bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in summer diatom composition and water quality in urban lakes within a metropolitan area in central China
Authors: Liang Jia , Huang Chunling , Stevenson Mark A. , Qiao Qianglong , Zeng Linghan , Chen Xu
Published: January 2020

Urbanization is altering water quality and biotic communities of lake ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing regions. In this study, the diatom community structure and water quality of the epilimnion were analyzed in 38 lakes (40 sampling sites) in Wuhan City (central China) to assess the impacts of urbanization on lake ecosystems. Diatom communities displayed clear variation along the urban‐to‐rural gradient, with blooms of eutrophic species found in urban lakes in contrast to higher abundances of mesotrophic or oligotrophic taxa in rural lakes. Redundancy analyses revealed that the diatom community recognition to species, genus, and ecological guild level were all significantly correlated with Chla, Si, and secchi depth, indicating that the changes in diatom communities were mainly explained by differences in nutrient concentrations and light condition. Considering the rapid urbanization and population expansion, it is important to carry out effective measures for the protection of these lake ecosystems, especially by reducing sewage discharge. The high consistency found between diatom community classification and water quality status highlights the applicability of diatoms for bioindication of shallow urban lakes, especially in rapidly developing cities. Even the taxonomic determination at the level of genera or ecological guilds can enable rapid water‐quality assessment.
The role of policy in social–ecological interactions of nitrogen management in the Mississippi River basin
Authors: Salk Kateri R. , Denny Riva C. H. , Greif Jake
Published: January 2020

Excess nitrogen (N) loading in the Mississippi River basin is a major water quality issue, encompassing large spatial scales and feedbacks between social and biophysical entities. Effective management depends on reductions in agricultural N loading, mainly from the Corn Belt region in the upper reaches of the basin. In this study, we evaluated the role of federal Nutrient Task Force policy on N management from 2000 to 2015. We analyzed trends in nitrate (NO3−) concentrations from monitoring data in 148 priority watersheds. We compared water quality trends with state nutrient reduction strategies, monitoring efforts, and land use. Of the 148 watersheds, 13 displayed a significant decrease in NO3− concentrations, 24 displayed a significant increase, 51 displayed a nonsignificant trend, and 60 had insufficient data to analyze. We demonstrate that policy efforts on a large scale are slow to establish, but states and watersheds that showed signs of policy acting successfully could serve as examples for improved N management moving forward. Despite considerable variability, states with the most comprehensive strategies, evidenced by word count and presence of recommended elements, were almost exclusively located in the Corn Belt region. States with more thorough nutrient reduction strategies also tended to have a larger number of monitoring sites in priority watersheds (R = .42), demonstrating the potential for adaptive management. States with the most consistent improvements in NO3− concentrations tended to have the most comprehensive policies, whereas variation in water quality trends was partly attributed to land use factors including slope and dominance of corn (Zea mays L.) and soy [Glycine max (L.) Merr.].
An exploration of genetic counseling information needs and information‐seeking behaviors
Authors: Donahue Amy E. , Hall April L. , Petty Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2020

Genetic counseling is a rapidly growing field with increasingly diverse practice settings. The growth of genomics and precision medicine across all medical specialties has been accompanied by corresponding growth in the amount of information available to genetic counselors. However, few published studies on genetic counseling information needs and seeking behaviors exist, and none look at information use across the profession. Meanwhile, a substantial body of research exists on this topic for other healthcare professionals, providing an evidence base supporting profession‐tailored information‐related services and resources. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to explore genetic counseling information needs and seeking behaviors and to compare these needs and seeking behaviors across genetic counseling students and genetic counselors broadly, as well as to explore differences across various professional subgroups of genetic counselors. Genetic counselors and genetic counseling students were recruited via the National Society of Genetic Counselors and accredited genetic counseling programs to complete an online survey assessing information needs and seeking behaviors. Respondents were asked how often they used 70 different resources; whether 16 specific situations required additional information and how long it would take to get it and about specific barriers to obtaining that information. The results included a range of observations, including that GeneReviews and PubMed are frequently used resources across all respondents, that genetic counselors working 0–5 years are significantly more likely to need additional information when counseling patients from different cultural backgrounds than those working 6+ years, and that not having enough time is a common barrier to getting information across various situations. These results provide initial evidence to guide additional study on the efficient use and provision of information within the genetic counseling field.
Cervical neoplastic lesions in relation to CD4 T‐lymphocyte counts and antiretroviral therapy among women with clinical stage 1 HIV in Yunnan, China
Authors: Zhang Dong‐Yu , Chen Wen , Zhang Hong‐Yun , Lv Song‐Qin , Lu Xiao‐Ning , Tao Yan‐Ping , Zhang Mi , Liu Jia‐Fa , Yang Min , Qiao You‐Lin , Braithwaite Dejana
Published: January 2020

