bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another Word for Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

In 1991, the year of the Mozart bicentennial, a friend in Germany wrote to me that even she, who had no contact with the world of classical music, had noticed it was “Mozarting like mad everywhere.” She asked whether Mozart was born or died two hundred years ago, and I liked her own answer that “it makes no difference really.” Of course the music historian in me wanted to get on his high horse and tell her not only that Mozart died in 1791, on 5 December, at 12:55 in the morning, but also to point out that if Mozart had been born that year, he’d be a contemporary, more or less, of Weber, Meyerbeer, Marschner, Loewe, Schubert, Donizetti, and such characters, and he would have written a very different sort of music.
On the Trail of W. A. Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

Vincent Novello called Mozart “the Shakespeare of music.” No phrase so grand or telling exists to describe Novello himself, and though to call him the Leonardo of musicians might suggest the breadth of interest and experience he brought to his profession, he would have dismissed that label as grandiose or stupid. At any rate, composers need people like Novello. He was an organist, a choirmaster, a conductor, an editor, a publisher. He dedicated himself to preserving and spreading the word about music he cared for. He had good taste and even better judgment, and the music he championed grew healthy and strong, into long and distinguished life.
A Short Life of J. S. Bach
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

In the two hundred years since [Bach’s] death each rising generation has seen him differently; his creations have been analyzed and criticized, performed and deformed, used and abused; books and pamphlets, paintings and plaster busts have made him a common household article; in short he has finally been transformed into a statue. It seems to me that having this statue constantly before our eyes has impaired our view of the true stature of Bach, both of the man and of his work.
Introduction
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Over the last 30 years, we have worked to develop a theory and supporting evidence to account for the evolution of the human capacity for culture and how this capacity leads to distinctive evolutionary patterns. Much of our early work is summarized in our book Culture and the Evolutionary Process, published in 1985. Since that time we have published numerous articles that expand the theory and discuss relevant data. We think that these articles fit together to tell a consistent story about how the capacity for culture evolved in the human lineage and why it has led to evolutionarily novel outcomes like large-scale cooperation. However, because this work is relevant to scholars in disciplines ranging from evolutionary biology to archaeology to economics, these essays are scattered among an equally wide range of journals. As a result, the overall story is not so easy to discern. So when Steve Stich suggested that we might bring a sampling of this work together in a single volume of his Evolution and Cognition series, we jumped at the chance.
Climate, Culture, and the Evolution of Cognition
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

What are the causes of the evolution of complex cognition? Discussions of the evolution of cognition sometimes seem to assume that more complex cognition is a fundamental advance over less complex cognition, as evidenced by a broad trend toward larger brains in evolutionary history. Evolutionary biologists are suspicious of such explanations because they picture natural selection as a process leading to adaptation to local environments, not to progressive trends. Cognitive adaptations will have costs, and more complex cognition will evolve only when its local utility outweighs them.
Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation With Joseph Henrich
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Cooperation1 is a problem that has long interested evolutionists. In both the Origin and Descent of Man, Darwin worried about how his theory might handle cases such as the social insects in which individuals sacrificed their chances to reproduce by aiding others. Darwin could see that such sacrifices would not ordinarily be favored by natural selection. He argued that honeybees and humans were similar. Among honeybees, a sterile worker who sacrificed her own reproduction for the good of the hive would enjoy a vicarious reproductive success through her siblings.
How Microevolutionary Processes Give Rise to History
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Over the last decade a number of authors, including ourselves, have attempted to understand human cultural variation using Darwinian methods. This work is unified by the idea that culture is a system of inheritance: individuals vary in their skills, habits, beliefs, values, and attitudes, and these variations are transmitted to others through time by teaching, imitation, and other forms of social learning. To understand cultural change, we must account for the microevolutionary processes that increase the numbers of some cultural variants and reduce the numbers of others.
Principles and Parameters of Molecular Robustness
Authors: Krakauer David C , Plotkin Joshua B
Published: November 2023

During the course of replication of RNA or DNA, genomes incorporate large numbers of mutations. These mutations can be small, such as the modification of a single nucleotide (point mutations), or large, involving repeating motifs of nucleotides (micro-satellites), damag, to whole chromosomes (genetic instability), or even duplication or loss of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). The influence of mutation on the evolutionary process is two-fold. On the one hand, mutation leads to phenotypic variance mediated by developmental dynamics, thereby providing the variability required by selection to fix new variants in a population. On the other hand, mutation undermines preadapted phenotypes by perturbing development in such a way as to lead to poorly adapted variants. The tension between the advantage of a few novel phenotypes, and the disadvantage of the majority of novel phenotypes is reflected in those mechanisms controlling the rate of mutation, and in those strategies influencing the impact of mutation on phenotypes. In an effort to understand the evolutionary response to mutations, we present three distinct, albeit closely related, principles. The principle of canalization, the principle of neutrality, and the principle of redundancy. These are contrasted with the parameters of robustness-the precise mechanisms by which these principles are realized. The principles and parameters metaphor is derived from linguistics [11] where the principles are the invariant properties of universal grammar and the parameters the local rules and practices of language.
Robustness in Neuronal Systems: The Balance Between Homeostasis, Plasticity, and Modulation
Authors: Marder Eve , Bucher Dirk
Published: November 2023

