bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Eco‐Friendly Multifunctional Lube Oil Additives: Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Dey Koushik , Ghosh Pranab
Published: August 2021

Homo polymer of dodecyl acrylate (DDA) and its copolymers with citral at different percentage composition (w/w) were synthesized by free radical polymerization method. The characterization of all the polymers was carried out through FTIR, NMR and GPC (gel permeation chromatography) analysis. The performance of all the prepared polymers as viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD) and antiwear (AW) additive in two different base oils (BO1 and BO2) were evaluated by standard ASTM methods. The results showed that all the polymers are good as VII, AW and PPD additives. AW and PPD properties of copolymers are better compared to homopolymer. Out of the three additive properties, PPD properties of copolymer (P‐2) was remarkably improved upto −26 °C for at 1 % (w/w) in base oil compared to homopolymer of dodecyl acrylate (−18 °C at 1 % w/w) as confirmed by photo micrographic analysis. The thermal stability of the polymers was determined by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The stability against thermal degradation increases with increasing citral content in the acrylate backbone. Moreover the copolymers were eco‐friendly which was confirmed by biodegradability test (Disc Diffusion and Soil Burial Test method).
Substituted, Bicyclic 3‐Benzoyl Flavanones Synthesis by Highly Efficient N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Catalysis
Authors: Singh Ashmita , Narula Anudeep Kumar
Published: August 2021

A new methodology for the synthesis of substituted, bicyclic 3‐benzoyl flavanone derivatives by [4+2] annulations of salicylaldehyde with chalcones in the presence of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as a catalyst, I2 as co‐catalyst and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant in ethanol was developed. The effectiveness of the developed methodology was proved with an array of electron‐deficient to electron‐rich substrates.
Potential Use of DMSA‐Containing Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Magnetic Vehicles against the COVID‐19 Disease
Authors: Martins Elisama S. , Espindola Ariane , Britos Tatiane N. , Chagas Camila , Barbosa Emerson , Castro Carlos E. , Fonseca Fernando L. A. , Haddad Paula S.
Published: August 2021

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles have been employed as potential vehicles for a large number of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. This article describes the synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxic in COVID‐19 cells evaluation of DMSA superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by co‐precipitation of iron salts and coated with meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) molecule. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FT‐IR), magnetic measurements (SQUID), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Our results demonstrate that the nanoparticles have a mean diameter of 12 nm in the solid‐state and are superparamagnetic at room temperature. There is no toxicity of SPIONS‐DMSA under the cells of patients with COVID‐19. Taken together the results show that DMSA‐ Fe3O4 are good candidates as nanocarriers in the alternative treatment of studied cells.
Comparison of Thermodynamic, Kinetic Forces for Three NADH Analogues to Release Hydride Ion or Hydrogen Atom in Acetonitrile
Authors: Fu Yan‐Hua , Shen Guang‐Bin , Wang Kai , Zhu Xiao‐Qing
Published: August 2021

In this work, the thermodynamic and kinetic forces of three NADH analogues as BNAH, HEH2, and AcrH2, to release hydride ion or hydrogen atom in acetonitrile in chemical reactions were discussed and researched, which was important for chemists to understand the real capacity of hydride‐donating, hydrogen‐atom‐donating of these three compounds. By comparing the bond dissociation free energy [ΔGo(XL)], self‐exchange reaction activation energy [ΔG≠XL/X], and thermo‐kinetic parameter [ΔG≠°(XL)] of these three compounds to release hydride ion or hydrogen atom, it's easy to find that reactions that thermodynamically favorable were not necessarily kinetically favorable. Therefore, it's unreasonable to judge the hydride‐donating ability or hydrogen‐atom‐donating ability of a compound only by its thermodynamic parameter or kinetic parameter. In addition, with these thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, we are better able to select suitable compound as model of NADH which based on different requirement in reactions.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Energetic 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinyl Derivatives of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one
Authors: Rudakov Gennady F. , Kozlov Ivan B. , Boev Nikolay V. , Zinchenko Svetlana S. , Melnikova Lyudmila Ya. , Egorshev Viacheslav Yu. , Sinditskii Valery P.
Published: August 2021

By replacing the pyrazolyl fragment in 3,6‐bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine with 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), both mono‐ and disubstitution products have been synthesized. Further interaction of the obtained compounds with O‐ and N‐nucleophiles led to the preparation of a number of polynitrogen tetrazine derivatives, including 2‐[6‐amino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazin‐3‐yl]‐5‐nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one and 5‐nitro‐2‐ [6‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐ylamino)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3‐yl]‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one. The reactions of nucleophilic substitution of symmetrically substituted tetrazine were shown to proceed more selectively. The resulting compounds were identified using 1H, 13CNMR spectroscopy, FTIR, LC‐MS, and elemental analysis, as well as using X‐ray diffraction analysis. The thermal stability of the new compounds was evaluated under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions and their energy characteristics were calculated. An unusual drop in stability was found on going from symmetrically substituted tetrazines to asymmetric ones.
Synthesis of Novel Unsymmetric Strontium Complexes Containing Aminoalkoxides
Authors: Park Chanwoo , Choi Heenang , Hwang Jeong Min , Lee Ji Hun , Park Bo Keun , Ryu Ji Yeon , Hong Chang Seop , Chung Taek‐Mo
Published: August 2021

