bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leisure‐time physical activity from mid‐ to late life, body mass index, and risk of dementia
Authors: Tolppanen Anna‐Maija , Solomon Alina , Kulmala Jenni , Kåreholt Ingemar , Ngandu Tiia , Rusanen Minna , Laatikainen Tiina , Soininen Hilkka , Kivipelto Miia
Published: April 2014

Background

Physical activity may be beneficial for cognition, but the effect may vary depending on personal characteristics.

Methods

We investigated the associations between leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) from mid‐ to late life, the risk of dementia, and the role of body mass index, sex, and APOE in the CAIDE study during 28‐year follow‐up. Cognitive function of a random subsample was assessed at a mean age of 78.8 years (n = 1511), and dementia/Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnoses were identified from national registers for the entire target population (n = 3559).

Results

Moderate (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.99) and low levels of midlife LTPA (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.99–1.95) were associated with higher risk of dementia in comparison with the most active category. The benefits were more pronounced among men, overweight individuals, and APOE ε4 noncarriers. Maintaining high LTPA (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06–0.41) or increasing LTPA (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09–0.40) after midlife was associated with lower dementia risk. Similar results were observed for AD.

Conclusions

The window of opportunity for preventive physical activity interventions may extend from midlife to older ages.
Comparison of frequencies and prognostic effect of molecular subtypes between young and elderly breast cancer patients
Authors: de Kruijf Esther M. , Bastiaannet Esther , Rubertá Francesca , de Craen Anton J.M. , Kuppen Peter J.K. , Smit Vincent T.H.B.M. , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. , Liefers Gerrit Jan
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To compare the distribution and prognostic effect of the breast cancer molecular subtypes in young and elderly breast cancer patients.

Patients and methods

Our study population (n = 822) consisted of all early breast cancer patients primarily treated with surgery in our center between 1985 and 1996. A total of 142/822 fresh frozen tissues were available with good quality RNA and analyzed by gene expression microarray. Gene expression molecular subtypes were determined by correlation to the expression centroids of 534 “intrinsic” genes. Sections of a tissue micro array containing formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumor tissue of 714/822 patients were immunohistochemically (IHC) stained for Ki67, EGFR, CK5/6. Tumor expression of ER, PR, HER2 was previously determined. IHC molecular subtypes were defined based on expression of these markers: Luminal A: ER+ and/or PR+, HER2– and Ki67–; Luminal B: ER+ and/or PR+ and ki67+; ERBB2: ER–, PR– and HER2+; Basal‐like: ER–, PR–, HER2– and EGFR+ and/or CK5/6+; Unclassified: ER–, PR–, HER2–, EGFR– and CK5/6–. IHC molecular subtypes were validated against gene expression defined molecular subtypes. Assessment of distribution and prognostic effect of molecular subtypes was stratified to age (<65 versus ≥65 years).

Results

Validation of molecular subtypes determined by IHC against gene expression revealed a substantial agreement in classification (Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.75). A statistically significant association (p = 0.02) was found between molecular subtypes and age, where Luminal tumors were more often found in elderly patients, while ERBB2, basal‐like and unclassified subtypes were more often found in young patients. Molecular subtypes showed a prognostic association with outcome in young patients concerning relapse‐free period (RFP) (p = 0.01) and relative survival (RS) (p < 0.001). No statistically significant prognostic effect was found for molecular subtypes in elderly patients (RFP p = 0.5; RS p = 0.1). Additional analyses showed that no molecular subtypes showed a statistically significant difference in outcome for elderly compare to young patients.

Conclusion

We have shown that molecular subtypes have a different distribution and prognostic effect in elderly compared to young breast cancer patients, emphasizing the fact that biomarkers may have different distributions and prognostic effects and therefore different implications in elderly compared to their younger counterparts. Our results support the premise that breast cancer clinical behavior is significantly affected by patient age. We suggest that competing risks of death in elderly patients, ER‐driven differences and micro‐environmental changes in biology are underlying these age‐dependent variations in patient prognosis.
Flora of Suffolk
Authors: Henslow John Stevens , Skepper Edmund
Published: April 2014

An influential professor of botany at Cambridge, John Stevens Henslow (1796–1861) revived his department and helped develop the current University Botanical Garden for study, teaching and conservation. A mentor to the young Darwin, he proved an educational innovator, initiating the study of individual sciences at Cambridge and practical examinations at the University of London. While rector of Hitcham in Suffolk, he took an interest in local politics, welfare and popular education. This led to the publication in 1860 of this catalogue, which collated the observations and work of amateur botanists. Henslow was the overarching academic and technical consultant while Edmund Skepper is credited with organising and collating the information from the contributors. Catalogued taxonomically, each plant's Latin and common name is given along with its physical description, common locations, rarity or commonality, and periods of flowering or germination. It remains a valuable guide for amateur botanists and naturalists.
Memoir of Mrs Barbauld
Authors: Le Breton Anna Letitia
Published: April 2014

