bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indexing exhaustivity and the computation of similarity matrices
Authors: Harding Alan F. , Willett Peter
Published: June 2007

Some of the automatic classification procedures used in information retrieval derive clusters of documents from an intermediate similarity matrix, the computation of which involves comparing each of the documents in the collection with all of the others. It has recently been suggested that many of these comparisons, specifically those between documents having no terms in common, may be avoided by means of the use of an inverted file to the document collection. This communication shows that the approach will effect reductions in the number of interdocument comparisons only if the documents are each indexed by a limited number of indexing terms; if exhaustive indexing is used, many document pairs will be compared several times over and the computation will be greater than when conventional approaches are used to generate the similarity matrix.
Another look at OCLC's potential for special libraries
Authors: Beasley Ruth Ann
Published: June 2007

The issue of OCLC benefits for special libraries is discussed in terms of “find rates.” A stratified random sample revealed that 21% of a special collection's holdings were in the OCLC data base and were scattered among 95 libraries. This low find rate is useful for documenting the uniqueness of the special collection and the lack of existing bibliographic control for such material. The study suggests that special libraries consider OCLC participation when find rates are low based on considerations other than cost savings for technical services.
An online information system for aggregate state and local area economic data
Authors: Renfro Charles G.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the design and development of the Kentucky Economic Information System. This system, which is the first of its particular type, is a public computer‐based data storage, retrieval, display, and analysis facility that has been developed in order to make aggregate economic data pertaining primarily to the state of Kentucky readily available to and easily usable by a wide variety of people. The system is currently resident on two separate computer networks and is accessible via a telecommunications terminal over an ordinary telephone line, as well as through local modes of access. The system consists of three integrated components: an extensive data‐base; software to permit storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of the data; and a user manual which not only explains how to use the system, but also provides detailed descriptions of the data, in terms of concepts, collection or construction methodology, and reliability. This article discusses the various considerations that underlie the design of the system, describes the system's present characteristics, briefly evaluates the development of the system, and points out how this system provides a prototype for the development of other economic database systems.
Patron use of an online circulation system in known‐item searching
Authors: Specht Jerry
Published: June 2007

Patron use of the University of Illinois' online circulation system (LCS) was studied by interviewing and observing sample patrons at public terminals. It was found that 56% of the “original known‐item searches” (searches in which the user had not obtained any information from the card catalog) were successful—with 16% failing as a result of error in using LCS—and that 86% of the “location searches” (searches in which the user had obtained the call number of the item from the card catalog and was looking for the location) were successful—with 8% failing as a result of error in using LCS. It was also found that the way in which graduate students use the system is significantly different from the way in which undergraduates use it. It is suggested that the greatest increase in user success per dollar expended is likely to come from the addition of online user aids. It is also suggested that the evaluation of patron use of online catalogs will continue to rely on sample interviews.
The application of a minicomputer to thesaurus construction
Authors: Kazlauskas Edward John , Holt Thomas D.
Published: June 2007

The use of a minicomputer in various phases of creating the thesaurus for the National Information Center for Special Education Materials (NICSEM) database is described. The minicomputer is used to collect, edit, and correct candidate thesaurus terms. The use of the minicomputer eases the process of grouping terms into files of similar concepts and facilitates the generation of products useful in vocabulary review and in term structuring. Syndetic relations, indicated by assigning coded identification numbers, are altered easily in the design phase to reflect restructuring requirements. Because thesaurus terms are already in machine‐readable form, it is simple to prepare print programs to provide permuted, alphabetic, hierarchical, and chart formatted term displays. Overall, the use of the minicomputer facilities initial thesaurus entry development by reducing clerical effort, editorial staff decisions, and overall processing times.
The library community at a technological and philosophical crossroads: Necessary and sufficient conditions for survival
Authors: Heilprin Laurence B.
Published: June 2007

