bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not enough trees – Scaling up koala habitat restoration using seed enhancement technologies
Authors: Andres Samantha E. , Medina Cesar , Gallagher Rachael V. , Hillman Georgina , Palmes Lachlan , Lieurance Paige E. , Mills Charlotte H.
Published: July 2024

Large‐scale ecological restoration is a crucial tool for improving the quality and extent of habitat for wildlife. In Australia, 25,000 hectares of land is to be restored to support habitat connectivity for the Endangered koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). However, limited funding is a barrier to achieving restoration of this scale without the integration of new technologies and approaches. Seed enhancement technologies (SETs) are commonly used in agriculture to improve plant establishment and growth while reducing seed wastage; yet SETs are rarely used in restoration. Here, we tested the efficacy of SETs with five native tree species favored by koalas. Using a greenhouse trial, we measured emergence, time to emergence, growth rates, and survival up to 7 weeks post planting. At 33 weeks post‐planting, we measured total biomass, root: shoot ratios, and the specific root length. SETs resulted in comparable emergence and survival and promoted a longer time to emergence relative to bare seeds. Importantly, seedlings grown from SETs yielded higher average growth rates (0.3 mm/week higher), total biomass (5.93 mg higher) and root: shoot ratios (0.258 higher) relative to seedlings grown without SETs. These findings underscore the applicability of SETs to native species to support large‐scale koala habitat restoration by increasing the growth rate and size of seedlings at the early life stage.
Comparative Analysis of Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Heart Transplantation: A Single‐Center Study Evaluating Conventional Ice‐Cold Storage versus the Paragonix SherpaPak Cardiac Transport System
Authors: Lotan Dor , Moeller Cathrine M. , Rahman Afsana , Rubinstein Gal , Oren Daniel , Mehlman Yonatan , Valledor Andrea Fernandez , DeFilippis Ersilia M. , Raikhelkar Jayant , Clerkin Kevin , Fried Justin , Majure David , Naka Yoshifumi , Kaku Yuji , Takeda Koji , Oh Kyung Taek , Yunis Adil , Colombo Paolo C , Yuzefpolskaya Melana , Latif Farhana , Sayer Gabriel , Uriel Nir , Sekulic Miroslav
Published: July 2024

Background

Since the 2018 allocation system change in heart transplantation (HT), ischemic times have increased, which may be associated with peri‐operative and post‐operative complications. This study aimed to compare ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in hearts preserved using ice‐cold storage (ICS) and the Paragonix SherpaPak TM Cardiac Transport System (CTS).

Methods

From January 2021 to June 2022, consecutive endomyocardial biopsies from 90 HT recipients were analyzed by a cardiac pathologist in a single‐blinded manner: 33 ICS and 57 CTS. Endomyocardial biopsies were performed at three‐time intervals post‐HT, and the severity of IRI manifesting histologically as coagulative myocyte necrosis (CMN) was evaluated, along with graft rejection and graft function.

Results

The incidence of IRI at weeks 1, 4, and 8 post‐HT were similar between the ICS and CTS groups. There was a 59.3% statistically significant reduction in CMN from week 1 to 4 with CTS, but not with ICS. By week 8, there were significant reductions in CMN in both groups. Only 1 out of 33 (3%) patients in the ICS group had an ischemic time >240 mins, compared to 10 out of 52 (19%) patients in the CTS group. During the follow‐up period of 8 weeks to 12 months, there were no significant differences in rejection rates, formation of de novo donor‐specific antibodies and overall survival between the groups.

Conclusion

The CTS preservation system had similar rates of IRI and clinical outcomes compared to ICS despite longer overall ischemic times. There is significantly more recovery of IRI in the early post operative period with CTS. This study supports CTS as a viable option for preservation from remote locations, expanding the donor pool.
Factors associated with Saudi physicians’ utilization of clinical ethics consultation services
Authors: Muaygil Ruaim A. , Jabor Raaoum M. , Alrayes Rahaf A. , Alharbi Ghada S. , Alqoud Shaima A. , Alenazi Manar A. , Alenazi Ftoon A. , Muayqil Taim A.
Published: July 2024

Clinical Ethics Consultation (CEC) aims to resolve ethical dilemmas at the bedside. Through a structured process, CEC allows practitioners and patients to consult ethicists at times of moral conflict or uncertainty. Over the past few decades, CEC has become an invaluable part of healthcare practice. In Saudi Arabia, however, CEC services remain inexplicably underutilized. This study attempts to understand the factors associated with Saudi physicians’ utilization of CEC to better meet the needs of practitioners and patients. Results indicate that although physicians routinely experience moral dilemmas, they seldom request a CEC. This is not due to unfamiliarity, lack of accessibility, or suspicion of ethical expertise. Rather, reluctance is likely due to an ingrained medical cultural stronghold that pressures practitioners to act heroically, and to resolve ethical dilemmas independently. Recommendations to improve the utilization of CEC services include wider availability, active collaborations with clinical practitioners, routine quality improvements, and managerial and national support.
Preservice teacher education stakeholders' perceptions of distributed pedagogical leadership in nurturing teacher leadership
Authors: Okiri Peter Ochieng , Hercz Mária
Published: July 2024

