bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMPIRE: a highly parallel semiempirical molecular orbital program: 3: Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics
Authors: Margraf Johannes T. , Hennemann Matthias , Clark Timothy
Published: February 2020

Direct NDDO-based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (MD) have been implemented in the semiempirical molecular orbital program EMPIRE. Fully quantum mechanical MD simulations on unprecedented time and length scales are possible, since the calculation of self-consistent wavefunctions and gradients is performed in a massively parallel manner. MD simulations can be performed in the NVE and NVT ensembles, using either deterministic (Berendsen) or stochastic (Langevin) thermostats. Furthermore, dynamics for condensed-phase systems can be performed under periodic boundary conditions. We show three exemplary applications: the dynamics of molecular reorganization upon ionization, long timescale dynamics of an endohedral fullerene, and calculation of the vibrational spectrum of a nanoparticle consisting of more than eight hundred atoms.
The interplay between structural flood protection, population density, and flood mortality along the Jamuna River, Bangladesh
Authors: Ferdous Md Ruknul , Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Brandimarte Luigia , Wesselink Anna
Published: February 2020

Levees protect floodplain areas from frequent flooding, but they can paradoxically contribute to more severe flood losses. The construction or reinforcement of levees can attract more assets and people in flood-prone area, thereby increasing the potential flood damage when levees eventually fail. Moreover, structural protection measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can reduce preparedness, thereby increasing flood mortality rates. We explore these phenomena in the Jamuna River floodplain in Bangladesh. In this study area, different levels of flood protection have co-existed alongside each other since the 1960s, with a levee being constructed only on the right bank and its maintenance being assured only in certain places. Primary and secondary data on population density, human settlements, and flood fatalities were collected to carry out a comparative analysis of two urban areas and two rural areas with different flood protection levels. We found that the higher the level of flood protection, the higher the increase of population density over the past decades as well as the number of assets exposed to flooding. Our results also show that flood mortality rates associated with the 2017 flooding in Bangladesh were lower in the areas with lower protection level. This empirical analysis of the unintended consequences of structural flood protection is relevant for the making of sustainable policies of disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in rapidly changing environments.
Creativity training in organizations: a ready-to-implement concept
Authors: Gumula Julia
Published: February 2020

This article—published in the Journal Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation.—provides a ready-to-implement creativity training concept with elements of Design Thinking. Although organizations have expressed an increasing interest in creativity training to help their employees become more creative and innovative, recent research indicates effective creativity training is still lacking. The training course described in this report fills this organizational human resource development requirement for practical, effective idea generation techniques. It focuses on increasing the creativity performance during the Design Thinking idea generation phase. The training concept is designed for a one day onsite workshop with up to 40 participants.
Correlation of Microstructure and Properties of Cold Gas Sprayed INCONEL 718 Coatings
Authors: Vaßen R. , Fiebig J. , Kalfhaus T. , Gibmeier J. , Kostka A. , Schrüfer S.
Published: February 2020

In the cold gas spray process, deposition of particles takes place through intensive plastic deformation upon impact in a solid state at temperatures well below their melting point. The high particle impact velocities and corresponding peening effects can lead to high compressive residual stresses in cold spray coatings. This can be advantageous with regard to mechanical properties as fatigue life and hence, cold spray is an ideal process for repair applications. In this study, INCONEL 718 particles were cold sprayed by using nitrogen as propellant gas. The deposited coatings with different thicknesses were characterized using electron microscopy techniques to study grain refinement and precipitates in the coating. In addition, depth-resolved residual stress measurements have been performed by the incremental hole drilling method. The residual stress depth profiles in the coatings indicate compressive residual stresses of several hundred MPa which are hardly influenced by the coating thickness. In addition, large compressive stress levels are found in surface-near regions of the substrate due to the grit blasting process. Furthermore, a post-heat treatment analysis was performed to investigate its influence on residual stresses and bonding strength. These findings are used to develop a consistent explanation of the dependence of strength values on thickness.
3D Optical Imaging as a New Tool for the Objective Evaluation of Body Shape Changes After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Kroh Andreas , Peters Florian , Alizai Patrick H. , Schmitz Sophia , Hölzle Frank , Neumann Ulf P. , Ulmer Florian T. , Modabber Ali
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment option for obesity. It results in massive weight loss and improvement of obesity-related diseases. At the same time, it leads to a drastic change in body shape. These body shape changes are mainly measured by two-dimensional measurement methods, such as hip and waist circumference. These measurement methods suffer from significant measurement errors and poor reproducibility. Here, we present a three-dimensional measurement tool of the torso that can provide an objective and reproducible source for the detection of body shape changes after bariatric surgery.

Material and Methods

In this study, 25 bariatric patients were scanned with Artec EVA®, an optical three-dimensional mobile scanner up to 1 week before and 6 months after surgery. Data were analyzed, and the volume of the torso, the abdominal circumference and distances between specific anatomical landmarks were calculated. The results of the processed three-dimensional measurements were compared with clinical data concerning weight loss and waist circumference.

