bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Fundamental Properties and Atmospheric Features of Subdwarfs via a Case Study of SDSS J125637.13–022452.4∗
Authors: Gonzales Eileen C. , Faherty Jacqueline K. , Gagné Jonathan , Artigau Étienne , Gagliuffi Daniella Bardalez
Published: September 2018

We present the distance-calibrated spectral energy distribution (SED) of the sdL3.5 subdwarf SDSS J125637.13−022452.4 (J1256−0224) using its Gaia DR2 parallax. We report the bolometric luminosity and semi-empirical fundamental parameters, as well as updated UVW velocities. The SED of J1256−0224 is compared to field-age and low-gravity dwarfs of the same effective temperature (T
eff) and bolometric luminosity. In the former comparison, we find that the SED of J1256−0224 is brighter than the field source in the optical, but dims in comparison beyond the J band, where it becomes fainter than the field from the H through W2 bands. Compared to the young source, it is fainter at all wavelengths. We conclude that J1256−0224 is depleted of condensates compared to both objects. A near-infrared band-by-band analysis of the spectral features of J1256−0224 is done and is compared to the equivalent T
eff sample. From this analysis, we find a peculiar behavior of the J-band K i doublets whereby the 1.17 μm doublet is stronger than the field or young source, as expected, while the 1.25 μm doublet shows indications of low gravity. In examining a sample of four other subdwarfs with comparable data, we confirm this trend across different subtypes indicating that the 1.25 μm doublet is a poor indicator of gravity for low-metallicity objects. In the K-band analysis of J1256−0224, we detect the 2.29 μm CO line of J1256−0224, previously unseen in the low-resolution SpeX data. We also present fundamental parameters using Gaia parallaxes for nine additional subdwarfs with spectral types M7–L7 for comparison. The 10 subdwarfs are placed in a temperature sequence, and we find a poor linear correlation with spectral type. We present polynomial relations for absolute magnitude in JHKW1W2, effective temperature, and bolometric luminosity versus spectral type for subdwarfs.
Classically and Asteroseismically Constrained 1D Stellar Evolution Models of α Centauri A and B Using Empirical Mixing Length Calibrations
Authors: Joyce M. , Chaboyer B.
Published: September 2018

The bright, nearby binary α Centauri provides an excellent laboratory for testing stellar evolution models, because it is one of the few stellar systems for which we have high-precision classical (mass, radius, luminosity) and asteroseismic (p-mode) observations. Stellar models are created and fit to the classical and seismic observations of both stars by allowing for the free variation of the convective mixing length parameter α
MLT. This system is modeled using five different sets of assumptions about the physics governing the stellar models. There are 31 pairs of tracks (out of ∼150,000 generated) that fit the classical, binary, and seismic observational constraints of the system within 3σ. Models with each tested choice of input physics are found to be viable, but the optimal mixing lengths for α Cen A and α Cen B remain the same regardless of the physical prescription. The optimal mixing lengths are α
MLT,A/α
⊙ = 0.932 and α
MLT,B/α
⊙ = 1.095. That α Cen A and α Cen B require subsolar and supersolar mixing lengths, respectively, to fit the observations is a trend consistent with recent findings, such as those of Kervella et al., Joyce & Chaboyer, and Viani et al. The optimal models find an age for α Centauri of 5.3 ± 0.3 Gyr.
Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
Authors: Brown Gillen , Gnedin Oleg Y. , Li Hui
Published: September 2018

We investigate the possible connection between the most massive globular clusters, such as ω Cen and M54, and nuclear star clusters (NSCs) of dwarf galaxies that exhibit similar spreads in age and metallicity. We examine galactic nuclei in cosmological galaxy formation simulations at z ≈ 1.5 to explore whether their age and metallicity spreads could explain these massive globular clusters. We derive structural properties of these nuclear regions, including mass, size, rotation, and shape. By using theoretical supernova yields to model the supernova enrichment in the simulations, we obtain individual elemental abundances for Fe, O, Na, Mg, and Al. Our nuclei are systematically more metal-rich than their host galaxies, which lie on the expected mass–metallicity relation. Some nuclei have a spread in Fe and age comparable to the massive globular clusters of the Milky Way, lending support to the hypothesis that NSCs of dwarf galaxies could be the progenitors of these objects. None of our nuclear regions contain the light element abundance spreads that characterize globular clusters, even when a large age spread is present. Our results demonstrate that extended star formation history within clusters, with metal pollution provided solely by supernova ejecta, is capable of replicating the metallicity spreads of massive globular clusters, but still requires another polluter to produce the light element variations.
Two-stage Electron Acceleration by 3D Collisionless Guide-field Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Muñoz P. A. , Büchner J.
Published: September 2018