Anna Letitia Barbauld (1743–1825), poet, educator and essayist, is now considered to be one of the most important writers of the early Romantic period. Included in her highly regarded works on literary, political, social, and other intellectual topics is the ambitious poem Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (1812), which condemned Britain's participation in the Napoleonic Wars. She gained recognition for her influential elementary textbooks Lessons for Children (1778–9) and Hymns in Prose for Children (1781), which made her name synonymous with the instruction of infants. Her reputation suffered, however, from attacks by critics of her poetry and politics. This charming biography by Anna Letitia Le Breton (1808–85), her great-niece, was first published in 1874 and seeks to bring Barbauld's name back to public attention and acclaim. It draws on personal recollections, letters, and other family memorabilia in the author's possession.
Clara Schumann
Authors: Litzmann Berthold , Hadow W. H.
Published: April 2014

Clara Schumann (1819–1896), child prodigy, celebrated concert pianist, composer, and friend of Brahms, was also the wife of composer Robert Schumann. Her father Friedrich Wieck's implacable opposition to their marriage, the sublime music she inspired in Schumann and his tragic death at a cruelly young age underlie one of music's great romances. The German literary historian Berthold Litzmann (1857–1926) first published his biography in three volumes between 1902 and 1908, based on the diaries and letters of Robert and Clara Schumann. Appearing in 1913, this two-volume English translation by Grace Hadow (1875–1940) is an abridged version of the German fourth edition, offering a lucid portrait of a central figure in nineteenth-century European musical life. A preface is provided by the translator's elder brother, William Henry Hadow (1859–1937), the music historian. Volume 2 covers the years 1850 to 1896.
A Shadow of Dante
Authors: Rossetti Maria Francesca
Published: April 2014

'Any acquaintance with a work so sublime must needs be better than none. A shadow may win the gaze of some who never looked upon the substance.' In this scholarly introduction to the Divine Comedy, Maria Francesca Rossetti (1827–76) urges readers not to be put off by Dante's difficult language and befuddling cosmology. Deploying prose summaries alongside translated extracts of the poem, she takes the reader on a tour through Dante's world, from the first shadowy appearance of Virgil to the pilgrimage through Paradise. Rossetti also illuminates many aspects of the poem usually considered impenetrable by its English readership. Among them are the geography of the landscape, the connotations of the most significant Italian images, and the incorporation of the classical vision of Hell into the Christian version. Maps, textual annotations and thorough linguistic notes support her exegesis, which, though originally published in 1871, remains one of the finest available today.
Memoirs of the Analytical Society
Authors: Babbage Charles , Herschel John
Published: April 2014

By the end of the eighteenth century, British mathematics had been stuck in a rut for a hundred years. Calculus was still taught in the style of Newton, with no recognition of the great advances made in continental Europe. The examination system at Cambridge even mandated the use of Newtonian notation. As discontented undergraduates, Charles Babbage (1791–1871) and John Herschel (1792–1871) formed the Analytical Society in 1811. The group, including William Whewell and George Peacock, sought to promote the new continental mathematics. Babbage's preface to the present work, first published in 1813, may be considered the movement's manifesto. He provided the first paper here, and Herschel the two others. Although the group was relatively short-lived, its ideas took root as its erstwhile members rose to prominence. As the society's sole publication, this remains a significant text in the history of British mathematics.
TRANSCENDING DUAL ECONOMIES: REFLECTIONS ON ‘POPULAR ECONOMIES IN SOUTH AFRICA’
Authors: Callebert Ralph
Published: April 2014

A recent special issue ofAfricaon ‘Popular Economies in South Africa’ drew attention to local economies and to the livelihoods that link these popular, informal economies and the lives of the poor to the formal and global economies. This approach offers a promising avenue for questioning academic and policy discourses about unemployment and poverty in South Africa that are curiously reminiscent of the dualist modernization theories of the 1950s and 1960s. Both the idea of a South African ‘underclass’, as discussed by Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass, and the discourse of a first and a second economy, notably promoted by former President Thabo Mbeki, assume a fundamental divide in South Africa's economy based on socio-economic exclusion. These assumptions, however, fail to capture the many ways in which people cross these divides in making a living and have problematic policy implications. Highlighting these many and complex connections, as the recent special issue did, as well as historicizing the informal economy can help us to conceptualize the South African economy as a whole rather than as existing in two separate worlds.
Estimation of choline intake from 24 h dietary intake recalls and contribution of egg and milk consumption to intake among pregnant and lactating women in Alberta
Authors: Lewis Erin D. , Subhan Fatheema B. , Bell Rhonda C. , McCargar Linda J. , Curtis Jonathan M. , Jacobs René L. , Field Catherine J. ,   the APrON team
Published: April 2014

