bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I don’t think there’s much of a rational mind in a drug addict when they are in the thick of it’: towards an embodied analysis of recovering heroin users
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Neale Jo , Pickering Lucy
Published: November 2010

Much of the sociological literature on recovery from heroin use has been located within the symbolic interactionist tradition and has revealed the salience of identity for the recovery process, and has focused upon actors’ cognitions. By contrast, less attention has been paid to former users’ bodies. The aim of this paper therefore is to focus upon the embodied aspects of recovery from heroin use. To this end, we deploy the notions of bodily ‘dys‐appearance’ and ‘habitual action’ as sensitising concepts to undertake an analysis of data generated by 40 qualitative interviews carried out with 21 men and 19 women who are overcoming their addiction to heroin in England. Analytically, we distinguish between using bodies and recovering bodies. In the case of the former, ‘habitual action’ is relatively urgent and routinised; in the case of the latter, however, habitual action is more difficult to maintain because the bodily dys‐appearances associated with the transition from heroin use are relatively more multifaceted and unfamiliar. The body techniques associated with embodied reproduction of using and recovering bodies can be pre‐cognitive, easily overlooked and yet, embedded as they are in mundane, everyday activities, they constitute a crucial part of the process of recovery from heroin.
Investability and Firm Value
Authors: Mitton Todd , O’Connor Thomas
Published: November 2010

We study how investability, or openness to foreign equity investors, affects firm value in a sample of over 1,400 firms from 26 emerging markets. We find that, on average, investability is associated with a 9% valuation premium (as measured by Tobin's q). This significant valuation premium persists in firm‐fixed effects regressions, although the magnitude and robustness of the premium is somewhat lower. Analysis of the components of Tobin's q shows that firms that become investable experience significant increases in both market values and physical investment. These effects are strongest for firms that face country‐level or firm‐level financial constraints prior to becoming investable.
Hedge Fund Characteristics and Performance Persistence
Authors: Ammann Manuel , Huber Otto , Schmid Markus
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we investigate the performance persistence of hedge funds over time horizons between 6 and 36 months based on a merged sample from the Lipper/TASS and CISDM databases for the time period from 1994 to 2008. Unlike previous literature, we use a panel probit regression approach to identify fund characteristics that are significantly related to performance persistence. We then investigate the performance of two‐way sorted portfolios where sorting is based on past performance and one of the additional fund characteristics identified as persistence‐enhancing in the probit analysis. We find statistically and economically significant performance persistence for time horizons of up to 36 months. Although we identify several fund characteristics that are strongly correlated with the probability of observing performance persistence, we find only one fund characteristic, a strategy distinctiveness index that attempts to measure manager skills and the uniqueness of the hedge fund's trading strategies, to have the ability to systematically improve performance persistence up to a time horizon of 24 months. The economic magnitude of this improvement amounts to a sizeable increase in alpha by approximately 4.0% and 2.3% p.a. for annual and biennial rebalancing, respectively.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 2010
Authors: O’Connor Anthony , Gisbert Javier P. , McNamara Deirdre , O’Morain Colm
Published: November 2010

It is accepted that the success of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment using standard triple therapy is declining. Resistance, particularly to clarithromycin, has been shown in numerous countries to be rising to a level where the use of standard triple therapy in its current form may no longer be justified. The two major factors influencing resistance are prior exposure to the antibiotic and compliance with therapy. Regimes based on bismuth and levofloxacin, which had previously been mainly second‐line options, are now emerging as superior first‐line options. Trials of sequential and concomitant therapies are also showing the usefulness of these treatments in different populations. Options for third and subsequent line therapies include furazolidone and rifabutin‐based regimes. Susceptibility testing should be performed to maintain accurate data on resistance levels, and has also clinical utility in difficult to eradicate cases. None of these, however, will be successful unless compliance is improved upon. If compliance is assured and eradication confirmation pursued, it has been repeatedly illustrated that near full eradication is achievable.
Extragastric Manifestations of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Figura Natale , Franceschi Francesco , Santucci Annalisa , Bernardini Giulia , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: November 2010

