bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using behavioural science to explore patient perceptions
Authors: Hanbury Andria , Wood Hannah
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to develop a behavioural science informed communication strategy aimed at health professionals and patients promoting best practice recommendations regarding the use of specialist liquid medicines for elderly people with swallowing difficulties.

Design/methodology/approach

The medicine prescribing, formulation and administration related challenges and experiences of health professionals and elderly patients with swallowing difficulties were identified through a pragmatic literature search. Key findings across the papers were synthesised into themes, before being linked to domains from a behavioural science framework. Published recommendations for behaviour change techniques that can be used to target the domains were then mapped to the domains. Guidance on how to develop a communication strategy, drawing on the insight gained from the literature review and the behavioural science recommendations, and designed to stimulate change in health-care professionals’ and patients’ behaviours, was then developed.

Findings

In total, 13 themes emerged across 15 papers, including “patient and health professional roles and remits”. These themes were linked to nine domains from the framework, highlighting the range of individual, social and environmental factors influencing patients’ and health professionals’ perceptions and experiences. A summary table, mapping the domains and underpinning themes to recommended behaviour change techniques, was used to develop the subsequent communication strategy recommendations. Recommendations include using techniques such as providing social processes of encourage, pressure and support to change patients’ and health professionals’ perceptions of their roles/responsibilities in medicines prescribing and administration, delivered via, for example, an educational leaflet and/or online training.

Practical implications

The summary table and guidance can inform development of an evidence-based strategy for communicating best practice recommendations regarding the use of liquid medicines for elderly patients with swallowing difficulties, tailored to the perceptions and challenges identified.

Originality/value

The behavioural science approach is less established within the pharmaceutical industry for promotion of best practice recommendations and related products, yet it offers a framework for an evidence-based and systematic approach that goes beyond a literature review or focus group.
Understanding Jordanian corporate reporting regulation change using strong structuration theory
Authors: Al-Htaybat Khaldoon
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change of the Jordanian corporate reporting requirements in 1998. The reasons as to why International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were adopted in Jordan are outlined on the basis of strong structuration theory’s (SST) quadripartite structure.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is interpretive, as perceptions of the study’s participants are analysed regarding the adoption of IFRS in emerging economies. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to collect Jordanian experts’ perceptions. The study uses elements of Stones’ strong structuration to illustrate and analyse the current study’s data.

Findings

The analysis illustrated that various elements pushed for the adoption of IFRS in Jordan – external structures that cause adoption of IFRS are the Gulf War and the immediate impact this had on Jordan. The internal structures seek to adopt new regulation in order to protect and support the Jordanian economy, which is part of agents-in-focus’ dispositions, and gain foreign direct investment. Agents-in-focus found that some corporations comprehended the needs of external investors, thus, sought to provide such information voluntarily.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation of this paper is the number of participants, which for future studies needs to be considered.

Practical implications

Reasons as to why new regulation is adopted are illustrated, which can support other countries seeking to do adopt new corporate reporting rules.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the sparse body of studies using SST in financial accounting. It is also one of the few studies investigating the change of regulation and the reasons for this adoption in the Middle Eastern and Jordanian context, in an interpretive study.
The acceleration of 3D graphics transformations based on CUDA
Authors: Nawfal Sura , Ali Fakhrulddin
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to achieve the acceleration of 3D object transformation using parallel techniques such as multi-core central processing unit (MC CPU) or graphic processing unit (GPU) or even both. Generating 3D animation scenes in computer graphics requires applying a 3D transformation on the vertices of the objects. These transformations consume most of the execution time. Hence, for high-speed graphic systems, acceleration of vertex transform is very much sought for because it requires many matrix operations (need) to be performed in a real time, so the execution time is essential for such processing.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the acceleration of 3D object transformation is achieved using parallel techniques such as MC CPU or GPU or even both. Multiple geometric transformations are concatenated together at a time in any order in an interactive manner.

Findings

The performance results are presented for a number of 3D objects with paralleled implementations of the affine transform on the NVIDIA GPU series. The maximum execution time was about 0.508 s to transform 100 million vertices using LabVIEW and 0.096 s using Visual Studio. Other results also showed the significant speed-up compared to CPU, MC CPU and other previous work computations for the same object complexity.

Originality/value

The high-speed execution of 3D models is essential in many applications such as medical imaging, 3D games and robotics.
Strategies for inclusive place making
Authors: Omholt Tore
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach for analyzing place making structure and processes and discuss strategies for inclusive place making in urban areas.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical approach is based on social systems theory and organization design theory, representing a constructionist and socio-structural approach to inclusive place making. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of three cases of inclusive place making.

Findings

The main findings are that place making systems today lack the necessary complexity in their politics and planning to secure inclusive place making and fail to organize for face-to-face interactions in place making processes.