Animals live long lives. Humans, sea turtles, elephants, and lobsters all may live for a good portion of a century. In these animals the nervous system that generates appropriate behavior consists, for the most part, of neurons that are born early in the animal’s life. During early development the complex neuronal circuits that mediate behavior are formed, and these circuits retain their functional integrity for most of the healthy animal’s lifetime. Several features of nervous systems make this particularly remarkable. (1) The nervous system must retain its essential flexibility and plasticity so that the animal can adapt to changes in its environment and learn. (2) Although individual neurons can live for tens or even one hundred years, all of the ion channels, receptors, and cell signaling proteins that give each neuron its characteristic structure and electrical properties turn over in minutes, hours, days, or weeks. Indeed, unlike electronic circuits which are built of static components, the nervous system consists of a relatively stable structure that is constantly rebuilding itself, as all of its constituent molecules are replaced. Moreover, during normal behavior the properties of individual neurons and their synaptic connections are constantly varying, but do so in a manner that ensures functional changes in network output, and rarely leads to loss of network stability.
Robustness and the Internet: Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Doyle John C , Low Steven H , Paganini Fernando , Vinnicombe Glenn , Willinger Walter , Parrilo Pablo
Published: November 2023

While control and communications theory have played a crucial role throughout in designing aspects of the Internet, a unified and integrated theory of the Internet as a whole has only recently become a practical and achievable research objective. Dramatic progress has been made recently in analytical results that provide for the first time a nascent but promising foundation for a rigorous and coherent mathematical theory underpinning Internet technology. This new theory directly addresses the performance and robustness of both the “horizontal” decentralized and asynchronous nature of control in TCP /IP as well as the ‘‘vertical” separation into the layers of the TCP /IP protocol stack from application down to the link layer. These results generalize notions of source and channel coding from information theory as well as decentralized versions of robust control. The new theoretical insights gained about the Internet also combine with our understanding of its origins and evolution to provide a rich source of ideas about complex systems in general. Most surprisingly, our deepening understanding from genomics and molecular biology has revealed that at the network and protocol level, cells and organisms are strikingly similar to technological networks, despite having completely different material substrates, evolution, and development/construction.
Sexual Differentiation
Authors: Parker Keith L
Published: November 2023

Sexual differentiation is a sequential process that begins at fertilization with the establishment of chromosomal sex, continues with the determination of gonadal sex, and culminates in the development of secondary sexual characteristics that comprise the male and female phenotypes. This basic paradigm (Fig. 8-1) was formulated by Alfred Jost to explain the results of castration experiments in fetal rabbits. If the gonads (ovaries or testes) were removed before sexual differentiation, female sexual differentiation inevitably ensued. The male pathway could be partly restored by testosterone implants, suggesting that hormones produced by the testes mediate male sexual development. Thus, the concept arose that the testes induce a male pattern of differentiation on an embryo that otherwise would follow the female pathway. Cytogenetic studies shortly thereafter showed that the critical genetic determinant of sex is the presence or absence of the Y chromosome, leading to the proposal that the Y chromosome directs the gonad to differentiate into a testis, which then produces hormone(s) that cause male sexual differentiation.
The Thyroid
Authors: Griffin James E
Published: November 2023

Thyroid hormones are important for the normal growth and development of the maturing human. In the adult, thyroid hormones maintain metabolic stability by regulating oxygen requirements, body weight, and intermediary metabolism. Thyroid function is under hypothalamic-pituitary control, and thus, like the gonads and adrenal cortex, it serves as a classical model of endocrine physiology. In addition, the physiological effects of thyroid hormones are regulated by complex extrathyroidal mechanisms resulting from the peripheral metabolism of the hormones. These mechanisms are not under hypothalamic-pituitary regulation.
Calcium Homeostasis
Authors: Heller Howard J
Published: November 2023

