bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future
Authors: Dreyer June Teufel
Published: February 2009

In early 1975, in a speech to the cadres of the headquarters of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Deng Xiaoping delivered his blueprint for the military of the future. The radical restructuring of the military and its officer corps that it entailed was purportedly proposed by Mao Zedong himself. However, the fact that the speech was not made public until 1983, allegedly because it had been suppressed by the Gang of Four, makes it more likely that the architect of the reorganization, with its far-reaching implications for the PLA's officer corps, was Deng himself. Two decades later, at the close of the Deng era, it is important to examine the thrust of this document in assessing trends for the officer corps of the future.
Demobilization: The Dialectics of PLA Troop Reduction
Authors: Shichor Yitzhak
Published: February 2009

In recent years, Western and Asian countries have been warning, and warned, against the so-called ”China threat.” These warnings reflect Beijing's military-related policies, primarily the consistent increase in China's defence expenditures since the early 1990s, its resumed acquisition of arms from the former Soviet Union, its continued nuclear tests, and its contribution to the proliferation of conventional, semi-conventional and, allegedly, non-conventional weapons. In their repeated attempts to refute the “China threat” syndrome, Chinese leaders stress, among other things, the 25 per cent cut of about one million troops in the size of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), announced in the mid-1980s. Reportedly slicing it from about 4.2 million to about 3.2 million, this massive demobilization is usually treated, not only byChina watchers but also by the Chinese themselves, as an essential aspect of their ongoing defence reform which goes hand-in-hand with military-tocivilian conversion.
The PLA and Chinese National Security Policy: Leaderships, Structures, Processes
Authors: Swaine Michael D.
Published: February 2009

China's rise as a major power constitutes one of the most significant strategic events of the post-Cold War period. Many policy-makers, strategists and scholars express significant concern over the implications of China's growing military and economic capabilities for the future security environment in Asia and beyond. Such concern derives in part from an anticipation of the systemic security problems that have historically accompanied the emergence of a new power. In the Chinese case, however, these anxieties are greatly compounded by the rapidity of internal change under way in China, the general lack of knowledge about Chinese strategic ambitions, the existence of many unresolved Chinese territorial claims, the intense suspicion and even hostility toward the West harboured by China's leadership, and China's internal political and social instabilities.
China′s Defence Finance: Content, Process and Administration
Authors: Ding Arthur S.
Published: February 2009

Defence budgets have many components, and the way the various items in the budget are categorized differs from country to country.... The main reason for this is not the way the budget is drawn up, it is due to profound social, economic and political factors.
From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Towards 2000
Authors: Godwin Paul H. B.
Published: February 2009

In the late spring of 1985, shortly after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the former USSR, the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (CMC) directed a radical change in the armed forces′ training and preparation for war. The Chinese People′s Liberation Army (PLA-as all the military services and branches are collectively designated) was instructed that it was no longer necessary to prepare for an “early, major and nuclear war” with the Soviet Union. Henceforth, the PLA′s doctrine, strategy and operational concepts would be focused on preparing for the most probable form of future conflict: local, limited war (jubu zhanzheng) around China′s periphery.1 The decade following the CMC′s directive has seen the Chinese armed forces begin the transition towards a more modern, flexible military force as they′changed their organizational structure, command and control, and training to focus on possibly unexpected, potentially intensive military conflict along China′s borders and maritime territories. These changes paralleled the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which eliminated any significant military threat to China′s northern borders for at least another decade. Nevertheless, and even as Beijing′s security analysts were publicly acknowledging that China′s military security was more assured than it had been for the past 50 years, the defence expenditures of the People′s Republic entered a period of rapid growth that continues to this day.
Prospects for Chinese Nuclear Force Modernization: Limited Deterrence Versus Multilateral Arms Control
Authors: Johnston Alastair Lain
Published: February 2009

In this article I argue that China currently has the technical capacity to increase the size of its nuclear forces by about two to three times and to improve its operational flexibility.1Whether it does so or not will depend primarily on four variables or constraints: trends in thinking about nuclear doctrine that justify these sorts of changes; the economic and technological resources available; China′s commitment to nuclear arms-related arms control conventions; and strategic and arms control decisions by the United States. I suggest that for the foreseeable future the variables relating to doctrine, economics/technology and Chinese arms control preferences are all relatively fixed or constant. That is, present trends in all three suggest a continuing will and ability to modernize Chinese nuclear forces. The last variable is somewhat less fixed, and thus may be the one that is most amenable to external manipulation.
The PLA and China′s Threat Perceptions
Authors: Whiting Allen S.
Published: February 2009

