bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving Cultural Congruency in Weight Loss Interventions: Can a Spirituality-Based Program Attract and Retain an Inner-City Community Sample?
Authors: Davis Chad , Dutton William Blake , Durant Taryn , Annunziato Rachel A. , Marcotte David
Published: April 2014

Ethnic minorities continue to be disproportionately affected by obesity and are less likely to access healthcare than Caucasians. It is therefore imperative that researchers develop novel methods that will attract these difficult-to-reach groups. The purpose of the present study is to describe characteristics of an urban community sample attracted to a spiritually based, weight loss intervention.Methods.Thirteen participants enrolled in a pilot version of Spiritual Self-Schema Therapy (3S) applied to disordered eating behavior and obesity. Treatment consisted of 12 one-hour sessions in a group therapy format. At baseline, participants were measured for height and weight and completed a battery of self-report measures.Results.The sample was predominantly African-American and Hispanic and a large percentage of the sample was male. Mean baseline scores of the EDE-Q, YFAS, and the CES-D revealed clinically meaningful levels of eating disordered pathology and depression, respectively. The overall attrition rate was quite low for interventions targeting obesity.Discussion.This application of a spiritually centered intervention seemed to attract and retain a predominantly African-American and Hispanic sample. By incorporating a culturally congruent focus, this approach may have been acceptable to individuals who are traditionally more difficult to reach.
Design and Fabrication of Nanoscale IDTs Using Electron Beam Technology for High‐Frequency SAW Devices
Authors: Shih Wei-Che , Chen Ying-Chung , Chang Wei-Tsai , Cheng Chien-Chuan , Liao Pei-Chun , Kao Kuo-Sheng
Published: April 2014

High‐frequency Rayleigh‐mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices were fabricated for 4G mobile telecommunications. The RF magnetron sputtering method was adopted to grow piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films on the Si3N4/Si substrates. The influence of sputtering parameters on the crystalline characteristics of AlN thin films was investigated. The interdigital transducer electrodes (IDTs) of aluminum (Al) were then fabricated onto the AlN surfaces by using the electron beam (e‐beam) direct write lithography method to form the Al/AlN/Si3N4/Si structured SAW devices. The Al electrodes were adopted owing to its low resistivity, low cost, and low density of the material. For 4G applications in mobile telecommunications, the line widths of 937 nm, 750 nm, 562 nm, and 375 nm of IDTs were designed. Preferred orientation and crystalline properties of AlN thin films were determined by X‐ray diffraction using a Siemens XRD‐8 with CuKα radiation. Additionally, the cross‐sectional images of AlN thin films were obtained by scanning electron microscope. Finally, the frequency responses of high‐frequency SAW devices were measured using the E5071C network analyzer. The center frequencies of the high‐frequency Rayleigh‐mode SAW devices of 1.36 GHz, 1.81 GHz, 2.37 GHz, and 3.74 GHz are obtained. This study demonstrates that the proposed processing method significantly contributes to high‐frequency SAW devices for wireless communications.
The Influence of Hydrogen on the Properties of Zinc Sulfide Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Xu Hang , Wu Lili , Wang Wenwu , Zhang Lixiang , Zhang Jingquan , Li Wei , Feng Lianghuan
Published: April 2014

Zinc sulfide thin films have been deposited with hydrogen in Ar and Ar+H2atmosphere by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The thickness, structural properties, composition, surface morphology, and optical and electrical properties of the films have been investigated. Effect of hydrogen on the properties of the film was studied. The results showed that hydrogen leads to better crystallinity and larger crystallite size of ZnS polycrystalline films. The band gaps of the films in Ar+H2are about 3.48 eV compared with 3.24 eV without hydrogen. It is also demonstrated that hydrogen can result in a better stoichiometric composition of the films.
Malignant Transformation of an Odontogenic Cyst in a Period of 10 Years
Authors: Araújo Juliane Pirágine , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , Rodrigues Mônica Lúcia , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Lopes Pinto Clovis Antonio , Alves Fabio Abreu
Published: April 2014

Primary intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (PIOSCC) might arise from odontogenic epithelium, more commonly from a previous odontogenic cyst. The aim of this case is to illustrate that the clinician should consider that an apparent benign dentigerous cyst can suffer malignant transformation and that all material removed from a patient must be evaluated histologically. A 44-year-old man presented in a routine periapical X-ray an impacted lower left third molar with radiolucency over its crown. Ten years later, the patient complained of pain in the same region and the tooth was extracted. After one month, the patient still complained of pain and suffered a fracture of the mandible. A biopsy was performed and carcinoma was diagnosed. The patient was treated surgically with adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy and after 8 years, he is well without signs of recurrences. This report describes a central mandibular carcinoma probably developed from a previous dentigerous cyst.
A Novel Algorithm of Quantum Random Walk in Server Traffic Control and Task Scheduling
Authors: Yumin Dong , Shufen Xiao
Published: April 2014

