bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leisure-Time Physical Activity as a Determinant of Self-Perceived Fitness
Authors: Lamb Kevin L. , Morris Phillip G.
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the extent to which a reliable measure of leisure-time physical activity is predictive of self-perceived fitness among 40 British university students (mean age = 20.6 yr.). Spearman's rank-order correlations indicated that self-perceived fitness, on an ordinal scale of 1 through 5, was positively correlated 0.48 with Total activity score and 0.54 with one of its subtractions, Very Hard activity. An additional association of 0.52 with an estimate of cardiorespiratory endurance capacity meant that 35.4% of the variation in self-perceived fitness was accounted for by leisure-time physical activity and fitness variables ( R = 0.60). These findings provide support that notions of perceived fitness are not inaccurate and are influenced by the amount and types of leisure-time physical activity undertaken.
A Descriptive Measure of Stability
Authors: Day H. D. , Marshall D. D.
Published: August 2011

An intuitively straightforward descriptive measure of stability is offered.
Use of Nonverbal Tests to Screen for Writing Dysfluency in School-Age Children
Authors: Williams Jane , Zolten A. J. , Rickert Vaughn I. , Spence G. T. , Ashcraft E. W.
Published: August 2011

Writing fluency, the ability to write rapidly and easily, is critical for the timely completion of written assignments in the classroom. Children who possess basic writing skills and have an ability to communicate ideas are often penalized for slowness in completing written tasks. The present study used frequently administered nonverbal tasks to predict performance on the Writing Fluency subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement—Revised for 146 subjects from 6 to 16 years old. A stepwise-regression analysis indicated the Coding subtest of the WISC—R, Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, the Grooved Pegboard, and gender accounted for 32% of the variance. Logistic regression suggested cut-off scores falling one standard deviation below the mean on Coding and Beery's visuomotor test would signal need for further evaluation of writing dysfluency, particularly for boys.
Differential Use of Constraining Questions by Gender and Matrix
Authors: Jackson Dorothy , Jelinek Margaret
Published: August 2011

This study concerned gender differences in questioning strategies involving problem-solving matrices. 131 college age students were tested in a 20-question game procedure using three types of matrices with unknown targets. Analysis of variance yielded a significant 2-way interaction for gender and strategy. Findings were discussed in terms of hypothesis-seeking questions and cognitive tempo.
Victim Resistance and Judgments of Victim “Consensuality” in Rape
Authors: Warner Amy , Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

38 participants read about a man who entered a woman's apartment at night, told her that “all he wanted was sex,” engaged in the act of sex regardless of what she said or did, and then left. Participants then made a preliminary rating of their agreement or disagreement with the statement “The woman consented to have sex.” To learn how victim's resistance might add or subtract from judgments of victim's “consensuality,” participants then read four additional scenarios about how the woman might have responded to the man. Analysis indicated that the absence of any verbal or physical resistance (e.g., “OK—please don't hurt me,” or “Please wear a condom—I'm afraid of getting AIDS”) increased judgments of victim's consensuality.
Incidence of Left- to Right-Handedness in British Shotokan Karate Masters
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: August 2011

The incidence of left- to right-handedness was investigated for 46 British, Caucasian, male Shotokan karate masters of 5th, 6th, and 7th Dan grade. Only one was left-handed. A possible reason for this finding is discussed.
Is Spatial Judgement of Ball Trajectories a Highly Differentiated or Hierarchically Organized Skill?
Authors: Hofe A. Vom , Fery Y. A.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was designed to examine the structure of spatial judgement skill related to ball trajectories. 54 subjects (16 to 23 years old) were administered prediction tasks in two highly contrasted planes (saggital vs fronto-parallel) and a speed of visual-discrimination task. Factor analysis shows that the skill is hierarchically organized with a broad-spectrum factor which covers the whole range of perceptual conditions and two group factors, one per trajectory plane. The low magnitude of the partial correlations between Inspection Time and Prediction Tasks (with simple reaction time kept constant) was interpreted as a confirmation of the hierarchical nature of the skill.
Reply to Fudin's (1993B) Comments on Hudesman and Page's Response to Fudin's (1993A) Comments on Hudesman, Page, and Rautiainen's Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation Experiment
Authors: Hudesman John , Page Warren
Published: August 2011

Fudin (1993b) raises two methodological concerns that he believes limit the usefulness of the results obtained by Hudesman, Page, and Rautiainen (1992). We have again attempted to address Fudin's concerns. The authors believe that the conclusions presented are appropriate to the procedure and results.
Time-Sharing in the Continuous Distractor Paradigm: A Reexamination of the Long-Term Recency Effect
Authors: Sato Koichi
Published: August 2011

