bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS CHANGES AND THE DIVING RESPONSE IN MAN
Authors: Elsner R , Gooden BA , Robinson SM
Published: November 2007

Face immersion breath‐holds were performed by five seated male subjects after normal breathing of room air, normal breathing of 100% oxygen for 15 minutes and hyperventilation of 100% oxygen for 15 minutes. Heart rate and forearm blood flow were determined in all three procedures and PO2,PCO2 and pH of brachial artery blood were measured in the oxygen breathing experiments.

Simulated diving after breathing room air significantly reduced the heart rate and forearm blood flow. After normal breathing and hyperventilation of oxygen, PaO2 was elevated by three and five times, respectively. PaCO2 was unchanged by normal breathing but halved by hyperventilation. “Diving” after both oxygen breathing procedures still significantly reduced both heart rate and forearm blood flow below resting control levels and these responses were not significantly different from those after breathing room air.

The fall in arterial oxygen tension during “diving” after hyperventilation of oxygen was inversely related to the fall in forearm blood flow (P < 0.001) which fits the concept that the diving response may serve an oxygen conserving function in man. Despite arterial hyperoxia with or without hypocapnia, a significant diving response was still evoked by face immersion breath‐holding, showing that the response is basically independent of asphyxial blood gas changes.
TISSUE IRON IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DAMACE FROM CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Loh TT , Juggi JS
Published: November 2007

In acute carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver damage in rats, plasma iron and total iron‐building capacity were enormously elevated. This was coupled with an increase in the weight of livers and spleens as well as spleen iron concentrations when compared with control values. On the other hand, the haematocrit and liver iron concentrations were low. In chronic liver injury there were no changes in plasma iron or total iron‐binding capacity. The gains in weight of both liver and spleen were dependent upon the dose of hepatic poison. Liver iron stores were also increased; however, this increase was attributable to the expansion of haemosiderin iron. In Grade III cirrhosis, the rate of iron absorption dropped significantly, possibly as a result of increased liver stores.
STABILITY OF AMYLASE IN SERUM FROM PATIENTS WITH PANCREATITIS
Authors: Howe Linda , Elmslie RG
Published: November 2007

The effect of storage on amylase activity was measured in sera from normal individuals and from patients with suspected acute pancreatitis. The sera were stored for 18 and 22 h at 37°, 5°, and −19° Amylase in serum from the patients was less stable than that in normal serum. The instability was not affected by dilution or by variations of temperature. It may have been due to the presence of an unstable isoamylase released into the serum in acute pancreatitis. This finding should be taken into account when interpreting the significance of an amylase estimation performed on stored serum from a patient with suspected acute pancreatitis.
A SEX‐DEPENDENT DIFFERENCE IN THE HAPTOGLOBIN DISTRIBUTIONS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN URBAN POPULATION SAMPLES, WITH A NOTE ON THE METHOD OF HALDANE FOR ESTIMATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOGARITHM OF A RATIO OF FREQUENCIES
Authors: Brackenridge CJ
Published: November 2007

Frequencies of plasma haptoglobin phenotypes of a sample of the Melbourne population with a wide age range were compared with those reported for two other Australian cities, Perth and Sydney. When the samples were combined, the proportion of females possessing type 2·1 (50·7%) exceeded that of males (44·9%). Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated the significance of the sex difference at the 3% level. It was possible to exclude the participation of age‐releterd factors from this finding.
FACTOR IN COLOSTRUM CAUSING MOBILIZATION OF FREE FATTY ACID IN NEWBORN CALVES
Authors: Gooden JM , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

Feeding colostrum or fat‐free colostral whey to newborn, previously unbuckled calves was followed by a four‐fold increase in free fatty acid concentration in thoracic duct lymph and blood plasma. There was no increase in free fatty acid concentration when newborn calves were fed milk. The fatty acid composition of lymph free fatty acid in calves fed colostrum more closely resembled per renal fat than lipid of dietary origin. It was apparent that colostrum contains a factor responsible for the mobilization of depot fat in newborn calves.

In a previous paper from this laboratory attention was drawn to a pronounced increase in free fatty acid concentration in thoracic duct lymph after feeding colostrum to newborn unsuckled calves (Shannon and Lascelles, 1969). This increase occurred before a significant concentration of chylomicrons appeared in the lymph, suggesting that it was not associated with absorption of dietary lipid. A possible interpretation of these results is that colostrum contains a factor responsible for the mobilization of free fatty acid from the fat depots of the newborn calf. The opportunity to test this hypothesis arose in experiments primarily designed to compare the pattern and efficiency of lipid absorption by way of the lymphatic system in newborn calves fed colostrum or milk (Gooden, Brandon, Hartmann and Lascelles, 1971).
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ON THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE UPPER LIMB IN MAN
Authors: Frewin DB , Teh YF , Whelan RF
Published: November 2007

Magnesium sulphate, given into the brachial artery, has been shown to have a dilator action on the blood vessels of the human forearm.

The dilatation affects the vessels of both skin and muscle and is not due to stimulation of the β‐receptors to a cholinergic mechanism or to the release of histamine.