We report a newly found two-stage mechanism of electron acceleration near X-lines of 3D collisionless guide-field magnetic reconnection in the nonrelativistic regime typical, e.g., for stellar coronae. We found that after electrons are first pre-accelerated during the linear growth of reconnection, they become additionally accelerated in the course of the nonlinear stage of 3D guide-field magnetic reconnection. This additional acceleration is due to the filamentation of electric and magnetic fields caused by streaming instabilities. In addition to enhanced parallel electric fields, the filamentation leads to additional curvature-driven electron acceleration in the guide-field direction. As a result, part of the accelerated electron spectra becomes a power law with a spectral index of ∼−1.6 near the X-line. This second stage of acceleration due to nonlinear reconnection is relevant for the production of energetic electrons in, e.g., thin current sheets of stellar coronae.
Prediction of Supernova Rates in Known Galaxy–Galaxy Strong-lens Systems
Authors: Shu Yiping , Bolton Adam S. , Mao Shude , Kang Xi , Li Guoliang , Soraisam Monika
Published: September 2018

We propose a new strategy of finding strongly lensed supernovae (SNe) by monitoring known galaxy-scale strong-lens systems. Strongly lensed SNe are potentially powerful tools for the study of cosmology, galaxy evolution, and stellar populations, but they are extremely rare. By targeting known strongly lensed star-forming galaxies, our strategy significantly boosts the detection efficiency for lensed SNe compared to a blind search. As a reference sample, we compile the 128 galaxy–galaxy strong-lens systems from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey (SLACS), the SLACS for the Masses Survey, and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Emission-Line Lens Survey. Within this sample, we estimate the rates of strongly lensed Type Ia SN (SNIa) and core-collapse SN (CCSN) to be 1.23 ± 0.12 and 10.4 ± 1.1 events per year, respectively. The lensed SN images are expected to be widely separated with a median separation of 2 arcsec. Assuming a conservative fiducial lensing magnification factor of 5 for the most highly magnified SN image, we forecast that a monitoring program with a single-visit depth of 24.7 mag (5σ point source, r band) and a cadence of 5 days can detect 0.49 strongly lensed SNIa event and 2.1 strongly lensed CCSN events per year within this sample. Our proposed targeted-search strategy is particularly useful for prompt and efficient identifications and follow-up observations of strongly lensed SN candidates. It also allows telescopes with small fields of view and limited time to efficiently discover strongly lensed SNe with a pencil-beam scanning strategy.
Youtuus, a new bamboo-feeding genus of the tribe Augilini with two new species from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Caliscelidae)
Authors: Gong Nian , Yang Lin , Chen Xiang-Sheng
Published: September 2018

A new bamboo-feeding planthopper genusYoutuusChen & Gong,gen. n.with two new speciesY.erythrusGong, Yang & Chen,sp. n.andY.strigatusGong, Yang & Chen,sp. n.(Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae: Ommatidiotinae: Augilini), are described and illustrated from China. Keys to the genera of Augilini and the species ofYoutuusChen & Gong,gen. n.are given.
Le mot nu ment
Authors: Bosc Patrice
Published: September 2018

Ce petit texte joue des mots pour dire leur puissance, mais aussi leur dépendance à l’interprétation à venir, la seule qui vaille, et ainsi conclure de leur inexistence dans leur isolement et leur fossilisation. Pour dire sans doute, ce qui n’est pas encore dit là, qu’il n’y a de mot et de langage que dans l’interprétation, dans le croisement des langues, étrangères ou familières.
Le discernement des situations dans la tradition ignatienne
Authors: Goujon Patrick
Published: September 2018

Nul doute que le recours au discernement promu par le pape François ne fasse référence à la tradition ouverte par Ignace de Loyola, en particulier dans ses Exercices spirituels . C’est pourtant à partir de situations tirées de la correspondance d’Ignace et des Constitutions des jésuites que cet article prétend éclairer le discernement. Le discernement offre un ancrage dans le réel, une invitation à prendre position, à trouver sa place devant Dieu et parmi les hommes. Le discernement se laisse comprendre alors, au sens large, comme la détermination de cette position dans l’existence, détermination que rend possible l’attention aux manières dont je suis affecté par la situation, ce qu’est le discernement spirituel, au sens strict, distinct du discernement moral.
Réhabiliter une cimenterie en zone de conflits armés ?
Authors: Bougon Bernard
Published: September 2018

Fin des années 1990, EGU, une société industrielle française, spécialisée dans les transmissions mécaniques, répond à un appel d’offres pour la réhabilitation d’une cimenterie située dans le Sud algérien. Pour EGU, c’est l’occasion de pénétrer sur un marché qui est à la fois dans son cœur de métier et dont elle est absente. Très vite, une question grave se pose : cette cimenterie est située dans une zone contrôlée par des factions en lutte armée contre le gouvernement algérien. Que faire, se demandent les dirigeants ? Ce cas présente EGU et comment ses dirigeants ont traité la question. Jusqu’au dénouement. En cours de présentation, les participants au colloque ont été invités à se mettre à la place des dirigeants pour donner leurs propres réponses à la question posée.
« Le naufrage des idéaux » : conséquences de la Première Guerre mondiale sur les relations culturelles internationales de l’Équateur
Authors: Lenoël Élodie
Published: September 2018

