bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Materials selection and residual solvent retention in biodegradable electrospun fibers
Authors: Nam Jin , Huang Yan , Agarwal Sudha , Lannutti John
Published: October 2007

Electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds provide mechanical support to seeded cells that populate the structure while depositing specific extracellular matrix components. The potent sterilizing agent 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) is often used in electrospinning investigations involving biologically‐derived polymers. Surprisingly, there has been no study of solvent retention versus composition even though materials selection should influence organic solvent content. We developed a method quantifying HFIP retention following electrospinning of gelatin, polycaprolactone (PCL), and PCL‐gelatin blends using electro‐spray mass spectroscopy. The acetone content of acetone‐spun PCL was also established. Pure gelatin fiber contained as much as 1600 ppm of HFIP. In contrast, little acetone or HFIP was detected in 100% PCL. Gelatin clearly has a greater affinity for HFIP than PCL and materials selection has a strong influence on the amount of retained solvent. Vacuum + heat treatment at 37 and 45ºC reduced [HFIP] to 10 and 5.6 ppm, respectively, levels having no demonstrated effects on mammalian cell viability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of physically crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) complex hydrogels
Authors: Xiao Congming , Gao Yongkang
Published: October 2007

A series of physically crosslinked complex hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were prepared via physical mixing and a freeze/thaw technique. The morphology of the CMC/PVA complex gels was analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. It was found that the crystallinity and melting temperature of the complex gels decreased, whereas the glass‐transition temperature increased, with an increase in the content of CMC. The reswelling of the complex gels was pH‐responsive and relied on the content of CMC and the freeze/thaw cycles. A network structure model of the complex gel was presented. PVA crystalline regions served as physical crosslinks; the interaction between CMC and PVA resulted in intramolecular entanglements. It was also found that the model drug hemoglobin was released completely from the complex hydrogels in 4 h, and its release rate increased with an increase in the content of CMC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Curing characteristics of urea–formaldehyde resin in the presence of various amounts of wood extracts and catalysts
Authors: Gao Zhenhua , Wang Xiang‐Ming , Wan Hui , Liu Yu
Published: October 2007

The characteristics of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin curing in the presence of wood extracts and a catalyst [ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)] were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effects of extracts from 16 wood species on resin curing behaviors were evaluated. A model developed in this study, Tp = 53.296 exp(−9.72C) + 93.104, could be used to predict the resin curing rate in terms of the DSC peak temperature (Tp) as influenced by the NH4Cl content (C). The results indicated that the curing rate of UF resin increased as the catalyst content increased and reached a maximum when the catalyst content ranged from 0.5 to 1.0% (solid basis over liquid UF resin weight). Further increases in the catalyst content had no effect on the resin curing rate. The curing rates of UF resin in the presence of wood extracts increased with decreased pH values or increased base buffer capacities. It was also discovered that the activation energy could not fully explain the resin curing behavior when some species of wood extracts were present, and therefore, the pre‐exponential factor had to be taken into account. The concept of the equivalent catalyst content (ECC) of wood extracts to the NH4Cl content was introduced in this study; ECCs ranged from 0.0022 to 0.0331% among the 16 wood species. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Bonding Analysis of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Tautomers and Phosphine Ligands in Transition‐Metal Complexes: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Tonner Ralf , Heydenrych Greta , Frenking Gernot
Published: October 2007

DFT calculations at the BP86/TZ2P level were carried out to analyze quantitatively the metal–ligand bonding in transition‐metal complexes that contain imidazole (IMID), imidazol‐2‐ylidene (nNHC), or imidazol‐4‐ylidene (aNHC). The calculated complexes are [Cl4TM(L)] (TM=Ti, Zr, Hf), [(CO)5TM(L)] (TM=Cr, Mo, W), [(CO)4TM(L)] (TM=Fe, Ru, Os), and [ClTM(L)] (TM=Cu, Ag, Au). The relative energies of the free ligands increase in the order IMID<nNHCnNHC>IMID for the donor strength, which is in agreement with the progression of the metal–ligand bond‐dissociation energy (BDE) for the three ligands for all metals of Groups 4, 6, 8, and 10. The electrostatic attraction can also be decisive in determining trends in ligand–metal bond strength. The comparison of the results of energy decomposition analysis for the Group 6 complexes [(CO)5TM(L)] (L=nNHC, aNHC, IMID) with phosphine complexes (L=PMe3 and PCl3) shows that the phosphine ligands are weaker σ donors and better π acceptors than the NHC tautomers nNHC, aNHC, and IMID.
Magnetically Induced Orientation of Mesochannels in Mesoporous Silica Films at 30 Tesla
Authors: Yamauchi Yusuke , Sawada Makoto , Komatsu Masaki , Sugiyama Atsushi , Osaka Tetsuya , Hirota Noriyuki , Sakka Yoshio , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: October 2007

