bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and Sequencing of a Novel Rodent Gammaherpesvirus That Establishes Acute and Latent Infection in Laboratory Mice
Authors: Loh Joy , Zhao Guoyan , Nelson Christopher A. , Coder Penny , Droit Lindsay , Handley Scott A. , Johnson L. Steven , Vachharajani Punit , Guzman Hilda , Tesh Robert B. , Wang David , Fremont Daved H. , Virgin Herbert W.
Published: January 2011

Gammaherpesviruses encode numerous immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to their ability to evade the host immune response and establish persistent, lifelong infections. As the human gammaherpesviruses are strictly species specific, small animal models of gammaherpesvirus infection, such as murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection, are important for studying the roles of gammaherpesvirus immune evasion genes inin vivoinfection and pathogenesis. We report here the genome sequence and characterization of a novel rodent gammaherpesvirus, designated rodent herpesvirus Peru (RHVP), that shares conserved genes and genome organization with γHV68 and the primate gammaherpesviruses but is phylogenetically distinct from γHV68. RHVP establishes acute and latent infection in laboratory mice. Additionally, RHVP contains multiple open reading frames (ORFs) not present in γHV68 that have sequence similarity to primate gammaherpesvirus immunomodulatory genes or cellular genes. These include ORFs with similarity to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), C-type lectins, and the mouse mammary tumor virus and herpesvirus saimiri superantigens. As these ORFs may function as immunomodulatory or virulence factors, RHVP presents new opportunities for the study of mechanisms of immune evasion by gammaherpesviruses.
Efficacy of Vaccination with Different Combinations of MF59-Adjuvanted and Nonadjuvanted Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines against Pandemic H1N1 (2009) Influenza Virus Infection in Ferrets
Authors: van den Brand Judith M. A. , Kreijtz Joost H. C. M. , Bodewes Rogier , Stittelaar Koert J. , van Amerongen Geert , Kuiken Thijs , Simon James , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Rappuoli Rino , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E.
Published: January 2011

Serum antibodies induced by seasonal influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination exhibit limited or no cross-reactivity against the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus of the H1N1 subtype (pH1N1). Ferrets immunized once or twice with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine exhibited significantly reduced lung virus titers but no substantial clinical protection against pH1N1-associated disease. However, priming with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine significantly increased the efficacy of a pandemic MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine against pH1N1 challenge. Elucidating the mechanism involved in this priming principle will contribute to our understanding of vaccine- and infection-induced correlates of protection. Furthermore, a practical consequence of these findings is that during an emerging pandemic, the implementation of a priming strategy with an available adjuvanted seasonal vaccine to precede the eventual pandemic vaccination campaign may be useful and life-saving.
Subcellular Localization and Rearrangement of Endoplasmic Reticulum by Brome Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein
Authors: Bamunusinghe Devinka , Seo Jang-Kyun , Rao A. L. N.
Published: January 2011

Genome packaging in the plant-infecting
Brome mosaic virus
(BMV), a member of the alphavirus-like superfamily, as well as in other positive-strand RNA viruses pathogenic to humans (e.g., poliovirus) and animals (e.g.,
Flock House virus
), is functionally coupled to replication. Although the subcellular localization site of BMV replication has been identified, that of the capsid protein (CP) has remained elusive. In this study, the application of immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to
Nicotiana benthamiana
leaves expressing replication-derived BMV CP as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, in conjunction with antibodies to the CP and double-stranded RNA, a presumed marker of RNA replication, revealed that the subcellular localization sites of replication and CP overlap. Our temporal analysis by transmission electron microscopy of ultrastructural modifications induced in BMV-infected
N. benthamiana
leaves revealed a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) incorporating large assemblies of vesicles derived from ER accumulated in the cytoplasm during BMV infection. Additionally, for the first time, we have found by ectopic expression experiments that BMV CP itself has the intrinsic property of modifying ER to induce vesicles similar to those present in BMV infections. The significance of CP-induced vesicles in relation to CP-organized viral functions that are linked to replication-coupled packaging is discussed.
Distinct Roles for the NF-κB RelA Subunit during Antiviral Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Basagoudanavar Suresh H. , Thapa Roshan J. , Nogusa Shoko , Wang Junmei , Beg Amer A. , Balachandran Siddharth
Published: January 2011

Production of type I interferons (IFNs; prominently, IFN-α/β) following virus infection is a pivotal antiviral innate immune response in higher vertebrates. The synthesis of IFN-β proceeds via the virus-induced assembly of the transcription factors IRF-3/7, ATF-2/c-Jun, and NF-κB on the
ifn
β promoter. Surprisingly, recent data indicate that the NF-κB subunit RelA is not essential for virus-stimulated
ifn
β expression. Here, we show that RelA instead sustains autocrine IFN-β signaling prior to infection. In the absence of RelA, virus infection results in significantly delayed
ifn
β induction and consequently defective secondary antiviral gene expression. While RelA is not required for
ifn
β expression after infection, it is nonetheless essential for fully one-fourth of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated genes, including several mediators of inflammation and immune cell recruitment. Further, RelA directly regulates a small subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Finally, RelA also protects cells from dsRNA-triggered RIP1-dependent programmed necrosis. Taken together, our findings suggest distinct roles for RelA in antiviral innate immunity: RelA maintains autocrine IFN-β signaling in uninfected cells, facilitates inflammatory and adaptive immune responses following infection, and promotes infected-cell survival during this process.
Downstream Movements and Estuarine Residence by Atlantic Salmon Parr (Salmo salar)
Authors: Cunjak R. A. , Chadwick E. M. P. , Shears M.
Published: January 2011

