bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High incidence of Zika virus infection detected in plasma and cervical cytology specimens from pregnant women in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Authors: Zambrano Hector , Waggoner Jesse , León Karina , Pinsky Benjamin , Vera Ketty , Schettino Marissa , Rivera Lisette , Landivar José , Granda María , Lee Angela , Mor Gil
Published: February 2017

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has been linked to severe birth defects, and the epidemiologic situation of the ZIKV epidemic in Ecuador is poorly understood. Guayaquil, Ecuador, has a tropical climate and experiences frequent outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus, and in December 2015, ZIKV was identified. Given the well‐documented effects of ZIKV in pregnancy, including microcephaly, we tested for the presence of ZIKV in both plasma and cervical cytology of pregnant women. We report the identification of a population of pregnant women with a high incidence of ZIKV infection detected in the plasma and lower reproductive tract. A case‐control study was performed to determine the incidence of ZIKV infection among low‐income, pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery compared to matched controls. Plasma and cervical cytology specimens were tested for ZIKV by rRT‐PCR. Fifty‐nine pregnant women were enrolled. The incidence of ZIKV was 54% (32/59) overall: 18/31 (58.1%) in cases and 14/28 (50.0%) in controls. ZIKV detection in plasma and cervical cytology specimens demonstrated good agreement. Overall, outcomes for neonates born to ZIKV‐positive and ZIKV‐negative mothers were similar. However, two neonates were born with microcephaly to case mothers who were ZIKV positive. We report a high incidence of ZIKV infection (54%) in a distinctive population in Guayaquil, Ecuador. We identify ZIKV in cervical samples that correlates with ZIKV in the plasma. These data raise concerns regarding the breadth of the ZIKV epidemic in Ecuador and demonstrate the utility of cervical cytology specimens for ZIKV testing.
Sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 (SREBP1) gene expression is similarly increased in polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer
Authors: Shafiee Mohamad N. , Mongan Nigel , Seedhouse Claire , Chapman Caroline , Deen Suha , Abu Jafaru , Atiomo William
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have a three‐fold higher risk of endometrial cancer. Insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia may be pertinent factors in the pathogenesis of both conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate endometrial sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression in polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer endometrium, and to correlate endometrial sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression with serum lipid profiles.

Material and methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed at Nottingham University Hospital, UK. A total of 102 women (polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer and controls; 34 participants in each group) were recruited. Clinical and biochemical assessments were performed before endometrial biopsies were obtained from all participants. Taqman real‐time polymerase chain reaction for endometrial sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene and its systemic protein expression were analyzed.

Results

The body mass indices of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (29.28 ± 2.91 kg/m2) and controls (28.58 ± 2.62 kg/m2) were not significantly different. Women with endometrial cancer had a higher mean body mass index (32.22 ± 5.70 kg/m2). Sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression was significantly increased in polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer endometrium compared with controls (p < 0.0001). Sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression was positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.017, p = 0.921) and waist–hip ratio (r = 0.023, p = 0.544) in polycystic ovary syndrome, but this was not statistically significant. Similarly, statistically insignificant positive correlations were found between endometrial sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression and body mass index in endometrial cancer (r = 0.643, p = 0.06) and waist–hip ratio (r = 0.096, p = 0.073). Sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression was significantly positively correlated with triglyceride in both polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer (p = 0.028 and p = 0.027, respectively). Quantitative serum sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene correlated with endometrial gene expression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 gene expression is significantly increased in the endometrium of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and women with endometrial cancer compared with controls and positively correlates with serum triglyceride in both polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer.
One‐stage laparoscopy‐assisted colectomy for synchronous double colorectal cancers
Authors: Tomioka Kodai , Murakami Masahiko , Watanabe Makoto , Matsui Nobuaki , Ozawa Yoshiaki , Yoshizawa Sota , Koizumi Tomotake , Goto Satoru , Fujimori Akira , Yoshitake Osamu , Otsuka Koji , Aoki Takeshi
Published: February 2017

Synchronous multiple malignant colorectal lesions are rare, and there have been very few studies about one‐stage laparoscopic operations in these cases. Here, we evaluated the short‐term outcomes of laparoscopy‐assisted colectomy (LAC) for synchronous double colorectal cancers. Seven patients underwent one‐stage LAC that required two resections and anastomoses in our hospital from 2010 to 2014. We retrospectively examined each patient's background and subsequent surgical outcomes. The median age of patients was 78 years, and the median BMI was 19.8 kg/m2. The median operative time was 190 min, and blood loss was minimal. All resected specimens were extracted through a transumbilical incision. A radical operation was performed safely without procedural accidents or postoperative complications in all cases. The median postoperative hospital stay was 12.5 days. One‐stage LAC is considered a safe and viable procedure for resecting synchronous double colorectal cancers. It involves minimal invasiveness and is similar to standard LAC.
Identification of novel inhibitors of the amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19), a potential target to induce protein restriction and to treat type 2 diabetes
Authors: Cheng Qi , Shah Nishank , Bröer Angelika , Fairweather Stephen , Jiang Yang , Schmoll Dieter , Corry Ben , Bröer Stefan
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose

The neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) has recently been identified as a possible target to treat type 2 diabetes and related disorders. B0AT1 mediates the Na+‐dependent uptake of all neutral amino acids. For surface expression and catalytic activity, B0AT1 requires coexpression of collectrin (TMEM27). In this study, we established tools to identify and evaluate novel inhibitors of B0AT1.

