bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ESS Test and Instruments Cryoplant – First test results and operation experiences
Authors: Arnold P , Barbier A , Bigeard S , Goncalves R , Gourlet P , Nilsson P , Su X T
Published: June 2020

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility being built with extensive international collaboration in Lund, Sweden. The world’s most powerful linear proton accelerator shoots protons against a rotating tungsten target where neutrons are knocked off (“spallate”) and are guided to the neutron instrument suites. Three cryogenic plants and a vast cryogenic distribution system serve the cooling needs of the superconducting RF cavities in the accelerator, the cold hydrogen moderators in the target, a cryomodule test stand and the sample environments for neutron instruments. The project’s demand of schedule and economic feasibility requires a high degree of parallel work for installation and commissioning of the cryogenic and auxiliary systems. The first of the three plants, the Test and Instrumentation Cryoplant (TICP) has been installed, commissioned and acceptance tested in 2018 by Air Liquide Advanced Technologies (ALAT). The plant consists not only of a standard compressor system and coldbox but also of a process vacuum system for 2K operation, internal and external helium purifiers, liquid helium tank, filling and boil of station and a helium recovery system. It is heavily integrated in the overall cryogenic installations at ESS. The paper describes some project challenges, acceptance test results and first operation experience.
Effect of mass flow rate on gas propagation after vacuum break in a liquid helium cooled tube.
Authors: Garceau Nathaniel , Bao Shiran , Guo Wei
Published: June 2020

Vacuum break in particle accelerators is a major concern due to risks associated with personnel and extensive equipment damage. Continuing research in our lab focuses on the sudden loss of vacuum in the liquid helium cooled beam-line tubes of superconducting particle accelerators. In our previous research, we studied nitrogen gas propagation in a uniform tube system immersed in both normal helium (He I) and superfluid helium (He II). It was observed that He II has a stronger effect in slowing down the gas propagation compared to He I, but this effect was largely due to the variation of the point where condensation and deposition of the nitrogen gas on the tube inner wall. Here, we discuss our modifications to the tube system that now allow us to accurately control the starting location of gas condensation in both the He I and He II experiments. Systematic studies of gas propagation were conducted using this new tube system by varying the nitrogen mass flow rate at the tube inlet.
Use of Galinstan as a Contact Agent for Additively Manufactured Components in Cryogenic Engineering
Authors: Stautner W , Budesheim E , Chen R
Published: June 2020

We introduce a new, demountable, brush-on thermal interface material for cryogenic applications. A process has been developed that allows to removably provide contact e.g. between an additively manufactured component and its interface. The use of Galinstan as an industrial material for cryogenic applications and in particular for those materials used in additive manufacture is reviewed and explained. Thermal contact conductance values are also presented for dissimilar materials, that have not been investigated before.
Jlab Chl1 2K Cold Box Replacement
Authors: Yang S , Dixon K , Laverdure N , Norton R , Butler C , MacDuffie C , Rath D , Brown R , Thompson S , Creel J , Sprouse R , Renzo T , Hasan N
Published: June 2020

A new sub-atmospheric cold box (SC1R), which hosts five technologically superior, water-cooled compressors and one similar 4K-2K refrigeration recovery heat exchanger, was proposed in July 2017, to replace the existing 2K cold box. The design of the new 2K cold box and the external support system have been completed. The project is in the fabrication and assembly phase, which will be completed at JLab. We present the design features, fabrication, installation and commissioning schedule for the new 2K cold box.
Sorption compressor efficiencies of different designs
Authors: Davidesko A , Tzabar N
Published: June 2020

Sorption compressors do not have moving parts and are suitable for driving Joule-Thomson cryocoolers. This allows a complete cryogenic cooling system with the absence of moving parts, which is attractive especially for space applications, as well as for other applications. Sorption compressors are thermally driven, meaning, they operate in heating and cooling cycles. The main drawback of sorption compressors is their low efficiency, relative to mechanical compressors. The compressor efficiency is defined as the PV power divided by the heat which is supplied to the compressor, it is limited by the Carnot efficiency, and practically it is significantly lower. In addition, we define a thermal efficiency of a compressor, by the heat which is transferred to the adsorbent divided by the total heat which is supplied to the compressor. In the frame of our ongoing research on sorption applications we develop a numerical model for the heat and mass transfer in a sorption cell. The model allows investigating the performance of a variety of sorption cell configurations, including different geometries, dimensions, and materials. In the current paper we show preliminary results of sorption compressor efficiencies for different sorption cell designs. An investigation on the heater configuration, general dimensions, and different adsorbents is presented. The results show that a sorption cell configuration, which provides a maximum compressor efficiency, is not necessarily the cell configuration which provides the maximum thermal efficiency
Thermal analysis and cryogenics of the Baby-IAXO magnet
Authors: Silva H F P , Dudarev A , Bykovskiy N , de Sousa P Borges , ten Kate H H J
Published: June 2020

