bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational interactive vector simulation of water table control designs using LabView
Authors: Allawi Faridoun A. M.
Published: May 2020

This research study spots the light on the possibility of approximating the Fourier series solutions, of the partial differential equations that are used for the design and control of different water table management practices, by a single quadratic vector equation which can very simply take into consideration all various soil hydrological and boundary conditions of any water table management design. To achieve this task, an educational interactive LabView program is designed for the quadratic vector simulation of the water table control (WTC) designs. The program is mathematically based on two types of equations, the linearized form of the Boussinesq equation and the “approximate” quadratic interpolation function vector equation. The program enabled the ease of use, offered an interesting interactive graphical visualization, and provided a high degree of accuracy of the results, which made the program very suitable for teaching and learning. All WTC designs are included in one single LabView graphical user interface representing a typical cross‐section design of a pipe drainage field between irrigation and drainage canals. The WTC designs performed in this virtual cross‐sectional field and simulated in the interface are activated by using LabView digital controllers simulating switches, pumps, valves, a water table sensor, a tensiometer for checking soil‐water stress, and (irrigation/drainage) field pipes. Several numerical design examples solved by the program indicated the exactness and suitability of using the parametric vector simulation for the design of WTC designs.
Long noncoding RNA Airn protects podocytes from diabetic nephropathy lesions via binding to Igf2bp2 and facilitating translation of Igf2 and Lamb2
Authors: Jing Fengying , Zhao Jin , Jing Xu , Lei Gao
Published: May 2020

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe diabetic microvascular complication with high mortality. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are characterized as important regulators of various biological processes by emerging researches, whereas the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs participate in DN progression need to be further clarified. Herein, we conducted a study on the regulatory role in DN of an lncRNA named antisense of Igf2r non‐protein‐coding RNA (Airn). Airn expression was downregulated in renal tissues of diabetic mice, and was negatively related with DN development. Besides, Airn downregulation was detected in high‐glucose‐stimulated podocytes, resulting in poorer cell viability, a higher tendency to cell apoptosis, and a deficiency of laminin level, while Airn overexpression could significantly alleviate these deleterious effects. Mechanistically, using RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull‐down assays, we found that Airn could bind to the RNA‐binding protein Igf2bp2, thus facilitating translation of Igf2 and Lamb2 to maintain normal podocyte viability and glomerular barrier function. Collectively, our results demonstrate the protective role of lncRNA Airn in podocytes against DN, providing a new insight into DN pathogenesis and molecular therapy.
TNF‐α regulates the early development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head by mediating osteoblast autophagy and apoptosis via the p38 MAPK/NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Zheng Li‐Wen , Wang Wan‐Chun , Mao Xin‐Zhan , Luo Yong‐Heng , Tong Zhong‐Yi , Li Ding
Published: May 2020

Previous studies have shown that the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels in serum and bone tissues formed in avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) patients were higher than those of normal individuals, indicating TNF‐α might play a role in the pathogenesis of ANFH. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to show the pathological changes of ANFH bone tissues. TNF‐α expression in normal and ANFH tissues was examined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Osteoblast autophagy and apoptosis, as well as signaling pathways activation, were measured by their corresponding marker proteins. Osteoblast proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis were evaluated using cell counting kit‐8, transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. The structures of bone tissues of ANFH were obviously damaged. TNF‐α expression was significantly upregulated in ANFH bone tissues compared to normal tissues. Autophagy and apoptosis were remarkably promoted, and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways were markedly activated in ANFH. Suppression of the p38 MAPK/NF‐κB pathway significantly attenuated the TNF‐α‐induced autophagy, however, enhanced the TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in osteoblasts. Increased TNF‐α in ANFH regulated osteoblast autophagy and apoptosis by p38 MAPK/NF‐κB signaling pathways, blocking the pathway by inhibitors exacerbated TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis through impairing autophagy flux.
Impact of bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Li Shawn X. , Patel Nilay K. , Flannery Laura D. , Cigarroa Ricardo J. , Shaqdan Ayman W. , Erickson Phoebe , Tavil‐Shatelyan Arpi , Moses Alexandra , Inglessis Ignacio , Elmariah Sammy
Published: May 2020

Objective

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), this study aims to elucidate (a) the bleeding risks associated with CKD, (b) the association between bleeding and subsequent mortality, and (c) the pattern of antithrombotic therapy prescribed.

Background

Patients with CKD have a higher risk of bleeding following TAVR. It is unclear whether this risk persists beyond the periprocedural period and whether it negatively impacts mortality.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent TAVR at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2008 to 2017. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Primary endpoints up to 1‐year following TAVR included bleeding, all‐cause mortality, and ischemic stroke. Outcomes for patients with and without CKD were compared using log‐rank test, and Cox regression with age, sex, and diabetes as covariates. Bleeding was treated as a time‐varying covariate, and Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to model mortality.