Experimental Approach

A CHO‐based cell line was generated, stably expressing collectrin and B0AT1. Using this cell line, a high‐throughput screening assay was developed, which uses a fluorescent dye to detect depolarisation of the cell membrane during amino acid uptake via B0AT1. In parallel to these functional assays, we ran a computational compound screen using AutoDock4 and a homology model of B0AT1 based on the high‐resolution structure of the highly homologous Drosophila dopamine transporter.

Key Results

We characterized a series of novel inhibitors of the B0AT1 transporter. Benztropine was identified as a competitive inhibitor of the transporter showing an IC50 of 44 ± 9 μM. The compound was selective with regard to related transporters and blocked neutral amino acid uptake in inverted sections of mouse intestine.

Conclusion And Implications

The tools established in this study can be widely used to identify new transport inhibitors. Using these tools, we were able to identify compounds that can be used to study epithelial transport, to induce protein restriction, or be developed further through medicinal chemistry.
Effects of linagliptin on human immortalized podocytes: a cellular system to study dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibition
Authors: Miglio Gianluca , Vitarelli Giovanna , Klein Thomas , Benetti Elisa
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose

Dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 (DPP4) is expressed by resident renal cells, including glomerular cells. DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins) exert albuminuria lowering effects, but the role of renal DPP4 as a pharmacological target has not been elucidated. To better understand the actions of gliptins, the effects of linagliptin on the behaviour of immortalized human podocytes and mesangial cells were evaluated.

Experimental Approach

The expression of DPP4 was measured at both the mRNA and protein levels. The effects of linagliptin on DPP4 activity, cell growth and cell cycle progression were determined. The contribution of the stromal cell‐derived factor‐1‐ CXCR4/CXCR7 signalling pathways was evaluated by studying the effects of AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist and CXCR7 agonist) alone and in combination with linagliptin. The contribution of ERK1/2 activation was analysed by studying the effects of the MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244.

Key Results

DPP4 was highly expressed in podocytes. The activity of DPP4 and podocyte growth were reduced by linagliptin. The effects of sitagliptin on podocyte growth were similar to those of linagliptin, were associated with inhibition of cell proliferation and mimicked by AMD3100. Moreover, linagliptin and AMD3100 were found to have a synergistic interaction, whereas no interaction was seen between linagliptin and AZD6244.

Conclusions and Implications

Our cultures of human glomerular cells represent a reliable system for investigating the actions of gliptins. Moreover, DPP4 contributes to the regulation of podocyte behaviour. Inhibition of DPP4 in podocytes could underlie the effects of linagliptin on glomerular cells.
Amino‐terminal enhancer of split gene AES encodes a tumor and metastasis suppressor of prostate cancer
Authors: Okada Yoshiyuki , Sonoshita Masahiro , Kakizaki Fumihiko , Aoyama Naoki , Itatani Yoshiro , Uegaki Masayuki , Sakamoto Hiromasa , Kobayashi Takashi , Inoue Takahiro , Kamba Tomomi , Suzuki Akira , Ogawa Osamu , Taketo M. Mark
Published: February 2017

A major cause of cancer death is its metastasis to the vital organs. Few effective therapies are available for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (PCa), and progressive metastatic lesions such as lymph nodes and bones cause mortality. We recently identified AES as a metastasis suppressor for colon cancer. Here, we have studied the roles of AES in PCa progression. We analyzed the relationship between AES expression and PCa stages of progression by immunohistochemistry of human needle biopsy samples. We then performed overexpression and knockdown of AES in human PCa cell lines LNCaP, DU145 and PC3, and determined the effects on proliferation, invasion and metastasis in culture and in a xenograft model. We also compared the PCa phenotypes of Aes/Pten compound knockout mice with those of Pten simple knockout mice. Expression levels of AES were inversely correlated with clinical stages of human PCa. Exogenous expression of AES suppressed the growth of LNCaP cells, whereas the AES knockdown promoted it. We also found that AES suppressed transcriptional activities of androgen receptor and Notch signaling. Notably, AES overexpression in AR‐defective DU145 and PC3 cells reduced invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and bones without affecting proliferation in culture. Consistently, prostate epithelium‐specific inactivation of Aes in Ptenflox/flox mice increased expression of Snail and MMP9, and accelerated growth, invasion and lymph node metastasis of the mouse prostate tumor. These results suggest that AES plays an important role in controlling tumor growth and metastasis of PCa by regulating both AR and Notch signaling pathways.
Immunological evaluation of peptide vaccination for cancer patients with the HLA ‐A11+ or ‐A33+ allele
Authors: Sakamoto Shinjiro , Matsueda Satoko , Takamori Shinzo , Toh Uhi , Noguchi Masanori , Yutani Shigeru , Yamada Akira , Shichijo Shigeki , Yamada Teppei , Suekane Shigetaka , Kawano Kouichiro , Naitou Masayasu , Sasada Tetsuro , Hattori Noboru , Kohno Nobuoki , Itoh Kyogo
Published: February 2017