Research limitations/implications

In a social systems approach, the author observes how place stakeholders and systems observe place making realities and problems and constructs place images. This introduces some degree of uncertainty into the analyses but constitutes an effective basis for studying inclusive strategy development.

Practical implications

The findings indicate that observing how place stakeholders construct their opinions about the problems and possibilities for inclusive place making and face-to-face interactions probably constitutes the best basis for practical support for inclusive place making.

Social implications

The paper directs attention to the fact that current urban development strategies and policies toward inclusion of groups with limited resources today lack the necessary knowledge bases and means to deal effectively with the complexity related to current inclusion problems.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates that an approach, which supplements the basic governance systems with face-to-face interactions, can deal effectively with today’s problems of inclusivity.
Timing and compensation strategies in service recovery
Authors: Tang Xiaofei , Chang En-Chung , Huang Xing , Zhang Meng
Published: October 2018

Purpose

A combined model involving the intensity of negative emotions and the strategic combinations (timing and means) of service recovery is developed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performances of these different combinations through customer satisfaction, repurchase intention and fitting curves between the two under hotel service scenarios.

Design/methodology/approach

A 2 (recovery timing: immediate/delayed) × 2 (recovery means: psychological/economic) × 3 (type of service failure: failure in a delivery system/failure in responding to customer needs/improper employee behavior) between-subject experimental design was used with 456 participants.

Findings

The results suggest that immediate and economic recovery effectively raises the service recovery evaluations from customers with low-intensity negative emotions, whereas delayed and psychological recovery helps customers with high-intensity negative emotions to give higher evaluations.

Originality/value

When service failures happen, the strategies for and timing of recovery directly influence customers’ service recovery evaluations. This study sheds light on the role that negative emotions play in the process of service recovery and provides implications for service industry managers.
Mainstream education as a possible route to recovery and social inclusion: a review
Authors: Atkinson Susan , Collis Benjamin , Schneider Justine
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the findings of a review of the Learning Advice Service which provided mainstream learning opportunities and individual support to people using mental health services. The service was decommissioned after 15 years due to service reconfiguration and cost-cutting.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were carried out with members of the Learning Advisor’s caseload by a researcher with no affiliation to the NHS or the Institute of Mental Health and no connection to the clients. The researcher also transcribed and analysed the interviews. This ensured that there could be no personal or positive bias. The clients faced significant mental health challenges and used the Learning Advice Service to facilitate and support their entry into mainstream learning.

Findings

The service enabled individuals facing significant mental health challenges to gain access to adult, community, distance and further and higher education facilitated by individual advice, guidance and support. They were able to broaden their sense of identity beyond that of someone using mental health services and to widen their social and educational base.

Research limitations/implications

Lack of funding within mental health services to continue this type of work limits research which would further explore the value of mainstream education in the recovery of people with a mental health diagnosis. While this cohort was small because of funding and staffing constraints, it would be possible to generalise to a larger scale, using flexible person-centred ways of working if the will, staffing and funding were made available. Further research is certainly indicated as current practice has moved away from mainstream inclusion to discrete provision with associated limitations.

Practical implications

The practical implications include the development of autonomy and the development of a sense of identity that is separate from a mental health diagnosis and where appropriate to gain qualifications and further the student’s knowledge.

Social implications

Social implications include broadening one’s experience, developing communication skills in a broad context, transferable skills, independence and strengthening one’s sense of identity separate from a mental health diagnosis.

Originality/value

Individuals from a variety of educational and other backgrounds who expressed an interest in pursuing education in mainstream facilities were encouraged and supported in doing so in flexible and individual ways. It appears to be more usual that people using mental health services are encouraged to learn in groups comprising other people using such services, frequently on mental health service premises with associated limitations.
Competition and exposure of returns to the C-CAPM
Authors: Abdoh Hussein , Varela Oscar
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effect of product market competition on the exposure of firms’ returns to consumption fluctuations (C-CAPM beta).

Design/methodology/approach

The C-CAPM beta comes from a regression of a stock’s returns against consumption growth, with controls for the Fama–French three factors and momentum. The Herfindahl–Hirschman index of concentration measures competition, with other measures like deregulation and tariff reductions used for robustness tests. Industries are categorized using different SIC digits, with the NAICS measure used for robustness tests. The C-CAPM beta is regressed to competition, with appropriate control variables, to find its relationship.

Findings

Higher levels of competition reduces the C-CAPM beta. The results are consistently robust to different measures of product market competition and industry identification.

Practical implications

Product market competition influences the sensitivity of systematic risk, as measured by the C-CAPM beta, to consumption, such that higher levels of competition reduce systematic risk.