Despite recommendations for higher choline intakes during pregnancy and lactation, there is limited research regarding maternal intake during these important periods. In the present study, we estimated dietary choline intake during pregnancy and lactation in a population of Albertan women and the contribution of egg and milk consumption to intake. Dietary intake data were collected from the first 600 women enrolled in a prospective cohort study carried out in Alberta, Canada. During the first and/or second trimester, the third trimester and 3 months postpartum, 24 h dietary intake recall data were collected. A database was constructed including foods consumed by the cohort and used to estimate dietary choline intake. The mean total choline intake value during pregnancy was 347 (sd149) mg/d, with 23 % of the participants meeting the adequate intake (AI) recommendation. During lactation, the mean total choline intake value was 346 (sd151) mg/d, with 10 % of the participants meeting the AI recommendation. Phosphatidylcholine was the form of choline consumed in the highest proportion and the main dietary sources of choline were dairy products, eggs and meat. Women who consumed at least one egg in a 24 h period had higher (P< 0·001) total choline intake and were eight times more likely (95 % CI 5·2, 12·6) to meet choline intake recommendations compared with those who did not consume eggs during pregnancy. Women who reported consuming ≥ 500 ml of milk in a 24 h period were 2·8 times more likely (95 % CI 1·7, 4·8) to meet daily choline intake recommendations compared with those consuming < 250 ml of milk/d during pregnancy. Choline intake is below the recommendation levels in this population and the promotion of both egg and milk consumption may assist in meeting the daily choline intake recommendations.
Relative vitamin A values of 9-cis- and 13-cis-β-carotene do not differ when fed at physiological levels during vitamin A depletion in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Bresnahan Kara A. , Davis Christopher R. , Tanumihardjo Sherry A.
Published: April 2014

Provitamin A biofortification of staple crops may decrease the prevalence of vitamin A (VA) deficiency if widely adopted in target countries. To assess the impact of processing methods on the VA value of plant foods, the unique bioefficacies ofcis-βC isomers (formed during cooking) compared with all-trans(at) β-carotene (βC) must be determined. The bioefficacies of 9-cis(9c)- and 13-cis(13c)-βC isomers were compared with those of the at-βC isomer and VA positive (VA+) and negative (VA − ) controls in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in two experimental studies (study 1,n56; study 2,n57). A 3- or 4-week depletion period was followed by a 3- or 4-week treatment period in which the groups received oral doses of the 9c-, 13c- or at-βC isomers in cottonseed oil (study 1, 15 nmol/d; study 2, 30 nmol/d). In study 1, the βC isomers did not maintain baseline liver VA stores in all groups (0·69 (sd0·20) μmol/liver) except in the VA+group (0·56 (sd0·10) μmol/liver) (P= 0·0026). The βC groups were similar to the VA+group, but the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ from the VA − group (0·39 (sd0·09) μmol/liver). In study 2, the βC isomers maintained baseline liver VA stores in all the βC groups (0·35 (sd0·13) μmol/liver), and in the VA+group, the VA supplement (0·54 (sd0·19) μmol/liver) exceeded the baseline VA status (0·38 (sd0·15) μmol/liver) (P< 0·0001); however, the 9c-βC group did not differ from the VA − group (0·20 (sd0·07) μmol/liver).In vivoisomerisation of βC was confirmed in both experimental studies. Lower VA bioconversion factor values were obtained for thecis-βC isomers in study 2 when compared with study 1, but higher values were obtained for the at-βC isomer. Dose and VA status clearly affect bioconversion factors. In conclusion, thecis-βC isomers yielded similar liver VA stores to the at-βC isomer in Mongolian gerbils, and liver VA stores of the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ when the doses were provided at physiological levels over time in two studies.
Trading Firms in Colonial India
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: April 2014

The aim of this article is to develop a general narrative of the firms that led the growth of trade in nineteenth-century India, and thus to supply a missing piece in modern Indian business history. The trading firms had several features in common with trading firms globally, especially, a high degree of mobility, institutional adaptation, and occasionally, diversification into banking and manufacturing. But certain aspects of the process were specific to the regions where they operated, such as differences between the ports and the interior trading orders, between cities, and between expatriate and indigenous firms. The article reconsiders these features.
Uncertainty, Risk, and the Financial Crisis of 2008
Authors: Nelson Stephen C. , Katzenstein Peter J.
Published: April 2014

The distinction between uncertainty and risk, originally drawn by Frank Knight and John Maynard Keynes in the 1920s, remains fundamentally important today. In the presence of uncertainty, market actors and economic policy-makers substitute other methods of decision making for rational calculation—specifically, actors' decisions are rooted in social conventions. Drawing from innovations in financial markets and deliberations among top American monetary authorities in the years before the 2008 crisis, we show how economic actors and policy-makers live in worlds of riskanduncertainty. In that world social conventions deserve much greater attention than conventional IPE analyses accords them. Such conventions must be part of our toolkit as we seek to understand the preferences and strategies of economic and political actors.
Exchange Rates and Industry Demands for Trade Protection
Authors: Broz J. Lawrence , Werfel Seth H.
Published: April 2014

