bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitin and actin expression in claw muscles of land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, and american lobster, Homarus americanus: Differential expression of ubiquitin in two slow muscle fiber types during molt‐induced atrophy
Authors: Koenders Annette , Yu Xiaoli , Chang Ernest S. , Mykles Donald L.
Published: August 2002

The closer muscle of large‐clawed decapod crustaceans undergoes a proecdysial (premolt) atrophy to facilitate withdrawal of the appendage at ecdysis. This atrophy involves the activation of both calcium‐dependent (calpains) and ubiquitin (Ub)/proteasome‐dependent proteolytic systems that break down proteins to reduce muscle mass. Moreover, the large slow‐twitch (S1) fibers undergo a greater atrophy than the small slow‐tonic (S2) fibers. Both polyUb mRNA and Ub‐protein conjugates increase during claw muscle atrophy. In this study in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR were used to determine the temporal and spatial expression of polyUb and α‐actin. A cDNA encoding the complete sequence of lobster muscle α‐actin was characterized; a probe synthesized from the cDNA provided a positive control for optimizing RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization. PolyUb was expressed at low levels in claw closer muscle from anecdysial (intermolt) land crab. By early proecdysis (premolt; stage D0), polyUb mRNA levels increased in medial fibers that insert along the midline of the apodeme, with greater expression in S1 than S2, while levels remained low in peripheral fibers. By late proecdysis, polyUb mRNA decreased in central fibers, while mRNA increased in peripheral S1 fibers. In contrast, α‐actin was expressed in lobster claw muscles at relatively constant levels during the intermolt cycle. These results suggest that Ub/proteasome‐dependent proteolysis contributes to enhanced turnover of myofibrillar proteins during claw closer muscle atrophy. Furthermore, atrophy is not synchronous within the muscle; it begins in medial fibers and then progresses peripherally. J. Exp. Zool. 292:618–632, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and purification of the IGF‐I protein complex from rabbit seminal plasma: Effects on sperm motility and viability
Authors: Minelli Alba , Moroni Monica , Castellini Cesare
Published: August 2002

A protein of about 150 kDa affecting sperm kinetic motility and viability was purified from rabbit seminal plasma. The incubation of rabbit sperm with this purified seminal plasma protein caused significant changes in sperm viability and motility. Moreover, the seminal protein showed a noticeable reactivating effect on immotile spermatozoa. A 10‐mg amount of purified protein, added to immotile rabbit spermatozoa suspended in Tris‐citrate, pH 7.4, resulted in a 48% reactivation. It is known that circulating insulin‐like growth factors are bound to specific high‐affinity binding proteins and form complexes with relative molecular masses of about 150 kDa. Western blotting analyses proved the existence of insulin‐like growth factor in the protein purified from rabbit seminal plasma and immunofluorescence staining showed the existence of IGF‐1 receptor in rabbit spermatozoa. Therefore, we suggest that the purified rabbit seminal plasma protein may represent the protein complex delivering IGF to the sperm cells thus affecting their physiological functions. J. Exp. Zool. 290:279–290, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic volumetric measurement of lateral ventricles on magnetic resonance images with correction of partial volume effects
Authors: Barra Vincent , Frenoux Emmanuelle , Boire Jean‐Yves
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To propose a method for the quantification of lateral ventricle (LV) volumes on a single sequence of 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images.

Materials and Methods

This algorithm, following a preliminary fuzzy tissue classification step, is based on the development of mathematical morphology processes allowing both the extraction of the LVs and the correction of partial volume effects on their boundaries. The procedure is fast and totally unsupervised. The method is tested on a phantom image, then applied to five patients diagnosed as potentially suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and finally applied on several MR acquisitions to show the genericness of the algorithm.

Results and Conclusion

This technique yielded both an accurate estimation of ventricular volumes intra‐ and intersubject with respect to published data and a relevant management of partial volume effects. Numerous clinical applications are now expected, from the study of schizophrenia to the longitudinal follow‐up of Alzheimer's patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:16–22. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI detection of myocardial perfusion defects due to coronary artery stenosis with MS‐325
Authors: Kraitchman Dara L. , Chin Bennett B. , Heldman Alan W. , Solaiyappan Meiyappan , Bluemke David A.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To assess the value of an intravascular, albumin‐targeted contrast agent, MS‐325, in visualizing myocardial ischemia with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

Left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis was created in 19 pigs using a closed‐chest modified angioplasty technique. Myocardial ischemia was detected by first‐pass, contrast‐enhanced MRI at peak dipyridamole stress and was compared to Technetium‐99m (Tc‐99m) sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Regional coronary blood flow was determined using microspheres.

Results

Inducible myocardial ischemia with >40% reduction in stress myocardial blood flow was created in eight animals. An MRI defect, classified as ≥75% reduction in peak myocardial signal intensity in the affected territory, was detected in 92.3% of these animals. In the presence of mild coronary stenosis, there was uniform enhancement with MRI and tracer uptake by SPECT. Concordance of MRI and SPECT for detecting perfusion defects was 85%.

