bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Analysis of Alternate-Day Predn'isone Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease
Authors: del Rosario J. Fernando , Orenstein Susan R. , Neigut Deborah A. , Giarrusso Vicki , Wolfson Nancy , Kocoshis Samuel A.
Published: June 2007

We reviewed the medical records of 98 children with Crohn's disease followed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1983 to 1993 to evaluate the merits of alternate-day prednisone (AD) maintenance therapy once initial remission was achieved. Of the 98 children, 35 had adequate data recorded for eligibility to the study. Of these, 11 were in the AD group and 24 were in a group whose maintenance regimen did not include prednisone (NO). The dependent variables were frequency of flares and linear growth over time. AD therapy reduced mean symptomatic flares (0.23 ± 0.1 vs 0.69 +0.14 flares/patient/year; p=0.04) over a 2-year follow-up period but did not delay significantly the onset of a flare after remission was achieved (16.5 ± 3.4, vs 13.4 ± 1.8 months; p=0.4). Site of disease involvement had no impact on frequency of flares. Fewer patients in the AD group experienced flares, but this finding did not achieve statistical significance (4/11, 36%, vs 17/24, 71%; p = 0.07). Linear growth, measured in height percentile and growth velocity (cm/year), was not significantly reduced by the second year of either therapy. This small retrospective study suggests that AD prednisone therapy may be effective in reducing symptomatic flares in Crohn's patients without a resultant inhibition of linear growth.
Diagnosis and Treatment of an Adolescent with Comorbid Type 1 Diabetes Meilitus and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Pitel Ann U. , Monaco Linda , Geffken Gary R. , Silverstein Janet H.
Published: June 2007

The authors describe the successful treatment of a 17-year-old female with comorbid type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa within the context of a residential program in a tertiary care facility. Assessment and treatment of the complex combinations of the psychological and medical symptoms involved in this patient required the interaction of medical, psychological, and nutritional services. Diagnostic and treatment challenges are discussed.
Dyskeratosis Congenita: Multisystemic Disorder with Special Consideration of Immunologic Aspects
Authors: Solder Brigitte , Weiss Michael , Jager Andrea , Belohradsky Bernd H.
Published: June 2007

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare, predominantly X-linked multisystemic disorder. It demonstrates a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and typically presents with dermatologic symptoms during the first decade of life. This review of the literature points out the importance of hematologic and immunologic alterations in defining the course and prognosis of the disease process. Pancytopenia as well as the humoral and cellular disturbances in immunologic functions associated with this disease complex may lead to severe infections that represent the main cause of death. The pathogenesis of DC is still unclear and a curative therapy is presently lacking. Recent reports suggest that a beneficial effect may be observed in the administration of hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF) for patients with DC and neutropenia.
Basilar Artery Occlusion and the Dense Artery Sign in the Newborn
Authors: Bodensteiner John B. , Reitter Bernd F. , Sheth Raj D.
Published: June 2007

A child with basilar artery occlusion in the neonatal period is reported. The occlusion was documented by unenhanced computed tomography performed in the neonatal period demonstrating a “dense” artery at the tip of the basilar artery. The pattern of cerebral damage on MRI scan at 10 years of age confirmed the site of the vascular occlusion. The evidence suggests that embolization was the operating pathogenic mechanism of cerebral vascular occlusion. Neonatal arterial thrombosis involving the carotid circulation has been well documented and may be due to many pathological factors including direct trauma to the carotid artery and embolization from remote sites. Thrombosis of the vertebral artery in the neonate is only rarely reported and only in association with significant cervical trauma. A second child with a similar pattern of cerebral injury demonstrated on neuroimaging is described suggesting that this event may be more common than recognized. The clinical features of basilar artery occlusion as seen in the adult are not apparent in the neonate. Recognition of the neuroimaging characteristics seen in this condition may help to provide the clinician with a reasonable pathogenetic explanation for unexplained cerebral injury.
Recent Changes in Residency Requirements for Pediatrics: Who Agrees?
Authors: Ector Walton L. , Campbell Melissa A. , Darden Paul M.
Published: June 2007

The purposes of this study were to determine the opinion of private and academic pediatricians about changes in pediatric residency requirements proposed by the Residency Review Committee (RRC) in October 1994 and to compare the results with the requirements finalized in February 1996 and implemented in February 1997. Surveys were mailed to all Fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics in South Carolina. Those surveyed were asked to agree or disagree with 57 proposed changes. The level of agreement among all groups of pediatricians was very high; however there were significant differences between groups of pediatricians. Many controversial items were modified or deleted in the final version.
Pediatric Nocturnal Enuresis Secondary to Airway Obstruction from Cleft Palate Repair
Authors: Nowak Kenneth C. , Weider Dudley J.
Published: June 2007

