bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tin, Antimony and Molybdenum in Mn-W-O /Ir1-x-ySnyO2+0.5y/Ti Anodes for Oxygen Evolution in Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: October 2010

An attempt was made to enhance the oxygen evolution efficiency in seawater electrolysis by the addition of tin, antimony and molybdenum to Mn-W oxide electrocatalysts prepared by anodic deposition on the intermediate Ir1-x-ySnyO2+0.5y/Ti electrode. Ir1-x-ySnyO2+0.5y/Ti supported nanocrystalline γ-MnO2 type Mn-W-X-O(X=Sn,Sb,Mo) electrocatalysts with grain size of about 5-11 nm were tailored by anodic deposition. All the examined Mn-W-X(X=Sn,Sb,Mo)- O anodes showed the almost 100% oxygen evolution efficiency at 1000 A.m-2 in 0.5 M NaCl solution of pH 1 at 25°C. They guaranteed the stable anode performance of about 99.75-99.85% oxygen evolution efficiencies for more than five months. Keywords: Global warming; CO2 recycling; Oxygen evolution anode; Seawater electrolysis; Hydrogen production electrode. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3844 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.39-43
Activity of Mercury in its Amalgams at Molten Stage
Authors: Chakrabarti SK , Jha BK , Jha IS
Published: October 2010

In the present work we have considered two molten amalgams e.g. sodium amalgam and potassium amalgam. Efforts are made to compute the activity of mercury therein by applying Flory's model. This statistical mechanical model is based on the size factor of the ingredients of a binary liquid alloy. In case of each of the amalgams we have started with the expression for the free energy of mixing (GM) according to this model. After knowing the ratio of the atomic volumes of the constituent species of an amalgam the prime task becomes the determination of the interchange energy (ω) between them. For this purpose the experimental values of GM for different concentrations of the ingredients of the amalgam are collected. From these known values ω has been computed by using the expression for GM. A suitable value of ω is chosen from the set of values so obtained. Putting this value of ω the free energy of mixing is calculated for several concentrations and then compared with its observed values. Accordingly, a modified value of ω has been considered and the calculations are repeated. In this way by the method of successive approximations we have ascertained the value of the interchange energy. Thereafter, with the help of standard thermodynamic relation activity has been computed. The results explain the observed anomaly of the activity of mercury in the present molten amalgams. Keywords: Binary liquid alloys; Flory's model; Amalgams; Activity of mercury. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3850 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.56-58
The Effect of Polar Substituents on Dielectric and Optical Transmittance Properties of two λ-shaped Mesogenic with Bromo and Chloro Substituents - A Comparative Study
Authors: Chand PB , Manohar R
Published: October 2010

Dielectric properties of two λ-shaped mesogenic compounds 4-((2-bromo-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-1,3-phenylene bis(4-(tetradecyloxy)benzoate) (14MV) and 4-((2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)diazenl)-1,3-phenylene bis(4-(decyloxy)benzoate) (10-OCPNDE) have been studied as a function of temperature and frequency. The bromo substituents compound exhibits smectic C phase but chloro substituents compound smectic A phase. Our interest is to compare the macroscopic properties of the two compounds of same category but different functional group i.e Br or Cl. With this aim, the dielectric permittivity with temperature and frequency has been determined for both the compounds in planar alignment at frequency range 100Hz- 1MHz. In this paper, we reported the dielectric behaviour of the effect of bromo and chloro substituents on mesomorphic two λ-shaped mesogenic homologous series with bromo and chloro substituents. Key words: λ-shaped liquid crystals; Polar substituents; Dielectric properties; Cole-Cole plot. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3851 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.59-65
Chemical constituents from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz of Nepalese Origin
Authors: Luitel Hom Nath , Rajbhandari Mina , Kalauni Surya K , Awale Suresh , Masuda Kazuo , Gewali Mohan B
Published: October 2010

From the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum, three flavones namely baicalein (1), oroxylin (2) and pinostrobin (3) along with one sterol, Stigmast-7-en-3-ol (4) were isolated and their structures were established by the use of spectroscopic techniques. Baicalein (1) and oroxylin (2) were found to be active against brine shrimp with LC50 value 10.0 μg/ml and 36.0 μg/ ml and also exhibited the antimicrobial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC value 4.0 mg/ml and 8.0 mg/ml respectively. Key words: Oroxylum indicum; Flavones; Baicalein; Brine-shrimp bioassay. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3852 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.66-68
Nepalese Null AMELY Males and their Y-Haplotypes
Authors: Jha Dinesh K , Rijal Jiwan Pd , Chhetri Nirajan T
Published: October 2010

Amelogenin is the well-liked process for sex typing in recent days. Exceptional failures to amplify AMELY accurate products can cause erroneous gender identification consequence male samples mistakenly identified as females. A total of 9 null AMELY males were noticed in 200 males of 72 Nepalese surnames by means of 4.5% frequency. No amplification of DYS458 Marker in all null AMELY males but great sharing of amplified Y STR alleles among them is a probable sign of the general phylogenetic origin. Key words: Forensic; Gender determination; Amelogenin; Null AMELY; Y-STR haplotypes etc. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3858 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.97-101
Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 pseudotypes: comparing safety, specificity, and transduction efficiency in the primate striatum
Authors: Sanchez Carlos E. , Tierney Travis S. , Gale John T. , Alavian Kambiz N. , Sahin Ayguen , Lee Jeng-Shin , Mulligan Richard C. , Carter Bob S.
Published: October 2010

Object

Although several clinical trials utilizing the adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 serotype 2 (2/2) are now underway, it is unclear whether this particular serotype offers any advantage over others in terms of safety or efficiency when delivered directly to the CNS.

