bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional repression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 by ClC‐3 Cl−/H+ transporter inhibition in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Fujimoto Mayu , Kito Hiroaki , Kajikuri Junko , Ohya Susumu
Published: June 2018

Recent studies have indicated that the intracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl−) regulates gene expression in several types of cells and that Cl− modulators positively or negatively regulate the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathways. We previously reported that the Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel anoctamine (ANO)1 regulated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) transcription in breast cancer YMB‐1 cells. However, the mechanisms underlying ANO1‐regulated HER2 gene expression have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we showed the involvement of intracellular organelle ClC‐3 Cl−/H+ transporter in HER2 transcription in breast cancer MDA‐MB‐453 cells. The siRNA‐mediated inhibition of ClC‐3, but not ANO1, markedly repressed HER2 transcription in MDA‐MB‐453 cells. Subsequently, treatments with the AKT inhibitor AZD 5363 and mTOR inhibitor everolimus significantly enhanced HER2 transcription in MDA‐MB‐453 cells, whereas that with the STAT3 inhibitor 5,15‐diphenylporphyrin (5,15‐DPP) inhibited it. AKT and mTOR inhibitors also significantly enhanced HER2 transcription in YMB‐1 cells. The siRNA‐mediated inhibition of ClC‐3 and ANO1 resulted in increased AKT phosphorylation and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation in MDA‐MB‐453 and YMB‐1 cells, respectively. The intracellular Cl− channel protein CLIC1 was expressed in both cells; however, its siRNA‐mediated inhibition did not elicit the transcriptional repression of HER2. Collectively, our results demonstrate that intracellular Cl− regulation by ANO1/ClC‐3 participates in HER2 transcription, mediating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or STAT3 signaling pathway(s) in HER2‐positive breast cancer cells, and support the potential of ANO1/ClC‐3 blockers as therapeutic options for patients with resistance to anti‐HER2 therapies.
Tetraploidy in cancer and its possible link to aging
Authors: Tanaka Kozo , Goto Hidemasa , Nishimura Yuhei , Kasahara Kousuke , Mizoguchi Akira , Inagaki Masaki
Published: June 2018

Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, is often seen as a natural physiological condition but is also frequently seen in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. Tetraploidy facilitates chromosomal instability (CIN), which is an elevated level of chromosomal loss and gain that can cause production of a wide variety of aneuploid cells that carry structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes. The resultant genomic heterogeneity supposedly expedites karyotypic evolution that confers oncogenic potential in spite of the reduced cellular fitness caused by aneuploidy. Recent studies suggest that tetraploidy might also be associated with aging; mice with mutations in an intermediate filament protein have revealed that these tetraploidy‐prone mice exhibit tissue disorders associated with aging. Cellular senescence and its accompanying senescence‐associated secretory phenotype have now emerged as critical factors that link tetraploidy and tetraploidy‐induced CIN with cancer, and possibly with aging. Here, we review recent findings about how tetraploidy is related to cancer and possibly to aging, and discuss underlying mechanisms of the relationship, as well as how we can exploit the properties of cells exhibiting tetraploidy‐induced CIN to control these pathological conditions.
Canada's beef exports: Border effects and prospects for market access
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the magnitudes of border effects on Canada's beef exports, and assesses the prospects for market access. The empirical analysis relies on a gravity model derived from a supply‐based framework, and implements different econometric methodologies. It covers the conventional measurement of border effects that is determined relative to the intranational trade baseline. Also, it sets alternative baselines to estimate the wedge between the border effects on beef exports of Canada and those of other countries. The estimated parameters are used to carry out different scenarios to examine the tariff‐related and nontariff border effects, and to evaluate the impacts of trade preferences for Canada's bilateral beef exports. The results reveal significant trade impediments facing Canada's bilateral beef exports to many large markets (e.g., EU‐15, Japan, Republic of Korea, China, and Russia), and they often indicate that the effects of tariff reductions become considerably larger when coupled with reductions in nontariff impediments. Also, they underscore the significance of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)’s preferential market access for Canada's beef exports. The export opportunities for the Canadian beef industry that are generated through lower trade barriers would, however, decrease when trade barriers facing other beef‐exporting countries are reduced.
Tracking trends in the extinction risk of wild relatives of domesticated species to assess progress against global biodiversity targets
Authors: McGowan Philip J.K. , Mair Louise , Symes Andrew , Westrip James R.S. , Wheatley Hannah , Brook Sarah , Burton James , King Sarah , McShea William J. , Moehlman Patricia D. , Smith Andrew T. , Wheeler Jane C. , Butchart Stuart H.M.
Published: June 2018

