bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional covariance patterns of gray matter alterations in Alzheimer's disease and its replicability evaluation
Authors: Guo Xiaojuan , Chen Kewei , Zhang Yumei , Wang Yan , Yao Li
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To identify regional network covariance patterns of gray matter associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to further evaluate its replicability and stability.

Materials and Methods

This study applied a multivariate analytic approach based on scaled subprofile modeling (SSM) to structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 19 patients with AD and 19 healthy controls (HC). We further applied the derived covariance patterns to examine the replicability and stability of AD‐associated covariance patterns in an independent dataset (13 AD and 14 HC) acquired with a different scanner.

Results

The AD‐associated covariance patterns identified from SSM combined principal components mainly involved the temporal lobe and parietal lobe. The expression of covariance patterns was significantly higher in AD patients than HC (t(36) = 5.84, P = 5.75E−7) and predicted the AD/HC group membership (84% sensitivity and 90% specificity). In replicability evaluation, the expression of the forward applied covariance patterns was still statistically significant and had acceptable discriminability (69% sensitivity and 71% specificity).

Conclusion

AD patients showed regional gray matter alterations in a reliable covariance manner. The results suggest that SSM has utility for characterizing covariant features, and therefore can assist with further understanding covariance patterns of gray matter in AD based on the view of the network. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:143–149. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust selective signal suppression using binomial off‐resonant rectangular (BORR) pulses
Authors: Ye Yongquan , Hu Jiani , Haacke E. Mark
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To study the selective signal suppression capability of a binomial off‐resonant rectangular (BORR) radiofrequency pulse method.

Materials and Methods

The BORR pulse consists of two consecutive rectangular pulses with a phase difference of π. The exact solution of the Bloch equations was used to simulate its frequency response. The BORR pulse was implemented in a gradient echo sequence and tested on phantoms, the knee, and the breast.

Results

The frequency response of the BORR pulse acquired on the phantom confirmed the theory. Broad suppression bands ensured high suppression efficiency and robustness in both in vitro and in vivo scans compared with other saturation pulses.

Conclusion

The BORR pulse method provides a simple, efficient, and robust selective signal suppression alternative for three‐dimensional short TR (repetition time) imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:195–202. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testing an alternative search algorithm for compound identification with the ‘Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID’
Authors: Oberacher Herbert , Whitley Graeme , Berger Bernd , Weinmann Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

A tandem mass spectral database system consists of a library of reference spectra and a search program. State‐of‐the‐art search programs show a high tolerance for variability in compound‐specific fragmentation patterns produced by collision‐induced decomposition and enable sensitive and specific ‘identity search’. In this communication, performance characteristics of two search algorithms combined with the ‘Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID’ (Wiley Registry MSMS, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA) were evaluated. The search algorithms tested were the MSMS search algorithm implemented in the NIST MS Search program 2.0g (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and the MSforID algorithm (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA). Sample spectra were acquired on different instruments and, thus, covered a broad range of possible experimental conditions or were generated in silico. For each algorithm, more than 30 000 matches were performed. Statistical evaluation of the library search results revealed that principally both search algorithms can be combined with the Wiley Registry MSMS to create a reliable identification tool. It appears, however, that a higher degree of spectral similarity is necessary to obtain a correct match with the NIST MS Search program. This characteristic of the NIST MS Search program has a positive effect on specificity as it helps to avoid false positive matches (type I errors), but reduces sensitivity. Thus, particularly with sample spectra acquired on instruments differing in their setup from tandem‐in‐space type fragmentation, a comparably higher number of false negative matches (type II errors) were observed by searching the Wiley Registry MSMS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective evaluation of antibody index of human parvovirus B19 as a prognostic factor in patients with dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zedtwitz‐Liebenstein Konstantin , Robak Oliver , Burgmann Heinz , Frass Michael
Published: April 2013

Cardiotropic viral infections are important causative factors in dilated cardiomyopathy. This retrospective study examined the antibody index for human parvovirus B19 in patients suffering from dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy as a prognostic factor for stable left ventricular function. Blood specimens from 43 patients with the diagnosis of dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy were analyzed for human parvovirus B19 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme immunoassay kit for qualitative determination of IgG and IgM antibodies. To exclude patients with acute myocarditis, only patients with onset of symptoms more than 4 months previously were included. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and a high antibody index showed a significantly better clinical outcome when compared to patients with a low IgG antibody index (8.5 ± 2.4 vs. 3.1 ± 2.6; P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction between patients with a high antibody index and patients with a lower antibody index (P = 0.59). The presence of human parvovirus B19 antibodies is associated with protective immunity. A high antibody index seems to be a good prognostic factor for the disease correlating to a relatively stable left ventricular ejection fraction. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1111–1114, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis E virus infection in Latin America: A review
Authors: Echevarría J.M. , González J.E. , Lewis‐Ximenez L.L. , dos Santos D.R. Lopes , Munné M.S. , Pinto M.A. , Pujol F.H. , Rodríguez‐Lay L.A.
Published: April 2013