Nocturnal enuresis in children can at times be alleviated or resolved completely with surgery on the upper airway. We present a report of a 7-year-old boy in whom nocturnal enuresis began immediately after reconstructive surgery of the pharynx that caused upper airway obstruc-tion. Enuresis diminished immediately and stopped following an adenoidectomy but resumed secondary to adenoid regrowth after more than a year of dry nights. Nocturnal enuresis was immediately and permanently relieved by adenoidectomy revision. We review the relevant literature and discuss possible physiologic relationships between upper airway obstruction and bladder and renal function.
Sarcoidosis: A Pediatric Perspective
Authors: Shetty Avinash K. , Gedalia Abraham
Published: June 2007

Childhood sarcoidosis is a rare multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The clinical presentation can vary greatly depending upon the organs involved. Two distinct forms of sarcoidosis exist in children. Older children usually present with a multisystem disease similar to the adult manifestation, with frequent hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary infiltration. Early-onset childhood sarcoidosis is a unique form of the disease characterized by the triad of rash, uveitis, and arthritis in patients presenting before age 4 years. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is confirmed by demonstrating a typical noncaseating granuloma on a biopsy specimen. The current therapy of choice for childhood sarcoidosis with multisystem involvement is corticosteroids. Methotrexate given orally in low doses is effective and safe and has steroid-sparing properties.
Primary Tracheomalacia and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants with Cough
Authors: Callahan Charles W.
Published: June 2007

Cough is an uncommon sign in infants. Cough may result from the presence of abnormal secretions in the airway or abnormalities of the central airways that affect the infant's ability to clear normal secretions. Tracheomalacia (TM) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) can both cause cough in infants. Four infants whose cough began in the newborn period were diagnosed with TM and GER. Symptoms of central airway obstruction (homophonous wheeze or tracheal cough) suggested the diagnoses. In three patients, the diagnosis was made by barium esophagraphy and airway fluoroscopy. The infants responded to conservative and medical therapy for GER and to nebulized bronchodilators. Tracheomalacia and GER cause cough in infants that begins in the newborn period. The diagnosis can often be made with studies available to the primary care provider, and the conditions are often responsive to medical management.
Acute Gastroentertis
Authors: Gastañaduy Arturo S. , Begue Rodolfo E.
Published: June 2007

Acute gastroenteritis represents a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the developing world as well as morbidity in the developed world. Despite the large number of potential etiologic agents, management of gastroenteritis is uniform and aimed to prevent the two major complications, dehydration and malnutrition. Current guidelines emphasize the use of oral rehydration and the early reintroduction of age-appropriate foods. These guidelines are reviewed here, the underlying principles discussed, and practical points provided.
Should Renal Ultrasonography Be Done Routinely in Children with First Urinary Tract Infection?
Authors: Alon Uri S. , Ganapathy Soumya
Published: June 2007

To reassess the impact of renal ultrasonography on the care of children with first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) we conducted a computer search and review of medical records of (1) all children who were admitted to our hospital with first febrile urinary tract infection and underwent renal ultrasonography during a 25-month period beginning February 1, 1995, (2) all children diagnosed by ultrasound to have hydronephrosis during the same time period. Of a total of 124 patients with UTI, renal ultrasound appeared normal or showed evidence of acute pyelonephritis in 105 (84.7%), and in another nine (7.2%) it showed only minor findings. In 10 children (8.1%) ultrasound showed hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter. In eight of the latter 10, voiding cystourethrography showed vesicoureteral reflux; in one, posterior urethral valves; and in one, who had a unilateral nonobstructed dilatated system, cystography appeared normal. Except for the last patient, who was given prophylactic antibiotics and continued to have urinary tract infections, in no other case did ultrasound alone have any impact on the patient's management. Four children with both abnormal-appearing renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography required surgical intervention. One hundred of the 124 children had a voiding cystourethrogram. In 38 children it detected vesicoureteral reflux and, in another two, bladder abnormalities. Thirty-five of those with abnormal-appearing cystogram but without an indication for surgery were given prophylactic antibiotics. During the same 25-month period, 63 children without urinary tract infection were diagnosed by ultrasound with hydronephrosis. In 45 of them (71.4%) the urologic abnormality had already been detected by prenatal ultrasound. Fourteen of these 45 children (31.1%) required surgery, all for congenital anomalies related to -obstructive uropathy. We conclude that routine renal ultrasonography in children with first urinary tract infection has negligible influence on their clinical management. This seems to be due to the recent widespread use, in industrialized countries, of maternal-fetal ultrasonography, which already detects a significant number of children with congenital obstructive uropathy prenatally. On the other hand imaging of the lower urinary tract is of high yield and contributes significantly to patient care. Therefore, whereas imaging of the lower urinary tract should continue to be done routinely in children with first urinary tract infection, renal ultrasound may be reserved for more select cases.
Neonatal Infrared Axillary Thermometry
Authors: Seguin John , Terry Kimberlee
Published: June 2007

