bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study on a Flipped Classroom in Open University Teaching Based on an Ecological Perspective: A Case Study on a Translation Theory and Practice Course
Authors: Shu Xiaoyang
Published: August 2016

A flipped classroom refers toa model of learning which reverses how time is spent in and out of the class to shift the ownership of learning from the teachers to learners. But from the perspective of ecology, education can be healthily developed in a harmonious and dynamically-balanced ecological system. Therefore, this project, exemplified through translation teaching, constructed a flipped teaching model based on an ecological perspective that open university distance learners will adapt to after revisiting the flipped classroom. Through the teaching experiment in the course on Translation Theory and Practice, the author highlighted that a good ecological relationship should be established in the translation subject, the translation object, the objectives of the translation course, and translation sources and requirements from the translation market — based on which the basic teaching process of a flipped classroom was developed. Using a questionnaire and interviews, the results of a one-year experiment showed that the flipped teaching model with the integration of modern information technology (functions of interaction, virtual simulation and social networking) in translation teaching could foster greater student engagement and higher levels of motivation and translation competence; and the teachers were excited by the opportunity to enhance their teaching practice and the profession. However, some major challenges were also posed to the students and teachers, viz.: (1) how to make the students transform from knowledge-receivers to knowledge-producers; and (2) how to improve the teacher's TPACK(technology integrated into some curricula) — for example,how to explaina concept in a bite-sized video (the pace, the visual representation, and the aligned assessment practices) and how to extend these activities into the classroom.
Pedagogic Orientations of MOOC Platforms: Influence on Course Delivery
Authors: Ming Wong* Billy Tak
Published: August 2016

This paper reports on an exploratorystudy of the influence of the pedagogic orientations of MOOC platforms on their courses. Four MOOC platforms — namely Coursera, edX, FutureLearn and OpenLearning — which illustrate their pedagogy on their websites were selected for this research.The pedagogic features of 32 courses on these platforms were examined.The results show course differences in terms of theirduration, learning activities, assessment, socialinteraction and instructors'participation. For example, while the courses on Coursera and edX used videos more extensively in general, FutureLearn and OpenLearning had more active socialinteraction. The findings confirm that the pedagogic features highlightedin each platform were realized in their courses. The implications lie in the flexibility of course developers in delivering MOOCs on the platforms, and the choices of platforms for MOOC learners.
PCB welding spot detection with image processing method based on automatic threshold image segmentation algorithm and mathematical morphology
Authors: Wang Shi yuan , Zhao Yang , Wen Liuying
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To enhance the detection efficiency of printed circuit board (PCB) soldered dot, this study aims to detect PCB soldered dot with image processing method.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a series of image processing algorithms, threshold segmentation and feature extraction of the solder joint images were completed; then, sphericity was confirmed based on the area and perimeter, as well as the shape parameter and eccentricity ratio of the calculated region, paving the way for defect pattern recognition.

Findings

It proves that the method with high efficiency and precision can satisfy the requirements of PCB soldered dot detection.

Originality/value

This paper is original in presenting a method for PCB welding spot detection.
The politics of coaching assistant principals: exploring principal control
Authors: Lochmiller Chad R. , Karnopp Jennifer R
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore how school principals influenced or controlled leadership coaches working with assistant principals in urban secondary schools.

Design/methodology/approach

– This longitudinal qualitative case study drew upon semi-structured interviews and program documents obtained from participants in a university-based leadership coaching program across three academic years. The study included 22 total participants, including ten assistant principals, nine leadership coaches, and three program staff.

Findings

– A thematic analysis of the data produced three themes. First, principals controlled coaches’ work with assistant principals both directly and indirectly. Second, the extent of principal control influenced how coaches developed a confidential relationship with the assistant principals and what strategies they used to preserve the confidential nature of the coaching relationship. Third, the focus of the coaching support evolved in response to the assignment of responsibilities and duties to the assistant principals, which were largely outside the assistant principal and leadership coach’s control. The absence of alignment between coaching priorities and leadership responsibilities frustrated coaches.

Originality/value

– The findings from this study make two significant empirical contributions to the literature. First, the study provides critical new insights about the extent to which politics generated by principals and administrative teams may influence the work of leadership coaches. Second, the study contributes to the sparse literature about leadership coaching for assistant principals, particularly those working in secondary school settings in the USA.
Two sides to the evasion
Authors: Elert Niklas , Henrekson Magnus , Wernberg Joakim
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– Evasive entrepreneurs innovate by circumventing or disrupting existing formal institutional frameworks. Since such evasions rarely go unnoticed, they usually lead to responses from lawmakers and regulators. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors introduce a conceptual model to illustrate and map the interdependencey between evasive entrepreneurship and the regulatory response it provokes. The authors apply this framework to the case of the file sharing platform The Pirate Bay, a venture with a number of clearly innovative and evasive features.

Findings

– The platform was a radical, widely applied innovation that transformed the internet landscape, yet its founders became convicted criminals because of it.

