bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations in the Development of Experimental Allergic Thyroiditis Induced by Injection of Homologous Thyroid Extract
Authors: Janković Branislav D. , Flax Martin H.
Published: January 2023

The effect of 4 to 5 intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of guinea pig thyroid extract in saline on the development of experimental allergic thyroiditis in the guinea pig was studied; thyroiditis was induced by the injection of homologous thyroid extract in complete Freund's adjuvant. When these “nonsensitizing” injections were given either before, during or following the challenge injection, there was a marked, but temporary, suppression of thyroiditis at 12 days following sensitization, followed by a rapid recovery to control levels during the following 2 weeks. There was also a corresponding temporary suppression of delayed skin reactions and antibody to homologous thyroglobulin, which, in the group treated prior to sensitization, was also temporary. No suppression was obtained with comparable injections of bovine thyroid extract in saline. The relationship between this form of suppression and other forms of immunologic unresponsiveness in discussed.
Neutralization of Visna Virus by Antisera from Sheep
Authors: Thormar Halldór
Published: January 2023

Neutralizing titers of visna antisera measured in tissue culture were found to increase with the time and the temperature at which serum-virus mixtures were incubated prior to inoculation into culture tubes. The omission of preincubation resulted in neutralizing titers about 50 to 100 times lower than those observed after preincubation at 37°C for 3 hr.

The rate of neutralization of visna virus by antiserum was found to depend on the temperature and on the antiserum concentration, the rate being greatly reduced at increased serum dilution.

An exponential linear relationship between the amount of virus neutralized and the antiserum titer was found for virus doses up to about 104.5. The neutralization line had a slope of about 4.0, a 10-fold increase in virus dose corresponding to a 1.8-fold decrease in serum titer.

A virus fraction of about 10-5 to 10-4 could not be neutralized either by raising the antiserum concentration or by increasing the time of incubation at 22°C. The nonneutralizable fraction was found to be present in undiluted serum-virus mixture and it was not significantly increased by dilution, indicating practically no reactivation of neutralized visna virus.
Use of Roosters in the Antigenicity Testing of Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Furesz John , Moreau Pierre
Published: January 2023

A one-dose antigenicity test for Salk polio vaccine involving the use of young roosters has been developed. Groups of 12 roosters inoculated with trivalent lots of Salk vaccine showed an antibody response similar to that of 12 monkeys inoculated with the same vaccines. The reproducibility of the rooster antigenicity test has been established and experimental data indicate that variation in degree of antibody response was less in roosters than in monkeys to all three types of poliovirus.

Improvement in the accuracy of the test may be obtained by comparing the potency of the vaccine under test with the potency of either a live or an inactive reference vaccine inoculated into 12 additional roosters.
Antigenic Characterization of Oral Poliovaccine Progeny by Neutralization Kinetics
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Diwan Arwin R. , McBride W. David , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Neutralization kinetic studies of poliovirus strains have been applied to monitoring of oral vaccine strains in the field. The earlier work (13) on linear rates of neutralization for laboratory passaged strains has been confirmed and found to apply readily to wild strains as well as to strains recovered from vaccinated persons.

Strains recovered prior to vaccination yielded different K values from the vaccine strains. In some areas, the postvaccination strains were similar if not identical to those of the vaccine used. In other regions, the postvaccination strains differed from the vaccine strains suggesting that they were wild strains endogenous in the community rather than being derived from vaccine strains.
The Effect of Methotrexate on the Production of Antibodies against Attenuated Distemper Virus in the Dog
Authors: Thomas E. Donnall , Baker James A. , Ferrebee Joseph W.
Published: January 2023

Methotrexate is a potent inhibitor of antibody production in the dog at dose levels that are not in themselves productive of serious toxicity. In the absence of antibody production inoculation with the attenuated virus of distemper vaccine causes a fatal illness. The production of a fatal illness by this usually benign vaccine virus illustrates the heightened hazard of infection in subjects whose immunologic responsiveness is reduced by chemotherapy.
In Vitro Demonstration of Anti-Ovalbumin Specificity of Lymph Node Cells in Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Steffen Carl , Rosak Michael
Published: January 2023

A state of delayed hypersensitivity was induced in guinea pigs by sensitization with ovalbuminanti-ovalbumin precipitates prepared in the antibody excess zone and injected with complete Freund adjuvant. Skin tests with ovalbumin gave clear-cut delayed type reactions 6 days after sensitization. No circulating antibodies against ovalbumin could be detected. Lymph node cell-suspensions of these animals were prepared at once after the 48-hr skin inspection. 200 × 106 cells of sensitized and nonsensitized animals were incubated with 80, 120, 240 and 300 mg/100 ml of ovalbumin solution, 120 mg/100 ml of human γ-globulin solution, and saline. After this incubation the cells were brought into reaction with an anti-ovalbumin reagent or an anti-human γ-globulin reagent of known titer. After a limited reaction time the cells were sedimented by centrifugation and the antibody titer was determined again in the supernatant reagent.