La Grande Guerre est le premier conflit qualifié de mondial et de total. L’observation de son impact dans un pays aussi éloigné et a priori aussi peu impliqué que l’Équateur invite à interroger cette mondialité. Dans un pays qui n’est pourtant pas entré en guerre, le conflit est omniprésent et fait naître des adhésions et de la fascination, mais aussi des critiques. La barbarie qui se déchaîne sur le sol européen indigne et provoque une prise de distance avec l’ancien modèle du Vieux Continent. Ainsi, dans le champ culturel, la Première Guerre mondiale provoque en Équateur une remise en question des exemples culturels européens et invite les élites à des changements de paradigme sur lesquels fonder la construction culturelle de la nation.
Intégrer le droit international aux relations interétatiques : les juristes belges à Versailles en 1919
Authors: Genin Vincent
Published: September 2018

Cet article traite du rôle joué par les juristes belges lors de la Conférence de la Paix de Versailles de 1919, marquant l’entrée du droit international moderne dans sa phase active. Petit pays ayant abrogé sa neutralité, reconnu pour son expansion économique, la Belgique « martyre » d’août 1914 mobilise les arguments de l’expertise juridique afin d’aborder une grande négociation internationale où, à sa surprise, ses revendications seront peu entendues. Cette étude tend à cerner le poids relatif des juristes belges dans le processus décisionnel de Versailles mais aussi ce qu’ils expriment d’un pays en perte d’influence et à un tournant de sa manière d’être au monde.
Promouvoir l’ouverture commerciale et le progrès social : les normes de travail équitables dans la Charte de La Havane (1948)
Authors: Zini Sylvain
Published: September 2018

L’objet de cet article est de mieux comprendre les fondements de l’inclusion de l’article 7 consacré aux normes équitables de travail dans la charte de La Havane qui devait instituer l’Organisation internationale du commerce (OIC). Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les principaux architectes du nouvel ordre international accordaient une importance majeure au progrès social. Dans cet esprit, et à la suite de la proposition de la délégation cubaine, les pays développés comme les nations en développement ont coopéré pour créer un mécanisme obligeant tout membre de l’OIC à faire respecter des normes de travail équitables, de manière à créer les conditions propices à un accroissement harmonieux des échanges internationaux. Malheureusement, cette première forme de clause sociale n’a pas survécu à la disparition prématurée de l’OIC.
Projets français et belge de grands barrages africains, 1954-1960. Nationalismes, Eurafrique ou panafricanisme ?
Authors: Mukanya Kaninda-Muana Jean-Bruno
Published: September 2018

Actualisés après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les projets français et belge de grands barrages africains représentaient une initiative-phare pour l’intégration tant euro-africaine que proprement africaine, car ils bénéficiaient de facteurs stimulants exceptionnellement convergents. Mais, marqués par l’extraversion et les divergences d’intérêts entre les forces en présence que la BIRD elle-même ne sut concilier, ils ne débouchèrent pas sur l’intégration énergétique de l’Afrique. Les exigences en matière de stabilité politico-économique des colonies des entreprises canadiennes et américaines soucieuses de garantir leurs investissements, le verrouillage de la souveraineté par les capitalismes coloniaux français et belge, attachés à défendre l’intérêt national et à consolider les Empires, conduisirent fondamentalement à négliger le facteur africain. Lors de la décolonisation, ce dernier devint déterminant, obligeant les protagonistes à réajuster leurs stratégies. L’indépendance marqua la fin du rêve d’intégration africaine par le biais hydroélectrique. Les projets de grands barrages devinrent, entre l’Occident et les nouveaux États africains indépendants, des instruments de coopération à la carte.
À l’origine de la francophonie institutionnelle. La création de l’Association internationale des maires francophones
Authors: Dumazert Laura
Published: September 2018

La création le 1 er  mai 1979, dans un contexte marqué par les échecs successifs de projets intergouvernementaux d’organisation d’un Sommet francophone, de l’Association internationale des maires francophones (AIMF) constitue un événement sans précédent dans l’histoire de la francophonie. À contre-courant d’une historiographique classique jusque-là restreinte aux politiques francophones intergouvernementales, cet article propose d’étudier le tournant que constitue l’apparition de ce nouvel acteur sur la scène internationale. Il s’intéresse à cet effet au contexte propice au développement d’une politique intercommunale avant d’analyser les ambitions diplomatiques de cette association et, enfin, sa reconnaissance progressive par la Francophonie institutionnelle.
Variety of pronunciation models in European and American teaching or (self-)learning manuals of pronunciation for non-native speakers of Spanish
Authors: Miotti Renzo
Published: September 2018