Long-term recency effects observed in the continuous distractor paradigm are often taken as evidence against the short-term store account of recency effects. In the present study, three experiments examined the function of time-sharing process in the continuous distractor paradigm. In the first two experiments, the effect of distractor difficulty on long-term recency was investigated with easy and hard distractor tasks. Distractor difficulty was manipulated in the recency portion and in the retention interval of a nine-word list and a hard distractor task eliminated long-term recency effects. In Exp. 3, distractor difficulty was manipulated across the first and the second halves of the retention interval. Long-term recency effects were larger if the first half of the retention interval contained an easy distractor task and the second half a hard task than if the order was hard-easy. These results indicate that subjects maintain recent items in short-term store and then transfer them to a long-term store by the time-sharing process during a distraction period. Long-term recency effects to a large extent depend on this time-sharing process.
Concurrent Validity between the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and the McCarthy Scales
Authors: Gómez-Benito Juana , Forns-Santacana Maria
Published: August 2011

The correlation between scores on the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and on the McCarthy scales was calculated for 68 kindergarten children from three nursery schools in a lower-class urban area. Analysis indicated significant correlations for the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale with Perceptual-Performance, Quantitative, Motor Scales and General Cognitive Index and negligible values (.14 to .15) between Columbia scale and McCarthy Verbal and Memory subscales. The implications are discussed.
Attitudinal Factors Associated with Individual Faculty Research Productivity in Academic Dentistry
Authors: Jones James E. , Preusz Gerald C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine attitudinal factors associated with increased research productivity of individual clinical faculty in 66 United States and Canadian schools of dentistry. Thirteen variables, evaluating the subjects perceptions of their research background, work environment, attitude and outcome effects from publishing, and the use of colleagues in conducting research, were evaluated. The 833 respondents represented a response rate of 64.9% (833/1200) from a 50% stratified random sample of faculty who (1) had full-time appointments and held at least the D.M.D. or D.D.S. degree or the foreign equivalent, (2) taught in a clinical department of the dental school, and (3) were not departmental chairpersons or administrators (assistant dean, associate dean, or dean). Respondents reported a mean of 10.3 yr. (range = 1 to 45, SD = 7.3) in full-time dental education (career age) and a mean of 10.1 career publications (range = 0 to 110, SD = 13.8). Analysis of variance for mean number of career publications, by increasing agreement in response to each attitudinal variable, yielded a significant positive association for each of the 13 attitudinal variables. Implications of the findings were discussed with respect to strategies for improving research productivity of individual faculty.
Improvement in Static Motor Performance following Yogic Training of School Children
Authors: Telles Shirley , Hanumanthaiah B. , Nagarathna R. , Nagendra H. R.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of 45 children each, whose ages ranged from 9 to 13 years, were assessed on a steadiness test, at the beginning and again at the end of a 10-day period during which one group received training in yoga, while the other group did not. The steadiness test required insertion of and holding for 15 sec. a metal stylus without touching the sides of holes of decreasing sizes in a metal plate. The contacts were counted as ‘errors.’ During the 10-day period, one group (the ‘Yoga’ group) received training in special physical postures (asanas), voluntary regulation of breathing (Pranayama), maintenance of silence, as well as visual focussing exercises (tratakas) and games to improve the attention span and memory. The other group (control) carried out their usual routine. After 10 days, the ‘Yoga’ group showed a significant (Wilcoxon's paired signed-ranks test) decrease in errors, whereas the ‘control’ group showed no change.
Infant Malnutrition Affects Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Flinn Jane M. , Lydick Susan , Barnet Ann B. , Lackner Johanna
Published: August 2011

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to click and name stimuli were recorded for 23 malnourished infants on admission to and 17 on discharge from hospital, together with those from age-matched controls. The number of peaks on the AEPs and the amplitude were examined. The malnourished infants' AEPs to click stimuli differed from the controls' on admission but not on discharge. The malnourished infants had smaller AEP amplitudes to name than to click stimuli on discharge while the controls did not. The data show that cortical AEPs in infants are affected by malnutrition.
Event-Related Brain Potentials and Psychology Course Mean Examination Grades
Authors: Bush Anita M. , Geist Charles R. , Emery Scott
Published: August 2011

