bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hunting for Converts
Authors: Baer Marc David
Published: January 2008

Like other early modern monarchs, hunting was the favorite pastime of Mehmed IV, but rather than being merely a frivolous activity, as modern historians have claimed, the sultan's contemporary chroniclers argued that hunting demonstrated his bravery and courage, hence manliness, and trained him for warfare. Reading archival records together with the chronicles shows that hunting allowed Mehmed IV close contact with thousands of his subjects, and in these circumstances he personally converted Christians, in particular, to Islam. Hundreds of men and women changed religion at his feet during conversion ceremonies in which the sultan displayed his magnanimity by re-dressing the converts head to toe. This chapter demonstrates the uniqueness of the period and its convert-making sultan while utilizing the book's themes of the link between piety and proselytization, the key role of the mediator of conversion, and the context of war and conquest in conversion.
The Innate Mind, Volume 3
Authors: Stich Stephen
Published: January 2008

This book is the third of a three-volume set on the innate mind. It provides an assessment of nativist thought and definitive reference point for future inquiry. Nativists have long been interested in a variety of foundational topics relating to the study of cognitive development and the historical opposition between nativism and empiricism. Among the issues here are questions about what it is for something to be innate in the first place; how innateness is related to such things as heritability, genetic information, and theories of cognitive development; the status of arguments both for and against nativism; and how best to understand the role of genes in development and inheritance. These issues are all explored in one way or another in this book. But the book also looks to the future. Alongside state-of-the-art discussions of such established nativist concerns as language, number, spatial cognition, and social cognition, this book examines nativist work in a variety of areas where detailed nativist exploration is relatively new, including cultural learning, creativity, economic choice, culture, and morality. The expansion of nativist theorizing into all these new areas shows both the power and the promise of nativist approaches, and points the way to the future.
6 Poverty of Stimulus Arguments Concerning Language and Folk Psychology
Authors: Segal Gabriel
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on comparing and contrasting poverty of stimulus arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in relation to language and to folk psychology. It shows that many of the data needed to construct a parallel argument for mind reading aren't available. For example, in connection with mind reading there seems to be nothing comparable to the ‘mistakes children don't make’ premise, which forms such an important part of the argument for the innateness of Universal Grammar. Despite this, it is shown that the case for an innate mind-reading faculty is actually quite strong, turning on the best available explanation of specific features of the mind-reading faculty, such as folk dualism. One useful moral of the chapter is that the kinds of evidence that can be used to support an innateness claim are of various different sorts.
8 Linguistic Determinism and the Innate Basis of Number
Authors: Laurence Stephen , Margolis Eric
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines Gordon's study and its implications for theories of numerical concepts. Gordon's data was collected among the Pirahã tribe of the Brazilian Amazon, who have no words for precise numerical quantities. The data appear to show that the Pirahã are also incapable of precise numerical thought, and this has been widely taken to undermine strong nativism and support the claim that exact numerical thought is dependent upon natural language. It is argued that there are many important flaws in Gordon's study which prevent us from drawing any inferences at all regarding the numerical abilities of the Pirahã or the dependence of thought on language. Hence, there is nothing in Gordon's study that could undermine strong nativism or support linguistic determinism.
9 Learning “About” Versus Learning “From” Other Minds
Authors: Gergely GyÖrgy
Published: January 2008

