bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent exposure to sucrose increases cocaine‐mediated behaviours in adulthood via Smad3
Authors: Gancarz Amy M. , Parmar Raveena , Shwani Treefa , Cobb Moriah M. , Crawford Michelle N. , Watson Jacob R. , Evans Lisa , Kausch Michael A. , Werner Craig T. , Dietz David M.
Published: October 2023

Adolescence, a critical period of developmental period, is marked by neurobiological changes influenced by environmental factors. Here, we show how exposure to sucrose, which is ubiquitously available in modern diets, results in changes in behavioural response to cocaine as an adult. Rats were given daily access to either 10% sucrose or water during the adolescent period (PND28–42). Following this period, rats are left undisturbed until they reach adulthood. In adulthood, rats were tested for (i) acquisition of a low dose of cocaine, (ii) progressive ratio (PR) test, and (iii) resistance to punished cocaine taking. Sucrose exposure resulted in significant alterations in all behavioural measures. To determine the neurobiological mechanisms leading to such behavioural adaptations, we find that adolescent sucrose exposure results in an upregulation of the transcription factor Smad3 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) when compared with water‐exposed controls. Transiently blocking the active form of this transcription factor (HSV‐dnSmad3) during adolescence mitigated the enhanced cocaine vulnerability‐like behaviours observed in adulthood. These findings suggest that prior exposure to sucrose during adolescence can heighten the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Furthermore, they identify the TGF‐beta pathway and Smad3 as playing a key role in mediating enduring and long‐lasting adaptations that contribute to sucrose‐induced susceptibility to cocaine. Taken together, these results have important implications for development and suggest that adolescent sucrose exposure may persistently enhance the susceptibility to substance abuse.
The changes of intrinsic connectivity contrast in young smokers
Authors: Zhou Yang , Xue Ting , Cheng Yongxin , Wang Juan , Dong Fang , Jia Shaodi , Zhang Fan , Wang Xiaoqing , Lv Xiaoqi , Wang Hongde , Yuan Kai , Yu Dahua
Published: October 2023

Previous studies demonstrated that reward circuit plays an important role in smoking. The differences of functional and structural connectivity were found among several brain regions such as thalamus and frontal lobe. However, few studies focused on functional connectivity (FC) in whole‐brain voxel level of young smokers. In this study, intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC) was used to perform voxel‐based whole‐brain analyses in 55 young smokers and 55 matched non‐smokers to identify brain regions with significant group differences. ICC results showed that the connectivity of young smokers in medial frontal cortex (MedFC), supramarginal gyrus anterior division left (L_aSMG), central opercular cortex left (L_CO) and middle frontal gyrus left (L_MidFG) showed a significantly lower trend compared with the non‐smokers. The seed‐based FC analysis about MedFC indicated that young smokers showed reduced connectivity between the MedFC and left hippocampus, left amygdala compared to non‐smokers. Correlation analysis showed that the ICC of MedFC in young smokers was significantly negatively correlated with Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU). The FC between the MedFC and left hippocampus, left amygdala was significantly negatively correlated with Pack_years. The mediation analysis indicated that ICC of MedFC completely mediated FTND and QSU of young smokers. The results suggest that nicotine accumulation may affect the communication of the frontal lobe with the whole brain to some extent, leading to changes in smoking cravings. The above research also provides in‐depth insights into the mechanism of adolescent smoking addiction and related intervention treatment.
Medium‐term evaluation of the bond strength and dentin penetration of self‐adhesive resin cements to root dentin
Authors: Gelio MB , Zaniboni JF , Monteiro JCC , Besegato JF , Pereira JR , Buchaim RL , Kuga MC
Published: October 2023

Background

Medium‐term evaluate the bond strength and tag formation in root dentin using self‐adhesive cements Maxcem Elite (MCE), Relyx U200 (RU2), SeT PP (SPP) and Megalink (MGL) compared to conventional cement Relyx ARC (ARC) for glass fibre post cementation.

Materials and methods

One hundred bovine incisors roots were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the cementation system: MCE, RU2, SPP, MGL and ARC. All cementation systems were evaluated at 24 h (1) and 12 months (2) after post cementation. Specimens from the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the root were submitted to push‐out bond strength test and confocal laser microscopy to verify the dentin penetration. The adhesive failure mode was classified as adhesive, cohesive and mixed. Data were analysed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 5%).

Results

ARC‐1 and ARC‐12 showed the highest bond strength (P < 0.05). ARC showed the greatest tag extension, regardless of the third (P < 0.05). The most frequent failure mode in the 24‐h analysis was cohesive, regardless of the cement used. For the 12‐month analysis, mixed failure was the most frequent.

Conclusion

Conventional cement (ARC) showed the highest bond strength and tag extension, regardless of the evaluation period. In all cementation systems, the bond strength decreased after 12 months. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.
Association between VDR genetic polymorphisms and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the Chinese population
Authors: Ma Yantuanjin , Zhang Yuhang , He Qiuyue , Xu Tong , Huang Wei , Deng Xingli , Qian Yuan
Published: October 2023

Background and aims

Abnormal metabolism of vitamin D was the primary mechanism in many pregnancy diseases. Our study was the first to examine the hypothesis that VDR gene polymorphisms contribute to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the Chinese population at high altitudes.

