bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Iclaprim Enantiomers — A Versatile Approach to 2‐Substituted Chiral Chromenes.
Authors: Tahtaoui Chouaib , Demailly Arnold , Guidemann Carole , Joyeux Cecile , Schneider Peter
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of (R)‐iclaprim (VI) and its (S) enantiomer is achieved via Mitsunobu reaction of alcohols (I) with the phenol (II) and novel cyclization of the aldehydes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Spectacular Modification of Gambogic Acid on Microwave Irradiation in Methanol: Isolation and Structure Identification of Two Products with Potent Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Wang Xiaojian , Lu Na , Yang Qian , Dai Qinsheng , Tao Lei , Guo Xiaoke , Guo Qinglong , You Qidong
Published: September 2010

Both the reaction products (III) and (IV) can significantly inhibit the growth of various tumor cell lines in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: NBRI17671, a New Antitumor Compound, Produced by Acremonium sp. CR17671.
Authors: Kawada Manabu , et al. et al.
Published: September 2010

Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activities are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Allantopyrone A, a New α‐Pyrone Metabolite with Potent Cytotoxicity from an Endophytic Fungus, Allantophomopsis lycopodina KS‐97.
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Yokoi Miwa , Koseki Takuya , Murayama Tetsuya , Aburai Nobuhiro , Kimura Ken‐ichi
Published: September 2010

Cytotoxicity, and the preliminary apoptosis‐inducing activity of the new natural compound allantopyrone A (I) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Phellinins B and C, New Styrylpyrones from the Culture Broth of Phellinus sp.
Authors: Lee In‐Kyoung , Jung Jin‐Young , Kim Young‐Ho , Yun Bong‐Sik
Published: September 2010

Two new antioxidants, phellinin B, a mixture of (I) and (IIa), and C (IIb), are isolated from the culture broth of the title wood fungus.
ChemInform Abstract: The Strange Magnetism of Oxides and Carbons
Authors: Stoneham Marshall
Published: September 2010

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiferroics — The Challenge of Coupling Magnetism and Ferroelectricity
Authors: Kreisel Jens , Kenzelmann Michel
Published: September 2010

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: EPR Identification of Intrinsic and Transition Metal‐related Defects in ZnGeP2 and Other II‐IV‐V2 Compounds
Authors: Gehlhoff W. , Hoffmann A.
Published: September 2010

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster‐Based Supramolecular Compounds from Mo(W)/Cu/S Cluster Precursors
Authors: Lang Jian‐Ping , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Li Hong‐Xi , Ren Zhi‐Gang
Published: September 2010

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Su Cheng‐Yong , Chen Chun‐Long , Zhang Jian‐Yong , Kang Bei‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Calixarene Complexes with Metal Ions
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Girek Tomasz
Published: September 2010

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Cationic Platinum Complexes. New Catalysts for the Activation of Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds Towards Nucleophilic Enantioselective Attack
Authors: Toullec Patrick Y. , Michelet Veronique
Published: September 2010

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinolines and Structurally Related Heterocycles as Antimalarials
Authors: Kaur Kirandeep , Jain Meenakshi , Reddy Ravi P. , Jain Rahul
Published: September 2010

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methodology of Heterocyclization: The Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Selenium Di‐ and Tetrahalides and Tellurium Tetrachloride to Diethynyl Silanes and Germanes
Authors: Amosova S. V. , Martynov A. V.
Published: September 2010

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The C‐F— Bond as a Conformational Tool in Organic and Biological Chemistry
Authors: Hunter Luke
Published: September 2010

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Intermolecular Carbon Radical Addition to Imine Derivatives
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Yoshioka Eito , Kohtani Shigeru
Published: September 2010

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Small Molecules by P‐Ligands: Platinum Metal Complexes in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Petz A. , Kollar L.
Published: September 2010

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonconventional Lignans: Coumarinolignans, Flavonolignans, and Stilbenolignans
Authors: Begum Sajeli A. , Sahai Mahendra , Ray Anil B.
Published: September 2010

Review: 157 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbazole‐Based Polymers for Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Li Jiaoli , Grimsdale Andrew C.
Published: September 2010

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Endothelial Modulation of Agonist‐Induced Vasoconstriction in Mesenteric Microcirculation
Authors: Jin Xin , Otonashi‐Satoh Yukiko , Zamami Yoshito , Koyama Toshihiro , Sun Pengyuan , Kitamura Yoshihisa , Kawasaki Hiromu
Published: September 2010

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Beginning of Open Use of a New Biological Neutron Diffractometer (iBIX) in J‐PARC
Authors: Tanaka Ichiro , Kusaka Katsuhiro , Hosoya Takaaki , Ohhara Takashi , Kurihara Kazuo , Niimura Nobuo
Published: September 2010

