bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Vocal Disguise on Estimations of Speakers' Heights and Weights
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Scherbick Kathleen A. , Davies Susan L. , Czarnecki Tama D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of speakers' attempts to disguise their voices on listeners' accuracy in judgments of height and weight. A total of six sentences were recorded by 26 speakers, 13 females and 13 males, under five conditions: in a normal manner (control condition) and in a manner in which they attempted to sound much taller and much shorter, as well as much heavier and much lighter than they actually were. Five master tapes were constructed, a control tape and four disguise tapes. Each tape contained a total of 156 sentences arranged in random order. A total of 40 judges, 20 in the height-estimation experiment and 20 in the weight-estimation experiment, participated in three sessions, one for each of the three master tapes (one control and two disguise tapes) in each experiment. They were asked to judge the height and weight of the speaker of each sentence and, using a seven-point confidence rating scale, to indicate the over-all confidence in their judgments at the end of each session. Although a majority of speakers yielded height and weight estimates consistent with the intended disguise conditions, the differences in listeners' estimates among all conditions were relatively small. Moreover, differences between speakers' actual heights and weights and listeners' height and weight estimates in the normal (control) condition were also relatively small. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Effect of Contextual Priming in Visual vs Auditory Presentation
Authors: Sweidel Gabriele B. , Nucifora Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

45 subjects participated in an experiment using a between-subjects design to study the effect of contextual priming upon word-association responses and to compare visual and auditory priming. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (visual stimulus, auditory stimulus, control). The hypothesis that the priming affects word-association responses was accepted. Results also indicated that auditory priming was superior to visual priming.
Perceived Religiosity and Perceived Sanctioned Threat
Authors: Rowe Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Data collected from 50 randomly selected women of a women's parochial college support the hypothesis that perceived sanctioned threat is directly associated with perceived religiosity. Variation in the sup' port indicates where moral issues are strongest, perceived sanctioned threat is greatest.
Effect of Visual and Verbal Post-Response Errors on Learning a Simple Discrete Task
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

Visual and verbal post-response errors were manipulated to determine if acquisition of a motor skill (linear positioning) varied. Three 2 (types of error information) × 4 (trial blocks) factorials were used to analyze data specific to absolute, constant, and variable errors in movement accuracy. Both groups given information on errors significantly reduced movement errors over trial blocks. A significant interaction of absolute and variable errors favored the verbal presentation only on the first trial block.
Central Placement of Bender Figure a by Clinic-Referred and Non-Referred Children
Authors: Gordon Michael
Published: September 2011

To test the validity of clinical reports suggesting the diagnostic significance of central placement of the first Bender-Gestalt design, the protocols of 58 clinic-referred children (ages 6 to 12 yr.) and 58 non-referred children matched for age and WISC-R Full Scale IQ were examined. As predicted, central placement occurred with greater frequency in the clinic group, but its clinical utility is unclear.
A Human Performance Evaluation of Graphic Symbol-Design Features
Authors: Samet Michael G. , Geiselman Ralph E. , Landee Betty M.
Published: September 2011

16 subjects learned each of two tactical display symbol sets (conventional symbols and iconic symbols) in turn and were then shown a series of graphic displays containing various symbol configurations. For each display, the subject was asked questions corresponding to different behavioral processes relating to symbol use (identification, search, comparison, pattern recognition). The results indicated that: (a) conventional symbols yielded faster pattern-recognition performance than iconic symbols, and iconic symbols did not yield faster identification than conventional symbols, and (b) the portrayal of additional feature information (through the use of perimeter density or vector projection coding) slowed processing of the core symbol information in four tasks, but certain symbol-design features created less perceptual interference and had greater correspondence with the portrayal of specific tactical concepts than others. The results were discussed in terms of the complexities involved in the selection of symbol design features for use in graphic tactical displays.
Effect of Vocal Disguise on Estimations of Speakers' Ages
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Justice Leah A. , George Brenda D. , Baldwin Linda M. , Scherbick Kathleen A. , Wright Deborah L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of speakers' attempts to disguise their voices on listeners' accuracy in age judgments, 26 speakers, 13 females and 13 males, recorded six sentences under three conditions: (a) in a normal manner, (b) in a manner in which they attempted to sound much younger than they actually were, and (c) in a manner in which they attempted to sound much older than they actually were. Three master tapes were constructed, one for each of the three conditions. A total of 20 judges, 10 females and 10 males, participated in three sessions, one for each of the three master tapes. In each session they were asked to judge the age of the speaker of each sentence and, using a seven-point confidence rating scale, to indicate the over-all confidence in their judgments at the end of each session. Although a majority of speakers yielded age estimates consistent with the conditions of intended disguise, the differences in listeners' estimates among all three conditions were relatively small. Moreover, differences between speakers' actual ages and listeners' age estimates in the control condition were also small. Implications of the findings and suggestions for research are discussed.
Visual Masking with Presentations in Same and opposite Visual Fields: Evidence for Contralateral Masking
Authors: Saccuzzo Dennis P. , Michael Brad E. , Rowe Robert
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted in a preliminary attempt to study the effects of presentations of an informational target stimulus to the right or left visual fields when the target was either preceded or followed by a non-informational masking stimulus and when the mask was presented to the same or opposite visual field of the target. Results indicated that masking was more effective in the same than in the opposite visual field but that masking of the opposite visual field was feasible for both forward and backward masking. Laterality effects were also found for forward and backward masking, with a modest advantage of the right visual field (left hemisphere) in both cases. Limitations of the data and directions for future research were discussed.
Facet Approach to Applied Research
Authors: Canter David
Published: September 2011

