiological disorders by coating with shellac‐based wax (SBW) and polyethylene‐based wax (PBW). The effect of storage temperature on these disorders was assessed by storing the fruit at 2, 5 and 8 °C and at ambient temperatures. The CI, RS and PLW were significantly affected because of the variation in temperature in both crop years (P < 0.01). Mandarins kept at 5 °C showed more reduction in PLW, CI and RS than at other temperatures. The SBW was more prone to RS and CI when compared with PBW. Coating mandarins with PBW showed significant reduction in CI because of lower production of ethanol and acetaldehyde. It may be concluded that RS and CI can be effectively controlled by storing fruits at 5 °C and coating with polyethylene‐based coatings.
Quality and consumers acceptability studies and their inter‐relationship of newly evolved desi type chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.). Quality evolution of new chickpea genotypes
Authors: Bibi Nizakat , Khattak Amal B. , Khattak Gul S. S. , Mehmood Zahid , Ihsanullah Ihsanullah
Published: November 2007

Twenty‐two desi chickpea genotypes were subjected to consolidated zonal yield trials over fourteen locations. At Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture, the study was undertaken to characterise the best genotype regarding physicochemical, agronomic and consumer's acceptability characteristics. The data revealed the highest seed size (0.26 g), volume (0.21 mL), weight after hydration (0.54 g), volume after hydration (0.50 mL), hydration capacity (0.28 mL) and swelling capacity for genotype Bahawalpur. The genotypes 96A3148, CMN 2385/96, 99CC015 and PB2000 are preferred having minimum cooking time (<80.0 min). Highest concentration of protein (>20%) was observed in NCS 9904, NCS 911 and 99CC015. Shortest period for flowering was credited to PB 2000 and 96A3148 while minimum period for maturity was noted for NCS 9905. PB 2000 was declared high yielding genotype having 2340 kg ha−1. Seed size was highly significantly correlated to seed volume (0.89), wet weight (0.97), wet volume (0.93), hydration Capacity (0.88) and swelling capacity (0.80). Days to maturity were negatively but highly significantly correlated to plant height (−.075) and yield (−0.86). Genotype 97086 out yielded all other genotypes in consolidated zonal yield trial over fourteen locations.
Influence of type of milk and ripening time on proteolysis and lipolysis in a cheese made from overheated milk
Authors: Faccia Michele , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Caponio Francesco , Pati Sandra , Di Luccia Aldo
Published: November 2007

A study was carried out in order to assess the influence of the type of milk and of the ripening time on the biochemical changes in Cacioricotta, a craft cheese manufactured from overheated milk. The features of the cheese were strongly influenced by the peculiar cheese‐making process, which is also characterized by absence of added starters and ‘forced drying’ in ventilated room. The electrophoretic patterns revealed heterogeneity of αs‐casein, marked degradation of β‐casein and slight hydrolysis of β‐lactoglobulin in goat's cheese, whereas presence of α‐lactalbumin and strong hydrolysis of αs‐casein were found in the ovine cheese. In spite of a significant primary proteolysis, the ripening indices of matured cheeses were low, because of poor secondary proteolysis. Lipolysis proved to be the most significant biochemical event of ripening, and was strongly influenced by the type of milk used. The possible reasons of this particular ripening profile are discussed.
Effect of a powdered vegetable coagulant from cardoon Cynara cardunculus in the accelerated ripening of Manchego cheese
Authors: Prados Francisco , Pino Antonio , Fernández‐Salguero José
Published: November 2007

A powdered vegetable coagulant (PVC) obtained from the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) was compared with calf rennet in batches of Manchego cheese, by determining different chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics, which were monitored over a 6‐month ripening period. For most chemical parameters (moisture, fat, protein, acidity, NaCl and pH) and water activity studied, no differences were observed between the two types of coagulants. However, higher casein hydrolysis was observed after 2 days of ripening in cheeses produced with vegetable coagulant compared with those made with rennet. Soluble nitrogen was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the other nitrogen fractions were only slightly higher (P > 0.05) in cheeses with PVC. In general, the sensory quality (odour, colour, taste intensity and creaminess) was higher in cheeses obtained with vegetal coagulant than those made with animal rennet.
Electrodialysis for lactate removal in the production of the dairy starter culture Lactococcus lactis NZ133
Authors: Boonmee Mallika , Leksawasdi Noppol , Bridge Wallace , Rogers Peter L.
Published: November 2007

