bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesca artesanal e manejo: conflito socioambiental em uma área de unidade de conservação do Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange, Oiapoque, Amapá
Authors: Ravena-Cañete Uriens Maximiliano , Ravena-Cañete Voyner , Magalhães Sônia Maria Simões Barbosa
Published: November 2016

Este trabalho descreve como pescadores artesanais têm se ordenado política e ambientalmente no que se refere a cenários de conflito em águas costeiras por territórios de pesca. Descreve, especificamente, os conflitos pesqueiros ao redor do Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange, no município de Oiapoque, Amapá, ao norte do Brasil. Os parques nacionais são um modelo de unidade de conservação de proteção integral à natureza, não permitindo a presença humana ou exploração de seus recursos. Contudo, a partir da pressão originada pela demanda internacional e nacional de pescado e diante dos modos de sobrevivência de populações tradicionais que dependem da pesca, a Colônia de Pescadores Z-03 do município do Oiapoque, somada ao Estado, na figura do ICMBIO e outros atores e agentes sociais se articularam na busca de novos arranjos para o uso desses recursos naturais. Por meio de entrevistas e trabalho de campo marcado por observação direta, este ensaio descreve como no Oiapoque um termo de compromisso, estabelecido entre a Colônia de Pescadores Z-03, o ICMBIO e o Ministério Público, vem se mostrando parcialmente efetivo como uma estratégia e alternativa para o manejo de recursos pesqueiros, gestão de conflitos socioambientais e medida temporária para uma solução compensatória referente à população remanescente do Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange.
A relação entre renda e nível educacional e a experiência dos trabalhadores nos diferentes estratos de rendimentos no Norte do Brasil
Authors: Queiroz Luan Oliveira , Cassuce Francisco Carlos da Cunha , Cirino Jader Fernandes
Published: November 2016

A ideia é analisar os efeitos da educação e da experiência dos indivíduos sobre seus ganhos salariais nos diferentes estratos de rendimento da região Norte do Brasil. A metodologia adotada para o estudo utiliza o Modelo Econométrico de Regressão Quantílica com base nas informações disponibilizadas da PNAD 2013, onde se retirou os dados sobre os rendimentos e as variáveis de caracterização socioeconômicas destes indivíduos. Os resultados indicaram que a experiência do trabalhador e a sua escolaridade relacionamse positivamente com o rendimento destes trabalhadores, com a ressalva da relação não linear entre a experiência e a renda. A análise dos impactos da educação e da experiência sobre a renda nos distintos estratos mostrou que os retornos são maiores à medida que os indivíduos apresentam maiores rendimentos. Enquanto que a análise dos efeitos marginais apontou que concluir o ensino médio tem maior impacto sobre o ganho daqueles que obtêm menores rendimentos.
Cidades sustentáveis na APA da Serra de Baturité, Ceará: uma estratégia viável?
Authors: Silva Francisco Edmar de Sousa , Cavalcante Arnóbio De Mendonça Barreto , Bastos Frederico De Holanda
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo é parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla de doutorado e tem como objetivo discutir possíveis estratégias para o avanço da sustentabilidade dos processos de uso e ocupação na APA da Serra de Baturité. Será apresentada a dinâmica urbana dos municípios que compõem a referida unidade de conservação e realizado o debate acerca do conceito de cidades sustentáveis e de sua importância na conservação do ecossistema natural presente na área de estudo.
Aspectos históricos relacionados à adoção de práticas agroecológicas: análise retrospectiva no Oeste maranhense
Authors: Couto Xoán Carlos Sánchez , Alves Lívia De Freitas Navegantes
Published: November 2016

As transformações técnicas dos sistemas de produção originam-se nas decisões dos agricultores. Porém ainda não são bem entendidos os elementos considerados pelos agricultores para decidir pela adesão às práticas agroecológicas. Neste trabalho, buscamos compreender as motivações dos agricultores familiares do Oeste maranhense para fazeremvsuas escolhas produtivas e tecnológicas, entendendo que fatores históricos foram decisivos para a diferenciação dos sistemas de produção, que fizeram com que alguns tivessem possibilidade de aderir às práticas agroecológicas e outros não. Através da análise retrospectiva, identificamos dois vetores de transformação que contribuem para que os agricultores deem respostas diferentes às mesmas influências. Variáveis externas, como disponibilidade de crédito, capacitação e agroindústrias; e decisões familiares, como beneficiar localmente a produção, introduzir gado ou culturas permanentes, influenciam no percurso dessas propriedades. Quando se criam grupos de interesse em agroecologia, cria-se um ambiente em que os camponeses sentem-se mais confiantes para testarem as práticas agroecológicas propostas.
Poder local e condições de sua renovação na Amazônia
Authors: Teisserenc Pierre Guilhem Marie-Joseph
Published: November 2016