Methods

Recombinant AAV2–green fluorescent protein (GFP) serotypes 2/1, 2/2, 2/5, and 2/8 were generated following standard triple transfection protocols (final yield 5.4 × 1012 particles/ml). A total of 180 μl of each solution was stereotactically infused, covering the entire rostrocaudal extent of the caudoputamen in 4 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (3.0 ± 0.5 kg). After 6 weeks' survival, the brain was formalin fixed, cut at 40 μm, and stained with standard immunohistochemistry for anti-GFP, anticaspase-2, and cell-specific markers (anti–microtubule-associated protein-2 for neurons and anti–glial fibrillary acidic protein for glia). Unbiased stereological counting methods were used to determine cell number and striatal volume.

Results

The entire striatum of each animal contained GFP-positive cells with significant labeling extending beyond the borders of the basal ganglia. No ischemic/necrotic, hemorrhagic, or neoplastic change was observed in any brain. Total infusate volumes were similar across the 4 serotypes. However, GFP-labeled cell density was markedly different. Adeno-associated virus 2/1, 2/2, and 2/5 each labeled < 8000 cells/mm3, whereas serotype 8 labeled > 21,000 cells, a 3- to 4-fold higher transduction efficiency. On the other hand, serotype 8 also labeled neurons and glia with equal affinity compared with neuronal specificities > 89% for the other serotypes. Moderate caspase-2 colabeling was noted in neurons immediately around the AAV2/1 injection tracts, but was not seen above the background anywhere in the brain following injections with serotypes 2, 5, or 8.

Conclusions

Intrastriatal delivery of AAV2 yields the highest cell transduction efficiencies but lowest neuronal specificity for serotype 8 when compared with serotypes 1, 2, and 5. Only AAV2/1 revealed significant caspase-2 activation. Careful consideration of serotype-specific differences in AAV2 neurotropism, transduction efficiency, and potential toxicity may affect future human trials.
Sir Victor Horsley's 19th century operations at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square
Authors: Uff Christopher , Frith Daniel , Harrison Catriona , Powell Michael , Kitchen Neil
Published: October 2010

Although he was not the first man to operate on the brain, Sir Victor Horsley was the world's first surgeon appointed to a hospital post to perform brain surgery, which happened in 1886 at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London. The authors examined the patient records between 1886 and 1899 and found 151 operations performed by Sir Victor Horsley at the National Hospital, including craniotomies, laminectomies, and nerve divisions. The authors present the outcome data and case illustrations of cerebral tumor resections and laminectomies from the nineteenth century. Outcomes and notable pioneering achievements are highlighted.
Gamma Knife surgery for brain metastases from colorectal cancer
Authors: Matsunaga Shigeo , Shuto Takashi , Kawahara Nobutaka , Suenaga Jun , Inomori Shigeo , Fujino Hideyo
Published: October 2010

Object

The outcomes after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) were retrospectively analyzed in patients with brain metastases from radioresistant primary colorectal cancer to evaluate the efficacy of GKS and the prognostic factors for local tumor control and overall survival.

Methods

The authors reviewed the medical records of 152 patients with 616 tumors. The group included 102 men and 50 women aged 35–85 years (mean age 64.4 years), who underwent GKS for metastatic brain tumors from colorectal cancer between April 1992 and September 2008 at Yokohama Rosai Hospital.

Results

The mean prescription dose to the tumor margin was 18.5 Gy (range 8–30 Gy). The mean tumor volume at GKS was 2.0 cm3 (range 0.004–10.0 cm3). The primary tumors were located in the colon in 88 patients and the rectum in 64. The median interval between the diagnosis of primary lesions and the diagnosis of brain metastases was 27 months (range 0–180 months). The median neuroradiological follow-up period after GKS was 3 months (mean 6.4 months, range 1–93 months). The local tumor growth control rate, based on MR imaging, was 91.2%. The significant factors for unfavorable local tumor growth control, based on multivariate analysis, were larger tumor volume (p = 0.001) and lower margin dose (p = 0.016). The median overall survival time was 6 months. Lower Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score (p = 0.026) and the presence of extracranial metastases (p = 0.004) at first GKS were significantly correlated with poor overall survival period in multivariate analysis. The cause of death was systemic disease in 112 patients and neurological disease in 13 patients. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis was significantly correlated with a shorter duration of neurological survival in multivariate analysis (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Gamma Knife surgery is effective for suppression of local tumor growth in patients with brain metastases from radioresistant colorectal primary cancer. Therefore, clinical and radiological screening of intracranial metastases for patients with lower KPS scores and/or the presence of extracranial metastases as well as follow-up examinations after GKS for brain metastases should be performed periodically in patients with colorectal cancer, because the neurological prognosis is improved by initial and repeat GKS for newly diagnosed or recurrent tumors leading to a prolonged high-quality survival period.
Results with judicious modern neurosurgical management of parasagittal and falcine meningiomas
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Rutkowski Martin J. , Shangari Gopal , Parsa Andrew T. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W.
Published: October 2010