The possible role of Helicobacter pylori as a trigger for some extragastric diseases has been largely investigated in the last year. There are, in fact, several studies concerning cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus, ear and eyes diseases, immunological and hematological disorders, liver and bile tract diseases, gynecological and respiratory tract pathologies. Among them, idiopathic sideropenic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura still remain the extragastric diseases showing the most convincing results. Concerning ischemic heart disease, there are new interesting data playing in favor of the association, even though there are still some open issues to be clarified. For the other diseases, more studies are needed to clarify the reality of the proposed association.
Witkop Tooth and Nail Syndrome: A Report of Three Cases in a Family
Authors: Memarpour Mahtab , Shafiei Fereshteh
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Witkop tooth and nail syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia manifested by hypodontia and nail dysplasia. Tooth shape may vary, and conical and narrow crowns are common. Mandibular incisors, second molars, and maxillary canines are the most frequently missing teeth. Nail dysplasia affects the fingernails and especially the toenails and is often more severe in childhood. Nails may be spoon‐shaped, ridged, slow‐growing, and easily broken. We examined an Eastern Mediterranean family in which three siblings (two girls, one boy) had this syndrome. The severity of finger and toenail anomalies varied. The children’s mother had no Witkop‐related abnormalities, but their father was reported to have dental and nail anomalies. Early intervention is recommended to manage orofacial disfigurement and avoid negative social consequences for these children.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of Li2(M2+)2Mo3O12 and Li3(M3+)Mo3O12 (M=Zn, Ca, Al, and In) Lyonsite‐Related‐Type Ceramics with Ultra‐Low Sintering Temperatures
Authors: Zhou Di , Randall Clive A. , Pang Li‐Xia , Wang Hong , Wu Xin‐Guang , Guo Jing , Zhang Gao‐Qun , Shui Li , Yao Xi
Published: November 2010

In this work, the Li2(M2+)2Mo3O12 and Li3(M3+)Mo3O12 (M=Zn, Ca, Al, and In) lyonsite‐related structures were prepared using a solid‐state reaction method. Single‐phase lyonsite materials were formed for the following compositions Li2Zn2Mo3O12, Li3AlMo3O12, and Li3InMo3O12 ceramics. Whereas, the Li2Ca2Mo3O12 batched compositions produced Li2MoO4 and CaMoO4 phases. All the four ceramics did not react with Ag and Al powders at their optimal sintering temperatures, which will permit the possibility of cofired electrodes with these metallurgies. The Li2Zn2Mo3O12 ceramic can be sintered at 630°C with a relative permittivity of 11.1, a Q×f value of ∼70 000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of −90 ppm/°C at 14.6 GHz. The Li3AlMo3O12 ceramic sintered at 570°C has a relative permittivity of 9.5, a Q×f value of ∼50 000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of −73 ppm/°C at 14.1 GHz. The Li3InMo3O12 ceramic sintered at 630°C has a relative permittivity of 9.8, a Q×f value of ∼36 000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of −73 ppm/°C at 15.0 GHz. These ceramics are a good candidate for the expanding family of ultra‐low temperature cofired ceramic technologies, for filter and substrate applications at the high‐frequency range.
Morphogenesis and phenotypic divergence in two developmental morphs of Streblospio benedicti (Annelida, Spionidae)
Authors: Gibson Glenys , MacDonald Kristen , Dufton Megan
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The morphology of marine invertebrate larvae is strongly correlated with egg size and larval feeding mode. Planktotrophic larvae typically have suites of morphological traits that support a planktonic, feeding life style, while lecithotrophic larvae often have larger, yolkier bodies, and in some cases, a reduced expression of larval traits. Poecilogonous species provide interesting cases for the analysis of early morphogenesis, as two morphs of larvae are produced by a single species. We compared morphogenesis in planktotrophic and lecithotrophic morphs of the poecilogonous annelid Streblospio benedicti from the trochophore stage through metamorphosis, using observations of individuals that were observed alive, with scanning electron microscopy, or in serial sections. Offspring of alternate developmental morphs of this species are well known to have divergent morphologies in terms of size, yolk content, and the presence of larval bristles. We found that some phenotypic differences between morphs occur as traits that are present in only one morph (e.g., larval bristles, bacillary cells on the prostomium and pygidium), but that much of the phenotypic divergence is based on heterochronic changes in the differentiation of shared traits (e.g., gut and coelom). Tissue and organ development are compared in both morphs in terms of their structure and ontogenetic change throughout early development and metamorphosis.
T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia: A rare disease in an elderly female
Authors: Madaris Linda
Published: November 2010

Purpose: To present a case report of an 83‐year‐old female with underlying dementia and a 1–2 month history of left upper quadrant pain. This report includes a review of the morphology of T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), diagnosis, and the treatment options considered.

Data sources: T‐cell PLL is a rare blood disorder that represents a very small number of all chronic leukemias. An extensive review of scientific literature related to the cell morphology and pathology of this disease, as well as clinical trials of treatment options provided the background for this case report.

Conclusion: A diagnosis of T‐cell PLL was made after a computed tomography scan of the abdomen confirmed splenomegaly and a bone marrow biopsy showed a hypercellular marrow infiltrated with numerous small lymphocytes, consistent with this disease. Currently, there is no optimal treatment for T‐cell PLL, but alemtuzumab has shown success with extending survival 1–3 years.