Results

The volume of the torso decreased after bariatric surgery. Loss of volume correlated strongly with weight loss 6 months after the operation (r = 0.6425, p = 0.0005). Weight loss and three-dimensional processed data correlated better (r = 0.6121, p = 0.0011) than weight loss and waist circumference measured with a measuring tape (r = 0.3148, p = 0.1254).

Conclusion

Three-dimensional imaging provides an objective and reproducible source for the detection of body shape changes after bariatric surgery. We recommend its use for the evaluation of central obesity, particularly for research issues and body imaging before and after bariatric surgery.
Parents’ Marital Quality and Children’s Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Brauner-Otto Sarah R. , Axinn William G. , Ghimire Dirgha J.
Published: February 2020

Unique longitudinal measures from Nepal allow us to link both mothers’ and fathers’ reports of their marital relationships with a subsequent long-term record of their children’s behaviors. We focus on children’s educational attainment and marriage timing because these two dimensions of the transition to adulthood have wide-ranging, long-lasting consequences. We find that children whose parents report strong marital affection and less spousal conflict attain higher levels of education and marry later than children whose parents do not. Furthermore, these findings are independent of each other and of multiple factors known to influence children’s educational attainment and marriage timing. These intriguing results support theories pointing toward the long-term intergenerational consequences of variations in multiple dimensions of parents’ marriages.
On the inverse eigenvalue problem of symmetric nonnegative matrices
Authors: Nazari A. M. , Mashayekhi A. , Nezami A.
Published: February 2020

In this paper, at first for a given set of real numbers with only one positive number, and in continue for a given set of real numbers in special conditions, we construct a symmetric nonnegative matrix such that the given set is its spectrum.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Preoperative Evaluation: What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Otto James M. , Levett Denny Z. H. , Grocott Michael P. W.
Published: February 2020

Purpose of Review

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) informs the preoperative evaluation process by providing individualised risk profiles; guiding shared decision-making, comorbidity optimisation and preoperative exercise training; and informing perioperative patient management. This review summarises evidence on the role of CPET in preoperative evaluation and explores the role of novel and emerging CPET variables and alternative testing protocols that may improve the precision of preoperative evaluation in the future.

Recent Findings

CPET provides a wealth of physiological data, and to date, much of this is underutilised clinically. For example, impaired chronotropic responses during and after CPET are simple to measure and in recent studies are predictive of both cardiac and noncardiac morbidity following surgery but are rarely reported. Exercise interventions are increasingly being used preoperatively, and endurance time derived from a high intensity constant work rate test should be considered as the most sensitive method of evaluating the response to training. Further research is required to identify the clinically meaningful difference in endurance time. Measuring efficiency may have utility, but this requires exploration in prospective studies.

Further work is needed to define contemporaneous risk thresholds, to explore the role of other CPET variables in risk prediction, to better characterise CPET’s role in combination with other tools in multifactorial risk stratification and increasingly to evaluate CPET’s utility for preoperative exercise prescription in prehabilitation.
Non-associative structures of commutative algebras related with quadratic Poisson brackets
Authors: Artemovych Orest D. , Blackmore Denis , Prykarpatski Anatolij K.
Published: February 2020

There are studied algebraic properties of quadratic Poisson brackets on non-associative non-commutative algebras, compatible with their multiplicative structure. Their relations both with derivations of symmetric tensor algebras and Yang–Baxter structures on the adjacent Lie algebras are demonstrated. Special attention is paid to quadratic Poisson brackets of Lie–Poisson type, examples of Balinsky–Novikov and Leibniz algebras are discussed. The non-associative structures of commutative algebras related with Balinsky–Novikov, Leibniz, Lie, and Zinbiel algebras are studied in detail.
Application of Surface Layer Inoculation Processes to Solid Solution-Strengthened Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Franzen Daniel , Weiß Konrad , Gundlach Joachim , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas
Published: February 2020

Within the present investigations, an in-mould inoculation method for ductile cast iron with elevated silicon contents was developed. The inoculation process takes place at the interface between the mould’s surface and the melt. The application of a mould wall inoculation process allows inoculation at the latest possible point in time, which means high efficiency due to reduced fading effects. For this purpose, various inoculant suspensions are produced, containing inoculants in different amounts and grain fractions. The inoculant is applied to the surface of a PEP SET™-bonded moulding material by means of an air-pressurized spraying pistol. The specimen geometry used in the tests is a 5-stepped wedge, which represents wall thicknesses in the range of 5–40 mm. For a total of 8 castings, inoculant fractions in the spectrum of 0–25 and 0–45 μm are used to produce the solid solution-strengthened grade EN-GJS-500-14 that is specified in the European standard EN 1563. Metallographic investigations show that a complete solidification according to the stable system can be adjusted in the investigated wall thicknesses by inoculation with grain fractions of 0–25 μm.
Präferenzen und Einstellungen zu vieldiskutierten verkehrspolitischen Maßnahmen: Ergebnisse einer Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2018
Authors: Andor Mark A. , Frondel Manuel , Horvath Marco , Larysch Tobias , Ruhrort Lisa
Published: February 2020

