bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Molecular Biology Organisation/Laboratory (
EMBO
/
EMBL
)
Authors: Krige John
Published: June 2013

Two European organisations exist for promoting molecular biology. EMBO is a ‘federation’ of universities and national research centres. EMBL today comprises five well‐equipped ‘central’ laboratories. These complementary organisations were institutional responses to different conceptions of how best to maintain the strength of molecular biology in Europe and halt the ‘brain drain’ of talented researchers to the United States. The federal model prevailed in the early 1960s as many molecular biologists feared that a central laboratory would be established at the expense of national facilities that were being built all over Europe. The central laboratory gained traction in the 1970s thanks in part to the expansion of the European Economic Community to include the United Kingdom.

Key Concepts:

Europe has two institutions devoted to promoting molecular biology at the regional level.

This is a residue of history: there were strong disagreements inside the community over the best institutional form needed to advance the field in the early 1960s.

A federal model competed with a centralised laboratory ‘modeled on CERN’ and it was agreed to stagger the two in time.

The determination to strengthen national capabilities is always in dynamic tension with the push to establish a major European research facility.

The demand for costly equipment is a necessary but not sufficient condition for establishing regional research facilities.
de Bary, Heinrich Anton
Authors: Drews G
Published: June 2013

Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831–1888), Professor of Botany at the German universities in Freiburg i.Br., Halle a.S. and Strassbourg (now in France), discovered sexual and asexual propagation of fungi by microscopically observing the different stages of development. His experimental approach and concept, based on Darwin's theory of evolution, were the starting points for a phylogenetic taxonomy, which, however, could not realise before present time. He defined several species and subspecies and their delimitation experimentally. de Bary also exactly described the entire process of infection of plants by fungi. The terms parasitism, symbiosis, heterospory and heteroecy were coined or redefined based on his experimental studies. His numerous studies on algae, lichens, ferns and higher plants enriched the knowledge of the time. As a teacher, de Bary was very modern – not authoritarian and promoted self‐reliance, observation skills, self‐control and a critical evaluation of one's own results and conclusions. He was internationally acknowledged, and many scientists worldwide came to visit his modern‐equipped laboratory.

Key Concepts:

The great achievements of biological research in the nineteenth century were the setting up of cell biology, disproof of spontaneous generation and Charles Darwin's proposal of the formation of species by natural selection.

Anton de Bary founded the developmental biology of fungi, that is, he identified the sequence of sexual and asexual stages and their fructification organs.

Different rust fungi are heteroecic, that is, the different developmental stages are dependent on different host plants.

de Bary proposed that the classification of fungi should be based on their evolution instead of on pure morphological criteria.

de Bary is the one who first defined the term symbiosis as a closed spatial coexistence of different species.

de Bary mastered his life as Professor of Botany, Director of Botanical Gardens, successful researcher and teacher of students through a high degree of self‐discipline and a sense of duty.
Stahl, Georg Ernst
Authors: de Ceglia Francesco Paolo
Published: June 2013

Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) was a German physician and chemist, whose animism exerted an enormous influence on European medical culture for over a century. In his doctrine, the soul fulfils the role of an ideal repository of information acting on the body in such a way that its physiopathological functions are carried out.
Bizzozero, Giulio
Authors: Dröscher Ariane
Published: June 2013

Giulio Bizzozero (1846–1901) was an Italian pathologist, histologist and haematologist. He was the central figure of the modernisation of medical research and practice after the unification of Italy. A gifted researcher and teacher, a talented science manager and committed populariser and an institutional reformer, he profoundly influenced at least two generations of Italian physicians. He gained international recognition for his pioneering studies on the role of lymphocytes in tissue regeneration, on the haematopoietic function of the bone marrow, on platelets and their role in the processes of coagulation and thrombosis and for his classification of tissues according to their regenerative powers, whereas his important contributions revealing phagocytosis and his discovery of desosomes and of

Helicobacter pylori

were recognised only after his premature death.

Key Concepts:

Giulio Bizzozero was the central figure of the modernisation of medicine in Italy in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Giulio Bizzozero established microscopy, histology and experimentalism in Italian medicine.

Among the instruments he invented were a technique for observing circulating blood
in vivo
, a chromocytometer, a method to count the platelets in flowing blood and a method to quantify the amount of mitotic cells in tissues.

Giulio Bizzozero pioneered the study of the connective tissue, of epithelioma formation and described in detail the role of mobile cells in the process of wound healing and regeneration.

His haematological studies (haematopoiesis, the discovery of the platelets and their role in thrombosis) and his classification of tissues based on the amount of labile, static and perennial cells they contain earned him international recognition.