We demonstrate the magnetically induced orientation of mesochannels in mesoporous silica films prepared with low‐molecular‐weight surfactants under an extremely high magnetic field of 30 T. This process is principally applicable to any type of surfactant that has magnetic anisotropy because such a high magnetic field provides sufficient magnetic energy for smooth magnetic orientation. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyoxyethylene‐10‐cetyl ether (Brij 56) were used as cationic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. According to XRD and cross‐sectional TEM, mesochannels aligned perpendicular to the substrates were observed in films prepared with low‐molecular‐weight surfactants, although the effect was incomplete. The evolution of these types of films should lead to future applications such as highly sensitive chemical sensors and selective separation.
Structural insights into cold inactivation of tryptophanase and cold adaptation of subtilisin S41
Authors: Almog Orna , Kogan Anna , Leeuw Marina de , Gdalevsky Garik Y. , Cohen‐Luria Rivka , Parola Abraham H.
Published: October 2007

A wide variety of enzymes can undergo a reversible loss of activity at low temperature, a process that is termed cold inactivation. This phenomenon is found in oligomeric enzymes such as tryptophanase (Trpase) and other pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes. On the other hand, cold‐adapted, or psychrophilic enzymes, isolated from organisms able to thrive in permanently cold environments, have optimal activity at low temperature, which is associated with low thermal stability. Since cold inactivation may be considered “contradictory” to cold adaptation, we have looked into the amino acid sequences and the crystal structures of two families of enzymes, subtilisin and tryptophanase. Two cold adapted subtilisins, S41 and subtilisin‐like protease from Vibrio, were compared to a mesophilic and a thermophilic subtilisins, as well as to four PLP‐dependent enzymes in order to understand the specific surface residues, specific interactions, or any other molecular features that may be responsible for the differences in their tolerance to cold temperatures. The comparison between the psychrophilic and the mesophilic subtilisins revealed that the cold adapted subtilisins have a high content of acidic residues mainly found on their surface, making it charged. The analysis of the Trpases showed that they have a high content of hydrophobic residues on their surface. Thus, we suggest that the negatively charged residues on the surface of the subtilisins may be responsible for their cold adaptation, whereas the hydrophobic residues on the surface of monomeric Trpase molecules are responsible for the tetrameric assembly, and may account for their cold inactivation and dissociation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 354–359, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Biologie auf der Suche nach ihrer Identität. 200 Jahre Theoriengeschichte – Teil 1
Authors: Penzlin Heinz
Published: October 2007

Von der Einführung des Begriffes “Biologie” über die Naturphilosophie und ihre Gegenbewegung – den Materialismus –, von der Zellen‐ und der Urzeugungstheorie berichtet der erste Teil unseres Rückblicks auf 200 Jahre Biologiegeschichte. Darüber, wie viele Reiche des Lebens es gibt – und was die kleinsten Lebenseinheiten seien, wurde im 19. Jahrhundert erbittert diskutiert. Verbesserte Mikroskope und neuartige Techniken ermöglichten bahnbrechende Erkenntnisse – wie beispielsweise die Entdeckung, dass tierische sowie pflanzliche Organismen aus Zellen aufgebaut sind.
Bakterien erzeugen direkt elektrische Energie. Biotechnologie in der Schule
Authors: Scherr Dietmar
Published: October 2007

Regenerative elektrische Energie direkt zu gewinnen, ohne den Umweg über Verbrennung, Dampfturbine und Generator – was immer mit Energieverlust (Abwärme) verbunden ist – ist Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Ein Experiment, um elektrische Energie direkt mit Bakterien zu erzeugen und auch im Schulexperiment durchzuführen, wird in diesem Beitrag zur Bionik aufgezeigt.
Parasitoide – halb Parasit, halb Räuber. Wie kleine Schlupfwespen große Schwammspinner‐Raupen gefügig machen
Authors: Schopf Axel
Published: October 2007

Glyptapanteles liparidis ist eine kleine Brackwespe, die sich in den Raupen des Schwammspinners und anderen Alternativ‐ und Überwinterungswirten entwickelt. Trotz der Vielfalt der möglichen Wirtsarten zeigt die Brackwespe sehr spezifische Anpassungsmechanismen an die endoparasitische Lebensweise. Diese betreffen die Hemmung der Immunabwehrreaktion des Wirtes mit Hilfe von symbiontischen Viren, spezielle morphologische Organausbildungen wie die Analblase für die Nahrungsaufnahme und Sekretion von eigenen Substanzen in den Wirt sowie die hormonelle Regulation der Wirtsentwicklung im letzten endoparasitischen Larvalstadium.
Der Schnabel des Stockerpels: Von Farben und ihren Botschaften, leuchtenden Pigmenten und starker Abwehr
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: October 2007

Die Farbenpracht so manchen Vogelmännchens ist eine wichtige Botschaft, die der potenziellen Partnerin Auskunft über seine Fitness gibt. Doch auch Hähne bevorzugen Hennen mit kräftig gefärbtem Kamm. Was bislang nur vermutet wurde, können Physiologen und Verhaltensforscher nun bestätigen: Farben sind entscheidende Signalgeber in der Welt der Vögel. Eine Schlüsselrolle fällt dabei den Carotinoiden zu.
Indonesien: Rotalgenkulturen für Speiseeis
Authors: Budiyono Yus , Kronberg Inge
Published: October 2007

