bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Response–Effect Feedback on Learning and Performance of a Complex Key- Pressing Task: Morin and Grant (1955) Revisited
Authors: Chen Jing , Proctor Robert W.
Published: April 2015

Response effects, also called action effects, are events produced as a consequence of a response. morin and Grant (1955) conducted an 8- choice task in which, when one of the response keys was pressed, a feedback light (i.e., response effect) was lit in a row below the stimulus lights. across participants, stimulus–response and response–effect mappings varied in compatibility, ranging from perfectly corresponding, to random, to perfectly mirror- reversed mapping. after several practice sessions, the feedback lights were removed in a transfer session, and response times increased greatly, particularly for the mappings without much structure, indicating reliance on the feedback during practice. We revisited this paradigm by means of 2 experiments that examined the influence on acquisition and transfer performance of task instruction, reliability of the visual feedback, and task difficulty. lower task difficulty and unreliable visual feedback resulted in superior performance in the transfer session, indicating better learning of the stimulus–response mapping and less reliance on the feedback during learning. task instructions that emphasized learning of the mapping or indicated that there would be a later test without the feedback lights did not influence participants’ performance in the transfer session. these findings are discussed in relation to several of Healy and colleagues’ principles of skill acquisition and transfer and in the context of contemporary research on response–effect associations.
Can Multiple-Choice Testing Induce Desirable Difficulties? Evidence from the Laboratory and the Classroom
Authors: Bjork Elizabeth Ligon , Soderstrom Nicholas C. , Little Jeri L.
Published: April 2015

The term desirable difficulties (Bjork, 1994) refers to conditions of learning that, though often appearing to cause difficulties for the learner and to slow down the process of acquisition, actually improve long- term retention and transfer. one known desirable difficulty is testing (as compared with restudy), although typically it is tests that clearly involve retrieval—such as free and cued recall tests—that are thought to induce these learning benefits and not multiplechoice tests. nonetheless, multiple- choice testing is ubiquitous in educational settings and many other high- stakes situations. in this article, we discuss research, in both the laboratory and the classroom, exploring whether multiple- choice testing can also be fashioned to promote the type of retrieval processes known to improve learning, and we speculate about the necessary properties that multiple- choice questions must possess, as well as the metacognitive strategy students need to use in answering such questions, to achieve this goal.
Desirable Difficulties in Vocabulary Learning
Authors: BJorK Robert A. , Kroll Judith F.
Published: April 2015

In this article we discuss the role of desirable difficulties in vocabulary learning from two perspectives, one having to do with identifying conditions of learning that impose initial challenges to the learner but then benefit later retention and transfer, and the other having to do with the role of certain difficulties that are intrinsic to language processes, are engaged during word learning, and reflect how language is understood and produced. from each perspective we discuss evidence that supports the notion that difficulties in learning and imposed costs to language processing may produce benefits because they are likely to increase conceptual understanding. We then consider the consequences of these processes for actual second- language learning and suggest that some of the domain- general cognitive advantages that have been reported for proficient bilinguals may reflect difficulties imposed by the learning process, and by the requirement to negotiate cross- language competition, that are broadly desirable. as alice Healy and her collaborators were perhaps the first to demonstrate, research on desirable difficulties in vocabulary and language learning holds the promise of bringing together research traditions on memory and language that have much to offer each other.
A City in Flux: Warsaw’s Transient Populations During World War I
Authors: Blobaum Robert
Published: April 2015

World War I caused drastic changes in the population and demography of Warsaw, which began the conflict as a provincial city of the Russian empire and emerged from it as the capital of a newly independent Poland. Over the course of the war, significant numbers of residents left Warsaw as military conscripts, deportees deemed undesirable or unreliable by Russian authorities, evacuees fleeing the German occupation of the city, and excess male laborers driven out by high wartime unemployment. These losses were partially countered by the influx of wounded soldiers, wartime refugees, and postwar returnees. The net effect was to leave the population of Warsaw roughly one-sixth smaller in 1919 than it had been in 1914, but also more Jewish and female, with larger proportions of very young and elderly, all of which would pose challenges for the Polish capital as it entered the interwar period.
The Nazi Racial War: The First Stage in Building the New Order in Poland
Authors: Gwiazda Henry J.
Published: April 2015

The article examines the “racial war” waged by Germany in 1939–41 in the Polish territories controlled by the Reich and aimed at Polish Christians and Jews, deemed subhuman. Rooted in Nazi racist ideology and carried out with brutal contempt for the fate of the targeted populations, Nazi methods included colonization, expulsions of Poles and Jews, severe repression, plunder of property and exorbitant taxation, imposition of forced labor, seizure of Polish children for Germanization, ghettoization of Jews, and starvation-level food rations for the non-German population. The article relates in detail how the general policies affected specific Polish individuals, families, and ghettoes.
Estan fallant les polítiques d'ocupació?
Authors: Miguélez Lobo Fausto
Published: April 2015

