bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youth Engagement, High School Reform, and Improved Learning Outcomes: Building Systemic Approaches for Youth Engagement
Authors: Joselowsky Francine
Published: August 2007

This article explores what it takes to develop systemic strategies and structures that engage youth as coconstructors of their learning environment and experience. It looks at efforts nationwide to engage young people in educational change endeavors, draws on lessons learned from a national high school reform initiative, and addresses some challenges faced by educators and students attempting this work. Finally, it examines groundbreaking youth-engagement work in New York that has successfully motivated students to increase academic achievement and graduation, college-going, and retention rates.
The history of Korean school music education
Authors: Choi Mi-Young
Published: August 2007

Music education does not exist independently, but is influenced by changes in society. Music educators must be responsive to those influences. By relating music education to political, economic, social, cultural and educational developments in the Republic of Korea during the period from 1945 to 2005, this article aims to put that education in a historical and social context. During those 60 years, Korean school music education has changed considerably in response to the development of government, economy, culture and general education in Korean society. Music curricula and textbooks have been transformed seven times in response to changes in Korean public life. The most substantial changes may be summarized as follows: (1) as the political influence on music education lessened, educators deemphasized moral development and stressed the development of aesthetic perception and sensitivity; (2) the nation's economic growth contributed to the provision of adequate music programs; (3) as music education became more receptive to social changes, songs from continents and cultures other than Europe and the USA were included and the use of music technology in the classroom was encouraged; and (4) continuous efforts to encourage reverence for Korean traditions led to a significant increase in the percentage of traditional Korean music included in the curriculum.
Effects of articulation styles on perception of modulated tempos in violin excerpts
Authors: Geringer John M. , Madsen Clifford K. , Macleod Rebecca B.
Published: August 2007

We investigated effects of legato, staccato and pizzicato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Seventy-two music majors served as participants. Two solo violin excerpts were chosen with contrasting rhythmic rates and were recorded in all three articulation styles. Examples were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increase, gradual decrease or no change. Tempo changes were produced gradually so that listeners would not notice abrupt changes. Analysis of results showed that articulation style and the direction of modulation affected listeners' perception of tempo, and, importantly, these two factors interacted significantly. Legato examples were judged as increasing in tempo more (and decreasing less) than staccato and pizzicato examples in both excerpts. Differences between articulation styles were not as large in the example with greater rhythmic activity. Listeners preferred the no-change and tempo-increase modulations to the tempo decreases. Implications for further research, performance practice and teaching are discussed.
Integration, contextualization and continuity: three themes for the development of effective music teacher education programmes
Authors: Ballantyne Julie
Published: August 2007

This article reports the findings of a study exploring early-career music teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of their pre-service teacher education programmes in Queensland, Australia. It also explores influences impacting upon early-career music teachers' perceptions of effectiveness and early-career music teachers' perceived needs in relation to their preservice preparation. Findings suggest that pre-service teachers perceive a need for teacher education courses to be contextualized, integrated and allow for the continual development of knowledge and skills throughout their early years in schools. This research provides an empirical basis for reconceptualizing music teacher education courses and raises important issues that music teacher educators need to address in order to ensure that graduates are adequately prepared for classroom music teaching.
Documenting changes in communication behaviours using a Structured Observation System
Authors: Reading Suzanne , Richie Carolyn
Published: August 2007

The Structured Observation System (SOS) is a data collection method developed to document changes in the communication behaviours of children identified with speech and language delays. The system employs a rating scale which reflects the occurrence of communication behaviours as well as the amount of assistance needed for behaviours to occur. Pre- and post-treatment rating scores may be compared to measure changes in communication behaviours. The Structured Observation System is an effective, efficient and practical method to record clinical data. It was designed to be used frequently during a treatment programme and it may be adapted by others for the same purpose.
Assessment of Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs in College Men
Authors: Burgess Gerald H.
Published: August 2007

Discussed is the development and psychometric analysis of a measure of rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs called the Rape Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (RABS), intended for the use with college men. Items were developed from a literature review of “rape myths” that were correlated to some measure of sexual aggression. An exploratory factor analysis using only male participants revealed five factors: a) justifications for sexual aggression based on women's behavior, b) belief that women should hold more responsibility for sexual assault, peer c) pressure/need for sexual status and misreading women's sexual intent, d) acceptance of the use of alcohol and coercive tactics to acquire sexual compliance, and e) dislike for the feminine and acceptance of traditional gender roles. Initial reliability and validity studies were favorable for the RABS, including evidence that these factors were positively related to measures of sexual aggression. Each factor demonstrated differential power to predict sexual aggression, with justifications being the most powerful. Implications for counseling and education are discussed.
Exploring Burnout in Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: Bahner Angela D. , Berkel LaVerne A.
Published: August 2007