Data reported during recent years reveal the complex picture of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Latin America. Whereas in countries like Argentina and Brazil is almost identical to the characteristic of most countries from North America and Europe, HEV in the Caribbean and Mexico involves the water‐borne, non‐zoonotic viral genotypes responsible for epidemics in Asia and Africa. Nevertheless, Latin America has been considered a highly endemic region for hepatitis E in the scientific literature, a generalization that ignores the above complexity. In addition, reports from isolated Amerindian communities, which display well known, important and very specific epidemiological features for hepatitis B and D virus infections are neither taken into account when considering the epidemiology of hepatitis E in the region. This review updates compilation of the available information for the HEV infection, both among humans and other mammals, in Latin America, discusses the strengths and the weaknesses of our current knowledge, and identifies future areas of research. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1037–1045, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus among men who have sex with men in Japan
Authors: Katano Harutaka , Yokomaku Yoshiyuki , Fukumoto Hitomi , Kanno Takayuki , Nakayama Tomoyuki , Shingae Akitomo , Sugiura Wataru , Ichikawa Seiichi , Yasuoka Akira
Published: April 2013

Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, causes malignancies frequently in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In the United States and Europe, KSHV infection is common among men who have sex with men. However, the seroprevalence of KSHV among men who have sex with men in Japan is unknown. In the present study, the seroprevalence of KSHV was investigated among 230 men who have sex with men and 400 age‐ and area of residence‐matched men (controls) using a mixed‐antigen (KSHV‐encoded K8.1, open reading frame 59, 65, and 73 proteins) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and an immunofluorescence assay. Among the Japanese men who have sex with men, serological assays revealed that 27 (11.7%) were seropositive for KSHV; 20 (5%) of the men in the control group were also KSHV seropositive. The seroprevalence of KSHV among men who have sex with men was significantly higher than in the control group (odds ratio = 2.52, 95% confidence intervals = 1.38–4.62, P = 0.0019, Chi‐square test). Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, Treponema pallidum, or hepatitis B and C virus did not correlate with KSHV infection. Furthermore, the association of KSHV seropositivity with specific sexual activities was not statistically significant. In conclusion, a higher KSHV seroprevalence was found among Japanese men who have sex with men than among the controls, suggesting that the circulation of KSHV infection is more efficient among men who have sex with men in Japan than among men who do not engage in such sexual activities. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1046–1052, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Taiwan in 2010–2011: The common genotype changed from H1 to D9 and the first appearance of D4
Authors: Cheng Wen‐Yueh , Tung Hsiao‐Ping , Wang Hsiao‐Chi , Lee Li‐Li , Wu Ho‐Sheng , Liu Ming‐Tsan
Published: April 2013

Measles has been controlled effectively in some countries because of high coverage rates with an effective vaccine. However, measles outbreaks still occasionally occur in areas with high vaccine coverage as a result of imported transmission. To identify the sources of measles infection and to determine whether measles cases are part of a single outbreak or due to multiple importations, measles virus (MV) genotyping is required and plays an important role in MV elimination. In Taiwan, genotype H1 of MV was detected most frequently before 2009. From 2006 to 2011, 47 of 48 genotype H1 cases were associated with the imported cases, indicating that genotype H1 was not an endemic genotype in Taiwan after 2006. The distribution of the other genotypes (D3, D4, D5, D8, D9, and G3) detected during 2006–2011 varied by year. Taiwan has a pattern of measles genotypes that is consistent with the elimination of MV and with the absence of endemic genotypes. In this study, the genotypes of 40 cases of MV detected during 2010–2011 were investigated and analyzed. In 2010, the most common genotype changed from H1 (3/40) to D9 (35/40). In 2011, genotype H1 was not detected, and genotype D4 first appeared and was imported from Europe. The dynamic change of detected genotypes of MV in Taiwan is influenced by the activity of a measles control program in WHO regions. This study emphasizes that global synchronous elimination is important for an individual country or area to maintain free from MV. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1095–1099, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Poly(N‐Vinylcaprolactam) (NVCL) and Statistical Copolymers of NVCL with Variable Cloud Point Temperature by Using A Trithiocarbonate RAFT Agent
Authors: Ponce‐Vargas Sandra M. , Cortez‐Lemus Norma A. , Licea‐Claveríe Angel
Published: April 2013

Preparation of PNVCL controlling its molecular weight and maintaining low dispersities by using a trithiocarbonate RAFT agent was achieved. Typical RAFT kinetics were not observed, nevertheless the prepared polymers were reactivated to grow a second hydrophobic poly(hexyl acrylate) block. A series of statistical copolymers of NVCL with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone, n‐hexyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and 2‐(methacryloyloxy)benzoic acid with controlled dispersity were also prepared. By this copolymerization method the cloud point temperature of PNVCL was varied from 27 °C to 42 °C depending on comonomer type, content and pH of the aqueous solution.
Kinetic Modeling of 1,3‐Diene Polymerization Using a Neodymium‐Based Catalytic System: A New Approach for Calculating the Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Herrera‐Ordonez Jorge , Leon Ramón Diaz‐de , de Santiago‐Rodriguez Yair A.
Published: April 2013

