bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling and Analysis on Detecting System for Bogie Wheelset Alignment Parameters in Horizontal Plane
Authors: Su Li Li , Liu Yu Mei , Su Jian , Xu Guan , Peng Tao , Jia Min
Published: January 2012

Thepresent paper presents a design procedure and prototype of detection system, which uses high-precision grating displacement sensor as the main test instrument for detecting bogie wheelset alignment parameters in horizontal plane. Wheelset rim inside distance, wheelbase difference and diagonal difference of newly completed bogie are obtained automatically and accurately in once measurement, moreover, detection is not limited to different bogie wheelbase and different size of wheels. Furthermore, measurement and control system and software are designed; detection results should be saved, queried and printed. The precision of the detecting system could reach to 0.02mm. Compared with foreign similar equipments, the advantages of this detection system is improving the detection accuracy and reducing costs.
Finite Element Analysis on Fracture Problem of Rubber - Metal Ring
Authors: Han Jiang Gui , Wu Xin Yue , Zhang Ping Hao
Published: January 2012

In the paper, the interface crack of rubber - metal ring under the radial displacement load was studied by nonlinear finite element method, changes of the tear energy with crack dimension which extending from extrusion end and tensile end along the axial and circumferential direction to the interface was analyzed. The result is that there is a certain possibility of axial extension in the tensile end. The crack propagation is most likely to occur along the circumferential direction while is impossible along either axial or the circumferential direction in the extrusion end.
Additional Mechanical Torque Coefficients of Hydro Turbine and Governor System
Authors: Zeng Yun , Zhang Li Xiang , Qian Jing , Guo Ya Kun , Xu Tian Mao
Published: January 2012

The change of mechanical torque is usually ignored in small disturbance of power systems, which means that influences of the hydro turbine and governor system (HTGS) have been ignored. The disturbance characteristics of the hydro turbine generating units including the HTGS is studied based on torque coefficients method in this paper, and calculating method and expressions of torque coefficients of the HTGS are given. The additional mechanical damping produced by the HTGS can be expressed as DtΔω, therefore, it can be merged into the damping item in the motion equation of generator, that means that its action is equivalent to modify damping coefficient D. Using a case, the analysis and calculation method are introduced, and several conclusions are given.
Evaluation of Tapered Roller Bearing Vibration Velocity as Data Series Using Grey System Theory
Authors: Xia Xin Tao , Man Wei Wei
Published: January 2012

With the help of the grey system theory and without any prior information on probability distributions and trends, this paper focus on modeling for the tapered roller bearing vibration velocity as a data series. And the experimental investigation shows that the estimated residual is very small and can satisfy the engineering requirement, laying the foundation for controlling over the vibration of tapered roller bearings in the manufacturing process.
The Design of Automatic Control System for Large-Scale Aluminum Ring Rolling Mill
Authors: Zhang Zi Hong , Zhang Hong Quan
Published: January 2012

Large –scale aluminum ring rolling mill is the core of ring rolling ,it is required for automatic control system to realize high precision and fast response.Based on the configuration of the equipment, characteristics of ring rolling and the process flow of production, the paper not only studied the Control principle of the automatic control system but also designed the control scheme of software and hardware. The core of system is PLC. The system can effectively control hydraulic system, measurement system, feeding servo system by the cooperation of PLC and human machine interface (HMI). It realized fully automatic operation under the ring rolling mill close-loop control. The high precision control and safe operation can be realized by using multi network communication technology and advanced full AC drive system .The rolling quality of rings is high. The design accords with the control logic requirements of rolling process control. The control system is smooth and reliable.
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and HLA DRB1*04 Cosegregation in Saudi Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Al-Daghri Nasser M. , Al-Attas Omar , Alokail Majed S. , Alkharfy Khalid M. , Draz Hossam M. , Agliardi Cristina , Mohammed Abdul Khader , Guerini Franca R. , Clerici Mario
Published: January 2012

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been involved in the modulation of susceptibility to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and could play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Susceptibility to T2DM was recently also suggested to associate with HLA alleles. We evaluated possible correlations between VDR polymorphisms, HLA alleles, and risk for development of T2DM by analyzing 627 individuals (368 T2DM patients and 259 healthy control subjects) part of a well-characterized cohort followed in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Genomic DNA was genotyped for the VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms of Fok-1, Taq-1, ApaI, and Bsm-I. Analyses were run by allelic discrimination real-time PCR. HLA genotyping was performed as well by PCR using sequence-specific primers, whereas cytokine production was evaluated by FACS. Results showed T2DM to be significantly associated with the VDR Taq1 (rs731236-AG) and Bsm-I (rs1544410-CT) genotypes, and the VDR rs1544410-T allele. Cosegregations resulting in significant increases of T2DM odds ratio were detected between Taq1 and Bsm-I VDR polymorphisms and HLA DRB1*04. Notably, the VDR polymorphisms observed to be more frequent in T2DM patients correlated with increased VDR expression and IL-12 production, as well as with metabolic parameters of susceptibility to T2DM, including serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels. VDR polymorphisms are present in T2DM, and correlate with HLA DRB1*04 and with immunologic and metabolic parameters; results from this study add T2DM to the list of diseases that are likely modulated by an HLA/VDR interaction.
Risedronate's Role in Reducing Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women with Established Osteoporosis
Authors: Gates Brian J. , Das Shyamal
Published: January 2012

Osteoporosis is a significant concern for postmenopausal women and is a critical factor in hip fracture. Examining evidence for osteoporosis medications in hip fracture is important for optimizing treatment.

