bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐periodic pulse signal detection based on variable scale coupled Duffing oscillators
Authors: Luo Wen‐mao , Zhang Ye‐rong
Published: January 2018

Detection of the pulse signal at low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is difficult but meaningful. Some documents have already used coupled Duffing oscillators to detect non‐periodic pulse signal, but those oscillators have a few defects. This Letter presents a type of strong coupled Duffing oscillators system, and by using the generalised time scale transformation, the system can detect signal with any sampling frequency. The system is coupled by damping force and restoring force of the oscillators and has characteristics of high synchronisation speed and high coupling degree. The simulation results show that the system can detect large amplitude signal, large time‐width pulse, and plus–minus signal, and the detection SNR is lower than −27 dB.
A 2.4/3.5/5.2/5.8‐GHz quad‐band BPF using SLRs and triangular loop resonators
Authors: Wang Jinchen , He Songbai , Gan Decheng
Published: January 2018

A modified triangular loop resonator with an open‐circuited stepped‐impedance stub, which can generate two closely spaced passbands at 5.2 and 5.8 GHz, is analysed. For verification, the triangular loop resonators along with stub‐loaded resonators (SLRs) are then employed to design a compact 2.4/3.5/5.2/5.8‐GHz quad‐band bandpass filter (BPF) for wireless local area networks as well as worldwide interoperability for microwave access applications. Each of the four centre frequencies in the proposed quad‐band BPF is able to be controlled due to the design freedom.
High‐efficient inverting buck‐boost converter with fully digital‐controlled switch width modulation for microdisplays
Authors: Shin S.‐H. , Hong S.‐K. , Kwon O.‐K.
Published: January 2018

This letter proposes a highly efficient inverting buck‐boost converter at light‐load for microdisplay applications. The proposed buck‐boost converter, which operates in discontinuous conduction mode, achieves high efficiency by modulating the switch width according to the sensed on‐duty of the main power switch using the full‐digital method. It generates an output voltage of −4 V using an input voltage of 1.8 V for a maximum load current (ILOAD) of 20 mA. The proposed converter was fabricated in a 0.18 μm bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCDMOS) process and measured to verify its performance. The measurement results showed that the proposed buck‐boost converter achieved a maximum efficiency of 89.3% at ILOAD of 20 mA and a high efficiency of up to 81.9% at light‐load, where ILOAD is <5 mA.
Miniaturised planar‐patch antenna based on metamaterial L‐shaped unit‐cells for broadband portable microwave devices and multiband wireless communication systems
Authors: Alibakhshikenari Mohammad , Virdee Bal S. , Ali Abdul , Limiti Ernesto
Published: January 2018

This study describes the design of a metamaterial planar antenna for multi‐octave band operation. The metamaterial unit‐cell comprises L‐shaped slit which is etched inside a rectangular patch with a grounded inductive spiral. The slit essentially behaves as a series left‐handed capacitance and the spiral as a shunt left‐handed inductance. The antenna was modelled and optimised for impedance bandwidth, gain and efficiency performance using commercial three‐dimensional full‐wave electromagnetic simulation tools. The antenna has a measured impedance bandwidth of 6.02 GHz for S11<−10 dB. This corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 172.49%, which is higher than multiband planar antennas reported to date. The antenna has a maximum gain and efficiency performance of 3.7 dBi and 73%, respectively, at 3.25 GHz. The physical footprint of the antenna is comparable to other wideband planar antennas reported to date. The overall size of the antenna is 0.037λ0 × 0.027λ0 × 0.002λ0 and 0.25λ0 × 0.18λ0 × 0.017λ0, where λ0 is free‐space wavelength at 0.48 and 3.25 GHz, respectively.
Wide area condition monitoring of power electric drives in wind power generation system using radiated electromagnetic fields
Authors: Parajuli Amrit , Barzegaran Mohammadreza R. , Mohammed Osama A.
Published: January 2018

Electric components in numerous applications (particularly wind generation) are not straightforwardly accessible for monitoring. Therefore, the monitoring and protection through voltage/current measurement may not be dependable since the current value passes numerous segments to reach the observing element. Accordingly, finding an unusual phenomenon of a specific element is difficult. To resolve this issue, using transmitted electromagnetic field of an element for wide area condition monitoring is proposed. It is planned to diagnose and locate short‐circuit in induction generator drive such as interturn, intercoil and terminal‐to‐turn failures. The frequency characteristics of the propagated field is then utilized for finding the short‐circuit. The theoretical foundation that relate the behavior of each elements to their frequency response is analyzed and used. To utilize the derived technique for different practical circumstances, two distinctive methods are used for locating the short‐circuit. As the experimental test of major fault cases could destruct the winding, the full three‐dimensional finite element analysis is used in these cases and some are verified experimentally through the wide area communication. Identifying the areas of partial faults Prevents the whole winding failure prior to a massive destruction, which is costly especially for cases in inaccessible situations such as offshore wind towers.
Calcium deficiency in hydroxyapatite and its drug delivery applications
Authors: Koppala Sivasankar , Swamiappan Sasikumar , Gangarajula Yuvaraj , Xu Lei , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Ponnamma Deepalekshmi , Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
Published: January 2018