This chapter characterizes the concept of cognitive opacity, outlines the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculates about its evolutionary origins. It argues that during hominid evolution, a new type of social learning system has been selected that is specialized to ensure efficient intergenerational transfer of cognitively opaque cultural contents from knowledgeable to naïve conspecifics. The design structure of this cue-driven cognitive adaptation of mutual design, called natural pedagogy, is then described. Pedagogy theory is contrasted with currently dominant alternative approaches to cultural learning that are based on simulation and identification processes by comparing how these respective models can account for recent evidence on early relevance-guided selective imitative learning, on the one hand, and on young infants' interpretation of others' referential emotion expressions in ostensive versus incidental observation contexts, on the other hand. It is argued that many early emerging social cognitive competences involving ostensive communicative interactions (such as imitative learning, social referencing, or protodeclarative pointing) are better accounted for in terms of the primarily epistemic functional perspective of natural pedagogy than in terms of human-specific primary social motives to identify with and imitate other humans, and share one's mental states with others, as hypothesized by the alternative simulation-based approaches. Finally, the implications of pedagogy theory for reconceptualizing the nature of the early development of understanding others as having separate minds with different knowledge contents are briefly explored.
11 Of Pigeons, Humans, Language, and the Mind
Authors: Bonatti Luca L.
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines recent results in artificial language learning, mixing general considerations about the mind with detailed descriptions of experiments and experimental material. It begins by recalling some recent results about human abilities to track statistical relations. These results have been taken to support the idea that all human cognition can be built by extensively consulting the world and extracting its underlying regularities. This argument states that some important aspects of language learning do not seem to be governed by these statistical abilities. Instead, humans learn language by doing pretty much what a superstitious pigeon would do: jumping to conclusions based on only a few examples. This argument explains that humans are endowed with a learning mechanism that works that way. It projects hypotheses about the structure of a lexicon on the basis of scant evidence. It is shown that this thesis is empirically correct, rejecting several criticisms that have been raised against it. Finally, the chapter speculates on why the human mind seems so prone to superstitious behaviour and why, in some conditions, it is actually a good thing that it does so.
12 The Creative Aspect of Language Use and Nonbiological Nativism
Authors: Baker Mark C.
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on one particular component of the human capacity for language, which Chomsky calls the ‘creative aspect of language use’ (CALU). It argues that the CALU is a distinct module of the mind, and that it is innate in humans. It shows that the biological paradigm adds nothing to our understanding of it. On the contrary, there is a striking lack of evidence that this part of the language faculty is neurally embodied, genetically encoded, or an evolved adaptation. It seems to be characterized by a kind of abductive reasoning that does not even fit within the computational theory of the mind. The chapter concludes that this may be an instance of a sort of nativism that falls outside the purview of evolutionary psychology and would fit better within a different explanatory paradigm.
18 Two Theories About the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Morality
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Stich Stephen
Published: January 2008

This chapter compares two theories about the cognitive architecture underlying morality. One theory, proposed by Sripada and Stich (2006), posits an interlocking set of innate mechanisms that internalize moral norms from the surrounding community and generate intrinsic motivation to comply with these norms and to punish violators. The other theory, called the M/C model, was suggested by the widely discussed and influential work of Elliot Turiel, Larry Nucci, and others on the ‘ moral/conventional task’. This theory posits two distinct mental domains, the moral and the conventional, each of which gives rise to a characteristic suite of judgments about rules in that domain and about transgressions of those rules. An overview of both theories and of the data each was designed to explain is presented. A growing body of evidence suggesting that the M/C model is mistaken is considered. That same evidence, however, is consistent with the Sripada and Stich theory. Thus, the M/C model does not pose a serious challenge for the Sripada and Stich theory.
Locating Difference
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick
Published: January 2008

In addition to laying out a general groundwork for the Catholic imagination as a critical lens—and suggesting a variety of ways that the work of Hans Urs von Balthasar aids critics in articulating such a theological vision—the chapter also attempts to locate the particular phenomena of postmodernism and deconstruction within the intersection of theology and narrative art. Balthasar anticipates the tendency of current critical theory to privilege and emphasize the amorphous breadth of both linguistic and cultural expression; and he anticipates the critical tension between those who read Catholicism as theological truth and those that might read Catholicism as a “fluctuating signifier,” as a cultural and/or literary text. Under this general theme, a dialog is opened with such diverse critics as William Lynch, Paul Giles, Michel De Certeau, and Jacques Derrida. Like them, Balthasar's theology plots a route for appreciating the aesthetic complexity and theological possibility of a broadly canvassed intertextuality and interdisciplinarity. However, Balthasar's program also defends the critical uniqueness of certain theological commitments (e.g., the transcendentals, the Incarnation, and the trinitarian structure of being) and looks to the arts to demonstrate the formal expression and aesthetic span of these phenomena. The chapter concludes with the proposition that it is the recognition of these essential questions that both challenge and aid the articulation of a Catholic imagination and that a turn to representative work in literature, poetry, and film will aid in such an articulation.
Breaking the Waves
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick
Published: January 2008