Der Autoverkehr ist in vielen Städten zu einer hohen Belastung geworden. Um die Alternativen zum Autoverkehr zu stärken, kursiert eine Vielzahl von Vorschlägen, etwa der Ausbau von Fahrradwegen, wenn nötig auch auf Kosten des Autoverkehrs. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Erhebung unter knapp 7000 Haushaltsvorständen aus dem Jahr 2018, mit der die Zustimmung zu derartigen Vorschlägen eruiert wurde. Die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse sind zwiespältiger Natur. Einerseits stimmt beispielsweise die absolute Mehrheit von 69 % der Befragten für die Ausweisung von für Busse reservierter Fahrstreifen auf staubelasteten Straßen und knapp die Hälfte ist für Fahrverbote für Fahrzeuge, die Schadstoffgrenzwerte überschreiten. Andererseits ist die absolute Mehrheit von 57,3 % der Befragten gegen höhere Kosten für das Parken in Innenstädten und knapp die Hälfte lehnt ein Verbot von Fahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotor ab dem Jahr 2035 ab.
Entrepreneurial competences revised: developing a consolidated and categorized list of entrepreneurial competences
Authors: Tittel Alexander , Terzidis Orestis
Published: February 2020

The goal of entrepreneurship education is to prepare students for entrepreneurial practice and to develop profound entrepreneurial competences. Due to the heterogeneity in definitions and competence frameworks in the field of entrepreneurship education, literature and practice still illustrate much confusion about what should be taught in academic entrepreneurship courses and which competences need to be developed. An in-depth review of entrepreneurial competences dates back to the year 2008 by Mitchtelmore and Rowley. The purpose of this paper is to review newer contributions and propose a synthesis of state-of-the-art by developing an updated entrepreneurial competence framework. Both, a consolidated categorization approach and a list of entrepreneurial competences are developed and suggested for educators for the development of academic courses and practice-oriented training programs.
State-of-the-Art-Bildgebung von neuroendokrinen Tumoren
Authors: Putzer Daniel , Gabriel Michael , Bale Reto Josef , Jaschke Werner Rudolf
Published: February 2020

Die PET/CT hat als Hybridbildgebung die Vorteile einer exakten Darstellung anatomisch-morphologischer Verhältnisse in der CT und einer effektiven Lokalisierung von Tumorherden in der PET unter Verwendung von Somatostatin(SST)-Analoga vereint. Die Weiterentwicklung radioaktiv markierter Derivate synthetisch hergestellter SST-Analoga und die technische Verbesserung der PET-Technik, mit höherer Auflösung bei gleichzeitig spezifischer Bindung der Radiopharmaka an verschiedene Somatostatin-Rezeptor-Subtypen hat zur Entwicklung von neuen Anwendungen in der Diagnose von neuroendokrinen Tumoren (NET) beigetragen.
The Ethics of Noncompete Clauses
Authors: Frye Harrison
Published: February 2020

Noncompete clauses (NCCs), or agreements by employees to not work for a competitor or start a competing business, have recently faced increased public scrutiny and criticism. This article provides a qualified defense of NCCs. I focus on the argument that NCCs should be banned because they unfairly restrict the options of employees. I argue that this argument fails because it neglects the economist Thomas Schelling’s insight that limiting exit options can be beneficial for a person. This employee-based defense of NCCs does not absolve all their uses, but it does give us a rough test for evaluating the permissibility of NCCs. With this test in hand, I turn to some of the more controversial uses of NCCs. For those who weigh heavily the interests of employees, the question is not whether NCCs, but when.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients presenting to a tertiary care center emergency department with invasive group A streptococcal infections
Authors: Dudar Karly , Littlefield Shalyn , Garnett Meghan
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a geographic area that sees a high volume of cases.

Methods

We conducted a health records review of consecutive patients presenting to the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre Emergency Department (ED) in 2016–2017 with a diagnosis of invasive group A streptococcal infection using ICD-10 codes. Patient demographics, host characteristics, triage vital signs, laboratory values, culture sites, and disposition were described using univariate and bivariate statistics.

Results

Forty-four adult cases were identified over 2 years, with a median age of 44 years (interquartile range, 35–52). The most prevalent risk factors were diabetes mellitus (45%), current or previous alcohol abuse (39%), and current or previous intravenous drug use (34%). The two most abnormal triage vitals signs were a heart rate ≥ 100 beats per minute in 32 (73%) cases and a respiratory rate ≥ 20 breaths per minute in 27 (63%) cases. The temperature was ≥ 38°C in only 14 (32%) of cases. The C-reactive protein (CRP) was always elevated when measured, and greater than 150 mg/L in 20 (71%) of cases. One-third of patients had an ED visit in the preceding 7 days before the diagnosis of invasive group A Streptococcus.

