bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Detection of Cation-π Interactions in Calix[n]arenes by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Inokuchi Fumiaki , Araki Koji , Shinkai Seiji
Published: March 2006

It was found that calix[n]arene-organic ammonium ion complexes formed on the basis of cation-π interactions can be easily detected by mass spectrometry. The host-guest selectivity observed therein is largely different from that observed in solution probably.
Low Temperature Oxidative Coupling of Methane by Perovskite Oxide
Authors: Li Xiao-Hong , Fujimoto Kaoru
Published: March 2006

Perovskite oxides, SrTiO3 which was doped with MgO and contained oxygen defects, oxidized methane to C2 coupled hydrocarbons at 425 °C, with the selectivity over 90%. The used oxides could be regenerated by being treated in air at 425 °C. Adsorbed oxide ion on the defect seemed to be responsible for their oxidation activity.
Isomerization of a Diastereomeric Oxovanadium(IV) Complex Containing an Unsymmetrical Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand Catalyzed by Oxovanadium(V) Species
Authors: Nakajima Kiyohiko , Kojima Masaaki , Tsuchimoto Masanobu , Yoshikawa Yuzo , Fujita Junnosuke
Published: March 2006

The isomerization between the two diastereomers of [VIVO{3-MeOsal,sal-(RR)-chxn}] (H2{3-MeOsal,sal-(RR)-chxn} = N-salicylidene-N′-3-methoxysalicylidene-(RR)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine) in acetonitrile-water(95:5 v/v) was observed under aerobic conditions. The reaction was accelerated by the addition of [VVO(salen)]ClO4 (H2salen = N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine), but the complex did not isomerize in dry acetonitrile. The mechanism of the isomerization was investigated.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of NdFe10Mo2Cx and NdFe10Mo2CxNy Using NdC2 as a Starting Material
Authors: Izumi Hirokazu , Seyama Yukitaka , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: March 2006

Interstitial rare earth carbide (NdFe10Mo2Cx) and carbonitride (NdFe10Mo2CxNy) have been prepared by a novel preparation method, which comprises the replacement of a partial amount of Nd metal with NdC2 up to the carbon content of x < 1. Temperature dependence of their magnetization characteristics fairly agreed with those of NdFe10Mo2Cx and NdFe10Mo2CxNy obtained by a conventional metallurgical technique and/or a subsequent plasma nitriding. The results demonstrated that these interstitial rare earth compounds are produced in much reduced cost compared with that for the conventional one using Nd metal.
Orbital Phase Control of Trigonal Pyramidal Structures of Tricoordinated Metal Complexes
Authors: Iwase Koji , Sakai Shogo , Inagaki Satoshi
Published: March 2006

Trigonal pyramidal structures of some tricoordinated metal complexes ML3 (M = Mg, Al, Si) are predicted by an orbital phase theory and confirmed by ab initio molecular orbital calculations to have acute L–M–L angles in spite of the steric congestion.
A New Confined Spot Test with Hydrophobic Filter Paper and Its Application to the Visual Fluorometric Determination of Trace Aluminium with 2,2′-Dihydroxyazobenzene
Authors: Kaneko Emiko , Ishida Akihiko , Deguchi Yuji , Yotsuyanagi Takao
Published: March 2006

A new sensitive and simple spot test has been developed for the visual determination of trace element in water, based on the formation of a size confined colored ring on hydrophobic filter paper. When 0.1 cm3 of aqueous solution is spotted on the water-repelling surface and evaporated in an oven, a small fleck of 6 mm diameter edged with a colored analyte is formed. This method has been successfully applied to the visual fluorometric determination of trace aluminium(III) ion with 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (DHAB or H2L). The 1 : 1 chelate, [AlL]+, becomes localized in a concentric ring zone at pH 6.5. The detection limit is 2 × 10−8 mol dm−3 (0.5 ppb) by visual fluorometry with a UV lamp in the dark.
A New Ruthenium Catalysed Reaction. Benzylation of Functional Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Jaouhari Rabih
Published: March 2006

Ruthenium (II) and (III) complexes catalysed of the benzylation of functional aromatic compounds were described. Phenol, benzene and their derivatives were benzylated at 140–160 °C, using a benzylhalide in non-polar solvent or without it.
Electrochemical and Photochromic Properties of Azopyridinium Methylsulfates
Authors: Nakagawa Masaru , Rikukawa Masahiro , Watanabe Masayoshi , Sanui Kohei , Ogata Naoya
Published: March 2006

Azopyridinium methylsulfates were systematically prepared and their electrochemical and photochromic properties were evaluated by using UV spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Some azopyridiniums were newly identified as photochromic compounds.
A Convenient Synthesis of Polyyne-bridged Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Kawabata Shigeki , Tanabe Nobuhiro , OSUKA Atsuhiro
Published: March 2006

A convenient synthetic procedure of a series of polyyne-bridged porphyrin dimers from diphenylpolyyne dialdehydes is reported. Trichloroacetic acid catalyzed double condensation of diphenylpolyyne dialdehydes with bis(3-hexyl-4-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)methane and 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzaldehyde in acctonitrile-dichloromethane followed by p-chloranil oxidation gave a set of diporphyrin model compounds (Pn, n = 0–4) bridged by conjugated triple bonds.
Facile Introduction of Michael Acceptors into Nitrogen Heterocycles. A New Efficient Route to Fused α-Methylene-γ-lactams
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryohei , Mochizuki Katsunobu , Kozima Sinpei , Takaya Hidemasa
Published: March 2006