The HLA‐A11 or ‐A33 allele is found in approximately 18% or 10% of the Asian population, respectively, but each of which is a minor allele worldwide, and therefore no clinical trials were previously conducted. To develop a therapeutic peptide vaccine for each of them, we investigated immunological responses of advanced cancer patients with the HLA‐A11+/A11+ (n = 18) or ‐A33+/A33+ (n = 13) allele to personalized peptide vaccine (PPV) regimens. The primary sites of HLA‐A11+/A11+ or ‐A33+/A33+ patients were the colon (n = 4 or 2), stomach (2 or 3), breast (3 or 2), lung and pancreas (2 or 2), and so on. For PPV, a maximum of four peptides were selected from nine different peptides capable of binding to HLA‐A11 and ‐A33 molecules based on the pre‐existing peptide‐specific IgG responses. There were no severe adverse events related to PPV. At the end of the first cycle, peptide‐specific CTL responses were augmented in 4/12 or 2/9 of HLA‐A11+/A11+ or ‐A33+/A33+ patients, while peptide‐specific IgG responses were augmented in 6/14 or 4/10 patients, respectively. Clinical responses consisted of four stable diseases and 14 progressive diseases in HLA‐A11+/A11+patients, versus seven and six in ‐A33+/A33+patients, respectively. Further clinical study of PPV could be recommended because of the safety and positive immunological responses.
Child and Parenting Outcomes After 1 Year of Educare
Authors: Yazejian Noreen , Bryant Donna M. , Hans Sydney , Horm Diane , St. Clair Lisa , File Nancy , Burchinal Margaret
Published: February 2017

Educare is a birth to age 5 early education program designed to reduce the achievement gap between children from low‐income families and their more economically advantaged peers through high‐quality center‐based programming and strong school–family partnerships. This study randomly assigned 239 children (< 19 months) from low‐income families to Educare or a business‐as‐usual control group. Assessments tracked children 1 year after randomization. Results revealed significant differences favoring treatment group children on auditory and expressive language skills, parent‐reported problem behaviors, and positive parent–child interactions. Effect sizes were in the modest to medium range. No effects were evident for observer‐rated child behaviors or parent‐rated social competence. The overall results add to the evidence that intervening early can set low‐income children on more positive developmental courses.
Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Models of Reciprocal Effects
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard , Lichtenfeld Stephanie , Marsh Herbert W. , Murayama Kou , Goetz Thomas
Published: February 2017

A reciprocal effects model linking emotion and achievement over time is proposed. The model was tested using five annual waves of the Project for the Analysis of Learning and Achievement in Mathematics (PALMA) longitudinal study, which investigated adolescents’ development in mathematics (Grades 5–9; N = 3,425 German students; mean starting age = 11.7 years; representative sample). Structural equation modeling showed that positive emotions (enjoyment, pride) positively predicted subsequent achievement (math end‐of‐the‐year grades and test scores), and that achievement positively predicted these emotions, controlling for students’ gender, intelligence, and family socioeconomic status. Negative emotions (anger, anxiety, shame, boredom, hopelessness) negatively predicted achievement, and achievement negatively predicted these emotions. The findings were robust across waves, achievement indicators, and school tracks, highlighting the importance of emotions for students’ achievement and of achievement for the development of emotions.
Intralesional anti‐CD20 antibody for low‐grade primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: Adverse reactions correlate with favorable clinical outcome
Authors: Eberle Franziska C. , Holstein Julia , Scheu Alexander , Fend Falko , Yazdi Amir S.
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

Intralesional injection of anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) has been described as effective therapeutic option for patients with indolent primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma (PCBL). To date, no parameters that reproducibly predict favorable clinical outcome of this treatment have been identified. The study aims to evaluate the clinical response and adverse effects as well as patients’ self‐perception of intralesional injection of anti‐CD20 antibody for treatment of indolent PCBL compared to other treatment modalities.

Patients and Methods

Eleven patients with PCBL, namely primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (n = 9) and primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (n = 2), treated with intralesional anti‐CD20 antibody were retrospectively evaluated for response rate and adverse events as well as their self‐perception of anti‐CD20 antibody therapy and other therapies of PCBL.

Results

Patients treated with intralesional anti‐CD20 antibody for PCBL showed complete response or partial response in 45 % or 27 % of patients, respectively. Particularly, patients with marked flu‐like symptoms after intralesional injection of rituximab responded very well to rituximab. The majority of patients considered rituximab as best therapy compared to other therapies such as excision or radiotherapy.

