bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magic informationally complete POVMs with permutations
Authors: Planat Michel , Gedik Zafer
Published: September 2017

Eigenstates of permutation gates are either stabilizer states (for gates in the Pauli group) or magic states, thus allowing universal quantum computation (Planat, Rukhsan-Ul-Haq 2017 Adv. Math. Phys. 2017, 5287862 (
doi:10.1155/2017/5287862
)). We show in this paper that a subset of such magic states, when acting on the generalized Pauli group, define (asymmetric) informationally complete POVMs. Such informationally complete POVMs, investigated in dimensions 2–12, exhibit simple finite geometries in their projector products and, for dimensions 4 and 8 and 9, relate to two-qubit, three-qubit and two-qutrit contextuality.
Inferring individual-level processes from population-level patterns in cultural evolution
Authors: Kandler Anne , Wilder Bryan , Fortunato Laura
Published: September 2017

Our species is characterized by a great degree of cultural variation, both within and between populations. Understanding how group-level patterns of culture emerge from individual-level behaviour is a long-standing question in the biological and social sciences. We develop a simulation model capturing demographic and cultural dynamics relevant to human cultural evolution, focusing on the interface between population-level patterns and individual-level processes. The model tracks the distribution of variants of cultural traits across individuals in a population over time, conditioned on different pathways for the transmission of information between individuals. From these data, we obtain theoretical expectations for a range of statistics commonly used to capture population-level characteristics (e.g. the degree of cultural diversity). Consistent with previous theoretical work, our results show that the patterns observed at the level of groups are rooted in the interplay between the transmission pathways and the age structure of the population. We also explore whether, and under what conditions, the different pathways can be distinguished based on their group-level signatures, in an effort to establish theoretical limits to inference. Our results show that the temporal dynamic of cultural change over time retains a stronger signature than the cultural composition of the population at a specific point in time. Overall, the results suggest a shift in focus from identifying the one individual-level process that likely produced the observed data to excluding those that likely did not. We conclude by discussing the implications for empirical studies of human cultural evolution.
Elastic field of a spherical inclusion with non-uniform eigenfields in second strain gradient elasticity
Authors: Delfani M. R. , Latifi Shahandashti M.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, within the complete form of Mindlin’s second strain gradient theory, the elastic field of an isolated spherical inclusion embedded in an infinitely extended homogeneous isotropic medium due to a non-uniform distribution of eigenfields is determined. These eigenfields, in addition to eigenstrain, comprise eigen double and eigen triple strains. After the derivation of a closed-form expression for Green’s function associated with the problem, two different cases of non-uniform distribution of the eigenfields are considered as follows: (i) radial distribution, i.e. the distributions of the eigenfields are functions of only the radial distance of points from the centre of inclusion, and (ii) polynomial distribution, i.e. the distributions of the eigenfields are polynomial functions in the Cartesian coordinates of points. While the obtained solution for the elastic field of the latter case takes the form of an infinite series, the solution to the former case is represented in a closed form. Moreover, Eshelby’s tensors associated with the two mentioned cases are obtained.
Community responses to seawater warming are conserved across diverse biological groupings and taxonomic resolutions
Authors: Smale Dan A. , Taylor Joe D. , Coombs Steve H. , Moore Gerald , Cunliffe Michael
Published: September 2017

Temperature variability is a major driver of ecological pattern, with recent changes in average and extreme temperatures having significant impacts on populations, communities and ecosystems. In the marine realm, very few experiments have manipulated temperature
in situ
, and current understanding of temperature effects on community dynamics is limited. We developed new technology for precise seawater temperature control to examine warming effects on communities of bacteria, microbial eukaryotes (protists) and metazoans. Despite highly contrasting phylogenies, size spectra and diversity levels, the three community types responded similarly to seawater warming treatments of +3°C and +5°C, highlighting the critical and overarching importance of temperature in structuring communities. Temperature effects were detectable at coarse taxonomic resolutions and many taxa responded positively to warming, leading to increased abundances at the community-level. Novel field-based experimental approaches are essential to improve mechanistic understanding of how ocean warming will alter the structure and functioning of diverse marine communities.
Cytological analysis of cytoplasmic incompatibility induced byCardiniumsuggests convergent evolution with its distant cousinWolbachia
Authors: Gebiola Marco , Giorgini Massimo , Kelly Suzanne E. , Doremus Matthew R. , Ferree Patrick M. , Hunter Martha S.
Published: September 2017

