bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political graft and the spoils system in Zambia — the state as a resource in itself
Authors: Szeftel Morris
Published: July 2007

This article traces a number of cases of graft in Zambia to show the importance of this practice within the political system. Graft is treated as one element of a spoils system through which clientelism operates and through which, more generally, the state is used as a resource for private ends. Graft and patronage are shown to have negative consequences for the state through undermining efficiency and legitimacy and displacing policy ends. But perhaps most importantly, it is argued that graft ultimately involves a transfer of wealth between classes and more specifically is an important factor in the growth of an indigenous owning class.
Peasants of the Nuba Mountains region
Authors: Kursany Ibrahim
Published: July 2007

Since Sudan's independence three development plans have attempted to reorient the agricultural sector and stimulate the process of social and economic development. Believing that their inadequacies have been largely due to a misunderstanding of existing and evolving production relations, the author has attempted to focus on one region of the country where state sponsored capitalist agricultural schemes have been introduced and are leading to the modification of pre‐existing pre‐capitalist forms. He argues that production relations among the peasantry of the Nuba Mountains should best be described as consistent with simple commodity or petty commodity production. But this mode is itself undergoing a process of change as the peasants interact with the capitalist system through sale of their labour power on the nearby capitalist schemes and purchase of their agricultural implements.
Change among West African settlers in Northern Sudan
Authors: Duffield Mark
Published: July 2007

In this article Duffield traces the change in the economic location of the Takari — immigrants from Northern Nigeria — between the colonial and post‐colonial periods, noting the extent to which this change parallels and reflects a more general societal process of the increasing dominance of capitalist over pre‐capitalist production. The Takari were formerly manual labourers and peasant cultivators, but have increasingly moved into new positions, becoming independent artisans, small capitalist transporters and merchants. As their form of economic integration has changed, so too have relations within their families. In addition it is possible to see a change both in the nature of the self identity of the Takari and in the manner in which they are perceived by other groups in Sudanese society. Ultimately the case of the Takari reveals an important relation between class, ethnicity and nation.
The last transition? Women and development in Mozambique
Authors: Urdang Stephanie
Published: July 2007

There is still much difficult terrain to traverse before women in Mozambique achieve full liberation. But the process has been set in motion, supported by FRELIMO and the Government who have acknowledged the struggle of women to be integral to the total revolutionary process which the country must follow. Urdang's concern is to gauge how far the official concern is manifested in practice, how far FRELIMO's underwriting of the need for women to achieve full equality and full participation in Mozambican society has affected the day‐to‐day lives of ordinary women. She finds much which is lacking, particularly as regards change within the family. As elsewhere, the widening of women's participation in the economy and in political affairs is achieved at the price, at the individual level, of women being obliged to double their work and responsibilities, rather than achieving a more equitable share of the total burden with men. Yet consciousness of the need for increasing change, particularly among women themselves, portends the possibility of progress in this area as well as in others.
Women and land resettlement in Zimbabwe
Authors: Jacobs Susie
Published: July 2007

Peasant demand for land is one of the crucial issues determining Zimbabwe's strategy for agrarian transformation. Yet women's demand for land has been ignored. Susie Jacobs traces the development of gender divisions in pre‐independence Zimbabwe and argues that current land resettlement models discriminate against women. Policies towards women are limited in scope and reinforce the domestic domain despite women's contribution to Zimbabwe's struggle. If a socialist strategy does not confront gender hierarchy, women's struggles will have to take on a new form.
Capitalist development and women's work: a Nigerian case study
Authors: Dennis Carolyne
Published: July 2007

The provision of wage employment for women, in Nigeria as elsewhere, is not in itself a means towards the liberation of women. On the contrary, such jobs reproduce and reinforce gender subordination as this study of women workers in a textile factory in Nigeria confirms. However, the internationalisation of the gender division of labour through the employment of women as cheap labour does not necessarily follow the same paths as those documented, for example, in the world market factories in Asia and Latin America. Historical patterns and cultural attitudes concerning women's rights to work and women's ‘aptitudes’ effect the pattern of integration of women in the industrial labour market, as do the levels and forms of industrialisation and the political and economic circumstances of this particular factory in Nigeria.
The famine in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Redda Araya
Published: July 2007

In recent months, Sudan has been caught up with another severe problem in the neighbouring territories — providing a base for relief operations in the drought affected areas of northern Ethiopia, Tigre and Eritrea. This background to the current famine by an Ethiopian geographer attempts to chart some of the political and social causes of this ‘natural’ disaster. The practical importance of understanding the roots of the famine has implications for relief. It is important that those who want to give practical expression to their sympathy consider contributing to the relief agencies of the Eritreans and Tigreans operating beyond the control of the Ethiopean government.
Land and liberation: the South African national liberation movements and the agrarian question, 1920s–1960s
Authors: Bundy Colin
Published: July 2007

This paper asks how the national movements viewed rural issues between the 1920s and 1960s, what attention they devoted to rural mobilisation, and how their perceptions and efforts altered over time. It suggests that, given a society which saw wars of conquest and territorial dispossession in the 19th century, given the Land Acts of 1913 and 1936, and given the different forms of expropriation and exploitation historically visited upon peasants, labour tenants, farm labourers and migrant workers, the agrarian question has not been accorded the theoretical or practical attention one might have anticipated.
Land, power and class in the Thaba ‘Nchu district, Orange Free State, 1884–1983
Authors: Murray Colin
Published: July 2007