A new effective method for introduction of Michael acceptors into isoquinoline and β-carboline systems has been developed by means of tin reagents. Deprotection of the N-allyloxycarbonyl-1-(2-methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enyl adducts affords novel α-methylene-γ-lactams fused with isoquinoline and β-carboline systems.
New Ligands with a Wide Bite Angle. Efficient Catalytic Activity in the Rh(I)-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Olefins
Authors: Yamamoto Keiji , Momose Satoru , Funahashi Masakazu , Ebata Satoshi , Ohmura Hideaki , Komatsu Hiroshi , Miyazawa Masahiro
Published: March 2006

The relevance of a new diphosphinite, which holds a natural bite angle around 120° in a catalyst complex, to the Rh(I)-catalyzed hydroformylation of certain olefins is examined, exhibiting a high turnover frequency (TOF) as compared with a typical 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane with a bite angle around 85°.
Reaction Centers from a New Halophilic Purple Nonsulfur Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum sodomense
Authors: Nozawa Tsunenori , Katano Takashi , Kudoh Masatake , Kobayashi Masayuki , Shikama Yuko , Madigan Michael T
Published: March 2006

Both reaction centers containing and lacking cytochrome c were obtained from a new halophilic photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum (R.) sodomense. The cytochrome c has a very low reduction potential not to be reduced by Na-ascorbate. The special pair bands in the both reaction centers exists at around 850 nm, some 20 nm to the blue of that of a nonhalophilic species, R. rubrum.
Catalytic Dehydrochlorination of 1,2-Dichloroethane into Vinyl Chloride over Polyacrylonitrile-Based Active Carbon Fiber (PAN-ACF)
Authors: Mochida Isao , Yasumoto Yoshinori , Watanabe Yoshiro , Fujitsu Hiroshi , Kojima Yasuhiro , Morita Makoto
Published: March 2006

A PAN-ACF with large surface area was found to enhance dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane into vinylchloride in selectivity above 99% at a conversion level of 21 to 63% in the temperature range of 300–350 °C. The ACF showed stable activity at 325 °C for 100 h. In contrast, other carbon materials were found to show either low activity or short life, although their selectivities were fairly high.
Synthesis and Specific Binding Property of A New Doubly Armed Crownophane
Authors: Inokuma Seiichi , Yasuda Toshiaki , Araki Sachiko , Sakai Shigefumi , Nishimura Jun
Published: March 2006

A new doubly armed crown compound fused in a cyclophane skeleton was prepared by intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. The compound efficiently extracted Ag+ with excellent selectivity in a liquid-liquid system, and the high Ag+-affinity was not reduced even at low pH region.
One-Electron Reduction of N21,N22-Bridged Porphyrin Hydroperchlorate to a Stable Phlorin Radical by 1-Benzyl-1,4-Dihydronicotinamide
Authors: Setsune Jun-ichiro , Wada Ken-ichi , Higashino Hirofumi
Published: March 2006

N21,N22-(1,2-Diphenyletheno)-bridged octaethylporphyrin hydroperchlorate underwent one-electron reduction to give a thermally stable phlorin radical when treated with 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH). BNAH reduced, in the presence of acid, the same porphyrin to a two-electron reduced product, N21,N22-(1,2-diphenyletheno)octaethyl-15H-phlorin, in contrast to the NaBH4-reduction to N21,N22-(1,2-diphenyletheno)octaethyl-5H-phlorin.
Selective Si-Si Bond Cleavage in Decaisopropylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane. A Route to Sterically Hindered 1,4-Dichlorocyclohexasilanes
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Okayasu Toshiaki , Yagihashi Yusuke , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Goto Midori
Published: March 2006

The Si-Si bond cleavage reaction of decaisopropylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane with PdCl2(PhCN)2 gave cis- and trans-1,4-dichlorocyclohexasilanes. X-ray crystallography of these products show sterically distorted chair conformations of the Si6 rings. The cis- and trans-cyclohexasilane show rather different absorptions in the UV spectra. By treatment with sodium, both isomers reproduced the bicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane quantitatively.
X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Phosphono Sugar and a Novel Preparation of Phosphono Sugar Nucleoside Derivatives
Authors: Yamashita Mitsuji , Yabui Akihiro , Oshikawa Tatsuo , Kakehi Akikazu
Published: March 2006

Stereoselective reactions of 1-methoxy-3-phospholene 1-oxide gave a novel 1-deoxy phosphono sugar, whose relative configuration was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Further reaction of the 1-deoxy phosphono sugar with phthalimide and 6-chloropurine produced novel phosphono sugar nucleosides.
A New Organic Ferromagnet: 4-Benzylideneamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl
Authors: Nogami Takashi , Tomioka Katsuyuki , Ishida Takayuki , Yoshikawa Hajime , Yasui Masanori , Iwasaki Fujiko , Iwamura Hiizu , Takeda Naoya , Ishikawa Masayasu
Published: March 2006

An organic radical crystal of 4-benzylideneamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl was found to be a bulk ferromagnet, as indicated by the divergence of the ac susceptibility at 0.18 K and by the magnetic hysteresis below this temperature. The X-ray crystal structure analysis at room temperature revealed that the crystal consisted of an almost two-dimensional network of the N-O sites.
Electrochemical Reduction of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acetone to The Corresponding Alcohols Using Alcohol Dehydrogenase as an Electrocatalyst
Authors: Kuwabata Susumu , Nishida Kazufumi , Yoneyama Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