In this work, calcium deficient hydroxyapatites (HAPs) [Ca10−x (PO4)6 (OH)2] [where x = 0 − 0.3] were synthesised by precipitation method and calcined samples were characterised by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy techniques to check phase purity, calcium deficiency, particle size and shape. The results indicate that the structure of the HAP can tolerate a calcium deficiency up to 0.2. The calcium deficient HAP (x = 0.1) powder was found to be highly porous with a particle size below 200 nm. This powder was used as a drug delivery carrier for the drug, ciprofloxacin and sustained release of the drug in the phosphate buffer solution was investigated.
Preparation of silver/chemically reduced graphene composite for flexible printed circuits
Authors: Feng Bin , Ma Junjie , Gu Xiaolong , Zhao Xinbing , Zhang Yu
Published: January 2018

Silver (Ag)/chemically reduced graphene (Ag/CGN) composite succeeded prepared using a simple chemical reduction method. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed the formation of Ag and the reduction of graphite oxide to graphene during the synthesis process. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that Ag particles were wrapped by graphene. The resistance of Ag/CGN circuits changed <10% when bended at a radius of 10 mm after 500 cycles and <15% when folded after 50 cycles, indicating the printed Ag/CGN fine circuits possess good electrical conductivity, flexibility and electrical stability under mechanical deformations. Furthermore, the Ag/CGN circuits exhibited high thermal stability, indicating its potential application for fabricating high performance flexible printed circuits.
Constraints from thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich cluster counts and power spectrum combined with CMB
Authors: Salvati Laura , Douspis Marian , Aghanim Nabila
Published: January 2018

The thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect is one of the recent probes of cosmology and large-scale structures. We update constraints on cosmological parameters from galaxy clusters observed by thePlancksatellite in a first attempt to combine cluster number counts and the power spectrum of hot gas; we used a new value of the optical depth and, at the same time, sampling on cosmological and scaling-relation parameters. We find that in the ΛCDM model, the addition of a tSZ power spectrum provides small improvements with respect to number counts alone, leading to the 68% c.l. constraints Ωm= 0.32  ± 0.02,σ8= 0.76  ± 0.03, andσ8(Ωm/0.3)1/3= 0.78  ± 0.03 and lowering the discrepancy with results for cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary anisotropies (updated with the new value ofτ) to ≃1.8σonσ8. We analysed extensions to the standard model, considering the effect of massive neutrinos and varying the equation of state parameter for dark energy. In the first case, we find that the addition of the tSZ power spectrum helps in improving cosmological constraints with respect to number count alone results, leading to the 95% upper limit ∑mν< 1.88 eV. For the varying dark energy equation of state scenario, we find no important improvements when adding tSZ power spectrum, but still the combination of tSZ probes is able to provide constraints, producingw= −1.0 ± 0.2. In all cosmological scenarios, the mass bias to reconcile CMB and tSZ probes remains low at (1 −b) ≲ 0.67 as compared to estimates from weak lensing and X-ray mass estimate comparisons or numerical simulations.
Episodic accretion in binary protostars emerging from self-gravitating solar mass cores
Authors: Riaz R. , Vanaverbeke S. , Schleicher D. R. G.
Published: January 2018

Observations show a large spread in the luminosities of young protostars, which are frequently explained in the context of episodic accretion. We tested this scenario with numerical simulations that follow the collapse of a solar mass molecular cloud using the GRADSPH code, thereby varying the strength of the initial perturbations and temperature of the cores. A specific emphasis of this paper is to investigate the role of binaries and multiple systems in the context of episodic accretion and to compare their evolution to the evolution in isolated fragments. Our models form a variety of low-mass protostellar objects including single, binary, and triple systems in which binaries are more active in exhibiting episodic accretion than isolated protostars. We also find a general decreasing trend in the average mass accretion rate over time, suggesting that the majority of the protostellar mass is accreted within the first 105 years. This result can potentially help to explain the surprisingly low average luminosities in the majority of the protostellar population.
RAPTOR
Authors: Bronzwaer T. , Davelaar J. , Younsi Z. , Mościbrodzka M. , Falcke H. , Kramer M. , Rezzolla L.
Published: January 2018

Context. Observational efforts to image the immediate environment of a black hole at the scale of the event horizon benefit from the development of efficient imaging codes that are capable of producing synthetic data, which may be compared with observational data.

Aims. We aim to present RAPTOR, a new public code that produces accurate images, animations, and spectra of relativistic plasmas in strong gravity by numerically integrating the equations of motion of light rays and performing time-dependent radiative transfer calculations along the rays. The code is compatible with any analytical or numerical spacetime. It is hardware-agnostic and may be compiled and run both on GPUs and CPUs.

Methods. We describe the algorithms used in RAPTOR and test the code’s performance. We have performed a detailed comparison of RAPTOR output with that of other radiative-transfer codes and demonstrate convergence of the results. We then applied RAPTOR to study accretion models of supermassive black holes, performing time-dependent radiative transfer through general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamical (GRMHD) simulations and investigating the expected observational differences between the so-called fast-light and slow-light paradigms.

