bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on adjuvant‐induced polyarthritis in rats. I. Adjuvant composition, route of injection, and removal of depot site
Authors: Ward John R. , Jones Russell S.
Published: February 2007

The composition and quantity of Freund‐type adjuvant injected, the route of injection, and reaction at the depot site were studied for their roles in producing polyarthritis in rats. The intra‐dermal injection of Myobacterium butyricum in oil induced arthritis with much higher frequency than the subcutaneous or intravenous route. The minimal effective intradermal dose was 0.06 mg. M. butyricum in 0.02 ml. oil; 0.6 mg. mycobacteria in 0.1 ml. oil was required to produce polyarthritis in 100 per cent of rats. Wax fractions of mycobacteria did not induce arthritis. Neither a depot of adjuvant nor inflammation at the injection site was important as polyarthritis developed, even though amputation of the tail to remove the depot of injected adjuvant was performed within 2 hours after injection. While the mechanism of adjuvant‐induced polyarthritis remains unknown, the joint disease appeared dependent upon specific sites of dissemination of the adjuvant.
Anti‐inflammatory and antipyretic properties of N‐(α,α,α‐Trifluoro‐m‐tolyl) anthranilic acid (CI‐440; flufenamic acid)
Authors: Winder Claude V. , Wax Jaan , Serrano Benita , Jones Eldon M. , McPhee Mary Lou
Published: February 2007

Flufenamic acid is more potent than phenylbutazone as an anti‐inflammatory agent in guinea pigs (ultraviolet erythema) and rats (granulation on subcutaneous cotton pellets), without evidence of adrenal dependence or corticoid hormonal effects. Its antipyretic potency in rats approximates that of phenylbutazone. Like phenylbutazone and unlike aminopyrine, it had no antinociceptive effect in rat tail‐pinching experiments. In ordinary concentrations as the sodium salt, it is a tissue irritant in rodents. Supratherapeutic oral doses were well tolerated.
Appearance of anticoagulant factors and certain “Autoimmune” antibodies following antigenic stimulation with blood group substances in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zingale Salvador B. , Avalos Julio C. Sánchez , Andrada Juan A. , Stringa Sergio G. , Manni Jorge A.
Published: February 2007

Antibody response to injected isologous blood group substances was measured in 15 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) and compared with that of a matched control group. S.L.E. patients responded with higher titers of specific antibodies than did the control group. In addition, the appearance of anticoagulant factors, anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies, anti‐kidney antibodies and false positive serologic tests for syphilis was observed after stimulation. The findings seem to support the view that S.L.E. is associated with an abnormal antibody‐forming system.
The clinical course of kashin‐beck disease
Authors: Nesterov A. I.
Published: February 2007

Kashin‐Beck or Urov disease is described with authority by an astute scholar and clinician, Prof. Nesterov, Director of the Institute for Rheumatism and member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR in Moscow. The disease is a chronic, disabling, degenerative, generalized osteoarthrosis involving peripheral (symmetrical) joints and spine un‐associated with systemic or visceral manifestations. It occurs principally in childhood and results in growth disturbances. It is endemic in Eastern Siberia, Northern China and Northern Korea and is believed to be due to ingestion of cereal grain grown in these areas and infected with the fungus, Fusaria sporotrichiella. The incidence has been considerably reduced and hopefully will soon be eradicated by importing cereals from unaffected areas. This is a classic example of a generalized degenerative joint disease due to environmental causes, unrelated to genetic factors or inborn errors of metabolism.
Hemochromatosis and arthritis
Authors: Schumacher H. Ralph
Published: February 2007

Two patients with hemochromatosis and what appears to be a distinctive arthritis are presented. Both showed prominent involvement of the hands, minimal evidence of inflammation, significant x‐ray changes and synovial hemosiderin deposition. Five other cases of a similar arthritis were found in a review of 23 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis. The arthritis is postulated to be the result of iron excess damaging articular tissue in a yet undefined manner.
Rheumatoid arthritis, baker's cyst, and “thrombophlebitis”
Authors: Good Armin E.
Published: February 2007

From a small series of patients hospitalized with rheumatoid arthritis, six cases are presented in which Baker's cysts were associated with pain and swelling of the calf, initially erroneously diagnosed as thrombophlebitis. The pathogenesis of these calf symptoms is reviewed.
Antinuclear factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. A consideration of the immunofluorescent method of detecting antinuclear antibodies, with results obtained in a family study
Authors: Holborow John , Johnson Gerald D.
Published: February 2007

An immunofluorescent technique used for demonstrating antinuclear factor is discussed and the possible influence of differences in method on A.N.F. findings in family studies already reported is considered. The incidence of serum antinuclear factor in first degree relatives of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus was higher than in matched population controls; the difference was a small but a significant one.
Meningococcal arthritis
Authors: Pinals Robert S. , Ropes Marian W.
Published: February 2007

The occurrence of arthritis with acute meningococcal infection is reviewed and eleven cases presented. The arthritis is usually oligoarticular, often appears when the systemic or meningeal infection is improving, may give rise to persistent purulent but sterile and relatively painless joint effusions, is not greatly influenced by antibacterial therapy and seldom results in permanent joint damage.
Inflammatory reaction after intrasynovial injection of microcrystalline adrenocorticosteroid esters
Authors: McCarty Daniel J. , Hogan Joseph M.
Published: February 2007

