bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity trends in populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. Thirty-year long dynamics
Authors: Vilkov V. G. , Shalnova S. A. , Deev A. D. , Balanova Yu. A. , Efstifeeva S. E. , Imaeva A. E. , Kapustina A. V. , Muromtseva G. A. , Kiseleva N. V.
Published: September 2018

Aim. To evaluate the dynamics of obesity and mean body mass index (BMI) in Russia and USA in various age and gender categories during 1975-2014.

Material and methods. By a repeat analysis of one-moment studies of Russian and US population in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the values of obesity and BMI were assessed in men and women age 25-64 y. o. Into analysis, the data was included from Russian part of the Lipid Clinics study and multicenter ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in various regions of Russian Federation). American data acquired from the studies NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey), open access. Total number of observations 48974.

Results. In the 80s of XX century in all age groups of women the mean BMI levels were lower in USA comparing to Russia, in men there were no significant differences. For the following 30 years in Russia the situation improved for men and women <45 y. o. — differences with USA changed modality, and currently BMI in Russia is lower than in USA.

Conclusion. Russia was below the US 30 years ago by the mean BMI in females of all ages, with no differences for males. For the following 30 years in the US there was significant increase of BMI in all age strata of men and women, and in Russia dynamics was the same, but lesser. Comparison of the prevalence of obesity in men 30 years ago showed some predominance of obesity in American males, especially young, but not statistically significant. Russian women had higher prevalence of obesity regardless of age. Currently, obesity in young age is more prevalent in men and women of USA, and >45 years old — in Russia.
Modern endovascular methods in treatment of patients with the tibial arteries lesion: determinants and perspectives
Authors: Cheban A. V. , Karpenko A. A. , Popova I. V. , Saaya Sh. B. , Gostev A. A. , Rabtsun А. A. , Novikova О. A. , Laktionov P. P.
Published: September 2018

Endovascular interventions have proved efficacy in the treatment of the shin arteries lesion management. Lots of published works witness on the significance and future perspective of the field. The article is focused on the analysis of studies for previous 5 years, on various treatment approaches, balloons and cytostatics coated stents usage. The ways for interventions relsults improvement are sketched on tibial arteries with drug eluting stents.
ICE’s new NEC4 Alliance Contract set to move collaborative procurement to the next level
Authors: Heaphy Ian
Published: September 2018

ICE’s collaborative-style NEC contract, now in its 25th year, is the infrastructure procurement route of choice in the UK, Hong Kong, South Africa and New Zealand. Ian Heaphy of the NEC4 Contract Board introduces the latest member of the family, the NEC4 Alliance Contract.
Karbonmonoksit intoksikasyonu ilişkili atriyal fibrilasyon
Authors: YAKAR Şule , BAYKAN Necmi , DURUKAN Polat , SALT Ömer
Published: September 2018

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Herpetic whitlow in a child with onychophagia: a rare form of cutaneous infection.
Authors: AKPINAR Orhan
Published: September 2018

Herpetic whitlow is a kind of finger infection caused by herpes simplex viruses. Herpetic ileus is a skin infection characterized by painful, nonpurulent, and erythematous lesions usually affecting the distal phalanx and rarely seen on the toes. It is especially common in children with finger-sucking and nail-biting habits. Often misdiagnosed as a bacterial infection, the disease sometimes receives inappropriate treatment.Physicians should be familiar with the subject for appropriate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In addition, pediatricians, anesthesiologists, emergency physicians and dentists contact daily oral secretions of patients infected with the herpes simplex virus. For this reason, herpetic whitlow should be kept in mind as a professional risk for health workers. A 4-year-old girl with a history of Herpetic whitlow is presented in this article.
Diagnostic considerations while utilizing intraoral periapical radiographs for diagnosing radix entomolaris
Authors: SHANBHAG Vagish Kumar L
Published: September 2018

Radiopacity seen in periapical area in periapical radiographs can be sometimes be tricky to interpret and diagnose. Occurrence of radix entomolaris is rare in mandibular first molar and mandibular second premolar. This rare entity may probably be misdiagnosed if the practitioner does not acquire periapical radiographs using appropriate techniques. A male patient aged 28 years presented with chief complaint of decayed teeth in right lower back region of mouth. On intraoral examination, 46 was observed to be decayed and non tender on vertical percussion. An intraoral periapical radiograph (IOPA) was advised for the same. Well defined radiopacities were observed in between roots of 46 and 45. A tentative diagnosis of idiopathic osteosclerosis was made. However, since the radiopaque structure resembled that of a tooth root, another IOPA at a different horizontal angulation was taken. To our surprise, 46 exhibited an additional supernumerary root. Also, the presence of an additional lingual root in relation to 45 was noted.The present case report demonstrates the impact on interpretation/diagnosis an angulation difference can make while taking a periapical radiograph through example of case which exhibited the rare occurrence of radix entomolaris and concurrent additional root in second mandibular premolar.
Assessment of the progress made in the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases
Authors: SHRİVASTAVA Saurabh Rambiharilal , SHRİVASTAVA Prateek Saurabh
Published: September 2018

