bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1947
Authors: Formakov Arsenii
Published: September 2017

Formakov’s letters from 1947 focus on his preparations for his release, the introduction of the zachet system of time-off for good work, and also his concerns about his wife’s health and his family’s economic situation. For much of this period Formakov was a “de-convoyed” inmate, authorized to move about outside the camp without a guard. This made it easier for him to mail illicit correspondence to his family. Letters also mention rumors preceding the 1947 currency reform, suggesting that even in distant labor camps knowledge of the coming devaluation of the ruble was widespread, despite the efforts of the authorities to keep plans secret.
1950–1955
Authors: Formakov Arsenii
Published: September 2017

Formakov was rearrested in 1949 and sent to the Irkutsk region and to Omsk to serve a second ten-year term. Held in special labor camps (osobye lageria), he had much less opportunity to write to his family than in earlier periods. Much of the correspondence that survives from this second term was mailed to Formakov either by his children or by his wife, who, although she divorced Formakov during this period to escape political pressure at work, continued to correspond with him using a variety of aliases. Letters in this chapter detail the response of the Formakov family to a personal tragedy, the death of Formakov’s teenaged son by drowning, and the efforts of Formakov’s wife to make ends meet on a teacher’s salary.
Natural History Collections as Dynamic Research Archives
Authors: Dayan Tamar , Galil Bella
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the importance of museum specimens and samples. Natural history collections are archives of biodiversity, snapshots that provide a way to physically retrieve an individual specimen and through it track changes in populations and species across repeatable surveys in time and space. Growing international awareness of the potential effects on humanity due to the loss of biodiversity and the ensuing erosion of ecosystem services has reinforced the value of natural history collections, museums, and herbaria worldwide. The chapter summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of natural history collections for repeated surveys and other historical studies that require replication. Through a case study of the historical surveys and resurveys of the taxonomic exploration of the marine biota of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, it highlights the relevance of collections for ecology and conservation. Finally, it discusses prospects for future uses of natural history collections in the context of replicated research.
Creating Coherent Time Series through Repeated Measurements in a Marine Monitoring Program
Authors: Shaked Yonathan , Genin Amatzia
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how the design and implementation of Israel's National Monitoring Program (NMP) in the Gulf of Eilat explicitly incorporates concepts of replication and repeatability to ensure the collection of reliable data that can be used as a tool for effective environmental management. The program is focused on monitoring—repeated sampling through time—to create a time series of data that can identify environmental changes. Measurements taken by the NMP are meant not to be reproduced but rather to be repeated at different times at fixed locations so as to yield comparable results that document change. By incorporating a variety of approaches and procedures, the NMP addresses replication on several levels.
Contingent Repeatability of Experiments in Time and Space
Authors: Ellison Aaron M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter first discusses how scientists are skeptics and how they are always trying to disprove their pet hypotheses, both by making new observations and with experiments. It explains the importance of distinguishing between hypotheses, theories, and models, especially when discussing experiments and reproducibility. It then considers the importance of distinguishing an experiment with replicates from an experiment that has been replicated—i.e., repeated. It also addresses the question of how similar two repeated runs of a given experiment have to be for us to consider that the results of the initial study have been confirmed successfully. Answering this question requires some understanding of P values and statistical power.
The Influence of Variation among Replicates on Repeatability
Authors: Pitcovski Jacob , Shahar Ehud , Cahaner Avigdor
Published: September 2017

This chapter first illustrates how a large number of observations can inform the design of a particular experiment intended to test rigorously the causes of the observed associations. It does so through the discussion and analysis of two case studies drawn from experimental immunology: (i) the efficacy of vaccines for Newcastle disease virus in poultry, and (ii) cancer immunotherapy. It then shows that it is important when repeating experiments to reproduce not only the expected result (i.e., the estimated mean value) but also to reduce the variability in estimates of the mean. Reduction in overall variance can be accomplished both with more precise measurements and by accounting for additional sources of error (covariates or “nuisance” variables). When potentially important covariates are recorded during an experiment, they can be included in the analysis of the data and help to isolate the true “signal” of the experimental treatment from the “noise” of the experimental environment.
Replication and Repetition in Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in Medicine
Authors: Leibovici Leonard , Paul Mical
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analysis (MA). SRs are reviews of the “best available,” reliable studies focused on a specific research question. Most often, the studies included in SRs are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have repeated the same treatments in (usually) different situations. MA is a statistical method applied to the results gleaned from an SR that yields a single measure of the expected outcomes of repeated trials, along with an assertion of the confidence we have in that measure. This chapter argues that RCTs are never similar enough to be considered identical replicates, but they are repeated studies, usually on different populations. Comparable RCTs examine one or similar outcomes (based on a hypothesized cause-and-effect relationship), which is why comparable RCTs can be included in SRs and MAs. If SRs and MAs show convincing results, further repeated RCTs would be avoided, thus saving valuable resources. However, evidence to date suggests that this rarely occurs.
Clinical Heterogeneity in Multiple Trials of the Antimicrobial Treatment of Cholera
Authors: Paul Mical , Leibovici-Weissman Ya’ara , Leibovici Leonard
Published: September 2017