Injection of commercially available microcrystalline adrenocorticosteroid esters into normal canine joints was ac‐companied by a leukocyte‐rich exudative response, roughly proportional to the dose injected. No tenderness or evidence of pain was noted. Injection of these preparations into normal human joints often induced similar reactions which were sometimes painful. The response varied with the preparation employed and in the case of hydrocortisone acetate, with the manufacturer of the drug. The possible injurious effects of this relatively painless inflammatory response are discussed.
Role of the finger flexors in rheumatoid deformities of the metacarpophalangeal joints
Authors: Smith Edwin M. , Juvinall Robert C. , Bender Leonard F. , Pearson J. Raymond
Published: February 2007

It is proposed that rheumatoid deformity of the central three metacarpophalangeal joints is caused primarily by the flexor tendons acting on diseased joint restraints. During pinch and grasp the tendons bend volarly and ulnarly at the tunnel mouth; the resultant pulley forces damage the supporting collateral ligaments, especially on the radial side. The flexor tendons and proximal phalanges can then displace volarly and ulnarly, and the fingers deviate ulnarly. In the fifth digit, ulnar deviation apparently results from the incompletely opposed pull of the abductor digiti quinti.
Study of rheumatoid factor in a normal population
Authors: Waller Marion , Toone Elam C.
Published: February 2007

Five thousand four hundred and sixty‐one normal individuals were tested for rheumatoid factor. The latex slide test was positive in 4.1 per cent SHC in 2.4 per cent and SSC in 0.18 per cent. There was no positive correlation of presence of rheumatoid factor and race or sex, but all tests increased in positivity with age. Physical examinations of individuals with at least one test positive for rheumatoid factor showed 5.4 percent had possible or definite rheumatoid arthritis.
The literature analysis project of the American Rheumatism Association
Authors: Ruhl Mary Jane , Sokoloff Leon
Published: February 2007

A Literature Analysis Project of the American Rheumatism Association has taken three steps to improve the dissemination and retrieval of information on rheumatic diseases. (1) The domain of rheumatology and the limits to which basic research literature should be included in its bibliographic services were delineated by a questionnaire survey. (2) A novel Thesaurus of Rheumtology was prepared to improve the indexing of publications and to codify the vocabulary. (3) A computer‐driven, semimonthly bibliography of current publications, the Index of Rheumatology, was developed with the cooperation of the National Library of Medicine. This bibliography is anticipated to yield approximately 6000 indexed citations per year. The proportions of relevant papers missed in the 2299 periodicals covered and the irrelevant ones included are estimated to be below 20 and 10 per cent of the total respectively.
Tryptophan metabolism in rheumatic disease
Authors: Pinals Robert S.
Published: February 2007

Five tryptophan metabolites were measured in the urine after an oral tryptophan load in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus and a variety of other diseases. An excessive excretion of kynurenine and 3‐hydroxykynurenine was a common but nonspecific occurrence in rheumatic disease. The excretion did not correlate well with various clinical parameters. Inhibition of pyridoxal‐dependent hepatic enzymes may be the cause of the abnormality but the mechanism is unknown.
The proteins of synovial fluid: A study of the α1/α2 globulin ratio
Authors: Binette J. P. , Schmid K.
Published: February 2007

Normal, postmortem, traumatic and rheumatoid synovial fluids were studied by paper electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and starch gel electrophoresis. It could be demonstrated that the change in the α1/α2 globulin ratio, particularly prominent in normal and postmortem synovial fluids as compared with normal serum, is a consequence of the greatly increased relative concentration of α1‐acid glycoprotein and a significant decrease in the relative concentration of the haptoglobins and the 19S α2‐macroglobulin.
Antibody to ribosomes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sturgill Benjamin C. , Carpenter Robert R.
Published: February 2007

Antibody to ribosomes have been demonstrated in the sera of several patients with SLE. The specificity of the reaction appears to be related, at least in part, to soluble RNA. This reactivity appears to occur almost exclusively in the serum of patients with SLE.
Ulnar nerve entrapment in rheumatoid arthritis: A case report
Authors: Deandrade John R. , Casagrande Peter A.
Published: February 2007

The case history of a patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis is presented. Proliferating granulation tissue at the elbow had entrapped and displaced the ulnar nerve. This was corrected surgically with almost complete restoration of nerve function. Neurological involvement in rheumatoid arthritis is briefly reviewed.
A Seven‐Day variability study of 499 patients with peripheral rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mainland D.
Published: February 2007

At eleven clinics uniform methods of measuring disease activity (duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, number of active joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) produced two sets of tables: (1) interpatient single‐examination differences (499 patients); (2) changes in one week (411 patients with unchanged therapy). The second set of tables provides inter alia standards for screening new drugs and a method of correcting for initial disease severity in controlled trials.
Histologic observations and biochemical composition of rachitic cartilage with special reference to mucopolysaccharides
Authors: Howell David S.
Published: February 2007