The recent confrontation between China and the United States over currency policy illustrates a broader phenomenon: exchange-rate misalignments tend to spill over into trade policy. Although previous studies have shown that aggregate protectionist activity is positively related to the level of the real effective exchange rate, we explore this relationship at the industry level. Several industry-specific characteristics determine the protectionist response to exchange rate changes, including the degree of exchange-rate pass-through, the level of import penetration, and the share of imported intermediate inputs in total industry inputs. We find that the marginal effect of currency appreciation on the number of industry-level antidumping petitions is positive and significant only for industries with high pass-through. Therefore, exchange rates appear to induce demands for trade barriers only in industries where competitiveness is directly harmed by currency appreciation.
America and Trade Liberalization: The Limits of Institutional Reform
Authors: Goldstein Judith , Gulotty Robert
Published: April 2014

Among scholars, delegation of power to the US president in 1934 is widely believed to have been a necessary requisite for tariff reductions in ensuing years. According to conventional wisdom, delegation to the president sheltered Congress from constituent pressure thereby facilitating the opening of the US economy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. This article suggests a revision to our understanding of just how that occurred. Through a close study of the US tariff schedule between 1928 and 1964, focusing on highly protected products, we examine which products were subject to liberalization and at what time. After 1934, delegation led to a change in trade policy, not because Congress gave up their constitutional prerogative in this domain but because presidents were able to target the potential economic dislocation that derives from import competition to avoid the creation of a congressional majority willing to halt the trade agreements program.
Water availability and crop growth at the crop plot level in South Africa modelled from satellite imagery
Authors: BLANC E. , STROBL E.
Published: April 2014

Although the effect of weather on crop growth has been studied widely, the contribution of other water sources has been less well studied, mainly due to data limitation. To address this gap, the current analysis considers the importance of water availability on crop growth by taking advantage of crop field boundaries and information on South Africa's four major grain producing provinces (Northwest, Mpumalanga, Free State and Gauteng) provided by the Agricultural Geo-referenced Information System dataset. To capture crop growth along the crop growing cycle at the plot level, the MODIS's MOD13Q1 dataset of 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used. To estimate the determinants of crop growth, weather effects were considered and represented by rainfall and reference evapotranspiration satellite derived data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's RFE and GDAS dataset, respectively. Hydrologic and irrigation determinants were estimated based on the HYDRO1K river network dataset produced by the US Geological Survey. The results show that although weather is an important explanatory factor, other sources of water, such as irrigation, proximity to perennial and ephemeral rivers, and stream flow are also influential. Taking into account the interaction effects between weather and water availability related factors is also important to determine the effect of water availability on crop growth.
Automatic discrimination of grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) clones using leaf hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares
Authors: FERNANDES A. M. , MELO-PINTO P. , MILLAN B. , TARDAGUILA J. , DIAGO M. P.
Published: April 2014

A worldwide innovative method to discriminate grapevine clones is presented. It is an alternative to ampelography, isozyme and DNA analysis. The spectra and their first and second derivatives of 201 bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range between 634 and 759 nm were used as inputs to a classifier created using partial least squares. The spectra were acquired in the laboratory for the adaxial side of the apical part of the main lobe of fully hydrated grapevine leaves. The classifier created allowed the separation of 100 leaves of the Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis viniferaL.) variety into four clones, namely CS 15, CS 169, CS 685 and CS R5, comprising 25 leaves each. The percentages of leaves correctly classified for these clones were 98·2, 99·2, 100 and 97·8%, respectively, when the classifier input was the second derivative of the normalized spectra. These percentages were determined by Monte-Carlo cross-validation. With the new method proposed, each leaf of a given variety can be classified in a few seconds according to its clone in an environmentally friendly way.
The Creative Response in Economic History
Authors: Schumpeter Joseph A.
Published: April 2014

Economic historians and economic theorists can make an interesting and socially valuable journey together, if they will. It would be an investigation into the sadly neglected area of economic change.

As anyone familiar with the history of economic thought will immediately recognize, practically all the economists of the nineteenth century and many of the twentieth have believed uncritically that all that is needed to explain a given historical development is to indicate conditioning or causal factors, such as an increase in population or the supply of capital. But this is sufficient only in the rarest of cases.
Biological parameters of franciscana dolphins,Pontoporia blainvillei, by-caught in artisanal fisheries off southern Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Negri María Fernanda , Panebianco María Victoria , Denuncio Pablo , Paso Viola María Natalia , Rodríguez Diego , Cappozzo Humberto Luis
Published: April 2014

The franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a small coastal dolphin endemic to the south-western Atlantic Ocean. Incidental captures in fishing gillnets is possibly the greatest conservation concern for this species, and occurs within most of its geographical distribution. The aim of this paper is to determine the biological parameters of franciscana dolphin by-caught from artisanal coastal fisheries of the southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Between 2003 and 2009, carcasses of 54 incidentally captured franciscanas were collected. The age, sexual and physical maturity and body condition of each specimen was determined. The sex-ratio of the by-caught dolphins did not differ from parity and, consistent with other areas, juveniles younger than 4 yr old were captured in higher proportion (69%). In addition, 74% of the entangled animals were sexually immature and 85% physically immature. Sexually immature dolphins were predominant in the spring, a period which coincides with the breeding season. An assessment of the body condition of captured franciscanas suggests that entanglements were not associated with a disease or physiological disorder. The results presented here are important to assess the impact of artisanal fisheries on the population of franciscana dolphins in the southernmost area of its distribution.
Biodiversity of scleractinian corals in the reefs of Qeshm and Larak Islands of the Persian Gulf, in association with environmental variables
Authors: Moradi Mahdi , Malekzadeh-Viayeh Reza , Eshaghi-Rad Javad
Published: April 2014

Diversity of hard corals is investigated on the reefs of two Iranian islands, Qeshm and Larak, located in the Persian Gulf. The corals were sampled and photographed and their percentage cover was estimated by diving in June 2008 and February 2009. Thirty-eight coral species belonging to 20 genera and nine families were identified, of which three species are new records from the Gulf. Coral diversity was higher in Larak Island, and in total, Acroporidae and Faviidae were the most diverse coral families. Acropora (83%) had the highest percentage cover in Larak Island, while the maximum percentage cover in Qeshm Island was for Porites (52.96%). Canonical correspondence analysis distinctly plotted the study sites against environmental variables. Salinity and pH were the most effective variables on the coral diversity, and had positive correlations with the frequency of several species including Pocillopora damicornis, Platygyra acuta and Acanthastrea maxima, while they had negative correlation with another group of other corals, including Plesiastrea devantieri, Acropora downingi and Psammocora digitata (P < 0.01). Water clarity had positive correlations with some coral species, including Cyphastrea serailia and Coscinaraeamonile, and negative correlations with other species such as Leptastrea transversa and Acropora arabensis. Diversity of a number of corals mainly Porites lutea and Cyphastrea chalcidicum had high affinity with the water temperature. The results of this study supported the existence of diversified coral communities in Iranian islands, while showing that their spatial and temporal distribution can be affected by environmental variables.
Sex, Bricks and Mortar: Constructing Class in a Central Indian Steel Town
Authors: PARRY JONATHAN
Published: April 2014

Based on a case study of informal sector construction labour in the central Indian steel town of Bhilai, this paper explores the intersection and the mutually constitutive relationship between social class on the one hand, and gender (and more specifically sexual) relations on the other. It is part of an attempt to document and analyse a process ofclassdifferentiation within the manual labour force between aspirant middle class organized sector workers and the unorganized sector ‘labour class’. With some help from the (pre-capitalist) ‘culture’ of their commonly work-shy men-folk, their class situation forces ‘labour class’ women onto construction sites where they are vulnerable to the sexual predation of supervisors, contractors and owners. That some acquiesce reinforces the widespread belief that ‘labour class’ women are sexually available, which in turn provides ‘proof’ to the labour aristocracy that they themselves are a different and better breed, superior in culture and morals. Class inequalities produce a particular configuration of gender relations; gender relations (and in particular sexual relations) produce a powerful ideological justification for class differentiation. This proposition has strong resonances with processes reported from other parts of the world; but in the Indian context and in its specific focus on sex it has not been clearly articulated and its significance for class formation has not been adequately appreciated.
Interictal psychosis following temporal lobe surgery: dentate gyrus pathology
Authors: Thom M. , Kensche M. , Maynard J. , Liu J. , Reeves C. , Goc J. , Marsdon D. , Fluegel D. , Foong J.
Published: April 2014

Background

De novointerictal psychosis, albeit uncommon, can develop in patients following temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy. Pathological alterations of the dentate gyrus, including cytoarchitectural changes, immaturity and axonal reorganization that occur in epilepsy, may also underpin co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to study candidate pathways that may be associated with the development of interictal psychosis post-operatively in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS).

Method

A total of 11 patients with HS who developed interictal psychosis (HS-P) post-operatively were compared with a matched surgical HS group without psychosis (HS-NP). Resected tissues were investigated for the extent of granule cell dispersion, mossy fibre sprouting and calbindin expression in the granule cells. We quantified doublecortin, mini-chromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) and reelin-expressing neuronal populations in the dentate gyrus as well as the distribution of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CBR1).

Results

The patterns of neuronal loss and gliosis were similar in both groups. HS-P patients demonstrated less mossy fibre sprouting and granule cell dispersion (p < 0.01) and more frequent reduction in calbindin expression in granule cells. There were no group differences in the densities of immature MCM2, doublecortin and reelin-positive cells. CBR1 labelling was significantly lower in Cornu ammonis area CA4 relative to other subfields (p < 0.01); although reduced staining in all hippocampal regions was noted in HS-P compared with HS-NP patients, the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The alterations in dentate gyrus pathology found in HS-P patients could indicate underlying differences in the cellular response to seizures. These mechanisms may predispose to the development of psychosis in epilepsy and warrant further investigation.
Intergenerational proximity and the residential relocation of older people to care institutions and elsewhere
Authors: VAN DER PERS MARIEKE , KIBELE EVA. U. B. , MULDER CLARA H.
Published: April 2014

