bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moi, c’est l’Autre. L’histoire des Franco-Américains dans la culture populaire télévisuelle et cinématographique au Québec (1949-1992)1
Authors: Lavoie Pierre
Published: July 2018

Dans cet article, l’auteur propose de mettre à profit l’historiographie existante et des sources télévisuelles et cinématographiques populaires, telles qu’Entre chien et loup et Les Tisserands du pouvoir, pour analyser les représentations de l’histoire des migrations canadiennes-françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre au Québec après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il appert qu’après avoir progressivement développé une identification collective distincte au cours du siècle des grandes migrations (1840-1930), les Franco-Américains ont été dépossédés symboliquement de cette distinction par l’appropriation de leur histoire dans le cadre des conflits linguistiques et identitaires du Québec de la fin des années 1980.
enpolitique.com
Authors: Greffet Fabienne , Giasson Thierry
Published: July 2018

Les usages des technologies numériques dans la sphère politique constituent un objet de recherche largement investi en science politique, cependant en langue anglaise plus qu’en français. Ce numéro spécial dePolitique et Sociétéss’emploie à rétablir l’équilibre, en présentant et en mettant en perspective les résultats d’un projet comparatif franco-québécois sur les campagnes en ligne,enpolitique.com. L’introduction propose une synthèse de la littérature universitaire concernant trois domaines : les usages du web et des médias sociaux comme outils de campagne électorale, la constitution d’équipes spécialisées dans la communication politique numérique, et les appropriations des dispositifs de campagne par des citoyens, sociologiquement spécifiques, et politisés. L’introduction présente aussi une synthèse des résultats français et québécois discutés dans le numéro, qui montrent que l’expansion des technologies numériques ne fait pas disparaître les logiques antérieures de structuration de la compétition électorale. En revanche, elle conduit à des réaménagements importants des activités de communication politique.
Relever le défi de l’hybridité
Authors: Giasson Thierry , Greffet Fabienne , Chacon Geneviève
Published: July 2018

Cet article examine les objectifs stratégiques assignés aux campagnes électorales en ligne dans le discours de membres des équipes de campagne de l’élection présidentielle française et de l’élection générale québécoise (toutes deux en 2012). L’analyse est menée à partir de 37 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec différents types de personnels de campagne au Québec et en France. En mobilisant le concept d’hybridité des campagnes électorales, les objectifs stratégiques de campagne tels qu’ils ressortent des entretiens sont divisés en trois catégories : objectifs de diffusion de contenus ; objectifs politiques et de mobilisation ; objectifs de marketing et d’animation de communautés. L’analyse indique que les objectifs de diffusion de contenus liés à la dissémination et au contrôle des messages sont les plus souvent mentionnés. Également, des différences contextuelles apparaissent. D’abord, le Québec est la démocratie où les discours sur la diffusion de contenus, et dans une moindre mesure le marketing et l’animation, sont les plus dominants, tandis que les objectifs politiques et de mobilisation sont plus souvent évoqués en France. Ensuite, il ressort que les stratèges de gauche sont plus enclins à insister sur les objectifs politiques et de mobilisation, alors que les stratèges de droite sont plus axés sur la diffusion de contenus. Troisièmement, le discours des équipes des candidats et partis au pouvoir se distingue par une attention accrue à la diffusion de contenus, notamment au contrôle du message, contrairement à celui des opposants. L’étude conclut que tous les partis ont mené des campagnes hybrides au sein desquelles le numérique est une composante centrale. Elle rappelle également qu’il convient de prendre en compte les facteurs institutionnels afin de mieux comprendre les différences en termes de campagnes en ligne d’une démocratie à l’autre.
Militer sur Internet ou militer à (bonne) distance du parti
Authors: Theviot Anaïs
Published: July 2018

Cet article propose d’analyser les reconfigurations du militantisme au prisme du numérique, par une analyse « au microscope » de trajectoires individuelles, afin de saisir finement la réalité des pratiques militantes derrière les discours d’institution, les injonctions partisanes et les perceptions mythifiées. Notre enquête se centre ainsi sur les récits de vie de deux (ex-)adhérents du Parti socialiste dans un contexte localisé – la Fédération de Gironde – pour retranscrire de façon processuelle et à long terme les motifs de dés/engagement mis en avant. Nous verrons que militer en ligne peut être considéré à la fois comme une forme de reconversion, une réponse à un « moment critique » dans la trajectoire des adhérents et une occasion de faire carrière en politique. En somme, il s’agit de militer à bonne distance du parti, que ce soit pour s’y fondre ou s’en éloigner.
‘One-Day-Wide’ Canada: History, Geography, and Aerial Views at Trans Canada Air Lines, 1945-1955
Authors: Stein Blair
Published: July 2018