Summary: A new lumping‐based approach for calculating the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in polymerization systems is proposed. In order to illustrate its applicability the proposed methodology is used for modelling the kinetics of a 1,3‐diene polymerization using a binary neodymium‐based catalytic system. The model is capable of reproducing experimental data after fitting for the evolution of molecular weight and polydispersity. The results of this preliminary simulation are used as a guide to design kinetics experiments that may lead to improve the kinetic model and to deepen the knowledge of the system under study.
Polymerization of 1,3‐Butadiene with Several Catalytic Systems Based on Neodymium or Lithium in Presence of Ionic Liquids
Authors: de León Ramón Díaz , Córdova María Teresa Alonso , Medrano Francisco Javier Enríquez , Elizondo José Díaz , Camacho Odilia Pérez , Quiroz Aldo Romo , Céspedes Rosa Idalia Narro , Facio Adali Castañeda
Published: April 2013

Summary: The anionic and Ziegler‐Natta polymerizations of 1,3‐butadiene initiated with n‐BuLi and NdV/TIBA/DEAC respectively were carried out in presence of ionic liquids and cyclohexane as solvent in both cases. Polybutadienes obtained were characterized by SEC, NMR and DSC techniques and results were compared with polybutadienes synthesized under similar conditions but in absence of ionic liquids. In all cases, the presence of ionic liquids caused a decrease in the reaction exothermal and also a diminution in the molecular weight distribution. The ionic liquids increased the microstructure cis‐1,4 in both kind of polymerizations, and promotes a shift towards lower temperatures in the glass‐transition temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Impact Polystyrene from a Heterogeneous Styrene‐Rubber‐Polystyrene Solution: Influence of PS Concentration on the Phase Inversion, Morphology and Impact Strength
Authors: Soriano‐Corral Florentino , Morales Graciela , Acuña Pablo , Díaz‐Barriga Enrique , Arellano Berenice , Vargas Claribel , De la Paz Odilón
Published: April 2013

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) was synthesized by free radical polymerization through the bulk‐bulk technique. Polybutadiene (PB) and/or poly(butadiene‐b‐styrene) copolymer (S:B = 30:70) (at 8 wt‐%) were used as impact modifiers in the presence of 0, 5 and 7.5 wt‐% of polystyrene (PS) and styrene monomer. The interval of phase inversion (PI) was determined through the evolution of melt flow index (MFI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the conversion (X) and grafting degree (GD) were gravimetrically determined and impact strength (IS) tests were performed. When PS was added from the beginning of the reaction in the presence of SB rubber, the PI shifted to lower values of polymerization time (from 270 min in the reference HIPS to 190 min when 5 and 7.5 wt‐% of PS was added, respectively). The morphology of the reference HIPS was of the core shell type and in the case of adding PS the morphology at the PI changed to a quasi‐salami type, due to a poor stability of the system as a consequence of the low GD. The final size of the disperse phase increased 292 and 51% in the presence of PS and the volume fraction increased 100% yielding HIPS with an IS from 20 (reference HIPS) to 30J/m for 7.5 wt‐% of added PS.

In the system with PB as the precursor rubber the salami structure in the reference HIPS, increased its size from 0.5 µm to 2.1 and 2.6 µm for 5 and 7.5 wt‐% of added PS, but instead of that, the IS remained without significant changes.
Full‐discrete finite element method for the stochastic elastic equation driven by additive noise
Authors: Qi Ruisheng , Yang Xiaoyuan , Zhang Yinghan
Published: April 2013

We study the full‐discrete finite element method for the stochastic elastic equation driven by additive noise. To analyze the error estimates, we write the stochastic elastic equation as an abstract stochastic equation. Strong convergence estimates in the root mean square L2 ‐norm are obtained by using the error estimates for the deterministic problem and the semigroup theory. Numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Anti‐Yo mediated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in the context of breast cancer: a case report and literature review
Authors: Key Richard Garrett , Root James C.
Published: April 2013

Background

Paraneoplastic syndromes are of interest to psycho‐oncologists because they may be misdiagnosed initially as primary psychiatric disorders and can have profound neuropsychiatric and psychosocial sequelae. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a paraneoplastic syndrome which destroys Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and causes trunk and limb ataxia, dysarthria, diplopia, and vertigo, which often precede the diagnosis of cancer. Anti‐Yo PCD is a devastating syndrome that significantly worsens prognosis in terms of functional ability and survival.

Methods

We present the case of a woman with progressive cerebellar deficits, which were misdiagnosed for several months before breast cancer and anti‐Yo antibodies were discovered.

Results

PCD may be misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder. Results of neuropsychological assessment in this case found subtle attentional dysfunction but relatively preserved cognitive functioning in other domains.

