bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dejar como verbo de causatividad positiva
Authors: Castellanos Armenta Julieta , Maldonado Soto Ricardo
Published: February 2020

This paper describes the semantic and syntactic conditions determining causative constructions with dejar (dejar + infinitive/gerund) inducing positive causation. Based on 20th Century Mexican Spanish data, we will argue that the type of causation of these structures is determined by the way in which the causative force is imposed —according to Force Dynamics (Talmy, 1988). This is determined by the verb internal structure, the features of the stimulus inciting the event and the reaction of the causee to the main event impulse (resistance/participation).
Emulgel Formulation of Purified Extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Leaf
Authors: Wuryandari Tutik , Sugihartini Nining , Kintoko Kintoko
Published: February 2020

Moringa oleifera, known as moringa, is reported to have a high source of natural antioxidants, especially vitamin E. The formulation of purified Moringa leaf extract is needed so that the vitamin E content in it is more maximal. This study aimed to determine the levels of vitamin E in extracts after purification, physical property test of emulgel with variations in extract concentration and vitamin E levels in emulsions. The study was started from the extraction using maceration method with petroleum ether solvent, followed by extract purification using column chromatography with n-hexane solvent. The results of the purified extract were then formulated into emulgel with three concentrations of 3% (F1), 6% (F2) and 9% (F3). Emulgel was then evaluated for physical characteristics (pH, viscosity, adhesion, dispersion and stability). Determination of vitamin E levels was carried out on purified extract samples and on each formula. The results of non-specific standardization of extracts included ash content, acidic insoluble ash content were higher than those of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia literature and drying losses were lower compared to literature. Specific standardization of extracts was the content of vitamin E in 1.40% PE extract and 8.02% purified extract. In the test of emulgel physical characteristics, an increase in the concentration of the extract caused an increase in viscosity and decreased emulgel dispersion power. Whereas, tthe pH and sticky power remained the same. Storage hds an effect on decreasing the physical characteristics of emulsions especially on adhesion. Increased extracts also caused an increase in the levels of vitamin E in the purified extract of moringa leaf emulgel.
Microbiological Assessment of Fresh Expressed Breast Milk on Room Temperature at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Neonatal Unit
Authors: Widjaja Nur Aisyah , Hardiyani Kartika , Hanindita Meta Herdiana , Irawan Roedi
Published: February 2020

Storing EBM at room temperature in several hours before consuming, frequently found in Indonesia. Based on Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine guidelines EBM can last for 6 to 8 hours in room temperature (25oC or 77oF). However, currently there hasn’t been study in tropical country especially Indonesia for the guidelines. This study aimed to assess microbiological quality of EBM on room temperature, including bacterial growth and major bacterial found on EBM for health care and society recommendations. An observational study of 30 expressed breast milk samples provided by 30 healthy women with term baby below 6 month old. The samples were kept sterile and laid at plates for 0 hours, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours in room temperature (26°-32° C) and used drop plate technique on several culture media. Data was analyzed by Chi-square and paired sample T-test. Thirty of unheated fresh EBM from 30 lactating mothers were stored at room temperature, examined for the degree of bacterial contamination at 0 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. All the EBM samples were contaminated at 2 hour. Bacterial species identified was Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus faecalis, range of growth 109 cfu/ml-63 x 109 cfu/mm3 after 6 hour of storage. The EBM exposed at room temperature (30-36oC) for more than two hour reduce the quality and do not recommended to be given to the infants.
Assessment of the Rapid Immunochromatographic Test as a Diagnostic Tool for Norovirus Related Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Ranuh Reza Gunadi , Athiyyah Alpha Fardah , PA Deanty Ayu , Darma Andy , Rahardjo Dadik , Shirakawa Toshiro , Sudarmo Subijanto Marto
Published: February 2020

In developing countries, Norovirus is the second-leading cause of acute diarrhea, after rotavirus. The approved gold standard method for diagnosis of norovirus infection is RT-PCR. The rapid immunochromatographic test is a novel and expedient method for diagnosing norovirus that is relatively affordable. However, the use of the rapid immunochromatographic test remains controversial because of its accuracy. This study aimed to explore whether the rapid immunochromatographic test could be used for diagnosing norovirus-related diarrhea in children. Rapid immunochromatographic test (QuickNaviTM-Norovirus2) and RT-PCR on stool samples was used to diagnose norovirus. Stool samples were obtained from pediatric patients aged between 1 and 60 months who had diarrhea and were admitted to the pediatric ward at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, between April 2013 and March 2014. Ninety-four subjects provided stool samples that were tested using QuickNaviTM-Noro2 and RT-PCR. Using the test, 64 samples tested positive for norovirus and 30 tested negatives. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the rapid immunochromatographic test were consecutively 90.3%, 42.9%, 43.8%, 90%, and 58.5%. RT-PCR was used to test all samples to assess the accuracy, which showed that one from 31 samples contained the GI strain (1.1%), while 30 samples (32%) contained the GII strain. This study definitively establishes that the rapid immunochromatography test is not sufficiently accurate for use as a screening or diagnostic tool in norovirus-related diarrhea cases in children.
Correlation of Lower Limb Muscles and Body Mass Index with Body Balance in the Elderly
Authors: Valentina Natasya , Kurniawati Patricia M , Maramis Margarita M
Published: February 2020

