bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Two Decades of Climate Variability in Karnataka: Insights from Temperature and Rainfall Trends
Authors: Simpson Rejini , K P Abhilash , R Kavya , Hiremath Soumya
Published: June 2024

Karnataka, celebrated for its diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage, has witnessed significant variations in temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall patterns over the past two decades. These changes, driven by factors such as population growth, globalization, and both human-made and natural phenomena, have had diverse impacts across the state's districts. While average annual rainfall showed minimal variation overall, there were notable intra-district differences. Uttara Kannada, Hassan, and Shivamogga experienced increases in mean rainfall, contrasting with Gadag, Raichur, and Kolar, where changes were less pronounced. The study highlights the geographical specificity of rainfall distribution within Karnataka. Temperature trends revealed Raichur to have the highest average maximum and minimum temperatures, with Hassan recording its lowest minimum temperature in 2005. Kolar exhibited the lowest average maximum relative humidity, while peaks were noted in 2019 and 2020. Conversely, Kolar had the highest average minimum relative humidity, while Raichur experienced the lowest levels. Recognizing the profound implications of climate variability, particularly for agriculture, this study offers crucial insights for crafting adaptive strategies. These strategies are vital for ensuring the sustainability and resilience of Karnataka's diverse districts in the face of ongoing environmental changes.
Effect of Potassium Metabisulphite and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Shelf Life of Pink Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus eous)
Authors: Aadhilakshmi S. , Umashankar N. , N Lohith Kumar, , V. C Suvarna , Chavan Mohan , M. B Darshan , Swati
Published: June 2024

Mushrooms are an excellent source of protein, vitamins, fibers, minerals, and essential amino acids crucial for human nutrition. However, their short shelf life poses a significant challenge to their processing and distribution. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of potassium metabisulphite - (KMS 0.2%), packaging film (high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the shelf life of pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eous). High oxygen packaging (HOP), medium oxygen packaging (MOP) and low oxygen packaging (LOP) were the different conditions of MAP were used. The mushroom packed in MOP with KMS (0.2%) had increased the shelf-life up to 16 days as compared to the control – atmospheric air. Mushroom preserved with KMS (0.2%) +HDPE+MAP showed better results in physical, biochemical and microbiological analysis as compared to KMS (0.2%) + LDPE+MAP. Pink oyster mushrooms packaged in HDPE+MOP showed the lowest physiological loss in weight (2.76%), decreasing trend in weight was recorded throughout the storage time. Despite the lowest (p < 0.05) bacterial count for sample in HDPE+LOP, mushroom packaged in LDPE+MOP scored the highest for the overall acceptability of the packaged mushrooms. This study has significant effect of combining KMS (0.2%) +HDPE+MOP to increase the shelf life of pink oyster mushroom for 16 days.
Differences in Growth Rates and Germination Rates of Various Commercial Deicers on Kochia prostrata and Solidago juncea
Authors: Tatum Tatiana C. , Feipel Curtis
Published: June 2024

Aims: To examine the effects of deicers on the plants Kochia prostrata and Solidago juncea.
Study Design: All studies were replicated three times, with a minimum of five seeds per pot.
Place and Duration of Study: Samples were kept at Saint Xavier University. Plants were grown for 4 weeks before harvest.
Methodology: The soil was a 1:1:2 ratio of perlite, peat moss, and soil mix. The seeds were left to germinate and grow under a lamp and were watered with 125mL of deionized water twice a week, every 2 or 3 days until harvest.
Experiment 1: Upon germination, the salt solutions were used in concentrations of 0mM, 50mM, 100mM, 150mM, and 200mM in 125mL portions to water the plants only once.
Experiment 2: Upon germination real world applications of deicers were applied to pots one time only.
Experiment 3: The soil mixture was placed in a total of 26 paper cups (24 salt concentrated & 2 controls). The soil was then saturated with 20mL of each salt solution (0PPM,250 PPM, 1000 PPM, 1250 PPM, 2000 PPM) one time only.
Results: For experiment 1 the effect of the salt solutions showed a statistically significant difference between all the salts and rock salt (P<0.01). For experiment 2 two of the salts were statistically significantly different than the control (p<0.05). Experiment 3 showed all greatly affected germination in S. juncea. Complete Melt Road salt treated plants had at least 50% germination at 1500 ppm or less.
Conclusion: The high germination rates may have been because the Complete Melt Road salt is not purely made of salt, but instead is mixed with “fillers” that are cheaper than salt. The next steps are to conduct field tests on the efficacy of K. prostrata and the tolerance of S. juncea in the field.
The Clinical Presentations and Endothelial Cell Analyses after Intra- Stromal Ring Implantation: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Coutinho Igor Jordan Barbosa , Filho José Jesu Sisnando D’Araújo , Gouveia Eduardo Henrique Herbster , Oliveira Bruno Eduardo Silva de , Moraes Evelly Christinne da Silva , Maia Camilla Castilho , Silva Paulo Armando Miranda Rosa da , Zemero Maria Isabel Muniz , Nunes Déborah Silva , Amorim Ryan Jorge , Oliveira Kylza Beatriz Souza de , Lima Vitor Hugo Auzier
Published: June 2024

