bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automation and Digitization in the Seed Sector: Offline to Online
Authors: Roopashree B. , Gowda Rame , Sowmya K. J.
Published: March 2023

As automation has become an integral part of today's world, the Internet of things (IoT) and Machine learning (ML) offers a platform for tracking and controlling different environments remotely with the help of sensors, controllers and the internet. Today IoT and ML are taking over control of agriculture industries and playing an important role in smart farming. The literature highlights the potential use of IoT and ML in agriculture and even in seed sector which is feasible for surveillance and monitoring from sowing to harvesting and similar packaging operations. In this review, we have highlighted the use of IoT applications with remote sensors such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, water level sensors and pH value providing an idea of automation in seed sowing, seedling development and yield, which displays precision as well as practical utility to cope with difficulties in the field. It also addresses the digitalization in seed distribution and market systems. Some notable prospects by ML in the seed industry viz., seed tracking and smart storage system has also been stated.
Performance Assessment of Low Global Warming Potential Alternative Refrigerants
Authors: Anthony A. Adeyanju , Manohar Krishpersad
Published: March 2023

Global warming is the general increase in global temperature brought on by higher-than-normal concentrations of greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat waves as they approach the world and allow them to continue entering the atmosphere over time without being able to leave. This study used low global warming potential alternative refrigerants to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in line with global efforts to phase out chlorinated fluids in order to preserve the ozone layer as a result of the Montreal Protocol. A software program called Cycle-D-Hx, which has a graphical user interface and a thermodynamic model of the refrigeration system, was used to evaluate how well household refrigerators working with various types of refrigerants performed. The model was validated using data from a household refrigerator charged with R134A. The performance of several low global warming potential alternative refrigerants, including R404A, R449A, R513A, and R452A, was then assessed using the model.

The hydrofluoroolefin based R452A refrigerant is an alternative to R404A and R507 that is non-ozone depleting and has a low global warming potential. An azeotropic blend, R-513A is a drop-in replacement for R-134a in existing systems. Common hydrofluorocarbons and the new hydrofluoro-olefin molecule R1234yf are combined to form R449a, which is made up of R32 (24%), R125 (25%), R134a (26%), and R1234yf (25%). R513A, an aceotropic blend with no temperature glide, is composed of 44% R134a and 56% R1234yf.

The simulation's findings demonstrate that R452A has a coefficient of performance 1.578, a zero potential for ozone depletion, a 0.5oC temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser and also a low potential for global warming unit count of 2140. Along with these thermodynamic and environmental qualities, R452A blend can take the place of R134A as a refrigerant because it is non-flammable and noncorrosive and will not corrode the metal parts of the compressor and evaporator of the refrigeration system.
Assessing the Awareness, Attitude, and Knowledge of Senior Pharmacy Students in Jordanian Universities Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance: A Study of the Medical Curriculum
Authors: Malkawi Ruba , Jarwan Baraa , Tawalbeh Jawad
Published: March 2023

Inappropriate antibiotic usage is a critical issue in many countries, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where access to antibiotics may be easier but proper prescribing and use practices are often lacking. This can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance, which poses a significant threat to global public health. The research on assessing the awareness, attitude, and knowledge of senior pharmacy students in Jordanian universities regarding antibiotic use and resistance can have several impacts. Firstly, it can shed light on the current level of knowledge and awareness among pharmacy students, who are future healthcare professionals, and identify any gaps or misconceptions that need to be addressed through education and training programs. Secondly, the research findings can be used to develop targeted interventions to improve appropriate antibiotic use and reduce the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in Jordan and potentially other countries with similar contexts. Finally, the study can contribute to the growing body of knowledge on antibiotic resistance and help inform global efforts to address this critical public health issue. This study aimed to assess the awareness, attitude, and knowledge of senior pharmacy students in Jordanian universities in relation to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (AR). A proportionate random sampling method was employed, and a questionnaire was administered to 400 final-year pharmacy students from three universities in the northern region of Jordan over a period of six months (6/3/2022- 11/3/2022). The data was distributed electronically using emails, and Excel was used for data analysis. The findings revealed that the pharmacy students displayed a high level of knowledge (mean score of 86.5%), positive attitude (mean score of 87.2%), and responsible behavior towards antibiotic use, indicative of their awareness and understanding of the risks of AR. The statistical methods used to analyze the data included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as t-tests and ANOVA. The study also identified some areas of potential improvement, such as enhancing knowledge about antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics. To address these gaps, targeted educational interventions can be developed to empower pharmacy students to promote appropriate antibiotic use and minimize the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
JAK2 unmutated erythrocytosis: 2023 Update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Gangat Naseema , Szuber Natasha , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: March 2023

Disease Overview

JAK2 unmutated or non‐polycythemia vera (PV) erythrocytosis encompasses a heterogenous spectrum of hereditary and acquired entities.