Downstream migrations and estuarine residence by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and smolts were studied in a small river on the northwest coast of Newfoundland in 1983 and in 1987. There were large downstream migrations in the spring and small downstream migrations in the fall. The major differences between the two types of migrant were that parr migrated about 1 wk before smolts and at a younger age compared with smolts and while parr remained in the estuary throughout the summer, smoits did not. Modal age and mean size were less for parr sampled in the estuary compared with those sampled at the counting-fence which suggested that the smallest parr were not captured by the fence. The estuarine population of parr represented a significant proportion of the river's total production of salmon. Parr were found throughout the estuary in salinities up to 24 parts per thousand but were most abundant near the river mouth. There was evidence that larger parr became smolts and eventually migrated to sea, but smaller parr probably returned to the river for overwintering. It is clear that estuaries should be included as habitat used for rearing Atlantic salmon.
Production of Freshwater Invertebrate Populations in Lakes
Authors: Plante Céline , Downing John A.
Published: January 2011

This research draws together data on the secondary production of 164 invertebrate populations in 51 lakes to test the hypothesis that the annual production of aquatic invertebrate populations is significantly correlated with the mean annual population biomass, individual body mass, and ambient temperature. Further analyses examine the effects of water chemistry, trophic status, and lake morphometry. Mean annual biomass, individual body mass, and the mean annual water temperature accounted for 79% of the variance in the logarithm of annual secondary production. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, the ratio of mean annual production to mean annual biomass [Formula: see text] varied systematically with population biomass. No significant difference was found between the secondary production of littoral and open water invertebrate populations. Analyses also suggest that zoobenthic and zooplanktonic populations of similar biomass, body mass, and temperature have similar rates of secondary productivity. Analyses demonstrate that the total phosphorus concentration in the water column, and other trophic indicators were positively correlated with secondary production. The pH, lake depth, thermocline depth, drainage area, and the water turnover rate were also found to be correlated with the secondary productivity of natural populations of lentic invertebrates.
Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Growth Potential Predicted from Cisco (Coregonus artedii) Population Structure and Conductivity
Authors: Trippel Edward A. , Beamish F. William H.
Published: January 2011

Trophic dynamics between lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and cisco (Coregonus artedii) were examined in a set of 10 northwestern Ontario lakes that ranged in conductivity by nearly an order of magnitude. Diets revealed the possibility of interspecific competition for invertebrate prey prior to initiation of piscivory by lake trout at approximately 200 mm fork length (FL). Von Bertalanffy growth equations (based on otolith ages) were used to estimate time to attain this length (1.4–3.0 yr). Contrary to anticipated results, lake trout reached this size more rapidly in lakes with high cisco abundance. Presumably, this relationship was caused by improved food conditions for young trout in some of the more productive waterbodies. However, after removing the collinearity between lake conductivity and nonpiscivorous growth by regression analysis, there was no relationship between the time for lake trout to reach 200 mm and cisco abundance. Piscivorous growth varied (L∞ = 508 to 740 mm) extensively among the 10 populations and was likely a function of growth efficiency from different food sources. Using stepwise multiple regression, 81% of the L∞ variation among lakes was explained by cisco abundance and mean size. Linear regression between L∞ and mean size of trout (but not trout abundance) on conductivity generated significant positive relationships.
DARBOUX TRANSFORMATION AND MULTI-SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF PRINCIPAL CHIRAL AND WZW MODELS
Authors: SALEEM U. , HASSAN M.
Published: January 2011

In this paper we present Darboux transformation for the principal chiral and WZW models in two dimensions and construct multi-soliton solutions in terms of quasideterminants. We also establish the Darboux transformation on the holomorphic conserved currents of the WZW model and expressed them in terms of the quasideterminant. We discuss the model based on the Lie group SU (n) and obtain explicit soliton solutions for the SU(2) model.
SCALAR EFFECTIVE ACTION IN KREIN SPACE QUANTIZATION
Authors: REFAEI A. , TAKOOK M. V.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, the λϕ4 scalar field effective action, in the one-loop approximation, is calculated by using the Krein space quantization. We show that the effective action is naturally finite and the singularity does not appear in the theory. The physical interaction mass, the running coupling constant and β-function are then calculated. The effective potential which is calculated in the Krein space quantization is different from the usual Hilbert space calculation, however we show that β-function is the same in the two different methods.
EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN PALATINI AND METRIC FORMALISMS OF f(R)-GRAVITY BY DIVERGENCE-FREE CURRENT
Authors: CAPOZZIELLO SALVATORE , DARABI FARHAD , VERNIERI DANIELE
Published: January 2011

