bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocompatibility of Silver-Containing Calcium-Phosphate Cements with Anti-Bacterial Properties
Authors: Shimizu Yusuke , Kawanobe Yusuke , Konishi Toshiisa , Kanzawa Nobuyuki , Honda Michiyo , Aizawa Mamoru
Published: November 2014

We have previously synthesized silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag-HAp) powders by an ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis (USSP) technique. On the other hand, we have successfully fabricated novel calcium-phosphate cements (CPCs) composed of mainly β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) phase with anti-washout property (hereafter, β-TCP cement), which was set on the basis of chelate-bonding ability of inositol phosphate (IP6). In this study, we developed novel CPCs with both anti-bacterial and anti-washout properties by adding the Ag-HAp powder into the above β-TCP cements, and examined their anti-bacterial property and cytotoxicity. The Ag-HAp powders with Ag contents of 0, 2, and 5 mol% as a nominal composition were synthesized by an USSP technique. The raw powder for β-TCP cement was prepared by ball-milling the commercially-available β-TCP powder in the IP6 solution. The Ag-HAp/β-TCP powders were prepared by mixing Ag-HAp powder and β-TCP cement powder at a ratio of 25:75 in mass. The Ag-HAp/β-TCP cement was fabricated by mixing the above-mentioned Ag-HAp/β-TCP powder and 2.5 mass% Na2HPO4 solution at a powder/liquid ratio of 1/0.3 [g/cm3]. The anti-bacterial property of resulting cements was evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus by biofilm formation test. The Ag-HAp/β-TCP cements containing 2 and 5 mol% Ag showed strong anti-bacterial property among examined specimens. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of Ag+ ion eluted from these cements was also examined using osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and Transwell® kit. The relative cell viability cultured on each Ag-containing cement specimen was over 80 %, compared with the control (polystyrene plate). These results demonstrate that the present Ag-HAp/β-TCP cements containing 2 mol% Ag are promising one of the candidates as CPCs with both anti-bacterial property and biocompatibility.
The Effects of Nanoparticles of Silica and Alumina on Flow Ability and Compressive Strength of Cementitious Composites
Authors: Khorasani Alireza S. , Nuranian Hosein , Yuzbashi Amir A. , Moghaddas Shahab , Raz Majid , Tahriri M.
Published: November 2014

In this study the effects of adding silica and alumina nanoparticles on flow ability and compressive strength of cementitious composites based on Portland cement were investigated. In the first stage, the rheological behavior of different samples containing nanosilica, nanoalumina and polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene fibers were evaluated. With increasing of nanoparticles in fresh samples, the slump flow diameter reduced. Fibers reduced the flow ability of the samples and viscosity increased. With increasing of the micro silica particles to cement ratio from 2/1 to 2/2, the slump flow diameter increased. By adding silica and alumina nanoparticles up to 3% and 2% respectively, the compressive strength increased and after decreased. Samples containing silica nanoparticles and fibers had the highest compressive strength.
Bioceramic Production from Giant Purple Barnacle (Megabalanus tintinnabulum)
Authors: Oktar F.N. , Gokce H. , Gunduz O. , Sahin Y.M. , Agaogullari D. , Turner I.G. , Ozyegin L.S. , Ben-Nissan B.
Published: November 2014

In this study the structural and chemical properties of barnacle shell based bioceramic materials (i.e. hydroxyapatite, whitlockite, monetite and other phases) were produced by using mechano-chemical (hot-plate) conversion method. Cleaned barnacle shells were ball milled down to <75µm in diameter. Differential thermal and gravimetric analyses (DTA/TGA) were performed to determine the exact CaCO3 content. Sample batches of 2g were prepared from the fine powders produced. For each batch, the required volume of an aqueous H3PO4 solution was calculated in order to set the stoichiometric molar ratio of Ca/P equal to 1.5 for ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) or to 1.667 for hydroxyapatite (HA). The temperature was set to 80°C for 15 minutes to complete the process. After the titration of the equivalent amount of H3PO4 into the prepared solution, agitation was carried out on a hot-plate (i.e. mechano-chemical processing) for 8 hours. The sediments formed were dried and the resulting TCP and HA powders were calcined at 400°C and 800°C respectively. For complete characterization of the bioceramics produced, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out. The current study proposes a simple, economic and time efficient method for nano-bioceramic production.
Characteristics of Low Temperature Degradation Free ZTA for Artificial Joint
Authors: Ikeda Junji , Murakami Takayuki , Shimozono Takayoshi , Watanabe Reiji , Iwamoto Mikio , Nakanishi Takefumi
Published: November 2014

