bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissipation of Fluometuron and Trifluralin Residues After Long-term Use
Authors: Corbin Billy R. , McClelland Marilyn , Frans Robert E. , Talbert Ronald E. , Horton Diana
Published: May 2019

Existing long-term cotton experiments established in 1976 with minimum and intensive herbicide programs were subdivided in 1985 and 1986 to determine the longevity of fluometuron and trifluralin soil residues after discontinuing herbicide application. In monoculture cotton, seed cotton yield increased when herbicide use was discontinued in 1985 and 1986 after 9 and 10 yr of continuous use, respectively, on a Sharkey silty clay and a Dundee silt loam soil. Yield increases coincided with reductions of fluometuron and trifluralin soil residues. Fluometuron dissipated from the Dundee silt loam soil by 10 mo after the last application but was present in the Sharkey silty clay soil at 0.20 ppmw after 28 mo. Trifluralin did not totally dissipate from either soil, and low levels were present in the Dundee (0.05 ppmw) and Sharkey (0.13 ppmw) soils 30 mo after the last application. Visual injury to fall-seeded wheat and vetch decreased as herbicide residues dissipated. Fall tillage had no significant effect on the rate of fluometuron or trifluralin dissipation from either soil but reduced seed cotton yields.
Influence of Crop Safeners on the Interaction of Primisulfuron and Terbufos in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Frazier Todd L. , Nissen Scott J.
Published: May 2019

Benoxacor, CGA-185072, and MON-13900 were evaluated in laboratory studies as safeners to reduce injury caused by primisulfuron when corn has been previously treated with terbufos. Without safeners, shoot length was reduced 30% when primisulfuron (78 gm ha-1) followed terbufos (2.6 kg ha-1) applications. Stunting was significantly reduced by preemergence applications of CGA-185072 and MON-13900 at 200 g ai ha-1; however, shoot length was still reduced by 21 and 12%, respectively. Benoxacor did not reduce primisulfuron injury in corn previously treated with terbufos. Safening by CGA-185072 and MON-13900 was not due to reduced primisulfuron uptake or altered translocation. MON-13900 was further evaluated for its effects on primisulfuron metabolism. MON-13900 increased primisulfuron metabolism in terbufos-treated shoots by more than 50%. This increase in metabolism appears to be the mechanism of safening by MON-13900.
The Influence of Fluometuron and MSMA on Cotton Yield and Fruiting Characteristics
Authors: Snipes Charles E. , Byrd J. D.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments conducted from 1987 through 1991 at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS, determined the effect of postemergence topical applications of fluometuron and MSMA on cotton yield and fruiting. Herbicide treatments applied to cotton in the cotyledon to 1-leaf growth stage were 1.12 kg ai ha-1fluometuron plus 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant, 2.2 kg ai ha-1MSMA, and a combination of 1.12 kg ha-1fluometuron and 2.24 kg ha-1MSMA. The commercial formulation of MSMA contained nonionic surfactant. Visual injury of cotton 14 d after treatment ranged from 14 to 28% for fluometuron, 9 to 26% for MSMA, and 22 to 34% for the combination. Seed cotton yield at the first harvest was reduced by all herbicide treatments except in 1987 and for DES 119 cotton in 1990. In 1990, yield of DES 119 cotton treated with MSMA and the combination was less than the untreated control for the second harvest interval. Cotton yield from herbicide treatments at later harvests was equal to or greater than the untreated control. Only in 1988 did all treatments reduce total seed cotton yield below the untreated control. Fiber quality was not adversely affected by the herbicides. Compared to the control, plant mapping indicated that the number of sympodial branches per plant was reduced by MSMA and by the combination for DPL 50 cotton in 1990. Averaged over 4 experiment years, herbicide treatments did not reduce total bolls per plant; percentage of bolls in first, second, or outer positions; highest sympodium with two bolls; or number of sympodium with bolls in the first or second position. However, MSMA and the combination increased node number of the first sympodia by one and 1.5 positions, respectively, when compared to the control, indicating delayed maturity.
Effect of DPX-PE350 on the Efficacy of Graminicides
Authors: Ferreira Kenneth L. , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of DPX-PE350 on the efficacy of fluazifop-P, sethoxydim, and quizalofop. DPX-PE350 severely antagonized the activity of fluazifop-P on large crabgrass. Antagonism of sethoxydim and quizalofop was dependent on rate of graminicide and large crabgrass stage of growth at application. DPX-PE350 did not reduce control of johnsongrass with quizalofop. Sethoxydim alone controlled 36 to 71% more johnsongrass than sethoxydim mixed with DPX-PE350 at 35 to 105 g ai ha-1. Antagonism of fluazifop-P activity was dependent upon the rate of DPX-PE350 and fluazifop-P applied. Applying DPX-PE350 3 d after fluazifop-P or sethoxydim reduced antagonism. Grass species, growth stage, rate, and sequential application timing all appear to play a role in the severity of antagonism.
Effect of Moisture Stress and Leaf Age on Bentazon Absorption in Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Levene Brian C. , Owen Micheal D. K.
Published: May 2019

