bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techniques used in aggregate resource analyses of four areas in the UK
Authors: Crimes T. P. , Chester D. K. , Hunt N. C. , Lucas G. R. , Mussett A. E. , Thomas G. S. P. , Thompson A.
Published: November 2007

Techniques used in four major sand and gravel resource analyses in the UK are described. For each survey, an archive of pre-existing borehole data was assembled. Borehole distribution may be uneven and, in glaciated terrains, they may be concentrated in the valleys and absent from positive geomorphological features, which might represent the major resources. Satellite imagery may be useful for assessment of coastal resources and was also used to illustrate the environmental context of deposits but it is unreliable as a predictive tool in the UK. Geomorphological surveys provided a rapid cost-effective method for identifying potential resources, particularly in glaciated terrains with prominent landforms. Geophysical techniques were less successful. Seismic surveying was expensive and did not provide consistently accurate results. Resistivity surveys were used and an experiment was devised to assess their accuracy. For this, detailed logs were provided for ten boreholes to allow on-site instrument calibration, then another ten borehole locations were given but without geological data. Resistivity estimates at the latter borehole locations overestimated overburden by 39% and depth to bedrock by 340ut underestimated mineral thickness by 29%. Hydrogeological data were collected as part of the data bases and gave a broad indication of likely groundwater conditions existing in most resource areas. Resource criteria used in previous IMAU assessments are considered insufficiently stringent and, in particular, an upper limit for mineral of 40 0.000000ines is considered too high and a reduction to 20uggested. This would significantly reduce the volumes of some previously estimated resources. Within the areas surveyed here, the reduction in mineral volume would vary from 5 0n the Lleyn to 77 0n Harbury-Kineton. Planning analyses have been undertaken as part of three of these surveys and provide useful information on likely constraints to exploitation but they must avoid compromising the County Councils in their role as Minerals Planning Authorities. Techniques of data presentation are crucial to success in reaching a wider audience and the usefulness of three-dimensional diagrams is indicated.
Discussion on ‘The significance of faults for the Afulilo hydro scheme in Upolo, Western Samoa’ by H.J. Gudge & A. B. Hawkins
Authors: Gudge H. J. , Hawkins A. B.
Published: November 2007

P. M. JAMES and D. J. PAUL write: In their paper, the authors give a useful background appraisal of the Upolo and raise a number of geotechnical issues on the Afulilo scheme. However, the authors base their knowledge on the very preliminary investigations gathered during the feasibility study for the hydro-power scheme, which terminated in 1986. Since that time extensive investigations and new studies have been undertaken for the design of the scheme by Lahmeyer International (Germany) and Kinhill Cameron McNamara (Australia) (Consortium Lahmeyer International & Cameron McNamara 1988). Prior to design and construction the following activities, among others, were performed in the years 1987 and 1988:

12 core drillings totalling 375.7 m,

11 seismic traverses of 3.15 km in length,

8 geological profiles, 459 m long in total,

18 auger drillings, and

40 test pits.

The project is now well into the construction phase and the writers, who were involved in these additional studies, are replying to the authors' paper on behalf of the Consultants' consortium.

In order to answer some of the specific concerns raised by the authors, a brief and updated geological description of the Afulilo Project is given.
Active ground fissures in Xi'an, China
Authors: Forster A.
Published: November 2007

Once the ancient capital of China (Chang'an) and currently known worldwide as the home of the Terracotta Army, Xi'an is an important, modern, industrial centre of northwest China with steel, textile, chemical and machinery factories and a population of over 2.5 million. It lies on the River Weihe, approximately 1100 km southwest of Beijing in the Province of Shaanxi, of which it is the capital (Fig. 1). The surrounding valley is intensively farmed and is one of the main growing areas of northwest China. Climatically the area is part of humid and sub-humid, warm, temperate, north China.

Several major crustal faults occur in the Xi'an area and form a fault-bounded, depositional basin of Early Tertiary age on the southwest part of the Huabei plate. The latest fill comprises up to 700 m of fluvial, lacustrine and loessic deposits of Late Tertiary to Recent age. There are three distinct river terraces on the broad flood plain of the River Weihe and additional terraces on the foot slopes of the Qinling Dabie Mountains which form the southern margin of the valley. On the hills surrounding the valley, to the north and south, there are fine grained, clayey, loess deposits of Late Pleistocene age lying on Middle Pleistocene loess. The main loess deposits are found to the north on the loess plain whose southern margin forms the northern boundary of the valley.

