bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music and musicians at the Guild of Our Lady in Bergen op Zoom, c. 1470–1510
Authors: Wegman Rob C.
Published: December 2008

Marian guilds and confraternities proliferated in fifteenth-century Brabant. They gave expression to the pride, devoutness and community spirit of the urban middle classes. Their chapels were invested with all the riches their members could afford: altarpieces, stained-glass windows, painted statues, silk and velvet cloth, gold and silverware, and other expensive ornaments. But the jewel in the crown for every confraternity was polyphony. Prestigious Marian confraternities such as those at 's-Hertogenbosch, Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp were among the major musical establishments of the Low Countries. They employed some of the best-known composers of their time: Jacob Obrecht, Pierre de la Rue, Johannes Ghiselin, Jacobus Barbireau, Matthaeus Pipelare, Nicasius and Jheronimus de Clibano, Paulus de Roda and Hermannus de Atrio. Other Marian confraternities in Brabant are also known to have cultivated polyphony, though probably on a lesser scale, for instance Brussels and Diest.
On the staging of madrigal comedies
Authors: Farahat Martha
Published: December 2008

The brief life of the madrigal comedy spans the forty-year period from 1590 to 1630. Coming at the end of the sixteenth century, the genre marked the decline of the polyphonic madrigal style and heralded the evolution of secular vocal music's emphasis on the dramatic. As a genre, the madrigal comedy is not well known, and its designation can lead to confusion, because the term refers to collections of compositions that need not consist of madrigals or by themselves form comedies. Nevertheless it is a term that retains some usefulness in isolating a body of works from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries that share common elements. Not until the most recent edition of Grove's Dictionary was there an entry under the heading ‘Madrigal Comedy’; earlier editions had described such works as madrigal operas, clearly an even more problematic term. The brief life of the genre – from Orazio Vecchi's Selva di varia recreatione of 1590 to Banchieri's last publication, the Trattenimenti da villa of 1630 – as well as the variety of types of composition and of musical style to be found in these collections, and the fact that there are so few of them, make it particularly difficult to define more narrowly or more precisely.
Jean de Castro, the Pense partbooks and musical culture in sixteenth-century Lyons
Authors: Brooks Jeanice
Published: December 2008

The city of Lyons enjoyed its heyday in the sixteenth century. Favourably situated along the great trade routes connecting Italy and the north, Lyons was a busy commercial centre that saw a constant flow of goods and people through its marketplaces and fairs. Its large population was polyglot and cosmopolitan: many of its most prominent citizens were recent immigrants or members of one of the foreign ‘nations’ that wielded so much financial power through their connections with banks in Italy. The city boasted a flourishing book trade and an active cultural life, and its culture was in many ways as international as its citizenry. Trade links with other great economic centres of the time were often mirrored in art and music. Although artistic ties with Italian cities were perhaps the strongest, connections with Antwerp and other northern cities existed as well. A newly identified set of manuscript partbooks in the Bibliothèque Nationale is an example of one such economic and cultural link. Commissioned by a young merchant of Lyons from a composer in Antwerp, they testify to the vitality of cultural exchange along the major trade routes of the Renaissance. Furthermore, they shed new light on the careers of the copyist Jean Pollet, who worked at the Bavarian court with Lassus, and the Netherlands composer Jean de Castro, and provide a unique and fascinating view into the life of Justinien Pense, the patron who commissioned them.
The lost chant tradition of early Christian Jerusalem: some possible melodic survivals in the Byzantine and Latin chant repertories
Authors: Jeffery Peter
Published: December 2008

The medieval chant traditions of the Eastern and Western churches can generally be traced back to about the tenth century, when the earliest surviving notated manuscripts were created. In these earliest sources, the various traditions are already distinct from each other and fully formed, each with thousands of chants that are assigned to at least eight modes and belong to dozens of melody types or families, carefully distributed across the daily, weekly and annual cycles of a complicated liturgical calendar. Yet we have hardly any information at all as to how these traditions evolved into the highly complex state in which we first find them. Where did they come from and when did they originate? How and when did they achieve the relatively fixed form in which we know them? Questions such as these have been important in chant research during the last thirty years, ever since Willi Apel outlined what he called ‘the “central” problem of the chant, that is, the question concerning its origin and development’. But attempts to investigate these questions have often been conceived too narrowly, overlooking as much evidence as they include or more. For instance, many scholars have written about ‘the central problem’ as if it belonged mainly to Gregorian chant and its close relative, the Old Roman or special Urban repertory, when in fact the origins and early history of almost every tradition of Eastern and Western chant are equally obscure.
The compilation of the Montpellier Codex
Authors: Wolinski Mary E.
Published: December 2008

The manuscript Montpellier, Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire, Section Médecine, H 196 (hereafter called Mo) has long claimed a place as one of the musical monuments of the thirteenth century. It is one of the most comprehensive sources of the early motet and is by far the largest anthology of French three-voice motets. It has long been thought that Mo was compiled in a number of stages that reflect gradual changes in musical notation and style during the second half of the thirteenth century. This assumption has been used to date repertory, theorists and composers.
Tempo relationships between duple and triple time in the sixteenth century
Authors: DeFord Ruth I.
Published: December 2008