Electrochemical reduction of formaldehyde to methanol, acetaldehyde to ethanol, and acetone to 2-propanol has been achieved using either one of the two kinds of alcohol dehydrogenases, ADH(EC1.1.1.1) and ADH(EC1.1.1.2), as an electrocatalyst. ADH(EC1.1.1.1) was effective in reducing formaldehyde at a relatively high reaction rate, while ADH(EC1.1.1.2) worked well for the reduction of acetaldehyde and acetone. In all cases the current efficiency and the production yield attained to ca. 100%.
Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of Bisconicasterone from the Marine Sponge Theonella swinhoei
Authors: Inouye Yoshinobu , Sugo Yumi , Kusumi Takenori , Fusetani Nobuhiro
Published: March 2006

Bisconicasterone was isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei, and its structure was established by spectroscopic analysis as well as chemical correlation with its monomeric component, conicasterone, the absolute stereochemistry of which was confirmed by modified Mosher’s method, chemical conversion, and by X ray crystallography.
Synthesis of a New Family of Phenol Resin by Enzymatic Oxidative Polymerization
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi , Kurioka Hideharu , Kaneko Isao , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: March 2006

Enzymatic oxidative polymerization of phenol has been performed in an aqueous organic solvent using horseradish peroxidase as catalyst to produce a new family of phenol resin. The resulting polymer was partly soluble in DMF and DMSO and the fraction soluble in DMF has molecular weight of 3.5 × 104. From IR and 1H NMR analyses, the polymer structure was found to be composed of a mixture of phenylene and oxyphenylene units.
Structural Characterization of LiMnVO4 with a Spinel-Related Structure
Authors: Sato Mineo , Kano Shigeru
Published: March 2006

A new compound of LiMnVO4 has been synthesized. The crystal structure was determined by the Rietveld analysis. The framework structure is comprised of nearly regular octahedra of MnO6 with edge-sharing. The lithium and vanadium ions occupy alternatively the tetrahedral interstitial sites constructed by close-packing arrays of oxide ions. The structure is discussed in relation to a normal spinel structure.
Chiral Synthesis of a Co(III) Complex on Ammonium Bilayer Templates
Authors: Toyohara Kiyotsuna , Yamami Tomoharu , Nishimi Taisei , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: March 2006

Bilayer membranes of chiral double-chain ammonium amphiphiles incorporated an anionic tridentate ligand in enantiomeric orientations, as confirmed by induced circular dichroism. Complexation of aqueous CoSO4 with the bilayer-bound ligand led to formation of chiral Co(III) complexes.
A Novel Method for the Preparation of Macrolides from ω-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

An efficient method for the synthesis of macrolides directly from ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids is established by using 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic anhydride and a catalytic amount of active titanium(IV) salts together with chlorotrimethylsilane under mild conditions.
Preparation and Sugar Binding Property of Microspheres Having Surface-anchored Phenylboronic Acid Groups
Authors: Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Kawasaki Rika , Maeda Mizuo , Takagi Makoto
Published: March 2006

Microspheres having phenylboronic acid groups on the resin surface were successfully prepared by emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate, and m-acrylamidophenylboronic acid. The microspheres were swollen in an alkaline aqueous suspension by adding methylethylketone so that phenylboronic acid groups in the resin migrate out to the aqueous-organic interface in their ionized forms. d-Glucose was bound onto the microsphere by complex (ester) formation between phenylboronic acid moiety and cis-diol group of d-Glucose.
5,7-Dimethyl-8-quinolinol as a Specific Non-extracting Reagent for Lanthanide Ions at Usual pH Region
Authors: Takayanagi Toshio , Kudoh Tohru , Yotsuyanagi Takao
Published: March 2006

Lanthanide ions were not extracted with 5,7-dimethyl-8-quinolinol in the wide pH region of less than 11, even though other metal ions of Al3+, and the first transition metal ions were extracted at ordinary pH conditions. To realize this specificity, the presence of both of alkyl groups at 5- and 7- positions was essential. The possibility of application of this finding to the separation and purification of lanthanide is discussed.
Novel Multibilayer Film Incorporating Electro- and Photo-Chemically Active Decatungstate Anion
Authors: Moriguchi Isamu , Hanai Kouhei , Hoshikuma Akiko , Teraoka Yasutake , Kagawa Shuichi
Published: March 2006

The ionic complex between a cationic double-chain amphiphile and a decatungstate anion formed a well-organized multibilayer film, not only with keeping inherent properties of both the amphiphile and decatungstate anion almost intact but also with generating unique temperature dependence of the redox reaction regulated by the phase transition of bilayer.
Palladium–Catalyzed Formation of Aroylcobalt Complexes from Iodoarenes and Tetracarbonylcobaltate(−1) Anion and Syntheses of the Model Intermediate Complexes
Authors: Misumi Yoshihiko , Ishii Youichi , Hidai Masanobu
Published: March 2006

Anion complex [Co(CO)4]− reacted with iodoarenes to form aroylcobalt complexes in the presence of a palladium catalyst and excess PPh3. As models of the intermediate of this reaction, Pt–Co and Pd–Co dinuclear complexes were synthesized from reactions of [Co(CO)4]− with Pt(Ar)(OTf)(PPh3)2 and Pd(Ar)(OTf)(PMe3)2, respectively, and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray analysis.
Diastereoselective Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Imines or Hydrazones Containing 1,3-Oxathiane As a Chiral Template
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Ukita Hideo , Kodama Tomohiro , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: March 2006

