bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Resiliency and the Rise of Indigenous Media
Authors: Moscato Derek
Published: April 2016

Valerie Alia’s book, The New Media Nation: Indigenous Peoples and Global Communication (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012, 270 pp.), points the way to major communication breakthroughs for traditional communities around the world, in turn fostering a more democratic media discourse. From Canada to Japan, and Australia to Mexico, this ambitious and wide-reaching work examines a broad international movement that at once protects ancient languages and customs but also communicates to audiences across countries, oceans, and political boundaries. The publication is divided roughly into five sections: The emergence of a global vision for Indigenous communities scattered around the world; government policy obstacles and opportunities; lessons from Canada, where Indigenous media efforts have been particularly dynamic; the global surge in television, radio and other technological media advances; and finally the long-term prospects and aspirations for Indigenous media. By laying out such a comprehensive groundwork for the rise of global Indigenous media over a variety of formats, particularly over the past century, Alia shows how recent social media breakthroughs such as the highly successful #IdleNoMore movement—a sustained online protest by Canada’s First Nations peoples—have been in fact inevitable. The world’s Indigenous communities have leveraged media technologies to overcome geographic isolation, to foster new linkages with Indigenous populations globally, and ultimately to mitigate structural power imbalances exacerbated by non-Indigenous media and other institutions.
Media Portrayals of Hashtag Activism: A Framing Analysis of Canada’s #Idlenomore Movement
Authors: Moscato Derek
Published: April 2016

The confluence of activism and social media—legitimized by efforts such as the Arab Spring and Occupy Movements—represents a growing area of mainstream media focus. Using Canada’s #IdleNoMore movement as a case, this study uses framing theory to better understand how traditional media are representing activism borne of social media such as Twitter, and how such activism can ultimately have an impact in political and public policy debates. A qualitative framing analysis is used to identify frames present in media reporting of #IdleNoMore during its first two months by two prominent Canadian publications. Emergent frames show that hashtag activism as a catalyst for a social movement was embraced as a theme by one of the publications, therefore helping to legitimize the role of social media tools such as Twitter. In other frames, both positive and negative depictions of the social movement helped to identify for mainstream audiences both historical grievances and future challenges and opportunities for Canada’s First Nations communities.
A breach too far? East Norfolk's place in William Smith's search for success.
Authors: Riches Peter
Published: April 2016

William Smith (1769–1839) played an important role in the defence of the fourteen kilometers of coast between Winterton and Eccles, in East Norfolk, UK between 1803 and 1809. Although now known as a geologist, he earned much of his income as an engineer. Smith's main job was to repair the breaches in the Sandhills (sand dunes) that protected farmed lowland behind from sea flooding. At the same time, Smith became involved in several drainage projects in marshes behind the sand dunes which were instigated by ambitious and acquisitive landowners.

Smith's nephew, John Phillips (1800–1874), gave a glowing but incomplete account of Smith's East Norfolk work in his Memoir. However, an analysis of the extensive archives in: the Norfolk Record Office, the William Smith Collection in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and contemporary local newspapers has revealed that after apparent initial success, Smith's work on the Sandhills became more problematical, both technically and financially, and his relationships with local landowners, for whom he worked, became increasingly fractured.

The Sandhills work was Smith's first coastal engineering project and, through a combination of his own inexperience and his oversimplification of the coastal processes, his designs did not provide a permanent solution to the erosion of the Sandhills by sea surges nor were his designs retained in subsequent years. Comparison of Smith's design concepts with those used by other contemporary engineers reveal that Smith's limited technical success came from a major earthmoving program to infill the Gaps (breaches) in the Sandhills and the adoption of care and maintenance programs to sustain the sea defences, rather than from any innovative engineering.
William Smith's 1815 map, a delineation of the strata of England and Wales: Its production, distribution, variants and survival
Authors: Sharpe Tom
Published: April 2016

A new survey of surviving copies of William Smith's 1815 map, A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland verifies the 1938 classification of the maps by Joan and Victor Eyles into five series but proposes that their unnumbered and unsigned Series V maps be divided into Series Va and Series Vb. The Series Va maps share characteristics with late Series IV maps while Series Vb maps appear to represent a possible second edition dating from the mid to late 1830s during which Smith was also working on a revised, but never issued, edition of his Memoir. While the paper for almost all copies of the main issue of Smith's map came from the Springfield Mill at Maidstone in Kent and is countermarked 1812, the copies of Series Vb maps examined are on paper made at Rye Mill near High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire in the 1830s. The new survey has confidently located about seventy surviving copies of Smith's map, and the likely location of at least thirty additional copies. It is suggested that perhaps as many as 130 to 150 copies of the map survive out of a probable original print-run of about 330 to 350.
PEMURNIAN ASAP CAIR DARI KULIT DURIAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ARANG AKTIF
Authors: Rinaldi Adhitya , Alimuddin Alimuddin , Panggabean Aman Sentosa
Published: April 2016

