bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regrowth Control by Injection of Growth Regulators in Seedlings of Four Tree Species1
Authors: Ufferman D. H. , Roberts B. R. , Brown G. K. , Carr S. R. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: September 2022

Topped 1- and 2-year-old seedlings of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) and American elm (Ulmus americana L.) were treated with each of 10 growth regulating chemicals in the greenhouse by chemical injection. Daminozide [butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide], maleic hydrazide [l,2-dihydro-3,6 pyridazinedione] and the soldium salt of dikegulac [2,3:4,6-bis-0-(l-methyl-ethylidene)-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid] controlled regrowth at appropriate concentrations without causing unacceptable phytotoxicity.
‘Liberty’ Apple1
Authors: Lamb R. C. , Aldwinckle H. S. , Way R. D. , Terry D. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Liberty,’ which was tested under the number NY55140-19 is a good quality red apple that can be grown without fungicidal sprays in New York State (3). It is highly resistant to Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., apple scab, and to Gymnosporangium juniperivirginianae (Schw.), cedar apple rust and resistant to Podosphaera leucotricha (E. & E) Salm, apple powdery mildew, and Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Bergey et al, fire blight.
‘Sunburst’ Citrus Hybrid1
Authors: Hearn C. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Sunburst’ is a moderately vigorous, precocious citrus hybrid with attractive, high-quality fruit (Fig. 1) of the tangerine class developed in the Florida breeding program of Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, of USDA.
‘Brison’, ‘Rosborough’, and ‘Womack’ Blackberries1
Authors: Bowen H. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Brison’, Rosborough’, and ‘Womack’ were released to replace the ‘Brazos’, blackberry cultivar. The fruits of the new cultivars (Fig. 1) although similar to ‘Brazos’, have improved flavor, smaller seed and firmer fruit (Tables 1, 2, 3).
‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Sleeping Beauty’ Rose Mallow Hibiscus1
Authors: Winters H. F.
Published: September 2022

‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Sleeping Beauty’ are similar cultivars of hybrid, perennial rose mallow hibiscus developed by the Germplasm Resources Laboratory at the U. S. Plant Introduction Station, Glenn Dale, Maryland. Parentage of both hybrids includes Hibiscus coccineus (Medicus) Walter, H. militaris Cav. and H. moscheutos L. (3), all native to the eastern United States.
‘Burgundy’ Impatiens1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Pasutti D. W. , Beck A. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Burgundy’ joins the previously released Iowa State F1 hybrid Impatiens (2) in its ability to withstand the rigors of the U.S. Midwest environment while making a colorful addition to the world of bedding plants. ‘Burgundy’ was derived from plant material obtained by the U.S. Plant Introduction Service from New Guinea and nearby islands in 1970(1).
‘Edelweiss’ and ‘Swenson Red’ Grapes1
Authors: Swenson E. , Pierquet P. , Stushnoff C.
Published: September 2022

‘Edelweiss’ and ‘Swenson Red’ grapes were developed from crosses made over 30 years ago with the goal of improving table grape quality in cultivars suitable for northern locations. Both have been grown at the University of Minnesota, Horticultural Research Center since 1968.
The Germplasm Accession Information System at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC)1
Authors: Hubbell John N.
Published: September 2022

Using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), an interdisciplinary team developed an accession information system for 6 crops: Chinese cabbage, (Brassica campestris, L. Pekinensis group); soybean, (Glycine max L.); mungbean, (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek var. radiata); tomato, (Lycopersicon esculentum, mill.); sweet potato, (Ipomoea batatas, (L.) Lam.); and potato, (Solanum tuberosum L.).
Phthalimides as Plant Growth Regulators1
Authors: Los Marinus , Kust Cyril A. , Lamb Glentworth , Diehl Robert E.
Published: September 2022

We have synthesized (1, 2) a group of compounds that influence a variety of growth and development processes in many plant species. These compounds are phthalimides of general structure I (Fig. 1). Highest biological activity was found in compounds in which X was either chlorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl and R1 and R2 formed a cyclohexyl ring as in structure II. Most tests have been done with compound II (designated AC 94,377), although good activity has also been demonstrated for compound I in which R1 = CH3, R2 = CH2CH(CH3)2 and X = 3-C1 (AC 92,803) and the tetrahydrophthalimide compound III (AC 99,524).
Interior Quality of Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. ‘Honoriae’ as Influenced by Light and Fertilizer during Production1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

Highest quality Dracaena angustifolia ‘Honoriae’, were produced under 26 klx at all fertilizer levels and 52 klx at 12 or 16 g Osmocote 18N-3P-10K/20 cm diameter pot for 4 months. After 7 months under an interior environment, plants that received 78 klx in the production area and held under 1 klx interior light dropped more than twice the number of leaves as the other plants. Several interactions of light and fertilizer levels are discussed.
Progeny Testing for Self Incompatibility in Inbred Lines of Petunia hybrida1
Authors: Flaschenriem D. R. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: September 2022