Conclusions

Invasive group A streptococcal infections often present insidiously in adult patients with mild tachycardia and tachypnea at triage. The CRP was the most consistently abnormal laboratory investigation.
Assessing appropriateness of pediatric emergency department visits: is it even possible?
Authors: Paul Jessica E. , Zhu Katie Y. , Meckler Garth D. , Park David K. , Doan Quynh
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Numerous studies reported on the frequency of, and factors associated with inappropriate or unnecessary emergency department (ED) visits using clinician judgment as the gold standard of appropriateness. This study evaluated the reliability of clinician judgment for assessing appropriateness of pediatric ED visit.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing 3 clinicians’ determination of ED visit appropriateness with and without guidance from a three-question structured algorithm. We used a cohort of scheduled ED return visits deemed appropriate by the index treating clinician between May 1, 2012, and April 30, 2013. We measured the level of agreement among three clinician investigators with and without use of the structured algorithm.

Results

A total of 207 scheduled ED return visits were reviewed by the primary clinician reviewer who agreed with the index treating clinician for 79/207 visits (38.2%). Among a random subset of 90 return visits reviewed by all three clinicians, agreement was 67% with a Fleiss’ Kappa of 0.30 (0.17–0.44). Using a three-question algorithm based on objective criteria, agreement with the index treating provider increased to 115/207 (55.6%).

Conclusions

Although an important contributor to pediatric ED overcrowding, unnecessary or inappropriate visits are difficult to identify. We demonstrated poor reliability of clinician judgment to determine appropriateness of ED return visits, likely due to variability in clinical decision-making and risk-tolerance, social and systems factors impacting access and use of health care. We recommend that future studies evaluating the appropriateness of ED use standardized, objective criteria rather than clinician judgment alone.
Neural signatures of promotion versus prevention goal priming: fMRI evidence for distinct cognitive-motivational systems
Authors: Detloff Allison M. , Hariri Ahmad R. , Strauman Timothy J.
Published: February 2020

Regulatory focus theory (RFT) postulates two cognitive-motivational systems for personal goal pursuit: the promotion system, which is associated with ideal goals (an individual’s hopes, dreams, and aspirations), and the prevention system, which is associated with ought goals (an individual’s duties, responsibilities, and obligations). The two systems have been studied extensively in behavioral research with reference to differences between promotion and prevention goal pursuit as well as the consequences of perceived attainment versus nonattainment within each system. However, no study has examined the neural correlates of each combination of goal domain and goal attainment status. We used a rapid masked idiographic goal priming paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging to present individually selected promotion and prevention goals, which participants had reported previously that they were close to attaining (“match”) or far from attaining (“mismatch”). Across the four priming conditions, significant activations were observed in bilateral insula (Brodmann area (BA) 13) and visual association cortex (BA 18/19). Promotion priming discriminantly engaged left prefrontal cortex (BA 9), whereas prevention priming discriminantly engaged right prefrontal cortex (BA 8/9). Activation in response to promotion goal priming was also correlated with an individual difference measure of perceived success in promotion goal attainment. Our findings extend the construct validity of RFT by showing that the two systems postulated by RFT, under conditions of both attainment and nonattainment, have shared and distinct neural correlates that interface logically with established network models of self-regulatory cognition.
Bayesian Modeling of Wood-Age Offsets in Cremated Bone
Authors: Rose Helene Agerskov , Meadows John , Henriksen Mogens Bo
Published: February 2020

Experimental studies have shown that significant carbon exchange occurs between bone-apatite and the pyre atmosphere during cremation, which can cause a calendar date offset between the radiocarbon (14C) event and the date of cremation. There are limited empirical data available to assess the magnitude of such wood-age offsets, but the aim of this paper is to test if they can be modeled statistically. We present new14C dates on modern bone cremated in realistic open-air experiments and on archaeological samples of cremated bone and associated organic material. Experimental results demonstrate a wide range of carbon exchange with a mean of 58.6 ± 14.8%. Archaeological results indicate that the wood-age offsets have an approximately exponential distribution. We test whether the default Charcoal Outlier_Model in OxCal v4.3, developed to reduce the impact of wood-age offsets in dates of charcoal, is appropriate for cremated bone, but find that it slightly underestimates apparent offsets. To counter the intrinsic age of both pyre fuel and unburned bio-apatite, we instead propose a bespoke Cremation Outlier_Model, which combines an exponential distribution of calendar age offsets with a minimum offset, and provides better estimates of the actual dates of cremations.
Killing in the Slums: Social Order, Criminal Governance, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: MAGALONI BEATRIZ , FRANCO-VIVANCO EDGAR , MELO VANESSA
Published: February 2020

