bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: New Thinking on Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Luo Jiyu , Tong Ling , Xu Ao , He Yihan , Huang Haiyun , Qiu Dongmei , Guo Xiaoyu , Chen Hongli , Xu Lingyun , Li Yang , Zhang Hongling , Li Yuanyuan
Published: December 2024

Currently, there is a lack of standardized diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), making it a subject of ongoing debate. The optimal diagnostic method and screening strategy for GDM remain contentious. In this review, we summarize the criteria and methods for diagnosing GDM, and perform a comparison between universal and selective screening strategies. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the following: (1) The most widely adopted criteria for GDM are those established by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). (2) Evidence from cohort studies suggests that the one-step diagnostic method is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes and appears more cost-effective compared to the two-step method. (3) Universal screening is more cost-effective than selective screening, which may overlook a significant number of women with GDM. Additionally, various methods have been proposed for early pregnancy screening (before 14 weeks). Finally, an outlook is presented for the diagnosis of GDM, emphasizing the importance of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to provide stronger evidence for future support.
Study on Fatigue Behavior and Fracture Mechanism of LMD Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si Alloy Based on Microstructure
Authors: Wu Yuxue , Wang Yongxin , Lu Yunmei , Zhao Chenxi
Published: December 2024

This study explores the fatigue behavior and fracture mechanisms of TC11 titanium alloy formed by laser metal deposition (LMD) and subjected to double annealing. The research focuses on how the alloy’s unique microstructure, consisting of alternating equiaxed and columnar crystals, influences its fatigue performance. The microstructure’s basket-like α’ phase, made up of both plate-shaped and needle-like structures, leads to variations in crack growth behavior, as shown in the relationship between the crack growth rate and the stress intensity. An analysis of slip patterns reveals that equiaxed crystals undergo more frequent deformation, accelerating crack propagation compared to the more evenly distributed deformation in columnar crystals. These findings suggest a new approach for improving the fatigue resistance of 3D-printed titanium alloys by optimizing their microstructure. This study provides valuable insights for enhancing material toughness and extending the lifespan of titanium alloys in applications such as aerospace and biomedical engineering.
Relationship Between Expansion and Strength of Cement Paste with CaO-Based Expansive Agent
Authors: Hua Tengfei , Cao Zhiwei , Zhang Shijun , Guo Rongxin
Published: December 2024

In order to explore the intrinsic relationship between the expansion and strength of cementitious materials with CaO-based expansion agent (CEA), the effects of CEA on the expansion rate, strength, microstructure, and hydration products of cement paste were studied. The interaction mechanism between the expansion rate and compressive strength of cement paste with CEA was discussed. The results show that the addition of CEA increases the expansion rate, porosity, and hydration degree of cement paste while reducing the compactness and compressive strength of cement paste. As the CEA dosage increases, the expansion rate of cement paste gradually increases. During the expansion of cement paste, microcracks may occur. The larger the expansion rate, the more microcracks there are, and the compressive strength decreases linearly with the increase in the expansion rate. When the CEA dosage is the same, the expansion rate of cement paste gradually increases with the increase of mineral admixture content, and the expansion rate decreases linearly with the increase of compressive strength.
Assessment of the Effect of Multiple Processing of PHBV–Ground Buckwheat Hull Biocomposite on Its Functional and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Janowski Grzegorz , Wójcik Marta , Frącz Wiesław , Bąk Łukasz , Ryzińska Grażyna
Published: December 2024

The influence of the addition of ground buckwheat hulls on the properties of biocomposite on the basis of 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is presented here. The changes in the material after repeated reprocessing—up to five recycling cycles—are written in the paper. Analysis of the shrinkage, water adsorption, selected mechanical properties, tensile impact strength, hardness and the microstructure of the surface layer was performed. The results show that the application of the buckwheat hulls into the biopolymer decreases the material shrinkage. It improves the material dimensional stability, as well as increases the water adsorption in the wake of the hydrophobic properties of the filler. The addition of the natural filler also leads to an increase in composite stiffness. The decrease in the tensile impact strength and the elongation at break is also noted. The reprocessing of the biocomposite initially led to a decrease in its mechanical properties, but the results stabilized after further processing cycles. This indicates the improvement of the microstructure homogeneity. The microscopic analysis shows that buckwheat hull particles were better embedded in the matrix after recycling. The increase in hardness was also noted. The PHBV–ground buckwheat hull biocomposite is characterized by stable mechanical properties and by recycling resistance, which makes it a promising material in terms of the sustainable development.
Impact of Hot Water Extraction on the Compaction Efficiency and Material Properties of Miscanthus giganteus in Pellet Production
Authors: Roman Kamil , Dasiewicz Julia , Marchwicka Monika
Published: December 2024

