bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More Than a Magazine
Authors: Romero-Sánchez Mónica , Toro-García Virginia , Horvath Miranda A. H. , Megías Jesús L.
Published: June 2015

Exposure to some magazines aimed at young male readers— lads’ mags—has recently been associated with behaviors and attitudes that are derogatory toward women, including sexual violence. In the present study, a group of Spanish adult men was exposed to the covers of a lads’ mag while a second group was exposed to the covers of a neutral magazine. Results showed that, compared with participants in the second group, participants who were exposed to covers of lads’ mags who also showed high rape myth acceptance and legitimized the consumption of such magazines reported higher rape proclivity in a hypothetical situation. These findings suggest the need to further explore the possible detrimental effects of some sexualized media that are widely accepted in many Western countries.
On the fast track to a head start: A visual ethnographic study of parental consumption of children’s play and learning activities in Hong Kong
Authors: Choi Kimburley W Y
Published: June 2015

Consumption and play activities are significant factors in children’s immediate and future educational and social development. This article examines four families regarding parental consumption and involvement in children’s play and learning activities. A major finding suggests that families’ growing access to economic and cultural resources can facilitate transfers of intergenerational capital outside schools and can strengthen children’s language skills, social skills, creativity, open-mindedness and self-regulation capacity. In turn, these outcomes help the children make institutional gains in their school careers.
‘Obey me like your mother’: Deborah's Leadership in Light of Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 33
Authors: Tervanotko Hanna
Published: June 2015

Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum ( L.A.B.) employs the term ‘mother’ several times in ch. 33, which outlines Deborah's farewell speech and her death. The significance of the term has been interpreted in different ways in the past. This article first analyzes L.A.B. 33, where the term ‘mother’ features prominently, in order to discover the author's use of the term. Next, the use of the term ‘mother’ is compared with the term ‘father’ in L.A.B. Interestingly, L.A.B. reports that when Deborah died, she, like the patriarchs of Genesis, ‘slept with her fathers’ ( L.A.B. 33.6). This reading has implications concerning Deborah's leadership in L.A.B. Finally, it is argued that the use of the term ‘mother’ in relation to Deborah in L.A.B. should be understood as a title implying political leadership.
The stratification of time
Authors: Simonetti Cristián
Published: June 2015

Scientists that rely on excavation for studying the past tend to conceptualize the passage of time vertically, as a movement from bottom to top. In the history of knowledge, this has not been an exclusive property of sciences that excavate the past. Geological time had an impact on many other disciplines, some of which are far from the original source, with the result that various temporal processes became stratified, such as the evolution and growth of life, the mind, language, sociality and knowledge. By looking at the visual language of different disciplines, including evolutionary biology, linguistics, psychology, anthropology and history, I trace some key ramifications of the stratigraphic understanding of time. In doing so, I reveal important tensions that emerge as the stratigraphic view of time mixes with other temporal trajectories, such as the horizontality of the text, the verticality of hydraulic and arboricultural metaphors in genealogical thinking, as well as the sagittal temporality of the mind common in the west. The analysis provides insights into the corporeal and historical nature of disciplinary knowledge, across the sciences and the humanities, by suggesting that the way concepts of time evolve and circulate in academia is never independent of how scholars appropriate their environments corporeally.
Climate Change Education and Education for Sustainable Development in the Republic of Korea: A Status Report
Authors: Sung Junghee
Published: June 2015

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has officially declared its national vision of green growth, and actively develops and implements policies related to education for sustainable development (ESD), green growth education (GGE) and climate change education (CCE). Over the Decade of ESD, the ROK experienced three administrations which have taken different approaches to sustainable development (SD). In June 2005, the president of Korea announced the ‘National Vision for Sustainable Development’ and the government enacted the Basic Law on Sustainable Development in August 2007 for the systemization of ESD. The government change in 2008 brought about a huge shift in the national trend concerning SD. The new administration adopted the policy of ‘Low Carbon, Green Growth’ and formed the Presidential Committee on Green Growth (PCGG). In Korea’s present system, ESD is implemented by central governmental organizations, major institutions, the governmental commissions, local governments, civil organizations, etc. In particular, the establishment of the Korean National Commission for UNESCO on ESD in 2009 along with the release of the Green Growth Education Activation Plan created an enabling environment for GGE and ESD implementation. The new Park Geun-hye administration entered office in 2013 and has geared all the policies towards promoting the social well-being of all Korean citizens. This has served to counterbalance the previous Lee administration’s focus on the green economy and to set the stage for holistic approaches to ESD in the country.
Instructional Design as Knowledge Management
Authors: McIver Derrick , Fitzsimmons Stacey , Flanagan David
Published: June 2015