This paper offers a parochial illustration of the complex and inter‐related processes of dispossession by which Africans were first deprived of their own lands; then deprived of independent productive opportunities on white‐owned land; and finally concentrated in grotesquely small, over‐crowded and impoverished reserves. On the one hand, the story of Thaba ‘Nchu further illustrates a dominant theme of modern historiography: the dissolution of a relatively independent peasantry into an agricultural proletariat on white farms and a migrant wage labour force domiciled in the African reserves. On the other hand, by comparison with processes of dispossession elsewhere on the highveld in the late 19th century, the story of Thaba ‘Nchu arguably represents a peculiar variation on the theme: for here political incorporation was accompanied by the formal constitution of a black land‐owning class. Alienation of land took place to some degree directly through conquest but more significantly through the conversion of ‘traditional’ administrative rights into freehold titles and the consequent vulnerability of these to successive incursions of speculative capital. Nevertheless, within the confines of political incorporation and direct subordination to the South African state, there has been a striking continuity of dominance by a local black elite. All the inhabitants of the district were incorporated within the political structures of ‘separate development’, which gave rise to vicious ethnic antagonisms in the 1970s with a massive influx of Basotho refugees in the ‘land of the Barolong’.
The recession and workers' struggles in the vehicle assembly plants: Steyr — Nigeria
Authors: Bangura Yusuf
Published: July 2007

Retrenchment In Nigerian vehicle assembly plants in consequence of economic recession has provoked an active response from the workforce. At Steyr‐Nigeria in Bauchi, workers walked out in October 1985 in protest at the management's intransigence in negotiations with union officials. Bangura charts their initial success and provides a lucid account of the reasons for their ultimate failure. His analysis of the Steyr‐Nigeria dispute is explicitly situated within the broader context of policy and economic performance in the Nigerian economy as a whole. He considers the extent to which workers emerged as victims of policy essentially motivated by the interests of quick profits and production of luxury consumer goods for an emergent bourgeoisie. The irrationality of such policy as a means of enhancing Nigeria's development, or even of catering to a market which might reasonably be expected to emerge, is detailed by the author. Bangura focuses on a single case, but his concern is not with the factors making for immediate industrial victory. It is rather with a broader strategy extending beyond the preservation of workers' jobs in any given industrial unit to the interests of the class as a whole. What is called for, he argues, is a policy which matches needs of the entire population with available resources and which gives priority to a society's disadvantaged members.
Behind the ‘curtain’ at Botshabelo: redefining the urban labour market in South Africa
Authors: Cobbett William , Nakedi Brian
Published: July 2007

The brutal policy of forced removals in South Africa has produced, among various effects, a township of half a million people in the Orange Free State. This article examines the rationale behind the creation of Botshabelo, questioning the official version of events. While most of its people are refugees from the ‘white’ agricultural sector, the township provides Bloemfontein and the surrounding region with labour and investment in the township evidences extreme levels of exploitation. The article then considers Botshabelo's role in the light of recent state initiatives in local government and influx control.
Rent boycotts, the state, and the transformation of the urban political economy in South Africa
Authors: Chaskalson Matthew , Jochelson Karen , Seekings Jeremy
Published: July 2007

The contradictions of South Africa's political economy, in the interaction of politically entrenched racism and capitalist production relations, produces chronic discontent in the townships of the Transvaal and Orange Free State while limiting the political capacity of the State to manage such anger. The consequence has been the urban turmoil of the last three years, a process here analysed through the rent boycotts — and their attendant political violence. The various state responses to the boycotts, and their stark limitations, are assessed.
The struggle for democracy in a changed world
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: July 2007

In the conception of US planners of the modern world order after 1945 the Third World was to function ‘as a source of raw materials and a market’. The major threat to this system were nationalistic regimes (not the USSR or communism), which would be best kept in check by pliant but democratic means, but failing that the ‘rascal multitude could be taught lessons’. The US role of policing this system has evolved since their defeat in Vietnam. With the end of the Cold War, the Soviet empire can be ‘Latin Americanised’ while the US is legitimising force, doing so, for instance, through the UN as now in the Gulf. However, with the economic rise of Europe and Japan, the US is now turning to them to pay the bills, while at the same time using its unchallenged military muscie to strengthen its relative economic position.
Eastern Europe: consequences for Africa
Authors: Hutchful Eboe
Published: July 2007

Concern over the diversion of aid and investment funds away from Africa to Eastern Europe is valid but there is a tendency to see those changes as significant for Africa only in so far as they affect its relationship with the West. Their primary significance should be sought in the implications for African‐Eastern European relations, which have been of such importance in shaping contemporary Africa. The most profound danger of political change in Eastern Europe is the implicit threat to an alternative moral vision – that of socialism. The shortcomings of ‘actually existing socialism’ require critical evaluation, but so too do the implications of the rapid transformation currently taking place, not only to understand better what has happened in Eastern Europe but also to appreciate the similarities and differences between Eastern Europe and Africa. In Africa, perestroika has preceded glasnost, raising the question as to whether regimes in which free markets are being promoted, often by repressive means, can open up politically; in Eastern Europe the issue seems to be whether the delicate, newly‐democratised regimes and their unruly civil societies will tolerate or survive austerity. But while Eastern Europe is part of Europe and will undoubtedly be further integrated into Western capitalism, Africa, already marginalised, may well suffer further marginalisation.
Surviving in an economic recession: ‘game play’ in a Nigerian factory
Authors: Oloyede Olajide
Published: July 2007

The economic crisis in Nigeria has been widely commented upon yet very few empirical studies of the subtle but complex responses by shop floor workers exist. These have tended to concentrate on workers’ militant action neglecting the equally important aspect of how workers actually cope. This article focuses on the strategy shop floor workers adopt in dealing with the recession as experienced by them at the workplace. It describes and analyses this strategy and concludes that it has the immediate effect of weakening further the solidary nature of shop floor lateral relations.
Formation and recognition of new states: Somaliland in contrast to Eritrea
Authors: Adam Hussein M
Published: July 2007