Object

The management of parasagittal and falcine meningiomas centers around the relationship between the tumor and the venous anatomy of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and the bridging veins. The present study aims to address surgical outcomes in a focused cohort of these patients for which there is not clinical equipoise between radiosurgery and transcranial resection.

Methods

The clinical outcomes of patients undergoing surgical removal of parasagittal and falcine meningiomas at the authors' institution over an 18-year period were analyzed. Analysis was limited to patients with large, symptomatic, or rapidly growing tumors, for whom radiosurgery was not a good option. Tumor control was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and specific attention was paid to the relationship between the tumor and the SSS, and its impact on tumor control and outcome.

Results

The authors identified 135 patients with large, symptomatic, and/or growing parasagittal/falcine meningiomas who underwent resection at their institution between 1991 and 2007. The median length of follow-up was 7.6 years (range 1.7–18.6 years). The SSS was found to be invaded in 61 of 135 cases. In 6 cases the sinus was completely occluded. In 33 of the remaining 55 cases, the tumor invading the sinus was able to be removed with simple microsurgical techniques. There was no difference in rates of tumor control in patients who received subtotal resection for a WHO Grade I tumor, followed by close observation, compared with those undergoing gross-total resection, primarily because no cases were observed in which the tumor remnant in the SSS demonstrated interval growth on serial imaging studies. Of the patients in this series, 19% experienced at least one neurological, medical, or surgical complication.

Conclusions

Importantly, these data provide a more modern estimate of the expected outcomes that can be obtained with treatment of these tumors, in which a combination of image guidance, advanced microsurgical tools, and conformal radiation treatments is used.
Relaparotomy after Cesarean Section : Experience from a Tertiary Referral and Teaching Hospital of Bangladesh
Authors: Rouf Salma , Sharmin Sebera , Dewan Farhana , Akhter Salma
Published: October 2010

Objectives: The objective of the study was to find out the incidence, indications, risk factors and outcomes of cases requiring relaparotomy following caesarean delivery during the puerperium. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study set in a tertiary referral and teaching hospital ( Dhaka Medical College Hospital) in Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh. Results: Over a period of one year from January 1st to 31st December 2007, there were 3830 caesarean deliveries (48.43%) out of a total of 7909 deliveries. Relaparotomy was done in 24 patients (0.63%) of the caesarean sections. The indications of repeat laparotomy were secondary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in 11 cases(45.8%), primary PPH due to uterine atony in 8 cases (33%), uterine sepsis with haemorrhage in 1 case (4.17%), rectus sheath haematoma in 2 cases (8.3%), internal haemorrhage after caesarean section in 1 case (4.17%) and abdominal wound dehiscence in 1 case (4.17%). Of these 24 cases, in 4 cases, primary caesarean section was done in this institution while 20 had caesarean delivery at other hospitals and clinics at (5 cases) and outside Dhaka (15 cases). Main surgeries performed at relaparotomy were subtotal hysterectomy in 12 cases, total hysterectomy in 5 cases, drainage of haematoma and peritoneal toileting in 2 cases, resuturing of uterine incisions in 1 case, ligation of uterine vessels in 2 cases and internal iliac arteries in 1 case and others. More than one procedure was often performed in one case. There were 6 maternal deaths following relaparotomy caused by shock following PPH, septicaemia and internal haemorrhage. Conclusion: Repeat laparotomy within six weeks of caesarean delivery was required 1 in 200 cases in this institute. Case fatality rate was high (25%). Near miss fatalities were also common. Majority of these were preventable. Identification of risk factors, adequate attention during primary surgery, expert decision, prompt intervention and proper case management during relaparotomy will improve the outcome. Key words: Caesarean delivery; relaparotomy. DOI: 10.3329/bjog.v24i1.6319 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(1) : 3-9
The effect of low dose pethidine and diazepam for sedation in Cesarean Section under Sub-Arachnoid Block on mothers satisfaction
Authors: Saha Dilip Kumar , Rahman Mazibar , Sarkar Paresh Chandra , Banik Debasish , Hudaak Quamrul , Begum Firoza
Published: October 2010

