bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOCAL RESOURCES AS A SOURCE OF EDUCATION OF PATRIOTISM
Authors: Тиллабаева Ж.Ж.
Published: August 2024

Процесс развития современного кыргызского общества тесно связан с глубоким изучением истории народа, земли, с чувством уважения и защиты. Вопросы образования и воспитания также должны соответствовать требованиям современного общества. Поскольку страна развивается в демократическом духе, необходимо воспитывать и молодое поколение в духе гражданственности, уважения к законам, нормам поведения и любви к Родине. Совмещая процесс обучения и воспитания, большой обязанностью педагогических работников в целом является то, что будущие поколения станут всесторонне образованными, обладающими высокими личностными качествами. В связи с этим в данной статье рассказывается о приоритетных средствах воспитания молодого поколения, в том числе о средстве краеведения. Ведь ведение краеведческих деятельности в общеобразовательных учреждениях, высших и средних учебных заведениях способствует патриотическому воспитанию, расширяет кругозор и развивает познавательные интересы обучающихся. Также будут изучены способы правильного, целенаправленного использования средств краеведения на уроках.

The process of development of modern Kyrgyz society is closely connected with a deep study of the history of the people, the land, with a sense of respect and protection. The issues of education and upbringing should also meet the requirements of modern society. Since the country is developing in a democratic spirit, it is necessary to educate the younger generation in the spirit of citizenship, respect for laws, norms of behavior and love for the Motherland. Combining the process of education and upbringing, it is a great responsibility of teaching staff in general that future generations will become comprehensively educated, possessing high personal qualities. In this regard, this article describes the priority means of educating the younger generation, including the means of local history. After all, conducting local history activities in general education institutions, higher and secondary educational institutions contribute to patriotic education, broadens the horizons and develops the cognitive interests of students. The methods of correct, purposeful use of the means of local history in the classroom will also be studied.
FERMENTATION OF THE GLUCOSE BY VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Абдыкеева А. , Дейдиев А.
Published: August 2024

Брожение это биохимический процесс, основанный на окислительно-восстановительных превращениях органических соединений в анаэробных условиях. Брожение осуществляют многие микроорганизмы, так называемые бродильщики, как прокариотические, так и эукариотические. Брожение с древних времён используется человеком для получения разнообразных продуктов. Его используют в пивоварении, хлебопечении, виноделии, получении кисломолочных продуктов. В данной статье показано брожение глюкозы разными микроорганизмами. В качестве образцов использовали 1%, 2,5% и 5% растворы глюкозы. Глюкозу различных концентраций сбраживали с использованием пивных дрожжей, аромато- и газовыделяющих микроорганизмов и хлебных дрожжей.

Fermentation is a biochemical process based on the redox transformations of organic compounds under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is carried out by many microorganisms, the so-called fermenters, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Fermentation has been used by humans since ancient times to produce a variety of products. It is used in brewing, baking, winemaking, and the production of fermented milk products. This article shows the fermentation of glucose by various microorganisms. 1%, 2.5% and 5% glucose solution were used as samples. Glucose of various concentrations were fermented using brewer's yeast, aroma and gas-producing microorganisms, and bread yeast.
INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON THE HABITAT OF THE SNOW LEOPARD
Authors: Асыкулов Т. , Чодонова Н.М.
Published: August 2024

В данной статье проводится анализ мониторинговых исследований ареала обитания снежного барса, полевых исследований, анкетирований местного населения, картирования ареала распространения диких животных, анализ и идентификация данных, полученных в научно-исследовательских экспедициях. Анализ и оценка современного состояния биоразнообразия исследуемых территорий и их подверженность к различным негативным воздействиям, а также различные хозяйственные влияния, т.е. антропогенные факторы, такие как увеличение поголовья скота и деградация пастбищных угодий, а также изменение климата, которые негативно влияют на местообитания снежного барса и его кормовой базы. В статье приведены факты влияния хозяйственных процессов на среду обитания снежного барса на примере барсов, спустившихся из высокогорий в начале 2020 года, в силу антропогенных факторов, что также тесно связано с изменением климата.

This article analyzes monitoring studies of the snow leopard's habitat, field studies, surveys of the local population, mapping of the distribution area of wild animals, analysis and identification of data. Analysis and assessment of the current state of the biodiversity of the study areas and their susceptibility to various negative impacts, as well as various economic impacts, i.e. anthropogenic factors, such as an increase in the number of farm animals and degradation of pasture lands, as well as climate change, which negatively affect the habitats of the snow leopard and its food supply. The article presents the facts of the influence of economic processes on the habitat of the snow leopard on the example of snow leopards descending from the highlands at the beginning of 2020, which suggests that due to anthropogenic factors, the habitat of the snow leopard, which is closely related to climate change, is being grossly disturbed.
BACTERIOSTATIC AND FUNGISTATIC PROPERTIES OF PLANT EXTRACTS (basic and with silver nanoparticles)
Authors: Калмурзаева А.Ш. , Джуманазарова А.З. , Гуцалюк Н.В. , Шпота Е.Л.
Published: August 2024

