bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lethal means counseling can help prevent suicide by firearms
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2024

Pointing to the need for effective suicide risk screenings by health care professionals, especially given that more than half of suicide deaths in 2022 involved firearms, a new article published Jan. 23 by The Pew Charitable Trust addresses the need for lethal means counseling for people at risk of suicide and with access to guns.
Digital intervention, holistic support improves MH outcomes
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2024

Despite the existence of several evidence‐based psychological treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy to address mental health, depression remains globally prevalent and disabling, in addition to being associated with compromised physical health, according to new research findings on therapist‐supported, holistic digital mental health interventions.
Nonlinear instability and solitons in a self‐gravitating fluid
Authors: Koutsokostas Georgios N. , Sypsas Spyros , Evnin Oleg , Horikis Theodoros P. , Frantzeskakis Dimitrios J.
Published: January 2024

We study a spherical, self‐gravitating fluid model, which finds applications in cosmic structure formation. We argue that since the system features nonlinearity and gravity‐induced dispersion, the emergence of solitons becomes possible. We thus employ a multiscale expansion method to study, in the weakly nonlinear regime, the evolution of small‐amplitude perturbations around the equilibrium state. This way, we derive a spherical nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation that governs the envelope of the perturbations. The effective NLS description allows us to predict a “nonlinear instability” (occurring in the nonlinear regime of the system), namely, the modulational instability, which, in turn, may give rise to spherical soliton states. The latter feature a very slow (polynomial) curvature‐induced decay in time. The soliton profiles may be used to describe the shape of dark matter halos at the rims of the galaxies.
A continuous flow bioreactor system for high‐throughput hyperpolarized metabolic flux analysis
Authors: Christensen Nichlas Vous , Holm Rikke , Sanchez Juan D. , Hansen Esben S. S. , Lerche Mathilde H. , Ardenkjær‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Laustsen Christoffer , Bertelsen Lotte Bonde
Published: January 2024

Hyperpolarized carbon‐13 labeled compounds are increasingly being used in medical MR imaging (MRI) and MR imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) research, due to its ability to monitor tissue and cell metabolism in real‐time. Although radiological biomarkers are increasingly being considered as clinical indicators, biopsies are still considered the gold standard for a large variety of indications. Bioreactor systems can play an important role in biopsy examinations because of their ability to provide a physiochemical environment that is conducive for therapeutic response monitoring ex vivo. We demonstrate here a proof‐of‐concept bioreactor and microcoil receive array setup that allows for ex vivo preservation and metabolic NMR spectroscopy on up to three biopsy samples simultaneously, creating an easy‐to‐use and robust way to simultaneously run multisample carbon‐13 hyperpolarization experiments. Experiments using hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate on ML‐1 leukemic cells in the bioreactor setup were performed and the kinetic pyruvate‐to‐lactate rate constants (
) extracted. The coefficient of variation of the experimentally found
s for five repeated experiments was
. With this statistical power, treatment effects of 30%–40% change in lactate production could be easily differentiable with only a few hyperpolarization dissolutions on this setup. Furthermore, longitudinal experiments showed preservation of ML‐1 cells in the bioreactor setup for at least 6 h. Rat brain tissue slices were also seen to be preserved within the bioreactor for at least 1 h. This validation serves as the basis for further optimization and upscaling of the setup, which undoubtedly has huge potential in high‐throughput studies with various biomarkers and tissue types.
Otolaryngology Applicant Perspectives on In‐person and Virtual Residency Interviews
Authors: Barrera Shelby , Agarwal Aarti , Cabrera‐Muffly Cristina , Groves Michael , Cottrill Elizabeth , Allen Avery , Koehn Heather , Megow Lindsey , Cognetti David , Stringer Scott , Kane Anne C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to understand applicant perspectives on in‐person and virtual otolaryngology residency interviews.

Study Design

Survey study.

Setting

Otolaryngology residency applicants who were interviewed during 2022‐2023.

Methods

Survey sent to all otolaryngology residency applicants who interviewed during the 2022‐2023 interview season.

Results

A total of 499 applicants were surveyed with 150 responses (30%). Approximately 48.3% of respondents were offered an in‐person interview with 78.9% accepting the offer. Of those who did not accept, reasons included not wanting to travel (21.1%) and time conflicts (15.5%). When comparing virtual versus in‐person interviews, those who attended virtual interviews were more likely to disagree that they connected with residents (P = .02) and that they had an improved perspective of the program (P = .002). The majority of applicants agreed that virtual interviews are more inclusive and equitable than in‐person interviews (70.4%). When asked which interview style applicants would prefer, 63.1% of applicants preferred an in‐person interview when compared to virtual with a second look option (29.5%) and virtual (7.4%). Respondents who self‐identified as being underrepresented in medicine were less likely to choose in‐person as their preferred interview format (P = .01) and were more likely to decline an in‐person interview offer due to monetary limitations (P = .04).