Ensuring the conservation of wild relatives of domesticated animals that are important food sources for humans forms part of targets for both the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). There is, however, no indicator allowing progress toward these aims to be measured. We identified 30 domesticated mammal and bird taxa that are sources of food for humans and consider 55 mammal and 449 bird species to be their wild relatives. We developed a Red List Index for these wild relatives, which declined by 2.02% between 1988 and 2016. Currently, 15 species are Critically Endangered, indicating that the Red List Index could deteriorate sharply unless action is taken to ensure the survival of highly threatened species and the reversal of their declines. This Index can meet a range of global policy needs, including reporting on progress toward Aichi Target 13 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and SDG Target 2.5.
Visual sensibility evaluation of Korean traditional indigo‐dyed lyocell fabrics
Authors: Lee Eugene , Kim Inhwan , Cho Gilsoo
Published: June 2018

Eco‐friendly dyeing technology with regard to manufactured fibres is receiving considerable attention, while textile coloration requires highly advanced interdisciplinary approaches including textile science, dyeing chemistry, consumer sensibility and cultural aspects. In this study, lyocell fabrics were dyed with the traditional Korean indigo dyestuff, Niram, and their psychological colour sensibility was measured and discussed in relation to the physical colour properties in the context of global culture. A systematic dyeing process was developed to obtain a variety of colours utilising different dyestuff concentrations, reducing agent concentration and construction of fabrics. According to participants’ responses to a questionnaire, all lyocell fabrics dyed with traditional Korean indigo dyestuffs were visually perceived and recognised as ‘cold’, ‘clean’, ‘plain’, ‘elegant’ and ‘exotic’. Psychological colour sensibility showed statistically significant correlation with the concentrations of dye and reducing agent. In the situation where fabrics were dyed under high dye concentration and darker/bluish colour properties, the subjects had an ‘exotic’ and ‘western’ appearance rather than ‘oriental’ and ‘banal’. According to the results of ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests, two dyeing conditions, and dye concentration in particular, had a significant impact on all psychological colour sensibilities except for warm‐cold’. Reducing agent concentration significantly affected ‘warm‐cold’, while ‘vivid‐subdued’ was affected by two‐way interaction effects between dye concentration and reducing agent concentration. Traditional Korean indigo dyestuff concentration and reducing agent concentration can be adjusted appropriately and controlled for efficient vat dye to produce and design diverse combinations of psychological colour sensibilities.
Adding to the mounting evidence for geographic inequity in liver transplantation: Hospital length of stay
Authors: Kueht Michael , Goss John A. , Rana Abbas
Published: June 2018

Background

Severe geographic inequities in liver transplantation have persisted for years. Previous investigators have demonstrated 90‐day transplant rates varying from 14% to 82% and death rates varying from 18% to 86%. The aim of this analysis was to utilize a robust multivariate analysis to investigate whether geographic inequities affected the length of stay after liver transplantation.

Methods

We conducted a unique Kaplan‐Meier analysis with the event being discharge from the hospital and length of stay as the time to the event, using a cohort of 66 674 recipients listed in the UNOS database from 2002 to 2016. Multivariate Cox regression using 43 covariates was used for time‐to‐event analysis.

Results

Region 9 (0.82; CI 0.79‐0.85), Region 2 (0.85; CI 0.83‐0.88), and Region 10 (0.96; CI 0.93‐0.99) were statistically significant factors for prolonged hospital stay. The following covariates were the most significant factors for prolonged hospital stay: serum sodium >150 mEq/L (0.70; CI 0.62‐0.78), ICU admission (0.77; CI 0.74‐0.80), hospital admission (0.81; 0.79‐0.83), region 9 (0.82; CI 0.79‐0.85), and ventilator dependence (0.82; CI 0.76‐0.88).

Conclusion

In this analysis, we demonstrate regional disparities in hospital length of stay that are significant in robust multivariable Cox regression analysis. We hope the transplant community will take immediate measures to correct geographic inequities.
Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin or dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin versus glimepiride as add‐on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Kellerer Monika , Cypryk Katarzyna , Skripova Dasa , Rohwedder Katja , Johnsson Eva , Garcia‐Sanchez Ricardo , Kurlyandskaya Raisa , Sjöström C. David , Jacob Stephan , Seufert Jochen , Dronamraju Nalina , Csomós Katalin
Published: June 2018

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin and dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin vs glimepiride as add‐on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Research design and methods

This 52‐week, multicentre, double‐blind, active‐controlled study (NCT02471404) randomized (1:1:1) patients (n = 939; HbA1c 7.5%‐10.5%) on metformin monotherapy (≥1500 mg/day) to add‐on dapagliflozin 10 mg, dapagliflozin 10 mg plus saxagliptin 5 mg, or glimepiride 1 to 6 mg (titrated). The primary efficacy end point was change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 52.

Results

Baseline mean age, diabetes duration and HbA1c were 58.4 years, 7.0 years and 8.3%, respectively. Adjusted mean HbA1c change from baseline was −1.20% with dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin and −0.82% with dapagliflozin, vs −0.99% with glimepiride (mean dose at Week 52, 4.6 mg). Changes in body weight (−3.2 kg and −3.5 kg vs +1.8 kg) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; −6.4 mm Hg and −5.6 mm Hg vs −1.6 mm Hg) were significantly greater with dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin and dapagliflozin than with glimepiride. FPG decreased significantly with dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin compared with glimepiride (−2.1 mmol/L vs −1.5 mmol/L) and was similar with dapagliflozin (−1.6 mmol/L) compared with glimepiride. Confirmed incidence of hypoglycaemia was lower with dapagliflozin regimens than with glimepiride (0 and 1 vs 13 patients) and fewer patients required rescue. Genital infections were more frequent with dapagliflozin; other AE profiles were similar.