A quantum random walk optimization model and algorithm in network cluster server traffic control and task scheduling is proposed. In order to solve the problem of server load balancing, we research and discuss the distribution theory of energy field in quantum mechanics and apply it to data clustering. We introduce the method of random walk and illuminate what the quantum random walk is. Here, we mainly research the standard model of one-dimensional quantum random walk. For the data clustering problem of high dimensional space, we can decompose onem-dimensional quantum random walk intomone-dimensional quantum random walk. In the end of the paper, we compare the quantum random walk optimization method with GA (genetic algorithm), ACO (ant colony optimization), and SAA (simulated annealing algorithm). In the same time, we prove its validity and rationality by the experiment of analog and simulation.
Weighted Semiparameter Model and Its Application
Authors: Fu Zhengqing , Liu Guolin , Zhao Ke , Guo Hua
Published: April 2014

A weighted semiparameter estimate model is proposed. The parameter components and nonparameter components are weighted. The weights are determined by the characters of different data. Simulation data and real GPS data are both processed by the new model and least square estimate, ridge estimate, and semiparameter estimate. The main research method is to combine qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The deviation between estimated values and the true value and the estimated residuals fluctuation of different methods are used for qualitative analysis. The mean square error is used for quantitative analysis. The results of experiment show that the model has the smallest residual error and the minimum mean square error. The weighted semiparameter estimate model has effectiveness and high precision.
Marshall-Olkin Discrete Uniform Distribution
Authors: Sandhya E. , Prasanth C. B.
Published: April 2014

We introduce and characterize a new family of distributions, Marshall-Olkin discrete uniform distribution. The natures of hazard rate, entropy, and distribution of minimum of sequence of i.i.d. random variables are derived. First order autoregressive (AR (1)) model with this distribution for marginals is considered. The maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters are found out. Also, the goodness of the distribution is tested with real data.
Control of Multiagent Systems: A Stochastic Pinning Viewpoint
Authors: Wang Guoliang
Published: April 2014

A stochastic pinning approach for multiagent systems is developed, which guarantees such systems being almost surely stable. It is seen that the pinning is closely related to being a Bernoulli variable. It has been proved for the first time that a series of systems can be stabilized by a Brownian noise perturbation in terms of a pinning scheme. A new terminology named “stochastic pinning control” is introduced to describe the given pinning algorithm. Additionally, two general cases that the expectation of the Bernoulli variable with bounded uncertainty or being unknown are studied. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Predictive Performance of Microarray Gene Signatures: Impact of Tumor Heterogeneity and Multiple Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Authors: Ng Charlotte K.Y. , Weigelt Britta , A'Hern Roger , Bidard Francois-Clement , Lemetre Christophe , Swanton Charles , Shen Ronglai , Reis-Filho Jorge S.
Published: April 2014

Gene signatures have failed to predict responses to breast cancer therapy in patients to date. In this study, we used bioinformatic methods to explore the hypothesis that the existence of multiple drug resistance mechanisms in different patients may limit the power of gene signatures to predict responses to therapy. In addition, we explored whether substratification of resistant cases could improve performance. Gene expression profiles from 1,550 breast cancers analyzed with the same microarray platform were retrieved from publicly available sources. Gene expression changes were introduced in cases defined as sensitive or resistant to a hypothetical therapy. In the resistant group, up to five different mechanisms of drug resistance causing distinct or overlapping gene expression changes were generated bioinformatically, and their impact on sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the signatures was investigated. We found that increasing the number of resistance mechanisms corresponding to different gene expression changes weakened the performance of the predictive signatures generated, even if the resistance-induced changes in gene expression were sufficiently strong and informative. Performance was also affected by cohort composition and the proportion of sensitive versus resistant cases or resistant cases that were mechanistically distinct. It was possible to improve response prediction by substratifying chemotherapy-resistant cases from actual datasets (non-bioinformatically perturbed datasets) and by using outliers to model multiple resistance mechanisms. Our work supports the hypothesis that the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms in a given therapy in patients limits the ability of gene signatures to make clinically useful predictions. Cancer Res; 74(11); 2946–61. ©2014 AACR.
Inhibition of Akt Reverses the Acquired Resistance to Sorafenib by Switching Protective Autophagy to Autophagic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhai Bo , Hu Fengli , Jiang Xian , Xu Jun , Zhao Dali , Liu Bing , Pan Shangha , Dong Xuesong , Tan Gang , Wei Zheng , Qiao Haiquan , Jiang Hongchi , Sun Xueying
Published: April 2014

