bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Business Cycle Theory in Historical Perspective
Authors: Kyun Kim
Published: April 2010

This 1988 book presents a historical investigation of the theoretical development of contemporary Equilibrium Business Cycle Theory (EBCT). The author examines the central features of the EBCT by tracing both the history of business cycle theory and the history of econometrics. These historical analyses make clear two central principles of the EBCT: its optimization foundation and its economic strategy. Following along these lines, the author argues that the EBCT succeeds the tradition of the Austrian cycle theory that attempted to incorporate the cycle with classical equilibrium doctrine. He further argues that the EBCT's econometric strategy is only a child of the Cowles commission method. Investigating interwar macroeconomics in very readable style, this book brings the period back into the heart of macroeconomic thinking.
Washington, Somoza and the Sandinistas
Authors: Morley Morris H.
Published: April 2010

This study of US policy toward Nicaragua during the Nixon, Ford, and Carter presidencies reveals the fundamental importance Washington places on preserving state institutions in Latin America while adopting a much more flexible approach regarding support for elected regimes or dictatorial rulers. The Carter White House decision to dump a longstanding ally, Somoza, and support a regime change was triggered by the appearance of a mass-based social movement led by radical nationalist guerrillas posing a challenge to both the dictatorial regime and, more importantly, the state structure that underpinned it. This study is based on the extensive use of personal interviews and declassified US government documents. Among its distinctive features as compared with earlier studies is the emphasis on the pivotal role Washington played in contributing to the long-term survival of the Somoza dictatorship. It is the first detailed study, based on original research, of Nixon and Ford policy toward Nicaragua.
Motivated Mathematics
Authors: Evyatar A. , Rosenbloom P.
Published: April 2010

The ideas of mathematics can be understood through the techniques needed to solve problems which crop up in everyday life. Conversely, these problems can illustrate how mathematics develops 'naturally'. The essence of this informal book is to motivate mathematics by examining mathematical models of situations and problems that occur in the real world. Each chapter deals with a specific mathematical topic and each topic is introduced at different levels to provide motivation for students of varying mathematical maturity. The authors emphasize that although applications provide motivation, they are not trying to supply aids for teaching applied mathematics. It is mathematical notions and how they can be developed that are important. We thus have an interesting inversion of aims: physics, biology, linguistics, etc., are here applied to the teaching of mathematics. The bank of ideas in this practical manual will be valuable to teachers of mathematics at schools, colleges and, to a certain extent, universities. Student teachers will also find here a great deal of material of use and interest.
Problems with Patients
Authors: Norton Kingsley , Smith Samuel Peter , Freeling Paul
Published: April 2010

When patient meets doctor, as well as engaging in a transaction with a clinical purpose, they react to one another as people. Their personalities and ability to make relationships in general also affect the professional interaction. As with other relationships, things can go wrong. The outcome of the consultation may not then be what was hoped for or intended on either side. This 1994 book considers the factors which may cause problems in the doctor-patient relationship, emphasising and explaining the often unconscious personal aspects of doctor and patient within a model studied from various perspectives. Through this insight doctors can be helped to manage their interactions with patients within their own consultational style, thereby avoiding many unnecessary professional relationship problems. This analysis, which is well-illustrated by clinical case vignettes, is sure to be welcomed by clinicians, trainees and course organisers in all areas where communication between individuals plays an important role.
A House Undivided
Authors: Anderson Douglas
Published: April 2010

A whole range of major American writers have focused on images of the household, of domestic virtue, and the feminine or feminized hero. This important 1990 book examines the persistence and flexibility of such themes in the work of a tradition of classic writers from Ann Bradstreet through Jefferson and Franklin to Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Without minimizing the differences that divide these figures, Anderson shows the extent to which, in their various circumstances, they were all committed to a common enterprise - a social and cultural reconstruction based on the domestic values of the ideal private household.
Game Theory and Political Theory
Authors: Ordeshook Peter C.
Published: April 2010

Formal political theory seeks to develop formal, mathematical models of political and economic processes. This book attempts to integrate the last twenty years of development in this field. Professor Ordeshook uses the modern developments in the theory of games (decision making with multiple, interactive decision makers) as the basis for the synthesis. Topics covered include models of elections and of committee processes, the demand and supply of public goods, and surveys of game theory and social-choice theory. Game Theory and Political Theory is designed as a textbook for graduate courses in formal political theory and political economy.
Crossing Frontiers
Authors: Achenbaum W. Andrew
Published: April 2010

Although philosophers, physicians, and others have long pondered the meanings and experiences of growing older, gerontology did not emerge as a scientific field of inquiry in the United States until the twentieth century. The study of aging borrows from a variety of other disciplines, including medicine, psychology, sociology and anthropology, but its own scientific basis is still developing. Despite dozens of aging-related journals, and a notable increase in state, regional, national and international networks, there are no widely shared techniques or distinctive methods. Theories of aging remain partial and tentative. By tracing intellectual networks and analyzing institutional patterns, Crossing Frontiers shows how old age became a 'problem' worth investigating and how a multidisciplinary orientation took shape. Gerontology is a marginal intellectual enterprise but its very strengths and weaknesses illuminate the politics of specialization and academic turf-fighting in U.S. higher education.
The Good Communist
Authors: Pieke Frank N.
Published: April 2010