Costal tissues were analyzed biochemically in respect to a profile of sulfated mucopolysaccharides from normal and rachitic calves which provided large samples of anatomically identifiable regions for biochemical analysis. Histologic distribution of these compounds was obtained through the use of x‐ray elemental analysis for sulfur. Distinctive differences between polysaccharide content of normal and rachitic tissues were found and calcification in vitro of the rachitic cartilage was demonstrated.
Isolation and characterization of mycoplasmas (PPLO) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and reiter's syndrome
Authors: Bartholomew Lee E.
Published: February 2007

Using tissue culture methods, mycoplasmas (PPLO) were isolated from synovial fluid, bone marrow, kidney, or serum of 14 of 17 patients with either rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Reiter's syndrome. Sensitivity to various antibiotics and the ability to ferment glucose varied, but all strains were sensitive to tetracycline, and hemolysed sheep cells. Antigenic relationships, studied by complement fixation and growth inhibition, revealed minor differences among the strains, except one which appeared culturally and antigenically distinct. Growth inhibition against several recognized human mycoplasmas was demonstrated.
The occurrence of rheumatoid factor in association with antibody response to influenza A2 (Asian) virus
Authors: Svec Kathryn H. , Dingle John H.
Published: February 2007

Analysis of sera from persons exposed to the 1957 Asian influenza epidemic demonstrated the appearance of rheumatoid factor in 14.8 per cent of 27 post‐epidemic sera showing viral antibody response and in only 1.3 per cent of 79 corresponding sera which did not show viral antibody response. The factor was associated with either clinical infection or vaccination. Rheumatoid factor activity was demonstrated in both the latex FII agglutination and sensitized sheep cell tests and was abolished by mercaptoethanol treatment.
Pathology of gout
Authors: Sokoloff Leon
Published: February 2007

No attempt will be made here to present a comprehensive survey of the pathology of gout; interested readers are referred to a systematic review of the morbid anatomy published elsewhere in 1957.1 From the anatomic findings, four problems in the pathogenesis of gout suggest themselves. These will be restated and such advances as have taken place relative to them in the past seven years will be summarized.
Antibodies in the sicca syndrome (sjögren's syndrome)
Authors: Denko Charles W.
Published: February 2007

Sera from eight patients with sicca syndrome were studied to find antibodies to salivary gland tissue and other organs. Abnormalities in serum proteins in electrophoresis were compatible with those usually reported in connective tissue disorders. Multiple antibodies, including salivary gland, were demonstrated in only two patients who also had high titers of rheumatoid factor. Two other patients had negative latex agglutination tests. Most of the group had no tissue antibodies.
Gouty involvement of the larynx report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Lefkovits Aaron M.
Published: February 2007

A 65 year old male had episodes of joint redness, swelling, and pain since 1942. Gout was diagnosed in 1955. Intermittently for many years he had episodes of dryness of the mouth, and, since 1963, mild hoarseness and sore throat. Laryngoscopy revealed a whitish spur just beneath the right vocal cord near the cricothyroid joint. The spur was excised; material obtained from it revealed birefringent urate crystals, and histologic examination confirmed it to be a gouty tophus.
Studies of incomplete antibodies. II. Interactions with rheumatoid factors and complement
Authors: Aho Kimmo , Christian Charles L.
Published: February 2007

Nonagglutinating human (anti‐Rh) and rabbit (anti‐G and anti‐g) iso‐antibodies and agglutinating rabbit and hamster γG antibodies against sheep erythrocytes were tested for rheumatoid factor reactivity and for complement‐fixation using papain‐treated and nontreated cells. Although the papain treatment increased the agglutination of the erythrocytes by the antibodies, no change was observed in the complement‐fixing properties. The minimum amount of rabbit γG antibody on the cell surface required for the RF reactivity was the same with papain‐treated and non‐treated cells and of the same magnitude in three serological systems (rabbit incomplete anti‐G and anti‐g and rabbit antisheep cell). This amount of sensitizing antibody was 1/8–1/16 of the amount required for complement‐fixation and for agglutination by a type of RF reactivity that could not be inhibited by native rabbit γG globulin.
Suppression of metabolic accompaniments of phagocytosis by colchicine
Authors: Goldfinger Stephen E. , Howell R. Rodney , Seegmiller J. Edwin
Published: February 2007

The effect of colchicine on in vitro metabolism of human leukocytes exposed to sodium urate microcrystals was studied. When these cells were preincubated with colchicine at a concentration as low as 2 × 10−6M, suppression of phagocytosis occurred as indicated by: diminution of C14O2 evolution from glucose‐1‐C14, from sodium urate‐6‐C14, and by direct examination of engulfed crystals. The beneficial effect of colchicine on gouty inflammation may result from a suppressive effect on leukocyte function, reducing their ability to perform phagocytosis.
Inhibition of monosodium urate needle crystal growth
Authors: Allen Donald J. , Milosovich George , Mattocks Albert M.
Published: February 2007