Decisions about instructional methods are becoming more complex, with options ranging from problem sets to experiential service-learning projects. However, instructors not trained in instructional design may make these important decisions based on convenience, comfort, or trends. Instead, this article draws on the knowledge management literature and specifically the knowledge-in-practice framework to develop a theoretical process for choosing instructional methods. This process classifies the underlying knowledge structure of learning objectives along the dimensions of tacitness and learnability, then matches the knowledge structure with instructional methods that will be the most appropriate fit for students working toward that learning objective. We propose that the integration of knowledge management with instructional design offers valuable insights into the process of choosing appropriate instructional methods, and our framework can help instructors determine which instructional methods are the best match for their learning objectives.
Changes in Doctors’ Working Hours
Authors: Joyce Catherine M. , Wang Wei C. , Cheng Terence C.
Published: June 2015

The study examined changes in doctors’ working hours and satisfaction with working hours over five time points and explored the influence of personal characteristics on these outcomes. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life data, collected from 2008 to 2012. Findings showed that working hours significantly declined over time, with a greater decrease among males, older doctors, and doctors with fewer children. Satisfaction increased faster over time among specialists, doctors with poorer health, those whose partners did not work full-time, and those with older children. The more hours the doctors worked initially, the lower satisfaction reported, and the greater the increase in satisfaction. Findings are consistent with a culture change in the medical profession, whereby long working hours are no longer seen as synonymous with professionalism. This is important to take into account in projecting future workforce supply.
The Five Factor Personality Model in Children With ASD During Middle Childhood
Authors: Barger Brian , Campbell Jonathan , Simmons Christina
Published: June 2015

This study reports data comparing Five Factor Model (FFM) facets with the Inventory of Children’s Individual Differences–Short Form (ICID-S) in children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during middle childhood with same-age typically developing children. Two (ASD vs. Typical) × 2 (Sex) age-controlled MANCOVAs were performed: (a) ASD versus a contemporaneous comparison group and (b) ASD versus a norming data subset. Significant gender interactions are reported for the Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Extraversion facets. Most FFM facets in the ASD group were reliable, and group differences in both analyses were consistent with the broader ASD literature. Contemporary and normative analyses resulted in very similar significant differences and effect sizes.
Physical activity and negative emotion during peer-rejection: Evidence for emotion context sensitivity
Authors: Shields Morgan C , Matt Lindsey M , Coifman Karin G
Published: June 2015

It is well-established that physical activity is beneficial to physical and psychological health. However, how physical activity contributes to psychological health is still unclear. In this investigation, we examined the association between physical activity and negative emotions assessed in real-time during simulated-peer-rejection. Moreover, we explored mediation of this association by higher-order neurocognitive functioning and cardiovascular flexibility. Although we found no evidence for mediation, we did find that greater physical activity predicted contextually responsive negative emotion. Specifically, greater physical activity predicted generation of negative emotions in response to peer-rejection and flexible reduction of negative emotions in response to peer-acceptance.
Cannabis use and violence in three remote Aboriginal Australian communities: Analysis of clinic presentations
Authors: Kylie Lee K. S. , Sukavatvibul Krisakorn , Conigrave Katherine M.
Published: June 2015

Anecdotal reports have linked cannabis use to violence in some remote Australian Aboriginal communities. We examine the relationship between cannabis use and presentations to local clinics for violence-related trauma at a population level. As part of a larger study, estimates of cannabis and alcohol use status were obtained for 264 randomly selected individuals aged 14–42. These estimates were collected from Aboriginal health workers and respected community informants using a previously validated approach. Clinic records for the sample were audited for physical trauma presentations between January 2004 and June 2006. One in 3 individuals ( n = 88/264) presented to the clinic with physical trauma. Of these, the majority (65.9%, n = 58/88) had at least one presentation that was violence-related. Nearly 2 in every 3 of the total presentations for trauma following violence ( n = 40/63) involved the use of a weapon. Hunting tools were most often used, followed by wooden or rock implements. Individuals who reported any current cannabis use were nearly 4 times more likely than nonusers to present at least once for violent trauma after adjusting for current alcohol use, age, and sex (OR = 3.8, 95% CI [1.5, 9.8]). Aboriginal individuals in these remote communities experience high rates of physical trauma and violence, often involving weapons. A comprehensive study is needed to explore the association between cannabis and violence. At the same time, an investment in local programmes is needed to address cannabis use and underlying risk factors for substance use and for violence.
Crowdfunding: Towards a redefinition of the artist’s role – the case of MegaTotal
Authors: Galuszka Patryk , Brzozowska Blanka
Published: June 2015

