bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined effect of risk type and activity rhythm on anti-predator response of the shore crab Gaetice depressus (Crustacea: Grapsidae)
Authors: Sakamoto Ryo , Ito Atsushi , Wada Satoshi
Published: December 2006

The response of the shore crab Gaetice depressus to predation risk stimuli of either the octopus Octopus vulgaris or crushed conspecifics was examined at two different time phases in the activity rhythm (active and inactive period) by laboratory experiments. When octopus chemical stimuli were introduced to the experimental aquarium, the crab activity decreased in the active period (night) but not in the inactive period (daytime). When the chemical stimuli of crushed G. depressus were introduced, the activity of the crabs increased in the inactive period although the stimuli decreased the activity in the active period. This indicates that G. depressus adjust their anti-predator response according to a combination of the type of predation risk and also the activity rhythm.
A NOTE ON THE BUSY PERIOD OF THE M/G/1
QUEUE WITH FINITE RETRIAL GROUP
Authors: Artalejo Jesus R. , Gómez-Corral A.
Published: December 2006

We consider an M/G/1 retrial queue with
finite capacity of the retrial group. We derive the Laplace transform of
the busy period using the catastrophe method. This is the key point for
the numerical inversion of the density function and the computation of
moments. Our results can be used to approach the corresponding descriptors
of the M/G/1 queue with infinite retrial group,
for which direct analysis seems intractable.
SOME REMARKS ON BLACKWELL–ROSS MARTINGALE INEQUALITIES
Authors: Khan Rasul A.
Published: December 2006

Under a suitable condition on the conditional moment generating function of the martingale differences, an exponential supermartingale is used to generalize certain martingale inequalities due to Blackwell and Ross.
Outlier Resistance Estimator for GPS Positioning – the Neural Network Approach
Authors: Jwo Dah-Jing
Published: December 2006

One of the popular techniques for solving GPS pseudorange nonlinear quadratic equations to obtain the receiver's position and clock bias involves linearizing the equations and solving them by the least-squares (LS) scheme, which is based on the L2 minimization criterion. When outliers are a problem, LS estimation scheme may not be the best approach because the LS estimator minimizes the mean squared error of the observations. This paper discusses the implementation aspects of L1 and L∞ criteria, and their outlier resistance performance for GPS positioning. Three ordinary differential equation formulation schemes and corresponding circuits of neuron-like analogue L1 (least-absolute), L∞ (minimax), and L2 (least-squares) processors will be employed for GPS navigation processing. The circuits of simple neuron-like analogue processors are employed essentially for solving systems of linear equations. Experiments on single epoch and thereafter kinematic positioning will be conducted by computer simulation for investigating the outlier resistance performance for the least-absolute and minimax schemes as compared to the one provided by the least-squares scheme.
Are There Good Air Traffic Management Safety Indicators For Very Safe Systems?
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: December 2006

European Air Traffic Management is extremely safe. The drawback to this safety record is that it is very difficult to estimate what the ‘underlying’ accident rate for mid-air collisions is now, or to detect any changes over time. The aim is to see if it possible to construct simple ATM safety indicators that correlate with this underlying accident rate. A perfect indicator would be simple to comprehend and capable of being calculated by a checklist process. This problem has been examined using a combination of analogies with simple ‘defensive’ systems with Markov process properties. An important concept is that of ‘system control’: the ability to determine the outcome against reasonably foreseen changes and variations of system parameters. The statistical distribution of future incidents has been analysed by focusing on an index – the Close Proximity Index (CPI) – of separation at the Closest Point of Approach. A promising indicator is ‘Incident Not Resolved by ATC’ (INRA) incidents in which the ground ATC defences have been ‘used up’. ATM Incidents can also be categorised in other ways. Two examples are reviewed: the risk-bearing category for Airproxes and ‘risk of collision/severity’ scores. The second is more promising conceptually, but the existing scoring system has not been demonstrated to have the properties necessary to derive risk estimates. The key question is: if someone says they know how to make a good estimate of the underlying accident rate, then how could this claim be tested? If it correlates very well with INRA, then what would be the argument for saying that it is a better indicator?
Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes
Authors: Rodway Paul , Gillies Karen , Schepman Astrid
Published: December 2006

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.
A study of generation mechanism of VLF triggered emission by self‐consistent particle code
Authors: Katoh Yuto , Omura Yoshiharu
Published: December 2006