This study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to explore burnout in a sample of 115 batterer intervention program (BIP) workers (56% female, 44% male) from four midwestern states. The purpose of this study was to explore the role that demographic variables, job-setting variables, supervisor support, and personality characteristics played in predicting burnout for BIP workers. Significant associations emerged for all aspects of burnout. Job-setting variables and personality characteristics were predictive of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, whereas job-setting variables were predictive of personal accomplishment. The findings suggest that job and person variables are important factors to consider for burnout prevention and coping strategies for BIP workers. In addition, the results show that compared to MBI subscale norms for mental health workers, BIP workers fell in the moderate range for emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but in the high range for personal accomplishment.
Sexual Abuse of Vulnerable Young and Old Men
Authors: Roberto Karen A. , Teaster Pamela B. , Nikzad Katherina A.
Published: August 2007

During a 4-year period, aggregated data from Adult Protective Services case files in Virginia revealed 17 cases of sexually abused young, middle-age, and old men. The most common types of sexual abuse across age groups involved instances of sexualized kissing and fondling and unwelcome sexual interest in the individual men's bodies. The majority of alleged perpetrators were male; they typically were similar in age to the men and resided in the same residential facility. In none of the cases was the alleged perpetrator prosecuted. Only two of the men continued to be at risk of further sexual abuse by the alleged perpetrator. Implications of these data for future research and practice include a need for studies that focus on differences between male and female victims, especially concerning investigations and interventions, and for training on reporting and intervention for facilities and agencies and organizations working with victims and alleged perpetrators.
Sexual Violence Among Men in the Military in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Insook , Lee Dong-Ok , Kim Elli , Kim Hyun-Young
Published: August 2007

This research is about sexual violence among men in the military in South Korea. The authors investigated the frequencies, causes, and circumstances surrounding sexual violence and looked for characteristic features of sexual violence among men in the military in South Korea. They found a high frequency of physical sexual violence and a high level of repetition of sexual violence. Of perpetrators, 81.7% had themselves been victimized. However, the soldiers tended to minimize sexual violence, preferred not to address the issue if possible, criticized or ignored the victims, and did not trust the reporting procedures in place. The authors found that sexual violence was mobilized as a tool in the military to control hierarchy and to create certain masculinities. Regarding the relevance of masculinity, as a salient feature of militaries in general, they believed it might emerge as a common feature across national and cultural differences.
Women's Motives for Violent and Nonviolent Behaviors in Conflicts
Authors: Weston Rebecca , Marshall Linda L. , Coker Ann L.
Published: August 2007

Drawing from past research on women's motives for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, correlates of women's perpetration, and correlates of nonviolent conflict, we created a scale containing 125 possible motives, representing 14 broad domains (e.g., self-defense, retaliation). Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of women who had perpetrated no physical IPV against their current partner ( n = 243), threats but not physical IPV ( n = 70), nonsevere physical IPV ( n = 193), and at least one act of severe (e.g., choke) physical IPV ( n = 93). An exploratory factor analysis yielded a seven-factor solution, representing Partners' Negative Behaviors, Increase Intimacy, Personal Problems, Retaliation, Childhood Experiences, Situation/Mood, and Partners' Personal Problems. Differences by women's IPV perpetration and race and/or ethnicity were tested with means representing these seven factors and a computed variable representing self-defense. Although motives differed by perpetration type, main effects for Partners' Negative Behavior, Personal Problems, Retaliation, and Childhood Experiences were modified by interactions, suggesting ethnicity should be considered when developing interventions.
The Nexus Between Drug and Alcohol Treatment Program Integrity and Drug Court Effectiveness
Authors: Lutze Faith E. , van Wormer Jacqueline G.
Published: August 2007

The literature supporting the efficacy of drug courts continues to grow. Much attention and research has focused on recidivism rates for participants, and generally address the question of, do drug courts work? The current state of drug court practice is a process that relies heavily on the drug and alcohol treatment services that are offered to clients. Many treatment programs, and the treatment philosophy that underlies their approach to solving substance abuse, offer vague and eclectic approaches that oftentimes do not meet the diverse needs of their clients related to gender, culture, and specific cognitive impacts on the brain caused by drug use. We argue that a move toward the use of evidence-based practice, coupled with quality assurance measures for treatment providers, will promote best practice and will ensure program integrity that leads to effective and long-lasting drug court programs.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Whiteacre Kevin W.
Published: August 2007

