bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children and the revolution
Authors: Craig Lyn
Published: June 2006

Women are increasingly allocating time to the paid workforce, but there has not been a corresponding change by men allocating equivalent time to domestic and caring labour. In the absence of sufficient institutional and domestic support, women continue to supply the bulk of time required to care for children. This amounts to only half a sex revolution and raises the question of whether becoming a parent creates welfare differences between mothers and fathers, and/or between mothers and non-mothers. This article addresses this issue by analysing data from the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) Time Use Survey to investigate the impact of children on adults’ (paid and unpaid) workload. The results show that the time impact of becoming a parent is considerable, but very unevenly distributed by sex. Having children markedly intensifies gender inequities in time allocation by increasing specialization and women’s workload
Multiparty interaction: a multimodal perspective on relevance
Authors: Norris Sigrid
Published: June 2006

This article investigates a multiparty interaction in an accounting office by applying a multimodal approach to discourse (Norris, 2004a). This approach allows the incorporation of all relevant communicative modes and is based on the following three notions: 1) the notion of mediated action; 2) the notion of modal density; and 3) the notion of a foreground– background continuum of attention/awareness. The article illustrates that a social actor in a multiparty interaction simultaneously co-constructs several higher-level actions with the various participants on different levels of their attention/awareness. On a theoretical level, the article argues that traditional approaches to discourse analysis, with their unconditional focus on language as the primary mode, misconstrue the multiple higher-level actions that a social actor is engaged in simultaneously as dyadic or triadic interactions in quick succession.
Rhetorical Structure Theory: looking back and moving ahead
Authors: Taboada Maite , Mann William C.
Published: June 2006

Rhetorical Structure Theory has enjoyed continuous attention since its origins in the 1980s. It has been applied, compared to other approaches, and also criticized in a number of areas in discourse analysis, theoretical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics. In this article, we review some of the discussions about the theory itself, especially addressing issues of the reliability of analyses and psychological validity, together with a discussion of the nature of text relations. We also propose areas for further research. A follow-up article (Taboada and Mann, forthcoming) will discuss applications of the theory in various fields.
The dog that did not bark
Authors: Brown Elizabeth K.
Published: June 2006

Scholars have identified many interrelated factors that may explain a rise in punitive social control policies during the last 35 years. David Garland, for example, in The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society, describes a fall in penal welfarism and a rise of a new culture of control in the context of the complex political, economic and social changes experienced from the 1970s through the late 1990s. Garland claims that the ‘liberal elites, best educated middle classes and public sector professionals’, once the champions of liberal penal welfarism, have been influential in the rise of a new culture of control because they have come to hold increasingly punitive social views. Using data from the US General Social Survey, this study considers the social control views of three possible conceptualizations of Garland's population of interest and fails to find support for his claim. The implications of this study are discussed, and special attention is given to issues of defining punitivity, and to unresolved questions about the role of the public in contemporary American penal culture.
How iron is the iron cage of new penology?
Authors: Cheliotis Leonidas K.
Published: June 2006

This article addresses the extent to which the concept of ‘new penology’ is helpful in understanding penal currents, particularly as they relate to the older paradigms of retribution and rehabilitation. In the light of theoretical, historical and empirical evidence, support is lent to the arguments: that the new penology thesis downplays the role of human agency at the level of implementing criminal justice policies; that it ignores the potentially positive aspects of managerialism; and that it misses the continuity between past and contemporary penal features. It is concluded that, despite its merits, new penology remains a hypothesis, rather than a realized penal rationale.
A critique of contemporary death penalty abolitionism
Authors: Kaufman-Osborn Timothy V.
Published: June 2006

This essay seeks to show what is occluded by contemporary arguments in favor of abolishing the death penalty in the United States. Following an exposition of the arguments advanced by the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty and the American Civil Liberties Union, as well as those advanced by Hugo Bedau and Austin Sarat, the essay interrogates a pair of presuppositions that are implicit in all. Specifically, the essay first poses questions regarding the contention that death as a punishment is qualitatively different from all others. That contention abstracts capital punishment from the complex of contemporary political forces whose conjuncture goes a long way toward explaining the persistence of the death penalty in the United States. Second, the essay argues that familiar critiques of capital punishment presuppose a specific vision of the state and the form of sovereignty that allegedly defines that state. This vision is anachronistic in so far as it fails to grasp recent transformations in the character of state power in the United States. To fail to acknowledge these transformations is to run the risk of reinforcing the very conception of state sovereignty that now warrants the death penalty as a legitimate form of punishment.
Vanished Mediators
Authors: Sahni Isher-Paul
Published: June 2006