Results. Using RAPTOR to produce synthetic images and light curves of a GRMHD model of an accreting black hole, we find that the relative difference between fast-light and slow-light light curves is less than 5%. Using two distinct radiative-transfer codes to process the same data, we find integrated flux densities with a relative difference less than 0.01%.

Conclusions. For two-dimensional GRMHD models, such as those examined in this paper, the fast-light approximation suffices as long as errors of a few percent are acceptable. The convergence of the results of two different codes demonstrates that they are, at a minimum, consistent.
Dust emission from wet, low-emission coke quenching process
Authors: Komosiński Bogusław , Bobik Bartłomiej , Konieczny Tomasz , Cieślik Ewelina
Published: January 2018

Coke plants, which produce various types of coke (metallurgical, foundry or heating), at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C, with limited access to oxygen, are major emitters of particulates and gaseous pollutants to air, water and soils. Primarily, the process of wet quenching should be mentioned, as one of the most cumbersome. Atmospheric pollutants include particulates, tar substances, organic pollutants including B(a)P and many others. Pollutants are also formed from the decomposition of water used to quench coke (CO, phenol, HCN, H2S, NH3, cresol) and decomposition of hot coke in the first phase of quenching (CO, H2S, SO2) [1]. The development of the coke oven technology has resulted in the changes made to different types of technological installations, such as the use of baffles in quench towers, the removal of nitrogen oxides by selective NOx reduction, and the introduction of fabric filters for particulates removal. The BAT conclusions for coke plants [2] provide a methodology for the measurement of particulate emission from a wet, low-emission technology using Mohrhauer probes. The conclusions define the emission level for wet quenching process as 25 g/Mgcoke. The conducted research was aimed at verification of the presented method. For two of three quench towers (A and C) the requirements included in the BAT conclusions are not met and emissions amount to 87.34 and 61.35 g/Mgcoke respectively. The lowest particulates emission was recorded on the quench tower B and amounted to 22.5 g/Mgcoke, therefore not exceeding the requirements.
Long-term trends of pollutant concentrations in selected sites in Silesian Voivodeship
Authors: Hoffman Szymon
Published: January 2018

The assessment of the air pollution quality in selected sites of Silesian Voivodeship was presented in this paper. The evaluation based on the sets of long-term data, recorded by the state air monitoring network. Concentrations of main air pollutants such as PM10, O3, CO, SO2, NO2, NO were considered. The basis for the calculations were 12-year time series of hourly concentrations. Using this data, the monthly averages of pollutant concentrations were calculated. Long-time trends of concentration changes were determined for each pollutant separately. Based on the analysis of trends, risks that may arise in the future were identified.
Analysis of the application of selected physico-chemical methods in eliminating odor nuisance of municipal facilities
Authors: Miller Urszula , Grzelka Agnieszka , Romanik Elżbieta , Kuriata Magdalena
Published: January 2018

Operation of municipal management facilities is inseparable from the problem of malodorous compounds emissions to the atmospheric air. In that case odor nuisance is related to the chemical composition of waste, sewage and sludge as well as to the activity of microorganisms whose products of life processes can be those odorous compounds. Significant reduction of odorant emission from many sources can be achieved by optimizing parameters and conditions of processes. However, it is not always possible to limit the formation of odorants. In such cases it is best to use appropriate deodorizing methods. The choice of the appropriate method is based on in terms of physical parameters, emission intensity of polluted gases and their composition, if it is possible to determine. Among the solutions used in municipal economy, there can be distinguished physico-chemical methods such as sorption and oxidation. In cases where the source of the emission is not encapsulated, odor masking techniques are used, which consists of spraying preparations that neutralize unpleasant odors. The paper presents the characteristics of selected methods of eliminating odor nuisance and evaluation of their applicability in municipal management facilities.
Seasonal variations in chromium concentration in urban atmospheric aerosol in the city of Radom
Authors: Molik Artur , Trojanowska Marzena , Łożyńska Monika , Świetlik Ryszard
Published: January 2018

This paper presents seasonal variations in the occurrence of chromium in urban particulate matter (PM). Radom is an interesting area for this type of research due to its typical antiquated heating infrastructure. PM samples of two particulate fractions PM2.5 (particulates ≤ 2.5 µm) and PM10 (particulates ≤ 10 µm) were collected using a Copley cascade impactor Hi-Flow MOUDI Model 130. Chromium was determined in the samples using the GF-AAS technique. The concentration of chromium in PM2.5 was in the range of 0.38 to 3.2 ng/m3, whereas in PM10 it ranged from 0.43 to 4.1 ng/m3.
Assessment of the 3He pressure inside the CABRI transient rods - Development of a surrogate model based on measurements and complementary CFD calculations
Authors: Clamens Olivier , Lecerf Johann , Hudelot Jean-Pascal , Duc Bertrand , Cadiou Thierry , Blaise Patrick , Biard Bruno
Published: January 2018