The vasodilator action of magnesium sulphate on the forearm does not appear to be influenced by the sympathetic nerves, but is abolished by the simultaneous infusion of calcium gluconate into the brachial artery.
STUDIES ON LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Goldrick RB , Hoffmann Choo C , Reardon M
Published: November 2007

Serial studies of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro in epididymal adipose tissue and hemidiaphragms were carried out at several stages of growth in Wistar rats maintained on one of four feeding programmes—ad libitum feeding with chow with or without the addition of glucose to the drinking water or meal feeding with restricted or unrestricted quantities of chow. Supplementation of the diet with glucose accelerated the rate of fat deposition and the incorporation of glucose‐U‐14C into glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acids in adipose tissue. Meal feeding did not stimulate glucose lipogenesis, but prevented the decline in fatty acid synthesis with ageing which occurred in epididymal adipose tissue of mature ad libitum fed rats. Adipose tissue in vitro converted amounts of glucose into glyceride‐glycerol that were calculated to be sufficient to esterify all the fatty acids which accumulated during fat deposition in vivo as judged from adipocyte enlargement with age. On the other hand, only in young glucose‐supplemented rats did adipose tissue utilize sufficient glucose for fatty acid synthesis in vitro to account for the deposition of triglyceride‐fatty acids in adipose tissue in vivo. Although the rate of glyceride‐ glycerol synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue was affected by the method of feeding and the age of the rat, it was also increased in proportion to the amount of lipid in the fat cell. There was no indication that adipose tissue became resistant to insulin in vitro as its fat cells enlarged. However, there was a progressive decrease in the responsiveness of adipose tissue to insulin in ad libitum chow‐fed rats between the ages of 10 and 34 weeks. This effect of ageing was prevented by meal feeding. There was no relationship between the effects of insulin on the concentrations of glycogen and the incorporation of glucose‐U‐14C into glycogen in hemidiaphragms and the responses to insulin observed in adipose tissue. Furthermore, the responsiveness of hemidiaphragms and adipose tissue to insulin bore no relationship to the hypoglycaemic effects of exogenous insulin in vivo.
DISTRIBUTION OF G CELLS IN THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Hansky J , McNaughtan J , Nairn RC
Published: November 2007

Formalin‐fixed dog gastrointestinal tissues have been examined by indirect immunofluorescence with specific anti‐human‐gastrin globulin. Gastrin‐secreting (G) cells were found regularly in antral mucosa and in the proximal 3–4 cm of duodenum. Inconstant scanty G cells were located in the islets of the pancreatie tail. No G cells were detected in the body of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum or liver.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Goldrick RB , Whyte HM
Published: November 2007

The effects of maternal protein and/or calorie deficiency during gestation in rats on subsequent growth, body composition, cell size and cell number in organs of progeny were studied into maturity. Female rats were fed the experimental diets for two weeks before mating and throughout gestation. Protein deficiency caused a significant decrease in birth weight, litter size and fertility and a significant rise in mortality of pups. Offspring of protein deficient dams exhibited permanent stunting of growth and reduction in organ size. Decreased liver, kidney and heart weights were due to reduction in cell numbers but in epididymal fat pads both cell numbers and cell sizes were significantly reduced. Calorie deficiency had only minor effects and did not potentiate the effects of protein deficiency. None of the treatments affected the percent body‐composition of progeny. Second generation studies showed that female progeny of protein‐deficient dams were relatively infertile and produced litters with reduced growth rates. The infertility of first generation progeny was enhanced by a further period of protein deficiency during their own gestation. The second generation litters then showed a very high level of mortality as well as a reduced growth rate.
CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF AN OVINE CHLAMYDIA (BEDSONIA) IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: Harrison Margaret J
Published: November 2007

When HEp2 cell cultures were inoculated with an ovine Chlamydia very few inclusions were formed when the pH of the medium fell to below pH 7·0. Failure to form inclusions was not due to inactivation of organisms by add conditions during the adsorption period, but was apparently due to events subsequent to adsorption whereby inclusion development under acid conditions was inhibited. Although the ovine Chlamydia was inactivated more rapidly at 37° than at 30°, nevertheless adsorption and penetration of organisms into Hep2 cultures was more efficient at 37° than at 30°. The rate of adsorption of organisms was dependent on volume, and the smaller the volume in which a particular dose of organisms was suspended, the greater the number of inclusions formed. From the theory of Brownian motion it was possible to predict that the rate of adsorption on to surfaces by Chlamydia should be slower than that of viruses, because the size of Chlamydia limits their diffusion. It was possible to calculate that no more than 40% of this Chlamydia suspension, in cell culture medium, might adsorb from a depth of 0·1 cm on to a surface in 18 hours at 37°. Under these conditions, experimentally, only 24% of the total Chlamydia particles in the suspension resulted in inclusions. Inclusion counts were Iiigher in HEp2 cells than in Vero cells. The inclasion counts in HEp2 cell cultures which had not been treated with DEAE‐Dextran were increased by addition of 0·5% (v/v) foetal calf serum or bovine serum, or by 0·6–0·8% (w/v) bovine albumin fraction V to the medium in which the organisms were suspended. The counts decreased with higher concentrations of serum or albumin. In DEAE‐ Dextran‐treated cultures inclusion counts were greatly depressed by the presence of bovine albumin fraction V or serum in the medium (except for a slight rise in count with 0·5 (v/v) serum).
IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS ON PLASMA CELLS IN THE RABBIT EAR CHAMBER
Authors: Cliff WJ
Published: November 2007

