bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infecting the Union
Authors: Kenny Michael
Published: November 2024

The coronavirus pandemic caused extensive loss of life and economic damage and placed new strains upon Britain's institutions and the relations between the UK’s central and devolved governments. Initially, this immense challenge prompted a new spirit of cooperation between them. However, as the pandemic progressed, powerful political dynamics led to policy divergence (some of which was more rhetorical than substantive) and a decline in co-operation between the political leaders. The UK government struggled with its dual mandate, overseeing fiscal policy for the whole country but being responsible for public health measures in England only. The pandemic underscored the limitations of centralized decision-making and the need for better coordination within the UK's multi-layered system of governance. But, notably, despite the trumpeting of some differences in the public health rules that were applied, outcomes on the key metrics were similar across all parts of the UK.
India and the Cold War
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea
Published: November 2024

This chapter identifies the key factors that impacted India’s foreign relations during the early Cold War. These factors include the rise of the United States as a major global and regional power; the emergence of the Cold War understood as a political, ideological, economic and military rivalry between two opposing blocs competing for global influence; and the resurgence of China as an influential actor in regional affairs. The chapter recounts how Nehru’s India responded to emerging Cold War tensions between the two blocs and interacted with the United States, the Soviet Union and China—Moscow’s junior partner in Asia, responsible for promoting communism in that area. It also explains why the Nehru government viewed American containment as the most significant threat to regional stability, rather than Sino-Soviet communism. The chapter also assesses the impact of the 1954 defense agreement between the United States and Pakistan on India. It shows how Washington’s emerging alliance with India’s sworn enemy was to harden Nehru’s criticism of American policy in Asia while also strengthening his opposition to growing Cold War tensions in the region.
The Colombo Conference
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3 examines Nehru’s involvement in the April 1954 Colombo Conference and his reaction to an Indonesian proposal for an Asian-African conference to foster Afro-Asian coordination and reduce Cold War tensions. This chapter reveals that Nehru, who is generally viewed as a strong supporter of Afro-Asian internationalism, doubted that a large gathering of countries with disparate historical backgrounds, cultures and political traditions could produce significant results. Yet, these reservations notwithstanding, Nehru and the other Asian prime ministers present at the Colombo Conference agreed to let Indonesia’s Ali Sastroamidjojo explore the possibility of an Asian-African conference. This chapter also sheds light on the perceptions, interests and policies of the so-called Colombo group and its role in initiating the diplomatic steps that eventually led to the Bandung Conference in 1955. However, as this chapter makes it clear, the Indonesian proposal to hold an Asian-African summit was still little an inchoate idea in April 1954. Its feasibility and purpose were uncertain, and it was unclear how such a meeting would fit into Nehru’s diplomacy or contribute to India’s regional policy.
Bandung’s Aftermath
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea
Published: November 2024

Chapter 10 reflects on the roles played by both Nehru and Zhou Enlai during the Bandung Conference’s proceedings and discusses their positive assessments of the conference’s outcomes. If Nehru felt vindicated in inviting China to Bandung, Zhou saw the conferences as an opportunity to advance China’s regional interests. That said, this chapter also shows that for all their high-minded and intoxicating rhetoric of Afro-Asian solidarity and peaceful coexistence, some differences emerged between Nehru and Zhou Enlai during the conference. These differences centred on whether some Afro-Asian machinery should be established to promote deeper Afro-Asian cooperation and if Afro-Asian conferences should become a regular feature of international life. While Zhou was enthusiastic about it, Nehru baulked at the idea of more Afro-Asian jamborees. Having secured a Chinese commitment to peaceful coexistence and facilitated Chinese peaceful engagement with the rest of the Third World—or so he thought—Nehru may have felt that a Bandung-style conference was not the most effective way of pursuing his goal of a neutralized and peaceful Asia.
Conclusions
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea
Published: November 2024

This concluding chapter recaps the book’s main argument, which is that Nehru viewed the Bandung Conference largely as a tool for realizing his neutralist vision and securing China’s long-term backing of peaceful coexistence. In doing so, it evaluates the success of Nehru’s grand design and concludes that the post-Bandung years produced mixed results for Nehru’s Cold War strategy. On the plus side, Nehru’s vision of a non-aligned Asia appeared to be ultimately validated, as, in the late 1950s, significant support for neutralism existed even in those Asian countries aligned with the West. Additionally, peaceful coexistence became the catchphrase for all diplomatic exchanges between Afro-Asian nations. On the minus side, proclamations of neutralist intent and adherence to the Five Principles were no indication that Asia had become, or was ever likely to become, an area of peace, as Nehru had envisioned. Nor did they provide the kind of defense guarantee against regional threats he had hoped for. When China attacked India in October 1962, Nehru tragically discovered how fragile the foundations of his vision were and how professions of neutralism and peaceful coexistence were no insurance against the Chinese threat to Indian security.
Four Faces of War
Authors: Hoffman Frank
Published: November 2024