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Strengthening the public health response to combat the global problem of viral hepatitis
Authors: SHRİVASTAVA Saurabh Rambiharilal , SHRİVASTAVA Prateek Saurabh
Published: September 2018

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Acute pancreatitis during craniospinal radiotherapy in a patient with medulloblastoma
Authors: KÜPELİ Serhan
Published: September 2018

letter
Ruolo della dottrina, comparazione e “legal tourism¨"
Authors: Pegoraro Lucio
Published: September 2018

Muovendo dai risultati di un’ampia ricerca sull’uso della dottrina da parte delle corti di vertice (costituzionali e supreme), l’articolo denuncia i rischi generati dall’esportazione acritica delle soluzioni “nazionali” e dalla recezione delle stesse, non supportata da un’analisi del contesto in cui si calano. In particolare, si sofferma sulla prassi delle “relazioni nazionali” nei congressi e nell’accettazione supina dei loro risultati da parte di uditori non attrezzati con le categorie della comparazione. Segnala che la rinuncia alla comparazione (in particolare, la mancata considerazione per il milieu dell’ordinamento recettore) riverbera conseguenze anche sui formanti dinamici (legislazione e giurisprudenza). Evidenzia che, ciò nonostante, le corti citano spesso autori (come quelli statunitensi) che assegnano valenza universale a teorie “locali” o “regionali” del diritto costituzionale, contribuendo a un’uniformazione giuridica formale, che non sempre riesce a mascherare profonde fratture tra i formanti.
Evaluación del sistema de gestión ambiental de los frigoríficos cárnicos en Colombia
Authors: ACERO RENÉ , RIAÑO GUILLERMO , CARDONA DIEGO
Published: September 2018

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación desarrollada como proyecto de grado para optar el título de magíster en Dirección, que evaluó la política de Estado con relación a la gestión ambiental de los frigoríficos cárnicos en Colombia, los impactos ambientales generados por sus procesos, así como las acciones implementadas para su mitigación. De esta manera, proponer buenas prácticas en la búsqueda de mantener y, en lo posible, aumentar la perdurabilidad de estas organizaciones en Colombia.
Práctica pedagógica y competencias TIC: atributos y niveles de integración en docentes de instituciones educativas de básica y media
Authors: Gamboa Suárez Audin Aloiso , Hernández Suárez César Augusto , Prada Nuñez Raúl
Published: September 2018

This article analyzes the level and attributes of ICT competencies in the framework of the model of the Ministry of National Education (MEN) of Colombia; for this, an instrument was created based on its competency descriptors. The focus of the research was quantitative, not experimental, cross-sectional descriptive. The random sample was simple probabilistic and consisted of 255 teachers from 16 basic education educational institutions in the municipality of Cúcuta, Colombia. The analysis looked for the highest and lowest averages among the study variables. The results show that teachers only reach the integrating moment in the pedagogical competences, but in the rest of the dimensions they only arrive at the moment of exploration evidencing the lowest average in the investigative competences.
Evaluation of learning and memory effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin in alprazolam induced amnesia in mice
Authors: G. Shashikala , C. H. Jyothi , G. H. Shashikala
Published: September 2018

Background: The study was undertaken to evaluate the learning and memory effect of lipid lowering drugs atorvastatin and simvastatin in alprazolam induced amnesic mice.Methods: The study was carried out on albino mice, divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each (either sex, 3-4 months of age, weight 25-30g). Amnesia was induced by administering Alprazolam (2mg/kg for 14 days) in all 4 groups from 1st to 14th day. In addition, group 2, 3 and 4 received Piracetam (400mg/kg), Atorvastatin (5mg/kg) and Simvastatin (5mg/kg) from 8th to 14th day respectively. The learning and memory of the animals was assessed by employing Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Step-down type passive avoidance (SDA) model.Results: Results were compared among the different groups using one way-ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. The measured parameters were compared with standard drug Piracetam. In EPM model Atorvastatin (p<0.049) and Simvastatin (p<0.007) were comparable with standard drug Piracetam, whereas in SDA model only simvastatin group (p<0.001) showed significant result.Conclusions: In EPM model, both the statins showed significant improvement in learning and memory in alprazolam induced amnesic mice. However further studies are required to support these observations.
Item analysis of multiple choice questions of undergraduate pharmacology examinations in a medical college in Belagavi, Karnataka, India
Authors: Angadi Netravathi B. , Nagabhushana Amitha , Hashilkar Nayana K.
Published: September 2018