Materials and methods

One hundred and eighteen women with GDM and 104 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were included in this study using a case‐control design. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (g.47879112G > A, g.47846052C > T, g.47844974A > G, and g.47845054C > A) of mother and fetus were genotyped.

Results

Maternal and fetal frequency of the A allele of g.47879112G > A was significantly increased in women with GDM than in those with NGT (p < .05). A correlation between the AA homozygous genotype of g.47879112G > A and GDM was noted. Compared with non‐carriers, A allele carriers showed higher fasting plasma insulin and two‐hour post‐challenge plasma glucose (2h‐PPG), and lower levels of vitamin D. Furthermore, both maternal and fetal 4‐marker haplotype ACCG were found to be significantly associated with GDM (p < .05).

Conclusions

Association and haplotype analysis indicated that the A allele of g.47879112G > A could be a risk factor for GDM development in the Chinese population at high altitudes. Additionally, the VDR gene polymorphism of the fetus and mother may have a synergistic effect. The VDR polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of GDM and may be useful for predicting the development of the disease.
Paternal pre‐conceptional smoking and semen quality in the adult son
Authors: Hærvig Katia Keglberg , Petersen Kajsa Ugelvig , Dornfeldt Mette Møller , Bonde Jens Peter , Hougaard Karin Sørig , Ramlau‐Hansen Cecilia Høst , Toft Gunnar , Lindh Christian , Giwercman Aleksander , Tøttenborg Sandra Søgaard
Published: October 2023

Background

Growing evidence suggests intergenerational effects of paternal pre‐conceptional smoking through the germ line, but its specific impact on offspring semen quality remains uncertain because of challenges in isolating paternal exposure from maternal passive smoking or underreporting.

Methods

We reran previous analyses estimating differences in semen parameters and testicular size according to paternal smoking in 867 young adult men, adding first‐trimester maternal plasma cotinine to the original adjustment for maternal self‐reported smoking. We also estimated differences in sperm DNA fragmentation. Paternal smoking was reported by the pregnant women around gestational week 16. Analyses were additionally adjusted for household occupational status, parental ages at birth, maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index and alcohol consumption, and abstinence time, and accounted for spillage, minutes from ejaculation to analysis, and son's own smoking.

Results

We found no association between paternal preconceptional smoking and any of the semen parameters or testicular size. Adjustment for son's own smoking did not change results.

Discussion

While maternal plasma cotinine offers an objective measure of tobacco exposure and allows for a more thorough adjustment of maternal smoking, the high correlation between paternal pre‐conceptional smoking and maternal cotinine exposure may, have resulted in overadjustment removing some paternal effect. Inability to distinguish between paternal never smokers and former smokers, may have led to misclassification of paternal pre‐conceptional smoking and underestimation of associations.

Conclusion

We found no support for an independent association between paternal pre‐conceptional smoking and semen quality in young adult sons, but studies with more detailed paternal smoking history are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration: what factors determine success?
Authors: Sirimanna Pramudith , Suh Hyerim , Falk Gregory L.
Published: October 2023

Backgrounds

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been shown to be effective in managing choledocholithiasis whilst avoiding ERCP‐related complications. However, patient and technical factors effects outcome. This study aimed to explore the matters effecting the failure of LCBDE.

Methods

All patients who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) between 2007 and 2021 were identified using a prospective database. Data were collected for patients who underwent LCBDE including demographics, pre‐operative investigations, intra‐operative findings, technique of bile duct clearance and clearance rates, and post‐operative outcomes. Predictors of failed LCBDE were identified.

Results

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 3648 patients. Of these, 374 underwent LCBDE for suspected choledocholithiasis. Choledochoscopy was most frequently used (58.8%) with a success rate of 84.1%. Small cystic duct diameter (4.7 vs. 3.4 mm, P = 0.002), stone size >6 mm (P = 0.02), stone: cystic duct ratio >1 (P = 0.04), and >3 stones was associated with failed LCBDE by univariate analysis. Small cystic duct diameter (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26–0.77, P = 0.004) and stone size >6 mm (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06–0.92), P = 0.04) correlated with failure by multivariate analysis. Failed LCBDE was associated with increased length of stay (6.6 days vs. 3.1 days, P = 0.001), however the rate of serious complications or mortality was unaffected.