Neste artigo são abordadas, sob a perspectiva de uma sociologia empírica do poder, as condições de renovação da estrutura política local na Amazônia brasileira. A partir das experiências de mobilização antes e depois da criação de Resex e de territórios quilombolas, acompanhadas por pesquisas na Ilha do Marajó e no litoral nordeste do estado do Pará nos últimos cinco anos, foi identificada a pertinência da análise sobre as dinâmicas locais de poder, impactadas pela aplicação de instrumentos de política pública geradores de processos de territorialização norteados pelas ideias de desenvolvimento sustentável e garantia de direitos específicos. No âmbito da problemática das mudanças na conformação de um poder local caracterizado pela existência de redes de interações que são, ao mesmo tempo, redes de influência entre os políticos locais e os cidadãos, o objetivo consiste em fazer um balanço e esboçar uma primeira hipótese sobre as relações e confrontos entre as formas tradicionais de exercício do poder, mobilização e inovações institucionais nas estratégias de participação e tomadas de decisão vinculadas a processos de ação pública territorial na Amazônia, nos quais as Resex e os territórios quilombolas são fundamentais.
Pesca e influências territoriais em rios da Amazônia
Authors: Silva Christian Nunes da , Silva João Marcio Palheta da , Chagas Clay Anderson Nunes , Ponte Franciney Carvalho da
Published: November 2016

Em diversas comunidades ribeirinhas que habitam as margens dos rios da Amazônia paraense a extração dos recursos pesqueiros é a principal fonte de renda e de obtenção de alimentos (SILVA, 2006; 2008; SILVA et al, 2011). Sendo que nesse tipo de atividade a pesca artesanal tem papel principal, haja vista a abundância de pescado que pode ser capturado nos rios amazônicos. Para que o pescado seja extraído são utilizados diversos apetrechos e embarcações que facilitam a atividade extrativa pelos pescadores artesanais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a utilização do conceito de território e sua aplicabilidade em um ambiente de rio, enfatizando como se dá a territorialidade dos pescadores, segundo a utilização de instrumentos de pesca. Para esta análise, deve-se perceber que a questão da territorialidade mostra-se interligada ao recurso pesqueiro, haja vista a influência dos recursos na formação das territorialidades humanas, pois os hábitos, costumes e, no caso aqui mais enfocado, as técnicas e tecnologias, influem diretamente nos territórios ocupados pelos pescadores, formando suas diversas territorialidades.
O crédito fundiário e a linha Nossa Primeira Terra em debate no Brasil
Authors: Barcellos Sérgio Botton
Published: November 2016

A partir desse trabalho o objetivo é analisar o processo de configuração da política pública de crédito fundiário e o seu recorte para a juventude rural no Brasil. Desse modo, será problematizado como o Programa Nacional de Crédito Fundiário (PNCF) na linha Nossa Primeira Terra (NPT) foi sendo configurado ao longo do seu processo de (re) formulação e debates no governo federal e com as organizações e movimentos sociais em juventude rural. Assim, ao resgatar esse processo e observar os debates sobre a linha NPT do PNCF ao longo do tempo, com maior atenção aos últimos 10 anos, foi possível evidenciar as relações de interdependência entre os atores na formulação dessa política e analisar as questões que influenciam na configuração política dessa linha junto ao Programa.
Chine - Brésil: je t’aime, moi non plus
Authors: Salama Pierre
Published: November 2016

Le succès économique de la Chine faitil le malheur économique du Brésil, ou bien faut-il chercher ailleurs les causes de la détresse dans laquelle s’enfonce aujourd’hui le Brésil? fait penser à la «maladie hollandaise». La voie pour sortir du piège rentier est étroite mais elle existe. Les gouvernements brésiliens ont préféré ne pas l’emprunter, persuadés que la hausse du cours des matières premières allait se poursuivre et qu’elle permettrait, sans faire des réformes structurelles de mener une politique visant à réduire les inégalités salariales, de diminuer la pauvreté en laissant les 1% les plus riches s’enrichir davantage, sans se préoccuper de la perte compétitivité. Les relations asymétriques, croissantes, avec la Chine ont permis la crise mais ne l’ont pas créée.
Variety of habitats associated with common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) growing in Lithuania
Authors: Vilčinskas Ramūnas , Marozas Vitas , Jocienė Lina , Kupčinskienė Eugenija
Published: November 2016

Common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is an important conifer from the ecological and economical point of view. In some areas of the distribution range, it is a widely studied species. Up till now insufficient attention has been paid to junipers growing in the Baltic countries where it is one of three natural conifers and important forest tree species. Recently, molecular markers-based diversity of Lithuanian populations of J. communis was determined, although related biological and ecological variables remain undisclosed. The present study is aimed at the evaluation of biotic and abiotic environment of J. communis according to plant species composition. Fourteen sites with J. communis were selected in the  territory of Lithuania. At each site undergrowth trees and shrubs, herbaceous species, dwarf shrubs, and mosses were recorded and the abundance of each species was evaluated. Abiotic environment characteristics were obtained using Ellenberg’s indicator values (EIV) of the  plant species neighbouring junipers. In the  sites with J. communis, 80 species of herbs and dwarf shrubs belonging to 18 families were registered. The  largest variety of herbaceous species and dwarf shrubs (18–22 per site) was registered for sites representing xero-thermophile fringes. Species coverage data recorded in the  sites in most cases allowed to group sites according to their habitats. Despite rather small territory of the  present survey (latitude (N) 56°07’–54°11’, longitude (E) 21°06’–26°30’), the  ranges of indexes for environment factors of juniper sites were rather wide: 6.0–7.3 for light, 3.0–5.8 for temperature, 3.7–5.3 for continentality, 4.2–7.8 for soil moisture, 2.7–7.4 for soil reaction, and 2.7–4.4 for soil nitrogen. Among the  sites selected by us, the most contrasting in terms of EIV were locations representing coastal brown dunes covered with natural Scots pine forests and xero-thermophile fringes.
Genetic diversity of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in the eastern Baltic region
Authors: Butkauskas Dalius , Chaika Kristina , Švažas Saulius , Grishanov Gennady , Paulauskas Algimantas , Pūtys Žilvinas
Published: November 2016