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin, saxagliptin and metformin improved glycaemic control compared with glimepiride plus metformin; add‐on of dapagliflozin alone showed efficacy similar to that of glimepiride. Both dapagliflozin regimens decreased body weight and SBP, with a lower incidence of hypoglycaemia compared with glimepiride.
Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipid transfer protein activity independently associate with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Nass Karlijn J. , van den Berg Eline H. , Gruppen Eke G. , Dullaart Robin P. F.
Published: June 2018

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition which contributes to atherogenic apolipoprotein B dyslipoproteinemias. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) are both synthesized by the liver and are important in lipid metabolism. Here, we interrogated the impact of NAFLD on plasma LCAT and PLTP activities.

Methods

Plasma LCAT activity (exogenous substrate assay) and PLTP activity (phospholipid vesicles‐HDL assay) were determined in 348 subjects (279 men; 81 subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM); 123 with metabolic syndrome (MetS)). A Fatty Liver Index (FLI) ≥60 was used as a proxy of NAFLD. Insulin resistance was determined by homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).

Results

A total of 147 participants had an FLI ≥60 coinciding with T2DM and MetS (P < 0.001 for each). Plasma LCAT activity and PLTP activity were on average 12% and 5% higher, respectively, in subjects with an FLI ≥ 60 (P < 0.001 for each). In age‐ and sex‐adjusted partial linear regression analysis, LCAT activity and PLTP activity were positively related to various obesity measures and HOMA‐IR (P < 0.001 for each). In multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age and sex, LCAT activity was associated with an FLI ≥ 60 independent of T2DM and MetS, the waist/hip ratio, or HOMA‐IR (β = 0.307 to 0.366, P < 0001 for all models). PLTP activity was also associated with an FLI ≥ 60 independent of these variables (β = 0.151 to 0223, P = 0.013 to 0.001).

Conclusion

NAFLD, as inferred from an FLI≥60, confers higher plasma LCAT and to a lesser extent PLTP activity, even when taking account of T2DM, MetS, central obesity and insulin resistance.
Responsiveness of fish mass–abundance relationships and trophic metrics to flood disturbance, stream size, land cover and predator taxa presence in headwater streams
Authors: Fraley Kevin M. , Warburton Helen J. , Jellyman Phillip G. , Kelly Dave , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: June 2018

Characterisation of food webs, by summarising energy transfer and trophic relationships, allows more functional measurement of ecosystems and may reveal threats (e.g., land‐cover change) in sensitive environments that are not obvious from conventional biomonitoring. However, typical methods used to achieve this are time‐consuming and expensive. Therefore, we tested the usefulness of fish‐focused food‐web proxies as functional measures, specifically mass–abundance relationships of fish assemblages and stable isotope (SI)‐derived metrics in headwater stream reaches. These metrics have been trialled before for similar use in other settings, but have yielded varying results, and have not been employed in tandem in temperate freshwaters. Sampling reaches (N = 46) were spread across a variety of streams, and the effects of habitat predictors at multiple scales on metrics were assessed using model selection. We found that habitat size positively correlated with food‐chain lengths in streams, possibly because of increased abundance of fish at multiple trophic levels in habitats with more space. Additionally, flood disturbance was negatively associated with fish mass–abundance and carbon range, likely due to the harshness of flood‐prone streams. Riparian land‐cover variables were correlated with multiple metrics, indicating the importance of terrestrial–aquatic linkages. Additionally, variations in all metrics were influenced by the presence of native, predatory longfin eels. Overall, we conclude that mass–abundance relationships and SI‐derived metrics are sensitive to drivers of trophic organisation and likely reflect processes occurring at multiple spatial scales in freshwaters. Thus, these metrics could be an insightful monitoring tool for managers because they reflect functional measures of aquatic ecosystems.
International banking and transmission of the 1931 financial crisis
Authors: Accominotti Olivier
Published: June 2018

In May to July 1931, a series of financial panics shook central Europe before spreading to the rest of the world. This article explores the role of cross‐border banking linkages in propagating the central European crisis to Britain and the US. Using archival bank‐level data, the article documents US and British banks’ exposure to central European frozen credits in 1931. Central European lending was mostly done by large and diversified commercial banks in the US and by small and geographically specialized merchant banks/acceptance houses in Britain. Differences in the organization of international bank lending explain why the central European crisis disturbed few US banks but endangered many British financial institutions.
Outcomes of second‐line treatment after fludarabine cyclophosphamide and rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia outside clinical trials
Authors: Joffe Erel , Goldschmidt Neta , Bairey Osnat , Fineman Riva , Ruchlemer Rosa , Rahimi‐Levene Naomi , Shvidel Lev , Greenbaum Uri , Aviv Ariel , Tadmor Tamar , Braester Andrea , Arad Ariela , Polliack Aaron , Herishanu Yair ,   The Israeli CLL Study Group
Published: June 2018

Objective

To evaluate disease characteristics and long‐term outcomes in patients requiring second‐line treatment following fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR), for relapsed/refractory disease (R/R), or following discontinuation due to toxicities.