We carry out a self‐consistent particle simulation with a dipole magnetic field to study the generation mechanism of VLF triggered emissions. The evolution of a wave packet propagating along a reference magnetic field line is solved by Maxwell's equations, while the bounce motion of energetic electrons in the nonuniform magnetic field is taken into account. Simulation result demonstrates that our model can investigate the detailed physics of VLF triggered emissions. In the simulation result we find that a triggered emission with a rising tone is generated near the equatorial region after the wave packet passes through the magnetic equator, and 26% rising from the original frequency of the injected wave packet is reproduced. The generation process simulated in the present paper is explained by roles of resonant currents JE and JB in association with an electromagnetic electron hole in the phase space produced through the nonlinear interaction. It has been suggested that a negative JE contributes to the growth of whistler‐mode waves, while a negative JB induces the frequency rising. Simulation result shows that both negative JE and negative JB are formed at the trailing edge of the triggering wave, generating the emission with the rising tone. On the basis of the simulation result, we find that these resonant currents are formed by untrapped electrons through the nonlinear wave‐particle interaction and suggest that the resonant current formation by untrapped electrons plays an essential role in the triggering mechanism.
Observations of reactive gaseous mercury in the free troposphere at the Mount Bachelor Observatory
Authors: Swartzendruber P. C. , Jaffe D. A. , Prestbo E. M. , Weiss‐Penzias P. , Selin N. E. , Park R. , Jacob D. J. , Strode S. , Jaeglé L.
Published: December 2006

We measured gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate mercury (PHg), and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), along with CO, ozone, and aerosol scatter at the Mount Bachelor Observatory (2.7 km above sea level), Oregon, from May to August 2005. The mean mercury concentrations (at standard conditions) were 1.54 ng/m3 (GEM), 5.2 pg/m3 (PHg), and 43 pg/m3 (RGM). RGM enhancements, up to 600 pg/m3, occurred at night and were linked to a diurnal pattern of upslope and downslope flows that mixed in boundary layer air during the day and free tropospheric air at night. During the night, RGM was inversely correlated (P < 0.0001) with CO (r = −0.36), GEM (r = −0.73), and H2O (r = −0.44), was positively correlated with ozone (r = 0.38), and could not be linked to recent anthropogenic emissions from local sources or long‐range transport. Principal component analysis and a composite of change in RGM versus change in GEM during RGM enhancements indicate that a nearly quantitative shift in speciation is associated with increases in ozone and decreases in water vapor and CO. This argues that high concentrations of RGM are present in the free troposphere because of in situ oxidation of GEM to RGM. A global chemical transport model reproduces the RGM mean and diurnal pattern but underestimates the magnitude of the largest observed enhancements. Since the only modeled, in situ RGM production mechanisms are oxidation of GEM by ozone and OH, this implies that there are faster reaction rates or additional RGM production mechanisms in the free troposphere.
Bias‐corrected ensemble and probabilistic forecasts of surface ozone over eastern North America during the summer of 2004
Authors: Wilczak J. , McKeen S. , Djalalova I. , Grell G. , Peckham S. , Gong W. , Bouchet V. , Moffet R. , McHenry J. , McQueen J. , Lee P. , Tang Y. , Carmichael G. R.
Published: December 2006

A multimodel ensemble air quality forecasting system was created as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS‐2004) during the summer of 2004. Seven different models were used, with their own meteorology, emissions, and chemical mechanisms. In addition, one model was run at two different horizontal grid resolutions, providing a total of eight members for the ensemble. Model forecasts of surface ozone were verified at 342 sites from the EPA's AIRNOW observational network, over a 56 day period in July and August 2004. Because significant biases were found for each of the models, a simple 7‐day running mean bias correction technique was implemented. The 7‐day bias correction is found to improve the forecast skill of all of the individual models and to work nearly equally well over the entire range of observed ozone values. Also, bias‐corrected model skill is found to increase with the length of the bias correction training period, but the increase is gradual, with most of the improvement occurring with only a 1 or 2 day bias correction. Analysis of the ensemble forecasts demonstrates that for a variety of skill measures the ensemble usually has greater skill than each of the individual models, and the ensemble of the bias‐corrected models has the highest skill of all. In addition to the higher skill levels, the ensemble also provides potentially useful probabilistic information on the ozone forecasts, which is evaluated using several different techniques.
A new scaleable freeze–thaw technology for bulk protein solutions
Authors: Shamlou Parviz A. , Breen Lawrence H. , Bell Willis V. , Pollo Mark , Thomas Beth Ann
Published: December 2006

A new method of freeze–thaw is described using experimental data obtained from freezing of purified rhGH (recombinant human growth hormone). The method is based on freezing protein solutions in rectangular rather than cylindrical containers. It is hypothesized that the change in container geometry allows for linear scale‐up of the freeze–thaw operation based on equivalency of temperature–time profile. The hypothesis is tested using freeze–thaw data from a miniature (30 ml) and a 2.4 litre container. Computational fluid dynamics techniques are used to simulate the freeze process and the simulations are compared with experimental results. Protein quality is assessed as a function of freeze conditions using dynamic light scattering, circular CD, size‐exclusion and reverse‐phase HPLC measurements. The results demonstrate the applicability of the new approach. Freezing of rhGH solution at concentrations of approx. 30 mg/ml is shown to be possible with no damage to the molecule for up to five cycles of freeze–thaw. A nitrogen blast chest‐freezer is designed and evaluated as part of the process. The refrigeration system and the freeze–thaw method can be used to freeze–thaw bulk protein solutions for development work and has the potential for transfer to manufacturing.
Retention loss behaviors in heteroepitaxial ferroelectric film with a +c monodomain fabricated by hydrothermal epitaxy below Tc
Authors: Ahn W. S. , Ahn S. H. , Choi S. K.
Published: December 2006