The authors compared axillary skin temperatures (AT) measured with an infrared (IR) thermometer (Lightouch Neonate, Exergen Corp) with rectal temperatures (RT) in 16 newly born term infants under radiant warmers (RW) and in cribs. Twelve stable, growing premature infants in incubators were also studied. This new device may be useful because of safety and rapid results (1 second), but clinical accuracy is unknown. For term infants, mean (SD) RT-AT difference was 0.1 (0.48)0C under RW and 0.25 (0.17)0C 2 hours later in cribs. For premature infants in incubators the mean RT-AT difference was 0.09 (0.16)C. Axillary temperatures measured by IR thermometer approximate RT for newly born term infants in cribs and stable premature infants in incubators. For newly born term infants under RW, RT-AT differences vary more widely, limiting clinical usefulness in this setting. The device, the unique age of this population, and the RW environment may play a role.
Dietary Considerations in Osteopenia in Tube-Fed Nonambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Duncan Burris , Barton Leslie L. , Lloyd Janel , Marks-Katz Marjorie
Published: June 2007

Children with nonambulatory cerebral palsy are frequently found to be osteopenic. We sought factors, in addition to immobility and anticonvulsant therapy, that may contribute to the osteopenia. A retrospective chart review of 19 children with nonambulatory cerebral palsy who received gastrostomy tube feedings of standard commercial formulas was performed. Less than 75% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) was administered to 95% of the children for calories, 58% for calcium, 68% for phosphorus, and 74% for vitamin D. Five of the 19 chidren sustained fractures without major trauma. This study suggests that inadequate intake of crucial vitamins and minerals may contribute to the severe osteopenia observed in many children with nonambulatory cerebral palsy. The nutritional needs of these children, including those for micronutrients, must be defined and appropriate supplementation given.
Williams-Beuren Syndrome: An Update and Review for the Primary Physician
Authors: Lashkari Ashkan , Smith Andrew K. , Graham John M.
Published: June 2007

Williams-Beuren syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from a submicroscopic deletion of contiguous genes on the long arm of chromosome 7. It consists of a variety of hallmark physical features, which include distinctive facial characteristics, cardiac anomalies (of which the most common is supravalvular aortic stenosis), and occasional idiopathic hypercalcemia. The condition also includes a unique cognitive profile, with relative sparing of language and facial recognition skills against a background of mental retardation. This paper reviews the early history and clinical experience with this syndrome, how it unfolds from infancy through adulthood, and how it manifests in different organ systems. Evidence-based recommendations are then offered for the treatment of the specific developmental and medical issues that arise in patients with Willams syndrome.
Correlation of Serum Cholyiglycine Level with Hepatic Dysfunction in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Sayad Alain E. , Farah Roula A. , Rogers Zora R. , Heubi James E. , Buchanan George R. , Squires Robert H.
Published: June 2007

Hepatic dysfunction occurs commonly in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Although the etiology is multifactorial, cholestasis is a prominent feature. Serum cholylglycine (CG) has been found to be a very sensitive indicator of cholestasis. Our objective was to determine whether CG levels are elevated in children with SCD and whether they are predictive of hepatic dysfunction. Blood samples were obtained from 97 children with SCD. Liver function tests were done and serum CG concentrations were measured. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Thirty-eight percent of the patients had an elevated CG level. During the 2 years of follow-up, 16% of the children with a previously elevated CG level developed abnormal liver function test results or required a cholecystectomy as compared with 13% with a previously normal CG level (p=0.92). We conclude that although CG level was elevated in 38% of the patients with SCD, it did not appear to predict liver dysfunction during the ensuing 2 years.
Group A Beta-Hemnolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis in Preschool Childen Aged 3 Months to 5 Years
Authors: Nussinovitch Moshe , Finkelstein Yaron , Amir Jacob , Varsano Itzak
Published: June 2007

The authors describe a prospective study of 420 patients aged 3 months to 5 years who presented to a primary pediatric clinic owing to fever?38 C and signs of pharyngitis and were not treated with antibiotics in the preceding week. Throat cultures and blood antistreptolysin 0 (ASO) titers were examined. In group A f3-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS)-positive patients, a second ASO sample was obtained 2-3 weeks later. Positive throat cultures to GABI-S were found in 61 of 415 patients (1 4.7%) (five patients were lost to follow-up). Thirty-three of these (54.1% of the culture-positive group and 8% of the total study group) had the streptococcal infection with elevated ASO titers. The incidence of both true infection and carrier state gradually increased with age. Nevertheless, true streptococcal pharyngitis was found even in patients younger than 1 year and its percentage related to carriers did not increase with age and was ?50% in all age groups up to 4 years. The authors conclude that true GABHS pharyngitis may present in the first year of life.
Feeding, Medical Factors, and Developmental Outcome in Premature Infants
Authors: Morris Brenda Hook , Miller-Loncar Cynthia L. , Landry Susan H. , Smith Karen E. , Swank Paul R. , Denson Susan E.
Published: June 2007

