bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inheritance and Genetic Gain in Wood Stiffness in Radiata Pine Assessed Acoustically in Young Standing Trees
Authors: Matheson A. C. , Gapare W. J. , Ilic J. , Wu H. X.
Published: October 2017

Wood stiffness, measured in terms of its modulus of elasticity (MoE) is an important characteristic of radiata pine for structural products. To select high stiffness radiata pine for breeding purpose, rapid, inexpensive methods for measuring wood stiffness are desirable. In this study, we explored acoustic instruments to measure stiffness of young standing trees in radiata pine and examined inheritance and genetic gain for stiffness in an Australian national breeding program. Time of flight of sound waves was recorded in standing trees in two progeny trials, one in eastern Victoria (Flynn) aged 8 years and the other in South Australia (Kromelite) aged 7 years. Average time of flight at Kromelite was higher than at Flynn, (519 μs/metre compared to 463 μs/metre) which corresponds to 3.7 GPa and 4.7 GPa for MoE, respectively. Heritability for time of flight was higher at Flynn (h2= 0.67 ± 0.10) than at Kromelite (h2= 0.30 ± 0.14). Selection of the best 10% for time of flight based on pooled data would result in 21% genetic gain in wood stiffness.
Spontaneous Hybridization between Pinus sylvestris L. and P. mugo Turra in Slovakia
Authors: Kormutak A. , Demankova B. , Gömöry D.
Published: October 2017

Molecular evidence for spontaneous hybridization between Pinus sylvestris L. and P. mugo Turra in the putative hybrid swarm populations of the species in Slovakia was provided based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the cpDNA trnV-trnH region. Species-specific restriction profiles generated by Hinf I digests of the cpDNA products reliably identified P. sylvestris and P. mugo haplotypes of the embryos from open pollination. Simultaneous analysis of the respective cpDNA region in megagametophytes and embryos of individual seeds along with needles of a given maternal tree has enabled to score either the P. sylvestris or P. mugo haplotypes in the embryos illustrating hybridization patterns between the two species. Data obtained in this way indicate a relatively extensive hybridization which takes place between P. sylvestris and P. mugo. The extent of hybridization varied among populations as evidenced by the 41.1-58.7% proportion of hybrid embryos registered on the locality Habovka, and by the 8.3% and 2.7% proportions of hybrid embryos on the localities Tisovnica and Sucha Hora, respectively. The approach itself is recommended as a convenient method for monitoring the hybridization patterns in sympatric zones of the studied pine species.
Primer Note: A New Set of Highly Polymorphic Nuclear Microsatellite Markers for Nothofagus nervosa and Related South American Species
Authors: Marchelli P. , Caron H. , Azpilicueta M. M. , Gallo L. A.
Published: October 2017

Nothofagus is the main component of southern South American temperate forests. Overexploitation in the past has led to the loss of 40% of the original distribution range. Genetic diversity as well as biological processes shaping the distribution of the genetic variation (e.g. gene flow) constitutes basic knowledge for the implementation of conservation measures and for the definition of Evolutionary Significant Units. Nuclear microsatellites are the marker of choice for gene flow and fine-scale genetic structure studies. We enlarged a previous set of microsatellites (SSRs) for South American Nothofagus species, with special concern to Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dim. et Mil. Five new SSRs are presented with allele numbers up to 12 in a single population. The primers transferred well to five related species (N. obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst, N. glauca (Phil.) Krasser, N. dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst , N. pumilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser and N. antarctica (G. Forster) Oerst, with allele numbers up to 11. The high level of polymorphism promises a sufficient power for gene flow and parentage analyses.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) from Northern Pakistan using Simple Sequence Repeats
Authors: Ali Khan M. , Maghuly F. , Borroto-Fernandez E. G. , Pedryc A. , Katinger H. , Laimer M.
Published: October 2017

A collection of 44 P. armeniaca accessions and three related species, from diverse geographic areas, covering the entire Northern hemisphere with emphasis on Pakistani apricots, was screened with 10 SSR primer pairs developed in apricot, to characterize the cultivars and establish their genetic relationship. Given the fact that the Central Asian region is considered a center of origin of apricot, particular attention was devoted to accessions from the Hunza region of Pakistan. The primers correctly amplified a repeatable polymorphic pattern, which unequivocally distinguished all genotypes under study. Altogether 123 alleles were identified with an average of 12.30 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity for individual loci ranged from 0.28 to 0.77 with an average of 0.64. A neighbour joining method identified four groups from: (A) Central Asia, (B) Irano-Caucasia, (C) Continental Europe and (D) North America. The dendrogram confirms the historic dissemination pathways of apricot from its centre of origin in Asia to the West. Apricot cultivars from the Hunza region (Northern Pakistan) revealed a high variability, as genetic diversity is still conserved due to the traditional practice of planting seeds from the best trees.
Genetic Variation in an International Provenance-Progeny Test of Pinus caribaea Mor. var. bahamensis Bar. et Gol., in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Sebbenn A. M. , Arantes F. C. , Boas O. V. , Freitas M. L. M.
Published: October 2017