Heteroleptic Sr complexes, [Sr(dmamp)(btsa)]2⋅DME (1), [Sr(dmamb)(btsa)]2⋅DME (2), [Sr(dmamp)(hfac)]3⋅DME (3), [Sr(dmamb)(hfac)]3⋅DME (4), [Sr(dmamp)(tmhd)]n (5), and Sr[(dmamb)(tmhd)]n (6) (dmampH=1‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐methylpropan‐2‐ol, dmambH=1‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐methylbutan‐2‐ol, DME=dimethoxyethane, hfacH=1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoropentadione, tmhdH=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptane‐3,5‐dione, btsa=bis(trimethylsilyl)amide) were successfully prepared by two‐step substitution reactions using aminoalkoxy and β‐diketonate ligands. All complexes were characterized using various methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of crystals of 1 and 2 revealed dimeric structures with Sr metal centres connected by μ2‐O bonding of an alkoxy O atom, whereas 3 was a trimer consisting of two μ3‐O bridges and three μ2‐O bridges by the dmamp and hfac ligands, respectively.
Pyrrolizinone‐Fused BOPYINs: Characterization and Selective C‐O Bond Formation Mechanism
Authors: Hu Cong , Wen Liu , Chen Xi , Yan Jiaying , Zheng Kaibo , Liu Xiang , Zhang Nuonuo
Published: August 2021

Two novel pyrrolizinone‐fused BOPYINs (DAB−M and DAB−U) were prepared in one‐step through the oxidative and/or oxidative nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (ONSH) reaction. Selective methoxyl substitution of α‐unsubstituted BOPYIN was developed, in which C−O and C=O bonds were formed and demonstrated by the single crystal structure of DAB−M. The absorption and emission spectra of both compounds showed red shift and large Stokes Shift compared with starting material DAB. Based on the TD‐DFT calculation, the electron transfer direction is totally different from DAB due to the carbonyl group on pyrrolizinone unit. Besides, a reasonable mechanism has been proposed and evidenced by quantum calculation in which the relative free energy has been exhibited.
Assessment of health and welfare in a small sample of dogs owned by people who are homeless
Authors: Scanlon Louise , Hobson‐West Pru , Cobb Kate , McBride Anne , Stavisky Jenny
Published: August 2021

Background

Pet ownership is common among homeless people, with dogs the most frequently reported pets. However, homeless people receive considerable criticism for keeping pets due to public perception of poor care provision.

Materials and methods

A convenience, cross‐sectional sample of 19 homeless people, owning a total of 21 dogs were recruited, and their dogs’ health and wellbeing assessed using the PDSA Petwise MOT (P‐MOT).

Results

The dogs compared favourably with conventionally owned pets in most areas, including exercise and companionship. Problems included being overweight/obese (although at lower prevalence than the general population). Some owners had difficulty in accessing veterinary care. Behavioural concerns were reported for 61.9% of the dogs, most commonly separation‐related distress.

Discussion

Being unable to safely leave their pets may impair owners’ access to services. Provision of accessible veterinary care, behavioural support and pet‐friendly services could improve the health of homeless owners and their pets.
Influence of agricultural managed aquifer recharge on nitrate transport: The role of soil texture and flooding frequency
Authors: Murphy Nicholas P. , Waterhouse Hannah , Dahlke Helen E.
Published: August 2021

Agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag‐MAR) is a concept in which farmland is flooded during the winter using excess surface water to recharge the underlying groundwater. In this study, we show how different recharge practices affect NO3− leaching and mineralization–denitrification processes in different soil systems. Two contrasting soil textures (sand and fine sandy loam) from the Central Valley, California, were repeatedly flooded with 15 cm of water at varying time intervals in field and soil column experiments. Nitrogen species (NO3–, NH4+, total N), total C, dissolved O2, and moisture content were measured throughout the experiments. Results show that when flooding occurs at longer intervals (every 1–2 wk), N mineralization increases, leading to an increase of mobile NO3− in the upper root zone and leaching of significant quantities of NO3− from both soil textures (137.3 ± 6.6% [sand] and 145.7 ± 5.8% [fine sandy loam] of initial residual soil NO3−) during subsequent flooding events. Laboratory mineralization incubations show that long flooding intervals promote mineralization and production of excess NO3− at rates of 0.11–3.93 mg N kg–1 wk–1 (sand) and 0.08–3.41 mg N kg–1 wk–1 (fine sandy loam). Decreasing the flooding frequency to 72 h reduces potential mineralization, decreasing the amount of NO3− leached during flooding events (31.7 ± 3.8% [sand] and 64.7 ± 10.4% [fine sandy loam] of initial residual soil NO3–). The results indicate that implementing recharge as repeated events over a long (multiple‐week) time horizon might increase the total amount of NO3− potentially available for leaching to groundwater.
Engraved in the Body: Ways of Reading Finnish People’s Memories of Mental Hospitals
Authors: Jäntti Saara , Heimonen Kirsi , Kuuva Sari , Maanmieli Karoliina , Rissanen Anu
Published: August 2021