This article uses empirical research conducted on MegaTotal, a crowdfunding platform operating in Poland, in order to demonstrate the complexity of the relations between project initiators and contributors in equity/royalty-based crowdfunding. The presented research shows how differences among crowdfunding models have an impact on relations between project initiators and contributors as well as the collection process for funding by comparing MegaTotal and Kickstarter. The article proposes an analysis of these relations depending on crowdfunding type, the size and structure of the pre-existing fanbase, and the project initiator’s opinion on the role played by contributors. Our research shows that elements both suggesting that crowdfunding empowers fans and that it can be used as a means of exploiting them may be found in the analysed model of crowdfunding.
Native good, non-native bad? Defining troublesome species
Authors: Willmore Christine
Published: June 2015

This article considers the conceptual thinking behind three recent measures in England, Scotland and the EU in relation to ‘invasive alien species’ and identifies differences in how each defines the scope of the species that are the focus of legislative attention, suggesting underlying conceptual differences – and maps those differences onto the Convention on Biodiversity definitions. It argues that whilst there are some similarities in legal definitions, the differences reveal underlying fault lines, barely concealed by the pervasive reliance upon lists of species as the tool for offering clarity.
The Resilience Motif: Implications for Youth Justice
Authors: Robinson Anne
Published: June 2015

Resilience has not impacted greatly in youth justice to date, yet holds great promise for practice. This article explores salient features of thinking around resilience, in particular Michael Ungar’s research on how young people search for power and identity using whatever resources they can access. This perspective reframes many behaviours conventionally viewed as deviant or risky, arguing that a young person ‘behaving badly’ may at the same time be drawing on strengths, skills and capacities. The opportunities and challenges for practice lie in collaborative work to enable young people to use these strengths, skills and capacities to create more positive futures.
Energy and user acceptability benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lot illumination
Authors: Narendran N , Freyssinier JP , Zhu Y
Published: June 2015

This study set out to understand the benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lots in terms of user perception and acceptability, as well as energy use, and to demonstrate that light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can achieve uniform distributions more efficiently than traditional light sources. The results from a field evaluation showed that more uniform illuminance distributions are favourably perceived by people in terms of goodness of illumination, ability to see around and at a distance, and perception of safety – all of this at a much lower average horizontal illuminance. Thus, improving uniformity alone can translate into lower energy use and potential for less glare and light pollution. Optical modelling showed that LEDs have a much greater potential to efficiently produce uniform illuminance distributions than larger light sources such as high pressure sodium or metal halide.
Validity of simulations for lighting and brand image evaluation
Authors: Schielke T
Published: June 2015

This study examines if simulations can be used as a valid method for lighting and brand image evaluation. Simulations could reduce cost and time compared to mock-ups in real size. Two different presentation techniques are compared to a real-size mock-up of the same situation: computer monitor and video projector. The results reveal a consistency for the lighting characteristics of brightness and contrast but not for correlated colour temperature and chromaticity. The six brand image factors of price, style, temperament, competence, attractiveness and naturalness are also consistent, with the exception of naturalness for the video projector setting. Therefore, lighting simulations could be used in the design process and for research when analysing brightness, contrast and brand image factors.
The Impact of Inmate and Prison Characteristics on Prisoner Victimization
Authors: Steiner Benjamin , Ellison Jared M. , Butler H. Daniel , Cain Calli M.
Published: June 2015

A considerable amount of research has been directed at understanding the sources of inmate misconduct (offending within prison), whereas few studies have focused on identifying the causes and correlates of prisoner victimization. The sources of inmate victimization should be distinguished from those of offending, however, because the policy implications of each focus differ to some extent. In order to determine the predictors of inmate victimization and stimulate further research on the topic, we systematically reviewed studies of the causes/correlates of prisoner victimization published between 1980 and 2014. Our findings revealed that predictor variables reflecting inmates’ background characteristics (e.g., history of victimization), their institutional routines and experiences (e.g., history of misconduct), and prison characteristics (e.g., population size) all influence victimization.
Effect of silica weight fraction on rheological and quasi-static puncture characteristics of shear thickening fluid-treated Twaron® composite
Authors: Baharvandi Hamid Reza , Alebooyeh Morteza , Alizadeh Masoud , Khaksari Peiman , Kordani Naser
Published: June 2015

Intelligent energy shunting fluid/fabric base structure which utilizes well-processed shear thickening fluid has been developed. The shear thickening fluid has been synthesized by a powerful mechanical stirrer to disperse 12 nm silica particles into polyethylene glycol 200 g/mol at three concentration levels from low to near maximum packing as 15, 25 and 35 wt%. Examining the rheological behavior of the shear thickening fluid indicates that the increase of shear thickening fluid concentration leads to significant increase in the suspension’s initial, critical and ultimate (up to 104 Pa.s) viscosities, reduction of the critical shear rate, increase of viscoelastic modulus and instability of the suspension. The quasi-static puncture test results demonstrate with the increase of shear thickening fluid concentration, the maximum bearable load by the 15, 25 and 35 wt% shear thickening fluids-treated Twaron® composites increases by 132, 315 and 362%, and the energy absorption increases by 143, 159 and 209%, respectively, compared to the neat fabric. Regarding penetrator structure and dimension, by using rounded penetrators, windowing and pull-out mechanisms would be expected at low velocities. However, sharp-nosed penetrators most likely cause yarns to push aside that is not taken into account as a perfect criteria for investigation of puncture resistance performance. Also, larger penetrators have a larger presented area of impact and, as a result, break more number of yarns to penetrate the fabric.
Experiments and performances of strain-hardening fiber low cementitious composites
Authors: Cho Chang-Geun , Lim Hyeon-Jin , Lee Bang-Yeon , Choi Yeol
Published: June 2015