Conclusion

The pattern of prolonged and persistent MR hypoenhancement of the ischemic myocardial bed using MS‐325, which is retained primarily in the vascular bed due to its albumin‐binding properties, facilitates the detection of myocardial perfusion defects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:149–158. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global myocardial blood flow and global flow reserve measurements by MRI and PET are comparable
Authors: Koskenvuo Juha W. , Sakuma Hajime , Niemi Pekka , Toikka Jyri O. , Knuuti Juhani , Laine Hanna , Komu Markku , Kormano Martti , Saraste Markku , Hartiala Jaakko J.
Published: August 2002

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) measurements have been widely used in assessing the functional significance of coronary artery stenosis because they are more sensitive in predicting major cardiac events than angiographically detected reductions of coronary arteries. Myocardial blood flow can be determined by measuring coronary sinus (CS) flow with velocity‐encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging (VEC‐MRI). The purpose of this study was to compare global myocardial blood flow (MBF) and CFR measured using VEC‐MRI with MBF and CFR measured using positron emission tomography (PET). We measured MBF at baseline and after dipyridamole‐induced hyperemia in 12 male volunteers with VEC‐MRI and PET. With VEC‐MRI, MBF was 0.64 ± 0.09 (ml/min/g) at baseline and 1.59 ± 0.79 (ml/min/g) at hyperemia, which yielded an average CFR of 2.51 ± 1.29. With PET, MBF was 0.65 ± 0.20 (ml/min/g) at baseline and 1.78 ± 0.72 (ml/min/g) at hyperemia, which yielded an average CFR of 2.79 ± 0.97. The correlation of MBFs between these two methods was good (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). The CFRs measured by MRI correlated well with those measured using PET (r = 0.76, P < 0.004). These results suggest that MRI is a useful and accurate method to measure global MBF and CFR. Therefore, it would be suitable for studying risk factor modifications of vascular function at an early stage in healthy volunteers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:361–366. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of endocardial edge detection by using an inversion recovery artifact
Authors: Laffon Eric , Cassen Christelle , Latrabe Valérie , Montaudon Michel , Laurent François , Massot Philippe , Ducassou Dominique , Barat Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2002

An inversion recovery (IR) artifact was used to delineate the blood/wall boundary in left ventricles. The artifact consisted of a hypointensity signal in pixels located at the boundary of two contiguous tissues with different T1 relaxation times. The feasibility of measuring the ejection fraction using the artifact was tested in ten healthy volunteers, with two IR snapshot‐FLASH sequences possessing different times of repetition (TR = 11msec and TR = 3.5msec) and appropriate times of inversion. The comparison with a cine‐MRI sequence showed that ejection fraction measurements are feasible when performed with a snapshot‐FLASH sequence that has a sufficiently short TR (3.5msec). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:461–466. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of regional left ventricular wall dynamics using real‐time magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison with conventional breath‐hold gradient echo acquisition in volunteers and patients
Authors: Plein Sven , Smith William H.T. , Ridgway John P. , Kassner Andrea , Beacock David J. , Bloomer Timothy N. , Sivananthan Mohan U.
Published: August 2002

A real‐time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition sequence was evaluated for the assessment of left ventricular wall motion (WM) and wall thickening (WT). Ten normal volunteers and 21 patients were studied. Short‐axis cine images of the left ventricle (LV) were acquired with a fast gradient echo and an ultrafast segmented echo‐planar imaging (EPI) sequence. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of WM and WT was performed on a segmental basis. Qualitative scores agreed between the two methods in 691 of 724 segments (95.4%) with good reproducibility. Quantitative measurements of WM and WT were significantly lower (P < 0.001) with the real‐time method (WM: mean bias, 0.49mm; WT: mean bias, 0.61mm). The largest differences were observed in the anterior and lateral segments and in patients with dilated ventricles. The lower resolution of the real‐time sequence and artifacts was probably responsible for these differences. In conclusion, real‐time cardiac MRI can be used for qualitative assessment of wall dynamics but is presently insufficient for quantitative analysis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:23–30. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aortic and mitral regurgitation: Quantification using moving slice velocity mapping
Authors: Kozerke Sebastian , Schwitter Juerg , Pedersen Erik M. , Boesiger Peter
Published: August 2002