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmaceutical Food Science: Search for anti‐Obese Constituents from Medicinal Foods — anti‐Hyperlipidemic Saponin Constituents from the Flowers of Bellis perennis
Authors: Morikawa Toshio , Muraoka Osamu , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: September 2010

Review: 29 refs.
Rotational strength sign and normal modes description: A theoretical and experimental comparative study in bicyclic terpenes
Authors: Partal Ureña Francisco , Avilés Moreno Juan Ramón , López González Juan Jesús
Published: September 2010

A comparative study of the Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) patterns in three bicyclic terpenes with related molecular structures, (+)‐(R)‐α‐pinene, (−)‐(S)‐β‐pinene, and (−)‐(S)‐verbenone, is carried out. The study is done in the light of normal mode descriptions from a previous vibrational analysis. Although normal modes corresponding to identical molecular moieties shown the same description, rotational strength does not follow the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog descriptor‐related sign in some cases, i.e., they do not present opposite signs depending on stereochemical description of the molecule. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytochrome p450‐dependent disposition of the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites: In vivo studies in Sprague‐Dawley and Dark Agouti rats
Authors: Kingbäck Maria , Carlsson Björn , Ahlner Johan , Bengtsson Finn , Kugelberg Fredrik C.
Published: September 2010

The female Sprague‐Dawley (SD) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats are considered the animal counterparts of the human extensive and poor metabolizer cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 phenotypes, respectively. The aim of this work was to study possible rat strain differences in the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of the (+)‐(S)‐ and (−)‐(R)‐enantiomers of citalopram and its demethylated metabolites. A chronic drug treatment regimen (15 mg/kg daily) was implemented for 13 days in separate groups of SD (n= 9) and DA (n= 9) rats by using osmotic pumps. The concentrations of citalopram and two major metabolites in serum and two brain regions were analyzed by an enantioselective high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Higher serum and brain levels of citalopram and demethylcitalopram, but lower levels of didemethylcitalopram, were observed in DA rats when compared with SD rats. The enantiomeric (S/R) concentrations ratios of citalopram were lower in the DA rats when compared with the SD rats (0.53 ± 0.05 vs. 0.80 ± 0.03,P< 0.001), indicating a possibly decreased capacity in the metabolism of the (−)‐(R)‐enantiomer in the DA rats. This study shows that CYP2D deficiency results in steady‐state pharmacokinetic differences of the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pressure Loss – Educational Experiments for Microreaction Technology using an Universal Experiment Platform
Authors: Groß A. , Schneider S. , Abahmane L. , Köhler J. M.
Published: September 2010

During the recent decade, microreaction technologies became an established technique for research and development purposes as well as industrial production. The superior advantages in terms of process intensification by enhanced heat and mass transfer as well as process control and safety issues lead to a growing need for scientists with microreaction technology experiences. The pressure loss and energy dissipation of fluids flowing in microdevices are the most important procedural basis. Pressure loss effects have to be taken into account for the layout of microsystems as well as the assembly of different microfluidic devices. Furthermore, the pressure loss is a quite sensitive parameter for changes in the hydrodynamic diameter of the used microdevices which may vary by production tolerances or fouling processes. Here, some educational experiments for experimental teaching of basic pressure loss principles in microdevices are presented.
Organization of somatosensory cortex in the Northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), a predatory rodent
Authors: Sarko Diana K. , Leitch Duncan B. , Girard Isabelle , Sikes Robert S. , Catania Kenneth C.
Published: September 2010

Northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster) are among the most highly carnivorous rodents in North America. Because predatory mammals may have specialization of senses used to detect prey, we investigated the organization of sensory areas within grasshopper mouse neocortex and quantified the number of myelinated axons in grasshopper mouse trigeminal, cochlear, and optic nerves. Multiunit electrophysiological recordings combined with analysis of flattened sections of neocortex processed for cytochrome oxidase were used to determine the topography of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the location and size of both the visual and auditory cortex in adult animals. These findings were then related to the distinctive chemoarchitecture of layer IV visible in flattened cortical sections of juvenile grasshopper mice labeled with the serotonin transporter (SERT) antibody, revealing a striking correspondence between electrophysiological maps and cortical anatomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:64‐74, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the dopaminergic system in the brain of an African cichlid fish,Astatotilapia burtoni
Authors: O'Connell Lauren A. , Fontenot Miles R. , Hofmann Hans A.
Published: September 2010