A study of the growth of needle crystals of monosodium urate was undertaken with the aim of finding inhibitors which might be able to prevent the acute gout attack. Rates of crystal growth at various levels of supersaturation are described. Two potent crystal growth inhibitors, Bismarck brown and methylene blue, were found. They are shown to be adsorbed onto monosodium urate. THAM was found to accelerate needle crystal growth.
Correction of thiazide hyperuricemia by potassium chloride and ammonium chloride
Authors: Zweifler Andrew J. , Thompson George R.
Published: February 2007

Large doses of KCl lowered serum uric acid while producing mild, apparently unrelated, uricosuria in four chlorothiazide‐treated subjects. In two control subjects KCl also caused mild uricosuria, but had a negligible effect on serum uric acid concentration. Ammonium chloride decreased serum urate in all six subjects, while urinary uric acid excretion remained essentially unchanged. It is suggested that these changes in serum uric acid are secondary to redistribution of urate among body compartments.
Rheumatoid Vasculitis—Report of a Second Case Treated with Penicillamine
Authors: Jaffe Israeli A. , Smith Robert W.
Published: February 2007

A 57‐year‐old man with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis is presented. His disease was characterized by neuropathy, episcleritis, gangrene, and a high serum titer of rheumatoid factor. His progressively deteriorating clinical course appeared to have been favorably influenced by penicillamine therapy, which also resulted in a marked fall in RF titer. He is now in his fourth year of remission, and is taking only this drug. He is the second patient with malignant rheumatoid disease to have shown a satisfactory response to penicillamine therapy.
A comparative evaluation of indomethacin, acetaminophen and placebo as antipyretic agents in children
Authors: Brewer Earl T.
Published: February 2007

Two hundred and twenty‐three infants and children with rectal temperatures greater than 101° due to diseases commonly encountered in pediatric practice, were given indomethacin suspension, indomethacin placebo or acetaminophen elixir in a random coded manner according to prescribed dosage schedules. The mean temperature reduction in those groups treated with indomethacin and acetaminophen was statistically significantly better than placebo, and a significant difference in temperature reduction was found between indomethacin and acetaminophen with indomethacin being superior.
Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee
Authors: Ahlbäck Sven , Bauer Göran C. H. , Bohne Walther H.
Published: February 2007

A radiolucent lesion in the medial femoral condyle was observed in 40 knees in 39 patients over age 60. Most patients had had spontaneous onset of severe knee pain. Twelve knees were radiographically normal within 2 months following onset of pain. Seven knees proceeded to osteoarthritis whereas others became rather asymptomatic. Strontium‐85 scintimetry of symptomatic knees showed exceedingly high values. Biopsy showed evidence of repair of bone tissue. The condition was identified as osteonecrosis, the natural history and management of which were discussed. Only 2 patients had a history of systemic adrenocorticosteroid treatment; no other conditions commonly associated with osteonecrosis were identified.
The arthritis of sarcoidosis
Authors: Spilberg Isaias , Siltzbach Louis E. , McEwen Currier
Published: February 2007

Eighty‐two patients with sarcoidosis were studied. Arthritis was found in 10 of 64 unselected patients with proved sarcoidosis (15.6 per cent). Clinical analysis of 28 additional patients with the arthritis of sarcoidosis showed two types of arthritis: (1) An acute, transient type which was often associated with the clinical onset of the disease. A chest radiograph usually disclosed enlarged hilar nodes. This type was most common and tended to disappear without residua. (2) A persistent or chronic form which appeared either early or late in the course of the disease, and sometimes led to joint destruction. Radiographs of the affected joints often failed to show abnormalities. Erythema nodosum may or may not be present. Hyperuricemia was found in 20.4 per cent, rheumatoid factor in about 10 per cent, and antinuclear antibodies in 5 per cent of patients with sarcoidosis.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility in vitro. III. Possible release of a chemotactic substance after phagocytosis of urate crystals by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Phelps Paulding
Published: February 2007

The mechanism whereby polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) are attracted to the site of inflammation in gout is not known. Studies were performed, using a modification of the Boyden chamber technic, to determine whether phagocytosis of monosodium urate crystals by PMN's would result in release of a substance chemotactic for other PMN's. The supernatant from a PMN‐crystal suspension, in both a plasma and a plasma‐free solution containing albumin, was found to be chemotactic for PMN's.
Bone marrow as source of cells in reactions of cellular hypersensitivity. III. Adjuvant arthritis in the rat
Authors: Putnam Deborah A. , Lubaroff David M. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: February 2007

Adult Lewis rats were thymectomized, irradiated (900 r), and given bone marrow cells from normal (BN × Lewis) F1 donors. Passive transfer of adjuvant arthritis was carried out with lymph node cells of Lewis donors sensitized 9 days earlier. The recipients showed clinical arthritis starting at 3‐8 days and were sacrificed at 9‐13 days. Live cell suspensions from affected joints and lymphoid tissues were assayed for F1 marrow‐derived cells by an indirect fluorescence technic. The results suggest that a majority of cells in the joint lesions of adjuvant arthritis are hematogenous and derived from bone marrow precursors.
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and spontaneous carpal fusion
Authors: Newcombe D. S. , Abbott Jay L. , Munsie W. J. , Keats T. E.
Published: February 2007