The importance of his pioneering reports on phagocytosis and his description of
Helicobacter
and of desosomes were recognised only years after his death.
Polymers Containing Highly Polarizable Conjugated Side Chains as High‐Performance All‐Organic Nanodielectric Materials
Authors: Qiao Yali , Islam Mohammed Sayful , Han Kuo , Leonhardt Eric , Zhang Jiuyang , Wang Qing , Ploehn Harry J. , Tang Chuanbing
Published: June 2013

The discovery of nanodipolar π‐conjugated oligomer‐containing polymers as high performance nanodielectric materials with high permittivity and low dielectric loss over a wide range of frequency (100 Hz–4 MHz) is reported. Terthiophene‐containing methacrylate polymers are synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Both X‐ray and thermal studies indicate the formation of small crystalline domains of terthiophene side chains dispersed in amorphous matrix. The highly polarizable and fast‐responsive nanodipoles from the nanoscale crystalline domains (<2 nm) are believed to dictate the performance. These polymers uniquely satisfy nanodipole architectures conjectured two decades ago to guide the design of high performance nanodielectric materials. This unprecedented approach can be generalized to a variety of π‐conjugated oligomer‐containing polymers for the development of high energy density capacitor materials.
Smart Drug Delivery Nanocarriers with Self‐Assembled DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Li Jiang , Fan Chunhai , Pei Hao , Shi Jiye , Huang Qing
Published: June 2013

Self‐assembled DNA nanostructures have emerged as a type of nano‐biomaterials with precise structures, versatile functions and numerous applications. One particularly promising application of these DNA nanostructures is to develop universal nanocarriers for smart and targeted drug delivery. DNA is the genetic material in nature, and inherently biocompatible. Nevertheless, cell membranes are barely permeable to naked DNA molecules, either single‐ or double‐ stranded; transport across the cell membrane is only possible with the assistance of transfection agents. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that many DNA nanostructures could readily go into cells with high cell uptake efficiency. In this Progress Report, we will review recent advances on using various DNA nanostructures, e.g., DNA nanotubes, DNA tetrahedra, and DNA origami nanorobot, as drug delivery nanocarriers, and demonstrate several examples aiming at therapeutic applications with CpG‐based immunostimulatory and siRNA‐based gene silencing oligonucleotides.
Photokatalytische Reduktion von CO2 an TiO2 und anderen Halbleitern
Authors: Habisreutinger Severin N. , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Stolarczyk Jacek K.
Published: June 2013

Der kontinuierliche Anstieg der Kohlendioxidkonzentration in der Atmosphäre sowie die zunehmende Ressourcenverknappung fossiler Brennstoffe vergrößern die Sorge um das Klima und die Energieversorgung der Zukunft. Eine Antwort auf beide Probleme liefert die mit Sonnenenergie betriebene photochemische Gewinnung von Brennstoffen wie Methan und Methanol aus CO2. Mit dieser Methode lässt sich Sonnenenergie zudem in chemischer Form speichern und transportieren. In diesem Aufsatz werden aktuelle Konzepte der photokatalytischen CO2‐Reduktion an TiO2 und anderen Metalloxiden, Oxynitriden, Sulfiden und Phosphiden präsentiert. Der Fokus der besprochenen Forschungsarbeiten liegt dabei meist auf der Entwicklung neuer nanostrukturierter photokatalytischer Materialien und mechanistischen Untersuchungen des Prozesses, von der Lichtabsorption über Ladungstrennung und ‐transport bis zu den Reaktionswegen der CO2‐Reduktion. Zudem werden die Effizienzmessgrößen, mit denen gegenwärtig die Effizienz des Prozesses quantifiziert wird, ausführlich diskutiert.
Preparation, photoisomerization, and microfabrication with two‐photon polymerization of crosslinked azo‐polymers
Authors: Wang Hui , Jin Feng , Chen Shu , Dong Xian‐Zi , Zhang Yong‐Liang , Chen Wei‐Qiang , Zhao Zhen‐Sheng , Duan Xuan‐Ming
Published: June 2013

We report the preparation, photoisomerization properties, and three‐dimensional (3D) microstructure fabrication with two‐photon polymerization of crosslinked azo‐polymers. A series of bi‐acrylate‐substituted azobenzene derivatives were designed and synthesized as the monomers and/or crosslinkers of the crosslinked azo‐polymers. The doping concentration of the derivatives in pre‐polymer resins was significantly increased due to the introduction of bulky tert‐butyl and flexible alkyl chains. The double‐exponential dynamics of trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization of the azo‐polymers indicated the coexistence of different processes for the azobenzene moieties in the polymeric crosslinked networks. The crosslinked azo‐polymers exhibited ideal “on–off” switching performance in the highly reversible trans–cis–trans isomerization cycles. Furthermore, we prepared a photoresist containing the azobenzene derivative for 3D microstructure fabrication based on two‐photon polymerization. A woodpile photonic crystal with a photonic bandgap at telecommunication wavelength region was successfully fabricated with the azobenzene‐containing photoresist, which would open the way for the design and manufacturing of miniature optical communication devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2947–2956, 2013
Red blood cell folate levels in pregnant women with a history of mood disorders: A case series
Authors: Yaremco Elyse , Inglis Angela , Innis Sheila M. , Hippman Catriona , Carrion Prescilla , Lamers Yvonne , Honer William G. , Austin Jehannine
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Maternal folate supplementation reduces offspring risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) and other congenital abnormalities. Maternal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations of >906 nmol/L have been associated with the lowest risk of having a neural tube defect affected pregnancy. Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder) are common among women and can be associated with folate deficiency. Thus, pregnant women with histories of mood disorders may be prone to RBC folate levels insufficient to provide optimal protection against neural tube defects. Although previous studies have assessed RBC folate concentrations in pregnant women from the general population, none have looked specifically at a group of pregnant women who have a history of a mood disorder.