Background: Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a common method of assessment of medical students. The quality of MCQs is determined by three parameters such as difficulty index (DIF I), discrimination index (DI), and Distractor efficiency (DE). Item analysis is a valuable yet relatively simple procedure, performed after the examination that provides information regarding the reliability and validity of a test item. The objective of this study was to perform an item analysis of MCQs for testing their validity parameters.Methods: 50 items consisting of 150 distractors were selected from the formative exams. A correct response to an item was awarded one mark with no negative marking for incorrect response. Each item was analysed for three parameters such as DIF I, DI, and DE.Results: A total of 50 items consisting of 150 Distractor s were analysed. DIF I of 31 (62%) items were in the acceptable range (DIF I= 30-70%) and 30 had ‘good to excellent’ (DI >0.25). 10 (20%) items were too easy and 9 (18%) items were too difficult (DIF I <30%). There were 4 items with 6 non-functional Distractor s (NFDs), while the rest 46 items did not have any NFDs.Conclusions: Item analysis is a valuable tool as it helps us to retain the valuable MCQs and discard or modify the items which are not useful. It also helps in increasing our skills in test construction and identifies the specific areas of course content which need greater emphasis or clarity.
Immunosuppressant effect of Boswellia serrata extract on CFA induced arthritis in rats
Authors: Singh Sarvesh , Kumar Rajendra , Saksena Anil Kumar , Pal Rishi , Jaiswal Riddhi , Kumar Rahul
Published: September 2018

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated arthropathy, so for the treatment disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs are required. In this study we are evaluating the immunomodulatory property of Boswellia serrata extract (BSE) as an alternative medicine.Methods: Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), 0.1ml was injected intradermally in the footpad of left hind paw in 36 Wistar rats to induce RA. Animals were divided into 6 groups. BSE in the doses of 45mg/kg, 90mg/kg and 180mg/kg was administered and cyclophosphamide as standard drug. Various parameters as body weight, paw thickness, ankle diameter, paw volume, arthritis index, TNF- α and histopathological changes were analyzed.Results: Marked reduction in paw thickness, ankle diameter, paw volume, arthritis index and an improved body weight was found in high dose BSE (180mg/kg) group but the effect was lesser than standard drug Cyclophosphamide.Conclusions: BSE has significant potential as an alternative medicine for treatment of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Assessment of drug related problems and clinical pharmacist interventions in paediatric department of a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Pemmasani Deepishka , Gali Sai Deepak , Arcot Maanasa , T. S. Durga Prasad
Published: September 2018

Background: Drug-related problems (DRPs) are frequent in hospitalization in pediatrics. The main aim of present investigation is to assess drug related problems and clinical pharmacist interventions in pediatric department of tertiary care hospital.Methods: It was a prospective, observational and interventional study carried over a period of 6 months.Results: A total of 66 patients were identified with drug related problems. Among them 31 (42%) were in between 1month–2 years followed by 25 (34%) were in between 2-11 years, 10(24%) were in between 11-18 years of age. 30(45.3%) patients were prescribed with 0-3 drugs followed by 21 (31.3%) were prescribed with 3-5 drugs, 15(23.3%) were prescribed with 6-10 drugs. Most of the DRP’s observed in the study were drug interactions 52(78.78%) [major-19 (36.53%), moderate-27 (5192%) and minor-6(11.53%)] followed by adverse drug reactions 12 (18.18%), and duplication errors were 2 (3.03%). Majority of the clinical pharmacist recommendations were duration change 52 (34.66%), drug change 10(6.66%), dose reduction 2 (1.35%) followed by drug termination 2 (1.33%). Major significance of DRPs were noted high 31(57.96%), whereas 25 (39.8%) were moderate and 8 (12.12%) were minor. The acceptance rate of intervening clinical pharmacist recommendation and change in drug therapy was found to be high in 57 (86.66%) cases while in 9 (13.33%) cases suggestions were accepted but therapy was not changed. There were no cases with neither suggestion were accepted nor therapy changed.Conclusions: Clinical pharmacist involvement in inpatient pediatric care can significantly help to identify, resolve and prevent the drug related problems. The study concluded that the clinical pharmacist has a significant role in patients care at hospital.
Active surveillance of adverse drug reactions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: R. Nalini , D. Keerthi , B. Meenakshi , J. Ezhil Ramya , . Vidhya
Published: September 2018