The centrality of judges in Max Weber’s theory of legal rationalization and their residual status in his ‘Sociology of Law’ are discussed. The vital role he assigns to judges is exposed by privileging his frequently overlooked discussion of the anti-formal tendencies in modern law. Their minimized standing in his comparative examination of the Continental and the English administrations of justice is explained by foregrounding the influence exerted on him by the ideals of Pandectist jurisprudence, as revealed in his Critique of Stammler, and by the politico-legal context in which he wrote, as evinced in his assessment of the Free Law Movement.
The Beginnings of Capitalism and the New Mass Morality
Authors: Grossman Henryk
Published: June 2006

Grossman criticizes Max Weber’s argument, recapitulated by Franz Borkenau, about Calvinism’s role in the emergence of capitalism. According to Grossman’s Marxist account, Calvinism emerged as a doctrine neither of the masses nor of the bourgeoisie but of the craft stratum. Capitalism arose two centuries earlier than Calvinism. A crucial aspect of ‘education in labour discipline’, which Borkenau and Weber neglected, was coercion. Religion in general serves as ‘an instrument of mass domestication’. Strands of Catholic thought were better suited to be mass capitalist moralities than was Protestantism.
How sex differences in perceptions influence customer satisfaction: a study of theatre audiences
Authors: Voss Zannie Giraud , Cova Véronique
Published: June 2006

We explore the effects of sex-related, value-expressive and functional image perceptions on satisfaction through a study of audience members at two theatres. Results suggest that satisfaction is higher for men when they perceive an elevated level of functional service quality and for women when they perceive that the theatre possesses pro-social values. Satisfaction overlap exists when either men or women perceive market or artistic values. Existing literature has suggested that women begin elaboration of message cues at a lower threshold than men; however, it appears that a zone exists where both sexes elaborate on some image attributes, while women further elaborate on communal attributes and men focus on agentic attributes. Contrary to prevailing evidence in the services management literature, no direct link surfaced between perceived quality of the core service and customer satisfaction. Post hoc tests for mediation indicate that tangible quality of the core service is important to both men and women, driving their engagement in elaboration of image attributes, but it is not important enough to directly stimulate satisfaction when other factors of the consumption experience are taken into account in complex encounters.
Calibrating managerial knowledge of customer feedback measures: a conceptual model
Authors: Pillai Kishore Gopalakrishna , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: June 2006

Theory and research into the decision-making process have brought to light a wealth of concepts and strategies intended to improve marketing management. This article applies the concept of knowledge calibration, which describes the correspondence between knowledge accuracy and the confidence with which knowledge is held, to the domain of marketing management. Specifically, we apply the concept of knowledge calibration to marketing management’s use of customer feedback information on satisfaction and service quality. After reviewing the appropriate literature, we present a model showing the antecedents and consequences of the calibration of knowledge of customer feedback information along with propositions intended to improve the use of customer feedback and to guide further research. We also discuss the merits and demerits of calibration as well as appropriate actions in different contexts.
Assault and Injury of Dating Partners by University Students in 19 Countries and its Relation to Corporal Punishment Experienced as a Child
Authors: Douglas Emily M. , Straus Murray A.
Published: June 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that the more prevalent the use of corporal punishment by parents in a social setting, the higher is the prevalence of assault and injury of a dating partner. The sample is from 36 universities in 19 nations (N = 9549). The median percent of students who experienced corporal punishment was 56 percent (range 13-73 percent). The median rate of assaulting a dating partner was 30 percent (range 15-47 percent), and of injuring a dating partner 7 percent (range = 1-20 percent). The results indicate that settings in which the rate of corporal punishment experienced by university students is high, tend to be settings in which the rate of students assaulting and injuring a dating partner is also high. These findings are discussed in the context of theories to explain partner violence and for primary prevention of violence.
Examining Group Rape: A Descriptive Analysis of Offender and Victim Behaviour
Authors: Porter Louise E. , Alison Laurence J.
Published: June 2006

Two hundred and twenty three group rape offences were collated from archival sources, with the majority of cases from US and UK law reports. This involved 739 separate offenders (722 male and 17 female). Descriptive analyses indicated that this sample of offences tended to be committed by young males (mean age 21 years old) upon approximately same-age female victims. These offences involved multiple sexual acts often accompanied by acts of violence, with just over one-fifth ending in the victim’s death. Victim resistance was relatively rare, although a range of verbal and physical reactions was apparent. The psychological implications of the results are discussed with respect to theories of co-offending.
Gender equality, pedagogy and citizenship
Authors: Arnot Madeleine
Published: June 2006

This article explores the relationship between gender equality, pedagogy and citizenship. It locates the analysis of education within the gender dilemmas associated with liberal democratic citizenship. Of particular concern is the tension between the promotion of equality and difference. Nancy Fraser's distinctions between redistribution and recognition and between affirmative and transformative remedies are used to explore two phases in the pedagogical debate around gender equality and difference in the UK since the 1970s.These phases demonstrate the contradictions associated with gender as a ‘bivalent collectivity’ – a collectivity defined through both economic and cultural/representational forms. The conclusion argues for a ‘critical pedagogy of difference’which promotes pedagogic democratic rights as well as critical gender identities.
Third way
Authors: Fitzsimons Peter
Published: June 2006

This article explores some features of an international ‘third way’ movement which, in theory and in practice, impacts on centuries-old traditions of communal life and the belief in autonomous agency – traditions which motivate individual participation in society and underpin liberal conceptions of education.The article uncovers some of the hopes and aspirations of third way discourse by examining the work of one of its leading proponents, Anthony Giddens, and reviewing related social policy implementation in the United States, Britain and especially New Zealand. The following are argued as problematic for education: the nature of ‘community’ that underpins commitment to third way values; the way in which individual subjectivity is shaped in response to that community; and the diminishing of the social space in which such changes might be meaningfully critiqued. With a particular focus on New Zealand's policy environment, the article argues that third way is an intensification of neoliberalism under the rhetoric of social democracy, and concludes with a vision of a different kind of third way – not a singular path to a predefined destination, but a journey that embraces difference and antagonism as an essential feature of social life.
Leveling the Playing Field
Authors: Fullinwider Robert K. , Lichtenberg Judith
Published: June 2006

Responding to Brighouse's comments, we discuss ways that institutions of higher education themselves can increase access for low-income students.We argue for the important role of community colleges and for bridge programs that colleges can establish with middle and high schools to ensure that students take the subjects necessary to prepare them for higher education. Responding to Strike's observations, we recapitulate our defense of affirmative action and discuss some of the emerging empirical literature that raises questions about affirmative action's consequences.
Simultaneous inversion of PP and PS seismic data
Authors: Veire Helene Hafslund , Landrø Martin
Published: June 2006

Elastic parameters derived from seismic data are valuable input for reservoir characterization because they can be related to lithology and fluid content of the reservoir through empirical relationships. The relationship between physical properties of rocks and fluids and P-wave seismic data is nonunique. This leads to large uncertainties in reservoir models derived from P-wave seismic data. Because S- waves do not propagate through fluids, the combined use of P-and S-wave seismic data might increase our ability to derive fluid and lithology effects from seismic data, reducing the uncertainty in reservoir characterization and thereby improving 3D reservoir model-building.

We present a joint inversion method for PP and PS seismic data by solving approximated linear expressions of PP and PS reflection coefficients simultaneously using a least-squares estimation algorithm. The resulting system of equations is solved by singular-value decomposition (SVD). By combining the two independent measurements (PP and PS seismic data), we stabilize the system of equations for PP and PS seismic data separately, leading to more robust parameter estimation. The method does not require any knowledge of PP and PS wavelets.

We tested the stability of this joint inversion method on a 1D synthetic data set. We also applied the methodology to North Sea multicomponent field data to identify sand layers in a shallow formation. The identified sand layers from our inverted sections are consistent with observations from nearby well logs.
The Meaning Maintenance Model: On the Coherence of Social Motivations
Authors: Heine Steven J. , Proulx Travis , Vohs Kathleen D.
Published: June 2006

The meaning maintenance model (MMM) proposes that people have a needfor meaning; that is, a need to perceive events through a prism of mental representations of expected relations that organizes their perceptions of the world. When people's sense of meaning is threatened, they reaffirm alternative representations as a way to regain meaning-a process termedfluid compensation. According to the model, people can reaffirm meaning in domains that are differentfrom the domain in which the threat occurred. Evidenceforfluid compensation can be observed following a variety of psychological threats, including most especially threats to the self, such as self-esteem threats, feelings of uncertainty, interpersonal rejection, and mortality salience. People respond to these diverse threats in highly similar ways, which suggests that a range of psychological motivations are expressions of a singular impulse to generate and maintain a sense of meaning.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Physical Aggression Between Partners: A Social-Role Analysis
Authors: Archer John
Published: June 2006

In developed western nations, both sexes commit acts of physical aggression against their partners. Data from 16 nations showed that this pattern did not generalize to all nations. The magnitude and direction of the sex difference was highly correlated with national-level variations in gender empowerment and individualism-collectivism. As gender equality and individualism increased, the sex difference in partner violence moved in the direction of lesserfemale victimization and greater male victimization. A second analysis of 52 nations showed that 3 indexes of women%'s victimization were also inversely correlated with gender equality and individualism. Sexist attitudes and relative approval of wife beating were also associated with women%'s victimization rates, but general levels of violent crime were not. The findings are discussed in terms of a social role approach to variations in sex differences between cultures.
The Generality and Ultimate Origins of the Attractiveness of Prototypes
Authors: Halberstadt Jamin
Published: June 2006

The relationship between category structure and affect, a core question about the affect-cognition interface, has been largely ignored by both literatures, with the exception of studies on the attractiveness of computer-averaged faces. This article reviews a number of the authors' recent and unpublished studies that demonstrate a robust positive correlation between prototypicality and attractiveness across diverse categories, and that systematically explore several hypotheses about the ultimate, that is, evolutionary, origins of this bias. A tentative dual-origin explanation is offered, in which prototypes of animal categories are preferred as a generalization of a mate-selection adaptation designed for human faces; coincidentally prototypes of artifacts (and possibly natural, nonanimal categories) are preferred by virtue of their subjective familiarity.
Hierarchical Strategies in Tool Wear Monitoring
Authors: Jemielniak K , Bombiński S
Published: June 2006

The paper presents a comparison of efficiency of tool wear monitoring strategies based on one signal feature, on a single neural network with several input signals, and on a hierarchical algorithm and a large number of signal features. In the first stage of the hierarchical algorithms, the tool wear was estimated separately for each signal feature. This stage was carried out using either simple neural networks or polynomial approximation. In the second stage, the results obtained in the first one, were integrated into the final tool wear evaluation. The integration was carried out by the use of either a neural network or averaging. The paper shows a considerable advantage of the hierarchical models over conventional industrial solutions (single signal feature) and typical laboratory solutions (single, large neural network).
Investigation of Electro-Discharge Mechanical Dressing (EDMD) of Diamond Abrasive Wheels with Conductive Bonds Using Brush Electrodes
Authors: Nowicki B , Pierzynowski R , Spadło S
Published: June 2006

The authors have presented a new method of electro-discharge mechanical dressing of ultra-hard abrasive tools with metal bonds in which brush electrodes were used. This kind of machining is denoted as EDMD (electro-discharge mechanical dressing) and combines features of electro-discharge machining with mechanical treatment so that thin layers of the bond are removed. Moreover, the brush electrode offers the additional possibility of introducing the advantageous (having the anchorage of the abrasive grains in mind) state of compressive stress and strain hardening of the outer layer of the bond.
Surface Layer Morphology Due to Laser Alloying Process
Authors: Radziejewska J
Published: June 2006

The results of experimental research on the influence of laser alloying parameters on the structure and chemical composition are presented. The alloying process was performed with a continuous CO2 laser, of a 2.5 kW power, at different densities of energy and different interaction times of beam on material. The experiments were done on carbon steel, which was alloyed with powders of tungsten carbide and cobalt stellite. The microstructure, the distribution of alloyed elements, and the microhardness of the surface layer were studied after a laser alloying process. It was shown that alloying layer morphology depends on the laser alloying parameters, especially on interaction time. The research has verified that the motion process of liquid material determines the alloyed layer morphology and indicates a necessity to take into account the convection process.
Study on Shrinkage Behaviour of Direct Laser Sintering Metallic Powder
Authors: Zhu H H , Lu L , Fuh J Y H
Published: June 2006

The shrinkage behaviour caused in the direct laser sintering of Cu-based metal powder has been investigated. Shrinkages were observed to be anisotropic and the largest was found in the z (height) direction. The in-plane ( x, y) dimensional changes are caused by a combination of three sources: thermal shrinkage, sintering shrinkage, and expansion arising because the metal particles fall during the sintering. A hypothetical two-dimensional model is proposed to explain the expansion phenomenon and the particle size ratio based on this model is also deduced. The experimental results agree well with the hypothesis.
Exploration of Rough Sets Theory Use for Manufacturing Process Monitoring
Authors: Pasek Z J
Published: June 2006

The ability to automate and implement active prediction of a degradation process and potential failures of critical machine components is a pressing concern in modern manufacturing. The increasing prediction reliability and significant cost savings potential have stimulated the introduction of numerous artificial intelligence techniques into the manufacturing arena. The need to explore and understand the capacities of these new methods is extremely important to define their suitable application. This paper explores use of a classifier based on rough sets theory (RST). The results show very good performance over several criteria in a cutting tool wear monitoring application.
Deformations and Strength of Miniature Drills
Authors: Kudla L A
Published: June 2006