This paper analyses a corpus of Spanish pronunciation manuals published in Europe (Spain and Italy) and in the Americas (United States, Canada, and Brazil) from the 1970s onwards, which are aimed at second-language learners.
The aim is to answer the following questions: Which pronunciation model is adopted in (self-)learning pronunciation manuals for non-native speakers of Spanish in Europe and America? Is it possible to observe a convergence towards a unique model or do these manuals reflect a plurality of different models? What is the role of the Castilian norm? Is it still the only reference model in Europe? Is it still viewed as a prestige model in non-Spanish speaking parts of the American continent, as it has been for a long time? Finally, what are the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the pronunciation norms employed in these manuals?
The results of the analysis show that the manuals in the corpus reflect a plurality of different pronunciation models. The Castilian norm, which distinguishes between /θ/ and /s/, and in most manuals also between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/, still has an undisputed primary role in Europe. In America, by contrast, three basic models can be observed, namely a neutral American— which in its main features coincides with the Spanish of Latin American highlands—, the European one, and Buenos Aires Spanish. Moreover, it must be pointed out that in American manuals the European model is always an alternative to the neutral American one and it is never proposed as a unique reference standard. Brazilian manuals, on the other hand, represent an anomalous case due to the lack of a unique reference standard as the teaching model. In this case, the three mentioned reference models represent alternative options based on characteristics of different kinds, as discussed in the article.
On a defective Mitraclip© system: Considerations on the medical device regulation in Europe
Authors: Giordano Arturo , Silvestre Angela , Pieri Maria , Vacchiano Giuseppe
Published: September 2018

The use of medical devices is constantly growing and constitutes a valid aid to ailing people because of remarkable technological advances. The regulations on their circulation in Italy and Europe are inspired by the principle of free circulation: it is sufficient for a device to have the CE logo for it to be freely commercialized in all European countries. These regulations that favors commerce also expose the sick to the risk of harm from defective devices that have not been suitably checked prior to commercial release. This paper reports a case of a defective MitraClip© Delivery System, discusses other episodes of similar device malfunctioning, and analyzes the European legislation on medical devices. In the author's opinion, a careful 'control' policy for devices, an adequate care in device manufacturing, an appropriate evaluation of pre- and post-marketing and suitable measures for the patient's safety are needed.
Diagnosis of dust- and haze pollution-impacted PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 aerosols observed at Gosan Climate Observatory
Authors: Shang Xiaona , Lee Meehye , Lim Saehee , Gustafsson Örjan , Lee Gangwoong , Chang Limseok
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In East Asia, soil dust is a major component of aerosols and is mixed with various pollutants during transport, resulting in large uncertainty in climate and environmental impact assessment and relevant policymaking. To diagnose the influence of soil dust and anthropogenic pollution on bulk aerosol, we conducted long-term measurements of mass, water-soluble ions, and carbonaceous compounds of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 at Gosan Climate Observatory, South Korea, from August 2007 to February 2012. The principle component analyses of all measured species reveal that the impact of anthropogenic pollution, soil dust, and agricultural fertilizer accounts for 46 %, 16 %, and 9 % of the total variance, respectively. Particularly, the loadings of agricultural component were high in the warmer months with the least occurrence of high concentration events and have increased over time. In mode analysis of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations, the mean + σ was comparable to the 90th percentile and thus, suggested as a robust criterion that determines the substantial impact of soil dust and haze pollution on particulate matter. The results of this study imply that non-combustion sources such as soil dust will impose constraints to the reduction of PM2.5 as well as PM10 concentrations. In addition, questions are raised as to whether the yearly average concentration is suitable for environmental standard in northeast Asian region.
Persistent tracers of historic ice flow in glacial stratigraphy near Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Holschuh Nicholas , Christianson Knut , Conway Howard , Jacobel Robert W. , Welch Brian C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Variations in properties controlling ice flow (e.g., topography, accumulation
rate, basal friction) are recorded by structures in glacial stratigraphy.
When anomalies that disturb the stratigraphy are fixed in space, the
structures they produce advect away from the source and can be used to trace
flow pathways and reconstruct ice-flow patterns of the past. Here we provide
an example of one of these persistent tracers: a prominent unconformity in
the glacial layering that originates at Mt. Resnik, part of a subglacial
volcanic complex near Kamb Ice Stream in central West Antarctica. The
unconformity records a change in the regional thinning behavior seemingly
coincident (∼3440±117 a) with stabilization of grounding-line
retreat in the Ross Sea Embayment. We argue that this feature records both
the flow and thinning history far upstream of the Ross Sea grounding line,
indicating a limited influence of observed ice-stream stagnation cycles on
large-scale ice-sheet routing over the last ∼ 5700 years.
Análise bibliométrica das publicações em quatro eventos científicos sobre gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos a partir da Política Nacional de resíduos Sólidos – Lei nº 12.305/2010
Authors: Bonjardim Estela Cristina , Pereira Raquel Da Silva , Guardabassio Eliana Vileide
Published: September 2018