Since 1965 research into the event-related brain potentials of the human electroencephalogram suggests that these EEG components are closely related to human information-processing activities. In this study were tested 21 normal adult university students (12 women, 9 men, ages 19 to 51 years) from the Alaskan subarctic, using both the auditory and visual event-related potential oddball paradigms. The event-related brain potential recordings were analyzed as explanatory variables of academic performance, as measured by the mean of a series of multiple-choice examinations covering lecture and text material. No high association between these brain electrophysiological measures and students' academic performance was observed. At best, one component explained 27.6% of the variation in mean examination grades.
Cortisol, Biochemical, and Galvanic Skin Responses to Music Stimuli of Different Preference Values by College Students in Biology and Music
Authors: Vanderark Sherman D. , Ely Daniel
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine biochemical and galvanic skin responses to music stimuli. Specifically, 30 university biology and 30 music students' plasma levels of norepinephrine and cortisol and their galvanic skin responses were measured before and after listening to two different musical selections, one of which was preferred (liked) by the music students and not preferred (disliked) by the biology students. The music-listening sessions and the controlled silent sessions were done in an anechoic chamber. 30 biology majors and 30 music majors were in the experimental groups; 14 biology and 17 music majors comprised the control group. Analysis indicated that the Cortisol levels and galvanic skin responses were significantly higher for the music majors than the biology majors. The data indicate that music majors listen more critically and analytically to music than biology majors, and Cortisol levels are associated with this as increases in music majors and decreases in biology majors after the music.
Influence of Creativity on Vividness of Imagery
Authors: Campos Alfredo , González María Angeles
Published: August 2011

We studied the correlations between creativity and imagery in 1361 university students of Fine Arts, Mathematics, and Geography and History. Significant values were found between certain factors of creativity and imagery, but creativity only accounted for 6% of the total variance in vividness of imagery for the whole sample.
Alienation, Learning or Grade Orientation, and Achievement as Correlates of Attitudes toward Cheating
Authors: Roig Miguel , Neaman Mary Ann W.
Published: August 2011

154 undergraduate students were given Gardner and Melvin's Attitudes Toward Cheating Scale, Ray's General Alienation Scale, and Eison's Learning Orientation/Grade Orientation Scale. Scores indicating condemnatory (unfavorable) attitudes toward cheating were positively correlated with grade point average and negatively correlated with alienation. Our results are consistent with a previous study which showed an association between cheating and alienation.
Measuring Anxiety on the Lüscher Color Test
Authors: Young Jennifer , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Anxiety scores from the Lüscher Color Test were not associated with stress scores from a self-report inventory in a sample of 15 undergraduate students.
Basketball Performance as a Function of Scores on Profile of Mood States
Authors: Newby Robert W. , Simpson Steve
Published: August 2011

The present study compared performance in basketball as measured by a variety of performance measures to 15 men and 13 women players' moods as measured by the Profile of Mood States. The results suggested that the basketball players' performance was disrupted by a negative mood.
Selected Values, Perceived Control, and Reasons for Choice
Authors: Goff Brent G. , Goddard H. Wallace
Published: August 2011

The present study related terminal core values measured by the List of Values and perceived control with reasons for an exercise program. Data ( N = 531) were derived from a national sample of treadmill owners. Principal components analysis confirmed Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka's five categories for the nine values; however, the hierarchy of needs previously postulated in the list was not substantiated. For this sample, self-fulfillment appears to be a type of self-gratification. These social cognitions, i.e., values, and perceived control appear to capture different domains and both are linked to reasons for choice.
On the Association between the Pleasantness and Meaningfulness of Words
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

To study the associations between the pleasantness and meaningfulness of words of four classes (pleasant and concrete, unpleasant and concrete, pleasant and abstract, unpleasant and abstract), we presented a 20-word list for each class to 184 subjects who rated the words for pleasantness and reported associations for calculation of word meaningfulness. Within both the concrete and abstract groups, pleasantness and meaningfulness were positively correlated for pleasant words and negatively correlated for unpleasant words. Although none of these correlations was statistically significant, all four (−.51 to .18) were stronger than the over-all correlation of 06 between pleasantness and meaningfulness for the 80-word pool.
Do Right-Handers Live Longer? An Updated Assessment of Baseball Player Data
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Johnson Crystal , Cuevas Tony , Deharo Dolores , Bautista Jose
Published: August 2011

In support of the argument that left-handedness is a marker for decreased survival fitness, in 1991 Coren and Halpern gave considerable weight to the results of their 1988 study in which right-handed baseball players were described as having Lived about eight months longer than their left-handed peers. In their 1993 unsuccessful attempt to replicate this study, Fudin and colleagues cited certain difficulties with the sources of these data that led them to recommend a comprehensive third study which included only reliable data from the two current editions of the major sources of information on Major League baseball players, i.e., the 1993 editions of The Baseball Encyclopedia and Total Baseball. Following this suggestion, we measured the life spans of ail baseball players, i.e., right-, left-, and mixed-handed players, for whom reliable data were available ( N = 5441) and found that the relationship between handedness and longevity was not significant. Unlike Halpern and Coren we noted that right-handed players could be described as having lived about eight months less than their left-handed peers.
Effects of a 10-Month Endurance-Training Program on Performance of Speeded Perceptual-Motor Tasks
Authors: Paas F. G. W. C. , Adam J. J. , Janssen G. M. E. , Vrencken J. G. P. M. , Bovens A. M. P. M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of a 10-mo. endurance-training program (running) on speeded psychometric skills. On a weekly basis the experimental group of 36 subjects participated in one supervised and three unsupervised training sessions. The control group of 22 subjects engaged in no structural training activities during this period. Subjects' performance on a simple reaction-time task, a choice reaction-time task, and a letter-recognition task was assessed before and after the training intervention. Analysis indicated that a 20% improvement in aerobic fitness in the trained group was not accompanied by a significant improvement in psychometric performance. This result is discussed in terms of the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. It is concluded that improved physical fitness is not necessarily accompanied by improved perceptual-motor skills.
Effect of Ball Color on Hitting Performance by College Softball Players
Authors: Morris Brenda K. , Zimmer D. L. , Piper F. C. , Mayhew J. L.
Published: August 2011