Diagnosis

Foremost in the evaluation of erythrocytosis is the exclusion of PV through JAK2 (inclusive of exons 12–15) mutation screening. Initial assessment should also include gathering of previous records on hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hgb) levels, in order to streamline the diagnostic process by first distinguishing longstanding from acquired erythrocytosis; subsequent subcategorization is facilitated by serum erythropoietin (Epo) measurement, germline mutation screening, and review of historical data, including comorbid conditions and medication list. Hereditary erythrocytosis constitutes the main culprit in the context of longstanding erythrocytosis, especially when associated with a positive family history. In this regard, a subnormal serum Epo level suggests EPO receptor mutation. Otherwise, considerations include those associated with decreased (high oxygen affinity Hgb variants, 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate deficiency, PIEZO1 mutations, methemoglobinemia) or normal oxygen tension at 50% Hgb saturation (P50). The latter include germline oxygen sensing pathway (HIF2A–PHD2–VHL) and other rare mutations. Acquired erythrocytosis commonly results from central (e.g., cardiopulmonary disease, high‐altitude habitat) or peripheral (e.g., renal artery stenosis) hypoxia. Other noteworthy conditions associated with acquired erythrocytosis include Epo‐producing tumors (e.g., renal cell carcinoma, cerebral hemangioblastoma) and drugs (e.g., testosterone, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors). Idiopathic erythrocytosis is an ill‐defined terminology that presumes the existence of an increased Hgb/Hct level without an identifiable etiology. Such classification often lacks accounting for normal outliers and is marred by truncated diagnostic evaluation.

Management

Current consensus treatment guidelines are not supported by hard evidence and their value is further undermined by limited phenotypic characterization and unfounded concerns for thrombosis. We are of the opinion that cytoreductive therapy and indiscriminate use of phlebotomy should be avoided in the treatment of non‐clonal erythrocytosis. However, it is reasonable to consider therapeutic phlebotomy if one were to demonstrate value in symptom control, with frequency determined by symptoms rather than Hct level. In addition, cardiovascular risk optimization and low dose aspirin is often advised.

Future Directions

Advances in molecular hematology might result in better characterization of “idiopathic erythrocytosis” and expansion of the repertoire for germline mutations in hereditary erythrocytosis. Prospective controlled studies are needed to clarify potential pathology from JAK2 unmutated erythrocytosis, as well as to document the therapeutic value of phlebotomy.
Post‐irradiation nasal nitric oxide in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ho Yan‐Ting , Lee Ta‐Jen , Chang Po‐Hung , Fu Chia‐Hsiang
Published: March 2023

Key Points

nNO levels decreased at 3 and 6 months and recovered at 12 months after radiotherapy in NPC.

nNO may be a feasible biomarker for mucociliary function in post‐irradiated NPC patients.

Lower nNO levels were associated with more sinonasal burdens in post‐irradiated NPC patients.
Educational Attainment and Dementia: Mediation by Mid‐Life Vascular Risk Factors
Authors: Liu Chelsea , Ma Yuan , Hofman Albert , Waziry Reem , Koton Silvia , Pike James R. , Windham B. Gwen , Power Melinda C. , Sharrett A. Richey , Gottesman Rebecca F.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Lower education is associated with higher burden of vascular risk factors in mid‐life and higher risk of dementia in late life. We aim to understand the causal mechanism through which vascular risk factors potentially mediate the relationship between education and dementia.

Methods

In a cohort of 13,368 Black and White older adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, we assessed the relationship between education (grade school, high school without graduation, high school graduate or equivalent, college, graduate/professional school) and dementia among all participants and among those with incident stroke. Cox models were adjusted for age, race‐center (a variable stratified by race and field center), sex, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Causal mediation models assessed mediation by mid‐life systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, and smoking.

Results

More education was associated with 8 to 44% lower risk of dementia compared to grade school‐level education in a dose–response pattern, while the relationship between education and post‐stroke dementia was not statistically significant. Up to 25% of the association between education and dementia was mediated through mid‐life vascular risk factors, with a smaller percentage mediated for lower levels of education.

Interpretation

A substantial proportion of the relationship between education and dementia was mediated through mid‐life vascular risk factors. However, risk factor modification is unlikely to fully address the large educational disparities in dementia risk. Prevention efforts must also address disparities in socioeconomic resources leading to divergent early‐life education and other structural determinants of mid‐life vascular risk factors. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:13–26
Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of NRP‐1/CD304 in hematological diseases
Authors: Liu Yi‐jun , Li Xiao‐hui , Song Yi‐ling , Zhou Yi‐chen , Cai Rong‐zeng , Chi Pei‐dong
Published: March 2023

Background

Previous studies had explored the diagnostic or prognostic value of NRP‐1/CD304 in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL), whereas the expression and application value of NRP‐1/CD304 in other common hematological diseases have not been reported.