CABRI is an experimental pulse reactor, funded by the French Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection Institute (IRSN) and operated by CEA at the Cadarache research center. It is designed to study fuel behavior under RIA conditions. In order to produce the power transients, reactivity is injected by depressurization of a neutron absorber (3He) situated in transient rods inside the reactor core. The shapes of power transients depend on the total amount of reactivity injected and on the injection speed. The injected reactivity can be calculated by conversion of the 3He gas density into units of reactivity. So, it is of upmost importance to properly master gas density evolution in transient rods during a power transient. The 3He depressurization was studied by CFD calculations and completed with measurements using pressure transducers. The CFD calculations show that the density evolution is slower than the pressure drop. Surrogate models were built based on CFD calculations and validated against preliminary tests in the CABRI transient system. Studies also show that it is harder to predict the depressurization during the power transients because of neutron/3He capture reactions that induce a gas heating. This phenomenon can be studied by a multiphysics approach based on reaction rate calculation thanks to Monte Carlo code and study the resulting heating effect with the validated CFD simulation.
The CANDELLE experiment for characterization of neutron sensitivity of LiF TLDs
Authors: Guillou M.Le , Billebaud A. , Gruel A. , Kessedjian G. , Méplan O. , Destouches C. , Blaise P.
Published: January 2018

As part of the design studies conducted at CEA for future power and research nuclear reactors, the validation of neutron and photon calculation schemes related to nuclear heating prediction are strongly dependent on the implementation of nuclear heating measurements. Such measurements are usually performed in low-power reactors, whose core dimensions are accurately known and where irradiation conditions (power, flux and temperature) are entirely controlled. Due to the very low operating power of such reactors (of the order of 100 W), nuclear heating is assessed by using dosimetry techniques such as thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). However, although they are highly sensitive to gamma radiation, such dosimeters are also, to a lesser extent, sensitive to neutrons. The neutron dose depends strongly on the TLD composition, typically contributing to 10-30% of the total measured dose in a mixed neutron/gamma field. The experimental determination of the neutron correction appears therefore to be crucial to a better interpretation of doses measured in reactor with reduced uncertainties. A promising approach based on the use of two types of LiF TLDs respectively enriched with lithium-6 and lithium-7, precalibrated both in photon and neutron fields, has been recently developed at INFN (Milan, Italy) for medical purposes. The CANDELLE experiment is dedicated to the implementation of a pure neutron field “calibration” of TLDs by using the GENEPI-2 neutron source of LPSC (Grenoble, France). Those irradiation conditions allowed providing an early assessment of the neutron components of doses measured in EOLE reactor at CEA Cadarache with 10% uncertainty at 1σ.
Review of Nuclear Heating Measurement by Calorimetry in France and USA
Authors: Reynard-Carette C. , Kohse G. , Brun J. , Carette M. , Volte A. , Lyoussi A.
Published: January 2018

This paper gives a short review of sensors dedicated to measuring nuclear heating rate inside fission reactors in France and USA and especially inside Material Testing Reactors. These sensors correspond to heat flow calorimeters composed of a single calorimetric cell or of two calorimetric cells at least with a reference cell to obtain a differential calorimeter. The aim of this paper is to present the common running principle of these sensors and their own special characteristics through their design, calibration methods, and in-pile measurement techniques, and to describe multi-sensor probes including calorimeters.
On Use of Multi-Chambered Fission Detectors for In-Core, Neutron Spectroscopy
Authors: Roberts Jeremy A.
Published: January 2018

Presented is a short, computational study on the potential use of multichambered fission detectors for in-core, neutron spectroscopy. Motivated by the development of very small fission chambers at CEA in France and at Kansas State University in the U.S., it was assumed in this preliminary analysis that devices can be made small enough to avoid flux perturbations and that uncertainties related to measurements can be ignored. It was hypothesized that a sufficient number of chambers with unique reactants can act as a real-time, foilactivation experiment. An unfolding scheme based on maximizing (Shannon) entropy was used to produce a flux spectrum from detector signals that requires no prior information. To test the method, integral, detector responses were generated for singleisotope detectors of various Th, U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cs isotopes using a simplified, pressurized-water reactor spectrum and fluxweighted, microscopic, fission cross sections, in the WIMS-69 multigroup format. An unfolded spectrum was found from subsets of these responses that had a maximum entropy while reproducing the responses considered and summing to one (that is, they were normalized). Several nuclide subsets were studied, and, as expected, the results indicate inclusion of more nuclides leads to better spectra but with diminishing improvements, with the best-case spectrum having an average, relative, group-wise error of approximately 51%. Furthermore, spectra found from minimum-norm and Tihkonov-regularization inversion were of lower quality than the maximum entropy solutions. Finally, the addition of thermal-neutron filters (here, Cd and Gd) provided substantial improvement over unshielded responses alone. The results, as a whole, suggest that in-core, neutron spectroscopy is at least marginally feasible.
Timing Characterization of Helium-4 Fast Neutron Detector with EJ-309 Organic Liquid Scintillator
Authors: Liang Yinong , Zhu Ting , Enqvist Andreas
Published: January 2018