Limbah kulit durian dapat diolah menghasilkan asap cair dan karbon aktif dengan metode pirolisis. Untuk menghasilkan asap cair yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan, asap cair perlu di proses dengan metode pemurnian seperti destilasi, pemurnian dengan zeolit aktif dan arang aktif. Hasil karakterisasi asap cair dari kulit durian hasil pirolisis, destilasi, pemurnian dengan zeolit aktif dan pemurnian dengan arang aktif diperoleh nilai pH berturut-turut 4,09; 3,24; 3,46; dan 2,09. Kadar asam asetat berturut-turut 6,07; 7,59; 9,11; dan 10,63 (mg/L). Berdasarkan karakteristik komponen senyawa menggunakan GC-MS asap cair hasil pirolisis terdeteksi 17 senyawa, asap cair hasil destilasi 12 senyawa, asap cair pemurnian zeolit aktif 10 senyawa dan asap cair pemurnian arang aktif 6 senyawa dengan mayoritas komponen senyawa terdiri dari asam asetat, fenol dan karbonil serta tidak mengandung senyawa karsinogenik, sehingga asap cair dari kulit durian dapat digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan.
STANDARD OF PROOF, UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOUR AND THE HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA’S VERDICT ON PREVENTIVE DETENTION LAWS
Authors: GRAY ANTHONY
Published: April 2016

[Preventive detention laws authorize courts to order the continued detention in prison of a person who has served their allocated term of imprisonment, but who are thought to be at risk of re-offending if released. They raise fun- damental issues about the separation of powers, the purpose of incarcera- tion, and the standard of proof which is/should be required to authorize detention. They assume that it is possible to predict, with a satisfactory rate of success, whether or not a past offender would if released commit further offences. Recently, a majority of the High Court of Australia validated such legislation. The author in this article explains his reasons for disagreeing with the verdict of the Court in this matter.] 
THE NEW PROVINCE FOR LAW AND ORDER- 100 YEARS OF AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION BY JOE ISAAC AND STUART MACINTYRE (EDS) (SYDNEY: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004). 454 PAGES (HARDCOVER). PRICE: $79.95. ISBN 0 521 84289 1.
Authors: WHEELWRIGHT KAREN
Published: April 2016

This impressive book of essays has been published by Cambridge University Press to mark the centenary of the establishment in 1904 of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (reconstituted as the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission in 1956, and renamed the Australian Industrial Relations Commission in 1988). 
POST AMCOR AND GRIBBLES: A NEW ERA FOR SUCCESSION OF BUSINESS AND REDUNDANCY LAW?
Authors: CATANZARITI JOE
Published: April 2016

[On 9 March 2005, the High Court of Australia handed down two deci- sions of considerable importance for employers. The first decision, Minis- ter for Employment and Workplace Relations v Gribbles Radiology Pty Ltd [2005] HCA 9 concerned the circumstances in which a "succession of business" or a part of a business will occur for the purposes of section 149(1)(d) of the Workplace Relations Act 1996. The second decision, Am- cor Limited v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union; Minister for Employment [2005] HCA 10, pertained to whether, upon the facts pre- sented to the Court, a group of employees had been rendered redundant with a consequent (and cumulatively significant) entitlement to severance pay.

Interestingly, the High Court adopted a 'textual' approach to statutory construction in Gribbles but a 'contextual' approach to the legal interpre- tation of the relevant clause in the agreement in question in Amcor. Not- withstanding these differing approaches, the result in each case is arguably favourable to employers.] 
Time to Abolish the Rule in Searle v Wallbank for Negligence and Nuisance Claims
Authors: Gray Anthony
Published: April 2016

In this article, the author suggests that the old common law rule denying that an owner of property owes a duty of care in respect of escaping animals should be abolished. After discussing the original English case in which this finding was made and the reasons for its creation, the author questions whether the principle remains coherent with other legal principles in tort, including the massive development of the common law of tort in recent years. He concludes that the rule is an anachronism and should be abandoned. If the reasoning for the decision were ever applicable to Australian conditions, it is not applicable any longer. The rule reflects an
exception to a general principle of now universal acceptance, without justification. The Australian High Court should take the opportunity to abandon the rule, in favour of the general application of tort principles to resolve such disputes. The courts are an appropriate law reform body in this context.
Protecting Health, Environment and Agriculture: Authorisation of Generically Modified Crops and Food in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Grossman Margaret
Published: April 2016

