bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complications and Solutions in Propeller Flap Surgery
Authors: Cajozzo Marta , Jiga Lucian P. , Jandali Zaher , Muradov Mismil , Pignatti Marco , Cordova Adriana , D'Arpa Salvatore
Published: September 2020

Propeller perforator flaps (PPFs) have long been proven as valid reconstructive tools for a wide range of soft tissue defects in different body regions. During the last decade, despite their numerous advantages, many authors have thoroughly analyzed outcomes of these flaps, sometimes discouraging their use mainly because of a high failure rate. Accurate patient selection, adequate preoperative planning, and an appropriate dissection technique seem to potentially improve outcomes. Our study provides a review of the relevant literature related to PPF complications and of our experience, describing reasons for failure, measures for preventing them, and approaches for a prompt evaluation and management of complications.
Precision Medicine, Artificial Intelligence, and Genomic Markers in Urology. Do we need to Tailor our Clinical Practice?
Authors: Chavarriaga Julián , Moreno Camila
Published: September 2020

Precision medicine plays a key role in urological oncology practice nowadays, with the breakthrough of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), which play a critical role in different DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, the immune checkpoint inhibitors, the genomic expression profiles and current genome manipulation-directed targeted therapy. Information and technology (IT) are set to change the way we assess and treat patients and should be reviewed and discussed. The aim of the present article is to demonstrate a detailed revision on precision medicine, including novel therapeutic targets, genomic markers, genomic stratification of urological patients, and the top-notch technological breakthroughs that could change our clinical practice

We performed a review of the literature in four different databases (PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, and Scielo) on any information concerning prostate, bladder, kidney and urothelial cancer novel treatments with PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), targeted therapy with fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors (FGFRi), and theranostics with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted monoclonal antibodies. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning algorithm in urological practice were also part of the search. We included all articles written in English, published within the past 7 years, that discussed outstanding therapies and genomics in urological cancer and artificial intelligence applied to urology. Meanwhile, we excluded articles with lack of a clear methodology and written in any other language than English.

One-hundred and twenty-six articles of interest were found; of these, 65 articles that presented novel treatments of urological neoplasms, discussed precision medicine, genomic expression profiles and biomarkers in urology, and latest deep learning and machine learning algorithms as well as the use of artificial intelligence in urological practice were selected. A critical review of the literature is presented in the present article.

Urology is a constantly changing specialty with a wide range of therapeutic breakthroughs, a huge understanding of the genomic expression profiles for each urological cancer and a tendency to use cutting-edge technology to treat our patients. All of these major developments must be analyzed objectively, taking into account costs to the health systems, risks and benefits to the patients, and the legal background that comes with them. A critical analysis of these new technologies and pharmacological breakthroughs should be made before considering changing our clinical practice. Nowadays, research needs to be strengthened to help us improve results in assessing and treating our patients.
Propeller Flaps for the Anterior Trunk
Authors: Ogawa Rei
Published: September 2020

Various types of propeller flaps from multiple donor sites can be used to reconstruct anterior trunk skin defects. The actual selection depends on the condition and location of the recipient site, especially if it is to be the chest or abdomen that requires attention. Before surgery commences, it is always important to use an imaging analyses such as computed tomography angiography to examine and identify perforators that could perfuse a perforator-pedicled propeller flap (PPPF), as it is the most multifaceted imaging technique. Clusters of perforators that can be commonly used for the “workhorse” PPPFs for the thoracic and abdominal regions are the internal mammary artery perforator, the musculophrenic artery perforator, and the deep inferior epigastric perforator. These perforators are reliable and large enough to support long and large propeller flaps that will cover most defects in this region, while still allowing primary donor-site closure.
Smartphone Thermal Imaging Can Enable the Safer Use of Propeller Flaps
Authors: Hallock Geoffrey G.
Published: September 2020

The use of thermography for the identification of cutaneous “hot spots” that coincide with perforators is not a new concept, but the required professional cameras may be prohibitively expensive. Only relatively recently, incredibly cheap but adequate thermal imaging cameras have become available that work in concert with the ubiquitous cell phone. This can now serve as a rapid, accurate, and complementary method for finding a perforator sufficient to serve as the hub for a perforator pedicled propeller flap. In addition, the preferred direction of rotation about that hub, effect of flap insetting on perfusion, and then postoperative monitoring are possible by proper interpretation of corresponding thermograms. Every reconstructive surgeon should be able to obtain this device, and then easily learn what potential attributes for them are available when planning a propeller flap.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Younger than 35 Is Effective Regardless of Surgical Approach
Authors: Novikov David , Luthringer Tyler A. , Cizmic Zlatan , Rudy Hayeem L. , Mahure Siddharth , Davidovitch Roy I. , Schwarzkopf Ran , Vigdorchik Jonathan M.
Published: September 2020