The paper outlines the contribution of facet theory to applied psychological research. This contribution is due to the ability of facet theory to define problems and the solutions to them in terms relevant to those who wish to make practical use of the research findings. The use of facet theory in applied research is illustrated through three examples.
Listeners' Identification of Environmental Sounds
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Eastham Sandra K. , Parrish William C. , Scherbick Kathleen A. , Ralph Dawn M.
Published: September 2011

To determine if listeners can accurately identify various environmental sounds, a total of 40 sounds, including animal, inanimate, musical, and human sounds, were recorded, randomly arranged on a master tape, and presented to 30 judges for identification. Analysis indicated that, in general, listeners can accurately identify environmental sounds. However, their accuracy was not equal for all four classes of sounds investigated: human sounds yielded the highest accuracy, followed by musical and inanimate sounds, and animal sounds were least accurately identified. Implications and suggestions for research are discussed.
Visual Information Processing at the Blind Spot
Authors: Kawabata Nobuo
Published: September 2011

The perceptual completion at the blind spot was studied by presenting test patterns around the blind area of 3 subjects with normal acuity, and conditions generating the perceptual completion were investigated. To be filled in, a stimulus must fall on at least two quadrants around the blind spot. Both a region between 3.0 and 3.9° in radii around the blind spot, which can generate white homogeneous completion, and the region between 4.3 and 5.2°, which can not generate any completion solely, play important parts in provoking completion. Periodic stimuli were more effective than non-periodic ones.
Temporal Effect on Tactile Letter Recognition by a Tracing Mode
Authors: Shimizu Yutaka
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the temporal effect on tactile letter recognition of sequentially tracing a stimulus in the order of making the necessary strokes. The effect of time interval between letter-strokes was examined in Exp. 1, with the three measures, recognition accuracy, latency, and readability. Accuracy of recognition did not differ by change in time intervals, but latency showed a downward trend, and readability showed an upward trend with an increase in the time interval. The effect of duration of exposure (number of pulses which activates each vibratory stimulator defining a letter) was examined in Exp. II with two measures, accuracy of recognition and latency. Both accuracy of recognition and latency reached optimum with 8 pulses per stimulator. The time interval between letter-strokes contributed strongly at the shorter exposure. The minimum was about 80 msec, for the interval between letter-strokes, and 4 pulses per stimulator considering the practical demands of fast exposure and easy identification.
Note on Piedmont's Regulation of Skin Temperature through Hypnosis and Biofeedback
Authors: Edmonston William E.
Published: September 2011

Piedmont's cognitive interpretation of hypnosis, based on the control of dermal temperature in a biodfeedback situation, is questioned on the basis of no statistically significant changes in the hypnotized group's temperatures and none between the temperatures of the hypnotized and control groups. A relaxation interpretation of hypnosis seems equally tenable.
Blood Pressure of Male Municipal Employees: Effects of Job Status and Worksite
Authors: Sparacino Jack , Ronchi Don , Bigley T. K. , Flesch Arthur L. , Kuhn James W.
Published: September 2011

Repeated measurements of resting blood pressure and heart rate were obtained at the worksite for a sample of 441 male municipal employees ranging widely in age ( M = 41 yr.), job level, and education. As a result of unusually high diastolic values ( M = 91), over-all uncontrolled hypertension rates were very high (33% of the men exceeding 160 systolic or 95 diastolic including those on medication). Higher rates were obtained for blue collar as opposed to white collar employees and for those plant workers in the Division of Water as opposed to Sewerage and Drainage. Net of age, weight, smoking, education, and anti-hypertensive medication use, higher systolic and diastolic mean values were obtained for supervisors who were primarily employed as foremen and clerical personnel. Inter-plant differences in blood pressure were also found for primarily blue collar Sewers and Drains employees, though whites' and blacks' values were nearly identical. Comparisons with national blood pressure data indicate significant effects for level of job and education which again disfavored supervisors and clerical employees and in addition men who had more education. Whites' and blacks' blood pressures deviated significantly from expected values, the differences favoring blacks. Social psychological mechanisms which may mediate these effects are discussed.
Studies in Script Theory: II. Altruistic Nuclear Scripts
Authors: Carlson Rae
Published: September 2011