Baby-IAXO is a new helioscope, a demonstration version of the proposed full-size IAXO, the International Axions Observatory. It is currently under design and once installed it will search via the Primakoff effect for axions or axion-like particles (ALPs) originating in the Sun. Axions can transform into photons in the presence of a significant magnetic field, and then be detected. The superconducting magnet for Baby-IAXO comprises two 10 m long racetrack coils, spaced by 0.8 m, operated in a quadrupole configuration and generating an average magnetic field of 2.1 T in the two 700 mm diameter free bores for axion-to-photons decay positioned in between the coils. Cool down and operational cryogenic requirements are handled by a combination of single and double stage cryocoolers. For the cool down of the 18.5 t cold mass within 22 days and for current leads cooling, the use of powerful single stage cryocoolers is of paramount importance. The cooling power is distributed across the cold mass and thermal shield using helium gas flow enforced by cryocirculators. The design of the 10 kA conduction cooled current leads is presented as well, since at 70 K these represent the dominant heat load. The cryogenic system allows for a constant heat load of 1.2 kW at the first stage and 8.5 W at the 4.2 K cold mass. Alternatively, the magnet may be operated in persistent mode, thereby reducing the heat load and the number of cryocoolers. It requires a more complex cooling circuit, implementation of a 10 kA persistent mode switch, and a delicate balance of energizing and operational heat loads.
Investigation of cryogenic mixed-refrigerant cooled current leads in combination with peltier elements
Authors: Shabagin E , Raczka K , Grohmann S
Published: June 2020

Current leads supply electrical energy from a room-temperature power supply to a superconducting application, representing thus a major thermal load. State-of-the-art cooling solutions use either open (vapor cooled) or multi-stage closed cycle systems. The multi-stage concept can be integrated in one cryogenic mixed refrigerant cycle (CMRC), where a wide-boiling fluid mixture absorbs the heat load continuously along the current lead. In this paper, we study the combination of CMRC cooling with Peltier elements at the warm end of DC current leads. The Peltier cooling may cause a temperature drop on the order of 80 K. This allows an optimization of the CMRC mixture composition towards lower temperatures, avoiding the use of high-boilers that risk to freeze out at low temperatures. Our studies suggest that Peltier and CMRC cooling can reduce the thermal load at the cold end by 30 to 45% compared to conventional conduction-cooled current leads.
Commissioning of the Cryogenic Phase Equilibria Test Stand CryoPHAEQTS
Authors: Tamson J , Blanck P , Grohmann S
Published: June 2020

Medium-sized cryogenic applications such as local hydrogen liquefaction or HTS power applications require temperatures below 77 K at some kW cooling power. These conditions are efficiently reached by cryogenic mixed refrigerant cycles (CMRC). The CMRC development relies on physical property data of cryogenic fluid mixtures that is not available for most binary and multi-component systems. The cryogenic phase equilibria test stand CryoPHAEQTS provides precise physical property data of cryogenic fluid mixtures at temperatures from 15 K to 300 K and at pressures up to 150 bar. It also allows flammable mixtures (e.g. containing hydrogen) or oxidizing mixtures (e.g. containing oxygen). Vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE), vapor-liquid-liquid equilibria (VLLE) and the liquidus line of solid-liquid equilibria (SLE) are obtained by direct sampling from the equilibrium cell and analysis by gas chromatography. The equilibrium cell offers optical access by 4 windows to identify the coexisting phases. The cell temperature is set by a pulse-tube cryocooler and a counter-heater. As a unique feature, the specific heat capacity of the vapor phase in equilibrium is measured by the combination of a novel thermal and a Coriolis type flow meter. Having measured both caloric and thermal properties of the mixtures, we can develop new equations of state that cover all thermodynamic state variables. In this talk, we report on the progress in the construction and commissioning of CryoPHAEQTS. Validation of the measurement accuracy is presented by comparison of pure substances measurements against literature data.
Performance of MLI Seams between 293 K and 20 K
Authors: Johnson W L , Chato D J
Published: June 2020