In vivo observations on plasma cells arising in rabbit ear chambers following stimulation with a variety of antigens are reported. The cells were non‐motile and had a yellow‐green coloration of their cytoplasm and showed highly characteristic peripheral cytoplasmic activity possibly related to clasmatocytosis. Plasma cells took three days to develop following initial antigenic stimulation and after a further three days showed a definite decline in their numbers. It is considered they probably arose from lymphoid cells present in the initial cellular exudate associated with antigen injection and they occurred in clusters closely associated with macrophages generally in the paravascular regions. Eosinophile leucocytes showed a predilection for these clusters. Repeated antigenic stimulation produced the Arthus reaction.
THE STRUCTURE AND ISOLATION OF PILI (FIMBRIAE) OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Weiss Richard L , Raj HD
Published: November 2007

Electron microscopic studies of pili were carried out on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Flagella and pili were observed by negative staining and metal shadowing. Ultrathin sections of cells contained filaments that resembled pili. The isolation of pili was followed in the electron microscope by negative staining. The properties of isolated Pseudomonas pili were different from those of type I Escherichia coli pili. A survey of twenty‐two isolates of P. aeruginosa involved in clinical infections demonstrated the existence of pili on a high proportion (17/22) of the cultures. No correlation was found to exist between the possession of pili and antibiotic sensitivity. These pili are thought to be of significance in clinical infections of this organism.
THE NATURE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE CELLS OF THE SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE‐TOLERANT RAT TO TRANSFERRED ALLOGENEIC LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

The response of the cells of erythrocyte‐tolerant hosts into which allogeneic lymphocytes had been transferred to abrogate tolerance has been investigated. Following the abrogation of tolerance, rats were observed to respond poorly to re‐challenge with sheep erythrocytes, this behaviour probably being attributable to the re‐appearance of the tolerant state. The circulating lymphocyte was identified as the cell type in the tolerant host responsible for interaction with the transferred allogeneic cells. The re‐appearance of reactivity in a pre‐existing population of repressed, or tolerant, cells was considered to be a much more likely explanation for the phenomenon of allogeneic abrogation than the re‐emergence of a reactive clone of cells.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCOIDES COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGENS
Authors: Buttery SH
Published: November 2007

An antigenic extract of Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides was submitted to various treatments. Periodate oxidation and carbohydrates destroyed the complement fixing activity of the extract. Proteases did not destroy the activity. When the material was dissolved in chloroform‐methanol and shaken with potassium chloride solution no complement fixing activity was found in either phase. The aqueous phase contained precipitating antigens and some complement fixing activity could be recovered by supplementing the aqueous phase with cholesterol and lecithin.

Inhibition of complement fixing activity of a boiled cell suspension of M. mycoides was studied using various monosaccharides, methyl glycosides and disaccharides. The most effective inhibitor tested was 1–6 β glucopyranosyl galactose.

It is concluded that the complement fixing antigen most probably contains carbohydrate determinants with terminal β glucopyranosyl galactofuranosyl residues.
PLASMA HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO MEALS: A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: Baker HWG , Best JB , Burger HG , Cameron DP
Published: November 2007

To study the influence of the usual Australian feeding pattern on plasma growth hormone concentrations, six healthy adults were given a three day dietary regime. Meals of constant composition were eaten at the same time each day except that breakfast was omitted on one day and on the other two was of either high protein or high carbohydrate content. Blood samples for growth hormone assay were taken at twenty minute intervals for eight hours from 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.

There were variable growth hormone levels in the two females and low levels were found in the majority of samples from the four males. Peaks of growth hormone concentration had no consistent temporal relationship to meals. The patterns it the females were not reproducible when identical high protein meals were given again after an interval of six months. The mean plasma growth hormone concentration between meals was unrelated to the meal content except that it was lowest after the high carbohydrate breakfast in the females.

Because of the inability to demonstrate a reproducible temporal relationship of plasma growth hormone rises to meals in females, and because of the low and generally unvarying plasma concentrations in males, it is concluded that growth hormone is not an important physiological regulator of metabolic economy under normal conditions of frequent feeding in man.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM DURING PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Morgan EH
Published: November 2007

The turnover of albumin, transferrin and γ‐globulin was measured in non‐pregnant rabbits and in rabbits during the last week of pregnancy, using the proteins labelled with radioactive iodine. It was found that the fall in plasma concentration of albumin and γ‐globulin in the pregnant animals was due to expansion of the plasma volume and an increase in their fractional turnover rates (rates of catabolism). By contrast, the plasma concentration of transferrin increased during pregnancy due to a greatly accelerated absolute turnover rate indicating an increased rate of synthesis of the protein, with no increase in catabolic rate.
HORMONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SALT APPETITE IN LACTATION
Authors: Shulkes AA , Covelli Memma D , Denton DA , Nelson JF
Published: November 2007