METHODS

We collected data about RBC folate concentrations and folic acid supplement intake during early pregnancy (<161 days gestation) from n = 24 women with histories of mood disorders. We also collected information about offspring congenital abnormalities and birth weight.

RESULTS

Among women with histories of mood disorders, the mean RBC folate concentration was 674 nmol/L (range, 362–1105 nmol/L). Only 12.5% (n = 3) of the women had RBC folate concentrations >906 nmol/L, despite all participants reporting current daily use of folic acid supplements. Data regarding offspring were available for 22 women: birth weights ranged from 2296 g to 4819 g, and congenital abnormalities were identified in two (hypoplastic left heart, annular pancreas).

CONCLUSION

Data from this exploratory case series suggest a need for future larger scale controlled studies investigating RBC folate concentrations in early pregnancy and offspring outcomes among women with and without histories of mood disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:416–420, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unidirectional Molecular Stacking of Tribenzotriquinacenes in the Solid State: A Combined X‐ray and Theoretical Study
Authors: Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Grimme Stefan , Jones Peter G. , Markopoulos Georgios , Hopf Henning , Cyranski Michał K. , Kuck Dietmar
Published: June 2013

A combined X‐ray diffraction and theoretical study of the solid‐state molecular and crystal structures of tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ, 2) and its centro‐methyl derivative (3) is presented. The molecular structure of the parent hydrocarbon displays C3v symmetry and the three indane wings adopt mutually orthogonal orientations, similar to the case in its previously reported methyl derivative (3). Also similarly to the latter structure, the bowl‐shaped molecules of compound 2 form infinite molecular stacks with perfectly axial, face‐to‐back (convex–concave) packing and with parallel and unidirectional orientation of the stacks. The experimentally determined intra‐stack molecular distance is 4.75 Å for compound 2 and 5.95 Å for compound 3. Whereas the molecules of compound 2 show a slight alternating rotation (±6°) about the common axis of each stack, those of compound 3 show perfect translational symmetry within the stacks. We used dispersion‐corrected density functional theory to compute the crystal structures of tribenzotriquinacenes 2 and 3. The London dispersion correction was crucial for obtaining an accurate description of the crystallization of both analyzed systems and the calculated results agreed excellently with the experimental measurements. We also obtained reasonable sublimation energies for both compounds. In addition, the geometries and dimerization energies of oligomeric stacks of compound 2 were computed and showed smooth convergence to the properties of the infinite polymeric stack.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Metal Gallium Silicides via the Gallium Self‐Flux Method. Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of RE(Ga1‐xSix)2 (RE: Y, La—Nd, Sm, Gd—Yb, Lu).
Authors: Darone Gregory M. , Hmiel Benjamin , Zhang Jiliang , Saha Shanta , Kirshenbaum Kevin , Greene Richard , Paglione Johnpierre , Bobev Svilen
Published: June 2013

The title compounds are synthesized from the elements using molten Ga as a flux (alumina crucible, 1473 K, 24 h) and characterized by single crystal and powder XRD, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Studies of CaLaFe11O19(s).
Authors: Rakshit S. K. , Parida S. C. , Lilova Kristina , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: June 2013

The title compound is thermodynamically characterized by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry, calorimetry, and high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry.
ChemInform Abstract: A Low‐Temperature Synthesis Route for CaAlSiN3 Doped with Eu2+.
Authors: Kubus Mariusz , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: June 2013

The strongly red‐emitting title phosphor is synthesized from CaSiF6, AlF3, Li3N, and EuCl2 using a mixture of LiCl and KCN as a flux (copper tube, 750 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional “Click” Prolinamides: A New Platform for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in the Presence of Water with Catalyst Recycling.
Authors: Paladhi Sushovan , Das Joydeb , Mishra Pratyush Kumar , Dash Jyotirmayee
Published: June 2013

The novel prolinamide catalyst shows excellent isolated yields, enantioselectivities, and diastereoselectivities for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Stabilized Vinyl Diazo Derivatives Toward Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Regioselective Gold‐Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Lonzi Giacomo , Tomas Miguel , Lopez Luis A.
Published: June 2013

New reaction modes are involved in the gold‐catalyzed reaction of vinyldiazoacetates with the unsaturated substrates and activated arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Sequential Activation of Propargylic Carboxylates: A Facile Route to Benzoannulenes.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Kim Ji Hee , Oh Bu Keun , Park Jong Ryul , Lee Ji Ho
Published: June 2013

A novel gold‐catalyzed cascade reaction of various propargylic acetates provides a highly efficient access to 6‐methylene‐6H‐benzo[7]annulene‐5,8‐diyl diacetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of CF3‐Containing Esters with Three Electron‐Withdrawing Groups.
Authors: Li Lun , Huang Donghui , Chen Qing‐Yun , Guo Yong
Published: June 2013

A novel protocol is developed and applied to esters (I) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Aminopyridinato Titanium Catalysts for the Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes and Styrenes.
Authors: Doerfler Jaika , Doye Sven
Published: June 2013

The linear product is mainly formed using in situ generated titanium complexes with aminopyridinato ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approach to Synthesize β,β‐Difluorohomoallylic Alcohols (III).
Authors: Omote Masaaki , Miake Tatsuya , Tarui Atsushi , Sato Kazuyuki , Kumadaki Itsumaro , Ando Akira
Published: June 2013