Method

A retrospective analysis of 126 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with frontline FCR: 63 received second‐line treatment (41 relapsed, nine refractory [SD/PD], 13 prior toxicity). Time to next treatment (TTNT) was calculated from beginning FCR to initiation of second‐line therapy. Overall and event‐free survival was calculated from initiation of salvage treatment (OS2/EFS2).

Results

Median follow‐up for the entire cohort was 67 and 37 months from second‐line therapy. TTNT < 24 months was associated with shorter OS2 and EFS2 similar to those observed with primary refractory disease (OS2 19 and 23 months; EFS2 12 and 9 months for TTNT < 24 months and SD/PD, respectively). TTNT ≥ 24 months (71% chemotherapy‐based second‐line), had longer OS2 and EFS2 (48 and 20 months). Among the 13 patients receiving second‐line therapy after discontinuing FCR due to toxicity EFS2 was 41 months (59 months from initiation of FCR).

Conclusion

With limitations of sample size and treatment heterogeneity, patients progressing <24 months following FCR have poor outcomes, similar to refractory patients, while longer remissions are indicative of a chemoimmunotherapy sensitive disease. Patients who discontinue FCR for toxicities may achieve excellent outcomes with subsequent treatment.
Epstein‐Barr virus post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ru Yuhua , Chen Jia , Wu Depei
Published: June 2018

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) viremia and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) are severe complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A series of risk factors have been found to predict EBV viremia and PTLD, including the T‐cell depletion, reduced intensity conditioning, and alternative donor. The rituximab pre‐emptive therapy could improve PTLD prognosis significantly, but the trigger of initiating rituximab pre‐emptive therapy has not been well established. Additionally, EBV‐specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) is a promising approach to treat EBV‐PTLD.
Larval abundance across the European eel spawning area: An analysis of recent and historic data
Authors: Westerberg Håkan , Miller Michael J. , Wysujack Klaus , Marohn Lasse , Freese Marko , Pohlmann Jan‐Dag , Watanabe Shun , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Hanel Reinhold
Published: June 2018

The abundance and distribution of leptocephalus larvae of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Anguillidae) were examined using ten historic and recent Sargasso Sea expeditions that were selected on the basis of having the largest number of sampling stations and highest catches. The surveys cover the period 1920–2014. Station data were recalculated to the same unit of larval density per unit area, and the irregular station positions were transformed to a regular spatial grid to allow calculation of comparable measures of abundance of the youngest (0+) leptocephalus cohort. The result is that the mean and maximum densities of 0+ leptocephali after 2007 on average have decreased by 70%–80% from the densities during the period before the drastic decrease in glass eel recruitment, which started in the 1980s. This is of the same magnitude as the change in spawning stock, if the total continental commercial landings are used as a proxy. In the same period, the glass eel recruitment in Europe has decreased by more than 95%. The conclusion is that a major cause for the recruitment decrease may be an increased leptocephalus mortality during the oceanic phase or a large geographic shift in glass eel arrival. Combining the survey data, the spatial distribution of 0+ leptocephali was concentrated south of the northernmost front in the Subtropical Convergence Zone, but high densities were also found far south of the front in the western part of the distribution area and leptocephali were present also north of the average frontal position.
The Effects of Relationship Education in Low‐Income Couples: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Evaluation Studies
Authors: Arnold Louisa S. , Beelmann Andreas
Published: June 2018

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of relationship education programs in low‐income couples.

Background

Relationship education programs have been developed in response to family structure changes over the past few decades that have placed low‐income couples, in particular, at risk. These programs are designed to teach effective communication and problem‐solving skills, which are important resources for the prevention of divorce, single parenthood, and absent fathers, and to navigate complex stepfamily constellations.

Method

A systematic literature search for studies evaluating relationship education within a randomized‐controlled design in low‐income couples was conducted, resulting in a set of 16 eligible research reports (providing information about 48 independent studies). Weighted mean effects were calculated, and moderators of effectiveness were examined in meta‐analyses of variance and metaregressions.

Results

Analyses revealed a small but statistically significant mean effect of d+ = 0.10 (SE = 0.03), which doubled when program attendance rates exceeded 50%. Effects were generally higher in less disadvantaged samples (i.e., those that were older, more educated, higher‐income, and more likely to be married).

Conclusion

Relationship education can have small and stable effects, especially when retention rates are high. Offering programs at the transition to parenthood is a promising strategy.