Methods

Bone marrow samples from 297 newly diagnosed patients with various hematological diseases were collected to detect the expression of NRP‐1/CD304 by flow cytometry (FCM). The diagnostic efficacy of NRP‐1/ CD304‐positive diseases was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was compared.

Results

In the research cohort, the total positive rate of NRP‐1/CD304 was 14.81% (44/297), mainly distributed in BPDCN (100%, 6/6), B‐ALL (48.61%, 35/72), and AML (4.48%, 3/67), with statistically significant differences (p < 0.01). Other diseases, such as T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL), B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL), T/NK‐cell lymphoma and plasma cell neoplasms, did not express NRP‐1/CD304. The AUC of NRP‐1/CD304 was 0.936 (95% CI 0.898–0.973), 0.723 (95% CI 0.646–0.801), and 0.435 (95% CI 0.435) in BPDCN, B‐ALL and AML, respectively. Besides, CD304 was commonly expressed in B‐ALL with BCR‐ABL1 gene rearrangement (p = 0.000), and CD304 expression was positively correlated with CD34 co‐expression (p = 0.009) and CD10 co‐expression (p = 0.007).

Conclusions

NRP‐1/CD304 is only expressed in BPDCN, B‐ALL and AML, but not in other common hematological diseases. This indicates that NRP‐1/CD304 has no obvious diagnostic and follow‐up study value in hematological diseases other than BPDCN, B‐ALL, and AML.
Mass cytometry for the multiplexed quantification and characterization of target expression on circulating cells in whole blood
Authors: Stevens Chad R. , Atkuri Kondala , Menard Daniele L. , King Lindsay E. , Neubert Hendrik , Goihberg Polina
Published: March 2023

Characterization of target abundance on cells has broad translational applications. Among the approaches for assessing membrane target expression is quantification of the number of target‐specific antibody (Ab) bound per cell (ABC). ABC determination on relevant cell subsets in complex and limited biological samples necessitates multidimensional immunophenotyping, for which the high‐order multiparameter capabilities of mass cytometry provide considerable advantages. In the present study, we describe the implementation of CyTOF® for the concomitant quantification of membrane markers on diverse types of immune cells in human whole blood. Specifically, our protocol relies on establishingBmaxof Ab saturable binding on cells, then converted into ABC according to a metal's transmission efficiency and number of metal atoms per Ab. Using this method, we calculated ABC values for CD4 and CD8 within the expected range for circulating T cells and in concordance with the ABC obtained in the same samples by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we successfully conducted multiplex measurements of the ABC for CD28, CD16, CD32a, and CD64, on >15 immune cell subsets in human whole blood samples. We developed a high‐dimensional data analysis workflow enabling semi‐automatedBmaxcalculation in all examined cell subsets to facilitate ABC reporting across populations. In addition, we investigated impacts of the type of metal isotope and acquisition batch effect on the ABC evaluation with CyTOF®. In summary, our findings demonstrate mass cytometry is a valuable tool for concurrent quantitative analysis of multiple targets in specific and rare cell types, thus increasing the numbers of biomeasures obtained from a single sample.
A gravity‐independent single‐phase electrode reservoir for capillary electrophoresis applications
Authors: Drevinskas Tomas , Noell Aaron C. , Kehl Florian , Zamuruyev Konstantin , Ferreira Santos Mauro S. , Mora Maria F. , Boone Travis D. , Hoac Trinh , Quinn Richard C. , Ricco Antonio J. , Willis Peter A.
Published: March 2023

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) holds great promise as an in situ analytical technique for a variety of applications. However, typical instrumentation operates with open reservoirs (e.g., vials) to accommodate reagents and samples, which is problematic for automated instruments designed for space or underwater applications that may be operated in various orientations. Microgravity conditions add an additional challenge due to the unpredictable position of the headspace (air layer above the liquid) in any two‐phase reservoir. One potential solution for these applications is to use a headspace‐free, flow‐through reservoir design that is sealed and connected to the necessary reagents and samples. Here, we demonstrate a flow‐through high‐voltage (HV) reservoir for CE that is compatible with automated in situ exploration needs, and which can be electrically isolated from its source fluidics (in order to prevent unwanted leakage current). We also demonstrate how the overall system can be rationally designed based on the operational parameters for CE to prevent electrolysis products generated at the electrode from entering the capillary and interfering with the CE separation. A reservoir was demonstrated with a 19 mm long, 1.8 mm inner diameter channel connecting the separation capillary and the HV electrode. Tests of these reservoirs integrated into a CE system show reproducible CE system operation with a variety of background electrolytes at voltages up to 25 kV. Rotation of the reservoirs, and the system, showed that their performance was independent of the direction of the gravity vector.
Contraction of the fluvial territory in the Jarama River (Spain)
Authors: Enríquez‐de‐Salamanca Álvaro
Published: March 2023

