bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the proportion of the ingested gross energy lost as exhaled methane by dairy goats consuming contrasting concentrate ingredients in mixed rations
Authors: López M.C. , Ródenas L. , Piquer O. , Martínez E. , Cerisuelo A. , Cervera C. , Fernández C.
Published: February 2011

Twelve 2-yr-old, dry Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were selected and divided into four equal groups based on similar body weight (38.41 ± 0.78 kg). The four treatments were mixed diets with approximately 600 g kg-1 alfalfa hay chopped to 2.5-cm particle size, and 400 g kg-1 of concentrate. The concentrate has 250 g kg-1 of cereal grain (corn or barley) and 150 g kg-1 of protein (sunflower meal or green peas). Experimental diets were isoenergetic with an average value of 18.9 MJ gross energy (GE) kg-1 of dry matter (DM). Apparent digestibility, intake, metabolic energy and methane (CH4) production were obtained. The effect of cereal grain was significant for crude protein (P < 0.001) and acid detergent fiber (P < 0.049) digestibility. The effect of protein source was significant for DM (P < 0.025), organic matter (P < 0.031) and DEI (P < 0.016) digestibilities. CH4 exhaled was determined by an open-circuit mask calorimeter system. An average value of 0.8 L CH4 h-1 was found for these mixed rations. When this was expressed as the proportion of the ingested GE lost as exhaled methane, the average value was 4.6. Because of the non-significant differences observed among these mixed diets studied to determine exhaled CH4 by non-productive dairy goats, diets based on barley and sunflower meal are recommended. These crops are cheaper than corn and peas because they are produced in Spain and not imported from other countries.
Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions
Authors: Fernandez M.R. , May W.E. , Lafond G.P.
Published: February 2011

It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.
Performance of Jonagold, McIntosh and Novaspy on three new semi-dwarf apple rootstocks in eastern Canada
Authors: Cline J.A. , Norton D. , Embree C.G. , Privé J.-P.
Published: February 2011

Experiments were conducted in the provinces of Ontario (ON), New Brunswick (NB), and Nova Scotia (NS), all of which differ in growing regime, to determine the performance of Jonagold (Wilmuta strain), McIntosh and Novaspy on three new size-controlling apple [Malus × domestica (Borkh.)] rootstocks AR86-1-20, CG.008, and G.30 compared with a standard (M.26EMLA). For most response variables, rootstock performance differed in each location. Irrespective of cultivar, trees on AR86-1-20 were consistently more vigorous than those on M.26EMLA, while trees on G.30 were more vigorous in four of six experiments, and trees on CG.008 were similar to those on M.26EMLA in five of six experiments. G.30 and CG.008 were significantly more yield-efficient in four of the six experiments and show promise as replacements for rootstocks in this size category. CG.008 could be a good choice for a productive, well-anchored semi-dwarf rootstock between M.26EMLA and M.7 in vigour control, and CG.30 is likely a suitable replacement for M.7. The Horticulture Research International (HRI) rootstock AR86-1-20 is well adapted to wide soil and climate differences and may replace other rootstocks in the semi-dwarf vigour category. The results of this study provide a comprehensive look at comparable field performance of some new rootstocks for three of the five apple growing regions of Canada.
Effet de la date de semis sur la productivité du lin oléagineux cultivé en climat frais
Authors: Pageau Denis , Lajeunesse Julie
Published: February 2011

Pageau, D. and Lajeunesse, J. 2011. Effect of seeding date on oilseed flax grown in a cool climate. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 29–35. In Quebec, the growing season is relatively short and most crops are sown early in the spring. However, flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) production is recent in Quebec and the effect of time of seeding on flax productivity has not yet been studied. The objective of this project was to determine the effect of four different sowing dates on the productivity of oilseed flax grown in a cool climate in Quebec. Four planting dates (mid-May to mid-June) were evaluated for 4 yr (2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008) with four cultivars (AC Emerson, AC McDuff, CDC Bethune and Lightning). During 2 yr, delays in seeding reduced grain yields. Moreover, in 2006 and 2007, flax seeded at the last planting date (mid-June) did not reach maturity. Compared with the earliest seeding date, a 2-wk delay in sowing reduced grain yields by 34 to 42% in 2006 and by 25 to 51% in 2007. Late sowing also reduced the oil content and 1000-grain weight of flax. These results indicate that oilseed flax should be sown early (11–18 May) in regions where the climate is cool.
Influencing factors and structural characterization of hyperhydricity of in vitro regeneration in Brassica oleracea var. italica
Authors: Yu Ya , Zhao Yong-Qin , Zhao Bing , Ren Shuxin , Guo Yang-Dong
Published: February 2011

