bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superimposed pleural infection in cirrhotic chylothorax
Authors: Chan Ken Ka Pang , Wong Jason Siu Hang , Yip Wing Ho
Published: November 2024

Chylothorax contains an abundant amount of immunoglobulins and white blood cells, leading to the belief that superimposed pleural infection is unlikely. We report two cases of biochemically confirmed chylothorax due to cirrhosis, complicated by superimposed pleural infection following repeated pleural interventions. These findings highlight the potential for superimposed infection in chylothorax and challenge the belief in the bacteriostatic effect of chyle. Clinical vigilance is essential to consider this possibility if features of infection arise during the management of chylothorax.
An incidental finding of a pleural based schwannoma
Authors: Griffin William , Srinivasan Nina Mac Auley , Fabre Aurelie , Healy David
Published: November 2024

A man in his 40s was incidentally found to have a large right sided apical pleural based mass on imaging. This was further investigated with a CT‐guided biopsy. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue revealed a diagnosis of a Schwannoma: a rare, slow‐growing benign nerve sheath tumour. Only a handful of pleural based Schwannomas have been documented in the literature. They account for about 0.2% of lung tumours. The patient was referred to cardiothoracic surgery who advised surgical resection of the mass, which he is awaiting. Here, we report a rare case of a pleural based Schwannoma which was diagnosed incidentally on chest x‐ray.
Nitrogen removal capacity and influencing factors of inland wetland under human activities: Jiashan County, China
Authors: Li Niu , Zhang Youzheng , Wu Jinlong , Li Junzhen , Gao Jingwen , Jiang Pengcheng , Ye Xiaoqi , Wu Ming
Published: November 2024

Inland wetlands play a vital role in mitigating non‐point source nitrogen loads through denitrification and anammox processes. However, the impact of varying human activities within the same region on these nitrogen removal processes of inland wetlands remains unclear. This study investigated the differences in nitrogen removal rates of wetland sediments under various human activities in Jiashan County, China. 15N isotope tracing was used to determine denitrification and anammox rates. Denitrification was the primary nitrogen removal pathway, with an average contribution of 82.34%. Denitrification and anammox rates varied significantly under different human influences, with the highest rates in residential and agricultural areas. NH4+, chlorophyll a, NO3−, and pH were the main environmental factors. This study highlights the need for targeted wetland management and restoration strategies based on the type and intensity of human activities. Protecting and restoring these “natural purifiers” is crucial for improving regional water quality and maintaining the ecological functions of wetlands in rapidly urbanizing landscapes.
Polymer Nano‐Carrier‐Mediated Gene Delivery: Visualizing and Quantifying DNA Encapsulation Using dSTORM
Authors: Shaulli Xhorxhina , Moreno‐Echeverri Aura Maria , Andoni Mariza , Waeber Eileen , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Fritsch Cornelia , Vanhecke Dimitri , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Scheffold Frank
Published: November 2024

The success of gene therapy hinges on the effective encapsulation, protection, and compression of genes. These processes deliver therapeutic genes into designated cells for genetic repair, cellular behavior modification, or therapeutic effect induction. However, quantifying the encapsulation efficiency of small molecules of interest like DNA or RNA into delivery carriers remains challenging. This work shows how super‐resolution microscopy, specifically direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), can be employed to visualize and measure the quantity of DNA entering a single carrier. Utilizing pNIPAM/bPEI microgels as model nano‐carriers to form polyplexes, DNA entry into the carrier is revealed across different charge ratios at temperatures below and above the volume phase transition of the microgel core. The encapsulation efficiency also depends on DNA length and shape. This work demonstrates the uptake of the carrier entity by primary derived macro‐phages and showcases the cell viability of the polyplexes. The study shows that dSTORM is a potent tool for fine‐tuning and creating polyplex microgel carrier systems with precise size, shape, and loading capacity at the individual particle level. This advancement shall contribute significantly to optimizing gene delivery systems.
Tuning the Sensitivity of MoS2 Nanopores: From Labeling to Labeling‐Free Detection of DNA Methylation
Authors: Zhao Chunxiao , Yang Yibo , Zhao Pinlong , Shi Chongbin , Tan Tianhui , Bai Hongzhen , Feng Jiandong
Published: November 2024

DNA methylation discrimination is often challenged by complicated pretreatment, insufficient sensitivity, and suboptimal accuracy. Here, single‐molecule readout of DNA methylation is reported using single‐layer MoS2 nanopores. By tuning pore dimension, the sensitivity of MoS2 nanopores is manipulated, empowering both labeling and labeling‐free strategies for DNA methylation discrimination. With methyl‐CpG‐binding domain protein 1 (MBD1)‐labeled methylated DNA translocation in customized nanopores, multiple methylated sites with distance as short as 70 bp in double strand DNA can be resolved. To further improve spatial resolution, small MoS2 nanopores are engineered with single‐nucleotide sensitivity, realizing labeling‐free methylation detection with single‐nucleotide resolution to recognize two nucleotides with only one methyl difference. This study demonstrates the availability of engineered MoS2 nanopores in DNA methylation detection, underscoring their potential for epigenetic alteration research at the single‐molecule level.
Conducting Polymers and Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Green Electricity Generation
Authors: Borràs Núria , Mingot Júlia , Naranjo David , Lanzalaco Sonia , Estrany Francesc , Torras Juan , Armelin Elaine
Published: November 2024