Rivers are dynamic systems, with mobility due to their changing flows. Variations in flow give rise to floods, forming floodplains, whose human occupation depends on the probability of flooding; the reduction of floods favours human occupation. This study analyses the modification of the fluvial territory of the lower stretch of the Jarama River between 1956 and 2020, through orthophotographic analysis. The regulation of the basin by dams has led to the disappearance of floods, favouring human occupation of the fluvial territory. Concurrently, the length of the river channel has increased by 2.3% due to the excavation of some meanders, favoured by the modification of flows due to the discharge of wastewater treatment plants. As a consequence, the fluvial territory has increased by 0.88 km2 due to erosion, but at the same time has lost 14.36 km2 due to human occupation, with a net loss of 58.3% of the area. Most of the occupied fluvial territory has been used for agriculture, followed by grassland and mining, although much of the grasslands are former mining areas. The current public river domain is very narrow, and is defined as a fixed space, incompatible with fluvial dynamics. Floodplains are a strategic resource, as a defence against floods and to preserve river dynamics, sediment transport and biodiversity. It is necessary to preserve the fluvial territory and expand it by recovering lost land, and to maintain a space of freedom for the river, allowing its natural dynamics.
Evaluation of solar thermal energy capture and storage alternatives for indirect steam generation: A case study
Authors: Zoratti G. , Mores P. , Godoy E.
Published: March 2023

This study analyzes the integration of a solar thermal plant for indirect steam generation in a typical industrial process with thermal energy requirements. Solar irradiation is computed using a validated predictive model in Santa Fe province, Argentina. Three configurations are proposed, consisting of parabolic trough collectors and thermal storage tanks. Performance indicators, such as generated energy, resulting solar fraction (the fraction of the industrial process' thermal requirements met by solar energy), and necessary solar field area, are evaluated for each configuration. A specific energy map is generated, showing the solar generation potential at each location. For required solar fractions of 20%‐25%, incorporating a thermal storage system does not provide any benefits as the solar plant does not produce enough energy to contribute to the industrial process during winter months. For required solar fractions of 30%‐35%, the resulting solar fraction can be increased to 42%‐45% with additional capture area and thermal storage capacity. For required solar fractions of 37%‐40%, the thermal storage improves the efficiency of the solar plant, resulting in a solar fraction of 50%‐60%, allowing the industrial process to receive energy for at least 6 h a day throughout the year. It is concluded that these configurations are suitable for providing a portion of the industrial process' thermal requirements.
The therapeutic potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: Rational strategies and recent progress
Authors: Javid Hossein , Attarian Fatemeh , Saadatmand Toktam , Rezagholinejad Nastaran , Mehri Ali , Amiri Hamed , Karimi‐Shahri Mehdi
Published: March 2023

The second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide is breast cancer (BC), and despite significant advances in BC therapies, a significant proportion of patients develop metastasis and disease recurrence. Currently used treatments, like radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, result in poor responses and high recurrence rates. Alternative therapies are therefore needed for this type of cancer. Cancer patients may benefit from immunotherapy, a novel treatment strategy in cancer treatment. Even though immunotherapy has been successful in many cases, some patients do not respond to the treatment or those who do respond relapse or progress. The purpose of this review is to discuss several different immunotherapy approaches approved for the treatment of BC, as well as different strategies for immunotherapy for the treatment of BC.
Abstraction and addition reactions of four γ‐lactones with H‐atoms and methyl radicals
Authors: Würmel Judith , Simmie John M.
Published: March 2023

The five‐membered cyclic esters, or γ‐lactones, are promising candidates as biofuel additives and green solvent components. A comprehensive study of thermochemical and kinetic properties of γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), γ‐valerolactone (GVL), γ‐caprolactone (GCL), and γ‐heptalactone (GHL) has been conducted. The entropy, , specific heat, , enthalpy function, , and the enthalphy of formation at 298.15 K, , as well as the adiabatic ionization potential and single bond dissociation energies are reported. Bimolecular rate constants for the abstraction of H‐atom by H• and CH are presented on a per abstractable hydrogen basis; abstraction at the tertiary carbon site is consistently favored, while abstraction by CH lags behind H•. Addition reactions of H• and CH have high barriers and favor addition to the C‐center.
LEADING WITH GRACE WHEN THE PRESSURE IS ON
Authors: Baldoni John
Published: March 2023

