bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Proposing Valued-Adding Attributes in Customized Housing
Authors: Hentschke Cynthia , Formoso Carlos , Rocha Cecília , Echeveste Marcia
Published: December 2014

In most emerging economies, there has been many incentives and high availability of funding for low-cost housing projects. This has encouraged product standardization and the application of mass production ideas, based on the assumption that this is the most effective strategy for reducing costs. However, the delivery of highly standardized housing units to customers with different needs, without considering their lifestyle and perception of value, often results in inadequate products. Mass customization has been pointed out as an effective strategy to improve value generation in low-cost housing projects, and to avoid waste caused by renovations done in dwellings soon after occupancy. However, one of the main challenges for the implementation of mass customization is the definition of a set of relevant options based on users’ perceived value. The aim of this paper is to propose a method for defining value adding attributes in customized housing projects, which can support decision-making in product development. The means-end chain theory was used as theoretical framework to connect product attributes and costumers’ values, through the application of the laddering technique. The method was tested in two house-building projects delivered by a company from Brazil. The main contribution of this method is to indicate the customization units that are most important for users along with the explanation of why those units are the most relevant ones.
The Fate of Microcystins in the Environment and Challenges for Monitoring
Authors: Schmidt Justine , Wilhelm Steven , Boyer Gregory
Published: December 2014

Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that act as hepatotoxins in higher organisms. These toxins can be altered through abiotic processes, such as photodegradation and adsorption, as well as through biological processes via metabolism and bacterial degradation. Some species of bacteria can degrade microcystins, and many other organisms metabolize microcystins into a series of conjugated products. There are toxicokinetic models used to examine microcystin uptake and elimination, which can be difficult to compare due to differences in compartmentalization and speciation. Metabolites of microcystins are formed as a detoxification mechanism, and little is known about how quickly these metabolites are formed. In summary, microcystins can undergo abiotic and biotic processes that alter the toxicity and structure of the microcystin molecule. The environmental impact and toxicity of these alterations and the metabolism of microcystins remains uncertain, making it difficult to establish guidelines for human health. Here, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the alterations microcystins can undergo in the environment.
Does Electrode Impedance Affect the Recording of Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials?
Authors: Taylor Rachael L. , Schulin Mikael , Goonetilleke Samanthi , Welgampola Miriam S.
Published: December 2014

Background:In evoked potential testing, it is common practice to abrade the skin surface as a means of reducing and balancing electrode impedance. The effects of skin preparation and electrode impedance on ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) prevalence and amplitudes
are not known.Purpose:We sought to determine whether comparable oVEMP waveforms could be recorded without excessive skin preparation.Research Design:This was a prospective study with a repeated-measures (within-subjects) design.Study Sample:The study group comprised 20
healthy participants (12 females and 8 males) ages 21‐57 yr.Data Collection and Analysis:oVEMP reflexes were recorded in response to air-conducted and bone-conducted (AC and BC) stimuli in three conditions. In the first condition (no skin preparation), electrodes were simply
placed over the skin surface. For the second condition (moderate skin preparation), oVEMP testing was repeated after the skin had been prepared with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs. oVEMPs recorded in these two conditions were then compared with those recorded using a third conventional protocol
whereby the skin was abraded with skin preparation gel until electrode impedances were low and balanced. For BC stimuli, reflex amplitudes and latencies were compared using a repeated-measures general linear model. For AC stimuli, rates of reflex detection were analyzed using a generalized
estimating equation. Nonparametric Friedman tests were used to compare AC oVEMP amplitudes across the three conditions.Results:There was no significant effect of electrode impedance on reflex amplitudes, latencies, or rates of detection (p > 0.05). The results indicated significant
stimulus-related artifact (≥3 μV) in 25 of 40 recordings under the high-impedance condition in response to BC stimulation. The stimulus artifact was detectable in 12 of 40 recordings after moderate skin preparation and in 5 recordings after skin abrasion.Conclusions:Comparable
rates of reflex detection and oVEMP amplitudes were recorded in the three conditions, implying that rigorous rubbing of the facial skin is largely unnecessary in clinical oVEMP testing. However, for oVEMPs recorded in response to a single-polarity stimulus, reducing and balancing electrode
impedances with either isopropyl alcohol wipes or skin abrasion may help reduce unwanted stimulus artifact.
Les groupes superposés
Authors: Diet Anne-Lise
Published: December 2014

L’auteur rend compte d’un travail analy-tique groupal sur plusieurs années, de la capacité du groupe à transformer significativement des problématiques parfois complexes de patients borderline, et analyse les effets sur sa pratique et ses capacités de contenance, d’un reste émotionnel lié à un secret de famille, et révélé par le tique contre-transférentielle apparaît dans plusieurs groupes simultanément.
Les sirènes d'Ulysse et les soins palliatifs à l'hôpital
Authors: Bittolo Christophe
Published: December 2014