The addition of organometallic reagents to imines or hydrazones containing 1,3-oxathiane as a chiral auxiliary proceeded with high diastereoselectivity and can be used as a key reaction for the preparation of chiral β-amino alcohols.
Synthesis and Properties of Pyranose Derivatives with Trifluoromethyl Group Used as Chiral Dopants for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Itoh Keizou , Takeda Mitsunori , Namekawa Masaaki , Nayuki Shinichi , Murayama Yoshinobu , Yamazaki Takashi , Kitazume Tomoya
Published: March 2006

A variety of pyranose derivatives with a trifluoromethyl group were synthesized and found to be excellent chiral dopants for ferroelectric liquid crystals. Relationships between molecular structures and induced ferroelectric properties were discussed.
Photoreaction between Carbazole and trans-Stilbene Occurring at the Interface of Their Crystallites
Authors: Koshima Hideko , Ichimura Hironori , Matsuura Teruo
Published: March 2006

Irradiation of the mixed crystal which is a simple mixture of carbazole and trans-stilbene gave a photoadduct. The photochemical reaction proceeds at the interface of the crystallites of carbazole and trans-stilbene in the mixed crystal.
Thermogravimetric Study of Carbonaceous Deposits on Nickel Catalysts Physically Mixed with an Unreducible Oxide
Authors: Takayasu Osamu , Takegahara Yumi , Matsuura Ikuya
Published: March 2006

NiO physically mixed with an unreducible oxide such as MgO, SiO2 and α-Al2O3 showed high activity in the formation of carbonaceous deposits after the reduction of NiO in a CH4 stream. When the stream was switched to CO2, the entire Ni was oxidized again to NiO after the removal of the deposits, though the entire Ni involved in a pure NiO or in a supported Ni/MgO was not oxidized. The size of Ni particles formed in these mixtures was less than 10 nm in diameter.
Hydroxylation of Deoxyguanosine at the C-8 Position in the Thiosulfate-Hydrogen Peroxide Reaction System. Evidence of Hydroxyl Radical Generation in the System
Authors: Seto Hiroshi , Koike Hiroshi , Sasano Hideo
Published: March 2006

The thiosulfate-hydrogen peroxide reaction system generates thiosulfate radical anion and hydroxyl radical. When 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) was included in the system, it was hydroxylated at the C-8 position, and the hydroxylation was markedly enhanced by addition of a trace amount of iron ion.
anti-1,2,5,6-Tetra-tert-butyl-3,3,4,4,7,7,8,8-octaisopropyltricyclo[4.2.0.02,5]octasilane
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Kawabata Motoo , Yagihashi Yusuke , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Goto Midori
Published: March 2006

The title ladder polysilane was synthesized by the cross-coupling of all-trans-[(t-Bu)ClSi]4 and Cl(i-Pr)2SiSi(i-Pr)2Cl with lithium in 40% yield. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the ladder polysilane shows a highly strained silicon skeleton; the Si-Si bond lengths vary from 2.412(3) to 2.481(2) Å and the Si-Si-Si bond angles of the Si4 rings range from 87.9(1) to 90.5(1)°. By comparison of the structure and UV-visible spectra of this compound with those of the perisopropyl analog, we found that the structures and properties of ladder polysilanes are strongly affected by the substituents.
Top-down Preparation of Dispersions of C60 Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents
Authors: Deguchi Shigeru , Mukai Sada-atsu
Published: March 2006

Nanoparticles of C60, prepared by hand-grinding bulk solids in an agate mortar, were found to disperse stably in various organic solvents, in which molecular solubility of C60 is negligibly small. The resulting dispersions contained the C60 nanoparticles, whose average size varies between 200 and 300 nm depending on the solvent. The C60 concentrations in the dispersions were an order of magnitude higher than those prepared by the conventional methods.
Facile Palladium-catalyzed Hydrogermylation Polymerization of a Dihydrogermane with Diynes Affording Light-emissive Germylene–Divinylene Polymers
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Channasanon Somruethai , Uchimaru Yuko
Published: March 2006

Hydrogermylation polymerization of diphenylgermane with aliphatic and aromatic diynes smoothly proceeded in the presence of Pd–PCy3 (Cy = cyclohexyl) catalysts to give new germylene–divinylene polymers in high yields.
A Facile Route to Silver Nanowires
Authors: Kong Rui , Yang Qing , Tang Kaibin
Published: March 2006

This letter describes a facile self-seeding route to silver nanowires using Dextran which worked as both a sacrificial template and a reducing reagent in aqueous solution. In the entire process, there are not any exotic seeds or stabilizers needed, and the growth mechanism is also briefly discussed.
Synthesis of Pyridylbutadiyne Derivatives and Improvement of Their Solid-state Polymerizability by Complexation with Alkanoic Acid
Authors: Sato Hironori , Okada Shuji , Kimura Tatsumi , Shimada Satoru , Matsuda Hiro , Nakanishi Hachiro
Published: March 2006

4-Pyridyl-substituted polydiacetylenes, which have potential to form intermolecular complexes with a variety of species, were synthesized from 8-(4-pyridyl)oct-5,7-diynyl carbamate (PODC) derivatives for the first time. The monomer conversion of solid-state polymerization was improved by complexation with dodecanoic acid.
Anthracene-coupled Pyridine Amines: A New “Off–On” Switch for Molecular Recognition Studies on Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Masanta Goutam
Published: March 2006