Hitting at 17.9, 20.1, and 22.3 m · sec.−1 ball speeds by 12 college Softball players was not significantly different for optic yellow and white softballs; however, at 22.3 m · sec.−1, players hit 7.8% fewer yellow balls.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of an Exercise Prescription Based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Exercise
Authors: Dunbar Christopher C. , Goris Carole , Michielli Donald W. , Kalinski Michael I.
Published: August 2011

The accuracy of regularing exercise intensity by Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was examined. Subjects underwent 4 production trials, 2 on a treadmill (PIA, P1B) and 2 on a cycle ergometer (P2A, P2B). 9 untrained subjects used only their perceptions of effort to regulate exercise intensity. Target intensity was the RPE equivalent to 60% VO2mx. Exercise intensity (VO2) during P1A, P1B, and P2A did not differ from the target, but during P2B was lower than target. During P1A and P1B heart rate did not differ from the target but was lower than target during P2A and P2B. RPE seems a valid means of regulating exercise intensity during repeated bouts of treadmill exercise at 60% VO2max; however, exercise intensity during repeated bouts on the cycle ergometer may be lower than target.
Effects of Natural Language on Multiple Letter Searches
Authors: Miyao Masaru , Allen John S. , Hacisalihzade Selim S. , Stark Lawrence W.
Published: August 2011

9 American and 9 Turkish subjects were surveyed on multiple letter-search tasks in English, Turkish, and a text of nonwords. The Americans could only understand English, while the Turkish subjects were fluent in both Turkish and English. The parameters measured were the letter-search speed and the number of identifications of two target letters. For searching speed, there was a significant difference for only the text language. The text of nonwords was searched at the lowest speed of all by both groups of subjects. In the case of the target-letter search, only fluency in a language was a significant factor. Also, when nonwords were used, performances declined on both tasks. We conclude that language familiarity is a more important factor than the language of the text when searching for multiple target letters.
Can Suicidologists Distinguish between Suicide Notes from Completers and Attempters?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

9 experts in suicidology were unable to distinguish suicide notes from 19 completers and 19 attempters at a level better than chance.
Motivational Effects of Anxiety on Psychomotor Performance
Authors: Payne R. B. , Corley Tammy J.
Published: August 2011

The Hull-Spence theory of anxiety drive (A) was tested in a psychomotor learning situation in which both correct responses (R +) and competing responses (R -) were evoked by the task. Measures of A-Trait and A-State were obtained from 151 women and 52 men, all of whom were then exposed to a sequence of 16 trials on a mirror-tracking task presented either continuously or with 2-min. intertrial intervals. Analyses of the effects of A were then performed on samples of 68 women and 16 men drawn from the tails of the A distributions. Theoretical predictions about the effects of A on initial scores and performance trends of both R + and R - were strongly supported, somewhat more so within the A-State classification than within the A-Trait classification owing to the larger amount of variance accounted for. Analyses involving intermediate levels of A showed that R + was a monotonic and essentially linear function of A.
Locus of Control Differences among Stress Groups
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M.
Published: August 2011

To assess among 3 groups differing in stress significance of differences in their scores on locus of control scales (Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance), 2 groups of college undergraduates (123 and 160 subjects) were tested. In both samples analysis indicated significant differences among the 3 groups in scores on the Powerful Others and Chance (external) scales, with the severely stressed group scoring higher than the milder stress groups. No significant differences were found on the Internality scale.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXII. Computer Screen-Savers as Distractors
Authors: Volk Frederick A. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: August 2011