China lacks data demonstrating associations of cervical neoplastic lesions with CD4 T‐lymphocyte (CD4 cell) counts and antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV‐infected women, suggesting relevant investigations are needed. A total of 545 HIV‐infected women were enrolled in Yunnan, China, between 2011 and 2013. CD4 cell counts and ART were measured via medical records and cervical neoplastic lesions were measured by professional pathologists. Multivariable logistic models, which treated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1+ and CIN2+ as outcomes, calculated adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of CD4 cell counts and ART. Subgroup analysis treating CIN1+ as the outcome was conducted by HIV infection duration (<4 vs ≥4 years), ethnicity (Han vs non‐Han), and study site (Mangshi vs Kunming). The prevalence of CIN1+ and CIN2+ was 17.4% and 7.3%, respectively. Overall, 243 (44.6%) women had CD4 cell counts ≥500 cell/μL, 187 (34.3%) used ART for less than 2 years, and 236 (43.3%) used ART for at least 2 years. We found inverse associations of CIN1+ with CD4 cell counts (≥500 compared to <500 cells/μL: aOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.27‐0.79) and ART use (<2 years: aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.21‐0.87; ≥2 years: aOR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.27‐1.10). Point estimates did not change substantially for CIN2+ but aORs of ART became nonsignificant. No significant interaction was observed for HIV infection duration. We found significant interaction between CD4 cell counts and ethnicity and study site in relation to CIN1+. Our study suggests potential protective effects of high CD4 cell counts against cervical neoplastic lesions among HIV‐infected women, whereas associations of ART are less consistent.
Loss of myeloid‐specific lamin A/C drives lung metastasis through Gfi‐1 and C/EBPε‐mediated granulocytic differentiation
Authors: Ishii Hiroki , Park Woo‐Yong , So Jaeyoung , Kuhn Skyler , Koparde Vishal N. , Pang Yanli , Greten Tim F. , Hollander M. Christine , Yang Li
Published: January 2020

The immune‐suppressive tumor microenvironment promotes metastatic spread and outgrowth. One of the major contributors is tumor‐associated myeloid cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating their differentiation and function are not well understood. Here we report lamin A/C, a nuclear lamina protein associated with chromatin remodeling, was one of the critical regulators in cellular reprogramming of tumor‐associated myeloid cells. Using myeloid‐specific lamin A/C knockout mice and triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse models, we discovered that the loss of lamin A/C drives CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytic lineage differentiation, alters the production of inflammatory chemokines, decreases host antitumor immunity, and increases metastasis. The underlying mechanisms involve an increased H3K4me3 leading to the upregulation of transcription factors (TFs) Gfi‐1 and C/EBPε. Decreased lamin A/C and increased Gfi‐1 and C/EBPε were also found in the granulocytic subset in the peripheral blood of human cancer patients. Our data provide a mechanistic understanding of myeloid lineage differentiation and function in the immune‐suppressive microenvironment in TNBC metastasis.
Spectral collocation method for a class of fractional diffusion differential equations with nonsmooth solutions
Authors: Wang Junjie , Xiao Aiguo , Bu Weiping
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we develop spectral collocation method for a class of fractional diffusion differential equations. Since the solutions of these fractional differential equations usually exhibit singularities at the end‐points, it can not be well approximated by classical polynomial basis functions. We first give nonclassical interpolants based on the associated Jacobi‐Gauss points and obtain the corresponding fractional differentiation matrices. Second, we prove the convergence for the developed spectral collocation method. Finally, several numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the developed basis functions.
Oscillating steady‐state imaging (OSSI): A novel method for functional MRI
Authors: Guo Shouchang , Noll Douglas C.
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is crucial for high‐resolution fMRI; however, current methods for SNR improvement are limited. A new approach, called oscillating steady‐state imaging (OSSI), produces a signal that is large and ‐weighted, and is demonstrated to produce improved SNR compared to gradient echo (GRE) imaging with matched effective TE and spatial‐temporal acquisition characteristics for high‐resolution fMRI.

Methods

Quadratic phase sequences were combined with balanced gradients to produce a large, oscillating steady‐state signal. The quadratic phase progression was periodic over short intervals such as 10 TRs, inducing a frequency‐dependent phase dispersal. Images over one period were combined to produce a single image with effectively ‐weighting. The OSSI parameters were explored through simulation and phantom data, and 2D and 3D human fMRI data were collected using OSSI and GRE imaging.

Results

Phantom and human OSSI data showed highly reproducible signal oscillations with greater signal strength than GRE. Compared to single slice GRE with matched effective TE and spatial‐temporal resolution, OSSI yielded more activation in the visual cortex by a factor of 1.84 and an improvement in temporal SNR by a factor of 1.83. Voxelwise percentage change comparisons between OSSI and GRE demonstrate a similar ‐weighted contrast mechanism with additional ‐weighting of about 15 ms immediately after the RF pulse.