This article shows how Trans Canada Air Lines (now Air Canada) navigated celebrating Canada’s geography while eliminating it using modern communications technologies in its midcentury public-facing material. TCA worked explicitly with modern and high-modern discourse of “space” and “time,” manipulating the historical and geographic imaginary to position itself as a natural part of the Canadian envirotechnical landscape. In so doing, TCA also self-fashioned as the gatekeeper of geographic experiences in the form of aerial views. By embracing a new technological system—aviation—and a new type of environment—the geographic imaginary—this article pushes the boundaries of envirotech and argues that the Canadian tendency towards both geographic and technological nationalism is, at its center, an envirotechnical relationship.
Saproxylic Diptera assemblages in a temperate deciduous forest: implications for community assembly
Authors: Mlynarek Julia , Grégoire Taillefer Amélie , Wheeler Terry A
Published: July 2018

Saproxylic insects, those that feed on wood or bark, compose a large proportion of forest organisms. Flies (Diptera) are often the most abundant and species-rich groups in forest microhabitats, yet most work to date on saproxylic insect diversity and ecology has focused on beetles (Coleoptera). We compared saproxylic Diptera assemblages reared from two tree species (sugar maple and American beech) at two stages of decay (ca. two years, and ca. six years after death) for a total of 20 logs in an eastern Canadian Nearctic old-growth forest. We found that communities are distinct within both species type and decay stage of wood. Early decay stage wood is more variable in community composition than later decay stage; however, as the age of the decaying wood increases, the abundance of Diptera increases significantly. Most indicator species are discernible in later decay stage and wood type. Both stochastic and deterministic processes seem to play a role in community of temperate deciduous forests. To retain the highest saproxylic Diptera diversity in a forest, a variety of decaying wood types at different stages of decomposition is necessary.
The Art and Science of Modeling Decision-Making Under Severe Uncertainty
Authors: Sniedovich Moshe
Published: July 2018

For obvious reasons, models for decision-making under severe uncertainty are austere. Simply put, there is precious little to work with under these conditions. This fact highlights the great importance of utilizing in such cases the ingredients of the mathematical model to the fullest extent, which in turn brings under the spotlight the art of mathematical modeling. In this discussion we examine some of the subtle considerations that are called for in the mathematical modeling of decision-making under severe uncertainty in general, and worst-case analysis in particular. As a case study we discuss the lessons learnt on this front from the Info-Gap experience.
The Errors-in-Variable Model in the Optimal Portfolio Construction
Authors: Czapkiewicz Anna , Machowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2018

In the paper we consider a modification of Sharpe’s method used in classical portfolio analysis for optimal portfolio building. The conventional theory assumes there is a linear relationship between asset’s return and market portfolio return, while the influence of all the other factors is not included. We propose not to neglect them any more, but include them into a model. Since the factors in question are often hard to measure or even characterize, we treat them as a disturbances on random variables used by classical Sharpe’s method.The key idea of the paper is the modification of the classical approach by application of the errors-in-variable model. We assume that both independent (market portfolio return) as well as dependent (given asset’s return) variables are randomly distributed values related with each other by linear relationship and we build the model used for parameters’ estimation.To verify the model, we performed an analysis based on archival data from Warsaw Stock Exchange. The results are also included.
Practical Tips for Modelling Lot-Sizing and Scheduling Problems
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Waldemar
Published: July 2018

This paper presents some important alternatives for modelling Lot-Sizing and Scheduling Problems. First, the accuracy of models can improved by using short time buckets, which allow more detailed planning but lead to higher computational effort. Next, valid inequalities make the models tighter but increase their size. Sometimes it is possible to find a good balance between the size and tightness of a model by limiting a priori the number of valid inequalities. Finally, a special normalization of the variables simplifies the presentation of results and validation of models.
Ant Algorithm for AP-N Aimed at Optimization of Complex Systems
Authors: Mikulik Jerzy , Zajdel Mirosław
Published: July 2018

Assignment Problem (AP), which is well known combinatorial problem, has been studied extensively in the course of many operational and technical researches. It has been shown to be NP-hard for three or more dimensions and a few non-deterministic methods have been proposed to solve it. This paper pays attention on new heuristic search method for the n-dimensional assignment problem, based on swarm intelligence and comparing results with those obtained by other scientists. It indicates possible direction of solutions of problems and presents a way of behaviour using ant algorithm for multidimensional optimization complex systems. Results of researches in the form of computational simulations outcomes are presented.
Extended Model Formulation of the Proportional Lot-Sizing and Scheduling Problem with Lost Demand Costs
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Waldemar
Published: July 2018

We consider mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) models of production planning problems known as the small bucket lot-sizing and scheduling problems. We present an application of a class of valid inequalities to the case with lost demand (stock-out) costs. Presented results of numerical experiments made for the the Proportional Lot-sizing and Scheduling Problem (PLSP) confirm benefits of such extended model formulation.
BPMN – A Logical Model and Property Analysis
Authors: Ligęza Antoni
Published: July 2018

Business Process Modeling Notation has become a powerful and widely accepted visual language for modeling business processes. Despite its expressive power and high usability, a weak point of BPMN is the lack of formal semantics and difficulties with assuring correctness of the overall process. In this paper an attempt is made towards investigation and development of foundations for a logical, declarative model for BPMN. Such model should enable formal analysis of desired properties referring to correct operation of Business Processes modeled with use of BPMN.
Multisite dependency of an E3 ligase controls monoubiquitylation-dependent cell fate decisions
Authors: Werner Achim , Baur Regina , Teerikorpi Nia , Kaya Deniz U , Rape Michael
Published: July 2018