Este artigo descreve os resultados de uma pesquisa na literatura científica relacionada à Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, publicada nos anais de quatro conferências brasileiras relevantes na área de Administração de Empresas: Encontro da ANPAD (ENANPAD), Encontro Internacional sobre Gestão e Meio Ambiente (ENGEMA), Seminários em Administração (SEMEAD) e Simpósio de Administração, Logística e Operações Internacionais (SIMPOI). A coleta de dados considerou o período de 2011 a 2016, que reflete o ajuste de conduta para atender aos requisitos da Lei nº 12.305/2010, conforme proposto pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um estudo empírico-analítico, com aplicação de técnicas bibliométricas que identificaram, nos anais dos eventos, 447 artigos referentes à Gestão Ambiental e aos resíduos sólidos produzidos nos municípios. Destes, 331 (73,5%) referiram-se especificamente ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e foram utilizados como amostra documental para o presente artigo. Como resultado da análise do presente trabalho, foram identificados 45 elementos abordados na gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Esses elementos foram classificados em quatro categorias de análise: Cooperativas de catadores, Lógica reversa, Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e Desperdício. Dentre as conclusões que chegamos com as análises do conteúdo, podemos listar: aumento gradativo da discussão sobre Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos no Brasil, desde que a Lei foi editada e implementada, o que aponta uma tendência do tema tornar-se mais explorado no âmbito nacional da produção acadêmica, considerando sua importância no debate ambiental internacional; observação do ENGEMA enquanto evento que concentra o maior percentual de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, atingindo 65,86% dos artigos publicados na temática; constatação de que, em termos de afiliação do autor, há predominância de pesquisadores de universidades federais localizadas nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil; evidenciação, por meio dos artigos, da existência de práticas bem-sucedidas de reciclagem, logística reversa e coleta seletiva.
Análise do comportamento das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) do Brasil e de outros países por meio da Identidade de Kaya e do Perfil de Emissões
Authors: Feijó Gustavo Dos Reis , Rangel João Jose de Assis
Published: September 2018

Este trabalho analisa o comportamento das emissões de dióxido de carbono em relação ao crescimento econômico e populacional nas últimas duas décadas do Brasil e de outros países selecionados. Os métodos da Identidade de Kaya e do Perfil de Emissões foram empregados para modelar um conjunto de dados relativos ao Brasil e a outros seis países. Os dados mais recentes disponíveis e utilizados como fonte de análises no momento desta pesquisa são os da Agência Internacional de Energia para o período de 1990 a 2014. Os resultados avaliados mostraram duas conclusões antagônicas para o Brasil. A primeira é que, quando comparado aos outros países investigados, o Brasil tem a melhor posição em termos de volume total dos gases poluentes lançados na atmosfera. Já a segunda conclusão mostra que as emissões de dióxido de carbono do País estão crescendo mais do que o aumento populacional. Ou seja, se continuar da forma que está, o País poderá perder a condição de destaque de matriz energética mais sustentável.
Comunicação e a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica: uma leitura sobre o Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e o Parque Natural da Maremma (Toscana, Itália)
Authors: Oliveira Elizabeth , Irving Marta De Azevedo , Punzo Lionello Franco
Published: September 2018

A conservação da biodiversidade representa uma demanda contemporânea de grande complexidade. Em cenários de crise ambiental, diversos grupos sociais têm buscado influenciar o processo de tomada de decisão, por meio de pactos como a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB), principal acordo internacional orientador de políticas públicas dirigidas a essa agenda. No âmbito da CDB, a comunicação é reconhecida como um componente fundamental para a sensibilização da sociedade sobre a importância dessa temática. Partindo desse pressuposto e considerando o papel estratégico das áreas protegidas para a conservação da biodiversidade global, o objetivo deste artigo é interpretar como as ações de comunicação se expressam na gestão de duas áreas protegidas localizadas em contextos geográficos, socioeconômicos e ambientais distintos. Neste recorte, foram selecionados o Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, país líder mundial em diversidade biológica; e o Parque Natural da Maremma, região da Toscana, Itália, país que responde pela maior biodiversidade da União Europeia. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, entrevistas com interlocutores da gestão pública e análise de ferramentas de comunicação virtuais disponíveis, foi possível avaliar que há ações em curso, em ambos os parques. Porém, considerando que, dentre as 20 Metas de Aichi (pactuadas pela CDB para 2011-2020), a Meta 1 remete à sensibilização da sociedade sobre a relevância da biodiversidade, diferenças evidentes são observadas em relação à maneira como a gestão de cada parque gera e divulga suas informações, o que tende a influenciar o alcance dessa meta, em cada caso.
The Effect of Financial Development on Energy Intensity in China
Authors: Aller Carlos , Herrerias Maria Jesus , Ordóñez Javier
Published: September 2018

In this study, we analyse the relationship between financial development and energy intensity in 28 Chinese provinces over the period 1999 to 2014. Using a wide variety of financial development measures, as well as specific indicators capturing the level of state intervention in the financial system and the degree of market-driven financing in the economy, we examine whether limited access to finance acts as a barrier to reducing energy intensity. Our estimations control for variables such as state investment, stock market capitalization and the composition effect. Further, a GMM estimator is used to control for endogeneity in our models. Our results provide evidence that a poorly functioning financial system constrains the reduction of energy intensity across regions. However, the strength of these effects has been gradually declining over time, especially following the implementation of the Green Credit Policy. Limitations in domestic access to finance as well as the misallocation of funds and the efficient use of capital have policy implications, as they can reduce the incentives for investment in the energy sector. These findings are a source of considerable interest in light of the new policy based on green credit, and they highlight new opportunities as well as challenges to sustainable economic growth.
TrainWreck, or The Failures of Infrastructure: reflections on a Creative People and Place project
Authors: Schrag Anthony
Published: September 2018