State interventions against organized criminal groups (OCGs) sometimes work to improve security, but often exacerbate violence. To understand why, this article offers a theory about criminal governance in five types of criminal regimes—Insurgent, Bandit, Symbiotic, Predatory, and Split. These differ according to whether criminal groups confront or collude with state actors, abuse or cooperate with the community, and hold a monopoly or contest territory with rival OCGs. Police interventions in these criminal regimes pose different challenges and are associated with markedly different local security outcomes. We provide evidence of this theory by using a multimethod research design combining quasi-experimental statistical analyses, automated text analysis, extensive qualitative research, and a large-N survey in the context of Rio de Janeiro’s “Pacifying Police Units” (UPPs), which sought to reclaim control of the favelas from criminal organizations.
Maximal functions associated with families of homogeneous curves: Lp bounds for P ≤ 2
Authors: Guo Shaoming , Roos Joris , Seeger Andreas , Yung Po-Lam
Published: February 2020

Let M(u), H(u) be the maximal operator and Hilbert transform along the parabola (t, ut2). For U ⊂ (0, ∞) we consider Lp estimates for the maximal functions sup u∈U|M(u)f| and sup u∈U|H(u)f|, when 1 < p ≤ 2. The parabolas can be replaced by more general non-flat homogeneous curves.
The True Meaning of Rationality as a Distinct Ground of Judicial Review in United Kingdom Public Law
Authors: Nehushtan Yossi
Published: February 2020

Ever since theWednesburydecision in 1947, United Kingdom public law has been applying the concepts of ‘rationality’ and ‘reasonableness’ indistinguishably. Rationality has also been used as a ‘mega-ground of judicial review’, covering many other, distinct grounds of review. The main purpose of this article is to promote conceptual clarity in UK public law by highlighting the overlooked differences between reasonableness and rationality, indicating the nature of rationality as a distinct ground of judicial review and explaining why it should not be used as a mega-ground of review. It is argued that (i) reasonableness is in its essence a balancing and weighing test; (ii) the most accurate way of understanding rationality review in public law is to perceive it as ‘instrumental rationality’ or as a ‘suitability test’ which reviews the logical and causal connection between means and end; (iii) this ‘instrumental’ perception of rationality is already applied in UK public law as part of the proportionality test; (iv) rationality, unlike reasonableness, is not a weighing and balancing test; thus it is wrong to use the concepts of ‘reasonableness review’ and ‘rationality review’ indistinguishably; and (v) it is conceptually wrong and confusing to use rationality as a ‘mega-ground of review’.
The (Failed) Attempt to Try the Kaiser and the Long (Forgotten) History of International Criminal Law: Thoughts FollowingThe Trial of the Kaiserby William A Schabas
Authors: Bohrer Ziv
Published: February 2020

The conventional historic account maintains that international criminal law (ICL) was ‘born’ after the Second World War. This account is incomplete, as William Schabas's book,The Trial of the Kaiser(2018), captivatingly shows by richly portraying the (aborted) First World War initiative to try the German Kaiser before an international tribunal. However, this article (after providing an overview of Schabas's book) argues that Schabas's account of a First World War ICL ‘birth’ is also incomplete. ICL during the First World War era was but one link in a much longer historical chain. The essay demonstrates this fact by presenting certain elements of the long (forgotten) history of ICL, which provide answers to questions that have been left unanswered, not only by the conventional account (of a Second World War ICL ‘birth’) but also by Schabas's account (of a First World War ICL ‘birth’). As the article discusses, the unveiling of a greater ICL history indicates that international criminal tribunals are not a modern innovation, and reveals the origins of ‘crimes against humanity’, of ‘aggression’ and of the universal jurisdiction doctrine. The essay further discusses reasons for the non-remembrance of the long history of ICL, the importance of acknowledging that history, and the likelihood of it becoming widely acknowledged in the near future.
On-farm use of a water hardness test kit to assess total blood calcium level in dairy cattle
Authors: Fiore Filippo , Cocco Raffaella , Musina Daniele , Spissu Nicoletta
Published: February 2020

In this Research Communication we report the measurement of total blood calcium concentration with a water hardness test kit (WHTK) in dairy cattle and compare the results to a reference method. The study was carried out on 107 Holstein Friesian cows from three commercial dairy farms in Sardinia (Italy). Blood samples were collected ≤7 d from calving and total serum calcium concentration was determined using a biochemical analyzer and a WHTK. The relationship between the laboratory results and the WHTK results was investigated using Spearman's rank correlation test and simple linear regression was determined. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation were also calculated. The test values were highly correlated with the laboratory values (R2= 0.72,P< 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity were respectively 88 and 83% for the WHTK and intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 7.3 and 11.3% respectively. The WHTK was identified as a potential on-farm tool for monitoring early postpartum Ca concentrations at herd level.
Archaic Sovereignty and Colonial Law: The reintroduction of corporal punishment in colonial India, 1864–1909
Authors: MCCLURE ALASTAIR
Published: February 2020