The differences in performance of 16 male and 16 female undergraduates on three cognitive tasks were investigated in the presence of visual distractors (computer-generated dynamic graphic images). These tasks included skilled and unskilled proofreading and listening comprehension. The visually demanding task of proofreading (skilled and unskilled) showed no significant decreases in performance in the distractor conditions. Results showed significant decrements, however, in performance on listening comprehension in at least one of the distractor conditions.
Examining the Interaction of Age × Race Pertaining to Black-White Differences at Ages 15 to 93 on Six Horn Abilities Assessed by K-Fast, K-Snap, and Kait Subtests
Authors: Chen Tsuey-Hwa , Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman James C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined differences between black and white subjects on 6 abilities from Horn's Gf-Gc theory for 5 age groups between 15–19 and 55–93 years (total ns = 956 white and 128 black subjects). White respondents scored significantly higher on all 6 abilities, but differences on fluid reasoning and short-term apprehension and retrieval were less than .5 SD. Interactions of age × race were nonsignificant, indicating that the discrepancies between scores of black and white subjects did not vary as a function of age.
Temporal Factors for Vibrotactile Letter Reading
Authors: Shimizu Yutaka
Published: August 2011

Using an apparent-motion mode, the psychophysical effect of apparent movement was introduced for tactile letter reading. This mode reduces time for the tracing mode. Five temporal parameters were examined for application to actual communication. 4 subjects recognized words composed of 3 to 7 Japanese letters in about 5 seconds.
Influences on the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square in Detection of Differential Item Functioning under Rasch Conditions
Authors: Uttaro Thomas
Published: August 2011

The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square (χ2MH) is widely used to detect differential item functioning (item bias) between ethnic and gender-based subgroups on educational and psychological tests. The empirical behavior of χ2MH has been incompletely understood; previous research is inconclusive. The present simulation study explored the effects of sample size, number of items, and trait distributions on the power of χ2MH to detect modeled differential item functioning. A significant effect was obtained for sample size with unacceptably low power for 250 subjects each in the focal and reference groups. The discussion supports the 1990 recommendations of Swaminathan and Rogers, opposes the 1993 view of Zieky that a sample size of 250 for each group is adequate.
Why are Coincidences So Impressive?
Authors: Matthews Robert , Blackmore Susan
Published: August 2011

We present evidence for an intuitive scaling rule by which people gauge the likelihood of coincidences. This rule is essentially linear in nature and becomes increasingly unreliable as the “outlandishness” of a coincidence grows, the latter being a demonstrably nonlinear phenomenon. We suggest that the existence of this linear scaling rule may help explain why so many people are inappropriately surprised by coincidences.
Note on Attribute Importance
Authors: Schori Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

When we provide a product or service to others, if we are prudent, we want feedback about whether our product or service meets expectations of those to whom it is provided. Thus, we must often ask users to evaluate how we perform on the “bundle of attributes” which constitute our product or service. To use their responses for remedial action, we may ask that others state the relative importance of attributes under consideration. Here, a constant sum method provides much greater variation in importance among attributes than the more traditional rating scale method.
Comparison of Foot and Hand Reaction Times among Men: A Methodologic Study Using Simple and Multiple-Choice Repeated Measurements
Authors: Simonen Riitta L. , Battié Michele C. , Videman Tapio , Gibbons Laura E.
Published: August 2011

The primary study goal was to compare visual simple and choice reaction times of the hand and foot to assess validity of measurements for evaluating subjects' ability to perform rapid, controlled movements. First, we examined the repeatability ( N = 34) for four different data-sampling methods from a series of 12 trials within sessions and between two test sessions. Simple and choice reaction times with the preferred hand and both feet were then compared among 153 healthy male volunteers aged 35 to 67 years. Pearson correlations for hand and ipsilateral and contralateral foot reaction times on simple and choice tasks (.53 to .80, p<.001) showed that psychomotor foot reaction time is a valid method for study of neuromuscular control of lower extremities.
Short-Term Memory for Color Names Using Stroop Material
Authors: Allen Charles K.
Published: August 2011

A modified Stroop arrangement consisting of color names printed in ink of a different color was used in a release from the proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm. In Exp. 1, half of the subjects were informed prior to a trial whether they were to recall the colors or the color names while the remaining half were not informed in advance. After three trials, half of the subjects were shifted to recalling the other material while control subjects continued with the same recall material. Analysis indicated that (1) when subjects were informed in advance, PI release was found in a color name to color shift, but no PI release was found with a shift from color to color name, and (2) when subjects were not informed in advance, no PI release was observed in either shift condition. Exp. 2 replicated the not-informed condition and introduced a longer stimulus-exposure duration for 160 undergraduates. Except for higher recall scores, the same results were obtained. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in the kinds of encoding operations performed on colors and color names.
Metals and School Learning: A Review of Investigative Techniques
Authors: Ittenbach Richard F. , Spencer Rebecca M. , Juergens John P. , Frate Dennis A. , Benson William H.
Published: August 2011

A growing body of literature suggests a relationship between metals and a threatened health status among children, adolescents, and adults. Recently, several investigators have reported a direct link between exposure to metal and diminished affective, behavioral, and cognitive performance of school children. The purpose of the present study was to review and analyze methods and procedures used to understand the relationship between exposure to metals and cognitive, social, and motor functioning of school children.
Sensorimotor Learning in Ideomotor Apraxia
Authors: Motomura Naoyasu , Hartje Wolfgang , Redbrake Andrea , Willmes Klaus
Published: August 2011

