bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Rutting of Thin Asphalt Overlay
Authors: Almaali Yassir Abo , Al-Busaltan Shakir
Published: March 2020

Permanent deformation (rutting) of asphalt pavements has a major impact on the service life of pavements. Rutting reduces the performance of the pavement and produces serious hazards for highway users. Due to the axle loads incensement, and high local summer temperature, rutting became the major distress in flexible pavements for many countries. Recently, thin asphalt overlay (TAO) is recommended as a significant remedy technique for deteriorated pavements. Aggregates are one of the main structure materials asphalt paving mixtures, whereas, aggregate properties remarkably effected on the asphalt pavements performance. Aggregate gradation is representing the significant feature of aggregates that affecting permanent deformation of traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) thick pavement layers. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of aggregate gradation differences on rutting features of modified TAO mixtures that comprising waste polymers. The evaluation process included the preparation of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) comprising two types of additives, namely, Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). CRM and LDPE in the form of fines that have a particle size under 250 um were used as additives to liquid neat asphalt, individually and collectively by weight of virgin asphalt; i.e., PMA included 15.0% of CRM and (2.5. %, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% of LDPE. Three types of aggregate gradations were used, i.e. 12.5, 9.5 and 4.75mm, Nominal maximum aggregate size, (NMAS). The Superpave mix design system was adopted in volumetric proportioning of prepared mixtures, while Wheel Tracking (WT) test was used to determine the rut depth characteristics for prepared mixtures. about 30 asphalt concrete specimens were prepared to forecast the TAO behavior concerning permanent deformation for wearing course type III A and B according to State Corporation of Roads and Bridges in Iraq, while for 4.75mm, NMAS (sand asphalt layer) an abroad specification was used. Results demonstrated that the aggregate gradation plays a vital role in increasing permanent deformation for several type of TAO mixtures. Also, the addition of CRM by 15% to the neat asphalt led to an increase in the resistance of the mixture to permanent deformation. Moreover, PMA with LDPE became hardener (higher viscosity) which led to increase binder stiffness, whereas a consequent is stiffening the mixture. Therefore, optimizing aggregate gradation with PMA including waste polymers can limited the rutting occurrence distinguishably
Mapping of geo-location influence on the uncertainty level of GNSS observations
Authors: Alboabidallah Ahmed H H , Rashid Husham H , Ali Mahdi M , Jaafer Firas N
Published: March 2020

The random errors of differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are statistically identifiable by an uncertainty component for each coordinate axis at each observed station. Literature reflects a noticeable correlation between stations’ geo-location and the uncertainty components. In this study, the multi-temporal correlation between uncertainty components in easting and northing was confirmed with moderate correlation coefficients of R2=0.68 and 0.59 respectively. However, a low R2 of 0.38 was obtained for the elevation component. Quantified uncertainties were mapped using first-order polynomial, quadratic polynomial, and kriging. The first-order polynomial revealed a slightly higher residual level than the quadratic polynomial. However, they both performed correspondingly for the validation points, whereas Kriging showed a clear case of an over-fitting. Therefore, the first-order polynomial was considered as a suitable scheme. Geo-statistical analysis of Easting and Northing components showed that the uncertainty is not uniform over the study area. It also showed that although the uncertainty is not purely continuous, it has a significant continuity. A geo-location based uncertainty map layers were produced based on the geo-statistical analysis result. The map concluded two layers represent the resultant, and the resultant orientation. Results represent an example of the possibilities to produce meaningful maps of uncertainties.
The Use of New Irrigation Systems in Increasing Green Areas and Improve Environment-Case study: Neighborhood 405 in City of Baghdad
Authors: Motlak Jamal B , Alshaikh Rafah Zuhair , Matlak Mazin
Published: March 2020

The importance of green areas is to provide a quiet, comfortable, and unpolluted atmosphere. The increase populations of urban cities and the changes of life style is a main problem over a limited water supply and thus overloading the environment. The evolution of modern technologies for saving water is becoming serious to achieve growth in the economy. Sprinkler irrigation is one of the most water efficient irrigation systems. It conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems caused by traditional irrigation ways. Little has been written in Iraq about using underground lawn irrigation system and the proper usage for green areas as to lower cost and system efficiency.

The present research will use the neighborhood 405 in the city of Baghdad, as a case study, to explore the importance of using the new irrigation system, and the common mistakes and practices in designing and installation of these underground irrigation systems. The research find that the irregular distribution of sprinklers and inconsistent spacing, maintenance, which leads to many dry areas.