Implications for practice: This case presented several ethical and practical challenges for this patient and her family in making a decision for chemotherapy treatment. This case underscores the need for the physicians and nurse practitioners to establish a collaborative relationship with patient, family, and other care providers when advocating for or against treatment.
Islam and the Environment – Ethics and Practice an Assessment
Authors: Khalid Fazlun
Published: November 2010

As people who are benefiting materially from ‘modernity’ and also as people who have in no small measure participated in the processes that have degraded the planet, Muslims have an important contribution to make to the growing debate on the environment. Islamic environmentalism has its own unique expression but it is not in evidence today. It is argued in this paper that the driving force of modernity stems from the push for economic development which is now taxing the earth’s resources as never before in human history and that the global village is now a homogenised consumer culture which impacts negatively on the biosphere. This has been achieved by the progressive dilution and destruction of old traditional values and the marginalisation of religion, and Islam has not been immune to this process. This essay is an attempt to explain how Islam defines human connections with the earth and how we may be kinder to it as the source of the generous gifts that sustain all our lives.
Traces or Copies, or Both – Part I: Characterizing Movement Properties
Authors: Takahashi Shoichi
Published: November 2010

Two theories of movement have been proposed to capture properties of displacement in natural language – thetracetheory and thecopytheory. These theories differ in their assumptions regarding the lexical contentfulness of an object left behind by movement. Capitalizing on this difference, the present two‐part article scrutinizes predictions made by the two theories to investigate movement properties. In Part I of the article, exploring facts from reconstruction and ellipsis, we establish the generalization that A'‐movement obligatory leaves behind a copy of a moved element, but A‐movement only optionally does.
Biomass Estimation: A Remote Sensing Approach
Authors: Wei Xiaofang
Published: November 2010

Emerging as an avant‐garde technique, remote sensing has been widely used in the qualitative and quantitative measurement of forest biophysical parameters for the past decades. As an integral part of global carbon cycle, forest plays a critical role in lessening the concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Consequently, accurate measurement of forest biomass by remote sensing provides synoptic and high‐temporal information about the status and distribution of forest, which will assist in the better understanding of global carbon cycle, and furthermore, combating climatic and environmental problems ensued by the ever‐increasing greenhouse gases. This article presents a comprehensive literature review about forest biomass estimation in remote sensing and the definitions and methods used to measure forest biomass, it also summaries previous research in forest remote sensing and explores the use of wavelet analysis for forest biomass estimation from satellite imagery.
Hollow Sustainabilities? Perspectives on Sustainable Development in the Post‐socialist World
Authors: Whitehead Mark
Published: November 2010

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of recent work that analyzes the nexus of post‐socialist transition and sustainability. Beyond this broad aim, the paper also proposes two analytical insights. First it argues against binary thinking within work on transition and sustainability. This binary is marked on the one side by those who celebrate the new opportunities that transition offers to hard‐wire sustainability into the constitutional fabric of post‐socialist society; and on the other, by analysts who claim that the economic imperatives of capitalist transition have engulfed the chance to build sustainable development capacities. Second, it suggests many of the formal processes and events that are used to measure and assess the rise of sustainable development in the post‐socialist world (particularly laws, institutions, plans planning conventions, and protocols) are poor indicators of actually existing sustainabilities. Drawing predominantly, but not exclusively, on the work of geographers, and focusing explicitly on Central and Eastern Europe and Russia, analysis ultimately claims that a post‐socialist perspective can bring important empirical and conceptual insights into sustainable development studies, and that sustainable development offers an important critical lens through which to explore the emerging geographies of transition.
Ecohydrology and Climate Change in the Mountains of the Western USA – A Review of Research and Opportunities
Authors: Tague Christina , Dugger Aubrey L.
Published: November 2010

Snow‐dominated mountain regions are strategic providers of water resources and ecosystem services. They are also likely to be highly vulnerable to a warming climate. In this review, we argue that an ecohydrologic perspective is critical for understanding changes that are already occurring and ultimately for predicting future vulnerabilities in both water resources and ecosystem health. We focus our review on the relatively well‐studied mountains of the Western USA. In this region, observations and models show significant climate‐driven changes to hydrologic processes including changes to snow accumulation and melt, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and streamflow. At the same time, there is growing evidence of climate‐driven changes in vegetation structure and function. We summarize these studies and discuss how changes in hydrology interact with changes in terrestrial ecosystems to lead to complex and sometime synergistic responses. We conclude by identifying research needs to be addressed by emerging monitoring and synthesis networks that focus on the ecohydrology of mountain environments within a changing climate.
Decrease in Serum Adiponectin Levels in Response to Treatment Predicts Good Prognosis in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Matsumoto Mika , Lee‐Kawabata Masaaki , Tsujino Takeshi , Naito Yoshiro , Ezumi Akira , Sakoda Tsuyoshi , Ohyanagi Mitsumasa , Shimomura Iichiro , Masuyama Tohru
Published: November 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).