Originality/value

This research contributes to a literature that admittedly is still murky, as the relationship between competition and systematic risk is still unsettled. No study (to the authors’ knowledge) examines the effect of competition on firms’ exposure to consumption. This research adds to the literature on the role of competition in risk, specifically with respect to consumption.
Comparison of Paricalcitol and Calcitriol in Dialysis Patients With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
Authors: Zhang Tong , Ju Hongbo , Chen Haojun , Wen Wen
Published: October 2018

Paricalcitol and calcitriol are widely used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of paricalcitol and calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the efficacy of paricalcitol and calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients are included. Two investigators independently searched articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. Meta‐analysis was carried out using the random‐effect model. Six randomized controlled trials are included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, compared with calcitriol treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients, paricalcitol treatment has comparable ≥50% reduction of parathyroid hormone (risk ratio [RR] = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.93–1.91; P = 0.12), calcium concentration (standard mean difference [Std. MD] = −0.21; 95% CI = −0.94 to 0.52; P = 0.58), phosphate concentration (Std. MD = −0.17; 95% CI = −0.58 to 0.24; P = 0.42), calcium phosphate (Std. MD = −0.08; 95% CI = −0.49–0.34; P = 0.71), alkaline phosphatase (Std. MD = −0.21; 95% CI = −0.73–0.31; P = 0.43), hypercalcemia (RR = 1.43; 95% CI = 0.51 to 3.98; P = 0.49), adverse events (RR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.42–1.49; P = 0.47), and serious adverse events (RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.47–1.30; P = 0.33). Paricalcitol and calcitriol result in similar ≥50% reduction of parathyroid hormone, calcium concentration, phosphate concentration, calcium phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, hypercalcemia, adverse events, and serious adverse events for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients.
Longitudinal birth cohort study found that a significant proportion of children had abnormal metabolic profiles and insulin resistance at 6 years of age
Authors: Kjellberg Emma , Roswall Josefine , Bergman Stefan , Almqvist‐Tangen Gerd , Alm Bernt , Dahlgren Jovanna
Published: October 2018

Aim

Metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and we investigated whether otherwise healthy 6‐year‐olds showed metabolic alterations.

Methods

This study followed up a representative Swedish population‐based cohort of full‐term infants recruited on the maternity ward at Hallands Hospital Halmstad, Sweden, from 2008 to 2011. They were examined at a mean of 6.6 years of age (range 6.5–6.9) using various measures for signs of metabolic syndrome.

Results

One key measure showed that 55 (26%) of the 212 children had one or more risk factors for metabolic syndrome requiring action. The 37 who were obese (3%) or overweight (14%) were significantly more likely to be insulin resistant than the normal weight group (28% versus 5%, p < 0.001) and have high triglycerides (8% versus 0%, p < 0.001). Children with high waist circumferences had higher systolic (p = 0.01) and diastolic (p = 0.02) blood pressure than those with normal waist circumferences. Waist circumference identified children at high risk of metabolic syndrome better than body mass index.

Conclusion

A significant percentage of 6‐year‐old children showed abnormal metabolic profiles, including insulin resistance, which increased their risk of cardiovascular disease. Waist circumference was a stronger marker for metabolic alterations than body mass index.
Long‐acting injectable antipsychotics as maintenance treatments for bipolar disorder—A critical review of the evidence
Authors: Boyce Philip , Irwin Lauren , Morris Grace , Hamilton Amber , Mulder Roger , Malhi Gin S , Porter Richard J
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The maintenance phase of bipolar disorder is arguably the most important. The aim of management during this time is to maintain wellness and prevent future episodes of illness. Medication is often the mainstay of treatment during this phase, but adherence to treatment is a significant problem. In recent years, long‐acting injectable (LAI) solutions have been proposed, but these too have limitations. This paper discusses the options that are currently available and critically appraises the effectiveness of this strategy.

Method

The authors reviewed the small number of open‐label and randomised studies on LAI medications in bipolar disorder and evaluated the efficacy and safety of these medications.

Results

The studies reviewed show benefit of LAIs for the management of bipolar disorder but have several key limitations to the generalisability of findings to routine practice.

Conclusions

LAIs have an emerging role in the management of bipolar disorder and, although it is not without limitations, this strategy addresses some issues of long‐term treatment and medication. Patients with bipolar disorder that are non‐adherent or have an unstable illness with a predilection towards mania are possibly better suited to the use of LAIs, though more research is required to fully assess the effectiveness of this approach.
Matrix metalloproteinases gene polymorphism haplotype is a risk factor to implant loss: A case‐control study
Authors: de Araujo Munhoz Francielle Boçon , Branco Filipe Polese , Souza Ricardo Lehtonen Rodrigues , dos Santos Maria Cristina Leme Godoy
Published: October 2018

Background

Dental implants consist in the treatment of choice to replace tooth loss. The knowledge that implant loss tends to cluster in subsets of individuals may indicate that host response is influenced by genetic factors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that contribute to degradation and removal of collagen from extracellular matrix.

Purpose

This case‐control study aimed to investigate the haplotypic combination of MMP polymorphism (rs1144393, rs1799750, rs3025058, and rs11225395) and implant loss.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred nonsmokers subjects were matched by gender, age, implant number and position and divided in control group, 100 patients with one or more healthy implants, and test group, and 100 patients with one or more implant failures. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and genotypes were obtained by PCR‐RFLP.