Purpose

Review risedronate's role for hip fracture in postmenopausal women.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using Medline and Web of Science. The search was limited using the terms “risedronate” and “hip fracture,” and to studies that included women. Similar articles linked to the search and pertinent articles in bibliographies were also examined.

Results

Risedronate has demonstrated efficacy and cost effectiveness for hip fracture, but may not be beneficial for patients with low fracture risk. Risedronate is generally well tolerated, but may cause side effects in some patient populations.

Conclusion

Risedronate has benefit for hip fracture, but patients should be carefully screened to determine the appropriateness of risedronate before starting treatment.
Correlation between Handwriting, Drawing Skills and Dental Skills of Junior Dental Students
Authors: Al-Johany Sulieman , AlShaafi Maan , Bin-Shuwaish Mohammed , Alshahrani Faleh , Alazmah Abdulfatah , Aldhuwayhi Sami
Published: January 2012

Learning fine motor skills is a pre-requisite for succeeding in dental practice and it is sometimes challenging for dental students. Most of the methods used in the selection process depend on evaluation of intellectual ability or structured interview while manual competence is not. However, no test on aptitude or manual dexterity is used as criteria.

Objective

The purpose of the present study intended to evaluate the fine motor skills of beginning dental students which could in turn be used as a method of selection of students for the dental degree admission process.

Materials and methods

A study was conducted among 71 second year dental students at College of Dentistry, King Saud University in Riyadh. A test composed of three parts, writing an answer for a question in four lines, drawing a picture of a smile and doing a class 1 amalgam preparation on a plastic molar tooth. The students were evaluated based on their handwriting, basic drawing skills and their skills in performing the tooth preparation by experts in each fields following certain criteria.

Results

The results showed a significant correlation between writing and drawing skills and dental skills of the student with p < 0.001.

Conclusions

The results of the current study support the use of the writing or drawing test as one of the test used for the applicants for dental school admission. However, the value given to such test in the selection of students needs further investigations and consensus.