Conclusion

LCBDE is safe and effective in managing choledocholithiasis. Factors such as cystic duct diameter, size and number of CBD stones, and stone: cystic duct ratio are associated with increased likelihood of inadequate clearance. The presence of these factors can help clinicians in decision making during LCBDE to improve chance of success.
Outcomes of COVID‐19 in multiple myeloma patients treated with daratumumab
Authors: Jin Dian , He Jingsong , Wu Wenjun , Han Xiaoyan , Le Jing , Shu Wenxiu , Fu Jiaping , Kong Hongwei , Wang Gang , Zhou Xiujie , Qu Zhigang , Cai Zhen , He Donghua
Published: October 2023

Despite concerns about an increased risk of adverse outcomes following coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in multiple myeloma patients treated with anti‐CD38 Abs, the impact of COVID‐19 on this group of patients is unclear. We tried to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these patients. We collected data from 1036 patients with multiple myeloma and enrolled 509 cases with COVID‐19. We divided enrolled patients into daratumumab or nondaratumumab cohorts based on whether they had received daratumumab‐based treatment within 6 months of COVID‐19 infection. We applied a propensity score matching method to reduce the bias of baseline characteristics, and then compared the incidence of adverse outcomes between these two cohorts. A total of 117 patients were enrolled in the daratumumab cohort, and 392 patients in the nondaratumumab cohort. After propensity score matching, 204 patients were matched. The proportions of patients who developed COVID‐19 pneumonia (59.8% vs. 34.3%, p < 0.001), were hospitalized (33.3% vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001) and developed severe disease (23.5% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.001) were higher in the matched daratumumab cohort. By multivariate analysis, daratumumab exposure was an independent risk factor for severe disease. An ECOG performance status >2 and history of chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for COVID‐19‐related mortality among patients who received daratumumab‐based therapy. This study suggested that multiple myeloma patients exposed to daratumumab were at a higher risk of adverse outcomes from COVID‐19.
Perspectives of parents partnering with physical therapists to deliver intensive rehabilitation for their young children with perinatal stroke: A qualitative study
Authors: Hurd Caitlin L. , Pritchard Lesley , Yang Jaynie F.
Published: October 2023

Background

Parental participation in their young children's rehabilitation has been promoted to increase intervention intensity, but parents' perspectives on increased involvement remain unclear. The objective of this study was to explore parents' experiences partnering with physical therapists (PTs) to administer early, intensive rehabilitation to their young children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods

Twelve mothers and one father of children between 8 months and 3 years old with CP were interviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted before and after parents partnered with a PT to deliver a 12 week activity‐based intervention targeting their child's lower extremities. The intervention occurred in the child's home and in PT clinical sites. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interpretive description was used as the methodological framework.

Results

The three themes were (1) focus on maximizing the child's potential, (2) participation in intensive rehabilitation is challenging, and (3) the importance of a positive experience with therapy. Families discussed a number of barriers and facilitators to participating in intensive rehabilitation.

Conclusions

These results provide considerations for clinicians and researchers to facilitate meaningful engagement of parents in their young children's rehabilitation. This is especially important with increasing evidence for early, activity‐based interventions for young children with CP.
Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage versus endoscopic biliary stenting for preoperative biliary drainage in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction: Propensity score‐matched multicenter comparative study
Authors: Ishiwatari Hirotoshi , Kawabata Takanori , Kawashima Hiroki , Nakai Yousuke , Miura Shin , Kato Hironari , Shiomi Hideyuki , Fujimori Nao , Ogura Takeshi , Inatomi Osamu , Kubota Kensuke , Fujisawa Toshio , Takenaka Mamoru , Mori Hiroshi , Noguchi Kensaku , Fujii Yuki , Sugiura Teiichi , Ideno Noboru , Nakafusa Tomoki , Masamune Atsushi , Isayama Hiroyuki , Sasahira Naoki
Published: October 2023

Objectives

For preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) of malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO), current guidelines recommend endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) due to the higher risk of cholangitis after endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS) during the waiting period before surgery. However, few studies have supported this finding. Therefore, we aimed to compare the outcomes of preoperative ENBD and EBS in patients with MHBO.

Methods

Patients with MHBO who underwent laparotomy for radical surgery after ENBD or EBS were included from retrospectively collected data from 13 centers (January 2014 to December 2018). We performed a 1:1 propensity score matching between the ENBD and EBS groups. These patients were compared for the following: cholangitis and all adverse events (AEs) after endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) until surgery, time to cholangitis development after EBD, postsurgical AEs, and in‐hospital death after surgery.

Results

Of the 414 patients identified, 355 were analyzed in this study (226 for ENBD and 129 for EBS). The matched cohort included 63 patients from each group. The proportion of cholangitis after EBD was similar between the two groups (20.6% vs. 25.4%, P = 0.67), and no significant difference was observed in the time to cholangitis development. The proportions of surgical site infections, bile leaks, and in‐hospital mortality rates were similar between the groups.

Conclusion

For PBD of MHBO, the proportion of AEs, including cholangitis, after EBD until surgery was similar when either ENBD or EBS was used.
Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided primary and secondary prophylaxis for gastric variceal bleeding
Authors: Sarkis Yara , Masuoka Howard , Ghabril Marwan , Gutta Aditya , Al‐Haddad Mohammad A. , Stainko Sarah , Cohen Lainna , Perkins Anthony , DeWitt John M.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided injection of cyanoacrylate (CYA) for primary prophylaxis (PP) of gastric varices (GV) is controversial. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of this intervention.