The ordinary Portland cement is a main binding material in normal concrete or high-performance fiber cementitious composites. However, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission during the ordinary Portland cement manufacturing process is up to about 7.0% of global manmade CO2. The ordinary Portland cement is also known to have toxic substances. The purpose of current research is to develop a near-environmental and strain-hardening fiber low cementitious composite in which the binder is mixed by replacing 60% of the amount of cement with ground granulated blast-furnace slag with or without using alkali activators, or replacing with fly ash. Five mixture proportions with proper fluidity and viscosity of the composites in order to easily mix fibers and to uniformly disperse fibers were determined according to reducing the amount of cement and replacing it with ground granulated blast-furnace slag with or without alkali activators, or replacing with fly ash. The mechanical characteristics of the strain-hardening fiber low cementitious composite were evaluated experimentally by the slump flow, compression, and direct tension tests. The strain-hardening fiber low cementitious composite exhibited the slump flow of 520–670 mm and the tensile strain capacity of 2.3%−4.8% with multiple micro-cracks.
Memory and the construction of scientific meaning: Michael Faraday’s use of notebooks and records
Authors: Tweney Ryan D , Ayala Christopher D
Published: June 2015

Research examining the relationship between external artifacts and scientific thinking has highlighted the dynamic role of memory aids. This article explores how the nineteenth-century physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) used extensive laboratory notebooks and a highly structured set of retrieval strategies as dynamic aids during his scientific research. The development and dynamic use of memory artifacts are described as part of a distributed, “real-world,” cognitive environment. The processes involved are then related to aspects of expert memory and to the use of model-based reasoning in science. The system demonstrates the importance of epistemic artifacts in scientific cognition and is suggestively related to other cognitive artifacts used in scientific research that rely on similar cognitive processes.
Use of a topical anhydrous silicone base containing fatty acids from pracaxi oil in a patient with a diabetic ulcer
Authors: Simmons Chris V , Banov Fabiana , Banov Daniel
Published: June 2015

Objectives:

The treatment of diabetic ulceration of the lower extremities is a complicated task due to the nature of the ulcer and potential underlying comorbidities. This report describes the case of a 61-year-old male patient with Type 2 Diabetes who presented with an ulcerative leg wound. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a topical compounded treatment.

Methods:

The patient applied a compounded medicine containing 2% mupirocin in a topical anhydrous silicone base containing fatty acids from pracaxi oil directly to the ulcer for 63 days, 3 times daily. This regimen was supplemented with exercise and an additional compounded medicine applied to the wound margins in order to increase circulation.

Results:

By the end of the application period, the patient’s ulcer was fully closed.

Conclusion:

A topical anhydrous silicone compounding base containing fatty acids from pracaxi oil may be useful in the treatment of patients with diabetic ulcers.
Economic Liberalization in 1991 and Its Impact on Elementary Education in India
Authors: Venkatanarayanan S.
Published: June 2015

The basic foundation of policy making had undergone profound shifts over the past two decades as the policy makers are inclined to rely heavily on the exercise of power in their pursuit of development and prosperity. Government interventionism was subject to a strong intellectual and political backlash, and a new ideological movement seeking to redefine the role of government rose to take its place. This new political–economic liberalism insisted on the removal of governments’ grip over the economy and the introduction of open competition into economic life. Thus, the market emerged as the central actor governing economic activity during the 1990s, and the ethos of neoliberalism progressively entrenched itself into law and public institutions in India. This change in “policy paradigms” implies a substantial reorganization of domestic political economies for an efficient governance of political and economic institutions in a longer run. This article attempts to look at the changes in “policy paradigms” that happened after 1990 in the domain of educational governance in India. Along with the policy changes, there happened a watershed in constitutional rights, making right to education a fundamental right of every citizen. This article further inquires how far the state has endeavored to fulfill its objective of providing quality education for all children within these economic and political changes. Indian states’ financial obligation toward elementary education and the policy directions during the period after 1990 were thoroughly analyzed to find out the commitment of state in providing universal elementary education of good quality in India.
New-Onset Depression Following Hip Fracture Is Associated With Increased Length of Stay in Hospital and Rehabilitation Centers
Authors: Phillips Anna C. , Upton Jane , Carroll Douglas , Arora Duggal Niharika , Lord Janet M.
Published: June 2015