The need for quality teaching and improved student learning outcomes has been an area of interest in educational leadership studies in various contexts. The emergent distributed pedagogical leadership is based on a hybrid of distributed leadership and pedagogical leadership concepts. This study aimed to explore the participants' perceptions and understanding of the enactment of the concept, its influence on pedagogical improvement and its significance in the nurturing of stakeholders as teacher leaders. The study was conducted at a preservice public teacher training college in Kenya. It employed a mixed‐methods research approach with a convergent parallel design to collect, analyse and triangulate data from 294 participants consisting of a principal, teacher–trainers and teacher–trainees. Random purposive sampling was used in identifying the participants. The findings revealed that although the distribution of pedagogical leadership responsibilities was enacted among stakeholders, it was unevenly shared. Furthermore, understaffing, low teacher–trainee enrolment and teacher–trainer workload challenges inhibited effective implementation. The study recommended that further studies be conducted at multiple teacher–trainee institutions to confirm the findings.
Effects of soil moisture on soil viral reproductive strategies in an agricultural soil
Authors: Wu Hanqing , Ma Zechao , Ruan Chujin , Hu Wei , Han Miao , Wan Wei , Wang Yingying , Zvomuya Francis , Liang Chao , Liu Ying , Wang Gang
Published: July 2024

Genomic evidence suggests that lysogenic viruses significantly influence the evolution of their host communities and soil microbial ecology and functionality. However, the response of soil viral reproductive strategies (VRS) to environmental factors, in particular soil water stress, remains poorly understood. We investigated this by employing a laboratory microcosm incubation system with different soil moisture levels (30%, 60% and 90% field capacity). Our study focused on soil biochemical properties, bacterial and viral populations, lysogenic fractions and virus/bacteria ratio (VBR). The results showed that soil moisture significantly affected bacterial and viral counts, lysogenic fractions and VBR (p < 0.01), with bacterial counts increasing and viral counts decreasing with increasing soil moisture. The lysogenic fraction peaked at low moisture, suggesting a shift in viral strategy under hydration stress, which may affect virus‐bacteria interactions and nutrient dynamics, enhancing host adaptability. Analyses using correlation, random forest and structural equation modelling identified soil moisture as the dominant factor shaping VRS by altering nutrient availability and host population. These findings provide a new insight into microbial regulation of feedback to environmental change from the life history strategies of soil viruses.
Evaluation of a palmar approach to the carpal flexor tendon sheath
Authors: Cole Robert , Schumacher John , Wilhite Ray , Brown Jessica
Published: July 2024

Background

A palmar approach for centesis of the carpal flexor tendon sheath has not been reported.

Objective

To determine the feasibility and accuracy of a palmar approach to an undistended carpal flexor tendon sheath.

Study design

In vivo and experimental.

Methods

Both forelimbs of six horses were used. A 20‐gauge, 8.9‐ or 7.62‐cm spinal needle was inserted 3–4 cm proximal to the dorsal border of the accessory carpal bone in the space between the ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles and directed sagittally and perpendicular to the long axis of the limb until the needle contacted the radius. The needle was retracted slightly, contrast medium was injected, and a laterally projected radiograph of the carpus and distal aspect of the radius was obtained and examined.

Results

The technique, when performed on 12 limbs of six horses, was 92% accurate. For one limb, the needle was inadvertently directed slightly ventrally, rather than perpendicular to the long axis of the limb, causing it to contact the radius near its physeal remnant, resulting in centesis of the antebrachiocarpal joint.

Conclusions

The palmar approach to the carpal flexor tendon sheath appears to be highly accurate.
Use of transrectal transducers in abdominal ultrasonography of horses: A review
Authors: Tan Jean‐Yin , Haardt Hanna
Published: July 2024

Abdominal ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of colic, yet primary care equine veterinary practitioners are often limited by availability and access to low‐frequency (2–5 MHz curvilinear array or sector) abdominal transducers. Use of high‐frequency (5–10 MHz linear array) transrectal transducers has not previously been compared with use of abdominal transducers for transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography. One recent pilot study established that there was no significant difference in organ detection by the two transducers on the right side of the equine abdomen, but the stomach, liver and kidney on the left side were less likely to be detected using the transrectal transducer in healthy horses. A clinical study found that the transrectal transducer can be used successfully using the FLASH protocol in horses presenting with colic, with high‐quality images that detected abnormalities of the peritoneal fluid, small intestine and large intestine. The transrectal transducer had decreased visualisation of the stomach and left kidney and was less likely to detect pathology surrounding these organs. This is the first series of studies to evaluate use of transrectal transducers in abdominal ultrasonography of the horse, a tool that is readily accessible to the field practitioner.
The market formation of private sector, purpose built student accommodation in Sheffield 2000–2019
Authors: Lee Carl
Published: July 2024