Indonesia enters the ageing population because of increasing elderly population. The large number of ederly population can have negative impact if they have some problems, such as increased disability and increased rates of life dependence. Based on health research, it was mentioned that the cause of the most injuries to the elderly group is falls that are caused by balance disorder. Balance problems can be caused by changes of musculoskeletal function. In addition, Body Mass Index (BMI) is still a problem that often occurs in the elderly that can affect daily activities. The objective of this study was to prove that lower limb muscle strength and BMI have correlation with body balance in the elderly. This study used a cross-sectional method carried out on individuals from affordable populations with Kendall Tau C data analysis. Thirty-nine respondents were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were taken from these respondents on weight and height measurement for BMI, size of lower limb muscle strength using a leg dynamometer, and body balance based on risk of falls using Berg’s balance scale. We obtained significant score 0,000 for correlation between lower limb muscle strength with body balance in elderly, and correlation between BMI with body balance in elderly. In conclusion, there is strong positive correlation between lower limb muscle strength with body balance in elderly. It is shown by the better muscle strength; the risk of falling in the elderly is getting lower. There is strong positive correlation between BMI with body balance in elderly. It is shown by increasing BMI away from normal scale; the risk of falling is higher.
Effectivity of Erythropoietin Alpha Compared to Erythropoietin Beta in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease-Anemia on Hemodialysis
Authors: Prasetya Anak Agung Ngurah Putra Riana , Suprapti Budi , Shanti Bayu Dharma
Published: February 2020

Anemia in patient with chronic kidney disease could cause a lot of complication. The first line therapy of this condition is by treating with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) or called erythropoietin. The erythropoietin alpha and beta were two types of the human recombinant erythropoietin that are usually used in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the effectivity of erythropoietin alpha compared to erythropoietin beta especially in haemoglobin and haematocrit level. This prospective observational study was conducted in March – September 2016. The inclusion criteria were CKD stage 5 patients with a minimum of 3 months of regular hemodialysis, Hb <10 g/dL with enough iron status ST > 20% and FS > 200ng/mL. The methology of this study had been approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Bhayangkara H.S. Samsoeri Mertojoso Hospital, Surabaya. Patients received 2000 IU subcutaneous erythropoietin twice a week on both groups. Blood sample was withdrawn in pre-treatment and after 4 weeks of post erythropoietin therapy treatment for measurement of haemoglobin and haematocrit. Target for this erythropoietin therapy are increase of Hb 0.5 – 1.5 g/dL (not to exceed 12 g/dL) and increase of Hct level 2 – 4 % in 4 weeks. Based on the inclusion criteria, there were 20 patients in this study (10 patient each of both erythropoietin alpha either beta group) that consist of 7 women and 13 men. After the treatment, the mean of increased haemoglobin level for erythropoietin alpha group was 1.28 ± 0.80 g/dL (p=0.001) and erythropoietin beta was 0.37 ± 0.95 g/dL (p=0.254). The mean of increased haematocrit level for erytropoietin alpha group was 3.56 ± 3.46 % (p=0.010) and erythropoietin beta was 1.34 ± 2.71 % (p=0.152). In comparison of haemoglobin and haematocrit achievement in both groups showed that erythropoietin alpha gave better achievement in haemoglobin parameter (p=0.033), but there were no differences in both groups on haematocrit parameters (p=0.127).
Analysis of IFN- And IL-10 Levels as Markers of Inflamation and Response Therapy of Anti-Tuberculosis in MDR Lung TB Patients
Authors: Setyawati Herni , Soedarsono Soedarsono , Yulistiani Yulistiani , Fatmawati Umi
Published: February 2020

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampisin, the two most potent TB drug. Immune response to against Mycobacterum tuberculosis infection is related to the function of immunity. The function of interferon-γ (pro-inflammatory) is to activate macrophages, to stimulate antimicrobial molecules (to reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide), and to inhibits interleukin-10. Interleukin-10 function is to triggers humoral immunity, to inhibit IFN- γ. This study aimed to analyze level changes and the correlation with clinical data, also months of MDR TB patients who received standard OAT therapy. This was an observational study using cross sectional design. There were 29 patients who received standard MDR TB OAT therapy from 1-24 months, who met the inclusion criteria. Then, the patients were divided based on duration of the therapy, which are the initial/intensive and advanced phase. The initial phase divided into 2: first one is for 1-4 months therapy’s time (5 patients) and the second one is for more than 4-8 months (6 patients). Then, the advanced group divided into two groups again, which are third group with more than 8-16 months (13 patients) and fouth group with more than 16-24 months (5 patients). Then, measured serum concentration IFN-γ, IL-10 at the start of the study and 4 weeks later with the ELISA method. This research during the period July-December (6 months). IFN-γ post concentrations were decreased by 39.14 ± 139.12 pg/mL (p > 0.05). The concentration of IL-10 was decreased by 33.93 ± 109.20pg/mL (p>0.05). Based on the TB score bandim method during pre and posts results were 1 patient experienced severity change from severity class 1 to 2, 1 patient from severity class 2 to 1, 1 patient remained in severity 2 and 26 patient remained in severity 1. The results showed that serum IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in initial/intensive and advanced phase patients who received MDR TB regiment after four weeks did not changed.
Case Report: The Role of Intravascular Ultrasonography in Patients Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Oktaviono Yudi Her , Putri Alisia Yuana
Published: February 2020

Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) has an important role as a complimentary diagnostic tool in percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. IVUS provides valuable information regarding coronary vessel lumen and dimension and also plaque burden and its characteristic. The main use of IVUS in PCI is to guide the choose of interventional strategies to optimize stent deployment. Since drug eluting stent (DES) has promised to decrease the incidence in stent restenosis and stent thrombosis than bare metal stent, but neither the suboptimal results nor the complication after stenting with DES is still high. Thus, optimization of stent deployment under IVUS guidance is important in cases to decrease stent failure after PCI procedure, as well as to decrease complication rate after stenting in order to decrease mortality rate caused by coronary artery disease. We present here the use of IVUS guidance in a 43 and 46 year-old man underwent PCI.
Case Report: Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Catheter Migration and Transanal Extrusion in Persistent Vegetative State Adult Patient
Authors: Fauzi Asra Al , Parenrengi Muhammad Arifin , Wahyuhadi Joni , Subagio Eko Agus , Turchan Agus
Published: February 2020

The complications of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are many and are reported in literature extensively. The complication of transanal extrusion after bowel perforation is known although rare. This complication is very well described amongst the children. The authors describe the case of bowel perforation and transanal extrusion of a VP shunt occurring in a 51-year-old adult patient. The patient has a history of craniotomy for acute subdural hematoma after severe head injury one year ago continued with VP shunt for post-traumatic hydrocephalus. Home care with bedridden conditions is done at home until finally, the family gets the catheter extrude from the transanal. Bowel perforation and transanal extrusion of VP shunt catheter is a rare but serious problem. The exact pathogenesis of shunt-related organ perforation and extrusion through the anus is unclear, and various mechanisms have been suggested, Among many factors, age is the prominent factor for bowel perforation.1 Because of weak bowel musculature and stronger peristaltic activity, children are more susceptible to bowel perforation than adult patients. In adult shunted patient, one of the risk factors is related to PVS with chronic immobilization, as described in this case. Risk factors of bowel perforation in adult are quite distinct from children. Persistent vegetative state (PVS) with chronic immobilization is one of the risk factors to be aware of.
Random Pullback Attractor of a Non-autonomous Local Modified Stochastic Swift-Hohenberg with Multiplicative Noise
Authors: Li Yongjun , Zhao Tinggang , Wu Hongqing
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we study the existence of the random -pullback attractor of a non-autonomous local modiﬁed stochastic Swift-Hohenberg equation with multiplicative noise in stratonovich sense. It is shown that a random -pullback attractor exists in when its external force has exponential growth. Due to the stochastic term, the estimate are delicate, we overcome this difficulty by using the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck(O-U) transformation and its properties.
Evaluation of Combined Use of Drought Indices in the Case of Konya Closed Basin
Authors: Dalkilic Huseyin Yildirim
Published: February 2020

The climate covers a series of events that deeply affect human life. It is possible to understand these events through spatial and statistical analyzes. Today, climate change, which is one of the most important of these events and the impact factors of consequences of this change, become a current issue. Drought is cited as one of the consequences of climate change and it is important to examine it with various methods as it can give negative results to both the economy and the nature. In this study, the drought status of the regions where these stations are located and the effects of drought on climate change were statistically calculated and evaluated using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percentage of Normal Index (PNI), Aridity Index (AI) and Standardized Precipitation -Evopotranspiration Index (SPEI). The precipitation data from 1981 to 2010 were obtained from Cihanbeyli, Karapınar, Çumra, Seydişehir, Kulu, Ereğli, Niğde, Karaman, Beyşehir and Aksaray meteorology stations affiliated to Turkish State Meteorological Service. At the same time, factor analysis and validity-reliability analysis were conducted to test the computability of the indices used in the study as a single index and to determine the reliability of the operations. While using exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Barlett test for factor analysis; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for reliability analysis. In our study, K-Means Cluster Analysis method was performed to determine the cutoff values of indices. According to the result of cluster analysis for the new (common) index, new clusters were created and ANOVA test was conducted to determine whether there was a difference between clusters.
PEMBERDAYAAN ANAK PANTI ASUHAN AN-NAHL DAN YAUMIHA DI KABUPATEN SRAGEN MELALUI KETRAMPILAN BETERNAK AYAM RAS PETELUR
Authors: Dewanti Ratih , Sudiyono Sudiyono
Published: February 2020