Представлены результаты работы по разработке техники «зеленного» синтеза наночастиц серебра с использованием растительных экстрактов одуванчика лекарственного (Taraxacum officinale wigg) и лопуха войлочного (Arctium tomentosum Mill). Проведены тесты по бактериостатическому действию растительных экстрактов с наночастицами серебра на микрофлору (в том числе на фитопотогенную и условно-потогенную). Бактериостатическое действие экстрактов исследуемых растений (основных и с наночастицами серебра) на микрофлору определяли методом засева сплошного газона тест-штаммов микрофлоры на РПА (рыбо-пептонный агар), с последующим размещением на нём дисков из фильтровальной бумаги D=5,0 мм, предварительно смоченной исследуемым экстрактом. Использованы рабочие штаммы, полученные из различных природных объектов (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis штамм M1, , Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp.), а также музейных штаммов (Pseudomonas fluorescens штамм B4050) и штаммов из известных биопрепаратов «Фитоспорин» (Bacillus subtilis штамм 26D) и «Ecoric» (Bacillus subtilis штамм BR1256).

The results of the work on the work on the development of a technique for the «green» synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale wigg) and felt burdock (Arctium tomentosum Mill) are presented. Tests were carried out on the bacteriostatic effect of plant extracts with silver nanoparticles on microflora (including phitopotogenic and conditionally pathogenic). The bacteriostatic effect of the extracts of the studies plants (basic and with silver nanoparticles) on the microflora was determined by seeding a continuous lawn of microflora test strains on RPA (fish peptone agar), followed by placing discs of filter paper D=5.0 mm on it, pre-moistened with the studied extract. Working strains obtained from various natural objects (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis strain M1, sp., Fusarium sp, Alternaria sp.) as well as a museum strain (Pseudomonas fiuorescens strain B4050) and strains from well-known biopreparations «Fitosporin» (Bacillus subtilis strain 26D) and «Ecoric» (Bacillus subtilis strain BR1256)
APLICATION OF NANOPARTICULES IN WATER PURIFICATION
Authors: Омурзак у.Э. , Жолдошбекова Ч.Ж.
Published: August 2024

В данной работе импульсно-плазменным методом было получено нанопокрытие, на основе которого осуществлялась обработка технически загрязненной воды. В покрытии использовались три типа наночастиц, а именно оксид титана, оксид меди и оксид цинка. Все покрытия изготовлены из металлического титана чистотой 95%. Пригодность покрытия проверяли очисткой специально приготовленными растворами роданида (KCNS) и нефтесодержащих бензинов. Полученные наночастицы и очищенную воду проверяли с помощью ИК-спектрометра на наличие оксидов в наношапках. В нанопокрытии оксид меди показал интенсивность 83% от спектрограммы, диоксид титана показал интенсивность 87%, а оксид цинка показал интенсивность 95,77%. Концентрация бензина в воде уменьшилась с начальной интенсивности 42% до 32% в оксиде меди, 27% в оксиде титана и 16% в оксиде цинка. Интенсивность поглощения роданида калия в воде превышала исходную единицу поглощения на 0,28 ед., в оксиде меди - на 0,22 ед., в оксиде титана - на 0,18 ед., в оксиде цинка - на 0,18 ед. и бензина.

In this work, a nano coating was obtained using the pulse plasma method, on the basis of which the technically contaminated water was treated. Three types of nanoparticles were used in the coating, namely titanium oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide. All coatings are made of titanium metal with a purity of 95%. The suitability of the coating was checked by cleaning the specially prepared rhodanide (KCNS) and petroleum-containing gasoline solutions. The obtained nanoparticles and purified water were checked with an IR spectrometer to determine the presence of oxides in the nanocaps. In nanocoating, copper oxide showed 83% intensity from the spectrogram, titanium dioxide showed 87% intensity, and zinc oxide showed 95.77% intensity. The concentration of gasoline in the water decreased from the initial intensity of 42% to 32% in copper oxide, 27% in titanium oxide and 16% in zinc oxide. The absorption intensity of potassium rhodanide in water was 0.28 units above the initial absorption unit, 0.22 units in copper oxide, 0.18 units in titanium oxide, and 0.18 units in zinc oxide.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DONOR BLOOD FOR HEPATITIS B DETECTED BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY AND IMMUNE CHEMILUMINESCENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Authors: Чолпонбекова Б.Ч. , Юсупов Т.Т. , Карабаев Б.Б.
Published: August 2024

Вирусный гепатит в настоящее время является глобальной проблемой здравоохранения. Заболеваемость острыми вирусными гепатитами в Кыргызской Республике за последние 40 лет высока и колеблется от 163,3 до 1084,5 на 100 000 населения. Существующая система эпидемиологического надзора не обеспечивает всестороннего сбора и регистрации данных, а также не в полной мере контролирует распространение этих заболеваний, особенно хронических вирусных гепатитов, цирроза и рака печени, вызванных гемотрансмиссивными вирусными гепатитами, и их смертность. Статья посвящена сравнительному анализу выявления маркеров гепатита В в донорской крови методами ИФА и ИХЛА в Республиканском центре крови Кыргызской Республики с целью дальнейшего совершенствования системы лабораторной диагностики за вирусными гепатитами В. Данная статья написана в рамках защиты магистерской диссертации на кафедре биотехнологии биологического факультета Кыргызского национального университета имени Жусупа Баласагына. Все исследования, проводились на базе лаборатории диагностики ВИЧ и гемотрансмиссивных инфекций Республиканского центра крови Министерства здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики.