Millions of agricultural producers from around the globe now cultivate genetically modified (GM) crops. In both the United States and the European Union, these crops and their food and feed products must be approved after evaluations designed to protect health, the environment, and agriculture. In the United States, federal agencies implement the authorisation process; in the European Community, both Community institutions and Member State authorities play roles. This article describes the comprehensive regulatory provisions that govern GM crops and their products under US and EC law. The article then compares requirements in the two legal systems, with a focus on the process of authorisation, requirements for labelling, and the exercise of precaution in the regulatory process.
Crown Immunity in a Food Crisis: A Consideration of the 2008 Listeriosis Outbreak in Canada
Authors: Miller Shelley L , Finlay Shauna N
Published: April 2016

In Canadian law, the question of whether agents for federal and provincial governments can be liable to consumers in negligence has traditionally been resolved in the negative. However, when many Canadians suddenly fell ill and others died due to exposure to listeria-infected meat products in mid-2008, the ensuing public health crisis and criticism of the government agency that handled it obliged the Prime Minister to call for an investigation and report upon the conduct of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. In the context of the unfolding investigation, the authors examine the underlying rationale and policy reasons for the Canadian courts’ doctrine of Crown immunity and whether the time might be ripe for policy change in circumstances like those which gave rise to the losses caused by listeriosis.
Balancing Privacy and Security in the Australian Passport System
Authors: Clark Steven R
Published: April 2016

Passports are government-issued identification documents. They provide evidence of identity and citizenship, facilitating international travel and national security measures. This places them at the centre of debates regarding the balance between an individual’s privacy and the security of the community. Understanding the technologies used to implement passport systems can shift the discussion from privacy versus security, towards privacy and security — enhancing both. This article reviews these issues from the perspective of existing laws and future policy-making.
Tata as a Product of Globality.
Authors: Crilley Miscene , Gillingham Sara , Lawrence Salmah , Orsolic Ivica
Published: April 2016

“Today we look forward and see a new era emerging. We call it globality, a different kind of environment, in which business flows in every direction....Ratan Tata, chairman of India’s largest conglomerate, the Tata Group, is unquestionably one of the “everyone” who will be players in the world of globality.” – from Globality: competing with everyone from everywhere for everything , H. Sirkin, J. Hererling & A. Bhattacharya, BCG 2008. The question raised by Ratan Tata’s comment is whether or not the world is entering a new and distinctive third phase of globalisation, an era Sirkin et. al. call ‘globality’. (With this premise) we seek to determine whether recent activities within the Tata Group itself represent a microcosm of these new developments . Globality is epitomised by a truly global economy an economy where firms operate independently of national boundaries, political objectives and domestic economic constraints (Bairoch and Kozul-Wright, 1996).
Corruption in Natural Disaster Aid: The 2004 Indonesian Tsunami
Authors: Brooks Nicole , Klau Karin , Orr Joseph , Stanford Chris
Published: April 2016

The tsunami that affected Asia and African countries in December 2004 was one of the most destructive natural disasters in recent time s. Aceh alone suffered an estimated 167,000 deaths and 566,000 displaced persons (USAID, 2005). The response by donor countries and individuals was swift and unprecedented in magnitude, however, after more than one year, thousands of families remained effected by corruption and were forced to huddle in tents instead of living in permanent housing (TI, 2010). Review studies such as Mitchell (2010), show that the outcomes achieved through the aid response we re inefficient and inequitable. Natural disasters, especially when they occur in developing countries, strain government budgets significantly. With large populations (among donors or beneficiaries) believing provisional aid is substantial when in reality it is small (Mitchell, 2010), powers amongst NGO lobbyists growing, and the media’s willingness and ability to distribute damaging stories about corrupt aid practices (Oxfam , 2010), it is easy to see why national governments, eager to appease electorates (presuming they are democratic of course) and the international community, are motivated to provide effective natural disaster aid. In this context, giving aid to countries plagued wi th corruption poses a difficult dilemma. This paper highlights market failures in natural disaster aid using the case of Aceh, and recommends a strategy that adjusts government agents’ incentives to take a path that could arguably assuage the problem of corrupt ion by reducing the severity of the moral hazard problem in an afflicted government.
The Barriers to Selecting Optimal Economic Policy in South Korea
Authors: Abeyeratne Jude , Tsukada Kohei , Sheth Rohan , Thakore Ronak , Patel Siddharth
Published: April 2016