L’activité des équipes mobiles de soins palliatifs met en évidence les contradictions et les difficultés soulevées par la rencontre du monde hospitalier et des mutations qui traversent l’ensemble des institutions hospitalières. La place de la douleur et de la souffrance ainsi que le sens donné à la fin de vie en sont bouleversés. Dans ce contexte, nous nous intéresserons aux enjeux intrapsychiques et intersubjectifs propres aux activités de ces soignants. Après avoir précisé la nature des souffrances auxquelles ils ont à faire face dans la clinique et leurs rapports aux autres professionnels, nous explorerons en quoi le travail psychique opéré par l’équipe interroge la temporalité des processus psychiques. C’est sur ce plan qu’une régulation rythmique des mouvements de vie et de mort s’articule ici à une anticipation collective de la perte.
Conjugaison(s)
Authors: Taboada Marijo
Published: December 2014

Articuler le travail auprès de parents en souffrance, avec leurs enfants et avec les professionnels qui les entourent, suppose de prendre en compte les contraintes qui s’imposent aux uns et aux autres, contraintes internes et externes. Temps discontinu des addictions, temps long de la grossesse, temps précipité de la naissance, temps de grandir, temps de guérir, temps de pensée et temps d’agir : les temporalités psychiques viennent se télescopent, s’opposent, les obligations professionnelles aussi. À ceci, déjà connu, va s’ajouter la diminution sournoise de temps imprécis, informels, d’échanges et de pensée et la contrainte d’un compte rendu et d’une culture du résultat qui vient perturber les équilibres instables mis en place.
Les conspirateurs : entre normes et temporalités
Authors: Lego Gaëlle
Published: December 2014

Depuis plusieurs décennies, un changement radical de paradigme s’opère dans la société. L’ère semble être à la suspicion généralisée, à la course au temps, à la valorisation de l’objet-gadget, à la promotion d’un idéal de surhomme. Les moyens technoscientifiques ainsi que les réseaux informationnels déployés à la hâte emportent, avec eux, des questions à la fois éthiques, sociales et anthropologiques. Les individus d’aujourd’hui sont « disposés à agir comme s’ils ne devaient exister qu’un seul jour », disait Tocqueville. L’époque semble être à « la mélancolisation du lien social » produisant toute une cohorte de nouveaux symptômes spécifiques du nouveau discours maître de la civilisation. Ce « culte de l’urgence », valorisé comme nouveau moloch, laisse apparaître la figure d’un surmoi ravageant. La désarticulation de notre rapport au temps (intrinsèquement lié avec notre représentation de soi et de notre environnement) bouscule nos repères fondamentaux, nos pratiques de soin. Cependant, un homme a besoin d’un espace-temps stable et permanent pour se sentir vivant. À partir d’une pratique en ESAT , nous verrons comment ce temps subjectif propre à chacun est nécessaire pour qu’advienne une subjectivité.
L’avenir d’une psychanalyse : Jacques Lacan à l’heure des TCC
Authors: Blesson Mathieu
Published: December 2014

À lire ce que Jacques Lacan a pu dire ou écrire sur le devenir de la psychanalyse, il ne fait pas bon être psychanalyste aujourd’hui. Comme si la nature changeante du réel avait finalement eu raison de son optimisme. Faut-il s’en étonner ? La réponse est non. Surtout depuis que le psychanalyste est en passe de devenir une espèce en voie d’extinction. Pour le coup, la vérité d’hier est encore plus vraie aujourd’hui. L’horizon de la psychanalyse n’a jamais paru aussi bouché que lorsque la science, à la manière d’un scientisme, s’est mise à produire un discours sur le sujet aussi étouffant que séduisant. Rongés par la culpabilité, les scientifiques semblent en effet prêts à tout pour s’acheter une conduite, y compris et surtout faire preuve de responsabilité. Et quoi de mieux que la religion pour y arriver ? C’est en tout cas ce que cet article tente de démontrer, partant du principe que la psychanalyse a toujours été le symptôme révélateur d’une époque donnée et qu’à ce titre, il convient de l’interpréter pour en révéler le sens caché.
Les processus de décision dans les collectivités entre crise... de la démocratie représentative et limites du système bureaucratique
Authors: Laoukili Abdelaâli
Published: December 2014