Chapter 4 isolates several essential aspects of Balthasar's theodramatic theory and discusses how they “play” in and through Lars von Trier's dramatic film Breaking the Waves (1996), the first installment of his Golden Heart trilogy. It is no coincidence that Balthasar places his theodramatic program precisely between his Aesthetics and Logic in order to emphasize the spatial centrality of God's dramatic action in, with, and through the world. In addition to examining theological mysteries (such as kenosis and the “events” of Holy Saturday), the chapter demonstrates more acutely the many contributions that Balthasar provides the contemporary religious critic. The chapter finds that the retrieval of this powerful relationship between theology and narrative art—between theological rhetoric and dramatic representation—is a main topic of Balthasar's Theodrama and that a serious study of the implications of his theodramatics bears ripe fruit for theorists of contemporary literature.
Expansion and Resistance
Authors: Connolly S. J.
Published: January 2008

By the second half of the 16th century, the extension of English power across most parts of the island was reflected in the growth of new institutions of central and local government, in particular by the creation of counties. Attempts to assimilate Gaelic lordships into a social hierarchy modelled on that of England continued. But there were also attempts to plant colonies of English on land seized from native rulers. Meanwhile, attempts to persuade the nobility of English descent to abandon their private armies sustained by feudal levies encountered violent resistance. The chapter looks critically at claims that the 1560s and 1570s saw a clear shift from a vision of reform to a policy of colonization backed by physical force. The career of the Ulster warlord Shane O'Neill — involving constant shifts in alliance between English, Scots, and competing Gaelic lords — illustrates the primacy of short term expediency over ideology.
Religion and Nation
Authors: Connolly S. J.
Published: January 2008

By the early 17th century, the blurred religious allegiances of previous decades were rapidly giving way to a clear confessionalization. The Protestant Church of Ireland had become a colonial institution, in which a clergy overwhelmingly recruited from England ministered to an almost exclusively settler population. Meanwhile, the Catholicism of the Gaelic Irish and Old English was being reorganized along Counter-Reformation lines. Conflict between the government and the Old English reached a peak at the parliament of 1613. A later agreement to trade religious toleration for assistance in resolving the crown's financial difficulties (‘the Graces’) only confirmed the estrangement that now existed. The writings of the growing community of Irish exiles in Catholic Europe reflect the development of a militant Catholic ideology. By contrast, the dominant theme within Ireland itself was the continued attempt to seek an accommodation with the new political and social order.
Introduction
Authors: Humfress Caroline
Published: January 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the main argument of the book, namely that forensic practice and what happened in the courtrooms, set alongside other broader socio-legal norms and practices, are essential components in aiding the understanding of how ‘law’ functioned in the later Roman Empire. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Humfress Caroline
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses forensic practitioners and the development of Roman Law from the late Republic to the late Empire. It describes the interaction of forensic practitioners in court under the classical formulary procedure, and highlights their contribution to the development of new substantive law.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Humfress Caroline
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of effective speech as a gift from God or gods(s) according to the Christians and Romans, respectively. It then discusses Christian rhetoric, forensic eloquence ‘in service of God’, and the relationship between Roman jurisprudence and Christian theology.
Chronic Hunger in the World: Impact of International Policies
Authors: Parikh Kirit S.
Published: January 2008

Despite significant progress in terms of food security and human development indicators the substantial problem of chronic undernutrition — an outcome of national and international policies — persists in different corners of the world. This chapter examines the extent to which the hunger of poor countries is influenced by policies of other countries. It shows that: the nutritional consequences of a crop failure, wherever it occurs, will be borne by a developing country's poor consumers; the rich countries' protection on agricultural products is reducing hunger in the poorer countries; and the developed countries' policy of ‘labour market protection’ is having the most adverse impact on world-hunger. For developing countries, a combination of targeted aid and targeted food program can be a viable option to eradicate hunger.
Rural Women and Food Production in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Whitehead Ann
Published: January 2008

This chapter argues that many of the common beliefs about African women's role in food production are myths, and that there is nothing intrinsic to women that is attributable to sub-Saharan African food crises. The dual role of African women in production (i.e., women's independent farming and her recruitment as household labour) has been affected by economic transformation and development policies. For a woman, it has become increasingly difficult to undertake independent farming and she has presently less control over the proceeds of production and is also less able to protect the interests of her children. Modeling based on purely economic consideration is inadequate, as evidence shows that female farmers face resource problems for their independent farming and incentive problems in their household farming, thus worsening females' relative position. However, there are opportunities for expansion based on a greater use of a woman's role as independent producers.
Poverty and Food Deprivation in Kenya's Smallholder Agricultural Areas
Authors: Heyer Judith
Published: January 2008