The mass uses of new and proper underground irrigation system will lead to greener grass, healthier plants, good environment, lower manual labour, and less water usage than the typical watering by hand.
The Impact of Nanomaterials on the Dynamics of Contemporary Architecture
Authors: Ali Faten Y , Ali Safaa Al-Deen H
Published: March 2020

In the late twentieth century, boldness was used in architectural expression associated with construction materials and used within a creative context that expresses the sense and imagination and emotion, It exhibits the behaviour of living beings, reacts to environmental conditions using sensation and arousal of emotion, achieving aesthetic in the distinctive architectural output with the help of computer software and nanomaterials to mimic the shapes and functions of living organisms, embodied in a new generation characterized by contemporary. The research tended to build a knowledge framework that includes nanomaterials, their types and characteristics, and to clarify the concept of dynamism, also included a number of previous studies to find the research problem which was identified by (the lack of theoretical propositions of the impact of nanomaterials in achieving the dynamic potential because of its characteristics, objectives and mechanisms to achieve dynamism in contemporary production) and determine the hypotheses of the research, and extracts vocabulary of the theoretical framework and applied to global projects, the most important item is the mechanisms that included (interaction, adaptation, transformation, movement, information processing using computer software) and architectural characteristics that gave diverse architectural production to a achieves a dynamic contemporary architecture.
Experimental Study to Effect of adding Emulsion Rubber Material (SPR) for the shear parameters of soil Gypsum
Authors: Abdulrahman Shaimaa M. , Ihsan Elaf A. , Sabri Wisam A
Published: March 2020

The gypsum is considering one of the problematic soils due to the dissolution of gypsum that occurs when water table or rainfall fluctuates and/or infiltrates into gypseous soils. This paper studies the effect of the emulsified rubber (SPR) material on (shear parameters C & ϕ) the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the gypsum soil. The direct shear test was performed on gypseous soil with different SPR percentages (2, 4, 6 and 8%). The natural gypseous soil was 18.95. The shear strength parameters of the treated soil by SPR are higher than the natural gypseous soil due to the increasing in the cohesion due to increase the shear strength of gypseous soil. The best percentage of SPR to treatment and improve the mechanics of gypseous soil is 2% SPR to be 23.5.
Production of Earth Units Compressed and Stabilized by Using Cement and Pozzolana
Authors: Saeed Ikram Ameen , Mohammed Thaer Jasim , Jihad Sawsan Abd-Alkarem
Published: March 2020

Earth units compressed and stabilized are friendly construction materials and sustainable from point of view of efficiency in using energy and lowering cost. However, it has lower properties and strength when compared with fired clay brick and concrete. The possibility of producing earth units compressed from soil stabilized with cement and pozzolana were investigated in this study. Soil samples were extracted from a pit at depth 1m under topsoil from Al-Zaafarania region in Baghdad. Results of the testing soils showed that the bulk density, moisture content, specific gravity and plasticity index performed satisfactory and suitable to produce such like soil units. Different percentage of cement and silica fume as a stabilizer. Soil units compressed with 20 N/mm2 pressed by a hydraulic loading machine. The unit’s strength significantly increase with increasing silica fumes content, decreasing the absorption water rate, and raises density of units.
The effect of corroded stirrups on shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Shehab R H , Mahmoud A S , Mansoor Y A
Published: March 2020

The corrosion is a serious problem of construction projects that affect structural durability. The effect of corroded stirrups at the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams especially on ultimate shear strength and ductility was investigated in this study. Eight specimens of reinforced concrete beams were tested with four-point loading until failure. The dimensions of the specimen were 150 mm wide, 200 mm high and 1200 mm long. Six specimens were accelerated through an electrochemical process. The main variables of this study were the stirrups diameter and corrosion level. The results concluded that the stiffness and strength reduced in corroded beams when compere with control specimens. This reduction exhibited to increase with the level of mass loss in stirrups and a smaller diameter of stirrups. In addition to that, the ductility index trended to reduce from 118% to 68% for groups A (Ø6 @ 200 mm c/c); while from 68% to 35% for group B (Ø8 @ 150 mm c/c) which indicates that brittleness of beams raised. At high corrosion level, failure modes may change from shear-compression failure to rupture of stirrups.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connection with Interface Elements under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Esraa Khudhair Mohsin Abuzaid
Published: March 2020

To study the nonlinear response of corner beam-column junctions with inclusion of the effect of construction joint between the column and the beam cast at different times and subjected to cyclic and repeated loads, a computer program of three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis, written by Al-Shaarbaf[1], (P3DNFEA)has been extended to account for the effect of construction joints on the behavior and to deal with concrete behavior under cyclic loads.

