bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Momentary Lapse of Reason? Assessing the Pre- and Post-Brexit Preferences of UK Citizens
Authors: Farvaque Etienne , Hayat Muhammad Azmat , Siddique Ifrah
Published: August 2021

We analyze the persistence of the major determinants of distrust toward the European Union (EU) and pro-Brexit voting attitudes of citizens of the United Kingdom. Looking both backward and forward, our analysis confirms that Euroscepticism is deep-rooted, although the data reveal differences across different parts of the country. We observe no major transformation in the favor of the EU over the last two decades or in the post-referendum period. We also carry out an age-period-cohort analysis by interacting age and cohort effects with time to analyze the evolution of individual preferences. We find that an aging population will promote Eurosceptic assertiveness. We then implement a demographic forecasting analysis to predict whether the level of distrust of older cohorts can be offset by differing attitudes among younger cohorts in the future. On the contrary, we find that demographic trends will tend to strengthen distrust in the EU.
The Politicization of European Union Trade Policy: Radical-Left Euroskeptic Opposition to the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
Authors: Tereszkiewicz Filip
Published: August 2021

This study aims to analyze the correlation between radical-left Euroskeptic (RLE) activity and European Union (EU) trade policy by focusing on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). At the beginning of TTIP negotiations, the agreement was not high on political agendas and was not a major concern within European society. Thus, its salience was low. This initial lack of interest stemmed from the fact that the TTIP, as an economic and technical issue, did not draw public attention. This study shows that RLEs profoundly affected public opinion on the TTIP by increasing its salience during the European parliamentary elections in 2014 in France and Germany. Second, RLEs involved social actors and non-governmental organizations in anti-TTIP campaigns and channeled European anxieties into the STOP TTIP European Citizens’ Initiative. Third, RLEs used this proposed agreement between the EU and the United States to increase polarization within European society and ideological cleavages within the European Parliament. Finally, we can assume that an anti-TTIP campaign promoted by radical-right Euroskeptics would have had different drivers. Thus, my findings have implications for understanding the correlation between RLE activity and the politicization of EU trade policy, and they suggest some avenues for future research.
Creadoras no hegemónicas
Authors: Barrera Jurado Gloria Stella
Published: August 2021

Tenemos una deuda histórica con las diseñadoras colombianas. Este texto recoge testimonios de cinco diseñadoras industriales javerianas que han apostado por un diseño no hegemónico: Ana Cielo Quiñones Aguilar, María Paula Bautista Maldonado, Lorena Guerrero Jiménez, Catalina López Betancourt y Camila Pacheco Bejarano. Son mujeres, sabias y aprendices, comprometidas con la vida en forma profunda, contestataria, revolucionaria y valiente, cuya visión y obra reconocemos.
An algorithm for building and integrating dynamic systems based on reaction networks
Authors: Chernev Petar
Published: August 2021

In the present work we give an overview and implementation of an algorithm for building and integrating dynamic systems from reaction networks. Reaction networks have their roots in chemical reaction network theory, but their nature is general enough that they can be applied in many fields to model complex interactions. Our aim is to provide a simple to use program that allows for quick prototyping of dynamic models based on a system of reactions. After introducing the concept of a reaction and a reaction network in a general way, not necessarily connected to chemistry, we outlay the algorithm for building its associated system of ODEs. Finally, we give a few example usages where we examine a range of growth-decay models in the context of reaction networks.
Data-Driven Forgetting and Discount Factors for Vehicle Speed Forecasting in Ecological Adaptive Cruise Control
Authors: Hyeon Eunjeong , Kim Youngki , Ersal Tulga , Stefanopoulou Anna
Published: August 2021

This paper investigates temporal correlations in human driving behavior using real-world driving to improve speed forecasting accuracy. These correlations can point to a measurement weighting function with two parameters: a forgetting factor for past speed measurements that the vehicle itself drove with, and a discount factor for the speeds of vehicles ahead based on information from vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The developed weighting approach is applied to a vehicle speed predictor using polynomial regression, a prediction method well-known in the literature. The performance of the developed approach is then assessed in both real-world and simulated traffic scenarios for accuracy and robustness. The new weighting method is applied to an ecological adaptive cruise control system, and its influence is analyzed on the prediction accuracy and the performance of the ecological adaptive cruise control in an electric vehicle powertrain model. The results show that the new prediction method improves energy saving from the eco-driving by up to 4.7% compared to a baseline least-square-based polynomial regression. This is a 10% improvement over the constant speed/acceleration model, a conventional speed predictor.
Robust Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Fault Tolerant Control for Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Stabilization With Integrated Actuator Fault and Time Delay
Authors: Ma Kuo , Xie Zhengchao , Wong Pak Kin , Li Wenfeng , Chu Shaoqiang , Zhao Jing
Published: August 2021