Objective: Cesarean Section (CS) is usually performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life at risk. Regional anesthesia has the advantage over general anesthesia by allowing mother to remain awake during operation. However, some women prefer general anesthesia as they want to be asleep during the operation. Aim of our study was to see the effect of mild sedation on mothers' satisfaction during CS.Materials and methods: A prospective cross sectional study was undertaken in the department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Child and Mother Health from January 2009 to December 2009. Sixty patients of singletone pregnancy with ASA(American Society of Anesthesiology)-I were randomized into two groups I&II of which one group received sedation with low dose pethidine and diazepam and other group did not get any sedation.Results: Data were analyzed between the groups and within the groups using students'‘t' test and Chi-Square test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Patient's parameters like heart rate and blood pressure were not statistically significant between groups, but SpO2 fall was statistically significant. Mother's satisfaction is significantly high (76%) in sedation group than non sedation group.Conclusion: By sedation with low dose pethidine and diazepam, mothers' satisfaction was better achieved without affecting the hemo-dynamic stability. Keywords: sedation; cesarean section; sub-arachnoid block; mothers' satisfaction. DOI: 10.3329/bjog.v24i1.6320 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(1) : 10-13
Status of Adolescents in SAFOG countries
Authors: Tasnim Saria
Published: October 2010

Objectives: To determine status of the adolescents in the context of education, nutrition, gender role, employment and reproductive rights in selected member countries of SAFOG.Materials and methods: An analysis has been made through review of printed and electronic resources on selected parameters of adolescent health.Results: The opportunity of primary education is not universal and gross disparity in youth literacy rate between male and female exist in most countries except a few. Malnutrition is quite prevalent in some countries reflected by a high proportion of low birth weight newborn and stunted adolescents. Employment opportunities for adolescent girls are less than the boys and many are engaged in non productive and domestic work. Gender discrimination is quite pronounced in how girls and boys are socialized, in household food allocation, opportunity for education, employment and in wage for work. In the traditional culture of this region talking about sex is a taboo and adolescents are poorly informed with regard to their own sexuality, physical well being, health and rights.Conclusion: The sheer number of adolescents and their great potential of physical, mental and social development have made them a special group to be dealt with priority. Professional bodies like SAFOG can take a leading role in this respect. DOI: 10.3329/bjog.v24i1.6323 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(1) : 22-26
Knowledge, Attitude and Experience Of Menopause  An Urban Based Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Tanira S , Wazed F , Sultana A , Amin R , Sultana K , Ahmad S
Published: October 2010

A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to determine the knowledge and attitude of postmenopausal women towards menopause and symptoms experienced by them. A total of 1056 women of 40-87 years of age were interviewed on the basis of a semi-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted in different non-government primary health care service centres as well as out patient department of tertiary government hospitals and private hospitals in Dhaka city from February to August 2008. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS 11.0 version. 994 (94.13%) had natural menopause and surgical menopause was evident only in 62 (5.87%) cases. 33.52% women were quite illiterate and 44.70% were of poor socioeconomic condition. 45.27% knew about the age of menopause and 34.75% knew the possible health effects of menopause. 82.58% of women considered it as a natural process and 17.42% perceived it as a disease. 26.14% were happy having no menstruation but 54.92%, being unhappy, wanted to have menses again and 18.94% had no opinion. Most common physical symptoms reported were backache (82.77%), bodyache (65.25%), insomnia (45.27%), vasomotor symptoms like hot flushes (36.84%) and night sweats (32.39%) and frequent mental symptoms were mood changes (34.85%), loss of memory (19.70%) and depression (19.51%). 32.47% were bothered by those symptoms but only 18.23% consult the physician. Only 3.67% were taking HRT. The overall scenario is frustrating, though the people were from a more facilitated environment of a mega city like Dhaka, and that may be due to low literacy rate and poverty. Key words: menopause; awareness; menopausal symptoms; reproductive health. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6303 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 33- 36
Different Shapes of the Human Parathyroid Glands  A Postmortem Study
Authors: Mahbub S , Ara S , Alim A , Nurunnabi ASM , Ahmed R , Begum M
Published: October 2010

Context: The parathyroid glands are very essential for survival. Parathyroid related clinical conditions such as parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia are common. Different shapes of the human parathyroid glands have been identified. Knowledge of different shapes of the parathyroid gland is essential for surgeon, sonologist, pathologist for better diagnosis and management of parathyroid diseases. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was designed in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008 to see different shape of the parathyroid gland and was performed on post mortem parathyroid glands of 60 Bangladeshi people of different age, ranging from 15 to 75 years. A total of 207 parathyroid glands were taken from the cadavers. The samples were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies within 24-36 hours after death which were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Different shapes were observed by using a hand lens. Results: Parathyroid glands were found to be oval (35.76%), leaf shaped (27.43%), spherical (24.76%), tear-drop shaped (2.41%), rod like (4.83%), sausage like (1.93%), pancake shaped (1.44%) and bean shaped (1.44%). Key words: Parathyroid gland; shape of parathyroid. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6305 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 44-46
Outcome of Late Anterior Surgery and Arthrodesis of Lower Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Chowdhury SMNK , Ahmed SU , Ara SA , Chowdhury SMMA , Hossain SS , Barua KK , Hossain MA
Published: October 2010