Has China become just another capitalist country in a socialist cloak? Will the Chinese Communist Party's rule survive the next ten years of modernization and globalization? Frank Pieke investigates these conundrums in this fascinating account of how government officials are trained for placement in the Chinese Communist Party. Through in-depth interviews with staff members and aspiring trainees, he shows that while the Chinese Communist Party has undergone a radical transformation since the revolutionary years under Mao, it is still incumbent upon cadres, who are selected through a highly rigorous process, to be ideologically and politically committed to the party. It is the lessons learnt through their teachers that shape the political and economic decisions they will make in power. The book offers unique insights into the structure and the ideological culture of the Chinese government, and how it has reinvented itself over the last three decades as a neo-socialist state.
Host specificity ofOschmarinella rochebruniandBrachycladium atlanticum(Digenea: Brachycladiidae) in five cetacean species from western Mediterranean waters
Authors: Mateu P. , Raga J.A. , Aznar F.J.
Published: April 2010

We investigated patterns of specificity of liver flukes (fam. Brachycladiidae) in a community of cetaceans from the western Mediterranean. The liver and pancreas of 103 striped dolphins,Stenella coeruleoalba, 18 Risso's dolphins,Grampus griseus, 14 bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus, 8 common dolphins,Delphinus delphis, and 5 long-finned pilot whales,Globicephala melas, were analysed for brachycladiid species. Two species were found:Oschmarinella rochebruniin striped dolphins (prevalence (P): 61.2%; mean intensity (MI) (95% CI): 34.2 (25.7–45.6)), andBrachycladium atlanticumin striped dolphins (P: 39.8%; MI: 7.1 (4.8–13.1)) and a single individual of common dolphin (P: 12.5%; intensity: 19), which represents a new host record. A molecular analysis using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the rDNA gene confirmed that specimens ofB. atlanticumwere conspecific regardless of host species. Available dietary data suggest that Risso's dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and long-finned pilot whales would contact rarely, if at all, the infective stages ofO. rochebruniandB. atlanticum. Neither the prevalence nor the mean abundance ofB. atlanticumdiffered significantly between striped and common dolphins, but a principal component analysis using seven morphometric variables indicated that specimens collected from the common dolphin were stunted. These worms also had fewer eggs compared with specimens typically found in striped dolphins, although the size of the eggs was similar in both host species. Dwarfism and low fecundity have typically been found in helminths infecting unusual host species, and might reflect the lower compatibility ofB. atlanticumfor common dolphins. In summary, bothO. rochebruniandB. atlanticumappear to exhibit a narrow specificity for striped dolphins in the western Mediterranean.
Economic Growth and Decolonisation in Indonesia
Authors: Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: April 2010

The economist Hal Hill begins his authoritative survey of the Indonesian economy under Soeharto's “New Order” (Orde Baru) government with quotes from leading development economists, who are singularly pessimistic about the prospects for economic growth in Indonesia. A negative assessment such as that given by Swedish Nobel Prize Laureate Gunnar Myrdal is understandable as he was writing at the time of the severe economic crisis accompanying the eclipse of Sukarno's “Old Order” (Orde Lama) in the mid-1960s. More surprising is the verdict of Benjamin Higgins, known to have coined the expression “chronic dropout” for Indonesia. Higgins had spent quite a bit of time in Indonesia in the early 1950s as an advisor from the World Bank. Was his harsh verdict, akin to the oft-heard epithet “perpetual underachiever”, based on his own personal observations in the newly independent nation, or was his judgement also coloured by the near-collapse of the economy in the mid-1960s? The received dismal view of Indonesia's economic performance under Sukarno forms the logical point of departure for this article.
VISUAL CULTURE STUDIES IN MESOAMERICA
Authors: Koontz Rex
Published: April 2010

This essay surveys recent trends in studies of Mesoamerican visual culture. Visual culture is defined here as more than an inclusive art history. I outline a tradition of approaches and methods in visual culture studies, arguing that this tradition pays particular attention to the reception and use of objects, as well as to their place in ancient economies. Several current trends in Mesoamerican studies, especially Postclassic period world-systems approaches and Classic period Maya courtly studies, have been particularly fecund strategies for visual culture studies. Other major trends in the field include studies of the symbolism of architecture and urban planning as well as performance studies. The insistence on economic contexts, the desire to capture indigenous visualities, and the need to situate the visual experience in larger cultural phenomena all bode well for future interdisciplinary work in visual cultural studies.
MESOAMERICAN LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGIES
Authors: Ashmore Wendy
Published: April 2010

