bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of gold–silver sulfides and native gold in Fe–Ag–Au–S system
Authors: Pal’yanova G.A. , Kokh K.A. , Seryotkin Yu.V.
Published: March 2012

We carried out experiments on crystallization of Fe-containing melts FeS2Ag0.1–0.1xAu0.1x (x = 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8) with Ag/Au weight ratios from 10 to 0.1. Mixtures prepared from elements in corresponding proportions were heated in evacuated quartz ampoules to 1050 ºC and kept at this temperature for 12 h; then they were cooled to 150 ºC, annealed for 30 days, and cooled to room temperature. The solid-phase products were studied by optical and electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. The crystallization products were mainly from iron sulfides: monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe0.47S0.53 or Fe7S8) and pyrite (Fe0.99S2.01). Gold–silver sulfides (low-temperature modifications) are present in all synthesized samples. Depending on Ag/Au, the following sulfides are produced: acanthite (Ag/Au = 10), solid solutions Ag2–xAuxS (Ag/Au = 10, 2), uytenbogaardtite (Ag/Au = 2, 0.75), and petrovskaite (Ag/Au = 0.75, 0.12). They contain iron impurities (up to 3.3 wt.%). Xenomorphic micro- (<1–5 μm) and macrograins (5–50 μm) of Au–Ag sulfides are localized in pyrite or between the grains of pyrite and pyrrhotite. High-fineness gold was detected in the samples with initial ratio Ag/Au ≤ 2. It is present as fine and large rounded microinclusions or as intergrowths with Au–Ag sulfides in pyrite or, more seldom, at the boundary of pyrite and pyrrhotite grains. This gold contains up to 5.7 wt.% Fe. Based on the sample textures and phase relations, a sequence of their crystallization was determined. At ~1050 ºC, there are probably iron sulfide melt L1 (Fe,S ≫ Ag,Au), gold–silver sulfide melt L2 (Au,Ag,S ≫ Fe), and liquid sulfur LS. On cooling, melt L1 produces pyrrhotite; further cooling leads to the crystallization of high-fineness gold (macrograins from L1 and micrograins from L2) and Au–Ag sulfides (micrograins from L1 and macrograins from L2). Pyrite crystallizes after gold–silver sulfides by the peritectic reaction FeS + LS = FeS2 at ~743 ºC. Elemental sulfur is the last to crystallize. Gold–silver sulfides are stable and dominate over native gold and silver, especially in pyrite-containing ores with high Ag/Au ratios.
Improvement of active chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil for food packaging
Authors: Abdollahi Mehdi , Rezaei Masoud , Farzi Gholamali
Published: March 2012

Rosemary essential oil (REO) was used to develop an active film from chitosan. The effects of REO concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v) on film properties were studied by measuring the physical, mechanical and optical properties of the REO‐loaded films. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study microstructure and the interaction of the chitosan‐based films. The solubility and water gain of the chitosan film decreased about 25% and 85%, respectively, by REO incorporation, up to 1.5% v/v, because of the interaction between hydrophilic groups of chitosan and REO as confirmed by FTIR. It was determined that REO improved the transparency of the films from 4.97 in neat chitosan up to 7.61; moreover, it reduced the films’ light transmission in UV light more than 25%. Films containing REO showed more antibacterial activity and total phenol content. The films containing REO showed potential to be used as active film in food preservation.
Effect of malting and fermentation on antinutrients, and total and extractable minerals of high and low phytate corn genotypes
Authors: Sokrab Awad M. , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A. , Babiker Elfadil E.
Published: March 2012

Two corn genotypes, Var‐113 (high phytate) and TL‐98B‐6225‐9 × TL617 (low phytate), were germinated for 6 days. The germinated grains were dried and milled. A mixture of 5% malt and 95% corn flour was fermented for 14 days. Phytic acid and polyphenol contents and hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractability of minerals from the fermented flours were determined at the intervals of 2 days during fermentation. Phytic acid and polyphenol contents decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with an increase in fermentation time, with a concomitant increase in HCl‐extractable minerals. For both genotypes, the major mineral content was increased, while that of trace minerals was increased but at slow rate with fermentation time. When the grains were fermented for 14 days, TL‐98B‐6225‐9 × TL617 genotype had higher extractable calcium and Var‐113 had higher extractable phosphorus, whereas iron and manganese recorded high extractability levels in Var‐113. There was good correlation between phytate and polyphenol level reduction and the increment in extractable minerals with fermentation time.
Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of safflower oil: optimisation by response surface methodology
Authors: Gibbins Ruchan Deniz , Aksoy Havva Ayse , Ustun Guldem
Published: March 2012

Aqueous enzymatic oil extraction of safflower seeds was assisted by Alcalase 2.5L and Celluclast 1.5L. Enzyme type and amount, pH, time, temperature, churning rate, dilution ratios and particle size were varied to determine their influence on the oil amount. The amount of oil recovered was higher using seeds ground to a particle size of <0.6 mm. Response surface methodology was employed for the optimisation of aqueous enzymatic oil extraction conducted with Celluclast 1.5L. When the extraction was assisted by Celluclast 1.5L, the maximum oil amount and yield were 33.3 (% w/w) and 79.7 (% w/w), respectively. The optimum conditions were 48.3 °C; 0.25 mL enzyme g−1 substance; pH, 4.84; resulting oil amount and yield were 28.2 (% w/w) 65 (% w/w), respectively. The predicted critical values were experimentally verified, and an oil amount of 27.1 (% w/w) was achieved. The enzyme treatment did not have any determining effect on the physicochemical properties of extracted oil.
Dielectric determination of bio‐ and free‐calcium in commercial alkaline‐cooked ground corn
Authors: Vargas Susana , Estevez Miriam , Hernandez‐Martinez Angel R. , Rangel Domingo , Quintanilla Francisco , Rodriguez Rogelio
Published: March 2012

Using dielectric measurements, it was possible to determine the concentration of bio‐ and free‐calcium in a corn dough prepared mixing commercial powder of alkaline‐cooked ground‐corn kernel (maize), Zea mays, with different concentrations of Ca(OH)2 and the same amount of water. This allows determining the conditions to obtain dough with high bio‐calcium content and consequently high nutritional value. The samples were placed in the interior of a small parallel‐plate capacitor. The capacitance and the cell current profiles were obtained with the corresponding relaxation times as a function of the Ca concentration. With this information, it was possible to determine the threshold concentration at which the Ca ions are not longer linked chemically to the cornstarch molecules and move freely in the interior of the dough. A model based on the ionic conductivity was developed to explain the dependence of the relaxation times with the Ca concentration.
Intradermal and serological testing for mites in healthy beagle dogs
Authors: Koebrich Stefanie , Nett‐Mettler Claudia , Wilhelm Sylvia , Favrot Claude
Published: March 2012

Background – Intradermal testing (IDT) is widely used in veterinary medicine to select allergens for immunotherapy. The recommended concentration for mites is 250 protein nitrogen units (PNU)/mL. It is not known whether healthy dogs responding to this concentration have asymptomatic sensitization or irritation. Furthermore, interbatch and intersupplier variability of allergens has not been fully addressed.

Hypothesis/Objectives – The incidence of positive IDTs in healthy beagles was recorded and the value of combining these results with serology to differentiate between asymptomatic sensitization and irritancy evaluated. Additionally, the interbatch and intersupplier variability of allergens was assessed.

Animals – Seventeen healthy laboratory beagles with no history or clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis were used.

Methods – Intradermal tests were performed with four mite allergens from two suppliers (varying batches). An initial IDT at 250 PNU/mL was used to determine whether decreasing or increasing test concentrations were used in the subsequent titration IDTs. Additionally, two IgE ELISA tests from different manufacturers were performed.

Results – Seven of 17 dogs showed IDT reactions at 250 PNU/mL. There were highly significant allergen interbatch and significant intersupplier correlations and agreement. The associations between the IDT reactions and the IgE serologies statistically identified two groups of dogs: one with positive serology and IDT reactions at 250 PNU/mL; and another with negative serology and IDT reactions.

Conclusions and clinical importance – Our results suggest that dogs that have IDT reactions and positive serology are asymptomatically sensitized, while dogs that react at higher allergen concentrations, but have negative serology, do so as a result of irritant reactions.
Diffuse large cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with pituitary and bilateral adrenal involvement
Authors: Wang X.‐L. , Lü Z.‐H. , Mu Y.‐M. , Dou J.‐T. , Lu J.‐M. , Zhong W.‐W. , Pan C.‐Y.
Published: March 2012

We describe an elderly male patient who presented with fever of unknown origin and refractory hyponatraemia. Following 18fluorine‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan and core adrenal biopsy, the diagnosis of diffuse large B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with pituitary and bilateral adrenal involvement was confirmed. After chemotherapy, his symptoms resolved, and all the lesions shrank significantly.
Mortality risk stratification in severely anaemic Jehovah's Witness patients
Authors: Beliaev A. M. , Marshall R. J. , Smith W. , Windsor J. A.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to identify early risk factors of mortality and develop a mortality risk stratification instrument for severely anaemic Jehovah's Witness patients. It has been shown that Jehovah's Witness patients with the Auckland Anaemia Mortality Risk Score (Auckland AMRS) of 0 to 3 had 4% mortality, Auckland AMRS 4 to 5 32%, Auckland AMRS 6 to 7 50% and Auckland AMRS 8 and above 83%. It is concluded that the Auckland AMRS predicts mortality of severely anaemic Jehovah's Witness patients.
Five cases of pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy in dogs
Authors: Linek Jens , Gruber Achim D. , Mecklenburg Lars
Published: March 2012

Objective:  To describe a funduscopic finding in dogs that is referred to as Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy (PPRCA).

Animals studied:  Over a period of 24 years of ophthalmological practice, five cases of a characteristic paravenous retinal atrophy were observed in dogs.

Procedures:  A comprehensive clinical ophthalmological examination in all five dogs was complemented by abdominal sonography (cases 1, 3), clinical pathology analysis (cases 1, 3, 4), and a histological examination of both bulbi, kidneys, spleen, and liver in one dog (case 1).

Results:  Localized hyper‐reflectivity in the tapetal fundus was observed in all five dogs and demonstrated a characteristic perivascular distribution along some peripheral retinal blood vessels. In these areas, geographic copper‐brown coloration that tended to become darker with time was seen. Ophthalmoscopic signs of inflammation were lacking. The funduscopic abnormalities slowly progressed in size over years. Visual impairment could not be detected. Histopathology in one dog revealed severe retinal atrophy with multifocal perivascular distribution, mainly affecting the tapetal fundus and occasionally expanding into the nontapetal fundus.

Conclusions:  The described retinal lesions bear similarities with PPRCA in humans. As in humans, it appears to be an incidental funduscopic finding that is not associated with obvious vision impairment.
The Strategic Fears of the Ruling Class: The Construction of Queensland's Chinese Immigrants Regulation Act of 1877
Authors: Griffiths Phil
Published: March 2012

In early 1877, there were no immigration restrictions in any of the Australian colonies. Queensland's Chinese Immigrants Regulation Act of 1877 was the first of many laws that restricted Chinese immigration, in a movement that ultimately led to the White Australia legislation of 1901–2. This article finds that, contrary to the hegemonic understanding of White Australia, there was no significant working class or popular pressure behind the passage of the Act. Instead, it reflected the agendas of Queensland's elite, and in particular their concern that the large influx of Chinese people to the Palmer River goldfield could threaten their strategic control of Far North Queensland. In support of anti‐Chinese laws, Queensland's conservative newspapers whipped up fears of a Chinese “invasion”, a theme that would continue for nearly a century.
The “Morpeth Mind” and Australian Politics 1927–1934
Authors: Moore Tod
Published: March 2012

The publication of the Morpeth Review between 1927 and 1934 was a milestone in the evolution of an authentic public sphere for Australian political intellectuals. The Review covered several areas of political and philosophical concern, ranging ideologically from Christian socialism and idealist liberalism, through market economics, to reactionary anti‐Bolshevism, within the editorial context of a strongly idealist liberalism inspired by the Oxford liberals of the early twentieth century, and both evangelical and sacramentalist Anglican Protestantism. Ernest H. Burgmann and Roy Lee used the magazine to develop a unique form of Anglican social and political activism and other members of an identifiable group of radical clergy also contributed. A.p. Elkin's writings on Indigenous politics are of particular interest as they can be viewed simultaneously as a turning toward the novel idea of Aboriginal citizenship, and at the same time as a restatement of Darwinist biological determinism and racialism, both lit by genuine compassion and affection for Aboriginal Australians.
Libertarian Traditions: F.A. Hayek and John Anderson
Authors: Cole Creagh McLean
Published: March 2012

An examination of John Anderson's work in relation to other political theorists of his time would help to provide a more adequate assessment of one of the “greats” of Australian intellectual and cultural life. Comparisons between Anderson's libertarian strain and F.A. Hayek's have been noted but there has been no real attempt to draw out the real differences arising from their substantive theoretical positions. Anderson and Hayek rejected any notion of a single, complete ethical code; they despaired at the demoralising effects of a culture of dependence and irresponsibility; they rejected the ameliorative liberalism represented by T.H. Green and Bernard Bosanquet. But they disagreed centrally in their assessments of those practices and movements which act as sites of resistance to the levelling standards and values of commercial and consumerist institutions.
A NEW DATE FOR THE NEANDERTHALS FROM EL SIDRÓN CAVE (ASTURIAS, NORTHERN SPAIN)*
Authors: WOOD R. E. , HIGHAM T. F. G. , DE TORRES T. , TISNÉRAT‐LABORDE N. , VALLADAS H. , ORTIZ J. E. , LALUEZA‐FOX C. , SÁNCHEZ‐MORAL S. , CAÑAVERAS J. C. , ROSAS A. , SANTAMARÍA D. , DE LA RASILLA M.
Published: March 2012

Torreset al. (2010) published a series of radiocarbon, AAR, ESR and OSL dates from the site of El Sidrón, northern Spain, which is notable for the discovery of the partial remains of 12 Neanderthals. Whilst the non‐radiocarbon methods suggested an age beyond 32 600–46 300 years, direct radiocarbon dates on the human fossils were inconsistent, ranging between 10 000 and 50 000bp. This study uses the ultrafiltration pre‐treatment protocol to obtain a date of 48 400 ± 3200bp(OxA‐21 776) on a bone fragment and confirm the antiquity of the Neanderthal assemblage. Moreover, it demonstrates the comparability of the ultrafiltration and ninhydrin bone radiocarbon pre‐treatment protocols, and highlights the need for appropriate screening methods where valuable collections with poor biomolecular preservation are sampled for collagen extraction.
Decreased Sensitivity ofNMDAReceptors on Dopaminergic Neurons from the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area Following Chronic Nondependent Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Fitzgerald Griffin J. , Liu Hai , Morzorati Sandra L.
Published: March 2012

Background

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system mediates the reinforcing effects of salient stimuli, including drugs of abuse. Nondependent chronic alcohol consumption modifies this system, resulting in an increased number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) of alcohol‐preferring (P) rats. Enhanced responses of postsynaptic glutamate receptors may contribute to the increase in active dopamine neurons. Thus, excitations of putative dopamine neurons to locally appliedN‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA; glutamate receptor subtype agonist) were evaluated.

Methods

Prats were assigned to alcohol naïve (water only) or alcohol drinking (continuous access to 15% alcohol and water for 8 consecutive weeks) groups. Responses of 23 putative dopamine neurons from naïve rats and 19 putative dopamine neurons from drinking rats were assessed in vivo using microiontophoretically appliedNMDA. Current–response curves for firing frequency and burst activity were constructed using nonlinear mixed effects models. Between‐group comparisons were made forEC50(effective current producing a half maximal excitatory response),Emax(maximal excitatory effect), andCDB(the current at which depolarization block—marked decrease in neuronal activity—occurred).

Results

DrinkingPrats steadily consumed alcohol over the 8‐week protocol and did not exhibit signs of dependence or withdrawal. Putative dopamine neurons from drinking rats exhibited resistance to depolarization block (higherCDBvalues) and required larger doses ofNMDAto elicit moderate excitatory responses (higherEC50values), consistent with decreased receptor affinity. Maximal excitatory responses (Emax) did not differ between the groups, consistent with no change in receptor number. Blood alcohol was at undetectable levels at the time of experimentation.

Conclusions

NMDAreceptor sensitivity is decreased on posteriorVTAputative dopamine neurons inPrats on a nondependent schedule of alcohol consumption. Mechanisms underlying increased spontaneous dopamine neuron activity may be independent of changes inNMDAreceptor function. DecreasedNMDAreceptor sensitivity may precede the development of dependence.
The Lived Experiences of Midwives with Spirituality in Childbirth: Mana from Heaven
Authors: Linhares Carmen Heidi
Published: March 2012

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of midwives who experienced the phenomenon of spirituality when they attended births.

Methods: The research design was descriptive, using a transcendental phenomenological approach reflected in Moustakas’15 model. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit the sample of 10 certified nurse‐midwives.

Results: The major findings of this study consisted of 5 theme categories that revealed the essential structure of the midwives’ lived experiences of spirituality during childbirth: belief in the existence of a higher power, the essence of spirituality, birth is spiritual, the essence of midwifery, and relationships.

Discussion: The midwives in the study experienced spirituality as an integral and essential component of childbirth. The midwives reported using elements of spirituality as instruments that helped them assist their clients through the process of pregnancy and birth. The midwives also revealed their dependence on spirituality and belief in a higher being who guided their lives and their calling to midwifery.
Successful Research Recruitment Strategies in a Study Focused on Abused Rural Women at Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Sutherland Melissa A. , Collins Fantasia Heidi
Published: March 2012

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to describe the successful recruitment methods of a study focused on a pilot intervention for rural women who were experiencing abuse and who also were at risk for sexually transmitted infections. Initial recruitment into the study was the primary challenge, and strategies to overcome recruitment difficulties are discussed.

Methods: Eighty‐seven women were screened, and 20 women were recruited from clinics into a 1‐group pretest/posttest pilot study. The main inclusion criterion for the intervention was a past‐year history of intimate partner violence (IPV).

Results: After 1 month of recruitment, only 10 women agreed to be screened for IPV. Several creative strategies were utilized in the revision of the recruitment plan, with the most successful being knitting by the research staff and incentives to participants for screening. An additional 77 women agreed to be screened for study participation within 3 months of implementing the recruitment changes.

Discussion: Personal involvement by the research staff and a nonthreatening and welcoming environment were necessary components for timely recruitment. Researcher flexibility and reevaluation allowed for changes to the recruitment plan that ultimately proved successful.
Pinworm in Pregnancy
Authors: Vose Lauren
Published: March 2012

A case of enterobiasis in pregnancy that presented as copious nocturnal vaginal discharge is reported. Enterobius vermicularis is the most common parasite infecting humans. Transmission can be fecal‐oral or via fomites, and recently arrived immigrants from developing countries and individuals who live in households with young children are particularly at risk. Pinworms are most frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract but can also enter the vagina and bladder. Patients typically present with nocturnal anal itching, and diagnosis can be made by clinical history. Treatment includes an antihelminthic agent for the patient and members of the household as well as home hygiene measures to prevent transmission.
Augmentation of clozapine with another pharmacological agent: treatment for refractory schizophrenia in the ‘real world’
Authors: Pai N. B. , Laidlaw M. , Vella S.‐C.
Published: March 2012

Pai NB, Laidlaw M, Vella S‐C. Augmentation of clozapine with another pharmacological agent: treatment for refractory schizophrenia (SZ) in the ‘real world’.

Objective:  Refractory schizophrenia (SZ) affects approximately 30% of people with SZ. Clozapine (CLZ) is the gold standard treatment; however, there are still patients who are non‐responsive or partially responsive to treatment. Although a lack of evidence exists in reality, these patients are treated with a combination of agents in addition to CLZ. Therefore, this article reviews the prevalence of the augmentation of CLZ with additional agents.

Method:  This study was cross‐sectional; physicians in a region of Australia in May 2011 were contacted to provide details of their patients on CLZ and any additional agents. The data set consists of 84 patients.

Results:  The majority of the patients 84.5% were taking at least one additional agent. Of those taking additional agents, they derived from the following classes’ antipsychotics (72%), antidepressants (30%), mood stabilisers (17%), antimetabolic agents (13%), benzodiazepines (7%), anticholinergics (4%) and miscellaneous agents (12.5%).

Conclusion:  It is apparent that CLZ is routinely augmented with other agents despite the lack of an evidence base. However, concerning was the lack of augmentation with antimetabolic agents despite the paucity of literature reporting the detrimental impact of antipsychotic treatment upon patients metabolic indices. The findings are discussed in the context of the current recommendations and empirical literature.
A case series of skin necrosis following use of non invasive ventilation pressure masks
Authors: Ahmad Z , Venus M , Kisku W , Rayatt SS
Published: March 2012

Two cases of nasal skin necrosis secondary to pressure from the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) face masks are presented. Both developed skin necrosis as a result of wearing these masks over the nasal bridge. These cases highlight the need for clinical vigilance in application of CPAP masks, the need for monitoring the skin of the nose during CPAP use and the possible need for modifications in design to help prevent this serious complication.
Analysis of six heavy metals in Ortho mineral trioxide aggregate and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry
Authors: Kum Kee‐Yeon , Zhu Qiang , Safavi Kamran , Gu Yu , Bae Kwang‐Shik , Chang Seok Woo
Published: March 2012

Ortho mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a mineral aggregate newly developed for perforation repair, root end filling and pulp capping. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in Ortho MTA and ProRoot MTA. A total of 0.2 g of each MTA was digested using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids and filtered. Six heavy metals in the resulting filtrates were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (n = 5). The results were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in Ortho MTA were 0.10, 7.73, 49.51, 2.58, 0.82 and 10.09 p.p.m., respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in ProRoot MTA were 0.16, 9.38, 1438.11, 74.51, 18.98 and 4.05 p.p.m., respectively. In conclusion, Ortho MTA had lower levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni than ProRoot MTA.
Effect of manual dynamic activation on smear layer removal efficacy of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and SmearClear: An in vitro scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Andrabi Syed Mukhtar‐Un‐Nisar , Kumar Ashok , Mishra Surrendra Kumar , Tewari Rajendra Kumar , Alam Sharique , Siddiqui Shiraz
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of manual dynamic activation (MDA) with a master gutta‐percha point on the smear layer removal efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and SmearClear. Fifty freshly extracted human single‐rooted teeth were prepared using ProTaper rotary system up to F3 size. The prepared teeth were divided into five groups on the basis of final irrigation received. Group A: 3% NaOCl solution (negative control group). Group B: 5 mL of 17% EDTA. Group C: 1 mL of 17% EDTA + MDA for 2 min + 4 mL of 17% EDTA rinse. Group D: 5 mL of SmearClear. Group E: 1 mL of SmearClear + MDA for 2 min + 4 mL of SmearClear rinse. Prepared samples were decoronated and then longitudinally split into two halves and evaluated under scanning electron microscope. Representative images at coronal, middle and apical third level were taken and scored for the amount of smear layer present, using a three‐score system. The data were analysed through Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐test. The root canal surfaces of samples of group C and group E (where MDA was done) were significantly cleaner in apical third regions than those of group B and group D (P < 0.05).
Effect of reciprocation usage of nickel‐titanium rotary files on the cyclic fatigue resistance
Authors: Lee WooCheol , Hwang You‐Jeong , You Sung‐Yeop , Kim Hyeon‐Cheol
Published: March 2012

The use of reciprocating motion for a nickel‐titanium file has been claimed to increase its resistance to fatigue in comparison to continuous rotation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect using a reciprocating motion instead of continuous rotation for nickel‐titanium files on their cyclic fatigue resistance. Cyclic fatigue tests simulating clinical use with ProTaper F2 and ProFile #25/.06 instruments were carried out in an artificial stainless‐steel root canal with a 1.5 mm inner diameter, 5 mm radius and 60° angle of curvature. The instruments were driven using either continuous rotation or reciprocation until fracture. For the reciprocation, the rotation angles were set to 140° clockwise and 45° counterclockwise. The number of cycles to fracture was determined by measuring the time to fracture. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way anova. There were no significant differences in the fracture cycles due to the use of reciprocation or continuous rotation for either instrument. The results found using reciprocation were comparable to those found using continuous rotation with regard to the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel‐titanium rotary files.
Race and School Enrollment among the Children of African Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Thomas Kevin J.A.
Published: March 2012

This study examines whether previous findings of an immigrant schooling advantage among Blacks in the United States reflect a declining significance of race in the enrollment patterns of immigrants’ children. Using data from the 2000 US census, the study finds that, despite their advantage within the Black population, the children of Black Africans are collectively disadvantaged relative to the children of White Africans. Disparate enrollment trajectories are found among children in Black and White African families. Specifically, between the first and second generations, enrollment outcomes improved among the children of White Africans but declined among Black Africans’ children. The results also suggest that among immigrants from African multi-racial societies, pre-migration racial schooling disparities do not necessarily disappear after immigration to the United States. Additionally, the children of Black Africans from these contexts have worse outcomes than the children of other Black African immigrants and their relative disadvantage persists even after other factors are controlled.
Before Crisis: Gender and Economic Outcomes of the Two Largest Immigrant Communities in Spain
Authors: Bradatan Cristina E. , Sandu Dumitru
Published: March 2012

In this study, we compare labor force outcomes of the two largest immigrant communities in Spain (Moroccans and Romanians) before the economic crisis hit. We are interested in understanding if and how gender influences the labor force outcomes (wage per hour, labor force participation, and unemployment rate) of these two immigrant groups. Our analyses show that, overall, gender is an important variable on Spanish labor market, but it affects differently the two groups. There is a male job market and a female job market for both Romanian and Moroccan immigrants, with men earning significantly higher wages than women. However, while for Moroccans, working women differ significantly from men in terms of demographic characteristics, Romanian women and men have similar demographic characteristics and comparable levels of labor force participation, but differ in terms of wage levels.
The Diverging Logics of Integration Policy Making at National and City Level
Authors: Jorgensen Martin Bak
Published: March 2012

This paper examines the institutional logics of migration policy making at local city level, comparing four Danish municipal approaches. Using a theoretical framework on political opportunity structures, policy frames, and institutional logics, the paper argues that divergences between national and local level can be explained not only as an unsuccessful transposition of nationally formulated policies, but also as an outcome of divergence in alternative and competing policy frames, political rationales, and institutional logics. Investigating factors such as size, economy, and organizational structure, the paper offers three interrelated explanations for divergences between national and local level and between different local approaches. The paper argues that the difference in national and local level political opportunity structures makes a difference; that ideas diffused from outside the national context can inform local-level policy making; and that policies are situated within and adjusted to the broader cultural economy and city branding as part of competition between cities.
Cannabinoids Induce Pancreatic β-Cell Death by Directly Inhibiting Insulin Receptor Activation
Authors: Kim Wook , Lao Qizong , Shin Yu-Kyong , Carlson Olga D. , Lee Eun Kyung , Gorospe Myriam , Kulkarni Rohit N. , Egan Josephine M.
Published: March 2012

Activation of cannabinoid 1 receptors prevents insulin receptors from promoting β-cell survival in the pancreas.
Anticancer Glycyl-tRNA Synthetase from the Outside
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: March 2012

Glycyl-tRNA synthetase released from macrophages promotes tumor cell death.
Understanding the Paradoxes of Multilevel Governing: Climate Change Policy in the European Union
Authors: Jordan Andrew , van Asselt Harro , Berkhout Frans , Huitema Dave , Rayner Tim
Published: March 2012

The European Union (EU) has sought to lead the world in the adoption of ambitious climate change mitigation targets and policies. In an attempt to characterize and broadly explain the resulting pattern of EU climate governance, scholars have employed the term “multi-level reinforcement.” This term does help to account for the paradoxical situation whereby the EU seeks to lead by example but is itself a relatively leaderless system of governance. Drawing on a much fuller empirical account of the evolution of EU climate governance, this article finds that the term captures some but not all aspects of the EU's approach. It identifies four other paradoxical features of the EU's approach and assesses the extent to which they exhibit “multi-level reinforcement.” It concludes by looking forward and examining the extent to which all five features are expected to enable and/or constrain the EU's ability to maintain a leading position in climate governance.
Moving the Study of Accountability Forward
Authors: Greitens Thomas J.
Published: March 2012

The following is a review of Melvin J. Dubnick and H. George Frederickson’s edited collection Accountable Governance: Problems and Promises. The book’s major themes and how they relate to current challenges facing governance are discussed.
Home birth and barriers to referring women with obstetric complications to hospitals: a mixed-methods study in Zahedan, southeastern Iran
Authors: Ghazi Tabatabaie Mahmoud , Moudi Zahra , Vedadhir AbouAli
Published: March 2012

Background

One factor that contributes to high maternal mortality in developing countries is the delayed use of Emergency Obstetric-Care (EmOC) facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that hinder midwives and parturient women from using hospitals when complications occur during home birth in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, where 23% of all deliveries take place in non- hospital settings.

Methods

In the study and data management, a mixed-methods approach was used. In the quantitative phase, we compared the existing health-sector data with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for the availability and use of EmOC services. The qualitative phase included collection and analysis of interviews with midwives and traditional birth attendants and twenty-one in-depth interviews with mothers. The data collected in this phase were managed according to the principles of qualitative data analysis.

Results

The findings demonstrate that three distinct factors lead to indecisiveness and delay in the use of EmOC by the midwives and mothers studied. Socio-cultural and familial reasons compel some women to choose to give birth at home and to hesitate seeking professional emergency care for delivery complications. Apprehension about being insulted by physicians, the necessity of protecting their professional integrity in front of patients and an inability to persuade their patients lead to an over-insistence by midwives on completing deliveries at the mothers' homes and a reluctance to refer their patients to hospitals. The low quality and expense of EmOC and the mothers' lack of health insurance also contribute to delays in referral.

Conclusions

Women who choose to give birth at home accept the risk that complications may arise. Training midwives and persuading mothers and significant others who make decisions about the value of referring women to hospitals at the onset of life-threatening complications are central factors to increasing the use of available hospitals. The hospitals must be safe, comfortable and attractive environments for parturition and should give appropriate consideration to the ethical and cultural concerns of the women. Appropriate management of financial and insurance-related issues can help midwives and mothers make a rational decision when complications arise.
Behavioral Responses of Patients in AIDS Treatment Programs: Sexual Behavior in Kenya
Authors: Thirumurthy Harsha , Pop-Eleches Cristian , Habyarimana James P. , Goldstein Markus , Graff Zivin Joshua
Published: March 2012

We estimate changes in sexual behavior for HIV-positive individuals enrolled in an AIDS treatment program using longitudinal household survey data collected in western Kenya. We find that sexual activity is lowest at the time that treatment is initiated and increases significantly in the subsequent six months, consistent with the health improvements that result from ART treatment. More importantly, we find large and significant increases of 10 to 30 percentage points in the reported use of condoms during last sexual intercourse. The increases in condom use appear to be driven primarily by a program effect, applying to all HIV clinic patients regardless of treatment status.
Incentivizing Out‐of‐State Vendor Compliance with Sales Tax Revenue Rebates
Authors: Propheter Geoffrey
Published: March 2012

Increased awareness of e‐commerce revenue loss coupled with declining sales and use tax receipts has prompted states to undertake at least one of two approaches to capture foregone revenue from remote sales: Amazon tax legislation and membership of the Streamlined Sales Tax Project. Both policies, however, suffer from significant challenges that undermine their effectiveness in achieving the desired goal. This paper proposes an alternative policy that encourages out‐of‐state vendor sales tax compliance through the use of sales tax revenue rebates as an incentive. It is argued that revenue incentives used in this fashion are more resistant to the criticisms leveled at tax incentives in general. The advantages and disadvantages of revenue rebates as a tool to incentivize out‐of‐state vendor compliance are also explored.
Is Mandatory Project Evaluation Always Appropriate? Dynamic Inconsistencies of Irreversible and Reversible Projects
Authors: Kono Tatsuhito , Notoya Hiromichi
Published: March 2012

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is used to optimize investment in public projects. Indeed, in many countries, BCA is mandatory for provision of most public services. However, once BCA is mandated, residents can strategically alter their behaviors based on a dynamic inconsistency that the BCA-based optimal service level depends on residents’ behaviors. This paper discusses this dynamic inconsistency problem, taking transportation services as an example. We show that the problem may decrease both social welfare and the utility of residents as compared with the first-best case, and that the occurrence of second-best outcomes depends on the reversibility of the project and the general-equilibrium interdependency with another project.
Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar
Authors: Osborne, Timothy , Gross, Thomas
Published: March 2012

The paper demonstrates that dependency-based syntax is in a strong position to produce principled and economical accounts of the syntax of constructs. The difficulty that constituency-based syntax has in this regard is that very many constructs fail to qualify as constituents. The point is evident with the box diagrams and attribute value matrices (AVMs) that some construction grammars (CxGs) use to formalize constructions; these schemata often represent fragments rather than constituents. In dependency-based syntax in contrast, constructions are catenae, whereby a catena is a chain of words linked together by dependencies. The catena is a novel but well-defined unit of syntax associated with dependency grammar (DG). The constructs of CxGs are more amenable to analyses in terms of the catenae of dependency-based syntax than to analyses in terms of the constituents of constituency-based syntax.
Auslander–Reiten translations in monomorphism categories
Authors: Xiong Bao-Lin , Zhang Pu , Zhang Yue-Hui
Published: March 2012

We generalize Ringel and Schmidmeier's theory on
the Auslander–Reiten translation of the submodule category

𝒮
2

(
A
)

$\mathcal {S}_2(A)$

to the monomorphism category

𝒮
n

(
A
)

$\mathcal {S}_n(A)$

;
the category consists of all chains of

(
n
-
1
)

$(n-1)$

composable
monomorphisms of A-modules. As in the case of

n
=
2

$n=2$

,

𝒮
n

(
A
)

$\mathcal {S}_n(A)$

has Auslander–Reiten sequences, and the Auslander–Reiten
translation

τ
𝒮

$\tau _{\mathcal {S}}$

of

𝒮
n

(
A
)

$\mathcal {S}_n(A)$

can be
explicitly formulated via τ of A-mod. Furthermore, if A is
a selfinjective algebra, we study the periodicity of

τ
𝒮

$\tau _{\mathcal {S}}$

on the objects of

𝒮
n

(
A
)

$\mathcal {S}_n(A)$

and of the
Serre functor

F
𝒮

$F_{\mathcal {S}}$

on the objects of the stable
monomorphism category

𝒮
n

(
A
)

̲

$\underline{\mathcal {S}_n(A)}$

. In particular,

τ

𝒮

2
m
(
n
+
1
)

X
≅
X

${\tau _{\mathcal {S}}^{2m(n+1)}X\cong X}$

for

X
∈

𝒮
n

(
Λ

(
m
,
t
)

)

${X\in \mathcal {S}_n(\Lambda (m,
t))}$

, and

F

𝒮

m
(
n
+
1
)

X
≅
X

${F_{\mathcal {S}}^{m(n+1)}X\cong X}$

for

X
∈

𝒮
n

(
Λ

(
m
,
t
)

)

̲

${X\in \underline{\mathcal {S}_n(\Lambda (m, t))}}$

, where

Λ
(
m
,
t
)

$\Lambda (m, t)$

,

m
≥
1

$m\ge 1$

,

t
≥
2

$t\ge 2$

, are the selfinjective Nakayama algebras.
The splitting relation for Fréchet spaces over non-archimedean fields
Authors: Śliwa Wiesław
Published: March 2012

A complete valued field

(
K
,
|
·
|
)

$(K, |\cdot |)$

is non-archimedean if its valuation satisfies the strong triangle inequality

|
a
+
b
|
≤
max
{
|
a
|
,
|
b
|
}

$|a+b|\le \max \lbrace |a|, |b|\rbrace $

for all

a
,
b
∈
K

$a,b \in K$

. We say that a pair (E,F) of Fréchet spaces over a non-archimedean field 𝕂 is splitting if for every Fréchet space G over 𝕂 and for every closed subspace D of G such that D is isomorphic to F and G/D is isomorphic to E, we can infer that the subspace D is complemented in G. In this paper we study when a pair (E,F) of Fréchet spaces of countable type over 𝕂 is splitting. In particular, we show that a pair

(

A
s

(
a
)

,

A
r

(
b
)

)

$(A_s(a), A_r(b))$

of power series spaces over 𝕂 is splitting if and only if

s
=
∞

$s=\infty $

or

s
=
1

$s=1$

and the set

M

a
,
b

$M_{a,b}$

of all finite limit points of the double sequence

(

a
p

/

b
q

)

p
,
q
∈
ℕ

$(a_p/b_q)_{p,q\in \mathbb {N}}$

is bounded.
On the norm of the Lp
-Fourier transform
on compact extensions of ℝ
n
Authors: Baklouti Ali , Inoue Junko
Published: March 2012

