bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Beneficial Effects of Social Identity Protection on the Performance Motivation of Members of Devalued Groups
Authors: Derks Belle , Van Laar Colette , Ellemers Naomi
Published: September 2010

For members of socially devalued or stigmatized groups, work and educational settings can threaten social identity, inducing the use of coping strategies that lower their motivation (e.g., self‐segregation, domain disengagement) rather than improving their position in the social hierarchy. We review a recent research program on women and ethnic minorities to show that members of these stigmatized groups can maintain their motivation in threatening work and educational contexts when they are offered ways to protect their social identity. For example, organizations that communicate value for the social identities of women and ethnic minorities allow members of these groups to focus on success and motivate them to improve their performance on dimensions that increase their social status. Furthermore, social identity protection has important benefits over more individualistic forms of identity protection because it maintains group members' concern for their group's plight, increasing opportunities for successful collective action. The practical implications of this work are discussed.
Molecular approaches for identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria
Authors: MOHANIA Dheeraj , NAGPAL Ravinder , KUMAR Manoj , BHARDWAJ Aarti , YADAV Mukesh , JAIN Shalini , MAROTTA Francesco , SINGH Vinod , PARKASH Om , YADAV Hariom
Published: September 2010

The last few years have produced a revolution in the development of very sensitive, rapid, automated, molecular detection methods for a variety of various species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) associated with food and dairy products. Nowadays many such strains of LAB are considered probiotics. The genome‐based methods are useful in identifying bacteria as a complementary or alternative tool to phenotypical methods. Over the years, identification methodologies using primers that target different sequences, such as the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)‐encoding gene, the 16S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, the 23S rRNA‐encoding, recA and ldhD genes; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphism, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, amplification rDNA restriction analysis, restriction enzyme analysis, rRNA, pulse field gel electrophoresis and amplification fragment length polymorphism have played a significant role in probiotic bacteriology. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of some rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction‐based molecular methods used for identifying and differentiating closely related species and strains of LAB associated with food and industry.
Correlation of serum biomarkers with clinical severity and mucosal inflammation in Chinese ulcerative colitis patients
Authors: LOK Ka Ho , NG Chi Ho , HUNG Hiu Gong , LI Kam Fu , LI Kin Kong , SZETO Ming Leung
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:  Serum biomarkers are commonly used for diagnosing and monitoring the disease activity of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. However, their role in predicting active mucosal inflammation on Chinese patients is unknown. Our aim was to determine the sensitivity and correlation of these biomarkers with clinical severity and mucosal inflammation.

METHODS:  Patients who had been newly diagnosed or who had developed a clinical relapse were identified. Active mucosal inflammation was confirmed by colonoscopy and histology. Those patients who had routine serum biomarkers (C‐reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], white cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count and albumin) checked within 14 days of the index colonoscopy were recruited for a retrospective analysis. The disease severity was graded clinically and the positive rate of each marker was determined. The correlation of these markers with the clinical severity and extent of colitis were assessed by the Mann–Whitney U‐test or the Kruskal–Wallis test. For the categorical variable, χ2 or the Fisher's exact test were adopted.

RESULTS:  From January 2001 to December 2006, 49 Chinese UC patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 78 acute mucosal inflammatory episodes (24 at diagnosis and 54 clinical relapses). Abnormal CRP, ESR, white cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count and albumin occurred in 42.3%, 55.1%, 23.1%, 21.8%, 32.1% and 25.6% of these mucosal inflammatory episodes, respectively. For the severity of the clinical disease, all serum biomarkers demonstrated a good correlation with the severity grading. On the other hand, the serum biomarkers correlated well with endoscopic extensive colitis but not with proctitis or left‐sided colitis.

CONCLUSION:  Routine serum biomarkers are not sensitive in predicting mucosal inflammation. However, they are helpful in identifying patients with extensive colitis or clinically severe disease.
Clinical features of colorectal cancer in Iran: A 15‐year review
Authors: FOROUTAN Mojgan , RAHIMI Navid , TABATABAEIFAR Morteza , DARVISHI Mahmood , HASHEMI M , HOSSEIN‐PANAH Farhad , ZALI Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:  The increasing frequency of colorectal cancer in Asian countries, which have traditionally had a lower incidence than populations in developed countries, and a lower age of onset in Iran led us to perform a study on patients with colorectal cancer to investigate the clinical features of colorectal cancer in Iranians.

METHODS:  We studied 977 consecutive cases of colorectal cancer in terms of age, gender, and anatomic location during a 15‐year period (1989–2004). The patients were hospitalized in three referral hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti Medical University in Tehran, Iran. Related data were extracted from the patients’ medical records and processed using SPSS ver. 12. Most of our patients (251 cases or 25.6%) were between 60 and 69 years of age. We recorded 534 men (54.3%) and 443 women (45.7%). A total of 36% of patients were between 40 and 59 years and 306 patients (31.32%) had rectal cancer.

RESULTS:  The highest frequency of colorectal cancer in our study belonged to an age group a decade younger than the range mentioned in the literature for populations in developed societies.