L'article analitza les polítiques d'ocupació que Espanya, sota mandat de la UE, està duent a terme en aquest període de crisi. Després de comparar les polítiques actuals amb el que havien estat tradicionalment i analitzar els seus efectes, l'article conclou que l'objectiu real no és crear i millorar l'ocupació sinó, potser,  preparar a Europa –a Espanya en aquest cas- per competir amb altres regions econòmiques sobre la base de baixos salaris.
Hommage à Pierre Verge (1936–2015)
Authors: Vallée Guylaine
Published: April 2015

Avec le décès de Pierre Verge, la revue Relations industrielles/Industrial
Relations perd un réputé contributeur et un précieux ami. À la demande de la direction
de la revue, la professeure Guylaine Vallée, qui connaît bien l’oeuvre de Pierre Verge et
qui a travaillé avec lui, a accepté de rédiger ce texte hommage faisant état de sa
contribution à l’avancement du droit de travail et des relations industrielles au Québec et
au Canada.
Le bien-être au travail : les apports d’une étude par profils
Authors: Biétry Franck , Creusier Jordane
Published: April 2015

Bien qu’étant de plus en plus étudié dans le champ des comportements organisationnels positifs, de nombreuses zones d’ombre entourent encore le bien-être au travail. Notre ambition est de montrer l’intérêt de l’appréhender de manière différenciée plutôt qu’au travers d’un score global, afin de décrire les relations qu’il entretient avec des attitudes positives et négatives. Cette approche centrée sur les personnes est rendue possible par la multi dimensionnalité du concept. Cette particularité autorise le regroupement des participants à l’enquête en profils, c’est-à-dire en fonction de la composition des scores exprimés sur chacune des dimensions constitutives du bien-être. L’analyse en profils latents — Latent Profiles Analysis — d’un échantillon de 865 personnes fait apparaître cinq regroupements distincts. Le premier est celui des personnes qui rapportent les plus faibles scores alors que le second est celui des scores voisins de la moyenne de l’échantillon sur les quatre dimensions constitutives du bien-être. Ils sont respectivement nommés profils de bien-être « déficitaire » et de bien-être « de référence ». Le troisième est un segment de population caractérisé par une relation très positive au manager et à l’environnement physique de travail. Ces deux dimensions symbolisent l’organisation, c’est pourquoi nous le nommons profil de bien-être « organisationnel ». Le quatrième est qualifié de bien-être « complet », car aucune dimension constitutive du bien-être ne manque à l’appel. Enfin, le cinquième est un bien-être « social », puisqu’il est d’abord défini par la qualité des relations aux collègues. Sur ces bases empiriques, une régression logistique multinomiale révèle que les relations les plus positives entretenues avec des variables exogènes recherchées, telles que l’implication organisationnelle affective et la satisfaction au travail, concernent d’abord le profil de bien-être au travail « complet », puis, dans l’ordre, les profils trois, cinq, deux et un. L’association à l’intention de quitter est inverse. Ces résultats invitent les managers à différencier leurs pratiques incitatives en fonction du profil auquel les salariés appartiennent. Ils montrent également que les différentes dimensions du bien-être au travail ne sont pas gouvernées par un jeu de compensations entre elles.
The Effects of Mutual Trustworthiness between Labour and Management in Adopting High Performance Work Systems
Authors: Yoon-Ho Kim , Dong-One Kim , Ali Mohammad A.
Published: April 2015

In this study, we examine the role of mutual trustworthiness between labour representatives and management and its relationship with the adoption of High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) in the Korean employment relations context. We argue that trustworthiness is a feature of the parties to the exchange, as opposed to trust, which explains the nature of exchange relationships. We follow existing literature on trustworthiness and agree that it is composed of three variables, i.e., ability, integrity, and benevolence. We test the effects of these three variables as important antecedents for the adoption of HPWS at the workplace level. Using the National Establishment Survey 2009 conducted by Statistics Korea as a sample frame, we survey a representative sample of Korean establishments. These data consist of 1,353 paired responses from labour representatives and managers.

Our results show that labour-management mutual ability trustworthiness (MAT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 1 ); mutual benevolence trustworthiness (MBT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 2 ); and mutual integrity trustworthiness (MIT) has a positive and significant relationship with the adoption of high performance work systems ( Hypothesis 3 ). These results show that mutual trustworthiness in Korean employment relations is an important antecedent for the adoption of HPWS and can enable Korean industry to improve its position in the global economy. In the final analysis, it is implied that employment relations actors pursuing cooperative employment practices should ensure the development of a virtuous cycle of mutual trustworthiness.
Le rôle des interactions entre engagements multiples dans la prédiction du risque de démission
Authors: Vandenberghe Christian
Published: April 2015