The 20-node isoperimetric brick elements have been used to model the concrete, while the reinforcing bars are modeled as axial members embedded within the brick elements. A nonlinear cyclic behavior model for concrete is developed in uniaxial and multiaxial states of stress. Also, a nonlinear cyclic behavior model for reinforcing bars is presented.

In completion, the behavior of concrete under cyclic loads is simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response. In tension, affixed smeared crack modeled has been used to simulate the behavior of concrete with a tension-stiffening model to represent the retained post-cracking tensile stresses in concrete. Closing and reopening of cracks during cyclic loading has been taken into consideration.

The nonlinear equations of equilibrium have been saved using an incremental-iterative technique based on the modified Newton-Raphson method. The convergence of the solution was controlled by a force convergence criterion. The numerical integration has been conducted by using 27-point Gaussian rule.

To represent the shear transfer between two concretes cast at different times, 20-noded interface layer brick elements are used with Fronteddu’s and Millard’s models to represent the aggregate interlock and the dowel stiffness, respectively.

Comparison between the results obtained from the finite elements and the available experimental results is made for a corner beam-column junction with inclusion of the effect of a construction joint. Good agreement is obtained. The maximum difference in ultimate load is 3.9%.

A parametric study dealing with construction joint is presented by taking various conditions of the junction. These include the axial load on the column, strength of concrete in the second cast.
Deformation and strength of inclined RC isolated columns using experimental and three-dimensional finite element analyses
Authors: Hassan Firas F , Zaidee Salah R Al
Published: March 2020

This paper shows how the inclination angle affects the stiffness and strength of RC columns. Experimental work of two scaled-down vertical columns with a length of 1000 and 1250mm was achieved to provide data for subsequent validation of analytical and numerical finite element solutions. The analytical solution is based on current design assumptions while the numerical solution adopts a sophisticated FE simulation with three-dimensional elements for the concrete mass and link element for the rebars. The rebars are assumed to be fully bonded in the FE model. Hooke’s law and Damaged Plasticity models are respectively used to simulate the elastic and inelastic behavior of the concrete, whereas the elastic perfectly plastic model is proposed for the rebars’ behavior. Subsequently, the validated FE model is used to investigate the response of two inclined columns with a length of 1000mm and 1250mm. Three inclination angles of 5°, 7.5° and 10° are considered for each length. FE results indicate that column inclination reduces its axial stiffness and strength. A strength reduction ratio of about 0.8% up to 3.4% is noted for inclination angles of 5° to 10°. It is also noted that the longer column is more sensitive to the inclination angles.
Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fiber Tapered Deep Beams Under Monotonic load
Authors: Jasim Basma W. , Al-Azzawi Adel A.
Published: March 2020

This study illustrates the numerical investigations of the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete tapered deep beams under static loading nature. Three simply supported specimens (two tapered members and the last is prismatic one) were selected from the experimental work of previous study carried by the authors. The selected specimens included a member having steel fiber and without vertical and horizontal reinforcement and another member having steel fibers without horizontal reinforcement. The third selected specimen having vertical and horizontal reinforcement and excluding steel fibers. On the other hand three other parametric studies were adopted using the FEA. Finite element analysis software (ABAQUS) investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading. On the other hand, three other parametric studies are adopted using finite element analysis (FEA). ABAQUS software was used to investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading.
Prediction of fracture parameters for asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending test
Authors: Banyhussan Qais Sahib , Qasim Gofran J. , Al-Dahawi Ali M , Jabar Yaser H.
Published: March 2020

fracture due to brittleness of asphalt concrete mixtures at low and/or intermediate temperatures is considered as the main unsightly distresses of pavements. A dependable value for fracture properties of AC mixtures is required which is considered as a significant design parameter. The aim of this research is to investigate the contribution of different variables on the fracture properties; fracture energy and fracture toughness using semi-circular bending (SCB) test. Routine tests were achieved as Marshall Test, where the optimum asphalt content (OAC) was 5.2% with air voids 4%. At this OAC, the number of blows (B) was lowered from 75 to 50 to assess the increase in the air voids on the fracture properties. Three variables were adopted to evaluate the fracture properties; temperature (0, 10 and 20°C), loading rate (0.25, 0.5, and 1 in/min) and compaction effort (50 and 75 blow). The results showed that, a fracture energy (Gf) trend to increase due to increasing in energy effort, loading rate, and temperature. Regarding fracture toughness (Kj), it increased with an increase energy effort and loading rate. On the other hand, the fracture toughness shows a different trend in terms of the changing in temperature where it decreased when the temperature raised from 0 to 20°C. Furthermore, a good correlation between the adopted variables and fracture properties were found through statistical models, where the correlation coefficients R2 for all models were greater than 0.90.
Develop a methodology for evaluation of the environmental sensitivity areas to desertification in the Maysan Province, Iraq
Authors: Al-Bahadeli Rahma , al-hadith Mufid , Shnewer Fadhil M. , Ali Yasin Abbas
Published: March 2020