Conclusions

Applicants indicated dissatisfaction with connecting with residents and improving their perspective of the program when in a virtual setting. Applicants felt that virtual interviews were more equitable, but that if the barriers to equity were lessened then they would prefer in‐person interviews.
Effect of Direct Alkyne Substitution on the Photophysical Properties of Two Novel Octasubstituted Zinc Phthalocyanines
Authors: Pekbelgin Karaoğlu Hande
Published: January 2024

The synthesis of two novel phthalonitrile derivatives (3–4) bearing ethynylcyclohex‐1‐ene and ethynylcyclohexane groups and two peripherally octa substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanines (5–6) were prepared. The synthesis of phthalonitrile derivatives was performed with Sonagashira coupling reaction by using palladium‐catalyzed. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by using FT‐IR, NMR, mass, and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. Aggregation studies of 5 and 6 were performed in various organic solvents and different concentrations in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The photophysical studies of the Pcs were performed in THF to determine the effect of the alkyne groups on the fluorescence of the Pc ring. Substances showing fluorescence properties can be used in practical applications such as to create an image in microscopy. Fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) and fluorescence lifetime (τF) of 5–6 were calculated. The fluorescence quenching studies of 5–6 were performed by adding the different concentrations of 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) to a constant concentration of the Pcs in THF and it was found that benzoquinone was an effective quencher. The values of the Stern‐Volmer constant (Ksv) and quenching constant (kq) of zinc phthalocyanines (5–6) were examined. All obtained results were compared with each other and with unsubstituted zinc Pc compound used as a reference.
Telehealth Usage in Otolaryngology: A Comparative Study Pre‐ and Post‐COVID‐19
Authors: Lee Max L. , Wei Eric X. , Kandathil Cherian , Most Sam P.
Published: January 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic led to increased telehealth utilization in outpatient otolaryngology settings. While other studies on telehealth usage in otolaryngology settings have focused on demographic disparities during the pandemic, none have yet assessed how these demographic disparities have evolved from before versus after the pandemic. This study examines 4 recent consecutive years of demographic and clinical data from a large hospital system to investigate how the COVID‐19 pandemic has changed demographic patterns in telehealth utilization. We demonstrate substantial increases in the number of otolaryngology patients participating in telehealth since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic but with no differences in patient distributions by race or ethnicity over time. We also found that telehealth patients, on average, were younger, more likely to be English‐speaking, and more likely to be female. While these disparities widened slightly after the start of the pandemic, they were also present prior to the pandemic.
Design optimization of three‐dimensional geometry of a micro horizontal axis wind turbine blade using the response surface method
Authors: Bekkai Riyadh , Laouar Roudouane , Mdouki Ramzi
Published: January 2024

This study presents an aerodynamic design optimization of a micro micro‐horizontal‐axis wind turbine (HAWT). To obtain an optimal design, it is essential to understand the design parameters and select the responsible factors that affect the blade efficiency. The aim of this work is to redesign a 3D micro‐HAWT to improve aerodynamic performance, through improving the distribution of chord length and twist angle along the blade. Performance analysis and flow visualization of the initial design and the optimal design were carried out using CFD analyzer. In the blade optimization design, eight significant input parameters were selected, five to characterize the chord length distribution and three to represent the twist angle along the blade. To maximize the efficiency, design points that are created by Design of Experiment (DoE) are evaluated through (Multi‐Objective‐Genetic Algorithm) MOGA method. The results showed a reduction on the separation effect area on the optimal blade surface compared to the initial one. The use of response surface optimization (RSO), when combined with CFD simulation, has proven beneficial in selecting the optimal HAWT design. Finally, the open source software (Qblade) was used to investigate and to compare the performance of the initial and optimum design. An efficiency enhancement of approximately 3.6% is achieved at tip speed ration TSR = 3.4.
Oxygen saturation thresholds in managing sickle cell disease at US children's hospitals
Authors: Yadav Aravind , Munir Faryal , Chan Kok Hoe , Quraishi Mariam Z. , Harris Tomika S. , Brown Deborah L. , Menon Neethu , Nguyen Trinh T. , Srivaths Lakshmi
Published: January 2024

Background

Adequate oxygen saturation (SpO2) is crucial for managing sickle cell disease (SCD). Children with SCD are at increased risk for occult hypoxemia; therefore, understanding SpO2 threshold practices would help identify barriers to oxygen optimization in a population sensitive to oxyhemoglobin imbalances. We investigated SpO2 cutoff levels used in clinical algorithms for management of acute SCD events at children's hospitals across the United States, and determined their consistency with recommended national guidelines (SpO2 > 95%).

Methods

Clinical pathways and algorithms used for the management of vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS) in SCD were obtained and reviewed from large children's hospitals in the United States.

Results

Responses were obtained from 94% (140/149) of eligible children's hospitals. Of these, 63 (45%) had available clinical algorithms to manage VOC and ACS. SpO2 cutoff was provided in 71.4% (45/63) of clinical algorithms. Substantial variation in SpO2 cutoff levels was noted, ranging from ≥90% to more than 95%. Only seven hospitals (5% of total hospitals and 15.6% of hospitals with clinical algorithms available) specified oxygen cutoffs that were consistent with national guidelines. Hospitals geographically located in the South (46.8%; n = 29/62) and Midwest (54.8%; n = 17/31) were more likely to have VOC and ACS clinical algorithms, compared to the Northeast (26.5%; n = 9/34) and West (36.4%; n = 8/22).