Sensorimotor learning ability in patients with ideomotor apraxia was investigated, using as subjects, eight patients with ideomotor apraxia, 8 with aphasia without ideomotor apraxia, and 8 normal controls. The aphasia, apraxia, and normal control groups were matched for age, sex, and education. The aphasia and apraxia groups were chosen to control for lesion size and scores on Kimura's recurring figure test, the Token test, and intelligence. The mirror-aiming test was performed and the learning effect in terms of decreases in total time, the number of errors, and the times for errors were examined. There was no statistically significant difference between the learning effect of the apraxic group and that of the aphasic group for total time, the number of errors, and the times for errors; however, there were group differences on each trial for number of errors and the times for errors. These results suggest that patients with ideomotor apraxia have some difficulties in motor performance rather than disturbance of learning.
Are Two Hearing Aids Better Than One?
Authors: Andersson Gerhard
Published: August 2011

The use of hearing aids in 114 persons fitted with one or two hearing aids was compared. Those with two hearing aids registered significantly more daily use of their hearing aids.
Suicide Rates in Birth Cohorts in England and Wales
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In an analysis of birth cohorts in England and Wales, no support was found for the hypothesis that birth cohorts with high suicide rates at one point in their lives would have lower suicide rates at times 20 years or more distant.
Selected Health-Fitness Rankings of Low-Income Youth
Authors: Lehnhard Robert A. , Lehnhard Holly R. , Butterfield Stephen A. , Parker Corey , Young Richard
Published: August 2011

Two parameters, tricep skinfold and one-mile walk/run, from the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance health-related fitness test were assessed in 226 low-income children, ages 10 through 14 years. Group means by age and sex were compared with state and national norms. As a whole, on both fitness parameters, this low-income sample fell in the bottom quartile for the state of Maine. The group's national ranking was even lower. Not only are low-income families burdened financially, it appears from this study that the children are also at health risk.
Fashion Innovators, Sensation Seekers, and Clothing Individualists
Authors: Stanforth Nancy
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to investigate the association of fashion consumer groups' scores on sensation seeking and clothing individuality. Fashion innovators are expected to be sensation seekers and to use clothing to express their individuality. 142 undergraduate students were administered Hirschman and Adcock's Measure of Innovativeness and Opinion Leadership, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Creekmore Clothing Interest Scale. Analysis showed that there was a significant mean difference between fashion innovators and fashion followers as sensation seekers and in using clothing to express individuality. Results suggest that fashion innovators may have a greater need for experiences than do fashion followers.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship between Language and Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Children
Authors: Merriman William J. , Barnett Beth E. , Isenberg Dave
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to explore the relationship between language skills and gross-motor skills of 28 preschool children from two private pre-schools in New York City. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated for language (revised Preschool Language Scale) and gross motor (Test of Gross Motor Development) scores. Locomotor skills were significantly related to both auditory comprehension and verbal ability while object control scores did not correlate significantly with either language score. These results were discussed in terms of previous research and with reference to dynamical systems theory. Suggestions for research were made.
Analysis of Eyeblink Activity during Self-Referent Information Processing in Mild Depression
Authors: Ohdra Hideki
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to assess characteristics of self-referent information processing in mildly depressed persons using the eyeblink response measured in a discrete-trial paradigm. 7 mildly depressed and 9 nondepressed subjects (classified by scores on Beck's inventory) performed a self-reference task for positive and negative trait adjectives. The eyeblink was suppressed before and during presentation of stimuli and a burst pattern of the eyeblink was observed just after exposure. The pattern of the eyeblink burst after trait adjectives could be interpreted to reflect cognitive effort, cognitive load, or amount of attentional resource. Present results suggested that depressed individuals should have less cognitive load or allocate less attentional resource to negative stimuli than to positive ones during self-referent information processing.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Longitudinal Case Study of Handwriting Characteristics
Authors: Peeples E. Edward , Searls Donald T. , Wellingham-Jones Patricia
Published: August 2011

This longitudinal case study focuses on handwriting samples of a female diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from 12 years of age to 21 years of age. Diaries and journals produced for class assignments and later for this research yielded 293 handwriting samples. 15 characteristics of handwriting were measured and statistically analyzed to follow changes in handwriting across time. At seven years of age while in elementary school the subject was diagnosed with ADHD and placed on Ritalin (methylphenidate). At puberty the drug was discontinued. During two summers she visited grandparents, once alone and once with two sisters with whom she was in conflict. Her handwriting deviated from its pattern of general decrease in size and increase in uniformity during these visits. The changes over time of three handwriting characteristics (slant of “1,” heights and areas of the lower loop of the “g,” and area of the left loop of the “I”) also deviated from the general pattern of her handwriting change.
Practice Variability and Transfer of a Racket Skill
Authors: Green D. Penelope , Whitehead Jean , Sugden David A.
Published: August 2011