Four of the largest conglomerates in Sout h Korea are Samsung Group, Hyundai-KIA Automotive Group, LG Group and SK Telecom. In 2009, the joint market value of the assets these conglomerates owned amounted to aro und half of the South Korean GDP (Wang 2010). Ostensibly, the South Korean economy is dominated by the co nglomerates. Samsung and LG are the two major players in Korea’s electronics industry; Hy undai and KIA are the two major players in the automotive industry. The export dependency (Tot al Exports/GDP) of South Korea is 44.9% and its import dependency (Total Imports/GDP) is 38% (CIA 2010). This indicates that the South Korean economy is highly dependent on global trade as well as on the conglomerates. It has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union and will ratify FTAs with some of its other trading partners such as China, United States, Japan and Australia (YONHAP News Agency 2010a). It is our view that such changes in trade policy are supported by the conglomerates, which have considerable sway over the govern ment, due to their significant contributions to the economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the source and the nature of the impediments the government faces in implementing policies that enable freer trade in South Korea. We do this from the perspective of President Lee My un-bak, who we characterise as a key veto player, as he draws political support from groups that have conflicting agendas.
Did China's Foreign Exchange Policy Hinder the US Recovery from the Global Financial Crisis?
Authors: Kuma Abhishek , Liow Wui-Ken , Moss Joanna , Sun Yuan , Yi Wang Zhong , Zhuang Xi
Published: April 2016

...substantially undervalued...” - Tim Geithner, US Treasury, January 2011 “...China manipulates its currency...” - Charles Schumer (D), February 2011 “...huge competitive disadvantage...” - President Obama, February 2010 The quotes above convey the perception that China’s foreign exchange policy has had a harmful impact on the US economy. This paper examines whether China’s foreign exchange policy harmed the US economy wit h particular reference to its GDP and unemployment levels since the onset of the GF C. We find, contrary to the commonly held belief, that China’s foreign exchange policy has in fact helped the US recover from the GFC, albeit at the cost of strategi c dependency on Chinese demand for its government debt.
Do child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women in Australia?
Authors: Andrews Luke , Neopanay Bhim Prasad , Yaddehige Kumara , Jorgensen Jaye
Published: April 2016

We hypothesise that child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women within Australia. Our alternative hypothesis is that child care subsidies do not increase the labour force participation of women in Australia. This research pulls data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Organisation for Economic Co-operations, Development and the Productivity Commission and Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR). Based on the regression analysis performed, we found that there was a notable positive relationship between the labour force participation rates of Australian females and child care subsidies by the Australian government. Nevertheless, it’s relevant to highlight that our data could be impacted by other considerations such as taxation changes coming out of the government and the apparent positive relationship between female employment and education over time.
The elasticity of tobacco demand in Australia
Authors: Joe Caroline Kartika , Wei Chuanling , Li Mengtian , Dai Qingbo
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the elasticity of demand of tobacco products in Australia from 2000 to 2011. The hypothesis is that the demand for cigarettes is inelastic. The alternate hypothesis is that the demand for cigarettes is elastic. The hypothesis implies that increasing tobacco tax decreases government tax revenue, while the opposite is true for a decrease in tobacco tax. This paper obtains data mainly from Australian Bureau of Statistics and Cancer Council Victoria. We find an increase in the excise rate and government revenue from tobacco products, therefore implying that the demand of tobacco products in Australia is inelastic. We find further support of this finding by examining factors such as the age and income structure of the population.
Comparison of Numerical vs Analytical Models for EUR Calculation and Optimization in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Moinfar Ali , Erdle James C. , Patel Kanhaiyalal
Published: April 2016

Analytical models available in Rate-Transient-Analysis (RTA) packages are widely used as tools for history matching and forecasting production in unconventional resources. There has also been an increasing interest in the use of numerical simulation of unconventional reservoirs. In this study, we use both methods to history match the production of hydraulically fractured unconventional wells, followed by forecasting future production to establish a well's EUR (Estimated Ultimate Recovery) for reserves determination purposes. This study's goal is to quantify the differences one might expect to encounter in a well's EUR when using analytical model-based RTA vs numerical simulation-based workflows in unconventional reservoirs.

First, we consider an undersaturated shale oil reservoir as a base model for this study. The base case also satisfies all assumptions inherent to analytical solution-based methods such as homogenous reservoir properties and fully-penetrating planar fractures. An excellent match between results of both methods for the base model validates the numerical simulation approach. We then impose a series of real-world deviations from RTA assumptions and investigate reliability of EUR predictions made by both approaches. In all cases, historical data and reference EURs are derived from finely-gridded numerical simulations.

Example results show that, in the presence of real-world deviations from RTA assumptions, analytical models can still match the historical production data; however, key reservoir and fracture parameters need to be modified drastically to compensate for the lack of sufficient physics in the analytical models. Results show that the analytical solution-based history-matched models are not predictive for future production, and somewhat surprisingly provide pessimistic EURs in all real-world scenarios investigated in this work. For the cases presented in this study, analytical models under-predict EURs by 6-17% when two years of production history is available for matching. The underestimation of EUR increases drastically (up to 60%) as the length of available historical data decreases from 2 years to 3 months.