A combined provenance-progeny test of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis was established in Paraguaçu Paulista Experimental Station, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a “compact family” blocks design with 14 provenances, 2 to 10 families per provenance, 5 individuals per subplot, and 7 replications. Variation among and within island, provenances and families and genetic parameters for d.b.h., height, and real volume were investigated, about 15 years after planting. Analysis of variation for all studied traits revealed significant differences among islands, provenances within island and families within islands, suggesting the possibility of increasing the timber yield through selection of the more productive provenances and families within the best island. Genetic correlations on growth traits were high and statistically significant, indicating that substantial gains could be made through indirect selection for one trait based on direct selection for another. Norman Castle provenance from Abaco Island performed best for d.b.h. height and volume, while San Andros and Little Harbour Cay, both from Andros Island performed worst for d.b.h. and height, respectively, and South Riding from Grand Bahamas Island performed worst for volume. The best provenance growth compared to that P. elliottii var. elliottii species at the same experimental site suggests that P. caribaea var. bahamensis has high silvicultural potential for the Paraguaçu Paulista region.
Spatial Genetic Structure Within Two Contrasting Stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Chybicki I. J. , Dzialuk A. , Trojankiewicz M. , Slawski M. , Burczyk J.
Published: October 2017

When considering neutral nuclear markers, genetic differentiation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations is known to be low. The homogeneity arises particularly as an effect of common ancestry in a recent evolutionary history as well as an extensive gene flow, especially through pollen. However, within populations several other forces may shape the spatial distribution of genetic variation, including establishment history, environmental and silvicultural selection. These local forces are known to produce non-random spatial patterns of genetic variation, however little is known on fine-scale spatial genetic structure of Scots pine. In this study, two stands of this species with different establishment histories, selected within one larger population located in northern Poland were genotyped and analysed for genetic variation and within-stand spatial genetic structure. Results revealed no differences in genetic variation, although stands are separated about 60 km, suggesting that the two populations share a common genetic pool. The spatial genetic structure in both stands was found to be slightly different and was attributed to differences in the mode of populations’ establishments. Finally, results confirmed that gene flow in Scots pine is extensive, causing genetic homogeneity within a single population.
A Strategy for the Second Breeding Cycle of Larix x marschlinsii in Québec, Canada Including Experiments to Guide Interspecific Tree Breeding Programme
Authors: Perron M.
Published: October 2017

A strategy for the genetic improvement of Larix decidua P. Mill., L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière and their hybrid (L. x marschlinsii Coaz) in Québec, Canada, was set up to provide short and long-term genetic gains, as well as basic populations for some fundamental experiments. A reciprocal recurrent selection with forward selection strategy (RRS-FS) will be applied by using a pollen mix breeding with a partial population paternity analysis (PMX/WPPA). The genetic mechanisms responsible for heterosis among trees remain poorly understood. This complicates the implementation of multi-species genetic improvement programmes seeking to achieve the full benefits of interspecific hybridization. Various strategies to exploit heterosis are outlined. To expand our knowledge and guide our future choices, basic research has been integrated directly into breeding and testing activities, as well as through experiments integrated within activities leading to recommendations about the top-ranked families to be used in reforestation (cuttings). These experiments can also serve as the basis for future studies seeking a better understanding of heterosis through molecular genetics.
Genetic Variation in Resistance Against Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. in Picea abies (L.) Karst. Expressed After Inoculation of Neighboring Stumps
Authors: Wellendorf H. , Thomsen I. M.
Published: October 2017

Based on the well-established knowledge that important spread of H. annosum is performed through spore infection of stumps and subsequent spread of mycelium to neighboring trees at points of root contact, an inoculation experiment was established in three adjacent fully pedigreed 17-year old Norway spruce field trials. In June 1995, every third row was cut and stump-inoculated with conidia belonging to the two contrasting types, P and S. 5 years later the remaining trees were evaluated by clear-cutting and mapping of rot occurrence. 34% of the trees were attacked. For each host-tree, the most likely source of infestation (i.e. possible inoculated donor-stump 5 years earlier) was evaluated based on orientation of the rot on the stump surface supplemented with samples of re-isolation of H. annosum of the two types. According to these estimates, the tested S-type turned out to be more aggressive towards Norway spruce than the tested P-type. Genetic variation in resistance was most convincingly detected in the most informative trial F175B. The pattern of genetic variation in the two roles as donor and host seems to differ. However, genetic variation was also expressed as general resistance, which is defined as the combined effect of donor stump, living host and across the two tested types of H. annosum. No indication of host x pathogen interaction was detected. This evidence combined with the general experience that resistance against root rot pathogens usually is partial and based on the cumulative effects of several genes, suggests that sustainable genetic gains in relative resistance may be obtainable in breeding programs of Norway spruce. The developed experimental set-up represents a useful concept for screening existing genetic trials for field resistance within a time scale of 5-6 years.
Genetic Variation in Two Rare Endemic Mexican Trees, Magnolia sharpii and Magnolia schiedeana
Authors: Newton A. C. , Gow J. , Robertson A. , Williams-Linera G. , Ramírez-Marcial N. , González-Espinosa M. , Allnutt T. R. , Ennos R.
Published: October 2017