The equivalence between metric and Palatini formalisms in f(R)-gravity can be achieved in the general context of theories with divergence-free current. This equivalence is a necessary result of a symmetry which is included in a particular conservation equation of the current. In fact the conservation equation, by an appropriate redefinition of the introduced auxiliary field, may be encoded in a massless scalar field equation.
RECONCILING CONFLICTING COMBINATORIAL PREPROCESSORS FOR GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS
Authors: SITHARAM MEERA , ZHOU YONG , PETERS JÖRG
Published: January 2011

Polynomial equation systems arising from real applications often have associated combinatorial information, expressible as graphs and underlying matroids. To simplify the system and improve its numerical robustness before attempting to solve it with numeric-algebraic techniques, solvers can employ graph algorithms to extract substructures satisfying or optimizing various combinatorial properties. When there are underlying matroids, these algorithms can be greedy and efficient. In practice, correct and effective merging of the outputs of different graph algorithms to simultaneously satisfy their goals is a key challenge.

This paper merges and improves two highly effective but separate graph-based algorithms that preprocess systems for resolving the relative position and orientation of a collection of incident rigid bodies. Such collections naturally arise in many situations, for example in the recombination of decomposed large geometric constraint systems. Each algorithm selects a subset of incidences, one to optimize algebraic complexity of a parametrized system, the other to obtain a well-formed system that is robust against numerical errors. Both algorithms are greedy and can be proven correct by revealing underlying matroids. The challenge is that the output of the first algorithm is not guaranteed to be extensible to a well-formed system, while the output of the second may not have optimal algebraic complexity. Here we show how to reconcile the two algorithms by revealing well-behaved maps between the associated matroids.
FRAMEWORKS SYMMETRY AND RIGIDITY
Authors: OWEN J. C. , POWER S. C.
Published: January 2011

Symmetry equations are obtained for the rigidity matrix of a bar-joint framework in ℝd. These form the basis for a short proof of the Fowler-Guest symmetry group generalisation of the Calladine-Maxwell counting rules. Similar symmetry equations are obtained for the Jacobian of diverse framework systems, including constrained point-line systems that appear in CAD, body-pin frameworks, hybrid systems of distance constrained objects and infinite bar-joint frameworks. This leads to generalised forms of the Fowler-Guest character formula together with counting rules in terms of counts of symmetry-fixed elements. Necessary conditions for isostaticity are obtained for asymmetric frameworks, both when symmetries are present in subframeworks and when symmetries occur in partition-derived frameworks.
A SURVEY OF TOOLS SUPPORTING DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF WEBSITES BASED ON MODELS OF HUMAN INFORMATION INTERACTION
Authors: KATSANOS CHRISTOS , TSELIOS NIKOLAOS , AVOURIS NIKOLAOS
Published: January 2011

This paper presents and discusses a survey of existing tools to support design and evaluation of websites, with special emphasis on improving the information navigation process. The amount of information of today's websites, the continuous evolution of the medium and the heterogeneity of typical users' profiles, make the website design task particularly hard. The presented tools are mainly based on recent models of Web usage behavior, and involve various natural language and semantic similarity modeling methods. Validation studies of the presented tools have shown that they can support effectively various phases of the website design lifecycle including information structuring, hyperlink evaluation and assessment of alternative designs. In this paper, existing techniques are discussed, the aspects of Web design that (should and) could be better supported are identified and suggestions are made on extensions of existing approaches to better support the usability evaluation process.
A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR ADAPTING PRESENTATION TO CONTENT IN WEB INTERFACES
Authors: FOGLI DANIELA , GELFI NICOLA , GIACOMIN MASSIMILIANO , GUIDA GIOVANNI
Published: January 2011

This paper proposes a novel computational model that allows the dynamic adaptation of the information to be presented to the user in the frame of a web application. In adaptive web-based hypermedia systems, content and presentation are usually dealt with independently and sequentially, generating content first and then adapting its presentation. By contrast, our approach is based on the idea that it is impossible to select the best content and the best presentation independently, but effective user-system interaction can only be achieved through a joint assessment of content characteristics and presentation alternatives. Consequently, the goal of the approach is to determine the best match between a set of contents eligible to be presented to the user and a collection of possible presentations. To this end, the quality of a match is assessed on the basis of a set of user interface design principles focused on the relations existing between content and presentation. These principles express different and often contrasting exigencies and are generally articulated in vague and merely qualitative terms. In our approach they are formalized as soft constraints to be satisfied to the highest possible degree. A fuzzy approach is adopted to compute the degree to which a match satisfies each principle and to aggregate the results of the application of a set of interface design principles to a match. The proposed approach is substantiated through a running example in the area of e-commerce.
LINKING TEMPORAL FIRST ORDER LOGIC AND HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS WITH ABSTRACT EVENTS
Authors: KATSIRI ELEFTHERIA , BACON JEAN , MYCROFT ALAN
Published: January 2011

In previous work, we introduced a novel concept of a generalised event, an abstract event, which we define as a change of state of abstract predicates that represent knowledge about the surrounding world. Abstract predicates are defined by formulae in temporal first-order logic (Abstract Event Specification Language (AESL)) whose leaf predicates represent low-level sensor-derived knowledge. Abstract events are detected by Rete Networks structured as a deductive knowledge-base. Current Abstract Event detectors cannot express sufficiently well certain high-level situations, such activity derived from user trajectories.