This study used a forehand hitting task to explore the effect of racket variability on ‘out of range’ transfer. 48 11-yr.-old girls were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of Random Variability, Blocked Variability, Specific, and Control. The experimental groups had 32 trials for 4 successive days after which all groups were tested on 4 transfer conditions. Retention tests were given after 1, 4, and 8 days and the data were examined for treatment, range, and occasion effects. Analysis showed the superiority of practice over no practice, variable over specific practice, and random over blocked variability for transfer with two ‘out of range’ dimensions. Accuracy decayed between the transfer tests. These results are consistent with schema theory, and it is recommended that physical education teachers should focus variable practice on task dimensions that are new to their classes.
Reliability of the Stroop Test with Single-Stimulus Presentation
Authors: Siegrist Michael
Published: August 2011

Different versions of the Stroop test are used; however, for most versions of the Stroop test, there are no estimations of reliability. In the present study, stimuli were presented singly on a computer screen. 55 Swiss German subjects were tested. Test-retest reliabilities of ‘XXXX’ strings and conflicting color words were evaluated. Response latencies and Stroop interference were quite reliable. Single-stimulus presentation made it possible also to estimate internal consistency, which was high for classical Stroop interference in this format.
Applying Multiple Regression Analysis to Baseball Hall of Fame Membership
Authors: Kaufman James C. , Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman Nadeen L.
Published: August 2011

Multiple regression procedures were used to predict membership in baseball's Hall of Fame. The sample included 62 former baseball players, 31 who were elected to the Hall of Fame and 31 good players who were not elected. Using a variety of predictors, it was possible to account for about 50 to 66% of the variance in Hall of Fame selection.
Spatial Information and Temporal Representation in Memory
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Moadab M. Hadi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of spatial cues on memory for temporal order. Improved performance for temporal order with added spatial cues was found only for certain directions and orientations. Dependent measures included memory for items, order, and response latency. The presence of a spatial cue had a significant effect on memory for order but not on memory for an item. For response latency, there were significant main effects for visual field and direction. There were also several significant interactions of visual field, direction, and orientation. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the relationship of spatial and temporal information in memory are discussed.
The Home Advantage in High School Basketball
Authors: Gayton William F. , Coombs Robert
Published: August 2011

Occurrence of the home field advantage in high school basketball was examined for percentages of games won at home and away for four male varsity basketball teams from 1968–1988. Statistically significant home advantage for three of the four teams extends previous findings that the difference in the size of the home advantage between sport levels, i.e., college and professional levels within the same sport, is minimal. Results are consistent with the contention that the effects of travel on the size of the home advantage are minimal.
Effects of Batting Performance Feedback on Motivational Factors and Batting Performance in Youth Baseball
Authors: Bram Anthony D. , Feltz Deborah L.
Published: August 2011

The effects of batting feedback on motivational factors and batting of young baseball players were investigated. Hypotheses were that, compared to participants receiving feedback or no feedback on their batting average, those receiving contact average would exhibit (a) a greater increase in batting efficacy, (b) more enjoyment, satisfaction, and persistence, and (c) superior batting performance. Participants were 78 children from nine teams. Although analyses did not support the hypotheses, performance-to-efficacy correlations as well as other data provided tentative evidence for the premise that contact average may be more appropriate feedback for young players because (compared to batting average) it is less ambiguous and is based on a more realistic definition of success. Limitations and implications for coaches were discussed.
Academic Locus of Control of University Students: A Caribbean Case Study
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: August 2011

The Academic Locus of Control Scale was administered to 1089 students (500 males and 589 females) from The University of the West Indies. Statistically significant differences were noted by age (18 to 40 years), with older students scoring more internal, and also by faculty, with students in the Faculty of Arts scoring more internal than peers in other faculties of the university.
Earliest Memories and Recall by Modality Usually Involve Recollections of Different Memories: Memories are Not Amodal
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Westman Ronald S. , Orellana Cosette
Published: August 2011

66 students recalled a first memory and indicated whether sensory impressions from each sensory modality were a part of this memory and, if so, how clear and important these impressions were. After a distraction, they also recalled in each sense modality the very first memory they could. Only visual impressions were always a part of first memories. The clarity and importance of sensory attributes were evaluated similarly. Recall by modality led to memories of equivalent clarity, and these were usually memories other than the one recalled as the earliest memory or recalled using other modalities. Memories are more modality-specific than assumed before in theory or practice.
Preschoolers' Socialization as Consumers of Clothing and Recognition of Symbolism
Authors: Derscheid Linda E. , Kwon Yoon-Hee , Fang Shi-Ruei
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relative influence developmental and environmental factors have on young children's socialization as consumers 45 verbal preschool children (2 to 5 years) were administered a verbal questionnaire to assess their recognition of 8 consumer symbols. The children's mothers completed a questionnaire concerning their perceptions of their children's identity and the roles media, peers, and siblings play in children's preferences for clothing symbols. Correlations and multiple regression confirmed the presuppositions that joint influences of developmental and environmental factors in socialization of consumers begin at an early age.
Gender Differences in Language Production
Authors: Drummond Sakina , Dancer Jess , Pierce Beth
Published: August 2011