Nowadays viral hepatitis is a global health problem. The incidence of acute viral hepatitis in the Kyrgyz Republic is high over the past 40 years, ranging from 163.3 to 1,084.5 for per 100,000 population. The current system of epidemiological surveillance does not provide comprehensive data collection and registration. Also it does not control the spread of these diseases fully, especially chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer of the liver caused by bloodborne viral hepatitis and their mortality. The article is devoted for the purpose of a comparative analysis of the detection of donor blood by ELISA and IСLA methods in the Republican Blood Center of the Kyrgyz Republic in order to further improve the epidemiological surveillance system for viral hepatitis B. This article was written as part of the defense of a master's thesis at the Department of Biotechnology of the Faculty of Biology of the Kyrgyz National University by Zhusup Balasagyn. All studies analysis and results were carried out at the Republican Blood Center in the Kyrgyz Republic.
FORMS OF ISLAMIC STATEHOOD IN THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Амантур у.Э.
Published: August 2024

В статье рассматриваются формы исламской государственности в ХХ веке, их становление и развитие. Государственно-правовая система исламских государств сталкивается с новыми вызовами и проблемами, вытекающими из процесса стремительного освоения международного пространства. Конечно, как правительства всех стран должны быть готовы ответить на подобные вызовы, так и исламские государства должны действовать в этом направлении в соответствии с современными требованиями. Особый интерес и споры вызывает то, как исламские доктрины государственности реализуются в одном социально-политическом контексте и в контексте недавнего процесса политизации ислама. Конечно, как рукаводство всех стран должны быть готовы ответить на такие вызовы, так и исламские государства должны действовать в этом направлении в соответствии с современными требованиями.

The article discusses the forms of Islamic statehood in the twentieth century, their formation and development. The state and legal system of Islamic states is facing new challenges, problems and challenges arising from the process of rapid development of the international space. Of course, just as the governments of all countries must be ready to respond to such challenges, Islamic states must also act in this direction in accordance with modern requirements. Of particular interest and controversy is the way in which Islamic doctrines on statehood are implemented in one socio-political context and in the context of the recent process of politicization of Islam.
PROBLEMS OF YOUTH IN PROVERBS AND NICKNAMES OF THE KYRGYZ PEOPLE
Authors: Кожоназарова Ы.М.
Published: August 2024

Пословицы и поговорки кыргызского народа представляют собой краткую форму философского умозаключения, которая отражает мировосприятие народа. В них анализируются природа человека, его познавательные способности, смысл жизни разных возрастных особенностей личности. Пословицы формируют эстетические вкусы, этические поведения человека и выполняет воспитательную и поведенческую функцию. Пословицы и поговорки о молодежи, об особенностях молодости, оказывают большое влияние на формирование будущих личностных качеств. Они способствуют становлению мировоззрения молодых людей и развитию человеческих ценностей. Основная цель исследования – проведение философской рефлексии на пословицы и поговорки кыргызского народа, посвященные вопросам молодежи. Задачей исследования является проанализировать философское значение пословиц и поговорок о молодежи и выявить их роль в жизни человека. В статье проводится философский анализ пословиц, связанных с особенностями развития человека, его умственных способностей, знаний и опыта, развития семейных ценностей. В исследовании использовались диалектический анализ и синтез, историкосравнительные методы, принцип системности и причинности.

Proverbs and sayings of the Kyrgyz people are a short form of philosophical reasoning, which reflects the worldview of the people. They analyze the nature of man, his cognitive abilities, the meaning of life of different age characteristics of the individual. Proverbs form aesthetic tastes, ethical behavior of a person and perform an educational and behavioral function. Proverbs and sayings about youth, about the characteristics of youth, have a great influence on the formation of future personal qualities. They contribute to the formation of the worldview of young people and the development of human values. The main purpose of the study is to conduct a philosophical reflection on the proverbs and sayings of the Kyrgyz people, dedicated to youth issues. The objective of the study is to analyze the philosophical meaning of proverbs and sayings about youth and to identify their role in human life. The article provides a philosophical analysis of proverbs related to the peculiarities of human development, his mental abilities, knowledge and experience, the development of family values. The study used dialectical analysis and synthesis, historical and comparative methods, the principle of consistency and causality.
NEW FORMS OF ECO-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN KYRGYZSTAN: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Асыкулов Т. , Эсенбаева З.Д.
Published: August 2024

В условиях изменения климата на планете, вопросы экологического образования уверенно выдвигаются на первый план. Большое количество экологических проблем современности ставит во главу угла – формирование экологической культуры человека. Поэтому работа в сфере экологического образования довольно важное подспорье для разрешения актуальных экологических проблем современности. В данном исследовании проанализирована экообразовательная работа филиала ОО «Союз охраны природы Германии (NABU)» в Кыргызской Республике – формы и методы работы, нововведения в экологический образовательный процесс. NABU-Кыргызстан проводит экологические уроки, экологические акции, праздники по экологическому календарю, круглые столы, научные семинары, пресс-туры, мастер-классы и мероприятия в этно-игровом стиле. Этно-игровой стиль, экологические уроки в высокогорных летних пастбищах (джайлоо) с элементами фольклора – помогают легче доносить экологическую информацию.