Background: Drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis show significant toxicity and morbidity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the nature and incidence of adverse drug reaction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on anti-rheumatic drugs and to assess the causality and severity of the documented adverse drug reactions.Methods: The prospective observational study was done for two months in rheumatology outpatient department. All patients were interviewed for basic details, treatment history and adverse drug reactions and were recorded. Causality assessment and severity assessment of the recorded adverse drug reactions were done.Results: About 283 patients attended the rheumatology out-patient department during the two months period out of which 57 patients had one or more adverse drug reaction. The incidence of adverse drug reaction observed in rheumatology out-patient department to anti rheumatic drug was 20.14%. A total of 145 adverse drug reactions were noted in 57 patients. The most common adverse drug reaction reported was epigastric pain (6.89%) followed by headache and dyslipidemia (6.25%). The most common system associated with adverse drug reaction was gastrointestinal system (29.66%) followed by central nervous system and cardiovascular system (15.86%). Reported adverse drug reactions were assessed for causality and maximum belonged to probable (66.9%). Severity assessment revealed that most of the adverse drug reactions were mild (74.48%) in nature.Conclusions: Active surveillance for adverse drug reactions to anti rheumatic drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis will allow early detection of adverse drug reactions and timely intervention to provide maximum benefit to the patients.
A questionnaire based survey on knowledge, attitude and behaviour of antibiotic usage and resistance among undergraduates in South Indian teaching hospital
Authors: Jayabalan Nalinidevi , Selvaraj Nitya , Ganesan Suganya , Rajamohammad Meher Ali , Anandan Isswariya
Published: September 2018

Background: Antibiotic resistance has become a global threat in the field of medicine. Multiple causes like antibiotic abuse, irrational usage of antibiotics, over the counter availability of antibiotics etc., have been put forth as culprit leading to antibiotic resistance. The present study aims at evaluating the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of antibiotic usage and resistance among undergraduates in South Indian teaching hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey conducted in undergraduate MBBS students including 5th to 9th semester at Department of Pharmacology. The questionnaire comprised off: Demographic data; Knowledge including 12 questions using Four-point likert scale; Attitude and behaviours consisting of 8 questions of Yes/No type. Data were analysed in the software SPSS version 24.0. Association among categorical variable were analysed with Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Bonferroni test.Results: Among 455, 382 students completed the survey instrument and the response rate was 87%. Statistically significant (p=0.002) results have been obtained for the correct responses of knowledge questionnaire. The order of “good knowledge” about antibiotic usage and resistance according to semesters are graded as VIII>VI>V. Unfortunately, there were no significant results seen with attitude and behaviour.Conclusions: The study concluded that, though there was adequate theoretical knowledge among undergraduate students however they lack in their attitude and behaviour regarding antibiotic usage and resistance. Therefore, they need to improve their attitude and behaviour over antibiotic usage and resistance.
Introduction of web based e-learning in pharmacology: an innovative way
Authors: Barvaliya Manish , Anovadiya Ashish , Purohit Bhargav M.
Published: September 2018

Background: In current scenario, poor attendances in classes and poor performances of students are a stimulus to think beyond the conventional teaching approach. Being current digital generation, students may show their affection to e-learning. Aim of this study was to introduce the e-learning in Pharmacology with objectives to evaluate its acceptability by students and faculties and learning gain of studentsMethods: Four inter-related e- modules for a topic “drugs used in treatment of bronchial asthma” were prepared and provided to the students. Pre-test was conducted before giving E-modules. Students were instructed to complete the e-modules in seven days and post-test was conducted on last day. Feedbacks from students and faculties were collected. Learning gain of students was evaluated along with their acceptability for e-modules.Results: Total of 147 students participated in the study but, 130 students completed pre-test and post-test, both. The absolute learning gain (% post-test score - % pre-test score) was found 23.3±19.2%. The class average normalized learning gain was found 0.32 (32%) that was significant, as per Hake’s criteria for the effectiveness of educational interventions. Slow speed of internet, background noise in modules, and size of e-modules were some technical problem faced by students. The most of students perceived the modules positively and demanded the e-modules for other topics. The faculties also perceived it positively and suggested to use e-modules additionally to classroom lectures.Conclusions: E-learning modules were taken positively by students and faculties and resulted in significant learning gain.
Comparative evaluation of effect of green tea and green coffee on blood cholesterol level and body weight in albino rats
Authors: Kumar Ratan , Purty Manoj Kumar
Published: September 2018

Background: Overweight and obesity are chronic medical condition responsible for risk factors for many non-communicable diseases. Development of rapid upsurge of these condition in medium and low-income group countries increased the awareness and uses of many types of remedies. Along with other natural herbal products green tea and green coffee have also became popular in communities. Aim of this study was to compare the effect of green tea and green coffee on blood cholesterol and weight in experimental animals.Methods: The experiment of this study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical college, Jamshedpur after ethical approval. 24 albino rats were selected and divided randomly in four groups A B C D. Group ‘A’ was kept as control group, group ‘B’ was given fat rich diet to produce hypercholesterolemia, group ‘C’ and ‘D’ were given green tea and green coffee respectively along with cholesterol rich diet. Weight and cholesterol level of rats were measured on 1st day, 2nd week and 4th week.Results: There was significant increase in serum cholesterol in non-treated animals as compared to control group but parameter showed significant less rise of cholesterol and weight in treated group by both green tea and green coffee than non-treated group. The comparative effect of green tea and green coffee had not much difference.Conclusions: This study has provided the information that natural products like green tea and green coffee are useful and helpful in preventive therapy of dyslipidemia and obesity.
A single compartment simulation model of pharmacokinetics
Authors: Salankar Harsh V. , Rode Sonali B. , Bhavsar Vinayak H.
Published: September 2018