This reflective text considers the ‘failures of infrastructure’ from the perspective of a researcher involved in a participatory art project funded by Creative People and Places. It uses a single project to act as a microcosm of the practice in general, and encourage the field as a whole to take stock of how artists’ research is expected to occur. It has very consciously not discussed the methods or methodologies of the ‘what’ or ‘why’ of the artistic research undertaken, but rather focuses on the human element of doing artistic research, exploring this from a personal perspective. It has done so to give credence to the notions put forward by Howard S. Becker as long ago as 1984 regarding the interconnectedness of artistic processes to other elements of human existence, and the extent to which infrastructure affects artistic (or artistic research) production. Artists/artist-researchers cannot therefore operate as isolated islands, but rather must consider all the elements around them that impact their work: this includes an understanding of the ‘personal’. It is relevant to – and explores the intersection of – the fields of cultural policy (i.e., government/organisations), cultural management (arts organisations/institutions) and cultural production (i.e., artists/communities), as it concerns the infrastructure that links those fields together.
Alcances y condiciones de factibilidad de la investigación artística
Authors: Roncoroni Osio Umberto Luigi
Published: September 2018

Hoy, filosofía, ciencia y tecnología ofrecen nuevas opciones a la investigación artística, pero varias contradicciones cuestionan su consistencia y comprometen su autonomía disciplinaria. En este artículo, revisaremos las limitaciones teóricas y metodológicas de los escenarios donde el arte suele desarrollar su praxis investigadora. Luego, discutiremos, sobre la base de la crítica epistemológica de Eco y Wagensberg y del concepto de impostura intelectual de Sokal y Bricmont, las dificultades del artista que pretende sustentar científicamente su labor creativa. En busca de soluciones concretas, nos apoyaremos en la filosofía de la ciencia de Lakatos y en las ventajas de las tecnologías digitales. Se concluye que el arte puede aportar cosas al conocimiento solo si soluciona los problemas estéticos pendientes y si el artista actualiza sus competencias interdisciplinarias y tecnológicas.
¿LES dice algo a los antropólogos? Aplicaciones de la investigación artística al campo de las ciencias antropológicas
Authors: García Jorge David
Published: September 2018

En este artículo, se exponen algunas ideas respecto a la contribución que las prácticas de investigación artística pueden ofrecer a las ciencias sociales, y más concretamente, a la disciplina antropológica y al enfoque particular de la etnografía sonora. En un primer momento, se plantean una serie de consideraciones generales sobre el enfoque mencionado, para después analizar la relación que este tiene con el marco general de la investigación artística.
Finalmente, en un último apartado, se habla del llamado Laboratorio de Etnografía Sonora (LES), un proyecto de formación e investigación sono-etnográfica que el autor de este texto ha venido desarrollando en los últimos dos años.
Metformin reverses early cortical network dysfunction and behavior changes in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Arnoux Isabelle , Willam Michael , Griesche Nadine , Krummeich Jennifer , Watari Hirofumi , Offermann Nina , Weber Stephanie , Narayan Dey Partha , Chen Changwei , Monteiro Olivia , Buettner Sven , Meyer Katharina , Bano Daniele , Radyushkin Konstantin , Langston Rosamund , Lambert Jeremy J , Wanker Erich , Methner Axel , Krauss Sybille , Schweiger Susann , Stroh Albrecht
Published: September 2018

Catching primal functional changes in early, ‘very far from disease onset’ (VFDO) stages of Huntington’s disease is likely to be the key to a successful therapy. Focusing on VFDO stages, we assessed neuronal microcircuits in premanifest Hdh150 knock-in mice. Employing in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we revealed an early pattern of circuit dysregulation in the visual cortex - one of the first regions affected in premanifest Huntington’s disease - characterized by an increase in activity, an enhanced synchronicity and hyperactive neurons. These findings are accompanied by aberrations in animal behavior. We furthermore show that the antidiabetic drug metformin diminishes aberrant Huntingtin protein load and fully restores both early network activity patterns and behavioral aberrations. This network-centered approach reveals a critical window of vulnerability far before clinical manifestation and establishes metformin as a promising candidate for a chronic therapy starting early in premanifest Huntington’s disease pathogenesis long before the onset of clinical symptoms.
Factors influencing exotic species richness in Argentina’s national parks
Authors: Gantchoff Mariela G. , Wilton Clay M. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: September 2018

Exotic species introductions are a global phenomenon and protected areas are susceptible to them. Understanding the drivers of exotic species richness is vital for prioritizing natural resource management, particularly in developing countries with limited resources. We analyzed the influence of coarse resolution factors on exotic species richness (plants, mammals, and birds) in Argentina’s National Parks System. We collected data on native species richness, year of park formation, park area, region, elevation range, number of rivers crossing area boundaries, roads entering area, mean annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, mean annual number of visitors, and Human Influence Index within and surrounding each park. We compiled 1,688 exotic records in 36 protected areas: 83% plants and 17% animals (9.5% mammals, 5.5% birds, 1.5% fishes, 0% amphibians, 0% reptiles). The five parks with the most exotic species (all taxa combined) were in north Patagonia. Exotic grasses were the most common exotic plants, and within animals, lagomorphs and feral ungulates were remarkably widespread. Exotic plant richness was mostly influenced by temperature and native plant richness, while exotic mammal and bird richness was driven mostly by anthropogenic variables, with models explaining 36–45% of data deviance. Most variables that positively influenced exotic taxa were indirectly related to an increase in spatial heterogeneity (natural or anthropogenic), suggesting greater niche space variability as facilitators of exotic richness increase. Additional data are needed to further investigate the patterns and mechanisms of exotic species richness in protected areas, which will help to prioritize the greatest needs of monitoring and management.
An LED-based multi-actinic illumination system for the high throughput study of photosynthetic light responses
Authors: Serôdio João , Schmidt William , Frommlet Jörg C. , Christa Gregor , Nitschke Matthew R.
Published: September 2018