Conclusion

There is inconsistency in the use of clinical algorithms and oxygen thresholds for VOC and ACS across US children's hospitals. Children with SCD could be at risk for insufficient oxygen therapy during adverse acute events.
Study on the quality evaluation of the leaves of Croton tiglium from different regions based on quality markers
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxiao , Li Li , Liu Zhaohui , Zou Huan , Zhou Xiaojiang
Published: January 2024

Methodology

The chemical constituents of LCT were identified and quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A characteristic fingerprint was then established and combined with multivariate statistical analysis of 16 common peaks and eight diterpenoids to identify the quality markers.

Introduction

The leaves of Croton tiglium (LCT) have long been used in folk and ethnic medicine in China. Owing to the various regions, the chemical composition and content of LCT may differ, and hence, the quality of medicinal materials may be different. However, quality standards have not yet been established, although some studies have been conducted on their composition.

Objectives

To quantitatively compare the chemical constituents of LCT from different areas and establish a quality evaluation of LCT based on quality markers.

Results

Eight quality markers selected based on 16 common peaks and three quality markers selected based on eight diterpenoids can distinguish LCT from three regions. The diterpenoids, including 12‐O‐acetylphorbol‐13‐(2‐methylbutyrate) (3), 12‐O‐tiglyl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (6), and 12‐O‐(2‐methyl)butyrylphorbol‐13‐tiglate (8), can be used as potential quality markers for the quality evaluation of LCT.

Conclusion

Diterpenoids are highly efficient markers for quality evaluation. This study provides robust identification data and lays the foundation for formulating quality standards for LCT.
Validation of low‐pass genome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Mighton Chloe , Noor Abdul , Watkins Nicholas , Di Gioacchino Vanessa , Lerner‐Ellis Jordan , Wong Andrew , Mukharryamova Elvira , Anggala Nina , Chitayat David , Greenfeld Elena
Published: January 2024

Objective

Chromosomal microarray (CMA), while considered the gold standard for detecting copy number variants (CNVs) in prenatal diagnostics, has its limitations, including the necessity to replace aging microarray equipment, low throughput, a static design, and an inefficient multi‐day workflow. This study evaluates the feasibility of low‐pass genome sequencing (LP‐GS) as a potential replacement for CMA in prenatal diagnostics.

Methods

We comprehensively compared LP‐GS at 10x and 5x average depths with CMA in a prenatal laboratory. We examined parameters, including concordance, sensitivity, specificity, workflow efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness.

Results

We found a high degree of agreement between LP‐GS and CMA for detecting CNVs and absence of heterozygosity. Furthermore, compared to CMA, LP‐GS increased workflow efficiency and proved to be cost‐neutral at 10x and cost‐effective at 5x.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that LP‐GS is a promising alternative to CMA in prenatal diagnostics, offering advantages, including a more efficient workflow and scalability for larger testing volumes. Importantly, for clinical laboratories that have adopted next‐generation sequencing in a separate capacity, LP‐GS facilitates a unified NGS‐centric approach, enabling workflow consolidation. By offering a single, streamlined platform for detecting a broad range of genetic variants, LP‐GS may represent a critical step toward enhancing the diagnostic capabilities of prenatal laboratories.
A precise method for the spectral adjustment of LED and multi‐light source solar simulators
Authors: Chojniak David , Schachtner Michael , Reichmuth S. Kasimir , Bett Alexander J. , Rauer Michael , Hohl‐Ebinger Jochen , Schmid Alexandra , Siefer Gerald , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: January 2024

Solar simulators based on light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) usually consist of many spectrally different LEDs, which in sum produce a sun‐like spectrum. On the one hand, this results in the advantage of a high spectral tunability of these systems and on the other hand, however, also in the challenge of a high number of parameters which have to be set for the adjustment of a suitable simulator spectrum. Multijunction solar cells consisting of series‐connected subcells are very sensitive to spectral irradiance conditions, which are affecting the current and the fill factor of the device. A precise adjustment of the simulator spectrum based on the spectral responsivity of the subcells is therefore essential for accurate multijunction measurements. Therefore, the number of spectrally different light sources used should be at least as high as the number of subcells in the device under test. However, for the measurement of multijunction devices, the much higher number of spectrally different light sources in common LED solar simulators results in a plethora of different simulator spectra, potentially suitable for the measurement. Furthermore, the nonlinear intensity characteristics of the utilized LEDs as well as the distance‐dependent illumination uniformity of such solar simulators add complexity when aiming for a precise spectral adjustment. To tackle these challenges, a new spectral adjustment procedure which is based on a least square's solution algorithm and the definition of appropriate boundary conditions for the calculation of suitable simulator settings is introduced in this publication. Focusing on measurements carried out under constant illumination makes the presented method especially applicable for perovskite‐on‐silicon multijunction devices. Therefore, an adapted method for the determination of the solar simulator's spectral properties, considering thermal influences which are particularly relevant when carrying out continuous illumination measurements, is introduced in this work. The presented method is verified applying it on a Wavelabs SINUS 220 LED solar simulator by performing a measurement comparison on a multijunction solar cell with Fraunhofer ISE CalLab's well‐established multilight source solar simulator.
Core‐curriculum in psycho‐oncology: Towards the certification of the psycho‐oncologist profession
Authors: Grassi Luigi , Watson Maggie ,   IPOS Federation of Psycho‐Oncology Societies'
Published: January 2024