Catecholamines, such as dopamine, are evolutionarily ancient neurotransmitters that play an essential role in mediating behavior. In vertebrates, dopamine is central to the nigrostriatal motor and mesolimbic reward systems. Despite its importance, the distribution of the dopaminergic system has not been well studied in the teleost brain. The African cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtonihas become an important model system in social neuroscience and lends itself to uncovering how social decisions are implemented in the brain. To understand better where dopamine acts to regulate social behavior in this species, we have determined the distribution of putative dopaminergic cells and fibers (by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry) and dopamine receptors (by in situ hybridization for the D1Aand D2dopamine receptor subtypes) throughout the forebrain and part of the mesencephalon ofA. burtoni. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was evident in several regions of the fore‐ and midbrain, in support of putative homologies to tetrapods. Additionally, the D1Aand D2receptors were identified in brain regions known to modulate social behavior in other vertebrates, including the proposed teleost homologues of the mammalian amygdalar complex, hippocampus, striatum, preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta. Tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive fibers as well as D1Aand D2receptor expression overlap almost completely in their distribution. These results significantly extend our understanding of the distribution of the dopaminergic system in the teleost brain and suggest a conserved role of dopamine in modulating behavior across vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:75‐92, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereocilin connects outer hair cell stereocilia to one another and to the tectorial membrane
Authors: Verpy Elisabeth , Leibovici Michel , Michalski Nicolas , Goodyear Richard J. , Houdon Carine , Weil Dominique , Richardson Guy P. , Petit Christine
Published: September 2010

Stereocilin is defective in a recessive form of deafness, DFNB16. We studied the distribution of stereocilin in the developing and mature mouse inner ear and analyzed the consequences of its absence in stereocilin‐null (Strc−/−) mice that suffer hearing loss starting at postnatal day 15 (P15) and progressing until P60. Using immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy, stereocilin was detected in association with two cell surface specializations specific to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the mature cochlea: the horizontal top connectors that join the apical regions of adjacent stereocilia within the hair bundle, and the attachment links that attach the tallest stereocilia to the overlying tectorial membrane. Stereocilin was also detected around the kinocilium of vestibular hair cells and immature OHCs. In Strc−/− mice the OHC hair bundle was structurally and functionally normal until P9. Top connectors, however, did not form and the cohesiveness of the OHC hair bundle progressively deteriorated from P10. The stereocilia were still interconnected by tip links at P14, but these progressively disappeared from P15. By P60 the stereocilia, still arranged in a V‐shaped bundle, were fully disconnected from each other. Stereocilia imprints on the lower surface of the tectorial membrane were also not observed in Strc−/− mice, thus indicating that the tips of the tallest stereocilia failed to be embedded in this gel. We conclude that stereocilin is essential to the formation of horizontal top connectors. We propose that these links, which maintain the cohesiveness of the mature OHC hair bundle, are required for tip‐link turnover. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:194‐210, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain expression and song regulation of the cholecystokinin gene in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Lovell Peter V. , Mello Claudio V.
Published: September 2010

The gene encoding cholecystokinin (Cck) is abundantly expressed in the mammalian brain and has been associated with such functions as feeding termination and satiety, locomotion and self‐stimulation, the modulation of anxiety‐like behaviors, and learning and memory. Here we describe the brain expression and song regulation of Cck in the brain of the adult male zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a songbird species. Using in situ hybridization we demonstrate that Cck is highly expressed in several discrete brain regions, most prominently the caudalmost portion of the hippocampal formation, the caudodorsal nidopallial shelf and the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), the core or shell regions of dorsal thalamic nuclei, dopaminergic cell groups in the mesencephalon and pons, the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and the dorsal raphe. Cck was largely absent in song control system, a group of nuclei required for vocal learning and song production in songbirds, although sparse labeling was detected throughout the striatum, including song nucleus area X. We also show that levels of Cck mRNA and the number of labeled cells increase in the NCM of males and females following auditory stimulation with conspecific song. Double labeling further reveals that the majority of Cck cells, excluding those in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, are non‐GABAergic. Together, these data provide the first comprehensive characterization of Cck expression in a songbird, and suggest a possible involvement of Cck regulation in important aspects of birdsong biology, such as perceptual processing, auditory memorization, and/or vocal‐motor control of song production. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:211‐237, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Well‐posedness in smooth function spaces for moving‐boundary 1‐D compressible euler equations in physical vacuum
Authors: Coutand Daniel , Shkoller Steve
Published: September 2010

The free‐boundary compressible one‐dimensional Euler equations with moving physical vacuum boundary are a system of hyperbolic conservation laws that are both characteristic and degenerate. The physical vacuum singularity (or rate of degeneracy) requires the sound speed
$c^2= \gamma \rho^{ \gamma -1}$
to scale as the square root of the distance to the vacuum boundary and has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. We establish the existence of unique solutions to this system on a short time interval, which are smooth (in Sobolev spaces) all the way to the moving boundary. The proof is founded on a new higher‐order, Hardy‐type inequality in conjunction with an approximation of the Euler equations consisting of a particular degenerate parabolic regularization. Our regular solutions can be viewed as degenerate viscosity solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Periodic solutions of the KdV equation
Authors: Lax Peter D.
Published: September 2010

In this paper we construct a large family of special solutions of the KdV equation which are periodic in x and almost periodic in t. These solutions lie on N‐dimensional tori; very likely they are dense among all solutions.