This is a prospective, longitudinal study of premature infants investigating whether the length of time needed to reach full enteral feedings (FEF) or full nipple feedings (FNF) is related to medical complications and/or developmental outcome at 24 months corrected age. Premature infants (n=161) from three institutions with birth weights less than 1,600 grams were followed up from birth to 24 months corrected age. The infants were stratified into groups by the severity of medical complications. Bayley Scales of Infant Development were performed at 24 months corrected age. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between feeding milestones, medical complications, and developmental outcomes. Our results show that when controlling for birth weight and gestational age (GA), the severity of respiratory complications was significantly related to reaching FEF (p=0.024) and FNF (p=0.0014). Furthermore, when controlling for the severity of respiratory complications, GA, and socioeconomic status, an increased length of time to FNF was significantly associated with a poorer mental outcome (p=0.0013). We conclude that there is an association between the length of time to reach FNF and mental developmental outcome at 24 months corrected age. Infants who reach full enteral feedings at an earlier age appear to have a better developmental outcome despite their GA and severity of respiratory complications.
Comparison of Ear to Rectal Temperature Measurements in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Loveys Alice A. , Dutko-Fioravanti Irene , Eberly Shirley W. , Powell Keith R.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare arterial heat balance ear temperature measurements to rectal temperatures in infants and children and to determine the ability of the ear thermometer being tested to detect fever. From 12/95 to 2/96, 1,175 pairs of ear and rectal temperature measurements were prospectively obtained from 140 infants and toddlers. The mean rectal temperature was 37.58° (sd=0.68) and the mean ear temperature was 37.60'C (sd=0.85). However, at the low end of the rectal temperature scale, ear temperatures tended to be higher, and at the high end of the rectal temperature scale, ear temperatures tended to be lower. There were 292 readings with a rectal temperature ≥38.0°C and in 204 (70%) the ear temperature was also ≥38.0°C. A retrospective analysis of 53 children who became febrile in hospital (ear or rectal temperature ≥38.0°C) showed that fever was detected first by rectal measurement in seven, by ear measurement in 31 (59%), and by both in 15 (28%). These data indicate that, on the average, rectal and ear temperature measurements are not different. Fever that developed in children after hospitalization was more likely to be first detected by ear than by rectal measurement.
Design and Reliability of Pediatic HealthQuiz®: Preliminary Report of a Comprehensive, Computerized, Self-Administered Child Health Assessment
Authors: Goldbloom Richard B. , Summerell David , Kim Richard K. , Lee Jong , Hodder-Malloy Corinne , Randel Pat , Mingay David J. , Roizen Michael F.
Published: June 2007

The time available for pediatric ambulatory visits is rarely sufficient to permit a truly comprehensive health assessment. We hypothesized that a reliable, computerized, self-administered questionnaire could be designed to screen for a full range of pediatric health issues and provide a comprehensive health database for pediatric patients. An age and gender-specific pediatric questionnaire of 478 questions was formatted to elicit only a 'Yes," "No," or "Not Sure" response and structured in a branched, decision-tree format. The initial draft was reviewed for content by pediatric experts in Canada and the United States and revised in accordance with their suggestions. The questionnaire was divided into two modules, Medical Peds, covering biomedical issues and Prevent Peds, covering prevention, psychosocial, educational, and safety topics. Cognitive interviews were carried out with 132 parents in pediatric ambulatory care centers in Chicago and Halifax, with use of scripted and nonscripted probe questions, to ensure comprehensibility among patients with widely varying educational levels and health knowledge. Reliability was tested in 100 parents of children aged 1 month to 12 years, through use of five different test-retest sequences. Respondents' impressions were surveyed on completion of the procedure. Following content reviews, and cognitive and reliability testing, the total bank of questions was reduced to 375. As a result of the use of branching logic, individual parents answered an average of 111 Prevent Peds and 144 Medical Peds questions. Average time required to complete the entire questionnaire was 13 minutes for Prevent Peds and 19 minutes for Med Peds. Retesting within 36 hours showed an overall 97% concordance of response pairs in the Medical Peds and Prevent Peds questionnaires. There were no statistically significant differences in test-retest reliability between different sequence formats used, (e.g., HealthQuiz followed by personal interview, or HealthQuiz vs. HealthQuiz). A few questions that frequently elicited "Not Sure" responses were eliminated. As a result, the majority of questions elicited either a 'Yes" or "No" response. Pediatric HealthQuiz identified a wide spectrum of child health problems that are often overlooked in routine health visits. Parents completing Pediatric HealthQuiz indicated a high degree of satisfaction with the procedure. Most reported that they believed the information would improve their child's health care.
Effect of a Pediatric Self-Care Book on Utilization of Services in a Group Model HMO
Authors: France Eric K. , Selna Mark J. , Lyons Ella E. , Beck Arne L. , Calonge B. Ned
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a pediatric self-care book (SCB) with nurse telephone support on use of health services. The study was performed in a pediatric department of Kaiser Permanente in a suburb of Denver, Colorado. Well patients seen at age 2 weeks to 2.5 months (infant group) or 14 to 19 months (toddler group) were enrolled. Intervention families received a copy of the book, Your Child's Health and were oriented on its use. Rates of sick visits, advice nurse calls, pharmacy prescriptions, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions were assessed. Visit and call rates were calculated, and mean rates of the SCB group and the control group were then compared. Of 1,104 enrolles, 527 received the SCB; the other 577 served as controls. The SCB group had 14.0% fewer total visits (excluding well-baby visits) than controls did (p=0.018). For infants and toddlers who were not first-borns, the intervention was associated with a statistically significant decrease in sick visits (23%), advice nurse phone calls (24%), and pharmacy prescriptions (26%); no statistically significant differences in study outcomes were seen among firstborn study subjects. Promotion of self-care in a group model health maintenance organization can decrease use of services by families of young children.
Political Support, Political Skepticism, and Political Stability in New Democracies
Authors: Seligson Mitchell A. , Carrión Julio F.
Published: June 2007