In this work we introduce a novel type of abstract event detector, a hidden Markov Model detector (hMM-detector). hMM-detectors are implemented as pattern recognition engines that use several stochastic models, hidden Markov Models (hMMs), in order to classify observed activities to the most likely activity class. We link hMM-detectors with AESL by specifying a new AESL operator for defining hMM-based Abstract Events, thus increasing AESL's expressive power.

We describe the experimental evaluation of the above work that was carried out at the University of Cambridge. hMM-Detectors were trained and tested with real data from the Active BAT location system. We evaluate the expressiveness of the enhanced AESL by discussing three case studies in healthcare that relate to continuous monitoring of elderly or injured patients. We demonstrate that AESL can be used in order to improve the dependability of continuous monitoring of patients and the provision of high-quality healthcare.
THE CRANKING FORMULA AND THE SPURIOUS BEHAVIOR OF THE MASS PARAMETERS
Authors: MOHAMMED-AZIZI B.
Published: January 2011

We discuss some aspects of the approach of the mass parameters by means of the simple cranking model. In particular, it is well known that the numerical application of this formula is often subject to ambiguities or contradictions. It is found that these problems are induced by the presence of two derivatives in the formula. To overcome these problems, we develop here a number of simple arguments which tend to justify the removal of these terms. As soon as this is done, the formula becomes simpler and easier to interpret. In this respect, it is shown how the shell effects affect precisely the mass parameters. A number of numerical tests help us in our conclusions.
A STUDY OF SCATTERING OF ALPHA PARTICLES FROM NUCLEI
Authors: SARKER DIPIKA RANI , RAHMAN MD. A , SEN GUPTA H. M.
Published: January 2011

The angular distribution data for the elastic scattering of 100–172.5 MeV isoscalar alpha particles from several nuclei between 16 O and 208 Pb are studied within the framework of the strong absorption model due to Frahn and Venter. The best fit parameter values of the nuclear interaction are determined. These are then used to analyze the inelastic scattering of alpha particles leading to the excitation of the 2+ and 3- collective states in the target nuclei and the corresponding deformation parameters are extracted. A reasonably good account of both elastic and inelastic scattering is given by the same set of parameter values derived from the analyses of the elastic scattering.
CENTRALITY DEPENDENCE OF NONSTATISTICAL FLUCTUATION IN SINGLE PARTICLE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN 32S–Ag/Br INTERACTION AT 200A GeV/c
Authors: GHOSH MALAY KUMAR , MUKHOPADHYAY AMITABHA , ROYCHOWDHURY DIBAKAR , SINGH GURMUKH
Published: January 2011

Nonstatistical fluctuations in the density distribution of shower tracks coming out of 32 S – Ag/Br interaction at an incident momentum of 200A GeV/c, have been characterized by using the intermittency and multifractality techniques. A sample of 32 S – Ag/Br nuclear emulsion events has been partitioned into three subsamples with respect to the shower track multiplicity in such a way that one can roughly estimate the average centrality for each subsample. Thereby, the centrality dependence of a set of relevant intermittency and multifractal issues has been investigated.
The nature and origin of the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland: diffusion length scales in garnet and inferred thermal time scales
Authors: Viete Daniel R. , Hermann Jörg , Lister Gordon S. , Stenhouse Iona R.
Published: January 2011

In this paper we examine the length scales of major element diffusion in garnet during the Barrovian metamorphism. The role of diffusion in the flattening of Mn zoning profiles in garnet with increasing metamorphic grade across the Barrovian metamorphic series is ambiguous. However, the loss of distinct Mn-defined secondary compositional zoning in Barrovian garnets with increasing metamorphic grade and preservation of geochemical textures around Mn-free inclusions within high-grade Barrovian garnets provide robust evidence for
c
. 1000 μm Mn diffusion in sillimanite-zone garnets during the Barrovian regional metamorphism. Sillimanite-grade garnets from the Barrovian metamorphic series also preserve
c
. 100 μm Mn diffusion textures between sillimanite-grade rim domains and lower-grade cores. Bimodality in diffusion length scales requires bimodality in thermal time scales. Length scales of chemical diffusion are considered within the context of recent duration estimates for the Barrovian metamorphism of a few million years. We conclude that heat associated with the Barrovian regional metamorphism accumulated following numerous, short time-scale heating events responsible for the smaller-scale diffusion textures. This self-similar thermal regime was likely accommodated by the operation of shear zones in the highest-grade regions of the Barrovian metamorphic series, which concentrated small-scale episodic heat sources such as sheeted magmas, fluids and/or mechanical work.