Low temperature degradation free Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) has been developed. It is reported that ZTA has higher mechanical strength compared to alumina due to the stress induced transformation and spontaneously transformation of zirconia phase on some ZTA have been occurred. For achieving the higher reliability of artificial joint prosthesis alternative to alumina and other ceramic materials, it is necessary to improve and validate the both mechanical characteristics and phase stability at the same time. We evaluated that microstructure, mechanical characteristics and phase stability of newly developed ZTA (BIOCERAM®AZUL). It was confirmed that four-point bending strength and weibull modulus were extreamly high, and ZTA has higher reliability. There were no significant changes and deterioration in four-point bending strength, crystal structure and wear property with and without accelerated aging test. Newly developed ZTA not only with high mechanical characteristics but also with phase stability could be quite useful as bearing materials in artificial joints for longer clinical use.
Novel Bone-Like Porous Glass Coatings on Al2O3 Prosthetic Substrates
Authors: Baino Francesco , Tallia Francesca , Novajra Giorgia , Minguella Joaquim , Montealegre Maria Angeles , Korkusuz Feza , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara
Published: November 2014

Over the last two decades, the philosophy behind an optimal fixation of orthopaedic implants progressively evolved towards “bone-conservative” solutions and, accordingly, the researchers’ attention moved from simple mechanical fixation of the prosthesis to host bone by using screws or acrylic cement to new strategies based on a physico-chemical bond (surface modification) in order to minimize bone resection/loss and maximize tissue-implant integration. This research work explores the feasibility of a novel bioceramic single-piece acetabular cup for hip joint prosthesis that can be anchored to the patient’s pelvic bone by means of a bone-like trabecular coating (scaffold) able to promote implant osteointegration.
Investigating Approaches for Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Zhou Zuo Xin , Buchanan Fraser , Lennon Alex , Dunne Nicholas
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite (HA)-based scaffolds using 3D printing technology by incorporating different binding additives, such as maltodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), into the powder formulation. Different grades of PVOH were evaluated in terms of their impact on the printing quality. Results showed that scaffolds with high architectural accuracy in terms of the design and excellent green compressive strength were obtained when the PVOH (high viscosity) was used as the binding additive for HA.
Combustion Synthesis of 58S Bioglass Using Sol-Gel Self-Propagating Combustion Method
Authors: Bertran Celso A. , Bueno Otto V.M.
Published: November 2014

In this work, attention was paid to the understanding of the chemical modifications occurring in xerogeis of 58S bioglass (60% mol SiO2; 36%mol CaO; 4%mol P2O5), during the 58S bioglass synthesis, prepared by the sol-gel (SG) and sol-gel self-propagating combustion (SGSPC) methods using citric acid as reductant/fuel. The chemical modifications of the xerogels were evaluated in the temperature range 70-920°C. Characteristic functional groups were evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the thermal behaviour was evidenced by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DSC) analysis, the transition from glass to glass ceramic was also followed by X-ray diffraction.
In Vitro Cell Response to Protein Adhesion on Commercial β-TCP
Authors: Sader Marcia S. , Mavropoulos Elena , Moreira Duarte Ana Paula , Hausen Moema , Costa Andrea Machado , Dornelas Jessica , Tanaka Marcelo N. , Soares Gloria A. , Rossi Alexandre
Published: November 2014

The influence of surface chemistry, roughness and hidrophilicity on the protein adhesion onto the biomaterial modulates the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. β-TCP is a synthetic bone substitute with bioactive, osteoconductive properties. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that acts as a growth-stimulating factor for some cells types in culture. Few studies have been discussing this hormone role in bone remodeling and cells metabolism in vitro. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cell responses when insulin is adsorbed on β-TCP commercial discs surfaces. FTIR detected the characteristics bands of insulin adsorbed on sintered powder surface. The insulin adsorption on discs surface increase its wettability and favored growth and differentiation of the pre-osteoblastics cells. Although no addition of differentiation factors was present, it was observed deposits of extracellular matrix and collagen at 7 days in culture. The increase on affinity and cellular activity to the adsorbed insulin β-TCP substract was remarkable. It was quite clear that the insulin presents a role on activate and speed up the bone cells response while adhered to β-TCP substract. However, the insulin application on bone grafts for clinical purposes must be considered after detailed studies on animal models, which are required to fully evaluate the safe use of hormone containing grafts in clinical trials.
Boron Containing Nano Hydroxyapatites (B-n-HAp) Stimulate Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Ciftci Eda , Köse Sevil , Korkusuz Petek , Timuçin Muharrem , Korkusuz Feza
Published: November 2014

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic disease identified with decrease of bone mineral density and deterioration of microstructure leading to fragility fractures in elderly. Boron (B) is assumed to stimulate osteoblasts. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is clinically used to conduct bone regeneration and improves implant integration. Nano(n)-HAp expands the surface area for cell adhesion and may improve bone regeneration and tissue integration. The objective of this study was to examine the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of B-n-HAp with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s). Human bone marrow derived MSC’s phenotype was assessed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy after combining with B-n-HAp and n-HAp. Cell adhesion and proliferation potential of these ceramics was examined with the real time cell analysis (xCELLigence, Roche Applied Science and ACEA Bioscience, USA) system and adipogenic-osteogenic differentiation was analyzed with morphological and quantitative methods. MSC’s adhesion and proliferation rates (cell index, 4.50) were higher than controls (cell index, 4.00). Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of MSC’s remained unchanged in the presence of B-n-HAp ceramics. In conclusion, B-n-HAp stimulates MSC’s adhesion, proliferation and differentiation and has a potential to regenerate bone tissue.
In Vivo Osteogenesis Assessment of a Tricalcium Phosphate Paste and a Tricalcium Phosphate Foam Bone Grafting Materials
Authors: Lopez-Heredia Marco A. , Barnewitz Dirk , Genzel Antje , Stiller Michael , Peters Fabian , Hübner Wolf Dietrich , Stang Benedikt , Kuhr Andrea , Knabe Christine
Published: November 2014

Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are synthetic bone grafting materials. CaPs are an alternative to overcome the drawbacks present with autologous bone grafting and/or xenograft materials. Among the CaPs, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) stands out as a good candidate due to its physicochemical properties. The clinical performance of β-TCP has already been proven and established. Nevertheless, the format in which TCP is delivered is also important in terms of clinical handling. This work assessed the in vivo performance of TCP-based bone grafting materials with different formats. Materials studied were a TCP paste (TCP-P), a TCP foam (TCP-F) and TCP granules (TCP-G). A sheep scapula model was used to evaluate the osteogenic performance of these bone grafting materials. All materials performed well in terms of bone regenerative capacity and material resorption. However, TCP-P and TCP-F displayed a more pronounced initial material resorption and also exhibited better handling properties compared to TCP-G. TCP-based materials with improved handling properties, such as TCP-P and TCP-F, which at the same time possess the advantageous properties of β-TCP are suitable bone substitute materials for grafting and reconstruction of bone defects in numerous clinical applications.
Transparent Hydroxyapatite Obtained through Spark Plasma Sintering: Optical and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Li Zhong , Khor Khiam Aik
Published: November 2014

Transparent bioceramics have great potential for applications in the biomedical field as they facilitate direct observation of the interactions at biomaterial – cell / tissue interfaces. Thus far, sintering of transparent hydroxyapatite (HA) usually involves application of extraordinarily high pressure and / or long duration. This study attempts to fabricate transparent HA by a direct and fast Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process using three different types of raw powder: micro-spheres (MS), nanorods (NR) and nanospheres (NS). The optical and mechanical properties of the sintered pellets were examined and compared. The highest total forward transmittance (TFT) showed by sintered MS pellet (~2 mm thick) was 85% in the visible spectrum, whereas sintered NR and NS pellets were either translucent or opaque. Although lowest degree of transparency was observed for NS pellets, they demonstrated highest Young’s modulus (E), hardness (H) and fracture toughness (KIC). The eminent KIC of NS pellets benefited mainly from its self-toughened microstructure.
Synthesis of Tetracalcium Phosphate at Reduced Temperatures
Authors: Gross Karlis Agris , Rozite Elina
Published: November 2014

Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) requires the highest synthesis temperatures of all the calcium phosphates, but now a new process is available at 400 °C lower than previously, at 900 °C. Instead of ball-milling reactants for a homogeneous mix, the reactants were included in an amorphous phase. Heating produced hydroxyapatite, oxyapatite and then TTCP. Amorphous nanoparticles were synthesized and heated in air or in vacuum. The sequence of solid-state reactions were tracked with X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Heating in air stabilized the carbonate containing apatite, thereby requiring higher temperatures for decomposition, as per previous studies. Heating in vacuum promoted oxyapatite; a critical step for reaction with calcium oxide to generate TTCP. This faster process enables production at a lower temperature and reduces the use of ball milling for producing fine TTCP powders.
Effect of Laser Welding Parameters of DUPLEX 2205 Steel Welds on Fatigue Life
Authors: Sołtysiak Robert
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the results of the fatigue tests carried out on laser welded joints of DUPLEX 2205 steel (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 according to PN-EN 10027-1:2007). The butt-welded joints were made using an Nd-YAG disk laser with no filler for two different welding parameters. The parameters were selected based on previous tests (according to PN-EN ISO 15614-11: 2005) conducted for joints made with more than ten welding parameters.The tests carried out provided a basis for the determination of optimum parameters for laser welding of DUPLEX 2205 steel in terms of fatigue life. Additionally, the fatigue test results were related to the fatigue life of samples taken from the parent material.
Prototype System for Plasma Film Surface Modification
Authors: Domanowski Piotr , Bujnowski Sławomir , Marciniak Tomasz , Lutowski Zbigniew
Published: November 2014

The paper presents a prototype system for modifying surface of a film that can be used in various industries. System allows for two-sided modification of the surface of the film under reduced pressure with a low temperature plasma use. During the surface treatment process, it is possible to dispense chemicals into vacuum chamber in gaseous form, which can create a thin coating on the surface of the film. The system enables the film modification process parameterization while monitoring its key parameters.
Test Stand for Durability Tests of Rotating Elements of Office Chairs
Authors: Zbrowski Andrzej , Matecki Krzysztof
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the purpose, concept, principles of functioning, design and construction of a stand intended for testing the durability of rotational elements of office chairs. It shows the use of the stand for certification tests in accordance with the PN-EN 1335:2009 standard. It also discusses how tests on swivelling and the durability of wheels and the base of office chairs should be conducted using the developed stand. The authors present test conditions and discuss the instrumentation necessary to induce static loads during the investigations. They also identify the possibilities to perform other tests on the stand by introducing to the existing research instruments additional instrumentation necessary from the point of view of the above listed standard. The possibility of adjusting the stand to the prospective changes in normative requirements and the needs of individual users are also described.
The Influence of UV Radiation upon the Properties of Fibre Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Komorek Andrzej , Przybyłek Paweł , Brzozowski Dawid
Published: November 2014