Recently, the Helium-4 gas fast neutron scintillation detectors is being used in time-sensitive measurements, such time-of-flight and multiplicity counting. In this paper, a set of time aligned signals was acquired in a coincidence measurement using the Helium-4 gas detectors and EJ-309 liquid scintillators. The high-speed digitizer system is implanted with a trigger moving average window (MAW) unit combing with its constant fraction discriminator (CFD) feature. It can calculate a “time offset” to the timestamp value to get a higher resolution timestamp (up to 50 ps), which is better than the digitizer's time resolution (4 ns) [1]. The digitized waveforms were saved to the computer hard drive and post processed with digital analysis code to determine the difference of their arrival times. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian fit was used as to examine the resolution. For the cascade decay of Cobalt-60 (1.17 and 1.33 MeV), the first version of the Helium-4 detector with two Hamamatsu R580 photomultipliers (PMT) installed at either end of the cylindrical gas chamber (20 cm in length and 4.4 cm in diameter) has a time resolution which is about 3.139 ns FWHM. With improved knowledge of the timing performance, the Helium-4 scintillation detectors are excellent for neutron energy spectrometry applications requiring high temporal and energy resolutions.
Modelling of the anti-neutrino production and spectra from a Magnox reactor
Authors: Mills Robert W , Mountford David J , Coleman Jonathon P. , Metelko Carl , Murdoch Matthew , Schnellbach Yan-Jie
Published: January 2018

The anti-neutrino source properties of a fission reactor are governed by the production and beta decay of the radionuclides present and the summation of their individual anti-neutrino spectra. The fission product radionuclide production changes during reactor operation and different fissioning species give rise to different product distributions. It is thus possible to determine some details of reactor operation, such as power, from the anti-neutrino emission to confirm safeguards records. Also according to some published calculations, it may be feasible to observe different anti-neutrino spectra depending on the fissile contents of the reactor fuel and thus determine the reactor's fissile material inventory during operation which could considerable improve safeguards. In mid-2014 the University of Liverpool deployed a prototype anti-neutrino detector at the Wylfa R1 station in Anglesey, United Kingdom based upon plastic scintillator technology developed for the T2K project. The deployment was used to develop the detector electronics and software until the reactor was finally shutdown in December 2015. To support the development of this detector technology for reactor monitoring and to understand its capabilities, the National Nuclear Laboratory modelled this graphite moderated and natural uranium fuelled reactor with existing codes used to support Magnox reactor operations and waste management. The 3D multi-physics code PANTHER was used to determine the individual powers of each fuel element (8×6152) during the year and a half period of monitoring based upon reactor records. The WIMS/TRAIL/FISPIN code route was then used to determine the radionuclide inventory of each nuclide on a daily basis in each element. These nuclide inventories were then used with the BTSPEC code to determine the anti-neutrino spectra and source strength using JEFF-3.1.1 data. Finally the anti-neutrino source from the reactor for each day during the year and a half of monitored reactor operation was calculated. The results of the preliminary calculations are shown and limitations in the methods and data discussed.
Gamma signatures of the C-BORD Tagged Neutron Inspection System
Authors: Sardet A. , Pérot B. , Carasco C. , Sannié G. , Moretto S. , Nebbia G. , Fontana C. , Pino F. , Iovene A. , Tintori C.
Published: January 2018

In the frame of C-BORD project (H2020 program of the EU), a Rapidly relocatable Tagged Neutron Inspection System (RRTNIS) is being developed to non-intrusively detect explosives, chemical threats, and other illicit goods in cargo containers. Material identification is performed through gamma spectroscopy, using twenty NaI detectors and four LaBr3 detectors, to determine the different elements composing the inspected item from their specific gamma signatures induced by fast neutrons. This is performed using an unfolding algorithm to decompose the energy spectrum of a suspect item, selected by X-ray radiography and on which the RRTNIS inspection is focused, on a database of pure element gamma signatures. This paper reports on simulated signatures for the NaI and LaBr3 detectors, constructed using the MCNP6 code. First experimental spectra of a few elements of interest are also presented.
Fast high-energy X-ray imaging for Severe Accidents experiments on the future PLINIUS-2 platform
Authors: Berge L. , Estre N. , Tisseur D. , Payan E. , Eck D. , Bouyer V. , Cassiaut-Louis N. , Journeau C. , Tellier R.Le , Pluyette E.
Published: January 2018