In the conditions of climate change on the planet, the issues of environmental education are confidently brought to the fore. A large number of environmental problems of our time puts at the forefront - the formation of human ecological culture. Therefore, work in the field of environmental education is quite an important tool for solving urgent environmental problems of our time. This study will analyze the environmental education work of the branch of the NGO German Nature Conservation Union (NABU) in the Kyrgyz Republic - forms and methods of work, innovations in the environmental education process. NABU-Kyrgyzstan conducts environmental lessons, environmental events, holidays according to the environmental calendar, round tables, scientific seminars, press tours, master classes and events in ethno-game style. Ethno-play style, environmental lessons in high-altitude summer pastures (jailoo) with elements of folklore - help to convey environmental information easier.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 1918/1919 NAVAL BATTLES IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE GULF OF FINLAND BASED ON THE DISCOVERY OF LOST SHIPS
Authors: Лукошков А.В. , Иванов М.С.
Published: August 2024

Специалистам ЦПИ РГО разработано и успешно реализуется новое направление исторических исследований — реконструкция фактического хода морских сражений, операций и в ряде случаев даже кампаний. Находки погибших во время боев кораблей позволяют точно установить места и районы сражений, маршруты движения и схемы маневрирования противников, а также окончательно определить их потери. За последние 10 лет удалось полностью или частично реконструировать ход 6 сражений и нескольких операций, проходивших в акватории Финского залива во время нескольких войн. Наиболее полно был реконструирован ход двух кампаний, имевших место в акватории восточной части Финского залива в 1918 и 1919 гг. В результате работ на дне обнаружены останки 13 кораблей и судов, из которых лишь у двух («Гавриил», «Верулам») были примерно известны места гибели. Гибель 5 кораблей и судов («Эстебрюгге», С1, С2, С3 и одного парусника) вообще не была отражена в отечественных источниках и научных исследованиях. Находки еще четырех кораблей («Свобода», «Константин», «Витториа», «Аркона») позволили уточнить фактические места и обстоятельства их гибели. При этом находки нескольких судов позволили существенно уточнить историю боевых действий РККФ

URC RGS experts have developed and successfully implemented a new approach in historical research: the reconstruction of actual naval battles, operations, and, in some cases, even campaigns. Discoveries of sunken ships that perished during these battles provide valuable insights into the precise locations and areas of engagements, movement routes, and maneuvering schemes of opponents, ultimately assisting in determining their actual casualties. Over the past decade, six battles and several operations that occurred in the waters of the Gulf of Finland during various wars have been fully or partially reconstructed. The two campaigns that took place in the waters of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in 1918 and 1919 were reconstructed most thoroughly. As a result of the underwater expeditions, the remains of 13 ships and vessels were discovered, of which only two (Gavriil and Verulam) had approximate sinking locations. The demise of five ships and vessels (Estebrugge, C1, C2, C3, and one sailboat) was not documented in local sources or scientific research. The discovery of four more ships (Svoboda, Konstantin, Vittoria, and Arkona) allowed the exact locations and circumstances of their demise to be determined. Furthermore, the discovery of several vessels significantly contributed to a more precise understanding of the history of the naval actions of the Soviet Navy.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SHIPWRECKS AT THE PIER OF THE RUSSIAN STEAM NAVIGATION AND TRADING COMPANY IN YEVPATORIYA
Authors: Вахонеев В.В.
Published: August 2024

Статья посвящена изучению Русского общества пароходства и торговли (РОПиТ) сквозь призму морской археологии. Данная организация доминировала на торговых и пассажирских морских путях юга России после Крымской войны. Во многих причерноморских портах были обустроены пристани и причалы. Флот общества включал множество судов, часть из которых потерпели крушения у побережья Крыма. Зачастую в деле изучения истории деятельности РОПиТ историки привлекают исключительно архивные материалы. Однако в последнее время подводными археологами был обнаружен ряд затонувших судов РОПиТ. Результаты этих исследований также дополняют картину деятельности Русского общества пароходства и торговли в указанный период. В 2016 году при разработке проектной документации по реконструкции набережной в Евпатории были проведены подводные археологические разведки, в результате которых были выявлены остатки пристани РОПиТ и два судна конца XIX — начала ХХ в. В 2018 году были организованы археологические раскопки данных затонувших кораблей. К сожалению, установить их наименования не удалось, тем не менее, данные о находках были скрупулезно зафиксированы археологами.

The article examines the Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company (Russian S.N.Co.) through the lens of maritime archaeology. Following the Crimean War, this organization dominated the trade and passenger waterways of southern Russia. Many Black Sea ports were equipped with piers and moorings. The company's fleet contained many ships, some of which were lost off the coast of Crimea. Historians often rely solely on archival materials to study the history of the Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company. Recently, however, underwater archaeologists have discovered a number of sunken Russian S.N.Co. ships. The findings of these investigations round out the picture of the Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company's activities over the specified period. In 2016, during the development of project documentation for the reconstruction of the embankment in Yevpatoriya, underwater archaeological surveys were conducted, resulting in the identification of the remains of the Russian S.N.Co. pier and two ships from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Archaeological excavations of these ships took place in 2018. Unfortunately, their names could not be established. Nevertheless, the archaeologists meticulously documented the artifacts.
Conservation of Underwater Archeology Paper Objects: From the Method Development to Practical Restoration
Authors: Мымрина Е.В.
Published: August 2024

Статья посвящена истории спасения уникальных артефактов, найденных археологами Центра подводных исследований Русского географического общества на затонувшем 300 лет назад корабле «Архангел Рафаил». Реставраторами Всероссийского художественного научно-реставрационного центра имени академика И. Э. Грабаря при постоянном тесном сотрудничестве со специалистами Центра подводных исследований была разработана методика консервации и реставрации трех объектов подводной археологии на бумажной основе. В статье значительное внимание уделяется комплексному подходу в реставрации, описанию методики разделения сцементированных книжных листов и удалению поверхностных загрязнений в виде песчано-глинистых частиц, глубоко вошедших в структуру бумаги.