The fluorescent photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) chemosensor 1, which can function as “off–on” fluorescence switch for dicarboxylic acids has been designed and synthesized for the first time. The carboxylic acid binding takes place through charge neutral pyridine amine receptor sites and the sensor is found to be selective for glutaric acid. The binding has been examined by fluorescence, UV–vis, and NMR spectroscopic methods.
Mo LIII-edge XANES Study of Catalytically Active Mo Species on Silica–Alumina Supports for Methane Dehydroaromatization
Authors: Aritani Hirofumi , Shinohara Satoru , Koyama Shin-ichi , Otsuki Kazuo , Kubo Takashi , Nakahira Atsushi
Published: March 2006

L-edge XANES spectroscopy is applied to characterize the active Mo species for methane dehydroaromatization over MoO3/SiO2–Al2O3 and MoO3/H–MFI. For highly active MoO3(7.5 wt %)/H–MFI in Si/Al2 = 90, dispersed molybdenum(II) carbide species are formed with oxy-carbide species after the reaction. Partially reduced species (Mo4+) are formed on amorphous SiO2–Al2O3 support, as well as MoO3/H–MFI in high Si/Al2 ratio. In contrast, formation of deeply reduced ions such as metallic ones on H–MFI with low Si/Al2 ratio also gives low activity. It is suggested that stable molybdenum(II) carbide can be formed dispersively on H–MFI (Si/Al2 = 90) even in coexistence of oxo-species.
Convergent Access to Macrocycles via Reversible Transacetalation
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Nonaka Yuuki , Uchida Daisuke , Hiraoka Shuichi , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: March 2006

Acetalization of aromatic aldehydes 1 with bis(trimethylsilyl ether)s 2 or 4 in the presence of a Lewis-acid catalyst was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, this reaction initially gave a mixture of oligomers, which converged to a [2 + 2] macrocycle in high yield via reversible transacetalation.
Development of MicroMAS NMR Probehead for Mass-limited Solid-state Samples
Authors: Yamauchi Kazuo , Asakura Tetsuo
Published: March 2006

The probehead (microMAS) is developed for high resolution solid-state NMR observation of mass-limited samples. The probehead gives extremely high sensitivity of the spectra, and largely improves the limit of detection for solid-state NMR. As the results, the NMR spectra of μg order samples could be successfully observed using conventional 400 MHz NMR within a few hours.
The Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from H2 and O2 over Au/TS-1 and Application in Oxidation of Thiophene in Situ
Authors: Ma Shuqi , Li Gang , Wang Xiangsheng
Published: March 2006

Au supported on TS-1 exhibits high activity in hydrogen peroxide formation from H2 and O2 under mild conditions (ambient temperature, low pressure about 1.5 MPa, water as solvent, 2 h); and thiophene dissolved in n-octane (as model gasoline) is oxidized in situ over Au/TS-1, about 82% removal of thiophene can be achieved.
Topological Variation between Hexa- and Trithiacalix[6]arene–Copper(II) Complexes: From Sphere to Wheel by Reducing the Number of the Sulfur Bridges
Authors: Kon Noriyoshi , Iki Nobuhiko , Kajiwara Takashi , Ito Tasuku , Miyano Sotaro
Published: March 2006

Contrary to hexathiacalix[6]arene (H6L6S) forming [Cu10(L6S)2]-type spherical decacopper(II) complex, trithiacalix[6]arene (H6L3S), in which three sulfur bridges of H6L6S are replaced with methylenes in an alternate manner, affords nanosized wheel-shaped octanuclear complex [Cu8(H2L3S)4] consisting of four [Cu2H2L3S] units.
Surfactant-templated Synthesis of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Polymer and Carbon Nanostructures: Nanospheres and Nanowires
Authors: Fujikawa Daisuke , Uota Masafumi , Yoshimura Takumi , Sakai Go , Kijima Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2006

Thermosetting polymer nanospheres and nanowires have been synthesized by the NaOH-catalyzed polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a core template together with/without trimethylbenzene as an additive and topotactically converted into their carbonized forms.
Chelation-assisted Facile C–N Bond Oxidative Addition of Spironaphthoxazines by Ru(η4-cycloocta-1,5-diene)(η6-naphthalene)
Authors: Takano Kaori , Inagaki Akiko , Akita Munetaka
Published: March 2006

β-Spironaphthoxazines 1 undergo oxidative addition of the C–N bond of the indoline moiety at ambient temperature upon treatment with the labile Ru(0) precursor, Ru(η4-cycloocta-1,5-diene)(η6-naphthalene) (2), to give the Ru(II) complex with the naphtholato-tethered 1,4-diazabuta-1,3-diene ligand 3. The reaction should be triggered by chelation of the isomeric azanaphthoquinone structure, which should bring the C–N bond to the position suitable for the oxidative addition.
New Peroxo-polyoxometalates Pillared Hydrotalcite Catalyst for Propylene Epoxidation by Molecular Oxygen in Methanol
Authors: Liu Yanyong , Murata Kazuhisa , Inaba Megumu
Published: March 2006

Peroxo-polyoxometalates pillared hydrotalcite has been synthesized by decomposing [PW11O39]7− pillared MgPdAl-type hydrotalcite with 30% H2O2; the novel heterogeneous catalyst showed 91.5% selectivity for propylene oxide at 47.5% propylene conversion for propylene epoxidation by O2 in methanol at 353 K for 10 h.
Syphilis in pregnancy and the neonatal period
Authors: Doroshenko A , Sherrard J , Pollard A J
Published: March 2006