Cette étude examine l’influence d’engagements multiples envers l’organisation et le groupe de travail dans la prédiction des départs volontaires, en considérant les interactions entre les deux cibles et les effets principaux des dimensions d’engagement. Ce faisant, la présente étude innove en poursuivant une ligne de recherche émergente sur la façon dont des engagements multiples envers des cibles de travail emboitées s’articulent dans leur influence sur l’occurrence des départs volontaires. De plus, notre attention se porte particulièrement sur les interactions entre l’engagement organisationnel normatif et les dimensions d’engagement envers le groupe. En effet, des travaux récents suggèrent que l’engagement normatif peut voir sa signification perçue se modifier suivant le contexte intra-personnel créé par les autres dimensions d’engagement (Gellatly, Meyer et Luchak, 2006 ; Meyer, Stanley et Parfyonova, 2012). Nous explorons donc l’idée que l’engagement organisationnel normatif pourrait avoir des effets différents sur le risque de démission suivant qu’il s’accompagne d’un engagement affectif, normatif ou de continuité élevé envers le groupe.

Sur la base d’une étude en deux temps de mesure espacés d’un an ( N = 268), les analyses révèlent que l’engagement organisationnel normatif présente un effet de réduction du risque de démission plus important lorsque l’engagement affectif envers le groupe est élevé, mais un effet de réduction du risque de démission plus faible lorsque l’engagement normatif envers le groupe est élevé, indiquant des interactions opposées entre les cibles d’engagement. De plus, l’engagement par manque d’alternatives est lié à un risque réduit de démission, cela seulement lorsque l’engagement de continuité envers le groupe est élevé. Enfin, l’engagement organisationnel affectif et l’engagement organisationnel par sacrifice perçu sont associés à un risque réduit de démission alors que l’engagement de continuité envers le groupe de travail augmente ce risque. Nous discutons la portée de ces résultats pour la compréhension du rôle des engagements multiples dans la rétention des employés.
Measuring Employment Standards Violations, Evasion and Erosion - Using a Telephone Survey
Authors: Noack Andrea M. , Vosko Leah F. , Grundy John
Published: April 2015

For many workers in Ontario, theEmployment Standards Act (ESA)provides the only formal measures of workplace protection. The complaints-based monitoring system utilized by the Ontario Ministry of Labour, however, makes it difficult to assess the overall prevalence of employment standards (ES) compliance in the labour force. In addition to outrightESAviolations, prevailing research highlights the significance of the erosion, evasion, and outright abandonment of ES for workers’ access to protection through practices such as the misclassification of workers and types of work. In this article, we report on efforts to develop a telephone-survey questionnaire that measures the overall prevalence of ES violations, as well as evasion and erosion in low-wage jobs in Ontario, without requiring respondents to have any pre-existing legal knowledge. Key methodological challenges included developing strategies for identifying ‘misclassified’ independent contractors, establishing measures for determining whether workers were exempt from theESA, and translating the regulatory nuances embedded in the legislation into easy-to-answer questions. The result is a survey questionnaire unique in the Canadian context. Our questionnaire reflects the concerns of both academic researchers and workers’ rights activists. Pilot survey results show that Ontario workers do not necessarily distinguish between ES violations and other workplace grievances and complaints. With careful questionnaire design, it is nevertheless possible to measure the prevalence of ES violations, evasion and erosion. In order to track the effects of ES policies, particularly those on enforcement, we conclude by calling for the establishment of baseline measures and standardized reporting tools.
La décentralisation des négociations dans le secteur de la santé et des services sociaux québécois : qu’en disent les gestionnaires locaux ?
Authors: Bolduc François
Published: April 2015

Cet article s’intéresse aux négociations locales ayant eu lieu dans le réseau québécois de la santé et des services sociaux entre 2005 et 2008 suite à la mise en oeuvre de laLoi concernant les unités de négociation dans le secteur des affaires sociales et modifiant la Loi sur le régime de négociation des conventions collectives dans le secteur public et parapublic(L.R.Q., c. U-0.1), mieux connue sous le nom « Loi 30 ». Cette dernière a profondément modifié les règles du jeu quant aux rapports entre les gestionnaires et les syndicats locaux du secteur de la santé québécois, cela en imposant de nouvelles unités d’accréditations syndicales et en décentralisant une partie de la négociation des conventions collectives. Dans le cadre d’une recherche menée entre 2008 et 2011, nous avons cherché à comprendre les impacts de cette décentralisation sur le travail des gestionnaires locaux. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons voulu vérifier si, du point de vue des gestionnaires locaux, l’augmentation des marges de manoeuvre managériales qui devaient découler de cette décentralisation s’est reflétée dans les premières négociations locales. Les propos des gestionnaires rencontrés sont plutôt mitigés. En effet, il appert que l’encadrement restrictif des négociations, combiné au contexte organisationnel dans lequel celles-ci se sont réalisées, a limité, malgré les marges de manoeuvre théoriquement permises par la décentralisation, la capacité des gestionnaires locaux d’adapter l’organisation du travail aux réalités des établissements.
Expressing Confidence in Unions in Quebec and the Other Canadian Provinces: Similarities and Contrasts in Findings
Authors: Frangi Lorenzo , Hennebert Marc-Antonin
Published: April 2015