A serious lack in the extensive research literature on altruism, helping, and prosocial behavior is a personological perspective: a coherent theory of personality, coupled with case studies of committed altruists. This paper derived from Tomkins' script theory two versions of altruistic nuclear scripts (helping and reforming) in which altruism is the major agenda of a person's life. The formulations were tested with secondary analyses of data reported in four major naturalistic studies of committed altruists. Results were strongly supportive of Tomkins' theory and suggest the importance of distinguishing among various ways in which altruism may characterize a personality.
Anxiety of Scuba Divers: A Multidimensional Approach
Authors: Griffiths T. J. , Steel D. H. , Vaccaro P.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the relationships between A-Trait and A-State levels of 33 male and 15 female beginning scuba students prior to two difficult underwater tests. Both a unidimensional and a multidimensional measure of trait anxiety were used. S-R General Trait Anxiousness was a more useful instrument than the unidimensional STAI-Trait scale in predicting levels of state anxiety prior to underwater testing.
An Exploration of Mood and Learning
Authors: Snyder Douglas M.
Published: September 2011

Mood, considered as the over-all meaning of an individual's existence at a particular time, is related to psychotherapeutic training and to learning in general. Mood involves the direct reference of the experiencing person to the world. This direct reference contrasts to the objective view of experience in which the world is given in a mediated manner to the individual. Certain essential aspects of mood itself, the psychotherapeutic mood, and the mood of learning are developed.
Differences between ROTC and Non-ROTC Students in Perception of Self, others, and Cadets
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Gividen J. Richard
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to determine significant differences among the perceptions of ROTC cadets and non-ROTC students. 35 ROTC and 35 non-ROTC subjects completed a 20-item semantic differential for each of the following: self, students in general, and ROTC cadets (or if the subject was a cadet, how non-ROTC students would rate cadets). A 2 × 35 × 3 analysis of variance was performed for each item. ROTC cadets displayed a somewhat generalized negative response set. On 13 of the items cadets displayed differential perceptions of themselves and others. These perceptions may be characterized by inflated ratings of self on aggressive, reputable, honorable, and patriotic and a deflated view of other students' ratings of ROTC cadets on intelligent, cooperative, honest, successful, and sane
Discrimination of Sleep Onset Stages: Behavioral Responses and Verbal Reports
Authors: Gibson Elizabeth , Perry Franklin , Redington Dana , Kamiya Joe
Published: September 2011

In a descriptive experiment on discrimination five human subjects were studied during the transitional period of sleep onset. Subjects were aroused by an abrupt auditory stimulus, attempted to discriminate the pre-arousal stage by a behavioral response, and answered a series of standardized questions. These questions focused on specific characteristics of private experience associated with sleep onset. Of 180 awakenings, subjects correctly identified 109 sleep-onset stages. Subjects' answers were analyzed to determine what criteria were used to make the discrimination among sleep-onset stages and to examine their self-awareness of changes in private experience. It was established that there are stage-related changes in mental processes and content and that these may aid subjects in making such discriminations. Implications of the methodological approach used in this study are discussed.
Reliability of a Brief Scale for Assessment of Coronary-Prone Behavior and Standard Measures of Type a Behavior
Authors: Young Laurens D. , Barboriak Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

45 male volunteers were classified by the Structured Interview for Type A behavior and also by the Jenkins Activity Survey. Each subject also responded to a series of 10 questions taken from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Life Quality Questionnaire. 10 items of the questionnaire were tested to form a scale, the Milwaukee questionnaire—10 for the classification of Type A and B coronary-prone behavior. Each response was rated as one if it was in the previously defined direction of Type A or as zero if in Type B direction.