The recent increase in the number of cases of syphilis in the UK, including among women of reproductive age, has stimulated the need for a review of practices concerning assessment and management of syphilis in pregnancy and the neonatal period. This paper summarizes available evidence from published guidelines, primary and secondary research. Optimal management of syphilis in pregnancy and the neonatal period relies on the early diagnosis and staging of maternal disease, prompt treatment to prevent congenital syphilis, and timely assessment of newborns.
Survey of prioritizing/triaging of appointments in genitourinary medicine clinics in the UK: a British Co-operative Clinical Group survey
Authors: Alawattegama A B , Rajamanoharan S , Maw R , Carne C A ,   British Co-Operative Clinical Group of the British Association for Sexual Health HIV
Published: March 2006

A questionnaire was circulated to all lead genitourinary (GU) medicine physicians in the UK in November 2003 to obtain data on access, waiting times and triaging. Of the 143 responders, 92.3% departments had limited access to some or all GU medicine clinics. Where access was limited, 5.3% had no identifiable process in place to see urgent patients. The mean waiting times in clinics with an open appointment system only for a routine female and male appointment were 2.9 weeks and 2.8 weeks (range 2 days–10 weeks), respectively, and for an urgent appointment, two days (range same day–14 days), for both sexes. The survey has raised concerns that a number of departments did not consider as urgent for prioritizing, patients with documented untreated gonorrhoea, syphilis, or HIV, or contacts of patients with these conditions. This survey has highlighted a need for the national specialist society to provide guidance on prioritizing patients where access is limited.
An algorithmic approach to intracranial mass lesions in HIV/AIDS
Authors: Smego Raymond A , Orlovic Dragana , Wadula Jeanette
Published: March 2006

We developed a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for intracranial mass lesions in patients with HIV/AIDS that obviates the need for neurosurgical intervention. The approach is based upon CD4+ lymphocyte count, serum toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) serology, chest X-ray, routine lumbar puncture studies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, CSF adenosine deaminase or Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction testing, single positron emission-computed tomography (SPECT) scanning for intracranial enhancing lesions, and limited therapeutic trials. Over a 12-month period involving 26 patients, we found that the algorithm correctly identified the aetiology of focal intracranial lesions in all 23 evaluable patients. Costs for SPECT scanning for the entire study cohort were more than offset by the savings achieved by reduced hospital stays for the four patients with lymphoma alone. An algorithmic approach can accurately identify the cause(s) of central nervous system (CNS) mass lesions in HIV-infected patients, and SPECT scanning can replace stereotactic brain biopsy in most cases where opportunistic malignancy is suspected.
Dramatic increase in a single genotype of TRNG ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in men who have sex with men
Authors: Palmer H M , Young H
Published: March 2006

In 2003, episodes of gonorrhoea caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant strains increased to 15.3% from 11% in 2002. This was coincident with a marked increase in strains characterized as serogroup WI, ciprofloxacin-resistant bearing the tetracycline resistance plasmid. Molecular typing of these strains, using Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) revealed 71% (34/48) were of the same sequence type, ST338, accounting for 4.1% (34/824) of all strains in 2003. Epidemiological data demonstrated that transmission of ST338 was associated with men who have sex with men (MSM; 23/27), acquisition within the UK (22/26) and having two or more partners in the previous three-month period (18/27). The combined use of highly discriminatory typing and epidemiological surveillance helps to identify successful transmission networks.
A rapid method for identifying high-risk patients consenting for HIV testing: introducing The Edinburgh Risk Assessment Table for HIV testing
Authors: Manavi K , Clutterbuck D , Mackay R , McMillan A , Scott G
Published: March 2006

Lack of time for conducting standard HIV pre-test counselling has been reported as a barrier to HIV testing. Use of a risk assessment table will identify high-risk patients to whom pre-test counselling may be limited.

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of a Risk Assessment Table for HIV testing designed in the Department of Genitourinary (GU) Medicine, Edinburgh.

A prospective study was carried out on patients attending the Department of GU Medicine, Edinburgh between June 30th 2002 and July 1st 2003, who consented to HIV testing. Patients with any risk factor had standard pre-and post-test counselling. Those without any risk factor were tested and provided with leaflets on HIV testing.

A total of 3337 patients were tested in the study period and 727 (22%) had risk factor for HIV infection. Twenty-nine patients (0.9%) were HIV-infected. The Risk Assessment Table failed to identify two infected patients.

Routine use of the Risk Assessment Table saves time of the medical staff by only providing pre-test counselling to high-risk patients.
Why do those using illicit drugs have higher rates of sexually transmitted infection?
Authors: Ross J D C , Radcliffe K W
Published: March 2006

The study was designed to assess the association between drug use and gonorrhoea in a UK setting and determine whether any differences identified could be explained by variations in sexual behaviour. A case control analysis was undertaken in a population of men and women presenting to an inner city sexually transmitted diseases clinic. The results were analysed using a multivariate model incorporating demographic and behavioural factors potentially associated with acquiring gonorrhoea. Infection with gonorrhoea was found to be associated with illicit drug use (odds ratio 1.8, 1.2–2.8) and the association became non-significant after controlling for sexual behaviour factors. Moderate alcohol use (<5 units/week) was associated with acquiring gonorrhoea but heavier use was not. Patients who used illicit drugs had more casual partners and more foreign partners than those with no history of drug use, but an increased numbers of foreign partners were not associated with a higher prevalence of gonorrhoea. It was concluded that drug use is associated with gonorrhoea in a UK setting. Specific sexual behaviours reported by drug users may increase their risk of gonorrhoea and provide potential targets for behavioural interventions.
Vaginal colonization with Candida spp. in human immunodeficiency virus – infected women: a cohort study
Authors: Beltrame Anna , Matteelli Alberto , Carvalho Anna Cristina C , Saleri Nuccia , Casalini Caterina , Capone Susanna , Patroni Andrea , Manfrin Maria , Carosi Giampiero
Published: March 2006

We have conducted a longitudinal study on factors associated with candidal vaginal colonization, a precursor of vaginitis, in a cohort of HIV-infected women in Italy.