More than 70% of all14C-bentazon absorption occurred within 4 h after herbicide application regardless of adjuvant Moisture stress reduced14C-bentazon absorption by common cocklebur and velvetleaf. Mature (second true leaf) and moisture-stressed leaves of velvetleaf had 50 and 17 μg cm−1more epicuticular wax (ECW) than did juvenile and unstressed leaves, respectively. Common cocklebur had less14C in the ECW and lower total14C in treated mature leaves compared to juvenile leaves. The use of 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or crop oil concentrate (COC) increased14C in ECW samples of both plant species, regardless of leaf age or moisture stress. More14C in the ECW did not always correlate with more14C in the leaf tissue. Adjuvants increased14C-bentazon absorption into leaves of plants that had been stressed.
The Role of Allelopathy in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum) Inhibition of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Eskelsen Steven R. , Crabtree Garvin D.
Published: May 2019

A replacement series experiment was conducted in the field to quantify the interaction between Canada thistle and buckwheat, and to determine if allelopathy was the mechanism of interference. Plant biomass data indicated that buckwheat only responded to intraspecific competition and not interspecific competition from Canada thistle. Canada thistle responded to interspecific competition from buckwheat plants but not to intraspecific competition. The absence of one of the interspecific competition components (no measurable effect of Canada thistle density on buckwheat) indicates that the value for niche differentiation is probably greater than unity, signifying that there is no mutual antagonism between buckwheat and Canada thistle. Because allelopathy is one mechanism that causes mutual inhibition, data do not support the hypothesis that buckwheat interferes with Canada thistle by allelopathy.
Comparative Analysis of Three Cruciferous Weeds: Growth, Development, and Competitiveness
Authors: Wall David A.
Published: May 2019

Wild, ball, and dog mustard growth and development were investigated by mathematical growth analysis in a greenhouse experiment. Plant height and total plant biomass over the growth period followed the trend wild mustard > ball mustard > dog mustard. Dog mustard plants had lower leaf areas than either wild or ball mustard. In a replacement series experiment, wild mustard was more competitive than either ball or dog mustard, and ball mustard was more competitive than dog mustard.
Dissipation and Water Activation of UCC-C4243
Authors: Wright Terry R. , Ogg Alex G. , Fuerst E. Patrick
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the timing and amount of rainfall required to activate UCC-C4243 applied preemergence. UCC-C4243 at 0, 70, and 140 g ai ha−1was applied 1, 7, 14, and 21 d before 0.5 or 2 cm of simulated rainfall. Temporary rainshelters protected field plots from natural rainfall during the 21 d dry period. Herbicide activity was determined in the field by seeding lentil, wheat, common lambsquarters, and field pennycress and in the greenhouse by a sugarbeet bioassay of soil samples (0 to 3 cm depth) taken from all plots immediately before irrigation. UCC-C4243 did not injure wheat; however, lentil population was reduced when simulated rainfall occurred within 7 d after application. Lentil injury was greater with higher herbicide rate and higher water level. UCC-C4243 at 70 and 140 g ha−1reduced populations of both weed species by 75 and 90%, respectively, when either 0.5 or 2 cm simulated rainfall was received within 1 d after herbicide application. Weed control was reduced with a 21 d delay between herbicide application and water activation. The sugarbeet bioassay showed a linear decrease of herbicide activity over time and also with accumulated photosynthetically active radiation. After 17.9 d, herbicide activity on a dry soil surface decreased 50%. Laboratory investigations show that [14C]-UCC-C4243 on glass slides was photodegraded by near ultraviolet light (290 to 400 nm). Volatilization of14C-labeled herbicide from glass slides was less than 5% after exposure to turbulent air for 48 h.
The Soils
Authors: Macphail R I
Published: May 2019

During the summer of 1980, excavations at Shaugh Moor were extended to the Saddlesborough reave, it was hoped to establish the nature of the land boundaries which characterise this part of Dartmoor.

In this area the reave runs downslope in a south-easterly direction away from Saddlesborough and it was investigated by a number of sections at progressively lower elevations between approximately 300 and 285 metres OD. Sections in a number of trenches were studied in detail (trenches AN, AM, AL, AJ, AI, and AG; see figure 1). Profiles Ai and Aii are examples of modern soils adjacent to trenches AN and AG respectively. The soils were described,ignited to give a visual indication of their iron content and thin sections were made of material from trenches AL and AJ.
Soil Pollen Analysis
Authors: Balaam N D
Published: May 2019

Samples for pollen analysis were cut from freshly cleaned excavation sections. They were taken at one or two centimetre intervals through the buried soils and the reave bank. Towards the top of each section samples were taken at five centimetre intervals.

The position of each of the sample columns taken is recorded on the drawn sections in the excavation archive. Diagramatic sections showing major stratigraphie boundaries are included with each pollen diagram. Detailed descriptions of soil characters at different points along the reave are given in the accompanying soil report by Dr Macphail. The pollen profiles to which the descriptions relate are indicated in the soil report.
Phosphate analysis
Authors: Balaam N D , Porter H M
Published: May 2019

The principal method adopted for the soil phosphate analysis for the Shaugh Moor project was a slightly modified version of that published by Dick and Tabatabai (1977). This method involves extraction of soil phosphate by alkaline oxidation with Sodium hypobromite (NaOBr-NaOh). It has been calculated that this process extracts about 60-70% of total phosphate from soils such as those on Shaugh Moor (Ralph, pers comm). This was considered satisfactory foe the purposes of this project.