Comprehensive assessment of the severity of valvular insufficiency includes quantification of regurgitant volumes. Previous methods lack reliable slice positioning with respect to the valve and are prone to velocity offsets due to through‐plane motion of the valvular plane of the heart. Recently, the moving slice velocity mapping technique was proposed. In this study, the technique was applied for quantification of mitral and aortic regurgitation. Time‐efficient navigator‐based respiratory artifact suppression was achieved by implementing a prospective k‐space reordering scheme in conjunction with slice position correction. Twelve patients with aortic insufficiency and three patients with mitral insufficiency were studied. Aortic regurgitant volumes were calculated from diastolic velocities mapped with a moving slice 5 mm distal to the aortic valve annulus. Mitral regurgitant flow was indirectly assessed by measuring mitral inflow at the level of the mitral annulus and net aortic outflow. Regurgitant fractions, derived from velocity data corrected for through‐plane motion, were compared to data without correction for through‐plane motion. In patients with mild and moderate aortic regurgitation, regurgitant fractions differed by 60% and 15%, on average, when comparing corrected and uncorrected data, respectively. Differences in severe aortic regurgitation were less (7%). Due to the large orifice area of the mitral valve, differences were still substantial in moderate‐to‐severe mitral regurgitation (19%). The moving slice velocity mapping technique was successfully applied in patients with aortic and mitral regurgitation. The importance of correction for valvular through‐plane motion is demonstrated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:106–112. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of windowing and zero‐filled reconstruction of MRI data on spatial resolution and acquisition strategy
Authors: Bernstein Matt A. , Fain Sean B. , Riederer Stephen J.
Published: August 2002

Standard, MR spin‐warp sampling strategies acquire data on a rectangular k‐space grid. That method samples data from the “corners” of k‐space, i.e., data that lie in a region of k‐space outside of an ellipse just inscribed in the rectangular boundary. Illustrative calculations demonstrate that the data in the corners of k‐space contribute to the useful resolution only if an interpolation method such as a zero‐filled reconstruction is used. The consequences of this finding on data acquisition and data windowing strategies are discussed. A further implication of this result is that the spatial resolution of images reconstructed with zero‐filling (but without radial windowing) is expected to display angular dependence, even when the phase‐ and frequency‐encoded resolutions are identical. This hypothesis is experimentally verified with a slit geometry phantom. It is also observed that images reconstructed without zero‐filling do not display the angular dependence of spatial resolution predicted solely by the maximal k‐space extent of the raw data. The implications of these results for 3D contrast‐enhanced angiographic acquisitions with elliptical centric view ordering are explored with simulations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:270–280. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection and genotypes among human immunodeficiency virus high‐risk groups in Cameroon
Authors: Ndjomou Jean , Kupfer Bernd , Kochan Bettina , Zekeng Leopold , Kaptue Lazare , Matz Bertfried
Published: August 2002

Parenteral transmission of HCV is well established but other possible routes such as heterosexual transmission are still questioned. The Central African region is characterised by a high HCV endemicity without any evidence on the route of transmission. The information on HCV genotypes that circulate in this area is also limited and controversial. HIV infection is very frequent in this region and mostly acquired via the heterosexual route. The aim of this work was to investigate the trend of HCV infection and genotypes among HIV high‐risk groups from Cameroon. Four hundred eighty‐two patients including 229 tuberculosis clinic attendants, 184 sexually transmitted disease clinic attendants, and 69 HIV clinical suspects from another clinic were enrolled. All plasma samples were screened for antibodies to HCV and HCV RNA. Genotypes were assigned by sequencing a 5′UTR amplified fragment. The overall prevalence of HCV markers was 11.6% and a significant increasing trend with respect to age was observed. A proportion of 64.1% (34/53) of HCV antibody positive samples was viraemic. HCV RNA was found in 3 samples that were indeterminate in RIBA 3.0. One was negative in the antibody screening test and the two others were weakly positive. The data on HCV genotypes revealed that genotype 1 was involved in 57% of viraemias, genotype 2 in 24%, while genotypes 4 and 5a accounted for 16 and 3%, respectively. In contrary to the predominance of genotype 4 reported in some African countries and even the neighbouring countries, these data demonstrate clearly that HCV infection in Cameroon is dominated by genotypes 1 and 2. No association was found between the HCV markers and the presence of HIV infection. It is concluded, therefore, that the heterosexual route plays a minor role in HCV transmission in this country. J. Med. Virol. 66:179–186, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins against herpes simplex virus type 1*
Authors: Belaid A. , Aouni M. , Khelifa R. , Trabelsi A. , Jemmali M. , Hani K.
Published: August 2002

The in vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins (S1–S5) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was investigated. These peptides were incubated with the virus and its target cells under various conditions, and their effects were examined by the cytopathic effect inhibition assay or by reduction in virus yield in Hep‐2 cell cultures as well as by direct immunofluorescence. Dermaseptin S4 displayed the strongest antiviral effect against HSV1, at micromolar doses. Experiments including acyclovir as a reference antiviral agent were performed to investigate the mode of action of this dermaseptin. In contrast to acyclovir, dermaseptin S4 showed its inhibitory effect only when applied to the virus before, or during virus adsorption to the target cells. This suggested that the activity of this dermaseptin was exerted at a very early stage of the viral multiplication cycle, most likely at the virus‐cell interface. J. Med. Virol. 66:229–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single rapid TaqMan fluorogenic probe based PCR assay that detects all four dengue serotypes
Authors: Warrilow David , Northill Judith A. , Pyke Alyssa , Smith Greg A.
Published: August 2002