We observed the retention loss of dot domains (36nm diameter) and square domains with sizes of 1 and 25μm2 that were reversed by applying an electric field at an atomic force microscopy (AFM) conductive tip on a heteroepitaxial PbTiO3 thin film with + polarization in the virgin state, which was fabricated via hydrothermal epitaxy below Tc. Through theoretical calculations, it was discussed that the retention loss phenomena of a domain reversed by using an AFM tip were derived from the summation of the depolarization field energy and the strain-polarization coupling energy. Since the retention loss of the reversed domain with a straight c∕c domain wall by applying a homogeneous electric field did not occur, we suggest that a cylindrical domain, which has a nearly straight c∕c domain wall that extends to the bottom electrode on the given thin film, would be free from the retention loss.
The effect of SiO2, Pt, and Pt∕Au templates on the microstructure and permittivity of BaxSr1−xTiO3 films
Authors: Rundqvist Pär , Liljenfors Tomas , Vorobiev Andrei , Olsson Eva , Gevorgian Spartak
Published: December 2006

Ba 0.25 Sr 0.75 Ti O 3 (BSTO) and SrTiO3 (STO) ferroelectric thin films were grown on templates of SiO2∕Si, Pt∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si, and Pt∕Au∕Pt∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si using pulsed laser deposition. The microstructure and surface morphology of the multilayer stacks were studied using x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructural analysis shows that the ferroelectric films are polycrystalline textured with a columnar structure where the grain size is 50–100nm. The BSTO films deposited at 800°C on an amorphous SiO2∕Si template reveal a textured structure with a dominant (110) orientation, which is explained by a dominant growth of BSTO (110) grains due to the lower surface energy of the (110) phase. The STO and BSTO films deposited at 650°C on the Pt∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si and Pt∕Au∕Pt∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si templates, respectively, reveal a structure with a dominant (111) orientation, which is explained by the dominant growth of BSTO (STO) (111) grains imposed by the underlying Pt (111) texture. In all cases the ferroelectric films are subject to compressive in-plane strain which is different for different grain orientations. Strain modified permittivities of ferroelectric films grown on different templates are calculated from first principles for different orientations and compared with measured results. The correlations between grain orientations, grain sizes, grain boundaries, strain, and dielectric permittivity of ferroelectric films on different templates are discussed.
Minimizing image-processing artifacts in scanning tunneling microscopy using linear-regression fitting
Authors: Fogarty Daniel P. , Deering Amanda L. , Guo Song , Wei Zhongqing , Kautz Natalie A. , Kandel S. Alex
Published: December 2006

We present a method for removing noise from scanning tunneling microscopy images based on least-squares fitting of spatial data. Modeling the known structure of the surface, including isolated features and surface steps, allows for effective discrimination of signal from noise and produces minimal processing artifacts, even for very noisy images. This approach is effective for removing external noise due to vibrational or acoustic interference, and can also be applied to correct for tip-related height jumps as well as to flatten images warped by thermal effects or nonlinearity of the microscope scanner.
Bulk and contact-sensitized photocarrier generation in single layer organic devices
Authors: Ray Debdutta , Patankar Meghan P. , Döhler Gottfried H. , Narasimhan K. L.
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we report on the photoelectronic properties of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (TPD) studied in sandwich geometry. In particular, we have obtained from both forward and reverse bias measurements the μτ product for holes in TPD. μ is the hole mobility and τ is the carrier trapping time. The μτ product is a measure of the electronic quality of the material and allows a quantitative comparison of different samples. We have carried out numerical simulations to understand the photocurrent in these structures. We show that in reverse bias, the photocurrent (PC) is due to carrier generation in the bulk of the sample. The carrier generation is governed by field assisted exciton dissociation at electric fields greater than 106V∕cm. At lower fields the generation of carriers occurs spontaneously in the bulk of the sample. In forward bias, the photocurrent is due to exciton dissociation at the indium tin oxide contact. We also obtain a μτ product for holes from forward bias PC measurements which is in agreement with the value obtained from reverse bias measurements. Based on our experiments, we demonstrate that TPD in a sandwich structure is a good candidate for cheap large area visible blind ultraviolet detector arrays.
Addressing water vaporization in the vicinity of an exploding wire
Authors: Grinenko A. , Gurovich V. Tz. , Krasik Ya. E. , Dolinsky Yu.
Published: December 2006