This chapter explores the nature and extent of deprivation in various smallholder agricultural areas of Kenya, and looks into the reasons behind the success of some areas compared to others in addressing this problem. Access to earning opportunities outside the sector, employment opportunities in the urban and large-farm sectors, and opportunities for exporting non-agricultural products can make a big difference. The chapter identifies important frequently overlooked intersectoral interconnections between agricultural and non-agricultural activities which could address the problem of endemic poverty. It suggests developing the whole economy — urban, industrial, large farm, and smallholder agriculture — to accommodate a rapidly increasing large population.
Ethology and anxiety
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes laboratory-based ethological analysis (ethoexperimental analysis) and ethopharmacological analysis of defensive disorders. Robert and Caroline Blanchard have shown fear and anxiety to be distinct classes of internal state linked to different classes of external behaviour, with the latter but not the former sensitive to anti-anxiety drugs. This distinction is attributed to ‘defensive direction’: fear allows freezing, fight, flight and active avoidance; anxiety allows approach to danger, risk assessment, and passive avoidance. Superimposed on defensive direction is the Blanchard's construct of defensive distance. The combination of the two dimensions allows a detailed classification of defensive behaviours.
A theory of the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil
Published: January 2008

This chapter provides a detailed account of the assumption underlying the theory, its architecture, and mechanisms, and describes its operation under a number of different scenarios. Theta rhythm is held to provide control of the recursive passage of information between hippocampus and cortical areas when the hippocampus is engaged in critical functional output. The theory is described as an integration and blend of a wide range of earlier views of hippocampal function.
Quantum Liquids
Authors: Leggett Anthony James
Published: January 2008

Starting from first principles, this book introduces the closely related phenomena of Bose condensation and Cooper pairing, in which a very large number of single particles or pairs of particles are forced to behave in exactly the same way. Their consequences in condensed matter systems are also explored. Eschewing advanced formal methods, the book uses simple concepts and arguments to account for the various qualitatively new phenomena which occur in Bose-condensed and Cooper-paired systems, including but not limited to the spectacular macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. The physical systems discussed include liquid 4-He, the BEC alkali gases, “classical” superconductors, superfluid 3-He, “exotic” superconductors, and the recently stabilized Fermi alkali gases.
Liquid 4He
Authors: Leggett A.J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter is devoted to a specific system displaying BEC, namely the He-II phase of liquid He-4. First, it reviews the anomalous flow and other properties of He-II, which generically go under the name of “superfluidity”. Next, the question is raised as to what direct evidence we have that He-II is in fact displaying the phenomenon of BEC as almost universally assumed. The two-fluid model of Landau is introduced via the concepts of BEC and order parameter, and its consequences for both the static and the dynamic action of the liquid are explored. The classical theory of vorticity is reviewed, and it is indicated how the hypothesis of BEC leads to its quantization; the consequences for phase slip are explored and related to the Josephson effect. The two final sections consider the excitation spectrum of He-II and microscopic theories of the liquid.
The Pilot Model and the Big ACE on the web
Authors: Wells Benjamin
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes software emulators for the Pilot ACE. The first known software emulator of the Pilot ACE was built in Visual BASIC by Donald Davies in the early 1990s. In spring 2001, two graduate students at the University of San Francisco, Athena Huang Shih-Yun and Nicola Rugai, ported Davies's code to Java as part of their Master's Project. Huang wrote additional Java code and improved and extended the interface. The improved emulator was written for The Turing Archive for the History of Computing and was inspired by the desire to offer a Pilot ACE emulation in a platform-independent format. Huang subsequently adapted the Pilot ACE emulator to the architecture of the Big ACE.
Recollections of early vacuum tube circuits
Authors: Wilkes Maurice
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins with a description of the birth of electronics. It then discusses the three main approaches to the design of trees and gating circuits, and the great designer Alan Blumlein, who insisted that a circuit should first be designed on paper.
Understanding Flowers and Flowering
Authors: Glover Beverley
Published: January 2008