The community consisting of libraries and library schools is examined for the probability of its long‐term survival in its recognizable present form. Evolution, especially the later human‐artificial stage, shows essential functions tending to continue but intense competition to determine which structures (self‐regulatory adaptive systems) will carry on those functions. The library community is a system that appears insufficiently equipped to compete adaptively over the long term. To be competitively invulnerable would require, in addition to carrying on its present essential functions, assumption of two new ones: (1) support of basic information science, including research leadership in the field, and (2) constant self‐renewal through some drastic form of continuing education, e.g., joint commitment by school and student to lifelong cyclic return to the school, following the first degree. (An example of such a competitively invulnerable community is the medical community.) Assumption of both new functions would be necessary and sufficient. More are not needed, but anything short of both would probably lead to absorption of functions and personnel of the library community by other, more competitively adaptive informational communities.
Library networks and resource sharing in the united states: An historical and philosophical overview
Authors: Stevens Norman D.
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the origins of library networks and traces their development in the United States in the late 1960s through the present. The concept of resource sharing, with particular attention to the interlibrary loan and programs for the cooperative acquisition and storage of materials, is examined in relationship to library networks. In particular, attention is given to the question of how these two major components of library cooperation, which have tended to be separate, might become more closely integrated.
Information and documentation in chile: Progress report. bibliography 1974‐1976
Authors: Freudenthal Juan R. , Fuentes HÉCtor GÓMez
Published: June 2007

This progress report focuses on contemporary developments in information and documentation in Chile and provides an annotated bibliography of sources published in Spanish between 1974 and 1978. While the 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of a national information system in Chile, the 1980s will see an improved foundation for old and new document subsystems as well as a closer coordination and faster integration of all types of information into the educational, industrial, and social mainstream of the country.
Implications of the exact bradford distribution
Authors: Morse Philip M.
Published: June 2007

The exact Bradford distribution fits data on the scatter of articles in a given specialty among journals remarkably well, perhaps better than the approximate form of the distribution. This implies certain tendencies of authors in the specialty to distribute their future articles among the journals, on the basis of the past productivity (the number of articles previously published) of the journals. In particular it is shown that if this tendency follows a Bradford law for each group of journals with a given past productivity, then the distribution of papers among all the journals active in the specialty must also follow the exact Bradford distribution. Conversely, since this distribution does fit the data, it implies that the authors' tendencies also are Bradford. The consequences, when the statistical situation is fairly constant with time, are explored. Applications to citation scattering also are discussed.
The brillouin measure of an author's contribution to a literature in psychology
Authors: Boyce Bert R. , Martin David
Published: June 2007

The Brillouin measure of an author's importance to a subject literature relates closely to that author's total contribution to the literature. Synthetic authors (those with negative entropy) are generally highly cited but citation ranking does not correlate well with synthetic strength. Synthetic authors do not concentrate in highly productive journals. The analysis is based on a 40‐year bibliography of the psychological phenomenon of extinction containing 894 distinct authors and 877 items.
The impact of interlibrary access to periodicals on subscription continuation/cancellation decision making
Authors: Warner Edward S.
Published: June 2007

The notion that interlibrary access to periodicals may influence subscription continuation/cancellation decision making is tested empirically in one academic library environment. In the case reported, the existence of an effective interlibrary access network has an apparent impact on faculty willingness to borrow rather than purchase some titles needed, in turn significantly impacting subscription continuation/cancellation decision making.
Transfer of information technology to less developed countries: A systems approach
Authors: Eres Beth Krevitt
Published: June 2007

Less developed countries (LDCs) need appropriate information technology to support indigenous scientific and technical activities. The importance of information to scientific and technical achievement has already been recognized. Still lacking is a systematic approach to information technology transfer which considers the specific socioeconomic conditions of the recipient country. The author suggests adaptation of general systems methodology to the design of technology transfer mechanisms. Prior research is required into areas such as the determination of levels and interaction of socioeconomic conditions and the information infrastructure.
Patterns in the use of information: The right to be different
Authors: Hall Homer J.
Published: June 2007

