bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Appearance of Chirally Asymmetric Steady States in an Oregonator-Based Reaction Model
Authors: Iwamoto Kazutoshi
Published: June 2007

A chiral symmetry-breaking reaction model was constructed based on the Oregonator model, which was proposed to explain the oscillatory behavior of the Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction by Field, Körös, and Noyes. Its symmetry-breaking transition results in the dominance of one enantiomer, and the disappearance of the other. Depending on the parameter values, an asymmetric steady state, symmetric steady state, or oscillatory behavior with either the same or different amplitudes is exhibited. Numerous chemical oscillation systems have been previously reported, and these systems always include autocatalytic processes. Accordingly, if the autocatalyst in these experimental systems has optical isomers and each isomer catalyzes its own production, the spontaneous appearance of a chiral symmetry-breaking state is expected in the chemical oscillation system under the appropriate experimental conditions.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Ground- and Excited-State Dipole Moments of 1,4-Naphthoquinone and Its Derivatives
Authors: Satoh Takehiko , Kudoh Mitsutaka , Tsuji Takemasa , Kita Shouichi , Mori Toshiaki , Sudoh Susumu
Published: June 2007

The dipole moments of the ground- and excited-states of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1), 2-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (2), 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (3), 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (4), 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (5), 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (6), 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (7), 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (8), 3-bromo-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (9), and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (10) were studied from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. For the ground states, the dipole moments of compounds 5, 8, and 9 were determined experimentally in dilute solutions (via Debye’s method), and compared with those of the other compounds 1–4, 6, 7, and 10 which we had already determined. The density functional theory calculations were also performed, revealing a positive correlation with the experimental results. For the excited states, however, the dipole moments of the excited states of compounds 1–10 have not yet been studied. In this work, we determined the dipole moments of some of the lower excited states of these compounds using the spectroscopic method. Results revealed the determined excited-state dipole moments exceeded those of the ground state, a finding also supported by the configuration interaction involving one-electron excitations only.
Multibaric–Multithermal Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Alanine Dipeptide in Explicit Water
Authors: Okumura Hisashi , Okamoto Yuko
Published: June 2007

Multibaric–multithermal (MUBATH) simulation can escape from local-minimum free-energy states, and one can obtain accurate thermodynamic quantities as functions of any temperature and pressure from a single simulation run. We performed a MUBATH molecular dynamics simulation of an alanine dipeptide in explicit water. The MUBATH simulation sampled the states of PII, C5, αR, αP, and αL. On the other hand, the conventional isobaric–isothermal simulation was trapped in local-minimum free-energy states and sampled only a few of them. We calculated the partial molar enthalpy and partial molar volume from the MUBATH simulation. Our results were in accord with those from Raman spectroscopy.
NMR Spectroscopy on the Complexation of 3,6-Anhydro-β-cyclodextrin with 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylate Ion
Authors: Yoshikiyo Keisuke , Matsui Yoshihisa , Yamamoto Tatsuyuki , Okabe Yuji
Published: June 2007

The 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate ion (2,6-NDC) was included into the interior cavity of 3A,6A-anhydro-β-cyclodextrin (1) in D2O containing 0.1 mol dm−3 Na2CO3 and caused a shift in the 1H NMR signals due to the C3- and C5-H’s of 1 to different directions, depending on the positions of glucose units (anisotropic ring-current effect). The decrease in entropy accompanied by the complexation was much larger than that for the complexation of native β-cyclodextrin with 2,6-NDC. These results indicate that the molecular rotation of 2,6-NDC is retarded within the deformed cavity of 1.
Aggregate Structure of N-(Perfluoroalkylmethyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium Chloride by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Matsuoka Keisuke , Ishii Mariko , Yonekawa Aki , Honda Chikako , Endo Kazutoyo , Moroi Yoshikiyo , Abe Yutaka , Tamura Takamitsu
Published: June 2007

The size and shape of aggregates were investigated for four fluorinated amphiphiles with different alkyl chain lengths: Cn−1F2n−1CH2N+(CH3)3Cl− (Cn-TAC; n = 8, 10, 12, and 14) by TEM. The micrographs showed that Cn-TACs were mostly disc-like or ellipsoid-shaped lamella, which exponentially grew up their size from 10 nm (C8-TAC) to 500 nm (C14-TAC).
Tetra- and Di-Nuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Stereoisomers of Sulfinylcalix[4]arene Arising from the Disposition of Four S=O Groups
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Yamane Yusuke , Morohashi Naoya , Kajiwara Takashi , Ito Tasuku , Miyano Sotaro
Published: June 2007

A systematic investigation was conducted on the structures of tetra- and di-nuclear copper(II) complexes with three stereoisomers of sulfinylcalix[4]arenes (H4L), the isomerism of which is determined by the disposition of the sulfinyl oxygen with respect to a reference oxygen from the mean plane containing four sulfur atoms. The sulfinylcalix[4]arene with a trans–cis–trans S=O orientation (H4Lrtct) reacted with Cu(OAc)2 to form [CuII4(Lrtct)(OAc)3(μ-MeO)(MeOH)] (1), in which Lrtct4− adopts a cone conformation to afford tetrakis fac-tridentate coordination through four phenoxo oxygens and four sulfinyl groups giving a square CuII4 core. Ligands H4Lrccc and H4Lrctt having cis–cis–cis and cis–trans–trans configurations formed [CuII4(Lrccc)(OAc)3(μ-OH)] (2) and [CuII4(Lrctt)(OAc)3(μ-OH)] (3), respectively, which have common features, such as a cone-type conformation of L4−, tetrakis fac-tridentate coordination fashion, and tetracopper(II) core in a square-pyramidal geometry. The similarities among 1–3 clearly show that sulfinylcalix[4]arenes can coordinate to CuII in a fac-tridentate fashion via a donor atom X (O or S) from a sulfinyl group and two flanking phenoxo O−s and that X is simply determined by the X–Cu distance. Using [Cu(acac)2] as a copper(II) source, H4Lrctt formed [CuII2(H2Lrctt)2] (4), suggesting the significance of auxiliary ligand for bridging copper(II) centers to assemble the core, that is, the acetato ligands in complexes 1–3 are needed to form the core structure. Metal–metal interactions were investigated by means of magnetic susceptibility, and it was found that both ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions occur in tetracopper(II) complex 3. In contrast, antiferromagnetic interaction is present in dicopper(II) complex 4.
Energy-Transfer Process in Crystals of Chiral and Racemic Double Complex Salts of [Co(ethylenediamine)3][Tb(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)3]
Authors: Iwamura Munetaka , Tsukuda Toshiaki , Morita Makoto
Published: June 2007

Luminescence and energy-transfer reactions in double complex crystals of [Co(en)3][Tb(dpa)3] (en = ethylenediamine, dpa = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate) were investigated and compared to single crystals of rac-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] (double complexes salt of racemic [Co(en)3]3+ and racemic [Tb(dpa)3]3−) and Δ-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] (chiral [Co(en)3]3+ and racemic [Tb(dpa)3]3− salt). The energy-transfer rate constants from Tb3+ to Co3+ complexes were determined from the time profile of emission intensity of photo-excited TbIII ion in the double complex crystals. The emission decay profiles of rac-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] were analyzed with single exponential curves. On the other hand, the profiles of Δ-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] show double-exponential curves. From the X-ray analysis of crystal structures, it was found that there is only one site for [Tb(dpa)3]3− in rac-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] crystal, and there are two sites in the Δ-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] crystal, i.e., Δ-[Tb(dpa)3]3− and Λ-[Tb(dpa)3]3− are put in different sites in the crystal. The two rate constants obtained from the double-exponential curve of Δ-[Co(en)3]·rac-[Tb(dpa)3] are assigned to energy-transfer rates from Δ-[Tb(dpa)3]3− and Λ-[Tb(dpa)3]3− in the crystal. A distance dependence was determined from the obtained energy-transfer rate constants and the Tb–Co distances in the crystals according to a Dexter type electron-exchange mechanism of energy-transfer model. The energy-transfer rate constants in the crystals are comparable in magnitude with energy-transfer rates in quenching experiments in the [Tb(dpa)3]3−–[Co(en)3]3+ aqueous solution.
Structural Details of a Fowl Feather Elucidated by Using Polarized Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Yokote Yoshiko , Kubo Yoshiko , Takahashi Rieko , Ikeda Teruki , Akahane Kiso , Tsuboi Masamichi
Published: June 2007

Raman spectra of undeuterated and deuterated rachis from a fowl feather was observed with 488 nm excitation in the 400–1800 cm−1 region. Fowl feather rachis and barbs were subjected to a polarized Raman microscopic examination with excitation at 785 nm. From the observed frequencies, intensities, and scattering anisotropies of the 20 Raman bands, and on the basis of known Raman tensors of the 10 localized molecular vibrations, conformations, and orientations of the polypeptide main chains, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan residues, and disulfide linkages of the protein molecules in the feather were elucidated.
Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of 2-(2-Alkenyloxymethyl)naphthalene-1-carbonitriles Using Glass-Made Microreactors
Authors: Mukae Hirofumi , Maeda Hajime , Nashihara Satoshi , Mizuno Kazuhiko
Published: June 2007

Intramolecular [2+2] and [2+3] photocycloadditions of 2-(2-alkenyloxymethyl)naphthalene-1-carbonitriles and their photocycloreversion using glass-made microreactors were investigated in comparison with photoreactions under conventional batch conditions. Both the efficiency and regioselectivity were improved by use of glass-made microreactors. These results can be explained by thorough absorption of light and outflow of primary product from the reaction system.
Synthesis and Relative Stereochemistry of the A- and F-Rings of Goniodomin A
Authors: Fujiwara Kenshu , Naka Jota , Katagiri Takahiro , Sato Daisuke , Kawai Hidetoshi , Suzuki Takanori
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of the A- and F-rings of goniodomin A (1), which is a stereochemically unidentified antifungal agent isolated from dinoflagellate Alexandrium hiranoi, was performed to determine of the relative stereochemistry of these parts. The relative stereochemistry of the A- and F-rings was first deduced from Murakami’s NMR data, and model compounds corresponding to these parts were then synthesized. The synthetic A-ring model, of which the structure was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis, showed good agreement with the natural A-ring on the basis of J and NOE behavior in the 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts in 1H and 13C NMR specta and J32-OH–H33 of the synthetic F-ring model having a 33S,34R configuration also agreed with those of the F-ring of 1. Thus, the relative stereochemistry of the A- and F-rings of 1 was elucidated.
Approaches to the Potential Chirality of Bisguanidinobenzenes by Dynamic NMR Analysis
Authors: Nakanishi Waka , Ishikawa Tsutomu , Margetic Davor
Published: June 2007

The isomerization process, which is related to racemization of symmetrical 1,2-bis(diaminomethyleneamino)benzenes (=bisguanidinobenzenes) with potential chirality, is caused by bond rotation of aryl–(diaminomethyleneamino) (=aryl–guanidinyl) bond and/or diaminomethylene–imino (=guanidinyl imine) bond. This process was evaluated by temperature-dependent 1H NMR experiments. The guanidinyl imine bond rotation, which is important for the early stage of the inhibition of racemization process, was not restricted by substitution at the ortho-position of the benzene core or alkylation of guanidine function, while protonation of ortho-substituted bisguanidinobenzenes increased the rotation barrier. Changing the guanidine function from cyclic to acyclic caused the rotation about both bonds to become restricted, which could be observed by temperature-dependent 1H NMR experiments.
A New Type of Carbonylation of Styrenes Catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 Combined with Molybdovanadophosphate
Authors: Yamada Shingo , Obora Yasushi , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: June 2007

A new type of carbonylation of styrenes was achieved under a 1:1 mixture of CO (0.5 atm) and O2 (0.5 atm) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 combined with H5PMo10V2O40·nH2O to give 4-methyl-2-phenylnaphthalen-1(4H)-one in 78% yield. Various substituted styrenes were also carbonylated to the corresponding substituted arylnaphthalen-1(4H)-ones in moderate yields. The reaction was found to proceed in two stages involving the head-to-tail dimerization of styrenes, followed by carbonylation of the resulting dimers. Styrenes were efficiently dimerized under air (1 atm) in the absence of CO even at room temperature to produce head-to-tail dimers in good yields.
An Entry to the Synthesis of Novel Nitrogen Macroheterocycles
Authors: Banerji Avijit , Bandyopadhyay Debasish , Basak Bidyut , Biswas Pizush Kanti , Banerji Julie , Chatterjee Asima
Published: June 2007

2,2′-Bi(1H-indolyl)-3,3′-dicarbaldehydes, prepared from 1H-indole-3-carbaldehydes by exploiting SET methodology, served as the key compound for synthesizing indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles as well as nitrogen macroheterocycles. Condensation of 2,2′-bi(1H-indolyl)-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde with aliphatic diamines produced Schiff’s base type compounds possessing a 10–14-membered ring.
Synthesis and Structure of a Kinetically Stabilized Stannanethione
Authors: Tajima Tomoyuki , Sasamori Takahiro , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: June 2007

The X-ray crystallographic analysis of a stable stannanethione, Bbt(Titp)Sn=S, reveals that the tin–sulfur bond distance [2.221(3) Å] is ca. 10% shorter than the normal tin–sulfur single bonds and the tin atom of the stannanethione has a trigonal planar geometry, as do as the carbonyl carbon atoms.
Fragilide B: A Novel Briarane-Type Diterpenoid with a S-cis Diene Moiety
Authors: Sung Ping-Jyun , Chen Yu-Pei , Su Yu-Mine , Hwang Tsong-Long , Hu Wan-Ping , Fan Tung-Yung , Wang Wei-Hsien
Published: June 2007

A novel chlorinated briarane derivative, fragilide B (1), was isolated from the Formosan gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis. Fragilide B (1) possesses a s-cis diene moiety in the structure. The structure of 1 was elucidated by interpretation of spectral data and further supported by molecular mechanics calculations.
Rapid Fabrication of a Smooth Hollow-Spheres Array
Authors: Matsushita Sachiko , Fujikawa Shigenori , Onoue Shinya , Kunitake Toyoki , Shimomura Masatsugu
Published: June 2007

A smooth TiO2 hollow-spheres array, a kind of inverse opals, was prepared in a wide area (> 1 × 5 cm) in a short time (less than 1 min excluding sintering) using a spin-coating technique. A two-dimensional colloidal crystal was used as a template. The TiO2 sintering process, especially the rate of the temperature increase, was important to copy the periodicity of the colloidal crystal structure. The electron diffraction image taken by the transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the hollow-spheres arrays have anatase-type crystal structure.
High anion gap metabolic acidosis secondary to pyroglutamic aciduria (5-oxoprolinuria): association with prescription drugs and malnutrition
Authors: Brooker G , Jeffery J , Nataraj T , Sair M , Ayling R
Published: June 2007

Two cases of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) due to pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline) are described. In both cases the HAGMA developed during an episode of hospital treatment, in conjunction with paracetamol and antibiotic prescription, and the surviving patient made an uneventful recovery after the drugs were withdrawn. Clinicians need to be aware of this cause for metabolic acidosis because it may be a more common metabolic disturbance in compromised patients than would be expected, and the discontinuation of drugs implicated in the aetiology is therapeutic.
Induction of anaemia in monkeys
Authors: Wolcott G. J. , Valentine J. A. , Cebul R. D.
Published: June 2007

20 healthy young adult male rhesus monkeys were bled 3 times a week in an attempt to induce an anaemia and a depletion of iron stores. A mean haemoglobin of 6·1 g/100 ml and a haematocrit of 23% were obtained by 30 days. The iron saturation had fallen to a level of 11% and the reticulocyte response to 4·6%. Of note was the short period required to induce these haematological changes, and the minimal impact on the animals.
Unidirectional air flow surgical isolator for hysterectomy of mice
Authors: Sebesteny A. , Lee P.
Published: June 2007

A home-made surgical isolator of simple construction, based on the principle of unidirectional air flow, is described. It enables the single-handed performance and simultaneous accommodation of 6 hysterectomy derivations with minimal chances or consequences of breakdown.
Conjunctivitis in a colony of rats
Authors: Young Caroline , Hill Auriol
Published: June 2007

An unnamed Mycoplasma sp. (58B), Pasteurella pneumotropica and Streptobacillus moniliformis were isolated from the conjunctivas of rats, some of which were affected with conjunctivitis. There was no evidence to suggest that any of these organisms were the primary cause of conjunctivitis.
Sex ratio and weaning bodyweight differences in the offspring of unisexually- and bisexually-reared cross-fostered rats
Authors: Sharpe R. M. , Wyatt A. C.
Published: June 2007

When mated, unisexually-reared female rats produced a significant excess of females in their litters, while males predominated significantly in litters produced by bisexually-reared females. The percentage of female offspring produced by both types of females declined with successive litters. 1st litter offspring of unisexually-reared females were significantly heavier, and generally less variable in weight at weaning than the comparable offspring of bisexually-reared females, a difference which was apparently maternally-induced. These differences in weaning bodyweight disappeared, or were reversed in favour of the offspring of bisexually-reared females, in 2nd litters.
Relationship between bodyweight and spleen size in guinea-pigs
Authors: Garcia-Carrillo C.
Published: June 2007

The normal weight, width, length and area of the guinea-pig spleen and their corresponding relationships to bodyweight were studied. A total of 224 males and 229 females were selected at weights ranging from 150 to 1000 g. Females had significantly larger and heavier spleens than males, but exhibited greater individual variation in spleen weight, width and length. The width and/or length of the spleen presented the smallest coefficients of variation, suggesting the feasibility of using these parameters together with the calculated base line to establish whether a spleen comes from a normal guinea-pig or from an animal having an infection causing splenomegaly.
Problems of undernutrition research with breeding mice
Authors: Smart J. L. , Silence Elaine
Published: June 2007

Rats undernourished throughout pregnancy and lactation lose few young during the suckling period and wean normal size litters of extremely growth-retarded offspring. Comparable treatment of maternal mice, on the other hand, resulted in considerable nestling mortality. Thus fewer young were reared to weaning and these were not nearly as growth-retarded. Detailed evidence is given of the effects of different schedules of undernutrition throughout pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of mice. These findings are compared with those for rats and possible reasons for the difference in nestling mortality discussed.
Tubular device for intraoral examination of rodents
Authors: Macedo-Sobrinho B. , Roth G. , Grellner T.
Published: June 2007

The device consists of a tube with a conical end, a base, and a movable stem. The rodent is anaesthetized lightly with ether and inserted quickly into the tube so that the head extends beyond the opening at the conical end, where cheeks, upper and lower incisors are secured to permit illumination and direct visual or microscopic examination of the palate, molars or gingiva.
Myopathy and steatitis in the common guppy, Poecilia (Lebistes)reticulata (Peters)
Authors: Helder Th.
Published: June 2007

Summary

There was 1% mortality among female guppies just imported from Southeast Asia. Moribund fish showed discoloration, lethargy and kyphosis. Microscopically, myopathy and steatitis were observed, together with an extensive ceroid storage. These findings are indicative of vitamin E deficiency, and illustraee the risk of using fish of unknown origin in toxicological studies.
Routine chromosome screening in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) using orbital sinus blood
Authors: Breckon G. , Goy Pamela
Published: June 2007

Blood from the posterior orbital sinus of Syrian hamsters, obtained under halothane anaesthesia, can be cultured to give large numbers of metaphase chromosome spreads for analysis. The procedure has been used for rapid routine screening of the karyotypes of all offspring in a breeding colony where translocations are present. Results can be obtained within 3 days of collecting the blood sample.
Genic heterogeneity and genetic monitoring of mouse outbred stocks
Authors: Groen A. , Lagerwerf A. J.
Published: June 2007

Summary

An outbred stock of Swiss :SE mice has been surveyed for genic heterogeneity at 12 loci, encoding biochemical polymorphisms in mice. Using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis, 6 loci (Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Es-5, Trf, Dip-1) revealed no genic heterogeneity within the total sample of 289 male mice examined. The other 6 loci (Mpi-1, Mup-1, Hbb, Gpi-1, Pgm-1, Ldr-1) each showed a 2–allelic variation within each of the 3 stock units (pavilions) involved. A pavilion effect on the observed genotype numbers was found for Pgm-1 and Gpi-1 (P < 0·10). Inadequate genotyping may have occurred at Gpi-1 and Ldr-1, as suggested by a 'week effect' on the observed genotype numbers (P < 0·05). For studying long-term genetic changes within outbred stocks, a routine monitoring procedure using biochemical polymorphisms is recommended.
Ultrastructure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells
Authors: Lewis David J. , Prentice David E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The fine structure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells was studied by electron microscopy. These stellate cells contained variable numbers of lipid droplets, moderate numbers of mitochondria, moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi zones. In rare instances, apparent release of lipid droplets into the interstitium was observed. The most prominent feature of the interstitial cells was large nuclear pseudoinclusions which were observed in a high proportion of the animals examined.
Early deaths after irradiation of mice contaminated by Enterobacter cloacae
Authors: Matsumoto Tsuneya
Published: June 2007

After lethal irradiation with γ-rays, mice contaminated with Enterobacter cloacae died earlier than expected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is the usual cause of unexpected early radiation deaths, was not detected in dead mice. Evidence of an E. cloacae bacteraemia was obtained in irradiated mice and it is concluded that contamination with E. cloacae is a potential hazard in experiments involving measurements of radiation lethality.
Constancy of genetic variability in mice from non-inbred closed colonies
Authors: Hayakawa J. , Koizumi T. , Natsuume-Sakai S.
Published: June 2007

Because of the similarity of their allelic profiles it was assumed that 'ICR' non-inbred mouse colonies were of common origin: however there were differences in allelic frequencies between them. It was also found that the allelic frequency at the C3-1 locus differed between samples from the same colony. Research workers should therefore be aware that the genetic variability of outbred animals may vary among samples, even if the animals are properly designated and supplied from the same breeder.
The course of infection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice
Authors: Gannon J.
Published: June 2007

A humoral and cellular response was detected in C57BL mice 14-21 days after experimental infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi. In athymic ( nu/nu) mice a severely limited cellular response and no antibodies were detected, but masses of spores were found in the liver and other viscera. These spores were probably responsible for the death of the nude mice. Antibodies in C57BL mice remained at high levels for at least 17 months after infection,
Differentiation of various experimentally-induced pathological processes in Wistar rats by serum protein electrophoresis using cellulose-acetate membranes
Authors: Rothkopf-Ischebeck Margret
Published: June 2007

Plasma protein profiles were investigated electrophoretically in rats with aminonucleoside-induced glomerular damage, uranyl-nitrate-induced tubular damage, phalloidin-induced hepatocyte membrane damage, adjuvant arthritis as a model of chronic inflammation, and phenyl isothiocyanate pleurisy as a model of acute inflammation. Characteristic profiles were observed for each experimental disease, and their development and seriousness could be evaluated.

Similar studies are already routinely used in clinical investigations of human plasma.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in commercially-available rabbit antisera and serum reagents
Authors: Bywater J. E. C. , Kellett B. S. , Waller T.
Published: June 2007

Antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were demonstrated in 24 of 29 rabbit antisera and serum products from 10 suppliers.
Simple technique for bleeding ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Bleakley S. P.
Published: June 2007

3-5 ml of blood can be obtained routinely from the tail of a conscious ferret without affecting the wellbeing of the animal. The development of this technique makes the ferret more readily available as an alternative species for multidose toxicity studies.
Observations on the effects of vibration stress and sound on pregnancy, parturition and respiration in the rabbit
Authors: Stephens D. B. , Adams C. E.
Published: June 2007

Rabbits, 5-29 days pregnant, were placed for 2 h either in or near a machine designed to simulate transport, which exposed them to vibration stress and sound. There was no apparent effect on the maintenance of pregnancy, gestation length, litter size, perinatal mortality or condition of the young at birth compared with control rabbits. However, respiration rate, normally 65/min, was increased to 120/min by moving the animals from their cages and to 160/min in the machine; noise alone produced an intermediate response. Respiration returned to normal values after 20 min to 4 h, depending upon the initial level of response.
Haemolytic anaemia in rhesus monkeys induced by methylcellulose
Authors: Glomski Chester A. , Chao Chung-Faye , Zuckerman Gary B.
Published: June 2007

The rhesus monkey was evaluated in its haemopoietic and histological response to intraperitoneal injections of methylcellulose. The haematologic alterations included a mild haemolytic anaemia, lymphofaenia, monocytosis, a shortened survival of Cr51-labelled autologous erythrocytes (17·1 vs 13·3 days, P<0·025) and normoblastic hyperplasia of the bone marrow. There was a diffuse sequestration of the polymer in the phagocytic cells of the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes and adrenal glands. The renal glomerular endothelium also consistently stored this material. Overt splenomegaly was not induced. The monkey appears to present, along with other animals, a rather species-specific response to methylcellulose that is accompanied by fundamental responses observable in all subjects.
Integrated Airline Fleeting and Crew-Pairing Decisions
Authors: Sandhu Rivi , Klabjan Diego
Published: June 2007

The tactical planning process of an airline is typically decomposed into several stages among which fleeting, aircraft routing, and crew pairing form the core. In such a decomposed and sequential approach, the output of fleeting forms the input to aircraft routing and crew pairing. In turn, the output to aircraft routing is part of the input to crew pairing. Due to this decomposition, the resulting solution is often suboptimal. We propose a model that completely integrates the fleeting and crew-pairing stages and guarantees feasibility of plane-count feasible aircraft routings, but neglects aircraft maintenance constraints. We design two solution methodologies to solve the model. One is based on a combination of Lagrangian relaxation and column generation, while the other one is a Benders decomposition approach. We conduct computational experiments for a variety of instances obtained from a major carrier.
Probable Warfarin–Simvastatin Interaction
Authors: Westergren Tone , Johansson Peder , Molden Espen
Published: June 2007

Objective:

To report and discuss a case of fatal cerebral hemorrhage following a switch from atorvastatin to simvastatin in a patient taking warfarin.

Case Summary:

An 82-year-old white female was admitted to the hospital because of an international normalized ratio (INR) value greater than 8, which was detected at a routine follow-up visit to monitor warfarin therapy. Four weeks earlier her lipid-lowering therapy had been switched from atorvastatin 10 mg daily to simvastatin 10 mg daily. She had been treated with 2.5 mg of warfarin daily for almost 30 years due to episodes of deep venous thrombosis and lung embolism. Her INR had been stable within the treatment range (2.0–3.5) for more than 2 years before the INR increase. Upon hospitalization, she was given 5 mg of vitamin K orally, A few hours later she lost the feeling and movement of her right arm and a computed tomography scan showed major bleeding in the left cerebral hemisphere. She died the following day.

Discussion:

One study has shown a lack of interaction between warfarin and atorvastatin. In comparison, 3 studies have shown significant increases (10–30%) in warfarin effect and/or reductions in dose requirement after starling concomitant simvastatin treatment. The interaction mechanism between simvastatin and warfarin is not known but is possibly associated with reduced elimination of warfarin. Use of the Naranjo probability scale showed that the likelihood of warfarin-induced INR increase following the switch to simvastatin was probable.

Conclusions:

Atorvastatin and simvastatin appear to differ in their potential to interact with warfarin. Clinicians should be aware of the interaction risk when starting simvastatin treatment in patients on warfarin therapy.
Expression of Leptin and Adiponectin in the Rat Oviduct
Authors: Archanco Marta , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Tena-Sempere Manuel , Frühbeck Gema , Burrell María A.
Published: June 2007

In mammals, the oviduct is an important source of factors that play key roles in reproductive and developmental events. The major components of oviduct fluid are oviduct-specific glycoproteins, but other proteins are synthesized and secreted by the oviduct epithelium. Leptin and adiponectin are two hormones originally identified in adipocytes that play a critical role not only in the control of energy balance and metabolism but also in diverse functions such as reproduction. This study investigates the presence and distribution of leptin and adiponectin in the rat oviduct through a combination of immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction techniques. Using both techniques, it has been detected that the oviduct of cycling rats expresses leptin and adiponectin. Immuno-reactivity for both adipokines appears in the apical region of the secretory epithelial cells, only in the isthmus and ampulla. The immunostain is stronger in the isthmus and changes throughout the estrous cycle in the ampulla, increasing from proestrous to estrous. The results presented here are a further contribution to the identification of leptin and adiponectin produced and secreted by the oviduct epithelium, which must be taken into account for a better understanding of the reproductive events that take place in this organ. (J Histochem Cytochem 55: 1027–1037, 2007)
Biological Applications of a Chimeric Probe for the Assessment of Galectin-3 Ligands
Authors: de Melo Fabiana H. M. , Butera Diego , Medeiros Raphael S. , de S. Andrade Luciana N. , Nonogaki Suely , Soares Fernando A. , Alvarez Richard A. , da Silva Ana M. Moura , Chammas Roger
Published: June 2007

β1–6 branching of N-linked oligosaccharides has been correlated with the progression of different cancers. The leukoagglutinins of Phaseolus vulgaris (L-PHA) have been used to study this pattern of glycosylation whose biological significance is incompletely understood. The animal lectin, galectin-3, also binds to structures recognized by L-PHA. To develop a functional tool for the in situ identification of this pattern of glycosylation, human galectin-3 was fused to bacterial alkaline phosphatase (gal3/AP). Gal3/AP recognized both A and B blood group saccharides (B>A) and lactosamine derivatives. Gal3/AP recognition depended at least in part on the N-linked oligosaccharides of different glycoproteins. The presence and distribution of galectin-3 ligands were analyzed in both murine and human normal and tumor samples. Loss of apical expression of galectin-3 ligands was commonly found in carcinomas. Endothelial and inflammatory cells were enriched in galectin-3 ligands as compared with tumor cells; thus, gal3/AP is a suitable tool for studying tumor micro-environments. Comparative analysis of both gal3/AP and L-PHA binding patterns indicated that although similar, these patterns are not identical. The probe developed was useful for several immunoenzymatic assays and will allow the physiological and clinical significance of the expression pattern of galectin-3 ligands to be established. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http:/www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials. (J Histochem Cytochem 55: 1015–1026, 2007)
Differential Expression of the ARF GAP Genes GIT1 and GIT2 in Mouse Tissues
Authors: Schmalzigaug Robert , Phee Hyewon , Davidson Collin E. , Weiss Arthur , Premont Richard T.
Published: June 2007