The special solutions are characterized variationally; they minimize FN(u), subject to the constraints Fj(u) = Aj, j = −1,…, N − 1; here Fj denote the remarkable sequence of conserved functionals discovered by Kruskal and Zabusky. The above minimum problem was originally suggested by them. In exploring the manifold of solutions of this minimum problem we make essential use of Gardner's discovery that these functionals are in involution with respect to a suitable Poisson bracket.

Gardner, Greene, Kruskal and Miura have shown that the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator are conserved functionals if the potential is a function of t and satisfies the KdV equation. In Section 6 a new set of conserved quantities is constructed which serve as a link between the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator and the Fj.

Another result in Section 6 is a slight sharpening of an earlier result of the author and J. Moser: for the special solutions constructed above all but 2N + 1 eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator are double.

The simplest class of special solutions, N = 1, are cnoidal waves. In an appendix, M. Hyman describes the results of computing numerically the next simplest case, N = 2. These calculations show that the shape of these solutions recurs exactly after a finite time, in a shifted position. The theory verifies this fact.
3He Impurities in Nearly Frictionless Transport of Solid 4He at Low Temperatures
Authors: Chu Kwang‐Hua W.
Published: September 2010

Glassy matter, when subjected to high shear rates exhibit shear thinning, that is, the viscosity diminishes with increasing shear rate. One possible outcome for the almost vanishing viscosity is nearly frictionless transport, which is possible in solid 4He due to the presence of minute concentrations of 3He. The glassy state of solid 4He is also relevant to the possible onset of superuidity in solid 4He. By treating the solid 4He locally as an amorphous matter and using the transition‐rate dependent model together with the specific activation energy, we observe a series of sudden changes of the shearing stresses (which directly relates to the resistance) at corresponding onset temperatures of supersolid 4He (ranging from 175 to 1200 mK) for different activation volumes of 3He. Even at higher concentrations of 3He than previous reported (around 1700 ppm), the supersolidity of 4He still occurs.
Sustainability reporting: A comparative study of NGOs and MNCs
Authors: Crespy Charles T. , Miller Van V.
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the extent to which non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) disclose their sustainability activities. NGOs may lose legitimacy because they, themselves, do not do the very things they ask corporations to do. As such, NGOs' legitimate role in corporate governance is questioned. We define legitimacy as self‐organizing and self‐disclosing activities in the area of sustainability. Using data from Fortune 250 (corporations) and the Forbes 200 (NGOs), we compare these two organizational types with regard to their commitment to sustainable development. Across eight dimensions of legitimacy we found that corporations outscored NGOs. Five of the eight dimensions showed statistically significant differences; two dimensions showed marginally significant findings (p < .06). The directionality of the findings indicates a greater commitment to sustainability among corporations than among NGOs. The findings suggest that an inadequacy of commitment and disclosure on the part of NGOs prevents them from claiming legitimacy in their quest to participate in corporate governance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Digital fractional‐order differentiator and integrator models based on first‐order and higher order operators
Authors: Gupta Maneesha , Varshney Pragya , Visweswaran G. S.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, new discretized models for fractional‐order differentiator (FOD) (sr) and integrator (FOI) (s−r) using first‐order and higher order operators are proposed. The expansions for FOIs of the first‐orders‐to‐ztransform proposed by Hsueet al. are obtained by using the Taylor series and continued fraction expansion techniques. Second‐order Schneider operator and third‐order Al‐Alaoui–Schneider–Kaneshige–Groutage (Al‐Alaoui–SKG) rule have also been fractionalized to obtain expansions of FODs by using the Taylor series. Specifically, in this paper, Hsue operator based on third‐order and fourth‐order models of FOI, Schneider operator as well as Al‐Alaoui–SKG rule based on third‐order, fourth‐order, fifth‐order and sixth‐order models of FOD have been suggested. The stability of the proposed models has been investigated and the unstable ones were stabilized by the pole reflection method. The performance of the proposed models has been compared with that of recent FOD and FOI models based on the Al‐Alaoui operator. Performance results using the proposed discrete‐time formulations are found to converge to the analytical results of FOD and FOI, in the continuous‐time domain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collecting high‐quality pancreatic tissue for experimental study from organ donors with signs of β‐cell autoimmunity
Authors: Tauriainen Sisko , Salmela Kaija , Rantala Immo , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki
Published: September 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to create a new research strategy to obtain high‐quality pancreatic tissues from subjects with preclinical or clinical type 1 diabetes, which would open up new avenues for studying the mechanisms of the β‐cell damaging process in humans.

Research design and methods

A nationwide collaboration network (the PanFin network) was established in Finland to start an on‐call screening of diabetes‐associated autoantibodies from deceased organ donors and subsequent processing of pancreases from autoantibody‐positive donors. This protocol was integrated into the national organ transplantation procedure.