This article examines the coincident effects of new-onset depression post hip fracture on length of hospital stay, readmission rates, and incidence of infections in older adults. Participants were 101 hip fracture patients aged 60+ years; 38 developed depressive symptoms following their fracture. Infection rates, readmissions to hospital and rehabilitation units, and length of hospital stay were assessed over the 6 months post hip fracture from hospital and general practitioner notes. Patients who developed depression by Week 6 post fracture were likely to spend more time in hospital/rehabilitation wards ( p = .02) and more likely to be discharged to a rehabilitation unit ( p < .05). There were no group differences in readmissions or infection rates. New-onset depression coincident with hip fracture in older adults is associated with longer hospital ward stays and greater need for rehabilitation.
Who Is Anti-American in the European Union?
Authors: Lawson Colin W. , Hudson John
Published: June 2015

The term anti-Americanism has become common in public and academic debate in the last decade. Yet we have only limited knowledge of those who hold such views. From 2003, 2005, and 2006 Eurobarometer data, almost 20% of European Union (EU) respondents disapproved of U.S. policy in all five dimensions the surveys examined. Following the literature, this consistent opposition is defined as anti-American. Anti-Americans exhibit systematic differences in age, education, geographical location, policy preferences, and nationality. In addition, although anti-Americanism is associated with a preference for greater European independence, perhaps surprisingly, it is also linked to a desire for a less federal and hence less powerful Europe. In both sets of attitudes, to the United States and to the EU, there are substantial variations within countries between different types of locality, which reinforces the view that it is too simplistic to describe a country as being anti-American or being pro-European integration.
Applications of irreversible thermodynamics to rapid solidification of multicomponent alloys
Authors: Wang K. , Liu F.
Published: June 2015

Solidification, as the key step in physical metallurgy, plays a decisive role in tuning the various properties of materials. From a thermodynamic perspective, the solidification processes can be considered as the evolution of non-equilibrium systems, where the metastable melts become the stable solids with lower free energy. In contrast to equilibrium thermodynamics, which focus on the static equilibrium states, irreversible thermodynamics is a powerful tool to describe the evolution of non-equilibrium systems and has been successfully applied to various fields in materials science. In the present paper, we review the basic philosophy for the phenomenological irreversible thermodynamics, the methods to obtain the governing equations for the evolution of multicomponent solidifying systems and the potential applications to other metallurgical phenomena.
Atomic-scale analysis of light alloys using atom probe tomography
Authors: Marceau R. K. W.
Published: June 2015

The present paper reviews recent progress in atomic-scale characterisation of composition and nanostructure of light alloy materials using the technique of atom probe tomography. In particular, the present review will highlight atom-by-atom analysis of solid solution architecture, including solute clustering and short-range order, with reference to current limitations of spatial resolution and detector efficiency of atom probe tomography and methods to address these limitations. This leads to discussion of prediction of mechanical properties by simulation and modelling of the strengthening effect exerted by solute clusters and the role of experimental atom probe data to assist in this process. The unique contribution of atom probe tomography to the study of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of light alloys will also be discussed as well as a brief insight into its potential application for the investigation of solute strengthening of twinning in Mg alloys.
Rapid detection of structural variation in a human genome using nanochannel-based genome mapping technology
Authors: Cao Hongzhi , Hastie Alex R , Cao Dandan , Lam Ernest T , Sun Yuhui , Huang Haodong , Liu Xiao , Lin Liya , Andrews Warren , Chan Saki , Huang Shujia , Tong Xin , Requa Michael , Anantharaman Thomas , Krogh Anders , Yang Huanming , Cao Han , Xu Xun
Published: June 2015

Background

Structural variants (SVs) are less common than single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels in the population, but collectively account for a significant fraction of genetic polymorphism and diseases. Base pair differences arising from SVs are on a much higher order (>100 fold) than point mutations; however, none of the current detection methods are comprehensive, and currently available methodologies are incapable of providing sufficient resolution and unambiguous information across complex regions in the human genome. To address these challenges, we applied a high-throughput, cost-effective genome mapping technology to comprehensively discover genome-wide SVs and characterize complex regions of the YH genome using long single molecules (>150 kb) in a global fashion.