Because this volume focuses on the People′s Liberation Army (PLA), only those threat perceptions directly relevant to the presence of Chinese military force are addressed in this article. The problems of ideological unity, legitimacy of the regime, and other political or economic threats to the People′s Republic are excluded insofar as they do not call on the PLA. Nor are general foreign policy stratagems for dealing with Moscow, Tokyo, New Delhi and Washington under review, let alone regions beyond China′s capacity to project military power.
The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise
Authors: Erbaugh Mary S.
Published: February 2009

Few China scholars or Chinese citizens know one of the most basic facts about Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Zhu De, Chen Yi, Guo Moruo or many other modern leaders: they are all Hakka. Most popular and official histories, in China and abroad, ignore this basic ethnic bond. The title of this article is used ironically, in deliberate parody of the genuineSecret History of the Mongols. The subtitle points toward an ironic but serious effort to illuminate a major facet of revolutionary history which remains almost entirely unexplored.
China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests
Authors: Garver John W.
Published: February 2009

Over the past decade a highly significant development has attracted little scholarly attention: the steady expansion of Chinese power in the South China Sea. There were several excellent studies of this process through the very early 1980s, but these ended well before China's push from the Paracel Islands to the Spratly Islands in 1988. Indeed, they disagreed about whether China would actually do this. By the early 1990s China had pushed into the Spratlys and built up a relatively strong base there. It is thus time to look anew at China's activities in that region.
Household Income and its Distribution in China
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Griffin Keith , Riskin Carl , Renwei Zhao
Published: February 2009

The distribution of income in China has been a subject of great interest to economists and others both inside and outside the country. Scholars have wanted to know whether a socialist strategy of development has resulted in an egalitarian society and, more generally, how the distribution of income in China compares with that in other developing countries that have relied more on market forces. Policy-makers have wanted to know, especially after the economic reforms introduced since 1978, whether the institutional transformations and policy interventions ameliorated or aggravated existing inequalities. Unfortunately it was not possible to address these questions systematically because of inadequate statistical information. There were few estimates of the distribution of income in China and those that were available were fragmentary and of uncertain reliability.
A Private Bank in China: Hui Tong Urban Co-operative Bank
Authors: Tam On Kit
Published: February 2009

In February 1985, Hui Tong Urban Co-operative Bank, China's first new private bank since 1949, opened for business in Chengdu City in Sichuan Province. The bank was set up by a group of young economists from the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and university teachers in Chengdu City.
British Views of the Legacy of the Colonial Administration of Hong Kong: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Hook Brian
Published: February 2009

The legacy of the colonial administration of Hong Kong, viewed from the majority of constituencies in Britain, is chiefly formed from the characteristics of the territory on the eve of retrocession. This, it will be noted, is in sharp contrast to the views formed by both the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and many Chinese observers. The British prefer to emphasize personal freedoms, the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, the efficiency of government, the competitiveness of business, the preeminent status in international trade, the suppression of corruption, the quality of the engineering infrastructure, and the improving health and welfare provisions as essential characteristics of their legacy.Their Chinese counterparts are much more likely to hark back to the bad old days of national humiliation and imperialist exploitation, seeking to draw the attention of all compatriots to the historical significance of reunification.
Hong Kong: A Survey of its Political and Economic Development over the Past 150 Years
Authors: Shuyong Liu
Published: February 2009

Hong Kong has been part of Chinese territory since ancient times. Before the British occupation, Hong Kong had achieved considerable development in agriculture, fisheries, the salt industry, transportation, cultural undertakings and education. It was by no means a desolate and barren land at that time. British troops occupied Hong Kong Island on 25 January 1841 during the Opium War. In August 1842, the British government formally annexed Hong Kong Island by forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking. In the Second Opium War, British troops forcibly occupied Kowloon in 1860. In October the same year, the British government annexed Kowloon after forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Convention of Peking. When imperialist powers were locked in their bid to carve up and grab spheres of influence in China, Britain again forced the Qing government into signing the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in June 1898 by which it leased a large expanse of Chinese territory south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street and some 235 islands, renamed later as the “New Territories,” thus achieving its occupation and control over the entire Hong Kong region.
Order and Stability in Social Transition: Neoconservative Political Thought in Post-China
Authors: Feng Chen
Published: February 2009

With the end of the Deng Xiaoping era, China is struggling to define its future. Ongoing socioeconomic changes, impelled by Deng's reform since 1979, pose an unprecedented challenge to the post-Deng political leaders in terms of how to govern an increasingly open and economically prosperous but tension-ridden and potentially unstable society. This question also concerns many Chinese intellectuals and has actually become a new locus of intellectual political thinking. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that expanded economic freedom would foster the demands of political liberalization, the view prevailing in current Chinese intellectual circles is that of so-called neoconservatism.1 This term is loosely used to label a body of arguments calling for political stability, central authority, tight social control, role of ideology and nationalism.2 Such calls are also made by the government, but neoconservatism distinguishes itself from the official statements by defending the current political order from somehow different approaches and with very different rhetoric.
Native Place, Migration and the Emergence of Peasant Enclaves in Beijing
Authors: Ma Laurence J. C. , Xiang Biao
Published: February 2009