All consecutive women attending a single, tertiary care clinical site were offered free screening for sexually transmitted infections and genital disorders every 6–12 months. Candidal vaginal colonization was defined as a positive culture for Candida spp. in an asymptomatic woman.

From January 1998 to July 2002 we analysed 214 women. The baseline prevalence of candidal vaginal colonization was 16.8%. In the logistic regression analysis, the time since HIV infection ≥36 months (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.016–0.53, P = 0.002) and a plasma viral load ≥10,000 copies/mL (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.03–14.9, P = 0.045) were independently associated with candidal colonization. Among 130 women who were followed for a mean period of 24 months, the incidence of vaginal colonization was 10.7/100 women-years. In the Cox regression analysis, a CD4+ T-lymphocytes count <100 cells/ μL during the follow-up was associated with an increased risk of candidal vaginal colonization (OR = 4.45, C.I. = 1.20–16.81, P = 0.03).

Risk of candidal vaginal colonization episodes in HIV-infected women significantly increase when CD4+ T-lymphocytes are less than 100.
Six Year Follow‐up of Health Status Changes in Danish Adults with Suicide Tendency in 1994
Authors: Norlev Jeanette , Davidsen Michael , Kjøller Mette
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine whether suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts have any long‐term health effects. The relationship between suicidal thoughts and/or a previous suicide attempt in 1994 and the presence of suicidal ideation in 2000 was analyzed. We found that health status in 1994 differed significantly between the groups with and without suicidal ideation or a previous suicide attempt and that the differences persisted or even deepened (not significant) after 6 years. Further, people who had suicidal ideation or a suicide attempt in 1994 had a significantly greater risk (OR = 7.4) of having suicidal ideation in 2000 than people who had not.
Risky Assessments: Participant Suicidality and Distress Associated with Research Assessments in a Treatment Study of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Reynolds Sarah K. , Lindenboim Noam , Comtois Katherine Anne , Murray Angela , Linehan Marsha M.
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of self‐reported suicidality and distress during research assessments in a sample of 63 women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder and current and chronic suicidality. The risk management protocol we used during the two‐year study period (University of Washington Risk Assessment Protocol; UWRAP) is described. Results indicated that changes in suicidality following assessments were small and relatively infrequent, and were just as likely to reflect decreases in suicidality as increases (17.5% versus 16.4% of sessions, respectively). Further, longitudinal analyses indicated that changes in suicidality became increasingly rare over the course of the 2‐year study. Ratings of distress were more changeable than suicidality, underscoring the need for separate measurement of these constructs when assessing risk. With the aid of the UWRAP, our assessors judged 15 participants as high‐risk status in 28 assessment sessions (3.7% of all sessions). In comparison to the rest of the sample, these individuals were of significantly greater clinical severity as measured by the HRSD 17‐item, GAF scores, number and severity of previous suicide attempts, and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations. Low‐intensity risk intervention strategies (e.g., validating participant's feelings) were typically sufficient to reduce risk in these participants. Overall, our findings indicate that research with highly suicidal individuals can be done safely with the use of well‐trained assessors and an appropriate crisis management protocol.
Violent Self‐Harm in Schizophrenia
Authors: Symonds Catherine S. , Taylor Steve , Tippins Val , Turkington Douglas
Published: March 2006

Patients with schizophrenia have a substantial lifetime suicide risk, especially by violent means. Little published work exists on self‐harm (SH) in this population. The goal of this study was to examine whether patients with schizophrenia were also more likely to self‐harm in a violent manner. A retrospective analysis performed on method, motive, and suicidal intent in patients with schizophrenia (n = 50) and adjustment reaction (n = 138) who presented with SH over a 3‐year period found that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of violence of method or suicidal intent. Presence of positive symptoms of schizophrenia was not significantly associated with use of a violent method. This study suggests that the expected pattern of violent SH in schizophrenia is inaccurate and for the majority the acts are of a similar nature to those seen in adjustment reactions.
Sex Differences in Completed Suicide by Schizophrenic Patients: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lester David
Published: March 2006

A meta‐analysis was conducted on all studies of suicide mortality in follow‐up studies of schizophrenic patients that presented data for male and female patients separately. The percentage of deaths from suicide was significantly greater for the male schizophrenic patients than for the female schizophrenic patients in studies where both sexes were included. Regression equations devised to predict the percentage of deaths from suicide after all of the sample had died estimated that 0.50% of male schizophrenic patients would die from suicide as compared to 0.20% of female schizophrenic patients. Suggestions are made for future research.
Associations Between Delinquency and Suicidal Behaviors in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Kingree J. B. , Ho Ching‐hua
Published: March 2006

Suicide was the second leading cause of death for 14–17 years olds in 2002. Prior studies indicate that suicidal behaviors are especially common among juvenile delinquents, yet this association has not been examined in a national sample. The 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System was used to examine associations between suicidal behaviors and delinquency in a nationally representative sample of 14–17 year olds. Results indicated that delinquent adolescents were more likely to have seriously considered suicide (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.44), made a suicide plan (AOR = 4.90), attempted suicide (AOR = 10.08), and required medical treatment after attempting suicide (AOR = 14.61) compared to their nondelinquent counterparts. Delinquency was significantly related to suicidal behaviors for boys and girls, but the magnitudes of effects were larger for girls. This finding suggests that delinquent youth, particularly delinquent girls, should be targeted in interventions to reduce suicidal behaviors.
Suicides in the Developing World: Case Study from Pakistan
Authors: Khan Murad Moosa , Ali Hyder Adnan
Published: March 2006