Adiponectin is a cardioprotective adipocytokine. Serum adiponectin concentration decreases in patients who are obese but increases in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The aim of this study was to explore the temporal changes in serum adiponectin concentration following treatment for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Serum adiponectin was measured on admission and at discharge in 95 patients who were admitted to our hospital with ADHF. Ten patients without heart failure (HF) served as controls. Serum adiponectin concentration was higher on admission in HF patients than in the controls (22.6±13.3 μg/mL vs 9.3±3.9 μg/mL, P<.01). Serum adiponectin concentration decreased after treatment in HF patients (18.0±11.7 μg/mL vs 22.6±13.3 μg/mL, P<.01). The larger temporal decrease in adiponectin level in ADHF was associated with the lower incidence of cardiac death or HF hospitalizations (log‐rank, P<.05). Serum adiponectin concentration was elevated in ADHF and decreased following the treatment. How much serum adiponectin decreases in response to treatment in ADHF is an important determinant of the prognosis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:900–904.
Utility and value of a medicines information service provided by pharmacists: a survey of health professionals
Authors: McEntee Joanne E , Henderson Simone L , Rutter Paul M , Rutter Jill , Davis Helen J
Published: November 2010

Objectives

Many health professionals lack the time and skills to search for and appraise information on medicines. A solution might be to use others skilled in evidence appraisal, who make recommendations or provide information tailored to patients' needs. The objectives of this study were to assess how advice provided to health professionals by the northwest of England regional medicines information centre is used, whether it is useful for patient care and to measure satisfaction with the service.

Methods

A questionnaire was designed and sent to health professionals who contacted the centre between September 2008 and March 2009. Enquirers contacting the centre more than once were sent a questionnaire only in response to their first enquiry during the study period. Non-responders were sent a reminder.

Key findings

Questionnaires were sent to 672 enquirers; 68% were returned. Nearly all respondents used the advice provided. Of the 430 respondents who provided data on how they used the information, 81% used it to manage a current patient and 29% to plan the care of future patients; nearly all considered it useful. Where data were given (n = 366), half used it to check if current or proposed management was appropriate, 45% to make changes to therapy and 35% to advise another health professional. In addition to patient care, one-quarter (n = 105/430) of respondents used the information for continuing professional development and 16% (n = 69/430) for training or teaching.

Conclusions

Health professionals value the enquiry-answering service and use the advice provided for patient care, continuing professional development and educating patients and other health professionals. The service is responsive, supporting the care of patients needing immediate and future management.
A Hybrid Iterative Scheme for a Maximal Monotone Operator and Two Countable Families of Relatively Quasi‐Nonexpansive Mappings for Generalized Mixed Equilibrium and Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Saewan Siwaporn , Kumam Poom
Published: November 2010

We introduce a new hybrid iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set
of common fixed points of two countable families of relatively quasi‐nonexpansive mappings, the set
of the variational inequality for an α‐inverse‐strongly monotone operator, the set of solutions of the
generalized mixed equilibrium problem and zeros of a maximal monotone operator in the framework of a
real Banach space. We obtain a strong convergence theorem for the sequences generated by this process
in a 2 uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach space. The results presented in this paper improve
and extend some recent results.
A Radial Return Algorithm Application in Elastoplastic Frame Analysis Using Plastic Hinge Approach
Authors: Matias Silva William Taylor , Mendes Bezerra Luciano
Published: November 2010

A new method is presented for first‐order elastoplastic analysis of framed structures using a radial return predictor/corrector solution strategy. The proposed method assumes plastic hinge formation coupled with a yield surface. The yield surface is defined as a general function of axial force, shear forces, twisting, and biaxial bending moments on the cross‐section of the frame. The material is regarded as linear and elastic‐perfect plastic. The plastic deformations are governed by the normality criterion. Combining the Newton‐Raphson method and the radial return algorithm, a consistent tangent modular matrix is proposed and fast and converging algorithms are presented. Examples demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Stability of Nonlinear Neutral Stochastic Functional Differential Equations
Authors: Xue Minggao , Zhou Shaobo , Hu Shigeng
Published: November 2010

Neutral stochastic functional differential equations (NSFDEs) have recently been studied intensively. The well‐known conditions imposed for the existence and uniqueness and exponential stability of the global solution are the local Lipschitz condition and the linear growth condition. Therefore, the existing results cannot be applied to many important nonlinear NSFDEs. The main aim of this paper is to remove the linear growth condition and establish a Khasminskii‐type test for nonlinear NSFDEs. New criteria not only cover a wide class of highly nonlinear NSFDEs but they can also be verified much more easily than the classical criteria. Finally, several examples are given to illustrate main results.
C-Reactive Protein and Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Concentrations in Relation to the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed by Glucose or HbA1c Criteria in Chinese Adults in Qingdao, China
Authors: Ren J. , Pang Z. C. , Gao W. G. , Nan H. R. , Wang S. J. , Zhang L. , Qiao Q.
Published: November 2010

Aims. To investigate the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentrations with newly diagnosed diabetes defined by either glucose or HbA1c criteria in Chinese adults.Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006. Data from 1167 men and 1607 women aged 35–74 years were analyzed. Diabetes was defined according to either glucose or HbA1c criteria alone.Results. Compared with nondiabetes, multivariate-adjusted OR (95%CI) was 1.13 (0.90,1.42) in men and 1.21 (1.00,1.45) in women for CRP and 1.42 (1.18,1.72) and 1.57 (1.31,1.87) for GGT, respectively. Neither CRP nor GGT was associated with the presence of diabetes defined by the HbA1c criterion.Conclusions. The effect of elevated CRP on diabetes defined by the glucose criterion was mediated through obesity, but elevated GGT was an independent risk factor for diabetes in this Chinese population. None of the two was, however, associated with the elevated HbA1c concentrations.
“Coral Dominance”: A Dangerous Ecosystem Misnomer?
Authors: Vroom Peter S.
Published: November 2010

Over 100 years ago, before threats such as global climate change and ocean acidification were issues engrossing marine scientists, numerous tropical reef biologists began expressing concern that too much emphasis was being placed on coral dominance in reef systems. These researchers believed that the scientific community was beginning to lose sight of the overall mix of calcifying organisms necessary for the healthy function of reef ecosystems and demonstrated that some reefs were naturally coral dominated with corals being the main organisms responsible for reef accretion, yet other healthy reef ecosystems were found to rely almost entirely on calcified algae and foraminifera for calcium carbonate accumulation. Despite these historical cautionary messages, many agencies today have inherited a coral-centric approach to reef management, likely to the detriment of reef ecosystems worldwide. For example, recent research has shown that crustose coralline algae, a group of plants essential for building and cementing reef systems, are in greater danger of exhibiting decreased calcification rates and increased solubility than corals in warmer and more acidic ocean environments. A shift from coral-centric views to broader ecosystem views is imperative in order to protect endangered reef systems worldwide.
Development and External Validation of a Nomogram Predicting the Probability of Significant Gleason Sum Upgrading among Japanese Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Imamoto Takashi , Utsumi Takanobu , Takano Makoto , Komaru Atsushi , Fukasawa Satoshi , Suyama Takahito , Kawamura Koji , Kamiya Naoto , Miura Junichiro , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ueda Takeshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: November 2010

Objective. The aim of this study is to develop a prognostic model capable of predicting the probability of significant upgrading among Japanese patients.Methods. The study cohort comprised 508 men treated with RP, with available prostate-specific antigen levels, biopsy, and RP Gleason sum values. Clinical and pathological data from 258 patients were obtained from another Japanese institution for validation.Results. Significant Gleason sum upgrading was recorded in 92 patients (18.1%) at RP. The accuracy of the nomogram predicting the probability of significant Gleason sum upgrading between biopsy and RP specimens was 88.9%. Overall AUC was 0.872 when applied to the validation data set. Nomogram predictions of significant upgrading were within 7.5% of an ideal nomogram.Conclusions. Nearly one-fifth of Japanese patients with prostate cancer will be significantly upgraded. Our nomogram seems to provide considerably accurate predictions regardless of minor variations in pathological assessment when applied to Japanese patient populations.
Ki-67 as a Molecular Target for Therapy in anIn vitroThree-Dimensional Model for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Rahmanzadeh Ramtin , Rai Prakash , Celli Jonathan P. , Rizvi Imran , Baron-Lühr Bettina , Gerdes Johannes , Hasan Tayyaba
Published: November 2010

Targeting molecular markers and pathways implicated in cancer cell growth is a promising avenue for developing effective therapies. Although the Ki-67 protein (pKi-67) is a key marker associated with aggressively proliferating cancer cells and poor prognosis, its full potential as a therapeutic target has never before been successfully shown. In this regard, its nuclear localization presents a major hurdle because of the need for intracellular and intranuclear delivery of targeting and therapeutic moieties. Using a liposomally encapsulated construct, we show for the first time the specific delivery of a Ki-67–directed antibody and subsequent light-triggered death in the human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-5. Photoimmunoconjugate-encapsulating liposomes (PICEL) were constructed from anti–pKi-67 antibodies conjugated to fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate, as a photoactivatable agent, followed by encapsulation in noncationic liposomes. Nucleolar localization of the PICELs was confirmed by confocal imaging. Photodynamic activation with PICELs specifically killed pKi-67–positive cancer cells both in monolayer and in three-dimensional (3D) cultures of OVCAR-5 cells, with the antibody TuBB-9 targeting a physiologically active form of pKi-67 but not with MIB-1, directed to a different epitope. This is the first demonstration of (a) the exploitation of Ki-67 as a molecular target for therapy and (b) specific delivery of an antibody to the nucleolus in monolayer cancer cells and in an in vitro 3D model system. In view of the ubiquity of pKi-67 in proliferating cells in cancer and the specificity of targeting in 3D multicellular acini, these findings are promising and the approach merits further investigation. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9234–42. ©2010 AACR.
The Mitotic Kinase Aurora-A Induces Mammary Cell Migration and Breast Cancer Metastasis by Activating the Cofilin-F-actin Pathway
Authors: Wang Li-hui , Xiang Jin , Yan Min , Zhang Yan , Zhao Yan , Yue Cai-feng , Xu Jie , Zheng Fei-meng , Chen Jin-na , Kang Zhuang , Chen Tong-sheng , Xing Da , Liu Quentin
Published: November 2010