Results

Of the 773 patients analyzed, 466 (60.3%) had CKD. At 1 year, CKD patients had higher rates of bleeding (9.2 vs. 4.9%, adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] = 1.91, p = .032) and all‐cause mortality (13.7 vs. 9.1%, aHR = 1.57, p = .049), but not stroke (3.9 vs. 1.6% aHR = 0.073, p = .094). Bleeding was associated with an increased risk of subsequent mortality (aHR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.25–5.63, p = .01). There were no differences in the antithrombotic strategy following TAVR between CKD and non‐CKD patients.

Conclusion

CKD is associated with a higher risk of bleeding up to 1 year following TAVR. Long‐term bleeding after TAVR is associated with increased subsequent mortality.
Two‐stage approach for the inference of the source of high‐dimensional and complex chemical data in forensic science
Authors: Ausdemore Madeline A. , Neumann Cedric , Saunders Christopher P. , Armstrong Douglas , Muehlethaler Cyril
Published: May 2020

Forensic chemists are often criticised for the lack of quantitative support for the conclusions of their examinations. While scholars advocate for the use of a Bayes factor to quantify the weight of forensic evidence, it is often impossible to assign the necessary probability measures to perform likelihood‐based inference on chemical data. To address this issue, we leverage the properties of kernel functions to offer a method that allows for statistically supporting the inference of the identity of source of sets of trace and control objects by way of a single test. Our method is generic in that it can be easily tailored to any type of data encountered in forensic chemistry, and our method does not depend on the dimension or the type of the considered data. The application of our method to paint evidence analysed by FTIR shows that this type of evidence carries substantial probative value. Finally, our approach can easily be extended to other types of chemical evidence such as glass, fibres, and dust.
Germacrene A–A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis
Authors: Xu Houchao , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: May 2020

This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6–6 and 5–7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
Colour semantics in residential interior architecture on different interior types
Authors: Ulusoy Begüm , Olguntürk Nilgün , Aslanoğlu Rengin
Published: May 2020

Colour meaning is a challenging decision in interior architecture during the design process; however, specific meanings within different interior types have not yet been investigated. This study explored colour meaning in the context of residential interior types (eg, bedroom) under controlled conditions using 42 Munsell colours varying in hues, value, and chroma levels, with 14 adjectives (eg, comfortable, pleasant). The results demonstrate that some colours convey the same meanings (eg, vulgar) regardless of type of room; however, others (eg, beautiful) tend to require more complicated and sophisticated colour applications in different residential interiors. The study findings proved that colour meaning in RITs can be affected by all colour attributes. All colours that are named orange and red are selected for both negative and positive meanings. Colours that are named purple are selected less and only for negative connotations. The findings present an overall colour meaning guide for these residential interior types, which will be beneficial for decision makers (interior architects, designers, users) and colour researchers.
The role of replication studies in ecology
Authors: Fraser Hannah , Barnett Ashley , Parker Timothy H. , Fidler Fiona
Published: May 2020

Recent large‐scale projects in other disciplines have shown that results often fail to replicate when studies are repeated. The conditions contributing to this problem are also present in ecology, but there have not been any equivalent replication projects. Here, we survey ecologists' understanding of and opinions about replication studies. The majority of ecologists in our sample considered replication studies to be important (97%), not prevalent enough (91%), worth funding even given limited resources (61%), and suitable for publication in all journals (62%). However, there is a disconnect between this enthusiasm and the prevalence of direct replication studies in the literature which is much lower (0.023%: Kelly 2019) than our participants' median estimate of 10%. This may be explained by the obstacles our participants identified including the difficulty of conducting replication studies and of funding and publishing them. We conclude by offering suggestions for how replications could be better integrated into ecological research.
Palladium/Copper‐Mediated Switchable Approaches towards (Chloro)ethenylphosphorylamides by Phosphorylamides and Alkenes
Authors: Li Quan‐Wei , Dai Hong‐Guo , Xue Wei‐Cai , Xie De‐Xun
Published: May 2020

A switchable access to ethenylphosphorylamides and chloroethenylphosphorylamides from phosphorylamides and alkenes has been disclosed herein. With the assistance of Pd(OAc)2, a catalytic loading of CuCl2 or CuBr (20 mol‐%) led to the occurrence of dehydrogenative cross coupling reactions with high efficiency and broad substrate scope, while 1.0 equivalent of CuCl2 rendered the dehydrogenative amidochlorination reactions to take place with high stereoselectivity.
Convergent Synthesis of Macrocyclic and Linear Desferrioxamines
Authors: Chiu Cheng‐Hsin , Jheng Ting‐Cian , Peng Bo‐Chun , Chung Wen‐Sheng , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony
Published: May 2020