Background

Issues relating to certification of the Psycho‐oncology profession require clarification in order to provide high quality comprehensive psychosocial care within oncology. We conducted a survey identifying existing training, professional registration requirements and accreditation programs, at national levels, for the specialty of psycho‐oncology as well as the mandatory presence of this specialist in cancer teams.

Methods

This survey was conducted within the International Psycho‐Oncology Society Federation of psycho‐oncology societies and included representatives of each national federated society and some countries not belonging to the Federation. Survey questions were emailed requesting specific details, from the registered contact person, for each country, about psycho‐oncology training, professional registration and accreditation.

Results

Of 43 countries contacted (34 Federated and 9 non‐federated members), 39 replied and answered the questionnaire (90, 7%). Disparities were reported between countries, with details indicating differences from having no national program, to quite detailed and legally accredited requirements. The majority of countries had no formally recognized profession of “Psycho‐oncologist,” while some countries reported that it is mandatory (or recommended to have) a specialist in psycho‐oncology in cancer centers and, thus, that an accredited, nationally recognized and certified training in this specialty exists.

Conclusions

The study underlines the need to create a curriculum for the specialty (certification and accreditation) for the profession of psycho‐oncology. Given the lack of internationally recognized core standards, ideas and proposals for minimum standards of good care and the training required to deliver this, are explored to clarify who may use the designation “Clinical Psycho‐oncologist.”
Genetics of canopy architecture dynamics in photoperiod‐sensitive and photoperiod‐insensitive sorghum
Authors: Panelo Juan S. , Bao Yin , Tang Lie , Schnable Patrick S. , Salas‐Fernandez Maria G.
Published: January 2024

Canopy architecture traits are associated with productivity in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and they are commonly measured at the time of flowering or harvest. Little is known about the dynamics of canopy architecture traits through the growing season. Utilizing the ground‐based high‐throughput phenotyping system Phenobot 1.0, we collected stereo images of a photoperiod‐sensitive and a photoperiod‐insensitive population over time to generate three‐dimensional (3D) representations of the canopy. Four descriptors were automatically extracted from the 3D point clouds: plot‐based plant height (PBPH), plot‐based plant width (PBPW), plant surface area (PSA), and convex hull volume (CHV). Additionally, genotypic growth rates were estimated for each canopy descriptor. Genome‐wide association analysis was performed on individual timepoints and the growth rates in both populations. We detected genotypic variation for each of the four canopy descriptors and their growth rates and discovered novel genomic regions associated with growth rates on chromosomes 1 (PBPH, CHV), 3 (PBPH), 4 (PBPH, PBPW), 5 (PBPH), 8 (PSA), and 9 (PBPW). These results provide new knowledge about the genetic control of canopy architecture, highlighting genomic regions that can be targeted in plant breeding programs.
Self‐Purification Affecting the Optical Performance of Mn‐Doped Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Sun Zhiguo , Wu Ye , Chen Hongliang , Wu Xiaoyun , Zhou Yanmei , Han Shigang , Luo Yan , Zeng Haibo
Published: January 2024

Component doping is the fundamental topic for modulating the properties of semiconductor materials. The introduction of doping ions into lead halide perovskites (LHPs) can not only maintain the excellent photoelectric properties but also enhance the stability of LHPs in open air and thermal environments. However, due to the “self‐purification” effect in crystallography, there is an inherent trend to pop doping ions out of LHPs lattice. In this work, it is confirmed that in Mn2+ doped LHPs nanocrystals (NCs) the discharge of Mn2+ will be accelerated at higher temperatures. It is also proved that even at room temperature, the dopants in LHPs NCs will also actively “migrate”, resulting in declined optical performance. Therefore, for cation alloying/doping LHPs NCs, the migration of doping ions in the material should be considered in addition to the intrinsic halide migration characteristics. This work will provide a benign reference for application of doped LHPs NCs.
How audits fail according to accident investigations: A counterfactual logic analysis
Authors: Hutchinson Ben , Dekker Sidney , Rae Andrew
Published: January 2024

