bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of initial treatment for peritoneal lavage cytology-positive gastric cancer: outcomes according to treatment strategy
Authors: Yago Akikazu , Haruta Shusuke , Ueno Masaki , Ogawa Yusuke , Shimoyama Hayato , Ohkura Yu , Udagawa Harushi
Published: February 2022

Background

Although patients with positive lavage cytology (CY1) are classified as having stage IV disease, long-term survival without other unresectable factors (P0CY1) has been reported. Conversion gastrectomy in patients with a change in cytology status after induction chemotherapy might improve survival, but appropriate treatment remains controversial. Here, we reviewed our experience in treating CY1 gastric cancer to evaluate the best treatment strategy.

Methods

Clinical and pathological findings of patients with a diagnosis of P0CY1 gastric cancer at Toranomon Hospital between February 2006 and April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into two groups according to initial treatment: a surgery-first group and a chemotherapy-first group. In addition, the patients were categorized into subgroups based on the subsequent treatment pattern. The surgery-first group was divided into two subgroups: adjuvant chemotherapy and palliative gastrectomy only. The chemotherapy-first group was divided into three subgroups with the subsequent treatment pattern depending on the response to chemotherapy: conversion gastrectomy, palliative gastrectomy after induction therapy, and palliative chemotherapy.

Results

In total, 38 patients were eligible for inclusion in this study. After initial assessment of cytology status, 21 patients underwent gastrectomy as initial treatment (surgery first) and 17 received induction chemotherapy (chemotherapy first). Ten patients underwent surgery first with adjuvant chemotherapy, 11 underwent palliative gastrectomy alone, 5 underwent conversion surgery, 5 with CY1 disease after induction chemotherapy underwent palliative gastrectomy, and 7 received palliative chemotherapy only. The 3-year survival rate was 23.4% (median survival, 17.7 months) in the surgery-first group and 27.3% (median survival, 19.7 months) in the chemotherapy-first group. The 3-year survival rate was 75% for conversion gastrectomy, 16.7% for palliative chemotherapy, and 0% for palliative gastrectomy after induction chemotherapy.

Conclusions

There was no significant difference in outcome according to whether surgery or chemotherapy was performed first. The prognosis of conversion surgery with curative resection was better than that of the other types of treatment. However, the outlook after induction chemotherapy was poor. Patients with advanced gastric cancer should be treated cautiously until more effective treatment options become available.
Intersectoral and multisectoral approaches to health policy: an umbrella review protocol
Authors: Amri Michelle , Chatur Ali , O’Campo Patricia
Published: February 2022

Background

It is widely recognized that one’s health is influenced by a multitude of nonmedical factors, known as the social determinants of health (SDH). The SDH are defined as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and which are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels”. Despite their influence on health, most of the SDH are targeted through government departments and ministries outside of the traditional health sector (e.g. education, housing). As such, the need for intersectoral and multisectoral approaches arises. Intersectoral and multisectoral approaches are thought to be essential to addressing many global health challenges our world faces today and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. There are various ways of undertaking intersectoral and multisectoral action, but there are three widely recognized approaches (Health in All Policies [HiAP], Healthy Cities, and One Health) that each have a unique focus. However, despite the widespread acceptance of the need for intersectoral and multisectoral approaches, knowledge around how to support, achieve and sustain multisectoral action is limited. The goal of this study is to assemble evidence from systematic approaches to reviewing the literature (e.g. scoping review, systematic review) that collate findings on facilitators/enablers and barriers to implementing various intersectoral and multisectoral approaches to health, to strengthen understanding of how to best implement health policies that work across sectors, whichever they may be.

Methods

An umbrella review (i.e. review of reviews) is to be undertaken to collate findings from the peer-reviewed literature, specifically from Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus databases. This umbrella review protocol was developed following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P), and study design informed by the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

Discussion

Countries that employ multisectoral approaches are better able to identify and address issues around poverty, housing and others, by working collaboratively across sectors, with multisectoral action by governments thought to be required to achieve health equity.
Positive association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: the NHANES 2011–2018
Authors: Xie Ruijie , Huang Xiongjie , Liu Qianlong , Liu Mingjiang
Published: February 2022

Background

Serum lipids are highly inheritable and play a major role in bone health. However, the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) remains uncertain. The goal of this study was to see if there was a link between HDL-C levels and BMD in persons aged 20–59.

Methods

Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the link between HDL-C and lumbar BMD using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018. Generalized additive models and fitted smoothing curves were also used.