The appetite of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L)) for 500 mEq/1 solutions of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2, was studied during daily injections of ovine prolactin, ovine growth hormone or synthetic oxytocin. The animals were individually caged and external sodium balances were made. Under all experimental conditions the animals were obtaining ample sodium from the food, as evidenced by a substantial urinary sodium excretion. Injection of 50 I.U. prolactin significantly increased NaCl intake from a control value of 0·4 mEq/day to 2·3 mEq/day during the course of injections. CaCl2 intake was also significantly increased. The mean daily intake of NaCl during the oxytocin treatment was 1·34 mEq/day, 21/2; times the control value. Water intake was reduced but there were no significant changes in the intakes of KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2,. Growth hormone had no effect on electrolyte or H2O intakes.

Previously reported work shows that a significant increase in NaCl intake occurs during lactation in the wild rabbit. The metabolic studies indicate that, as in lactation, the increase in NaCl intake witb prolactin and oxytocin occurs without any preceding change in urinary sodium excretion. The results suggest that the increase in NaCl intake in lactation is hormonal in origin and not caused by the sodium requirements of lactation.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF REJECTION OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN GUINEA‐PIGS BY PROMETHAZINE
Authors: Rothwell TLW , Love RJ , Dineen JK
Published: November 2007

The mode of action by which promethazine inhibits resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in the guinea‐pig was investigated by studying the effect of promethazine on the capacity of lymphoid cells from immune donors to transfer immunity to syngeneic recipients. The experimental results suggest that promethazine may have some inhibitory action at the lymphoid level of the immune response. But that this is inadequate to explain the drug's effects in this host‐parasite system.
MECHANISMS OF TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF EWES
Authors: Watson DL , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

The primary purpose of this paper was to determine whether selective transfer of IgA and IgM is effected by the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland in a manner similar to that for serum derived IgG1. Concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and albumin were measured in blood, mammary lymph and milk collected from 8 lactating ewes which had been infused with antigen in one of the pair of mammary glands 3 weeks prior to parturition. Although the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and albumin in whey from infused glands were not significantly different from the concentrations of comparable, proteins in whey from non‐infused glands, concentrations of IgA and IgM were respectively 3 and 2 limes higher (P < 0.05) in whey from infused glands. Anti‐body titres were 40‐50 times higher in whey from infused than non‐infused glands.

The mean whey:lymph ratios for IgA and IgM were 3‐4 times higher for infused than non‐infused glands. Comparable ratios for IgG2 and albumin were much lower than those for IgA and IgM; values for IgG2 were 30‐80 times less than for IgA and 3‐5 times less than for IgM. Whey:lymph ratios for IgA and IgM for non‐infused glands of 2 of the ewes, in which there was negligible local production of IgA and IgM, were actually less than those for IgG2.

The results showed that the magnitude of preferential transfer of IgA and IgM was related to the activity of the local immune system. It is suggested that local production of IgA and IgM by plasma cells which are located in close association with the glandular epithelium, creates a concentration gradient with the highest concentration immediately adjacent to the basal membrane of the epithelial cells. In this situation preferential transfer of IgA and IgM across the glandular epithelium could occur, without the necessity for specific receptor sites as postulated for selective transfer of IgG1.
THE ROLE IN CHYLOMICRON FORMATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE ACTIVITY OF INTESTINAL GOLGI MEMBRANES
Authors: Redgrave TG
Published: November 2007

The Golgi membrane which is associated with intracellular lipid droplets (“pre‐chylomicrons”) during intestinal absorption of fat has been shown to possess phospholipase A. phospholipase B and triglyceride lipase activities. These findings suggest that extrusion of chylomicrons from the intestinal cell might be accomplished by the action of phospholipases on Golgi and plasma membrane phospholipids Fusion of membranes could result from the localised action of phospholipase B, which, perhaps acting together with phospholipase A, would enable exteriorization of Golgi vacuoles and discharge of chylomicrons into the intercellular space.
SOME EFFECTS OF A RESTRICTED POTASSIUM INTAKE ON ADAPTATION TO SALINE DRINKING
Authors: Marwood J , Lockett Mary F
Published: November 2007

Rats were transferred from water to 0·75% NaCl as sole drinking fluid, Initial weight gains reversed abruptly as the rate of elimination of sodium from a standard saline load increased abruptly. Thereafter, spontaneous saline intake and the rate of sodium elimination rose in parallel to sustained maxima which were reached in six to seven weeks by saline‐drinking rats. Both treatment with deoxcorticosterone acetate and potassium restriction accelerated attainment of these maxima by two weeks but did not alter their magnitude. In contrast, a metabolic alkalosis induced by administration of 2 Meq. sodium citrate twice daily did not influence the rate of onset of the escape phenomenon.

It is considered that change in the rate of elimination of sodium from an acute oral saline load (0·7% NaCl), equivalent to 2·5% body weight, may prove a useful parameter for assessment of the degree of adaptation to saline‐drinking. Further, deoxcorticosterone acetate‐induced acceleration of adaptation to saline‐drinking may be a consequence of the K‐depletion but is unlikely to be greatly influenced by the alkalosis caused by this steroid.
MYCOPLASMA AETIOLOGY OF KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (“PINK‐EYE”) IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS
Authors: Surman PG
Published: November 2007

The stage of pink‐eye infection in 178 sheep was determined by clinical assessment and cytotological features. Mycoplasmas were isolated more frequently from the acute stage of the disease.

Light and electron microscope studies of smears and sections from infected conjuntivae, and of concentrated mcoplasina suspensions, illustruted the structural similarity between the pink‐eye agent and mycoplasma isolates. This interrelationship was confirmed by specific immunofluorescent staining of the pink‐eye agent in sheep and goat conjunctival smears.

Characterisation methods indicated that mycoplasmas isolated from the con‐Junctivae of sheep and goats with pink‐eye were similar. They were distinct from mycoplasmas of nasal and imssible nasal origin isolated from sheep with pink‐eye, and different from Mycoplasmal arginnini and humand mycoplasmas.

The pink‐eye condition was reproduced in normal sheep anti goats by ocular inoculation of ccnjuctival mycoplasma isolates or conjunctival scarapings from diseased animals although experimental infection was not uniformly successful. The requirements necessary to demonstrate unequivocal mycoplasma aetiology of pink‐eye are discussed.
MYOCARDIAL REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA IN CONSCIOUS DOGS: EFFECT OF DIPYRIDAMOLE AND AMINOPHYLLINE ON RESPONSES TO FOUR‐ AND EIGHT‐SECOND CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIONS
Authors: Eikkns E , Wilcken DEL
Published: November 2007

Using chronically implanted electromagnetic flow transducers, we examined the effects of dipyridamole (1 mg/kg) and aminophylline (10 mg/kg) on reactive hyperaemic responses induced by four‐second and eight‐second occlusions of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in conscious dogs. Reactive hyperaemia was not affected by either dipyridamole or aminophylline when pre‐occlusion coronary blood flow heart rate and mean blood pressure were the same as during control observations. Two to four hours after dipyridarmole, when pre‐occlusion coronary blood flow was increased but blood pressure and heart rate had returned to control values, reactive hyperaemic responses were significantly reduced. At these times dipyridamole markedly potentiated, and aminophylline greatly reduced, the coronary vasodilator effects of adenosine injected into either the superior vena cava or left atrium. Since dipyridamole and aminophylline both move out of the intravascular compartment after intravenous injection, these results do not support the hypothesis that release of adenosine into the extracellular space is essential for die production of reactive hyperaemia induced by brief coronary artery occlusions.
STUDIES ON A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR OVINE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE: INTERFERENCE BY OVINE ALBUMIN
Authors: Salamonsen Lois A , Burger HG , Chamley WA , Goding JR
Published: November 2007

A previously documented radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle stimulating hormone has been examined as to its suitability for measurement of the hormone in sheep plasma. In addition, the behaviour of two other antisera to ovine follicle stimulating hormone, and various standards, has been investigated.

Little cross‐reaction with other protein hormones was seen but when sheep plasma, at dilutions 1/25‐1/100 was included in the radioimmunoassay, it caused complete displacement of ovine follicle stimulating hormone‐125I from all three antibodies; even at dilutions In the range 1/250‐1/5,000 incomplete displacement was observed. Addition of ovine albumin to the assay in amounts equivalent to plasma levels produced similar degrees of displacement of the tracer antigen. Plasma from other species did not show this effect. When ovine albumin‐125I and ovine follicle stimulating hormone‐125I were reacted separately with antibodies to each, in the presence and absence of excess unlabelled follicle stimulating hormone and albumin, each labelled protein combined to some extent with antibodies to the other. Excess of either of the unlabelled antigens caused displacement of both follicle stimulating hormone‐125I and albumin‐125I from their homologous antisera. Gel filtration studies suggested that no complex was formed between ovine follicle stimulating hormone and ovine albumin.

The must likely explanation of this phenomenon is that the highly purified labelled follicle stimulating hormone contains some labelled albumin and that the antisera contain anti‐albumin. Alternatively, the albumin and ovine follicle stimulating hormone may show some intrinsic immunological cross‐reactivity.

Interference by albumin renders the radioimmunoassay of ovine follicle stimulating hormone, using several different antisera inapplicable to the measurement of follicle stimulating hormone in ovine plasma.
CELLULAR INTERACTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

The capacity of lymphocytes from erythrocyte tolerant rats of two unrelated strains to interact in the environment of an erythrocyte‐tolerant host of a third strain has been examined. Abrogation of erythrocyte tolerance failed to occur in situations in which a tolerant population of cells which was not involved in an allogeneic confrontation was present. It is concluded that abrogation of erythrocyte tolerance by allogeneic lymphocytes is dependent upon the allogeneic confrontation of and the consequent interruption of the activity of, all repressor cells present.
DETECTION OF MOUSE MACROPHAGE ANTIGENS BY ANTIMACROPHAGE SERUM
Authors: Tiller Glenis E , MeGiven AR , Phil E
Published: November 2007

An antimacrophage serum prepared in a rabbit injected with BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages detected a macrophage‐specific antigen on peritoneal macrophages and a second macrophage antigen shared with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibroblasts. The macrophage‐specific antigen was present in the four mouse strains examined, in one of three strains of rats and in guinea‐pigs

The specific peritoneal macrophage antigen and the antigen shared with polymorphs were detectable only after culture of macrophages from bone marrow, spleen, Lung and pleural cavity, isolated Kupffer cells, whether cultured or otherwise, showed no reaction with the antisera.