One of the most challenging problems in the performance of sixteenth-century music is the interpretation of tempo relationships between passages of duple and triple time. Afterc. 1520 binary signatures became standard for most pieces, and ternary passages within them were notated assesquialteraor triple proportions. The signs of these proportions ostensibly specify precise tempo relationships between the binary and ternary passages, but in practice they could be interpreted in a variety of ways depending on time, place and musical context, as well as on the notation itself.
Music in the Corpus Christi procession of fifteenth-century Barcelona
Authors: Kreitner Kenneth
Published: December 2008

The great ceremonies of the Middle Ages and Renaissance have an uncomfortable position in music history. Contemporary descriptions of such events have survived from all over Europe through the centuries, and they are often full of vivid and quotable detail. For all its rich abundance, however, the documentation surrounding these large ceremonies has proved in a number of ways difficult to interpret. First, it is usually impossible to connect the official ceremonial accounts securely to specific, known pieces of music. Second, it is the nature of secular documents to omit as beneath their purview many of the musical details that we today regard as indispensable – the chroniclers were always maddeningly more interested in the musicians' clothing than in, say, their instrumentation. Third, and perhaps most important as we strive towards a balanced, street-level view of music in medieval and Renaissance life, the ceremonies that got the biggest descriptions tended to be the most extraordinary events of their day, unique by definition and held for the most rarefied and least representative audiences. The people who attended the Feast of the Pheasant or the meetings of the Order of the Golden Fleece were no cross-section of their society, and it is hard to know exactly how much of what we learn about their music can be applied to anything we might call real life.
The polyphonicrondeau c.1300: Repertory and context
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: December 2008

Any explanation of the emerging polyphonicchansonin the years before 1330 must negotiate varied repertories and compositions. One of the central genres in such a study would be the polyphonicrondeau. It is characterised by a musico-poetic structure more or less analogous to therondeauof the later fourteenth century, but also by three-part music – mostly syllabic, note-against-note – that is copied in score. Our view of these sorts of compositions is dominated by the works of Adam de la Halle, whose sixteen score-notated polyphonic settings of vernacular lyrics are preserved in a manuscript now in the Bibliothèque Nationale (F-Pn), MS fr. 25566.
Music and writing: On the compilation of Paris Bibliothèque Nationale lat. 1154
Authors: Barrett Sam
Published: December 2008

For a large part of Western music history we are forced to interpret in the absence of signs. The appearance in the ninth century of a system of signs to represent music thus not only comes as something of a relief but also raises certain questions. How would the signs have been understood? How would something with no immediate history have been comprehended? Recent answers to such questions have placed notational signs within the context of oral history, positing a degree of continuity and interaction across oral and literate domains. Much insight has been gained through this awareness of oral issues, and it is not intended to challenge claims made in this area.
Music notation in Archivio San Pietro C 105 and in the Farfa Breviary, Chigi C.VI.177
Authors: Boe John
Published: December 2008

Was music notated at Rome before the St Cecilia gradual, finished in 1071, was begun? If so (as seems likely), does the common wisdom hold true that no examples of such notation have survived? And if a search through sacramentaries, lectionaries, evangeliaries, bibles and homiliaries written in urban and suburban Rome before 1071 should disclose bits of such notation, what would they reveal? An earlier stage of music writing indigenous to Rome, or a borrowed technique recently imported? And if borrowed, borrowed from where?
Ferdinand of Aragon's entry into Valladolid in 1513: The triumph of a Christian king
Authors: Knighton Tess , García Carmen Morte
Published: December 2008

These lines adorned one of the triumphal arches built in honour of Ferdinand of Aragon's ceremonial entry into Valladolid on 5 January 1513. This event, like so many other such entries throughout Europe during the sixteenth century, was intended to recall the Triumphs of the Roman emperors, though it was also embedded in a long-established entry ritual. The ephemeral buildingsall'antica, theapparati, street decorations, pageants with allegorical, mythological and historical figures, as well as music and dancing of various kinds all formed part of a royal spectacle devised according to the political process of image-making.
‘Premierement ma baronnie de Chasteauneuf’: Jean de Ockeghem, treasurer of St Martin's in Tours
Authors: Magro Agostino
Published: December 2008

The beginning of the second half of the fifteenth century marks the appearance of Jean de Ockeghem at the French royal court. Apparently he was the first composer to be involved in the chapel of Charles VII, at the time when this institution, which had previously included only a few chaplains, began to expand. We owe our knowledge of Ockeghem's biography to three particular studies. The first is that of Michel Brenet (Marie Bobillier), whose ‘biographical study following unpublished documents’ laid the foundations for subsequent research on the royal chapel of the Valois monarchs. The second is an article by Jean-Michel Vaccaro published nearly thirty years ago, which reveals the precise date of the composer's death.
Diplomacy and musical patronage: Virginia, Guidubaldo II, Massimiliano II, ‘lo Streggino’ and others
Authors: Piperno Franco
Published: December 2008