Intrastromal ring implantation has been an important therapeutic option for various corneal refractive disorders. In this study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out with the aim of understanding the clinical panorama and changes in endothelial cells following this procedure. It was considered relevant to explore the diversity of perspectives and approaches presented by existing studies, as well as to highlight gaps in knowledge to guide future research. To this end, a comprehensive search strategy in electronic databases was used to identify relevant studies published to date. The inclusion criteria were carefully applied to select articles that specifically addressed the topic in question. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data extracted from the included studies was carried out, seeking to identify patterns and trends in the clinical outlook and in the analyses of endothelial cells following intra- stromal ring implantation. The analysis of the included studies revealed a variety of findings related to the clinical panorama after intrastromal ring implantation. A correlation was observed between the clinical effects observed and the changes in endothelial cells, although the long-term stability of these results still requires further investigation. In addition, a relationship was identified between preoperative parameters and post-implant visual acuity, highlighting the importance of carefully evaluating these aspects when selecting candidates for the procedure. From this we can conclude that this systematic review of the literature has provided a comprehensive overview of clinical and endothelial cell analyses following intrastromal ring implantation. The results highlight the complexity of this area of research and point to the ongoing need for research to improve the understanding, application and optimization of already consolidated and innovative therapeutic measures in this field.
Effect of Organic Manures on Productivity of Greengram-wheat Cropping Sequence under Organic Farming
Authors: J. R. Patel, , M. G. Chaudhary, , D. M. Patel, , J. C. Patel, , J. K. Patel, , N. K. Singh,
Published: June 2024

Manures are significant organic source of plant nutrients. Farmer’s awareness is increasing towards organic farming. An experiment was conducted during kharif and Rabi season of the years 2016-17 to 2018-19 (Three years) at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Chimanbhai Patel College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar having loamy sand soil to study the effect of organic manures on productivity of greengram-wheat cropping sequence under organic farming. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design and replicated eight times with four treatments. On three years pooled results, growing organically wheat after greengram as succeeding crop are recommended to apply 100% recommended nitrogen to greengram and 75% recommended nitrogen to succeeding wheat crop through castor cake for obtaining higher greengram equivalent yield and net return under North Gujarat Agro climatic conditions.
To Study Correlation Between Yield and Its Components in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Gurjar Narendra Singh , Singh Puran , Kumar Vikash , Tiwari Brajrajsharan , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Pradeep , Pandey Adarsh
Published: June 2024

The present investigation, was conducted to evaluate 74 different genotypes, including 14 lines, 4 tests, and 56 F1 hybrids, along with two control checks. The study was carried out using a randomized block design with three replications at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Sunrise University, located in Alwar, Rajasthan, India. The evaluations spanned two summer seasons in 2022 and 2023. Various traits such as days to 50% flowering, days to first fruit harvest, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, pedicel length, number of fruits per cluster, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, total phenolic content, dry matter content, reducing sugar content, non-reducing sugar content, total sugar content, TSS (total soluble solids), ascorbic acid content, total fruit yield per plant, and yield per hectare (Q/Ha) were recorded. Ancillary traits were also observed. The findings indicated that during the first year, there was a strong positive correlation between average fruit weight and several traits, including total fruit yield per plant, yield per hectare, non-reducing sugar content, and the number of fruits per plant. Similarly, in the second year, average fruit weight exhibited significant positive correlations with total fruit yield per plant, yield per hectare, number of fruits per cluster, and TSS. Pooling the data from both years also showed a strong positive correlation between average fruit weight and total fruit yield per plant, yield per hectare, non-reducing sugar content, and the number of fruits per plant. In terms of genotypic correlations during the first year, average fruit weight displayed strong positive correlations with total fruit yield per plant, yield per hectare, non-reducing sugar content, the number of fruits per plant, and total phenolic content.
Efeitos da Covid-19 nos festejos juninos da Bahia: os reflexos para os agentes culturais
Authors: Lima Carmen Lúcia Castro , De Queiroz Lúcia Maria Aquino , Dantas Carolina Cunha , Coelho Amanda Haubert Ferreira , Salgado Júlia , Nascimento Laercio , Campos Vivian
Published: June 2024

O presente artigo analisa os efeitos da crise, decorrente da pandemia Covid-19, para os agentes culturais - bandas e grupos musicais; organizadores de festas privadas, profissionais da cultura e prestadores de serviços - que participam dos festejos juninos na Bahia. A análise tem como base a pesquisa: “Impactos da Covid-19 nos Festejos Juninos da Bahia”, do Observatório de Economia Criativa da Bahia (OBEC-BA). Esta é uma investigação exploratória que entrevistou 213 pessoas no período de 10/7/20 a 18/10/20.
Cultura pandémica. las políticas culturales uruguayas en el contexto latinoamericano
Authors: Sequeira Federico , Lembo Victoria
Published: June 2024