CONCLUSION:  Regarding similar studies, it seems reasonable to adopt screening a decade earlier for Iranian patients.
The Accuracy of Aneroid Sphygmomanometers in the Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Moore Timothy A. , Sorokin Alexey V. , Hirst Colin , Thornton‐Thompson Sherell , Thompson Paul D.
Published: September 2010

The mercury sphygmomanometer is the undisputed gold standard for the indirect measurement of blood pressure. Some public health advocates have recently expressed concern about the use of mercury in medical practice.2 This concern has prompted many medical facilities to replace mercury manometers with aneroid devices. The present report examined the performance of 282 aneroid sphygmomanometers in outpatient medical practices. Results were examined for predetermined end points within ±3 mm Hg from the reference values and to indicate zero at no pressure. Ninety‐three devices (33%) failed to perform at ≥1 pressure levels. Most (76%) of the failures were due to low readings. Only 7 of the 93 failing units did not rest at zero, making this an unreliable indicator of accuracy. Inaccurate readings of aneroid sphygmomanometers may result in a failure to diagnose and treat hypertension, thereby placing hypertensive patients at risk for end‐organ damage and cardiovascular events.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Hypertensive Patients of Hispanic Descent
Authors: Aranda Juan M. , Calderon Rafael , Aranda Juan M.
Published: September 2010

In the United States, patients of Hispanic descent have higher rates of hypertension‐related morbidity and mortality than patients from other ethnic groups even though the prevalence of hypertension among Hispanics is lower. This discrepancy likely reflects lower rates of hypertension awareness and control among Hispanics as well as a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors in this population. Although available data suggest that patients of Hispanic descent who receive antihypertensive therapy experience responses and treatment benefits similar to those achieved by other ethnic groups, clinical trials of antihypertensive therapy have typically enrolled only small numbers of Hispanic patients. Agents targeting the renin‐angiotensin system, namely angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, may be particularly useful in the Hispanic population given the ability of these drugs to protect against hypertension‐related and diabetes‐related end‐organ damage independent of their blood pressure‐lowering effects.
Dobutamine Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Myocardial Ischemia in Women
Authors: Raman Subha V. , Donnally Michael R. , McCarthy Beth
Published: September 2010

This study sought to evaluate dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (DCMRI) in women with abnormal stress nuclear testing results. Women with findings on stress nuclear exams, including electrocardiography and/or perfusion, thought to require further evaluation with invasive coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled. Multiplane cine imaging was obtained at rest and at each stage of inotropic stress with atropine as needed to achieve target heart rate. DCMRI results were compared with stress nuclear and invasive cardiac catheterization results. Of 23 patients enrolled successfully, 22 completed DCMRI examination without complications. In all cases, DCMRI imaging demonstrated appropriate stress response with no ischemia despite abnormalities on stress nuclear testing. In the 18 patients who also underwent invasive coronary angiography, no significant obstructive disease was identified. DCMRI may be a useful alternative to stress nuclear examination in women; larger studies are warranted to determine its potential to more accurately predict obstructive coronary artery disease.
Varenicline and Its Role in Smoking Cessation
Authors: Kapoor Shailendra
Published: September 2010

Varenicline is a partial agonist of α4β2 nicotinic receptors. It was recently approved for smoking cessation in the United States. It is administered at a dosage of 0.5 mg once a day for an initial period of 3 days followed by 0.5 mg twice a day for the next 4 days. Following this, the drug is administered at a dosage of 1.0 mg twice a day. The total duration of therapy is 12 weeks. Common adverse effects include nausea, headache, and insomnia. Recent studies show that varenicline is almost twice as effective as bupropion SR in smoking cessation. Given the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity secondary to smoking, especially in the elderly, varenicline is a major therapeutic tool in the fight against smoking.
Use of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in High‐Risk Patients: Part 1
Authors: Bommer William J.
Published: September 2010

Cardiovascular disease is understood as a continuum; risk factors induce a pathophysiologic cascade that culminates in end‐organ failure. The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) influences multiple aspects of the pathophysiology via hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic effects. Many long‐term clinical trials provide overwhelming evidence of benefits of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) across the cardiovascular continuum, including benefits regarding hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, renal disease, and heart failure. Trials also indicate additive or synergistic effects of combination therapy in renal disease and heart failure, a possibility supported by the basic biochemistry of the agents. Discussion of these trials is included in part 1 of this 2‐part review. Part 2 of the review will discuss the extensive interaction of the RAS with the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and the cross‐continuum effects of ARBs and ACE inhibitors, which raise the possibility that RAS inhibition can offer protection in high‐risk patients who do not have symptoms. The benefits of combined ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy in high‐risk patients await confirmation; ongoing clinical research in this area will be discussed.
USE OF SIMULATED CLIENTS IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY EDUCATION
Authors: Hodgson Jennifer L. , Lamson Angela L. , Feldhousen Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2010