In valid and informative meta-analysis (MA), the studies included are expected to be repeated studies, usually randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were done on a variety of different groups of individuals (populations) using standard protocols and treatments and with repetition defined by similar patients, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. This chapter examines whether this is indeed the case based on a Cochrane systematic review (SR) of antibiotics for treating cholera. Despite demonstrating that none of the RCTs were identical, differing not only in patient characteristics but also in antibiotics tested, setting, criteria for including or excluding individuals from the study, and other methods, the chapter shows that the MA of these heterogeneous trials was valid and informative. The analysis sheds additional light on the importance of repeated experiments and cautions against applying strict meanings of replication in discussions of MA and RCTs.
Reliable Metadata and the Creation of Trustworthy, Reproducible, and Re-usable Data Sets
Authors: Vanderbilt Kristin , Blankman David
Published: September 2017

Science has become a data-intensive enterprise. Data sets are commonly being stored in public data repositories and are thus available for others to use in new, often unexpected ways. Such re-use of data sets can take the form of reproducing the original analysis, analyzing the data in new ways, or combining multiple data sets into new data sets that are analyzed still further. A scientist who re-uses a data set collected by another must be able to assess its trustworthiness. This chapter reviews the types of errors that are found in metadata referring to data collected manually, data collected by instruments (sensors), and data recovered from specimens in museum collections. It also summarizes methods used to screen these types of data for errors. It stresses the importance of ensuring that metadata associated with a data set thoroughly document the error prevention, detection, and correction methods applied to the data set prior to publication.
Turning Oranges into Apples
Authors: Tingley Morgan W.
Published: September 2017

Documenting long-term changes in biological systems requires empirical studies that span time frames from decades to centuries. Such time spans generally preclude planned experiments, but revisiting historical research programs or sites and repeating past methods or resurveying sites are being used to infer long-term changes. However, the unplanned nature of such resurveys, along with the uncontrolled environment, in which time becomes one of the treatments, results in imperfectly repeated samples. This chapter reviews inherent problems of resurveys and summarizes methods that help account for imprecision and biases in methods for the design of resurveys and analysis of the resulting data. These methods can also be used to compare repeated measurements taken over short time spans (e.g., days, months, years), although such replicates often minimize bias by having been designed when the first sample was collected. Without such careful planning, however, methodological bias increases with the time elapsed between samples.
Dissecting and Reconstructing Time and Space for Replicable Biological Research
Authors: Helm Barbara , Shavit Ayelet
Published: September 2017

This chapter highlights the importance of careful consideration of time and space for meaningful replication. First, it shows that seemingly straightforward assumptions about variation over time and space do not hold. Instead, the many aspects that contribute to an organism's time and space lead to substantial ambiguity and often incompatible practice. In order to tackle this ubiquitous problem, it views the operational meaning of “time” and “space” from three different perspectives—exogenous, endogenous, and interactionist—which should not be conflated. It then illustrates the implications by presenting in a single table a wide range of paradigmatic examples grouped by spatiotemporal descriptors and reviewed sequentially from all three perspectives. Such a reconstruction of “time” and “space” within a general, pluralistic, and multi-faceted table is not only new but also a first important step to be further developed.
Epilogue
Authors: Shavit Ayelet
Published: September 2017

This epilogue provides a practical flowchart for interpreting the best practices for replication. Taking the specific actions shown in the flowchart will help researchers to bridge, albeit not completely and permanently close, the gaps inherent in replication. At each branch point, making the “wrong” decision—for example, ignoring (that is, not recording) or conflating (that is, not recording separately) the relevant details—closes the door to replication. Making the “right” decision, however, at best only clarifies and quantifies how much further away we remain from exact replication. Either way, the hubris implicit in any attempt to perfectly replicate a project is fated to fail.
Bloody Engagements
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