The judicial and summary punishment of whipping—absent from the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860—was passed into law through Act No. VI of 1864. This legislation, tacked on as an appendage to the IPC, invested the judge with wider discretionary powers to administer violence across Indian society. In this case what emerged was an evolving attempt to enlarge the colonial state's capacity for quotidian violence, targeting certain bodies to reaffirm, manage, and police the social hierarchies upon which colonial sovereignty depended. In the context of a slow imperial movement away from the cast-iron distinctions that had been made between groups in the early nineteenth century—distinctions that had, among other things, supported a legally enforced system of slavery—new methods to mark the value of different bodies were created. The events of the 1850s, in particular the rebellion of 1857–1858, saw the re-emergence of the colonial idea that certain bodies could withstand violence, and that violence itself could be used to create economically productive colonial societies, in debates around penal law and punishment. This article will trace this history through formal legal restrictions and informal legal-cultural practices in relation to corporal punishment in colonial India. Over the course of the period under study, this legislation introduced into law what one official termed ‘the category of the “whippable”’.1Charting the changing shape of this legal category along lines of race, gender, caste, class, and age, the article will argue that a logic of exceptionality, channelled here through the application of judicial violence, attempted to structure and manage Indian society in complicated ways.
Sustainable resource development in the Arctic: Using export trade agreements to restrict environmentally harmful subsidies
Authors: Kobayashi Tomohiko
Published: February 2020

Although the Arctic is emerging as a promising region for energy development and maritime transportation, navigational safety is a persistent and growing concern. What can international trade regulations do to ensure the safe transportation of natural resources on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the sustainable development of the Arctic region? Government support is almost inevitable for shipyards, particularly in a highly competitive market. Shipyards build large-scale vessels that navigate the Arctic Ocean. However, excessive export competition will soon lead to over-production and exportation of substandard products. Assuming that even a single incident in the NSR could have a disastrous impact on the flora and fauna of the entire Arctic region, the potential for substandard vessel use represents a significant risk and potential damage to the environment. Although the World Trade Organization (WTO) has detailed rules for this purpose with an effective dispute settlement mechanism, the history of WTO disputes has proven that WTO proceedings sometimes result in unintended consequences. As an alternative option, along with negotiations under the WTO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), this paper suggests the possibility of a critical mass agreement to mutually allow more flexible government support for vessels only if they have superior environmental performance.
Timing dysfunction and cerebellar resting state functional connectivity abnormalities in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis
Authors: Osborne K. Juston , Damme Katherine S. F. , Gupta Tina , Dean Derek J. , Bernard Jessica A. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: February 2020

Background

Consistent with pathophysiological models of psychosis, temporal disturbances in schizophrenia spectrum populations may reflect abnormal cortical (e.g. prefrontal cortex) and subcortical (e.g. striatum) cerebellar connectivity. However, few studies have examined associations between cerebellar connectivity and timing dysfunction in psychosis populations, and none have been conducted in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Thus, it is currently unknown if impairments in temporal processes are present in CHR youth or how they may be associated with cerebellar connectivity and worsening of symptoms.

Methods

A total of 108 (56 CHR/52 controls) youth were administered an auditory temporal bisection task along with a resting state imaging scan to examine cerebellar resting state connectivity. Positive and negative symptoms at baseline and 12 months later were also quantified.

Results

Controlling for alcohol and cannabis use, CHR youth exhibited poorer temporal accuracy compared to controls, and temporal accuracy deficits were associated with abnormal connectivity between the bilateral anterior cerebellum and a right caudate/nucleus accumbens striatal cluster. Poor temporal accuracy accounted for 11% of the variance in worsening of negative symptoms over 12 months.

Conclusions

Behavioral findings suggest CHR youth perceive durations of auditory tones as shortened compared to objective time, which may indicate a slower internal clock. Poorer temporal accuracy in CHR youth was associated with abnormalities in brain regions involved in an important cerebellar network implicated in prominent pathophysiological models of psychosis. Lastly, temporal accuracy was associated with worsening of negative symptoms across 12 months, suggesting temporal dysfunction may be sensitive to illness progression.
“The State” of International Studies: Curriculum Design
Authors: Gentry Bobbi , Stojek Szymon
Published: February 2020

In recent decades, institutions across the United States have increasingly emphasized global education as a prerequisite to successful existence in a diverse yet interconnected world. At the same time, there is increasing awareness that the decline in international studies (IS) has resulted in the United States being ill prepared to address complex global challenges. King (2015) lamented that the United States now increasingly lacks regional experts who understand the country-specific challenges and can place them in a larger global strategic context. How the discipline engages students in a global environment matters; however, the field provides little guidance on how to design global studies majors. IS and global studies are apparently both important and neglected. This study examines the curricula for IS, international relations, international affairs, and global studies programs housed in political science. By reviewing more than 100 programs that offer bachelor’s degrees, the authors identify similarities and differences in curricula and present a summative model of a typical IS program housed in political science departments.
Qiuwen(Bibliomancy): Enlivening the Chinese Union Bible
Authors: CHUI-SHAN CHOW CHRISTIE
Published: February 2020