How to cite this article

Al-Johany S, AlShaafi M, Bin-Shuwaish M, Alshahrani F, Alazmah A, Aldhuwayhi S, AlMaflehi N. Correlation between Handwriting, Drawing Skills and Dental Skills of Junior Dental Students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12(5):327-332.
The impact of channel effect on Asian dust transport dynamics: a case in southeastern Asia
Authors: Lin C.-Y. , Sheng Y.-F. , Chen W.-N. , Wang Z. , Kuo C.-H. , Chen W.-C. , Yang T.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A super heavy dust event was identified with unprecedented PM10 in terms of speed and concentration in the southeastern Asia. The average concentration was observed exceeding the value of 1000 μg m−3 for the duration lasting more than 10 h, with the highest value reached 1724 μg m−3 in northern Taiwan on 21 March 2010. We found that this case exhibited an uneven and intriguing spatial distribution of PM10 concentration and transport speed between eastern and western Taiwan. Higher values were observed in the western and northern areas. The peak concentrations can vary up to 5-fold between western and eastern Taiwan, and ten-fold between the northern tip and southern tip of Taiwan, only about 400 km apart. A high resolution, 10 km, numerical study by Weather Research Forecast (WRF) and WRF-chem models revealed that this intriguing spatial distribution of the Asian dust transport was resulting from a strong coupling effect of the geographic channel effect and blocking of the easterly from the Pacific Ocean. We are confident that this coupling effect can be revealed only by applying a high resolution numerical study in other similar regions.
Sulfur isotope fractionation during oxidation of sulfur dioxide: gas-phase oxidation by OH radicals and aqueous oxidation by H2O2, O3 and iron catalysis
Authors: Harris E. , Sinha B. , Hoppe P. , Crowley J. N. , Ono S. , Foley S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The oxidation of SO2 to sulfate is a key reaction in determining the role of sulfate in the environment through its effect on aerosol size distribution and composition. Sulfur isotope analysis has been used to investigate sources and chemical processes of sulfur dioxide and sulfate in the atmosphere, however interpretation of measured sulfur isotope ratios is challenging due to a lack of reliable information on the isotopic fractionation involved in major transformation pathways. This paper presents laboratory measurements of the fractionation factors for the major atmospheric oxidation reactions for SO2: Gas-phase oxidation by OH radicals, and aqueous oxidation by H2O2, O3 and a radical chain reaction initiated by iron. The measured fractionation factor for 34S/32S during the gas-phase reaction is αOH = (1.0089±0.0007)−((4±5)×10−5) T(°C). The measured fractionation factor for 34S/32S during aqueous oxidation by H2O2 or O3 is αaq = (1.0167±0.0019)−((8.7±3.5) ×10−5)T(°C). The observed fractionation during oxidation by H2O2 and O3 appeared to be controlled primarily by protonation and acid-base equilibria of S(IV) in solution, which is the reason that there is no significant difference between the fractionation produced by the two oxidants within the experimental error. The isotopic fractionation factor from a radical chain reaction in solution catalysed by iron is αFe = (0.9894±0.0043) at 19 °C for 34S/32S. Fractionation was mass-dependent with regards to 33S/32S for all the reactions investigated. The radical chain reaction mechanism was the only measured reaction that had a faster rate for the light isotopes. The results presented in this study will be particularly useful to determine the importance of the transition metal-catalysed oxidation pathway compared to other oxidation pathways, but other main oxidation pathways can not be distinguished based on stable sulfur isotope measurements alone.
CO at 40–80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the whole atmosphere community climate model
Authors: Hoffmann C. G. , Kinnison D. E. , Garcia R. R. , Palm M. , Notholt J. , Raffalski U. , Hochschild G.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. This study compares CO in the Arctic stratosphere and mesosphere measured by ground-based microwave radiometry with simulations made with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model driven with specified dynamical fields (SD-WACCM4) for the Arctic winters 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. CO is a tracer for polar winter middle atmosphere dynamics, hence the representation of polar dynamics in the model is examined indirectly. Measurements were taken with the Kiruna Microwave Radiometer (KIMRA). The instrument, which is located in Kiruna, Northern Sweden (67.8° N, 20.4° E), provides CO profiles between 40 and 80 km altitude. The present comparison, which is one of the first between SD-WACCM4 and measurements, is performed on the smallest space and time scales currently simulated by the model; the global model is evaluated daily at the particular model grid-point closest to Kiruna. As a guide to what can generally be expected from such a comparison, the same analysis is repeated for observations of CO from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), a microwave radiometer onboard NASA's Aura satellite, which has global coverage. First, time-mean profiles of CO are compared, revealing that the profile shape of KIMRA deviates from SD-WACCM4 and MLS, especially in the upper mesosphere. SD-WACCM4 and MLS are mostly consistent throughout the range of altitude considered; however, SD-WACCM4 shows slightly lower values above 60 km and this discrepancy increases with altitude. Second, the time evolution is compared for the complete time series, as well as for the slowly and rapidly evolving parts alone. Overall, the agreement among the datasets is very good and the model is almost as consistent with the measurements as the measurements are with each other. Mutual correlation coefficients of the slowly varying part of the CO time series are ≥0.9 over a wide altitude range. This demonstrates that the polar winter middle atmosphere dynamics is very well represented in SD-WACCM4 and that the relaxation to analyzed meteorological fields below 50 km constrains the behavior of the simulation sufficiently, even at higher altitudes, such that the simulation above 50 km is close to the measurements. However, above 50 km, the model-measurement correlation for the rapidly varying part of the CO time series is lower (0.3) than the measurement-measurement correlation (0.6). This is attributed to the fact that the gravity wave parametrization in WACCM is based on a generic gravity wave spectrum and cannot be expected to capture the instantaneous behavior of the actual gravity wave field present in the atmosphere.
Linear trends in seasonal vegetation time series and the modifiable temporal unit problem
Authors: de Jong R. , de Bruin S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Time series of vegetation indices (VI) derived from satellite imagery provide a consistent monitoring system for terrestrial plant productivity. They enable detection and quantification of gradual changes within the time frame covered, which are of crucial importance in global change studies, for example. However, VI time series typically contain a strong seasonal signal which complicates change detection. Commonly, trends are quantified using linear regression methods, while the effect of serial autocorrelation is remediated by temporal aggregation over bins having a fixed width. Aggregating the data in this way produces temporal units which are modifiable. Analogous to the well-known Modifiable Area Unit Problem (MAUP), the way in which these temporal units are defined may influence the fitted model parameters and therefore the amount of change detected. This paper illustrates the effect of this Modifiable Temporal Unit Problem (MTUP) on a synthetic data set and a real VI data set. Large variation in detected changes was found for aggregation over bins that mismatched full lengths of vegetative cycles, which demonstrates that aperiodicity in the data may influence model results. Using 26 yr of VI data and aggregation over full-length periods, deviations in VI gains of less than 1% were found for annual periods (with respect to seasonally adjusted data), while deviations increased up to 24% for aggregation windows of 5 yr. This demonstrates that temporal aggregation needs to be carried out with care in order to avoid spurious model results.
The application of the Modified Band Approach for the calculation of on-line photodissociation rate constants in TM5: implications for oxidative capacity
Authors: Williams J. E. , Strunk A. , Huijnen V. , van Weele M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A flexible and explicit on-line parameterization for the calculation of tropospheric photodissociation rate constants (J-values) has been integrated into the global Chemistry Transport Model TM5. Here we provide a comprehensive description of this Modified Band Approach (MBA) including details of the optimization procedure employed, the methodology applied for calculating actinic fluxes, the photochemical reaction data used for each chemical species, the aerosol climatology which is adopted and the parameterizations adopted for improving the description of scattering and absorption by clouds. The resulting J-values change markedly throughout the troposphere when compared to the offline approach used to date, with significant increases in the boundary layer and upper troposphere. Conversely, for the middle troposphere a reduction in the actinic flux results in a decrease in J-values. Integrating effects shows that application of the MBA introduces seasonal dependent differences in important trace gas oxidants. Tropospheric ozone (O3) changes by ±10% in the seasonal mean mixing ratios throughout the troposphere, especially over land. These changes and the perturbations in the photolysis rate of O3 induce changes of ±15% in tropospheric OH. In part this is due to an increase in the re-cycling efficiency of nitrogen oxides. The overall increase in northern hemispheric tropospheric ozone strengthens the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere significantly and reduces the lifetime of CO and CH4 by ~5 % and ~4%, respectively. Changes in the tropospheric CO burden, however, are limited to a few percent due to competing effects. Comparing the distribution of tropospheric ozone in the boundary layer and middle troposphere against observations in Europe shows there are improvements in the model performance during boreal winter in the Northern Hemisphere near regions affected by high nitrogen oxide emissions. Monthly mean total columns of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde also compare more favorably against OMI and SCIAMACHY total column observations.
Potential effects of climate change on inundation patterns in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Langerwisch F. , Rost S. , Gerten D. , Poulter B. , Rammig A. , Cramer W.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A key factor for the functioning and diversity of Amazonian rain forests is annual flooding. However, increasing air temperature and higher precipitation variability, caused by climate change, are expected to shift the flooding regime, and thereby negatively impact floodplain ecosystems, their biodiversity and riverine ecosystem services during this century. To assess the effects of climate changes on the flooding regime, we use the Dynamic Global Vegetation and Hydrology Model LPJmL, enhanced by a scheme that realistically simulates floodable area and inundation. Regarding hydrograph and inundation area, simulation results under contemporary conditions compare well against observations. The changes of calculated river discharge and inundation, under climate change projections from 24 IPCC AR4 climate models, differ regionally towards the end of the 21st century. Flooded area increases in about one third of the basin, with a probability larger than 70%. Inundation duration increases dramatically by on average three months in Western and around one month in Eastern Amazonia. The time of high- and low-water-peak shifts by up to three months. We find a slight decrease in the number of extremely dry years as well as a decrease of the probability of the occurrence of three consecutive extremely dry years. The total number of extremely wet years does not change drastically but the probability of three consecutive extremely wet years decreases by up to 30% in the East and increases by up to 25% in the West. These changes implicate significant shifts in regional vegetation and climate, and will dramatically alter carbon and water cycles.
The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary observed with USArray receiver functions
Authors: Kumar P. , Yuan X. , Kind R. , Mechie J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The dense deployment of seismic stations so far in the western half of the United States within the USArray project provides the opportunity to study in greater detail the structure of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. We use the S receiver function technique for this purpose which has higher resolution than surface wave tomography, is sensitive to seismic discontinuities and has no problems with multiples like P receiver functions. Only two major discontinuities are observed in the entire area down to about 300 km depth. These are the crust-mantle boundary (Moho) and a negative boundary which we correlate with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) since a low velocity zone is the classical definition of the seismic observation of the asthenosphere by Gutenberg (1926). Our S receiver function LAB is at a depth of 70–80 km in large parts of westernmost North America. East of the Rocky Mountains its depth is generally between 90 and 110 km. Regions with LAB depths down to about 140 km occur in a stretch from northern Texas over the Colorado Plateau to the Columbia Basalts. These observations agree well with tomography results in the westernmost USA and at the east coast. However, in the central cratonic part of the USA the tomography LAB is near 200 km depth. At this depth no discontinuity is seen in the S receiver functions. The negative signal near 100 km depth in the central part of the USA is interpreted by Yuan and Romanowicz (2010) or Lekic and Romanowicz (2011) as a recently discovered mid lithospheric discontinuity (MLD). A solution for the discrepancy between receiver function imaging and surface wave tomography is not yet obvious and requires more high resolution studies at other cratons before a general solution may be found. Our results agree well with petrophysical models of increased water content in the asthenosphere, which predict a sharp and shallow LAB also in continents (Mierdel et al., 2007).
Genèse phénoménologique de la reconnaissance: La chair, l’autre et le corps propre
Authors: Tiaha David-Le-Duc
Published: January 2012