Ultrastructurally, the specific macrophage antigen was localized to the cell membrane as discrete electron‐dense deposits of 25‐40 nm, regularly distributed 30‐50 nm apart.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT. STUDIES IN VITRO OF LIPOGENESIS IN LIVER AND IN VIVO OF LIPOGENESIS IN LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE FOLLOWING FRUCTOSE FEEDING
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Neste PJ , Goldrick RB
Published: November 2007

When female rats are fed a protein‐deficient diet (6% protein) for 2 weeks prior to and during gestation, the offspring (test progeny) exhibit deficits in body weight, in liver weight and in the number of hepatocytes, which cannot be corrected by adequate post‐natal feeding. The incorporation in vitro of [l‐14C] acetate and [U‐14C] glucose into the various liver lipid classes was studied in such progeny at the age of 10 weeks either after chow‐feeding or following 2 weeks of fructose supplementation of the diet (20% w/v in the drinking water). Fructose feeding increased the incorporation of both glucose and acetate into total liver lipids. When the results were expressed per unit weight of tissue no differences were found between chow‐fed, control and test progeny or fructose‐fed, control and test progeny. Lipogenesis in liver tissue was significantly stimulated, by the addition of insulin to the incubation medium, to a similar extent in control and test progeny. This is in contrast to our previous finding that adipocytes of test progeny were less responsive to insulin in vitro than those from control progeny following fructose feeding.

The administration in vivo of [U‐14C]glucose also demonstrated that lipogenesis in the livers of fructose‐fed rats was increased to a similar degree in control and test progeny. By contrast, lipogenesis in epididymal fat adipocytes was significantly less in the test than in the control progeny, following fructose feeding.

We conclude that intrauterine deprivation of protein leads to a subsequent inability of adipocytes to respond normally to the lipogenic stimulus of fructose feeding. On the other hand, hepatocytes respond normally but, since the livers of test progeny are smaller, their total lipogenic capacity is diminished. Despite these findings, fructose‐induced hypertriglyceridaemia was similar in test and control progeny.
THE LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES ACID PHOSPHATASE AND β‐GLUCURONIDASE IN MUSCLE FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Shannon AD , Adams EP , Courtice FC
Published: November 2007

Histochemical and biochemical investigations have been carried out on the activities of acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase in plantar muscle following a period of 6 hours' ischaemia of the hindpaw of the rabbit. The activities of these enzymes were followed from 2 hours to 28 days after the period of ischaemia.

The activities of both enzymes were unaltered in the injured muscle at 2 hours after the period of ischaemia. While the biochemical activity of acid phosphatase was unchanged at 1 day after ischaemia, β‐glucuronidase activity was significantly increased at this time. Three days after ischaemia the biochemical activities of both enzymes were significantly increased. These increased activities were shown histochemical to be associated with infiltrating mononuclear cells in the case of acid phosphatase and with infiltrating mononuclear cells and degenerating muscle fibres in the case of β‐glucuronidase.

Both enzymes were still significantly increased in the injured muscle at 7 days after ischaemia. At this time regenerative processes were evident in the muscle and particularly high levels of β‐glucuronidase activity were visualized within muscle fibres. It is suggested that β‐glucuronidase may have an anabolic role in the early regenerative processes of muscle. Some acid phosphatase activity was also visualized within muscle fibres at 7 days. The biochemical activities of both enzymes approached normal values in the injured muscle at 14 days after ischaemia but residual activities were still evident histochemically at 28 days.

The levels of acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase were also determined in leg lymph and blood plasma. There were increased levels of both enzymes in the lymph draining the injured hindpaw 2 hours after ischaemia. These increased values in lymph had returned to normal levels at 1‐7 days after ischaemia, indicating that the initial increases resulted from an increased permeability of the small blood vessels in the affected area.
DIFFERENTIAL TOXICITY OF TOBACCO SMOKE TO VARIOUS CELL TYPES INCLUDING THOSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Authors: Holt PG , Bartholomaeus WN , Keast D
Published: November 2007

The susceptibility of cells of the immune system to tobacco smoke exposure in vitro was compared to that of epithelioid or fibroblastic cells from a number of sources. All cells of the immune series were shown to be highly susceptible, suggesting that the efficiency of the immune response in the smoker's lung may suffer as a result of smoke‐induced damage to the participating cells.
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO PROLONGED STIMULATION OF THE CAROTID BODY CHEMORECEPTORS IN THE CAT
Authors: Carmody John J , Scott Mary J
Published: November 2007

Circulatory and respiratory responses to thirty minutes of hypoxic stimulation (prolonged stimulation) of the carotid body chemoreceptors were investigated in anaesthetized cats. The animals were studied in three groups: (a) animals in which the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and aortic depressor nerves were intact, (b) animals in which the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia were removed, and (c) animals in which the aortic depressor nerves were cut.

Stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors caused an initial increase in respiratory minute volume, bradycardia, rise in systemic arterial blood pressure and calculated total peripheral vascular resistance, with little or no change in cardiac output. With continuing stimulation the blood pressure and resistance responses were maintained, but there was attenuation of respiratory and heart rate responses. Controlling ventilation had little or no effect on the pattern of the cardiovascular responses to prolonged chemoreceptor excitation.

Removal of the superior cervical ganglia had little effect on the responses to prolonged chemoreceptor stimulation with spontaneous ventilation.

Section of the aortic depressor nerves had little effect on the respiratory or heart rate responses to prolonged chemoreceptor stimulation. However, the increases in blood pressure and calculated total peripheral resistance were considerably greater in the initial stages of the response, either under conditions of spontaneous ventilation or controlled ventilation, but particularly when ventilation was held constant during the period of chemoreceptor excitation.
NATURAL ANTIBODIES AND THE INTESTINAL FLORA OF RODENTS
Authors: Foo MC , Lee A , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

Members of the rodent intestine microflora colonize the caecum and colon of animals within the first few weeks of life. Shortly after their appearance in the intestine, natural antibodies which specifically opsonize certain indigenous bacterial species develop in the sera of infant animals. When antibiotics are given to eliminate these organisms, the homologous antibody levels decline significantly within a few weeks, suggesting that the continued stimulus of antigen is required to maintain normal levels. This observation has been supported by an experimental model involving continuous oral administration of a Hypho‐microbium sp., a saprophytic bacterium selected because mice do not normally have detectable levels of serum antibodies against it. This organism has also been used to demonstrate that continued presence of organisms in the intestine does not induce immunological memory.
LONG TERM LIVER RADIATION DAMAGE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL IRRADIATION
Authors: Waller AR , Wordsworth OJ
Published: November 2007

Liver radiation damage has been assessed and compared in the rat following two different liver irradiation regimes. (i) One group of rats received liver radiation doses ranging from 4,250 rads to 8,500 rads delivered externally in fractionated doses over 11 days by a 240 kV X‐ray machine. Liver damage was assessed by determining serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total haemolytic complement. (ii) A second group of rats received a liver radiation dose of 8,500 rads delivered internally via intravenously injected radioactive colloidal gold–198, and similar serum parameters were studied. Liver histology was also carried out on both groups of rats.

Both treatments result in abnormal serum levels of enzymes and complement, and a comparison of results for both irradiation regimes indicates that, while there are slight differences in early response, particularly in serum complement levels, nevertheless similar long term liver damage results.
IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSES IN THE MARSUPIAL SETONIX BRACHYURUS (THE QUOKKA). BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HOMOCYTOTROPIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Lynch NR , Turner KJ
Published: November 2007

Immunization of the marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the quokka) with ovalbumin and the dinitrophenyl hapten, in conjunction with either alumina gel or Freund's complete adjuvant, induced the synthesis of low levels of homocytotropic antibody (HCA). This antibody elicited passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions of maximal intensity after latent periods of 48 to 72 hours and persisted at passively sensitized skin sites for at least 10 days. The HCA activity in quokka antisera was labile both to heating at 56° and to reduction with 2‐mercaptoethanol. The biological characteristics of the quokka HCA were therefore closely comparable to those of the reaginic (IgE) antibodies of eutherian (placental) species. Because of this similarity, it is suggested that the immediate hypersensitivity system was developed prior to the evolutionary divergence of these two groups.
CLASS SPECIFICITY OF INTRACELLULAR AND SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN OF CELLS IN POPLITEAL AND INTESTINAL LYMPH FROM SHEEP
Authors: Beh KJ , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

The proportion and class specificity of immunoglobulin‐containing cells in intestinal lymph of sheep have been compared with those in lymph from a popliteal lymph node undergoing an immune response. In addition, the proportion of cells with immunoglobulin determinants on their surface in lymph from both sources was determined.

Following antigenic stimulation, IgM‐ and subsequently IgG1‐specific cells appeared in the popliteal lymph; only small numbers of IgG2‐ and IgA‐specific cells were seen. In contrast, immunoglobulin‐containing cells in intestinal lymph were almost exclusively IgA‐specific, and it was concluded that most of these cells originated from the lamina propria or Peyer's patches. The proportion of cells with immunoglobulin determinants on their surface in intestinal and popliteal lymph was around 28% and the immunoglobulin exposed on the surface was exclusively IgM.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION IN THE CAT SUBMAXILLARY GLAND STUDIED USING MICROPUNCTURE AND DUCT CANNULATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Kaladelfos G , Young JA
Published: November 2007