The mean response in this population was 3.56. Subjects scoring 0 to 3 were then classified as Type B and those scoring 4 and more as Type A. Subjects were also given two standard measures of Type A behavior, the Jenkins survey and the structured interview. Comparisons of Type A vs B classes were made between the Milwaukee questionnaire and the interview and the Jenkins survey. High agreement rating Type A behavior was found among instruments. The 10 items appear to provide a reliable and brief scale for rating Type A coronary-prone behavior.
Usefulness of the Rotter Internal/External Locus of Control Scale in Measuring Situational Valences through Attributions
Authors: Gibb Gerald D. , Lambirth Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

Attribution theory predicts that individuals generally perceive their own behavior as being caused by external factors, while seeing others' behavior as based on internal causes. However, the likelihood of attributing external causes to another's behavior increases as the situation becomes negative and one of high consensus. This study investigated the possible use of the Rotter I-E scale in measuring situation valences through the attributions of others. The Rotter scale was completed by three groups of female university students under 3 sets of instructions which manipulated the valence of the situation. The data indicated that observing others' behavior in a high consensus, negative situation resulted in external attributions, while behavior viewed in the context of a positive situation resulted in internal attributions.
Effect of Automobile Body Styles on Perceived Characteristics of Their Owners
Authors: Gibbins Keith , Coney Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2011

This study determined whether automobile body styles affected the perceived characteristics of their owners. Line drawings of 16 different cars were produced by exhausting all combinations of 2 hood lengths, 2 hood shapes, 2 trunk sizes, and 2 body heights. 50 subjects were asked to rate their impressions of the probable owners of these cars on 8 different adjectives. The results were consistent with those of an earlier study of the meaning transmitted by women's clothes in that the impressions conveyed by the car bodies were principally related to the main effects of the varied dimensions. There was also evidence, however, of some interaction between the dimensions, suggesting that the tendency for car-body styles to change more slowly than female clothing styles might provide time for car-body styles to develop more complex, idiosyncratic meanings.
Personal Space Invasion: Sex Differentials for near and Far Proximities
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Sabin Lisa
Published: September 2011

The effects of invasion of personal space by a male and a female who approached subjects at near and far proximities were investigated. It was hypothesized that invasion at a near distance would produce greater withdrawal than at a far distance. It was also hypothesized that male dyads would elicit more withdrawal than female dyads and that mixed sex pairs would produce the least withdrawal. All combinations of sex of subject, sex of confederate, and near and far approach proximities were tested. As expected, near proximity produced significantly more withdrawal. However, more withdrawal was produced by the female than the male confederate. Finally, no support was given to the mixed versus same-sex dyad hypothesis.
MMPI Correlates of the Degree of Generalized Impairment Based on the Halstead-Reitan Battery
Authors: Calsyn Donald A. , Louks John L. , Johnson Joybelle S.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between personality, as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and neuropsychological status as measured by subtests from the Halstead-Reitan Battery was explored for 63 male veterans. Multiple regression analysis indicates only Ego Strength and Masculinity-Femininity contributed significantly to the regression equation. Results suggest less cognitive impairment is correlated with greater emotional stability. The amount of variance accounted for is small, however, indicating limited clinical significance.
Modification of Baseline by Differential Task Presentation as Either Hypnosis or “Learned” Relaxation
Authors: Charlesworth Edward A. , Doughtie Eugene B.
Published: September 2011

The effects on muscle tension of telling a person that he would be involved in an experiment on either hypnotic or “learned” relaxation were studied. Significant differences between the two task-definition groups suggest that subjects may take on a passive and physically relaxed state in connection with being told they would be involved in a hypnotic experiment. Conversely, if subjects are told they will be involved in a learning exercise, they may be somewhat mobilized and more alert with a concomitant increase in muscle tension. If either of these differential responses occur, then the baseline needs to be taken prior to any introduction.
Empirical Test of Scale Type Resulting from the Power Law for Heaviness
Authors: Westermann Rainer
Published: September 2011

Stevens claims the ratio-scale level for the scale values resulting from direct scaling procedures and the Power Law, whereas according to Torgerson only a logarithmic transformation of these values leads to an interval scale. Both hypotheses are evaluated for the continuum of heaviness by testing empirically an axiom of a Finite, Equally-spaced Difference Structure, with the Neyman-Pearson test of significance as an error theory. The reported subjective differences in heaviness are represented by numerical differences between scale values resulting from the Power Law but not by differences between logarithmic transformed scale values. Subjective ratios, on the other hand, are not represented by ratios between the values resulting from the Power Law. The Power Law for heaviness leads to an interval scale, not to a ratio scale.
Infant Walkers: Developmental Tool or Inherent Danger
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the influence of pre-walking practice in an infant walker on the onset time of independent walking. 15 pairs of twins were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Only the experimental group was exposed to an infant walker. This group spent a minimum of 1 hr. per day in an infant walker from 4 mo. of age until the onset of bipedal locomotion. The infants in the control group were not placed in infant walkers. A one-way analysis of variance indicated there was no significant difference between the mean ages of initial walking for the experimental and control groups. The use of the infant walker did not influence the onset of independent walking.
Stimulus-Presentation Probability Influences Newborns' Head Orientation to Sound
Authors: Clarkson Marsha G. , Morrongiello Barbara A. , Clifton Rachel K.
Published: September 2011

