bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of frequency-modulated pump on stimulated Brillouin scattering in inhomogeneous plasmas
Authors: Chen Y , Zheng C Y , Liu Z J , Cao L H , Xiao C Z
Published: October 2023

The effects of a frequency-modulated pump on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a flowing plasma are investigated by theoretical analysis, three-wave simulations, and kinetic simulations. The resonance point of SBS oscillates in a certain spatial region with time when frequency modulations are applied. There exists a certain frequency modulation that causes the velocity of resonant points to be similar to the group velocity of the seed laser, which increases the SBS reflectivity. The SBS can also be suppressed by frequency modulation with larger bandwidth. In the kinetic simulations, the effects of the frequency-modulated pump on the reflectivity agree with our theoretical predictions. Multi-location autoresonance is also observed in the narrow-bandwidth frequency modulation case, which can also increase the SBS reflectivity. Our work provides a method for selecting the laser bandwidth to inhibit SBS in inhomogeneous plasmas.
Validation of the Townsend criterion for ignition of volume gas discharges
Authors: Almeida R M S , Almeida P G C , Naidis G V , Benilov M S
Published: October 2023

An eigenvalue problem governing ignition of volume discharges is formulated in the drift approximation with account of photoionization and the presence of multiple ion species with various reactions. The Townsend ignition (self-sustainment) criterion is deduced by partial integration of this eigenvalue problem neglecting the photoionization, and, in the case of electronegative gases, also the detachment. The Townsend criterion is applied to three examples of discharge ignition in high-pressure air, two of them referring to negative coronas in concentric-cylinder and point-to-plane configurations and one to a configuration with weakly nonuniform electric field. The comparison of the results obtained from different forms of the Townsend criterion with those given by the accurate numerical solution of the full eigenvalue problem shows that the neglect of the diffusion of the charged particles produces an error in the ignition voltage of the order of

1
%

or less. The effect of photoionization for these configurations is also weak as expected. The lower and upper estimates of the effect of negative ions over the ignition voltage are obtained from different forms of the Townsend criterion. A form of the Townsend criterion, which employs an effective attachment coefficient in air and takes into account, in an approximate way, also the detachment, gives a virtually exact value of the inception voltage in all the cases considered. Practical recommendations are given on when one can use the Townsend self-sustainment criterion, and when one should resort to a numerical solution of the general eigenvalue problem governing discharge inception.
Emergent quantum probability from full quantum dynamics and the role of energy conservation
Authors: Wang Chen , Lu Jincheng , Jiang Jian-Hua
Published: October 2023

We propose and study a toy model for the quantum measurements that yield the Born’s rule of quantum probability. In this model, the electrons interact with local photon modes and the photon modes are dissipatively coupled with local photon reservoirs. We treat the interactions of the electrons and photons with full quantum mechanical description, while the dissipative dynamics of the photon modes are treated via the Lindblad master equation. By assigning double quantum dots setup for the electrons coupling with local photons and photonic reservoirs, we show that the Born’s rule of quantum probability can emerge directly from microscopic quantum dynamics. We further discuss how the microscopic quantities such as the electron–photon coupling, detuning, and photon dissipation rate affect the quantum dynamics. Surprisingly, in the infinite long time measurement limit, the energy conservation already dictates the emergence of the Born’s rule of quantum probability. For finite-time measurement, the local photon dissipation rate determines the characteristic time-scale for the completion of the measurement, while other microscopic quantities affect the measurement dynamics. Therefore, in genuine measurements, the measured probability is determined by both the local devices and the quantum mechanical wavefunction.
Exploring static bifurcations in a controlled dynamical system with cubic and quadratic nonlinearities: 2D and 3D visualization
Authors: Saeed Nasser A , Awrejcewicz Jan , Omara Osama M , Hou Lei , Sharaf Mohamed
Published: October 2023

This work delves into the investigation of static bifurcation control and vibration reduction of a two-degree-of-freedom dynamical system. The system under study simulates the lateral oscillations of rotating machinery and encompasses both cubic and quadratic nonlinearities. The nonlinear system is augmented with a magnetic bearing actuator, incorporating a novel control strategy that combines two first-order filters. The system model is derived based on classical mechanics and electromagnetic theories. Then, an analytical solution is extracted for the obtained dynamical model. The solutions obtained have been utilized to visualize the static bifurcations of the system in both two and three-dimensional spaces, using various system parameters as bifurcation variables. The mono-stable and multiple-stable solution regions have been distinguished in two-parameter space. Subsequently, an investigation has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduced control technique in eliminating the catastrophic bifurcation of the rotor and suppressing undesirable vibrations. Furthermore, as a precautionary measure, the impact of the controller’s sudden malfunction on the stability of the system was explored. The main findings revealed that the implemented control approach effectively eliminates dangerous bifurcation characteristics and induces the nonlinear rotor to exhibit a response like a linear system with minimal vibration amplitudes. Furthermore, it was observed that the abrupt failure of the controller does not affect the stability of the system; however, the nonlinearities regain dominance in the system’s response
Resonance fluorescence in Λ, V and Ξ - type three-level configurations
Authors: Sen Surajit , Dey Tushar Kanti , Deb Bimalendu
Published: October 2023