Polyhydroxamate desferrioxamines (DFO) are nontoxic siderophores endowed with high potential for development of therapeutic chelating agents. Herein, we report a modular and convergent strategy for diverse synthesis of macrocyclic and linear DFOs. The strategy employed orthogonally protected N‐hydroxy‐N‐succinylcadaverine building blocks, which allowed bidirectional extension of the DFO structure. The efficiency of the new strategy was demonstrated by the total synthesis of 44‐membered macrocyclic DFO‐T1, as well as four related DFO compounds in 11–13 linear steps and 2.1 %–10 % overall yields. Comparison of the iron binding affinity of the DFOs revealed DFO‐E as the best chelator.
Mechanism, Chemoselectivity, and Stereoselectivity of NHC‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Desymmetrization of Enal‐Tethered Cyclohexadienones
Authors: Xiao Yang , Zhao Jimin , Zhao Miao , Chong Ruifeng , Li Xin , Qiao Yan
Published: May 2020

Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the mechanism, chemoselectivity, and stereoselectivity for the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of enal‐tethered cyclohexadienones. The results showed that the whole reaction includes nucleophilic addition, homoenolate intermediate generation, Michael addition, protonation, esterification, and catalyst elimination. Protonation and esterification were demonstrated to be mediated by AcOH/AcO–, in stark contrast to the experimental speculation that MeOH provided the proton. The Michael addition step determined the chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity. The observed β‐chemoselectivity was attributed to the hydrogen‐bond and favorable π–π interaction in the β‐addition transition states. Moreover, the β‐addition transition state with (S,R,S)‐configuration was most stable, in agreement with the experimental results that the product derived from this structure was preferentially generated. Further noncovalent interaction analysis showed that stronger π–π interaction between cyclohexadienones and the NHC catalyst, as well as C–H···π interactions, made the (S,R,S)‐configuration transition state the most energetically favored.
Variance Estimation With Complex Data and Finite Population Correction—A Paradigm for Comparing Jackknife and Formula‐Based Methods for Variance Estimation
Authors: Qian Jiahe
Published: May 2020

The finite population correction (FPC) factor is often used to adjust variance estimators for survey data sampled from a finite population without replacement. As a replicated resampling approach, the jackknife approach is usually implemented without the FPC factor incorporated in its variance estimates. A paradigm is proposed to compare the jackknifed variance estimates with those yielded by the delta method because the delta method has the effect of the FPC factor implicitly integrated. The goal is to examine whether the grouped jackknife approach properly estimates the variance of complex samples without incorporating the FPC effect, in particular for data sampled from a finite population with a high sampling rate. The investigation focuses on the data drawn by two‐stage sampling with probability proportional to size of schools and with simple random sampling of students. Moreover, the Hájek approximation of the joint probabilities is used in the delta method for a Horvitz–Thompson (H–T) estimator. Samples of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) state science assessments are used in the analysis.
A route to decreasing N pollution from livestock: Use of Festulolium hybrids improves efficiency of N flows in rumen simulation fermenters
Authors: Kamau Stephen , Belanche Alejandro , Davies Teri , Rees Stevens Pauline , Humphreys Mike , Kingston‐Smith Alison H.
Published: May 2020

Ruminant agriculture suffers from inefficient capture of forage protein and consequential release of N pollutants to land. This is due to proteolysis in the rumen catalyzed by both microbial but initially endogenous plant proteases. Plant breeding‐based solutions are sought to minimize these negative environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to perform an integrated study of rumen N metabolism using semi‐continuous rumen simulation fermenters (Rusitec) to explore the extent to which swards containing Festulolium populations (interspecific hybrids between Lolium and Festuca grass species) with decreased rates of endogenous protein degradation conferred advantageous protein utilization in comparison with a National Listed perennial ryegrass. An in vitro experiment was conducted using three Festulolium hybrids (Lolium perenne × Festuca arundinacea var. glaucescens, LpFg; Lolium perenne × Festuca mairei, LpFm; and Lolium multiflorum × Festuca arundinacea var. glaucescens, LmFg) and a Lolium perenne, Lp control. LpFm and LmFg demonstrated significantly lower plant‐mediated proteolysis than the control. Fresh forage was incubated in Rusitec with rumen fluid from four donor cows. Feed disappearance and production of gas, methane, and volatile fatty acids were similar across cultivars. Whereas no differences in microbial protein synthesis were noted across treatments during early fermentation (0–6 hr after feeding), an increased microbial N flow in LpFm (+30%) and LmFg hybrids (+41%) was observed during late fermentation (6–24 hr after feeding), with higher overall microbial N flows (+13.5% and + 20.2%, respectively) compared with the control (Lp). We propose an underpinning mechanism involving the partitioning of amino acid catabolism toward branched‐chain amino acids and microbial protein synthesis in grasses with slow plant‐mediated proteolysis instead of accumulation of rumen ammonia in grasses with fast plant‐mediated proteolysis. These observations indicate the potential of Festulolium hybrids with a slow plant‐mediated proteolysis trait to improve the efficiency of capture of forage protein and decrease the release of N pollutants onto the land.
White CsPbBr3: Characterizing the One‐Dimensional Cesium Lead Bromide Polymorph
Authors: Aebli Marcel , Benin Bogdan M. , McCall Kyle M. , Morad Viktoriia , Thöny Debora , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Kovalenko Maksym V.
Published: May 2020