Yu, U., Zhao, Y.-Q., Zhao, B., Ren, S. and Guo, Y.-D. 2011. Influencing factors and structural characterization of hyperhydricity of in vitro regeneration in Brassica oleracea var. italica. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 159–165. This study examines factors that affect the occurrence of hyperhydric tissue in in vitro cultures of Brassica oleracea variety italica. The anatomy of normal and hyperhydric leaves of plantlets regenerated from the hypocotyls was compared using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In hyperhydric leaves palisade tissue was absent and the spongy mesophyll displayed large, unorganized intercellular spaces. Hyperhydric leaves had abnormal stomata with deformed guard cells. Significant ultrastructural differences were observed between chloroplasts in normal and hyperhydric leaves. The effects of zeatin, indoleacetic acid, silver nitrate and sucrose on the formation of hyperhydric shoots were studied. Zeatin was the most important factor, followed by sucrose concentration, AgNO3 and indoleacetic acid. The process of hyperhydricity was found to be reversed by increasing the agar concentration and eliminating NH4NO3 from the macro-elements in the MS medium. This is the first report of hyperhydricity in Brassica oleracea, and our study gives a better understanding of the factors that influence hyperhydricity during in vitro regeneration in Brassica crops.
Morphological characterization of triticale starch granules during endosperm development and seed germination
Authors: Li Chun-Yan , Li Wei-Hua , Lee Byron , Laroche André , Cao Lian-Pu , Lu Zhen-Xiang
Published: February 2011

Li, C.-Y., Li, W.-H., Lee, B., Laroche, A., Cao, L.-P. and Lu, Z.-X. 2011. Morphological characterization of triticale starch granules during endosperm development and seed germination. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 57–67. The morphology of starch granules and its changes during endosperm development and seed germination in triticale has been investigated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Starch granules were rapidly accumulating in triticale endosperm after 6 d postanthesis (DPA). The double-disk structure of starch granules was detected in endosperms from 6 DPA until 27 DPA in triticale and its parental crops, wheat and rye. The equatorial grooves of triticale starch granules were more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis than the broad or flat surfaces. Triticale starch was slowly degraded within 4 or 5 d post germination (DPG) and most starch granules were almost completely hydrolyzed after 9 DPG. Morphological changes of starch granules observed under SEM during the in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis were consistent with patterns identified during the germination process. As a hybrid of wheat and rye, triticale inherits many morphological characteristics of starch synthesis and storage in the seed endosperm. However, triticale also possesses unique features of granule shape, size, distribution, and enzyme susceptibility. These results will make it possible to effectively utilize triticale starch in the starch-based production.
AC Minoa barley
Authors: Choo T.M. , ter Beek S.M. , Martin R.A. , Rowsell J.
Published: February 2011

AC Minoa is a two-row; spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high yield, high test weight, and good resistance to powdery mildew and deoxynivalenol accumulation. AC Minoa performs well in the state of New York and in the province of Ontario.
Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed coat color components for selective breeding in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.)
Authors: Hossain Shanoor , Panozzo Joe , Pittock Chris , Ford Rebecca
Published: February 2011

Hossain, S., Panozzo, J. F., Pittock, C. and Ford, R. 2011. Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed coat color components for selective breeding in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 49–55. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual grain legume, grown worldwide for human consumption with the potential to attract premium prices in markets such as India, Bangladesh and southern Asia. The ability to accurately select for seed coat color, an important export quality trait, would greatly benefit chickpea breeding programs. In order to determine the major genomic loci governing the color trait, the color components of CIE L* (luminance), CIE a* (red/green color) and CIE b* (blue/yellow color), C* (chroma or saturation of the color) and h° (hue or purity of the color) were mapped, and associated molecular markers were identified. A linkage map was constructed with 80 SSR markers distributed over 10 linkage groups at an average marker density of 2.8 cM. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL), which accounted for up to 36 and 49% of the genetic variance and several smaller genetic effects were determined to govern the color components. These were consistent across two differing environments. Once validated, the markers that are close to and flanking these QTL and significantly associated with the minor gene effects will be useful in future color selective breeding programs.
Soil characteristics in relation to groundwater for selected Dark Brown Chernozems in southern Alberta
Authors: Miller J.J. , Chanasyk D.S.
Published: February 2011

Limited information exists on soil characteristics in relation to groundwater for undulating morainal landscapes of the Dark Brown soil zone in western Canada. A 4-yr (1985-1988) field study was conducted in southern Alberta to investigate these relationships for selected Dark Brown Chernozems. Soil morphology, physical and chemical properties of the soil horizons, water fluxes in the saturated zone, and tritium content of shallow groundwater were determined at nine sites. Three Orthic Dark Brown Chernozemic soils occurred in groundwater recharge areas with water tables ≥1.81 m, indicating that leaching of carbonates from the B horizons was consistent with downward groundwater flow. The other three Orthic soils occurred in groundwater discharge areas, and they may have developed because of deeper (≥2.60 m) water tables. High water-soluble Na in these latter three Orthic soils suggested a sodic influence from a shallower water table sometime in the recent past. The two Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozems, and saline Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem occurred in groundwater recharge areas. One calcareous soil at a lower slope position had a shallow (0.84-2.02 m) water table, suggesting carbonates were brought upward into the Cca horizon from the groundwater. The other calcareous soil at the upper slope position had a deeper (>6.62 m) water table, suggesting carbonates were leached downward and precipitated in the Cca horizon. The saline Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem was located in an area of groundwater recharge with a deeper (4-9 m) water table, suggesting that salinization likely occurred sometime in the past. Groundwater flow conditions during this study could not explain the genesis of some soils in this study area, suggesting that past groundwater, climatic, and environmental conditions need to be considered to explain the genesis of some relict soils.
Chemical and microbiological properties of clam processing wastes in relation to national guidelines for wastes as soil additives
Authors: Owen J. , LeBlanc S. , Toner P. , Nduwamungu C. , Fava E.
Published: February 2011