We theoretically study the resonance fluorescence spectra of the lambda (Λ), vee (V) and cascade (Ξ) type three-level configurations. It is shown that each system with two detuning frequencies can be modelled using the SU(3) symmetry group to derive a generalized optical Bloch equation. For each configuration, this equation is solved to calculate the two-time correlation function by invoking the quantum regression theorem. The incoherent part of the power spectra gives the characteristic multi-peak fluorescence profiles which are different for different configurations. We also discuss how the dressed-state structure of such system can explain the origin of quintuplet profile of the fluorescent spectrum.
High-performance energy storage hybrid supercapacitor device based on NiCoS@CNT@graphene composite electrode material
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Waris Muhammad Hamza , Khan Rizwan , Afzal Amir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Waqas , Mumtaz Muhammad Azhar , Ghfar Ayman A , Ali Asghar , Mumtaz Sohail , Hussain Zahid
Published: October 2023

The novel asymmetric supercapacitor, sometimes referred to as a ‘supercapattery,’ merges the favourable attributes of batteries, such as high energy density, with the exceptional cycle life and specific power of supercapacitors (SCs). In this study, carbon nanotubes and graphene were physically mixed with nickel cobalt sulfide (NiCoS), which was produced using a hydrothermal method. Using both a three-electrode and a two-electrode arrangement, the material’s electrical properties were carefully examined. The NiCoS@CNT@graphene composite exhibited a striking specific capacity (Qs) of 1814 C g−1 at 2 Ag−1, within the three-electrode system. The NiCoS@CNT@graphene//AC composite hybrid device revealed outstanding Qs of 190 Cg−1 at 2 Ag−1. Additionally, this material demonstrated an exceptional power density (Pd) of 2000 W kg−1 and a noteworthy Ed of 40.5 Wh Kg−1. The nanocomposite electrode showed remarkable capacity retention (CR ∼ 88%) after 5000 cycles, which was one of its most notable features, highlighting its long-term stability and potential for extensive usage. A viable strategy includes mixing transition metal sulfides with conductive carbon-based nanomaterials to produce high-performance energy storage devices with surpassed capabilities.
Band structures of strained kagome lattices
Authors: Xu 徐 Luting 露婷 , Yang 杨 Fan 帆
Published: October 2023

Materials with kagome lattices have attracted significant research attention due to their nontrivial features in energy bands. We theoretically investigate the evolution of electronic band structures of kagome lattices in response to uniaxial strain using both a tight-binding model and an antidot model based on a periodic muffin-tin potential. It is found that the Dirac points move with applied strain. Furthermore, the flat band of unstrained kagome lattices is found to develop into a highly anisotropic shape under a stretching strain along y direction, forming a partially flat band with a region dispersionless along ky
direction while dispersive along kx
direction. Our results shed light on the possibility of engineering the electronic band structures of kagome materials by mechanical strain.
Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in low power JET deuterium–tritium plasmas
Authors: Oliver H.J.C. , Sharapov S.E. , Štancar Ž. , Fitzgerald M. , Tholerus E. , Breizman B.N. , Dreval M. , Ferreira J. , Figueiredo A. , Garcia J. , Hawkes N. , Keeling D.L. , Puglia P.G. , Rodrigues P. , Tinguely R.A. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

The Joint European Torus recently carried out an experimental campaign using a plasma consisting of both deuterium (D) and tritium (T). We observed a high-frequency mode using a reflectometer and an interferometer in a D-T plasma heated with low power neutral beam injection,

P

N
B
I

=
11.6

MW

. This mode was observed at a frequency

f
=
156

kHz

and was located at major radii

3.1
⩽
R
(
m
)
⩽
3.3

. The observed mode was identified as a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) using the linear MHD code, MISHKA. Beam ions and fusion-born alpha particles were modelled using the full orbit particle tracking code LOCUST, which produces smooth distribution functions suitable for stability calculations without analytical fits or the use of moments. We calculated the stability of the 21 candidate modes using the HALO code. These calculations revealed that beam ions can drive TAEs with toroidal mode numbers

n
⩾
8

with linear growth rates

γ
b

/

ω
∼
1
%

, while TAEs with n < 8 are damped by the beam ion population. Alpha particles drive modes with significantly smaller linear growth rates,

γ
α

/
ω
≲
0.1
%

due to the low alpha power generated almost exclusively by beam-thermal fusion reactions. Non-ideal effects were calculated using complex resistivity in the CASTOR code, leading to an assessment of radiative, collisional, and continuum damping for all 21 candidate modes. Ion Landau damping was modelled using Maxwellian distribution functions for bulk D and T ions in HALO. Radiative damping, the dominant bulk damping mechanism, suppresses modes with high toroidal mode numbers. Comparing the drive from energetic particles with damping from thermal particles, we find all but one of the candidate modes are damped. The single net-driven n = 9 TAE with a net growth rate