Dass der Verzehr von Eiscreme zum Bestandsschutz von Haifischen führen kann, klingt etwas abwegig. Trotzdem lassen sich Verbindungen ziehen: Cremig schmelzendes, kaltes Eis verdankt seine Konsistenz dem Zusatzstoff Carrageen, einem Polysaccharid, das aus Rotalgen gewonnen wird. Für Fischer in Indonesien sind Algenkulturen eine wichtige Alternative zum wenig nachhaltigen Haifischfang.
William Russel und Rex Burch
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: October 2007

“The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique” ist der Titel eines Buches, in dem sich bereits im Jahr 1959 der Zoologe William Russel und der Mikrobiologe Rex Burch mit Alternativmethoden zum Tierversuch beschäftigten. Ihr so genanntes 3R‐Prinzip schlägt vor: auf den Tierversuch ganz zu verzichten (replace), die Zahl der Tiere zu vermindern (reduce), Leiden und Schäden von Versuchstieren durch schonendere, weniger belastende Versuche zu vermeiden (refine).
Dank Duftcocktail liebevoll umsorgt
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: October 2007

Das “Queen Mandibular Pheromone” (QMP) spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Regentschaft einer Bienenkönigin. Es verhindert einerseits, dass Arbeiterinnen Eierstöcke ausbilden, andererseits wird die Entwicklung weiterer Königinnen blockiert. Besonders interessant aber ist die Wirkung der im QMP enthaltenen Substanz Homovanillylalkohol (HVA) auf junge Arbeitsbienen, wie Vanina Vergoz und Kollegen in “Science” berichten: Es sorgt dafür, dass die Arbeiterinnen nicht aus negativen Erfahrungen lernen.
Changing trends in surgery for acute appendicitis
Authors: Paterson H M , Qadan M , de Luca S M , Nixon S J , Paterson-Brown S
Published: October 2007

Background

Laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) offers faster recovery times and a reduced rate of wound infection compared with open appendicectomy (OA) but may be associated with more intra-abdominal abscesses. This study examines the changing trends in management of appendicitis in a regional setting during service reorganization and compares infective complication rates for each procedure.

Methods

Data were retrieved from the Lothian Surgical Audit database on 1824 patients treated for appendicitis by OA or LA during equal 31-month periods before and after service reorganization in August 2002. Outcome measures were duration of admission, recovery time from operation to discharge and reintervention for infective complications. Analysis was by intention to treat.

Results

The rate of LA in Lothian increased from 29·9 to 39·4 per cent (P < 0·001) after subspecialist service reorganization. Recovery time from operation to discharge was significantly shorter after LA than OA when results were stratified with respect to sex (mean 2·5 versus 4·4 days respectively in women, P < 0·001; 2·7 and 3·1 days in men, P = 0·023), timing of surgery (2·7 versus 3·3 days before subspecialization, P = 0·007; 2·5 versus 3·6 days after subspecialization, P < 0·001) and whether appendicitis was associated with peritoneal contamination (2·2 versus 3·0 days for uncontaminated surgery, P < 0·001; 4·3 versus 5·1 days for contaminated surgery, P = 0·060). Peritoneal contamination at primary operation was the only independent risk factor that predicted reintervention for infective complications.

Conclusion

LA is associated with a shorter hospital stay from operation to discharge than OA, with no evidence of an increased rate of intra-abdominal infective complications.
Psychological and colonic factors in painful diverticulosis
Authors: Humes D J , Simpson J , Neal K R , Scholefield J H , Spiller R C
Published: October 2007

Background

The importance of psychological factors in symptom expression in diverticulosis is unknown. This follow-up study assessed the relative importance of colonic and psychological factors in symptom expression.

Methods

Patients with barium enema-proven diverticula were sent a bowel symptom questionnaire in 1999 and again in 2006 with additional psychological questionnaires included.

Results

Some 170 of 261 initial responders were eligible for follow-up and 124 (72·9 per cent) provided complete replies. Forty-two (33·9 per cent) of 124 respondents experienced recurrent abdominal pain a median of 3·5 (interquartile range (i.q.r.) 2·00–9·25) days per month, with a median duration of 1 (i.q.r. 0·7–2) h. Multivariable analysis identified a history of acute diverticulitis (odds ratio 3·98; P = 0·010) and a raised score on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (odds ratio 2·53; P = 0·030) as the best predictors of recurrent pain.

Conclusion

Psychological and colonic factors are important in symptom expression in diverticulosis.
Role of transplantation in the management of hepatic malignancy
Authors: Knight S R , Friend P J , Morris P J
Published: October 2007

Background

The acceptance of liver transplantation in the management of hepatic malignancy declined after early poor outcomes. Despite recent developments, including stricter selection criteria and improved adjuvant therapies, the role of liver transplantation in the management of cancer remains controversial. This review explores the evidence for the current role of liver transplantation in the management of hepatic malignancy in the context of recent advances in surgical resection and non-surgical treatments.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Library and Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE, using terms for hepatic malignancy and interventions that included liver transplantation, percutaneous interventions, chemotherapy and surgical resection.