The present study aimed to determine the effect of material modification by hot water extraction (HWE) on the compaction efficiency of shredded Miscanthus giganteus stalks in the pellet production process. Samples were prepared to differ in the number of HWE cycles: HWE I was subjected to a single cycle, HWE II was subjected to two cycles, and HWE III was subjected to three cycles and unmodified material. An analysis of the compaction process was carried out to evaluate the effect of HWE on density and energy consumption. In this study, HWE pre-treatment was applied to improve biomass compaction efficiency and material properties, improving biofuel production’s sustainability and efficiency. A small change was found in glucose and xylose content, suggesting that HWE slightly affects these sugars. It was found that HWE significantly increased the density of compacted Miscanthus giganteus biomass, with a peak density of 388.7 kg·m−3 after the first HWE cycle. Ash content was reduced by 50% after one HWE cycle, making the biomass more suitable for biofuel applications. Furthermore, pretreatment with HWE reduced energy consumption during compaction, enhancing process efficiency. This study highlights the role of hot water extraction (HWE) in improving miscanthus compaction, enhancing density, reducing ash, and lowering energy use.
Investigation of the Photocatalytic Activity of Copper-Modified Commercial Titania (P25) in the Process of Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction
Authors: Sobczuk Konrad Sebastian , Pełech Iwona , Sibera Daniel , Staciwa Piotr , Wanag Agnieszka , Ekiert Ewa , Kapica-Kozar Joanna , Ćmielewska Katarzyna , Kusiak-Nejman Ewelina , Morawski Antoni Waldemar , Narkiewicz Urszula
Published: December 2024

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to useful products is an area of active research because it shows a potential to be an efficient tool for mitigating climate change. This work investigated the modification of titania with copper(II) nitrate and its impact on improving the CO2 reduction efficiency in a gas-phase batch photoreactor under UV–Vis irradiation. The investigated photocatalysts were prepared by treating P25-copper(II) nitrate suspensions (with various Cu2+ concentrations), alkalized with ammonia water, in a microwave-assisted solvothermal reactor. The titania-based photocatalysts were characterized by SEM, EDS, ICP-OES, XRD and UV-Vis/DR methods. Textural properties were measured by the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption studies at 77 K. P25 photocatalysts modified with copper(II) nitrate used in the process of carbon dioxide reduction allowed for a higher efficiency both for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4 and for the photocatalytic water decomposition to hydrogen as compared to a reference. Similarly, modified samples showed significantly higher selectivity towards methane in the CO2 conversion process than the unmodified sample (a change from 30% for a reference sample to 82% for the P25-R-Cu-0.1 sample after the 6 h process). It was found that smaller loadings of Cu are more beneficial for increasing the photocatalytic activity of a sample.
Geopolymer Foam with Low Thermal Conductivity Based on Industrial Waste
Authors: Bazan Patrycja , Figiela Beata , Kozub Barbara , Łach Michał , Mróz Katarzyna , Melnychuk Mykola , Korniejenko Kinga
Published: December 2024

Geopolymer materials are increasingly being considered as an alternative to environmentally damaging concrete based on Portland cement. The presented work analyzed waste from mines and waste incineration plants as potential precursors for producing geopolymer materials that could be used to make lightweight foamed geopolymers for insulation applications. The chemical and phase composition, radioactivity properties, and leachability of selected precursors were analyzed. Then, geopolymer materials were produced, and their strength properties were examined through compression and flexural tests. The results of the strength tests guided the material selection for foamed geopolymer materials. Next, geopolymer foams were foamed with hydrogen peroxide and aluminum powder. The produced foamed materials were subjected to strength and thermal conductivity tests. The results demonstrated the great potential of mine waste in the synthesis of geopolymers and the production of lightweight geopolymer foams with good insulating properties.
Enabling Sustainable Diffusion in Supply Chains Through Industry 5.0: An Impact Analysis of Key Enablers for SMEs in Emerging Economies
Authors: Hsu Chih-Hung , Liu Jian-Cen , Cai Xue-Qing , Zhang Ting-Yi , Lv Wan-Ying
Published: December 2024

Industry 5.0 (I5.0) builds upon Industry 4.0 by emphasizing the role of workers in production processes and prioritizing socio-economic-environmental sustainability. It has been shown that I5.0 can enhance sustainability within supply chains (SCs). However, companies in emerging economies, especially small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs), which are crucial to developing economies, face challenges in implementing these concepts. These SMEs are in the early stages of adopting I5.0 to foster sustainability in their SCs and require urgent identification of key I5.0 enablers. Unfortunately, the current literature lacks research on this topic specifically within the context of SMEs in emerging economies. To bridge this gap, this study identifies the enablers of I5.0 that promote sustainability diffusion in SCs, using China’s SME manufacturing sector as a case study. The integrated framework for applying multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques in this study aims to assist decision-makers in evaluating different options and making optimal choices in a systematic and structured manner when faced with complex situations. The study employs the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) to identify 15 key I5.0 enablers and categorize them into three clusters. Grey-DEMATEL is subsequently utilized to determine the causal relationships, rank the importance of the enablers, and construct an interrelationship diagram. This study found that ‘availability and functionality of resources’; ‘top management support, active participation, and effective governance’; ‘support from government, regulators, and financial resources’; and ‘introduction of safer and more efficient robotic systems for human–robot interaction and collaboration’ serve as the primary means of resolving issues. Overall, this study helps managers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in I5.0 applications to promote sustainability in the supply chain.
Data-Driven Voltage Control Method of Active Distribution Networks Based on Koopman Operator Theory
Authors: Du Zhaobin , Lin Xiaoke , Zhong Guoduan , Liu Hao , Zhao Wenxian
Published: December 2024

