bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence quenching, DFT, NBO, and TD-DFT calculations on 1, 4-bis [2-benzothiazolyl vinyl] benzene (BVB) and meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) in the presence of silver nanoparticles
Authors: AboAlhasan Ahmed A. , El-Daly Samy A. , Ebeid El-Zeiny M. , Sakr Mahmoud A. S.
Published: October 2022

Steady-state fluorescence measurements were used to examine the fluorescence quenching of 1, 4-bis [-(2-benzothiazolyl) vinyl benzene (BVB) by sodium salt of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) in the presence and absence of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The energy transfer (ET) process’s emission intensities and Stern–Volmer constants (KSV) showed that Ag NP’s presence increased ET’s efficiency. The molecular structures of TPPS, TPPS, and BVB/TPPS were optimized using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G (d) technique to elucidate the mechanism. The discovered optimized molecular structure proved that whereas TPPS and BVB/TPPS MSs are not planar because the porphyrin group in TPPS is rotated out by phenyl sodium sulphate, the BVB MS is planer. All of the theoretical BVB results and the acquired experimental optical results were very similar.
Removal of pathogens from greywater using green roofs combined with chlorination
Authors: Petousi Ioanna , Thomaidi Vasiliki , Kalogerakis Nikolaos , Fountoulakis Michail S.
Published: October 2022

Greywater is an important alternative water resource which could be treated and reused in buildings, reducing the freshwater demand in drought affected areas. For the successful implementation of this solution, it is important to ensure the microbial safety of treated greywater. This study examined the microbiological quality of treated greywater produced by an emergent nature-based technology (green roofs) and a chlorination process. Specifically, the effect of substrate, substrate depth, and vegetation on the removal of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci in experimental green roofs treating greywater was examined for a period of about 12 months. In addition, the ability of chlorination to inactivate the abovementioned pathogen indicators was evaluated and their potential regrowth was examined. Results shown that green roofs filled with 10 cm of perlite reduce total coliform concentration by about 0.4 log units while green roofs filled with 20 cm of vermiculite reduce total coliform concentration by about 1.2 log units. In addition, the use of vegetation in green roofs improves the removal of pathogenic bacteria by about 0.5 log units in comparison with unvegetated systems. In all cases, the effluents of green roofs failed to satisfy the criteria for indoor reuse of treated greywater for non-potable uses such as toilet flushing without a disinfection process. The addition of 3 mg/L of chlorine in the effluent provided safe greywater microbiological quality for storage periods of less than 24 h, while longer periods resulted in the significant regrowth of pathogens. In contrast, a chlorination dose of 7 mg/L completely secured inactivation of pathogen indicators for periods of up to 3 days.
The Tumor Invasion Paradox in Cancer Stem Cell-Driven Solid Tumors
Authors: Shyntar Alexandra , Patel Ashna , Rhodes Meghan , Enderling Heiko , Hillen Thomas
Published: October 2022

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key in understanding tumor growth and tumor progression. A counterintuitive effect of CSCs is the so-called tumor growth paradox: the effect where a tumor with a higher death rate may grow larger than a tumor with a lower death rate. Here we extend the modeling of the tumor growth paradox by including spatial structure and considering cancer invasion. Using agent-based modeling and a corresponding partial differential equation model, we demonstrate and prove mathematically a tumor invasion paradox: a larger cell death rate can lead to a faster invasion speed. We test this result on a generic hypothetical cancer with typical growth rates and typical treatment sensitivities. We find that the tumor invasion paradox may play a role for continuous and intermittent treatments, while it does not seem to be essential in fractionated treatments. It should be noted that no attempt was made to fit the model to a specific cancer, thus, our results are generic and theoretical.
What have we done?! The impact of economics on the beliefs and values of business students
Authors: Laméris Maite D. , Méon Pierre-Guillaume , van Prooijen Anne-Marie
Published: October 2022

We examine the effect of studying business on the beliefs and values of students and study the role of economics in influencing this effect. We observe significant differences between business students and students from other disciplines, among which economics, at the start of their first year. We also discover that some of these differences persist or are reinforced at the end of the year. Furthermore, we find changes in beliefs and values of business students that take only one year to manifest. Above all, while we observe that some values and beliefs of business students change over time, we observe no such changes for economics students. This suggests that the effect of studying business is not entirely driven by exposure to economics in business studies.
(p, q)-Equations with Negative Concave Terms
Authors: Crespo-Blanco Ángel , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Winkert Patrick
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we study a nonlinear Dirichlet problem driven by the (p, q)-Laplacian and with a reaction that has the combined effects of a negative concave term and of an asymmetric perturbation which is superlinear on the positive semiaxis and resonant in the negative one. We prove a multiplicity theorem for such problems obtaining three nontrivial solutions, all with sign information. Furthermore, under a local symmetry condition, we prove the existence of a whole sequence of sign-changing solutions converging to zero in $$C^1_0(\overline{\Omega })$$