Implications

More needs to be done to reach out to the most vulnerable couples and improve participation and retention rates. The present strategies are not sufficiently effective in recruiting and retaining the target population. Combining relationship education with other programs and services might be more feasible.
Oceanographic variability shapes the spawning distribution of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)
Authors: Miesner Anna K. , Payne Mark R.
Published: June 2018

The spawning distribution of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) has varied considerably between years, but quantitative understanding of the processes driving this change is lacking. Using 55 years of larval‐observations from the wide‐ranging Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, we show that changes in the spawning distribution of blue whiting are associated with variations in the marine environment and particularly salinity. We first corroborated previously reported associations between variations in the spawning distribution and environmental regimes in the spawning region based on space‐time interpolation models. We then applied species distribution models to quantify the linkage between the environment and the distribution of blue whiting larvae and verified these model results against independent fisheries and scientific survey data. Models incorporating salinity in the spawning region gave the best agreement with data, with observations of larvae in the CPR being limited to a window of salinities between 35.3 and 35.5. Changes in the area of suitable spawning habitat (estimated here to be up to 2.5 times) can therefore be understood as arising from the spread of saline subtropical water masses throughout the spawning region due to a weak North Atlantic subpolar gyre. We postulate that blue whiting actively select optimum oceanographic conditions to deliver their eggs to enhance their offsprings likelihood of survival and thereby their fitness. The knowledge derived here, together with the high predictability of salinity at depth in the North‐East Atlantic, can potentially form the basis for forecasting the spawning distribution of this species.
Unprecedented 34S‐enrichment of pyrite formed following microbial sulfate reduction in fractured crystalline rocks
Authors: Drake Henrik , Whitehouse Martin J. , Heim Christine , Reiners Peter W. , Tillberg Mikael , Hogmalm K. Johan , Dopson Mark , Broman Curt , Åström Mats E.
Published: June 2018

In the deep biosphere, microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) is exploited for energy. Here, we show that, in fractured continental crystalline bedrock in three areas in Sweden, this process produced sulfide that reacted with iron to form pyrite extremely enriched in 34S relative to 32S. As documented by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microanalyses, the δ34Spyrite values are up to +132‰V‐CDT and with a total range of 186‰. The lightest δ34Spyrite values (−54‰) suggest very large fractionation during MSR from an initial sulfate with δ34S values (δ34Ssulfate,0) of +14 to +28‰. Fractionation of this magnitude requires a slow MSR rate, a feature we attribute to nutrient and electron donor shortage as well as initial sulfate abundance. The superheavy δ34Spyrite values were produced by Rayleigh fractionation effects in a diminishing sulfate pool. Large volumes of pyrite with superheavy values (+120 ± 15‰) within single fracture intercepts in the boreholes, associated heavy average values up to +75‰ and heavy minimum δ34Spyrite values, suggest isolation of significant amounts of isotopically light sulfide in other parts of the fracture system. Large fracture‐specific δ34Spyrite variability and overall average δ34Spyrite values (+11 to +16‰) lower than the anticipated δ34Ssulfate,0 support this hypothesis. The superheavy pyrite found locally in the borehole intercepts thus represents a late stage in a much larger fracture system undergoing Rayleigh fractionation. Microscale Rb–Sr dating and U/Th–He dating of cogenetic minerals reveal that most pyrite formed in the early Paleozoic era, but crystal overgrowths may be significantly younger. The δ13C values in cogenetic calcite suggest that the superheavy δ34Spyrite values are related to organotrophic MSR, in contrast to findings from marine sediments where superheavy pyrite has been proposed to be linked to anaerobic oxidation of methane. The findings provide new insights into MSR‐related S‐isotope systematics, particularly regarding formation of large fractions of 34S‐rich pyrite.
Modelled biophysical impacts of conservation agriculture on local climates
Authors: Hirsch Annette L. , Prestele Reinhard , Davin Edouard L. , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Thiery Wim , Verburg Peter H.
Published: June 2018

Including the parameterization of land management practices into Earth System Models has been shown to influence the simulation of regional climates, particularly for temperature extremes. However, recent model development has focused on implementing irrigation where other land management practices such as conservation agriculture (CA) has been limited due to the lack of global spatially explicit datasets describing where this form of management is practiced. Here, we implement a representation of CA into the Community Earth System Model and show that the quality of simulated surface energy fluxes improves when including more information on how agricultural land is managed. We also compare the climate response at the subgrid scale where CA is applied. We find that CA generally contributes to local cooling (~1°C) of hot temperature extremes in mid‐latitude regions where it is practiced, while over tropical locations CA contributes to local warming (~1°C) due to changes in evapotranspiration dominating the effects of enhanced surface albedo. In particular, changes in the partitioning of evapotranspiration between soil evaporation and transpiration are critical for the sign of the temperature change: a cooling occurs only when the soil moisture retention and associated enhanced transpiration is sufficient to offset the warming from reduced soil evaporation. Finally, we examine the climate change mitigation potential of CA by comparing a simulation with present‐day CA extent to a simulation where CA is expanded to all suitable crop areas. Here, our results indicate that while the local temperature response to CA is considerable cooling (>2°C), the grid‐scale changes in climate are counteractive due to negative atmospheric feedbacks. Overall, our results underline that CA has a nonnegligible impact on the local climate and that it should therefore be considered in future climate projections.
Evapotranspiration and water yield of a pine‐broadleaf forest are not altered by long‐term atmospheric [CO2] enrichment under native or enhanced soil fertility
Authors: Ward Eric J. , Oren Ram , Seok Kim Hyun , Kim Dohyoung , Tor‐ngern Pantana , Ewers Brent E. , McCarthy Heather R. , Oishi Andrew Christopher , Pataki Diane E. , Palmroth Sari , Phillips Nathan G. , Schäfer Karina V. R.
Published: June 2018