Conclusions

Intralesional rituximab is an effective therapy with high patient satisfaction. Strong therapy induced side effects of fever, chills and headache after administration of rituximab might be used as indicator for favorable response.
Donor withdrawal and local civil society organizations: An analysis of the HIV/AIDS sector in Vietnam
Authors: Pallas Christopher L. , Nguyen Lan
Published: February 2017

The impact of international donor arrival on local civil society organizations (CSOs) is well researched. Less well understood is how local CSOs react and adapt to donor withdrawal. This article explores this phenomenon in the context of the HIV/AIDS sector in Vietnam. Using data from government, donor and CSO sources in Vietnam, it examines how current and planned cuts in donor funding, including donor exit, impact local CSO agency and effectiveness. It finds that while donor withdrawal may reduce CSO capacity and independence, it can also prompt local innovations that—if successful—may improve CSOs’ responsiveness to local stakeholders.
Application of pediatric appropriate use criteria for initial outpatient evaluation of syncope
Authors: Phelps Heather M. , Kelleman Michael S. , McCracken Courtney E. , Benavidez Oscar J. , Campbell Robert M. , Douglas Pamela S. , Eidem Benjamin W. , Lai Wyman W. , Lopez Leo , Stern Kenan W. D. , Welch Elizabeth , Sachdeva Ritu
Published: February 2017

Background

Syncope is a common reason for outpatient transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We studied the applicability of pediatric appropriate use criteria (AUC) on initial outpatient evaluation of children (≤18 years) with syncope.

Methods

Data were obtained before (Phase I, April–September 2014) and after (Phase II, January‐April 2015) the release of the AUC document from six participating pediatric cardiology centers. Site investigators determined the indication for TTE and assigned appropriateness rating based on the AUC document: Appropriate (A), May Be Appropriate (M), Rarely Appropriate (R), or “unclassifiable” (U) if it did not fit any scenario in the AUC document.

Results

Of the total 4562 TTEs, 310 (6.8%) were performed for syncope: 174/2655 (6.6%) Phase I and 136/1907 (7.1%) Phase II, P=.44. Overall, 168 (50.5%) were for indications rated A, 63 (18.9%) for M, 79 (23.7%) for R, and 23 (6.9%) for U. Release of AUC did not change the appropriateness of TTEs [A=51.6% vs 49.0%, P=.63, R=20.2% vs 28.3%, P=.09]. Overall syncope‐related R indications formed 15.7% of R indications for all the echocardiograms performed in the entire Pediatric Appropriate Use (PAUSE) study (11.9% Phase I and 22.4% Phase II, P=.002). TTEs were normal in majority of the patients except 7 that had incidental findings.

Conclusions

In conclusion, syncope is a common reason for indications rated R and release of the AUC document did not improve appropriate utilization of TTE in syncope. Targeted educational interventions are needed to reduce unnecessary TTEs in children with syncope.
Methionine 35 sulphoxide reduces toxicity of Aβ in red blood cell
Authors: Carelli‐Alinovi Cristiana , Misiti Francesco
Published: February 2017

Background

The oxidation of methionine residue in position 35 of Ab to sulphoxide (Ab‐sulphoxide) has the ability to deeply modify wild‐type Ab 1–42 (Ab) neurotoxic action. Our previous studies suggest that in nucleated cells, lower toxicity of Ab‐sulphoxide might result not from structural alteration, but from elevation of methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MsrA) activity and mRNA levels.

Design

On this basis, we hypothesised that red blood cell (RBC), a cell devoid almost completely of MsrA activity, shares with nucleated cells an antioxidant system induced by methionine 35 sulphoxide, responsible for the lower toxicity of Ab‐sulphoxide in RBC. (Results) Supporting this hypothesis, we found that the low toxicity of Ab‐sulphoxide in RBC correlated with pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux increase, and this event was associated with a low level of methionine oxidation in total proteins. None of these effects were observed when cells were exposed to Ab native.

Discussion

These results outline the importance of the redox state of methionine 35 in the modulation of Ab‐mediated events and suggest an important protective role for PPP in RBC of patients affected by Alzheimer's disease.
A retrospective study of isolated fractures of the alveolar process in the permanent dentition
Authors: Marotti Maja , Ebeleseder Kurt Alois , Schwantzer Gerold , Jauk Stefanie
Published: February 2017

Background/Aim

There is a lack of studies of fractures of the alveolar process (FAP). Only five were published in the last 50 years. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk of pulp necrosis and infection (PN), pulp canal obliteration (PCO), infection‐related root resorption (IRR), ankylosis‐related resorption (ARR), marginal bone loss (MBL), and tooth loss (TL) as well as to identify the possible risk factors for teeth involved in an isolated alveolar process fracture. In the second part, any late complications of the involved teeth were reported in patients who responded to a follow‐up examination.

Material and method

This study was a retrospective analysis of 126 patients with 329 traumatized permanent teeth treated in a regional dental trauma clinic. Follow‐up examination was performed on 31 (24.6%) patients with 75 (22.8%) teeth. The risks of PN, PCO, RR, MBL, and TL were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Possible risk factors for PN (stage of root development, fracture position in relation to the root apex, concomitant injury, treatment delay, and antibiotics) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression and generalized estimating equation. The level of significance was 5%.

