bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro antimalarial drug susceptibility in Thai border areas from 1998–2003
Authors: Chaijaroenkul Wanna , Na Bangchang Kesara , Mungthin Mathirut , Ward Stephen A
Published: August 2005

Background

The Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders have been historically linked with the emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs. Indeed, the areas are often described as harbouring multi-drug resistant parasites. These areas of Thailand have experienced significant changes in antimalarial drug exposure patterns over the past decade. This study describes the in vitro antimalarial susceptibility patterns of 95 laboratory-adapted P. falciparum isolates, collected between 1998 and 2003,.

Methods

Ninety five P. falciparum isolates were collected from five sites in Thailand between 1998 and 2003. After laboratory adaptation to in vitro culture, the susceptibility of these parasites to a range of established antimalarial drugs (chloroquine [CQ], mefloquine [MQ], quinine [QN] and dihydroartemisinin [DHA]) was determined by the isotopic microtest.

Results

Mefloquine (MQ) sensitivity remained poorest in areas previously described as MQ-resistant areas. Sensitivity to MQ of parasites from this area was significantly lower than those from areas reported to harbour moderate (p = 0.002) of low level MQ resistance (p = 000001). Importantly for all drugs tested, there was a considerable range in absolute parasite sensitivities. There was a weak, but statistically positive correlation between parasite sensitivity to CQ and sensitivity to both QN and MQ and a positive correlation between MQ and QN. In terms of geographical distribution, parasites from the Thai-Cambodia were tended to be less sensitive to all drugs tested compared to the Thai-Myanmar border. Parasite sensitivity to all drugs was stable over the 6-year collection period with the exception of QN.

Conclusion

This study highlights the high degree of variability in parasite drug sensitivity in Thailand. There were geographical differences in the pattern of resistance which might reflect differences in drug usage in each area. In contrast to many other studies there were weak, but statistically significant positive, correlations between sensitivity to CQ and sensitivity to MQ and QN. Over the six years of sample collection, parasite sensitivity appears to have stabilized to these drugs in these sites.
The Human Use of Caves in Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia: Research Themes
Authors: Barker Graeme , Reynolds Tim , Gilbertson D. D
Published: July 2005

This paper introduces the essays in this volume. The challenging complexities of site formation and cave taphonomy in humid tropical environments are emphasized, as is the need for more sophisticated understanding of the geomorphological, biological, and taphonomic processes that affect tropical caves if archaeological remains within them are to be better understood. As the case studies in this collection illustrate, however, tropical cave excavations in peninsular and island Southeast Asia continue to provide new information that is shaping the agenda of discussions about the pathways of colonization of Pleistocene and Holocene human populations, their lifeways as foragers and farmers, and their belief systems as represented by their burials and cave art. The papers also emphasize the complexity of cave use in this region through time and space, but perhaps the most important argument of the volume is that the human use of caves here, past and present, can be understood only as integral components of wider cultural landscapes.
Innovation as Spiritual Exercise: Montaigne and Pascal
Authors: Force Pierre
Published: July 2005

Taking Pascal's appropriation of Montaigne as its main example, this article asks what it means to "say something new" in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It argues that literary and philosophical innovation is best understood in reference to the rhetorical tradition, and it analyzes what "saying something new" means in terms of inventio, dispositio, elocutio, decorum, and ethos. Close attention is also paid to the relationship between economy and equity (in the rhetorical sense of these terms). For Pascal and Montaigne, the "new" is desirable not for its own sake, but rather as an exercise for the soul.
A Fresh Look at Semipresidentialism: The Russian Predicament
Authors: Colton Timothy J. , Skach Cindy
Published: July 2005

Abstract: At the end of the Cold War, semipresidentialism became the modal constitution of the postcommunist world. In Russia and other post-Soviet states, however, this system of government has impeded consolidation. Semipresidentialism combines a popularly elected head of state with a prime minister responsible to the legislature; though this framework seemed to promise the best of all constitutional worlds, when put into practice in many countries during their transitions, the framework began to pose serious design dilemmas and facilitate democratic backsliding rather than consolidation.
The New Iraq: Democratic Institutions and Performance
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: July 2005

Abstract: The January 2005 election was a seminal event in contemporary Iraqi history, but laborious post-election negotiations dampened the initial euphoria. There were problems of process, particularly with regard to the apportionment of power among the various ethno-sectarian groups. The efforts at inclusiveness were meant to produce a national unity government, but this tends to marginalize party competition, thus robbing the democratic process of one of its essential elements. In spite of the efforts at consensus-building, communal entrenchments and thorny constitutional issues continue to threaten Iraq’s democratic transformation. The future of democracy in Iraq might very well be determined by political bargaining occurring in the present transitional period.
Do Intergovernmental Organizations Promote Peace?
Authors: Boehmer Charles , Gartzke Erik , Nordstrom Timothy
Published: July 2005