This paper investigates the lateral dynamics stabilization problem for autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) through the active front steering (AFS) system. A fault-estimation-observer-based robust fuzzy fault tolerant controller is proposed to tackle actuator faults, time delay, modeling nonlinearities, and external disturbances. First, to establish a more accurate dynamics model, the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy modeling strategy is utilized to handle velocity change and parameter uncertainties. Second, to further improve the lateral stability and driving active safety of the AEV, an integrated actuator fault model comprising efficiency loss fault and additional bias fault is proposed. Meanwhile, in order to diagnose actuator additional bias fault, a fuzzy fault estimation observer (FFEO) is designed to acquire fault information online. Third, to eliminate the influence caused by integrated fault and actuator time delay, a fuzzy fault tolerant controller is constructed to improve the handling performance and driving active safety of the AEV. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated via a full-car model based on the joint simulation of carsim and matlab/simulink.
A perspective on industrial quantum networks
Authors: Bush Stephen F. , Challener William A. , Mantelet Guillaume
Published: August 2021

The vision is a software-defined quantum network that enables a flexible experimental platform for developing quantum applications for industry. While components of the quantum Internet are under development, the control plane remains undefined. The quantum Internet, like the classical Internet, will be a network of networks. Operation of an industrial quantum network is viewed as a networked control problem, and a time-sensitive network control plane is proposed to enable a quantum software-defined network. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution is used as an example implementation since it provides a foundation for a quantum repeater and, by extension, the quantum Internet. Results indicate that a time-sensitive network control plane design is feasible, and its pros and cons are discussed.
Rapid measurement of the local pressure amplitude in microchannel acoustophoresis using motile cells
Authors: Kim Minji , Barnkob Rune , Meacham J. Mark
Published: August 2021

Acoustic microfluidics (or acoustofluidics) provides a non-contact and label-free means to manipulate and interrogate bioparticles. Owing to their biocompatibility and precision, acoustofluidic approaches have enabled innovations in various areas of biomedical research. Future breakthroughs will rely on the translation of these techniques from academic labs to clinical and industrial settings. Here, accurate characterization and standardization of device performance are crucial. Versatile, rapid, and widely accessible performance quantification is needed. We propose a field quantification method using motile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. We previously reported qualitative mapping of acoustic fields using living microswimmers as active probes. In the present study, we extend our approach to achieve the challenging quantitative in situ measurement of the acoustic energy density. C. reinhardtii cells continuously swim in an imposed force field and dynamically redistribute as the field changes. This behavior allows accurate and complete, real-time performance monitoring, which can be easily applied and adopted within the acoustofluidics and broader microfluidics research communities. Additionally, the approach relies only on standard bright-field microscopy to assess the field under numerous conditions within minutes. We benchmark the method against conventional passive-particle tracking, achieving agreement within 1% for field strengths from 0 to 70 J m−3 (from 0 to ∼0.8 MPa).
Participation in Leisure-Time Aerobic Physical Activity Among Adults, National Health Interview Survey, 1998–2018
Authors: Whitfield Geoffrey P. , Hyde Eric T. , Carlson Susan A.
Published: August 2021

Background: Adults should perform ≥150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity equivalent physical activity for substantial health benefits and >300 minutes per week for additional benefits. The authors analyzed 21 years of National Health Interview Survey data to better understand trends in aerobic physical activity participation among US adults. Methods: The authors estimated the annual prevalence (1998–2018) of self-reported leisure-time physical inactivity, insufficient activity, meeting only the minimal aerobic guideline, and meeting the high aerobic guideline overall and by selected characteristics. Prevalence differences between 1998 and 2018 were compared across subgroups and periods of significant change were identified using JoinPoint regression. Results: The prevalence of inactivity decreased from 40.5% (1998) to 25.6% (2018) while the prevalence of meeting the high aerobic guideline increased from 26.0% to 37.4%. Increases in meeting the high guideline were similar across age groups, racial/ethnic groups, levels of education, and Census regions. Increases in insufficient activity and meeting the minimal guideline were statistically significant but of relatively small magnitude. Conclusions: The prevalence of inactivity decreased and meeting the high aerobic guideline increased overall and for all subgroups from 1998 to 2018. Physical activity promotion strategies may aim to continue these trends while also narrowing persistent disparities in participation across subgroups.
Evolution, Mode of Transmission, and Mutational Landscape of Newly Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Authors: Chakraborty Chiranjib , Sharma Ashish Ranjan , Bhattacharya Manojit , Agoramoorthy Govindasamy , Lee Sang-Soo
Published: August 2021

Irrespective of the aggressive vaccination drive, the newly emerging multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are causing havoc in several countries. As per the CDC (USA) and WHO, the VOCs include the B.1.1.7, P.1, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2 lineages, while the VOIs include the B.1.525, B.1.526, P.2, and B.1.427/B.1.429 lineages.
Aberrant mTOR/autophagy/Nurr1 signaling is critical for TSC-associated tumor development
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Chunjia , Zhang Yanzhuo , Zha Xiaojun , Zhang Hongbing , Hu Zhongdong , Wu Chengai
Published: August 2021