Although newborn infants are capable of turning their heads toward laterally-presented sounds, the incidence of such responding varies across studies. Previous work suggests that as the probability of a laterally-presented sound increases head-turning performance improves. To test this “lateral-stimulus-presentation probability” hypothesis, we presented 30 alert newborns with a rattle sound from a lateral source on either 1/4, 2/4, or 3/4 of all sound trials. On remaining sound trials the rattle came from a loudspeaker located above the infant's head. For 12 infants all lateral trials were presented consecutively; these trials were spaced across the session for the other infants. The likelihood of correct head turning increased linearly as the lateral-stimulus-presentation probability increased. The distribution of lateral trials did not influence the incidence of correct head turning.
Subjective Towers: Depth Relationships in Multilevel Subjective Contours
Authors: Salzman Billie , Halpern Diane F.
Published: September 2011

The perceived depth associated with subjective contours was studied with a three-level subjective contour configuration. An analysis of subjects' size judgments showed significant size-constancy scaling consistent with the prediction that subjects would perceive the various subjective surfaces as superimposed upon one another in depth. Direct depth estimations, however, showed only weak depth effects, easily reversed by conflicting depth cues, and observed with real, as well as subjective contours. The discrepant results point to the possibility of different functional depth cues for the two tasks. The order of tasks, indicative of priming, further suggested that depth processing may be secondary to pattern recognition rather than being causal in the formation of subjective contours.
Effect of Order of Presentation on Simultaneous and Sequential Matching Familiar Figures Tests
Authors: Butter Eliot J. , Snyder Frederick R.
Published: September 2011

48 third grade children were administered both the standard, simultaneous version of the Matching Familiar Figures and a sequential presentation version of the same test. Order of administration of the two formats was counterbalanced. Subjects who took the simultaneous version first committed fewer errors on the sequential version than did subjects who took the more difficult sequential version first. This same finding was reported in other research by the authors and suggests that performance on the easier task primes the subject for the later administration of the more difficult task. Implications for teaching problem-solving skills and the cognitive style literature were presented.
Young Children's Perception of Implied Motion Portrayal in Still Photographs
Authors: Bernard Robert M.
Published: September 2011

120 kindergarten and first grade children were classified by developmental level based upon the results of the Purdue Conservation Test. Subsequently subjects judged whether or not the content of 64 static photographic pictorial stimuli (16 per subject) contained action. In addition to the still items, three types of implied motion cues were included as stimuli, frozen content, blurred content, and frozen content with blurred background. Main effects for both age and developmental level were found as well as interactions of each of the between-group variables with motion cues, the repeated factor. The results suggest that cognitive-developmental differences in young children as well as difference in age may explain how children come correctly to perceive dynamic elements in static photographs.
Vestibular-Based Functions and Behavior Problems of Children in Special Education and Regular Classes
Authors: Servello Michael B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between vestibular-based functions and behavior problems in 101 children enrolled in special education and regular classes. Children in special education displayed more vestibular-based deficits than those in regular classes. Low to moderate significant correlations were found between vestibular-based functions and behavior problems.
Differential Reaction to Touch by Men and Women
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Feltham Donald
Published: September 2011

An experimenter placed biofeedback electrodes on seven different locations of each subject's body. The electrodes were held in place by the experimenter for 2 min. (at each location) after which the subject rated his or her degree of comfort-relaxation. A three-factor design was employed in which the variables were touch type (hand top, forearm top and bottom, upper-arm top and bottom, shoulder, back), sex of subject, and sex of experimenter. It was assumed that males would react more adversely to same-sex touch than would females when the type of touch was typical of female-female interactions (hand or arm touch) but not when the touch was typical of male-male interactions (shoulder or back touch). Results were consistent with expectations.
Aerobic Fitness and Emotional Arousal: A Reply to Jamieson, Evans, and Cox
Authors: Zimmerman Jeffrey D. , Fulton Margaret
Published: September 2011

Jamieson, Evans, and Cox discuss several issues regarding our previous attempt to replicate their work. Three aspects of their reply are addressed as they relate to our research.
Estimating the Sampling Variance of Correlation Corrected for Attenuation Using Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Mayer John D.
Published: September 2011