A basic debate in world politics involves the impact of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) on international conflict. Liberals, functionalists, and others see IGOs as capable of transforming global anarchy, while realists emphasize the essential irrelevance of IGOs in managing such fundamental processes as war and peace. Recent quantitative studies also yield disparate conclusions depending on particular econometric assumptions, implying variously that IGOs foster pacific relations among states, have no impact on dispute behavior, or even increase dispute propensity. At least part of the problem is a lack of theoretical and empirical specificity. The authors apply bargaining theory to develop a “middle path” between the realist and liberal perspectives. Only some IGOs, those with security mandates and the most sophisticated institutional structures, are likely to influence dispute behavior. The authors combine the theory with two improvements in research design. First, IGOs vary in capability, mandate, and cohesion. The authors construct a dataset of IGO institutional heterogeneity and member cohesiveness. Second, states join IGOs for reasons that are not unrelated to why states fight. The authors control for the level of international involvement among countries and find support for their arguments in initial tests.
American Realism Versus American Imperialism
Authors: Craig Campbell
Published: July 2005

This article reviews three recent books critical of America's new “imperial” foreign policy, examines whether the United States can properly be compared to empires of the past, and identifies three aspects of contemporary American policy that may well be called imperialist. It also addresses some of the main objections to recent U.S. foreign policy made by American realist scholars and argues that traditional interstate realism can no longer readily apply to the problem ofAmerican unipolar preponderance over an anarchical, nuclear-armed world.
Prothrombotic Factors in Children With Stroke or Porencephaly
Authors: Lynch John Kylan , Han Christina J. , Nee Linda E. , Nelson Karin B.
Published: August 2005

Objective.This study compared the frequencies of genetic and functional coagulation abnormalities in children with arterial ischemic stroke or porencephaly with frequencies in previously published studies.

Methods.A series of 59 children (age 0–18 years) with arterial ischemic stroke or porencephaly were referred to the National Institutes of Health. A blood sample, buccal smear sample, questionnaire, and pedigree were requested for each child. Blood samples were analyzed for protein C (PC); protein S; antithrombin (AT); activated PC resistance (APCR); lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]; lupus anticoagulant; anticardiolipin antibodies; and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR), factor V G1619A, factor II G20210A (PT), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G6755G, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor C536T mutations. The frequency of each coagulation abnormality was compared with published international pediatric stroke case and control rates.

Results.At least 1 prothrombotic abnormality was identified in 63% (36 of 57) of children studied, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G6755G (15 of 56), MTHFR (12 of 56), elevated Lp(a) (12 of 59), APCR (11 of 58), factor V G1619A (5 of 57), PT (3 of 57), PC deficiency (1 of 59), and AT deficiency (1 of 59). The MTHFR mutation, elevated Lp(a), the PT mutation, and AT deficiency rates were similar to rates in cases and more common than control subjects in previously published studies. The rate of children with APCR or multiple abnormalities was higher than in previous pediatric stroke studies. A family history of early thrombosis was identified in one third of the children with a prothrombotic abnormality.

Conclusions.Two thirds of children in this study had at least 1 of the prothrombotic risk factors tested, and several children had multiple risk factors. These results provide additional evidence that prothrombotic abnormalities are common among children with AIS or porencephaly.
Morphine Administration and Short-term Pulmonary Outcomes Among Ventilated Preterm Infants
Authors: Bhandari Vineet , Bergqvist Lena L. , Kronsberg Shari S. , Barton Bruce A. , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. ,   for the NEOPAIN Trial Investigators Group
Published: August 2005

Background. The use of opioid therapy for sedation and analgesia among ventilated infants varies among care providers. The impact of opioid therapy early in the neonatal course of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on pulmonary outcomes is not known.

Objective. We tested the hypothesis that preterm neonates randomized to the morphine infusion group would have improved ventilatory outcomes, measured as shorter durations of ventilator or oxygen therapy, fewer air leaks, and lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Methods. All 898 subjects (gestational age [GA] of ≥23 to ≤32 weeks) who were enrolled in the Neurologic Outcomes and Preemptive Analgesia in Neonates (NEOPAIN) trial formed the study cohort (morphine: 449 patients; placebo: 449 patients). Subjects received the masked study drug until they were weaned from the ventilator or for 14 days, whichever occurred earlier. Outcome measures included air leaks, duration of ventilation or oxygen therapy, hospitalization, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and death.