The mitotic kinase Aurora-A (Aur-A) is required to form the bipolar spindle and ensure accurate chromosome segregation before cell division. Aur-A dysregulation represents an oncogenic event that promotes tumor formation. Here, we report that Aur-A promotes breast cancer metastasis. Aur-A overexpression enhanced mammary cell migration by dephosphorylation and activation of cofilin, which facilitates actin reorganization and polymerization. Cofilin knockdown impaired Aur-A–driven cell migration and protrusion of the cell membrane. Conversely, overexpression of activated cofilin abrogated the effects of Aur-A knockdown on cell migration. Moreover, Aur-A overexpession increased the expression of the cofilin phosphatase Slingshot-1 (SSH1), contributing to cofilin activation and cell migration. We found that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition blocked Aur-A–induced cofilin dephosphorylation, actin reorganization, and cell migration, suggesting crosstalk with PI3K signaling and a potential benefit of PI3K inhibition in tumors with deregulated Aur-A. Additionally, we found an association between Aur-A overexpression and cofilin activity in breast cancer tissues. Our findings indicate that activation of the cofilin-F-actin pathway contributes to tumor cell migration and metastasis enhanced by Aur-A, revealing a novel function for mitotic Aur-A kinase in tumor progression. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9118–28. ©2010 AACR.
Inhibition of Glutaminase Preferentially Slows Growth of Glioma Cells with Mutant IDH1
Authors: Seltzer Meghan J. , Bennett Bryson D. , Joshi Avadhut D. , Gao Ping , Thomas Ajit G. , Ferraris Dana V. , Tsukamoto Takashi , Rojas Camilo J. , Slusher Barbara S. , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Dang Chi V. , Riggins Gregory J.
Published: November 2010

Mutation at the R132 residue of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), frequently found in gliomas and acute myelogenous leukemia, creates a neoenzyme that produces 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). We sought to therapeutically exploit this neoreaction in mutant IDH1 cells that require α-KG derived from glutamine. Glutamine is converted to glutamate by glutaminase and further metabolized to α-KG. Therefore, we inhibited glutaminase with siRNA or the small molecule inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) and found slowed growth of glioblastoma cells expressing mutant IDH1 compared with those expressing wild-type IDH1. Growth suppression of mutant IDH1 cells by BPTES was rescued by adding exogenous α-KG. BPTES inhibited glutaminase activity, lowered glutamate and α-KG levels, and increased glycolytic intermediates while leaving total 2-HG levels unaffected. The ability to selectively slow growth in cells with IDH1 mutations by inhibiting glutaminase suggests a unique reprogramming of intermediary metabolism and a potential therapeutic strategy. Cancer Res; 70(22); 8981–7. ©2010 AACR.
Tumor-Initiating Function of Nucleostemin-Enriched Mammary Tumor Cells
Authors: Lin Tao , Meng Lingjun , Li Yi , Tsai Robert Y.L.
Published: November 2010

Nucleostemin (NS) is highly expressed in normal stem cells and tumors and is upregulated by estradiol in MCF7 breast cancer cells. To investigate the role of NS in mammary tumorigenesis, we established first that NS is expressed at higher levels in the basal cell type than in the luminal cell type in mouse mammary tumors and human breast cancer cells. NS expression was also increased during progression of mammary tumors in MMTV-Wnt1 and MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice and by the tumor sphere culture. To determine the function of NS-enriched tumor cells, we generated a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the NS promoter and bred it to MMTV-Wnt1 mice, so that NS-expressing cells can be prospectively isolated based on their GFP levels. Notably, NS-enriched mammary tumor cells exhibited stronger in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic activities and expressed higher levels of K5, CD133, Oct4, telomerase reverse transcriptase, and C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 compared with NS-deficient mammary tumor cells. Furthermore, knockdown of NS dramatically reduced the sphere-forming activity of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Our findings establish the tumor-initiating and molecular features of NS-enriched mammary tumor cells, suggesting that NS may offer a valuable therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9444–52. ©2010 AACR.
Double-Negative Feedback Loop between Reprogramming Factor LIN28 and microRNA let-7 Regulates Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1–Positive Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Lin Xiaojuan , Zhong Xiaomin , Kaur Sippy , Li Ning , Liang Shun , Lassus Heini , Wang Liping , Katsaros Dionyssios , Montone Kathleen , Zhao Xia , Zhang Youcheng , Bützow Ralf , Coukos George , Zhang Lin
Published: November 2010