There has been increasing academic interest shown in the evolving market maturity of the private sector, purpose built student accommodation (PBSA) market and its role in supporting the massification of higher education in the UK and elsewhere. This paper focuses on the evolution of the private sector PBSA market in Sheffield, UK, whose material impact upon central Sheffield in the first two decades of the twenty‐first century to both the built environment and socio‐spatial structure of the central city has been transformational. It is asserted that these changes in Sheffield reflect the wider growth dynamics and impact of private sector PBSAs on similar locales across the UK. A fundamental conceptualisation of the paper is that government higher education policy, and the differential interpretation of that policy by higher education institutions, and the enabling planning frameworks of local authorities, have created the market for private sector PBSA. The private sector PBSA market in Sheffield, as elsewhere, has been increasingly drawn into a global financialised framework that positions PBSAs as assets that are enabling of abstracted extraction of value in a knowable and predictable way. The paper foregrounds how this process embeds within a de‐industrialised, secondary city such as Sheffield a deeper connectivity to the global financial economy through not only inflows of investment capital but outflows of revenue to private sector PBSA investors.
Transfer behaviors in stroke and dementia development associated with environmental risks
Authors: Wang Kung‐Min , Tseng Shih‐Hsien , Lee Chia‐Min , Wang Kung‐Jeng
Published: July 2024

Aim

Chronic diseases are influential components of stroke, one of the dominant reasons for dementia and premature mortality. Environmental risks are risk factors for transitioning from stroke to dementia. This study addresses the transition behaviors in stroke and dementia development associated with chronic diseases and environmental risks.

Methods

This study is an integrated survey of medical and environmental informatics concerning stroke patients' quality of life. A total of 10 627 stroke patients diagnosed in Taiwan were surveyed in this study. A covariate model and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the influence of chronic diseases and environmental risk factors (i.e., divorce rate, unemployment rate, solitariness rate, temperature, and air pollution rate) on stroke and the corresponding dementia transition behaviors.

Results

This study constructed a total of 98 covariate analysis models, consisting of 14 transition types [10 transitions from chronic diseases to stroke (5 metabolic risk states × 2 stroke states) and 4 transitions from stroke to dementia (2 stroke states × 2 dementia states)] by 7 covariates (i.e., sex, age, divorce rate, unemployment rate, temperature, air pollution, and solitariness rate). Among the 98 transitions, 26 were statistically significant.

Conclusions

Sex, age, divorce rate, unemployment rate, temperature, and air pollution rate exerted a partially significant influence on the transition from chronic diseases to stroke. Sex, age, unemployment rate, and temperature partially influenced the transition from stroke to dementia. This study also considered high‐risk sub‐populations of stroke patients, particularly males aged 65 years and below. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 766–772.
Development of a deep‐learning model tailored for HER2 detection in breast cancer to aid pathologists in interpreting HER2‐low cases
Authors: Bannier Pierre‐Antoine , Broeckx Glenn , Herpin Loïc , Dubois Rémy , Van Praet Lydwine , Maussion Charles , Deman Frederik , Amonoo Ellen , Mera Anca , Timbres Jasmine , Gillett Cheryl , Sawyer Elinor , Gazińska Patrycja , Ziolkowski Piotr , Lacroix‐Triki Magali , Salgado Roberto , Irshad Sheeba
Published: July 2024

Aims

Over 50% of breast cancer cases are “Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) low breast cancer (BC)”, characterized by HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) scores of 1+ or 2+ alongside no amplification on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing. The development of new anti‐HER2 antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) for treating HER2‐low breast cancers illustrates the importance of accurately assessing HER2 status, particularly HER2‐low breast cancer. In this study we evaluated the performance of a deep‐learning (DL) model for the assessment of HER2, including an assessment of the causes of discordances of HER2‐Null between a pathologist and the DL model. We specifically focussed on aligning the DL model rules with the ASCO/CAP guidelines, including stained cells' staining intensity and completeness of membrane staining.

Methods and Results

We trained a DL model on a multicentric cohort of breast cancer cases with HER2‐IHC scores (n = 299). The model was validated on two independent multicentric validation cohorts (n = 369 and n = 92), with all cases reviewed by three senior breast pathologists. All cases underwent a thorough review by three senior breast pathologists, with the ground truth determined by a majority consensus on the final HER2 score among the pathologists. In total, 760 breast cancer cases were utilized throughout the training and validation phases of the study. The model's concordance with the ground truth (ICC = 0.77 [0.68–0.83]; Fisher P = 1.32e‐10) is higher than the average agreement among the three senior pathologists (ICC = 0.45 [0.17–0.65]; Fisher P = 2e‐3). In the two validation cohorts, the DL model identifies 95% [93% ‐ 98%] and 97% [91% ‐ 100%] of HER2‐low and HER2‐positive tumours, respectively. Discordant results were characterized by morphological features such as extended fibrosis, a high number of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes, and necrosis, whilst some artefacts such as nonspecific background cytoplasmic stain in the cytoplasm of tumour cells also cause discrepancy.