This article is dedicated to the conservation of unique artifacts discovered by archaeologists of the Center for Underwater Research of the Russian Geographical Society from the sunken ship "Archangel Raphael," which sank 300 years ago. Conservators from the Grabar Art Conservation Center developed a methodology for conserving and restoring three paper-based archaeological objects in close collaboration with experts from the Underwater Research Center. The article highlights a thorough approach to restoration by outlining the methods for separating cemented-together book pages and eliminating surface pollutants such as sand and clay particles deeply embedded in the paper structure.
THE TRUTH FROM THE DEPTHS, PROVEN BY ARCHIVES DISCOVERY AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE LOST ARMENIA MOTOR SHIP
Authors: Гребенщикова Г. А.
Published: August 2024

В статье рассматривается проблема подготовки и сбора документальных материалов для написания монографии о службе и судьбе теплохода «Армения», погибшего на Черном море 7 ноября 1941 г. Подчеркивается непростой путь, пройденный сотрудниками ЦПИ РГО для достижения поставленной цели, а также роль и значение архивов и подлинных документов в этом процессе.

The article addresses the issue of compiling and gathering documentary sources for a monograph on the life and fate of the motor ship “Armenia,” which perished on November 7, 1941, in the Black Sea. The paper emphasizes the difficult path taken by the URC RGS team to achieve the goal, as well as the significance and importance of archives and original documents in this process.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 1914–1917 NAVAL BATTLES IN THE WHITE SEA THROAT BASED ON THE DISCOVERY OF LOST SHIPS
Authors: Лукошков А.В.
Published: August 2024

В статье рассматриваются организация и проведение перевозок военных грузов в Российскую империю в годы Первой мировой войны, а также потери транспортного флота союзников при плаваниях через Горло Белого моря в 1915–1917 гг. в результате операций германского военно-морского флота. Реконструируется ход событий, уточняются места германских действий и причины гибели судов. Описаны работы по поиску и находки погибших кораблей, работы по обследованию найденных судов, а также их состояние и выявленные повреждения от взрывов. В результате работ по реконструкции хода боевых действий 1915–1917 гг. в этом районе были обнаружены останки 10 кораблей и судов, погибших в годы Первой мировой войны, и 4 судна, датируемых другими периодами. Обнаружение всех останков позволило не только уточнить ход событий 1915–1916 гг., но и определить координаты как минимум трех минных банок, выставленных минным заградителем «Метеор». Обнаружение останков парохода «Ковда», считавшегося погибшим на минах подводной лодки U-75, позволило окончательно отнести его к жертвам минных постановок «Метеора» и подтвердить, что поход U-75 в 1916 году был безрезультатным. Из общего числа находок останки как минимум шести судов представляют интерес для дальнейшего изучения и подъема артефактов.

The article explores the organization and conduct of military cargo transportation to the Russian Empire during the First World War, as well as the losses of the allied transport fleet during voyages through the White Sea Throat in 1915–1917 as a result of military operations by the German navy. The course of events was reconstructed, specifying the locations of German actions and the causes of the ships' demise. The article describes the search for and discovery of sunken ships, surveys conducted on the found vessels, their condition, and identified damages from explosions. As a result of the reconstruction of the course of military actions in 1915–1917 in this area, the remains of 10 ships and vessels that perished during the First World War were discovered, along with 4 vessels dating back to other periods. The discovery of all the remains not only allowed for a more accurate understanding of the events of 1915–1916 but also determined the coordinates of at least three minefields laid by the SMS Meteor minelayer. The discovery of the remains of the Kovda steamship, considered sunk by the mines laid by a submarine SM U-75, definitively attributed it to the victims of the mine layouts by SMS Meteor and confirmed that the U-75 campaign in 1916 was unsuccessful. Among all the discoveries in the area, the remains of at least six vessels are of interest for further study and artifact recovery.
Environmental threats from the past (based on the survey of the tanker T-12)
Authors: Ермакова Л.А.
Published: August 2024

На дне Балтийского моря лежат более 6 тысяч военных и транспортных кораблей, затонувших во время Второй мировой войны. Все они в том или ином количестве содержат опасные вещества и потому представляют собой потенциальные источники загрязнения окружающей среды. В статье анализируются результаты гидро- и геохимических исследований проб морской воды и донных отложений, отобранных вокруг танкера Т-12 силами водолазов ЦПИ РГО.