Sustainable strategies to generate electricity using natural resources, such as sunlight (photovoltaic cells) and wind (wind towers), have driven a significant change in our homes in terms of electricity consumption. Herein, a new alternative for green electricity supply using solar‐driven evaporators devices fabricated with hydrogels is described. The photothermal electricity production is promoted by alginate‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (ALG‐PNIPAAm) bio‐hydrogel, modified with acid‐doped conducting polymer (CP), as thermal absorber component, to minimize energy losses. Direct current and voltage monitoring are used during the solar irradiation experiments to evaluate the power density of the hydrogel thermal electricity generator, whereas electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is employed to approach the diffusion processes. Impedance measurements elucidate the ion diffusion dynamics within the hydrogel, directly correlating this behavior to enhanced power generation. Therefore, the highest power supply (64.4 μW·cm−2) and current stability (32–33 μA), over time, are obtained for ALG‐PNIPAAm‐PEDOT‐PSS hydrogel, demonstrating that hydrophilic groups (OH, SO3H), present in the CP backbone, promote the capillary flow of the electrolyte during the sunlight irradiation. The doped CP molecules facilitate a fast ion transport thanks to a good balance between the material hydrophilicity and the interconnected pores.
Matrix Effect on a New Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction‐High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detection Method for the Determination of Efavirenz in Human Plasma
Authors: Sichilongo Kwenga , Masenga Wangu , Paganotti Giacomo Maria , Seatla Kaelo K. , Gaseitsiwe Simani
Published: November 2024

A high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) method was developed and validated for the determination of efavirenz in human blood plasma samples from patients taking the antiretroviral drug. Results were compared with those previously obtained using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on the same sample extracts using dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction. Validation of the HPLC‐DAD method yielded the United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines acceptable values. However, when validated, the accuracy using the HPLC‐DAD method was poor in contrast to GC/MS at the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) level. The linearity of the HPLC‐DAD method was good with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9922. The linear range of the calibration curve was 0.05–0.5 µg/mL. The LLOQ was 0.03 µg/mL at which spike level the accuracy was 8.9% (n = 3) and the precision was 8.3% (n = 3). Statistical analysis of the data showed that there were no systematic errors introduced in the HPLC‐DAD method but that there was a matrix effect that suppressed the signals and led to random error and subsequently impacted the accuracy of the results.
Translanguaging practices in global K‐12 science education settings: A systematic literature review
Authors: Hou Zhenjie , Zhang Jie , JadAllah May , Enriquez‐Andrade Araceli , Tran Hien Thi , Ahmmed Raju
Published: November 2024

Recently, there has been a surge of literature on the implementation of translanguaging pedagogy and practices in science education settings. By activating and validating learners' full communicative repertoire, translanguaging holds promise to build an inclusive science learning community where multilingual learners' ways of knowing are not only respected but celebrated and extended. Drawing from the dual synergy between translanguaging and science education on multimodalities and social justice agenda, this systematic review synthesized the key features of empirical research published from 2010 to 2023 that reported translanguaging practices in global K‐12 formal and informal science education settings. The results indicated high heterogeneity in the studied socio‐geographic landscapes and in the definition, implementation, and implication of translanguaging practices. Analysis of the science sense‐making practices indicates some epistemic practices are more widely represented than others, with marginal global differences observed. To maintain and embolden the synergy between science education and translanguaging, our findings recommend increased collaboration between Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathmatics (STEM) education and bilingual education and collaboration between teachers and researchers to develop an effective translanguaging environment for science learning.
R.A.I.C.E.S. (Roots): A conceptual framework for community‐building that connects linguistic and cultural wealth to support emergent bilinguals
Authors: Diaz Marisol , Cross Chrissy J. , Olson Beal Heather K. , He Yuan , Burrow Lauren E. , Wrigh‐Davis Carrie , Tubbs Darius
Published: November 2024

