bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elimination of Micropollutants by NaAlo2 Flocculation During Primary Treatment of Mixed Wastewater
Authors: Vanderborght J. P. , Wollast R.
Published: May 2018

The influence of NaAlO2 -flocculation of mixed wastewater was investigated by conducting laboratory tests and using a pilot-scale flocculation reactor. In comparison with the primary sedimentation, aluminate addition results in a lower residual concentration for Zn and Cd. For all metals under investigation (Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, and Ni), the removal was found to be irreversible. Biological treatment was uninhibited by an addition of these metals when NaAlO2 -flocculation was provided.
Coastal Ecology and the Arctic Oil Industry: Some Elements for Future Oil-Spill Contingency Planning
Authors: Sendstäd E.
Published: May 2018

The ecological vulnerability of shorelines to oil contamination varies and their self-cleaning ability may be extensive. The ice may restrict the spread of oil. In the biologically active season, oil contamination in this environment will affect an important foodchain. Both the ice and shoreline environments have elements which positively and negatively influence the planning of countermeasures for oil-spills.

Offshore oil production in the Arctic is expected to be dependent on enhanced oil recovery (“EOR”). Thus any future environmental impact analyses of the offshore petroleum industry should include this aspect.

It is important to analyse the functional aspects of arctic ecology to single out the most vulnerable situations. An oil-spill clean-up plan should avoid vulnerable areas and seasons of the year, and use effective countermeasures in the less sensitive situations.
Some Considerations of Enhanced Water Quality Monitoring in the Northwest Territories: An Inland Waters Directorate Perspective
Authors: Olding Brian
Published: May 2018

Environment Canada has for over 15 years operated a network of water quality stations in the NWT. The objectives of the network were to provide a baseline of water quality data against which future changes could be measured. Contemporary monitoring must now address the biological component of the aquatic environment, the effects of development on the aquatic environment, and the formulation and application of in-stream water quality objectives. Interjurisdictional water quality at the Territorial-Provincial border, and issues associated with precious metals, base metals, hydrocarbons, uranium exploration and long-range air pollution constitute new challenges for water quality monitoring programs. The paper considers aspects of an updated monitoring program, focusing on the delineation of ambient variability and the needs for particular research in the development of aquatic water quality criteria, guidelines and use-specific water quality objectives for northern watercourses.
The Treatment of Oil in Refinery Wastewater in South East Asia
Authors: Radevsky R. A. , Burt D. A.
Published: May 2018

In response to more severe pollution control regulations and from a desire to reduce pollution levels, oil industry installations are having to re-examine their effluent treatment facilities. Options for upgrading the quality of effluent discharged include: improvements in water management to decrease volumes of effluent produced in processes; modifications to existing effluent treatment plant both in performance and operating procedures by the installation of new components or the replacement of individual units; and the installation of completely new effluent treatment facilities using the latest technology. In most existing plants considerable increases in efficiency can be brought about at relatively low cost by the correct application of a range of options. Where new installations are being constructed valuable lessons may be learned by examining the problems that are occurring in plants already in operation. Improvements may thus be made on existing designs.
Rubber Based Industries: A Case Study on Effluent Treatment
Authors: John C. K. , Shea P. F.
Published: May 2018

In Malaysia, the bulk of natural rubber produced is exported. Only 4% is currently used by the domestic market in the production of manufactured goods. Whereas much has been written about waste treatment with respect to processing of the raw latex, little has been published on the particular difficulties of treating the waste generated during manufacture of rubber based products. This paper describes one use of natural rubber in the Malaysian manufacturing industry, details the conceptual planning of a suitable treatment system and relates operating experiences over the past two years.
Animal Farming Effluent Problems – An Integrated Approach: Resource Recovery in Large Scale Pig Farming
Authors: Paul Taiganides E.
Published: May 2018

A waste treatment plant integrated with treated water recycle, biogas energy recovery, plus solids stabilization and reuse has been constructed in 1985 on a 20,000 standing pig population (SPP) farm. The plant incorporates biotechnologies developed under R&D Projects in the Primary Production Division (PPD) of Singapore with grants from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Australian Development Assistance Bureau (ADAB), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the Food Waste Materials Utilization Project of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the technical assistance of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The treatment processes include biogas digestion, chemically aided sedimentation, modified anaerobic lagoon, solids dewatering through sand filters and centrifuge, oxidation ditch aeration basins, etc. The aim of the Project is to determine the technical requirements and costs of producing effluents of 250 mg/l and 50 mg/l BOD integrated with resource recovery and resue.
Reduction of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Loading
Authors: Luonsi A. , Vuoriranta P. , Hynninen P.
Published: May 2018

The pulp and paper industry consumes large volumes of water i.e. 10-300 m3/t of product. The most important measure in reducing the pollution charge is a reduction in water consumption. Thereafter, efficient and more easily controllable methods can be used for the treatment of lower volume, more concentrated and warmer wastewaters. Application of medium consistency techniques in production, water recirculation, and more efficient use of wood are pushing development in this direction. It is clear however, that these development trends will undergo certain practical limitations governed by the actual production process.

The trends in production favour the utilization of anaerobic techniques in wastewater treatment. Both the purification efficiency and the economy of the treatment system can be improved as seen from the examples in this paper. However, the conventional aerobic treatment is under continuous development and it will be applied as a completing stage of anaerobic treatment. Modifications of the activated sludge process can be applied especially for rather dilute composite pulp mill effluents as presented in this paper.
Tanneries: A Short Survey of the Methods Applied for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tsotsos D.
Published: May 2018

A short description of the tannery production process is given, mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since tne main pollutants (Cr - salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant.

Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several already applied methods trying to eliminate the problem are discussed.

All represented data are taken from research studies published in international 1iterature.
Principles and Criteria for the Protection of Water against Pollution from Hospitals in the Mediterranean Coastal Region
Authors: Čiček J.
Published: May 2018

The characteristics of hospitals and their ecological influence regarding water and sea pollution are discussed in this paper. Suggestions are given referring to the principles and criteria that could be used in the design and construction of hospitals and other medical facilities, when aiming to protect water against pollution. These principles and criteria should be used in environmental impact assessment studies, and should facilitate and improve the decision-making process.
The Pollution of the Beaches of Alexandria due to the Discharge of Sewage: A Case Study
Authors: El Sharkawi F.
Published: May 2018

Alexandria is the main summer resort of Egypt. The population of the city is about 3 million and in summer it receives about half a million tourists who come to its beaches for recreation. Part of the city sewage is discharged into the sea through some outfalls along the coast. A coastal line of about 20 kms in length was monitored in order to study the pollution of the recreational waters. Also, a retrospective epidemiological study was carried out to find if there was a relation between the state of pollution and the occurrence of typhoid among bathers. The results of this study showed that there was a significant risk of contracting typhoid from bathing in the heavily polluted water and the most affected was the young age group.

Therefore, it was recommended that the minor outfalls should be closed immediately to protect the public health, and a long outfall as recommended by the Master plan should be constructed as quickly as possible.
Preliminary Results of the Joint Italian-Yugoslav Research Program on the Pollution of the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Degobbis D. , Accerboni E. , Franco P.
Published: May 2018

The research program of the “Joint Italian-Yugoslav Commission for the Protection of the Adriatic Sea and Coastal Regions from Pollution” started in 1979. To date five cruises have been conducted on a grid of 42 stations covering the open waters of the northern and middle Adriatic, and basic physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological characteristics, as well as specific pollutant concentrations, were established and monitored (75 parameters in all). Other activities, undertaken as subprojects, were the development of computerized banks for the collected data and relevant bibliography, and the ełaboration of hydrodynamical and interactive models. The preliminary results are summarized and discussed in the light of the objectives of the joint research.
Eutrophication of Coastal Waters – Gulf of Trieste
Authors: Olivotti R. , Faganeli J. , Malej A.
Published: May 2018

In this paper, ‘eutrophication' is defined as ‘undesirable degradation of the aquatic environment (caused by an excessive algal biomass) resulting in a deterioration of water quality which interferes with most of the beneficial uses of water; it is causing, in many cases, significant economic losses' (OECD, 1982). In other words, eutrophication is seen as a form of pollution.

To achieve an evaluation of the relevance of this problem in the Gulf of Trieste, the main results of extensive chemical and biological monitoring carried out both by the Yugoslav and Italian sides in the last decade are briefly reviewed. The large amount of data on dissolved oxygen, transparency, chlorophyll, and on the obnoxious occurrence of coloured waters, indicate that the great majority of the Gulf waters are not affected by eutrophication (according the above definition); rather, the major part of the eastern (Yugoslav) waters appears to be essentially oligotrophic. Strong eutrophication, however, sometimes affects the inner part of semi-enclosed bays where large quantities of organic matter and nutrients are discharged. Such areas, such as the inner part of the Bay of Muggia, are severely polluted in many respects. A better form of treatment and disposal of sewage from Trieste (which is severely polluting the Bay of Muggia) would be advisable, and would also achieve amelioration of the trophic levels in areas laying outside the bay.

The examination of numerous data concerning nutrient concentrations leads to some conclusions of significance, essentially consistent with the conclusions given above. The ƩNinorg./PO43− atomic ratio often exceeds 20. More difficult, and somewhat debatable, appears to be the assessment of the more subtle impacts of nutrients on the marine environment, given the uncertainties about the ‘natural' and/or ‘optimal' conditions to be assumed, the large variations of the ‘natural' conditions themselves, and the reaction of the environment to superimposed natural and anthropogenic impacts. This paper can be viewed as a preliminary to a more extensive review concerning, in addition, the more subtle effects induced by ‘non optimal' trophic conditions.
Survival of Indicator Organisms in a Detention Pond Receiving Combined Sewer Overflow
Authors: Lijklema Lambertus , Habekotte Barbara , Hooijmans Christine , Aalderink Roelof H. , Havelaar Arie H.
Published: May 2018

Removal of four groups of indicator bacteria and two groups of bacteriophages in a detention pond receiving Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) were measured. Also the survival of the bacteria in the sediments was studied. The overall removal rate of the bacteria tended to be somewhat higher than the removal rate for phages. Most values were in the range of 0.7 - 1.0 per day (e-basis). Sedimentation was of limited importance except for a short period following the overflow event. Dilution contributed in a reduction of 0.3 - 0.4 per day and die-off rates were about 0.3 - 0.6 per day, for phages maybe as low as 0.2 per day. Survival of the bacteria in the sediment was much better than in the water, net loss rates were about 0.1 per day, resulting in a more or less continuous contamination of the sediment with pathogenic bacteria as represented by indicator organisms.
The Role of Animals in the Waterborne Transmission of Viruses
Authors: Kalter S. S.
Published: May 2018

Water contamination by human viruses is well established as is the waterborne transmission of human viruses to the human with resulting disease. It is also well known that forms of life other than the human carry viruses of human and non-human origin and these too in some instances are known to transmit disease to the human. What is not well understood and has not been studied in any detail is the occurrence in water of viruses derived from sources other than the human. It would appear, from the information available, that human disease as a result of water transmission of non-human viruses has been inconsequential. This review, however, probes the various sources of non-human viruses and attempts to demonstrate the potential for direct and indirect causation of human disease as well as the indirect effect on the human by virtue of possible effects on other animal and plant life. Viruses from non-human sources are described, their recognized infectivity indicated, and an attempt is made to describe the implications of these findings.
Ten Years of Operation of Rio De Janeiro'S Ipanema Submarine Outfall
Authors: Britto E. R. , Jordão E. P. , Semeraro J. , Castro W. M.
Published: May 2018

Monitoring and surveys of the Ipanema Submarine Outfall of the city of Rio de Janeiro have been practiced during the 10 years of the outfall operation. The outfall is a 2.4m diameter prestressed concrete pipeline, 4.3 km long, extending 3.3 km seaward to a depth of 27m. It discharges presently 6 m3/s average raw sewage flow, through a 450m long diffuser.

A planned survey program was established in order to verify pipe conditions through periodical deep sea inspection, monitored by radio and video recording; this paper discusses the preventive and corrective maintenance of the outfall, especially the failures that occurred in 5 accidents.

It discusses also the water quality monitoring program established one year before the outfall began its operation in 1975. A program had been prepared which established beneficial water uses, water quality standards required for protection of the uses,and a monitoring system which provides the input data for verifying compliance with the standards.

Pre-discharge studies were conducted for one year prior to operation, to provide background data on the various parameters, and over 70 000 analyses were made during the 10 years of the outfall operation.

This paper evaluates the results of grease, coliforms, and hydrobiological indicators, as the most representative parameters of water quality in the sea.

It shows that a marked improvement has occurred in the water quality. It also shows that the beaches receive a great amount of pollution through the canals of Visconde de Albuquerque Avenue and Jardim de Alá (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon), due to sewage overflows from the sewer network and the storm-water networks.

The importance of giving special attention to the sewer network in systems involving submarine outfalls is stressed.
Dye Studies of Initial Dilution and the Applicability of the Stagnant Water Design
Authors: Toms G. , Botes W A. M.
Published: May 2018

In the preliminary design of an ocean outfall to discharge buoyant effluent a standard estimate of the initial dilution achieved at the water surface above the diffuser is useful to compare options for diffuser depth and diffuser design. The standard estimate or prediction of initial dilution that is often used is that pertaining to a worst case for surface contamination occurring during stagnant (zero current)-uniform (zero stratification) sea conditions. This paper describes a series of measurements of the initial dilution achieved by an operating outfall and by a pilot full-scale experimental set-up. The measurements, conducted near Cape Town, South Africa, using Rhodamine-B dye as tracer were performed on days when sea conditions very close to stagnant-uniform pertained. A consistent trend for the lowest measured dilution to exceed the predicted stagnant-uniform dilution by a factor of 2 to 3 times uas evident from four separate field experiments. The applicability of the stagnant-uniform design approach to a prototype, operating outfall is consequently discussed in the paper.
Procedure for Determining Potential Gas Quantities in an Existing Sanitary Landfill
Authors: Laquidara M. J. , Leuschner A. P. , Wise D. L.
Published: May 2018

The objectives of this paper are: 1) to develop a procedure for determining potential gas quantities in existing landfills, 2) to present a case study based on the developed procedure, and 3) to verify the case study results with field testing.

Over the last five years Dynatech R/D Company has been involved in performing feasibility studies to determine potential gas quantities in existing landfills. The data collected during this period has been reduced and plotted. Using the reduced data base, a systematic procedure for determining the extent of decomposition and decay rate coefficients is presented. Finally, the entire procedure for determining gas potential in an existing landfill is performed for a case study. The case study results are verified using field drawdown tests.
Effectiveness of Sampling Strategies for Intertidal Monitoring
Authors: Hawkins S. J. , Hartnoll R. G. , Williams G.A. , Azzopardi P. J. , Burrows M. T. , Ellard F. M.
Published: May 2018

Multiple random quadrats (25cm by 25cm) were sampled at five sites on depositing shores in South Wales and the Isle of Man. The effect of increased number of samples was examined in relation to the reliability of estimation of various ecological measures - J, H', number of species, total individuals, total individuals of selected species. The replication required varies with the measure involved, but generally 10–20 or even more quadrats are needed for reliable information which can be used to detect other than very gross changes with time. In monitoring programmes it is thus advantageous to concentrate sampling effort on a limited number of sites with high replication because of this considerable spatial variation. The need to define specific aims, and to design a sampling format related to these aims, is emphasized.
Some Recent Developments in the Characterization of Estuarine Particulates
Authors: Martin J. M. , Mouchel J. M. , Nirel P.
Published: May 2018

Estuaries and coastal zones are characterised by very varied chemical and physical environments. As a result, heterogenous reactions predominate between dissolved and mineral phases, and with the biota. These reactions primarily affect elements and compounds located at the particulate surface. Thus the determination of surface properties of particles is an important key to understanding interactions of trace elements and organic compounds between particulate and dissolved phases in estuarine and coastal systems.

Specific surface area (SSA), cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and heat of immersion (∆H) have been measured on native untreated suspended sediment and after oxidation with 15% H2O2. SSA and ∆H have also been measured on samples Leached with NaOH and Na-dithionite in order to remove amorphous aluminosilicates. Results indicated that SSA is controlled by amorphous oxides and is related to the Al content of samples and their granulometry, suggesting an almost uniform coating of the detrital core by amorphous oxides. On the other hand, CEC and ∆H, which appear to be highly correlated, are controlled by both organic matter and amorphous oxides. Studies on electrophoretic mobility have provided additional data on the excess of charge at the interface between suspended matter and electrolytic medium.

Particles in suspension in fresh, sea, and estuarine waters appear ubiquitously to exhibit a small range of negative surface charge. This uniformity is attributed to the presence of organic surface coatings on the particles (Loder and Liss, 1985).

Finally, the significance of organic and oxide coatings as carriers of trace metal pollutants is discussed. It is shown that their importance in terms of flux is usually Low despite their major role in controlling solid-liquid interactions.
Distribution of Mercury in the Sediments and Fishes of the Lagoon of Aveiro, Portugal
Authors: Lucas M. F. , Caldeira M. T. , Hall A. , Duarte A. C. , Lima C.
Published: May 2018

Dry and wet sieving were compared on their suitability for the size fractionation of bottom sediment samples, collected from a brackish water, coastal lagoon, prior to flameless atomic absorption analysis of the sediment concentration of total mercury. The work aimed at identifying the most important point sources of mercury to the lagoon waters and at assessing the distribution, throughout the ecosystem, of the mercury discharged. The results reported in this paper refer to the lagoon sediments and fishes. Ongoing work is extending the survey to the other inland ecological niches and to the coastal waters and sediments.

A chlor-alkali plant proved to be the most important source of mercury but its contribution has not yet been disentangled from those originating at a pyrite roasting facility and a PVC factory operating in the same industrial park. Sewage discharges from the bankside communities are the other significant point sources of Hg.

Concentrations of Hg in the superficial sediments ranged from 850 mgkg−1, near the chlor-alkali sewer outlet, to 0.05 mgkg−1 in the intertidal sands of the coastal beaches. Sewage-affected sediments have concentrations of Hg in the range of 1 to 2 mgkg−1. The concentrations observed in the water samples and superficial sediments suggest that some of the Hg historically discharged into the lagoon may have been exported to the Atlantic Ocean coastal waters.

Bioaccumulation of Hg in fish tissues shows the usual dependence on species, territoriality, feeding habits and size. Concentrations as high as 25 mgkg−1 fresh weight have been observed but the average values do not exceed the EEC quality objective of 0.3 mgkg−1 (EEC, 1982).
Chemical forms of Arsenic in Marine Organisms, with Emphasis on Hemifusus Species
Authors: Phillips David J. H. , Depledge Michael H.
Published: May 2018

Investigations of arsenic in spindle shells (Hemifusus tuba and H. ternatanus) in Hong Kong have revealed moderate to high concentrations of total arsenic in soft tissues. Levels of inorganic arsenic vary considerably between the tissues in these gastropods, being very high in the gill but much lower in the foot. The significance of these data in terms of public health is discussed. In addition, the uptake of inorganic arsenic from solution by H. tuba is described. The importance of the precise chemical speciation of arsenic in marine biota is emphasized, and the forms of the element reported to date in marine environments are reviewed. A novel hypothesis is described to account for the derivation of all forms of arsenic found in marine organisms to the present. It is proposed that these diverse compounds all arise from a single anabolic/catabolic pathway concerned with the biosynthesis and turnover of phospholipids.
The Definition of Effluent Discharge Consent Conditions in Complex Estuarine Environments
Authors: Milne R. A. , Nicholas P. C. , Pattinson C. , Halcrow W.
Published: May 2018

The Welsh Water Authority puts considerable emphasis upon the scientific determination of discharge consents through which it controls coastal pollution. It also pursues a policy which encourages the effective use of estuarine and coastal capacity to assimilate effluents. Conflict between environmental protection and cost-effective effluent disposal is minimised by concentrating upon the relationships between environmental quality objective (E.Q.O.), environmental quality standard (E.Q.S.) and discharge consent. Welsh Water has devoted considerable resources to the understanding and prediction of these relationships in estuaries and has developed a protocol for consent setting. This protocol is described and illustrated with examples from recent work on the Loughor and Dee estuaries in Wales. Desk study, specialised investigations and mathematical modelling techniques are integrated to identify critical processes in the dispersal, degradation and biological impact of pollutants. These are modelled to predict effluent behaviour for various discharge regimes, allowing a flexible approach to the selection of a consent.
Night Soil Treatment in Korea
Authors: Um W. T. , Kim S. W.
Published: May 2018

In Korea, night soil is treated in private night soil purification tanks, collected night soil treatment plants and as farmyard manure. The systems of night soil disposal, and processes, development and performance of night soil treatment plants with their technical operational problems, are reviewed and analysed to assist in implementation and technical improvement of night soil treatment plants. A great number of night soil treatment plants in Korea have aerobic or anaerobic digestion for primary treatment, and an activated sludge process for secondary treatment. Rural night soil treatment plants are small scale with an average capacity of 18.5 m3/day per plant. The number of toilets collected from is decreasing slightly, but sludge production from private night soil purification tanks is increasing. Therefore, development and extension of night soil treatment plants are very important at present. In many cases, strict control and upgrading of the quality of effluent from collected night soil treatment plants are mandatory. Low-energy systems and reduced-manpower programmes for night soil treatment plants are to be studied and developed as much as possible.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in the Philippines
Authors: Ouano E A. R.
Published: May 2018

Sewage collection, treatment and disposal is often a secondary function to government agencies involved in housing, water supply, public health, solid waste management, flood control, etc. This results in proliferation of agencies with their own individual programs, policies and objectives. The paper reviews briefly the current programs and main functions of the major government agencies involved. The paper also summarizes some of the common problems encountered in practice, especially in transfer of technology to an area with a different social cultural background.
The Management of Household Human Waste in Japan
Authors: Kato Saburo
Published: May 2018

The present status and recent progress of Japan's waste management have been overviewed. The current Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law is first discussed to give the general framework of waste management. Relevant data on generation, collection and disposal are then given in tables and figures for both municipal solid waste (MSW) and night soil. Latest new legislation authorizing local authorities to construct large-scale offshore land reclamation projects in the near future is also summarized.
North American and European Experience with Biological Toilets
Authors: Kreissl J. F.
Published: May 2018

A history of North American and European experience with biological toilets is provided. The early use of these devices in Scandanavia was to solve a specific problem, that of providing a low-cost solution for disposing of human wastes from recreational cabins. Because of their environmental attractiveness their popularity increased rapidly and their marketing area was widened to include year-round use. These same factors resulted in closer scrutiny by both Scandanavian and American agencies in the form of controlled and field testing programs. The results of these tests have been improved designs and understanding of the viable applications of these devices, which are significantly more limited than first implied.
Night Soil Treatment by Biological Fluidized Beds
Authors: Kim H. G. , Lee Y. D.
Published: May 2018

This paper concentrates on estimating the possibility of, and mathematical analysis of, the use of biological fluidised beds (BFB) in the treatment of night soil with low dilution rates. An experiment was conducted using a continuous type reactor at 20°C, varying F/M ratio from 0.12 to 0.37 and dilution ratio from 2 to 10, with matted reticulated polypropylene sheets for the solid supports. The results obtained showed that the use of BFBs for the treatment of night soil would be more effective than any other biological treatment process. It was observed that the optimum dilution ratio was about 5-fold, and the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) was about 17 hrs. It was estimated that, in comparison with other biological treatment processes, the reactor volume and the quantity of dilution water could be reduced by 70% and 80%, respectively. The experimental results for the BFBs can be analysed by the same mathematical models applied to completely mixed activated sludge processes. The substrate removal rates obtained using the equations of McKinney (Km) and Eckenfelder (Ke) were 1.784/hr and 2.0 x 10−3 l/mg.day, and substrate was removed very rapidly compared to conventional type biological treatment processes. The biomass yield coefficient (a5), the endogenous respiration rate (b), the synthesis oxygen demand rate (a5'), and the endogenous respiration oxygen demand rate (b') were 0.349, 0.0237/day, 0.495 and 0.0336, respectively.
Domestic Sewage Treatment Using an Anaerobic Biofilter with an Aerobic Biofilter
Authors: Inamori Y. , Sudo R. , Goda T.
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the anaerobic biofilter process to treat low strength organic wastewater such as domestic sewage. It was found that when the influent BOD was approximately 200 mg/l, water temperature and BOD loading, under a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 hrs, were 20°C and 0.2 kg/m3.day respectively, a BOD removal of at least 70% was attained, and the ratio of sludge produced to BOD removed in the anaerobic biofilter was as low as 0.1. Furthermore it was also found that 75% of nitrogen (N) could be removed in the anaerobic-aerobic biofilter process when the circulation ratio was more than 1:2.
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Using Floating Media (Development of the Upflow Floating Anaerobic Filter Process)
Authors: Oh Y. M. , Yang B. S.
Published: May 2018

An anaerobic filter and the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process were modified to develop a feasible alternative anaerobic wastewater treatment method. Polypropylene rings were used in the reactor as the floating media to maximize solids retention time (SRT), even at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). Clogging and plugging problems were solved by fluidizing the media with the biogas produced in the reactor. The mechanisms and applicability of the modified process were evaluated using artificial wastewater composed of glucose and non-fat dry milk at a level of 500-2,000 mg/l total chemical oxygen demand (T-COD).
Advanced Night Soil Treatment by Mechanical Solids Separation and Biological Processes
Authors: Murakami Y. , Ishii Y. , Kagi S.
Published: May 2018

The authors studied a new method of night soil treatment where suspended solids in night soil were first removed by a rotary screen to reduce BOD loading to the following biological treatment. After treatment by a cationic polymer coagulant (1.3-1.4%/dry solids), night soil was passed through a rotary screen, and separated into thickened sludge and filtrate. The thickened sludge was best dewatered by a screw press giving sludge cake with 60% moisture content. The dewatered sludge cake was combustible without supplementary fuel. The filtrate was treated by the biological nitrification-denitrification process steadily giving treated water with T-N 60mg/l (98% removal), BOD 32mg/l (99% removal), COD 530mg/l (74% removal), color 3,400 units and SS 110mg/l. Extraordinary foam trouble at the nitrification tank was not met in this process and foam was suppressed mostly by spraying nitrified liquor with the aid of antifoam agent, as little as 0.03 kg/kl-night soil. For coagulation of the effluent from the biological treatment, poly (ferric sulfate) or ferric chloride was better than alum. The optimum pH for the ferric coagulants was 4–5 and the optimum dosage was 500mg/l as Fe. The treated water was CODMn 90mg/l, color 200 unit and PO4-P less than 0.5mg/l. It was possible to reSuce CODMn and color to less than 20mg/l and 20 units respectively by activated carbon adsorption.
Optimization of Flocculation/Flotation in Chemical Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ødegaard H.
Published: May 2018

An experimental investigation on flocculation/flotation for wastewater treatment was performed. It was demonstrated that flocculation units which are before flotation units in treatment trains must be designed and operated differently to those before sedimentation units. Recommendations regarding design criteria for both flocculation and flotation units are given.
Water Quality Control Plan for West Morava River Basin in Yugoslavia
Authors: Jovičić Milija , Filip Anton
Published: May 2018

The study of the water quality of West Morava river basin was conducted with the aim of identifying the quality of the ambient water in the basin and determining the extent of pollution. Another objective of the study was to find the best feasible technical solutions and to estimate the costs of protection. Economically sound implementation plans for structural and non-structural measures for ambient water quality improvement are defined.
Optimization of Regionalized Wastewater Treatment Systems for the River Ave Basin
Authors: Câmara António S. , de Melo João J. , Pereira David F.
Published: May 2018

A new methodology to optimize regionalized wastewater treatment systems is presented. The approach, developed for the River Ave basin, relies upon a clustering analysis algorithm to identify independent sub-sets of polluting sources within the basin. Then for each cluster, heuristic methods are used to generate a network representing the most promising configurations for the regional system, auxiliary models are applied to estimate detailed costs, and a k-shortest path algorithm is used to specify the configurations minimizing cost while achieving a pre-defined efficiency level. To illustrate the proposed method, an application to a sub-section of the basin with seven textile industry units is included.
Socio-Economic Development Levels and Adequate Regulatory Policy for Water Quality Management
Authors: Helmer R.
Published: May 2018

Rapid industrialization in a substantial number of developing countries has serious implications for the environment and human health and well being. Water resources such as river basins are particularly affected by industrial and municipal waste discharges which have led to severe effects on water quality. Current regulatory policies to cope with this situation are reviewed and their effectiveness compared. Major governmental instruments include legislation, planning instruments such as environmental impact assessment, effluent standards and charges, licensing, specification and subsidization of pollution control installations and direct interventions. In many developing countries the government acts in a dual role as developing agency and regulatory institution at the same time, which allows for introduction of environmental considerations and pollution control measures early in the industrial development process. Often the lack of an experienced and adequately staffed government machinery in the environmental sector hampers the regulatory agencies control function.
State-of-the-Art Utilization of Aquatic Plants in Water Pollution Control
Authors: Reddy K. R. , DeBusk T. A.
Published: May 2018

Research, pilot-scale and operational studies conducted within the past 15 years have shown that aquatic macrophyte-based treatment systems offer a promising, low-cost method for removing contaminants from wastewaters and polluted natural waters. The vascular plants cultured in such treatment systems perform several functions, including assimilating and storing contaminants, transporting O2 to the root zone, and providing a substrate for microbial activity. Among the various types of aquatic treatment systems, pond systems containing floating macrophytes such as the water hyacinth are most commonly utilized for wastewater treatment in tropical and sub-tropical regions, whereas in temperate regions, emergent plants cultured in artificial wetlands (e.g., root zone method, nutrient film techniques) appear to be more appropriate. However, due to concerns about system management and reliability, aquatic plant treatment systems are currently used only on a limited basis throughout the world.

This review discusses the general performance, contaminant removal processes and criteria for plant selection in aquatic macrophyte wastewater treatment systems. Case studies on the use of floating plants for domestic wastewater treatment and the renovation of eutrophic lake water are presented, and future research needs for aquatic macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems are discussed.
The Fight against Eutrophication in the Inlet of “Odense Fjord” by Reaping of Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lactuca)
Authors: Frederiksen Ole Toft
Published: May 2018

Odense, which is the third largest city in Denmark, is situated at the head of the inlet of “Odense Fjord” - a shallow inlet area of 54 sq km. Including the discharge of industrial wastewater the total wastewater load corresponds to approx. 400,000 p.e. which is treated in a mechanical/biological treatment plant.

There is today a considerable plant production in the inlet, especially of macrophytes, for instance Ulvalactuca, and at the moment the Municipality of Odense is extending its wastewater treatment to include the removal of nutrient salts, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Calculations of the total discharge to the inlet show that 80 per cent of the nitrogen and 20 per cent of the phosphorus load are derived from the catchment area which has an intensive agricultural production.

In an attempt to reduce this discharge, tests have been made over a number of years with reaping of Ulvalactuca in the inlet, and calculations of the effects of the reaping have been carried out.

Experience shows that there is a need both for an increased knowledge of how to optimize the growth of Ulvalactuca and for development of a second generation of reaping machines.
Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Ruminant Nutrition
Authors: Abdalla A. L. , Ambrosano E. J. , Vitti D M. S. S. , Silva F ° J. C.
Published: May 2018

In a pilot experiment, ten sheep were used to study the possibility of using water hyacinth as ruminant feed. The mean live weight of the animals was 40.5 kg and they were allocated in individual pens. Water hyacinth were fed (4.0 kg/d) once a day plus 300 g of a concentrate mixture. The mean intake was 3.6 kg of fresh water hyacinth per animal and the chemical analyses of dried material showed respectively, 10.00%, 15.96%, 16.28%, 2.65%, 47.29% and 17.84% for DM, CP, CF, EE, NNE and MM* The dry matter remaining in nylon bags after 48 hours incubation in the rumen of a steer was 55.29%. It was concluded that water hyacinth has potential as roughage source for ruminants, but further investigation needs to be done on harvesting and storage of fresh material.
Incorporation of Cadmium by Water Hyacinth
Authors: Blake G. , Kaigate B. , Fourcy A. , Boutin C.
Published: May 2018

Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) has demonstrated its ability to remove nutrients and other chemical elements from sewage effluent in the process of producing larger quantities of biomass. This study attempts to compare the incorporation of cadmium in batch experiments or continuous systems. Different concentrations of cadmium (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 2.00 p.p.m.) were used and toxic effects are obvious at 1.00 p.p.m. concentration. The distribution of the metal was followed in the medium and different parts of the plant. As expected, the roots accumulated the major part (73-86%) of the incorporated cadmium. The change of biomass of different experiments is presented in regard to cadmium concentration.
Variability of Test Systems Used to Assess Ecological Effects of Chemicals
Authors: Schaeffer David J. , Cox David K. , Deem Roger A.
Published: May 2018