Sorafenib is the standard first-line systemic drug for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the acquired resistance to sorafenib results in limited benefits. Activation of Akt is thought to be responsible for mediating the acquired resistance to sorafenib. The present study aims to examine the underlying mechanism and seek potential strategies to reverse this resistance. Two sorafenib-resistant HCC cell lines, which had been established from human HCC HepG2 and Huh7 cells, were refractory to sorafenib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Sustained exposure to sorafenib activated Akt via the feedback loop of mTOR but independent of protein phosphatase 2A in HCC cells. Autophagy participated in the resistance to sorafenib as inhibition of autophagy reduced the sensitivity of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells to sorafenib, whereas activation of autophagy by rapamycin had the opposite effect. However, rapamycin did not show a synergistic effect with sorafenib to inhibit cell proliferation, while it also activated Akt via a feedback mechanism in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Inhibition of Akt reversed the acquired resistance to sorafenib by switching autophagy from a cytoprotective role to a death-promoting mechanism in the sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Akt inhibition by GDC0068 synergized with sorafenib to suppress the growth of sorafenib-resistant HCC tumors that possessed the sorafenib-resistant feature in vivo. The results have provided evidence for clinical investigation of GDC0068, a novel ATP-competitive pan-Akt inhibitor, as the second-line treatment after the failure of sorafenib-medicated molecular targeted therapy for advanced HCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(6); 1589–98. ©2014 AACR.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Activates PERK–eIF2α and Sensitizes Cells to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Feng Yu-xiong , Sokol Ethan S. , Del Vecchio Catherine A. , Sanduja Sandhya , Claessen Jasper H.L. , Proia Theresa A. , Jin Dexter X. , Reinhardt Ferenc , Ploegh Hidde L. , Wang Qiu , Gupta Piyush B.
Published: April 2014

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes both tumor progression and drug resistance, yet few vulnerabilities of this state have been identified. Using selective small molecules as cellular probes, we show that induction of EMT greatly sensitizes cells to agents that perturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. This sensitivity to ER perturbations is caused by the synthesis and secretion of large quantities of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by EMT cells. Consistent with their increased secretory output, EMT cells display a branched ER morphology and constitutively activate the PERK–eIF2α axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) activation is also required for EMT cells to invade and metastasize. In human tumor tissues, EMT gene expression correlates strongly with both ECM and PERK–eIF2α genes, but not with other branches of the UPR. Taken together, our findings identify a novel vulnerability of EMT cells, and demonstrate that the PERK branch of the UPR is required for their malignancy.

Significance: EMT drives tumor metastasis and drug resistance, highlighting the need for therapies that target this malignant subpopulation. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized vulnerability of cancer cells that have undergone an EMT: sensitivity to ER stress. We also find that PERK–eIF2α signaling, which is required to maintain ER homeostasis, is also indispensable for EMT cells to invade and metastasize. Cancer Discov; 4(6); 702–15. ©2014 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 621
Intralesional Treatment of Stage III Metastatic Melanoma Patients with L19–IL2 Results in Sustained Clinical and Systemic Immunologic Responses
Authors: Weide Benjamin , Eigentler Thomas K. , Pflugfelder Annette , Zelba Henning , Martens Alexander , Pawelec Graham , Giovannoni Leonardo , Ruffini Pier Adelchi , Elia Giuliano , Neri Dario , Gutzmer Ralf , Becker Jürgen C. , Garbe Claus
Published: April 2014

L19–IL2 is a recombinant protein comprising the cytokine IL2 fused to the single-chain monoclonal antibody L19. In previous studies, intralesional injection with IL2 has shown efficacy for the locoregional treatment of cutaneous/subcutaneous metastases in patients with advanced melanoma. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether (i) intralesional delivery of a targeted form of IL2 would yield similar results, with reduction of injection frequency and treatment duration; and (ii) systemic immune responses were induced by the local treatment. Patients with stage IIIB/IIIC melanoma and cutaneous/subcutaneous injectable metastases received weekly intratumoral injections of L19–IL2 at a maximum dose of 10 MIU/week for 4 consecutive weeks. Tumor response was evaluated 12 weeks after the first treatment. Twenty-four of 25 patients were evaluable for therapy-induced responses. A complete response (CR) by modified immune-related response criteria (irRC) of all treated metastases was achieved in 6 patients (25%), with long-lasting responses in most cases (5 patients for ≥24 months). Objective responses were documented in 53.9% of all index lesions [44.4% CR and 9.5% partial responses (by irRC)], and 36.5% of these remained stable, while 9.5% progressed. Toxicity was comparable with that of free IL2, and no serious adverse events were recorded. A significant temporary increase of peripheral regulatory T cells and natural killer cells, sustained increase of absolute CD4+ lymphocytes, and decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cells were observed upon treatment. Finally, we recorded encouraging data about the progression time to distant metastases and overall survival. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(7); 668–78. ©2014 AACR.
A new Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Khanh Hoa Province, southern Vietnam
Authors: SCHNEIDER NICOLE , PHUNG TRUNG MY , LE MINH DUC , NGUYEN TRUONG QUANG , ZIEGLER THOMAS
Published: April 2014