The future PLINIUS-2 platform of CEA Cadarache will be dedicated to the study of corium interactions in severe nuclear accidents, and will host innovative large-scale experiments. The Nuclear Measurement Laboratory of CEA Cadarache is in charge of real-time high-energy X-ray imaging set-ups, for the study of the corium-water and corium-sodium interaction, and of the corium stratification process. Imaging such large and high-density objects requires a 15 MeV linear electron accelerator coupled to a tungsten target creating a high-energy Bremsstrahlung X-ray flux, with corresponding dose rate about 100 Gy/min at 1 m. The signal is detected by phosphor screens coupled to high-framerate scientific CMOS cameras. The imaging set-up is established using an experimentally-validated home-made simulation software (MODHERATO). The code computes quantitative radiographic signals from the description of the source, object geometry and composition, detector, and geometrical configuration (magnification factor, etc.). It accounts for several noise sources (photonic and electronic noises, swank and readout noise), and for image blur due to the source spot-size and to the detector unsharpness. In a view to PLINIUS-2, the simulation has been improved to account for the scattered flux, which is expected to be significant. The paper presents the scattered flux calculation using the MCNP transport code, and its integration into the MODHERATO simulation. Then the validation of the improved simulation is presented, through confrontation to real measurement images taken on a small-scale equivalent set-up on the PLINIUS platform. Excellent agreement is achieved. This improved simulation is therefore being used to design the PLINIUS-2 imaging set-ups (source, detectors, cameras, etc.).
Comparison between Silicon-Carbide and diamond for fast neutron detection at room temperature
Authors: Obraztsova O. , Ottaviani L. , Klix A. , Döring T. , Palais O. , Lyoussi A.
Published: January 2018

Neutron radiation detector for nuclear reactor applications plays an important role in getting information about the actual neutron yield and reactor environment. Such detector must be able to operate at high temperature (up to 600° C) and high neutron flux levels. It is worth nothing that a detector for industrial environment applications must have fast and stable response over considerable long period of use as well as high energy resolution. Silicon Carbide is one of the most attractive materials for neutron detection. Thanks to its outstanding properties, such as high displacement threshold energy (20-35 eV), wide band gap energy (3.27 eV) and high thermal conductivity (4.9 W/cm·K), SiC can operate in harsh environment (high temperature, high pressure and high radiation level) without additional cooling system. Our previous analyses reveal that SiC detectors, under irradiation and at elevated temperature, respond to neutrons showing consistent counting rates as function of external reverse bias voltages and radiation intensity. The counting-rate of the thermal neutron-induced peak increases with the area of the detector, and appears to be linear with respect to the reactor power. Diamond is another semi-conductor considered as one of most promising materials for radiation detection. Diamond possesses several advantages in comparison to other semiconductors such as a wider band gap (5.5 eV), higher threshold displacement energy (40-50 eV) and thermal conductivity (22 W/cm·K), which leads to low leakage current values and make it more radiation resistant that its competitors. A comparison is proposed between these two semiconductors for the ability and efficiency to detect fast neutrons. For this purpose the deuterium-tritium neutron generator of Technical University of Dresden with 14 MeV neutron output of 1010 n·s-1 is used. In the present work, we interpret the first measurements and results with both 4H-SiC and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond detectors irradiated with 14 MeV neutrons at room temperature.
Conception of a New Recoil Proton Telescope for Real-Time Neutron Spectrometry in Proton-Therapy
Authors: Combe Rodolphe , Arbor Nicolas , el Bitar Ziad , Higueret Stéphane , Husson Daniel
Published: January 2018

Neutrons are the main type of secondary particles emitted in proton-therapy. Because of the risk of secondary cancer and other late occurring effects, the neutron dose should be included in the out-of-field dose calculations. A neutron spectrometer has to be used to take into account the energy dependence of the neutron radiological weighting factor. Due to its high dependence on various parameters of the irradiation (beam, accelerator, patient), the neutron spectrum should be measured independently for each treatment.

The current reference method for the measurement of the neutron energy, the Bonner Sphere System, consists of several homogeneous polyethylene spheres with increasing diameters equipped with a proportional counter. It provides a highresolution reconstruction of the neutron spectrum but requires a time-consuming work of signal deconvolution. New neutron spectrometers are being developed, but the main experimental limitation remains the high neutron flux in proton therapy treatment rooms. A new model of a real-time neutron spectrometer, based on a Recoil Proton Telescope technology, has been developed at the IPHC. It enables a real-time high-rate reconstruction of the neutron spectrum from the measurement of the recoil proton trajectory and energy. A new fast-readout microelectronic integrated sensor, called FastPixN, has been developed for this specific purpose.

A first prototype, able to detect neutrons between 5 and 20 MeV, has already been validated for metrology with the AMANDE facility at Cadarache. The geometry of the new Recoil Proton Telescope has been optimized via extensive Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Uncertainty sources have been carefully studied in order to improve simultaneously efficiency and energy resolution, and solutions have been found to suppress the various expected backgrounds. We are currently upgrading the prototype for secondary neutron detection in proton therapy applications.
Renewing Theories, Methods and Design Practices: Challenges for Architectural Education
Authors: Andri Yatmo Yandi
Published: January 2018