The name of Virginia Vagnoli, a renowned Sienese singer who was active for several years at the court of Guidubaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, is known thanks to research carried out by scholars as well as to some fortunate circumstances. She was the most prominent musician at Guidubaldo II's court at Pesaro, and her name appears in several mid-sixteenth-century documents: Francesco Sansovino's Le cento novelle (second edition, 1562), the title page of Giovanni Maria Rosso's Il primo libro di madrigali a quattro voci, published and dedicated to her by Claudio Merulo; the dedication to Guidubaldo II of the treatise De origine et dignitate musices, by Pietro Caetano, singer at St Mark's; and, above all, the literary works of the poet Lodovico Agostini.
Experimental polyphony, ‘according to the… Latins’, in late Byzantine psalmody
Authors: Conomos Dimitri
Published: December 2008

No-one has ever seriously questioned the exclusively monophonic character of medieval Byzantine ecclesiastical chant. The introduction of the drone, or ison singing, so familiar in contemporary Greek, Arabic, Romanian and Bulgarian practice, is not documented before the sixteenth century, when modal obscurity, resulting from complex and ambiguous chromatic alterations which appeared probably after the assimilation of Ottoman and other Eastern musical traditions, required the application of a tonic, or home-note, to mark the underlying tonal course of the melody. Musicians in Constantinople and on Mount Athos were probably oblivious of the rise of polyphony in the West, particularly after the formal break between the two Churches in the eleventh century, which was preceded by a long period of increasing estrangement. And with the Latin occupation of a part of the Byzantine Empire between 1204 and 1261, there was a general distaste for and rejection of the culture of the ‘Franks’.
The Chirk Castle partbooks
Authors: le Huray Peter
Published: December 2008

The existence of an unsuspected and valuable set of Anglican Services and anthems first became generally known when they were catalogued at Sotheby's London Salerooms in 1969. It may seem remarkable that a major source of pre-Restoration church music should have escaped the puplic gaze for some 350 years: it is perhaps just as surprising that so rich a repertory should have originated from Chirk Castle, a remote spot close to the Welsh border in the county of Clwyd (formerly Denbighsihire).
Isabella d'Este and Lorenozo da Pavia, ‘master instrument-maker’
Authors: Prizer William F.
Published: December 2008

And what shall I say of thee, O Lorenzo Gusnasco … ? Of such renown were your musical instruments, Lorenzo, that when they were for sale in the principal cities of Italy and bore the inscription of having been made by Lorenzo da Pavia the client never hesitated, no matter how excessive the price might have seemed, to spend greatly because of the excellence and authority of this most famous maker.
The compilation of Trent 871 and 922
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: December 2008

It was Charles Hamm who first formalised the distinction between fifteenth-century manuscripts whose contents are arranged primarily according to liturgical type (introits, Kyrie settings, Gloria settings, etc.), in a more or less predetermined succession of gatherings, and those in which the repertory is more arbitrarily organised through small clusters of related works and in which gatherings tend to form separate and independently conceived entities. Trent 87 and 92 (hereafter Tr87 and Tr92) belong primarily to the second category. Haberl first distinguished them from the later Trent codices as an older group of manuscripts of independent origin; but it was Adler and Roller who recognised their important subdivisions. The main section of Tr92 (fols. 1–143) and the latter part of Tr87 (fols. 219–265), they noted, had each once formed a separate book,6 while the remaining portions of the manuscripts, TY87, fols. 1–218, and Tr92, fols. 144–268 (here referred to individually as Tr871, and Tr922 but jointly as TR?), were so closely related as to suggest that they belonged together.
Responsibilities in Syntax
Authors: Lehmann Winfred P.
Published: December 2008

Syntax has received major attention in recent linguistic study, with many efforts at formalization. Publications have taken datalargelyfrom earlier treatments characterized as traditional. In spite of claims for theoretical advances, no treatments of syntax have been produced to replace the earlier, supposedly outmoded treatments. Rather, theoretical claims, such as those advanced on the advantages of a generative approach and formah'sm, have been dismissed by leading figures in the field. More recent grammars, like Mitchell's for Old English and Engel's for modern German, generally observe the traditional approach. Among problems, those for older periods lack the historical approach, as of expression for reflexivization. Investigations into these and other syntactic categories are needed. Further, outstanding works of the past, such as those by Delbruck, should be made available. In addition, specific handbooks, as on Old High German syntax, should be undertaken; in preparation, some texts of the time require reediting.
The Linguistic Theories of Simon Stevin
Authors: Brink Daniel
Published: December 2008

Although modern commentators readily acknowledge Stevin's significance as a creator of Dutch technical vocabulary, his linguistic theories are generally either ignored, or are dismissed as naive or confused nonsense. These theories were, however, the basic motivation for Stevin's considerable efforts in vocabulary creation, and they were taken seriously and literally by his contemporaries; Stevin's theories were of fundamental significance to the Dutch “language patriots” of the early seventeenth century.
German Vowel Lengthening: Causes and Conditions
Authors: Kyes Robert L.
Published: December 2008