Inorganic lead halide perovskites have gained immense scientific interest for optoelectronic applications. In this work, we present a one‐dimensional polymorph of cesium lead bromide (δ‐CsPbBr3) synthesized through a simple anion‐exchange reaction, wherein distorted edge‐sharing PbBr6 octahedra form 1D chains isolated by Cs ions. δ‐CsPbBr3 was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, 207Pb and 133Cs solid‐state NMR, and by optical emission and absorption spectroscopies. This non‐perovskite material irreversibly transforms into the well‐known three‐dimensional perovskite phase (γ‐CsPbBr3) upon heating to above 151 °C. The indirect bandgap was determined by absorption measurements and calculation to be 2.9 eV. δ‐CsPbBr3 exhibits broadband yellow photoluminescence with a quantum yield of 3.2 %±0.2 % at room temperature and 95 %±5 % at 77 K, and this emission is attributed to the recombination of self‐trapped excitons. This study emphasizes that the metastable δ‐CsPbBr3 may be a persistent, concomitant phase in Cs−Pb‐Br‐containing materials systems, such as those used in solar cells and LEDs, and it showcases the characterization tools used for its detection.
Fuzzy clustering‐based image segmentation techniques used to segment magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography scan brain tissues: Comparative analysis
Authors: Kaur Prabhjot , Sharma Prakul , Palmia Ankur
Published: May 2020

Medical images are obtained with computer‐aided diagnosis using electronic devices such as CT scanners and MRI machines. The captured computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images typically have limited spatial resolution, low contrast, noise and nonuniform variability in intensity due to environmental effects. Therefore, the distinctions of the objects are blurred, distorted and the meanings of the objects are not quite precise. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic are best suited for addressing vagueness and ambiguity. Fuzzy clustering technique has been commonly used for segmentation of images throughout the last decade. This study presents a comparative study of 14 fuzzy‐clustered image segmentation algorithms used in the CT scan and MRI brain image segments. This study used 17 data sets including 4 synthetic data sets, namely, Bensaid, Diamond, Square, and its noisy version, 5 real‐world digital images, and 8 CT scan/MRI brain images to analyze the algorithms. Ground truth images are used for qualitative analysis. Apart from the qualitative analysis, the study also quantitatively evaluated the methods using three validity metrics, namely, partition coefficient, partition entropy, and Fukuyama‐Sugeno. After a thorough and careful review of the results, it is observed that extension of the fuzzy C‐means (EFCM) outperformed every other image segmentation algorithm, even in a noisy environment, followed by kernel‐based FCM σ, the output of which is also very good after EFCM.
A cross‐sectional survey of U.S. hospital pharmacy leaders on departmental initiatives to address burnout
Authors: Bilhimer Matt , Acquisto Nicole M. , Slocum Giles W. , Cocchio Craig , Groth Meghan , Rozycki Elizabeth , Sturgill Marc , Weant Kyle , Bridgeman Patrick
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Burnout syndrome prevalence among hospital experience is increasingly described; however, no data explain how United States (U.S.) hospital pharmacy departments are addressing it.

Objectives

This survey study sought to detect what strategies have been taken to prevent or address burnout.

Methods

A customized, 19‐question descriptive survey was open for two, 1‐month periods in 2019. The survey addressed questions toward U.S. hospital pharmacy department leaders regarding leadership demographics, perception of burnout as a problem, and steps taken to address burnout. The first survey period was open to Directors of Pharmacy in the Vizient purchasing network and the second to members of three American Society of Health‐System Pharmacist's Connect Communities. Descriptive statistics are presented and Spearman rank‐order correlation was used for comparisons.

Results

A total of 216 surveys were completed. Half of the participants were pharmacy directors, having worked less than 5 years in their position (n = 110, 50.9%). Eighty‐two percent believed their departments were negatively affected by burnout; however, only 53.7% formally assessed their employees. Twenty‐eight percent (n = 59) reported interventions to combat burnout have been instituted, whereas 26.2% had plans to initiate measures. The most frequent interventions implemented in each category were: communication (department meetings [98.3%], informal surveys [62.7%], management style changes [57.6%]), workflow (scheduling process changes [78%], technologies [72.9%], verification process changes [64.4%]), and quality improvement (stress reduction presentations [49.1%] and mealtime protections [40.7%]). Funding for interventions was from the annual budget (40.7%) or absent (42.4%). Directors of Pharmacy, management with longer job tenure, and those that had already implemented mitigation strategies were less likely to perceive that work performance is negatively impacted by employee burnout compared with others.