Finnish psychiatric practice has been heavily based on institutionalization. Mental hospitals have thus been part of Finns’ lives in many ways. Our multidisciplinary research group has investigated how experiences in these institutions are remembered today by analysing writings by patients, relatives, personnel and their children, collected in 2014–2015 with the Finnish Literature Society. The memories cover phases of psychiatric care from the 1930s to the mid-2010s. This article presents multiple ways in which experiences that are often difficult verbalize can be interpreted, e.g. by drawing on perspectives from creative, artistic and cultural studies. Collecting and archiving the memories emphasizes their importance as part of national memory. Historical contextualization shows consistencies and inconsistencies in the treatment and organization of psychiatric care in Finland. The analysis of figurative language as a means of conveying traumatic experiences reveals narrative strategies employed to express abusive memories. Artistic research that includes somatic movement practice exemplifies possibilities of researching the memories through corporeality. The examination of the memories of the children of the staff in psychiatric hospitals provides new insights into historical psychiatric hospitals as emotional communities. The different ways of engaging—thematically, corporeally, conceptually, theoretically—with the texts complement each other, reveal the multilayeredness of the memories and help create a richer understanding of the social, cultural and economic significance of the hospitals. Attention to the body, affects and emotions can help generate both new practices, new research questions and new ways of engaging the public with the results of academic research.
Lorenzen’s Correspondence with Hasse, Krull, and Aubert, Together with Some Relevant Documents
Authors: Neuwirth Stefan
Published: August 2021

We propose an edition of the reports on Paul Lorenzen’s Ph.D. thesis by Helmut Hasse and Carl Ludwig Siegel, of the known correspondence of Lorenzen with Hasse, Wolfgang Krull, and Karl Egil Aubert, and of a relevant letter from Krull to Heinrich Scholz. It provides evidence for the circumstances in which Lorenzen comes to his insights during the studied period of time.
Operation and Predicativity: Lorenzen’s Approach to Arithmetic
Authors: Heinzmann Gerhard
Published: August 2021

In this article we give an overview, from a philosophical point of view, of Lorenzen’s construction of the natural and the real numbers. Particular emphasis is placed on Lorenzen’s classification in the tradition of predicative approaches that stretches from Poincaré to Feferman.
Regular Entailment Relations
Authors: Coquand Thierry , Lombardi Henri , Neuwirth Stefan
Published: August 2021

Inspired by the work of Lorenzen on the theory of preordered groups in the forties and fifties, we define regular entailment relations and show a crucial theorem for this structure. We also describe equivariant systems of ideals à la Lorenzen and show that the remarkable regularisation process he invented yields a regular entailment relation. By providing constructive objects and arguments, we pursue Lorenzen’s aim of “bringing to light the basic, pure concepts in their simple and transparent clarity”.
Lorenzen’s Reshaping of Krull’s Fundamentalsatz for Integral Domains (1938–1953)
Authors: Neuwirth Stefan
Published: August 2021

Krull’s Fundamentalsatz, the generalisation of the main theorem of elementary number theory to integral domains, is the starting point of Lorenzen’s career in mathematics. This article traces a conceptual history of Lorenzen’s successive reformulations of the Fundamentalsatz on the basis of excerpts of his articles. An edition of the extant correspondence of Lorenzen with Hasse, Krull, and Aubert provides a better understanding of the context of these investigations.
Introduction
Authors: Hilsen Anne Inga , Olsen Dorothy Sutherland
Published: August 2021

The aim of this book is to provide a better understanding of the value of older workers at work, and the importance of their contributions. Ageing populations have been studied in terms of the economic burden or the pressure on healthcare services and the rising numbers of seniors are generally viewed, more as a challenge, than an opportunity. However, in this book we are interested in viewing age as a potential benefit both for individuals and their workplaces.
Competence and Knowledge at Work
Authors: Hilsen Anne Inga , Olsen Dorothy Sutherland
Published: August 2021

The theme of this book is long career competence in the workplace and competence of course includes a range of skills, ability and knowledge, which makes it possible for the individual to function and contribute in the workplace. What is considered appropriate competence will vary in different organisations and be dependent on the work, profession or tasks an employee is expected to carry out. The close link between competence and work means that it is not enough to simply know something; one must know how to carry out a task. There are many theories of knowledge and how competence is developed and used; here we focus on how competence and work-related knowledge have been conceptualised and how they have been used in relation to older employees. We include organisational knowledge, situated knowledge, professional knowledge and expertise and discuss how these concepts might be useful in understanding late career competence and older employees.
Over 50s at Work: Findings from Case Studies
Authors: Hilsen Anne Inga , Olsen Dorothy Sutherland
Published: August 2021

In this chapter we present the findings from individual and group interviews. We have tried to adhere as much as possible to their descriptions, examples and terms in the following. The data comes largely from interviews, and most of the data was collected using individual face-to-face interviews, group interviews and plenary discussions at larger more formal gatherings of employees. In these interviews and discussions participants were asked to reflect on their own competence and how they perceive the long career competence of older workers in their specific workplaces.
Discussion/What Do These Findings Tell Us
Authors: Hilsen Anne Inga , Olsen Dorothy Sutherland
Published: August 2021