Cet article traite de la coopération dans le processus de décision dans les collectivités territoriales entre les élus et les cadres de l’administration. Il montre que le modèle bureaucratique sur lequel se sont construites les administrations est aujourd’hui en crise, sans que d’autres modèles plus efficaces et plus adaptés puissent le remplacer. Le modèle « managérial » issu de l’entreprise privée n’a pas tenu ses promesses. Il n’a réussi qu’à augmenter la logique procédurale et à faire perdre les repères de métiers et de valeurs du service public. En partant de la théorie de Weber, l’article cherche à démontrer comment les postulats de base de Weber ne correspondent plus à la réalité actuelle des administrations publiques. Dans une période de réduction des moyens consécutive à la crise économique et financière, de complexité et de multiplicité des enjeux et des besoins, de défiance et de perte de confiance à l’égard des élus, les rapports citoyens/élus/administration doivent évoluer vers d’autres formes d’organisation et de prise de décision plus démocratiques et plus efficaces. La décentralisation et les réformes qui l’accompagnent ne pourront réussir sans un changement profond des modes de participation et de régulation entre les élus, l’administration et les citoyens.
Décider en association
Authors: Laville Jean-Louis
Published: December 2014

Les associations, après le service public, sont soumises à un nombre accru de contraintes dont les principales sont la diminution des budgets et l’application des méthodes du « new public management » qui se focalisent sur l’établissement d’indicateurs censés vérifier l’efficacité et l’efficience. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer à partir d’études de cas combien cette tendance amène non pas des solutions mais la multiplication des problèmes. Dans la première partie, il s’agit de montrer comment une approche de la décision qui néglige la spécificité des associations engendre des difficultés. L’application des démarches importées de l’entreprise privée, au lieu de sauver l’association Peuple et culture Isère, conduit à sa disparition. Quant aux décisions de réorganisation au sein d’Emmaüs, elles sont systématiquement refusées par les acteurs qui pourtant les ont réclamées. Les comportements paradoxaux qui manifestent l’échec des décisions gestionnaires amènent à s’intéresser dans une deuxième partie à ce qui constitue l’originalité des associations, de leur dimension institutionnelle et organisationnelle comme de leurs jeux stratégiques et enjeux culturels. La troisième partie permet de souligner que la prise en compte de cette épaisseur de la vie associative peut engendrer des processus décisionnels différents.
Intraventricular Ciprofloxacin Usage in Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Central Nervous System Infections: Report of Four Cases
Authors: Karaaslan Ayşe , Kadayifçi Eda Kepenekli , Turel Ozden , Toprak Demet Gedikbaşi , Soysal Ahmet , Bakir Mustafa
Published: December 2014

In recent years, multidrug-resistant microorganisms appear as important nosocomial pathogens which treatment is quite difficult. As sufficient drug levels could not be achieved in cerebrospinal fluid during intravenous antibiotic therapy for central nervous system infections and due to multidrug-resistance treatment alternatives are limited. In this study, four cases of central nervous system infections due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms who were successfully treated with removal of the devices and intraventricular ciprofloxacin are presented. In conclusion, intraventricular ciprofloxacin can be used for treatment of central nervous system infections if the causative microorganism is sensitive to the drug and no other alternative therapy is available.
The effectiveness of a teacher professional learning programme: The perceptions and performance of mathematics teachers
Authors: Ndlovu Mdutshekelwa
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to report on an investigation of the perceptions and performance of mathematics teachers in a teacher professional learning (TPL) programme based on realistic mathematics education (RME) principles, which included a topic on transformations, undertaken by the researcher. Forty-seven Senior Phase (Grade 7–9) teachers took part in the mixed-methods study in which they answered a questionnaire with both closed and open-ended items. Fifty teachers took an achievement test at the end of the programme. The TPL programme used the RME approach in the design and delivery of mathematical tasks intended to enhance teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching. The sessions were conducted in a manner that modelled one way in which RME principles can be adopted as a teacher professional development strategy. The significance of the study is that continuing TPL is acknowledged to contribute to improvement in teaching and learning to address the concern about unsatisfactory learner achievement in mathematics. The responses suggested that the majority of teachers experienced the sessions positively in relation to all but one of the six RME principles. The teachers reported that they took an active part both as individuals and in small groups and expressed their willingness to adopt the type of activities and materials for their classrooms, which is an essential first step in Guskey’s first level of evaluation of a teacher TPL programme. The teachers’ average performance in an achievement test at the end of the topic was 72% which was indicative of modest learning gains at Guskey’s second level of TPL effectiveness.
JATS and NISO — the value of community standardization
Authors: Carpenter Todd
Published: December 2014

Since its earliest days, the publishing structures that became the Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) standards have proven themselves valuable as a method for exchanging journal content. Designed by a team with decades of typesetting and markup expertise, the specifications were quickly adopted by preservation communities and as a basis for many of the largest publishers production processes. As digital publishing evolves, the importance of common vocabulary structures like JATS will only increase, because exchanging digital files is a critical component in a functioning digital content ecosystem.