El presente artículo se propone como una contribución al análisis actual de las políticas culturales uruguayas en el marco de la crisis por Covid-19. Considerando la dimensión regional, se aportarán elementos para la comprensión del estado de situación latinoamericano. A través de conceptos teóricos se indagará en las características de los Estados y en el devenir de las políticas culturales en América Latina. Asimismo se hará foco en posibles consecuencias culturales de la pandemia en un territorio marcado por la desigualdad y por los avatares de la política. Para abordar el caso uruguayo, se caracterizará el campo cultural, señalando las respuestas estatales ante la crisis y cómo éstas se articulan en relación al proyecto político y cultural del gobierno.
The AI Act – The Epitome of Outdated Tech Governance — Exploring the Need for Innovative Regulation and Pathways to Modern Tech Governance
Authors: Molavi Vasse’i Ramak
Published: June 2024

The paper provides a critical assessment of the EU’s AI Act, highlighting its deficiencies in addressing the complex challenges posed by AI technologies. The analysis underscores that while transparency and evaluation measures are essential components of AI governance, the Act’s over-reliance on these measures alone is insufficient to effectively regulate the rapid proliferation of AI applications. Criticizing the AI Act’s emphasis on innovation at the expense of genuinely beneficial technological development, Molavi Vasse’i argues for governance reforms that not only adapt to the evolving nature of AI, but also prioritize its impact on individuals and society. The paper calls for a rethinking of tech governance to create regulatory frameworks that are as adaptive as the technologies they aim to govern, with a primary focus on enhancing societal well-being, which should be the fundamental goal of all economic and technological progress.
Aktuelles zu Bildung und Sport in der Umsatzsteuer – Teil 1
Authors: Esteves Gomes Cristian
Published: June 2024

Der Beitrag behandelt die geplanten Gesetzesänderungen durch das JStG 2024 sowie aktuelle BMF-Schreiben jeweils zu Bildung und Sport: im ersten Teil die Neuerungen zum Ort der Leistung und zur Medienneutralität; im zweiten Teil die Steuerbefreiungen und die E-Rechnung.
Perceived stress of patients in the preoperative period of cardiac surgeries / Estresse percebido de pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas
Authors: Tornizielo do Amaral Gabriela , Algarte Fernandes Paolla , Maier Suellen Rodrigues de Oliveira , Ferreira Rodrigues João Paulo , Dessotte Carina Aparecida Marosti
Published: June 2024

Objetivo: avaliar a percepção de estresse de pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas. Método: estudo transversal com pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, cirurgias para correção de valvopatias e cirurgias para correção das doenças de aorta. A coleta foi realizada por meio de entrevistas individuais e consulta aos prontuários dos participantes. Para a avaliação da percepção de estresse, foi utilizada a Escala de Percepção de Estresse, composta por dez itens respondidos numa escala ordinal de zero a cinco pontos, com escores variando de 0 a 40 pontos, com maiores valores indicando maior sintomatologia. Resultados: participaram do estudo 26 pacientes predominantemente valvopatas, do sexo feminino, com sobrepeso/obesidade e hipertensão arterial. Quanto ao estresse percebido, a média do escore encontrada na amostra foi de 16,7, variando de dois a 30 pontos.  Conclusão: concluímos que os pacientes apresentaram baixos sintomas de estresse no pré-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas.
Rubber, Natural
Authors: Baker C. S. L. , Fulton W. S. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Natural rubber is derived from the
Hevea brasiliensis
tree. This article summarizes the history of natural rubber with seedlings planted in Malaysia in 1877 through present day production figures. Latex collection and its coagulation produce various types of dry rubber grades. Raw rubber properties, such as crystallization, storage, hardening, cure behavior, and plasticity retention index are covered as is chemistry and technology of natural rubber. The technical advantages of natural rubber, blends with synthetic rubber, vulcanization systems available are outlined. Natural rubber latex's preparation, concentration and properties are described. Uses of natural rubber, as well as its modified forms, are detailed. The major use of natural rubber is for tires. A major concern has been protein allergy in latex rubber gloves and condoms. Ways to prevent these allergies are discussed.
Cosmeceutical Compounds From Marine Sources
Authors: Vo Thanh‐Sang , Kim Se‐Kwon
Published: October 2012

Cosmeceuticals represent a marriage between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. These cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug‐like benefits. They are formulated not only to improve the skin's appearance but also to enhance positive physiological effects at the cellular level. Because of the demand of consumers, cosmeceutical products have become one of the fastest growing industries. Simultaneously, it is necessary to discover novel bioactive substances with efficient, safe, and stable properties from natural sources for cosmeceutical development. Recently, marine resources have been demonstrated as rich sources of structurally diverse biologically active compounds with great cosmeceutical potential. Numerous compounds isolated from marine organisms exhibit various cosmeceutical activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammation, antiallergy, antiaging and antiwrinkling effect, tyrosinase and MMP inhibition, and ultraviolet protection. Accordingly, this contribution focuses on cosmeceutical compounds derived from marine sources and presents a brief overview of their cosmeceutical activities with health benefits.
Athanasius (c.296–373)
Authors: Kolbet Paul R.
Published: October 2012