The phase state of thin (∼1μm) layer of water adjacent to the surface of rapidly heated thin wire 100±50μm in radius is analyzed by computer hydrodynamic calculation. It is shown that when heating of a wire to a temperature of 420°C is achieved in less than ∼500ns, the trajectory of the phase state is contained in the liquid part of the phase diagram. This suggests additional proof of and an explanation for the absence of shunting plasma discharge in fast underwater electrical wire explosions.
Growth of kidney and antikidney vortices over a square jet in crossflow
Authors: Sau Amalendu , Hsu Tai-Wen , Ou Shan-Hwei , Hwang Robert R.
Published: December 2006

The present paper reports on triple-decked evolution of the kidney vortices and the growth of unsteady antikidney-type vortices over a square jet in crossflow. Incompressible direct numerical simulations are performed with Reynolds number 2000 and jet to crossflow velocity ratio 2.5, to extract such flow details. Out of the three different decks, the lower deck kidney vortices maintain their steady appearance over the jet hole; however, vortices in the middle and the upper decks were unsteady in nature. Frequent shedding of the frontal hovering vortices and their convex wrapping over the front part of the jet hole are found to be responsible for the multidecked growth of the kidney vortices. On the other hand, unsteady antikidney-type vortices are noted to grow over the central part of the hole, and their growth is verified to be attributed due to concave windward folding of the frontal jet shear layer. Notably, the present findings remained consistent with existing experimentally observed features of such flows.
Towards a highly efficient theoretical treatment of Jahn-Teller effects in molecular spectra: The 1A2 and 2A2 electronic states of the ethoxy radical
Authors: Young R. Andrew , Yarkony David R.
Published: December 2006

Nonadiabatic effects in the two lowest electronic states of the ethoxy radical, the 1A2 and 2A2 states, are considered, using multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) wave functions comprised of over 15×106 configuration state functions. The lowest point on the seam of conical intersection is located. Using this point as the origin, a quasidiabatic Hamiltonian suitable for use in a multimode vibronic coupling treatment of the coupled 1A2 and 2A2 electronic states is determined. The Hamiltonian includes all contributions from all internal coordinates through second order in displacements from the origin and is comprised of over 500 parameters. By using the average energy gradient, the energy difference gradients, and the derivative couplings, all of which are obtained at little additional cost once the requisite eigenstates are known, the second order Hamiltonian is determined from MRCI calculations at only 35 nuclear configurations. This is essentially the same number of points required to obtain the frequencies for the ground state equilibrium structure using centered differences of gradients. The diabatic Hamiltonian provides a good description of the seam space, the (Nint−2)-dimensional space of conical intersection points, continuously connected to the minimum energy crossing point, enabling, for the first time, an analysis of the changes in the branching plane induced by seam curvature in the full seam space. Comparing the diabatic representation and MRCI results we find a good agreement for the ground state equilibrium structure, Req(1A2), as well as the ground state energy and vertical excitation energy. In good agreement with the available experimental data are the ground state equilibrium structure and the excitation energy to the AA2 state, predicted here to involve a cone state level. Agreement between the harmonic frequencies at Req(1A2) computed from the MRCI wave function and from the diabatic Hamiltonian is excellent for all but the three lowest energy normal modes where significant deviations are observed indicating the need for selected cubic and/or quartic terms. For the low-lying vibrational levels, the diabatic representation can be used to partition the normal modes into two groups, those that involve inter(diabatic) state coupling and those that are spectators as far as nonadiabatic effects are concerned. The spin-orbit coupling interaction is determined using the Breit-Pauli approximation and its incorporation into the diabatic Hamiltonian is discussed.
An oscillating coil system for contactless electrical conductivity measurements of aerodynamically levitated melts
Authors: Skinner Lawrie , Barnes Adrian C.
Published: December 2006

A new method for the contactless measurement of the electrical conductivity σ of high temperature aerodynamically levitated materials is presented. The apparatus, based on an oscillating coil system, improves considerably on previously reported static coil techniques by eliminating the large errors introduced by temperature drifts in the measurement system. With this system we demonstrate that accurate and fast measurements can be made for liquid metals and semiconductors with conductivities in the range 104−107 Ω−1 m−1. Measurements of σ of liquid Ge as a function of temperature have been made to demonstrate the reliability of the method and give σ=1.52±0.03×106 Ω−1 m−1 at 1250 K in good agreement with previous measurements. The speed and precision of the apparatus will allow new studies of the electrical properties of high temperature liquids and glasses including precise observations of melting and glass transitions under quenching conditions.
High trap density and long retention time from self-assembled amorphous Si nanocluster floating gate nonvolatile memory
Authors: Cha Daigil , Shin Jung H. , Park Sangjin , Lee Eunha , Park Yoondong , Park Youngsoo , Yoo In-Kyeong , Seol Kwang Soo , Choi Suk-Ho
Published: December 2006