It is thought that this method has not been used before in archaeological survey work but it is suggested that the simplicity of the technique and the relatively high level of phosphate extraction might prove of value in future work.
The insect infestation of the wood
Authors: Girling Maureen A
Published: May 2019

The waterlogged wood from Wotter Common was examined for signs of possible insect attack. The wood from over forty samples ranged from artifacts (including the possible ard) to small branches and twigs. Probable insect attack was identified from channels visible in cross section (apparently representing galleries excavated by the larvae of wood boring insects) and holes on the surface which resemble the flight holes of the adults. In many cases the soft waterlogged wood showed signs of penetration by plant roots which produce similar channelling to insect boring. It was not always possible to identify the original cause, but plant roots had occasionally survived in the channels and were also suggested were groups ran in parallel across the rays.
Unraveling the complexity of the relations of metalinguistic skills to word reading with struggling adult readers: Shared, independent, and interactive effects
Authors: Tighe Elizabeth L. , Fernandes Mary A.
Published: May 2019

This study investigates the shared, independent, and interactive effects of metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and orthographic knowledge) to word reading with a sample of struggling adult readers. Controlling for vocabulary knowledge, a second-order latent factor of metalinguistic awareness accounted for unique variance (62.5%) in adults’ word reading skills. Two-way latent interactions between the metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness × morphological awareness, morphological awareness × orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness × orthographic knowledge) revealed unique interactive contributions (1%–5.2%) of these skills to word reading controlling for the metalinguistic skill main effects and vocabulary knowledge. In particular, high levels of morphological awareness are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low phonological awareness and orthographic knowledge. In addition, higher phonological awareness skills are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low orthographic knowledge. These results indicate the importance as well as the complexity of the nature of metalinguistic skills underlying word reading for struggling adult readers. The theoretical, empirical, and applied implications of these findings are discussed in the context of researchers and practitioners invested in improving outcomes in adult literacy programs.
SHEA-CDC TB Survey, Part II: Efficacy of TB Infection Control Programs at Member Hospitals, 1992
Authors: Fridkin Scott K. , Manangan Lilia , Bolyard Elizabeth ,   The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Jarvis William R.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of current Myco-bacterium tuberculosis control measures.

Design:

Voluntary questionnaire to members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.

Results:

Healthcare worker (HCW) tuberculin skin-test (TST) conversion rates were significantly higher in larger hospitals ( ≥ 437 beds) (0.9% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05), or in hospitals reporting ≥ 6 TB patients in 1992 (1.2% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05). Among larger hospitals or those hospitals surveyed reporting ≥ 6 TB patients, those without at least three of the four criteria suggested in the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) TB guidelines for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) isolation (specifically, a single-patient room; negative pressure; and air exhausted directly outside) had significantly higher annual TST conversion rates than those with these criteria (1.8% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05). Respiratory therapist or bronchoscopist TST conversion rates were significantly lower in hospitals compliant with the exhaust criteria (1.2% versus 2.8%; P < 0.05). Regardless of hospital characteristic, HCW TST conversion rates did not differ between hospitals in which HCWs used surgical masks or used disposable particulate respirators.

Conclusion:

Among larger hospitals or hospitals reporting ≥ 6 TB patients per year, failure to comply with the 1990 CDC TB recommendations for AFB isolation room guidelines was associated with higher HCW TST conversion rates. These data suggest that complete implementation of the 1990 CDC TB guidelines would decrease HCWs’ risk of nosocomial transmission of TB in larger hospitals or those reporting more TB patients. However, in nonoutbreak situations, disposable particulate respirators or submicron surgical masks may not offer significantly greater protection to HCWs than surgical masks.
Tuberculosis Surveillance Practices in Long-Term Care Institutions
Authors: Naglie Gary , McArthur Margaret , Simor Andrew , Naus Monika , Cheung Angela , McGeer Allison
Published: May 2019

Objecitves:

To identify the tuberculosis (TB) skin-testing practices of long-term care facilities for the elderly in Toronto, Ontario.

Design:

A telephone survey using a 25-item questionnaire.

Setting:

Twenty-nine nursing homes (NHs) and 26 Homes for the Aged (HFAs) in metropolitan Toronto.

Results:

Thirty-one percent of facilities (17 of 55) had no formal tuberculin skin-testing program, including 52% of NHs (15 of 29) versus 8% of HFAs (2 of 26; P= 0.001). Ninety-two percent of HFAs (24 of 26) compared with 45% of NHs (13 of 29), obtained preadmission or admission skin-test status of residents (P= 0.0005). Annual testing was performed at 46% of HFAs (12 of 26) and 27% of NHs (8 of 29; P= 0.28). Of facilities that carried out any skin testing, 64% of HFAs (16 of 25) versus 32% of NHs (6 of 19) measured induration to establish test positivity (P=0.068). Fifty-two percent of HFAs (13 of 25), compared with 21% of NHs (4 of 19), recorded the actual size of induration in the patient record (P=0.085). Only 28% of HFAs (7 of 25) and 21% of NHs (4 of 19) correctly defined a positive tuberculin skin test.