Results

Only a few modifications were needed to the normal transplantation practices. One additional blood sample was obtained from donors for autoantibody analyses, the transplantation team was informed about the autoantibody result and the pancreas of autoantibody‐positive donors was transported to the core laboratory. Altogether, 307 donors were screened and 22 (7.2%) were positive for at least one autoantibody and 3 tested positive for two or more autoantibodies out of the five tested (islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen 2 and zinc transporter 8). The quality of collected pancreatic tissue was superior to that from autopsies and allowed the detection of both RNA and proteins.

Conclusions

The study protocol was proven feasible to be carried out on a nationwide scale. It did not interfere with the normal transplantation activities and provided valuable tissue material for research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurogenesis in subclasses of vomeronasal sensory neurons in adult mice
Authors: de la Rosa‐Prieto C. , Saiz‐Sanchez D. , Ubeda‐Bañon I. , Argandoña‐Palacios L. , Garcia‐Muñozguren S. , Martinez‐Marcos A.
Published: September 2010

The vomeronasal sensory epithelium contains two distinct populations of vomeronasal sensory neurons. Apical neurons express Gi2α‐linked V1R vomeronasal receptors and project to the anterior portion of the accessory olfactory bulb, while basal neurons express Goα‐linked V2R receptors and project to the posterior portion. Sensory neurons expressing V1R and V2R vomeronasal receptors are sensitive to different stimuli. Neurons in the vomeronasal system undergo continuous cell turnover during adulthood. To analyze over time neurogenesis of the different sensory cell populations, adult mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed at postinjection days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 11. Newborn vomeronasal neurons were revealed by antibodies against BrdU while subclasses of vomeronasal neurons were identified using antibodies against Goα or Gi2α proteins. To ascertain whether G proteins are early expressed during neurogenesis, multiple labeling experiments using PSA‐NCAM and doublecortin were performed. Distribution of BrdU‐labeled cells was analyzed in angular segments from the margin of the sensory epithelium. No sexual differences were found. Within survival groups, BrdU‐Goα labeled cells were found more marginally when compared with BrdU‐Gi2α labeled cells. The number of BrdU‐positive cells decreased from day 1 to day 3 to remain constant afterwards. The relative proportions of BrdU‐Gi2α and BrdU‐Goα labeled cells remained similar and constant from postinjection day 1 onwards. This rate was also comparable with BrdU‐positive cells starting day 3. These results indicate an early, constant, and similar rate of neurogenesis in the two major subclasses of vomeronasal neurons, which suggests that both cell populations maturate independently. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 961–970, 2010
Domination of Local Environment Over Pore Confinement Effects on the Catalytic Performances of Single‐Site Cp*IrIII‐NHC Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous H/D Exchange Catalysts
Authors: Maishal Tarun Kumar , Boualleg Malika , Bouhrara Mohamed , Copéret Christophe , Jeanneau Erwan , Veyre Laurent , Thieuleux Chloé
Published: September 2010

Three different tailored mesostructured hybrid organic‐inorganic materials containing single site Ir–NHC moieties (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) were synthesized by a very convenient and attractive methodology: (i) the synthesis of mesostructured materials with different pore‐sizes and containing two types of imidazolium units regularly distributed along their channel pores was achieved using a sol‐gel process via a templating route; (ii) the in situ transformation of the imidazolium moieties to Ag–NHC units was quantitatively performed; (iii) the transmetallation of Ag–NHC groups with [Cp*IrCl2]2 was carried out successfully. Each step was controlled fully and evaluated by several analytical techniques (XRD, N2 adsorption, elemental analysis, and solid state NMR). The catalytic properties of the resulting Ir–NHC‐containing materials were studied in H/D‐exchange reactions with various substrates, and compared to their homogeneous homologues. Their catalytic activity highlighted the following: (i) the substituents on the NHC ring have an important role; (ii) the size of the pores have no influence on the catalytic reactivity; (iii) the close environment around the metal center has a major influence on the catalytic reaction. This latter point suggests that the selective C–H bond activation by mesoporous catalysts with a mixture of reagents can be performed by fine tuning the steric hindrance around the metal centers, while keeping big pores for easy of diffusion of substrate and product molecules.
Electrochemically Induced Free‐Radical Polymerization for the Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Shi Kang , Lei Ying , Wang Sheng , Shiu Kwok‐Keung
Published: September 2010

Electrochemically induced free radical polymerization was employed for the fabrication of amperometric glucose biosensors. Based on the electrochemical reduction of persulfate anion, an ultrathin poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel coating was generated on both the bare and glucose oxidase (GOD) crosslinked platinum electrodes in a neutral phosphate buffer solution under a low ionic strength condition. This electrosynthetic approach offers a flexible and controllable way to prepare functional coatings for biosensors under a wide range of highly biocompatible conditions, significantly different from other electropolymerization technologies that usually cause the enzyme deactivation. Negatively charged PAA hydrogel coating not only results in a biosensor with good permselectivity and long‐term stability, but also remarkably enhances its sensitivity by improving the oxygen recycle supply and the enzyme activity. Combined with a simple drop‐evaporation procedure to control the GOD loading, the present method offers a versatile and biocompatible way for fabricating highly sensitive biosensor.
Peptide Nucleic Acid Immobilized Biocompatible Silane Nanocomposite Platform for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection
Authors: Prabhakar Nirmal , Solanki Pratima R. , Kaushik Ajeet , Pandey M. K. , Malhotra B. D.
Published: September 2010

We have prepared nanocomposite films comprising of 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) and iron‐oxide (Fe3O4) onto indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) glass plate for covalent immobilization of 21‐mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA). These films have been characterized using contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical response of the GOPS/ITO and Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO electrodes has been investigated by hybridization with complementary, non‐complementary and one‐base mismatch using methylene blue as electrochemical indicator. The PNA/Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO bioelectrode exhibits improved specificity and detection limit (0.1 fM) as compared to that of the PNA‐GOPS/ITO bioelectrode (0.1 pM). This PNA/Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO electrode can be utilized for detection of hybridization with the complementary sequence in sonicated M. tuberculosis genomic DNA within 90 s of hybridization time.
Novel Potentiometric Sensors for Determination of Melatonin and Oxomemazine in Biological Samples and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Saber Amr L.
Published: September 2010

Simple, selective and accurate sensors were developed for the determination of melatonin and oxomemazine in biological samples (urine) and in pharmaceutical preparations. Potentiometric measurements were based on bismus tetraiodate‐drug ion‐pair as novel electroactive materials incorporating a plasticized PVC membrane witho‐nitrophenyl octyl ether or dioctyl phthalate. Each sensor was conditioned for at least two days in 0.1 M drug solution before use. It exhibited fast and stable Nernstian response for melatonin and oxomemazine over the concentration range of 1.0×10−6–1.0×10−2 M and 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−2 M, pH range of 3.0–6.5 and 3.5–6.0 for melatonin and oxomemazine sensors, respectively. Results with an average recovery not more than 101 % and a mean standard deviation less than 1.0 % of the nominal were obtained for the four sensors. The sensors showed reasonable selectivity towards investigated drugs in presence of many cations.
Sequence Specific Electrochemical DNA Detection Based on Solution‐Phase Competitive Hybridization
Authors: Luo Xiaoteng , Hsing I‐Ming
Published: September 2010

We report a novel electrochemical method for detecting sequence‐specific DNA based on competitive hybridization that occurs in a homogeneous solution phase instead of on a solution‐electrode interface as in previously reported competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection schemes. The method utilizes the competition between the target DNA (t‐DNA) and a ferrocene‐labeled peptide nucleic acid probe (Fc‐PNA) to hybridize with a probe DNA (p‐DNA) in solution. The neutral PNA backbone and the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively‐charged DNA backbone and the negatively‐charged electrode surface are then exploited to determine the result of the competition through measurement of the electrochemical signal of Fc. Upon the introduction of the t‐DNA, the stronger hybridization affinity between the t‐DNA and p‐DNA releases the Fc‐PNA from the Fc‐PNA/p‐DNA hybrid, allowing it to freely diffuse to the negatively charged electrode to produce a significantly enhanced electrochemical signal of Fc. Therefore, the presence of the t‐DNA is indicated by the appearance or enhancement of the electrochemical signal, rendering a signal‐on DNA detection, which is less susceptible to false positive and can produce more reliable results than signal‐off detection methods. All the competitive hybridizations occur in a homogeneous solution phase, resulting in very high hybridization efficiency and therefore extremely short assay time. This simple and fast signal‐on solution‐competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection strategy has promising potential to find application in fields such as nucleic acid‐based point‐of‐care testing.
Converting developing and mature sugarcane carbohydrates into ethanol
Authors: Rolz Carlos , de León Roberto
Published: September 2010

Experiments were performed employing cane particles obtained from sugarcane at different growth stages until maturation measuring the amount of ethanol produced and the carbohydrate consumption in order to estimate the sugarcane growth stage where both parameters were optimized. Two non‐flowering commercial cane varieties NA56 and PR752002 were cultivated and samples taken at different time intervals. Two Saccharomyces cerevisae strains were also compared in the trials. Sucrose was poorly consumed in young cane, which was an unexpected result. Fructose on the other hand was the hexose that remained in the medium at the end of the fermentations specially when using mature sugarcane. There was an increasing trend in ethanol production as a function of days after planting (DAP) as expected; however, a plateau was reached after 225 DAP and the maximum value obtained was between 300 and 325 DAP. When these figures were compared with the corresponding DAP used for sugar production, only 25 days less were needed in the field for maximum ethanol production. On the other hand, it was clear from the data that cane harvesting for ethanol production should not be done after the recommended DAP for commercial sugar production. If this is done, the excess fructose present will not be completely utilized by yeast. Finally, it was observed that the yeast with more affinity for sugarcane fibers showed better ethanol yields in all samples tested.
Tall building vibration control using a TM‐MR damper assembly
Authors: Zemp Rene , de la Llera Juan C. , Almazán José L.
Published: September 2010