Flowers are the beautiful and complex reproductive structures of the angiosperms, one of the most diverse and successful groups of living organisms. The underlying thesis of this book is that to understand fully plant development (and why flowers differ in shape, structure, and colour), it is necessary to understand why it is advantageous for them to look like they do. Conversely, in order to fully understand plant ecology, it is necessary to appreciate how floral structures have adapted and evolved. Uniquely, this book addresses flowers and flowering from both a molecular genetic perspective (considering flower induction, development, and self-incompatibility) and an ecological perspective (looking at the selective pressures placed on plants by pollinators, and the consequences for animal-plant co-evolution). This book first considers the evolution of flowers and the history of research into their development. This is followed by a detailed description of the processes which lead to flower production in model plants. The book then examines how flowers differ in shape, structure, and colour, and how these differences are generated. Finally, it assesses the role of these various aspects of floral biology in attracting pollinators and ensuring successful reproduction. In so doing, it provides the first truly integrated study of the topic — one that discusses both the how and why of flowering plant reproductive biology.
Flower Induction inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Glover Beverley J.
Published: January 2008

Research into flower development is conducted through a molecular genetic approach. Such an approach uses the backwards-seeming logic of searching for a plant with a mutation which prevents a process occurring properly. By analysing the process in the mutant plant, and by identifying and analysing the mutated gene, it is possible to build up a picture of how a normal plant and a normal gene work. When molecular genetic analysis becomes the usual way of exploring a biological process, there is a tendency for the majority of work to focus on one or a few species. The weedy annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana has become the most extensively studied plant species. This chapter introduces Arabidopsis and the reasons why it has become the model of choice for the study of floral induction. It then goes on to look at the description and characterization of mutants with perturbations in floral induction.
Changing Floral Shape and Structure
Authors: Glover Beverley J.
Published: January 2008

This book has previously discussed the ABC model of flower development and the molecular changes that occur to generate the correct numbers and arrangements of the four whorls of floral organs. This chapter starts with a basic flower, such as the flower of Arabidopsis, and considers the ways in which its form can be altered by known developmental programmes. The chapter then focusses on the petals or corolla, as the whorl of organs of primary importance in attracting potential pollinators, and considers changes to its size, its symmetry (zygomorphy versus actinomorphy), the shape of its component petals, and its position within an inflorescence. The chapter also looks at the development of specialized features such as nectar spurs and landing platforms.
1 The geometric approach to GWs
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses how gravitational waves emerge from general relativity, and what their properties are. The most straightforward approach is ‘linearized theory’, where the Einstein equations are expanded around the flat Minkowski metric. It is shown how a wave equation emerges and how the solutions can be put in an especially simple form by an appropriate gauge choice. Using standard tools of general relativity such as the geodesic equation and the equation of the geodesic deviation, how these waves interact with a set of test masses is detailed. The energy and momentum carried by GWs are then computed and discussed. This chapter approaches the problem from a geometric point of view, identifying the energy-momentum tensor of GWs from their effect on the background curvature. Finally, GW propagation in curved space is discussed.
9 Interferometers
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes the basic principle of interferometric GW detectors, and illustrates it with a Michelson interferometer. It discusses Fabry-Perot cavities, diffraction effects and gaussian beams, the principle of phase modulation allowing detection at the dark fringe, and the importance and difficulty of locking the instrument. Having defined the experimental set-up, the principal noise sources are then discussed and their effect on the strain sensitivity is computed. The existing detectors (LIGO, VIRGO, GEO, and TAMA) are discussed, and their sensitivity to different classes of sources (bursts, periodic signals, coalescences, stochastic backgrounds) is computed. A final section presents advanced ground-based detectors (Advanced LIGO, Advanced VIRGO), as well as the space-borne alternative (LISA).
Business Systems and Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.
1 The Comparative Analysis of Competing Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