This paper aims to prove that
the norm of the Lp
-Fourier transform of the semidirect product

ℝ
n

⋊
K

$\mathbb {R}^n\rtimes K$

is A

p

n
, where

1
<
p
≤
2

$1 < p \le 2$

,

q
=
p
/
(
p
-
1
)

$q=p/(p-1)$

,

A
p

=

p

1

2
p

q

-
1

2
q

$A_p=p^{\frac{1}{2p}}q^{\frac{-1}{2q}}$

,
and K stands for a compact subgroup of automorphisms of ℝ
n
. An extremal function is given by an extension of a Gaussian function. Besides, as an example of non-compact extension, the universal covering group
of the Euclidean motion group of the plane is also treated
and an estimate of the norm is obtained.
The Ext functor and self-sums
Authors: Albrecht Ulrich , Breaz Simion , Schultz Phill
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship
between the Abelian groups G with

Ext
(
G
,

G

(
κ
)

)
=
0

${\operatorname{Ext}(G,G^{(\kappa )}) = 0}$

and
those satisfying

Ext

(
G
,

G

(
κ
)

)

≅
Ext

(
G
,
G
)

(
κ
)

${\operatorname{Ext}(G,G^{(\kappa )})\cong \operatorname{Ext}(G,G)^{(\kappa )}}$

for various cardinals κ. In particular, we will give the
structure of self-Ext-small groups. Our results answer several
open problems, and give new proofs of known theorems concerning

⊕

$\oplus $

-splitters, tilting groups and finitely faithful
S-groups.
Smooth global solutions for the two-dimensional Euler Poisson system
Authors: Jang Juhi , Li Dong , Zhang Xiaoyi
Published: March 2012

The Euler–Poisson system is a fundamental two-fluid model to describe the dynamics
of the plasma consisting of compressible electrons and a uniform ion background. By
using the dispersive Klein–Gordon effect, Guo (1998) first constructed a global
smooth irrotational solution in the three-dimensional case. It has been conjectured that
same results should hold in the two-dimensional case. The main difficulty in 2D comes from
the slow dispersion of the linear flow and certain nonlocal resonant obstructions in the nonlinearity. In this paper we develop a new method to overcome these difficulties and
construct smooth global solutions for the 2D Euler–Poisson system.
A Substitute for Gasoline – With a Carbon Neutral Character
Authors: Bockris John O'M.
Published: March 2012

The various possible replacements for gasoline in our future are briefly reviewed. The most suitable alternative seems to be connected with methanol. Normal methanol is not recommended. It should be methanol that is synthesized from hydrogen and CO
Pitch Carbon-coated Lithium Sulfide Electrode for Advanced, Lithium-metal Free-sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kim Junghoon , Hassoun Jusef , Panero Stefania , Sun Yang-Kook , Scrosati Bruno
Published: March 2012

In this work we report the properties and characteristics of a pitch carbon-coated lithium sulfide material. We show that this material behaves as a very promising electrode in liquid glyme-based and in solid poly(ethylene oxide) PEO-based electrolyte lithium cells. Particular relevant is the response obtained in the solid-state configuration where a capacity approaching the theoretical value of the full Li
Substituent effect on the aromaticity of 1,3-azole systems
Authors: Gümüş Selçuk , Türker Lemi
Published: March 2012

The effects of substituent type and position on the aromaticity of certain derivatives of oxazole, imidazole and thiazole have been theoretically investigated by using density functional theory at the levels of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) methods. The second heteroatom substitution decreases aromaticity of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. The decreased aromaticity is gained back to some extent by the substitution of strong electron withdrawing groups or atoms (NO2 and F). Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) data have been considered to determine the aromaticity of the systems. The most effective substitution to enhance the aromaticity has been calculated to be at position 4. The variation of the bond lengths of the main skeleton supports the findings through NICS calculations. The frontier molecular orbital energies have also been reported to draw a general correlation between these energies and the aromaticity of the system.
Arylboronic acids with strong fluorescence intensity changes upon sugar binding
Authors: Laughlin Sarah , Wang Yingji , Ni Nanting , Wang Binghe
Published: March 2012

Boronic acids play an important role in the design and synthesis of chemosensors for carbohydrates due to their ability to reversibly bind with diol-containing compounds. In this regard, the availability of boronic acids that change fluorescence upon sugar binding is crucial for a successful sensor design endeavor. Herein, we report two boronic acids that show strong fluorescent intensity changes upon sugar binding: isoquinoline-7-boronic acid (7-IQBA) and phenoxathiin-4-boronic acid (4-POBA).
An efficient KHSO4 catalyzed synthesis of xanthenes
Authors: Reddy Nemallapudi Bakthavatchala , Rao Kunda Uma Maheswara , Sundar Chereddy Syama , Nayak Sandip Kumar , Reddy Cirandur Suresh
Published: March 2012

KHSO4 is an efficient catalyst for the condensation of β-naphthol, aromatic aldehydes, and 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione at 100°C to afford 9,9-dimethyl-12-phenyl-8,10,11,12-tetrahydro-9H-benzo[a]xanthen-11-one derivatives in 80–95% yields.