Metazoan development depends on tightly regulated gene expression programs that instruct progenitor cells to adopt specialized fates. Recent work found that posttranslational modifications, such as monoubiquitylation, can determine cell fate also independently of effects on transcription, yet how monoubiquitylation is implemented during development is poorly understood. Here, we have identified a regulatory circuit that controls monoubiquitylation-dependent neural crest specification by the E3 ligase CUL3 and its substrate adaptor KBTBD8. We found that CUL3KBTBD8 monoubiquitylates its essential targets only after these have been phosphorylated in multiple motifs by CK2, a kinase whose levels gradually increase during embryogenesis. Its dependency on multisite phosphorylation allows CUL3KBTBD8 to convert the slow rise in embryonic CK2 into decisive recognition of ubiquitylation substrates, which in turn is essential for neural crest specification. We conclude that multisite dependency of an E3 ligase provides a powerful mechanism for switch-like cell fate transitions controlled by monoubiquitylation.
Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in halophytic plantRhizophora apiculata
Authors: Saddhe Ankush Ashok , Malvankar Manali Ramakant , Kumar Kundan
Published: July 2018

Rhizophora apiculatais a halophytic, small mangrove tree distributed along the coastal regions of the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. They are natural genetic reservoirs of salt adaptation genes and offer a unique system to explore adaptive mechanisms under salinity stress. However, there are no reliable studies available on selection and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) inR. apiculataphysiological tissues and in salt stress conditions. The selection of appropriate candidate reference gene for normalization of qRT-PCR data is a crucial step towards relative analysis of gene expression. In the current study, seven genes such as elongation factor 1α (EF1α), Ubiquitin (UBQ), β-tubulin (β-TUB), Actin (ACT), Ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and 18S rRNA (18S) were selected and analyzed for their expression stability. Physiological tissues such as leaf, root, stem, and flower along with salt stress leaf samples were used for selection of candidate reference genes. The high-quality expression data was obtained from biological replicates and further analyzed using five different programs such as geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct and RefFinder. All algorithms comprehensively rankedEF1α followed byACTas the most stable candidate reference genes inR. apiculataphysiological tissues. Moreover, β-TUBand 18S were ranked as moderately stable candidate reference genes, while GAPDH andrbcLwere least stable reference genes. Under salt stress,EF1α was comprehensively recommended top-ranked candidate reference gene followed byACTand 18S. In order to validate the identified most stable candidate reference genes,EF1α,ACT, 18S andUBQwere used for relative gene expression level of sodium/proton antiporter (NHX) gene under salt stress. The expression level ofNHXvaried according to the internal control which showed the importance of selection of appropriate reference gene. Taken together, this is the first ever systematic attempt of selection and validation of reference gene for qRT-PCR inR. apiculataphysiological tissues and in salt stress. This study would promote gene expression profiling of salt stress tolerance related genes inR. apiculata.
Quantifying construction vibration effects on daily radiotherapy treatments
Authors: Hindmarsh Jonathan J. , Smith Wendy L.
Published: July 2018

The existing two‐story parkade is being replaced by a four‐story parkade on a hospital campus. The parkade is across a two‐lane access road from a cancer center with a nine‐linear accelerator radiotherapy department in the basement. The new parkade is supported by over 280 drilled and cased pilings installed at depths between 10 and 25 m depending on the underlying soil strata and varying diameters, up to 1.5 m. The construction work in such close proximity to the radiation therapy department resulted in significant vibrations being felt in the simulation and treatment vaults. The amplitude and frequency of the vibration was measured. Using vendor supplied documentation, the total vibratory amplitude of the linear accelerators in use within the department was calculated. The results fell outside of specification, resulting in changes to the way the project preceded following discussion with the project management team.
Multifocal visual evoked potentials in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Graf Jonas , Jansen Lea , Ingwersen Jens , Ringelstein Marius , Harmel Jens , Rybak Jana , Kolbe Robert , Rhöse Laura , Gemerzki Lena , Lee John‐Ih , Klistorner Alexander , Guthoff Rainer , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Aktas Orhan , Albrecht Philipp
Published: July 2018

Objective

Studies using conventional full‐field visual evoked potentials (ffVEP) have reported subtle abnormalities in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). We hypothesize that these abnormalities can be detected in the majority of CIDP patients using enhanced methods.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional noninterventional study comparing 18 CIDP patients and 18 matched healthy controls using multifocal VEP (mfVEP) as a technique with enhanced sensitivity to detect conduction abnormalities across the spectrum of optic nerve fibers. Patients with confounding diseases (ophthalmologic, diabetes mellitus) were excluded.

Results

The mean amplitude and latency, as well as the low‐contrast visual acuity, did not differ between CIDP patients and controls. Subanalyses revealed latency differences concerning the superior sector of the visual field. Severity markers of CIDP (ODSS, motor nerve conduction velocity) were associated with mfVEP latency delay.