NISO plays a critical role in bringing together content creators, intermediaries, and consumers to develop interoperability standards for the creation, discovery, distribution and preservation of content. With the support and engagement of the National Library of Medicine, NISO has engaged a broader community of participants to the standardization of JATS and it continues to support its ongoing development and expansion of the standard. During this brief talk, Todd will discuss the value of national standardization of JATS, and the future of interoperable content standards in digital publishing.
The Web, the W3C and the Future of Publishing
Authors: Quin Liam R. E.
Published: December 2014

As custodians of the World Wide Web, the Web Consortium (W3C) is both a leader and a follower. We follow because you can't standardise a process or technology until it is in use. We lead, because we guide the new technologies from technical, business, and social perspectives.

The Web has already changed publishing, and we are at the brink of even bigger changes. What happens when Web technologies are good enough to replace existing authoring tools? What happens when the Web includes SVG and MathML and can support typography powerful enough to produce printed books? What happens when electronic books and Web sites converge?

We're not quite there yet, but W3C is working in this area, working with commercial publishers, with IPDF and other organizations, listening to industry experts and tool-makers, and gently nudging the Web forward all over the world.

The difficulty facing publishers today is how to manage when the Web isn't quite ready. The right question to ask is, how do we make the Web ready?

In this session, Liam Quin from the W3C will describe what W3C is doing in its new Publishing Activity, how it will affect you, and how you can get involved.
GameX — Event-Based Programming with XML Technology
Authors: Sayih Marouane , Kuhn Martin , Brüggemann-Klein Anne
Published: December 2014

GameX, a student project at Technische Universität München, is a 'serious' browser game that is intended to further systemic thinking in players. GameX is implemented almost exclusively with XML technology, which makes the game essentially platform independent. XML lends itself to involving domain experts in all phases of development, and to the model-driven designs which can adapt easily to changing requirements. Browser games, however, are quintessentially event-driven, reactive systems — how can such applications be built using the XML technology stack? GameX uses XForms, SVG, XProc, XSLT, and XQuery, as well as the native HTML DOM to put the event-driven programming paradigm into practice on an implementation platform of XML technology.
Semantics and the Internet of Things
Authors: Cagle Kurt
Published: December 2014

It usually starts with a coffeemaker. The number and variety of devices now connected to the internet is astonishing: computers and laptops, phones and tablets, of course, but also game consoles and televisions, heating and cooling systems, automobiles, sensors of every variety. Not far behind are watches, eye glasses, shoes, jackets, and fobs of every variety. Beyond simple connectivity, many of these devices carry significant processing power of their own: the ability to recognize faces, extract conversations from noisy rooms, or tell the difference between spoilt milk and stinky cheese in the refrigerator. Looking beyond the obvious concerns about privacy and security, if we want these devices to work for us as well as against us, they will have to be connected in ways that we can leverage. Using semantic technologies and SPARQL could save us from vendor or aggregator lock-in. Maybe.
When 57,300,000 Full Text Search Results Are Just Too Many
Authors: Case Pat
Published: December 2014

The Web changed the paradigm for full-text search. Searching Google for search engines returns 57,300,000 results at this writing, an impressive result set. Web search engines favor simple searches, speed, and relevance ranking. The end user most often finds a wanted result or two within the first page of search results. This new paradigm is less useful in searching collections of homogeneous data and documents than it is for searching the web. When searching collections end users may need to review everything in the collection on a topic, or may want a clean result set of only those 6 high-quality results, or may need to confirm that there are no wanted results because finding no results within a collection sometimes answers a question about a topic or collection. To accomplish these tasks, end users may need more end user functionality to return small, manageable result sets. The W3C XQuery and XPath Full Text Recommendation (XQFT) offers extensive end user functionality, restoring the end user control that librarians and expert searches enjoyed before the Web. XQFT offers more end user functionality and control than any other full-text search standard ever: more match options, more logical operators, more proximity operators, more ways to return a manageable result set. XQFT searches are also completely composable with XQuery string, number, date, and node queries, bringing the power of full-text search and database querying together for the first time. XQFT searches run directly against XML, enabling searches on any elements or attributes. XQFT implementations are standard-driven, based on shared semantics and syntax. A search in any implementation is portable and may be used in other implementations.
XForms User Interfaces for Small Arcane Nontrivial Datasets
Authors: Lubell Joshua
Published: December 2014