This book presents an edited edition of a Union soldier's remarkable memoir, offering a rare perspective on guerrilla warfare and on the larger meanings of the American Civil War. While tales of Confederate guerilla-outlaws abound, there are few scholarly accounts of the Union men who battled them. This Civil War memoir presents a first-hand account of an ordinary man's extraordinary battlefield experiences along with his evolving interpretation of what the bloody struggle meant. A former Methodist preacher and Missouri schoolteacher, John Russell Kelso served as a Union Army foot soldier, cavalry officer, guerilla fighter, and spy. Initially shaped by a belief in the Founding Fathers' republic and a disdain for the slave-holding aristocracy, Kelso became driven by revenge after pro-Southern neighbors stole his property, burned down his house, and drove his family and friends from their homes. Interweaving Kelso's compelling voice with insightful commentary, this fascinating work charts the transformation of an everyday citizen into a man the Union hailed as a hero and Confederate sympathizers called a monster.
Big River and Scouting the Southwest Corner
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso shares his experience at Big River and the Southwest Corner between August and September 1861. Kelso's regiment was sent to Big River, on the Iron Mountain Rail Road, to help fend off an attack by the rebels led by Meriweather Jeff Thompson. He was also ordered by Col. Sempronius H. Boyd to go out in disguise and pass along the entire southern border of Missouri to the Southwest corner, and see if it would be possible for his regiment alone to march through on that line. At Iron Mountain, Kelso and John Newton McConnell went to scout about the country and made one trip to the top of the Pilot Knob. When he arrived in Rolla, Kelso found his regiment already there, waiting orders to move on toward Springfield with John C. Frémont's army.
Federals in Retreat, Refugees in the Snow, and Vengeance in Buffalo
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso talks about the events that transpired between October 1861 and February 1862, highlighted by the retreat of the Federals who then took revenge in Buffalo. Leaving Rolla in the morning, Kelso encountered a large body of cavalry led by Col. Thomas Roe Freeman. Soon a large portion of John C. Frémont's army began to make their way to Springfield. Kelso then left his comrades and went into hiding all alone only a few miles from Buffalo, and in a rebel locality. Kelso narrates how he was captured by Confederate rebels but was able to escape and gave Gen. Samuel R. Curtis a full account of what he had gone through.
The March to Pea Ridge
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso talks about the march to Pea Ridge in Arkansas in February 1862. Sometime in the February of 1862, Kelso and his fellow Union soldiers received orders to march in the direction of Springfield. They spent the next three days marching until evening, with a little recreation in the way of hard fighting with the rebels. The daily skirmish began a little earlier than usual, continued longer, and approached more nearly to a real battle. The cavalry and the artillery were all engaged. It was only when Kelso's infantry began to come into action that the enemy retired. A few Union men were killed and several were wounded, but Kelso's regiment inflicted a still heavier loss upon the enemy. They also took a number of prisoners, including a brother of one of Kelso's comrades.
Scouting, Recruiting, and the Cavalry
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso gives an account of the scouting and recruiting that he had carried out between February and May 1862. Near the close of February 1862, Kelso left the Union Army about four miles south of Bentonville and headed to Missouri. After eluding a party of about fifteen rebel horsemen on his way, Kelso turned to a place called King's Prairie where a number of Union men had organized themselves into a kind of independent military company. At Springfield, Kelso heard the news of the Battle of Pea Ridge. On March 15, he filled his appointment at King's Prairie and enrolled more than thirty recruits for a scouting mission. They were then directed by Lieut. Col. James K. Mills to enter the Fourteenth M. S. M. Cavalry, which was then being formed by Col. John M. Richardson. They were also ordered to Linn Creek and returned to Springfield about May 20.
A Defeat and a Victory
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso gives an account of the events that transpired from May to July 1862, during which he and his regiment suffered defeat at the hands of the enemy before scoring a victory against the rebels. After their return from Linn Creek, Kelso and his group again remained in camp training. They were then ordered to Neosho, a large town about eighty miles distant in a south-westerly direction. In a letter written to his wife on June 6, Kelso described the principal events of this expedition, including their march to Mount Vernon and their return to Springfield. He also narrates what he considers one of the most disgraceful military affairs in which he was ever involved.
A Plundering Expedition
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