Since the early 1980s, reduced migration control by the state and increasing economic liberalization in China have led to the movement of millions of peasants to the cities, creating various types of new “urban spaces” and “non-state spaces.” This influx has fundamentally changed the social, spatial and economic landscapes of the Chinese city, making the urban scene much more varied, lively and dynamic, but less safe and orderly than that of the Maoist era. Aside from the resulting expansion of city population, the Chinese city is also taking on some of the features common to other Third World cities, including the formation of migrant communities in both the cities and suburbs. In 1990, in the built-up areas of eight of China's largest cities, the “floating population” accounted for between 11.1 to 27.5 per cent of the totalde factourban population. At the same time, the urban population has also become much more diverse as peasants from different provinces group spontaneously in spatially distinct enclaves, producing a new urban mosaic that did not exist in Maoist China. Whereas some of enclaves are formed by non-Han minority groups, such as the two “Xinjiang villages” in Beijing where the Uygurs (more commonly but unofficially, “Uighurs”) from Xinjiang have congregated, most of them are formed by Han-Chinese. The Han peasant enclaves, however, are far from uniform in social structure, economic activity, population size or physical appearance.
Old Linkages, New Networks: The Globalization of Overseas Chinese Voluntary Associations and its Implications*
Authors: Liu Hong
Published: February 2009

Together with Chinese schools and newspapers, voluntary associations (shetuan) have long been regarded as one of the “three pillars” of Overseas Chinese societies, playing an important role in the evolution of Chinese diaspora communities. As such they have been extensively studied and documented, and this broad range of works lays the foundation for our knowledge of the subject. The existing literature, however, seems predominantly concerned withshetuan's political and socio-cultural activities in domestic settings and within the national boundaries. Little attention has been paid to questions of why and how Chinese voluntary associations operate and function in a cross-national and inter-regional environment and what effects those transnational movements have had on the socio-economic conditions ofqiaoxiang, the ancestral hometowns of the Chinese diaspora. Correspondingly, there has been insufficient appreciation of the intimate and institutionalized links betweenshetuan's increasing and conspicuous international presence and the flourishing Chinese business networks, often characterized as informal relationships based on personal and family ties.
Overseas Chinese Investments in China – Patterns of Growth, Diversification and Finance: The Case of Charoen Pokphand
Authors: Ampalavanar-Brown Rajeswary
Published: February 2009

The accelerated economic growth of Asia over the last three decades is well documented. While Britain and many other European countries experienced an average rise of real productivity by 2–3 per cent every year from 1973–1992, Asian growth frequently soared over 8 per cent, particularly after 1978. China in particular saw a remarkable increase in the average annual growth rate of GDP from 7 per cent in 1976 to a constant 9 per cent in the 1978 to 1988 period. In 1992 it rose again to 13 per cent, subsequently fluctuating between 8 per cent and 9 per cent. The contribution of agriculture to GDP increased from 28 per cent 1978 to 34 per cent in 1982. Thereafter a contraction in agriculture's share – from 34 per cent back to 24 per cent – reflected a major expansion in industry and services. There was an increase in industrial employment from 18 per cent to 21 per cent, and in that of services from 14 per cent to 18 per cent.
Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China
Authors: Merli M. Giovanna
Published: February 2009

Between the beginning of the 1950s and the early 1970s, China, like many other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, experienced rapid population growth. This was due mainly to a dramatic mortality decline not offset by any decline in the birth rate. In 1970, China had a crude birth rate of 33.43 (per 1,000), a crude death rate of 7.60 (per 1,000) and a rate of natural increase of 25.83. “Population growth” was identified as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, and the stage was set for large-scale state interventions in the process of human reproduction. The apotheosis of this intervention was the introduction, in 1979, of the One Child Policy, which was successfully implemented in the urban areas. In rural areas, policies promoting later marriage, one child – maximum two – per couple, and greater spacing of those births that are permitted contributed to the swift fertility decline witnessed over the last three decades. In 1996 China's birth and death rates were reported at 16.98 per 1,000 and 6.56 per 1,000 respectively and the population was growing at 10.42 per 1,000.
Provincial People's Congresses
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: February 2009

This is a report of a short trip made in November 1997 to investigate the workings of the Provincial People's Congresses (sheng renda: PPCs) in Shandong and Heilongjiang as part of a more general enquiry into the democratic possibilities of the mainland's renda (NPC) system in the light of democratization in Taiwan. The visit was somewhat zouma kanhua, but since the Heilongjiang PPC at least had never before had an English-speaking visitor, some of the observations are possibly worth wider currency.
The Taiwan Economy: The Transition to Maturity and the Political Economy of its Changing International Status
Authors: Howe Christopher
Published: February 2009