Public health laboratories require rapid diagnosis of dengue outbreaks for application of measures such as vector control. We have developed a rapid single fluorogenic probe‐based polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of all four dengue serotypes (FUDRT‐PCR). The method employs primers and probe that are complementary to the evolutionarily conserved 3′ untranslated region of the dengue genome. The assay detected viral RNA of strains of all four dengue serotypes but not of the flaviviruses Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Kunjin, Stratford, West Nile, Alfuy or Yellow fever. When compared to an existing nested‐PCR assay for the detection of dengue on clinical samples, FUDRT‐PCR detected dengue 1 (100%, n = 14), dengue 2 (85%, n = 13), dengue 3 (64%, n = 14) and dengue 4 (100%, n = 3) with the indicated sensitivities. FUDRT‐PCR enables diagnosis of acute dengue infection in four hours from sample receipt. In addition, a single‐test procedure should result in a reduction in the number of tests performed with considerable cost savings for diagnostic laboratories. J. Med. Virol. 66:524–528, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular evidence of apoptotic death in malignant brain tumors including glioblastoma multiforme: Upregulation of calpain and caspase‐3
Authors: Ray Swapan K. , Patel Sunil J. , Welsh Cynthia T. , Wilford Gloria G. , Hogan Edward L. , Banik Naren L.
Published: August 2002

Cell death in the core of human brain tumors is triggered by hypoxia and lack of nutrients, but the mode of cell death whether necrosis or apoptosis is not clearly defined. To identify the role of apoptosis in brain tumor cell death, we investigated macromolecular (RNA and protein) synthesis and activity in the central to peripheral region of benign [desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) and transitional meningioma (TMG)] and malignant [ependymoma (END), anaplastic astrocytoma (APA), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)] brain tumors derived from five patients who had not received previously radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Normal brain tissue (NBT) served as control. RT‐PCR analysis of tumor tissues covering central to peripheral regions detected mRNA overexpression of pro‐apoptotic gene bax in malignant tumors, indicating a commitment to apoptosis. The mRNA expression of calpain (a Ca2+‐dependent cysteine protease) and calpastatin (endogenous calpain inhibitor) was altered resulting in an elevated calpain/calpastatin ratio. Calpain content and activity were increased, suggesting a role for calpain in cell death. In the mitochondria‐dependent death pathway, caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 were also overexpressed in tumors. The increased caspase‐3 activity cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Agarose gel electrophoresis detected a mixture of random and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in malignant brain tumors. Overexpression of pro‐apoptotic bax, upregulation of calpain and caspase‐3, and occurrence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation are now presented indicating that one mechanism of cell death in malignant brain tumors is apoptosis, and that enhancement of this process therapeutically may promote decreased tumor growth. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systemic administration of antisense p75NTR oligodeoxynucleotides rescues axotomised spinal motor neurons
Authors: Lowry K.S. , Murray S.S. , Coulson E.J. , Epa R. , Bartlett P.F. , Barrett G. , Cheema S.S.
Published: August 2002

The 75 kD low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is expressed in developing and axotomised spinal motor neurons. There is now convincing evidence that p75NTR can, under some circumstances, become cytotoxic and promote neuronal cell death. We report here that a single application of antisense p75NTR oligodeoxynucleotides to the proximal nerve stumps of neonatal rats significantly reduces the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls treated with nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides or phosphate‐buffered saline. Our investigations also show that daily systemic intraperitoneal injections of antisense p75NTR oligodeoxynucleotides for 14 days significantly reduce the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that systemic delivery over a similar period continues to be effective following axotomy when intraperitoneal injections were 1) administered after a delay of 24 hr, 2) limited to the first 7 days, or 3) administered every third day. In addition, p75NTR protein levels were reduced in spinal motor neurons following treatment with antisense p75NTR oligodeoxynucleotides. There were also no obvious side effects associated with antisense p75NTR oligodeoxynucleotide treatments as determined by behavioural observations and postnatal weight gain. Our findings indicate that antisense‐based strategies could be a novel approach for the prevention of motor neuron degeneration associated with injuries or disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:11–17, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cobalt chloride induces PC12 cells apoptosis through reactive oxygen species and accompanied by AP‐1 activation
Authors: Zou Weiguo , Yan Mingda , Xu Weijing , Huo Hairong , Sun Lanying , Zheng Zhongcheng , Liu Xinyuan
Published: August 2002

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are supposed to play an important role in hypoxia‐ and ischemia/reperfusion‐mediated neuronal injury with the characteristics of apoptosis. There are many reports showing that cobalt chloride (CoCl2) could mimic the hypoxic responses in some aspects including production of ROS in cultured cells. The cytotoxicity of CoCl2 and its molecular mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. We report that CoCl2 triggered neuronal PC12 cells apoptosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Apoptosis was demonstrated by morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, and was dependent on macromolecular synthesis. Apoptosis was also confirmed by the decrease of the expression of Bcl‐XL. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of the apoptotic induction of CoCl2 on PC12 cells. Furthermore, ROS production in PC12 cells was increased during CoCl2 treatment. Antioxidants, which could inhibit ROS production, significantly blocked CoCl2‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that apoptosis is mediated by ROS production. We also observed a significant increase of the DNA‐binding activity of AP‐1 in response to CoCl2 and this increase was blocked by antioxidants, showing that CoCl2‐induced apoptosis is accompanied by ROS‐activated AP‐1. CoCl2‐treated PC12 cells may serve as an in vitro model for studies of molecular mechanisms in ROS‐linked neuronal disorders. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:646–653, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antecedents and consequences of basic versus career enrichment benefit satisfaction
Authors: Blau Gary , Merriman Kimberly , Tatum Donna Surges , Rudmann Sally V.
Published: August 2002