En amont des représentations collectives et des formes instituées de la vie sociale, cet article se propose d’étudier l’articulation de l’intersubjectivité et de l’incarnation dans la constitution du soi et de l’autre comme une genèse phénoménologique de la reconnaissance à travers la lecture ricoeurienne de la cinquième des Méditations cartésiennes publiée dans À l’école de la phénoménologie. Lors de la donation du sens ego dans l’intersubjectivité, la constitution de la reconnaissance sur le plan de la perception se fait grâce aux distinctions entre corps (Körper) et chair (Leib) d’une part, et, d’autre part entre chair (Leib) et corps propre (Leibkörper). L’analyse des textes sur "Le sentiment,” repris dans À l’école de la phénoménologie, et sur "La fragilité affective" dans L’homme faillible, propose une phénoménologie de la reconnaissance sur le plan de l’affection. Le désir est révélé par le "sentiment ontologique" comme la racine affective de l’intersubjectivité dont les modalités sont objectivées par les dimensions économique, politique et culturelle de l’espace social correspondantes aux requêtes affectives différenciées de la reconnaissance sociale telles que l’avoir, le pouvoir et le valoir.
De la pulsión a la solicitud por el otro: Bases antropológicas para la “pequeña ética” de Ricœur
Authors: Begué Marie-France
Published: January 2012