IbM activity was held at the An-Nahl and YAUMIHA orphanage Sragen. The method were counseling, training, and mentoring maintenance layer, providing complete equipment, marketing and management administration and composting. The target of outcomes are resulting child in orphanage which economically independent, and sustainable of layer egg production. There were 96 bateray cages, place of feed, nipple drinker, eggtray, 96 Brown Leghorn pullet and layer feed given to orphanage. From the results of quisioner counseling increased the value of correct answers (knowledge increased) after counseling was 219 points compared before the 118 point extension. Peak production of eggs at 30 weeks of layer age of 98%. Sales of perkilo eggs with the price of Rp.17.000-Rp.20.000/kg. Business analysis with a net profit of Rp. 23.000,-per day. Through these activities, students' abilities and skills An-Nahl and YAUMIHA orphanage have increased and are expected to be economically self-sufficient. The next plan is for both the partners increase the population of layer by buying pullet in order to expand the business.
Keywords: Layer, Farming Skills, Orphanage, An-Nahl and YAUMIHA
PENINGKATAN KECAKAPAN HIDUP ANAK PANTI ASUHAN YATIM DI KARANGANYAR MELALUI PELATIHAN WIRAUSAHA CISTIK SAYURAN
Authors: Susilowati Endang , Ariani Sri Retno Dwi , VH Elfi Susanti
Published: February 2020

The orphanage is a place to accommodate, nurture and care for orphans and the poor. The existence of this orphanage becomes an important part for the continuity of education foster children. In addition to formal education, non-formal education is required in the form of certain skills to be provision of life skills. Based on the results of the survey of foster children living in Panti Asuhan Yatim Putri Aisyiyah and Panti Asuhan Yatim Putra Muhammadiyah in Karanganyar have sufficient time to spare and they do not have the provision of skills that are meaningful for his life. Therefore they need to be given life skills provision in the preparation of entrepreneurial skills.
For the realization of orphanage children with provision of suffice life skills, the team of community service from FKIP UNS provides training of entrepreneurs vegetables cheese stick. The training is done through lacturing and practicing. The subject of lecturing is the theory of vegetable cheese stick entrepreneurship. Further practicing on how to produce vegetables chesee stick with a variety of vegetables are used. After the competent participants make the products that have been taught, then the team of servants accompany in the packaging and marketing.
Based on the implementation of the training vegetable cheese stick entrepreneurship and evaluation directly and through questionnaire, the activity was greeted positively by all participants. Participants actively participate in all activities and are eager to follow up with production and marketing. This entrepreneurship training has increased life skills for foster children in Panti Asuhan Yatim Putri Aisyiyah and Panti Asuhan Yatim Putra Muhammadiyah.
Keywords: Life Skills, Orphanage, Entrepreneurship, Vegetables Cheese stick
THE EFFECT OF INFLATION ON FIRM PROFITABILITY: AN APPLICATION IN RETAIL SECTOR OF BORSA ISTANBUL
Authors: DAYI Faruk
Published: February 2020

The cost of sales increases together with an increase in inflation. The firms that aims to reach a profit target, reflect the cost increases on prices. Increases in prices may be higher than those in costs. Increasing prices lead to inflation. The firms in Turkey experienced a sudden increase in the exchange rates in the period of July-September 2018, and used this depreciation as an excuse for increasing their prices. However, even those firms that were slightly affected by the increase in the exchange rates did so. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of inflation due to the increase in the exchange rates on firm profitability. The study sample consists of ten retail trade firms traded at the Borsa Istanbul equity market. Earnings, cost of sales, gross profit, operating profit and net profit data for Q2-Q3 of 2017 and 2018 are used. A paired sample t-test is conducted to determine the variables’ change between 2017 and 2018 periods. The findings indicate that the variables do not change significantly from 2017 to 2018. Variables are also analyzed by using percentage method. The results show that the supermarket firms’ profits are higher than the increases in their costs.
MUHASEBE MESLEK MENSUPLARININ NÜFUS VE MÜKELLEF YOĞUNLUĞUNUN TESPİTİNE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Ozan , YILDIRIM Mehmet
Published: February 2020