Changes in evapotranspiration (ET) from terrestrial ecosystems affect their water yield (WY), with considerable ecological and economic consequences. Increases in surface runoff observed over the past century have been attributed to increasing atmospheric CO2concentrations resulting in reducedETby terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the water balance of aPinus taeda(L.) forest with a broadleaf component that was exposed to atmospheric [CO2] enrichment (ECO2; +200 ppm) for over 17 years and fertilization for 6 years, monitored with hundreds of environmental and sap flux sensors on a half‐hourly basis. These measurements were synthesized using a one‐dimensional Richard's equation model to evaluate treatment differences in transpiration (T), evaporation (E),ET, andWY. We found that ECO2did not create significant differences in standT, ET, orWYunder either native or enhanced soil fertility, despite a 20% and 13% increase in leaf area index, respectively. WhileT,ET, andWYresponded to fertilization, this response was weak (<3% of mean annual precipitation). Likewise, whileEresponded to ECO2in the first 7 years of the study, this effect was of negligible magnitude (<1% mean annual precipitation). Given the global range of conifers similar toP. taeda, our results imply that recent observations of increased global streamflow cannot be attributed to decreases inETacross all ecosystems, demonstrating a great need for model–data synthesis activities to incorporate our current understanding of terrestrial vegetation in global water cycle models.
Realizing the right to development: Some reflections
Authors: Kamga Serges Djoyou
Published: June 2018

From its inception into the human rights discourse, the right to development (RTD) has been contentious. Nevertheless, as result of various activities including the adoption of the UN Declaration on it, the RTD is now “a fait accompli.” This article reflects on what should be done for its effective realization and sustainability. The article finds that at the national level, states should adopt constitutionalism characterized by separation of powers and respect for rule of law and adopt human centered development policies. At the international level, states should cooperate in adopting responsive development policies and ensure that these policies as well as the international environment at large are conducive to the realization of the RTD. Similarly, transnational companies should play their role. In these endeavors at the global level, given the reluctance of the global powers to the RTD, China should use its influence in the G8, G20, and the BRICS to persuade other powerful stakeholders to give effect to the RTD.
Basal‐subtype bladder tumours show a ‘hot’ immunophenotype
Authors: Hodgson Anjelica , Liu Stanley K , Vesprini Danny , Xu Bin , Downes Michelle R
Published: June 2018

Aims

Basal and luminal molecular subgroups of muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) can be recognised by the use of immunohistochemical markers. Studies have shown that responses to chemotherapy and outcomes differ among these subtypes. High‐grade UC of the bladder is an immunogenic neoplasm that induces a substantial intratumoral and peritumoral immune response; the phenotype of infiltrating immune cells may yield prognostic information and predict response to therapy. In this study, we aimed to correlate the immunohistochemical phenotype of high‐grade UC with immune microenvironment composition.

Methods and results

Two hundred and thirty‐five cases of high‐grade UC treated with cystectomy were reviewed. Clinicopathological variables for each case were recorded, and disease‐free survival at last follow‐up was calculated. Invasive front inflammation and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes were scored for each case. Two hundred and seven cases were used to construct a triplicate‐core tissue microarray (TMA), with sections stained for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and GATA3. Of the evaluable cases, 167 were designated as luminal (CK5/6− and GATA3+) and 29 as basal (CK5/6+ and GATA3−). Additional sequential TMA sections were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) (SP263). Basal‐subtype tumours showed a trend towards worse disease‐specific survival (P = 0.078). There were statistically significant associations between basal subtype and CD8 expression (P = 0.008), PD‐1 expression (P = 0.001), and PD‐L1 expression (P = 0.014). Lower CD4/CD8 and increased CD8/FOXP3 ratios (P = 0.047 and P = 0.031, respectively) were also identified in the basal‐subtype group.