More than 6 thousand military and transport ships that sank during the Second World War lie on the Baltic seabed. All of them contain hazardous substances in varying quantities and therefore they are potential sources of environmental pollution. The article analyzes the results of hydro- and geochemical studies of samples of seawater and bottom sediments taken around tanker T-12 by divers from the Underwater Research Center of the Russian Geographical Society.
Regioselectivity of non-Symmetrical Borylated Dienes via EnT Ca-talysis: Unveiling the Relationship between Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Fang Hao , García-Eguizábal Alejandro , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Funes-Ardoiz Ignacio , Molloy John James
Published: August 2024

Energy transfer catalysis (EnT) has had a profound impact on contemporary organic synthesis enabling the construction of higher in energy, complex molecules, via efficient access to the triplet excited state. Despite this, intermolecular reactivity, and the unique possibility to access several reaction pathways via a central triplet diradical has rendered control over reaction outcomes, an intractable challenge. Extended chromophores such as non-symmetrical dienes have the potential to undergo 2+2 cycloaddition, 4+2 cycloaddition or geometric isomerization, which, in combination with other mechanistic considerations (site- and regioselectivity), results in chemical reactions that are challenging to regulate. Leveraging spin density as a predictive tool, in combination with the use of a core functionality that can be adequately tuned to potentially modulate reactivity, would be highly enabling in revealing the intimate links between core structure and EnT induced reactivity. Herein, we utilize boron as a tool to explore reactivity of non-symmetrical dienes under EnT catalysis, paying particular attention to the impact of boron hybridization effects on the target reactivity. Through this, a highly site- and regioselective 2+2 cycloaddition was realized with the employed boron motif effecting reaction efficiency. Reaction divergence to enable 4+2 cycloaddition was achieved, while a counterintuitive regiodivergence was observed in geometric isomerization versus 2+2 cycloaddition. The observed reactivity was validated via an in-depth mechanistic investigation determining the origin of reactivity and regiodivergence in competing EnT processes and revealing the intimate links between structure and reactivity.
ortho-Aromatic Polyamides by Ring-opening Polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides
Authors: Deng Shijie , Jung Hyuk-Joon , Shen Yi , Roshandel Hootan , Chantranuwathana Varit , Nguyen Hieu , Tran Thi , Vasquez Kimberly , Chang Joseph , Iwase Takeo , Mehrkhodavandi Parisa , Byers Jeffery , Do Loi , Diaconescu Paula
Published: August 2024

We report the ring-opening polymerization of N-alkylated aromatic six-membered ring N-carboxyanhydrides (6-NCA-R) catalyzed by transition metal Schiff base complexes in the presence of a base. This system allows the facile synthesis of ortho-aromatic polyamides with high molecular weights via chain-growth polymerization. A mechanism is proposed based on the results of polymerizations performed under various reaction conditions. Copolymerization of 6-NCA-R with heterocyclic monomers is performed to prepare heteroatom (N, O, and S) containing copolymers. The thermal properties of the polymers with different N-alkyl side chains were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction.
High pressure microreactor for minute amounts of catalyst on planar supports: a case study of CO2 hydrogenation over Pd0.25Zn0.75Ox nanoclusters
Authors: Abbas Imran , Romeggio Filippo , Pilarczyk Kacper , Kuhn Simon , Damsgaard Christian Danvad , Kibsgaard Jakob , Lievens Peter , Grandjean Didier , Janssens Ewald
Published: August 2024

High-pressure studies of catalyst quantities down to a few hundred nanograms, particularly well-defined catalysts prepared using physical methods in ultra-high vacuum on planar supports can potentially bridge the surface science and applied catalysis approaches to catalyst development. However, the chemical reactors required for such investigations are lacking. We present the novel design and evaluation of a 50 µL rectangular microchannel reactor capable of testing small quantities of catalyst at pressures up to 40 bar and temperatures up to 250°C. To evaluate the microreactor's performance, Pd0.25Zn0.75Ox nanoclusters soft-landed on SiO2-coated mica sheets using the cluster beam deposition technique, were tested for the reverse water-gas shift reaction through a series of kinetic experiments. Experimental results, combined with computational fluid dynamics and mass transport analysis, demonstrate that the proposed microreactor setup allows for testing minute quantities of catalysts with high sensitivity at industrially relevant temperatures and pressures. Although not restricted to a particular catalyst preparation method, the setup is an excellent platform for conducting catalytic tests on composition-controlled, mass-selected, gas-phase nanoparticles deposited on planar substrates, facilitating the development of reliable structure-activity relationships and enabling a more rational design of catalysts.
Assessing the applicability of Bayesian inference for merging small molecule microED data
Authors: Mai Huanghao , Peck Ariana , Dalton Kevin M. , de Moraes Lygia Silva , Burch Jessica E. , Poitevin Frédéric , Nelson Hosea M.
Published: August 2024

Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is an emerging technique for characterizing small molecule structures from nanoscale crystals. Merging data from multiple crystals is a particularly challenging step in the microED workflow. A common practice is to manually curate datasets and apply scaling programs conventionally utilized in rotational X-ray diffraction (XRD), but this could be time-consuming and risks introducing human bias in data analysis. Recently, a Bayesian inference program named Careless (Dalton et al., 2022) has demonstrated excellent performance in merging macromolecular XRD data. Here, the applicability of Careless to small molecule microED data is evaluated and an investigation of the impact of dataset curation is performed. Benchmarking against XDS/XSCALE shows that Careless is an effective complementary approach that merges data to a higher CC1/2 value at high resolution. Furthermore, merging outcomes are not significantly improved by curating datasets either manually or with an automated extension to Careless, cautioning against the common practice of manual dataset curation.
Grand-Canonical Variational Theory of Oscillatory Fields at Electrified Metal-Solution Interfaces
Authors: Zhang Mengke , Chen Yanxia , Eikerling Michael , Huang Jun
Published: August 2024