Investigations of vowel lengthening and shortening in German have sought to identify either the ultimate cause of these changes, e.g., the need to achieve an ideal and uniform word length, or the specific conditions for them, e.g., open vs. closed syllable. Little light has been shed on the problem since Paul's formulation of 1884. Typically absent are references to real evidence that might be adduced from Middle and Early New German orthographic practices.
Contact phenomena in language maintenance and shift: The Pennsylvania German infinitive construction
Authors: Huffines Marion Lois
Published: December 2008

The formation of the Pennsylvania German dependent infinitive construction varies across Pennsylvania German speech communities. The use ofzuto mark infinitives which do not complement modals is receding in all communities and has been replaced variably byfarorfar…zu. Younger nonnative speakers have grasped the (far)…zu construction as template for producing discourse. Sectarians (Amish and Mennonites) mark dependent infinitives less frequently than nonsectarians, and Amish speakers often avoid the construction by the progressive aspect. The influence of English on these developments is indirect. The loss ofzu, the use of(far)…zu, and the sectarian omission offarandzurepresent generalizations of different rules. The contact seems to have promoted generalization, but has influenced each group to generalize differently
Germanic umlaut from a physiological and phonological point of view: Prolegomena to a theory of sound change
Authors: Marchand James W.
Published: December 2008

This paper represents a return to the theme of Germanic umlaut, umlaut in general, and sound change in general. It invokes first the concept of the parameter, then the concept of parametric inertia. That is, since all parameters are produced by physical organs, they are governed by inertia, and this allows a (phonetic) explanation of assimilation (including umlaut) and dissimilation. Further, the concept of a hierarchy of parameters based on a phonetically most similar notion is developed to replace the unworkable phonetically similar criterion in classical phonemics.
Youth language in the German Democratic Republic: Its diversity and distinctiveness
Authors: Salmons Joe
Published: December 2008

This article provides an overview of Jugendsprache, youth language, as spoken in the German Democratic Republic, a variety far less studied than its West German cousin. Attitudes toward and perceptions of GDR youth language are treated, showing far greater diversity than previous Western discussions have found. More importantly, this study provides empirical data from a variety of sources for a sociolect previously largely lacking such evidence.
Der Computer als Zugang zum altisländischen Kalender
Authors: Kratz Bernd
Published: December 2008

Medieval Iceland had two different systems of reckoning time which were used concurrently for different purposes: it had adopted the Julian calendar, prevalent in all of Europe, and it had also developed a separate calendar with no close parallels in any other country. This distinctly Icelandic calendar can be traced back to pre-Christian times, and it remained popular throughout the Middle Ages up until early modern days. This article uses brief excerpts from a computer program to analyze the structure and main features of the Icelandic calendar and to demonstrate by which methods its divisions into years, months and weeks were reconciled with the natural solar year as well as with the interlocking cycles of “fixed” and “movable” ecclesiastical holidays of the Julian calendar.
OE-estre and PGmc. *-ārjaz: The origin and development of two agentive suffixes in Germanic
Authors: Davis Garry W.
Published: December 2008

PGmc. *-ārjaz was borrowed from Latin, and became a productive masculine agentive suffix in the older Germanic languages, gradually displacing various native agentive suffixes. Despite some assertions to the contrary, OE -estrecan be shown to have been a feminine agentive suffix of Germanic origin that was also applied to certain feminine animal names. During the Old English period, a pattern obtained whereby masculine agent nouns were frequently derived using -ere(< PGmc. *-ārjaz), while the corresponding feminine agent nouns used -estre. This system was partially preserved in Modern Dutch, but died out in English as -erwas increasingly used to form agent nouns of both genders.*
Stress on particle verbs withdurchin Modern German
Authors: Benware Wilbur A.
Published: December 2008

The verbal particledurchshows two stress patterns: stressed and unstressed. These are correlated with two different construals of the relation of a Trajector to a Landmark. When the relation is construed to be sequential from one side of the Landmark to the other, the particle is stressed. Non-sequentiality is correlated with unstressed particles.
PGmc. : A response to Barrack
Authors: Murray Robert W.
Published: December 2008

Barrack (1991) argues against the reconstruction of PGmc. syllable structure proposed in Murray and Vennemann (1983), namely, . According to Murray and Vennemann, this reconstruction is compatible with characteristics of early Germanic verse as well as Gothic word divisions and provides a basis for a coherent interpretation of major phonological changes in early Germanic; namely Sievers's Law, West Germanic gemination, North Germanic resyllabication, and glide strengthening in Gothic. Focusing on these same points, Barrack attempts to reinterpret them as providing evidence for . In this response, I demonstrate that Barrack fails on all counts. Most importantly, he fails to provide a coherent, well-motivated interpretation of the pertinent phonological changes on the basis of his assumed .
Syntax to the syntacticians?
Authors: Lutzeier Peter R.
Published: December 2008

For much too long the description of syntactic phenomena has been suffering from prior, axiomatically given assumptions within particular syntactic theories. With the review of my book in this journal we now have proof that these assumptions may also seriously distort the view of a book which indeed does not religiously follow within the footsteps of any of these theories. In this brief note I shall try to set the record straight with regard to some of the worst distortions. The rest is left to the reader of my book and of the review, who I trust will be able to judge for him/herself, in particular with regard to the tone and style of the review.
Historiographie und Sprachgeschichte: zur Beschreibung des althochdeutscheni–Umlauts
Authors: Penzl Herbert
Published: December 2008