A rapid expansion of the continental subspecies of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) has been recorded in Europe since the 1980s. Evaluation of genetic variability of the  Great Cormorant using molecular markers is necessary for investigation of the mechanisms of formation of the newly established breeding populations in the  eastern Baltic region (in the Kaliningrad region of Russia and in Lithuania). The  samples for molecular investigation were collected in the largest breeding colonies of Great Cormorants located on the coast of the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea and in their smaller, later formed breeding colonies located in the continental part of Lithuania. After sequencing and alignment of partial fragments of mtDNA control region, 21 different haplotypes, including 8 new haplotypes never identified before, and 13 haplotypes described earlier were found. They were distributed with different frequency in different sampling sites. The haplotype network constructed using 342 bp D-loop sequences identified during the  current study and all available sequences of Great Cormorants deposited in GenBank by previous investigators revealed haplotypes attributed to subspecies P. c. sinensis being distinguished from haplotypes of subspecies P. c. carbo in the separate part of haplotype network. The newly described haplotypes did not form a phylogenetically uniform group indicating possible colonization of the Kaliningrad region and the continental part of Lithuania by individuals descending from the  largest breeding colonies spread at the  coast zone of the  Baltic Sea. A  high level of genetic population diversity in different breeding colonies recorded in the Kaliningrad region and in eastern Lithuania confirms the formation of a highly variable and well-adapted population of the Great Cormorant participating in the process of colonization of new breeding areas in the Baltic region.
A new host of Clavella alata Brian, 1909 (Siphonostomatoida; Lernaeopodidae) from Turkish seas
Authors: Alaş Ali , Öktener Ahmet , Türker Dilek
Published: November 2016

Clavella alata Brian, 1909 (Siphonostomatoida; Lernaeopodidae) was reported on Phycis blennoides (Brünnich, 1768) in Turkey. Phycis blennoides (Gadiformes; Phycidae) is a new host for Clavella alata in Turkey. Also, some of the  morphological characteristics of this parasitic copepod are given in photographs and drawings.
Effect of environmental factors on the compounds of the essential oil of Lippia citriodora
Authors: Amini Fariba , Asghari Gholam Reza , Talebi Seyed Mehdi , Askary Mehry , Shahbazi Marziyeh
Published: November 2016

Lippia citriodora is a member of the genus Lippia. The species is endemic to South America, while it is cultivated in the world for the lemon-like aroma emitted by its leaves. In the present study the  effects of different NaCl as well as 24-epibrassinolide concentrations in the  essential oil composition were investigated. In total, eleven treatments were studied. The major essential oil components in control plants were: Geranial (22.52%), Citral (15.88%) Germacrene D (7.42%), Caryophyllene (7.11%), Benzenamine (6.30%), Spathulenol (6.00%) and Curcumene (5.44%). Significant positive/negative correlations occurred between some components with salt concentration. Paired sample tests showed significant differences between major components of an essential oil with salt as well as with 24-epibrassinolide concentrations.
Systematizing Public Education in Archaeology
Authors: King Eleanor M.
Published: November 2016

Public education in archaeology today is at a crossroads. Over the last 30 years, it has grown exponentially and is now widely recognized as one of the most effective ways to preserve the past for the future. However, it remains a loose conglomeration of approaches lacking coherence and consistency. There is little discussion of the best practices to use in specific situations and little assessment of effectiveness. One result is that practitioners often reinvent the wheel; another is that we are not reaching the diverse audiences we need to engage to assure archaeology’s future. As a profession, we are losing ground to the continued encroachment of looting and vandalism—the very activities education seeks to forestall. We can either keep doing what we are doing and hope for the best, or we can begin to systematize our efforts. This article introduces a special issue of Advances in Archaeological Practice dedicated to systematizing public education in archaeology by contextualizing and assessing contemporary practices. The article provides a framework for thinking about the issues and proposes solutions, while discussing the contributions of the issue’s authors. Its purpose is to initiate discussion, not to provide the final word on the problem.
Archaeology Fairs and Community-Based Approaches to Heritage Education
Authors: Thomas Ben , Langlitz Meredith Anderson
Published: November 2016