Conclusion

Most participants acknowledge burnout may negatively impact their departments. Communication, workflow, and quality improvement strategies have been identified, albeit infrequently. Further study is warranted to continue investigating effective methods.
Building a transformative partnership between health‐system and community‐based pharmacies
Authors: Vest Mary‐Haston , Clifton Cody L. , Cochran Kelly A. , Fish Hannah M. , Jacobsen Ryan B. , McDonough Randal P. , Osterhaus Matthew C. , Rudder Catherine M.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Health‐system pharmacists and community‐based pharmacists have long held professional relationships. However, the success of each group is often not interdependent and aligned. In 2018, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), CPESN USA, and the National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA) Innovation Center led a meeting to build patient‐centered pharmacist teams to achieve medication optimization across care settings. Seven community pharmacists and health‐system/clinic‐based pharmacist teams participated in this meeting and left with the intentional commitment to build sustainable partnerships. This report describes the establishment of this partnership, and the subsequent application of Guiding Statements for these collaborations. This report also describes both the successes realized and the lessons learned, and to serve as practical recommendations for institutions interested in pursuing similar partnerships.

Results

Initial learnings from these partnerships have provided a proof of concept that an intentional approach to the relationship between a health‐system/clinic‐based pharmacist and community‐based pharmacist can lead to improvements in patient care as well as a professional collaboration. We experienced improved communication and closed‐loop care, improved professional relationships across care settings, and enhanced clinical services. However, these partnerships were not without challenges. For instance, lack of interoperability and limited electronic health record access made certain outcomes difficult to track.

Conclusion

The purposeful establishment of partnerships between health‐system/clinic‐based pharmacists and community‐based pharmacists, built upon the needs of both entities, allowed institutions to develop an aligned commitment to care for shared patients. Over the initial years of these partnerships, many successes were realized and lessons were learned. Both the successes and the challenges can serve as beneficial resources for institutions interested in developing similar partnerships.
Effect of surface characteristics on the antibacterial properties of titanium dioxide nanotubes produced in aqueous electrolytes with carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Aguirre Ocampo Robinson , Echeverry‐Rendón Mónica , DeAlba‐Montero Idania , Robledo Sara , Ruiz Facundo , Echeverría Echeverría Félix
Published: May 2020

Nanotubular structures were produced on a commercially pure titanium surface by anodization in an aqueous electrolyte that contained carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium fluoride. The internal diameters obtained were about 100, 48, and 9.5 nm, respectively. Several heat treatments at 200, 350, and 600°C were made to produce nanotubes with different titanium dioxide polymorphs (anatase, rutile). All tested surfaces were superhydrophilic, this behavior was maintained after at least 30 days, regardless of the heat treatment. Although in previous works the nanotube features effect on the bacteria behavior had been studied; this item still unclear. For the best of our knowledge, the effect of small internal diameters (about 10 nm) with and without heat treatment and with and without ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the bacteria strains comportment has not been reported. From our results, both the internal diameter and the postanodized treatments have an effect on the bacteria strains comportment. All nanotubular coatings UV treated and heat treated at 350 and 600°C; despite they have different inner diameters, inhibit the bacteria growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The nanotubular coatings obtained at 20 V and heat treated at 350°C produced the lower bacteria adhesion against both strains evaluated.
Community capacity coach: Embedded support to implement evidenced‐based prevention
Authors: Strompolis Melissa , Cain J. Montana , Wilson Abygail , Aldridge William A. , Armstrong Jenna M. , Srivastav Aditi
Published: May 2020

Given the pervasive nature of child abuse and neglect, multilevel public health approaches are necessary. Implementation science can help in understanding the most effective ways to build infrastructure and support delivery of such approaches. In this theoretical paper, we describe the implementation of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), an evidence‐based population‐level parenting program in South Carolina. While implementation science has informed how to move population‐level efforts to scale, we discuss challenges that persist in practice, such as when there is a need for multiple stakeholders to understand, support, and apply implementation best practices in a systematic and consistent way. To address this challenge, we introduce the role of a Community Capacity Coach, who lives in the local community and works towards the implementation of Triple P. The Coach is responsible for bridging gaps between the local community and statewide support systems. We detail the ways in which the Coach's role aligns with key intermediary functions, and how the Coach is embedded within the larger Triple P statewide support system. We then discuss the assessment of the Coach's impact; and conclude with future directions and next steps for this role within Triple P South Carolina.
Quercetin postconditioning attenuates gastrocnemius muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi Reza , Anbari Khatereh , Salahshoor Mohammad Reza , Alasvand Masoud , Assadollahi Vahideh , Gholami Mohammadreza
Published: May 2020