In all experiments in which a) ovalbumin was brought into reaction with lymph node cells of guinea pigs in the state of delayed hypersensitivity against ovalbumin, and b) these cells were brought into reaction with the antiovalbumin reagent, the titer of this reagent decreased specifically and significantly compared with controls. These results indicate that lymph node cells of sensitized animals possessed an “anti-determination” against the corresponding antigen and the property of fixing this antigen. The site of fixation is thought to be on or near the surface of the cells, and its configuration to be complementary to determinants of the antigen. The immunologic significance of the results and the applicability of the technique are discussed.
Normally Occurring Staphylococcal Antibodies in Germfree Mice
Authors: Cohen Jay O. , Newton Walter L. , Cherry William B. , Updyke Elaine L.
Published: January 2023

The sera of nonimmunized mice from both germfree and nongermfree colonies of similar genetic stock have been shown to have antibodies for staphylococci, by serum-gel diffusion, agglutination and fluorescent antibody tests. In general, agglutination titers were higher in conventionally reared animals than in germfree animals, and higher in 8-month-old animals than in 2-month-old animals. When pooled samples of serum from 8-month-old germfree mice were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, some strains of staphylococci were stained in high dilutions of the labeled serum.

The results indicate that several different antibodies for staphylococci were present in the sera of 8-month-old germfree and conventional mice. Two of the antibodies observed by reactions in gel-diffusion plates were related to previously reported activities. One of these substances is antibody to antigen A of Jensen, previously reported to occur normally in human serum. The other antibody reacts with the same soluble antigen (RL) with which preimmune rabbit serum reacts.

The agglutination spectra of different mouse serum samples were compared with spectra obtained with human and rabbit serum. There were some obvious similarities observed in the specificity of agglutinins for staphylococci from animals of different environments (germfree and conventional mice) and different species (mouse, human and rabbit).

The source of or stimulus for the antibody formation has not been determined.
Immunochemical Studies with Gangliosides
Authors: Yokoyama Mitsuo , Trams Eberhard G. , Brady Roscoe O.
Published: January 2023

The injection of purified gangliosides caused the production of specific antibodies in rabbits when administered with a carrier substance such as rabbit or sheep erythrocytes, Freund's adjuvant, whole human serum or bovine serum albumin. A separate antibody was also produced by the injection of erythrocytes coated with asialogangliosides. Anti-ganglioside and anti-asialoganglioside antibodies were demonstrated by hemagglutination, complement fixation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests.

Gangliosides exhibited blood group M and Rho(D) activity in hemagglutination inhibition tests and some, although weaker, blood group substance A and N activity. The intact ganglioside molecule was required for blood group activity. Asialogangliosides and crystalline N-acetylneuraminic acid were inactive in this regard.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that the random copolymers GLT, GLA5 and GLPhe are antigenic in rabbits but that the polymers GA and GLA30 are more effective antigens. The introduction of aromatic acid residues did not enhance the antigenicity of G or GL as much as did the introduction of the nonpolar amino acid alanine. The enhanced antigenicity of GLA30 and GA may be ascribed to the increase in the random sequences of polypeptide sequences rather than to the increase in rigidity in the molecules.

Correlations have been shown between the antibody level as determined by PCA and hemagglutination of antigen-coated cells.

The inability of GA and GAT to coat cells and the odd reactions of GAT have been ascribed to the high negative charge density. The possible role of positively charged areas in a molecule in coating of tanned cells has been suggested.
The Absence of Antibody-Producing Cells during Unresponsiveness to BSA in the Mouse
Authors: Sercarz Eli E. , Coons Albert H.
Published: January 2023

Studies of experimentally induced immunologic unresponsiveness to bovine serum albumin were carried out in both newborn and adult mice with the following results: No cells containing antibody were found in the spleen and lymph nodes of newborn mice injected daily from birth to adulthood within a 2000-fold range of bovine serum albumin (BSA) doses.Mice injected from the 5th week of life to adulthood were rendered unresponsive by high doses of antigen but not by low ones.Both the newborn and adult series of animals possessed circulating antigen, but no antibody or BSA-anti-BSA complexes could be demonstrated.Paralysis was specific: these mice responded to diphtheria toxoid with the production of antitoxin detectable in the serum and in cells of the lymphoid tissue.Transfer of cells of the unresponsive spleen and lymph nodes to a normal mouse, with or without antigenic stimulation of the recipient, did not result in antibody formation within 7 days, as it did with stimulated cells.Recovery from unresponsiveness to BSA took place a few weeks after the level of circulating antigen became undetectable. No further antigenic challenge was required to induce the synthesis of antibody. Lengthening the period of antigen administration lengthened the subsequent period during which antigen was detected and antibody formation was inhibited.