Self progenies obtained from bud pollination or from self pollination following high temperature treatment of 7 self incompatible (SI) Petunia hybrida Vilm. plants representing the I1, I4, I6, and I7 generations were tested for SI in both summer and winter greenhouse environments. Five exhibited increased self seed set (pseudo-self compatibility, PSC) after winter pollinations, 1 was more PSC after summer pollinations, and 1 set no self seed in either pollination environment. Comparison of sibling progenies within a line at the I8 generation and differences in PSC between lines at the I7 and I8 generations indicate that inbreeding has not destroyed the possibility of recovering SI.
Injury to Sweet Corn by a Longidorus sp. in Connecticut1
Authors: Miller P. M. , Rich Saul
Published: September 2022

A species of Longidorus was found in a field of ‘Early Fortune’ sweet corn (Zea mays L.) near Glastonbury, Connecticut, with many specimens longer than L. breviannulatus Norton. In the greenhouse, both the Longidorus sp. and Pratylenchus penetrans stunted sweet corn. Cultivars varied in their response to these nematodes, and there was no additive stunting when the corn was grown in soil containing both genera of nematodes. The percent of stunting caused by Longidorus sp. was positively and significantly correlated with the final heights of the corn cultivars grown in the soil with no nematodes. Diazinon and carbofuran in the greenhouse and diazinon in the field protected sweet corn from Longidorus sp.
Influence of Acephate on Asparagus Flavor and its Effectiveness for Control of Redbacked Cutworms1
Authors: Cone W. W. , Drake S. R.
Published: September 2022

The insecticide O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate (acephate) economically controlled the redbacked cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), on asparagus at 0.8 kg/ha. An off-flavor was imparted to the asparagus by the 2.2 kg/ha rate.
Fruit Firmness Measurements in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Torre Louis C. , Pepin H. S. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

Fruit firmness for 55 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) clones was determined at 2 locations with a Hunter Series L. portable pressure gauge. The force required to close the opening in the fruit, termed compression, and the force required to release juice, termed exudation, were measured when force was applied at right angles to the long axis of the fruit. Compression values for the firmest clones, SHRI 6820/54, SHRI 6820/41, SHRI 705/32, ‘Glen Isla’ and SHRI 6820/35, were 2 to 4 times greater than for the clones with the softest fruit. For compression values, significant correlations were obtained over clones for years and for locations. Compression and exudation values were significantly correlated.
Texture Evaluation Of Horticultural Crops
Authors: Bourne Malcolm C.
Published: September 2022

The perception of food acceptability may be divided into 3 major categories: (a) appearance (color, shape) is based on optical properties; (b) flavor (taste and odor) is the response of the receptors in the oral cavity to chemical stimuli; (c) touch, is the response of the tactile senses to physical stimuli that results from contact between some part of the body and the food. The sensation of touch is commonly called “texture” but has also been called “kinesthetics” (24) and “haptaesthesis” (30). Texture is an important quality attribute of horticultural products and should be given equal weight with appearance and flavor for most commodities.
Interpretation Of Quality Evaluations Of Horticultural Crops
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: September 2022

The pleasure center in the brain plays a very important role in sensory evaluation. (13)
Rapid Selection of Sweet Potato Lines Resistant to the Sweetpotato Weevil1, 2
Authors: Mullen Michael A. , Jones Alfred , Davis Robert , Pearman Gordon C.
Published: September 2022

A laboratory method based on adult feeding punctures was developed to rapidly evaluate cultivars and breeding lines of sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam for resistance to the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Promising resistant lines can be identified, and the amount of field testing required to develop resistant lines is reduced. Preliminary data indicate that varying levels of resistance exist in sweetpotato.
Zinc and Sulfur Content in Pecan Leaflets as Affected by Application of Sulfur and Zinc to Calcareous Soils1
Authors: Smith Morris W. , Storey J. B. , Westfall P. N. , Anderson W. B.
Published: September 2022

Five rates of ZnSO4 and 3 rates of S were applied in March 1966 in a single application to pecan trees (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) in a factorial experiment. A rate of ZnSO4 in excess of about 20 kg/tree would be required to reach June 1966 leaflet Zn concentration in excess of the minimum optimum range of 60 ppm. No 1966 treatment resulted in leaflet Zn concentration in excess of 60 ppm in June 1967 or 1968. Significant Zn and S interaction was detected in September 1966 and 1967 leaflet Zn concentrations. There was a direct relationship between application rates of ZnSO4 and S on leaflet Zn concentration in September 1966 and 1967.
Influence of Night Lighting with Red, Far Red, and Incandescent Light on Rooting of Chrysanthemum Cuttings1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Healy W. E. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: September 2022

Night irradiation of stock plants and cuttings during the rooting period with red (R) or incandescent (INC) light resulted in statistical differences in rooting of cuttings of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. Bright Golden Anne and Mrs. Roy) but differences were not large enough to be of commercial concern. Rooting was best when stock plants were irradiated with R light and cuttings were subsquently rooted under INC light and poorest when cuttings from INC irradiated stock plants were rooted under R light.
Cold Acclimation of Plant Parts in an Evergreen and a Deciduous Azalea1
Authors: Alexander Leslie A. , Havis John R.
Published: September 2022