Conclusions

OSSI is a new acquisition method that exploits a large, oscillating signal that is ‐weighted and suitable for fMRI. The steady‐state signal from balanced gradients creates higher signal strength than single slice GRE at varying TEs, enabling greater volumes of functional activity and higher SNR for high‐resolution fMRI.
Geometrically Constrained Polymerization of Styrene Over Heterogeneous Catalyst Layer in Silica Nanotube Reactors
Authors: Han Joong Jin , Lee Sang Bok , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: January 2020

Styrene has been polymerized to syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) over a layer of heterogeneous Cp*Ti(OCH3)3/MAO catalyst immobilized onto the surfaces of silica nanotube reactor (SNTR) arrays of 60–200 nm in diameter. The polymer produced in the SNTR arrays has been found to have the molecular weights much larger than the polymers synthesized by a liquid slurry polymerization over silica‐supported catalysts. A dynamic reactor model that consists of diffusion and reaction terms has been derived and solved to quantify the kinetics of styrene polymerization in a single nanotube reactor. The two‐site kinetic model applied to the silica nanotube reactor model shows that the experimentally observed high polymer molecular weight can be fitted if the chain transfer rate constants for monomer and β‐hydride elimination are reduced significantly. The simulation results suggest that the presence of dense crystalline sPS nanofibrils filling the nanotubes constrain the molecular movements of polymer chain ends in the proximity of catalyst sites to limit the chain transfer reactions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:700–709, 2020. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers
Highly conductive and stable anion‐exchange membranes based on crosslinked poly(arylene ether sulfone)‐block‐poly(phenylene oxide) Networks
Authors: Peng Jinwu , Liu Zhenchao , Liang Minhui , Wang Peng , Hu Wei , Jiang Zhenhua , Liu Baijun
Published: January 2020

In the field of the developments of next‐generation polymer electrolyte membranes, high conductivity is often regarded as the first important performance requirement. There is still a huge challenge to face, which is hard to achieve the balance between high ion conductivity (mainly related to ion‐exchange capacity [IEC]) and good mechanical‐dimensional stability (represented by swelling ratio [SR]). Here, a family of crosslinked block polyelectrolytes consisting of hydrophobic rigid poly(arylene ether sulfone) segments to ensure enough dimensional stability and hydrophilic poly(phenylene oxide) segments bearing long‐flexible chains with high‐density multications to serve as crosslinker and carrier for ion transport are prepared. The polyelectrolyte with an IEC of  3.04 mmol g−1 exhibits a high hydroxide conductivity of 126 mS cm−1 and a low SR of 8.6% at 80 °C. No obvious degradation below 200 °C is observed, and maximum tensile strength reaches 28.4 MPa. As a conclusion, these crosslinked membranes based on well‐designed block polyelectrolytes exhibit an excellent combination of high ion conductivity and good mechanical‐dimensional stability to meet the performance requirements for the application of anion‐exchange membranes. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 391–401
Optimizing the monomer structure of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane for ion transport in hybrid organic–inorganic block copolymers
Authors: Gao Kevin W. , Jiang Xi , Hoffman Zach J. , Sethi Gurmukh K. , Chakraborty Saheli , Villaluenga Irune , Balsara Nitash P.
Published: January 2020

Poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (PEO–POSS) mixed with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt is a nanostructured hybrid organic–inorganic block copolymer electrolyte that may enable lithium metal batteries. The synthesis and characteristics of three PEO–POSS block copolymer electrolytes which only differ by their POSS silica cage substituents (ethyl, isobutyl, and isooctyl) is reported. Changing the POSS monomer structure results in differences in both thermodynamics and ion transport. All three neat polymers exhibit lamellar morphologies. Adding salt results in the formation of a disordered window which closes and gives way to lamellae at higher salt concentrations. The width of disordered window decreases with increasing length of the POSS alkyl chain substituent from ethyl to isobutyl and is absent in the isooctyl sample. Rheological measurements demonstrate good mechanical rigidity when compared with similar all‐organic block copolymers. While salt diffusion coefficient and current ratio are unaffected by substituent length, ionic conductivity increases as the length of the alkyl chain substituent decreases: the ethyl substituent is optimal for ion transport. This is surprising because conventional wisdom suggests that ion transport occurs primarily in the PEO‐rich domains, that is, ion transport should be unaffected by substituent length after accounting for the minor change in conducting phase volume fraction. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2020 © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 363–371
Candida albicans biofilm inactivated by cold plasma treatment in vitro and in vivo
Authors: He Mengwen , Duan Jiangwei , Xu Jialu , Ma Mingyu , Chai Bao , He Guangyuan , Gan Lu , Zhang Song , Duan Xiaoru , Lu Xinpei , Chen Hongxiang
Published: January 2020

Fungal infections induced by Candida albicans have increased worldwide due to emerging resistance to antifungal agents, which is largely caused by biofilm formation. Thus, a new and effective antimicrobial strategy is urgently required in treatment of C. albicans biofilm‐associated infections. In this study, the inactivation effects of cold plasma treatment for C. albicans biofilm are assessed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies indicate that C. albicans in suspension and the C. albicans biofilm are inactivated significantly by plasma treatment. In vivo studies indicate that plasma treatment achieves the best antifungal effect with an optimal dose (4 min in this case), as excessive plasma treatment damages the normal tissues and thus induces aggravation of infection compared to the 4‐min group.
Insights into switchable thermoresponsive copolymer layers by atmospheric pressure plasma‐initiated chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Moreno‐Couranjou Maryline , Loyer François , Grysan Patrick , Boscher Nicolas D. , Choquet Patrick
Published: January 2020