Architectural education should promote the advancement of knowledge that is necessary as the basis for the development of excellent design practice. Architectural education needs to respond appropriately to the current issues in the society. To find its way into the society in an appropriate way, architecture needs to be liquid. The ability to address the liquidity of architecture requires educational approach that promotes the ability to work with a range of design methods and approaches. There are several principles that become the basis for developing architectural education that could strengthen its position within the society: to promote knowledge-based design practice, to embrace variety of design methods and approaches; to keep a balance between design knowledge and design skills; while at the same time to aim for mastery and excellence in design. These principles should be the basis for defining and developing the curriculum and the process of design learning architectural education. Then the main challenge is on our willingness to be liquid in developing architectural education, which needs continuous renewal and update to respond to the changing context of knowledge, technology and society.
Re-charting Architecture or the End of “Architecture” as We Know It?
Authors: Fadjar Maharika Ilya
Published: January 2018

As a discipline, the exchange of ideas between architecture and other disciplines or subject areas occurs as a rule rather than an exception. In an attempt to re-chart architecture, mapping the exchange may give a more complete picture as a reflection of architecture itself. In doing so, a survey of the use of the word “architecture” was carried out. Scopus.com was used extensively to explore articles using the word in their abstract, keyword, or title. The finding shows that the word “architecture” is extensively used in nearly all subject areas in Scopus stretching the meaning of architecture to its widest as the organization of things. That “Architecture” itself seems to be diminishing leads to more questions particularly regarding Architectural Education 4.0.
Composing the Layer of Knowledge of Digital Technology in Architecture
Authors: Johanes Mikhael , Andri Yatmo Yandi
Published: January 2018

The use of digital tools in architectural practice has been evolving significantly. In following such developments, architectural practice has been incorporating digital technology not only to meet the current demand but also to pursue the vast amount of possibilities ahead. However, the integration of digital technology in architectural knowledge has been reasonably operative that produces uncritical understanding, and it tends to put architects as a passive user of technology. This paper argues that there are layers of knowledge that nees to be acknowledged and nourished accordingly in embracing the use of computation tools yet avoiding the overly simplistic.understanding. It attempts to explore the methods of digital technology in archietctural design practices as well as dicussions that follow to create a critical evaluation of its roles and potentials. The review is conducted theoretically in which the use of digital in the design process is explored in such a way to reveal its importance in architectural design methods. The review also crosses beyond the disciplines of architecture to construct more comprehensive understanding that bridges the logic of digital technology and architecture. The resulted map of methods of the digital thus can be used to develop a framework for digital discourse that bridge the operative knowledge of technology to the more critical perspectives.
Urban Design Dimension Of Informality At The Perimeter Of Brawijaya University And UIN Maliki Malang
Authors: Tyaghita Cesarin Binar , Hanan Himasari , Suharjono Ekomadyo Agus
Published: January 2018

Informality is one of the commonly emerged issues in urban design which rarely explored, especially informality within university’s perimeter. Brawijaya as one of the biggest and oldest University in Malang over time has boosted the development of several of its perimeter, provided several hotspots for students and youth. These rapid hotspots growth is related to the growth of informal practices. For cities that developed by its universities, it is necessary to understand both of the formal and informal practices within its perimeter. Through this study I would like to know the characteristic of informality within university perimeter, which formed by Brawijaya, UIN Maliki, and ITN; and to frame it within Carmona’s Urban Design Dimension. Mapping is utilized as a primary method to analyze both formal and informality within site. The formal aspect consists of formal activities, function and site user. While informality mapper consists of street vendors and street art. The research found that while urban informality within Brawijaya and UIN Maliki are related to the character and morphology, its formal structure has; its relation is reciprocal. The morphological, visual and functional dimension of university perimeter is driven by the social, perceptual and temporal dimension formed by its user and showed through informality.
Measuring Electronic Health Record Use in Primary Care: A Scoping Review
Authors: Huang Michael , Gibson Candace , Terry Amanda
Published: January 2018

Background Simple measures of electronic health record (EHR) adoption may be inadequate to evaluate EHR use; and positive outcomes associated with EHRs may be better gauged when varying degrees of EHR use are taken into account. In this article, we aim to assess the current state of the literature regarding measuring EHR use.

Objective This article conducts a scoping review of the literature to identify and classify measures of primary care EHR use with a focus on the Canadian context.

Methods We conducted a scoping review. Multiple citation databases were searched, as well as gray literature from relevant Web sites. Resulting abstracts were screened for inclusion. Included full texts were reviewed by two authors. Data from the articles were extracted; we synthesized the findings. Subsequently, we reviewed these results with seven EHR stakeholders in Canada.

Results Thirty-seven articles were included. Eighteen measured EHR function use individually, while 19 incorporated an overall level of use. Eight frameworks for characterizing overall EHR use were identified.