Knowledge of how one should manage suicidal, homicidal, child maltreatment, and domestic violence situations is paramount in the training of marriage and family therapists (MFTs). Simulated patient modules were created to help clinical faculty address these crisis situations in a protected learning environment. The modules were implemented by the MFT faculty in collaboration with the Office of Clinical Skills Assessment and Education at East Carolina University’s Brody School of Medicine. Qualitative data over the course of 2 years revealed six thematic domains regarding therapists’ performance, therapists’ emotions, the simulation experiences, and lessons learned. Educational, clinical, and research recommendations include tools to implement simulation exercises into marriage and family therapy programs as well as suggestions to assess for teaching effectiveness.
Women’s Experience of Rage: A Critical Feminist Analysis
Authors: Flemke Kimberly , Allen Katherine R.
Published: September 2010

We conducted in‐depth interviews with 37 incarcerated women on their experience of rage towards their intimate partner. Participants used specific criteria to distinguish their experience of rage from anger. Rage is described as an overwhelming experience with particular physiological and cognitive changes that takes control of a woman’s emotions and actions. In contrast, anger is described as a controllable emotion with a specific termination point. Motivations for acting violently in rage with an intimate partner are described and discussed. Findings suggest a primary trigger for experiencing rage is feeling threatened and feeling emotionally overwhelmed.
Solution‐Focused Therapy for Families Coping with Suicide
Authors: De Castro Sahily , Guterman Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2010

Solution‐focused therapy is proposed as a model for families coping with suicide. The nature and incidence of suicide is described along with a consideration of the effects that suicide has on families and prevailing treatment approaches. Three case examples illustrate the application. Implications are discussed pertaining to the theory, practice, and research of solution‐focused therapy for families coping with suicide.
L'universalisme ou le ciblage: la vulnérabilité de l'assurance sociale et de la protection du revenu minimum sous condition de ressources dans 18 pays, 1990‐2002
Authors: Nelson Kenneth
Published: September 2010

La stagnation et l'austérité des politiques sociales de ces dernières décennies suscitent un fort regain d'intérêt et de préoccupation pour la littérature relative à l'Etat providence. La présente étude se penche sur les différences dans l'évolution des prestations sous condition de ressources et des prestations d'assurance sociale. Elle aborde les questions liées à la mesure de l'austérité des politiques et à la vulnérabilité des prestations sociales. On distingue deux hypothèses contradictoires: l'une affirme que l'évolution des prestations sous condition de ressources ressemble à celle de l'assurance sociale; l'autre, plus récente, soutient que l'évolution des prestations sous condition de ressources épouse un profil singulier. Les analyses empiriques se fondent sur des données institutionnelles concernant le niveau des prestations sociales. l'étude montre que l'assurance sociale a plus de chances de survivre aux périodes d'austérité et que la vulnérabilité des prestations sous condition de ressources est liée à l'organisation des prestations d'assurance sociale.
L'incidence du VIH/SIDA sur les cotisations de sécurité sociale au Zimbabwe
Authors: Chikova Henry N. , Chinamasa Camillo F.
Published: September 2010

Frappant un grand nombre de travailleurs à un âge assez jeune encore, l'épidémie de VIH/SIDA entraîne une réduction de la population exerçant une activité lucrative. Ce faisant, elle met en péril les régimes légaux de sécurité sociale gérés par l'Office de sécurité sociale du Zimbabwe. Depuis une dizaine d'années, le pays connaît la récession économique, une très forte inflation et un important recul de l'emploi. Ces facteurs négatifs se répercutent sur le volume des cotisations au régime national de pensions et d'autres prestations, où est appliqué par ailleurs un système de plafonnement. Tous ces facteurs influent sur les ressources de la sécurité sociale, sans qu'une stratégie cohérente ait été pour l'heure arrêtée afin de combattre le phénomène d'érosion financière qui la menace. L'étude présentée ici visait à déterminer par projections l'impact potentiel du VIH/SIDA et du plafonnement des cotisations sur les recettes du régime dans des conditions d'hyperinflation. Les résultats indiquent que l'épidémie pourrait entraîner un déficit de cotisations de plus de 30 pour cent à l'horizon 2030. Il devrait cependant être possible de réduire l'impact négatif de l'épidémie et de corriger l'effet du plafonnement. Les mesures adéquates vont d'une révision fréquente du plafond de cotisation, relevé en fonction de l'inflation, à l'investissement dans la prévention du VIH/SIDA.
Mesures prises par Singapour face au vieillissement, aux inégalités et à la pauvreté: évaluation
Authors: Asher Mukul G. , Nandy Amarendu
Published: September 2010

Résumé  Le cas de Singapour est instructif s'agissant des mesures prises face au vieillissement rapide de la population, aux inégalités croissantes et à la pauvreté relativement substantielle. Contrairement à d'autres pays asiatiques à revenu élevé, Singapour s'est appuyée sur une épargne obligatoire à un seul niveau pour financer les retraites, le logement et dans une moindre mesure les soins de santé. Pour faire face à la faiblesse du taux de fécondité, elle a fait en sorte que la population de non‐ressortissants triple entre 1990 et 2005 pour avoisiner 30 pour cent, ce qui modifie de façon subtile la dynamique sociopolitique tout en favorisant la croissance et la compétitivité. Le présent document montre que Singapour dispose des moyens budgétaires, institutionnels et structurels nécessaires à un système de sécurité sociale moderne à plusieurs paliers. Singapour est toutefois déterminée à conserver les dispositifs actuels qui sont insuffisants et inéquitables. En effet, ils font porter aux individus et aussi à leur famille les risques disproportionnés du financement des retraites, des soins de santé et du soutien des revenus à court terme. Cette situation reflète des choix politiques conscients découlant d'une vision darwiniste de la société et la nécessité d'un contrôle sociopolitique.
Evaluation du système turc de pensions du point de vue des inégalités entre hommes et femmes
Authors: Elveren Adem Y.
Published: September 2010