Axioms or priorities in the value of information are a dynamic function for each user which changes with the intended use. The viewpoints of users can frequently be grouped into related “dimensions of value”: what is chosen as most important in STI is quite different from the viewpoints of science, of technology, and the information itself. There are many such sets of interacting viewpoints. Values differ for use for information operations, for planning, or for research. Preferred information may be qualitative or judgmental and not quantitative, or subjective/intuitive and not rational. Other differences may depend on the environment of use, in government/industry/academia, in business/economics/statistics, or in the argument between public versus private versus the basic urge to know. Two dimensions in any of these sets is not enough and each has to some extent its own language, with characteristic shifts in the meanings of words. The recognition of patterns in value has a direct bearing on the conservation of the energy put into evaluation. Information analysis and evaluation can be envisioned as a pyramid of work where progressively smaller parts of the original are pointed at a desired target, by being pumped up through successively higher energy levels of selection and rejection. It is possible to convert part of this work into potential energy for future reference, but information systems designed to handle facts alone have a chronic problem: they try to convert all input on values into the quantitative dimension, and they make no provision for sending the user's opinion along with the product. Intractable conflicts in information policy can be expected whenever such a reduction in values is imposed upon a multidimensional pattern, if this allows one protagonist to deny to another the right to be different. Help can come from the user's learning to recognize his own changes in identity, and where his friends are.
Author cocitation: A literature measure of intellectual structure
Authors: White Howard D. , Griffith Belver C.
Published: June 2007

It is shown that the mapping of a particular area of science, in this case information science, can be done using authors as units of analysis and the cocitations of pairs of authors as the variable that indicates their “distances” from each other. The analysis assumes that the more two authors are cited together, the closer the relationship between them. The raw data are cocitation counts drawn online from Social Scisearch (Social Sciences Citation Index) over the period 1972–1979. The resulting map shows (1) identifiable author groups (akin to “schools”) of information science, (2) locations of these groups with respect to each other, (3) the degree of centrality and peripherality of authors within groups, (4) proximities of authors within group and across group boundaries (“border authors” who seem to connect various areas of research), and (5) positions of authors with respect to the map's axes, which were arbitrarily set spanning the most divergent groups in order to aid interpretation. Cocitation analysis of authors offers a new technique that might contribute to the understanding of intellectual structure in the sciences and possibly in other areas to the extent that those areas rely on serial publications. The technique establishes authors, as well as documents, as an effective unit in analyzing subject specialties.
The measurement of term importance in automatic indexing
Authors: Salton G. , Wu H. , Yu C. T.
Published: June 2007

The frequency characteristics of terms in the documents of a collection have been used as indicators of term importance for content analysis and indexing purposes. In particular, very rare or very frequent terms are normally believed to be less effective than medium‐frequency terms. Recently automatic indexing theories have been devised that use not only the term frequency characteristics but also the relevance properties of the terms. The major term‐weighting theories are first briefly reviewed. The term precision and term utility weights that are based on the occurrence characteristics of the terms in the relevant, as opposed to the nonrelevant, documents of a collection are then introduced. Methods are suggested for estimating the relevance properties of the terms based on their overall occurrence characteristics in the collection. Finally, experimental evaluation results are shown comparing the weighting systems using the term relevance properties with the more conventional frequency‐based methodologies.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. II. Simulation, examples, and results
Authors: Yovits M. C. , Foulk C. R. , Rose L. L.
Published: June 2007

This series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision‐making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision‐maker effectiveness, decision‐maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision‐makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision‐making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples‐a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision‐makers in an interactive decision‐making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision‐making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
Lack of standardization of the journal title data element in databases
Authors: Williams Martha E. , Lannom Laurence
Published: June 2007