Using a sample of 250 medical technologists (MTs) over a four‐year time period, this study presents initial evidence for differentiating two different facets of benefit satisfaction—basic and career enrichment. Basic benefit satisfaction exhibited stronger relationships to subsequent general benefit satisfaction, organizational withdrawal intent, and turnover behavior, while career enrichment benefit satisfaction exhibited a stronger relationship to subsequent affective organizational commitment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow cover in western Poland and macro‐scale circulation conditions
Authors: Bednorz Ewa
Published: August 2002

The aim of the study was to find out the connection between the nature of winters in the western part of Poland (excluding the Sudety mountains) and the fluctuation in the atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic region determined by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. An attempt was made to establish the correlation between the NAO index and specific meteorological parameters in Poznań. The strongest positive correlation was obtained for the mean winter temperature (December–March) and strong negative correlation was found for the number of days with snow cover. Winter precipitation in Poznań was least associated with the NAO. The correlation coefficient was small and not significant. In the next stage of the study, the area of western Poland was examined; however, only one parameter, i.e. the number of days with snow cover, was taken into consideration. At each of 29 stations distributed in the study area the number of days with snow cover was proved to be strongly negatively correlated with the NAO index. Finally, the frequency of air flow directions was taken into consideration and their association with the NAO was examined. A strong negative correlation was obtained for the frequency of northeasterly and easterly air flow directions and a strong positive correlation was calculated for the frequency of westerly and northwesterly airflow directions. Such findings are consistent with the westerly flow of air masses during the positive phase and with the northerly and easterly flows during the negative phase. The results lead to the conclusion that the positive phase of the NAO causes mild and less snowy winters, whereas the negative phase increases the probability of severe and snowy winters in western Poland. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Synthesis of polymeric and low molecular weight phthalocyanines from nitriles and metal carbonyls on SiO2 and TiO2 and catalytic activities in the sulfide oxidation
Authors: WÖHRLE D. , SUVOROVA O. N. , TROMBACH N. , SCHUPAK E. A. , GERDES R. , SEMENOV N. M. , BARTELS O. , ZAKURAZHNOV A. A. , SCHNURPFEIL G. , HILD O. , WENDT A.
Published: August 2002

A new method for coatings of polymeric phthalocyanines and for comparison also of low molecular weight phthalocyanine metal complexes ( W , Cr , Mo , Co ) on quartz and titanium dioxide was developed by the reaction of metal carbonyls adsorbed on the carriers with tetracarbonitriles or phthalonitrile. By UV-vis or IR spectra the formation of structural uniform polymeric phthalocyanines on the carriers is established. The compounds are used then to compare their catalytic and photocatalytic activities in the oxidation of sulfide as test reaction.
Photodynamic therapy against achromic M6 melanocytes: phototoxicity of lipophilic axially substituted aluminum phthalocyanines and hexadecahalogenated zinc phthalocyanines
Authors: DECREAU RICHARD , RICHARD MARIE-JEANNE , JULLIARD MICHEL
Published: August 2002

Lipophilic and axially substituted tri-n-hexylsiloxy aluminum phthalocyanine and cholesteryloxy diphenylsiloxy aluminum phthalocyanine were synthesized and assayed in PDT against M6 melanocytes. In the conditions used (λ > 480 nm , 10 mW cm-2, egg-yolk lecithin or cremophor EL formulation) they both exhibited a higher photodynamic effect than chloroaluminum phthalocyanine. They displayed 2% to 3.5% cell viability at 10-5M dose for 20 min irradiation. Hexadecafluoro zinc phthalocyanine was synthesized to increase the lipophilicity of zinc phthalocyanine, hexadecachloro zinc phthalocyanine was also included because it would theoretically enhance the phototoxicity. In all the delivery systems used, their photodynamic effect against M6 melanocytes was lower in comparison with zinc phthalocyanine and axially substituted aluminum phthalocyanines. A 2 h irradiation treatment with 3 × 10-6 M hexadecafluoro zinc phthalocyanine and 10-5 M hexadecachloro zinc phthalocyanine led to 60% and 15% cell viability respectively. In all cases, the cell killing effect was light-and dose-dependent and was higher in cremophor EL micelles than in the egg-yolk lecithin formulation.
Synthesis of dihydroxy silicon phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid and poly-μ-oxo silicon phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid
Authors: GÜREK A. G. , APPEL G. , MIKALO R. P. , SCHMEIßER D.
Published: August 2002