Since hosting its first archaeology fair in 2001, the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) has organized 23 more fairs and informed thousands of people through this popular outreach activity. The AIA fair model brings together independent archaeological organizations representing a rich array of archaeological subfields to present their programs and resources to a local community in an interactive and engaging manner. The goals of AIA archaeology fairs are to promote a greater public understanding of archaeology, raise awareness of local archaeological resources, and bring together proximate archaeological groups with a shared outreach goal. In this article, the authors discuss how the AIA fair model was developed through feedback cycles that include evaluation, data analysis, reflection, and trial and error; how it evolved; and how it is spreading to other groups around the world. To date, 26 AIA local societies have hosted fairs, and the popularity of this program as an outreach event is increasing among other archaeological groups across the United States, as well as in Belize, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Iran, and Myanmar. This growth in popularity and implementation presents us with unique opportunities to collect and reflect upon data essential to conducting archaeological outreach around the globe.
Creating Collaborative Learning Opportunities for Indigenous Youth with Archaeology-Based Environmental Education
Authors: Reetz Elizabeth , Quackenbush William
Published: November 2016

Archaeologists are in a unique position to promote heritage and preservation through environmental education, the fundamentals of which have overlapping and parallel themes in archaeology education and outreach. Recently, successful community-based collaborative research and archaeology fieldwork initiatives between archaeologists and Native American/First Nations communities have prompted tribal leaders to pursue ways for youth in their communities to engage in contemporary cultural and natural resources work, thus inspiring future stewardship and introducing youth to professional pathways. With the guidance of archaeologists and tribal community educators, youth can participate in authentic, hands-on archaeological activities that place them into the roles of scientists and researchers and allow them to interpret their own archaeological heritage. A July 2015 partnership between archaeologists and the Ho-Chunk Nation in Wisconsin provided a place-based archaeological learning experience at a site area that was personally relevant to the student participants. A solid and collaborative planning process between archaeologists and tribal staff contributed to a successful workshop where all parties met their goals of strengthening partnerships and providing an enriching experience for the students. The integration of science-based archaeology with a traditional cultural learning environment provided a comfortable setting that resulted in noticeable engagement and enthusiasm.
Archaeology and the Common Core
Authors: Ducady Geralyn , Lefas-Tetenes Mariani , Sharpe Sarah , Rothenberg Miriam A. W.
Published: November 2016

Museum educators and graduate students at Brown University’s Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology and the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, along with the RISD Museum at the Rhode Island School of Design, are entering their eighth year of partnering with sixth-grade social studies teachers in Providence Public Schools in a five-session classroom and museumbased archaeology program called Think Like an Archaeologist. This experiential program uses the study of archaeological methods to address state and national social studies standards and bridges social studies content with the literacy standards of Common Core State Standards (CCSS) that aim at moving students toward twenty-first-century skill building. Students not only understand the science behind the content in their textbooks but also learn how to use museum objects and archaeological artifacts as primary resources. Students also learn to “read” artifacts, express their ideas in spoken and written language as historians, and use academic vocabulary as required by CCSS while thinking like archaeologists. Through teacher feedback and student evaluations, we know this program to be a successful example of the benefits of teaching archaeological skills in middle school curricula—so much so that it has now been re-created at additional schools in other regions.
Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost
Authors: Toohey R. C. , Herman‐Mercer N. M. , Schuster P. F. , Mutter E. A. , Koch J. C.
Published: November 2016

The Yukon River Basin, underlain by discontinuous permafrost, has experienced a warming climate over the last century that has altered air temperature, precipitation, and permafrost. We investigated a water chemistry database from 1982 to 2014 for the Yukon River and its major tributary, the Tanana River. Significant increases of Ca, Mg, and Na annual flux were found in both rivers. Additionally, SO4 and P annual flux increased in the Yukon River. No annual trends were observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from 2001 to 2014. In the Yukon River, Mg and SO4 flux increased throughout the year, while some of the most positive trends for Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, and P flux occurred during the fall and winter months. Both rivers exhibited positive monthly DOC flux trends for summer (Yukon River) and winter (Tanana River). These trends suggest increased active layer expansion, weathering, and sulfide oxidation due to permafrost degradation throughout the Yukon River Basin.
Development of a facile and sensitive HPLC‐FLD method via fluorescence labeling for triterpenic acid bioavailability investigation
Authors: You Jinmao , Wu Di , Zhao Mei , Li Guoliang , Gong Peiwei , Wu Yueyue , Guo Yu , Chen Guang , Zhao Xianen , Sun Zhiwei , Xia Lian , Wu Yongning
Published: November 2016