The problem of data element representation is more extensive than most perceive. The number of standards (internal, national, and international) is large, but the use of standards within databases is not widespread. The result is a significant lack of standardization both within and across databases. The result of nonstandardization becomes apparent when one attempts an exhaustive search on a particular data element in multiple databases. The journal title element was studied in eight databases, and four measures (“Number of forms of an element in a database,” “Percent retrievability by element form,” “Number of noncontiguous entry points in a sorted list,” and “Percent retrievability by best form of an element”) were developed to show the extent of standardization within a database and some of its implications for searching.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. III. Preliminary experiments and analysis
Authors: Yovits M. C. , Foulk C. R. , Rose L. L.
Published: June 2007

This series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision‐making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision‐maker effectiveness, decision‐maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision‐makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision‐making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples—a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision‐makers in an interactive decision‐making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision‐making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
Patterns of journal use in a departmental library: A citation analysis
Authors: McCain Katherine W. , Bobick James E.
Published: June 2007

Citation analysis of faculty publications, doctoral dissertations, and preliminary doctoral qualifying briefs produced by faculty and students of the Biology Department, Temple University, is used to assess journal use in the Biology Library during the years 1975‐1977. There are 3739 citations to 336 journals in the combined sources ranking. The distribution of citations in each user group ranking and the combined sources ranking takes the form of a Bradford distribution; slope and x‐intercept values are given for each ranking. Sixty highly cited titles are examined in detail. Dissertation citations are dependent on active faculty participation in the doctoral program. Citations in qualifying briefs cover a broader range of topics and interests than either of the other two sources. Citation frequencies of volumes published in the periods 1960‐1969 and 1970‐1977 are examined. The post‐1960 citation frequency for 51 titles is 80% or higher. Several collection maintenance and development decisions have been made, based on the results of this study. Citation analysis is shown to be a useful tool in assessing actual and potential journal use by a heterogeneous clientele in a departmental library.
Representations, processes, memory mechanisms: The basic components of cognition
Authors: Monsell Stephen
Published: June 2007

Every cognitive skill draws upon part of the brain's extensive repertoire of representational subsystems, storage mechanisms, and processes. This tutorial article is an introduction to research exploring these basic components of cognitive skill and their organization. Four areas of research are reviewed: the perception of objects and words; the distinction between short‐ and long‐term memory mechanisms; the retrieval of remembered episodes and facts; attention, performance, and consciousness.
Influence on online bibliographic services on student behavior
Authors: Kochen Manfred , Reich Victoria , Cohen Lee
Published: June 2007

A class of graduate students who were assigned the task of compiling bibliographies on research topics was divided into two groups. The first received help in the form of online bibliographic searches conducted by one of the authors. The second group received help for an equivalent amount of time with conventional use of standard bibliographic tools. The online group spent less time on searching, but few felt that the search techniques helped to facilitate knowledge. We raise the question of who will benefit most from online bibliographic searches, under what conditions, and what important difference it will make to them. It seems that it may not greatly affect the scholarship or productivity of most students.
TOXLINE: Evolution of an online interactive bibliographic database
Authors: Schultheisz Robert J.
Published: June 2007

The National Library of Medicine has offered TOXLINE, an online interactive bibliographic database of biomedical (toxicology) information since 1972. Files from 11 secondary sources comprise the TOXLINE database. The sources supplied bibliographic records in different formats and data structures. Data from each supplier's format had to be converted into a format suitable for TOXLINE. Three different, successive retrieval systems were used for the TOXLINE database which required reformatting of the data. Algorithms for generating terms for inverted file search methods were tested. Special characters peculiar to the scientific literature were evaluated during search term generation. Developing search term algorithms for chemical names in the scientific literature required techniques different from those used for nonscientific literature. Problems with replication of bibliographic records from multiple secondary sources are described. Some observations about online interactive databases since TOXLINE was first offered are noted.
Postcoordinate retrieval: A comparison of two indexing languages
Authors: Schabas Ann H.
Published: June 2007