Conclusions:

TB surveillance practices in long-term care institutions in Toronto are inadequate and often yield results that do not predict the risk of infection and cannot be used to investigate outbreaks. Tuberculin skin-testing practices were better at HFAs, which are subject to provincial legislation regarding TB surveillance, than at NHs, which are not subject to this legislation. Staff at HFAs and NHs require education regarding tuberculin skin-testing policies and procedures.
Nosocomial Tuberculosis: An Outbreak of a Strain Resistant to Seven Drugs
Authors: Ikeda Robin M. , Birkhead Guthrie S. , DiFerdinando George T. , Bornstein Donald L. , Dooley Samuel W. , Kubica George P. , Morse Dale L.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To evaluate nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB).

Design:

Outbreak investigation: review of infection control practices and skin test results of healthcare workers (HCWs); medical records of hospitalized TB patients and mycobacteriology reports; submission of specimens for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing; and an assessment of the air-handling system.

Setting:

A teaching hospital in upstate New York.

Results:

Skin-test conversions occurred among 46 (6.6%) of 696 HCWs tested from August through October 1991. Rates were highest on two units (29% and 20%); HCWs primarily assigned to these units had a higher risk for conversion compared with HCWs tested following previous incidents of exposure to TB (relative risk [RR] = 53.4, 95% confidence interval [CI95] =6.9 to 411.1; and RR=37.4, CI95= 5.0 to 277.3, respectively). The likely source patient was the only TB patient hospitalized on both units during the probable exposure period. This patient appeared clinically infectious, was associated with a higher risk of conversion among HCWs providing direct care (RR = 2.37; CI95 = 1.05 to 5.34), and was a prison inmate with TB resistant to seven antituberculosis agents. The MDR-TB strain isolated from this patient also was isolated from other inmate and noninmate patients, and a prison correctional officer exposed in the hospital. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all of these patients had matching RFLP patterns. Infection control practices closely followed established guidelines; however, several rooms housing TB patients had marginal negative pressure with variable numbers of air changes per hour, and directional airflow was disrupted easily.

Conclusions:

These data strongly suggest nosocomial transmission of MDR-TB to HCWs, patients, and a prison correctional officer working in the hospital. Factors contributing to transmission apparently included prolonged infectiousness of the likely source patient and inadequate environmental controls. Continued urgent attention to TB infection control is needed.
Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Persons Exposed in a Medical Examiner's Office, New York
Authors: Ussery Xilla T. , Bierman Jennifer A. , Valway Sarah E. , Seitz Teresa A. , DiFerdinando George T. , Ostroff Stephen M.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for having a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result among employees at a medical examiner's office (MEO).

Design:

Cohort study, environmental investigation.

Setting:

Several employees at a medical examiner's office were found to have positive TST results after autopsies were performed on persons with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Participants:

Employees of the MEO.

Results:

Of 18 MEO employees, 5 (28%) had a positive TST result; 2 of these 5 had TST conversions. We observed a trend between TST conversion and participation in autopsies on persons with MDR-TB (2 of 2 converters versus 3 of 13 employees with negative TST; relative risk=4.3; 95% confidence interval 1.61 to 11.69; P=0.l0). The environmental investigation revealed that the autopsy room was at positive pressure relative to the rest of the MEO and that air from the autopsy room mixed throughout the facility.

Conclusions:

A systematic approach to preventing transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in autopsy suites should include effective environmental controls and routine tuberculin skin testing of employees.
Infection Control in a Country with Annual Inflation of 3,600%
Authors: Wey Sergio B.
Published: May 2019

The economic crisis that has been seen worldwide affects developing countries such as Brazil even more severely. Worsening budget shortfalls for the healthcare system progressively threaten patient care. Infection control programs also are affected, and basic preventive policies are not implemented. Infection control practitioners face lack of equipment and poor microbiological support. In contrast, the motivation of the infection control people can be maintained through training courses, conferences, and meetings. Administrative support may be the most important single factor determining success in decreasing the infection control rate and should be (but is not always) provided, given that several infection control measures are cost effective.
Simulation of dense plasma focus devices to produce N-13 efficiently
Authors: Sadeghi H. , Amrollahi R. , Fazelpour S. , Omrani M.
Published: May 2019

A novel idea is presented in this paper to simulation, design, and feasibility of making a machine in order to produce nitrogen 13 (N-13) at a much lower cost than conventional medical applications. In a plasma focus device, only 0.02% of the generated ions have more than 1 MeV energy. In this paper, using a new idea we have tried to find a solution to increase the energy of deuterium ions to produce N-13. To achieve this, a series of magnetic lenses has been used to focus and guide the ions. To increase the ion energy, a small linear accelerator has been designed using a TM010 waveguide. The accelerator waveguide is also designed and optimized to have the highest impedance matching and maximum power transmission. Eventually, low-energy ions that are transmitted by magnetic lenses accelerate in the waveguide electric field and their energy increases significantly. The collision of these energetic ions with graphite target produce N-13.
One Lump or Two?
Authors: Poole Brian
Published: May 2019

In a well-known and much discussed article, the philosopher Bertrand Russell wrote as follows (Russell, 1952):

If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars there is a china teapot revolving about the sun in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes.