The pathology and radiographic examination of spontaneous carpal coalition in arthrogryposis suggests that loss of joint spaces is an acquired feature and does not stem from primary lack of joint space formation as has been previously suggested. The characteristic total carpal fusion in arthrogryposis is unique and may aid in differential diagnosis when present. Finally, the anatomical location is selective and no fusions have been described in the feet of subjects with this disorder. Emphasis in the future should be towards obtaining further joint specimens for pathologic study and making careful radiographic examinations to determine the evolution of die coalition and possible occurrence in other anatomic sites.
Resection of the distal ulna in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cracchiolo Andrea , Marmor Leonard
Published: February 2007

Forty‐two wrists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were subjected to distal ulnar resection, and follow‐up examinations were made. Failure of conservative medical therapy, subluxation or dislocation of the distal ulna with pain or limited motion, persistent synovitis, and tendon involvement are the primary indications for surgery. These painful, deformed joints experienced an increased range of motion and improved strength and function postoperatively. There was no recurrence of pain or synovitis, and tendon rupture has not occurred. No operative or postoperative complications occurred.
Procainamide‐induced serologic changes in asymptomatic patients
Authors: Molina Javier , Dubois Edmund L. , Bilitch Michael , Bland Stephen L. , Friou George J.
Published: February 2007

Serologic findings in cardiac patients who had no manifestations of drug‐induced lupus and who had been taking procainamide for 6 weeks or more were compared to a similar group receiving quinidine, and a series of age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Significant changes occurred only in the group of 22 patients treated with procainamide (p < 0.01). LE cell tests were positive in 12 (55 per cent). Antidesoxyribonucleoprotein (anti‐DNP) tests were positive in 15 (68 per cent) and anti‐DNA in 8 (36 per cent). A positive LE cell test, anti‐DNP, or anti‐DNA reaction was found in 17 (77 per cent).
Does cartilage compliance reduce skeletal impact loads?. the relative force‐attenuating properties of articular cartilage, synovial fluid, periarticular soft tissues and bone
Authors: Radin Eric L. , Paul Igor L.
Published: February 2007

Joint wear is related to the pressure exerted at the articular cartilage interface. The largest loads an animal joint experiences in life will be brief and will result from impact. Compliance in the system will decrease the peak value of such impulsive loadings at the expense, probably unimportant, of increasing their duration. The ability of synovial fluid, supporting bone and periarticular soft tissues to provide this compliance and attenuate peak forces might spare the articular cartilage and prevent wear. Measurements were made of the relative attenuation of longitudinally applied, external impulsive force by these major joint elements of adult bovine interphalangeal joints. The effect of the various elements, independently, upon the over‐all compliance of the joint was measured in nonimpulsive experiments and found to correlate quite well with their ability to reduce the peak load in the impulsive experiments. Only the periarticular soft tissues (capsule, ligaments and synovial tissue) and bone have significant force‐attenuating properties. Articular cartilage and synovial fluid have little effect. These results support the contention that the integrity of bone could well be important in prolonging joint life.
The role of NZB/NZW F1 thymus in experimental tolerance and auto‐immunity
Authors: Steinberg Alfred D. , Law Lloyd D. , Talal Norman
Published: February 2007

The role of the NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) thymus was studied with respect to tolerance to ultracentrifuged bovine γ globulin (BGG) and poly I· poly C, and spontaneous anti‐DNA antibody formation. Thymectomy alone had little effect on the induction or escape from tolerance. An adult B/W thymus could not prevent toleranceinduction in young B/W mice. However, a young B/W thymus could facilitate the induction of partial tolerance in older B/W mice under appropriate conditions. These results suggest that the adult B/W thymus may be functionally deficient relative to the young thymus. Neonatal thymectomy accelerated the autoimmune disease, suggesting that the young B/W thymus has some normal regulatory function. Thymectomy at 6 weeks of age did not accelerate autoimmunity. A young B/W thymus, but not an older B/W thymus reversed the accelerated disease of neonatally thymectomized B/W mice. This again suggests that the older B/W thymus is functionally deficient.
Viral isolation studies of inclusion positive biopsy from human connective tissue diseases
Authors: Feorino Paul M. , Hierholzer John C. , Norton Walter L.
Published: February 2007

Stimulated by the presence of virus‐like intracellular inclusions in active lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, virologic studies were carried out on inclusion‐positive biopsies of involved tissues from several patients with active connective tissue diseases. Although infectious agents were not detected, the results are of interest in the context of continuing efforts to demonstrate possible infectious agents in these and other diseases.
In Vivo LE Cell Formation in Synovial Fluid
Authors: Hunder Gene G. , Pierre Robert V.
Published: February 2007

Smears of synovial fluid specimens from 7 of 10 selected patients were found to contain lupus erythematosus (LE) cells. In 1 patient, LE cells were found in smears of synovial fluid but not of blood. Direct smears of synovial fluid immediately after aspiration from 2 patients contained LE cells, thus suggesting that in vivo these cells form in synovial fluid.
Role of igg and igm antinuclear antibodies in formation of lupus erythematosus cells and extracellular material
Authors: Blondin Claude , Mcduffie Frederic C.
Published: February 2007