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a conditional sterility in numerous arthropods that is caused by inherited, intracellular bacteria such asWolbachia. Matings between males carrying CI-inducingWolbachiaand uninfected females, or between males and females infected with differentWolbachiastrains, result in progeny that die during very early embryogenesis. Multiple studies in diploid (Drosophila) and haplodiploid (Nasonia) insects have shown that CI-Wolbachiacause a failure of the paternally derived chromatin from resolving into distinct chromosomes. This leads to the formation of chromatin bridges and other mitotic defects as early as the first mitotic division, and to early mitotic arrest. It is currently unknown if CI-inducing symbionts other thanWolbachiaaffect similar cellular processes. Here, we investigated CI caused by an unrelated bacterium,Cardinium, which naturally infects a parasitic wasp,Encarsia suzannae. CI crosses in this host–symbiont system resulted in early mitotic defects including asynchrony of paternal and maternal chromosome sets as they enter mitosis, chromatin bridges and improper chromosome segregation that spanned across multiple mitotic divisions, triggering embryonic death through accumulated aneuploidy. We highlight small differences with CI-Wolbachia, which could be due to the underlying CI mechanism or host-specific effects. Our results suggest a convergence of CI-related cellular phenotypes between these two unrelated symbionts.
Tree species richness attenuates the positive relationship between mutualistic ant–hemipteran interactions and leaf chewer herbivory
Authors: Schuldt Andreas , Fornoff Felix , Bruelheide Helge , Klein Alexandra-Maria , Staab Michael
Published: September 2017

Interactions across trophic levels influence plant diversity effects on ecosystem functions, but the complexity of these interactions remains poorly explored. For example, the interplay between different interactions (e.g. mutualism, predation) might be an important moderator of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships. We tested for relationships between trophobioses (facultative ant–hemipteran mutualism) and leaf chewer herbivory in a subtropical forest biodiversity experiment. We analysed trophobiosis and herbivory data of more than 10 000 trees along a tree species richness gradient. Against expectations, chewing damage was higher on trees with trophobioses. However, the net positive relationship between trophobioses and overall herbivory depended on tree species richness, being most pronounced at low richness. Our results point to indirect, positive effects of ant-tended sap suckers on leaf chewers, potentially by altering plant defences. Direct antagonistic relationships of trophobiotic ants and leaf-chewing herbivores—frequently reported to drive community-wide effects of trophobioses in other ecosystems—seemed less relevant. However, antagonistic interactions likely contributed to the attenuating effect of tree species richness, because trophobiotic ant and herbivore communities changed from monocultures to species-rich mixtures. Our findings, therefore, suggest that biodiversity loss might lead to complex changes in higher trophic level effects on ecosystem functions, mediated by both trophic and non-trophic interactions.
A metacognitive illusion in monkeys
Authors: Ferrigno Stephen , Kornell Nate , Cantlon Jessica F.
Published: September 2017

Like humans, monkeys can make accurate judgements about their own memory by reporting their confidence during cognitive tasks. Some have suggested that animals use associative learning to make accurate confidence judgements, while others have suggested animals directly access and estimate the strength of their memories. Here we test a third, non-exclusive possibility: perhaps monkeys, like humans, base metacognitive inferences on heuristic cues. Humans are known to use cues like perceptual fluency (e.g. how easy something is to see) when making metacognitive judgements. We tested monkeys using a match-to-sample task in which the perceptual fluency of the stimuli was manipulated. The monkeys made confidence wagers on their accuracy before or after each trial. We found that monkeys' wagers were affected by perceptual fluency even when their accuracy was not. This is novel evidence that animals are susceptible to metacognitive illusions similar to those experienced by humans.
GWAS Meta-Analysis of Neuroticism (N=449,484) Identifies Novel Genetic Loci and Pathways
Authors: Nagel Mats , Jansen Philip R , Stringer Sven , Watanabe Kyoko , de Leeuw Christiaan A , Bryois Julien , Savage Jeanne E , Hammerschlag Anke R , Skene Nathan , Muñoz-Manchado Ana B ,   the 23andMe Research Team, Linnarsson Sten , Hjerling-Leffler Jens , White Tonya JH , Tiemeier Henning , Polderman Tinca JC , Sullivan Patrick F , van der Sluis Sophie , Posthuma Danielle
Published: September 2017