Landscapes figure centrally in conceptions and writings about ancient Mesoamerica. This selective review considers four interrelated kinds of landscapes investigated archaeologically in Mesoamerica: ecology and land use, social history, ritual expression, and cosmologic meaning. The literature on each topic is large, and from its inception, Ancient Mesoamerica has contributed significantly. Discussion here focuses on how we got to where we are in Mesoamerican landscape archaeology, important current developments, and directions for the decades ahead.
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SUSTAINABILITY: MESOAMERICA
Authors: Scarborough Vernon
Published: April 2010

The role of human ecology in a Mesoamerican context requires both rigor and imagination to assess the sophistication and accomplishment of the many diverse groups sharing its varied resources. Three overlapping and complementary ecological orientations from recent literature found generally elsewhere—outside the culture area—are (1) resilience and vulnerability of communities and their landscapes, (2) economic tasking logics, and (3) complexity trajectories. Mesoamerica charted a unique economic, political, and ideological course when compared to the Old World, one significantly affected by its environmental opportunities and constraints. Brief attention is given to lessons learned.
MESOAMERICAN BIOARCHAEOLOGY: PAST AND FUTURE
Authors: Spence Michael W. , White Christine D.
Published: April 2010

Despite a long history of contributions by physical anthropologists to our understanding of the Mesoamerican past, it has only been over the past few decades that a closer relationship has developed between bioarchaeology and archaeology in the region. The next step should be the integration of bioarchaeologists in the planning as well as the execution of projects. In this review of the present status of bioarchaeology in Mesoamerica we examine its contributions to several broad topics, emphasizing its growing theoretical component and the development of new methods like isotopic analysis, and suggest some lines of inquiry for future investigations.
STATES AND EMPIRES IN ANCIENT MESOAMERICA
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Chase Diane Z. , Smith Michael E.
Published: April 2010

Ancient Mesoamerican polities are an important source of data for considerations of state development, despite internal debate over their size and complexity. We review complex political units, usually referred to as “states” and “empires,” in ancient Mesoamerica and reach the following conclusions: these polities tended to be hegemonic, rather than territorial, in composition; they melded ritual and political action; and they utilized the ruler as a symbol of the “body politic.” We also note the apparently larger size of most Maya polities as compared to other Mesoamerican city-states. Besides reviewing the commonalities among ancient Mesoamerican states, we also highlight the variation among these polities and the need to consider historic and archaeological data contextually in making interpretations of political structure.
From ‘garden city precursors’ to ‘cemeteries for the living’: contemporary discourse on Krupp housing and Besucherpolitik in Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: BOLZ CEDRIC
Published: April 2010

In the Wilhelmine era (1871–1918) the Krupp steel company developed into Germany's largest industrial establishment and most famous armaments manufacturer. While the firm further cultivated its reputation as ‘Cannon Kings’, it claimed to be a leader in an entirely different area: the provision of housing. Extensively marketed through company publications, displays at international exhibitions and its Besucherpolitik (visitor policy), Krupp's housing developments in Essen generated considerable domestic and international interest. During a period when the housing question increasingly entered the political realm, high-profile individuals such as Kurt Eisner, Hannes Meyer and Alfred von Tirpitz all passionately expressed their views on Krupp's housing developments. This article assesses their historically neglected first-hand observations against the quantitative and qualitative housing achievements of the steel giant.
Academic Systems and Professional Conditions in Five European Countries
Authors: Cavalli Alessandro , Moscati Roberto
Published: April 2010

Despite the tendency to create a European Higher Education and Research area, academic systems are still quite different across Europe. We selected five countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway and the UK) to investigate how the differences have an impact on a number of aspects of the working conditions of academic staff. One crucial aspect is the growing diversification of professional activity: reduction of tenured and tenure tracked position, the growing number of fixed-term contracts for both teaching and research, including the growing recruitment of academic staff from external professional fields. These changes are connected with the changing functions of higher education systems and signal the growing openness of higher education institutions to their outside social and economic environment. To understand these trends one has to take into consideration the different degree in which systems distinguish between teaching and research functions. A second aspect has to do with career paths, their regulation, their length and speed. Here, the history of recruitment and career mechanisms in different countries are of particular importance because the different systems went through different periods of change and stability. Also connected to career is the willingness and the opportunity to move from one position to another, both within and outside the academic world. A third aspect deserving attention that is connected to mobility is the professional satisfaction among academic staff in the five systems considered.
Challenges to Academic Freedom: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Rostan Michele
Published: April 2010