In this study, the upscalable, substrate‐independent, and patterning characteristics of the atmospheric pressure plasma‐initiated chemical vapour deposition technique are demonstrated for the synthesis of thermoresponsive copolymer layers from N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). An analytical multitool approach is exploited to gain insight into the chemical and mechanical surface properties of p(NVCL‐co‐EGDMA) layers and bovine serum albumin protein–surface interactions. Atomic force microscopy measurements carried out in both liquid and dehydrated conditions, reveal strong temperature‐dependent stiffness changes. The swelling and dehydration processes of the layer, monitored by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D), are reversible and durable with a lower critical solution temperature estimated at around 27°C. Finally, by combining QCM‐D and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the switchable bovine serum albumin‐biofouling surface properties, triggered by temperature changes, are demonstrated.
Pediatric obesity‐related asthma: A prototype of pediatric severe non‐T2 asthma
Authors: Rastogi Deepa
Published: January 2020

Childhood obesity contributes to many diseases, including asthma. There is literature to suggest that asthma developing as a consequence of obesity has a nonallergic or non‐T2 phenotype. In this review, obesity‐related asthma is utilized as a prototype of non‐T2 asthma in children to discuss several nonallergic mechanisms that underlie childhood asthma. Obesity‐related asthma is associated with systemic T helper (Th)1 polarization occurring with monocyte activation. These immune responses are mediated by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, that are themselves associated with pulmonary function deficits in obese asthmatics. As in other multifactorial diseases, there is both a genetic and an environmental contribution to pediatric obesity‐related asthma. In addition to genetic susceptibility, differential DNA methylation is associated with non‐T2 immune responses in pediatric obesity‐related asthma. Initial investigations into the biology of non‐T2 immune responses have identified the upregulation of genes in the CDC42 pathway. CDC42 is a RhoGTPase that plays a key role in Th cell physiology, including preferential naïve Th cell differentiation to Th1 cells, and cytokine production and exocytosis. Although these novel pathways are promising findings to direct targeted therapy development for obesity‐related asthma to address the disease burden, there is evidence to suggest that dietary interventions, including diet modification, rather than caloric restriction alone, decrease disease burden. Adoption of a diet rich in micronutrients, including carotenoids and 25‐OH cholecalciferol, a vitamin D metabolite, may be beneficial since these are positively correlated with pulmonary function indices, while being protective against metabolic abnormalities associated with the obese asthma phenotype.
Solution structure for an Encephalitozoon cuniculi adrenodoxin‐like protein in the oxidized state
Authors: Shaheen Shareef , Barrett Kayleigh F. , Subramanian Sandhya , Arnold Samuel L. M. , Laureanti Joseph A. , Myler Peter J. , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Buchko Garry W.
Published: January 2020

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a unicellular, obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasite in the Microsporidia family and one of the agents responsible for microsporidosis infections in humans. Like most Microsporidia, the genome of E. cuniculi is markedly reduced and the organism contains mitochondria‐like organelles called mitosomes instead of mitochondria. Here we report the solution NMR structure for a protein physically associated with mitosome‐like organelles in E. cuniculi, the 128‐residue, adrenodoxin‐like protein Ec‐Adx (UniProt ID Q8SV19) in the [2Fe‐2S] ferredoxin superfamily. Oxidized Ec‐Adx contains a mixed four‐strand β‐sheet, β2‐β1‐β4‐β3 (↓↑↑↓), loosely encircled by three α‐helices and two 310‐helices. This fold is similar to the structure observed in other adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin‐like proteins except for the absence of a fifth anti‐parallel β‐strand next to β3 and the position of α3. Cross peaks are missing or cannot be unambiguously assigned for 20 amide resonances in the 1H‐15N HSQC spectrum of Ec‐Adx. These missing residues are clustered primarily in two regions, G48‐V61 and L94‐L98, containing the four cysteine residues predicted to ligate the paramagnetic [2Fe‐2S] cluster. Missing amide resonances in 1H‐15N HSQC spectra are detrimental to NMR‐based solution structure calculations because 1H‐1H NOE restraints are absent (glass half‐empty) and this may account for the absent β‐strand (β5) and the position of α3 in oxidized Ec‐Adx. On the other hand, the missing amide resonances unambiguously identify the presence, and immediate environment, of the paramagnetic [2Fe‐2S] cluster in oxidized Ec‐Adx (glass half‐full).
Preparation and Magnetoelectric Behavior of Ni/BaTiO3 Heterostructures with 0‐3 Connectivity
Authors: Buttlar Toni , Walther Till , Dörr Kathrin , Ebbinghaus Stefan G.
Published: January 2020