Ionized calcium plays a pivotal role in many physiological and biochemical processes, including the contraction of muscles, the clotting of blood, and impulse conduction in the heart and nervous system. Moreover, it acts as a secondary messenger within the cell to initiate other cascades important for cell signaling and both exocrine and endocrine secretion. The major storage sites for calcium in the body are the teeth and skeleton. These hard tissues, which contain 99% of the body’s calcium (approximately 1 kg), provide the structure necessary for mastication, locomotion, and protection of internal organs. In the blood, calcium is found in three forms-ionized (50%), protein-bound (40%), and soluble complexes (10%). Unlike the other two forms of calcium, the protein-bound fraction, which is primarily bound to albumin, is not filtered by the kidney. In normal individuals, the range of serum total calcium is 8.5 to 10.3 mg/dl. In a given individual, however, the diurnal variation of serum calcium is limited to 0.3 mg/dl. This chapter reviews calcium homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, the integrated response to calcium stressors, and disorders of calcium metabolism.
Getting Started (Again)
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

A writer is someone who writes. You have done it; you have expressed yourself on paper. Getting started is almost always picking up an old dream, an old desire. Getting started is usually getting started again.

Frequently at writers’ conferences people ask what may seem to be irrelevant questions: What kind of pen do you use when you write? Do you write your first drafts on lined paper, or blank? Do you write at a typewriter or computer or with a pencil or fountain pen? Do you write in the daytime or at night?

Actually, questions about the intimate details and habits of the writing life are not irrelevant; beginning or blocked writers know instinctively that these are important matters. They have to do with getting started, with keeping going. Each of us has idiosyncrasies, habits, and inclinations, and those peculiar traits are often linked closely to our creativity. Of course, what truly matters is not what works for the famous writer at the conference but rather what works for you.
Writing Practice: The Journal
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Writing is an art form. Like all other art forms it requires practice. The act of writing is the only way to become a better writer, just as getting out onto the ice with skates fastened to your feet is the only way to become a better skater. One of the problems with assuming that only rare human beings are born with genius is that it does a disservice to those with great accomplishment, as well as to those who believe they just don’t have “what it takes.” Itzhak Perlman, the great violinist, said, “If I miss practice one day, I know it. If I miss practice two days, the critics know it. If I miss practice three days, everybody knows it.”
The Ethical Questions: Spirituality, Privacy, and Politics
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Any consideration of ethical questions in writing will of necessity touch our most primal spiritual orientation. What do we value? What are our commitments? Where do we take a stand on issues of importance to our own generation and possibly to those who come after us?

Whether we write as an act of personal discovery, as a form of prayer in the sense of the deepest cry and search of our spirits, or as a means of having a voice in the world, writing can be a fundamental act of the human spirit.

In 1934 Dorothea Brande put forth the idea of writing “morning pages” in Becoming a Writer.
Using Writing to Empower the Silenced
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

When I met for the first time with a group of low-income women, at night in an office building in an old mill town in Massachusetts, I had no idea that my life and their lives were about to change. “Big time,” I can almost hear Robin say. She was homeless in that first year, but too proud to let any of us know that she and her three small children were living in her old car, getting food and showers at various shelters. Robin later said she was planning to kill the children and then kill herself. Things were that bad.
Carnivorous Land Snail Tasmaphena lamproides in Tasmania: Effects of Forest Harvesting
Authors: Regan Tracey J , Bonham Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Tasmaphena lamproides (Cox 1868) is a carnivorous land snail that inhabits native forests in northwest Tasmania, Australia. Suitable habitat for the species encompasses approximately 380 km2 of forest areas in the northwest corner of Tasmania, with the total range extending to the main land in Victoria. Due to its small range, the species is currently listed as rare under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act (1995). Much of the species habitat is within timber production forest, an area administered by Forestry Tasmania. Future use of the area involves converting native forest to eucalypt plantations or harvesting native forest followed by burning to promote regeneration. Forestry Tasmania’s management decisions require consideration of the competing demands for timber production and conservation of this sensitive species to ensure that the forest activities are sustainable. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of T. lamproides in order to provide managers with a decision support tool with which they can explore the trade-offs between timber production requirements and conservation of the species under various management scenarios.
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in Western Switzerland: Viability and Management of an Endangered Grouse Metapopulation
Authors: Sachot SÉbastien , Perrin Nicolas
Published: November 2023