The advent of large-scale distributed generation (DG) has introduced several challenges to the voltage control of active distribution networks (ADNs). These challenges include the heterogeneity of control devices, the complexity of models, and their inherent fluctuations. To maintain ADN voltage stability more economically and quickly, a data-driven ADN voltage control scheme is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the multi-run state sensitivity matrix, buses with similar voltage responses are clustered, and critical buses are selected to downsize the scale of the model. Secondly, a linear voltage-to-power dynamics model in high-dimensional state space is trained based on the offline data of critical bus voltages, DGs, and energy storage system (ESS) outputs, utilizing the Koopman theory and the Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) method. A linear model predictive voltage controller, which takes ADN stability and control cost into account, is also proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and applicability of the method are verified by applying it to an improved 33-bus ADN system. The proposed control method can respond more quickly and accurately to the voltage fluctuation problems caused by source-load disturbances and short-circuit faults.
A PDA@ZIF-8-Incorporated PMIA TFN-FO Membrane for Seawater Desalination: Improving Water Flux and Anti-Fouling Performance
Authors: Ma Yu , Jia Rui , Xu Zhen-Liang , Aibulatova Aida , Jin Xiao-Gang , Fang Yin-Xin , Zhang Ming-Xiao , Xu Sun-Jie
Published: December 2024

Forward osmosis (FO) technology, known for its minimal energy requirements, excellent resistance to fouling, and significant commercial potential, shows enormous promise in the development of sustainable technologies, especially with regard to seawater desalination and wastewater. In this study, we improved the performance of the FO membrane in terms of its mechanical strength and hydrophilic properties. Generally, the water flux (Jw) of polyisophenylbenzamide (PMIA) thin-film composite (TFC)-FO membranes is still inadequate for industrial applications. Here, hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA)@ zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) nanomaterials and their integration into PMIA membranes using the interfacial polymerization (IP) method were investigated. The impact of PDA@ZIF-8 on membrane performance in both pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) modes was analyzed. The durability and fouling resistance of these membranes were evaluated over the long term. When the amount of ZIF-8@PDA incorporated in the membrane reached 0.05 wt% in the aqueous phase in the IP reaction, the Jw values for the PRO mode and FO mode were 12.09 LMH and 11.10 LMH, respectively. The reverse salt flux (Js)/Jw values for both modes decreased from 0.75 and 0.80 to 0.33 and 0.35, respectively. At the same time, the PRO and FO modes’ properties were stable in a 15 h test. The incorporation of PDA@ZIF-8 facilitated the formation of water channels within the nanoparticle pores. Furthermore, the Js/Jw ratio decreased significantly, and the FO membranes containing PDA@ZIF-8 exhibited high flux recovery rates and superior resistance to membrane fouling. Therefore, PDA@ZIF-8-modified FO membranes have the potential for use in industrial applications in seawater desalination.
A Contribution to the Study of the Integrity Surface of the IC10 Ni3Al-Based Alloy After Creep-Feed Grinding with a Focus on High-Temperature Fatigue Life
Authors: Zhang Shuaiqi , Hu Lijie , Yang Zhenyu , Niu Shuxin , Bao Huzi , Jin Qichao , Renqing Duoji , Jiang Ruisong
Published: December 2024