This chapter presents a summary of the major ways of comparing the organization and control of economic activities in capitalist societies, and how different business systems vary in their dominance of market economies through their association with particular kinds of societal institutions. The key dimensions that distinguish different ways of organizing and controlling market economies are described, and their combination as eight ideal types of business systems is discussed. The various kinds of strategic actors that exercise authority in these are distinguished, together with the different kinds of connections between dominant institutions and prevalent patterns of economic organization at different levels of analysis.
3 Constructing Innovation Systems: The Roles of Institutional Regimes and National Public Science Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the key characteristics of innovation systems that stem from variations in how economic actors develop and diffuse innovations, and how these combine to form six distinct ideal types. How these six types of innovation systems are likely to become established in particular kinds of institutional regimes governing economic activities is discussed. The institutional conditions that can be expected to produce distinctive national innovation systems are then considered. It is argued that coherent and distinctive kinds of innovation systems only become established when strong and complementary institutions develop at transnational, national, or regional levels. In the case of the EU, this implies that the relative weakness, and often contradictory nature, of many European institutions and policies are likely to limit their impact on well-established national patterns of innovative activity and the development of a transnational European system of innovation.
4 Changing Institutional Regimes and Business Systems: Endogenous and Exogenous Pressures on Postwar Systems of Economic Organization
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

The changes in the prevalent postwar business systems of many OECD economies can be analysed by extending the analysis of the four ideal types of institutional regimes presented in Chapter 2 to incorporate two further features that affect the priorities and strategies of leading firms, and to identify the nature of the dominant coalitions that support these types. This chapter discusses these features of institutional regimes and the key groups associated with them, together with their impact on prevalent growth strategies.
War and Urban Government
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the impact of war on the economic and political structures of urban life and civic finances. Wartime destruction and interruptions to trade posed challenges to the management of urban economies, but offered comparative advantages to towns in more peaceful areas or able to claim privileges in return for their loyalty. War drove up civic expenditure everywhere, but the effects were most dramatic in the Netherlands in the 1480s and 1490s, where many towns were driven by their indebtedness into closer tutelage by princely officials. Yet war also served to consolidate the powers of town councils over the townsfolk and the surrounding countryside. Especially in the Netherlands, it promoted the concentration of power in the hands of a smaller oligarchy of magistrates more prepared than the wider citizenry or the guilds to meet the prince's demands.
War and Noble Identity
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines how war shaped the identity of the nobility. The idea that military service was a duty for noblemen, but one fittingly rewarded with honour and more tangible benefits, was widespread in England and the Netherlands alike. Nobles read, commissioned, and wrote military treatises and memoirs and were exhorted in family histories to imitate the martial deeds of their ancestors. Poems, songs and chronicles, portraits, prints and history paintings, martial buildings, and gifts of swords and decorated plate proclaimed the military reputations of contemporary commanders. Elaborate chivalric funerals and tombs commemorated great generals, and some enacted memorable deathbed scenes, bidding their captains farewell and pledging their loyalty to their prince.
Obligations
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter asks how war exercised and developed the mutual obligations of princes and peoples. Individuals' obligations to contribute to the defence of the realm through military service and taxation were more closely defined and enforced. Rulers trumpeted their own efforts to defend their subjects, and the martial aspects of the princely image were stressed in many media, especially in the Netherlands under Charles V. Mutiny and desertion were punished with increasing strictness and so was wartime treason, a more prominent issue in the Netherlands than in England.
War and Identity
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter investigates the effects of war on identities. The English were more secure in their military reputation than were the peoples of the Netherlands, some of whom had a stronger martial identity than others. Service abroad and the presence of unpopular German and Spanish troops in the Netherlands sharpened national identity, while new fortifications marked the landscape with complex identities, commemorating princes but also breeding resentment against repressive urban citadels. Religious change — sometimes accelerated by war — consolidated English identity, but splintered loyalties in the Netherlands. In both polities, identities were strengthened by the message that war was the fault of the French and by orders to confiscate enemy property and arrest aliens in wartime. Local, provincial, dynastic, and national identities co-existed in both polities, but the mix was more complex in the Netherlands. Rebellions divided subjects from princes and loyalists from rebels, and their after-life might be long.
A Framework for Reversible Agreements
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter develops a theory of coalition formation under the assumption that existing agreements can be costlessly renegotiated and reversed, with the consent of all participating agents. It sets up the basic framework, which is a model of coalition formation in ‘real time’: coalitions can form, dissolve, and re-form while payoffs are received concurrently. Notions of absorption and asymptotic efficiency are introduced. Apart from capturing ongoing renegotiation, this framework naturally allows for farsighted behavior. The very presumption that individuals use continuation values to judge the wisdom of moving to a new state suggests that they can, and do, anticipate further changes.
Calvin, Participation, and the Gift
Authors: Billings J. Todd
Published: January 2008