With environmental concerns on the rise, clam processing plants in New Brunswick are being asked to dispose of waste shells in an environmental friendly manner. A previous study on clam processing wastes (CPW) showed their potential as an agricultural liming agent. However, CPW must meet provincial (e.g., New Brunswick and Québec) and national (e.g., Canada and United States of America) standards for the utilization of wastes as soil additives, particularly with regard to heavy metal and faecal coliform contamination, before they may be spread on agricultural lands. In this study, the chemical and microbiological properties of CPW were characterized. The presence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in the CPW was below the most probable number (MPN) method detection limit (< 3 MPN g-1 dry weight), indicating an absence of contamination by human or animal feces. Where total coliforms were detected, levels were far below the most restrictive standard for faecal coliforms (1000 MPN g-1, dry weight). Levels of all 11 heavy metals of interest were also below the most restrictive standards applied in New Brunswick and Québec, and below those in the national guidelines (Canada and United States of America). The liming potential of CPW, demonstrated in pot experiments, may therefore be tested in Canada as well as in the United States of America at the field conditions without restrictions, other than the conventional good agricultural practices.
Nitrogen- and phosphorus-based applications of cattle manure and compost for irrigated cereal silage
Authors: Olson B.M. , McKenzie R.H. , Larney F.J. , Bremer E.
Published: February 2011

Land application of livestock manure has caused concern about excess nutrients in soil and the potential risk to water quality. Application of manure based on crop-nutrient requirements is considered a beneficial management practice. A field study was conducted to assess the feasibility and impact of crop-based N and P application rates of cattle (Bos taurus) manure and compost for crop productivity and accumulation of extractable soil N and P. The 6-yr (2002-2007), small-plot field study included 10 amendments: control (CONT), annual synthetic fertilizer N (F-N), annual synthetic fertilizer P (F-P), annual synthetic fertilizer N plus P (F-NP), annual N-based manure (M-N), annual P-based manure (M-P), three times the P-based manure once per 3 yr (M-3P), annual N-based compost (C-N), annual P-based compost (C-P), and three times the P-based compost once per 3 yr (C-3P). Amendments were arranged in randomized complete block design with five replicates and applied based on annual soil testing and nutrient recommendations. The test crops were triticale (× Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage managed under irrigation. Dry matter yields for CONT and F-P were significantly smaller than for the other treatments. There were generally no significant differences among the six organic and F-NP amendments. Apparent N recovery (ANR) was greatest for F-NP (45%) and F-N (41%), followed by the P-based organic amendments (26-34%), M-N (15%), and smallest for C-N (10%). Apparent P recovery (APR) was greatest for F-NP (30%) and smallest for M-N (6%) and C-N (4%). The APR for the P-based organic amendments ranged from 14 to 22%. Application of the amendments did not result in the accumulation of excess nitrate N in the soil profile. The M-N and C-N amendments applied for 6 yr increased extractable P in the 0- to 0.15-m soil layer from 12 mg kg-1 to 121 and 156 mg kg-1, respectively. Crop productivity and soil nutrient responses indicated that assumptions made for P and N availability in manure and compost were reasonably accurate. Based on the results, P-based application of manure or compost can achieve optimum crop yield and prevent nutrient build-up in soil. Under the conditions of this study, the amount of land required to accommodate P-based application would be five to seven times more for manure and eight to ten times more for compost compared with N-based application.
Avaliação do programa de excelência gerencial: a percepção dos militares do corpo permanente da escola preparatória de cadetes do exército brasileiro
Authors: Nunes Rogerio da Silva , Stopatto Mauro , Dalmau Marcos Baptista Lopez , Almeida Mário de Souza
Published: February 2011