Patterns of genetic variation were examined within two endemic tree species restricted to Mexican cloud forest, Magnolia sharpii and Magnolia schiedeana. Leaf samples collected from natural populations were analysed using PCR RFLP of cpDNA, Inter-SSR and isozyme genetic markers, which were used to test a series of hypotheses regarding patterns of intraspecific variation within the two species. Genetic diversity estimates derived from Inter-SSR markers (mean Spop of 0.56 and 0.50 for M. sharpii and M. schiedeana respectively) are comparable to values obtained for other tree species. As predicted on the basis of its larger geographic range, the degree of population differentiation was found to be higher within M. schiedeana than M. sharpii, with 12.9% and 3.4% of total variation recorded between populations for the two species respectively using isozymes, and 26% and 11% using Inter- SSR markers. Isozyme analyses indicated negative Fisvalues, which may be suggestive of inbreeding in populations of M. sharpii, but provided less evidence of inbreeding in M. schiedeana. On the basis of PCR RFLP analysis of cpDNA, two chloroplast types were differentiated, type A being recorded for all of the individuals of both species, with the exception of one population of M. schiedeana that was fixed for type B. These results are consistent with recent evidence suggesting that some endemic plant taxa are able to maintain relatively high diversity within populations despite the occurrence of inbreeding and genetic drift, and that species with wider geographic ranges tend to exhibit relatively high genetic differentiation among populations. Conservation strategies for these species need to take into account the significant genetic differences recorded among the populations studied.
What do we Lose with Online-Only Surveys? Estimating the Bias in Selected Political Variables Due to Online Mode Restriction
Authors: Pforr Klaus , Dannwolf Tanja
Published: October 2017

This paper adds to the discussion on the value of online surveys for political science research. Mainly because of the lower costs, collecting survey data over the web has become increasingly popular in recent years, despite the higher sampling and coverage error in web-only surveys, especially online access polls. Recruiting respondents for the actual panel surveys based on a representative sample using a different mode is regarded as a solution to the sampling problem. Two approaches have been used to tackle the problem of coverage error: Providing respondents with computers (e.g. LISS, ELIPPS, GIP) and offering a different mode than online to respondents, thereby adopting a mixed mode design (e.g. paper as in GALLUP, GESIS Panel). The literature suggests that offering participation in the respondent’s preferred mode affects response rates positively but not much is known about respondents’ reasoning to choose a specific mode. We argue that it is important to understand this decision to evaluate the selection into online surveys and the consequences this has for data quality. We investigate this question by drawing on data from the GESIS Panel face-to-face recruitment interview for building a mixed mode access panel (paper and web) in Germany that gave a mode choice to internet users. Our results suggest that web literacy, age and education alone do not explain the mode choice but that affinity towards the technology related to the online mode has an independent effect. In a second step, we analyse the effect of this selection mechanism on answers to questions on typical variables used in political participation research such as media competence, political interest and civic duty in the subsequent mixed mode survey. We assess the added value of adopting a mixed-mode strategy. The results inform the evaluation of biases in unimode online surveys.
Purification and characterization of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase produced by solid-state fermentation using corn bran
Authors: Uzun Umit , Demirci Erkol , Yildirim Akatin Melike
Published: October 2017

Background

Aim of the study was to produce α-amylase cheaply from Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 by solid-state fermentation and investigate its suitability for some industries.

Methods

Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase was purified with starch affinity method.

Results

The best production of enzyme was achieved by using corn bran. Optimum pH and temperature were 5.5 and 50°C, respectively. V
max and K
0.5 were determined as 238.8 U/mg protein and 0.03% from substrate-activity curve. Activity was maintained about 100% in the tested pHs after 1 day incubation. The enzyme conserved full of its activity at 4 and 28°C for 120 min. Mn2+, Ca2+, Tween 20, Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 activated the enzyme. The enzyme was highly active in the presence of some commercial detergents. The chocolate stains on the cotton fabrics were more effectively cleaned with the combination of a commercial detergent and purified enzyme. The purified enzyme also clarified the raw apple juice and desized the cotton fabrics.

Conclusion

The results showed that Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase might have potential application as a detergent additive. In addition, its activity between pH 4.0 and 7.0 may facilitate its use in the food and fruit processing industries.
Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Male Soccer Players: Positional Differences and Relationships With Performance Tests
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Moreno Matthew R. , Orjalo Ashley J. , Stage Alyssa A. , Liu Tricia M. , Birmingham-Babauta Samantha A. , Hurley Jillian M. , Torne Ibett A. , Beiley Megan D. , Risso Fabrice G. , Davis DeShaun L. , Lazar Adrina , Stokes John J. , Giuliano Dominic V.
Published: October 2017

Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Stage, AA, Liu, TM, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Hurley, JM, Torne, IA, Beiley, MD, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, Lazar, A, Stokes, JJ, and Giuliano, DV. Repeated-sprint ability in Division I collegiate male soccer players: positional differences and relationships with performance tests. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1362–1370, 2019—Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in essential for soccer. Important considerations when assessing RSA is whether there are differences between positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), and what physiological characteristics may contribute to RSA. This has not been assessed in collegiate male players. Eighteen Division I male field players from one school performed several performance tests. The RSA test involved 7 × 30-m sprints completed on 20-second cycles. Measurements included total time (TT), and performance decrement (percent change in time from the first to last sprint; PD). Subjects also completed tests of lower-body power (vertical [VJ] and standing broad jump [SBJ]); linear (30-m sprint; 0–5 m, 0–10 m, 0–30 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; and soccer-specific endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2; YYIRT2). A one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) determined between-position differences, and effect sizes were calculated. Pearson's correlations (p < 0.05) calculated relationships between RSA TT and PD with the other tests. There were no significant between-position differences for any test. There were large effects for the faster right-leg 505 and greater YYIRT2 distance for midfielders compared with defenders and forwards. Nonetheless, no between-position differences in RSA TT and PD were documented. There were relationships between RSA TT and the VJ (r = −0.59), SBJ (r = −0.61), 0–10 m (r = 0.64) and 0–30-m (r = 0.83) sprint intervals. There were no significant correlations for RSA PD. Male field players from one collegiate soccer team can demonstrate similar RSA across different positions. Greater lower-body power and sprinting speed could augment RSA.
Relationships Between Height, Arm Length, and Leg Length on the Mechanics of the Conventional and High-Handle Hexagonal Bar Deadlift
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Moreno Matthew R. , Orjalo Ashley J. , Lazar Adrina , Liu Tricia M. , Stage Alyssa A. , Birmingham-Babauta Samantha A. , Stokes John J. , Giuliano Dominic V. , Risso Fabrice G. , Davis DeShaun L. , Callaghan Samuel J.
Published: October 2017

Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Lazar, A, Liu, TM, Stage, AA, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Stokes, JJ, Giuliano, DV, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, and Callaghan, SJ. Relationships between height, arm length, and leg length on the mechanics of the conventional and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3011–3019, 2018—The study investigated relationships between arm length (AL) and leg length (LL) and conventional deadlift (CD) and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift (HHBD) mechanics. Twenty-three resistance-trained subjects (14 men and 9 women) completed a 1 repetition maximum CD and HHBD. A linear position transducer was used to measure lift distance and duration; peak and mean power, velocity, and force; time to peak power and velocity; and work. Right AL and LL were measured, and AL-to-LL ratio (AL:LL) was also calculated. Spearman's correlations (ρ; p ≤ 0.05) computed relationships between anthropometry and deadlift mechanics separately for men and women. For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work (ρ = 0.54–0.68); a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner (ρ = -0.67 to 0.78). For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work; a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner in the lift (ρ = 0.54–0.77). In women, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer CD lift distance (ρ = 0.67–0.92). For the HHBD, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer lift distance and greater mean velocity (ρ = 0.69–0.96). There was a negative relationship between AL and lift time (ρ = −0.83), which meant longer arms resulted in a lower HHBD lift time. Arm length may have influenced women more because of the fixed dimensions of the hexagonal bar. Coaches should be cognizant of potential differences in CD and HHBD work when performed by individuals of different body sizes.
ABLE: An Activity-Based Level Set Segmentation Algorithm for Two-Photon Calcium Imaging Data
Authors: Reynolds Stephanie , Abrahamsson Therese , Schuck Renaud , Sjöström P. Jesper , Schultz Simon R. , Dragotti Pier Luigi
Published: October 2017

We present an algorithm for detecting the location of cells from two-photon calcium imaging data. In our framework, multiple coupled active contours evolve, guided by a model-based cost function, to identify cell boundaries. An active contour seeks to partition a local region into two subregions, a cell interior and exterior, in which all pixels have maximally “similar” time courses. This simple, local model allows contours to be evolved predominantly independently. When contours are sufficiently close, their evolution is coupled, in a manner that permits overlap. We illustrate the ability of the proposed method to demix overlapping cells on real data. The proposed framework is flexible, incorporating no prior information regarding a cell’s morphology or stereotypical temporal activity, which enables the detection of cells with diverse properties. We demonstrate algorithm performance on a challenging mousein vitrodataset, containing synchronously spiking cells, and a manually labelled mousein vivodataset, on which ABLE (the proposed method) achieves a 67.5% success rate.
An αII Spectrin-Based Cytoskeleton Protects Large-Diameter Myelinated Axons from Degeneration
Authors: Huang Claire Yu-Mei , Zhang Chuansheng , Zollinger Daniel R. , Leterrier Christophe , Rasband Matthew N.
Published: October 2017