Supplementary material:

A table of quantitative electron microprobe analyses, an example of the calibration curve used to produce quantitative electron microprobe maps from count maps, and Y maps are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18415
.
Evolution of the Archaean Karelian Province in the Fennoscandian Shield in the light of U–Pb zircon ages and Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotope systematics
Authors: Lauri Laura S. , Andersen Tom , Hölttä Pentti , Huhma Hannu , Graham Stuart
Published: January 2011

In situ
Lu–Hf (laser ablation microprobe–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAM-ICPMS)) and U–Pb (LAM-ICPMS, secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS)) analyses of zircon, and whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope analyses were performed on rocks formed during magmatic events in three Archaean complexes in the Karelian Province of Fennoscandia (Pudasjärvi, Koillismaa and Iisalmi). These complexes have U–Pb ages ranging from 3.5 to 2.6 Ga. In Pudasjärvi, sparse xenocrystic cores give ages of 3.6–3.7 Ga and initial
176
Hf/
177
Hf suggesting influence of a crustal component T ≥ 4.0 Ga (assuming a CHUR-like mantle source). Ages and Nd and Hf isotope patterns indicate magmatic events at 3.6–3.7 Ga (Siurua, Pudasjärvi with ≥4.0 Ga precursor), 3.2 Ga (Iisalmi, Koillismaa), 2.8 Ga (Pudasjärvi) and 2.7 Ga (Pudasjärvi, Iisalmi). In the Meso- and Palaeoarchaean events, there is no evidence of sources equivalent to present-day depleted mantle; such sources were, however, involved in the 2.8–2.7 Ga events. ε
Hf
and ε
Nd
are strongly correlated. Contrasts between the Archaean complexes indicate that they evolved separately until
c
. 2.7 Ga. The age and ε
Hf
pattern of ≤2.8 Ga rocks in the Karelian Province is compatible with a scenario in which the Karelia, Superior, Yilgarn and Slave cratons were part of a late Archaean supercontinent, but does not constitute proof of the existence of such a supercontinent.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb and Lu–Hf data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18430
.
Onshore evidence for progressive changes in rifting directions during continental break-up in the NE Atlantic
Authors: Walker R.J. , Holdsworth R.E. , Imber J. , Ellis D.
Published: January 2011

Current models for the Palaeogene-aged continental break-up in the North Atlantic invoke a NW–SE extension vector throughout the rift-to-drift process, accommodated by margin-parallel normal faults, and margin-oblique (strike-slip) transfer zones. However, Palaeogene and younger faults in the Faroe Islands provide evidence for a progressive anticlockwise rotation in extension vectors immediately prior to and following North Atlantic break-up. Six deformation stages are recognized: (1) east–west to NE–SW extension, accommodated by dip-slip north–south- and NW–SE-trending faults; (2) continued NE–SW extension accommodated by NW–SE- and NNE–SSW-oriented dykes; (3) north–south extension accommodated by ENE–WSW and ESE–WNW conjugate dykes; (4) crustal extrusion involving both east–west shortening and further north–south extension along ENE–WSW (dextral) and ESE–WNW (sinistral) conjugate strike-slip faults; (5) during the final stages of rifting, the regional extension vector became NW–SE and was accommodated predominantly by slip along NE–SW dextral oblique-slip faults; (6) pre-existing structures were locally reactivated as tensional and extensional–shear features, characterized by the entrainment of clastic material along fault planes. The present study reveals a distinct period of margin-parallel extension immediately prior to break-up that is not accounted for by existing models, illustrating the importance of conducting field-based studies to validate otherwise widely accepted margin-scale models worldwide.
Magnetotelluric constraints on the tectonic setting of Grenville-aged orogenesis in central Australia
Authors: Selway K.M. , Hand M. , Payne J.L. , Heinson G.S. , Reid A.
Published: January 2011

Magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected over a 480 km long profile in central Australia, extending from the Mesoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic Gawler Craton into the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic Musgrave Province. The two regions have contrasting geological histories and many reconstruction models of Proterozoic Australia propose that they were juxtaposed during the Mesoproterozoic. Despite the significant differences in geological background between the Gawler Craton and the Musgrave Province, the MT data did not image an electrical structure, or any change in electrical character, between them. MT models suggest that southern–central Australia is electrically separated into two parts. The first, comprising the northernmost Gawler Craton and the Musgrave Province, has a 5 km thick layer of moderate resistivity overlying highly resistive crust. The second, comprising the central–northern Gawler Craton, displays moderate resistivity to the base of the crust. The lithospheric mantle underlying both electrical regions is uniformly highly resistive. Our results suggest that the Musgrave Province and Gawler Craton are more closely related than is currently recognized. We propose that the Gawler Craton forms basement to the Musgrave Province and that the Grenvillian Musgrave Orogeny was an intracratonic reworking event that overprinted the older basement.
Fold amplification history unravelled from growth strata: the Dorood anticline, NW Persian Gulf
Authors: Soleimany Bahman , Poblet Josep , Bulnes Mayte , Sàbat Francesc
Published: January 2011