Systematic studies have been conducted in the present work to develop a methodology for evaluation of the environmental sensitivity areas to desertification. The area selected for the study is the Maysan Governorate which is located in the southern eastern part of Iraq. The methodology involves use of an integrated approach comprised of data generated from remote sensing assisted by population data, climatic factors, field survey and available previous studies. All data were classified and integrated in GIS environments to develop a model using a mathematical overlapping weights. This model is theoretically based on the relationship between a number of indicators directly related to the effect of desertification, namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized difference Water index (NDWI), Salinity Index (SI), Eolin Mapping Index (EMI), population data and climate factors. Weights have been giving by expert’s scientists for each indicator and within the class-specific index and classes with the help of ArcGIS and the Raster Calculator toolbox. Thus, a possible map of sensitivity areas to desertification in Maysan provenance desertification was obtained. Based on the analysis of this map the entire area divided into five possible sensitive grades, which are highly sensitive, high, moderate, low and very low. It is noted that the area affected or highly sensitive to desertification is located in the north and west of the study area due to the presence of sand dunes and salinity, while desertification decreases towards the city center because of the increase in rainfall and abundant vegetation.
Compatibility of Spaces Organization of Islamic Schools with the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment
Authors: Al-Moqaram A.M.H. , Al-Amara R.R.F.
Published: March 2020

Most of the Islamic schools were characterized by distinctive features, which formed a certain pattern, on space organization (building layout and spaces arrangement) and spaces relationships, as a reflection of compatibility with learning system throughout history. On the other hand, a set of characteristics of contemporary schools, both at the intellectual”, social and physical level, emerged as a “self-organizing learning environment. The research hypotheses, that there is compatibility in the spatial characteristics of the learning environment of the Islamic schools with the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment, especially with the self-organizing learning environment. The research problem identifies as“The need to determine the compatibility levels in learning environment between Islamic and contemporary schools”. The evaluation methodology was adopted by applying the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment like Openness and Connectivity on samples of Islamic schools, after analyzing the results, and determining the conclusions. The most important of these is that the contemporary ideas in learning, especially those related to the physical environment, have already been achieved in the old Islamic schools and their historical and intellectual origins are realized by modernity and modernity.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis for determining subgrade reaction modulus of subgrade soils
Authors: Jawad Ahelah A. , Almuhanna Raid R. , Shaban Alaa M.
Published: March 2020

The success of any pavement system is depending on the strength of the subgrade layer that represents a foundation on which unbound and surface course layers are placed. The strength of the subgrade layer is often defined in terms of a subgrade reaction modulus (Ks) which is typically obtained from the static plate load test (PLT). The PLT test is known to be laborious, time-consuming and relatively expensive, therefore several alternative methodologies for predicting (Ks) are required. The objective of this research is developing a 3D-finite element model using Plaxis 3D software to simulate the plate load tests, and comparing the finite element results with those obtained from experimental tests. Twenty-seven plate load tests were carried out on three different types of subgrade soils. The soils collected from different sites in Kerbala city and tested under static load under three degrees of compaction. The experimental results were verified numerically using the finite element method. In the numerical simulation, the Mohr-Coulomb model was used to represent the behavior of soil. The numerical and experimental results were analyzed and compared. The results showed a good agreement with experimental work, also showed the possibility of using Plaxis 3D in the simulation of the static plate load test.
Degradation of Direct Blue from Synthetic Wastewater using Electrochemical Oxidation Method
Authors: Jasim Nidaa Adil
Published: March 2020

This study is concerning the decolorization of direct blue dye by electrochemical oxidation technique. Laboratory testing was performed using graphite and stainless steel plates as the anode and cathode, respectively. The tests were performed using synthetic wastewater instead of real textile wastewater. The effect of operational factors (pH, dye initial concentration, the concentration of electrolyte, electrical supply voltage and run duration) were determined to study the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation for the removal of direct blue dye. The results have revealed that the maximum efficiency of direct blue removal was 98% under the optimum factors (pH of 2, dye initial concentration of 100 mg/L, NaCl of 500 mg/L and 5 V voltage).
Sustainability in the Design of Passenger Terminals for Airports
Authors: Hussain Aseel Saleem , Ramdan Anwar Subhi
Published: March 2020