Capercaillie, the largest European grouse, is listed as Threatened in western, central, and southeastern Europe (IUCN 1996). Though the species still occupies most of its original range throughout northern Europe and Asia, western and central European populations have experienced important declines and local extinctions over the past decades (Storch 2000), owing to habitat losses and human disturbance (Ménoni et al. 1994, Storch 1994). Rainy conditions during egg incubation and young rearing, as well as predation (Storch 1991), can locally amplify population decline. Remnant populations are restricted to mountain regions where habitats are often isolated and fragmented (Blair et al. 1997). In Switzerland, concerns raised by capercaillie’s rapid decline resulted in financial support for silvicultural practices that would improve its habitat conditions. Political pressure to invest money in a cost-effective way called for a comprehensive approach aimed at identifying crucial life history stages, key populations parameters, and potential effects of habitat improvements.
Seaside Sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus) in Connecticut: Projected Effects of Sea-Level Rise
Authors: Shriver W Gregory , Gibbs James P
Published: November 2023

Global average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.80 °C between 1900 and 2100 (International Panel on Climate Change 2001), largely due to human industrial activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas). Rising sea levels predominantly associated with oceanic thermal expansion are one consequence of changes in surface temperatures (Titus et al. 1991). Although according to some estimates, average sea-level rise is predicted to be 50 cm by the year 2100 (Houghton 1999, International Panel on Climate Change 2001), there have been few attempts to estimate the magnitude of the adverse effects that these coastal ecosystems and, in particular, the species these unique habitats support may experience (Donnelly and Barnes 2001). Salt marshes are coastal ecosystems dominated by halophytic plants and exposed to daily inundation of saline water. Because salt marsh ecosystems are transitional between terrestrial and marine environments, they are particularly susceptible to sea-level rise at their outer boundaries and lowest elevations (Simas et al. 2001). Historically, salt marshes could expand and retreat with changes in sea level, but presently in many areas there is little opportunity for marshes to migrate inland as the advance is blocked by dense human settlements along the coastal fringe (Alexander et al. 1986, Chabreck 1988, Bildstein et al. 1991).
Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans chionoptera) in the Southern Oceans: Effects of Dispersal and Density Dependence on the Persistence of an Island Metapopulation
Authors: Inchausti Pablo , Weimerskirch Henri
Published: November 2023

Spatially explicit metapopulation models, in which local population dynamics result from the interplay between local and regional environmental variability and dispersal from nearby populations, have become an important research direction in conservation biology. By allowing populations that experienced declines to recover through dispersal from other nearby populations, metapopulation models explicitly assess the impact of the degradation, destruction, and fragmentation of natural habitats, and this is probably the single most impotant cause of the current biodiversity crisis (Heywood and Watson 1995). While studies of dispersal have focused on terrestrial animals, very little information exists for marine animals for obvious logistical reasons. Pelagic seabirds breed on islands scattered over open waters—that is, on highly fragmented breeding habitats—and, while they are thought to have a high philopatry (Warham 1990), there is scant evidence of actual dispersal rates among colonies or islands (Ainley et al. 1990, Pyle 2001, Russell 1999), especially for those breeding on remote scattered oceanic islands like pelagic petrels and albatrosses.
A Putatively Banned Type of Raising
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

Syntacticians are a notoriously argumentative lot given to (sometimes) acrimonious disputes, and few, if any, syntactic conclusions have achieved uniform endorsement. One might therefore assume that a point on that a broad consensus of syntactic opinion has been reached is one that can be accorded some confidence. Notable then is that during the 1980s and 1990s proponents of the three most widely appealed to contemporary views of NL syntax, that is, the government binding (GB), lexical functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) frameworks, all came to a common conclusion. Namely, although as a consequence of very different principles internal to each of these views, a certain type of syntactic raising was taken to be impossible. One might be tempted then to infer that this conclusion is now a well-established fact of NL syntax. In the framework of skeptical essays, however, caution is evidently in order.
Junk Syntax 2: “There Remain a Few As Yet Unexplained Exceptions”
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

During the now nearly five decades during which the ideas of generative transformational grammar have been applied to English syntax, passive constructions such as (1) have been a continuing focus: If these ideas were sound, one could today reasonably expect a basic analysis that embodied a core of insight into English passive structures to have emerged. Such has often been implied, as in the implicit suggestion in (2), which yielded the title of this chapter, that the only problems that persisted (as of 1977; presumably even a few of those would have since been resolved) are at the margins: I am aware of no repudiation since by the author of this remarkably optimistic view of the level of success achieved by his transformational movement view of English passivization.
Junk Linguistics: The Bottom Line
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

I assume the previous seven chapters have given good grounds for the belief that junk linguistics is not only existent but also widespread and well entrenched. This raises the inevitable question of how to deal with it. My suggestions are these: It seems proper and reasonable to consider junk linguistics as a kind of pollution of the scholarly environment. Viewed from that vantage point, if one wants less of it, then one should proceed as in (1)–(5): No matter what one’s place in the linguistic world, with respect to junk linguistics:
An Atomic Scientist’s Credo
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