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0
1

(

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)

.
Learning the Hidden Signature of Fetal Arch Anatomy: a Three-Dimensional Shape Analysis in Suspected Coarctation of the Aorta
Authors: Hermida Uxio , van Poppel Milou P. M. , Lloyd David F. A. , Steinweg Johannes K. , Vigneswaran Trisha V. , Simpson John M. , Razavi Reza , De Vecchi Adelaide , Pushparajah Kuberan , Lamata Pablo
Published: October 2022

Neonatal coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common congenital heart defect. Its antenatal diagnosis remains challenging, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We present a novel statistical shape modeling (SSM) pipeline to study the role and predictive value of arch shape in CoA in utero. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) data of 112 fetuses with suspected CoA was acquired and motion-corrected to three-dimensional volumes. Centerlines from fetal arches were extracted and used to build a statistical shape model capturing relevant anatomical variations. A linear discriminant analysis was used to find the optimal axis between CoA and false positive cases. The CoA shape risk score classified cases with an area under the curve of 0.907. We demonstrate the feasibility of applying a SSM pipeline to three-dimensional fetal CMR data while providing novel insights into the anatomical determinants of CoA and the relevance of in utero arch anatomy for antenatal diagnosis of CoA.

Graphical abstract
Pharmacological protection of the thyroid gland against radiation damage from radioactive iodine labeled compounds in children: a systematic review
Authors: de Lijster Bas , de Kanter Clara T. M. M. , de Keizer Bart , Tytgat Godelieve A. M. , Vulsma Thomas , Offringa Martin , van Santen Hanneke M.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

There is currently no consensus on which protective strategy is most effective to prevent I-131 uptake in the thyroid during medical interventions in children. We aimed to collect the best available evidence to determine which pharmacological intervention is most effective in protecting the thyroid gland from damage by radioactive iodine (RAI).

Methods

Literature searches were performed using PubMed, Embase, OLDMEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Only original studies were included (1950–2022). Studies comparing pharmacological prevention of the thyroid against RAI uptake or occurrence of hypothyroidism, thyroid nodule or thyroid cancer were included. Included studies were graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation considerations. Pharmacological interventions were compared for effectiveness on reduction of thyroidal intake or relevant clinical thyroidal outcomes.

Results

Forty studies were included. Quality of included studies was low and many different outcome variables were used, making meta-analysis impossible. In 81% of studies, the pharmacological intervention could not prevent RAI uptake or thyroid damage. The administration of potassium iodide (KI) 1 h before exposure to RAI seemed most effective to reduce thyroidal uptake, however, hypothyroidism was reported in up to 64% as well as several cases of thyroid carcinoma. The combination of KI, thyroxine and thiamazole reduced RAI uptake and occurrence of hypothyroidism; yet, after follow-up of 9 years, still 50% of patients developed hypothyroidism. KI with potassium perchlorate showed hypothyroidism to occur in up to 12% of patients after short follow-up time.

Conclusions

The lack of well-designed studies impairs making strong recommendations on the optimal way to prevent thyroid damage when using radioactive coupled ligands for medical interventions. To improve the protection of the thyroid against radiation damage by I-131, well-designed randomized clinical trials with sufficient follow-up time, comparing new protective strategies’ effects on valid and well-defined thyroid outcomes are needed.
A robust performance evaluation approach for solution preservation in multiobjective optimization
Authors: Pan Anqi , Wang Chuang , Shen Bo , Wang Lei
Published: October 2022

Many real-world optimization problems have complex features, such as bias, multimodel, etc. Existing evolutionary algorithms mainly utilize solutions’ current performance to decide their survivals, which are not comprehensive enough to describe the evolving trend, and may misguide the evolve decision. In this paper, a novel robust performance evaluation approach for evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm is proposed. Here, the robustness refers to the performance fluctuation degree among several generations, which can be expressed by interval values in respect to the decision and objective spaces. Based on the robust performance evaluation, solutions can be selected and preserved considering their historical performance, and thus, the exploration strength in convergence potential areas can be maintained. Meanwhile, to construct an evolutionary algorithm that embeds robustness evaluation, a robust elite managerial method and a learning-based updating strategy are also designed. Experiments on multiobjective benchmark problems and a real-world optimization in a robotic manipulation system have proved the superiority of the proposed approach.
Geodesic flows of c-projectively equivalent metrics are quantum integrable
Authors: Schumm Jan
Published: October 2022

Given two c-projectively equivalent metrics on a Kähler manifold, we show that canoncially constructed Poisson-commuting integrals of motion of the geodesic flow, linear and quadratic in momenta, also commute as quantum operators. The methods employed here also provide a proof of a similar statement in the case of projective equivalence. We also investigate the addition of potentials, i.e. the generalization to natural Hamiltonian systems. We show that commuting operators lead to separation of variables for Schrödinger’s equation.
Integrating computational thinking into a longitudinal data analysis course for public health students
Authors: Zheng Qi
Published: October 2022