γ

n
e
t

/

ω
=
0.02
%

matches experimental observations with a lab frequency

f
=
163

kHz

and location

R
=
3.3

m

. The TAE was driven by co-passing particles through the

v
∥

=

v
A

/

5

resonance. Both co- and counter-passing alpha particles drive the TAE through the

v
∥

=

v
A

/

3

resonance. Additional sideband resonances contribute significant drive for both beam and alpha particles.
Experiments on excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes by alpha-particles with bump-on-tail distribution in JET DTE2 plasmas
Authors: Sharapov S.E. , Oliver H.J.C. , Garcia J. , Keeling D.L. , Dreval M. , Goloborod’Ko V. , Kazakov Ye.O. , Kiptily V.G. , Štancar Ž. , Bonofiglo P.J. , Coelho R. , Craciunescu T. , Ferreira J. , Figueiredo A. , Fil N. , Fitzgerald M. , Nabais F. , Nocente M. , Puglia P.G. , Rivero-Rodriguez J. , Rodrigues P. , Salewski M. , Tinguely R.A. , Zakharov L.E. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Dedicated experiments were performed in JET DTE2 plasmas for obtaining an α-particle bump-on-tail (BOT) distribution aiming at exciting Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). Neutral beam injection-only heating with modulated power was used so that fusion-born α-particles were the only ions present in the MeV energy range in these DT plasmas. The beam power modulation on a time scale shorter than the α-particle slowing down time was chosen for modulating the α-particle source and thus sustaining a BOT in the α-particle distribution. High-frequency modes in the toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE) frequency range and multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range have been detected in these DT discharges with interferometry, soft x-ray cameras, and reflectometry. The modes observed were localised close to the magnetic axis, and were not seen in the Mirnov coils. Analysis with the TRANSP and Fokker-Planck FIDIT codes confirms that α-particle distributions with BOT in energy were achieved during some time intervals in these discharges though no clear correlation was found between the times of the high-frequency mode excitation and the BOT time intervals. The combined magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic modelling studies show that the high-frequency mode in the TAE frequency range is best fitted with a TAE of toroidal mode number n= 9. This mode is driven mostly by the on-axis beam ions while the smaller drive due to the pressure gradient of α-particles allows overcoming the marginal stability and exciting the mode (Oliver et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion submitted). The observed multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range are identified as the on-axis kinetic AEs predicted in Rosenbluth and Rutherford (1975 Phys. Rev. Lett.
34 1428).
Tritium neutral beam injection on JET: calibration and plasma measurements of stored energy
Authors: King D.B. , Sharma R. , Challis C.D. , Bleasdale A. , Delabie E.G. , Douai D. , Keeling D. , Lerche E. , Lennholm M. , Mailloux J. , Matthews G. , Nicassio M. , Štancar Ž. , Wilson T. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Neutral beam injection (NBI) is a flexible auxiliary heating method for tokamak plasmas, capable of being efficiently coupled to the various plasma configurations required in the Tritium and mixed deuterium-tritium experimental campaign on the Joint European Torus (JET) device. High NBI power was required for high fusion yield and alpha particle studies and to provide mixed deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuelling in the plasma core, it was necessary to operate the JET NBI systems in both deuterium and tritium. Further, the pure tritium experiments performed required T NBI for high isotopic purity and reduced 14 MeV neutron yield. Accurate power calibrations are also essential to machine safety. Previously on JET there have been a number of questions raised on the NBI power calibration, in particular following the Trace Tritium Experiments (TTEs). Operator activities on the tokamak NBI system, including calibrations, were performed in 2020. Following these activities, a series of plasma experiments were devised to further corroborate the T NBI power by comparing the plasma response to the D NBI power. A series of stationary, L-mode plasmas were performed on JET with different beam combinations used in different phases of the same pulse. By comparing the plasma response for D and T NBI it was possible to corroborate the T NBI power calibration using the D NBI power calibration. The stored energy as measured by magnetic diagnostics, corrected for fast particle stored energy, show that the uncertainty in NBI power calibration in T is comparable to that in D.
Tritium removal from JET-ILW after T and D–T experimental campaigns
Authors: Matveev D. , Douai D. , Wauters T. , Widdowson A. , Jepu I. , Maslov M. , Brezinsek S. , Dittmar T. , Monakhov I. , Jacquet P. , Dumortier P. , Sheikh H. , Felton R. , Lowry C. , Ciric D. , Banks J. , Buckingham R. , Weisen H. , Laguardia L. , Gervasini G. , de la Cal E. , Delabie E. , Ghani Z. , Gaspar J. , Romazanov J. , Groth M. , Kumpulainen H. , Karhunen J. , Knipe S. , Aleiferis S. , Loarer T. , Meigs A. , Noble C. , Papadopoulos G. , Pawelec E. , Romanelli S. , Silburn S. , Joffrin E. , Tsitrone E. , Rimini F. , Maggi C.F. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