Born in Alexandria, Egypt, Athanasius was secretary to Alexander, the Alexandrian bishop, as a young deacon during the Council of Nicaea in 325 – the first general council of the whole church of the Roman Empire. He became bishop of Alexandria in 328, a position he held for the following 45 years. Athanasius, thus, exerted influence over the entire Egyptian Church for nearly a half century. Through his association with Nicaea, Athanasius became the emblematic hero of the council's theology. He advanced a highly unitive theology that did not distinguish gradations of divinity, but insisted that Christ was fully divine by nature. He argued that the non‐biblical vocabulary introduced in the Nicene Creed was not a new teaching, but was, instead, the best way of preserving in precise language the previous teaching both of the New Testament and of prior tradition. For this reason, Athanasius is a pivotal figure in arguably the most significant moment in the development of Christian thinking. In an early, expansive, two‐part treatise,Against the GentilesandOn the Incarnation, Athanasius provides a coherent theology relating God and the world in such a way that Christ is the focal point of human salvation. In his interpretation, the life‐giving power of Christ's full divinity is the only remedy to the creaturely instability that arises from human finitude. Unable to be the source of their own existence, subject to decay and death, human beings find life itself given them in the flesh of Christ. Athanasius continued to expand upon these themes in his threeOrations against the Arians, which are particularly noteworthy for their explication of the scriptural basis of Nicene Christology.
Computational Modeling of Columnar to Equiaxed Transition in Alloy Solidification
Authors: Mirihanage Wajira U. , Dai Huijuan , Dong Hongbiao , Browne David J.
Published: October 2012

The columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) provides a challenging simulation goal for computational models of alloy solidification, in addition to being an important technological feature of many casting processes. CET thus provides an industrially relevant test‐case for those developing numerical models across a range of scales. Whether or not CET occurs depends on numerous experimental parameters such as cooling rate, speed of columnar growth, thermal gradient in the liquid, and level of grain refiner in the alloy. Information on columnar and equiaxed grain structure, and the transition between the two, is very useful for foundry engineers, at the macroscopic scale of the casting. The detailed microstructure within each grain is determined by typically dendritic growth and local transport of solute and heat. This paper presents a review of recent progress on modeling CET at multiple length scales. It is evident that, whilst micro‐models can provide simulations of physical phenomena, such as the evolution of dendrite morphology, at scales 10−3 to 10−5 m, finite computational resources preclude this resolution over the length scale of castings which is in the 10−2–100 m range. Instead, reasonably accurate models of CET formation in castings can be achieved by meso‐scale modeling featuring 10−3–10−2 m phenomena. Such meso‐scale models make use of analytical expressions to simulate dendrite growth in undercooled melts. Recent progress in modeling of CET, at both macro/meso‐ and micro‐scales is reviewed, and computational challenges yet to be met are summarized.
Invisibility and Cloaking Based on Scattering Cancellation
Authors: Chen Pai‐Yen , Soric Jason , Alù Andrea
Published: October 2012

Advances in material synthesis and in metamaterial technology offer new venues to tailor the electromagnetic properties of devices, which may go beyond conventional limits in a variety of fields and applications. Invisibility and cloaking are perhaps one of the most thought‐provoking possibilities offered by these new classes of advanced materials. Here, recently proposed solutions for invisibility and cloaking using metamaterials, metasurfaces, graphene and/or plasmonic materials in different spectral ranges are reviewed and highlighted. The focus is primarily on scattering‐cancellation approaches, describing material challenges, venues and opportunities for the plasmonic and the mantle cloaking techniques, applied to various frequency windows and devices. Analogies, potentials and relevant opportunities of these concepts are discussed, their potential realization and the underlying technology required to verify these phenomena are reviewed with an emphasis on the material aspects involved. Finally, these solutions are compared with other popular cloaking techniques.
Polypyrrole/Poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butyl acrylate) Composite
Authors: Unsal Cem , Kalaoglu Fatma , Karakas Hale , Sezai Sarac A.
Published: October 2012

Poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butyl acrylate) [P(AN‐co‐BuA)] was synthesized from acrylonitrile (AN) 95% and butyl acrylate (BuA) 5%—molar ratios—by free‐radical polymerization in aqueous media, using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator. Pyrrole was oxidatively polymerized in dimethylformamide in the presence of P(AN‐co‐BuA) matrix to produce polypyrrole (PPy) composites. Composite thin films were produced by solution casting onto smooth glass surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflectance analysis of thin films revealed the presence of PPy in the composite structure. Electrical impedance measurements were conducted to reveal the electrical conductivity change due to increasing PPy content. Enhancing the flexibility of PPy structures, as a composite film composed of PPy, could find substantial utility in the application of PPy products. BuA in a copolymer structure with AN improved the mechanical properties of the resulting copolymer by compensating the mechanical disadvantages of PPy. The butylacrylate containing matrix provided better electrical conductivity and stability than polyacrylonitrile, and the presence of butylacrylate enhanced the electrostatic interaction with PPy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E784–E792, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21321
Visual Studies of Model Foam Development for Rotational Molding Processes
Authors: Emami Maryam , Takacs Elizabeth , Thompson Michael R. , Vlachopoulos John , Maziers Eric
Published: October 2012

This work explores the foam development process under atmospheric pressure as applicable to rotational molding, investigating the influence of the processing parameters, and characterizing the morphology of the foamed structure. Detailed understanding of the bubble transformation during foaming of nonpressurized polymer melts provided an accurate basis for predicting the morphological structure and macroscopic properties of foams produced by rotational molding. The experimental results are based on visualization studies using a hot stage microscopy setup. The cellular structure developed during the foaming was analyzed for its bubble density, bubble size, and statistical parameters considering the combined effect of these two factors. It was found during this investigation that the foaming mechanism comprises four distinct stages. It included two major stages of bubble nucleation, primary nucleation in interstitial regions, and secondary nucleation in the polymer melt. Statistical analysis of the developing foamed structure revealed that primary nucleation in the interstitial regions was the controlling stage in determining the final cellular structure. Subsequently, the nucleation stages were followed by bubble growth and bubble coalescence/shrinkage. The microscopic observations were complemented by actual rotational foam molding experiments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E809–E821, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21323
Li‐ion battery performance in a convection cell configuration
Authors: Gordon Michael , Suppes Galen
Published: October 2012

The convection battery forces flow of electrolyte through the cathode, anode, and the separator between them, unlike a flow battery where electrolyte cannot cross the separator. The goal is to increase ion fluxes (A/cm2) to realize the benefit of thicker electrodes, lower cost batteries, and reduced charge times. A pump that circulates electrolyte was turned off to create a diffusion control to which the performance of the convection battery was compared. Based on performance at <1.1 V overpotential (based on a 3.1 V open circuit) and similar capacity utilization, the convection battery provided a 5.6‐fold increase in ion flux for these initial studies, increasing flux from 1.6 to 8–10 A/cm2. Little capacity fade was observed on the measured discharge cycles (10 cycles). These studies provided an important milestone in the research, development, and validation of a new battery design including cycling studies with lithium iron phosphate chemistry. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1774–1779, 2013
Chemische Biologie der Glycosylphosphatidylinosit‐Anker
Authors: Tsai Yu‐Hsuan , Liu Xinyu , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: October 2012

Glycosylphosphatidylinosite (GPIs) gehören zu einer Klasse komplexer Glycolipide, die als C‐terminale posttranslationale Modifikation kovalent an Proteine gebunden werden. Sie verankern Proteine in der Zellmembran und sind essenziell für die natürliche Funktionsfähigkeit der meisten eukaryotischen Zellen. GPI‐verankerte Proteine können sich strukturell und funktional stark voneinander unterscheiden. Viele GPIs wurden strukturell charakterisiert, aber abgesehen von ihrer einfachen physikalischen Ankerfunktion ist wenig über ihre biologische Rolle bekannt. Die funktionelle Aufklärung der GPI‐Anker auf molekularer Ebene ist noch wenig fortgeschritten. Dieser Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf die biologischen Funktionen von GPIs, die durch die Verwendung synthetischer Moleküle aufgeklärt werden konnten. Zudem enthält er eine Zusammenfassung über die strukturelle Diversität dieser Glycolipide und befasst sich ebenfalls mit deren biologischer und chemischer Synthese.
18F‐Markierung von Arenen
Authors: Tredwell Matthew , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: October 2012

Die molekulare Bildgebung hat ein sprunghaftes Wachstum erlebt, wobei die Positronenemissionstomographie an vorderster Stelle steht. Dieser Trend ermutigte zahlreiche Synthesechemiker, das Gebiet der 18F‐Radiochemie zu betreten und allgemeine Lösungen für die Herausforderungen einer Fluorierung zu einem späten Zeitpunkt der Synthese zu erarbeiten. Dieser Kurzaufsatz konzentriert sich auf neue Entwicklungen in der 18F‐Markierung von aromatischen Substraten.
Chemical Biology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors
Authors: Tsai Yu‐Hsuan , Liu Xinyu , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: October 2012