Biomass concentrations of the dairy starter culture Lactococcus lactis NZ133 were increased by the incorporation of an electrodialysis (ED) unit into a batch fermentation grown on 80 g lactose L−1. ED effectively removed the growth inhibitory metabolic end‐product lactic acid (as lactate ions) and allowed continued growth beyond that achievable in normal batch fermentation. However, biomass yields per unit lactose were reduced by the probable concomitant loss of other ionic species and nutrients essential for growth. Repeated fed‐batch with end‐batch ED introduced to minimise this putative loss of nutrients, yielded a final biomass concentration of 12.4 g L−1 on 120 g lactose L−1 medium (biomass yield = 0.05 g g−1), which was appreciably below that observed for standard batch fermentations (biomass yield = 0.12 g g−1). In addition to the reduced yields, the lactic acid production activity of the cells progressively decreased with the increase in number of ED cycles.
Survival of Lactobacillus reuteri RC‐14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR‐1 in milk
Authors: Hekmat Sharareh , Reid Gregor
Published: November 2007

Dairy products are suitable vehicles for delivering beneficial microorganisms to consumers. Both Lactobacillus reuteri RC‐14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR‐1 are considered as probiotic agents with therapeutic properties. The objective of this study was to monitor growth and survival of these bacteria in milk during storage period. Four formulations of milk (1% fat) with 0.33% yeast extract (Y), 0.4% inulin (I), 0.33% yeast extract and 0.4% inulin (YI) and one with no additives (N) were prepared. The mixtures were autoclaved for 15 min, cooled to 37 °C and inoculated with 1% of starter culture. They were then incubated anaerobically at 37 °C overnight. Viable numbers of L. reuteri RC‐14 and L. rhamnosus GR‐1 were determined after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Both bacteria were able to grow and survive in all samples; however, they showed a higher survival rate (P < 0.05) in YI treatment. After 1 day of storage, the total colony counts of treatment YI for L. reuteri RC‐14 and L. rhamnosus GR‐1 were 2 × 108 and 1 × 109 CFU mL−1, respectively. The total colony counts for treatment YI decreased by 1 log cycle for both bacteria after 28 days of storage. The results of this study indicate that these bacteria can remain viable over the storage period, and there is potential for incorporating them into fermented dairy products.
Effects of traditional cooking methods on some antinutrients and in vitro protein digestibility of dry bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Turkey
Authors: Nergiz Cevdet , Gökgöz Erkan
Published: November 2007

The phytic acid, tannin and total phenol content of different varieties of dry beans were investigated. The trypsin inhibitor activity and protein digestibility were also determined in raw and cooked dry bean. The effects of different cooking methods, which are commonly used domestically and in commercial restaurants were investigated. The results obtained showed that dry beans had 1.51% phytic acid, 0.56% total phenols, 0.06% tannin, 3374.74 TUI g−1 (trypsin unit inhibitor per gram) trypsin inhibitor activity and 70.74%in vitro protein digestibility as average. Among the cultivars, Çalı had higher contents of phytic acid, total phenols, tannins and trypsin inhibitor activity than the others, while Dermason variety had the highest value in protein digestibility (72.24%). Important reductions were observed in phytic acid, total phenol, tannin contents and trypsin inhibitor activity in soaked‐cooked beans and pressure‐cooked beans. The soaked‐cooking method caused a higher reduction in antinutrients in all the dry bean varieties. Significant improvement in the digestibility of protein also occurred after two different cooking methods.
Fruit size and picking scar size in some blueberry commercial cultivars and hybrid plants grown in SW Spain
Authors: Parra Raquel , Lifante Zoila Díaz , Valdés Benito
Published: November 2007