Discussion

The literature relating to PCD and psychiatric manifestations of cerebellar disease are reviewed. The limitations of our current understanding of non‐motor cerebellar function are highlighted, asserting the need for further study in this area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Urea Nitrate and Nitrourea
Authors: Oxley Jimmie C. , Smith James L. , Vadlamannati Sravanthi , Brown Austin C. , Zhang Guang , Swanson Devon S. , Canino Jonathan
Published: April 2013

Urea nitrate (UN) has not found use as a legitimate explosive but is commonly used as an improvised explosive. The dehydration product of UN is nitrourea (NU). Visually both UN and NU are white solids that both melt around 160 °C. Other properties differ markedly as might be expected from an inorganic salt (UN) and an organic molecular compound (NU). An extensive physical characterization of NU and UN is reported. Two reported routes to the NU product are compared and a decomposition mechanism of UN proposed.
Breakup Time of Zirconium Shaped Charge Jet
Authors: Elshenawy T. , Li Qing Ming
Published: April 2013

The Johnson‐Cook parameters for the zirconium material were determined based on the data obtained from the tensile testing of zirconium specimens at different strain‐rates and different temperatures. The velocity difference (VPL) between the particulated jet fragments was calculated for zirconium liners of different thicknesses using Johnson‐Cook constitutive equation. A breakup time formula for the zirconium shaped charge was proposed, which demonstrated better ductility performance than the copper shaped charge.
Pre‐processing liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry data: extracting pure mass spectra by deconvolution from the invariance of isotopic distribution
Authors: Krishnan Shaji , Verheij Elwin E. R. , Bas Richard C. , Hendriks Margriet W. B. , Hankemeier Thomas , Thissen Uwe , Coulier Leon
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Mass spectra obtained by deconvolution of liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) data can be impaired by non‐informative mass‐over‐charge (m/z) channels. This impairment of mass spectra can have significant negative influence on further post‐processing, like quantification and identification.

METHODS

A metric derived from the knowledge of errors in isotopic distribution patterns, and quality of the signal within a pre‐defined mass chromatogram block, has been developed to pre‐select all informative m/z channels.

RESULTS

This procedure results in the clean‐up of deconvoluted mass spectra by maintaining the intensity counts from m/z channels that originate from a specific compound/molecular ion, for example, molecular ion, adducts, 13C‐isotopes, multiply charged ions and removing all m/z channels that are not related to the specific peak. The methodology has been successfully demonstrated for two sets of high‐resolution LC/MS data.

CONCLUSIONS

The approach described is therefore thought to be a useful tool in the automatic processing of LC/HRMS data. It clearly shows the advantages compared to other approaches like peak picking and de‐isotoping in the sense that all information is retained while non‐informative data is removed automatically. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing of isotopic integration in marine mammal skull: comparative study between calcified tissues
Authors: Riofrío‐Lazo Marjorie , Aurioles‐Gamboa David
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Tissues with different turnover rates have different isotope compositions and reflect the different periods in an animal's life when the isotopes are incorporated during the growth of tissues. Bone is one of the most used tissues for reconstruction of an animal's diet; however, the time of isotope integration remains unknown for many species.

METHODS

The δ15N and δ13C values in tooth dentine and bone tissue from the maxilla and mandible of 21 stranded northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, collected on the San Benito and Magdalena Islands, Mexico, between 2000 and 2008 were compared. Bone and dentine samples from each growth layer within the tooth were analyzed using a PDZ Europa ANCA‐GSL elemental analyzer interfaced with a PDZ Europa 20‐20 continuous flow gas source mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

The δ15N and δ13C values were not different between bone structures, indicating similar turnover rates, metabolic activity and amino acid compositions. The differences in the observed δ13C values between tissues are probably indicative of differences in their amino acid compositions, although the similarities in δ15N values indicated less variation from different amino acids. Correlation of the analyses between isotopic values of tissues suggests that the maxilla and/or mandible of M. angustirostris might reflect the δ15N signal incorporated during the last 5 years of life of the individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the usefulness of the applied approach for providing a best approximation of the timing of isotopic integration into the skull of a marine mammal, thereby reducing uncertainty in exploring historic changes in the species' feeding behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conducting Talk in Secondary Science Classrooms: Investigating Instructional Moves and Teachers’ Beliefs
Authors: PIMENTEL DIANE SILVA , McNEILL KATHERINE L.
Published: April 2013