Axons must withstand mechanical forces, including tension, torsion, and compression. Spectrins and actin form a periodic cytoskeleton proposed to protect axons against these forces. However, because spectrins also participate in assembly of axon initial segments (AISs) and nodes of Ranvier, it is difficult to uncouple their roles in maintaining axon integrity from their functions at AIS and nodes. To overcome this problem and to determine the importance of spectrin cytoskeletons for axon integrity, we generated mice with αII spectrin-deficient peripheral sensory neurons. The axons of these neurons are very long and exposed to the mechanical forces associated with limb movement; most lack an AIS, and some are unmyelinated and have no nodes. We analyzed αII spectrin-deficient mice of both sexes and found that, in myelinated axons, αII spectrin forms a periodic cytoskeleton with βIV and βII spectrin at nodes of Ranvier and paranodes, respectively, but that loss of αII spectrin disrupts this organization.Avil-cre;Sptan1f/fmice have reduced numbers of nodes, disrupted paranodal junctions, and mislocalized Kv1 K+channels. We show that the density of nodal βIV spectrin is constant among axons, but the density of nodal αII spectrin increases with axon diameter. Remarkably,Avil-cre;Sptan1f/fmice have intact nociception and small-diameter axons, but severe ataxia due to preferential degeneration of large-diameter myelinated axons. Our results suggest that nodal αII spectrin helps resist the mechanical forces experienced by large-diameter axons, and that αII spectrin-dependent cytoskeletons are also required for assembly of nodes of Ranvier.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA periodic axonal cytoskeleton consisting of actin and spectrin has been proposed to help axons resist the mechanical forces to which they are exposed (e.g., compression, torsion, and stretch). However, until now, no vertebrate animal model has tested the requirement of the spectrin cytoskeleton in maintenance of axon integrity. We demonstrate the role of the periodic spectrin-dependent cytoskeleton in axons and show that loss of αII spectrin from PNS axons causes preferential degeneration of large-diameter myelinated axons. We show that nodal αII spectrin is found at greater densities in large-diameter myelinated axons, suggesting that nodes are particularly vulnerable domains requiring a specialized cytoskeleton to protect against axon degeneration.
Delayed Maturation of Fast-Spiking Interneurons Is Rectified by Activation of the TrkB Receptor in the Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Nomura Toshihiro , Musial Timothy F. , Marshall John J. , Zhu Yiwen , Remmers Christine L. , Xu Jian , Nicholson Daniel A. , Contractor Anis
Published: October 2017

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a leading cause of inherited intellectual disability, and the most common known cause of autism spectrum disorder. FXS is broadly characterized by sensory hypersensitivity and several developmental alterations in synaptic and circuit function have been uncovered in the sensory cortex of the mouse model of FXS (Fmr1KO). GABA-mediated neurotransmission and fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic interneurons are central to cortical circuit development in the neonate. Here we demonstrate that there is a delay in the maturation of the intrinsic properties of FS interneurons in the sensory cortex, and a deficit in the formation of excitatory synaptic inputs on to these neurons in neonatalFmr1KO mice. Both these delays in neuronal and synaptic maturation were rectified by chronic administration of a TrkB receptor agonist. These results demonstrate that the maturation of the GABAergic circuit in the sensory cortex is altered during a critical developmental period due in part to a perturbation in BDNF-TrkB signaling, and could contribute to the alterations in cortical development underlying the sensory pathophysiology of FXS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFragile X (FXS) individuals have a range of sensory related phenotypes, and there is growing evidence of alterations in neuronal circuits in the sensory cortex of the mouse model of FXS (Fmr1KO). GABAergic interneurons are central to the correct formation of circuits during cortical critical periods. Here we demonstrate a delay in the maturation of the properties and synaptic connectivity of interneurons inFmr1KO mice during a critical period of cortical development. The delays both in cellular and synaptic maturation were rectified by administration of a TrkB receptor agonist, suggesting reduced BDNF-TrkB signaling as a contributing factor. These results provide evidence that the function of fast-spiking interneurons is disrupted due to a deficiency in neurotrophin signaling during early development in FXS.
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) depend on ZEB1 for their cancer‐promoting roles
Authors: Cortés Marlies , Sanchez‐Moral Lidia , de Barrios Oriol , Fernández‐Aceñero María J , Martínez‐Campanario MC , Esteve‐Codina Anna , Darling Douglas S , Győrffy Balázs , Lawrence Toby , Dean Douglas C , Postigo Antonio
Published: October 2017

Accumulation of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) associates with malignant progression in cancer. However, the mechanisms that drive the pro‐tumor functions of TAMs are not fully understood. ZEB1 is best known for driving an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells to promote tumor progression. However, a role for ZEB1 in macrophages and TAMs has not been studied. Here we describe that TAMs require ZEB1 for their tumor‐promoting and chemotherapy resistance functions in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. Only TAMs that expressed full levels of Zeb1 accelerated tumor growth. Mechanistically, ZEB1 expression in TAMs induced their polarization toward an F4/80low pro‐tumor phenotype, including direct activation of Ccr2. In turn, expression of ZEB1 by TAMs induced Ccl2, Cd74, and a mesenchymal/stem‐like phenotype in cancer cells. In human ovarian carcinomas, TAM infiltration and CCR2 expression correlated with ZEB1 in tumor cells, where along with CCL2 and CD74 determined poorer prognosis. Importantly, ZEB1 in TAMs was a factor of poorer survival in human ovarian carcinomas. These data establish ZEB1 as a key factor in the tumor microenvironment and for maintaining TAMs’ tumor‐promoting functions.
GATA transcription factors in testicular adrenal rest tumours
Authors: Engels Manon , Span Paul N , Mitchell Rod T , Heuvel Joop J T M , Marijnissen-van Zanten Monica A , van Herwaarden Antonius E , Hulsbergen-van de Kaa Christina A , Oosterwijk Egbert , Stikkelbroeck Nike M , Smith Lee B , Sweep Fred C G J , Claahsen-van der Grinten Hedi L
Published: October 2017