After the second Deuterium–Tritium Campaign (DTE2) in the JET tokamak with the ITER-Like Wall (ILW) and full tritium campaigns that preceded and followed after the DTE2, a sequence of fuel recovery methods was applied to promote tritium removal from wall components. The sequence started with several days of baking of the main chamber walls at 240 °C and at 320 °C. Subsequently, baking was superimposed with Ion-Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) cleaning cycles in deuterium. Diverted plasma operation in deuterium with different strike point configurations, including a Raised Inner Strike Point (RISP) configuration, and with different plasma heating—Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) and Neutral Beam Injection (NBI)—concluded the cleaning sequence. Tritium content in plasma and in the pumped gas was monitored throughout the experiment. The applied fuel recovery methods allowed reducing the residual tritium content in deuterium NBI-heated plasmas to about 0.1% as deduced from neutron rate measurements. This value is well below the requirement of 1% set by the maximum 14 MeV fusion neutron budget allocated in the ensuing deuterium plasma campaign. The quantified tritium removal over the course of the experiment was

13.4
±
0.7

×

10

22

atoms or

0.67
±
0.03

g with ∼58% attributed to baking, ∼12.5% to ICWC, ∼26% to GDC, and ∼3.5% to first low power RISP plasmas. The experimentally estimated amount of removed tritium is in good agreement with long-term tritium accounting by the JET tritium reprocessing plant, in which the unaccounted amount was reduced by

0.71

g after the cleaning experiment.
Isotope physics of heat and particle transport with tritium in JET-ILW type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas
Authors: Schneider P.A. , Angioni C. , Auriemma F. , Bonanomi N. , Görler T. , Henriques R. , Horvath L. , King D. , Lorenzini R. , Nyström H. , Maslov M. , Ruiz J. , Szepesi G. , Challis C.D. , Chomiczewska A. , Delabie E. , Fontdecaba J.M. , Frassinetti L. , Garcia J. , Giroud C. , Hillesheim J. , Hobirk J. , Kappatou A. , Keeling D.L. , Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E. , Lennholm M. , Lomanowski B. , Luda di Cortemiglia T. , Maggi C.F. , Menmuir S. , Pucella G. , Thorman A. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

As part the DTE2 campaign in the JET tokamak, we conducted a parameter scan in T and D-T complementing existing pulses in H and D. For the different main ion masses, type-I ELMy H-modes at fixed plasma current and magnetic field can have the pedestal pressure varying by a factor of 4 and the total pressure changing from

β

N

=
1.0

to 3.0. We investigated the pedestal and core isotope mass dependencies using this extensive data set. The pedestal shows a strong mass dependence on the density, which influences the core due to the strong coupling between both plasma regions. To better understand the causes for the observed isotope mass dependence in the pedestal, we analysed the interplay between heat and particle transport and the edge localised mode (ELM) stability. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic ELM cycle model with basic transport assumptions and a realistic neutral penetration. The temporal evolution and resulting ELM frequency introduce an additional experimental constraint that conventional quasi-stationary transport analysis cannot provide. Our model shows that a mass dependence in the ELM stability or in the transport alone cannot explain the observations. One requires a mass dependence in the ELM stability as well as one in the particle sources. The core confinement time increases with pedestal pressure for all isotope masses due to profile stiffness and electromagnetic turbulence stabilisation. Interestingly, T and D-T plasmas show an improved core confinement time compared to H and D plasmas even for matched pedestal pressures. For T, this improvement is largely due to the unique pedestal composition of higher densities and lower temperatures than H and D. With a reduced gyroBohm factor at lower temperatures, more turbulent drive in the form of steeper gradients is required to transport the same amount of heat. This picture is supported by quasilinear flux-driven modelling using TGLF-SAT2 within Astra. With the experimental boundary condition TGLF-SAT2 predicts the core profiles well for gyroBohm heat fluxes

>

15

, however, overestimates the heat and particle transport closer to the turbulent threshold.
Minimization of the edge modes and near fields of a travelling wave array antenna for WEST
Authors: Maquet V. , Ragona R. , Durodié F. , Hillairet J. , Milanesio D.
Published: October 2023

The travelling wave array (TWA) antenna has been proposed as a promising alternative for ion cyclotron resonant heating in future fusion reactors. In this study, the possibility to make a TWA compatible with a tungsten environment like the WEST tokamak is assessed. For this purpose, two aspects of the antenna are investigated: the power spectrum and the near fields excited by the antenna. The sensitivity of these parameters to load and capacitor layout variations is taken into account while satisfying a proper antenna frequency response. The sensitivity of the power spectrum to frequency variation is also investigated to allow the possibility of fast feedback of the power deposition into the core plasma of WEST. The high resilience of the TWA to these variations is demonstrated and the main parameters of the TWA expected in WEST are compared to a current WEST antenna for the same loading. Possible optimizations of the TWA antenna are discussed. The present study is fully transferable to a fusion reactor like DEMO or ARC.
Utilizing LANDSAT data and the Maximum Likelihood Classifier for Analysing Land Use Patterns in Shimoga, Karnataka
Authors: Ganesh Babitha , Vincent Shweta , Pathan Sameena , Benitez Silvia Raquel Garcia
Published: October 2023