In this chapter we present the empirical data and organise them in such a way that can be used to improve our understanding of what over 50s have learned at work, what skills they have developed and how they have found their age and experience to be an advantage in carrying out their working tasks.
Hamiltonian truncation in Anti-de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Hogervorst Matthijs , Meineri Marco , Penedones João , Vaziri Kamran Salehi
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Quantum Field Theories (QFTs) in Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime are often strongly coupled when the radius of AdS is large, and few methods are available to study them. In this work, we develop a Hamiltonian truncation method to compute the energy spectrum of QFTs in two-dimensional AdS. The infinite volume of constant timeslices of AdS leads to divergences in the energy levels. We propose a simple prescription to obtain finite physical energies and test it with numerical diagonalization in several models: the free massive scalar field, ϕ4 theory, Lee-Yang and Ising field theory. Along the way, we discuss spontaneous symmetry breaking in AdS and derive a compact formula for perturbation theory in quantum mechanics at arbitrary order. Our results suggest that all conformal boundary conditions for a given theory are connected via bulk renormalization group flows in AdS.
Adding colour-realistic video images to audio playbacks increases stimulus engagement but does not enhance vocal learning in zebra finches
Authors: Varkevisser Judith M. , Simon Ralph , Mendoza Ezequiel , How Martin , van Hijlkema Idse , Jin Rozanda , Liang Qiaoyi , Scharff Constance , Halfwerk Wouter H. , Riebel Katharina
Published: August 2021

Bird song and human speech are learned early in life and for both cases engagement with live social tutors generally leads to better learning outcomes than passive audio-only exposure. Real-world tutor–tutee relations are normally not uni- but multimodal and observations suggest that visual cues related to sound production might enhance vocal learning. We tested this hypothesis by pairing appropriate, colour-realistic, high frame-rate videos of a singing adult male zebra finch tutor with song playbacks and presenting these stimuli to juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Juveniles exposed to song playbacks combined with video presentation of a singing bird approached the stimulus more often and spent more time close to it than juveniles exposed to audio playback only or audio playback combined with pixelated and time-reversed videos. However, higher engagement with the realistic audio–visual stimuli was not predictive of better song learning. Thus, although multimodality increased stimulus engagement and biologically relevant video content was more salient than colour and movement equivalent videos, the higher engagement with the realistic audio–visual stimuli did not lead to enhanced vocal learning. Whether the lack of three-dimensionality of a video tutor and/or the lack of meaningful social interaction make them less suitable for facilitating song learning than audio–visual exposure to a live tutor remains to be tested.
Effects of Interobserver Variability on 2D and 3D CT- and MRI-Based Texture Feature Reproducibility of Cartilaginous Bone Tumors
Authors: Gitto Salvatore , Cuocolo Renato , Emili Ilaria , Tofanelli Laura , Chianca Vito , Albano Domenico , Messina Carmelo , Imbriaco Massimo , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: August 2021

This study aims to investigate the influence of interobserver manual segmentation variability on the reproducibility of 2D and 3D unenhanced computed tomography (CT)- and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based texture analysis. Thirty patients with cartilaginous bone tumors (10 enchondromas, 10 atypical cartilaginous tumors, 10 chondrosarcomas) were retrospectively included. Three radiologists independently performed manual contour-focused segmentation on unenhanced CT and T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI by drawing both a 2D region of interest (ROI) on the slice showing the largest tumor area and a 3D ROI including the whole tumor volume. Additionally, a marginal erosion was applied to both 2D and 3D segmentations to evaluate the influence of segmentation margins. A total of 783 and 1132 features were extracted from original and filtered 2D and 3D images, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.75 defined feature stability. In 2D vs. 3D contour-focused segmentation, the rates of stable features were 74.71% vs. 86.57% (p < 0.001), 77.14% vs. 80.04% (p = 0.142), and 95.66% vs. 94.97% (p = 0.554) for CT and T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, respectively. Margin shrinkage did not improve 2D (p = 0.343) and performed worse than 3D (p < 0.001) contour-focused segmentation in terms of feature stability. In 2D vs. 3D contour-focused segmentation, matching stable features derived from CT and MRI were 65.8% vs. 68.7% (p = 0.191), and those derived from T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were 76.0% vs. 78.2% (p = 0.285). 2D and 3D radiomic features of cartilaginous bone tumors extracted from unenhanced CT and MRI are reproducible, although some degree of interobserver segmentation variability highlights the need for reliability analysis in future studies.
Is ageing becoming more active? Exploring cohort-wise changes in everyday time use among the older population in Sweden
Authors: Vilhelmson Bertil , Thulin Eva , Elldér Erik
Published: August 2021