It seems appropriate to distinguish at least two aspects of academic freedom: (a) freedom from external constraints in choosing topics, concepts, methods and sources, which in western democracies generally enjoys a certain level of protection by law; (b) freedom to act in the pursuit of goals and values, with academic staff being in control of the relevant means to do so, which is generally strictly related to the overall organisation of universities and the higher education system at large. Both these aspects have been understood as necessary conditions for producing and disseminating new knowledge, i.e. the two main functions of higher education institutions. It can be added that academic freedom has been considered as one of the elements defining the academic profession, at least after the Second World War. On the one hand, academic freedom is strictly connected with the idea that the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake through research represents the main goal of the academic work. On the other hand, academic freedom and peer review are considered as necessary devices to ensure quality, i.e. quality is ensured by the self-steering capacities of academics or their professional autonomy. In the last few decades, several processes have had an impact on academic freedom: (a) the rise of higher education institutions as more autonomous corporate bodies, which has implied the strengthening of the role of administrative staff at the expense of the academic community, a trend that has been named ‘managerialism’; (b) the drive of governments away from more direct forms of control in favour of a system of distant steering, which has implied stronger accountability of higher education institutions and academics and the use of assessment devices; (c) the increasing demands to and pressures on academics and higher education by both the economy and society to support economic development, innovation, and social progress, a trend to which we refer to as growing expectations of relevance. The impact of the first two processes is quite clear and pertains mostly to relationships within higher education institutions and to the relationship between academics and the state. The impact of the last process is less clear and pertains to the relationships between academics and the external world, mostly the economy, but also society. Building on the results of the Changing Academic Profession survey, this article will address the issue of the growing pressures on academics to be ‘relevant’ to both society and the economy, and of the mechanisms through which the notion of relevance intrudes into the academic profession in selected European countries, especially evaluation, funding, and specific kinds of research activities.
Household food security status and associated factors among high-school students in Esfahan, Iran
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Assieh , Dorosty Ahmadreza , Eshraghian Mohammadreza
Published: April 2010

Objective

The present study was designed to determine household food security status and factors associated with food insecurity among high-school students in Esfahan, Iran.

Design

Cross-sectional surveys.

Setting

The present study was conducted in autumn 2008 in Esfahan, Iran. The samples were selected using systematic cluster sampling. Socio-economic questionnaires, food security questionnaires and FFQ were filled out during face-to-face interviews. In addition, data on participants’ weights and heights were collected.

Subjects

A total of 580 students (261 boys and 319 girls) aged 14–17 years from forty high schools in Esfahan, Iran, were selected.

Results

The prevalence of household food insecurity according to the US Department of Agriculture food security questionnaire was 36·6 % (95 % CI 0·33, 0·40). Food insecurity was positively associated with number of members in the household (P < 0·05) and negatively associated with parental education level and job status and household economic status (P < 0·05). Moreover, students living in food-insecure households more frequently consumed bread, macaroni, potato and egg (P < 0·05), while they less frequently consumed rice, red meat, sausage and hamburger, poultry, fish, green vegetables, root and bulb (coloured) vegetables, melons, apples and oranges, milk and yoghurt (P < 0·05).

Conclusions

Food insecurity was prevalent among households in Esfahan, Iran, and food security status was associated with socio-economic factors. Students who belonged to food-secure households more frequently consumed healthy foods (except sausage and hamburger), whereas those living in food-insecure households more frequently consumed cheap foods containing high energy per kilogram. The present study suggests that intervention programmes be designed and carried out.
Actual use of a front-of-pack nutrition logo in the supermarket: consumers’ motives in food choice
Authors: Vyth Ellis L , Steenhuis Ingrid HM , Vlot Jessica A , Wulp Anouk , Hogenes Meefa G , Looije Danielle H , Brug Johannes , Seidell Jacob C
Published: April 2010

Objective

A front-of-pack nutrition logo on products with relatively favourable product compositions might help consumers to make more healthful choices. Studies investigating actual nutrition label use in point-of-purchase settings are scarce. The present study investigates the use of the ‘Choices’ nutrition logo in Dutch supermarkets.

Design

Adults were asked to complete a validated questionnaire about motivation for food choice and their purchased products were scored for the Choices logo after they had done their shopping.

Setting

Nine supermarkets in The Netherlands.

Subjects

A total of 404 respondents participated.

Results

Of the respondents, 62 % reported familiarity with the logo. The motivations for food choice that were positively associated with actually purchasing products with the logo were attention to ‘weight control’ and ‘product information’. The food choice motive ‘hedonism’ was negatively associated with purchasing products with the logo.

Conclusions

This is the first study to investigate actual use of the Choices logo. In order to stimulate consumers to purchase more products with a favourable product composition, extra attention should be paid to hedonistic aspects such as the tastefulness and the image of healthy products.
BLOW-UP OF SMOOTH SOLUTIONS TO THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS OF COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS HEAT-CONDUCTING FLUIDS
Authors: TAN ZHONG , WANG YANJIN
Published: April 2010

We give a simpler and refined proof of some blow-up results of smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible, viscous and heat-conducting fluids in arbitrary space dimensions. Our main results reveal that smooth solutions with compactly supported initial density will blow up in finite time, and that if the initial density decays at infinity in space, then there is no global solution for which the velocity decays as the reciprocal of the elapsed time.
Slab morphology in the Cascadia fore arc and its relation to episodic tremor and slip
Authors: Audet Pascal , Bostock Michael G. , Boyarko Devin C. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Allen Richard M.
Published: April 2010