Results

A significant association of rs1799750 (MMP‐1) and rs11225395 (MMP‐8) polymorphism on early implant loss was demonstrated (P ≤ 0.001). Global haplotype analysis indicated a significant difference between both groups (P < 0.0001). Haplotype T‐A‐GG‐5A‐C had a statistically significant risk effect, while haplotype C‐A‐G‐6A‐C andT‐G‐2G‐5A‐C had a protective effect in implant loss.

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that MMPs haplotype are a risk factor to early implant loss.
Proceedings of the 6th ITI Consensus Conference
Authors: Wismeijer Daniel , Chen Stephen T.
Published: October 2018

The 6th ITI Consensus Conference was held in Amsterdam on 17–19 April 2018. In preparation for the conference, 21 systematic reviews were written. They were divided into five main topics in dental implantology—surgery, prosthodontics, patient‐reported outcomes, complications/risk and digital technologies. Based on these review papers, the working groups prepared consensus statements, clinical guidelines and recommendations for future research.
Pour une meilleure prévention des accidents du travail mortels au Portugal
Authors: SANTOS António J. R. , REBELO Efigénio L. , MENDES Júlio C.
Published: October 2018

Le Portugal présente un taux d'incidence des accidents du travail mortels élevé. Pour remédier à cette situation, dans un contexte budgétaire contraint, les autorités devraient concentrer leur action sur les principaux déterminants de ces accidents. Les auteurs s'appliquent à isoler ces facteurs au moyen d'un modèle de régression logistique, établissant que le risque est accru pour les seniors, les titulaires d'un contrat de durée indéterminée, les salariés des grandes entreprises et des sites commerciaux ou tertiaires et ceux qui ont été exposés à certains types d'événements («débordement, renversement, fuite, écoulement, vaporisation ou dégagement») ou de lésions («troubles musculo‐squelettiques et plaies», «fractures et amputations traumatiques»).
Chocs de demande et ajustements d'effectifs: la législation protectrice de l'emploi crée‐t‐elle des rigidités?
Authors: SOFI Irfan Ahmad , KUNROO Mohd Hussain
Published: October 2018

Les auteurs examinent l'effet des chocs de demande sur les ajustements d'effectifs dans les États indiens et le rôle en la matière de la législation protectrice de l'emploi (LPE). L'analyse repose sur des données de panel relatives au secteur manufacturier (2000–2012), les ajustements étant représentés par le taux de rotation du personnel. Elle montre que la LPE n'empêche pas les compressions d'effectifs: les taux de sortie, liés par une relation inverse à la rigueur de la LPE, réagissent plus fortement aux chocs de demande négatifs dans les États protecteurs. Les auteurs en concluent que la LPE sert l'intérêt des entreprises comme celui des travailleurs.
Effets du cycle économique sur la stabilité de l'emploi en Europe
Authors: BACHMANN Ronald , FELDER Rahel
Published: October 2018

Les auteurs examinent l'évolution de l'ancienneté au travail dans l'Union européenne entre 2002 et 2012, en exploitant les microdonnées de l'enquête sur les forces de travail (EFT‐UE) d'Eurostat. Ils observent une légère hausse des valeurs moyennes en la matière, imputable au fait que les suppressions de postes pendant la crise ont touché principalement les travailleurs les plus récemment embauchés. Une tendance à la baisse de l'ancienneté moyenne apparaît toutefois lorsqu'on tient compte de l'évolution démographique de la main‐d'œuvre. Les fortes disparités observées entre pays avant et pendant la crise montrent l'importance du cadre institutionnel, et surtout de la législation protectrice de l'emploi (LPE).
El control del cumplimiento importa: La regulación laboral efectiva
Authors: KANBUR Ravi , RONCONI Lucas
Published: October 2018

Pese a la distinción teórica entre regulación de jure y de facto, los estudios empíricos sobre el efecto de la legislación laboral en el mercado de trabajo no la contemplan por falta de datos. Las investigaciones que indican consecuencias negativas de esta legislación, fundamento del debate sobre políticas, solo utilizan indicadores de su rigor. Se proponen aquí indicadores basados en el control efectivo de su cumplimiento que apuntan a una correlación negativa entre rigidez normativa y grado de control. Al incluir el factor efectividad, los resultados anteriores sobre los efectos de la reglamentación laboral y la teoría de los orígenes jurídicos no se mantienen.
Determinantes económicos y no económicos del desempleo juvenil en la Unión Europea
Authors: TOMIĆ Iva
Published: October 2018