Project R.A.I.C.E.S. (Reaching All Individuals and Communities to Establish Success in Language Learning) is a National Professional Development grant initiative operating at Stephen F. Austin State University. Grant objectives were designed to enhance school readiness, English acquisition, and literacy outcomes for emergent bilinguals (EBs), English learners (ELs), and multilingual learners (MLLs) through collaborative professional development events involving university, community, parent, and school district partnerships. The Spanish word raíces translates to roots in English, symbolizing the project's commitment to preserving and nurturing the cultural and linguistic diversity of the community by reframing language learning within an additive paradigm. Project R.A.I.C.E.S. creates paid professional development events to build a community of professors, preservice teachers, in‐service teachers, parents and caregivers of emergent bilingual children, and children in collaborative professional development sessions called academias (academies). Each academia positions all participants, especially parents and caregivers and their children, as key stakeholders and equal partners in the learning process to honor the community's cultural wealth, emphasizing linguistic and cultural sustainability for English language learners in educational settings. Moreover, the academias provide preservice and in‐service teacher professional development and preparation for the TExES ESL certification exam, crucial for better meeting the needs of EBs/ELs/MLLs in rural schools.
A First Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Agricultural Peatlands in Canada: Evaluation of Climate Change Mitigation Potential
Authors: Strack Maria , Bona Kelly Ann , Liang Chang
Published: November 2024

Canada has a quarter of the world's peatlands accounting for an estimated 150 Gt of stored carbon. While over 98% of Canadian peatlands are intact, agriculture has been estimated as accounting for the greatest peatland disturbance by area. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatland agriculture can contribute a large proportion of national anthropogenic emissions for some countries. In Canada, estimates of GHG emissions from cultivated peat soils are incomplete. Improved accounting of these GHG emissions is required to inform decisions about where to deploy ecological restoration projects and where to allow future agricultural expansion as climate warms. Compiled studies that measured GHG fluxes from agricultural peat fields in Canada resulted in mean emissions factors of 5.1 t CO2e ha−1 year−1, −0.12 kg CH4 ha−1 year−1, and 14.3 kg N2O‐N ha−1 year−1 for carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, respectively. Combining these values with a compilation of estimates of agricultural peatland disturbance area in Canada, GHG emissions estimates in Canada arising from peatland converted to agriculture remain highly uncertain, ranging from 1.4 to 35 Mt CO2e year−1, with a median value near 18 Mt CO2e year−1. The largest contributor to this wide range of estimates is uncertainty peatland area affected, indicating an urgent need to improving mapping of organic soils under agriculture in Canada. To help guide decision‐making in Canada, we recommend a network of research stations across a range of agricultural management intensities and climate regions for monitoring hydrological conditions and GHG exchange on organic soils affected by agriculture.
Role of unilateral‐cannulating adrenal venous sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism for adrenalectomy: Experience from a low‐volume center
Authors: Chow Chi‐Man Tom , Lai Man Sze Carol , Lo Xina , Liu Yuk Wah Shirley
Published: November 2024

Background

Current guidelines recommend adrenal venous sampling (AVS) for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA). However, bilateral adrenal cannulation failure is common especially at low‐volume centers. The role of unilateral‐cannulating AVS in selecting patients for unilateral adrenalectomy is unclear.

Methods

Fifty consecutive patients underwent AVS between 2009 and 2023 and thirty‐three (66%) underwent unilateral adrenalectomy. We defined unilateral PA (uPA) by the normalized plasma aldosterone and the aldosterone–renin ratio following unilateral adrenalectomy. We examined the effectiveness of unilateral‐cannulating AVS in identifying uPA.

Results

88%, 50%, and 48% of patients had the left, right, and bilateral adrenal veins successfully cannulated, respectively. Among patients with bilateral successful cannulation, a lateralization index (LI) > 4 provided a sensitivity of 100% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 86.7% for uPA. Thresholds for the contralateral suppression index (CSI) and relative aldosterone secretion index (RASI) were derived from this subgroup and applied to the entire cohort. CSI <0.5 demonstrated a sensitivity of 76.5% and PPV of 92.9% for uPA, whereas RASI >2.4 showed a sensitivity of 85.0% and PPV of 94.4% for uPA. With CSI <0.5 or RASI >2.4 combined, a higher PPV (95.5%) was achieved when compared to computed tomography and iodocholesterol scintigraphy (86.2% and 62.5%, respectively).

Conclusion

Despite unsuccessful bilateral cannulation, our study confirms that unilateral‐cannulating AVS can effectively select patients for unilateral adrenalectomy based on a combination of CSI or RASI criteria.
The Golden Approach of Trauma. Welche Blutprodukte werden zur Optimierung der präklinischen Traumaversorgung benötigt?
Authors: Bamberg Maximilian Lothar , Grasshoff Christian , Gerstner Jessica , Boos Matthias Fabian , Bentele Michael , Viergutz Tim , Fontana Johann , Rosenberger Peter , Wunderlich Robert
Published: November 2024

Hintergrund

Die „Golden Hour of Trauma“ bezeichnet die kritische erste Stunde nach einem schweren Trauma, in der eine rechtzeitige medizinische Versorgung entscheidend ist. Diese Studie fokussiert sich auf die Optimierung der Traumaversorgung durch an die jeweilige Verletzung angepasste Behandlungen statt nur auf die Geschwindigkeit der Versorgung. Ziel war es, den Verbesserungsbedarf der präklinischen Traumaversorgung, insbesondere durch den Einsatz von Blut- und Gerinnungsprodukten, zu erfassen.