The area is tectonically active and extension of the Xi'an region has resulted in the formation of a number of active
Groundwater in Scotland and Northern Ireland: similarities and differences
Authors: Robins N. S.
Published: November 2007

Groundwater contributes only a small amount of raw water to public supply in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but it is nevertheless an important resource and is often the only reliable and potable source for rural communities. There is a striking similarity between the geology and structure of lowland Scotland and that of Northern Ireland due to the southwesterly continuation of the Midland Valley graben into Ireland. That similarity is not widely reflected in the hydrogeological conditions encountered in the bedrock aquifers on either side of the North Channel. Groundwater in both Scotland and Northern Ireland is under-utilized except in some isolated aquifer units where demand now warrants formal groundwater management. Knowledge of most of the major groundwater units, in particular of recharge and recharge processes, is not, as yet, sufficient to create operational models on which to base a system of abstraction licensing.
Description of moisture content in soil profiling
Authors: Schreiner H. D. , Gourley C. S.
Published: November 2007

The description of moisture content in soils during soil profiling generally follows the scale devised by Jennings
et al.
Another guide, published as part of the Engineering Group Working Party Report on Tropical Residual Soils, provides some diagnostic characteristics for determining soil moisture categories. However, neither of these systems is fully satisfactory since much is left to subjective judgement. This Technical Note describes a more comprehensive method of description which includes diagnostic characteristics such as stickiness, dustiness, resistance to moulding, strength changes and colour changes and which also clarifies the relation of the terms to the optimum moisture content. This guidance should assist in making the field description of moisture content in soils less subjective.
Rock weathering descriptions: current difficulties
Authors: Cragg D. J. , Ingman J.
Published: November 2007

The guidance given in BS5930:1981 for rock weathering descriptions at the material scale is considered to be inappropriate for UK practice, and is seldom applied to rock core logging. Practitioners turn to alternative weathering schemes for logging rock cores, some of which are inappropriate at the material scale; others are intended for specific, uniform lithologies and may also prove to be unsuitable when geological conditions vary from the presumed uniformity. The authors present examples from various geological situations, to demonstrate the difficulties arising when existing published weathering schemes are applied. The difficulties associated with deriving mass zonations from material scale descriptions are considered. The description of cores at the material scale is considered to require quantified detail, independent of the prescribed schemes currently existing.
Site assessment and characterization for high-level nuclear waste disposal: results from the Stripa Project, Sweden
Authors: Olsson O. , Gale J. E.
Published: November 2007

The Stripa Project, on geologicaldisposal of radioactive waste, has been completed after a 15-year cooperative international research effort. This article summarizesthe results of research and development on methods to characterize the flow and transport properties of a fractured rock mass for repository site evaluation. The approach used, and the flow and transport experiments conducted, provide new data and permit a comparison ofmodel predictionswith large-scalefieldmeasurements. The 3D discrete fracture models used in this research gave good predictions of flowand transport to sinkscreated by boreholesbut werenot ableadequatelyto representexcavation induced changes to drift inflows.
The Chalk as a karstic aquifer: evidence from a tracer test at Stanford Dingley, Berkshire, UK
Authors: Banks D. , Davies C. , Davies W.
Published: November 2007

Karstic features such as swallow holes and dolines are the rule rather than the exception in the Chalk outcrop of southern England, particularly in the region of the Chalk/Tertiary boundary. Previous tracer tests at Bedhampton and Water End have indicated groundwater transport velocities of 2.2 and 5.5km/day. A recent tracer test at Stanford Dingley in Berkshire has indicated comparably high transport velocities in the Chalk: 5.8km/day for peak tracer concentration, and 6.8km/day for tracer breakthrough. In all three cases the swallow hole systems were able to transmit turbid surface run-off contamination over large distances, indicating a short-circuiting of the natural attenuating properties of the unsaturated and saturated zones. In the light of this, the practice of using swallow holes to dispose of agricultural- and road-run-off should be discouraged.
Hydrogeochemistry of minewaters flowing from abandoned coal workings in County Durham
Authors: Younger P. L.
Published: November 2007

Although all deep mining has now ceased in the Durham coalfield of northern England, dewatering still continues (in June 1995) in the central area of the Coal Measures outcrop.Beyond the radius of influence of the dewatering pumps, the water table has already recovered, and several uncontrolled minewater discharges are found. These waters are moderately mineralized(total dissolved solids in the range 600 to 2500mg/1) and may have appreciable alkalinity. Iron loadings are typically high and give rise to thick ochre deposits on streambeds. White deposits are associated with high aluminium concentrations. Sulphate occurs in the range 130–1300mg/1, but in the receiving waters downstream from discharge points reductions in sulphate concentration are observed. Preliminary hydrochemical modelling results suggest that these observed reductions are explicable by precipitation of iron sulphates (e.g.jarosite). Existing hydrochemical classification schemesinadequately characterize these waters; therefore a new scheme is proposed which should be applicable in many areas with similar geology. Immediate practical use of the results presented here lies in predicting possible future river pollution if dewatering ends, and planning for abatement of such pollution using constructed wetland technology.
Observations on soil permeability, moulding moisture content and dry density relationships
Authors: Wright S. P. , Walden P. J. , Sangha C. M. , Langdon N. J.
Published: November 2007