We describe a new species of the genus Cyrtodactylus from southern Vietnam, based on morphological and molecular datasets. Cyrtodactylus cucdongensis sp. nov. is described on the basis of seven specimens collected from Cuc Dong Cape, Khanh Hoa Province. The new species can be distinguished from the remaining bent-toed geckos by a combination of the following characters: maximum SVL 65.9 mm; 16–19 dorsal tubercle rows; 41–44 ventral scales at midbody; 5 or 6 precloacal pores in males, 4–6 pitted precloacal scales in females; no femoral pores; 6–13 enlarged precloacal scales; 5–9 enlarged femoral scales; no transversally enlarged subcaudals; dorsal pattern consisting of irregular dark bands. This is the 33rd species of Cyrtodactylus known from Vietnam.
Revision of the subgenus Persexarthrus Voss of the genus Anthonomus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Anthonomini)
Authors: KOŠŤÁL MICHAEL
Published: April 2014

The subgenus Persexarthrus Voss, 1944 of the weevil genus Anthonomus Germar, 1817 is revised. Anthonomus (Persexarthrus) behnei sp. n. is described. A neotype of Bradybatus ornatoides Reitter, 1898 and lectotypes for Anthonomus baudueri var. abeillei Desbrochers des Loges, 1892, A. cyprius Marshall, 1925 and Neobradybatus variabilis Hoffmann, 1963 are designated. The five species of the subgenus are described, keyed and their distributions given.
Role of Tropical SST Variability on the Formation of Subtropical Dipoles
Authors: Morioka Yushi , Masson Sébastien , Terray Pascal , Prodhomme Chloé , Behera Swadhin K. , Masumoto Yukio
Published: April 2014

Interannual variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere play an important role in the rainfall variability over the surrounding countries by modulating synoptic-scale atmospheric disturbances. These are frequently associated with a northeast–southwest-oriented dipole of positive and negative SST anomalies in each oceanic basin, referred to as a subtropical dipole. This study investigates the role of tropical SST variability on the generation of subtropical dipoles by conducting SST-nudging experiments using a coupled general circulation model. In the experiments where the simulated SST in each tropical basin is nudged to the climatology of the observed SST, the subtropical dipoles tend to occur as frequently as the case in which the simulated SST is allowed to freely interact with the atmosphere. It is found that without the tropical SST variability, the zonally elongated atmospheric mode in the mid- to high latitudes, called the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), becomes dominant and the stationary Rossby waves related to the AAO induce the sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the midlatitudes, which, in turn, generate the subtropical dipoles. These results suggest that the tropical SST variability may not be necessary for generating the subtropical dipoles, and hence provide a useful insight into the important role of the AAO in the midlatitude climate variability.
Trends in U.S. Total Cloud Cover from a Homogeneity-Adjusted Dataset
Authors: Free Melissa , Sun Bomin
Published: April 2014

Cloud cover data from ground-based weather observers can be an important source of climate information, but the record of such observations in the United States is disrupted by the introduction of automated observing systems and other artificial shifts that interfere with our ability to assess changes in cloudiness at climate time scales. A new dataset using 54 National Weather Service (NWS) and 101 military stations that continued to make human-augmented cloud observations after the 1990s has been adjusted using statistical changepoint detection and visual scrutiny. The adjustments substantially reduce the trends in U.S. mean total cloud cover while increasing the agreement between the cloud cover time series and those of physically related climate variables. For 1949–2009, the adjusted time series give a trend in U.S. mean total cloud of 0.11% ± 0.22% decade−1 for the military data, 0.55% ± 0.24% decade−1 for the NWS data, and 0.31% ± 0.22% decade−1 for the combined dataset. These trends are less than one-half of those in the original data. For 1976–2004, the original data give a significant increase but the adjusted data show an insignificant trend from −0.17% decade−1 (military stations) to 0.66% decade−1 (NWS stations). Trends have notable regional variability, with the northwest United States showing declining total cloud cover for all time periods examined, while trends for most other regions are positive. Differences between trends in the adjusted datasets from military stations and NWS stations may be rooted in the difference in data source and reflect the uncertainties in the homogeneity adjustment process.
Recategorization into the In-group
Authors: Zhu David H. , Shen Wei , Hillman Amy J.
Published: April 2014

This study advances a recategorization perspective to explain how an increasing number of directors have successfully obtained major board appointments and played important roles on boards despite their demographic differences from incumbent directors. We theorize and show that existing directors tend to select a demographically different new director who can be recategorized as an in-group member based on his or her similarities to them on other shared demographic characteristics. We further explain how a new director’s prior social ties to existing directors strengthen this recategorization process and posit that recategorization increases demographically different directors’ tenures and likelihood of becoming board committee members and chairs. Results from analyses of Fortune 500 boards from 1994 to 2006 provide strong support for our theory. This study suggests that increased board diversity on some demographic characteristics is associated with reduced diversity on others. It also suggests that some demographic characteristics, such as gender and ethnicity, would be more salient during the recategorization process than other characteristics. As a result, female and ethnic minority directors would need to be more similar to incumbents along shared dimensions than other demographically different directors (such as a young director) for them to be recategorized into the in-group.
Picking a (Poor) Partner
Authors: Rogan Michelle , Sorenson Olav
Published: April 2014