On November 2, 1945, Robert gave his farewell speech to Los Alamos, long remembered by the packed audience of some 500 members of the Association of Los Alamos Scientists. That address might well have been entitled “An Atomic Scientist’s Credo.
Of The First Serious Enemies And Of The First Russian A-Bomb
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Oppenheimer had emerged from the war as an American hero. In 1945 he had been considered for nomination to a California Congress seat. In 1946 the War Department had called him “a man of boundless energy, rare common sense, great personal charm, and possessing tremendous organizational abilities.” In a White House press release (also from 1946), he was described as “an outstanding theoretical physicist with the broadest insight into all the problems in the development of atomic energy . . . a very helpful citizen . . . [who had the confidence] of the armed services.” President Truman wrote of him: “More than any other man, Oppenheimer is to be credited with the achievement of the completed bomb.”
Atomic Politics In The Early 1950S
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Throughout most of the Truman administration, military leaders had been reluctant to have an air defense system worked out in any detail. The Vista proposal for a secondary role of SAC had been considered too controversial, as had the Lincoln proposals for air defense. It was not until January 1953, when the Republican Eisenhower administration took over, that a definite defense policy was enacted, named “The New Look,” sanctioned by newly elected Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Attention, Representation, and Affiliation
Authors: Charon Rita
Published: November 2023

Many of us in narrative medicine have learned how writing in nontechnical language about our patients helps us to perceive them, to interpret what they do, to acknowledge our own emotional responses to their plight, and to cohere all that we receive about them. Many health care professionals and educators have been attracted to narrative writing as a road toward empathy and reflection in clinical work.1 More and more clinical settings offer trainees and health care professionals opportunities for reflective writing. Nursing students keep reflective journals as they proceed through clinical training.2 First-year medical students are asked to write about their feelings in dissecting the human body.3 Preclinical students in courses on the doctor-patient relationship write about their patients’ lives.4 Medical students are encouraged to write fiction or poetry to foster sensitivity and humane care.5 Students and residents write of “critical incidents” to understand their own experiences.6 House officers write naturalistic descriptions of what they learn about their patients while making house calls.7 Physicians write of the meaningful experiences in their practice to process their clinical work.8 Doctors, nurses, and social workers together write in narrative oncology sessions about their care of in-patients on the hospital units they staff.9
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

‘ My darling father. I can’t wait. I can’t wait for that minute when I see your darling face again. It seems as though I had not seen you for a century or longer …If you come in the night come up in Mary’s and my room and take me up in your arms and then I will never let go of you.’ Ten-year-old Betsey wept joyfully when her father, back from the war, stepped off the train in Boston on February 20, 1919. Gus the chauffeur had bedecked the car in flags and brought all the children; he held baby Barbara in his arms.
A Conclusion in Which Almost Nothing is Concluded Middlemarch”s “Finale”
Authors: Miller J Hillis
Published: November 2023

The “finale,” it would seem likely, is the place to look for an “ending” to Middlemarch, drawing all its threads tight.The finale, however, it turns out, ends the novel only by presenting generalizations about openness. The first sentence of the finale says this clearly enough: “Every limit is a beginning as well as an ending.” The novel”s eighth book, of which the finale is a part, is entitled “Sunset and Sunrise.” What this might mean is indicated by what is said proleptically in the finale about the future lives of Dorothea and the other characters. The marriages of Dorothea and Will, Fred Vincy and Mary Garth, end the narrative conventionally enough. The narrator reminds the reader, however, that marriage, too, is a beginning as well as an ending, in real life and in realistic fiction, as well as in epics and in the Bible: “Marriage, which has been the bourne of so many narratives, is still a great beginning, as it was to Adam and Eve, who kept their honeymoon in Eden but had their first little one among the thorns and thistles of the wilderness. It is still the beginning of the home epic” (finale, 779).
Losing for Profit
Authors: Siegel Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the climate of surrender that hangs over George Eliot”s novels, there is no shelter for those who clutch. Hetty Sorrel with her dreams of being a lady, Silas Marner with his golden coins, Tito Melema with his burgeoning reputation”all of these characters find that they must painfully and inevitably lose hold of the things they value most. Many of Eliot”s readers have commented on the drama of release that plays itself out over and over again in her fiction. One traditional form of moral release lies in the movement from egotism to altruism, a movement frequently identified by critics as the key to Eliot”s social vision. In exceptional moments of sympathy, moments often arising from sorrow and humiliation (like the kind that besets Silas Marner when he loses his gold), characters shake off the chains of self-absorption and enter the wider world of fellow feeling. Having lost the objects they are most attached to, these people look for new resources in the community they had shunned.
Narrative Vision in Middlemarch the Novel Compared with the BBC Television Adaptation
Authors: Lothe Jakob
Published: November 2023