The oscillatory fields near the electrode surface are not considered in the classical models of electrical double layer (EDL), while holding immense importance for stability, activity, and selectivity of interfacial reactions. Here, we develop a unified theoretical framework for oscillatory fields in the EDL under constant potential conditions, combining an orbital-free DFT treatment of electrons on the metal side and a statistical field theory of charged fluids on the electrolyte side. The resulting grand potential is a hybrid functional of electron density, electric potential, and solvent polarization, referred to as density-potential-polarization functional theory (DPPFT). Built on the DPPFT, an EDL model for the Ag(110)-KPF6 aqueous interface is parameterized with experimental double layer capacitance (Cdl) data. The calibrated model is then employed to study the influence of electronic, ion, and solvent properties on the EDL structure and capacitance. Cdl profiles at different crystal faces and in various electrolyte solutions are rationalized coherently. We reveal that intensified ion layering leads to elevated capacitances at the potential of zero charge (PZC) and narrowed ionic peaks in the Cdl profile. Contrary to classical models, the DPPFT model allows co-ions to have an appreciable density near the electrode surface, opening an avenue to decipher the origin of the anomalous anion effects on electrochemical CO2 reduction. The presented framework adds much-needed realism to the modelling of EDLs.
Red-Light Photocatalytic Activation Of Pt(IV) Anticancer Prodrugs Using Methylene Blue
Authors: Carrasco Ana C. , Bajetto Greta , Scoditti Stefano , Pieslinger German E. , Gambino Francesco , De Andrea Marco , Sicilia Emilia , Martínez-Martínez Virginia , Dell’Oste Valentina , Salassa Luca
Published: August 2024

Catalysis-based approaches offer versatile strategies for activating anticancer prodrugs, potentially allowing precise control over drug release and localization within tumor tissues, while reducing systemic toxicity. In this study, we explore the role of the phenothiazine dye methylene blue (MB+) as a photocatalyst in conjunction with biologically relevant electron donors to facilitate the red-light conversion of two Pt(IV) complexes, denoted as cis,cis,trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2(O2CCH2CH2COOH)2] (1) and trans-[Pt(O2CCH2CH2COOH)21R,2R-(DACH)(ox)] (2), into cisplatin and oxaliplatin, respectively. Combining spectroscopic techniques (NMR, UV-Vis, flash photolysis) with computational methods, we reveal that the doubly reduced MB+ (leucomethylene blue, LMB) triggers the reductive elimination of axial ligands in the two Pt(IV) precursors, generating the corresponding Pt(II) anticancer drugs. In vitro experiments conducted on the human cervical cancer cell line CaSki, which harbors multiple copies of the integrated HPV-16 genome, and on non-tumoral cells (HaCat) demonstrate that co-administration with Pt(IV) prodrugs improves MB+'s antiproliferative efficacy in cancer cells, particularly under red light exposure. This enhancement could be attributed to the catalytic production of Pt(II) species within the cellular environment.
Inverse Relationship Between Ice Nucleation and Ice Growth in Frozen Foods
Authors: Zalazar Martin , Kalburge Shriya Jitendra , Zhang Yining , Drori Ran
Published: August 2024

According to a USDA report, $161 billion worth of food products was not available for human consumption in 2010 due to food loss. One potential way to reduce food loss is to prevent damage to the food product during the freezing process. This study presents quantitative measurements of the two primary processes involved in freezing of foods: ice nucleation and ice growth. Using a newly developed micro-thermography system, we measured in-situ ice nucleation and growth rates. We found that ice nucleation rates in beef and zucchini were significantly higher than those in broccoli and potato, whereas ice growth was faster in broccoli and potato compared to beef and zucchini. Thus, ice nucleation and ice growth in the foods tested here, were found to be opposing processes. By analyzing the chemical composition of these foods, we applied established crystal growth and nucleation principles to explain the reasons causing the inverted relationship between ice nucleation and ice growth. Therefore, designing a customized freezing process for each food product will lead to improved quality of the product, thereby limiting food loss.
C–H Amination of Unactivated Arenes Through a Dearomative (3+2) Cycloaddition
Authors: Pradhan Sajan , Mohammadi Fahimeh , Tanase Rikuo , Amaike Kazuma , Itami Kenichiro , Bouffard Jean
Published: August 2024

The C–H amination of arenes is an important tool for the synthesis of arylamines that provides advantages over tradi-tional methods, which typically require pre-functionalized arene substrates, costly catalysts, strong bases or high temperatures. Most often, the direct C–H amination of arenes has been achieved through transition metal or photore-dox catalysis. In this study, we report that azidium ions enable the telescoped C–H amination of unactivated arenes through a cycloaddition and C–N/N–N bond cleavage sequence. First, a dearomative (3+2) cycloaddition reaction between arenes and azidium ions generates fused triazolinium adducts. Subsequent treatment of latter with a mild base, followed by thermolysis at moderate temperatures, achieves the synthesis of a diverse range of arylamines with a broad substrate scope. The synthetic versatility of this approach is showcased in the late-stage diversification of nat-ural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional organic materials. Employing this protocol, a regioselective double C–H arylamination of [9]-cycloparaphenylene was achieved for the first time.
Supramolecular polymerization induced by the rotation of light-driven molecular motors
Authors: Schiel Philippe , Maaloum Mounir , Moulin Emilie , Nyrkova Irina , Semenov Alexander , Dattler Damien , Accou Lou-Ann , Christoulaki Anastasia , Buhler Eric , Lehn Jean-Marie , Giuseppone Nicolas
Published: August 2024