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids that are covalently linked to the C‐terminus of proteins as a posttranslational modification. They anchor the attached protein to the cell membrane and are essential for normal functioning of eukaryotic cells. GPI‐anchored proteins are structurally and functionally diverse. Many GPIs have been structurally characterized but comprehension of their biological functions, beyond the simple physical anchoring, remains largely speculative. Work on functional elucidation at a molecular level is still limited. This Review focuses on the roles of GPI unraveled by using synthetic molecules and summarizes the structural diversity of GPIs, as well as their biological and chemical syntheses.
Effect of pressure pulsing on concentration boundary layer over membrane—a numerical investigation
Authors: Lalrinsanga R. K. , Bejgam Nagesh B. , Ganguly Somenath
Published: October 2012

Back‐pulsing to reduce concentration polarization in a reverse osmosis process is studied in this article by solving the convection–diffusion equation. This was observed that the concentration depolarization starts with dispelling the concentrated layer from the membrane surface, followed by rapid homogenization of the boundary layer. The time taken to accomplish the aforementioned steps depends on the extent of polarization prior to back‐pulse. The stopping of forward flux has substantial depolarizing effect on the boundary layer. The gain from this scheme, after accounting for the loss of permeate to the feed stream, is found to decrease with increase in forward filtration time, reverse flux, or the duration over which the reverse flow is continued. Also, the gain is studied as function of bulk concentration and transmembrane pressure differential. In cross‐flow mode, the expulsion of concentrated layer from the membrane surface is observed. However, the concentration gradient for back‐mixing is not substantial in the presence of cross‐flow. The gradient in concentration along the distance from the inlet end is preserved when the fluid layer is pushed away from the membrane surface during reverse flow. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and ANFIS modeling for fouling analysis of oily wastewater treatment using ultrafiltration
Authors: Noshadi Iman , Salahi Abdolhamid , Hemmati Mahmood , Rekabdar Fatemeh , Mohammadi Toraj
Published: October 2012

This work presents an experimental investigation and modeling of fouling mechanisms involved in ultrafiltration of oily wastewater streams. Hermia's models were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms. The experimental results performed at different cross flow velocity (CFV) (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s) and transemembrane pressure (TMP) (1.5, 3, and 4.5 bar) showed that the best fit to the experimental data corresponds to the cake layer formation model followed by the intermediate blocking model for all the experimental conditions tested. Furthermore, this work explores the application of the ANFIS as a model to predict permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) system. The selected experimental data were trained by a hybrid learning algorithm combining the forward pass and the backward pass. The good agreement of the model with experimental data underscores the ease and accuracy of the ANFIS in modeling such a complex systems. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites
Authors: King Julia A. , Klimek Danielle R. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Odegard Greg M.
Published: October 2012

Because of their high‐specific stiffness, carbon‐filled epoxy composites can be used in structural components in fixed‐wing aircraft. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are short stacks of individual layers of graphite that are a newly developed, lower cost material that often increases the composite tensile modulus. In this work, researchers fabricated neat epoxy (EPON 862 with Curing Agent W) and 1–6 wt % GNP in epoxy composites. The cure cycle used for this aerospace epoxy resin was 2 h at 121°C followed by 2 h at 177°C. These materials were tested for tensile properties using typical macroscopic measurements. Nanoindentation was also used to determine modulus and creep compliance. These macroscopic results showed that the tensile modulus increased from 2.72 GPa for the neat epoxy to 3.36 GPa for 6 wt % (3.7 vol %) GNP in epoxy composite. The modulus results from nanoindentation followed this same trend. For loadings from 10 to 45 mN, the creep compliance for the neat epoxy and GNP/epoxy composites was similar. The GNP aspect ratio in the composite samples was confirmed to be similar to that of the as‐received material by using the percolation threshold measured from electrical resistivity measurements. Using this GNP aspect ratio, the two‐dimensional randomly oriented filler Halpin–Tsai model adjusted for platelet filler shape predicts the tensile modulus well for the GNP/epoxy composites. Per the authors' knowledge, mechanical properties and modeling for this GNP/epoxy system have never been reported in the open literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Core‐shell latex synthesized by emulsion polymerization using an alkali‐soluble resin as sole surfactant
Authors: Wang Muli , Ma Zhijun , Zhu Dong , Zhang Dongyang , Yin Wu
Published: October 2012

A series of alkali‐soluble resins were prepared from esterification reaction of styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) and four fatty alcohols having different alkyl chains. The critical aggregates concentration of the prepared hemiester was lower than SMA, indicating that modification of SMA resin with long alkyl chains could improve their emulsification efficiency. The detailed experiments of emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate using these hemiesters as sole surfactants showed that SMA‐C12‐75, SMA‐C14‐70, and SMA‐C16‐65 were good surfactants. In the end, we successfully prepared stable latexes using above three good surfactants with relatively low surfactant concentration and high solid content. Characterization of latexes by Zetasizer and transmission electron microscopy revealed that particles of these latexes have core‐shell nanostructure with average particle size below 60 nm. Compared with SMA, the improvement of emulsification efficiency of its hemiesters may come from the better hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance and steric stabilization after incorporation of long alkyl chain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of 1,3‐bis(diphenylsilyl)‐2,2,4,4‐tetraphenylcyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes
Authors: Lv Zhen , Zheng Yan , Zhang Zhijie , Xie Zemin
Published: October 2012