Despite the increasing frequency of younger patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA), very few, if any, studies report on postoperative outcomes that specifically compare the two most commonly used approaches in this age group. The purpose of our study is to assess whether surgical approach affects postoperative outcomes in THA patients younger than 35 years. A retrospective analysis of 115 patients younger than 35 years that underwent primary unilateral THA between January 2013 and April 2018 was conducted. Patients were divided into two cohorts: (1) patients that underwent THA utilizing the anterior approach and (2) patients that underwent THA utilizing the posterior approach. Subanalysis controlling for surgical case complexity and use of robotic assistance was performed. Radiographic analysis included measurement of perioperative leg length discrepancies. Of the total 115 patients, 37 were in the anterior THA cohort, and 78 were in the posterior THA cohort. All baseline patient characteristics were similar among both cohorts. Patients in the anterior THA cohort had shorter mean operative times (95 vs. 121 minutes; p < 0.01) and shorter mean hospital length of stay or LOS (1.9 vs. 2.8 days; p < 0.01). Leg length discrepancies, dislocation, revision, and all-cause postoperative complication rates were similar between both cohorts. When excluding complex cases and use of robotic assistance (anterior n = 36, posterior n = 39), there was no difference in operative time, LOS, or postoperative outcomes. Our study suggests that surgically complex patients were more likely to undergo posterior rather than anterior THA. When controlling for surgical complexity and use of robotic assistance, no difference between approach with respect to operative time, hospital LOS, dislocation, revision, and all-cause postoperative surgical complication rates in THA recipients under 35 years of age was found. The results suggest that the anterior and posterior approaches can be equally effective for the majority of young THA patients.
Propeller Flaps in the Upper Extremity: Arm and Forearm Reconstruction
Authors: Malzone Gerardo , Innocenti Marco
Published: September 2020

The propeller flap is an island of skin that is raised on its pedicle (most commonly a single perforator) and can rotate 180 degrees to cover a soft tissue defect. Thanks to these features, the propeller flap brings reliable tissue from outside of the zone of injury while sparing the main vessels of the upper extremity. This technique limits the donor site to the same limb, captures skin characterized by having the same color and texture, does not necessarily need a microvascular anastomosis, and overall reduces the operating time and surgical cost. Our intent here is to present 27 cases with different soft tissue defects of the upper arm and forearm that have been successfully reconstructed using propeller flaps. The surgical technique, with emphasis on the anatomy of the upper arm, is described. In particular, use of a freestyle approach to customize a perforator-based propeller flap to cover defects from small to medium size is detailed. In our experience, the use of a perforator propeller flap in the upper extremity for resurfacing represents both a very reliable and aesthetically pleasant option.
Introduction to “Propeller Flaps”
Authors: Pignatti Marco , Hallock Geoffrey G.
Published: September 2020

The editors of this issue of Seminars in Plastic Surgery dedicated to propeller flaps met in 2009 at the “1st Tokyo Meeting on Perforator and Propeller Flaps.” On that occasion, as part of the advisory panel of the meeting, they contributed to the definition and classification of these flaps. Since then, several evolutions and new applications of propeller flaps appeared in the literature. In 2019, the editors met again in Bologna, Italy, where they decided to collect the experiences from prominent authors in propeller flap surgery and provide them to the readers in this monographic dedicated publication.
Gastrointestinal Malignancies and Venous Thromboembolic Disease: Clinical Significance and Endovascular Interventions
Authors: Li Xin , Partovi Sasan , Gadani Sameer , Martin Charles , Beck Avi , Vedantham Suresh
Published: September 2020

Gastrointestinal malignancy encompasses a wide range of disease processes. Its incidence and mortality rate rank among the highest of all cancers. Venous thromboembolic disease is a common complication of gastrointestinal malignancy. Anticoagulation remains the first-line therapy. However, for patients who cannot tolerate or have failed anticoagulation, inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement may be an option. Furthermore, to improve symptom resolution and reduce the severity of postthrombotic syndrome, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) may be an option. Recent randomized trials including the ATTRACT (Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal with Adjunctive Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis) trial have shed new light on the efficacy and safety of CDT and related methods. Overall, the decision to proceed with IVC filter placement or CDT must be individualized.
Transdisciplinarity as a discipline and a way of being: complementarities and creative tensions
Authors: Rigolot Cyrille
Published: September 2020

Transdisciplinarity is generally defined by the inclusion of non-academic stakeholders in the process of knowledge production. Transdisciplinarity is a promising notion, but its ability to efficiently address the world’s most pressing issues still requires improvement. Several typologies of transdisciplinarity have been proposed, generally with a theoretical versus practical dichotomy (Mode 1/Mode 2), and effort has focused on possible linkages between different types. However, in the last two decades, transdisciplinarity has significantly matured to the extent that the classical theoretical versus practical distinction appears clearly limited. In this paper, a reframing of the debate is proposed by considering transdisciplinarity as a new discipline and as a way of being. The conception of transdisciplinarity as a discipline can be related to the recent development of the broader discipline of “integration and implementation sciences” (i2S), to which “practical” Mode 2 transdisciplinarity is a major contributor. When transdisciplinarity is considered as a way of being, it is inseparable from personal life and extends far beyond the professional activities of a researcher. To illustrate this conception, the work and life of Edgar Morin can be used as an exemplary reference in conjunction with other streams of thought, such as integral theory. Transdisciplinarity as a discipline and transdisciplinarity as a way of being have complementarities in terms of researchers’ personal dispositions and space for expression in academia. The proposed distinction also raises the question of the status of consciousness in transdisciplinary projects, which may be a fruitful controversial topic for the transdisciplinary research community.
A Pedagogical Model of CO2 and O2 Atmospheric Abundances and Tree Population due to Human Population
Authors: Benner Mckayla
Published: September 2020