The IC10 directionally solidified superalloy is a nickel-based alloy with high temperature resistance, and its surface integrity has a significant impact on the fatigue life of critical hot-end components in aerospace engines. This paper investigates the influence of creep-feed grinding surface integrity (surface roughness and surface hardness) on the high-temperature fatigue life of IC10 directionally solidified superalloy. High-temperature fatigue life tests were conducted on IC10 directionally solidified superalloy, and a method for evaluating the high-temperature fatigue life of the IC10 directionally solidified superalloy using surface integrity is proposed. The results indicate that as the surface roughness Ra increases from 0.60 μm to 2.15 μm, the maximum valley depth Rv of the grinding surface profile and the stress concentration factor increase, leading to more scratches and wider grooves. The fatigue fracture of IC10 consists of a fatigue source zone, a fatigue propagation zone, and an instantaneous fracture zone. With increasing surface roughness, the number of fatigue sources also increases, and the stress concentration on the grinding surface intensifies. Under the action of multiple fatigue propagation sources, the sample structure is more likely to reach a critical value and lose stability, leading to fracture and thus reducing the high-temperature fatigue life. When the surface hardness increases from 387.11 HV to 393.60 HV, the high-temperature fatigue life of IC10 improves by 68.13%; when the surface hardness increases from 401.62 HV to 418.13 HV, the high-temperature fatigue life of IC10 decreases by 73.12%. The surface integrity of the IC10 directionally solidified superalloy has a notable impact on its high-temperature fatigue life.
Developing an Affordable Miniature 3D-Printed Wave Generator for Wave Energy Harvesting Application
Authors: Wang Yunzhong , Tohl Damian , Pham Anh Tran Tam , Tang Youhong
Published: December 2024

The development of low-frequency and low-amplitude wave energy harvesters has been limited by the lack of an affordable scientific evaluation platform, due to the high cost and land requirements of ground-based water channels. A 3D-printed modular wave generator, combined with the commercially available laboratory-sized wave channel, is proposed to address this. A stepper motor and an Arduino are employed as the driving source and controller. This system utilises motor parameters, such as rotational speed and number of travelled steps, to accurately control generated wave frequency and amplitude. By minimising costs and enhancing sustainability through 3D printing technology, only minor modifications are needed to adapt it to different water tank dimensions. The system can generate stable waves with frequencies from 1 Hz to 2 Hz and amplitudes from 1.5 cm to 7.1 cm under the current setting. The generated wave frequency and amplitude can be further customised by selecting faster stepper motors, as demonstrated in this study.
Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical and Potassium Sorption Properties of Sensitive Clays
Authors: Di Sante Marta , Fratalocchi Evelina , Mazzieri Francesco , Di Buò Bruno , Länsivaara Tim
Published: December 2024

The paper analyses physico-chemical and geotechnical characteristics of four Scandinavian sensitive soils formed under different environmental depositional conditions, with the main aims to contribute to the knowledge of sensitive soils and assess the potassium sorption capacity among the investigated soils, as a basic characteristic to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with KCl and to analyse potassium migration in such soils. The results show that, although the chemical composition of the four soils is very similar, their sensitivity is significantly different. The correlation from literature linking the specific surface, mineralogy, and plasticity in sensitive clays of Eastern Canada, was found to be qualitatively valid for the investigated Scandinavian sensitive clays, too. The highest value of the sensitivity index among the tested soils was found to be related to the lowest cation exchange capacity and to a limited amount of amorphous minerals. These characteristics contribute to explaining the highly sensitive behaviour of that soil affecting the structure formation during the deposition stage. The potassium sorption capacity has been experimentally investigated through batch tests specifically performed on the sensitive soils, as the first step to quantify the maximum sorption capacity and identify the main factors affecting it. The maximum potassium sorption capacity was always lower than that estimated by the cation exchange capacity, and it increased with the cation exchange capacity, plasticity index, and activity of the soils, as well as with the amount of phyllosilicates and amorphous minerals.
The Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids of the Halasheng Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Mineral Constitute
Authors: Han Ri , Qin Kezhang , Xu Fengming , Lyu Junchao , Yang Xinyuan , Zhang Jing , Wang Yuli , Hui Kaixuan
Published: December 2024

The Early Cretaceous Halasheng deposit, located in the southern Erguna Block, is an intermediate sulfidation epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Derbugan metallogenic belt. The Halasheng deposit comprises both proximal skarn mineralization and distal hydrothermal vein-type Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization, which can be further divided into three stages represented by Fe-As-S, Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe-S, and Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb-S element associations. The main ore minerals in the Halasheng deposit include galena, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, bournonite, falkmanite, and argentiferous minerals. Visible silver in the form of independent argentiferous minerals, mainly including freibergite, polybasite, stromeyerite, pyrargyrite, acanthite, and native silver, is the major type of silver occurring in the Halasheng district. Fluid inclusion studies of sphalerite and quartz from different mineralization stages revealed that skarn mineralization has the relatively highest homogenization temperature (322~398 °C), while in the vein-type hydrothermal mineralization stage, the homogenization temperature has a declining trend from the early stage to late stage (from 300~350 °C to 145~236 °C). In the whole mineralization process, the salinity of ore-forming fluids is almost constant at a relatively high level (10.5~21.9 wt% NaCl). Fluid cooling, or fluid–wallrock reaction, is supposed to be the major cause of metal precipitation in the Halasheng deposit. Through an analogy with the typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposits in the Derbugan metallogenic belt, it is suggested that the discovered orebodies in the Halasheng deposit likely belong to the shallow part of the epithermal system, and there is high potential to discover Zn, Cu-Zn orebodies, and even porphyry Mo-Cu mineralization. In terms of regional ore prospecting, Early Cretaceous intermediate-acid intrusions have the potential to form related Ag-Pb-Zn deposits and should receive special attention. Furthermore, places where Lower Cambrian marbles are exposed or concealed are favorable settings for skarn mineralization.
A Review of Transparent Conducting Films (TCFs): Prospective ITO and AZO Deposition Methods and Applications
Authors: Patel Jessica , Sharme Razia Khan , Quijada Manuel A. , Rana Mukti M.
Published: December 2024