The author delineates the importance of the concept of grace in leadership, and the self‐development of leaders in organizations of all sectors of society. He notes the importance of “grace under pressure,” and remaining calm during moments of uncertainty and chaos. Good leaders, in the author’s words, take care of their people; take care of themselves; and prepare for the future. He defines grace as “the catalyst for the greater good,” and notes that it “facilitates connection with others.” He also writes about the importance of abundance, which “embraces the goodness of others, but it also makes demands upon us to share.” The importance of questioning is stressed. “When you ask the right question,” he writes, “you can distill answers that are relevant as well as helpful.” Among the sample leadership questions, in his words, are: How do you communicate the mission? How do you enlist the support of others? How do you encourage productivity? He also writes about such “power questions” as, in his words, What good can I do with my power? What harm can I cause with my power? Echoing a question that is no doubt on the minds of many leaders, one of his final questions is “How are you dealing with the unknown?”
Taylor collocation method for solving two‐dimensional partial Volterra integro‐differential equations
Authors: Khennaoui Cheima , Bellour Azzeddine , Laib Hafida
Published: March 2023

In this paper, the numerical solution of a two‐dimensional partial Volterra integro‐differential equation (2D‐PVIDE) is provided by extending the Taylor collocation scheme of one‐dimensional Volterra integral equations. The method is based on the use of Taylor polynomials in two‐dimensional, while the approximate solution is given by using explicit schemes. The method is proved to be high‐order convergent with respect to the maximum norm. Some numerical examples are given to verify the theoretical results.
Retrospective diagnosis by parental testing in the next generation sequencing era and utility of reanalysis of exome data
Authors: Saxena Deepti , Srivastava Somya , Maurya Rajesh K. , Moirangthem Amita , Mandal Kausik , Phadke Shubha
Published: March 2023

Objective

Genetic diseases are an important cause of neonatal and childhood mortality. For couples with a history of demise of previous children, screening for carrier status can be done by exome sequencing (ES) of the parents. Our aim was to describe the clinical utility of “targeted parental ES” in such couples and to assess the utility of reanalysis of parental ES data.

Method

We analyzed previous records, including ES reports, of 52 families with demise of previous offspring with a suspected genetic disorder. We also retrieved and reanalyzed raw data of parental ES in FASTQ format from the testing lab.

Results

A potential diagnosis was obtained in 30/52 (57.7%) of couples. We found 38/70 (54.3%) novel variants in this cohort. Shared carrier status for more than one autosomal or X‐linked recessive disorder was identified in 18% of couples. Reanalysis of raw data resulted in a reclassification of variants in 15% of cases.

Conclusion

Targeted parental ES can be helpful for families with demise of previous offspring with a suspected genetic disorder.
Sensitivity and specificity in signal detection with the reporting odds ratio and the information component
Authors: Trillenberg Peter , Sprenger Andreas , Machner Björn
Published: March 2023

Purpose

As measures of association between an adverse drug reaction (ADR) and exposure to a drug the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the information component (IC) can be used. We sought to test the reliability of signal detection with these.

Methods

We simulated ADR counts as binomially distributed random numbers for different expected ADR frequencies and theoretical reporting odds ratios (RORs). We then calculated the empirical IC and the empirical ROR and their confidence intervals. The rate of signals that was detected despite a theoretical ROR of 1 represented the false positive rate, and represented the sensitivity if the ROR was >1.

Results

For expected case counts below 1 the false positive rate oscillates from 0.01 to 0.1 even though 0.025 were intended. Even beyond expected case counts of 5 oscillations can cover a range of 0.018 to 0.035. The first n oscillations with the largest amplitude are eliminated if a minimum case count of n is required. To detect an ROR of 2 with a sensitivity of 0.8, a minimum of 12 expected ADRs are required. In contrast, 2 expected ADRs suffice to detect an ROR of 4.