Is the God of Calvin a fountain of blessing, or a forceful tyrant? Is Calvin's view of God coercive, leaving no place for the human qua human in redemption? These are perennial questions about Calvin's theology which have been given new life by Gift theologians such as John Milbank, Graham Ward, and Stephen Webb. This book addresses these questions by exploring Calvin's theology of ‘participation in Christ’. It argues that Calvin's theology of ‘participation’ gives a positive place to the human, such that grace fulfils rather than destroys nature, affirming a differentiated union of God and humanity in creation and redemption. Calvin's Trinitarian theology of participation extends to his view of prayer, sacraments, the law, and the ecclesial and civil orders. In light of Calvin's doctrine of participation, the book reframes the critiques of Calvin in the Gift discussion and opens up new possibilities for contemporary theology, ecumenical theology, and Calvin scholarship as well.
2 Calvin's Doctrine of Participation: Contexts and Continuities
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the historical and metaphysical aspects of Calvin's ‘background’ used to support the claim that Calvin systematically opposes the divine and the human, thus rendering superfluous his language of ‘participation in Christ’. It begins with a brief historical account of Calvin's academic training and context, evaluating the common arguments for considering Calvin to be a ‘dialectical’ theologian who opposes the divine to the human. It argues that the late medieval influences upon Calvin are frequently misunderstood, and that the ‘nominalist’ tendencies are exaggerated. Rather, through a gradual and eclectic appropriation from various church fathers, Calvin developed theological presuppositions which do not neatly fit into the generalized categories of ‘Thomist’, ‘nominalist’, or ‘voluntarist’. Following an introductory account of Calvin's use of the church fathers, the chapter proceeds through a series of queries related to participation and Calvin's appropriation of the fathers on particular points. It sketches a metaphysical account of God's saving relation to humanity in Calvin's theology. The chapter shows the way in which Calvin develops a theology of participation that builds upon the Pauline themes of participation and adoption, as well as upon the Johannine themes of indwelling, engrafting, and union. While Calvin avoids expansive metaphysical speculation, it is argued that Calvin has a metaphysic that affirms a differentiated unity of God and humanity in creation and redemption, such that humanity may participate in God through Christ; union with God is not only the eschatological end, but a paradigmatic feature of the God-human relationship.
The Genealogy of the Romantic Symbol
Authors: Halmi Nicholas
Published: January 2008

Despite its widely acknowledged importance in and beyond the thought of the Romantic period, the distinctive concept of the symbol articulated by such writers as Goethe and F. W. J. Schelling in Germany and S. T. Coleridge in England has defied adequate historical explanation. This book provides an explanation by relating the content of Romantic symbolist theory — often criticized as irrationalist — to the cultural needs of its time. Because its genealogical method eschews a single disciplinary perspective, this book examines the Romantic concept of the symbol in a broader intellectual context than previous scholarship has done, a context ranging chronologically from classical antiquity to the present and encompassing literary criticism and theory, aesthetics, semiotics, theology, metaphysics, natural philosophy, astronomy, poetry, and the origins of landscape painting. The concept is thus revealed to be a specifically modern response to modern discontents, neither reverting to pre-modern modes of thought nor secularizing Christian theology, but countering Enlightenment dualisms with means bequeathed by the Enlightenment itself.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CHARGE CARRIERS AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes the main experimental techniques used to measure the drift velocity in superfluid 4He at low temperature. The experimental results are then presented by showing the contributions to the ion drag due to the different elementary excitations of the superfluid. The theoretical description of the processes of ion scattering off phonons, rotons, and 3He atomic impurities is also presented, and the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results. The use of the formalism of the Boltzmann transport equation to predict how the drag force on an ion in the superfluid is determined by the different scattering mechanisms is discussed.
ION TRANSPORT AT INTERMEDIATE FIELDS AT LOW PRESSURE
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