Using comprehensive data from the global advertising industry from 1995 to 2003, we examined the effects of indirect ties (common clients) on acquirers’ choices of partners for mergers and acquisitions and on the performance of the combined organizations. We found that the probability of being acquired rose but the performance of merged entities declined—both by losing clients and by selling less to the clients retained—with the number of common clients connecting the target to the acquirer. Two potential mechanisms could account for this pattern of results: either managers hold positively biased beliefs about those connected to them through common clients, or they restrict their searches for potential acquisition partners to those they already know, despite the disadvantages of doing so, ignoring targets that may have more potential but with whom they have no indirect ties.
Frailty Measurements and Dysphagia in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Hathaway Bridget , Vaezi Alec , Egloff Ann Marie , Smith Libby , Wasserman-Wincko Tamara , Johnson Jonas T.
Published: April 2014

Objective:

Deconditioning and frailty may contribute to dysphagia and aspiration. Early identification of patients at risk of aspiration is important. Aspiration prevention would lead to reduced morbidity and health care costs. We therefore wondered whether objective measurements of frailty could help identify patients at risk for dysphagia and aspiration.

Methods:

Consecutive patients (n = 183) were enrolled. Patient characteristics and objective measures of frailty were recorded prospectively. Variables tested included age, body mass index, grip strength, and 5 meter walk pace. Statistical analysis tested for association between these parameters and dysphagia or aspiration, diagnosed by instrumental swallowing examination.

Results:

Of variables tested for association with grip strength, only age category ( P = .003) and ambulatory status ( P < .001) were significantly associated with grip strength in linear regression models. Whereas walk speed was not associated with dysphagia or aspiration, ambulatory status was significantly associated with dysphagia and aspiration in multivariable model building.

Conclusion:

Nonambulatory status is a predictor of aspiration and should be included in risk assessments for dysphagia. The relationship between frailty and dysphagia deserves further investigation. Frailty assessments may help identify those at risk for complications of dysphagia.
The journal – A review of its first 45 years
Authors: Manning Matthew , Stenning Philip , Mazerolle Paul
Published: April 2014

Since the inception of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology in March 1968, the journal has, without doubt, become the leading criminological journal in the Australasian region. The founding Editor, Dr Allen Bartholomew, had many hopes and expectations for the journal envisaging ‘… a systematic study of all the measures to be taken in the spheres of prevention…of legislation, of the enforcement of criminal law, of punishments and other methods of treatment’. In this article, we track the journal's progress from its inception in 1968 to 2012 (45 years into its future) to assess whether Dr Bartholomew's hopes and expectations have materialised and in what ways the study of crime and its prevention has evolved over the years. We survey the journal's 45 year journey in in an ever-changing and dynamic environment by examining issues such as gender and trends in origins of authors, trends in research methods, the crime issues and how they have evolved over time, and the journals impact on public policy.
Postural Variability
Authors: Davis Kermit G. , Kotowski Susan E.
Published: April 2014

Objective:

This article investigates whether different interventions aimed at promoting postural change could increase body movement throughout the shift and reduce musculoskeletal discomfort.

Background:

Many researchers have reported high levels of discomfort for workers that have relatively low-level demands but whose jobs are sedentary in nature. To date, few interventions have been found to be effective in reducing worker discomfort.

Methods:

Thirty-seven call center operators were evaluated in four different workstation conditions: conventional workstation, sit-stand workstation, conventional workstation with reminder software, and sit-stand workstation with break reminder software–prompt to remind workers to take break. The primary outcome variables consisted of productivity, measured by custom software; posture changes, measured by continuous video recording; and discomfort, measured by simple survey. Each condition was evaluated over a 2-week period.

Results:

Significant reductions in short-term discomfort were reported in the shoulders, upper back, and lower back when utilizing reminder software, independent of workstation type. Although not significant, many productivity indices were found to increase by about 10%.

Conclusions:

Posture-altering workstation interventions, specifically sit-stand tables or reminder software with traditional tables, were effective in introducing posture variability. Further, postural variability appears to be linked to decreased short-term discomfort at the end of the day without a negative impact on productivity.

Applications:

An intervention that can simply induce the worker to move throughout the day, such as a sit-stand table or simple software reminder about making a large posture change, can be effective in reducing discomfort in the worker, while not adversely impacting productivity.
Parallel Diplomacy, Parallel War: The PIDE/DGS’s Dealings with Rhodesia and South Africa, 1961–74
Authors: de Meneses Filipe Ribeiro , McNamara Robert
Published: April 2014

PIDE/DGS, Portugal’s secret police during the New State (1932–74), had an important role to play in the country’s colonial wars, which lasted from 1961 to 1974. Using documentation circulated at meetings held regularly with the police forces and intelligence services of UDI Rhodesia and South Africa, this article attempts to reveal the scale, and the limitations, of PIDE/DGS’s ambitions in that conflict.
Champion of Human Rights: The European Parliament and the Helsinki Process
Authors: Gfeller Aurélie Élisa
Published: April 2014