Results

The analysis included a total of 10,635 adults. After controlling for various variables, we discovered that HDL-C was positively linked with lumbar BMD. The favorable connection of HDL-C with lumbar BMD was maintained in subgroup analyses stratified by sex and race in women, but not in men, and in blacks, but not in whites. The relationship between HDL-C and lumbar BMD in men and whites was a U-shaped curve with the same inflection point: 0.98 mmol/L.

Conclusions

In people aged 20 to 59, our research discovered a positive relationship among HDL-C and lumbar BMD. Among males and whites, this relationship followed a U-shaped curve (inflection point: 0.98 mmol/L). HDL-C measurement might be used as a responsive biomarker for detecting osteoporosis early and guiding therapy.
Effect of micro-strain stress on in vitro proliferation and functional expression of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes
Authors: Zhao Bin , Ma Jianxiong , He Jinquan , Ma Xinlong
Published: February 2022

Background

This study aimed to analyze the in vitro effect of micro-strain stress on the proliferation and functional marker expression in chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritis cartilage samples.

Methods

Chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritis cartilage samples were subjected to loading with different types of micro-strain stress. The proliferation activity was assessed by flow cytometry, and the functional expression of chondrocyte markers was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot.

Results

Flow cytometry results showed stimulation of proliferation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes when an adequate micro-strain stress was applied. qRT-PCR and western blot results showed that micro-strain stress promotes human osteoarthritic chondrocyte functional marker expression. These features coincide with the upregulation of multiple proteins and genes affecting cell proliferation and functional chondrocyte marker expression, including cyclin D1, collagen II, and Rock.

Conclusion

Adequate micro-strain stress could activate the Rho/Rock signaling pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, thus transmitting mechanical signals to the cytoskeleton. This process leads to cytoskeleton reorganization, and transmission of the mechanical signals to the downstream effectors to promote proliferation and functional marker expression of osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
Elevation of MMP1 and ADAMTS5 mRNA expression in glenohumeral synovia of patients with hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Muneshige Kyoko , Uchida Kentaro , Kenmoku Tomonori , Tazawa Ryo , Nakawaki Mitsufumi , Ishii Daisuke , Inoue Gen , Takaso Masashi
Published: February 2022

Background

Epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between hypercholesterolemia and shoulder disease. Previous studies have focused on the effect of hypercholesterolemia on tendinopathy. Moreover, hypercholesterolemia has also been linked to joint pathology in the knee and hand. However, the effect of hyperlipidemia on glenohumeral joint remain unclear. A hypercholesterolemic condition has been reported to alter levels of A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTSs) and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in synovium of the knee joint. Here, we evaluated the mRNA expression of ADAMTSs and MMPs in the glenohumeral synovium of patients with and without hypercholesterolemia.

Methods

Study participants were 73 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for degenerative rotator cuff tears. They were divided into two groups according to total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride levels. Synovial membrane samples were harvested at the rotator interval during surgery, and mRNA expression levels of the aggrecanases ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5 and MMPs (MMP-1, 3, 9, and 13) were analyzed quantitatively.

Results

ADAM-TS5 and MMP1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the high TC group than in the low TC group (P = 0.023 and P = 0.025, respectively). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in ADAMTS4 or MMPs 3, 9, and 13 (ADAMTS4, P = 0.547; MMP3, P = 0.55; MMP9, P = 0.521; and MMP13, P = 0.785).

Conclusion

Hypercholesterolemia may alter MMP1 and ADAMTS5 expression in the synovium of the glenohumeral joint.
Adapting the depression component of WHO Mental Health Gap Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG.v2) for primary care in Shenzhen, China: a DELPHI study
Authors: Searle Kendall , Blashki Grant , Kakuma Ritsuko , Yang Hui , Lu Shurong , Li Baoqi , Xiao Yingying , Minas Harry
Published: February 2022

Background

Primary care doctors in Shenzhen, China are increasingly expected to identify and prevent depressive disorder; however, they have received limited mental health training and community healthcare centres (CHC) do not provide standardised protocols for the diagnosis and care of depressive disorder. The World Health Organization’s mental health gap intervention guide, version 2 (mhGAP-IG.v2) is a decision support tool for non-specialists for the assessment, management and follow-up of mental, neurological and substance use disorders (including depressive disorder). Given that mhGAP-IG.v2 is a generic tool, it requires adaptation to take account of cultural differences in depression presentation and unique characteristics of China’s emergent mental health system.

Methods

A two-round, web-based, Delphi survey was conducted. A panel of primary care doctors from Shenzhen, were invited to score their level of agreement with 199 statements (arranged across 10 domains) proposing changes to the content and structure of mhGAP-IG.v2 for use in Shenzhen. Consensus was predefined as 80% panelists providing a rating of either “somewhat agree/definitely agree”, or “definitely disagree/somewhat disagree” on a five-point scale for agreement.