Conclusion

Summaries of measures for disproportionality should include the expected number of cases in the group of interest if a signal was detected. If no signal was detected the sensitivity for the detection of a representative ROR or the minimum ROR that could be detected with probability 0.8 should be reported.
A novel brick for bispecific antibody construction
Authors: He Yan , Ma Haili , Wang Cong , Ai Zhilong , Wu Qiao , Chen Hongyan , Lu Daru
Published: March 2023

In recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has become a major trend in the biopharmaceutical industry. By simultaneously engaging two molecular targets, bsAbs have exhibited unique mechanisms of action that could lead to clinical benefits unattainable by conventional monoclonal antibodies. The type of structure used to construct a bsAb directly influences the distance, angle, degree of freedom, and affinity between the two antibody binding sites and the interaction between the two antigens or the cells where the antigens are located, which have been bound by the antibody. Consequently, the structure of the bsAb is one of the most vital factors affecting its function. Herein, we reported for the first time a novel basic module bsAb format, VFV (Variable domain‐Fab‐Variable domain). And then, the feasibility of the VFV format was demonstrated by constructing a series of engager‐like basic module bsAbs. Next, a series of VFV bsAbs containing Fc (VFV‐Ig), Fab (VFV‐Fab), or Hinge (VFV‐Hinge) were developed based on Hxb module, and all of them had adequate purity and activity. Finally, a T cell engager bsAb with the potential to overcome on‐target off‐tumor activity was constructed according to the structural characteristics of VFV, which validated that the VFV module can be used as a new brick for the construction of various bsAbs. In a word, the successful construction of this bsAb format for the first time not only enriches the arsenal of the bsAb format, but also provides inspiration for the construction of new bsAbs. Nevertheless, we are fully aware that as a proof‐of‐concept study, this paper has many shortcomings, and there is still a lot of work to be done to determine whether VFV can serve as a platform for drug development.
Effects of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles on German cockroach development, indoxacarb resistance, and bacterial load
Authors: Zha Chen , Turner Matthew , Ray Ritesh , Liang Dangsheng , Pietri Jose E.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a ubiquitous and medically significant urban pest. The ongoing development of insecticide resistance in global populations of B. germanica has complicated control efforts and created a need for improved tools. We previously reported that disruption of the gut microbiota by oral administration of the antimicrobial doxycycline reduced resistance in an indoxacarb resistant field strain and also delayed nymphal development and reduced adult fecundity. However, the application of doxycycline for cockroach control in the field is impractical. Here, we sought to determine whether two metal nanoparticles with known antimicrobial properties, copper (Cu) and zinc oxide (ZnO), have similar effects to doxycycline on the physiology of B. germanica and could provide more practical alternatives for control.

RESULTS

We found that dietary exposure to 0.1% Cu nanoparticles, but not ZnO, significantly delays the development of nymphs into adults. However, neither of the nanoparticles altered the fecundity of females, and ZnO surprisingly increased resistance to indoxacarb in a resistant field strain, in contrast to doxycycline. Semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) further revealed that prolonged dietary exposure (14 days) to Cu or ZnO nanoparticles at the low concentration readily consumed by cockroaches (0.1%) does not reduce the load of the bacterial microbiota, suggesting alternative mechanisms behind their observed effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, our results indicate that ingestion of Cu nanoparticles can impact German cockroach development through an undetermined mechanism that does not involve reducing the overall load of the bacterial microbiota. Therefore, Cu may have some applications in cockroach control as a result of this activity but antagonistic effects on insecticide resistance should be considered when evaluating the potential of nanoparticles for cockroach control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nicotine‐mediated dopamine regulates short neuropeptide F to inhibit brown planthopper feeding behavior in tobacco‐rice rotation cropping
Authors: Yuan Longyu , Liang Qichang , Li Yanfang , Dai Yangsuo , Shen Jianmei , Hu Liming , Xiao Hanxiang , Zhang Zhenfei
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

The tobacco‐rice rotation cropping (TRRC) is an ecologically friendly system that can both alleviate soil nicotine pollution and decrease the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) fitness on rice. However, few studies on this green and effective rotational cropping system have been reported. In particular, the underlying mechanisms of TRRC on the significant reduction of field pest population at the molecular level is still unknown.

RESULTS

Field investigation showed that BPH population decreased significantly in TRRC than in rice‐rice successive cropping (RRSC) field. In addition, the short neuropeptide F (NlsNPF) and its receptor NlA7 of BPH had half‐times lower levels in the TRRC field. Behavioral bioassay indicated a 1.93‐fold increase in the number of salivary flanges of the dsNlsNPF group, while BPH fitness parameters, such as honeydew, weight gain, and mortality decreased significantly. Dopamine (DA) content in BPH decreased by ~11.1% under the influence of nicotine, and its presence increased the expression levels of NlsNPF and NlA7. Exogenous DA application eliminated the inhibitory effects of nicotine on BPH feeding and restored the fitness levels of its parameters. Independent application of either a mixture of dsNlsNPF with a nanocarrier or nicotine to the normal rice field revealed that the latter could produce better effects in combination with dsRNA.