What exactly did Virginia Woolf have in mind when, in a deservedly famous statement, she described Middlemarch as “one of the few English novels written for grown-up people”?1 We cannot know for certain, of course, but Woolf was probably thinking of not just one but several of the novel”s characteristic features. She may have been reflecting on the ways in which its constituent aspects”narrative, structural, thematic, metaphorical”interact in the formation of an exceptionally complex and multifaceted narrative discourse. More specifically, she may have been thinking of the diverse functions and effects of George Eliot”s third-person narrator”a narrator who, even though she is possessed of the powers and characteristics of realist narration, anticipates the narrators Woolf employs in novels such as Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. This essay will discuss how Eliot uses the literary device of a third-person narrator in order to present, and cumulatively enrich and complicate, her narrative vision in Middlemarch. I will also discuss how this vision can be presented on film.
Neurology And Trauma
Authors: Evans Randolph W
Published: November 2023

Disorders due to trauma to the head, spine, and peripheral nerves are among the most common seen by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and emergency physicians. This is the comprehensive definitive work on the subject, offering coverage on a wide range of clinical issues. There are comprehensive sections on head trauma, spinal trauma, plexus and peripheral nerve injuries, post-traumatic pain syndromes, sports and neurologic trauma, environmental trauma, posttraumatic sequelae and medicolegal aspects, and iatrogenic trauma. For the second edition, the editor has added 11 new chapters, and the existing chapters will be thoroughly revised and updated. Randolph Evans is a highly regarded neurologist and an excellent editor, ensuring effective coverage of all topics and a consistent manner of presentation.
Assessment of vitamin B6 status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

The term “vitamin B6” is used as the generic descriptor for 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine derivatives that exhibit the biological activity of pyridoxine in rats. The requirement for vitamin B6 is linked to the intake of protein and the function of the vitamin in amino acid metabolism. The adult human has only a small body pool of this vitamin (20–30 mg), which is rapidly depleted when intakes of the vitamin are inadequate. Most of the vitamin B6 in the body pool is in the form of pyridoxal-5/-phosphate (PLP) in muscle bound to phosphorylase.
Semantic Amnesia
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C , Billingsley-Marshall Rebecca , Molfese, David , Novak Barbra
Published: November 2023

Semantic amnesia is a syndrome that results from temporal lobe lesions that are restricted to the neocortex and do not include the hippocampus or any other limbic areas. This syndrome was briefly discussed in the previous chapter, in the context of the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Yet, several reasons compel us to revisit it here and devote a separate chapter to it. To begin with, the syndrome is not exclusively due to degenerative diseases; other, non-progressive lesions may also cause it. More importantly, its nature raises basic questions: Is the syndrome distinct from other forms of loss of knowledge, namely aphasia and agnosia, and, if so, how? Do episodic and semantic memories entail the same or different sets of mnemonic operations and cerebral mechanisms, and how is the meaning of facts, concepts, and symbols coded and arranged in the cortex? These are questions, in short, that merit special treatment.
Limbic Amnesia
Authors: Billingsley-Marshall Rebecca , Simos Panagiotis G , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Damage to the limbic system results in anterograde and retrograde deficits in explicit memory, with the most consistent symptom across patients being anterograde episodic amnesia. As described in Chapter 2, the limbic circuit that was characterized by Papez (1937) includes the medial temporal lobe structures (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex), the mammillary bodies and mammillothalamic tract, and the anterior thalamus. The limbic system also includes the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the nuclei of the basal forebrain, and the amygdala. In this chapter, we describe, with the aid of several case studies, the clinical presentation typically associated with lesions in three sets of regions within the limbic system: the medial temporal lobes, the thalamic nuclei and the mammillary bodies (i.e., diencephalic structures), and the basal forebrain.
Divine Evil
Authors: Lewis David
Published: November 2023

Standard versions of the argument from evil concern the evils God fails to prevent: the pain and suffering of human beings and non-human animals, and the sins people commit. The most ambitious versions of the argument claim that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and completely benevolent deity. More-cautious approaches maintain that the existence of pain and sin ought to make us skeptical about any such deity. Or that the extent of the suffering in the millions of years of sentient life on Earth gives us strong reason to think no such deity exists. Or that particular cases of extreme anguish and human cruelty make belief in this sort of deity irrational. And so on.
Schubert’s Gretchen am Spinnrade: Latest Results of a Manuscript Study
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