Neuroticism is an important risk factor for psychiatric traits including depression1, anxiety2,3, and schizophrenia4–6. Previous genome-wide association studies7–12(GWAS) reported 16 genomic loci10–12. Here we report the largest neuroticism GWAS meta-analysis to date (N=449,484), and identify 136 independent genome-wide significant loci (124 novel), implicating 599 genes. Extensive functional follow-up analyses show enrichment in several brain regions and involvement of specific cell-types, including dopaminergic neuroblasts (P=3×10-8), medium spiny neurons (P=4×10-8) and serotonergic neurons (P=1×10-7). Gene-set analyses implicate three specific pathways: neurogenesis (P=4.4×10-9), behavioural response to cocaine processes (P=1.84×10-7), and axon part (P=5.26×10-8). We show that neuroticism’s genetic signal partly originates in two genetically distinguishable subclusters13(depressed affectandworry, the former being genetically strongly related to depression,rg=0.84), suggesting distinct causal mechanisms for subtypes of individuals. These results vastly enhance our neurobiological understanding of neuroticism, and provide specific leads for functional follow-up experiments.
Accounting for “moral betterment”
Authors: Greer Susan , McNicholas Patty
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the roles of accounting within state-based agencies which interpreted the ideal of protection for the Aboriginal population as principally about the removal of children from the Aboriginal communities to institutions of training and places of forced indenture under government-negotiated labour contracts.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses the original archival records of the New South Wales Aborigines Protection and Welfare Boards (1883-1950) to highlight the link between pastoral notions of moral betterment and the use of accounting technologies to organise and implement the “apprenticeship” programmes.

Findings

The analysis reveals that accounting practices and information were integral to the ability of the state to intervene and organise this domain of action and, together with a legal framework, to make the forced removal of Aboriginal children possible.

Social implications

The mentalities and practices of assimilation analysed in the paper are not unique to the era of “protection”. The study provides a history of the present that evokes the antecedents to recent welfare policy changes, which encompass a political rationality directed at the normalisation of the economic and social behaviours of both indigenous and non-indigenous welfare recipients.

Originality/value

The paper provides an historical example of how the state enlisted accounting and legal technologies to construct a crisis of “neglect” and to intervene to protect and assimilate the Aboriginal children.
Role expectations and agency in the audit tendering process
Authors: Taminiau Yvette , Heusinkveld Stefan
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Tenders are generally considered important in auditing research and practice, and are associated with significant difficulties for the auditing profession, as well as for individual auditors in the context of client relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the way auditors respond to complex client expectations related to the audit tendering process.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a role-theory perspective, the authors analyzed 75 client evaluations of auditors, along with in-depth interviews with high-level auditors.

Findings

The authors present a theoretical framework of audit tenders that identifies different formal and informal practices auditors may employ in response to evolving client expectations that arise throughout different phases of the tendering process, and elucidate relevant conditions that may enable or impede these practices.

Research limitations/implications

First, the study reveals that, in the context of auditor-client relationships, expectations cannot be considered stable, but may vary significantly throughout the tendering process. Second, the study indicates that auditors are not only determined by the formal tendering procedures, but are also influenced by their level of agency.

Practical implications

The framework has practical value by providing individual auditors guidance in managing their client relationships and, further, top management guidance for creating favorable conditions for auditors to meet client needs.

Originality/value

The findings provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the autonomy auditors have in responding to the contemporary pressures exerted on them.
Construal of self and Chinese accountants’ aggressive financial reporting judgments
Authors: Pan Peipei , Patel Chris
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to respond to calls in the literature to examine personality variables which may provide sharper insights into accountants’ judgments in applying principles-based International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This paper contributes to the literature on the global convergence of financial reporting by examining the influence of an important personality variable, construal of self, on Chinese accountants’ aggressive financial reporting judgments.

Design/methodology/approach

A between-subjects quasi-experiment was applied. In total, 122 Chinese professional accountants were categorized as either independents or interdependents, on the basis of their scores on construal of self scales. Subjects made their consolidation reporting judgments in the manipulated situations based on the financial performance of the investee entity, which refers to the situation where the investee entity makes a significant profit or a significant loss in the reporting period.

Findings

Compared to interdependent accountants, independent accountants used the flexibility allowed in the principles-based standards to make more aggressive consolidation reporting judgments. Also, adoption of IFRS may not necessarily ensure consistent judgments even within China.

Originality/value

This paper provides empirical evidence of the importance of construal of self in examining accountants’ aggressive judgments. The authors suggest that it may be premature to assume that adoption of IFRS will lead to comparable financial reporting. The findings are relevant to researchers who are interested in examining personality and cultural influences on accountants’ judgments both within and across countries. Companies and organizations may incorporate appropriate strategies to recruit and train independent and interdependent accountants, particularly by addressing the influence of construal of self on aggressive financial reporting judgments.
Using personality facets to understand the nature of personality-satisfaction relationships
Authors: Seltzer Benjamin K. , Ones Deniz S. , Tatar Arkun
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The relationships between the Big Five personality traits and life and job satisfaction have been examined extensively. Despite this attention, however, most existing theories focus on a few global dimensions of the Big Five while relying primarily upon a selection of theoretically relevant but unmeasured facets to illuminate their factor-level explanations. The purpose of this paper is to examine personality–satisfaction relationships for job and life domains at the facet level to better identify and explain why certain global Big Five traits consistently relate to satisfaction, taking both factors and facets into account.