Conventional wisdom holds that high levels of system support serve as an attitudinal barrier to democratic breakdown. In unconsolidated democracies, however, where democratic norms are regularly violated, the authors hypothesize that a healthy dose of political skepticism toward the political system, neither extreme rejection nor uncritical support of the system, would be associated with greater attitudinal resistance to breakdown in the form of a military coup. Using survey data from Peru, the authors confirm this expectation, showing that the relationship between system support and approval of military coups follows a V-curve pattern. This research fails to find support for the contention that a greater involvement in associational life or a greater degree of interpersonal trust predispose people to reject coups. The authors found other factors, such as rejection of the use of direct tactics for political purposes, support for the incumbent, and age, that are better predictors of coup support and rejection.
Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Saideman Stephen M. , Lanoue David J. , Campenni Michael , Stanton Samuel
Published: June 2007

Although there has been much debate about whether democratization causes ethnic conflict, and many comparativists have argued about which kinds of political institutions are best for managing communal strife, little large- N work has addressed these issues. The authors apply a theory of ethnic conflict—the ethnic security dilemma—to derive predictions about the impact of democratization and political institutions on ethnic unrest. They then test these predictions by performing a series of pooled time-series analyses covering all ethnic groups in the Minorities at Risk data set from 1985 to 1998. The authors find that democratization, federalism, and presidentialism may not be as problematic as some argue and that proportional representation tends to reduce severe ethnic violence. They conclude by suggesting some directions for future research.
SPEED Field Feeding System
Authors: Fox Major Morton , Dungan Major Avalon L.
Published: June 2007

This article is based on presentations made by Major Fox and Major Dungan to participants attending Stage VI — Food Systems of the Fu ture ( December 1967) and the Third Commer cial Airline Food Service Seminar ( January 1968), held by the School of Hotel Administra tion, Cornell University. The U.S. Army Natick Laboratories may well have solved many prob lems of food service operators in their develop ment of new equipment and food production methods. — Ed.
Food Analogs
Authors: Wanderstock Jeremiah J.
Published: June 2007

Food items "tailored" from other than familiar natural sources are being accepted into the American diet at a rapid rate. Many are espe ciall y adaptable to institutional food service. This is particularly true for certain dairy-type products, fruit-flavored drinks, and simulated bacon bits. Meat analogs developed from vege table protein are mainly being utilized as sup plements or extenders in ground meat and as meat substitutes for dietary or religious reasons.

The progress made in developing new protein sources holds promise for tomorrow's "hungry planet." Acceptance of such products by Ameri cans, who have relatively plentiful food re sources, provides hope in other parts of the world where people are protein-hungry.

Professor Wanderstock based this article on an address he delivered at Stage VI — Exploring Food Systems of the Future, held December 1967 at the School of Hotel Administration, Cor nell University. Professor Wanderstock is widely known for his lectures and writings in many countries. He is co-author (with the late Carl Reitz) of A Guide to the Selection, Combina tion and Cooking of Food, published by Avi Publishing Company in 1965. —Editor
Operation Breakthrough!
Authors: Beck Dean Robert A.
Published: June 2007

This report was delivered December 5, 1968 at the opening session of the 57th Convention of the American Hotel & Motel Association in Denver, Colorado. The complete study will be made available by AH&MA to its membership in April 1969.
Productivity Through Scheduling
Authors: Christensen Hal
Published: June 2007

This article is based on a presentation made by Mr. Christensen in January 1969 at the 15th Annual Hotel Management Workshop, held at Cornell University.
The Changing Role of the Manager
Authors: Witzky Herbert K.
Published: June 2007