Interpretation

We could not adduce evidence for clinically or diagnostically relevant visual pathway involvement in CIDP. The latency differences identified were very subtle and restricted to the superior visual field which cannot be readily explained biologically, anatomically, or pathologically. In summary, we conclude that our study revealed no relevant differences in mfVEP parameters between CIDP patients and controls.
Effective Transplantation of 2D and 3D Cultured Hepatocyte Spheroids Confirmed by Quantum Dot Imaging
Authors: Okumura Hiroki , Nanizawa Eri , Nakanishi Anna , Yukawa Hiroshi , Hashita Tadahiro , Iwao Takahiro , Baba Yoshinobu , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Matsunaga Tamihide
Published: July 2018

Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for patients with end‐stage liver diseases, but hepatocyte transplantation using spheroids is expected to become an alternative strategy owing to the limited number of liver donors. However, the effects of the transplantation route and spheroid size on cell dynamics and the organ‐specific accumulation of hepatocytes are not well characterized. In this study, the influence of three delivery routes (tail vein, portal vein, and spleen) and three spheroid sizes (50, 100, and 150 µm in diameter) on the accumulation of human fetal hepatocytes labeled with quantum dots in the liver and other organs (heart, lung, kidney, and spleen) of recipient mice is investigated. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging reveals that the accumulation of transplanted cells in the liver is highest for transplantation via the portal vein compared with other routes. The accumulation efficiency depends on spheroid size, and spheroids with a diameter of 50 µm display greater accumulation than that of spheroids of other sizes. It is concluded that hepatocyte transplantation via the portal vein using small spheroids of 50 µm in diameter may be effective for clinical applications.
Embedding Tracking Codes in Additive Manufactured Parts for Product Authentication
Authors: Chen Fei , Luo Yuxi , Tsoutsos Nektarios Georgios , Maniatakos Michail , Shahin Khaled , Gupta Nikhil
Published: July 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) process chain relies heavily on cloud resources and software programs. Cybersecurity has become a major concern for such resources. AM produces physical components, which can be compromised for quality by many other means and can be reverse engineered for unauthorized reproduction. This work is focused on taking advantage of layer‐by‐layer manufacturing process of AM to embed codes inside the components and reading them using image acquisition methods. The example of a widely used QR code format is used, but the same scheme can be used for other formats or alphanumeric strings. The code is segmented in a large number of parts for obfuscation. The results show that segmentation and embedding the code in numerous layers help in eliminating the effect of embedded features on the mechanical properties of the part. Such embedded codes can be used for parts produced by fused filament fabrication, inkjet printing, and selective laser sintering technologies for product authentication and identification of counterfeits. Post processing methods such as heat treatments and hot isostatic pressing may remove or distort these codes; therefore, analysis of AM method and threat level is required to determine if the proposed strategy can be useful for a particular product.
Programmable Negative Differential Resistance Effects Based on Self‐Assembled Au@PPy Core–Shell Nanoparticle Arrays
Authors: Zheng Jianzhong , Zhang Junchang , Wang Zi , Zhong Liubiao , Sun Yinghui , Liang Zhiqiang , Li Youyong , Jiang Lin , Chen Xiaodong , Chi Lifeng
Published: July 2018

The negative differential resistance (NDR) effect observed in conducting polymer/Au nanoparticle composite devices is not yet fully clarified due to the random and disordered incorporation of Au nanoparticles into conducting polymers. It remains a formidable challenge to achieve the sequential arrangement of various components in an optimal manner during the fabrication of Au nanoparticle/conducting polymer composite devices. Here, a novel strategy for fabricating Au nanoparticle/conducting polymer composite devices based on self‐assembled Au@PPy core–shell nanoparticle arrays is demonstrated. The interval between the two Au nanoparticles can be precisely programmed by modulating the thickness of the shell and the size of the core. Programmable NDR is achieved by regulating the spacer between two Au nanoparticles. In addition, the Au/conducting polymer composite device exhibits a reproducible memory effect with read–write–erase characteristics. The sequentially controllable assembly of Au@PPy core–shell nanoparticle arrays between two microelectrodes will simplify nanodevice fabrication and will provide a profound impact on the development of new approaches for Au/conducting polymer composite devices.
Film Flip and Transfer Process to Enhance Light Harvesting in Ultrathin Absorber Films on Specular Back‐Reflectors
Authors: Kay Asaf , Scherrer Barbara , Piekner Yifat , Malviya Kirtiman Deo , Grave Daniel A. , Dotan Hen , Rothschild Avner
Published: July 2018

Optical interference is used to enhance light–matter interaction and harvest broadband light in ultrathin semiconductor absorber films on specular back‐reflectors. However, the high‐temperature processing in oxygen atmosphere required for oxide absorbers often degrades metallic back‐reflectors and their specular reflectance. In order to overcome this problem, a newly developed film flip and transfer process is presented that enables high‐temperature processing without degradation of the metallic back‐reflector and without the need of passivation interlayers. The film flip and transfer process improves the performance of photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting comprising ultrathin (<20 nm) hematite (α‐Fe2O3) films on silver–gold alloy (90 at% Ag–10 at% Au) back‐reflectors. Specular back‐reflectors are obtained with high reflectance below hematite films, which is necessary for maximizing the productive light absorption in the hematite film and minimizing nonproductive absorption in the back‐reflector. Furthermore, the film flip and transfer process opens up a new route to attach thin film stacks onto a wide range of substrates including flexible or temperature sensitive materials.
Patterned Nanobrush Nature Mimics with Unprecedented Water‐Harvesting Efficiency
Authors: Sarkar Depanjan , Mahapatra Anindita , Som Anirban , Kumar Ramesh , Nagar Ankit , Baidya Avijit , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: July 2018