Design/methodology/approach

Data from over 20 specific occupational samples were pooled meta-analytically to examine personality facet of job/life satisfaction relationships and their generalizability. Bifactor latent variable modeling using meta-analytic input was used to examine independent contributions of general and unique personality facets.

Findings

The dominance facet of extraversion, low self-esteem facet of neuroticism, and responsibility facet of conscientiousness were most closely related to satisfaction variables. There were independent contributions of general and unique facet level personality–satisfaction relations for the neuroticism and conscientiousness domains, but not for the extraversion domain.

Research limitations/implications

Findings contribute to the literature on the bandwidth–fidelity dilemma in measuring personality and theories involving personality at work.

Originality/value

This study established the generalizability of Big Five traits–satisfaction relations and identified the empirically supported personality paths to understanding job and life satisfaction. This study also demonstrated how meta-analysis can be combined with bifactor models to understand substantive relations.
A meta-analytic investigation of cyberloafing
Authors: Mercado Brittany K. , Giordano Casey , Dilchert Stephan
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Cyberloafing, using technology to idle instead of work, is a particularly concerning issue for many organizations due to its perceived widespread impact on productivity. The purpose of this paper is to meta-analytically examine the growing literature on this construct in order to gain insights into its nomological network and guide future research.

Design/methodology/approach

After a systematic literature search, the authors conducted psychometric meta-analyses to estimate the relationships of 39 different correlates with cyberloafing. The meta-analytic database was comprised of 54 independent samples contributing 609 effect sizes.

Findings

Results indicate that boredom, engagement, and self-control exhibit strong relationships with cyberloafing, but employees’ attitudes surrounding and opportunities to engage in cyberloafing also proved powerful predictors. Contrary to common stereotypes, age and other demographic variables exhibited negligible effects. Employment variables (e.g. tenure, organization level, and income) were also negligibly related to cyberloafing. Emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness exhibited modest negative relationships with cyberloafing, whereas self-control demonstrated a strong negative relationship. Although cyberloafing strongly correlated with overall counterproductive work behaviors, the findings suggest it is unrelated to other components of job performance.

Research limitations/implications

Because the cyberloafing literature is in its early stages, the present study drew on a limited number of samples for several of the relationships analyzed. Rather than providing conclusive evidence of the nomological network of cyberloafing, these analyses reinforce the need for empirical investigation into several important relationships.

Originality/value

As the first quantitative review of the emerging cyberloafing literature, this study synthesizes related studies from disparate disciplines, examines the nomological network of cyberloafing, and highlights future directions for research into this phenomenon.
Rooting a new event in its place: the case of Festa Templária, Tomar, Portugal
Authors: Sol Hermínia , de Brito Marisa P. , Coelho João Pinto , Figueira Luís Mota , Pratt Christopher , Lopes Eunice Ramos
Published: September 2017

Purpose

With fierce competition in capturing tourists, it is crucial that destinations be prepared to adapt and to refresh their event portfolio. The purpose of this paper is to look into the decision-making process that led to the development of a new festival in a middle-sized city, Tomar, in Portugal.

Design/methodology/approach

This study analyses the creation process of the Knights Templar Festival, in Tomar, a new event focusing on the Templar history of the city. A retrospective outlook on the evolution of the event is given. Primary data were collected via quantitative survey analysis and semi-structured interviews. The theoretical scope is events and placemaking.

Findings

The strengths and weaknesses of the region influenced the conception and setting up of this particular event. This awareness is important for cities in meeting the challenges and opportunities that event portfolio diversification calls for.

Research limitations/implications

This paper helps us to understand the motives and challenges in establishing a new event in the city, through the analysis of a single case study of a European middle-sized city. Simultaneously, it is a longitudinal in-depth case of the first editions of a new historically focused event.

Practical implications

Several practical implications can be derived to the case of Tomar. Overall, it is key that cities align the focus of new events with the city’s identity (as Tomar did).

Originality/value

This paper presents an in-depth and longitudinal case study, from the moment of the creation of a new event to its fourth edition, mapping the decision-making process, highlighting the learning curve of the decision makers.
Thirty years of public management scholarship: plenty of “how,” not enough “why”
Authors: Kennedy Sheila Suess
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the overarching lessons to be gleaned from 30 years of public management literature.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology was simple: review the professional literature generated during that time period.

Findings

Despite important contributions to our understanding of everything from bureaucratic motivation, public budgeting processes, the promises and pitfalls of contracting out and identification of the skills needed to be an effective public manager, to the scientific arcana of sustainability and the respective responsibilities of public administrators and elected officials, the profession would benefit greatly from more sustained emphasis upon the history and philosophy of the constitutional choices made by those who framed America’s original approach to governance.