Contemporary trends in the design of passenger terminals have been linked to the concept of sustainability in terms of its endeavor to upgrade in order to suit the requirements of the current era, namely the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects that apply the principles of sustainability in the planning, design and operation of its various spaces, this is highlighted by the previous studies, although the introduction of them in most cases is general and implicit, and selectively in adopting and treating some aspects and not knowing how to apply in local experiences so far, the research problem was determined by the incomprehensiveness of knowledge on the dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) in the design or various treatments of airport terminals and ways of applying them in local reality, the main objective is to introduce this knowledge in a more comprehensive and clear manner, and to provide the possibility to achieve it locally, achieving this goal has necessitated the adoption of a descriptive-analytical approach to the studies and practical projects to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that defines the various dimensions of sustainable passenger terminals. To be applied at selected local case study in the form of an evaluation study of the reality situation, leading to the identification of conclusions and recommendations.
Determining field bearing resistance of subgrade soils using physical characteristics
Authors: allah Rawq Al-Fatteh , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Shaban Alaa M.
Published: March 2020

In highway design, subgrade strength is mostly affected in pavement layers’ thickness. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is one of the simple testing methods that is commonly used to determine the strength of unbounded paving materials; i.e., subgrade, subbase, and base course materials of highways and airfield pavement. In-situ CBR test is intended to determine the static properties of unbound pavement layers represented by bearing capacity of subgrade soils without requiring the digging of test pits. The in-situ CBR test is laborious, time-consuming, and relatively expensive, therefore an alternative methodology is proposed for correlating CBR value with physical properties of subgrade soils such as field density and moisture content. Three testing methods were used: in-situ CBR test, sand replacement method for determining the field density and moisture content of granular soils and clayey soils, respectively. Selected types of soils were nominated from the local area having soil’s type of A-l-b, A-3, and A-6-7. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate bearing resistance of subgrade soils depending on water content and dry density obtained from field density tests. The results of two statistical models indicated that both field density and water content correlate well with the bearing ratio for various subgrade soils.
The Effective Facades Lighting in Contemporary Architecture
Authors: El-Eqapy Ahmed Hashim Hameed , Al-Majidi Basim H. Hashim , Al-Hasani Ahmed Abed Chaloob
Published: March 2020

Since the design is less clear for the design idea during the night time, so, it is possible to enhance and activate the facades of that building at night using the attraction and excitement element, such as artificial lighting, and then building additional effects or hiding certain parts of the building. The search is limited to artificial lighting which is supported on the principle of stereoscopic deletion and addition in displaying the architectural facades in general. These visual forms are the result of the addition of a visible and intangible virtual stereoscopic interface, and thus, the addition to the building or deletion of part of it can be achieved, in addition to the formation of many interpretations of the building during the age of the individual. This could lead to the diversity and attraction of attention and staying away from boredom and thus increase interaction between the receiver and the building at night. Hence, the objective of the research was to increase the efficiency between the receiver and the building through the multiple interpretive readings of the architectural facade. Based on this, the research problem has emerged (the limits of the effectiveness of the facades lighting for the receiver in terms of multiple interpretations through light and shadow, and project it on virtual areas). A set of previous studies have been listed and then a cognitive framework has been built based on practical application. The results have been revealed that photo exhibiting illumination is better than video and flash exhibition which are accompanied by sound effects that create a kind of confusion, lack of clarity and loss the privacy of the building. The research also found that a large number of multi interpretations using deletion and shadow drilling, resulting from reading the architectural facade at night, does not affect its design during the day.
Estimate parking generation rates for educational sites
Authors: Al-Ghanimy Ghada Fahed , Asmael Noor Moutaz
Published: March 2020

The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole city, not just the intended place. Estimation of the required parking demand must rely on rates and models produced from the local studies, according to the local conditions, transportation habits, and law. This research is interested in educational sites (universities and colleges) in Iraq and works to establish a reliable reference to determine the required parking supply for them. Four educational sites in Baghdad city were selected to develop parking generation rates and models, besides two other sites were also chosen to verify the developed rates and models. Data collection was conducted using interviews and field surveys. Two kinds of data are collected, the first is about site characteristics, employees, and population, and the second is about the parked car accumulation, of three days, during two periods (am and pm). And then all the collected data were analyzed, and by using several different variables many parking generation rates and models were produced. The Data analysis and model production was done by using (SPSS) computer program. The research adopted the American Institute of transportation engineers (ITE) procedure as the main work reference. The results of the study can be used as guidance for the local government agencies to determine the required amount of parking spaces for educational sites.
Green City Shield
Authors: Jamil Abd Al Wahab Ahmed , Mullah-Howaish Loai Taha Al
Published: March 2020