Whole‐class discussion is a common instructional approach used by secondary science teachers. When orchestrated well, such an approach can provide students with opportunities to engage in extensive science talk with the benefit of teacher guidance and feedback. Our study investigated teachers’ approaches to discussion during the piloting of an urban ecology curriculum designed to support student participation in science discourse as well as teachers’ beliefs about science talk. Participants included five secondary science teachers and their students (n = 116). Our analysis focused on transcripts of whole‐class discussions and interviews with teachers about their beliefs regarding talk. We found that the students’ contributions during discussions were typically limited to simple phrases or short sentence responses that did not voluntarily include reasoning. The teachers’ framing of the lessons and the moves the teachers made during the discussions seemed to reinforce the limited nature of the students’ responses. Furthermore, we found that teachers rarely used probing questions or tossed back students’ ideas. The beliefs teachers expressed about their students, themselves, and external factors provided insight into why teachers continued to take an authoritative stance even though they believed teacher‐driven discussion was not the ideal. © 2013Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:367–394, 2013
Preparation of Li2SnO3 and its application in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Wang Qiufen , Huang Ying , Zhao Yang , Zhang Wei , Wang Yan
Published: April 2013

Tin‐based oxide Li2SnO3 has been synthesized by a hydrothermal route as negative material for lithium‐ion batteries. The microstructure and electrochemical properties of the as‐synthesized materials were investigated by some characterizations means and electrochemical measurements. The as‐synthesized Li2SnO3 is a porous rod, which is composed of many uniform and regular nano‐flakes with a size of 50–60 nm. Li2SnO3 also displays an electrochemical performance with high capacity and good cycling stability (510.2 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 60 mA g−1 between 0.0 V and 2.0 V verusus Li/Li+). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrathin Calcium Silicate Hydrate Nanosheets with Large Specific Surface Areas: Synthesis, Crystallization, Layered Self‐Assembly and Applications as Excellent Adsorbents for Drug, Protein, and Metal Ions
Authors: Wu Jin , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng
Published: April 2013

A simple and low‐cost solution synthesis is reported for low‐crystalline 1.4 nm tobermorite‐like calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) ultrathin nanosheets with a thickness of ∼2.8 nm and with a large specific surface area (SSA), via a reaction‐rate‐controlled precipitation process. The BET SSA of the CSH ultrathin nanosheets can reach as high as 505 m2 g−1. The CSH ultrathin nanosheets have little cytotoxicity and can be converted to anhydrous calcium silicate (ACS) ultrathin nanosheets with a well preserved morphology via a heat treatment process. The crystallinity of CSH ultrathin nanosheets can be improved by solvothermal treatment in water/ethanol binary solvents or a single solvent of water, producing well‐crystalline 1.1 nm tobermorite‐like CSH nanobelts or nanosheets. CSH ultrathin nanosheets acting as building blocks can self‐assemble into layered nanostructures via three different routes. The CSH ultrathin nanosheets are investigated as promising adsorbents for protein (hemoglobin, Hb), drug (ibuprofen, IBU), and metal ions (Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+). The highest adsorbed percentages of Hb and IBU are found to be 83% and 94%, respectively. The highest adsorption capacities of Hb and IBU are found to be as high as 878 milligram Hb per gram CSH and 2.2 gram IBU per gram CSH, respectively. The ppm level metal ions can be totally adsorbed from aqueous solution in just a few minutes. Thus, the CSH ultrathin nanosheets are a promising candidate as excellent adsorbents in the biomedical field and for waste water treatment. Several empirical laws are summarized based on the adsorption profiles of Hb and IBU using CSH ultrathin nanosheets as the adsorbent. Furthermore, the ACS ultrathin nanosheets as adsorbents for Hb protein and IBU drug are investigated.
Exploring Teachers' Knowledge of Second Language Pronunciation Techniques: Teacher Cognitions, Observed Classroom Practices, and Student Perceptions
Authors: Baker Amanda
Published: April 2013

This study explored some of the intricate connections between the cognitions (beliefs, knowledge, perceptions, attitudes) and pedagogical practices of five English language teachers, specifically in relation to pronunciation‐oriented techniques. Integral to the study was the use of semistructured interviews, classroom observations, and stimulated recall interviews with the teachers and questionnaires with students. Findings reveal that the teachers' knowledge base of pronunciation techniques consisted mainly of controlled techniques—techniques strongly manipulated by the teachers and typically considered less communicative than other techniques. Of all techniques, guided techniques (semistructured) were the least frequently used, suggesting in part that the teachers' knowledge of how to incorporate guided techniques on a consistent basis with oral communication curricula may be limited. This article also includes discussion of three sets of beliefs held by some of the teachers: (1) listening perception is essential for producing comprehensible speech, (2) kinesthetic/tactile practice is integral to phonological improvement, and (3) pronunciation instruction can be boring.
Teacher‐student relationships: A growing field of study
Authors: Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth , Noam Gil G.
Published: April 2013

A substantial percentage of students come to school with a number of stress factors from life circumstances, personal clinical attributes, and typical adolescent challenges. As a result, some students become disengaged from school, are unsuccessful, or drop out of school. School structures are not always equipped to respond to such problems. A mounting collection of research has begun to document the importance of teacher‐student relationships in academic success and socioemotional development. Much of this research reveals that relationships between teachers and students can make a vital difference in student success.
Learning together: Teaching, relationships, and teachers' work
Authors: Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth , Noam Gil G.
Published: April 2013

