bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic‐stratigraphic constraints on the age of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group, Faroe–Shetland region, Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ólavsdóttir Jana , Stoker Martyn S. , Boldreel Lars O. , Andersen Morten Sparre , Eidesgaard Óluva R.
Published: February 2019

Lower Palaeogene extrusive igneous rocks of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) dominate the Faroese continental margin, with flood basalts created at the time of breakup and separation from East Greenland extending eastwards into the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. This volcanic succession was emplaced in connection with the opening of the NE Atlantic; however, consensus on the age and duration of volcanism remains lacking. On the Faroe Islands, the FIBG comprises four main basaltic formations (the pre‐breakup Lopra and Beinisvørð formations, and the syn‐breakup Malinstindur and Enni formations) locally separated by thin intrabasaltic sedimentary and/or volcaniclastic units. Offshore, the distribution of these formations remains ambiguous. We examine the stratigraphic framework of these rocks on the Faroese continental margin combining onshore (published) outcrop information with offshore seismic‐reflection and well data. Our results indicate that on seismic‐reflection profiles, the FIBG can be informally divided into lower and upper seismic‐stratigraphic packages separated by the strongly reflective A‐horizon. The Lower FIBG comprises the Lopra and Beinisvørð formations; the upper FIBG includes the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The strongly reflecting A‐horizon is a consequence of the contrast in properties of the overlying Malinstindur and underlying Beinisvørð formations. Onshore, the A‐horizon is an erosional surface, locally cutting down into the Beinisvørð Formation; offshore, we have correlated the A‐horizon with the Flett unconformity, a highly incised, subaerial unconformity, within the juxtaposed and interbedded sedimentary fill of the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. We refer to this key regional boundary as the A‐horizon/Flett unconformity. The formation of this unconformity represents the transition from the pre‐breakup to the syn‐breakup phase of ocean margin development in the Faroe–Shetland region. We examine the wider implications of this correlation considering existing stratigraphic models for the FIBG, discussing potential sources of uncertainty in the correlation of the lower Palaeogene succession across the Faroe–Shetland region, and implications for the age and duration of the volcanism.
Bird collisions with power lines: Prioritizing species and areas by estimating potential population‐level impacts
Authors: D’Amico Marcello , Martins Ricardo C. , Álvarez‐Martínez Jose M. , Porto Miguel , Barrientos Rafael , Moreira Francisco
Published: February 2019

Aim

Power lines can represent an important source of bird mortality through collision. The identification of more susceptible species, in terms of expected population‐level impacts, requires detailed biological and mortality information that is often difficult to obtain. Here, we propose a species prioritization method based on relatively easily accessed information, aimed to identify both species and areas with the potentially highest extinction risk due to collision with power lines.

Location

As a case study, we applied this method to the communities of resident breeding birds of Spain and Portugal.

Methods

For each considered species, the method takes into account the morpho‐behavioural susceptibility to collision with power lines, the susceptibility to extinction and the spatial exposure to collision with power lines.

Results

Our method highlighted that the most susceptible species were large, long‐lived and slow‐reproducing birds, often habitat specialists with hazardous behavioural traits (especially flight height and flocking flight), with high spatial exposure to collision risk with power lines and unfavourable conservation status. Based on the distribution ranges of these species, we produced a map of hotspots for extinction risk due to collision of such priority species for each country. These areas should be considered a priority for the implementation of mitigation measures including route planning and wire marking.

Main conclusions

Overall, the proposed method can be applied to any bird community in any geographic area of the world where information on power‐line distribution and published information on species traits, distribution and conservation status is available, generating valuable lists of both priority species and areas in which collision risk with power lines can potentially produce local or even global extinctions.
Looking forward:Disastersat 40
Authors: Fiddian‐Qasmiyeh Elena
Published: February 2019

This paper reflects on contemporary studies of and responses to disasters, highlighting the importance of historical, spatial, and intersectional modes of analysis, and draws on the author's ongoing research on Southern‐led and local community responses to displacement in the Middle East. Acknowledging the plurality of ‘international communities of response’, it begins by critiquing the depiction of selected responses to disasters as ‘positive’ ‘paradigm shifts’, including in reference to the ‘localisation of aid, and the United Nations’ Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan for Syria. Next it turns to three key themes that are central to disasters studies: migration; forced displacement; and Southern‐led responses to disasters. Among other things, the paper argues that exploring the principles and modalities of South–South cooperation, rather than promoting the incorporation of Southern actors into the ‘international humanitarian system’ via the localisation agenda, presents a critical opportunity for studies of and responses to disasters.
Glycaemic control after treatment intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on two or more non‐insulin antidiabetic drugs in a real‐world setting
Authors: Canivell Silvia , Mata‐Cases Manel , Real Jordi , Franch‐Nadal Josep , Vlacho Bogdan , Khunti Kamlesh , Gratacòs Mònica , Mauricio Dídac
Published: February 2019

Aim

To assess glycaemic control after treatment intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on ≥2 non‐insulin antidiabetic drugs (NIADS).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study, using electronic health records from the SIDIAP database (2010–2014), was conducted. Intensification was defined as the prescription of any new antidiabetic drug in patients treated with ≥2 NIADS and HbA1c >7%. The primary outcome was the absolute change in HbA1c 6–12 months after any intensification. Secondary analyses included the percentage of patients reaching HbA1c <7%, HbA1c <8%, and a reduction of HbA1c >1% after the first intensification.