Methods

Patients treated for PP of GV bleeding by EUS injection of CYA with or without coils were identified. Endoscopic techniques, outcomes, and adverse events (AEs) were reviewed and compared with a group treated for secondary prophylaxis (SP). Patients were followed until: (i) loss to follow‐up; (ii) GV bleeding; (iii) interventional radiology or surgery decompression; (iv) liver transplant; or (v) death or comfort care.

Results

One hundred and nineteen patients (61 men; mean 59 ± 12 years) underwent EUS for PP (n = 24) or SP (n = 95). The PP group was treated with CYA alone (n = 18) or with coils (n = 4). Eight (33%) mild (n = 6) or moderate (n = 2) AEs and no index GV bleeding occurred during a mean of 6.1 ± 5.9 months follow‐up. Repeat EUS in 22 (92%) PP patients showed 7 (32%) residual GVs, which were retreated with CYA alone (n = 6) or with coils (n = 1). Two (29%) mild (n = 1) or moderate (n = 1) AEs occurred after repeat EUS and 1/22 (5%) index GV bleed occurred during a mean 23 ± 25 months follow‐up. Compared to the SP group, the PP group had lower Model for End‐stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (P = 0.03), fewer GV stigmata (P < 0.001), required less CYA (P = 0.019) during index EUS, and had a longer time between index and surveillance EUS (P = 0.014). The incidence of AEs and GV bleeding between the two groups were similar.

Conclusion

Posttreatment GV bleeding and AEs are similar following EUS‐guided primary and secondary GV prophylaxis.
Achalasia phenotypes and prediction of peroral endoscopic myotomy outcomes using machine learning
Authors: Takahashi Kazuya , Sato Hiroki , Shimamura Yuto , Abe Hirofumi , Shiwaku Hironari , Shiota Junya , Sato Chiaki , Hamada Kenta , Ominami Masaki , Hata Yoshitaka , Fukuda Hisashi , Ogawa Ryo , Nakamura Jun , Tatsuta Tetsuya , Ikebuchi Yuichiro , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Terai Shuji , Inoue Haruhiro
Published: October 2023

Objectives

High‐resolution manometry (HRM) and esophagography are used for achalasia diagnosis; however, achalasia phenotypes combining esophageal motility and morphology are unknown. Moreover, predicting treatment outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in treatment‐naïve patients remains an unmet need.

Methods

In this multicenter cohort study, we included 1824 treatment‐naïve patients diagnosed with achalasia. In total, 1778 patients underwent POEM. Clustering by machine learning was conducted to identify achalasia phenotypes using patients' demographic data, including age, sex, disease duration, body mass index, and HRM/esophagography findings. Machine learning models were developed to predict persistent symptoms (Eckardt score ≥3) and reflux esophagitis (RE) (Los Angeles grades A–D) after POEM.

Results

Machine learning identified three achalasia phenotypes: phenotype 1, type I achalasia with a dilated esophagus (n = 676; 37.0%); phenotype 2, type II achalasia with a dilated esophagus (n = 203; 11.1%); and phenotype 3, late‐onset type I–III achalasia with a nondilated esophagus (n = 619, 33.9%). Types I and II achalasia in phenotypes 1 and 2 exhibited different clinical characteristics from those in phenotype 3, implying different pathophysiologies within the same HRM diagnosis. A predictive model for persistent symptoms exhibited an area under the curve of 0.70. Pre‐POEM Eckardt score ≥6 was the greatest contributing factor for persistent symptoms. The area under the curve for post‐POEM RE was 0.61.

Conclusion

Achalasia phenotypes combining esophageal motility and morphology indicated multiple disease pathophysiologies. Machine learning helped develop an optimal risk stratification model for persistent symptoms with novel insights into treatment resistance factors.
Brain structural correlates of psychopathic traits in elite female combat‐sports athletes
Authors: González‐Alemañy Eduardo , Rodríguez Olivera Anelin Dayris , Bobes María Antonieta , Armony Jorge L.
Published: October 2023

Psychopathy is characterized by glibness and superficial charm, as well as a lack of empathy, guilt and remorse, and is often accompanied by antisocial behaviour. The cerebral bases of this syndrome have been mostly studied in violent subjects or those with a criminal history. However, the antisocial component of psychopathy is not central to its conceptualization, and in fact, psychopathic traits are present in well‐adjusted, non‐criminal individuals within the general population. Interestingly, certain psychopathy characteristics appear to be particularly pronounced in some groups or professions. Importantly, as these so‐called adaptive or successful psychopaths do not show antisocial tendencies or have significant psychiatric comorbidities, they may represent an ideal population to study this trait. Here, we investigated such a group, specifically elite female judo athletes, and compared them with matched non‐athletes. Participants completed psychopathy, anger, perspective‐taking and empathic concern questionnaires and underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Grey matter volume (GMV) was computed using voxel‐based morphometry from the T1‐weighted images. Athletes scored significantly higher in primary psychopathy and anger and lower in empathy and perspective taking. They also exhibited smaller GMV in the right temporal pole, left occipital cortex and left amygdala/hippocampus. GMV values for the latter cluster significantly correlated with primary psychopathy scores across both groups. These results confirm and extend previous findings to a little‐studied population and provide support for the conceptualization of psychopathy as a dimensional personality trait which not only is not necessarily associated with antisocial behaviour but may potentially have adaptive value.
Antiseizure medication ≤48 hours portends better prognosis in new‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Ménétré Eric , De Stefano Pia , Megevand Pierre , Sarasin François P. , Vargas Maria I. , Kleinschmidt Andreas , Vulliemoz Serge , Picard Fabienne , Seeck Margitta
Published: October 2023

Background

Several studies found that patients with new‐onset epilepsy (NOE) have higher seizure recurrence rates if they presented already prior seizures. These observations suggest that timing of antiseizure medication (ASM) is crucial and should be offered immediately after the first seizure. Here, we wanted to assess whether immediate ASM is associated with improved outcome.