Triterpenic acids are widely distributed in many fruits and are known for their medicinal benefits. The study of bioavailability has been an important task for a better understanding of the triterpenic acids. Although many methods based on fluorescence labeling for triterpenic acid determination have been established, these reported methods needed anhydrous conditions, which are not suitable for the convenient study of triterpenic acid bioavailability. Inspired by that, a versatile method, which overcomes the difficulty of the reported methods, has been first developed in this study. The novel method using 2‐[12‐benzo[b]acridin‐5‐ (12H)‐yl]‐acetohydrazide (BAAH) as the fluorescence labeling reagent coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was first developed for the study of triterpenic acid bioavailability. Furthermore, the labeling conditions have been optimized in order to achieve the best fluorescence labeling yield. Under the optimal conditions, the quantitative linear range of analytes was 2–1000 ng mL−1, and the correlation coefficients were >0.9998. The detection limits for all triterpenic acid derivatives were achieved within the range of 0.28–0.29 ng mL−1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the study of triterpenic acid bioavailability with excellent applicability and good reproducibility.
NiI Catalyzes the Regioselective Cross‐Coupling of Alkylzinc Halides and Propargyl Bromides to Allenes
Authors: Soler‐Yanes Rita , Arribas‐Álvarez Iván , Guisán‐Ceinos Manuel , Buñuel Elena , Cárdenas Diego J.
Published: November 2016

We describe the unprecedented formation of allenes by Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of propargyl bromides with alkylzinc halides. The reaction regioselectivity is complementary to the previously reported formation of propargyl‐coupled compounds. Experiments support the formation of NiI complexes as the active species and the participation of radical intermediates. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction is first order with respect to the electrophile, zero‐order with respect to the nucleophile (fast transmetalation), and one‐half order with respect to the metal catalyst. Mechanistic studies support a bimetallic NiI‐based pathway that involves fast homolytic cleavage of the C−Br bond by an alkyl–NiI complex, followed by radical coordination to NiI that determines the observed regioselectivity.
The Uranium(VI) Oxoazides [UO2(N3)2⋅CH3CN], [(bipy)2(UO2)2(N3)4], [(bipy)UO2(N3)3]−, [UO2(N3)4]2−, and [(UO2)2(N3)8]4−
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Vasiliu Monica , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O.
Published: November 2016

The reaction between [UO2F2] and an excess of Me3SiN3 in acetonitrile solution results in fluoride–azide exchange and the uranium(VI) dioxodiazide adduct [UO2(N3)2⋅CH3CN] was isolated in quantitative yield. The subsequent reaction of [UO2(N3)2⋅CH3CN] with 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) resulted in the formation of the azido‐bridged binuclear complex [(bipy)2(UO2)2(N3)4]. The triazido anion [(bipy)UO2(N3)3]− was obtained by the reaction of [UO2(N3)2⋅CH3CN] with stoichiometric amounts of bipy and the ionic azide [PPh4][N3]. The reaction of [UO2(N3)2] with two equivalents of the [PPh4][N3] resulted in the formation of the mononuclear tetraazido anion [UO2(N3)4]2− as well as the azido‐bridged binuclear anion [(UO2)2(N3)8]4−. The novel uranium oxoazides were characterized by their vibrational spectra and in the case of [(bipy)2(UO2)2(N3)4]⋅CH3CN, [PPh4][(bipy)UO2(N3)3], [PPh4]2[UO2(N3)4], [PPh4]2[UO2(N3)4]⋅2CH3CN, and [PPh4]4[(UO2)2(N3)8]⋅4CH3CN by their X‐ray crystal structures.
Facile Synthesis of 7‐epi‐Taxane and Its Derivatives and Preliminary Evaluation of Anticancer Activity
Authors: Li Zhao , Feng Jia , Zou Kun , Yang Zhuo , Zhang Yong , Xu Zhijian , Li Bo , Shi Jiye , Li Yiming , Zhu Weiliang , Chen Kaixian
Published: November 2016

7‐epi‐Taxane has been achieved efficiently in gram scale from natural taxane via inversion of the 7‐hydroxyl group simply using Ag2O as catalyst and DMF as solvent. The catalyst could be quantitatively recovered by filtration without loss of catalytic activity. This condition is also applicable to the direct epimerization of taxane derivatives (e.g., docetaxel and paclitaxel) to 7‐epi‐taxane derivatives (e.g., 7‐epi‐docetaxel and 7‐epi‐paclitaxel). Furthermore, 33 ester derivatives of 7‐epi‐taxane with different amino acid moieties at the position of C‐13 were successfully synthesized via esterification without protecting C‐7‐OH. Bioassay results revealed that compounds 13 and 18 have good selectivity against prostatic cancer cell line DU145, with IC50 value as low as 15.9 nmol/L for 18.
Reservation schemes for IaaS cloud broker: a time‐multiplexing way for different rental time
Authors: Gu Chonglin , Chen Shi , Zhang Jiangtao , Huang Hejiao , Jia Xiaohua
Published: November 2016

Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service cloud providers always charge users in 2 ways: on‐demand billing and reservation billing with different discounts. On‐demand billing is more flexible for short‐term use but with higher cost, while reservation billing is much cheaper for long renting period but may cause inefficiency because of underutilized capacity. As middle agent, cloud broker always tries to reserve a large number of virtual machine (VM) instances from cloud providers to meet the requirement of all users, while making high profit through reducing its cost by leveraging long‐term reservations and time‐multiplexing of instances. Different from existing work, we believe that the rental time of each user's request should be served consecutively in one VM instance, rather than partitioned into different VM instances by cloud broker to enhance time‐multiplexing ratio. In this paper, we first try to smooth users' unordered and time‐overlapping requests using demand graph, based on which we propose two reservation algorithms for cloud broker, one for off‐line and the other for online. We also consider cloud broker with multiple service providers, finding that much more cost can be saved by leveraging the various reservation discounts of those providers. Extensive simulations have been done on the traces from real cloud platforms. Experiment results show that the broker cost can be substantially saved using our off‐line and online algorithms.
Is pathogen exposure spatially autocorrelated? Patterns of pathogens in puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus)
Authors: Gilbertson Marie L. J. , Carver Scott , VandeWoude Sue , Crooks Kevin R. , Lappin Michael R. , Craft Meggan E.
Published: November 2016

Understanding pathogen spread in wildlife has important implications for conservation and management efforts. This is particularly the case for taxa that are susceptible to disease spillover events resulting in outbreaks and rapid population declines, such as carnivores. However, assessment of the spatial structure of pathogen exposure (pathogen spatial autocorrelation) is relatively rare for these kinds of taxa. Structure in pathogen exposure may reflect a number of important features, including host traits, pathogen traits, and detection methods utilized. The relatively wide‐ranging nature of many carnivores may lead to rapid pathogen spread and obfuscate any spatial autocorrelation being detectable, but this has not yet been explicitly evaluated. Here, we tested for evidence of spatial structuring of pathogen exposure and coexposures for puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus), both mobile and wide‐ranging felid species. The study included 440 puma and 639 bobcat from six study regions (one in Florida, two in Colorado, and three in California), as well as each animal's capture location and exposure status for up to eight pathogens. This allowed a thorough examination of spatial patterns of pathogen exposure across different pathogen transmission types, different habitats, and different host ecology. We tested for spatial autocorrelation for each pathogen in each host species at each site, as well as both host species combined. In addition, we tested for coexposure between all pathogens in the study, and for those pathogens that were correlated, we tested for spatial clusters of coexposure. We detected spatial autocorrelation in exposure status for approximately 2% and 10% of examined cases for puma and bobcats, respectively, and spatial clustering in approximately 17% of cases where pathogen coexposures were detected. These results suggest that wide‐ranging species, such as puma and bobcat, may rapidly disseminate pathogens across their populations, precluding substantive detection of autocorrelation in pathogen exposure by traditional serological and infection detection methods. Thus, targeted pathogen surveillance or control might focus on individual host characteristics, and advances in understanding pathogen spread in these secretive felids may necessitate examinations of spatial structure in both pathogen and host genetics.
Assessing the impacts of the decline of Tsuga canadensis stands on two amphibian species in a New England forest
Authors: Siddig Ahmed A. H. , Ellison Aaron M. , Mathewson Brooks G.
Published: November 2016

Disturbances such as outbreaks of herbivorous insects and pathogens can devastate unique habitats and directly reduce biodiversity. The foundation tree species Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) is declining due to infestation by the nonnative insect Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid). The decline and expected elimination of hemlock from northeastern U.S. forests is changing forest structure, function, and assemblages of associated species. We assessed 10 years of changes in occupancy, detection probability, and relative abundance of two species of terrestrial salamanders, Plethodon cinereus (eastern red‐back salamander) and Notopthalmus viridescens viridescens (eastern red‐spotted newt), to the experimental removal in 2005 of T. canadensis at Harvard Forest. Salamanders were sampled under cover boards and using visual encounter surveys before (2004) and after (2005, 2013, 2014) canopy manipulations in replicate 0.81‐ha plots. In 2004, occupancy of P. cinereus was 35% lower in stands dominated by T. canadensis than that in associated mixed‐hardwood control stands, whereas detection probability and estimated abundance of P. cinereus were, respectively, 60% and 100% greater in T. canadensis stands. Estimated abundance of N. v. viridescens in 2004 was 50% higher in T. canadensis stands. Removal of the T. canadensis canopy increased occupancy of P. cinereus but significantly reduced its estimated detection probability and abundance. Estimated abundance of N. v. viridescens also declined dramatically after canopy manipulations. Our results suggest that ten years after T. canadensis loss due to either the adelgid or pre‐emptive salvage logging, and 50–70 years later when these forests have become mid‐successional mixed deciduous stands, the abundance of these salamanders likely will be <50% of their abundance in current, intact T. canadensis stands. This study adds to our understanding of how forest disturbance, directly and indirectly caused by invasive species, can contribute to declines in the relative abundance of amphibians.
Time trumps habitat in the dynamics of an avian community
Authors: Curtis J. R. , Robinson W. D. , McCune B.
Published: November 2016