The use of sanctions in drug treatment courts (DTCs) to enforce participant compliance with treatment represents the convergence of two different, sometimes opposing, correctional philosophies, punishment and rehabilitation. Though the literature on DTCs tends to treat this merging of ideologies unproblematically, it could present a possible source of conflict within DTCs and other coercive treatment programs. Exploratory interviews with staff and participants in a juvenile drug court (JDC) (n=37) uncovered two types of tension resulting from the sanctioning system. First, staff members often disagreed with each other over the appropriateness of rewards versus punishments and punishment severity to motivate compliance. Second, staff members experienced personal ambivalence over the efficacy of sanctions as a therapeutic tool, particularly when faced with some juveniles' continued noncompliance despite the sanctions. Staff neutralized this tension by attributing noncompliance to the juveniles' lack of motivation, concluding coerced treatment only works for those who are “ready” for treatment. This would appear to pose a paradox for coerced treatment, which is meant to induce compliance specifically among those who are not motivated. Future research should investigate the implications this ideological contradiction among staff has for the therapeutic outcomes of coerced treatment settings.
The Effect of Demeanor on Drug Court Admission
Authors: Miller J. Mitchell , Miller Holly Ventura , Barnes J. C.
Published: August 2007

Research on suspect and defendant demeanor in the juvenile and criminal justice systems has concentrated on arrest and the severity of sanctioning outcomes. This article examines demeanor at an earlier juncture in the system: juvenile drug court admission. Regression analysis of 76 juvenile drug court case files suggests that program admittance (i.e., potential system leniency through diversion) is largely a function of projected attitude and behavior. Those exhibiting favorable demeanor during intake and assessment are significantly more likely to be accepted into drug court as are those with a dual diagnosis. Implications of the findings are considered for continued system involvement.
Innovation and Discretion
Authors: Colyer Corey J.
Published: August 2007

Drug courts emerged in the late 1980s as a solution to the mutual person-processing needs of the criminal justice and substance abuse treatment systems. In this article, the author draws on a rich body of observational data gathered during a 2-year period to illustrate the ways in which drug courts process program participants. I focus on the challenges faced by a drug court work group in shepherding new program participants into treatment. Specific processing activities include (a) locating appropriate eligible participants, (b) discovering an adequate diagnosis, (c) aligning resources necessary for placement, and (d) monitoring placements. The article identifies ways in which the interdisciplinary drug court model is optimally designed to address people-processing objects and simultaneously limited by conceptual and organizational ambiguities. The author concludes with a discussion of the unintended policy consequences of the drug court model and suggestions for future research.
Toward a Theorization of Craft
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M.
Published: August 2007

This article presents a theorization of craft as an analytic concept that can be applied in studies of the work of professionals, including both judges and lawyers. Building on sociological work that distinguishes craft from art, I describe a set of elements that can be used to analyze the work and working situation of lawyers, judges, and other professionals: utility, consistency, clientele, skills and techniques, problem solving, and aesthetic. I posit that these elements can be organized along two dimensions, one that distinguishes between elements that are internal to the craft community and those that are external, and a second dimension that distinguishes elements that deal with production, functionality, and evaluation. The article concludes with suggestions as to how this framework might be applied to the analysis of the work of judges.
`Getting Through the List': Judgecraft and Legitimacy in the Lower Courts
Authors: Mack Kathy , Anleu Sharyn Roach
Published: August 2007

This article examines the judgecraft required when judicial officers actively manage the time pressures created by long and unpredictable case lists. It considers the implications of this time management for the legitimate exercise of judicial authority. In particular, we focus on the strategy of altering the temporal sequence of the list by standing matters down and recalling them later in the list. This strategy, especially when initiated by the judicial officer, is analysed in light of the temporal goals of getting through the list on the day and moving cases along towards final resolution, and the ideological and practical requirements of legitimate judicial authority within the adversary system. The article is based on a court observation study of the general criminal list, concentrating on the role of the presiding judicial officer — the magistrate — in the lower courts of Australia. The research demonstrates that magistrates exercise considerable judgecraft which achieves temporal goals and can create space for a more engaged and therefore more legitimate decision-making process; however, their capacity to do so is limited by the judicial role and the roles allocated to others by conventional adversarial norms and practices.
Documenting Drought-Related Disasters
Authors: Below Regina , Grover-Kopec Emily , Dilley Maxx
Published: August 2007

Until recently, drought events were inconsistently recorded in EM-DAT. Problems included inconsistent establishment of start and end dates, misattribution of losses, and difficulties with handling multiyear and multicountry events, mostly arising from the slow onset, spatially extensive, prolonged, and complex nature of drought. This article summarizes the procedures and results of a comprehensive review of 807 drought and 76 famine entries from 1900 to 2004. A standardized methodology has been developed for characterizing drought events that is consistent with all other natural hazards recorded in the database. The result consists in a reduction of 56% from the original number of drought entries, a 20% increase in the number of deaths and a 35% increase in economic losses. Based on the revised data, more than half of all deaths associated with natural hazards are now classified as drought related, and only floods rank higher in terms of the number of people affected.
Sustainable Development in Thailand
Authors: Tonami Aki , Mori Akihisa
Published: August 2007