Methods

Single‐center study of 1010 patients (≥16 years) who presented with a possible first seizure in the emergency department between 1 March 2010 and 1 March 2017. A comprehensive workup was launched upon arrival, including routine electroencephalography (EEG), brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, long‐term overnight EEG and specialized consultations. We followed patients for 5 years comparing the relapse rate in patients treated within 48 h to those with treatment >48 h.

Results

A total of 487 patients were diagnosed with NOE. Of the 416 patients (162 female, age: 54.6 ± 21.1 years) for whom the treatment start could be retrieved, 80% (333/416) were treated within 48 h. The recurrence rate after immediate treatment (32%; 107/333) was significantly lower than in patients treated later (56.6%; 47/83; p < 0.001). For patients for whom a complete 5‐year‐follow‐up was available (N = 297, 123 female), those treated ≤48 h (N = 228; 76.8%) had a significantly higher chance of remaining seizure‐free compared with patients treated later (N = 69; 23.2%; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this retrospective study, immediate ASM therapy (i.e., within 48 h) was associated with better prognosis up to 5 years after the index event. Prospective studies are required to determine the value of immediate workup and drug therapy in NOE patients.
Shifts in soil ammonia‐oxidizing community maintain the nitrogen stimulation of nitrification across climatic conditions
Authors: Zhang Yong , Cheng Xiaoli , van Groenigen Kees Jan , García‐Palacios Pablo , Cao Junji , Zheng Xunhua , Luo Yiqi , Hungate Bruce A. , Terrer Cesar , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Olesen Jørgen Eivind , Chen Ji
Published: October 2023

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loading alters soil ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) abundances, likely leading to substantial changes in soil nitrification. However, the factors and mechanisms determining the responses of soil AOA:AOB and nitrification to N loading are still unclear, making it difficult to predict future changes in soil nitrification. Herein, we synthesize 68 field studies around the world to evaluate the impacts of N loading on soil ammonia oxidizers and nitrification. Across a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors, climate is the most important driver of the responses of AOA:AOB to N loading. Climate does not directly affect the N‐stimulation of nitrification, but does so via climate‐related shifts in AOA:AOB. Specifically, climate modulates the responses of AOA:AOB to N loading by affecting soil pH, N‐availability and moisture. AOB play a dominant role in affecting nitrification in dry climates, while the impacts from AOA can exceed AOB in humid climates. Together, these results suggest that climate‐related shifts in soil ammonia‐oxidizing community maintain the N‐stimulation of nitrification, highlighting the importance of microbial community composition in mediating the responses of the soil N cycle to N loading.
CD8+CD103+PD1+TIM3+ T cells in glioblastoma microenvironment correlate with prognosis
Authors: Romagnoli Giulia , D'Alessandris Quintino Giorgio , Capone Imerio , Tavilla Andrea , Canini Irene , Lapenta Caterina , Buccarelli Mariachiara , Giordano Martina , Tirelli Valentina , Sanchez Massimo , Fragale Alessandra , Giannetti Stefano , Di Bonaventura Rina , Lauretti Liverana , Biffoni Mauro , Ricci‐Vitiani Lucia , Pallini Roberto , Gabriele Lucia
Published: October 2023

Glioblastoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase‐wildtype (GB), is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy with poor outcome. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been tested in GB and, despite disappointing results, the identification of a small subgroup of responders underlies the need to improve our understanding of the tumour microenvironment (TME) immunity. This study aimed to determine whether the expression of selected immune checkpoints on tissue‐resident memory T cells (Trm) may predict patient outcome. We conducted a single cohort observational study. Tumour samples were collected from 45 patients with histologically confirmed GB (WHO grade 4) and processed to obtain single‐cell suspensions. Patients were assessed for the correlation of Trm phenotype with overall survival (OS) or progression‐free survival (PFS) using multiparametric flow cytometry and uni/multivariate analyses. Levels of Trm expressing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐containing protein 3 (TIM3) were found to be linked to clinical outcome. Low frequency of Trm expressing PD1 or TIM3 or both markers defined subgroups as independent positive prognostic factors for patient survival. On multivariate analysis, low CD8+CD103+PD1+TIM3+ Trm and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥70 were confirmed to be the most predictive independent factors associated with longer OS (hazard ratios—HR [95%CI]: 0.14 [0.04–0.52] p < 0.001, 0.39 [0.16–0.96] p = 0.04, respectively). The CD8+CD103+ Trm subgroups were also age‐related predictors for survival in GB.
Nursing is not like organised crime: A theoretically informed commentary
Authors: Ayala Ricardo A.
Published: October 2023

Aim

This article aims to contest misrepresentations and distortions of sociological writings on the nursing profession.

Background

During the latest ICN congress in Montreal, it has been suggested that professions, and the nursing profession for that matter, are thought of by sociologists in a similar way as organised crime, meaning that it is like a ‘money sponge’ sucking resources out of society, without however giving anything in return. Allegedly, there would be a distinct branch of sociology depicting the professions in this light.

Discussion

By sketching out relevant sociological ideas, including the sociology of nursing, I explain that there is no tradition portraying the professions as mafias. I demonstrate that while both the professions and organised crime are socially organised, they are radically different in legitimacy. The caring professions are themselves different in ethos from the classic professions, all the more so from criminal organisations. A distinct stream of research in sociology has been devoted to nursing, without however suggesting such an analogy.

Conclusion

I lament that attendees to the ICN congress were indeed given an inaccurate representation of sociological thinking. Sociologists addressing nursing as a profession tend to highlight processes of emancipation, autonomy, vindication and social justice, as care work is essential to the broader socioeconomic order.

Implications for Nursing Policy

While nursing as a profession is socially organised, the power devices and tactics it deploys in the sociopolitical arena are characterised by their legitimacy. Unlike organised crime, nursing policymaking is situated within a framework of lawfulness, fairness and transparency.
Will Older Models Turn Off Shoppers?
Authors: Greco Alan J. , Johnson Edna B. , Swayne Linda E.
Published: October 2023

Little is known about the sales effects of different aged models on older (65 years and over) and younger (less than 65 years) consumers. This is an important issue because marketers have expressed some fear about using older models in the promotion of products directed at multiple age groups. This article presents the results of a study of 3,390 consumers' sales response to older, younger, and a combination of older and younger models in point‐of‐purchase advertising for an age‐free product. The results indicate that model age does not have a significantly different effect on consumers of different ages. Managerial implications are provided.
Effect of aerobic pretreatment with Aspergillus terreus on the anaerobic digestion of olive‐mill wastewater
Authors: Borja R. , Alba J. , SE Garrido , Martinez L. , MP Garcia , Monteoliva M. , Ramos‐Cormenzana A.
Published: October 2023

A kinetic study was carried out on the anaerobic digestion of olive‐mill wastewater (OMW) and OMW that was previously fermented with Aspergillus terreus. The bioreactors used were batch fed and contained saponite as support for the mediating bacteria. The anaerobic digestion process followed first‐order kinetics, from which the kinetic constant A was calculated using a non‐linear regression. This kinetic parameter was influenced by the pretreatment carried out, and was 3.7 times higher for pretreated OMW than for untreated OMW. The anaerobic processing of pretreated OMW seemingly involved no inhibition phenomena as the biotoxicity and the total phenolic compound content (analysed by HPLC) were reduced by 71.2% and 77.9% respectively as a result of the pretreatment. Finally, the yield coefficient of methane production was 0.345 litres of methane (at standard temperature and pressure)/g of chemical oxygen demand, that is, 23% higher than that provided by untreated wastewater.
Immobilization of L‐asparaginase into a biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)‐albumin hydrogel: I: Preparation and in vitro characterization
Authors: Jean‐Francois J. , Fortier G.
Published: October 2023

The feasibility of the immobilization of Escherichia coli L‐asparaginase into a hydrogel matrix made of poly‐(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and BSA was demonstrated. After immobilization a 200‐fold increase in the Km value was observed. The use of an L‐aspartic acid analogue, carbobenzoxy‐L‐aspartic acid and surface modification by methoxy‐PEG of molecular mass 5 kDa cause a only a slight gain in affinity of the enzyme for its natural substrate. The immobilized L‐asparaginase has an optimal activity over a larger range of pH than the native enzyme, owing to the effect of the matrix. At a physiological pH of 7.3, the immobilized enzyme retained 90% of its activity compared with only 43% for the native form. The immobilized enzyme retained a high proportion of its initial activity, more than 90% after 50 days of incubation at 37 degrees C, even in the presence of its substrate. This may be compared with a half‐life of 2 days observed for native enzyme incubated under the same conditions. These results suggest that the BSA‐PEG matrix can be very useful for enzyme immobilization and, taking into account the good biocompatibility of the matrix, one can expect that this matrix will provide a functional bioreactor for use in vivo.
Expression of acylphosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhances ethanol fermentation rate
Authors: Raugei G. , Modesti A. , Magherini F. , Marzocchini R. , Vecchi M. , Ramponi G.
Published: October 2023