Water scarcity is one of the most alarming problems of the planet. An ambient ion based method is developed to make hydrophilic‐hydrophobic patterned silver nanowires (NWs) as humidity harvesters of unprecedented efficiency. Such water harvesters are developed by two‐step surface modification of the as‐synthesized NWs (known from a report earlier) using electrospray. These patterned NWs of ≈20 µm length and ≈200 nm width grown over a relatively large area (2 × 2 cm2) exhibit atmospheric water capture (AWC) efficiency of 56.6 L m−2 d−1, the highest reported so far. The whole fabrication process of the surface is performed under ambient conditions with a home‐built nanoelectrospray ion source, without the help of any sophisticated instrumentation. The synthesized material combines and mimics two exciting examples of AWC in nature, which are cactae and Namib Desert beetles, which utilize AWC for their living. It is believed that the combination of the special features of the above two natural species helps to achieve the highest water capture efficiency reported till date. A working prototype using this surface for AWC is also fabricated.
Caging Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Microcubes in Cross‐Linked Graphene Enabling Ultrafast Sodium Storage and Long‐Term Cycling
Authors: Cai Yangsheng , Cao Xinxin , Luo Zhigao , Fang Guozhao , Liu Fei , Zhou Jiang , Pan Anqiang , Liang Shuquan
Published: July 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries are widely regarded as a promising supplement for lithium‐ion battery technology. However, it still suffers from some challenges, including low energy/power density and unsatisfactory cycling stability. Here, a cross‐linked graphene‐caged Na3V2(PO4)2F3 microcubes (NVPF@rGO) composite via a one‐pot hydrothermal strategy followed by freeze drying and heat treatment is reported. As a cathode for a sodium‐ion half‐cell, the NVPF@rGO delivers excellent cycling stability and rate capability, as well as good low temperature adaptability. The structural evolution during the repeated Na+ extraction/insertion and Na ions diffusion kinetics in the NVPF@rGO electrode are investigated. Importantly, a practicable sodium‐ion full‐cell is constructed using a NVPF@rGO cathode and a N‐doped carbon anode, which delivers outstanding cycling stability (95.1% capacity retention over 400 cycles at 10 C), as well as an exceptionally high energy density (291 Wh kg−1 at power density of 192 W kg−1). Such micro‐/nanoscale design and engineering strategies, as well as deeper understanding of the ion diffusion kinetics, may also be used to explore other micro‐/nanostructure materials to boost the performance of energy storage devices.
Sleep and nesting behavior in primates: A review
Authors: Fruth Barbara , Tagg Nikki , Stewart Fiona
Published: July 2018

Sleep is a universal behavior in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, suggesting it originated in the very first life forms. Given the vital function of sleep, sleeping patterns and sleep architecture follow dynamic and adaptive processes reflecting trade‐offs to different selective pressures.

Here, we review responses in sleep and sleep‐related behavior to environmental constraints across primate species, focusing on the role of great ape nest building in hominid evolution. We summarize and synthesize major hypotheses explaining the proximate and ultimate functions of great ape nest building across all species and subspecies; we draw on 46 original studies published between 2000 and 2017. In addition, we integrate the most recent data brought together by researchers from a complementary range of disciplines in the frame of the symposium “Burning the midnight oil” held at the 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, August 2016, as well as some additional contributors, each of which is included as a “stand‐alone” article in this “Primate Sleep” symposium set. In doing so, we present crucial factors to be considered in describing scenarios of human sleep evolution: (a) the implications of nest construction for sleep quality and cognition; (b) the tree‐to‐ground transition in early hominids; (c) the peculiarities of human sleep.

We propose bridging disciplines such as neurobiology, endocrinology, medicine, and evolutionary ecology, so that future research may disentangle the major functions of sleep in human and nonhuman primates, namely its role in energy allocation, health, and cognition.
DNA‐Templated [2+2] Photocycloaddition: A Straightforward Entry into the Aplysinopsin Family of Natural Products
Authors: Duchemin Nicolas , Skiredj Adam , Mansot Justine , Leblanc Karine , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Beniddir Mehdi A. , Evanno Laurent , Poupon Erwan , Smietana Michael , Arseniyadis Stellios
Published: July 2018

Biosynthetic considerations inspired us to harness the templating properties offered by DNA to promote a [2+2] photoinduced cycloaddition. The method was developed based on the dimerization of (E)‐aplysinopsin, which was previously shown to be unproductive in solution. In sharp contrast, exposure of this tryptophan‐derived olefin to light in the presence of salmon testes DNA (st‐DNA) reproducibly afforded the corresponding homo‐dimerized spiro‐fused cyclobutane in excellent yields. DNA provides unique templating interactions enabling a singular mimic of the solid‐state aggregation necessary for the [2+2] photocycloaddition to occur. This method was ultimately used to promote the prerequisite dimerizations leading to both dictazole B and tubastrindole B, thus constituting the first example of a DNA‐mediated transformation to be applied to the total synthesis of a natural product.
Post‐Synthetic Ligand Exchange in Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks: Beware of The Defects!
Authors: Taddei Marco , Wakeham Russell J. , Koutsianos Athanasios , Andreoli Enrico , Barron Andrew R.
Published: July 2018