Taiwan's economic performance from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s is regarded as that of an archetypal Asian Newly Industrializing Economy (ANIE). It achieved rapid growth, marked structural change and an exceptional export performance. During the 1980s, however, important changes in the pattern of growth and associated policy challenges became evident. These changes partly reflected the internal evolution of the economy as it began to exhaust both its labour intensive comparative advantage and also, arguably, some of the benefits of the regulated and protective institutional structure that underlay early economic successes.
China's Land Resources, Environment and Agricultural Production
Authors: Ash Robert F. , Edmonds Richard Louis
Published: February 2009

Success in agriculture depends on many factors embracing the natural environment, economic and demographic policy, institutions and technology. China's agricultural resource endowment has long encouraged reliance on land-intensive methods to raise farm outputs. Indeed, the record of agricultural growth in China since 1978 is most remarkable for the overwhelming debt it owes to increases in yields per hectare.
Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China
Authors: Harkness James
Published: February 2009

Despite the transformative effects of millennia of human occupation, China remains a tremendous storehouse of biological diversity. The extremely mountainous terrain has fostered speciation by continuously isolating populations of plants and animals. This topography (combined with the large area of the country that is sub-tropical and tropical) also provided refuge for many taxonomic groups during the major climate change-induced mass extinctions of the Pleistocene era, as well as the more recent Ice Ages. As a result, China is one of the world's major centres of biological diversity (or biodiversity), a term which refers to the variety of ecosystem types, the number of different of species and the genetic variability within a single species. In certain respects, thousands of years of human habitation has actually enhanced this diversity. Rice, soybeans, oranges, tea and many other crops were first domesticated in China, and generation upon generation of careful selection by farmers and pastoralists have made it one the earth's richest centres of crop and domesticated animal germplasm. The country's variety of wild plants and animals is greater than that of either North America or Europe, and equal to one-eighth of all species on earth.
Population, Public Health and the Environment in China
Authors: Banister Judith
Published: February 2009

To the extent that China's population size or population growth rate causes environmental destruction, such damage has already been done over the last several centuries, especially in the most recent 50 years. The impacts of China's large population and continuing population increase are basically irreversible in the medium-term. But in the coming decades, the relatively low PRC population growth rate will be a minor continuing environmental problem. Other environmental effects associated with population will be twofold. First, China's current age structure is strongly skewed toward the working age groups, and the population aged between 15 and 64 will increase dramatically in the coming decade. This contributes to huge unmet current and future demand for employment. Because the legitimacy of the PRC government depends in part on its success in generating jobs, it will continue to endeavour to meet the challenge of employment generation. This imperative, aggravated by the age structure changes, can be expected to take precedence over environmental considerations where these goals conflict. Secondly, the rising living standards of China's population will contribute to further environmental deterioration. When an enormous population rapidly multiplies its per capita income, the impacts can be massive and ecologically destabilizing.
Foreword by the Outgoing Editor
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: February 2009

The publication of this issue signifies the changing of the editorial guard at The China Quarterly. Although I will guest-edit the forthcoming special issue on Contemporary Taiwan (No. 148), it is time to hand over the editorial chair to my successor. This transition is occasioned by my move to the George Washington University to take up the positions of Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, and Director of the Sigur Center for Asian Studies.
Germany and China: A Continental Temptation
Authors: Möller Kay
Published: February 2009

The fact that Reichswehr officers served as advisors to Chiang Kai-shek between 1927 and 1936 and that Hitler, before concluding his anti- Comintern pact with Japan, may have toyed with a Chinese alternative, can only partly be explained by Germany's great power aspirations at the time. Bom powers had been latecomers to global interaction and were rather traditional continental players when compared with Britain or the United States. Both derived their foreign policy claims from a pre-modern and sometimes mythological status.
Rural Housing and Village Transformation in Taiwan and Fujian
Authors: Knapp Ronald G.
Published: February 2009

Population growth, small-scale agricultural development and popular beliefs concerning fengshui guided the evolution of the areal form and content of Chinese rural settlements during the imperial past. Over the last half century, on the other hand, more formal planning, top-down political decisions and the broad economic policies of the state have altered the Chinese countryside. Since 1949, on both Taiwan and the coastal mainland, quite different political and economic systems influenced the geometry and morphology of villages, affecting their inherited appearances and functions. The hybrid rural settlements that have emerged, while echoing traditional village forms, are often neither rural, urban nor suburban settlements. This article examines and compares the reshaping of village settlements in Taiwan and Fujian over the past half century and probes the role played by the state in guiding such transformations. In both Taiwa
The Institutional Process of Market Clientelism: Guanxi and Private Business in a South China City
Authors: Wank David L.
Published: February 2009