Here, John Russell Kelso provides an account of the plundering expedition that he and his fellow Union soldiers undertook from September to October 1862. On around October 1, Major John C. Wilber decided to make an expedition into Arkansas with a force of over 200 men. At first, it was his intention to have no officers accompany this expedition except Captain Samuel A. Flagg and a few others. This triggered a suspicion that the expedition was meant to be one of disgraceful plunder and not one of honorable warfare. They eventually marched through a comparatively wealthy portion of the country, known as Tolbert Barrens, and looted the area. Kelso received a hero's welcome upon his return to Ozark, whereas Wilber and Flagg were regarded as cowards.
Fighting Rebels in Arkansas
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso gives an account of his group's battle with the rebels in Arkansas between October and November 1862. After October and until the end of 1862, Capt. Milton A. Burch and Kelso led many expeditions into various portions of Arkansas. On all of these expeditions, they were remarkably successful, killing many enemies and capturing large numbers of prisoners. One of these expeditions was into a portion of Arkansas which had not been visited by Federal troops, and which was held by two companies of rebel militia. Marching into this place, Kelso and company burned enemy barracks and plundered their suttler store and their post-office. Burch and Kelso, together with their men, then returned to Ozark.
Capturing and Destroying
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

Here, John Russell Kelso describes the events that led to the capture of rebel captain Joseph Hale Mooney and the destruction of the Salt-peter caves in Arkansas, all of which transpired between November and December 1862. At the close of November 1862, Kelso and Capt. Milton A. Burch decided to make another expedition to Arkansas. Their goal was two-fold: to capture Mooney and his band, and to destroy the caves where the rebels were manufacturing salt-peter for the Confederate powder factories. On this expedition, Kelso and company marched into the enemy's country, taking prisoners, horses, and guns and destroying rebel property. All this they had accomplished without firing a gun. Major Gen. Samuel R. Curtis claimed that this was one of the most brilliant achievements of the Civil War.
The Battle of Springfield
Authors: Kelso John R.
Published: September 2017