Results

79% of statements received consensus with a mean score of 4.26 (i.e. “somewhat agree”). Agreed adaptations for mhGAP-IG.v2 included:- an assessment approach which considers a broader spectrum of depression symptoms and reflects the life course of disease; incorporating guidance for screening tool usage; clarifying physicians’ roles and including referral pathways for intersectorial care with strong family involvement; aligning drug treatment with national formularies; stronger emphasis of suicide prevention throughout all sections of the guide; contextualizing health education; reflecting a person-centred approach to care. Panelists chose to maintain diagnostic and treatment advice for bipolar patients experiencing a depressive episode as in the current guide.

Conclusions

An adapted mhGAP-IG.v2 for depression recognises China’s cultural and contextual needs for assessment guidance; unique primary healthcare system organization, priorities and treatment availability; and diverse psychosocial educational needs. An adapted mhGAP-IG.v2 could both inform the future training programs for primary care in Shenzhen and also offer an additional mental health resource for non-specialists in other countries.
Cultural adaptation of psychological interventions for people with mental disorders delivered by lay health workers in Africa: scoping review and expert consultation
Authors: Mabunda Dirceu , Oliveira Déborah , Sidat Mohsin , Cavalcanti Maria Tavares , Cumbe Vasco , Mandlate Flávio , Wainberg Milton , Cournos Francine , de Jesus Mari Jair
Published: February 2022

Background

Lay Health Workers (LHW) are important providers of community mental health services and help mitigate access and treatment gaps in Africa. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the role and performance of these workers, as well as about the extent to which the interventions delivered are culturally adapted to the African context.

Aims

This scoping review aimed to explore the content and aspects concerning the cultural adaptation and sustainability of psychological interventions delivered by LHW to people with mental disorders in Africa.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature published from January 2000 to December 2018 to identify psychological interventions delivered by LHW for people with mental disorders in Africa. We systematically searched PubMed, Google scholar and Hinari to select relevant publications. The articles were evaluated for risk of bias according to study design with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI) Quality Assessment Tools. Expert consultation was performed according to Arksey & O’Malley framework and cultural adaptation analysis was performed according to Bernal framework.

Results

Out of 14,549 retrieved records, we identified ten peer-reviewed articles conducted in Zimbabwe, Uganda, South Africa and Zambia describing four distinct interventions. Six were randomized controlled trials; none addressed implementation outcomes. Group-based interpersonal therapy (n = 5), trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (n = 1), problem solving therapy (n = 3) and narrative exposure therapy (n = 1) emerged as psychological interventions delivered by LHW for people with depression, anxiety, trauma and suicidal behavior. Psychological interventions delivered by LHW in Africa were all culturally adapted to meet the competence of LHW. All the interventions were associated with symptom improvement, but the quality of this evidence varied widely with study design.

Conclusion

Task-shifting psychological interventions delivered by LHW after appropriate cultural adaptation show promise for addressing unmet mental health care needs in Africa. More effectiveness and implementation evidence is needed, especially with regard to psychological interventions delivered by LHW for adolescence, older people and those with severe mental disorders and suicidal behaviors.
Inline monitoring of high cell density cultivation of Scenedesmus rubescens in a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor by photon density wave spectroscopy
Authors: Sandmann Michael , Münzberg Marvin , Bressel Lena , Reich Oliver , Hass Roland
Published: February 2022

Objective

Due to multiple light scattering that occurs inside and between cells, quantitative optical spectroscopy in turbid biological suspensions is still a major challenge. This includes also optical inline determination of biomass in bioprocessing. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, a technique based on multiple light scattering, enables the independent and absolute determination of optical key parameters of concentrated cell suspensions, which allow to determine biomass during cultivation.

Results

A unique reactor type, called “mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor” was used to create a highly concentrated algal suspension. PDW spectroscopy measurements were carried out continuously in the reactor without any need of sampling or sample preparation, over 3 weeks, and with 10-min time resolution. Conventional dry matter content and coulter counter measurements have been employed as established offline reference analysis. The PBR allowed peak cell dry weight (CDW) of 33.4 g L−1. It is shown that the reduced scattering coefficient determined by PDW spectroscopy is strongly correlated with the biomass concentration in suspension and is thus suitable for process understanding. The reactor in combination with the fiber-optical measurement approach will lead to a better process management.
Development and optimizing a simple and cost-effective medium for in vitro culture of Plasmodium berghei-ANKA strain with conserving its infectivity in BALB/c mice
Authors: Hanifian Haleh , Nateghpour Mehdi , Motevalli Haghi Afsaneh , Teimouri Aref , Razavi Sepand , Fariver Leila
Published: February 2022

Objectives

The current culture system forP. bergheistill requires modifications in consistency and long-term maintenance of parasites considering their pathogenicity in culture media. Therefore, this study designed to further improvement of culture conditions and designing a cost-effective culture medium with minimum changes in pathogenicity for in vitro culture ofP. berghei.