İşletmeler ve toplum açısından önemli bir görevi üstlenen ve saygın bir kariyer mesleği olan muhasebecilik mesleğinin mevcut durumunun araştırıldığı bu çalışmada Türkiye’de muhasebe meslek mensuplarının illere göre dağılımına odaklanılmıştır. İlk olarak muhasebe mesleğinde gelinen aşama ile birlikte meslekte kullanılan unvanlar, mesleğe giriş şartları ile meslek mensupları ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Araştırma kısmında serbest muhasebeci (SM), serbest muhasebeci mali müşavir (SMMM) ve yeminli mali müşavir (YMM) olarak faaliyette bulunma yetkisine sahip meslek mensuplarının il bazında yoğunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın oransal analiz kısmında meslek mensuplarının nüfus ve vergi mükellefleri açısından il bazında ortalama yoğunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Meslek mensubu başına en yüksek ve en düşük dağılımın gerçekleştiği iller sıralanarak tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sayısal olarak en çok meslek mensubunun bulunduğu illerin, yapılan oran analizinde meslek mensubu başına nüfus ve mükellef sayıları sıralamasında önemli ölçüde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Önemli bir sonuç olarak meslek mensubu başına en çok vergi mükellefi düşen iller tespit edilmiştir. Bu illerde göreceli olarak nüfusun az olduğu aynı zamanda meslek mensubunun da sayıca az olduğu görülmektedir.
TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARININ İŞSİZLİK ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: 1991-2016 DÖNEMİ
Authors: CANBAY Şerif , KIRCA Mustafa
Published: February 2020

Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ihracatı, iktisadi büyümeyi ve yüksek nitelikli işgücüne geçişi destekleyen özelliği ile önemli bir finansman kaynağıdır. Ayrıca bu ülkelerde doğrudan yabancı yatırımların işsizliği azaltmada önemli bir faktör olduğu da düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla sermaye ihtiyaçlarını 1980’li yıllarla finansal serbestleşme süreci ile başlatan gelişmekte olan ülkeler, o günlerden günümüze doğrudan yabancı yatırımları piyasalarına çekme yarışı içerisine girmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarının işsizlik oranına etkisini tespit etmektir. Bu bağlamda 1991-2016 dönemine ait verilerle ARDL sınır testi ve Hata Düzeltme modeline dayalı Granger nedensellik testi kullanılarak analizler yapılmıştır. Yapılan ARDL sınır testi sonuçlarına göre eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ile işsizlik arasında kısa dönemde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Fakat uzun dönemde doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarda görülen %1’lik artış işsizliği yaklaşık olarak %0,96 oranında artırmaktadır. Ayrıca yapılan hata düzeltme modeline dayalı nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre uzun dönemde doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan işsizliğe doğru nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır.
Municipios “libres de eucaliptos”: análisis de los actores políticos locales en Galicia
Authors: Cidrás Diego
Published: February 2020

La conflictividad vinculada a la gestión del eucalipto trasciende en Galicia su política forestal y abarca nuevos ámbitos sociales y políticos poco explorados en la academia. En tanto que ninguna especie de este género está catalogada en el Estado español como exótica invasora, numerosas instituciones se han articulado para incidir políticamente y revertir esta ausencia. Valiéndonos de este contexto, este trabajo examina los valores, actitudes y comportamientos políticos inherentes a la lucha institucional contra la eucaliptización. Concretamente examinamos, mediante las teorías jerárquica cognitiva y del análisis de discurso, 20 casos de corporaciones municipales que debaten su propia declaración municipal "libre de eucaliptos". Nuestro análisis revela que el ordinario contraste ideológico derecha-izquierda se reproduce en la estructura de valores ligados al eucalipto. En particular, las argumentaciones de contenido económico y social, más recurridas por parte de los ediles, adoptan un mayor protagonismo frente a las ecológicas y territoriales, minoritarias, y generan un aislamiento partidario que motiva la falta de consenso. Por todo ello, concluimos que solo una eventual devaluación monetaria del eucalipto motivaría un giro relevante de las posturas políticas. Asimismo, estimamos que la inclusión improvisada de debates partidistas acentúa la divergencia de intereses sectoriales en la gestión del eucalipto.
A Method of Protecting Cements Against the Harmful Effects Of Mud Contamination
Authors: Beach H.J. , Goins W.C.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 148–152.

The laboratory development and field use of oil well cement compositions with high resistance to drilling mud contamination are described. Resistance is obtained by adding a 1-lb mixture composed of three parts paraformaldehyde to two parts sodium chromate tetrahydrate for each sack of cement. This mixture neutralizes the cement-retarding properties of quebracho and other tannins, starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, lignite, and monovalent salts of lignosulfonic acid. The retarding properties of calcium lignosulfonate are unaffected.

The decontaminating mixture may be used in common cement (designated Type 1 by ASTM specifications, Class A by API Std. 10A) or in a slow set slurry prepared from common cement by addition of calcium lignosulfonate. No changes in slurry viscosities or thickening times are caused by the protecting reagents.

The method has been used in 185 field jobs where an improved success ratio has been obtained in plug setting.

Introduction

Field experience and laboratory investigations have established contamination by drilling mud as a major factor in oil well cement failures.