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an inherited neurocutaneous disease, is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. This genetic disorder is characterized by the growth of benign tumors in the brain, kidneys, and other organs. As a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family, nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) plays a vital role in some neuropathological diseases and several types of benign or malignant tumors. Here, we explored the potential regulatory role of TSC1/2 signaling in Nurr1 and the effect of Nurr1 in TSC-related tumors. We found that Nurr1 expression was drastically decreased by the disruption of the TSC1/2 complex in Tsc2-null cells, genetically modified mouse models of TSC, cortical tubers of TSC patients, and kidney tumor tissue obtained from a TSC patient. Deficient TSC1/2 complex downregulated Nurr1 expression in an mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover, hyperactivation of mTOR reduced Nurr1 expression via suppression of autophagy. In addition, Nurr1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed cell cycle progression. Therefore, TSC/mTOR/autophagy/Nurr1 signaling is partially responsible for the tumorigenesis of TSC. Taken together, Nurr1 may be a novel therapeutic target for TSC-associated tumors, and Nurr1 agonists or reagents that induce Nurr1 expression may be used for the treatment of TSC.
N-fold Darboux transformation of a six-field integrable lattice system
Authors: Qin Yanan
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we studied a semidiscrete coupled equation, which is integrable in the sense of admitting Lax representations. Proposed first by Vakhnenko in 2006, local conservation laws and one-fold Darboux transformation were presented with different forms, respectively, in O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84, 014003 (2015); O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Math. Phys. 56, 033505 (2015); O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Math. Phys. 56, 033505 (2015). On the basis of these results, we principally construct [Formula: see text]-fold Darboux transformation by means of researching gauge transformation of its Lax pair, and work out its explicit multisolutions. Given a set of seed solutions and appropriate parameters, we can calculate two-soliton solutions and plot their figures when [Formula: see text].
Analytical solutions to the M-derivative resonant Davey–Stewartson equations
Authors: Ismael Hajar F. , Atas Sibel Sehriban , Bulut Hasan , Osman M. S.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the (2+1)-dimensional resonant Davey–Stewartson equations are solved by using two methods; namely, [Formula: see text]-expansion and [Formula: see text]-expansion methods. A wave transform is used to convert the (2+1)-dimensional resonant Davey–Stewartson (RDS) equations with M-derivative into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Different forms of solutions, such as dark, bright, singular and periodic singular solutions are successfully constructed. The obtained solutions are plotted in 3D for both M- derivative and classical derivative to more understand the effect of M-derivative on the studied equation.
Evolution of the Internet’s Support for Chinese Enterprises’ Innovation Based on Big Data
Authors: Wang Cuilan , Wang Deji , Wang Yu , Jiao Fangyuan
Published: August 2021

In order to study the development trend of the Internet’s role in supporting enterprise innovation, a new method based on deep learning algorithm and knowledge graph technology is proposed. Experiments show that the accuracy, F1 value, recall rate and precision of the algorithm are distinctly improved compared with the existing algorithms. A new algorithm is applied to analyze the innovation evolution of Chinese enterprises, using papers, patents and other documents between 1905 and 2020 as data sources. Based on the experimental results, the development stages can be divided into five stages. The research focus is on product R&D innovation, manufacturing innovation, marketing innovation, resource allocation innovation and organizational innovation. It can be seen that the development process of the Internet supporting enterprise innovation system is an evolutionary development process from point to line, to surface, to the body, and to the ecosystem.
Conjugacy and dynamics in almost automorphism groups of trees
Authors: Goffer Gil , Lederle Waltraud
Published: August 2021

We determine when two almost automorphisms of a regular tree are conjugate. This is done by combining the classification of conjugacy classes in the automorphism group of a level-homogeneous tree by Gawron, Nekrashevych and Sushchansky and the solution of the conjugacy problem in Thompson’s [Formula: see text] by Belk and Matucci. We also analyze the dynamics of a tree almost automorphism as a homeomorphism of the boundary of the tree.
SLOT-DIE-COATED ZINC TIN OXIDE FILM FOR CARBON-BASED METHYLAMMONIUM-FREE PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
Authors: KHAMBUNKOED NUTCHA , WONGRATANAPHISAN DUANGMANEE , GARDCHAREON ATCHARAWON , CHATTRAPIBAN NARUPON , HOMNAN SAOWALAK , SONGSIRIRITTHIGUL PRAYOON , RUANKHAM PIPAT
Published: August 2021