Teachers find that having close personal relationships with students is deeply rewarding in their work and that they contribute to more effective classrooms. The relationships, which many consider to be part and parcel of good teaching, afford teachers the opportunity to reach students intellectually and emotionally. Still, the relationships can be overwhelming and confusing for teachers. In interviews, teachers at a large and a small high school discuss how the relationships offer them both rewards and challenges in their work, their personal lives, and their efforts to humanize their classrooms.
Youth development practitioners and their relationships in schools and after‐school programs
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth
Published: April 2013

This article examines the kinds of relationships that nonteacher educators, especially youth development practitioners working in after‐school settings, have with students. It addresses the fact that these adults in schools have an explicit youth‐oriented and relational approach, find out many productive and anxiety‐provoking facts about their students, and often do not have sufficient training and supervision to deal with the problems that emerge. It also examines the issue that the roles of these practitioners are varied and differ from the often very defined roles of other school personnel. The article divides the typical functions of the youth development practitioner into three main domains: educator, mentor, and connector.
The role of a student support system and the clinical consultant
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth
Published: April 2013

This article addresses the fact that student–teacher relationships uncover many clinical issues, such as trauma. It looks at statistics of how prevalent mental health disorders and problems are and then shows that no teacher can handle all of the kinds of problems that will emerge in open relationships with the students. They need to do this work in the context of a productive student support team and system. The article provides a framework using the public health pyramid that can help organize schools. It ends by discussing the role of a consultant to teachers and the school to help with relationship binds, boundary transgressions, and dilemmas.
Working with teachers to develop healthy relationships with students
Authors: Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth , Noam Gil G.
Published: April 2013

This article describes activities that can be used with multiple audiences of teachers, administrators, or other caregivers regarding setting boundaries in personal relationships with students. First, participants must think about and discuss relationships that they experienced with their own teachers in the past and determine what aspects of those relationships made an impression on them. In many cases, these connections deeply influenced teachers to join the profession. Second, participants consider dilemmas that they would realistically face with students and decide how they would respond. The dilemmas are derived from actual encounters teachers describe in this volume and elsewhere. In groups, they discuss what the ramifications might be in each circumstance and explore together sound and appropriate responses. Finally, there is an emphasis on the process of strategizing well before these dilemmas arise.
A dialogue between an educator and psychologist
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Bernstein‐Yamashiro Beth
Published: April 2013

This conclusion to the volume presents a dialogue from the perspective of educator and clinician. With examples from professional development and practice, the discussion revolves around teacher training and the role of the administrator in creating a bounded and safe environment in which teachers can develop healthy relationships. It discusses the kind of support teachers need from mental health professionals to grow, reduce the risk of burnout, and obtain help for students when necessary.
Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Total and Individual Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Belgian Population Over 15 Years Old
Authors: Sioen Isabelle , Vyncke Krishna , De Maeyer Mieke , Gerichhausen Monique , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: April 2013

Advances in our knowledge of the physiological functions of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have led to an increased interest in food sources and the level of dietary intake of these nutrients. Up to now, no representative data was available for the Belgian adult population. This study aimed to describe data on the intake and food sources of total and individual omega‐6 and omega‐3 PUFA for the Belgian population over 15 years old. PUFA intakes were assessed for 3,043 Belgian adults, based on two non‐consecutive 24 h recalls. Usual intakes were calculated using the multiple source method. The results showed that the intake of linoleic acid (LA) is in accordance with the recommendation for almost all Belgian adults. However, the intake of omega‐3 PUFA is suboptimal for a large part of the studied population and also the intake of total PUFA should be increased for a part of the population. The main food source of LA and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) was the group of fats and oils (60.6 % for LA and 53.1 % for ALA). Fish and fish products were the most important sources of long chain omega‐3 PUFA. Age influenced fatty acids intake, with higher intake of omega‐3 PUFA in the older age groups. To fill the gap between the intake and recommendation of total PUFA, and in particular omega‐3 PUFA, sustainable strategies and efficient consumer communication strategies will be needed.
Faculty and student perceptions of academic counselling services at an academic
health science center
Authors: Gaughf Natalie White , Smith Penni L. , Williams Dara A.
Published: April 2013

There are limited data on support services that facilitate students’ academic
success at academic health science centres. The authors explored faculty and students’
perceptions of available academic counselling services (ACS) at an academic health
science centre in the Southeastern United States. Participants were surveyed in May and
June of 2011 regarding the ACS available at the institution. Fifty-nine percent of
faculty respondents (N = 471) agreed that academic counselling was a necessary part of
the institution, but only 26 % reported knowledge of how to refer students for academic
counselling. Only 18 % stated they had previously referred a student for services.
Fifty-four percent of student respondents (N = 360) agreed that academic counselling was
a necessary part of the institution and 60 % stated that they would seek these services
if needed. However, only 35 % of students reported that they were aware of how to access
the services. These findings suggest a discrepancy between the belief that academic
support services have value and their knowledge about how to utilize the services. It is
recommended that academic health science centres consider the promotion of available
academic support services amongst both faculty and students when designing and
implementing programmes to reduce this potential obstacle to service
utilization.
A dyadic reciprocity index for repeated interaction networks
Authors: WANG CHENG , LIZARDO OMAR , HACHEN DAVID , STRATHMAN ANTHONY , TOROCZKAI ZOLTÁN , CHAWLA NITESH V.
Published: April 2013