John Russell Kelso is here giving an account of the Battle of Springfield that occurred on January 8, 1863. On the morning of January 5, Kelso and Capt. Milton A. Burch started in command of 200 men intending to make a more extensive expedition than usual into Arkansas. On that day, they reached Beaver Station. Their fellow Union soldiers captured a small party of rebels who claimed to be the advance look-outs of Brig. Gen. John S. Marmaduke's army. Brig. Gen. Egbert B. Brown was in command of the Union forces. About the close of January, Kelso and his men marched to Forsythe before proceeding to Linden, 15 miles southeast of Springfield. They then returned to Springfield where they remained until the early part of May. While in Springfield, Kelso's regiment was broken up and incorporated with the 8 Reg. M. S. M. Cavalry. At Springfield, Kelso bought a little house for his family.
Strange Bird
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This book is about the Albatross Press, a Penguin precursor that entered into an uneasy relationship with the Nazi regime to keep Anglo-American literature alive under fascism. Albatross was, from its beginnings in 1932, a “strange bird”: a cultural outsider to the Third Reich but an economic insider. It was funded by British-Jewish interests. Its director was rumored to work for British intelligence. A precursor to Penguin, it distributed both middlebrow fiction and works by edgier modernist authors such as D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway to eager continental readers. Yet Albatross printed and sold its paperbacks in English from the heart of Adolf Hitler's Reich. The book reveals how the Nazi regime tolerated Albatross—for both economic and propaganda gains—and how Albatross exploited its insider position to keep Anglo-American books alive under fascism. In so doing, the book exposes the contradictions in Nazi censorship while offering an engaging detective story, a history, a nuanced analysis of men and motives, and a cautionary tale.
Spies for England
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on Hans Otto's campaign against Albatross Press, highlighted by his attempt to portray Max Christian Wegner and John Holroyd-Reece as partners in deceit. It became evident to Otto that Albatross filled the vacancy that Bernhard Tauchnitz had left open. Albatross, he worried, “can make a mere cat's leap from Paris and work at the source against us, without us noticing anything at all or first noticing when it's too late.” Otto could see only one way to proceed: to play up Tauchnitz's German loyalties in hopes of keeping its German readers from defecting to Albatross. This chapter examines how Otto, who felt that Tauchnitz had been outwitted by a foreign power, planned his defense by invoking German nationalism, hitting the theme of national betrayal especially hard with the German book trade.
Un-German Literature
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how the German book trade in general, and Albatross Press in particular, fared under Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime. For Kurt Enoch, as for all German Jews, the rise of Hitler altered his very way of living. Albatross's status in Nazi Germany was precarious enough to worry all its directors. In their favor was Albatross's legal standing as a German firm, registered under and protected by German law, as well as its German ties: Max Christian Wegner as managing director, Oscar Brandstetter as the printer, and Enoch as the distributor. Yet Nazi officials might also treat Albatross as a foreign firm, financed by the British, which produced foreign books, had its editorial offices in Paris, and gave decision-making power to foreign partners. Despite all these concerns, Albatross appeared to thrive, even as tolerance for the kind of literature it produced was dwindling.
Made in Britain?
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Albatross Press carved its reputation as an ambassador for British books in Continental Europe. From its inception, John Holroyd-Reece had publicly framed Albatross as British, much to the ire of the British publishing establishment. Yet he insisted that Albatross's sympathies were undeniably British. If British publishers had thought Bernhard Tauchnitz was privileging German economic interests to their detriment, Albatross—with its modern books and clever advertising—was perceived as an even greater threat. Albatross's obvious legal ties to Adolf Hitler's Germany only complicated the question of its Anglo-American loyalties. This chapter discusses Albatross's feud with the British Publishers Association as well as the Albatross Crime Club series that was introduced by Albatross to the German book trade two months after Hitler seized power.
The Center Will Not Hold
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Kurt Enoch and Albatross Press negotiated with the Nazi regime, and particularly the bureaucracy, as the government sought to drive all Jews out of the German cultural economy. On March 12, 1935, Enoch received a letter from the Reich Press Chamber declaring that non-Aryans were not “sufficiently suitable or reliable to carry out its laws” and ordering him to sell his distribution business to an “Aryan” or liquidate it. Enoch realized that he would have to find a way out of the impasse or leave the country. His calibrated appeal: that Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz worked for the financial and cultural benefit of the Nazi regime and that he, despite his Jewishness, was the best man to move these interests forward. This chapter considers how Albatross's lines of affiliation were tested by political pressures in Nazi Germany and discusses Enoch's emigration from Germany to Paris, where he moved his distribution business.
Suspicion
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the Nazi authorities' suspicion that Albatross Press was a foreign imposter and that John Holroyd-Reece was actually a German agent. Holroyd-Reece was happy with the way things were going for Albatross. The firm, operating out of Paris, had decreased its dependence on Germany. Kurt Enoch's emigration had pulled control over most Albatross-Tauchnitz distribution beyond Reich borders and increased book stocks in Parisian warehouses. Furthermore, the coming Bernhard Tauchnitz centenary gave Holroyd-Reece the perfect platform for selling books and promoting Anglo-American culture. This chapter considers the concern of Leipzig officials that Albatross was being presented as German in the Reich while actually following secret agendas abroad. It also discusses Holroyd-Reece's acquisition of more publishing houses, a move that Enoch, the Nazi authorities, and French intelligence found suspicious.
Allegiances
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Erich Kupfer, Albatross Press's managing director in Germany, handled the pressure of being asked by the Nazi authorities about disengaging Kurt Enoch from Albatross-Tauchnitz operations. On March 12, 1938, Adolf Hitler's troops invaded Austria. Around the same time, the Leipzig finance president continued to pressure Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz “to dismantle the distribution of both publishers via the Jewish firm Continenta in Paris.” Kupfer was queried by financial authorities on how and when Enoch might be removed from Albatross-Tauchnitz operations without damage to the firms' overall interests—a tenuous situation that tested his allegiance. This chapter shows how Kupfer aligned Albatross and Tauchnitz with the German economy, both of which would pay the cost of disentangling Enoch out of Albatross-Tauchnitz operations. It also discusses John Holroyd-Reece's initiatives aimed at safeguarding Albatross's assets in case of war.
Faces of War
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the impact of World War II on Albatross Press. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war against Germany. The onset of aggressions had immediate consequences for Albatross. With British, French, and German allegiances, the firm found itself in an unenviable position on both sides of the war. John Holroyd-Reece and other Albatross leaders were suddenly not just on opposite sides of national lines, but at cross-purposes. In World War I, Holroyd-Reece had fought for the British, and Kurt Enoch and Max Christian Wegner for the Germans; now Holroyd-Reece and Enoch stood on the same side, facing Wegner on the other. This chapter discusses the experiences and challenges faced by Albatross and its leaders as they tried to continue running their business amid the war.
Enemy Books
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how John Holroyd-Reece and Erich Kupfer were able to deploy Albatross-Tauchnitz books despite being on opposite sides during World War II. When Britain declared war on Germany, the German Propaganda Ministry declared war on British books. Still, Albatross Press and Bernhard Tauchnitz earned the distinction of offering books that belonged to both sides. From Paris and from Leipzig, Holroyd-Reece and Kupfer sent their titles across Europe in the first few months of the conflict. The two men—each running half an operation—faced off in a bizarre competition to sell their English-language titles to continental readers as war raged on around them. This chapter considers how Albatross and Tauchnitz books were successfully distributed by Holroyd-Reece and Kupfer during the war, rather than being maligned as “enemy books” by one or the other.