During 1955, 12 attempts were required to set six open-hole cement plugs in the Timbalier Bay field, La. Eighteen to 30 hours elapsed between placing and testing the plugs in preparation for sidetracking operations. Considerations of rig time expense required immediate resetting where soft cement was drilled after a reasonable waiting period. Sea water drilling mud was used in each well and daily additions of thinners, usually lignites, had been required. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose had been added regularly to control fluid loss. The 50 per cent plug failures were attributed primarily to contamination by the mud. Similar experiences can be found in other fields along the Texas and Louisiana coasts where drilling muds normally contain large quantities of organic treating materials.
Factors Affecting Well Productivity - I. Drilling Fluid Filtration
Authors: Glenn E.E. , Slusser M.L. , Huitt J.L.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 126–131.

This paper is concerned with:an analysis and interpretation of the filtration characteristics of drilling muds on filter paper, andan interpretation of early stage "filtration" on consolidated synthetic porous media, herein referred to as the "surge loss" period.

It is shown that water-loss data can be plotted so as to disclose the existence of a surge period, a non-uniform cake thickness period, and a constant pressure filtration period. The same periods occur during exposure of consolidated porous media to muds. The data on consolidated porous media indicate that:mud particles bridge pores inside porous media during the surge period, and"filter cake" build-up inside porous media occurs during subsequent filtration.

The data also show that the surge loss increases with sample permeability and with pressure differential.

Introduction

The phenomenon of mud filtrate invasion into porous sands of a drilling well has been recognized for many years. Part of API Code 29 is concerned with the filtration testing of a drilling mud to yield data on this subject. In a number of investigations "plastering properties" of muds were studied, "plastering" apparently meaning cake forming properties. In such studies the characteristics (thickness, permeability, and toughness) of the cake and the rate at which the liquid phase of the mud was separated from the solids (filtration rate through the cake, commonly referred to as water loss) were measured or at least considered.

From the standpoint of its effect on well productivity, filtrate invasion into "clean" water-wet pay sands (i.e., those containing no clay minerals) may not necessarily be a serious problem. An increase in water saturation in the zone immediately around the wellbore would cause loss of oil permeability. However, in such a system, much of this water may be removed by oil production. If filtration occurs into "dirty" sands (i.e., those containing appreciable clay minerals), clay swelling or other mechanisms may cause losses in oil permeability which cannot be overcome by oil production.
Gas Detection by Dual-Spacing Neutron Logs in the Greater Oficina Area, Venezuela
Authors: Grosmangin Michael , Walker Edward B.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 140–147.

The geological and economical conditions peculiar to the Greater Oficina area are presented to demonstrate the necessity of a low-cost, well-site method of distinguishing gas-bearing formations. The method of gas detection with the neutron log is briefly discussed and its limitations are explained. A new method is described which consists in running a second neutron log with a larger source-to-detector spacing.

Field data indicate that under favorable conditions the larger spacing response is proportionately more influenced by the virgin gas zone than is the shorter spacing response. One important condition is that the gas sands be invaded, with a diameter of invasion equal to about two to three times the hole diameter.

The calibration of the longer spacing log is made so that the two logs read the same deflection in shale and in a known water or oil sand. Under such conditions, gas is indicated by a positive separation, i.e., the curve for the longer device is displaced to the right of the curve for the shorter device.

Because of the non-linearity of the long spacing response, low porosity formations also show positive separations. In sands with large porosity variations, the gas sands can no longer be located visually. They can be detected on a plot of shorter spacing vs longer spacing deflections.

Introduction

In the Greater Oficina area of Eastern Venezuela, the rapid and accurate detection of gas from well logs is of primary importance because of a combination of economic, geologic, and operational conditions. Briefly, these conditions are: economic - there is no market for gas at the present time; geologic - a single well may contain as many as 30 or more oil or gas sands for which intervals to be tested must be selected; operational - first, once opened to the casing through perforations, gas sands are extremely difficult and expensive to squeeze off, and second, gas detection must be rapid because the geologist must decide immediately, at the well, which sand to perforate.
A Method of Calculating the Distribution of Temperature in Flowing Gas Wells
Authors: Lesem Louis B. , Greytok Frank , Marotta Frank , McKetta John J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 169–176.

Introduction

Although one of the primary variables in the calculation of the flowing bottom-hole pressure in gas wells from surface measurements is the temperature at any point and its distribution in the flow-string, only few experimental data are available in the literature and little attention has been given to analysis of the problem. Virtually all of the recently published methods of calculating flowing bottom-hole pressures depend on the assumption that either the temperature is constant at some average value or that the variation is linear with depth. The purposes of this work are to analyze the problem theoretically and to verify the analysis by comparison with experimental data so that practical problems in the analysis of the behavior of gas wells can be solved with greater accuracy, reliability, and ease.