The memory performance of floating gate nonvolatile memory based on amorphous Si (a-Si) nanoclusters self-assembled during low-temperature oxidation is investigated. A 2nm thick a-Si layer was grown on a top of a 5.6nm thick thermal oxide tunneling layer by ultrahigh vacuum ion beam sputter deposition and subsequently oxidized by annealing in flowing N2∕O2 (9:1) environment for 0–540s at 900°C. After oxidation, a 14nm thick Al2O3 control oxide layer was grown by atomic layer deposition. The authors find that the a-Si layer breaks up upon oxidation, self-assembling into a dense array of <3nm sized a-Si nanoclusters separated by thermal oxide after 180s. This combination of discrete Si nanoclusters separated by thermal oxide and modest thermal budget enabled by the use of amorphous cluster enables achieving a trap density in the excess of 1013cm−2 and a retention time of >1000s at at 150°C.
Generation of argon-ion mixed silicon plasmas forming argon encapsulated silicon clusters
Authors: Kaneko T. , Takaya H. , Hatakeyama R.
Published: December 2006

An inductively coupled argon (Ar) plasma is superimposed on a silicon (Si) plasma generated by an electron beam gun in order to realize the formation of gas-atom encapsulated Si cage clusters. The Si clusters, which are formed and deposited on a substrate, are analyzed by laser-desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry and are found to have the mass spectra of not only pure Si cluster (Sin; n=1–17) but also Si cluster doped with Ar atom (ArSin; n=10–20) in the case that the large amount of Ar ions is generated in addition to the Si plasma. Together with the analysis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is revealed that the Ar atom is included in the Si cluster, forming the structure of endohedral Ar@Sin complexes. Furthermore, the mass spectrum of Ar@Sin indicates the existence of the magic numbered cluster size n=15, 16 similar to the metal encapsulated Si clusters.
Electron correlation in the 3Σg+1 and 2Σu+1 excited state lithium molecule
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Lei , Wang Yu , Ugalde Jesus M.
Published: December 2006

Electron correlation effects in the two excited states of Li2, 3Σg+1 and 2Σu+1, one with a shelf shape and another with double minima in their potential energy curves, have been studied with the aid of the calculated electron pair density distribution as a function of the internuclear distance and the analysis of the natural orbitals. Both states show increased electron pair densities at intermediate interelectronic distances around the second minimum of their potential energy curves. Since the bond breaks homolitically this observation runs contrary to regular expectations. Analysis of the electron pair density distributions and the natural orbitals provides mechanisms to account for this abnormal behavior.
Direct evidence of light confinement and emission enhancement in active silicon-on-insulator slot waveguides
Authors: Galli M. , Gerace D. , Politi A. , Liscidini M. , Patrini M. , Andreani L. C. , Canino A. , Miritello M. , Savio R. Lo , Irrera A. , Priolo F.
Published: December 2006

The authors experimentally demonstrate strong light confinement and enhancement of emission at 1.54μm in planar silicon-on-insulator waveguides containing a thin layer (slot) of SiO2 with Er3+ doped Si nanoclusters. Angle-resolved attenuated total reflectance is used to excite the slab guided modes, giving a direct evidence of the strong confinement of the electric field in the low-index active material for the fundamental transverse-magnetic mode. By measuring the guided photoluminescence from the cleaved-edge of the sample, the authors observe a more than fivefold enhancement of emission for the transverse-magnetic mode over the transverse-electric one. These results show that Si-based slot waveguides could be important as starting templates for the realization of Si-compatible active optical devices.
Convective instabilities in a rotating vertical Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Zhang Keke , Liao Xinhao , Zhan Xiaoya , Zhu Rixiang
Published: December 2006

Convective instabilities driven by vertical buoyancy in a Boussinesq fluid in a rotating vertical Hele-Shaw cell, a long channel with rectangular cross section of finite height h and small width Γh with Γ≪1, are investigated both analytically and numerically. The problem is characterized by the Taylor number T, the Rayleigh number R, and the aspect ratio Γ. Explicit asymptotic solutions describing convective instabilities are derived for ΓT1∕6≪1, where T is assumed to be large compared to unity. Comparison between the asymptotic and fully numerical solutions shows a satisfactory quantitative agreement. It is found that an overall condition for convective instabilities becomes optimal when ΓT1∕6=O(1). Direct three-dimensional simulations for strongly nonlinear convection are also carried out in the regime 0<(R−Rc)∕Rc≤O(10), where Rc denotes the critical Rayleigh number. As a consequence of both the geometric and dynamic constraints imposed by the narrow channel (geometric) and rapid rotation (dynamic), the nonlinear flow remains temporally stationary and spatially simple and is comprised primarily of vertically long thin convection cells that transport heat all the way from the bottom to the top of the channel.
Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae:Lycosidae)
Authors: Yoo Jung-Sun , Framenau Volker W.
Published: December 2006