After completing an introductory biostatistics course, public health students often need to take one or more follow-on courses focusing on specialized areas of biostatistics. While there exists decades’ worth of pedagogical research on teaching introductory statistics to non-statistics majors, few systematic attempts have been made to explore innovative ways to teaching follow-on courses to non-statistics majors such as public health students. Extending previous research on teaching categorical data analysis to public health students, this paper explores ways to harness the power of computational thinking in teaching conceptual knowledge in a follow-on course on longitudinal data analysis. The proposed approach aims to keep students in their zone of proximal development by using computational experiments as a tool for developing understanding of conceptual knowledge. Learning activities center on experiments that explore the likelihood function. Illustrative examples of actual student work are used to demonstrate a practical way of integrating computational thinking into biostatistics course content.
Navigating Nationalism in Global Enterprise
Authors: Lubinski Christina
Published: October 2022

Navigating Nationalism in Global Enterprise analyzes the role of nationalism in global business strategy, showing how multinationals act not just as drivers of globalization but also as sophisticated operators in a world of nations. Using the case study of German companies in colonial and post-colonial India, Christina Lubinski traces how nationalism's influence on business competitive strategies changed over the twentieth century and across major political turning points, such as two world wars and India's transition to independence. She highlights how national imaginings are both relational because they derive from comparisons with other nations, and historical because they mobilize the past to legitimize future aspirations. Lubinski stresses that learning from the past is how multinationals engage strategically with the content of nationalism – i.e., a nation's history, aspirations, and relationships with other nations. In India, German companies' competitiveness was continuously dependent on navigating nationalism and on understanding that nationalism and globalization are inextricably linked.
How Psychologists Failed
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: October 2022

Psychology is a discipline with global influence, but continues to neglect disadvantaged minorities and continues to adopt an incorrect model of science. This volume explains what has gone wrong, and what steps should be taken for psychology to become a constructive international force. Historically, psychologists have focused only on causal explanations of behavior, neglecting normatively regulated behavior and intentionality. By giving greater importance to context and collective processes, moving from 'societies to cells,' psychologists can better understand and explain individual behavior. Poverty is an extremely powerful context that shapes cognitions and actions, with destructive consequences for disadvantaged individuals. The advocation of 'be happy psychology' and 'resilience' as solutions to problems faced by the disadvantaged leads to entrenched group-based inequalities, with the poor stuck at the bottom. Moving forwards, this volume proposes that psychologists should focus on normative systems to ultimately foster a more balanced field of study for the future.
Sovereignty without Power
Authors: Gardner Leigh A.
Published: October 2022

What did independence mean during the age of empires? How did independent governments balance different interests when they made policies about trade, money and access to foreign capital? Sovereignty without Power tells the story of Liberia, one of the few African countries to maintain independence through the colonial period. Established in 1822 as a colony for freed slaves from the United States, Liberia's history illustrates how the government's efforts to exercise its economic sovereignty and engage with the global economy shaped Liberia's economic and political development over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing together a wide range of archival sources, Leigh A. Gardner presents the first quantitative estimates of Liberian's economic performance and uses these to compare it to its colonized neighbors and other independent countries. Liberia's history anticipated challenges still faced by developing countries today, and offers a new perspective on the role of power and power relationships in shaping Africa's economic history.
Recentering the World
Authors: Mitchell Ryan Martínez
Published: October 2022

Recentering the World recovers a richly contextual, detailed history of Western-imposed legal structures in China, as well as engagements with international law by Chinese officials, jurists, and citizens. Beginning in the Late Qing era, it shows how international law functioned as a channel for power relations, techniques of economic domination, as well as novel forms of resistance. The book also radically diversifies traditionally Eurocentric accounts of modern international law's origins, demonstrating how, by the mid-twentieth century, Chinese jurists had made major contributions to international organizations and the UN system, the international judiciary, the laws of armed conflict, and more. Drawing on extensive archival research, this book is a valuable guide to China's often conflicted role in international law, its reception and contention of concepts of sovereignty, property, obligation, and autonomy, and its gradual move from the 'periphery' to a shared spot at the 'center' of global legal order.
Experimental Techniques in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Authors: Roy Sindhunil Barman
Published: October 2022

This book is written to introduce experimental magnetism in a comprehensive manner to advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral students pursuing studies in physics, material sciences, and engineering. It is an excellent resource providing an overview of the various experimental techniques in magnetism and magnetic materials. The text is partitioned into three parts. Part I deals with a brief history of magnetism and magnetic materials along with their role in modern society. A concise account of their current technological applications is also provided. Part II focusses on the basic phenomena of magnetism. Part III consists of chapters discussing a variety of experimental practices needed to study the microscopic as well as macroscopic aspects of different kinds of magnetic phenomena and materials.
In Defense of Comparisons: Russia and the Transmutations of Imperialism in International Law
Authors: Kotova Anastasiya , Tzouvala Ntina
Published: October 2022