The current study highlighted the violations and the steady depletion of, and agricultural and green areas in and around cities, which is an accurate scientific research problem that affects the future perspectives of these areas, their production and their consequences for the life of cities and their vital surroundings. This research took Baghdad city as a model of this critical phenomenon in order to study the reality of these regions, the size of violations, and to set a future concept and strategy, in addition to the proper treatment that preserves the assets of this great wealth, It was one of the most important conclusions Urban planning disruption of Baghdad city formations, One of the most important recommendations, Scaling Baghdad city demographically and expanded spatially.
The benefits of applying project management methodology on project delay: A study in construction projects in Iraq
Authors: Aljamee Hayder K , Naeem Saja M
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the research is to look after establishing an appropriate solution for the problems in Iraqi construction projects which have been affected in the last years. It aims to evaluate the problems and then fix and/or at least mitigate them properly. It takes a construction project in the petroleum industry as a case study so that it can identify the realistic causes of project problems. In regard to research methodology, this research remarks on the root causes of project delay in the previous studies in Iraq, Oman and Qatar that is realised as a secondary data. Also, primary data is conducted to collect up to date information by using questionnaire. It exposes the main problems in Iraqi construction projects which are project delay, change in design, plan, scope and specifications and project cost overrun. The root cause of project delay is to accept the lowest bidding prices from the contractors and financial difficulty from the contractors. To improve the project management implementation that may require applying one of the project management methodologies in Iraqi construction projects. This research recommends applying PMBoK because it could deal with the project schedule which is the important thing recently and with cost, quality, communication and stakeholder.
Metaphor of Symbols of Iraqi Architecture and Urbanism: Studying symbols as identity of Governmental Buildings’ façades in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Bassim Amna , Salih Mohamed , Alobaydi Dhirgham
Published: March 2020

This paper analyses the role of the symbol considered as an effective tool used in strengthening the properties of façades in architecture and urbanism. The symbol always considers as one of the most important metaphors used in defining the local identity, in Iraq, the identity of architecture and urbanism has deteriorated and been disordered after 2003 when different trends used in shaping the façades. Due to this continuous deterioration, problems of forming identity of Iraqi architecture and urbanism have been grown with no considerations or restrictions. The research problem thus can be outlined: How have Iraqi architects dealt with the tasks of designing façades during the processes of formation, modification and decoration? Baghdad has selected as a case study to examine a set of samples of Governmental Buildings’ façades. The analysis has adopted a questionnaire technique to find out which factors have involved in the impact on the process of the metaphor of used symbols. The examination spans form the 1970s-2019. The results have shown that the use of the intellectual structure of the symbol has been very limited in the formations of the Governmental Buildings’ façades.
The Behavior of Scouring Around Multiple Bridge Piers Having Different Shapes
Authors: Abed Basim Sh. , Majeed Hayder Q.
Published: March 2020

In this research, a numerical simulation was conducted to study the behavior of the scouring pattern and the effect of spacing between bridge piers at specified hydraulic conditions such as velocity, depth of flow, and the sediment effective diameter. Moreover, the cross-section shape of piers and their effect on the scouring depth around bridge piers was studied, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS (Fluent) software. A comparison of the simulation results obtained with previous laboratory investigations was done to verify the validity of the numerical model. Generally, the scour pattern using the CFD software gave good agreement with the experimental study. A reversed proportion between scour depth and the spacing between piers were noticed, as pier spacing increase the scour depths decrease, for the spacing ratios were 2, 3.5, 4.6, 5.5, and the maximum scour depths were 32, 34, 37, 50 mm respectively. The results show that the minimum scouring depth happened with triangle-noise pier, then with oblong pier, and the maximum was with pier having a circular section. Moreover, results show that the maximum scouring depths at the center pier are 22, 29, and 36 mm for these shapes respectively.
Influence of Nano Silica on the compressive strength and flexural behaviour of Bridge rubberised concrete
Authors: Sami Asmaa G. , Aziz Hussein Y. , Hussein Farah M.
Published: March 2020