The origin and kinematic evolution of the Dorood growth anticline, a kilometre-scale fold located in the Iranian NW part of the Persian Gulf on the Zagros front, is discussed based on the geological interpretation of a seismic section and subsequent application of a number of techniques such as depth to detachment estimations, sequential cross-section restoration, estimations of crestal structural relief, shortening, wavelength and fold core area in various stages of fold amplification, and comparison between functions derived from the anticline analysis and functions for theoretical folds. Long-term fold growth rates indicate a slow amplification for
c
. 88.6 Ma punctuated by two periods of faster growth during the Late Cretaceous and from the Late Miocene to the present day. The kinematic evolution proposed involves vertical push related to reactivation of a basement fault during the oldest amplification event and fold tightening owing to buckling as a consequence of horizontal compression in the youngest event, both causing evaporite motion. Fold amplification took place by a combination of hinge migration and limb rotation.
Interpretation of the rupture history of a low slip-rate active fault by analysis of progressive displacement accumulation: an example from the Quaternary Eupcheon Fault, SE Korea
Authors: Kim Young-Seog , Kihm Jung-Hwi , Jin Kwangmin
Published: January 2011

The Eupcheon Fault, one of more than 20 identified Quaternary faults recently reported in the area around the Yangsan and Ulsan faults, SE Korean Peninsula, was discovered during the construction of a primary school in an area close to a nuclear power plant. We analysed a trench excavated across the Eupcheon Fault with the aim of understanding its movement history and kinematics. The Eupcheon Fault is a reverse fault (strike/dip: N20°E/40°SE) that records 6–7 m of displacement (3–4 m vertical separation). The fault consists of a series of branch faults, associated fault-related folds, and rotated pebbles. A previous study reported that the fault originally recorded normal slip but was reactivated during the Quaternary as a reverse fault. We identified four or five Quaternary faulting events upon the fault based on an interpretation of the trench logs including an analysis of colluvial wedges, and measurements of displacement–distance (
d
–
x
) relationships along the fault. We used a quantitative analysis of
d
–
x
relationships, commonly used for consolidated sedimentary rocks, to interpret the deformation history of the fault. From this we estimated the amount of slip in the range of 0.7–1.8 m for each of the five identified faulting events and the earthquake magnitude in the range of M
w
5.4–7.4. We propose two ideal
d
–
x
profiles for syndepositional and post-depositional faulting, and a tectonic evolution model for the area around this fault. This approach may be applicable to analyses of earthquake hazards and studies of fault evolution elsewhere.
Basin architecture and growth folding of the NW Zagros early foreland basin during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary
Authors: Saura Eduard , Vergés Jaume , Homke Stéphane , Blanc Eric , Serra-Kiel Josep , Bernaola Gilen , Casciello Emilio , Fernández Naiara , Romaire Indiana , Casini Giulio , Embry Jean Christophe , Sharp Ian R. , Hunt David W.
Published: January 2011

We present and use the chronostratigraphy of 13 field logs and detailed mapping to constrain the evolution of the early Zagros foreland basin, in NW Iran. Large foraminifera, calcareous nannofossil, palynological and
87
Sr/
86
Sr analysis supplied ages indicating a Campanian–early Eocene age of the basin infill, which is characterizd by a diachronous, southwestward migrating, shallowing upwards, mixed clastic–carbonate succession. Growth synclines and local palaeoslope variations indicate syndepositional folding from Maastrichtian to Eocene time and suggest forelandward migration of the deformation front. We also illustrate the basin architecture with a synthetic stratigraphic transect. From internal to external areas, time lines cross the formation boundaries from continental Kashkan red beds to Taleh Zang mixed clastic–carbonate platforms, Amiran slope deposits and basinal Gurpi–Pabdeh shales and marls. The foreland basin depocentres show a progressive migration from the Campanian to Eocene (
c
. 83–52.7 Ma), with rates of
c
. 2.4 mm a
−1
during the early–middle Palaeocene (
c
. 65.5–58.7 Ma) increasing to
c
. 6 mm a
−1
during the late Palaeocene–earliest Eocene (
c
. 58.7–52.8 Ma). Coeval subsidence remained at
c
. 0.27 mm a
−1
during the first 12.7 Ma and decreased to
c
. 0.16 mm a
−1
during the last 4.2 Ma of basin filling. Finally, we integrate our results with published large-scale maps and discuss their implications in the context of the Zagros orogeny.

Supplementary material:

Tables with dating results are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18439
.
Terrane transfer during the Caledonian orogeny: Baltican affinities of the Liverpool Land Eclogite Terrane in East Greenland
Authors: Augland Lars Eivind , Andresen Arild , Corfu Fernando
Published: January 2011

The Liverpool Land basement horst, East Greenland, comprises two allochthonous Caledonian terranes with very different tectonomagmatic and metamorphic histories, separated by the composite Gubbedalen Shear Zone. The Liverpool Land Eclogite Terrane in the footwall consists of orthogneiss formed at 1645–1640 Ma, affected by eclogite-facies metamorphism at 400 Ma and subsequently migmatized and intruded by granites at 388–385 Ma. The Liverpool Land Eclogite Terrane contrasts with the upper plate, which consists of arc-related Late Ordovician to Early Silurian magmatic rocks and was not affected by the Devonian metamorphism seen in the lower plate. Conversely, Ordovician–Silurian rocks are absent from the lower plate. Mesoproterozoic protolith ages, Early Devonian high-pressure metamorphism, and the occurrence of garnet peridotite distinguish the Liverpool Land Eclogite Terrane from all other terranes in East Greenland, including the large North East Greenland Eclogite Province, whereas these features are characteristic for the Western Gneiss Region in Norway. These observations indicate that the Liverpool Land Eclogite Terrane is exotic with respect to Laurentia and a Baltican origin seems likely. The amalgamation of the Baltican crustal slice with Laurentia probably occurred by imbrication of subducted Baltican crust in a bulk transpressional setting.
Sector collapse of mud volcanoes, Azerbaijan
Authors: Roberts Katie S. , Stewart Simon A. , Davies Richard J. , Evans Robert J.
Published: January 2011