Methoden

Ein Online-Fragebogen wurde nach Pilotierung an Ärztinnen und Ärzte sowie Rettungsdienstpersonal gesendet, um deren Einschätzungen zur Traumaversorgung und speziell zur Nutzung von Blutprodukten und Gerinnungspräparaten zu erheben. Die Bewertung von 9 spezifischen Blut- und Gerinnungsprodukten erfolgte mittels einer 5‑stufigen Likert-Skala.

Ergebnisse

Von 9837 erreichten Personen beantworteten 371 den Fragebogen, wobei Daten von 252 Personen in die Analyse einflossen. Die Mehrheit der Ärztinnen und Ärzte (89,1 %) sowie des Rettungsdienstpersonals (90,8 %) sah die Notwendigkeit, die präklinische Traumaversorgung durch den Einsatz von Blutprodukten und Gerinnungspräparaten zu verbessern. Besonders befürwortet wurden Erythrozytenkonzentrat (76,2 %) und Fibrinogen (67,1 %) zur Verbesserung der Überlebenschancen bei erheblichem Blutverlust.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Bereitschaft zur Änderung der Traumaversorgung und bestätigen effiziente Möglichkeiten hierzu. Der Schwerpunkt verlagert sich von der isolierten Zeitkomponente hin zur Qualität der Versorgung in einem optimierten Zeitintervall, was zu einem „Golden Approach of Trauma“ führen könnte.
RIDGE: Reproducibility, Integrity, Dependability, Generalizability, and Efficiency Assessment of Medical Image Segmentation Models
Authors: Maleki Farhad , Moy Linda , Forghani Reza , Ghosh Tapotosh , Ovens Katie , Langer Steve , Rouzrokh Pouria , Khosravi Bardia , Ganjizadeh Ali , Warren Daniel , Daneshjou Roxana , Moassefi Mana , Avval Atlas Haddadi , Sotardi Susan , Tenenholtz Neil , Kitamura Felipe , Kline Timothy
Published: November 2024

Deep learning techniques hold immense promise for advancing medical image analysis, particularly in tasks like image segmentation, where precise annotation of regions or volumes of interest within medical images is crucial but manually laborious and prone to interobserver and intraobserver biases. As such, deep learning approaches could provide automated solutions for such applications. However, the potential of these techniques is often undermined by challenges in reproducibility and generalizability, which are key barriers to their clinical adoption. This paper introduces the RIDGE checklist, a comprehensive framework designed to assess the Reproducibility, Integrity, Dependability, Generalizability, and Efficiency of deep learning-based medical image segmentation models. The RIDGE checklist is not just a tool for evaluation but also a guideline for researchers striving to improve the quality and transparency of their work. By adhering to the principles outlined in the RIDGE checklist, researchers can ensure that their developed segmentation models are robust, scientifically valid, and applicable in a clinical setting.
Medicalization without legalization: the European policy for medical and recreational cannabis use
Authors: Farber Yair , Nir Oksana , Farber Shai
Published: November 2024

Aim

Cannabis, unlike other illicit drugs, possesses medical properties. This unique characteristic necessitates a distinction between its clinical and legal status, prompting an inquiry into the nature of the relationship between these two dimensions. Countries are adopting one of three clinical policies regarding medical use (opposition, pharmaceuticalization, and medicalization) and one of three legal regimes regarding recreational use (prohibition, decriminalization, and legalization). This study examines the correlation between the clinical policy and the legal regime for cannabis in European countries.

Subject and methods

We used data from 39 European countries to classify every country’s clinical policy and legal regime. Then, we employed chi-squared and Spearman correlation tests to assess the relationships between the clinical and legal dimensions.

Results

The chi-squared test results indicate a strong and statistically significant relationship between the clinical policy for cannabis and the legal regime for recreational cannabis (p < 0.01). Spearman correlation test results also reveal a positive, strong, and significant relationship (p < 0.001). We found that medicalization as a clinical policy is associated with decriminalization as a legal regime (68% of medicalization countries decriminalize recreational use).

Conclusion

This study proposes a novel perspective that separates the concepts of medicalization and legalization, challenging previous assumptions about their interconnectedness. We argue that medicalization and decriminalization of cannabis are closely associated, likely because decriminalization facilitates patient access and fosters a medical cannabis market while avoiding the extremes of prohibition or full-scale legalization. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of cannabis policy development in Europe and suggest that policymakers should consider the complex interplay between clinical and legal approaches when formulating cannabis policies. This research provides valuable insights for future policy discussions and highlights the need for further investigation into the long-term implications of these policy choices.
Epidemiology of motor vehicle accident-associated ocular trauma
Authors: Bhatnagar Nishay V. , Uppuluri Aditya , Bhagat Neelakshi , Langer Paul D.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The objective is to investigate trends in cases of motor vehicle accident-associated (MVA-associated) ocular trauma in which the patient was the driver of the motor vehicle.