Results. Subjects in the 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics (mean ± SD, morphine versus placebo: GA: 27.3 ± 2.3 vs 27.4 ± 2.3 weeks; birth weight: 1037 ± 340 vs 1054 ± 354 g). Infants in the morphine group required ventilator therapy significantly longer, compared with the placebo group (median [interquartile range]: 7 days [4–20 days] vs 6 days [3–19 days]). This difference in ventilation duration was significant for infants with GA of 27 to 29 weeks (6 days [4–12 days] vs 5 days [2–9 days]) and 30 to 32 weeks (4 days [3–6 days] vs 3 days [2–5 days]). Infants who received additional analgesia with intermittent morphine doses in both groups were sicker than those who were not given open-label morphine. After adjustment for birth weight, Clinical Risk Index for Babies scores, maternal chorioamnionitis, RDS requiring surfactant, and patent ductus arteriosus in a logistic regression model, the use of additional analgesia with morphine was associated independently with increased air leaks and longer durations of high-frequency ventilation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and oxygen therapy.

Conclusions. Morphine infusions do not improve short-term pulmonary outcomes among ventilated preterm neonates. Additional morphine doses were associated with worsening respiratory outcomes among preterm neonates with RDS.
Excess Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Low Platelet Counts in Premature Neonates of Preeclamptic Mothers
Authors: Tsao Po-Nien , Wei Shu-Chen , Su Yi-Ning , Chou Hung-Chieh , Chen Chien-Yi , Hsieh Wu-Shiun
Published: August 2005

Objective. To investigate the relationship of neonatal platelet count and preeclampsia to levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cord blood of preterm infants.

Methods. Sixty-nine preterm infants with a gestational age between 26 and 37 weeks at birth were enrolled. sFlt-1, PlGF, and VEGF levels in the cord blood of preterm neonates, with or without maternal preeclampsia, were measured using a standardized sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results. Infants with maternal preeclampsia had higher cord blood sFlt-1 but lower PlGF and VEGF levels. There was a significantly positive relationship between neonatal platelet count and birth weight and a significantly negative relationship between neonatal platelet count and cord blood sFlt-1 levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that only birth weight and cord blood sFlt-1 levels were independently related to neonatal platelet count, whereas maternal preeclampsia, gestational age (GA), and small for GA (SGA) were not related. Neonates with thrombocytopenia had higher cord blood sFlt-1 levels but lower birth weight. A significant correlation was also found between birth weight and cord blood sFlt-1 levels. Multiple regression with birth weight as the dependent variable found that only GA and cord blood sFlt-1 levels were independently related. Furthermore, infants with high cord blood sFlt-1 were more likely to have lower platelet count and maternal preeclampsia, be SGA, and have a trend toward lower birth weight.

Conclusion. Excess sFlt-1 may play an important role in the development of maternal preeclampsia- induced neonatal thrombocytopenia, and SGA.
Comparison of Infasurf (Calfactant) and Survanta (Beractant) in the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Bloom Barry T. , Clark Reese H. ,   for the Infasurf Survanta Clinical Trial Group
Published: August 2005

Background. In biophysical and animal testing, Infasurf develops lower surface tension and restores total surfactant activity better than Survanta.

Methods. We performed 2 prospective, randomized, masked clinical trials; 1 trial used a prophylactic strategy aimed at prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (prophylaxis trial) for infants who were born between 23 weeks, 0 days and 29 weeks, 6 days of gestation, and the second trial used a treatment strategy (treatment trial) for intubated infants with a birth weight of 401 to 2000 g who required fractional inspired oxygen of >0.4 to maintain an arterial oxygen saturation of >90% (or an arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio of <0.2) at any time before 36 hours of age. Our purpose was to determine if Infasurf (calfactant) was more effective than Survanta (beractant) at increasing the proportion of patients alive and not receiving supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Informed, written, parental consent was required, and protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of all participating institutions. The dose of surfactant was 4 mL/kg (100 mg/kg) for Survanta and 3 mL/kg (105 mg/kg) for Infasurf for both trials. The assigned drug was drawn into 2 masked syringes and administered by a health care professional who, in most cases, was not directly responsible for caring for the patient. A maximum of 3 repeat treatments, at least 6 hours apart, were permitted if the neonate required fractional inspired oxygen of >0.30 to maintain an arterial oxygen saturation of >90% (or an arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio of 0.33) and the infant remained intubated for respiratory distress syndrome.

Results. Both trials were halted for not meeting enrollment targets after a 32-month recruitment period. The decision to end recruitment was made after the interim analysis of the treatment trial. We enrolled 749 infants in the prophylaxis trial and 1361 infants in the treatment trial. The primary outcome (alive and not receiving supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) rate in the prophylaxis trial was 52.1% for group 1 and 52.4% for group 2. In the treatment trial, the primary outcome rate was 58.7% in group 1 and 56.8% in group 2. Based on sample-size requirements for a conclusion of similarity, and the lack of statistical significance to the differences noted in the primary outcome, we have chosen not to break the investigator blind but to report the results as groups 1 and 2.