‘Somaliland’ has reasserted the separate existence it had as the colony of British Somaliland before independence and union with the former Italian Somalia in 1960. It has avoided the the devastation of warlordism that has afflicted the rest of Somalia through compromise politics between clan elders. However, its de factostatehood since 1991 has not received the international recognition accorded Eritrea in 1993. The experiences of Somaliland and Eritrea in the circumstances of their post‐colonial union with other entities, in their liberation movements and in their current politics are contrasted. It is suggested that there can be mutual learning from Somaliland's consociational, ethnic democracy and Eritrea's ‘radical social democracy’, of an eventual, orchestrated multi‐partism that eschews ethnic and religious divides.
The chapter on fundamental rights: civil society and the new constitution in South Africa
Authors: Fine Robert
Published: July 2007

This Briefing is based on discussions held on a Symposium on Constitutional Change in South Africa, held in December 1993 in Johannesburg betzueen the Centre of Applied Legal Studies at the University of Witwatersrand and invited guests from the University of Warwick Law and Sociology Departments. The Symposium was sponsored by the British Council. The main subject of the symposium was the projected new constitution in South Africa, though we also discussed a paper on ‘civil society and fundamental freedoms’ and the ANC‐COSATU ‘Reconstruction and Development Programme’. What follows is not in any sense a report on the many points which were debated and the many views which were expressed.
Community land conference
Authors: Wixley Sue
Published: July 2007

We the marginalised people of South Africa, who are landless and land hungry, declare our needs for all the world to know. We are the people who have borne the brunt of apartheid, of forced removals from our homes, of poverty in the rural areas, of oppression on the farms and of starvation in the bantustans ...We have seen our children stunted because of little food, no water and no sanitation. We have seen our land dry up and blow away in the wind, because we have been forced into smaller and smaller places
Opening political space in Cameroon: the ambiguous response of the Mbororo
Authors: Davis Lucy
Published: July 2007

This article discusses the impact of national democratic movements and economic crisis on internal political and social change in Mbororo pastoralist society, North West Province, Cameroon. Pulaaku, a Mbororo code of behaviour based on Mbororo distance, self‐control, individuality, and racial ‘purity’, is discussed in relation to the difficulties Mbororo society has in responding to internal divisions as population explosion and land pressure spell the demise of the basis of their former existence. Pulaaku is also seen as a form of traditional, cultural, resistance, both to the other, settled ethnic groups in the North West Province and to active integration into the Cameroon state and political system. Mbororo society has difficulty adjusting to the new, uncertain politics of active participation and debate. The article discusses the aims, fortunes and internal ambiguities of a new Mbororo organisation ‐ Mboscuda ‐ which, responding to the meeting of ethnic and state identities, attempts to provide both a democratic forum for the problems in Mbororo society and a voice for the Mbororo in a new, volatile, political arena.
Coping with adjustment and economic crisis in Egypt's countryside
Authors: Bush Ray
Published: July 2007

There are two strategic silences in the debates relating to economic liberalisation in Egypt and especially to the current agricultural strategy. These refer to the role of the peasantry or fellahin and to the position of women. Little is being said about the effect of the economic crisis on Egypt's rural producers and the rural households where women are enduring the most harsh consequences of structural adjustment. Despite a Social Fund for Development, intended to soften the blow for the poor resulting from adjustment (and presently approximately a very low $US600 million ‐ about $US10 for each Egyptian) debates inside Egypt remain largely at the level of the macro‐economy and national planning. Concerns of policy makers in the state or international agencies, like the World Bank and USAID (US Agency for International Development), are not focused upon social and economic conditions in the rural areas nor on the possible social consequences of adjustment (World Bank, 1992; USAID, 1992). Policy makers and planners are simply not addressing the stresses and strains that rural households are experiencing during economic crisis and the ways in which the fellahin are promoting strategies to sustain and transform their livelihoods.

This article is a preliminary assessment of how Egypt's current economic crisis is affecting two villages in the contrasting Governorates of Giza and Dakhalia. We also begin an assessment of whether the strategy pursued by the international agencies, and the state, is likely to address the problems expressed by the fellahin and what the consequences of the current strategy may have for rural dwellers. Our argument is that official preoccupation with issues of markets and prices, and the supply of inputs, as a vehicle for economic recovery, neglects the way in which people's relations of production and reproduction are sustained and the uneven level of people's productive capabilities.
Civil war and collective intervention in Liberia
Authors: Sesay Max A
Published: July 2007

In December 1989 civil war in Liberia broke out having profound implications for that country and its neighbours. The horrific conflict devastated Liberia's natural, human and material resources; large numbers of Liberian refugees poured into other West African states, and human rights abuses by all parties to the conflict were widely reported. Despite this grotesque picture, the wider international community, especially the United Nations and United States, failed to intervene to stop the conflict. It then fell on Liberia's sub‐regional partners to halt her total disintegration. After an initial failure to accomplish this through diplomatic and political means, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) decided in August 1990 to intervene with a military Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).
Eritrea and Yemen: control of the shipping lanes
Authors: Plant Martin
Published: July 2007

In December 1995, Eritrean and Yemeni forces clashed over control of the Hanish islands, close to the mouth of the Red Sea. The fighting itself was brief and the outcome clear: by Sunday, 17 December, the Eritreans were in control Greater Hanish, having routed the Yemenis, taking 195 prisoners. However, the origins of the dispute and the consequences for the region are far from self evident.
From war to peace in Angola: increasing the chances of success
Authors: Minter Bill
Published: July 2007