In einer Reihe von Artikeln haben Joseph B. Voyles und zwei deutsche Linguisten unter dem Einfluß generativistischer Theorien von neuem kritische Erklärungen des ahd.i−Umlauts und der nhd. Verteilung der Umlautsvokale unternommen. Diese Art von linguistischer Historiographie entspricht m.E. nicht der realen Sprachgeschichte.
Segment Organization in the High German Consonant Shift
Authors: Davis Garry W. , Iverson Gregory K.
Published: December 2008

In consequence of the familiar High German consonant shift, the voiceless stops /p t k/ became the affricates /pf ts kx/, simplifying later to the geminate fricatives /ff ss (‘ƷƷ’) xx/ in certain environments. It has long been assumed that the affricates developed only from aspirated allophones of /p t k/, thus accounting for the retention of plain stops in /s/-clusters and a few other positions, but it is not obvious why particularly aspiration, ensuing from a laryngeal gesture of spread glottis, should have resulted in the oral property of affrication. Neither is it clear how etymologically simplex segments, upon deaffrication in certain environments, might have resulted in geminates without further stipulation. Proceeding from essentially traditional assumptions, and at the same time addressing important questions about Germanic phonetics raised by Vennemann (1984), the present paper attributes the triggering of the affrication event to an early factoring out, or segmentalization, of the feature for aspiration, i.e., pre-OHG [phthkh] → [ph th kh]. Explanations are then proposed for the development of affricates out of these now disegmental sequences via place assimilation from the stops, and of the affricates into geminate fricatives (postvocalically and in some postconsonantal environments) via assimilatory weakening.
The Morphological Status of Old English ge-
Authors: Crouch Tracy A.
Published: December 2008

OE ge- functions synchronically as a proclitic, contrary to widely held views. This morphological status is an integral part of a broader diachronic pattern in Germanic, namely grammaticalization of an old particle to a prefix. OE g e- provides a clear example of grammaticalization. Following its path from Proto-Indo-European adverbial to Old English proclitic, and from its near grammaticalization as a past participle marker and subsequent loss, one can see easily the cline of grammaticalization.
Revising Biblical Translation: Luther's Lexical Choices in Matthew between 1522 (Septembertestament) and 1545, Compared with the Greek Source Text
Authors: Koby Geoffrey S.
Published: December 2008

After Martin Luther first translated and published the New Testament in 1522, he immediately began the work of revision—work that would last through his lifetime and beyond. Working with a group of biblical scholars, he made thousands of changes to the text, continuing until his death in 1546. Although some critics have seen Luther's earlier language as vulgar and coarse—particularly in the Gospels— and have suggested that he refined his language over time, others suggest that a more differentiated view is necessary. This article examines the lexical differences in the Gospel of Matthew between theSeptembertestamentof 1522 and the last Bible published during Luther's lifetime, in 1545. Major lexical changes are compared with the Greek source text, and assigned to three major classes: (I) changes that bring the translation closer to the original Greek meaning; (II) changes that diverge from a close rendering of the source text, for comprehension or esthetic reasons; and (III) changes that are neutral with regard to the source, originating from target language (German) considerations. Most major changes arise from either the source text or understandability considerations. The original lexical choices in the 1522 version are not as coarse or extreme as some have suggested.
Coordination and Antisymmetry Theory: Some Evidence from Germanic
Authors: te Velde John R.
Published: December 2008

A major recent development in minimalist syntactic theory concerns phrase structure. Kayne (1994) claims that all phrases are binary, asymmetric, and left-headed. The implications of this restrictive theory for coordination as a syntactic phenomenon are quite broad. Most significantly, coordination can no longer be represented as the union of symmetrical conjuncts; rather, conjuncts are projections of the conjunction, a head, and stand in an asymmetric relation to each other.
Middle Verbs in Icelandic
Authors: Kissock Madelyn
Published: December 2008

This paper presents an account ofst-(middle) verbs in Icelandic that treats -stas the head of a functional phrase-object agreement (AgrO)- and argues that, consequently,st-formation is a syntactic rather than a lexical process. Supporting evidence includes the fact that -stis a clitic rather than an inflectional or derivational element attached to the verb. This analysis has the advantage thatst-verbs, which on the surface appear disparate in their interpretation (e.g., reflexive vs. passive), can be unified under a single syntactic operation. The differences in interpretation fall out from argument structure properties of individual verbs. A consistent mapping between morphology and syntax is obtained.*
Some Prominent Linguistic Characteristics of Brother Hermann'sLeben der Gräfin Iolande von Vianden
Authors: Lawson Richard H.
Published: December 2008

An examination of the verb forms in Brother Hermann's Middle High German verse epic,Leben der Gräfin Iolande von Vianden(c. 1283 in the neighborhood of Luxembourg), is undertaken in the categories of loan words, athematic verb forms, class shifting in strong verbs, thege-perfective prefix, and apocopation and addition of finaln. The last category is developed to situateIolande, which consists of approximately 5,963 lines of rhymed couplets, in the context of Old High German and Middle High German historical development.
What giveswithes gibt?Typological and comparative perspectives on existentials in German, Germanic, and Indo-European
Authors: Joseph Brian D.
Published: December 2008