While Western imperialism played a crucial role in the creation of modern international law, it is ever more important to analyze the engagements of non-Western imperialist powers with the field so as to comprehend the changing global patterns of legalized violence and expansionism. In this Essay, we analyze Russia's international legal arguments in support of its use of force against Ukraine through the lens of inter-imperial rivalry. In so doing, we call for strict scrutiny of the deployments of jus ad bellum equally by all imperial powers.
Ukraine, Open-Source Investigations, and the Future of International Legal Discourse
Authors: Lahmann Henning
Published: October 2022

Russia's aggression against Ukraine has brought into focus the growing significance of open-source information for international legal processes. Enabled by novel digital technologies, civil society actors have seized the opportunity provided by the vast amount of publicly available evidence to counter-narrate Russia's pretexts to justify its invasion within the deliberative bodies of the United Nations. This Essay explains the potential of this emerging practice to influence international legal discourse by increasing the costs for actors who base their conduct on false factual claims.
Ukraine and the Emergency Powers of International Institutions
Authors: Chachko Elena , Linos Katerina
Published: October 2022

As global crises become more frequent, international organizations increasingly invoke emergency powers to address them. But the study of international organization emergency governance remains in its infancy. We consider the EU response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The EU built on the emergency to accelerate EU integration and introduce unprecedented reforms in defense and security, migration and asylum, and energy. We map the techniques the EU deployed to achieve this and argue that they are not as alarming as critics have suggested.
Conflicting Declarations Under the Hague Service Convention Amid the Russo-Ukrainian War: Dilemmas and Preliminary Solutions
Authors: Huang Jie (Jeanne)
Published: October 2022

The 1965 Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters has increasingly been used by its member states to demonstrate their territorial claims, including in the Falklands dispute and the Israel-Palestine conflict. This has now arisen in the Russo-Ukrainian war, as conflicting declarations have been formulated by eight states under the Convention. This Essay analyzes the legal dilemmas brought by these declarations and proposes preliminary solutions.
Cinema and the Idea of Fieldwork in Sol Plaatje’s Journeys
Authors: Pinto de Almeida Fernanda , Erasmus Aidan
Published: October 2022

In the mid-1920s, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje toured the South African countryside showing films he brought from the Tuskegee Institute in the United States. Plaatje’s cinema tours complemented his educational talks on the status of Africans in the Union of South Africa alongside the material he collected for books, speeches and political tours. Focusing on the itinerant cinema as an element of fieldwork, our article asks what can be learned from approaching Plaatje’s research practices. We consider Plaatje’s methods of research in relation to conventional notions of social scientific fieldwork, which also relied on modern media but were often entangled in colonial projects that projected an image of African rural life. Drawing on letters, novels, and accounts of his film screenings, our essay argues for an interdisciplinary engagement with cinema practices in African history that is attentive to the uses of mass media in research and the pedagogical valences of itinerant film screenings. Considering Plaatje’s cinema alongside the value he attached to travelling and mobility, we argue that his cinema puts the field to work and inspires new practices of research in African Studies.
Prediction and validation of total and regional skeletal muscle volume by using anthropometric measurements in prepubertal Japanese children
Authors: Midorikawa Taishi , Ohta Megumi , Hikihara Yuki , Torii Suguru , Sakamoto Shizuo
Published: October 2022

It is difficult to easily estimate skeletal muscle (SM) volume in children. We aimed to develop regression-based prediction equations to estimate the total body and regional SM volume using calliper measurements of skinfold thickness and limb circumference and to investigate the validity of these equations. In total, 142 healthy, prepubertal, Japanese children, aged 6–12 years, were divided into two groups: the model development group (sixty boys, thirty-eight girls) and the validation group (twenty-six boys, eighteen girls). Contiguous magnetic resonance images were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints as reference data. SM volume was calculated from the summation of the digitised cross-sectional areas. Limb and waist circumferences were measured at mid-upper arm, mid-thigh, maximal calf and at the level of umbilicus. Each girth was corrected for subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness, as estimated by skinfold thickness measurements. Skinfold thickness was measured at the posterior upper arm, anterior thigh, medial calf and lateral to the umbilicus, using callipers. Significant correlations were observed between the site-matched SM volume, measured by MRI, and each corrected girth × standing height value in the model development group. When these SM volume prediction equations were applied to the validation group, the measured total body and regional SM volume were similar to the predicted values. These results suggest that the anthropometric prediction equations developed in this study provide reliable information about the total and regional SM volume in prepubertal Japanese children, with varying degrees of estimation accuracy for each region.
Evaluating the breeding phenology of the endangered ‘a‘o (Newell’s Shearwater Puffinus newelli) on Kaua‘i to better focus conservation actions and management decisions
Authors: Raine André F. , Driskill Scott , Rothe Jennnifer , Travers Marc S.
Published: October 2022