A pedagogical model of the effects of human population on the global tree population and the atmospheric abundances of carbon dioxide and oxygen is provided, which, though too simple to be precise, offers meaningful insights with the virtue of being solvable by analytical means using only elementary calculus.
Analysis of Physical and Structural Properties of Alkali Oxide–Modified Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Jesuit Martha , Packard Michael , Boyd Makyla , Tagiara Nagia S. , Kamitsos Efstratios I. , Alderman Oliver , Benmore Chris , Hannon Alex , Appler Matthew , Feller Steve
Published: September 2020

Glasses in the system x M2O·(1 − x) TeO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25), where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, were made by melting in platinum crucibles. Various quenching methods were used to make each glass because some glasses require extremely rapid cooling. Physical properties such as the glass transition onset temperature (Tg) and density (ρ) were measured. In order to explore the short-range structure in these glasses, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and high-energy x-ray diffraction were used. These experiments on tellurite glasses were performed to find correlations between the physical and structural properties.
Calculation of the Magnetostatic Energy in Spin Density Functional Theory
Authors: MacEnulty Lórien , O’Regan David D.
Published: September 2020

In density functional theory calculations of materials and molecules, it is conventional to neglect the relativistic magnetostatic contribution of unpaired electron spins to the total energy and potential. For small systems, the magnetostatic contribution to the total energy is negligible, yet it is not obvious that it remains negligible in extended systems with high spin magnetic moment. We make use of a mathematical shortcut, using a fictitious magnetic charge density, to calculate the magnetic field and to determine the degree to which this relativistic effect can be ignored in electronic structure calculations. Using this, we compare the strength of the magnetostatic energy to the electrostatic energy. This ratio is consistently on the order of 10−5, which is on the order of 1/c2 in atomic units, as is expected from its formula.
Numerical Study of Critical Liquid Droplets Using Density Functional Theory for 2D Lattice Gas with Short-Range Interactions
Authors: Watson Joseph
Published: September 2020

The method of density functional theory (DFT) was used to create a simulation of a droplet inside a supersaturated vapor. This DFT model was based on a two-dimensional lattice structure with short-range interactions. Closest and second-closest neighbor interactions were included. An iterative numerical procedure was used to solve the DFT equation for the density profile of a critical liquid droplet. Droplets of different radii for a wide range of chemical potentials above coexistence were simulated. Surface tension was found to approach a maximum for a planar liquid-vapor interface as droplet radius increased at a constant temperature. Dependencies of surface tension on the radius shifted as temperature changed.
On a self-tuning sliding-mass electromagnetic energy harvester
Authors: Bukhari M. , Malla A. , Kim H. , Barry O. , Zuo L.
Published: September 2020

Prior research has investigated resonators capable of self-tuning through the use of a sliding mass. This passive tuning mechanism can be utilized to improve vibration control; however, little is known about the nonlinear dynamic interactions between the vibrating beam and sliding mass, particularly as these apply to vibration energy harvesting applications. This paper investigates this problem by numerically and experimentally examining the response of an electromagnetic self-tuning energy harvester. We present the governing equations of this electromagnetic cantilever beam with a sliding mass using the extended Hamilton principle. These equations are then discretized using the Galerkin method and solved numerically. An experiment is carried out to validate the numerical analysis. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the effect of different system parameters on the performance of the self-tuning harvester.
Upgrading crude bio-oil by in situ and ex situ catalytic pyrolysis through ZSM-5, Ni2Fe3, and Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5: Yield, component, and quantum mechanism
Authors: Li Siyi , Cheng S. , Takahashi Fumitake , Cross Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2020

Crude bio-oil was upgraded using in situ and ex situ catalysts (Ni2Fe3, ZSM-5, and Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5) in order to reduce the bio-oil oxygen content. The Ni2Fe3 catalyst powder was specifically designed for this research using materials' simulations, and it showed good activity in improving the bio-oil quality by increasing the heating value. Furthermore, a fixed bed reactor was used for comparing in situ catalytic pyrolysis (ISCP) with ex situ catalytic pyrolysis (ESCP). The results indicated that the Ni2Fe3 catalyst showed greater activity for the ISCP experiments resulting in increased bio-oil yield and improved the bio-oil quality. The bio-oil consisted of higher heating value compounds including a small number of hydrocarbon compounds. However, the results showed that the bio-oil yield with the Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5 catalyst was low for both cases of ISCP and ESCP while the sugar content decreased during the pyrolysis process. Different reaction pathways and mechanisms are proposed for ISCP and ESCP. ESCP reactions transformed 1-hydroxy-2-butanone completely to 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy-, but ISCP converted only 55% of 1-hydroxy-2-butanone to 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- to the final product. ISCP and ESCP methods showed different reaction pathways for the 1,2-cyclopentanedione compound, and the final product was 2-cyclopenten-1-one and 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl-, respectively. These results indicated that the catalysts showed different reactions for ISCP vs ESCP, while the Ni2Fe3 catalyst was effective for ISCP catalytic pyrolysis. Ni2Fe3 showed better activity when compared to ZSM-5 and when supported by ZSM-5 as an ESCP catalyst. These results indicated that the Ni2Fe3 metal catalyst has potential to replace the current catalysts for industrial use to upgrade bio-oil.
Directing near-infrared photon transport with core@shell particles
Authors: Conley Kevin M. , Thakore Vaibhav , Seyedheydari Fahime , Karttunen Mikko , Ala-Nissila Tapio
Published: September 2020