Conclusion

Deep learning can support pathologists' interpretation of difficult HER2‐low cases. Morphological variables and some specific artefacts can cause discrepant HER2‐scores between the pathologist and the DL model.
Breaking down silos: The Gastroenterology Immunology Neuroscience (GIN) Discovery Program – a new model for research
Authors: Silva Juliana , Halmos Emma P , Marsland Benjamin J , Mychasiuk Richelle
Published: July 2024

The Gastroenterology Immunology Neuroscience (GIN) Discovery Program represents a new model for research that overcomes the limitations imposed by traditional “research silos” in science. By uniting these three fields, the GIN Program aims to enhance the understanding and treatment of chronic conditions through a system‐wide perspective focusing on the gut–immune–brain axis. Key initiatives include monthly interdisciplinary seminars, an annual symposium, and GINnovate, a commercialization and entrepreneurship event. Additionally, the program offers a seed grant competition for early and mid‐career researchers, promoting advancements in gut–immune–brain axis research through the power of collaboration. The GIN Program in a short period of time has facilitated the formation of a vibrant community, captivating attention from both national and international institutions. This effort to break down barriers in research aims to inspire similar models that prioritize open communication, mutual respect and a commitment to impactful science.
Māori nurse practitioners: The intersection of patient safety and culturally safe care from an Indigenous lens
Authors: Komene Ebony , Davis Josephine , Davis Rhoena , O'Dwyer Robyn , Te Pou Kate , Dick Chantelle , Sami Lisa , Wiapo Coral , Adams Sue
Published: July 2024

Background

Dynamic and complex health systems require innovative and adaptive solutions to support patient safety and achieve equitable health outcomes for Indigenous populations. Understanding the ways by which Indigenous (and specifically Māori) nurse practitioners (NPs) practice patient safety is key to enhancing Indigenous health outcomes in predominantly westernized healthcare systems.

Aim

To describe Māori NPs perspectives on patient safety when caring for Māori and understand how Māori NPs deliver safe health care.

Methodology

A group of five Māori NPs worked alongside a Māori nurse researcher to explore their perceptions of patient safety. Together, they held an online hui (focus group) in early 2024. Data were analysed collectively, informed by kaupapa Māori principles, using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Māori NP experiences, expressions and understandings of patient safety envelop cultural safety and have many facets that are specific to the needs of Māori populations. The three themes showed: (1) Te hanga a te mahi: the intersection of cultural and clinical expertise; (2) Mātauranga tuku iho: the knowledge from within, where safe practice was strongly informed by traditional knowledge and cultural practice; (3) Te Ao hurihuri: walking in two worlds, where Māori NPs navigated the westernized health system's policies and practices while acting autonomously to advocate for and deliver culturally safe care.

Conclusion

The Māori NP lens on patient safety is vital for promoting culturally responsive and effective health care. By recognizing the unique needs of Māori patients and families and incorporating cultural perspectives into practice, Māori NPs contribute to a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to patient safety that goes beyond westernized principles and practices.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Family types and family dimensions: The paradigmatic framework and the circumplex model
Authors: Constantine Larry L.
Published: July 2024

The Paradigmatic Framework is a formal and rigorously derived systems‐theoretic model of the organization and operation of human systems, a map covering not just families but also the broader range of human social systems in general. The origins, derivation, and development of the framework and its salient features are summarized. The framework is applied to a close examination of the well‐known and influential Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems in terms of its theoretical premises and assumptions and its typological and dimensional features, placing the Circumplex Model within the larger context of other relevant theoretical models of family and the still larger context of human systems in general. Implications for research and practice in the marriage and family field are highlighted with special attention to socio‐cultural context.
A novel strategy for improving bowel preparation based on social software‐enhanced education: A prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study
Authors: Yang Xin , Xiao Yufeng , Zhao Zhifeng , Yu Shuang , Liu En , Xiao Xiao , Ning Shoubin , Zheng Suyun , Gong Yanan , Zhou Lei , Liu Weijia , Lin Hui , Ji Rui , Zhang Heng , Bai Jianying , Yang Shiming
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim

The compliance and timeliness of oral laxatives have always been the key factors restricting bowel preparation (BP). We have constructed a novel enhanced‐educational content and process based on social software (SS) for BP to optimize these issues.

Methods

A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted at 13 hospitals in China from December 2019 to December 2020. A total of 1774 enrollees received standard instructions for BP and were randomly assigned (1:1) to the SS group (SSG) that received a smartphone‐based enhanced‐education strategy starting 4 h before colonoscopy or the control group (CG).

Results

A total of 3034 consecutive outpatient colonoscopy patients were assessed for eligibility, and 1774 were enrolled and randomly assigned. Ultimately, data from 1747 (SSG vs CG: 875 vs 872) enrollees were collected. The BP adequacy rate was 92.22% (95% CI: 90.46–93.98) in the SSG vs 88.05% (95% CI: 85.91–90.18) in the CG (P = 0.005), and the total Boston Bowel Preparation Scale scores (6.89 ± 1.15 vs 6.67 ± 1.15, P < 0.001) of those in the SSG were significantly higher than those in the CG. The average number of polyps detected in the SSG was considerably higher than that in the CG (0.84 ± 2.00 vs 0.53 ± 1.19, P = 0.037), and the average diameter of the polyps was significantly lower than that of the control group (4.0 ± 2.5 vs 4.9 ± 3.7, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This SS‐enhanced education strategy can improve the BP adequacy rate and increase the average number of polyps detected, especially those of small diameter.
Managing medications among individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Patient‐caregiver perspectives
Authors: O'Conor Rachel , Russell Andrea M. , Pack Allison , Oladejo Dianne , Filec Sarah , Rogalski Emily , Morhardt Darby , Lindquist Lee A. , Wolf Michael S.
Published: July 2024

Background

With changing cognitive abilities, individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia face challenges in successfully managing multidrug regimens. We sought to understand how individuals with MCI or dementia and their family caregivers manage multidrug regimens and better understand patient‐to‐caregiver transitions in medication management responsibilities.