This article reports on a comparison of the postcoordinate retrieval effectiveness of two indexing languages: LCSH and PRECIS. The effect of augmenting each with title words was also studied. The database for the study was over 15,000 UK MARC records. Users returned 5326 relevance judgments for citations retrieved for 61 SDI profiles, representing a wide variety of subjects. Results are reported in terms of precision and relative recall. Pure/applied sciences data and social sciences data were analyzed separately. Cochran's significance tests for ratios were used to interpret the findings. Recall emerged as the more important measure discriminating the behavior of the two languages. Addition of title words was found to improve recall of both indexing languages significantly. A direct relationship was observed between recall and exhaustivity. For the social sciences searches, recalls from PRECIS alone and from PRECIS with title words were significantly higher than those from LCSH alone and from LCSH with title words, respectively. Corresponding comparisons for the pure/applied sciences searches revealed no significant differences.
Collaboration in computational musicology
Authors: Pao Miranda Lee
Published: June 2007

Productivity and collaboration are defined in terms of a 1966 study of a scientific group. These two parameters in a humanistic subject, computational musicology, are compared with the earlier study. The two most collaborative musicologists are also most prolific. However, only 15% of the humanistic literature are involved in coauthorship as compared with 80% of the scientific subject. Although heavy collaboration is an effective mechanism to stimulate substantially higher productivity, there is also a distinct core of highly prolific musicologists who collaborate very little, if at all. We suggest that such evidence supports the traditional belief that the humanist has a general tendency to work alone.
Citation ranking versus subjective evaluation in the determination of journal hierachies in the social sciences
Authors: Gordon Michael D.
Published: June 2007

Considerable interest has been shown in problems associated with ranking journals in accord with their relative importance. With the publication of Journal Citation Reports, regularly updated ranking indicators, based on citation analysis, are made readily available. These indicators have been shown to have significant correlations with scientists' evaluations of the relative importance of journals in the biomedical sciences, but not the physical sciences. This article examines the situation in the social sciences, and finds a strong association between sociologists' evaluations of journal rank and particular citation rank indicators. This suggests that Social Science Journal Citation Reports could prove a valuable aid to journal selection for libraries and information systems.
Thematic analysis in information science: The example of “literature obsolescence”
Authors: Kuch T. D. C.
Published: June 2007

The concept of thematic analysis, as developed by Gerald Holton, Robert Merton, and others, is reviewed and characterized. The strengths and limitations of this concept are briefly discussed. The applicability of thematic analysis to information science is explored by means of examining four thematic models of change of state of knowledge, as exemplified by terms such as “literature obsolescence.” Articles from ten years of the Journal of the American Society for Information Science (volumes 16–27) were selected for examination. Several of these articles are shown to have thematic content and to exemplify the four models of change of state of knowledge. A concluding discussion assesses the implication of thematic analysis for information science and points out some unresolved problems of such analysis.
A replication of the Nelson and Mitroff experiment in teaching “bothsides” thinking
Authors: Geus Jan De , Mulder Frans , Zuurke Bert , Levine Marilyn M.
Published: June 2007

A replication of Nelson and Mitroff's 1974 experiment in using computer gaming to teach “Bothsides” thinking was conducted in The Netherlands. Their results were not confirmed with regard to the attitude change of participants. The programmed well‐defined problem did not trigger Bothsides thinking, and, in our opinion, does not fit this mode of decision‐making. In addition, we found the list of questions for measuring the “change of mind” of the players neither valid nor reliable. The provisional conclusions of the research reported here are that (1) an ill‐defined rather than a well‐defined problem is needed, (2) the problem should be relevant and realistic, (3) an analysis of the process of thinking while playing the game is a better measure of eventual changes in the mode of thinking of the participants than postgame pencil‐and‐paper attitude tests.
Bibliometric models for management of an information store. III. Developing an empirical model
Authors: Parker Ralph H.
Published: June 2007

Based on earlier studies by the author relating to differential demand among items in an information store and to the relation of demand to age of material, this article undertakes to develop an empirical model for predicting the size of an information store necessary to satisfy specified levals of demand. A modus operandi for selecting items for retirement or removal with the least adverse impact on effectiveness of the store is suggested.
A computer intermediary for interactive database searching. II. Evaluation
Authors: Meadow Charles T. , Hewett Thomas T. , Aversa Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2007