This article examines changes in levels of confidence in unions and proposes an intra-national comparison between Quebec and the rest of Canada based on the analysis of the three most recent waves of the World Values Survey (WVS) database, of which Canada is part (i.e. 1990, 2000, 2006). After noting differences in the trends of confidence in unions in these two regions, we applied the same logistic regression model to both regions, based on the 2006 WVS wave, in order to bring out the determinants of the propensity of individuals to express confidence in unions. The results show both similarities and differences between the two regions. As for the similarities between Quebec and the rest of Canada, it should be noted that involvement in politics and the fact of being unionized had a positive effect on the respondents’ propensity to have confidence in unions whereas most of the socio-demographic variables had no significant effects. As for the differences, the fact of reporting a higher income had a significant negative impact in Quebec, but was not significant in the rest of Canada. The fact of supporting the NDP in the rest of Canada had a more structuring effect on the propensity of individuals to have confidence in unions than the fact of supporting the BQ in Quebec. Moreover, the greater the extent to which citizens in Quebec identified with left-leaning ideological positions, the more likely they were to have confidence in unions. Finally, the respondent’s level of education was not significant in the rest of Canada but, cetiris paribus, was highly significant and positively related to confidence in unions in Quebec.
Reconstitution of a eukaryotic replisome reveals suppression mechanisms that define leading/lagging strand operation
Authors: Georgescu Roxana E , Schauer Grant D , Yao Nina Y , Langston Lance D , Yurieva Olga , Zhang Dan , Finkelstein Jeff , O'Donnell Mike E
Published: April 2015

We have reconstituted a eukaryotic leading/lagging strand replisome comprising 31 distinct polypeptides. This study identifies a process unprecedented in bacterial replisomes. While bacteria and phage simply recruit polymerases to the fork, we find that suppression mechanisms are used to position the distinct eukaryotic polymerases on their respective strands. Hence, Pol ε is active with CMG on the leading strand, but it is unable to function on the lagging strand, even when Pol δ is not present. Conversely, Pol δ-PCNA is the only enzyme capable of extending Okazaki fragments in the presence of Pols ε and α. We have shown earlier that Pol δ-PCNA is suppressed on the leading strand with CMG (Georgescu et al., 2014). We propose that CMG, the 11-subunit helicase, is responsible for one or both of these suppression mechanisms that spatially control polymerase occupancy at the fork.
Constraint and divergence of global gene expression in the mammalian embryo
Authors: Spies Noah , Smith Cheryl L , Rodriguez Jesse M , Baker Julie C , Batzoglou Serafim , Sidow Arend
Published: April 2015

The effects of genetic variation on gene regulation in the developing mammalian embryo remain largely unexplored. To globally quantify these effects, we crossed two divergent mouse strains and asked how genotype of the mother or of the embryo drives gene expression phenotype genomewide. Embryonic expression of 331 genes depends on the genotype of the mother. Embryonic genotype controls allele-specific expression of 1594 genes and a highly overlapping set of cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). A marked paucity of trans-eQTL suggests that the widespread expression differences do not propagate through the embryonic gene regulatory network. The cis-eQTL genes exhibit lower-than-average evolutionary conservation and are depleted for developmental regulators, consistent with purifying selection acting on expression phenotype of pattern formation genes. The widespread effect of maternal and embryonic genotype in conjunction with the purifying selection we uncovered suggests that embryogenesis is an important and understudied reservoir of phenotypic variation.
Sensitivity and kinetics of signal transmission at the first visual synapse differentially impact visually-guided behavior
Authors: Sarria Ignacio , Pahlberg Johan , Cao Yan , Kolesnikov Alexander V , Kefalov Vladimir J , Sampath Alapakkam P , Martemyanov Kirill A
Published: April 2015

In the retina, synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and downstream ON-bipolar neurons (ON-BCs) is mediated by a GPCR pathway, which plays an essential role in vision. However, the mechanisms that control signal transmission at this synapse and its relevance to behavior remain poorly understood. In this study we used a genetic system to titrate the rate of GPCR signaling in ON-BC dendrites by varying the concentration of key RGS proteins and measuring the impact on transmission of signal between photoreceptors and ON-BC neurons using electroretinography and single cell recordings. We found that sensitivity, onset timing, and the maximal amplitude of light-evoked responses in rod- and cone-driven ON-BCs are determined by different RGS concentrations. We further show that changes in RGS concentration differentially impact visually guided-behavior mediated by rod and cone ON pathways. These findings illustrate that neuronal circuit properties can be modulated by adjusting parameters of GPCR-based neurotransmission at individual synapses.
Innovative Approach to Teaching Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: The Integration of Ultrasonography
Authors: Kondrashova Tatyana , Lockwood Michael D.
Published: April 2015