Despite the reliance on safety auditing within organizations, comparatively limited research has studied the performance of safety auditing. When an investigation laments the “lack of audit quality” following an accident, what is meant by this statement? What contrasts a “good quality” audit from a “poor quality” audit? This study examined counterfactual logics (statements about alternative realities that did not occur but “could have” according to investigators) within 44 major accident reports to assess how audits are supposed to function and how they fall short of the ideal model. The content analysis yielded nine counterfactual auditing failures grouped into four categories. Contrary to the “ideal” model, audits (a) failed to facilitate an accurate understanding of threats by misinterpreting their saliency, (b) failed to facilitate timely action against threats by inadequately addressing the deterioration of known issues, (c) failed to facilitate effective management of issues, leading to confusion around the purpose and scope of audits, and d) failed to facilitate sufficient focus on threats by lacking focus on critical hazards and focusing on paperwork over operational issues or “failing silently” by missing threats while simultaneously praising performance. Practitioners should critically evaluate audits against these criteria and ensure audits effectively identify early warning signs.
N‐Doped ZnSnO Optoelectronic Synaptic Thin Film Transistors with Enhanced Visible‐Light Response
Authors: Liu Xiaohan , Ren Junyan , Hu Peixuan , Qian Yujia , Li Ting , Liang Lingyan , Cao Hongtao
Published: January 2024

In this work, nitrogen‐doped zinc‐tin‐oxygen (ZnSnO:N) optoelectronic synaptic thin film transistors (TFTs) with superior visible light response are fabricated. Nitrogen doping narrows the bandgap of ZnSnO, which in turn broadens the absorption spectrum. Additionally, the reduction of non‐radiative centers in the channel layer prolongs the lifetime of the photogenerated electrons, resulting in enhancements to the photo response throughout the visible region. Optoelectronic synaptic devices based on ZnSnO:N TFTs can accurately replicate synaptic behaviors, including short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term plasticity (LTP). Furthermore, the ZnSnO:N optoelectronic synaptic TFT‐based array has the potential to improve image contrast. The ZnSnO:N TFT exhibits a considerable improvement in both visible light photosensitivity and synaptic plasticity.
Enhanced Wall‐Plug Efficiency over 2.4% and Wavelength Dependence of Electrical Properties at Far UV‐C Light‐Emitting Diodes on Single‐Crystal AlN Substrate
Authors: Kobayashi Hirotsugu , Sato Kosuke , Okuaki Yusuke , Lee TaeGi , Kunimi Yoshihisa , Kuze Naohiro
Published: January 2024

Herein, the wavelength dependence of the efficiency and the lifetime of far UV‐C light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) on a single‐crystal AlN substrate is systematically analyzed from experiments and simulations. A positive relation between efficiency and emission wavelength is observed. The wall‐plug efficiency reaches 0.47, 1.0, 2.1, and 2.4% at 227, 230, 233, and 235 nm wavelengths, respectively. The simulation results show that carrier injection plays a critical role in the efficiency change in the far UV‐C region rather than in the internal quantum or light extraction efficiency. The lifetime test clearly demonstrates a trade‐off between the L70 lifetime and the emission wavelength, although the initial optical power increases with the longer wavelength. The measurement results under various wavelengths and stress currents indicate that the carriers injected in quantum wells motivate power reduction during current stress. Moreover, the internal quantum efficiency affects the degradation rate because the influence of defects becomes stronger during stress. Finally, the reliability of a 231 nm LED is investigated at a reduced current of 35 mA. The projected L70 and L50 lifetimes are 11 000 and 28 000 h, respectively, from the fitting model based on the defect generation during aging.
The harms of inequity are rarely overestimated: Comment on Marks and O'Connell (2021)
Authors: Debouwere Stijn
Published: January 2024

Marks and O'Connell's (Review of Education, 2021, e3293) claim that an even‐handed review of the literature shows that social and economic background does not matter to educational outcomes in advanced economies, relies on questionable scholarship and statistical errors. Much of the evidence against the relevance of social and economic background relies on research that estimates gain scores, where the effects of student background on educational outcomes are much smaller because they are residual effects. They also claim that parental education and occupation are poor measures of student background but do not recognise that this leads to attenuated effects and thus argues against their thesis. Finally, there is a lack of serious engagement with the literature: cherry‐picked numbers, summaries of studies that are at odds with the conclusions of the original authors and even two cases where thought experiments are presented as empirical evidence. Research into inequity does at times lack rigour in measurement and analysis, and not accounting for heritable abilities can confound and exaggerate the association between student background or school composition and educational outcomes, but simple calculations suggest that the resulting bias is offset by attenuation due to measurement error.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study

This comment was written to address shortcomings in a 2021 review article, ‘Inadequacies in the SES–Achievement model: Evidence from PISA and other studies’, by Gary Marks and Michael O'Connell.

Why the new findings matter

Because review articles are an essential building block for the growth of a science, it is important that they are an even‐handed evaluation of the available evidence and do not rationalise or misinterpret the primary research they claim to summarise, a bar that the original review did not meet. When readers are aware of areas in which the original review fell short, they can form a more nuanced opinion of the merits and shortcomings of current research that incorporates a measure of social and economic background.