This chapter offers a model that frames numerous theories about the future of warfare. It attempts to detail the general shifts in the changing character of war including the rise of indirect approaches, efforts targeting societies and their economic systems via cyber-attacks or influence operations that employ social media to tailor intimate and individualized messages to destabilize or paralyze polities before or during crises. This model challenges the traditional orthodoxy of Western military institutions with their preferred focus on conventional warfare, and offers a framework for policy makers, professionals, and security studies students to examine the probability and consequences of a larger and overlapping set of modes of conflict.
Living with Denial?
Authors: van Hooft Paul
Published: November 2024

The Ukraine War seems to show that weaker parties can exploit denial strategies; Russia failed to establish air superiority and was unable to protect its surface vessels in the Black Sea. Ukrainians proved highly adept at improvising with cheap unmanned systems. Russian access to advanced technology was denied through sanctions. Yet matters are not so absolute. While it is easier to raise costs over distance and impede access to the battlefield and to the global economy, these costs are not spread evenly. In fact, existing inequalities between great powers, and middle and smaller powers, will be deepened due to increasing technological complexity. Great powers can deny access at the strategic level and the operational level, while still enforcing access for themselves, even if the tactical level remains highly competitive. Consequently, the coming decades will see a competitive struggle between the United States and China, with other states a distant second.
War as Becoming
Authors: Bousquet Antoine
Published: November 2024

This chapter puts forwards a conceptualization of war as a protean phenomenon undergoing a ceaseless process of becoming, foregoing the attribution of any essence as per the hoary dictum of a changing character but constant nature of war. The chapter argues that present-day debates over the transformation of war must be seen in the light of the persistent sense of crisis animating military thinking over the past two centuries, contradicting any notion that war ever was a stable phenomenon. A close reading of Clausewitz further shows that the preeminent philosopher of war held to a far more radically processual understanding of war than is usually appreciated. Drawing on the repository of ancient and modern philosophies of becoming and the contemporary science of dynamic systems, the chapter submits that by foregoing our essentialist categories of thought we stand to gain new insights into the mutable manifestations and generative powers of war.
Statistical Analysis of Molecular and Genomic Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

This book introduces up-to-date methods in statistics and bioinformatics for the study of molecular and genome evolution. It first provides a concise overview of molecular evolutionary analysis and phylogenetic inference. The following chapters cover four research themes: evolution of protein functionality and functional divergence (Chapters 3 and 4); effective gene pleiotropy estimation under the genotype-phenotype mapping model of protein evolution (Chapter 5); evolution of genetic robustness after gene duplication (Chapter 6), and the statistical models of transcriptome evolution (Chapter 7 for phylogenetic transcriptome analysis, Chapter 8 for ancestral transcriptome inference along a phylogeny, and Chapter 9 for Bayesian estimation of selection strength imposed on transcriptome evolution). The book focuses on how the underlying evolutionary mechanisms can be reasonably modeled so that they can be statistically tested by the current high throughput data. Meanwhile, the book avoids the cumbersome description of technical procedures for specific data types such as normalization or bias correction. The author believes that this book will help new-generation researchers to advance this research field as more data of much higher quality are available.
Statistical Models of Transcriptome Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