The production of the Union Bible was designed to provide Chinese Protestants with a standardised sacred text to better understand and approach the Christian faith in their native language. While believers regard the translated Scripture as a moral compass that gives spiritual references to everyday challenges, the methods of acquiring these references point to individual creativity and improvisation. When the Union Bible was banned from circulation in the public domain during the Maoist period (1949–1976), Chinese church leaders were jailed and reading the Bible was deemed to be subversive, how did ordinary Protestants draw on their reading of the Union Bible to sustain their religious commitment beyond initial conversion? How did they construct a biblically-centered faith against the socialist indoctrination? This study investigates the centrality of the Union Bible among Chinese Seventh-day Adventists in Wenzhou from the 1950s to 1970s. In particular, it explores how two female Adventists enmeshed the Chinese mode of divination with their daily Bible reading for spiritual insights as they confronted personal and congregational crises in the Maoist era. It argues that this indigenous mode of Bible reading sheds light on the ways in which Chinese Adventists asserted and empowered their scriptural-textual authority, interpretive agency, and personal piety against the state's relentless atheistic propaganda.
SYSTEMATICALLY SHORTCHANGED, YET CARRYING ON
Authors: Evans Linnea A. , Geronimus Arline T. , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard
Published: February 2020

School reform policies, such as the closure of “low-performing” schools and the competitive introduction of school choice and charters, were presented to communities of color as the fix to educational inequities and the lifeline needed for urban Black students to have a chance at a quality education and social mobility. The ways in which reforms have under-delivered on this promise, and in some cases exacerbated negative academic outcomes, particularly for Black boys, are documented. Yet, research on the experience of Black adolescent girls is sparse. We explore ways that policies aimed at delivering a school choice environment have affected daily life for Black adolescent girls. We examine this issue in the context of the Detroit metropolitan area with Black adolescent girls, reflecting on their high school education experiences that spanned a time-period of rapid transitions in the schooling environment (2014–2016) prompted by a series of school reforms in Michigan. Through in-depth interviews we found that girls sought to invest in their high school education as a path to college; yet the very reforms advanced as ways to clear this path hindered their ability to spend time on the human and social capital activities believed to be important to their academic success and social mobility. Our findings suggest advantages for those students with proximal access to high quality neighborhood schools cannot be replicated in a choice environment. There may also be health consequences of the coping strategies girls are compelled to employ to carry on under adverse educational circumstances.
Improved Hydrometeor Detection Method: An Application to CloudSat
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Ge Jinming , Li Yanrong , Marchand Roger , Huang Jianping , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2020

Clouds play an important role in the climate system and are a principal source of uncertainty in climate projections. CloudSat has provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the vertical structure of clouds, and its observations are being widely used in scientific studies. However, some clouds are not detected or are only weakly detected by CloudSat. In most studies, the weakest detections, specifically those detected by the so‐called along‐track integration scheme, are typically ignored due to the high rate of false detections, namely, a significant probability that a detected cloud is actually a region of increased measurement noise, rather than a true cloud signal. False detections have been reduced in the latest version (called R05 for release 5) of the CloudSat cloud mask product but at a cost of a significant loss in the true weak signals (i.e., a higher false omission rate). In this study, the CloudSat hydrometeor detection algorithm used in R05 is modified by adding a bilateral filter scheme to improve the detection of weak signals. By comparing with the CALIPSO lidar vertical feature mask, it is shown that the new scheme largely reduces the false detection rate compared to the R04 version, while retaining a large fraction of the true weak signals that have been lost in the R05 version. Implementing this scheme in future CloudSat data processing is expected to lead to a better detection of thin clouds.
Effects of an Intrinsic Magnetic Field on Ion Loss From Ancient Mars Based on Multispecies MHD Simulations
Authors: Sakata R. , Seki K. , Sakai S. , Terada N. , Shinagawa H. , Tanaka T.
Published: February 2020