Results

Pulp necrosis was observed in 43% of the teeth, and it was significantly associated with the presence of a concomitant injury and complete root formation. PCO was recorded in 2.8%, root resorption (RR, IRR, and ARR) in 4%, MBL in 8%, and TL in 0.6% of the teeth. Thirty‐four percent of the teeth were assumed to have normal pulps, but they did not respond to pulp sensibility testing. At the follow‐up examination, PN was found in 49%, PCO in 28%, RR (IRR and ARR) in 4%, MBL in 17%, and TL in 5%. Estimated risk after a 5‐years follow up was as follows: PN: 48.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 42.0‐54.5), IRR: 7.2 (95% CI: 3.5‐10.9), ARR: 33.0% (95% CI: 22.4‐43.6), BL: 16.7% (95% CI: 9.6‐23.8), TL: 4.0% (95% CI: 0.0‐8.5). The following factors significantly increased the risk of PN: mature root development (hazard ratio [HR]: 7.50 [95% CI: 1.84‐30.64], P=.005) and concomitant injury (HR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.76‐4.09], P<.001). In a logistic regression model, teeth with mature roots had a threefold risk of becoming non‐responsive to pulp testing.

Conclusion

Teeth involved in an isolated alveolar process fracture and managed with a conservative treatment approach appear to have a good prognosis. The most common complication was PN which did not negatively affect the survival of the teeth after root canal treatment.
Treatment of mandibular condyle fractures. A 20‐year review
Authors: Monnazzi Marcelo S. , Gabrielli Marisa A. C. , Gabrielli Mário F. R. , Trivellato Alexandre E.
Published: February 2017

Background/Aim

The condylar fracture is among the most frequent facial fractures. Despite all the published studies, its treatment remains controversial. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the epidemiology and complications of mandibular condyle fractures managed by surgical and conservative treatments, over a period of twenty years.

Material and Methods

The files of 262 patients with 318 condyle fractures were included in this study. One hundred and seven patients had conservative management, and 155 had surgical management for the condylar fractures. The outcomes were assessed by reviewing the patient's clinical records.

Results

The prevalence was higher in males and most patients were Caucasians in the third decade of life. The mean age was 30.17 years old. The main causes were motorcycle accidents followed by bike accidents, and the mean follow‐up time was 226.5 days. The number of complications found in the two modalities of treatment was low and similar.

Conclusion

Both treatments achieved their goals. There was no statistical difference in the complication rate between the two groups.
Modelling of the spread of Dothistroma septosporum in Europe
Authors: Möykkynen T. , Fraser S. , Woodward S. , Brown A. , Pukkala T.
Published: February 2017

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), a disease affecting several pine species, is currently generating great concern in Europe. Caused by Dothistroma pini and Dothistroma septosporum, DNB affects pine needles and causes premature defoliation, which results in growth reduction and, in extreme cases, mortality. The disease has increased in importance in Europe over the last 20 years, with an increase in the number of observations of DNB in regions with large areas of Pinus sylvestris in northern Europe. This article presents a cell‐based spatiotemporal model for predicting the likelihood and intensity of the future spread of D. septosporum in Europe. Here, “spread” includes both invasion of new regions and infection of healthy stands within already‐colonized regions. Predicted spread depends on the availability of host species, climatic suitability of different regions to D. septosporum and dispersal of sexual and asexual spores from infected trees to surrounding forests via water splash, mist and wind. Long‐distance spread through transport of infected seedlings is also included in the model. Simulations of spread until 2007 and 2015 were used to validate the model. These simulations produced similar patterns of spread to those observed in Europe. Simulations for 2030 suggested that additional and new outbreaks are likely to occur in Scotland, southern Norway, southern and central Sweden, northern parts of Germany and Poland, Estonia, Latvia and south‐west Finland. Preventing the delivery of infected seedlings would be an effective method for reducing the spread of D. septosporum in the Nordic countries, Scotland and Ireland, the Baltic countries, and parts of Germany, Poland and Belarus. In these states, prevention of transport of infected seedlings can reduce the probability of additional spread by 15%–40%.
Genetic diversity of pine‐parasitic nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in China
Authors: Zhou L. F. , Chen F. M. , Xie L. Y. , Pan H. Y. , Ye J. R.
Published: February 2017

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA have been routinely employed for identification and phylogenetic analysis of many nematode species. In this study, the intra‐ and interspecies ITS genetic diversity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was evaluated. Ninety‐one isolates of the two nematode species collected from 14 Chinese provinces, Japan and Korea were used for ITS‐PCR and sequencing. An unweighted pair group cluster analysis dendrogram clustered them as two B. mucronatus and one B. xylophilus independent clades. Principal component analysis showed the phylogenetic relationship of the two nematode species more clearly; B. mucronatus isolates were separated into more than four groups, whereas B. xylophilus isolates still clustered into a group. The results of the Mantel test indicated the correlation of genetic distance matrices and geographic distance matrices was significant for both nematode species. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) and gene flow (Nm) of B. mucronatus were 0.341 and 1.091, respectively, suggesting the importance of landscape heterogeneity and considerable obstacles for genetic exchange among B. mucronatus isolates in China. However, Gst and Nm of B. xylophilus were 0.188 and 2.151, respectively, very different compared to B. mucronatus. This could be owing to the short‐term introduction of B. xylophilus into China and a rapid spread through anthropogenic pathways. Our work adds to the understanding of the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the two pine‐parasitic nematode species, and will aid in controlling them in the future.
Role models and professional development in dentistry: an important resource
Authors: Mohamed Osama O. , Gallagher J. E.
Published: February 2017

Background

The importance of role models, and their differing influence in early, mid‐ and late careers, has been identified in the process of professional development of medical doctors. There is a paucity of evidence within dentistry on role models and their attributes.