Résumé  Depuis les années quatre‐vingt‐dix, le régime de protection sociale de la Turquie est davantage tourné vers le marché. La mise en place du système individuel de pensions (SIP), régime privéà cotisations définies, fait partie de cette évolution. Le présent document repose sur un modèle stochastique autorégressif destinéà montrer l'effet global de handicaps précis sur les prestations de retraite servies aux femmes: durée de vie active plus courte, revenus inférieurs, espérance de vie supérieure, croissance réelle des salaires, coûts administratifs et aversion aux risques notamment. A l'aide d'un modèle actuariel, il vise à enrichir la documentation en étudiant les différences entre hommes et femmes du régime turc de pensions à cotisations définies.
Prestations de maladie et d'invalidité: quels sont les déterminants de la convergence des politiques?
Authors: Prinz Christopher , Tompson William
Published: September 2010

Dans cet article, nous étudions les raisons de l'apparente convergence des politiques de maladie et d'invalidité des différents pays membres de l'OCDE. Nous nous demandons si et dans quelle mesure la convergence des politiques devrait être considérée comme un produit de l'apprentissage des politiques. Nous concluons que cette convergence résulte davantage d'une imitation des politiques que d'un apprentissage et qu'il est plus probable que cet apprentissage (sur la base des erreurs passées) ait lieu au sein des pays que d'un pays à l'autre. Avec les preuves limitées dont ils disposent sur ce qui «fonctionne vraiment» dans les politiques pour une sécurité du revenu suffisante et pour la participation au marché du travail, les gouvernements se tournent vers l'étranger ou vers des organismes tels que l'OCDE afin de trouver d'éventuels modèles et des idées à l'appui d'une réforme. Mais la traduction de ces idées en politiques réalistes exige une grande sensibilité au contexte institutionnel et politico‐économique — et en particulier au rôle des partenaires sociaux et à la nature des politiques en vigueur. Pour la mise en œuvre des nouvelles politiques, cet apprentissage contextuel peut s'avérer crucial.
Das Mindestrentenalter in der Sozialversicherung von OECD‐Ländern: 1949‐2035
Authors: Turner John
Published: September 2010

Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem Mindestrenten‐ oder frühest möglichen Ruhestandsalter in der Sozialversicherung von 23 OECD‐Ländern im Zeitraum von 1949 bis 2035. Die Regelungen für die kommenden Jahre richten sich nach heute geltendem Recht, wobei einige erst 2035 vollends wirksam werden. Wir können einen Trend sinkender Mindest‐rentenalter verfolgen, der sich in den neunziger Jahren umkehrte: Ab Beginn jenes Jahrzehnts beschlossen viele Länder eine Anhebung des Mindestrentenalters, die im Allgemeinen jedoch erst später in Kraft treten sollte. Ein Blick auf den Umgang mit dem Mindestrentenalter liefert Erkenntnisse zu übergeordneten Themen in der Sozialpolitik, beispielsweise zu der Frage, ob sich die Sozialpolitik unterschiedlicher Länder im Laufe der Zeit angeglichen hat. Die Untersuchung erstreckt sich auch auf die zeitliche Entwicklung der Tendenz zu Geschlechtergleichheit in der Sozialversicherung.
Der Grad der dekommodifizierten Sicherheit: Ein Instrument zur Evaluierung der europäischen Sozialschutzsysteme
Authors: Menahem Georges
Published: September 2010

Um die bestimmende Rolle der sozialen Sicherheit und der Sozialpolitik für die Wohlfahrt besser evaluieren zu können, führt dieser Artikel den Begriff des “Grades der dekommodifizierten Sicherheit” (GDS) ein, ein Evaluierungsinstrument für eine wichtige Aufgabe des Sozialstaats, nämlich den Erhalt und die Fortentwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Sicherheit der Bevölkerung. In diesem Sinne werden die der Berechnung des GDS zugrunde liegenden Annahmen vorgestellt, seine Hauptbestandteile in 20 europäischen Ländern im Jahre 2002 analysiert und Veränderungen simuliert, die durch zehn Modulationen dieser Bestandteile entstehen. Die Analyse der Empfindlich‐keit der wirtschaftlichen Sicherheit verdeutlicht schließlich das Zugrundeliegen von drei unterschiedlichen logischen Systemen.
Zur Entstehung von IVSS und IAO
Authors: Guinand Cédric
Published: September 2010