At the laboratory scale, the spin coating technique is commonly used for depositing an electron transporting layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, this technique is unsuitable for scaling up production. To enable large-scale deposition, slot-die coating, — a promising scalable technique and low operational cost processing, — has been proposed for depositing thin and uniform films across large areas. In this work, scalable slot-die coating processes of amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) as ETLs are illustrated for carbon-based methylammonium-free PSCs. The amorphous ZTO was selected because of its excellent optical and electronic properties such as high electrical conductivity, high electron mobility, and high transparency. Slot-die-coated ZTO thin films were prepared from a proprietary homemade slot-die setup on a 3-axis computer numerical control (CNC) platform. Various thicknesses of ZTO thin films were utilized by changing the speed of the slot-die head. The device using slot-die-coated ZTO films with a film thickness of 48[Formula: see text]nm was found to exhibit the best device maximum power conversion efficiency of 9.92%, which is comparable to that of the device using spin-coated ZTO film. This work demonstrates the potential of the slot-die coating technique to replace the conventional spin-coating method in the fabrication of high efficiency and scalable PSCs.
A COMPREHENSIVE PELVIC AND FEMORAL OSTEOTOMY REVISION TO TREAT A FAILED PELVIC AND FEMORAL OSTEOTOMY: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Megremis Panos K. , Megremis Orestis P.
Published: August 2021

Hip’s open reduction combined with Salter innominate osteotomy and femoral osteotomy is the treatment of choice when treating Developmental Dislocation of the Hip (DDH) at walking age. We report a case of a five-year-old girl who underwent a failed surgical procedure of hip’s open reduction, Salter innominate osteotomy, and the femoral osteotomy. One year later, one-stage surgical procedure of hip’s open reduction, Dega pelvic osteotomy, and femoral de-rotation varus shortening osteotomy was performed. During the five-year follow-up, the clinical outcome was evaluated as excellent.

The Dega pelvic osteotomy is an effective pelvic osteotomy for DDH, in a case of a failed Salter osteotomy.
Confirming Anomalies
Authors: Chinloy Peter , Imes Matthew
Published: August 2021

A procedure confirms whether a return-factor correlation is anomalous or results from endogenous simultaneous-equations bias. The identification strategy sorts the cost of capital components for instruments. In the first stage, the initially found factors are regressed on cost instruments. In the second stage, a confirmed anomaly has predicted value significant in returns and exogenous.

Taxes, depreciation and capital structure are strong instruments, affecting 1980–2017 quarterly U.S. stock returns. Size, value and profitability decisions are significant in instruments. Returns increase in fitted profits, but not small size. Actual and predicted values have weaker correlation with returns over time.
Almost split morphisms in subcategories of triangulated categories
Authors: Fedele Francesca
Published: August 2021

For a suitable triangulated category [Formula: see text] with a Serre functor [Formula: see text] and a full precovering subcategory [Formula: see text] closed under summands and extensions, an indecomposable object [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] is called Ext-projective if Ext[Formula: see text]. Then there is no Auslander–Reiten triangle in [Formula: see text] with end term [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we show that if, for such an object [Formula: see text], there is a minimal right almost split morphism [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] appears in something very similar to an Auslander–Reiten triangle in [Formula: see text]: an essentially unique triangle in [Formula: see text] of the form [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is an indecomposable not in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-envelope of [Formula: see text]. Moreover, under some extra assumptions, we show that removing [Formula: see text] from [Formula: see text] and replacing it with [Formula: see text] produces a new subcategory of [Formula: see text] closed under extensions. We prove that this process coincides with the classic mutation of [Formula: see text] with respect to the rigid subcategory of [Formula: see text] generated by all the indecomposable Ext-projectives in [Formula: see text] apart from [Formula: see text].

When [Formula: see text] is the cluster category of Dynkin type [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] has the above properties, we give a full description of the triangles in [Formula: see text] of the form [Formula: see text] and show under which circumstances replacing [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] gives a new extension closed subcategory.
Semantic Representation of a Geo-Social User Profile for a Personalised Information Retrieval
Authors: Rafa Tahar , Kechid Samir
Published: August 2021

The user-centred information retrieval needs to introduce semantics into the user modelling for a meaningful representation of user interests. The semantic representation of the user interests helps to improve the identification of the user’s future cognitive needs. In this paper, we present a semantic-based approach for a personalised information retrieval. This approach is based on the design and the exploitation of a user profile to represent the user and his interests. In this user profile, we combine an ontological semantics issued from WordNet ontology, and a personal semantics issued from the different user interactions with the search system and with his social and situational contexts of his previous searches. The personal semantics considers the co-occurrence relations between relevant components of the user profile as semantic links. The user profile is used to improve two important phases of the information search process: (i) expansion of the initial user query and (ii) adaptation of the search results to the user interests.
Information Representation and Knowledge Organization in Cultural Heritage Institutions in Arabian Gulf: A Comparative Case Study
Authors: Aljalahmah Saleh H. , Zavalina Oksana L.
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the exploratory study conducted with the goal of developing an understanding of the current state of information representation and knowledge organisation in cultural heritage collections in Arabian Gulf countries and perspectives for future developments. This comparative case study focused on three institutions (an archive, an academic library, and a museum), including early adopters and leaders in digital archiving in the region. The mixed-methods research combined semi-structured interviews with in-depth comparative content analysis of metadata records that represent items in institutions’ collections. Despite the limitations of the small-sample analysis, this exploratory case study makes a substantial contribution to research and practice. It is the first study to evaluate information representation and knowledge organisation practices in cultural heritage collections of Arabian Gulf countries. This study also can inform planning and implementation of the large-scale study of the state and perspectives of information representation and knowledge organisation across digital and physical collections of libraries, museums, and archives in the region. Suggestions for future research are included. Practical implications of the study include empirical support for the need for metadata training, developing and documenting metadata creation guidelines and crosswalks, collection and use of feedback from users and knowledge management professionals to improve information representation and knowledge organisation. Results also provide insights into interoperability potential of metadata for future regional, national and international aggregations of cultural heritage digital collections across the Arabian Gulf region.
On a basic mean value theorem with explicit exponents
Authors: Ferrari Matteo
Published: August 2021

