bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Hair Analysis in a Pretrial Diversion Program in New Orleans
Authors: Mieczkowski Thomas , Mumm Rosemary , Connick Harry F.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the findings and implications regarding the use of hair assays to detect illegal drug use in a novel pretrial diversion program. The program, which requires participants to be drug abstinent, relies upon urinalysis, hair analysis, and self-reported drug use to monitor compliance. Hair analysis appears to be a more efficacious method of identifying drug exposure than either urinalysis or self-reported use. Furthermore, hair analysis provides several other advantages to program operations. No notable problems are reported in implementing the hair analysis protocols.
The Impact of an Antiamphetamine Law on Juvenile Delinquency in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Bohsiu
Published: March 2007

In October 1990, Taiwan changed its criminal code on amphetamines, making possession and use of such substances a punishable act. Strong government intervention against amphetamines-related offenses supported by an uncritical general public has created an increasing criminal population. This article focuses on how the newly enacted antiamphetamines law affects the extent and nature ofjuvenile delinquency in Taiwan. Data arefrom the Crime Statistics compiled by the Criminal Investigation Bureau. The study found that the volume of delinquency has increased since 1990, the average age of official delinquents has not changed, and the gender ratio in delinquency involvement has decreased.
Demographic and Parental Characteristics of Youthful Sexual Offenders
Authors: Graves Roger B. , Openshaw D. Kim , Ascione Frank R. , Ericksen Susan L.
Published: March 2007

This study, employing meta-analysis, investigates 20 years (1973-1993) of empirical data involving demographic and parental correlates of youthful sexual offenders. Three offender subtypes, pedophilic, sexual assault, and mixed offense youth, are identified. Pedophilic youth are described as being principally Caucasian, living in foster care, and having an education of < sixth grade. They tend to be from lower to mid socioeconomic status (SES) maladaptive families. Mothers of these youth have been physically abused as children, and fathers abuse drugs. Sexual assault youth come from low-to mid-SES, single parent, dysfunctional families with fathers abusing alcohol. These youth are most often Caucasian. Mixed offense offenders are predominately from lower SES families, are Caucasian, Protestant, and have <? high school education. Families are dysfunctional with paternal substance abuse. Fathers report being neglected as children, whereas mothers indicate physical abuse.
Comparison of Early and Late Start Models of Delinquency in Adult Offenders
Authors: Vitelli Romeo
Published: March 2007

This study examines the validity of the early and late start models of delinquency in adult offenders. Subjects were 180 adult maximum-security inmates who provided information regarding adult and juvenile criminal history, familial and childhood factors, and medical history. Significant differences were found between early starters, late starters, and nondelinquents for substance abuse, diagnoses of antisocial personality, childhood conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and childhood violence. Differences were also found in family history of criminality and substance abuse as well as childhood physical and sexual abuse. The utility of the early and late start models in identifying clinical issues in adult offenders is discussed.
The Class Nature of Women's Oppression
Authors: Quick Paddy , Quick Paddy
Published: March 2007

The principal thesis of the article is that the oppression of women is based on the role of women in the exploited class as the repro ducers of laborers in class society. The oppression of women is not due to the need for the ruling class to hand on its private property to its biol ogical children, as Engels argued; nor is it due to the division of labor between women and men. Rather, the specific economic form whereby resources (use-values) are provided to women during the period of child- bearing determines the institutional relations between women and men and constitutes part of the economic base of class society. At the same time, the determining factor in this relationship (between women and men) is the specific economic form in which unpaid surplus labor is ex tracted from the direct producers.
The ENA in Perspective: The Transformation of Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry
Authors: Betheil Richard
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the struggle in the steel industry since World War II over management's attempt to impose a 'productivity deal' that would tie wages to productivity. Approaching productivity bargaining as a strategy of cap ital, two periods are identified. Until 1959, steel workers resisted the 'deal' while winning substantial gains through collective bargaining. Thereafter, manage ment, in collusion with the state, used the union to help impose the productivity deal. Finally, the conception of collective bargaining as a relationship between classes upon which the analysis is based is related to Marx's analysis of the wage- form and distinguished from other approaches.
Crisis in the West European Motor Industry: Class Struggle in the British Motor Industry
Authors: Kronish Rich , Kronish Rich
Published: March 2007

"Crisis..." traces the origins and explores the dynamics of the serious, relatively long-run realization crisis that now plagues the West European motor industry. In addition, it examines the different alternatives available to the major European firms to cope with this crisis. The paper then argues that the dimensions of the present crisis in fact necessitate State intervention in behalf of the weaker European firms in order to (1) finance the closing of the investment gap with the more successful European firms and (2) effect a transformation of labor relations. and shopfloor work practices. Finally, "Crisis ..." turns to an examination of the motor industry in Great Britain where the unfolding of these developments has thrown the State into direct confrontation with the auto workers — indeed where the militancy of the auto workers makes the success of State intervention quite problematic.
Uneven Regional Development in the United States
Authors: Fox Kenneth , Fox Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The unevenness of development among the major regions of the U.S. reached an extreme at the end of the nineteenth century. Since then, the development of the major regions has become increasingly similar. This article uses Marx's general law of capitalist accumulation as the basis for an analysis of U.S. regional development that focuses on the antagonism between capital and labor. I argue that the transition from competitive to monopoly capitalism at the turn of the twentieth century initiated a shift in the principal spatial unevenness of development from regional unevenness within the U.S., to U.S. participation in uneven development on an international scale. The increasingly drastic inter national differentiation between the advanced and the underdeveloped countries has provided opportunities to reduce the unevenness of development among the major regions of the U.S.
Efficiency Under Capitalist Production: A Critique and Reformulation
Authors: Mitchell William , Watts Martin
Published: March 2007

We claim that, within the radical paradigm Gordon's (1976) two dimensions of efficiency are meaningless. His dichotomy is consistent with neo-Ricardian theory. Qualitative efficiency is redefined in value terms and the concept of quantitative efficiency is scrapped. Marglin's (1974) work is re-examined. The authors consider whether the choice of production technology reflects the imperatives of capitalism.
Black Power in Chicago: An Historical Overview of Class Stratification and Electoral Politics in a Black Urban Community
Authors: Marable Manning
Published: March 2007

The 1983 election of Harold Washington as mayor of Chicago represented the fruition of black social reform currents within the city's turbulent political history. Black Chicago was dominated for decades by Republican and Democratic machines. Economically, blacks experienced permanently high unemployment rates and severe income inequality. Initially, black middle class leaders followed a policy of accommodation to the dominant economic and political interests. This strategy was overturned in the 1970s and 1980s, as black reformist elites, workers and the unemployed used the electoral system to challenge the status quo. The long-term success of Washington will depend upon a continued mass mobilization of black labor.
Thorstein Veblen Versus The Institutionalists
Authors: McFarland Floyd B.
Published: March 2007

Veblen was a critic of business civilization who focused his attention upon widespread social habits of thought, or institutions. Thorough-going, radical change would be required in such societies, which tended towards war, predation, exploitation, and inefficiency. Neo-Institutionalists have distorted his views by categorizing activity as either technology or institution, with blatant technological determinism, believing technology forces suitable change in institutions by changing their setting. Hence society "self-corrects" its problems, with "drags" but not revolution.
Power and Profits: The Social Structure of Accumulation and the Profitability of the Postwar U.S. Economy
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gordon David M. , Weisskopf Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to explain trends in United States corporate profitability since World War II through an analysis of the rise and subsequent demise of a postwar social structure of accumulation (SSA). Building from a formal model of the determinants of profitability, we provide econometric support for the hypothesis that variations in profitability can be explained to a large extent by variations in quantitative indicators of capitalist power in the postwar SSA.
Estimates of the Rate of Surplus-Value in the Postwar United States Economy
Authors: Moseley Fred
Published: March 2007

One important prediction of Marx's theory is that the rate of surplus-value will increase as a secular tendency. This paper subjects this prediction of Marx's theory to an empirical test, by deriving annual estimates of the rate of surplus-value in the United States economy over the period 1947-1977. These estimates show that the rate of surplus-value in the United States economy increased significantly over this period, as predicted by Marx's theory. These estimates are then compared with other estimates of the rate of surplus-value in the postwar United States economy which are based on different interpretations of the main theoretical issues involved in the estimation of the rate of surplus-value. This comparison shows that the theoretical issue which makes the most difference in the estimated trend of the rate of surplus-value is whether or not Marx's distinction between productive labor and unproductive labor is taken into account in the definition of the rate of surplus-value.
Why Capitalist Firms Outnumber Labor-Managed Firms
Authors: Doucouliagos Chris
Published: March 2007

Orthodox economists argue that capitalist firms outnumber labor-managed firms (LMFs) because capitalist firms are more efficient. This paper reviews the literature on the economics of LMFs and argues that efficiency has very little to do with the dominance of capitalist firms. Capitalist firms outnumber LMFs because LMFs are disadvantaged in capitalist economies and because of ideological bias against LMFs. The principal obstacles faced by LMFs are: cultural and social backgrounds, workers' educational experience, worker risk aversion, financial discrimination, forces inducing degeneration and ideological bias. The importance of `shelter organizations' and a cooperative culture in supporting LMFs are discussed.
Small and Medium-Scale Industry In Greece: Oasis of Dynamism or Symptom of Malaise?
Authors: Moschonas A. , Droucopoulos V.
Published: March 2007

This paper, informed by the experience of other countries, examines the logic of development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Greece. It argues that the development of SMEs is historically connected to a double process: the accumulation of capital on an expanded scale, and the production and reproduction of the Greek petty bourgeoisie, as a means of consolidating the hegemony of the capitalist class. Thus SMEs, statistically examined in terms of comparative rates of growth, sizes of employment, magnitudes of value added per person, levels of wages and salaries and degrees of labor productivity, are neither exogenous to Greek capitalism nor declining pockets in an otherwise dynamic system. Rather, they are an intrinsic and structured part of the Greek economy.
Did Household Saving Really Decline in the Reagan Years?
Authors: Block Fred
Published: March 2007

This paper challenges the conventional belief that household saving in the U.S. declined during the Reagan Years. The paper proposes a definition of the household financial surplus that is available for use by corporations and the public sector. It shows how existing measures of household saving diverge from this definition, and it proposes alternative estimates of the trend of this household financial surplus in the 1980s. These alternative estimates show no downward trend, and in most years, the available supply of funds has exceeded business and government demands.
Producers and Parasites: The Uses of Rent Seeking
Authors: Honderich Kiaran
Published: March 2007

This paper distinguishes between three uses of the concept of rent seeking. the tautologous, the contextual, and the unselfconscious. It argues in favor of contextual use and shows that that requires explicit discussion of normative questions involving redistribution and the proper role of the state. The paper also considers issues raised for rent seeking theory by transaction costs and the contested exchange model.
Simple Comparative Statics of Class Conflict in Kaleckian and Marxist Short-run Models
Authors: Lavoie Marc
Published: March 2007

The paper mainly has a pedagogical purpose. It develops a graphical basis for comparing the standard Kaleckian and Marxist macroeconomic short-run models. It takes into account effective demand on the one hand, and on the other hand the power struggle between workers and entrepreneurs over income shares.
Neighborhoods, Banks, and Capital Flows: The Transformation of the U.S. Financial System and the Community Reinvestment Movement
Authors: Campen James T.
Published: March 2007

Substantial changes in the structure and operation of the U.S. financial system during the last quarter century have reduced the flows of credit and banking services to low-income and minority communities. This article explains how the operation of basic technological, economic, and political forces has transformed the financial institutions of U.S. capitalism; examines the consequences of this transformation for the residents of low-income and minority communities; and explores how the grassroots-based community reinvestment movement has effectively adapted its strategy and objectives to "the ongoing revolution In American banking."
A New Perspective in Group Analysis
Authors: Usandivaras Raul J.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, the therapeutic group has been regarded from the standpoint of psychoanalysis and social psychology. Without leaving aside this fruitful perspective, I propose considering the group from the point of view of Jungian psychology and cultural anthropology. 7his means assigning further value to S.H. Foulkes's Primordial Level — the level where manifestations of collective unconscious appear — and incorporating Victor Turner's concepts on rituals, especially that of `communitas'. This new perspective favours useful regression in the group and the use of techniques to facilitate its appearance.
Identification and Groups of Belonging
Authors: Rouchy Jean Claude
Published: March 2007

To move from the intrapsychic field of identification to the psychosocial field of identity it is necessary to refer to `groups of belonging', which create, within transitional space, the conditions for metabolizing psychic reality and the outside world, the differentiation of the ego and non-ego, the space within and the space without, narcissism and the cathexis of objects. Such a group thus constitutes the missing link enabling us to determine both the relationship of the singular subject with the collective entity (and vice versa) and their mutual involvement. The distinction between the primary (or natural) group of belonging and a secondary (or instituted) group of belonging makes it possible to account for their evolution across generations, and the effects of personal and social traumas on the structuring of the psyche.
Bilingualism, Culture and Identity
Authors: de Zulueta Felicity
Published: March 2007

The author's main thesis is that language embodies both cultural and individual identity. This has important implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of bilingual patients: not only can they use their second language as a powerful defence against unbearable memories and feelings, as happened with Josef Breuer's patient Anna 0, but a second language can profoundly alter an individual's sense of cultural and individual identity. This has important implications for the individual's relation to the group and to society in general. If language is to culture what DNA is to genetics, there is little doubt that the language we speak is of crucial importance to the way we relate to the world about us.
The Dynamics of Losing and Building Boundaries in an Adolescent Group
Authors: Lust Ivan , Hdmori Eszter
Published: March 2007

Regression is a perennial theme in adolescent group therapy and the consequent attacks on boundaries can pose severe technical problems for group leaders in their efforts to remain therapists rather than figures of authority. The authors describe one such group experience and discuss the significance of traumatic early object relations.
The Significance of the Patient's and the Therapist's Cultural Groups: Examples from a Student Counselling Service
Authors: Michel Luc
Published: March 2007

This article describes influences of the cultural background in the therapeutic relationship, taking as an example a student counselling service. Beyond the classical transference-countertransference, in an intercultural relationship there is also a metatransference. Everyone carries his or her own cultural shadow, which becomes visible in an intercultural relationship. This shadow must be acknowledged.
Group Processes and Psychosomatic Phenomena
Authors: Scoppola Luigi
Published: March 2007

The actions of the group follow a circular as well as a mirroring movement, but may also be evidenced through a vertical movement of regressive immersion followed by an evolutive and transformative emergence. Regression on a level of primitive mental organizations generally starts after affective consent has been shown to what the patient has been telling about his or her psychosomatic symptoms. The author's main concerns are the quality of group interaction, primitive states of mind, the biological level of sensorial experiences and the possibility of the individual person working out affective experiences linked to somatic events which would other-wise be unthinkable.
Group Psychotherapy with Immigrants from Turkey
Authors: Battegay Raymond , Yilmaz Ali Tarik
Published: March 2007

Group psychotherapy with immigrants from Turkey began in Switzerland at the University Psychiatric Outpatient Department, Basel, 1991. At this time two groups were formed for depressed Turkish patients with psychosomatic symptoms: a women's group in November 1991, and a men's group in January 1992. The need for psychotherapeutic care stemmed from the large number of immigrants in this city who came from Turkey beginning in the late 1960s but particularly in the late 1970s.

The authors describe the psychodynamics and psychopathological aspects of the members during the group process, and the impact of the phenomenon of migration on them and on the stages of group psychotherapy.
Systems-Centered Theory and Barbara Dick's `Transformation at Boundary Zones'
Authors: Agazarian Yvonne
Published: March 2007

Barbara Dick's paper is reviewed from the framework of a Theory of Living Human Systems and the hypotheses that are generated for Systems-centered* practice. From this framework, it appears that the driving force towards transforming from Flight into Fight at the boundary zones are restrained by an unmodified repetition compulsion which governs the dynamics of both the members and the group-as-a-whole. Thus the group communication pattern serves as a restraining rather than a driving force to individual change.
An Ethnic Disorder — The Challenge that Eating Disorders Patients Offer Group Analysts
Authors: Gold Bonnie
Published: March 2007

There is an ongoing debate about whether eating disorders can be seen solely as a women's issue (the psychoanalytic versus the feminist) or whether they are a social disorder (individual versus cultural). This article gives some consideration to the opposing sides of these arguments.
Science as system vs. science as practice: Luhmann's sociology of science and recent approaches in science and technology studies (STS)—a fragmentary confrontation
Authors: Taschwer Klaus
Published: March 2007

The last twenty years not only saw the development of a distinctive systems theory by Niklas Luhmann, but also the emergence of a transdisciplinary field called science and technology studies (STS), which emanated from the older sociology of science. This contribution is dedicated to a basic confrontation of theoretical approaches in “new” STS with Luhmann's sociology of science as a part of his theory of society. On the one hand, I want to depict some similarities between both approaches, i.e. the linguistic/semiotic turn, relativism and reflexivism. On the other hand, in the second section, I try to show some of the major differences between recent STS theories and Luhmann's autopoietic systems theory. Basic distinctions are identified with regard to the perception of science (closed system vs. “seamless web”) and the different scope of the theories. This finally leads to the modest conclusion that these conceptualizations can hardly be integrated and thus reflect the complexity of contemporary science - both as “subject” and “object”.
On the scientific context of the concept of communication
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: March 2007

Observing is a paradoxical operation: a duality as unity, and a distinction between distinguishing and indicating, that is, a distinction that is repeated in itself. One can speak of scientific observation only if such an operation of distinguishing- indication is achieved through concepts. If one observes observation one cannot avoid observing the paradox. When a second-order observer wants to know how the observed observer observes, it has to observe how the observed observer deals with its own paradox, how it de-paradoxizes the paradox. Even scientific communication is an actualization of the paradox of observation, and therefore it is in principle incapable of dealing with logic. A theory of scientific observation should then be concerned with how science has nevertheless managed. The point comes to be: who observes with the aid of the concept of communication, and how does it observe?
Revisiting finalization
Authors: Leeming William
Published: March 2007

The theory of finalization in science - and the debate it sparked in the late 1970s and early 1980s - continues to generate interest among social theorists studying science and scientific development. But the insights generated by this theory have yet to be tallied and its merits fully assessed. This article pursues a number of important ideas that came out of a recent effort to revisit finalization theory in Bielefeld. It begins with a brief review of the Starnberg model of finalization and the ideas of the Alternatives in Science group. It then moves beyond the Starnberg model to consider the issues raised at Bielefeld and the question of science “in the public interest”.
The structures and prospects of knowledge society
Authors: Böhme Gernot
Published: March 2007

The first part of this article reviews the literature on the knowledge society as well as related concepts like post-industrial society and information society. In the second part the thesis is put forward that the concept of knowledge society no longer designates a trend of social development, but characterizes the social reality of advanced societies in a certain perspective. Knowledge as cultural capital has become a productive force, a major sector of the economy, a power resource both on the national and the international level, and finally the basis of life-chances for the individual and of social ranking. But knowledge society has also produced its own problems: zero growth of financial resources for science and education, overcapacities in military R and D, new dependencies both in the private sector (on experts) and in the international sector (North-South opposition). The future perspectives of knowledge society are ambivalent. The author perceives the nightmare of a registration society on the one hand, and a new Enlightenment on the other.
Adaptiveness of food learning and food aversions in children
Authors: Cashdan Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This paper uses an evolutionary perspective to explain features of food learning in human children. Data from Western parents indicate that (1) children are least picky about foods when they are between one and two years of age, (2) vegetables are frequently refused by children, and (3) children have a tendency to eat foods one at a time rather than mixed together. Adaptive explanations for these patterns are suggested, together with supporting evidence from studies of the ontogeny of human and non-human primate diet choice. The following arguments are made: (1) age difference in receptiveness to new foods is consistent with the existence of a sensitive period for learning about food; (2) since leaves and other non-fruit plant parts often contain toxic secondary compounds and young animals are less able to detoxify these chemicals than are adults, an initial dislike of vegetables may function to protect young children against the risk of poisoning; (3) a preference for easily identifiable foods eaten separately may be an evolved preference that aids in identification of the food and the consequences of eating it.
The social representation of mental ill-health in communities of mental health practitioners in the UK and France
Authors: Morant Nicola
Published: March 2007

As society's practical experts on mental ill-health, mental health professionals work at the interface between politics, “expert” theories of mental illness and their lay equivalents in common sense. This paper describes research conducted from the perspective of social representations theory exploring the basic understanding of mental ill-health amongst communities of mental health practitioners in the UK and France. Professionals construct notions of mental ill-health articulated around three central themes of difference, distress and disruption, and adopt social rather than medical models of their work. Despite their expert status, professionals' representations are fraught with uncertainties that are lived out in eclectic treatment strategies. This research highlights the role of interactions between politics, professional practitioners and lay representations in contemporary societal constructions of mental ill-health.
Representations of gender, respectability and commercial sex in the shadow of AIDS: a South African case study
Authors: Campbell Catherine
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to illustrate the way in which social representations of gender shape the sexual behaviour of female commercial sex workers selling sex to migrant workers on the South African mines. The paper examines strategies used by women to maintain a sense of gendered respectability in spite of their involvement in a stigmatized profession, strategies involving denial, justification and an appeal to alternative identities. Attention is given to the way in which such strategies undermine women's confidence to insist on condom use in the face of client reluctance. The implications of such representations and strategies for HIV prevention are discussed.
Approaching Byzantium: Identity, Predicament and Afterlife
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

The attempts to interpret Russian and Southeast European history in light of a Byzantine background tend to focus on traditions of political culture, and to claim that patterns characteristic of the late Roman Empire have had a formative impact on later developments. But the effects attributed to political culture presuppose a civilizational framework, and arguments on that level must come to grips with evidence of historical discontinuity, during the Byzantine millennium as well as in later centuries and on the periphery of the Byzantium cultural world. The path to a historically grounded civilizational analysis is, however, obstructed by persisting images of Byzantium as a stagnant culture, immobilized by a complete fusion of secular and sacred authority. The article discusses and criticizes some of the most influential versions of this view.
Great Revolutions of the 20th Century in a Civilizational Perspective
Authors: Krejčí Jaroslav
Published: March 2007

The great revolutions of modern times have been analysed from various angles, but their civilizational aspects and contexts have on the whole been neglected. More specifically, the major 20th-century revolutions can be seen as particularly important cases of intercivilizational encounters. They represent different responses to the ascendant and challenging civilization of the West. The Western civilizational trajectory (or set of trajectories), based on a shift from fideism to empiricism and on multiple social dynamics fuelled by this cultural reorientation (such as those of the capittalist economy and the one-nation-state), is selectively appropriated by non-Western societies which at the same time reject the less adaptable parts of the West in the name of traditional or invented alternatives. Russia, China, Turkey and Iran are analysed as variations of this recurrent pattern. At one end of the spectrum, the Russian revolution aspired to transcend Western models on the basis of a more radical interpretation of their own principles; at the other, the Iranian revolution, made up of several episodes with intervals in between, has been characterized by an exceptionally tenacious - and in some ways inventive - defence of a pre-existing civilizational identity.
The Project of Emancipation and the Possibility of Politics, or, What's Wrong with Post-1968 Individualism?
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: March 2007

The thesis that `1968' resulted in the rise of the individual, on the one hand, and the end of politics, on the other, is critically discussed by interpreting the events of 1968 as a project of emancipation and by distinguishing between the individual and the collective aspects of emancipation.
Commodified Enchantment: Children and Consumer Capitalism
Authors: Langer Beryl
Published: March 2007

Within capitalist modernity, `children' and `culture' were ideologically positioned as `sacred' in opposition to the `profane' sphere of commerce and industry. In the last quarter of the 20th century, this romantic construction of childhood as a time of enchantment was appropriated by the `children's culture industry' and re-inscribed as a marketing strategy. Capitalist childhood was reconstituted as a time of consumption. In invoking the myth of the `sacred child', however, capital also elicits ambivalence about the `profanity' of commercial intrusion into the domain of childhood. Similarly, the narratives of `good' versus `evil' through which children's culture is organized can be deployed in opposition to the conditions under which global capital produces children's consumer goods. While the cultural tension surrounding the commercialization of childhood has diminished as money itself takes on the aura of the `sacred', the residual power of romantic mythology creates potential for critical engagement on the terrain of capitalist childhood.
The Crisis of the Identification Process
Authors: Castoriadis Cornelius
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the crisis of the identification process from the social-historical standpoint, for it cannot be understood when divorced from the social totality. Attempts to explain the current crisis in terms of particular institutions such as changes in habitat, a crisis in the family, etc. fail to account for it, since it also manifests itself in milieux and individuals not experiencing these changes directly. The crisis the identification process is undergoing must be seen as a crisis of the central imaginary significations that in the past have held society together. The crisis consists in the fact that contemporary society no longer produces the types that had made it viable as a society wanting itself. The author concludes that there cannot not be a crisis of the identification process, since there is no longer a cathected self-representation of society as the seat of meaning and of value and of a significant past and of a time to come.
Thinking Australia in Oceania: Old Metaphors in New Dress
Authors: McLean Ian
Published: March 2007

Little appears to have changed in the western imagining of the Pacific region since ancient times. While metaphors of redemption and condemnation, paradise and paradise lost, utopia and dystopia persist, Australia's place in the Pacific will remain elusive and insecure. The essay is in two parts. The first half discusses the metaphors implicit in the names given to the region, the South Seas, the Pacific and Oceania, and relates their imagining in the early European expeditions of Balboa and Magellan, in Hodges' paintings done on Cook's second voyage in the 18th century, and in conceptualizations of Australian identity from the colonial period to the mid-20th century writing of historians such as Hancock, Barnard and Manning Clark. The second half of the essay traces the repetition of the same metaphors in the theories of de Certeau and Baudrillard, and in the writings of contemporary Australian critics, including McKenzie Wark, Ross Gibson and Paul Carter.
Up the Down Staircase: Australasia in the `Pacific Century'
Authors: Palat Ravi Arvind
Published: March 2007

Since the end of the Second World War, the Australasian economies have fared poorly relative both to the high-income states of western Europe and North America and to the `miracle' economies strung along the Pacific coasts of Asia. This article attempts to analyze the post-war trajectories of antipodean economies in the context of the reconstruction of the world market under US hegemony after the end of the Second World War. The first section traces the rise of Japan and the emergence of Pacific Asia as a consolidated nexus of densely interwoven patterns of relational networks. The second section examines how ongoing processes of capitalist restructuring undermined the Asian miracle economies. Finally, the last section seeks to analyze the causes for the disproportionately adverse impact that processes of worldwide transformation have had for the two antipodean settler states.
Metropolitan Rhythms: A Preface to a Musical Philosophy for the New World
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: March 2007

The most important structural feature of the music of the New World is its often-time polyrhythmic and polymetrical character. This is also a key to unlocking the nature of social form and democratic persona in the diasporic and settler metropolises of the New World. In such settings, composers and musicians working with simultaneous temporalities, lines, groups, textures and characters offer intimations of a just totality for culturally fragmented societies.
Art and Myth: Adorno and Heidegger
Authors: Roberts David
Published: March 2007

The article examines Adorno and Heidegger's contrasting conceptions of art and myth in relation to their reading of western history since the Greeks and to German thinking on the relation between nature and history since Kant. In Part I Adorno's lecture `The Idea of Natural History' (1932), which draws on Lukács's Theory of the Novel and Benjamin's The Origin of German Tragic Drama and is conceived as a response to Heidegger's fundamental ontology in Being and Time, serves as focus for the interrelation between myth, origin and repetition in western history, construed as the forgetting of nature (Adorno) or the forgetting of Being (Heidegger). In Part II, the question of the remythologization or the demythologization of art in Benjamin, Heidegger and Adorno is examined in the context of aesthetic modernism.
Gender on a Jagged Edge
Authors: ERICKSON BONNIE H. , ALBANESE PATRICIA , DRAKULIC SLOBODAN
Published: March 2007

The security industry has seen an influx of women in recent decades. Although some have been resegregated into relatively poorly rewarded jobs seen as suitable for women, some have found better jobs or jobs usually seen as “men's work.” We trace these variable outcomes to the flexibility of ideas about jobs and gender, the greater power of ideas about gender relationships, the tension between gender homophily and gender status expectations, relationships to clients and targets (people dealt with for the client), and client and target gender. Gender ideas, inequality, and segregation are both reproduced and revised in the security industry.
There's No Substitute
Authors: ROGERS JACKIE KRASAS
Published: March 2007

Recent scholarly attention has turned to the imbalance of work time in the United States. Although some workers experience overwork, others remain underemployed, often in contingent employment. School districts across the United States are experiencing shortages of substitute teachers, while regular teachers experience long workdays and significant work-family conflict. Without the ability to recruit more substitutes, many districts propose solutions to classroom coverage problems that involve a time transfer from a group of substitute teachers to regular teachers through reducing the districts' reliance on substitutes and extending teachers' work hours. Although substitutes who were interviewed expressed a desire for more teaching hours, they were constrained by their need to make a living either through multiple jobs or finding a higher wage job. This case study demonstrates the process through which a time transfer is proposed, contested by teachers, and ultimately adopted without challenging the disparities between these groups of teachers.
Client Contact and Emotional Labor
Authors: LIVELY KATHRYN J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of client contact on the emotional labor performed by paralegals employed in both consumer- and commercial-oriented law firms. Consumer-oriented law refers to specialties that deal primarily with the interests of corporations. The consumer-oriented paralegals in this study identified three themes in their interactions with clients that increased their likelihood of engaging in emotional labor: the clients' emotional states, clients' lack of knowledge regarding legal proceedings, and their own roles as organizational buffers. Whereas consumer-oriented paralegals are held to a higher standard of emotional labor performed for the benefit of clients, their increased level of substantive involvement may, in fact, release them from the emotional labor that commercial-oriented paralegals are required to perform for the benefit of attorneys.
Dynamics of Segregation and Earnings in Brown-collar Occupations
Authors: CATANZARITE LISA
Published: March 2007

Panel analyses of occupation-level data derived from Los Angeles census data elucidate both the limited labor market success of recent-immigrant Latinos and their potential impact on natives. The author investigates (a) trends in representation of newcomer Latinos in occupations that started with relatively undesirable characteristics and (b) pay degradation (for natives and immigrants) in occupations with strong overrepresentations of newcomer Latinos. Recent-immigrant Latinos increasingly concentrated in poorly paid, irregular occupations where same-gender coethnics were already overrepresented. For men, these were fields with low experience requirements; women's shifts appear unrelated to skill, suggesting increased occupational closure. Importantly, deepening marginalization of newcomer Latinos in brown-collar occupations was accompanied by depreciation in median pay for both immigrant and native incumbents, suggesting an occupation-level contributor to newcomer Latinos' decreasing relative earnings as well as an avenue by which immigrants may adversely affect native workers. Thus far, national, cross-sectional studies of pay penalties associated with ethnic composition have produced ambiguous results. Longitudinal analyses of one ethnic and/or immigrant group in a single local labor market increase understanding of the relation of earnings to minority composition in general.
Under What Conditions Do Long Work Hours Affect Psychological Distress?
Authors: GAREIS KAREN C. , BARNETT ROSALIND CHAIT
Published: March 2007

In a random sample of 98 full-time and reduced-hours female doctors in dual-earner couples with at least one child younger than 14, the authors ask whether objective work hours or perceived job demands better predict psychological distress and whether work hours or parent-role quality moderate the relationship between perceived job demands and psychological distress. Neither work hours nor perceived job demands predicted psychological distress, but another subjective indicator, schedule fit, did. Support was also found for family-related interaction effects; that is, good relationships with children buffered mothers from the negative effects that perceived job demands might otherwise have on psychological distress.
Athletic Personnel in the Academic Marketplace
Authors: Loy John W. , Sage George H.
Published: March 2007

The connection between organizational prestige and career contingencies is well documented with respect to the academic stratification system in American higher education. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the relationship between organizational prestige and career mobility of scholars obtains in the case of another group of individuals in the academic community. namely, college coaches. Findings showed a close relationship between organizational prestige and career contingencies of coaches and suggested that the interorganizational mobility patterns of collegiate athletic personnel are similar to those of collegiate academic personnel in various disciplines.
Professional Identity and Interaction
Authors: McKeon John , Gillham James , Bersani Carl
Published: March 2007

Past work has shown that professionals have different patterns of interpersonal contacts in different settings. Verbal defining constitutes one unstudied aspect ofsuch contacts. This article uses certam attributes of a juvenile court setting to formulate hypotheses on the relative importance of 6 measures of professional identity and 10 kinds of defining. Pearson and canonical correlations support 14 of the 16 hypotheses in that juvenile court. These results point to the utility of a situational approach to professional identity and defining.
The Effect of Technology on Alienation from Work
Authors: HULL FRANK M. , FRIEDMAN NATHALIE S. , ROGERS THERESA F.
Published: March 2007

This article presents new evidence on the effect of technology on alienation from work that is pertinent to Blauner's inverted U-curve hypothesis. One data set permits comparative analysis at the organizational level and addresses a gap in the literature on worker alienation because most research uses individual level data grouped by industrial categories. This organizational level approach is applied to individual level data on retrained union printers to analyze the impact of automation on the work of skilled craftsmen. Humanization of work in postindustrial society is examined. The relationship between technological advance and alienation is more negatively linear than curvilinear.
Ritual Evaluation of Competence
Authors: HAAS JACK , SHAFFIR WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Neophyte uncertainty and adaptations to it are themes found in studies of socialization into various professions. Students experience ritual ordeals of uncertainty and perceive that professionalization involves learning to enact a symbolic role that meets others' expectations. For students, both in traditional medical schools and in an innovative school we studied, professionalization involves selective learning and careful self-presentations to convince legitimating audiences of an appropriately developing competence and trustworthiness. It is argued that students we studied display such professionalization somewhat earlier in their careers than do students in traditional programs.
Transferred Jobs
Authors: SELL RALPH R.
Published: March 2007

Migration and occupational change in the contemporary United States are often explained as reflecting an impersonal market process whereby geographic differences in wages and salaries motivate persons to overcome a reluctance to change both jobs and place of residence. Little is known about job-related migration in which employers directly control this process by linking employment and opportunity structures at origin and destination locations. Based on the 1973 to 1977 Annual Housing Surveys of the United States, about 800,000 household heads were relocated annually by their employers. This suggests that the rate of relocations has doubled since the early 1960s. The income and education levels associated with relocated household heads indicated that job transfers are most likely to occur among the higher socioeconomic status occupations but nonetheless appear to be frequent at all levels. The increasing frequency of job transfers suggests the increasing use of direct labor allocation and corporate management through socialization and selection. Further research on corporate relocation practices and policies is suggested.
Governmental Constraints and Labor Market Mobility
Authors: ABBOTT ANDREW , SMITH D. RANDALL
Published: March 2007

The recent interest in the effects of labor markets upon mobility has tended to overlook the impact of governmental equity constraints. One market with such constraints is that for college coaches, a market subject to both Title IX and EEO regulations. In this article data from over 15,000 coaching and administrative positions are analyzed. The results suggest that as with findings from other studies, a bifurcation of this market may be occurring. Consistent with the intent of Title IX, the number of positions coaching and administering women's athletics has increased. However, contrary to the intent of EEO regulations, the probability of filling a vacant position is not equal across the sexes. These ambiguous developments in the market may reflect ambiguities in governmental equity constraints, as well as supply factors and general trends in the sexual composition of occupations.
Work-Nonwork Contexts and Orientations to Work
Authors: HEDLEY R. ALAN
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of Australian industrial workers in four factories permits a crucial test of whether the immediate work context or social context explains the variation in general and specific orientations toward work. The analysis reveals remarkable similarities in response despite significant differences in employer, technology, and organization structure, and in the demographic and labor force characteristics of the two cities in which the factories are located. Two variables (social origin and occupational level), occurring prior to employment, are more pronounced in their effects on work orientations than the immediate work and social contexts. The study concludes that there is more similarity than dissimilarity in work orientations, a result explained by both the mandatory aspect of work and the similarity with which contemporary industrial bureaucratic enterprises are organized.