Directing the propagation of near-infrared radiation is a major concern in improving the efficiency of solar cells and thermal insulators. A facile approach to scatter light in the near-infrared region without excessive heating is to embed compact layers with semiconductor particles. The directional scattering by semiconductor@oxide (core@shell) spherical particles (containing Si, InP, TiO2, SiO2, or ZrO2) with a total radius varying from 0.1 μm to 4.0 µm and in an insulating medium at a low volume fraction is investigated using Lorenz–Mie theory and multiscale modeling. The optical response of each layer is calculated under irradiation by the Sun or a blackbody emitter at 1180 K. Reflectance efficiency factors of up to 83.7% and 63.9% are achieved for near-infrared solar and blackbody radiation in 200 µm thick compact layers with only 1% volume fraction of bare Si particles with a radius of 0.23 µm and 0.50 µm, respectively. The maximum solar and blackbody efficiency factors of layers containing InP particles were slightly less (80.2% and 60.7% for bare particles with a radius of 0.25 µm and 0.60 µm, respectively). The addition of an oxide coating modifies the surrounding dielectric environment, which improves the solar reflectance efficiency factor to over 90%, provided it matches the scattering mode energies with the incident spectral density. The layers are spectrally sensitive and can be applied as a back or front reflector for solar devices, high temperature thermal insulators, and optical filters in gradient heat flux sensors for fire safety applications.
Development of antibacterial steel surfaces through laser texturing
Authors: Villapún Victor M. , Gomez A. P. , Wei W. , Dover L. G. , Thompson Jonathan R. , Barthels T. , Rodriguez J. , Cox S. , González S.
Published: September 2020

The aim of the present study was to develop novel antibacterial touch surfaces through the laser texturing optimization of stainless steel. A wide range of laser fluence (2.11 J/cm2–5.64 J/cm2) and scanning interval (10 µm–30 μm) parameters were explored. The impact of surfaces with different patterns, wettability, and oxidation states on the antimicrobial behavior of Escherichia coli K-12 and biofilm hyper-producing Acinetobacter baumannii MAR002 was assessed. Modification of laser input enacted topographical changes with high scanning intervals leading to ordered surface patterns, while increasing the laser fluence to 5.64 J/cm2 created larger and less ordered plateaus and valleys. Texturing also drove a transition from a hydrophilic starting surface with a contact angle of 80.67° ± 3.35° to hydrophobic (138°–148°). Antimicrobial analysis and bioluminescence assays of E. coli, alongside biofilm forming test through A. baumannii MAR002 indicated the ability of laser texturing to produce effective bactericidal touch surfaces. No simple correlation was found between wettability and bacterial behavior, revealing that proliferation is dependent on roughness, oxidation, and wettability. For the conditions selected in this study, a laser fluence of 5.64 J/cm2 and a scanning interval of 10 µm showcased the lowest amount of recovered bacteria after 30 min.
Epitaxial growth and electronic structure of Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates (Lan+1NinO3n+1, n = 1–5)
Authors: Li Z. , Guo W. , Zhang T. T. , Song J. H. , Gao T. Y. , Gu Z. B. , Nie Y. F.
Published: September 2020

We report the epitaxial growth of Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates, Lan+1NinO3n+1, with n up to 5 by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffractions indicate high crystalline quality of these films, and transport measurements show strong dependence on the n values. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals the electronic structure of La5Ni4O13, showing a large hole-like pocket centered around the Brillouin zone corner with a (π, π) back-folded copy.
Cathodoluminescence of silicon doped aluminum nitride with scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Hauwiller Matthew R. , Stowe David , Eldred Timothy B. , Mita Seiji , Collazo Ramon , Sitar Zlatko , LeBeau James
Published: September 2020

Here, we apply cathodoluminescence in scanning transmission electron microscopy to infer the influence of dislocation strain fields on the formation of point defect complexes in Si doped AlN. In addition to identifying non-radiative recombination centers, tracking Si related defect emission energies reveals a red-shift at threading dislocations. We discuss these results in the context of multiple Si-vacancy defect complexes that can form and the influence of local strain on their formation energies. By correlating the electronic and structural properties at the nanoscale, cathodoluminescence elucidates the inhomogeneity of defect complexes in Si doped AlN and offers the potential for strain engineering to control the defect energy formation landscape.
Flexoelectricity in thin films and membranes of complex oxides
Authors: Lee Daesu
Published: September 2020