Predictions of change in avian biodiversity often fail to account for the natural dynamism of species assemblages. Information from historical datasets can be useful indicators of how avian communities may change in the future. However, simple comparisons of diversity and abundances over time may overlook additional changes in bird–habitat associations. In 2013, we revisited sites from a unique, highly detailed avian survey from the Willamette Valley, Oregon, conducted in 1952. Our objectives were to quantify and describe the extent of avian community change; relate observed species assemblages to changes in vegetation type and land‐use class; and identify species with specific associations to either survey era. Using nonparametric ordination, we assessed whether the distribution of the avian community within the environmental space varied temporally. We used blocked indicator species analysis to identify species with specific association to historical or modern survey eras. Nonparametric permutation procedures identified both plot, each representing a different major habitat type, and year as significant factors defining communities. Year was more strongly related to the second ordination axis than the other environmental variables examined. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were significantly different from their historical counterparts. Bird species richness increased and community composition changed by at least 50% despite the physiognomic characteristics of each plot's habitat and the surrounding landscape remaining comparatively stable. Because of this, we conclude time trumped, or was more strongly associated with community change, than alterations in physiognomic habitat. These results suggest avian communities are naturally dynamic even in areas with relatively stable habitat conditions. Predictions that only address changes in climate, land use, or vegetation cover type may fail to predict changes in avian community composition. Historical datasets are a valuable means of understanding real‐world changes in avian communities. We suggest additional factors, such as vegetation structure and microhabitat, may predict fine‐scale shifts in avian species assemblages. Nevertheless, major changes in community composition occurred with apparently minor shifts in physiognomic habitat characteristics in our study area.
Hepatic inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor type 1 mediates fatty liver
Authors: Feriod Colleen N. , Gustavo Oliveira Andre , Guerra Mateus T. , Nguyen Lily , Mitchell Richards Kisha , Jurczak Michael J. , Ruan Hai‐Bin , Paulo Camporez Joao , Yang Xiaoyong , Shulman Gerald I. , Bennett Anton M. , Nathanson Michael H. , Ehrlich Barbara E.
Published: November 2016

Fatty liver is the most common type of liver disease, affecting nearly one third of the U.S. population and more than half a billion people worldwide. Abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium handling and mitochondrial function each have been implicated in abnormal lipid droplet formation. Here we show that the type 1 isoform of the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1) specifically links ER calcium release to mitochondrial calcium signaling and lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Moreover, liver‐specific InsP3R1 knockout mice have impaired mitochondrial calcium signaling, decreased hepatic triglycerides, and reduced lipid droplet formation and are resistant to the development of fatty liver. Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the most malignant form of fatty liver, have increased hepatic expression of InsP3R1, and the extent of ER–mitochondrial colocalization correlates with the degree of steatosis in human liver biopsies. Conclusion: InsP3R1 plays a central role in lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes, and the data suggest that it is involved in the development of human fatty liver disease. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:23–35)
Whole lactation production responses in high‐yielding dairy cows using high‐quality grass/clover silage
Authors: Patel Mikaela , Wredle Ewa , Spörndly Eva , Bertilsson Jan
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Limiting the use of purchased concentrate for livestock and replacing it with home‐grown forage without compromising milk production can offer benefits in both organic and conventional dairy systems. A full lactation trial was conducted with 92 cows over two years comparing three diets, each differing in the mean forage proportion over the lactation, 500 (500F), 600 (600F) and 700 (700F) g kg−1 dry matter (DM) respectively. The diets were designed to represent common conventional feeding, current regulations for organic production and more extreme high‐forage‐based production respectively. The aims were to determine the effects of forage proportion in the diet on milk production and feed utilisation.

RESULTS

Compared with 500F, daily milk yield did not differ in 600F but was lower in 700F (31.3, 31.1 and 29.2 kg energy‐corrected milk respectively). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was similar between treatments (20.3, 20.4 and 19.9 kg in 500F, 600F and 700F respectively).

CONCLUSION

Increasing the forage proportion from 500 to 600 g kg−1 DM did not have any adverse effects on milk production or DMI. Thus it is possible to produce the same quantity of milk with less concentrate and reduce the use of potential human feeds in dairy production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of fermented buckwheat on producing l‐carnitine‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐enriched designer eggs
Authors: Park Namhyeon , Lee Tae‐Kyung , Nguyen Thi Thanh Hanh , An Eun‐Bae , Kim Nahyun M , You Young‐Hyun , Park Tae‐Sub , Kim Doman
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

The potential of fermented buckwheat as a feed additive was studied to increase l‐carnitine and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in designer eggs. Buckwheat contains high levels of lysine, methionine and glutamate, which are precursors for the synthesis of l‐carnitine and GABA. Rhizopus oligosporus was used for the fermentation of buckwheat to produce l‐carnitine and GABA that exert positive effects such as enhanced metabolism, antioxidant activities, immunity and blood pressure control.