The following Briefing is a joint statement from Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA/ UK), the Washington Office on Africa (WOA) and the Komitee Zuidelijk Afrika (the Netherlands).
Nationalism, state formation and the public sphere: Eritrea 1991–96
Authors: Makki Fouad
Published: July 2007

This article attempts to situate the transition to statehood in Eritrea in the context of its time, culture, and political history. It argues that the transition is profoundly shaped by the international conjuncture within which it unfolds, as well as by the social and political experiences of the nationalist movements. The economic, social, and political aspects of the transition are highlighted with a view to illuminating their overall trajectory and complex dynamics. The establishment of national sovereignty, it is argued, does not entail some unproblematic process of national integration, but only creates a nationally defined public space through which the multi‐faceted issues of post‐independence Eritrea will be contested. State formation is therefore understood as a continuation of the nation‐making process which cannot be reified as a finished project. The article concludes by examining the contradictory but pregnant possibilities for establishing a democratic political and social order.
The mercenary business: ‘executive outcomes’
Authors: Harding Jeremy
Published: July 2007

Executive Outcomes is an army for hire. A sophisticated force, the ‘company’ will not work for rebel movements but contracts with ‘democratic’ governments. ‘Executive Outcomes is the small wave of the future in terms of defence and security, because the international community has abdicated that role’ (Barlow, 1997). Rather than being seen as mercenaries, they prefer the label of ‘corporate troubleshooters’, a niche which incorporates a huge unmet demand for security in Africa.
Book notes
Authors: Love Roy , Bush Ray , Szeftel Morris
Published: July 2007

Agenda for Africa's Economic Renewal
, (1996), edited by Benno Ndulu and Nicolas van de Walle, Overseas Development Council, Washington: Transaction Publishers.

The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premises in a World of Power
(1996), edited by Edwin N. Wilson and Patrick McAllister, University of Chicago Press.

Decolonisation and African Society: the Labor Question in French and British Africa
(1996) by Frederick Cooper, Cambridge University Press.

Limits of Adjustment in Africa: the Effects of Economic Liberalisation, 1986–94
(1996), edited by Poul Engberg‐Pederson, Peter Gibbon, Phil Raikes, Lars Udsholt. James Currey/Heinneman, Centre for Development Research: Copenhagen.

From Bad Policy to Chaos in Somalia: How an Economy Fell Apart(1996), Jamil Abdalla Mubarak, Praeger, Westport, Conn. 181pp. Distributed by Eurospan, at £42.50. Reviewed by Chris Allen.
Book notes
Authors: Love Roy , Bush Ray , Szeftel Morris
Published: July 2007

The Agrarian Question in South Africa
, edited by Henry Bernstein. Frank Cass, London 1996 ISBN 0-7146-4737-3.

Dream of Power: the Role of the Organisation of African Unity in the Politics of Africa, 1963–1993,
Klaas van Walraven, Ridderprint, Netherlands, 1996.

The African Development Bank
, E Philip English & Harris M Mule. Intermediate Technology Publications, Lynn Reinner 1996. ISBN 1-85339-296-0.

Now We Are Free: Coloured Communities in a Democratic South Africa,
edited by Wilmot James, Daria Caliguire and Kerry Cullinan, Lynn Reinner 1996. ISBN 1-55587-693-5.

Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society,
Jean Ensminger, Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-57426-9

The Evolution of Ethiopian Absolutism: the Genesis and the Making of the Fiscal Military State, 1696–1913
, Tsegaye Tegenu, Uppsala 1996, ISBN 91-554-3856-3.

Gender, Lineage and Ethnicity in Southern Africa
, Jean Davison. Westview Press, Boulder 1997. ISBN 0-8133-2760-1.

The Anthropology of Anger: Civil Society and Democracy in Africa,
Celestin Monga. Lynn Reinner, Boulder & London 1996. ISBN 1-55587-644-7.

Dissonant Heritage: The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict,
J E Tunbridge and G J Ashworth, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1996. ISBN 0-471-94887-X.
‘Exporting Apartheid’ to sub‐saharan Africa
Authors: Chossudovsky Michel
Published: July 2007

The right wing Afrikaner Freedom Front (FF) headed by General Constand Viljoen plans to develop a ‘food corridor’ extending across the southern part of the continent from Angola to Mozambique. Afrikaner agribusiness is to extend its grip into neighbouring countries with large-scale investments in commercial farming, food processing and eco‐tourism. The Afrikaner unions of the Orange Free State and Eastern Transvaal are partners; the objective is to set up white‐owned farms beyond South Africa's borders.
Relief & rehabilitation in complex emergencies
Authors: O'Keefe Phil , Kirkby John
Published: July 2007

Since the late 1980s international aid for development has fallen while humanitarian assistance for emergencies has increased. This change of emphasis reflects the collapse of the USSR and consequent political instability in the former Soviet Union, its former satellites and client states. It also reflects donor disillusion with the failure of many development projects. Much humanitarian assistance is delivered in complex emergencies such as in Angola, Somalia, Rwanda, the Caucasus and former Yugoslavia. Almost without exception these emergencies relate directly to global, regional, national and local political instability created by the ‘new international political order’. Many of the emergencies have roots in the colonial era and a deep history in cultural tensions loosely described as ethnic conflict. Many complex emergencies entail enormous violence, massacres of civilian populations, deliberate destruction of the means of production, ethnic cleansing, torture and rape, displacement of population, refugeedom, social and economic collapse, traumatisation and psycho‐social problems of whole populations and state collapse. Complex emergencies are dynamic, characterised by uncertainty and by rapid and unpredictable changes affecting all aspects of life.
Waiting for oprah & the new US constituency for Africa
Authors: Martin Bill
Published: July 2007

Is Africa falling off the policy map in the United States as is commonly alleged? Or do the new policies and constituency‐building efforts emanating from Washington, signal an African renaissance in the United States? This essay argues that this debate hides a more significant development: the formation of a hegemonic coalition, promoting an ideology suited to the post‐development, post‐affirmative action, multiracial era. If coalesced, this coalition would replace the forces that kept progressive African policies on the public agenda for over a generation. The very character of elite policy groups reveals, however, their dilemma: neither capital nor the state is substantially interested in African development.
Re‐forming the state? Kleptocracy & the political transition in Kenya
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: July 2007

Kenya's general election of December 1997 saw the return of President Daniel Arap Moi and the Kenya African National Union (KANU) but has inaugurated a period of intense political fluidity. On the one hand, the ruling party won the election, but its sense of vulnerability has been reinforced by widespread recognition that a less divided opposition could have displaced it. On the other, apparent acceptance by the President of a 1992 constitutional amendment which dictates that his re‐election would signal his last term of office has precipitated a struggle around the succession. In turn, the uncertainty has been compounded by the fact that, prior to the election, the government was forced to concede a political reform package which not only partially corrected the imbalance in the electoral rules which systematically favoured the ruling party, but which also conceded that these changes would lead on to an open‐ended review of the constitution starting in the new year (Southall, 1998). The immediate outcome has been dramatic, for whilst Moi has been casting around to shore up the increasingly shaky foundations of his regime, rivals for the presidency have begun to jockey for position and the opposition parties to re‐assess their options and relations to both KANU and each other. Additionally, the political class as a whole has been shaken by a series of financial scandals which threatens its control over an increasingly troubled economy. In short, whilst the new fluidity suggests some opportunity for a genuine democratic opening, the situation is also fraught with the danger of a simultaneous collapse of the state and of the ramshackle foundations which sustain it. Yet even if Kenya does pull off a ‘successful’ transition, it does not follow that this will matched by the arrival of a new government able and willing to confront the political roots of the economy's stagnation.
Social Polarisation and Socioeconomic Segregation in a Welfare State: The Case of Oslo
Authors: Wessel Terje
Published: July 2007

This paper looks at the competing theses of polarising convergence and policy-related divergence in the study of socioeconomic segregation. Using data from Oslo, Norway, it is shown that the level of segregation has remained fairly stable, or has even declined, in spite of increasing income inequality. This spatial stabilisation is causally related to a more flexible design in city planning and policy. It is, however, not a development in accordance with the welfare state approach proposed by Chris Hamnett and some other scholars. Rather, we observe a 'perverse' effect where social democracy has been helped by opposition policies. In consequence, the paper suggests the use of models of action and the identification of 'closed' and 'open' processes of change.
On Law and Politics in the Federal Balance: Lessons from Yugoslavia
Authors: Accetto Matej
Published: July 2007

In trying to build a supranational polity while paying heed to member states' autonomy concerns, modern supranational 'projects' such as the European Union find themselves where others have been before. This article explores a surprising but pertinent 'ancestor' that, albeit in sharply different societal arrangements, had grappled with the same challenges of balancing integration and autonomy: the former Yugoslavia.The author starts by tracking the development of Yugoslav federalism through its several constitutional incarnations: from the meager federal features of the 1946 Constitution and the similarly centralistic constitutional developments in the 1950s and the 1960s to a stronger federalization of Yugoslavia that culminated with the 1974 Constitution. After a general outline of the constitutional development, the article focuses on the relationship between law and politics in maintaining the federal balance, highlighting the role of the federal Constitutional Court in achieving a proper balance between the centrifugal and the centripetal forces in the federation. Finally, the main theories on the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the role of the federal Constitutional Court are briefly analyzed.In the conclusion, the author attempts to draw out the lessons that the Yugoslav experience may offer contemporary polities faced with the same challenges, focusing on the role of the judicature and the relationship between law and politics in safeguarding the federal bargain.
Direct determination of selenium in human serum by inductively coupled plasma-collision cell-mass spectrometry
Authors: Burri Judith , Haldimann Max
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:895–8.
Optical Tuning of the Reflection of Cholesterics Doped with Azobenzene Liquid Crystals
Authors: Hrozhyk U. A. , Serak S. V. , Tabiryan N. V. , Bunning T. J.
Published: June 2007

Mixtures of cholesteric liquid crystals doped with high clearing temperature azobenzene nematic liquid crystals are shown to possess large, fast, and reversible dynamic photosensitive features. Selective wavelength shifts approaching 400 nm are reported, and depending on the host cholesteric liquid crystal, both red‐shifted and blue‐shifted wavelength changes can be induced. The photoinduced states of these material systems are shown to be stable for long periods of time upon removal of the radiation source, completely reversible, and dynamically fast. These phototunable features are demonstrated using both continuous wave (CW) and nanosecond laser beams. The latter is used to change the selective reflection wavelength from blue to green with a single nanosecond pulse and the ability to write information into these films using these processes are demonstrated.
Sandwiched Ruthenium/Carbon Nanostructures for Highly Active Heterogeneous Hydrogenation
Authors: Su F. , Lee F. Y. , Lv L. , Liu J. , Tian X. N. , Zhao X. S.
Published: June 2007