Previous experiments in vitro have demonstrated the ability of acylphosphatase to increase the rate of glucose fermentation in yeast. To evaluate the possibility of increasing fermentation in vivo also, a chemically synthesized DNA sequence coding for human muscle acylphosphatase was expressed at high level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol production was measured in these engineered strains in comparison with a control. Acylphosphatase expression strongly increased the rate of ethanol production both in aerobic and anaerobic culture. This finding may be potentially important for the development of more efficient industrial fermentation processes.
Purification of (His)6EcoRV [recombinant restriction endonuclease EcoRV fused to a (His)6affinity domain] by metal‐chelate affinity chromatography
Authors: Oswald Tanja , Hornbostel Gabi , Rinas Ursula , Anspach F. Birger
Published: October 2023

The chromatographic purification of (His)6EcoRV, a fusion protein consisting of a hexahistidine affinity domain and restriction endonuclease EcoRV produced from recombinant Escherichia coli, led to high product concentrations (1 mg/ml) in the preparative mode. Increasing the amount of applied crude cell homogenate caused competition with host‐specific proteins, leading to a decrease of recovery and purity of the fusion protein. Reduction of host‐specific proteins was achieved by pre‐adsorption on to a DEAE anion‐exchange sorbent. This, in combination with 0.5Ő1 M NaCl in the adsorption buffer, assured a purity > 95′ and a total protein recovery of 34′ in the preparative mode. Contamination of the product with about 2 mol of Ni(II)/mol of (His)6EcoRV was found due to metal‐ion transfer to the N‐terminal high‐affinity binding site at (His)6. Tris(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine (TED)ŐSepharose was employed as an Ni(II) adsorber. One passage of Ni(II)‐contaminated protein solutions through the TEDŐSepharose column resulted in a decrease in the Ni(II) content in the (His)6EcoRV fractions below the detection limit (0.02 mg/l) of the atomic‐adsorption spectrophotometer.
Useof pEX and pGEX bacterial heterologous protein expression systems forrecombinant oncoprotein production and antisera generation
Authors: Pompéia Celine , Ortis Fernanda , Armelin Mari C. S.
Published: October 2023

In order to study the role played by known and novel genes in growth control and neoplasia, we here compare the pEX and pGEX bacterial expression systems for recombinant oncoprotein production and for generation of specific antisera. The results of five pEX (MS2‐c‐Fos, MS2‐Fra‐1, MS2‐JunD, bgal‐c‐Jun and bgal‐JunB) and two pGEX [glutathione S‐transferase (GSH)‐JE/MCP‐1 and GST‐JunD] fusion‐protein productions are presented. Higher (15Ő43‐fold) yields are obtained with the pEX system, but only the pGEX system allows separation of the protein of interest from the fusion moiety by digestion with specific proteases. The degree of fusion‐protein purification, as assessed by SDS/PAGE, is similar for both systems. Proteins produced by both systems were successfully used in the generation of specific antisera. The choice between the pEX and pGEX systems is dependent upon the specific recombinant protein produced.
Some biochemical properties and the classification of a range of bacterial haloalkane dehalogenases
Authors: Damborsky Jii , Nyandoroh Munyaradzi G. , Mec Miroslav N , Holoubek Ivan , Bull Alan T. , Hardman David J.
Published: October 2023

Multivariate analyses and experimental data have been used to evaluate the relationships between eight bacterial hydrolytic haloalkane dehalogenases. The results indicate that seven of the dehalogenases investigated can confidently be placed into two Classes [sensu Slater, Bull and Hardman (1995) Biodegradation 6, 181Ő189] according to their substrate profiles. The remaining enzyme, isolated from Rhodococcus erythropolis CP9, appears to represent a third Class of haloalkane dehalogenases.
Antisense oligonucleotides: a new therapeutic approach
Authors: Temsamani Jamal , Guinot Philippe
Published: October 2023

The use of antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has heralded a new field of genetic pharmacology. Oligonucleotides are relatively easy to design and display increased affinity and selectivity for their nucleic acid targets compared with traditional drugs. However, the development of antisense therapy has not been as simple as was first believed; many critical issues had to be addressed. The first generation of oligonucleotides investigated as drug candidates were phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Several animal experiments have provided evidence that antisense oligonucleotides can inhibit gene expression of disease‐associated proteins. These promising studies led to the advancement of these compounds into clinical trials in such diverse fields as infectious diseases, cancer and inflammation. The insights gained through ongoing clinical trials has opened the pathway to the design of second‐generation oligonucleotides which have an improved safety profile and efficacy.
Timed ELISA: an alternative approach to quantitative enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Muller Robert
Published: October 2023

As the uses for ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) increase, so does the need for a quantitative procedure that does not require a spectrophotometer or other expensive equipment. “Timed ELISA” employs an “iodine clock” as the final step such that quantitative measurements may be made using a stopwatch. Catalase, coupled to the primary antibody, reduces the concentration of H2O2 available to generate iodine in the clock reaction. Iodine stains the starch component blue, but catalase prolongs the time taken for the change in colour to be observed. After the time delay occurs the transition to full colour development is extremely rapid ( &60; 1 s) at all analyte concentrations, allowing clear definition of the end point. The performance of Timed ELISA is similar to that obtained using a horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated system employing the customary spectrophotometric determination.
Extracellular proteases from Streptomyces spp. G157: purification and characterization
Authors: Sampath Padmavathi , Subramanian Chitra , Chandrakasan Gowri
Published: October 2023