Setting aside Russell's reasons for writing this sentence (in context, to do with both the burden of proof and the existence or otherwise of a deity) I would like to focus on what, in the above extract, is a single word: ‘teapot’. If you, as a reader and no doubt writer of the English language, were required to convey in writing the same concept (a ceramic or metal receptacle with a handle, spout and lid, in which tea is brewed and from which it is poured) would you go for ‘teapot’, ‘tea-pot’ or ‘tea pot’? In other words, to use a phrase commonly heard when the amount of sugar in a cup of tea is discussed, do you think teapot/tea pot should be one lump or two?
Facing illegitimate motherhood in eighteenth-century Antwerp: how changing contexts influenced the experiences of single mothers
Authors: Vermeesch Griet
Published: May 2019

This article assesses the wide range of experiences of illegitimacy in eighteenth-century Antwerp. It exposes many instances of pauper agency, yet also cautions against simply assuming that all single mothers were similarly forceful in their dealings with illegitimacy. Four key factors affected the options a single mother had at her disposal in dealing with illegitimate pregnancy: the way poor relief was organised, the relative accessibility of judicial processes, the administrative settings, and the prevailing ideas about illegitimacy and morality among the general community. The article shows how these factors changed in the final quarter of the eighteenth century, impacting on the strategies that single mothers could adopt.
Characteristics Associated with the Postprandial Hypotensive Response in Falling Older Adults
Authors: Madden Kenneth M. , Feldman Boris , Meneilly Graydon S.
Published: May 2019

Il a été démontré que l’intensité de la réponse hypotensive postprandiale (RHP) peut constituer un facteur de risque pour les chutes, les fractures et le décès. Bien que ce risque ait été bien établi, les cliniques de chutes font rarement des analyses liées aux repas, en raison de contraintes logistiques. Afin de mieux cibler les patients à risque de RHP parmi les personnes âgées affectées par des chutes, cette étude a examiné les caractéristiques individuelles associées à des RHP plus intenses. Cinquante-deux patients (âge moyen : 77,8 ± 0,9 ans, 29 femmes, 23 hommes) référés par des cliniques de prévention des chutes ont été recrutés pour un repas-test de 90 minutes. Les variables significatives ont ensuite été insérées dans un modèle linéaire multivarié incluant l’âge, le sexe, la présence de diabète, la présence d’hypertension, la pression systolique de base (PSB) et la chute de la PSB orthostatique. Bien que de plus amples recherches soient nécessaires, notre étude suggère que les hommes, les patients présentant une tension artérielle élevée et ceux avec une chute orthostatique pourraient être plus à risque de réponses hémodynamiques postprandiales plus intenses.
3D immersive visualization of micro-computed tomography and XRD texture datasets
Authors: Rodriguez M. A. , Amon T. T. , Griego J. J. M. , Brown-Shaklee H. , Green N.
Published: May 2019

Advancements in computer technology have enabled three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, data-stitching, and manipulation of 3D data obtained on X-ray imaging systems such as micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). Likewise, intuitive evaluation of these 3D datasets can be enhanced by recent advances in virtual reality (VR) hardware and software. Additionally, the generation, viewing, and manipulation of 3D X-ray diffraction datasets, such as pole figures employed for texture analysis, can also benefit from these advanced visualization techniques. We present newly-developed protocols for porting 3D data (as TIFF-stacks) into a Unity gaming software platform so that data may be toured, manipulated, and evaluated within a more-intuitive VR environment through the use of game-like controls and 3D headsets. We demonstrate this capability by rendering μ-CT data of a polymer dogbone test bar at various stages of in situ mechanical strain. An additional experiment is presented showing 3D XRD data collected on an aluminum test block with vias. These 3D XRD data for texture analysis (χ, ϕ, 2θ dimensions) enables the viewer to visually inspect 3D pole figures and detect the presence or absence of in-plane residual macrostrain. These two examples serve to illustrate the benefits of this new methodology for multidimensional analysis.
A possible Adélie penguin sub-colony on fast ice by Cape Crozier, Antarctica
Authors: Larue Michelle , Iles David , Labrousse Sara , Salas Leo , Ballard Grant , Ainley David , Saenz Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Adélie penguins are renowned for their natal philopatry on land-based colonies, requiring small pebbles to be used for nests. We report on an opportunistic observation via aerial survey, where hundreds of Adélie penguins were documented displaying nesting behaviours on fast ice ~3 km off the coast of Cape Crozier, which is one of the largest colonies in the world. We counted 426 Adélie penguins engaging in behaviours of pair formation, spacing similarly to normal nest distributions and lying in divots in the ice that looked like nests. On our first visit, it was noticed that the guano stain was bright pink, consistent with krill consumption, but had shifted to green over the course of ~2 weeks, indicating that the birds were fasting (a behaviour consistent with egg incubation). However, eggs were not observed. We posit four hypotheses that may explain the proximate causes of this behaviour and caution against future high-resolution satellite imagery interpretation due to the potential for confusing ice-nesting Adélie penguins with the presence of emperor penguin colonies.
Effects of Trade Barriers and Cultural Distance on the Domestic Market Share in the Film Industry
Authors: Choi Yong-Jae , Min Chung-ki , Park Chanyul
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of trade barriers and cultural distance on the domestic market share in the film industry. We analyze panel data with both two-stage least squares and instrumental-variable methods. These methods can separate the effects of time-invariant measures of trade barriers and cultural difference from country-specific effects. This improvement in the estimation method and the use of a more appropriate measure of trade barriers in the film industry enable us to produce empirical results that are consistent with theoretical arguments. Based on the panel data collected from 30 countries for the period 2001–2013, the empirical results herein indicate that the cultural distance, as well as market size, is an important factor for the domestic market share. Trade barriers are also shown to be a significant factor, but the magnitude of their impact on the domestic market share is much smaller than that of the market size.
INTÉGRALES ORBITALES SUR
Authors: Lemaire Bertrand
Published: May 2019