New and effective approaches to the synthesis of 1,3‐bis(diphenylsilyl)‐2,2,4,4‐tetraphenylcyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes (P1 and P2) were developed. P1 was obtained by polycondensation of cyclodisilazane lithium salt and chloroterminated polydimethylsiloxane. P2 was produced by hydrosilylation of vinyl‐terminated cyclodisilazane and hydrogen‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane. The polycondensation completed quickly at room temperature, while the hydrosilylation was facile and did not require cumbersome air‐sensitive operations. P1 and P2 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA). TGA revealed the outstanding thermal properties of P1 and P2 with 5% weight loss temperatures (Td5) higher than 450°C. IGA proved their better thermal stability at 450°C for 800 min, compared to polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that silicone rubbers made from cyclodisilazane‐containing polydimethylsiloxanes could have a maximum tan δ value as high as 1.13 and had good prospects for damping material applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparing Similar Ground‐penetrating Radar Surveys Under Different Moisture Conditions at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios, Cyprus
Authors: Rogers Michael , Leon Jeffrey F. , Fisher Kevin D. , Manning Sturt W. , Sewell David
Published: October 2012

Water is known as being a dominant factor in ground‐penetrating radar reflection and transmission from subsurface interfaces. Before embarking on a multi‐season, large‐scale survey of late Bronze Age cities in Cyprus we wanted to empirically identify the impact of seasonal moisture on ground‐penetrating radar transmission and reflection from buried Late Bronze Age architecture to determine the optimum time of the year to conduct our surveys. Having conducted preliminary surveys under dry conditions to support a grant proposal we were then in a position to return to the site during wet conditions after receiving our funding and before beginning our full‐scale project. We report here a comparison of the ground‐penetrating radar results at Kalavasos‐Ayios Dhimitrios during a drought year (summer 2008, 54% normal) versus a roughly average year (spring 2010, 109% normal) conditions, which identified drier conditions as providing the best data for interpreting Late Bronze Age urban planning given the methods employed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A10LaCdSb9 (A=Ca, Yb): A Highly Complex Zintl System and the Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Wang Jian , Xia Sheng‐Qing , Tao Xu‐Tang
Published: October 2012

Two new Zintl compounds A10LaCdSb9 (A=Ca, Yb), namely, Ca9.81(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.23(1)Sb9 and Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9, have been designed and synthesized by applying the Zintl concept. Although both compounds are isoelectronic with their Ca11InSb9 and Yb11InSb9 analogues, they crystallize in a new structure type with the orthorhombic space group Ibam (No.72) and feature very complex anion structures, which are composed of unique [Cd2Sb6]12− clusters, dumbbell‐shaped [Sb2]4− dimers, and isolated [Sb]3− anions. For Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9, an extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.29 W m−1 K−1 was observed at 875 K, which almost approaches the lowest reported limit of nonglassy or nonionically conducting bulk materials. According to thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, both compounds show very good thermal stability and no melting or phase transition processes were found below 1173 K. Although related thermoelectric property studies on Yb9.78(1)La0.97(1)Cd1.24(1)Sb9 only present a maximum ZT of 0.11 at 920 K, owing to its low Seebeck coefficients, these materials are still very promising for their high temperature stability and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, as mixed cations exist with different charges, it makes this system very flexible in tuning the related electrical properties.
RNA isolation from fetal and adult human tissues for transcriptional profiling
Authors: Votteler Miriam , Layland Shannon L. , Lill Georgia , Brockbank Kelvin G. M. , Horke Alexander , Schenke‐Layland Katja
Published: October 2012

Investigations involving rare human tissues that are difficult to acquire due to their scarcity are highly challenging. The need to verify microarray analysis data by additional methods such as immunohistochemical staining and quantitative PCR creates an even greater demand for these valuable tissues. Furthermore, since rare human tissues may come from different sources and may have been processed by variable methods, the comparability of these samples must be verified. The aim of this study was to determine and validate a processing method that allows the analysis of human fetal and adult cardiovascular tissues from different sources that were preserved using varying methods. Due to restricted access to fresh human tissues and the need to accumulate these samples over an extended period of time, we used formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues for gene expression analyses. We analyzed RNA levels from four different age groups: fetal first and second trimester, adolescents, and adults. In this study, we present an improved standard processing procedure for tissue sample processing and analysis of rare human cardiovascular tissues.
Methods in Molecular Biology 772: Molecular Methods for Evolutionary Genetics. Edited by Virginie Orgogozo and Matthew V. Rockman.
Authors: Wisotzkey Robert G. , Newfeld Stuart J.
Published: October 2012