Patron—client ties are pervasive in the post-Mao economy between entrepreneurs operating private firms and cadres staffing the state's administrative, distributive and production organs. The burgeoning literature on private business is converging on a view of them as localized exchanges of commercial wealth for bureaucratic power. These deviations from central policies and standard procedures enable entrepreneurs to manage their dependence on local authorities while giving officials new sources of income that buttress their power within jurisdictions. However, less attention has been paid to the ties themselves. This article shifts the focus from patron–client ties as localized exchange to examine their operation in private business and function in marketization. The starting assumption is that patron–client exchange is also a type of market transaction: although expressed in popularly legitimated sentiments of social trust, goods and services are voluntarily exchanged.
The Changing Political Attitudes of the Senior Bureaucrats in Hong Kong's Transition
Authors: Cheng Joseph Y. S. , Lee Jane C. Y.
Published: February 2009

The empirical study of bureaucrats in the Hong Kong government, particularly in their relationship with politicians in the legislature, is a relatively new subject of academic interest. This effort at systematic research is related to the fact that both senior civil servants and politicians are essential to effective government. While senior civil servants in Hong Kong have dominated the political process in the territory for 150 years, politicians have gained importance since the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Britain signed the Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong in 1984. It follows that the relationships between these two leadership groups are of great interest, theoretically, empirically, practically and politically. The key problem of any government is how these elite groups interact. A major concern is maintaining an efficient and able bureaucracy with enough independence to do an effective job of administration, while operating in a political context in which politicians are competitive and accountable to the electorate, reacting to the constant demands and expectations of special and general interests. The maintenance of a proper balance between efficiency and responsiveness in such an environment has to be achieved if the polity is to function effectively and be stable
Guanxiand the Allocation of Urban Jobs in China
Authors: Bian Yanjie
Published: February 2009

There has been considerable documentation concerning the use ofguanxito acquire power, status and resources in Communist China. More recently,guanxihas been seen as a mechanism to explain status trans-mission from the older generation to the younger under state socialism, as a key factor in the development of private businesses in the cities during market reforms, and as an effective strategy for individuals to get ahead in a more open, market-like rural society. This article describes and analysesguanxiin the context of China's urban job allocation.
Introduction: The Chinese Communist Party and the Anti-Japanese War Base Areas
Authors: Saich Tony
Published: February 2009

The new materials on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) history that have become available from the late 1970s onwards, the opportunity to inter-view key participants in the Chinese revolution and changing intellectual agendas in the West have led to a major reassessment of the reasons for the CCP's rise to power. Recent research has contributed significantly to understanding of the process of change in China in the century or so before the Communists came to power and has even moved the Party out of the immediate spotlight while explaining long-term socio-economic changes and their structural consequences. Similarly, the focus has moved away from Mao Zedong and a few senior leaders operating out of the key geographic centres of the revolution (Jiangxi in the early 1930s, Yan'an in the late 1930s and early 1940s). This latter research has retrieved those forgotten in the revolutionary histories or those who have been deliberately ignored in the writings of the victors.
A comparative study of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic in Japan, USA and UK: mortality impact and implications for pandemic planning
Authors: RICHARD S. A. , SUGAYA N. , SIMONSEN L. , MILLER M. A. , VIBOUD C.
Published: February 2009

Historical studies of influenza pandemics can provide insight into transmission and mortality patterns, and may aid in planning for a future pandemic. Here, we analyse historical vital statistics and quantify the age-specific mortality patterns associated with the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic in Japan, USA, and UK. All three countries showed highly elevated mortality risk in young adults relative to surrounding non-pandemic years. By contrast, the risk of death was low in the very young and very old. In Japan, the overall mortality impact was not limited to winter 1918–1919, and continued during winter 1919–1920. Mortality impact varied as much as threefold across the 47 Japanese prefectures, and differences in baseline mortality, population demographics, and density explained a small fraction of these variations. Our study highlights important geographical variations in timing and mortality impact of historical pandemics, in particular between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. In a future pandemic, vaccination in one region could save lives even months after the emergence of a pandemic virus in another region.
Saltwater intrusion into the Changjiang River: A model‐guided mechanism study
Authors: Xue Pengfei , Chen Changsheng , Ding Pingxing , Beardsley Robert C. , Lin Huichan , Ge Jianzhong , Kong Yazhen
Published: February 2009