L’intention de ce travail consiste à suivre jusqu’au niveau le plus archaïque de la condition humaine, les racines anthropologiques que justifient la fondation d’une éthique, comme celle que propose Paul Ricœur, dans son livre Soi-même-comme-un-autre. D’abord, j’essayerai d’exposer le parcours que fait l’image créatrice, depuis sa genèse pulsionnelle jusqu’à sa plénitude sémantique dans le symbole, selon le dialogue que l’auteur engage avec Freud, dans son œuvre De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud, à partir de sa préoccupation herméneutique. En suite, tenant compte d’une réflexion critique que Ricœur fait à Freud, j’explorerai l’orientation intentionnelle de “la vie bonne”, dont “l’estime de soi”, son sentiment réflexif, intègre la dimension symbolique de l’action et prépare l’épanouissement de la personne humaine.
Novel Synthesis of Macromonomers by Mechanochemical Reaction for the Application to Polymeric Micelles
Authors: Shin-ichi Kondo  , Masashi Tsukamoto  , Yasushi Sasai  , Yukinori Yamauchi  , Masayuki Kuzuya
Published: January 2012

We have presented the first example of the synthesis of macromonomers by mechanochemical reaction of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and maleic anhydride (MA). The mechanochemical reaction of PMMA and MA was carried out by vibratory ball milling under anaerobic condition. The ESR spectrum of the fractured sample of PMMA and MA showed a broad singlet, which was apparently different from the spectrum of PMMA mechanoradical. Therefore, PMMA mechanoradical would react with MA. We underwent the UV-labeling of the fractured samples of PMMA and MA to confirm the formation of macromonomers. The gel permeation chromatograms of UV-labeled compounds derived from this fractured sample showed a broad peak in a polymer region with refractive index detector and UV detector, which indicates that macromonomers bounding MA would be produced. This method seems to be applicable for a wide variety of polymers to synthesize macromonomers possessing MA.
Prediabetes Prevalence by Adverse Social Determinants of Health in Adolescents
Authors: Harrison Caleb , Peyyety Vaishnavi , Rodriguez Gonzalez Adriana , Chivate Rutha , Qin Xu , Zupa Margaret F. , Ragavan Maya I. , Vajravelu Mary Ellen
Published: June 2024

Importance

Several clinical practice guidelines advise race- and ethnicity-based screening for youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to a higher prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black, and Hispanic youths compared with White youths. However, rather than a biological risk, this disparity likely reflects the inequitable distribution of adverse social determinants of health (SDOH), a product of interpersonal and structural racism.

Objective

To evaluate prediabetes prevalence by presence or absence of adverse SDOH in adolescents eligible for T2D screening based on weight status.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study and analysis used data from the 2011 to 2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2023, to April 5, 2024. Participants included youths aged 12 to 18 years with body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile without known diabetes.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome consisted of an elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level greater than or equal to 5.7% (prediabetes or undiagnosed presumed T2D). Independent variables included race, ethnicity, and adverse SDOH (food insecurity, nonprivate health insurance, and household income <130% of federal poverty level). Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders of age, sex, and BMI z score and to determine adjusted marginal prediabetes prevalence by race, ethnicity, and adverse SDOH.

Results

The sample included 1563 individuals representing 10 178 400 US youths aged 12 to 18 years (mean age, 15.5 [95% CI, 15.3-15.6] years; 50.5% [95% CI, 47.1%-53.9%] female; Asian, 3.0% [95% CI, 2.2%-3.9%]; Black, 14.9% [95% CI, 11.6%-19.1%]; Mexican American, 18.8% [95% CI, 15.4%-22.9%]; Other Hispanic, 8.1% [95% CI, 6.5%-10.1%]; White, 49.1% [95% CI, 43.2%-55.0%]; and >1 or other race, 6.1% [95% CI, 4.6%-8.0%]). Food insecurity (4.1% [95% CI, 0.7%-7.5%]), public insurance (5.3% [95% CI, 1.6%-9.1%]), and low income (5.7% [95% CI, 3.0%-8.3%]) were each independently associated with higher prediabetes prevalence after adjustment for race, ethnicity, and BMI z score. While Asian, Black, and Hispanic youths had higher prediabetes prevalence overall, increasing number of adverse SDOH was associated with higher prevalence among White youths (8.3% [95% CI, 4.9%-11.8%] for 3 vs 0.6% [95% CI, −0.7% to 2.0%] for 0 adverse SDOH).