Methods

The study utilizes data from the 2007–2014 National Trauma Databank (NTDB), a national trauma registry. Status as the driver of the motor vehicle was identified using E-Codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Trauma diagnoses were identified using D-Codes from the ICD-9-CM. Statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Version 23.

Results

We identified 49,660 cases of ocular trauma secondary to an MVA with a 25.3% increase in injuries over the 8-year time period. Men comprised 68.6% (34,057) of cases. Orbital floor fractures (OFFs) were the most commonly observed ocular injury, occurring in 17,647 (35.5%) cases. There were 2,787 cases of open globe injury (OGI) with the highest proportion of cases in the 65 + age group (6.5%). OGIs were seen in 3.0% of cases with OFFs vs. 7.1% in those without. Drivers under 18 were more likely to have optic pathway/cranial nerve injuries (4.4%) and ocular/adnexal contusions (41.2%) than adult drivers. The mortality rate was 4.3% and was highest in the 65 + age group (9.4%).

Conclusion

Men and young adults comprised the majority of cases of MVA-associated ocular trauma. OFFs were seen in approximately one-third of cases of ocular trauma. OGIs were less commonly observed when a concurrent OFF was observed. Though the overall mortality was 4.3%, there was significant variation by age group.
Review of Thymic Peptides and Hormones: From Their Properties to Clinical Application
Authors: Besman Monika , Zambrowicz Aleksandra , Matwiejczyk Magdalena
Published: November 2024

Background

The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the functions of the immune system, protecting against pathogens, tumors, antigens, and mediators of tissue damage. It produces a family of hormone-like peptides that can modulate physiological processes such as stimulation or suppression of immune responses, angiogenesis, and wound healing.

Objective

This review aims to comprehensively characterize the properties of thymic peptides and their clinical applications.

Methodology

This article discusses the structure, biological properties, mechanism of action, and therapeutic applications of the most important thymic hormones (thymosin alpha 1, thymosin beta-4, thymulin, and thymopoietin), as well as preparations that are purified thymic extracts.

Results

Thymic peptides and extracts act in multiple manners on the immune system: they stimulate the differentiation and maturation of T cells, regulate the activity of natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and their immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed in numerous clinical studies. An important feature of thymus preparations is their therapeutic safety—even long-term use does not cause side effects.

Conclusions

A wide range of therapeutic uses, i.e., from defensive and immunomodulatory tasks to participation in tissue regeneration processes, has led to the use of thymic peptides in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, viral infections, autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies. Further investigation of the mechanisms of action of thymic peptides may contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
Diacerein ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via modulation of TLR4/AQP4/MMP-9 axis
Authors: Abd Elrazik Nesma A. , Abd El Salam Al Shaima G.
Published: November 2024

Astrocyte swelling, blood brain barrier (BBB) dissipation and the subsequent brain edema are serious consequences of persistent hyperammonemia in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in which if inadequately controlled it will lead to brain death. The current study highlights the potential neuroprotective effect of diacerein against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE in acute liver failure rat model. HE was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats via I.P. injection of TAA (200 mg/kg) for three alternative times/week at 3rd week of the experiment. Diacerein (50 mg/kg) was gavaged for 14 days prior to induction of HE and for further 7 days together with TAA injection for an overall period of 21 days. Diacerein attenuated TAA-induced HE in acute liver failure rat model; as proofed by significant lowering of serum and brain ammonia concentrations, serum AST and ALT activities and significant attenuation of both brain and hepatic MDA contents and IL-1β with marked increases in GSH contents (P < 0.0001). The neuroprotective effect of diacerein was demonstrated by marked improvement of motor and cognitive deficits, brain histopathological changes; hallmarks of HE. As shown by immunohistochemical results, diacerein markedly downregulated brain TLR4 expression which in turn significantly increased the GFAP expression, and significantly decreased AQP4 expression; the astrocytes swelling biomarkers (P < 0.0001). Moreover, diacerein preserved BBB integrity via downregulation of MMP-9 mediated digestion of tight junction proteins such as occludin (P < 0.0001). Collectively, diacerein ameliorated cerebral edema and maintained BBB integrity via modulation of TLR4/AQP4/MMP-9 axis thus may decrease the progression of HE induced in acute liver failure.
pH-responsive AIE nanogels for synergistic chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy with imaging guidance
Authors: Zhu Yilin , Zhang Liping , Zhang Rongyuan , He Chenghan , Yang Han , Liu Yong , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Sun Jianwei , Feng Jing , Zhao Zheng , Yao Cuiping , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment that uses photosensitizers (PSs) to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light, but improving its efficacy is crucial for clinical applications. To address this, we propose a smart nanoplatform (P@BAO-DOX) for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy, featuring efficient PDT, controllable drug release, and fluorescence imaging guidance. We designed an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based PS (BAO) with effective ROS generation and NIR-II fluorescence. Additionally, BAO as a PS and doxorubicin (DOX) as a chemo drug were encapsulated in pH-responsive nanogels (PNA) to obtain P@BAO-DOX nanogels. Upon uptake by tumor cells, the nanogel releases drugs in acidic conditions, leading to cell death. White light irradiation further triggers BAO to produce substantial ROS, enhancing phototoxicity and synergistic chemo-PDT cancer therapy. Thus, P@BAO-DOX nanogels, as a smart nanoplatform, offer precise drug release and efficient ROS generation for imaging-guided chemo-PDT synergistic therapy, showing promise in advancing cancer treatment.
Food systems modelling to evaluate interventions for food and nutrition security in an African urban context
Authors: Hackbarth Tom X , May Julian D. , Magaya Sinoxolo , Verburg Peter H
Published: November 2024