This article examines the effect of development assistance programs on Local Agenda 21 (LA21) programs in three municipalities of Thailand. First, the article examines institutional changes in Thailand geared toward decentralization. Second, the article analyzes the effect based on the frameworks of Noda and Ouchi for the level of participation. The results indicate that participation was a top—down participation of local residents who presumed some benefits from the municipality in exchange for their attendance in meetings. Third, the article evaluates the effect in terms of project efficiency. The results show that municipalities conducted most of the actions declared in their LA21 but the sustainability of these actions is questionable. It is contended that LA21 has its limitations as a planning guide for sustainable cities in developing countries. An assistance program should be designed that helps the government of a developing country to institutionalize meaningful involvement for a participatory environmental policy formation.
Place Attachment and Environmental Change in Coastal Louisiana
Authors: Burley David , Jenkins Pam , Laska Shirley , Davis Traber
Published: August 2007

This article examines how residents of communities frame environmental change. Specifically, how do respondents from Louisiana's coastal communities understand coastal wetland loss? For this article, the authors rely on 47 in-depth interviews from communities in two coastal parishes (counties). Respondents convey the meanings they give to land loss through constructing a narrative of place. The authors use a phenomenological approach that focuses on how stories are told and the subjective interpretations of societal members. Residents' narratives of place reveal a strong degree of place attachment where ideas of fragility and uniqueness are employed to frame the place in which they live. The authors suggest that the slow onset disaster of coastal land loss forces a constant and heightened awareness of place attachment. The data for this study are collected during 2002 and 2003, and although restoration processes are well underway, for the most part, residents felt shut out. Their alienation increases their sense of fragility about place, and they warn of disasters like those of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. As major restoration plans are considered, the nature of residents' place attachment can shed light on the role the communities themselves can play in policy and restoration projects. In this regard, the meanings in residents' attachments are important for how and what decisions are made.
School Custodians and Green Cleaners
Authors: Senier Laura , Mayer Brian , Brown Phil , Morello-Frosch Rachel
Published: August 2007

Coalitions between labor unions and environmental organizations often dissolve in class tensions that appear to force unions to choose between job security and occupational or environmental health. This article examines a successful blue—green coalition that worked to substitute cleaning products used in Boston public schools with safer alternatives. The coalition succeeded in part through the role of bridge builders, who unified a diverse group of stakeholders, including community and environmental health advocates, labor activists and labor unionists, and school administrators, to discuss their individual and common interests in eliminating toxic chemicals from the school environment. This article also explores the framing strategies used by the coalition partners, especially the logic of the precautionary principle in bridging the concerns of the environmental activists with the safety and health concerns of the union. This case raises questions of how coalition strategies and tactics may bear on the success of blue—green coalitions.
The Validity of the Factor Structure of the General Social Survey Environmentalism Scales Across Gender and Ethnicity in the United States
Authors: Tao Li  , Wehr Kevin
Published: August 2007

Environmental and behavioral researchers have recently called for model-based empirical methods to address the validity of measurement instruments across diverse populations. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) is a powerful and versatile tool for investigating measurement equivalence/invariance (ME/I) for group comparison research. In this study, a MGCFA was performed to examine the ME/I of the General Social Survey environmentalism scale used in attitudinal research by Uyeki and Holland (2000). Measurement equivalence/invariance was found to be absent across gender and ethnicity in the United States, thus making it difficult to interpret between-group differences on the constructs being measured. W. E. B. Du Bois's concept of double consciousness is explored as a theoretical foundation for understanding why varying racial and gender groups might understand latent constructs differently.
Evaluating the Evidence For and Against the Overdiagnosis of ADHD
Authors: Sciutto Mark J. , Eisenberg Miriam
Published: August 2007

Objective: According to the DSM-IV TR, approximately 3 to 7% of school-age children meet the criteria for ADHD. However, there is a common conception that ADHD is overdiagnosed. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the evidence for and against overdiagnosis. Method: Recent prevalence studies and research on factors affecting diagnostic accuracy were reviewed. For ADHD to be overdiagnosed, the rate of false positives (i.e., children inappropriately diagnosed with ADHD) must substantially exceed the number of false negatives (children with ADHD who are not identified or diagnosed). Results and Conclusion: Based on the review of prevalence studies and research on the diagnostic process, there does not appear to be sufficient justification for the conclusion that ADHD is systematically overdiagnosed. Yet, this conclusion is generally not reflected in public perceptions or media coverage of ADHD. Potential explanations for the persistence of the belief in the overdiagnosis of ADHD are offered. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(2) 106-113)
Improving underserved children's access to health care: practitioners' views
Authors: Ames Natalie
Published: August 2007