The performance of multilayer insulation systems (MLI) are often determined not by the bulk acreage insulation but rather by the design details that allow the insulation to be attached to the hardware it is insulating. To help understand the impacts of multiple different types of seams on blanket performance, calorimeter testing was performed at Glenn Research Center. Seams investigated included interleaved seams, butt seams, and overlapped seams; the latter two types of seams with multiple sub-blanket offsets built into the seam. Results showed that the interleaved seam had the best performance, and butt seams outperformed overlapped seams. Furthermore, if overlap seams are used, the sub-blankets should be overlapped by less than two inches.
Effect of layer thickness on structural, morphological and superconducting properties of Nb3Sn films fabricated by multilayer sequential sputtering
Authors: Sayeed M N , Pudasaini U , Reece C E , Eremeev G V , Elsayed-Ali H E
Published: June 2020

Superconducting Nb3Sn films can be synthesized by controlling the atomic concentration of Sn. Multilayer sequential sputtering of Nb and Sn thin films followed by high temperature annealing is considered as a method to fabricate Nb3Sn films, where the Sn composition of the deposited films can be controlled by the thickness of alternating Nb and Sn layers. We report on the structural, morphological and superconducting properties of Nb3Sn films fabricated by multilayer sequential sputtering of Nb and Sn films on sapphire substrates followed by annealing at 950 °C for 3 h. We have investigated the effect of Nb and Sn layer thickness and Nb:Sn ratio on the properties of the Nb3Sn films. The crystal structure, surface morphology, surface topography, and film composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed Sn loss from the surface due to evaporation during annealing. Superconducting Nb3Sn films of critical temperature up to 17.93 K were fabricated.
Quantum effects in graphitic materials: Colossal magnetoresistance, Andreev reflections, ferromagnetism, and granular superconductivity
Authors: Gheorghiu N , Ebbing CR , Pierce BT , Haugan TJ
Published: June 2020

Unlike the more common local conductance spectroscopy, nonlocal conductance can differentiate between nontopological zero-energy modes localized around inhomogeneities, and true Majorana edge modes in the topological phase. In particular, negative nonlocal conductance is dominated by the crossed Andreev reflection. Fundamentally, the effect reflects the system’s topology. In graphene, the Andreev reflection and the inter-band Klein tunneling couple electronlike and hole-like states through the action of either a superconducting pair potential or an electrostatic potential. We are here probing quantum phenomena in modified graphitic samples. Four-point contact transport measurements at cryogenic to room temperatures were conducted using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System. The observed negative nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff
probes the Andreev reflection at the walls of the superconducting grains coupled by Josephson effect through the semiconducting matrix. In addition, Gdiff
shows the butterfly shape that is characteristic to resistive random-access memory devices. In a magnetic field, the Andreev reflection counters the effect of the otherwise lowered conduction. At low temperatures, the magnetoresistance shows irreversible yet strong giant oscillations that are known to be quantum in nature. In addition, we have found evidence for seemingly granular superconductivity. Thus, graphitic materials show potential for quantum electronics applications, including rectification and topological states.
Methodology to define an integration process between frameworks SCRUM, Django REST framework y Vue.js, implemented for software development, from quality management approach and agility
Authors: Arévalo J G , Viecco L , Arévalo L
Published: June 2020

At present, the industry has great challenges for the construction and maintenance of software, in terms of quality, costs and time, for this it is significant to have a methodological framework, which allows the possibility of having effective and practical methods, applying programming techniques from an agile approach, which guarantees the construction of quality code from the beginning of software development. This study analyzes the integration between frameworks SCRUM [1], Django REST framework [2] and Vue.js [3], which are commonly implemented in isolation for the execution of software development projects, and components are also incorporated of the IEEE 830 standard defined for the specification of software requirements [4], and of the ISO 25000 standard for software quality assessment [5]. Likewise, the characteristics of each study framework within the software architecture are analyzed, establishing of traceability between them and obtaining as a result a methodology for the definition of a process map; where each framework is integrated and it is described the procedure for structuring the planning, development and delivery phases. Thus providing a guide for the application of programming techniques from the concept of agility and quality management, from the process of integration of the frameworks analyzed in this study.
Energy performance analysis between two air conditioning systems used in an educational Building in warm-climate
Authors: Balbis-Morejón M , Silva-Ortega J I , Castro-Peña J
Published: June 2020

Energy saving measures, in the design air conditioning systems, are crucial in the development of energy schemes with rational energy consumption. Traditionally, integrated buildings systems have been assessed individually to optimize the energy performance, however they have different parameters that affect energy performance that demands the use of detailed analysis using dynamic simulation. This paper is focused on compare an air conditioning system to be implemented in educational buildings in warm-climate, considering energy schemes provide for a constant air volume (CAV) flow system with a water chiller, while the other integrates a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system. Adding in each case dedicated outdoor air System (DOAS) units. Energy consumption achieved by each AC system is obtained considering the configuration achieving energy savings of 40% of the annual electricity demand for cooling. Finally, the use of DOAS represents an increase of 20% of total electricity consumption.
Ultrasonic signal acquisition system for TOFD imaging
Authors: Casagua J , Rodríguez J , Segura D
Published: June 2020