Albatross Under the Occupation
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Albatross Press fared during the Nazi Occupation of France. In the first year of World War II, John Holroyd-Reece must have done a remarkably good job convincing French authorities that Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz were under British control. When Erich Kupfer and Wolfgang Krause-Brandstetter arrived in Paris on October 25, 1940, they had to answer a lot of questions from Occupation officials. This chapter considers how Kupfer and Krause-Brandstetter were forced to prove to military Occupation authorities that Albatross and Tauchnitz were, despite French claims, firms with legitimate German ties. It also discusses how military propaganda officials clamped down on the French book trade shortly after taking over Paris.
English Books Abroad
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Albatross Press's sale of English books in Germany and neutral countries during World War II. Having lost Albatross strongholds in Germany and then France, John Holroyd-Reece reassessed the firm's prospects from his office in London. On July 2, 1940, he wrote to a British literary agency, spreading word that though Albatross had lost access to the bulk of its books, it had not entirely succumbed to the German invasion of France. However, the war made it impossible for Holroyd-Reece to monitor production and sales in Occupied territories. Ironically, losing his toehold on the continent aligned Holroyd-Reece more strongly with other British publishers. This chapter shows that German readers craved for books published by Albatross despite the Nazi regime's attempts to clamp down on Albatross.
Rivals
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the emergence of rival publishers and how Albatross Press responded to the challenge. After the Germans bombarded his London office, John Holroyd-Reece took up his defense of Albatross from a new location: 13 New Square. The continental market for English books was open to competition, and Holroyd-Reece saw rivals rising up over the horizon. One of them, the Swedish publisher Albert Bonnier, opened a New York office in an attempt to win American rights for his own continental English edition: Clipper Books. As war dragged on, publishers became bolder about challenging Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz. On July 30, 1935, Allen Lane launched his Penguin Books into the British market. One of Lane's chief American allies was Kurt Enoch.
When the Bombs Fell
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how the Allied bombings of Germany affected the lives of people in the Albatross-Tauchnitz fold, particularly Max Christian Wegner and Walter Gey. To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Adolf Hitler's reign, the Nazi elite gathered with thousands of party loyalists on January 30, 1943 for an evening of rousing speeches at the Berlin Sportpalast. The Allies commemorated Hitler's tenth anniversary by sending Royal Air Force Mosquito light bombers on a daylight air raid on the German capital. For Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Franklin Roosevelt, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, this attack marked the beginning of the “strategic bombing” campaign they had agreed upon at the Casablanca Conference days earlier. This chapter considers Wegner's arrest and imprisonment at the height of World War II as well as Gey's efforts to make the best of the Albatross Press's ever-shrinking terrain.
Making Peace
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the publishing activities of the three former Albatross Press leaders—John Holroyd-Reece, Max Christian Wegner, and Kurt Enoch— during peacetime. Rumors of a pending Allied invasion had swirled through Paris since early August 1945. The true celebration began when General Charles de Gaulle strode down the Champs-Élysées, reclaiming France for the French. This chapter first discusses Wolfgang Krause-Brandstetter's defection to Britain that brought Holroyd-Reece back into the scene before showing how Holroyd-Reece, Enoch, and Wegner each charted a course of his own in the publishing world after the end of World War II.
Rising from the Ashes
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Albatross Press revived its publishing business after World War II. In peacetime, John Holroyd-Reece envisioned an Albatross with more international ties than ever to liberate a continent held captive by nationalism. In this new Europe, Albatross had forged partnerships with one publisher in each market, an array of joint imprints bearing the Albatross logo. Yet even Albatross's expanded ties could not protect it from the “Kriegspsychose [war psychosis] and prejudice against German firms” that Holroyd-Reece had predicted. This sentiment reinforced the British book trade's longstanding resentment toward Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz. This chapter considers Max Christian Wegner's efforts to put Tauchnitz back on the map and Holroyd-Reece's attempt to reclaim Tauchnitz and bring Albatross back into Germany along with it.
Homecoming
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on Albatross Press's return to the German publishing world. On March 17, 1949, Kurt Enoch returned to Germany for practical rather than personal reasons. He and Victor Weybright, his partner at American Penguin, had established a formidable partnership in New York, and like so many other British and American publishers they were looking to expand their European horizons. In 1949 Enoch focused on getting English-language books onto continental bookshelves. He got significant help from the Economic Cooperation Administration, formed in 1949 by American and allied governments to lend support to American publishers. This chapter examines how Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz fared in the postwar German market, with particular emphasis on the competition faced from other publishers.
Longing
Authors: Troy Michele K.
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter reflects on the story of Albatross Press and its many contradictions. It argues that Albatross books, like others of their time, cannot be regarded as inherently subversive forces under National Socialism just because they were in English or associated with Anglo-American culture. The Albatross leaders had an admirable goal, endorsed by the British government in the mid-1930s: to keep Anglo-American books in German hands. Yet in retrospect there is the realization that the Albatross leaders opened themselves up to self-censorship and compromise, to realize their personal, economic, and propaganda goals. It seems at least plausible that John Holroyd-Reece, who spoke at least four languages, provided information in some capacity to British intelligence. It is also possible that Holroyd-Reece and Wolfgang Krause-Brandstetter were both renegades, working in some small part of their lives for the same cause. This chapter ends by looking at how Holroyd-Reece, Kurt Enoch, and Max Christian Wegner fared in various publishing landscapes in the postwar years.
Introduction
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter talks about Congress's imprint on American society and life as driven by the aches, anxieties and headlines of the day. But instead of dwelling on aspirations, processes, and optics, it looks at the effects or results of congressional activities. Going as far back as 1789, the chapter examines Congress's distinctive imprint on American society from those of the presidency, cradling the analysis in the experience of peer countries. These congressionl imprints include the launching of the country in the 1790s, the coming of the regulatory state, the rise of the United States to world power, the onsetof economic neoliberalism, and the management of federal debt and deficits.
Impulses and Imprints
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the performance of Congress in a transnational perspective, which requires U.S. comparisons with peer countries. It explores patches of performance that have entailed large considerations of regime legitimacy, order, responsiveness, welfare, prosperity, fairness, state-building, and national survival or expansion in an often hostile international world. U.S. participation in large political or intellectual impulses has been occurring transnationally since 1789. Resorting to transnational focus has two uses: it guides the selection of realms of performance to look at, and it paves the way to appraisals. It can offer clues to relative performance—the United States versus the rest—albeit not clues of a quality that would admit to score-keeping or quantification.
Surges and Their Constraints
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