Many studies show that variations in gene expression account for a substantial portion of phenotypic variations between species. With the help of abundant transcriptome (RNA-seq) data from a broad range of organisms, large-scale comparative analysis has provided a powerful approach to investigating the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. To this end, an appropriate statistical framework for transcriptome evolution is highly desirable. While the Brownian motion (BM) model was suggested to describe neutral changes of gene expression, further studies showed that the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model that takes the stabilizing selection into account should be used as a basic model for transcriptome evolution. In this chapter we discuss the statistical models in detail.
Foucault’s Concept of Technology
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 clarifies Foucault’s use of concepts, and especially his conceptual inventions around the theme of technology, which demands some work of reconstruction. The chapter begins by examining the role of concepts in Foucault’s work, explicating that Foucault uses concepts to open up an empirical field for description. The chapter then traces Foucault’s gradual shift during the 1970s from his rather unspecific use of the term ‘technology’ to the refinement of ‘the dispositif’, which increasingly comes to substitute for ‘technology’. Towards the end of the 1970s, Foucault clarifies that technology is not a ‘thing’ but rather a nexus of interlinked elements. These elements include institutional practices, techniques, and forms of knowledge that together create a particular strategic disposition in the social body, for example towards normalization. Finally, the chapter highlights that dispositifs develop in dynamic interplay through which techniques first belonging to one dispositif can be reutilized and transformed when appropriated by another dispositif.
Reflexive-reciprocal polysemy in South-Western Bantu
Authors: Bostoen Koen
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on reflexive-reciprocal polysemy within South-Western Bantu and combines a comparative study of synchronic morphosyntactic variation with a reconstruction of its historical development. Many languages of this major clade use either the common Bantu reflexive prefix or a larger construction involving it for the grammatical expression of prototypical reciprocity. It is argued that such reflexive and reflexive-based reciprocals represent a second historical cycle in the innovation of reciprocal marking, which started with the development of semantically non-compositional complex suffixes, such as -as(y)an and -angan, expressing prototypical reciprocity. These cycles of functional change correlate with the observed tendency of simplex non-reflexive reciprocal reflexes of Proto-Bantu *-an to evolve into lexicalized middle suffixes.
‘Outside the Country … ’
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

The ‘outside the country’ element of the refugee definition has received least analytical attention, but nevertheless raises particular problems of interpretation. The term ‘outside’ in the phrase ‘country of nationality’ is to be construed so as to require physical absence from the territory of a country, but in this context, territory must be understood in jurisdictional terms, applying international law principles. In this phrase, ‘country’ can only mean a state, since only states have the power to confer nationality. To the phrase ‘country of former habitual residence’, a similar reading must be given, although there are cogent reasons for considering that ‘country’ is a broader concept than state. The concept of ‘former habitual residence’ is one that is meant to be interpreted flexibly and in broad terms, but does, however, require that a person must have lived in the country previously. There can be multiple countries of former habitual residence but in this context it does not have to be the one an applicant was in first or last. It is argued that persons with more than one country of former habitual residence should be subject to the same tests as those that apply to multiple nationals. It is concluded that diplomatic asylum cannot fall under Article 1A(2) because the persons concerned are not ‘outside’ their country of origin. A number of ‘basic propositions’ are identified as being the subject of wide agreement, together with several ‘suggested propositions’.
‘Well-Founded Fear’
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

The ‘well-founded fear’ element of the refugee definition furnishes the critical link between its personal and material scope. Application of VCLT rules is seen as capable of supporting either of its two main interpretations, namely the ‘bipartite approach’ or the ‘objective approach’. The former treats both subjective fear and objective fear as necessary conditions; the latter maintains that well-founded fear contains just the one component, namely objective fear. It is considered that proponents of the former, which treats subjective fear as a necessary condition, have so far proved unable to respond effectively to the main criticisms levelled against it. This chapter’s analysis reveals, however, that despite the divide between these two approaches, both concur in considering that the well-founded fear inquiry requires a foundation in fact; an individual assessment; a holistic inquiry; and a risk component. As regards the risk component, a broad consensus is observed to exist for understanding the phrase, in temporal terms, to import what has become known as a ‘forward-looking assessment of risk’. Such assessment must avoid the pitfalls of demanding certainty on the one hand and accepting mere possibilities on the other. Some elements of conjecture and speculation are unavoidable. The risk must be reasonably foreseeable, but there is no requirement of imminence. Finally, attention is drawn to the role in the well-founded fear inquiry of rules governing evidence assessment, the burden and standard of proof in particular. At the end, several ‘basic propositions’ are harvested from the foregoing analysis, along with several ‘suggested propositions’.
Sharing Unpopular Findings
Authors: Olsen Tricia D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter recounts Tricia Olsen’s experience of sharing her findings from her dataset on corporations and their human rights records with the United Nations Working Group (UNWG) on Business and Human Rights. The seeming synergies linking the UNWG’s professed commitment to data-driven policymaking to Olsen’s own research interests appeared ideal to her (and her coinvestigator) at the time. In retrospect, however, it became clear that the UNWG faced constraints that led them to disregard findings that did not directly support the notion that the UN’s Guiding Principles (UNGPs) on Business and Human Rights were properly designed to reduce human right abuses in the corporate context. Instead, Olsen confronted a range of questions, including how a researcher shares unpopular findings with stakeholders when they conflict with policies that are already agreed upon and/or are being implemented. Concerns about unpopular findings can also arise when researchers need the good will of organizations to ensure better policy outcomes. Olsen’s chapter contextualizes the importance of probing the politics of an issue ahead of time, as well as understanding the constraints actors face within their organizations. This chapter provides guidance on strategies for engagement when incentives between scholars and policymakers are not aligned.
The Problem of Overgeneralization
Authors: Epstein Rachel A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the effect of academic disciplinary norms on the quality of policy discourse. The debate over NATO enlargement reaffirms the value of exploring alternative explanations, study limits, and external validity to avoid overgeneralization—but also shows many violations of these desirable practices. Rachel A. Epstein highlights the intrinsic difficulties of separating positive and normative claims, given that particular values are embedded within the theoretical and methodological choices taken by researchers, but remain unacknowledged. This led researchers to claim they were arguing over the empirical results of NATO enlargement when in fact a different debate was also playing out. A core but hidden dispute was between those who valued democratic sovereignty of newly independent countries versus those who argued that concern for democratic sovereignty “could” never override the “realities” of so-called “great power politics.” Epstein concludes, however, that scholars privileging the relationship between Russia and the US over the democratic sovereignty of East Central Europe might have replaced “could” with “should” in their defense of their “great power politics” approach, since elevating large countries’ interests and perspectives reflects a political preference. Paradoxically, disciplinary norms discourage researchers from displaying their political positions. In striving for objectivity, scholars concealed their underlying political commitments, overgeneralized their findings, and undermined the quality of the policy debate.
A New Era for STEM Assessment
Authors: Pellegrino James W.
Published: November 2024