The strength of drills with diameters of less than 1 mm may be insufficient for effective realization of microdrilling operations. As a consequence very small and fragile tools frequently suffer breakage. The precise assessment of their mechanical properties gives the opportunity to reduce the failure rate. This paper describes the results of a practical investigation into the deformations and the strength of the miniature drills in the case of bending, torsion, and complex load. The main shapes of the cutting part and both high-speed steel and tungsten carbide drills were examined. A basic part of the paper is dedicated to the twist drills, because the majority of microdrilling operations is done just with these tools.
A Cyclic Design Approach Applied to a Cervical Screening Device
Authors: Newnes L B , Medland A J , Daniel J A , Holmes C H
Published: June 2006

The research presented in this paper describes the use of a novel multidisciplinary design methodology. Various design methodologies are reviewed and evaluated in terms of their capability to be used for the effective design of a medical device. The design of such devices requires knowledge from other disciplines that is often subjective and does not readily apply the traditional mechanical engineering design techniques. This research focuses on the design of a laboratory-based system and examines how a multidisciplinary team can work to ensure that a creative idea can become an innovative product.

The proposed methodology offers an iterative framework that designers can use and adopt to be relevant to their particular application. This proposed framework uses some of the ideas from other methodologies as well as ensuring that the key aim of understanding the problem is incorporated. This is achieved by information gathering and evaluation activities.

The proposed framework is presented in the context of a medical exemplar, involving the design of a device for use in the diagnostic evaluation of cervical smears. The use of the methodology is illustrated by considering the key interactions and by describing how the problem was refined and resolved within the multidisciplinary team. This illustrates how using goal-driven approaches can lead to effective interactions and to a method by which laboratory-based approaches can lead to innovative products.
Analysis of Abrasive Flow Machining with an Electrochemical Process Aid
Authors: Dabrowski L , Marciniak M , Szewczyk T
Published: June 2006

Electrochemical aided abrasive flow machining (ECAFM) is possible using polymeric electrolytes. The ion conductivity of electrolytes is many times lower than the conductivity of electrolytes employed in ordinary electrochemical machining (ECM). Additions of inorganic fillers to electrolytes in the form of abrasives decrease conductivity even more. These considerations explain why the interelectrode gap through which the polymeric electrolyte is forced should be small. This in turn results in greater flow resistance of polymeric electrolyte, which takes the form of a semi-liquid paste. Rheological properties are also important for performance considerations. Experimental investigations have been carried out for smoothing flat surfaces and process productivity in which polymer electrolytes as gelated polymers and water-gels based on acryloamide were used.
An Intelligent System for Online Optimization of the Cylindrical Traverse Grinding Operation
Authors: Kruszyński B W , Lajmert P
Published: June 2006

This paper presents an intelligent system for optimization of the cylindrical traverse grinding process whose objective is to maximize the material removal rate with constraints on workpiece out-of-roundness and waviness errors, on surface finish, and on grinding temperature. A theoretical analysis of wheel wear development in the traverse grinding process is presented. Next, the results of an experimental test are discussed to establish the most efficient strategy for grinding allowance removal. In the optimization scheme a feedforward neural network is employed to obtain a model which describes relations between the process input parameters and the grinding results. Then this model is used to optimize adaptively the traverse grinding process. The performance of the proposed optimization system is evaluated by simulation research.
Use of Three-Dimensional Body Motion to Free-Form Surface Design
Authors: Qin S , Wright D K , Kang J , Prieto P A
Published: June 2006

This paper presents a novel surface modelling approach by utilizing a three-dimensional motion capture system. For designing a large-sized surface, a network of splines is initially set up. Artists or designers wearing motion markers on their hands can then change the shapes of the splines with their hands. Literally they can move their bodies freely to any positions to perform their tasks. They can also move their hands in three-dimensional free space to detail surface characteristics by their gestures. All their design motions are recorded in the motion-capturing system and transferred into three-dimensional curves and surfaces correspondingly. This paper reports this novel surface design method and some case studies.
Tool Wear Monitoring Based on a Non-Monotonic Signal Feature
Authors: Jemielniak K
Published: June 2006

Most tool-condition-monitoring (TCM) strategies are founded on the assumption that the monitored diagnostic signal feature is increasing, the monotonic function of the tool wear, but this is not always the case. The paper presents the TCM strategy based on non-monotonic signal features. The used-up portion of the tool life (Δ T=t/T) was used as the tool condition indicator. It is much more informative than the direct value of a sensor signal or any signal feature, and more practical than tool wear measures (VB and KT) which are not usually measured in factory floor conditions.
The Novel Combination of Taguchi Methods and Texture Profile Analysis Applied to the Optimization of Laboratory-Based Biscuit Manufacturing
Authors: Blackhall R B , Ritchie J M , Baxter L F , Black I
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the novel combination of Taguchi methods and texture profile analysis (TPA) which produces a powerful problem-solving technique and predictive method to aid the manufacture of food industry products. Taguchi methods are well known in the mechanical and electronic engineering environments but have not been applied to the difficult domain of food-product baking. This research examined how this well-known method in mechanical engineering circles could be applied to a different domain when used in a novel combination with TPA, an important quality measurement tool used in the food sector. These industrially focused, laboratory-based trials were carried out in an actual food manufacturing company and were designed to mimic the experimental process which would be used in later trials on the actual production plant. As a consequence of the latter, it was important that the number of experiments was kept to a minimum in order to minimize production downtime costs when applied within the actual plant. The research shows that combining these techniques for the analysis of biscuit dough mix enabled the creation of an experimental methodology and empirical models for four quality characteristics: dough-up time, viscous force, applied-force-dependent-adherence ratio (AFDAR), and cohesiveness ratio; which give an indication of what will happen when a specific factor is changed. This provided useful information about food manufacturing processes and mixture rheology; especially with regard to how the ingredients interact. The predictive models developed use discrete variables for the ingredients and were tested to find the differences in their effects and were validated successfully against experimental trials. The success of this approach showed that the number of experimental factors and trials could be kept to a cost-effective minimum and that the methodology could subsequently be applied to the full-scale production plant process.
Product Design and Manufacturing Process Improvement Using Association Rules
Authors: Shahbaz M , Srinivas M , Harding J A , Turner M
Published: June 2006

Modern manufacturing systems equipped with computerized data logging systems collect large volumes of data in real time. The data may contain valuable information for operation and control strategies as well as providing knowledge of normal and abnormal operational patterns. Knowledge discovery in databases can be applied to these data to unearth hidden, unknown, representable, and ultimately useful knowledge. Data mining offers tools for discovery of patterns, associations, changes, anomalies, rules, and statistically significant structures and events in data. Extraction of previously unknown, meaningful information from manufacturing databases provides knowledge that may benefit many application areas within the enterprise, for example improving design or fine tuning production processes. This paper examines the application of association rules to manufacturing databases to extract useful information about a manufacturing system's capabilities and its constraints. The quality of each identified rule is tested and, from numerous rules, only those that are statistically very strong and contain substantial design information are selected. The final set of extracted rules contains very interesting information relating to the geometry of the product and also indicates where limitations exist for improvement of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of complex geometric shapes.
The Design of Experiments for Inverse Thermal Analysis
Authors: Wood R L
Published: June 2006

A procedure is demonstrated for the design of experiments within inverse thermal analyses, such as those used to estimate surface boundary conditions in quenching. The procedure involves computational modelling to support design decisions concerning thermocouple locations, sampling rate, and post-processing of measured data. The procedure also provides a framework into which detailed models of thermocouple operation can be inserted. The method is demonstrated via the estimation of a non-linear convective boundary condition in a quenching process in which the measurement process is modelled to allow the effects of measurement noise and other parameters to be assessed. Having carried out the inverse analysis using a combined genetic algorithm - finite element model, estimated boundary conditions are in good agreement with those specified in the measurement model.
About the Structure Cu-Al2O3 Joints Obtained by Diffusion Bonding
Authors: Krzyńska A , Włosiński W , Kaczorowski M
Published: June 2006

The joint copper-alumina obtained at a solidification condition of Cu/Cu2O eutectic was studied. Experiments involved many different techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry, X-ray microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that a thin inhomogeneous interfacial layer is present between Cu and Al2O3 ceramics and it consists of two sublayers: the first is nanocrystalline complex oxide CuAlO2. This layer changes progressively into a crystalline CuAl2O4 sublayer. A model of liquid phase bonding between copper and alumina is proposed.
An Enhanced Assembly Planning Approach Using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Lu C , Wong Y S , Fuh J Y H
Published: June 2006

This paper proposes an assembly planning approach using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA). The influence of tolerance and clearance on product assemblability in different assembly sequences is considered and used as a constraint in assembly planning. For a more comprehensive search for feasible non-dominated solutions, this paper proposes a multi-objective genetic algorithm that establishes different fitness functions through a fuzzy weight distribution algorithm. It also considers the experience of the decision maker. The results of the case study are given to verify the proposed approach.
Acoustic Emission Source Location for Steel Pipe and Pipeline Applications: The Role of Arrival Time Estimation
Authors: Shehadeh M , Steel J. A. , Reuben R. L.
Published: June 2006