This article describes the development of an application to capture and process ultrasonic signals that will lead to the formation of flight time diffraction images, TOFD. In this way the theoretical basis of operation of this technique is presented establishing concepts such as type A and type D scanning. In addition, the ultrasonic waveforms that are used in this technique are presented. Application development is carried out through layered programming, which consists of three modules: information capture, information storage and finally data processing and graphing. However, the ultrasonic signal acquisition system designed and implemented in the laboratories of the Santo Tomás University of Bogotá D.C is presented as an alternate ultrasound system. For the verification of the system an exploration is carried out on a steel specimen that intentionally contains a hole inside it and the system determines its existence. In addition, a scan is performed on a steel sample with a weld bead and defects within the bead are verified.
Location of Quality Parameters in Small Smart Grid: Off-Grid Case Using Wavelet Transform
Authors: Rojas L. , Rojas C. , Pacheco C. , Caballero E. , Molina M.
Published: June 2020

In the following work the analysis made to an electrical signal by means of wavelet toolbox will be shown. The analysis will be done contemplating the use of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). This will show the multilevel decomposition taking into account different orders of daubechies. Taking into account the different levels it is expected to show the variants in terms of energetic quality such as sag, swell and harmonic detection. The final work will link the work of digital signal processing with previous work where the construction of a prototype solar system will be explained to obtain the electrical signals of voltage, current and power consumed. In this introductory stage will show the step-by-step development that was taken into account to carry out the design and construction of smart grid scale prototype with AC and DC load control through the HMI interface with LabVIEW software. The design process of the off-grid solar system was carried out through 7 stages that framed the scale of the solar installation. Once the design of the sizing was finished, programming was carried out in Human Machine Interface (HMI) graphics environment with LabVIEW software for optimal control of AC and DC variable loads. This control was established through current relays from 5 volts to 110 volts AC and 5 volts to 12 volts DC. The control interface was made through an embedded board with NI-VISA communication. It is important to note that the smart grid control prototype “Smart Grid” shows optimal results in its operation; denoting this that from the optics of the programming done in the graphics environment, the control of loads dependent on control canter’s; act at disposition. Redundant this in improvements for the energy consumption derived from the storage system under the autonomy designed for three days.
Effective Practices for Collaborating With Families and Caregivers of Children and Young Adults With Disabilities
Authors: Rao Shridevi , Pancsofar Nadya , Monaco Sarah
Published: June 2020

A rich literature on family-professional collaboration with families and caregivers of children and youth with disabilities has developed in the United States. This literature identifies key barriers that impede family-professional relationships including deficit-based perceptions of families and children with disabilities, narrow definitions of “family” that limit the participation of some members such as fathers or grandparents, and historical biases that constrain the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families. Principles for building collaborative relationships with families include honoring the strengths of the family, presuming competence in the child and the family, valuing broad definitions of “family,” and understanding the ecology of family routines and rituals. Practices that help facilitate family-professional relationships are building reciprocal partnerships with various caregivers in the family including fathers as well as extended family members, adopting a posture of cultural reciprocity, using a variety of modes of communication with families, and involving families in all aspects of the special education process such as assessment, planning, prioritizing of skills, and identification of interventions. Pivotal moments in the family’s journey through their child’s schooling, including early intervention and transition to post-school environments, provide opportunities to build and strengthen family-professional relationships. Each of these moments has the potential to involve families in a variety of processes including assessment, planning, and articulating the goals and vision for their child/youth. A focus on strengths, collaborative partnerships, and family agency and voice is at the core of strong family-professional relationships.
Effective Practices for Helping Students Transition to Post-Secondary Education
Authors: de Lugt Jenn
Published: June 2020

Globally, more and more students with disabilities are choosing to continue on to post-secondary education following high school. Nevertheless, in comparison to their non-disabled peers, young people with disabilities are persistently underrepresented in this area. As with students without disabilities, a post-secondary diploma or degree will enhance opportunities for employment, both in terms of options and income. Bridging the gap between high school and post-secondary education can be daunting for most students, but with the added complexities associated with disabilities, the challenges will be intensified. Hence, a supportive and efficacious transition between secondary and post-secondary settings is not only helpful, but essential.