The loss of natural resources has been linked to rapid and invasive urbanization, which in turn worsens the local environment’s scenery and conditions. Preparation of a land use land cover(LULC) map is one of the methods to observe the changes in the geological structure of the study area. The LULU map gives an idea of changes that are occurring during the specified period which will in turn helps in suggesting the measures to be taken to prevent the chances of natural disasters that might occur because of these changes. This study uses a collection of LANDSAT images to evaluate changes in LULC in the Shimoga district for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020. For the classification and creation of LULC maps for the chosen periods, a supervised technique using a Maximum Likelihood Classifier(MLC) has been used. Waterbodies, urban areas, forest areas, and agricultural land have been recognized as the main classes of LULC. The overall accuracy of these maps has been evaluated while taking into account ground facts from Google Earth Pro. The overall accuracy for classification obtained is 85.03% for 2010, 85.27% for 2015, and 85.61% for 2020. The classifier created using LANDSAT scenes and the MLC approach performs well for the research area, as seen by the Kappa index values of 0.8, 0.8, and 0.81 for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. The study’s findings indicate that over ten years, the proportion of built-up areas has expanded from 2.8% to 5.4%. When a 2.49% increase occurs in just 10 years, it is necessary to be concerned given the rise of only 1.6% over the previous 40 years. It can also be observed that the proportion of agricultural land has expanded while the fraction of forests has diminished in the study area. The findings of this study are useful in determining that LULC changes are one of the causes of natural disasters including landslides, floods, and forest fires.
Performance analysis of machine learning algorithms: Single Model VS Ensemble Model
Authors: Pawar Arti , Manjula Shenoy K , Prabhu Srikanth , Guruprasad Rai D
Published: October 2023

Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that predicts several naturally occurring events by training a model with some data and then using unseen data to test it. This paper seeks to analyze the performances of single and ensemble machine learning algorithms on the Cleveland Heart disease data set. Experimental study proves that the accuracy score and area under the ROC curve in the ensemble machine learning model is higher than the single machine learning model in predicting non-CVD and CVD patients.
Handwritten Kannada Character Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning
Authors: Madhu S B , Aravinda C V , Sannidhan M S
Published: October 2023

Handwritten Kannada Character Recognition is special field of pattern recognition as different human being will have their own handwritten styles, machine considers even noise as a pattern. In order to classify each character, we present Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning techniques. Here we use 74k dataset and labelling individual character as one class totally we had made 25 classes. Initially we pre-process each image of character to remove noise, convert to gray-scale, applied gaussian blur and canny edge detection and cropped the images and at last resizing it. These methods help in training neural networks to recognize the characters with good accuracy. Then we apply transfer learning to same dataset, here we resize image into three-dimensional and convert images into gray-scale and using xception we train the model. Even though a few of the kannada language’s characters have similarities, this model can accurately categorise each character to the appropriate class and identify it with better accuracy than CNN.
A Comparative Study Of Algorithmic Efficiency Of Feature Selection Algorithm On Microarray
Authors: Shankari B Uma , kumar C Arun
Published: October 2023

A key challenge before classification can take place is feature selection. An effective feature selection method would increase classification accuracy and simultaneously reduce computation costs and time. A variety of filter approaches, along with different search algorithms, were considered in this study. Five traditional classifiers were evaluated on the selected gene subsets: Random Forest, Sequential minimal optimization algorithm, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and K-Nearest Neighbour. The datasets chosen for this analysis are the microarray gene expression data of two types of cancers: Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL)/Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and Lung cancer. According to the experimental results, a fuzzy rough subset combined with Genetic Search selects optimal relevant gene subsets and produces significantly good classifier accuracy. Compared to classical classifiers described here, this research finds that Random Forest classifiers yield 94.33% on the raw dataset and 100% classifier accuracy after applying feature selection methods. Utilizing conventional methods like Precision, Recall, F-Score, and Region of Characteristics, MCC Matthews correlation coefficient, results are validated.
Osteoporosis Detection Using Deep Learning on X-Ray images of Human Spine
Authors: Mane Pallavi R , Vemulapalli Jaswant , Reddy Nallamilli Srikar , Anudeep Nelanutala , Prabhu Ghanashyama
Published: October 2023

Osteoporosis is a condition, which results in weakness of bones, and its effects grow detrimental as the person ages. Currently, there is no proven cure for Osteoporosis, so early detection is the most prudent way to slow down its effects. The work implements classification models based on CNN and other deep learning models to detect and classify osteoporosis using human spine X-ray image datasets made publicly available by kaggle. This paper presents various deep learning models incorporating transfer learning on hybrid combinations to train and test for better results. Result conveyed through accuracy, Confusion Matrix, Precision, Recall, F1 score, AUC, and observes considerable improvement when compared to previous works.
Design and implementation of a Low power Adder Circuit Using LECTOR Technique
Authors: Sai Surendra CA , Yashwanth N
Published: October 2023