Auszug  Die Schaffung der Internationalen Vereinigung für Soziale Sicherheit wurde nachhaltig von der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation beeinflusst, die mit Sicherheit zu den Aufsteigern in der Welt der internationalen Organisationen zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen zählte. Allerdings wäre es unrichtig, davon auszugehen, dass sie die einzige Institution gewesen ist, die ihre Vision in die Gründung der IVSS einbrachte. Sowohl die Vorläufer dieser beiden Organisationen wie CPIAS und AIPLT als auch andere Akteure aus dieser Zeit wie der Internationale Berufsverband der Ärzte sowie die Internationalisierung der Sozialversicherungsbewegung trugen zum Aufbau dieser neuen Vereinigung bei, die in ihren ersten Jahren allerdings auch schwierige Augenblicke erlebte.
La extensión del seguro y la protección de salud en relación al mercado laboral: problemas y políticas en América Latina
Authors: Mesa‐Lago Carmelo
Published: September 2010

En los últimos 25 años virtualmente los 20 países de América Latina han reformado sus sistemas de salud pero la cobertura del seguro social promedia 53 por ciento de la población total (inferior a la norma mínima de la OIT), fluctúa entre 7 por ciento y 26 por ciento en diez países y se ha estancado o caído en al menos ocho, y el acceso a la salud es insuficiente. Este artículo: 1) analiza la transformación del mercado laboral y su impacto en la cobertura por el seguro social de salud; describe la cobertura legal de varios grupos; estima la cobertura estadística/acceso y sus tendencias en los tres sectores típicos (público, seguro social y privado); documenta las diferencias en la cobertura por ingreso, áreas geográficas y etnias; identifica las dificultades en incorporar al sector informal, la población rural, indígena y pobre, así como las causas de la baja cobertura, y toca el acceso; 2) abrevia las recomendaciones sobre cobertura y acceso por los organismos internacionales, sugiere políticas específicas para expandir la protección en general y entre grupos vulnerables e identifica temas que requieren más estadísticas e investigación; y 3) resume las conclusiones y recomendaciones.
Has oil lost the capacity to shock?
Authors: Walton David
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Recent high oil prices have neither triggered a recession nor caused inflation. This is in contrast to the ‘stagflation’ of the 1970s. The dissimilarity can be explained by increased labour market flexibility, central bank independence and the role of monetary policy.
Welfare losses and the nation state system: why international migration isn't freer1
Authors: Brendon Charles
Published: September 2010

Abstract. We present a model in which the entire welfare gains due to freer migration accrue to migrants themselves. In a world whose principal political unit, the nation state, furthers the interests of stocks of people rather than flows, this points to an inefficient allocation of global resources as a direct consequence of the political framework in which the global economy resides.
Medicaid Costs Associated with the Hospitalization of Young Children for Restorative Dental Treatment Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Kanellis Michael J. , Damiano Peter C. , Momany Elizabeth T.
Published: September 2010

Objective: This paper examines the cost to the Iowa Medicaid program of hospitalizing young children for restorative dental care under general anesthesia, and describes the dental services received in this setting. Methods: Medicaid dental claims for young children receiving restorative dental care under general anesthesia during fiscal year 1994 were matched with corresponding hospital and anesthesia claims. Results: The total cost to the Medicaid program of treating a child in the hospital under general anesthesia was $2,009 per case. Less than 2 percent of Medicaid‐enrolled children under 6 years of age who received any dental service accounted for 25 percent of all dollars spent on dental services for this age group, including hospital and anesthesia care. The most frequent type of procedure was stainless steel crowns (SSCs), with an average of almost six per case. Conclusions: Early identification, prevention, and intervention are critically important to prevent the costly treatment of children with ECC in hospital operating rooms.
The Geodemographic Distribution of Caries Experience in Neighboring Fluoridated and Nonfluoridated Populations
Authors: Tickle Martin , Milsom Keith M. , Jenner Tony M. , Blinkhom Anthony S.
Published: September 2010