In the context of rapidly growing African cities, a thorough understanding of the complexities of urban food systems is essential for addressing the challenges of food insecurity and undernourishment for city dwellers. Particularly in South Africa, where pre-existing inequalities drive disparities in food access and diet-related health outcomes, a comprehensive perspective including the spatial distribution of malnutrition in urban environments is required to develop effective interventions. The present study examines the essential elements of an urban food system by employing a Bayesian network as a causal framework. By integrating survey data from households and food outlets with spatial information, a food systems model was created to test policy interventions. The study demonstrates the challenges of intervening in complex urban food systems, where dietary choices are shaped by various factors, often in a spatially heterogeneous manner. Interventions do not always benefit the targeted groups and are sometimes ineffective as result of system interactions. Our study shows that Bayesian network models provide a powerful tool to effectively analyse the complex interactions within such systems, thereby enabling the identification of optimal combinations of multifactor interventions. In our case study for Worcester, South Africa, the results reveal that the largest potential for improvement of food and nutrition security lies in the informal food sector, and support for affordable and local fresh produce is a viable measure for enhancing local nutrition, though the extent of impact varies across the city.
Is there unrecognized potential in neglected livestock species in Sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review of four selected species
Authors: Oguche Maria , Kariuki Juliet , Birner Regina , Chagunda Mizeck
Published: November 2024

Over the recent years, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has seen an increase in population growth, urbanization, and per capita income. As a result, there has been a corresponding increase in the demand for animal source foods. In order to meet this demand, most countries have resorted to intensifying the production of conventional livestock. However, this increase in production comes with several environmental, nutritional, gender-related and economic challenges that are a rising concern. It is therefore imperative to explore the comparative advantages and disadvantages of other livestock species, which are currently consumed in SSA but are not recognised in widely adopted policies. Herein, using a novel conceptual framework, we present a systematic review of four selected neglected species, namely, grasscutter, guinea fowl, guinea pig, and rabbit. The review was conducted following the checklist for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), and 89 sources of literature were included. The results highlight that embracing these neglected livestock species could confer several benefits, including an enriched nutritional profile (high-quality protein, low fat, high dressing percentage), increased gross economic returns, environmental sustainability, and sustained empowerment of minority groups, especially women. Overall, this review shows the untapped nutritional and socio-economic potential of neglected livestock species, which, if incorporated into mainstream production, could improve food security and reduce unemployment in SSA.
Political Polarization, Ingroup Bias, and Helping Behavior: Do We Help Others Who Are “on the Other Political Team?”
Authors: Fitapelli Brianna , Hewett Samantha , McQuade Briana , Berg Emma , Thaler Dalia , Gay Lauren , Rodriguez Tiana , Thomas Dayna M. , Akhmadi Ferdaus , Geher Glenn
Published: November 2024