Methods

We conducted qualitative interviews among patient–caregiver dyads. Eligibility included: patients with a diagnosis of MCI, mild or moderate dementia, managing ≥3 chronic conditions, ≥5 prescription medications, who also had a family caregiver ≥18 years old. Semi‐structured interview guides, informed by the Medication Self‐Management model, ascertained roles and responsibilities for medication management and patient‐to‐caregiver transitions in medication responsibilities.

Results

We interviewed 32 patient–caregiver dyads. Older adults and caregivers favored older adult autonomy in medication management, and individuals with MCI and mild dementia largely managed their medications independently using multiple strategies (e.g., establishing daily routines, using pillboxes). Among individuals with moderate dementia, caregivers assumed all medication‐related responsibilities except when living separately. In those scenarios, caregivers set up organizers and made reminder calls, but did not observe family members taking medications. Patient‐to‐caregiver transitions in medication responsibilities frequently occurred after caregivers observed older adults making errors with medications. As caregivers sought to assume greater responsibilities with family members' medicines, they faced multiple barriers. Most barriers were dyadic; they affected both the older adult and the caregiver and/or the relationship. Some barriers were specific to caregivers; these included caregivers' competing responsibilities or inaccurate perceptions of dementia, while other barriers were related to the healthcare system.

Conclusions

To ease medication management transitions, balance must be sought between preservation of older adult autonomy and early family caregiver involvement. Clinicians should work to initiate conversations with family caregivers and individuals living with MCI or dementia about transitioning medication responsibilities as memory loss progresses, simplify regimens, and deprescribe, as appropriate.
Commentary on: Cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination and of programs to increase its uptake in U.S. older adults
Authors: Andrew Melissa K.
Published: July 2024

See related articles by Wateska et al.
Lesion phenotyping based on magnetic susceptibility in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Boccia Vincenzo Daniele , Boffa Giacomo , Lapucci Caterina , Costagli Mauro , Bosisio Luca , Mancardi Maria Margherita , Inglese Matilde , Cellerino Maria
Published: July 2024

Background and purpose

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) displays different pathological features compared to adult MS, which can be studied in vivo by assessing tissue magnetic susceptibility with 3T‐MRI. We aimed to assess different white matter lesions (WMLs) phenotypes in pediatric MS patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and susceptibility mapping weighted imaging (SMWI) over 12 months.

Methods

Eleven pediatric MS patients [female: 63.6%; mean ± standard deviation (SD) age and disease duration: 16.3 ± 2.2 and 2.4 ± 1.5; median (range) Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 1 (0‐2)] underwent 3 Tesla‐MRI exams and EDSS assessments at baseline and after 1 year. QSM and SMWI were obtained using 3‐dimensional (3D)‐segmented echo‐planar‐imaging with submillimetric spatial resolution. WMLs were classified according to their QSM appearance and SMWI was used to identify QSM hyperintensities ascribable to veins. Total brain volumes at baseline and follow‐up were computed using high‐resolution 3D T1‐weighted images.

Results

Mean ± SD paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) prevalence was 7.0% ± 9.0. Fifty‐four percent (6/11) of patients exhibited at least one PRL, with one patient exhibiting ≥ 4 PRLs. All patients showed QSM‐iso‐/hypo‐intense lesions, which represented a mean ± SD of 65.8% ± 22.7 of total WMLs. QSM‐hyperintense WMLs showed a positive correlation with total brain volume reduction at follow‐up (r = 0.705; p =  .02). No lesion was classified as different between baseline and follow‐up.

Conclusion

Chronic compartmentalized inflammation seems to occur early in pediatric MS patients with short disease duration. A high prevalence of iso‐/hypo‐intense lesions was found, which could account for the higher remyelination potential in pediatric MS.
Effect of casein bioactive peptides on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens
Authors: Mokhtari Raziyeh , Fard Mohammad Kazemi , Rezaei Mansour , Dirandeh Essa
Published: July 2024

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides derived from casein on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens. In this study, 350 1‐day‐old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were distributed among 35 pens in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, five replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate. The experimental treatments included: basal diet without any additives (control), basal diet + Avilamycin antibiotic, basal diet + 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg of peptides per kg of diet. Results showed no significant effects of the experimental treatments on weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the starter period, but there was a significant improvement in weight gain in grower, finisher and whole periods in chicks fed with diet containing 1000 mg/kg peptides (p < 0.05). Adding peptides improved intestinal morphology (in duodenum and ileum) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of casein peptides significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in breast and thigh meat. The activity of amylase, lipase and protease enzymes improved in treatments containing 800 and 1000 mg peptides in comparison to the control treatment. The use of casein‐peptides increased intestinal Lactobacillus and decreased Coliform populations.
Investigation of burnout and quality of work life of cardiac surgery nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Celikturk Doruker Nihal , Demir Korkmaz Fatma
Published: July 2024

Background

The care processes of cardiac surgery patients are difficult, complex and stressful. Nurses, who have an important role in the care of these patients, may experience burnout or poor quality of work life may be affected because of difficult care processes, and professional difficulties.