This is the second of two articles describing the development, testing, and evaluation of the Individualized Instruction for Data Access System (IIDA). The system was tested in an industrial setting and it was demonstrated that (1) end users of scientific and technical literature could learn to do their own bibliographic searches through computer‐assisted instruction as well as they learned through a comparable period of conventional instruction, and (2) end users were as satisfied with the results of their own searchings as with the result of searches performed for them, for the types of searches tested.
A probabilistic approach to information retrieval in systems with boolean search request formulations
Authors: Radecki Tadeusz
Published: June 2007

Up to the present a number of theoretical approaches has been developed in order to improve the effectiveness and/or efficiency of information retrieval. However, most of the information retrieval methods based on these approaches have never passed the stage of purely theoretical investigation, and experimentation, if carried out at all, has been very limited in scale. A closer examination of current theoretical developments and the present practice of information retrieval reveals that a combination of the existing theory of probabilistic retrieval into a practical methodology based on Boolean searches would be very promising. Such an extension of the probabilistic approach to information retrieval is outlined.
The systems approach: Its variety of aspects
Authors: Mattessich Richard
Published: June 2007

This article offers a concise survey and glimpse of the vast literature presently available in the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. The first part discusses the areas of systems philosophy, systems analysis (mathematical systems theory), empirical systems research, and systems engineering, while the second part offers some details about the contributions of the following selected scholars: von Bertalanffy, Bogdanov, Ackoff, Churchman, and Herbert A. Simon. A bibliography of some 150 books and papers closes the article.
Collection and characterization of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text
Authors: Pollock J. J. , Zamora A.
Published: June 2007

The SPEEDCOP (SPEIIing Error Detection correction Project) project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and the error types analyzed. The results, which were consistent over the different databases, showed that the expected incidence of misspelling is 0.2%, that 90–95% of spelling errors have only a single mistake, that substitution is homogeneous while transposition is heterogeneous, that omission is the commonest type of misspelling, and that inadvertent doubling of a letter is the most important cause of insertion errors. The more frequently a letter occurs in the text, the more likely it is to be involved in a spelling error. Most misspellings collected by SPEEDCOP are of the type colloquially referred to as “typos” and approximately 90% are unlikely to be repeated in normal spans of text.
Validity of citation criteria for assessing the influence of scientific publications: New evidence with peer assessment
Authors: Lawani Stephen M. , Bayer Alan E.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews the principal correlational studies employing citation counts as criterion measures for assessing the impact of scientific scholarship. The rationale and limitations of such measures and studies are discussed. New evidence on the validity of citation criteria is presented based on a sample of 870 cancer research papers, divided into three groups (“first‐order” papers, abstracted in the Year Book of Cancer; “second‐order” papers, listed but not abstracted in the yearbook; and “average‐order” papers, a representative cross section of research papers unlisted in the yearbook). Results consistently show that highly rated papers are more highly cited over the ensuing five years after publication, or when controls are introduced for self‐citations, for the influence of listing in the yearbook, and for language and country of authorship. The implications of results are discussed.
Human memory organization for computer programs
Authors: Norcio A. F. , Kerst Stephen M.
Published: June 2007

Human memory organization has been shown to be important in the processing of natural language. Evidence is provided in this investigation which suggests that human memory organization is also important in processing programming languages. Subjects were divided into experimental groups which studied programs with or without documentation, and with or without hierarchically indented statements. Subjects studied and recalled five Fortran programs. The pattern of recalled statements at logic segment boundaries was compared to the recalled pattern within segments. In addition, the recalled boundary patterns of the experimental groups were compared to each other. The results indicate that algorithmic logic segments form a cognitive organizational structure in human memory for computer programs. Statement indentation and internal program documentation did not apparently enhance the organizational process or the recall of programming statements.
Automatic query formulations in information retrieval
Authors: Salton G. , Buckley C. , Fox E. A.
Published: June 2007

Modern information retrieval systems are designed to supply relevant information in response to requests received from the user population. In most retrieval environments the search requests consist of keywords, or index terms, interrelated by appropriate Boolean operators. Since it is difficult for untrained users to generate effective Boolean search requests, trained search intermediaries are normally used to translate original statements of user need into useful Boolean search formulations. Methods are introduced in this study which reduce the role of the search intermediaries by making it possible to generate Boolean search formulations completely automatically from natural language statements provided by the system patrons. Frequency considerations are used automatically to generate appropriate term combinations as well as Boolean connectives relating the terms. Methods are covered to produce automatic query formulations both in a standard Boolean logic system, as well as in an extended Boolean system in which the strict interpretation of the connectives is relaxed. Experimental results are supplied to evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic query formulation process, and methods are described for applying the automatic query formulation process in practice.
A cocitation map of the social indicators movement
Authors: White Howard D.
Published: June 2007

Author cocitations form the base of a general technique of bibliogrpahic retrieval and of mapping the strucutre of literatures. The technique was used here in a largescale retrieval of the Social Indicators (SI) literature and a computerized mapping, through multidimensional scaling and clustering, of key SI contributors as perceived by citers during 1972‐1980. Clusters of points on the map are interpreted as authors similar in perceived subject matter and style of work; other interpretable features also eemerge. The map conforms well with independent reviews of the SI literature, actually illustrating some of the judgments they contain. It is suggested that such mappings may become a stimulus and complement to literature reviews in the future.
A method for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns in library systems
Authors: Smith Charles H.
Published: June 2007

A means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in generating a picture of system‐wide utilization of library resources by an “average user” representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the allocation of library resources are discuss representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the all representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the all representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the allocation of library resources are discussed.
Integrating America's infostructure
Authors: Zurkowski Paul G.
Published: June 2007

The INFOSTRUCTURE is defined by using a map of the information industry to show the interrelationships of eight industry segments: content services, content packages, facilitation services, information technologies, integrating technologies, communications technologies, communications channels, and broadcast channels. The key force for integration is the information content that holds the industry together and gives it a ralson d'etre. The criteria for identifying information businesses are identified and each segment of the map is reviewed in relation to these parameters. A new, vertically integrated INFOSTRUCTURE is revealed, based on information and communication technology and designed to deliver information content.
Use of arabic in computerized information interchange
Authors: Aman Mohammed M.
Published: June 2007

There is a growing demand in the Arab world for the use of Arabic script in inputting and accessing information systems and the establishment of Arab databases. In all Arab countries, Arabic is the working language In management, business, accounting, education, arts, and literature and to a lesser extent in science, medicine, and engineering. Arab member countries in the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), whose carrler language is English, face some difficulties in preparing documents in the Arabic language for AGRIS input. The method of script conversion through transliteration, which is used by AGRIS and the Library of Congress is neither helpful or acceptable to Arab librarians and Information specialists. These and similar complaints have prompted information and computer specialists to address the issues of Arabization of computer terminals and Input/output procedures. This article addresses the problem of Arabic computerized Information exchange and highlights the basic differences between treatment of Arabic and English. It also discusses the various Arab attempts to formulate standards for coding Arabic letters and vowels points and their sorting sequence. Another area that this article explores is the high degree of syntactical flexibility which characterizes the Arabic language and complicates data retrieval, computer aided translation, and human machine interface. A unified standard for the Arab/Latin Computer Code known as CODAR‐UFD based on the ASCII Code was adopted in 1982. This article discusses this new code and describes some of the existing terminals that use other codes.
“Citation classics” analysis: An approach to characterizing interdisciplinary research
Authors: Chubin Daryl E. , Porter Alan L. , Rossini Frederick A.
Published: June 2007