IgM and IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANA) have been compared for their ability to produce hematoxylin bodies (ECM) and LE cells. At equivalent ANA concentrations (determined by immunofluorescent staining of rabbit liver nuclei), IgM formed ECM indistinguishable from those produced by IgG but, even at very high concentrations, failed to produce LE cells. Inability of IgM ANA to produce LE cells is probably due to lack of complement fixation rather than to a difference in antinuclear specificity.
Gold nephropathy a clinical and pathologic study
Authors: Silverberg Donald S. , Kidd Edward G. , Shnitka Theodor K. , Ulan Raymond A.
Published: February 2007

Proteinuria developed in 5 of 75 rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with gold salts. In 2 of these 5 patients criteria for the nephrotic syndrome were fulfilled. Two other cases of gold‐induced nephrotic syndrome are also reported. Blood and urine gold levels were measured on 27 of the 75 patients and no difference was found between the 2 patients who eventually developed the nephrotic syndrome and the 25 who did not. Light, electronmicroscopic and histochemical studies revealed no difference in the site or degree of gold deposition in the 4 cases with nephrotic syndrome, as compared with 1 patient who did not have proteinuria. Eventual clearing of the proteinuria was fairly closely related to the degree of glomerular basement membrane thickening, as judged by light microscopy.
The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and gout in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Ball Gene V. , Sorensen Leif B.
Published: February 2007

A patient with sickle cell disease complicated by gouty arthritis is reported. Studies with 14C labeled uric acid and glycine, and discrete renal function tests indicate that both overproduction of uric acid and diminished excretion of urate due to decreased nephron mass contributed to hyperuricemia.
Antibodies to Viral Antigens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Hollinger F. Blaine , Sharp John T. , Lidsky Martin D. , Rawls W. E.
Published: February 2007

Sera from 31 patients with lupus erythematosus, 31 controls matched by age and sex and 33 patients with connective tissue disorders other than SLE were examined for specific antibodies to 15 viral antigens by hemagglutination‐inhibition tests. Complement‐fixation tests were also employed to measure antibodies to measles virus and rubella virus. Sera from patients with LE had significantly higher geometric mean antibody titers than matched controls to measles, rubella, parainfluenza types 2 and 3 and reovirus type 2 antigens. When antibody levels from patients with LE were compared with those from patients with other connective tissue disorders, significant differences were noted for measles, rubella, parainfluenza types 1 and 2 and mumps antigens. Removal of nonspecific antinuclear antibodies from selected SLE sera by adsorption with mouse liver nuclear antigens failed to appreciably alter specific viral antibody. The elevated antibody levels in sera from patients with SLE are consistent with the existence of a hyperreactive immunologic state in this disorder and do not necessarily carry etiologic implications.
Mycoplasma Hyorhinis Swine Arthritis. I. Clinical and Microbiologic Features
Authors: Barden Jerri A. , Decker John L.
Published: February 2007

An acute arthritis is followed in 6 to 8 months by the development of chronic polyarthritis when young Yorkshire swine are given a single intraperitoneal inoculation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Sequential antibody studies, using the metabolic inhibition test, revealed a brisk response in infected animals followed by sustained elevations of titers. Synovial fluid titers were found to exceed those of serum, suggesting local antibody production. The organism, readily recovered in the acute phase, became progressively more difficult to isolate.
Hypocomplementemia in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Franco Alejandro E. , Schur Peter H.
Published: February 2007

Hypocomplementemia has rarely been noted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Eleven of 250 patients studied consecutively were found to have serum complement levels below the normal range. These 11 patients, as a group, had more severe disease, including greater functional impairment and more frequent positive latex tests and subcutaneous nodules, than did patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normal or elevated complement levels. Episodes of hypocomplementemia usually were associated with an acute flare of multiple joints, vasculitis or rheumatoid pleuritis. It is evident that RA is not necessarily associated with normal or elevated CH50 levels. In fact, severe RA, with marked destructive changes and multiple complications, is sometimes associated with markedly low CH50 levels.
Antinuclear Antibodies, Rheumatoid Factor and c‐Reactive Protein in Serum of Normal Women Using Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Kay Donald R. , Bole Giles G. , Ledger William J.
Published: February 2007

Some women who report to a hospital or arthritis clinic note exacerbation of rheumatic complaints and develop serologic abnormalities while taking oral contraceptives. The current study concerns the detection of antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor and C‐reactive protein in normal women using these drugs. Prospective study of 82 women before and during oral contraceptive use permitted the detection of 4 who developed antinuclear antibodies, 9 who developed rheumatoid factor and 30 who developed C‐reactive protein after less than 1 year of drug use. The prevalence of positive tests was greater in a group of 210 women who were using OC than that found in a group of 174 who had never used these drugs. None of these women developed rheumatic symptoms while using oral contraceptives.
Factors Affecting Survivorship in Polymyositis. A Life‐Table Study of 124 Patients
Authors: Medsger Thomas A. , Robinson Harry , Masi Alfonse T.
Published: February 2007