We describe the synthesis of tetrasulfonated silicon phthalocyanine and its oligomer product prepared by metal salt catalyzed polycondensation. The catalytic effect of H 2 O -free CaCl 2 in quinoline is used for the polycondensation of dihydroxy silicon phthalocyanine to the cofacially arrayed oligomer. Spectroscopic characterization and photoelectron spectroscopy data of the prepared compounds are reported. We present the first results on polypyrrole films doped with these substances.
Microstructural interpretations of modern and Pleistocene subglacially deformed sediments: the relative role of parent material and subglacial processes
Authors: Khatwa Anjana , Tulaczyk Slawek
Published: August 2002

Analysis of till micromorphology represents a relatively new technique that has been used most frequently to infer the importance of subglacial shear in till genesis. This study aims to calibrate the technique by comparing Pleistocene tills from United Kingdom with a modern till (the UpB till) from beneath Ice Stream B, West Antarctica. Despite the fact that all of the tills examined have been interpreted as deforming‐bed deposits, the modern till has significantly less abundant and diverse microstructures than those found in the Pleistocene tills. Seventeen examined thin‐sections of the UpB till contain recognisable microstructures over only 0–30% of individual thin‐section area. The most common microstructures are: (i) birefringent clay patterns that are interpreted as shear zones and (ii) adherent matrix structures, which we interpret as uncomminuted remnants of the parent glacial/glaciomarine diamictons. Fourteen thin‐sections of the Pleistocene tills were covered by microstructures in 10–95% of their area. The Pleistocene microstructures include birefringent clays and adherent matrix structures, as in the UpB till, but also laminations and deformed pods made of chalk and sorted sediments. We conclude that the same till‐forming process, i.e. subglacial deformation, may result in distinctly different till micromorphology. This is a consequence of the fact that microstructural characteristics are strongly influenced by factors other than shear deformation. We identify three controls that may be important for forming contrasting microstructural assemblages: (i) strain magnitude, (ii) the degree of heterogeneity of parent material, and (iii) relative importance of sediment sorting by flowing water in the subglacial environment. Thus till micromorphology is sensitive to multiple factors, which with proper calibration may enhance the existing capability to interpret past subglacial conditions from microstructures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaches to improving the bioavailability and level of iron in rice seeds
Authors: Lucca Paola , Hurrell Richard , Potrykus Ingo
Published: August 2002

Iron deficiency is estimated to affect about 30% of the world population, making iron by far the most deficient nutrient worldwide. Iron supplementation in the form of tablets and food fortification has not been successful in developing countries, and iron deficiency is still the most important deficiency related to malnutrition. Here we present experiments that aim to increase the iron content in rice endosperm and to improve its absorption in the human intestine by means of genetic engineering. We first introduced a ferritin gene from Phaseolus vulgaris into rice grains, increasing their iron content up to twofold. To increase iron bioavailability, we introduced a thermotolerant phytase from Aspergillus fumigatus into the rice endosperm. In addition, as cysteine peptides are considered a major enhancer of iron absorption, we overexpressed the endogenous cysteine‐rich metallothionein‐like protein. The content of cysteine residues increased about sevenfold and the phytase level in the grains about 130‐fold, giving a phytase activity sufficient to completely degrade phytic acid in a simulated digestion experiment. However, the fungal protein did not retain its activity after rice cooking. Therefore a further attempt to specifically reduce the phytic acid in the inner part of the rice endosperm, the tissue eaten after the milling of rice grains, is discussed and biochemical analyses of the transgenic rice seeds are now in progress.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of Botrytis cinerea infection on Champagne wine foaming properties
Authors: Marchal Richard , Tabary Isabelle , Valade Michel , Moncomble Dominique , Viaux Laurence , Robillard Bertrand , Jeandet Philippe
Published: August 2002

Qualitative effects of Botrytis cinerea infection were studied by comparing the foaming properties of Champagnes obtained from healthy grapes with those from grapes infected by B cinerea. This is of particular interest when it is considered that the foaming properties of Champagne wines are important in terms of product attractiveness for the consumer. Experiments using artificial viewing equipment clearly showed the dramatic effects on Champagne foam characteristics when grape berries were highly infected. The speed at which liquid separated from the foam (expressed as liquid height LS) in the glass depended largely on the level of infection for Chardonnary and Pinot noir wines (+268% for Chardonnary wines at 40% infection and +627% for Pinot noir wines at 20% infection). B cinerea infection reduced the time (LT) at which liquid first appeared in the glass; for Pinot noir wines an infection level of 20% caused very rapid drainage. The time of pouring (PT, ie the time to fill the glass under controlled conditions) also diminished considerably at an infection level of 20% for both Pinot noir and Pinot meunier wines (−74 and −58% respectively). Mouldiness considerably altered the foam height observed 80 s (H80) after the start of pouring (−83% for Pinot noir and −89% for Pinot meunier at 20% infection). Champagne foamability was also quantified using a sparging technique to standardise effervescence. Foamability suffered considerably (−60 to −65%) when the B cinerea infection level was 20% as compared to control Champagnes. All wines studied had low and very similar protein contents. Differences in the concentrations of these compounds, which are generally implicated in the formation of foam in sparkling wines, could not explain the differences in Champagne foaming properties observed here.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression between primary tumors with or without liver metastasis in pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Matsuyama Yoshito , Takao Sonshin , Aikou Takashi
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play an important role in carcinoma cell invasion and hematogenous metastasis by mediating the degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Methods

We investigated the relationship between MMP‐2 and ‐9 enzymatic activities and liver metastases in human pancreatic and colon carcinomas, using xenograft tumors in nude mice.