Este trabalho procura discutir a implementação do Programa de Excelência Gerencial do Exército Brasileiro (PEG-EB) na Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (EsPCEx), identificar a importância do programa e mostrar a percepção dessa implantação pelo corpo permanente de oficiais e praças. Os militares apresentaram sua percepção em relação ao programa e sua implantação através dos sete critérios da qualidade do Programa de Qualidade do Governo Federal (PQGF). O trabalho caracteriza a organização pesquisada: missão, visão de futuro, síntese dos valores, deveres, ética e os principais aspectos da evolução da estrutura organizacional. Foi aplicado um instrumento de pesquisa com 53 assertivas, referentes aos critérios adotados pelo PEG-EB, em 175 militares pertencentes ao quadro complementar de Oficiais (QCO) e o Serviço Técnico Temporário (STT) da EsPCEx, com uma escala do tipo Likert, graduada de zero a quatro. Os resultados foram tabulados com técnicas de análise multivariada, realizada através de um pacote estatístico (SPSS) e mostra a percepção dos participantes do programa de qualidade em relação a cada um dos critérios adotados pelo PEG-EB.
Development of a Fidelity Measure for Research on the Effectiveness of the Ayres Sensory Integration® Intervention
Authors: Parham L. Diane , Roley Susanne Smith , May-Benson Teresa A. , Koomar Jane , Brett-Green Barbara , Burke Janice P. , Cohn Ellen S. , Mailloux Zoe , Miller Lucy J. , Schaaf Roseann C.
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE. We developed a reliable and valid fidelity measure for use in research on Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) intervention.

METHOD. We designed a fidelity instrument to measure structural and process aspects of ASI intervention. Because scoring of process involves subjectivity, we conducted a series of reliability and validity studies on the process section. Raters were trained to score therapist strategies observed in video recordings of adult–child dyads. We examined content validity through expert ratings.

RESULTS. Reliability of the process section was strong for total fidelity score (ICC = .99, Cronbach’s α = .99) and acceptable for most items. Total score significantly differentiated ASI from four alternative interventions. Expert ratings indicated strong agreement that items in the structural and process sections represent ASI intervention.

CONCLUSION. The Ayres Sensory Integration Fidelity Measure has strong content validity. The process section is reliable and valid when scored by trained raters with expertise in ASI.
Research Pyramid: A New Evidence-Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Tomlin George , Borgetto Bernhard
Published: February 2011

In the campaign to implement evidence-based practice, the current single-hierarchy model of levels of evidence fails to incorporate at parity all types of research evidence that are valuable in the practice of occupational therapy. A new model, originally developed by Borgetto et al. (2007) and modified and expanded, is presented. By separating the evidence-level criteria of internal and external validity, by incorporating explicitly the evidence provided by qualitative studies, and by retaining the critical notion of rigor, a pyramidal evidence model emerges. This model, the Research Pyramid, aligns itself with the revised model of evidence-based medicine and, more important, with the basic modes of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy. It constitutes a beginning attempt to order evidence-based practice in accordance with the epistemology of the profession. It may better guide occupational therapy research and meta-synthesis and their incorporation into practice decisions.
Management of Warfarin Anticoagulation in Patients with Fractured Neck of Femur
Authors: Ashouri Feras , Al-Jundi Wissam , Patel Akash , Mangwani Jitendra
Published: February 2011

Background. Most orthopaedic units do not have a policy for reversal of anticoagulation in patients with hip fractures. The aim of this study was to examine the current practice in a district general hospital and determine difference in the time to surgery, if any, with cessation of warfarin versus cessation and treatment with vitamin K. Methods. A retrospective review of the case notes between January 2005 and December 2008 identified 1797 patients with fracture neck of femur. Fifty seven (3.2%) patients were on warfarin at the time of admission. Patients were divided into 2 groups (A and B). Group A patients (16/57; 28%) were treated with cessation of warfarin only and group B patients (41; 72%) received pharmacological therapy in addition to stopping warfarin. Time to surgery between the two groups was compared. Results. The mean INR on admission was 2.9 (range 1.7–6.5) and prior to surgery 1.4 (range 1.0–2.1). Thirty eight patients received vitamin K only and 3 patients received fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K. The average time to surgery was 4.4 days in group A and 2.4 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (P<.01).
Conclusion. Reversal of high INR is important to avoid significant delay in surgery. There is a need for a national policy for reversing warfarin anticoagulation in patients with hip fractures requiring surgery. Vitamin K is safe and effective for anticoagulation reversal in hip fracture patients.
Remote sensing of the land surface during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)
Authors: Kergoat Laurent , Grippa Manuela , Baille Alain , Eymard Laurence , Lacaze Roselyne , Mougin Eric , Ottlé Catherine , Pellarin Thierry , Polcher Jan , de Rosnay Patricia , Roujean Jean‐Louis , Sandholt Inge , Taylor Christopher M. , Zin Isabella , Zribi Mehrez
Published: February 2011

This article summarises the scientific results gained from the satellite observation of the land surface during African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Validation of existing satellite products as well as developments of new algorithms are reported, spanning surface and total soil moisture, surface energy balance and radiation fluxes, vegetation properties and land cover (LC). The use of remote sensing data for investigating land–atmosphere interactions, for retrieving the components of continental water cycle and for evaluating Land Surface Models (LSM) is illustrated. The contribution of satellite data to the detection of decadal trends is also highlighted, revealing intriguing results and open questions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Education in meteorology and climate sciences in West Africa
Authors: Danuor Sylvester , Gaye Amadou , Yacouba Hamma , Mariko Adama , Bouzou Moussa Ibrahim , Maiga Mohammed , Da Dapola , Ginoux Karine , Parker Douglas J. , Polcher Jan , Laval Katia , Diallo Drissa , Bourles Bernard
Published: February 2011