Life‐table survivorship of 124 patients with polymyositis from the time of their first hospitalization is presented. Acute pulmonary infiltration, most often after aspiration pneumonia, was the worst prognostic sign. Excluding the latter group, survivorship was significantly reduced among patients with both dysphagia and greater degrees of muscle weakness, among adults 50 years or older and among Negroes. No differences in survivorship were observed between males and females, between polymyositis and dermatomyositis or between those treated with and without corticosteroids.
Hyperuricemia in American Samoans
Authors: Healey L. A. , Jones Kenneth W.
Published: February 2007

The mean serum uric acid of 71 normal adult American Samoan men was 6.8 mg%. Serum cholesterol, electrolytes, creatinine and total protein measurements were in the usual normal range and none correlated well with the serum urate. Like other Polynesian people, gout, obesity, diabetes and ischemic heart disease seem to be common among Samoans.
The Human Fetal Synovium. Histology, Fine Structure and Changes in Organ Culture
Authors: Krey Phoebe R. , Cohen Alan S. , Smith Charles B. , Finland Maxwell
Published: February 2007

Fetal synovial tissues were obtained postmortem and maintained in organ culture. Preservation and morphologic differentiation was followed histologically for 2–4 weeks. The lining cells of the fetal synovium was found to consist of three cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages and undifferentiated cells. In culture the undifferentiated cells disappeared and the typical macrophages became scarce. Other changes observed were an apparent increase in mast cells, an intracellular accumulation of lipid inclusions, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and intracellular collagen fibers.
7SγM‐globulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation of its clinical significance
Authors: Stage David E. , Mannik Mart
Published: February 2007

Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared for two groups of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients selected from the same population by the presence or absence of 7SγM in their sera. The presence of 7SγM was significantly associated with severe articular disease, frequent subcutaneous nodules, high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid vasculitis, defined by skin ulcers, skin infarcts, or peripheral neuropathy. 7SγM in sera caused γM‐globulin concentrations to be overestimated by radial immunodiffusion with 19SγM standards.
Variations of serum concentrations and half‐life of salicylate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Paulus Harold E. , Siegel Mark , Mongan Edward , Okun Ronald , Calabro John J.
Published: February 2007

Unlike most drugs the half‐life of salicylates in the serum of human subjects increases as its concentration increases; this observation was confirmed in nine hospitalized patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received the same weight‐adjusted dose of aspirin. They showed marked variations in the maximum salicylate concentrations attained. A relatively small increase in dose resulted in a large increase in serum level. Therefore, optimum intensive salicylate therapy can be achieved only by individualizing the dose of aspirin.
Tissue gold concentration in a rheumatoid arthritic receiving chrysotherapy
Authors: Gottlieb Norman L. , Smith Patricia M. , Smith Edward M.
Published: February 2007

Postmortem specimens from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who had received 5 g of aurothioglucose were examined histologically, and their gold content was determined by activation analysis. The highest concentration of gold was found in the lymph nodes followed by the adrenal gland, renal cortex and other organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Comparatively low concentrations were found in tissues comprising the joint structure. Organs in which the greatest quantities of gold were stored include the bone marrow, liver, skin and bone. These findings demonstrate the body's capacity to store relatively large quantities of gold without adverse reaction, support the concept of a systemic rather than local mechanism of action (at the joint level) and demonstrate in vivo gold concentrations in the range expected to produce local cellular biologic effects.
Therapeutic studies in NZB/W mice. I. Synergy of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone in combination
Authors: Gelfand Michael C. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Nagle Raymond , Knepshield James H.
Published: February 2007

This study compares different immunosuppressive regimens in the treatment of the lupus‐like nephritis of NZB/W mice. Groups of 5‐month‐old female NZB/W mice were given azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone in all one‐, two‐ and three‐drug regimens, each drug in the relatively low dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day. Treatment for 3 months with one or two drugs resulted in modest suppression of NZB/W disease. Mice receiving all three drugs had significantly less proteinuria, lower titers of anti‐DNA antibody and less severe, histologically evident renal involvement than mice treated with one or two drugs. Survival at 1 year was 10% for untreated controls, 44% for one‐drug‐treated, 37% for two‐drug‐treated and 86% for the three‐drug‐treated mice. The survival for the three‐drug regimen was significantly longer than any other group (P < 0.01). The three‐drug regimen was synergistic, since mice treated with each drug at three times the dose had significantly more proteinuria after 3 months of treatment and lowered 1 year survival (33%). The beneficial effects of triple‐drug therapy were attained without increased toxicity. This study represents the first controlled evaluation of single versus combination therapy in a model of autoimmune disease. Based on these results, a controlled evaluation of triple‐drug therapy in human systemic lupus erythematosus appears warranted.
Rheumatoid factor accentuation of pulmonary lesions associated with experimental diffuse proliferative lung disease
Authors: Dehoratius Raphael J. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: February 2007