The Australian/Oriental wolf spider genus Venonia Thorell, 1894 (type species V. coruscans Thorell, 1894) belongs to one of the few true web-building genera within the Lycosidae. Their small sheet-webs with funnel-like retreats are generally found in the ground layer of vegetation, such as on lawns and meadows, but also in depressions of soil and under roots of trees. Members of the genus Venonia are easily identified within the Lycosidae due to a unique combination of somatic and genitalic characters. Most conspicuous is a posterodorsal white spot on the abdomen just above the elongated posterior spinnerets on an otherwise uniformly coloured, small, and relatively slender spider. The cymbium of the male pedipalp is highly asymmetrical appearing retrolaterally truncated. Its tegular apophysis is membranous. The female epigyne is generally not sclerotised and has a posterior central incision. Our revision recognises fifteen species of which seven are new to science: V. chaiwooi, sp. nov.; V. choiae, sp. nov.; V. cinctipes (Simon, 1898); V. coruscans Thorell, 1894; V. infundibulum, sp. nov.; V. joejim, sp. nov.; V. kimjoopili, sp. nov.; V. kokoda Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. micans (Simon, 1898) (= Venonia gabrielae Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy); V. micarioides (L. Koch, 1877); V. milla Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. muju (Chrysanthus, 1967); V. nata, sp. nov.; V. sungahae, sp. nov.; and V. vilkkii Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979. A phylogenetic analysis including representatives of the venoniine genera Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 and Allotrochosina Roewer, 1960 with Pirata subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) as outgroup suggests a Gondwanan origin of the Venoniinae and one dispersal event within Venonia from the Australian region into Wallacea and only one dispersal event by V. coruscans into the Oriental region. Venonia spirocysta Chai, 1991 from China is not a true Venonia and is here considered incerta sedis. We reject the inclusion of the genus Zoica Simon, 1898 in the subfamily Venoniinae Lethinen & Hippa, 1979 due to considerable morphological differences in representatives of this genus (in particular in the male pedipalp), and therefore consider the subfamily Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 as valid.
Gerald Ponsonby Lenox-Conyngham, 1866-1956
Authors: Bullard Edward Crisp
Published: December 2006

Gerald Ponsonby Lenox-Conyngham was born on 21 August 1866 at Springhill, Moneymore in County Londonderry, Ireland. He was the seventh of the ten children of Sir William Fitzwilliam Lenox-Conyngham, K.C.B., D.L., J.P. His father’s family, the Conyngham’s, had come to Ireland, probably from Ayrshire, early in the seventeenth century. His great- great-grandmother inherited the family house and married Clotworthy Lenox who added his wife’s family name to his own. His mother, Laura Calvert Arbuthnot, was the daughter of George Arbuthnot of Ockley in Surrey who spent many years in India and founded the once flourishing firm of Arbuthnot & Co. of Madras. An account of this family has been given by Mrs P. S.-M. Arbuthnot in a book entitled
Memoirs of the Arbuthnots of Kincardinshire and Aberdeenshire
. When the children reached school age the family moved to Edinburgh in order that the boys might attend the excellent schools available there. Lenox-Conyngham was educated at the Edinburgh Academy from the age of nine till he was sixteen. While there he decided to try to join the Royal Engineers and, after a year of private coaching, took the Woolwich entrance examination soon after his seventeenth birthday. He passed first and in later life ascribed this success to the care with which his aunt, Miss Eleanor Arbuthnot had selected his teachers.
Ian Morris Heilbron, 1886-1959
Authors: Cook Alan Hugh
Published: December 2006

Ian Morris Heilbron, younger son of David Heilbron, was born on 6 November 1886 in Glasgow. He received his early education at the High School, Glasgow, where he became fired by an enthusiasm for chemistry. In later years he often recalled the disfavour with which his father, who was prominent in both the commercial and social life of Glasgow, viewed his determination to take up chemistry as a career, for, at the time when science still seemed to have little relation to industry, the choice appeared to offer only a limited academic career. Fortunately for chemistry and indeed eventually for all science, the young Heilbron was allowed to follow his own bent and entered the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, where he quickly came under the enduring influence of G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., an influence which Heilbron fervently acknowledged to the end of his days. It was at Henderson’s insistence that he took up a Carnegie Fellowship at the University of Leipzig where he studied under Hantzsch from 1907 to 1909 and took his Ph.D. degree. Having come from an unusually cultured environment in Glasgow, he particularly enjoyed the musical life in Leipzig. At this period he began a life-long friendship with R. Robison, F.R.S., later to achieve distinction in the biochemical field, but in later years he rarely referred to his work in Germany although it clearly had a pronounced influence in impressing on him the immense assistance which the organic chemist could derive from the application of physical methods. There is little doubt that this early experience led Heilbron directly to pioneer in due course the development in particular of spectroscopy, high vacuum distillation and chromatography in this country. On his return, Heilbron, again on the ‘advice’ of G. G. Henderson (see the first Henderson Memorial Lecture,
Roy. Inst. Chem.
1947) became Lecturer at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, until the outbreak of World War I. He had taken a Commission as Lieutenant in the R.A.S.C. in 1910, was posted overseas in the 52nd Division in 1915, and in 1917-19 served brilliantly, ultimately with the rank of Lieut.-Colonel, as Assistant Director of Supplies at G.H.Q. Salonika. He was three times mentioned in despatches, was awarded the Médaille d’Honneur of the Greek Order of the Redeemer, and at home was honoured with the award of the D.S.O.
Frederick John Marrian Stratton, 1881-1960
Authors: Chadwick James
Published: December 2006