The time older people spend on various daily activities is critical for their health and well-being. New generations of older adults are increasingly expected to participate in ‘active’ activities. We explore shifts in active time use among upcoming cohorts of older people in Sweden. Recognizing the diverging meanings associated with the active ageing concept, we develop a classification model comprising the spheres of work, social engagement, and active leisure. We observe differences in time use of the ‘older middle-aged’ (pre-retirement), ‘young old’, and ‘older old’ observed in 2000/2001 and 2010/2011. We draw on two cross sections of Swedish time-use survey data covering 120 activities related to people’s everyday lives. We measure between-cohort differences in mean time use and employ covariate analysis to control for the influence of group-wise changes in socio-demographics. Linear regression is used to explore social differentiation, e.g. the influence of gender. Comparisons between new and previous generations indicate substantial increases in overall active ageing activity: increases by 7 h per week among the older old and 3.5 h among the young old and older middle-aged. New generations spend more time on work, paid or unpaid, and leisure digital interaction; for some, this is counteracted by less free time spent on social engagement. The new generation of the older old group spends more time on outdoor activity and exercise. These time-use patterns are gendered and dependent on education, mainly due to changes in cohort composition.
An Effective Method of Modeling the Deformation Behavior of Polymer Sandwich Structures with Adhesive Joints
Authors: Takács László , Szabó Ferenc
Published: August 2021

Polymer sandwich structures have high bending stiffness and strength and also low weight. Therefore, they are widely used in the transportation industry. In the conceptual design phase, it is essential to have a method to model the mechanical behavior of the sandwich and its adhesive joints accurately in full-vehicle scale to investigate different structure partitioning strategies. In this paper, a novel approach using finite element modeling is introduced. The sandwich panels are modeled with layered shells and the joint lines with general stiffness matrices. Stiffness parameters of the face-sheets and the core material are obtained via mechanical tests. Stiffness parameters of the joints are determined by using the method of Design of Experiments, where detailed sub-models of the joints serve as a reference. These models are validated with experimental tests of glass-fiber reinforced vinyl ester matrix composite sandwich structure with a foam core. By using two joint designs and three reference geometries, it is shown that the method is suitable to describe the deformation behavior in a full-vehicle scale with sufficient accuracy.
Long-circulating XTEN864-annexin A5 fusion protein for phosphatidylserine-related therapeutic applications
Authors: Haeckel Akvile , Ascher Lena , Beindorff Nicola , Prasad Sonal , Garczyńska Karolina , Guo Jing , Schellenberger Eyk
Published: August 2021

Annexin A5 (anxA5) is a marker for apoptosis, but has also therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and, due to apoptotic mimicry, against dangerous viruses, which is limited by the short blood circulation. An 864-amino-acid XTEN polypeptide was fused to anxA5. XTEN864-anxA5 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using XTEN as tag. XTEN864-anxA5 was coupled with DTPA and indium-111. After intravenous or subcutaneous injection of 111In-XTEN864-anxA5, mouse blood samples were collected for blood half-life determination and organ samples for biodistribution using a gamma counter. XTEN864-anxA5 was labeled with 6S-IDCC to confirm binding to apoptotic cells using flow cytometry. To demonstrate targeting of atherosclerotic plaques, XTEN864-anxA5 was labeled with MeCAT(Ho) and administered intravenously to atherosclerotic ApoE−/− mice. MeCAT(Ho)-XTEN864-anxA5 was detected together with MeCAT(Tm)-MAC-2 macrophage antibodies by imaging mass cytometry (CyTOF) of aortic root sections. The ability of anxA5 to bind apoptotic cells was not affected by XTEN864. The blood half-life of XTEN864-anxA5 was 13 h in mice after IV injection, markedly longer than the 7-min half-life of anxA5. 96 h after injection, highest amounts of XTEN864-anxA5 were found in liver, spleen, and kidney. XTEN864-anxA5 was found to target the adventitia adjacent to atherosclerotic plaques. XTEN864-anxA5 is a long-circulating fusion protein that can be efficiently produced in E. coli and potentially circulates in humans for several days, making it a promising therapeutic drug.
Guided pattern mining for API misuse detection by change-based code analysis
Authors: Nielebock Sebastian , Heumüller Robert , Schott Kevin Michael , Ortmeier Frank
Published: August 2021

Lack of experience, inadequate documentation, and sub-optimal API design frequently cause developers to make mistakes when re-using third-party implementations. Such API misuses can result in unintended behavior, performance losses, or software crashes. Therefore, current research aims to automatically detect such misuses by comparing the way a developer used an API to previously inferred patterns of the correct API usage. While research has made significant progress, these techniques have not yet been adopted in practice. In part, this is due to the lack of a process capable of seamlessly integrating with software development processes. Particularly, existing approaches do not consider how to collect relevant source code samples from which to infer patterns. In fact, an inadequate collection can cause API usage pattern miners to infer irrelevant patterns which leads to false alarms instead of finding true API misuses. In this paper, we target this problem (a) by providing a method that increases the likelihood of finding relevant and true-positive patterns concerning a given set of code changes and agnostic to a concrete static, intra-procedural mining technique and (b) by introducing a concept for just-in-time API misuse detection which analyzes changes at the time of commit. Particularly, we introduce different, lightweight code search and filtering strategies and evaluate them on two real-world API misuse datasets to determine their usefulness in finding relevant intra-procedural API usage patterns. Our main results are (1) commit-based search with subsequent filtering effectively decreases the amount of code to be analyzed, (2) in particular method-level filtering is superior to file-level filtering, (3) project-internal and project-external code search find solutions for different types of misuses and thus are complementary, (4) incorporating prior knowledge of the misused API into the search has a negligible effect.
Does international patent collaboration have an effect on entrepreneurship?
Authors: Alonso-Martínez Daniel , González-Álvarez Nuria , Nieto Mariano
Published: August 2021