Based on the need of light weight concrete used in the bridge construction to reduce loadings on foundation and in the same time maintain enough strength to resist the stresses developed from the structure. Incorporation of recycled rubber from scrap tires in concrete as a partial replacement of course aggregate in production of new type of recycled aggregate lightweight concrete has provided many beneficial effects to both concrete and environments. Many properties of tire rubber concrete are improved compared with normal concrete. However, disadvantage such as reduction in rubber concrete strengths have limited the application of rubber concrete drastically. Therefore, this study presents a new method on producing rubber concrete with comparable compressive strength to Normal concrete strength (without rubber aggregate) by adding Nano silica as a partial replacement of binder (cement). The experimental program includes Four mixes, with one ratio of rubber (10 %,) as a partial replacement of course aggregate by weigh and, one of them is the reference rubberized concrete mix (without NS) and the other three is with three different ratios of Nano silica (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) from the weight of cement. The experimental program also includes 36 samples were prepared and tested as 6 cubes for compression strength test, three of them in age of 7 days and the other three in age 28 days, and 3 prisms for flexural strength test. The data that obtained from the experimental program indicates that the compression and flexural strength properties of the rubber concrete increases nonlinearly with the increase of Nano silica ratio. The comparison between reference rubber concrete samples (without Nano silica) and other rubber concrete samples (with Nano silica), showed that the compression strength of rubber concrete in age of 7 days increases about (15%, 28% and 43%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively The increase in flexural strength was less but still obvious which is about(9%, 15% and 26%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively as well. The ultimate strength results of rubberized concrete with NS that obtained from the experimental work was with highest ratio of NS 1.5%.
Using traditional and intelligent organizational means to solve traffic problems in Baghdad/Maysaloun Intersection
Authors: Mesrop Seda Sarkis , Al-Bakry Hiyam Majeed Jaber , Yousif Ban Faraj
Published: March 2020

The widespread use of vehicle has led to new problems in the city because of the need for these vehicles in the organization of movement and parking, especially in areas characterized by increased congestion in the morning and evening peak, which is one of the problems of the great urban growth that hit the city of Baghdad. Accordingly, this study dealt with identifying the traditional and intelligent organizational means to regulate traffic, and the most important specifications and requirements for their distribution within cities. An applied case study of Maysaloun intersection in Al-Ghadeer municipality in Baghdad city was studied for identifying the streets that suffer from the lack of traditional organizational means and the imbalance in their spatial distribution. Through field surveys of the study area, it was noted that the streets suffer from congestion in the morning and evening rush hours resulting from a spatial distribution deficit and a large deficit in the number of traffic signs that have a significant role in regulating traffic and traffic management. Service levels as a street condition were compared with US HCM standards using the HCS2010 program. It was found that all streets of the study area with a service level (LOS) are lower than level (C) and therefore this condition is met by the applicability of Variable message sign (VMS). Finally, a digital photo map using a satellite image of the study area has been prepared as a proposal showing the streets where the requirements for the deployment of intelligent signs (VMS) and basic traffic signs are available to regulate and control the traffic movement and to fill the deficit and imbalance in the number and spatial distribution.
Environmental impact of fuel stations on some heavy metal concentrations in nearby surface crust soils in urban areas: A case study of soil heavy metal contamination
Authors: Hussein Ahmed M. , Nhabih Hussein Talab , Jabbar Dhiaa Neama
Published: March 2020

In the present study, the chemical analysis, related to heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) which considered the main source of pollution in soils that come from several sources, was carried out near a three fuel stations to reveal their effect on heavy metals in the nearby soils. Samples were collected from soils which are near to three Fuel stations in Al Hilla city, as a case study, it was found that the concentrations of these metals are all below the value that should be available in average shale, except that for Pb. The average concentration of metals in samples was Pb (25.47 ppm), Ni (86.65 ppm), Zn (84.38 ppm), Mn (96.71 ppm), and Fe (112.38 ppm), and a statistical analysis is done for these results to find correlations coefficients among studied elements, and the results suggested that the fuel station may compromise the nearby soils by increasing Pb concentrations in them.
Accuracy assessment of supervised classification methods for extraction land use maps using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Authors: Abbas Zahraa , Jaber Hussein Sabah
Published: March 2020

Remotely sensed imagery identifying as the best type of data has information throughout the world. The imagery has a importance information, since it can show up-date-to day information, and provide a truly information. Different kinds of classifiers have been used to perform that. However, there is no once test for Land cover and Land use in Hilla city. The study aims to create land use classification by making a comparison between different algorithms in Hilla city, Babylon, Iraq. The WorldView-2 imagery is used to perform the per-processing, analysing of our comparison. Under the steps of pre-processing, the several corrections were made and performed on the imagery. For processing stages, two approaches were used; (1) Support Vector Machine and (2) Maximum Likelihood. The result reveals, that the Support Vector Machine method has the most significant of overall accuracy equal to 94.48% with kappa coefficient equal to 0.90, and these values much better and higher than those of Maximum Likelihood algorithm in estimating and extracting of Land cover/Land use. Therefore, this algorithm has been suggested to be applied as an optimal classifier for extraction of land use maps due to its higher accuracy and better consistency within the study area.
Different Concrete Types Affecting the Bond Strength and Interfacial Joints between New and Old Concrete
Authors: Qasim Ola Adel
Published: March 2020