This article investigates the involvement of the European Parliament – one of today’s key European Union institutions – in human rights in the context of East–West relations during the 1970s and 1980s. It shows that the European Parliament used symbolic politics to style itself as champion of human rights in Europe and thus assert itself in two partially overlapping political arenas: the European Community and the broader Western European political arena. Using untapped archival materials, this study also suggests that in pursuing this goal European parliamentarians became part of the so-called transnational ‘Helsinki network’ which promoted respect for human rights in the Soviet bloc and contributed to raising the salience of this topic in international affairs.
A Meta-Analysis of the Long-Term Effects of Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, and Reading Comprehension Interventions
Authors: Suggate Sebastian P.
Published: April 2014

Much is known about short-term—but very little about the long-term—effects of reading interventions. To rectify this, a detailed analysis of follow-up effects as a function of intervention, sample, and methodological variables was conducted. A total of 71 intervention-control groups were selected ( N = 8,161 at posttest) from studies reporting posttest and follow-up data ( M = 11.17 months) for previously established reading interventions. The posttest effect sizes indicated effects ( dw = 0.37) that decreased to follow-up ( dw = 0.22). Overall, comprehension and phonemic awareness interventions showed good maintenance of effect that transferred to nontargeted skills, whereas phonics and fluency interventions, and those for preschool and kindergarten children, tended not to. Several methodological features also related to effect sizes at follow-up, namely experimental design and dosage, and sample attrition, risk status, and gender balance.
A Statewide Study of Gang Membership in California Secondary Schools
Authors: Estrada Joey Nuñez , Gilreath Tamika D. , Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami
Published: April 2014

To date, there is a paucity of empirical evidence that examines gang membership in schools. Using statewide data of 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students from California, this study focuses on the prevalence of gang membership by county, region, ethnicity, and grade level. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed with gang membership as the outcome of interest. Approximately 8.4% of the student sample reported that they consider themselves to be a member of a gang. Regional-level rates of gang membership across six geographical areas are all in a relatively narrow range and gang members are fairly evenly distributed across California schools. The findings imply that schools are a good place to focus on gang prevention and intervention, and educators need to be aware of the possible gang activity in their schools to provide the appropriate resources, programs, and support for these students.
The Effects of Social Influence and Cognitive Dissonance on Travel Purchase Decisions
Authors: Tanford Sarah , Montgomery Rhonda
Published: April 2014

Theories of social influence (Crano 2000) and cognitive dissonance (Festinger 1957) have clear applicability to travel purchases, but have rarely been investigated in hospitality research. An experimental study of students’ travel decisions for a spring break vacation was conducted. Subjects chose between a green and nongreen resort in a 2 × 3 experimental design that manipulated social influence (majority, minority, none) and pro-environmental attitudes (high or low). Social influence was in the form of traveler reviews that were either favorable or unfavorable. Postdecision dissonance and dissonance reduction tactics were measured. Subjects were less likely to choose a green resort when a minority of reviews favored that resort. Subjects with strong pro-environmental attitudes experienced dissonance when making a nongreen choice in this situation. Consistent with dissonance theory predictions, people evaluated the chosen resort more favorably than the alternative. They sought out more favorable information about the resort when they experienced dissonance.
Does Classroom Composition Matter? College Classrooms as Moderators of Developmental Education Effectiveness
Authors: Moss Brian G. , Kelcey Ben , Showers Nancy
Published: April 2014

This study investigates how the impact of developmental education is moderated by classroom composition. Drawing on a regression discontinuity design, we used data from 3,429 community college students, nested within 223 classrooms, to explore the extent to which classroom and instructor characteristics moderated the effect of developmental English students’ performance in a successive, college-level English course. Our results suggest developmental English students’ college-level course performance benefited from developmental education but was modified by classroom and instructor characteristics. On average, the impact of participating in the developmental English program was greater when developmental students were enrolled in classrooms that contained a higher proportion of developmental students. Achievement for developmental students was also enhanced when developmental students enrolled in classrooms taught by full-time instructors. Findings suggest that after underprepared students completed developmental English, classroom composition in the first, college-level English course had significant influence on developmental students’ performance.
The Extensiveness of Corporate Social and Environmental Commitment across Firms over Time
Authors: Bansal Pratima , Gao Jijun , Qureshi Israr
Published: April 2014

Corporate social commitment (CSC) and corporate environmental commitment (CEC) are often combined under the general rubric of corporate social responsibility. Although the two sets of activities are similar, they are also very different. Both CSC and CEC respond to issues raised by stakeholders, but CEC tends to be more “technical”. This characteristic demands that CEC fit with the organization, which exposes greater economic opportunities than CSC. As a result, we argue that the extent to which these practices are implemented differs across firms over time. We analyze the extensiveness of implementation of CSC and CEC across 266 firms from 1991 to 2003, using latent growth curve modeling and one-way ANOVA. We find that firms moved towards at least a moderate level of CSC over time, but tended to bifurcate in the extent to which they implemented CEC practices, towards either the high or low end of the scale, over time. In this paper, we contribute to the institutional analysis of practice diffusion by examining how the characteristics of different kinds of practices shape the extensiveness of firm adoption patterns. As well, this research also speaks to corporate social responsibility researchers, pointing to the need to sometimes discriminate between social and environmental practices.
Knowledge-Sharing, Control, Compliance and Symbolic Violence
Authors: Kamoche Ken , Kannan Selvi , Siebers Lisa Qixun
Published: April 2014