Ethyl (E)‐4,4‐difluoro‐5‐hydroxy‐5‐arylpent‐2‐enoates (III) are conveniently obtained as versatile intermediates for constructing stable isosteres of peptides or fluorinated sugar molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Photo‐ and Thermochromic Spirans. Part 38. New (1‐Alkyl‐4,5‐diphenyl)imidazolyl‐substituted Spirobenzopyrans.
Authors: Solov'eva E. V. , Chernyshev A. V. , Voloshin N. A. , Metelitsa A. V. , Minkin V. I.
Published: June 2013

Spirocompounds of type (VIII) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of β‐Lactams Using Cyanuric Fluoride.
Authors: Zarei Maaroof
Published: June 2013

Cyanuric fluoride is found to be a highly efficient acid activator for the direct [2 + 2] ketene—imine cycloaddition of substituted acetic acids and imines furnishing β‐lactams in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Halide Promoted Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Propargylamines and Chiral Allenes Using 2‐Dialkylaminomethylpyrrolidine, Aldehydes, and 1‐Alkynes.
Authors: Gurubrahamam Ramani , Periasamy Mariappan
Published: June 2013

Synthesis of disubstituted chiral allenes is achieved in two steps via chiral propargylamine derivatives, generated in a CuBr‐promoted reaction of 2‐dialkylaminomethylpyrrolidine with terminal alkynes and aldehydes, followed by the CuI‐promoted reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Zn Ion Catalysis with Homogeneous Gold Catalysis: An Efficient Annulation Approach to N‐Protected Indoles.
Authors: Wang Yanzhao , Liu Lianzhu , Zhang Liming
Published: June 2013

N‐protected indoles such as (III), (V)/(VI), (VIII), and (X)/(XI) are prepared via annulation of N‐arylhydroxamic acids (I) and (IV) and alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Rearrangements of 3‐Allenyl 3‐Hydroxyindolin‐2‐ones in the Presence of Halogenated Reagents.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Luna Amparo , Prieto Natividad
Published: June 2013

The reactions of 3‐allenyl 3‐hydroxyindolin‐2‐ones (I) with a variety of halogenating reagents in the presence of catalytic amounts of precious metals are explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Activation/Cross‐Coupling of Pyridine N‐Oxides with Nonactivated Secondary Alkyl Bromides.
Authors: Xiao Bin , Liu Zhao‐Jing , Liu Lei , Fu Yao
Published: June 2013

An unexpected C—H activation/cross‐coupling reaction of pyridine N‐oxides with non‐activated alkyl bromides is found.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐thione Using (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene: Unprecedented Formation of Substituted 2‐(1,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ylthio)pyrimidine.
Authors: Bhong Bhagyashree Y. , Thorat Prerana B. , Karade Nandkishor N.
Published: June 2013

Treatment of thiones (I) with hypervalent iodine results in an unprecedented oxidation—desulfurization process to give dimers (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives: Discovery of a Potent and Selective Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer′s Disease.
Authors: Arancio Ottavio , et al. et al.
Published: June 2013

All new quinoline derivatives (IV) and (VII) are potent phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies of Quinolizidine 195C and Derivatives.
Authors: Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Zhang Jun‐Wei , Chen Kuan‐Hua
Published: June 2013

Quinolizidine derivatives, including two epimers of quinolizidine 195C, (XI) and (XII), are prepared using ring‐closing metathesis and cross‐metathesis as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Approach for the Synthesis of 5‐Pyridylindolizine Derivatives via 2‐(2‐Pyridyl)pyridinium Ylides.
Authors: Georgescu Emilian , Dumitrascu Florea , Georgescu Florentina , Draghici Constantin , Barbu Loredana
Published: June 2013

New 5‐pyridylindolizine derivatives (IV) (16 examples) are synthesized via a one‐pot three‐component reaction using 1,2‐butylene oxide as reaction medium and acid scavenger.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]cyclopenta[1,2‐c]isoquinoline, a New Heterocyclic System.
Authors: Dyachenko I. V. , Vovk M. V.
Published: June 2013

The new heterocyclic title compound (V) is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminomethyl‐4‐phenyl‐1‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes via LiAlH4‐Induced Reductive Cyclization of 2‐(4‐Chloro‐2‐cyano‐2‐phenylbutyl)aziridines and Evaluation of Their Antimalarial Activity.
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Vervisch Karel , Toernroos Karl W. , Verhaeghe Tom , Desmet Tom , Lategan Carmen , Smith Peter J. , Chibale Kelly , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: June 2013

The exo‐compounds (IV) show good in vitro antimalarial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Aza‐Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Moieties and Synthetic Application to Hexahydroapoerysopine.
Authors: Kim Hee Dong , Kim Guncheol
Published: June 2013

Boronic acid (I) is coupled with brominated lactones under conditions A) to produce the cyclization precursors (III) or (V) which undergo intramolecular Michael addition to form azepine systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Room‐Temperature Lactonization of Alcohols and Ethers onto Amides: An “Amide Strategy” for Synthesis.
Authors: Valerio Viviana , Petkova Desislava , Madelaine Claire , Maulide Nuno
Published: June 2013