This study offers a comprehensive summary of the current states as well as potential future directions of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), particularly tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), the most readily accessible TCO on the market. Solar cells, flat panel displays (FPDs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), antireflection (AR) coatings for airbus windows, photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices, transparent p–n junction diodes, etc. are a few of the best uses for this material. Other conductive metals that show a lot of promise as substitutes for traditional conductive materials include copper, zinc oxide, aluminum, silver, gold, and tin. These metals are also utilized in AR coatings. The optimal deposition techniques for creating ITO films under the current conditions have been determined to be DC (direct current) and RF (radio frequency) MS (magnetron sputtering) deposition, both with and without the introduction of Ar gas. When producing most types of AR coatings, it is necessary to obtain thicknesses of at least 100 nm and minimum resistivities on the order of 10−4 Ω cm. For AR coatings, issues related to less-conductive materials than ITO have been considered.
Surface-Functionalizing Strategies for Multiplexed Molecular Biosensing: Developments Powered by Advancements in Nanotechnologies
Authors: Zou Shangjie , Peng Guangdun , Ma Zhiqiang
Published: December 2024

Multiplexed biosensing methods for simultaneously detecting multiple biomolecules are important for investigating biological mechanisms associated with physiological processes, developing applications in life sciences, and conducting medical tests. The development of biosensors, especially those advanced biosensors with multiplexing potentials, strongly depends on advancements in nanotechnologies, including the nano-coating of thin films, micro–nano 3D structures, and nanotags for signal generation. Surface functionalization is a critical process for biosensing applications, one which enables the immobilization of biological probes or other structures that assist in the capturing of biomolecules. During this functionalizing process, nanomaterials can either be the objects of surface modification or the materials used to modify other base surfaces. These surface-functionalizing strategies, involving the coordination of sensor structures and materials, as well as the associated modifying methods, are largely determinative in the performance of biosensing applications. This review introduces the current studies on biosensors with multiplexing potentials and focuses specifically on the roles of nanomaterials in the design and functionalization of these biosensors. A detailed description of the paradigms used for method selection has been set forth to assist understanding and accelerate the application of novel nanotechnologies in the development of biosensors.
Controlling the Morphology of Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide) Self-Assemblies in Solution: Interplay of Homopolymer Additives and Kinetic Traps
Authors: Lim Pei Qi , Vaibavi Srirangam Ramanujam , Parikh Atul N. , Venkatraman Subbu , Czarny Bertrand
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the effects of homopolymer additives and kinetic traps on the self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide) (PEG-PLA) block copolymer (BCP) nanostructures in aqueous environments. By using non-adsorbing PEG homopolymers to kinetically trap PEG-PLA nanostructures, we demonstrate that varying the concentration and molecular weight of the added PEG induces a reversible micelle-to-vesicle transition. This transition is primarily driven by changes in the molecular geometry of the PEG-PLA BCPs due to excluded volume screening effects. Additionally, the reversible vesicle-to-micelle transition upon PEG’s removal shows time and temperature dependency, highlighting the influence of the system’s kinetic nature. Intermediate structures observed during the transition support a mechanism based on shifts in the molecular geometry of PEG-PLA. As a proof of concept, we show that PEG-PLA vesicles can act as thermoresponsive delivery systems, retaining dye at low temperatures (4 °C) and releasing it upon heating (37 °C). Overall, this work presents a novel approach to controlling BCP nanostructures’ morphology, with implications for drug delivery and material science applications.
Comparison of Methods to Assess Adherence to Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices and Provision of Low-Aflatoxin Porridge Flours in a Community-Based Intervention Trial
Authors: Phillips Erica , Kayanda Rosemary A. , Kassim Neema , Ngure Francis M. , Turner Paul C. , Stoltzfus Rebecca J.
Published: December 2024