Recent developments in control hold that professionals are best managed through normative and concertive as opposed to bureaucratic and coercive mechanisms. This post-structuralist approach appeals to the notion of congruent values and norms and acknowledges the role of individuals’ subjectivity in sustaining professional autonomy. Yet, there remains a risk of over-simplifying the manifestations of such control initiatives. By means of an in-depth case study, this article considers the challenge of implementing a knowledge-sharing portal for a community of R&D scientists through management control initiatives that relied on a blend of presumed ‘peer pressure’ and the rhetoric of ‘facilitation’. Arguing that traditional approaches such as normative/concertive control and soft bureaucracy only partially explain this phenomenon, we draw from Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of ‘symbolic violence’ to interpret a managerial initiative to appropriate knowledge and affirm the structure of social relations through the complicity of R&D scientists. We also examine how the scientists channelled resistance by reconstituting compliance in line with their sense of identity as creators of knowledge.
Nontraditional Applications in Clinical Pathology
Authors: Jordan Holly L. , Register Thomas C. , Tripathi Niraj K. , Bolliger Anne Provencher , Everds Nancy , Zelmanovic David , Poitout Florence , Bounous Denise I. , Wescott Debra , Ramaiah Shashi K.
Published: April 2014

Most published reviews of preclinical toxicological clinical pathology focus on the fundamental aspects of hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis in routine toxicology animal species, for example, rats, mice, dogs, and nonhuman primates. The objective of this continuing education course was to present and discuss contemporary examples of nonroutine applications of clinical pathology endpoints used in the drug development setting. Area experts discussed bone turnover markers of laboratory animal species, clinical pathology of pregnant and growing laboratory animals, clinical pathology of nonroutine laboratory animal species, and unique applications of the Siemens Advia® hematology analyzer. This article is a summary based on a presentation given at the 31st Annual Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, during the Continuing Education Course titled “Nontraditional Applications of Clinical Pathology in Drug Discovery and Preclinical Toxicology.”
Formation, Clearance, Deposition, Pathogenicity, and Identification of Biopharmaceutical-related Immune Complexes
Authors: Rojko Jennifer L. , Evans Mark G. , Price Shari A. , Han Bora , Waine Gary , DeWitte Mark , Haynes Jill , Freimark Bruce , Martin Pauline , Raymond James T. , Evering Winston , Rebelatto Marlon C. , Schenck Emanuel , Horvath Christopher
Published: April 2014

Vascular inflammation, infusion reactions, glomerulopathies, and other potentially adverse effects may be observed in laboratory animals, including monkeys, on toxicity studies of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and recombinant human protein drugs. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation suggests these effects may be mediated by deposition of immune complexes (ICs) containing the drug, endogenous immunoglobulin, and/or complement components in the affected tissues. ICs may be observed in glomerulus, blood vessels, synovium, lung, liver, skin, eye, choroid plexus, or other tissues or bound to neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, or platelets. IC deposition may activate complement, kinin, and/or coagulation/fibrinolytic pathways and result in a systemic proinflammatory response. IC clearance is biphasic in humans and monkeys (first from plasma to liver and/or spleen, second from liver or spleen). IC deposition/clearance is affected by IC composition, immunomodulation, and/or complement activation. Case studies are presented from toxicity study monkeys or rats and indicate IHC-IC deposition patterns similar to those predicted by experimental studies of IC-mediated reactions to heterologous protein administration to monkeys and other species. The IHC-staining patterns are consistent with findings associated with generalized and localized IC-associated pathology in humans. However, manifestations of immunogenicity in preclinical species are generally not considered predictive to humans.
Management of Lateral Frontal Sinus Pathology in the Endoscopic Era
Authors: Conger Bryant T. , Illing Elisa , Bush Benjamin , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Considerable advances in endoscopic technique and experience have allowed an increasing number of patients with complex frontal sinus disease to be treated with endoscopic surgery. The objective of the current study was to evaluate management strategies and outcomes regarding treatment of lateral frontal sinus disease.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Setting

Academic tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Prospectively collected data concerning frontal sinus pathology located lateral to the plane of the lamina papyracea (lateral disease) were reviewed. Data were collected regarding demographics, etiology, surgical technique, revision rate, anatomic considerations, and clinical follow‐up. Only patients with at least 24 weeks of clinical follow‐up and pathology who required removal and dissection in this region were included in the study.