The Changjiang River (CR) is divided into a southern branch (SB) and a northern branche (NB) by Chongming Island as the river enters the East China Sea. Observations reveal that during the dry season the saltwater in the inner shelf of the East China Sea flows into the CR through the NB and forms an isolated mass of saltwater in the upstream area of the SB. The physical mechanism causing this saltwater intrusion has been studied using the high‐resolution unstructured‐grid Finite‐Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The results suggest that the intrusion is caused by a complex nonlinear interaction process in relation to the freshwater flux upstream, tidal currents, mixing, wind, and the salt distribution in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. The tidal rectification, resulting from the interaction of the convergence or divergence of tidal momentum flux and bottom friction over abrupt topography, produces a net upstreamward volume flux from NB to SB. With river discharge the net water transport in the NB is driven through a momentum balance of surface elevation gradient forcing, horizontal advection, and vertical diffusion. In the dry season, reducing the surface elevation gradient forcing makes tidal rectification a key process favorable for the saltwater intrusion. A northerly wind tends to enhance the saltwater intrusion by reducing the seaward surface elevation gradient forcing rather than either the baroclinic pressure gradient forcing or the wind‐driven Ekman transport. A convergence experiment suggests that high grid resolution (∼100 m or less) is required to correctly resolve the net water transport through the NB, particularly in the narrow channel on the northern coast of Chongming Island.
Stratospheric correlation between nitric acid and ozone
Authors: Popp P. J. , Marcy T. P. , Gao R. S. , Watts L. A. , Fahey D. W. , Richard E. C. , Oltmans S. J. , Santee M. L. , Livesey N. J. , Froidevaux L. , Sen B. , Toon G. C. , Walker K. A. , Boone C. D. , Bernath P. F.
Published: February 2009

An extensive data set of nitric acid (HNO3) and ozone (O3) measurements has been collected in the lower and middle stratosphere with in situ instruments onboard the NASA WB‐57F aircraft and remote sounding instruments that include the JPL MkIV Interferometer, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The measurements utilized in this study span a broad latitudinal range between the deep tropics and northern high latitudes. The data are used to establish the robustness of the HNO3‐O3 correlation in the stratosphere and the latitudinal dependence in the correlation. Good agreement is found among the HNO3‐O3 correlations observed with the various instruments. Comparing HNO3‐O3 correlations relaxes the coincidence criteria necessary when making direct comparisons of HNO3 measurements and allows meaningful comparisons between data sets that are not closely matched in time or space. The utility of this correlation is further demonstrated by establishing vertical profiles of proxy HNO3 mixing ratios using the observed correlation and widely available ozonesonde data. These profiles expand the range of data available for validating remote measurements of HNO3. The HNO3‐O3 correlation is also demonstrated as a diagnostic for identifying locally enhanced HNO3 in the upper troposphere. In situ measurements of HNO3 near the tropical tropopause during the Aura validation campaigns are consistent with ACE‐FTS observations, with both revealing extremely low mixing ratios (<125 ppt) and a HNO3 minimum in this region.
The MECA Wet Chemistry Laboratory on the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout Lander
Authors: Kounaves Samuel P. , Hecht Michael H. , West Steven J. , Morookian John‐Michael , Young Suzanne M. M. , Quinn Richard , Grunthaner Paula , Wen Xiaowen , Weilert Mark , Cable Casey A. , Fisher Anita , Gospodinova Kalina , Kapit Jason , Stroble Shannon , Hsu Po‐Chang , Clark Benton C. , Ming Douglas W. , Smith Peter H.
Published: February 2009

To analyze and interpret the chemical record, the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander includes four wet chemistry cells. These Wet Chemistry Laboratories (WCLs), part of the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) package, each consist of a lower “beaker” containing sensors designed to analyze the chemical properties of the regolith and an upper “actuator assembly” for adding soil, water, reagents, and stirring. The beaker contains an array of sensors and electrodes that include six membrane‐based ion selective electrodes (ISE) to measure Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NO3−/ClO4−, and NH4+; two ISEs for H+(pH); a Ba2+ISE for titrimetric determination of SO42−; two Li+ISEs as reference electrodes; three solid crystal pellet ISEs for Cl−, Br−, and I−; an iridium oxide electrode for pH; a carbon ring electrode for conductivity; a Pt electrode for oxidation reduction potential (Eh); a Pt and two Ag electrodes for determination of Cl−, Br−, and I−using chronopotentiometry (CP); a Au electrode for identifying redox couples using cyclic voltammetry (CV); and a Au microelectrode array that could be used for either CV or to indicate the presence of several heavy metals, including Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Fe2/3+, and Hg2+using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The WCL sensors and analytical procedures have been calibrated and characterized using standard solutions, geological Earth samples, Mars simulants, and cuttings from a Martian meteorite. Sensor characteristics such as limits of detection, interferences, and implications of the Martian environment are also being studied. A sensor response library is being developed to aid in the interpretation of the data.
Planetary Fourier Spectrometer observation of CO2 (628) isotopologue on Mars
Authors: Geminale Anna , Formisano Vittorio
Published: February 2009

Recently, a new CO2 (628) band around 2982 cm−1 has been identified by SPICAV SOIR (on board Venus Express mission) at Venus and by ground‐based observations at Mars. The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer presently orbiting Mars on board the European Space Agency mission Mars Express has been observing this band since 2004, when it was first switched on. Here we study a Martian average spectrum (89,164 spectra) which shows the CO2 (628) at several classical bands and around 2982 cm−1 (the band not contained in HITRAN database). We shall discuss the mixing ratio, obtained by other classical bands, versus the line intensities needed to fit the new band with a synthetic spectrum.
Cardiac Health in Women With Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Aspects and Pathophysiology
Authors: Ren Jun , Kelley Robert O.
Published: February 2009

Although the classical cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., smoking and hypertension) are becoming more effectively managed, a continuous increase of the so‐called “cardiometabolic risk” is noted. Starting from this century, the nomenclature “metabolic syndrome” has become more popular to identify a cluster of disorders including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. It is a primary risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in both genders. Interestingly, the metabolic diseases display a distinct gender disparity with an apparent “female advantage” in the premenopausal women compared with age‐matched men. However, women usually lose such “sex protection” following menopause or affliction of metabolic syndrome especially insulin resistance. A controversy exists in the medical literature concerning whether metabolic syndrome is a real syndrome or simply a cluster of risk factors. Several scenarios are speculated to contribute to the gender dimorphism in the cardiovascular sequelae in patients with metabolic syndrome including sex hormones, intrinsic organ function, and the risk factor profile (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and atherogenic diet). With the alarming rise of obesity prevalence, heart problems in metabolic syndrome continue to rise with a distinct gender dimorphism. Although female hearts seem to better tolerate the stress insults compared with the male counterparts, the female sex hormones such as estrogen can interact with certain risk factors to precipitate myopathic changes in the hearts. This synthetic review of recent literature suggests a role of gender disparity in myopathic factors and risk attributable to each metabolic component in the different prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Mentoring Graduate Clinicians as They Become Counselors
Authors: Parris Diane , Gottwald Sheryl R.
Published: February 2009

Counseling is a skill that speech-language pathologists use as they help people to change. Graduate clinicians come to the clinical process with limited knowledge about and experience in counseling. The clinical supervisor plays a primary role in helping graduate clinicians develop comfort in using counseling skills. In this article, a developmental model for acquiring counseling skills is discussed and illustrated. Techniques and tools for assessing the supervisee’s level of development in counseling and for helping supervisees acquire counseling skills are presented. Focus is placed on relationship-centered counseling in supervision to facilitate student growth.
Crystal structure and magnetic transition of MnFePGe compound prepared by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Yue M. , Li Z. Q. , Wang X. L. , Liu D. M. , Zhang J. X. , Liu X. B.
Published: February 2009

The crystal structure and magnetic transition were studied for the bulk Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.8Ge0.2 compound prepared by a simple blending and subsequent spark plasma sintering route. X-ray diffraction analysis and refinement show that the compound crystallizes in the hexagonal Fe2P-type structure, in which the Mn atoms occupy all the 3g sites and some 3f sites, the Fe atoms occupy the rest of the 3f sites, and P and the Ge atoms randomly occupy the 2c and 1b sites. Magnetic measurement indicates that the Curie temperature TC is at 253K and the thermal hysteresis of M-T curves at TC upon heating and cooling, a signature of a first-order magnetic phase transition, is about 15K. The maximum magnetic entropy change of the compound reaches as high as 49.2J∕kgK in a field change from 0to5T at 253K, while the adiabatic temperature change of the compound reaches only 1.2K in a field change from 0to1.5T at the same temperature.
Chain dimensions and fluctuations in elastomeric networks in which the junctions alternate regularly in their functionality
Authors: Skliros Aris , Mark James E. , Kloczkowski Andrzej
Published: February 2009

A matrix method is used to determine fluctuations of junctions and points along the polymer chains making up a phantom Gaussian network that has the topology of an infinite, symmetrically grown tree. The functionalities of the junctions alternates between ϕ1 and ϕ2, such that one end of each network chain has functionality ϕ1, while the opposite end has functionality ϕ2. Quantities calculated include fluctuations of ϕ1-functional and ϕ2-functional junctions, and fluctuations of points along network chains, as well as correlations of these fluctuations. This was done for points and junctions along any path in the network, where these points and junctions were separated by no junctions or several junctions, Fluctuations have also been calculated for the distances between points and junctions. The present results represent significant generalizations of earlier work in this area [Kloczkowski et al., Macromolecules 22, 1423 (1989)]. These generalizations and extensions should be very useful in a number of contexts, such as interpreting small-angle neutron scattering results on labeled paths in polymer networks, or fluctuations of loops in the Gaussian network model of proteins.
Magnetic anisotropy induced by high energy ball milling of Fe2MnAl
Authors: Vinesh A. , Bhargava Hina , Lakshmi N. , Venugopalan K.
Published: February 2009