Results

Utilizing nanochannel-based genome mapping technology, we obtained 708 insertions/deletions and 17 inversions larger than 1 kb. Excluding the 59 SVs (54 insertions/deletions, 5 inversions) that overlap with N-base gaps in the reference assembly hg19, 666 non-gap SVs remained, and 396 of them (60%) were verified by paired-end data from whole-genome sequencing-based re-sequencing or de novo assembly sequence from fosmid data. Of the remaining 270 SVs, 260 are insertions and 213 overlap known SVs in the Database of Genomic Variants. Overall, 609 out of 666 (90%) variants were supported by experimental orthogonal methods or historical evidence in public databases. At the same time, genome mapping also provides valuable information for complex regions with haplotypes in a straightforward fashion. In addition, with long single-molecule labeling patterns, exogenous viral sequences were mapped on a whole-genome scale, and sample heterogeneity was analyzed at a new level.

Conclusion

Our study highlights genome mapping technology as a comprehensive and cost-effective method for detecting structural variation and studying complex regions in the human genome, as well as deciphering viral integration into the host genome.
Seismic modeling with radial-basis-function-generated finite differences
Authors: Martin Bradley , Fornberg Bengt , St-Cyr Amik
Published: June 2015

Seismic exploration is the primary tool for finding and mapping out hydrocarbon deposits. We have considered the 2D forward modeling problem. The subsurface structures were assumed to be known, and the task was to simulate elastic-wave propagation throughout the medium. Many traditional approaches to solving this problem account for material interfaces by allowing model parameter values (such as wave speed and density) to vary either sharply or smoothly between adjacent data points. Although simple to implement, these strategies typically produce solutions that feature a suboptimal first-order convergence to the true solution. Spatial discretization based on radial-basis-function-generated finite differences (RBF-FDs) has previously been shown to offer high accuracy and algebraic simplicity when using scattered layouts of computational nodes. We have now developed this method further, to provide third-order accuracy not only throughout smooth regions, but also for wave reflections and transmissions at arbitrarily curved material interfaces. The key step is supplementing the RBFs that underlie the RBF-FD approximation with a specific space of piecewise polynomials. The nonsmoothness of these polynomials across an interface is designed to enforce continuity of traction and motion at that interface. The high-order accuracy of the method is illustrated on a couple of test problems for the 2D isotropic elastic-wave equation.
Neuroimaging distinction between neurological and psychiatric
disorders
Authors: Crossley Nicolas A. , Scott Jessica , Ellison-Wright Ian , Mechelli Andrea
Published: June 2015

Background

It is unclear to what extent the traditional distinction between
neurological and psychiatric disorders reflects biological
differences.

Aims

To examine neuroimaging evidence for the distinction between neurological
and psychiatric disorders.

Method

We performed an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis on
voxel-based morphometry studies reporting decreased grey matter in 14
neurological and 10 psychiatric disorders, and compared the regional and
network-level alterations for these two classes of disease. In addition,
we estimated neuroanatomical heterogeneity within and between the two
classes.

Results

Basal ganglia, insula, sensorimotor and temporal cortex showed greater
impairment in neurological disorders; whereas cingulate, medial frontal,
superior frontal and occipital cortex showed greater impairment in
psychiatric disorders. The two classes of disorders affected distinct
functional networks. Similarity within classes was higher than between
classes; furthermore, similarity within class was higher for neurological
than psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions

From a neuroimaging perspective, neurological and psychiatric disorders
represent two distinct classes of disorders.
Optineurin deficiency contributes to impaired cytokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment in bacteria driven colitis
Authors: Chew Thean S. , O'Shea Nuala R. , Sewell Gavin W. , Oehlers Stefan H. , Mulvey Claire M. , Crosier Philip S. , Godovac-Zimmermann Jasminka , Bloom Stuart L. , Smith Andrew M. , Segal Anthony W.
Published: June 2015

Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with delayed neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance at sites of acute inflammation as a result of impaired secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. To investigate the impaired cytokine secretion, we performed transcriptomic analysis in macrophages and identified a subgroup of CD patients with low expression of the autophagy receptor optineurin (OPTN). Here we clarified the role of OPTN deficiency in macrophage cytokine secretion, models of bacteria driven colitis and peritonitis in mice and zebrafish Salmonella infection. OPTN deficient bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) stimulated with heat-killed E. coli secreted less proinflammatory TNF and IL6 cytokines despite similar gene transcription, which normalised with lysosomal and autophagy inhibitors suggesting that TNF is mistrafficked to lysosomes via bafilomycin A dependent pathways in the absence of OPTN. OPTN deficient mice were more susceptible to Citrobacter colitis and E. coli peritonitis with reduced levels of proinflammatory TNF in serum, diminished neutrophil recruitment to sites of acute inflammation and greater mortality. Optn knockdown zebrafish infected with Salmonella also had higher mortality. OPTN plays a role in acute inflammation and neutrophil recruitment, potentially via defective macrophage proinflammatory cytokine secretion, which suggests that diminished OPTN expression in humans may increase the risk of developing CD.
A family of ROP proteins that suppress actin dynamics and are essential for polarized growth and cell adhesion
Authors: Burkart Graham M. , Baskin Tobias I. , Bezanilla Magdalena
Published: June 2015