The new methodology allows the formation of various lactones from a protected alcohol and an “amide‐masked” carboxylic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Officinatrione: An Unusual (17S)‐17,18‐seco‐Lupane Skeleton, and Four Novel Lupane‐Type Triterpenoids from the Roots of Taraxacum officinale.
Authors: Saeki Daisuke , Yamada Takeshi , In Yasuko , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Tanaka Reiko , Iizuka Yota , Nakane Takahisa , Takano Akihito , Masuda Kazuo
Published: June 2013

Five new lupane‐type triterpenoids, (I)‐(IV), are isolated from the root of dandelion T.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrosyl Tetrafluoroborate Catalyzed Preparation of 2,3‐Unsaturated Glycosides and 2‐Deoxyglycosides of Hindered Alcohols, Thiols, and Sulfonamides.
Authors: Santra Abhishek , Guchhait Goutam , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: June 2013

D‐Glucal derivative (I) reacts with alcohols, thiols, and sulfonamides under conditions A) to provide 2,3‐unsaturated glycosides with high α‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Cytotoxic Quinolone Alkaloid and a Pentacyclic Steroidal Glycoside from the Stem Bark of Crataeva nurvala: Study of Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Inducing Property.
Authors: Sinha Sadhna , Mishra Priyanka , Amin Hina , Rah Bilal , Nayak Debasis , Goswami Anindya , Kumar Naresh , Vishwakarma Ram , Ghosal Sabari
Published: June 2013

New quinolone alkaloid, crataemine (I), and new pentacyclic steroidal glycoside, crataenoside (II), show cytotoxic activities against HeLa, PC‐3 and MCF‐7 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: The Basicity of Carbons
Authors: Montes‐Moran Miguel A. , Suarez Dimas , Menendez J. Angel , Fuente Enrique
Published: June 2013

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzyme Inhibition by Metal Complexes: Concepts, Strategies and Applications
Authors: Kilpin Kelly J. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: June 2013

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stochastic Algorithms for Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Gillespie Daniel T. , Hellander Andreas , Petzold Linda R.
Published: June 2013

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formaldehyde in the Ambient Atmosphere: From an Indoor Pollutant to an Outdoor Pollutant?
Authors: Salthammer Tunga
Published: June 2013

Review: about 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conductometric Studies on Cation Crown Ether Complexes
Authors: Christy Francis A. , Shrivastav Pranav S.
Published: June 2013

Review: 162 refs.
A randomized clinical trial comparing prophylactic upper versus whole‐neck irradiation in the treatment of patients with node‐negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Li Jin‐Gao , Yuan Xia , Zhang Ling‐Ling , Tang Yi‐Qiang , Liu Lan , Chen Xiao‐Dan , Gong Xiao‐Chang , Wan Gui‐Fen , Liao Yu‐Lu , Ye Jian‐Ming , Ao Fan
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

This study sought to compare the clinical outcomes of upper versus whole‐neck prophylactic irradiation in the treatment of patients with node‐negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODS

Between November 2005 and June 2012, 301 patients with node‐negative NPC were randomly assigned to receive primary plus prophylactic upper neck irradiation (UNI, 153 patients) or primary plus whole‐neck irradiation (WNI, 148 patients). Patients in both groups received irradiation to the primary tumor and the upper neck nodal regions, and patients in the WNI group also received irradiation to the lower neck. The main endpoint of the study was to compare the lower neck control rate between the 2 groups.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up period of 39 months (range, 6‐84 months), no patient in either group had a cervical node relapse. The overall survival at 3 years was 89.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 84.1%‐95.0%) in the UNI group and 87.4% (95% CI = 81.4%‐93.5%) in the WNI group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.866, 95% CI = 0.41‐1.82; P = .70). The 3‐year relapse‐free survival rate was 89.8% and 89.3% (95% CI = 84.2%‐95.3% and 83.7%‐94.8%, HR = 0.914, 95% CI = 0.42‐2.00; P = .82), and the 3‐year metastasis‐free survival rate was 91.7% and 90.9% (95% CI = 87.0%‐96.5% and 85.7%‐96.1%) for the UNI and WNI groups, respectively (HR = 1.007, 95% CI = 0.44‐2.32; P = .99).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic upper neck irradiation is sufficient for patients with node‐negative NPC. Cancer 2013;119:3170–3176. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Finding reverse nearest neighbors by region
Authors: Adhinugraha Kiki Maulana , Taniar David , Indrawan Maria
Published: June 2013

Common reverse nearest neighbor queries in spatial database run in an inefficient way because they need to check a query result with almost every nearest neighbor. This wastes many time and resources, making this approach unsuitable for mobile computation. Instead of using the neighbors as candidates for the query result, a region approach can be used to answer the query. By using this approach, any objects located in the region will be considered candidate results for the query. To reduce the cost of creating the region, we introduce the concept of a contact zone, a method that can identify the right region generator points without having to process the whole points in the space, hence make reverse nearest neighbor queries by region possible to be run in mobile devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Be(ND3)4]Cl2: Synthesis, Characterisation and Space‐Group Determination Guided by Solid‐State Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Kraus Florian , Baer Sebastian A. , Hoelzel Markus , Karttunen Antti J.
Published: June 2013