Results

We found that type IV collagenase activity in pancreatic and colon carcinomas with liver metastases was significantly higher than in pancreatic and colon carcinomas without liver metastases. Gelatin zymography showed the presence of gelatinolytic activity bands at Mr 92,000 and 72,000, indicating MMP‐9 and MMP‐2, respectively. MMP‐2 and ‐9 expression levels in pancreatic and colon carcinomas with liver metastases were higher than in pancreatic and colon carcinomas without liver metastases. TIMP‐2 levels in pancreatic and colon carcinomas with liver metastases were also higher than in those without liver metastases.

Conclusions

MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression in primary tumors is associated with liver metastases in pancreatic and colon carcinomas. In addition, the balance of activity between MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐2 may be relevant to carcinoma invasion and metastasis, including liver metastases in pancreatic and colon carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:105–110. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial issues: Pelvic exenterative surgery
Authors: Turns Danielle
Published: August 2002

This review of the literature describes the psychosocial consequences of all the elements associated with Pelvis Exenterative Surgery (PES): a diagnosis of cancer and/or its recurrence, impact of procedures such as simple or radical hysterectomy, prostatectomy, or colostomy. All studies report a high incidence of anxiety, depression, self‐image insult, sexual dysfunction, social isolation, and dysfunction. There are few studies of the consequences of PES itself. Their consensus is that its psychosocial impact is not as catastrophic as one would expect. However, their methodological drawbacks do not yet permit a definitive conclusion. The interaction of the patients with their surgeon and treatment team during the preoperative period is examined with special attention to potential pitfalls. Acute psychiatric syndomes that may occur during the postoperative period (delerium, anxiety, depression, brief reactive psychosis) and their management is discussed. So are sexual dysfunctions. General principles of intervention in preparing patients for invasive procedures and facilitating favorable outcomes are described. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:224–236. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular markers in Paget disease of the breast
Authors: Fu Wei , Lobocki Catherine A. , Silberberg Boris K. , Chelladurai Mohan , Young Shun C.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Molecular markers are increasingly being analyzed in tumor specimens because of their relevance to both prognosis and choice of therapy. Paget disease of the breast is an uncommon form of breast cancer, in which molecular markers have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of c‐erbB‐2, p53, Ki‐67, Cyclin D1, Bcl‐2, estrogen receptors (ER), and progesterone receptors (PR) in mammary Paget disease.

Methods

Archival tumor tissues from 14 patients diagnosed between 1990 and 1999 with Paget disease of the breast were analyzed for these molecular markers by using an automated immunohistochemical assay. Both the intraepidermal Paget cells and the underlying carcinoma were assessed for these markers.

Results

The majority of Paget cells were positive for c‐erbB‐2 (92.9%), Cyclin D1 (100%), and Ki‐67 (85.7%), but very few were positive for Bcl‐2 (14.3%). p53 was overexpressed in 42.9% of the cases, and only 28.6% were positive for ER and PR. The rate of expression of these biologic markers was similar in both the Paget cells and the underlying intraductal and/or ductal carcinoma cells.

Conclusions

Tumors from patients with Paget disease of the breast were positive for c‐erbB‐2, Cyclin D1, and Ki‐67, molecular markers commonly associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and poorer survival in breast cancer patients. Few of these tumors expressed Bcl‐2 or ER and PR, which are generally associated with a better prognosis. Similar expression of these markers in both Paget cells and the underlying carcinoma supports the theory that these cells are the result of an intraepidermal spread of ductal carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:171–178. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of some α‐hydroxy acids by 2,2′‐bipyridinium chlorochromate
Authors: Kumbhat Vinita , Sharma Pradeep K. , Banerji Kalyan K.
Published: August 2002

The oxidation of glycolic, lactic, malic, and a few substituted mandelic acids by 2,2′‐bipyridinium chlorochromate (BPCC) in dimethylsulphoxide leads to the formation of corresponding oxoacids. The reaction is first order each in BPCC and the hydroxy acids. The reaction is catalyzed by the hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion dependence has the form: kobs = a + b [H+]. The oxidation of α‐deuteriomandelic acid exhibited a substantial primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kd = 5.29 at 303 K). Oxidation of p‐methylmandelic acid was studied in 19 different organic solvents. The solvent effect has been analyzed by using Kamlet's and Swain's multiparametric equations. A mechanism involving a hydride ion transfer via a chromate ester is proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 248–254, 2002
Benchmarking and the role of organizational learning in developing competitive advantage
Authors: Pemberton Jonathan D. , Stonehouse George H. , Yarrow David J.
Published: August 2002