Acoustic emission (AE) can be generated by a number of different fault conditions in pipes, including localized fluid-mechanical disturbances, such as local impingement or erosion, growing fatigue cracks or crack face rubbing, external impacts and leaks, each of which may have its own temporal and frequency characteristics. In this paper, a linear array of sensors is applied with the ultimate aim of locating and reconstituting the time-domain and frequency-domain signatures of AE sources in pipes. Experiments have been carried out with a simulated source on sections of line pipe and process pipe using a linear array. The acquired signals have two identifiable components and methods are demonstrated for separating these components automatically and determining their group velocities. A range of techniques, including a wavelet transform technique, a cross-correlation technique, and a filtering and thresholding technique are applied to obtain arrival times for various modes of the signal. Finally, methods are proposed for giving automatic source location in large length-diameter ratios with an accuracy of better than 5 per cent.
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Measurements of the Isothermal Flow in a Model Tubular Heat Exchanger
Authors: Hughes J. P. , Jones T. E. R. , James P. W.
Published: June 2006

This paper describes numerical simulations and experimental measurements of isothermal laminar flow on the shell side of a model tubular heat exchanger, for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Commercially available computational fluid dynamics software is used for the simulations, which are shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements of shear rate and pressure drop. The simulations can then be used to provide a detailed description of the laminar shell-side flow in the model tubular heat exchanger. The motivation for this work stems from interest in the food processing industry in using tubular heat exchangers in heat recovery mode for medium viscosity food products. In this mode, the food product flows on the shell side as well as through the tubes. The shell-side flow is then laminar and aspects of the performance of the heat exchanger may be unsatisfactory. The work described in this paper forms part of a wider study in which validated numerical simulations are used in the design of tubular heat exchangers operating in heat recovery mode for medium viscosity food products.
Distributed On-Line System for Process Plant Monitoring
Authors: Ahsan Q , Grosvenor R. I. , Prickett P. W.
Published: June 2006

This paper describes a methodology for monitoring industrial processes and plant that can be implemented cost-effectively within small-to-medium enterprises. The methodology is based on a network of 8-bit microcontrollers that communicate with each other on a controller area network bus. Ethernet connectivity is provided so that remote users can access the system on the internet. The software models developed for data acquisition nodes and the design of remote user interfaces and supervisory nodes are also explained. The system is aimed at providing specific maintenance guidance and fault identification, rather than gathering data for off-line analysis. Overly complicated processing is avoided to make real-time implementation possible, using 8-bit microcontrollers. The methodology emphasizes the use of process controller signals for fault detection and sensor signals for fault isolation. The suitability of the methodology is explored by acquiring signals from a laboratory-based process rig. Suitable monitoring techniques for the system in time and frequency domains are also discussed.
A Study of the Behaviour of a Single-Bladed Waste-Water Pump
Authors: Keays J , Meskell C
Published: June 2006

A single-vaned centrifugal pump, typical of the kind employed in waste-water applications (e.g. sewage treatment), has been investigated numerically. The primary objective was to identify a modelling approach that was accurate, but at an acceptable computational cost. A test program has been executed to provide data to validate the numerical models. The global performance of the pump was assessed in terms of the pressure head, the mass flowrate, the power consumption, and the pump efficiency. In addition, time-resolved surface-pressure measurements were made at the volute wall. Five combinations of three modelling approximations (two or 3D; k-ε or Reynolds stress model turbulence model; unsteady or quasi-steady) were investigated and compared with the experimental results. It was found that the choice of turbulence model did not have a significant effect on the predictions. In all cases, the head-discharge curve was well predicted. However, it was found that only the quasi-steady models could capture the trend of the power consumption curve, and hence that of the efficiency. Discrepancies in the magnitude of the power consumption can be accounted for by the lack of losses such as leakage in the numerical models. Qualitative analysis of the numerical results identifies the trailing edge of the impeller as the primary source of power loss, with the flow in the region of the cut water also contributing significantly to the poor overall efficiency of the design.
Skid-to-turn missile autopilot design using scheduled eigenstructure assignment technique
Authors: Mehrabian Ali Reza , Roshanian Jafar
Published: June 2006

This paper presents an application of adaptive control techniques to the design of skid-to-turn missile autopilot. The involved simplified adaptive controller is developed by combining gain scheduling approach with the eigenstructure assignment control design. A linear interpolation method is proposed to generate linear parameter-varying controller from a finite set of linear time-invariant controllers. Results of simulations are reported to demonstrate the performance, stability, and robustness of the considered autopilot.
Experimental analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics adaptive of multi-winglets
Authors: Cerón-Muñoz H D , Catalano F M
Published: June 2006