Elements of aircraft that are in direct interaction with the environment are exposed to the destructive effects of weather phenomena and the factors influencing them, as well as local environmental phenomena. One such factor is ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. This article presents the results of the influence of solar radiation (UV) on the strength properties of laminates with different types of reinforcement. The composites are susceptible to impact damage; therefore, to investigate the effect of UV radiation on such damaged composite, part of the samples were subjected to impact loads. The composites were made of the epoxy resin Epidian 52 with hardener Z1, and reinforced with glass fabric and carbon fabric. In order to carry out the research, we designed two devices – one for the production of low-energy impact and a second device to expose composite on UV radiation. As a result of studies, it was found that the UV radiation has a negative impact on the aesthetic qualities of the composite as well as the flexural strength of the materials. The decrease in strength of the samples subjected to shock loads and the influence of UV radiation is at a level slightly above 50%.
Model of Intelligent Design and Optimisation of Structures of Vision Systems for Surface Inspection
Authors: Wójcicki Tomasz
Published: November 2014

The article presents a selected area of on-going research on the possibility of using intelligent computer-aided design systems for surface inspection of products manufactured in large batch processes. Systems based on machine vision are used wherever it is essential to obtain high efficiency, reproducibility, and where there is the need to use non-contact measurement methods. The IT solution significantly improves the design processes by automatically generating optimal configuration of machine vision systems intended for the detection of surface defects in manufactured products. General structure of the model and its individual modules, performing functions such as automatic component selection of machine vision systems, setting the angle of the light emission towards the surface of the analysed objects, and the selection of the range of light radiation are discussed. The individual configuration steps of vision systems for surface inspection, in which processes are implemented using expert systems making inferences based on both classical bivalent logic, as well as multi-valued fuzzy logic, are shown. The author presents the original methodology for the optimisation of structures forming vision systems intended for the reduction of components and costs associated with their implementation in physical structures, designed for use in production lines. The results of empirical studies of the calculation model are shown.
A Crucial Role of RORγt in the Development of Spontaneous Sialadenitis-like Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: Iizuka Mana , Tsuboi Hiroto , Matsuo Naomi , Asashima Hiromitsu , Hirota Tomoya , Kondo Yuya , Iwakura Yoichiro , Takahashi Satoru , Matsumoto Isao , Sumida Takayuki
Published: November 2014

The nuclear receptor retinoic acid–related orphan receptor (ROR)γt is required for the generation of Th17 cells, which are involved in various autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). However, the pathological role of RORγt in SS remains to be elucidated. The present study was designed to clarify the role of RORγt in the pathogenesis of sialadenitis-like SS. Histological analysis of RORγt transgenic (Tg) mice was determined, and then Tg mice developed severe spontaneous sialadenitis-like SS. The analysis of infiltrating cells showed that most infiltrating cells were CD4+ T cells. RORγt-overexpressing CD4+ T cells induced sialadenitis as a result of transferred CD4+ T cells from Tg mice into Rag2−/− mice. The examination of IL-17–deficient Tg mice indicated that IL-17 was not essential for the development of sialadenitis. The number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells was significantly decreased in Tg mice, and CD25 expression and IL-2 stimulated STAT5 activation were inhibited in Treg cells. The inhibitory function of Treg cells of Tg mice was equal to that of wild-type mice in vitro. The abundant Treg cells of Tg mice could suppress the development of sialadenitis, but the reduced Treg cells of Tg mice could not inhibit the induction of sialadenitis in Rag2−/− mice transferred with effector cells from Tg mice. These results suggest that both RORγt-overexpressed CD4+ T cells and reduced Treg cells might contribute to the development of SS-like sialadenitis.
IL-2/Anti–IL-2 Antibody Complex Treatment Inhibits the Development but Not the Progression of Herpetic Stromal Keratitis
Authors: Gaddipati Subhash , Estrada Kathleen , Rao Pushpa , Jerome Andrew David , Suvas Susmit
Published: November 2014

The IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab immunocomplex has recently been shown to expand the naturally occurring pool of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we show that administration of the IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab immunocomplex to C57BL/6 mice, prior to corneal HSV-1 infection, significantly increased the pool of Foxp3+ Tregs when measured at early time points postinfection. Increased numbers of Foxp3+ Tregs on days 2 and 4 postinfection resulted in a marked reduction in the development of severe herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). When compared with corneas from the control group, corneas from the immunocomplex-treated group showed a significant reduction in the amount of infectious virus on day 2 but not on day 4 postinfection. Reduced viral load was associated with a 2-fold increase in NK cell numbers in corneas from the immunocomplex-treated group of mice. Moreover, a dramatic reduction in the influx of CD4 T cells in inflamed corneas was determined on days 7 and 16 postinfection in the immunocomplex-treated group of infected mice. Immunocomplex treatment given on days 5, 6, and 7 postinfection significantly increased Foxp3+ Tregs in draining lymph nodes and in the spleen but failed to reduce the severity of HSK. In terms of the influx of CD4 T cells and granulocytes into inflamed corneas, no significant differences were noted between both groups of mice on day 16 postinfection. Our findings demonstrate that increasing Foxp3+ Tregs early but not late postinfection in secondary lymphoid tissues is more efficacious in controlling the severity of HSK.
Vaccines against Respiratory Viral Pathogens for Use in Neonates: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Alexander-Miller Martha A.
Published: November 2014