A wide variety of networked systems in human societies are composed of repeated communications between actors. A dyadic relationship made up of repeated interactions may be reciprocal (both actors have the same probability of directing a communication attempt to the other) or non-reciprocal (one actor has a higher probability of initiating a communication attempt than the other). In this paper we propose a theoretically motivated index of reciprocity appropriate for networks formed from repeated interactions based on these probabilities. We go on to examine the distribution of reciprocity in a large-scale social network built from trace-logs of over a billion cell-phone communication events across millions of actors in a large industrialized country. We find that while most relationships tend toward reciprocity, a substantial minority of relationships exhibit large levels of non-reciprocity. This is puzzling because behavioral theories in social science predict that persons will selectively terminate non-reciprocal relationships, keeping only those that approach reciprocity. We point to two structural features of human communication behavior and relationship formation—the division of contacts into strong and weak ties and degree-based assortativity—that either help or hinder the ability of persons to obtain communicative balance in their relationships. We examine the extent to which deviations from reciprocity in the observed network are partially traceable to the operation of these countervailing tendencies.
Gravity's Rainbow: A dynamic latent space model for the world trade network
Authors: WARD MICHAEL D. , AHLQUIST JOHN S. , ROZENAS ARTURAS
Published: April 2013

The gravity model, long the empirical workhorse for modeling international trade, ignores network dependencies in bilateral trade data, instead assuming that dyadic trade is independent, conditional on a hierarchy of covariates over country, time, and dyad. We argue that there are theoretical as well as empirical reasons to expect network dependencies in international trade. Consequently, standard gravity models are empirically inadequate. We combine a gravity model specification with “latent space” networks to develop a dynamic mixture model for real-valued directed graphs. The model simultaneously incorporates network dependencies in both trade incidence and trade volumes. We estimate this model using bilateral trade data from 1990 to 2008. The model substantially outperforms standard accounts in terms of both in- and out-of-sample predictive heuristics. We illustrate the model's usefulness by tracking trading propensities between the USA and China.
What is network science?
Authors: BRANDES ULRIK , ROBINS GARRY , McCRANIE ANN , WASSERMAN STANLEY
Published: April 2013

This is the beginning of Network Science. The journal has been created because network science is exploding. As is typical for a field in formation, the discussions about its scope, contents, and foundations are intense. On these first few pages of the first issue of our new journal, we would like to share our own vision of the emerging science of networks.
The Pe of Perfectionism
Authors: Tops Mattie , Koole Sander L. , Wijers Albertus A.
Published: April 2013

The present research investigates the association between concern over mistakes (CoM), a facet of the personality style of perfectionism, and the error positivity (Pe), a response-locked event-related brain potential that relates to error-awareness. Sixteen healthy right-handed female participants performed a flanker task, during which response-locked event-related potentials were measured. CoM was related to a larger Pe at frontal electrodes in a late (400–500 ms post-response) time interval. This frontal late Pe was not related to general trait anxiety. An earlier (150–350 ms) Pe with a more centroparietal maximum was positively associated with accuracy in the flanker task. CoM was not related to the amplitude of the error-related negativity. Exploratory analyses revealed correlations of CoM with reduced state arousal and late positive potential responses to emotional aspects of the feedback stimuli. The latter findings suggest the possibility that, instead of to an increased Pe, high CoM related to a decreased emotional arousal-sensitive stimulus-preceding negativity in anticipation of negative feedback. CoM may thus be associated with avoidant coping with the negative emotional impact of error feedback.
Magnetic properties of proton irradiated BiFeO3
Authors: Han Seungkyu , Jin Kim Sam , Sung Kim Chul
Published: April 2013

The crystal structure and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 samples, proton-irradiated with 0, 10, and 20 pC/μm2, were investigated with x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer, and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements. From the Rietveld refinement analysis of the XRD patterns, the crystal structure of BiFeO3 is determined to be rhombohedral with the space group of R3c. We have observed the decrease in the lattice constant and oxygen occupancy with proton irradiation. The magnetization hysteresis (M-H) curves show the appearance of the weak ferromagnetic behavior in the proton irradiated BiFeO3 samples. The Mössbauer spectra of proton irradiated BiFeO3 samples at 295 K were analyzed with two-sextets (B1 and B2) and doublet. From the isomer shift (δ) values, ionic states were determined to be Fe3+. Compared to non-irradiated sample, having the antiferromagnetic area ratio (two-sextets) of 45.47, 54.53% the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic area ratios (doublet) of 10 and 20 pC/μm2 proton irradiated BiFeO3 samples are 41.36, 51.26, and 7.38% and 41.03, 50.90, and 8.07%, respectively. Our experimental observation suggests that the increase in the paramagnetic area ratio is due to the disappearance of superexchange interaction, resulted from the removal of the oxygen with proton irradiation. Also, the appearance of the weak ferromagnetic behavior is caused by the breaking of the antiferromagnetic coupling.
Constructal law of design and evolution: Physics, biology, technology, and society
Authors: Bejan Adrian , Lorente Sylvie
Published: April 2013