There are no official data on suicide from Pakistan, a conservative South Asian Islamic country with traditionally low suicide rates. Both suicide and attempted suicide are illegal acts, as well as socially and religiously condemned, making research in this area difficult. Recent reports suggest an increase in suicide rates. In this study, police data from the Sindh province were examined to provide a unique picture of trends of suicide over 15 years (1985–1999). During this period there were 2,568 reported suicides (71% men, 39% women; ratio 1.8). The lowest number was 90 in 1987 and maximum was 360 in 1999. Poisoning by organophosphates was the most common method followed by hanging. This study, although limited in scope, provides evidence of an increase in suicide rates in Pakistan, from one data source. There is urgent need for further research on suicide in Pakistan; interventions for suicide prevention in the country can then be planned.
So Far, So Good: Ethics and the Government Historian
Authors: Babaian Sharon
Published: March 2006

As a historian at the Canada Science and Technology Museum, the author's primary duty is to write historical reports on the major technological subject areas represented in the museum's collections. Although some of these technologies have been controversial, the author's work in the field has not yet posed any real ethical dilemmas. This is due both to the generally supportive environment in which she works and to the limited public interest in Canada in the history of technology. If, however, museums become increasingly dependent on outside funding to support core activities like research, this situation could easily change.
The Historian's Responsibility in Litigation Support
Authors: Colten Craig E.
Published: March 2006

Historical research and reporting in support of litigation should not strain professional ethics. Lawyers expect expert witnesses to offer sound and reasonable opinions that are supported by the evidence. Although attorneys must be advocates, good ones realize that experts should not stretch their conclusions to fit the case. Litigation can place restrictions on reporting one's findings, but the public historian must work within the constraints of the judicial system and honor its ethical boundaries. Where possible, the historian should share findings based on publicly accessible documents. Research must be done in line with the highest standards. This works to the benefit of the historian and the legal team. Although there may be two sets of ethical standards, they are not fundamentally at odds.
Ethics in the Practice of Public History with Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Neufeld David
Published: March 2006

Public history is a culturally entrenched social tool. Work with culturally distinct and disenfranchised communities challenges general assumptions of public history practice and makes ethical demands upon the practitioner. Successful public history projects recognize the cultural context of history, work towards equalizing social and economic power differentials in community-based work, and advocate for changes in practice.
The National Park Service and Civic Engagement
Authors: Linenthal Edward T.
Published: March 2006

Edward T. Linenthal reflects on the several years he spent as a Visiting Scholar with the Civic Engagement program of the National Park Service. Linenthal conducted seminars on issues in public history for NPS staff at various sites around the country. Civic engagement has been characterized by NPS's former Northeast Regional Director Marie Rust as "a refocusing of current efforts at partnering with communities, expanding our education agenda, telling the 'untold stories,' and working with communities and partners to preserve sites that represent the fullness of the American experience." Linenthal discusses the particular challenge of creating a more inclusive process in the shaping of NPS's work and the equally challenging task of creating a more diverse historic landscape.
Something Ventured, Many Things Gained: Reflections on Being a Historian-Entrepreneur
Authors: Bookspan Shelley
Published: March 2006

Historians, university-based and public, have yet to explore entrepreneurship as a means for developing useful and rewarding opportunities for professional practice. In this essay, Shelley Bookspan argues that an outlook onto entrepreneurship as both creative and contributory can provide a structural foundation on which to build history-based businesses responsive to social and economic changes.
Ethical Concerns for Archivists
Authors: Jimerson Randall C.
Published: March 2006

Archivists serve many constituencies and often find themselves mediating conflicting interests among records creators, donors, researchers, and their own institutions. Ethical concerns for archivists sometimes have easy answers, but more often require sensitivity to multiple perspectives and balancing of divergent interests. The nature of the archivist's role in meeting these expectations varies somewhat according to the type of institution he or she serves. A written code of ethics can assist professional associations in evaluating actions when questions of unethical practice arise. In 1980 the Society of American Archivists adopted its first "Code of Ethics for Archivists." Revised in 1992 and again in February 2005, the code is now aspirational and general, providing a broad framework for resolving ethical dilemmas within the archival community. The basis for archival ethics consists of ten internationally accepted principles of archival ethics.
Reinforcement and the Genetics of Hybrid Incompatibilities
Authors: Lemmon Alan R , Kirkpatrick Mark
Published: March 2006

Recent empirical studies suggest that genes involved in speciation are often sex-linked. We derive a general analytic model of reinforcement to study the effects of sex linkage on reinforcement under three forms of selection against hybrids: one-locus, two-locus, and ecological incompatibilities. We show that the pattern of sex linkage can have a large effect on the amount of reinforcement due to hybrid incompatibility. Sex linkage of genes involved in postzygotic isolation generally increases the strength of reinforcement, but only if genes involved in prezygotic isolation are also sex linked. We use exact simulations to test the accuracy of the approximation and find that qualitative predictions made assuming weak selection can hold when selection is strong. Our simulations also show that incompatibilities that evolve in allopatry by drift or weak selection are likely to be lost by swamping during secondary contact, even when selection against hybrids is strong.