To the memory of Edgar Polomé, who inspired with his keen interest in Germanic and Indo-European

Modern German existentials with impersonales gibtare attested only rather late in the German tradition (from late Middle High German, in the fourteenth century), have few compelling cognate constructions (if any) elsewhere in Germanic, and thus are usually taken to be an extension of other senses (e.g., ‘give, produce, yield’) of the verbgeben.It is noted here, though, that parallels with existentials based on verbs meaning ‘have, take’ cognate togebencan be found elsewhere in Indo-European, in particular in Old Irish and Latin. When viewed against the backdrop of there being several verbs in Indo-European meaning both ‘give’and ‘take’, these facts suggest an interpretation wherein the existential sense ofgebenis the archaism, and the meaning ‘give’is a Germanic innovation.*
Notes on the Etymologies of Englishbigand Gothicga-
Authors: Davis Garry W.
Published: December 2008

During the Northwest Germanic period, *ɣaβiɣs ‘rich’ (Go.gabigs/gabeigs‘rich’ <giban‘to give’) and related forms (Go.gabigjan‘to make rich’,gabignan‘to be rich’) were reanalyzed as consisting of the prefix *ɣa-+ root. This reanalysis was triggered by the prevailing Germanic stress pattern (indicated where necessary by a raised tick '), since *ɣaβiɣswas stressed on the first syllable of the root (thus *'ɣaβiɣs). while nominal and adjectival compounds that consisted of *ɣa- + root ('ga-qumps‘assembly’, 'ga-fulgins‘hidden’, 'ga-hails‘hale’) were stressed on the prefix. Thus, an extrapolated root form *ɣiγ->*biγ- was created that then existed parallel to *γaβiγsin Northwest Germanic. The newly created form *biγssurvived and developed into MEbig(ge)‘strong, sturdy’ (> Eng.big), while OEgifig, ONg˛fugr‘noble’, and related forms in Old High German and Gothic are reflexes of *ɣaβiɣs.
The Derivational Suffixes and Suffixoids of Old Saxon: A Panchronic Approach to a Linguistic Category
Authors: Stevens Christopher M.
Published: December 2008

A survey of the literature on Old Saxon derivational suffixes and suffixoids does not yield a neat and clear-cut picture of forms. The reason is that some researchers take a diachronic view of the data, while others take a synchronic view. In this article I recommend apanchronicview of the data in hopes of clarifying the situation. As part of the discussion I argue that affixoids are a good example of grammaticalization. I thus also discuss and—as far as research on German is concerned—aim to resurrect the notion of AFFIXOID as a linguistic category. If successful, the results of this paper may be applied to other languages.
A Cognitive Approach to the Old Saxon Processual Passive
Authors: Arnett Carlee
Published: December 2008

Hopper and Thompson's (1980) seminal article on transitivity has brought forth renewed interest in the passive and other correlates of transitivity. Langacker (1982) and others working within the Cognitive Grammar framework argue that the passive voice is an independent construction and that it is not a reorganization of the active voice. This paper builds on this view of the passive and presents an analysis of the processual passive in Old Saxon, using the theory of Cognitive Grammar. This semantic analysis focuses on the retention of the dative case in the passive and the similarity in event structure in events encoded by the active or passive voice.
Constructional Semantics in German: The Dative of Inaction
Authors: Hens Gregor
Published: December 2008

This article contains arguments for a revised classification of a number of so-called free datives in German. In particular, a distinction is drawn between an ergative dative of inaction construction and an agentive dative of affect. The construction grammar framework is employed to argue that the unique semantics of the dative of inaction (a potential agent fails to prevent an adversative, mutative event) are associated with the abstract syntactic form of the construction as a whole, not with its constituents. Because its semantics are constructional, i.e., not strictly predictable from the semantics of its constituents, the dative of inaction is considered a grammatical category distinct from the dative of affect, which has compositional semantics.
Einar Haugen as a Historian of Linguistics
Authors: Koerner E. F. K.
Published: December 2008

In this short paper, the author takes a closer look at Einar Haugen's (1906–1994) writings in as far as they touch upon the historiography of linguistics. After a sketch of his scholarly background and the role he played in the Linguistic Society of America generally and, more particularly, as a historian of linguistic thought from his well-known LSA presidential address of 1950 onwards, Haugen's treatment of the so-calledFirst grammatical treatisecomes under closer scrutiny. In particular, the author discusses two expressions in Haugen's 1950 edition of the text that seem to have given rise to much speculation, namely, the wordgreinand the (probably juridical) phraseskipta máli. It is argued that Haugen and others—notably Hreinn Benediktsson—are at best overinterpreting them by assigning modern structural phonologist meanings to the words, turning them into metalinguistic terms. It is maintained instead that the First Grammarian had made a practical argument in favor of the addition of four vowels not found in the five-vowel Roman alphabet necessitated by the facts of Old Icelandic, and that the text was basically a pedagogical treatise on orthographic requirements and not a precocious phonological discussion.
The Gothic Genitive Plural in -ēRevisited
Authors: Shields Kenneth
Published: December 2008