The paper provides a comprehensive exploration of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) assessment in educational settings. It emphasizes the multifaceted nature of assessments, ranging from classroom evaluations to international tests, and the challenges of interpreting their results consistently. The chapter introduces a continuum of assessment practices, stressing the significance of their alignment with curriculum, orientation, and timescales. Assessment is framed as a process of reasoning from evidence, intertwining student cognition, observational evidence, and interpretation. The transformative potential of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in STEM assessment is highlighted, offering innovative ways for capturing and interpreting student data. However, challenges related to design, equity, and validity in tech-driven assessments are also discussed. The paper underscores the importance of intellectual, fiscal, and political capital in advancing STEM assessment and concludes by advocating for a collective, multidisciplinary effort for realizing the full potential of STEM assessments for equitable education.
AI-Based Diagnosis of Student Reasoning Patterns in NGSS Assessments
Authors: Liu Lei , Cisterna Dante , Kinsey Devon , Qi Yi , Steimel Kenneth
Published: November 2024

Scientific reasoning engages students in developing and testing hypotheses about how to make sense of natural phenomena. In this chapter, we describe a project exploring how a machine-learning approach can be utilized to identify student reasoning patterns related to the three dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). We discuss the importance of identifying student reasoning patterns in the context of NGSS assessments and describe a framework for identifying those patterns in the context of one ecosystem item. We used student responses to this item to develop and validate an AI tool to automate the classification of reasoning patterns and provide feedback to students. We report the results of a cognitive interview study with middle and high school students to evaluate the AI tool. We conclude the chapter by discussing validity issues related to the AI-based classification of student reasoning patterns, potential uses and limitations, and future research.
Smart Learning Partner
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Xijuan , Luo Jiutong , Wang Quan , Wang Cong
Published: November 2024

This study presents an innovative approach utilizing the Smart Learning Partner (SLP) to enhance students' subject competency development. The study introduces a comprehensive subject competency framework (SCF) that integrates core knowledge, cognitive modes, research contexts, and tasks. SLP’s assessment-learning-teaching system leverages SCF to accurately diagnose, analyze, and support students’ subject competency performance. The system provides personalized recommendations for resources, aiding independent learning. In classroom teaching, SLP assists teachers in setting goals, designing activities, and evaluating performance based on students’ competency profiles. This two-pronged model fosters a shift towards subject competency-oriented education. SLP’s AI techniques offer knowledge tracking, cognitive mapping, and data visualization, further enhancing the assessment-learning-teaching process. The study proposes a holistic model that aligns assessment, learning, and teaching strategies, contributing to effective subject competency development in education.
Classification of Instructional Activities in Classroom Videos Using Neural Networks
Authors: Foster Jonathan K. , Korban Matthew , Youngs Peter , Watson Ginger S. , Acton Scott T.
Published: November 2024

Classroom videos have become an integral part of classroom observation and instructional quality studies. Researchers encounter substantial financial and time-consuming costs gathering trained personnel to catalogue and analyze a large quantity (i.e., hundreds of hours) of classroom videos. In this chapter, we argue that deep-learning neural networks have potential to help with these tasks by detecting features of instruction in videos. We evaluated the performance of three neural networks in detecting instructional activities in classroom videos. The video dataset included a total of forty-six hours, which was evenly split between elementary mathematics and English language arts lesson recordings. Results showed that the three neural networks detected instructional activities with a moderate degree of accuracy. We discuss potential opportunities and challenges in automating classroom observations with neural networks for educational research and teaching practice.
Introduction
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