Small Arcane Nontrivial Datasets (SANDs) are frequently complex enough to warrant custom software for access and editing, yet too small or specialized to justify a full-blown server-based database application. Such data is typically presented in tabular form within documents or as editable spreadsheets. To test the alternative of using XForms as a user interface for SANDs, an application was built for browsing a conformance test suite for Product and Manufacturing Information, a formal specification of a product's functional and behavioral requirements as they apply to production. XForms proved a much better match than tabulations for the underlying data model. To further test the concept, XForms was evaluated for use with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-53 security control catalog, which is a comprehensive catalog of security controls for managing cyber-risk, many parts of which are already available in extensible markup language (XML) form. The model-view-controller (MVC) software pattern of XForms seems well-suited for creating specialized applications for tailoring and navigating this catalog.
Identity constraints for XML
Authors: Brüggemann-Klein Anne , Maalej Mustapha , Sayih Marouane
Published: December 2014

Identity constraints, a fundamental database concept, are built in to XML Schema. In this paper, we attempt to explain clearly our reading of XML Schema's identify constraint concepts. We illustrate our reading with examples, in the style of a tutorial. We also illustrate usage styles and limitations of identity constraints in XML Schema. Finally, we demonstrate how a more general notion of identity constrains that is adapted to the hierarchical nature of XML documents can be expressed with XPath 2.0. Hence, the limitations that we have identified can be by-passed with assertions as introduced by XML Schema 1.1.
MathML: Technology and practice
Authors: Dineen Scott , Miłowski R. Alexander , Rawson Kennett , Wood Lauren
Published: December 2014

A panel of users and vendors will discuss topics including authoring, web browsing, ebooks, accessibility, conversion, and proofreading MathML in practice. MathML is key to encoding documents in a wide variety of contexts — because mathematics is key to communication in science, engineering, medicine, and a wide variety of other disciplines. It sounds easy. There is a tag set for math: encode your math with it and use that. Is it in fact that easy?
Overlapproaches in documents: a definitive classification (in OWL, 2!)
Authors: Peroni Silvio , Poggi Francesco , Vitali Fabio
Published: December 2014

Several different types of overlap exist and different strategies are needed to detect them. In particular, there is a clear difference between ranges of text that overlap and markup items that overlap (that is, elements and attributes), and how these types of overlapping affect dominance and containment relations of nodes is of some relevance, too. In order to provide a complete definition and description of these overlapping patterns, we introduce the EARMARK Overlapping Ontology (EOO), i.e., an OWL 2 DL ontology that extends EARMARK (an OWL-based markup meta-language compliant with extended GODDAGs) to define properties describing dominance and containment relations as well as a complete characterisation of the different kinds of overlap that can happen to nodes. In addition, we also present some inference rules for the automatic retrieval (by means of a reasoner) of all the overlapping instances in a given input markup document.
NIEM: Implementation experience
Authors: Walmsley Priscilla
Published: December 2014

The U.S. National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) is a 6000-element XML vocabulary used by U.S. government entities and their information-sharing partners at the federal, state and local levels. While adoption of NIEM is growing, there is a lot of variation in how it is being managed. Using NIEM, like using any large complex XML model, presents challenges including approaches to customization, interoperability among differing subsets, and versioning. A variety of approaches to implementing NIEM and integrating it into existing organizational infrastructure are discussed and compared.
Using XML to publish the Foreign Relations of the United States series
Authors: Wicentowski Joseph
Published: December 2014

The U.S. State Department’s Office of the Historian uses XML data and XML technology as a key publishing, archiving, and research tool. The core motivation for adopting XML was to transform the Foreign Relations of the United States series, the official documentary history of U.S. foreign-policy, into a modern online publication with a searchable archive (http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments) using TEI markup and eXist-db. Some challenges that the project have faced were striking a balance between the rich possibilities of semantic markup and the costs of entry and quality control, and accounting for a range of styles, metadata, and editorial practices across the over 150-year life of the series. Some benefits that the project has realized from selecting XML data and technologies include a number of applications (many unforeseen at the outset), including the release of ebooks and APIs from the data, contributions to open government data initiatives, new forms of analysis and visualization, and an increasingly, if not yet fully, digital publishing workflow.
The Library of Congress Recommended Format Specifications
Authors: Bausenbach Ardie , Zwaard Kate
Published: December 2014