We investigated the extent to which the geographic proximity of adult children affected the relocations of older people in the Netherlands in 2008. A major contribution of this study is the examination of the differentiation between relocation to care institutions and elsewhere. Data from the Dutch population register linked to complementary datasets were analysed for nearly one million inhabitants aged 75 and above, using multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the effects of intergenerational proximity and of other factors on the propensity to relocate to an institution and elsewhere. An interaction of proximity with partnership status as an indicator of the presence of an important care provider was considered. We found that older people were less likely to move elsewhere when their children were living very close by, and were more likely to do so when their children were living farther away. Having children living close was negatively associated with the likelihood of moving to a care institution. Very close proximity had an additional negative effect on the propensity of older people with a partner to relocate elsewhere whereas the negative effect was less for older people without a partner on moving elsewhere. Our findings did, however, show that (recently) widowed people were more likely to move elsewhere when their children were living more than 40 kilometres away.
‘Find out what it means to me’: Aretha Franklin's gendered re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’
Authors: Malawey Victoria
Published: April 2014

In her re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’, Aretha Franklin's seminal 1967 recording features striking changes to melodic content, vocal delivery, lyrics and form. Musical analysis and transcription reveal Franklin's re-authoring techniques, which relate to rhetorical strategies of motivated rewriting, talking texts and call-and-response introduced by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The extent of her re-authoring grants her status as owner of the song and results in a new sonic experience that can be clearly related to the cultural work the song has performed over the past 45 years. Multiple social movements claimed Franklin's ‘Respect’ as their anthem, and her version more generally functioned as a song of empowerment for those who have been marginalised, resulting in the song's complex relationship with feminism. Franklin's ‘Respect’ speaks dialogically with Redding's version as an answer song that gives agency to a female perspective speaking within the language of soul music, which appealed to many audiences.
The singer and the song: core components in Jimmy Webb's ‘Didn't We’
Authors: Robinson Thomas
Published: April 2014

In the study of popular music, much attention is given to the cover version, a performance of a song filled with reference to and even commentary upon previous performances. Analysis of cover versions tends to reveal a lot about the performers and performances but very little about the work being performed. Because different versions of a song may vary widely, it is often difficult to determine what precisely is ‘the work’ in the first place, especially in the absence of a score. Using an original analytical apparatus, the pitch-prevalence contour, and using Jimmy Webb's ‘Didn't We’ as a case study, this essay attempts to quantify the ‘core components’ of a song, the parts of a song that are retained in most if not all of its versions. It is through the analysis of various performances, seeking similarities, that one is able to see the essence of the song revealed. What is more, isolating these components simultaneously brings the differences in the performances into greater relief. The methodology thus separates the singer and the song.
‘The most Martian of Martianesses’: Zhanna Aguzarova, (post-)Soviet rock ‘n’ roll, and the musico-linguistic creation of the ‘outside’
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: April 2014

This article focuses on the Soviet/post-Soviet singer Zhanna Aguzarova, as both frontwoman for the seminal Russian rock ‘n’ roll bandBravoand as a solo artist. Contextualising her musical output within the singer's frequent allusions to and performances of extraterrestrialism, and drawing upon works of Kristeva and Vygotskii, I contend that Aguzarova's voice and frequent use of vocables contributed to a creation of a performative space ‘outside’ of and in contradistinction to the linguistically over-determined ‘official’ Soviet space. In conclusion, however, I problematise the creation of a simple binary, showing how Aguzarova's musical Russianness, as well as her emigration from and return to Russia, constitute a type of ‘rooted Otherness’.
Welcome to the candy shop! Conflicting representations of black masculinity
Authors: Djupvik Marita B.
Published: April 2014

Mainstream hip hop videos have long been known for their images of scantily clad women, extreme materialism, and misogynist and homophobic lyrics. In this article I focus on how rapper 50 Cent's masculinity is constructed and expressed through music, lyrics and images in his video ‘Candy Shop’ from 2005. This is a classically modelled hip hop video, replete with markers of hypermasculinity: fancy cars, ‘bling’, and lots of beautiful, sexually available women. Several scholars have discussed how women are exploited in videos like this and reduced to props for the male star. However, few have explored how this macho masculinity is constructed. Through a close reading of this video, using socio-musicology and audiovisual analysis as my approach, I propose that the macho masculinity presented here is threatened when the male body is on display, but 50 Cent reassures himself (and his audience) through selective framing, involving both other performers and the music.
Joints flexibility effect on the dynamic performance of robots
Authors: Zaher Mohamed H. , Megahed Said M.
Published: April 2014