Entanglements between media and nationalist order contestation are not new. This introductory chapter begins by highlighting this fact, before suggesting that it holds the key to unlocking a richer understanding of media’s role in global ordering. It moves to introduce the main arguments of the book, drawing distinctions with existing literature. These arguments concern where media are located in global ordering, what media are, and how to trace media’s ordering effects. Next, the chapter introduces the ideas of protean media and control media. Finally, it outlines the parameters of the study and previews the content of subsequent chapters.
Realizing Greater Britain
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter completes the analysis of the case of Greater Britain by tracing the domestic corollaries of the ideas explored in Chapter 3. It begins by delineating a group of activists the book terms the ‘ultranationalist right’, outlining its causes, its connection to the idea of Greater Britain, and its relationship to Edwardian unionism. Next, the chapter maps the character of the print media sphere. The chapter then brings these elements together, explaining the passage of ultranationalist arguments through the press using three analytics: cross-pollination, disclosure and diversity, and the structural marginalization of extreme opinion. Each of these foregrounds a particular configuration of distributive affordances, which together help account for the domestic failure of Greater Britain’s ordering vision.
Conclusions
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the findings of the book and its distinct contributions to the analysis of far-right politics as well as protest and electoral mobilization more broadly. It highlights the theoretical, methodological, and empirical advancements brought to the field, and relates them to the organizational capacity, decision-making processes, and external mobilization of far-right movement parties. The conclusion ends with a reflection on four key dimensions of continuity and change in far-right politics, in connection with the electoral process, the political mainstream, democracy, and power.
Chimeras, Tall Tales, and ‘Joke-Horns’ in the First Instance
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the basis of prosecution and defence in what would turn out to be the largest judicial battle in culture and industrial property in nineteenth century. The plaintiffs—organized in a sort of lobby—tried to prove formal defects and lack of novelty in the challenged patents (saxhorn, saxotromba, and saxophone), and also to show the danger to French wind instrument manufacture and trade if these documents were to condition the greater part of that market and the army bands’ requests. On the other side, the defence described Sax as a serious industrialist, a lover of progress, and a victim of the jealousy and greed of stagnant makers. This chapter examines those conflicting statements and identifies more substantial underlying aspects: who was actually behind that reform, what was achieved by it, or how a monopoly was legitimized in a capitalist framework of the theoretical free competition.
‘Let Him Calm Down’ and the Judgement of the Lumières
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter develops the prosecution’s arguments, that is, the positioning of the government as an actor in the legal action, which showed a very explicit preference for Sax and his patents (saxhorn, saxotromba, and saxophone). However, the Court of First Instance postponed its verdict until a report was drawn up by a commission of experts who could testify whether the patents and the resulting instruments were legal and truly new. That technical dossier and its controversial authors—a composer, a retired military engineer, and a popularizer (vulgarisateur)—were also entirely favourable to Sax. Although the visible part of the conflict revolved around the alleged validity of the patents, the underlying one concerned the supply of wind instruments to the military bands, who were very lucrative and willing customers, and who were to become a model for civilian and other popular ensembles, such as fanfares.
The Egg of Columbus and a Great Victory
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