Mathematical Outline of Problem

Assuming that:The mass velocity and chemical composition of the gas stream are constant and in normal gas well operations, the change in linear velocity in the entire flow-string is trivial,The product of the density and heat capacity of the gas is constant,No horizontal temperature gradient exists in the gas stream,Net flow of heat by conduction within the formation and in the gas stream in the vertical direction is trivial in magnitude and can be neglected,The regional vertical geothermal gradient is constant, andThe temperature of the gas entering the borehole is constant, and equal to that of the reservoir,

a set of two simultaneous, linear partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions was derived to describe the temperature distribution in the gas stream and the surrounding formation. These equations were solved by operational techniques for the distribution of temperature in the gas stream. The resulting integrals were evaluated numerically on an IBM 604 at the Machine Accounting Div. of the Railroad Commission of Texas.
The Calculation of Wave Forces on a Sunken Obstruction
Authors: Chappelear J.E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 227–230.

Theory

We are concerned with the problem of calculating the forces produced by passing waves on a submerged object (in particular a drilling barge) located on the ocean floor. We employ the linearized theory of waves (the Airy theory), since solutions are generally more easily obtained in such a theory. It will be indicated how an approximate solution to the problem can be obtained for waves of finite height by use of a linear combination of Airy waves. We shall assume the submerged object has an infinite length, thus neglecting diffraction and making the problem two-dimensional.

We find that there is not a considerable difference between our solution and the usual engineering solution. The force, as a function of time, is plotted in Figs. 4 and 5, together with the usual solution for easy comparison. So far, no experiments have been found to compare with the results.

As will be shown, the calculations can be extended to waves of finite height (Stokes-Struik waves) in an approximate fashion. This can be done by calculating the force produced by each Fourier component of the wave, separately, and omitting the coupling between the various harmonics produced by Bernoulli's theorem.

The problem and its boundary conditions will be briefly stated.
Clay Content and Capillary Behavior of Wyoming Reservoir Sands
Authors: Baptist Oren C. , White Eliot J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 414–416.

Samples of four reservoir sands having different degrees of water sensitivity were subjected to several laboratory tests to determine differences in capillary behavior attributable table to clay-mineral effects. The degree of water sensitivity was estimated by the difference between gas and water permeability. Unsaturated pore volumes determined with mercury injection were comparable to irreducible water saturations determined with the semipermeable barrier method only for the non-sensitive sands that contained small amounts of non-swelling clay minerals. Irreducible saturations were independent of salinity of the water, which suggests that most residual water is adsorbed as a film over solid surfaces and that internal retention by clay minerals is relatively insignificant. The water-sensitive sands imbibed water to higher saturations than did non-sensitive sands, and this result is believed to be a combination of the effects of clay minerals and preferential wettability; however, the relative importance of each of these effects is not determinable. Thus it is concluded that the semipermeable barrier method is the best of the laboratory methods used for estimating formation water saturations in the sands studied.

Introduction

This investigation is a continuation of studies of the role of clay minerals in petroleum production in the Rocky Mountain area. Previous work has shown large differences in gas and water permeability in numerous reservoir sands; these water-sensitivity effects observed in the laboratory have been correlated with well behavior in the field, and the degree of water sensitivity imparted to reservoirs by the various clay minerals has been determined.

The effect of interstitial clay minerals on formation water saturations is not so well known. It has been reported that formation water saturations probably are higher in clayey than clean sands, but this effect has not been evaluated in the laboratory, and the relative effect of the various types of clay minerals on formation water saturation has not been determined.
A novel variant of IHH in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type 1
Authors: Yang Qi , Wang Jin , Tian Xiaoxian , Chen Fei , Lan Jing , Zhang Qiang , Fan Xin , Yi Shang , Li Mengting , Shen Yiping
Published: February 2020

Brachydactyly type A1(BDA-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder which is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in a specific region of the N-terminal active fragment of Indian Hedgehog ( IHH ). The disorder is mainly characterized by shortening or missing of the middle phalanges. The following study revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant c.299A>G (p.D100G) at the mutational hotspot of IHH gene after performing whole-exome sequencing in the proband of a Chinese family with BDA-1. The variant co-segregated with BDA-1 in the pedigree, showed 100% penetrance for phalange phenotype with variable expressivity. This finding expanded the variants on IHH gene which contribute to the cause of BDA-1.
Relationships between changes in HIV risk perception and condom use in east Zimbabwe 2003-2013: Population-based longitudinal analyses
Authors: Schaefer Robin , Thomas Ranjeeta , Maswera Rufurwokuda , Kadzura Noah , Nyamukapa Constance , Gregson Simon
Published: February 2020