Post‐synthetic ligand exchange in the prototypical zirconium‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO‐66 was investigated by in situ solution 1H NMR spectroscopy. Samples of UiO‐66 having different degrees of defectivity were exchanged using solutions of several terephthalic acid analogues in a range of conditions. Linker exchange only occurred in defect‐free UiO‐66, whereas monocarboxylates grafted at defect sites were found to be preferentially exchanged with respect to terephthalic acid over the whole range of conditions investigated. A 1:1 exchange ratio between the terephthalic acid analogue and modulator was observed, providing evidence that the defects had missing‐cluster nature. Ex situ characterisation of the MOF powders after exchange corroborated these findings and showed that the physical‐chemical properties of the MOF depend on whether the functionalisation occurs at defective sites or on the framework.
Tourism in Pacific island countries: A status quo round‐up
Authors: Cheer Joseph M. , Pratt Stephen , Tolkach Denis , Bailey Anthony , Taumoepeau Semisi , Movono Apisalome
Published: July 2018

In the 21st century, Pacific island countries (PICs) continue to leverage for tourism the attributes that have imbued them, including appeals to their cultural, geographical, and climatic allure. However, the question raised more frequently by many is why despite the many decades of tourism across the region, development impacts from the sector remain largely muted. The key remit of this paper is to offer a status quo round‐up of tourism in PICs and to draw on key emergent themes that underlay the present context. There is little doubt that for policymakers and their international development partners, whether tourism has or can lead to enduring development outcomes remains clouded in questions over whether there is ample evidence available to support such assertions. However, this has failed to dampen the enthusiasm of multilateral agencies that promote the notion that tourism's potential remains largely underdeveloped. With largely narrow economic bases, PICs have little choice but to seek further development of tourism despite the many fundamental constraints that make them less competitive than Southeast Asian destinations.
A Cyanotoxin Primer for Drinking Water Professionals
Authors: Westrick Judy A. , Szlag David
Published: July 2018

Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins became an emerging issue for the drinking water industry in 1998 by appearing in the first US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 1). Before CCL, cyanotoxin contaminants did not fit into the two prevailing paradigms: synthetic chemicals and pathogens. Cyanotoxins added a new paradigm: natural chemical toxins. Driven by anthropogenic influences, nutrient loading, and climate change, cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency and distribution. To efficiently produce potable water from a source impacted by a toxic cyanobacterial bloom, drinking water practitioners need to take a multidisciplinary approach. Bloom dynamics (biology), surrogate and analytical methods (chemistry), inactivation/removal of intra‐ and extracellular toxins and multibarrier treatment (engineering), and risk management (public health) must all be part of a comprehensive management strategy. This article provides a holistic primer for water professionals on cyanotoxin treatment and management using pertinent literature, technical sources, case studies, and experience.
Filter‐based isolation, enrichment, and characterization of circulating tumor cells
Authors: Khetani Sultan , Mohammadi Mehdi , Nezhad Amir Sanati
Published: July 2018

Isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood has long been a challenge due to the rarity and heterogeneity of these cells. Detection technologies have predominantly focused on different molecular or physical properties of CTCs. Size‐based isolation approach using microfilters have been widely used to capture CTCs because of the difference in size and stiffness of the cells compared to other hemocytes. Isolation of rare cells based on their size was the original CTC enrichment technique and it demonstrated a simple yet rapid method that enhanced the recovery of cells with high throughput. In this review, we highlight key technical aspects of filter‐based isolation, detection, and characterization of CTCs, and compare the clinical performance of filter‐based devices with the approved platforms and immunoassays used for the analysis of CTCs. We have also discussed future prospective and incorporation of advances in immunochemistry technique into the filter‐based platforms for enhancing the utility in clinical settings.
The diagnostic role and dynamic changes in cerebrospinal fluid neopterin during treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Geng Mingying , Xiao He , Liu Jiaqi , Song Yang , Fu Ping , Cheng Xing , Zhang Jinwei , Wang Ge
Published: July 2018