Increasing use of the coefficient of permeability as a quality control parameter for earthworks, in particular for landfilling, has resulted in many engineers looking to predict coefficientsof permeability for clays from more widely available but often widely scattered data. In a number of cases this has led erroneously to the interpretation of the moisture content coefficient of permeability relationship as the direct inverse of the moisture content-density relationship. This paper re-examines the original theories proposed for movement of water through soils of differing grain size and goes on to show that extrapolation of the permeability-density relationship for granular soils to finer grained soils is incorrect. Laboratory permeability tests were conducted on four different soil types using the falling head permeameter to investigate the relationships between permeability, dry density and moulding moisture content for each soil. Coefficients of permeability were determined for moisture contents up to the liquid limit of the soil. It is shown that a minimum value of permeability is obtained close to optimum moisture content and that this is maintained to within sensible engineering limits for moisture contents up to that of the liquid limit. Results obtained for predominantly granular soils confirm that permeability is a function of density but, for more cohesive soils, permeability is unaffected by changes in moisture content wet of optimum. Conclusions emphasise that to achieve minimum possible coefficients of permeabilitythere is a need for soilwater content at placement to be at or slightly above optimum moisture content and for pelletization of clay material.
The role of lime migration in lime pile stabilization of slopes
Authors: Rogers C. D. F. , Glendinning S.
Published: November 2007

Lime piles, which essentially consist of holes in the ground filled with lime, have been successfully used worldwide for the in situ treatment of failing clay slopes. The literature on the technique does not, however, permit a full explanation as to why lime piles work or how to design them. It is widely reported that migration of the lime from the piles into the surrounding clay provides the major stabilizing mechanism. This paper aims to review the literature on lime migration from piles and to report the results of recent research at Loughborough University to determine migration mechanisms from compacted quicklime piles. Potential applications are then discussed in the light of the findings.

Hydroxyl (OH
-
) ion migration by diffusion processes in intact clay is shown to be limited by high reactivity to approximately 20-30 mm. Nevertheless hydraulic transport via dehydration cracking or other discontinuities in the clay mass could result in migration extending for far greater distances. Calcium (Ca
2+
) ion migration, would be expected to occur over distances greater than 1 m in ten years. Thus while full clay stabilization might only occur to a limited degree, modification of the clay is likely to be widespread. Mineralogical changes indicate a strength gain equivalent to that of lime mixed with clay at the initial lime consumption (Eades & Grim 1966) value plus 2% and cured for 28 days.
Assessment of the quality of building stones using signal processing procedures
Authors: Valdeon Luis , de Freitas M. H. , King M. S.
Published: November 2007

A combination of spectral and velocity analysis, using an ultrasonic pulse technique, has been performed on two lithologies of building stone: limestone and sandstone. Measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities have been made and the results obtained compared with the data provided from analyses of the frequency spectra so obtained from these rocks. It appears that the centre frequency and attenuation calculated from the frequency spectra provide useful quantitative measures of rock quality which augments that obtained from measurements of velocity alone, especially in saturated specimens. The potential value of using the centre frequency and attenuation as references to study the progressive change of rock quality during weathering has yet to be assessed.
Shallow groundwater in the northeast arid zone of Nigeria
Authors: Carter R. C. , Alkali A. G.
Published: November 2007

The natural resources of the northeast arid zone of Nigeria have been the subject of a recent five-year, European Union-funded research programme, carried out in support of rural development initiatives in the area. The shallow groundwater resources of the extensive river floodplain alluvial aquifers, and of the interfluves of uplands, have been an important focus of the research. The main issue in relation to sustainable development of these resources is the estimation of their recharge.

Recharge to the alluvial aquifer of the Yobe river downstream of Gashua is showmn to be limited by an extensive clay cove overlying the aquifer. As a consequence of this the main mechanism of recharge is channel seepage, vertical infiltration being severely restricted. if, as is though by most consultants, this is the only source of recharge to the area as a whole, then it is shown that recharge to the area amounts to less than 1 mm/a. This is probably less than the present abstraction from the shallow aquifers.

The paper challenges the current presumption that rainfed recharge to the shallow aquifers beneath the upland is nil. Observations from ther parts of the Sahel are used to show the typical magnitudes of water table decline which have coincided with the Sahel drought (early 1960s to date). These rates of decline cannot be explained by increases in abstraction. They can however be explained by significant reductions in recharge (of several mm/a) over the period in which rainfall has reduced, and this in turn implies recharge values significantly greater than zero in the very recent past, or to date. Detailed studies by the first author in the Manga Grasslands of north east Nigeria, in which recharge of 30–60 mm/a was estimated, are used to exemplify the likely situation in at least some parts of the upland.