These data lead to the following working hypothesis: “paralyzed” animals do not produce antibody but rather their cells are specifically inhibited; such an immunologically paralyzed cell is, however, a potentially stimulated cell when the concentration of antigen falls below an effective inhibitory level.
The Rho(D) Specificity of a Polysaccharide Isolated from a Species of Pseudomonas
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Dodd Matthew C. , Randles Chester I. , Geyer Virginia B. , Lazen Alvin G.
Published: January 2023

A polysaccharide from an unidentified species of Pseudomonas (PsP) has been shown to possess antigenic specificity similar to the Rho(D) antigen of human red cells. The following findings revealed this specificity: a) PsP inhibited anti-D agglutinins; b) anti-PsP rabbit sera contained both saline agglutinins and incomplete antibodies specific only for cells containing D antigen; c) D-positive cells absorbed specific agglutinins from anti-PsP sera; d) anti-D serum blocked agglutination of D cells by anti-PsP serum. Agglutination of D cells by anti-PsP rabbit serum was inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing substances different from those previously shown to inhibit D cell agglutination by specific Rh antiserum. It was concluded that the antigenic similarity is not due to NANA but to some structure or linkage resembling it.
Serologic Reactivity of Certain Antigens Obtained by Fractionation of Coxsackie Viruses in Cesium Chloride Density Gradients
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Frommhagen Laurence H. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of certain Coxsackie viral types has served to separate the precipitating antigens possessing “specific” and “group” reactivity with human sera, and has also separated two complement-fixing (CF) antigens. One of the CF antigens (in the same fraction as the “specific” precipitating antigen) fixes complement with homotypic monkey immune serum, but not with human sera. The other CF antigen (in the same fractions as the “group” precipitating antigen) fixes complement with homotypic monkey immune serum and also with human sera from both homotypic and heterotypic Coxsackie virus infections. Heating at 56°C for 30 min converted the serologic activity of the fraction with “specific” precipitating activity and no CF activity with human sera to that of the fractions containing “group” precipitating activity and CF activity with homotypic and heterotypic human sera.
The Role of Antigen Dosage in Drug-Induced Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Schwartz Robert S. , Dameshek William
Published: January 2023

The effect of varying the dosage of antigen (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) on the induction of immunologic tolerance in adult rabbits by the administration of a constant amount (10 mg/kg) of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied. The doses of BSA employed ranged from 0.066 mg/kg to 66.0 mg/kg. Tolerance was not regularly achieved at doses of BSA below 66.0 mg/kg. The specificity of the tolerant state was demonstrated by normal responses to BGG, which was administered after the cessation of 6-MP treatment. It is proposed that the induction of immunologic tolerance by 6-MP is due to a state of relative antigen excess brought about by the administration of antigen to an animal whose lymphoid system has been depleted by the cytotoxic drug. The states defined as immunologic tolerance induced in young animals, immunologic paralysis and immunologic unresponsiveness may all depend on an increase in antigen relative to the number of available antibody-forming cells.
Tuberculostatic Activity of Normal Human Sera
Authors: Kochan Ivan , Patton Charlotte , Ishak Kamel
Published: January 2023

This study demonstrated that normal human sera possess an inhibitory activity for growth of tubercle bacilli. This tuberculostasis could not be shown upon dilution of the serum in various media devised for growth of tubercle bacilli. The analyses of the constitutents of these media with respect to their antituberculostatic activity showed that phosphate and citrate act as antagonists in the antimycobacterial activity. Investigation of the tuberculostatic factor showed the following: It is heat-stable at 56°C but loses its activity at 65°C or higher temperatures.It is composed of two parts, one which is heat-sensitive and nondialyzable and a second which is heat-stable and dialyzable; both parts are required for tuberculostatic activity.Both parts of the tuberculostatic factor are organic and their molecular weight may be higher than 30,000.The factor or its one part can be adsorbed from serum by heavy emulsions of tubercle bacilli.

Study of the distribution of tuberculostatic factor showed that it is present in tuberculinnegative and tuberculin-positive people. The analysis of “racial sera,” as to the level of tuberculostatic activity suggested no difference among the races. Out of 92 sera investigated, 7 demonstrated low degree of tuberculostatic activity. Because of equal distribution of these “weak” sera among the racial groups, this might indicate an individual rather than a racial characteristic.
Ribonucleoprotein-Bound Antibody to the Enzyme Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Wust Carl J. , Novelli G. David
Published: January 2023

Microsomes prepared from the spleens and livers of mice immunized to the enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase have been found to possess inhibiting activity to enzymic function. Deoxycholate-treated microsomes had the same specific activity as intact microsomes, indicating that inhibiting activity was associated with the protein of ribonucleoprotein particles.

Serum-neutralizing antibody was adsorbed onto microsomes both in vitro and in vivo. Such adsorption could account for some of the inhibiting activity associated with microsomes. Treatment of the microsomes with deoxycholate, however, removed the artificially bound, neutralizing antibody.