Cold hardiness of branch, lower stem and root parts of Rhododendron cvs. Mother’s Day (evergreen) and Homebush (deciduous) were determined after artificial acclimation. Lower stems of the evergreen azalea acclimated more slowly than the upper branches. In the deciduous azalea the lower stems acclimated more rapidly than the upper branches initially, but both parts were equal in hardiness after 53 days of acclimation. The lower stem of the deciduous acclimated more rapidly than that of the evergreen azalea.
Root Temperature Effects on Cold Acclimation of an Evergreen Azalea1
Authors: Alexander Leslie A. , Havis John R.
Published: September 2022

Warm root environments interfered with cold acclimation in roots and lower stems sections of Rhodendron cv. Springtime.
Enhanced Zinc Uptake by Container-grown Shrubs with Applications of Nitrogen Zinc Nitrate Solution1
Authors: Emino E. R. , Storey J. B. , Smith M. W.
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen zinc nitrate solution was applied to 18 species of container-grown woody ornamentals to determine if Zn levels could be increased and related to increased growth and plant quality. In 13 species there was an increase in Zn concentration as compared to untreated plants. Quality was improved in 3 species without a related increase in Zn content. Fe and Mn concentrations were unaffected in most species and no phytotoxicity was observed.
Altered Light Levels on Growth, Fruiting, and Leaf Characteristics of Natural Stands of Ilex opaca1
Authors: Stutz J. C. , Frey D. R.
Published: September 2022

Canopy density over a native stand of Ilex opaca Ait. in Georgetown, Delaware was modified to provide 3 light intensity levels. Berry set was significantly greater in the cleared stand vs. the partial and full canopy plots. Leaf chlorophyll expressed on either an area or weight basis, was significantly less in the cleared stand than the other 2 treatments. Decreased light intensity significantly increased leaf area while decreasing leaf weight. Trees in the cleared stand had a significantly greater increase in trunk diameter and height, but not in width, than did lower light treatments.
Jojoba: A New Horticultural Crop for Arid Regions
Authors: Hogan LeMoyne , Lee Chi Won , Palzkill D. A. , Feldman W. R.
Published: September 2022

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) until recently was a relatively unknown Sonoran Desert shrub. Realization that the unique liquid wax in the seed could be substituted for the oil of the endangered sperm whale and that the plant could be grown with relatively small amounts of irrigation water has stimulated much interest among researchers in arid regions throughout the world. Major research programs on the domestication of jojoba are being conducted in the Department of Plant Sciences of the University of Arizona and the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences of the University of California-Riverside. Research programs are also underway at the Ben-Gurion University at BeerSheva, Israel, by state and federal agencies in Sonora and Baja California, Mexico, and in a number of other countries with arid and semi-arid regions. An International Committee on jojoba was formed in November, 1972 and 3 international conferences on jojoba have been held to date. The 4th international jojoba conference is scheduled for November 5-7, 1980, in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
Origin and Historical Aspects of Cyclamen persicum Mill.1
Authors: Lyons R. E. , Widmer R. E.
Published: September 2022

The genus Cyclamen is a member of the Primulaceae, yet speciation of individual members can be confusing. Cyclamen are very diverse, with several species widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean countries and others indigenous only to specific islands or mainland areas (2, 3). Their foliage is extremely variable. Within a single species leaves may range from orbicular to cordate with entire to dentate margins, and with or without gradations of silver-gray zonal patterns. Flowers may be scented or odorless and range in color from white to deep pink. They either precede or arise after the foliage and reach anthesis during autumn, winter or spring (3, 10). The species persicum is uniquely different in that its fruited peduncles haphazardly bend and twist instead of coiling back to the crown. The coiling may facilitate seed dispersal by ants, but C. persicum has lost the coiling characteristic even though it shares this dispersal vector (5).
Urban Tree Planting Programs: a Sociological Perspective1
Authors: Ames Richard G.
Published: September 2022

Oakland, California has been persuing an aggresive urban tree planting program since 1978. I have spent a year studying this program from the sociological perspective and believe that insights gained may be helpful to similar programs elsewhere.
Improving the Heat Unit System in Predicting Maturity Date of Snap Beans1
Authors: Kish Alex J. , Ogle W. L.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments were conducted at Clemson University in 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978 to study the accuracy of the heat unit system in predicting maturity date of snap beans. The growing-degree day method was found to be unreliable. Indications were that other environmental factors, in addition to temperature, affected the maturity of this crop. The available soil moisture for each of 10 plantings grown under natural rainfall varied greatly. Because of the unreliability of the heat unit method, it was decided to integrate the available soil moisture parameter into the degree day method. The formula that gave the smallest coefficient of variation was one using the daily heat unit multiplied by a ratio of the available soil moisture to a constant soil moisture value. Predicting the maturity of snap beans was improved by integrating available soil moisture into the heat unit system.
Effect of Row Spacings on Processing Carrot Root Yields1
Authors: Mack H. J.
Published: September 2022

Total root yields as well as roots <25 and 25-38 mm diameter, were increased in carrot (Daucus carota cv Red Cored Chantenay), as row spacings were decreased from 60 to 15 cm in 2 field experiments. Different within-row seeding rates did not have a significant impact on total yields, but affected yields of various size grades.
Glycoalkaloids of Hollow Heart and Blackheart Potato Tubers1,2
Authors: Jadhav S. J. , Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: September 2022

Tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with the nonparasitic disorders of hollow heart and blackheart contained significantly more glycoalkaloids in the cortical region than normal tubers in 3 cultivars. The glycoalkaloid content of tuber tissue was related to the severity of the disorders.
No Flavor Changes Detectible in Triforine-treated Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Byther Ralph S. , Bristow Peter R.
Published: September 2022

Triangular comparison sensory evaluation tests indicated that there were no detectable changes in the flavor of ‘Concord’ highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) following spray treatments with 2 formulations of the fungicide triforine. Time of harvest (early vs. late) following the fungicide applications had no influence on the judges’ decisions. This data is part of the information required by the Environmental Protection Agency to effect registration of this fungicide, which is a successful control measure against mummy berry disease.
Use of Sewage-Refuse Compost in the Production of Ornamental Plants
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

The disposal of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources and sludges from sewage treatment plants is an ever-increasing problem. More than 20 years ago our society’s prodigious waste production prompted Vance Packard (65) to characterize our society as a society of “waste makers” going from “riches to rags.” Estimates of the per capita production of waste vary, but it has been noted that the average person is generating more waste each year (97). During the last decade, environmental concerns and energy needs have raised serious questions about our methods of waste disposal. Bohn and Cauthorn (13) have observed that our handling of waste has been unimaginative and expensive.
Outcrossing in Southernpea1
Authors: Williams C. Bruce , Chambliss Oyette L.
Published: September 2022

The average frequency of observable outcrossing among 6 genotypes of southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in a population of 9,987 plants was 0.59% and varied from 1.42% in AU 70.4 to 0% in Ala. 963.8G1-4. Outcrossing as high as 4.26% was recorded in a single plot of ‘Giant Blackeye’.
Xenia and Metaxenia in Pistachio1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T.
Published: September 2022

Pollen from 5 different sources did not alter fruit size or time of maturity of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Degree of shell (endocarp) dehiscence was modified with some pollen sources but was found to be related directly to kernel development rather than to type of pollen. Thus, there were no manifestations of metaxenia. Xenia, as exhibited by reduced kernel length and dry weight, did occur, however, following the use of P. atlantica and hybrid pollen.
Germination of Foliage Plant Seeds in Response to Sowing Media, Depths of Sowing, pH Levels, and Medium Temperatures1
Authors: Perry L. P. , Boodley J. W.
Published: September 2022

Effects of 5 soilless media and 2 sowing depths, 4 pH levels and 3 medium temperatures on tropical foliage plant seed germination were analyzed using germination rate and final percentage germination. Cordyline australis had highest germination percentages in highly organic media, Philodendron selloum germinated well in all media at a depth of twice the seed diameter, Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ and Brassaia actinophylla germinated equally well in all media and at depths of 2 and 4 times the seed diameter. Most deeper sown seeds took longer to emerge. Best germination occurred in Brassaia actinophylla, C. australis and Philodendron lundii without bottom heat (27°C), and in Nephthytis ‘Emerald Gem’ with bottom heat (30°-33°). Species germinated well between pH 3.7 and pH 6.2 except for Musa balbisiana at pH 3.7.
Effect of Depulping and Growth Regulators on Seed Germination of Alyxia olivaeformis1
Authors: Tanabe M. J.
Published: September 2022

Seed germination rate and percentage of maile (Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud.) were improved by removal of the fleshy seed coat and preconditioning with growth regulators. Preplant soaking for 48 or 72 hours with 100 ppm kinetin, 2000 ppm potassium nitrate (KNO3), 500 ppm or 1000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) were the most effective treatments.
Influence of Light and Fertilizer Levels on Production and Acclimatization of Pittosporum spp.1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. and Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. cv. Variegata were grown under various light and nutritional levels and then placed in an interior environment under 2 light levels. As production light levels decreased, plant height and width and leaf size increased for both cultivars. Fertilizer had no effect on plant height or leaf size and slightly increased width of green pittosporum. A decrease in production light intensity greatly improved plant color and grade while increased fertilizer slightly improved leaf color of both cultivars and plant grade of variegated pittosporum. Treatment effects were essentially the same after 6 months indoors.
Deicing Salt Spray Injury in Norway Maple as Influenced by Temperature and Humidity Treatments1
Authors: Barrick William E. , Davidson Harold
Published: September 2022

The effect of temperature and humidity conditions on the expression of deicing salt spray injury was investigated using terminal buds and stem sections of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L. cv. Emerald Queen). Loss of viability was associated with sodium chloride treatments and appeared in both high (8.3°C) and low (0°) temperatures. Tissue moisture (%) was significantly lower in low moisture (phosphorous pentoxide) atmospheres and in sodium chloride treatments. Penetration of both Na+ and Cl- ions as evidenced by electron micro-probe analysis occurred throughout stem tissues. Deicing salt spray injury in Norway maple appears to be related to penetration of phytotoxic ions and not directly associated with moisture loss through osmotic stress.
‘EariiGrande’ Peach1
Authors: Bowen H. H.
Published: September 2022

‘EarliGrande’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was released in 1979 for mild winter areas such as the Rio Grande valley of Texas. It is the earliest maturing peach in Texas with commercial potential. ‘EarliGrande’ has been the best adapted cultivar to the meadow orchard system in Israel (A. Erez, Personal communication).
Crop Production and Agricultural Research in Cuba1
Authors: Davis David W.
Published: September 2022