Results and conclusion

In patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, improved selection has led to outcomes equivalent to those from surgical resection and comparable to those in patients transplanted for non-malignant indications. Recent studies suggest that selection criteria may be refined further. Surgical resection or percutaneous therapies may reduce the risk of progression while waiting for a transplant. Recent improvements have occurred in neoadjuvant therapies for cholangiocarcinoma. Nevertheless, a number of questions regarding the role of liver transplantation for hepatic malignancy remain.
Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Ashton H A , Gao L , Kim L G , Druce P S , Thompson S G , Scott R A P
Published: October 2007

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in British Journal of Surgery 94: (11) 2007, 696–701.
Assessment of surgical competence
Authors: Beard J D
Published: October 2007

Formal planning and assessor training
Nationwide study of the outcome of popliteal artery aneurysms treated surgically (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 970–977)
Authors: Oshin O A , Scurr J R , Fisher R K
Published: October 2007

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Monitoring of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residual levels in porcine meat press juice and muscle via solid‐phase fluorescence immunoassay and confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography after post‐column derivatization
Authors: Pyun Chang‐Won , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Hashim M. M. M. , Shim Jae‐Han , Lee Si‐Kyung , Choi Kang‐Duk , Park Kwan‐Ha , Shin Ho‐Chul , Lee ChiHo
Published: October 2007

A solid‐phase fluorescence immunoassay (SPFIA) that was primarily developed for detection of antibiotic residues in milk was qualitatively applied for the pre‐screening of the residues of aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, in meat press juice. The confirmation of both analytes was performed using a validated method of highperformance liquid chromatography with post‐column derivatization. The analytical performance was demonstrated by the analysis of pork meat samples spiked at three concentration levels, ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 ppm for each analyte. In general, the recoveries ranged from 80.4 to 81.5% and from 79.6 to 84.4% for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, respectively, with relative standard deviations lower than 6%. The limits of detection were 0.1 and 0.15 ppm for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, respectively, and the limits of quantification of 0.35 and 0.5 ppm are below the maximum residue limits of Codex, the European Union, and the Korean Food and Drug Administration (ranging from 0.5 to 0.6 ppm). Eight real samples collected from the Seoul area were first monitored using SPFIA, and none of them were found positive. These findings are in good accordance with those observed by HPLC analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to monitor the aminoglycoside residues in pork meat press juice using SPFIA. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of iguratimod in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography: method and application
Authors: Zhou Ting , Ding Li , Li Xiaomin , Zhang Fei , Zhang Qian , Gong Bing , Guo Xiaofeng
Published: October 2007

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection has been developed for the determination of iguratimod (T‐614) in rat plasma. Plasma was precipitated with acetonitrile after the addition of the internal standard (IS), N‐[4‐(2‐formylaminoacetyl)‐5‐methoxy‐2‐phenoxyphenyl]‐methanesulfonamide. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed‐phase C18 column with the mobile phase acetonitrile–acetic acid aqueous solution, pH 4.5 (40:60, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the UV detection wavelength was set at 257 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range 0.10–50.0 µg/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 0.10 µg/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were all less than 11.5%. The method has been successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of iguratimod in rats. A single 10 mg/kg dose of iguratimod was given to the rats by intragastric administration. The mean maximum plasma concentration of iguratimod for the six rats was 14.5 µg/mL, and the mean elimination half‐life of iguratimod was 4.0 h. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiacarbocyanine as ligand in dye‐affinity chromatography for protein purification
Authors: Boto R. E. F. , Almeida P. , Queiroz J. A.
Published: October 2007

A thiacarbocyanine has been post‐grafted onto beaded cellulose by a curing method envisioning their use as a biomimetic ligand in dye‐affinity chromatography. The immobilization of this dye was performed based on a previously brief derivatization study where the analogous microcrystalline cellulose was alternatively used and some of the curing reaction conditions were varied. The grafted beaded cellulose so obtained was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized by SEM, SEM‐EDS and EA. The immobilized dye‐affinity interaction with the standard proteins bovine serum albumin, α‐chymotrypsin and lysosyme was analysed. The influence of the mobile phase composition on the chromatographic behaviour of these standard proteins was also studied. A selective interaction was observed allowing the separation of all the three proteins from an artificial mixture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of sitagliptin, a DPP‐4 inhibitor, in human plasma using liquid–liquid extraction
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Kandikere Vishwottam , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Komarneni Prashanth , Aleti Raghupathi , Boggavarapu Rajeshkumar
Published: October 2007

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of sitagliptin, a DPP‐4 inhibitor, in human plasma. Following liquid–liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse‐phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 408–235 for sitagliptin and m/z 310–148 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.1–250 ng/mL for sitagliptin in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 6%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 300 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevation of anions in exercise‐induced acidosis: a study by ion‐exchange chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: McKinnon William , Pentecost C , Lord Gwyn A , Forni Lui G , Peron Jean‐Marie , Hilton Philip J.
Published: October 2007

