bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate change adaptation-disaster risk reduction nexus: case study from Ethiopia
Authors: Gebreyes Million , Tesfaye Kindie , Feleke Beneberu
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The recently released fifth IPCC report indicates a high agreement among global actors on the need to integrate climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, there remains little local level evidence on how DRR and CCA could be linked, the sorts of adjustments that are required for the two concepts to be integrated and the challenges ahead. This paper aims to provide an empirical insight on the possible links and departures between DRR and CCA.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a qualitative case study approach to excavate lessons from an existing DRR intervention for CCA using a local-level adaptive capacity assessment framework as a normative criteria. Data was collected both from primary and secondary sources. The primary data collection involved the use of participatory rural appraisal techniques with village communities in Chifra District, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia.

Findings

The findings showed that the DRR interventions studied addressed parts of the elements of adaptive capacity at the local level. The findings also showed the limitation of the DRR intervention, which could be attributed to both the nature of the DRR interventions in general and implementation problems of the case study intervention in particular. The limitations show cases where full integration of DRR with CCA could be challenging.

Originality/value

The paper argues why the two approaches may not be integrated fully and also shows the need to focus on the design of DRR interventions in achieving both short-term (reducing disaster risks) and long-term objectives (enhancing adaptive capacity).
Social protection as a strategy to address climate-induced migration
Authors: Schwan Susanne , Yu Xiaohua
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss the roles of social protection in reducing and facilitating climate-induced migration. Social protection gained attention in the international climate negotiations with the establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Yet, its potential to address migration, considered as a key issue in the loss and damage debate, has not been sufficiently explored. This paper aims at identifying key characteristics of social protection schemes which could effectively address climate-induced migration and attempts to derive recommendations for policy design.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the existing literature, the paper links empirical evidence on the effects of social protection to climate-related drivers of migration and the needs of vulnerable populations. This approach allows conceptually identifying characteristics of effective social protection policies.

Findings

Findings indicate that social protection can be part of a proactive approach to managing climate-induced migration both in rural and urban areas. In particular, public work programmes offer solutions to different migration outcomes, from no to permanent migration. Benefits are achieved when programmes explicitly integrate climate change impacts into their design. Social protection can provide temporary support to facilitate migration,in situadaptation or integration and adaptation in destination areas. It is no substitution for but can help trigger sustainable adaptation solutions.

Originality/value

The paper helps close research gaps regarding the potential roles and channels of social protection for addressing and facilitating climate-induced migration and providing public support in destination, mostly in urban areas.
Identification of sustainable expansion alternatives for heterogeneous grid topologies
Authors: Lühn Tobias , Schmidtmann Genoveva , Geldermann Jutta
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to introduce a newly developed multi-criteria analysis for the comparison of two grid expansion alternatives, conventional and voltage-regulated distribution transformer. The case study comprises environmental, economic, technical and social aspects.

Design/methodology/approach

The newly developed method decision condition Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (DC-PROMETHEE) combines scenario planning with the multi-attribute decision-making method PROMETHEE. DC-PROMETHEE supports the decision-maker to evaluate the total potential of an alternative considering a large number of decision conditions. The calculated performance indicator supports the decision-maker to select the best alternative.

Findings

The voltage-regulated distribution transformer shows a high overall potential in the present case study. This leads to the recommendation to the investigated distribution system operator to include the voltage-regulated distribution transformers as a grid expansion measure.

Practical implications

The DC-PROMETHEE can be applied to other distribution system operators by considering their individual grid topology and preferences. Other fields of application are infrastructure investments in the service area, in which expansion alternatives are evaluated in a large number of decision conditions. Examples include telecommunication, gas supply, water supply, sewage and rail networks.

Originality/value

This paper develops the DC-PROMETHEE approach. The DC-PROMETHEE enables the multi-criteria evaluation of a few alternatives in a large number of decision conditions.
Broadband imaging via direct inversion of blended dispersed source array data
Authors: Caporal Matteo , Blacquière Gerrit , Davydenko Mikhail
Published: September 2017

Although seismic sources typically consist of identical broadband units alone, no physical constraint dictates the use of only one kind of device. We propose an acquisition method that involves the simultaneous exploitation of multiple types of sources during seismic surveys. It is suggested to replace (or support) traditional broadband sources with several devices individually transmitting diverse and reduced frequency bands and covering together the entire temporal and spatial bandwidth of interest. Together, these devices represent a so‐called dispersed source array.

As a consequence, the use of simpler sources becomes a practical proposition for seismic acquisition. In fact, the devices dedicated to the generation of the higher frequencies may be smaller and less powerful than the conventional sources, providing the acquisition system with increased operational flexibility and decreasing its environmental impact. Offshore, we can think of more manageable boats carrying air guns of different volumes or marine vibrators generating sweeps with different frequency ranges. On land, vibrator trucks of different sizes, specifically designed for the emission of particular frequency bands, are preferred. From a manufacturing point of view, such source units guarantee a more efficient acoustic energy transmission than today's complex broadband alternatives, relaxing the low‐ versus high‐frequency compromise. Furthermore, specific attention can be addressed to choose shot densities that are optimum for different devices according to their emitted bandwidth. In fact, since the sampling requirements depend on the maximum transmitted frequencies, the appropriate number of sources dedicated to the lower frequencies is relatively small, provided the signal‐to‐noise ratio requirements are met. Additionally, the method allows to rethink the way to address the ghost problem in marine seismic acquisition, permitting to tow different sources at different depths based on the devices' individual central frequencies. As a consequence, the destructive interference of the ghost notches, including the one at 0 Hz, is largely mitigated. Furthermore, blended acquisition (also known as simultaneous source acquisition) is part of the dispersed source array concept, improving the operational flexibility, cost efficiency, and signal‐to‐noise ratio.

Based on theoretical considerations and numerical data examples, the advantages of this approach and its feasibility are demonstrated.
Genome characteristics and environmental distribution of the first phage that infects the LD28 clade, a freshwater methylotrophic bacterial group
Authors: Moon Kira , Kang Ilnam , Kim Suhyun , Kim Sang‐Jong , Cho Jang‐Cheon
Published: September 2017

Bacteriophages infecting major groups of freshwater heterotrophic bacteria have been rarely isolated, hampering analyses of freshwater viromes. Here, we report the isolation and genomic characterization of P19250A, the first phage that infects the LD28 clade, an abundant freshwater methylotrophic bacterial group. P19250A was isolated from Lake Soyang, an oligotrophic reservoir, using an LD28 strain as a host. Morphological and genomic analyses revealed that P19250A is a lytic siphovirus with a ∼38.6‐kb genome. To analyze the distribution of P19250A genome within its habitat, six seasonal viral metagenome (virome) samples were prepared from Lake Soyang. Through binning analysis of freshwater viromes, P19250A was shown to be the most highly assigned freshwater phage that infects heterotrophic bacteria (up to 8.21%) in five viromes. Furthermore, when freshwater virome data collected worldwide were analyzed, P19250A genome also showed high abundance, especially in Lough Neagh, UK, where P19250A genome was recorded as the most abundant bacteriophage. From metagenome analysis, the proportion of P19250A‐assigned reads showed seasonal fluctuation following the abundance of the LD28 clade in Lake Soyang. These results showed that P19250A would be an essential resource for analyses of freshwater viromes, and also suggest that phages of other abundant freshwater bacteria need to be isolated for better understanding of freshwater viruses.
Acceptability of Clinical Decision Support Interface Prototypes for a Nursing Electronic Health Record to Facilitate Supportive Care Outcomes
Authors: Stifter Janet , Sousa Vanessa E. C. , Febretti Alessandro , Dunn Lopez Karen , Johnson Andrew , Yao Yingwei , Keenan Gail M. , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: September 2017

PURPOSE

To determine the acceptability, usefulness, and ease of use for four nursing clinical decision support interface prototypes.

METHODS

In a simulated hospital environment, 60 registered nurses (48 female; mean age = 33.7 ± 10.8; mean years of experience = 8.1 ± 9.7) participated in a randomized study with four study groups. Measures included acceptability, usefulness, and ease of use scales.

FINDINGS

Mean scores were high for acceptability, usefulness, and the ease of use for all four groups. Inexperienced participants (<1 year) reported higher perceived ease of use (p = .05) and perceived usefulness (p = .01) than those with experience of 1 year or more.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants completed the protocol and reported that all four interfaces, including the control (HANDS), were acceptable, easy to use, and useful.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING KNOWLEDGE

Further study is warranted before clinical implementation within the electronic health record.
A Qualitative Examination of Male Enrollment in Family Science Courses
Authors: Langlais Michael R. , Asay Sylvia , Mitchell Vaterlaus J. , Walker Anthony B.
Published: September 2017

This qualitative study examines undergraduate perspectives concerning the paucity of male students in family science courses. Two hundred and eighty‐eight students from three universities answered open‐ended questions concerning male enrollment in these courses. Although participants described a social stigma regarding women in family science, males believed that females are more likely to take family science courses because females are more concerned with family. Females believed that males are afraid or uncomfortable with family science topics. Participants believed that increasing awareness, gender‐targeted advertising, and dispelling stereotypes would promote male enrollment. Implications regarding gender balance in family sciences are discussed.
Tropical peatlands: current plight and the need for responsible management
Authors: Green Sophie M. , Page Susan
Published: September 2017