The “Library of Congress Recommended Format Specifications” describes formats which it will collect to ensure the preservation and long-term access of the creative output of the nation and the world. The specification covers textual works and musical compositions, still image works, audio works, moving image works, software and electronic gaming and learning, and database/databases. For each of these categories a list of preferred and acceptable formats, in descending order of preference, is provided. Formats for textual works include XML, EPUB, and HTML. After introducing the specification we discuss why it was created, the considerations in ranking the various formats for electronic books and serials, and how the Library expects the policy to be used.
Practical Processing of HTML5 as XML and XML as HTML5
Authors: Fearon Phil
Published: December 2014

Whilst the HTML5 and XML specifications share a superficially similar syntax, they have very different design goals, cultures and supporting technology stacks. This paper provides two practical examples of projects that benefited from the combined use of XML and HTML5 technologies. Both projects make clear distinctions between the areas of responsibility for each technology and employ specialized methods and tools to integrate between the two. We show that the ability to exploit both XML and HTML5 resources can significantly reduce development effort and provides for more flexible solutions.
XML on the Web
Authors: Miłowski R. Alexander
Published: December 2014

In the beginning, many presumed we would move to a world where XML documents and the applications that processed them would proliferate across the Web. The Web looked like a bright place for markup; technologies like XSLT made their way into the browser and linking standards were on their way. Yet, it didn’t happen. As browsers strengthened their ability to process information, render HTML documents, display media assets, and deliver applications, the role of XML was either pushed to the other side or used as a way to deliver data to applications within the browser via AJAX. The potential mismatches between the wants of the Web developer and the generic, impoverished nature of the DOM led to the development of JSON. In places where they might once have used XML, web developers have moved in droves to using JSON and HTML. XML has been removed from its role to convey data to applications, shunted to the server, and labeled legacy by many. With an uphill, generational challenge to bring it back within favor, the fundamental question is: Do we really want XML on the Web?
Concurrent Validity Between a Shared Curriculum, the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination, and the American Board of Internal Medicine Certifying Examination
Authors: Sisson Stephen D. , Bertram Amanda , Yeh Hsin-Chieh
Published: December 2014

Background

A core objective of residency education is to facilitate learning, and programs need more curricula and assessment tools with demonstrated validity evidence.

Objective

We sought to demonstrate concurrent validity between performance on a widely shared, ambulatory curriculum (the Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Curriculum), the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE), and the American Board of Internal Medicine Certifying Examination (ABIM-CE).

Methods

A cohort study of 443 postgraduate year (PGY)-3 residents at 22 academic and community hospital internal medicine residency programs using the curriculum through the Johns Hopkins Internet Learning Center (ILC). Total and percentile rank scores on ILC didactic modules were compared with total and percentile rank scores on the IM-ITE and total scores on the ABIM-CE.

Results

The average score on didactic modules was 80.1%; the percentile rank was 53.8. The average IM-ITE score was 64.1% with a percentile rank of 54.8. The average score on the ABIM-CE was 464. Scores on the didactic modules, IM-ITE, and ABIM-CE correlated with each other (P < .05). Residents completing greater numbers of didactic modules, regardless of scores, had higher IM-ITE total and percentile rank scores (P < .05). Resident performance on modules covering back pain, hypertension, preoperative evaluation, and upper respiratory tract infection was associated with IM-ITE percentile rank.

Conclusions

Performance on a widely shared ambulatory curriculum is associated with performance on the IM-ITE and the ABIM-CE.
Conversion at Corinth
Authors: Chester Stephen J.
Published: December 2014