Quercetin, an antioxidant derived from plants, can play a beneficial role in the protection of various tissues against ischemia‐reperfusion injuries (IRI). The purpose of the present research was to investigate the protective effects of quercetin on gastrocnemius muscle ischemia‐reperfusion. A total of 80 adult male Wistar rats (weights: 250–300 g) were divided into ten groups (n = 8 per group). We used silk 6.0 surgical thread to create a knit to occlude the femoral artery and vein for 3 hr. The treated groups, which comprised half of each experimental group, received intraperitoneal injections of 150 mg/kg quercetin after the ischemia. Blood flow was subsequently reestablished in the reperfusion phase. The rats were kept in reperfusion for 3, 7, 14, or 28 days after which they were killed with high doses of anesthetic drugs, and the gastrocnemius muscles were removed and fixed. Tissue processing, hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) levels. A comparison between treated and untreated ischemic sites showed that on the third day of reperfusion, the severity of edema and NF‐κB level decreased significantly; on the 7th day of reperfusion, the severity of edema and the levels of TNF‐α and NF‐κB decreased significantly; and on the 14th day of reperfusion, all of the parameters showed significant decreases. On the 28th day of reperfusion, there were significantly decreased levels of TNF‐α and NF‐κB, and decreased mast cell infiltration when compared with the untreated groups. According to the results, administration of quercetin after ischemia could significantly prevent gastrocnemius muscle IRI.
Severe Acute Lung Injury Related to COVID‐19 Infection: A Review and the Possible Role for Escin
Authors: Gallelli Luca , Zhang Leiming , Wang Tian , Fu Fenghua
Published: May 2020

Acute lung injury (ALI) represents the most severe form of the viral infection sustained by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Today, it is a pandemic infection, and even if several compounds are used as curative or supportive treatment, there is not a definitive treatment. In particular, antiviral treatment used for the treatment of several viral infections (eg, hepatitis C, HIV, Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus) are today used with a mild or moderate effect on the lung injury. In fact, ALI seems to be related to the inflammatory burst and release of proinflammatory mediators that induce intra‐alveolar fibrin accumulation that reduces the gas exchange. Therefore, an add‐on therapy with drugs able to reduce inflammation, edema, and cell activation has been proposed as well as a treatment with interferon, corticosteroids or monoclonal antibodies (eg, tocilizumab). In this article reviewing literature data related to the use of escin, an agent having potent anti‐inflammatory and anti‐viral effects in lung injury, we suggest that it could represent a therapeutic opportunity as add‐on therapy in ALI related to COVID‐19 infection.
Morphological malleability of the lateral line allows for surface fish (Astyanax mexicanus) adaptation to cave environments
Authors: Yoffe Marina , Patel Kush , Palia Eric , Kolawole Samuel , Streets Amy , Haspel Gal , Soares Daphne
Published: May 2020

The lateral line is the primary modality fish use to create a hydrodynamic image of their environment. These images contribute to a variety of behaviors, from rheotaxis to escape responses. Here we discern the contributions of visual and lateral line modalities in hunting behavior of larvae that have developed under different photic conditions. In particular, cave animals have a hypertrophied sense of mechanosensation, and we studied the common animal model cavefish Astyanax mexicanus and its closest related surface relative. We raised larvae in a diurnal light‐dark regimen and in complete darkness. We then examined the distribution of neuromasts in their lateral lines, and their hunting performance in light and dark conditions, with and without the contribution of the lateral line. We report that all larva depend on the lateral line for success in hunting and that surface fish raised in the dark have a greater dependency on the lateral line.
Exo/endo stereocontrolled synthesis of spiroindoloindolizidines by using classical and microwave conditions via the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Arvinnezhad Hamid , Ghorbani Fatemeh , Khosravi Hormoz , Jadidi Khosrow , Notash Behrouz , Naderi Soheila
Published: May 2020

Using both classical reflux and microwave‐mediated conditions, a series of new spiroindoloindolizidines was synthesized by multicomponent 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides in unprecedented exo/endo stereocontrolled. Both conditions easily afforded two identical and separable exo/endo diastereomeric ratios of cycloadducts. However, the ratio of two diastereomeric products obtained from conventional conditions was reversed in all examined cases when the reactions were explored under microwave‐mediated conditions. As expected, utilizing the microwave‐assisted conditions produced higher yields and reaction rates compared to classical conditions. The structure and exact stereochemistry of synthesized cycloadducts were determined by applying various 2D‐NMR spectroscopic techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Finally, the mechanism of the reaction has been briefly investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Frontline Science: LPS-inducible SLC30A1 drives human macrophage-mediated zinc toxicity against intracellular Escherichia coli
Authors: Stocks Claudia J , von Pein Jessica B , Curson James E B , Rae James , Phan Minh-Duy , Foo Darren , Bokil Nilesh J , Kambe Taiho , Peters Kate M , Parton Robert G , Schembri Mark A , Kapetanovic Ronan , Sweet Matthew J
Published: May 2020