Implications for researchers and policy makers

This comment explains ways in which the estimated effect of noisy measures of socioeconomic status may be disattenuated, usually leading to bigger estimates with less bias. It explains in what situations researchers should be careful of the opposite inflationary effect of genetic confounding but also explain that for many kinds of research it is unlikely to matter. Policy makers should know that the effects of social and economic background are hard to quantify and interpret, but that existing research into inequity and disadvantage is not generally misleading or flawed beyond repair, as Marks and O'Connell would have it, and instead feel confident that such measures will continue to be useful in setting educational policy.
Parametrized guaranteed cost method with prescribed performance via critic‐only ADP for uncertain nonlinear systems and disturbances
Authors: Liu Yuxian , Li Yan
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a novel parametrized guaranteed cost control (PGCC) method with prescribed performance control (PPC) is proposed for nonlinear systems with unknown bounded uncertainties and external disturbances described by Euler‐Lagrange (EL) equations. The proposed method is capable of ensuring a robust optimal performance in the presence of dynamics constraints without the specific information of nonlinear perturbation. As a consequence, the conditions in the form of disturbances and uncertainties are also relaxed. The augmented model is converted by transforming the uncertainties and disturbances in the original system to a mismatched term using asymmetric PPC. By designing and modifying the novel guaranteed cost function to account for the maximum value of the nonlinear perturbation, an infinite‐horizon PGCC problem is proposed by the unconstrained stationary optimal control problem. The relevant proposed linear parametrized Hamilton‐Jacobian‐Bellman (PHJB) equation is approximated to solve by a critic‐only neural network (NN) with efficient computationally. Uniformly ultimately bounded stability is guaranteed via a Lyapunov‐based stability analysis. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Evaluating methods for measuring in‐river bathymetry: Remote sensing green LIDAR provides high‐resolution channel bed topography limited by water penetration capability
Authors: Kastdalen Leif , Stickler Morten , Malmquist Christian , Heggenes Jan
Published: January 2024

The objective was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring bathymetry using airborne green LiDAR in long and variable river reaches (4 km or more), across three rivers with varying gradients, water depths and light penetration (3.5–10 m), using four alternative LiDAR sensors. The accuracy of green LiDAR data was compared to in situ measurements collected by stratified transect point sampling and Multibeam bathymetry. Factors potentially limiting the feasibility of green LIDAR in rivers were explored. If remote sensing signals were reflected by the riverbed, the sensors generally provided elevation data consistent with in situ elevation measurements, indicating high accuracy (±10 cm) across different hydraulic conditions. The loss of green LiDAR data was mainly a consequence of limited signal water penetration capability, that is, water clarity. Secchi depth was a proxy variable strongly associated with green LiDAR penetration capability across rivers. Data loss was low up to the Secchi depth but increased rapidly thereafter. Surface water turbulence (‘white water’) and dark riverbed vegetation also increased green LiDAR signal loss. Sensors with lower point density and therefore less spatial resolution had more signal strength and therefore penetrated deeper water. However, with increasing coverage of surface turbulence (‘white water’), the importance of high point density also increased. Signal power should be balanced with signal density (spatial resolution), depending on river characteristics and project objectives. We conclude that remote sensing green LiDAR bathymetry is a robust method that efficiently provides accurate elevation data across rivers with different hydraulic conditions and water depths.
Classified functional mixed effects model prediction
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Jiang Jiming
Published: January 2024

In nowadays biomedical research, there has been a growing demand for making accurate prediction at subject levels. In many of these situations, data are collected as longitudinal curves and display distinct individual characteristics. Thus, prediction mechanisms accommodated with functional mixed effects models (FMEM) are useful. In this paper, we developed a classified functional mixed model prediction (CFMMP) method, which adapts classified mixed model prediction (CMMP) to the framework of FMEM. Performance of CFMMP against functional regression prediction based on simulation studies and the consistency property of CFMMP estimators are explored. Real‐world applications of CFMMP are illustrated using real world examples including data from the hormone research menstrual cycles and the diffusion tensor imaging.
Successful Treatment of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria Using Matched Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in an Adult: A Case Report
Authors: Peterlin Pierre , Bonnelye Julia , Garnier Alice , Le Bourgeois Amandine , Guillaume Thierry , Jullien Maxime , Dutartre Hervé , Le Moigne Marie , Schmitt Caroline , Gouya Laurent , Poli Antoine , Barbarot Sebastien , Chevallier Patrice
Published: January 2024

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), or Gunther disease, is a rare genetic disease responsible for severe dermatologic, hepatic and/or haematological damages related to the deficient activity of the uroporphyrinogen III synthase. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT) represents the only curative treatment and few allotransplanted cases have been reported in children but not in adults. Here we report for the first time the successful cure of a 46-year old man with CEP with a 5-year follow-up after Allo-SCT.
Nonlinear Nano‐Imaging of Interlayer Coupling in 2D Graphene‐Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Luo Wenjin , Song Renkang , Whetten Benjamin G. , Huang Di , Cheng Xinbin , Belyanin Alexey , Jiang Tao , Raschke Markus B.
Published: January 2024