For all cases, we also apply an efficient numerical simulation-based workflow for probabilistic forecasting of EURs. This workflow provides multiple history-matched models that are constrained by historical production data. The probabilistic forecast method employed in this work provides P90 (conservative), P50 (most likely), and P10 (optimistic) values for EUR. In all examples, the range of P90 to P10 EUR values includes the reference EUR, and the P50 values are within 2.2% of the reference EUR.
Simulation of Coupled Fracture Propagation and Well Performance under Different Refracturing Designs in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Huang Jixiang , Yang Changdong , Xue Xu , Datta-Gupta Akhil
Published: April 2016

The successful development of unconventional reservoir relies on the massive hydraulic fractures which provide high conductive paths and large contact area between matrix and wellbore. Since well production always shows a steep decline after the early high flow rate, refracturing can be an economically promising option to compensate for the loss of production and improve the well delivery. Although extensive field cases have been published on refracturing practice, there is a lack of guidelines on how to select and optimize refracturing design.

In this paper, a series of synthetic cases are used to evaluate the well performance under different refracturing designs. The key characteristics for refracturing simulation is accurate quantification of the depletion-induced stress and pressure field change. Thus, finite element method is used to solve the coupled reservoir flow and geomechanics model while a cohesive zone model is adopted to simulate the fracture propagation. A viscoelastic model is used to simulate the time-dependent fracture conductivity change due to proppant embedment. The synthetic cases are grouped into two categories: refracturing in existing perforations and in newly created perforations. A systematic sensitivity study is performed on the effects of fracturing spacing, matrix permeability and refracturing time.

Numerical results show different fracture configurations for refracturing in depleted and virgin reservoirs and thus demonstrate the importance of accounting for stress and pressure changes during initial production. Refracturing the existing perforation is likely to create a wider but shorter fracture compared to the virgin case because the fracturing fluid in these fractures encounter less resistance for enlarging fracture width rather than fracture length because of reduced pressure and total stress. Refracturing new perforations appears to give better short-term performance than refracturing existing perforations but worse long-term performance. Simulation results indicate that for relatively low permeability reservoir it is favorable to add more fracture area; however, the advantage is diminished while for relatively high permeability reservoir where the SRV might already be depleted. When proppant degradation is severe, and fracture conductivity is the limiting factor for production, refracturing existing perforations becomes more attractive. Moreover, simulation results seem to indicate an optimum time window exists for refracturing in this scenario.
Flow of Gases in Slit Shaped Organic Nanopores of Shale: A Boundary-Driven Molecular Simulation Study
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad , Takbiri-Borujeni Ali
Published: April 2016

In modeling of fluid transport in organic nanopores of shale, particular attention should be paid to the gas-wall interactions, specifically the adsorption phenomena, due to the fact that the size of pores are comparable with the mean-free-path of the gas molecules. The objective for this work is to fulfill the need for the investigation of how much the adsorbed phase contributes to the total mass flux of organic nanopores.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) is proved to be a credible technique to examine dynamics of atomic-level phenomena. In this study, transport of four different gases, Methane and Argon (adsorbing) and Helium and Neon (less-adsorbing), is studied and their transport are analyzed using dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulations with identical setups of graphite nano-channels. DCV-GCMD simulations are performed for different pressures, pressure gradients, and channel sizes. For each simulation, profiles of velocity, mass flux, and density across the channel height are calculated. Based on the DCV-GCMD simulation results, as the pressure of the system increases, the number of gas molecules adsorbing to the graphite walls increases to reach a state of full single-layer coverage. The absolute adsorption of a particular gas is the same for both 2 nm and 5 nm channel. However, the excess adsorption of gases in 2 nm channel are less than those in 5 nm one. Normalized velocity profiles of Argon and Methane become less concave as the pressure increase. This is in contrary to theory of slip. The normalized velocity profiles of less adsorbing gases demonstrate a plug shape type flow. As the average channel pressure increases, the contribution of the adsorbed phase to the total mass flux decreases. Furthermore, the results show that the channel length have significant impacts on transport of gases through nanochannels.
Improved estimate of multiyear drought for water resources management studies
Authors: Tarawneh Z. , Khalayleh Y.
Published: April 2016