For better understanding about derivation of various parameters related to pharmacokinetics, this model is developed. Animals or human volunteers are not used in this model but the principles used in pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers are incorporated. There is detailed description about setting of the model and derivation of various parameters step by step. An example is followed to illustrate the calculations involved. Possibilities of further extension of model to derive additional parameters and variations are discussed. The experience indicates that the model serves as a good demonstration to undergraduate students and a meaningful experiment for PG-students for learning and as a practical-examination exercise. The purpose of the article is to widen the use of this simple teaching tool at various centers.
Nipah virus infection: a deadly disease emerging in India
Authors: Verma Ramesh , Dhankar Mukesh , Singh Avneet , Chayal Vinod , Kumar Raj , Dhaka Rohit , Bhalla Kapil , Agrawal Ginni , Kumar Gopal
Published: September 2018

Nipah virus infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by a virus called Nipah virus (NiV). First outbreak was occurred among pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore in the year 1998-99 with 30% case fatality rate. In India, two outbreaks of Nipah virus have been reported in the eastern state of West Bengal in the years 2001 and 2007 where nearly 70% deaths were occurred. Recently, third outbreak of Nipah virus infection has been reported in India from two districts Kozhikode and Mallapuram of Kerala on 19 May 2018 and 17 patients were died from 19 reported cases (18 laboratory confirmed cases) from these two affected districts. Till now, no reasons of the outbreak in Kerala have been identified and situation was controlled immediately because of taking stringent containment and preventive measures like enhancement of acute fever and acute encephalitis syndrome surveillance system and strengthening of Hospital and community surveillance. There is no effective treatment or vaccine available that’s why the primary focus should be on the prevention like avoidance of drinking of raw palm sap (palm toddy) contaminated by bat excrete, don’t consumed partially eaten fruits by bats and water from wells infested by bats and avoid exposure to bats in endemic areas and sick pigs. The WHO suggests that health care professionals should wear gloves and other protective clothing during any pig slaughtering and culling procedures.
Quality of polyclinic services at public health centers in Padang city, Indonesia
Authors: Fannya Puteri , Sulastri Delmi , Rasyid Rosfita
Published: September 2018

Background: One of the efforts in health development is the improvement of service quality at Public Health Center. The two main factors affecting service quality are expected service and perceived service. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated to the quality of polyclinic services at public health centers in Padang, Indonesia.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in three selected polyclinics at public health centers in Padang, Indonesia, during September to October 2017. One hundred eight participants who has visited public health centers were selected. Data was collected by using questionnaire.Results: 86.1% respondents stated the quality of health services was good. The dimension of tangible (p=0.0001), reliability (p=0.0001), responsiveness (p=0.002), assurance (p=0.027), and empathy (p=0.0001) were associated with the quality of polyclinic service in the Public Health Centers at Padang. Empathy dimension (Exp B=6.182) was the most influencing factor of service quality in polyclinic.Conclusions: Overall the quality of polyclinic service was good, but it suggests that officers should increase attention and communication to patients as it were the most influencing factors of patient satisfaction.
Electrocardiography misreading among sixth-year medical students and interns in Taif University
Authors: Alghamdi Saud Abdulaziz Ali , Abdullah  Almuntashiri Abdullah Hassan , Awad Aljuaeed Majed Saud , Mohamed Maha Abulfetoh
Published: September 2018

Background: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most important procedure to examine the cardiac rhythm and conduction system abnormalities. The common problem of ECG misinterpretation can lead to inappropriate diagnoses and clinical decisions. There is a limited number of studies identifying the size of the problem in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to assess the frequency of ECG misreading, address the nature of errors, and analyze the determinants of ECG interpretation accuracy among sixth-year medical students and interns of Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Participants were given a quiz of 10 multiple-choice questions of commonly encountered ECG interpretations. Each correct answer was given a 1-point score. The overall score for each participant was calculated out of 10 points.Results: A total of 297 participants took part in this study and achieved a median (IQR) overall score of 6.0 (4). The most frequent score was 9 (13.5%), followed by 8 (12.8%) and 4 (12.5%). Second degree AV block, type II was misread by 60.6% of the participants, 2nd-degree AV block, type I was misread by 50.2% while other abnormalities were less frequently misread. Academic year and gender showed no significant influence on ECG interpretation. On the other hand, interest in ECG reading and previous participation in ECG courses were associated with significantly better performance (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively).Conclusions: Overall performance of medical students and interns was moderate. Self-learning and providing organized educational courses on ECG can positively improve ECG interpretation and allow adequate diagnosis and management of heart diseases.
Study of morbidity profile of elderly attending urban health training centre of Nalanda Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Kumar Sujit , Sinha A. P. K.
Published: September 2018