Aim

This study analysed burnout and quality of work life in cardiac surgery nurses.

Study Design

This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 68 nurses in the clinic and intensive care unit of a university hospital's cardiovascular surgery department. Clinical nurses care for inpatients in this department, while intensive care nurses care for patients in the intensive care unit. The ‘Sociodemographic and Descriptive Characteristics of Nurses Form’, ‘Maslach Burnout Inventory’ and ‘Nursing Work Quality of Life Scale’ were used to collect the data.

Results

The mean score of emotional exhaustion sub‐dimension of Maslach Burnout Inventory was 15.25 ± 5.08 (min: 7, max: 27), the mean score of the personal accomplishment sub‐dimension was 17.48 ± 4.90 (min: 8, max: 27), and the mean score of depersonalization sub‐dimension was 5.60 ± 2.70 (min: 0, max: 13). The mean scores of the emotional exhaustion sub‐dimension (t: −2.380, p: .020, risk ratio [RR]: 1.67, confidence interval [CI]: [14.21, 18.82]) and the personal accomplishment sub‐dimension (t: −2.604, p: .011, RR: 1.00, CI: [16.08, 19.92]) were higher in intensive care nurses. The mean total score of the nursing quality of work life scale was 107.20 ± 14.60 (min: 72, max: 149). A negative statistically significant relationship was found between the mean scores of emotional exhaustion (r: −0.243, p: .045) and depersonalization sub‐dimension (r: −0.325, p: .007) of the Maslach Burnout Scale and the mean total score of the nursing quality of work life scale.

Conclusion

In this study, it can be said that cardiac surgery nurses had moderate levels of emotional burnout, personal accomplishment and quality of work life, and low levels of depersonalization. At the same time, it can be seen that intensive care nurses have higher levels of emotional burnout. The increased emotional burnout and depersonalization in nurses decreased the quality of work life.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This study provided an understanding of burnout and quality of work life of cardiac surgery nurses. Strategies can be developed to reduce burnout and improve the quality of the work life of cardiac surgery nurses. Particular attention should be paid to intensive care nurses who experience more burnout on several sub‐dimensions. This may be a good approach to improving the quality of patient care.
Females have lower salivary flow than males, before and after radiation therapy for head/neck cancer
Authors: Lalla Rajesh V. , Helgeson Erika S. , Virk Komal , Lu Han , Treister Nathaniel S. , Sollecito Thomas P. , Schmidt Brian L. , Patton Lauren L. , Lin Alexander , Brennan Michael T.
Published: July 2024

Objective

To compare salivary flow rates between females and males, before and after radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

Prospective observational multicenter cohort study (OraRad). Stimulated whole salivary flow was measured before RT and at 6 and 18 months after RT.

Results

Mean (95% confidence interval) salivary flow in g/min before RT was 0.81 (0.71, 0.90) in females (n = 107) and 1.20 (1.15, 1.25) in males (n = 391) (p < 0.001); at 6 months was 0.34 (0.24, 0.44) in females and 0.50 (0.44, 0.55) in males (p = 0.01); at 18 months was 0.49 (0.38, 0.59) in females and 0.70 (0.64, 0.75) in males (p < 0.001). Median nadir salivary flow after RT was 0.22 in females and 0.35 in males (p < 0.001). A lower nadir salivary flow in females, but not males, was associated with an increased risk for tooth failure (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Females with HNC have lower stimulated whole salivary flow than males, before and after RT. Low salivary flow after RT may be a risk factor for tooth failure among females. The lower pre‐RT salivary flow rates in females, combined with prior literature in other populations, indicates that, in general, females have lower stimulated salivary flow than males.
The jasmonate pathway and water loss in rice leaves induced by a stem‐borer inhibit leaf‐feeder growth
Authors: Deng Qinyu , Zhang Xiaohan , Chen Huan , Hao Mengqi , Li Ran , Lou Yonggen , Lu Jing
Published: July 2024

Plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores play an important role in regulating the composition of herbivore community. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, which has become one of the most serious pests on corn in China since it invaded in 2018, has been found feeding rice in the field. However, how FAW interacts with native rice insect pests remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction between FAW and a resident herbivore, striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis) on rice. The infestation of rice leaf sheaths (LSs) by SSB larvae systemically enhanced the level of jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), reduced relative water content (RWC) in leaf blades (LBs), and suppressed the growth of FAW larvae. In contrast, because FAW larvae infested LBs and did not affect defence responses in LSs, they did not influence the performance of SSB larvae. Using different mutants, together with bioassays and chemical analysis, we revealed that SSB‐induced suppression of FAW larvae growth depended on both the SSB‐activated JA pathway and RWC in LBs, whereas the ABA pathway activated by SSB larvae promoted the growth of FAW larvae by impeding water loss. These results provide new insights into mechanisms underlying plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores.
Comparative proteomics analysis of root and nodule mitochondria of soybean
Authors: Sin Wai‐Ching , Liu Jinhong , Zhong Jia Yi , Lam Hon‐Ming , Lim Boon Leong
Published: July 2024

Legumes perform symbiotic nitrogen fixation through rhizobial bacteroids housed in specialised root nodules. The biochemical process is energy‐intensive and consumes a huge carbon source to generate sufficient reducing power. To maintain the symbiosis, malate is supplied by legume nodules to bacteroids as their major carbon and energy source in return for ammonium ions and nitrogenous compounds. To sustain the carbon supply to bacteroids, nodule cells undergo drastic reorganisation of carbon metabolism. Here, a comprehensive quantitative comparison of the mitochondrial proteomes between root nodules and uninoculated roots was performed using data‐independent acquisition proteomics, revealing the modulations in nodule mitochondrial proteins and pathways in response to carbon reallocation. Corroborated our findings with that from the literature, we believe nodules preferably allocate cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvates towards malate synthesis in lieu of pyruvate synthesis, and nodule mitochondria prefer malate over pyruvate as the primary source of NADH for ATP production. Moreover, the differential regulation of respiratory chain‐associated proteins suggests that nodule mitochondria could enhance the efficiencies of complexes I and IV for ATP synthesis. This study highlighted a quantitative proteomic view of the mitochondrial adaptation in soybean nodules.
HOP stabilizes the HSFA1a and plays a main role in the onset of thermomorphogenesis
Authors: Toribio René , Navarro Aurora , Castellano M. Mar
Published: July 2024

Living organisms have the capacity to respond to environmental stimuli, including warm conditions. Upon sensing mild temperature, plants launch a transcriptional response that promotes morphological changes, globally known as thermomorphogenesis. This response is orchestrated by different hormonal networks and by the activity of different transcription factors, including the heat shock factor A1 (HSFA1) family. Members of this family interact with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90); however, the effect of this binding on the regulation of HSFA1 activity or of the role of cochaperones, such as the HSP70‐HSP90 organizing protein (HOP) on HSFA1 regulation, remains unknown. Here, we show that AtHOPs are involved in the folding and stabilization of the HSFA1a and are required for the onset of the transcriptional response associated to thermomorphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that the three members of the AtHOP family bind in vivo to the HSFA1a and that the expression of multiple HSFA1a‐responsive‐responsive genes is altered in the hop1 hop2 hop3 mutant under warm temperature. Interestingly, HSFA1a is accumulated at lower levels in the hop1 hop2 hop3 mutant, while control levels are recovered in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the synthetic chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). This uncovers the HSFA1a as a client of HOP complexes in plants and reveals the participation of HOPs in HSFA1a stability.
Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs and Experimental Chagas Disease: An Unsolved Question
Authors: Nicolau Scheila Thaís , Tres Daniela Patrícia , Ayala Thaís Soprani , Menolli Rafael Andrade
Published: July 2024

Chagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi with an acute, detectable blood parasites phase and a chronic phase, in which the parasitemia is not observable, but cardiac and gastrointestinal consequences are possible. Mice are the principal host used in experimental Chagas disease but reproduce the human infection depending on the animal and parasite strain, besides dose and route of administration. Lipidic mediators are tremendously involved in the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection, meaning the prostaglandins and thromboxane, which participate in the immunosuppression characteristic of the acute phase. Thus, the eicosanoids inhibition caused by the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alters the dynamic of the disease in the experimental models, both in vitro and in vivo, which can explain the participation of the different mediators in infection. However, marked differences are founded in the various NSAIDs existing because of the varied routes blocked by the drugs. So, knowing the results in the experimental models of Chagas disease with or without the NSAIDs helps comprehend the pathogenesis of this infection, which still needs a better understanding.
Uterine tone: A neglected criterion for the selection of bovine embryo transfer recipients
Authors: Guimarães Cristiano Rodrigues Borges , Seber Matheus Felipe , Neto José da Páscoa Nascimento , Fernandes Carlos Antônio Carvalho , Rodrigues Éder Pereira Campos Drumond , Torres Bárbara Azevedo Pereira , Moreira Viana João Henrique , Palhão Miller Pereira
Published: July 2024