Originality/value

The lack of a common understanding of America’s legal culture, or even a common vocabulary for exploring our differences poses immense challenges to public administrators, whose effectiveness requires a widely shared, if necessarily superficial, agreement on the purposes of America’s governing institutions and an ability to recognize the bases of government legitimacy. In the past 30 years, however, literature that addresses the important connections between constitutional theory and management practice, between the rule of law and the exercise of public power and discretion, has been all too rare. Let us hope that the next 30 years corrects that deficiency.
Collaborative public management and systems thinking
Authors: Amsler Lisa Blomgren , O’Leary Rosemary
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Over the 30 years, public management and administration scholars have crossed disciplinary boundaries to build a body of scholarship on collaboration for public good, services, and values. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Public management and administration researchers need to integrate the scholarship on collaboration through systems thinking. How do we define collaboration? How do we distinguish among the categories of collaborative public management (CPM), collaborative governance (CG), and networks? How do systems and institutional context shape collaboration in these categories? Within these categories, what are our units of analysis: individual leadership, organizations, or groups in collaboration processes? How do we apply what we know to practice and design?

Findings

The work requires that the authors examine CPM, CG, and networks in their larger and nested institutional contexts to determine how they are related to and shape each other. The Institutional Analysis and Development framework may inform this work. CPM or networks may be nested in CG processes and structures in inter-governmental contexts.

Research limitations/implications

Researchers need more clarity as to the context within which CPM, CG, and networks occur, and in units of analysis and the roles of individual people as managers and as agents of organizations, as distinguished from organizations as constructs.

Practical implications

Scholars need to apply research to practice related to designing systems and structures in which collaboration occurs.

Social implications

As humankind faces increasingly complex and multifaceted policy problems that cross inter-governmental and international boundaries and require inter-sectoral work, managers and organizations must improve both the design of collaboration in governance and management and mastery of essential skills to participate in collaboration.

Originality/value

CPM, CG, and network research does not sufficiently incorporate or control for institutional context into research design.
Principal-principal conflicts and family firm growth
Authors: Calabrò Andrea , Campopiano Giovanna , Basco Rodrigo
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Drawing on the principal-principal conflict and identity literatures, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the Agency Problem Type II-bis in the context of family business. Specifically, the authors hypothesize that the size of the family owner group is related to firm growth and that this relationship is moderated by the extent to which the family identifies with the firm.

Design/methodology/approach

The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 265 medium and large German family firms (FFs) via moderated hierarchical regression analysis.

Findings

The main findings suggest that business family identity moderates the inverted U-shaped relationship between the size of the family owner group and firm growth in such a way that FFs with medium-sized family owner groups and high levels of business family identity reach higher firm growth.

Practical implications

In the context of FFs fully owned by one family, family owners might have different strategic preferences, goals, and identities, thus potentially making them subject to the conflict that could arise among the different family owners in relation to growth expectations. Recognizing this problem could help family owners find potential solutions to ensure the well-being of both the family and the business.

Originality/value

The combination of family ownership structure and family ownership dynamics affects firm growth. Challenging the homogeneity of the family owner group, the authors highlight the role of Agency Problem Type II-bis in hindering growth of FFs. A finer-grained view of principal-principal conflicts in FFs is thus discussed.
Development and implementation of a discharge pathway protocol for detained offenders with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Taylor John L. , Breckon Susan , Rosenbrier Christopher , Cocker Polly
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Building the Right Support, a national plan for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in England aims to avoid lengthy stays in hospital for such people. Discharge planning is understood to be helpful in facilitating successful transition from hospital to community services, however, there is little guidance available to help those working with detained patients with ID and offending histories to consider how to affect safe and effective discharges. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the development and implementation of a multi-faceted and systemic approach to discharge preparation and planning is described. The impact of this intervention on a range of outcomes was assessed and the views of stakeholders on the process were sought.

Findings

Initial outcome data provide support for the effectiveness of this intervention in terms of increased rates of discharge, reduced lengths of stay and low readmission rates. Stakeholders viewed the intervention as positive and beneficial in achieving timely discharge and effective post-discharge support.

Practical implications

People with ID are more likely to be detained in hospital and spend more time in hospital following admission. A planned, coordinated and well managed approach to discharge planning can be helpful in facilitating timely and successful discharges with low risks of readmission.

Originality/value

This is the first attempt to describe and evaluate a discharge planning intervention for detained offenders with ID. The intervention described appears to be a promising approach but further evaluation across a range of service settings is required.
Teaching early reading skills to adult offenders with intellectual disability using computer-delivered instruction
Authors: O’Sullivan David V. , Grindle Corinna F. , Hughes J. Carl
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility, and effectiveness, of using Headsprout Early Reading (HER), an online computer program, to teach basic reading skills to adult offenders with mild intellectual disabilities (IDs) in a secure hospital.