A relatively rare aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)–positive “stem cell–like” subpopulation of tumor cells has the unique ability to initiate and perpetuate tumor growth; moreover, it is highly resistant to chemotherapy and significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes. The development of more effective therapies for cancer requires targeting of this cell population. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we identified that the expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans lin-28 homologue (LIN28) was positively correlated with the percentage of ALDH1+ tumor cells; this was further validated in an independent set of tissue arrays (n = 197). Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies showed that LIN28 plays a critical role in the maintenance of ALDH1+ tumor cells. In addition, we found that there is a double-negative feedback loop between LIN28 and let-7 in tumor cells, and that let-7 negatively regulates ALDH1+ tumor cells. Finally, we report that a LIN28/let-7 loop modulates self-renewal and differentiation of mammary gland epithelial progenitor cells. Our data provide evidence that cancer stem cells may arise through a “reprogramming-like” mechanism. A rebalancing of the LIN28/let-7 regulatory loop could be a novel therapeutic strategy to target ALDH1+ cancer stem cells. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9463–72. ©2010 AACR.
Ambiguities of Colonial Law: the Case of Muhammadu Aminu, Former Political Agent and Chief Alkali of Kano
Authors: Afeadie Philip Atsu
Published: November 2010

Colonial law in Africa involved European moral and legal codes representing some rules of western law, as well as elements of African customary law. However, the colonial situation embodying political and economic domination necessarily negated the ideal practice of the rule of law. Nevertheless, the need arose to introduce some aspects of western law and codes of administration, including salary and benefits schemes for African employees of the colonial government, and legal entitlements such as court trials for accused government employees. These considerations were deemed necessary, if at least to propitiate metropolitan critics of the colonial establishment. Also some rule of law was required for the organization of the colonial economy, including regulation of productive systems and commercial relations. As well, the need for indigenous support necessitated dabbling in indigenous customary conventions. In Muslim polities such as Kano in northern Nigeria, customary conventions included Islamic law.

On the establishment of colonial rule in Kano, judicial administration was organized on three principal institutions, involving the resident's provincial court, the judicial council (emir's court), and the chief alkali's court in Kano City with corresponding district alkali courts. The resident's provincial court had jurisdiction over colonial civil servants, including African employees such as soldiers, police constables, clerks and political agents. Also, the provincial court was responsible for enforcing the abolition of the slave trade in the region. The judicial council, classified as “Grade A” court, was composed of the emir, thewaziri(chief legal counselor), the chiefalkaliof Kano (chief judge), theimam(the religious leader of Kano mosque), thema'aji(treasurer), and general assistants including some notable scholars of Kano city. The council adopted thesha'ria(Muslim law) and local Hausa custom, and its jurisdiction extended over “matters of violence, questions of taxation and administration, and cases involving property rights, whether over land, livestock, trade goods, or slaves.” On the issue of capital sentencing, the judicial council required the approval of the resident. The council was also prohibited from authorizing punishments involving torture, mutilation, or decapitation.
Archival and Research Resources in Conakry, Guinea
Authors: Counsel Graeme
Published: November 2010

Archival research in West Africa can present many challenges. In one of the poorest regions of the world, governments struggle to maintain funding for the most basic infrastructure; thus archives and their holdings can often reside in a neglected state. Moreover, research materials may be spread over many departments and buildings, creating a labyrinthine network of officialdom, and requisite access requirements. This paper provides a brief overview of the principal archives located in Conakry, capital of Guinea. It includes current contact information and descriptions of holdings, and expands upon earlier articles by Klein (1981), Ford (1987), Conrad (1993), and Sampson (2002).

On 2 October 2008 Guinea celebrated 50 years of independence. Earlier that year many new ministries were created, including the Ministère de la Culture, des Arts et Loisirs. For the first time in the nation's history, Guinea had its own dedicated ministry of the arts, thus potentially streamlining academic and archival research. The new Ministry faced many hurdles, however, for the story of Guinea's archives during the last 50 years is a tale of both marvel and neglect.