This research investigates the seismic and harmonic response of a true free‐plan tall building equipped with two tuned pendular inertial masses (TMs) and magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Construction of this proof‐of‐concept building was completed in 2007, and it is the first of its class in Chile. This article provides research results associated with this specific implementation; however, in order to make the results applicable to other building cases a parametric study was considered. A brief description of the structure and TM implementation together with the nonlinear equations of motion of the TM‐MR damper assembly are presented. Building displacements and accelerations are computed and analyzed for a suite of subduction‐type and near field ground motions. Besides, a new physical controller for the MR dampers is proposed and analyzed. The performance of this controller is compared with that of benchmark LQR controllers. In general, the TM‐MR damper assembly improves the lateral performance of this structure for lateral harmonic excitations. However, the expected peak and RMS response modification factors and efficacy of the solution for earthquake excitations are strongly dependent on the frequency content of the excitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional analysis for square seismic isolation bearings under large shear deformations and high axial loads
Authors: Kikuchi Masaru , Nakamura Takahito , Aiken Ian D.
Published: September 2010

Square seismic isolation bearings are economical to manufacture, offer the advantage of simple connection configurations and have compact geometry requiring a minimum of space for installation. To be able to more effectively utilize square bearings for seismic isolation systems, a new mechanical model for predicting the large shear deformation behavior of square elastomeric isolation bearings is presented in this paper. The new model is developed by extending to three dimensions an existing model for elastomeric isolation bearings under severe axial loads and shear deformations. The model comprises multiple shear springs at the mid‐height and a series of axial springs at the top and bottom boundaries. Static loading tests of square lead–rubber isolation bearings were performed to investigate the influence of horizontal loading direction and axial load magnitude on bearing behavior. The test results showed that the ultimate behavior is strongly influenced by loading direction, especially under large shear deformation and high axial load. To confirm the validity of the model, analyses are performed of the loading tests of the square lead–rubber isolation bearings. The results of analyses using the new model show very good agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of H2S on the Performance of SOFCs using Methane Containing Fuel
Authors: Rasmussen J. F. B. , Hagen A.
Published: September 2010

In recent years, the interest for using biogas derived from biomass as fuel in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has increased. To maximise the biogas to electrical energy output, it is important to study the effects of the main biogas components (CH4 and CO2), minor ones and traces (e.g. H2S) on performance and durability of the SOFC. Single anode‐supported SOFCs with Ni–Yttria‐Stabilised‐Zirconia (YSZ) anodes, YSZ electrolytes and lanthanum‐strontium‐manganite (LSM)–YSZ cathodes have been tested with a CH4–H2O–H2 fuel mixture at open circuit voltage (OCV) and 1 A cm–2 current load (850 °C). The cell performance was monitored with electric measurements and impedance spectroscopy. At OCV 2–24 ppm H2S were added to the fuel in 24 h intervals. The reforming activity of the Ni‐containing anode decreased rapidly when H2S was added to the fuel. This ultimately resulted in a lower production of fuel (H2 and CO) from CH4. Applying 1 A cm–2 current load, a maximum concentration of 7 ppm H2S was acceptable for a 24 h period.
Laughter yoga versus group exercise program in elderly depressed women: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shahidi Mahvash , Mojtahed Ali , Modabbernia Amirhossein , Mojtahed Mohammad , Shafiabady Abdollah , Delavar Ali , Honari Habib
Published: September 2010

Background

Laughter Yoga founded by M. Kataria is a combination of unconditioned laughter and yogic breathing. Its effect on mental and physical aspects of healthy individuals was shown to be beneficial.

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Kataria's Laughter Yoga and group exercise therapy in decreasing depression and increasing life satisfaction in older adult women of a cultural community of Tehran, Iran.

Methods

Seventy depressed old women who were members of a cultural community of Tehran were chosen by Geriatric depression scale (score > 10). After completion of Life Satisfaction Scale pre‐test and demographic questionnaire, subjects were randomized into three groups of laughter therapy, exercise therapy, and control. Subsequently, depression post‐test and life satisfaction post‐test were done for all three groups. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's correction.

Results

Sixty subjects completed the study. The analysis revealed a significant difference in decrease in depression scores of both Laughter Yoga and exercise therapy group in comparison to control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference between Laughter Yoga and exercise therapy groups. The increase in life satisfaction of Laughter Yoga group showed a significant difference in comparison with control group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between exercise therapy and either control or Laughter Yoga group.