Peatlands are important carbon stores, but when drained (e.g. for agriculture), this carbon is released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2, a greenhouse gas). Globally, at least 15% of peatlands have been drained, mostly in Europe and South‐east Asia, and are responsible for 5% of human‐derived CO2 emissions. Peatlands have been exploited for generations, but not without local to global consequences, particularly in South‐East Asia. However, recognition of the continuous environmental toll caused by peatland exploitation is leading to a need to change attitudes and practices, in order to propel a move towards a more balanced and responsible use of peat in both northern and tropical peatlands.
The use of geological materials in ancient and contemporary art
Authors: Dickerson Robert , Fortner Pamela
Published: September 2017

Mineral‐based pigments have been used for cave paintings and rock art dating as far back as 70–100 ka in Blombos Cave, South Africa. Ancestral indigenous artists used ochre (clay + Fe oxides and hydroxides) for red and yellow pigments in cave art on every inhabited continent for at least 15 000 years, and much longer than that in some localities. Early historic cultures throughout the Middle East, Asia and the Mediterranean basin added other colourful minerals to their palette, including azurite and malachite for blue and green, calcite, gypsum, and diatomaceous earth for white, and charcoal for black. Some of these cultures created additional pigments by roasting or smelting minerals and altering them with vinegar or other organic acids. The use of mineral pigments and pigments of altered minerals using heat and acid continued throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Similar mineral pigments were used by native peoples in the New World for rock and cave art. Ancestral artists traditionally used water, saliva, oil and fats as binders for their pigments to create their paint.
Maternal intelligence quotient (IQ) predicts IQ and language in very preterm children at age 5 years
Authors: Lean Rachel E. , Paul Rachel A. , Smyser Christopher D. , Rogers Cynthia E.
Published: September 2017

Background

Sociodemographic factors are linked to cognitive outcomes in children born very preterm (VPT; ≤30 weeks gestation). The influence of maternal intellectual ability, a heritable trait, is unknown. Also undetermined is the extent to which associations between maternal and child intellectual ability vary according to parenting behaviors that target cognitive stimulation in the home.

Methods

At age 5 years, 84 VPT and 38 demographically matched full‐term (FT) children underwent neurodevelopmental assessment. Children's intellectual ability was assessed using The Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence‐III, and language was assessed with the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool‐2. The Wechsler Test of Adult Reading estimated maternal intellectual ability. The StimQ‐Preschool questionnaire provided a measure of cognitive stimulation in the home. Linear mixed‐effects models examined independent effects and interactions between maternal intellectual ability and cognitive stimulation on children's outcomes.

Results

After covariate adjustment, maternal intellectual ability was associated with child intellectual (p < .001) and language (p = .002) abilities. Stronger associations were observed in FT mother–child dyads (B = .63, p = .04) than VPT dyads (B = .42, p = .01). Mothers of VPT children reported lower levels of Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (p = .007) and Parental Verbal Responsiveness (p = .04). Group differences in Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance, but not Parental Verbal Responsivity, persisted after adjusting for social background (p = .03). There was no evidence of an interaction between maternal intellectual ability and Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (p = .34). Instead, maternal intellectual ability (p < .001) and Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (p = .05) independently predicted VPT children's outcomes.

Conclusions

Maternal intellectual ability is an important trait linked to VPT and FT children's intellectual and language outcomes. Prematurity increases variation in the heritability of intellectual ability and shifts children from the expected range based on maternal ability. Parental involvement in activities that help children master new skills may promote cognitive development in VPT children born to mothers of lower intellectual ability.
Using the robust design framework and relative abundance to predict the population size of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River
Authors: Steffensen K. D. , Powell L. A. , Pegg M. A.
Published: September 2017

Several population viability models were constructed to aid recovery in endangered Scaphirhynchus albus, but these models are dependent upon accurate and precise input parameters that are not provided with standard catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices. Nine years of sampling efforts, under the robust design framework, provided 1223 unique captures with an 18·3% recapture rate. The annual population estimates varied from 4·0–7·3 fish rkm−1 for wild and 8·4–18·4 fish rkm−1 for hatchery‐reared S. albus. The relationship between abundance (N) and annual trot‐line CPUE indices (x = 70.726y + 2·533, R2 = 0·91, P < 0·001) was used to predict an abundance of 13 616 ± 7142 s.e. S. albus in the lower Missouri River. The use of small‐scale intensive sampling to develop a relationship with relative abundance indices reported here, may provide a framework for other fisheries management applications where large‐scale intensive sampling is not feasible, but catch data are available.
Adaptation of a Screening Tool for Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Community‐Based Maternal Health Services in Mali
Authors: Lasater Molly E. , Beebe Madeleine , Blomberg Kirsten , Warren Nicole , Gresh Ashley , Hsih Katie , Winch Peter
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The aim of this research is to adapt and validate a perinatal depression and anxiety screening tool in Mali, West Africa for use in community‐based maternal mental health prevention interventions.

Research Questions

How do standardized screening tools for depression and anxiety align with maternal depression and anxiety symptomatology in Mali? Is the adapted depression and anxiety screening tool valid and reliable?

Significance

Midwives in low‐resource settings such as Mali provide the majority of maternal health services with few resources. As with other threats to maternal and newborn well‐being, perinatal depression is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality including poor perinatal outcomes and infant development. However, mental health issues are rarely included in maternal health programming, and local midwives have few tools to address the issue. An important component of maternal care is screening for depression and anxiety with a tool based on local ethnomedical understandings of mental health. Western screening tools have been adapted and validated in other low‐income contexts but not in the Malian context. Such a tool has the potential to provide midwives with a way to identify women who need mental health support.

Methods

We are using a mixed‐methods study to adapt and validate a postpartum depression and anxiety screening tool using the DIME Program Research Model: Design, Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation. Focus groups and interviews conducted in Sélingué, Mali in 2016 provided local terms and symptomatology upon which to base the adaptation of screening tools. A pretest was conducted among local midwives in Sélingué in June 2016, and additional pretests with community women are ongoing; additional interviews to establish reliability and validity with childbearing women took place in September of 2016.

Results

To date, multiple elements of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Hopkins Symptom Checklist were expressed locally. Some elements from established screeners were not locally relevant, and new elements were added to the adapted tool.

Discussion

Perinatal depression in low‐resource settings requires locally relevant screening tools. Such tools are necessary for community‐based efforts to integrate perinatal depression screening, prevention, and intervention into routine care in Mali.
Perception of Professional Empowerment among Midwifery Graduates: School of Midwifery, University of Chile
Authors: Binfa Lorena , Labarca Tomas , Jorquera Elena , Cavada Gabriel
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To identify and compare the perception of professional empowerment among midwifery students according to the type of curriculum.

Research Question

During 2009, a Competence Based Education (CBE) curriculum was implemented in the School of Midwifery, University of Chile to determine if this curriculum is effective in improving professional empowerment.

Significance

Studies of health care professionals note that the quality and safety of patient care is directly related to the degree of provider empowerment. Provider empowerment influences plans of care and contributes to the decision‐making outcomes of the multidisciplinary team. Studies carried out in Chile revealed that midwifery professionals employed in maternity units do not feel empowered enough to face a hierarchical and medicalized health system; moreover, midwifery students reported lack of self‐confidence among midwives working at Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics to address the prevalent and complex psychosocial problems affecting many women. Empowerment must be addressed during preservice education, and it is therefore a central aspect of curricula.

Methods

A structured online interview was conducted among a sample of 147 midwifery graduates of 2 different curricula (content and competency based vs CBE) of the School of Midwifery at the University of Chile, through an adaptation of the Perceptions Midwifery Empowerment Scale (PEMS) developed by Matthews (2009), translated by the backward‐translation technique, and tested in 10 midwives working in the maternity unit at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, selected by convenience. This instrument comprises 3 domains: autonomous practice, effective management, and women‐centered practice. The study was approved by the ethics committee at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile.

Results

Globally, over 80% of the respondents revealed optimal levels of professional empowerment. According to the domains, those providing woman‐centered care reported the higher scores, and those who graduated from the CBE curriculum scored equally well at one‐year post graduation in comparison to those graduates with 5 years or more of clinical experience.

Discussion

Studying empowerment becomes very useful in the development of a competent professional to promote woman‐centered practice. These findings suggest the positive influence of CBE in enhancing professional empowerment; however, further and accurate assessment is required to complement these outcomes.
Drug repurposing may generate novel approaches to treating depression
Authors: Ebada Mohamed Elsaed
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The breakthrough advancements in scientific medical research have greatly improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression, encouraging drug discoverers to take a shorter path than ever through drug repurposing to generate new antidepressant medications. In addition to reduced noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain, other coincidence features such as glutamate neurotoxicity, inflammation and/or cerebrovascular insufficiency are implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder and late-life depression. This short review discusses the progress made in repurposing drugs for antidepressant actions.