Ignorance or uncertainty of both the natural replenishment processes, and of the impact of climatic and anthropogenic changes, is no basis for sound water resource management policy. Because of the importance of establishing a more sound understanding of the recharge processes in the northeast arid zone, an outline programme of further research is presented.
Slope stability of Tehri Dam Reservoir Area, India, using landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) mapping
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Anbalagan R.
Published: November 2007

A 260 m high dam is under construction across the Bhagirathi River in the Garhwal Himalaya (India) to impound 3.6 x 10
9
m
3
of water at the maximum reservoir level. The reservoir will over a distance of about 44 km in the Bhagirathi Valley and about 25 km in the Bhillangna Valley. A landslide hazard zonation map of the reservoir area has been prepared. The relative influences of six major causative factors have been calculated to identify the important controlling factors in high hazard slope facets.
Modelling river-aquifer interactions at the Spey Abstraction Scheme, Scotland: implications for aquifer protection
Authors: Chen M. , Soulsby C. , Willetts B.
Published: November 2007

Groundwater resources in Scotland are receiving increasing attention because of the high costs of surface water treatment and the stringent water quality requirements of the EC Drinking Water Directive. On the River Spey, a unique abstraction scheme has been developed, involving a wellfield comprising 36 production boreholes in the river gravels of the lower catchment. The scheme aims to provide a maximum of 27 000 m
3
/d to meet increasing water demands in northeast Scotland by 2011. This yield is equivalent to one-third of the current total public groundwater abstraction in Scotland.

This paper describes a steady-state quasi-three-dimensional numerical model of the Spey river-aquifer system which was used in conjunction with a particle tracking program to delineate travel time related capture zones of the Spey abstraction wellfield. Three scenarios were simulated: pre-development, current pumping rate (16 000 m
3
/d) and projected maximum pumping rate. The pre-development water budget indicates that 940f total groundwater inflow is discharged into the river, whereas the budgets for stressed conditions give the percentage of water abstracted from the river as 69% and 74 0.000000or current and maximum pumping rates respectively.

Capture zones of 50-day (Zone 1) and 400-day (Zone 2) travel time to the wellfield are defined for the projected maximum pumping rate. These indicate that the river itself is the primary potential polluting source. However, extensive areas of the river floodplain also contribute significantly to the abstraction, thus certain restrictions on potentially polluting activities are needed. It is concluded that rigorous programmes for monitoring water quality both in the river upstream, and within the modelled catchment are required to protect the Spey Abstraction Scheme.
An unusual coexistence of sulphate-reducing bacteria and algae in a confined groundwater production system
Authors: Walton N. R. G.
Published: November 2007

An unusual occurrence of the coexistence of algae, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide from sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in an overseas groundwater production system is described that had an interesting origin and some important implications both for groundwater professionals and for the water industry in general.

A deep, confined anaerobic groundwater source containing SRBs was being pumped to a new municipal water treatment works by underground pipeline from a wellfield some 3 km distant. Pumping continued at a steady rate of around 70 000 m
3
/d for a period of three months from start-up without significant problems. However, in the fourth month of operation, progressively serious fouling problems appeared in the sand filters that nearly caused a plant shutdown, with the consequent near loss of supply of a major drinking water source for a nearby city.

This paper describes the cause of those problems and highlights both the complex chain of events and the biochemical interactions involved, with particular emphasis on the unusual coexistence of SRBs and algae in a groundwater system. This apparent paradox is explained in terms of an unfolding sequence of seemingly unconnected events with a rather surprising origin.
Aspects of the occurrence and behaviour of iron bacteria in boreholes and aquifers
Authors: Tyrrel Sean F. , Howsam Peter
Published: November 2007

Iron bacteria are well known to borehole operators as the cause of iron biofouling—the build-up of orange-coloured slimes and encrustations on casing, pump and pipe surfaces. In addition to biofouling, these nuisance organisms play a part in: enhancing the corrosion of borehole, pump and pipe components; influencing the chemistry of polluting acidic mine drainage waters; and promoting the accumulation of soluble iron in groundwaters. This paper highlights the diversity of organisms which may be classed as iron bacteria, briefly describes the behaviour of iron bacteria in boreholes and aquifers and outlines the deleterious effects that their activity can have on the efficient functioning of groundwater abstraction systems. However, it would be wrong to classify iron bacteria only as a nuisance. There is potential for harnessing the activities of these organisms in a positive way and particular reference is made here to the benefits of biological removal of iron and arsenic from groundwaters.
Bacteria in the Castleton Karst, Derbyshire, England
Authors: Tranter J. , Gunn J. , Hunter C. , Perkins J.
Published: November 2007