Magnetoelectric 0‐3 composites consisting of small ferromagnetic Ni particles in the micrometer range embedded in a ferroelectric BaTiO3 matrix are synthesized by reductive sintering in flowing nitrogen with carbon as the oxygen getter. Phase purity of the samples Nix/(BaTiO3)1 − x (x = 0.1–0.7) is verified by powder X‐ray diffraction in combination with scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses and magnetization investigations. The magnetoelectric coefficient (αME) is studied for parallel and perpendicular orientations of polarization and magnetic field. For the latter orientation, a reverse sign and a much weaker signal are found. The dependence of αME on the magnetic direct current bias field shows a linear behavior between ≈±2 kOe and a drop to almost zero above ≈4 kOe. Largest values are obtained for x = 0.4. With increasing frequency of the alternating current driving field, αME becomes larger. At low temperatures, two step‐like decreases in the magnetoelectric coefficient occur, reflecting the phase transitions of BaTiO3 (tetragonal→orthorhombic and orthorhombic→rhombohedral). While this finding corroborates the interpretation of αME being a product property of magnetostriction and piezoelectricity, distinct deviations between the field dependence of the integrated ME signal and the magnetostriction of nickel are found.
Theoretical Explanation of Electric Field‐Induced Superconductive Critical Temperature Shifts in Indium Thin Films
Authors: Ummarino Giovanni A. , Romanin Davide
Published: January 2020

Herein, ab initio density functional theory computations and the self‐consistent solution of one‐band s‐wave generalized Eliashberg equations with proximity effect are combined to explain 60 years old experimental data on how a static electric field can affect the superconductive critical temperature of indium thin films. Although electronic densities of states, Fermi energy shifts, and Eliashberg spectral functions can be computed ab initio, the only parameter in the theory that cannot be determined a priori is the thickness of the surface layer affected by the electric field. However, it is shown that in the weak electrostatic field limit, Thomas–Fermi approximation is valid and, therefore, no free parameters are left, as this perturbed layer is known to have a thickness of the order of the Thomas–Fermi screening length. Moreover, it is shown that the theoretical model can reproduce experimental data, even when the magnitudes of the induced charge densities are so small to be usually neglected.
Forced and natural gas movement in dry sand – Barrel experiments and models
Authors: Ben‐Noah Ilan , Nitsan Ido , Friedman Shmulik P.
Published: January 2020

The physical processes governing advective and diffusive gas movement and distribution in dry soils are, in general, well understood and quantified. In this study, we derived and applied analytical and numerical models to describe these processes under different conditions and scenarios and conducted gas flow experiments in 200‐L barrels packed with dry quartz sand in a temperature‐controlled laboratory. We used either pure N2 (0% O2) or atmospheric air (20.9% O2) injection or gas extraction from (or into) buried point sources (or sinks) to examine the effects of (a) source depth, (b) source discharge rate, and (c) injection cycle period on gas concentration and pressure distribution. We further quantified the contribution of diffusion from the atmospheric soil surface for the different scenarios, made possible by injecting N2 and tracking the complementary O2 concentration [i.e. the difference between atmospheric (20.9%) and the measured soil O2 concentration]. An analytical solution for steady air flow from a point source in a finite, cylindrical domain is presented. The main findings are that air injection, and air extraction, are efficient at aerating the soil volume above the buried gas source or sink. On the other hand, air injection increases the aeration's effectiveness, especially below the source. Shortening the cycle period of gas injection increases gas‐use efficiency (i.e., increases the injected gas concentration) in most of the soil domain. The measurements were in good agreement with the results computed by the models’ analytical and numerical solutions.
Die Auswirkungen von Diffraktion und Multi‐Reflexion auf zylindrische Stützen
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Mensinger Martin , Rutner Marcus
Published: January 2020

Die umliegende Topologie einer Stütze kann einen großen Einfluss auf eine eintreffende Detonationsdruckwelle und die anschließende Bemessung haben. Effekte infolge von Diffraktion oder Mehrfach‐Reflexionen scheinen bisher nicht durch die Normen oder die Fachliteratur abgedeckt zu sein. Diese Problematik soll im vorliegenden Artikel eruiert werden. Dabei stehen drei Fragestellungen im Vordergrund. Die erste befasst sich damit, ob der Bereich hinter einer Stütze durch diese vor einer einfallenden Druckwelle geschützt (verschattet) wird. Dies ist für die Bemessung der Stütze selbst nicht von Bedeutung, sondern soll klären, ob die Belastung auf eine rückversetzte Struktur, wie z. B. eine Fassade, unter Anwendung aktueller Regelungen korrekt ermittelt werden kann. Die zweite Frage beschäftigt sich mit einer weiteren Schockfront, die sich, ausgelöst durch Diffraktion, diagonal im Raum ausbreitet. Hierbei stellt sich die gleiche Frage nach der korrekten Lastermittlung, z. B. auf eine Stütze, die in zweiter Reihe steht. Die dritte Fragestellung, die untersucht werden soll, bezieht sich auf die Lasteinwirkung auf die Rückseite einer Stütze, nachdem die Primärdruckwelle an der genannten Fassade reflektiert wurde und wieder auf die Stütze trifft. Es zeigt sich, dass eine nahe Platzierung der Stütze zu einer reflektierenden Fassade sehr große Druckeinwirkungen auf die Rückseite der Stütze zur Folge hat, für die diese evtl. nicht ausreichend bemessen wurde.
Liminal Stigma and Disaligning Activity: Online Comments about Trump's Family Separation Policy
Authors: Silva Eric O. , Flynn Matthew B.
Published: January 2020