The first six months of life reflect a time of high susceptibility to severe disease following respiratory virus infection. Although this could be improved significantly by immunization, current vaccines are not approved for use in these very young individuals. This is the result of the combined effects of poor immune responsiveness and safety concerns regarding the use of live attenuated vaccines or potent adjuvants in this population. Vaccines to effectively combat respiratory viral infection ideally would result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, as well as high-affinity Ab. Inclusion of TLR agonists or single-cycle viruses is an attractive approach for provision of signals that can act as potent stimulators of dendritic cell maturation, as well as direct activators of T and/or B cells. In this article, I discuss the challenges associated with generation of a robust immune response in neonates and the potential for adjuvants to overcome these obstacles.
Cutting Edge: GPR35/CXCR8 Is the Receptor of the Mucosal Chemokine CXCL17
Authors: Maravillas-Montero José L. , Burkhardt Amanda M. , Hevezi Peter A. , Carnevale Christina D. , Smit Martine J. , Zlotnik Albert
Published: November 2014

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that direct the traffic of leukocytes and other cells in the body. Chemokines bind to G protein–coupled receptors expressed on target cells to initiate signaling cascades and induce chemotaxis. Although the cognate receptors of most chemokines have been identified, the receptor for the mucosal chemokine CXCL17 is undefined. In this article, we show that GPR35 is the receptor of CXCL17. GPR35 is expressed in mucosal tissues, in CXCL17-responsive monocytes, and in the THP-1 monocytoid cell line. Transfection of GPR35 into Ba/F3 cells rendered them responsive to CXCL17, as measured by calcium-mobilization assays. Furthermore, GPR35 expression is downregulated in the lungs of Cxcl17−/− mice, which exhibit defects in macrophage recruitment to the lungs. We conclude that GPR35 is a novel chemokine receptor and suggest that it should be named CXCR8.
Inculturation: Adaptation, innovation and reflexivity an African Christian perspective
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this article is to examine the changing understandings of processes and terms which have been and are currently in use regarding the outworking of the mission of the church. This historical and missiological approach will evaluate the contribution of a number of African and other theologians during the 20th century and also the opening years of the 21st century. It will cover the missionary period from the end of the 18th century with a special focus on the impact during the ‘high missionary era’ (1880–1920) to the present. The focus will predominantly be on Africa and Pentecostalism, the role of women and the African diaspora as examples of effective inculturation.
Methodism and transformation in South Africa: 20 years of constitutional democracy
Authors: Bentley Wessel
Published: November 2014

It has been two decades since South Africa became a constitutional democracy. The transition of power in this country has not necessarily meant that the majority of South Africans have experienced a transformed life. The incessant experience of poverty, poor service delivery and lack of political will to facilitate change is leading to violent protest action. This article investigates the progression in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa’s theological understanding of its role in being an agent of change in local communities. It does so by reflecting on the Church’s place in the current political context, its programmes and recent initiatives in its mission-based focus.
Challenges to the sub judice rule in South Africa
Authors: Van Rooyen Kobus
Published: November 2014

As a lawyer, it is a privilege to contribute to this Festschrift in honour of Professor Doctor Johan Buitendag. His entire career has been a quest for the truth. In the process, he has fearlessly rejected political agendas based on the Bible, and has inspired countless students in their quest to serve God in a practical and humane manner. His published research as well as the output of his doctoral students, both present and past, bear witness to a life dedicated to the search for knowledge in the service of God. He has also assisted substantially in placing South African theological research on the international map. In a sense, this article which deals with the protection of the right to a fair trial of an accused, also acknowledges Johan Buitendag’s quest for justice for all South Africans, whatever their creed, gender, race or standing. The subject of my article demonstrates my own quest to promote the constitutional right of an accused to a fair trial, a right that should not be subject to inordinate pressure by the media, and which gives priority to the right of an accused to be presumed innocent: an accused who may frequently suffer loneliness and a sense of rejection. Related to that it is, of course, always important to bear in mind that freedom of expression is at the heart of our democracy. A balance has, accordingly, to be struck between the competing rights.
Union with the transcendent God in Philo and John’s Gospel
Authors: De Villiers Pieter G.R.
Published: November 2014