Key findings

Drugs being repurposed as antidepressants act on novel drug targets, thereby treating resistant depression and improving remission rate. Drugs such as ketamine, dextromethorphan/quinidine and scopolamine are rapidly acting antidepressants targeting glutamate receptors. Nimodipine and quetiapine are efficient add-on therapy for late-life depression. Anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, insulin sensitizers, minocycline could remarkably contribute to treating refractory depression.

Drug repurposing represents an alternative approach to cope with major obstacles, including financial insufficiency and unavoidable long lag evaluation time, undermining the classical pathway of developing new hit compounds into clinically approved antidepressants.
Cladocera assemblages from reservoirs in Sri Lanka and their relationship to measured limnological variables
Authors: Yatigammana S. K. , Cumming B. F.
Published: September 2017

The potential of using surface‐sediment assemblages of Cladocera as bioindicators for reservoirs in Sri Lanka was assessed for their subfossil remains, along with contemporary physical and chemical measurements from each reservoir. The reservoirs span five climatic regions, from extremely arid environments to tropical montane forests, as well as three orders of magnitude changes in many physical and chemical variables. In total, although the remains of 39 Cladocera taxa from 21 genera were identified, only 31 taxa from 37 sites were present at sufficiently high abundances to assess their relation to measured environmental variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified surface area, maximum depth and chloride as the three most important measured environmental variables that could account for the variation in the cladoceran assemblages. Taxa such as Chydorus sphaericus, Alona aff. verrucosa and Leydigia acanthocercoides were more abundant in generally deeper, larger reservoirs, whereas Alonella excisa, Euryalona orientalis, Notoalona globulosa and Chydorus eurynotus were more abundant in shallow smaller reservoirs. Although there was a strong separation between climatic zones in terms of factors related to specific conductance, this factor only appears marginally important in separating cladoceran assemblages. Quantitative inference models developed to assess the strength of inferring environmental variables using partial least squares regression and calibration were all relatively weak, with jackknifed coefficient of determination values of 0.40, 0.28 and 0.27 for surface area, maximum depth and chloride, respectively. These results, in conjunction with large differences in eigenvalues between constrained and unconstrained ordinations, suggest that unmeasured environmental variables are also important in structuring cladoceran assemblages.
Gillnet selectivity estimates for five commercially important fish species in Tono Reservoir, Northern Ghana
Authors: Akongyuure Daniel N. , Amisah Steve , Agyemang Thomas K.
Published: September 2017

Gillnet selectivity is crucial for the effective and sustainable management of fisheries. However, there is inadequate information on gillnet selectivity for commercially important species in Tono Reservoir. To facilitate the sustainable exploitation of fish species, this study was conducted to estimate the selectivity parameters of commonly used monofilament gillnets for commercially important fish species in Tono Reservoir from January 2015 to June 2016. Two common nylon monofilament gillnets used by fishermen in Tono Reservoir with stretched mesh sizes 5 and 7 cm and equal dimensions were placed in the same fishing area and retrieved within 12 h. The fish catches were assessed, and selectivity parameters for Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon zillii, Clarias gariepinus and Auchenoglanis occidentalis were estimated using the Holt model. The catch per unit effort of the two gillnets exhibited no significant difference. The optimum total lengths of capture of four fish species excluding C. zillii ranged from 13.53 to 25.43 cm for the 5 cm gillnet, and 18.95 to 35.60 cm for the 7 cm gillnet. Common selection factors varied from 2.71 to 5.09. The mean total length at first sexual maturity for all five fish species ranged from 8.60 to 28.86 cm. Both the 5 and 7 cm gillnets were found to be inappropriate for use in the reservoir. Accordingly, their use should be discouraged to protect juvenile fish so that the sustainable exploitation and conservation of fish species in this multispecies fishery can be achieved.
Are future bureaucrats more prosocial?
Authors: Tepe Markus , Vanhuysse Pieter
Published: September 2017

This article explores the associations between self‐reported Public Service Motivation (PSM) and preferred job traits, study choice, and observable prosocial behaviour. We studied three subject pools covering over 250 university students in Germany. We used laboratory experiments with monetary rewards to measure altruism, fairness, strategic fairness, and cooperativeness, and a post‐experimental survey on subjects' PSM. Higher levels of PSM were not associated with studying public administration but were positively associated with altruism and negatively with strategic fairness. The experimental data reveal robust subject pool effects. After controlling for PSM, public administration students behaved more altruistically and displayed less merely strategic fairness than business students. And they behaved more cooperatively than business and law students. These behavioural findings about future bureaucrats corroborate cumulative earlier survey evidence about the higher prosocial tendencies of public sector employees. They point to the danger of crowding out such tendencies through overly extrinsic management tools.
ACA Exchange Competitiveness in Florida
Authors: Born Patricia
Published: September 2017

Florida chose not to develop its own marketplace and therefore hosts the federally facilitated marketplace, HealthCare.gov. While the state may have had an opportunity to define rating areas, it defaulted to the county level, which is the level at which agents and carriers are licensed to conduct business. This resulted in 67 rating areas, which is significantly more than most other states. South Carolina has 46 rating areas, and Texas has 26. All other states have fewer than 20.
Prior Mental Disorders and Lifetime Suicidal Behaviors Among US Army Soldiers in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
Authors: Millner Alexander J. , Ursano Robert J. , Hwang Irving , J. King Andrew , Naifeh James A. , Sampson Nancy A. , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Stein Murray B. , Kessler Ronald C. , Nock Matthew K. ,   the STARRS‐LS collaborators
Published: September 2017

We report on associations of retrospectively reported temporally prior mental disorders and Army career characteristics with subsequent first onset of suicidal behaviors in a large, representative sample of US Army soldiers who participated in the Consolidated All‐Army Survey of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (N = 29,982). Results reveal that among men and women, all self‐reported lifetime disorders measured (some assessed with screening scales) are associated with subsequent onset of suicide ideation. Among men, three disorders characterized by agitation and impulsiveness (intermittent explosive disorder, panic disorder, and substance disorders) predict the transition from suicide ideation to attempt. For both men and women, being in the Regular Army (vs. National Guard or Army Reserve) predicts suicide attempts in the total sample. For men, a history of deployment and junior rank are predictors of suicide attempts after adjusting for preenlistment disorders but not accounting for pre‐ and postenlistment disorders, suggesting that postenlistment disorders account for some of the increased suicide risk among these career characteristics. Overall, these results highlight associations between mental disorders and suicidal behaviors, but underscore limitations predicting which people with ideation attempt suicide.
Morphological ontogeny of Eobrachychthonius oudemansi (Acari, Oribatida, Brachychthoniidae), with comments on Eobrachychthonius Jacot
Authors: Seniczak Stanisław , Seniczak Anna
Published: September 2017

The morphological ontogeny of Eobrachychthonius oudemansi van der Hammen, 1952 is investigated. This species has a dichoid body shape and several primitive characters, such as 16 pairs of notogastral setae, two transverse scissures on the notogaster and a preanal segment in the tritonymph and adult. It also has one pair of exobothridial setae, three pairs of adanal setae and two pairs of anal setae. The adults have light spots on the prodorsum and notogaster, and two pleural and six suprapleural plates, which are absent in the juveniles. In all instars of E. oudemansi, two transverse scissures are present on the notogaster, dividing it into three plates: NA, NM and PY. The larva has 14 pairs of notogastral setae, protonymph has 17 pairs, and other nymphs 16 pairs; most are of medium size, curved and smooth. In all instars, the gastronotal plate NA has six pairs of setae (c- and d-series), plate NM has two pairs (e-series), whereas the number of setae on the pygidium (PY) increases during ontogeny, from four pairs in the larva (f-series, h1, h2) to eight pairs (f1–f2, h1–h3, p1–p3) in the nymphs and adult. The morphology of E. oudemansi is compared with congeners.
Plasma and floating potentials in magnetron discharges
Authors: Musil Jindřich , Jaroš Martin
Published: September 2017

This letter reports on great differences in values of the plasma Up and floating Ufl potentials in sputtering discharges generated by single and dual magnetrons. It is shown that (i) the differences in Up and Ufl result in strongly different properties of films sputtered by single and dual magnetrons at the same power delivered to the magnetron discharge, (ii) in the direct current single and dual magnetron discharges, the values of Up and Ufl strongly depend on the electric conductivity of the surface of the grounded deposition chamber, and (iii) a pulsed dual magnetron with a closed magnetic B field is the only one sputtering system, which enables us to sputter the films with fully reproducible properties.
Unveiling Privilege to Broaden Participation
Authors: Scherr Rachel E. , Robertson Amy D.
Published: September 2017

The underrepresentation of women and people of color in physics has been attributed to a wide variety of factors ranging from society-wide conditions such as income inequality and sparse role models, to daily interpersonal interactions that disadvantage or discourage women and people of color from pursuing physics. These factors may be seen as manifestations of White and/or male privilege: social, economic, educational, or political advantages that are made available to Whites and males on the basis of their social identity. White male privilege pervades the discipline of physics as well as the classrooms in which physics is taught and learned. For example, physics is portrayed in textbooks as the product of individual great men, independent of all social or political contexts, rather than as being shaped by the culture of the European Enlightenment (among other cultures) or the conditions during specific international conflicts.
How Things Get Heavy: The Nature of Mass
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: September 2017

Physics can be a weighty subject, full of substance and gravitas. It is therefore perhaps entirely reasonable that a central topic of the discipline is mass. But what is mass, really? What is the origin and nature of this most essential feature of the world around us? And are there any surprises to be had as we dig deeper into that question? In this article, I hope to surprise every reader at least once.
Adaptive spatial filtering improves speech reception in noise while preserving binaural cues
Authors: Bissmeyer Susan R. S. , Goldsworthy Raymond L.
Published: September 2017

Hearing loss greatly reduces an individual's ability to comprehend speech in the presence of background noise. Over the past decades, numerous signal-processing algorithms have been developed to improve speech reception in these situations for cochlear implant and hearing aid users. One challenge is to reduce background noise while not introducing interaural distortion that would degrade binaural hearing. The present study evaluates a noise reduction algorithm, referred to as binaural Fennec, that was designed to improve speech reception in background noise while preserving binaural cues. Speech reception thresholds were measured for normal-hearing listeners in a simulated environment with target speech generated in front of the listener and background noise originating 90° to the right of the listener. Lateralization thresholds were also measured in the presence of background noise. These measures were conducted in anechoic and reverberant environments. Results indicate that the algorithm improved speech reception thresholds, even in highly reverberant environments. Results indicate that the algorithm also improved lateralization thresholds for the anechoic environment while not affecting lateralization thresholds for the reverberant environments. These results provide clear evidence that this algorithm can improve speech reception in background noise while preserving binaural cues used to lateralize sound.
Underwater noise from geotechnical drilling and standard penetration testing
Authors: Erbe Christine , McPherson Craig
Published: September 2017

Geotechnical site investigations prior to marine construction typically involve shallow, small-core drilling and standard penetration testing (SPT), during which a small tube is hammered into the ground at the bottom of the borehole. Drilling (120 kW, 83 mm diameter drillbit, 1500 rpm, 16–17 m drill depth in sand and mudstone) and SPT (50 mm diameter test tube, 15 mm wall thickness, 100 kg hammer, 1 m drop height) by a jack-up rig in 7–13 m of water were recorded with a drifting hydrophone at 10–50 m range. Source levels were 142–145 dB re 1 μPa rms @ 1 m (30–2000 Hz) for drilling and 151–160 dB re 1 μPa2s @ 1 m (20–24 000 Hz) for SPT.
Papers of note in
Science
357
(6356)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2017

This week’s articles explain how plants establish and maintain an epigenetic memory of cold temperature and review how the engineering of channelrhodopsins as research tools has elucidated the biochemical properties of these light-activated ion channels.
Single-Center Evaluation of an Agar-Based Screening for Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus by Using VIPcheck
Authors: Buil J. B. , van der Lee H. A. L. , Rijs A. J. M. M. , Zoll J. , Hovestadt J. A. M. F. , Melchers W. J. G. , Verweij P. E.
Published: September 2017

Antifungal susceptibility testing is an essential tool for guiding therapy, although EUCAST and CLSI reference methods are often available only in specialized centers. We studied the performance of an agar-based screening method for the detection of azole resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
cultures. The VIPcheck consists of four wells containing voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, or a growth control. Ninety-six
A. fumigatus
isolates were used. Thirty-three isolates harbored a known resistance mechanism: TR
34
/L98H (11 isolates), TR
46
/Y121F/T289A (6 isolates), TR
53
(2 isolates), and 14 isolates with other
cyp51A
gene point mutations. Eighteen resistant isolates had no
cyp51A
-mediated azole resistance. Forty-five isolates had a wild-type (WT) azole phenotype. Four technicians and two inexperienced interns, blinded to the genotype/phenotype, read the plates visually after 24 h and 48 h and documented minimal growth, uninhibited growth, and no growth. The performance was compared to the EUCAST method. After 24 h of incubation, the mean sensitivity and specificity were 0.54 and 1.00, respectively, with uninhibited growth as the threshold. After 48 h of incubation, the performance mean sensitivity and specificity were 0.98 and 0.93, respectively, with minimal growth. The performance was not affected by observer experience in mycology. The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.87 after 24 h and 0.85 after 48 h. VIPcheck enabled the selection of azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
colonies, with a mean sensitivity and specificity of 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. Uninhibited growth on any azole-containing well after 24 h and minimal growth after 48 h were indicative of resistance. These results indicate that the VIPcheck is an easy-to-use tool for azole resistance screening and the selection of colonies that require MIC testing.
In Vitro
Comparison of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam to Traditional Beta-Lactams and Ceftolozane-Tazobactam as an Alternative to Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Goodlet Kellie J. , Nicolau David P. , Nailor Michael D.
Published: September 2017