In this brief paper it is proposed that the problematic Gothic genitive plural suffix in -ēmay derive from a grammaticalized deictic particle. Typological and specifically Indo-European evidence for the derivation of genitive markers from deictic particles is presented in support of this hypothesis.
German Spelling and Writing: System and Process
Authors: Koekkoek B.J.
Published: December 2008

In the production of written German, the spelling system and the writing process are distinct but interdependent. The system of spelling depends upon the writing process for its manifestations; the process of writing depends upon the spelling system for its substance.
Velocity and attenuation in young oceanic crust: New downhole log results from DSDP/ODP/IODP Holes 504B and 1256D
Authors: Guerin Gilles , Goldberg David S. , Iturrino Gerardo J.
Published: December 2008

To characterize the acoustic properties of oceanic crust and investigate the nature of the oceanic layer 2/3 seismic boundary, we analyze sonic logging waveforms recorded in the two deepest holes ever drilled in intact oceanic crust: Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1256D and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP)/ODP Hole 504B. Hole 1256D penetrated 15 Ma old crust on a superfast spreading segment of the Cocos plate, while Hole 504B was drilled in a ∼6 Ma old section of an intermediate spreading segment of the Nazca plate. Careful reprocessing of different sets of waveforms allows us to draw depth profiles of the primary parameters controlling wave propagation in the crust: compressional and shear velocities (Vp and Vs), and attenuation. The results underline the importance of proper filtering and processing parameters for the acquisition of acoustic logs in hard rocks. While the reprocessed Vp logs improve previous data, particularly at the bottom of Hole 1256D, the Vs logs represent significant enhancements in quality and in extent of previous profiles in the two holes. Attenuation results provide the first measure of intrinsic attenuation in these holes. The velocity and attenuation logs confirm that Hole 504B had reached oceanic layer 3 without recovering gabbros. Conversely, while gabbros were recovered in Hole 1256D, no layer 3 velocity values were recorded in the interval logged. However, the reprocessed data suggest that the transition to layer 3 might occur within the deepest 87 m of the hole that were not logged or immediately below. Accordingly, the layer 2/3 seismic boundary does not appear to be related to the top of the plutonic crust. Despite different ages, spreading rates, and mineralogy, however, the two sites display remarkably similar velocity and attenuation profiles through the entire crustal sections logged, suggesting that they can be reliably considered representative of the acoustic properties of the Nazca/Cocos spreading system and more generally of undisturbed oceanic crust.
Volcanism on Mercury: A new model for the history of magma ascent and eruption
Authors: Wilson Lionel , Head James W.
Published: December 2008

We use the identification of volcanism on Mercury, together with lobate, flow‐front like topography, crustal composition information and data on the stress state and history of the lithosphere, to derive a new model for the ascent and eruption of magma on Mercury. We find that extrusion is likely to be dominated by high‐effusion rate events. Initial emplacement of dikes in the crust and extrusions to the surface will result in a denser crust, favoring even more extrusive volcanism. This will be followed by cooling associated with planetary thermal evolution that will rapidly decrease the ability of magma to reach the surface, resulting in a decline and termination of volcanism following the emplacement and deformation of regional smooth plains. These predictions and the resulting history can be tested with observations from missions to Mercury.
Mechanisms of South Indian Ocean intraseasonal cooling
Authors: Vinayachandran P. N. , Saji N. H.
Published: December 2008

Intense cooling of the sea surface at intraseasonal time scales takes place in the southern tropical Indian Ocean during austral summer. Mechanisms that cause intraseasonal cooling are investigated using in situ observations by Argo floats, remote sensing data sets and simulation using a high resolution ocean general circulation model of the Indian Ocean. Temperature profiles from Argo floats within the cooling region show evidences for the entrainment of cool thermocline water into the mixed layer. The cooling events are accompanied by an increase in sea surface chlorophyll concentration which provides additional evidence for entrainment. The Indian Ocean model reproduces intraseasonal cooling events and demonstrates that mixed layer cooling originate from vertical processes at the base of the mixed layer for certain events. The air‐sea flux tends to be the dominant cooling mechanism when the thermocline is deep and mixed layer is thick whereas entrainment dominates when the thermocline is shallow.
Seasonally active frost‐dust avalanches on a north polar scarp of Mars captured by HiRISE
Authors: Russell Patrick , Thomas Nicolas , Byrne Shane , Herkenhoff Kenneth , Fishbaugh Kathryn , Bridges Nathan , Okubo Chris , Milazzo Moses , Daubar Ingrid , Hansen Candice , McEwen Alfred
Published: December 2008