Countries in Africa are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change but lack the capacity to manage effectively climate‐related environmental problems. Meteorology and climate education programmes are offered at West African universities, but the poor job market and insufficient funds from governments are impacting negatively on the running and sustainability of master's and PhD programmes. This situation compels students to pursue further studies and seek their fortune abroad, a practice which leads to brain drain. One of the AMMA initiatives is to develop international postgraduate programmes and to seek funding to provide students and lecturers with grants and fellowships. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Reconstruction of chromatographic peaks using the exponentially modified Gaussian function
Authors: Kalambet Yuri , Kozmin Yuri , Mikhailova Ksenia , Nagaev Igor , Tikhonov Pavel
Published: February 2011

The exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) peak shape is widely used for peak approximation in chromatography. We constructed the EMG peak deconvolution routine for chromatography using a combination of two EMG formulas and linear optimization methods. A convenient way to determine the position of the EMG peak top was found. The routine accounts for the maximum linear range of the detector and can work with out‐of‐range peaks, where the detector saturation cuts off the top of the peak.

The optimization routine is applied to the reconstruction of out‐of‐range peaks using correctly measured points, so that an analyst can get an idea of the height, area and concentration of such peaks as well as the prediction error in similar cases. Peak reconstruction helps in reducing the number of chromatographic runs during method development and routine work. The possibility of reconstructing out‐of‐range peaks using the pre‐defined peak shape obtained while calibrating is also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical and Vibrational Properties of Toroidal Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Beuerle Florian , Herrmann Carmen , Whalley Adam C. , Valente Cory , Gamburd Alexander , Ratner Mark A. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: February 2011

Toroidal carbon nanotubes (TCNTs), which have been evaluated for their potential applications in terahertz communication systems, provide a challenge of some magnitude from a purely scientific perspective. A design approach to TCNTs, as well as a classification scheme, is presented based on the definition of the six hollow sections that comprise the TCNT, slicing each of them to produce a (possibly creased) planar entity, and projecting that entity onto a graphene lattice. As a consequence of this folding approach, it is necessary to introduce five‐ and seven‐membered rings as defect sites to allow the fusing together of the six segments into final symmetric TCNTs. This analysis permits the definition of a number of TCNT geometry families containing from 108 carbons up to much larger entities. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the energies of these structural candidates have been investigated and compared with [60]fullerene. The structures with the larger tube diameters are computed to be more stable than C60, whereas the smaller diameter ones are less stable, but may still be within synthetic reach. Computational studies reveal that, on account of the stiffness of the structures, the vibrational frequencies of characteristic low‐frequency modes decrease more slowly with increasing ring diameter than do the lowest optical excitation energies. It was found that this particular trend is true for the “breathing mode” vibrations when the diameter of the tubes is small, but not for more flexible toroidal nanotubes with larger diameters.
New para–para Stilbenophanes: Synthesis by McMurry Coupling, Conformational Analysis and Inhibition of Tubulin Polymerisation
Authors: Álvarez Raquel , López Vilmarí , Mateo Carmen , Medarde Manuel , Peláez Rafael
Published: February 2011

The synthesis of a new family of methoxy‐substituted [2.7]‐ and [2.8]paracyclophanes linked by 3‐oxapentamethylene‐1,5‐dioxy and hexamethylene‐1,6‐dioxy bridges has been carried out by using the McMurry methodology. Related indole compounds were also synthesised. Olefin‐to‐diol ratios depended on the bridge length, the structure of the aromatic ring and the reaction conditions. Macrocyclisation, the methoxy substituents and the presence of a rigid indole moiety restricted the conformational equilibria, as observed by NMR spectroscopy and according to theoretical calculations. The synthesised compounds display micromolar tubulin polymerisation inhibitory activity. The conformational implications on the tubulin polymerisation inhibitory activity derived from the macrocyclisation when compared with combretastatins, closely related stilbenes, are also discussed.
Temperature‐concentration oscillations of crystal‐solution phase equilibria in the presence of trace impurities of surface‐active agents
Authors: Kiryanova E. V.
Published: February 2011

Using the examples of aqueous salt solutions NaNO3, KNO3, RbNO3, K2SO4, NaBr·2H2O, KBr, and NH4NO3, it was experimentally proven that the new phenomena, i.e. temperature‐concentration oscillations of crystal‐solution phase equilibria detected previously in the range of 15–45 °C remain in the presence of trace impurities (10‐4–10‐3 wt. %) of ion‐active organic matters. The signs of breaks transformation into pair oscillations of “maximum‐minimum” type are established for the K2SO4, NaBr, KBr solutions. The efficiency of influence of trace impurities on phase equilibria sharply rises in the areas of the temperature‐concentration oscillations (the saturation temperature ranges up to 10 K). The impurity efficiency is promoted by the presence of the amides in its content (as compared with the sulphates) and an increase in length of the hydrocarbon radical. The phenomenon is absent in case of an addition of ion‐inactive compounds. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of GaSe and GaS single crystals
Authors: Kokh K. A. , Andreev Yu. M. , Svetlichnyi V. A. , Lanskii G. V. , Kokh A. E.
Published: February 2011