Conclusion

Our findings showed that Laughter Yoga is at least as effective as group exercise program in improvement of depression and life satisfaction of elderly depressed women. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones in water using novel water‐soluble chiral monosulfonamide ligands
Authors: Zhou Zhongqiang , Ma Qiong , Sun Yong , Zhang Aiqing , Li Lin
Published: September 2010

Novel water‐soluble analogues of Noyori's (R,R)‐N‐(p‐tolylsulfonyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethyl‐ enediamine and Knochel's (R,R)‐N‐(p‐tolylsulfonyl)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, containing an additional quaternary ammonium group, have been synthesized. The ruthenium catalysts prepared in situ by reacting chiral monosulfonamides with [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 afforded high conversion rates and enantiomeric excess (ee) values in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones in aqueous HCOONa. Furthermore, the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused at least five times without obvious loss of ee value. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:505–514, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20641
P2X7 receptor differentially modulates astroglial apoptosis and clasmatodendrosis in the rat brain following status epilepticus
Authors: Kim Ji‐Eun , Ryu Hea Jin , Yeo Seong‐Il , Kang Tae‐Cheon
Published: September 2010

Recently, it has been reported that astroglial loss/dysfunction plays a role in epileptogenesis. In addition, astroglial loss is accompanied by up‐regulation of P2X7 receptor expression in microglia. Therefore, we investigated whether P2X7 receptor is involved in astroglial damages induced by status epilepticus (SE). In the present study, astroglial loss showed the regional‐specific manner and the differential responses to P2X7 receptor functions. Both OxATP and brilliant blue G (P2X7 receptor antagonists) infusion prevented apoptotic astroglial loss in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the frontoparietal cortex, while it promoted clasmatodendrosis in the CA1 region as compared to saline treatment. In contrast, BzATP (a P2X7 receptor agonist) treatment exacerbated apoptotic astroglial loss in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the frontoparietal cortex, but alleviated SE‐induced astroglial swelling in the CA1 region. Astroglial loss in the piriform cortex was not affected by P2X7 receptor agonist‐ or antagonist‐infusion. These findings suggest that P2X7 receptor function differently modulates SE‐induced astroglial loss in distinct brain regions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe
Authors: Wixted John T. , Mickes Laura , Squire Larry R.
Published: September 2010

Many recent studies have investigated how the structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) support recollection and familiarity, which are two processes widely thought to support recognition memory. The behavioral methods that are used to isolate recollection and familiarity in neuroimaging and lesion studies typically assume that recollection is a categorical process and not a continuous process. A categorical process is one that either occurs or does not occur for a particular test item (yielding high confidence and high accuracy when it does occur), whereas a continuous process is one that comes in degrees (yielding varying degrees of confidence and accuracy). Studies suggesting that the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process (such as those that use the Remember/Know procedure or rely on Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis) generally depend on the categorical view of recollection, but much recent evidence suggests that recollection is a continuous process. If recollection is a continuous process (i.e., if recollection comes in degrees), then evidence that has been taken to mean that the hippocampus selectively supports recollection is also compatible with the idea that the hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity. We suggest that an alternative method can be used to effectively investigate recollection and familiarity in the MTL, one that is valid whether recollection is a categorical or a continuous process. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early life stress followed by subsequent adult chronic stress potentiates anxiety and blunts hippocampal structural remodeling
Authors: Eiland Lisa , McEwen Bruce S.
Published: September 2010

Early life stress produces long‐term alterations in cognition, emotionality, and stress responsiveness. The stress‐sensitive hippocampal formation plays a role in producing many of these alterations. We report that adult male rats exposed to early life stress, in the form of maternal separation (MS), exhibit baseline impairment of hippocampal dependent memory and following three weeks of chronic restraint stress (CRS) exhibit heightened anxiety‐like behavior and alterations in the morphology of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Specifically, as measured by the object placement task, MS offspring demonstrated impaired spatial memory compared with nonmaternally separated rats (NMS). Moreover, compared with NMS rats, subsequent CRS exposure of MS rats increased novelty‐induced corticosterone secretion and potentiated anxiety‐like behavior as measured by the elevated plus maze. Further, CRS exposed MS rats did not exhibit shortening of apical dendritic length compared with nonstressed MS rats, whereas CRS exposed NMS rats did show significant dendritic shrinkage compared with nonstressed NMS rats. The blunted CRS‐induced remodeling of apical dendritic length in MS rats is likely due to a baseline deficiency in dendritic length; MS rats exhibit a trend towards shorter apical dendrites in comparison to NMS rats. CRS exposure in both MS and NMS rats, however, induced a reduction in apical dendritic branching. Finally, there was a significant correlation between apical dendritic length and novelty‐induced corticosterone level, while there was not a significant correlation with anxiety‐like behavior. Overall, our results suggest preserved but blunted hippocampal structural plasticity in MS rats that is not sufficient to compensate for hippocampal dysfunction and hypersensitivity to CRS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc.