bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Soil Nutrient Regime for Black Spruce in the Ontario Claybelt by Fertilization
Authors: Timmer V. R. , Ray P. N.
Published: February 2014

Fertilization screening trials testing a standard NPK application were conducted in 29 mature black spruce stands growing on diverse Claybelt sites. The objective was to evaluate several methods of predicting soil nutrient regime, and validate a nutrient-related ordination axis of the regional Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) system. Diagnosis by vector analysis of current needle responses in dry weight and macronutrient concentration and content suggested that of all nutrients added N was most limiting for black spruce growth. Potential fertilizer response was measured by the change in unit needle N uptake (content) occurring in the first season after treatment. Significant increases (as high as 63% over the control) were detected in about half the trials suggesting that the stands were established on sites varying in soil fertility. Foliar N response was subsequently correlated against more rapid predictors of site productivity such as stand growth parameters site index, stem analysis, and chemical analysis of unfertilized soil and foliage. Of these only measures of fall-sampled, current needle N content correlated adequately (r = −0.72) with potential fertilizer response. This response factor was also significantly correlated (r = 0.71) with the coordinate values of the FEC-ordination diagram indicative of site nutrient regime, supporting evidence that the axis reflects a continuum of soil N availability. Key words: Nitrogen, foliar analysis, response prediction, site evaluation, forest fertilization, Picea mariana
Establishing Forest Cover on Winter Landings in the Central Interior of British Columbia
Authors: Arnott J. T. , Carr W. W. , Waines A. C.
Published: February 2014

In 1979, 1-0 container-grown and 2-0 bareroot lodgopole pine, Pinus contorta var latifolia (Engelm.), seedlings were planted on 20 winter landings using conventional and soil-auger planting techniques. Seedling survival and growth were assessed at the end of the first and fifth growing seasons and compared with the growth of naturally regenerated lodgepole pine seedlings on the adjacent cutover areas. Foliar nutrient content, soil bulk density, and soil nutrient pool were also compared between the two areas.Auger planting significantly improved early survival of bareroot stock but had no effect on initial survival rate of container-grown seedlings. The planting method had no significant effect on subsequent growth of either stock type. However, growth of seedlings that were planted on the landings was significantly poorer than that of natural regeneration on the adjacent cutovers. Higher soil density and a significantly reduced soil nutrient pool contributed one third and two thirds, respectively, to this observed growth reduction. Such results suggest that some form of site rehabilitation should be considered if planted trees are to reach their full growth potential on these landings.
A Fifth Generation Approach to Problem-Solving in Forest Mensuration and Sampling
Authors: Titus S. J. , Adams W. S.
Published: February 2014

A new problem-solving methodology, based on fifth generation computer programming languages, is presented for use in forestry or other technically-oriented fields. It is based on the integration of exposition, data, and computer programs into a single document that is processed by the computer to produce a report. With this methodology the report, a text file, provides a central focus for the problem-solving process as it happens rather than being a reconstruction after the fact. The methodology exploits the capability of a fifth generation language, the Nested Interactive Array Language (Nial), to interpret programs and expressions written in a form close to natural language. Nial's powerful general-purpose analysis capabilities facilitate better understanding of the solution process rather than obscuring it, and the ease with which new operations can be defined in a problem-oriented context allows the casual programmer access to powerful tools for solving new problems.
Forestry Practices in Québec and Ontario in Relation to Moose Population Dynamics
Authors: Crête Michel
Published: February 2014

Abundant forage, particularly twigs of deciduous species, represents the key element of K carrying capacity for moose. Forest fires previously created such quality habitat, while timber harvest should now play a comparable role. Management units for moose habitat should cover 40-50 km2. Hunting and predation represent the regulating factors of most moose populations in Québec and Ontario, so that habitat is only lightly used. This situation poses difficulties in evaluating the role played by forestry practices on population dynamics; however the logging of a new area, which creates accessibility and removes much cover, greatly exposes moose to hunting until regrowth again provides a visual screen. Moreover, the increasing use of herbicide in forestry, to eliminate deciduous species, represents a potential threat for moose habitat.
Le développement de peuplements de conifères sur une période de 50 ans après la coupe
Authors: Vézina Paul-E. , Falardeau Hélène
Published: February 2014

Three stands respectively composed of black spruce, black spruce and balsam fir and a mixture of spruce, fir and boreal hardwoods originating from a clear cut, have been periodically measured over 50 years in the Saguenay region, Québec. Except for a pure stand of black spruce which never reached the same volume it had before the cut, the characteristics of the species composition and of merchantable volume were basically the same, but the trees were smaller and in greater number. This paper presents the forecasted production at 50 years derived from regeneration observations and their influence on the yield calculation in forest management. Key words : Development, production, black spruce. balsam fir.
It's Time The Best Kept Secret Was Revealed
Authors: Herrick Carson A. , Murphy Peter J.
Published: February 2014

Foresters have long recognized the need for better forestry education for our youth. The Junior Forest Wardens and Les Clubs 4-H du Quebec are proven, effective programs which can help us achieve our goals if we accept the challenge and support the development of these national opportunities.
Forestry Education in China
Authors: Murphy Peter J. , Roberts Ralph W.
Published: February 2014

The administration of forestry activities in the People's Republic of China is centrally controlled through the Ministry of Forestry. Forestry education is planned and carried out as an adjunct to the national plan for forestry to meet specific human resource needs. Their educational delivery system is analogous to that in Canada with programs offered at vocational, technical, and bachelors degree levels, and graduate studies for both Masters and Ph.D. degrees at selected universities and colleges. However, recruitment of students, assignment to specialties, and placement of graduates offer interesting contrasts.
Consistency of Cone Production in Individual Red Pine
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

A plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) produced heavy cone crops in 1970 and 1984. Established at 6.5 × 6.5 m, the stand was 18-years old in 1970 and still open-grown; crowns were closed before 1984. Cone production at the two dates was compared for 28 trees. While total production was similar for 1970 and 1984, distribution within the sample differed. Although 18% of the trees maintained their rank in 1984, some large changes in production ranking took place from one crop to the next. Despite a tendency at both dates for crop size to increase with current dbh, exceptions were evident and the largest trees did not necessarily bear the most cones. Crop size in 1970 was the variable most closely associate with 1984 crop size and was significantly correlated with it independently 1984 dbh. High cone production did not seem to depress tree growth, based on a comparison of 1970-72 basal area increment of more versus less prolific cone bearers. Before a stand has borne its first good cone crop, expectations for highest yields would have to be based on tree size. For subsequent crops, previous production by individuals would be the best guide. The two top cone bearers far surpassed all others in both crop years and would be the first individuals selected for seed trees in a seed production area.
Avantages et Faisabilité de l'Épandage Forestier des Boues Résiduaires
Authors: Grenier Yvon , Couillard Denis
Published: February 2014

A literature review brings some evidences that wastewater sludge disposal in the forest is technically feasible since specialized machines have been designed for this purpose. Sludge utilization could be a part of a forest management plan where this particular form of fertilization would take place during silviculture operations. Additional height yields of 350% after 4 months growth with seedlings and 250% after 3 years with young plants have been observed showing that forest fertilization with wastewater sludge is beneficial. The use of agricultural land only for disposal of the sludge production of a municipality may be inadequate; wooded areas can be used as complementary surfaces to maximize the recycling of this new resource, the sludge. Key words: forest fertilization, forest management, spreading machinery, wastewater, sludge.
Regeneration Silviculture of Aspen
Authors: Doucet René
Published: February 2014

Factors affecting the regeneration of aspen are reviewed. In many cases, complete clearcutting will ensure prompt restocking at a satisfactory level without the need for further treatment. However aspen has traditionally been underutilized, and this led to the development of decadent stands. Special treatments may be needed to regenerate them. Moreover, aspen has such a large range that regional adaptations may be necessary for consistent success. Clonal differences have been used to a small extent to improve natural stands through silvicultural manipulations, but the potential of such techniques is low, as opposed to the use of genetic variations to develop more productive hybrids.
Validation of an Index System for Estimating Fireline Production With Handtools
Authors: Murphy Peter J. , Quintilio Dennis , Woodard Paul M.
Published: February 2014

Production of hand-constructed fireline was simulated in 32 forest cover types and three slash fuel types in the boreal forest of northern Alberta. A total of 47 double trials were conducted in these 35 fuel types. The first trial simulated an initial attack situation, and the second a sustained attack situation. The results were used to test the validity of the fireline production index developed by Murphy and Quintilio (1978). Correlation coefficients between predicted and measured fireline production rates were 0.93 for initial attack simulations and 0.95 for sustained attack simulations. However, the predicted rates were consistently lower than observed rates, largely because of the methodologies used in classifying resistance categories, and the "over-achieving" syndrome common to participants in behavioral studies. We conclude the index is useful in providing consistent and desirably conservative estimates of handline production rates. These estimates could be adapted for operational application in other regions if they are verified for local conditions. Predictions will be further strengthened if based on data collected from actual fires rather than simulation tests.
Aerial Applications of Ethylene-Releasing Chemicals Fail to Promote Abscission of Dwarf Mistletoe Aerial Shoots on Jack Pine
Authors: Baker F. A. , Knowles K. , Meyer T. R. , French D. W.
Published: February 2014

The ethylene-releasing chemical Cerone was applied in early August to two strands of jack pine infested with the lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe in northwestern Manitoba. Nine weeks after aerial application, Cerone failed to cause appreciable abscission of dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots, while almost 90% of the aerial shoots on branches treated from the ground had abscised. Ground application of Cerone could reduce spread of dwarf mistletoe by limiting seed production. Key Words: Arceuthobium, jack pine, chemical control
Maple Decline in Quebec: A Discussion of Possible Causes and the Use of Fertilizers to Limit Damage
Authors: Jones A. R. C. , Hendershot W. H.
Published: February 2014

A sudden increase in dieback of sugar maple has been measured in Quebec since 1982, threatening a $40-million industry and the livelihood of more than 10 000 syrup producers. Annual surveys show increasing defoliation, dieback, and mortality of sugar maple as well as damage to other species, including conifers. The heaviest mortality corresponds with locations where severe insect attacks, seasonal climatic extremes, low soil nutrient status and marginal sites for maple and the highest fallouts of wet acid sulfate and nitrate occur. In some areas of West Germany the link between air pollution and forest decline has been established to the satisfaction of most scientists and a program of forest fertilization to counteract the effects of pollution is now underday. Fertilization is an effective means of increasing the health and vigour of maples aiding them in overcoming stresses from natural and anthropogenic sources.
Forestry Education in Sweden
Authors: Bergqvist Göran , Sugg Allan , Downie Bruce
Published: February 2014

A brief history of Swedish forestry education is presented. The current structure of the different levels of the education and their respective institutions are described along with some reference to underlying themes and philosophy.
Traditional Sustained Yield Management: Problems and Alternatives
Authors: Walker John L.
Published: February 2014

Sustained yield has been a tenet of faith among foresters since forestry emerged as a profession. The concept developed during feudal times when foresters were primarily gamekeepers for landed aristocracy. When the industrial revolution put new demands on forests for fuelwood, foresters extended their "bag limits" to the trees, based on the perception that unregulated markets would result in forest devastation. Early foresters believed that governments must own or regulate forests to perpetuate timber resources. This belief is the basis for extensive public forests today in Canada, the United States and elsewhere. The vision of the early foresters was not reality, but many still cling to their erroneous notions.Markets can and do provide far better information than any sustained yield model about how forests should be managed. Net present value maximization without any sustained yield harvest flow constraints provides a superior way to manage forests and subjects the vision needed to plan for today and tomorrow to meaningful reality checks. Sustained yield constraints greatly distort attempts to measure the effects of alternative management practices for both timber and non-timber outputs.
Some Considerations in Modelling Private Woodlot Timber Supply
Authors: Clements S. E. , Jamnick M. S.
Published: February 2014

Private woodlot owners have diverse backgrounds, ownerships, and forest management objectives. Among these management objectives timber production may be of secondary importance. The diversity of forest landowners and ownerships results in considerable uncertainty in availability of timber from these lands. In this paper we use a literature review to identify the variables and techniques that are important to determining timber supply from private woodlots. We also discuss how models designed for timber supply analyses under a single owner objective are invalid for modelling private woodlot timber supply, and suggest ways to modify existing timber supply models to incorporate ownership variability.
A Forestry Canada Approach to Environmental Forestry
Authors: Hall J. Peter , Carlson L. W. , Dube D. E.
Published: February 2014

The continued use and development of the forest environment requires that it be treated in a manner that ensures sustainable development. The forest ecosystem available for commercial exploitation has been shown to be finite and human intervention on a large scale is needed to replace, renew and rehabilitate these forests. An environmental forestry research program must have as its goal a sustainable forest. To attain this, research must be conducted on the forest ecosystem, on monitoring and characterizing the forest, on protecting the forest and on renewing the forest. This constitutes the Forestry Canada program. This research will assist in the development of practices needed for the healthy functioning of the forest ecosystem, for industrial forest management, recreational forestry and the preservation of our forests for future generations. Forestry Canada has made major contributions in the whole field of environmental protection of the forest ecosystem. The examples presented here demonstrate Forestry Canada's commitment to environmentally-sound forest management practices. Those practices allow development of the forest for the benefit of all Canadians and for the forest.
Research for People – IDRC's Experience in Forestry Research
Authors: Webb Derek
Published: February 2014

Changing perceptions of the importance of trees and forests in the developing world are, in turn, stimulating increased activity in forest research. Within this context, the role of the International Development Research Center (IDRC) in supporting such research over nearly two decades is described. IDRC's approach is quite different from that of most donor agencies. Its philosophy is based on two over-riding concepts; first, that the research it supports should benefit the poor people of the world; and. second, that the research should be planned and carried out by scientists of the developing countries. Drawing on past experience, alternative strategies for future support are discussed.
Vegetation Management by Manual and Mechanical Means in Alberta Boreal Forests
Authors: Ehrentraut G. , Branter K.
Published: February 2014

Vegetation management by non-chemical means is most critical and effective during site preparation as well as after crop establishment. A key to successful reforestation has been quality site preparation followed by planting. In Alberta's boreal forests, three methods of site preparation have proven very successful in controlling vegetation competition and ensuring good regeneration results :1. Double Discing : controls grass and deciduous species on moist sites;2. Marttiini Plow : controls deciduous species on moist-to-wet sites;3. Ripper Plow: controls deciduous species on wet sites.
Effect of Tree Spacing, Cone Storage, and Prechilling on Germination of Picea glauca Seed
Authors: Caron G. E. , Wang B. S. P. , Schooley H. O.
Published: February 2014

Cones were collected in 1984 at the time of natural seed dissemination from 18 open-pollinated, 30-year-o!d white spruce (Picea glauca(Moench) Voss) trees at 1.2, 2.4, and 4.9 m spacings in a demonstration seed production area at Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Cones were stored in a well-ventilated building for 2 to 6 weeks before seed extraction.Cones length, full-seed-yield per cone, and full-seed weight were greatest for cones collected from trees at the 1.2 m spacing. When cones were stored for 2 weeks, non-prechilled and prechilled seeds averaged 32.0 ± 1.0% [Formula: see text] and 62.3 ± 1.0% germination, respectively. When cones were stored for 6 weeks, non-prechilled and prechilled seeds averaged 61.3 ± 1.2% and 94.7 ± 0.5% germination, respectively. The higher germination percentage, germination rate, and lower tree to tree variation for prechilled seeds from cones stored for 6 weeks indicate that seed maturation was promoted by post-harvest cone storage prior to seed extraction. Average seed dormancy remained about the same from 2 to 6 weeks of storage; however, seeds from some trees became more dormant with the storage whereas those from others became less dormant. Relationship between seed weight and germination was weak. Key words: Cone storage, seed prechilling, germination percentage, germination rate, seed maturation, seed dormancy, seed weight, seed sorting.
Effets de l'éclaircie précommerciale et de la fertilisation sur un gaulis de 10 ans à dominance de bouleau jaune
Authors: Robitaille Lise , Sheedy Gilles , Richard Yvon
Published: February 2014

One yellow birch was selected every 4.5 metres in a sugar maple-yellow birch sapling stand, and released from competition by removing all stems whose crown extended into a column of equal radius (R) from the stump to the top of the tree. The experiment comprises three studies and includes four thinning intensities (R=0 m, R=0,5 m, R= 1,0 m, R= 1,5 m) and five fertilization treatments (three with N-P-K and two with N). Dbh, story and natural pruning data were taken on 2 258 yellow birches distributed in 48 sample plots; heights were measured on 10 per 100 of the trees.Five years later, the results of the three studies show that dbh growth increased with thinning intensity and tree dominance; for the heavy release (R15) the dbh increment is 3.9 cm for the dominants, 3.1 cm for the codominants and 2.6 cm for the intermediates. However, heavy release interferes temporarily with natural pruning.The presence of N and K increased in the foliage of yellow birch with fertilization but height increment was not affected and diameter increment was slightly higher with the moderate release (R10). Key words: Sapling, thinning, crop-tree release, fertilization, growth, natural pruning, Betula alleghaniensis (Britt.).
Development and Current Status of Bacillus thuringiensis for Control of Defoliating Forest Insects
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen K.
Published: February 2014

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring bacterium that is now widely used for control of spruce budworm and several other defoliating forest insects in Canada. It took more than 25 years of research and development to bring Bt from first experimental use in the early 1960s into full operational use in the mid 1980s. Critical to this process was the adoption of HD-1 for commercial use, the standardization of formulations based on international units, and the development of higher potency products. An increase in product potency from 4 BIU/L in the early 1970s to 16.9 BIU/L in the mid 1980s, concomittant with improvements in formulation and application technology, reduced treatment costs while at the same time improving reliability of efficacy. A shift in political climate pushed Bt into operational use by 1985. Since then, Bt has been used in more than half of all spruce budworm control programs. The use of high-potency formulations (12.7 to 16.9 BIU/L) applied undiluted at 30 BIU in 2.4 L/ha or less has significantly reduced but not eliminated initial constraints of high treatment costs and inconsistent efficacy. Current research is focussed on further reducing these constraints. In the short term, registration of formulations containing 25 BIU/L or more is expected to permit application of reduced dosages in less than 1 L/ha and to clear the way for adoption of a split application scheme to increase reliability of efficacy. Selection and commercialization of more effective strains and the enhancement of natural strains by genetic or genetic engineering techniques offer exciting prospects for improvements in the longer term.
La Mise en Marché du Bois en Forêt Privée : Une Question d'Attitude?
Authors: Gravel Régent
Published: February 2014

The marketing of roundwood from private non-industrial forests is one of the main activity for the private woodlot owners. This article identifies factors influencing their negotiating power. The analysis of the Finnish roundwood marketing system focuses on the strategy taken by the private owners to increase their economics and social conditions. The success of the strategy lies in the flexibility of the selling process, the quality of information, the responsibilities of private owners' organisations and in the involvement of private owners in the forest industry. Securing a fair wood price and guaranteed wood sales create appropriate conditions for intensive forest management on small private woodlots. Key words: Roundwood marketing, attitude, negotiating power, selling processes, organisations' responsibilities, Co-op Metsäliitto, woodlot owners implication
An Assessment of White Spruce Tree Volume Equations in Canada
Authors: Morton R. T. , Grabowski T. I. , Titus S. J. , Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

In 1985, a survey of nine provinces and two territories was conducted to summarize operational tree volume estimation methods. Based on those results, six tree volume estimation functions were evaluated to answer the question: can a single model be used nation-wide for tree volume estimation? The six models were fitted to nation-wide data for 980 white spruce trees distributed nearly equally among the provinces and territories. Based on goodness of fit statistics and analysis of residuals, Schumacher's (1933) model and the Quebec combined variable model performed marginally better than the others. Further, the analyses did not reveal any significant differences between territories and provinces. It appears that any of these models could be applied to broad regions of Canada without suffering significant losses in accuracy.
Quality of eastern white pine 10 years after damage by logging
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: February 2014

Ten years after a logging operation, eight kinds of logging wounds (four made by skidders and four made by falling trees) persisted on residual eastern white pine, 55-80 years old at the time of logging. Forty percent of wounds had advanced decay and 90% had wood stains (some of which represented incipient decay) associated with them. Skidder scrapes that extended to the ground and broken tops were the most frequent entrance courts for wood-decay fungi. The largest average decay columns, 2.9% of gross merchantable volumes, were present in trunk scrapes resulting from trees that had fallen against residual trees. Haematostereum sanguinolentum and Coniophora puteana were the most frequent causes of wound decay.
Could marten become the spotted owl of eastern Canada?
Authors: Thompson Ian D.
Published: February 2014

Conservation of spotted owl habitat in western North America illustrates the difficult decisions that must be taken and the conflicts that can arise in land-use planning. In eastern North America, spotted owls are absent but marten, an animal species which prefers old-growth forest, has become rare in some areas as a result of habitat loss. The marten is a threatened species in Newfoundland, exists in small numbers in Nova Scotia, and has been extirpated in Prince Edward Island. Lack of long-term integrated forest resource planning, short rotations, and silvicultural practices that produce sub-optimal habitat may eliminate the species in Atlantic Canada. Two cases are discussed from Newfoundland and New Brunswick where unbalanced forest age structures suggest a bleak future for the marten. Other larger jurisdictions in Canada should closely examine their forest land management plans in view of the Atlantic experience.
Survival and growth of four amabilis fir stock types on Vancouver Island
Authors: Pendl F. T. , D'Anjou B. N.
Published: February 2014

Four stock types of amabilis fir (Abies amabilis) planted on Vancouver Island were compared for root growth capacity and field performance. Initial root growth capacity ratings and field performance of the stock types after five years differed significantly. Ranking the stock types by decreasing survival, stem height and diameter: 1 + 1 PBR 211 (89.4%, 78 cm, 15.7 mm), 1 + 0 PSB 313 (79.7%, 73 cm, 13.8 mm), 1 + 0 PSB 211 (76.8%, 66 cm, 12.9 mm) and 2 + 0 BR (58.9%, 59 cm, 11.0 mm). Given current nursery and planting costs and survival rates, the 1 + 0 PSB 313 and 211 are least expensive reforestation options, the 2 + 0 BR and 1 + 1 PBR 211 the most expensive. Root form of samples of each stock type lack well developed tap and lateral roots with root spiralling evident in the styroblock stock. Key words: Amabilis fir, stock types, bareroot, styroblock plugs
Afforestation of Former Farmland with High-value Hardwoods
Authors: Althen F. W. von
Published: February 2014

For satisfactory growth, most high-value hardwood species demand a deep, fertile, moist but well drained soil. Intensive competition control during the early years after planting is a necessity. Close spacing is recommended, with gradual release of crop trees to promote high-quality stem development. For good hardwood growth on soils of marginal fertility or poor drainage or on sites where intensive management cannot be guaranteed, it is recommended that a mixture of several hardwood species be planted.
Agroforestry Research and Extension Needs For Northeastern North America
Authors: Lassoie J. P. , Teel W. S. , Davies Jr. K. M.
Published: February 2014

Most farms in the Northeast include wooded areas that exist either as woodlots, plantations, or fence rows. However, the degree to which these areas support a particular farm is highly variable — some being largely ignored, others contributing significantly to the farm's economic well-being. The current economic plight and ecological problems facing the agricultural sector across North America are forcing many farmers to look for alternatives to traditional farming and forestry practices. One possibility is the greater integration of trees directly into the farming system through the adoption of various agroforestry principles and practices. Promoting the adoption of agroforestry by farmers in the Northeast, however, will require developing new research data bases and modifying current extension delivery systems. Suggestions for accomplishing both are provided in this paper based on an assessment of the potential for agroforestry in New York State. Key words: Agroforestry, tree crops, nut trees, technology transfer, Cooperative Extension, marginal lands
Multiple use on marginal land: A case for cattle and loblolly pine
Authors: Harwell R. L , Dangerfield Jr. C. W.
Published: February 2014

Almost 20 million non-forest, cropland acres in the south-eastern United States can be classified as marginal. Demand projections for forest products call for a 40% increase by year 2030. Recently more land is being logged than regenerated. Land multiple use management, combining trees, cattle and wildlife, adjusts cash flows forward mitigating negative cash flow period associated with conventional forest production. Profit opportunities for smaller landowners are increased. Modification of tree population and spacing, allowing inclusion of hay and pasture, increases net present value (NPV) of agroforestry over traditional forestry. Model results show an increase in NPV from $554 to $948 per acre when beef cattle are added to loblolly pines on marginal lands. Key words: agroforestry, pines, cattle, NPV, multiple use
An Iowa Demonstration of Agroforestry: Short-Rotation Woody Crops
Authors: Colletti J. P. , Schultz R. C. , Mize C. W. , Hall R. B. , Twarok C. J.
Published: February 2014

Results of a "wood-for-energy" demonstration and research study are presented. Three short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) systems were planted in 1986 on an old agriculture field. One system has a one-year rotation and a 0.3 × 0.3 m spacing. The second has a 3-5 year rotation and a 1.8 × 0.9 m spacing, and the last has a 7-10 year rotation and a 1.8 × 1.8 m spacing. Three different Populus clones and sliver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) were used for the systems. All plantings, except the annual system, were 0.2 ha in size. Site preparation included discing, rototilling, and application of pre-emergent herbicides. Planting was done with a conventional single row tree planter, with the exception of the wood grass, which was hand planted. Early growth and yield varied by system and were affected by severe drought conditions in 1988 and 1989. Average height and diameter growth for the first three years were significantly greater for the two Populus clones than for the silver maple. For the annually harvested 0.3 × 0.3 m system, the average yields were 7.2, 9.2, 9.4, and 6.6 dry metric tons per ha (dmt ha−1 yr−1) from 1986 to 1989. Populus clones NC-5326 and NC-5328 in the 1.8 × 0.9 m system produced similar yields since establishment in 1986. After the first four growing seasons, there was a moderate difference in growth and yield between the Populus clones in the 1.8 × 1.8 m system. The NC-5326 produced 50% more than NC-5328. The annual system was costly to establish, with costs exceeding $7,069 ha−1 The 1986 establishment costs were $1,648 ha−1 or the Populus clones and $1,665 ha−1 for silver maple, both included in the 1.8 × 0.9 m system. In comparison, a 1987 planting of this system had a 18% reduction in costs. The 1986 establishment costs for the 18 × 1 8 m system were $1,023 ha−1for the Populus clones and $1,038 ha−1for silver maple, with a 23% cost savings in a 1987 planting. Pest problems were limited to a cottonwood leaf beetle infestation in the summer of 1987, which was easily controlled with a pesticide. Early growth and yields are encouraging given the severe drought conditions of 1988 and 1989. Moreover, the cost reductions from subsequent plantings (1987) indicate a trend towards cost-efficient short-rotation woody crop systems producing biomass for energy in the Iowa agricultural landscape.
Present trends and future prospects for poplar utilization in Alberta
Authors: Ondro W. J.
Published: February 2014

Between 1980 and 1990, poplar (mainly trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx.) harvested on Crown and private lands in Alberta increased from 2.4 to 24.7% of the total harvest. In 1987-90, three oriented strandboard mills used more than 40% of the 1.4 million m3 of annual harvest of poplar from Crown and private lands. By the year 2000, the poplar harvest of five pulp and paper mills to be built between 1990 and 2000 is expected to reach about 8.5 million m3. By then, the pulp and paper industry will use about four-fifths of all poplar cut in Alberta.
Structure et croissance de peuplements d'épinette noire issus de régénération préétablie, une quarantaine d'années après coupe au Lac Saint-Jean, Québec
Authors: Morin Hubert , Gagnon Réjean
Published: February 2014

Age, height and diameter distribution as well as height and diameter growth were studied in ten mesic black spruce stands originating from advance growth, forty years after cutting. All sampled stands showed a negative exponential type age structure. The majority of the trees were of layer origin established in the mature stands that were cut in the 1930's or 1940's. The sampled trees were generally distributed among numerous height and diameter classes. According to stem analysis, the ten sampled stands can be separated into two distinct groups based on their height growth performance, following the drainage pattern. Mean annual height and diameter increments were comparable to those described in yield tables for natural black spruce stands. Sites with adequate stocking and density should thus give good volumes. Stands of advance growth origin have the advantage of possessing some trees with a certain height immediately after the cutting. However, they are generally highly variable in diameter and height classes which can be an inconvenience in wood processing
Pathogens as agents of diversity in forested landscapes
Authors: Kamp Bart J. van der
Published: February 2014

It is argued that native forest pathogens may be viewed as major agents of spatial and temporal diversity, responsible for the creation of a number of special habitats, and influencing the speed and direction of succession as well as the structure of the climax forest. Although their influence is detrimental to most common purposes of management, the result of their action may occasionally be beneficial.
Legislative and policy limits to successful integrated pest management in Canada's forests
Authors: Thomson Alan J. , Fleming Richard
Published: February 2014

The manner in which integrated pest management (IPM) in forestry is constrained by legislation and policy is discussed. Legislation and policy constraints may override biological considerations in determining the course of IPM, and can have implications for information requirements and predictive abilities beyond the capacity of the agencies involved in the IPM program. One piece of legislation may limit the methods available to meet the requirements of other legislation and policies. Legislation, regulations and policies often overlook the requirement that considerable biological and ecological understanding of systems is essential for success, and do not ensure appropriate funding for their successful enactment. Scientists should develop inputs to the legislative and regulatory processes with the assistance of technology transfer specialists.
Europe 1992: Threat or opportunity for the Canadian forest products industry and implications for public policy
Authors: Stanbury W. T. , Vertinsky Ilan , Howard John L.
Published: February 2014

Structural and regulatory changes in Europe are expected to have major implications for the forest products industry and forestry in Canada. In this paper, the changes associated with the completion of the internal market of the European Community, the introduction of a new European forest policy, and structural, political and economic changes in eastern Europe are surveyed and their impacts on the demand and supply of forest products analyzed. The paper also explores the appropriate strategic responses of Canadian firms. The paper concludes with the implications of the political and economic changes brought about by Europe 1992 for public policy.
Forest site classification in New Brunswick
Authors: Bowling Colin , Zelazny Vincent
Published: February 2014

Six site classification field guides covering nine site regions were published in March, 1989. They completed the design phase of a province-wide site classification program begun in 1981. The site classification system is designed as an on-site, preharvest assessment tool for use in mature and overmature natural stands. It incorporates easily recognizable vegetation and soil characteristics to classify each stand into a Vegetation Type (VT), a Soil Type (ST), and a Treatment Unit (TU). Forest management and silvicultural interpretations are given for each TU, with the primary interpretation being site productivity.
The current status of forest site classification in Ontario
Authors: Sims R. A. , Uhlig P.
Published: February 2014

Forest sites are diagnostic forest-landscape ecosystem units that resource managers must deal with during the planning and implementation stages of management. Forest sites are the basic building blocks for undertaking integrated resource management which weighs wildlife, recreation, environmental impact and various other concerns along with timber harvesting. Consequently, accurate and practical systems for classifying and mapping forest sites are becoming increasingly necessary to organize, communicate and use existing and new management knowledge and experience effectively.Over the past four decades in Ontario, a number of studies and resource surveys have provided important background information on forest sites. Many have considered, to varying extents, the integrative roles of vegetation, soil-site, landform and general climate on forests and forest land. Generally, the emphasis has been on description and classification, with results generating a better understanding of how various forests in different areas develop, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in relation to soil-site or other features of the basic land resource. Some of these studies and surveys have been instrumental in advancing the definitions and understanding of forested ecosystems. Others have provided new information on site dynamics, interrelationships and functions, or have contributed to the science (and art) of site evaluation and classification.This paper briefly summarizes the current status of forest site classification in Ontario. Over time, the role of forest site classification has evolved in response to new technologies and information, and to new emphases and values in resource management. In general, site classification research has become increasingly integrative and quantitative. Some of the important future challenges facing forest site classification in Ontario are briefly discussed. Key words: ecological land classification, forest ecology, forest ecosystem classification, forest management interpretations, forest site classification, land use planning, Ontario.
User information needs for forest management site classification in Manitoba
Authors: Wells Russell E.
Published: February 2014

Forest inventory in Manitoba reveals that considerable forest harvest expansion is possible because of present underutilization. Although underutilization does occur in some forest sections, Manitoba's 20-year forest management plan predicts shortages of softwood in currently utilized sections before the end of this decade. Better forest management is recognized as one way to overcome these expected shortages. Development of an effective forest management site classification system is seen as a necessary basis for this implementation. As a prerequisite to the development of such a system, current and future site classification information needs of professional management foresters in Manitoba were surveyed by means of a questionnaire and personal interviews. They were asked to identify the kinds of site classification information needed for different forest management programs and decisions, and to further qualify these in terms of location, scale and temporal suitability. Results of this survey indicate that a system involving both mapping and site-specific approaches is needed. Keywords: forest site classification, Manitoba, forest management, user needs, site mapping
Salicaceaefamily trees in sustainable agroecosystems
Authors: Licht Louis A.
Published: February 2014

Research at the University of Iowa is testing the ECOLOTREE BUFFER™, a prototype wooded buffer strip planted between a creek and row-cropped land with roots grown intentionally deep enough to intersect the near-surface water table. This project demonstrates that Populus spp. trees cultured by using this technique are both ecologically sustaining and productive. Measured data prove that nitrate is removed from near-surface groundwater and that the nitrogen uptake is present as protein in the leaves and the woody stems. The tree's physiological attributes contribute to a harvested value that can "pay its way"; these include fast wood growth, cut-stem rooting, resprouting from a stump, phreatophytic roots, and a high protein content in the leaves. The wooded riparian strip changes the local agroecosystem by reducing fertilizer nutrients causing surface water eutrophication, by diversifying wildlife habitat, by reducing soils erosion caused by wind and water, by diversifying the crop base, by creating an aesthetic addition in the landscape. This idea is a potential technique for managing non-point source pollutants created by modern farming practices. Key words: ECOLOTREE BUFFER™, Water Resources, Nitrate, Poplar, Non-point source pollution, Buffer strip Riparian, Groundwater Quality, Deep-rooting.
Influence du gauchissement de semis d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) produits en serre sur leur performance en plantation
Authors: Béland Martin , Lapierre Jean
Published: February 2014

Spiralization is a developmental deformation in winter greenhouse produced black spruce seedlings characterized by a drooping stem or portion of stem. During lignification, the seedling redresses but maintains part of its deformation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term effect of spiralization on the growth, survival and morphology of black spruce seedlings in order to determine to what degree the rejection of spiralized seedlings is justified. Field evaluation was undertaken on 2304 black spruce seedlings planted on three sites with different soil conditions in Abitibi, Québec. The seedlings were divided in the greenhouse into six stem deformation classes of varying intensities, including a control, and laid out on a randomized complete block design. From 1986, the year of plantation, to 1990, spiralization had little effect on height and diameter growth. However, severely deformed seedlings planted on a heavy-textured site suffered sufficiently high mortality rates to justify their rejection. Moreover, these seedlings developed a higher proportion of double leaders. The study suggests that systematic rejection of all classes of deformed seedlings, especially those in the less severe classes, is probably not justified. Key words: Spiralization, stem deformation, seedlings, planting, black spruce, greenhouse, early growth, mortality.
Biodiversity of Canadian forests: Current status and future challenges
Authors: Boyle T. J. B.
Published: February 2014

Biodiversity is a concept covering all levels of biological organization, including genes, species, and ecosystems. Few estimates of levels of biodiversity in Canadian forests have been made. It is likely that, in general, species and ecosystem diversity do not match those in forests of more southerly latitudes, but genetic diversity is probably comparable. Although conservation activities both within and outside the natural surroundings of a species are already extensive, further efforts are justified and the effectiveness of current efforts should be demonstrated.The impact of human disturbances on forest biodiversity must be assessed. Inappropriate forest harvesting operations can lead to habitat fragmentation and loss of ecosystem integrity. Revision of forest management systems may be required to conserve biodiversity, but comprehensive and integrated research programmes must be developed in different forest regions to provide the necessary scientific information which is currently lacking.
International aspects of biodiversity
Authors: Williams J. T.
Published: February 2014

Conservation of biodiversity is a global responsibility, and forest trees are a major part of the resources which have to be managed. We need to highlight what we do know and what we do not know about biodiversity. A number of research areas are described which need enhanced attention in order to adopt wise strategies for conservation and development.
Biotechnology and biodiversity — the interrelationships
Authors: Krugman Stanley L.
Published: February 2014

Although the two current high profile scientific fields of biotechnology and biodiversity have extremely different scientific foundations and philosophies, they are still closely interrelated. Useful forest biotechnology is dependent on the availability and maintenance of a broad genetic foundation. Such a foundation is best achieved over time by maintaining the biological diversity of natural systems. In contrast, it is conceivable that with the release of genetically engineered organisms, natural biological diversity could be negatively impacted. The possibility of such an influence will be discussed. Finally, the politics of the relationship between these two emerging scientific fields will be briefly reviewed.
Breeding strategies in a changing climate and implications for biodiversity
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Loo-Dinkins J. A.
Published: February 2014

Most global climate models predict a rapid increase in temperature over the next few decades as a result of elevated levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Although the resolution of the existing models is not sufficient to predict specific weather patterns for the Maritimes region, the predicted rate of change is such that forest tree populations will be unable to adapt fully to future conditions. If conventional rotation lengths are planned, presently adapted seedlings will be poorly adapted to the new conditions by the time of harvest. A three-pronged approach is proposed to mitigate the impact of climate change in the Maritimes: development of short rotation clonal forestry, testing and breeding for stability of genotypes over a range of climatic conditions, and collection, storage, and testing of native and non-native materials of potential value.