This work implements a 1-bit FA circuit with the CMOS logic with XOR-XNOR combinations. For sum and carry, pass transistors are used to generate the output by combining with XOR, XNOR and CMOS design, and the optimised full adder is implemented with the help of LECTOR technique to control the leakage power. As scaling of CMOS technology has shown improvement in the speed but the leakage power are left to act as major effect. low power VLSI is a new discipline in which high power consumption is becoming an important criteria. But when refers to battery life, high power dissipation is not recommended for device applications. It affects performance, raises cooling expenses, and shortens battery capacity. The switching, dynamic and leakage power changes the inputs significantly. There are several typical reduction strategies available to lower the energy of circuits. By implementing the reduced FA with the leakage power control technique the number of transistors reduced than the normal full adder. The proposed design has static and total power of 5.08nw and 8.33uw for XNOR and for XOR of 12.36nw and 8.56uw. A FA is designed using these technique the obtained results for static and total power are 12.38uw 8.58uw. For the above circuits, a comparison of various static and total power dissipations is conducted. CADENCE-VIRTUOSO is used to simulate circuits using 90nm technology with a 1.2V power supply.
Exploring Design Optimisation Techniques of a Radio Telescope Using Fixed Costing Constraints
Authors: Iyer Aditya Arun , Prabhu Gautham Manuru , Gupta Tanay , Deshmukh Shrey , Rivankar Rushit
Published: October 2023

Cost optimization is a common problem encountered in the design of telescopes. This paper comprehensively discusses various radio telescope designs worldwide, focusing on their design and utilities. It contextualizes the Pulsar data challenge and subsequently discusses and develops a mathematical model for designing radio telescopes. The model assumes a fixed-cost budget. This paper expands current ideas of modeling the system using figure-of-merit equations and optimizing them based on a fixed budget to obtain optimal and affordable radio telescope designs.
Design and Analysis of Four Port Router for Network-On-Chip Applications
Authors: Samanth Rashmi , Nayak Subramanya G.
Published: October 2023

System-On-Chip (SoC) is a popular VLSI technology that integrates multiple devices onto a single chip. The Network-On-Chip (NOC) concept, which is a novel paradigm in sophisticated System-On-Chip designs that offers efficient communication throughout the on-chip networks, is used to communicate amongst various devices. The router is the main component in an NoC architecture that is responsible for routing information. Packets are sent through a network by an NoC made up of routers. A routing algorithm divides packets into flow control digits (flits) and determines their paths. The placement of routers is determined by the network topology. In the present work, the main target is to design and analyse the router, which is primarily based on a number of critical factors, including topology, routing algorithm, and packet format. The performance of the suggested router is evaluated and compared to that of the Conventional Wormhole Router (CWHR) with respect to power and slack time (ST). When compared to a traditional wormhole router, the proposed router architecture has 18% less slack. As a result, total power consumption is reduced by 29.3% as compared to traditional wormhole architecture. The architecture is synthesized using Cadence Encounter RTL Compiler using standard 65nm technology.
Review of LOFAR and its application on Pulsars
Authors: Andharmule Saransh , Mutha Mayank Jain Banda , Kothari Siya
Published: October 2023

Pulsars are magnetized neutron stars which have provided us a great insight into the evolution of the neutron stars themselves. We here present the application of the existing LOFAR technology on Pulsar observation, since LOFAR observes the unexplored frequencies of 10-240 MHz. This paper summarizes the system design of LOFAR and shows how this can be used to observe the Pulsars, since recent studies have presented that pulsars observation is possible in the low frequency range.
A Review on Estimation of soil Macronutrients using Satellite Image Processing
Authors: Bera Swagota , Shrivastava Arti , Agrawal Himani , Mandal Sunandal
Published: October 2023

Major portion of Indian economy depends on agriculture. More than 40 % of the Indian land is used for agriculture which contributes to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country and also provides employ to the population of the country. Increment in the population day by day increases the requirement for the increment in the yield of the agricultural products. There are several factors which is responsible to control the agricultural product yield. Among them Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are the macronutrients are the vital elements of the soil . Due to the instability in the climatic condition of India and also due to other biotic and abiotic factors macronutrients get varies. To increase the crop yield, the perfect handling of macronutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are required. As the technology is developing day by day, the application of remote sensing in agriculture is becoming promising. The satellite images of agricultural land can be processed and analysed to provide vital information for efficient agricultural practices. This paper is the review of the present state of art in the field of satellite image processing techniques for the estimation of the macronutrients of the agricultural land. This review will promote the acceptance of hyperspectral image technology for the investigation of soil NPK.
NGC 5216: An interesting galaxy with a sign of merging activity
Authors: Tamrakar Amit Kumar , Chaware Laxmikant
Published: October 2023