Results

Results indicated that the rate of parasitaemia in our modified method remained statistically stable between days one to seven (P = 0.07). The current modified cultivation method was more efficient in maintaining of parasites for further days. Furthermore, in current method the stability of parasitaemia rate during day1 to day7 was in better rate compared to that in Ronan Jambou et al. and the differences between two methods were statistically significant (P = 0.001). The virulence of cultivated parasites in our modified method remained similar to frozen stock parasites as positive control group. No significant differences were seen in survival time between two groups of mice those were infected with either cultivated parasites or stock freeze parasites (P = 0.39) with the mean survival time of 20.83 ± 3.84 and 19.66 ± 1.21 days, respectively. Herein, we achieved a simple, cost-effective and applicable technique for culture ofP. berghei.
Reforms to improve reproducibility and quality must be coordinated across the research ecosystem: the view from the UKRN Local Network Leads
Authors: Stewart Suzanne L. K. , Pennington Charlotte R. , da Silva Gonçalo R. , Ballou Nick , Butler Jessica , Dienes Zoltan , Jay Caroline , Rossit Stephanie , Samara Anna ,   U. K. Reproducibility Network (UKRN) Local Network Leads
Published: February 2022

Many disciplines are facing a “reproducibility crisis”, which has precipitated much discussion about how to improve research integrity, reproducibility, and transparency. A unified effort across all sectors, levels, and stages of the research ecosystem is needed to coordinate goals and reforms that focus on open and transparent research practices. Promoting a more positive incentive culture for all ecosystem members is also paramount. In this commentary, we—the Local Network Leads of the UK Reproducibility Network—outline our response to the UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s inquiry on research integrity and reproducibility. We argue that coordinated change is needed to create (1) a positive research culture, (2) a unified stance on improving research quality, (3) common foundations for open and transparent research practice, and (4) the routinisation of this practice. For each of these areas, we outline the roles that individuals, institutions, funders, publishers, and Government can play in shaping the research ecosystem. Working together, these constituent members must also partner with sectoral and coordinating organisations to produce effective and long-lasting reforms that are fit-for-purpose and future-proof. These efforts will strengthen research quality and create research capable of generating far-reaching applications with a sustained impact on society.
Bucket-handle cervical tear at term following oxytocin-induced vaginal delivery: a case report
Authors: Fessehaye Abraham , Asfaw Mariamawit , Kitila Hika Hailu , Gudu Wondimu
Published: February 2022

Background

A bucket-handle cervical tear, a laceration of the anterior or the posterior lip of the cervix so that it hangs like the handle of a bucket, is the rarest type of cervical laceration. Our case represents such a serious cervical laceration.

Case summary

A 28 year-old para 2 (both vaginal deliveries) Ethiopian mother presented at term with prolonged rupture of membrane. After 8 hours of oxytocin induction, a bucket-handle cervical detachment was detected at the time of her vaginal delivery, up on digital pelvic examination. Delivery of the baby was noted to be through the cervical tear, not the cervical opening. Cervix was amputated at the level of the cervical tear, 4 days after a failed initial repair surgery.

Conclusion

When bucket-handle cervical tear is encountered, a thorough clinical evaluation of the viability of the cervical tissue and feasibility of a repair procedure should be made during the first surgery. If the cervical detachment is near total, as in our case, we recommend amputation of the hanging cervical tissue from the outset.
Management of a human immunodeficiency virus case with discordant antiviral drug resistance profiles in cerebrospinal fluid compared with plasma: a case report
Authors: Bang Didi , Fonager Jannik , Johansen Isik Somuncu
Published: February 2022

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated neurocognitive disorder is a known complication in individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid escape, which is defined as discordant higher cerebrospinal fluid viremia than plasma, may occur in antiretroviral therapy-experienced individuals. Different cerebrospinal fluid versus plasma mutation patterns have been observed in individuals with cerebrospinal fluid escape.

Case presentation

A 46-year-old adult African male with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome based on cerebral toxoplasmosis and a chronic hepatitis B virus infection developed cerebrospinal fluid escape. A different human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance profile was observed in plasma compared with cerebrospinal fluid. Brain biopsy and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging indicated the development of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. A discordant protease inhibitor mutation/wild-type T74PT in plasma but not in cerebrospinal fluid indicated poor central nervous system penetration due to the selective pressure of drug therapy. An intensified antiretroviral therapy regimen including dolutegravir with good central nervous system penetration improved conditions.

Conclusions

This case shows the importance of measuring human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in cerebrospinal fluid, which might differ from resistance detected in plasma samples and target effective antiretroviral therapy treatment accordingly.
Tumor lysis syndrome, acute kidney injury and disease-free survival in critically ill patients requiring urgent chemotherapy
Authors: Abdel-Nabey Moustafa , Chaba Anis , Serre Justine , Lengliné Etienne , Azoulay Elie , Darmon Michael , Zafrani Lara
Published: February 2022

Background

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening complication during the treatment of malignant neoplasia. We sought to describe characteristics and predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI), remission and mortality in high-risk TLS patients. In this retrospective monocentric study, we included all patients with the diagnosis of biological and/or clinical TLS from 2012 to 2018. The primary outcome was the prevalence of AKI during the acute phase of TLS. Secondary outcomes were overall mortality and remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year.

Results

Among 153 patients with TLS, 123 (80.4%) patients experienced AKI and 83 (54.2%) required renal replacement therapy. mSOFA score (OR = 1.15, IC 95% [1.02–1.34]), age (OR = 1.05, IC 95% [1.02–1.08]) and male gender (OR = 6.79, IC 95% [2.59–19.44]) were associated with AKI. Rasburicase use (HR = 2.45, IC 95% [1.17–5.15]) was associated with remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year. Parameters associated with mortality at 1 year were mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.96, IC 95% [1.02–3.78]), vasopressors (HR = 3.13, IC 95% [1.59–6.15]), age (HR = 1.02, IC 95% [1–1.03]), spontaneous TLS (HR = 1.65, IC 95% [1.01–2.69]) and delay of chemotherapy administration (HR = 1.01, IC 95% [1–1.03]).

Conclusions

AKI is highly prevalent in TLS patients. Rasburicase is associated with better outcomes regarding remission of the underlying malignancy. As rasburicase may be an indirect marker of a high degree of tumor lysis and chemosensitivity, more studies are warranted to confirm the protective role of urate oxidase. Delaying chemotherapy may be deleterious in terms of long-term outcomes.
Chrysoeriol isolated from Melientha suavis Pierre with activity against the agricultural pest Spodoptera litura
Authors: Ruttanaphan Torranis , Thitathan Wirin , Piyasaengthong Narisara , Nobsathian Saksit , Bullangpoti Vasakorn
Published: February 2022

Background

Flavonoids, a class of plant phenolic compounds, act as plant defense chemicals. Chrysoeriol is a naturally occurring flavonoid produced by Melientha suavis Pierre. The goal of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential and mode of action of chrysoeriol isolated from M. suavis against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).

Results

The effects of chrysoeriol on second-instar S. litura larvae were determined by topical application. Chrysoeriol was highly toxic to S. litura (24- and 48-h LD50 values of ~ 6.99 and 6.51 µg/larva, respectively). Moreover, mode-of-action experiments demonstrated that this compound significantly decreased the activities of both detoxification-related enzymes [carboxylesterases (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and neurological enzymes (acetylcholinesterase).

Conclusions

These results indicate that chrysoeriol isolated from M. suavis could be used as a potential agent with activity against S. litura. However, it is necessary to determine the potential side effects on nontarget species for the further development of these novel insecticides.

Graphical Abstract
Urinary bladder Schistosoma haematobium-related squamous cell carcinoma: a report of two fatal cases and literature review
Authors: Efared Boubacar , Bako Aïchatou Balaraba Abani , Idrissa Boubacar , Alhousseini Daouda , Boureima Habiba Salifou , Sodé Haboubacar Chaibou , Nouhou Hassan
Published: February 2022

Background

Schistosomiasis is still a public health issue in certain areas of developing countries (especially in sub-saharan Africa). Schistosoma haematobium is a proven carcinogenic agent that causes mainly bladder squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer has characteristic epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features with poor prognosis as compared to other urinary bladder cancers not associated with this parasite.

Cases presentation

We report two fatal cases of advanced-stage bladder squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium in a sub-saharan developing African country (Niger), illustrating the devastating complications of this tropical neglected disease. The two cases were a 38-year-old woman and a 37-year-old male. They presented with chronic pelvic pain and hematuria. The clinical and radiological work-up revealed invasive urivary bladder tumor extended to the pelvis, that was histopathologically proven to be an invasive squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium. The two patients died shortly after the diagnosis before chemotherapy prescription.

Conclusion

Schistosoma-associated bladder squamous cell carcinoma has characteristic features with dismal prognosis. Eradication of this parasite remains the only efficient way to prevent the devastating consequences of this particular cancer.
Child linear growth trajectories during the first three years of life in relation to infant iron status: a prospective cohort study in rural Vietnam
Authors: Hanieh Sarah , Braat Sabine , Tran Thach D. , Ha Tran T. , Simpson Julie A. , Tuan Tran , Fisher Jane , Biggs Beverley-Ann
Published: February 2022

Background

Early childhood growth patterns have long-term consequences for health and disease. Little is known about the interplay between growth and iron status during childhood. We explored the interplay between linear growth and iron status during early childhood, by assessing child growth trajectories between 6 and 36 months (m) of age in relation to infant iron status at 6 months of age.

Methods

A cohort study of infants born to women who had previously participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation, conducted in rural Vietnam. The relationship between child linear growth trajectories and infant iron status (ferritin concentration) was examined using latent growth curve modeling. Primary outcomes were height for age z scores (HAZ) and growth trajectory between 6 and 36 m of age.

Results

A total of 1112 infants were included in the study. Mean [SD] HAZ scores decreased over time from –0·58 [0·94] at 6 m, to –0·97 [0·99] at 18 m, to –1·14 [0·89] at 36 m of age. There was a steep linear decline in the HAZ scores between 6 and 18 m of age, followed by a slower linear decline from 18 to 36 m of age. Ferritin concentration at 6 m of age was inversely associated with HAZ score at 6 m of age (-0·145, 95% CI [-0.189, -0.101]). There was no association between infant ferritin at 6 m of age and child growth trajectory between 6 and 36 m of age.

Conclusions

Iron status at six months of age did not influence a child’s later linear growth trajectory in this cohort of rural Vietnamese children. Longitudinal studies with repeated ferritin and height measurements are required to better delineate this relationship and inform public health interventions.
A pragmatic evaluation of a public health knowledge broker mentoring education program: a convergent mixed methods study
Authors: Clark Emily C , Dhaliwal Bandna , Ciliska Donna , Neil-Sztramko Sarah E , Steinberg Marla , Dobbins Maureen
Published: February 2022

Background

Public health professionals are expected to use the best available research and contextual evidence to inform decision-making. The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools developed, implemented, and evaluated a Knowledge Broker mentoring program aimed at facilitating organization-wide evidence-informed decision-making in ten public health units in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this study was to pragmatically assess the impact of the program.

Methods

A convergent mixed methods design was used to interpret quantitative results in the context of the qualitative findings. A goal-setting exercise was conducted with senior leadership in each organization prior to implementing the program. Achievement of goals was quantified through deductive coding of post-program interviews with participants and management. Interviews analyzed inductively to qualitatively explain progress toward identified goals and identify key factors related to implementation of EIDM within the organization.

Results

Organizations met their goals for evidence use to varying degrees. The key themes identified that support an organizational shift to EIDM include definitive plans for participants to share knowledge during and after program completion, embedding evidence into decision-making processes, and supportive leadership with organizational investment of time and resources. The location, setting, or size of health units was not associated with attainment of EIDM goals; small, rural health units were not at a disadvantage compared to larger, urban health units.

Conclusions

The Knowledge Broker mentoring program allowed participants to share their learning and support change at their health units. When paired with organizational supports such as supportive leadership and resource investment, this program holds promise as an innovative knowledge translation strategy for organization wide EIDM among public health organizations.
A comprehensive review on incremental deformation in rolling processes
Authors: Agrawal Prajwal , Aggarwal Sangeet , Banthia Neil , Singh Udit Suraj , Kalia Arnav , Pesin Alexander
Published: February 2022

Incremental deformation is a well-known concept among material scientists, when applied with advanced automation it becomes very efficient. It has advanced in leap and bounds over time and has established itself in mainstream industrial applications. Yet, there are a few common problems associated with this technique. Many of these problems are related to predicting material behavior, inaccuracies in setting roller angles and distance, and the velocity of rollers and workpieces. This review paper attempts to concisely present these processes, problems, and the advances that have been made over the years. Firstly, in this review, a detailed overview of the rolling processes, carried out in different academic universities, based on conventional and generic techniques is given. Secondly, an outline of various rolling techniques like thread rolling, incremental rolling, shape rolling, and some other advanced techniques like corrugated rolling, riblet rolling, and symmetric and asymmetric rolling, are discussed in detail with their merits, demerits, and applications. This is followed by a study of recent reports on the finite element methods (FEM), consisting of work on numerical methods by research scholars and practical experiments such as experiments based on the topic like specific material usage or the enhancement of the rolling process through different methods. Finally, a decisive summary of the challenges behind the novel concepts, and the specific domains requiring further enhancements are mentioned.
Spectral consistency of satellite and airborne data: Application of an equivalent dipole layer for combining satellite and aeromagnetic data sets
Authors: Dilixiati Yixiati , Baykiev Eldar , Ebbing Jörg
Published: February 2022