The Science Indicators series has paid little heed to interdisciplinary research. This article seeks (1) to distinguish multi‐ or interdisciplinary (IDR) research from single or monodisciplinary research, and (2) to characterize IDR, i.e., begin to describe how it differs from other research. A peculiar population of “over‐cited” articles is defined by the Institute for Scientific Information's “Citation Classics.” A sample of 1981 classics (which appear weekly in Current Contents) was examined for suspected interdisciplinary (IDR) content and/or usage. Between 10 and 20% were identified as possibly IDR. A subsample of these was traced through SCI and JCR categories to construct 10‐year citation histories. Content analysis of subject category concentration was also performed. We conclude that citation of a classic follows no set pattern. Time‐ and category‐sensitive indicators are discussed.
Information‐seeking behavior in an applied research/service delivery setting
Authors: Salasin J. , Cedar T.
Published: June 2007

The area of rural mental health services was used as a testbed to study information‐seeking behavior in a field that includes researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. Findings from a nationwide survey (n = 1666) describe the sources that were used to obtain information about various topics and the use and value of these sources by or to individuals in various work roles and settings. The findings demonstrate the importance of person‐to‐person communication; differences in the sources used, and the value placed on these sources, by individuals in different work roles and settings; and that information‐seeking episodes generally involve using multiple sources (5.0) to obtain information about several topics (3.2).
Information technology and the third world
Authors: Slamecka Vladimir
Published: June 2007

This article reviews selected effects of new developments in information technology on the Third World, and suggests that the more positive effects lie in the social and cultural realms. It is generally conceded that the economic impact of information This article reviews selected effects of new developments in information technology on the Third World, and suggests that the more positive effects lie in the social and cultural realms. It is generally conceded that the economic impact of information This article reviews selected effects of new developments in information technology on the Third World, and suggests that the more positive effects lie in the social and cultural realms. It is generally conceded that the economic impact of information technology favors industrialized countries rather than those with labor intensive industries and high unemployment. A number of social and cultural impacts of information technology are discussed, and the effect of changing technology on national informatic policies is illustrated. While national development of informatic industries in the Third World is essential and beneficial, the “postindustrial society” does not appear to be a realistic alternate goal of socio‐economic developme does not appear to be a realistic alternate goal of socio‐economic developme does not appear to be a realistic alternate goal of socio‐economic developme does not appear to be a realistic alternate goal of socio‐economic development.
Access to primary and secondary literature from peripheral or less developed countries
Authors: Eres Beth Krevitt , Noerr K. T. Bivins
Published: June 2007

Scientists in less developed and peripheral countries have difficulty in accessing and acquiring primary and secondary literature. A regression analysis of journal and abstracting and indexing subscriptions in less developed countries shows a strong relationship of 80.3% between subscriptions and size of the scientific population and number of libraries in a country. This suggests that countries have great difficulty in increasing the subscriptions to the amount needed to support the scientific needs of their small population. Networking is suggested as the solution to this problem. Two specific network models are given including both organizational and implementation plans. The first model involves areas of the world with a reasonable computing and telecommunications infrastructure. The second involves areas of the world where there are less computing facilities, a less sophisticated telecommunications structure, and less development in the area of information policy.
Private acts and public objects: An investigation of citer motivations
Authors: Brooks Terrence A.
Published: June 2007

Citation analysis has been used as a method for evaluating scholars and their impact. Evaluative citation analysis has been employed without a clear understanding of why authors give references and in the absence of any empirical work investigating citer motivations. The debate over the validity of evaluative citation analysis derives from the competing theoretical models used to describe the citer's motivations. Current models describing citer motivations were analyzed in this article and the seven most significant citer motivations identified. These seven citer motivations were presented to 26 authors at the University of Iowa each of whom had recently published an academic article. The authors indicated their motivations for giving each reference in their articles. As a result, the motivational background for more than 900 citational acts were gathered and analyzed.
A note about information science research
Authors: Salton Gerard
Published: June 2007

This note deals with the relationship between information science research and practice. The impression that the field is moribund and that the research output is uniformly inferior is not supported by an examination of the information retrieval literature.