This article analyses the experience of divine presence within an intimate divine-human relationship, as conceptualised in Philo’s writings, and compares this experience with mystical passages in John’s Gospel. The article explains their understanding of God and how the union with a transcendent God is mediated. The article investigates this union in terms of an underlying mystical pattern that existed in the 1st century CE. The pattern explains similarities of Philo’s works with John’s Gospel that indicates the former’s mystical nature. Special attention is given to Philo’s accounts because his own mystical experiences and views are relatively unknown in New Testament scholarship, whilst John’s Gospel is compared to show how this pattern existed within a Jewish-Christian setting. After an introduction to the relevance of mysticism in contemporary research on Philo and John, the article, without trying to establish any genetic link between Philo and John, evaluates the understanding of mystical union in the light of Philo’s own mystical experience and pronouncements. Then follows a discussion of Philo’s understanding of the divine longing for union with humanity despite the divine transcendence, with attention to the direct and indirect manner in which this union is mediated. Finally, similar motifs in John’s Gospel are investigated.
The task of urban black public theology
Authors: Vellem Vuyani S.
Published: November 2014

Twenty years after the demise of apartheid, a typical South African city remains bifurcated. The mushrooming of squatter camps, mekhukhu, in our big cities, symptomises a history that defined the majority of South Africans as sojourners and vagabonds in their motherland. Destined to die in the rural reserves after the extraction of their labour and confined to ‘locations’ in-between the ‘city’ and the rural ‘home’, black experience in the post-1994 city continues to be a manifestation of a life disintegrated from an integrated vision of ikhaya (oikos) − household − and urban life in democratic South Africa. By critiquing the policies of the post-1994 government on urbanisation, the article argues that for inclusion in the city, the colonial and apartheid polis is not adequate redress to the black experience of urbanisation in South Africa. The quest for the transformation of a city in order for an integrated city in the post-1994 South Africa to be achieved is ostensibly the best starting point, this article argues.
Radiosurgery in treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Mid-term results of 388 cases from a single center
Authors: Bitaraf Mohammad , Katoozpour Ramon , Azar Mazyar , Nouri Mohsen , Mortazavi Seyed , Amirjamshidi Abbas
Published: November 2014