Conclusion. Early trial closure prevents us from either accepting or rejecting our null hypothesis.
Complete DiGeorge Anomaly in the Absence of Neonatal Hypocalcemia and Velofacial and Cardiac Defects
Authors: Al-Tamemi Salem , Mazer Bruce , Mitchell David , Albuquerque Pedro , Duncan Alessandra M. V. , McCusker Christine , Jabado Nada
Published: August 2005

We report an atypical case of complete DiGeorge (DG) anomaly that presented initially exclusively as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The child had severe infections at diagnosis, in keeping with the SCID phenotype; however, normal lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels were noted at admission, which delayed diagnosis. Importantly, the child presented without neonatal hypocalcemia or velofacial or cardiac abnormalities at the time of diagnosis, which masked underlying DG. This case outlines the difficulties in making the diagnosis of SCID in a timely manner and illustrates the variation in presentation of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. There should be a high index of suspicion for primary immunodeficiency among children with severe infections and, because management may vary, DG anomaly should be considered in the differential diagnosis of T− B+ natural killer+ SCID.
Genomic Constitution and Genetic Relationship among the Tropical and Subtropical Indian Sugarcane Cultivars Revealed by AFLP
Authors: Selvi A. , Nair N. V. , Noyer J. L. , Singh N. K. , Balasundaram N. , Bansal K. C. , Koundal K. R. , Mohapatra T.
Published: August 2005

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a tropical plant. In India, systematic breeding initiated early in the twentieth century led to the development of cultivars suitable for subtropical conditions. In spite of a long breeding history, no systematic effort has been made to understand the genetic constitution of these cultivars. The present study was performed to characterize 28 commercial sugarcane cultivars grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of India by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Eleven of the 12 selective primer combinations used in the study could individually discriminate all the cultivars from each other, which suggested their usefulness in identification of sugarcane cultivars. Comparison of the AFLP profiles of the cultivars with that of their progenitor species revealed the presence of 78.8% of the 250 S. officinarum L. specific DNA fragments, whereas 28.85% of the 260 S. spontaneum L. specific fragments could be traced in the cultivars. Saccharum officinarum specific DNA fragments were found equally shared by the tropical and subtropical cultivars. The subtropical cultivars, however, retained significantly higher number of S. spontaneum specific DNA fragments than did the tropical cultivars, reflecting the breeding strategy followed in the development of these cultivars. The level of genetic diversity between the tropical and subtropical cultivars was much higher than most of the pair‐wise diversity measures within each of these two adaptive groups. The AFLP‐based clustering of the cultivars also corresponded well with their pedigree relationships.
Soybean Yield and Biomass Responses to Increasing Plant Population Among Diverse Maturity Groups: I. Agronomic Characteristics
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey T. , Purcell Larry C.
Published: August 2005

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems that require less than 100 d from sowing to maturity are useful for avoiding drought and decreasing irrigation requirement in areas with relatively long growing seasons (>150 d) and seasonal moisture limitations. Previous experiments have evaluated the response of either maturity group (MG) IV and earlier or MG V and later soybean to increased plant population, but there is a paucity of data quantifying population density responses across the entire range of MGs grown in these areas. Therefore, we evaluated the responses of MG 00, 0, I, II, III, IV, V, and VI soybean to populations of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 seeds m−2 sown in 19‐cm rows and irrigated as needed at Fayetteville, AR, in 2001, 2002, and 2003. The response of soybean yield to increased plant populations was described well by an exponential model that predicted an asymptotic yield plateau at high plant populations. Asymptotic yield was similar for MG I through VI cultivars, but plant population required to reach the asymptote generally decreased as soybean maturity lengthened. Harvest index (HI) values generally increased slightly with increased plant population in MG 00 and 0 soybean, decreased slightly with increasing plant populations in MG V and VI soybean, and had no response to increasing plant populations in MG I through IV soybean. Height of first fertile node increased as plant population increased and as soybean maturity lengthened. This research demonstrates that a broad range of soybean MGs can produce similar yield in the Midsouth, but optimal seeding densities and irrigation requirements vary by maturity. Further, this research demonstrates some of the difficulties that can be encountered when expressing soybean yield as an empirical function of soybean population density.
Herbage Nitrogen Recovery in a Meadow and Loblolly Pine Alley
Authors: Burner David M. , MacKown Charles T.
Published: August 2005

Herbage in conventional pasture and agroforestry systems is managed for microclimate and spatial differences inherent to these systems, but managers have scarce data on which to base their decisions. Our objective was to measure herbage N fertilizer recovery at two sites, an unshaded meadow and a shaded alley in 10‐yr‐old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The test was conducted on a Leadvale silt loam soil (fine‐silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudult) near Booneville, AR, in 2002 and 2003, with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) the predominant herbage species. Fertilizer N was broadcast as split‐applications at six rates (100 kg ha−1 increments from 0 to 500 kg ha−1 yr−1). The meadow and pine alleys had sufficient herbage yield for rotational livestock production. Cumulative herbage yield (CHY) in the meadow was much more responsive to added N than pine alley herbage, but average cumulative fertilizer N (CFN) recoveries were only 38% and 12%, respectively. A shallow fragipan, low available soil P (≤ 6 μg g−1), depletion of soil water in July to September (both sites), and low solar irradiance (pine alley) were likely contributors to low fertilizer N recovery and herbage productivity. Because of poor herbage yield response and substantial accumulation of soil mineral N (62 to 237 kg ha−1) in pine alleys fertilized with ≥200 kg N ha−1 yr−1, only maintenance levels of fertilizer N ( ≤ 100 kg ha−1) should be applied to similar sites. For these same reasons, yearly applications of fertilizer N > 300 kg ha−1 yr−1 are not recommended for meadows similar to the study site.
Single-point versus five-point biochemical method for determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors
Authors: Nikolic-Vukosavljevic Dragica , Markicevic Milan , Todorovic Sladjana
Published: August 2005

Receptors for estrogen and progesterone are accepted by international consensus as biomarkers of breast carcinoma responsiveness to endocrine therapy. Numerous current studies are aimed at consideration of importance of "the new generation" of estrogen-regulated biomarkers in treatment of breast cancer patients. Simultaneous knowledge of all these biomarkers may help in medical decision making. However, the amount of tumor material available from breast carcinoma can make impossible determination of estrogenregulated biomarkes together with estrogen and progesterone receptors. To assess whether we could replace our current five-point ligand binding assay for measurement of estrogen and progesterone receptors with a single- point ligand binding assay, we compared simultaneous measurements in same samples of breast carcinomas by both methods. A linear regression analysis shows that single-point assay can be confidently used instead of five-point assay. In addition, there were no variations over time in estrogen and progesterone receptors phenotypes, as well as in estrogen and progesterone receptors contents determined by single-point assay. Accordingly, the results clearly demonstrate the validity of intralaboratory quality control and give a possibility for the establishment of interlaboratory quality control of single-point ligand binding assay.
Signal transduction-free radical modulation
Authors: Pavlovic Dusica , Djordjevic Vidosava , Kocic Gordana
Published: August 2005

Signal transduction is the process of signal transmission from cell surface to cell interior. This ubiquitous mechanism enables functioning of general but also specific cell-tissue processes, involved in maintaining of cell homeostasis. Normal transduction processes disturbance represents the most frequent molecular basis in pathogenesis and complications of many diseases. Understanding of all sequences involved in signalling pathway cascades offers a possibility of different modulators application in therapeutic purposes. The activation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase is one of the best studied pathways of signal transduction. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species generated in the process could modulate numerous cell transduction pathways. Diabetes mellitus may be associated with increase in oxidative stress, which may contribute to a long-term tissue damage. In addition to damage, oxidative stress can initiate cell signalling cascades that modulate cell function and finally could lead to the cell death. Hyperglicemia-induced activation of PKC-MAP kinase pathway has been now recognised as the key biochemical event in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and insulin resistance.
Lipoprotein metabolism abnormalities in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
Authors: Jugovic Mirjana , Spasojevic-Kalimanovska Vesna , Spasic Slavica , Nikolic Zorica
Published: August 2005

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency on hemodialysis develop lipoprotein abnormalities that may contribute to increased risk for atherosclerosis. The atherogenic risk for chronic renal insufficiency patients and dialysis treated patients was assessed by measuring total cholesterol, triglycerides HDL-cholesterol, LDLcholesterol and calculating the ratio: TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C. The examined group consisted of 18 cronic renal insufficiency patients and 60 patients on hemodialysis. The results were compared to a control group of 85 voluntary blood donors. Serum lipid parameters were examined by standard methods. All lipid parameters in hemodialysis patients were statistically different compared to the control group (p<0.05) while chronic renal insufficiency patients showed significant difference only in triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. Hypertriglyceridemia was present in both examined groups of patients and HDL-cholesterol was lower within both groups. All calculated atherogenic ratios were higher for patients than the control group. Lipid parameters were compared between chronic renal insufficiency and hemodialysis patients but statistical significantly difference was obtained only for HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05). We conclude that increased values of triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol in chronic renal insufficiency patients contribute to high incidence of cardiovascular disease. Chronic renal insufficiency patients have impaired reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral cells to lipoproteins, decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol hypertriglyceridemia prevalence of small, dense LDL and increased levels of potentially atherogenic remnant particles.
Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II and their binding proteins in human ejaculates
Authors: Nikolic-Judith Anna , Nedic Olgica , Mihailovic Nevena , Baricevic Ivona
Published: August 2005

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) system was investigated in ejaculates from thirty men aged 23-46 years. Mean ejaculate volume was 3.3 mL (range 1-6 mL). Viscosity was increased moderately in six samples and greatly in four more. The number of motile sperm (0-165 million/mL; mean 49; median 39) was highly correlated with total number (P < 0.001). Concentrations of IGF-I and -II determined by displacement radioimmunoassay were positively correlated (P = 0.001). IGF-I ranged from 2.7 to 29.7 nmol/L (mean 9.6; median 6.5) and increased with viscosity. IGF-II ranged from 5.7 to 39.0 nmol/L (mean 16.0; median 13.5). IGFBP-2 and putative IGFBP-4 were detected by autoradiography of ligand blots after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These binding proteins were stable in ejaculates stored at -18 ?C with protease inhibitors and remained associated with higher molecular weight complexes during molecular size chromatography with 1 mol/L acetic acid. They eluted at least partially in the expected fractions with 1 mol/L sodium chloride but further attempts at purification were unsuccessful due to progressive degradation. It is suggested that ionic bonds between IGFBP-2 and other components, such as proteoglycans, provide protection from proteolysis in a similar way as shown for IGFBP-1 and alpha2-macroglobulin.
Association of lipoprotein lipase gene Asn291Ser DNA polymorphism with plasma lipid levels and blood pressure levels in healthy population of Serbia
Authors: Glisic Sanja , Stankovic Sanja , Djuric Tamara , Zivkovic Maja , Stankovic Aleksandra , Alavantic Dragan
Published: August 2005

The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Asn291Ser polymorphism has been determined in 313 healthy subjects from Serbia. LPL variants were detected by mismatch PCR followed by RsaI restriction digestion and 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relationship between LPL Asn291Ser polymorphism and plasma lipid levels, and association between Asn291Ser polymorphism and arterial blood pressure were found. Significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p<0.05) and significantly higher values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p<0.01) were found in females carrying the Ser291 allele. Male carriers of Ser291 allele had significantly lower levels of SBP (p<0.01). Findings from our study could be of importance for further research of pathological state regarding lipid metabolism and other risk factors of vascular diseases in Serbian population.
Genetic markers for head and neck cancers: Current state of art and perspectives
Authors: Djukic Vojko , Janosevic Ljiljana , Dimitrijevic Milovan , Damjanovic Svetozar , Pesko Predrag , Dotlic Jelena
Published: August 2005

This article analyzes the genetic markers of planocellular head and neck cancers from the aspect of theoretical basis for their identification and application, actual state of research in this field and benefit that could be expected from their introduction into clinical practice. In spite of unquestionable progress of diagnostics and treatment of planocellular cancer of the head and neck, there has been no evident improvement of five-year survival during the last two decades, due to which the attempts have been made for global diagnostics and therapeutic orientation to be directed towards the detection of changes at molecular level. Tumor markers are defined as biochemical indicators of the existing tumors. They include the structural changes of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), when genetic markers are in question, the development of new or modified antigens at the cell surface, the synthesis of specific plasma proteins and eutopic/ectopic hormone production. The changes of gene structure, in tumor tissue or somatic cells that are easily accessible are verified by molecular-biological techniques, and the initial step is the amplification of the genome part which is considered significant (polymerase chain reaction technique). The presence or absence of specific tumor marker, as well as its phenotypic characteristics may be verified in tumor tissue or body fluids by immunochemical methods including the immunohistochemistry before all, owing to availability of a large number of mono- and polyclonal antibodies. While some fields of oncology have been using the benefits of specific tumor markers for years, no adequate solution for the treatment of planocellular head and neck cancers can be seen yet. Currently, it is clear that there is not a single specific marker for head and neck cancer or for the group of planocellular cancers as a whole, while the literature is plentiful of different and very often contradictory findings. The greatest attention has been paid to the study of P53 gene, either isolated or in the group of other potential markers such as cycline D1, growth transformation factor, vascular endothelium growth factor, E-katherin and collagen VII. The insights obtained by these studies have encouraged the attempts to use the genetic markers for managing several crucial clinical issues, such as early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions, early detection of local recurrence and distant metastasis, early prevention of secondary tumors, and especially, the selection of patients for specific therapy.
The significance of determination of heart natriuretic peptides in heart insufficiency
Authors: Dajak Marijana , Ignjatovic Svetlana , Majkic-Singh Nada
Published: August 2005

Heart natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) act as key regulators of homeostasis of body fluids volume and blood pressure, by decreasing salt excess and water retention, and by inhibiting intensive action of sympathetic nervous system and secretion of vasoconstrictor hormones. Plasma ANP, N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP), BNP and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations are considerably increased in heart insufficiency. Intracardiac pressure and atrial and ventricular wall tension are the prime regulators of natriuretic peptides release from the heart. ANP primarily reflects atrial, and BNP ventricular overload. The in vitro stabilities of NT-proANP, BNP and NT-proBNP in EDTA whole blood are sufficient for routine determination. Specific immunochemical tests with acceptable precision are commercially available. However, the determinations are not standardized, which makes difficulties during the comparation of results gained by tests from different manufactures. BNP and NT-proBNP are in relation to ANP and NT-proANP, better diagnostic and prognostic markers of heart insufficiency. BNP measurement is useful for screening in high-risk population. BNP has an excellent negative predictive value for left ventricular dysfunction. It is also suitable for screening hypertensive patients for the discovery of hypertrophy or/and dysfunction of left ventriculy, as well as for risk assessment during the subacute phase of acute myocardial infarction. BNP and NT-proBNP measurement is also useful for treatment guidance and optimization of therapy in heart insufficiency. However, BNP determination cannot replace echocardiography or similar techniques, because these methods provide different information. Thus for the cardiologists natriuretic peptides determination is useful addition to the standard clinical investigation of patients with ventricular dysfunction.
Cellular stress response: Defence against metal toxicity
Authors: Dundjerski Jadranka
Published: August 2005

All cells respond to various types of stress by increasing the transcription of specific genes that encode class of proteins termed stress proteins. This response is believed to represent a transient reprogramming of gene expression and biological activity, which serves to protect sensitive cellular components from damage, and assists in the rapid recovery after the stress is removed or ceases. The synthesis of stress proteins can be induced under a host of different stress conditions, including elevated level of metals. Although, understanding of the relationships between metals and their capacity to induce stress response is incomplete, these interactions are important to consider because they may reveal information regarding mechanisms of toxicity, cellular defense mechanisms against metal toxicity, and biochemical responses which can be exploited as biomarkers of exposure and toxicity of metals. This review is focused on two main classes of stress proteins, metallothioneins (MTs) and heat shock proteins (Hsps), which are usually induced in response to stress provoked by metals. It summarizes the results of studies on metals toxic effects and their ability to induce cellular stress response.
Effects of various nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on quinolinic acid-induced neuronal injury in rats
Authors: Vasiljevic Ivana , Jovanovic Marina , Colic Miodrag , Mihajlovic Rosa , Djukic Mirjana , Ninkovic Milica , Malicevic Zivorad
Published: August 2005

The aetiology of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington-s disease, is still unknown. There could be a complex interplay among altered energy metabolism, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Our aim was to examine the effects of intrastriatal injection of a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, 7-nitroindazole, and a non-specific potent nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, in order to study the possible involvement of glutathione, an important antioxidant, in quinolinic acid-induced striatal toxicity in the rat. Unilateral administration of quinolinic acid to rat striatum in a single dose of 150 nmol/L was used as a model of Huntington-s disease. The other group of animals were pretreated with 7- nitroindazole and Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, respectively. Control groups were treated with saline solution and olive oil, respectively. Content of total glutathione, was increased in the ipsi- and contralateral striatum, forebrain cortex, basal forebrain and hippocampus in the groups treated with nitric oxid synthase inhibitors and quinolinic acid compared to the quinolinic acid-treated animals. These results support the hypothesis that oxygen free radicals contribute to excitotoxic neuronal injury, and also that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors could be potential neuroprotective agents in Huntington-s disease.
Xenobiotics effect xylene and toluene at the total antioxidative and lipid status
Authors: Knezevic Veroljub , Joksovic Dragan , Knezevic Olgica
Published: August 2005

In this study the effect of chronical exposal of workers to toluen and xylen in working conditions, and the effect both on lipid status and TAS level in plasma was followed. Hippuric acid in the urine was determined before and after work, as the exposition measure. Hippuric acid was increased in urine excretion after work, within the group of the exposed, which confirms the exposition to xenobiotics. Concentration of triglycerides, overall and LDL cholesterol of the plasma were substantially increased (p<0.001), compared to the control group. HDL concentration was substantially decreased (p>0.001). Increased production of free radicals support the increased production of antioxidants, that results with TAS lower findings within the exposed group (p<0.001). Free radicals change the structure of the cell membrane, biomacromolecular structure and consequently the physiological function. Defense from the modification of lipoprotein and cell structure, and modification of proteins is defined by antioxidative status in blood.
CE lebel and harmonisation of quality systems in medical laboratories
Authors: Majkic-Singh Nada
Published: August 2005

During the past ten years many activities have taken place in medical laboratories to harmonized the quality systems and accreditation activates. At that time, different approaches were followed in European countries concerning the demands for a quality system in a medical laboratory, and for the choice between certification or accreditation. Also, the working group on accreditation, of the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry (EC4) with as official name WG on Harmonization of Quality Systems and Accreditation was formed. From the start, the European Diagnostic Manufacturers Association (EDMA) was invited to participate, because harmonisation of quality systems and accreditation is of common interest. A crucial point in the quality revolution in medical laboratories is broad-based awareness of total quality management throughout the diagnostic business from manufacturers to laboratories to physicians and patients. In fact, the quality of laboratory tests largely depends on the products supplied (industry) and on quality management (laboratory management). Manufacturers recognize that accreditation gives high value to medical laboratories. However, while clinical laboratory practice is the responsibility of laboratory professionals, the in vitro diagnostics industry has a major role to play as the supplier of high quality goods and services, as training, scientific services, etc. On the other hand, the IVD industry is directly affected by accreditation schemes, and by the changes in laboratory practice and requirements that they initiate. The IVD Directive is a new example of legislative regulation that obliges the manufacturer (those who are not ISO 9000) to implement a quality management system. At the same time, the IVD Directive includes validation of products by competent laboratories, for ?sensitive? products. In fact, clinical laboratories should be assisted by manufacturers that provide reliable documentation, standard information for use, calibration procedure, performance checks and guide for preventive maintenance. The IVD Directive (EC 98/79) is released on December 1998, it is effective since June 2000 and final implementation is obliged from December 2003. IVDD shall ensure that only one safe and effective products will be sold in the European Union (EU), and just a single product approval is required to sell the products throughout the entire European Union. Official mark for products in conformity with the IVD Directive is CE label.
The serum levels somatostatin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kostic Nada , Brkic Branislava , Ilic Sanja , Starcevic Vesna , Lazovic Gordana
Published: August 2005

The dynamic study of somatostatin secretion was performed in 105 patients, with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and 40 healthy volounteers. The patients were divided into groups in relation to the presence of autonomic neuropathy and metabolic control of diabetes mellitus. Serum somatostatin secretion was determined employeing a specific RIA method. An oral administration of a protein rich meal was performed in all subjects. The serum levels of somatostatin were not significantly different between type 2 diabetics and controls. There were no significant difference between the group with and the group without autonomic neuropathy. Diabetics in poor metabolic control had significantly increased in somatostatin (54.0 ? 22.2 pmol/L) levels compared with group well compensated (48.8 ? 16.5 pmol/L) (p < 0.01). Data of increased somatostatin levels in poor controlled diabetics suggest it-s pathophysiological role in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Tzontcheva Anna , Postadjian Arman
Published: August 2005

To shed light on the clinical significance of elevated CRP levels we performed a comparative analysis of the predictive values of both CRP and TnT in patients with unstable coronary artery disease for the occurrence of major cardiac events within 6 months. CRP and Troponin T were measured on admission in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation. Patients were treated according to a conservative management and the incidence of major cardiac events within 6 months was assessed. A total of 73 patients were included in the study. There were 27 major cardiac events (37%). An abnormal CRP (>4 mg/L) and an abnormal TnT (> 0.01 mg/L) were present in 36 patients (49.3%). The incidence of a major cardiac event was significantly higher among patients with CRP > 4 mg/L than in other patients (63.9 vs 10.8%), and this was evident both in patients with an elevated TnT (85.7 vs 20%) and in those without an elevated TnT (33.3 vs 4.5%). The sensitivity of a concentration of CRP > 4 mg/L for predicting a future ischaemic event was 85%, with a specifity of 72% and negative predictive value of 89%. For TnT > 0.01 mg/L the sensitivity was 77%, specifity 67% and negative predictive value 84%. The present study shows that both CRP, a non-specific acute phase reactant, and TnT, a cardiac specific marker of myocardial damage, are elevated early in a substantial number of patients with acute coronary syndromes. It shows that CRP and TnT are independent prognostic indicators of adverse ischaemic events.
Enzymatic study of Waldeyer’s ring lymphoid tissue: Activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in palatinal tonsils and adenoids in children with recurrent infection of the ring
Authors: Jesic Snezana , Stojilkovic Ljuba , Djordjevic Vladimir , Petrovic Zeljko , Stosic Svetlana , Nesic Vladimir , Novovic Veselinka , Miloradovic Jasminka
Published: August 2005

Activity and kinetic properties of tissue nonspecific alkaline phopsphatase and acid phosphatase were investigated in adenoids and tonsils of 62 children tonsiloadenoidectomised because of recurrent infection using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. Kinetic properties were calculated by the method of Levenberg-Marquardt. The mean value of tonsil TNAP activity was 3.525 U/mg of protein versus 7.280 U/ mg of protein in adenoids (t = 5.928, df = 60, p < 0.01). ACP activity was also significantly lower in tonsils (10.844 U/mg of protein) than in adenoids (13.059 U/mg of protein) (t = 11.318, df = 60, p < 0.01). There were no influence of age and sex to both enzyme activities. TNAP activity was significantly higher in hypertrophic (4.132 U/mg of protein) than in atrophic (2.531 U/mg of protein) (t = 2.361, df = 20, p < 0.05). Tonsillar TNAP was more effective than adenoid TNAP (t = 11.769, df = 60, p < 0.01). Results suggest the possibility that recurrent infection influences the tonsils more than adenoids and age. Hypertrophy could be an adaptive mechanism of palatinal tonsils during the infection.