Context: Noninvasive diagnostic methods and palpatory physical examination skills are especially important for osteopathic medical students intending to work in rural, underresourced, or underserved areas. The A.T. Still University–Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine integrates ultrasonography into the osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) courses required during the first 2 years of medical school, allowing students to learn the technology and to visualize anatomical structures and regions. Objective: To assess the feasibility of integrating ultrasonography into the first-year and second-year OMM curriculum through the evaluation of students' success in demonstrating the technology and visualizing the anatomy. Methods: As part of their OMM requirements at the A.T. Still University–Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, all first- and second-year students in OMM courses were given ultrasonography assignments that required them to obtain images of musculoskeletal structures in different regions of the body. First-year students studied craniocervical structures and the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. Second-year students studied the glenohumeral joint and the suprapatellar recess. The assignments focused on identifying structures of interest, making annotations, and measuring the structures of interest. Handouts with detailed instructions and a demonstration were provided before each assignment. Results: A total of 183 first-year students and 165 second-year students participated. Of the first-year students, on average, 177 of 181 were able to successfully complete the assignments, with an average completion rate of 98%. The costotransverse joint assignment yielded the lowest completion rate (97%), and the craniocervical landmarks assignment had the highest completion rate (99%). Of the second-year students, 162 of 165 participants were able to successfully complete the assignments, with an average completion rate of 98%. Mean scores were the same for both second-year assignments. Conclusion: First-year and second-year osteopathic medical students successfully demonstrated their use and understanding of ultrasonography and found their assigned structures using live ultrasound imaging. The skills gained through these assignments added another dimension to students' understanding of normal and pathologic musculoskeletal anatomy and vasculature. The integration of ultrasonography into OMM courses may have created a foundation for learning ultrasound-guided injection techniques. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):212-220 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.043
Comparison of COMLEX-USA Scores, Medical School Performance, and Preadmission Variables Between Women and Men
Authors: Dixon Donna
Published: April 2015

Context: Previous studies by the author showed differences in preadmission variables and Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) scores between women and men at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM). It is pertinent to reexamine the preadmission variables, medical school performance, and COMLEX-USA scores of women and men to determine whether these differences still exist. Objective: To examine the relationship between student sex and performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation (CE), performance during medical school, and preadmission academic variables at NYIT-COM. Methods: Scores on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE, grades in all courses taken during the first 2 years of medical school, the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners' clinical science subject examination scores, Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, and undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs) were compared between women and men in the classes graduating between 2009 and 2012. Results: Data from 748 students were analyzed. Men had statistically significantly higher scores than women on COMLEX-USA Level 1 in 2009 (540 vs 500; P<.001) and 2010 (537 vs 496; P<.001). No statistically significant difference in COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores was found between women and men. The performance of women and men was comparable during the first 2 years of medical school and on clinical science subject examinations in years 3 and 4. Men had statistically significantly higher MCAT scores than women, but no statistically significant differences were found between women's and men's undergraduate GPAs. Conclusion: Men were found to have higher scores than women on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and the MCAT. However, the reasons behind these data have yet to be elucidated. Although a stronger background in basic science could explain the discrepancy in scores between women and men, women were found to have equally high science GPAs and performed comparably to men in osteopathic medical school. The results were in agreement with previous studies at NYIT-COM. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):222-225 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.044
International Medical Graduates in the US Physician Workforce
Authors: Ranasinghe Padmini D.
Published: April 2015

International medical graduates (IMGs) play a vital role in the US health care system. These graduates represent 26% of physicians in practice and 24% of residents in specialty programs. All IMGs go through US medical licensing examination and credentialing verification to receive certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates to become eligible to enter the US graduate medical education process. Compared with US graduates, IMGs tend to practice in primary care specialties and in underserved and rural areas. The author summarizes available data regarding IMGs in training and in practice to convey the role IMGs play in the US health care system. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):236-241 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.047
New Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, Branch Campuses, and Additional Locations—What Is the Difference?
Authors: Williams Andrea , Miskowicz-Retz Konrad C.
Published: April 2015

The American Osteopathic Association Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (AOA COCA) is recognized by the US Secretary of Education as the only accrediting agency for predoctoral osteopathic medical education. To maintain its recognition with the US Secretary of Education, the AOA COCA is required to adhere to all federal laws and regulations associated with recognition of accrediting agencies. In this article, the authors discuss the development of new colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs). They also discuss the development of additional locations and branch campuses of existing COMs and compare the 2 processes. Also included is a review of the AOA COCA– approved class sizes of the accredited COMs. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):242-250 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.048
Online tutoring procedure for research project supervision: management, organization and key elements
Authors: Darder Mesquida Antònia , Pérez Garcias Adolfina
Published: April 2015