In 2018, the Trump administration initiated a “zero‐tolerance” border policy wherein they criminally prosecuted all individuals who were apprehended crossing the border without proper authorization. The policy change resulted in numerous migrant children being separated from their parents. Through a qualitative content analysis of 1500 YouTube comments made in response to CNN and ProPublica news coverage, we examine each side's aligning activity. Separation challengers claimed border crossers were innocent while condemning their opponents as racist, cruel, and otherwise shameful. Separation advocates bolstered their own claims of innocence by denying that the detainees are victims and condemning separation challengers as hypocrites, dishonest, complicit in illegal immigration, and generally loathsome. These findings show that, enabled by social media, aligning activity in stigma contests can produce a liminal stigma, where identities suffer the ideational aspects of stigma but not necessarily the loss of social status.
Investigation of chemistry graduate teaching assistants' teacher knowledge and teacher identity
Authors: Zotos Eleni K. , Moon Alena C. , Shultz Ginger V.
Published: January 2020

Graduate students play an integral role in undergraduate chemistry education at doctoral granting institutions where they routinely serve as instructors of laboratories and supplementary discussion sessions. Simultaneously, graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) balance major research and academic responsibilities. Although GTAs have substantial instructional facetime with large numbers of undergraduate students, little is known about their conceptions of teaching or their identities as teachers. To investigate the knowledge that GTAs have regarding teaching in this unique context, their teaching identities, and how these developed, we conducted 22 interviews with graduate students from several universities at various levels in their graduate school career using a modified Teacher Beliefs Interview. Interviews were analyzed for two overarching teacher learning constructs: teacher knowledge and teacher identity. We characterized chemistry GTAs' teacher knowledge and identity and determined major influencing factors. We found that chemistry GTAs often identified as a tutor or lab manager, which hindered their self‐investment in developing as teachers. The results presented herein contribute to an understanding of GTAs' teacher knowledge, teacher identity, and their teaching context, from which training can be designed to best support GTA development.
In utero behavioral imprinting to predation risk in pups of the bank vole
Authors: Sievert Thorbjörn , Kerkhoven Arjane , Haapakoski Marko , Matson Kevin D. , Ylönen Olga , Ylönen Hannu
Published: January 2020

In the predator–prey arms race, survival-enhancing adaptive behaviors are essential. Prey can perceive predator presence directly from visual, auditory, or chemical cues. Non-lethal encounters with a predator may trigger prey to produce special body odors, alarm pheromones, informing conspecifics about predation risks. Recent studies suggest that parental exposure to predation risk during reproduction affects offspring behavior cross-generationally. We compared behaviors of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) pups produced by parents exposed to one of three treatments: predator scent from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis nivalis); scent from weasel-exposed voles, i.e., alarm pheromones; or a control treatment without added scents. Parents were treated in semi-natural field enclosures, but pups were born in the lab and assayed in an open-field arena. Before each behavioral test, one of the three scent treatments was spread throughout the test arena. The tests followed a full factorial design (3 parental treatments × 3 area treatments). Regardless of the parents’ treatment, pups exposed to predator odor in the arena moved more. Additionally, pups spend more time in the center of the arena when presented with predator odor or alarm pheromone compared with the control. Pups from predator odor–exposed parents avoided the center of the arena under control conditions, but they spent more time in the center when either predator odor or alarm pheromone was present. Our experiment shows that cross-generational effects are context-sensitive, depending on the perceived risk. Future studies should examine cross-generational behavioral effects in ecologically meaningful environments instead of only neutral ones.

Significance statement

We exposed bank voles to odors signaling predation risk to assess the effects parental predation exposure on the behavior of their offspring. Besides predator odor, we also assessed the role of a conspecific alarm cue as a novel way of spreading the predation risk information. Pup behaviors were assessed in the open-field arena, a standard way of assessing animal behavior in a wide range of contexts. We found that also alarm pheromone increased the time pups spend in the center of the arena similarly to predator odor. While previous studies suggested that offspring would be more fearful, our results indicate that the cross-generational effects are very context-dependent; i.e., they differ significantly depending on which scent cue is presented in the open-field arena. This shows the need for better tools or measurements to translate laboratory results into ecologically meaningful frameworks.
Correction to: Perioperative chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer in Japan: current and future perspectives
Authors: Tokunaga Masanori , Sato Yuya , Nakagawa Masatoshi , Aburatani Tomoki , Matsuyama Takatoshi , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kinugasa Yusuke
Published: January 2020

The article Perioperative chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer in Japan: current and future perspectives, written by Masanori Tokunaga, Yuya Sato, Masatoshi Nakagawa, Tomoki Aburatani, Takatoshi Matsuyama, Yasuaki Nakajima and Yusuke Kinugasa was originally published Online First without Open Access.
Anti-inflammatory potential of an essential oil-containing mouthwash in elderly subjects enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy: a 6-week randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Jünger Hendrik , Jaun-Ventrice Anna , Guldener Kevin , Ramseier Christoph A. , Reissmann Daniel R. , Schimmel Martin
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Essential oils and other plant extracts have evoked interest as sources of natural medicinal products. They have been proven to exert antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties, but the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated.