The American social and political climate has become increasingly polarized. To explore the effects of politically based ingroup biases as they relate to intended helping of others, we designed a study in which we hypothesized that people who are extreme on the political spectrum will intend to help in-group members more so than out-group members. Using an experimental manipulation, we asked participants to choose if extremely progressive (N = 212; mean age = 22.9; 69% female), extremely conservative (N = 47; mean age = 32.8; 55% male), or neither represented their political beliefs. Participants were randomized to one of two vignettes, each depicting either a pro-blue lives matter or pro-black lives matter scenario. Results showed that, controlling for both age and gender, progressives were less likely to help out-group members compared with individuals in any other condition. Dispositional variables were also measured with dark and light triad traits. Light triad traits tended to positively predict helping intentions across conditions. Implications for understanding the psychology of helping are discussed.
Optimization of the cooperative electronic commerce model for sustainable development in the context of ecological environment conservation
Authors: Yang F. , Fang Y. , Wang Y.
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore how to optimize the cooperative electronic commerce model in a sustainable ecological environment to meet the needs of consumers while maximizing social and economic benefits. The empirical research method is adopted, which mainly includes a literature review, case analysis, and questionnaire. Firstly, through a literature review, this study introduces and analyses the concept of sustainable ecological environment and the development and optimization direction of cooperative electronic commerce model in detail, providing a theoretical basis and thought guidance for subsequent research. Secondly, this study selects several representative cooperative electronic commerce platforms for case analysis. It explores their operation mode, product characteristics, service quality, and social benefits to summarize the experience and lessons of optimizing cooperative electronic commerce model. Finally, a questionnaire is designed to sample the consumers of cooperative electronic commerce. By analysing the results of questionnaire, the following conclusions are drawn. (1) 54.3% of respondents said they had used the cooperative electronic commerce model, with agricultural products purchasing (23.5%) and community service (18.9%) using it more frequently. (2) The cognition level of sustainable development was high overall, with 62.6% believing that it was essential for the future. (3) A multiple linear regression model explored the relationship between using the cooperative electronic commerce model and sustainable development cognition. The results reveal that adopting cooperative electronic commerce model has a significant positive impact on the cognition of sustainable development, which indicates that the promotion and use of this model can promote cognition and practice of sustainable development.
Post-COVID recovery is faster after an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Pfrommer Laura Rebecca , Diexer Sophie , Klee Bianca , Massag Janka , Gottschick Cornelia , Purschke Oliver , Binder Mascha , Frese Thomas , Girndt Matthias , Sedding Daniel , Rosendahl Jonas , Hoell Jessica I. , Moor Irene , Gekle Michael , Allwang Christine , Junne Florian , Mikolajczyk Rafael
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) poses a substantial burden to affected individuals, health care systems, and society as a whole. We examined factors associated with recovery from PCC, focusing on the vaccination status prior to infection and the virus variant.

Methods

Our analyses are based on the population-based cohort study for digital health research in Germany (DigiHero). Respondents who reported a SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-related symptoms ≥ 12 weeks post-infection were classified as having PCC. Those with ongoing PCC were followed-up in six-month intervals based on their date of infection. We used a Cox model for interval-censored data to analyze PCC recovery.

Results

Among the 4,529 respondents with PCC included in our analyses, about 26%, 19%, 36%, and 44% of those infected during dominance of the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variant had recovered one year after infection, respectively. When stratifying by virus variant, vaccination was not associated with a faster recovery. Conversely, those infected with Omicron (HR = 2.20; 95%CI: 1.96–2.48) or Delta (HR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.43–2.01) recovered faster than those infected with the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype or Alpha strain.

Conclusion

Although the recovery from PCC is faster for the newer virus variants, still a substantial fraction of those who developed PCC after an infection with the Omicron variant report prolonged persistence of symptoms.
Rare and risky: a unique case of concurrent chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and lemierre syndrome
Authors: Weber Peter , Rohn H. , Jäger J. , Dolff S. , Witzke O. , Rath P.-M. , Zettler M.
Published: November 2024

Lemierre Syndrome is a condition that appears to have been overlooked in recent decades in clinical practice, often resulting in death or long-lasting sequelae when left undetected and untreated. Typically, it occurs following an upper respiratory tract infection, often stemming from tonsillitis, leading to thrombosis of the internal jugular vein and subsequent multiple septic emboli. Here, we present a case a 46-year-old patient with the clinical presentation of pneumogenic sepsis. Remarkably, we were able to diagnose the simultaneous presence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and Lemierre syndrome.
Insight into soft binary piecewise lambda operation: a new operation for soft sets
Authors: Sezgin Aslıhan , Yavuz Eda , Özlü Şerif
Published: November 2024

The notion of soft set operations is one of the key concept for soft set theory as the theory has been progressing, both theoretically and practically, based on this notion. As proposing new soft set operations, deriving their algebraic properties, and studying the algebraic structure of soft sets from the perspective of soft set operations offer a comprehensive understanding of their applications as well as the appreciation of how soft set algebra can be applied to classical and nonclassical logic, in this study, a new soft set operation, called the “soft binary piecewise lambda operation" is proposed. Since one of the the main objective of abstract algebra is to analyze the properties of the operations defined on a set to classify the algebraic structures, the operation’s full properties and its distributions over other soft set operations are investigated to reveal which algebraic structures the operation forms individually, and together with other soft set operations in the collection of soft sets over the universe. It is showed that the operation forms a noncommutative semigroup and a right-left system, besides semi-rings and near-semi-rings together with certain types of soft set operations under certain conditions in the collection of soft sets over the universe. Since such in-depth analyses advance our knowledge of the applications of soft sets over a range of field, this novel operation may serve as an inspiration to create new perspectives for addressing issues related to parametric data, soft set-based cryptography, or decision-making techniques in practical settings, business, and technology.
Investigating adsorption properties of CO2 and CH4 in subbituminous coals from Mamu and Nsukka formations: a molecular simulation approach
Authors: Fagorite Victor Inumidun , Ikechukwu Uzochukwu Nelson , Oluwasola Henry Olumayowa , Onyekuru Samuel Okechukwu , Enenebeaku Conrad Kenechukwu , Ohia Nnemeka Princewill , Agbasi Okechukwu Ebuka , Oguzie Emeka Emmanuel
Published: November 2024