Acidosis is a major factor that determines the upper limit of exercise endurance. We have previously shown that anions usually associated with intermediary metabolism are elevated in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis and contribute significantly to acidosis generation. This study was to determine whether volunteers with normal metabolism would exhibit similar elevations in anions associated with intermediate metabolism when exposed to a short‐term physiological stress leading to a brief lactic acidosis. Physiological stress was induced on five healthy male subjects by means of a ramped exercise protocol. Blood was obtained immediately prior to and post‐exercise, plasma ultrafiltrate was prepared and analysed immediately both by enzyme assay and liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray–mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS). Metabolic acidosis concomitant with a significant increase in blood lactate occurred in each subject, but in addition, anions normally associated with intermediate metabolism were significantly elevated after exercise. The contribution of these anions to generating an acidosis, and thus potentially limiting the extent of exercise, has never been acknowledged. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics of Caenorhabditis elegans over‐expressing human α‐synuclein analyzed by fluorogenic derivatization–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: identification of actin and several ribosomal proteins as negative markers at early Parkinson's disease stages
Authors: Ichibangase Tomoko , Saimaru Hiroshi , Takamura Norio , Kuwahara Tomoki , Koyama Akihiko , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: October 2007

It has been known that the over‐expression of α‐synuclein, the main protein of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD), leads to neurodegeneration in PD models. In this study, the changes in protein expression between the transgenic over‐expressing human α‐synuclein wild type (α‐synWT) and the control Caenorhabditis elegans were elucidated by fluorogenic derivatization–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (FD‐LC‐MS/MS) proteome analysis, which is a highly selective, sensitive, repeatable and quantitative method for protein identification. Because the α‐synuclein wild‐type worms showed moderate levels of dopamine loss without overt behavioral abnormalities, it was suggested that the changes in proteins in the α‐synWT are related in the sequence of the formation of Lewy bodies. Among more than 400 protein peaks detected, actin and several ribosomal proteins were identified for the first time as negative markers at early PD stages. Actin was suggested to be one of the important targets in the elucidation of the etiology of neuronal diseases such as PD or other synucleinopathies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutzung von stabilen Agglomeraten zur Wasserbindung
Authors: Kopatz A. , Kunz B.
Published: October 2007

Es wird die Möglichkeit des gezielten Aufbaus stabiler, poröser und kapillarreicher Strukturen aus Gewürzpulver zur Steigerung des Wasserbindevermögens (WBV) durch verschiedene Verfahren der Agglomeration untersucht und deren Grenzen aufgezeigt. Ziel ist die Reststoffvermeidung und damit die Effizienzsteigerung bei der Verarbeitung von Gewürzen im Lebensmittelbereich. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind dabei die Art und Ausprägung intrapartikularer Bindungskräfte sowie deren Potenzial zur Ausbildung kapillarreicher Agglomerate.
Produktverantwortung und Umweltschutz
Authors: Penning J. , Keßler H. , Brahner B. , Henseling K.‐O. , Kohlmeyer R. , Karcher S. , Krause S.
Published: October 2007

Eine über den gesamten Lebenszyklus wahrgenommene Produktverantwortung schützt unsere natürlichen Ressourcen und stellt am Ende des Lebensweges die Nutzung der in Altprodukten enthaltenen Wertstoffe sicher. Die chemische Industrie nimmt hierbei eine besondere Funktion ein, da sie Ausgangspunkt für eine Vielzahl von Produkten ist. Im abfallrechtlichen Sinne zielt die Produktverantwortung auf die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen durch Vermeidung und Verwertung sowie durch umweltverträgliche Beseitigung von Abfällen. Die ganzheitliche Lebenswegbetrachtung des Produktes „Auto”︁ „von der Wiege bis zur Bahre”︁ unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der Wahrnehmung einer innovativen und nachhaltigkeitsbewussten Produktverantwortung.
Entwicklung eines Anwenderprogramms zur Optimierung der Bediensicherheit einer verfahrenstechnischen Anlage
Authors: Löwe K. , Widiputri D. I. , Löher H.‐J.
Published: October 2007

Obwohl die Hauptursachen von Unfällen in der verfahrenstechnischen Industrie im Bereich des Human Factors (menschlicher Faktor) liegen, sind systematische Untersuchungen dieser Problematik nur sehr selten anzutreffen. Dies lässt sich darauf zurückführen, dass zum einen die Hintergründe menschlicher Fehler nur wenig bekannt sind und zum anderen die entsprechenden Analysemethoden fehlen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein neu entwickeltes Softwaretool (Process Industry Tool for Operator Action Analysis – PITOPA) vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe dieses Programms können Fehler in den Bedienhandlungen und deren Konsequenzen systematisch analysiert werden. Darüber hinaus lässt sich der Einfluss der verschiedenen Faktoren, die den Bediener bei der Durchführung einer Aufgabe beeinflussen, identifizieren sowie quantifizieren. Somit können Human Factor bedingte Sicherheitslücken erkannt und der Prozess sicherer und effizienter gestaltet werden.
Integrale Analyse der Batch‐Rektifikation mit Mittelbehälter
Authors: Gruetzmann S. , Fieg G.
Published: October 2007