Entrepreneurship is one of the main pillars of growth in any economy. Achieving a high rate of entrepreneurship in a region has become the priority objective of governments and firms. However, in many cases, new firm creation is conditioned by relations or collaboration in innovation with agents from other countries. Previous literature has analyzed the mechanisms that foster entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to shed light on the influence of international patent collaboration (IPC) on entrepreneurial activity at country level taking into account the timing of this relationship. An empirical study is proposed to verify whether IPC leads to greater entrepreneurship and to analyze the gestation period between international patenting actions and firm creation. Using the Generalized Method of Moments, the two hypotheses proposed were tested in a data panel of 30 countries for the period 2005–2017. Results show the influence of IPC in promoting entrepreneurship in the same year, but especially in the following year. The study offers implications for entrepreneurs and public agents. IPC affects the integration and interaction of international agents in a country, favors the production of new knowledge, and increases positive externalities in a territory. All this facilitates the creation of new companies with a high innovative component.
Substrate binding modes of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides to human ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) and inhibition by their bisphosphonic acid derivatives
Authors: Scaletti Emma , Huschmann Franziska U. , Mueller Uwe , Weiss Manfred S. , Sträter Norbert
Published: August 2021

Human ecto-5-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in purinergic signalling, which influences a diverse range of biological processes. CD73 hydrolyses AMP and is the major control point for the levels of extracellular adenosine. Inhibitors of CD73 thus block the immunosuppressive action of adenosine, a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, ADP and ATP are competitive inhibitors of CD73, with the most potent small-molecule inhibitors to date being non-hydrolysable ADP analogues. While AMP is the major substrate of the enzyme, CD73 has been reported to hydrolyse other 5′-nucleoside monophosphates. Based on a fragment screening campaign at the BESSY II synchrotron, we present the binding modes of various deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside monophosphates and of four additional fragments binding to the nucleoside binding site of the open form of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis of monophosphate hydrolysis shows that ribonucleotide substrates are favoured over their deoxyribose equivalents with AMP being the best substrate. We characterised the initial step of AMP hydrolysis, the binding mode of AMP to the open conformation of CD73 and compared that to other monophosphate substrates. In addition, the inhibitory activity of various bisphosphonic acid derivatives of nucleoside diphosphates was determined. Although AMPCP remains the most potent inhibitor, replacement of the adenine base with other purines or with pyrimidines increases the Ki value only between twofold and sixfold. On the other hand, these nucleobases offer new opportunities to attach substituents for improved pharmacological properties.
Two-dimensional Mapping of Bulk Residual Stress Using Cut Mouth Opening Displacement
Authors: Chighizola C. R. , Hill M. R.
Published: August 2021

Background

Prior work described an approach for mapping the two-dimensional spatial distribution of biaxial residual stress in plate-like samples, the approach combining multiple slitting measurements with elastic stress analysis.

Objective

 This paper extends the prior work by applying a new variation of the slitting method that uses measurements of cut mouth opening displacement (CMOD) rather than back-face strain (BFS). 

Methods

First, CMOD slitting is validated using an experiment where: BFS and CMOD are measured simultaneously on the same sample during incremental slitting; two residual stress profiles are computed, one from the BFS data and a second from the CMOD data; and the two residual stress profiles are compared. Following validation, multiple adjacent CMOD slitting measurements are used to construct two-dimensional maps of residual stress in plates cut from quenched aluminum.

Results

The two residual stress versus depth profiles, each computed separately from BFS or CMOD data, are in agreement, with compression near the plate boundaries (-150 MPa) and tension near the plate center (100 MPa); differences between the two stress profiles have a maximum of 25 MPa and a RMS of 7.2 MPa. Repeated biaxial residual stress mapping measurements show the CMOD technique is repeatable, and complementary contour method measurements show the mappings are valid. Aspects of CMOD and BFS deformations during slitting are also described and show they are generally complementary but that CMOD slitting is favorable in narrow samples.
The Value of Subjective Visual Vertical in Diagnosis of Vestibular Migraine
Authors: Li Fei , Xu Jin , Li Gen-ru , Gao Rui , Shang Chen-yong , Tian E. , Kong Wei-jia , Zhuang Jian-hua , Zhang Su-lin
Published: August 2021

Objective

To study the value of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) in the diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM).

Methods

This study recruited 128 VM patients and 64 age-matched normal subjects. We detected the SVV during the interval between attacks in both groups, in sitting upright, and the head tilted at 45° to the left or right. We then examined the correlation between the SVV results with the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and canal paresis (CP).

Results

It was found there was a significant difference in SVV at the upright position between VM patients and normal controls (P=0.006) and no significant difference was found at the tilts of 45° to the left or right between the two groups. The SVV results at the upright position were significantly correlated with cervical VEMP (P=0.042) whereas not significantly correlated with CP and VEMP. There existed no significant difference in the conformity to the Müller effect (M effect) between the two groups. ROC analysis exhibited that the sensitivity, specificity of SVVs at the upright were 67.200% and 62.500% respectively. The diagnostic value of SVV at the upright position was significantly higher than that at tilts of 45° to the left and right (P=0.006). Nonetheless the diagnostic accuracy was relatively low.