The Castleton area contains an extensive and complex karst drainage system. Recharge is provided by allogenic stream sinks and by infiltration into a soil covered autogenic catchment. Concentrations of the sanitary indicator bacteria faecal coliform (FC) were measured weekly over a 84-week period at three stream-sinks (P6, P7 and P8) and at two contrasting springs (Russet Well and Peak Cavern Rising). Russet Well drains the allogenic catchment, but also receives some autogenic recharge whereas Peak Cavern Rising receives only autogenic recharge except at high stage when it functions as an overflow spring for the Russet Well system. Over the year as a whole and during each three-month season, median FC concentrations at P6 were significantly higher than at Russet Well. The difference was greatest during summer/autumn and was lowest in winter/spring and it appears that FC concentrations at the rising are a complex function of faecal inputs and flow through time. The relationship between FC concentrations at Russet Well and at Peak Cavern Rising proved to be complex. Over the sampling period as a whole and during the spring and autumn there was no significant difference between median FC concentrations at the two risings; during the winter, when discharge was highest, median FC concentrations at Russet Well were significantly higher than at Peak Cavern Rising; and during the summer FC concentrations at Peak Cavern Rising were significantly higher than at Russet Well. The high FC concentrations in the sinking streams and at the risings suggest that there could be a health risk to cavers, especially during storm events and the summer. Furthermore, the fact that the waters from both springs contain significant concentrations of FC bacteria indicates that even soil covered karst systems are unable to filter out potentially harmful micro-organisms.
Peripheral Augmentation Index Defines the Relationship Between Central and Peripheral Pulse Pressure
Authors: Munir Shahzad , Guilcher Antoine , Kamalesh Tamra , Clapp Brian , Redwood Simon , Marber Michael , Chowienczyk Philip
Published: November 2007

Peripheral systolic blood pressure is amplified above central aortic systolic pressure, but the late systolic shoulder of the peripheral pulse may approximate central systolic pressure. Because late systolic pressure also determines the peripheral augmentation index, a measure of pressure wave reflection within the systemic circulation, this implies a direct relationship between amplification and augmentation. We compared the late systolic shoulder of the peripheral pressure waveform with estimates of central systolic pressure obtained using a transfer function in 391 subjects undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and/or elective angioplasty (30% with insignificant coronary artery disease). In a subset (n=12) we compared the late systolic shoulder of the peripheral pulse with central pressure obtained with a catheter placed in the aortic root. Measurements were made at baseline, during atrial pacing, and during administration of nitroglycerin. Late systolic shoulder pressure closely approximated transfer function estimates of central pressure (
R
=0.96;
P
<0.0001; mean difference±SD: 0.5±5.2 mm Hg). Despite changes in waveform morphology induced by pacing and nitroglycerin (reducing mean values±SE of the augmentation index from 76±3.8% to 66±4.6% and 60±3.3%, respectively), there was close agreement between the late systolic shoulder of the peripheral pulse and measured values of central pressure (
R
=0.96;
P
<0.001; mean difference: 1.7±4.8 mm Hg). In conclusion, the late systolic shoulder of the peripheral pulse closely approximates central systolic pressure and peripheral augmentation index, the ratio of central:peripheral pulse pressure. Interventions to lower augmentation index and peripheral vascular resistance will have multiplicative effects in lowering central blood pressure.
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Deficiency Exacerbates Pressure Overload–Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Dysfunction
Authors: Lu Zhongbing , Xu Xin , Hu Xinli , Zhu Guangshuo , Zhang Ping , van Deel Elza D. , French Joel P. , Fassett John T. , Oury Tim D. , Bache Robert J. , Chen Yingjie
Published: November 2007

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) contributes only a small fraction to total SOD activity in the normal heart but is strategically located to scavenge free radicals in the extracellular compartment. To examine the physiological significance of extracellular SOD in the response of the heart to hemodynamic stress, we studied the effect of extracellular SOD deficiency on transverse aortic constriction (TAC)–induced left ventricular remodeling. Under unstressed conditions extracellular SOD deficiency had no effect on myocardial total SOD activity, the ratio of glutathione:glutathione disulfide, nitrotyrosine content, or superoxide anion production but resulted in small but significant increases in myocardial fibrosis and ventricular mass. In response to TAC for 6 weeks, extracellular SOD-deficient mice developed more severe left ventricular hypertrophy (heart weight increased 2.56-fold in extracellular SOD-deficient mice as compared with 1.99-fold in wild-type mice) and pulmonary congestion (lung weight increased 2.92-fold in extracellular SOD-deficient mice as compared with 1.84-fold in wild-type mice). Extracellular SOD-deficient mice also had more ventricular fibrosis, dilation, and a greater reduction of left ventricular fractional shortening and rate of pressure development after TAC. TAC resulted in greater increases of ventricular collagen I, collagen III, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, nitrotyrosine, and superoxide anion production. TAC also resulted in a greater decrease of the ratio of glutathione:glutathione disulfide in extracellular SOD-deficient mice. The finding that extracellular SOD deficiency had minimal impact on myocardial overall SOD activity but exacerbated TAC induced myocardial oxidative stress, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction indicates that the distribution of extracellular SOD in the extracellular space is critically important in protecting the heart against pressure overload.
Neural Correlates of Multisensory Integration of Ecologically Valid Audiovisual Events
Authors: Stekelenburg Jeroen J. , Vroomen Jean
Published: November 2007