For 40 right-handed adults there were only five of 74 linguistic variables associated with gender differences in language production. Four were related to the linguistic parameter of syntax and one to semantics. No differences were noted for the linguistic parameters of phonology and pragmatics.
Mental Models vs Integrated Models: Explanations of Syllogistic Reasoning
Authors: Cardaci Maurizio , Gangemi Amelia , Pendolino Giuseppa , Nuovo Santo Di
Published: August 2011

To compare mental versus integrated models explanations of syllogistic reasoning, we administered a multiple-choice questionnaire containing 19 pairs of syllogistic premises with valid conclusions (given in a C-A order) to 72 psychology undergraduates. Association between our integrated models classification and the empirical difficulty of items was strong.
The Quality of Life and Suicide in Great Britain
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

There was no association between the quality of life measured complexly and suicide rates available over 11 of the 12 regions in Great Britain.
Self-Assessment Responding and Testing Methods: Effects on Performers and Observers
Authors: Hassmén Peter , Sams Michelle R. , Hunt Darwin P.
Published: August 2011

Learning of a specific task can be achieved either by the learner's own performance of the task or by observing another person perform the task. Distinct differences have been described in the literature concerning the performance of those who learn by performing versus those who learn by observing. In the present study, 128 women learned the correct responses by either observing or performing. Subsequently, participants took either a performance or a written test, with or without making self-assessments about how sure they were that their selected answer was correct. Participants who learned with self-assessment selected a greater percentage of correct responses, both during the learning trials and on the tests that followed, than did those who learned without self-assessment. No evidence was, however, found that scores on the type of test given (written or performance) was affected by the type of learning (observing or performing).
Gender, Self-Esteem, and Perception of Own Attractiveness
Authors: Nell Kristi , Ashton Nancy L.
Published: August 2011

73 college students completed the 1965 Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and two measures of self-perceived physical attractiveness from Hatfield and Sprecher. Consistent with the hypotheses, scores on both measures of attractiveness correlated with self-esteem and the 35 women had significantly lower scores than the 38 men on all three measures.
Feelings of past Lives as Expected Perturbations within the Neurocognitive Processes That Generate the Sense of Self: Contributions from Limbic Lability and Vectorial Hemisphericity
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Normal, young men and women who believed they may have lived a previous life ( n = 21) or who did not endorse ( n = 52) this belief of “reincarnation” were exposed to partial sensory deprivation and received transcerebral stimulation by burst-firing magnetic fields over either the left or right hemisphere. Individuals who reported belief in reincarnation could be discriminated from nonbelievers by their more frequent report of experiences of tingling sensations, spinning, detachment of consciousness from the body, and intrusions of thoughts that were not attributed to the sense of self. The results support the hypothesis that there may be neurocognitive processes which identify experiences as originating from the sense of self (episodic or autobiographical memory) or “not self.” When anomalous experiences are beyond the boundary of the experiences contained with the generalization gradient of concurrent autobiographical memory, they are more likely to be attributed to culturally available default explanations such as living a previous life.
Report Form for Aggressive Episodes: Preliminary Report
Authors: Bjørkly Stål
Published: August 2011

This paper gives a description of the development and initial empirical testing of the Report Form for Aggressive Episodes, a behavioural rating scale used to measure displayed aggressive behaviour and the situational determinant(s) according to a list of 30 potential precipitants to aggression. Findings from a one-year study in a special secure unit for the long-term treatment of dangerous patients show very high rates of underreporting of aggressive episodes in ward journals and patient files compared to this scale. Illustrations of the clinical use of the scale are provided by scoring examples and two case vignettes.
Performance on the Purdue Pegboard and Finger Tapping by Schizophrenics after Mellow and Frenetic Antecedent Music
Authors: Chambliss Catherine , Tyson Karen , Tracy Joseph
Published: August 2011

Effects of musical selections on motor performance have been inconsistent. Using a 3-factor within-subjects design [mellow music (4:4 time), frenetic music (2:8 time), and white noise conditions], each of 34 schizophrenic inpatients volunteered to perform the Purdue Pegboard and Finger Oscillation (Tapping) following 1-min. counterbalanced presentations of three types of music. Both pegboard and tapping performance were higher after frenetic music but unaffected by mellow music.