Studies with β-mercaptoethanol indicated that this sulfhydryl compound protected the enzyme from neutralizing activity of antisera or microsomal fractions but did not inhibit precipitate formation.
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Daniel Thomas M. , Weyand James G. M. , Stavitsky Abram B.
Published: January 2023

The instability of fresh erythrocytes sensitized for use in hemagglutination reactions prompted the use of formalinized erythrocytes. In the course of attempts to avoid nonspecific agglutination, the variables affecting sensitization of formalinized erythrocytes were explored extensively. Uptake of antigen by cells increased as the concentration of tannic acid and the time of exposure to tannic acid were increased. Increasing the concentration of antigen to which tanned cells were exposed as well as increasing the temperature and time of reaction resulted in greater uptake of antigen by the cells. The sensitization reaction was pH dependent, with pH optima varying for different antigens. Optimal sensitization of cells for use in the hemagglutination reaction did not correspond with maximal uptake of antigen by the cells. The optimal conditions for sensitizing cells for use in hemagglutination were determined for a number of protein antigens. Under these conditions cell preparations of great stability were produced which were comparable in sensitivity to those made with fresh erythrocytes. The mechanism by which antigens are tightly bound to the erythrocyte surface remains unknown.
Immunological Studies with Partially Purified Bovine and Human TSH
Authors: Arquilla Edward R. , Catz Boris , Finn Jack
Published: January 2023

Methods are presented for the production of antibodies to partially purified bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (BTSH) and human thyroid stimulating hormone (HTSH) in rabbits. Hemagglutination methods for the estimation of antibodies using human O-negative erythrocytes coated with TSH are presented. Hemagglutination inhibition methods were used to detect contaminants in and possible cross reaction between the BTSH and HTSH used as the antigens. With the use of these methods no measurable immunologic similarity between bovine and human thyroid stimulating hormones was noted. The possible cross-reaction between various antierior pituitary hormones and homologous antiserum is discussed.
Studies on Fragments of Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Gross Dale
Published: January 2023

No new antigenic determinants were exposed by the enzymatic digestion of rabbit γ-globulin on testing with goat antisera to Fractions I and III of the papain-digested molecules.

Fractions I and II derived from papain-digested γ-globulin were antigenically indistinguishable and very similar but not identical to the analogous fragments resulting from digestion with pepsin, using reaction with a goat antiserum to FI (papain) as a criterion.

Antigenic determinants characteristic of rabbit γ-globulin were found on FI as well as on FIII.

Alanine was found to be the principal NH2-terminal amino acid of PI and PII as well as of FI and FII.
The Effect of Acute Radiation Injury on Phagocytic Mechanisms of Antibacterial Defense
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Fleming Diane O. , Wood W. Barry
Published: January 2023

A systematic study of the effect of acute radiation injury upon the natural resistance of mice to experimental pneumococcal myositis has revealed that the principal factor involved in the lowered resistance of the irradiated host is a marked depression in the mobilization of phagocytic cells at the site of the primary lesion. The delayed and diminished inflammatory response, which coincides with the postirradiation leukopenia, permits the pneumococci to reach a population density in the lesion approximately a thousand times greater than that observed in unirradiated mice. The relatively few leukocytes, which in these circumstances manage to reach the lesion, exhibit no demonstrable impairment of phagocytic activity and show only an equivocal change in their capacity to kill the pneumococci which they ingest.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Sugahara Takao , Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko
Published: January 2023

Rabbit α-globulin, β1-globulin and subfractions of γ-globulin were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine and the aggregated products were studies for skin reactivity in normal guinea pigs and for C′-fixing properties. Induction of these biological activities upon nonspecific aggregation was characteristic of γ-globulin only. Aggregated products of neither α-globulin nor β1-globulin had either activity. Evidence was presented that only γ-globulin had affinity for guinea pig tissues to which antibody combines upon passive sensitization. All three of these properties, namely skin reactivity and C′-fixing activity upon aggregation, and affinity for guinea pig tissue were present approximately equally in all the chromatographic subfractions of γ-globulin.

All γ-globulin subfractions of rabbit anti-ovalbumin sera contained antibody. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared with these fractions gave skin reactions in normal guinea pigs and inactivated C′. On a weight basis, the soluble complexes and nonspecifically aggregated γ-globulin were comparable with respect to these biologic activities.
Biologic Properties of Two Plaque Variants of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana Serotype)
Authors: Wagner Robert R. , Levy Allan H. , Snyder Ruth M. , Ratcliff Gilbert A. , Hyatt David F.
Published: January 2023

Large plaque (LP) and small plaque (SP) variants were cloned from stock cultures of Indiana serotype, San Juan strain of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus. Both variants bred true in cultures of chick embryo (CE) and L cells. Differences in infectivity, cytopathogenicity and growth potential were more pronounced when the two variants were compared in cultures of L cells. The LP and SP variants did not appear to differ significantly in the following properties: adsorption on CE or L cells, release from infected L cells, thermostability, growth in the presence of agar extracts, plaque size and growth under conditions of reduced bicarbonate concentrations, inactivation of infectivity by ultraviolet irradiation and cytotoxicity. Slight variations could be detected in neutralization by antibody and buoyant density in a cesium chloride density gradient.