RESULTS

A novel analytical method for simultaneously detecting l‐carnitine and GABA was developed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS. The fermented buckwheat extract contained 4 and 34 times more l‐carnitine and GABA respectively compared with normal buckwheat. Compared with the control, the fermented buckwheat extract‐fed group showed enriched l‐carnitine (13.6%) and GABA (8.4%) in the yolk, though only l‐carnitine was significantly different (P < 0.05). Egg production (9.4%), albumen weight (2.1%) and shell weight (5.8%) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in yolk weight, and total cholesterol (1.9%) and triglyceride (4.9%) in the yolk were lowered (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Fermented buckwheat as a feed additive has the potential to produce l‐carnitine‐ and GABA‐enriched designer eggs with enhanced nutrition and homeostasis. These designer eggs pose significant potential to be utilized in superfood production and supplement industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Minimally invasive and remote‐access thyroid surgery in the era of the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines
Authors: Russell Jonathon O. , Noureldine Salem I. , Al Khadem Mai G. , Tufano Ralph P.
Published: November 2016

Thyroid surgery has evolved throughout the years from being one of the most dangerous surgeries to becoming one of the safest surgical procedures performed today. Recent technologic innovations have allowed surgeons to remove the thyroid gland from a remote site while avoiding visible neck scars. There are many endoscopic approaches for thyroidectomy. The most common cervical approach is the minimally invasive video‐assisted technique developed by Miccoli et al. The robotic transaxillary and axillary breast approaches avoid a neck scar and have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in international populations. Novel approaches under investigation include face‐lift robotic thyroidectomy and the transoral approach. This article aims to provide the reader with an overview of the current minimally invasive and alternate‐site approaches used and their capability to assist the surgeons in accomplishing remote‐access thyroid surgery under the scope of the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines.
Solid‐state NMR study on changes of phosphate and proton species in metal pyrophosphate composite (MP2O7–MO2) ceramics
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Tanaka Tomoko , Kanematsu Wataru
Published: November 2016

In order to investigate the effects of composite production and the role of the counter cation for metal phosphate conductors, changes in the solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and magnetic relaxation times caused by the removal of volatile products and water washing were examined for various metal pyrophosphate (MP2O7–MO2; M = Sn, Si, Ti, and Zr). Acidic species could be detected by 1H MAS NMR spectra for all the composites except ZrP2O7–ZrO2 that had the lowest conductivity. The 31P DD‐MAS NMR spectra for MP2O7–MO2 composites showed different signal patterns depending on the counter cations participating in the ion exchange as a result of different microstructures. Combinational analysis of 31P DD‐MAS and 31P CP‐MAS NMR spectra of the composites indicated that protonic bulk phosphates were observed at slightly lower fields than non‐protonic bulk phosphates in all of the MP2O7–MO2 composites. After water washing, the acidic species and the protonic bulk phosphates of MP2O7–MO2 composites disappeared or were reduced to trace amounts. The T1H values of the water‐washed composites lengthened because of removal of orthophosphoric acid, although the T1P values remained almost unchanged. The results of the solid‐state NMR studies suggest that the protonic bulk phosphates of MP2O7–MO2 composites do not generally distribute in the bulk but exist in the interface between excess H3PO4 and the bulk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of total fetal brain volume using 3D MR imaging data acquired in utero
Authors: Jarvis Deborah , Akram Rahim , Mandefield Laura , Paddock Michael , Armitage Paul , Griffiths Paul D.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the fetal brain in utero is primarily undertaken using 2D images to provide anatomical information about structural abnormalities. It is now possible to obtain 3D image acquisitions that allow measurement of fetal brain volumes that are potentially useful clinically. The aim of our current work is to provide reference values of total brain volumes obtained from a cohort of low risk fetuses with no abnormalities on ante‐natal ultrasonography and in utero MR imaging.

Method

Images from volume MR acquisitions of 132 fetuses were used to extract brain volumes by manual segmentation. Reproducibility and reliability were assessed by analysis of the results of two subgroups who had repeated measurements made by the primary and a secondary observer.

Results

Intra‐observer and inter‐observer agreement was high with no statistically significant differences between and within observers (p = 0.476 and p = 0.427, respectively). The results of the brain volume assessments are presented graphically with mean and 95% prediction limits alongside estimates of normal growth rates.

Conclusion

We have shown that fetal brain volumes can be reliably extracted from in utero MR (iuMR) imaging 3D datasets with a high degree of reproducibility. The resultant data could potentially be used as a reference tool in the clinical setting. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of surface passivation on the electrical performance of AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors with slant field plates fabricated using deep‐UV lithography
Authors: Huang Lu‐Che , Chang Chia‐Hua , Lin Yueh‐Chin , Hsu Heng‐Tung
Published: November 2016

AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been extensively applied for high power applications at high frequencies. To further improve the device performance, field plates and passivation layers are commonly integrated with the device technology. This paper is to investigate the effects of surface passivation thickness on the electrical performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with slant field plates fabricated using deep‐UV technology. As a benchmark, the device without nitride passivation exhibited a peak transconductance of 214 mS/mm and a breakdown voltage of 122 V with an output power of 5.0 W/mm at 8 GHz. For the passivated devices, it is observed that the existence of the silicon nitride passivation layer helps to improve the DC characteristics of the devices in terms of the lower drain current collapse, higher maximum DC transconductance, and higher maximum drain current. RF wise, the devices with passivation suffer from lower fT and fMAX due to the increase in the gate capacitances. However, an improvement of RF output power was observed for devices with passivation layer thickness up to 300 nm.