This paper studies the effect of joint flexibility on the dynamic performance of a serial spatial robot arm of rigid links. Three models are developed in this paper. The first and the third models are developed using the multibody dynamics approach, while the second using the classical robotics approach. A numerical algorithm and an experimental test-rig are developed to test the final model. The links' inertial parameters are estimated numerically. Empirical formulae with assumption models are used to estimate the flexibility coefficients. The simulation results show that the joint damping is a major source of inaccuracies, causing trajectory error without a proper feedback controller.
Injection site infections and injuries in men who inject image- and performance-enhancing drugs: prevalence, risks factors, and healthcare seeking
Authors: HOPE V. D. , McVEIGH J. , MARONGIU A. , EVANS-BROWN M. , SMITH J. , KIMERGÅRD A. , PARRY J. V. , NCUBE F.
Published: April 2014

People who inject drugs are vulnerable to infections and injuries at injection sites, but these have rarely been studied in those injecting image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs). This study examined the factors associated with reported symptoms of injection site infections and injuries in IPED injectors. Of the 366 male IPED injectors surveyed, 42% reported ever having redness, swelling and tenderness (36% in the preceding year), and 6·8% had ever had an abscess or open wound at an injection site. Having these symptoms was associated with a range of factors related to drug use and healthcare utilization. One sixth (17%) of those reporting redness, tenderness and swelling had ever sought treatment, as had the majority (76%) of those reporting an abscess, sore or open wound. Most common sources of advice were emergency clinics and General Practitioners. Interventions are needed to support access to appropriate injecting equipment and provide targeted harm reduction advice.
The effect of neighborhood disadvantage, social ties, and genetic variation on the antisocial behavior of African American women: A multilevel analysis
Authors: Lei Man-Kit , Simons Ronald L. , Edmond Mary Bond , Simons Leslie Gordon , Cutrona Carolyn E.
Published: April 2014

Social disorganization theory posits that individuals who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than are those who live in advantaged neighborhoods and that neighborhood disadvantage asserts this effect through its disruptive impact on social ties. Past research on this framework has been limited in two respects. First, most studies have concentrated on adolescent males. In contrast, the present study focused on a sample of adult African American females. Second, past research has largely ignored individual-level factors that might explain why people who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods often do not engage in antisocial behavior. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation contributes to heterogeneity of response to neighborhood conditions. We found that the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by neighborhood social ties. Further, the analysis indicated that the effects of neighborhood disadvantage and social ties on antisocial behavior were moderated by genetic polymorphisms. Examination of these moderating effects provided support for the differential susceptibility model of Gene × Environment. The effect of Gene × Neighborhood Disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by the effect of Gene × Neighborhood Social Ties, providing support for an expanded view of social disorganization theory.
Novel Micro-fabricated Chip With Micro-channels for In-situ Observation of Liquid Samples and Processes in TEM
Authors: Jensen E. , Burrows A. , Mølhave K.
Published: April 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Investigating CNTs in Lung Tissue with FIB-SEM
Authors: Købler C. , Saber A.T. , Vogel U.B. , Qvortrup K. , Mølhave K.
Published: April 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
In Situ Observation of Electron Beam-Induced Phase Transformation of CaCO3 to CaO via ELNES at Low Electron Beam Energies
Authors: Golla-Schindler Ute , Benner Gerd , Orchowski Alexander , Kaiser Ute
Published: April 2014

It is demonstrated that energy-filtered transmission electron microscope enables following of in situ changes of the Ca-L2,3 edge which can originate from variations in both local symmetry and bond lengths. Low accelerating voltages of 20 and 40 kV slow down radiation damage effects and enable study of the start and finish of phase transformations. We observed electron beam-induced phase transformation of single crystalline calcite (CaCO3) to polycrystalline calcium oxide (CaO) which occurs in different stages. The coordination of Ca in calcite is close to an octahedral one streched along the <111> direction. Changes during phase transformation to an octahedral coordination of Ca in CaO go along with a bond length increase by 5 pm, where oxygen is preserved as a binding partner. Electron loss near-edge structure of the Ca-L2,3 edge show four separated peaks, which all shift toward lower energies during phase transformation at the same time the energy level splitting increases. We suggest that these changes can be mainly addressed to the change of the bond length on the order of picometers. An important pre-condition for such studies is stability of the energy drift in the range of meV over at least 1 h, which is achieved with the sub-Ångström low-voltage transmission electron microscope I prototype microscope.
Adult Safeguarding Policy and Law: A Thematic Chronology Relevant to Care Homes and Hospitals
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Stevens Martin
Published: April 2014

Elder abuse is a ‘social problem’, as illustrated by the production of policy documents and legislation that define and revise the scope and nature of the problem. This article synthesises and discusses the policy documents and legal changes that have taken place in England since 2000, when the first policy guidance to address adult safeguarding as a whole was produced. The focus of this article is on particular locations, namely care home and hospital settings, and the applicable policy and legislation. The policy documents and legal changes identified are analysed using Blumer's five phases of policy implementation and Matland's ambiguity-conflict matrix to explore their implications for policy implementation and coherence. The analysis suggests that responses to elder abuse have created different kinds of ambiguity and conflict, requiring both top-down and bottom-up policy interventions.
Attitudes to the ‘Necessities of Life’: Would an Independent Scotland Set a Different Poverty Standard to the Rest of the UK?
Authors: Gannon Maria , Bailey Nick
Published: April 2014