From June 6 to July 21, 1979, I visited Cuba as a member of a team of 4 agricultural science faculty from the University of Minnesota. Our general goal was to assist in determining the advisability of further development of a preliminary agricultural and veterinary faculty and student exchange program between Cuba and the University of Minnesota. The more specific objectives were to observe and interpret the current status of agricultural production and research, with special attention to organizational structure, educational programs, and research priorities and progress in relation to national production goals. Included were one faculty member each from plant pathology, animal science, veterinary medicine, and horticultural science.3 Our visit represented the first on-site analysis of training, research and production in Cuba by U.S. agricultural scientists since the culmination of the revolution in 1959.
Methods of Increasing Seed Germination of Winged Bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.1, 3
Authors: Csizinszky Alexander A.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of winged bean, accessions TPt-1 and ‘Chimbu’, treated in dilute H2SO4 (8:1 by volume in H2O) for 5 minutes at 62°C followed by a 5 minute rinse under running tap water gave 96-100% germination with no apparent injury to the emerging seedlings.
A Rapid Method of Evaluating and Determining Length of Activity of Surface Applied Fungicides for the Control of Cucumber Fruit Rot1
Authors: Sciumbato G. L. , Hegwood C. P.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and sterile seed of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were placed on soil infested with Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn after treatment with soil-applied fungicides. Several fungicides gave acceptable fruit rot control 7 days after spraying on soil surface but none gave acceptable control after 13, 21, or 29 days. In general, the percent of beet seed infested with Rhizoctonia increased 13, 21, and 29 days after spraying.
Methods of Surveying Direct Market Customers1
Authors: Courter J. W. , Sabota C. M. , Nyankori J. C. O.
Published: September 2022

Three surveys of direct market (pick-your-own) strawberry customers were conducted in Illinois to obtain demographic information, distance travelled, purchase habitude, and advertising response. A mail survey utilizing postcard reminders resulted in a higher number of returned forms than 2 anonymous handout surveys without follow-up. The rates of return were influenced by follow-up cards, the time interval of mailing the follow-up cards, and the growers’ personal request to their customers to complete survey forms. The survey methods are discussed relative to the large numbers of completed surveys required in our research and the applicability of various survey methods for direct marketing.
Self-incompatibility in ‘Matou’ Wentan (Citrus grandis (L.) Osb.)1
Authors: Li Siao-Jong
Published: September 2022

‘Matou’ wentan (pummelo) is usually seedless in Taiwan. However, about 8% of the fruits on the market are seedy. In controlled pollination tests, ‘Matou’ was self-incompatible and highly parthenocarpic. Seedy fruits in commercial orchards are apparently from pollination by trees of other cultivars such as ‘Liucheng’ (C. sinensis Osb.), ‘Ponkan’ (C. ponkan Tan.), and especially ‘Paiyu’ and ‘Hwungyu’ (C grandis). Seedy fruits of ‘Matou’ wentan could be prevented by excluding other citrus cultivars from the orchard.
Storage Behavior of Baladi Mandarins in the Sudan1
Authors: Yagi Mahmouda I.
Published: September 2022

Baladi mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in either unperforated or perforated polyethylene (PE) bags, or loose (control) were stored at ambient, average 34°C and 49% relative humidity (RH) as well as 20°; 10°; or 4° and 85% RH. Mandarins in unperforated PE bags lost least in fresh weight. Some fruit were attacked by one or more of Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp. and Aspergillus niger. Loose fruit at ambient conditions did not develop the characteristic orange color. Both acidity and total soluble solids were not significantly changed during storage. Juice content decreased more at the higher temperature.
Computer Tracing of Pedigrees1
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Janick Jules , Blake Roland C.
Published: September 2022

A computer program was written to allow fast tracing of pedigrees from a computer file of parentage records and which lists the pedigree of any requested individual or progeny in 2 forms. The first output format is a listing adapted to integration with another program which calculates inbreeding coefficients and coefficients of coancestry; the second output format is a family tree.
The Presence of Cyanide-resistant Respiration in Petals of Roses Harvested at the Tight Bud Stage1
Authors: Wulster George , Sacalis John , Janes Harry W.
Published: September 2022

Respiration of petal discs from rose (Rosa hybrida L.) was measured by standard manometric techniques gave evidence for the presence of cyanide-resistant respiration. During early stages of rose petal expansion oxygen uptake by petal discs was only slightly inhibited by ImM KCN. In conjunction with 10−1mM salicyl hydroxamic Acid (SHAM), an inhibitor specific for the alternate cyanide-resistant pathway, 1mM KCN greatly reduced oxygen uptake in these petal discs. SHAM alone had no effect on petal disc respiration.
Earworm Resistant Sweet Corn Composite 9E-791
Authors: Wann E. V.
Published: September 2022

Composite 9E-79 is a mid-season, earworm-resistant sweet corn (Zea mays L.) that will provide plant breeders a useful source of germplasm from which superior inbred lines may be extracted. It will also serve as a reservoir for the conservation of valuable sweet corn germplasm.
‘U. C. West Side’ Muskmelon1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: September 2022

‘U.C. West Side’ is an andromonoecious vine type, salmon-orange flesh muskmelon, Cucumis melo L. It is a shipping cultivar adapted for spring production in the desert valleys of California, summer production in the San Joaquin Valley, and other semiarid regions of the far west.
‘Triumph’ Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Lane R. P.
Published: September 2022