We follow a paper by Sedunova regarding Vaughan’s basic mean value Theorem to improve and complete a more general demonstration for a suitable class of arithmetic functions as started by Cojocaru and Murty. As an application we derive a basic mean value theorem for the von Mangoldt generalized functions.
On Hecke eigenvalues of cusp forms in almost all short intervals
Authors: Kim Jiseong
Published: August 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a function such that [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be the [Formula: see text]th Hecke eigenvalue of a fixed holomorphic cusp form f for [Formula: see text]. We show that for any real-valued function [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text], mean values of [Formula: see text] over intervals [Formula: see text] are bounded by [Formula: see text] for all but [Formula: see text] many integers [Formula: see text], in which [Formula: see text] is the average value of [Formula: see text] over primes. We generalize this for [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text].
Using black feminist epistemologies and activist frameworks to counter structural racism in design
Authors: Erete Sheena
Published: August 2021

Community + Culture features practitioner perspectives on designing technologies for and with communities. We highlight compelling projects and provocative points of view that speak to both community technology practice and the interaction design field as a whole.
--- Sheena Erete, Editor
Database Principles and Challenges in Text Analysis
Authors: Doleschal Johannes , Kimelfeld Benny , Martens Wim
Published: August 2021

A common conceptual view of text analysis is that of a two-step process, where we first extract relations from text documents and then apply a relational query over the result. Hence, text analysis shares technical challenges with, and can draw ideas from, relational databases. A framework that formally instantiates this connection is that of the document spanners. In this article, we review recent advances in various research efforts that adapt fundamental database concepts to text analysis through the lens of document spanners. Among others, we discuss aspects of query evaluation, aggregate queries, provenance, and distributed query planning.
Animal Migration: An Overview of One of Nature's Great Spectacles
Authors: Fudickar Adam M. , Jahn Alex E. , Ketterson Ellen D.
Published: August 2021

The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion in research on animal migration, in large part due to a technological revolution in tracking and remote-sensing technologies, along with advances in genomics and integrative biology. We now have access to unprecedented amounts of data on when, where, and how animals migrate across various continents and oceans. Among the important advancements, recent studies have uncovered a surprising level of variation in migratory trajectories at the species and population levels with implications for both speciation and the conservation of migratory populations. At the organismal level, studies linking molecular and physiological mechanisms to traits that support migration have revealed a remarkable amount of seasonal flexibility in many migratory animals. Advancements in the theory for why animals migrate have resulted in promising new directions for empirical studies. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and promising future avenues of study.
Evolution of the Mode of Nutrition in Symbiotic and Saprotrophic Fungi in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Lebreton Annie , Zeng Qingchao , Miyauchi Shingo , Kohler Annegret , Dai Yu-Cheng , Martin Francis M.
Published: August 2021

In this review, we highlight the main insights that have been gathered from recent developments using large-scale genomics of fungal saprotrophs and symbiotrophs (including ectomycorrhizal and orchid and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi) inhabiting forest ecosystems. After assessing the goals and motivations underlying our approach, we explore our current understanding of the limits and future potential of using genomics to understand the ecological roles of these forest fungi. Comparative genomics unraveled the molecular machineries involved in lignocellulose decomposition in wood decayers, soil and litter saprotrophs, and mycorrhizal symbionts. They also showed that transitions from saprotrophy to mutualism entailed widespread losses of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes; diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes; and convergent evolution of genetic innovations that facilitate the accommodationof mutualistic symbionts within their plant hosts. We also identify the major questions that remain unanswered and propose new avenues of genome-based research to understand the role of soil fungi in sustainable forest ecosystems.
Analysis of Intercalation/De-Intercalation of Li Ions Into/From Graphite at 0 °C via Operando Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Takagi Shigeharu , Shimoda Keiji , Kiuchi Hisao , Okazaki Ken-ichi , Murata Tetsuyuki , Ogumi Zempachi , Abe Takeshi
Published: August 2021

The charge/discharge reaction mechanisms of graphite negative electrodes in Li ion batteries were investigated via operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction at 0 °C and 25 °C. The intercalation of Li ions at 25 °C formed the stage 1 compound with an in-plane structure of LiC6; while intercalation at 0 °C only formed stage 2, with in-plane structures of LiC9 and LiC6. The degree of graphite expansion in the a, b-axes and c-axis directions by intercalation at 0 °C was less than that at 25 °C. Hence, it was difficult to form the stage 1 structure by further increases in the Li ion concentration, and the charging reaction at low temperature became difficult. De-intercalation at 0 °C did not follow the Daumas–Hérold model and proceeded discretely in the order: stage 1 → stage 2 → stage 4 → graphite, without going through stages 3, 5–8 and dilute stage 1.
Study and Analysis of Multiconnectivity for Ultrareliable and Low‐Latency Features in Networks and V2X Communications
Authors: Paramonov Alexander , Peng Jialiang , Kashkarov Dmitry , Muthanna Ammar , Elgendy Ibrahim A. , Koucheryavy Andrey , Maleh Yassine , Abd El-Latif Ahmed A.
Published: August 2021

Ultrareliable and low‐latency connection (URLLC) is one of the novel features in 5G networks and subsequent generations, in which it targets to fulfill stringent requirements on data rates, reliability, and availability. Moreover, the multiconnectivity concept is introduced to meet these requirements, where multiple different technologies are connected simultaneously, and the data packet is duplicated and transmitted from multiple transmitters. To this end, in this paper, we present an analysis, model, and method to ensure the reliability of data delivery when organizing URLLC in 5G networks. In addition, a new approach based on the organization of multiple connections (multiconnectivity) and duplication of transmitted data is considered. Further, an analytical model is presented for assessing the probability of failure, taking into account the traffic intensity, the probability of failure of elements, and the number of used connections. Moreover, an efficient method is proposed for increasing the reliability of data delivery by optimizing the number of connections. Further, a multiconnectivity‐based URLLC model has been built for evaluating the proposed method and verifies that the optimal number of routes for data delivery between the user and the point of service can be obtained, where the probability of losses and equipment reliability are jointly considered. Finally, detailed analysis of results shown that with “equal” routes in terms of load (with an equally probable traffic distribution) and the probability of equipment failure, the optimal number of routes can be found, at which the minimum probability of losses is achieved.
Deformation Failure and Support Test of Surrounding Rock in Deep Arched Roadway with Straight Wall
Authors: Pan Shuqi , Liu Shuaitao , Cao Liming , Guo Jianqiang , Yuan Chao
Published: August 2021

The deformation and failure of the uphill roadway on the 3rd horizontal track in the No. 6 Mine of Pingdingshan Coal Group was taken as the engineering background. The similar simulation material of the roadway surrounding rock with quartz sand as the aggregate, cement as the cementing agent, and gypsum powder as the regulator was selected. Through mechanical tests on 25 sets of specimens with different proportions, the best proportion of similar simulated materials for simulating the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock of the roadway was obtained. Later, a large‐scale deep mine roadway simulation test system independently developed by the company was used to carry out the roadway deformation and failure test. First, load the test body to the set initial stress state, and then carry out the full‐face excavation and unloading of the roadway; finally, load it in the vertical direction until the roadway wall is damaged. It can realize the actual effect of simulation of roadway deformation and failure under the path of “high stress + internal unloading + stress adjustment.” The results showed that after the deep roadway is excavated with preload and high stress, the surrounding rock deformation, failure, and instability of the roadway mainly experience 3 periods: the first period is the period of uniform deformation of the roadway surrounding rock, the second period is the development period of the roadway surrounding rock slab structure, and the third period is the period of instability of the roadway surrounding rock slab structure. Combined with the time period of deformation and failure of the surrounding rock of the roadway, the damage scope of the surrounding rock and the actual situation of the site engineering. A step‐by‐step combined roadway repair and support plan of “bolt mesh + shotcrete + full‐face hollow grouting anchor cable” with hollow grouting anchor cable as the core was determined. The stability of the repaired roadway has been significantly improved, ensuring the long‐term use of the roadway.
Optimal Control through Leadership of the Cucker and Smale Flocking Model with Time Delays
Authors: Himakalasa Adsadang , Wongkaew Suttida
Published: August 2021

The Cucker and Smale model is a well‐known flocking model that describes the emergence of flocks based on alignment. The first part focuses on investigating this model, including the effect of time delay and the presence of a leader. Furthermore, the control function is inserted into the dynamics of a leader to drive a group of agents to target. In the second part of this work, leadership‐based optimal control is investigated. Moreover, the existence of the first‐order optimality conditions for a delayed optimal control problem is discussed. Furthermore, the Runge–Kutta discretization method and the nonlinear conjugate gradient method are employed to solve the discrete optimality system. Finally, the capacity of the proposed control approach to drive a group of agents to reach the desired places or track the trajectory is demonstrated by numerical experiment results.
Assessment of Serum sRANKL, sRANKL/OPG Ratio, and Other Bone Turnover Markers with the Estimated 10‐Year Risk of Major and Hip Osteoporotic Fractures in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Nava-Valdivia C. A. , Ponce-Guarneros J. M. , Saldaña-Cruz A. M. , Corona-Sanchez E. G. , Ramirez-Villafaña M. , Perez-Guerrero E. E. , Murillo-Saich J. D. , Contreras-Haro B. , Vazquez-Villegas M. L. , Gonzalez-Ponce F. , Bonilla-Lara D. , Jacobo-Cuevas H. , Centeno-Valadez J. D. , Echeverria-Gonzalez G. , Cerpa-Cruz S. , Alcaraz-Lopez M. F. , Cardona-Muñoz E. G. , Salazar-Paramo M. , Gonzalez-Lopez L. , Gamez-Nava J. I.
Published: August 2021

Background. Fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) index was developed for estimating of the 10‐year risk of major or hip osteoporotic fracture. To date, there is insufficient information regarding the correlation between FRAX and serum bone turnover markers (BTMs), such as soluble ligand of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and other molecules related with secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the correlation between the FRAX and serum levels of sRANKL, OPG, sRANKL/OPG ratio, Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1), and sclerostin (SOST) in RA. Methods. Cross‐sectional study included 156 postmenopausal women with RA. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at lumbar spine (L1‐L4) and total hip using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). RA patients were divided into (A) RA + osteoporosis and (B) RA without osteoporosis. FRAX scores were calculated including the total hip BMD. Serum sRANKL, OPG, DKK‐1, and SOST levels were measured by ELISA. Pearson tests were used for assessing the correlation between serum levels of these molecules and FRAX scores in RA. Results. The RA + osteoporosis group had elevated sRANKL levels (p = 0.005), higher sRANKL/OPG ratio (p = 0.017), decreased DKK‐1 (p = 0.028), and lower SOST levels (p < 0.001). Low total hip BMD correlated with high sRANKL (p = 0.001) and sRANKL/OPG ratio (p = 0.005). Total hip and lumbar spine BMD correlated with DKK‐1 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.05, respectively) and SOST levels (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Higher sRANKL levels and sRANKL/OPG ratio correlated with estimated 10‐year risk of a major osteoporotic fractures (p = 0.003 and p = 0.003, respectively) and hip fracture (p = 0.002 and p = 0.006, respectively). High serum SOST levels were associated with a low estimated 10‐year risk of a major osteoporotic fracture (p = 0.003) and hip fracture (p = 0.009). Conclusion. High sRANKL levels and sRANKL/OPG ratio can be useful to detect a subgroup of RA patients who has an increased 10‐year risk of major and hip osteoporotic fractures.
Experimental Study on Shear Resistance of Carex‐Root‐Fibered Soil
Authors: Wang Feng-Chi , Zhao Ming-Ze , Sun Qi
Published: August 2021

Carex shows strong vitality, adaptability, and performance with regard to soil consolidation and slope protection but is often disregarded as a weed. This study proposes to turn this so‐called weed into treasure, using its characteristics to protect the slope. We studied the interaction between the carex roots and soil and compared it to other types of grass. To understand the interaction between the carex roots and soil, this study investigated the tensile properties of the carex root fibers. The effects of fiber content, humidity, distribution, and soil moisture content on the relationship between the shear strength and vertical pressure of the soil were analyzed using a direct shear test. Furthermore, the cohesion and internal friction angle were used to evaluate the shear strength of the root‐fibered soil based on Mohr–Coulomb’s law. The results showed that the smaller the diameter, the shorter the length, and the greater the quantity and the lower the humidity of the root fibers, the higher the tensile strength of root fibers. In addition, the soil strength could be improved by the joint action of the roots and the soil. With an increase in the root fiber content and humidity, the soil moisture content decreased, whereas the shear strength of the carex‐root‐fibered soil increased. Here, four kinds of root fiber distributions, namely, “glyph,” “herringbone,” “eccentric,” and “vertical,” were chosen to study the shear strength of the root‐fibered soil. The results showed that “glyph” root fiber distribution had the highest shear strength, while the shear strength decreased for the others.
Binary Black‐Box Adversarial Attacks with Evolutionary Learning against IoT Malware Detection
Authors: Wang Fangwei , Lu Yuanyuan , Wang Changguang , Li Qingru
Published: August 2021

5G is about to open Pandora’s box of security threats to the Internet of Things (IoT). Key technologies, such as network function virtualization and edge computing introduced by the 5G network, bring new security threats and risks to the Internet infrastructure. Therefore, higher detection and defense against malware are required. Nowadays, deep learning (DL) is widely used in malware detection. Recently, research has demonstrated that adversarial attacks have posed a hazard to DL‐based models. The key issue of enhancing the antiattack performance of malware detection systems that are used to detect adversarial attacks is to generate effective adversarial samples. However, numerous existing methods to generate adversarial samples are manual feature extraction or using white‐box models, which makes it not applicable in the actual scenarios. This paper presents an effective binary manipulation‐based attack framework, which generates adversarial samples with an evolutionary learning algorithm. The framework chooses some appropriate action sequences to modify malicious samples. Thus, the modified malware can successfully circumvent the detection system. The evolutionary algorithm can adaptively simplify the modification actions and make the adversarial sample more targeted. Our approach can efficiently generate adversarial samples without human intervention. The generated adversarial samples can effectively combat DL‐based malware detection models while preserving the consistency of the executable and malicious behavior of the original malware samples. We apply the generated adversarial samples to attack the detection engines of VirusTotal. Experimental results illustrate that the adversarial samples generated by our method reach an evasion success rate of 47.8%, which outperforms other attack methods. By adding adversarial samples in the training process, the MalConv network is retrained. We show that the detection accuracy is improved by 10.3%.
Nonproteinuric Preeclampsia among Women with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy at a Referral Hospital in Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Owaraganise Asiphas , Migisha Richard , Ssalongo Wasswa G. M. , Tibaijuka Leevan , Kayondo Musa , Twesigomwe Godfrey , Ngonzi Joseph , Lugobe Henry Mark
Published: August 2021

Background. Preeclampsia is a priority obstetric emergency requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment to avert poor pregnancy outcomes. Nonproteinuric preeclampsia poses even greater diagnostic challenges due to contested diagnostic criteria by the clinical practice guidelines and variable clinical presentation. Previously, preeclampsia was only diagnosed if high blood pressure and proteinuria were present. This study determined the prevalence of nonproteinuric preeclampsia and associated factors among women admitted with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at a referral hospital in southwestern Uganda. Methods. Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were consecutively enrolled in a cross-sectional study at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital between November 2019 and May 2020. We interviewed all pregnant women ≥20 gestation weeks presenting with hypertension and obtained their sociodemographic, medical, and obstetric characteristics. We excluded women with chronic hypertension. We measured bedside dipstick proteinuria in clean-catch urine. Preeclampsia was defined as hypertension plus any feature of severity including <100,000 platelets/ul, creatinine >1.1 g/dl, and liver transaminases ≥twice upper normal limit with or without proteinuria. We defined nonproteinuric preeclampsia in participants with <+2 urine dipstick cut-off and determined the factors associated with nonproteinuric preeclampsia using logistic regression. Results. We enrolled 134 participants. The mean age was 26.9 (SD ± 7.1) years and 51.5% were primigravid. The prevalence of nonproteinuric preeclampsia was 24.6% (95% CI: 17.9–32.7). Primigravidity (aOR 2.70 95% CI: 1.09–6.72,

p

 = 0.032) was the factor independently associated with nonproteinuric preeclampsia. Conclusion. Nonproteinuric preeclampsia was common, especially among primigravidae. We recommend increased surveillance for nonproteinuric preeclampsia, especially among first-time pregnant women, who may not be detected by the traditional criteria. Obstetrics care providers should emphasize laboratory testing beyond proteinuria, among all women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to optimally diagnose and manage nonproteinuric preeclampsia.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in Adults: A Retrospective Analysis of Case Records Diagnosed between 1979 and 2018 in Western Denmark
Authors: Mäkinen Vivi-Nelli , Safwat Akmal , Aggerholm-Pedersen Ninna
Published: August 2021

Introduction. Adult rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare tumour that has an inferior survival compared to the paediatric patient population. The reason for this consistently worse outcome remains mostly unknown. It has been suggested that this disparity may be related to biological and/or treatment-related factors, which in the literature has been shown to be distributed differently among paediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study was to clarify treatment outcome and clinicopathological factors for adult patients with rhabdomyosarcoma that were treated in Aarhus, Denmark, since 1979. Methods. By searching the Aarhus Sarcoma Registers, data for all rhabdomyosarcoma patients, aged 18 years or more, between 1979 and 2018, were retrieved and analysed. Results. Data from 50 patients were collected. No patients were lost to follow-up. For the entire cohort, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 30% and 18%, respectively. The median age was 46.5 years, and the median overall survival was 2.3 years. Tumour histology was embryonal 18%, alveolar 22%, pleomorphic 44%, and not otherwise specified 16%. The tumour site was unfavourable in more than 80% of the patients. Significant factors associated with inferior overall survival were histology and disease stage, although histological subtype was not significant in the multivariate model. Five-year overall survival was 40% for localised disease versus 15% for metastatic disease. Conclusion. Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults has a poorer prognosis than paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and other high-grade sarcomas in adults. Adult rhabdomyosarcoma should continue to be treated aggressively, but new and tailored treatment strategies are needed to improve the long-term outcome. Previous predictors of poor survival in paediatric patients were valid in adults except for age, site (favourable versus unfavourable), and tumour size.