Results

There were 21 241 intensifications in 15 205 patients with a mean (SD) HbA1c of 9.02% (±1.35). Insulin and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4i) were the most frequently added therapies. The mean baseline‐adjusted HbA1c reduction was 0.78% (95% CI, −0.80 to −0.76), varying from −0.69% with DPP4i to −0.85% with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists while the addition of insulin was associated with a reduction >1%.

After the first intensification, 48.9% of patients achieved HbA1c <8%, 16.2% HbA1c <7%, and 43.1% a reduction >1%. High previous HbA1c was positively associated with the reduction of HbA1c >1% [odds ratio (OR) 2.13 (95% CI: 2.05–2.21)], but inversely associated with the attainment of HbA1c <7% [OR 0.64 (0.61–0.67)] or < 8% [OR 0.63 (0.60–0.65)]. Older age, male gender, higher Charlson index, and short diabetes duration were associated with achievement of HbA1c <7%.

Conclusions

Despite intensification, most patients failed the glycaemic goal of HbA1c <7%. The reduction depended mainly on preintensification HbA1c values, with small differences between drugs.
Novel approach to quantitative spatial gene expression uncovers genetic stochasticity in the developing Drosophila eye
Authors: Ali Sammi , Signor Sarah A. , Kozlov Konstantin , Nuzhdin Sergey V.
Published: February 2019

Robustness in development allows for the accumulation of genetically based variation in expression. However, this variation is usually examined in response to large perturbations, and examination of this variation has been limited to being spatial, or quantitative, but because of technical restrictions not both. Here we bridge these gaps by investigating replicated quantitative spatial gene expression using rigorous statistical models, in different genotypes, sexes, and species (Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans). Using this type of quantitative approach with molecular developmental data allows for comparison among conditions, such as different genetic backgrounds. We apply this approach to the morphogenetic furrow, a wave of differentiation that patterns the developing eye disc. Within the morphogenetic furrow, we focus on four genes, hairy, atonal, hedgehog, and Delta. Hybridization chain reaction quantitatively measures spatial gene expression, co‐staining for all four genes simultaneously. We find considerable variation in the spatial expression pattern of these genes in the eye between species, genotypes, and sexes. We also find that there has been evolution of the regulatory relationship between these genes, and that their spatial interrelationships have evolved between species. This variation has no phenotypic effect, and could be buffered by network thresholds or compensation from other genes. Both of these mechanisms could potentially be contributing to long term developmental systems drift.
Long‐term outcome of 84 horses with sacroiliac joint region pain with (n = 69) or without (n = 15) other orthopaedic problems
Authors: Nagy A. , Quiney L. , Dyson S.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to establish the long‐term outcome of horses with sacroiliac joint region pain alone, and those with sacroiliac joint region pain in association with other problems, that were managed conservatively. Horses diagnosed with sacroiliac joint region pain using diagnostic analgesia, with or without other concurrent orthopaedic problems, between January 2010 and December 2015 were identified. Only those horses managed conservatively were included in the study. Clinical data were obtained from the horses’ files. Information on outcome and on the immediate rehabilitation following diagnosis was obtained from the owner or rider via a standardised telephone questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed and a Chi‐squared test was used to assess association between the outcome and variables on signalment, clinical parameters and variables related to rehabilitation. One hundred and seventy‐eight horses were identified as cases; the questionnaire was completed for 84 horses (47.2% response rate). Fourteen horses (16.7%) returned to full work (mean follow‐up: 233.4 weeks). Ten horses (11.9%) were still working at this level at the time of the telephone questionnaire, one horse deteriorated after 2 years and three within 9 months. Twenty‐seven horses (32.1%) returned to a lower level of work. Twenty‐nine horses (34.5%) were retired and 14 (16.7%) were subjected to euthanasia shortly after the diagnosis. The outcome was significantly associated with the estimated magnitude of contribution of SI joint region pain to the horse's problem (P = 0.03). No horses with sacroiliac joint region pain alone returned to their previous level of work. Chronic sacroiliac joint region pain, either alone or in combination with other orthopaedic conditions, carries a poor prognosis for returning to full athletic function and a guarded prognosis for returning to some form of athletic activity at a lower level.
Dissection of Merkel cell formation in hairy and glabrous skin reveals a common requirement for FGFR2‐mediated signalling
Authors: Nguyen Minh Binh , Valdes Victor Julian , Cohen Idan , Pothula Venu , Zhao Dejian , Zheng Deyou , Ezhkova Elena
Published: February 2019