Die Batch‐Rektifikation mit Mittelbehälter ist eine thermisch und stofflich gekoppelte Anordnung zweier Kolonnensektionen zur absatzweisen Auftrennung von Mehrkomponentengemischen. Sie stellt eine attraktive Alternative zur herkömmlichen Batch‐Rektifikation dar, insbesondere zur Auftrennung von Dreikomponentengemischen. Eine integrale Analyse aller relevanten Einflussgrößen (Konfigurations‐, Design‐ und Betriebsparameter) führt zur wichtigen Erkenntnisgewinnung in den Bereichen Prozesssynthese und Prozessführung. Der Beitrag berücksichtigt beide Aspekte und diskutiert den aktuellen Stand der Forschung. Im Bereich der Prozesssynthese wird eine neue Methodik vorgeschlagen, um die genannten Einflussgrößen simultan zu optimieren. Zudem wird auf Basis einer dynamischen Optimierung eine robuste Prozessführung entwickelt, deren Zielsetzung es ist, den Prozess auf einfache Weise nahezu optimal zu betreiben.
Stiftung Elektro‐Altgeräte‐Register – Effiziente und zukunftsweisende Umsetzung der Produktverantwortung der Hersteller
Authors: Theusner Hartmut
Published: October 2007

Im Januar 2003 trat die EU Richtlinie zur Reduktion der zunehmenden Menge an Elektronikschrott aus nicht mehr benutzten Elektro‐ und Elektronikgeräten in Kraft. Ziel dieser Richtlinie ist es, durch eine erweiterte Herstellerverantwortung zunehmende Mengen an Elektronikschrott zu vermeiden oder zumindest zu verringern und umweltverträglich zu entsorgen. Die Umsetzung der Richtlinie in deutsches Recht erfolgte 2005 mit Inkrafttreten des Elektro‐ und Elektronikgerätegesetz (ElektroG). Dabei nimmt die Stiftung Elektro‐Altgeräte Register eine zentrale Funktion ein, da sie die Behörde ist, die die Abläufe zur Erfüllung der Pflichten aus dem ElektroG koordiniert. Wie kommt es, dass eine Bundesbehörde den Namen Stiftung Elektro‐Altgeräte‐Register (EAR) trägt? Warum ist dieselbe Stiftung EAR auch die „Gemeinsame Stelle der Hersteller”︁ und außerdem eine öffentliche Stiftung bürgerlichen Rechts? Seit wann werden Bundesbehörden in Deutschland quasi „privat betrieben”︁? Wie kann eine private Institution die nötige Distanz zu ihren Gründern (= Stiftern) und damit Sicherheit gegen Missbrauch sensibler Daten bieten? Wie kann es sein, dass eine „Gemeinsame Stelle der Hersteller”︁ nicht die Herstellerinteressen vertritt und völlig unabhängig von Verbandsinteressen agiert, ja sie sogar nötigenfalls gerichtlich abwehrt? Warum hat die Stiftung EAR nichts mit Entsorgung zu tun, wenn sie doch die Abholungen an den kommunalen Übergabestellen anordnet? Und was hat das alles mit Produkthaftung zu tun? Viele Fragen, die sich alle an einem neuen Konstrukt entzünden.
Thermisch unterstützte Bodenreinigung durch direkte Erwärmung mittels Radiowellen – Teil 1: Grundlagen und verfahrenstechnische Aspekte
Authors: Roland U. , Holzer F. , Buchenhorst D. , Kopinke F.‐D.
Published: October 2007

Die dielektrische Erwärmung von Feststoffen, vorzugsweise mit Mikro‐ und Radiowellen, ermöglicht es, die Energie unabhängig von Stoffströmen direkt in das Volumen des Materials einzubringen. Diese Methode erlaubt es, Temperatureffekte in vielen Bereichen der Umwelttechnik auszunutzen und beispielsweise Reinigungsverfahren für Abluft und kontaminierte Böden effektiver zu gestalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollen unterschiedliche Aspekte der Anwendung von Radiowellen (RW) für die In‐situ‐Bodenreinigung vorgestellt werden, wobei Inhalt des ersten Teils grundlegende verfahrenstechnische Fragen der Erwärmung mittels RW wie die Realisierung unterschiedlicher Temperaturprofile und die Energieeffizienz sind.
Konzeptioneller Entwurf von Reaktions‐Destillations‐Prozessen mit Näherungsverfahren
Authors: Kossack S. , Refinius A. , Brüggemann S. , Marquardt W.
Published: October 2007

In der Prozessentwicklung werden die Weichen für die spätere Wirtschaftlichkeit einer chemischen Anlage gestellt. Der herkömmliche Entwurfsprozess beruht dabei vor allem auf Erfahrungswissen und der Evaluation einzelner Alternativen mit Fließbildsimulatoren. Insbesondere die Optimierung des Betriebspunktes wird dabei von den herkömmlichen Werkzeugen nur unzureichend unterstützt, dabei ist ein Vergleich verschiedener Prozessalternativen nur am optimierten Betriebspunkt sinnvoll. Zur Bestimmung dieses optimalen Betriebspunktes wird in dieser Arbeit ein Prozess mit Hilfe von Näherungsverfahren modelliert. Durch die resultierende, kompakte Problemformulierung ist eine numerische Optimierung möglich. Für die Prozessalternativen zur Herstellung von ETBE wird dieses Optimierungsproblem beispielhaft formuliert und gelöst, sodass die beste Prozessalternative gefunden werden kann.
Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Espey David K. , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , Swan Judith , Wiggins Charles , Jim Melissa A. , Ward Elizabeth , Wingo Phyllis A. , Howe Holly L. , Ries Lynn A. G. , Miller Barry A. , Jemal Ahmedin , Ahmed Faruque , Cobb Nathaniel , Kaur Judith S. , Edwards Brenda K.
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate annually to provide updated information on cancer occurrence and trends in the U.S. The 2007 report features a comprehensive compilation of cancer information for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN).

METHODS.

Cancer incidence data were available for up to 82% of the U.S. population. Cancer deaths were available for the entire U.S. population. Long‐term (1975 through 2004) and fixed‐interval (1995 through 2004) incidence and mortality trends were evaluated by annual percent change using regression analyses (2‐sided P < .05). Cancer screening, risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, incidence data, and stage were compiled for non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) and AI/AN across 6 regions of the U.S.

RESULTS.

Overall cancer death rates decreased by 2.1% per year from 2002 through 2004, nearly twice the annual decrease of 1.1% per year from 1993 through 2002. Among men and women, death rates declined for most cancers. Among women, lung cancer incidence rates no longer were increasing and death rates, although they still were increasing slightly, were increasing at a much slower rate than in the past. Breast cancer incidence rates in women decreased 3.5% per year from 2001 to 2004, the first decrease observed in 20 years. Colorectal cancer incidence and death rates and prostate cancer death rates declined, with colorectal cancer death rates dropping more sharply from 2002 through 2004. Overall, rates for AI/AN were lower than for NHW from 1999 through 2004 for most cancers, but they were higher for cancers of the stomach, liver, cervix, kidney, and gallbladder. Regional analyses, however, revealed high rates for AI/AN in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska. For cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, prostate, and cervix, AI/AN were less likely than NHW to be diagnosed at localized stages.

CONCLUSIONS.

For all races/ethnicities combined in the U.S., favorable trends in incidence and mortality were noted for lung and colorectal cancer in men and women and for breast cancer in women. For the AI/AN population, lower overall cancer incidence and death rates obscured important variations by geographic regions and less favorable healthcare access and socioeconomic status. Enhanced tobacco control and cancer screening, especially in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska, emerged as clear priorities. Cancer 2007;110:2119–52. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
New method for measuring an optical property of a printed sample on FWA‐treated paper
Authors: Imura Kenji
Published: October 2007

The recently introduced virtual fluorescent standard (VFS) method for measuring an optical property of a sample treated by fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) was applied to a printed sample on FWA‐treated paper. The primary difficulty of this application is that the bi‐spectral luminescent radiance factor of the paper substrate is specifically modified by the ink films printed and each sample has the specific bi‐spectral luminescent radiance factor. In this study, the difficulty is handled by two different, orthodox and abridged, approaches. In the orthodox approach, the effective bi‐spectral luminescent radiance factor of a printed sample is estimated based on the effective spectral transmittance, which is also estimated, of the ink films printed. In the abridged approach, the effective spectral transmittance of the ink films is considered to be spectrally neutral and accordingly the effective bi‐spectral luminescent radiance factor of the printed sample is regarded as relatively identical or close to that of the paper. The performances of the VFS method by both approaches were examined with 28 samples printed by a laser printer with 7 primaries Y, M, C, K, R, G, B at 25, 50, 75, 100% dot areas on FWA‐treated paper. The results show that the performances of both approaches are remarkable at least for those samples and the abridged approach has the performance close to that of the orthodox approach for most of the samples. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 449–462, 2007
A tentative proposal for integrated photometric system, and its application to luminous colors
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sakai Hideki
Published: October 2007

A new proposal tentatively called “integrated photometric system” is given together with a detailed explanation of its structure. The proposal gives the following procedures: step 1 can determine CIE photometric quantities, step 2 can determine their perceived‐photometric correlates by applying the correction to the quantities derived in step 1. The present proposal solves the problem of coexistence of the two kinds of expected requirements in photometry suggested by Judd. In the present article, the formulas used in the step 2 are given only for luminous colors. The formulas for object colors will be given in a future article. Five applications of luminous colors are given for the step 2 of the proposed system. These applications will make it possible to promote the use of the proposed photometric system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 440–448, 2007
Experimental determination of laws of color harmony. Part 1: Harmony content of different scales with similar hue
Authors: Nemcsics Antal
Published: October 2007

In 1956 we came to the decision at the Budapest Technical University to start large scale experiments on color harmony. The experiments and the processing of the experimental results have been completed in 2006, after 50 years of research work. Within the frame of the experiments 95 000 participants have carried out more than 36 million elementary observations and made elementary decisions. Only certain parts of the experimental results have been published up to now. This article starts publishing the results not published yet. Research work on color harmony carried out during these 50 years can be categorized into seven main groups. The present article deals with the group of experiments testing how much the harmony content of the scales found in different locations in various positions of the axial sections of the Coloroid color system differ from each other. Our experiments were focused to three groups: we examined the variations in the extent of harmony content in the following cases (1) scales carried by lines with different angles to the gray axis, consisting of colors having the same number of harmony intervals between them, (2) scales consisting of colors being parallel to the gray axis, featuring various saturations, having different harmony intervals between them, and (3) scales perpendicular to the gray axis, with different luminosity, having different harmony intervals between each other. The examined color scales contained six colors in each experiment. Experiments were carried out for 24 different axial sections of the Coloroid color system. After 15‐years interruption experiments were repeated; however, with compositions of different appearances. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 477–488, 2007
Muscle–epidermis interactions affect exoskeleton patterning in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Broday Limor , Hauser Craig A. , Kolotuev Irina , Ronai Ze'ev
Published: October 2007