Soit
$F$
un corps local non archimédien de caractéristique
${\geqslant}0$
, et soit
$G=GL(N,F)$
,
$N\geqslant 1$
. Un élément
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\in G$
est dit quasi régulier si le centralisateur de
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$
dans
$M(N,F)$
est un produit d’extensions de
$F$
. Soit
$G_{\text{qr}}$
l’ensemble des éléments quasi réguliers de
$G$
. Pour
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\in G_{\text{qr}}$
, on note
$O_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$
l’intégrale orbitale ordinaire sur
$G$
associée à
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$
. On remplace ici le discriminant de Weyl
$|D_{G}|$
par un facteur de normalisation
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{G}:G_{\text{qr}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{{>}0}$
permettant d’obtenir les mêmes résultats que ceux prouvés par Harish-Chandra en caractéristique nulle: pour
$f\in C_{\text{c}}^{\infty }(G)$
, l’intégrale orbitale normalisée
$I^{G}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE},f)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{G}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE})O_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}(f)$
est bornée sur
$G$
, et pour
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}>0$
tel que
$N(N-1)\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}<1$
, la fonction
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{G}^{-\frac{1}{2}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}$
est localement intégrable sur
$G$
.
CRITICAL CONNECTIONS
Authors: Glisson Susan M.
Published: May 2019

How do you come to trust a person you perceive to be your enemy? Such challenges face communities grappling with troubled racial histories. This paper introduces how two sites of historic conflict have begun to address their complicated and painful pasts in order to heal history’s wounds and create a more just and inclusive future. Ordinary residents in Philadelphia, MS, and Birmingham, AL, are making their communities better at building trust in order to tell the truth about their pasts. Both communities are notorious for their racist histories and especially for the collusion of law enforcement in imposing White supremacy through violence. But through a facilitated process of storytelling and historical dialogue, a group in each community cultivated a space of trust and healing that are expanding the possibilities for belonging and equity. Drawing on a first-hand account of my role in community building and race relations as well as placing that work within a larger framework of social movement organizing, I show that telling the truth about the past through stories can transform and uplift distressed and inequitable communities.
Effect of temperature on development and population growth rates of Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) in Giza, Egypt
Authors: El-Shazly M. M.
Published: May 2019

The effects of temperature on the life history of Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoli) were examined by determining the different developmental and reproductive parameters with respect to days of hatching, oviposition, and adult emergence of insects reared in field cages at Giza, Egypt. Hatching, oviposition, and adult emergence continued all year round; the average daily temperature in the coldest month (January) seemed to be above developmental thresholds for different stages. This lygaeid completed six overlapping generations in 1 year. The basic population parameters, i.e. net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproductive rate (GRR), instantaneous rate of natural increase (r), finite rate of natural increase (λ), and mean generation time (T) exhibited a more or less cyclic pattern in successive generations. The highest value of r (rmax) was considered as the intrinsic rate of natural increase of this species.
Growth patterns of the ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas) relative to variations in population genetics
Authors: Kuang R. P. , Xiao N. N.
Published: May 2019

Differences in population growth among four variation types of the ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, namely succinea, conspicua, spectabilis and aulica, were investigated using various growth parameters. The variation types showed three growth patterns from the intrinsic growth rates (rm), with rates of 0.093–0.099 (for conspicua and aulica), 0.073 (for succinea) and 0.040 (for spectabilis). The growth rates of these patterns were realised in different ways. Spectabilis differed from the other three types in the age and per cent distribution of the specific period to the rm values.
Movement of Cicadulina storeyi (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in maize fields and its behaviour in relation to maize growth stage
Authors: Asanzi C. M. , Bosque-Perez N. A. , Nault L. R.
Published: May 2019