Using short hydrological records to characterise extreme drought for water studies could lead to uncertain results. At first, this article introduces a generic model that extends the length of short hydrological records to improve the analysis of drought. Using simulated data, the extension model performance was tested and found to work well and later the model was used to extend the annual precipitation for Reba region back to 1924. The analysis of the extended precipitation shows the occurrence of 23 drought events that is about 50% more than the number of events detected from the analysis of the short historical precipitation. The analysis shows that events of 1 year duration are common while events of 3 years or more are rare. Furthermore, this article proposes a theoretical model that can be used to estimate the number of drought events that may emerge during a fixed period. The model is shown to be reliable, and the estimated drought numbers can be used in planning for the water supply from the traditional water sources. Moreover, the article suggests a few measures to improve the water supply in Jordan during dry conditions.
Efficiency of a Photoreactor Packed with Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Removal of Acid Orange 7
Authors: Sheidaei Behnaz , Behnajady Mohammad A.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the removal efficiency of Color Index Acid Orange 7 (AO7) as a model contaminant was investigated in a batch‐recirculated photoreactor packed with immobilized titanium dioxide type P25 nanoparticles on glass beads. The effects of different operational parameters such as the initial concentration of AO7, the volume of solution, the volumetric flowrate, and the light source power in the photoreactor were investigated. The results indicate that the removal percent increased with the rise in volumetric flowrate and power of the light source, but decreased with the rise of the initial concentration of AO7 and the volume of solution. The AO7 degradation was followed through total organic carbon, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and mineralization products analysis. The ammonium and sulfate ions were analyzed as mineralization products of nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms, respectively. The results of GC/MS revealed the production of 1‐indanone, 1‐phthalanone, and 2‐naphthalenol as intermediate products for the removal of AO7 in this process.
Computational fluid dynamics for the assessment of upper airway changes in skeletal Class III patients treated with mandibular setback surgery
Authors: Shah Darshit H. , Kim Ki Beom , McQuilling Mark W. , Movahed Reza , Shah Ankit H. , Kim Yong I.
Published: April 2016

Objective: To analyze and compare pharyngeal airflow characteristics pre- and post–mandibular setback surgery in patients with Class III skeletal dysplasia using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Materials and Methods: Records of 29 patients who had received orthodontic treatment along with mandibular setback surgery were obtained. CBCT scans were obtained at three time points: T1 (before surgery), T2 (average of 6 months after surgery), and T3 (average of 1 year after surgery). Digitized pharyngeal airway models were generated from these scans. CFD was used to simulate and characterize pharyngeal airflow.

Results: Mean airway volume was significantly reduced from 35,490.324 mm3 at T1 to 24,387.369 mm3 at T2 and 25,069.459 mm3 at T3. Significant increase in mean negative pressure was noted from 3.110 Pa at T1 to 6.116 Pa at T2 and 6.295 Pa at T3. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the change in airway volume and the change in pressure drop at both the T2 and T3 time points. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and change in pressure drop at the T2 time point.

Conclusions: Following mandibular setback surgery, pharyngeal airway volume was decreased and relative mean negative pressure was increased, implying an increased effort required from a patient for maintaining constant pharyngeal airflow. Thus, high-risk patients undergoing a large amount of mandibular setback surgery should be evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea and the proposed treatment plan be revised based on the risk for potential airway compromise.
The Association Between Knee Confidence and Muscle Power, Hop Performance, and Postural Orientation in People With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Ageberg Eva , Roos Ewa M.
Published: April 2016

Study Design

Cross-sectional.

Background

The association between muscle function and lack of knee confidence in people with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has not been well investigated. Such knowledge would help in the design of training programs for this population.

Objective

To investigate associations between self-reported knee confidence and muscle function in patients with ACL injury.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from 54 patients (mean age, 30 years; range, 20–39 years; 28% women) with ACL injury, treated with training and reconstructive surgery (n = 36) or training only (n = 18), were assessed 3 ± 1 years after injury. Univariate and multivariable ordinal regression analyses were conducted to test the association between the patient's knee confidence (question 3 from the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score as the dependent variable) and performance on tests of muscle power, hop performance, and postural orientation (test for substitution patterns score) as independent variables (absolute value on the injured leg, and limb symmetry index [LSI; injured leg/uninjured leg × 100] or absolute difference between the injured and uninjured legs).

Results

Sixteen patients reported no trouble with lack of knee confidence, 24 mild trouble, 10 moderate trouble, and 4 severe or extreme trouble. Univariate analyses revealed significant associations between worse knee confidence and lower (worse) LSIs for knee extension power, vertical jump, and side hop, and worse test for substitution patterns scores. In the multivariable analysis, worse vertical jump LSI (P = .043) and worse side hop LSI (P = .012) significantly accounted for 25% of the variation in perceived knee confidence.