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome and risks of radiosurgery for patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the brain all treated in a single center in the 3rd world with all its limitations. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 388 patients with AVM treated with radiosurgery during an 8-year period. Factors associated with increased chance of AVM obliteration or hemorrhages during the follow-up period were analyzed. Results: Among 388 cases included in our series, 74 were Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade IV or V. Forty-four patients (11.3%) experienced post-radiosurgery hemorrhage in their follow-up period. The number of feeders (one/multiple) and deep location of the AVM did not alter the chance of bleeding (P < 0.05). Higher SM grading of the AVM was associated with increased chance of hemorrhage and decreased obliteration rate (P > 0.05) in the mid-term follow up. Conclusions: Our case series showed that radiosurgery can be considered a viable alternative in the treatment of even large AVMs which might not be considered good candidates for surgery or endovascular treatment. Further data including large size lesions are warranted to further support our findings.
Missing SO2 oxidant in the coastal atmosphere? – observations from high-resolution measurements of OH and atmospheric sulfur compounds
Authors: Berresheim H. , Adam M. , Monahan C. , O'Dowd C. , Plane J. M. C. , Bohn B. , Rohrer F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Diurnal and seasonal variations of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) were measured in NE Atlantic air at the Mace Head atmospheric research station during the years 2010 and 2011. The measurements utilized selected-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SI/CIMS) with a detection limit for both compounds of 4.3 × 104 cm−3 at 5 min signal integration. The H2SO4 and MSA gas-phase concentrations were analyzed in conjunction with the condensational sink for both compounds derived from 3 nm to 10 μm (aerodynamic diameter) aerosol size distributions. Accommodation coefficients of 1.0 for H2SO4 and 0.12 for MSA were assumed, leading to estimated atmospheric lifetimes on the order of 7 and 25 min, respectively. With the SI/CIMS instrument in OH measurement mode alternating between OH signal and background (non-OH) signal, evidence was obtained for the presence of one or more unknown oxidants of SO2 in addition to OH. Depending on the nature of the oxidant(s), its ambient concentration may be enhanced in the CIMS inlet system by additional production. The apparent unknown SO2 oxidant was additionally confirmed by direct measurements of SO2 in conjunction with calculated H2SO4 concentrations. The calculated H2SO4 concentrations were consistently lower than the measured concentrations by a factor of 4.7 ± 2.4 when considering the oxidation of SO2 by OH as the only source of H2SO4. Both the OH and the background signal were also observed to increase significantly during daytime aerosol nucleation events, independent of the ozone photolysis frequency, J(O1D), and were followed by peaks in both H2SO4 and MSA concentrations. This suggests a strong relation between the unknown oxidant(s), OH chemistry, and the atmospheric photolysis and photooxidation of biogenic iodine compounds. As to the identity of the atmospheric SO2 oxidant(s), we have been able to exclude ClO, BrO, IO, and OIO as possible candidates based on {ab initio} calculations. Nevertheless, IO could contribute significantly to the observed CIMS background signal. A detailed analysis of this CIMS background signal in context with recently published kinetic data currently suggests that Criegee intermediates (CIs) produced from ozonolysis of alkenes play no significant role for SO2 oxidation in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head. On the other hand, SO2 oxidation by small CIs such as CH2OO produced photolytically or possibly in the photochemical degradation of methane is consistent with our observations. In addition, H2SO4 formation from dimethyl sulfide oxidation via SO3 as an intermediate instead of SO2 also appears to be a viable explanation. Both pathways need to be further explored.
Ice nucleation by combustion ash particles at conditions relevant to mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Umo N. S. , Murray B. J. , Baeza-Romero M. T. , Jones J. M. , Lea-Langton A. R. , Malkin T. L. , O'Sullivan D. , Plane J. M. C. , Williams A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles can modify cloud properties with implications for climate and the hydrological cycle; hence, it is important to understand which aerosol particle types nucleate ice and how efficiently they do so. It has been shown that aerosol particles such as natural dusts, volcanic ash, bacteria and pollen can act as ice nucleating particles, but the ice nucleating ability of combustion ashes has not been studied. Combustion ashes are major by-products released during the combustion of solid fuels and a significant amount of these ashes are emitted into the atmosphere either during combustion or via aerosolization of bottom ashes. Here, we show that combustion ashes (coal fly ash, wood bottom ash, domestic bottom ash, and coal bottom ash) nucleate ice in the immersion mode at conditions relevant to mixed-phase clouds. Hence, combustion ashes could play an important role in primary ice formation in mixed-phase clouds, especially in clouds that are formed near the emission source of these aerosol particles. In order to quantitatively assess the impact of combustion ashes on mixed-phase clouds, we propose that the atmospheric abundance of combustion ashes should be quantified since up to now they have mostly been classified together with mineral dust particles. Also, in reporting ice residue compositions, a distinction should be made between natural mineral dusts and combustion ashes in order to quantify the contribution of combustion ashes to atmospheric ice nucleation.
How historical information can improve extreme coastal water levels probability prediction: application to the Xynthia event at La Rochelle (France)
Authors: Bulteau T. , Idier D. , Lambert J. , Garcin M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The knowledge of extreme coastal water levels is useful for coastal flooding studies or the design of coastal defences. While deriving such extremes with standard analyses using tide gauge measurements, one often needs to deal with limited effective duration of observation which can result in large statistical uncertainties. This is even truer when one faces the issue of outliers, those particularly extreme values distant from the others which increase the uncertainty on the results. In this study, we investigate how historical information, even partial, of past events reported in archives can reduce statistical uncertainties and relativize such outlying observations. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is developed to tackle this issue. We apply this method to the site of La Rochelle (France), where the storm Xynthia in 2010 generated a water level considered so far as an outlier. Based on 30 years of tide gauge measurements and 8 historical events, the analysis shows that: (1) integrating historical information in the analysis greatly reduces statistical uncertainties on return levels (2) Xynthia's water level no longer appears as an outlier, (3) we could have reasonably predicted the annual exceedance probability of that level beforehand (predictive probability for 2010 based on data till end of 2009 of the same order of magnitude as the standard estimative probability using data till end of 2010). Such results illustrate the usefulness of historical information in extreme value analyses of coastal water levels, as well as the relevance of the proposed method to integrate heterogeneous data in such analyses.
Debate constitucional en el marco de la actualización del modelo económico cubano
Authors: Limonta-Montero Reynier , Mondelo-Tamayo Jorge Olver
Published: November 2014

El presente trabajo tiene su génesis en la falta de amparo constitucional de las propuestas en la actualización del modelo económico cubano. Por ello, el objetivo general de la investigación radica en fundamentar, a partir de un estudio doctrinal contextualizado sobre los postulados de la Constitución Económica, la necesidad de cambios constitucionales de diversa naturaleza en Cuba, que permitan el respaldo constitucional de las transformaciones que se vienen realizando en el país como parte de la actualización del modelo económico.
Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection Flow with Newtonian Heating and Mass Diffusion over an Infinite Plate that Applies Shear Stress to a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Vieru Dumitru , Fetecau Corina , Fetecau Constantin , Nigar Niat
Published: November 2014

Unsteady magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow with Newtonian heating and constant mass diffusion over an infinite vertical plate that applies an arbitrary time-dependent shear stress to a viscous optically thick fluid is studied in the presence of a heat source. Radiative effects are taken into consideration and exact solutions for the dimensionless velocity and temperature are established under Boussinesq approximation. The solutions that have been obtained, uncommon in the literature, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions and can generate exact solutions for any motion problem with technical relevance of this type. For illustration, a special case is considered and the influence of pertinent parameters on the fluid motion is graphically underlined.
Tripospermum pinophilum (Neger) comb.nov.
Authors: Majewska Alicja
Published: November 2014

The author suggests to transfer the species Triposporium pinophilum Neger to the genus Tripospermum. A more extensive description of the fungus is given on the basis of profuse material collected in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains from boney-dew on Abies alba.
Investigations on carotenoids in fungi II. Genus Amanita
Authors: Czeczuga B.
Published: November 2014