The immobilization of metal nanoparticles in the framework of porous carbon for heterogeneous catalysis may avoid particle aggregation, movement, and leaching, thus leading to a high catalyst efficiency. In this Full Paper, an approach to prepare Ru nanoparticles incorporated into the pore walls of porous carbon to form a sandwiched Ru/C nanostructure for heterogeneous hydrogenation is demonstrated. Physical adsorption of nitrogen, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field‐emission transmission electron microscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy techniques are employed to study the structure and morphology of the catalysts. Catalytic results show that the Ru nanoparticles sandwiched in the pore walls of porous carbon display a remarkably high activity and stability in the hydrogenation of benzene. An enhanced hydrogen spillover effect is believed to play a significant role in the hydrogenation reaction because of the intimate interfacial contact between Ru nanoparticles and the carbon support. The catalyst system described in this work may offer a new concept for optimizing catalyst nanostructures.
Curing behavior of anionic poly(urethane urea) dispersions crosslinked with partially methylated melamine formaldehyde
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Huang Yi‐Chin , Chiang Chih‐Hsin
Published: June 2007

A rigid‐body pendulum rheometer was used to observe the isothermal cure behavior of an anionic poly(urethane urea) dispersion crosslinked with different amounts of partially methylated melamine formaldehyde (PMMF). In this experiment, the anionic poly(urethane urea) dispersion had a large number of >NH crosslinking or branching sites in urethane and urea groups per molecule, which allowed a large amount of PMMF to couple with the elastic polyurethane (PU) backbone. The test results showed that the cure response of the PU dispersion crosslinked with PMMF was a function of the concentration of PMMF and indicated that 30 phr PMMF could be the optimum amount of the crosslinking agent and that 120°C was the optimum temperature for the curing process. In addition, PMMF self‐condensation could take place during the curing process. The self‐condensation of PMMF also was monitored by a thermogravimetric method. Moreover, the dynamic mechanical properties of PMMF‐crosslinked PU films were affected by the concentration of PMMF. From the curing behavior and dynamic mechanical analysis test results, it was reasonable to assume that highly PMMF branched PUs with partial crosslinking structures could be formed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Superimposed punching of numerical codes on hand‐sorted punch cards
Authors: Perry James W.
Published: June 2007

Both the users and processers of information–particularly in the realm of science and technology–have long been aware of the fact that the information in a patent, paper or similar document will be characterized by a variety of features, such as various entities (substances, devices, apparatus, etc.), their attributes, one or more processes or interactions, attendant circumstances and the results of interaction. The multidimensional nature of information has been the basis for successful application of sorting devices permitting information to be selected on the basis of any one feature or combination of features. (1) Experiments with newly developed IBM equipment, (2) have demonstrated that grouping concepts into arrays sometimes called abstraction ladders is a convenient method for making generic terminology available as a basis for conducting searches. The present paper outlines a punching system which would permit abstraction ladders to be coded for handsorted punched cards. The punching system is undergoing test at the present time. The results of these tests will be reported subsequently.
Heterosubstituierte Fulvene, VIII. Indeno[2,1‐c]‐1,2‐dithiole, eine Gruppe neuer Pseudoazulene
Authors: Hartke Klaus , Kramptiz Dieter
Published: June 2007

Acylierung von 2‐Pyrrolidinoinden (4) mit Carbonsäurechloriden und nachfolgende Verseifung liefert die 1‐Acyl‐2‐indanone 6, die mit Diacetyldisulfid in wäßriger Perchlorsäure, Eisessig zu den 8H‐Indeno[2,1‐c]‐1,2‐dithiolium‐perchloraten 7 kondensieren. Letztere lassen sich durch N‐Äthyldiisopropylamin zu den Indeno[2,1‐c]‐1,2‐dithiolen 10, einer Gruppe neuer Pseudoazulene, deprotonieren.
Über N‐Vinylimidazolcarbonsäureester
Authors: Manecke Georg , Schlegel Rainer
Published: June 2007

Durch N‐Vinylierung von Imidazolcarbonsäureestern mit Vinylacetat werden die N‐Vinylimidazole 3a, 3b, 6, 8a, 8b und 9a, erhalten. Die Strukturen werden mit Hilfe von NMR‐und Massen‐Spektren gesichert. 3a, 6, 8a und 8bsing polymerisationsfähig.
Untersuchung der CH‐Acidität von 3,5‐Diaryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoliumsalzen
Authors: Scherowsky Günther
Published: June 2007

Durch H/D‐Austauschmessungen wird der Substituenteneinfluß auf die kinetische CH‐Acidität der Titelverbindungen untersucht. Mit Ausnahme der bromsubstituierten Vertreter 2g und 2i wird die Hammett‐Gleichung gut erfüllt. Für 2j werden die Aktivierungsparameter ermittelt. 2b–j stehen in Lösung unter Protolyse im Gleichgewicht mit den Carbendimeren 3b–j. 3a–j werden in guten Ausbeuten durch Deprotonierung von 2a–j erhalten.
Reduktive Entfernung phenolischer Hydroxygruppen, 2. Hydrogenolytische Spaltung vonO‐Aryl‐N,N‐dialkylisoharnstoffen
Authors: Vowinkel Erich , Baese Hans‐Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Phenole können über die O‐Aryl‐N,N‐diäthylisoharnstoffe unter milden Bedingungen und mit sehr guten Ausbeuten hydrogenolytisch in die entsprechenden aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe übergeführt werden. Im Falle von p‐Chlorphenol bzw. p‐Nitrophenol werden Benzol bzw. Anilin erhalten. Die reduktive Spaltung ist gegen sterische Faktoren empfindlich.
Darstellung, Struktur und Thermolyse von Diimin
Authors: Wiberg Nils , Fischer Gerd , Bachhuber Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die Thermolyse von Alkalimetall‐tosylhydraziden Tos(M)N2H2 (Tos = p‐CH3C6H4SO2; M = Li, Na, K) im Hochvakuum ist ein einfaches Verfahren zur Darstellung von reinem Diimin. Das nach infrarotspektroskopischen Untersuchungen trans‐konfigurierte Diimin läßt sich als leuchtend gelber Feststoff an einem −196°C‐Kühlfinger niederschlagen. Als Produkte der bie −180°C einsetzenden Thermolyse erhält man aus Diimin hauptsächlich Stickstoff und Hydrazin (Diimin‐Disproportionierung) sowie untergeordnet Stickstoff und Wasserstoff (Diimin‐Zerfall), Ammoniumazid (Diimin‐Dimerisierung), Stickstoff und Ammoniak (Diimin‐Spaltung).
Orthoamide, XXVI. Synthese und Reaktionen von 1,2‐ Bis(dialkylamino)äthylenen
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Simchen Gerhard , Griebenow Werner
Published: June 2007