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events in subduction zones occur in the general vicinity of the plate boundary, downdip of the locked zone. In developing an understanding of the ETS phenomenon it is important to relate the spatial occurrence of nonvolcanic tremor to the principal structural elements within the subduction complex. In Cascadia, active and passive source seismic data image a highly reflective, dipping, low‐velocity zone (LVZ) beneath the fore‐arc crust; however, its continuity along the margin is not established with certainty, and its interpretation is debated. In this work we have assembled a large teleseismic body wave data set comprising stations from northern California to northern Vancouver Island. Using stacked receiver functions we demonstrate that the LVZ is well developed along the entire margin from the coast eastward to the fore‐arc basins (Georgia Strait, Puget Sound, and Willamette Valley). Combined with observations and predictions of intraslab seismicity, seismic velocity structure, and tremor hypocenters, our results support the thesis that the LVZ represents the signature of subducted oceanic crust, consistent with thermal‐petrological modeling of subduction zone metamorphism. The location of tremor epicenters along the revised slab contours indicates their occurrence close to but seaward of the wedge corner. Based on evidence for high pore fluid pressure within the oceanic crust and a downdip transition in permeability of the plate interface, we propose a conceptual model for the generation of ETS where the occurrence and recurrence of propagating slow slip and low‐frequency tremor are explained by episodic pore fluid pressure buildup and fluid release into or across the plate boundary.
Global long‐lived chemical modes excited in a 3‐D chemistry transport model: Stratospheric N2O, NOy, O3 and CH4 chemistry
Authors: Hsu Juno , Prather Michael J.
Published: April 2010

The two longest‐lived, major chemical response patterns (eigenmodes) of the atmosphere, coupling N2O and CH4, are identified with the UCI chemistry‐transport model using a linearized (N2O, NOy, O3, CH4, H2O)‐system for stratospheric chemistry and specified tropospheric losses. As in previous 1D and 2D studies, these century‐long 3D simulations show that the e‐folding decay time of a N2O perturbation (mode‐1: 108.4 y) caused by a pulse emission of N2O is 10‐years shorter than the N2O atmospheric lifetime (118.2 y). This mode‐1 can also be excited by CH4 emissions due to CH4‐O3 stratospheric chemistry: a pulse emission of 100 Tg CH4 creates a +0.1 Tg N2O perturbation in mode‐1 with a 108‐yr e‐folding decay time, thus increasing the CH4 global warming potential by 1.2%. Almost all of the 100 Tg CH4 appears in mode‐2 (10.1 y).
Dynamics of soap bubble bursting and its implications to volcano acoustics
Authors: Vidal V. , Ripepe M. , Divoux T. , Legrand D. , Géminard J.‐C. , Melo F.
Published: April 2010

In order to assess the physical mechanisms at stake when giant gas bubbles burst at the top of a magma conduit, laboratory experiments have been performed. An overpressurized gas cavity is initially closed by a thin liquid film, which suddenly bursts. The acoustic signal produced by the bursting is investigated. The key result is that the amplitude and energy of the acoustic signal strongly depend on the film rupture time. As the rupture time is uncontrolled in the experiments and in the field, the measurement of the acoustic excess pressure in the atmosphere, alone, cannot provide any information on the overpressure inside the bubble before explosion. This could explain the low energy partitioning between infrasound, seismic and explosive dynamics often observed on volcanoes.
Seafloor topography, ocean infragravity waves, and background Love and Rayleigh waves
Authors: Fukao Yoshio , Nishida Kiwamu , Kobayashi Naoki
Published: April 2010

We propose that background Love and Rayleigh waves in a frequency range 5–20 mHz are generated primarily by ocean infragravity waves in the same frequency range by a linear coupling process with seafloor topography. Wavelengths of infragravity waves in this frequency range are on the order of 10 to 40 km in the deep ocean. The seafloor topography with wavelengths of this order is dominated by abyssal hills, which are the most widespread physiographic forms on Earth, covering as much as 85% of the Pacific floor. Interaction of infragravity waves in the deep ocean with these hills generates a random distribution of point‐like tangential forces on the seafloor which may be large enough to excite Love and Rayleigh waves simultaneously. We quantify this idea by using the known statistical property of hills distribution in the Pacific and by noting that heights of abyssal hills are an order of magnitude smaller than depths of the deep ocean, so that the topography‐related phase velocity change can be neglected. The model is reasonably consistent with the Love to Rayleigh wave amplitude ratio reported at 10–20 mHz and the observed background Rayleigh wave spectrum with a characteristic plateau around 8 mHz. Contribution of topographic coupling in shallow, coastal seas is not included in our simple model but should be important, especially at frequencies above 20 mHz.
Parsimonious modeling of hydrologic responses in engineered watersheds: Structural heterogeneity versus functional homogeneity
Authors: Basu Nandita B. , Rao P. S. C. , Winzeler H. Edwin , Kumar Sanjiv , Owens Phillip , Merwade Venkatesh
Published: April 2010