Conclusion

Between-leg differences during demanding tasks are associated with knee confidence in individuals with ACL injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(6):477–482. Epub 26 Apr 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6374
Stability in referral systems
Authors: Gürsel Anıl , Sen Sandip , Candale Teddy
Published: April 2016

We evaluate the effect of referral mechanisms on stability of agent populations using service providers. We consider a pool of service providers whose performance varies inversely with load. An agent's satisfaction with a service provider depends on a private function of the performance of the provider. An agent will ask for a referral from a centralized referral agency if its satisfaction from its current service provider is below its satisfaction threshold. Such an agent chooses one of the referred providers in the next time interval. The referral system reaches stability when all agents are satisfied with their current provider. We evaluate the relative merits of the following decisions by the centralized referral agency: number of service providers returned and the means for choosing those referrals. The performance metric used is the number of time periods to reach stable system configurations. Interesting observations include the advantage of performance proportionate and semi-deterministic schemes over deterministic referral decisions.
Regulated multi-party communications and context awareness through the environment
Authors: Saunier Julien , Balbo Flavien
Published: April 2016

Recent research in the multi-agent systems field has highlighted the relevance of complex interaction models such as multi-party communication and context awareness. Nevertheless, there are no generic interaction model and infrastructure that enable to apply them in a standardized way. Emerging as a first-order abstraction, the environment, in the sense of a common medium for the agents, is a suitable paradigm to support these new interaction models. We present an operational model called Environment as Active Support of Interaction, that enables each agent to actively modify the environment according to its interaction needs. This model provides a suitable framework for the regulation of MAS interactions, and priority policies are given to manage the rules. An algorithm is proposed and assessed with an example stemming from the ambient intelligence domain.
Protective Action of Carica papaya on β-Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Miranda-Osorio Pedro , Castell-Rodríguez Andrés , Vargas-Mancilla Juan , Tovilla-Zárate Carlos , Ble-Castillo Jorge , Aguilar-Domínguez Dora , Juárez-Rojop Isela , Díaz-Zagoya Juan
Published: April 2016

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of C. papaya L. leaf extract (CPLE) on pancreatic islets in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, as well as on cultured normal pancreatic cells with STZ in the medium. CPLE (3–125 mg/Kg) was administered orally for 20 days, while a group of diabetic rats received 5 IU/Kg/day of insulin. At the end of the treatment the rats were sacrificed. Blood was obtained to assess glucose and insulin levels. The pancreas was dissected to evaluate β cells by immunohistochemistry. In addition, normal pancreatic cells were cultured in a medium that included CPLE (3–12 mg). One half of the cultured cells received simultaneously CPLE and STZ (6 mg), while the other half received CPLE and five days later the STZ. After three days of incubation, insulin was assayed in the incubation medium. The CPLE administered to diabetic rats improved the fasting glycemia and preserved the number and structure of pancreatic islets. However, when CPLE was added to pancreatic cells in culture along with STZ, the insulin concentration was higher in comparison with the cells that only received STZ. In conclusion, the CPLE preserves the integrity of pancreatic islets, improves the basal insulin secretion and protects cultured cells from the adverse effects of STZ.
Herbal Hepatotoxicity: Clinical Characteristics and Listing Compilation
Authors: Frenzel Christian , Teschke Rolf
Published: April 2016

Herb induced liver injury (HILI) and drug induced liver injury (DILI) share the common characteristic of chemical compounds as their causative agents, which were either produced by the plant or synthetic processes. Both, natural and synthetic chemicals are foreign products to the body and need metabolic degradation to be eliminated. During this process, hepatotoxic metabolites may be generated causing liver injury in susceptible patients. There is uncertainty, whether risk factors such as high lipophilicity or high daily and cumulative doses play a pathogenetic role for HILI, as these are under discussion for DILI. It is also often unclear, whether a HILI case has an idiosyncratic or an intrinsic background. Treatment with herbs of Western medicine or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) rarely causes elevated liver tests (LT). However, HILI can develop to acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in single cases. HILI is a diagnosis of exclusion, because clinical features of HILI are not specific as they are also found in many other liver diseases unrelated to herbal use. In strikingly increased liver tests signifying severe liver injury, herbal use has to be stopped. To establish HILI as the cause of liver damage, RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) is a useful tool. Diagnostic problems may emerge when alternative causes were not carefully excluded and the correct therapy is withheld. Future strategies should focus on RUCAM based causality assessment in suspected HILI cases and more regulatory efforts to provide all herbal medicines and herbal dietary supplements used as medicine with strict regulatory surveillance, considering them as herbal drugs and ascertaining an appropriate risk benefit balance.
An Embedded Sensor Node Microcontroller with Crypto-Processors
Authors: Panić Goran , Stecklina Oliver , Stamenković Zoran
Published: April 2016

Wireless sensor network applications range from industrial automation and control, agricultural and environmental protection, to surveillance and medicine. In most applications, data are highly sensitive and must be protected from any type of attack and abuse. Security challenges in wireless sensor networks are mainly defined by the power and computing resources of sensor devices, memory size, quality of radio channels and susceptibility to physical capture. In this article, an embedded sensor node microcontroller designed to support sensor network applications with severe security demands is presented. It features a low power 16-bitprocessor core supported by a number of hardware accelerators designed to perform complex operations required by advanced crypto algorithms. The microcontroller integrates an embedded Flash and an 8-channel 12-bit analog-to-digital converter making it a good solution for low-power sensor nodes. The article discusses the most important security topics in wireless sensor networks and presents the architecture of the proposed hardware solution. Furthermore, it gives details on the chip implementation, verification and hardware evaluation. Finally, the chip power dissipation and performance figures are estimated and analyzed.
GAS PHASE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF
AND
IN A CRYOGENIC ION TRAP: COMPARISON WITH ASTRONOMICAL MEASUREMENTS*
Authors: Campbell E. K. , Holz M. , Maier J. P. , Gerlich D. , Walker G. A. H. , Bohlender D.
Published: April 2016