Merkel cells are mechanosensory cells involved in tactile discrimination. Merkel cells have been primarily studied in the murine back skin, where they are found in specialized structures called touch domes located around primary hair follicles. Yet, little is known about the morphogenesis of Merkel cells in areas of the skin devoid of hair, such as the glabrous paw skin. Here, we describe Merkel cell formation in the glabrous paw skin during embryogenesis. We first found in the glabrous paw skin that Merkel cells were specified at E15.5, 24 hours later, compared to in the back skin. Additionally, by performing lineage‐tracing experiments, we found that unlike in the back skin, SOX9(+) cells do not give rise to Merkel cells in the glabrous paw skin. Finally, we compared the transcriptomes of Merkel cells in the back and the glabrous paw skin and showed that they are similar. Genetic and transcriptome studies showed that the formation of Merkel cells in both regions was controlled by similar regulators. Among them was FGFR2, an upstream factor of MAPK signalling that was reported to have a critical function in Merkel cell formation in the back skin. Here, we showed that FGFR2 is also required for Merkel cell development in the glabrous paw skin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Merkel cells in the murine back skin and glabrous paw skin are similar, and even though their formation is controlled by a common genetic programme, their precursor cells might differ.
A framework for profitability evaluation of agroforestry‐based biofuel value chains: An application to pongamia in India
Authors: Dalemans Floris , Muys Bart , Maertens Miet
Published: February 2019

Biofuel production from oilseed trees in small‐scale agroforestry systems is considered as a strategy for energy security, rural development and ecosystem services provision in low‐income countries. However, the economic potential of these systems remains unclear, as profitability studies commonly ignore key methodological issues such as quantitative uncertainty analysis, full accounting for opportunity costs, and inclusion of all value chain actors. This study addresses these methodological shortcomings and develops a framework for quantifying the long‐term financial performance of agroforestry‐based biofuel value chains. The framework is applied to a case in South India, to calculate profitability of pongamia (Millettia pinnata) cultivation and processing. The results show that pongamia cultivation has limited financial potential, and is only profitable in small‐scale settings, in the middle to long term and for a subset of farmers. If biodiesel is envisaged as the end product, the value chain requires substantial fiscal and marketing support to be economically viable. For current prices, financial performance is much higher if the seed oil is marketed instead of processed to biodiesel. Increased mechanization, increased yields and optimized agroforestry set‐ups might improve financial outcomes and reduce risks for both farmers and processors. These findings are case‐specific, while the developed framework opens the door to comprehensive investigation of the financial performance of other oilseed tree species and in other regions.
Parasitoid diversity and parasitism rates in Pampean agricultural mosaics are enhanced by landscape heterogeneity
Authors: Molina Gonzalo A. R. , Poggio Santiago L. , Claudio M. Ghersa
Published: February 2019

Agricultural intensification affects negatively on landscape heterogeneity, biodiversity, biotic interactions and the associated ecological functions. Here, we describe the structure of herbivore–parasitoid interactions by analysing the rates of parasitism and their variability in relation to landscape heterogeneity.

Phytometer traps (Commelina erecta L.) infested with a specific leaf miner fly (Liriomyza commelinae Walker) were used to analyse whether landscape heterogeneity influences the parasitism rates and the associated parasitoid diversity. For that reason, phytometers were distributed in 21 sampling sites along rural roads.

Not only did landscape heterogeneity influence positively on parasitoid species richness at the site level (local scale), but it also influenced on the percentage of total parasitism and specific parasitism rates of several species. Although the parasitoid diversity was similar at the landscape scale, the evenness of interactions changed substantially among sites. Possibly, the richer plant communities in heterogeneous landscapes provide with a wider combination of resources for parasitoids.

The increase in both parasitoid species richness and biological regulation supports the adoption of management strategies that creates heterogeneous farmland mosaics. Landscape heterogeneity may be enhanced by diversifying crop sequences and sowing wildflower strips along field margins. Thus, non‐crop habitats could serve as reservoirs for generalist parasitoids of novel pest species, supplying biological regulation services in agricultural landscapes. We argue that enhancing agrobiodiversity is a key goal to design agroecosystems that ensure food security, equity and sustainability.
Use of steel slag and quartz sand‐tailing for the preparation of an eco‐friendly permeable brick
Authors: Liu Jianlei , Li Cui , Lin Changwei , Han Lei , Ning Tianxiang , Wu Jiaqi , Gui Hua , Luo Zhiwei , Liu Taoyong , Lu Anxian
Published: February 2019

In order to effectively utilize industrial solid wastes (ISW), an eco‐friendly permeable brick was successfully prepared by using quartz sand‐tailing and steel slag. The influence of sintering temperature on the properties including permeability, apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density, mechanical strengths, and chemical stability was systematically investigated. The research results show that with increasing sintering temperature, the structure of the permeable brick gradually become dense, which may be due to liquid phase sintering caused by a small amount of glass‐liquid phase (Ca‐Fe‐Si‐Al‐O glass system). The permeability, apparent porosity, and water absorption decrease gradually, while the bulk density and mechanical strengths increase monotonously. Furthermore, the best sintering schedule for the permeable brick is 1320°C for 1 hour, with the optimized parameters, the permeable brick exhibits excellent properties (permeability, 3.65 × 10−2 cm/s; compressive strength, 34.1 MPa; bending strength, 5.2 MPa; chemical stability, above 99%), wherein the permeability is far beyond Chinese standard (1 × 10−2 cm/s). The permeable brick in this work provides a promising way for the recycle of ISW. Even better, it can maximize the introduction of quartz sand‐tailing and steel slag (reach 100%) and create huge economic benefits while protecting environment.
Improving antioxidant properties and probiotic effect of clementine juice inoculated with Lactobacillus salivarius spp. salivarius (CECT 4063) by trehalose addition and/or sublethal homogenisation
Authors: Barrera Cristina , Burca Cristina , Betoret Ester , García‐Hernández Jorge , Hernández Manuel , Betoret Noelia
Published: February 2019