The movement of Cicadulina storeyi China (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), vector of maize streak geminivirus, within maize (Zea mays L.) fields was studied using mark, release and recapture experiments. Cicadulina storeyi, marked with fluorescent dye, were released at dusk and monitored for 14 days using yellow sticky traps placed at different distances (5–160 m) and directions from the release point. The suitability of maize growth stage for settling by C. storeyi was also investigated. Catches decreased steadily with distance from the release point and exponentially with time following the release. The mean leafhopper dispersal rate varied between 2.6 and 2.8 m/day for dry season and rainy season tests, respectively. The dispersal rate increased with distance from 1.4 m/day at 5 m to 13.6 m/day at 160 m. Wind was a major factor affecting direction of leafhopper movement with the largest proportion of C. storeyi collected downwind. Investigations on the suitability of maize growth stage for settling by C. storeyi revealed that the leafhopper preferred young plants (2–6 weeks after planting) to old ones.
Variation in distribution of sensilla on antennal flagellum in the post-embryonic developmental stages of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa Fabricius (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Prakash Shri , Chauhan R. S. , Parashar B. D. , Rao K. M.
Published: May 2019

This study investigated the segmental distribution of various types of antennal sensilla in the post-embryonic developmental stages of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa Fabricius. Three major types of mechanosensilla and chemosensilla were identified. A progressive increase in the number of various types of sensilla with increase in the number of segments as well as nymphal stages and adults was observed. The density of sensilla chaetica and sensilla basiconica increased approximately 12.5- and 24-fold from first nymphal stage to males respectively, while density of sensilla trichoidea increased 8-fold from 2nd nymphal instar to adult stage. A high degree of correlation between the average total number of sensilla and post-embryonic stages was observed.
Studies on the salivary glands of an aquatic bug,Lethocerus indicus(Belostomatidae): Morphological, histological and preliminary electron microscopic investigations
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Yadav P. R. , Venugopal K. J. , Singh A. K.
Published: May 2019

A study was conducted to determine the morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the salivary apparatus ofLethocerus indicus. The apparatus was found to consist of a principal and accessory salivary gland. The former is bilobed, having a small superior lobe and a larger inferior lobe, made up of many lobules/acini. Each lobule is made up of a simple glandular layer of syncytial epithelium encompassing the lumen, which is filled with secretory granules that are elaborated from the epithelium predominantly by the apocrine mode of secretion. The accessory salivary gland is vesicular cum tubular. The vesicular part is made up of a thin layer of flat, polygonal cells, having no signs of secretory activity, while the tubular part consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that show signs of secretory activity. Both the principal and accessory glands discharge their secretions through a common salivary duct which opens at the base of the hypopharynx. The ultrastructure of the lobules of the principal salivary gland reveals a thick amorphous, basement membrane (800–1000Å) which supports the glandular epithelium. The basal and apical plasma membranes of the epithelium show basal infoldings and microvilli respectively. The nucleus is highly branched and remains surrounded by a double layered nuclear envelope. The ergastoplasmic membranes show abundance of ribosomes. Many mitochondria are also visible in the cytoplasm. It is concluded that the salivary gland ofL. indicusis an organ of high synthetic activity.
Evaluating an insect pest management system in an irrigated rice environment
Authors: Dakouo D. , Nacro S. , Post R. , Traoré Y. , Nokoe S. , Munyinyi D. M.
Published: May 2019

The efficiency and profitability of an integrated pest management system consisting of a phytosanitary survey and threshold interventions (based on levels of insect damage) was tested at the Vallée du Kou irrigated rice scheme in Burkina Faso, for two consecutive crop seasons in 1987. There was a considerable advantage in cost, number of insecticidal applications and yield of a threshold intervention-based system over arbitrary or routine insecticidal application methods. The proposed method is considered to be environmentally friendly.
Efficacy of insecticidal applications based on calendar intervals and plant growth stages for control of insect pests on cowpea
Authors: Alghali Aliyageen M.
Published: May 2019

Studies were carried out to compare the efficacy of insecticide schedules based on calendar intervals with those based on plant growth stages for the control of cowpea insect pests. Spray schedules based on calendar intervals and plant growth stage gave reasonable control of the pest complex and increased grain yields significantly. However, spray schedules based on plant growth stages alone were more efficient for two of the three cowpea varieties tested. This was attributed to differences in maturity periods which made spraying by regular calendar intervals slightly out of phase with attack by key insect pests. Thus, spray schedules based on plant growth stages are recommended for the control of insect pests of cowpea.
Distribution of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in row crop production systems in Texas
Authors: Garetson Russ , Singh Vijay , Singh Shilpa , Dotray Peter , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar
Published: May 2019