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and outcome of late anterior surgery and arthrodesis of lower cervical spinal cord injury. Study design: Prospective Analysis. Setting: Department of Neurosurgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka; Bangladesh. Subjects and Methods: 32 consecutive patients with sub axial cervical spinal cord injury managed surgically from January 2000 to July 2005 by late anterior surgery and autologous bone graft stabilization considered as study unit. The indications of surgery were persistent cervical spinal cord compression and / or instability of cervical spine. Most cases were admitted late and operations were carried out as late 1 week to 27 weeks after injury. All the patients were investigated by radiograph and MRI of cervical spine accordingly. Post operative patient were followed up for twice, just before discharge from hospital and there-after minimum 3 months to 3 years. Quantification of deficit and neurological outcome were rated by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification system. Results: Males were found predominant with 93.75% over the female 6.25%; with ratio is 15: 1. Minimum age of the patient is 16 years and maximum age is 55 years. Most frequently (37.50%) encountered group were between the age of 31 to 40 years. Mean age is 32.29±10.09 years. Falling due to slip while carrying heavy load on head and / or neck (37.50%) was the most common cause of sub axial cervical spinal injury followed by road traffic accidents (31.25%), which may not be reported elsewhere till to-date. 31.25% suffered a single vertebral level, 62.50% patients suffered two vertebral levels and 6.25% patients suffered three level vertebral levels. The commonest skeletal level was C5/6 (46.87%) followed by C5 (25.00%) but C5 (46.87%) was commonest neurological level followed by C4 (18.75%). 81.25% of patients sustained a neurological injury. Of these, 75.00% had incomplete neurological deficit. After the operative procedure these incomplete neurological deficit patients have shown very attractive neurological recoveries. 6.25% of total population, who had complete neurological deficit, was graded as ASIA grade - A did not show any neurological recovery. In the current series none of the patients had worsening of neurological deficit due surgical intervention. Conclusion: This study offer significant potential for repairing some of the damage caused by cervical spinal cord injury. Further more, though controversy exists as to the ideal approach and timing (early versus late surgery) we have seen that benefits derived from late anterior surgery in our patients. Key words: Spinal Cord Injury; ASIA impairment scale; Neurological outcome. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6306 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 47-53
Maternal factors affecting low birth weight in urban area of Bangladesh
Authors: Azimul SK , Matin A , Shabnam JH , Shamianaz S , Bannerje M
Published: October 2010

Objectives: In Bangladesh low birth weight (LBW) rate is quite high even in urban area. The present study was conducted to determine the maternal factors (e.g. socioeconomic, nutritional and pregnancy related) affecting LBW in urban community of Bangladesh. Methods: This case control study was done at Shaheed Shohrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Normally delivered singleton live births babies from January 2003 to January 2005 in obstetrics wards were selected purposively and after enrollment all newborn's birth weight was measured. Then from the total (N=583) study populations child-mother pairs formed and were divided in LBW group (n=135) and normal birth weight (NBW) group (n=448). Maternal socioeconomic, nutritional and pregnancy regarding data (e.g. parity, inter pregnancy interval, number of antenatal visits) were collected and then variables were analyzed to find out maternal factors affecting LBW. Results: The LBW incidence was found 23.2% and mean birth weight was found 2762 gm. More proportion of LBW babies came from the mother of <20year of age group. Significant relationship was found between early maternal age, education, socioeconomic status, anaemia, iron & vitamin supplementation during pregnancy, maternal weight, body mass index (BMI) with LBW. Parity, inter pregnancy interval and number of antenatal visit were also found significant risk factors for LBW. No relationship was found between tobacco use and maternal height with LBW. Conclusion: Among the various epidemiological factors the maternal factors like antenatal care, parity, inter pregnancy interval, iron & vitamin supplementation during pregnancy are found to influence birth weight. Hence, it is the need of the hour to strengthen the existing maternal services at the community level to reduce LBW in Bangladesh. Key words: LBW (Low Birth Weight); NBW (Normal Birth Weight). DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6309 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 64-69
Pregnancy with a Normal live Foetus and a Partial Molar Placenta - An Extremely Rare Condition
Authors: Khanom R , Khatun K , Akter S
Published: October 2010

The incidence of a normal live foetus along with a partial molar placenta is extremely rare. Although triploidy is the most frequent association, a foetus with normal karyotype can survive in cases of partial molar pregnancy. A case is reported in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka that of partial molar placenta in which a live male baby was delivered at 34 weeks gestation by a 25 years old woman. At the 23rd week, ultrasonographic examination revealed a normal foetus with a huge, multicystic placenta. There were per vaginal bleeding up to the 34th gestational weeks. The patient underwent an emergency caesarean section and delivered a 1.6 kg male baby. The baby was admitted in SCABU. The foetus was normal and no complication was there. Key words: Live foetus with molar pregnancy; emergency caesarean section. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6313 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 82-84
Spontaneous Triplet Pregnancy - A Case Report
Authors: Wazed F , Sultana N , Banu LA , Nasrin N , Sultana HS , Begum A
Published: October 2010