Flexoelectricity describes the generation of electric polarization in response to inhomogeneous strain, i.e., strain gradient, in all dielectrics. Importantly, strain gradients are inversely scaled to the material dimension so that more prominent and exotic phenomena can be envisioned at the nanoscale, based on flexoelectricity. In particular, in complex oxides, such a large lattice inhomogeneity can also host a rich spectrum of properties and functionalities, via a subtle interplay with charge, spin, and orbital. Here, motivated by advances in nanoscale thin-film and membrane syntheses of complex oxides, we present the frontiers and challenges of flexoelectricity. Together with the advanced synthesis techniques, state-of-the-art experimental nano-techniques will continue to reveal hitherto hidden functionalities through flexoelectricity. Meanwhile, further breakthroughs in the research of flexoelectricity will require consistency between theory and experiment and will rely on the versatile exploitation of large strain gradients in nanoscale complex oxides.
High mobility, highly transparent, smooth, p-type CuI thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Storm P. , Bar M. S. , Benndorf G. , Selle S. , Yang C. , von Wenckstern H. , Grundmann M. , Lorenz M.
Published: September 2020

We report pulsed laser deposition being a quite suitable growth method for smooth and transparent p-type copper iodide (CuI) thin films with tailored electrical properties. The film characteristics are strongly influenced by the temperature during growth. Increasing substrate temperatures result in significant improvements in crystallinity compared to deposition at room temperature. In contrast to other growth techniques, the hole carrier density p can be varied systematically between 5 × 1016 cm−3 and 1 × 1019 cm−3 with hole mobilities up to 20 cm2/V s for lowest p. The surfaces exhibit irregularly shaped grains, and the roughness can be decreased down to 1 nm. Furthermore, the samples exhibit high transmittance up to 90% in the visible spectrum.
Review on smart strategies for achieving highly efficient ternary polymer solar cells
Authors: Zhang Miao , Wang Jian , Ma Xiaoling , Gao Jinhua , Xu Chunyu , Hu Zhenghao , Niu Lianbin , Zhang Fujun
Published: September 2020

Ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been widely demonstrated as an effective method to improve device performance. Meanwhile, the simple fabrication technology can be well kept with a single bulk heterojunction active layer, which is beneficial to the potential industrialization of PSCs. The photovoltaic parameters, such as short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor, of ternary PSCs can be simultaneously improved by appropriately incorporating the third component, resulting in the increased power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared with the corresponding binary PSCs. To date, the PCE of ternary PSCs has exceeded 17% with the development of effective donors and non-fullerene acceptors. The fundamental designing rules of ternary PSCs are summarized to give some available guidelines for material selection. Next, the recent progress of efficient ternary PSCs based on various types is investigated. Then, some methods are introduced to investigate the working mechanisms of ternary PSCs. At length, the perspective toward the future development of ternary PSCs is discussed.
Robinson–Martin: Relating the 4¯3m and 6mm nonlinear piezoelectric tensors
Authors: Ballato Arthur , Ballato John
Published: September 2020