Conclusions

Basal‐subtype high‐grade UC has an abundance of CD8+ T cells with increased expression of inhibitory markers, indicative of a ‘hot’ immunophenotype.
Relationship between sintering methods and physical properties of the low positive thermal expansion material Al2W3O12
Authors: Prisco Luciana P. , Marzano Mayara , Pontón Patricia I. , Costa Antonio M. L. M. , da Costa Neto Celio A. , Sweet Greg , Romao Carl P. , White Mary Anne , Marinkovic Bojan A.
Published: June 2018

Ceramic materials from the A2M3O12 family with near‐zero thermal expansion are good candidates for applications requiring high thermal shock resistance. Considering their inherently low thermal conductivity, the bulk forms of A2M3O12 have to present Young's moduli and mechanical strength close to 100 GPa and 100 MPa, respectively, in order to compete with the state‐of‐the‐art materials used to avoid thermal shock. The relationship between sintering, microstructure, and physical properties within the A2M3O12 family is generally unknown while the preparation of bulks with high mechanical resistance remains a great challenge. Bulk samples of dense Al2W3O12 (96%TD) have been obtained by pressureless three‐stage sintering (TSS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The Young's moduli and hardness of samples prepared by SPS were 50% higher than that measured for TSS samples and more than 100% in comparison to the Al2W3O12 bulk (91%TD). UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed that A2M3O12 phases are wide band‐gap semiconductors (3.11 eV). When prepared by SPS, black Al2W3O12 absorbed light within the visible spectrum due to the introduction of donor sites within the band‐gap. No enhancement of the mechanism causing negative thermal expansion was observed for black Al2W3O12. The mechanical properties achieved were significantly improved over those previously reported in literature for Al2W3O12.
Development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of chicken, turkey and duck in processed meat products
Authors: Kim Mi‐Ju , Yoo Insuk , Yang Seung‐Min , Suh Seung‐Man , Kim Hae‐Yeong
Published: June 2018

We developed a multiplex PCR assay for the efficient detection of chicken, turkey and duck meat. Three species‐specific primer sets targeting 12S rRNA gene of turkey and mitochondrial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene of chicken and duck were selected. A universal primer pair targeting 18S rRNA gene was additionally used as a positive control. PCR product sizes for endogenous control, chicken, turkey and duck were confirmed to be 99 bp, 133 bp, 163 bp and 204 bp respectively. The specificity of each primer pairs was evaluated in 20 animal species. The limit of detection of this multiplex PCR assay was 1 pg for all species. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to 31 commercial meat samples and validated at intra‐laboratory. This multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of chicken, turkey and duck meat in processed products can be utilised to monitor various processed food products for food control and regulation.
Corruption, Policing and Migration: Exploring the Interaction Between Migrant Workers and Police in Russia, Ukraine and the UK
Authors: Markovska Anna , Serdyuk Alexey , Sokurenko Valerii
Published: June 2018

The rights of migrant workers and their experiences in host countries have been high on the political agendas of Europe and beyond. This article uses data from 138 semi‐structured interviews conducted with migrant workers in the UK, Russia and Ukraine to study their relationships with the police in host countries. We aim to contribute to the literature on policing and migration by analysing three different host countries, and the experience of temporary migrant workers regarding policing within each country. We suggest that the interplay between the experiences of policing in home and host countries can provide important insights into the practicalities of policing, but should not be considered apart from the context of the ethnic origin of migrant workers.
Predictors and enablers of mental health nurses’ family‐focused practice
Authors: Grant Anne , Reupert Andrea , Maybery Darryl , Goodyear Melinda
Published: June 2018

Family‐focused practice improves outcomes for families where parents have a mental illness. However, there is limited understanding regarding the factors that predict and enable these practices. This study aimed to identify factors that predict and enable mental health nurses’ family‐focused practice. A sequential mixed methods design was used. A total of 343 mental health nurses, practicing in 12 mental health services (in acute inpatient and community settings), throughout Ireland completed the Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire, measuring family‐focused behaviours and other factors that impact family‐focused activities. Hierarchical multiple regression identified 14 predictors of family‐focused practice. The most important predictors noted were nurses’ skill and knowledge, own parenting experience, and work setting (i.e. community). Fourteen nurses, who achieved high scores on the questionnaire, subsequently participated in semistructured interviews to elaborate on enablers of family‐focused practice. Participants described drawing on their parenting experiences to normalize parenting challenges, encouraging service users to disclose parenting concerns, and promoting trust. The opportunity to visit a service user's home allowed them to observe how the parent was coping and forge a close relationship with them. Nurses’ personal characteristics and work setting are key factors in determining family‐focused practice. This study extends current research by clearly highlighting predictors of family‐focused practice and reporting how various enablers promoted family‐focused practice. The capacity of nurses to support families has training, organizational and policy implications within adult mental health services in Ireland and elsewhere.
Early discharge in acute mental health: A rapid literature review
Authors: Clibbens Nicola , Harrop Deborah , Blackett Sally
Published: June 2018