The aim of this research is to study the potential use of adaptive multi-winglets for the reduction of induced drag through variations of winglet cant angles. Different studies have shown that the flow around and over the wing tip can be redirected using small aerodynamic surfaces, thereby reducing the induced drag. The model tested is composed of a rectangular wing using an NACA 653-018 profile with three winglets called ‘tip-sails,’ which are small wings without sweep along the 25 per cent chord line. The tests were made at a Reynolds number of 350 000. The results are analysed in terms of lift and drag. Results show that it is possible to find the best configuration of the three winglets to obtain the optimum aerodynamic performance for each flow regime in climb and cruise.
Recent developments in thermoset curing methods
Authors: Hay J N , O'Gara P
Published: June 2006

There is ongoing interest in the replacement of energy-intensive thermal curing of thermosetting composites by radiation curing methods. These include curing by γ-rays, electron beams (EBs), ultra-violet (UV) light, and microwaves. In this short review, the pros and cons of the main radiation curing routes are described in comparison to thermal cure. Issues that will dictate the choice of curing method include the penetration depth of the radiation, capital equipment considerations, and health and safety. EB curing has a number of potential advantages over thermal cure, but is limited to specific types of resin, e.g. cationic curing epoxy resins. These often differ in terms of final properties from the usual resins qualified for aerospace applications. UV cure is limited to relatively thin and UV-transparent sections. Microwaves are attractive for pultrusion applications, but have a major limitation in the inability to use metal tooling. Although a range of applications of radiation curing have been evaluated, the widespread use of such technologies in aerospace is still some way off and may be limited to niche markets for the foreseeable future.
Prediction of air/oil exit flows in a commercial aero-engine bearing chamber
Authors: Farrall M , Hibberd S , Simmons K , Giddings D
Published: June 2006

An understanding and optimization of three-dimensional air/oil flows in aero-engine transmission systems forms an integral part of future designs. This especially applies to bearing chambers, which contain a complex two-phase flow formed by the interaction of sealing airflows and lubrication oil. A critical design quantity is the composition of the liquid (oil) and gas (air) phases in the exit flows. Using a previously validated numerical model, the air/oil flow in a commercial bearing chamber is computed with particular focus on the flow exiting the chamber. The division of oil exiting the chamber through the vent and scavenge ports is determined for three shaft speeds and two configurations of the vent port. Comparison with available experimental data shows that consistent trends are predicted, but further model development is necessary in the vicinity of the scavenge port.
Non-linear unsteady aerodynamic model for insect-like flapping wings in the hover. Part 2: Implementation and validation
Authors: Ansari S A , Żbikowski R , Knowles K
Published: June 2006

The essence of this two-part paper is the analytical, aerodynamic modelling of insect-like flapping wings in the hover for micro-air-vehicle applications. A key feature of such flapping-wing flows is their unsteadiness and the formation of a leading-edge vortex in addition to the conventional wake shed from the trailing edge. What ensues is a complex interaction between the shed wakes, which, in part, determines the forces and moments on the wing. In an attempt to describe such a flow, two novel coupled, non-linear, wake integral equations were developed in the first part of the paper. The governing equations derived were exact, but did not have a closed analytical form. Solutions were, therefore, to be found by numerical methods and implemented in Fortran. This is the theme of the second part of the paper. The problem is implemented by means of vortex methods, whereby discrete point vortices are used to represent the wing and its wake. A number of numerical experiments are run to determine the best values for numerical parameters. The calculation is performed using a time-marching algorithm and the evolution of the wakes is tracked. In this way, both flow field and force data are generated. The model is then validated against existing experimental data and very good agreement is found both in terms of flow field representation and force prediction. The temporal accuracy of the simulations is also noteworthy, implying that the underlying flow features are well captured, especially the unsteadiness. The model also shows the similarity between two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows for insect-like flapping wings at low Reynolds numbers of the order of Re ε 200.
Geographic Variation of Solar Water Heater Performance in Europe
Authors: Yohanis Y. G. , Popel O , Frid S. E. , Norton B
Published: June 2006

Solar water heater (SWH) performance has been analysed using the ‘number of days’ method for 147 different sites in all European countries. The total number of days that the temperature of delivered solar heated water reaches or exceeds specified demand temperatures is correlated with solar radiation on a horizontal surface for summer, warm half-year, and whole year periods. Maps are presented and discussed showing the contours for the number of days that an illustrative SWH met different hot water demand temperatures. Correlations between number of days water is provided at a specified temperature and solar fractions for the same periods are determined.