The paper describes principal manipulations to prepare single crystals of GaSe and GaS. A new simple method of synthesis with single‐zone heating furnace is proposed. Growth of crystals was performed by modified Bridgman method with the use of rotating heat field. Raman and optical depth spectra show high structural and optical quality of obtained crystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of Osr1 conditional mutant mice
Authors: Lan Yu , Liu Han , Ovitt Catherine E. , Jiang Rulang
Published: February 2011

The Odd‐skipped related 1 (Osr1) gene encodes a zinc finger protein homologous to the Drosophila Odd‐skipped transcription factor. During mouse embryogenesis, Osr1 is expressed in multiple tissues, including the developing heart, kidney, limb, lung, and craniofacial structures. Although characterization of targeted mutant mice has revealed essential roles for Osr1 in heart and kidney development, the embryonic lethality of the Osr1 null mice has hindered investigation of its role in many other developmental processes. We report here the generation of conditional mutant mice containing two loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Osr1 gene. Mice homozygous for this targeted Osr1
fneo allele are normal and fertile. Crossing the Osr1fneo/fneo mice with the EIIa‐Cre transgenic mice resulted in Cre‐mediated deletion of the loxP‐flanked Exon2 in the germ line and mice homozygous for this deletion recapitulated the Osr1 null mutant phenotypes. The Osr1
fneo conditional mice will be valuable for tissue‐specific analysis of the roles of Osr1 in embryonic and postnatal developmental processes. genesis 49:419–422, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A single frame: Imaging live cells twenty‐five years ago
Authors: Fink Rachel
Published: February 2011

In the mid‐1980s live‐cell imaging was changed by the introduction of video techniques, allowing new ways to collect and store data. The increased resolution obtained by manipulating video signals, the ability to use time‐lapse videocassette recorders to study events that happen over long time intervals, and the introduction of fluorescent probes and sensitive video cameras opened research avenues previously unavailable. The author gives a personal account of this evolution, focusing on cell migration studies at the Marine Biological Laboratory 25 years ago. genesis 49:484–487, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of transgenic dogs that conditionally express green fluorescent protein
Authors: Kim Min Jung , Oh Hyun Ju , Park Jung Eun , Kim Geon A. , Hong So Gun , Jang Goo , Kwon Mo Sun , Koo Bon Chul , Kim Teoan , Kang Sung Keun , Ra Jeong Chan , Ko CheMyong , Lee Byeong Chun
Published: February 2011

We report the creation of a transgenic dog that conditionally expresses eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) under the regulation of doxycycline. Briefly, fetal fibroblasts infected with a Tet‐on eGFP vector were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Subsequently reconstructed oocytes were transferred to recipients. Three clones having transgenes were born and one dog was alive. The dog showed all features of inducible expression of eGFP upon doxycycline administration, and successful breeding resulted in eGFP‐positive puppies, confirming stable insertion of the transgene into the genome. This inducible dog model will be useful for a variety of medical research studies. genesis 49:472–478, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inducible Cx40‐Cre expression in the cardiac conduction system and arterial endothelial cells
Authors: Beyer Sabrina , Kelly Robert G. , Miquerol Lucile
Published: February 2011

Confocal images of immunofluorescence showing the specific expression of Cx40‐Cre allele through the expression of RFP (Red) colocalizing with alpha‐actinin in green in Purkinje fibers of the ventricular conduction system and with PECAM (blue) in endothelial cells of coronary vessels. See the article by Beyer at al. in this issue.
Immunogenicity and safety of H1N1 vaccination in anorexia nervosa—Results from a pilot study
Authors: Zastrow Arne , Schnitzler Paul , Eckerle Isabella , Herzog Wolfgang , Friederich Hans‐Christoph
Published: February 2011

Objective:

In anorexia nervosa (AN) patients immunologic alterations are known, although their clinical significance remains a matter of debate. Currently, no recommendation can be given on the safety and immunogenicity of indicated vaccinations in this malnourished population.

Method:

In this exploratory study, 10 AN patients' (eight female, two male, mean age 31.1 years, SD 16.3 years; mean BMI 14.8 kg/m2, SD 1.6 kg/m2) antibody levels against H1N1 influenza were measured before vaccination, and were followed‐up for two and three weeks after vaccination. They were compared with the immunological response in normal weight population, as reported in the literature. Clinical and socio‐demographical data were collected.

Results:

In the AN group, H1N1 vaccination showed to be sufficiently immunogenic and safe, comparable to published data of normal weight population.

Discussion:

The findings provide preliminary evidence that vaccination seems recommendable even in extremely underweight AN patients. Further studies are needed to corroborate the present findings. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Reflections on involuntary treatment in the prevention of fatal anorexia nervosa: A review of five cases
Authors: Holm Janni Schmidt , Brixen Kim , Andries Alin , Hørder Kirsten , Støving Rene Klinkby
Published: February 2011

Objective:

Involuntary treatment in the prevention of fatal anorexia nervosa (AN) is still controversial.