The emergent electronic, spin, and other quantum properties of 2D heterostructures of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides are controlled by the underlying interlayer coupling and associated charge and energy transfer dynamics. However, these processes are sensitive to interlayer distance and crystallographic orientation, which are in turn affected by defects, grain boundaries, or other nanoscale heterogeneities. This obfuscates the distinction between interlayer charge and energy transfer. Here, nanoscale imaging in coherent four‐wave mixing (FWM) and incoherent two‐photon photoluminescence (2PPL) is combined with a tip distance‐dependent coupled rate equation model to resolve the underlying intra‐ and inter‐layer dynamics while avoiding the influence of structural heterogeneities in mono‐ to multi‐layer graphene/WSe2 heterostructures. With selective insertion of hBN spacer layers, it is shown that energy, as opposed to charge transfer, dominates the interlayer‐coupled optical response. From the distinct nano‐FWM and ‐2PPL tip‐sample distance‐dependent modification of interlayer and intralayer relaxation by tip‐induced enhancement and quenching, an interlayer energy transfer time of  ps consistent with recent reports is derived. As a local probe technique, this approach highlights the ability to determine intrinsic sample properties even in the presence of large sample heterogeneity.
3D Covalent Organic Framework with “the” Topology
Authors: Das Saikat , Mabuchi Haruna , Irie Tsukasa , Sasaki Kohki , Nozaki Mika , Tomioka Rina , Wen Dan , Zhao Yu , Ben Teng , Negishi Yuichi
Published: January 2024

Discovery of new topology covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is a mainstay in reticular chemistry and materials research because it not only serves as a stepwise guide to the designed construction of covalent‐organic architectures but also helps to comprehend function from structural design point‐of‐view. Proceeding on this track, the first 3D COF, TUS‐38, with the topology is constructed by reticulating a planar triangular 3‐c node of D3h symmetry with a tetragonal prism 8‐c node of D2h symmetry via [3 + 8] reversible imine condensation reaction. TUS‐38 represents a twofold interpenetrated multidirectional pore network with a high degree of crystallinity and structural integrity. Interestingly, stemming from the nitrogen‐rich s‐triazine rings with electron‐deficient character and ─C ═ N─ linkages composing the TUS‐38 framework that benefit to the charge–transfer and hence dipole–dipole electrostatic interactions between the framework and iodine in addition to exclusive topological characteristics of the exotic the net, TUS‐38 achieves an exemplary capacity for iodine vapor uptake reaching 6.3 g g−1. Recyclability studies evidence that TUS‐38 can be reused at least five times retaining 95% of its initial adsorption capacity; while density functional theory (DFT) calculations have heightened the understanding of the interactions between iodine molecules and the framework.
2D Ultrathin Titanium Nitride Nanosheets as Separator Coatings for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Lu Shan , Cai Lucheng , Wang Jiaqian , Ying Hangjun , Han Zhongkang , Han Weiqiang , Chen Zongping
Published: January 2024

Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are affirmed to be an appealing candidate for boosting the performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to their excellent conductivity, strong interaction with sulfur species, and the effective catalytic ability for conversion of polysulfides. However, the traditional bulk TMNs are difficult to achieve large active surface area and fast transport channels for electrons/ions simultaneously. Here, a 2D ultrathin geometry of titanium nitride (TiN) is realized by a facile topochemical conversion strategy, which can not only serve as an interconnected conductive platform but also expose abundant catalytic active sites. The ultrathin TiN nanosheets are coated on a commercial separator, serving as a multifunctional interlayer in Li–S batteries for hindering the polysulfide shuttle effect by strong capture and fast conversion of polysulfides, achieving a high initial capacity of 1357 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and demonstrating a low capacity decay of only 0.046% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C.
Michael Addition Inducing Self‐Assembly to Construct Mechanochromic BP Film
Authors: Xu Xuejing , Gao Han , Ren Shuqi , Zheng Chenglin , Du Kaiyang , Zhou Xuan , Ye Zhicheng , Zhu Jiliang , Wang Jingxia , Jiang Lei
Published: January 2024

Liquid crystalline blue phase (BP) with 3D cubic nanostructure has attracted much interest in the fields of photonic crystals due to their unique optical properties and the ability to control the flow of light. However, there remains a challenge for simultaneously achieving self‐assembly and mechanochromic response of soft 3D cubic nanostructures. Herein, a scalable strategy for the preparation of soft 3D cubic nanostructured films using oligomerization of the Michael addition reaction, which can induce the assembly of double‐twisted cylinders for collective replication, remodeling, recombination, and growth, with a phase transition from BPII to BPI, and to chiral nematic phase, is presented. The prepared BP patterns can be obtained by Michael addition oligomerization reaction and composite mask photopolymerization, which present distinct mechanochromic sensitive due to patterns derived from different BP state, and the pattern can be reversibly erased and recurred by mechanical force and temperature. The average domain size of BPII prepared using this strategy can achieve 96 µm, which is 2.5 times larger than that obtained using the conventional cooling approach. This work provides new insights into the self‐assembly and selective chemochromism of functional materials and devices.
Construction of Nickel Molybdenum Sulfide/Black Phosphorous 3D Hierarchical Structure Toward High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Pathak Mansi , Mane Pratap , Chakraborty Brahmananda , Cho Jung Sang , Jeong Sang Mun , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: January 2024