This study evaluates the effect of trehalose addition (10% or 20%, w/w) and/or sublethal homogenisation (25–150 MPa) on antioxidants content (vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoids) and activity (measured both by ABTS‐TEAC and DPPH assays), as well as on microbial counts and survival to in vitro digestion of clementine juice inoculated with Lactobacillus salivarius spp. salivarius. Particle size, vacuum impregnation parameters and anti‐Helicobacter pylori effect were also measured. Incubation with the probiotic improved the antioxidant properties of the juice. Homogenisation pressures below 100 MPa following incubation increased both the probiotic counts in the juice and its antioxidants bioaccesibility. Adding 10% (w/w) of trehalose to the juice was effective in preventing these bioactive compounds deterioration under adverse conditions. Once homogenised, liquids containing 10% (w/w) of trehalose became as able as those without trehalose to enter a food solid matrix. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori growth was evident in all probiotic beverages.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate when using the FreeStyle® Libre
Authors: Mine Yusuke , Urakami Tatsuhiko , Matsuura Daisuke
Published: February 2019

We present the case of an 8‐year‐old girl with type 1 diabetes who developed severe allergic contact dermatitis by using FreeStyle® Libre. A patch test was carried out using a piece of the adhesive part of the sensor of the FreeStyle® Libre, and subsequently by using the potential contact allergens in the sensor, isobornyl acrylate. She reacted positively to the adhesive part of the sensor, and also reacted positively to isobornyl acrylate with three different concentrations, 0.1%, 0.05% and 0.01%, over 48‐h, 72‐h and 7‐day periods. The FreeStyle® Libre is a useful and less invasive device that can be used for continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes. In contrast to the remarkable advantages, allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in the adhesive part of FreeStyle® Libre is one of the potential adverse events.
The Effect of Different Environmental Conditions on the Viability of Naegleria fowleri Amoebae
Authors: Lam Charlton , He Li , Marciano‐Cabral Francine
Published: February 2019

Naegleria fowleri, a free‐living amoeba found in soil and freshwater environments, is the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis. Infection occurs when amoebae enter the nasal cavity, attach to the nasal mucosa and travel along olfactory neurons towards the olfactory bulb. Upon reaching the central nervous system, the amoebae replicate very rapidly and can cause death in 3–10 days. Little is known about the conditions in which the amoeba can survive in the environment. We have tested conditions beyond the known boundaries on the viability of amoebae by introducing them into moderate and extreme salinity, pH, and temperatures. Our data shows that although viability expectedly decreases towards each of these extreme conditions, their tolerance was much greater than anticipated, including viability in moderate salinity, a wide pH range, and temperatures higher than the previously reported 45 °C.
Integrating health, education and culture in predicting Pacific children's English receptive vocabulary at 6 years: A classification tree approach
Authors: Kim Hyun M , Schluter Philip J , McNeill Brigid , Everatt John , Sisk Rose , Iusitini Leon , Taleni Leali'ie'e T , Tautolo El‐Shadan , Gillon Gail
Published: February 2019

Aim

Pacific children fare poorly on health and educational outcomes, including literacy. Early interventions are considered critical in reducing educational disparities. A prediction model was constructed to analyse the factors associated with Pacific children's English receptive vocabulary, an important component of English language development.

Methods

A birth cohort study of Pacific children was used to construct a classification tree model and predict the proportions of Pacific children who performed strongly in a standardised test of English receptive vocabulary at 6 years of age (n = 1019). Classification trees were constructed using 10‐fold cross‐validation (CV) and pruned using the one‐standard‐error rule. Prediction errors were directly estimated using leave‐one‐out CV.

Results

Analyses of misclassification errors from the pruned model gave false negative and positive rates of 19 and 19% from re‐substitution and 54 and 21% from leave‐one‐out CV estimation, respectively. Of the predictors, maternal acculturation, small birthweight and performance in early developmental screening test at 4 years of age were found to have the highest goodness of split.

Conclusions

The cultural environment to which Pacific children were exposed in early childhood, indicated by the maternal acculturation, was more crucial in distinguishing children with strong English‐receptive vocabulary skills than socio‐economic or prenatal conditions. This highlights the importance of integrating the cultural environment into designing measures for facilitating Pacific children's language development.
Diagnostic and service impact of genomic testing technologies in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Tan Natalie B , Tan Tiong Yang , Martyn Melissa M , Savarirayan Ravi , Amor David J , Moody Amanda , White Susan M , Stark Zornitza
Published: February 2019

Aim

To investigate the diagnostic and service impact of chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing (WES) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

This was a retrospective medical record review of NICU patients referred for genetics consultation at three time points over a 9‐year period at a single centre to determine referral indications, genetic consultation outcomes and time to diagnosis.