We present results of isophotal shape analysis of an interesting elliptical galaxy NGC 5216 with a clear sign of merging activity with its companion galaxy NGC 5218. We have used r-bands image analysis of the galaxy from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 9 (i.e. SDSS DR9) to perform bulge-disk decomposition of the light profile of the galaxy. We look for the correlation between systematic departure of isophotes from pure ellipses along the semi-major axis of the galaxies. The contour image of the galaxy clearly indicates that stellar mass exchange is taking place via a star forming bridge. The estimated B/T value confirms its morphology as an elliptical galaxy.
Mathematical modelling of gear upshift and downshift schedule for two-wheeler amt transmission
Authors: Chitgopkar Abhishek , Sakle N A , Bhateshvar Y K
Published: October 2023

Gear shifting strategy is the key for the successful working of an automated manual transmission (AMT) as it affects the driving experience, fuel economy and dynamic performance of the vehicle. Depending upon the driver’s requirement, AMT can be designed for maximum acceleration performance and fuel efficiency. This project involves generation of gear shift schedule for both the maximum acceleration and fuel economy performance. To generate the gear shift schedule, a mathematical model is developed in MATLAB environment which takes input parameters as: vehicle speed, acceleration and throttle position. For generation of gear upshift schedule for maximum acceleration and fuel economy equation relating acceleration with tractive forces and vehicle’s fuel consumption equation at different throttle position is used respectively. Fuel consumption equation relates to brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) along with vehicle structure. In order to obtain BSFC data, a GT-SUITE model of motorcycle is developed which incorporates data like gear ratio, power, torque and motorcycle weight. Finally, a buffer zone is applied to generated upshift schedule for both maximum acceleration and fuel economy case to get the downshift schedule. The generated gear shift schedule can be utilized for the development of the retrofit AMT kit on manual transmission motorcycle.
Reconfiguration of Distribution Network based DG and Capacitors using Grey Wolf Algorithm for Power Loss Reduction
Authors: Rajalakshmi K. , Vishnupriyan S. , Saravanakumar M.N. , Parivendhan J. , Lese S.
Published: October 2023

Network reconfiguration is one of the methods used for power loss reduction in distribution network by altering the close/open position of Tie/Sectionalizing switches without interruption of power to all loads. The other methods used are placing of distribution generators and connecting capacitors. The best results are obtained when all the three are used simultaneously using grey wolf algorithm which is a recent evolutionary algorithm which gives the place of connection and values of capacitor and distribution generators along with sectionalizing switches which are to be opened. This algorithm was implemented for a standard 33 and 69 bus distribution system in a MATLAB environment for comparing with other algorithms with constraints. This algorithm has good exploration (new search) and exploitation (thorough local search) potential for application in many power system optimization problems.
Design of Cold Plate for a Battery Pack, it’s Experimental Analysis and Simulation.
Authors: Meshram G P , Sable M J , Gosavi S C
Published: October 2023

The battery is the heart of the Electric Vehicle. Electric vehicles have become popular due to their high tank-to-wheels efficiency and zero-emission. The Electric Vehicles batteries generate heat during operation, and this heat generated must be reduced (cooled) to ensure the safety and long life of the vehicle. Thermal management systems (TMS) are essential for the proper functioning of EV battery pack. This research focuses on the development of cold plate for a battery pack, its experimental and simulation analysis. The battery pack used in this research has a capacity of 250 Wh and the cold plate is designed to dissipate heat from the battery cells to maintain their temperature within a safe operating range (20 – 40°C). The experimental analysis involves testing of the cold plate under different operating conditions, including varying coolant flow rates, discharge C rates and ambient temperatures. The ANSYS Fluent software is used to develop the digital twin (simulational model) to model the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the cold plate being used in battery pack. The simulation results are to be validated against the experimental results. The main objective of this research is to match the simulation result with the experimental result, thus validating the results of digital twin as an effective tool for cold plate design optimization in battery pack thermal management system. The digital twin can be used to make battery pack of bigger scale with cooling system.[2]
Emerging Technologies in Displacement Amplification of Lever and Bridge-Type Compliant Mechanism: A Review Article
Authors: Kolate Vijay Dilip , Darade P. D. , Deshmukh Harshada , Patil S. R.
Published: October 2023

This review article provides a survey of emerging technologies in displacement amplification of lever-type and bridge-type compliant mechanisms. The displacement amplification is possible with a compliant mechanism. The compliant mechanism is beneficial and efficient because of simplicity in the design and where there is accuracy, compactness, and precision is needed. We can use various categories of displacement amplification of the compliant mechanism depending upon the application. In recent years, displacement amplification of compliant mechanisms gain more attention to the researchers due to the superiority of the mechanical compliant mechanism is compared with a rigid-body mechanism. Displacement amplification compliant mechanism such as bridge types, lever type, a micro-Leverage Mechanism has briefly discussed. The performance parameters such as the principle of working, types of displacement compliant mechanism, fabrication process, operating frequency and displacement amplification ratio are found out
Failure Analysis of Radio Frequency Coil in MRI System
Authors: Sale Yash P , Pise Uday
Published: October 2023