Objective: This study compares the geodemographic distribution of caries experience in neighboring fluoridated and nonfluoridated populations. Methods: All 5‐year‐old children living in fluoridated (N=1,422) and nonfluoridated (H=4,779) areas of Cheshire, UK, were examined by trained and calibrated examiners. The Target Market level of the Super Profiles geodemographic classification was used to produce market penetration ranking reports for caries experience. The same area types were compared in fluoridated and nonfluoridated populations. Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients were generated from the outputs of the penetration rankings. Results: There was a 12.4 percent difference in prevalence and a 29.4 percent difference in dmft between fluoridated (dmft>0=32.4%, dmft‐1.01) and nonfluoridated (dmft>0=37.0%, dmft=1.43) areas. The area types at the top of both penetration rankings were deprived in nature and those at the bottom were affluent. The Gini coefficients in each area were 22.7 and 23.7percent. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that water fluoridation is effective at preventing dental disease after controlling for confounding factors, in both populations the majority of disease was not confined to a smalt number of deprived area types. This undermines the contention that a targeted approach to caries prevention is a practical option.
Seasonal Variation in Fluoride Intake: the Iowa Fluoride Study
Authors: Broffitt Barbara , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Heller Keith E.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Although patterns of fluid intake change seasonally, little is known about how fluoride intake varies by season. Since even short‐term increases in fluoride intake could potentially lead to more dental fluorosis, it is valuable to assess the degree of seasonal variation to determine if it increases fluoride intake to levels that could be considered a concern in young children. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed periodically to participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study beginning at 6 weeks of age and continuing for a number of years. Parents recorded the date; child's weight; estimates of the amounts of water and other beverages that their child consumed per week; the type and amount of any fluoride supplements used; and the type, amount, and frequency of dentifrice used, with an estimate of the proportion of dentifrice that was swallowed. Documented water fluoride levels from municipal sources and assay of individual sources were linked to water intake amounts. Total fluoride intake per kg body weight was estimated from water, other beverages, fluoride supplements, and ingested dentifrice. Generalized linear models compared temperature‐related and seasonal effects after adjusting for the child's age. Results: Separate analyses for ages 0–12 months and 12–72 months showed different results. Children younger than 12 months of age did not exhibit significant seasonal or temperature‐related variation in any of the components of fluoride intake. Children aged 12–72 months had higher fluoride intake (mg F/kg bw) from beverages in summer (P <.05), and fluoride intake from beverages increased with monthly temperature (P <.001). Conclusions: Fluoride intake from beverages for children aged 12–72 months is slightly higher in the summer and increases with mean monthly temperature. Fluoride intake from supplements and dentifrice did not change significantly with either season or temperature.
Coverage and Quality of Oral Cancer Information in Selected Popular Press: May 1998 to July 2003
Authors: Graham Jalaima A. , Horowitz Alice M. , Canto Maria T.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: A 1998 study demonstrated a lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press between April 1987 and April 1997. Since that study, several oral cancer‐related activities took place, many of which could have increased the media's attention to oral cancer. Therefore, this study analyzed coverage and quality of oral cancer information in selected popular press between May 1998 and July 2003. Methods: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from three databases and were analyzed by specific topics and subtopics for adequacy of content and accuracy of information. Articles were categorized as either “primarily oral cancer‐related” or “primarily tobacco‐related.”Results: Sixty articles were identified, 39 of which were included in the analysis (14 magazines; 25 newspapers). Seventeen articles were “primarily oral cancer‐related,” and 22 were “primarily tobacco‐related.” Seventy‐two percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer, the most common being tobacco use (69%). Far fewer articles noted alcohol (10%) or the combined use of tobacco and alcohol (5%) as risk factors. Only 8 percent of the articles recommended an oral cancer examination. Conclusion: Despite local and limited national efforts and activities aimed at increasing public awareness of oral cancer, the popular press coverage of those activities was minimal or nonexistent. [J Public Health Dent 2004;64(4):231–36]
Dental treatment of children with Angelman syndrome: a case report
Authors: Murakami Christiana , Corrêa Maria Salete Nahás Pires , Corrêa Fernanda Nahás Pires , Corrêa José Paulo Nahás Pires
Published: September 2010

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic neurological disorder. The main clinical characteristics of this syndrome are delayed neuropsychological development, intellectual disability, speech impairment, movement or balance disorder, and a behavioural uniqueness. The syndrome has oral manifestations such as diastemas, tongue thrusting, sucking/swallowing disorder, mandibular prognathism, a wide mouth, frequent drooling, and excessive chewing behaviour. The dental literature on the syndrome is scarce. The purpose of paper is to describe the interesting aspects of the dental treatment of a child with AS.
Targeting Fibrosis for the Treatment of Heart Failure: A Role for Transforming Growth Factor‐β
Authors: Edgley Amanda J , Krum Henry , Kelly Darren J
Published: September 2010

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a growing health problem in developed nations. The pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix is a key contributor to CHF in both diabetic and nondiabetic states, resulting in progressive stiffening of the ventricular walls and loss of contractility. Proinflammatory disease processes, including inflammatory cytokine activation, contribute to accumulation of extracellular matrix in the heart. Transforming growth factor‐β is a key profibrotic cytokine mediating fibrosis. Current therapeutic strategies do not directly target the profibrotic inflammatory processes occurring in the heart and hence there is a clear unmet clinical need to develop new therapeutic agents targeting fibrosis. Accordingly, strategies that inhibit proinflammatory cytokine activation and pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) provide a potential therapeutic target for prevention of heart failure. This review focuses on the therapeutic targeting of TGF‐β in the prevention of pathological fibrosis in the heart.
The Earliest Ordovician Graptolite Sequence of Hunjiang, Jilin Province, China
Authors: Xiaofeng Wang , Erdtmann Bernd‐D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract On the basis of studies of the graptolite sequence at the Xiaoyangqiao section in the vicinity of Dayangcha Village and at the Qinggouzi and Muxiantougou sections near Hunjiang City, southeastern Jilin, five graptolite zones may be recognized in the ‘Yeli Formation’ in ascending order: 1. Rhabdinopora parabola zone, 2. Anisograptus zone, 3. Psigraptus zone, 4. Callograptus? taizehoensis zone, and 5. Adelograptus‐Clonograptus zone. The correlation of each zone with its equivalents in other areas both in China and abroad and the Cambrian‐Ordovician boundary are discussed.
Deformation Characteristics and Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Qinling Orogenic Belt*
Authors: Zhiqin Xu , Yilun Lu , Yaoqing Tang , Mattauer M. , Matte Ph. , Malavieille J. , Tapponnier P. , Maluski H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract The Qinling Mountains separating the northern from the southern China plate is a key region for the study of structural evolution of eastern Asia. It is composed of the Palaeozoic fold belt in its northern part and the Variscan and Indosinian fold belts in its southern part. The evolution of the former is marked by the closure of a northward subducting oceanic basin in the early stage, followed by southward obduction of ophiolites and intracontinental thrusting during the Variscan; whereas that of the latter is represented by intracontinental, shallow crustal deformation on the basis of a large‐scale detachment structure (with a horizontal slip of at least of 100 km). Since the late Palaeozoic, however, both of the belts have been cut by a series of east‐west sinistral strike‐slip faults.
The Discovery and Study of Mantle‐Derived Spinel‐Lherzolite in the Darbut Ultrabasic Zone, Xinjiang
Authors: Zhanyi Shi , Jinming Li , Zhenxing Li
Published: September 2010