Results

The number of NICU patients referred for genetics consultation increased from 44 in 2007 to 95 in 2015. The proportion of NICU patients suspected of having a genetic condition following clinical geneticist assessment remained stable, averaging 5.3% of all admissions. The proportion of patients receiving a confirmed diagnosis rose from 21% in 2007 to 53% in 2015, with a shift from primarily chromosomal abnormalities to a broad range of monogenic disorders, increasingly diagnosed by WES as a first‐tier test. The average age at diagnosis in 2015 was 19 days (range 12–38 days) for chromosomal abnormalities and 138 days (range 10–309 days) for monogenic conditions.

Conclusions

The adoption of new genetic technologies at our centre has increased the proportion of patients receiving a confirmed genetic diagnosis. This study provides important benchmark data to measure further improvements as turn‐around times for genomic testing decrease.
A pure hedonic theory of utility and status: Unhappy but efficient invidious comparisons
Authors: Courty Pascal , Engineer Merwan
Published: February 2019

We examine status preferences where agents compare their own utility relative to the utilities of others. As long as status utility comparisons are not too intense, they do not affect either the competitive equilibrium or the set of efficient allocations. However, status utility comparison may substantially reduce average utility and dramatically increase utility inequality. Equating utility with happiness operationalizes the theory and provides an explanation of why invidious comparisons can generate so much unhappiness without much inefficiency. Our theory has very different welfare implications from other status theories, even when reduced form representations appear observationally equivalent.
Petrological, petrofabric, and oxygen isotopic study of five ungrouped meteorites related to brachinites
Authors: Hasegawa Hikari , Mikouchi Takashi , Yamaguchi Akira , Yasutake Masahiro , Greenwood Richard C. , Franchi Ian A.
Published: February 2019

Northwest Africa (NWA) 6112, Miller Range (MIL) 090206 (plus its pairs: MIL 090340 and MIL 090405), and Divnoe are olivine‐rich ungrouped achondrites. We investigated and compared their petrography, mineralogy, and olivine fabrics. We additionally measured the oxygen isotopic compositions of NWA 6112. They show similar petrography, mineralogy, and oxygen isotopic compositions and we concluded that these five meteorites are brachinite clan meteorites. We found that NWA 6112 and Divnoe had a c axis concentration pattern of olivine fabrics using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). NWA 6112 and Divnoe are suggested to have been exposed to magmatic melt flows during their crystallization on their parent body. On the other hand, the three MIL meteorites have b axis concentration patterns of olivine fabrics. This indicates that the three MIL meteorites may be cumulates where compaction of olivine grains was dominant. Alternatively, they formed as residues and were exposed to olivine compaction. The presence of two different olivine fabric patterns implies that the parent body(s) of brachinite clan meteorites experienced diverse igneous processes.
Amelioration of nitrate uptake under salt stress by ectomycorrhiza with and without a Hartig net
Authors: Sa Gang , Yao Jun , Deng Chen , Liu Jian , Zhang Yinan , Zhu Zhimei , Zhang Yuhong , Ma Xujun , Zhao Rui , Lin Shanzhi , Lu Cunfu , Polle Andrea , Chen Shaoliang
Published: February 2019

Salt stress is an important environmental cue impeding poplar nitrogen nutrition. Here, we characterized the impact of salinity on proton‐driven nitrate fluxes in ectomycorrhizal roots and the importance of a Hartig net for nitrate uptake.

We employed two Paxillus involutus strains for root colonization: MAJ, which forms typical ectomycorrhizal structures (mantle and Hartig net), and NAU, colonizing roots with a thin, loose hyphal sheath. Fungus‐colonized and noncolonized Populus × canescens were exposed to sodium chloride and used to measure root surface pH, nitrate (NO3−) flux and transcription of NO3− transporters (NRTs; PcNRT1.1, ‐1.2, ‐2.1), and plasmalemma proton ATPases (HAs; PcHA4, ‐8, ‐11).

Paxillus colonization enhanced root NO3− uptake, decreased surface pH, and stimulated NRTs and HA4 of the host regardless the presence or absence of a Hartig net. Under salt stress, noncolonized roots exhibited strong net NO3− efflux, whereas beneficial effects of fungal colonization on surface pH and HAs prevented NO3− loss. Inhibition of HAs abolished NO3− influx under all conditions.

We found that stimulation of HAs was crucial for the beneficial influence of ectomycorrhiza on NO3− uptake, whereas the presence of a Hartig net was not required for improved NO3− translocation. Mycorrhizas may contribute to host adaptation to salt‐affected environments by keeping up NO3− nutrition.
Continuous Bilateral Erector of Spine Plane Block at T8 for Extensive Lumbar Spine Fusion Surgery: Case Report
Authors: Almeida Carlos Rodrigues , Oliveira Ana Raquel , Cunha Pedro
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Supplementary strategies, in combination with conventional analgesia, for pain control after lumbar fusion surgery remain limited.