En este artículo se investigan los principales determinantes del desempleo juvenil en la Unión Europea de 2002 a 2014 mediante la estimación de modelos con datos de panel sobre los 28 Estados miembros. Se reconoce la heterogeneidad interna de la UE estimando los modelos para submuestras de países con tasas «altas» y «bajas» de desempleo juvenil. Se concluye que el desempleo juvenil es más grave en los países con escaso crecimiento del PIB, con poca actividad de construcción y con una elevada deuda pública. Otros factores importantes son la escasa movilidad resultante de la vivienda en propiedad, la corrupción, las remesas y las dificultades de los jóvenes para independizarse del hogar parental.
Fiscal Consequences of the Refugee Crisis
Authors: Gál Zsolt
Published: October 2018

The European Union faced an unprecedented influx of asylum seekers during the 2014–2016 refugee and migration crisis. The admitted refugees pose a critical challenge, but at the same time represent an opportunity for the host countries’ public finances. If the fiscal balance of immigration is positive, then migrants become net contributors to public budgets, helping to alleviate the aging related fiscal burden. However, we argue that this is highly unlikely to happen with refugees entering extensive European welfare states, at least in the short and medium term. By reviewing the existing empirical literature, we demonstrate that the research on the fiscal effects of refugee (or non‐Western) immigration almost uniformly supports the conclusion that the fiscal balance is going to be negative. The noble aims of humanitarian obligation to accept refugees seem to be in conflict with the pragmatic economic interest – a fiscally beneficial immigration – this time.
The relationship between urinary incontinence and obesity in childhood
Authors: Monkhouse Krista , Caldwell Patrina HY , Barnes Elizabeth H
Published: October 2018

Aim

To explore associations between weight and type/frequency of urinary incontinence (UI) in children presenting to a tertiary hospital incontinence clinic.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed medical records of children who first attended the incontinence clinic at The Children's Hospital at Westmead between January 2004 and December 2014. A random sample of 1000 children was selected from 2022 patient records, and data were collected on weight, height, age, gender, UI parameters, bowel habits and medical history. Associations between predictors (weight categories, gender, snoring, constipation, faecal incontinence) and outcomes (daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and nocturnal enuresis (NE)) were examined using χ2 tests and logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 862 children were included in the study; 54% were male, and 28% were overweight/obese. No evidence of difference was found between the underweight/normal and overweight/obese weight children with NE (34 vs. 39%), DUI (7 vs. 9%) or combined NE and DUI (58 vs. 52.1%), P = 0.23. The frequency of NE (83 vs. 82%, P = 0.56) and DUI (52 vs. 58%, P = 0.20) was similar between the weight groups.

Conclusion

In a large cohort of children presenting to a tertiary incontinence clinic, weight was not associated with the type or frequency of UI.
Investigation of a novel variable dosing protocol for radioiodine treatment of feline hyperthyroidism
Authors: Morré Wendy A. , Panciera David L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Monroe William E. , Werre Stephen
Published: October 2018

Background

Radioiodine is the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism in cats. The ideal method of dose determination of radioiodine remains controversial.

Objective

To compare a method of radioiodine dose determination that utilized thyroid scintigraphy with a standard fixed dose for treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Animals

Fifty‐seven and 23 client‐owned hyperthyroid cats in the variable and fixed dose groups, respectively.

Methods

Cats with a percent dose uptake using99mTc‐pertechnetate uptake on thyroid scintigraphy <5%, 5%‐10%, and >10% were to receive 3, 3.5, or 4.5 millicuries (mCi) of radioiodine, respectively, administered SC. Radioiodine dose was adjusted according to thyroid gland size as determined by the thyroid:salivary size ratio and categorized as <5:1, 5‐10:1, and >10:1. If the thyroid size fell into a higher dosing category than the percent dose uptake, the dose was increased accordingly. Cats in the fixed dose group received 4.5 mCi. Six months after treatment, cats were determined to be euthyroid, hypothyroid, or hyperthyroid based on serum thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations.

Results

No difference in outcome was found between the variable and fixed dose treatment groups. Euthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and persistent hyperthyroidism developed in 61, 30, and 9% of cats in the fixed dose group compared to 58, 26, and 16%, respectively, in the variable dose group.

Conclusions

A variable dosing method of radioiodine based on percent dose uptake primarily and thyroid gland size secondarily did not improve outcome compared to a standard fixed dose method.
Small‐scale egg production centres increase children's egg consumption in rural Zambia
Authors: Dumas Sarah E. , Lewis Dale , Travis Alexander J.
Published: October 2018