Aim

To explore the views of early career dentists on positive and negative role models across key phases of professional development, together with role models’ attributes and perceived influence.

Methods

This is a phenomenological study collecting qualitative data through semi‐structured interviews based on a topic guide. Dentists in junior (core training) hospital posts in one academic health science centre were all invited to participate. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework analysis.

Results

Twelve early career stage dentists, 10 of whom were female, reported having role models, mainly positive, in their undergraduate and early career phases. Participants defined role models’ attributes in relation to three distinct domains: clinical attributes, personal qualities and teaching skills. Positive role models were described as “prioritising the patient's best interests”, “delivering learner‐centred teaching and training” and “exhibiting a positive personality”, whilst negative role models demonstrated the converse. Early career dentists reported having largely positive dentist role models during‐ and post‐dental school and report their impact on professional values and aspirations, learning outcomes and career choice.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that these early career dentists in junior hospital posts have largely experienced and benefitted from positive role models, notably dentists, perceived as playing an important and creative influence promoting professionalism and shaping the career choices of early career stage dentists.
What does the U.S. Medicare administrative claims database tell us about initial antiepileptic drug treatment for older adults with new‐onset epilepsy?
Authors: Martin Roy C. , Faught Edward , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Richman Joshua , Funkhouser Ellen , Piper Kendra , Juarez Lucia , Dai Chen , Pisu Maria
Published: February 2017

Objective

Disparities in epilepsy treatment are not uncommon; therefore, we examined population‐based estimates of initial antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in new‐onset epilepsy among racial/ethnic minority groups of older US Medicare beneficiaries.

Methods

We conducted retrospective analyses of 2008–2010 Medicare administrative claims for a 5% random sample of beneficiaries augmented for minority representation. New‐onset epilepsy cases in 2009 had ≥1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) 345.x or ≥2 ICD‐9 780.3x, and ≥1 AED, AND no seizure/epilepsy claim codes or AEDs in preceding 365 days. We examined AED use and concordance with Quality Indicators of Epilepsy Treatment (QUIET) 6 (monotherapy as initial treatment = ≥30 day first prescription with no other concomitant AEDs), and prompt AED treatment (first AED within 30 days of diagnosis). Logistic regression examined likelihood of prompt treatment by demographic (race/ethnicity, gender, age), clinical (number of comorbid conditions, neurology care, index event occurring in the emergency room (ER)), and economic (Part D coverage phase, eligibility for Part D Low Income Subsidy [LIS], and ZIP code level poverty) factors.

Results

Over 1 year of follow‐up, 79.6% of 3,706 new epilepsy cases had one AED only (77.89% of whites vs. 89% of American Indian/Alaska Native [AI/AN]). Levetiracetam was the most commonly prescribed AED (45.5%: from 24.6% AI/AN to 55.0% whites). The second most common was phenytoin (30.6%: from 18.8% Asians to 43.1% AI/AN). QUIET 6 concordance was 94.7% (93.9% for whites to 97.3% of AI/AN). Only 50% received prompt AED therapy (49.6% whites to 53.9% AI/AN). Race/ethnicity was not significantly associated with AED patterns, monotherapy use, or prompt treatment.

Significance

Monotherapy is common across all racial/ethnic groups of older adults with new‐onset epilepsy, older AEDs are commonly prescribed, and treatment is frequently delayed. Further studies on reasons for treatment delays are warranted. Interventions should be developed and tested to develop paradigms that lead to better care.
Crowdfunding Innovative Ideas: How Incremental and Radical Innovativeness Influence Funding Outcomes
Authors: Chan C. S. Richard , Parhankangas Annaleena
Published: February 2017

We investigate the effect of innovativeness on crowdfunding outcomes. Because crowdfunding campaigns characterized by greater incremental innovativeness are more comprehensible and generate more user value for typical crowdfunders, incremental innovativeness may result in more favorable funding outcomes. By comparison, campaigns that feature greater radical innovativeness are riskier to develop, harder for crowdfunders to understand and result in less favorable funding outcomes. This negative effect of radical innovativeness may be mitigated by incremental innovativeness, which may help crowdfunders to understand and appreciate radical innovativeness more. A sample of 334 Kickstarter campaigns provides support for our hypotheses.
How Should Crowdfunding Research Evolve? A Survey of the Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Editorial Board
Authors: McKenny Aaron F. , Allison Thomas H. , Ketchen David J. , Short Jeremy C. , Ireland R. Duane
Published: February 2017