The connections between concrete layers of different ages may occur in a wide range of situations, from structures rehabilitation and repairs to the construction of new buildings. This research represented an experimental study of shear forces across the joint between different concretes forming a composite action. To better understand the bond mechanism at the interface between different concrete types and old and new concrete surfaces. Overlaid specimens were fabricated to measure shear bond strength at different ages. Different parameters and a significant influence on the bond strength will be presented to evaluate the shear capacity at the interface including (the shear force for three types of the concrete cast at the same time, the shear force for three types of the concrete cast at a different time and study the effect of steel fiber on bonding mechanism). The experimental work was verified with numerical analysis carried out using ANSYS software. The general behavior of the finite element models shows a proved compatibility with the experimental test results.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Steel Fiber on Concrete Construction Joints of Prism
Authors: Qasim Ola Adel , Sultan Hussein Kareem
Published: March 2020

Joints in construction are finishing casting points in the placing of a concrete process, and these are needed in various constructions because it is impossible to install concrete in an individual connected procedure. The quantity of mixture that can be installed at a whole time is administered by the batching and mixing ability and by the strength of the formwork. A qualified joint in construction must afford sufficient continuity in shear and flexural completed the interface. In this investigation, the influence of position and character of joints in construction on the achievement of concrete components is laboratory examined with the impact of steel fiber. Prism with dimensions of (100*100*400mm) was used. The factors examined are the position of the joints in construction (at mid-span or at the third point of the prism), construction joints type (horizontal, inclined, and vertical joints).
Effect of Salinity on Concrete Properties
Authors: Qasim Ola Adel , Maula Baydaa Hssain , Moula Hayder Hussein , Jassam Salim H.
Published: March 2020

The attack of sulphate for concrete is one of the structural problems facing concrete works and has aroused the interest of researchers after the impact of this problem has appeared on many of the facilities. There are two sources of sulfur salts that attack the concrete which are external and internal, the external ones are found in the ground and surface water or the soil surrounding the concrete, the interior is within the structures of internal materials in concrete, such as aggregates, cement, water and additives. The presence of sulphate salts at high rates negatively affects the hardened cement paste due to the formation of additional quantities of Ettrengite where a large volume increase in the hardened cement paste leads to internal stresses causing cracks in the concrete mass affecting the resistance. The performance of concrete exposed to the attack of sulfur is divided into several different phenomena, such as concrete properties, absorption, and permeability. In the current investigation study, the impact of “saltwater” and “freshwater” on the characteristics of concrete (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength) are examined. Concrete cubes, prisms and cylinders were cast with normal concrete mix design were estimated. Different proportions of salt like (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) grams/liter of water were examined. The concrete cubes, prisms, and cylinders were cured for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with different salt proportions.
Nonlinear Analysis of Factors Effecting on Different Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Authors: Qasim Ola Adel , Moula Hayder Hussein
Published: March 2020

A nonlinear finite element (FEM) three-dimensional model introduced in this investigation well qualified for the examination of different reinforced concrete (RC) slabs till to failure. Three-dimensional isoperimetric quadratic elements with 20-node used to simulate the concrete, while an embedded within the concrete element of one-dimensional axial members applied to simulate the reinforcing bars. Carbon fiber reinforcement laminates were simulate as element externally attached to the brick element. During the loading process, there is an ideal bond connecting the concrete and reinforcing bars in the analysis. Hardening model of elasto-plastic work using to emulate the performance of concrete in compression then it followed by response with a completely plastic and finally is discontinue at the inception of crushing. Two crack patterns with (fixed orthogonal and a smeared crack model) with a tension-stiffening design has been adopted to simulate the concrete in tension with the incorporation of retained tensile stress of post-cracking models and due to cracking a shear retention design that remodel the rigidity of shear modulus. The Modified-Newton Raphson methods including an incremental-iterative technique used for solving the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. A force convergence criterion used to control the convergence of the solution. Integration rule with 27-Gaussian quadrature used as numerical integration in this analysis. The acquire results from the FE analysis are the slabs load-deflection response and stress distribution with numerous parametric investigations to examine the impact of some significant FE and material parameters. In overall, sufficient compromise between the FE solutions and the laboratory results has been achieved.