A formula derived by Kelley estimates the sampling variance of the correlation corrected for attenuation by using split-half reliabilities. In some cases, the coefficient alpha estimate of reliability will be preferred for use over the split-half. An examination of a recent Monte Carlo simulation suggests a variation of the Kelley formula can be used appropriately with coefficient alpha. Kelley's formula is modified to accept coefficient alpha directly.
Variation of Temporal Locus of Knowledge of Results: Effects on Motor Performance of a Simple Task
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Snyder Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

The knowledge of results-delay interval, the post-knowledge of results-delay interval, and intertrial interval were simultaneously manipulated during the performance of a rapid linear movement. 40 subjects completed 36 trials under one of four conditions, which differed minimally or maximally on each of the three time intervals. The median number of trials to reach a predetermined criterion of learning and the absolute error for movement time indicated that superior performance was inversely related to the duration of knowledge of results-delay interval. Neither the duration of the post-knowledge of results-delay nor the intertrial interval was critical to improving performance.
Type a (Coronary-Prone) Behavior and Self-Reported Physical and Cognitive Reactions to Actual Life Stressors
Authors: Smith Jonathan C. , Sheridan Mary
Published: September 2011

The Jenkins Activity Survey and Stress Inventories 6 and 7 were given to 148 college students and staff. When recalling actual life stressors, hurried and impatient males (but not females) were likely to report more personalized and severe worries and more symptoms of physical stress.
Comparability and Short-Term Stability of Techniques to Assess Extension of Thinking about One's Personal Future
Authors: Rakowski William , Barber Clifton E. , Seelbach Wayne C.
Published: September 2011

Three techniques for assessing extension of one's personal future (line-marking, open-ended report, life-events) were compared in a sample of 74 respondents. Two points of data collection were employed to examine short-term stability. At both administrations, correlations among indices suggested that techniques were only moderately comparable. Short-term stabilities were variable; correlations ranged from .42 to .79. Across subgroups of the sample, the direct, open-ended report of extension showed the greatest stability, while life-event extension showed the least. Apparently, extension of thinking about the future should be assessed by more than one technique to investigate potential relationships with other variables or changes over time in perspective about the future.
Length Seriation and Serial Correspondence
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: September 2011

428 children in kindergarten and primary school Grades 1 to 6 were given two serial-correspondence tasks and one length-seriation task. The majority of the kindergarteners solved the serial-correspondence tasks by means of direct correspondence, whereas the children from the primary school frequently used double seriation as a solution strategy. It was also shown that serial correspondence was acquired earlier in development than single-length seriation. These results could be interpreted in terms of the solution strategies used in the serial-correspondence tasks, i.e., serial correspondence might reflect another ordering principle than seriation or a more primitive aspect of seriation.
Structure of Witkin's Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Robinson David L.
Published: September 2011

A number of reports have indicated that Witkin's Embedded Figures Test correlates with performance on standard intelligence tests. This finding was replicated in a recent factor analytic study when the test loaded substantially on a factor best representing the performance subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). However, the embedded figures also loaded on an uncorrelated factor, in addition to those normally associated with the WAIS, which would relate well to Witkin's conception of psychological differentiation. These loadings on two uncorrelated factors suggested that the factorial structure of the Embedded Figures Test should be examined. An item analysis indicated a bi-factorial structure and, as presently constituted, the scale will provide misleading and ambiguous information.
Perceived Locus of Causality as a Variable Affecting Use of Emotional Words
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

The role of locus of causality (attribution: self, none or other) and event outcome (success or failure) in the use of emotional words was addressed when 129 subjects rated 20 emotions in terms of how strongly they would feel them in 6 imaginary situations. Significant main effects were associated with outcome (for 17 words) and with locus of causality (10 words). The interaction of locus and outcome was also significant (5 times). Parallels are drawn between the dimensions of attribution (including locus) and the dimensions of affective space.
Is Nim, the Chimpanzee, Problem Solving?
Authors: Muncer Steven J.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that the importance of Project Nim has been exaggerated. The project contains many flaws such that the performance of the chimpanzee, Nim, provides very little information on a chimpanzee's ability with language. Nim learned exactly what he was trained; he was provided little opportunity either to learn or use language.
Extraversion in Adult Runners
Authors: Mikel Kathryn V.
Published: September 2011

The Eysenck Personality Inventory was given to 456 adult runners of varying ability, approximately 71% males and 29% females. The return rate was 71%. The final number was 310, and 288 after questionnaires with Lie scores over 5 were excluded. Runners were much more introverted than the college norm group, but similar on extraversion to an adult industrial workers' norm group. This finding may be attributed to age differences. Female runners were significantly more extraverted than the male runners, the male runners tended toward higher neuroticism scores than did the male industrial workers, and the female runners had significantly higher neuroticism scores than did the female industrial workers.
Schooling and Cognitive Development: A Longitudinal Study in Greece
Authors: Roe Kiki V. , Roe Arnold
Published: September 2011