At higher electric fields, the drifting ions are not in thermal equilibrium with the gas of the elementary excitations of the superfluid, and the mobility depends on the field. This chapter presents the experimental results of the ion mobility in the superfluid at higher fields and larger temperatures. The field dependence of the mobility is explained in terms of roton scattering in presence of an enhanced roton density around the charge. Emphasis is given on the discovery of the giant mobility discontinuity at which the excess energy is dissipated by ions creating quantized vortex rings. Ions are captured by them and drift together as a new, single unit called a charged vortex ring. The puzzling issue of the drift velocity discontinuities is also addressed.
VORTEX HYDRODYNAMICS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter deals with the discovery that ions interact with hydrodynamic structures of the superfluid in a way that can be explained only by assuming that the flow patterns in the superfluid are quantized. Vortex lines and vortex rings capture the ions and the electron bubbles to produce charged vortex rings and lines which appear to be quantized. The fundamentals of semiclassical vortex hydrodynamics are described. The chapter also discusses experiments that unequivocally show that the relationship between momentum, impulse, and energy of such charged ion-vortex complexes confirm the picture of quantized hydrodynamic structures occurring in the superfluid.
NUCLEATION OF VORTEX RINGS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the wealth of experiments on the nucleation of vortex rings in the vicinity of the giant discontinuity. The nucleation in pure superfluid and in dilute isotopic mixtures has been investigated and three main models have been theoretically developed to interpret the experimental data: the peeling, the girdling, and the fluctuation models. The effects of isotopic impurities, high fields, and high pressures have been investigated and the results are described. The more recent experiments have elucidated the mechanisms of vortex nucleation, including the roton emission at velocities exceeding the Landau critical velocity and the possibility of macroscopic quantum tunnelling over a barrier. The enormous influence of isotopic impurities is also described.
BARE-ION TRANSPORT AT HIGH FIELDS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields can be interpreted in terms of a sequence of trapping and detrapping events. At very high field, ions can drift without being captured by vortex rings, and eventually they may reach velocities in excess of the Landau critical velocity for roton emission. The breaking of the roton barrier is described in great detail because of its importance. It is the first time that a macroscopic critical velocity has been reached in the superfluid by a moving object. The microscopic size of the ions has allowed this impressive goal to be reached.
MOTION OF IONS ALONG LINEAR VORTICES
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

Ions and electron bubbles are captured by the vortex lines which occur in a rotating superfluid sample. Once captured, however, the charges can move along the quantized vortex lines. On one hand, this degree of freedom allows the researcher to use ions to detect the appearance of single, quantized vortex lines. On the other hand, the study of the ion motion along the lines gives important pieces of information on the structure and dynamics of vortices. In fact, the ion motion along the lines is limited by scattering on 3He impurities captured by the vorticity field and by vortex waves, i.e., columnar oscillation of the vortex lines. Experiments and theory of vortex wave-, roton, and 3He impurity scattering on vortex lines are described.
POSITIVE IONS IN NORMAL LIQUID 3HE FORT< 1 K
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

The positive ion mobility in normal liquid 3He at low temperatures has long puzzled researchers because of its hysteretic behavior, until it was discovered that the ion structure induced by electrostriction depends on the isotopic composition of the liquid. Thermodynamic calculations show that the size of the positive ion radius varies depending on the amount of 4He impurities in the liquid. The puzzling hysteretic behavior has thus been attributed to the presence of ions of different radii.
ELECTRONS IN DENSE HE GAS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium gas.
4 The Relationship between Partisan Government and Policy: An Analysis of OECD Data
Authors: Rueda David
Published: January 2008

The previous chapters have shown that in the presence of insider-outsider conflict, social democratic governments will promote insider policies regardless of the consequences for outsiders. However, it has also been argued that there are factors that make the interests of insiders more similar to those of outsiders, i.e., employment protection and corporatism. This chapter tests whether the relationship between government partisanship and policy is affected by these factors. It begins by analysing the dependent variables and their relationship to this book's hypotheses. It then introduces the explanatory variables. Finally, it briefly explores some methodological issues relevant to the statistical analysis, presents the results, and relates them to the model developed in previous chapters.
8 Insiders, Outsiders, Partisanship, and Policy: Concluding Remarks
Authors: Rueda David
Published: January 2008

This chapter presents a summary of the book's main findings and offers some final thoughts. It shows that insider-outsider politics have become an important part of any adequate account of social democracy since the 1970s. In the presence of insider-outsider conflicts, there exists a strong temptation for social democratic governments to promote less than egalitarian policies.