This study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic role of neopterin (Npt) concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Ninety‐nine patients were enrolled in this retrospective study; these included patients with PCNSL (n = 21), other brain tumors (n = 44), and inflammatory diseases (n = 34). CSF Npt concentration was measured using ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the discriminative ability of CSF Npt concentration for the diagnosis of PCNSL. CSF Npt concentration in patients with PCNSL was significantly higher than that in patients with other brain tumors and inflammatory diseases (P < .001). On ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff CSF Npt level of 10.77 ng/mL for the diagnosis of PCNSL and the diagnostic yield of MRI were increased when used in conjunction with CSF Npt concentration. The CSF Npt concentrations in PCNSL patients with multiple lesions were significantly higher than those in patients with a single lesion. Changes in CSF Npt concentration were consistent with post‐treatment changes in tumor sizes. The CSF Npt concentration may be a good biomarker for the diagnosis, for monitoring of disease course, and for prognostic evaluation of patients with PCNSL.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor vasculature during tumor growth and antiangiogenic treatment: MRI assessment using permeability and blood volume parameters
Authors: Kim Cherry , Suh Ji‐Yeon , Heo Changhoe , Lee Chang Kyung , Shim Woo Hyun , Park Bum Woo , Cho Gyunggoo , Lee Do‐Wan , Woo Dong‐Cheol , Kim Sang‐Yeob , Kim Yun Jae , Bae Dong‐Jun , Kim Jeong Kon
Published: July 2018

Tumor heterogeneity is an important concept when assessing intratumoral variety in vascular phenotypes and responses to antiangiogenic treatment. This study explored spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vascular alterations in C6 glioma mice during tumor growth and antiangiogenic treatment on serial MR examinations (days 0, 4, and 7 from initiation of vehicle or multireceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor administration). Transvascular permeability (TP) was quantified on dynamic‐contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) using extravascular extracellular agent (Gd‐DOTA); blood volume (BV) was estimated using intravascular T2 agent (SPION). With regard to region‐dependent variability in vascular phenotypes, the control group demonstrated higher TP in the tumor center than in the periphery, and greater BV in the tumor periphery than in the center. This distribution pattern became more apparent with tumor growth. Antiangiogenic treatment effect was regionally heterogeneous: in the tumor center, treatment significantly suppressed the increase in TP and decrease in BV (ie, typical temporal change in the control group); in the tumor periphery, treatment‐induced vascular alterations were insignificant and BV remained high. On histopathological examination, the control group showed greater CD31, VEGFR2, Ki67, and NG2 expression in the tumor periphery than in the center. After treatment, CD31 and Ki67 expression was significantly suppressed only in the tumor center, whereas VEGFR2 and α‐caspase 3 expression was decreased and NG2 expression was increased in the entire tumor. These results demonstrate that MRI can reliably depict spatial heterogeneity in tumor vascular phenotypes and antiangiogenic treatment effects. Preserved angiogenic activity (high BV on MRI and high CD31) and proliferation (high Ki67) in the tumor periphery after treatment may provide insights into the mechanism of tumor resistance to antiangiogenic treatment.
Marine sponge‐derived smenospongine preferentially eliminates breast cancer stem‐like cells via p38/AMPKα pathways
Authors: Tang Jie , Wu Wei , Yang Fan , Liu Liyun , Yang Zhen , Liu Li , Tang Weizhuo , Sun Fan , Lin Houwen
Published: July 2018

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been postulated as responsible for therapeutic failure of breast cancer. Novel agents effectively targeting breast CSCs are urging to be discovered to overcome cancer relapse and metastasis. We recently established a CSC‐like model through ectopic expression Nanog, a core pluripotency factor, in breast cancer cells and validated induced CSC‐like (MCF7‐Nanog) model acquired stem‐like properties. Using this model, we found that smenospongine (Sme), a natural sesquiterpene aminoquinone isolated from marine sponge Spongia pertusa Esper, preferentially inhibited the induced CSC‐like cells proliferation by inducing G0/G1 arrest and intrinsic apoptosis via increasing the phosphorylation level of p38 and AMPKα. Importantly, Sme exhibited the ability to abrogate CSC‐like cells associated with a downregulation of stem cell markers including Nanog, Sox2, and Bmi1. Functionally, Sme inhibited the ability of MCF7‐Nanog cells to form tumor sphere in vitro and develop tumor in vivo. Significant antitumor effects are observed in Sme‐treated mouse xenograft tumor models, with no apparent toxicity to mice. Taken together, our findings provide a CSC‐like model to identify novel CSC‐targeting drugs and identify Sme as a candidate natural agent for treatment of breast cancer.
Chemotaxonomic Considerations of the n‐Alkane Composition in Pinus heldreichii, P. nigra, and P. peuce
Authors: Nikolić Biljana M. , Mitić Zorica S. , Tešević Vele V. , Đorđević Iris Ž. , Todosijević Marina M. , Bojović Srdjan R. , Marin Petar D.
Published: July 2018

The n‐alkane composition in the leaf cuticular waxes of natural populations of Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii), Austrian pine (P. nigra), and Macedonian pine (P. peuce) was compared for the first time. The range of n‐alkanes was wider in P. nigra (C16 – C33) than in P. heldreichii and P. peuce (C18 – C33). Species also diverged in abundance and range of dominant n‐alkanes (P. heldreichii: C23, C27, and C25; P. nigra: C25, C27, C29, and C23; P. peuce: C29, C25, C27, and C23). Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, DA, and CA) generally pointed out separation of populations of P. nigra from populations of P. heldreichii and P. peuce (which were, to a greater or lesser extent, separated too). However, position of these species on the basis of n‐alkane composition was in accordance neither with infrageneric classification nor with recent molecular and terpene investigations.
Lead failure in transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a new opportunity for an effective management
Authors: Pignalberi Carlo , Colivicchi Furio
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