Magnetic Resonance Imaging system and their working is itself very complex in nature. Any minor non-compliance will lead to failure of entire radio frequency coil. In this research paper, we are considering the failure of coil due to breakage of studs on outer frame during assembly. Seven Quality Control Techniques are used to find the root cause and check the effectiveness of implemented measures. Existing material shows extra stickiness during molding operation, that increases the stress within frame. Manual heat stacking process is used for insertion of metal insert, due to its uncontrollable measures, bulging was observed on studs. Sharp edges on the frame concentrate the stress and accelerate the breakage of stud while torquing screw. After research, we finalize alternative material which show better molding properties, introduced automation in heat stacking process and changed design of molding tool. In proto batch production, considerable change observed, like 18% decrease in maximum principal stress and 12% decrease in total deflection were observed.
Design and analysis of newly developed two-wheeler shock absorber helical spring
Authors: Hait Mongaldip , Dey Tapobrata , Sarnobat Sandeep S
Published: October 2023

The Elasticity property/Spring theory indicates that a long lasting spring is always showing small deflection and high stiffness and this property makes it comfortable for any applications. The present investigation deals with a comparative analysis carried out on the basis of sustainability of helical spring that is extensively used in suspension system, to increase the work efficiency of the shock absorber. A suspension system or a shock absorber is a mechanical device that is used to absorb shocks when riding in rough terrains. Stainless Steel grade (AISI316 & AISI302), High Carbon Steel (Music wire grade ASTM A228 & Hard drawn grade ASTM A227) and Alloy Steel (Chrome vanadium grade ASTM A231 & Chrome silicon grade ASTM A401) springs have been utilized throughout the study followed by applying compressive load. In order to enhance the mechanical property of the helical spring, alloy steel based material has been used instead of stainless steel. During this investigation a new shock absorber spring has been designed with the help of Solid Works software and the static structural analysis of the so formed model has been conducted via FEA.
Dynamic Analysis of Gun Barrel Deflection Due to Moving Projectile over Barrel length
Authors: Kakde Vishal Rajesh , Prasad Krishna Nandan , Selmokar Preetam , Mohite Suhas
Published: October 2023

In this paper, the Gun Barrel, which is equated to a cantilever beam is subjected to a moving load and its deflection is observed. The output is received through both analytical and numerical methods and a comparison is drawn to support the above arguments. The analytical solution is obtained on Maple software and its numerical counterpart is observed on MATLAB software. The Central Difference Method is employed for the numerical method and Rayleigh damping is used for the calculation of damping matrices. The projectile part of the study is considered as a moving load and hence is viewed as the same in all aspects of the paper. The velocity of the load is constant and retains its value over the complete length of the beam. Overall, this paper attempts to cover a generalized study of the subject matter and intends to shed light on possible applications of the same.
Development of Non-Conventional Method of Lissajous pattern for gear fault diagnosis using Machine Learning Technique
Authors: Bankar Akshay , Wani K.P.
Published: October 2023

Gears are major elements in machine parts and automotive systems, to transmitting torque and energy between components. As gears are under severe loads and stresses, they can create different types of faults and defects over period, impacting their own performance and reliability. Fault detection is an essential part of gear maintenance because that allows potential issues to be detected before they induce failures or expensive breakdowns. Technicians can identify early indications of wear, imbalance, damage, or even other concerns that might compromise their performance or lead to premature failure by monitoring the condition of gears. The industry has conventionally used vibration signals, thermography, oil analysis, and visually inspecting to diagnose faults. These techniques also have significant limitations which can decrease their accuracy in detecting faults and the cost is also very high. To overcome these limitations, new methods such as Lissajous pattern developed for fault detection in gears. These techniques have proved impressive outcomes in fault detection which have been previously undetectable using Conventional methods. This study evaluates the accuracy, performance, and cost-effectiveness of conventional and non-conventional techniques to determine the best method for fault diagnosis. Once compared to the conventional method, the Lissajous method obtained better accuracy than conventional method.
Improving crash-worthiness and occupant safety of bus seat structures in frontal crashes as per AIS023 using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Purohit Pritee , Gurav Raviraj , Nalavade Sandeep
Published: October 2023

Buses are a popular mode of traveling worldwide. In the incidence of a frontal crash (also called a “Head-on collision”) the passengers seating in the second and further rows gets injured due to sudden impact over the front seats. Any accident can cause injury, but statistics show that head-on crashes are even more likely to result in serious harm or fatality to the driver or passengers in either vehicle. During the frontal crash of a bus, if a passenger collides with the next seat and the seat structure performs rigidly it leads to severe injuries. At the same time the front seat should have enough strength to avoid total collapse of the seat. Thus, to avoid injuries, the seat should absorb impact energy and provide sufficient strength. The present study includes The Finite Element Analysis for bus seat as per the AIS-023 setup with the LS-DYNA explicit tool is carried in the present work. The present results ensure the safety capability of the seat structure in a frontal impact.