Guidelines for the treatment of sepsis, febrile neutropenia, and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
include empirical regimens incorporating two antibiotics from different classes with activity against
P. aeruginosa
for select at-risk patients to increase the likelihood that the organism will be susceptible to at least one agent. The activity against
P. aeruginosa
and the rates of cross-resistance of ceftolozane-tazobactam were compared to those of the β-lactam comparators cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem alone and cumulatively with ciprofloxacin or tobramycin. Nonurine
P. aeruginosa
isolates were collected from adult inpatients at 44 geographically diverse U.S. hospitals. MICs were determined using reference broth microdilution methods. Of the 1,257 isolates collected, 29% were from patients in intensive care units and 39% were from respiratory sites. The overall rate of susceptibility to ceftolozane-tazobactam was high at 97%, whereas it was 72 to 76% for cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem. The rate of nonsusceptibility to all four comparator β-lactams was 11%; of the isolates nonsusceptible to the four comparator β-lactams, 80% remained susceptible to ceftolozane-tazobactam. Among the isolates nonsusceptible to the tested β-lactam comparators, less than half were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. By comparison, approximately 80% of the β-lactam-nonsusceptible isolates were susceptible to tobramycin, for overall cumulative susceptibility rates of 94 to 95%, nearly 10% higher than that of the ciprofloxacin–β-lactam combinations and approaching that of ceftolozane-tazobactam as a single agent. The rates of susceptibility to ceftolozane-tazobactam were consistently high, with little observable cross-resistance. Ceftolozane-tazobactam monotherapy performed at or above the level of commonly utilized combination therapies on the basis of
in vitro
susceptibilities. Ceftolozane-tazobactam should be considered for use in patients at high risk for resistant
P. aeruginosa
infection and as an alternative to empirical combination therapy, especially for patients unable to tolerate aminoglycosides.
Pharmacological Inhibition of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MvfR Quorum-Sensing System Interferes with Biofilm Formation and Potentiates Antibiotic-Mediated Biofilm Disruption
Authors: Maura Damien , Rahme Laurence G.
Published: September 2017

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
biofilms contribute to its survival on biotic and abiotic surfaces and represent a major clinical threat due to their high tolerance to antibiotics. Therefore, the discovery of antibiofilm agents may hold great promise. We show that pharmacological inhibition of the
P. aeruginosa
quorum-sensing regulator MvfR (PqsR) using a benzamide-benzimidazole compound interferes with biofilm formation and potentiates biofilm sensitivity to antibiotics. Such a strategy could have great potential against
P. aeruginosa
persistence in diverse environments.
Changing Antimalarial Drug Sensitivities in Uganda
Authors: Rasmussen Stephanie A. , Ceja Frida G. , Conrad Melissa D. , Tumwebaze Patrick K. , Byaruhanga Oswald , Katairo Thomas , Nsobya Samuel L. , Rosenthal Philip J. , Cooper Roland A.
Published: September 2017

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) has demonstrated excellent efficacy for the treatment and prevention of malaria in Uganda. However, resistance to both components of this regimen has emerged in Southeast Asia. The efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine, the first-line regimen to treat malaria in Uganda, has also been excellent, but continued pressure may select for parasites with decreased sensitivity to lumefantrine. To gain insight into current drug sensitivity patterns,
ex vivo
sensitivities were assessed and genotypes previously associated with altered drug sensitivity were characterized for 58 isolates collected in Tororo, Uganda, from subjects presenting in 2016 with malaria from the community or as part of a clinical trial comparing DP chemoprevention regimens. Compared to community isolates, those from trial subjects had lower sensitivities to the aminoquinolines chloroquine, monodesethyl amodiaquine, and piperaquine and greater sensitivities to lumefantrine and mefloquine, an observation consistent with DP selection pressure. Compared to results for isolates from 2010 to 2013, the sensitivities of 2016 community isolates to chloroquine, amodiaquine, and piperaquine improved (geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations [IC
50
] = 248, 76.9, and 19.1 nM in 2010 to 2013 and 33.4, 14.9, and 7.5 nM in 2016, respectively [
P
< 0.001 for all comparisons]), the sensitivity to lumefantrine decreased (IC
50
= 3.0 nM in 2010 to 2013 and 5.4 nM in 2016 [
P
< 0.001]), and the sensitivity to dihydroartemisinin was unchanged (IC
50
= 1.4 nM). These changes were accompanied by decreased prevalence of transporter mutations associated with aminoquinoline resistance and low prevalence of polymorphisms recently associated with resistance to artemisinins or piperaquine. Antimalarial drug sensitivities are changing in Uganda, but novel genotypes associated with DP treatment failure in Asia are not prevalent.