The study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in subbituminous coals from the Mamu and Nsukka formations, focusing on the CO2-Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) method. Proximate, ultimate, and FT-IR analyses determined the quality, age, and functional categories of these coals, confirming their subbituminous nature. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a unique amorphous subbituminous coal model was developed to study adsorption phenomena. Isosteric heat and adsorption isotherms for pure CO2 and CH4 were analyzed, alongside Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to assess CO2 adsorption selectivity in a binary CO2 and CH4 mixture. Results showed that CO2 required more isosteric heat than CH4 in single-component scenarios and demonstrated stronger electrostatic interactions with heteroatom groups in the coal model, explaining its higher adsorption preference. In binary adsorption experiments, CO2 exhibited a higher affinity under specific conditions, particularly influenced by pressure variations. At lower pressures, CO2 selectivity decreased rapidly with increasing temperature, while at higher pressures, the influence of temperature diminished. These findings have established a theoretical and practical basis for optimizing CO2-ECBM extraction in Nigeria, highlighting the preferential adsorption of CO2 over CH4 in subbituminous coals from the Mamu and Nsukka formations under varying pressure and temperature conditions. Implementing CO2-ECBM extraction and storage in Nigeria could boost economic viability and help achieve net-zero goals, using insights from this study to guide policy development.

Graphical Abstract
Manufacturing carbon nanotube transistors using lift-off process: limitations and prospects
Authors: Gao Xilong , Si Jia , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: November 2024

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation energy-efficient computing systems. While research has employed the lift-off process to demonstrate the performance of CNT FETs, this method now poses challenges for enhancing individual FET performance and is not suitable for scalable fabrication. In this paper, we summarize the limitations of the lift-off process and point out that future advancements in manufacturing techniques should prioritize the development of etching processes.
Millennial-scale paleoclimate changes recorded in Holocene ferromanganese crusts with oscillatory micro-bands: insights from mineralogical and chemical variations in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts of the Magellan Seamounts
Authors: Lee Seungyeol , Xu Huifang
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the hydrogenetic ferromanganese crust (HFMC) from the Magellan Seamounts in the northwest Pacific Ocean, focusing on its mineralogy, crystal chemistry, and paleoclimatic records. Given that ferromanganese is composed of poorly crystalline MnOx phases, such as vernadite, structural determination using conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods is challenging and has very limited effectiveness. Therefore, synchrotron-based pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis of total X-ray scattering and high-resolution electron microscopy techniques were employed to characterize the structures and compositions of HFMC. The results from the synchrotron XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal that the studied HFMC consists primarily of poorly crystalline Fe-bearing vernadite. The chemical analysis of the HFMC layers indicates that the rare-earth elements (REE) and P were preferentially adsorbed on the Fe-rich vernadite, whereas platinum-group elements (PGE), Co, and Ni were enriched in the Mn-rich vernadite. The top layers of the HFMC display fine-scale compositional variations (cycle of ~1600 y) that signify millennial-scale paleoclimate oscillations during the Middle-Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods linked to the glacial termination event that occurred ~126,000 y ago. This millennial-scale oscillation correlates with sea-level variations influenced by the expansion and contraction of ice sheets, offering a crucial signal for understanding the paleoclimatic interpretation throughout the glacial periods. To fully decipher the fine-scale paleoclimate signals and assist in forecasting future climatic conditions, a more extensive examination of ferromanganese crusts from diverse depths, sources, and locations is necessitated.
Modular oversight methodology: a framework to aid ethical alignment of algorithmic creations
Authors: Kyriakou Kyriakos , Otterbacher Jahna
Published: November 2024

Evaluating the algorithmic behavior of interactive systems is complex and time-consuming. Developers increasingly recognize the importance of accountability for their algorithmic creations’ unanticipated behavior and resulting implications. To mitigate this phenomenon, developers not only need to concentrate on the observable inaccuracies that can be measured quantitatively but also the more subjective outcomes that can perpetuate social bias, which are challenging to identify. We require a new approach that involves humans in scrutinizing algorithmic behavior. It leverages a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to support an ethical, value-aligned design and a system’s lifecycle, informed by users’ perception and values. To date, the literature lacks an agreed-upon framework for such an approach. Consequently, we propose an oversight framework, Modular Oversight Methodology (MOM), which aids developers in assessing the behavior of their systems by involving a carefully crowdsourced society-in-the-loop. The framework facilitates the development and execution of an oversight process and can be tweaked according to the domain and application of use. Through such an oversight process, developers can assess the human perception of the algorithmic behavior under inspection, and extract valuable insights that will aid in assessing its implications. We present the MOM framework, as a first step toward tailoring more robust, domain-specific solutions to exercise human oversight over algorithms, as a means for software developers to keep the generated output of their solutions fair and trustworthy.