Few Fellows of our Society of recent years have had such varied activities as the subject of this memoir, who died on 2 September 1960 after a full and busy life. College and University officer and administrator, astronomer, soldier, Unitarian, prominent in affairs of international science, in psychical research, in the public life of the city of Cambridge and of the county— in all these different ways he served with great distinction. To some he was known as Professor Stratton, to many in the Services and in public life as Colonel Stratton, but to a multitude of friends and acquaintances he was just ‘Chubby’. This name, bestowed upon him in his early days in College to describe his physical appearance—he was short and solidly built, with a round, pleasant face—became to many as much a mark of their affection as a nickname. For he was much loved. I have known no other man who had so many friends and so many acquaintances anxious to become his friend. Among many outstanding traits of character he had a genius for making friends wherever he went, friends of all ages and of all kinds. And, in the midst of his very busy life, he managed somehow or other to keep his friendships in constant repair.
Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1909-1966
Authors: Penney William George
Published: December 2006

Bhabha’s death in an air crash on Mont Blanc on 24 January 1966, while he was on his way to Vienna for a meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Atomic Energy Agency, lost to the world an outstanding scientist who was an imaginative administrator with a rich and many-sided personality and a great capacity for friendship. His scientific status in India was pre-eminent and for a decade or more before his death, his proposals on science and technology in India, especially for a large programme on the peaceful uses of atomic energy, were backed by the Government of India with unhesitating confidence. Scientists in India have felt a sense of loss so deep that nothing like it could happen again in a generation. The sense of loss was made even deeper by grief at the death thirteen days earlier, on 11 January 1966, of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri at Tashkent, only a few hours after signing the historic Tashkent Declaration, bringing peace to the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. Many tributes from many countries have already been paid to Bhabha. They have come from people all over the world who were his friends and had worked with him in one or more of his wide fields of interests. He was a truly international figure of science and was known to everybody at the many international conferences which, somehow or other, he managed to attend without in any way neglecting his other multifarious duties and activities.
Alexander Craig Aitken, 1895-1967
Authors: Whittaker John Macnaghten , Bartlett Maurice Stevenson
Published: December 2006

Alexander Craig Aitken was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, on 1 April 1895, the eldest of the seven children of William and Elizabeth Aitken. His father was one of the fourteen children of Alexander Aitken, of a farming family in Lanarkshire, who had emigrated to Otago in 1868 and had small farms in West Taieri, near Dunedin. However, his second son, Aitken’s father left the farm to work as a grocer in Dunedin and finally acquired the business. Aitken did not know so much about his mother, except that her maiden name was Towers and that she was born in Wolverhampton and came to New Zealand at the age of eight. In 1908 Aitken gained a scholarship to Otago Boys’ High School in Dunedin. He became Dux in 1912 and won a Junior University Scholarship to Otago University in 1913, being first on this list by a considerable margin. As yet it was by no means clear what course would be best suited to his unusual combination of talents. Gifted with a phenomenal memory— years afterwards he could recite whole books of Virgil—he had shown at least as much promise in classics as in mathematics. In the event he took a course combining languages with mathematics.
Reginald Patrick Linstead, 1902-1966
Authors: Barton Derek Harold Richard , Rydon H. N. , Elvidge J. A.
Published: December 2006

Reginald Patrick Linstead was born on 28 August 1902, the second son of Edward Flatman Linstead and of Florence Evelyn Linstead, nee Hester. He died suddenly on 22 September 1966, whilst at the height of his powers. Linstead’s father was a manager of Burroughs Wellcome and Company, now the Wellcome Foundation. His elder brother, now Sir Hugh Linstead, O.B.E., was for many years M.P. for Putney as well as Secretary and Registrar of the Pharmaceutical Society; his younger brother Edward has gained distinction as a poet. Linstead attended the City of London School from the age of 11 to 17. At first he was on the Arts side where, no doubt due to the influence of his mother, a lady of great culture, he acquired an extraordinary knowledge of English literature.
James Haward Taylor, 1909-1968
Authors: Dunham Kingsley Charles
Published: December 2006