TLR-inducible zinc toxicity is an antimicrobial mechanism utilized by macrophages, however knowledge of molecular mechanisms mediating this response is limited. Here, we show that E. coli exposed to zinc stress within primary human macrophages reside in membrane-bound vesicular compartments. Since SLC30A zinc exporters can deliver zinc into the lumen of vesicles, we examined LPS-regulated mRNA expression of Slc30a/SLC30A family members in primary mouse and human macrophages. A number of these transporters were dynamically regulated in both cell populations. In human monocyte-derived macrophages, LPS strongly up-regulated SLC30A1 mRNA and protein expression. In contrast, SLC30A1 was not LPS-inducible in macrophage-like PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. We therefore ectopically expressed SLC30A1 in these cells, finding that this was sufficient to promote zinc-containing vesicle formation. The response was similar to that observed following LPS stimulation. Ectopically expressed SLC30A1 localized to both the plasma membrane and intracellular zinc-containing vesicles within LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Inducible overexpression of SLC30A1 in THP-1 cells infected with the Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655 augmented the zinc stress response of intracellular bacteria and promoted clearance. Furthermore, in THP-1 cells infected with an MG1655 zinc stress reporter strain, all bacteria contained within SLC30A1-positive compartments were subjected to zinc stress. Thus, SLC30A1 marks zinc-containing compartments associated with TLR-inducible zinc toxicity in human macrophages, and its ectopic over-expression is sufficient to initiate this antimicrobial pathway in these cells. Finally, SLC30A1 silencing did not compromise E. coli clearance by primary human macrophages, suggesting that other zinc exporters may also contribute to the zinc toxicity response.
Frontline Science: CD40 signaling restricts RNA virus replication in Mϕs, leading to rapid innate immune control of acute virus infection
Authors: Rogers Kai J , Shtanko Olena , Stunz Laura L , Mallinger Laura N , Arkee Tina , Schmidt Megan E , Bohan Dana , Brunton Bethany , White Judith M , Varga Steve M , Butler Noah S , Bishop Gail A , Maury Wendy
Published: May 2020

Many acute viral infections target tissue Mϕs, yet the mechanisms of Mϕ-mediated control of viruses are poorly understood. Here, we report that CD40 expressed by peritoneal Mϕs restricts early infection of a broad range of RNA viruses. Loss of CD40 expression enhanced virus replication as early as 12–24 h of infection and, conversely, stimulation of CD40 signaling with an agonistic Ab blocked infection. With peritoneal cell populations infected with the filovirus, wild-type (WT) Ebola virus (EBOV), or a BSL2 model virus, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSV/EBOV GP), we examined the mechanism conferring protection. Here, we demonstrate that restricted virus replication in Mϕs required CD154/CD40 interactions that stimulated IL-12 production through TRAF6-dependent signaling. In turn, IL-12 production resulted in IFN-γ production, which induced proinflammatory polarization of Mϕs, protecting the cells from infection. These CD40-dependent events protected mice against virus challenge. CD40−/− mice were exquisitely sensitive to intraperitoneal challenge with a dose of rVSV/EBOV GP that was sublethal to CD40+/+ mice, exhibiting viremia within 12 h of infection and rapidly succumbing to infection. This study identifies a previously unappreciated role for Mϕ-intrinsic CD40 signaling in controlling acute virus infection.
Systematic analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in salivary glands reveals underlying transmission mechanism caused by SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Song Jukun , Li Yamei , Huang Xiaolin , Chen Zhihong , Li Yongdi , Liu Chong , Chen Zhu , Duan Xiaofeng
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global pandemic that has caused severe health threats and fatalities in almost all communities. Studies have detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in saliva with a viral load that lasts for a long period. However, researchers are yet to establish whether SARS‐CoV‐2 can directly enter the salivary glands. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the presence of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/transmembrane serine proteases 2 (TMPRSS2) expression in salivary glands using publicly available databases. The distribution of ACE2 and TMPRSSs family in salivary gland tissue and other tissues was analyzed. The Genotype‐Tissue Expression dataset was employed to explore the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in various body organs and salivary glands in a healthy population. The single‐cell sequencing data for salivary gland samples (including submandibular salivary gland and parotid gland) from mice were collected and analyzed. The components and proportions of salivary gland cells expressing the key protease TMPRSSs family were analyzed. Transcriptome data analysis showed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were expressed in salivary glands. The expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were marginal without significant differences in different age groups or between men and women. Single‐cell RNA sequence analysis indicated that TMPRSS2 was mainly expressed in salivary gland epithelial cells. We speculate that SARS‐CoV‐2 may be entered in salivary glands.
Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tian Wenjie , Jiang Wanlin , Yao Jie , Nicholson Christopher J. , Li Rebecca H. , Sigurslid Haakon H. , Wooster Luke , Rotter Jerome I. , Guo Xiuqing , Malhotra Rajeev
Published: May 2020