Background: Perceiving a personal risk for HIV infection is considered important for engaging in HIV prevention behaviour and often targeted in HIV prevention interventions. However, there is limited evidence for assumed causal relationships between risk perception and prevention behaviour and the degree to which change in behaviour is attributable to change in risk perception is poorly understood. This study examines longitudinal relationships between changes in HIV risk perception and in condom use and the public health importance of changing risk perception.
Methods: Data on sexually active, HIV-negative adults (15-54 years) were taken from four surveys of a general-population open-cohort study in Manicaland, Zimbabwe (2003-2013). Increasing condom use between surveys was modelled in generalised estimating equations dependent on change in risk perception between surveys. Accounting for changes in other socio-demographic and behavioural factors, regression models examined the bi-directional relationship between risk perception and condom use, testing whether increasing risk perception is associated with increasing condom use and whether increasing condom use is associated with decreasing risk perception. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were estimated.
Results: 1988 males and 3715 females participated in ≥2 surveys, contributing 8426 surveys pairs. Increasing risk perception between two surveys was associated with higher odds of increasing condom use (males: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.85-2.28, PAF=3.39%; females: aOR=1.41 [1.06-1.88], PAF=6.59%), adjusting for changes in other socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Those who decreased risk perception were also more likely to increase condom use (males: aOR=1.76 [1.12-2.78]; females: aOR=1.23 [0.93-1.62]) compared to those without change in risk perception.
Conclusions: Results on associations between changing risk perception and increasing condom use support hypothesised effects of risk perception on condom use and effects of condom use on risk perception (down-adjusting risk perception after adopting condom use). However, low proportions of change in condom use were attributable to changing risk perception, underlining the range of factors influencing HIV prevention behaviour and the need for comprehensive approaches to HIV prevention.
The reliability and validity of a novel Chinese version simplified modified Rankin scale questionnaire(2011)
Authors: yuan Junliang , wang yunxiao , Hu Wenli , Bruno Askiel
Published: February 2020

Background

The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is a key global outcome measure after stroke internationally. The latest English version of the simplified modified Rankin scale questionnaire (smRSq)(2011) is a reliable and valid tool in scoring the mRS after stroke. In order to use this tool in Chinese patients, we translated it into Chinese and tested its clinimetric properties.

Methods

The English version smRSq(2011) was translated into Chinese by a standard process. We recruited 300 consecutive hospitalized ischemic stroke patients in the department of neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. Six randomly paired raters scored the conventional mRS, the novel Chinese version smRSq(2011), the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the Barthel index (BI) in-person. Inter-rater reliability and validity were assessed.

Results

Among the 300 ischemic stroke patients, mean age was 64.9±12.1 years, and 220 (73%) were male. For inter-rater reliability of the smRSq(2011), the percent agreement among the paired raters was 87%, the kappa (κ) was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.79-0.88), and the weighted kappa (κw) was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95-0.98). The percent agreement between the smRSq(2011) scores and the conventional mRS scores was 55%, κ=0.47 (95% CI, 0.40-0.54), and κw=0.91 (95% CI, 0.89-0.93). In construct validity testing, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients comparing the smRSq(2011) scores with the NIHSS and the BI scores were 0.83 (P<0.001) and -0.86 (P<0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

Our results show good to excellent clinimetric properties of the novel Chinese version smRSq(2011) in scoring the mRS in Chinese stroke patients. Further validation in other clinical settings, including in communities and by remote methods in China is warranted.
Combined therapy of somatostatin analogues with pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Ma Lingyun , Luo Daohuang , Yang Ting , Wu Songtao , Li Min , Chen Chaoyang , Zhou Shuang , Ma Lingyue , Wu Ye , Zhou Ying , Cui Yimin
Published: February 2020

Background: Acromegaly is a rare, chronic and severe disease. Drug therapy including somatostatin analogues, dopamine receptor agonists and growth hormone receptor antagonists are commonly used to treat patients who do not respond to surgery. The use of combination therapy with PEG and SAs has become more common over the last decade. We performed this study to accurately evaluate the effect of combination therapy of somatostatin analogues (SAs) with pegvisomant (PEG) on acromegalic patients. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and Trip database were searched for relevant studies. Prospective clinical trials treating acromegaly with the co-administration of SAs and PEG were included. We performed a meta-analysis by using Stata 12.1. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore heterogeneity. Results: Eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall rate of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) normalization was 66% (95% CI: 52%–78%; I2=62.59%). The combination therapy did not significantly change patients’ fasting plasma glucose (ES: 0.011 mmol*L-1; 95% CI: −0.374 to 0.397 mmol*L-1; P=0.954) or glycosylated haemoglobin (ES: -0.074%; 95% CI: −0.166% to 0.315%; P=0.544) while decreasing the fasting plasma insulin (ES: −21.487 pmol*L-1; 95% CI: −35.713 to -7.260 pmol*L-1; P=0.003). Elevation of liver enzyme levels was found in 14% (95% CI: 8% to 21%) of the patients. There was no significant difference for serious adverse events and treatment discontinuation due to adverse event between SAs monotherapy group and combination therapy group. Conclusions: Combined therapy of SAs and PEG effectively normalized IGF-1 levels in most of the patients whose IGF-1 level was greater than the upper limit of normal after high dose SAs monotherapy. The therapy also decreased significantly FPI levels with a neutral effect on glucose parameters in acromegaly patients. Moreover, elevated liver enzyme levels were observed in a small number of patients, which suggests a need for liver function monitoring. Trial registration We have our protocol registered in PROSPERO. (Registration number: CRD42019115549)