Design/methodology/approach

A single subject pre-post-test design replicated across two participants was used. Two standardized literacy tests were completed at baseline, half way through the intervention, and at the end of the intervention period. A measure of reading self-concept was also completed. An additional component to this research design was the inclusion of two “treatment as usual” (TAU) control participants who did not complete the program.

Findings

Results are positive in terms of the feasibility of running the program, improved reading skills, and self-concept scores for both “intervention” participants compared to the “TAU” participants.

Originality/value

HER was originally developed for typically developing children, and has been found to be effective for children with IDs and developmental disabilities. This is the first study to evaluate this program with an adult population.
Wrong about Rights: Public Knowledge of Key Areas of Consumer, Housing and Employment Law in England and Wales
Authors: Pleasence Pascoe , Balmer Nigel J. , Denvir Catrina
Published: September 2017

Over many decades, processes of juridification have brought about huge growth in legal rights, responsibilities and protections, yet citizens appear to poorly understand this ‘law thick’ world. This impacts citizens’ capacity to ‘name, blame and claim’ in the legal domain at a time of retreat from public funding of civil legal services. This article examines public knowledge of rights in key areas relating to consumer, housing and employment law. Drawing on data from the 2010–2012 English and Welsh Civil and Social Justice Survey, the article uses responses to a series of hypothetical scenarios to explore public knowledge of rights and characteristics associated with knowledge. Our findings highlight a substantial deficit in individuals’ understanding of legal rights and responsibilities – even among those for whom particular rights and responsibilities have specific bearing. We also consider what these findings mean for public legal education and the efficiency, efficacy and legitimacy of the law.
What has become of critique? Reassembling sociology after Latour
Authors: Mills Tom
Published: September 2017

This paper offers a defence of sociology through an engagement with Actor Network Theory (ANT) and particularly the critique of ‘critical’ and politically engaged social science developed by Bruno Latour. It argues that ANT identifies some weaknesses in more conventional sociology and social theory, and suggests that ‘critical’ and ‘public’ orientated sociologists can learn from the analytical precision and ethnographic sensibilities that characterize ANT as a framework of analysis and a research programme. It argues, however, that Latour et al. have too hastily dispensed with ‘critique’ in favour of a value neutral descriptive sociology, and that the symmetrical and horizontalist approach adopted in ANT is particularly ill‐suited to the development of scientific knowledge about social structures. It argues that a more straightforwardly realist sociology would share many of the strengths of ANT whilst being better able to interrogate, empirically and normatively, the centres of contemporary social power.
Solute Transfer in Osmotic Dehydration of Vegetable Foods: A Review
Authors: Muñiz‐Becerá Sahylin , Méndez‐Lagunas Lilia L. , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Juan
Published: September 2017

While various mechanisms have been proposed for the water transfer during osmotic dehydration (OD), little progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of solute transfer during osmotic dehydration. The transfer of solutes has been often described only by the diffusion mechanism; however, numerous evidences suggest the participation of a variety of mechanisms. This review deals with the main issues of solute transfer in the OD of vegetables. In this context, several studies suggest that during OD of fruits and vegetables, the migration of solutes is not influenced by diffusion. Thus, new theories that may explain the solute transport are analyzed, considering the influence of the plant microstructure and its interaction with the physicochemical properties of osmotic liquid media. In particular, the surface adhesion phenomenon is analyzed and discussed, as a possible mechanism present during the transfer of solutes in OD.
How do weeds differ in their response to the timing of tillage? A study of 61 species across the northeastern United States
Authors: Cordeau S. , Smith R.G. , Gallandt E.R. , Brown B. , Salon P. , DiTommaso A. , Ryan M.R.
Published: September 2017

Previous research has demonstrated that the season in which soil is tilled (spring versus fall) can strongly influence weed community assembly and subsequent species composition and abundance in annual cropping systems. Despite this understanding, it is unknown whether finer‐scale, within‐season variation in the timing of tillage has similar impacts on weed community assembly. We conducted an experiment on four research farms across the northeastern USA to test the effects of tillage timing on weed emergence periodicity. Soil was tilled at 12 different times that were 2 weeks apart from 29 April to 30 September (the entire growing season) and the composition and abundance of the weed seedlings that emerged was measured 6 weeks later. Weed species clustered into three tillage timing groups at the two New York locations and clustered into five tillage timing groups at the New Hampshire and Maine locations. Individual species associated with each window of tillage time varied by location. No single trait or combination of traits were consistently associated with species‐by‐tillage time groupings across locations; however, within each location several traits were associated with particular groups of species, including: (a) seed length, (b) seed weight, (c) cotyledon type, (d) life span, (e) ploidy level and (f) photosynthetic pathway. These results suggest that fine‐scale variation in the timing of tillage can lead to predictable changes in the species composition and trait distribution of weed communities in annually tilled agroecosystems.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Hyperbilirubinemia in Adult Cardiac Patients Supported by Veno‐Arterial ECMO
Authors: Lyu Lin , Yao Jingxin , Gao Guodong , Long Cun , Hei Feilong , Ji Bingyang , Liu Jinping , Yu Kun , Hu Qiang , Hu Jinxiao
Published: September 2017