The central premise of this paper is that extensive modifications of land use and hydrology, coupled with intensive management of watersheds in the Midwestern United States over the past century, have increased the predictability of hydrologic responses, allowing for the use of simpler, minimum‐calibration models. In these engineered watersheds, extensive tile‐and‐ditch networks have increased the effective drainage density and have created bypass flow hydrologic systems that generate “flashy” and “predictable” hydrographs. We propose a simple, threshold‐based model, the Threshold‐Exceedance‐Lagrangian Model (TELM), for predicting event hydrographs. TELM was evaluated by comparing predicted hydrographs with those measured over a 4 year period at the outlet of a mesoscale watershed (Cedar Creek, ∼700 km2) in northeastern Indiana. Application of the Soil‐Land Inference Model (SoLIM) indicated that, despite structural heterogeneities (e.g., spatial variability in soil taxonomic mapping units), about 80% of the area of the watershed could be assigned a single value of available soil water storage, which was the primary soil parameter that defined hydrograph response. Hydrograph recession curves for multiple events were described well using an exponential function, with the mean arrival time (tr) estimated on the basis of the contributing drainage area (A) and the mean occurrence time (th) of the event hyetograph. Also, functional responses (event hydrographs) at the subwatershed scale could be grouped into just two categories on the basis of only spatial variability in rainfall patterns. TELM, with no parameter calibration, matched the observed hydrographs as well as the widely used SWAT model predictions with calibration. Advantages and limitations of the proposed modeling approach were identified, and needed improvements were discussed.
Quantifying carbon‐nitrogen feedbacks in the Community Land Model (CLM4)
Authors: Bonan Gordon B. , Levis Samuel
Published: April 2010

Recent studies indicate that nitrogen biogeochemistry affects the carbon cycle feedback in climate simulations. We use the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with carbon‐only and carbon‐nitrogen biogeochemistry to assess the influence of nitrogen on the land carbon budget for 1973–2004. Carbon‐only simulations show that the carbon gain from increasing atmospheric CO2 (the concentration‐carbon feedback) is four times greater than the warming‐induced carbon loss (the climate‐carbon feedback) over the period 1973–2004. Nitrogen reduces both feedbacks compared with carbon‐only biogeochemistry. The decrease in the concentration‐carbon feedback is three times greater than the effect on the climate‐carbon feedback. Thus, the influence of nitrogen on the CLM4 concentration‐carbon feedback is of greater importance for near‐term climate change simulations than its effect on the climate‐carbon feedback. Furthermore, the land use carbon flux greatly exceeds these carbon‐nitrogen biogeochemical feedbacks.
Urinary C‐Peptide Excretion: A Novel Alternate Measure of Insulin Sensitivity in Physiological Conditions
Authors: Galgani Jose E. , de Jonge Lilian , Rood Jennifer C. , Smith Steven R. , Young Andrew A. , Ravussin Eric
Published: April 2010

Insulin sensitivity (IS) is measured by the euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp under a nonphysiological condition. Daily C‐peptide urinary excretion may be a physiological index of IS, because C‐peptide is co‐secreted with insulin as a function of nutrient intake and IS. The amount of2H2O released from glycolytic glucose metabolism after [6,6‐2H2]‐glucose ingestion was recently proposed as a physiological measure of IS. We compared these IS surrogates to the gold standard (euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp). Thirty (15 male/15 female) sedentary, nondiabetic participants (27.2 ± 4.0 (s.d.) kg/m2, 35 ± 12 years) were admitted for 3 days to our in‐patient unit. After a 10‐h fast, they received 60 g of glucose and 15 g of [6,6‐2H2]‐glucose. Before glucose ingestion and hourly thereafter for 4 h, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and plasma deuterium enrichment were determined. Plasma2H2O production divided by insulin response was used as the glycolytic index. On day 2, subjects spent 23 h in a metabolic chamber (eucaloric diet, 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat). Urinary C‐peptide excretion was divided by energy intake yielding the C‐peptide to energy intake ratio (CPEP/EI). After leaving the chamber (day 3, 10‐h fast), IS was measured by a 2‐h clamp (120 mU/m2/min). Average IS (clamp) was 7.3 ± 2.6 mg glucose/kg estimated metabolic body size/min (range: 3.6–13.2). These values were inversely correlated with CPEP/EI (r= −0.62;P< 0.01) and positively with the glycolytic rate (r= 0.60;P< 0.01). In nondiabetic subjects, two novel estimates of IS—daily urinary C‐peptide urinary excretion and glycolytic rate during an oral glucose tolerance test —were related to IS by a clamp.
Validity of a New Abdominal Bioelectrical Impedance Device to Measure Abdominal and Visceral Fat: Comparison With MRI
Authors: Browning Lucy M. , Mugridge Owen , Chatfield Mark D. , Dixon Adrian K. , Aitken Sri W. , Joubert Ilse , Prentice Andrew M. , Jebb Susan A.
Published: April 2010