CONCLUSION

These findings confirmed that DA regulated NlsNPF to inhibit the BPH feeding behavior in TRRC. The results not only provided novel findings on the mechanism of pest‐host interactions, but also presented new method for integrated pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fungicidal activity of novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates and mode of action on Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Xu Jialin , Yan Dongmei , Chen Yongjun , Cai Danni , Huang Fengcheng , Zhu Lisong , Zhang Xianfei , Luan Shaorong , Xiao Ciying , Huang Qingchun
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

Fungal diseases remain important causes of crop failure and economic losses. As the resistance toward current selective fungicides becomes increasingly problematic, it is necessary to develop efficient fungicides with novel chemotypes.

RESULTS

A series of novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates which combined the structures of pyridine or heterocyclic motif and the N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)quinazolin‐4‐amine moiety, a binding group of ATP‐binding site of gefitinib, were evaluated for their fungicidal activity on different phytopathogenic fungi. Most of these compounds showed excellent fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea and Exserohilum rostratum, especially compound F17 displayed the highest activity with EC50 values as 3.79 μg mL−1 against B. cinerea and 2.90 μg mL−1 against E. rostratum, which was similar to or even better than those of the commercial fungicides, such as pyraclostrobin (EC50, 3.68, 17.38 μg mL−1) and hymexazol (EC50, 4.56, 2.13 μg mL−1). Moreover, compound F17 significantly arrested the lesion expansion of B. cinerea infection on tomato detached leaves and strongly suppressed grey mold disease on tomato seedlings in greenhouse. The abilities of compound F17 to induce cell apoptosis of the non‐germinated spores, to limit oxalic acid production, to reduce malate dehydrogenase (MDH) expression, and to block the active pocket of MDH protein were demonstrated in B. cinerea.

CONCLUSION

The novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates containing ATP‐binding site‐directed moiety, especially compound F17, could be developed as a potential fungicidal candidate for further study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
A push–pull strategy to suppress stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) attacks on pasture cattle via a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and traps with m‐cresol lures
Authors: Lehmann Alexander T. , Brewer Gary J. , Boxler David J. , Zhu Junwei J. , Hanford Kathryn , Taylor David , Kenar James A. , Cermak Steven C. , Hogsette Jerome A.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

Stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push–pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant‐added stable fly trap.

RESULTS

In our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push–pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push–pull and permethrin treatments following on‐animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push–pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on‐animal numbers by an estimated 17–21%.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first proof‐of‐concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push–pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid‐based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push–pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Dimensionality of Morphological Knowledge—Evidence from Norwegian Third Graders
Authors: Kristensen Jarl K. , Andersson Björn , Bratlie Siri S. , Torkildsen Janne V. K.
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to determine the dimensionality of morphological knowledge by examining different sources of variance. According to the Morphological Pathways Framework (Levesque et al., Journal of Research in Reading, 44, 10–26, 2021), morphological awareness, morphological analysis and morphological decoding are related, but distinct dimensions of morphological knowledge. However, multidimensionality might also stem from construct‐irrelevant variance due to methodological artifacts. We assessed 612 Norwegian third graders on five measures of morphological knowledge and one measure of general vocabulary. Fitting a series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, we evaluated the dimensionality of morphological knowledge both within and across the five tests. Furthermore, we fitted three structural equation models (SEMs) to explore how different conceptualizations affect the relationship between morphological knowledge and general vocabulary: a five‐factor model, a bifactor model, and a higher‐order model representing morphological awareness, morphological analysis and morphological decoding. CFAs supported a multidimensional view of morphological knowledge and highlighted the need to account for construct‐irrelevant variance. SEM analyses further illustrated that construct‐irrelevant variance introduces a confounding element to the relations between morphological knowledge and vocabulary in the test‐specific five‐factor model, as only the bifactor and higher‐order models separate between construct‐relevant variance and variance due to methodological artifacts. The bifactor model is useful for separating sources of variance, especially during test development. For research purposes, however, we recommend conceptualizing morphological knowledge in line with Levesque et al., Journal of Research in Reading, 44, 10–26, 2021, to increase knowledge of morphological dimensions and their relations to other areas of literacy.
Accessing human capital resources for entrepreneurial endeavors through social networks: The implications of strong tie superiority, social media, and heterogeneous human capital
Authors: Chen Mo , Angus Ryan W. , Herrick Heidi N. , Barney Jay B.
Published: March 2023

Research Summary

This paper uses formal modeling and simulation to develop a more robust theory of how entrepreneurs gain access to human capital resources through their strong and weak social network ties. Whereas prior work focuses on the informational context in which an endeavor operates (i.e., is it risky or uncertain), the models developed in this paper introduce untested assumptions implicit in prior work regarding strong tie superiority, the effects of social media, and human capital heterogeneity. Through a series of simulation analyses, the paper explores a broad range of values for these alternative assumptions and identifies the conditions under which strong and weak ties are the most likely source of human capital for entrepreneurial endeavors.