This article describes the results of three focus groups conducted with a variety of children's health care providers in a county in the southeastern United States. The purpose of the research was to investigate practitioners' views on the barriers impeding access to health care for medically underserved children. The focus groups were the third phase of a larger study designed to collect data on communication patterns among children's health care providers as well as information on children's access to care. The results include suggestions for actions practitioners can take to improve medically underserved children's access to health care.
Parental assessment and management of children's postoperative pain: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Unsworth Vanessa , Franck Linda S. , Choonara Imti
Published: August 2007

As day case surgery increases, one needs to improve the management of pain in children at home. This study wished to determine whether the use of a self-report pain scale would result in children receiving more analgesia. Eighty-eight children aged four to 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy, whose parents agreed they could participate, were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received the routine postoperative advice and a three-day prescription of paracetamol, ibuprofen and codeine. In addition, group B used the Wong—Baker Faces Pain Scale. Seventy-two children completed the study. There was no difference in the total number of analgesics administered to children in the two groups ( p = 0.26, Mann— Whitney U-test). It appears that a self-report pain scale does not improve the postoperative management of pain in children at home.
Adolescents' experiences of emergency admission to children's wards
Authors: Clift Louise , Dampier Sally , Timmons Stephen
Published: August 2007

The impact of the numerous changes associated with adolescence are likely to be intensified in hospitalization. This qualitative study examines adolescents' experiences of emergency admission to children's wards. Semi-structured interviews were conducted post-discharge with six individuals (aged 11—15) who were inpatient on a paediatric orthopaedic or general surgical ward. The results show that adolescents' experiences are more positive than research has indicated previously, which might question the findings of preceding studies and current recommendations for practice. Areas within current practice fostering a positive experience were highlighted, for example, relationships with health care professionals and participation in care. Also, areas in need of improvement were identified, including ward facilities and measures to assist individuals to attain sufficient sleep and rest and peer support. Further research is necessary on adolescent units in order to establish an evidence base from which to conclude best practice for inpatient adolescents.
Home next day: early discharge of children following appendicectomy
Authors: Pfeil Michael , Mathur Azad , Singh Shalini , Morris Chris , Green Gill , Kulkarni Milind
Published: August 2007

Fifty-six children in two groups were discharged within 24 hours of an uncomplicated appendicectomy. While the children in the first group ( N = 21) were visited by a nurse at home within 24 hours of discharge, the second group ( N = 35) just received telephone calls. The cohort was evaluated by telephone interviews two weeks after discharge. All children fulfilling the discharge standards were discharged safely within 24 hours of surgery. Any physical complaints post-discharge were considered minor. The nurses were able to provide reassurance to the families, give advice and deal with minor problems. As a result the families felt safe and reassured, and in only one case did the fragility of parental confidence become obvious. This study has demonstrated the safety of discharging these children within 24 hours of surgery and the value to nursing contacts in enabling the families to care for their children at home.
The contribution of nurses to child health and child health services: findings of a scoping exercise
Authors: Forbes Angus , While Alison , Ullman Roz , Murgatroyd Beth
Published: August 2007

Historically, nurses have made a significant contribution to the health of children. To date, few attempts have been made to conceptualize the nature of that contribution. This article describes a scoping exercise undertaken to provide a conceptual basis for examining the contribution of nurses to child health and child health services. Three approaches were utilized: strategic topic-focused literature reviews (asthma, cancer, disadvantaged families, minor ailments, school health, sick neonates, teenage pregnancy, children with complex needs, children in need of protection or looked-after, troubled schoolchildren), stakeholder conferences and an expert panel. The contribution of nurses to child health and child health services was found to be broad-ranging and diffuse. The contribution is expressed in four integrated dimensions: assessment, health promotion, clinical care and health care organization. The conceptual models detailed in the scoping exercise provide a platform for future inquiry.
Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula Simultaneously After Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Lamb Kandy
Published: August 2007

Pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas are rare complications associated with cardiac catheterization. A patient presented with atrial fibrillation after cardiac catheterization was performed one month prior. A sonogram was ordered due to leg swelling and an audible bruit in the right groin. The sonogram showed findings that were consistent with a pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula in this region. To obtain clinical correlation, an arteriogram was performed confirming these findings. A covered stent was implanted for treatment, which showed excellent results in a follow-up arteriogram and sonogram. Sonography served as an excellent modality in the evaluation and diagnosis in this case.
Intra-abdominal Desmoid Tumor
Authors: Stanek Kimberly I.
Published: August 2007

Desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, are neoplasms that rarely become malignant and do not metastasize. These tumors often infiltrate and destroy adjacent vital structures and organs. The exact etiology of these tumors is unknown, but there are three known factors associated with desmoid tumors: a genetic, a hormonal, and a physical factor related to trauma. As with this case, a sonogram is commonly the first diagnostic examination that is performed to determine the identity of the soft tissue tumor.
Inverse boundary design of two-dimensional radiant enclosures with absorbing—emitting media using micro-genetic algorithm
Authors: Safavinejad A , Mansouri S H , Sarvari S M Hosseini
Published: August 2007

Micro-genetic algorithm (μGA) was employed to inverse boundary design of a radiant enclosure with absorbing—emitting medium. The goal of inverse analysis was to find a set of heaters over some parts of the boundary, called the heater surface, to satisfy the desired heat flux profile over the design surface. The direct problem of radiative heat transfer was solved by the discrete transfer method. The inverse problem was solved through the minimization of an appropriate objective function using the μGA. A novel smoothing criterion was used to achieve a smooth distribution of heaters over the heater surface. The desired heat fluxes over the design surface were well recovered by employing a smooth distribution of heaters over the heater surface. The ability of this method to solve the inverse problem in irregular geometries was demonstrated by an example.
Modelling and design of friction damper used for the control of vibration in a gas-turbine blade - a microslip approach
Authors: Ramaiah P V , Krishnaiah G
Published: August 2007

The paper deals with modelling and design of a friction damper. This has been done in four phases. In the first phase, modal analysis is performed to determine the modal parameters of turbine blade. In the second phase, a mathematical model for the contact region of damper and rigid surface has been developed using microslip approach. This model has the ability to account for microslip in the contact region. In the third phase, a mathematical model for the combined blade with damper is developed and in the fourth phase the damper is designed. The results of the combined blade with damper model are confirmed by experimental test.
Conjugate heat transfer analysis for laminar flow in pipes having a step change in boundary conditions and wall conductivity
Authors: Arici M E , Kaya M E
Published: August 2007

The current procedure is to examine the effects of wall axial conduction on heat transfer for laminar flow in pipes. The procedure combines the analytical solution of the problem of the fluid region with a numerical approximation of conduction of the solid wall and has the capability of handling the step change in outer surface boundary condition and wall thermal conductivity. The pipe under investigation is divided into two sections: non-heated and heated ones, and the conductivities of the sections are assumed to be different. The obtained results show that the local heat transfer parameters such as wall and fluid temperatures, and Nusselt number are greatly influenced by the step change in wall conductivity and the partially heated wall arrangement. The results of the present study may have applications in the design of heat transfer devices.
Dexterity and stiffness analysis of a three-degree-of-freedom planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy
Authors: Wu J , Wang J-S , Wang L-P , Li T-M
Published: August 2007

The current paper deals with the dexterity and stiffness of a three-degree of freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy, which is a subpart of a four-DOF-hybrid machine tool. Based on the kinematics, the dexterity is analysed. The stiffness indices, which are the maximum deflection of the moving platform under the action of a unit force and the minimum eigenvalue of the stiffness matrix of the manipulator, are presented for investigating the stiffness. According to the minimum eigenvalue index, it is proved that actuation redundancy can improve the stiffness of the parallel manipulator. Moreover, the relationship between the singular configuration and the stiffness of the parallel manipulator is discussed. Compared with the corresponding non-redundant parallel manipulator without the redundant link, the redundantly actuated parallel manipulator has better dexterity and higher stiffness.
Modelling of a low-temperature differential Stirling engine
Authors: Robson A , Grassie T , Kubie J
Published: August 2007

A full theoretical model of a low-temperature differential Stirling engine is developed in the current paper. The model, which starts from the first principles, gives a full differential description of the major components of the engine: the behaviour of the gas in the expansion and the compression spaces; the behaviour of the gas in the regenerator; the dynamic behaviour of the displacer; and the power piston/flywheel assembly. A small fully instrumented engine is used to validate the model. The theoretical model is in good agreement with the experimental data, and describes well all features exhibited by the engine.
Alkoxo-bridged Cobalt(II) Cube and Its Radical Adduct
Authors: Mitsumoto Kiyotaka , Koizumi Satoshi , Shiga Takuya , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Chi Yun , Oshio Hiroki
Published: August 2007

Tetranuclear cubic complexes of [Co4(heip)4(MeOH)4] (1) and [Co4(heip)4(nit-p-py)4] (2) (H2heip = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)imino]-2-pentanone and nit-p-py = 2-(p-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) were prepared. Complexes 1 and 2 have alkoxo-bridged cubic core structures. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the occurrence of ferromagnetic interactions among CoII ions in 1, while antiferromagnetic interactions were operative in 2.
1,2,5,6-Tetrasilabenzobenzvalene: A Valence Isomer of 1,2,3,4-Tetrasilanaphthalene
Authors: Takanashi Kazunori , Lee Vladimir Ya , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: August 2007