24 6½-yr.-old children in a Greek mountain village had previously performed poorly on the Bender-Gestalt test when compared to two groups of similar aged children from higher socio-economic environments in Greece. After 4½ yr. of school experience, 17 of the original 24 children were retested with the Bender-Gestalt and the Raven's Matrices tests. If environmentally induced cognitive retardation is reversible, one would expect that the relative cognitive functioning of the mountain village children would improve after 4½ yr. of schooling. The results of this study do not support such an expectation, for the mountain village children's cognitive functioning was at least as low at age 11½ yr. as it was at 6½ yr. by comparison with both the Greek and American norms.
School Achievement of Sierra Leone, West African Children from Four Sub-Cultures
Authors: Karr Sharon K.
Published: September 2011

The effects of gender and degree of modernization upon WRAT Spelling, Arithmetic, and Reading scores of 72 class-six Sierra Leone, West African children, representing four sub-cultures with varying degrees of modernization, were investigated. Boys' performance on Spelling was significantly higher than the girls' performance. WRAT Spelling and Reading scores of the most modernized sub-cultures were significantly higher than those of the other three sub-cultures. Interactions between gender and sub-culture were significant for Spelling and Reading, but not Arithmetic.
Effect of Redundancy on Female Observers' Visual Responses to Clothing
Authors: Delong Marilyn Revell , Salusso-Deonier Carol
Published: September 2011

Responses of 30 female observers (college students) to 10 contemporary skirted suits were made on repeated exposures. Word pairs were selected to represent evaluative and informational aspects of the stimuli. Response patterns changed more for evaluative word pairs, e.g., Like-Dislike, than for informational word pairs, e.g., Simple-Complex.
Perception of Voluntary Control of Cardiac Function in Distance Runners and Non-Runners
Authors: House J. Daniel
Published: September 2011

6 non-runners and 6 distance runners were compared for ability to increase heart rates voluntarily using biofeedback. There was no difference between the groups on that ability, but runners were significantly more accurate in ability to estimate the magnitude of the cardiac changes which occurred.
Primacy and Recency in Recall of Practiced Material
Authors: Oaster T. R. F. , Berryman R. G.
Published: September 2011

Delayed recall of practiced material, divided into five serial sections, was studied under conditions of pre- and post-cued free and serial recall following free or serial practice using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 design. Interaction effects of recall with serial section and practice with serial section were explained in relation to differential information on order. This explanation was supported by the analysis of supplementary data provided by subjects. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Bibliography
Authors: Harbeson M. M. , Bittner A. C. , Kennedy R. S. , Carter R. C. , Krause M.
Published: September 2011

Listed are 90 reports of the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) Program. Conducted from 1977 to 1982, the programs' purpose was to develop a test battery for use in repeated measures investigations of environmental effects on human performance, e.g., vehicle motion, toxic substances, aging, etc. The battery also has applications to training, selection, and research on equipment design. The PETER Program concentrated on selecting tests which remained stable with repeated measurements, as environmental research usually involves testing before, during, and after exposure. Stability of the means, variances, and intertrial correlations ensures that simple analyses may be applied with minimal complications and without difficulties of attribution of effect. Over 80 measures were evaluated, 30% were found suitable for repeated measures applications, 20% were acceptable for limited use, and 50% could not be recommended. The unsuitability of many tasks brings into question the validity of portions of the literature on environmental effects. The reports describe program rationale, development of statistical methodology, and stable tasks. PETER reports are available from published sources, authors, or the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory.
Lingual Vibrotactile Sensation Magnitudes: Comparison of Suprathreshold Responses for Three Different Age Ranges
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda
Published: September 2011

Vibrotactile magnitude scaling was performed on three different age groups of six normal subjects each. The psychophysical method of magnitude production was used for the scaling of vibratory stimuli applied to the anterior dorsal surface of the tongue. The older subjects produced shallower upper-slope functions than the younger subjects and also showed greater response variability. Behavioral, anatomical, and physiological factors are discussed.
Memory for a Radio Mystery Presented as a Story or Drama
Authors: Dubitsky Tony M. , Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Effects on memory of hearing the same plot as a story or drama were empirically tested in three experiments. Analyses showed superiority of remembering dramas over stories with regard to the form of the discourse and recognition of true information, even though both story and drama contained the same semantic content. The implications of these results for a propositional theory of memory were discussed.
Familiar versus Unfamiliar Stimulus Items in Measurement of Original Thinking in Young Children
Authors: Sawyers Janet K. , Moran James D. , Fu Victoria R. , Milgram Roberta M.
Published: September 2011