Method:

Five fatal cases of AN were identified out of 1,160 patients who attended a specialized eating disorder unit between 1994 and 2006. Information on inpatient, ambulatory, and emergency room treatment was extracted from a population‐based registration system.

Results:

Personality disorders were diagnosed in all five patients and substance abuse in three patients. In all cases, illness duration was more than 10 years and late onset was seen in two cases. None of the deaths were due to suicide. Involuntary hospital admission was instituted for three patients, but only one patient was compulsory detained more than once. Four patients died after having discontinued treatment.

Discussion:

Compulsory treatment may be of crucial importance in the prevention of fatalities in patients with long‐standing AN and psychiatric comorbidity who discontinue treatment. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 3/11
Authors: Satoh‐Takayama Naoko , Lesjean‐Pottier Sarah , Sawa Shinichiro , Vosshenrich Christian A. J. , Eberl Gérard , Di Santo James P.
Published: February 2011

The cover image of this issue consists of sections from the small intestine (proximal ileum) of Ncr1GFP/+ mice stained with anti‐GFP (green) and anti‐RORγt (red) antibodies, and is taken from Satoh‐Takayama et al. (pp 780–786). In this article, the authors use lymphotoxin‐β receptor (LTβR)‐deficient Ncr1GFP/+ mice, which lack organized secondary lymphoid tissues, to analyze the role of organized lymphoid tissue structures in promoting NCR22‐cell development and function. The authors show that NCR22 cells develop in the absence of LTβR, become functionally competent and localize to the lamina propria under steady‐state conditions. Furthermore, LTβR is dispensable for IL‐22 production by NCR22 cells. Thus, organized lymphoid tissue structures are not critical for the generation of an intact and fully functional intestinal NCR22‐cell compartment.
Copper(I) Complexes of Bipyridine and Terpyridine with Fluorous Tails and the Formation of Crystalline Materials with Fluorous Layers
Authors: Madhu Vedichi , Diskin‐Posner Yael , Neumann Ronny
Published: February 2011

Copper(I) complexes with perfluorinated tails, (CuIL2AcN)BF4 and (CuIL3AcN)BF4, where L2 = 6,6″‐bis(perfluorohexyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine and L3 = 6,6′‐bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7‐tridecafluoroheptyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine and AcN = acetonitrile, were synthesized and their rather unique crystal structures were elucidated. (CuIL2AcN)BF4 crystallizes in a low‐symmetry space group, P$\bar {1}$, with a very large unit cell that required synchrotron radiation to locate all atoms. The molecular structure of (CuIL2AcN)BF4 has an asymmetric tetrahedrally distorted square‐planar coordination sphere around CuI. Eight similar but distinct molecular structures were found. The crystal packing of (CuIL2AcN)(BF4) has a layered structure with a clear segregation between the terpyridine moieties and the fluorous chains. The terpyridine units are arranged in a “back to back” fashion and tilted 20–25º relative to the interlayer plane, and the layered structure is staggered with offsets of approximately 4 Å between layers. The molecular structure of (CuIL3AcN)(BF4) features a Y‐shaped trigonal planar coordination sphere around copper(I). Comparison of the structure with analogous CuI(neocuproine)AcN showed that the fluorous tails with the CH2CH2 spacers basically have no effect on the bond lengths and angles to Cu1. The crystal structure of (CuIL3AcN)(BF4) shows a “herring bone” conformation with an approximately 96º angle in the CubipyAcN units. The “herring bone” conformation leads to an accordion‐type fluorous layer.
Strongly Phosphorescent Iridium(III)–Porphyrins – New Oxygen Indicators with Tuneable Photophysical Properties and Functionalities
Authors: Koren Klaus , Borisov Sergey M. , Saf Robert , Klimant Ingo
Published: February 2011

Synthesis and characterization of four iridium(III)–octaethylporphyrins and a π‐extended iridium(III)–benzoporphyrin are presented. Strong room‐temperature phosphorescence was observed for all of the complexes with quantum yields of up to 30 %. Axial ligands were introduced to tune the photophysical properties and the solubility. Complexes bearing lipophilic ligands such as pyridine or N‐(n‐butyl)imidazole were incorporated into polystyrene to obtain optical oxygen sensors. Covalent coupling of the dye is possible by introduction of ligands with binding domains (1‐imidazoleacetic acid). This enabled preparation of a water‐soluble oxygen probe (by staining bovine serum albumin) and a trace oxygen sensor (by coupling to amino‐modified silica gel).
Induced‐charge electrophoresis near a wall
Authors: Kilic Mustafa Sabri , Bazant Martin Z.
Published: February 2011