The responses of photosynthetic organisms to light stress are of interest for both fundamental and applied research. Functional traits related to the photoinhibition, the light-induced loss of photosynthetic efficiency, are particularly interesting as this process is a key limiting factor of photosynthetic productivity in algae and plants. The quantitative characterization of light responses is often time-consuming and calls for cost-effective high throughput approaches that enable the fast screening of multiple samples. Here we present a novel illumination system based on the concept of ‘multi-actinic imaging’ of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. The system is based on the combination of an array of individually addressable low power RGBW LEDs and custom-designed well plates, allowing for the independent illumination of 64 samples through the digital manipulation of both exposure duration and light intensity. The illumination system is inexpensive and easily fabricated, based on open source electronics, off-the-shelf components, and 3D-printed parts, and is optimized for imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The high-throughput potential of the system is illustrated by assessing the functional diversity in light responses of marine macroalgal species, through the fast and simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters characterizing the response to light stress of multiple samples. Although the presented illumination system was primarily designed for the measurement of phenotypic traits related to photosynthetic activity and photoinhibition, it can be potentially used for a number of alternative applications, including the measurement of chloroplast phototaxis and action spectra, or as the basis for microphotobioreactors.
Overview of pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice
Authors: Gross Tonya , Daniel Jeremy
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Pharmacogenomic tests relevant to neuropsychiatric medications have been clinically available for more than a decade, but the utility of regular testing is still unknown. Tests available include both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets. The potential practice benefits vary with each target.

Methods:

A 10-year literature review was completed utilizing the PubMed database to identify articles relating to the specific pharmacogenomic targets discussed. Further article selection was based on author review for clinical utility.

Results:

The clinical dosing guidance available for neuropsychiatric medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants with varying genotypes is useful and has strong evidence to support testing, but it is limited to mainly pharmacokinetic application. Pharmacodynamic targets are gaining additional evidence with increased research, and although the mechanisms behind the potential interactions are scientifically sound, the bridge to clinical practice application is still lacking.

Discussion:

Although the benefits of decreasing adverse reactions and improving response time are appealing, clinicians may not utilize pharmacogenomic testing in routine practice due to several barriers. Further clinical guidance and studies are needed to support testing for other neuropsychiatric medications and targets.
Oxidation of the plastoquinone pool in chloroplast thylakoid membranes by superoxide anion radicals
Authors: Borisova‐Mubarakshina Maria M. , Naydov Ilya A. , Ivanov Boris N.
Published: September 2018

The plastoquinone (PQ)‐pool in chloroplast thylakoid membranes is a key electron carrier in the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC), and its redox state plays an essential role in the control of plant metabolism. Oxygen reduction in thylakoid membranes produces superoxide anion radicals ( ), which may react with the PQ‐pool. Here, using isolated thylakoids, we show for the first time the oxidation of the PQ‐pool by . The xanthine‐xanthine oxidase system was used to supply externally to the thylakoid membrane and the redox state of the PQ‐pool was monitored by tracking chlorophyll a fluorescence. We propose that, in vivo, the reaction of  produced in Photosystem I with reduced PQ (plastohydroquinone) creates hydrogen peroxide, which serves as a messenger that signals the redox state of the PETC.
Charisma
Authors: Lindholm Charles
Published: September 2018

“Charisma” originally referred to Christian eschatology but was transformed into a “value‐neutral” term by Max Weber. Based on irrational personal attraction to and deification of a leader, it stands in radical contrast to rationality and tradition. In its primary aspect, charisma is revolutionary, but to survive it must be institutionalized, which eventually undermines its radical character and emotional power. Although charismatic relationships continue to inspire important modern political and religious movements, anthropological case studies of charisma remain rare.
Comparison
Authors: Cook Garrett
Published: September 2018

Comparison in anthropology was used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to create societal and cultural typologies, to arrange them in evolutionary sequences, and to define culture areas. More recently the focus has shifted to the testing of hypotheses through small‐scale controlled comparisons and through correlational studies, termed “holocultural investigations,” using specially designed large samples of cultures from the Human Relations Area Files and the Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample.
VanGennep,Arnold (1873–1957)
Authors: Zumwalt Rosemary Lévy
Published: September 2018