This is a review of the theoretical and applied progress made based on the Constructal law of design and evolution in nature, with emphasis on the last decade. The Constructal law is the law of physics that accounts for the natural tendency of all flow systems (animate and inanimate) to change into configurations that offer progressively greater flow access over time. The progress made with the Constructal law covers the broadest range of science, from heat and fluid flow and geophysics, to animal design, technology evolution, and social organization (economics, government). This review presents the state of this fast growing field, and draws attention to newly opened directions for original research. The Constructal law places the concepts of life, design, and evolution in physics.
Plasmon-induced optical field enhancement studied by correlated scanning and photoemission electron microscopy
Authors: Peppernick Samuel J. , Joly Alan G. , Beck Kenneth M. , Hess Wayne P.
Published: April 2013

We use multi-photon photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to image the enhanced electric fields of silver nanoparticles supported on a silver thin film substrate. Electromagnetic field enhancement is measured by comparing the photoelectron yield of the nanoparticles with respect to the photoelectron yield of the surrounding silver thin film. We investigate the dependence of the photoelectron yield of the nanoparticle as a function of size and shape. Multi-photon PEEM results are presented for three average nanoparticle diameters: 34, 75, and 122 nm. The enhancement in photoelectron yield of single nanoparticles illuminated with femtosecond laser pulses (400 nm, ∼3.1 eV) is found to be a factor of 102 to 103 times greater than that produced by the flat silver thin film. High-resolution, multi-photon PEEM images of single silver nanoparticles reveal that the greatest enhancement in photoelectron yield is localized at distinct regions near the surface of the nanoparticle whose magnitude and spatial extent is dependent on the incident electric field polarization. In conjunction with correlated scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nanoparticles that deviate from nominally spherical shapes are found to exhibit irregular spatial distributions in the multi-photon PEEM images that are correlated with the unique shape and topology of the nanoparticle.
Ab initio studies of disorder in the full Heusler alloy Co2FexMn1−xSi
Authors: Hasnip P. J. , Smith J. H. , Lazarov V. K.
Published: April 2013

Co-based full Heusler alloys have been predicted to be half-metals, with 100% spin polarisation at the Fermi level, yet this has yet to be realised in practice. Heusler thin-films often exhibit a degree of atomic disorder, and this is believed to be one cause of the low magnetoresistance in Heusler-based spin valves' devices. We present an ab initio density functional theory + U investigation into the effect of disorder on the electronic properties of Co2Fe0.5Mn0.5Si. It is found that the half-metallicity depends strongly on the kind of disorder present, with low or even reversed spin-polarisation when the Co sublattice mixes with either the Fe/Mn or Si sublattice, but keeps the high spin polarisation when the Mn/Fe and Si sublattices are mixed. Calculations of the formation energy show that this latter kind of disorder is by far the most likely to occur, an encouraging result which means that it may not be necessary to produce perfectly ordered Heusler alloys in order to achieve 100% spin polarisation.
A converging route towards very high frequency, mechanically flexible, and performance stable integrated electronics
Authors: Lecavelier des Etangs-Levallois Aurélien , Chen Zhenkun , Lesecq Marie , Lepilliet Sylvie , Tagro Yoann , Danneville François , Robillard Jean-François , Hoel Virginie , Troadec David , Gloria Daniel , Raynaud Christine , Ratajczak Jacek , Dubois Emmanuel
Published: April 2013

The ability to realize flexible circuits integrating sensing, signal processing, and communicating capabilities is of central importance for the development of numerous nomadic applications requiring foldable, stretchable, and large area electronics. A key challenge is, however, to combine high electrical performance (i.e., millimeter wave, low noise electronics) with mechanical flexibility required for chip form adaptivity in addition to highly stable electrical performance upon deformation. Here, we describe a solution based on ultimate thinning and transfer onto a plastic foil of high frequency CMOS devices initially processed on conventional silicon-on-insulator wafers. We demonstrate a methodology relying on neutral plane engineering to provide high performance stability upon bending, by locating the active layer, i.e., the transistor channel, at the neutral fiber of the flexible system. Following this strategy, record frequency performance of flexible n-MOSFETs, featuring fT/fMAX of 120/145 GHz, is reported with relative variations limited to less than 5% even under aggressive bending on cylinders with curvature radii down to 12.5 mm.