Results

Over 5 years, 156 patients (mean age, 47.9 years; range, 14‐84 years) with 183 lateral frontal sinus pathologies and an average clinical follow up of 76 weeks (range, 24‐237 weeks) were evaluated. Endoscopic or open surgery was attempted in 84 patients (54%) prior to intervention at our institution. Primary pathologies included inflammatory/obstructive diseases (n = 119), skull base defects (n = 33), and tumors (n = 31). Initial interventions included endoscopic (Draf IIA, n = 76; Draf IIB, n = 52; Draf III, n = 23), extended (IIA + trephine, n = 1; III + trephine, n = 2; III + osteoplastic flap, n = 2), and open (osteoplastic flap, n = 3; Reidel, n = 1; cranialization, n = 1) procedures. Seven patients (4%) required a subsequent revision procedure.

Conclusion

The vast majority of lateral frontal sinus pathology was managed using endoscopic techniques with excellent outcomes and a low revision rate in the current study.
Acute subdural hematoma after aortic surgery: A retrospective comparative study
Authors: Osada Hiroaki , Marui Akira , Tanaka Shiro , Meshii Katsuaki , Ohnaka Motoaki , Nakajima Hiroyuki
Published: April 2014

Background

Acute subdural hematoma is uncommon following open-heart surgery, but may result in increased mortality and morbidity.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed involving all patients who underwent thoracic aortic surgery from January 2009 to February 2013. There were 53 patients who had thoracic aortic repair with open distal anastomosis and required selective cerebral perfusion with or without retrograde cerebral perfusion. We evaluated the incidence of postoperative acute subdural hematoma. The patients were divided into two groups: a subdural hematoma group who had symptomatic subdural hematoma postoperatively, and a non-subdural hematoma group who had no subdural hematoma. The variables were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

Eight (15.1%) patients had a transient symptomatic subdural hematoma; none required surgical evacuation of the hematoma. There were significant differences between the two groups in terms mean and maximum retrograde cerebral perfusion flow, and the volume of intraoperative platelet transfusion. Multivariate analysis revealed that a significant risk factor for acute subdural hematoma following thoracic aortic surgery was the amount of intraoperative platelet transfusion (odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.98, p = 0.015).

Conclusions

This retrospective study demonstrated that the subdural hematoma group received fewer units of platelets, thus it appears to be important to give platelets appropriately. Strict flow regulation or avoidance of retrograde cerebral perfusion is suggested.
Associations between attempts at physical intimacy and relational outcomes among cohabiting and married couples
Authors: Leavitt Chelom Eastwood , Willoughby Brian J.
Published: April 2014

Attempting to initiate physical intimacy with a partner has traditionally been explored through the lens of sexual pressure and coercion and linked to negative couple outcomes. The present study utilized a sample of 397 male/female couples in committed relationships (married and cohabiting) to explore more generally how attempts at sexual intimacy were associated with varying relational outcomes. Results suggested that unlike previously established associations with sexual coercion, more generalized attempts at physical intimacy were associated with better relationship outcomes, including more relationship satisfaction, better couple communication, and less couple conflict. Gender moderated the results in that men’s attempts at intimacy were particularly associated with positive relational outcomes. The implications of considering attempts for physical intimacy as a positive aspect of couple sexuality are discussed.
Handgrip Strength and Nutrition Status in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients
Authors: Silva Catarina , Amaral Teresa F. , Silva Diana , Oliveira Bruno M. P. M. , Guerra António
Published: April 2014

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a useful indicator of nutrition status in adults, but evidence is lacking in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to describe the association between undernutrition and HGS in pediatric patients at hospital admission, quantifying the modifying effect of disease severity, anthropometrics, and other patient characteristics on HGS. Materials and Methods: Eighty‐nine inpatients aged ≥6 years consecutively admitted were recruited in a longitudinal study. Nutrition status was evaluated using body mass index (BMI) z scores, and HGS was evaluated at admission and discharge. Results: In the total sample, 30.3% of patients were undernourished at admission, and 64% lost HGS during the hospital stay. This study showed that HGS at admission was independently associated with undernutrition defined by BMI z scores (β = 0.256, P = .037). In this multivariate analysis, sex, age, height, and BMI z scores explained 67.1% of HGS at hospital admission. Conclusion: Lower HGS may be a potential marker of undernutrition in hospitalized pediatric patients, although HGS data should be interpreted according to sex, age, and height of the patient.
Jejunal Feeding in Patients With Pancreatitis
Authors: Seminerio Jennifer , O'Keefe Stephen J.
Published: April 2014

Patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by organ failure and/or pancreatic necrosis or fluid collections should have placement of a double‐lumen nasogastric‐jejunal tube to be used for both gastric decompression and jejunal feeding. These patients are at risk for gastric outlet obstruction, which may be treated so that complications such as aspiration and reflux are avoided. Furthermore, early enteral feeding can prevent ileus, suppress further organ failure, and ultimately restore gut function if continued in an uninterrupted manner. Ultimately, this patient population will benefit from pancreatic rest and jejunal feeding specifically when compared with patients using nasogastric feeding tubes.