Recent low-temperature laboratory measurements and astronomical observations have proved that the fullerene cation

is responsible for four diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). These absorptions correspond to the strongest bands of the lowest electronic transition. The gas phase spectrum below

is reported here for the full wavelength range encompassed by the electronic transition. The absorption spectrum of

, with its origin band at

, has been obtained under similar laboratory conditions. Observations made toward the reddened star

were used in a specific search for the absorption of these fullerene cations in diffuse clouds. In the case of

, one further band in the astronomical spectrum at

is identified, increasing the total number of assigned DIBs to five. Numerous other

absorptions in the laboratory spectrum are found to lie below the astronomical detection limit. Special emphasis is placed on the laboratory determination of absolute absorption cross-sections. For

this directly yields a column density,

, of

in diffuse clouds, without the need to rely on theoretical oscillator strengths. The intensity of the

electronic transition in the range 7000–8000 Å is spread over many features of similar strength. Absorption cross-section measurements indicate that even for a similar column density, the individual absorption bands of

will be too weak to be detected in the astronomical spectra, which is confirmed giving an upper limit of

to the equivalent width.
MODELING SNR CASSIOPEIA A FROM THE SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION TO ITS CURRENT AGE: THE ROLE OF POST-EXPLOSION ANISOTROPIES OF EJECTA
Authors: Orlando S. , Miceli M. , Pumo M. L. , Bocchino F.
Published: April 2016

The remnants of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) have complex morphologies that may reflect asymmetries and structures developed during the progenitor SN explosion. Here we investigate how the morphology of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A) reflects the characteristics of the progenitor SN with the aim of deriving the energies and masses of the post-explosion anisotropies responsible for the observed spatial distribution of Fe and Si/S. We model the evolution of Cas A from the immediate aftermath of the progenitor SN to the three-dimensional interaction of the remnant with the surrounding medium. The post-explosion structure of the ejecta is described by small-scale clumping of material and larger-scale anisotropies. The hydrodynamic multi-species simulations consider an appropriate post-explosion isotopic composition of the ejecta. The observed average expansion rate and shock velocities can be well reproduced by models with ejecta mass M
ej ≈ 4M
⊙ and explosion energy E
SN ≈ 2.3 × 1051 erg. The post-explosion anisotropies (pistons) reproduce the observed distributions of Fe and Si/S if they had a total mass of ≈0.25 M
⊙ and a total kinetic energy of ≈1.5 × 1050 erg. The pistons produce a spatial inversion of ejecta layers at the epoch of Cas A, leading to the Si/S-rich ejecta physically interior to the Fe-rich ejecta. The pistons are also responsible for the development of the bright rings of Si/S-rich material which form at the intersection between the reverse shock and the material accumulated around the pistons during their propagation. Our result supports the idea that the bulk of asymmetries observed in Cas A are intrinsic to the explosion.
ROS-mediated Cytotoxicity and Macrophage Activation Induced by TiO2 Nanoparticles with Different in vitro Non-Cellular Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Popescu Traian , Cremer Lidia , Tudor Mihaela , Lupu Andreea-Roxana
Published: April 2016

AIM: The aim of the study described in the present paper was to assess several in vitro effects of TiO2 nanoparticles with different colloidal and photocatalytic properties on RAW 264.7 macrophages.METHODS: The cells were exposed to Degussa P25 titania and two other types of nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure in our laboratory: undoped and Fe3+-doped TiO2. Compared to Degussa P25, the hydrothermal nanomaterials were significantly less active in inducing cytotoxicity, production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The induced effects were analysed with respect to nanoparticle size, surface charge, hydrophilicity, semiconductor bandgap energy and photocatalytic generation of ROS under non-cellular conditions.RESULTS: The overall results indicated that TiO2 nanoparticles with higher surface charge, hydrophilic surfaces and enhanced photocatalytic properties may preferentially induce macrophage cell damage and inflammation compared to other TiO2 nanomaterials.CONCLUSION: The present findings are relevant for studies regarding the evaluation of risks raised by self-cleaning technologies involving nanosized hydrophilic TiO2 photocatalysts as well as development of synthesis methods optimized for producing biocompatible TiO2 nanomaterials.