Mortality rates of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) continue to rise across the world. Information regarding the predictors of mortality in patients with COVID‐19 remains scarce. Herein, we performed a systematic review of published articles, from 1 January to 24 April 2020, to evaluate the risk factors associated with mortality in COVID‐19. Two investigators independently searched the articles and collected the data, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We looked for associations between mortality and patient characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory abnormalities. A total of 14 studies documenting the outcomes of 4659 patients were included. The presence of comorbidities such as hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1‐3.1; P < .00001), coronary heart disease (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.1‐6.9; P < .00001), and diabetes (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.7‐2.3; P < .00001) were associated with significantly higher risk of death amongst patients with COVID‐19. Those who died, compared with those who survived, differed on multiple biomarkers on admission including elevated levels of cardiac troponin (+44.2 ng/L, 95% CI, 19.0‐69.4; P = .0006); C‐reactive protein (+66.3 µg/mL, 95% CI, 46.7‐85.9; P < .00001); interleukin‐6 (+4.6 ng/mL, 95% CI, 3.6‐5.6; P < .00001); D‐dimer (+4.6 µg/mL, 95% CI, 2.8‐6.4; P < .00001); creatinine (+15.3 µmol/L, 95% CI, 6.2‐24.3; P = .001); and alanine transaminase (+5.7 U/L, 95% CI, 2.6‐8.8; P = .0003); as well as decreased levels of albumin (−3.7 g/L, 95% CI, −5.3 to −2.1; P < .00001). Individuals with underlying cardiometabolic disease and that present with evidence for acute inflammation and end‐organ damage are at higher risk of mortality due to COVID‐19 infection and should be managed with greater intensity.
Sex‐dimorphic effects of biogenesis of lysosome‐related organelles complex‐1 deficiency on mouse perinatal brain development
Authors: Lee Frank Y. , Larimore Jennifer , Faundez Victor , Dell’Angelica Esteban C. , Ghiani Cristina A.
Published: May 2020

The function(s) of the Biogenesis of Lysosome‐related Organelles Complex‐1 (BLOC‐1) during brain development is to date largely unknown. Here, we investigated how its absence alters the trajectory of postnatal brain development using as model the pallid mouse. Most of the defects observed early postnatally in the mutant mice were more prominent in males than in females and in the hippocampus. Male mutant mice, but not females, had smaller brains as compared to sex‐matching wild types at postnatal day 1 (P1), this deficit was largely recovered by P14 and P45. An abnormal cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus was observed in P1 pallid male, but not female, or juvenile mice (P45), along with severely decreased expression levels of the radial glial marker Glutamate‐Aspartate Transporter. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the overall response to the lack of functional BLOC‐1 was more pronounced in hippocampi at P1 than at P45 or in the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that absence of BLOC‐1 renders males more susceptible to perinatal brain maldevelopment and although most abnormalities appear to have been resolved in juvenile animals, still permanent defects may be present, resulting in faulty neuronal circuits, and contribute to previously reported cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in adult BLOC‐1‐deficient mice.
Commuting spillover: A systematic review and agenda for research
Authors: Calderwood Charles , Mitropoulos Tanya
Published: May 2020

Commuting is a central activity of life that cuts across industries and occupations. Because a large majority of employees commute to work, organizational scholars have long been interested in the relevance of commuting to organizational life. This interest forms the foundation of a research tradition to understand commuting spillover, which reflects interrelationships between commuting and work experiences. Unfortunately, commuting spillover investigations have historically been fractured across publications in the management, psychology, transportation, and ergonomics communities, impeding understanding of the nature and implications of commuting spillover for organizational stakeholders. We conduct a systematic review to identify what is known and unknown about commuting spillover, attending to both between‐ and within‐person approaches to studying this process. This effort yields five major conclusions emerging from the commuting spillover literature, as well as the identification of two frequently investigated topics that have yielded few clear findings within this research base. This knowledge synthesis is used to develop an agenda for the next wave of commuting spillover research that aims to extend this research base while resolving inconsistencies observed in past research. We conclude with calls for methodological advancement and theory development on the commuting spillover topic.
Optimal timing of surgery for bronchial sleeve resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Koryllos Aris , Lopez‐Pastorini Alberto , Zalepugas Donatas , Galetin Thomas , Ludwig Corinna , Hammer‐Hellmig Michaela , Stoelben Erich
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Sleeve resection is an established oncological operative treatment for centrally located tumors with reduced complications compared to pneumonectomy. In cases of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the optimal timing of surgery for bronchial anastomotic healing has not been adequately explored.

Materials and Methods

Between 2006 and 2017, 584 tracheobronchial sleeve resections were retrospectively analyzed. We selected all patients (n = 88) after sleeve lobectomy or sleeve bilobectomy for lung cancer with fully completed neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Bronchial healing was assessed by bronchoscopy on the 7th postoperative day using our earlier published classification from grades 1 to 5.

Results

The median interval to surgery was 50 days (interquartile range 46‐53, mean 50.03 ± 3.72). Mean anastomotic grade was 2.05 ± 1.03 and in 29.5% of the patients a critical anastomosis (grade ≥3) was documented. Anastomotic healing showed optimal results (bronchoscopic grade mean value: 1.5 ± 0.70) between the 6th and 8th postchemoradiotherapy week (P = .001). All patients operated before (bronchoscopic grade mean value: 2.3 ± 1.02) or after the above period (bronchoscopic grade mean value: 2.5 ± 1.15) had an increased ratio of anastomotic healing complications.

Conclusion

It is safer to perform sleeve‐resections for non‐small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant trimodal treatment between the 6th and 8th week of completion of chemoradiotherapy.