The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of hyperbilirubinemia in cardiac patients with veno‐arterial (VA) ECMO. Data on 89 adult patients with cardiac diseases who received VA ECMO implantation in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were divided into the following three groups: 24 in normal group (N, total bilirubin [TBIL] ≤3 mg/dL), 30 in high bilirubin group (HB, 6 mg/dL ≥ TBIL > 3 mg/dL), and 35 in severe high bilirubin group (SHB, TBIL > 6 mg/dL). lg(variables + 1) was performed for nonnormally distributed variables. The incidence of hyperbilirubinemia (>3 mg/dL) was 73%. In a multiple linear regression analysis, lg(peak TBIL + 1) was significantly associated with lg(peak AST + 1) (b‐coefficient 0.188, P = 0.001), lg(peak pFHb + 1) (b‐coefficient 0.201, P = 0.003), and basic TBIL (b‐coefficient 0.006, P = 0.009). Repeated measurement analysis of variance revealed that the main effect for three groups in pFHb and lg(AST + 1) was significant at first 3 days during ECMO. The patients in SHB had low platelets during ECMO and low in‐hospital survival rate. Hyperbilirubinemia remains common in patients with VA ECMO and is associated with low platelets and high in‐hospital mortality. Hemolysis and liver dysfunction during ECMO and basic high bilirubin levels are risk factors of hyperbilirubinemia.
Large‐Scale Pixel‐Precise Deferred Vector Maps
Authors: Thöny Matthias , Billeter Markus , Pajarola Renato
Published: September 2017

Rendering vector maps is a key challenge for high‐quality geographic visualization systems. In this paper, we present a novel approach to visualize vector maps over detailed terrain models in a pixel‐precise way. Our method proposes a deferred line rendering technique to display vector maps directly in a screen‐space shading stage over the 3D terrain visualization. Due to the absence of traditional geometric polygonal rendering, our algorithm is able to outperform conventional vector map rendering algorithms for geographic information systems, and supports advanced line anti‐aliasing as well as slope distortion correction. Furthermore, our deferred line rendering enables interactively customizable advanced vector styling methods as well as a tool for interactive pixel‐based editing operations.
Social status and energy intake: a randomized controlled experiment
Authors: Pavela G. , Lewis D. W. , Dawson J. A. , Cardel M. , Allison D. B.
Published: September 2017

While the inverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity in high gross domestic product countries is well established using observational data, the extent to which the association is due to a true causal effect of SES and, if so, the mechanisms of this effect remain incompletely known. To assess the influence of social status on obesity via energy intake, we randomized individuals to a higher or lower social status and observed subsequent energy intake.

College students between the ages of 18 and 25 were randomized to social status and were operationalized as being a leader or follower in a partner activity as purportedly determined by a (bogus) test of leadership ability. Investigators were blinded to treatment assignment. Immediately after being told their leadership assignment, paired participants were provided with platters of food. Energy intake was objectively measured in kilocalories (kcal) consumed, and paired t‐tests were used to test for significant differences in intake between leaders and followers.

A total of 60 participants were included in the final analysis (males = 28, females = 32). Overall, no difference in energy intake was observed between leaders and followers, consuming an average of 575.3 and 579.8 kcal, respectively (diff = 4.5 kcal, P = 0.94).

The null hypothesis of no effect of social status, operationalized as assignment to a leadership position in a small‐group activity, on energy intake was not rejected.
Management of an uncomplicated crown fracture by reattaching the fractured fragment—Case report
Authors: Martos Josué , Pinto Karoline V. A. , Miguelis Tiago M. F. , Xavier Cristina B.
Published: September 2017

Coronal fractures of the anterior teeth are common sequelae of traumatic dental injuries. Reattachment of fractured tooth fragments using dental adhesive techniques offers some advantages, including restoration of the function, esthetics, shape, texture, and brightness of the surface. The present report describes a clinical case of reattachment with a 4‐year clinical and radiographic follow up in a permanent maxillary central incisor with an uncomplicated crown fracture. Fragment reattachment is a conservative procedure, preserving esthetics and functionality, and it can provide an immediate positive emotional response from the patient.
Mills, cranes, and the great divergence: the use of immovable capital goods in western Europe and the Middle East, ninth to sixteenth centuries
Authors: Van Bavel Bas , Buringh Eltjo , Dijkman Jessica
Published: September 2017