Conclusions and Relevance

Adverse SDOH were associated with higher prediabetes prevalence, across and within racial and ethnic categories. Consideration of adverse SDOH may offer a more actionable alternative to race- and ethnicity-based screening to evaluate T2D risk in youth.
Controlling Electroosmosis in Nanopores Without Altering the Nanopore Sensing Region
Authors: Baldelli Matteo , Di Muccio Giovanni , Sauciuc Adina , Morozzo della Rocca Blasco , Viola Francesco , Balme Sébastien , Bonini Andrea , Maglia Giovanni , Chinappi Mauro
Published: June 2024

Nanopores are powerful tools for single‐molecule sensing of biomolecules and nanoparticles. The signal coming from the molecule to be analyzed strongly depends on its interaction with the narrower section of the nanopore (constriction) that may be tailored to increase sensing accuracy. Modifications of nanopore constriction have also been commonly used to induce electroosmosis, that favors the capture of molecules in the nanopore under a voltage bias and independently of their charge. However, engineering nanopores for increasing both electroosmosis and sensing accuracy is challenging. Here it is shown that large electroosmotic flows can be achieved without altering the nanopore constriction. Using continuum electrohydrodynamic simulations, it is found that an external charged ring generates strong electroosmosis in cylindrical nanopores. Similarly, for conical nanopores it is shown that moving charges away from the cone tip still results in an electroosmotic flow (EOF), whose intensity reduces increasing the diameter of the nanopore section where charges are placed. This paradigm is applied to engineered biological nanopores showing, via atomistic simulations and experiments, that mutations outside the constriction induce a relatively intense electroosmosis. This strategy provides much more flexibility in nanopore design since electroosmosis can be controlled independently from the constriction, which can be optimized to improve sensing accuracy.
Inner Doping of Carbon Nanotubes with Perovskites for Ultralow Power Transistors
Authors: Zhu Maguang , Yin Huimin , Cao Jiang , Xu Lin , Lu Peng , Liu Yang , Ding Li , Fan Chenwei , Liu Haiyang , Zhang Yuanfang , Jin Yizheng , Peng Lian‐Mao , Jin Chuanhong , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: June 2024

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as the most promising channel material to construct ultrascaled field‐effect transistors, but the perfect sp2 C─C structure makes stable doping difficult, which limits the electrical designability of CNT devices. Here, an inner doping method is developed by filling CNTs with 1D halide perovskites to form a coaxial heterojunction, which enables a stable n‐type field‐effect transistor for constructing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electronics. Most importantly, a quasi‐broken‐gap (BG) heterojunction tunnel field‐effect transistor (TFET) is first demonstrated based on an individual partial‐filling CsPbBr3/CNT and exhibits a subthreshold swing of 35 mV dec−1 with a high on‐state current of up to 4.9 µA per tube and an on/off current ratio of up to 105 at room temperature. The quasi‐BG TFET based on the CsPbBr3/CNT coaxial heterojunction paves the way for constructing high‐performance and ultralow power consumption integrated circuits.
Stable, Conductive, Adhesive Polymer Patterning Inside a Microfluidic Chamber for Endothelial Cell Alignment
Authors: Mancinelli Elena , Taccola Silvia , Slay Ellen , Chau Chalmers Chi Cheng , James Nizzy , Johnson Benjamin , Critchley Kevin , Harris Russell , Pensabene Virginia
Published: June 2024

Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner walls of blood vessels, respond to shear stress by elongating in the direction of flow. Engineering aligned ECs in vitro is essential for modeling human vascular diseases and for drug testing. Current microfluidic approaches mainly rely on unidirectional laminar flow, uniform coating of surfaces to improve cellular adhesion or alteration of the surface topography. Challenges persist due to shear stress‐induced changes in cellular behavior, especially in complex multicellular environments and the time needed for the cells to align and polarize inside the microfluidic conduits. Generally, protein coating processes and physical treatments are also not compatible with the steps required for the assembly of microfluidic devices. This approach employs aerosol jet printing (AJP) to precisely pattern poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulphonate (PEDOT:PSS) within microfluidic chambers in a single step. It is shown that the PEDOT:PSS is biocompatible and facilitates EC adhesion, patterning, elongation, and alignment. Under capillary flow, the cells retain their pattern‐induced morphology over 7 d, confirming the efficacy of the approach in promoting cellular organization, eliminating the need for external pumps. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the PEDOT:PSS pattern retains structural integrity and electrical stability following oxygen plasma treatment, required for assembling of fully enclosed microfluidic devices.
An Improved Feature Enhancement CenterNet Model for Small Object Defect Detection on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Zhu Xingfei , Wang Qimeng , Zhang Bufan , Sun Zhaofei , Yu Jinghu , Qian Shanhua
Published: June 2024