Supercapacitors (SCs) with outstanding versatility have a lot of potential applications in next‐generation electronics. However, their practical uses are limited by their short working potential window and ultralow‐specific capacity. Herein, the facile one‐step in‐situ hydrothermal synthesis is employed for the construction of a NiMo3S4/BP (black phosphorous) hybrid with a 3D hierarchical structure. After optimization, the NiMo3S4/BP hybrid displays a high specific capacitance of 830 F/g at 1 A/g compared to the pristine NiMo3S4 electrode. The fabricated NiMo3S4/BP//NiCo2S4/Ti3C2Tx asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a better specific capacitance of 120 F/g at 0.5 A/g, which also demonstrates a high energy density of 54 Wh/kg at 1148.53 W/kg and good cycle stability with capacity retention of 86% and 97% of Coulombic efficiency after 6000 cycles. Further from the DFT simulations, the hybrid NiMo3S4/BP structure shows higher conductivity and quantum capacitance, which demonstrate greater charge storage capability, due to enhanced electronic states near the Fermi level. The lower diffusion energy barrier for the electrolyte K+ ions in the hybrid structure is facilitated by improved charge transfer performance for the hybrid NiMo3S4/BP. This work highlights the potential significance of hybrid nanoarchitectonics and compositional tunability as an emerging method for improving the charge storage capabilities of active electrodes.
Injectable Hydrogel System Incorporating Black Phosphorus Nanosheets and Tazarotene Drug for Enhanced Vascular and Nerve Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Authors: Liu Kun , Wang Yue , Dong Xianzhen , Xu Chao , Yuan Meng , Wei Wenying , Pang Zixuan , Wu Xiaopei , Dai Honglian
Published: January 2024

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to cell death, vascular disruption, axonal signal interruption, and permanent functional damage. Currently, there are no clearly effective therapeutic options available for SCI. Considering the inhospitable SCI milieu typified by ischemia, hypoxia, and restricted neural regeneration, a novel injectable hydrogel system containing conductive black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets within a lipoic acid‐modified chitosan hydrogel matrix (LAMC) is explored. The incorporation of tannic acid (TA)‐modified BP nanosheets (BP@TA) into the LAMC hydrogel matrix significantly improved its conductivity. Further, by embedding a bicyclodextrin‐conjugated tazarotene drug, the hydrogel showcased amplified angiogenic potential in vitro. In a rat model of complete SCI, implantation of LAMC/BP@TA hydrogel markedly improved the recovery of motor function. Immunofluorescence evaluations confirmed that the composite hydrogel facilitated endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis at the injury site. Collectively, this work elucidates an innovative drug‐incorporated hydrogel system enriched with BP, underscoring its potential to foster vascular and neural regeneration.
Kinetic Insights into Bridge Cleavage Pathways in Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Sun Zeming , Connolly Aine , Thompson Michael O.
Published: January 2024

Bridging functionalities in periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) enable new functionalities for a wide range of applications. Bridge cleavage is frequently observed during anneals required to form porous structures, yet the mechanism of these bridge cleavages has not been completely resolved. Here, these chemical transformations and their kinetic pathways on sub‐millisecond timescales induced by laser heating are revealed. By varying anneal times and temperatures, the transformation dynamics of bridge cleavage and structural transformations and their activation energies are determined. The structural relaxation time for individual reactions and their effective local heating time are determined and compared, and the results directly demonstrate the manipulation of different molecules through kinetic control of the sequence of reactions. By isolating and understanding the earliest stage of structural transformations, this study identifies the kinetic principles for new synthesis and post‐processing routes to control individual molecules and reactions in PMOs and other material systems with multi‐functionalities.
Interface Engineering Enables Wide‐Temperature Li‐Ion Storage in Commercial Silicon‐Based Anodes
Authors: Zhang Chenwu , Ji Fengjun , Li Deping , Bai Tiansheng , Zhang Hongqiang , Xia Weihao , Shi Xiuling , Li Kaikai , Lu Jingyu , Wang Yu , Ci Lijie
Published: January 2024

Silicon‐based materials have been considered potential anode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries based on their high theoretical capacity and low working voltage. However, side reactions at the Si/electrolyte interface bring annoying issues like low Coulombic efficiency, sluggish ionic transport, and inferior temperature compatibility. In this work, the surface Al2O3 coating layer is proposed as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which can serve as a physical barrier against the invasion of byproducts like HF(Hydrogen Fluoride) from the decomposition of electrolyte, and acts as a fast Li‐ion transport pathway. Besides, the intrinsically high mechanical strength can effectively inhibit the volume expansion of the silicon particles, thus promoting the cyclability. The as‐assembled battery cell with the Al2O3‐coated Si–C anode exhibits a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 80% at RT and a capacity retention ratio up to ≈81.9% after 100 cycles, which is much higher than that of the pristine Si–C anode (≈74.8%). Besides, the expansion rate can also be decreased from 103% to 50%. Moreover, the Al2O3‐coated Si–C anode also extends the working temperature from room temperature to 0 °C–60 °C. Overall, this work provides an efficient strategy for regulating the interface reactions of Si‐based anode and pushes forward the practical applications at real conditions.