Molecular motors are capable of producing mechanical work on their environment by using their unique capacity to generate non-reciprocal autonomous motions at the nanoscale. Although their operating principles are now well understood, artificial molecular motors have yet to demonstrate their general capacity to confer novel properties on (supra)molecular systems and materials. Here we show that amphiphilic light-driven molecular motors can adsorb onto the air-water interface and form Langmuir monolayers upon compression. Under irradiation, the surface pressure isotherms of these films reveal a drastic shift toward smaller molecular areas as a consequence of their motors’ activation. We explain this counterintuitive phenomenon by the rotation-induced supramolecular polymerization of the amphiphilic motors, limited by the maximal torque they can deliver, and leading to the formation of highly organized patterns. This serendipitous discovery highlights the opportunities offered by molecular motors to control supramolecular polymerization processes and to form active nanostructures for the design of innovative materials.
Awakening the Sleeping Giant: Rediscovering Archimedes' Density Method for Fingerprinting of Multicomponent Alloys
Authors: Rathore Jai Hind , Rathore Pratibha , Rathore Bharati , Rathore Bhuvan Chandra
Published: August 2024

If the matter is the manifestation of the God-particle, then density is its soul, as one cannot exist without the other. Hence, density inherently becomes mother of all properties of the matter. The Archimedes' density method presents a mathematically unsolvable, computationally non-recursive, and undecidable NP-Hard problem for non-binary alloys. Resolving underdetermined linear equations, discretizing infinite Probable Iso-density Compositions (PICs), solving NP-Hard problems, and achieving certainty from probabilities are key to its application. Non-binary alloy densities reveal multiple PIC series interconnected through "True Composition" (TC) in the Isopycnic Region (IR) of Vast Alloys Space (VAS), replicating as Concordant Compositions (CCs) similar to centromere replication during cell division. The Principle of Vernier coincidence in multiple dimensions echoes CCs as unique alloy fingerprints in geometrical superimposition. We modified Archimedes' equations for additional metals and developed Density Decoding System (DDS) (www.densityfingerprinting.com) to compute PICs using Successively increasing Predefined Imaginary Numerical values (SPIN-values) and standard metal densities, generating a real-time database. A perfectly symmetric C-band breaks the asymmetry of Density Genome fractals, visualizing Density Fingerprints to conclusively determine "True Composition" up to octonary alloys with absolute accuracy in polynomial time. The precision range of alloy density limits the chaotic Butterfly effect, creating a fractal composition space that enables self-authentication of True Compositions. The study uncovers the coexistence of chaos and order, the butterfly effect, the emergence of order from infinity, and the fractal nature of the composition space. The research reveals the manifestation of quantum-like phenomena in the classical realm of alloy compositions, challenging our understanding of the nature of matter. Our work unveils density as the genetic code for non-living matter, leading to a novel alloy classification into binary and non-binary alloys. Furthermore, it introduces the Density Fingerprinting and Density Genome framework, which enables comprehensive materials analysis, characterization, design, and discovery, marking a paradigm shift in our understanding about density and its pivotal role in shaping the future of material science.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Pulse Sequence Engineering using Single-Spin Vector Effective Hamiltonians
Authors: Nielsen Anders Bodholt , Carvalho José Pedro Albuquerque de , Goodwin David Leslie , Wili Nino , Nielsen Niels Chr.
Published: August 2024

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has proven to be a powerful technique to enhance nuclear spin polarization by transferring the much higher electron spin polarization to the nuclear spins prior to detection. While major attention has been devoted to high-field applications with continuous microwave irradiation, the introduction of fast arbitrary waveform generators is gradually increasing the opportunities to a realization of pulsed DNP. Here, we describe how static-powder DNP pulse sequences may systematically be designed using single-spin vector effective Hamiltonian theory. Particular attention is devoted to the intricate interplay between two important parts of the effective first-order Hamiltonian, namely, the linear field (single-spin) terms, and the Fourier coefficients determining scaling of the bilinear coupling terms mediating polarization transfer. We address two cases. The first operates in the regime where the microwave field amplitude is lower than the nuclear Larmor frequency. Here, we illustrate the predictive strength of single-spin vector model by comparing analytical calculations with experimental DNP results at 9.8 GHz/15 MHz on trityl radicals at 80 K. The second case operates in the high-power regime, where we combine the underlying single-spin vector design principles with numerical non-linear optimization to optimize the balance between the linear terms and the bilinear Fourier coefficients in a figure of merit function. We demonstrate, numerically and experimentally, a broadband DNP pulse sequence PLATO (PoLarizAtion Transfer via non-linear Optimization) with a bandwidth of 80 MHz and optimized for microwave field a with maximum (peak) amplitude of 32 MHz.