While investigating about 250 strains of actinomycete isolated from tannery soil, Streptomyces spp. G157 exhibited the highest potency for the production of extracellular proteases. After preliminary fractionation by differential precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 the purification was carried out on a Sephadex G‐100 gel‐filtration column. Two proteolytically active fractions, fractions 1 and 2, were obtained. The two fractions were further purified on a DEAE‐cellulose ion‐exchange column. Upon characterization, fraction 1 was found to be a metal‐chelator‐sensitive protease and fraction 2 a trypsin‐like protease. The metal‐chelator‐sensitive protease was found to have a pH optimum over the range 7.0Ő8.0, a temperature optimum between 45 and 55 ° C and molecular mass of 36 kDa. The trypsin‐like protease was found to have a pH optimum between 8.4 and 8.6, a temperature optimum of 37 ° C and molecular mass of 21 kDa.
Correlates of Suicidal Behavior in a Juvenile Detention Population
Authors: Rohde Paul , Seeley John R. , Mace David E.
Published: October 2023

The present study identifies the correlates of current suicidal ideation and past suicide attempt among 555 adolescents in a county juvenile detention center. Suicidal behavior in delinquent boys was generally associated with depression and decreased social connection, whereas suicidal behavior in delinquent girls was associated with impulsivity and instability. Current ideation was most significantly associated with current depression. In multivariate analyses, past attempts were associated with suicidal ideation and ineffective coping for males, with major life events and impulsivity for females, and with not residing with at least one biological parent prior to detention for both males and females.
7 Suicide: The Scourge of Native American People
Authors: EchoHawk Marlene
Published: October 2023

Reportedly, Native Americans have a rate of suicide that is greater than any other ethnic group in the United States, especially in the age range of 15–24. Many who are concerned as to why this is the case offer a variety of theories. Most of the theories have yet to be tested. This particular presentation focuses on the traditional tribal structure of most Native Americans and events of history that have impacted the cultures of Native American Tribes. The particular events covered refer to Western education, various religions, and legislation as playing a most significant role in impacting the cultures of Native Americans. With the hope that we can all work together to diminish the scourge of Native American people, I repeat the words of Chief Seattle, “… be just and deal kindly with my people.”
Youth Suicide: The Knowledge and Attitudes of Australian Teachers and Clergy
Authors: Leane Wendy , Shute Rosalyn
Published: October 2023

This is the first study of the suicide‐related knowledge and attitudes of teachers and clergy in Australia. These professional groups have been identified as “gatekeepers” who might serve as a first line of assistance for distressed young people. Such gatekeepers, along with medical and mental health professionals, have a vital role to play in the prevention of youth suicide, of which Australia has the highest rates in the world. This research confirmed that high numbers of teachers and clergy have been approached by suicidal young persons. However, their gatekeeping role may be compromised by a low level of knowledge about signs of suicide risk, which was found even among those who had taken courses in suicide or death and dying or who had personally known someone who suicided. Suicidal behavior was found to be generally regarded as unacceptable, especially by those with a high religious commitment. Further educational efforts about suicide risk identification and prevention seem to be needed for both teachers and clergy; it will be important for such education to take into account attitudinal issues and how these might affect communication with young suicidal people.
Identification of Nearly Fatal Suicide Attempts: Self‐Inflicted Injury Severity Form
Authors: Potter Lloyd B. , Kresnow Marcie‐jo , Powell Kenneth E. , O'Carroll Patrick W. , Lee Roberta K. , Frankowski Ralph F. , Swann Alan C. , Bayer Timothy L. , Bautista Marilyn H. , Briscoe Margaret G.
Published: October 2023

The Self‐inflicted Injury Severity Form (SIISF) was developed as an epidemiological research tool for identifying individuals in hospital emergency departments who have life‐threatening self‐inflicted injuries. Data were collected from 715 patients with self‐inflicted injuries in two large hospitals. In 295 of these cases, a second set of data was independently collected for assessment of interrater reliability. Validity was assessed by comparing the SIISF results with simultaneously collected Risk—Rescue Ratings. Assessment of interrater reliability found that only 2.4% of physicians disagreed on the suicide method used. The kappa statistic for method used was .94, indicating excellent agreement. The SIISF was found to distinguish between severe and less severe injuries. Thus, it appears to provide a simple method to distinguish patients who have life‐threatening self‐inflicted injuries.
Asking Adolescents to Explain Discrepancies in Self‐Reported Suicidality
Authors: Velting Drew M. , Rathus Jill H. , Asnis Gregory M.
Published: October 2023

We present a typology of adolescents' most common explanations for discrepant reporting of suicidal behavior. Forty‐eight adolescents provided attempt histories by completing a self‐report measure of suicidality. A select number of items were subsequently readministered (average interval = 5 days) using a semistructured interview format. Discrepancies in reporting were found among 50% of the sample. Adolescents were also asked to clarify, using an open‐ended format, what might have accounted for a particular discrepancy. Based on these responses, seven mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories were derived. High rates of interrater agreement indicated that these categories were reliable.