North‐polar temporal monitoring by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) orbiting Mars has discovered new, dramatic examples that Mars' CO2‐dominated seasonal volatile cycle is not limited to quiet deposition and sublimation of frost. In early northern martian spring, 2008, HiRISE captured several cases of CO2 frost and dust cascading down a steep, polar scarp in discrete clouds. Analysis of morphology and process reveals these events to be similar to terrestrial powder avalanches, sluffs, and falls of loose, dry snow. Potential material sources and initiating mechanisms are discussed in the context of the Martian polar spring environment and of additional, active, aeolian processes observed on the plateau above the scarp. The scarp events are identified as a trigger for mass wasting of bright, fractured layers within the basal unit, and may indirectly influence the retreat rate of steep polar scarps in competing ways.
Effect of Arabidopsis COP10 ubiquitin E2 enhancement activity across E2 families and functional conservation among its canonical homologues
Authors: Lau On Sun , Deng Xing Wang
Published: December 2008

Arabidopsis thaliana COP10 (constitutive photomorphogenic 10) is a UEV [Ub (ubiquitin)-conjugating enzyme (E2) variant protein] that is required for repression of seedling photomorphogenesis in darkness. COP10 forms a complex {the CDD complex [COP10–DET1 (de-etiolated 1)–DDB1 (DNA damage binding protein 1) complex]} with DET1 and DDB1a in vivo and can enhance the activity of Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2) in vitro. To investigate whether COP10 might act as a general regulator of E2s, we tested the specificity of COP10 E2 enhancement activity across E2 families of Arabidopsis. We found that COP10 is capable of enhancing members of four E2 subgroups significantly, while having a milder effect on another. Surprisingly, we found that close canonical E2 homologues of COP10, such as UbcH5a (human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 5), are also capable of enhancing E2s. Furthermore, we detected direct interactions between COP10 and three of the enhanced E2s, hinting at a possible mechanism for the enhancements. The present study suggests that some E2s, including the generic Ubc4/5p families involved in many processes, might possess dual activities: the formation of the classic E2–Ub thiol ester and the previously unknown E2 enhancement activity. Therefore COP10, despite being a catalytically inactive E2, might still enhance a variety of E2s and regulate numerous aspects of plant development.
Dynamic condensation blocking in cryogenic refueling
Authors: Osipov V. V. , Muratov C. B.
Published: December 2008

We demonstrate that a negative feedback between vapor pressure and condensation rate may be established in two-phase systems during vapor compression with rates of practical importance. As a result, dynamic condensation blocking occurs. The effect is studied numerically in the case of filling a no-vent insulated tank by liquid hydrogen. It is shown that the filling dynamics quite sensitively depends on the filling rate, and for sufficiently fast filling rates consist of a fast stage dominated by gas compression and a slow stage governed by heat conduction in the liquid.
Resonance Raman study of the A-band short-time photodissociation dynamics of 2,5-di-iodothiophene
Authors: Ruan Cai-Bin , Wang Hui-Gang , Zhu Hai-Lin , Zheng Xuming , Phillips David Lee
Published: December 2008

Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for 2,5-di-iodothiophene in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with its A-band absorption. These spectra indicate that the Franck–Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion mostly along the nominal symmetric C2C3∕C4C5 stretch ν2 (1388cm−1) of the thienyl ring and this is accompanied by motions along the nominal symmetric CSC stretch ν6 (640cm−1), the nominal symmetric CI stretch ν7 (187cm−1), the nominal antisymmetric CSC stretch ν19 (728cm−1), the nominal antisymmetric C2C3∕C4C5 stretch ν16 (1497cm−1), the nominal C3C4 stretch ν3 (1286cm−1) and four other vibrational modes. A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done and the results for 2,5-di-iodothiophene were compared to previous results for 2-iodothiophene and di-iodomethane to discuss the mechanism of the symmetric breaking in the initial A-band photodissociation dynamics of 2,5-di-iodothiophene and 2-iodothiophene.
H/D isotope effect in methyl torsional interaction of acetone as calculated by a multicomponent molecular orbital method
Authors: Ishimoto Takayoshi , Ishihara Yasuyuki , Teramae Hiroyuki , Baba Masaaki , Nagashima Umpei
Published: December 2008

We analyzed the H/D isotope effect in the methyl torsional interactions accompanying two methyl internal rotations for acetone (CH3COCH3) and deuterated acetone (CD3COCD3 and CH3COCD3) in the ground state by means of the multicomponent molecular orbital (MC_MO) method, which directly accounts for the quantum effects of protons and deuterons. Our estimated rotational constants and moments of inertia for CH3COCH3 and CD3COCD3 agreed well with the experimental results because of the adequate treatment of protonic and deuteronic quantum effects afforded by the MC_MO method. Because the C–D bond distance in the CD3 group was shorter than the C–H distance in CH3 owing to the anharmonicity of the potential, the difference in potential energy surfaces of CH3COCH3, CD3COCD3, and CH3COCD3 was strongly related to the differences induced in geometrical parameters by the H/D isotope effect. The potential energy obtained by the MC_MO method was estimated as 290.88 cm−1 for CH3COCH3, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. For CH3COCD3, two potential energies were obtained for CH3 and CD3 internal rotations. The MC_MO method successfully elucidated the H/D isotope effect for methyl-methyl repulsive interactions by allowing the adequate treatment of protonic and deuteronic wave functions. The potential energies and bond distances associated with methyl internal rotation induced by the H/D isotope effect were also controlled by the distribution of wave functions of protons and deuterons.