In case of transvenous defibrillator lead failure, a subcutaneous defibrillator may be implanted and the lead may be abandoned in order to avoid particular risk situations. For patients who require pacing and with an operational atrial lead, the transvenous ICD may be also maintained to ensure antibradycardia support.
A de novo derivative Y chromosome (partial Yq deletion and partial duplication of Yp and Yq) in a female with disorders of sex development
Authors: Liu Qing‐Song , Zhu Xing‐Chun , Ma Qiang , He Cheng , Shao Jian‐Lan
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report an atypical disorders of sex development (DSD) case with no mutation of SYR gene but partial Yq deletion and partial duplication of Yp and Yq. This case emphasizes duplicated region Yp11.2→Yq11.223 with partial deletion of Yq11.223→Yqter most probably perturbed the sex differentiation and led to female phenotype.
A novel semi‐solidifying liquid formula via the nasogastric route to maintain enteral nutrition in the event of recurrent aspiration pneumonia: A case report
Authors: Toh Yoon Ezekiel Wong
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Recurrent aspiration pneumonia can impede the continuation of enteral nutrition. Semi‐solid feeds have been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia but are difficult to administer via the nasogastric tube. A novel semi‐solidifying enteral formula may be used instead to avoid the occurrence of severe gastroesophageal reflux.
Layered Double Hydroxides Containing an Ionic Liquid: Ionic Conductivity and Use in Composite Anion Exchange Membranes
Authors: Pizzoferrato Roberto , Ciotta Erica , Ferrari Ivan V. , Narducci Riccardo , Pasquini Luca , Varone Alessandra , Richetta Maria , Antonaroli Simonetta , Braglia Michele , Knauth Philippe , Di Vona Maria Luisa
Published: July 2018

Zinc‐aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BmimSO4), has been synthesized by a co‐precipitation method. This strategy enabled the intercalation of the ionic liquid (IL) into the interlamellar space of LDH with the aim of increasing the ionic conductivity and reducing its dependence on water content. Pure and IL‐intercalated LDHs have been characterized by Fourier‐Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that the addition of IL enhanced the ionic conductivity of LDH by a factor of 15 at low humidity and by a factor of 9 at high humidity conditions. As a possible application, LDHs were dispersed as a guest filler in a composite anion exchange membrane (AEM) based on polysulfone‐DABCO. In this case, the addition of IL remarkably improved the ionic conductivity of the membrane from 1.0 ⋅ 10−9 to 2.4 ⋅ 10−7 S/cm at low humidity. At high humidity, the membranes reached a conductivity of 25 mS/cm at 25 °C in OH form. Stability tests of composite AEM confirmed the positive effect of LDH nanoparticles.
One‐Step Controllable Synthesis of Mesoporous MgCo2O4 Nanosheet Arrays with Ethanol on Nickel Foam as an Advanced Electrode Material for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Teng Yifei , Li Yingdi , Zhang Ziqing , Yu Deyang , Feng Yi , Meng Yanan , Tong Wenming , Wu Yunpeng , Zhao Xudong , Liu Xiaoyang
Published: July 2018

In recent years, ternary transition metal oxides (TTMOs), especially spinel type TTMOs have attracted widespread attention as promising candidates for electrode materials. Among all of the popular TTMOs, MgCo2O4 is an outstanding one, owing to its superior theoretical capacitance. In this work, MgCo2O4 nanosheet arrays (NSAs) grown directly on nickel foams were fabricated through a facile hydrothermal process at 120 °C for 4 h. With a series of structural and morphological characterization techniques, it was found that the ethanol played a key role in controlling the composition and morphology during the synthesis process. The MgCo2O4 NSAs exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 853.06 C g−1 (at 1 mA cm−2) and enhanced cycling performance, with 94.65 % of initial capacitance retained after 3000 cycles when used as a binder‐free integrated electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors; much higher than other reported data for MgCo2O4 as well. The excellent electrochemical properties mainly came from the unique morphology of the MgCo2O4 NSAs. This study will demonstrate the applications of MgCo2O4 NSAs based large‐scale supercapacitors grown on low‐cost nickel foams.
Mono‐ and Bisionic Mo‐ and W‐Based Schrock Catalysts for Biphasic Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Schowner Roman , Elser Iris , Toth Florian , Robe Emmanuel , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: July 2018

An extensive series of the first ionic Mo‐ and W‐based Schrock‐type catalysts based on pyridinium and phosphonium tagged aryloxide ligands were prepared. Bisionic complexes of the general formula Mo(Imido)(CHR)(OR′)2(OTf)2 and monoionic monoaryloxide pyrrolide (pyr) (MAP‐type) catalysts [M(Imido)(CHR)(OR′)(pyr)+][A−] were successfully employed and tested in various olefin metathesis benchmark reactions under both, homogeneous and biphasic conditions using pyrrole and, for the first time with Schrock‐type catalysts, ionic liquids as the polar phase. Productivities under biphasic conditions up to several thousand turn overs were achieved and are comparable to those obtained in reactions carried out in chlorobenzene or toluene. Metal contamination in the nonpolar product‐containing heptane phase was <2 ppm.