The Imperial Court of Rouen received the summary on which it should rule following the interpretative line that Cassation had established, which foretold the victory of the accused and the restitution of his patents. Moreover, Napoleon III had already made his preferences clear by naming Sax ‘Manufacturer of the Military Household of His Majesty the Emperor’ even though justice had not ruled yet. This chapter discusses the arguments of the parties and, above all, those of the prosecution, including an analogy with Columbus’ egg to justify the contradictions in these documents. The final outcome of that trial (June 1854) legitimized Sax’s patents, who would also be compensated with 10,000 francs. Beyond this victory, this chapter interconnected other parallel planes, such as the reasons why the imperial military leadership supported Sax’s company and granted it a large part of the exclusive supply of brasswinds for the Imperial bands.
Transfer and Escape to London
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter goes back to Besson, and namely his extraordinary reluctance to prove that the saxotromba patent was false and that Sax was abusing his position. To this end, Besson sent two letters to the Parliament at the time when the extension of the Sax’s patents was being processed (1860) and which gave wings to the deputies opposed to said extension. These letters contained serious recriminations against his rival, such as that of being a speculator and providing false information. Besson sent another letter to the Senate with similar accusations. Sax sued him for defamation and Besson was sentenced to two months in prison. However, Besson evaded imprisonment by transferring his business to his wife and fleeing to London, where he had a branch of his company. Sax did not let himself be intimidated by a woman and inflicted a gigantic raid on Madame Florentine Besson before 1860 was over.
The Human Primate
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides a review of findings from human social cognition based on studies that directly compare humans and non-human primates, particularly great apes (mostly represented by chimpanzees), macaques and capuchin monkeys, along with some speculations about how human social cognition is similar to and different from that of other primates. It focuses on the four themes corresponding to Chapters 2–5: competition and cooperation; social strategies and communication; social learning and culture; and theory of mind and metacognition. The last part of the chapter offers some theoretical speculations about the evolution of human social cognition that emphasizes the cooperative and cultural nature of human beings.
Descriptives and Statistical Analyses
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja , Kuehn David
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines forty dictators’ endgames from 1946 to 2014. The analysis of our original Dictator’s Endgame Dataset reveals that militaries typically defected rather than repressed protests, often by staying neutral or supporting the opposition; military coups ousted the autocrat in only five cases. Statistical analyses indicate that military loyalty correlates with extensive benefits and careers tied to the existing regime, that the likelihood of siding with the opposition is influenced by expectations about the fate of military leaders under a new regime, and that endgame coups only occur in countries with a history of military seizures of political power.
Dictators’ Endgames before the Third Wave, 1946–1973
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja , Kuehn David
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 presents comparative and case study analyses of the seven endgames in the 1946 to 1973 period. Our study of military repression in Poland 1956 and 1970, and in Greece 1973 show that the militaries differed in the extent of their material spoils and political privileges. Nonetheless, in all three cases the military leadership was tied to the persistence of the existing regime through strategic recruitment and inclusion into the political elite, making repression the most beneficial course of action. The analyses of endgames in Venezuela (1958), South Korea (1960), Pakistan (1968), and Thailand (1973) show that loyalty shifts were beneficial for military leaders as they could expect to preserve their political and material preferences even after the incumbent’s fall while avoiding the costs of mass violence or internal politicization after a coup attempt.
Conclusion
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja , Kuehn David
Published: November 2024

The final chapter concludes the book by summarizing the findings and comparatively evaluating the theoretical expectations in light of the empirical evidence. We show that the decision between defection and repression in dictators’ endgames reflects the combination of benefits of repression and the likelihood of military leaders remaining in office despite defection. In turn, the potential benefits of siding with the opposition and the likelihood of coup success affect the decision of military defectors to stage a coup or not. We then compare empirical patterns across the three “waves” of endgames studied in this book and briefly discuss to what extent our arguments travel to post-2014 endgames. The chapter closes by discussing the implications of our findings for the future academic study and political practice of mass protests in authoritarian regimes.
Remembering Disempowerment in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Chronicles
Authors: De Souza Rebecca
Published: November 2024

The chapter analyses two of the earliest iterations of the story of the infantes and Mudarra: the versión amplificada of the Estoria de España composed under Sancho IV of Castile (1289) and the anonymous Crónica de 1344. These chronicles were written from the vantage point of an ascendent Kingdom of Castile in the process of colonising al-Andalus and subjugating its Muslim population, who became known as mudéjares. The chapter contends that both chronicles ascribe Castile’s colonial disempowerment vis-à-vis the Caliphate in this story to the fact that its nobility suffer from an endemic inability to engage in and understand identity change. This critical exposé is enabled by the multivalent literary motif of juego or gameplay: verbal gameplay correlates to dissimulation and temporary identity change within the Castilian faction, while the Andalusis negotiate their identity via public games and ceremony, which extends to full metamorphosis through conversion. Rather than exploiting the nobility’s degeneracy to provide a didactic exemplum, both chronicles instead raise the possibility of the positive Andalusi influence on Castile while foreclosing this through Mudarra’s assimilation, thus forging a critical reflection upon the limits of cultural assimilation in Castile. This preoccupation with identity change is moreover mirrored in the chronicle form: both engage in meta-historiographical juego or overt references to their memory work. The chronicles are thus just as constructed as the racialisation and deception wielded strategically by the Castilian noblemen, which in turn undermines the notion that Castile has a stable, heroic past.
Local Designs and Global Pretensions
Authors: De Souza Rebecca
Published: November 2024

The chapter assesses the careful reconstruction of the Caliphate’s memory against the rapidly changing borders and sociopolitical formation of late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth century Iberia. It compares how the story of Mudarra and the infantes is transformed into self-conscious historiographical discourses that advocate for renewed formations of Castilian identity before and after 1492. It analyses two local invocations of this colonial memory—the likely Jewish-authored Refundición toledana chronicle of 1460 and the work of the Biscayan banderizo Lope García de Salazar in his Libro de las buenas andanças e fortunas (c. 1471–76)—and compares these to protonationalistic works reproduced on a mass scale in the early sixteenth century. The anonymous short chronicle Estoria del noble cauallero el Conde Fernán González con la muerte de los siete infantes de Lara (1511) and Florián de Ocampo’s Las quatro partes enteras de la Cronica de España (1541) respond to imperial ideologies and post-conquest religio-racial homogenisation by omitting Castilian–Andalusi cooperation and argue for the Peninsula’s Christian destiny. What emerges from a comparative study of these four forms of historiography from late medieval and early modern Castile is not only the elasticity of the story of the infantes and Mudarra and its relevance at different scales. It is also the melancholic creativity that correlates with localisation and the homogenisation that occurs with attempted nationalisation and mass reproduction.
Performative Memory and Post-Expulsion Islamophobia in thecomedia nueva
Authors: De Souza Rebecca
Published: November 2024

The chapter unpacks how a developed seventeenth-century comedia mobilised the cultural memory of the Caliphate of Cordoba in the face of the morisco expulsions from 1609 to 1612. It assesses how in Lope de Vega’s El Bastardo Mudarra, Tragicomedia (1612) distinct discourses of memory intersect, with the eponymous protagonist Mudarra configured as both Andalusi and morisco. Lope renders racial and religious differences as performative to further a critique of social class. Almost two decades later, morisco playwright Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón penned El rayo de Andalucía (c. 1630); a comedia that constructs a protofeminism to justify Islamophobia and ambivalently reduces Mudarra’s vengeance to a love story. Following Cueva, both plays also engage in metahistory to problematise the stability of any past that is performed on stage. While this emerges in Bastardo’s preponderance of conflicting retelling, a nationalist impetus affords only the Christians in Rayo the care and ability to overturn their history of colonial disempowerment in the present.
Nineteenth-Century Memory Contests
Authors: De Souza Rebecca
Published: November 2024

The final chapter argues that the story of the infantes and Mudarra was radically rewritten by nineteenth-century liberals to expose the failings of modern-day constructions of the Spanish nation. By Castilianising the Andalusi Mudarra long before he crosses the border, they demonstrate how contemporary Romantic visions of al-Andalus as a multicultural utopia acculturate and thus forget cultural plurality, a tendency common in nineteenth-century Arabist scholarship. Ángel de Saavedra’s El moro expósito (1834) ironically lavishes praise on an exceptional, secularised al-Andalus while racialising the strict Islamic beliefs of North Africans, Castile’s inescapable ties to whom inhibit a satisfying resolution to the work. El moro expósito therefore brings into dialogue Spain’s intersecting, multidirectional memories of al-Andalus and North Africa. In the fervent anticlerical José Somoza’s El bautismo de Mudarra (1842), meanwhile, the eponymous protagonist’s conversion is reluctant and ultimately fruitless, as he is left newly orphaned yet ‘Christian’ in Castile, mourning an Andalusi identity that is ironically already effaced by a narrative that conceptualises him as a modern pacifist steeped in secular philosophy.
The Liberal Script: A Reconstruction
Authors: Zürn Michael , Gerschewski Johannes
Published: November 2024

This contribution submits a specific description of the contemporary liberal script based on a sociological reconstruction. A script consists of a complex set of prescriptive and descriptive statements and a specific grammar that points to the relationship between them. We start by identifying the first layer of the liberal script, understood as the justificatory basis for developing additional components. Then, we discuss additional components that speak to societal, economic, political, and cross-cutting issues of a liberal script. Since there is no single, unambiguous thing called liberalism, we identify varieties of the liberal script, i.e. a class with differing ideas that show significant commonalities and overlaps. We do so by considering on the one hand a set of concepts that share a family resemblance, as Wittgenstein described. On the other hand, we carve out the most critical tensions between these concepts.
Temporality and Liberal Constitutionalism
Authors: Dann Philipp
Published: November 2024