Animal source foods can efficiently enhance dietary quality, but they remain inaccessible and unaffordable for many women and young children in remote, low‐income communities. We piloted an intervention in which 20 groups established egg production centres (EPCs) in their rural Zambian communities to increase the availability of eggs in the local food system. In a repeated cross‐sectional design over 1 year (midline [4 months after the start of egg production] and endline [11 months]), we evaluated programme impact on household egg acquisition within those communities and on egg consumption and height‐for‐agezscore (HAZ) among young children (6–36 months) using multilevel linear, logistic, and truncated negative binomial regression techniques. At midline, households in project areas were significantly more likely to consume eggs than those in control areas (OR 2.08, 95% CI [1.56, 2.78]), particularly those located within 250 m of the EPC. Similarly, children living in project communities were significantly more likely to consume eggs at midline than those in control areas (OR 5.53, 95% CI [2.90, 10.58]). Although increased over baseline, egg acquisition and consumption decreased by endline because of depressed egg production over time. There was no impact on children's HAZ, likely because of the short follow‐up time and relatively modest “dose” of egg consumption. Although productivity can be improved, the EPC programme offers a novel approach to improving access to eggs in rural communities, and optimization of the production practices and marketing is needed to ensure that egg consumption translates to improved dietary quality, growth, and health.
Increasing egg availability through smallholder business models in East Africa and India
Authors: Beesabathuni Kalpana , Lingala Srujith , Kraemer Klaus
Published: October 2018

Availability and consumption of eggs, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia, is low despite their apparent benefits. We investigated constraints in egg production in four countries; Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, and India and identified five business models that are viable and sustainable. They are (a) micro‐franchising, (b) microfinancing, (c) co‐operative farming, (d) enterprise development, and (e) out‐grower model. All of them involve smallholder farmers to increase egg production. These farmers have access to soft loans and use improved inputs and extension services to varying degrees. Inputs include resilient breeds of day‐old chicks or point‐of‐lay hens, feed, vaccines, medicines, and housing. Outgrower and enterprise development models have a significant potential of rapidly increasing egg yields, achieve self‐sufficiency, operate at or near scale, and provide a high income for the farmers. This study shows how a range of actors in commercial, not‐for‐profit and microfinance sectors with specialized skills, can facilitate the transformation of the egg production sector. Specific skills include brooding (hatchery operations), feed milling, aggregation, and training of smallholder farmers or large‐scale rearing. The five archetypes we describe here are promising ways to increase egg availability in rural areas.
Family poultry: Multiple roles, systems, challenges, and options for sustainable contributions to household nutrition security through a planetary health lens
Authors: Alders Robyn G. , Dumas Sarah E. , Rukambile Elpidius , Magoke Godfrey , Maulaga Wende , Jong Joanita , Costa Rosa
Published: October 2018

Achieving sustainable production of eggs by family poultry production systems that meet both environmental health and welfare standards is a complex endeavour. Humans have been raising different species of poultry for thousands of years across many different agroecological zones. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has identified four different family poultry production systems: small extensive, extensive, semi‐intensive, and intensive. Each of these systems varies in terms of inputs, outputs, gender dimensions, poultry health and welfare, and environmental impacts. This paper addresses key issues associated with the production of family poultry eggs in support of both improved maternal and child nutrition and sustainable, nutrition‐sensitive agricultural practices. It provides an overview of the history of poultry raising; characteristics of the different family poultry production systems; challenges and solutions to poultry production in low‐ and middle‐income countries; poultry husbandry (including breeds, nutrition, and shelter); infectious disease prevention and control in line with national and international animal health regulations; and food safety (microbial pathogens, toxins, and egg storage). To ensure that bird, human, and environmental health can flourish, it is essential for interdisciplinary research and development teams to work in collaboration with communities to ensure the long‐term environmental and economic sustainability of family poultry production enterprises that are a good fit with local circumstances.
The Lulun Project's social marketing strategy in a trial to introduce eggs during complementary feeding in Ecuador
Authors: Gallegos‐Riofrío Carlos Andres , Waters William F. , Salvador José Miguel , Carrasco Amaya M. , Lutter Chessa K. , Stewart Christine P. , Iannotti Lora L.
Published: October 2018

The Lulun Project incorporated a social marketing strategy that accompanied a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a food‐based intervention that introduced eggs into the complementary feeding diet of Ecuadorian infants. This strategy was designed to promote behaviour change, in this case, egg consumption, through voluntary prosocial behaviour, empowerment, and brand loyalty. A three‐phase social marketing strategy (design, campaigns, and evaluation) contributed to our successful RTC by applying techniques drawn from marketing, publicity, design, and communications. To develop the strategy, we conducted (a) market research focused on culturally based norms, values, and local expectations; (b) a situational assessment based on the four Ps of social marketing (people, product, place, and price); and (c) fostered a creative process to develop the project's brand and communication plan. The strategy combined a communication plan, brand, and activities that were implemented in four campaigns: outreach, recruitment, promotion, and closing. Our evaluation showed that the social marketing strategy was instrumental in promoting the RCT's objectives and responding to unforeseen events and community concerns regarding the RCT. The strategy resulted in high compliance, low attrition, and infant feeding policy change, including Ecuador's Ministry of Public Health new complementary feeding guidelines for introducing eggs early in complementary feeding. Use of social marketing techniques, like those in our study, could be key for scaling up this food‐based intervention—or others like it—in Ecuador and beyond.
The Eight Big Negotiation Mistakes that Entrepreneurs Make
Authors: Dinnar Samuel , Susskind Lawrence
Published: October 2018

Entrepreneurs, whose job is to transform ideas into new products or services for which there is a market, pride themselves on creating disruption and driving innovation. But they often fumble key interactions because they don't know how to handle the negotiation challenges that almost always arise.