The untimely death of Professor J. H. Taylor while pursuing underwater studies of modern limestone formation off the Seychelles on 25 January 1968, deprived the Society and the science of geology of an outstanding man in the prime of his life. He was born at Esher on 24 February 1909, the only child of James Taylor of Milngavie, Dunbartonshire, a partner in the firm of Balmer, Lawrie and Co., Indian merchants, and Lilian Dudley Ward Haward of Spalding, Lincolnshire. His paternal grandfather, James Smith Taylor, and great-grandfather were both ministers of the Church of Scotland; his maternal grandfather, Henry Haward, served on the staff of the Surveyor- General of India. Both his parents spent much of their lives in that sub-continent and James passed his early years at Calcutta and Mussooree. The family settled at Thames Ditton after returning from India, but Mr Taylor did not long survive. Mrs Taylor, however, lived until 1967 and between mother and son there was a lifelong bond of affection so strong that it was certainly a major influence in James’s life. Holidays from Thames Ditton were often spent in Scotland, where the interest of the growing boy in science was stimulated by his aunt, Margaret Taylor, one of the first women to complete the Natural Science Tripos at Cambridge.
Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley, 1904-1970
Authors: Gabor Dennis , Brown J.
Published: December 2006

Lord Jackson of Burnley, distinguished technologist, educationist, statesman of science and unforgettable personality, ‘Willis’ as he was known to his innumerable friends, died at the relatively early age of 65 on 17 February 1970, at the height of his career and in the midst of activities in the service of his country. Jackson was born in Burnley, Lancashire, the only son of Herbert Jackson, Parks Superintendent, and Annie
née
Hiley). From the start his motivations were strong, sufficient to obtain from Rosegrove Primary School (1909- 1916) a scholarship to Burnley Grammar School (1916-1922), and thence the rare distinction of a Burnley Educational Committee Scholarship of £60 per annum for three years to the University of Manchester. One of his oldest friends, Professor Jack Allen, writes of his undergraduate years—‘I remember clearly that it was generally recognized by students and staff that a “star” was among us, extremely gifted, very proud of Burnley, and happy to share his gifts with fellow-students not so bright as himself, and with a sparkle of fun in his eyes. He was apparently able to follow Professor Beattie’s highly original lectures without difficulty—an achievement which impressed the great majority, who found them quite baffling.’
Gavin Rylands de Beer, 1899-1972
Authors: Barrington Ernest James William
Published: December 2006

Gavin Rylands de Beer was born at Malden, Surrey, on 1 November 1899, the son of Herbert and Mabel Chaplin de Beer. They had one other child, a younger daughter. His father, born at Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, was the son of Arnold de Beer and Irene Chaplin; his mother, born at Thelwall, Cheshire, was the daughter of John Rylands and Anne Chaplin, she and Irene being sisters. The family name ‘had nothing to do with diamonds’. It meant ‘the Bear’; and so, in the vocabulary of nicknames which he developed into a private language, he was later known as ‘Little Bear’. He was brought up abroad for the first 13 years of his life, for his father, who had travelled widely as a young man, eventually settled in France, where he became the Paris correspondent of the Exchange Telegraph Company. They lived at first in Paris, in a flat in the Rue de la Paix, and then moved for a time to Versailles. Life was a perpetual entertainment. While in Paris, he was able to accompany his father on the privileged occasions to which they were admitted by press card. During their holidays they visited many European countries, with de Beer speaking English to his parents, German to his Swiss-German-speaking nurse and French to everyone else. He particularly recalled being taken from his home to play in the Gardens of the Tuileries, often passing a shop that sold collars, harness, buttoned boots and other frivolities for the greater comfort of dogs. These articles were offered to customers with the persuasive proposition that ‘on sait depuis Darwin que nous descendons des singes, ce qui nous fair encore plus aimer nos chiens’. ‘Qu’est ce que ça veut dire, Darre-vingt?’ enquired the small boy. He was not to understand the answer until much later.
Lionel Sharples Penrose, 1898-1972
Authors: Harris Harry , Smith C. A. B. , Penrose Roger , Lax Anita
Published: December 2006

Lionel Sharples Penrose was born in London on 11 June 1898. His father James Doyle Penrose (1862-1932) who was a portrait painter and his mother Elizabeth Josephine (Peckover) Penrose were both members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), as their ancestors had been for more than 200 years. He was the second of four brothers. They were brought up strictly according to the religious principles of the Society of Friends. On Sundays for example no games were allowed nor the reading of fiction, though the study of natural history and of astronomy in particular was encouraged. In later life though he remained a member of the Society of Friends he was not particularly zealous about religious meetings. However, his Quaker upbringing no doubt played an important part in determining his extreme dislike of show and pretentiousness and his pacifist outlook. Also he never acquired a taste for fiction. He went to The Downs School at Colwall (1908-11) and then to Leighton Park School at Reading (1912-16). After leaving school he served in the Friends’ Ambulance Train of the British Red Cross in France, and was demobilized after the end of the War in 1918.