Arnold van Gennep wroteThe Rites of Passagein 1909 and applied the framework to his study of French folklore. He conducted fieldwork in Algeria and throughout France. While Van Gennep's focus from 1924 to his death, indeed until the posthumous publication in 1958 of Part 7 ofManual of Contemporary French Folklore, might appear to be solely focused on folklore, for Van Gennep there was no distinction between folklore and ethnography. For him, folklore was the ethnography of the rural populations of Europe. Although he had over 400 publications, Van Gennep is identified almost exclusively withThe Rites of Passage. Influenced by Van Gennep's focus on pattern and process in ritual, British cultural anthropologist Victor Turner elaborated on the liminal in rites of passage and interpreted it as betwixt and between social structure. Van Gennep's approach to ritual also influenced the British social anthropologists Edmund Leach and Rodney Needham.
Mining
Authors: Smith Jessica M. , Kirsch Stuart
Published: September 2018

Since the mid‐1950s, the anthropology of mining has tracked and theorized major shifts in capitalism. The classic literature, grounded in Africa and Latin America, explored the transformation of labor regimes and economic development. Renewed interest in the industry accompanied the worldwide mining boom of the 1990s, which was facilitated by the rise of neoliberal economic policies and new mining methods, as capital‐intensive open‐cut mines replaced labor‐intensive underground ones. These new mines require smaller local workforces and generate greater environmental impacts, raising questions about the industry's claim to promote sustainable development in the communities closest to production sites. Current research on the ways mining companies respond to their critics places mining scholars at the forefront of the new anthropology of the corporation. Researchers also explore the ways in which the materiality of the mined resource shapes social relations, including the rising social and environmental costs of new extractive techniques.
Linguistics, Anthropological
Authors: Edwardes Martin
Published: September 2018

Anthropological linguistics is the study of language as a cultural phenomenon, and it therefore emphasizes the role that culture plays in human language and languages. It has a long history and can trace its theoretical base back to philology, an eighteenth‐century precursor of modern linguistics. However, its history has also included a period, in the second half of the twentieth century, when it was seen as having minimal relevance for both anthropology and linguistics. From the 1990s onward, increasing knowledge of how human brains and human societies work has allowed anthropological linguistics to reposition itself as one of the voices of anthropology within linguistics. It now covers a range of topics: descriptive linguistics, evolutionary linguistics, language origins, linguistic relativity, aspects of nonhuman communication, and aspects of the psychology of language use. These topics all share an emphasis on language and communication as a cultural activity.
Meat Eating in Apes and Early Hominins
Authors: Stanford Craig B.
Published: September 2018

Meat became a part of the human diet at least as early as 2.5 million years ago, when evidence of stone tool use appears in the fossil record. The fossil evidence does not, however, answer key questions about the evolution of meat eating. The meat‐eating behavior of modern primates is one key area of evidence that can be used to reconstruct the likely patterns of meat eating by early humans. Most modern human populations are omnivorous, as are wild chimpanzees and bonobos. Many nonhuman primate species hunt and eat other small mammals, although none as systematically and with as many implications for human origins as chimpanzees.
Common Property
Authors: Acheson James
Published: September 2018

To avoid confusion about common property, it is important to distinguish between common‐pool goods and the governance regimes that manage those goods (e.g., private property, government, local rules). Classic theory regards a “commons” as inefficient and subject to extreme overexploitation. Yet many common‐pool resources can be well managed at the local level, as many studies by anthropologists have shown. Generating management rules necessitates solving a collective‐action problem. Elinor Ostrom lists the conditions necessary for durable management rules to be developed for common‐pool resources. However, all governance structures can fail for a variety of reasons. Holding resources jointly—particularly in the case of ocean resources—may be an optimal and efficient solution. New developments in the study of common‐pool resources are mentioned.
Consanguineous Marriage
Authors: Bittles Alan Holland
Published: September 2018

Human populations can be divided into societies in which marriage between close family members is traditional and societies where it is avoided or precluded. Consanguineous unions are mainly chosen on cultural, social, and economic grounds, whereas the reasons for their avoidance largely reflect religious doctrine and the prevention of adverse health effects. Consanguinity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the expression of rare recessive disorders. However, with control for nongenetic variables, the extent of the problem at population level has been shown to be limited.
Leach,Edmund (1910–89)
Authors: Peirano Mariza
Published: September 2018

In an era when anthropologists defined themselves as either functionalists or structuralists, Edmund Leach declared that he had consistently been both at once. For him ethnography and introspection were the solid grounds for theoretical innovation. He developed his most creative insights by engaging in theoretical debates with his colleagues, both past and present. Though he rejected any suggestion that he had founded a school, he authored some of anthropology's most influential monographs of the 1950s and most inspiring essays of the 1960s. His work continues to inform and motivate current debates.
Relatedness
Authors: Magee Siobhan
Published: September 2018

Within kinship studies, the term “relatedness” signifies a commitment to the anthropological exploration of emic experiences of relationships (what it is like “being related”). These include but are not restricted to those relationships that fall outside of classical kinship terminologies. Relatedness commonly refers to both a way of conceptualizing ties and a methodological attentiveness to the processes by which people come to be related to one another both through day‐to‐day practices and (often) over longer periods of time.