We present a novel approach for the combination of aeromagnetic and satellite data applying an equivalent dipole layer and spherical harmonic (SH) expansion of the dipoles. The method involves two steps: (1) inversion for the magnetic parameters of the equivalent dipole layer and (2) conversion of the magnetic parameters into SH coefficients. With this approach, SH analysis can be used for a regional study area, and, for example, the long-wavelength range of aeromagnetic data can be replaced with satellite data. We test our approach on the third, fourth, and fifth editions of the Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia, which were releveled using independent aeromagnetic data sets for long-wavelength correction. The results indicate that the magnetic compilations leveled to long-haul control lines have a good agreement with the LCS-1 satellite model in the range of SH degree 40 to 110 (corresponding to half-wavelengths between 180 to 500 km), whereas the third edition of the Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia demonstrates poor control over long- wavelengths in this spectral range. Our analysis suggests that even the carefully processed fifth edition would benefit from the replacement of long-wavelength data with satellite data.
Deep learning-based shot-domain seismic deblending
Authors: Sun Jing , Hou Song , Vinje Vetle , Poole Gordon , Gelius Leiv-J
Published: February 2022

To streamline the fast-track processing of large data volumes, we have developed a deep learning approach to deblend seismic data in the shot domain based on a practical strategy for generating high-quality training data along with a list of data conditioning techniques to improve the performance of the data-driven model. We make use of unblended shot gathers acquired at the end of each sail line, to which the access requires no additional time or labor costs beyond the blended acquisition. By manually blending these data, we obtain training data that are fully adapted to the given survey, while having good control of their ground truth. Furthermore, we train a deep neural network using multichannel inputs that include adjacent blended shot gathers as additional channels. The prediction of the blending noise is added in as a related and auxiliary task with the main task of the network being the prediction of the primary-source events. Blending noise in the ground truth is scaled down during the training and validation process due to its excessively strong amplitudes. As part of the process, the to-be-deblended shot gathers are aligned by the blending noise. Implementation of field blended-by-acquisition data demonstrates that introducing the suggested data conditioning steps can considerably reduce the leakage of primary-source events in the deep part of the blended section. The complete proposed approach performs almost as well as a conventional algorithm in the shallow section and finds a great advantage in efficiency. It performs slightly worse for larger traveltimes, but it still removes the blending noise efficiently.
Racial Differences in Treatments and Toxicity in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Thoracic Radiation Therapy
Authors: Laucis Anna Mary Brown , Hochstedler Kimberly A. , Schipper Matthew J. , Paximadis Peter A. , Boike Thomas P. , Bergsma Derek P. , Movsas Benjamin , Kretzler Annette , Spratt Daniel E. , Dess Robert T. , Mietzel Melissa A. , Dominello Michael M. , Matuszak Martha M. , Jagsi Reshma , Hayman James A. , Pierce Lori J. , Jolly Shruti
Published: February 2022

PURPOSE:

Historical racial disparities in lung cancer surgery rates resulted in lower survival in Black patients. Our objective was to examine racial differences in thoracic radiation treatments and toxicities in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

A large institutional review board–approved statewide patient-level database of patients with stage II-III non–small-cell lung cancer who received definitive thoracic radiation from March 2012 to November 2019 was analyzed to assess associations between race and other variables. Race (White or Black) was defined by patient self-report. Provider-reported toxicity was defined by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Patient-reported toxicity was determined by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Lung quality-of-life instrument. Univariable and multivariable regression models were fitted to assess relationships between race and variables of interest. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients were calculated between provider-reported toxicity and similar patient-reported outcomes.

RESULTS:

One thousand four hundred forty-one patients from 24 institutions with mean age 68 years (range, 38-94 years) were evaluated. Race was not significantly associated with radiation or chemotherapy approach. There was significantly increased patient-reported general pain in Black patients at the preradiation and end-of-radiation time points. Black patients were significantly less likely to have provider-reported grade 2+ pneumonitis (odds ratio 0.36, P = .03), even after controlling for known patient and treatment factors. Correlation coefficients between provider- and patient-reported toxicities were generally similar across race groups except for a stronger correlation between patient- and provider-reported esophagitis in White patients.

CONCLUSION:

In this large multi-institutional study, we found no evidence of racial differences in radiation treatment or chemotherapy approaches. We did, however, unexpectedly find that Black race was associated with lower odds of provider-reported grade 2+ radiation pneumonitis. The stronger correlation between patient- and provider-reported esophagitis and swallowing symptoms for White patients also suggests possible under-recognition of symptoms in Black patients. Further research is needed to study the implications for Black patients.
It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Girnita Leonard , Smith Terry J , Janssen Joseph A M J L
Published: February 2022

Context

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR.