Research project tutoring appears as a crucial element for teach-ing; it is a planned action based on the relationship between a tutor and a student. This paper presents the findings of a design and development research which has as its main aim to create an organization system for the tutoring of online research projects. That system seeks to facilitate the tutoring and supervision task with trainee researchers, providing guidance for its management and instruments for its implementation. The main conclusions arising from this research derive from considering the need to offer a solution to the problem of distance research project super-vision and has materialized in organization and sequencing through a model about the variables that influence the research project tutoring problem.
Inclusive education in schools in rural areas
Authors: Callado Moreno J. Antonio , Molina Jaén Mª Dolores , Pérez Navío Eufrasio , Rodríguez Moreno Javier
Published: April 2015

Since Spain decided to embark on the development of inclusive schooling, studies have taken place to see if the inclusive principle is being developed satisfactorily. Inclusive schooling implies that all students, regardless of their particular characteristics, may be taught in ordinary schools, and in the majority of cases receive help in the classroom in which they have been integrated in order to cover any special educational needs. Our research aims to find out if schools situated in rural areas follow this principle and, once it has been put into practice, what strategies are being used. To this end, we designed a questionnaire addressed to Infant and Primary school teachers in the Sierra Sur area in the province of Jaén, in an agricultural context where most of the population live on olive picking and the cultivation of olive groves. Given the extension of the area, our research concentrated on schools situated in urban nuclei with a population of less than one thousand five hundred inhabitants. The results obtained demonstrate that rural areas do not take full advantage of the context they are in to favour inclusion processes and continue to develop proposals that are merely integrative.
Virtual worlds and social and educational inclusion: case study at Secondary Education Institute Cal Gravat
Authors: Castañeda Quintero Linda , del Mar Román García María , Barlam Aspasch Ramón
Published: April 2015

This article presents a case study with the goal of becoming familiar with and understanding the incorporation of one virtual learning world –Espurnik- in a curricular diversification classroom with students in a situation of educational exclusion or academic failure. This investigation was carried out from an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative methodology grounded in the Case Studies. The data was collected using different qualitative techniques: documentary analysis, direct observation in the virtual world, semi-structured interview with the teacher, and group interview with the students. The conclusions indicate that the emphasis must not be placed on technologies, but rather on the methodological change that many of them foster, setting up the student not a consumer of information but rather a creator and producer of knowledge in a context of collaborative work, attending comprehensively to the community context of the students’ educational development.
Immune Recovery Uveitis
Authors: Balamurugan S , Khodifad Ashish
Published: April 2015

Immune Recovery Uveitis (IRU) is paradoxical clinical worsening of intraocular inflammatory reactions, attributable to improved immune functions after starting Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in HIV patients. It is the ophthalmological manifestation of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) which involves various body systems. With the use of HAART, the incidence of Opportunistic infections has declined significantly. However, the development of Immune Recovery Uveitis in these patients can cause substantial vision loss, thereby posing a new challenge. This article reviews the etiopathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation and management of IRU.
Italian seismicity and Vesuvius' eruptions synchronize on a quasi 60 year oscillation
Authors: Bragato Pier Luigi
Published: April 2015

The analysis of the time distribution of the major earthquakes that occurred in Italy since 1600 reveals that seismicity alternates periods of higher and lower activities over cycles of about 60 years. The same rhythm is present in the eruptive history of the Vesuvius. The large spatial scale of synchronization leads to suppose an external forcing. A hint on its possible origin comes from climatology, where a quasi 60 year cycle is found for various parameters and processes. A hypothesis, also supported by other studies, is that seismicity and volcanism are controlled by cycles of sea level rise. The mechanism could justify similar regularities observed for seismicity in other areas (e.g., cycles of earthquakes in the southern San Andreas Fault, in California) or for strong earthquakes at the global level. The increasing oceanic load of the last century could be coresponsible of the current long‐lasting rest of the Vesuvius.
Basalt volatile fluctuations during continental rifting: An example from the Rio Grande Rift, USA
Authors: Rowe Michael C. , Lassiter John C. , Goff Kathleen
Published: April 2015

Hydration and metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle potentially influences both the magmatic and tectonic evolution of southwestern North America. Prior studies have suggested that volatile enrichments to the mantle underlying western North America resulted from shallow subduction of the Farallon Plate during the Laramide (∼74–40 Ma). This study examines temporal and spatial variations in volatile elements (H2O, Cl, F, and S) determined from olivine and orthopyroxene‐hosted melt inclusions along and across the Rio Grande Rift, the easternmost extent of Laramide shallow subduction. Maximum chlorine enrichments are observed in the southern rift with a Cl/Nb of ∼210 and reduce with time to MORB‐OIB levels (∼5–17). Measured water abundances are <0.8 wt % in rehomogenized inclusions; however, calculated H2O, based on Cl/Nb systematics, primarily varies from 0.5 to 2 wt % H2O. Sulfur abundances (<0.61 wt %), and calculated sulfide saturation, indicate magmas with high Cl/Nb also contain oxidized sulfur. The abundance of fluorine in melt inclusions (up to 0.2 wt %) is not correlated to other volatile elements. Temporal variations in melt inclusion volatile abundances coupled with varying isotopic (Sr‐Nd‐Pb) whole‐rock systematics suggest a transition from lithospheric to asthenospheric melt generation in the southern RGR and potential lithosphere‐asthenosphere melt mixing in the central RGR. East to west decrease in volatile enrichment likely reflects a combination of varying mantle sources and early removal of metasomatized lithospheric mantle underlying regional extension. Results indicate, from multiple causes, subduction‐related volatile enrichment to the lithospheric mantle is ephemeral, and strong enrichments in volatiles are not preserved in active magmatic‐tectonic provenances.
Radar observations of simultaneous traveling ionospheric disturbances and atmospheric gravity waves
Authors: Nygrén T. , Aikio A. T. , Voiculescu M. , Cai L.
Published: April 2015