Within a blueberry research program in SW Spain, five rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and nine southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) commercial cultivars along with 38 hybrid plants, produced by crossing highbush and rabbiteye cultivars, were used. The differences in the fruit size and the picking scar size among the plants, and the annual differences within each plant were studied. No significant differences were found in the fruit length, width, weight and the picking scar size between the rabbiteye and the southern highbush cultivars, and neither between the cultivars and the hybrid progeny. However, significant differences were found among the cultivars and among the hybrid plants. The picking scar size correlates better with fruit width and weight than with fruit length, although correlation values are not high. Thus, outliers were observed, some of them interesting to be selected for having large fruits and narrow scars. The ratio between the picking scar and fruit width shows significant differences among subsequent years in many hybrid plants.
The effects of alcoholic extract of Arbutus andrachne on some biochemical parameters and visceral organs in rats
Authors: Atrooz Omar M. , Omary Ayed A. , Khamas Wael A. , Al‐ Shaikhly Abd Al‐Qader J. , Salim Mohammed M.
Published: November 2007

The effect of the alcoholic extract of Arbutus andrachne on certain biochemical parameters and the histology of the visceral organs in nonpregnant adult female rats was studied.

The lethal dose 50% (LD)50 was estimated, and three different doses (1/10th , 1/15th and 1/20th ) of the LD50 extracts were injected intra‐peritoneally for 14 consecutive days into three groups of animals (n = 5 in each group), with one group used as a control and injected with distilled water through the same route. Blood was collected after sacrificing the animals and the following biochemical parameters were detected: glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, creatinine and bilirubin. In addition, the total white blood (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) were estimated in the blood of all groups. The gross and microscopic findings were reported after the collection of specimens from the animals, and processed routinely for standard histological procedures. The results showed an increase in the number of WBC, which indicated a defence response; while the RBC were decreased because of damage in tissues or organs. The gross and the microscopic changes seemed to be dose‐dependent, as very little or no effects were noticed in the lowest treated group, and more obvious changes were detected in the highest‐dose group of animals. In addition, changes were observed in almost all biochemical parameters under investigation, with the exception of creatinine and GPT, which reflect the general effect of the material used on the animal health.
Nutritional aspects of food extrusion: a review
Authors: Singh Shivendra , Gamlath Shirani , Wakeling Lara
Published: November 2007

Extrusion cooking, as a multi‐step, multi‐functional and thermal/mechanical process, has permitted a large number of food applications. Effects of extrusion cooking on nutritional quality are ambiguous. Beneficial effects include destruction of antinutritional factors, gelatinisation of starch, increased soluble dietary fibre and reduction of lipid oxidation. On the other hand, Maillard reactions between protein and sugars reduce the nutritional value of the protein, depending on the raw material types, their composition and process conditions. Heat‐labile vitamins may be lost to varying extents. Changes in proteins and amino acid profile, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, vitamins, mineral content and some non‐nutrient healthful components of food may be either beneficial or deleterious. The present paper reviews the mechanisms underlying these changes, as well as the influence of process variables and feed characteristics. Mild extrusion conditions (high moisture content, low residence time, low temperature) improve the nutritional quality, while high extrusion temperatures (200 °C), low moisture contents (<15%) and/or improper formulation (e.g. presence of high‐reactive sugars) can impair nutritional quality adversely. To obtain a nutritionally balanced extruded product, careful control of process parameters is essential.
Production of yogurt ice cream at different acidity
Authors: Guner Ahmet , Ardıc Mustafa , Keles Abdullah , Dogruer Yusuf
Published: November 2007

The effect of using yogurt on the viscosity, over‐run, melting characteristics, pH, acidity, microbiological aspects and sensory characteristics of ice cream was investigated. The ice cream mix in all groups was 10% fat, 18% sucrose, 12% MSNF (milk non‐fat solids), 0.8% stabiliser and 0.4% emulsifier. The use of yogurt instead of milk decreased the viscosity of ice cream mix and over‐run capacity of ice cream. There was no negative effect of yogurt on the melting characteristics of ice cream. The use of yogurt at 0.7% lactic acid exhibited a good first drop (beginning of the melting point) and melting time, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The results of the sensory scores showed that yogurt ice cream produced using the yogurt at 0.7% lactic acid was statistically similar to the control group. It was concluded that the conversion of milk to yogurt for ice cream production can be made at acidity 0.7% lactic acid with no loss of ice cream quality. Higher levels than 0.7% lactic acid contribute to progressive loss of sensory quality.