1,2,5,6-Tetrasilabenzobenzvalene, a valence isomer of 1,2,3,4-tetrasilanaphthalene, was synthesized and structurally characterized by the coupling reaction of the dipotassium salt of the tetrasilacyclobutadiene dianion with o-dibromobenzene. The 1,2,5,6-tetrasilabenzobenzvalene was presumably obtained by the isomerization of the initially formed 1,2,3,4-tetrasilabenzo-1,4-Dewar benzene.
Fullerene (C60) Nanostructures Having Interpenetrating Surfaces Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition of C60 Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Jeon Hyeon-Gu , Ryo Sen-ichi , Sugiyama Teruki , Oh Isamu , Masuhara Hiroshi , Asahi Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2007

We have proposed and demonstrated a new methodology for fabricating an interpenetrating network nanostructure toward a highly efficient organic solar cell, utilizing a C60 nanoparticle assembly film on an electrode prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of its nanoparticle colloid.
Rhenium-catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Norbornenes with Internal and Terminal Acetylenes
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Yu Peng , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: August 2007

Treatment of norbornenes with internal and terminal acetylenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of [ReBr(CO)3(thf)]2 gave cyclobutene derivatives in good to excellent yields.
Excited-state Property of 1-(4-Cyanophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane
Authors: Hiratsuka Hiroshi , Horiuchi Hiroaki , Takanoha Yuki , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yoshihara Takeo , Okutsu Tetsuo , Negishi Keisuke , Kyushin Soichiro , Matsumoto Hideyuki
Published: August 2007

Diphenyldisilane derivative having electron-donating and -withdrawing groups in each phenyl group, 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane was synthesized, and its excited-state property was studied. Intramolecular charge-transfer character through the disilanyl group was confirmed; the dipole moment of the excited-state has been estimated to be 28 debye.
Direct O2 Epoxidation of Propylene by the Membrane Reactor Loaded with Ag–Sr Catalyst
Authors: Bere Kossi E , Wakui Yoshito , Niwa Shu-ichi , Shoji Hiroshi , Sato Koichi , Hamakawa Satoshi , Hanaoka Takaaki , Suzuki Toshishige M , Mizukami Fujio
Published: August 2007

A novel membrane reactor process using porous α-Al2O3 tube loaded with silver–strontium catalyst realized direct O2 epoxidation of propylene with notable selectivity of propylene oxide. Segregated feed of propylene and O2 combined with facile permeation of reactants and products across the membrane was essentially important for the membrane epoxidation process.
Health technology appraisal of interventional procedures: comparison of rapid and slow methods
Authors: Warren Virginia
Published: August 2007

Objective: To describe a method for the rapid appraisal of new interventional procedures and to compare its conclusions with those derived from a slower, more thorough method.

Methods: Explanation of an algorithm, pragmatically developed over a decade at the British United Provident Association (BUPA), to classify requests for funding for new interventional procedures as 'Fund routinely'; 'Fund as a one-off'; 'Fund in trial only'; 'Do not fund currently' within about 48 hours. Comparison of the resulting categorizations of 39 interventional procedures against the subsequent work of the English National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Interventional Procedures team. The first two BUPA categories were equated with NICE's 'evidence adequate' and the second two with 'evidence inadequate'.

Results: The algorithm is fit for purpose. It facilitated 114 requests for funding, received before June 2005, being successfully allocated: fund routinely, 33 (28.9%); fund as a one-off, 20 (17.5%); fund in trial only, 37 (32.5%); do not fund, 24 (21.1%). NICE subsequently categorized 18 being 'evidence adequate' and 21 'evidence inadequate'. There was concordance between BUPA and NICE on 35/39 (90%) of the topics. The four discrepancies are discussed.

Conclusion: Rapid appraisal of new interventional procedures using the BUPA algorithm is feasible and in most instances its output is similar to that obtained from a slower more thorough method.
Challenges Facing Community Home Based Care Programmes in Botswana
Authors: Odek Antony W , Oloo James Alan
Published: August 2007

This study examines the role of Community Home-Based Care in Botswana for people with HIV/AIDS and those with other terminal illnesses. Kerkhoven and Jackson (1995) attribute the popularity of Community Home-Based Care (CHBC) programmes in the developing countries to high rates of HIV/AIDS. Botswana has adult HIV/AIDS prevalence rate of 37 per cent and over 350,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. Rapid rise in incidences of HIV/AIDS has hence resulted in increasing need for CHBC and thus many CHBC services have been established through disorganized and fragmented manners. This paper is an extended literature review. It identifies and discusses challenges facing CHBC programmes in Botswana. The findings indicate that poverty, high cost of community care, inadequate medical facilities, poor infrastructures and socio-cultural issues have threatened the sustainability of CHBC programmes in Botswana. Recommendations and policy options are discussed.
Identification of Factors Contributing to Gender Disparity in an Ethiopian University
Authors: Semela Tesfaye
Published: August 2007