Binary semiconductors are central to all modern electronic, optoelectronic, and electromechanical systems. Given such practical importance, there is value in finding routes to simplify the determination of physical properties, particularly with respect to nonlinearities. Fortunately, nearly all binary semiconductors crystallize into one of two structures: cubic zinc blende or hexagonal wurtzite. Correspondences between the linear rank 3 piezoelectric and rank 4 elastic tensors of zinc blende and wurtzite polytypes have been addressed. Nonlinear rank 6 elastic tensors have similarly been discussed. Provided herein are the analogous relations for the nonlinear rank 5 tensors that have not previously been treated and which complete this missing transformation gap and enable some nonlinear atomic-level phenomena to be investigated.
Semiconductors and Quantized States
Authors: Levi A. F. J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a foundation with which to understand important aspects of electron transport in devices. Essential elements introduced include the quantization of both single-electron states and lattice vibrations, particle creation and annihilation operators, the symmetry of quantum states that give rise to fermions and bosons, and the concept of a dispersion relation as a simplified description of phonon and electron states in periodic potentials. Crystal structure and symmetry are briefly mentioned, with a few additional details appearing in Appendix B. The quantized localized vibrational mode and characteristics of quantized longitudinal and transverse optic phonons are included as preparation for use in electron–phonon scattering models. Following the introduction of Bloch's theorem, elementary aspects of real and imaginary band structure are described, mainly because of its importance to electron device design. The tight-binding method is introduced as an alternative approach to band structure calculation along with the example of graphene that is developed in Appendix C. The chapter ends by mentioning important properties of semiconductor heterostructures and the concept of substitutional doping to control majority carrier concentration.
Avoiding acute kidney injury in primary care: attitudes and behaviours of general practitioners and community pharmacists in Hawke’s Bay
Authors: Vicary Dianne , Hutchison Colin , Aspden Trudi
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONAwareness of the effect of acute kidney injury on patient outcomes and health systems is growing internationally. New Zealand’s approach focuses on stopping consumption of ‘at-risk’ medicines when acute kidney injury has been established and raising awareness of the risks associated with the Triple Whammy drug combination.
AIMTo explore current practices and views of Hawke’s Bay general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists regarding patient education about medicines with potential for contributing to community-acquired acute kidney injury, with a focus on community pharmacists providing patient education regarding when to temporarily withhold ‘at-risk’ medicines during acute dehydrating illnesses.
METHODSTwo tailored cross-sectional online anonymous surveys of GPs and community pharmacists working in Hawke’s Bay were administered between 2015 and 2016. Descriptive statistics were generated from the closed-question responses and manifest content analysis was applied to the free-text responses.
RESULTSTwenty-two percent (37/167) of GPs and 34% (32/95) of pharmacists responded. Most respondents, GPs (34/37) and pharmacists (25/32), self-reported expertise to educate patients on temporarily withholding ‘at-risk’ medicines during acute dehydrating illnesses. Twenty-nine (78%) GPs had confidence in pharmacists providing this patient education and 20 (54%) welcomed pharmacist contact regarding a Triple Whammy prescription. However, for a variety of reasons, pharmacists did not routinely provide this education or contact GPs.
DISCUSSIONBoth GPs and community pharmacists reported they had expertise to provide useful patient education about ‘at-risk’ medicine use during acute dehydrating illnesses. Dialogue to clarify the role of the two groups would be beneficial to achieve a more coordinated approach to patient care. Relevant strategies and frameworks already exist, but national interprofessional leadership and local application would be beneficial.
Rubeola keratitis emergence during a recent measles outbreak in New Zealand
Authors: Ong Aaron P.C. , Watson Adam , Subbiah Shanu
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONMeasles is a highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus. It can result in ocular complications such as conjunctivitis and keratitis, which will be encountered in general practice. Cases usually resolve without sequelae, but may progress to corneal perforation if left untreated.
AIMWe present two cases of rubeola keratitis secondary to measles infection.
METHODSThis report is about a retrospective review of data from two patients who presented to the eye department with rubeola keratitis in the midst of the recent measles outbreak in New Zealand.
RESULTSBoth patients presented with decreased visual acuity approximately 2 weeks after being diagnosed with measles. One of them was unvaccinated, whereas the other had no documentation of previous vaccination. Both were healthy and immunocompetent individuals. There was no evidence of corneal perforation or retinopathy on examination. Both patients regained their baseline visual acuity after treatment with fluorometholone eye drops.
DISCUSSIONDespite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, there were more than 2000 cases of measles in the recent outbreak in New Zealand. The lack of vaccination is one of the primary causes of rubeola keratitis. These cases highlight the effects of measles infection from an ophthalmology perspective and reinforce the paramount importance of getting vaccinated.
Carbon nitride-based light-driven microswimmers with intrinsic photocharging ability
Authors: Sridhar Varun , Podjaski Filip , Kröger Julia , Jiménez-Solano Alberto , Park Byung-Wook , Lotsch Bettina V. , Sitti Metin
Published: September 2020

Significance

Light-driven microswimmers offer prospects for autonomous microsystems. Understanding their surface catalytic processes responsible for propulsion is essential in tailoring them for specific applications. So far, photocatalytic microswimmers have been limited by the requirement of continuous illumination. Here, we report light-driven 2D carbon nitride-based Janus microswimmers, which show efficient propulsion in aqueous media not only during but also after illumination for about 30 min after 30 s prior illumination, due to so-called solar battery swimming. Contrary to the mainstream reports, we reveal oxygen reduction rather than hydrogen evolution being responsible for propulsion with alcohol fuels. Balancing reaction conditions, we report the realization of light-induced intrinsic charging of a microswimmer, enabling sustained ballistic propulsion in the dark through discharge of accumulated energy.
Variants in
FtsJ RNA 2′-O-Methyltransferase 3
and
Growth Hormone 1
are associated with small body size and a dental anomaly in dogs
Authors: Abrams Sydney R. , Hawks Alexandra L. , Evans Jacquelyn M. , Famula Thomas R. , Mahaffey Mary , Johnson Gary S. , Mason Jennifer M. , Clark Leigh Anne
Published: September 2020

Significance

Through the study of a dental anomaly we identified a locus strongly associated with body size in the Shetland Sheepdog. Within this locus are variants in two genes: a substitution in
FtsJ RNA 2′-O-Methyltransferase 3
(
FTSJ3
) and a splice donor insertion in
Growth Hormone 1
(
GH1
). We demonstrated that the
GH1
variant causes an abnormal splicing pattern that is also observed in dominant forms of human pituitary dwarfism. Interestingly, the
FTSJ3
variant is estimated to have the greatest impact on height and weight and this gene has not been previously characterized in body size traits. Both derived alleles are found in high frequencies in very small “toy” breeds but are entirely absent from larger breeds.
Ultrasensitive CRISPR-based diagnostic for field-applicable detection of
Plasmodium
species in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria
Authors: Lee Rose A. , Puig Helena De , Nguyen Peter Q. , Angenent-Mari Nicolaas M. , Donghia Nina M. , McGee James P. , Dvorin Jeffrey D. , Klapperich Catherine M. , Pollock Nira R. , Collins James J.
Published: September 2020