The ‘a‘o, or Newell’s Shearwater Puffinus newelli, is an endangered shearwater species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, with 90% of the world population found on Kaua‘i. Understanding the breeding phenology of the species is vital for identifying key periods for colony management actions and the timing and exposure frequency to infrastructure threats such as powerline collisions and light attraction. We used a combination of direct burrow monitoring and remote cameras at multiple colonies between 2012 and 2019 for a detailed assessment of the breeding phenology for this species. Breeding adults started arriving at the burrow in mid-April, some (but not all) underwent a two-week exodus in May and returned at the end of May to commence incubation. Incubation continued until mid-July. The chick-rearing period ran until the end of September. Fledging peaked in October with the last birds fledging towards the middle of November. Breeding was not synchronised, with a 59-day gap between the first and last fledging birds. The importance of this information to management actions is discussed, particularly in terms of directing management actions to key periods of vulnerability to introduced predators (such as peak incubation, chick emergence, and exercising prior to fledging), the precise timing of fledgling fallout related to light attraction, and directing colony-monitoring actions and translocation projects. We also consider the utility of the data in assessing species composition of powerline collisions and collision risk. Future work using acoustic monitoring is recommended for assessing the phenology of non-breeders and prospectors at colonies.
Feeding at 6–12 months in infants with CHD
Authors: Pados Britt F. , Harrison Tondi M.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Feeding difficulty is common in infants with CHD.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to describe the feeding skills and behaviours of infants with CHD at 6–12 months of age and explore relationships between feeding, gastrointestinal distress, and gastroesophageal reflux.

Methods:

Parents of 30 infants with CHD completed online surveys when their infant was 6, 8, 10, and 12 months old. Surveys included parent-report measures of feeding skills (Child Oral and Motor Proficiency Scale), feeding behaviours (Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool), symptoms of gastrointestinal distress (Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire), and gastroesophageal reflux (Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire-Revised).

Results:

We found that 95, 32, 67, and 30% of infants were delayed in their feeding skill development at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months, respectively. Symptoms of problematic feeding behaviours were similarly high, with 90, 62, 29, and 38% of infants meeting criteria for problematic feeding at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months, respectively. Feeding skills and behaviours were related but unique contributors. Feeding behaviours were related to both gastrointestinal distress and gastroesophageal reflux, but feeding skills were rarely related to either.

Conclusions:

Delayed acquisition of feeding skills and problematic feeding were common in infants with CHD. Infants with more gastrointestinal and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms had more symptoms of problematic feeding behaviours.

Clinical Implications:

Comprehensive assessment, targeted interventions, and early involvement of feeding specialists are important to support feeding in infants with CHD through at least the first year of life.
Prediction in bilingual sentence processing: How prediction differs in a later learned language from a first language
Authors: Schlenter Judith
Published: October 2022

This review provides an update on what we know about differences in prediction in a first and second language after several years of extensive research. It shows when L1/L2 differences are most likely to occur and provides an explanation as to why they occur. For example, L2 speakers may capitalize more on semantic information for prediction than L1 speakers, or possibly they do not make predictions due to differences in the weighting of cues. A different weighting of cues can be the result of prior experience from the L1 and/or the prior experience in an experiment which affects L1 and L2 processing to a different extent. Overall, prediction in L2 processing often emerges later and/or is weaker than in L1 processing. Because L2 processing is generally slower, L1/L2 differences are likely to occur at certain levels of prediction, most notably at the form level, in line with a prediction-by-production mechanism.
One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Uzelac Ena , Kapović Iva , Jelić Margareta , Biruški Dinka Čorkalo
Published: October 2022

Abstract. This study compared attitudes toward multiculturalism and assimilationism among three ethnic groups (Serbs, Croats, and Hungarians) in two neighboring countries (Croatia and Serbia). Additionally, this study examined the predictive role of ethnic identity on aforementioned attitudes directly and indirectly via symbolic threat. The results showed that Croats and Serbs had less positive multicultural and more positive assimilationist attitudes when in a majority position than when in a minority position. Hungarians, a minority in both countries, did not differ between countries. Additionally, symbolic threat mediated the relationship between ethnic identification and both assimilation and multiculturalism only in Croatia. The group status moderated these effects. Our findings confirm the importance of group's status and national context in understanding the majority–minority intergroup dynamic.
Bullying and Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Jolley Daniel , Lantian Anthony
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Experiences of bullying in the workplace can increase anxiety, paranoia, and hypervigilance to threat in victims. Such factors are also associated with conspiracy beliefs. Two preregistered studies (cross-sectional and experimental) tested whether bullying experiences may be linked to the development of conspiracy beliefs. Study 1 ( n = 273) demonstrated that experiences of workplace bullying were positively associated with conspiracy beliefs, an effect that could be explained by paranoia. In Study 2 ( n = 206), participants who imagined being bullied (vs. supported) reported increased belief in conspiracy theories. Our research uncovers another antecedent of conspiracy beliefs: workplace bullying. Future research should endeavor to explore how best to support victims and avert the link between being bullied and conspiracy theorizing emerging.
Marked Impacts of Pollution Mitigation on Crop Yields in China
Authors: He Liyin , Wei Jing , Wang Yuan , Shang Quanbiao , Liu Junjie , Yin Yi , Frankenberg Christian , Jiang Jonathan H. , Li Zhanqing , Yung Yuk L.
Published: October 2022