Aim

This study aims to evaluate the potential of a sage-containing mouthwash to alleviate inflammatory signs of intra-oral mucosa and gingiva in comparison with a water/alcohol-based placebo.

Material and methods

This study was conducted as a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel design clinical study. Forty-eight dentate subjects were randomly assigned to a test (sage-containing mouthwash) or a placebo group (water/alcohol-based solution). Subjects rinsed once daily for 30 s over a period of 6 weeks. Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), Plaque Index (PLI), tooth staining, xerostomia and degree of stomatitis were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks.

Results

Subjects’ mean age was 77.5 ± 7.3 years. SBI was reduced from 1.3 ± 0.9 to 0.8 ± 0.7 (test,p = 0.0029) and 1.4 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 0.7 (placebo,p = 0.0105). Similarly, PLI was reduced from 1.2 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.3 (test,p = 0.0080) and 1.3 ± 0.4 to 1.1 ± 0.6 (placebo,p = 0.0087); no between-group differences were found (p > 0.05). Stomatitis, xerostomia and tooth staining revealed no change after 6 weeks.

Conclusion

The irrigation with a sage-containing mouthwash did not result in a superior beneficial effect on inflammatory parameters and plaque indices compared with the placebo. The expected contribution of the plant extracts to their potential impact on oral health may need further investigation.

Clinical relevance

The proposed mouthwash might be suitable for patients with inflammatory signs of the gingiva who prefer natural remedies.
Improvements of 6S Look-Up-Table Based Surface Reflectance Employing Minimum Curvature Surface Method
Authors: Lee Kyeong-Sang , Lee Chang Suk , Seo Minji , Choi Sungwon , Seong Noh-Hun , Jin Donghyun , Yeom Jong-Min , Han Kyung-Soo
Published: January 2020

We propose a methodology employing an interpolation technique on the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal (6S) look-up table (LUT) to improve surface reflectance retrieval using Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI). A minimum curvature surface (MCS) technique was used to refine the 6S LUT, and the solar zenith angle (SZA) and viewing zenith angle (VZA) increments were narrowed by 0.5°. The interpolation processing time was relatively short, about 3172 s per channel, and the interpolated xa and xb were well represented by the changes in SZA and VZA. An evaluation of the interpolated xa and xb for six cases revealed a relative mean absolute error of less than 5% for all channels and cases; however, a slight difference was evident for higher values of SZA and VZA. To evaluate the surface reflectance, we compared the surface reflectance derived using 6S LUT with that calculated using 6S only. Application of the interpolated 6S LUT showed a lower relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 0.65% to 9.29% for all channels, than before interpolation. The improvement in surface reflectance measurements increased with the SZA. For a SZA above 75°, the RRMSE improved significantly for all channels (by 11.33–45.1%). In addition, when the MCS method was applied, the surface reflectance measurements improved without spatial discontinuity and showed good agreement with 6S results in a linear profile analyses. Thus, the method proposed can improve LUT based surface reflectance measurements in less time and increase the availability of surface reflectance data based on geostationary satellites.
Overcoming the challenges of cancer drug resistance through bacterial‐mediated therapy
Authors: Zargar Amin , Chang Samantha , Kothari Ankita , Snijders Antoine M. , Mao Jian‐Hua , Wang Jessica , Hernández Amanda C. , Keasling Jay D. , Bivona Trever G.
Published: January 2020

Despite tremendous efforts to fight cancer, it remains a major public health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. With increased knowledge of cancer pathways and improved technological platforms, precision therapeutics that specifically target aberrant cancer pathways have improved patient outcomes. Nevertheless, a primary cause of unsuccessful cancer therapy remains cancer drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the broad classes of resistance to cancer therapy, particularly pharmacokinetics, the tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe how bacterial‐mediated cancer therapy, a bygone mode of treatment, has been revitalized by synthetic biology and is uniquely suited to address the primary resistance mechanisms that confound traditional therapies. Through genetic engineering, we discuss how bacteria can be potent anticancer agents given their tumor targeting potential, anti‐tumor activity, safety, and coordinated delivery of anti‐cancer drugs.
Leadership and decision-making: Top management team age demographic and environmental strategy
Authors: Kumar Anupam
Published: January 2020

This research examines the characteristics of the age demographic of a top management team (TMT) as drivers of a firm's environmental management (EM) strategy comprising compliance-only and beyond-compliance initiatives. Using a matched sample of publicly listed firms in Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini and Bloomberg, panel data regression techniques on a unique dataset of 3,251 firm-year observations suggest that a link does exist. Driven by a desire for legacy and a preference for risk-averse decisions, aging TMTs will support beyond-compliance initiatives. On the other hand, age diversity is expected to enhance the innovative potential of a TMT for solving pressing compliance-related environmental issues. The study finds that aging TMTs support beyond-compliance as compared to compliance-only EM strategies. TMT age diversity, though helpful in developing compliance-only initiatives, is not instrumental in driving beyond-compliance initiatives. The study highlights the challenges in developing a comprehensive EM strategy suggesting paths for future research.
Gendered moral rationalities in later life: grandparents balancing paid work and care of grandchildren in Australia
Authors: Hamilton Myra , Suthersan Bridget
Published: January 2020

In recent years there has been increasing policy focus on keeping mature-age people engaged in the labour market. At the same time, grandparents play an important role as regular child-care providers for many families. Yet, little research has explored how grandparents negotiate these dual, often competing demands of paid employment and intergenerational care. Drawing on focus groups with 23 grandparents and an online survey of 209 grandparents providing regular child care for their grandchildren in Australia, this paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining how Australian grandparents experience and negotiate competing responsibilities as older workers and intergenerational care providers. The paper draws on the concept of gendered moral rationalities to examine the way in which grandparents’ decisions about participation in paid work are deeply embedded in idealised forms of parenting and grandparenting that are highly gendered. The paper suggests that, as the rate of both maternal and mature-age participation in the paid labour market continues to rise, inadequate attention is being paid to how time spent undertaking unpaid care is compressed, reorganised and redistributed across genders and generations as a result.
THE ROLE OF MONEY IN FEDERAL RESERVE POLICY
Authors: Qureshi Irfan A.
Published: January 2020

This paper shows that money is a relevant macroeconomic indicator for the description of US monetary policy with simple rules. Empirical analysis based on novel real-time data reveals the economically and statistically significant effect of money on the federal funds rate during the Volcker–Greenspan era, highlighting an interest rate rule that better explains historical policy. The findings suggest that the bias against including money in mainstream macroeconomic models may be due to relying on an incorrect measure of money. A gradual deviation from this rule explains loose monetary policy prior to the Great Recession. Including money aggregates in rule-based policy presents a suitable framework to evaluate and guide Federal Reserve policy.
DIRICHLET FORMS AND ULTRAMETRIC CANTOR SETS ASSOCIATED TO HIGHER-RANK GRAPHS
Authors: HEO JAESEONG , KANG SOORAN , LIM YONGDO
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper is to study the heat kernel and the jump kernel of the Dirichlet form associated to the ultrametric Cantor set $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ that is the infinite path space of the stationary $k$-Bratteli diagram ${\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ is a finite strongly connected $k$-graph. The Dirichlet form which we are interested in is induced by an even spectral triple $(C_{\operatorname{Lip}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}),\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}},{\mathcal{H}},D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$ and is given by $$\begin{eqnarray}Q_{s}(f,g)=\frac{1}{2}\int _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}}\operatorname{Tr}(|D|^{-s}[D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}(f)]^{\ast }[D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}(g)])\,d\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}),\end{eqnarray}$$ where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}$ is the space of choice functions on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\times \unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$. There are two ultrametrics, $d^{(s)}$ and $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$, on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ which make the infinite path space $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ an ultrametric Cantor set. The former $d^{(s)}$ is associated to the eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{s}$ associated to $Q_{s}$, and the latter $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$ is associated to a weight function $w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ on ${\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\in (0,1)$. We show that the Perron–Frobenius measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ has the volume-doubling property with respect to both $d^{(s)}$ and $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$ and we study the asymptotic behavior of the heat kernel associated to $Q_{s}$. Moreover, we show that the Dirichlet form $Q_{s}$ coincides with a Dirichlet form ${\mathcal{Q}}_{J_{s},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ which is associated to a jump kernel $J_{s}$ and the measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, and we investigate the asymptotic behavior and moments of displacements of the process.
Public Goods and Social Justice
Authors: Kohn Margaret
Published: January 2020

Why should the state provide public goods? I explore this question by focusing on the example of public parks. It examines the three most influential approaches to public goods (the market failures, the normative, and the democratic) and concludes that they fail to explain why parks should be public. I propose an alternative that I call solidarism, a social justice-based approach that provides a response to liberal arguments about the neutrality of the state. Solidarism emphasizes that modernity gives rise to growing levels of interdependence that generate benefits and burdens that are not shared fairly. Public goods as such are a way of compensating for the negative externalities of urbanization and industrialization. Left libertarians argue that such compensation should exclusively take the form of individual benefits. I challenge this view and provide three reasons for building public infrastructure that is shared among people who live together in a physical space: solidarity, decommodification, and politics. Exploring the publicness of parks provides a window into the broader question about the limits of the market and the importance of public space for democracy.
Nutzen der Histologie bei der Diagnostik nicht-neoplastischer Hauterkrankungen
Authors: Pfaltz Katrin , Kempf Werner
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Hautbiopsie stellt bei der Beurteilung von klinisch unklaren entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen eine wertvolle Zusatzuntersuchung dar. Für eine korrekte Interpretation der histologischen Befunde sind die Durchführung einer klinisch-pathologischen Korrelation sowie die Wahl einer adäquaten Biopsietechnik und einer geeigneten Exzisionsstelle von grosser Bedeutung. In diesem Artikel werden grundlegende Vorgehensweisen zur Biopsieentnahme für die histologische Diagnostik entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen beschrieben sowie anhand von Beispielen aus dem Praxisalltag illustriert.