During the nation's First Republic (1958-1984), Guinea's archives became established under the Presidency of Sékou Touré. The Archives Nationale, the Bibliothèque Nationale, and Radiodiffusion Télévision de Guinée were all created during his reign, and Guinea's archival resources were said to be among the best in West Africa. As Touré's grip on power strengthened, the nation's economic malaise grew, and Klein (1981:333) reported that in the early 1980s, when he conducted research in Conakry, he had been warned to expect significant damage to the archival contents.
From Hampton “[I]nto the Heart of Africa”: How Faith in God and Folklore Turned Congo Missionary William Sheppard into a Pioneering Ethnologist
Authors: Carton Benedict
Published: November 2010

The African-American missionary, William Henry Sheppard Jr. (1865-1927), lived in the Kuba kingdom of central Africa at the turn of the twentieth century. A student of Virginia's Hampton (Normal) Institute in the early 1880s, Sheppard left the United States a decade later to preach in the Congo Free State, a colonial territory claimed by Belgian monarch Leopold II. This king's army, the Force Publique, and its local auxiliaries spawned suffering throughout the equatorial region. They pillaged villages in Kasai, the southern Congo area surrounding Sheppard's Presbyterian outposts, killing families and driving survivors into brigades that collected wild rubber for European concessionary companies. This rubber boom, in turn, generated profits that not only enriched Leopold II and his business allies, but also propelled a revolution in transportation that culminated in the mass production of tires for the bicycle and automobile. Sheppard is known for bearing witness to Congo atrocities, but his ground-breaking ethnological research remains unfamiliar to many Africanists. It is fortunate for these scholars that the college that nurtured Sheppard's fascination with folklore, Hampton Institute (now Hampton University), houses his papers, photographs, and artwork. This paper introduces and analyzes these sources.
Supercapacitors Based on Nickel Oxide/Carbon Materials Composites
Authors: Lota Katarzyna , Sierczynska Agnieszka , Lota Grzegorz
Published: November 2010

In the thesis, the properties of nickel oxide/active carbon composites as the electrode materials for supercapacitors are discussed. Composites with a different proportion of nickel oxide/carbon materials were prepared. A nickel oxide/carbon composite was prepared by chemically precipitating nickel hydroxide on an active carbon and heating the hydroxide at 300 ∘Cin the air. Phase compositions of the products were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The morphology of the composites was observed by SEM. The electrochemical performances of composite electrodes used in electrochemical capacitors were studied in addition to the properties of electrode consisting of separate active carbon and nickel oxide only. The electrochemical measurements were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance spectroscopy. The composites were tested in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte using two- and three-electrode Swagelok systems. The results showed that adding only a few percent of nickel oxide to active carbon provided the highest value of capacity. It is the confirmation of the fact that such an amount of nickel oxide is optimal to take advantage of both components of the composite, which additionally can be a good solution as a negative electrode in asymmetric configuration of electrode materials in an electrochemical capacitor.
Effect of incorporation of carbon fiber and silicon carbide powder into silicone rubber on the ablation and mechanical properties of the silicone rubber‐based ablation material
Authors: Soo Kim Eung , Lee Tea Hwa , Shin Sung Hyun , Yoon Jin‐San
Published: November 2010

This study examined the effects of the incorporation of carbon fiber (CF) and silicon carbide powder (SCP) into a high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) containing vinyl groups on the ablation properties using an oxy‐acetylene torch test. The ablation test results showed that CF enhanced the hardness of the char formed on the composite surface during the oxy‐acetylene torch test and was an important factor determining the ablation properties. SCP was also beneficial in enhancing the surface char hardness of the HTV/CF composite. A new method was devised to evaluate the ablation properties more objectively by measuring the time elapsed for a rectangular‐shaped silicone rubber composite with specimens loaded with a constant weight to burn and fail off during the oxy‐acetylene torch test. The mechanical properties of the silicone rubber composites were also examined as a function of the additive content using a universal test machine (UTM). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Hands‐on laboratory experiments with SOHO networking technologies
Authors: Sang Janche
Published: November 2010

Traditional computer networking courses are primarily based on lectures and include a few TCP/IP network socket programming assignments. Students may not know how to apply what they have learned in the classroom to solve real‐world problems. This paper presents several interesting laboratory experiments to provide students with hands‐on experiences in low‐cost small office/home office (SOHO) networking technologies, including SOHO Router/Firewall, Wi‐Fi Wireless LAN, HomePlug Powerline Communication, and HomePNA Phoneline Networking. The feedback from students is encouraging. The result of the assessment tests also shows that the hands‐on projects have had a positive impact on student learning and comprehension. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 586–595, 2013
A First Total Synthesis of a Hybrid‐Type Ganglioside Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis‐Like Disorder
Authors: Nakashima Shinya , Ando Hiromune , Imamura Akihiro , Yuki Nobuhiro , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto
Published: November 2010

The hybrid ganglioside X1, which was identified in the bovine brain, was synthesized for the first time. Ganglioside X1 is believed to be involved in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐like disorders in patients with neurological disorders after treatment with bovine brain gangliosides. A convergent approach using two branched glycan units, the GM2‐core trisaccharide and the lacto‐ganglio tetrasaccharide, efficiently provided the highly branched heptasaccharide part of ganglioside X1, which was conjugated with the ceramide part to produce the protected ganglioside X1. Global deprotection delivered homogenous ganglioside X1, with which serum from the patient was reacted.