For whom has this musical notation not been an old friend since childhood! On closer examination, however, we find significant differences when compared with the familiar reading, and can only wonder that it has taken us any time at all to notice them. The new reading is taken from Schubert’s autograph manuscript. Previously owned by Nikolaus Dumba, and now the property of the Vienna City Council, it has been published for the first time by the noted Schubert scholar O. E. Deutsch in volume 4 of Musikalische Seltenheiten (Vienna: Universal Edition).
Beethoven on His Quartet Op.127
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

Schenker’s source for Beethoven’s correspondence is, as always, Alfred Kalischer’s five-volume edition of the letters, published in Berlin and Leipzig between 1906 and 1908 and revised (by Kalischer and Theodor von Frimmel) between 1909 and 1911. In its time, this edition was noted for its general approach to the problems of transcription and providing commentary, but at the same time severely criticized for errors of omission, duplication, and musical judgment. Although two rival editions of Beethoven’s letters appeared around this time, it was not until the late 1990s that a reliable German edition appeared: Beethoven: Briefwechsel: Gesamtausgabe, commissioned by the Beethovenhaus, Bonn, and published in seven volumes under the general editorship of Sieghard Brandenburg (Munich: Henle, 1996-– 98). The best English-language collection is The Letters of Beethoven, edited and translated by Emily Anderson, in three volumes (London: Macmillan, 1961).
Communication in Palliative Care
Authors: Dahlin Constance M , Giansiracusa David F
Published: November 2023

A nurse uses a myriad of tools in working with patients. For patients with heart disorders, a nurse uses blood pressure cuffs, scales, and stethoscopes as tools to promote optimal pressure. For patients with diabetes, a nurse teaches how to use glucometers and interpret laboratory test values as tools for maintaining blood sugars. For patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), a nurse employs various monitoring devices to measure jugular venous pressure, oxygen saturation, and vital signs, as well as ventilators and other tubes and machines as tools to maintain vital functions. However, for palliative care patients, the fundamental tool is communication.
Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: King Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Nausea and vomiting are symptoms commonly experienced by patients with advanced disease. Currently, the majority of available research about nausea and vomiting deals with cancer patients. Thus, this chapter will use advanced cancer patients as a model for assessment and treatment of nausea and vomiting, but these principles can also be applied to other patients with advanced disease. For cancer patients, these symptoms may be experienced secondary to the underlying malignancy as well as to the frequent side effects of the medications used to treat the cancer. To date, most research has focused on treatment-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy for cure or control of disease. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature about nausea and vomiting in cancer patients who are not receiving chemotherapy or who are in the terminal phase of their illness.
Reflecting on the Journey: A Family Caregiver’s Personal Perspective
Authors: Drazen Ruth Yorkin
Published: November 2023

It is 18 years since that fatal Monday morning when Jerry went into his final sleep. As I sat on his bed in the hospital with a nurse, sharing that unbelievable moment in our lives, she quietly kept on encouraging me—”Let him fly away and be free.” I would touch his body that contained all the warmth of life and felt my unreality. How could this be all over, I asked myself. Jerry never gave up. We had a “game” through all this. He would ask “If I make it to 85, is that good enough?” I always responded in the negative. “If the number is in the 90s?” I always said it was still not good enough. Our marriage of 28 years was like 28 days. As I recall it 18 years later, it was a shared journey.
Palliative Chemotherapy and Clinical Trials in Advanced Cancer: The Nurse’s Role
Authors: Sun Virginia
Published: November 2023

Nurses have always been in the forefront of managing treatment-related symptoms. In an ever-changing and complex health care setting, optimal care requires a transdisciplinary approach. This approach is especially valued in an oncology setting, where patients frequently present with complex disease-and treatment-related symptoms. These often debilitating symptoms negatively affect the quality of life (QOL) of patients and their extended families. For patients with advanced cancer, treatment options are often limited. It is usually at this stage of the cancer continuum that discussion of palliative modalities of treatment occurs. These palliative modalities often include, but are not limited to, radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. It is also during this stage of the continuum that physicians discuss the use of investigational therapeutic agents as an attempt to control the disease. However, it is not uncommon for patients and families to be faced with difficult decisions. Patients with advanced cancer are often caught between the dichotomy of continuing aggressive treatment and the focus on quality supportive and palliative care. The debate of treatment futility often comes into play at this stage of the cancer continuum, because patients and families are faced with a shorter life expectancy and all standard therapeutic regimens have failed to control the spread and proliferation of the tumor itself. Faced with these difficult decisions, patients and families become especially vulnerable and may experience heightened physical, psychological, social, and spiritual distress.
Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kenner Carole , McSkimming Sylvia
Published: November 2023