In plants, the small GTPase ROP has been implicated in the polarized growth of tip growing cells, such as root hairs and pollen tubes; however, most of the data derive from overexpressing ROP genes or constitutively active and dominant negative isoforms, while confirmation from loss-of-function studies has generally been lacking. Here, in the model moss Physcomitrella patens, we study ROP signaling during tip growth by using a loss-of-function approach to silence the entire moss ROP family with RNA interference. We find that plants with reduced ROP expression, in addition to failing to initiate tip growth, have perturbed cell wall staining, reduced cell adhesion, and have increased actin-filament dynamics. Although ROP RNAi plants also have reduced microtubule dynamics, this reduction is not specific to loss of ROP, as it occurs when actin function is compromised chemically or genetically. Our data suggest that ROP polarizes the actin cytoskeleton by suppressing actin filament dynamics leading to an increase in actin filaments at the site of polarized secretion.
Longitudinal variations of brain functional connectivity: A case report study based on a mouse model of epilepsy
Authors: Erramuzpe A. , Encinas J. M. , Sierra A. , Maletic-Savatic M. , Brewster A.L. , Anderson Anne E. , Stramaglia S. , Cortes Jesus M.
Published: June 2015

Brain Functional Connectivity (FC) quantifies statistical dependencies between areas of the brain.

FC has been widely used to address altered function of brain circuits in control conditions compared to different pathological states, including epilepsy, a major neurological disorder. However, FC also has the as yet unexplored potential to help us understand the pathological transformation of the brain circuitry.

Our hypothesis is that FC can differentiate global brain interactions across a time-scale of days. To this end, we present a case report study based on a mouse model for epilepsy and analyze longitudinal intracranial electroencephalography data of epilepsy to calculate FC across three stages:  

1, the initial insult (status epilepticus); 2, the latent period, when epileptogenic networks emerge; and 3, chronic epilepsy, when unprovoked seizures occur as spontaneous events.

We found that the overall network FC at low frequency bands decreased immediately after status epilepticus was provoked, and increased monotonously later on during the latent period. Overall, our results demonstrate the capacity  of FC to address longitudinal variations of brain connectivity across the establishment of pathological states.
Corruptogenic Factors in Ecological Legislation
Authors: Khludeneva Natalya
Published: June 2015

The article analyzes corruption risks of the ecological legislation, investigates shortcomings of the ecological legislation that directly affect the completeness and quality of the ecological legal regulation and contribute towards the intensification of corruption manifestations in the sphere of environmental protection. The author notes that the current Russian environmental legislation is characterized by the presence of a significant number of legal uncertainties, reference and blanket rules, norms that establish unreasonably wide margin of appreciation for subjects of law enforcement. The author concludes that not all shortcomings of the ecological legislation are the root causes contributing to corrupt practices.
Problems of ECHR Decisions Implementation into Domestic Law
Authors: Shubert Tatyana
Published: June 2015

The article examines the ECHR legal nature and types of its decisions, analyzes the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation and the RF Ministry of Justice on the implementation of the European Court of Human Rights’ judgments. The author notes the role of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in ensuring uniform application of the Convention and Protocols thereto, ratified by the Russian Federation, by the courts of general jurisdiction. The author analyzes reasons for slow and incomplete implementation of the ECHR decisions, and comes up with the measures for their implementation. The article discusses peculiarities of the execution of the ECHR judgments in the Russian Federation: mechanistic execution of the decisions, lack of a systematic approach to the legislation analysis, absence of identification of causes for non-compliance of the regulations with the Convention on Rights of Man and Citizen, lack of coordination between bodies executing the ECHR decisions, inadequate budgetary procedures and lack of funds. The author proposes to analyze structural and general deficiencies in the national law and practice with regard to the ECHR decisions; provides recommendations to improve the mechanism for the judicial decisions’ implementation; determines lines of development for legal regulation of relations in the field of ECHR judgments’ implementation in the Russian legislation.
Legal Regulation of Innovation Cycle Stages
Authors: Kazantsyev Nikolay
Published: June 2015

Simplified understanding and regulation of the innovation cycle of scientific and technical innovations in the Russian legislation under the conditions of science financing, that lags behind the level of science financing in the BRICS countries, and the oligopolistic nature of the Russian economy results in undermining innovations on the part of such non-economic factors as extralegal appropriation of intellectual property, unilateral authority-based strategizing and interference into economy, inflated refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia. To implement the tasks of import substitution the author suggests introducing the practice, justified in the works of Jean Tyrol, 2014 Economics Nobel Laureate, which involves concluding agreements between a regulatory public authority and oligopolists, who target domestic markets, in the sphere of the innovation cycle from knowledge to consumer goods.
Independent Deputy Mandate: Pro and Contra
Authors: Cherepanov Viktor
Published: June 2015