Numerous chemicals may produce toxicological effects which are ecologically important. Assessment of risk to ecological systems from chemical exposures includes the use of biological test systems to evaluate toxicity. Most biological test systems are laboratory oriented with no clear environmental relevance. To help focus the selection of test systems, we developed a series of descriptions of test system characteristics and suggested some criteria for selecting test systems to determine ecological effect (Novak et al. 1985). Another step in selection process is this evaluation of the variability of aquatic test systems using published data. Using the relative standard deviation, v, we classify variability as Low (v < 10%), Medium (10% ≥ v< 20%), High (20% ≤ v ≤30%) and Very High (>30%).
Bioassays with Aquatic Organisms: Toxicity of Water and Sediment from Cubatão River Basin
Authors: Zagatto P. A. , Gherardi-Goldstein E. , Bertoletti E. , Lombardi C. C. , Martins M H. R. B. , Ramos M L. L. C.
Published: May 2018

Biological assays applied to river water samples and sediment aqueous extracts have been used to identify stretches of waterways that are toxic, providing an important complementary tool in water quality surveys. Assays with Daphniasimilis, a microcrustacean, were performed with river water samples and sediment extracts from 18 sampling stations in Cubatão region. Water samples from rivers that receive discharges from fertilizer industries were assayed with the algae Chlorellavulgaris. The results showed no acute toxicity in samples and extracts collected upstream from the industries. Downstream from the industries acute toxicity was detected in several samples, at some stations toxicity was at high levels demonstrating improper water conditions for supporting aquatic life.
The Identification of Benthic Feed-Back in Facultative Ponds
Authors: Lumbers J. P. , Andoh R. Y. G.
Published: May 2018

An identification study of the feed-back of soluble organic matter from the benthic sludge in facultative ponds is described, based on field data reported for the New Mexico pond system in the USA. The study employed recursive estimation techniques to aid the identification of appropriate model structures. Model development progressed from the analysis of a simple non-reactive system to one incorporating two sub-systems, namely the planktonic region and the benthic region. It was found that the inclusion of a temperature-related feed-back term produced good model results while the temperature-corrected decay rate constant remained constant over time. The magnitude of the feed-back term would appear to be equal to the incoming load in the hottest months of the year. The implications for performance evaluation and design are discussed.
Improvement of Oxidation Pond Effluent Quality by Sand Filtration
Authors: Somiya Isao , Fujii Shigeo , Takeda Kaoru
Published: May 2018

In this research, the sand filtration process is focused on as one of the techniques for raising the quality of oxidation pond effluent. Based on the data of down-flow filtration experiments, a mathematical model for DO and deposit is developed, and the behavior of the deposit in the sand filter is analyzed. The decomposition of the deposit follows a first-order reaction at a filtration rate higher than 5 m/day, while it follows a zero-order reaction at a rate lower than 1 m/day. From the relationship between deposit and head loss, the maximim quantity of the deposit is determined to be around 0.3 kg/m2 at the rate of 0.5-1 m/day and 0.2 kg/m2 at the rate of 5-10 m/day.
A Civil Engineer'S Point of View on Water Tightness and Clogging of Waste Stabilization Ponds
Authors: Bernhard C. , Kirchgessner N.
Published: May 2018

A survey on the watertightness of waste stabilization ponds in France and specific field investigations on clogging have led to some recommendations for the designer. On average, 25 % of the French lagoons have leakage problems. The main reasons for this situation are an insuffi cient preliminary geotechnical study and insufficient initial influent flow. In some cases, clogging may occur and reduce the leaks after a few months.
Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K. , Wu Chun S. , Huang Ju S.
Published: May 2018

The oxygenic fluidized bed biofilm reactor(FBBR) was evaluated in a laboratory investigation for treatment of pig slaughtering wastewater (slaughterhouse wastewater). Because the slaughterhouse wastewater contains a high concentration of grease, chemical coagulation/flocculation was adopted as the pretreatment step prior to FBBR treatment.

The performance of the FBBR was evaluated at BOD loadings of between 8.5 to 98.5 kg/m3-day, hydraulic retention times of between 8.8 to 30.8 minutes, recirculation ratios of between 1 to 6, and feed BOD concentrations of between 305 to 602 mg/L. Under these operating conditions, removal efficiencies of BOD, grease, and NH3-N were in the range of 71 to 94%, 29 to 84%, and 20 to 73%, respectively. Both BOD and grease of the slaughterhouse wastewater used could be lowered to 40 and 10 mg/L, respectively, at a BOD loading of 20 kg/m3-day in order to meet effluent requirements to be enforced in Taiwan in 1990. Because the maximum amount of oxygen that could be dissolved in the oxygenation device used in this investigation was 40 mg/L, the FBBR would become anaerobic when the BOD loading applied exceeded 50 kg/m3-day.

Relatively constant biomass holdups (10,000 mg TVS/L) could be maintained in FBBRs over the BOD loadings applied via the practice of regular biofilm separation and biomass wasting.

The combined chemical coagulation/flocculation-FBBR process provides a feasible and cost-effective alternative for treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater.