bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPERATIVE MANDATE AND CONSTITUTIONAL STATE: THE DIALECTIC OF THE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Алимов Эмиль , Alimov Emil
Published: July 2016

The article is devoted to the analysis of the theory and legal regulation of imperative mandate. The author reveals the essence of the imperative mandate and makes an attempt to explain the cause for rejecting this model of mandate in many democratic countries at the highest constitutional level. The author notes that instruction of electors determines the legal nature of the imperative mandate and the free mandate. The article analyzes the traditional understanding of the imperative mandate and free mandate. It criticizes the practice of ‘blaming’ the imperative mandate for the political party and fraction’s influence over Deputies. Report and recall in the imperative mandate structure are the guarantees of the implementation of the instruction of electors. The relations between a Deputy and the political party or fraction should be outside of the imperative mandate structure, because they are phenomena of a different nature. On the basis of theory and practice, the author concludes that the instruction of electors is acceptable in modern democracy. The instruction of electors has a great potential as an institute of direct democracy and as an effective way for accumulating electors’ needs and interests.
WAYS OF CIVIL RIGHTS’ PROTECTION UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Кархалев Денис , Karkhalev Denis
Published: July 2016

The article considers the topical problems of protecting civil rights and responsibility during the implementation of the civil law protecting power in Latin America. The development trend of harmonization has led to the creation of the Latin American principles of contract law. In the Peruvian legislation, a set of all elements of a civil offense, which includes a causal link, the presence of loss, guilt and illegality of actions, forms the basis of contractual liability. The amount of recoverable damages includes reparation of not only the actual damage, but also loss of profits if they are a direct result of the default. Analyzing the Brazilian law, the author notes that the breach of an obligation may be in the form of a delay in its execution. The debtor is considered overdue when he does not make payments, and the creditor, too, who does not wish to receive it. The debtor is responsible for the damages caused by his delay. If due to the delay the payment becomes useless to the creditor, he is entitled to reject it and claim damages. In the law of Ecuador, the recoverable damages include the incurred damages and lost profits arising from non-execution or improper execution of the obligation. In the cases provided for by law, recoverable damages are limited to the extent of the damage.
EVOLUTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS A SUBJECT OF INTERPRETATION OF LAW
Authors: Ковлер Анатолий , Kovler Anatoliy
Published: July 2016

The article analyses a so called “evolutive interpretation” of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights creating its case-law. Doing so the Court as a subject of this interpretation has a legitimate competence in the light of the Article 32 of the Convention. The problem is how wide could be this interpretation taking in account the principle of subsidiarity of the european system of the protection of human rights and doctrine of the “margin of appreciation” of the contracting States.
PENSION REFORM: ECONOMIC RISKS OF REALIZATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE INSURED PERSONS
Authors: Соловьев Аркадий , Solovev Arkadiy
Published: July 2016

Among the instruments of pension system regulation (record of service, earnings, contributions, privileges), the legislatively regulated parameter “retirement age” occupies a special place. Now we observe the process of “aging of the population” because of the general increase in life expectancy on the one hand, and the growth of the total number of pensioners, on the other. At the same time, the tendency of increase in expenses on financing the state pension obligations remains. However, even on the basis of the specified facts identification of aging of the population with the budgetary crisis and the establishing of a rigid connection between the pension budget expenses and the growth of the number of pensioners and the general aging of the population looks more or less convincing only at first sight. The scientifically-based solution of the retirement age problem lies not in the course of receiving a tactical — economic — result (saving of budget expenses), but in achieving of strategic objectives of the insurance pension reform: providing of the constitutional guarantees on adequacy of the pension rights of the insured persons and the state pension obligations.
Analysis of Innovative Start-Up Companies – Case of Košice Region
Authors: Džupka Peter , Klasová Slávka , Kováč Viliam
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Support policy for start-up companies is being developed nowadays in Slovakia, but so far there has hardly been any research focuses on this issue. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify, what are the specific needs and funding sources of start-up companies according to their stage of development.
Methodology/Approach: This paper used questionnaire empirical approach. The research was conducted in the Košice region. The sample of 47 innovative start-up companies was obtained and analysed using statistical measurements such as the Pearson’s chi-square test and the correspondence analysis method.
Findings: The results reveal that start-up companies at their initial phase of development mostly use bank loans as a funding source of their activities, but they opt also business angel as their source of funding at start phase of development. The findings further discover relation between the stage of the development of start-up company and its specific need. Additionally, research probes that collaboration with other firms or universities has a positive impact on prosperity of the start-up company in terms of higher profitability and better access to funding.
Research limitation/Implication: The Košice region is not an area, where representative survey in the field of start-up companies can be held nowadays. It relates to small market of innovative and creative solutions and goes with not so developed incentives to support start-up companies in their initial phase of development too. Thus, all the results and the outcomes coming from the dataset can be considered rather demonstrational than complex.
Originality/Value of paper: We show the specific needs and funding sources for start-up companies in the Košice region according to their stage of development and thus identify, which aspects government representatives should pay attention to and what should be taken into consideration when designing policy initiatives oriented towards support of start-up prosperity. Furthermore, we bridge the gap between increased attention to analysis of start-up companies and no effort made to analyse them in the Košice region.
Analysis of Request for Proposals in Construction Industry
Authors: Tkáč Michal , Delina Radoslav , Sabolová Martina
Published: July 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and determine reasons why construction companies reject some of the request for proposals (RFPS) suitable for them.
Methodology/Approach: The research has several parts. Within the first part the list of reasons which lead to rejection of RFPS and thus potential client are identified. Then the comparison of differences between groups of rejected RFPS with different configuration is made. The last part of research use Pareto analysis to determine most obvious and most costly reasons of rejection of RFPS.
Findings: The paper identifies 12 reasons, why construction companies decline to prepare proposal for their potential clients. It also doesn’t confirm that configuration of RFPS has significant impact on the rejection of RFPS. Moreover the results on the other hand showed that insufficient trust represent the main barrier which influences the rejection of RFPS in selected company.
Research Limitation/implication: The main limitation of the research is that it is based on single case study. Although, the quantitative results have to be generalised very carefully, on the other hand paper provide list of the possible reasons why construction companies decline to compete for an offer.
Originality/Value of paper: The paper provides unique perspective because apart from traditional attitude, where only the submitted RFPS are evaluated, this paper analyses rejected RFPS and tries to identify and determine reasons why construction companies decide not to prepare proposal and thus reduce the possibility to acquire new contract.
Flora da Bahia: Asteraceae – Tribo Millerieae
Authors: Gandara Andréia , Alves Maria , Roque Nádia
Published: July 2016

The taxonomic treatment of the tribe Millerieae of Bahia state, Brazil, is presented. The tribe is represented by five genera in Bahia: Acanthospermum (2 species), Galinsoga (2), Ichthyothere (2), Melampodium (2) and Tridax (1). Ichthyothere hirsuta is a new record in the state. Acanthospermum australe, A. hispidum, Ichthyothere terminalis and Tridax procumbens are widely distributed in Bahia and, although ruderal, are still inaccurately identified in herbaria. Descriptions, identification keys, illustrations, comments on taxonomy and geographical distribution are provided for taxa.
Reading Peter Sedgwick in 2015
Authors: Davis Ann , Davis Alex
Published: July 2016

In this article, we reflect on some of the personal, professional and political contexts in which Peter Sedgwick wrote PsychoPolitics and the impact that it had on us when we first read it in 1982. In exploring the relevance of Peter Sedgwick’s work to the situation faced by mental health service users, survivors, activists and academics in 2015, we consider two topics: first, Sedgwick’s critique of the radical libertarian understanding of ‘mental illness’ developed by Thomas Szasz; and, second, Sedgwick’s vision of a ‘programme for radical action in mental health’.
Aplicação do sistema kanban no transporte de materiais na construção civil
Authors: Leite Madalena Osório , Pinho Igor Barros , Pereira Pedro Eduardo , Heineck Luiz Fernando Mählmann , Rocha Francisco Eugênio Montenegro da
Published: July 2016

O setor da construção civil, em constante desenvolvimento de ferramentas de gerência, cada vez mais aplica conceitos antes somente utilizados na indústria. Uma das ferramentas há muito tempo utilizada nas fábricas, o sistema kanban, agora se mostra aplicado em uma obra de construção civil. Essa aplicação se dá no sistema de distribuição vertical do guincho decarga de uma edificação de vinte e três pavimentos. A empresa onde está sendo utilizado o sistema kanban já tem tradição em utilizar inovações tecnológicas e em implantar conceitos da Lean Construction. Vários outros trabalhos já foram publicados em congressos mostrando as aplicações de diversas técnicas de planejamento e controle da produção nos seuscanteiros de obra.
SCOLDSS - Sistema de Apoio à Decisão Aplicado ao Planejamento e Distribuição da Coleta Seletiva de Resíduos Sólidos
Authors: Simonetto Eugênio De Oliveira , Borenstein Denis
Published: July 2016

O artigo apresenta um sistema de apoio à decisão aplicado ao planejamento operacional da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos (SCOLDSS), o qual tem por funcionalidade principal à geração de alternativas ao processo decisório no que se refere á: (a) alocação de veículos para a coleta seletiva, bem como o roteiro a ser percorrido pelos mesmos e, (b) a determinação da quantidade diária de resíduos sólidos a ser enviado a cada unidade de triagem. Para o desenvolvimento do mesmo foi utilizada a combinação de técnicas advindas da Pesquisa Operacional, que são a simulação computacional de eventos discretos e algoritmos para o problema da alocação e roteamento de veículos. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando o ambiente Borland Delphi e, para a simulação foi utilizado o simulador Arena 3.5. Para a validação do SCOLDSS estão sendo utilizados dados da coleta seletiva de um município do Rio Grande do Sul.
Symmetric Complex Boundary Element Scheme for 2-D Stokes Mixed Boundary Value Problem
Authors: Hong Sun-Gwon
Published: July 2016

For 2-D Stokes mixed boundary value problems we construct a boundary
integral equation which couples a conventional boundary integral equation
for the velocity with a hypersingular boundary integral equation for the
traction. Expressing terms in the equation by complex variables, we obtain a
complex boundary integral equation and realize symmetrization of boundary
element scheme by Galerkin method. Applying a boundary limit method, we
obtain exact calculation formulae for calculation of hypersingular boundary
integrals. It is shown that all divergent terms in hypersingular integrals
cancel each other out.
Inside Newark: Decline, Rebellion, and the Search for Transformation
Authors: Epps Linda Caldwell
Published: July 2016

Epps's review of Inside Newark:  Decline, Rebellion, and the Search for Transformation, by Robert Curvin.
Editorial
Authors: Pawlak Mirosław
Published: July 2016

Editorial
Review of Second language socialization and learner agency: Adoptive family talk; Author: Lyn Wright Fogle; Publisher: Multilingual Matters, 2012; ISBN: 9781847697851; Pages: 203
Authors: Kiermasz Zuzanna
Published: July 2016

Book Review
Review of Pronunciation fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research; Authors: Tracey M. Derwing and Murray J. Munro; Publisher: John Benjamins, 2015; ISBN: 9789027213273; Pages: 208
Authors: Waniek-Klimczak Ewa
Published: July 2016

Book Review
A convex-valued selection theorem with a non-separable Banach space
Authors: Gourdel Pascal , Mâagli Nadia
Published: July 2016

In the spirit of Michael’s selection theorem [6, Theorem 3.1”’], we consider a nonempty convex-valued lower semicontinuous correspondence

φ
:

X
→

2
Y

{\varphi:X\to 2^{Y}}

. We prove that if φ has either closed or finite-dimensional images, then there admits a continuous single-valued selection, where X is a metric space and Y is a Banach space. We provide a geometric and constructive proof of our main result based on the concept of peeling introduced in this paper.
University Merging Process: A Guideline Proposal for Excellence-Enhancing
Authors: Hidalgo-Hidalgo Marisa , Valera Guadalupe
Published: July 2016

There is a recent trend toward encouraging universities to merge. This policy is based on the idea that mergers create synergy gains that enhance the prestige of universities by increasing their international visibility. However, this process may reduce competition for both research funds and professors in national higher education markets. This paper analyzes whether mergers among universities are optimal from an excellence perspective. We find that as the heterogeneity between the initial reputations of potentially merging institutions increases, the amount of funds required for mergers to achieve higher excellence than competition also increases.
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Vibrations of Fixed-Fixed Curved Beams
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Patel B. P.
Published: July 2016

Nonlinear dynamic behavior of fixed-fixed shallow
and deep curved beams is studied experimentally
using non-contact type of electromagnetic shaker and
acceleration measurements. The frequency response obtained
from acceleration measurements is found to be in
fairly good agreement with the computational response.
The travellingwave phenomenon along with participation
of higher harmonics and softening nonlinearity are observed.
The experimental results on the internal resonance
of curved beams due to direct excitation of anti-symmetric
mode are reported for the first time. The deep curved beam
depicts chaotic response at higher excitation amplitude.
The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games
Authors: Castellano Julen , Silva Pedro , Usabiaga Oidui , Barreira Daniel
Published: July 2016

The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending.
The goalkeeper influence on ball possession effectiveness in futsal
Authors: Vicente-Vila Pedro , Lago-Peñas Carlos
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to identify which variables were the best predictors of success in futsal ball possession when controlling for space and task related indicators, situational variables and the participation of the goalkeeper as a regular field player or not (5 vs. 4 or 4 vs. 4). The sample consisted of 326 situations of ball possession corresponding to 31 matches played by a team from the Spanish Futsal League during the 2010–2011, 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 seasons. Multidimensional qualitative data obtained from 10 ordered categorical variables were used. Data were analysed using chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Overall, the highest ball possession effectiveness was achieved when the goalkeeper participated as a regular field player (p<0.01), the duration of the ball possession was less than 10 s (p<0.01), the ball possession ended in the penalty area (p<0.01) and the defensive pressure was low (p<0.01). The information obtained on the relative effectiveness of offensive playing tactics can be used to improve team’s goal-scoring and goal preventing abilities.
An investigation into the relationship between pre-competition mood states, age, gender and a national ranking in artistic gymnastics
Authors: Boldizsár Dóra , Soós István , Whyte Ian , Hamar Pál
Published: July 2016

This study investigated the relationship between pre-competition mood state factors in gymnastics by gender, age and a national ranking. Participant-gymnasts (total n=116, male n=49, female n=67) completed a Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) one day prior to their main competition of the year. Information was also gathered from gymnasts of gender, age and a national ranking. Consistent with theoretical predictions, results confirmed that a number of pre-competition mood states differed by age with both juniors and seniors having a higher level of anger than children (p<.05 respectively). Also, seniors demonstrated higher tension than children (p<.001). However, only anger showed significant differences by gender with male gymnasts demonstrating higher levels of anger than female gymnasts (p<.05), and with international gymnasts registering higher levels of anger compared with second class gymnasts (p<.05). Authors suggest that future research should investigate relationships between the pre-competition mood in other gymnastics-related disciplines and sports, as well as competitive performances.
Quality Retention Enhancement in Canned Potato and Radish Using Reciprocating Agitation Thermal Processing
Authors: You Jia , Singh Anubhav Pratap , Singh Anika , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S.
Published: July 2016

This study focusses on evaluating the effects of reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA-TP) on the quality of canned potato cubes and whole radish packed in brine solution (1 % NaCl+1 % CaCl2 solution). Experimental cans were subjected to RA-TP in a lab-scale steam retort at different temperatures (110–130 °C) and reciprocation frequencies (0–3 Hz). Color, texture, antioxidant activity and solids leached into the liquid were evaluated to characterize the quality of processed product. RA-TP resulted in superior quality retention in processed vegetables as compared to static retort (0 Hz) due to the associated shorter (up to 70 %) process times. In general, higher operating temperatures and reciprocation frequencies resulted in better retention of color and antioxidant activity. However, RA-TP also increased texture damage and nutrients/solids leaching, but these negative effects were milder at higher process temperatures. Therefore, high-temperature and high agitation frequency RA-TP concept with shorter process time could be effectively used for better quality retention. The optimal product quality was obtained at 130 °C retort temperature and 3.0 Hz reciprocation frequency for whole radish and at 130 °C retort temperature and 1.5 Hz reciprocation frequency for potato cubes.
Gain Saturation Analysis of Raman–Fiber Optical Parametric Hybrid Amplifier
Authors: Kaur G. P. , Kaur G. , Sharma S.
Published: July 2016

We demonstrate higher saturation powers for Raman and fiber optical parametric-cascaded amplifier (FOPA). Analysis of Raman-parametric amplifier cascade has been done for saturated gain regime. The second-order dispersion analysis of cascaded amplifier has been in the saturation region. Comparisons have been made with conventional parametric amplifiers in both single pump and dual pump. Results show 14 dB gain enhancement in saturation power for proposed cascade. Uniform gain for careful optimized values of dispersion has been observed in saturated region with minimum gain value enhanced by 10 dB than dual-pump parametric amplifier. This is important for exploring Raman–FOPA hybrid amplifiers for high-power, long-haul wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems.
An Analytical Approach for Performance Enhancement of FSO Communication System Using Array of Receivers in Adverse Weather Conditions
Authors: Nagpal Shaina , Gupta Amit
Published: July 2016

Free Space Optics (FSO) link exploits the tremendous network capacity and is capable of offering wireless communications similar to communications through optical fibres. However, FSO link is extremely weather dependent and the major effect on FSO links is due to adverse weather conditions like fog and snow. In this paper, an FSO link is designed using an array of receivers. The disparity of the link for very high attenuation conditions due to fog and snow is analysed using aperture averaging technique. Further effect of aperture averaging technique is investigated by comparing the systems using aperture averaging technique with systems not using aperture averaging technique. The performance of proposed model of FSO link has been evaluated in terms of Q factor, bit error rate (BER) and eye diagram.
Formal monkey linguistics: The debate
Authors: Schlenker Philippe , Chemla Emmanuel , Schel Anne M. , Fuller James , Gautier Jean-Pierre , Kuhn Jeremy , Veselinović Dunja , Arnold Kate , Cäsar Cristiane , Keenan Sumir , Lemasson Alban , Ouattara Karim , Ryder Robin , Zuberbühler Klaus
Published: July 2016

We explain why general techniques from formal linguistics can and should be applied to the analysis of monkey communication – in the areas of syntax and especially semantics. An informed look at our recent proposals shows that such techniques needn’t rely excessively on categories of human language: syntax and semantics provide versatile formal tools that go beyond the specificities of human linguistics. We argue that “formal monkey linguistics” can yield new insights into monkey morphology, syntax, and semantics, as well as raise provocative new questions about the existence of a pragmatic, competition-based component in these communication systems. Finally, we argue that evolutionary questions, which are highly speculative in human language, can be addressed in an empirically satisfying fashion in primate linguistics, and we lay out problems that should be addressed at the interface between evolutionary primate linguistics and formal analyses of language evolution.
A sitiprinc
Authors: Varga András
Published: July 2016

A szegedi Egyetemi Könyvtár kézirattárában található Herrmann Antal (1851–1926) etnográfusnak, az egyetem professzorának hagyatéka, nagyjából abban az elrendezésben, ahogy azt a tulajdonos osztályozta, elrakosgatta, majd 1926-ban a szegedi egyetemre hagyta. S bár Herrmann mint az Ethnologische Mitteilungen aus Ungarn egykori szerkesztője, a néprajzi gyűjtésének nagyobb részét szakfolyóiratokban már publikálta, hagyatéka számos ismeretlen és felbecsülhetetlen értékű dokumentumot őriz, mint például azt a levelezést, amelyet a híres szegedi néprajztudóssal, Kálmány Lajossal folytatott, s amelyet Péter László Kálmány-életrajza sem használt fel. De talán ennél is becsesebb – mert nemzetközi érdeklődésre is számot tarthat – az az iratcsomó, amellyel az alábbiakban részletesen foglalkozunk.  
Kép: Nemzeti Filmintézet
The Evolutionary Fates of a Large Segmental Duplication in Mouse
Authors: Morgan Andrew P , Holt J Matthew , McMullan Rachel C , Bell Timothy A , Clayshulte Amelia M-F , Didion John P , Yadgary Liran , Thybert David , Odom Duncan T , Flicek Paul , McMillan Leonard , de Villena Fernando Pardo-Manuel
Published: July 2016

Gene duplication and loss are major sources of genetic polymorphism in populations, and are important forces shaping the evolution of genome content and organization. We have reconstructed the origin and history of a 127-kbp segmental duplication, R2d, in the house mouse (Mus musculus). R2d contains a single protein-coding gene, Cwc22. De novo assembly of both the ancestral (R2d1) and the derived (R2d2) copies reveals that they have been subject to nonallelic gene conversion events spanning tens of kilobases. R2d2 is also a hotspot for structural variation: its diploid copy number ranges from zero in the mouse reference genome to >80 in wild mice sampled from around the globe. Hemizygosity for high copy-number alleles of R2d2 is associated in cis with meiotic drive; suppression of meiotic crossovers; and copy-number instability, with a mutation rate in excess of 1 per 100 transmissions in some laboratory populations. Our results provide a striking example of allelic diversity generated by duplication and demonstrate the value of de novo assembly in a phylogenetic context for understanding the mutational processes affecting duplicate genes.
Strategic guidelines for supply chain coordination in healthcare and a mathematical model as a proposed mechanism for the measurement of coordination effects
Authors: Balcázar Camacho Delio Alexander , López Bello Cesar Almicar , Adarme Jaimes Wilson
Published: July 2016

La gestión de la cadena de abastecimiento implica la articulación intra e inter organizacional de las áreas funcionales participantes en los procesos de aprovisionamiento, almacenamiento y distribución a través de las organizaciones que la componen. Diversas investigaciones se han realizado mostrando las ventajas de la coordinación de estos procesos en diferentes etapas de la planeación de la cadena de abastecimiento, sin embargo, parecen ser enfoques separados. Este artículo propone pautas metodológicas para la planeación coordinada de la cadena de suministro en el contexto de la prestación de servicios de salud considerando beneficios globales para sus integrantes a través de información primaria recolectada en varias instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud, proponiendo también un modelo de programación lineal para mostrar los efectos de la coordinación en la disminución de los costos globales de la cadena.
Understanding finger postures when touching targets on the touchscreen of mobile devices1
Authors: Umami Mahrus K. , Arezes Pedro M. , Sampaio Álvaro M.
Published: July 2016

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio preliminar sobre la interacción de la yema del dedo y la pantalla táctil de un dispositivo móvil. El objetivo del estudio es identificar posturas de los dedos que se incluirán en el estudio principal en el área de contacto en la interacción entre las puntas de los dedos y una superficie plana. Veinte participantes (15 hombres), participaron en este estudio. Se les pidió que completasen dos tareas en una postura sentada. En la primera tarea, tuvieron que tocar objetivos en las pantallas de dispositivos móviles de una forma secuencial, mientras que en la segunda tarea se les pidió que conectasen posiciones objetivo con líneas rectas. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes utilizan principalmente sus dedos pulgares e indicadores para tocar posiciones objetivo en la pantalla de los dispositivos. Sólo un pequeño número de participantes usó su dedo medio, y en pocas actividades.
Análisis cíclico y modelación econométrica de la mora legal bancaria por actividad económica de 1999-2013
Authors: Yong Chacón Marlon , Loaiza Marín Kerry
Published: July 2016

Se buscaron las principales variables macroeconómicas (tasas de interés, tipo de cambio, producción y nivel de precios) y su efecto sobre la magnitud de la mora bancaria en Costa Rica en el periodo de enero de 1999 a noviembre de 2013. Se estudió el comportamiento cíclico, mediante el filtro Hodrick-Prescott; y se estimaron modelos de datos de panel sobre la mora legal por actividad económica y por plazo para todo el Sistema Financiero Nacional (SFN), bancos públicos y privados, porque poseen la mayor proporción de crédito otorgado a nivel nacional. Las actividades económicas analizadas fueron: i) agricultura; ii) comercio; iii) construcción; iv) consumo; v) industria; y vi) servicios; ya que representaban una mayor proporción del crédito otorgado al sector privado. Como resultado consistente, se evidenció un comportamiento diferenciado de la mora legal por plazo, horizonte temporal y actividad económica, así como su agregado por SFN, banca pública o privada.
Optimization of special physical fitness of sportswomen - super long distances runners by means of run training
Authors: Karaulova S.I. , Klochko L.I.
Published: July 2016

Purpose: improvement of special physical fitness of sportswomen – super long distances runners by means of run training. Material: in the research 6 elite sportswomen of 25-27 years’ age participated. We analyzed documents of training proves planning; analyzed sportswomen’s diaries. Results: three cycle system of annual macro cycle’s construction was put in the base of modern training system for elite marathon sportswomen. We found general and partial volumes of run load of different orientation in annual macro cycle. Optimal duration of maximal load’s segments during anaerobic training was from 30 sec. to 3 minutes. Rest between segments was slow run during 3 – 8 minutes. With it, sportswomen fulfilled repeated run at segments of 15х200 m, 15х400 m, 12х600 m. Conclusions: effectiveness of system of sportswomen’s special physical fitness improvement is determined by rational correlation of differently oriented run means, which were directed at increase of special fitness level in marathon.
JOB SATISFACTION FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO JOB PERFORMANCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Authors: Kenioua Mouloud , Bachir Bougherra , Bacha Foudil Samir
Published: July 2016

The purpose: this study was to investigate the relation and correlation between job satisfaction, job performance, and organizational commitment among physical education teachers. Material: The participants where 100 physical educations teachers’ male and female from secondary schools. Job satisfaction, job performance, and organizational commitment were measured through a questionnaire has 05 axes. Results: The findings indicated that there was a strongly positive relationship between job satisfaction and job performance, and the same relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Conclusion: there is a need to create an appropriate environment to ensure the success of the professors of physical education as well as providing incentives and promotions through clear standards.
Geometry Optimization as Molecular Modeling on Activating Carbon with Polypirrole
Authors: Esquivel Aguilar Y.C. , Pacheco Sánchez J.H.
Published: July 2016

Activation of carbon using polypyrrole as activating agent is searched through Molecular Modeling. The Geometry Optimizations carried out helped to observe carbon effect when is attacked by a polymer in order to give an estimation of the pore size diameter of carbon. In this first approximation pore size diameters is about 30 % with respect to BET (Brunauer, P. Emmett y E. Teller) isotherms experimental data.
Modelling the Complete Molecular Weight Distribution in Chain Growth Polymerizations
Authors: Infante-Martínez Ramiro , Saldívar-Guerra Enrique , Pérez-Camacho Odilia , García-Zamora Maricela , Comparán-Padilla Víctor
Published: July 2016

This work shows the development of several models for chain-growth polymerizations that admit the direct calculation of the complete molecular weight distribution of the polymer. The direct and complete calculation implies that no statistical mean values are employed as in the moments method neither numerical approximations like in the minimum-squared based methods. The free radical polymerization of ethylene (LDPE) and the coordination via metallocenes polymerization of ethylene (HDPE) are taken as examples for analysis.

In the free radical polymerization case, the conventional scheme for chain-growth polymerization is adopted, with steps for initiation, propagation, chain transfer to small species and the additional step of chain transfer to dead chains [1]. The kinetic parameter are obtained from the open literature. Two kind of reactors were modelled: batch and continuous stirred tank reactor. For this last case, a simulation strategy was considered in which the run started from an initial known population of dead chains. Results show that typical non-linear polymerization profiles for the molecular weight distribution are obtained. For the coordination polymerization of ethylene via metalocenes, the standard coordination model was employed [2]. A two-site catalyst was considered and kinetic parameters reported in the open literature were used. For this study an experimental program in a lab-scale reactor was undertaken in order to obtain modelling data [3]. Results show that the standard model adequately reproduces the experimental data in the kinetic and molecular attributes of the polymer.
Perceptions of the usefulness of peer coaching to facilitate clinical reasoning – a survey of physiotherapy students
Authors: Mallows Adrian James , Francis-Wright Mark
Published: July 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Peer coaching involves a non-evaluative relationship, in which students work collaboratively by observing each other and providing consultative assistance. This model of learning has been used in physiotherapy education with promising results, but to date the perceptions of physiotherapy students as to the usefulness of the method to develop clinical reasoning has yet to be explored. MethodsA paired design framework was employed, with paired students examining another student acting as a patient. The peer coaching sessions were weekly, over ten weeks and lasted 1 hour. After the tenth session individual students were surveyed regarding the usefulness of peer coaching to develop clinical reasoning skills. A total of thirty students were surveyed.ResultsUsing an 11-point numerical rating scale, with a score of 10 rated as 'most helpful', all students rated the usefulness of peer coaching at 7/10 or higher. The responses behind this include the collaborative nature of working, the reduced perceived threat and the development of cognitive and metacognitive skills.ConclusionThe feedback obtained from the students participating in peer coaching suggests that they found it a beneficial, enjoyable and productive method for developing clinical reasoning skills. In a wider picture, the encouragement of including peer coaching to clinical placements should be considered.
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS VIRULENCE
Authors: Vishnevskiy B. I. , Manicheva O. A. , Yablonskiy P. K.
Published: July 2016

This review presents recent data on the genetic determinants and the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). The mechanisms of adaptation of the pathogen in the host organism and alterative manifestations are described as well as the relationship of virulence, drug resistance and the genetic affiliation of MBT are analyzed in thearticle. It was demonstrated the clinical and prognostic significance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. The cyclic changes in MBT virulence coincide with the rise and fall of the incidence of tuberculosis has been established. Some virulence factors are targets to create fundamentally new anti-TB drugs.
ACCEPTIVE IMMUNITY — A BASIS FOR SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Kisseleva E. P.
Published: July 2016

Review covers modern data on relationships of normal intestinal microbiota and immune system. Possibility to maintain the residence of large numbers of symbiotic bateria at mucosal surfaces of the body is regarded as a separate and independent immunological function named acceptive immunity. Basic effector arms of protective (defense against pathogens) and acceptive immunity (symbiotic relationships) are compared. Acceptive immunity differs from protective one in the absence of inflammation where all complex of immune reactions occurs in the context of physiological process. Several homeostatic mechanisms that provide crosstalk with symbiotic bacteria at the epithelial surfaces, innate and adaptive immunity are described. The main immunological strategies towards symbiotic bacteria are support of microbial community from one hand, and providing of host defense, from the other hand. The key step of this interaction is sensing of soluble microbial products via pattern-recognition receptors on the host cells. Basic innate immune response consists of mucus production and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides by barrier epithelial cells as well as maintenance of specific anti-inflammatory microenvironment. The main adaptive response is synthesis of secretory immunoglobulin A that is produced to the intestinal lumen and interacts with bacteria. At the same time, immunoglobulin A does not make any damage for commensals. Moreover this factor plays important role in symbiotic relationships. The following promicrobial functions of immunoglobulin A are suggested: participation in biofilm formation, discrimination of intestinal bacteria for fixed and free-living populations as well as facilitation of microbial transport through M cells. Mucosal homeostasis is supported by the development of immunological tolerance with participation of T regulatory cells. Main mechanisms of the development and maintenance of specific tolerance towards antigens of normal microbiota are discussed. Modern data on the participation of two main populations of T-regulatory cells are cited — thymic cells and cells induced in periphery. It is now accepted, that development of specific tolerance to microbial and food antigens plays important role in prevention of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
A SCREENING RESEARCH OF PLASMA BLOOD DONORS FOR MARKERS PARVOVIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Antipova Anastassia Ya. , Nikishov O. N. , Khamitova I. V. , Semenov A. V. , Bichurina M. A. , Kuzin A. A. , Lavrentieva I. N.
Published: July 2016