This study aims to identify factors that underpin gender disparity in participation in higher education in the context of an Ethiopian public university. Data were generated using a semi-structured interview with 20 female undergraduates and quantitative information obtained from University's Registrar Office. The results show that enrolment has increased in absolute numbers while female dismissal rates soared alarmingly between 2000/01-2004/05. To bridge the gender disparity in participation, the paper recommends intervention strategies aimed at bolstering academic achievement and positive self-concept among female students.
Envisioning a Liberal Empire in East Asia: Yoshino Sakuzō in Taisho Japan
Authors: Han Jung-Sun N.
Published: August 2007

This essay re-examines the ideas and activities of Yoshino Sakuzō, who provided theoretical underpinning for Taisho Democracy. It explores Yoshino's writings on international and regional politics along with his analysis of domestic politics to bring to light the neglected dimension of Yoshino's work as a China specialist. His commentary and analysis on China-Japan relations reveal the centrality of Asian questions in the tenets of Taisho Democracy. I argue that Yoshino's understanding of China-Japan relations in terms of peaceful expansionism led him to conceptualize a new state-society relation within Japan.
Adultery, Punishment, and Reconciliation in Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Stanley Amy
Published: August 2007

This article explores the interaction between the Tokugawa bakufu's laws on adultery and the customary practice of resolving adultery cases through private settlement. The One Hundred Articles (1742), which sentenced adulterous commoners to death, cemented the bakufu's conception of marriage as a metaphor for government in which adultery symbolized treason. But private settlements from Musashi Province reveal that peasants had different ideas about the signiﬁcance of marriage and adultery. They protected the community's investment in marriage, prioritizing reconciliation over punishment. Ultimately, a working relationship between law and customary practice reinforced the authority of husbands within the family.
To Play or Pray? Shawn Green and His Choice over Atonement
Authors: Leonard David J
Published: August 2007

Examining the specific reaction and context of meaning for Shawn Green's yearly internal battle between religious/personal commitments and job/team, and the historic context of Hank Greenberg's similar battles, this paper reflects on the complex and sometimes contradictory place of Jewishness within both the realms of popular and sporting cultures. In looking at the ways Shawn Green, the Los Angeles Dodgers, sports commentators, and fans have reacted to his Jewishness, and specifically his decision to skip games because of his religious cultural identity, this paper equally gives voice to the signifiers/discourse of Jewish (white) intrusion into the sports world. In exploring this discourse, this paper explores the meaning of Jewish celebrity within contemporary sports, analyzing the meaning and signifiers of Jewishness, whiteness, and celebrity within this popular cultural space.
Thyroid Hormone Interacts With the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in the Terminal Differentiation of Growth Plate Chondrocytes
Authors: Wang Lai , Shao Yvonne Y , Ballock R Tracy
Published: August 2007

Thyroid hormone activates Wnt-4 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rat growth plate chondrocytes. Wnt antagonists Frzb/sFRP3 and Dkk1 inhibit T3-induced Wnt/β-catenin activation and inhibit the maturation-promoting effects of T3 in growth plate cells. This study indicates that thyroid hormone regulates terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes in part through modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Introduction: Thyroid hormone is a potent regulator of skeletal maturation in the growth plate, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this profound effect remain unknown. Wnt signaling has recently been recognized as an important signal transduction pathway in regulating chondrogenesis and terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to explore the interaction between the thyroid hormone and Wnt signaling pathways in the growth plate.

Materials and Methods: Rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were maintained in 3D pellet culture and treated with triiodothyronine (T3). Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in response to T3 was detected by measurement of the expression of Wnt-4 mRNA, the cellular accumulation of β-catenin, the transcriptional activity of TCF/LEF, and the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin responsive gene Runx2/cbfa1. Terminal differentiation of the chondrocytes was assessed by measurement of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and Col10a1 gene expression.

Results: Thyroid hormone treatment of growth plate chondrocytes upregulated both Wnt-4 mRNA and protein expression, increased cellular accumulation of stabilized β-catenin, increased TCF/LEF transcriptional activity, and stimulated the expression of the Runx2/cbfa1 gene. Overexpression of either Wnt-4 or a stabilized form of β-catenin promoted growth plate chondrocyte terminal differentiation. Blocking Wnt ligand/receptor interactions with the secreted Wnt antagonists Frzb/sFRP3 or Dkk1 inhibited these T3-induced increases in β-catenin accumulation and Runx2 gene expression and inhibited the maturation-promoting effects of T3 in growth plate cells.

Conclusions: These data suggest that thyroid hormone regulates terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes in part through modulating canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.