Field data collected from mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan are used to describe a process in mud volcano development that involves portions of the constructional edifices collapsing outwards in ‘thin-skinned' slides. These events create kilometre-scale scarps that are tens of metres in height, arcuate in plan view, elongate and facing downdip. Similar morphological features occur on igneous volcanoes and have been described as ‘sector collapse' structures. The largest sector collapses in igneous volcanoes involve some 10
12
tons of mobilized material; equivalent structures in mud volcanoes are several orders of magnitude smaller. We employ a shape parameter that can be utilized in field and satellite-based mapping, to distinguish between slope failure and eruptive deposits. Three mud volcanoes with kilometre-scale sector collapses are described and controlling mechanisms are reviewed. The updip domains of these collapses are characterized by fluid escape, showing that there is also linkage to deeper mud volcano structure. The observations are reconciled in a model consisting of a deflating mud chamber that triggers thin-skinned sector collapse. The updip domain of the sector collapse is localized above a deep-seated zone of volume loss and the downdip domain of the collapse runs down the edifice flank onto the surrounding plain.
Interview with Ricardo Baeza-Yates
Authors: Atzenbeck Claus
Published: January 2011

Ricardo Baeza-Yates is VP of Yahoo! Research for Europe and Latin America, leading the labs at Barcelona, Spain and Santiago, Chile, since 2006, as well as supervising the newer lab in Haifa, Israel. Until 2005 he was the director of the Center for Web Research at the Department of computer science of the Engineering School of the University of Chile; and ICREA Professor at the Dept. of Technology of Univ. Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Spain. He is co-author of the bestseller book
Modern Information Retrieval
, published in 1999 by Addison-Wesley with a second edition coming in 2010, as well as co-author of the 2nd edition of the
Handbook of Algorithms and Data Structures
, Addison-Wesley, 1991; and co-editor of
Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Data Structures
, Prentice-Hall, 1992, among more than 150 other publications. He has received the Organization of American States award for young researchers in exact sciences (1993) and with two Brazilian colleagues obtained the COMPAQ prize for the best computer science Brazilian research article (1997). In 2003 he was the first computer scientist to be elected to the Chilean Academy of Sciences. During 2007 he was awarded the Graham Medal for innovation in computing, given by the University of Waterloo to distinguished ex-alumni. In 2009 he was awarded the Latin American distinction for contributions to computer science in the region and became an ACM Fellow.
"Novel Approaches to Acquisition and Maintenance of User Model" by Anton Andrejko with Jessica Rubart as coordinator
Authors: Andrejko Anton
Published: January 2011

Anton Andrejko received his PhD in the field of Software engineering from Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava in February 2009. His thesis was supervised by Prof. Mária Bieliková. He has worked in the area of user modeling and personalization.
Foster a community spirit
Authors: Lunn Darren , Yesilada Yeliz
Published: January 2011

The primary methods for SIGWEB members to be involved with the community and stay in contact with events happening within the SIG is via the SIGWEB Website and the Newsletter. Over the past three years the SIGWEB Website and Newsletter have seen many new additions to the content that it offers. In this article we explore some of the member driven activity that SIGWEB has to offer and invite members to participate in -- and suggest future additions of -- the SIGWEB community.
Federation
Authors: Boyer Michael , Tarjan David , Skadron Kevin
Published: January 2011

Manycore architectures designed for parallel workloads are likely to use simple, highly multithreaded, in-order cores. This maximizes throughput, but only with enough threads to keep hardware utilized. For applications or phases with more limited parallelism, we describe creating an out-of-order processor on-the-fly, by
federating
two neighboring in-order cores. We reuse the large register file in the multithreaded cores to implement some out-of-order structures and reengineer other large, associative structures into simpler lookup tables. The resulting federated core provides twice the single-thread performance of the underlying in-order core, allowing the architecture to efficiently support a wider range of parallelism.
Things we value
Authors: Giaccardi Elisa
Published: January 2011

"On Heritage" aims to offer and promote a rich discussion at the intersection of art, performance, and culture that expands the boundaries of HCI while broadening our understanding of how things of the past come to matter in the present.

Elisa Giaccardi, Editor | elisa.giaccardi@uc3m.es
TIMELINESMultiscale zooming interfaces
Authors: Hollan James D.
Published: January 2011

"Timelines" provides perspectives on HCI history, glancing back at a road that sometimes took unexpected branches and turns. History is not a dry list of events; it is about points of view and differing interpretations.