For post-secondary education to be inclusive, it must be accessible. To be accessible, the transition must support the student by taking into account their strengths, challenges, interests, and goals, while considering the post-secondary environment. Successful transition plans must be student-centered, collaborative, begin early, and include measured and specific steps that are individually designed to help individual students bridge the gap. Key elements and considerations include: (a) assessing the environment and the fit; (b) developing the student’s self-advocacy skills; (c) tailoring accommodations based on the academic, social, and independent living skills of the student; and (d) supporting the student emotionally and mentally through the transition and beyond. Additional considerations include the use of assistive technology, mentoring programs, and familiarizing the student with the environment in advance of the change. Although often considered the panacea for the many academic and organizational challenges faced by students with disabilities, assistive technology is most beneficial if introduced early; this allows the student to experiment, select, and become familiar with it before leaving high school. Mentorship programs and supports, both formal and informal, should be given careful consideration as effective means of facilitating the transition. In addition to the academic and social challenges, the disruption of routines and the unfamiliar aspects of the post-secondary environment can be particularly daunting for students with disabilities. To negotiate and mitigate these aspects it might be beneficial to create opportunities for the student to become familiar with the post-secondary institution before going there. By easing and supporting the transition of students with disabilities in these and other ways, some of the barriers they face are ameliorated. Affording equal opportunity for students with disabilities to progress to post-secondary education and the subsequent workforce is not only just, it is a moral obligation and essential to an inclusive society.
Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education Programs
Authors: Kulkarni Saili S.
Published: June 2020

The disproportionate representation of students of color in special education has been an established issue in school systems around the world. The over-representation of students from racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse (RCLD) programs has been documented since the late 1960s. Scholars have included several reasons for the existence of disproportionate representation including (a) systemic racism present in school systems, (b) schools as colonial spaces, and (c) the intersections of race with poverty and health. Previous research on disproportionality in the U.S. context has posited two overlapping types of rationales: those who believed disproportionate representation is linked to poverty and health outcomes versus those who believed in the systemwide racist practices that contributed to over-representation of RCLD students. The former rationale has led to more recent tensions in special education, namely, with research suggesting that RCLD groups were actually under-represented in special education and that issues of health and poverty made it more crucial to identify individuals for needed educational services. Since the early 2000s, however, has highlighted the need for in-depth qualitative research that might illustrate how students from RCLD backgrounds are being deprived of meaningful curriculum and placed in low-tracked (often known as remedial) courses. Lastly, RCLD groups such as Asian Americans have within-group differences that problematize traditional ways of identifying overrepresentation. Ultimately, there is a need to address current tensions and recognize future directions of research in the area of disproportionate presentation.
Education Policy in Turkey
Authors: Nohl Arnd-Michael , Somel Nazli
Published: June 2020

When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the new rulers established a national, secular education system, in contrast to the previous Ottoman system of Islamic schools. The country then saw a rapid expansion of education that helped reach the vastly illiterate population and later provided secondary and tertiary education for the future workforce. This took place parallel to the developing industry and service sectors, starting in the 1950s. By 1980, Turkey had become a largely urban society, and enrollment in grades 1 to 5 had grown to 97%. By the year 2000, enrollment in grades 1 to 8 was at 100%.

Since its foundation, centrally organized education in Turkey has been an important instrument for the ideological formation and social promotion of its citizens, so it has stood in the middle of political and social debates. The ideological direction of education in Turkey stands at the crossroads of nationalism versus minority rights, and secularism versus Islam. These have been ongoing issues, most apparently in the discussions on allowing mother-tongue education (especially Kurdish) and opening and closing imam and preacher schools. The variant poor quality of education has occasionally been a point of contention and catalyzed competition between schools, teachers, and pupils. The growing competitive character of Turkish education was accompanied by great social inequalities between gender and class positions as well as between geographical regions. Regarding the educational inequalities, the changed character of education after 1980, from being a public service to an enterprise, also involving the private sector, namely, the neoliberal education policies era, became one of the main discussion topics.

Since the Justice and Development Party, under R. T. Erdoğan, took power after the 2002 general elections, upper-secondary and tertiary education has grown, but the quality problem remains. Similarly, social inequalities were still a highly critical problem in education, reciprocally fueled by an ever-growing competition into which private schools and universities were forced. After the ruling party succeeded in getting the state apparatus under its control and announced a “New Turkey,” the government turned its back on the ideological foundations of the republic and promoted additional religious education in general schools, as well as in the imam and preacher schools, whose graduates were again permitted to follow nonclerical career paths.
Professional Standards for Educational Leadership
Authors: Young Michelle D.
Published: June 2020

Standards are used in a variety of professional fields to identify core elements of practice within the field as well as to describe a desired level of performance. The first set of standards for the field of educational leadership in the United States was introduced in 1996 by the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC). Since then, they have become the de facto national standards for educational leaders.

The ISLLC standards have been updated three times and were recently renamed Professional Standards for School Leaders (PSEL) under the authority of the National Policy Board for Educational Administration (NPBEA). Over this same period of time, multiple sets of sister standards (e.g., standards for leadership preparation) have emerged as have evaluation tools and practice resources.

Soon after their release, a variety of concerns were raised about the standards and their potential impact on the practice of education leadership, particularly school level leadership. Some argued that the standards were too broad, while others argued that they were too specific. Similarly, concerns were raised about the focus of the standards and what was left out or only weakly included. These and other concerns continued to plague newer versions of the standards.

Concerns notwithstanding, today, educational leadership standards are fully embedded in the lifeworld of the educational leadership profession. They have been adopted and adapted by states, districts, professional organizations, and accrediting bodies and used in a variety of ways, including: setting expectations for educational leadership preparation and practice, state certification, leadership recruitment, professional development and support, and evaluating leadership practice.
School Markets and Educational Inequality in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Cahill Kevin
Published: June 2020

Educational inequality is a persistent feature on the landscape of Irish educational history, and it remains a significant issue in the early part of the 21st century. There have been significant efforts at school reform in recent decades to intervene in a system that continues to provide significantly different outcomes based on socioeconomic position and background. These differentiated outcomes continue to be exacerbated by structural inequalities in the lives of people as well as by an increasing focus on neoliberal market principles in education. Interschool competition, particularly at the postprimary level, has fueled an ever-increasing marketplace where schools vie for desirable middle-class students through media-published school league tables. Indeed, this competitive landscape is partly constructed by an intense and high stakes race for third level places in Ireland.

Nevertheless, significant policy measures have also been aimed at leveling the playing field and providing opportunities for people in communities that are more marginalized in terms of economic status and educational outcomes. Some of these policy interventions have had some impact in terms of retention in postprimary school, including the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools program; curricular interventions into education such as the Junior Certificate Schools Programme; the Leaving Certificate Applied Programme; and the allocation of additional teaching resources to schools experiencing marginalization. Schemes such as the Higher Education Access Route and the Disability Access Route to Education have also done important work in terms of ameliorating opportunities for students from marginalized economic groups and students with disabilities, respectively. However, there are overarching sociopolitical ideologies that work to maintain educational inequality in Ireland, such as the significant impact of neoliberal choice policies on schools in communities experiencing poverty and educational marginalization. These neoliberal ideas are characterized by increasing focus on outcomes, testing and assessment, school and teacher accountabilities, within-school and between-school competition in terms of admissions policies, and “syphoningoff” high-achieving students (academically, musically, sports, etc.), and they often manifest in blunt instruments such as school league tables. These policies often benefit citizens with wealth and cultural capital who use their position to distance themselves educationally from the complexity and diversity of everyday society in favor of academic and cultural silos that work to reproduce advantage for the elite sectors of society.
Self-efficacy of School Principals
Authors: Fisher Yael
Published: June 2020

The term school principals’ self-efficacy has changed over the past three decades because principals’ roles and duties have changed. Given that professional self-efficacy deals with competence in the profession, if the nature of the profession changes, the level of one’s professional self-efficacy will change as well. There have been found connections between self-efficacy and choosing a career and that efficacy is a robust contributor to career development. People seek a match between their interests and occupational environments. Thus, self-efficacy is believed to be a situational rather than a stable trait. Therefore, understanding that the term principals’ self-efficacy includes certain level of confidence in one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities, which are associated with the task of leading. This has a great importance with respect to the overall managing of schools.

Self-efficacy should not be confused with self-esteem or self-concept since it is a task-specific evaluation. In contrast, self-esteem and self-concept reflect more general affective evaluations of the self.

Research on principals’ self-efficacy usually includes measures of multidimensional self-efficacy, which enables to capture the various elements of the principals’ work.

Few studies have been conducted on the measurement of school principals’ self-efficacy, and most of these are based on the quantitative methodology, emphasizing instruments and scales that describe situations and areas of the principal’s work.

Understanding principals’ self-efficacy could assist policymakers with decisions concerning continuing professional development.
Applying Metacognition and Self-Regulated Learning in the Classroom
Authors: Efklides Anastasia , Metallidou Panayiota
Published: June 2020

Self-regulated learning (SRL) refers to students being responsible for their learning. It involves goal setting as well as regulation of cognition, emotions (affect), motivation, and behavior (e.g., through management of the learning environment). A critical component of SRL is metacognition, whose function is to monitor and control cognitive processing. Metacognition has three facets, namely metacognitive experiences, metacognitive knowledge, and metacognitive control. Each of them contributes in different ways to the regulation of learning. Specifically, metacognitive experiences and metacognitive knowledge serve the monitoring of cognition and provide information necessary for control decisions such as allocation of study time or strategy use. Metacognitive control comprises metacognitive strategies (or skills) such as orientation, planning, checking, and evaluation. It is worth noting, however, that there are interactions between metacognition and affect, so that metacognitive control decisions are based not only on task demands and features of cognitive processing but also on students’ affective experiences and motivation during task processing. Interventions using metacognitive constructs show how metacognition can be applied in the classroom to increase the efficiency of learning. However, it is possible to develop alternative interventions that take advantage of the interactions between metacognition and affect. This gives new directions in the way SRL is promoted in the classroom. Research on metacognition and SRL provides a rich theoretical ground upon which to build classroom interventions. Meta-analytic evidence suggests that SRL can be cultivated in educational contexts already from preschool and primary education. Most of interventions aimed at fostering metacognitive knowledge, strategies, and skills in school settings resulted in significant overall effects on academic performance. The magnitude, though, of the effect sizes in these interventions is moderated by various student, training, and context-related factors. A new direction in the way SRL is promoted in the classroom is to develop interventions that take advantage of the interactions between metacognition and affect. Specifically, applying metacognitive skills on learning-related subjective experiences and emotions to increase self-awareness can facilitate learning. Given that students substantially benefit from direct instruction of SRL skills, future studies should focus on training teachers how to teach them.
Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Macro Social Work
Authors: Nandan Monica , Mandayam Gokul
Published: June 2020

Social workers possess skills, values, and perspectives that enable them to practice as social innovators, intrapreneurs, and entrepreneurs. Given the complex, dynamic, and challenging contexts for social work practice, these strategies have become essential for social workers to continue creating social value and social good. The article Herein are described strategies, rationale for social workers to practice in a socially innovative, intrapreneurial, or entrepreneurial fashion; parallels between these strategies and social work practice; and a case is built for the social work curriculum to include content related to these strategies.
Increasing School Success for Children in Foster Care and Other Residential Placements
Authors: Sinha Aakanksha , McRoy Ruth G.
Published: June 2020

Every year thousands of children are removed from their families and are placed into out-of-home care. While these children are placed in care settings with a hope of a better future, they are often faced with many challenges that impact their short and long terms growth. As of 2017, 442,995 children have been removed from their families and placed in the U.S. foster care system for an average of 20.1 months. Placement occurs for several reasons, such as neglect, parent incarceration, drug abuse, and caretakers’ inability to cope. Twenty-seven percent (117,110) have been in care over two years, and all of these children face many obstacles in life that can impact their short- and long-term well-being. One of the most significant challenges they face is access to a stable educational environment that supports positive mental, emotional, behavioral, physical, and social growth. Frequent moves, lack of coordination between schools, and underdeveloped infrastructure to support unique needs are some of the significant predictors of disproportionately poor education outcomes for children in foster care and other residential settings. The lack of stable educational environment leads to a number of challenges related to enrollment, stability, access to special services, peer relations, grade retention, and caregiver and teacher familiarity with academic strengths and weaknesses of the child. To improve their educational outcomes, there is a need for advocacy and significant changes at the at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Consistent efforts need to be made by stakeholders, such as state and federal government, schools, child welfare systems, and community partners to address systemic inequities, improve current policies and practices, increase accessibility to quality schools, provide mental health services, and, most importantly, establish a stable environment that will enable the youth to flourish and succeed.
Risk factors for myocardial injury and death in patients with COVID-19: insights from a cohort study with chest computed tomography
Authors: Ferrante Giuseppe , Fazzari Fabio , Cozzi Ottavia , Maurina Matteo , Bragato Renato , D’Orazio Federico , Torrisi Chiara , Lanza Ezio , Indolfi Eleonora , Donghi Valeria , Mantovani Riccardo , Liccardo Gaetano , Voza Antonio , Azzolini Elena , Balzarini Luca , Reimers Bernhard , Stefanini Giulio G , Condorelli Gianluigi , Monti Lorenzo
Published: June 2020

Aims

Whether pulmonary artery (PA) dimension and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, as assessed by chest computed tomography (CT), are associated with myocardial injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not known. The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors for myocardial injury and death and to investigate whether myocardial injury has an independent association with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19.

Methods and Results

This is a single-centre cohort study including consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 undergoing chest CT on admission. Myocardial injury was defined as high-sensitivity troponin I >20 ng/L on admission. A total of 332 patients with a median follow-up of 12 days were included. There were 68 (20.5%) deaths; 123 (37%) patients had myocardial injury. PA diameter was higher in patients with myocardial injury compared with patients without myocardial injury [29.0 (25th–75th percentile, 27–32) mm vs. 27.7 (25–30) mm, P < 0.001). PA diameter was independently associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury [adjusted odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.19, P = 0.01] and death [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.17, P = 0.01]. Compared with patients without myocardial injury, patients with myocardial injury had a lower prevalence of a CAC score of zero (25% vs. 55%, P < 0.001); however, the CAC score did not emerge as a predictor of myocardial injury by multivariable logistic regression. Myocardial injury was independently associated with an increased risk of death by multivariable Cox regression (adjusted HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.27–3.96, P = 0.005). Older age, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio on admission were other independent predictors for both myocardial injury and death.

Conclusions

An increased PA diameter, as assessed by chest CT, is an independent risk factor for myocardial injury and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Myocardial injury is independently associated with an approximately two-fold increased risk of death.
Rape, Victimization, and Agency in Fang Siqi’s Paradise of First Love
Authors: Shen Lisa Chu
Published: June 2020

This article undertakes a feminist analysis of rape in the semi-autobiographical novel Fang Siqi’s Paradise of First Love (“房思琪的初恋乐园” / “Fang Siqi de chulian leyuan”) by Taiwanese author Lin Yihan (林奕含). For Siqi, the traumatic experience of rape intertwines with a discourse of love, interpreted as an effort to disavow victimization and claim agency. A major strength of the novel is the way depictions of personal tragedies are accompanied by lucid exposures of rape as a decidedly social act, which shifts the conventional focus of rape narratives from victims to perpetrators and, in so doing, interrogates the victim-blaming culture and places the responsibility on both social factors and individual perpetrators. In the end, the novel identifies women’s bonding and collective resistance as an effective site for hope and agency.
What drives competition on the farmland market? A case study in Brittany (France)
Authors: Piet Laurent , Melot Romain , Diop Soukeyna
Published: June 2020

We investigate factors which may drive the number of agents who compete for a specific piece of farmland in the French region of Brittany by fitting count models to data originating from a local committee, the CDOA, which is responsible for guidance in delivering the necessary “authorisations to farm”. Results are analysed in the light of a conceptual framework which provides an explanation why the subset of farmers who actually apply for an authorisation to farm may differ from the whole set of potential applicants. Several results reflect the impact of an informal mediation by local farmer unions, which aims to lower potential conflicts and hence competition.
The Effects of Premature Tooth Extraction and Damage on Replacement Timing in the Green Iguana
Authors: Brink Kirstin S , Wu Ping , Chuong Cheng-Ming , Richman Joy M
Published: June 2020

Synopsis

Reptiles with continuous tooth replacement, or polyphyodonty, replace their teeth in predictable, well-timed waves in alternating tooth positions around the mouth. This process is thought to occur irrespective of tooth wear or breakage. In this study, we aimed to determine if damage to teeth and premature tooth extraction affects tooth replacement timing long-term in juvenile green iguanas (Iguana iguana). First, we examined normal tooth development histologically using a BrdU pulse-chase analysis to detect label-retaining cells in replacement teeth and dental tissues. Next, we performed tooth extraction experiments for characterization of dental tissues after functional tooth (FT) extraction, including proliferation and β-Catenin expression, for up to 12 weeks. We then compared these results to a newly analyzed historical dataset of X-rays collected up to 7 months after FT damage and extraction in the green iguana. Results show that proliferation in the dental and successional lamina (SL) does not change after extraction of the FT, and proliferation occurs in the SL only when a tooth differentiates. Damage to an FT crown does not affect the timing of the tooth replacement cycle, however, complete extraction shifts the replacement cycle ahead by 4 weeks by removing the need for resorption of the FT. These results suggest that traumatic FT loss affects the timing of the replacement cycle at that one position, which may have implications for tooth replacement patterning around the entire mouth.
Optimal rate of convergence for two classes of schemes to stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions
Authors: Hong Jialin , Huang Chuying , Wang Xu
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates numerical schemes for stochastic differential equations driven by multi-dimensional fractional Brownian motions (fBms) with Hurst parameter $H\in (\frac 12,1)$. Based on the continuous dependence of numerical solutions on the driving noises, we propose the order conditions of Runge–Kutta methods for the strong convergence rate $2H-\frac 12$, which is the optimal strong convergence rate for approximating the Lévy area of fBms. We provide an alternative way to analyse the convergence rate of explicit schemes by adding ‘stage values’ such that the schemes are interpreted as Runge–Kutta methods. Taking advantage of this technique the strong convergence rate of simplified step-$N$ Euler schemes is obtained, which gives an answer to a conjecture in Deya et al. (2012) when $H\in (\frac 12,1)$. Numerical experiments verify the theoretical convergence rate.