GIT1 and GIT2 belong to the family of ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating proteins (ARF-GAP) and have been implicated in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor sequestration, cell migration, T-cell activation, neuronal spine formation, and aggregate formation in Huntington's disease. Examination of endogenous GIT protein expression in tissues, however, has been hampered by the lack of GIT2-specific antibodies. To visualize GIT1 and GIT2 gene expression in mouse tissues, we created mice with β-galactosidase (β-Gal) reporters inserted into the two GIT genes. β-Gal staining confirmed the broad tissue distribution of GIT1 and GIT2 in the mouse but also revealed striking differences. GIT2 is expressed in most cells of the body, whereas GIT1 is restricted to only a subset of cells. For example, GIT2 is uniformly expressed throughout lung and liver, whereas GIT1 is restricted to cells lining blood vessels, bronchi, and bile ducts. Expression of GIT1 and GIT2 is mutually exclusive in the testes, where a developmental expression shift occurs, with GIT2 present in spermatogonia but GIT1 in mature spermatids. In conclusion, analysis of endogenous GIT expression revealed a nearly ubiquitous distribution of GIT2, whereas GIT1 is restricted to specific cell types even in tissues with apparently high GIT1 expression and is entirely absent from some tissues. (J Histochem Cytochem 55: 1039–1048, 2007)
Emerging Ethical Challenges in Advanced Neuroimaging Research: Review, Recommendations and Research Agenda
Authors: Racine Eric , Illes Judy
Published: June 2007

The dynamic and ever-evolving nature of neuroimaging research creates important ethical challenges. New domains of neuroscience research and improving technological capabilities in neuroimaging have expanded the scope of studies that probe the biology of the social and ethical brain, the range of eligible volunteers for research, and the extent of academic-industry relationships. Accordingly, challenges in informed consent and subject protection are surfacing. In this context, we provide an overview of the current landscape for neuroimaging and discuss specific research ethics topics arising from it. We suggest preliminary approaches to tackle current issues, and identify areas for further collaboration between neuroimagers and institutional review boards (research ethics committee).
Recommending Randomized Trials for Pediatric Leukemia: Observer and Physician Report of Recommendations
Authors: Hazen Rebecca , Greenley Rachel Neff , Drotar Dennis , Kodish Eric
Published: June 2007

Physicians' presentation of treatment options in a non-coercive manner is critical for informed consent for participation in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). This study examined discrepancies between observer and physician report of treatment recommendations for pediatric leukemia RCTs. This study also assessed relationships between recommendations and decisions to participate in RCTs. Participants were 104 parents of children with leukemia and the treating physicians. Measures included observations of informed consent conferences (ICCs), physician report of treatment recommendations, and parent report of trial participation. Observation revealed that physicians recommended RCTs in 38% of ICCs, while physicians reported recommending RCTs in 73% of ICCs. Treatment recommendations were unrelated to decisions to participate in RCTs. Results highlight the importance of enhancing parent-physician communication regarding RCT participation.
Disparities in Free Time Inactivity in the United States: Trends and Explanations
Authors: Berry Brent
Published: June 2007

What accounts for trends in socioeconomic disparities in physical activity during free time? Results from four national time-use studies between 1965 and 1999 suggest that there are increasing socioeconomic disparities in passive but not active free-time activities. The author evaluates several explanations for these trends. First, the least educated adults had more free time in 1999 than in 1965, and they spend nearly all this extra free time in home settings where the most common passive activities occur (e.g., television viewing). Second, less educated adults had less income per minute of free time in 1999 than in 1965, a trend that combines with increasing supply and reduced price of important passive choices to create economic incentives for passive activity. Third, the difference between low and high educated adults in the mediation of children's viewing habits has increased, an indication of rising socioeconomic disparities in tastes and stigma for this passive activity choice. Finally, historical data suggest that these changes in the use of free time are not simply free market outcomes but also consequences of political decisions favoring television infrastructure, auto-dependent built environments, and disinvestment in public recreation.
Jewish Educational and Economic Success in the United States: A Search for Explanations
Authors: Burstein Paul
Published: June 2007

Jews are much more successful economically and educationally than other ethnic, racial, and religious groups in the United States. This article asks why. It begins with a description of how well Jews do and then presents four potential explanations: human capital, Jewish particularity, marginality, and social capital. Most work attempting to explain Jews' success tests human capital explanations. They account for much of Jews' success but leave much unexplained as well. Researchers speculate about the possible importance of the other explanations but have done very little research to test them. It is suggested that little research has been done because of social scientists' lack of interest in successful groups, lack of data, and Jews' anxiety about possible findings. The basics of a research agenda are set forth.
Adolescents' Work-Family Gender Ideologies and Educational Expectations
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Pearce Lisa D.
Published: June 2007

Much empirical research has been devoted to examining how early life socialization and experiences shape adolescent aspirations. This article adds to this body of research by examining adolescent educational expectations at a crucial developmental stage with a focus on ideational processes. The authors test hypotheses derived from the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices regarding links between the previously neglected concept of work-family gender ideology and expected educational attainment. Using recent survey data from children of a nationally representative sample of women in the United States, the authors demonstrate a positive relationship between gender egalitarianism and the expectation of attending a postsecondary institution for ninth- and tenth-grade girls and boys. For girls and boys, having more egalitarian views of gendered work and family roles makes one more likely to desire a college education and a graduate or professional degree, although the relationship is stronger for girls than for boys. The authors' findings suggest the pivotal role of work-family gender ideologies in shaping adolescents' educational expectations and more generally highlight the importance of ideology and worldview in the construction of status attainment goals.
Neighborhood Effects on Youth Substance Use in a Southwestern City
Authors: Kulis Stephen , Marsiglia Flavio Francisco , Sicotte Diane , Nieri Tanya
Published: June 2007

This study examines neighborhood influences on alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use among a predominantly Latino middle school sample. Drawing on theories of immigrant adaptation and segmented assimilation, the authors test whether neighborhood immigrant, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition, violent crime, residential instability, and family structure have differential effects on substance use among youth from different ethnic and acculturation backgrounds. Data are drawn from self-reports from 3,721 seventh-grade students attending thirty-five Phoenix, Arizona, middle schools. Analysis was restricted to the two largest ethnic groups, Latino students of Mexican heritage and non-Hispanic Whites. After adjusting for individual-level characteristics and school-level random effects, only one neighborhood effect was found for the sample overall, an undesirable impact of neighborhood residential instability on recent cigarette use. Subgroup analyses by individual ethnicity and acculturation showed more patterned neighborhood effects. Living in neighborhoods with high proportions of recent immigrants was protective against alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use for Latino students at different acculturation levels, whereas living in predominantly Mexican heritage neighborhoods (mostly nonimmigrants) was a risk factor for alcohol and marijuana use for less acculturated Latinos. There were scattered effects of neighborhood poverty and crime, which predicted more cigarette and alcohol use, respectively, but only among more acculturated Latinos. Inconsistent effects confined to bilingual and more acculturated Latinos were found for the neighborhood's proportion of single-mother families and its residential instability. No neighborhood effects emerged for non-Hispanic White students. Results suggested that disadvantaged neighborhoods increase substance use among some ethnic minority youth, but immigrant enclaves appear to provide countervailing protections.
Perceived Risks and Benefits of the Three Gorges Project
Authors: Xi Juan , Hwang Sean-Shong , Feng Xiaotian , Qiao Xiaofei , Cao Yue
Published: June 2007

Previous studies found that although the designated migrants in China's Three Gorges region showed strong support for the project, they also expressed concerns about the project's likely negative impact on their family life. A psychological explanation is proposed to reconcile these apparent contradictory findings. The empirical validity of the proposed interpretation is evaluated using survey data collected from rural and urban communities in Wanxian Relocation and Development Region in Chongqing Municipality. The findings from our analysis are consistent with the proposed interpretation. The authors found that the designated migrants who anticipate more personal sacrifices are more likely to express concerns about the project's negative micro-impact on their family. Facing the undesirable relocation that is imposed on them, however, these designated migrants rationalize personal sacrifices by affirming the positive macro-impact of the project. The authors see the latter as a psychological coping strategy used by the designated migrants to resolve the cognitive dissonance of having to act on something despite its undesirable consequences.
Estimating Differential Reproductive Success From Nests of Related Individuals, With Application to a Study of the Mottled Sculpin,Cottus bairdi
Authors: Jones Beatrix , Grossman Gary D , Walsh Daniel C I , Porter Brady A , Avise John C , Fiumera Anthony C
Published: June 2007

Understanding how variation in reproductive success is related to demography is a critical component in understanding the life history of an organism. Parentage analysis using molecular markers can be used to estimate the reproductive success of different groups of individuals in natural populations. Previous models have been developed for cases where offspring are random samples from the population but these models do not account for the presence of full- and half-sibs commonly found in large clutches of many organisms. Here we develop a model for comparing reproductive success among different groups of individuals that explicitly incorporates within-nest relatedness. Inference for the parameters of the model is done in a Bayesian framework, where we sample from the joint posterior of parental assignments and fertility parameters. We use computer simulations to determine how well our model recovers known parameters and investigate how various data collection scenarios (varying the number of nests or the number of offspring) affect the estimates. We then apply our model to compare reproductive success among different age groups of mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, from a natural population. We demonstrate that older adults are more likely to contribute to a nest and that females in the older age groups contribute more eggs to a nest than younger individuals.
Estimation of Multilocus Linkage Disequilibria in Diploid Populations With Dominant Markers
Authors: Li Yanchun , Li Yang , Wu Song , Han Kun , Wang Zhengjia , Hou Wei , Zeng Yanru , Wu Rongling
Published: June 2007

Analysis of population structure and organization with DNA-based markers can provide important information regarding the history and evolution of a species. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis based on allelic associations between different loci is emerging as a viable tool to unravel the genetic basis of population differentiation. In this article, we derive the EM algorithm to obtain the maximum-likelihood estimates of the linkage disequilibria between dominant markers, to study the patterns of genetic diversity for a diploid species. The algorithm was expanded to estimate and test linkage disequilibria of different orders among three dominant markers and can be technically extended to manipulate an arbitrary number of dominant markers. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is validated by an example of population genetic studies of hickory trees, native to southeastern China, using dominant random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Extensive simulation studies were performed to investigate the statistical properties of this algorithm. The precision of the estimates of linkage disequilibrium between dominant markers was compared with that between codominant markers. Results from simulation studies suggest that three-locus LD analysis displays increased power of LD detection relative to two-locus LD analysis. This algorithm is useful for studying the pattern and amount of genetic variation within and among populations.