In defect detection on metal surfaces, there are many small defects with subtle features that are difficult to distinguish from the background environment using mainstream object detection methods. To alleviate this issue, this study proposes an improved CenterNet model for enhancing the features of small defects on metal surfaces, namely MSDD. In this work, we utilize an attention mechanism to reconstruct the basic feature extraction module in the metal defect feature extraction network, aiming to enhance the focus on features related to small defects. Additionally, we redesign an efficient deconvolution module to extract multi‐scale defect feature information, capturing details of small defects at different scales. Finally, leveraging the idea of reparameterization to enhance feature representation capabilities, we optimize the output of the detection head, thereby strengthening the model's ability to capture features of small objects on the metal surface. On the NEU‐DET dataset, compared to the CenterNet baseline, the improved feature enhancement network shows a 4.9% improvement. Furthermore, with an accuracy of 80.2% compared to mainstream object detection methods, it outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) level object detection methods, significantly enhancing the detection accuracy and performance of the network model.
Ethylene Electrosynthesis via Selective CO2 Reduction: Fundamental Considerations, Strategies, and Challenges
Authors: O' Carroll Thomas , Yang Xiaoxuan , Gordon Kenneth J. , Fei Ling , Wu Gang
Published: June 2024

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, allowing harmful CO2 to be converted into more valuable carbon‐based products. On one hand, single carbon (C1) products have been obtained with high efficiency and show great promise for industrial CO2 capture. However, multi‐carbon (C2+) products possess high market value and have demonstrated significant promise as potential products for CO2RR. Due to CO2RR's multiple pathways with similar equilibrium potentials, the extended reaction mechanisms necessary to form C2+ products continue to reduce the overall selectivity of CO2‐to‐C2+ electroconversion. Meanwhile, CO2RR as a whole faces many challenges relating to system optimization, owing to an intolerance for low surface pH, systemic stability and utilization issues, and a competing side reaction in the form of the H2 evolution reaction (HER). Ethylene (C2H4) remains incredibly valuable within the chemical industry; however, the current established method for producing ethylene (steam cracking) contributes to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus, strategies to significantly increase the efficiency of this technology are essential. This review will discuss the vital factors influencing CO2RR in forming C2H4 products and summarize the recent advancements in ethylene electrosynthesis.
Longitudinal associations of reproductive factors and exogeneous estrogens with neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Lee Jillian K. , Raghavan Sheelakumari , Christenson Luke R. , Frank Ryan D. , Kantarci Kejal , Rocca Walter A. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Mielke Michelle M.
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

Female‐specific reproductive factors and exogeneous estrogen use are associated with cognition in later life. However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of reproductive factors on neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular pathologies.

METHODS

We evaluated 389 females (median age of 71.7 years) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with reproductive history data and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We used linear mixed effect models to examine the associations between reproductive factors and changes in neuroimaging measures.

RESULTS

Ever hormonal contraception (HC) use was longitudinally associated with higher fractional anisotropy across the corpus callosum, lower white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and greater cortical thickness in an AD meta‐region of interest (ROI). The initiation of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) > 5 years post menopause was associated with higher WMH volume.

DISCUSSION

HC use and initiation of MHT >5 years post menopause were generally associated with neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebrovascular pathologies.

Highlights

Hormonal contraception use was associated with better brain white matter (WM) integrity.

Initiation of menopausal hormone therapy >5 years post menopause was associated with worsening brain WM integrity.

Hormonal contraception use was associated with greater cortical thickness.

Ages at menarche and menopause and number of pregnancies were not associated with imaging measures.

There were few associations between reproductive factors or exogenous estrogens and amyloid or tau PET.
A Population‐Based Approach to the Argument on Brain‐First and Body‐First Pathogenesis of Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Camerucci Emanuele , Mullan Aidan F. , Turcano Pierpaolo , Stang Cole D. , Bower James , Benarroch Eduardo E. , Boeve Bradley F. , Savica Rodolfo
Published: June 2024

Objective

To explore the clinical progression of the brain‐/body‐first categories within Lewy body disease (LBD): Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and PD dementia.

Methods

We used of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to establish a population‐based cohort of clinically diagnosed LBD. We used two definitions for differentiating between brain‐ and body‐first LBD: a previously hypothesized body‐first presentation in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior onset before motor symptoms onset; and an expanded definition of body‐first LBD when a patient had at least 2 premotor symptoms between constipation, erectile dysfunction, rapid eye movement sleep behavior, anosmia, or neurogenic bladder.

Results

Brain‐first patients were more likely to be diagnosed with PD (RR = 1.43, p = 0.003), whereas body‐first patients were more likely to be diagnosed with DLB (RR = 3.15, p < 0.001). Under the expanded definition, there was no difference in LBD diagnosis between brain‐first and body‐first patients (PD: RR = 1.03, p = 0.10; DLB: RR = 0.88, p = 0.58) There were no patterns between brain‐ or body‐first presentation, PD dementia under either definition (original: p = 0.09, expanded: p = 0.97), and no significant difference in motor symptoms between brain‐first and body‐first.