American society does not have a word for a parent who has lost a child—another challenge for the nurse. For example, the term “widow” is used for the surviving female spouse, but what do we call the surviving parent? There is no term, but the loss in many cases is more profound than a spousal loss, only because western culture no longer expects children to die before their parents. In fact, the role of parent is often viewed as gone when a baby dies. One nurse, prepared in palliative care, responded to a grieving mother whose baby was not likely to survive to term, “You are a mother now, and you will always be a mother, regardless of whether or not your baby survives. You have a baby and that makes you a mother.” While this was comforting to the mother, it points out the lack of good alternative language to describe a parent who has lost a child.
Public Policy and End-of-Life Care: The Nurse’s Role
Authors: Scanlon Colleen
Published: November 2023

The convergence of significant trends in clinical, research, social, legal, professional, economic, and political realities has dramatically influenced the evolution of palliative care within the last several decades It has become clear that end-of-life care is not just the concern of health care professionals, patients, and families. It is also a concern for the public at large and for governmental entities. There has been increasing interest and activity within the public policy arena at the state and federal levels of government that can create needed improvements in end-of-life care. Institutions and individuals also have a responsibility to inform and influence pertinent public policy initiatives. Nurses, as the largest group of health professionals and with a rich history of concern and care for others, have a vital role in advocating for quality of life, particularly at life’s end.
International Models of Excellence
Authors: Ferrell Betty R , Coyle Nessa
Published: November 2023

Canadians highly value their publically funded health care system and believe that quality end-of-life care is an imperative. Indeed, end-of-life care is consistent with the very values that resulted in the creation of a national health care system. However, the current system of end-of-life and hospice palliative care in Canada has been described as a patchwork of inadequate and inequitably available services. Access to services is influenced by the diseases Canadians die from, whether they live in a city or rural area, the province in which they reside, the nature of their health insurance plans, and their personal wealth.2 Only 5% to 10% of the 220,000 Canadians who die each year receive integrated and interdisciplinary palliative care. The estimated cost of dying in Canada is approximated at $ billion annually, with no performance indicators to suggest that resources are appropriately allocated. Recent federal reports are calling for federal action to address access to palliative care services, particularly in the home. The increased attention on end-of-life care and acknowledgment that services are inequitable challenge those responsible for health services delivery to develop initiatives and to address models of care for palliative care delivery.
The Counterfeit Marquise Translated by Ranjit Bolt
Authors: Perrault Charles , Choisy Francois-Timoleon De
Published: November 2023

Nowadays it is the fashion for women to display their wit in print and I have no wish to be behind the times. Far be it from me, however, to compete with literary giants. We women all have our little mannerisms. Femininity betrays itself beneath the stiffest of styles. However extravagant the feeling or sublime the thought, the attentive reader is sure to detect a certain softness, a characteristic frailty, which we are born with and lapse into repeatedly. Too much is not to be expected of us. A pretty girl, raised among frills and furbelows, should not be asked to write like M. Pellisson.’ The most she has to offer is youthful fervour, fresh turns of phrase, lively expressions and a fertile fancy. In short, aiming only to amuse herself and her companions with her stories, she leaves exactness, substance and coherence to M. de T., and is content to write better than M. d’ A.
Starlight Translated by Terence Cave
Authors: Murat Henriette-Julie De
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time, there lived a king and queen who ruled over a fine kingdom. Their subjects were virtuous and exceptionally valiant - luckily for them, as they were constantly at war with a king who, with some semblance of plausibility, claimed tribute from them. This monarch was called King Warmonger, a name that suited him to perfection. He would arrive each year with his army and ask King Peacemaker to honour certain treaties he’d agreed to long ago in hard times. Peacemaker always refused to give in, partly because the terms of the treaties were draconian, partly because he’d never committed himself to them in the first place.
The Great Green Worm Translated by A. S. Byatt
Authors: Aulnoy Marie-Catherine D’
Published: November 2023

There was once a great queen who gave birth to twin daughters, and immediately invited twelve neighbouring fairies to visit, and to make gifts to the little girls, as was the custom in those days - a very good custom, since the power of the fairies set to rights almost everything that nature had spoiled; although sometimes, it must be admitted, this power also spoiled what nature had made perfectly well. When the fairies were all in the banqueting hall they were served a splendid feast. They were all going to their places when Magotine made her entry; she was the sister of Carabosse, and no less wicked. The queen shivered when she saw her, fearing disaster, for she had not invited her to the feast; but she carefully concealed her anxiety, and herself went in search of a chair, covered in green velvet and embroidered with sapphires.