Treatment of BeCl2 with dry liquid ND3 and subsequent removal of the solvent leads to the colourless microcrystalline powder of [Be(ND3)4]Cl2. It crystallises in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 9.395(4), b = 11.901(6), c = 6.761(3) Å, V = 755.9(6) and Z = 4 at 27 °C, and a = 9.3736(8), b = 11.8162(12), c = 6.6596(6) Å, V = 737.62(12) and Z = 4 at –269.6 °C. The structure contains the tetrahedral tetraammineberyllium(II) cation which follows the octet rule. It was shown to be stable under ambient conditions and temperatures up to approximately 175 °C. We additionally discuss the aid of solid‐state quantum chemical calculations for the assignment of proper crystallographic space groups in cases where the choice between centrosymmetry and noncentrosymmetry is not completely obvious, e.g. here between Pna21 and Pnma. Thermogravimetric measurements show that [Be(ND3)4]Cl2 decomposes only above approximately 175 °C, giving off two equivalents of ND3 to form [Be(ND3)2Cl2]. The latter seems to be stable up to approximately 300 °C after which it sublimes. These results show unambiguous evidence for the stability of the tetraammineberyllium(II) cations of the title compounds from –269.6 °C to 175 °C.
Inhibition of cellulase, β‐glucosidase, and xylanase activities and enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated wheat straw by acetone‐butanol‐ethanol fermentation products
Authors: Qi Benkun , Chen Xiangrong , Yi Su , Wan Yinhua
Published: June 2013

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation has been regarded as a promising process for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE); however, there exits potential inhibition of cellulase, β‐glucosidase, and xylanase by the fermentation product(s) due to the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation in one vessel. The effects of ABE fermentation products including acetone, butanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid, individually and in a combination, on the cellulase, β‐glucosidase, and xylanase activities and enzymatic saccharification of dilute acid pretreated wheat straw (WS) were studied. The experimental results showed that butanol and mixture of inhibitor compounds strongly depressed cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities, and no synergistic inhibiting effect between inhibitors on enzyme activities was observed. Saccharification of pretreated WS was mainly affected by butanol and temperature. Moreover, preincubation of enzyme solutions with inhibitors mixture for 72 h decreased cellulase and xylanase activities by 15–25% at the three temperatures examined (30, 37, and 50°C), and a significant decrease (64%) in β‐glucosidase activity was found at 50°C. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 497–503, 2014
Simple and reliable finite fault solutions for large earthquakes using the W‐phase: The Maule (Mw = 8.8) and Tohoku (Mw = 9.0) earthquakes
Authors: Benavente Roberto , Cummins Phil R.
Published: June 2013

We explore the ability of W‐phase waveform inversions to recover a first‐order coseismic slip distribution for large earthquakes. To date, W‐phase inversions for point sources provide fast and accurate moment tensor solutions for moderate to large events. We have applied W‐phase finite fault inversion to seismic waveforms recorded following the 2010 Maule earthquake (Mw=8.8) and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw=9.0). Firstly, a W‐phase point source inversion was performed to assist us in selecting the data for the finite fault solution. Then, we use a simple linear multiple‐time‐window method accounting for changes in the rupture velocity with smoothing and moment minimization constraints to infer slip and rake variations over the fault. Our results describe well the main features of the slip pattern previously found for both events. This suggests that fast slip inversions may be carried out relying purely on W‐phase records.
Effect of CO2 inhibition on biogenic isoprene emission: Implications for air quality under 2000 to 2050 changes in climate, vegetation, and land use
Authors: Tai Amos P. K. , Mickley Loretta J. , Heald Colette L. , Wu Shiliang
Published: June 2013

The inhibition of biogenic isoprene emission by elevated CO2 as observed in many plant taxa may significantly alter the sensitivity of air quality to global changes. We use a one‐way coupled modeling framework to perform simulations under various combinations of 2000 to 2050 changes in climate, natural vegetation, anthropogenic emissions and land use to examine the effect of the CO2‐isoprene interaction on atmospheric composition. We find that consideration of CO2 inhibition substantially reduces the sensitivity of surface ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to climate and natural vegetation, resulting in much smaller ozone and SOA increases in major populated regions than are projected by previous studies. The impact of land use on air quality is relatively insensitive to CO2 inhibition, rendering land use change the key factor that can offset or enhance the effects of anthropogenic emissions and shape air quality and climate‐relevant species in the mid‐21st century.
Deciphering Articulation and State/System Policies and Agreements
Authors: Bers Trudy H.
Published: June 2013

This chapter provides a brief description of articulation agreements and policies intended to facilitate transfer; examples of institutional partnership, system‐level, and statewide approaches; and observations about the characteristics, underlying assumptions, and utility of these agreements and policies.
CAN WE MAKE SMART CHOICES BETWEEN OLS AND CONTAMINATED IV METHODS?
Authors: Basu Anirban , Chan Kwun Chuen Gary
Published: June 2013