Entrepreneurship typically entails a series of interactions between founders, partners, potential partners, investors, and others at various stages of the entrepreneurial process – from the “seed” stage when the business is just an idea to the “exit” stage when the entrepreneur sells or departs. We have scrutinized the full range of entrepreneurial negotiations seeking to identify the most common negotiation mistakes that entrepreneurs make, and in this article we describe eight of them. We discuss how they can learn to prevent these mistakes – especially through proper preparation – and which strategies they can deploy to overcome the mistakes they do make.
Cysteine‐rich protein 61, a specific ultra‐early biomarker in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Li Chenyu , Zhao Long , Wang Yanfei , Che Lin , Luan Hong , Luo Congjuan , Xu Yan
Published: October 2018

Aim

Studies have shown that cysteine‐rich protein 61 (Cyr61) increased in the post‐ischemic human kidney tissue. However, it is still unknown whether Cyr61 can be used as a biomarker in kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Methods

Microarray data were collected from GSE58438 and GSE52004. The rat I/R model was established to evaluate the messenger RNA and protein expression of Cyr61, localization of Cyr61 by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and changes in serum creatinine (Scr) at the same time.

Results

Bioinformatics result showed that Cyr61 was significantly increased at 3 h after I/R in rat kidney, and involved in angiogene, positive regulation of locomotion and single organism cell adhesion. The rat I/R model results showed that Cyr61 was mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells with I/R injury and the expression of Cyr61 was up‐regulated at I/R 1 h, peaked at 4–8 h and began to decay at 12 h. The area under curve of receiver operating characteristics of kidney tissue Cyr61 messenger RNA and urine Cyr61 were 90.2% and 86.1%, which all better than Scr 67.1% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

We made a preliminary investigation of the relationship between Cyr61 and AKI, which identifies that Cyr61 may replace Scr as an ultra‐early new biomarker in AKI.
Anchoring the Numeric Pain Scale Changes Pain Intensity Reports in Patients With Chronic But Not With Acute Pain
Authors: Amir Renana , Leiba Ronit , Eisenberg Elon
Published: October 2018

Background

Despite enormous differences between acute and chronic pain, the numeric pain scale (NRS) is commonly used in pain research and clinical practice for assessing the intensity of both acute and chronic pain. The use of this scale has been challenged as it may fail to accurately reflect the pure intensity of chronic pain.

Aim

To compare the effect of anchoring the NRS on the intensity of pain reported by patients with acute vs. chronic pain.

Methods

Patients with acute postoperative or chronic pain (n = 100/group) were requested to rate their: current clinical pain intensity on an NRS from 0 to 100; the intensity of an anchoring pain event on the same scale; and subsequently to rate again their current pain intensity while making reference to the reported intensity of the pain event. The magnitude of correction was compared between the 2 groups.

Results

The anchoring pain was rated identically between the groups. However, following anchoring, patients with chronic pain made a significantly larger correction of their pain intensity than did those with acute pain (mean ± standard deviation = 9 ± 9, median [interquartile range] = 10 [0 to 10] vs. 3 ± 7, 0 [0 to 5], respectively; P < 0.0001). More patients in the chronic pain group corrected their pain intensity. Logistic regression showed that chronic pain and female gender significantly increased the likelihood of making the correction (chronic pain: odds ratio 7.2, 95% confidence interval 3.5 to 15.1, P < 0.0001; female gender: odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 5.5, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The results suggest that anchoring the NRS can potentially improve the accuracy of reported chronic pain intensity.
HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ARTICLE FOR PUBLICATION IN TERRA NOVA
Authors: Braun Jean , Coleman Max , Morgan Jason Phipps , Doglioni Carlo , Calas Georges , Mezger Klaus
Published: October 2018

Although as Editors of Terra Nova we receive many well‐written papers, occasionally some submissions are not as good as they could be in all aspects. Therefore, we have put together this guide on what we consider to be a well‐written article for our journal. It may be particularly useful for younger and less experienced authors but even those who have written many papers may find some parts of this to be useful. However, please note that this is not a prescription for writing a paper acceptable to Terra Nova. If in your writing you have other ways of achieving the same objectives described below, we shall go on welcoming the diverse range of submissions to Terra Nova.
Prominin‐1 (CD133) modulates the architecture and dynamics of microvilli
Authors: Thamm Kristina , Šimaitė Deimantė , Karbanová Jana , Bermúdez Vicente , Reichert Doreen , Morgenstern Anne , Bornhäuser Martin , Huttner Wieland B. , Wilsch‐Bräuninger Michaela , Corbeil Denis
Published: October 2018