A question that has emerged over recent years is whether audiovisual (AV) speech perception is a special case of multi-sensory perception. Electrophysiological (ERP) studies have found that auditory neural activity (N1 component of the ERP) induced by speech is suppressed and speeded up when a speech sound is accompanied by concordant lip movements. In Experiment 1, we show that this AV interaction is not speech-specific. Ecologically valid nonspeech AV events (actions performed by an actor such as handclapping) were associated with a similar speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude as AV speech (syllables). Experiment 2 demonstrated that these AV interactions were not influenced by whether A and V were congruent or incongruent. In Experiment 3 we show that the AV interaction on N1 was absent when there was no anticipatory visual motion, indicating that the AV interaction only occurred when visual anticipatory motion preceded the sound. These results demonstrate that the visually induced speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude reflect multisensory integrative mechanisms of AV events that crucially depend on whether vision predicts when the sound occurs.
The Neuronal Correlate of Bidirectional Synesthesia: A Combined Event-related Potential and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Cohen Kadosh Roi , Cohen Kadosh Kathrin , Henik Avishai
Published: November 2007

The neuronal correlate of a rare explicit bidirectional synesthesia was investigated with numerical and physical size comparison tasks using both functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials. Interestingly, although participant I.S. exhibited similar congruity effects for both tasks at the behavioral level, subsequent analyses of the imaging data revealed that different brain areas were recruited for each task, and in different time windows. The results support: (1) the genuineness of bidirectional synesthesia at the neuronal level, (2) the possibility that discrepancy in the neuronal correlates of synesthesia between previous studies might be task-related, and (3) the possibility that synesthesia might not be a unitary phenomenon.
Redistribution and Ethnic Diversity in the Netherlands
Authors: De Zwart Frank , Poppelaars Caelesta
Published: November 2007

Redistributive policies concerning migrants in The Netherlands bear a striking degree of ethnic specificity. This characteristic seems to follow from the doctrine `integration with maintenance of own culture' that has long informed Dutch minority policies. However, both central and local governments stopped subscribing to this doctrine at least a decade ago, while ethnically specific policy arrangements have continued to grow. This article explains the anomaly from an administrative mechanism: the logic of categorization for policy-making contradicts the logic of policy implementation. The use of what we call `replacement categories' creates an administrative opportunity structure that unintentionally promotes ethnic fragmentation. We examine the workings of this mechanism in a case study of minority policy in The Netherlands.
A nurse-led smoking cessation clinic — quit rate results and views of participants
Authors: Thompson K.A. , Parahoo A.K. , Blair N.
Published: November 2007

This study evaluated the success of a community nurse-led smoking cessation clinic, based in one trust in Northern Ireland. The clinic operated a group therapy approach. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection to measure smoking behaviour and to gain the views of participants. Smoking behaviour was measured by self-report and end-expired carbon monoxide. The findings illustrate that the smoking cessation clinic helped 29.2 per cent of those who registered at the clinic to quit smoking at the end of the six-week course. Results from the focus group discussions indicated that participants had gained motivation from the `group' experience, from the lowering of their carbon monoxide readings and from the positive attitude of the smoking cessation support nurses. However, the six-month follow-up suggested that a number of those who had given up smoking had relapsed into their previous smoking habit. Participants felt that relapse could have been prevented by the provision of a follow-up service. It was reported that a number of GPs in the area only prescribed nicotine replacement therapy following registration at the smoking cessation clinic and this was seen as detrimental to the success rate of those who wished to `go it alone'.
From prophets to profits: The occupational rhetoric of management consultants
Authors: Kitay Jim , Wright Christopher
Published: November 2007

In this article we explore the construction of occupational identity amongst a new and significant occupation: management consultants. Extending a conceptual framework developed by Fine (1996), we argue that occupational identity is not a consistent whole, but constructed from imagery to interpret and manage situations commonly experienced by occupational members. We argue that consultants, as an occupation, face three key structural constraints as features of their work, which we term, legitimacy, efficiency and vulnerability. On the basis of our interview data, we identify five social roles around which occupational `rhetorics' are constructed — professional, prophet, partner, business person, and service worker. We explore how consultants use these rhetorics to respond to issues of legitimacy, efficiency and vulnerability, and also highlight how different imagery is used based on its situational salience.
'Othering' older worker identity in recruitment
Authors: Riach Kathleen
Published: November 2007