Conclusion

Abnormality in SVV possibly stems from the lasting functional disorder of cerebellar or high-level cortical centers in VM patients or is linked to the vestibular compensation. The SVV is of low diagnostic value for VM and the value of SVV in VM warrants further study.
Scalp Acupuncture Protects Against Neuronal Ferroptosis by Activating The p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway in Rat Models of Intracranial Haemorrhage
Authors: Li Ming-Yue , Dai Xiao-Hong , Yu Xue-Ping , Zou Wei , Teng Wei , Liu Peng , Yu Xin-Yang , An Qi , Wen Xin
Published: August 2021

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) can be a catastrophic event; even if the initial stages of the pathology were well-managed, a number of patients experience varied residual neurological deficits following the insult. Ferroptosis is a recently identified type of cell demise which is tightly linked to the neurological impairment associated with ICH. In the current work, the prophylactic impact of scalp acupuncture (SA) therapy on autologous blood injection murine models of ICH was investigated in order to establish whether SA could mitigate the secondary damage arising following ICH by moderating ferroptosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this process were also explored. Ludmila Belayev tests were utilised for the characterisation of neurological damage. Haematoxylin–eosin staining was employed in order to determine the cerebral impact of the induced ICH. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron titres in peri-haemorrhagic cerebral tissues were appraised using purchased assay kits. Transmission electron microscopy delineated mitochondrial appearances within nerve cell bodies from the area of haemorrhage. Western blotting techniques were utilised to assay the degree of protein expression of NeuN, sequestosome 1 (p62), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1). The frequencies of Nrf2, GPX4 and FTH1 positive cells, respectively, were documented with immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that therapy with SA after ICH mitigated MDA and iron sequestration, diminished the appearance of contracted mitochondria with increased outer mitochondrial membrane diameter within the nerve cell bodies, and suppressed neuronal ferroptosis. The pathways responsible for these effects may encompass amplified p62, Nrf2, GPX4 and FTH1 expression, together with decreased Keap1 expression. Application of SA reduced identified neurobehavioural abnormalities after ICH; no disparities were observed between the consequences of SA therapy and deferoxamine delivery. It can be surmised that intervention with SA enhanced recovery after ICH by triggering the antioxidant pathway, p62/Keap1/Nrf2, and causing FTH1 and GPX4 upregulation, factors that participate in diminishing excess iron and thus in mitigating lipid peroxidation insults arising from ferroptosis following ICH.
Spatial distribution and the facility evaluation of the service and rest areas in the toll motorway network of the European Union
Authors: Pérez-Acebo Heriberto , Romo-Martín Ander , Findley Daniel J.
Published: August 2021

Among safety countermeasures for roads, service and rest areas play a vital role, providing a place to stop or rest during a journey and offering services such as petrol stations. Due to their importance, they must be logically distributed along routes at convenient locations with respect to travel itineraries and must be conveniently equipped. These needs become even more apparent on motorways that charge a toll to use the road, because drivers tend avoid leaving the motorway until they have reached their planned destination or departure point. The objective of this paper is to explore the spatial distribution of the service and rest areas on the toll motorways (or freeways) in the European Union (EU) and their facilities. Additionally, the distance and facility specifications established by the regulations of each country were compared. The EU was selected for this evaluation because of the virtual inexistency of borders and the substantial international traffic volumes that result from this relatively free flow of traffic between countries. Countries with a toll road network over 100 km were included: Italy, Portugal, France, Spain, Poland, Greece, and the Slovak Republic. Analysis of average and maximum distances between areas and the facilities provided showed a great variability due to different distribution policies. Few regulations exist that establish maximum distances between areas. Standardization of the spatial distribution of these facilities, on both free and tolled roadways, in the EU would benefit drivers, especially on long journeys, creating a consistent and predictable network of areas and services.
The impact of endogenous estrogen exposures on the characteristics and outcomes of estrogen receptor positive, early breast cancer
Authors: Korzets Yasmin , Yariv Orly , Mutai Raz , Moore Assaf , Shochat Tzippy , Yerushalmi Rinat , Goldvaser Hadar
Published: August 2021

Background

Menstrual and parity history might impact the risk for breast cancer. Data on the impact of these factors on other tumor characteristics are limited.

Methods

A single center retrospective cohort study comprising all women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, early breast cancer whose tumors were sent to OncotypeDX analysis. The prespecified subgroups were investigated: age of menarche (< 12 vs. ≥ 12 years), number of deliveries (0 vs. ≥ 1 childbirth and ≥ 5 childbirth vs. other), age of first delivery (≥ 30 years vs. younger age) and postmenopausal compared to premenopausal. The impact of age of menopause was also assessed categorically, using early (< 45 years) and late age of menopause (> 55 years). Differences in tumor characteristics were evaluated using T-test or Mann Whitney for continuous variables or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Outcomes were assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, with the log-rank test.