Humana Press, Totowa 2011, XVI+503 pp., hardcover, $ 139.00.—ISBN 978‐1‐61779‐227‐4
Historic Overview of the AACC Competencies
Authors: Ottenritter Nan
Published: October 2012

This chapter examines the development of the AACC competencies by providing a historical backdrop of their development and the specific steps involved in their creation. Also, a review of current leadership demands offers an opportunity to reflect on the application of competencies for today's leaders.
Future Leaders Institute: Rising Leaders and the AACC Competencies
Authors: Wallin Desna L.
Published: October 2012

This chapter describes the development of the Future Leaders Institute and the Future Leaders Institute/Advanced, highlighting the role of the AACC's Competencies for Community College Leaders in providing a framework for professional development. The competencies are built into each session's topics and activities.
A Holistic Perspective of Leadership Competencies
Authors: Eddy Pamela L.
Published: October 2012

This chapter argues for the use of clusters in thinking about the AACC competencies. Four clusters are presented: inclusivity, framing meaning, attention to the bottom line, and systems thinking. Overarching these clusters is the need for contextual competency in which leaders align their approaches based on their college's context.
The AACC Competencies in Action
Authors: Duree Chris , Ebbers Larry
Published: October 2012

This chapter reports on research on presidential perceptions of the AACC competencies. In particular, the research points out what competencies are viewed as most critical, what competencies need further professional development, and what competencies receive less prominence in practice.
Competencies in the Heartland
Authors: Cejda Brent
Published: October 2012

Although many of the issues facing community colleges are similar, rural community colleges face additional leadership challenges due to limited resources, geographic isolation, and static economies. This chapter focuses on the impact of location on the interpretation and development of the leadership competencies. The chapter concludes with suggestions for developing leaders in the heartland.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes between 4‐Alkoxystilbazoles and Fluorophenols: Solid‐State Structures and Liquid Crystallinity
Authors: Wong Joanna P.‐W. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Bruce Duncan W.
Published: October 2012

48 new hydrogen‐bonded complexes have been prepared by combining 16 fluorophenols of general formula C6FnH5−nOH with three different alkoxystilbazoles (butyloxy‐, octyloxy‐ and dodecyloxy‐). Single‐crystal X‐ray structures were obtained for 10 of the 16 complexes of octyloxystilbazole from which it was found that most of the structures could be collected into one of two groups according to both the motif shown by the complex and by the solid‐state packing. Because all but one crystallised in the P$\bar 1$ space group, meaningful comparisons could be drawn and it was observed that six structures were extremely close in nature so that significant molecular overlap was found. On this basis, doubt is cast on the significance of some of the weaker intermolecular contacts found in the solid state. 40 of the new complexes showed liquid‐crystal properties and it was found that although complexes of butyloxystilbazole were all nematic, almost all of those with dodecyloxystilbazole showed a smectic A (SmA) phase. Complexes of octyloxystilbazole showed a mixture of both. Structure/property correlations showed that clearing points were independent of the pKa of the phenol. The most stable mesophases were found when the fluorophenol contained a fluorine at the 2‐position, which was interpreted in terms of the formation of an intramolecular H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bond to give a six‐membered ring linking the two components into a stable, coplanar conformation. The least stable mesophases were found when no such ring formation was possible and the phenol was relatively free to move.
Sequential design for computer experiments with a flexible Bayesian additive model
Authors: Chipman Hugh , Ranjan Pritam , Wang Weiwei
Published: October 2012

In computer experiments, a mathematical model implemented on a computer is used to represent complex physical phenomena. These models, known as computer simulators, enable experimental study of a virtual representation of the complex phenomena. Simulators can be thought of as complex functions that take many inputs and provide an output. Often these simulators are themselves expensive to compute, and may be approximated by “surrogate models” such as statistical regression models. In this paper we consider a new kind of surrogate model, a Bayesian ensemble of trees (Chipman, George, & McCulloch, 2010), with the specific goal of learning enough about the simulator that a particular feature of the simulator can be estimated. We focus on identifying the simulator's global minimum. Utilizing the Bayesian version of the expected improvement criterion (Jones, Schonlau, & Welch, 1998), we show that this ensemble is particularly effective when the simulator is ill‐behaved, exhibiting nonstationarity or abrupt changes in the response. A number of illustrations of the approach are given, including a tidal power application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 663–678; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on respiratory infection: Causal inference for a discretely observed continuous time non‐stationary Markov process
Authors: Zhang Mingyuan , Small Dylan S.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we analyze the effect of vitamin A deficiency on respiratory infection using a longitudinal data set from a study of young Indonesian children. For this study, it is reasonable to assume that everything happens in continuous time but is only observed at discrete times, and that the treatment level is only coarsely observed. We model the data as discrete time observations from a continuous time Markov model. We have designed an MCMC algorithm with data augmentation to estimate the model. A simulation study shows that the estimation algorithm works well. From the model, we find that vitamin A deficiency has a strong effect on respiratory infection. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 646–662; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada