Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the PeARL multi-national cohort
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Custovic Adnan , Deschildre Antoine , Phipatanakul Wanda , Wong Gary , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Abou-Taam Rola , Agache Ioana , Castro-Rodriguez Jose A. , Chen Zhimin , Cros Pierrick , Dubus Jean-Christophe , El-Sayed Zeinab Awad , El-Owaidy Rasha , Feleszko Wojciech , Fierro Vincenzo , Fiocchi Alessandro , Garcia-Marcos Luis , Goh Anne , Hossny Elham M. , Huerta Villalobos Yunuen R. , Jartti Tuomas , Roux Pascal Le , Levina Julia , López García Aida Inés , Ramos Ángel Mazón , Morais-Almeida Mário , Murray Clare , Nagaraju Karthik , Nagaraju Major K , Navarrete Rodriguez Elsy Maureen , Namazova-Baranova Leyla , Garcia Antonio Nieto , Pozo Beltrán Cesar Fireth , Ratchataswan Thanaporn , Yeverino Daniela Rivero , Zagal Eréndira Rodríguez , Schweitzer Cyril E , Tulkki Marleena , Wasilczuk Katarzyna , Xu Dan ,   PeARL collaborators
Published: October 2020

Importance

Importance: The interplay between COVID-19 pandemic and asthma in children is still unclear.

Objective

We evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on childhood asthma outcomes.

Design

The PeARL multinational cohort included children with asthma and non-asthmatic controls recruited during the COVID-19 pandemic and compared current disease activity with data available from the previous year.

Setting

Pediatric outpatient clinics.

Participants

The study included 1,054 children with asthma and 505 non-asthmatic controls, aged between 4-18 years, from 25 pediatric departments, from 15 countries globally.

Exposures

COVID-19 pandemic first wave, starting from the date of the first fatality in the respective country.

Main outcomes and measures

We assessed the pandemic’s impact on the frequency of respiratory infections, emergency presentations and hospital admissions in asthmatic versus non-asthmatic participants, controlling for confounding factors including the pandemic’s duration and the frequency of such acute events during 2019. Using paired analyses, we evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the annualized frequency of asthma attacks and the previously mentioned acute events, asthma control, and pulmonary function in children with asthma, compared to their baseline disease activity, during the preceding year.

Results

During the pandemic, children with asthma experienced fewer upper respiratory tract infections, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits, hospital admissions, asthma attacks and hospitalizations due to asthma, in comparison to the preceding year. Sixty-six percent of asthmatic children had improved asthma control while in 33% the improvement exceeded the minimally clinically important difference. Pre-bronchodilatation FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate were also improved during the pandemic.

When compared to non-asthmatic controls, children with asthma were not found to be at increased risk of LRTIs, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits or hospitalizations during the pandemic. However, an increased risk of URTIs emerged.

Conclusions and relevance

Childhood asthma outcomes, including control, were improved during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, probably because of reduced exposure to asthma triggers and increased treatment adherence. The decreased frequency of acute episodes does not support the notion that childhood asthma may be a risk factor for COVID-19. Furthermore, the potential for improving childhood asthma outcomes through environmental control becomes apparent.

Key Points

Question

What was the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on childhood asthma outcomes?

Findings

During the first wave of the pandemic, children with asthma have experienced improved outcomes, as evidenced by fewer asthma attachks, hospitalizations, improved scores in validated asthma control measures and improved pulmonary function.

Meaning

This is the first study to show a positive impact of COVID-19 pandemic on childhood asthma activity. This is probably the result of reduced exposure to asthma triggers and increased treatment adherence. The decreased frequency of acute episodes does not support the hypothesis that childhood asthma may be a risk factor for COVID-19.