Significance

Detection of submicroscopic malaria in asymptomatic individuals is needed for eradication and remains a diagnostic gap in resource-limited settings. Nonfalciparum clinical diagnostics are a second gap, as these infections have a low parasite density and are commonly undetected. We describe an integrated, 60-min, ultrasensitive and specific CRISPR-based diagnostic for the four major pathogenic
Plasmodium
species that can fill these gaps. Using the SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) platform, we designed assays with limits of detection below that recommended by the World Health Organization. These assays have a simplified sample preparation method: the SHERLOCK parasite rapid extraction protocol, which eliminates complicated nucleic acid extraction steps. Our work further translates the SHERLOCK platform into a field-deployable diagnostic.
Codeswitching between Modern Standard and Colloquial Arabic as L2 sociolinguistic competence
Authors: Nassif Lama
Published: September 2020

Multidialectal use of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Colloquial Arabic (CA) has become standard practice among Arabic speakers.
Therefore, a question facing Arabic instructors and curriculum planners is what methods to adopt to raise learners’ awareness of
this sociolinguistic reality. Some programs introduce MSA and one variety of CA from the beginning of Arabic instruction. However,
the question of how learners who receive multidialectal training use MSA and CA simultaneously in their speech productions and how
their MSA–CA use evolves over their years of Arabic study remains under-researched. The current study addressed these questions by
studying the speech productions of 51 second language (L2) Arabic learners enrolled in three years of Arabic instruction. The data
show that the participants consistently code-switched between MSA and CA, and seemed to conform to sociocultural norms designating
MSA as more formal and CA as more personal and intimate. As learners’ proficiency levels increased, a wider range of
sociolinguistic functions was observed. The study reinforces the importance of L2 Arabic curricula decisions that embrace the
multidialectal use of Arabic in the L2 Arabic classroom and asserts learners’ ability to use MSA and CA simultaneously.
Forced adaptations of sporting behaviours during the Covid-19 pandemic and their effects on subjective well-being
Authors: Mutz Michael
Published: September 2020

Few studies have shown that exercise withdrawal and forced inactivity lead to negative mood states and increased symptoms of depression. Involuntary inactivity has become reality for millions during the Covid-19 pandemic, as mitigation and containment policies included the closings of sports facilities and leisure infrastructures. Based on representative survey data from Germany (≥14 years, N = 1001), the paper addresses the changes in sport and exercise activities in the pandemic situation and their association with emotional well-being. Findings show a reduced level of emotional well-being in the German population during the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, those individuals who stopped or considerably reduced their sport and exercise activities during the pandemic report a significant decline of well-being compared to the time before the pandemic. Individuals, who reduced sport and exercise due to external constraints, reported the largest decline in well-being. In contrast, the small group of individuals who intensified their sporting activities during the pandemic stands out with the most positive well-being levels. Irrespective of sport and exercise adaptations, findings additionally show that females report a steeper decline in well-being during the crisis compared to men.
Astronomical Site Monitoring System at Lijiang Observatory
Authors: Xin Yu-Xin , Bai Jin-Ming , Lun Bao-Li , Fan Yu-Feng , Wang Chuan-Jun , Liu Xiao-Wei , Yu Xiao-Guang , Ye Kai , Song Teng-Fei , Chang Liang , He Shou-Sheng , Mao Ji-Rong , Xu Liang , Xiong Ding-Rong , Zhang Xi-Liang , Wang Jian-Guo , Ding Xu , Feng Hai-Cheng , Liu Xiang-Kun , Huang Yang , Chen Bing-Qiu
Published: September 2020

We installed two sets of Astronomical Site Monitoring Systems (ASMSs) at Lijiang Observatory (GMG), for the running of the 2.4-meter Lijiang optical telescope (LJT) and the 1.6-meter Multi-channel Photometric Survey Telescope (Mephisto). The Mephisto is under construction. The ASMS has been running on robotic mode since 2017. The core instruments: Cloud Sensor, All-Sky Camera and Autonomous-DIMM that are developed by our group, together with the commercial Meteorological Station and Sky Quality Meter, are combined into the astronomical optical site monitoring system. The new Cloud Sensor’s Cloud-Clear Relationship is presented for the first time, which is used to calculate the All-Sky cloud cover. We designed the Autonomous-DIMM located on a tower, with the same height as LJT. The seeing data have been observed for a full year. ASMS’s data for the year 2019 are also analysed in detail, which are valuable to observers.
The Preface of the Second Ahmad Dahlan International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education (ADINTERCOMME) 2019
Authors: Prasetyo P W , Purwadi J , Khasanah U , Fahmi S , Prahmana R C I , Istiandaru A , Setyawan F , Hendroanto A , Astuti D , Priwantoro S W , Istihapsari V , Yuwaningsih D A , Irsalinda N , Nurnugroho B A , Rafsanjani-Hsm Z A , Ariadi Y
Published: September 2020

Preface

The Ahmad Dahlan International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education, abbreviated as AD INTERCOMME, is a biennial international conference hosted in a cooperation by the Mathematics Department - Faculty of Science and Applied Technology - and the Mathematics Education Department - Faculty of Teacher Training and Education - of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It aims to provide a great forum for worldwide mathematicians, professors, teachers, and researchers to share their ideas about the trends and the emerging issues both in mathematics and mathematics education. In 2019, the AD INTERCOMME would be implemented for its second edition. We invite researchers and practitioners to come and to contribute in this conference. We would be very happy to welcome you in Yogyakarta.