The article considers some positive features of the independent deputy mandate conception and notes some of its shortcomings. For the purpose of analysis of the legal nature of a deputy mandate, the author considers it necessary to identify three interconnected legal relations where a deputy has different legal statuses and different rights, obligations and responsibilities. In a lasting legal relation with the electorate the deputy acts as their representative, in the legal relation with the party that has nominated him, he is a representative of this party, and in the legal relation with the people of the Russian Federation (their portion) he is a representative of these people (their portion) who should express their will in the adopted decisions as part of the relevant representative body. There are some imperative elements in the lasting electoral legal relations, but in his relations with the people of the Russian Federation (their portion) there prevail some features of the independent mandate. According to the author, all these legal relations are active pattern relations whose active centre is in the deputy’s obligations directly related to the interests of the representees and their relevant right to demand to observe them and bring the deputy to responsibility when these obligations are not performed. These features of a deputy mandate suggest a binding, imperative model of legal regulation at the heart of which there should be legal obligation and subsequent legal responsibility. At the present time, based on the prevailing interpretation of the independent mandate, in order to regulate the deputy’s constitutional-legal status, another permissible, dispositive model of legal regulation is applied, that allows for the deputy to act at his discretion. In this context the article justifies the necessity of the Russian federal legislation improvement by reinforcement of certain elements of a deputy mandate’s mandatory nature, laying down his obligations and responsibility including a recall as a form of pure democracy.
A New Method of Using Neuromotors in Psychophysiology
Authors: Филатова  , Filatova D. , Еськов  , Eskov Valeriy , Еськов  , Eskov Valeriy , Нехайчик  , Nekhaychik S.
Published: June 2015

The status of the processing of visual or auditory analyzer sensory reactions was examined at 146 children when moving from Orgy in Tuapse. For processing of the results was used neuromotor. It is established that the aggregate doesn’t clearly differentiate the differences between psychophysical functions before and after the latitudinal movements of the person. The substantial changes in the significance of the auditory analyzer were determined at 146 people in a pair-wise comparison by means of neuromotor. Once the authentication procedure by means of neuromotor distorts the results and its use is impractical. The increase in the number of iterations provides a predictable accuracy of the parameter identification procedure. The possibility of separating in different comparison groups, and one group (before and after exposure to these or other factors) was determined.
Application of Neuroemulators in System Synthesis Problems of Diagnostic Characters in Gerontology
Authors: Кощеев  , Koshcheev V. , Ватамова  , Vatamova S. , Филатова  , Filatova O. , Хадарцев  , Khadartsev Aleksandr , Соколова  , Sokolova A.
Published: June 2015

Method of neurocomputing is extensively used in biomedical systems, but this method has one defect which is now disregarded: the resulting ranking diagnostic signs cannot be used at a few iterations p, i.e. network adjustment. Based on the study of the differences between the three age groups of women Khanty (the indigenous population of Yugra) on the parameters of the five active component (from all 14 registered) state of the cardio-respiratory system of the body, the authors demonstrate the fallacy of a single or small number of iterations R (R≤50) solving the problem of binary classification separate groups in a special five-dimensional phase space.The solving binary classification problem must be repeated not less than 1000 times that provides identifying significant diagnostic signs хi i.e. exhibits the significance in diagnostics of ageing rate. This will guarantee that the exact value of the weights Wi signs up to three digits after the decimal point. This ensures accurate diagnostics significance xi features not only in gerontology, but also in any other areas of medicine and physiology. The task of system synthesis is solved if statistics are powerless to identify differences between groups of patients or in different physiological conditions.
Medicine and the Chaos Theory in Description of Individual and Particular
Authors: Еськов  , Eskov V. , Джумагалиева  , Dzhumagalieva L. , Еськов  , Eskov Valeriy , Гудкова  , Gudkova S.
Published: June 2015

The article presents three approaches (deterministic, stochastic and chaotic – self-organizing) for studying biomedical systems. The authors show that complex biosystems cann’t be described by deterministic and stochastics because of constant changing parameters xi of a state vector of such systems x=x(t). The fundamental distinguish of deterministic and stochastic systems from chaotic – self-organizing is continuous movement x(t) in phase space of states. The authors also present complex of objects which the authors have been studying for the last 30 years and which conform the type III systems. The particular features of the personalized medicine are presented, that denies possibility of identification of body state at one measurement (a point in a phase space). It is connected with the fact that there is a uniform distribution x(t) in time-domain xi which is revealed in continuous change of distribution functions f(x) for different discrete recording time-domain x(t) at all xi. The authors assert that behavior dynamics of neural networks is similar to work of neuroemulators that is terminated by certainty in quasi-attractor’s volumes.