Results

A total of 620 women were included. After median follow-up of 10.4 years, early menopause was associated with significantly worse disease-free survival (HR = 2.26, p = 0.004) and overall-survival (HR = 2.60, p = 0.004), and multiparity was associated with significant worse disease-free survival (HR = 2.16, p = 0.026). These differences remain significant in multivariate analyses. Post-menopausal women were more likely to have stronger ER intensity (p = 0.002) but progesterone receptor (PR) positivity was less frequent (p = 0.009(. Early age of menarche was associated with PR positivity (p = 0.039). No other associations were found between the evaluated subgroups and tumor characteristics.

Conclusions

The impact of endogenous estrogen exposure had little effect on breast cancer characteristics of early stage, luminal disease. Early menopause and multiparity were associated with worse outcome.
Lesestrategien zur Unterstützung des Verstehens von Textaufgaben. Vermittlung und Routinen im Mathematikunterricht aus Sicht von Lehrkräften und Lernenden
Authors: Schmitz Anke , Karstens Fabiana
Published: August 2021

Lesestrategien sind bedeutsam, wenn Textaufgaben zu bearbeiten sind und die in der Aufgabe dargestellte Situation verstanden werden muss. Die Studie betrachtet die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Mathematikunterricht aus Sicht von Lehrkräften sowie Lernenden und untersucht, in welcher Relation die Sichtweisen stehen. Im Fokus stehen beide Perspektiven, um basierend auf vorliegenden Konvergenzen Aufschluss über Unterrichtsroutinen zu erhalten und angesichts zunehmender Heterogenität differenzielle Wahrnehmungen in der Gruppe der Lernenden zu ermitteln. 60 Lehrpersonen und 261 Lernende wurden zur Vermittlung von (meta-)kognitiven Lesestrategiearten, der Instruktionsweise bei der Strategievermittlung sowie zur Relevanz von Lesestrategien im Unterricht befragt. Während zwischen beiden Perspektiven Konvergenzen in der Wahrnehmung der Vermittlung kognitiver Lesestrategien sowie der Relevanz der Thematik bestehen, unterscheiden sie sich bezüglich der Vermittlung metakognitiver Lesestrategien sowie der Instruktionsweise. Zudem zeigt eine profilspezifische Betrachtung der Wahrnehmungen innerhalb der Lernenden, dass sie die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Mathematikunterricht in Abhängigkeit des Leseverständnisses differenziell einschätzen: Lernende mit schlechteren Leseverständniswerten nehmen die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Unterricht in höherem Maße wahr als die Lernenden mit besseren Leseverständniswerten.
Longitudinal Risk Profiles for Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Dating Aggression: a Latent Profile Analysis with Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Nocentini Annalaura , Muñoz-Fernández Noelia , Menesini Ersilia , Sánchez-Jiménez Virginia
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Understanding the specific risk profile for distinct forms of dating aggression (DA) is very informative to define cross-cutting interventions. The study aims to evaluate whether specific profiles of risk defined using a person-oriented approach predicted physical, sexual, and psychological DA after 6 months.

Methods

Eight hundred sixty-six Spanish adolescents were interviewed at two time points (50.5% male; average age = 15.04). Latent profile analysis at T1 was used to delineate profiles of individual and relational risk.

Results

A three-class model best represents the data: a “normative” class (N = 768; 88%); a “highly aggressive” class characterized by acceptance of violent norms, bullying behaviors, and anger dysregulation (N = 13, 1.5%); a “jealous-conflictual” class characterized by cognitive and emotional jealousy, negative couple quality, and anger dysregulation (N = 85, 10%). Controlling for age, sex, and longitudinal stability, physical DA was predicted significantly by the “highly aggressive” profile (β = .11; p < .05), psychological DA by the “jealous-conflictual” profile (β = .16; p < .01), and sexual DA by the “jealous-conflictual” (β = .20; p < .001) and “highly aggressive” profile as a trend (β = .08; p = .071).

Conclusions

Specific risk profiles differentially predict risk for physical, sexual, and psychological DA perpetration. A general aggressive pattern predicts physical DA and sexual DA weakly, whereas psychological and sexual DA are associated with a couple of risks, where the dimension of jealousy, control, and conflict characterizes the dynamic between partners.

Policy Implications

Findings suggested that physical DA, and at a lower level sexual DA, should be prevented using cross-cutting strategies on general aggression. Psychological and sexual DA might require more contextually based interventions.
The exploration of N6-deoxyadenosine methylation in mammalian genomes
Authors: Li Xuwen , Zhang Zijian , Luo Xinlong , Schrier Jacob , Yang Andrew D. , Wu Tao P.
Published: August 2021

N6-methyladenine (N6-mA, m6dA, or 6mA), a prevalent DNA modification in prokaryotes, has recently been identified in higher eukaryotes, including mammals. Although 6mA has been well-studied in prokaryotes, the function and regulatory mechanism of 6mA in eukaryotes are still poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that 6mA can serve as an epigenetic mark and play critical roles in various biological processes, from transposable-element suppression to environmental stress response. Here, we review the significant advances in methodology for 6mA detection and major progress in understanding the regulation and function of this non-canonical DNA methylation in eukaryotes, predominantly mammals.