Simultaneous observations of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) measured by an incoherent scatter radar at high latitudes are shown. The measurements were made using a beam swing experiment of the EISCAT UHF radar. The F region TID is seen as wavefronts in electron density, whereas the E region AGW is seen in the oscillations of the neutral wind. The wave vector of the TID has a downward component indicating that energy propagates upward. The periods of AGWs and TIDs are approximately the same (52–57min), so it is concluded that the observed gravity wave in the E region propagates to the F region causing the TID there. Two interesting properties of the waves are observed. First, the neutral wind oscillations have an amplitude minimum at about 115km. It is suggested that this could be related to the minimum of the vertical refractive index around 120km. Second, in the course of time, the wave vector of the TID turns more in the downward direction, which leads to an increase in the horizontal wave length from 400 to 1450km. A possible explanation is that the background wind increases with altitude and turns the wavefronts more horizontal when distance from a stationary source increases. We suggest that the source is the sunrise terminator, since the horizontal direction of propagation of the TID in the morning hours is from the west, where both the auroral and thunderstorm activity are low.
New insights into the generation of the 2013 Lushan Earthquake (Ms 7.0), China
Authors: Wang Zhi , Su Jinrong , Liu Cunxi , Cai Xuelin
Published: April 2015

Global seismic waveform inversion can provide information on where the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake occurred in Sichuan Province, China, and how its aftershock sequence expanded. To investigate the generation mechanism of the Lushan earthquake and its relation to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0), 50 temporary seismic stations were installed in the source area following the Lushan earthquake. Crustal stress data were also collected along the Longmen‐Shan Fault zone (LMFZ) to reveal its influence on the generation of the Lushan earthquake. Seismic imaging and crustal stress analysis have revealed that the Lushan earthquake occurred in a distinct area with high velocity (Vp, Vs), low Poisson's ratio (σ), and high crustal stress. The high‐velocity zone at the Lushan source may reflect Precambrian metasedimentary or igneous rock in the seismogenic layer, which enables the accumulation of high crustal stress to generate large earthquakes. However, a sharply contrasting gap zone with low‐velocity, high‐σ anomalies is clearly imaged in the upper crust under the concatenated area between the Lushan and Wenchuan earthquakes. Seismic images indicate that the low‐velocity gap zone is associated with fluid‐bearing ductile flow from the lower crustal materials of Tibet being pushed into a weakened segment of the LMFZ. This study suggests that the 2013 Lushan earthquake may have been triggered by high crustal stress accumulation together with high coseismic stress further increased by the Wenchuan earthquake in the metamafic seismogenic layer. Contrasting rheological variations in the crust and crustal stress changes along the LMFZ control the rupture processes that generated the Lushan and Wenchuan earthquakes, as well as the generation of new earthquakes in the future.
A framework to identify Pareto‐efficient subdaily environmental flow constraints on hydropower reservoirs using a grid‐wide power dispatch model
Authors: Olivares Marcelo A. , Haas Jannik , Palma‐Behnke Rodrigo , Benavides Carlos
Published: April 2015

Hydrologic alteration due to hydropeaking reservoir operations is a main concern worldwide. Subdaily environmental flow constraints (ECs) on operations can be promising alternatives for mitigating negative impacts. However, those constraints reduce the flexibility of hydropower plants, potentially with higher costs for the power system. To study the economic and environmental efficiency of ECs, this work proposes a novel framework comprising four steps: (i) assessment of the current subdaily hydrologic alteration; (ii) formulation and implementation of a short‐term, grid‐wide hydrothermal coordination model; (iii) design of ECs in the form of maximum ramping rates (MRRs) and minimum flows (MIFs) for selected hydropower reservoirs; and (iv) identification of Pareto‐efficient solutions in terms of grid‐wide costs and the Richard‐Baker flashiness index for subdaily hydrologic alteration (SDHA). The framework was applied to Chile's main power grid, assessing 25 EC cases, involving five MIFs and five MRRs. Each case was run for a dry, normal, and wet water year type. Three Pareto‐efficient ECs are found, with remarkably small cost increase below 2% and a SDHA improvement between 28% and 90%. While the case involving the highest MIF worsens the flashiness of another basin, the other two have no negative effect on other basins and can be recommended for implementation.
Chute cutoff as a morphological response to stream reconstruction: The possible role of backwater
Authors: Eekhout J. P. C. , Hoitink A. J. F.
Published: April 2015