Benchmarking is concerned with enhancing organizational performance by establishing standards against which processes, products and performance can be compared and consequently improved. Organizational learning, on the other hand, refers to the processes by which organizations develop new knowledge and core competences in order to gain competitive advantage. By reference to a survey of over 700 companies drawn from the manufacturing and service sectors in northeast England, this paper examines the relationship between benchmarking and the characteristics of organizational learning. By examining several variables associated with organizational learning, evidence is presented that supports the argument that benchmarking brings the greatest benefits to an organization's performance when combined with effective organizational learning. Vision, training and education, a problem‐solving culture and human resources strategy are some of the key elements associated with benchmarking and organizational success. A high degree of commonality exists between the results of the manufacturing and service sectors, although differences do emerge in the context of employee morale and motivation for example. Furthermore, all the organizational factors examined in both sectors proved to be statistically significant when comparing world class and potentially winning companies with their competitors, adding weight to the argument that the existence of organizational learning within a company is an essential ingredient in the quest for superior performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation of gullies in susceptible riparian areas of alluvial soil regions
Authors: Yadav R. C. , Bhushan L. S.
Published: August 2002

The problem of gully erosion is very severe in the riparian areas of the alluvial deep soil region in India. Research and development have progressed in response to the change in social needs. The earlier strategy of maintenance of law and order has changed to one of reclamation and restoration of the productive capacity of riparian areas. Watershed management in the ravines has been adopted for development of food security, eco‐restoration and pollution control. Case studies on the watershed management in watersheds projects initiated in the mid‐1980s revealed the scope for bringing increased prosperity through crop diversification and eco‐restoration. In consideration of the erosion process, new concepts of management zones and improved conservation and reclamation practices have been developed. The sociological factors have been rationally analysed, as they applied to watershed management in the ravines. A new paradigm of watershed management by group action is necessary in the future. Since the ways of combating the ravine problem and enhancing the productivity of ravine‐degraded lands were made on rational process‐based approach, there is scope for it to be implemented in other countries with similar land and socio‐economic situations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of fibrinolytics with a laser‐induced liquid jet
Authors: Hirano Takayuki , Komatsu Makoto , Saeki Toshiro , Uenohara Hiroshi , Takahashi Akira , Takayama Kazuyoshi , Yoshimoto Takashi
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

There are several problems inherent in the treatment of cerebral embolisms, such as the narrow therapeutic time window and the severe side effects of fibrinolytic drugs. There is thus need of a new method of removing a cerebral thrombus more rapidly using smaller amounts of fibrinolytics.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The liquid‐jet generator was made by insertion of an optical fiber (diameter: 0.6 mm) into a balloon catheter (6 Fr). A pulsed holmium (Ho) YAG laser (pulse duration time = 350 µs) was used as a laser source. The maximum penetration depth of a liquid jet generated with this device into a gelatin artificial thrombus was measured at various stand‐off distances (L; distance between the optical fiber end and the catheter exit). Based on the result, a stand‐off distance of 13 mm was chosen to investigate the enhancement of urokinase (UK) efficacy by only a single operation of the liquid‐jet device in artificial thrombi made of human blood.

Results

Maximum penetration depth increased in proportion to L and reached a maximum value (9 mm) when L was around 13 mm. Fibrinolysis rates (%) after incubation with a small amount of UK for 10 and 30 minutes were predominantly raised by a single use of the laser‐induced liquid jet (5.4 ± 2.4 vs. 22.6 ± 6.1 and 7.3 ± 3.8 vs. 38.3 ± 5.6, respectively (mean ± SD, P < 0.001)).

Conclusions

A laser‐induced liquid jet effectively promoted fibrinolysis in vitro with use of only a small amount of fibrinolytics. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:360–368, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical properties of native and coagulated porcine liver tissue between 400 and 2400 nm
Authors: Ritz Joerg‐P. , Roggan Andre , Isbert Christoph , Müller Gerhard , Buhr Heinz J. , Germer Christoph‐T.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Laser induced thermotherapy (LITT) is a promising treatment for irresectable liver tumors. For predicting the effects of laser applications and optimizing irradiation planning in LITT, knowledge about light distribution in tissue, optical tissue properties (absorption, scattering, anisotropy, penetration depth) and their changes due to thermal denaturation is indispensable.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The optical parameters in healthy porcine liver were determined in the native state and after thermal coagulation using a double integrating sphere system in the wavelength range of 400–2400 nm.

Results

Optical parameters showed significant fluctuations in the examined wavelength range mainly due to the water and hemoglobin content in the tissue. The greatest optical penetration depth of 7.46 mm was achieved at 1070 nm. After thermal coagulation, a clear increase in scattering and a slight decrease in absorption was found, which results in a decreased optical penetration depth.

Conclusions

In order to ensure a safe and effective procedure, an adjustment of the laser power to the decreasing penetration depth is recommended during therapy. These results provide a better understanding of laser‐tissue interaction and may be helpful to investigators in the field of light dosimetry in liver tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:205–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.