Parvovirus B19 (PV B19) replicates predominantly in progenitor cells of human erythrocytes and is transmitted by an airborne, vertical through and through blood or infected tissues. At-risk are pregnant women, people with immunodeficiency of different nature and individuals who need blood transfusions or organ transplantation. The available data indicate a high risk of infection through transfusion of blood containing the DNA of parvovirus B19, with viral load 105 copies/ml and above (Hourfar M.K. et al., 2011). According to the requirements of national regulations, the production of therapeutic drugs from plasma assumes the use of raw materials, free from viruses or with minimal viral load (Filatova E.C. et al., 2011). In some foreign countries a study of donor blood for the presence of DNA PV B19 is required; in our country the need for such screening is discussed (Giburt E.B. et al., 2013). Due to the fact that parvovirus is resistant to the methods of blood products desinfection, it is especially important to assess the quality of donor blood. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of the two markers parvovirus infection (IgG and PV B19 DNA) in blood samples from one of the blood centers at St. Petersburg. Plasma samples from 100 blood donors from Military Medical Academy blood centre were tested by ELISA for the presence of IgG antibodies of parvovirus B19. Positive samples were tested by PCR for the DNA of parvovirus B19. ELISA test system recomWell Parvovirus B19 IgG (Microgen GmbH, Germany) and diagnostic kits of Federal State Institution of Science «Central research Institute for epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor (Moscow, Russia) which are approved for use in RF was used according to the manufacturers instructions. It was shown that 78 out of 100 donors aged 18 to 58 years had IgG-antibodies.76 positive blood plasma samples were investigated by PCR, with the 19 donors have found DNA of parvovirus B19 (25%). Viral load of one donor was 106 copies/ml. In this case, there is the high risk of infection for the recipient. Results obtained are consistent with literature data. Obviously, it is need to investigate donor blood for parvovirus B19 presence. Obvious that quantification of the DNA of parvovirus B19 in blood products is need.
MICROBIAL LANDSCAPE OF MICROFLORA OF A PHARYNX AT PATIENTS WITH TONSILLIT’S PATHOLOGY
Authors: Borisova O. Yu. , Aleshkin V. A. , Pimenova A. S. , Krukov A. I. , Kunelskaya N. L. , Gurov A. V. , Shadrin G. B. , Tovmasyan A. S. , Efimov B. A. , Kafarskaya L. I.
Published: July 2016

The microbial landscape of microflora of a pharynx at patients with tonsillit’s pathology were studied. Materials and methods. 79 patients from GBUZ “Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology” (78.5% patients with various forms of chronic tonsillitis and 21.5% of patients without chronic tonsillitis (control group). Among patients of the main group with chronic tonsillitis, at 60 (96.8%) patients there was a diagnosis chronic tonsillitis a toxical-allergic form of 1 degree (TAF I), at 1 (1.6%) the patient — chronic tonsillitis a toxical-allergic form II of degree (TAF II) and at 1 (1.6%) the patient — chronic tonsillitis. Identification of microorganisms carried out on cultural-morphological and biochemical properties. Specific identification of the hardly cultivated microorganisms and Corynebacterium was carried out by MALDI-TOFF MS of BioMerieux VITEK MS MALDI-TOF (“bioMerieux”, France). Identification of the allocated Corynebacterium was carried out by amplification of a gene rpoB and the subsequent direct sequencing. Results. The majority (98.7%) of the allocated microorganisms, treated 27 types and were Gram-positive. It is revealed 159 strains of 29 species of microorganisms, from them 41.4% of strains belonged to the Streptococcus, 19.7% — Staphylococcus, 36.9% — Corynebacterium. Among Streptococcus — 55.4% of S. viridans, 38.4% — S. pyogenes and 3.1% — of S. pneumoniae и S. oralis; Staphylococcus — 64.5% of S. aureus, 32.2% of S. epidermidis and 3.3% of S. hominis. 18 types of Corynebacterium — С. tuberculostearicum (17.2% strains), C. рseudodiphtheriticum (15.5% strains) and C. aurimucosum (18.9% strains) are revealed. At 44.3% of the surveyed patients the microflora is presented by a monoculture and at 55.7% associations are revealed. Conclusion. The microflora at patients with tonsillit’s pathology is characterized. At the expressed pathological process in a microbiota of a pharynx the monoculture while existence of associations testifies to less expressed pathological process prevails.
ASSOCIATION OF TREM-1 GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Authors: Ponasenko A. V. , Kutikhin A. G. , Khutornaya M. V. , Yuzhalin A. E. , Rutkovskaya N. V. , Golovkin A. S.
Published: July 2016

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a septic inflammation of endocardium, which generally involves the lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. The development of IE depends in many respects on how properly and efficiently the immune system responds to the occurrence of an infection. Innate immunity, which carries out the response to a transient bacteremia, is genetically determined in a large extent. Pattern recognition receptors, which identify pathogenand danger-associated molecular patterns, are the main effectors of innate immune response; one of these receptors is triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1). We hypothesized that inherited variation in TREM-1 gene may affect individual susceptibility to IE. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of rs1817537, rs3804277, rs6910730, rs7768162, rs2234246, rs4711668, rs9471535, and rs2234237 gene polymorphisms was investigated in 110 Caucasian (Russian) subjects with IE and 300 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy blood donors. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. We found that rs1817537 polymorphism was associated with decreased IE risk (OR = 0.60; 95%CI = 0.37–0.99; р = 0.046, dominant model); however, this was not significant after an adjustment for multiple comparisons. Therefore, we observed no statistically significant association between the investigated polymorphisms within TREM-1 gene and IE. Further in-depth investigations in this field are necessary to shed the light on the impact of inherited variation within innate immune response genes on the development of IE.