The C. elegans hypodermis is a single epithelial cell layer separated from the musculature by a thin basement membrane on its basal surface. The hypodermis secretes the extracellular material of the cuticle from its apical surface. The regulation of cuticle synthesis and apical secretion is not well understood. UNC‐95 is a component of the muscle dense bodies and M‐lines, which are integrin‐based adhesion complexes required for force transduction to the cuticle. Using gene expression profiling and in vivo assays, we show that, in unc‐95 mutant worms, there is an increase in expression levels of a group of hypodermal and pharyngeal genes related to cuticle structure and molting. Moreover, the cuticle structure of unc‐95 mutant adult is impaired. Our findings suggest that aberrant force transduction from the structurally impaired muscle attachments across the basement membrane to the underlying hypodermis elicits intercellular signaling that plays a role in regulating cuticle synthesis and patterning. Developmental Dynamics 236:3129–3136, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse Ripply2 is downstream of Wnt3a and is dynamically expressed during somitogenesis
Authors: Biris Kristin K. , Dunty William C. , Yamaguchi Terry P.
Published: October 2007

Somites are blocks of mesoderm that form when segment boundaries are periodically generated in the anterior presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Periodicity is thought to be driven by an oscillating Notch‐centered segmentation clock, whereas boundaries are spatially positioned by the secreted signaling molecules Wnt3a and Fgf8. We identified the putative transcriptional corepressor Ripply2 as a differentially expressed gene in wild‐type and Wnt3a−/− embryos. Here, we show that Ripply2 is expressed in the anterior PSM and that it indeed lies downstream of Wnt3a. Dynamic Ripply2 expression in prospective somites S0 and S‐I overlaps with the rostral expression of cycling genes in the Notch pathway, suggesting that Ripply2 may be controlled by the segmentation clock. Continued expression of Ripply2 in embryos lacking Hes7, a molecular oscillator in the Notch clock, indicates that Hes7 is not a major regulator of Ripply2. Our data are consistent with Ripply2 functioning as a segment boundary determination gene during mammalian embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:3167–3172, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Tol2kit: A multisite gateway‐based construction kit for Tol2 transposon transgenesis constructs
Authors: Kwan Kristen M. , Fujimoto Esther , Grabher Clemens , Mangum Benjamin D. , Hardy Melissa E. , Campbell Douglas S. , Parant John M. , Yost H. Joseph , Kanki John P. , Chien Chi‐Bin
Published: October 2007

Transgenesis is an important tool for assessing gene function. In zebrafish, transgenesis has suffered from three problems: the labor of building complex expression constructs using conventional subcloning; low transgenesis efficiency, leading to mosaicism in transient transgenics and infrequent germline incorporation; and difficulty in identifying germline integrations unless using a fluorescent marker transgene. The Tol2kit system uses site‐specific recombination‐based cloning (multisite Gateway technology) to allow quick, modular assembly of [promoter]–[coding sequence]–[3′ tag] constructs in a Tol2 transposon backbone. It includes a destination vector with a cmlc2:EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) transgenesis marker and a variety of widely useful entry clones, including hsp70 and beta‐actin promoters; cytoplasmic, nuclear, and membrane‐localized fluorescent proteins; and internal ribosome entry sequence–driven EGFP cassettes for bicistronic expression. The Tol2kit greatly facilitates zebrafish transgenesis, simplifies the sharing of clones, and enables large‐scale projects testing the functions of libraries of regulatory or coding sequences. Developmental Dynamics 236:3088–3099, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The zebrafish, brain‐specific, aromatase cyp19a2 is neither expressed nor distributed in a sexually dimorphic manner during sexual differentiation
Authors: Kallivretaki Evangelia , Eggen Rik I.L. , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. , Kah Olivier , Segner Helmut
Published: October 2007

Differential cyp19 aromatase expression during development leads to sexual dimorphisms in the mammalian brain. Whether this is also true for fish is unknown. The aim of the current study has been to follow the expression of the brain‐specific aromatase cyp19a2 in the brains of sexually differentiating zebrafish. To assess the role of cyp19a2 in the zebrafish brain during gonadal differentiation, we used quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to detect differences in the transcript or protein levels and/or expression pattern in juvenile fish, histology to monitor the gonadal status, and double immunofluorescence with neuronal or radial glial markers to characterize aromatase‐positive cells. Our data show that cyp19a2 expression levels during zebrafish sexual differentiation cannot be assigned to a particular sex; the expression pattern in the brain is similar in both sexes and aromatase‐positive cells appear to be mostly of radial glial nature. Developmental Dynamics 236:3155–3166, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.