A patient age 25 years para 1, 2nd gravida with previous history of Caesarean Section (delivered a still born baby due to APH) was admitted into DMCH with 33weeks pregnancy and back pain for 5 days. She was not in regular antenatal check up but completed immunization against tetanus. She was a regularly menstruating woman. She noticed undue enlargement of abdomen in her last trimester with excessive fetal movement. On examination, her BP was found 100/70 mmHg, with bilateral leg oedema. SFH was 36wks size & fetal heart sound was audible at multiple sites. Her USG shows triplet live pregnancy of 33-34 weeks duration. Elective C\S was done after 2 weeks at 06.04.2010. Three live birth premature babies were delivered. Weight of the babies was 2.1kg, 2kg, 1.9kg. After 7 days of hospital stay, the patient was discharged with three healthy kids and great pleasure. Key words: Triplet pregnancy; Ceasarean section. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6314 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 88-90
Genetic Differentiation between Natural and Hatchery Stocks of Japanese Scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) as Revealed by AFLP Analysis
Authors: Liu Wei-Dong , Li Hong-Jun , Bao Xiang-Bo , Gao Xiang-gang , Li Yun-feng , He Chong-Bo , Liu Zhan-Jiang
Published: October 2010

Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) is a cold-tolerant bivalve that was introduced to China for aquaculture in 1982. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to investigate levels of genetic diversity within M. yessoensis cultured stocks and compare them with wild populations. Six pairs of primer combinations generated 368 loci among 332 individuals, in four cultured and three wild populations. High polymorphism at AFLP markers was found within both cultured and wild M. yessoensis populations. The percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 61.04% to 72.08%, while the mean heterozygosity ranged from 0.2116 to 0.2596. Compared with wild populations, the four hatchery populations showed significant genetic changes, such as lower expected heterozygosity and percentage of polymorphic loci, and smaller frequency of private alleles, all indicative of a reduction in genetic diversity. Some genetic structures were associated with the geographical distribution of samples; with all samples from Dalian and Japan being closely related, while the population from Russia fell into a distinct clade in the phylogenetic analysis. The genetic information derived from this study indicated that intentional or accidental release of selected Japanese scallops into natural sea areas might result in disturbance of local gene pools and loss of genetic variability. We recommend monitoring the genetic variability of selected hatchery populations to enhance conservation of natural Japanese scallop resources.
Pharmacological Proprieties of the Ethanol Extract of Muehlenbeckia platyclada (F. Muell.) Meisn. Leaves
Authors: Fagundes Leopoldina Leonor , Del-Vechio Vieira Glauciemar , De Pinho José de Jesus R. G. , Yamamoto Célia Hitomi , Alves Maria Silvana , Stringheta Paulo César , De Sousa Orlando Vieira
Published: October 2010

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the Muehlenbeckia platyclada leaves’ ethanol extract were investigated in animal models. The extract (p.o.) reduced the number of abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid by 21.57% (400 mg/kg). After intraplantar injection of formalin, a dose of 400 mg/kg (p.o.) inhibited the time spent paw licking in the first phase (26.43%), while the second phase was inhibited by 10.90 and 36.65% at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The extract (p.o.) increased the reaction time on a hot plate at a dose of 400 mg/kg (32.68 and 40.30%) after 60 and 90 minutes of treatment, respectively. The paw edema was reduced by extract (p.o.) at doses of 100 (15.46 and 16.67%), 200 (22.68 and 25.64%) and 400 mg/kg (29.50 and 37.33%) after 3 to 4 h of carrageenan application, respectively. Doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.), administered 4 h after the carrageenan injection, reduced the exudate volume (11.28, 21.54 and 45.13%), while leukocyte migration was reduced by 21.21 and 29.70% at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that the ethanol extract from M. platyclada may constitute a potential target for the discovery of new molecules with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities that can be explored for their therapeutic use.
Distribution of Endogenous Farnesyl Pyrophosphate and Four Species of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Rodent Brain
Authors: Lee Sung Ha , Raboune Siham , Walker J. Michael , Bradshaw Heather B.
Published: October 2010

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the umbrella term for lipid signaling molecules that share structural homology and activate the family of LPA receptors. Farnesyl Pyrophosphate (FPP) is commonly known as an intermediate in the synthesis of steroid hormones; however, its function as a signaling lipid is beginning to be explored. FPP was recently shown to an activator of the G-protein coupled receptor 92 (also known as LPA5) of the calcium channel TRPV3. The LPA receptors (including GPR92) are associated with the signal transduction of noxious stimuli, however, very little is known about the distribution of their signaling ligands (LPAs and FPP) in the brain. Here, using HPLC/MS/MS, we developed extraction and analytical methods for measuring levels of FPP and 4 species of LPA (palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl and arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3 phosphate) in rodent brain. Relative distributions of each of the five compounds was significantly different across the brain suggesting divergent functionality for each as signaling molecules based on where and how much of each is being produced. Brainstem, midbrain, and thalamus contained the highest levels measured for each compound, though none in the same ratios while relatively small amounts were produced in cortex and cerebellum. These data provide a framework for investigations into functional relationships of these lipid ligands in specific brain areas, many of which are associated with the perception of pain.
Immense Essence of Excellence: Marine Microbial Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Bhatnagar Ira , Kim Se-Kwon
Published: October 2010