Paul’s conversion and its impact on his theology has been studied extensively. Yet little has been done to relate this to Paul’s attitude towards the conversion of others, or to perspectives on conversion held by converts in the churches Paul founded. Soteriology is often considered in isolation from the practical issues of how conversion was expected to take place and the nature of its expected consequences. This book addresses these issues, taking account of recent developments in conversion studies in the social sciences and other disciplines. Stephen Chester first reviews these developments and assesses the potential value of sociologist Anthony Gidden’s general social theory of structuration. He then utilizes this to explore Paul’s perspectives on conversion in relation to both Gentile and Jewish converts. He also explores the Corinthians’ perspectives on conversion in the context of Graeco-Roman religious and social life. Here emerges a fascinating account of perspectives on conversion in the crucial formative years of early Christianity.
Role of updrafts in aerosol-cloud interactions: lidar observations of layered warm clouds over central Europe
Authors: Schmidt J. , Ansmann A. , Bühl J. , Wandinger U.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Twenty nine cases of layered liquid-water cloud systems were observed with dual-field-of-view (dual-FOV) Raman lidar over the polluted central European site of Leipzig, Germany, between September 2010 and September 2012. For the first time, a detailed lidar-based study of aerosol-cloud-dynamics relationship was conducted. A collocated Doppler lidar provided information on vertical velocity and thus on updraft and downdraft occurrence. The novel dual-FOV lidar permits the retrieval of the particle extinction coefficient (used as aerosol proxy just below cloud base) and cloud properties such as droplet effective radius and cloud droplet number concentration in the lower part of optically thin cloud layers. Here, we present the key results of our statistical analysis of the 2010–2012 observations. Besides a clear aerosol effect on cloud droplet number concentration in the lower part of the convectively weak cloud layers during updraft periods, meteorological effects (turbulent mixing, entrainment of dry air) were found to diminish the observable aerosol effect higher up in the clouds. The corresponding aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) parameter based on changes in cloud droplet number concentration with aerosol loading was found to be close to 0.8 at 30–70 m above cloud base during updraft periods which points to values around 1 at cloud base (0–30 m above cloud base). Our findings are extensively compared with literature values and agree well with airborne observations. As a conclusion, ACI studies over continental sites should include vertical wind observations to avoid a~bias (too low values) in the obtained ACI results.
A comprehensive investigation on afternoon–evening transition of the atmospheric boundary layer over a tropical rural site
Authors: Sandeep A. , Narayana Rao T. , Rao S. V. B.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The transitory nature of the atmospheric boundary layer few hours before and after the time of sunset has been studied comprehensively over a tropical station, Gadanki (13.45° N, 79.18° E), using a suite of in-situ and remote sensing devices. This study addresses the following fundamental and important issues related to the afternoon-to-evening transition (AET). Which state variable first identifies it? Which variable best identifies it? Does the start time of AET varies with season and height? If so, which physical mechanism is responsible for the observed height variation in the start time of transition? The transition is seen first in temperature (T) and wind variance (σ2ws) variations at the surface, ∼ 100 min prior to the time of sunset, then in vertical temperature gradient and finally in water vapour mixing ratio variation. Aloft, the AET is observed nearly at the same time in signal to noise ratio (SNR) and spectral width (σ) measurements of wind profiler and sodar. TheT at the surface and SNR aloft identify the signature of transition unambiguously. Also, their distributions for start time of AET with reference to the time of sunset are narrow and consistent in total and seasonal plots. The start time of transition shows some seasonal variation with delayed transitions occurring mostly in the rainy and humid season of northeast monsoon. Interestingly, in contrast to the general perception, the signature of the transition is first seen in the profiler data then in sodar data and finally in the surface data, suggesting that the transition follows top-to-bottom evolution. It indicates that other forcings, like entrainment, play a major role in altering the structure of ABL during the AET, when the sensible heat flux decreases progressively. These forcing terms are quantified using a unique high-resolution dataset to understand their variation in light of the intriguing height dependency of the start time of AET.
Comparison of GOME-2/Metop total column water vapour with ground-based and in situ measurements
Authors: Kalakoski N. , Kujanpää J. , Sofieva V. , Tamminen J. , Grossi M. , Valks P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Total column water vapour product from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 on board Metop-A and Metop-B satellites (GOME-2/Metop-A and GOME-2/Metop-B) produced by the Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) is compared with co-located radiosonde and Global Positioning System (GPS) observations. The comparisons are performed using recently reprocessed data by the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.7. The comparisons are performed for the period of January 2007–July 2013 (GOME-2A) and from December 2012 to July 2013 (GOME-2B). Radiosonde data are from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) maintained by National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) and screened for soundings with incomplete tropospheric column. Ground-based GPS observations from COSMIC/SuomiNet network are used as the second independent data source. Good general agreement between GOME-2 and the ground-based observations is found. The median relative difference of GOME-2 to radiosonde observations is −2.7% for GOME-2A and −0.3% for GOME-2B. Against GPS observations, the median relative differences are 4.9 and 3.2% for GOME-2A and B, respectively. For water vapour total columns below 10 kg m−2, large wet biases are observed, especially against GPS observations. Conversely, at values above 50 kg m−2, GOME-2 generally underestimates both ground-based observations.
Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of continental margins in the western North Pacific Ocean and their interactions and responses to external forcing – an overview and synthesis
Authors: Liu K.-K. , Kang C.-K. , Kobari T. , Liu H. , Rabouille C. , Fennel K.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In this special issue we examine the biogeochemical conditions and marine ecosystems in the major marginal seas of the western North Pacific Ocean, namely, the East China Sea, the Japan/East Sea to its north and the South China Sea to its south. They are all subject to strong climate forcing as well as anthropogenic impacts. On the one hand, continental margins in this region are bordered by the world's most densely populated coastal communities and receive tremendous amount of land-derived materials. On the other hand, the Kuroshio, the strong western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean, which is modulated by climate oscillation, exerts strong influences over all three marginal seas. Because these continental margins sustain arguably some of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, changes in these stressed ecosystems may threaten the livelihood of a large population of humans. This special issue reports the latest observations of the biogeochemical conditions and ecosystem functions in the three marginal seas. The studies exemplify the many faceted ecosystem functions and biogeochemical expressions, but they reveal only a few long-term trends mainly due to lack of sufficiently long records of well-designed observations. It is critical to develop and sustain time series observations in order to detect biogeochemical changes and ecosystem responses in continental margins and to attribute the causes for better management of the environment and resources in these marginal seas.
I/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone: analytical methodology and evaluation as a proxy for redox conditions
Authors: Glock N. , Liebetrau V. , Eisenhauer A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In this study, we explore the correlation of I/Ca ratios in three calcitic and one aragonitic foraminiferal species. I/Ca ratios are evaluated as possible proxies for changes in ambient redox conditions across the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone to the ambient oxygen concentrations in the habitat of the foraminiferal species studied. Cleaning and measurement methods for the determination of I/Ca ratios are tested. All species show a positive trend in their I/Ca ratios as a function of higher oxygen concentrations. The most promising species appears to be Uvigerina striata, which shows a highly statistically significant correlation between I/Ca ratios and bottom water (BW) oxygenation (I/Ca = 0.032(±0.004) × [O2]BW + 0.29(±0.03), R2 = 0.61, F = 75, P < 0.0001). Only for the aragonitic species Hoeglundina elegans is this relationship not significant. The iodine volatility in acidic solutions, the species dependency of I/Ca–[O2]BW correlations, and the individual variability of single tests, need to be accounted for when applying the I/Ca ratio as a proxy for redox conditions.
Eutrophication mitigation in rivers: 30 years of trends and seasonality changes in biogeochemistry of the Loire River (1980–2012)
Authors: Minaudo C. , Meybeck M. , Moatar F. , Gassama N. , Curie F.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Trends and seasonality analysis since 1980 and longitudinal distribution from headwaters to estuary of algal pigment, nitrate and phosphate were investigated in the eutrophic Loire River. The continuous decline of phosphate concentrations recorded since 1991 both in the main river and in the tributaries led to a significant reduction in algal biomass across the whole river system. While eutrophication remained lower in the main tributaries than in the Loire itself, they were found to contribute up to 45% to the total nutrient load of the main river. The seasonality analysis revealed that the river has always been under P limitation, explaining why reducing P inputs led to decreasing eutrophication in the whole Loire basin. The decline of seasonal amplitudes of algal pigments reduced the seasonal amplitude of phosphate and of daily variations of dissolved oxygen and pH but did not significantly affect the seasonal amplitude of nitrate. Thus, algal uptake responsibility on the summer nitrate loss seemed to be declining, questioning the exact role played by denitrification, terrestrial vegetation and fixed aquatic vegetation on the nitrogen cycle.
Description and evaluation of tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2)
Authors: Tilmes S. , Lamarque J.-F. , Emmons L. K. , Kinnison D. E. , Ma P.-L. , Liu X. , Ghan S. , Bardeen C. , Arnold S. , Deeter M. , Vitt F. , Ryerson T. , Elkins J. W. , Moore F. , Spackman R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), version 5, is now coupled to extensive tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, called CAM5-chem, and is available in addition to CAM4-chem in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2. Both configurations are well suited as tools for atmospheric-chemistry modeling studies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, whether with internally derived "free running" (FR) meteorology, or "specified dynamics" (SD). The main focus of this paper is to compare the performance of these configurations against observations from surface, aircraft, and satellite, as well as understand the origin of the identified differences. We particularly focus on comparing present-day methane lifetime estimates within the different model configurations, which range between 7.8 years in the SD configuration of CAM5-chem and 8.8 years in the FR configuration of CAM4-chem. We find that tropospheric surface area density is an important factor in controlling the burden of the hydroxyl radical (OH), which causes differences in tropical methane lifetime of about half a year between CAM4-chem and CAM5-chem. In addition, different distributions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced from lightning production explain about half of the difference between SD and FR model versions in both CAM4-chem and CAM5-chem. Remaining differences in the tropical OH burden are due to enhanced tropical ozone burden in SD configurations compared to the FR versions, which are not only caused by differences in chemical production or loss, but also by transport and mixing. For future studies, we recommend the use of CAM5-chem, due to improved aerosol description and inclusion of aerosol-cloud interactions. However, smaller tropospheric surface area density in the current version of CAM5-chem compared to CAM4-chem results in larger oxidizing capacity in the troposphere and therefore a shorter methane lifetime.