Studies on the electrolyte composition of the acinar (or primary) secretion and the final saliva of the cat submaxillary gland undergoing parasympatho‐ and sympathomimetic stimulation have been undertaken using micropuncture and duct cannulation techniques for sample collection. The work was undertaken to see to what extent the two‐stage secretory model developed previously for rat salivary glands would hold for rather different glands of other species. We find that in general terms the same two‐stage model is applicable. The primary secretion in both species has plasma‐like sodium and chloride concentrations and potassium concentrations about twice those of plasma; gland stimulation does not greatly alter the composition of this fluid. In the secondary stage, during passage of this fluid along the gland excurrent ducts, there is in both species, extensive ductal absorption of sodium and chloride, although for the cat the absorptive mechanism is more easily saturable. Unlike rat submaxillary ducts, however, those of the cat appear to secrete little potassium, and gland stimulation does not increase the secretory rate of this ion, so that the phenomenon termed acino‐tubular balance is not observed. Although both ducts may secrete bicarbonate this is much more conspicuous for the rat. In contrast to parasympathomimetic stimulation, the effects of sympathomimetic stimulation on the two glands were totally different. In the cat a much more vigorous secretory response was obtained than in the rat but the striking elevation of salivary potassium and bicarbonate concentrations to values in excess of 100 mM seen in the rat did not occur. It is concluded that while a two‐stage hypothesis may account for secretion of water and electrolytes in many salivary glands, the role of ductal stimulation in the secondary stage and the relative roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation may vary greatly among species.
INFLUENCE OF CORTICOTROPHIC AND CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES ON THE OUTPUT OF CELLS FROM THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Shannon AD , Jones MAS
Published: November 2007

The intravenous administration of 5, 10 or 20 IU adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) resulted in a depression in the output of cells from the popliteal lymph node of the sheep, beginning 60 to 90 minutes after injection. The cell output fell to approximately 40% of the preinjection level with all three doses and the length of time the output was depressed was dose dependent. The cell output returned to the preinjection level some 4 hours after 5 IU, 5 hours after 10 IU and 7 hours after 20 IU ACTH had been administered. Lymph flow was slightly depressed following 10 IU and 20 IU ACTH.

Following the intravenous administration of 2·5, 5 or 10 mg hydrocortisone‐21‐sodium succinate, there was a reduction in the concentration and output of cells and an increase in lymph flow, beginning 60 to 90 minutes after injection. All three doses of hydrocortisone gave similar results; cell concentration and output fell to approximately 50% of the preinjection level at 2 hours and returned to normal levels at 4 to 5 hours after administration.

The total white cell count in blood rose 30 to 45 minutes after the administration of either 20 IU AGTH or 10 mg hydrocortisone and remained above the preinjection level over the experimental period. It was concluded that corticotrophic and corticosteroid hormones influence tile recirculation of lymphocytes at the level of the local lymph node.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE “INCOMPLETE SUBSEROTYPES” AND THE CRYPTIC AXIAL FILAMENT ANTIGEN OF LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Chang Annabella , Faine S
Published: November 2007

Preparations of axial filament (AF) from three strains of Leptospira were found to show no precipitating antigen activity in vitro, but were immunogenic, as they elicited an antibody response.

Electron‐microscopic examination of these preparations revealed a coating of unknown nature on the AF, thus supporting the concept of a masked antigen.

A correlation was made between incomplete subserotypes and strains having a masked AF antigen.
DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC SPECIFICITY ARE OBSERVED WHEN SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODE LEUCOCYTES ARE USED AS THE RESPONSIVE CELL POPULATION IN MIXED LEUCOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Ryan Madeleine A
Published: November 2007

In mixed leucocyte culture, CBA lymph node cells respond to stimulation by irradiated (CBA x C57Bl) F1 spleen cells, but (CBA x C57Bl) F1 lymph node cells are not stimulated by irradiated CBA spleen cells. However, when spleen cells are the responsive cell population. (CBA x C57Bl) F1 cells respond to stimulation by irradiated CBA spleen cells and CBA spleen cells respond to stimulation by irradiated (CBA x C57Bl) F1 spleen cells.
TRANSFERRIN AND IRON UPTAKE BY THE LIVER IN THE RAT
Authors: Gardiner Michaele E , Morgan EH
Published: November 2007

The uptake of transferrin and iron by rat liver tissue was measured using in vivo screened radioiodinated rat albumin and transferring, 59Fe and three experimental techniques using liver slices, the isolated perfused liver or the intact animal. Uptake of labelled transferrin in excess of that of albumin relative to their concentrations in the solutions bathing the liver cells was found with all three techniques. This was considered to represent specific uptake of transferrin by liver cells. It occurred rapidly to reach an equilibrium within 30 min in the perfused liver and the intact animal but was slow with liver slices. More than half of the transferrin specifically bound by the liver in vivo was released into the perfusate during subsequent perfusion.

Radioiron uptake in excess of radioiodinated transferrin uptake was also found with all three techniques and was used to measure the rate of cellular uptake of iron. This was tow with liver slices but the values for the perfused liver were comparable to the rate found in vivo.

It is concluded that transferrin is reversibly taken up by rat liver cells, probably during the process of assimilation of plasma iron, and that the isolated perfused liver is superior to liver slices as a technique to study the mechanism of iron uptake by the liver.