Oceans have borne most of the biological activities on our planet. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action, such as anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-microtubule, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, photo protective, as well as antibiotic and antifouling properties, have been isolated to date from marine sources. The marine environment also represents a largely unexplored source for isolation of new microbes (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microalgae-cyanobacteria and diatoms) that are potent producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Extensive research has been done to unveil the bioactive potential of marine microbes (free living and symbiotic) and the results are amazingly diverse and productive. Some of these bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities are being intensely used as antibiotics and may be effective against infectious diseases such as HIV, conditions of multiple bacterial infections (penicillin, cephalosporines, streptomycin, and vancomycin) or neuropsychiatric sequelae. Research is also being conducted on the general aspects of biophysical and biochemical properties, chemical structures and biotechnological applications of the bioactive substances derived from marine microorganisms, and their potential use as cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review is an attempt to consolidate the latest studies and critical research in this field, and to showcase the immense competence of marine microbial flora as bioactive metabolite producers. In addition, the present review addresses some effective and novel approaches of procuring marine microbial compounds utilizing the latest screening strategies of drug discovery.
Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for the Detection and Classification of Fruity Odors
Authors: Tang Kea-Tiong , Chiu Shih-Wen , Pan Chih-Heng , Hsieh Hung-Yi , Liang Yao-Sheng , Liu Ssu-Chieh
Published: October 2010

In this study, we have developed a prototype of a portable electronic nose (E-Nose) comprising a sensor array of eight commercially available sensors, a data acquisition interface PCB, and a microprocessor. Verification software was developed to verify system functions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system prototype is able to identify the fragrance of three fruits, namely lemon, banana, and litchi.
The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station Ground Temperature Sensor: A Pyrometer for Measuring Ground Temperature on Mars
Authors: Sebastián Eduardo , Armiens Carlos , Gómez-Elvira Javier , Zorzano María P. , Martinez-Frias Jesus , Esteban Blanca , Ramos Miguel
Published: October 2010

We describe the parameters that drive the design and modeling of the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) Ground Temperature Sensor (GTS), an instrument aboard NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory, and report preliminary test results. REMS GTS is a lightweight, low-power, and low cost pyrometer for measuring the Martian surface kinematic temperature. The sensor’s main feature is its innovative design, based on a simple mechanical structure with no moving parts. It includes an in-flight calibration system that permits sensor recalibration when sensor sensitivity has been degraded by deposition of dust over the optics. This paper provides the first results of a GTS engineering model working in a Martian-like, extreme environment.
Destitution through “Development”: A Case Study of the Laka Laka Project in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: Shriar Avrum J.
Published: October 2010

This study examined environmental and socioeconomic outcomes of a water project in rural Bolivia, and sought insights on how and why its planning was so flawed. The project destroyed an ancient, sustainable irrigation system, and replaced it with one that provides insufficient and diminishing quantities of water to many fewer people, appears to be causing land degradation and groundwater depletion, and has fueled conflicts. The study shows that even relatively small, NGO-led projects can generate significant negative impacts, and raises questions about the pressures on development agencies to charge ahead with projects, despite obvious potential for such impacts.
La dépigmentation cosmétique à Dakar (Sénégal) : facteurs socio-économiques et motivations individuelles
Authors: Mahé Antoine , Ly Fatimata , Gounongbé Ari
Published: October 2010

The cosmetic use of bleaching products in Dakar, Senegal: socio-economic factors and claimed motivations

In order to evaluate the reasons for the cosmetic use of skin bleaching products, a questionnaire was proposed to a sample of 368 women presenting at a dermatological centre in Dakar. According to the collected data, bleaching products appear to be more frequently used among women from Dakar, aged from 20 to 40 years, married or having a boy- friend, with an educational level equivalent to primary school, a job implying contacts with customers, and among women having access to certain consumption goods (TV, phone, car). According to their statements, the main motivations of women using bleaching products are the following: be fashionable, be pretty, imitate close friends, practice self- medication. Female friends of bleaching products users are said to often compliment and prompt them, contrarily to family members who generally criticize strongly the practice; the husbands present an intermediary position. These data suggest that bleaching products' s use works like a fashion phenomenon, with both identification to a group (mainly, female friends) and a claim to certain values, especially urbanity, modernity, adult femininity, power of seduction, and access to a certain social level. A wish of emancipation toward classical patterns of women seems present. There is a significant ambivalence of bleaching products users concerning their cosmetic practices. According to thèse data, the usual explanations for the cosmetic use of bleaching products, i. e. a negative perception of black skin making reference to racial typology, are not confirmed. In order to understand the current use of bleaching products, it is essential to adopt a historical perspective, especially with regard to local perceptions of skin colour differences, as to local strategies of seduction.
Une politique de santé « a priori ». Le dépistage néonatal de la mucoviscidose en Bretagne
Authors: Vailly Joelle
Published: October 2010

Una política de salud « a priori ». La detección neonatal de la mucoviscidosis en Bretaña