Abstract The spinel‐lherzolite under study was discovered in the magnesian ultrabasic rocks in a Palaeozoic ophiolite zone. It occurs as spheroidal inclusions. Its petrofabric features, slip system of plastic deformation, REE distribution and estimation of temperature and pressure conditions of rock formation are all very similar to those of the ultramafic inclusion in Cenozoic and Mesozoic alkali basalt and kimberlite.
The Rapid Inversion of 3‐D Potential Field and Program Design
Authors: Rui Feng , Huifen Yan , Ruoshui Zhang
Published: September 2010

Abstract The application of three‐dimensional inversion of gravity and magnetic fields is very important not only in geophysical researches, but also in the study of geological structures. A formula of potential field in frequency‐domain, developed by Parker in 1973, can be used as a rapid and effective algorithm in gravity and magnetic inversion. The technique has been improved then by Oldenburg, Sprenke, Feng and others.

In addition to a brief introduction of Parker's algorithm and its applications, this paper includes the following five parts: basic computational techniques, inversion of single layer, convergence and constraints, simultaneous inversion for density and topography as well as inversion of multilayers. The authors present relevant practical iterative formulas and its varieties when density distribution varies with depth in linear or exponential relation. In order to maintain computation stability and speed up iteration convergence, some approaches are taken in the program design, for instance shifting lower interface of the studied layer, inverting corrections of topography, reducing grid boundary effects and utilizing low‐pass filter. With the consideration of the nonuniqueness of the inversion, a method of using seismic data to constrain the range of possible models is discussed. It is pointed out that the density variation generates less effects than those of topography on the spectrum of gravity anomaly in second order. Therefore density contrast and topography can be inverted simultaneously by an alternative weighting iteration. By analogy, the inversion of multilayer model can be done in the above procedure. An approach of model decomposition is useful in the computation of multilayer model. The techniques discussed in the present paper for gravitational field are also valid for magnetic field.
Gold Deposits in Precambrian Banded Iron‐Formations — A Case Study of the Dongfengshan Gold Deposit1
Authors: Jinglan Liu
Published: September 2010

Abstract

This paper deals with a preliminary study of 13 localities of Precambrian iron‐formations in the Jiamusi median massif and determination of the gold content of 391 samples. It has been ascertained that the gold deposits are strictly controlled by the iron‐formations and exhibit obvious stratabound features. On that basis, the paper principally discusses gold migration and enrichment. Abundant Mn and Co are contained in primary sediments of the Dongfengshan‐type gold deposits, which strongly supports and supplements the idea that the gold deposits of the same kind in the world are of metamorphosed volcano‐exhalative‐sedimentary origin.
Structural Deformation and Hydrothermal Mineralization
Authors: Zichao Wang , Yanan Wang
Published: September 2010

Abstract Taking the Jinchang gold‐copper field in Yinan County, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the authors have proposed that the migration and concentration of ore‐forming substances carried in the hydrothermal solutions might be mainly controlled by the structural deformation taking place during the mineralization epoch. It has been found that the ore‐forming elements are generally concentrated in the places with strong structural deformation and that different types of ore bodies occur in different parts of deformational structures. In addition, the authors have conducted a quantitative evaluation of the structural control over the emplacement of ores through petromechanical experiments, measurement of physico‐mechanical parameters of the rocks, inversion of the stress field and simulation of distribution of migration potential of the ore‐forming solutions with the theory of infiltration mechanics.
Axinaea fernando‐cabiesiiandA. reginaespp. nov. (Melastomataceae) from upper Amazonia of Peru, with notes on the conservation status ofA. flava
Authors: Bussmann Rainer W. , Gruhn Jennifer , Glenn Ashley
Published: September 2010