Ion loss to space has played an important role in atmospheric escape and climate change on Mars because of intense solar activity during a younger, more active phase of the Sun. Although the existence of an intrinsic magnetic field on ancient Mars is also a key factor in ion loss, its effect remains unclear. Based on multispecies magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations, we investigated processes and rates of ion loss from Mars under extreme solar conditions and the existence of a dipole field with different strengths. The effects of a dipole field on ion loss depend on whether the dipolar magnetic pressure is strong enough to sustain the solar wind dynamic pressure. When the dipole field is existent but weak, it facilitates the cusp outflow and increases the loss rates of molecular ions (O2+ and CO2+) by a factor of 6 through the high‐latitude magnetotail. When the dipole field is strong enough, the loss rates of molecular ions are decreased by 2 orders of magnitude, and peaks of the escape flux are located near the equatorial plane due to the magnetic reconnection in the northern‐dusk or southern‐dawn lobe regions. The pickup process on the extended oxygen corona created by the strong EUV flux contributes to the total O+ loss. Therefore, the effects of the dipole field are less pronounced for O+. Under more moderate solar EUV conditions, the effects on O+ loss can be stronger and thus contribute to climate change.
Three‐Dimensional X‐line Spreading in Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Li Tak Chu , Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hesse Michael , Zou Ying
Published: February 2020

Three‐dimensional X‐line spreading is important for the coupling between global dynamics and local kinetic physics of magnetic reconnection. Using large‐scale 3‐D particle‐in‐cell simulations, we investigate the spreading of the X‐line out of the reconnection plane under a strong guide field in asymmetric reconnection. The X‐line spreading speed depends strongly on the equilibrium current sheet thickness. In a simulation with a thick, ion‐scale equilibrium current sheet (CS), the X‐line spreads at the ambient species drift speeds, which are significantly lower than the Alfvén speed based on the guide field
(sub‐Alfvénic spreading). In simulations with a sub‐ion‐scale CS, the X‐line spreads at
instead (Alfvénic spreading). An Alfvénic signal consistent with kinetic Alfvén waves develops and propagates, leading to CS thinning and extending, which ultimately causes reconnection onset. The continuous onset of reconnection along the propagation direction of the signal manifests as Alfvénic X‐line spreading. The strong dependence on the CS thickness of the spreading speeds and the orientation of the X‐line are consistent with the collisionless tearing instability. Our simulations indicate that when the collisionless tearing growth is sufficiently strong in a thinner CS such that
, Alfvénic X‐line spreading can effectively take place. Our results compare favorably with a number of numerical simulations and recent magnetopause observations. An important implication of this work is that the magnetopause CS is typically too thick for the X‐line to spread at the Alfvén speed.
Modeling of Ionospheric Responses to Atmospheric Acoustic and Gravity Waves Driven by the 2015 Nepal 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake
Authors: Inchin P. A. , Snively J. B. , Zettergren M. D. , Komjathy A. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Tulasi Ram S.
Published: February 2020

Near‐ and far‐field ionospheric responses to atmospheric acoustic and gravity waves (AGWs) generated by surface displacements during the 2015 Nepal
7.8 Gorkha earthquake are simulated. Realistic surface displacements driven by the earthquake are calculated in three‐dimensional forward seismic waves propagation simulation, based on kinematic slip model. They are used to excite AGWs at ground level in the direct numerical simulation of three‐dimensional nonlinear compressible Navier‐Stokes equations with neutral atmosphere model, which is coupled with a two‐dimensional nonlinear multifluid electrodynamic ionospheric model. The importance of incorporating earthquake rupture kinematics for the simulation of realistic coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) is demonstrated and the possibility of describing faulting mechanisms and surface deformations based on ionospheric observations is discussed in details. Simulation results at the near‐epicentral region are comparable with total electron content (TEC) observations in periods (
3.3 and
6‐10 min for acoustic and gravity waves, respectively), propagation velocities (
0.92 km/s for acoustic waves) and amplitudes (up to
2 TECu). Simulated far‐field CIDs correspond to long‐period (
4 mHz) Rayleigh waves (RWs), propagating with the same phase velocity of
4 km/s. The characteristics of modeled RW‐related ionospheric disturbances differ from previously‐reported observations based on TEC data; possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Local Time Asymmetries in Jupiter's Magnetodisc Currents
Authors: Lorch C. T. S. , Ray L. C. , Arridge C. S. , Khurana K. K. , Martin C. J. , Bader A.
Published: February 2020

We present an investigation into the currents within the Jovian magnetodisc using all available spacecraft magnetometer data up until 28 July 2018. Using automated data analysis processes as well as the most recent intrinsic field and current disk geometry models, a full local time coverage of the magnetodisc currents using 7,382 lobe traversals over 39 years is constructed. Our study demonstrates clear local time asymmetries in both the radial and azimuthal height‐integrated current densities throughout the current disk. Asymmetries persist within 30 R
where most models assume axisymmetry. Inward radial currents are found in the previously unmapped dusk and noon sectors. Azimuthal currents are found to be weaker in the dayside magnetosphere than the nightside, in agreement with global magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The divergence of the azimuthal and radial currents indicates that downward field‐aligned currents exist within the outer dayside magnetosphere. The presence of azimuthal currents is shown to highly influence the location of the field‐aligned currents, which emphasizes the importance of the azimuthal currents in future magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling models. Integrating the divergence of the height‐integrated current densities, we find that 1.87 MA R
of return current density required for system closure is absent.