La detección neonatal de la mucoviscidosis (DNM), cuya necesidad es todavía objeto de debates a nivel internacional, ha sido oficialmente decidida en Francia en el año 2002. Nuestro estudio trata sobre un programa régional de DNM, iniciado en 1988 en Bretaña, en una época en que los estudios sobre la importancia de esta detección en los niños enfermos tenían poco sustento o daban resultados contradictorios. Este programa puede ser calificado como política de salud « a priori », en el sentido filosófico del término, porque ha sido anterior a las experiencias realizadas para demostrar su interés y al mismo tiempo, independiente de éstas. Nuestra investigación estudia las condiciones y las lógicas de acción de esta política régional de salud en Bretaña, en el contexto de desarrollo de la genética. Muestra de qué manera los argumentos bio-médicos movili- zados (biológicos, epidemiológicos y médicos) han contribuido a legitimizar la DNM y se han difundido en amplios espacios. Muestra igualmente de qué manera estos argumentos han tenido resonancia, no sólamente en la acción del sector biomédico, sino mucho más allá, en el seno de una parte de la población bretona.
Le consentement à la recherche en épidémiologie génétique : le « rituel de confiance » en question
Authors: Ducournau Pascal
Published: October 2010

El consentimiento a la investigatión en epidemiología genética : un « ritual de confîanza » en cuestión

El consentimiento informado aparece en la literatura sociológica existente como un « ritual de confianza » entre los profesionales de la investigación biomédica y sus participantes. El artículo amplía y enmienda este análisis gracias a los resultados de una encuesta cualitativa realizada durante la constitución de un banco de ADN creado con fines de estudios epidemiológicos. A partir del análisis de las interacciones entre médicos y « dadores de ADN » y de entrevistas semi-directivas con 35 sujetos, se ve que el trámite escrito y firmado del consentimiento no représenta necesariamente una garantía en cuanto al compromiso contraido. Su existencia puede hasta ser percibida por los participantes como un aumento de los riesgos y de las incertidumbres que se corren en el contexto de una investigación sobre el ADN. Por otra parte, el artículo subraya que la presencia de un trámite escrito puede estar en desfase con la gestión de la confianza en la que se situan los participantes. En conclusión, la evolución des las relaciones de confianza entre las instituciones de investigación médica y los « públicos profanos » es interrogada a través de las reacciones de los participantes frente a este trámite de consentimiento.
Petits arrangements avec la contrainte. Les professionnels de santé face à la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Gobatto Isabelle , Lafaye Françoise
Published: October 2010

Small arrangements with difficulties.

Health professionals in the context of the prevention

of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

In Ivory Coast, mother-to-child transmission of HIV occurs in a context where the health care Systems as well as the patient are of limited resources. In addition, these prevention activities imply the implementation of various protocols and in particular one seeking to change the mother's behaviour concerning feeding practices for the new-born. Women also highlight another «cultural» difficulty which is that of integrating their social, political, economical and religious reality with what the health care worker will propose. Also, health personnel implicated in the programme are going to undertake their work in a setting which needs a new organisation. This refers to a formalised patient flow which forces respect in regard to confidentiality. Health workers are then going to «invent» practises that are related with their life conditions, their own représentations and to the professional and personal opportunities that thèse actions offer them.
Refus des médecins, abandons des couples : quel contrôle pour la pratique de procréation assistée ?
Authors: Tain Laurence
Published: October 2010

Doctor' refusal, couples giving up: how is the médical practice of in vitro fertilization controlled?

In a sélection/participation process like in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, on can differentiate, on one side, the users of thèse reproductive technologies and, on the other side, those deciding to give up the treatment or who are refused by the medical staff. This article is focused on that second aspect and two questions are tackled: who controls the medical practice of IVF? Is social equality respected during the selection process? This study will shed light on intermingled forms of social control: medical power goes with users' autonomy, both encompassed by gender rules. It will be shown that, whereas the socio-demographic characteristics of the users would allow to assume an equal access to IVF, the selection process turns out to highly contribute to the production of social inequality.
Les dimensions politiques de la rationalisation des pratiques médicales
Authors: Castel Patrick , Dalgalarrondo Sébastien
Published: October 2010

Résumé. La controverse analysée dans cet article entend contribuer à améliorer les connaissances concernant les implications politiques de la rationalisation quantitative des pratiques médicales qui traverse la médecine depuis le milieu du XXe siècle. Elle oppose, depuis une vingtaine d'années, la communauté de la cancérologie pédiatrique française, qui s'inscrit dans une approche organisée et normalisatrice de la médecine, à un service qui défend une approche individuelle et empirique. L'étude de cette controverse démontre que les attitudes des patients, peu aidés en cela par certains des principaux protagonistes — dont les médias et les médecins eux-mêmes — , sont très ambivalentes vis-à-vis de cette rationalisation. Mais ce cas souligne surtout que les principaux changements concernent pour le moment les relations entre médecins dans la mesure où la rationalisation change le fondement de la légitimité des pratiques médicales et offre de nouveaux outils leur permettant de se juger et se classer entre eux.