This chapter turns to three American “impulses” of post-Civil War times: building an industrial economy, taming the corporations, and the rise to world hegemony. In general, Congress, when it has differed with the presidency on foreign policy, has leaned toward inaction, often accompanied by cacophonous talk. Congress has often resisted or footdragged on White House aims for expansions, invasions, intrusions, annexations, and commitments abroad. “Insularity” is a decent tagline for this bent—it entails constraint on action. This idea applies to participation in multilateral agreements and commitments, not just to unilateral U.S. moves abroad.
Depression and the Welfare State
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

This chapter navigates the 1930s and groups two impulses into it: responding to the Great Depression and building a welfare state equipped with instruments of social provision. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Democrats blended these two impulses when they executed their New Deal in the 1930s. However, on current inspection, the blend is confusing and sometimes contradictory, and there is a difference in time span. Responding to the Great Depression was clearly a 1930s drive; whereas the Social Security Act of 1935 still enjoys its high place at the top of the American welfare state. The chapter shows how the timeline on building U.S. social provision runs a lot longer before and afterward.
After World War II
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers three impulses of the post-World War II era. Two of them deal with the economy, bracketing its course from an inspiration flowing out of the war through an ideological and policy retake a generation later. The other impulse covers one of the major developments of American, not to mention transnational, history—the civil rights revolution of those times. In the three impulses detailed here, economic planning devices, energy supply, the cities, travel, infrastructure, the tax code, industrial structure, the workplace, immigration, demographic patterns, the electorate, rights standards, and relations among the races, gained lasting imprints from U.S. government participation, among others.
See It/Shoot It
Authors: Fuller Christopher J.
Published: September 2017

This book is an illuminating study tracing the evolution of drone technology and counterterrorism policy from the Reagan to the Obama administrations. The book uncovers the history of the most important instrument of U.S. counterterrorism today: the armed drone. It reveals that, contrary to popular belief, the CIA's covert drone program is not a product of 9/11. Rather, it is the result of U.S. counterterrorism practices extending back to an influential group of policy makers in the Reagan administration. Tracing the evolution of counterterrorism policy and drone technology from the fallout of Iran-Contra and the CIA's “Eagle Program” prototype in the mid-1980s to the emergence of al-Qaeda, the book shows how George W. Bush and Barack Obama built upon or discarded strategies from the Reagan and Clinton eras as they responded to changes in the partisan environment, the perceived level of threat, and technological advances. Examining a range of counterterrorism strategies, the book reveals why the CIA's drones became the United States' preferred tool for pursuing the decades-old goal of preemptively targeting anti-American terrorists around the world.
Prologue: “Let Him Sleep”
Authors: Fuller Christopher J.
Published: September 2017