‘Triumph’ (Fig. 1) is a perfect-flowered, bronze muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) developed by the University of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. It was evaluated with good results at Experiment, Georgia and other locations in the southeastern United States.
Viticulture in China1
Authors: Huang Huibai
Published: September 2022

The introduction of cultivated grapes into China from central Asia dates back to the Han Dynasty (2nd century b c). That is why the so-called “Ancient Chinese grapes” still cultivated at various locations have so many traits in common with the Vitis vinifera proles orientalis Negrul. It is not coincidence that the Chinese word “putao” for grape is pronounced similarly to the word “budaw” in the ancient Persian language.
Application of Computer Simulation to the Teaching of Garden Center Management1
Authors: Brewer James E. , Wolnick Dennis J.
Published: September 2022

Probably 20% of the 1.9 million retail businesses in the United States are involved in some way with the sale of ornamental plants and garden supplies. According to the Small Business Administration, one-third of all businesses will be discontinued within 1 year of opening, 50% will be gone within 2 years, and two-thirds within 5 years. The largest single cause for this large number of closings even among established businesses is management inexperience and inaptitude (5). To successfully enter the retail nursery industry, horticulture students should have training and experience in general business management and specifically businesses engaged in selling nursery products and services. Unfortunately the typical student must try to grasp complex and somewhat abstract management concepts with little on-the-job experience.
Price Futures for the United States Pecan Industry1
Authors: Epperson J. E. , Allison J. R.
Published: September 2022

Three methods were used to predict potential production of pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] by 1985. A price determination model was estimated, given predetermined quantities, and was used to predict a planning price for pecans by 1985. Results from the analysis indicate that future deflated price adjustments will not be as severe as suspected with an expected price in current dollars of about $1.60/kg which compares to an average price in current dollars near $1.70/kg for 1976-1977. However, the chain of events which are shaping the pecan producing industry portends reason for caution.
Construction and Maintenance Costs of Controlled Environment Facilities1
Authors: Bilderling N. de
Published: September 2022

Since 1968 the “Secretariat Phytotronique” has gathered information on existing controlled environment facilities, in more than 30 installations throughout the world and analyzed construction and maintenance costs for more than 5,000 m2 of usable space for plants.

Construction costs of phytotrons range from $l,000/m2 to $8,000/m2 and prices of manufactured cabinets vary from $2,000 to $12,000/m2 of space usable for plants (1967 price base).

Annual operating costs of phytotrons range from $140/m2 to $783/m2 of space usable for plants. For artificially lighted rooms with 80 W fluorescent lamps, running costs at Gif-sur-Yvette are $39l/m2 and with the same lamps for growth cabinets, $578/m2. With lamps of higher intensities annual operating costs of growth cabinets are: $719/m2 for 215 W fluorescent lamps and $l,450/m2 for xenon lamps.

Xenon lamp lighting is too costly and is only justifiable in special cases and for special research. According to our experience at Gif-sur-Yvette a panel lamp 1 × 1.50 meters with 16 fluorescent 80 W cool white tubes provided with parabolic aluminum polished reflectors and completed by 43 incandescent lamps of 25 W each (with 60% negative booster) gives a light intensity sufficient for most kinds of plants: 18,000 lux or 115,000 ergs/cm2 sec at the normal plant level, 80 cm from the panel lamp.
Iron Chlorosis of Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars1
Authors: Harivandi M. A. , Butler J. D.
Published: September 2022

Significant differences in iron and chlorophyll content occurred between 25 cultivars and 5 blends of 3 year old, well-established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). ‘Adelphi’, 111. 38-17, ‘Sodco’, ‘Sydsport’, ‘Windsor’, and blends of ‘Common’ + ‘Kenblue’ and ‘Windsor’ + ‘Merion’ received highest visual ratings for dark green color.
Response of Chrysanthemum to Urea Peroxide1
Authors: Herr E. M. , Jarrell W. M.
Published: September 2022

Chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne) were grown in 3 potting mixes, perlite alone, peat moss/perlite and peat moss/loam (both 1:1 by volume) and irrigated 1 or 5 times/day or as needed with nutrient solutions with or without urea peroxide. No significant differences were noted in leaf area, fresh and dry weights due to peroxide treatment in the peat moss/loam or perlite mixes. Urea peroxide-treatment in peat moss/perlite mix increased leaf areas, fresh and dry weights when watered 1 or 5 times per day. Plants receiving urea peroxide had large, dark green leaves with little evidence of the effects of overwatering while controls exhibited a mottled chlorosis, especially on older leaves.
In Vitro Propagation of Hosta plantaginea1
Authors: Papachatzi Marietta , Allen Hammer P. , Hasegawa Paul M.
Published: September 2022