Plant growth and crop harvest are impacted by both climate change and air pollution. However, their relative importance in crop yields remains elusive, especially in heavily polluted regions. Here we develop crop yield prediction models, based on a large volume of historical crop data, as well as climate and pollution records in China since 1980. A long‐term surface ozone concentration data set is developed from a machine‐learning model and various observations. An assessment of four climate and pollution factors reveals the critical role of particulate and ozone pollution in regulating interannual variations of crop yields in China. During 2010–2018, we find that the particulate pollution mitigation outweighs the negative impacts of concurrent climate change, resulting in 0.5%–1.9% net yield increases nationwide, despite of the ozone increases in the North China Plain. Looking to the future, the impacts of climate change, particularly from surface temperature increase, will dominate over pollution factors and profoundly reduce future maize and rice yields by 0.6 to 2.8% 10 yr−1 by 2050. Our findings call for attention on the threat to future global food security from the absence of pollution mitigation and the persistence of global warming.
Equilibrium Configurations of Super‐Thin Current Sheets in Space Plasma: Characteristic Scaling of Multilayer Structures
Authors: Zelenyi L. M. , Malova H. V. , Leonenko M. V. , Grigorenko E. E. , Popov V. Yu.
Published: October 2022

Thin current sheets (TCSs) are the key structures in space and laboratory plasmas responsible for the accumulation and subsequent release of the stored magnetic energy. Spacecraft measurements in the near Earth's space revealed the complicated multilayer TCSs structure consisting from extremely thin and strong electron current embedded inside the thicker ion current layer. In this paper we present for the first time the analytical self‐consistent model of 1D super thin electron current sheet (STCS) supported by magnetized electrons within a much wider (but still very thin) proton structure carried by nonmagnetized (quasi‐adiabatic) particles. We take into account the dependence of electron STCS on anisotropy of electron distribution and magnetic field shear often existing in realistic TCS configurations. It is shown that the structure of the embedded STCS can be described by the simple nonlinear equation, which allows to estimate the scaling of STCS thickness due to coupling of electron and ion domains, although electron dynamics described by guiding center drift approximation is scale free. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with MMS spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetotail.
Modulation of North American Heat Waves by the Tropical Atlantic Warm Pool
Authors: Lopez Hosmay , Kim Dongmin , West Robert , Kirtman Ben
Published: October 2022

Heat waves are among the deadliest natural hazards affecting the United States (US). Therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms modulating their occurrence is essential for improving their predictions and future projections. Using observational data and model simulations, this study finds that the interannual variability of the tropical Atlantic warm pool (AWP, measured as the area enclosed by the 28.5°C sea surface temperature isotherm) modulates heat wave occurrence over the US Great Plains during boreal summer. For example, a larger than normal AWP enhances atmospheric convection over the Caribbean Sea, driving an upper tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly over the Gulf of Mexico and Great Plains, which strengthens subsidence, reduces cloud cover, and increases surface warming. This circulation anomaly thus weakens the Great Plains low‐level jet and associated moisture transport into the Great Plains, leading to drought conditions and increased heat wave occurrence for most of the US east of the Rockies.
Compound Events in South America Using the CORDEX‐CORE Ensemble: Current Climate Conditions and Future Projections in a Global Warming Scenario
Authors: Olmo M. E. , Weber T. , Teichmann C. , Bettolli M. L.
Published: October 2022

Climate hazards associated with compound events (CEs) have lately received increasing attention over South America (SA) due to their potential risks and amplification of impacts. This work addressed the evaluation of different temperature‐ and precipitation‐based CE in SA considering the CORDEX‐CORE ensemble of regional climate models (RCMs) and their driving earth system models (ESMs) in the reference period 1981–2010 and the late 21st century (2070–2099), for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. The assessment focused on model performance for the individual events—heatwaves (HWs), Extreme rainfall (ER) days, and dry‐spells (DSs)—and their compound occurrence in terms of climatological frequency and duration. The spatial patterns of individual events were adequately reproduced by the RCMs, evidencing general overestimations in extreme precipitation intensities. In terms of CE, the frequencies of coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) were remarkable over central‐eastern Brazil and southern SA (southeastern SA). The main features of CE were generally well‐simulated by the RCMs, although they presented regional differences such as an underestimation of the maximum frequencies of these two CE in northeastern Brazil and southeastern SA, respectively. The high‐resolution information was generally in line with the larger‐scale driving ESMs. The climate change signal analysis generally showed robust future increases in CE frequency and duration in different areas of SA, as for coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) over northern SA and southern Brazil (southeastern SA). This was mostly consistent among the RCMs ensemble and notably strengthened in the worst‐case scenario (RCP 8.5).
Historical and Future Vegetation Changes in the Degraded Frozen Soil and the Entire Tibetan Plateau and Climate Drivers
Authors: Cuo Lan , Zhang Yongxin , Li Ning
Published: October 2022

About 99% of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is covered by frozen soils and degradation of frozen soils will certainly impact TP's ecosystems. Here, we investigate decadal changes of frozen soils and net primary productivity (NPP, representing vegetation) in the degraded frozen soil zones and the TP during 1982–2014 and 2015–2100 using a dynamic vegetation model, historical records and the latest CMIP6 projections, as well as observation‐based soil temperature thresholds. In 1982–2014, degraded permafrost soil zones were in the range of 316,975–455,402 km2, with mean annual NPP staying around 84.9 gCm−2and annual NPP showing a significant reduction at −1.71 gCm−2/year due primarily to warming air. Seasonally frozen soil also degraded by 15,636 km2in the southeast TP, with mean annual NPP staying around 620.0 gCm−2and annual NPP showing a significant increase at 11.00 gCm−2/year. In the future, frozen soil continues to degrade and the degradation accelerates toward the end of the century such that only 2.7% of permafrost soil in 2014 is left by 2080–2100 under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5‐8.5. Mean annual NPP in the permafrost soil degraded zones in 2015–2100 is about half of that for 1982–2014, with spatially mixed decrease and increase trends in the near‐, mid‐, and long‐term periods. Over the seasonally frozen soil degraded zones and the entire TP, more positive than negative annual NPP changes are seen in 2015–2100, especially in the southeast of the TP, due to improved growing conditions and the expansion of primarily subtropical and temperate scrubland.
Calibration and Uncertainty Quantification of a Gravity Wave Parameterization: A Case Study of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in an Intermediate Complexity Climate Model
Authors: Mansfield L. A. , Sheshadri A.
Published: October 2022

The drag due to breaking atmospheric gravity waves plays a leading order role in driving the middle atmosphere circulation, but as their horizontal wavelength range from tens to thousands of kilometers, part of their spectrum must be parameterized in climate models. Gravity wave parameterizations prescribe a source spectrum of waves in the lower atmosphere and allow these to propagate upwards until they either dissipate or break, where they deposit drag on the large‐scale flow. These parameterizations are a source of uncertainty in climate modeling which is generally not quantified. Here, we explore the uncertainty associated with a non‐orographic gravity wave parameterization given an assumed parameterization structure within a global climate model of intermediate complexity, using the Calibrate, Emulate and Sample (CES) method. We first calibrate the uncertain parameters that define the gravity wave source spectrum in the tropics, to obtain climate model settings that are consistent with properties of the primary mode of tropical stratospheric variability, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Then we use a Gaussian process emulator to sample the calibrated distribution of parameters and quantify the uncertainty of these parameter choices. We find that the resulting parametric uncertainties on the QBO period and amplitude are of a similar magnitude to the internal variability under a 2xCO2 forcing.
Altitude Extension of the NCAR‐TIEGCM (TIEGCM‐X) and Evaluation
Authors: Cai Yihui , Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Liu Huixin , Lin Dong , Wu Haonan , Yue Jia , Bruinsma Sean L. , Ding Feng , Ren Zhipeng , Liu Libo
Published: October 2022

The upper boundary height of the traditional community general circulation model of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system is too low to be applied to the topside ionosphere/thermosphere study. In this study, the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR‐TIEGCM) was successfully extended upward by four scale heights from 400–600 km to 700–1,200 km depending on solar activity, named TIEGCM‐X. The topside ionosphere and thermosphere simulated by TIEGCM‐X agree well with the observations derived from a topside sounder and satellite drag data. In addition, the neutral density, temperature, and electron density simulated by TIEGCM‐X are morphologically consistent with the NCAR‐TIEGCM simulations before extension. The latitude‐altitude distribution of the equatorial ionization anomaly derived from TIEGCM‐X is more reasonable. During geomagnetic storm events, the thermospheric responses of TIEGCM‐X are similar to NCAR‐TIEGCM. However, the ionospheric storm effects in TIEGCM‐X are stronger than those in NCAR‐TIEGCM and are even opposites at some middle and low latitudes due to the presence of more closed magnetic field lines. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations prove that the ionospheric storm effect of TIEGCM‐X is more reasonable. The well‐validated TIEGCM‐X has significant potential applications in ionospheric/thermospheric studies, such as the responses to storms, low‐latitude dynamics, and data assimilation.
Senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piRNA-17560 promotes chemoresistance and EMT of breast cancer via FTO-mediated m6A demethylation
Authors: Ou Baochi , Liu Yuan , Gao Zongxuan , Xu Jun , Yan Yunwen , Li Yongxiang , Zhang Jingjie
Published: October 2022

Cellular senescence is characterized by a tumor-suppressive program as well as a pro-inflammatory secretome. Neutrophils constitute significant compositions of malignancies and play key roles in tumor development. However, the role of senescent neutrophils in cancer progression is presently unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils display enhanced senescence in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The senescent neutrophils produce increased number of exosomes, which confer drug resistance to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piRNA-17560 enhances the expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in breast cancer cells. The upregulation of FTO further strengthens ZEB1 transcripts stability and expression by decreasing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, leading to chemoresistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. Clinically, the level of exosomal piR-17560 correlates with poor chemotherapy response in patients with breast cancer. In addition, YTHDF2 is essential for the posttranscriptional regulation of ZEB1 by piRNA-17560/FTO signaling. Senescent neutrophils secret exosomal piR-17560 in a STAT3-dependent manner. Altogether, this study suggests that senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piR-17560 confers chemoresistance to tumor cells and senescent neutrophils may serve as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis and immunodeficiency in patients with functional IP3 receptor subtype 3 defects
Authors: Neumann Julika , Van Nieuwenhove Erika , Terry Lara E. , Staels Frederik , Knebel Taylor R. , Welkenhuyzen Kirsten , Ahmadzadeh Kourosh , Baker Mariah R. , Gerbaux Margaux , Willemsen Mathijs , Barber John S. , Serysheva Irina I. , De Waele Liesbeth , Vermeulen François , Schlenner Susan , Meyts Isabelle , Yule David I. , Bultynck Geert , Schrijvers Rik , Humblet-Baron Stephanie , Liston Adrian
Published: October 2022

Calcium signaling is essential for lymphocyte activation, with genetic disruptions of store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry resulting in severe immunodeficiency. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), a homo- or heterotetramer of the IP3R1-3 isoforms, amplifies lymphocyte signaling by releasing Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum stores following antigen stimulation. Although knockout of all IP3R isoforms in mice causes immunodeficiency, the seeming redundancy of the isoforms is thought to explain the absence of variants in human immunodeficiency. In this study, we identified compound heterozygous variants of ITPR3 (a gene encoding IP3R subtype 3) in two unrelated Caucasian patients presenting with immunodeficiency. To determine whether ITPR3 variants act in a nonredundant manner and disrupt human immune responses, we characterized the Ca2+ signaling capacity, the lymphocyte response, and the clinical phenotype of these patients. We observed disrupted Ca2+ signaling in patient-derived fibroblasts and immune cells, with abnormal proliferation and activation responses following T-cell receptor stimulation. Reconstitution of IP3R3 in IP3R knockout cell lines led to the identification of variants as functional hypomorphs that showed reduced ability to discriminate between homeostatic and induced states, validating a genotype–phenotype link. These results demonstrate a functional link between defective endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channels and immunodeficiency and identify IP3Rs as diagnostic targets for patients with specific inborn errors of immunity. These results also extend the known cause of Ca2+-associated immunodeficiency from store-operated entry to impaired Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum, revealing a broad sensitivity of lymphocytes to genetic defects in Ca2+ signaling.
Aversive memory formation in humans involves an amygdala-hippocampus phase code
Authors: Costa Manuela , Lozano-Soldevilla Diego , Gil-Nagel Antonio , Toledano Rafael , Oehrn Carina R. , Kunz Lukas , Yebra Mar , Mendez-Bertolo Costantino , Stieglitz Lennart , Sarnthein Johannes , Axmacher Nikolai , Moratti Stephan , Strange Bryan A.
Published: October 2022

Memory for aversive events is central to survival but can become maladaptive in psychiatric disorders. Memory enhancement for emotional events is thought to depend on amygdala modulation of hippocampal activity. However, the neural dynamics of amygdala-hippocampal communication during emotional memory encoding remain unknown. Using simultaneous intracranial recordings from both structures in human patients, here we show that successful emotional memory encoding depends on the amygdala theta phase to which hippocampal gamma activity and neuronal firing couple. The phase difference between subsequently remembered vs. not-remembered emotional stimuli translates to a time period that enables lagged coherence between amygdala and downstream hippocampal gamma. These results reveal a mechanism whereby amygdala theta phase coordinates transient amygdala -hippocampal gamma coherence to facilitate aversive memory encoding. Pacing of lagged gamma coherence via amygdala theta phase may represent a general mechanism through which the amygdala relays emotional content to distant brain regions to modulate other aspects of cognition, such as attention and decision-making.