As Mustafa Abu al-Yazid’s vehicle buffeted down the dirt track connecting the main town of Miranshah with the village of Boyya, he would have known he was taking a risk. After all, they were anticipating strikes.1 It had been just two days since the Bagram operation, and while the dozen Taliban fighters had not succeeded in penetrating the American base’s perimeter, the attack had still featured prominently in the Western media....
“The Hamlet of Nations”: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Reagan Administration’s Counterterrorism Policy, 1980–1985
Authors: Fuller Christopher J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reveals that the concept of waging war against terrorists did not arise from the ruins of the World Trade Center, but can in fact be traced back to a small group of counterterrorism hardliners within the Reagan administration. This group, consisting of Secretary of State George Shultz, Director of the CIA William Casey, and the National Security Council (NSC) member responsible for low-intensity warfare, Lt. Col. Oliver North, pushed for the United States to adopt a policy of preemptive force and lethal retaliation as measures of self-defense against the emerging threat posed to U.S. citizens by increasingly well organized and motivated terrorist groups. Though their calls for an aggressive American stance were never fully adopted, their philosophy prompted the establishment of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC).
Youth and Media
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins with a brief review of the changes in the media landscape, including the development of new media, the repurposing of traditional media, and traditional TV advertising's loss of its dominant position. It then discusses the increased academic interest in youth and media. It details the evolution of interdisciplinary research on youth and media in the last few decades. It identifies social trends have contributed to the dramatic growth of the academic interest in youth, three of which have played particularly impressive roles. These are the commercialization of the media environment around youth; the development of media for the very youngest viewers, children between one and two years old at the end of the 1990s; and the advent of social media at the dawn of the new millennium. Finally, the chapter considers the public debate surrounding youth and media.
Children
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2017

This chapter highlights how children 5–12 years of age perceive the world—connecting this development with their media preferences. Since five-year-olds and nine-year-olds look at the world very differently, this age period is divided into two groups: young elementary schoolchildren (5–7 years old) and preadolescents (8–12). For both groups, the chapter discusses the most significant developmental changes and connects these changes with media preferences. For example, what is the “spinach syndrome”? What sort of humor do children in both age groups prefer? Why do children recognize bad acting only at around eight years? Why does collecting become important to children in this period? And when and why does the peer group emerge as a key context?
Adolescents
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2017

The spectacular changes in the human body and brain during the period of adolescence have a huge influence on adolescents' behavior and their interest in media. This chapter considers these developmental processes in order to understand how best to appeal to younger and older adolescents. What, for example, interests young teens (ages 12–15) and how does this differ (or not) from what interests their older teenage peers (16–19)? What specific developmental characteristics typify these age groups, and how do these characteristics influence their media use and preferences? Why do teens enjoy sarcasm and fast-paced, humorous banter in media? Why do social media have such a “Pied Piper effect” on adolescents? And finally, how does teens' developing autonomy influence their media preferences?
Media And Violence
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2017

Media violence and its effects on aggression is one of the most heavily investigated topics in the field of communication. Every time a child or teenager committed an act of violence in recent years, the debate about the effects of media violence on aggression flared up again. Can children and teens indeed become aggressive, or even criminal, from seeing violence on television, in movies, or in games? And if so, are some children and teens particularly vulnerable to media violence effects? This chapter reviews the latest findings on the effects of media violence on aggression and criminal behavior. It first discusses key studies that investigated the effects of media violence on aggression. It then discusses the most important theories of why and how media violence may stimulate aggression. Finally, it reflects on how and why some children may be more—and others less—susceptible to media violence effects.
Media and Sex
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the research into the effects of sex and porn on adolescents' sexual beliefs, sexual attitudes, and sexual behavior. More than any other media format, the Internet has brought sexual media content to the masses in an affordable, accessible, and anonymous manner. It is no wonder that many teens, who are in the middle of developing their sexual identities, look for sex online. And it is no wonder that there is concern about the potential consequences for these teens. Are these concerns justified? What is the influence of this vast quantity of easily accessible sex and porn on adolescents? What are the characteristics of online sex and porn, and how do these influence adolescents' ideas about sexuality and gender roles?