This chapter is an excerpt of a forthcoming book, Management Principles and Practices, by Herbert K. Witzky, to be published in early 1972 by Prentice-Hall. Mr. Witzky instructs courses in managerial analysis, human relations, and management development in the School of Hotel Administration at Cornell University. Two books by Mr. Witzky will appear earlier: Managerial Analysis and Control, published by Ahrens in November 1969 and Your Career in the Wonder ful World of Hotels and Motels, to be published in May 1970 by Dodd-Mead.
Hotel/Motel Room Rates
Authors: Cournoyer Norman G.
Published: June 2007

Room rates should be keyed to the market served is an axiom of the industry. Recently, George D. Johnson, president of the American Hotel & Motel Association and vice president of ITT-Sheraton Hotels, told members of the Hotel Sales Management Association that "We've all been eating from the same pie with the result that many properties are getting a thinner and thinner slice." He pointed out that new markets must be tapped to raise occupancy. Most peo ple who travel for pleasure still stay with friends and relatives. And there are more overnight ac commodations in camp trailers, according to a 3-M Advertising study, than there are in hotels and motels — even though the recreational vehi cle is comparatively new in the travel field. Prof. Norman G. Cournoyer, who is associate professor in the Department of Hotel, Restau rant, and Travel Administration at the Univer sity of Massachusetts, points out in this article that complacently raising hotel-motel rates means diminishing markets for the industry. Pro fessor Cournoyer's doctoral dissertation devel oped "An Econometric Model of the Occupancy for Hotel-Motel Rooms in the Pioneer Valley, Massachusetts." This study found that the de mand for hotel-motel rooms in that area were influenced by: room price, distance from the' highway, services offered to clients, referral services, population of the surrounding area, ad vertising, and the size of the hotel-motel.
Sanitation in the Food Service Operation
Authors: Rappole Clinton L.
Published: June 2007

In 1975, 343 passengers and one crew member aboard a chartered commercial aircraft were served a snack of ham and omelettes. Shortly before the plane landed, the crew member and 196 of the passengers were afflicted with a gastrointestinal illness characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and nausea. Most of these persons required hospitalization.1 One death was later reported: that of the manager of the catering firm responsible for the food's preparation. He had com mitted suicide.
Frozen Portion-Control Meats
Authors: Mutkoski Stephen A.
Published: June 2007

With careful purchasing, handling, and preparation, the food service operator can reap profits with patron-pleasing, portion-control meats
Management Contracts
Authors: Gunnar Peter M. , Burkhart Judith A.
Published: June 2007

The condominium hotel manager should approach the drafting of the management contract with great care. If the contract is poorly drawn, he will live a bad dream around the clock.
Employment Opportunities in Tourism
Authors: Choy Dexter J.L. , Gee Chuck Y.
Published: June 2007

The travel industry has been affected by such trends as the adoption of modern technology, the packaging of group travel, growth in the size of lodging and food operations, and rising labor costs. A recent study sheds some light on the effect of these factors on the quality and quantity of positions generated by tourism.
Hotmama
Authors: Orkin Eric B.
Published: June 2007

A new exercise teaches hotel managers and department heads the principles of integrated hotel management - illustrat ing ways to resolve conflicts between the concerns of different departments and how to maximize profits
The Push-Button Questionnaire
Authors: Cadotte Ernest R.
Published: June 2007

Most operators use unreliable measures of customer satisfaction. Suppose a guest is dissatisfied today with a hotel's service: the resulting lost sale will not occur until the next time the guest visits the city—perhaps weeks or months from now Moreover the lost sale may not be reflected in the firm's financial figures for several additional weeks. Several months might pass before management contemplates taking action to correct the problem —and, without an indication of the factors that caused the guest's dissatis faction, management will not know what action to take.

It seems clear that retail firms in general require a more accurate means of measuring consumer satisfaction. The recently developed push-button questionnaire appears to meet many managerial and consumer requirements for an effective service-evaluation system.
Excellence at the Top
Authors: Peters Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Forget what you've read about Theory X and Theory Y, the managerial grid, and participatory versus authoritarian styles. An analysis of those who hold the reins at our top-performing companies produces a fascinating profile of effective managers.

The implications for the hospitality manager: show brute persistence, reward small successes, encourage experimentation, and grant considerable autonomy to managers down the line
Hotel Meals
Authors: Goldstein Barry , Tabacchi Mary H.
Published: June 2007

No more excuses—a study suggests that the business traveler can obtain not only a nutritionally adequate diet when eating exclusively in hotels but can also adhere to a low-calorie diet, if food items are selected judiciously
Wine Bars
Authors: Reynolds Stephen
Published: June 2007

This country's first wine bar opened a short five years ago. Today, wine bars are operating or planned in every major American city. What are the secrets of success in this exciting new form of beverage operation?
Sexual Harassment and the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Kohl John P. , Greenlaw Paul S.
Published: June 2007

You may be held responsible for an incident that occurs in your operation long after you've left for the night. The authors provide some common-sense guidelines for minimizing harassment incidents and for dealing with harassment when it occurs
What You Should Know About the Wage-Hour Law
Authors: Stefanick Gerald J.
Published: June 2007

If you were to be audited by the Internal Revenue Service, you'd make sure you were prepared for the audit and that your tax consultant was present. Few hospitality operators take the same precautions for a wage-hour investigation —with damaging re sults. In 1980, food-service employers were assessed $21.9 million in wage underpay ments to 118,000 employees (or almost 18 percent of the $124 million owed by all employers in violation of the wage-hour law). *

This article will help you adhere to the wage-hour requirements and prepare for inves tigations -precautions that could save you thousands of dollars
Owners, Operators, and Liability
Authors: Sherry John E. H.
Published: June 2007

In 1980, a New York hotel collapsed, killing four persons. Forty-three separate lawsuits were brought against both the owner and the tenant-operator, as well as the mortgage- holder and the city. Who was legally responsible for the safe maintenance of the property, and what legal lessons may hoteliers take from the outcome of the case?
STRESS and Your Employees
Authors: Brymer Robert A.
Published: June 2007

When stress goes up, productivity goes down. Although they may not be able to eliminate it, hospitality managers can play an active role in reducing stress among their employees by following the guidelines set forth in this article
Chain Reservations Systems
Authors: Quain William J. , Hermann Peter W.
Published: June 2007

Chain-affiliated hotels generally pay a substantial fee for centralized reservations services. A recent study reveals, however, that many chain reservations systems sell rooms from the bottom up rather than from the top down, and that central reservations clerks are rarely trained to market rooms to prospective guests
Tour Operators and Liability
Authors: Dickerson Thomas A.
Published: June 2007

Marketing arrangements between hotels and tour operators hold many benefits for hotels, but a recent increase in travel consumers' class-action litigation dictates caution. The ins and outs of hotels' liability for tour operators'misconduct are examined below
The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Decision to Imprison in Large Urban Jurisdictions: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Weidner Robert R. , Frase Richard S. , Schultz Jennifer S.
Published: June 2007

This study examines the influence of social and legal contextual factors on the processing of individual felony cases in large urban jurisdictions for 1998. Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses that control for the effects of individual case-level factors show that three jurisdictional characteristics—use of sentencing guidelines, level of crime, and racial composition—influence the decision to imprison. These findings suggest that the type of sentence one receives and the reason one receives it partially depend on where it is meted out. This research demonstrates the importance of accounting for case-level factors in studies of cross-jurisdictional differences in punitiveness.
Factors Affecting Family Breakdown in Urban Communities
Authors: Menzies Isabel E. P.
Published: June 2007

This is a brief report on the early developmental stages ofa project, the aim of which is to contribute to studies of the nature of family maladjustments, and to consider methods by which family caseworkers may contribute to their solution.
Programming Common Sense: Analytic Consequences of Heider's Naive Analysis of Action
Authors: Burton A. M.
Published: June 2007

Following recent claims in social psychology, it is suggested that many hypotheses in the discipline do not lend themselves to empirical investigation. Certain studies in attribution theory are particularly vulnerable to this criticism. From this perspective, it is claimed that Heider's naive analysis of action should be taken as an a priori explication of common sense accounting practices, rather than as a basis for experimental study. A computer model, NANA CT, of the naive analysis of action is presented and this is used to demonstrate that several attribution theory results follow logically from Heider's analysis. It is argued that analytic investigation into such a system is preferable to the empirical investigation currently fashionable. Furthermore, the increasing availability of computers and modeling software means there is now an appropriate representational technology within which to carry out such investigations.
Intergroup Relations in a Hospital Setting: A Further Test of Social Identity Theory
Authors: Oaker Gillian , Brown Rupert
Published: June 2007

A study is reported in which the intergroup relationship between nurses in various fields of nursing is investigated. From social identity theory, it was predicted that strength of identification with the nursing subgroup would be positively correlated with intergroup differentiation. It was also predicted that amount of contact between the different nurse groups would be associated with less differentiation. Data was obtained from interviews with 40 qualified nurses working in specialized or general areas in three hospitals. Clear ingroup bias was found in intergroup attitudes, despite a strong ethos of cooperation within the nursing profession. However, contrary to hypothesis, this bias was negatively rather than positively correlated with group identification, as revealed by multiple regression analyses. These also showed that contact was associated with reduced bias, only in the general nurse group. In the specialized group, there was little effect for contact. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
How Can We Train Leaders if We Do Not Know What Leadership Is?
Authors: Barker Richard A.
Published: June 2007