The effect of disorder and magnetic properties of nanosized Fe2MnAl Heusler alloy has been studied using a combination of x-ray diffraction, F57e Mössbauer spectroscopy, and dc magnetization. X-ray diffraction spectrum of as-milled sample shows texturing in (400) plane. Mössbauer and dc magnetization studies of milled sample show direction dependent magnetic properties. Hysteresis loop at room temperature taken after the field cooling shows a horizontal shift evidencing the presence of exchange bias. This is attributed to core-shell ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic coupling within nanoparticles of the same material.
Raman studies of doped magnetite above and below the Verwey transition
Authors: Gasparov Lev , Rush Andrew , Pekarek Thomas , Patel Nirmal , Berger Helmuth
Published: February 2009

The nature of the Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4) remains an unsolved puzzle after more than 60 years. Impurities and dopants present in magnetite can alter the Verwey transition temperature Tv as well as other physical characteristics of magnetite. We present the results from Raman studies of Mn-, Ni-, and Al-doped magnetites with Verwey transition temperatures ranging from 115 to 123 K. Mn and Ni substitute only in the octahedral sites of magnetite’s spinel structure, while Al has been shown to occupy both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. We analyze the shifts in the Raman spectra of our samples relative to stoichiometric and oxygen deficient magnetite. Substitution sites and concentration of dopants will be discussed. In particular we discuss changes in the A1g 668 cm−1 and T2g 538 cm−1 modes due to doping.
Absolute continuity for operator valued completely positive maps on C∗-algebras
Authors: Gheondea Aurelian , Kavruk Ali Şamil
Published: February 2009

Motivated by applicability to quantum operations, quantum information, and quantum probability, we investigate the notion of absolute continuity for operator valued completely positive maps on C∗-algebras, previously introduced by Parthasarathy [in Athens Conference on Applied Probability and Time Series Analysis I (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996), pp. 34–54]. We obtain an intrinsic definition of absolute continuity, we show that the Lebesgue decomposition defined by Parthasarathy is the maximal one among all other Lebesgue-type decompositions and that this maximal Lebesgue decomposition does not depend on the jointly dominating completely positive map, we obtain more flexible formulas for calculating the maximal Lebesgue decomposition, and we point out the nonuniqueness of the Lebesgue decomposition as well as a sufficient condition for uniqueness. In addition, we consider Radon–Nikodym derivatives for absolutely continuous completely positive maps that, in general, are unbounded positive self-adjoint operators affiliated to a certain von Neumann algebra, and we obtain a spectral approximation by bounded Radon–Nikodym derivatives. An application to the existence of the infimum of two completely positive maps is indicated, and formulas in terms of Choi’s matrices for the Lebesgue decomposition of completely positive maps in matrix algebras are obtained.
Warm relativistic fluid description of the laser wake field accelerator
Authors: Yazdanpanah J. , Anvari A. , Samimi J.
Published: February 2009

A warm relativistic ideal fluid theory is proposed to study the dynamics of laser-induced high amplitude longitudinal waves in rarefied plasmas. It is demonstrated that fluid equations may be closed using an adiabatic approximation in the local rest frame of the plasma fluid. It is shown that considering three-dimensional thermal fluctuations of plasma for an interacting laser pulse that is invariant in transverse directions, considerably changes the features of describing fluid equations compared to that of previously considered one-dimensional thermal-fluctuations models. For a given shape of laser pulse these equations are solved numerically and their results are compared with those obtained from cold fluid theories.
Phase transition and phonon dynamics in NiPdSi: An annealing study by temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Karabko A. O. , Dostanko A. P. , Kong J. F. , Shen W. Z.
Published: February 2009

We have demonstrated the effective Raman spectroscopy for the phase transition and phonon dynamics of NiPdSi films annealed at various temperatures. In addition to the appearance of alloy disorder-induced Raman peaks, we have shown that the presence of Pd in NiSi results not only in the retardation of NiSi2 phase transition to about 900 °C, but also in the redshift (∼3–4 cm−1) of the first-order Raman peaks. The observed Raman frequency downshift with increasing temperature can be described well by a model which has taken into account the contributions of the anharmonic, thermal expansion, and strain effects, revealing the dominant role of the phonon decay. Effects of Pd addition and annealing temperature on the Raman frequency and linewidth have been discussed. The introduction of Pd is found to reduce the Raman frequency downshift, demonstrating the favorable use of NiPdSi for microelectronics applications.