Induced‐charge electrophoresis (ICEP) has mostly been analyzed for asymmetric particles in an infinite fluid, but channel walls in real systems further break symmetry and lead to dielectrophoresis (DEP) in local field gradients. Zhao and Bau (Langmuir 2007, 23, 4053) predicted that a metal (ideally polarizable) cylinder is repelled from an insulating wall in a DC field. We revisit this problem with an AC field and show that attraction to the wall sets in at high frequency and leads to an equilibrium distance, where DEP balances ICEP, although, in three dimensions, a metal sphere is repelled from the wall at all frequencies. This conclusion, however, does not apply to asymmetric particles. Consistent with the experiments of Gangwal et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 058302), we show that a metal/insulator Janus particle is always attracted to the wall in an AC field. The Janus particle tends to move toward its insulating end, perpendicular to the field, but ICEP torque rotates this end toward the wall. Under some conditions, the theory predicts steady translation along the wall, perpendicular to the field, at an equilibrium tilt angle around 45°, consistent with the experiments, although improved models are needed for a complete understanding of this phenomenon.
Knockdown of c‐Fos suppresses the growth of human colon carcinoma cells in athymic mice
Authors: Pandey Manoj K. , Liu Guangming , Cooper Timothy K. , Mulder Kathleen M.
Published: February 2011

Here we have investigated whether inhibition of c‐Fos expression in RKO human colon carcinoma cells (HCCCs) would result in reduced TGFβ1 expression and suppression of tumor growth in athymic mice. We stably transfected RKO cells with c‐Fos small interfering RNA (siRNA) or with the corresponding control siRNA. Using these stable cell lines, we demonstrated that siRNA‐c‐Fos significantly suppressed both AP‐1 binding, promoter reporter activity at the proximal AP‐1 site in the TGFβ1 promoter, and TGFβ1 production. Further, we established colon cancer xenografts with each of RKO‐siRNA‐EV, RKO‐siRNA‐Ctrl and RKO‐siRNA‐c‐Fos cells. By 24 days, the tumor size of RKO‐siRNA‐c‐Fos xenografts was 40% that of either RKO‐EV or RKO‐siRNA‐Ctrl. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tumor xenografts demonstrated that siRNA‐c‐Fos significantly blocked c‐Fos expression, and consequently expression of TGFβ1. However, expression of TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 were unaffected. Overall, our results demonstrate that blockade of TGFβ1 production by siRNA‐c‐Fos effectively suppressed tumor growth in vivo.
Morphology of pelvic fin loss in a zebrafish strain (Danio rerio)
Authors: Don Emily K. , Hall Thomas E. , Currie Peter D. , Cole Nicholas J.
Published: February 2011

We describe the morphology of a zebrafish strain which lacks pelvic fins but no other abnormalities. This description is the first step of analyzing hindlimb loss in an established model organism. By combining light microscopy, bone and cartilage staining, scanning electron microscopy and histological sections we were able to comprehensively describe the morphology of the developing pelvic fins of a pelvic finless zebrafish in contrast with the developing pelvic fins of wild‐type zebrafish. We have shown that although adult pelvic finless zebrafish completely lack pelvic fins, they do develop mesenchymal bulges in the pelvic regions at the pelvic fin development stage. Understanding the morphology and the subsequent genetic analysis of this fish will lead to important insights into both pelvic fin/hindlimb developmental mechanisms and the evolution of hindlimb loss. It is for this reason that we present a morphological analysis of pelvic fin development and loss in this genetically tractable model species. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microbial food cultures – opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG)
Authors: Vogel Rudi F. , Hammes Walter P. , Habermeyer Michael , Engel Karl‐Heinz , Knorr Dietrich , Eisenbrand Gerhard
Published: February 2011

In the EU, there are no specific legal regulations regarding microbial food cultures. However, at European and national level, there are regulations that require microbial cultures to be checked in terms of their compliance with legal requirements. Due to the lack of definitions for microbial food cultures with various applications, there are uncertainties regarding how they are to be assessed. The increased elaboration of microbial ecology and modern taxonomy has allowed the description of numerous new species that are attractive for use in food cultures or are already in use, on which, however, only limited experience is available. In view of these developments, the SKLM has prepared this statement, focusing on definitions, gaps in knowledge and further research needs. It aims to support the producers and users of microbial cultures as well as authorities responsible for consumer health protection with respect to safety assessment and to contribute to consumer information. The scientific status concerning these cultures in food technology, the traditional roots of their application and their potential for sustaining and/or furthering food variety and quality have not been adequately described up to now. This is the subject of the present SKLM statement. In addition, definitions are proposed for cultures used in food technology that may also be useful for the assessment in a legal context. The opinion was released in German on 29 March 2010, the English version was agreed on 15 November 2010.
A HBT‐based quasi‐circulator with wideband equalization technique
Authors: Mung Steve W. Y. , Shing Chan Wing , Fung Man Kim
Published: February 2011

An innovative wideband equalization technique for use in a quasi‐circulator is presented. The technique utilizes both gain and phase equalization, which provides wideband frequency operation with good return loss and isolation between ports. The circulator is realized by configuring three heterojunction bipolar transistors together with an equalizing phase shifter. Both theoretical analyses and experimental validations are performed. Experimental results show that it can operate over the frequency range 0.8–2.2 GHz. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:766–768, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25820