Stream restoration efforts often aim at creating new unconstrained meandering channels without weirs and bank revetments. In reconstructed streams, the initial morphological response of the new streams is often rapid, until a dynamic equilibrium is reached. Here we report on a chute cutoff that occurred within 3 months after realization of a stream restoration project, caused by a plug bar that formed in response to a backwater effect. The temporal evolution of the morphology of both the new and the old channels was monitored over a period of nearly 8 months, including precutoff conditions. The observations can be separated into three stages. Stage 1 is the initial period leading to cutoff vulnerability, stage 2 is the actual cutoff, and stage 3 is the morphological adjustment in response to the cutoff. In stage 1, a plug bar was deposited in one of the channel bends. Hydrodynamic model results show the location of the plug bar coincides with a region where bed shear stress decreased in downstream direction due to backwater. Longitudinal channel bed profiles show that the channel slope decreased soon after channel reconstruction. Hence, sediment from upstream was available to form the plug bar. After the plug bar was deposited, an embayment formed in the floodplain at a location where the former channel was located (stage 2). The former channel was filled with sediment prior to channel construction. It is likely that the sediment at this location was less consolidated, and therefore, prone to erosion. The chute channel continued to incise and widen into the floodplain and, after 6 months, acted as the main channel, conveying the discharge during the majority of time (stage 3). The cutoff channel gradually continued to fill with sediment, from the moment the plug bar formed until the chute channel incised into the floodplain. Sedimentary successions of the deposited material show upward fining, which is in agreement with observations of chute cutoffs in rivers. Although the artificial setting limits the degree in which the observed processes can be projected on natural rivers, the observations prompt to investigate the role of backwater effects in natural chute cutoff initiation.
Assessment of flow regime alterations over a spectrum of temporal scales using wavelet‐based approaches
Authors: Wu Fu‐Chun , Chang Ching‐Fu , Shiau Jenq‐Tzong
Published: April 2015

The full range of natural flow regime is essential for sustaining the riverine ecosystems and biodiversity, yet there are still limited tools available for assessment of flow regime alterations over a spectrum of temporal scales. Wavelet analysis has proven useful for detecting hydrologic alterations at multiple scales via the wavelet power spectrum (WPS) series. The existing approach based on the global WPS (GWPS) ratio tends to be dominated by the rare high‐power flows so that alterations of the more frequent low‐power flows are often underrepresented. We devise a new approach based on individual deviations between WPS (DWPS) that are root‐mean‐squared to yield the global DWPS (GDWPS). We test these two approaches on the three reaches of the Feitsui Reservoir system (Taiwan) that are subjected to different classes of anthropogenic interventions. The GDWPS reveal unique features that are not detected with the GWPS ratios. We also segregate the effects of individual subflow components on the overall flow regime alterations using the subflow GDWPS. The results show that the daily hydropeaking waves below the reservoir not only intensified the flow oscillations at daily scale but most significantly eliminated subweekly flow variability. Alterations of flow regime were most severe below the diversion weir, where the residual hydropeaking resulted in a maximum impact at daily scale while the postdiversion null flows led to large hydrologic alterations over submonthly scales. The smallest impacts below the confluence reveal that the hydrologic alterations at scales longer than 2 days were substantially mitigated with the joining of the unregulated tributary flows, whereas the daily‐scale hydrologic alteration was retained because of the hydropeaking inherited from the reservoir releases. The proposed DWPS approach unravels for the first time the details of flow regime alterations at these intermediate scales that are overridden by the low‐frequency high‐power flows when the long‐term averaged GWPS are used.
Comparison of the Modeling Techniques for Chassis Applications. An Advice for the User
Authors: Heßeler Frank , Katriniok Alexander , Reiter Matthias , Maschuw Jan , Abel Dirk
Published: April 2015

Examination of the developments in the automotive industry during the past decade shows that the number of mechatronic systems in a vehicle grows steadily and will continue to grow in the future. This trend is particularly encouraged by the increase in safety and comfort that has been enabled by the use of mechatronic systems. To a great extent, these functions are realized by software that is integrated into a vehicle as an embedded system. A further trend is a stronger interconnection of separate functions in the vehicle, which makes the functional development of new systems even more difficult and time‐consuming. Therefore, in this context, the need for a modern control design via Rapid Control Prototyping is growing. Many challenges in this development process can be solved by simulation models. This chapter focuses on the use of simple and real‐time capable simulation models that can be used for controller development. The chapter gives the reader some assistance to choose the right type of model for different applications. Besides the description of the basic dynamic physical equations of a chassis system, two different possibilities (signal‐oriented and object‐oriented) are shown to implement these equations in simulation programs.