The author used column and thin layer chromatography to determine the occurrence and quantitative relationships of particular carotenoids in fruit-bodies of fungi of the genus Amanita. 8 species were examined. 40 carotenoids were found to be present, 32 of these were identified. Numerous carotenoids were demonstrated for the first in fungi.
New localities for certain discomycetes in southeast Poland
Authors: Sałata Bogusław , Bednarczyk Maria A.
Published: November 2014

The paper presents a list of new stands of some interesting species (Discomycetes) collected in 1967-1974 in south-eastern Poland. Ascobolus behnitziensis Kirschst. is new for the flora of Poland.
Traditions, conventions, croyances et magie
Authors: Reid Robert
Published: November 2014

Les grandes traditions sont souvent présentées comme étant des formes théâtrales figées, archaïques, très codées et fortement inscrites dans le tissu d’une culture. À un point tel qu’on en vient parfois à confondre tradition théâtrale et folklore. Pourtant, ce que l’on nomme le « système » de Stanislavski peut aujourd’hui être considéré comme une tradition théâtrale, de même que la biomécanique de Meyerhold et le mime corporel de Decroux. Peut-on en dire autant du burlesque québécois et du théâtre expérimental de Jean-Pierre Ronfard et de Robert Gravel ? Ces pratiques représentent-elles des traditions propres à la culture québécoise ? Qu’est-ce qu’une tradition théâtrale ? Un point de vue sur le théâtre, une pensée artistique ou une manière de faire ? Cet article tente de répondre à certaine de ces questions.
Le théâtre, un oubli dans les études sadiennes
Authors: Paquette Julie
Published: November 2014

Le marquis de Sade souhaitait être reconnu comme un homme de théâtre. Depuis sa mort, seule une de ses pièces a été montée sur les planches. Le « véritable ostracisme » dont est victime cette partie de l’oeuvre – jugée ennuyeuse et dénuée d’intérêt – s’est aussi traduit dans la publication des Oeuvres complètes qui n’incluaient pas, au départ, son théâtre. Nous proposerons ici la lecture de cette partie de l’oeuvre de Sade comme procédant d’une « variation sur un même thème » de la part romanesque de son oeuvre, plus connue. Nous avancerons la thèse selon laquelle l’écriture préfacielle du Sade dramaturge (« Avant-propos » de quatre pièces de théâtre : Le capricieux, Les jumelles, Le prévaricateur et Le misanthrope) nous éclaire sur les modalités d’écriture de son théâtre mais peut aussi nous permettre de jeter une lumière nouvelle sur l’ensemble de l’oeuvre du marquis – pour ce faire nous reviendrons aussi sur le petit traité « Idée sur les romans » ainsi que sur la « Lettre de l’auteur des Crimes de l’amour à Villeterque, folliculaire ». Nous proposerons ici que Sade est un peintre de caractères, attentif au coeur de l’homme, peignant le plus souvent à l’excès, dans le but de faire vaciller l’autorité de ses personnages.
Vers une utopie du halal ?
Authors: Rodier Christine
Published: November 2014

Il est intéressant de noter que de nombreux descendants musulmans de migrants en France tentent à l’aide de ceux qu’ils nomment « les anciens », de réhabiliter le caractère « exceptionnel » de la viande et d’inscrire le halal, non pas dans une norme associée à un produit, mais dans un fervent attachement à Dieu. Réhabiliter les « anciens » permet aux descendants de migrants de les inscrire dans une « modernité » qui est la leur. Accoler le bio à un aliment halal « reterritorialise », certes de manière fictive, les modes de croire des « Ancêtres ». Cet article s’efforcera de mettre en évidence, dans des entretiens réalisés auprès de consommateurs français, de confession musulmane, l’écologisme prôné par ces derniers, qui participe à la fois d’une intégration des descendants de migrants à un marché légal et d’une protestation contre la « modernité » telle qu’elle est perçue à travers la problématique de la « malbouffe ».
L’alimentation entre plaisir(s) et nécessité(s) en France et aux États-Unis
Authors: Régnier Faustine
Published: November 2014

L’article examine la place respective tenue par le plaisir et la nécessité, et leur articulation au fil du temps, à partir d’un corpus de conseils d’économie domestique de 1200 pages, issu de la presse féminine française et américaine (Modes et TravauxetGood Housekeeping) entre 1934 et 2010. Partant d’un examen des termes employés pour indiquer d’une part le plaisir, d’autre part la nécessité, il montre les évolutions, à la fois dans la place tenue par le plaisir et par la nécessité, et dans les domaines où l’un et l’autre s’expriment (passage des contraintes liées au budget et à la satisfaction de besoins alimentaires de base à des injonctions diététiques et individualistes ensuite). S’inscrivant dans les analyses de N. Elias dansLa civilisation des moeursetLa dynamique de l’Occident, l’article met en évidence que l’expression de la nécessité et la place laissée au plaisir témoignent d’un travail de civilisation, dans lequel la contrainte implicite devient autocontrainte. L’article montre que le plaisir, plus récemment affirmé et mis en valeur, ne s’effectue jamais sans son articulation à la nécessité : un hédonisme, sans doute, mais contraint.