This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the causes of the great divergence by comparing the use of expensive labour‐saving capital goods—water‐mills, windmills, and cranes—in medieval western Europe and the Middle East. Using novel ways of measuring, we find that whereas the use of these goods increased in Europe, in the Middle East their prevalence decreased, or they were not used at all. We investigate several possible explanations and reject most of them, including religion, geography, technological knowledge, and disparities in wages and cost of capital. Our analysis shows that differences in lordship systems and the security of property rights best explain the patterns found.
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Apatrobus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Patrobinae) in western Japan
Authors: Dejima Toshiaki , Sota Teiji
Published: September 2017

We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the ground beetles Apatrobus (Carabidae), endemic to Japan, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S rRNA (28S) genes. We focused on the species divergence in Kyushu, Shikoku and western Honshu and used 15 of 19 species and three populations with undetermined species in the DNA analysis. The gene trees showed that, of the Apatrobus species studied, A. hayachinensis Nakane from northern Honshu was not included in the monophyletic group of the other Apatrobus species and likely to be of a different genus. Divergence time estimation suggested that Apatrobus species excluding A. hayachinensis diverged 5.2 million years ago and the subsequent divergence of species occurred during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. In each of the main islands, Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu, two or more distinct lineages occurred and all species had restricted distribution areas, suggesting that ancient dispersal and vicariance among the three main islands resulted in the nested biogeographical pattern of species distribution.
A cellular automata‐based filtering approach to multi‐temporal image denoising
Authors: Priego Blanca , Prieto Abraham , Duro Richard J. , Chanussot Jocelyn
Published: September 2017

This work addresses the problem of denoising image sequences through an approach that makes use of spatio‐temporal cellular automata‐based filtering. The algorithm is called st‐CAF and one of its key aspects is that the resulting cellular automata contemplate a spatio‐temporal neighbourhood when processing each pixel of the sequence. Additionally, the way the rule sets for the cellular automata are obtained, through evolutionary means, is also relevant, as it allows a good adaptation to any type of image and noise through the appropriate training set. This results in a great advantage over more traditional single frame denoising techniques presented in the literature or even over their adaptation to sequences. A fact that is made relevant in this paper through the application of the algorithm to different types of noisy images and its comparison to other techniques.
Stochastic Efficiency of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Spatial Econometric Models: An Empirical Comparison of Exact Sampling Methods
Authors: Wolf Levi John , Anselin Luc , Arribas‐Bel Daniel
Published: September 2017

Spatial econometric specifications pose unique computational challenges to Bayesian analysis, making it difficult to estimate models efficiently. In the literature, the main focus has been on extending Bayesian analysis to increasingly complex spatial models. The stochastic efficiency of commonly used Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers has received less attention by comparison. Specifically, Bayesian methods to analyze effective sample size and samplers that provide large effective size have not been thoroughly considered in the literature. Thus, we compare three MCMC techniques: the familiar Metropolis‐within‐Gibbs sampling, Slice‐within‐Gibbs sampling, and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. The latter two methods, while common in other domains, are not as widely encountered in Bayesian spatial econometrics. We assess these methods across four different scenarios in which we estimate the spatial autoregressive parameter in a mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive specification (or, spatial lag model). We find that off‐the‐shelf implementations of the newer high‐yield simulation techniques require significant adaptation to be viable. We further find that the effective sizes are often significantly smaller than nominal sizes. In addition, we find that stopping simulation early may understate posterior credible interval widths when effective sample size is small. More broadly, we suggest that sample information and stopping rules deserve more attention in both applied and basic Bayesian spatial econometric research.
Contours of urban diversity and coexistence
Authors: Ye Junjia
Published: September 2017

The celebration of co‐presence within city life has a long history in urban studies, beginning with analyses of contact with subjects different from ourselves. As new diversities arising from migration continue to both enrich and complicate the dynamics of urban community, there has been a renewed interest in the potential of the everyday intercultural encounter in shared spaces. This paper identifies two key strands of geographical imaginations in the growing fields of urban diversity and coexistence. I first review the geography of togetherness through the sharing of space before moving on to discuss the spatialities of structured and structuring practices that can enclose these micro‐publics. Consequently, I then highlight the work of difference‐making that is done at both policy and everyday level that generates, filters, sorts, and organizes diversity. What emerges is the need for more attention to the impact of governance and management of diversity and the contingent effects of the characteristics and histories of migrant populations and the local politics of place.