A rabbit model of diffuse proliferative lung disease induced by one intravenous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant was used to study the possible phlogistic effects of human anti‐γ‐globulins. When induction of proliferative lung disease was followed by intravenous administration of human γM anti‐γ‐globulins, considerable increment in perigranulomatous inflammation along with alveolar wall and arteriolar anti‐γ‐globulin deposition was noted. Four of 10 animals thus treated showed segmental hemorrhagic pulmonary infarctions. Control animals in which the induction of diffuse proliferative lung disease was followed by administration of serologically inactive normal human γM showed no accentuation of gross or microscopic pulmonary lesions and no specific pulmonary deposition of human γM globulins. These experiments suggest that human γM anti‐γ‐globulins fix in alveoli and arterioles near areas of active subacute or chronic pulmonary inflammation and are capable of accentuating inflammatory response and vascular injury.
Alterations in the permeability of articular cartilage by proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Lotke Paul A. , Granda J. L.
Published: February 2007

Electrolytes and proteins permeate articular cartilage at rates dependent on their molecular weight and charge. Cathepsin and trypsin are capable of increasing the permeability, but collagenase alone is not. Cartilage treated with cathepsin followed by treatment with collagenase has significantly increased permeability over cartilage treated by one enzyme alone. In addition, it may be postulated that enzyme‐induced increases in the permeability of cartilage may alter the flow of materials within the matrix, possibly leading to a leaching‐out of essential metabolites or altering its physical properties. This may be of significance in the pathogenesis of the degradation of cartilage.
Effect of urine flow rate on uric acid excretion in man
Authors: Diamond Herbert S. , Lazarus Robert , Kaplan David , Halberstam David
Published: February 2007

The effect of alteration in rate of urine flow on renal excretion of uric acid was studied with 29 clearance studies in 12 subjects. Uric acid excretion was found to increase with increase in urine flow. The relative contributions of changes in reabsorption and secretion to the observed increment in urate excretion were estimated by measuring the decrement in urate excretion produced by pyrazinamide, an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion. On the basis of these studies, the increment in uric acid excretion occurring during increased urine flow was attributed almost entirely to enhanced tubular secretion of urate as long as substantial extracellular fluid volume expansion was avoided. Extracellular fluid volume expansion was associated with decreased tubular reabsorption of urate. Since stimulation of the tubular transport system for urate by water ingestion is considered unlikely, this study was interpreted as consistent with the existence of a second, postsecretory distal tubular reabsorptive site for urate. Variation in urine flow rate must be taken into account in the interpretation of studies of renal handling of uric acid in man.
Entrapment neuropathy of the posterior interosseous nerve. A complication of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chang Lennig W. , Gowans James D. C. , Granger Carl V. , Millender Lewis H.
Published: February 2007

A rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis is presented. A patient developed simultaneous extensor paralysis of all 5 digits of one hand due to compression of the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve by rheumatoid synovium of the elbow joint. By the technics of dye‐contrast tendon radiography and electromyography, the extensor paralysis of tendinous origin could be separated from that of a neural defect. Operative decompression was necessary to restore extension. It should be emphasized that in addition to the more common median and ulnar neuropathies of rheumatoid arthritis, rare radial neuropathies should not be overlooked.
Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Horwitz David A.
Published: February 2007

When identical twin sisters discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) the affected twin failed to develop delayed hypersensitivity and her lymphocytes failed to proliferate in response to KLH in vitro, unlike her normal sister. Subsequently, recently diagnosed SLE patients were skin tested with common antigens and 12 of 14 did not develop a positive skin reaction, in contrast to most patients with tuberculosis, who showed at least one positive response. There was no difference, however, in the leukocyte response to phytohemagglutinin between the two groups. These findings raised the question of a selective defect in cellular immunity in patients with SLE.
Studies on the mechanism of ethambutol‐induced hyperuricemia
Authors: Postlethwaite Arnold E. , Kelley William N.
Published: February 2007

The effect of ethambutol on uric acid metabolism was assessed in 14 patients, 8 with gout and 6 with tuberculosis. This antituberculous agent produces hyperuricemia by decreasing the renal clearance of uric acid. Although the exact mechanism responsible for this effect of ethambutol remains undefined, several characteristics were observed which distinguish the effect of this drug from that of other agents which produce hyperuricemia by altering the renal handling of uric acid.
Aplastic agranulocytosis after allopurinol therapy
Authors: Greenberg Mortimer S. , Zambrano Sergio Sanchez
Published: February 2007

A 62‐year‐old woman with cirrhosis of the liver developed fatal agranulocytosis while taking allopurinol. No precursors of granulocytes or red blood cells were found in bone marrow aspirated at the height of the reaction. The mechanism of agranulocytosis thus appeared to be suppression of granulocyte production rather than an increased rate of destruction of granulocytes. Possibly, allopurinol may have inhibited purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in this patient.
Osteonecrosis of metacarpal heads in systemic lupus erythematosus. Value of radiostrontium scintimetry in differential diagnosis
Authors: Lightfoot Robert W. , Lotke Paul A.
Published: February 2007

A patient is presented who had multiple areas of osteonecrosis occurring during corticosteroid therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Involvement of the metacarpal heads, not reported previously, was present. Radiostrontium scanning, which has proved useful in the early diagnosis of osteonecrosis, was used to document this complication and allowed detection of additional involved areas which appeared normal on routine roentgenograms.