Background: Ageing is the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing. There is a tremendous increase in the number and proportions of the senescent population in our surrounding which created a situation of concern towards the problems of the aged population. The objective of the study was to assess the common diseases occurring among elderly population and the co-morbid conditions.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out among 383 elderly patients attending Urban Health Training Centre of Nalanda Medical College, Patna, Bihar. Their socio-demographic profile and morbidity pattern were assessed by face to face interview. Data were entered into Microsoft excel 2010 spread sheet and analysed by SPSS software version 16.Results: High percentage of elderly suffered from anemia which was 65.79% followed by urological problem which was present in 41.25% and 41.25% of elderly were underweight. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes were 21.14% and 14.36% respectively.Conclusions: The study shows that there is high prevalence of morbidity among elderly. There is an urgent need to develop affordable and accessible geriatric health care services.
A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of tobacco abuse among adolescents in urban field practice area under Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute
Authors: N. Ramya , N. Ramakrishna Reddy , S. Ranganath T. , V. Subathra
Published: September 2018

Background: Worldwide tobacco usage is described as the single most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity. Its rapid spread and widespread acceptance characters the addition. Only the mode of delivery has changed. In spite of the knowledge and proven association of major diseases with tobacco, its continued use is an important public health issue. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco abuse among adolescent age group in urban field practice area under Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at H. Siddaiah road, urban field practice area under Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute (BMC & RI), Bangalore during the period of August 2016- October 2016 among adolescents (both boys and girls) residing in that area. Sample Size was calculated to be 115. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire by interview method. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results: Out of 115 study individuals, 71 (61.73%) have used some form of tobacco. 64 (55.65%) individuals have used a smoking form of tobacco, of which 42 (65.62%) were boys and 22 (34.37%) were girls. 28 (24.34%) individuals have used a smokeless form of tobacco, of which 19 (67.85%) were boys and 9 (32.14%) were girls.Conclusions: Tobacco has posed a major threat to the upcoming generation. Health education should be given to the adolescents regarding health hazards due to tobacco use.
Assessment of visual acuity defects among rural adolescent students of tribal Bastar Chhattisgarh (India)
Authors: Verma Alakh Ram , Sinha Teeku , Bhatia Gagandeep Singh
Published: September 2018

Background: Defective visual acuity is the most common problem among adolescents which, if remains uncorrected may cause refractive errors and may lead to blindness. Defective visual acuity can be tested early and corrected by spectacles. The objectives of the study were assessment of visual acuity defects among adolescent students.Methods: Present study design is cross sectional community based study. Conducted during July to September 2017 in Higher Secondary School, Pandripani. Predesigned KAP questionnaires were used to collect information and visual acuity was measured by using Snellen’s chart. Students with spectacles were tested for uncorrected and corrected visual acuity. Data was analyzed on MS Excel 2016.Results: Visual acuity defect prevalence rises with age and maximum is seen in age group 19-20 years (85%).Male to female ratio in students with defects was 52:48 Maximum defect is seen in class 12th students (34%).83% students never got their eyes checked out of which 25% had defective visual acuity. Positive attitude toward spectacles preventing normalization of eyes and spectacles leading to dependence and worsening of vision were elicited. Students whose parents have eye related problem have prevalence of 64%.83% of students advised to wear spectacles who don’t have, cost of spectacle is most common cause (80%) and is preceded by not much difference in vision after wearing (20%).Conclusions: The prevalence of visual acuity defect was high in rural adolescent. Eye screening of school going children is recommended and spectacles to be distributed free or at low cost to those students diagnosed with refractive errors.
Prevalence of substance abuse among high school students in field practising area of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru
Authors: Smriti Sneh , Divakar S. V. , Suryanarayana S. P. , Puttaswamy M.
Published: September 2018

Background: Substance abuse is an increasing public health problem. Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is a global problem and affects many children and adolescents. Abuse of substances exposes the youth to several physical, psychological and social consequences. Objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of substance abuse amongst high school students in selected schools of Bengaluru and to identify factors predisposing to substance abuse.Methods: Type of study was cross-sectional, study was done from November 2017 to January 2018, study subjects were high school students, sample size was 300, tool for study was structured questionnaire, descriptive analysis done using Microsoft Excel.Results: Out of 300 subjects 10% agreed that they have done abuse of substances. Most of them started it at age below 15 years. Most common reason to start was for fun.Conclusions: Substance abuse was present among high school students and most commonly abused substance was tobacco in the form of cigarettes and most common reason was for fun followed by peer pressure and low marks.
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram services utilization among rural mothers: community perspective from southern areas of West Bengal
Authors: Chowdhury Dipanjan , Chakraborty Arup , Minz Shantidani , Muliyil Divya , Lahiri Arista
Published: September 2018

Background: Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) was launched to increase accessibility of healthcare services for expectant mothers and children. The present study was conducted to understand the utilization pattern of JSSK services among recently-delivered women of southern West Bengal.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural areas of South 24-Parganas district of West Bengal. By multistage sampling 340 mothers were selected. Data regarding child-bearing experiences, different services related to maternal health and the utilization of JSSK services were collected through interview.Results: The mean age of the mothers was 23.58 years (±4.36 years). Majority of the respondents had education up to primary level with majority having two living children or less. During ante-natal period 74.6% of the respondents in delta regions did not undergo any diagnostic tests. In Kolkata-nearing non-delta regions, majority of the respondents (92.8%) utilized exclusively government hospital for diagnostic tests. In delta regions most of the deliveries (78.8%) happened at home. After delivery in government/accredited facility, majority of women did not get the free drop-back facility. While 18.4% of the respondents from delta region utilized free diagnostic services, 16.9% utilized the free delivery services. A marginally higher utilization of free transportation among the respondents of non-delta region was observed for transport back to home.Conclusions: Delta blocks need to be given special attention especially regarding institutional delivery. Along with promotion of the services generation of awareness, acceptance and also implementation of methods to reach out to people should be focused more.
Exploring practices of tobacco consumption and preparedness towards tobacco cessation amongst primary health care physicians in a selected district of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Wani Deepak A. , Uplap Pallavi A.
Published: September 2018

Background: There is limited published evidence about their preparedness and practices regarding tobacco cessation amongst them. Hence, a study was undertaken to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices in the above context amongst the doctors working in the government health set up in Maharashtra.Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken in a randomly selected district of Maharashtra. Out of 112 primary health care doctors, 74 (66%) participated in the study. Strict confidentially was maintained during the process of data collection. The data was entered and analysed in the Microsoft Excel. The study was completed in October 2016- January 2017. All the required permissions including ethical clearance were obtained.Results: Nineteen (25.67%) primary health care physicians had self-reported tobacco use, of them 10 (52.64%) were present tobacco users and 9 (47.36%) were using tobacco in the past. Out of 74 participants, 16 (21.63%) reported tobacco use in the family members. Twelve (63.16%) tobacco users had thought of quitting tobacco and 9 (47.37%) have tried to quit tobacco. Majority (97.3%) of the participants asked for tobacco history while 65 (87.84%) doctors had assessed quantity of tobacco use. Only 5 (6.76%) participants have received training for tobacco cessation.Conclusions: Well trained manpower for tobacco cessation in the government health set up can serve as a change agent for creating tobacco free environment across the country due to their huge potential to reach the masses.
Study to assess the knowledge and health seeking behaviour of mothers of under 5 children in the catchment area of G.M.C., Bhopal
Authors: Lodha Rama Singodiya , Pal Dinesh Kumar , Verma Shipra , Melwani Veena , Khan Amreen , Sawlani Harshima , Nair Akhil R.
Published: September 2018

Background: Under 5 mortality rate is considered as the best indicator of social development and well being. Low U5MR indicates better social development as children are most vulnerable during the first 5 years. Almost 1/3rd die of infectious cause, nearly all of which are preventable.Methods: A cross- sectional interventional study was done on 105 mothers with children under the age group of 5 years. Knowledge and practice about diarrhoea, pneumonia and immunization was assessed first followed by and educational intervention which was later followed by post intervention interview of the same mothers after a gap of 1 month. The increment in the knowledge was then assessed.Results: 41.9% belonged to the age group of 20-25 years. 94.11% of the mothers knew what diarrhoea is and only 47.61% could tell minimum 3 signs of dehydration. 32.38% could tell the specific signs of pneumonia. 90.47% mothers knew that immunisation prevents children from diseases. The overall knowledge scores improved significantly (p<0.0001) after a gap one month.Conclusions: The knowledge appeared to improve significantly after an education intervention. The immunization coverage was found to be adequate.
Factors influencing gender preference among women of Ambala, Haryana: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gadi Nabeel Ahmed , Kumar Randhir , Goyal Anmol
Published: September 2018

Background: Preference for male child is well known phenomenon from ages. Sex ratio is an important social indicator measuring extent of prevailing equity between males and females in society. Changes in sex ratio reflect underlying socioeconomic, cultural patterns of a society. The situation has seemed to have gone out of hand in North India. The objectives of the study were to determine the factors influencing the gender preference of a child among women in reproductive age group; to assess the knowledge and practice about female feticide and pre-natal sex determination among them.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted by interviewing married women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) attending general OPD and antenatal clinics in rural and urban health centers which are the field practice area of MMIMSR Mullana, Ambala district, Haryana. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0.Results: Out of 400 women, 353 participated in the study. Preference towards male child was observed among 47% of women while only 14.2% preferred female child and 38.8% don’t state any specific preference. Literacy level and type of family significantly influenced gender preference among women p=0.0007 and p<0.0001 respectively.Conclusions: Female feticide is still in practice in spite of awareness programs and existing law. There is a dire need to gear up the efforts against this social malady of son preference by intensive IEC campaigns about rules forbidding pre-natal sex determination and strict implementation of PC-PNDT Act especially in rural areas.
Epidemiological predictor variables in relation to the outcome of pregnancy in an urban setting
Authors: Shankar Prerna , Pathania Vikas
Published: September 2018

Background: Fetal weight at birth is the singular parameter resonant of maternal health and is measured with reasonable precision, while measuring preterm birth or IUGR requires a valid estimate of gestational age. Notwithstanding the relevance of mortality and morbidity as measures of adverse pregnancy outcome, proxy markers like low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and congenital anomalies have been used in the past. This exercise aims to study the epidemiological predictor variables in pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic and its association with birth outcome.Methods: This prospective study was carried out over a one-year period at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, investigation reports and ante-natal cards. The outcome of delivery in all registered women was recorded by following them up till delivery.Results: The variables having a statistically significant association with an adverse pregnancy outcome were maternal and paternal education, family income, socioeconomic status (SES), gravidity, maternal complications, level of physical activity, rest during pregnancy, trimester of initiation of ANC visits, diet, iron supplementation, maternal weight gain, exposure to tobacco/environmental tobacco smoke and gestational age.Conclusions: Parental education, good antenatal care, early detection of high risk pregnancy, light physical activity and adequate rest, adequate nutrition with supplementation and exposure to ETS markedly influence the pregnancy outcome and intervention in these areas would result in an improved birth outcome. Factors having marginal scope of intervention include age of the pregnant women, adequate inter-pregnancy interval, maternal weight gain and socioeconomic status.
An epidemiological study of type-2 diabetes mellitus in an adopted urban slum area
Authors: G. R. Vishwanath , V. Sangrulkar Tejaswini , S. K. Shrarma , Patil Praveen
Published: September 2018

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally and there is evidence that it is a epidemic in many developing and developed countries, thus posing a serious threat to be met within the 21st century. Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease once thought to be uncommon in the developing countries, has emerged as one of the public health problem. Therefore, establishing the predominant risk factors and the distribution of these in a given population are of high importance for designing and implementing targeted interventions to halt and reverse the future prospects. Since the factors responsible for diabetes had not so far received much attention, it is aimed to show epidemiological profile of the disease in general and keeping this in mind this study has taken.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out upon adults aged more than 30 years in the adopted community of Urban Health centre of Community Medicine Department, Government Medical College, Miraj (1st January-31st December, 2015).Results: The overall prevalence of diabetes was 21.7%, out of this (12.3%) were known diabetic and (9.4%) were new diabetic cases among study. A very highly significant association was observed between diabetes and Habits. The association between diabetes and BMI was very highly significant (p<0.001).Conclusions: Very highly significant association was found between age, family history, personal history, body mass index, waist circumference, waist: hip circumference and diabetic status.
Effect of nutrition education intervention on undernutrition among under five children in urban and rural areas of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Meena Shailendra , Meena Pratibha
Published: September 2018

Background: Nutrition education is defined as instruction or training intended to lead to acquired nutrition-related knowledge and/or nutrition-related skills and be provided in individual. It is also demonstrably capable of improving dietary behaviour and nutrition status on its own.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the urban and rural ICDS projects of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh from July 2014 to June 2015. Three types of instruments were used: NIPCCD Suposhan Guide, a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements including weight, height and MUAC. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel and was analyzed by using EPI Info version 7.Results: As per Z score 7.9% children had normal weight (Z score above -1SD), 31.7% had mild underweight (Z score between -1SD to -2SD), 40.7% had moderate underweight (Z score between -2SD to -3SD) and 19.6% had severe underweight (Z score below -3SD). Reduction in moderate underweight was from 39.2% to 33.9% and in severe underweight it was from 19.3% to 15.2% in urban area. In the rural area reduction in moderate underweight was from 44.1% to 36.6% and in the severe underweight group it was from 20.4% to 9.7%.Conclusions: In our nutrition education intervention we found that a well planned, short, simple, focused and based on locally available food items delivered with little empathy can do a lot even in weaker sections of the society.