CH2‐aktive Dimethylaminomethylen‐Verbindungen bilden mit dem Aminal‐tert‐butylester 2, 1,2‐Bis(dimethylamino)äthylene 3. Eine Umaminierung von 3 erfolgt nur an der 2‐Dimethyl‐amino‐Gruppe unter saurer Katalyse. 1‐Benzoyl‐ (3a), 1‐Cyan‐ (3d) und 1‐Äthoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐bis(dimethylamino)äthylen (3e) reagieren mit Amidinen, Guanidin sowie Thioharnstoff unter Ringschluß zu den entsprechenden 5‐Dimethylaminopyrimidinen (9a – f, 11), mit Hydrazin entsteht 4‐Dimethylamino‐3‐phenylpyrazol (10).
Synthesen mit substituierten Malondialdehyden, XVIII. Darstellung und Struktur von heteroanalogen Arylazomalondialdehyden und as‐Triazino[4,3‐b]indazolen
Authors: Allmann Rudolf , Debaerdemaeker Tony , Grahn Walter , Reichardt Christian
Published: June 2007

Während bei der Kupplungsreaktion von 3,5‐Dimethyl‐(1) und 1‐Phenyl‐4‐pyrazolidazonium‐tetrafluoroborat (2) mit Malondialdehyd (3) die erwarteten Heteroarylazo‐malondialdehyde 4 und 5 gebildet wurden, führte dieselbe Reaktion von 3‐Indazoldiazonium‐tetrafluoroborat (6) mit Malondialdehyd, Acetoacetaldehyd und Acetylaceton überraschend zu den as‐Triazino‐[4,3‐b]indazolen 11 – 13. Die Feinstruktur von 3‐Acetyl‐4‐methyl‐as‐triazino[4,3‐b]indazol (13) wurde durch Röntgenbeugung aufgeklärt (Abb. 1 und 2). Zwischen benachbarten Molekülen bestehen schwache CH…︁N‐Wasserstoffbrücken (Abb. 2: H(8)…︁N(1), H(8)…︁N(2) und H(11)…︁N(13)). Durch Vergleich der experimentellen mit den nach Pauling berechneten Bindungslängen wurde mittels der einfachen Valenzstrukturmethode der relative Anteil der mesomeren Grenzstrukturen 13a – e am Elektronengrundzustand von 13 abgeschätzt.
Botrydial, ein Sesquiterpen‐Antibiotikum aus der Nährlösung des PilzesBotrytis cinerea
Authors: Fehlhaber Hans‐Wolfram , Geipel Renate , Mercker Hans‐Jochen , Tschesche Rudolf , Welmar Karin , Schönbeck F.
Published: June 2007

Aus der Nährlösung des PilzesBotrytis cinereawurden das antibiotisch wirksame Botrydial (3) und sein Dihydroderivat (1) isoliert. Durch eine Folge chemischer Umwandlungen, verbunden mit der Anwendung spektroskopischer Methoden, insbesondere einer detaillierten Analyse der NMR‐Spektren, wurden ihre Konstitutionsformeln abgeleitet. Botrydial liegt ein bicyclisch nicht‐isoprenoides Sesquiterpenskelett zugrunde.
Zur Regiospezifität der [2+2]‐Photocycloadditionen von Diarylthioketonen an elektronenreiche und elektronenarme Olefine
Authors: Gotthardt Hans
Published: June 2007

In verdünnter Lösung vereinigen sich die Diarylthioketone 1a, b und 6 n →π*‐Anregung mit der elektronenreichen CC‐Doppelbindung des Äthylvinyläthers vermutlich über biradikalische Zwischenstufen vom Typ 3 zu den 3‐Äthoxythietanen 4a, b und 7. In konzentrierter 1‐Lösung wird die Zwischenstufe 3 durch Zweitaddition zum 1,4‐Dithian 5 abgefangen. Mit der elektronenarmen CC‐Doppelbindung des Acrylsäure‐methylesters reagiert 1a bei π→π*‐Anregung in bekannter Weise zum 3‐Methoxycarbonylthietan 10. Unter n, π*‐Bedingungen wird dagegen neben 10 noch das 2‐Benzothiopyran 11, beide im 40:60‐Verhältnis, gebildet. Wie ein Dunkelversuch lehrte, entsteht 11 auch auf thermischem Wege. Die Photocycloadditionen von Xanthion (6) an 2‐Methyl‐2‐buten, Styrol und Acrylester erfolgen regiospezifisch zu den Thietanen 8, 9 und 17, 1b liefert mit Acrylester bzw. Acrylnitril die Thietane 16 bzw. 20.
Reaktionen von Acetylenketonen, II. Reaktionen von Acetylenketonen mit 1,2‐Äthandithiol
Authors: Hideg Kálmán , Hideg‐Hankovszky Olga , Sohár Pál
Published: June 2007

Bei der Reaktion von 2 Moläquivv. 2‐R‐substituierter 1‐Acetylacetylene (1 und 2) mit 1,2‐Äthandithiol (3) bilden sich 1,2‐Bis(3‐oxo‐1‐butenyl)äthan‐Verbindungen vom Typ 4, 5. Die Umsetzung von 4b und 5c mit Hydrazinhydrat in Gegenwart von Borfluorid‐Äthyl ätherat führt zu (1,3‐Dithiolan‐2‐yl)aceton‐azinen (6 und 7). Die Azine entstehen auch aus den 2‐Acetonyl‐1,3‐dithillanen (8 und 9), welche in der Reaktion äquimolarer Mengen 1 oder 2 mit 3 gebildet werden. Die Struktur der Produkte wurde IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch bewiesen.
5‐Halogen‐pyrazolcarbonsäuren
Authors: Dickopp Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die 1,3‐dipolare Cycloaddition von 3‐alkyl‐ bzw. 3‐Aryl‐4‐halogensydnonen 1 mit Acetylendicarbonsäure‐dimethylester in Äthylenglycol führt zu 1‐alkylierten bzw. 1‐arylierten 5‐Halogen‐3,4‐pyrazoldicarbonsäure‐diestern 2, die bei Hydrolyse die entsprechenden Dicarbonsäuren 3 liefern. Diese lassen sich selektiv zu 1‐Alkyl‐ bzw. 1‐Aryl‐5‐halogen‐4‐ pyrazol‐carbonsäuren 4 decarboxylieren.
Photochemie des (Iso) Alloxazins, III. Intramolekulare Photodealkylierung von 10‐Alkylisoalloxazinen, eine Modellreaktion für den Riboflavin‐Photoabbau
Authors: Gladys Monika , Knappe Wolfgang‐R.
Published: June 2007

Eine Anzahl 10‐Alkyl‐und 10‐Cycloalkylisoalloxazine wird synthetisiert. Sowohl bei anaerober als auch aerober Bestrahlung werden in einem cyclischen Synchronmechanismus die Alkylgruppen, außer Methyl, Äthyl und Neopentyl, als Alken bzw. Cycloalken abgespalten, wobei Alloxazin entsteht. Aerob verläuft diese Photodealkylierung über den ersten angeregten Singulett‐Zustand, anaerob über Singulett‐ und Triplett‐Zustand im Verhältnis 1:8. Durch Vergleich der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten kann für den Übergangszustand ein ebener Sechsring der N(1)–C(10a)–N(10)–C(1′)–C(2′)– H(2′)‐Gruppierung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden; die Quantenausbeuten sind proportional der Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der diese Konformation eingenommen werden kann. – Der Photoabbau des Riboflavins wird mit diesen Ergebnissen verglichen.
Acylgruppenwanderung, V. Kinetische Daten der Acylgruppenwanderung von 2‐Benzoyl‐3‐indenyl‐acetat und 3‐Benzoyl‐2‐indenyl‐acetat
Authors: Wachsen Eberhard , Hartke Klaus
Published: June 2007

Die durch Esterkondensation aus 1‐Indanon erhaltenen 2‐Acyl‐1‐indanone 6 und 8 werden mit Acetylchlorid in die zugehörigen Enolester 7 und 9 übergeführt. Die Z‐Isomeren, (Z)‐2‐(1‐Acetoxyäthyliden)‐1‐indanon (7B) und (Z)‐2‐(1‐Acetoxybenzyliden)‐1‐indanon (9aB) sowie 9bB und 9cB liegen in Lösung durch schnelle Acetylgruppenwanderung im Gleich‐gewicht mit den 2‐Acyl‐3‐indenyl‐acetaten 7C und 9C vor: 7B ⇄ 7C bzw. 9B ⇄ 9C. Die Isomerisierung der semicyclischen CC‐Doppelbindung 7B ⇄ 7A bzw. 9B ⇄ 9A wird photochemisch erreicht. Durch eine NMR‐Linienformanalyse wurden die kinetischen Daten der Acetylgruppenwanderung am Beispiel der beiden isomeren Enolester 2‐Benzoyl‐3‐indenylacetat (9a C) und 3‐Benzoyl‐2‐indenyl‐acetat (10 C) ermittelt.
Reaktionen von Diazoalkanen mit α‐Diketonen und Chinonen, XXII. Umsetzungen von 2,3‐Dichlor‐p‐benzochinon mit Diazoalkanen
Authors: Eistert Bernd , Pfleger Klaus , Arackal Thommen J. , Holzer Gerd
Published: June 2007

2,3‐Dichlor‐p‐benzochinon (1) addiert Diazomethan und Diazoäthan primär an die unsubstitutierte Doppelbindung unter Bildung der nicht isolierten 1‐Pyrazoline 2. Diese werden, nach Isomerisierung zu 2‐pyrazolinen 3, durch überschüssiges Chinon 1 zu den Pyrazolen 4 und 5 dehydriert, die nun mit Diazoalkanen unter N‐Alkylierung zu den isomeren Indazolen 8 und 9 weiterreagieren. Bei Überschuß an Diazomethan entsteht das Epoxid 13, während mit großem Überschuß an Diazomethan entsteht das Epoxid 13, während mit großem Überschuß and Diazoäthan das Ringerweiterungsprodukt 14 und das Dipyrazolochinon 15 gebildet werden.