Two sets of stimuli on the Unusual Uses task varying in familiarity were presented to 78 preschool-age subjects. Familiar items yielded greater ideational fluency than unfamiliar ones and generated both more popular and unusual responses. The importance of increased fluency is discussed in relation to Mednick's response hierarchies and the distinction between creativity-intelligence.
Comparison of Selected Gait Parameters of Trainable Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Males
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Imwold Charles H.
Published: September 2011

Although there were no significant differences in the single support phase of gait for 6 trainable mentally retarded boys (Mean age 9.6 yr.) and 6 nonretarded boys (Mean age 9.5 yr.), total gait time and time in double support were significantly different for the two groups, supporting previous research which showed gait was deficient in trainable mentally retarded individuals.
Influence of Line Context on Power Function Parameters
Authors: Butler Darrell L.
Published: September 2011

Stimuli in experiments in which line-lengths are judged are typically single lines. In studies in which area and volume are judged, the stimuli are typically more complex. An experiment with 22 college undergraduates investigated whether differences in context (single lines versus lines in depicted boxes) influenced the exponent or scaling factor of the power function of length judgments. The scaling factor of the power function was significantly affected by context, but the exponent of the power function was not.
XXXII. Does Our Game Have Rules?
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Some rules for use of language in psychology are given.
Same-Sex versus Cross-Sex Observational Recognition: An Effect of Attention or Recall?
Authors: Smith H. W.
Published: September 2011

Same- and cross-sex recall effects are explored for generality to same- and cross-sex recognition. The results indicate same-sex observational superiority, with 261 female observers superior to 354 males regardless of sex of stimuli (a cross-sex effect).
Exploring Cultural Influences on Human Figure Drawings of Young Adolescents
Authors: Koppitz Elizabeth M. , Casullo Maria Martina
Published: September 2011

Human figure drawings of two matched groups of 147 Argentine and 147 USA young adolescents showed differences that seem to reflect different cultural values. The Argentine youngsters, as a group, were better controlled, less aggressive, more evasive, and more concerned with appearance and action. The drawings of the USA pupils, as a group, displayed more often tendencies to be outgoing, impulsive, insecure, and aggressive. Cultural influences were also shown in the presence of “masculine” and “feminine” items on the drawings of boys and girls, respectively.
Protection from Light-Rays by Cold-Weather Goggles
Authors: Luria S. M. , Neri David F. , Kinney Jo Ann S.
Published: September 2011

To arrive at transmittance standards for cold-weather goggles, the levels of natural radiation were estimated, and the amounts by which they must be reduced to fall below the damage thresholds for various bands of electromagneric radiation were calculated. No more than 16% of UV from 320 to 40 nm, and no more than 5% of UV from 290 to 320 nm should be transmitted. If the short wavelengths of the visible spectrum (< 500 nm) are filtered out, the remaining wavelengths appear to pose no danger. Measurements of the transmittances of a random selection of 13 commercial ski-goggles showed that most offer satisfactory protection.
Mnemonic Strategy Instruction in Coding, Processing, and Recall of Movement-Related Cues by Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Horgan James S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of study was to examine the differential coding and processing characteristics of two movement cue types in the investigation of the short-term memory of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The central focus of the study was to determine the effects of formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic versus no instruction with both types of cues in a memory for movement paradigm. The investigation was conducted across two experiments. The main conclusion drawn from Exp. 1 was that movement ‘location’ cues were coded, processed, and retained by both the mentally retarded and the nonretarded children, but only the former required instruction in the use of a mnemonic to achieve accurate recall. Exp. 2 was fundamentally a replication of Exp. 1 with the exception that movement ‘extent’ cues were maintained reliable. The results were similar but not exactly the same as those of Exp. 1. Only the mentally retarded children given mnemonic instruction appeared to code, process, and retain movement ‘extent’ cues over time. The net result of the two experiments was that formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic was of benefit to the mentally retarded subjects and was not necessary for nonretarded subjects to achieve the same level of movement accuracy.
Validity of the Hand Test for Diagnosing Organicity in a Clinical Setting
Authors: McCormick Mary K. T. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

When validated against a clinical sample, the Hand Test was able to differentiate between 50 brain-damaged and 50 functionally disturbed individuals with 69% accuracy. Significant variables were Description, Withdrawal, Pathology, Automatic Phrasing, Gross, Hiding, and Demonstration. The Hand Test seems to have some value for diagnosing organicity, but it should be used with caution and preferably as part of a test battery.