The explosion of crowdfunding within entrepreneurial circles is attracting increased academic interest in the nature of crowdfunding, its antecedents, and its consequences. In an effort to help researchers concentrate their inquiry on the most promising questions and theories involving crowdfunding, we surveyed key thought leaders within the entrepreneurship field—the Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice editorial review board—regarding what inquiry they believe is needed. Their responses offer implications for crowdfunding research. For example, cross–disciplinary work is one approach that board members believe holds high potential. In response, we outline a cross–disciplinary research agenda that can inform scholarly efforts.
Home is Where You Know Your Volatility – Local Investor Sentiment and Stock Market Volatility
Authors: Schneller D. , Heiden S. , Hamid A. , Heiden M.
Published: February 2017

Using a new variable to measure investor sentiment we show that the sentiment of German and European investors matters for return volatility in local stock markets. A flexible empirical similarity (ES) approach is used to emulate the dynamics of the volatility process by a time-varying parameter that is created via the similarity of realized volatility and investor sentiment. Out-of-sample results show that the ES model produces significantly better volatility forecasts than various benchmark models for DAX and EUROSTOXX. Regarding other international markets no significant difference between the forecasts can be observed.
Fighting Terrorism: Empirics on Policy Harmonisation
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Nwachukwu Jacinta
Published: February 2017

This paper models the feasibility of common policy initiatives against global terrorism, as well as timelines for their enforcement. The empirical evidence is based on 78 developing countries for the period 1984-2008. Domestic, transnational, unclear and total terrorism variables are used. Absolute (or unconditional) and conditional catch-ups are estimated using Generalised Method of Moments. We establish consistently that, the rate of catch-up is higher in domestic terrorism relative to transnational terrorism. The time to full catch-up required for the implementation of common policies without distinction of nationality is found to be in a horizon of 13-20 years for domestic terrorism and 24-28 years for transnational terrorism. Hence, from a projection date of 2009, in spite of decreasing cross-country differences in terrorists’ attacks, there is still a long way to go before feasible common policy initiatives can be fully implemented without distinction of nationality. The paper is original by its contribution to the empirics of conflict resolution through decreasing cross-country differences in terrorism tendencies. Policy implications are discussed.
Comparison between clinical gait and daily‐life gait assessments of fall risk in older people
Authors: Brodie Matthew A. , Coppens Milou J. , Ejupi Andreas , Gschwind Yves J. , Annegarn Janneke , Schoene Daniel , Wieching Rainer , Lord Stephen R. , Delbaere Kim
Published: February 2017

Aim

Falls are a leading cause of disability in older people. Here we investigate if daily‐life gait assessments are better than clinical gait assessments at discriminating between older people with and without a history of falls.

Methods

A total of 96 independent‐living participants (age 75.5 ± 7.8) underwent sensorimotor, psychological and cognitive assessments, and the Timed Up and Go and 10‐m walk tests. Participants wore a small pendant sensor device for a week in their home environment, from which the new remote assessments of daily‐life gait were determined.

Results

During daily‐life, fallers had significantly lower gait quality (lower gait endurance, higher within‐walk variability and lower between‐walk adaptability), but not reduced gait quantity (total steps) or gait intensity (mean cadence). In the clinic, fallers had slower Timed Up and Go, but not 10‐m walk test times. After adjusting for demographics, only the daily‐life assessments of gait endurance and within‐walk variability remained significant. Reduced daily‐life gait assessments were significantly correlated with older age, higher body mass index, multiple medications, disability, more concern about falling, poor executive function and higher physiological fall risk.

Conclusions

The new daily‐life gait assessments were better than the clinical gait assessments at identifying fall risk in our sample of independent living older people. However, further research is required to validate these findings in other populations or those living in residential aged care. Daily‐life gait was not only associated with demographics and physiological capacity, but also general health, executive function and the ability to undertake a variety of activities of daily living without excessive concern about falling. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2274–2282.
Evolution of crustal deformation in the northeast–central Japanese island arc: Insights from fault activity
Authors: Miyakawa Ayumu , Otsubo Makoto
Published: February 2017

We evaluated fault activity in northeast–central Japan based on fault orientation, regional stress field, and slip tendency analysis for active and non‐active faults (i.e. faults for which Quaternary activity has not been identified). Slip tendency is generally higher along active faults than non‐active faults, although a high slip tendency was observed along some non‐active faults, indicating their potential to become active. The potential for fault activity along non‐active faults can be modeled using the temporal evolution from non‐active to active during long‐term crustal deformation. The density of potentially active faults varies spatially across the study areas and reflects the temporal evolution of crustal deformation in northeast–central Japan.
An application of the Health Action Process Approach model to oral hygiene behaviour and dental plaque in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances
Authors: Scheerman Janneke F. M. , van Empelen Pepijn , van Loveren Cor , Pakpour Amir H. , van Meijel Berno , Gholami Maryam , Mierzaie Zaher , van den Braak Matheus C. T. , Verrips Gijsbert H. W.
Published: February 2017

Background

The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model addresses health behaviours, but it has never been applied to model adolescents’ oral hygiene behaviour during fixed orthodontic treatment.