Interpretation

Our findings do not support the dichotomous classification of body‐first and brain‐first LBD with the currently proposed definition. Biological exposures resulting in PD and DLB are unlikely to converge on a binary classification of top‐down or bottom‐up synuclein pathology. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:551–559
Effects of Separation and Purification Methods on Antioxidation, Hypoglycemic and DNA Protection Activity of Fenugreek Polysaccharide
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Feng Yingjie , Liang Yifan , Wang Kun , Yang Xiaopeng , Lai Miao , Li Huayu , Yang Jinchu , Ji Xiaoming
Published: June 2024

Six low molecular weight fenugreek polysaccharides (FP) were isolated and purified by ethanol stepwise precipitation (EFP‐20, EFP‐40, and EFP‐60) and DEAE‐52 cellulose column method (DFP‐0, DFP‐0.15, and DFP‐0.3), respectively. The effects of different separation and purification techniques on the preliminary properties and biological activities of fenugreek polysaccharides were compared. The results showed that the DEAE‐52 cellulose‐eluted fractions had a higher total sugar content and displayed a looser structure. The molecular weights of all six fractions were in the range of 4–19 kDa, with significant changes in the ratio of galactose to mannose. All six fractions contained α‐D‐galactopyranose and β‐D‐mannopyranose structures. Activity tests showed that all six fractions possessed antioxidant, hypoglycemic and DNA‐protective activities. Among them, the DFP‐0 fraction showed the highest activity. Overall, different isolation and purification methods lead to changes in the properties and bioactivities of FP, which provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of FP in functional foods and drugs.
Evaluation of Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Potential of an Astragalus Species (Astragalus kurdicus Boiss.)
Authors: Ozdemir Kevser , Hakan Barak Timur , Kurt Celep Inci , Savasan Ozan , Demirci Kayıran Serpil , Eroglu Ozkan Esra
Published: June 2024

Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. roots are used in folk medicine for antidiabetic purposes. Different Astragalus plant metabolites have a notable potential for antidiabetic activity through varying mechanisms. Herein, this study is designed to assess the antidiabetic activity of Astragalus kurdicus total (AKM: methanol extract, yield: 14.53 %) and sub‐extracts (AKB: n‐butanol, AKC: chloroform, AKW: water, AKH: hexane extracts), utilizing a range of diabetes‐related in vitro methodologies, and to investigate the chemical composition of the plant. The highest astragaloside and saponin content was seen in AKB extract. Among the measured saponins, the abundance of Astragaloside IV (27.41 μg/mg in AKM) was the highest in high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Furthermore, flavonoid‐rich AKC was found to be mostly responsible for the high antioxidant activity. According to the results of the activity tests, AKW was the most active extract in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4), and α‐amylase inhibition tests (percent inhibitions are: 87.17 %, 82.4 %, and 91.49 % respectively, at 1 mg/mL). AKM and AKW demonstrated the highest efficacy in stimulating the growth of prebiotic microorganisms and preventing the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Thus, for the first time, the antidiabetic activity of A. kurdicus was evaluated from various perspectives.
A Structure‐Based Design Strategy with Pyrazole‐Pyridine Derivatives Targeting TNFα as Anti‐Inflammatory Agents: E‐Pharmacophore, Dynamic Simulation, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Halder Debojyoti , Jeyaprakash R. S. , Ghosh Balaram
Published: June 2024

Any pathogenic attack, infection, or disease can initiate inflammation. It results in significant adverse consequences like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. TNFα is one of the major pro‐inflammatory cytokines for the progression of inflammation—the present study designed a series of hybrid compounds consisting of the pyrazole‐pyridine moiety. Virtual screening was performed utilizing the e‐pharmacophore hypothesis with the co‐ligand of TNFα, screening, docking, and ADMET study. Induced fit docking, DFT analysis, and molecular dynamic simulation showed that the four best molecules ‐ Dh1‐ Dh4–showed crucial interaction with Tyrosine, higher dock scores, and better stability than Diclofenac. Following the synthesis of hit molecules, an in vitro albumin denaturation IC50 of Dh1 was found to be 118.01 μM. Further in‐depth in vitro and in vivo analyses of these pyrazole‐pyridine small compounds may serve as potential space for creating new anti‐inflammatory leads.
Blue Emission from Metal Halide Perovskites: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Liu Shiqiang , Wu Yuechuan , Wu Junyan , Lin Zhenghuan
Published: June 2024

Luminescent metal halides, as a type of luminescent semiconductor material, offer advantages that fulfill the requirements of emerging light source devices, such as high luminescence efficiency, good thermal stability, and tunable colorful emission. Blue light being one of the three primary colors plays a crucial role in the field of lighting and colorful displays. However, the progress in device performance of blue‐light materials lags behind that of green and red‐light materials. Currently, there have been numerous reports on metal halide perovskite blue‐light materials, but a comprehensive review on the development and performance control of blue‐light metal halides is yet to be found. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the design strategies and luminescence mechanisms of blue‐light perovskites with various luminescence centers, as well as their application progress in the fields of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), X‐ray scintillators, information anti‐counterfeiting and encryption. It also explores possible directions for subsequent performance improvement. This work aims to offer valuable insights and recommendations for the future development of blue‐light metal halides, with significant implications for the fabrication of novel blue light devices and advancements in detection technology.