This article examines whether the population of Scotland would set a different poverty standard compared with the rest of the UK. It is based on research on a consensual or democratic poverty measure, defined by majority views of the items or activities which should be considered the ‘necessities of life’. The article explores whether majority opinions are the same in Scotland as in the rest of the UK. More generally, it explores how attitudes differ north and south of the border, and possible reasons for this. Data on attitudes were collected through three closely related surveys in 2011 and 2012. The analysis suggests that, in the early years at least, a more independent Scotland would be unlikely to set a different social minimum. On this topic, as on many others, attitudes in Scotland are very similar to those in the rest of the UK.
‘Organic abundance’ report: fatally flawed
Authors: Avery Alex
Published: April 2014

Fatal flaws in the recent report from Badgley et al. claiming that organic agriculture ‘could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base’. Among the serious problems identified: over 100 non-organic yield studies were claimed as organic; organic yields were misreported; false comparisons were made to unrepresentative low non-organic yields; high organic yields were counted 2, 3, even 5 times by citing different papers that referenced the same data; favorable and unverifiable ‘studies’ from biased sources were given equal weight to rigorous university studies. This report is being submitted to the Editor of the journal, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, for publication and response. It is only being released in the interest of public debate and discussion during the much-touted ‘organic fortnight’.
Notification and Consultation Procedures Under the Mekong Agreement: Insights from the Xayaburi Controversy
Authors: RIEU-CLARKE Alistair
Published: April 2014

Tensions between watercourse states are likely to escalate in the absence of effective legal frameworks by which to evaluate the impacts of large-scale unilateral water projects. Conscious of the need for such a framework, the lower Mekong River Basin States have developed the 1995 Mekong Agreement and related procedures for prior notification and consultation. The Xayaburi Hydropower Project constitutes the first project on the mainstream of the Mekong River that has been submitted to the consultation procedures under the 1995 Mekong Agreement. An analysis of the Xayaburi Project shows that both the design and implementation of the consultation process might be improved. The need to strengthen this process is particularly pertinent due to the numerous plans to further exploit the hydropower potential of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Additionally, examination of the prior consultation process under the Mekong Agreement offers valuable lessons for other international watercourses facing similar challenges.
Wie genau können Mütter die Mathematik- und Sprachleistungen ihrer Kinder einschätzen?
Authors: Frischknecht Marie-Claire , Reimann Giselle , Gut Janine , Ledermann Thomas , Grob Alexander
Published: April 2014

Es wurde geprüft, wie genau Mütter die Mathematik- und Sprachleistungen ihrer 6- bis 10-jährigen Kinder (N = 382) einzuschätzen vermögen. Die mütterliche Einschätzung wurde verglichen mit der Testleistung in den Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS). Die Einschätzungen der Mütter korrelierten substantiell positiv mit den Testleistungen der Kinder. Mütter überschätzten die Leistungen der Kinder. Die Mütter schätzten die Mathematikleistungen von Jungen höher ein als jene von Mädchen, wogegen sie die Deutschleistungen von Mädchen höher einschätzten als jene von Jungen. Gemessen an den Testleistungen wurden Mädchen und Jungen von den Müttern gleich häufig über-, unter- und genau eingeschätzt. Die vorliegenden Resultate bestätigen die Überschätzung seitens der Eltern, welche in der Literatur zu allgemeinen Entwicklungsbereichen häufig berichtet und wiederholt repliziert wurde. Mit dieser Untersuchung kann dieses Wissen auf die schulischen Leistungsfächer erweitert werden.
Versuch macht kluch g?!
Authors: Kreutzmann Madeleine , Zander Lysann , Hannover Bettina
Published: April 2014

Fehler können wichtige Lernprozesse in Gang setzen, wobei entscheidend ist, wie Lernende mit Fehlern umgehen. In der vorliegenden Studie werden auf Individualebene Unterschiede zwischen Lernenden in zwei Aspekten des Umgangs mit Fehlern beschrieben, nämlich positive Hinwendung zu eigenen Fehlern (Fehlerlernorientierung, FLO) und angstvolle Vermeidung fehlerhafter Handlungen (Fehlerangst, FA). Auf Klassenebene werden Unterschiede zwischen Lernkontexten durch den schülerperzipierten Umgang der Lehrperson mit Fehlern im Unterricht (Fehlerfreundlichkeit, FF) erfasst. Ergebnisse einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse verweisen auf die Unabhängigkeit der Dimensionen FLO, FA und FF. In einer Stichprobe von 421 Primarstufenschüler/inne/n erwiesen sich in Mehrebenenanalysen FLO und FA–auch bei Berücksichtigung der verwandten Konstrukte Lernziel- vs. Leistungszielorientierung–als prädiktiv für schulische Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, Lernfreude und Anstrengungsbereitschaft, wohingegen FF wider Erwarten nicht mit den Kriteriumsvariablen zusammenhing.