Managerial Summary

Entrepreneurs often need to enlist the support of others to achieve their objectives. This paper develops a better understanding of how entrepreneurs can access the human capital their endeavors require through their social network ties. The paper explores a broad range of conditions to identify when an entrepreneur's strong social network ties are the most likely source of human capital—and when the entrepreneur's weak ties are the most likely source. This paper challenges the assumption that strong ties have an inherent advantage over weak ties in entrepreneurial settings, investigates the impact of social media networks, and highlights the challenges entrepreneurs face when attempting to enlist the support of individuals with different types of human capital.
Hourglass‐Shaped Nanocages with Concaved Structures Based on Selective Self‐Complementary Coordination Ligands and Tunable Hierarchical Self‐Assembly
Authors: Xu Yaping , Zhang Haixin , Su Haoyue , Ma Jianjun , Yu Hao , Li Kehuan , Shi Junjuan , Hao Xin‐Qi , Wang Kun , Song Bo , Wang Ming
Published: March 2023

Three‐dimensional (3D) structures constructed via coordination‐driven self‐assemblies have recently garnered increasing attention due to the challenges in structural design and potential applications. In particular, developing new strategy for the convenient and precise self‐assemblies of 3D supramolecular structures is of utmost interest. Introducing the concept of self‐coordination ligands, herein the design and synthesis of two meta‐modified terpyridyl ligands with selective self‐complementary coordination moiety are reported and their capability to assemble into two hourglass‐shaped nanocages SA and SB is demonstrated. Within these 3D structures, the meta‐modified terpyridyl unit preferably coordinates with itself to serve as concave part. By changing the arm length of the ligands, hexamer (SA) and tetramer (SB) are obtained respectively. In‐depth studies on the assembly mechanism of SA and SB indicate that the dimers could be formed first via self‐complementary coordination and play crucial roles in controlling the final structures. Moreover, both SA and SB can go through hierarchical self‐assemblies in solution as well as on solid–liquid interface, which are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is further demonstrated that various higher‐order assembly structures can be achieved by tuning the environmental conditions.
The Origin of Left-Handed Poly[d(G-C)]
Authors: Jovin Thomas M.
Published: March 2023

The discovery of a reversible transition in the helical sense of a double-helical DNA was initiated by the first synthesis in 1967 of the alternating sequence poly[d(G-C)]. In 1968, exposure to high salt concentration led to a cooperative isomerization of the double helix manifested by an inversion in the CD spectrum in the 240–310 nm range and in an altered absorption spectrum. The tentative interpretation, reported in 1970 and then in detailed form in a 1972 publication by Pohl and Jovin, was that the conventional right-handed B-DNA structure (R) of poly[d(G-C)] transforms at high salt concentration into a novel, alternative left-handed (L) conformation. The historical course of this development and its aftermath, culminating in the first crystal structure of left-handed Z-DNA in 1979, is described in detail. The research conducted by Pohl and Jovin after 1979 is summarized, ending with an assessment of “unfinished business”: condensed Z*-DNA; topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) as an allosteric ZBP (Z-DNA-binding protein); B–Z transitions of phosphorothioate-modified DNAs; and parallel-stranded poly[d(G-A)], a double helix with high stability under physiological conditions and potentially also left-handed.
Representing Children
Authors: Josefsson Jonathan , Sandin Bengt , Hanson Karl , Balagopalan Sarada
Published: March 2023

In this introductory chapter we situate children’s rights and representation in a context of childhood politics. The question of children’s representation is particularly timely in today’s world not only because of demographic shifts and the increase of the generation under 18 years of age but also because of the global challenges we face. Despite making up half of the world’s population, children and youth have in many respects been denied the capacity to represent their interests, particularly on matters of political import. However, it is clear that young people in many contexts have been understood as either competent contributors to politics with a legitimate claim to represent themselves, or in other cases, have been regarded as posing a considerable risk to society and stability. In the chapter we start by outlining three key elements of children’s representation. Firstly, we suggest that children’s representation consists of how children as a group, or the child and childhood as a figure, is portrayed or described. Second, children’s representation involves speaking or acting on behalf of children or children’s state of being so represented and [Author1] thus involves a performative act. Thirdly, children’s representation is an act of, and the result of, politics and political struggles around childhood. In the following sections we present and discuss the contributions of the volume in relation to the main themes of the book; Childhood politics: from rights and participation to representation, children’s representation and the international politics of children’s rights, and, children’s representation in times of inequalities and injustices.