Case Description

Here, we describe a 79‐year‐old woman who experienced pain (10/10 on a numeric rating scale) on postoperative day 1 after undergoing L2 to S1 spine fusion. Erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks were performed at T8 and, after a bolus of ropivacaine 0.2% (20 mL) per side, perineural catheters were placed bilaterally. Continuous infusion (5 mL/h) of ropivacaine 0.2% per side was maintained for 48 hours. During this period, 2 boluses (15 mL) per day of ropivacaine 0.2% were administered bilaterally to maintain optimal analgesia.

Discussion

Bilateral ESP catheterizations at T8, placed remotely from the surgical site, may be considered for patients undergoing extensive spinal fusion procedures, because they contribute to significant analgesic improvement, without significant motor block; the effect of the block remains mostly in the posterior rami of spinal nerves and in the posterior bony elements of the vertebrae. The risk for hematoma or bacterial colonization related to catheter placement at T8 level using epidural or ESP techniques is low; nevertheless, a delay in the diagnosis of postoperative epidural hematoma or abscess directly related to the surgical intervention is a potential concern in spine fusion surgery. However, the action of an ESP block is primarily in the posterior rami of the spinal nerves, which makes an eventual neuraxial compression less likely to be masked by an ESP block compared with an epidural block, because an ESP hematoma or infection will not directly impinge on the spinal cord.

Lay Summary

A 79‐year‐old woman experienced excruciating pain on post‐operative day 1 after undergoing L2 to S1 spine fusion. Bilateral continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks were performed at T8 and, after a bolus of ropivacaine 0.2% (20 mL) per side, a continuous infusion (5 mL/hour) of ropivacaine 0.2% per side was maintained for 48 hours, which provided effective analgesia. During this period, two boluses (15 mL) per day of ropivacaine 0.2% were administered bilaterally to maintain optimal analgesia. ESP catheterizations at T8, placed remotely from surgical site, may be considered in extensive lumbar spinal fusion cases.
Priming xylem for stress recovery depends on coordinated activity of sugar metabolic pathways and changes in xylem sap pH
Authors: Pagliarani Chiara , Casolo Valentino , Ashofteh Beiragi Maryam , Cavalletto Silvia , Siciliano Ilenia , Schubert Andrea , Gullino Maria Lodovica , Zwieniecki Maciej A. , Secchi Francesca
Published: February 2019

Some plant species are capable of significant reduction of xylem embolism during recovery from drought despite stem water potential remains negative. However, the functional biology underlying this process is elusive. We subjected poplar trees to drought stress followed by a period of recovery. Water potential, hydraulic conductivity, gas exchange, xylem sap pH, and carbohydrate content in sap and woody stems were monitored in combination with an analysis of carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, and expression of genes involved in sugar metabolic and transport pathways. Drought resulted in an alteration of differential partitioning between starch and soluble sugars. Upon stress, an increase in the starch degradation rate and the overexpression of sugar symporter genes promoted the efflux of disaccharides (mostly maltose and sucrose) to the apoplast. In turn, the efflux activity of the sugar‐proton cotransporters caused a drop in xylem pH. The newly acidic environment induced the activity of apoplastic invertases leading to the accumulation of monosaccharides in the apoplast, thus providing the main osmoticum necessary for recovery. During drought and recovery, a complex network of coordinated molecular and biochemical signals was activated at the interface between xylem and parenchyma cells that appeared to prime the xylem for hydraulic recovery.
Root volatiles in plant–plant interactions II: Root volatiles alter root chemistry and plant–herbivore interactions of neighbouring plants
Authors: Huang Wei , Gfeller Valentin , Erb Matthias
Published: February 2019

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant roots can influence the germination and growth of neighbouring plants. However, little is known about the effects of root VOCs on plant–herbivore interactions of neighbouring plants. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) constitutively releases high amounts of sesquiterpenes into the rhizosphere. Here, we examine the impact of C. stoebe root VOCs on the primary and secondary metabolites of sympatric Taraxacum officinale plants and the resulting plant‐mediated effects on a generalist root herbivore, the white grub Melolontha melolontha. We show that exposure of T. officinale to C.stoebe root VOCs does not affect the accumulation of defensive secondary metabolites but modulates carbohydrate and total protein levels in T. officinale roots. Furthermore, VOC exposure increases M. melolontha growth on T. officinale plants. Exposure of T. officinale to a major C. stoebe root VOC, the sesquiterpene (E)‐β‐caryophyllene, partially mimics the effect of the full root VOC blend on M. melolontha growth. Thus, releasing root VOCs can modify plant–herbivore interactions of neighbouring plants. The release of VOCs to increase the susceptibility of other plants may be a form of plant offense.
Perceived barriers to medication adherence remain stable following solid organ transplantation
Authors: Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Frazier Thomas W. , Worley Sarah , Williams Nikki , Shellmer Diana , Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Gupta Nitika A. , Ikle David , Shemesh Eyal , Sweet Stuart C. ,   the CTOTC‐05 Consortium
Published: February 2019

Perceived barriers to adherence have previously been investigated in SOT to identify plausible intervention targets to improve adherence and transplant outcomes. Fifteen centers in CTOTC enrolled patients longitudinally. Patients >8 years completed Adolescent Scale(AMBS) at two visits at least 6 months apart in the first 17 months post‐transplant while their guardians completed PMBS. Differences over time for pre‐identified AMBS/PMBS factors were analyzed. Perceived barrier reporting impact on subsequent TAC levels was assessed. A total of 123 patients or their guardians completed PMBS or AMBS. Twenty‐six were 6‐11 years and 97 were ≥12. The final cohort consisted of kidney (66%), lung (19%), liver (8%), and heart (7%) recipients. Unadjusted analysis showed no statistically significant change in reported barriers from visit 1 (median 2.6 months, range 1.2‐3.7 post‐transplant) to visit 2 (median 12, range 8.9‐16.5). Of 102 patients with TAC levels, 74 had a single level reported at both visits. The factor of “Disease frustration” was identified through the PMBS/AMBS questions about fatigue around medication and disease. Each point increase in “disease frustration” at visit 1 on the AMBS/PMBS doubled the odds of a lower‐than‐threshold TAC level at visit 2. No clear change in overall level of perceived barriers to medication adherence in the first year post‐transplant was seen in pediatric SOT. However, disease frustration early post‐transplant was associated with a single subtherapeutic TAC levels at 12 months. A brief screening measure may allow for early self‐identification of risk.
Validation of a Stochastic Discrete Event Model Predicting Virus Concentration on Nurse Hands
Authors: Wilson Amanda M. , Reynolds Kelly A. , Verhougstraete Marc P. , Canales Robert A.
Published: February 2019

Understanding healthcare viral disease transmission and the effect of infection control interventions will inform current and future infection control protocols. In this study, a model was developed to predict virus concentration on nurses’ hands using data from a bacteriophage tracer study conducted in Tucson, Arizona, in an urgent care facility. Surfaces were swabbed 2 hours, 3.5 hours, and 6 hours postseeding to measure virus spread over time. To estimate the full viral load that would have been present on hands without sampling, virus concentrations were summed across time points for 3.5‐ and 6‐hour measurements. A stochastic discrete event model was developed to predict virus concentrations on nurses’ hands, given a distribution of virus concentrations on surfaces and expected frequencies of hand‐to‐surface and orifice contacts and handwashing. Box plots and statistical hypothesis testing were used to compare the model‐predicted and experimentally measured virus concentrations on nurses’ hands. The model was validated with the experimental bacteriophage tracer data because the distribution for model‐predicted virus concentrations on hands captured all observed value ranges, and interquartile ranges for model and experimental values overlapped for all comparison time points. Wilcoxon rank sum tests showed no significant differences in distributions of model‐predicted and experimentally measured virus concentrations on hands. However, limitations in the tracer study indicate that more data are needed to instill more confidence in this validation. Next model development steps include addressing viral concentrations that would be found naturally in healthcare environments and measuring the risk reductions predicted for various infection control interventions.
PMIs: Reliable indicators for exports?
Authors: Hanslin Grossmann Sandra , Scheufele Rolf
Published: February 2019

Foreign economic activity is a major determinant of export developments. However, foreign GDP figures are published too late to be useful for short‐term forecasting. This paper presents a number of indicators based on the widely available PMI surveys that provide very early signals of foreign activity. Using MIDAS models we analyze the in‐ and out‐of‐sample performance of these and related indicators for two very trade‐exposed countries (Germany and Switzerland). We find that the monthly indicators based on foreign PMIs are strongly correlated with quarterly export growth. The forecast comparison shows that PMI‐based indicators perform very well relative to other benchmark models.
Working with parents to counteract bullying: A randomized controlled trial of an intervention to improve parent‐school cooperation
Authors: van Niejenhuis Coby , Huitsing Gijs , Veenstra René
Published: February 2019

This study examined the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving parent‐school cooperation in counteracting bullying. Using a randomized controlled trial, data of teachers, parents of non‐victimized children, and children themselves were collected at 13 intervention and 14 control schools (grades 3–6, N at post‐assessment: teachers = 83, parents = 153, children = 2,510) at two time points (time lag about 6 months). Results showed positive effects of the intervention for some aspects of the primary outcomes: parents’ and teachers’ attitudes and efforts, whereas no effects were found of teachers’ or parents’ competences in counteracting bullying. No intervention effects were found for secondary outcomes: children's self‐reported bullying, victimization, well‐being, and self‐esteem. The findings indicate that, due to the intervention, teachers and parents were more aligned and able to cooperate, even within the short time of the intervention: one school year. This is the first essential step to systematically addressing parents’ role in tackling bullying; future research is needed to examine the long‐term effects of parent and school interventions in enhancing the effectiveness of anti‐bullying programs.
Developing a new device for continuously recording, in vivo, the excretion rate of sweat (perspiration) in humans
Authors: Caberlotto Elisa , Guillou Carole , Colomb Loic , Barla Charlie , Salah Samir , Vicic Marco , Revol‐Cavalier Frederic , Rat Venceslass , Filipe Sabine , Flament Frederic
Published: February 2019

Background

Some methodologies used for evaluating sweat production and antiperspirants are of a stationary aspect, that is, most often performed under warm (38°C) but resting conditions in a rather short period of time. The aim is to develop an electronic sensor apt at continuously recording sweat excretion, in vivo, during physical exercises, exposure to differently heated environments, or any other stimuli that may provoke sweat excretion.