Aim

This study aimed to apply the HAPA model to explain adolescents’ oral hygiene behaviour and dental plaque during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 116 adolescents with fixed appliances from an orthodontic clinic situated in Almere (the Netherlands) completed a questionnaire assessing oral health behaviours and the psychosocial factors of the HAPA model. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine the factors associated with dental plaque, toothbrushing, and the use of a proxy brush.

Results

Stepwise regression analysis showed that lower amounts of plaque were significantly associated with higher frequency of the use of a proxy brush (R2 = 45%), higher intention of the use of a proxy brush (R2 = 5%), female gender (R2 = 2%), and older age (R2 = 2%). The multiple regression analyses revealed that higher action self‐efficacy, intention, maintenance self‐efficacy, and a higher education were significantly associated with the use of a proxy brush (R2 = 45%).

Conclusion

Decreased levels of dental plaque are mainly associated with increased use of a proxy brush that is subsequently associated with a higher intention and self‐efficacy to use the proxy brush.
Scheduling aspects in keyword extraction problem
Authors: Zimniewicz Michał , Kurowski Krzysztof , Węglarz Jan
Published: February 2017

The amount of big data collected during human–computer interactions requires natural language processing (NLP) applications to be executed efficiently, especially in parallel computing environments. Scalability and performance are critical in many NLP applications such as search engines or web indexers. However, there is a lack of mathematical models helping users to design and apply scheduling theory for NLP approaches. Moreover, many researchers and software architects reported various difficulties related to common NLP benchmarks. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce and demonstrate how to apply a scheduling model for a class of keyword extraction approaches. Additionally, we propose methods for the overall performance evaluation of different algorithms, which are based on processing time and correctness (quality) of answers. Finally, we present a set of experiments performed in different computing environments together with obtained results that can be used as reference benchmarks for further research in the field.
An application of the ELECTRE TRI‐C method to characterize government performance in OECD countries
Authors: Costa Ana Sara , Rui Figueira José , Vieira Carlos Rodrigues , Vieira Isabel Viegas
Published: February 2017

In the 2010 Toronto summit, the leaders of the G‐20 countries agreed on the implementation of urgent fiscal consolidation plans, following the expansionary policies adopted to curb the recessionary effects of the financial crisis. Unprecedented cuts in public expenditures have taken place, particularly in the European Union periphery, reviving the discussion on the optimal size of the public sector. Supporters of fiscal restraint defend that bigger governments tend to be more inefficient, its opponents assume that government size determines the effectiveness of its performance. However, the social and economic impacts from contractionary fiscal policies ultimately depend on the level of public sector efficiency. Relatively inefficient governments have more scope to consolidate without compromising social welfare. In this paper, we adopt a multiple decision aiding approach, not previously employed for the assessment of complex macroeconomic performances, and employ the ELECTRE TRI‐C outranking method to categorize OECD countries on a set of criteria representing the quality of their public sectors. We then compare the obtained classifications with the share of each government's expenditures on GDP, to identify distinct levels of efficiency. Our analysis suggests that various countries exhibit a margin for efficiency gains, attenuating the social and economic effects of fiscal consolidation policies.
Global patterns in the divergence between phylogenetic diversity and species richness in terrestrial birds
Authors: Voskamp Alke , Baker David J. , Stephens Philip A. , Valdes Paul J. , Willis Stephen G.
Published: February 2017

Aim

The conservation value of sites is often based on species richness (SR). However, metrics of phylogenetic diversity (PD) reflect a community's evolutionary potential and reveal the potential for additional conservation value above that based purely on SR. Although PD is typically correlated with SR, localized differences in this relationship have been found in different taxa. Here, we explore geographical variation in global avian PD. We identify where PD is higher or lower than expected (from SR) and explore correlates of those differences, to find communities with high irreplaceability, in terms of the uniqueness of evolutionary histories.

Location

Global terrestrial.

Methods

Using comprehensive avian phylogenies and global distributional data for all extant birds, we calculated SR and Faith's PD, a widely applied measure of community PD, across the terrestrial world. We modelled the relationship between avian PD for terrestrial birds and its potential environmental correlates. Analyses were conducted at a global scale and also for individual biogeographical realms. Potential explanatory variables of PD included SR, long‐term climate stability, climatic diversity (using altitudinal range as a proxy), habitat diversity and proximity to neighbouring realms.

Results

We identified areas of high and low relative PD (rPD; PD relative to that expected given SR). Areas of high rPD were associated with deserts and islands, while areas of low rPD were associated with historical glaciation. Our results suggest that rPD is correlated with different environmental variables in different parts of the world.

Main conclusions

There is geographical variation in avian rPD, much of which can be explained by putative drivers. However, the importance of these drivers shows pronounced regional variation. Moreover, the variation in avian rPD differs substantially from patterns found for mammals and amphibians. We suggest that PD adds additional insights about the irreplaceability of communities to conventional metrics of biodiversity based on SR, and could be usefully included in assessments of site valuation and prioritization.