Testicular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs) are benign adrenal-like testicular tumours that frequently occur in male patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Recently, GATA transcription factors have been linked to the development of TARTs in mice. The aim of our study was to determine GATA expression in human TARTs and other steroidogenic tissues. We determined GATA expression in TARTs (n = 16), Leydig cell tumours (LCTs; n = 7), adrenal (foetal (n = 6) + adult (n = 10)) and testis (foetal (n = 13) + adult (n = 8)). We found testis-like GATA4, and adrenal-like GATA3 and GATA6 gene expressions by qPCR in human TARTs, indicating mixed testicular and adrenal characteristics of TARTs. Currently, no marker is available to discriminate TARTs from LCTs, leading to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. GATA3 and GATA6 mRNAs exhibited excellent discriminative power (area under the curve of 0.908 and 0.816, respectively), while immunohistochemistry did not. GATA genes contain several CREB-binding sites and incubation with 0.1 mM dibutyryl cAMP for 4 h stimulated GATA3, GATA4 and GATA6 expressions in a human foetal testis cell line (hs181.tes). Incubation of adrenocortical cells (H295RA) with ACTH, however, did not induce GATA expression in vitro. Although ACTH did not dysregulate GATA expression in the only human ACTH-sensitive in vitro model available, our results do suggest that aberrant expression of GATA transcription factors in human TARTs might be involved in TART formation.
De fantasmas indios y otros olvidados. El cine de terror como vindicación de minorías sociales y la extinción natural
Authors: Míguez Santa Cruz Antonio
Published: October 2017

Todas las civilizaciones de la historia han creído o creen en fantasmas. Pero más allá del hecho semirreligioso o trascendental, la figura del retornado esconde multitud de lecturas sociales, históricas o antropológicas dignas de mención. El caso que deseamos poner de relieve es la enorme cantidad de espectros que en vida fueron parias, marginados o pertenecientes a alguna minoría de una sociedad dada. Un caso muy evidente ya estudiado es el de las mujeres en Japón, aunque también se puede aplicar en la cultura estadounidense a través de los espíritus de indios o negros.

El cine, como plataforma artística y de entretenimiento más popular, ha ex- plotado, prácticamente desde sus inicios, el género del terror, por lo que nos parece interesante usar este medio para realizar un repaso por aquellos filmes donde aparecen espectros de nativos americanos o esclavos negros. Con ello, pretendemos demostrar que nos hallamos ante la contrarréplica narrativa o ficcional a dos traumas ahogados por el conjunto de la sociedad de EE. UU.: por una parte, el supremacismo, tan tristemente actual en los tiempos que corren, y por la otra, la sempiterna dicotomía entre progreso y ecologismo.
Algunas percepciones y conductas de los electores sobre la comunicación política y el marketing político
Authors: Rivera Aya Eliasib Naher , Suárez Báez Liliana Catherine
Published: October 2017

Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre marketing político orientado a identifcar algunas conductas de los electores bogotanos
frente a la oferta de propuestas de los candidatos en época electoral, así como a conocer algunas percepciones de los electores sobre la comunicación política
que se lleva a cabo durante la época preelectoral. Se considera el mercadeo político como una técnica que permite captar y conocer las necesidades, deseos y aspiraciones de una sociedad para luego ganar el poder y solucionar dichas necesidades. Asimismo, se considera la comunicación política como técnicas y procedimientos para el intercambio de discursos que llevan a cabo algunos actores políticos (políticos, comunicadores, periodistas) con el fn de inﬂuir o persuadir a otros actores políticos (los ciudadanos) de apoyar o no ciertas decisiones políticas, especialmente dentro de un régimen democrático. Los hallazgos del estudio se presentan en la sección de resultados del análisis cuantitativo y en la sección de conclusiones.
De “turistas” y “peregrinos”: identificaciones, territorialidades y fronteras en la construcción del cuerpo devoto del culto a la Virgen del Cerro en la ciudad de Salta, Argentina
Authors: Nava Le Favi Daniela Andrea
Published: October 2017

Este trabajo intenta abordar las representaciones sociales que se construyen desde la prensa local alrededor de las personas que participan del culto a la Virgen del Corazón Eucarístico de Jesús, más conocida como la Virgen del Cerro, en la ciudad de Salta (Argentina). Desde una mirada sociosemiótica, interesa pensar la manera en la que se produce un corrimiento representacional en la categorización de los cuerpos que pasan de nominarse primero como “turistas” para luego, también, ser “peregrinos”. Este proceso encuentra algunas respuestas en la configuración cultural, histórica, política y religiosa en el que se emplaza el culto y que inscriben los significados de los discursos analizados. Al mismo tiempo, la forma en la que se nominan los cuerpos devotos habla de fronteras (simbólicas y materiales) que implican una tensión territorial e identitaria por el monopolio religioso y, en otros momentos, por aspectos económicos. Las disputas de significación pasan necesariamente por cómo se van construyendo los cuerpos dentro del culto y cómo se configuran determinados sistemas representacionales en una advocación que posee una visibilidad y legitimidad nacional (e internacional) más que local.