The LP variant was not conclusively inferior in its capacity to induce formation of interferon during the course of infection. However, definite evidence was obtained that the SP variant is more susceptible to the action of an exogenous interferon produced by infected L cells.

Persistent infection of L cells could be established only with the SP variant. During an observation period of 5 months, carrier L cell cultures underwent periodic cycles of SP virus multiplication and cell destruction alternating with cycles of virus quiescence and slow repopulation of cultures by surviving L cells. No interferon could be detected in SP carrier cultures, but the L cells became more resistant to superinfection with the LP variant.
Studies on Systemic Reactivity to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and Endotoxin
Authors: Trakatellis Anthony C. , Stinebring Warren R. , Axelrod A. E.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and rendered pyridoxine-deficient by dietary means or by treatment with deoxy-pyridoxine (DB6) showed severely depressed systemic reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) although in vitro sensitivity of certain spleen cells could be demonstrated. This is in agreement with the results on skin sensitivity. The use of killed BCG to sensitize a group of these animals demonstrates that interference with proliferation of this organism by pyridoxine deficiency of the host is not a dominant factor in depression of reactivity. The deficient animals showed no change in anaphylactic reactivity. Vitamin C deficiency and inanition due to low food intake did not result in depression of reactivity. It appears that pyridoxine deficiency may interfere with a step in the reaction between sensitized cells and the allergen.
Studies on Systemic Reactivity to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and Endotoxin
Authors: Stinebring Warren R. , Trakatellis Anthony C. , Axelrod A. E.
Published: January 2023

Pyridoxine-deficient guinea pigs, immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or nonimmunized, showed unaltered reactivity to endotoxin when compared to guinea pigs fed diets adequate in pyridoxine. A comparison between this unaltered reactivity to endotoxin and the depressed reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) in this deficiency state reported previously (1, 2) allows the conclusion that differences in basic mechanisms must be involved.
The Influence of Hemolysis or Blood Loss on Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Kaye Donald , Hook Edward W.
Published: January 2023

Mice injected with anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride were more susceptible to infection caused by Salmonella typhimurium than normal mice or mice injected with normal rabbit serum or saline solution. The increase in susceptibility was observed over a wide range of inoculum sizes and for infection initiated by the intravenous, intraperitoneal or intragastric route. Injection of anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride also resulted in increased susceptibility to infection caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, but not by Diplococcus pneumoniae.

The increase in susceptibility to infection was not related to anemia per se as anemia of an equivalent degree resulting from acute blood loss did not increase susceptibility to salmonella infection. The infection-enhancing effect of antimouse-erythrocyte serum could be removed by absorption with mouse erythrocyte stroma but not with mouse liver. Transfusion of antibodycoated mouse erythrocytes or heterologous erythrocytes also resulted in a marked increase in susceptibility of mice to S. typhimurium infection whereas infusion of normal mouse erythrocytes or injection of hemoglobin solution and erythrocyte stroma from homologous or heterologous erythrocytes did not appreciably alter susceptibility.

The hypothesis is offered that phagocytosis of heterologous or altered homologous erythrocytes by reticuloendothelial cells impairs the capacity of these cells to kill ingested bacteria.
Humoral Factors in Cellular Resistance
Authors: Wu William G. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

A study was designed to determine the effects of heated and unheated human, calf, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse serum on rates of phagocytosis and digestion of P-32 labeled Histoplasma capsulatum by peritoneal macrophages obtained from control and immunized mice. The results obtained were as follows: Ingestion rates by macrophages from normal and immune mice were not significantly different in the presence of heated or unheated heterologous and homologous sera.Macrophages from immunized mice digested H. capsulatum more rapidly than those from normal mice in the presence of heated and unheated human, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse serum and unheated calf serum, but not in the presence of heated calf serum.Heat labile factors in unheated sera induced transitory increases in rates of cytopepsis of H. capsulatum ingested by both normal and “immune” phagocytes.Cytopeptic rates of both cell populations were highest in the presence of heated and unheated mouse or guinea pig serum, whereas the rates in the presence of heated human, rabbit, or calf serum were not significantly different. Unheated rabbit and calf sera induced intermediate rates of digestion by the phagocytes.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. , Seastone C. V.
Published: January 2023

Normal mice and mice immunologically paralyzed with type I pneumococcal polysaccharide were adoptively immunized by transfer of splenic cells from immune mice. In contrast, splenic cells from paralyzed mice were incapable of adoptively immunizing normal mice.
Specificity of Reaction to Antigenic Stimulation in Lymph Nodes of Immature Rabbits
Authors: Pernis B. , Cohen M. W. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

Experiments were conducted to test whether antigenic substances rather than nonspecific stimuli are necessary for induction of γ-globulin formation and associated morphologic changes in lymphoid tissue. Diphtheria toxoid was used as the antigen, crystalline silica as the nonantigenic adjuvant. Neonatal rabbits were used as the experimental animals because of their lack of preexisting stimulation.

Stimulated lymph nodes were studied with regard to secondary nodule and plasma cell formation, and, in addition, γ-globulin production in vitro by means of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine presence of antibody and γ-globulin in lymph node cells.

Results indicate that antigenic stimulation is needed for the induction of the specific histologic changes associated with γ-globulin formation. γ-Globulin synthesis was more readily demonstrable than antibody formation in immature rabbits. Several possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
Quantitative Determination of 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins and γ1-Macroglobulins in Human Serum
Authors: Fahey John L. , Lawrence Mary E.
Published: January 2023

The serum levels of 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins and γ1-macroglobulins were determined by quantitative immune inhibition techniques. The 6.6 S γ-globulins, with an average serum level of 12.63 mg/ml, were found to constitute about 71% of the total serum γ-globulins. The β2A-globulins comprise about 22% of the γ-globulins (average serum level of 3.94 mg/ml). The γ1-macroglobulins account for about 7% of the serum γ-globulins (average value 1.16 mg/ml). The relative electrophoretic mobility of the γ-globulin groups was determined. The electrophoretic heterogeneity of each group was confirmed. Most of the 6.6 S γ-globulins were in the γ-globulin region, although some migrated more rapidly. The γ1-macroglobulins were intermediate in mobility and the β2A-globulins, as a group, migrated most rapidly.
Differential Effects of Specific Antisera on the Rejection of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Skin Grafts by Sublethally X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

Data are presented indicating that the first-set response to an allogeneic skin graft can be significantly inhibited in sublethally irradiated mice by passively transferred specific antisera, whereas, in contrast, the first-set response to a xenogeneic skin graft remains resistant to similar treatment. Specific antisera had no effect upon a pre-existing second-set response.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Antidextrans produced by rabbits resemble corresponding human antidextrans. Inhibition data indicate that most of the combining regions of antibody in the rabbit sera studied are complementary to chains of not more than five or six hexose units. Dextrans known to contain a high proportion of 1,2-linkages cross-react 85 to 100% with human and rabbit antibodies to dextran 1424, which has an unknown content of 1,2-linkages, thus confirming previous immunochemical inferences that this dextran is also highly 1,2-linked. Inhibition data also support this conclusion.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Myers Walter L. , Segre Diego
Published: January 2023

Using newborn and 3-week-old colostrum-deprived pigs from actively immunized sows, both indirect and direct evidence for transplacental transfer of antibodies was obtained. In addition, the finding of specific antibodies in the sera of newborn colostrum-deprived pigs from a passively immunized sow is offered as conclusive proof of transplacental transfer of antibodies in swine.
Sheep Erythrocyte Agglutinins and Beef Erythrocyte Hemolysins in Infectious Mononucleosis Serum
Authors: Lee C. L. , Takahashi T. , Davidsohn I.
Published: January 2023

In serum of patients with active infectious mononucleosis, the titers of sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins were consistently elevated, while those of sheep hemolysins and beef agglutinins were within normal levels. In general, sera with higher titers of sheep agglutinin had also more beef hemolysin. In the course of illness, the change in titers was parallel. The absorption patterns of sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins were generally similar. Both antibodies were demonstrated in the same serum fractions after separation by electrophoresis and by column chromatography. The ultracentrifugal data and the results of treatment with sulfhydryl compounds pointed to their association with macroglobulins. Beef hemolysin was more sensitive to temperature changes than sheep agglutinin.

Our results indicate that sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins are physically inseparable but may possess different combining sites responsible for agglutination and hemolysis.
Inhibition of Complement Fixation by Human Serum
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Levin Francoise M. , Kahn M. F.
Published: January 2023

Kinetic and static analyses of complement fixation (CF) reactions were carried out using EA, EA (human), solutions of human thyroglobulin-rabbit anti-thyroglobulin and latex particles coated with human γ-globulin (LPF II). Heated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera and N sera, rheumatoid factor (RF) and inhibitor (Ag-Ab)—a γ1M-globulin isolated from RA sera—were tested for their effect on CF reactions.

Addition of RA serum and N serum to EA and gpC′ delayed immune hemolysis. Preabsorption of the sera with solid heat denatured γ-globulin did not affect their inhibitory activity.

Inhibitor (Ag-Ab) was shown to delay lysis of EA by gpC′. The substance also inhibited CF by soluble antigen-antibody complexes, but CF reactions involving LPF II remained unaffected.

RF did not interfere with the lysis of EA by gpC′. This substance was also inactive in CF reactions involving soluble antigen-antibody complexes. RF, however, inhibited CF by LPF II, especially when preincubated with LPF II for 90 min at 56°C.

There was also a decrease in the latex fixation titer of RA sera when LPF II was preincubated with gp serum, suggesting some competition between RF and gpC′ for sites of attachment on the γ-globulin molecule.
Precipitating Antibody Production in Germfree Chickens
Authors: Wostmann B. S. , Olson G. B.
Published: January 2023

Germfree and conventional chickens depicted three differences in their antibody response to a single sensitizing injection of BSA: (1) germfree chickens seem to require 1 more day to produce a detectable circulating precipitating antibody, (2) both groups reach their peak antibody production on the 8th day after sensitization, but the germfree chicken had approximately one-half the amount of circulating antibody in comparison to the conventional chicken, (3) the germfree group maintained a proportional higher level of antibody after day of peak production than did the conventional bird. Possible explanations for these differences are presented for consideration.

Electrophoretic studies of the antiplasmas showed a parallel increase in the γ-globulin region, which on the 8th day after antigen injection was approximately 300 to 400 mg/100 ml over normal base levels for the two groups, and then subsequently returned toward the normal. A determination of the half-life of the γ-globulin fraction of the germfree and conventional animals depicted no difference in the metabolic degradation of the protein.

It appears that even with the quantitative differences in the RES of the germfree chicken it is still capable of producing an effective response to an antigenic stimulation.
Thermostable Ethanol-Insoluble Antigens of Brain
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Maide , Campbell Walter A. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with thermostable, ethanol-insoluble fractions of bovine, porcine and human brain. By means of these antisera, brain-specific antigens could be detected in a variety of serologic reactions. In double diffusion gel precipitation tests, the brain-specific reaction was represented by one hazy precipitation line. In immunoelectrophoresis the brain-specific line appeared in the anodal part of the electrophoretic field. Anti-porcine and anti-bovine brain BE sera combined not only with brain preparations of the homologous species origin but also with those originating from a heterologous species. However, the interspecies cross-reactions were much weaker than the homologous reactions. Evidence was presented that the antigens under study are not artifacts but are present in “native” preparations. The brain-specific antigen was predominantly present in the cerebral gray matter, it was not found at all in the sciatic nerve. The antigen under study was serologically distinct from the previously described thermostable, ethanol-insoluble, adrenal-specific antigen. It was also distinct from the brain lipid antigen known since the 1920's.
Prevention of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Shigella Antigens in Neonatal Mice by Homologous Spleen Cell Transplants
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: January 2023

Spleen cell suspensions were prepared from newborn, normal adult and Shigella immune adult NIH mice and transferred to recipient newborn NIH mice receiving a single inoculum of Shigella soluble antigen (SSA) derived from alcohol killed Shigella paradysenteriae. Whereas injection of SSA into untreated newborn mice results in specific immunologic unresponsiveness to Shigella with a duration of approximately 8 weeks, transfer of the spleen cell suspensions prevented establishment of unresponsiveness. Viable spleen cells from newborn, normal or Shigella immunized adult donor mice were capable of preventing establishment of unresponsiveness. Heated spleen cell suspensions, spleen cell extracts and suspensions of mouse lung, liver and kidney cells were not effective. These observations suggested that transfer of homologous donor spleen cells to SSA injected newborn mice may increase the ratio of available lymphoid cells to antigen and, in effect, may decrease the concentration of antigen below a postulated critical threshold level necessary for establishment and maintenance of unresponsiveness.
Dynamic Aspects of the Formation of Serum Antibody in Rabbits
Authors: Ingraham Joseph S.
Published: January 2023

By use of a soluble protein antigen which is rapidly eliminated from the circulation and a sensitive photometric passive hemagglutination titration for antibody, it was possible to observe the increase of serum titer against bovine serum globulin over a 104- to 105-fold range.

The early rise in titer followed an exponential progression with doubling times of 2.2 to 3.7 hr. This was usually followed by a second phase with a doubling time of 3.6 to 6.2 hr. Either time is appreciably shorter than the generation times which have been reported for mammalian cells.

Following the early exponential phase, most of the antibody was synthesized at or close to the maximal absolute rate attained, giving an arithmetic increase in titer. This arithmetic phase was analyzed mathematically to show that the experimental curves could be accounted for as the difference between a constant rate of formation and exponential decay.

The rate of formation of antibody fell to a very low level within 12 hr of peak titer. In four of the six rabbits about one-fourth of the antibody at peak titer had a half-life much shorter than those previously reported for rabbit anti-protein antibodies.

Published data for serum antibody during the reinjection response to a variety of antigens is reviewed. It is suggested that an early exponential rise of titer followed by production of most of the antibody at a constant rate may be characteristic for the secondary serum antibody response in rabbits after a single intravenous reinjection of many antigens that are rapidly cleared from the circulation. Furthermore, such a sequence of exponential and arithmetic phases is consistent with what is known of the cellular response in lympoid tissues following antigenic stimulation.
Primary and Secondary Antibody Response in Rats to Bacterial and Sheep Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: La Via Mariano F.
Published: January 2023

The response of rats to primary and secondary stimulation with bacterial and sheep erythrocyte antigens has been examined. Response to RBC and Str consists of a rapid rise and fall both after primary and secondary injection. The bacterial antigens elicit a rise of titer similar to that produced by RBC and Str. This titer, however, persists for a long period of time in a steady state fashion and second injection leads to a titer rise not very much higher than the steady state level. Cellular proliferation after first and second injection of all antigens shows a similar sequence of events differing only in degree of magnitude but showing essentially the same cell types.
The Influence of Phase on the Protective Potency of Q Fever Vaccine
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Bell E. John , Lackman David B. , Tallent George
Published: January 2023

Q fever vaccines made from purified Coxiella burneti in phase I and tested in guinea pigs were shown to possess protective potencies 100 to 300 times greater than comparable phase II vaccines when the challenge rickettsiae were in phase I. Significant differences in vaccine potencies of Q fever vaccines made from different strains were explained on the basis of phase differences rather than strain differences. The relative potencies of phase I and phase II vaccines were shown to depend upon the phase of the challenge rickettsiae. Phase I antigen injected into guinea pigs convalescent from Q fever was shown to produce higher and more persistent levels of complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies than phase II antigen. It was shown that the agglutination-resuspension test reflected accurately the immune state of vaccinated guinea pigs before challenge, whereas this was not true of the complement fixation test.
The Influence of Hydrocortisone and Certain Electrolyte Solutions upon the Phagocytic and Bactericidal Capacity of Leukocytes Obtained from Peritoneal Exudate of Rats
Authors: Allison Fred , Adcock Martha H.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal capacity of leukocytes obtained from the peritoneal exudate of rats both untreated and pretreated with intramuscular cortisol was studied in vitro. Phagocytosis of a mouse virulent, encapsulated strain of type I pneumococcus and an avirulent type XIV Streptococcus was accomplished on a suitable surface and the viability of engulfed organisms assayed in slide cultures. Under these conditions, with a phosphate buffer of high ionic strength to suspend the bacterium-cell mixtures, it was found that pretreatment with cortisol at a level of either 1.75 or 7.0 mg/kg for 3 days or longer impaired the ability of PMNG to kill bacteria. Further investigation revealed that suspending solutions of lower ionic strength increased the intensity of phagocytosis and the killing efficiency of exudate leukocytes from untreated animals and abolished the effects of glucocorticoid pretreatment. An explanation for this was not evident although there was evidence to suggest that the divalent cation, magnesium, restored bactericidal efficiency previously impaired in the high ionic phosphate buffer.

From this information it is suggested that pretreatment with cortisol may induce a metabolic change at the molecular level that interferes with the killing and destruction of ingested bacteria. It is conceivable that this alteration may contribute to an enhancement of infection associated with glucocorticoid previously noted in experimental animals and in man.
Studies on Human C′1-Esterase
Authors: Haines Anne L. , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

C′1-esterase was isolated by column chromatography on DEAE and TEAE cellulose of a euglobulin fraction of human serum. The final product, purified 2400-fold with respect to serum, contained 3800 enzyme units/mg of nitrogen, as measured by zero-order hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATE). The purified preparation migrated as an α2-globulin on paper electrophoresis but was heterogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The susceptibility to hydrolysis of synthetic substrates, listed in decreasing order of activity, was: N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester. Nonsusceptible substrates included L-lysine methyl ester. Maximal hydrolysis of ATE occurred at a final concentration of substrate of 5 × 10-2 M (Km = 1.9 × 10-2 M), pH 6.7 to 8.0, ionic strength below 0.20, and 38.8°C (apparent energy of activation = 10,400 calories/mole). No dependency of esterolytic activity on divalent cations was demonstrable. These properties are similar to those of previous preparations of human and guinea pig C′1-esterase obtained either from less purified fractions of serum or from elution of antigen-antibody-complement complexes.

Possible explanations for the observed physicochemical heterogeneity are discussed. The function of this highly purified preparation of human C′1-esterase in the complement system is presented in the following article.
Effects of 5-Idoo-2-Desoxyuridine (IDU) on Herpesvirus Synthesis and Survival in Infected Cells
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Dukes C. Dean
Published: January 2023

Treatment of cells with IDU immediately following a 2-hr period of virus adsorption completely suppressed the production of new infectious virus but did not prevent the synthesis of new viral components. Both fluorescent and electron microscopy revealed the formation of large amounts of viral material in drug-treated, infected cells, although most input infectious virus disappeared. Ragged, naked, structurally imperfect particles were produced in the presence of IDU. It appeared, therefore, that the antiviral activity of IDU was due to an interruption in the assembly of viral components, not in their production.
Anti-A1 Specific Lectin from a Central American Leguminous Plant
Authors: Brilliantine Laura , Aranda Louise H. , Foster Doreen M. , Allen Nancy K.
Published: January 2023

An anti-A1 specific lectin has been found in an extract of Crotalaria breviflora, a leguminous plant from Costa Rica. α-Lactose and l-rhamnose did not neutralize the agglutination reaction for human blood group A1 when tested against extracts of C. breviflora and Crotalaria selectron, but inhibited the reactions with groups A2, B, and O cells. A comparison of the variability of reactivity of different species of Crotalaria to subgroups of human type A is reported.