Objective

Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both.

Evidence

IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs.

Conclusions

Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.
Driving Factors to Pursue Endocrinology Training Fellowship: Empirical Survey Data and Future Strategies
Authors: Tsai Karen , Long Clarine , Liang Tom Z , Napolitano Jason , Khawaja Raheela , Leung Angela M
Published: February 2022

Objective

There is a current and anticipated labor shortage of endocrinologists in the United States. Over the past decade, the number of applications to endocrinology fellowship programs has plateaued despite increased available positions, and interest in endocrinology has declined relative to other internal medicine subspecialty fields. The examination of driving factors for pursuit of endocrinology as a subspecialty career is needed.

Methods

A 12-question online survey was developed to identify the primary reasons for current endocrinology fellows/trainees to pursue the field. This survey was sent to 152 U.S. endocrinology fellowship program directors for completion by their fellows between July and August 2021.

Results

A total of 176 of 629 fellows (28.0%) completed the survey. The majority (57.4%) had decided to pursue endocrinology as a career during residency, while 27.3% had decided during medical school. The endocrinology rotation during residency was ranked by 79 fellows (44.9%) as the most influential factor, followed by having positive experiences with a clinical mentor (27.3%). Endocrinology exposure during medical school was sparse, with only 2.8% noting the availability of an endocrinology student interest group, while 59.7% reported inadequate endocrinology exposure during their medical school curriculum.

Conclusion

The majority of current endocrinology fellows/trainees report that exposure to the field during medical school was limited, and that their endocrinology elective and mentorship experiences during residency were the most influential factors for pursuing endocrinology as a subspecialty. Improved integration of endocrinology experiences between medical school and residency may enhance career interest in endocrinology.
The Problem of Colonialism
Authors: Pillay Suren
Published: February 2022

This article explores the ways in which Latin American decolonial theory is drawn on to make sense of colonial legacies in contemporary Africa. For Latin American decolonial theory, colonialism is characterized by enforced assimilation enacted through epistemic violence. Latin American decolonial theory self-consciously rejects thinking about colonialism as historically specific in favor of the more abstract concept of coloniality. When Latin American decolonial theory travels to Africa, its emphasis on colonial assimilation obscures a significant experience of colonialism that enforced difference rather than assimilation. The article discusses the key underpinnings of apartheid education as a form of colonial education, in order to show how colonialism was responsive to particular conditions and combined both epistemology and institutions. To think the problem of colonialism in the present requires a comparative account of the problem of colonialism that embraces both the history of assimilation and the history of difference in a way that survives colonial assimilation.
Effectiveness and implementation of a lifestyle modification intervention for women with isolated impaired fasting glucose: Study protocol for a hybrid type 2 study in Kerala, India
Authors: Mathews Elezebeth , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Joseph Anjaly , Kodapally Bhagieshwari , Thulaseedharan Jissa Vinoda , Narayan KM Venkat , Oldenburg Brian , Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
Published: February 2022

Background:Isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG) constitutes a major group in the prediabetic spectrum among Indians, and thus it is imperative to identify effective diabetes prevention strategies. This study aims to evaluate the effects of an intensive community-based lifestyle modification program on regression to normoglycemia among women with i-IFG, compared to a control group at 24 months. The study also aims to evaluate the implementation of the intervention, via both process and implementation outcomes.

Methods:We will use a hybrid design (Effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial) to test the effectiveness and implementation of the lifestyle modification intervention. Effectiveness is evaluated using a randomized controlled trial among 950 overweight or obese women, aged 30 to 60 years, with i-IFG on an oral glucose tolerance test in the Indian state of Kerala. The intervention involves an intensive lifestyle modification program through group and individually mentored sessions using behavioural determinants and behavioural change techniques.  The intervention group will receive the intervention for a period of 12 months and the control group will receive general health advice through a health education booklet. Data on behavioural, clinical, and biochemical measures will be collected using standard methods at 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome will be regression to normoglycemia at 24 months, as defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria.

Discussion: This study will provide the first evidence on the effects of lifestyle interventions on regression to normoglycemia in people with i-IFG among Indians.

CTRI registration:CTRI/2021/07/035289 (30/07/2021)
Intertemporal Price Discrimination in Sequential Quantity-Price Games
Authors: Dana James D. , Williams Kevin R.
Published: February 2022

This paper develops an oligopoly model in which firms first choose capacity and then compete in prices in a series of advance-purchase markets.