Current research into organizational age discrimination has placed a focus on the consequences of ageism and economic pressures of an ageing workforce, rather than endeavouring to understand the social processes that create and reproduce ageist ideologies within an organizational context. This article departs from mainstream approaches within age and employment studies in order to explore older worker identity as a discursive phenomenon. Analysis shows how the social construction of the `older worker' may in itself serve to marginalize and contribute towards age inequalities through three discursive strategies: contextualizing the problem, essentializing older worker characteristics and ventriloquizing the older worker. The conclusions seek to situate these findings within larger political and practitioner debates concerning the older worker agenda and how distancing the older worker from chronological or biological determinism may serve to further our understanding of organizational age inequality as a social process.
The Australia—China Free Trade Agreement: Some Modelling Issues
Authors: Dixon Peter B.
Published: November 2007

General equilibrium modelling has been used to analyse many policy proposals. This article aims to help non-modellers assess general equilibrium analyses, particularly of a potential Australia—China free trade agreement (FTA). General equilibrium modelling is effective in studies of unilateral tariff reductions. However, most general equilibrium modelling assumes given technologies and information. For issues where the essence is technology transfer and new information, general equilibrium models can only produce results after most of the analysis has been done outside the model. In an Australia—China FTA, tariff cuts may be only a small part of the package. The main part may be goodwill, technology transfer and increased mutual awareness. Thus, for analysing FTAs, general equilibrium modelling is of limited value. The only conclusion for Australia that general equilibrium modelling of an Australia—China FTA can deliver with any certainty is that such an agreement will cause significant contraction in the Australian clothing industry.
The Political Rationalities of Fair-Trade Consumption in the United Kingdom
Authors: Clarke Nick , Barnett Clive , Cloke Paul , Malpass Alice
Published: November 2007

This article situates the analysis of fair-trade consumption in the context of debates about civic activism and political participation. It argues that fair-trade consumption should be understood as a political phenomenon, which, through the mediating action of organizations and campaigns, makes claims on states, corporations, and institutions. This argument is made by way of a case study of Traidcraft, a key player in the fair-trade movement in the United Kingdom. The study focuses on how Traidcraft approaches and enrolls its supporters.
What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda's “Radio Machete”
Authors: Straus Scott
Published: November 2007

The importance of hate radio pervades commentary on the Rwandan genocide, and Rwanda has become a paradigmatic case of media sparking extreme violence. However, there exists little social scientific analysis of radio's impact on the onset of genocide and the mobilization of genocide participants. Through an analysis of exposure, timing, and content as well as interviews with perpetrators, the article refutes the conventional wisdom that broadcasts from the notorious radio station RTLM were a primary determinant of genocide. Instead, the article finds evidence of conditional media e fects, which take on significance only when situated in a broader context of violence.
``Religious Politicians'' and ``Secular Politicians'' in Southern Brazil
Authors: Oro Ari Pedro
Published: November 2007

The author presents the research results of interviews with 55 parliamentary deputies of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, six of whom were religious before becoming politicians. The main question involved understanding the ties which these men held with politics and religion, immanence and transcendence.
Les déchirures ivoiriennes: entre excès et manque de transcendance
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

The author proposes a reading of the crisis experienced by the Ivory Coast since the end of 1999 by showing that this former French colony passed the first two decades of its independence attached to the excessively powerful and transcendent image of Houphouët-Boigny, who secured the allegiance of his people through authoritarianism and lavish expenditure; but that afterwards, confronted simultaneously with a profound socio-economic depression, the death of the ``Father of the Nation'' and the political competition that accompanied the democratization process, the country literally fell into an immanence of ethnic, regional and religious discord, with its leaders unequal to the task of maintaining its unity.
Effects of Spandex and Yarn Counts on the Properties of Elastic Core-spun Yarns Produced on Murata Vortex Spinner
Authors: Gazi Ortlek Hüseyin , Ulku Sukriye
Published: November 2007

The present research focused on the effects of spandex and yarn count parameters on the properties of elastic core-spun vortex yarns. The experiment and test results indicated that the various properties of elastic core-spun vortex yarns were significantly affected by spandex and yarn count. Coarser yarns showed lower unevenness, imperfection and breaking elongation values than finer yarns. Core-spun vortex yarns containing spandex showed lower tenacity and higher breaking elongation values than vortex spun yarns. The liveliness of spandex affected the hairiness properties of core-spun vortex yarns. The number of fibers in the cross section and the liveliness of spandex must be evaluated together during the manufacturing process of elastic core-spun vortex yarns.
Decrimping Behavior of Uncoated Plain-woven Fabrics Subjected to Combined Biaxial Tension and Shear Stresses
Authors: Cavallaro Paul V. , Sadegh Ali M. , Quigley Claudia J.
Published: November 2007

Tension structures continue to be of increasing importance to military applications requiring minimal weight, small packaging volumes and enhanced deployment operations. Presently, design methods for inflated fabric structures are not well established. Analysis tools for their efficient design lag behind those for conventional structures, partly because woven fabrics do not behave as a continuum. Changes in fabric architecture occur with loading and lead to several sources of nonlinear response. In particular, effective constitutive relationships must be developed that institute the combined effects of biaxial tensile stresses from inflation and shear stresses from bending for use in structural models. Through analysis and experiment, this study addressed these architectural changes, such as crimp interchange, and their effects on the mechanical properties of uncoated plain-woven fabrics. This was accomplished through meso-scale finite element analyses and material tests using a recently developed experimental fixture. The fixture facilitated testing of a wide variety of fabrics (woven, braided, knitted, etc.) subjected to combined biaxial tensile and shear stresses. The meso-scale models and swatch-level test results confirmed that: (1) crimp interchange profoundly influenced the fabric elastic and shear stiffnesses, as changes in crimp heights occurred with increasing biaxial tensions, (2) the shear modulus was highly dependent upon the biaxial tensions and compaction of the tows at the crossover points and (3) the shear modulus was highly nonlinear and was not monotonic with rotation and shear force. This study also presents analytical and experimental methods to ascertain the elastic and shear moduli of woven fabrics for use in evaluating the performance of air beams.
On Fighting Terrorism Justly
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2007

This article is about the war on terror as an actual war and as police work — and then as something in between these two. The in-between space, where special forces operate, is critically important. We don't have clear standards that apply to it, and we need to begin to think about what those standards might look like.
The Tragedy of Violent Justice: The Danger of Elshtain's Just War Against Terror
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: November 2007

In Just War Against Terror Elshtain articulates emotions whilst ridiculing others who allegedly privilege emotion over reason. This critique focuses on her use of the notion of `tragedy'. Distinctions are crucial to Elshtain's argument, especially that between combatants and civilians; they are based on the significance of intention. Elshtain seems uneasy, however, about a particular consequence of waging war: civilian deaths. She seeks refuge in the notion of tragedy to characterise them; this reveals the complexity of the question of responsibility, which she does not, however, seriously engage. As a result, Elshtain's reasoning ends up implying a well-meaning but violent imperialism.
Testing the Limits of Tolerance: How Intergroup Anxiety Amplifies Negative and Offensive Responses to Out-Group-Initiated Contact
Authors: Van Zomeren Martijn , Fischer Agneta H. , Spears Russell
Published: November 2007

Three studies examine the amplifying effects of intergroup anxiety on individuals' negative and offensive responses to out-group-initiated contact. Because intergroup anxiety typically results in avoidance of the initiation of intergroup contact, these studies explored how intergroup anxiety affected individuals' interpretation of and responses to out-group-initiated contact. The authors hypothesized that intergroup anxiety amplifies individuals' threat appraisal of out-group-initiated contact as well as their feelings of anger and offensive action tendencies toward the out-group. Results showed consistent support for these hypotheses by demonstrating that intergroup anxiety amplified individuals' threat appraisal (Studies 2 and 3), anger (Studies 1-3), and offensive action tendencies toward the out-group (Study 2). Anger consistently predicted offensive action tendencies (Studies 2-3). Thus, intergroup anxiety decreased individuals' limits of tolerance by increasing their threat appraisal of out-group-initiated contact. The results are discussed in relation to theories of threat, emotion, and tolerance.
Developmental Sources of Implicit Attitudes
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Phelan Julie E. , Heppen Jessica B.
Published: November 2007

Explanations for implicit and explicit attitude dissociation have largely focused on causes of explicit attitudes. By contrast, this article examines developmental experiences as potential sources of implicit (more than explicit) attitudes, using attitudes toward smoking and body weight, which have shown dissociation with self-reports. In Study 1, smokers' implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking were uniquely predicted by their early and recent experiences with smoking, respectively. In Study 2, participants' childhood and current weight uniquely predicted implicit and explicit body weight attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, being raised primarily by a beloved, heavyweight mother predicted proheavy implicit (but not explicit) attitudes. In Study 3, people's reports of pleasant dreams in childhood (but not currently) predicted their implicit attitudes toward dreams. In concert, results provide support for theorizing that implicit and explicit attitudes may stem from different sources of information and are, therefore, conceptually distinct.
The Appeal of the Underdog
Authors: Vandello Joseph A. , Goldschmied Nadav P. , Richards David A. R.
Published: November 2007

When people observe competitions, they are often drawn to figures that are seen as disadvantaged or unlikely to prevail. The present research tested the scope and limits of people's support for underdogs. The first two studies demonstrated, in the context of Olympic matches (Study 1) and the Israeli—Palestinian conflict (Study 2), that observers' support for a competitor increased when framing it as an underdog. The final two studies explored mechanisms underlying support for underdogs. Study 3 showed that participants attributed more effort to a team when they believed it to be an underdog, and perceptions of effort mediated liking. In Study 4, participants reading a hypothetical sporting event supported a team with a low probability of success and labeled it an underdog unless it had greater resources than an opponent, suggesting that low expectations by themselves do not engender support if positive outcomes are not seen as deserved.