Two new Peruvian species ofAxinaea(Melastomataceae) are described.Axinaea francisco‐cabiesiiandAxinaea reginaeare small trees, endemic to the cloud forest zone in the northern Andean region of Peru. The border region of Peru and Ecuador is one of the Earth's most biologically diverse areas. The Huancabamba depression of the central Andean Cordillera allows for dispersal of flora and fauna between the Amazon Basin and the Pacific lowlands. Additionally, the region is characterized by a fast transition between the humid mountain forests of the northern Andes and the dry, deciduous forests of the northern Peruvian lowlands, making it a hotspot for endemic species. Field observations indicate that both newAxinaeaspecies have small population sizes, occurring in a very restricted habitat.Axinaea flavawas described only a few years ago from the cloud forest – paramo transition zone in southernmost Ecuador between 3400 and 3800 m a.s.l. This small tree is the only yellow‐flowered species of the genus. The original assessment counted about 100 individuals. In the last decade, livestock grazing and widespread burning have intensified in the region, and a new assessment yielded only 10 individuals, four of which were damaged by fire. This puts the species in danger of extinction. We encourage search for other populations in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.
Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory of Human Development
Authors: Tudge Jonathan R. H. , Mokrova Irina , Hatfield Bridget E. , Karnik Rachana B.
Published: September 2010

This paper evaluates the application of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory as it is represented in empirical work on families and their relationships. We describe the “mature” form of bioecological theory of the mid‐1990s and beyond, with its focus on proximal processes at the center of the Process‐Person‐Context‐Time model. We then examine 25 papers published since 2001, all explicitly described as being based on Bronfenbrenner's theory, and show that all but 4 rely on outmoded versions of the theory, resulting in conceptual confusion and inadequate testing of the theory.
Reconceptualizing Parent‐Adolescent Relationships: A Dialogic Model
Authors: Ashbourne Lynda M.
Published: September 2010

The author applies a dialogic view of communication to parent‐adolescent relationships, allowing for explicit attention to the process of interaction and social construction of meaning within these relationships. The constitutive role of dialogue between parent and adolescent is set within the context of competing tensions or dialectics. This theoretical framework provides a perspective for attending to parents' and adolescents' experiences and relational interactions, as well as meaning making and identity formation occurring within the dialogic gap.
Testimonial Knowledge in Early Childhood, Revisited1
Authors: GOLDBERG SANFORD C.
Published: September 2010

Many epistemologists agree that even very young children sometimes acquire knowledge through testimony. In this paper I address two challenges facing this view. The first (building on a point made in Lackey (2005)) is the defeater challenge, which is to square the hypothesis that very young children acquire testimonial knowledge with the fact that children (whose cognitive immaturity prevents them from having or appreciating reasons) cannot be said to satisfy the No‐Defeaters condition on knowledge. The second is the extension challenge, which is to give a motivated, extensionally‐adequate account of the conditions on testimonial knowledge in early childhood. Neither challenge can be met merely by endorsing externalism about knowledge; but we can meet both by reconceiving the process that eventuates in the child’s consumption of testimony. My central thesis is that this process should be seen as implicating features of the child’s social environment. The result is a novel anti‐individualistic externalism about knowledge.
Animality and Agency: A Kantian Approach to Abortion
Authors: DENIS LARA
Published: September 2010

This paper situates abortion in the context of women’s duties to themselves. I argue that the fundamental Kantian requirement to respect oneself as a rational being, combined with Kant’s view of our animal nature, form the basis for a view of pregnancy and abortion that focuses on women’s agency and characters without diminishing the importance of their bodies and emotions. The Kantian view of abortion that emerges takes abortion to be morally problematic, but sometimes permissible, and sometimes even required.

After sketching Kant’s account of duties to oneself, I discuss the challenges pregnancy poses to women’s agency. I then argue that abortion is morally problematic because it is antagonistic to an important subset of morally useful emotions that we have self‐regarding duties to protect and cultivate; thus, there is a rebuttable deliberative presumption against maxims of abortion for inclination‐based ends. I close by considering objections.
Agent Reliabilism and the Problem of Clairvoyance
Authors: BERNECKER SVEN
Published: September 2010

This paper argues that John Greco’s agent reliabilism fails in its attempt to meet the double requirement of accounting for the internalist intuition that knowledge requires sensitivity to the reliability of one’s evidence and evading the charge of psychological implausibility.
On the Analysis of the Aerodynamic Heating Problem
Authors: Arnas A. Özer , Boettner Daisie D. , Tamm Gunnar , Norberg Seth A. , Whipple Jason R. , Benson Michael J. , VanPoppel Bret P.
Published: September 2010

A complete analytical solution to the problem of aerodynamic heating is lacking in heat transfer textbooks, which are used for undergraduate and graduate education. There are many issues that are very important from a convective heat transfer point of view. In practice, poor analyses lead to poor design, thus faulty manufacturing. Since, over the years analysis has given way to numerical studies, the instructors do not take the necessary time to go through analytical details. Thus the students just use the results without any awareness of how to get them and the inherent limitations of the analytical solution. The only intent of this paper, therefore, is to present the detailed analytical study of the aerodynamic heating problem.