La indagación se constituye en una primera aproximación que busca contribuir a los estudios sobre religiosidad y, en especial, a los que ponen foco en apariciones marianas en diálogo con aportes que provienen de la comunicación/cultura.
Diseño y validación de contenido de un instrumento para medir la gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo para organizaciones colombianas
Authors: Erazo Imbacuán Gloria María , Rodríguez Rojas Yuber Liliana
Published: October 2017

En Colombia, ante la gran expectativa y evolución de las normativas emanadas en la Ley 1562 de 2012 y en el Decreto 1072 de 2015, es preciso construir y aplicar indicadores válidos y legitimados, pues los indicadores son la visión compartida de la forma como se logran los fines. Por lo anterior, en esta investigación se diseñó un instrumento para medir la gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo con validez de contenido para organizaciones colombianas, bajo la estructura de alto nivel planteada por la ISO, la cual será la base de la futura norma técnica ISO 45001. A partir de la revisión de la literatura y la consulta a expertos (14 expertos de 6 administradoras de riesgos laborales) se construyó el instrumento, el cual integró y alineó los requerimientos de cumplimiento del Decreto 1072 de 2015 y del draft de la norma técnica ISO 45001, desde el principio de que el instrumento es una herramienta que provee información para la toma de decisiones en materia de prevención y control de riesgos.
Gestión del riesgo como eje articulador de un sistema de gestión integrado en las pymes
Authors: Castañeda Muñoz Martha Lucía , Sánchez Prieto Jairo Alexander
Published: October 2017

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada con el fin de reconocer la perspectiva de los auditores y coordinadores de sistemas de gestión sobre la aplicación del modelo de gestión del riesgo ISO 31000 y de aportar un modelo de gestión del riesgo que funcione como eje articulador y facilite la gestión integrada de las normas ISO 9001, ISO 14001 y OHSAS 18001, teniendo en cuenta los cambios futuros que tendrán estas normas. Para ello se realizaron encuestas a 26 auditores o consultores de sistemas de gestión y nueve entrevistas a coordinadores de sistemas de gestión en Pyme. El análisis de estas confirmó que las empresas objeto de estudio no realizan gestión del riesgo, no tienen en cuenta las partes interesadas ni el contexto donde existe la organización.

La investigación permitió identificar los elementos claves entre los sistemas de gestión ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001 e ISO 31000, que contribuyen
a que la gestión del riesgo se convierta en el eje articulador de estos sistemas de gestión y no en un cuarto sistema de gestión, lo que facilita la gestión
integrada. Asimismo, el marco teórico y normativo, y los resultados del trabajo de campo aportaron significativamente a la definición del modelo de gestión
del riesgo y su articulación e importancia con las otras normas.
Beneficios e impactos de la implementación de normas técnicas en las organizaciones: una revisión sistemática
Authors: Díaz Romero Constanza Cristina , Rodríguez Rojas Yuber Liliana
Published: October 2017

Este artículo busca analizar los beneficios e impactos a nivel interno y externo de la implementación de sistemas de gestión normalizados en las organizaciones.
Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria en las bases de datos Business Source Complete, Ebsco, SocINDEX y Proquest, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por Manchado, Tamames, López, Mohedano et al. (2009), de artículos publicados entre 1997 y 2014. El análisis se efectuó desde cinco categorías de beneficios e impactos en la gestión, la imagen, las personas, la productividad y el mercado. Los resultados muestran que, independientemente del sector económico, implementar una norma técnica ISO en la gran mayoría de los casos, mejora los resultados sobre el mercado y la productividad.
Dissecting Nucleosome Function with a Comprehensive Histone H2A and H2B Mutant Library
Authors: Jiang Shuangying , Liu Yan , Xu Caiyue , Wang Yun , Gong Jianhui , Shen Yue , Wu Qingyu , Boeke Jef D , Dai Junbiao
Published: October 2017

Using a comprehensive library of histone H2A and H2B mutants, we assessed the biological function of each amino acid residue involved in various stress conditions including exposure to different DNA damage-inducing reagents, different growth temperatures, and other chemicals. H2B N- and H2A C-termini were critical for maintaining nucleosome function and mutations in these regions led to pleiotropic phenotypes. Additionally, two screens were performed using this library, monitoring heterochromatin gene silencing and genome stability, to identify residues that could compromise normal function when mutated. Many distinctive regions within the nucleosome were revealed. Furthermore, we used the barcode sequencing (bar-seq) method to profile the mutant composition of many libraries in one high-throughput sequencing experiment, greatly reducing the labor and increasing the capacity. This study not only demonstrates the applications of the versatile histone library, but also reveals many previously unknown functions of histone H2A and H2B.
Genetic Gain Increases by Applying the Usefulness Criterion with Improved Variance Prediction in Selection of Crosses
Authors: Lehermeier Christina , Teyssèdre Simon , Schön Chris-Carolin
Published: October 2017