This study evaluated the relationship between CL features assessed by ultrasound (luteal tissue area and blood flow, BF) or rectal palpation (size), uterine tone (UT), plasma progesterone (P4) concentration on Day 7 (D7) and subsequent pregnancy outcomes in bovine embryo recipients. A total of 163 cows and heifers were included in this study. The expected day of ovulation after the synchronization protocol was designated as D0. On D7, ovaries and uterus were examined by ultrasonography and rectal palpation, and subjective scores (1–3 scale) were assigned for CL size, area and BF, and for UT. Blood samples were collected for further P4 analysis. Each embryo recipient then received a grade I frozen–thawed in vivo‐produced blastocyst, which was transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on D35, and the results were retrospectively compared with the assigned scores for CL and UT. We observed a significant (p < .02) interaction between CL size and UT, with a progressive increase in the likelihood of pregnancy for recipients bearing a large CL among those with turgid UT. Ultrasound scoring of the CL using B‐mode and Doppler‐mode did not significantly predict pregnancy rates on D35 (p < .6 and p < .5, respectively). However, logistic regression analysis revealed a trend towards a quadratic effect (p < .08 and p < .06) indicating that the probability of pregnancy varied according to the area of luteal tissue and P4 concentrations, respectively. No significant (p > .05) association was found between the probability of pregnancy and the BF area of the CL. In summary, UT before embryo transfer may reflect successful recipient synchronization. Elevated P4 levels, assessed by CL size, may offset uterine contractility, mitigating adverse effects. Additionally, the CL area may be more important than its vascularization area when evaluating recipients D7 after ovulation.
Efficacy and safety of cytisine versus nortriptyline for smoking cessation: A multicentre, randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Rungruanghiranya Suthat , Tulatamakit Sirapat , Chittawatanarat Kaweesak , Preedapornpakorn Kanokwan , Wongphan Thanawat , Sutanthavibul Narueporn , Preechawong Sunida , Petborom Pichaya
Published: July 2024

Background and Objective

Cytisine serves as an affordable smoking cessation aid with acceptable safety profile. However, data comparing its efficacy and safety to standard therapies are limited. We aimed to examine efficacy and safety of cytisine compared to nortriptyline, which is the only approved smoking‐cessation medication in Thailand.

Methods

A 12‐month, multicentre, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted. Participants aged ≥20 years who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day were randomly assigned to receive a 25‐day cytisine or a 12‐week nortriptyline treatment course. Brief interventions (BI) for smoking cessation were provided to all participants. The primary outcome was biochemically verified continuous abstinence rate (CAR) at 12 months. Additionally, self‐reported abstinence, verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) ≤ 10 ppm, was collected at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months to assess both CAR and 7‐day point prevalence abstinence rate (PAR).

Results

A total of 1086 participants were recruited and randomized into cytisine (n = 540) and nortriptyline (n = 546) groups. The 12‐month CAR was 12.22% for cytisine and 9.52% for nortriptyline. The relative difference was 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]; −0.01 to 0.06) and the relative risk was 1.28 (95% CI; 0.91–1.81). No differences were observed in secondary outcomes between both groups. The incidence of adverse effects from cytisine appeared to be lower than that of nortriptyline.

Conclusion

At 12 months, cytisine plus BI was as effective as nortriptyline plus BI for smoking cessation. The adverse events for both cytisine and nortriptyline were minimal and well‐tolerated.

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Assessing obstructive sleep apnoea by oxygen desaturation metrics: Pre‐dawn clearing
Authors: Ioachimescu Octavian C.
Published: July 2024

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Climate threat and price stability: A case study of Belize
Authors: Ouattara B. , Soutar C. , Waight G.
Published: July 2024

In recent years, there have been calls for policy makers to do more to fight climate change. Indeed, there are growing concerns that climate could exert a serious detrimental impact on financial stability, and thus the wider economy. Empirically, a limited number of studies have highlighted the inflationary effects of climate‐related variables. This study is an attempt to contribute to this literature. More specifically, the article investigates the dynamic inflationary effect of climate in a case study of Belize. Results derived from quarterly data, over the period 1994–2019, and local linear projections suggest that inflation responds positively and significantly to temperature and rainfall shocks. Further disaggregation of inflation into its subindices reveals that this increase in inflation is mainly driven by the effect of climate on food, alcohol and tobacco, household, hospitality, and other goods and services inflation. The findings remain robust even when accounting for temperature and rainfall deviations from historical means. The results suggest that, while inflation control might not be a core element of monetary policy in Belize, policy makers should be aware that these climate‐related effects may have ramifications for the Belize economy.
Steady Boussinesq convection: Parametric analyticity and computation
Authors: Lane Jeremiah S. , Akers Benjamin F.
Published: July 2024

Steady solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations with internal temperature forcing are considered. The equations are solved in two dimensions using the Boussinesq approximation to couple temperature and density fluctuations. A perturbative Stokes expansion is used to prove that that steady flow variables are parametrically analytic in the size of the forcing. The Stokes expansion is complemented with analytic continuation, via functional Padé approximation. The zeros of the denominator polynomials in the Padé approximants are observed to agree with a numerical prediction for the location of singularities of the steady flow solutions. The Padé representations not only prove to be good approximations to the true flow solutions for moderate intensity forcing, but are also used to initialize a Newton solver to compute large amplitude solutions. The composite procedure is used to compute steady flow solutions with forcing several orders of magnitude larger than the fixed‐point method developed in previous work.