A state-level survey was conducted across major row-crop production regions of Texas to document the level of sensitivity of Palmer amaranth to glyphosate, atrazine, pyrithiobac, tembotrione, fomesafen, and dicamba. Between 137 and 161 Palmer amaranth populations were evaluated for sensitivity to the labelled field rate (1X), and rated as resistant (≤49% injury), less sensitive (50% to 89% injury), or susceptible (90% to 100% injury). For glyphosate, 62%, 19%, 13%, and 13% of the populations from the High Plains, Central Texas, Rio Grande Valley, and Lower Gulf Coast, respectively, were resistant. Resistance to atrazine was more common in Palmer amaranth populations from the High Plains than in other regions, with 16% of the populations resistant and 22% less sensitive. Approximately 90% of the populations from the High Plains that exhibited resistance to atrazine POST also were resistant to atrazine PRE. Of the 160 populations tested for pyrithiobac, approximately 99% were resistant or less sensitive, regardless of the region. No resistance was found to fomesafen, tembotrione, or dicamba. However, 22% of the populations from the High Plains were less sensitive to 1X (93 g ai ha−1) tembotrione, but were killed at 2X, illustrating the background variability in sensitivity to this herbicide. For dicamba, three populations, all from the High Plains, exhibited less sensitivity at the 1X rate (controlled at the 2X rate; 1X = 560 g ae ha−1). One population exhibited multiple resistance to three herbicides with distinct sites of action (SOAs) involving acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and photosystem II inhibitors. Palmer amaranth populations exhibited less sensitivity to approximately 15 combinations of herbicides involving up to five SOAs. Dose-response assays conducted on the populations most resistant to glyphosate, pyrithiobac, or atrazine indicated they were 30-, 32-, or 49-fold or more resistant to these herbicides, respectively, compared with a susceptible standard.
Explicit Prediction of Continental Convection in a Skillful Variable‐Resolution Global Model
Authors: Harris Lucas M. , Rees Shannon L. , Morin Matthew , Zhou Linjiong , Stern William F.
Published: May 2019

We present a new global‐to‐regional model, cfvGFS, able to explicitly (without parameterization) represent convection over part of the Earth. This model couples the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Finite‐Volume Cubed‐Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3) to the Global Forecast System physics and initial conditions, augmented with a six‐category microphysics and a modified planetary boundary layer scheme. We examine the characteristics of cfvGFS on a 3‐km continental U. S. domain nested within a 13‐km global model. The nested cfvGFS still has good hemispheric skill comparable to or better than the operational Global Forecast System, while supercell thunderstorms, squall lines, and derechos are explicitly represented over the refined region. In particular, cfvGFS has excellent representations of fine‐scale updraft helicity fields, an important proxy for severe weather forecasting. Precipitation biases are found to be smaller than in uniform‐resolution global models and competitive with operational regional models; the 3‐km domain also improves upon the global models in 2‐m temperature and humidity skill. We discuss further development of cfvGFS and the prospects for a unified global‐to‐regional prediction system.
Global Assessment of Current and Future Groundwater Stress With a Focus on Transboundary Aquifers
Authors: Herbert Claudia , Döll Petra
Published: May 2019

We quantified groundwater stress worldwide by applying the global water resources and water use model WaterGAP 2.2b (Water ‐ Global Assessment and Prognosis) for current conditions (1981–2010) as well as for the 2050s under the worst‐case greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5. To improve global‐scale groundwater stress assessments, we suggest three new water quantity‐related groundwater stress indicators as well as a new way for communicating projected future groundwater stress at the grid‐cell level (~55 × 55 km) and for larger spatial units such as transboundary aquifers (>20,000 km2). The new indicators encompass the ratio of net abstractions from groundwater to groundwater recharge, human‐induced changes in groundwater discharge, and human‐induced groundwater depletion. We compare them to four conventional indicators used in the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme and show how they can add value to global‐scale studies or are even more suitable for indicating groundwater stress. We assess potentials and limitations of all indicators by addressing their level of process representation, data requirements, uncertainty, and the underlying different concepts of sustainable groundwater use. To support adaptation to climate change, we recommend showing both the ensemble mean and the worst‐case scenario of future groundwater stress that we derived from five climate and two irrigation scenarios. For characterizing groundwater stress in spatial units such as transboundary aquifers, areal fractions where a selected indicator threshold is exceeded should be considered. Finally, hot spots of future groundwater stress should be identified by combining relative changes from current conditions with absolute values of future groundwater stress.
3D Janus plasmonic helical nanoapertures for polarization-encrypted data storage
Authors: Chen Yang , Yang Xiaodong , Gao Jie
Published: May 2019

Helical structures have attracted considerable attention due to their inherent optical chirality. Here, we report a unique type of 3D Janus plasmonic helical nanoaperture with direction-controlled polarization sensitivity, which is simply fabricated via the one-step grayscale focused ion beam milling method. Circular dichroism in transmission of as large as 0.72 is experimentally realized in the forward direction due to the spin-dependent mode coupling process inside the helical nanoaperture. However, in the backward direction, the nanoaperture acquires giant linear dichroism in transmission of up to 0.87. By encoding the Janus metasurface with the two nanoaperture enantiomers having specified rotation angles, direction-controlled polarization-encrypted data storage is demonstrated for the first time, where a binary quick-response code image is displayed in the forward direction under the circularly polarized incidence of a specified handedness, while a distinct grayscale image is revealed in the backward direction under linearly polarized illumination with a specified azimuthal angle. We envision that the proposed Janus helical nanoapertures will provide an appealing platform for a variety of applications, which will range from multifunctional polarization control, enantiomer sensing, data encryption and decryption to optical information processing.