Background: Levels of adherence to recommended protocols in an intervention trial can affect outcomes and confound the results. To broaden the evidence about the selection and utility of adherence measures in varying contexts, we describe the level of adherence to the Mycotoxin Mitigation Trial (MMT) randomized intervention using caregiver-reported survey questions and compare inferences of adherence between multi-module surveys and interactive 24 h dietary recalls based on our program theory. Methods: The MMT was a two-arm cluster-randomized trial conducted in 52 health facilities (clusters) in central Tanzania. Surveys were conducted with all trial participants at three time points and dietary recalls were conducted in a cohort at 12 mo. Results: The 12 mo survey was conducted with 2112 caregivers and the 18 mo survey was conducted with 2527 caregivers. A cohort of participants (n = 282, 20 clusters) was selected for dietary recalls, balanced by arm. Reported feeding of blended porridge flours, whether MMT-provided or own-sourced, was high at 12 and 18 mo, between 73 and 95%, with only slight differences between the surveys and recalls. Inferences were similar for continuation of breastfeeding, feeding frequency, and dietary diversity. Only the amount of porridge fed the previous day differed statistically by method, with higher amounts reported in the recalls compared to the survey. Conclusions: Detailed analysis of reported behaviors, based on the MMT program theory, supports high adherence to the recommended trial behaviors. Survey data and 24 h dietary recalls were convergent for almost all indicators, strengthening the trial’s conclusions and allowing for either method to be selected for similar research.
Associations Between Knowledge of Health Conditions and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among US Adults, 2021
Authors: Hunter Jessica R. , Oza-Frank Reena , Park Sohyun , Sauer Ann Goding , Gunn Janelle P.
Published: December 2024

Background: Frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with an increased risk of some health outcomes. Objective: We investigated the relationships between knowledge of health risks related to SSB and SSB intake among adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2021 SummerStyles survey. There were 4022 US adult participants (≥18 years). The outcome variable was SSB intake (none, >0 to <1, 1 to <2, or ≥2 times/day). The exposure variables were knowledge of the association between SSB and seven health conditions. Statistical analyses included seven multinomial regressions to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the consumption of SSB according to knowledge of SSB-related health risks after controlling for sociodemographics. Results: Overall, about 30% of adults consumed SSB ≥ 2 times/day. While most adults identified SSB-related conditions such as weight gain (84.0%), diabetes (78.4%), and cavities (74.2%) as being related to drinking SSB, fewer adults recognized related conditions, such as some cancers (23.9%), high cholesterol (28.4%), heart disease (33.5%), and high blood pressure (37.8%). Knowledge of any of the health conditions was not significantly associated with consuming SSB ≥ 2 times/day compared to non-SSB consumers. Conclusions: Knowledge of SSB-related health conditions varied by sociodemographics but was not associated with high SSB intake. Future studies could explore other factors beyond knowledge that may influence adults’ high SSB intake.
The Possible Role of Plant-Based Bars Consumption in CKD Geriatric Patients
Authors: Marrone Giulia , Urciuoli Silvia , Di Lauro Manuela , Cornali Kevin , Masci Claudia , Tesauro Manfredi , Vignolini Pamela , Noce Annalisa
Published: December 2024

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) geriatric patients experience a premature aging process, compared with the general population of the same age and sex. The uremic milieu is capable of enhancing oxidative stress (OS) and microinflammation, leading to a pro-aging mechanism and an increased protein catabolism. Moreover, cognitive disorders are observed. Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effects on the body composition, cognitive functions, inflammatory state and OS of CKD–geriatric patients induced by the consumption of two different plant-based bars (PBBs). Methods: A total of 20 male (mean age 73 ± 7 years) and 9 female patients (mean age 71 ± 4 years) were enrolled, divided as follows: 19 in the PBBs group (that consumed both bars) and 10 in the control group. They were monitored for 12 weeks. The PBBs presented a moderate caloric value and were enriched with waste and by-products of wine and olive oil supply chains and with organic saffron. Results and Conclusions: At the end of this study, the PBBs group, compared to the control group, showed an improvement in their body composition, detected by bioimpedance analysis and ultrasound examination, and in their cognitive function, revealed by mini-mental state examination. In the PBBs group, we also observed an OS reduction, through the free oxygen radical test.
Comprehensive Physiology, Cytology, and Transcriptomics Studies Reveal the Regulatory Mechanisms Behind the High Calyx Abscission Rate in the Bud Variety of Korla Pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis ‘Xinnonglinxiang’)
Authors: Yang Xian’an , Wang Shiwei , Jiang Zhenbin , Zhang Cuifang , Zhao Long , Cui Yutong
Published: December 2024