The keynote presentations are provided especially to show the contribution of Mathematician and Mathematics Educators in the world of mathematics and mathematics education towards research and knowledge sharing where our conference theme for this year is the contribution of Mathematics and Mathematics Education in Industrial Revolution Era 4.0. The main event is the talk of three keynote speakers. The first keynote speaker is Associate Professor Dr. Mazlini Adnan form Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. The second keynote speaker is Associate Professor Martianus Frederick Ezerman, Ph.D from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The third keynote speaker is Associate Professor Dr. Sitti Maesuri Patahuddin from University of Canbera, Australia.

We also have speakers in workshop session coming from Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Dr. Rully Charitas Indra Prahmana, S.Si., M.Pd who deliver the talk on the Publishing Manuscripts in a Scopusindexed Journal and M. Rizky Alif Yuza who deliver the talk on the Workshop Big Data: “Sentiment Analysis Using Pyhton, Elastic Search and Kibana. ADINTERCOMME 2019 was an overwhelming success, attracting the delegates, speakers and sponsors from many countries and provided great intellectual and social interaction for the participants. Without their support, the conference would not have been successfully organized. We trust that all the participants found their involvement in the Conference both valuable and rewarding. Our wish is that all participants would enjoy this conference, contribute effectively toward it and take back with you knowledge, experiences, contacts and happy memories of this conference and especially with this beautiful kingdom of Yogyakarta.

Dr. Puguh Wahyu Prasetyo, S.Si., M.Sc

Editor in Chief
Brain based learning to improve students’ higher order thinking skills
Authors: Lusiana R , Andari T
Published: September 2020

Higher-order thinking skills are an important component in the process of solving higher education problems that involve the mastery and understanding of scientific concepts. In an effort to hone students’ thinking abilities, innovative efforts in learning are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in higher order thinking skills of students using brain-based learning. The research method used was quasi experimental with one group pre-test post-test design. Subjects used in this study were 54 students taken by purposive sampling. The instrument used in this study is a learning achievement test to measure higher order students’ skills. The data analysis technique used is one sample t-test and N-Gain. The results showed the mean value of the pre-test was 57.65, the average value of the post-test was 70.41, and the average value of the N-Gain was 0.32. This shows that there is an increase in students’ higher-order thinking skills by using brain-based learning in logic and set courses.
Mathematical reasoning through the application of solid geometry
Authors: Widiatmoko H , Mardiyana  , Triyanto
Published: September 2020

This study aims to find out how the process and results of students’ reasoning abilities are faced with the problems of applying solid geometry. This research was conducted on 10 students of class VIII SMP in the even semester of the 2018/2019 school year. Data collection techniques using purposive sampling. Data triangulation process is carried out to confirm the results of the test and interview. The results of this study indicate that students’ mathematical reasoning abilities measured by reasoning indicators have different results. Indicator of the ability to present mathematical statements verbally, in writing, drawings, diagrams, get good results because students have been able to write the information requested and find solutions to problems. Indicator of the ability to do mathematical manipulation to get enough results, because students in the process of working on mathematical manipulation are incomplete and inaccurate. Indicators compile evidence and give reasons to get bad results because students cannot give reasons precisely because the preparation of evidence is incomplete. The indicator draws conclusions from a statement getting bad results because students cannot deduce the questions given correctly due to a lack of understanding. Based on the results it was concluded that the student’s reasoning ability was still lacking at the stage of giving reasons for the evidence compiled and inferring from a statement.
Fuzzy c-shells clustering algorithm
Authors: Pratiwi N B I , Saputro D R S
Published: September 2020

Clustering is a process to classify data into some clusters or classes so then data in same cluster have maximum similarity and data between clusters have minimum similarity. Generally, clustering is separated into two methods, hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods. Non-hierarchical methods are separated as soft clustering and hard clustering. Non-Hierarchical methods that mostly used is K-Means algorithm. K-Means grouping object into certain member and not included in different clusters. Another approaches in clustering technique which is based on fuzzy sets theory is known as fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy clustering is one kind of soft clustering that also widely used because of many advantages than the hard clustering. Several varieties of fuzzy clustering are Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and Fuzzy C-Shells (FCS). FCM is characterized by centre of cluster and FCS uses radius as additional parameter. This paper concerns FCS clustering algorithm using review of several references. Hence, FCS is characterized by centre of cluster and radius.