Material and Methods

A sensor (20 cm2) is wrapped under a double‐layered textile pad. Fixed onto the armpits, these two arrays of electrodes are connected to electronic system through an analog multiplexer. A microcontroller is used to permanently record changes in the conductance between two electrodes during exposure of subjects to different sweat‐inducing conditions or to assess the efficacy of applied aluminum hydrochloride (ACH)‐based roll‐ons at two concentrations (5% and 15%).

Results

In vitro calibration, using a NaCl 0.5% solution, allows changes in mV to be related with progressively increased volumes. In vivo, results show that casual physical exercise leads to sweat excretions much higher than in warm environment (37 or 45°C). Only, an exposure to a 50°C environment induced comparable sweat excretion. In this condition, sweat excretions were found similar in both armpits and both genders. Decreased sweat excretions were recorded following applications of ACH, with a dose effect.

Conclusion

Developing phases of this new approach indicate that usual method or guidelines used to determine sweat excretions in vivo do not reflect true energy expenditure processes. As a consequence, they probably over‐estimate the efficacy of antiperspirant agents or formulae.
Transcriptional signatures modulating shoot apical meristem morphometric and plant architectural traits enhance yield and productivity in chickpea
Authors: Narnoliya Laxmi , Basu Udita , Bajaj Deepak , Malik Naveen , Thakro Virevol , Daware Anurag , Sharma Akash , Tripathi Shailesh , Hegde Venkatraman S. , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Singh Ashok K. , Tyagi Akhilesh K. , Parida Swarup K.
Published: February 2019

Plant height (PH) and plant width (PW), two of the major plant architectural traits determining the yield and productivity of a crop, are defined by diverse morphometric characteristics of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The identification of potential molecular tags from a single gene that simultaneously modulates these plant/SAM architectural traits is therefore prerequisite to achieve enhanced yield and productivity in crop plants, including chickpea. Large‐scale multienvironment phenotyping of the association panel and mapping population have ascertained the efficacy of three vital SAM morphometric trait parameters, SAM width, SAM height and SAM area, as key indicators to unravel the genetic basis of the wide PW and PH trait variations observed in desi chickpea. This study integrated a genome‐wide association study (GWAS); quantitative trait locus (QTL)/fine‐mapping and map‐based cloning with molecular haplotyping; transcript profiling; and protein‐DNA interaction assays for the dissection of plant architectural traits in chickpea. These exertions delineated natural alleles and superior haplotypes from a CabHLH121 transcription factor (TF) gene within the major QTL governing PW, PH and SAM morphometric traits. A genome‐wide protein‐DNA interaction assay assured the direct binding of a known stem cell master regulator, CaWUS, to the WOX‐homeodomain TF binding sites of a CabHLH121 gene and its constituted haplotypes. The differential expression of CaWUS and transcriptional regulation of its target CabHLH121 gene/haplotypes were apparent, suggesting their collective role in altering SAM morphometric characteristics and plant architectural traits in the contrasting near isogenic lines (NILs). The NILs introgressed with a superior haplotype of a CabHLH121 exhibited optimal PW and desirable PH as well as enhanced yield and productivity without compromising any component of agronomic performance. These molecular signatures of the CabHLH121 TF gene have the potential to regulate both PW and PH traits through the modulation of proliferation, differentiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell population in the SAM; therefore, these signatures will be useful in the translational genomic study of chickpea genetic enhancement. The restructured cultivars with desirable PH (semidwarf) and PW will ensure maximal planting density in a specified cultivable field area, thereby enhancing the overall yield and productivity of chickpea. This can essentially facilitate the achievement of better remunerative outputs by farmers with rational land use, therefore ensuring global food security in the present scenario of an increasing population density and shrinking per capita land area.
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to human serum albumin in a child undergoing plasmapheresis
Authors: Wang Kathleen Y. , Friedman David F. , DaVeiga Sigrid Payne
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a commonly used colloid for volume expansion and albumin replacement and during plasmapheresis. Colloids are an uncommon cause of anaphylaxis, and cases of hypersensitivity reactions to HSA are extremely rare.

CASE REPORT

A 10‐year‐old boy with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy was treated with plasmapheresis, with albumin as the replacement fluid. He developed a severe reaction characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous symptoms.

RESULTS

Skin testing to HSA was positive and resulted in objective systemic symptoms, suggesting an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to HSA.

CONCLUSION

While colloids are an uncommon cause of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, they can lead to severe and potentially fatal reactions if not recognized and treated promptly.