Conclusion There is a need to create standardized frameworks for assessing EHR use.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Tagalakis Vicky , Klil-Drori Adi
Published: January 2018

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were excluded from pivotal clinical trials with oral anticoagulants. While such patients are at an increased risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism, their risk of bleeding is also elevated. It is thus of little surprise that stroke prevention with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in ESRD patients with atrial fibrillation is controversial, with observational evidence ranging from beneficial to harmful. This uncertainty extends to the less studied use of VKAs for venous thromboembolism in ESRD. The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) apixaban and rivaroxaban have now permissive labeling in the United States for atrial fibrillation in patients with ESRD; this expanded labeling has not yet occurred either in Europe or for venous thromboembolism. This review summarizes the current evidence for the pharmacology of DOACs in ESRD as well as their utilization and safety in patients with ESRD and atrial fibrillation.
Kompetenzbasierte Ausbildung im „geschützten Umfeld“: vom Schonraum zum Realraum
Authors: Quandt Christina , Friedrich Lars
Published: January 2018

„Lernen im geschützten Umfeld“ ist ein häufig gebrauchter, aber unklarer Begriff im Rahmen der anästhesiologischen postgradualen Weiterbildung. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet seine Bedeutung in der Anästhesiologie – einschließlich Lehr- und Lernstrategien, wie kompetenzorientierte und simulationsbasierte Ausbildung. Ein Versuch der Klassifikation von Simulatoren und Unterrichtsmethoden sowie deren Probleme bei der Umsetzung runden den Beitrag ab.
Nonlinear mechanisms of two-dimensional wave-wave transformations in the initially coupled acoustic structure
Authors: Vorotnikov K. , Starosvetsky Y.
Published: January 2018

The present study concerns two-dimensional nonlinear mechanisms of bidirectional and unidirectional channeling of longitudinal and shear waves emerging in the locally resonant acoustic structure. The system under consideration comprises an oscillatory chain of the axially coupled masses. Each mass of the chain is subject to the local linear potential along the lateral direction and incorporates the lightweight internal rotator. In the present work, we demonstrate the emergence of special resonant regimes of complete bi- and unidirectional transitions between the longitudinal and the shear waves of the locally resonant chain. These regimes are manifested by the two-dimensional energy channeling between the longitudinal and the shear traveling waves in the recurrent as well as the irreversible fashion. We show that the spatial control of the two dimensional energy flow between the longitudinal and the shear waves is solely governed by the motion of the internal rotators. Nonlinear analysis of the regimes of a bidirectional wave channeling unveils their global bifurcation structure and predicts the zones of their spontaneous transitions from a complete bi-directional wave channeling to the one-directional entrapment. An additional regime of a complete irreversible resonant transformation of the longitudinal wave into a shear wave is analyzed in the study. The intrinsic mechanism governing the unidirectional wave reorientation is described analytically. The results of the analysis of both mechanisms are substantiated by the numerical simulations of the full model and are found to be in a good agreement.
Anisotropic stress in narrow sGe fin field-effect transistor channels measured using nano-focused Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Nuytten T. , Bogdanowicz J. , Witters L. , Eneman G. , Hantschel T. , Schulze A. , Favia P. , Bender H. , De Wolf I. , Vandervorst W.
Published: January 2018

The continued importance of strain engineering in semiconductor technology demands fast and reliable stress metrology that is non-destructive and process line-compatible. Raman spectroscopy meets these requirements but the diffraction limit prevents its application in current and future technology nodes. We show that nano-focused Raman scattering overcomes these limitations and can be combined with oil-immersion to obtain quantitative anisotropic stress measurements. We demonstrate accurate stress characterization in strained Ge fin field-effect transistor channels without sample preparation or advanced microscopy. The detailed analysis of the enhanced Raman response from a periodic array of 20 nm-wide Ge fins provides direct access to the stress levels inside the nanoscale channel, and the results are validated using nano-beam diffraction measurements.
Defect complexes in Ti-doped sapphire: A first principles study
Authors: Kravchenko L. Yu. , Fil D. V.
Published: January 2018

First-principles calculations have been performed to study the formation of defect complexes in Ti doped α-Al2O3 crystals. The formation energies of isolated Ti3+ and Ti4+ defects, pairs, triples, and quadruples of Ti ions and Al vacancies are computed under different equilibrium conditions of Al-Ti-O related phases. Taking into account the charge neutrality of the whole system, we determine the equilibrium concentrations of simple and complex defects as well as the total equilibrium concentration of Ti in an α-Al2O3 crystal. It is shown that the equilibrium concentration of complex defects can be on the same order of or even larger than the concentrations of isolated substitutional Ti3+ and Ti4+ defects. It is found that in Ti-deficient conditions, the relative fraction of isolated defects increases and the balance is shifted towards Ti4+ defects. A universal relation between equilibrium concentrations of isolated and complex defects is obtained. The band structure of the system with complex defects is calculated and extra levels inside the band gap caused by such defects are found.
Phononic frequency comb via three-mode parametric resonance
Authors: Ganesan Adarsh , Do Cuong , Seshia Ashwin
Published: January 2018

This paper is motivated by the recent demonstration of a phononic frequency comb. While previous experiments have shown the existence of a three-wave mixing pathway in a system of two-coupled phonon modes, this work demonstrates a similar pathway in a system of three-coupled phonon modes. This paper also presents a number of interesting experimental facts concomitant to the three-mode parametric resonance based frequency comb observed in a specific micromechanical device. The experimental validation of frequency combs via three-mode parametric resonance along with the previous demonstration of two-mode frequency combs points to the ultimate possibility of multimode frequency combs.