Abdominal fat, and in particular, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is the critical fat depot associated with metabolic aberrations. At present, VAT can only be accurately measured by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study was designed to compare a new abdominal bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device against total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) and VAT area measurements made from an abdominal MRI scan, and to assess its reliability and accuracy. One‐hundred twenty participants were recruited, stratified by gender and BMI. Participants had triplicate measures of abdominal fat and waist circumference (WC) with the AB‐140 (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) and WC measurements using a manual tape measure. A single abdominal MRI scan was performed as the reference method. Triplicate measures with the AB‐140 showed excellent precision for “visceral fat level,” trunk fat %, and WC. AB‐140 “visceral fat level” showed significantly stronger correlations with MRI TAAT area than with MRI VAT area (r = 0.94 vs. 0.65 in men and 0.92 vs. 0.64 in women). AB‐140 WC showed good correlation with manual WC measurements (r = 0.95 in men and 0.90 in women). AB‐140 and manual WCs showed comparable correlations with MRI TAAT area (r = 0.92 and 0.96 in men and 0.88 and 0.88 in women). AB‐140 is a simple, quick, and precise technique to measure abdominal fat and WC in healthy adults. It provides a useful proxy for TAAT measured by MRI, comparable to the correlation obtained with manual WC measurements. Neither the AB‐140 abdominal fat measures nor WC measurement appear to provide a useful proxy measure of VAT.
Organophosphorus Chemistry
Authors: Pajkert Romana , Keglevich Gyorgy , Odinets Irina , Groombridge Helen , Migaud M , Balczewski Piotr , Bodzioch A , Roeschenthaler Gerd-Volker , Stewart Frederick , Slinn Robert
Published: April 2010

Organophoshorus Chemistry provides a comprehensive and critical review of the recent literature. Coverage includes phosphines and their chalcogenides, phosphonium salts, low coordination number phosphorus compounds, penta- and hexa- coordinated compounds, tervalent phosphorus acid derivatives, quiquevalent phosphorus acids, nucleotides and nucleic aicds, ylides and related compounds, phosphazenes and the application of physical methods in the study of organophosphorus compounds. This Specialist Periodical Report will be of value to research workers in universities, government and industrial research organisations whose work involves the use of organophosphorus compounds. It provides a concise but comprehensive survey of a vast field of study, with a wide variety of applications, enabling the reader to keep abreast of the latest developments in their specialist fields.
The Internal Validity and Acceptability of the Danish SI-3: A Language-Screening Instrument for 3-Year-Olds
Authors: Bleses Dorthe , Vach Werner , Jørgensen Rune N. , Worm Torben
Published: April 2010

Purpose

To document the development of a new parent- and day care–administered screening instrument (the Screening Instrument for 3-Year-Olds [SI-3]) to be used in a newly implemented, educationally motivated population language screening in Denmark. The authors investigated whether the basic principles of the SI-3 were working satisfactorily and studied the acceptability of the instrument.

Method

To examine the general properties of the SI-3, 517 children from a population-based sample were screened with the SI-3 instrument, which assesses various receptive and productive language dimensions on the basis of parental checklists and day care staff–administered structured tests. To examine the acceptability of the SI-3, 2 questionnaires were administered and completed by 291 parents and 135 preschool teachers.

Result

We obtained a distribution with sufficient negative skew to differentiate among children with low scores, and the instrument displayed acceptable psychometric properties for most subscales. Results of the acceptability study suggest that the acceptability of the SI-3 is high among parents and day care staff, which supports a high attendance rate.

Conclusion

The SI-3 captures a variety of language skills and is good at differentiating children in the lower end of the tail; it is thereby suitable for population language screening, although results indicated the need for some revision.
Mean Length of Utterance Levels in 6-Month Intervals for Children 3 to 9 Years With and Without Language Impairments
Authors: Rice Mabel L. , Smolik Filip , Perpich Denise , Thompson Travis , Rytting Nathan , Blossom Megan
Published: April 2010

Purpose

The mean length of children’s utterances is a valuable estimate of their early language acquisition. The available normative data lack documentation of language and nonverbal intelligence levels of the samples. This study reports age-referenced mean length of utterance (MLU) data from children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children without language impairments.

Method

Of the 306 child participants drawn from a data archive, ages 2;6–9;0 (years;months), 170 were in the SLI group and 136 were in the control group. There were 1,564 spontaneous language samples collected, and these were transcribed and analyzed for sample size and MLU in words and morphemes. Means, standard deviations, and effect sizes for group differences are reported for MLUs, along with concurrent language and nonverbal intelligence assessments, per 6-month intervals.

Results

The results document an age progression in MLU words and morphemes and a persistent lower level of performance for children with SLI.

Conclusion

The results support the reliability and validity of MLU as an index of normative language acquisition and a marker of language impairment. The findings can be used for clinical benchmarking of deficits and language intervention outcomes as well as for comparisons across research samples.
Generalized Motor Abilities and Timing Behavior in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Zelaznik Howard N. , Goffman Lisa
Published: April 2010

Purpose

To examine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) differ from normally developing peers in motor skills, especially those skills related to timing.