Views of leadership that focus on the traits and behaviors of the leader are commonly used to develop training programs. Although these leadership training programs have some application, they suffer from several problems. First, there is no reasonable agreement on what traits or behaviors are leadership traits or behaviors. Second, there is no way to differentiate what makes a good leader from what makes an effective manager or an effective person. And third, people who emerge from these training programs rarely become what anyone might define as good leaders. A view of leadership as a community development process is explored as an alternative to traditional leadership approaches, and its implications for training and education are discussed.
Becker's Side-Bet Theory of Commitment Revisited: Is It Time for a Moratorium or a Resurrection?
Authors: Wallace Jean E.
Published: June 2007

The results of Cohen and Lowenberg's 1990 meta-analysis of 50 studies that empirically test Becker's (1960) side-bet model provide little empirical support for his theory of commitment. They conclude that severe limitations of past research, both in terms of measuring commitment and the strategies used to test the side-bet model, may be responsible for the lack of empirical support. Alternatively, they submit that if these methodological problems are not at fault, we should consider abandoning the side-bet theory. Three limitations of past side-bet research are addressed in this study. The results of this study suggest that it is time to resurrect Becker's side-bet theory of commitment. In doing so, we should subject his theory to tests that employ more valid and direct measures of the side-bet variables, that use measures of continuance commitment rather than affective commitment, and that apply to both organizational and occupational commitment.
Some Brief Comments on the Jaques-Amado Debate
Authors: Ridgeway Christopher
Published: June 2007

Comments on the Jaques-Amado debate seek to show why it is necessary in organization consultancy to understand both the organization role context and the individual psychoanalytic perspective. Failure to understand both, it is suggested, could do violence to the person and the organization.
Challenges to the Social Foundations of Capitalism in an Age of Global Economics
Authors: Aram John D.
Published: June 2007

Capitalism transforms its own social foundations even as it holds forth the prospect of continuing human advancement. This paper examines changes in nation-state, civil society, and democracy in response to the forces of global capitalism. These institutions, all associated with Western liberalism and the advent of industrialization, represent forms of social integration important to the success of capitalism. However, they appear to be deeply affected by economic globalization, and their capacities to ensure social stability are in question. This analysis leads to policy directions for reducing the socially-corrosive effects of global capitalism, strengthening the capacities of foundation social institutions, and exploring a value synthesis between liberalism and moral community.
Organizational Hope: Reaffirming the Constructive Task of Social and Organizational Inquiry
Authors: Ludema James D. , Wilmot Timothy B. , Srivastva Suresh
Published: June 2007

This paper develops the construct of organizational hope as a methodological imperative for studying and strengthening organizations. It calls on organizational scholars and practitioners to move beyond the critical impulse by advancing "textured vocabularies of hope" that affirm the best and most promising dimensions of social and organizational life and provide a moral image of the future to guide collective action. This can be accomplished by defining hopeful research agendas and choosing methods of inquiry that explore and illuminate the hopes and aspirations of a broad range of organizational members. After clarifying the concept of textured vocabularies of hope, this paper undertakes a thorough analysis of hope by tracing the construct throughout the Western intellectual tradition, highlighting four of hope's enduring qualities, and offering a set of propositions that extends the implications of organizational hope to our task as scholars and practitioners.
The Power Behind Empowerment: Implications for Research and Practice
Authors: Hardy Cynthia , Leiba-O'Sullivan Sharon
Published: June 2007

The 1990s have been called the “empowerment era,” yet growing evidence suggests that empowerment programs often fail to meet the expectations of both managers and employees. To provide a better understanding as to why empowerment programs often fail and to suggest how such failures may be averted, we examine the power behind empowerment. Ironically, although power and empowerment are inextricably linked, much of the work on empowerment in the business literature has been devoid of any discussion of power. We present a four-dimensional model which shows the multifaceted way in which power works. In it, we observe the similarities and differences in the ways that different theorists have approached the study of power, notably those ascribing to mainstream, critical, and Foucauldian perspectives. We then use this power model as a lens with which to examine empowerment practices in business. This analysis suggests a number of possible reasons for the failure of business empowerment programs and provides directions for future research and practice which might address these shortcomings.
"Come, Join Our Family": Discipline and Integration in Corporate Organizational Culture
Authors: Casey Catherine
Published: June 2007

This article critically examines primary processes and effects of the so-called "new organizational culture" that is organized on the principles and practices of Total Quality Management (and its variations) and increasingly practiced in corporate organizations in the 1990s. The paper specifically analyzes the effects of the organizational cultural practices of "family" and "team" on the employee and discusses their role in corporate discipline, integration, and control. Data are drawn from field research conducted in a large multinational corporation and the analyses and interpretive propositions are informed by a critical social psychoanalytic perspective. The paper disputes the conventional view that the practices of the "new culture" and its purported reform of the hierarchical, specialized, conflict-ridden workplaces of traditional industrial organizations "empower" employees and provide "meaningful" relationships in the workplace. It is argued, on the contrary, that these new "designer" cultural practices serve as processes of regulation, discipline, and control of employee subject selves.