Whether the calyx tube of the Korla fragrant pear falls off seriously affects the fruit quality. ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ is a mutant variety of the Korla fragrant pear, which has a high calyx removal rate under natural conditions, and calyx tube fall seriously affects the fruit quality. The mechanism behind the high calyx removal rate of ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ remains unclear; thus, Korla fragrant pear (PT) and ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ (YB) with different degrees of calyx abscission were used as examples and the abscission areas of calyx tubes were collected in the early (21 April), middle (23 April), and late (25 April) shedding stages to explore the regulatory mechanism behind the abscission. The combination of the results of physiological, cytological, and transcriptomic methods indicated the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the middle of shedding. GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis showed that the expression levels of genes related to the CEL (cellulase) and PG (polygalacturonase) activity functional pathways differed significantly in the two varieties during the three periods, whereas Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly concentrated in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in all three periods. The expression levels of genes related to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway differed significantly for the two varieties during calyx shedding. Five gene modules were obtained using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and transcriptome data were correlated with five physiological index values. Two key modules that highly correlated with the Eth (ethylene) response were then screened, and 20 core genes were identified, with IRX10, IRX9, and OXI1 likely the hub genes that are involved in the regulation of calyx shedding in the YB variety. The obtained results provide reliable data for the screening of candidate genes for calyx shedding and analysis of the regulatory mechanism behind a high calyx shedding rate, providing a theoretical basis upon which the calyx shedding rate of fruits can be improved through genetic improvement.
A Comprehensive Analysis In Silico of KCS Genes in Maize Revealed Their Potential Role in Response to Abiotic Stress
Authors: Chen Xinyi , Zhang Aixia , Liu Chenyan , Saeed Muhammad , Li Junyi , Wu Ying , Wu Yunhao , Gu Haijing , Yuan Jinchao , Wang Baohua , Li Ping , Fang Hui
Published: December 2024

β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) enzymes play a pivotal role in plants by catalyzing the first step of very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis. This process is crucial for plant development and stress responses. However, the understanding of KCS genes in maize remains limited. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of ZmKCS genes, identifying 29 KCS genes that are unevenly distributed across nine maize chromosomes through bioinformatics approaches. These ZmKCS proteins varied in length and molecular weight, suggesting functional diversity. Phylogenetic analysis categorized 182 KCS proteins from seven species into six subgroups, with maize showing a closer evolutionary relationship to other monocots. Collinearity analysis revealed 102 gene pairs between maize and three other monocots, whereas only five gene pairs were identified between maize and three dicots, underscoring the evolutionary divergence of KCS genes between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Structural analysis revealed that 20 out of 29 ZmKCS genes are intronless. Subcellular localization prediction and experimental validation suggest that most ZmKCS proteins are likely localized at the plasma membrane, with some also present in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Analysis of the cis-acting elements within the ZmKCS promoters suggested their potential involvement in abiotic stress responses. Notably, expression analysis under abiotic stresses highlighted ZmKCS17 as a potential key gene in the stress response of maize, which presented an over 10-fold decrease in expression under salt and drought stresses within 48 h. This study provides a fundamental understanding of ZmKCS genes, paving the way for further functional characterization and their potential application in maize breeding for enhanced stress tolerance.
Identification and Analysis of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Gene Family in Cotton and Its Roles in Response to Salt Stress
Authors: Cheng Cong , Zhang Fengyuan , Li Li , Ni Zhiyong
Published: December 2024

Plant plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase functions as a proton-motive force by exporting cellular protons to establish a transmembrane chemical gradient of H+ ions and an accompanying electrical gradient. These gradients are crucial for plant growth and development and for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, a comprehensive identification of the PM H+-ATPase gene family was conducted across four cotton species. Specifically, 14 genes were identified in the diploid species Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, whereas 39 and 43 genes were identified in the tetraploid species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, respectively. The characteristics of this gene family were subsequently compared and analyzed using bioinformatics. Chromosomal localization and collinearity analyses elucidated the distribution characteristics of this gene family within the cotton genomes. Gene structure and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the conservation of this family across cotton species, whereas the examination of cis-acting elements in gene promoters highlighted their involvement in environmental stress and hormone response categories. An expression profile analysis revealed eight genes whose expression was upregulated under salt stress conditions, and quantitative real-time PCR results suggested that the cotton PM H+-ATPase genes may play crucial roles in conferring resistance to salt stress. These findings establish a robust foundation for subsequent investigations into the functions of cotton PM H+-ATPase genes and may offer valuable insights for selecting genes for resistance breeding programs.
Soothing the Itch: The Role of Medicinal Plants in Alleviating Pruritus in Palliative Care
Authors: Gonçalves Sara , Fernandes Lisete , Caramelo Ana , Martins Maria , Rodrigues Tânia , Matos Rita S.
Published: December 2024