Callus was initiated from cultured immature inflorescences of Hosta plantaginea Asch. ‘Grandiflora’ in darkness on a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, vitamins, glycine, i-inositol, sucrose, agar, and 10 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Reculture of the callus onto a medium containing 0.01 mg/liter NAA and 5 mg/liter BA, resulted in the formation of numerous adventitious shoots. Adventitious shoots were initiated also from leaves and segments of leaves from shoots formed in vitro when cultured on a medium supplemented with 0.01-1 mg/liter NAA and 5 mg/liter BA. Root formation was achieved when individual shoots were excised and transferred to a medium containing the basal constituents without growth regulator supplements. Rooted plants were successfully transferred to soil.
In Vitro Propagation of Mailing 7 Apple Rootstock1
Authors: Werner E. M. , Boe A. A.
Published: September 2022

Rapid in vitro propagation of Mailing (M) 7 apple rootstock (Malus sylvestris Mill.) was obtained on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium using shoot tips as primary expiants. Shoot regeneration was induced on a half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/liter benzylamino purine (BA). Rooting was induced by subculturing plantlets on a one-third strength MS medium containing 0.27% agar and supplemented with either 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA). Shoots subcultured on medium containing 2.0 mg/liter IBA rooted within 28 days.
Use of Excised Leaflets of Red Raspberry to Screen for Potential Nonpreference Resistance to Amphorophora agathonica1
Authors: Brodel C. F. , Schaefers G. A.
Published: September 2022

Young, excised leaflets of 7 clones of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) indicated potential nonpreference resistance to the aphid vector of raspberry mosaic viruses, Amphorophora agathonica Hottes. More aphids deserted resistant clones than susceptible ‘Latham’ over a 3-day period. Treatment of excised leaflets with 6-benzylamino purine (BA) increased desertion rates as compared to distilled water in resistant clones.
Effect of Style Removal on Fruit Set in Macadamia
Authors: Ito P. J.
Published: September 2022

It takes over 48 hours after an thesis for the egg cell to be fertilized by the male gamete in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betcha). Fertilization occurs up to 4 days after anthesis.
The Effect of Ethephon on Ripening and Splitting of Pistachio Nuts1
Authors: Torabi Mansoor
Published: September 2022

Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosponic acid (ethephon) at 250, 500, 750 ppm 1 month before the beginning of harvest, significantly increased the percentage of ripe, split nuts of pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) at 3 sampling dates.
Influence of Insecticides on Sweet Corn Quality and their Effectiveness in Control of Corn Earworm1
Authors: Pike K. S. , Drake S. R.
Published: September 2022

Six insecticides (methomyl, permethrin, dicarbosulf, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, UBI-W439) were evaluated for their effect on quality of fresh cut kernels of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and control of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Corn color, moisture, and soluble solids were unaffected by any of the insecticides, and all, except UBI-W439, provided acceptable earworm control.
A Source of Resistance to a Strain of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Lactuca saligna L.1
Authors: Prowidenti R. , Robinson R. W. , Shail J. W.
Published: September 2022

A source of resistance to widespread and severe mosaic caused by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on late summer-grown lettuce in New York State was found in plant introduction (PI) 261653, an accession of Lactuca saligna L. from Portugal. Resistance to CMV was dominant in F1 plants of L. saligna × L. sativa L. However, this resistance was proved to be viral strain specific, necessitating the search for an additional source for the control of a newly recognized strain of CMV able to infect PI 261653 systemically.
Wisconsin (RRR) 46 Snap Bean Breeding Line1
Authors: Hagedorn D. J. , Rand R. E.
Published: September 2022

A new breeding line of bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) designated Wisconsin (RRR) 46 has been released with high-level resistance to the root rot disease complex incited by Pythium spp., Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Burkh.) Sny. & Hans, and Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn. This third (1) bush bean developed by us with resistance to Wisconsin’s bean root rot complex has a strikingly higher level of resistance than any other bush beans we have studied. This includes breeding lines from most of the other U.S. scientists researching this problem. The level of resistance compares favorably with, or may even be higher than, the wellknown resistant N 203 bean.
‘Great Northern Harris’ Dry Bean1
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Nuland David S. , Schuster M. L. , Anderson F. N.
Published: September 2022

Common blight, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli (E. F. Smith) Dowson, is one of the most serious seed-borne diseases of bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Recommended controls are use of certified, diseasefree seed and crop rotation; there is no satisfactory chemical control.
Oregon 4, 5, 6, and 14 Carrot Breeding Lines1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. , Varseveld G. W.
Published: September 2022

Lines Oregon 4, 5, 6, and 14 carrot CDaucus carota L.) were released for breeding or further selection, after the Oregon State University breeding program was terminated in 1978. These lines were developed at Corvallis with consistent exposure to wet autumn weather and are considered to have useful resistance to cracking and rotting under such conditions. They are primarily for processing use, and have shown good quality when canned or frozen, with deep orange to red-orange color and little occurrence of green core.
WMR 29 Muskmelon Breeding Line1
Authors: Bohn G. W. , Kishaba A. N. , McCreight J. D.
Published: September 2022

WMR 29 is a productive, watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) 1 resistant muskmelon adapted for desert culture with excellent shipping characters: nearly spherical shape; heavily netted; dry stem scar; firm blossom end; very firm flesh at full slip; bright salmon-orange flesh; high soluble solids; small, dry seed cavity; and pleasant taste and aroma. Watermelon mosaic virus causes severe stunting and malformation of stems and leaves, and yield reduction of muskmelons in the American desert Southwest. WMV 1 and WMV 2 are contributing factors in declining muskmelon acreage in Imperial Valley during the last 40 years. It is common for Imperial Valley fields to be 100% infected by end of harvest. Dominant, single gene resistance to WMV 1 was found in PI 180280 (1). Resistance to WMV 2 has not yet been reported although cultivars appear to vary in field tolerance to WMV 2.
Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting the Environment for Plant Studies1
Authors: _ _
Published: September 2022