In the outcomes research and comparative effectiveness research literature, there are strong cautionary tales on the use of instrumental variables (IVs) that may influence the newly initiated to shun this premier tool for casual inference without properly weighing their advantages. It has been recommended that IV methods should be avoided if the instrument is not econometrically perfect. The fact that IVs can produce better results than naïve regression, even in nonideal circumstances, remains underappreciated. In this paper, we propose a diagnostic criterion and related software that can be used by an applied researcher to determine the plausible superiority of IV over an ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator, which does not address the endogeneity of a covariate in question. Given a reasonable lower bound for the bias arising out of an OLS estimator, the researcher can use our proposed diagnostic tool to confirm whether the IV at hand can produce a better estimate (i.e., with lower mean square error) of the true effect parameter than the OLS, without knowing the true level of contamination in the IV. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling saltation intermittency
Authors: Dupont S. , Bergametti G. , Marticorena B. , Simoëns S.
Published: June 2013

In order to investigate the intermittency of the aeolian saltation, a saltation model, forced with instantaneous velocity fields, has been introduced in a Large Eddy Simulation airflow model. The coupled model is evaluated on a flat erodible surface under various wind conditions and soil particle‐size distribution. It is first shown that the model is able to simulate a well‐developed saltation layer in equilibrium with the turbulent flow. The main characteristics of the saltation layer and their sensitivity to wind conditions are in good agreement with previous data set. Then, the saltation intermittency is visualized through the presence of blowing sand structures near the surface, known as aeolian streamers. This is the first time that such structures are reproduced numerically. From a correlation analysis, we confirm previous thoughts that these sand structures are a visual footprint of past turbulent eddies propagating in the surface boundary layer. The streamers appear to be embedded in larger saltation structures with increasing wind conditions. The spatial scales of these streamers change with wind conditions and soil particle‐size distribution. This is explained by two mechanisms: (1) the modification of eddy structures with the main characteristics of the saltation layer, and (2) the reduction of saltating particle sensitivity to the near‐surface eddies with increasing wind condition and soil median particle diameter, as the eddy lifetime decreases within the saltation layer and the particle response time increases, respectively. The standard deviation of the saltation flux associated to these saltation patterns represents about 10% to 20% of the mean saltation flux.
Full genomic characterization of a group C rotavirus isolated from a child in south Korea
Authors: Baek In Hyuk , Than Van Thai , Kim Hakyoung , Lim Inseok , Kim Wonyong
Published: June 2013

During an epidemiological survey of human rotavirus infection in Seoul, Korea, from 2010 to 2011, one isolate of group C rotavirus (GCRV), named CAU10‐312, was detected in a 5‐year‐old child admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis, and its complete genomic sequence was determined. The 11 gene segments of the strain possessed G4‐P[2]‐I2‐R2‐C2‐M2‐A2‐N2‐T2‐E2‐H2 genotypes. The genotype of strain CAU10‐312 appears to be closely related to strains from Bangladesh (DhakaC13 and BS347), India (v508), and England (Bristol), but distinct from Far East Asian strains, Chinese (Wu82 and YNR001) and Japanese (OH567 and BK0830). These findings may clarify the relationship of the genetics, evolutionary biology, and epidemiology of GCRVs and suggest that two very distinct genotype strains are in circulation in the world.J. Med. Virol. 85:1478–1484, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of erythrovirus B19 in thyroidectomy specimens from graves' disease patients: A case–control study
Authors: Page Cyril , Hoffmann Thomas Walter , Benzerdjeb Nassim , Duverlie Gilles , Sevestre Henri , Desailloud Rachel
Published: June 2013

Environmental factors, such as viruses, are thought to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity. Erythrovirus B19 (EVB19) is suspected to be involved in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but no direct evidence is available concerning the role of EVB19 infection in Graves' disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of EVB19 is more frequent in thyroidectomy specimens of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' disease (cases) than for multinodular thyroid (controls). Serum and thyroidectomy specimens were prospectively collected from 64 patients referred for total thyroidectomy over a 5‐year period (2007–2011) and were investigated retrospectively and blindly for circulating EVB19 DNA by q‐PCR (Qiagen), and for EVB19 thyrocyte infection by immunochemistry (VP2‐Antibody, Dako). EVB19 serology was also determined. General clinical and laboratory data were collected. Twenty patients were referred for Graves' disease and 44 patients were referred for non‐autoimmune multinodular thyroid. Patients with thyroid cancer were excluded. Ten percent of Graves' disease patients and 27.7% of control patients had positive staining of thyrocytes for EVB19 antibodies (ns). EVB19‐positive and EVB19‐negative cases did not differ. EVB19‐positive controls were older than EVB19‐negative controls (mean age: 57.5 [35–74] vs. 45 [28–80] years, P = 0.03) No case of acute EVB19 infection was identified. EVB19‐positive serology was more frequent in controls than in Graves' disease patients (88% vs. 45%, P < 0.0001). EVB19 was detected in thyrocytes, but not more frequently in Graves' disease patients than in controls. Further studies are needed to determine the role of EVB19 infection in thyroid diseases. J. Med. Virol. 85:1414–1419, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Juvenile respiratory papillomatosis: Risk factors for severity
Authors: Rodier Caroline , Lapointe Annie , Coutlée François , Mayrand Marie‐Hélène , Dal Soglio Dorothée , Roger Michel , Trottier Helen
Published: June 2013

Juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is caused mainly by human papillomavirus genotypes 6 or 11, acquired at birth or during pregnancy from an infected mother. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is characterized by recurring warts growing most commonly in the larynx. Multiple surgical procedures and the risk of airway obstruction contribute to the devastating impact of this disease. Some children will go into remission after a few surgeries whereas others will require repeated interventions over several years. Further understanding of the risk factors associated with severity may contribute to tailored treatments. A retrospective study of cases diagnosed between January 1995 and December 2008 was conducted to study determinants of severe forms of juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Demographic and clinical variables were abstracted from children's medical charts and mothers' delivery charts. Viral factors (HPV genotyping and viral load) were studied from archived biopsies. Specific HLA class II alleles and killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors genes were tested from saliva samples. Logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for severity. Overall, 31 pediatric cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis were identified. The only significant factor associated with severe forms of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis was the maternal history of condylomas during pregnancy (OR: 12.05 [P = 0.05]). The analysis failed to identify risk factors that could be used clinically to identify recurrent respiratory papillomatosis cases likely to take a severe course. Although too early to determine, vaccination against the HPV types involved most commonly in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis may provide the best hope to prevent severe forms of this disease. J. Med. Virol. 85:1447–1458, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of the HPV MLPA assay in cervical cytology for the prediction of high grade lesions
Authors: Litjens Rogier J.N.T.M. , Theelen Wendy , van de Pas Yvonne , Ossel Jessica , Reijans Martin , Simons Guus , Speel Ernst‐Jan M. , Slangen Brigitte F.M. , Ramaekers Frans C.S. , Kruitwagen Roy F.P.M. , Hopman Anton H.N.
Published: June 2013

Current screening methods for uterine cervical cancer such as Papanicolaou smears and/or high risk human Papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) detection have a high negative predictive value but a low positive predictive value for the presence of high grade cervical lesions. Therefore, new parameters are needed to reduce the rate of unnecessary referrals for colposcopy. The predictive value of the HPV multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay, which can assess simultaneously HPV16/18 viral load and viral integration, was evaluated. The assay was applied to 170 cervical cytological samples, and the results were correlated with the matching histological follow‐up. The GP5+/6+ assay and qPCR were used as a control for HR‐HPV typing. The MLPA assay classified a higher percentage of cases as high‐risk (high‐viral load and/or viral integration) with higher grades of dysplasia. There was a high correlation between the HPV MLPA assay and qPCR for viral load and HPV genotyping, and between the MLPA assay and the GP5+/6+ assay for HPV genotyping. The sensitivity and specificity of the HPV MLPA assay for the detection of high‐grade lesions were 44% and 93%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the HPV MLPA assay can reliably detect HPV 16/18, viral load, and viral integration in cytological samples. Also, high‐risk classification correlated well with the presence of high‐grade dysplasia. However, for the implementation of the MLPA assay into clinical practice, additional HR‐HPV types need to be included to increase the sensitivity of the assay, and thereby increase its negative predictive value. J. Med. Virol. 85:1386–1393, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical simulations of boundary‐layer processes and urban‐induced alterations in an Alpine valley
Authors: Giovannini Lorenzo , Zardi Dino , de Franceschi Massimiliano , Chen Fei
Published: June 2013

High‐resolution simulations are performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with an advanced urban parameterization scheme, to evaluate the modifications induced by the urban area of Trento on boundary‐layer processes in the Alpine Adige Valley in a typical summer sunny day. Specific gridded datasets of urban morphology parameters and anthropogenic heat releases were created to provide high‐resolution input information for the urban scheme. Comparison of model results against measurements from surface weather stations shows that the model simulates reasonably well the development of valley winds, as well as the complex interaction occurring north of Trento between the up‐valley wind of the Adige Valley and a lake breeze flowing from a tributary valley. The urban heat island of the city is also well captured by the model, with stronger intensities at night and lower values during daytime. Comparisons with an idealized simulation, where all the urban land use grid points are replaced by cropland, suggest that the city inhibits the development of the ground‐based thermal inversion at night and also affects valley winds, modifying both the typical down‐valley wind, and the interaction between the up‐valley wind of the Adige Valley and the lake breeze. Further sensitivity tests are performed to evaluate the impacts of the gridded datasets of urban morphology and anthropogenic heat releases, and to assess what are the benefits of using the advanced urban scheme against a simple bulk parameterization. Results highlight that even the moderate anthropogenic heat releases present in Trento appreciably affect nocturnal temperatures in the city, while gridded information on urban parameters is not essential in the present case, because urban morphology does not display a high spatial variability. However, it is shown that the choice of the urban scheme may have significant impacts on both temperature and wind fields.
Determination of biotin in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) by high‐performance TLC with different post‐chromatographic derivatizations
Authors: Teo Peishan , Liu Daicheng
Published: June 2013

A new efficient method was developed to detect biotin in Antarctic krill by Vis‐absorbance detection. DMF was used after chloroform pretreatment to extract biotin and two chromogenic methods were developed. The development system consisted of dichloromethane/dimethylcarbinol/methanol/glacial acetic acid (3:3:2:0.015, v/v/v/v). Samples were separated on precoated silica gel GF254 high‐performance TLC plates. Densitometric analysis of biotin was carried out in the absorbance mode at 400 and 530 nm. The biotin content was determined to be 1.0948 ± 0.0097 and 1.1212 ± 0.0155 mg/g in Antarctic krill with the two chromogenic methods, which had no significant difference.