Temporal aspects are omnipresent in current debates on constitutionalism. Be it the dystopian future of climate change, fixing pasts through memory laws or the contrite acknowledgment (or happy exclamation) that “the end of history” turned out to be rather short-lived. Temporality has in fact complemented territory as a central register of constitutional debates around the world. This chapter argues that this emergence of temporality as register of constitutional debates connotes not only a “turn to history” but involves four dimensions of temporal thinking: the past but also conceptions of the future (utopian as well as dystopian), the sequence of events in various places (and in particular the West and non-West), and the pace of time (especially with regard to the observation of acceleration).
Liberal Script and Its Populist Contestations in India
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: November 2024

India, a robust and working democracy, has recently been seen to be turning into an illiberal electoral democracy; frequently described as “populist.” This chapter, with the help of some recent datasets from India, argues that the roots of such populist illiberal electoral democracy lie in the belied promises of liberalism. Inability of the liberal script to reconcile the tensions between liberal script emphasizing questions of liberty, rule of law, and individual rights and the mechanics of democracy premised on equality and identity between those governing and those governed is combined with its inability to reconcile claims of a social community with the tropes of modern liberal democracy. The stress on individual liberty and the myth of ethnocultural neutrality leads the modern liberal democracy to be unable to speak to the claims of an ideational basis of popular sovereignty whose mechanics are inevitability rooted in the collective.
Lectures on Ethics, 1946
Authors: 9780198931171  , Strawson P. F.
Published: November 2024

This volume presents a series of lectures given by P. F. Strawson to final-year undergraduates at the University of Wales, Bangor, in the autumn term of 1946. The manuscript of these lectures survives and is preserved in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The lectures contain the germ of Strawson’s developed thought on freedom, moral attitudes, and ethical ideals, with an unusual level of attention being paid to contemporary psychological research. Other topics covered include the contrast between consequentialist and other moral theories, the analysis of moral judgements, and the nature of moral obligation.
The Analysis of Moral Judgements
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 12 addresses the nature of moral judgements. Actual experience of the specifically moral emotions is the source of all our moral categories. Strawson discusses the ideal of a fully developed moral sensibility, the analogy between ‘water tends to run downhill’ and ‘Promise-keeping tends to be right’. Strawson discusses the idea that ideal moral judgements are analogous to the statements of pure/applied science. It is argued that general moral judgements are not expressions of emotion, but can be analysed in terms of an ideal type of feeling. They all admit of exceptions.
From Corporate Personality to Corporate Governance
Authors: Beckers Anna
Published: November 2024

This chapter is concerned with the role of corporate governance systems in ensuring human rights respect. Rather than moving towards acceptance of corporations as international legal subjects with human rights obligations, the chapter argues that corporations become accepted as actors that should instrumentalize their own governance systems for human rights protection. To that end, there are two interlinked arguments: first, doctrinally it analyses how international frameworks in business and human rights, notably the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, have led to accepting corporate governance structures as core instruments for ensuring corporate human rights respect at the expense of state-based human rights protection. Second, reviewing recent empirical studies on corporate practices regarding inclusion of human rights respect within their governance structure and comparing this to the related understanding in international human rights law, the chapter reveals how the origin, justification, and content of human rights as well as the required processes and remedies effectively lead to a transformation of human rights from a state-centric to a corporate-centric understanding. The chapter concludes by bringing into this transformation process the need for private law to address this ‘new reality’ of human rights protection.
Attitudes toward Research
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on attitudes students need to successfully begin research in applied graduate programs in psychology, mental health, and education. First, attitudes toward science and practice in applied fields are reviewed. Second, the ways attitudes toward research in a particular program can impact students are discussed. Third, the chapter identifies ways students can appreciate having a role in conducting research in applied settings and cultivate a positive attitude about research resources, ethics, and the institutional review board. Stages of change and related processes that can help are discussed using an accompanying worksheet to help students determine how ready they are to do the work their project requires (e.g., a dissertation or thesis) and steps for moving forward. Finally, students’ attitudes toward self-evaluation and feedback are explored, including a worksheet designed to help identify attitudes toward professionals, writing, and presenting and restructure these attitudes to be more positive.
Skills for Writing Your Proposal and Managing Your Final Project
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5 focuses on the skills students in applied graduate programs in psychology, mental health, and education need to successfully write their proposal and manage their final project (e.g., a dissertation or thesis). It begins with a brief section about selecting a chair before focusing on how to write a research or scholarly project proposal, including how to write introduction and method sections. Skills for successfully working with a chair are described, as well as how to troubleshoot issues with a chair and committee members. Skills for finalizing a proposal draft and preparing for a proposal meeting are reviewed. The chapter also details how to write an institutional review board application. Skills for managing a final project are reviewed, including preparing materials, managing research assistants, and handling changes over time. Strategies for keeping a project’s timeline on track are also provided. The chapter concludes with suggestions for remediation planning.