Guidelines for measurement and reporting of the environment in plant growth chambers have been developed by research scientists in the United States and Canada and are presented in Table 1 to encourage their use and adoption by horticulturists.
Fruit Development and Ripening of the Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.)1
Authors: Pratt Harlan K. , Mendoza D. B.
Published: September 2022

The star apple is a nonclimacteric fruit and does not respond appreciably to treatment with ethylene, propylene, or ethephon. Its respiration rate at 20°C is 25 to 50 mg CO2 per kg-hr, and ethylene production ranges from 10 to 100 nl per kg-hr. Both respiration rate and ethylene production increased with the onset of fruit decay caused by species of Pestalotia and Diplodia.
Guava Fruit Firm Rot Induced by Bruising1
Authors: Ko W. H. , Kunimoto R. K.
Published: September 2022

Firm rot of guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit usually started at the blossom end where affected tissue became water soaked but remained firm. The disorder, which advanced 7 to 40 mm in 24 hours, enhanced the development of fruit spot associated with Guignardia musae Racib. Guava fruit inoculated with diseased tissues did not develop firm rot, nor did hot water treatment prevent further development of the disorder. Healthy fruit struck against a bench in the laboratory or guava branches in the field developed firm rot at the blossom end but not at the stem end. Guava fruit firm rot, which is not caused by an infectious agent, appears to be triggered by wounding resulting from striking against hard objects.
Identification of Nucellar and Zygotic Seedlings of Citrus with Leaf Isozymes1
Authors: Soost Robert K. , Williams Timothy E. , Torres Andrew M.
Published: September 2022

The distinction between apomictic nucellar and zygotic 5-month-old seedlings of Citrus was made using two genetically defined isozyme markers: phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucose mutase. Of 123 seedlings of attempted crosses of ‘King’ (seed parent) × ‘Parsons Special’, 18 had the ‘King’ genotype and were therefore nucellars. Segregation ratios for both markers were as expected among the zygotics.
Effects of Auxins and Cytokinins on Ethylene Evolution and Growth of Rose Callus Tissue in Sealed Vessels1
Authors: Wulster George , Sacalis John
Published: September 2022

Ethylene evolution from callus tissue of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) grown in air tight vessels was enhanced by the presence of auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium. Increased ethylene levels did not adversely affect the fresh weight gain of rose callus tissue.
In Vitro Micrografting of Apple Shoot Tips1
Authors: Huang Shu-Ching , Millikan D. F.
Published: September 2022

Micrografting of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was achieved by placing a 0.1 to 0.2 mm scion explant derived either from field-grown or in vitro-grown shoot apices on the hypocotyl of a decapitated 15 day-old seedling. Under asceptic conditons, the scion and hypocotyl unite to form a complete plant which produces 4 to 6 leaves after 6 weeks. These plants were transplanted to sterile vermiculite and conditioned to ambient humidity for 1 week and then transplanted to soil. This technique was used to obtain virus-free plants from virus-infected plants.
Cellular Variation in Chromosome Number Induced by p-Fluorophenylalanine in Grape Seedlings1
Authors: Omura M. , Akihama T.
Published: September 2022

p-Fluorophenylalanine reduced germination and growth of diploid seedlings of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Neo Muscat) and induced variation in chromosome numbers from haploidy to tetraploidy including aneuploidy in root cells.
Dip Pasteurization: a Solution for Resistance to Fungicides?1
Authors: Morris SC.
Published: September 2022

Pasteurization at 60–80°C caused a rapid reduction of viable Penicillium digitatum Sacc. spores in fungicide dips. Heat killing of spores that survive fungicides should greatly reduce the likelihood that fungi would develop resistance to fungicides and thus extend their useful life. All fungicides tested were found to be efficacious even after extended periods at 70° C. Re-infestation of fruit was prevented by keeping the viable spore concentrations in the dip below 102 spores/ml. Concentrations of 105 spores/ml or higher resulted in 100% infection of wounds made in lemons.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Cantliffe D. J. , Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: September 2022

The importance of good quality, highly vigorous seed for agricultural production of crop plants cannot be overemphasized. With the ever increasing demands for a mechanized, energy-efficient type of agriculture, we have come to the stage where one plant is expected for every seed sown. Moreover, modern agriculture demands that each emerging plant grow and develop uniformly under a wide range of environmental conditions. The recent development of precision seeding equipment for small-seeded crops, improvements in chemical weed control, and the need for high plant populations and uniform plant stands for machine harvest has led to a growing interest in direct field seeding.
Environmental Effects on Seed Development and Seed Quality
Authors: Delouche James C.
Published: September 2022

The concentration of seed production for some crops in specific areas of the U.S. and of other countries is persuasive testimony of the influence of environmental factors on seed development and quality. The environmental factors that have contributed to the selection and establishment of these specialized seed production areas can be sketched in rather broadly in brief reviews of some of the areas.