Prominin‐1 is a cell surface biomarker that allows the identification of stem and cancer stem cells from different organs. It is also expressed in several differentiated epithelial and non‐epithelial cells. Irrespective of the cell type, prominin‐1 is associated with plasma membrane protrusions. Here, we investigate its impact on the architecture of membrane protrusions using microvilli of Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells as the main model. Our high‐resolution analysis revealed that upon the overexpression of prominin‐1 the number of microvilli and clusters of them increased. Microvilli with branched and/or knob‐like morphologies were observed and stimulated by mutations in the ganglioside‐binding site of prominin‐1. The altered phenotypes were caused by the interaction of prominin‐1 with phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and Arp2/3 complex. Mutation of tyrosine 828 of prominin‐1 impaired its phosphorylation and thereby inhibited the aforementioned interactions abolishing altered microvilli. This suggests that the interplay of prominin‐1‐ganglioside membrane complexes, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and cytoskeleton components regulates microvillar architecture. Lastly, the expression of prominin‐1 and its mutants modified the structure of filopodia emerging from fibroblast‐like cells and silencing human prominin‐1 in primary hematopoietic stem cells resulted in the loss of uropod‐associated microvilli. Altogether, these findings strengthen the role of prominin‐1 as an organizer of cellular protrusions.
Strategic Management for Global Firms: A Conceptual Discussion
Authors: Godiwalla Yezdi H.
Published: October 2018

Global organizations have to proceed with a global and strategic perspective in order to be effective. This is in contrast to domestically or regionally focused organizations. Global organizations would benefit from simultaneously pursuing: (a) led by headquarters (HQ) selectively-fostered integrative, global and strategic approaches, and, (b) decentralized foreign subsid­iary tactical and operational initiatives. The simultaneous pursuits of the two divergent approaches require capable management teams at both levels: (a) the global HQ, as well as, (b) the foreign subsidiary units. The unique task environments of each foreign subsidiary make it compelling for the HQ to delegate the operational decision making to the foreign subsidiary. For the combined and well-coordinated global vision, choices, goals and strategy, the HQ must take the strategic leadership role.The partnership and collaborative efforts among the HQ and foreign subsidiaries’ executives will foster a together-ness feeling and better ownership of the responsibility among the foreign subsidiaries’ executives. The hierarchical, top-down approach would then be replaced by a joint, information-sharing approach that would engender an era of trust and mutual respect. There would be closer to power equality rather than disproportionate distribution of power. Power would then be posited to where most information and direct skills reside.
Determination of the Turkish Language Sounds that Arabic Native Speaker Students Experience Problems With and Proposed
Authors: Sülükçü Yusuf
Published: October 2018

The present study aimed to identify Turkish language sounds that Arabic native speakers experience pronunciation difficulties with when learning Turkish and make various suggestions on how to resolve this problem. Qualitative research method and observation technique were used in the study. The data were collected in 2016 and the second half of 2017. The study population included native Arabic speakers who learned Turkish as a foreign language in Turkey, the study sample included 20 students attending Necmettin Erbakan University Turkish Instruction Application and Research Center (KONDIL) and 15 students attending a private course. It was determined that the students experienced difficulties in pronouncing the following sounds in Turkish alphabet: "ç, e, g, ğ, h, ı, j, k, l, o, ö, p, r, s, ş, t, ü, v, z". It was also determined that it was possible to correct certain pronunciation mistakes in the above-mentioned sounds easily while correction of others took longer. It was found that the educational level of the student before learning Turkish was not effective in the pronunciation of the sounds, speaking a foreign language other than Turkish decreased the number of sounds where the students experienced problems and the gender factor had no impact on pronunciation of the sounds. It was determined that the comparison of the articulation points in the native language of the student and Turkish and practical demonstration of these articulation points and repetition of a large number of sounds resolved the problem to a great extent. It was recommended to focus more on the determined sounds in the instruction of the sounds in Turkish.
Prevention of pesticide-induced neuronal dysfunction and mortality with nucleophilic poly-Oxime topical gel
Authors: Thorat Ketan , Pandey Subhashini , Chandrashekharappa Sandeep , Vavilthota Nikitha , Hiwale Ankita A. , Shah Purna , Sreekumar Sneha , Upadhyay Shubhangi , Phuntsok Tenzin , Mahato Manohar , Mudnakudu-Nagaraju Kiran K. , Sunnapu Omprakash , Vemula Praveen K.
Published: October 2018

Topical gel reduces pesticide-induced systemic acetylcholinesterase inhibition, thus preventing neuronal dysfunction and mortality.
Health and societal implications of medical and technological advances
Authors: Dzau Victor J. , Balatbat Celynne A.
Published: October 2018

Scientific and technological breakthroughs are transforming the future of medicine and health, but they inevitably carry risks and have societal implications that need to be addressed proactively.