        

Jonathan Grudin, Editor | jgrudin@microsoft.com
A self-organizing localization reference grid
Authors: Eckert Juergen , Villanueva Felix , German Reinhard , Dressler Falko
Published: January 2011

We propose a non-persistent localization system using a self-organizing reference grid of autonomous robot systems. The key idea is to continuously maintain accurate relative positions between the robots using an enhanced mass spring relaxation model. The robots estimate distances between neighboring systems using an ultrasonic system, measuring both the time of flight based distance and the angle between the systems. The algorithm then adapts the local position of the robot in the grid according to its neighbors. We developed a mass spring relaxation model allowing to maintain a completely self-organizing reference grid. In mass spring, newly arriving nodes can introduce oscillations and self-localization might fail or take a long time to converge. Therefore, we first use the available grid to localize the arriving system with reference to the grid before including the robot as a new reference point. Misplaced nodes are detected and corrected by our enhancements. In turn, the grid is able to provide accurate localization services, e.g. for flying robots.
Arbitrary street density distributions for modeling mobility in urban scenarios
Authors: Aschenbruck Nils , Bothe Alexander , Schwamborn Matthias
Published: January 2011

When modeling mobility in urban scenarios, uniform distributions of the destinations can only be realized when geographic restrictions are considered. We present a straight-forward approach using maps (such as OpenStreetMap (OSM)) to get the desired distributions. Following this approach, it is possible to generate destinations and movements following arbitrary distributions. We present a proof of concept by visual evaluation. Furthermore, we show that the street density distributions have an impact on scenario modeling.
Cognitive relay protocol
Authors: Kung Chun-Ta , Ma Ko-Wei , Wei Hung-Yu
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we design and implement a cognitive relay protocol (CogRelay) in MAC layer to efficiently relay data packets. The proposed scheme chooses high quality relay links to prevent unnecessary relay, thereby enhancing relay efficiency and acquiring higher throughput. The relaying overhead is light since there is no extra transmission compared with direct communication. Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) testbed experiments show that CogRelay can efficiently boost packet reception ratio and throughput in multi-node relay network.
Congestion aware data dissemination in social opportunistic networks
Authors: Radenkovic Milena , Grundy Andrew
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the design, development and evaluation an interest driven overlay on the top of our congestion aware forwarding protocol (CAFe) for social opportunistic networks. We show that P2P filecasting on top of Cafe achieves high success ratio of answered queries and high availability of intermediary nodes while maintaining fast downloads.
Exploiting routing redundancy using MAC layer anycast to improve delay in WSN
Authors: Ashref Farhana , Kravets Robin H. , Vaidya Nitin H.
Published: January 2011

Source-destination pairs in wireless sensor networks often have multiple shortest hop paths because the nodes are densely deployed. These multiple paths provide a great opportunity to reduce delay in an asynchronous duty-cycled network. In this paper, we exploit the redundancy available at the route layer using MAC-layer anycasting. We choose the next hop node that wakes up the soonest and thus reduce the delay incurred at each hop.
Centralized flow coordination for proportional fairness in enterprise wireless mesh networks
Authors: Yoo Jae-Yong , Kim Jong Won
Published: January 2011

IEEE 802.11-based Enterprise WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks) is one of possible practical extensions of WMNs. However, the wide adoption of Enterprise WMNs is limited by the flow unfairness problem due to the complicated interference relationship between adjacent nodes. To overcome this limitation, we propose FlowNet that centrally coordinates flows to implement a centralized source rate control algorithm in the Enterprise WMNs. By the cooperative operation between flow signalling and flow balancing methods, FlowNet provides proportional fairness among multiple flows in the Enterprise WMNs.
Curing HIV: Pharmacologic Approaches to Target HIV-1 Latency
Authors: Choudhary Shailesh K. , Margolis David M.
Published: January 2011

HIV-1 infection persists even after years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although ART can halt viral replication and thereby reduce viremia to clinically undetectable levels, proviral latency established within the host genome remains largely unaffected by ART and can replenish systemic infection following interruption of therapy. Pharmacologic strategies, which not only target viral replication but also deplete proviral infection, are required for successful clearance of HIV-1 infection. This review highlights the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain HIV-1 latency in its major reservoir, the resting memory CD4+T cell. We also identify the molecular targets that might be exploited to induce HIV-1 expression, remove epigenetic restrictions, or enhance effective transcription. Finally, we discuss the potential pharmacologic approaches toward targeting viral persistence in different cellular and anatomical reservoirs to achieve a cure of HIV-1 infection.
Hydrogen Sulfide and Cell Signaling
Authors: Li Ling , Rose Peter , Moore Philip K.
Published: January 2011

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator synthesized from cysteine by cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and other naturally occurring enzymes. Pharmacological experiments using H2S donors and genetic experiments using CSE knockout mice suggest important roles for this vasodilator gas in the regulation of blood vessel caliber, cardiac response to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and inflammation. That H2S inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and reduces cell energy production has been known for many decades, but more recently, a number of additional pharmacological targets for this gas have been identified. H2S activates KATP and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels but usually inhibits big conductance Ca2+-sensitive K+ (BKCa) channels, T-type calcium channels, and M-type calcium channels. H2S may inhibit or activate NF-κB nuclear translocation while affecting the activity of numerous kinases including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Akt. These disparate effects may be secondary to the well-known reducing activity of H2S and/or its ability to promote sulfhydration of protein cysteine moieties within the cell.