A crucial step in plant breeding is the selection and combination of parents to form new crosses. Genome-based prediction guides the selection of high-performing parental lines in many crop breeding programs which ensures a high mean performance of progeny. To warrant maximum selection progress, a new cross should also provide a large progeny variance. The usefulness concept as measure of the gain that can be obtained from a specific cross accounts for variation in progeny variance. Here, it is shown that genetic gain can be considerably increased when crosses are selected based on their genomic usefulness criterion compared to selection based on mean genomic estimated breeding values. An efficient and improved method to predict the genetic variance of a cross based on Markov chain Monte Carlo samples of marker effects from a whole-genome regression model is suggested. In simulations representing selection procedures in crop breeding programs, the performance of this novel approach is compared with existing methods, like selection based on mean genomic estimated breeding values and optimal haploid values. In all cases, higher genetic gain was obtained compared with previously suggested methods. When 1% of progenies per cross were selected, the genetic gain based on the estimated usefulness criterion increased by 0.14 genetic standard deviation compared to a selection based on mean genomic estimated breeding values. Analytical derivations of the progeny genotypic variance-covariance matrix based on parental genotypes and genetic map information make simulations of progeny dispensable, and allow fast implementation in large-scale breeding programs.
Sociologija ir šiuolaikinė kritinė teorija
Authors: Salem A. , Till Chris
Published: October 2017

This editorial summarises a series of eight papers for the Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas special issue, ‘Sociology and Contemporary Critical Theory’, the impetus for which came out of a symposium held in April 2017 at Leeds Beckett University, entitled ‘Critical and Philosophical Issues after Post-Structuralism’. The event was organised by the Critical Theory Research Group, its members’ intellectual interests spanning social and cultural theory, political theory, visual culture and social psychology; their aim was and is to reflect upon various tactics for politically engaged and socially active theoretical writing in the wake of a fundamental questioning of knowledge and certainty, and also more recently of the rise of cultural and political developments that would deny the rights of the Other.
Ekonominis objektyvumas ir nepasitenkinimas: Marxas, Adorno ir utopija
Authors: Coe Samuel
Published: October 2017

This article seeks to interpret the meaning of communism as a negative utopian possibility; one that continually negates the present on the basis of that which ought to be different yet, despite its injustice, is proclaimed as truth. In the first section, through the prism of Adorno’s negative dialectics, Marx’s materialism is explored and criticised on the basis of the epistemological certainty that it assumes. In the process, the concept of class in particular will be scrutinised. Next, I draw on economic objectivity theory in order to formulate a conception of class that avoids the assigning of ontological value, and instead appears as a negative consequence of the false society. In the final section, I outline my understanding of communism as negative utopia, and explore how this may translate into a theory of praxis.
Socialinio pripažinimo patologijos: Axelis Honnethas ir kritinės teorijos atsinaujinimo galimybė
Authors: Hazeldine Gary
Published: October 2017

This article is a critical engagement with the work of Axel Honneth and his significance for contemporary Critical Theory, social explanation, and emancipatory politics. I begin by exploring Honneth’s sympathies for, and criticisms of, both first generation critical theory and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative action. I then consider Honneth’s turn to Hegel’s early work on recognition and his emphasis on the underlying forms of mutual recognition, along with the accompanying forms of self-relation/realisation, disrespect and the potential for moral development and resistance. I explore these alongside Honneth’s ‘formal conception of ethical life’ which he hopes can successfully mediate between formal Kantian morality and substantive communitarian ethics whilst also providing him with both a philosophical justification for his normative position and a standard of moral development for evaluating forms of, and struggles for, recognition. I also briefly outline his recent work on reification and recognition before then considering a number of critical responses to Honneth’s project as a whole. Whilst sympathetic to his focus on recognition, my criticisms of his work emphasise his tendency to idealise the notion of recognition, his lack of a sufficient conception of misrecognition, the ideological role that recognition often plays, and ultimately the abstract and procedural nature of his ‘formal’ conception of ethical life.
Full shift assessment of back and head postures in overhead crane operators with and without symptoms
Authors: Nourollahi-Darabad Maryam , Mazloumi Adel , Saraji Gabraeil Nasl , Afshari Davood , Foroushani Abbas Rahimi
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Prolonged sitting with a flexed back and neck is recognized as being associated with an increased risk of neck and back pain disorders among overhead crane operators. The aim of this study was to compare back and head postures over a full shift of work between operators who experience back and neck pain, and healthy operators.

Methods

In a first phase, the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was assessed using the Nordic questionnaire among 120 crane operators. Based on first phase results, 17 operators with back/neck disorders were matched with 15 healthy operators based on age and selected to participate in the second phase of the study. Postures and movements were continuously measured over an 8 h shift using inclinometers.

Results

The highest 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found in the lower back, neck and knees. Case and control groups differed significantly in back and head flexion angles at the 50th percentiles APDF (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in the time spent working in an extreme posture of the back and head between groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

This is the first study to document work postures assumed during a full work shift and to compare postures between symptomatic and healthy overhead crane operators. Physical exposure in case group operators was characterized by more awkward and extreme postures in the back and head. The results of this study demonstrate that effective prevention strategies directed towards musculoskeletal disorders are required that address awkward work postures for overhead crane operators.