Chronic pruritus, or persistent itching, is a debilitating condition that severely impacts quality of life, especially in palliative care settings. Traditional treatments often fail to provide adequate relief or are associated with significant side effects, prompting interest in alternative therapies. This review investigates the antipruritic potential of eight medicinal plants: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), calendula (Calendula officinalis), curcumin (Curcuma longa), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These plants are analyzed for their traditional applications, active bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, usage, dosage, and safety profiles. Comprehensive searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and b-on, focusing on in vitro, animal, and clinical studies using keywords like “plant”, “extract”, and “pruritus”. Studies were included regardless of publication date and limited to English-language articles. Findings indicate that active compounds such as polysaccharides in aloe vera, curcuminoids in turmeric, and menthol in peppermint exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Chamomile and calendula alleviate itching through anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing effects, while lavender and licorice offer antimicrobial benefits alongside antipruritic relief. Evening primrose, rich in gamma-linolenic acid, is effective in atopic dermatitis-related itching. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and formulations. The review highlights the necessity of further clinical trials to ensure efficacy and safety, advocating for integrating these botanical therapies into complementary palliative care practices. Such approaches emphasize holistic treatment, addressing chronic pruritus’s physical and emotional burden, thereby enhancing patient well-being.
Advancing the Physicochemical Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Plant Extracts Through Amorphous Solid Dispersion Systems
Authors: Budiman Arif , Hafidz Nur Parida Mahdhani , Azzahra Raden Siti Salma , Amaliah Salma , Sitinjak Feggy Yustika , Rusdin Agus , Subra Laila , Aulifa Diah Lia
Published: December 2024

Plant extracts demonstrate significant potential as a rich source of active pharmaceutical ingredients, exhibiting diverse biological activities and minimal toxicity. However, the low aqueous solubility of extracts and their gastrointestinal permeability, as well as their poor oral bioavailability, limit clinical advancements due to drug delivery problems. An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) delivers drugs by changing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into an amorphous state to increase the solubility and availability of the API to the body. This research aimed to analyze and summarize the successful advancements of ASD systems derived from plant extracts, emphasizing characterization and the effects on dissolution and pharmacological activity. The results show that ASD systems improve phytoconstituent dissolution, bioavailability, and stability, in addition to reducing dose and toxicity. This research demonstrates the significance of ASD in therapeutic formulations to augment the pharmacological activities and efficacy of medicinal plant extracts. The prospects indicate promising potential for therapeutic applications utilizing ASD systems, alongside medicinal plant extracts for clinical therapy.
Anionic Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Based Molecular Brushes: Thermo- and pH-Responsive Properties
Authors: Sivokhin Alexey , Orekhov Dmitry , Kazantsev Oleg , Otopkova Ksenia , Sivokhina Olga , Chuzhaykin Ilya , Spitsina Ekaterina , Barinov Dmitry
Published: December 2024

Anionic thermo- and pH-responsive copolymers were synthesized by photoiniferter reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PI-RAFT). The thermo-responsive properties were provided by oligo(ethylene glycol)-based macromonomer units containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. The pH-responsive properties were enabled by the addition of 5–20 mol% of strong (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic) and weak (methacrylic) acids. Upon initiation by visible light at 470 nm and in the absence of radical initiators, yields from the ternary copolymers reached 94% in 2.5 h when the process was carried out in continuous flow mode using 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid as a light-sensitive RAFT agent. The polymers were characterized using size exclusion chromatography, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The copolymers featured a sufficiently high molecular weight (93–146 kDa) consistent with theoretical values and satisfactory dispersities in the range of 1.18–1.45. The pH-responsive properties were studied in deionized water, saline, and buffer solutions. Dramatic differences in LCST behavior were observed in strong and weak acid-based polyelectrolytes. The introduction of sulfonic acid units, even in very small amounts, completely suppressed the LCST transition in deionized water while maintaining it in the saline and buffer solutions, with a negligible LCST dependence on the pH. In contrast, the incorporation of weak methacrylic acid demonstrated a pronounced pH dependence. The peculiarities of micelle formation in aqueous solutions were investigated and critical micelle concentrations and their ability to retain pyrene, a hydrophobic drug model, were determined. It was observed that anionic molecular brushes formed small micelles with aggregation numbers of 1–2 at concentrations in the order of 10−4 mg/mL. These micelles have a high ability to entrap pyrene, which makes them a promising tool for targeted drug delivery.
Thermoplastic Composite Hot-Melt Adhesives with Metallic Nano-Particles for Reversible Bonding Techniques Utilizing Microwave Energy
Authors: Ciobanu Romeo Cristian , Aradoaei Mihaela , Ursan George Andrei
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the creation of nano-composites using recycled LDPE and added 7.5 wt% nanofillers of Al and Fe in two varying particle sizes to be used as hot-melt adhesives for reversible bonding processes with the use of microwave technology. Reversible bonding relates to circular economy enhancement practices, like repair, refurbishment, replacement, or renovation. The physical–chemical, mechanical, and dielectric characteristics were considered to determine the impact of particle size and metal type. Through the investigation of electromagnetic radiation absorption in the composites, it was discovered that the optimal bonding technique could potentially involve a frequency of 915 MHz and a power level of 850 × 103 W/kg, resulting in an efficient process lasting 0.5 min. It was ultimately proven that the newly created hot-melt adhesive formulas can be entirely recycled and repurposed for similar bonding needs.