Long psychiatric hospital stays are unpopular with services users, harmful, and costly. Economic pressures alongside a drive for recovery‐orientated care in the least restrictive contexts have led to increasing pressure to discharge people from hospital early. Hospital discharge is, however, complex, stressful, and risky for service users and families. This rapid literature review aimed to assess what is known about early discharge in acute mental health. Searches were conducted in nine bibliographic databases, reference lists, and targeted grey literature sources. Fourteen included papers focused on early discharge in mental health, a population over 18 years with a mental health condition, and reported outcomes on therapeutic care or service delivery. Quality appraisal was undertaken using The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. The meta‐summary of the literature found that early discharge was neither provided to all inpatients nor limited to the Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment (CRHT) service model internationally. Early discharge interventions required collaborative working and discharge planning. It was not associated with unplanned readmissions and had a small effect on length of stay. Most studies reported service outcomes, whereas health outcomes were underreported. Professionals and service users were positive about early discharge and service users asked for peer support. Carers preferred hospital or day hospital care suggesting their need for respite. Limitations in the scope, detail, and quality of the evidence about early discharge leave an unclear picture of the components of early discharge as an intervention, its effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness, or outcomes.
Effectiveness of Active Support for adults with intellectual disability in residential settings: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Flynn Samantha , Totsika Vasiliki , Hastings Richard P. , Hood Kerry , Toogood Sandy , Felce David
Published: June 2018

Background

The review examined the effectiveness of Active Support (RQ1) and stakeholders’ experiences of the model (RQ2).

Method

Data were meta‐analysed (RQ1; studies = 14) and synthesized narratively (RQ2; studies = 10).

Results

By follow‐up (6 months post‐training), effect sizes (RQ1) for resident total activity engagement were significant and ranged from small (d = 0.33, 95% CIs: 0.10–0.50) to large (Tau‐U = 0.95, 95% CIs: 0.64–1.25) depending on study design. Follow‐up changes in staff assistance were moderate (d = 0.56, 95% CIs: 0.23–0.89; Tau‐U 0.63, 95% CIs: 0.32–0.93) and large for quality of support (d = 1.03, 95% CIs: 0.61–1.44). Other outcomes did not change.

Conclusions

Active Support was more effective following complete staff training, in larger settings, at lower staff‐to‐resident ratios and with less experienced staff. Active Support training and outcomes were valued by staff and residents (RQ2), and staff experienced increased job satisfaction. Lower staff turnover and organizational readiness appear crucial for maintaining implementation.
Evaluation of clinical decision support systems for diabetes care: An overview of current evidence
Authors: Jia Pengli , Zhao Pujing , Chen Jingjing , Zhang Mingming
Published: June 2018

Background

Systematic reviews (SRs) have shown that clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have the potential to improve diabetes care. However, methods of measuring and presenting outcomes are varied, and conclusions have been inconsistent. In addition, the reporting and methodological quality in this field is unknown, which could affect the integrity and accuracy of research. Therefore, it is difficult to confirm whether CDSSs are effective in improving diabetes care.

Objective

To comprehensively evaluate the effects of CDSS on diabetes care and to examine the methodological and reporting qualities.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from their inception to February 2017. Systematic reviews investigating the effects of CDSS on diabetes care were included. Outcomes were determined in advance and assessed separately for process of care and patient outcomes. Methodological and reporting qualities were assessed by AMSTAR and PRISMA, respectively.

Results

Seventeen SRs, consisting of 222 unique randomized controlled trials and 102 nonrandomized controlled trials, were included. Evidence that CDDS significantly impacted patient outcomes was found in 32 of 102 unique studies of the 15 SRs that examined this effect (31%). A significant impact of CDSS on process of care was found in 117 out of 143 unique studies of the 11 SRs that examined this effect (82%). Ratings for overall scores of AMSTAR resulted in a mean score of 6.5 with a range of scores from 3.5 to 10.0. Reporting quality related to methodological domains was particularly incomplete.

Conclusions

Clinical decision support systems improved the quality of diabetes care by inconsistently improving process of care or patient outcomes. There is evidence that CDSS for providing alerts, reminders, or feedback to participants were most likely to impact diabetes care. Poor reporting of methodological domains, together with qualitative or narrative methods to combine findings, may limit the confidence in research evidence.
Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis of impaired memory in patients with a stroke
Authors: de Lima Ferreira Gabriele , de Oliveira Lopes Marcos V. , Montoril Michelle H. , Diniz Camila M. , Santana Rosimere F.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To validate the clinical indicators for the nursing diagnosis of impaired memory among patients with a stroke.

Methods

A sample of 123 patients who had been admitted with a stroke was evaluated by using a questionnaire that was designed to identify the presence of the clinical indicators for the diagnosis of impaired memory, according to the NANDA International taxonomy. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each clinical indicator by using random‐effects latent class analysis.

Results

The clinical indicators that demonstrated high levels of diagnostic accuracy included the following: an inability to learn new skills and an inability to retain new skills. The inability to learn new skills and the inability to carry out previously learned skills were identified as the clinical indicators with high sensitivity and specificity in the latent class model with adjustment for age. The inability to retain new skills indicator showed better diagnostic accuracy in individuals with lower educational levels.

Conclusion

The clinical indicators of the impaired memory diagnosis were observed frequently in patients with a stroke; in these patients, impaired memory was characterized by the inability to learn or retain new skills and was influenced by the age and educational level.