Method

Standard measures of gross and fine motor development were obtained. Furthermore, finger and hand movements were recorded while children engaged in 4 different timing tasks, including tapping and drawing circles in time with a metronome or a visual target. Fourteen children with SLI (age 6 to 8 years) and 14 age-matched peers who were typically developing participated.

Results

As expected, children with SLI showed poorer performance on a standardized test of gross and fine motor skill than did their normally developing peers. However, timing skill in the manual domain was equivalent to that seen in typically developing children.

Conclusions

Consistent with earlier findings, relatively poor gross and fine motor performance is observed in children with SLI. Surprisingly, rhythmic timing is spared.
Relation of Executive Functioning to Pragmatic Outcome Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Douglas Jacinta M.
Published: April 2010

Purpose

This study was designed to explore the behavioral nature of pragmatic impairment following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to evaluate the contribution of executive skills to the experience of pragmatic difficulties after TBI.

Method

Participants were grouped into 43 TBI dyads (TBI adults and close relatives) and 43 control dyads. All TBI participants had sustained severe injury (mean posttraumatic amnesia duration = 45.19 days,SD= 39.15) due to a moving vehicle-related trauma. A minimum of 2 years had elapsed since injury (M= 5.36 years,SD= 3.61). The La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ; Douglas, O’Flaherty, & Snow, 2000) was administered to all participants. Measures of executive function included the following: the FAS verbal fluency task (Spreen & Benton, 1969), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing test (Baddeley, Emslie, & Nimmo-Smith, 1992), and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (Rey, 1964).

Results

Perceptions of TBI participants and their relatives were significantly correlated (r = .63,p< .001) and significantly different from those of controls,F(1, 84) = 37.2,p< .001. Pragmatic difficulties represented violations in 3 domains of Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle (Quantity, Relation, and Manner), and executive function measures predicted 37% (32% adjusted) of the variability in LCQ scores.

Conclusions

The study demonstrates evidence of a significant association between executive impairment and the pragmatic communication difficulties experienced by individuals with TBI.
Le diagnostic parodontal en orthodontie
Authors: Hourdin Solenn , Glez Dominique , Sorel Olivier
Published: April 2010

Le diagnostic d'un parodonte sain, capable de résister aux déplacements dentaires, est essentiel au bon déroulement du traitement orthodontique. L'inspection, la palpation et les radiographies participent au diagnostic, mais la recherche de poche parodontale par sondage est incontournable pour éviter toute source d'erreur. Lorsque la santé du parodonte est validée, la détermination du biotype parodontal est primordiale. L'orthodontiste doit s'assurer de la qualité et de la quantité de gencive attachée des dents impliquées dans les mouvements d'expansion. L'observation clinique associée au sondage permet de définir ce biotype parodontal. L'ensemble de ces critères simples dicte la conduite à tenir.
Laser Er:YAG en parodontologie et implication dans le plan de
traitement orthodontique
Authors: Glez Dominique , Hourdin Solenn , Sorel Olivier
Published: April 2010

Le laser Er:YAG est utilisé en parodontologie pour les chirurgies
d'exérèses et pour les traitements d'assainissement des poches
parodontales. De façon combinée aux traitements ultrasoniques, le
laser permet de reculer les limites de la chirurgie parodontale. Le but de
cet article est de présenter le laser Er:YAG et ses différentes
applications au cours des traitements complexes associant parodontologie et
orthodontie.
Traitement orthodontique sur un parodonte affaibli : apport de
l'orthodontie
Authors: Sorel Olivier , Glez Dominique , Hourdin Solenn
Published: April 2010

L'orthodontie est l'art du déplacement dentaire provoqué grâce
au jeu de l'apposition et de la résorption osseuse. Au niveau
parodontal, la crainte est l'affaiblissement iatrogène mais les
bénéfices peuvent aussi être une motivation de traitement. Ces
améliorations parodontales (dans le sens large du terme) sont la
conséquence soit de traitements classiques de corrections globales soit
de traitements localisés qui mettent en jeu l'égression ou plus
rarement la distraction alvéolaire.
Bio-electrospraying and aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting whole human blood: Interrogating cell surface marker integrity
Authors: Joly Pascal , Chavda Naina , Eddaoudi Ayad , Jayasinghe Suwan N.
Published: April 2010

Bio-electrospraying and aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting are two direct cell handling approaches recently pioneered, which have demonstrated significant applicability to the life sciences. These two bioprotocols have undergone scientific rigor, which have seen these techniques been explored in conjunction with a wide range of immortalized, primary and stem cells, and those whole organisms. Those studies have demonstrated a cellular population of >70% viable post-treatment in comparison with controls. Although, these studies assessed cellular viability, cell surface molecules play a critical role in several cellular functions, in particular, have importance to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thus, in the studies reported herein, we demonstrate post-treated viable cells retain their cell surface marker expression levels in comparison to controls, over both short and long time points. Therefore, these studies further push back the frontiers of both bio-electrosprays and aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting in their endeavor as novel strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative biology/medicine with possible targeted clinical utility.