Originality/value

– Applying the evasive entrepreneurship framework to this case improves the understanding of the relationship between policymaking and entrepreneurship in the digital age, and is a first step toward exploring best responses for regulators facing evasive entrepreneurship.
Unproductive entrepreneurship in US military contracting
Authors: Coyne Christopher J. , Michaluk Courtney , Reese Rachel
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– US military contracting has been plagued by systematic corruption, fraud, and waste during both times of peace and war. These outcomes result from the inherent features of the US military sector which incentivize unproductive entrepreneurship. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Drawing on the insights of Baumol (1990) as their base theoretical framework, the authors explore how the industrial organization of the US military sector creates incentives for unproductive entrepreneurship. Evidence from US government reports regarding US efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq is provided to illustrate the central claims.

Findings

– The military sector is characterized by an entangled network of government bureaus and private firms whose existence is dependent on continued government spending. These realities, coupled with a dysfunctional procurement processes, reward unproductive behaviors during peacetime. During wartime these incentives are intensified, as significant emergency resources are injected into an already defective contracting system. The recent experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq illustrate these dynamics.

Originality/value

– The authors make three main contributions. First, contrary to common treatments by economists, much military spending fails to meet the definition of a public good. Second, waste, fraud, and abuse in military contracting is a result of rules and the incentives those rules create. Third, the only way to change the situation is to change the overarching rules governing the people operating in the military sector.
Knowledge management implementation in Indian automobile ancillary industries
Authors: Patil Nitin Yashwant , Warkhedkar Ravi M.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

In the past decade, much has been written about knowledge management (KM) in the manufacturing; however, less attention has been paid to the Indian automobile ancillary industries located in Chinchwad, Pune. It is suitable to find out the relationship of the factors of the study. It helps in identifying the hierarchy of factors to be taken, and interlinking of production department with KM improves the productivity of the industries. Categorization of these principles based on their driving power (principles which hold other principles) and dependence (principles which are dependent on other principles) has also been examined for KM implementation to study the driving power and dependence power of these principles. This paper aims to determine the roadmap of KM implementation and categorize KM principles based on their driving power for manufacturing industries with the use of the interpretive structural modeling (ISM)-based model. The results indicate that the principles possessing higher driving power, such as KM, inventory control, quality control, productivity and scheduling and their interlinking. The major contribution of this research lies in the development of contextual relationship among various identified factors of KM and determination of their driving and dependence power through a single systemic framework.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, author find out the suitability ISM for Indian Automobile industries to find the relation among the variables.

Findings

ISM model has been developed for the hierarchy of the identified KM. As ISM model results a hypothetical hierarchy which needs a proper quantitative analysis to evaluate their percentage effectiveness in the hierarchy.

Research limitations/implications

It is applied to automobile industries with limited number of variables that will show the dependence variable and driving variables and their interrelations. It can be applied other fields to fine the relationship of variables.

Practical implications

The ISM may be used in supply chain management and total quality management to find interlinking between the variables.

Originality/value

The limited data collected from Pimpri Chinchwad industrial area of Pune from Maharashtra state (India).
The burden of disease of dental anxiety: generic and disease‐specific quality of life in patients with and without extreme levels of dental anxiety
Authors: Vermaire J.H. , van Houtem C.M.H.H. , Ross J.N. , Schuller A.A.
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to compare disease‐specific (oral health‐related) quality of life (OHRQoL), assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14), and generic (health‐related) quality of life (HRQoL), assessed using the EuroQol5D (EQ‐5D‐5L), in patients with severe dental anxiety (who were visiting a centre for special care dentistry) with a control group from the general population. Seventy‐six patients with severe dental anxiety [Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) score ≥ 13] were matched, according to age, gender, and socio‐economic status, to a control group of 76 participants in a larger epidemiological study on oral health in the Netherlands (n = 1,125). The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare levels of HRQoL and OHRQoL in both groups. The total OHIP score (indicating lower OHRQoL) was higher for the patient group (10th percentile = 30.5; 90th percentile = 46.0) than for the control group (10th percentile = 1.0; 90th percentile = 14.5). The patient group showed higher scores on all seven OHIP domains. Lower utility scores were found in patients with severe dental anxiety (HRQOL: 10th percentile = 0.7; 90th percentile = 0.9) relative to the control group (HRQOL: 10th percentile = 0.9; 90th percentile = 1.0). A disease burden of 74,000 disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) was calculated for the Netherlands. The findings of this study show differences between patients visiting a dental fear clinic and matched controls from the general population for both OHRQoL and HRQoL, indicating that having severe dental anxiety generates a significant burden of disease.
Barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) behaviour after recent fire events; integrating caribou telemetry data with Landsat fire detection techniques
Authors: Rickbeil Gregory J. M. , Hermosilla Txomin , Coops Nicholas C. , White Joanne C. , Wulder Michael A.
Published: August 2016

Fire regimes are changing throughout the North American boreal forest in complex ways. Fire is also a major factor governing access to high‐quality forage such as terricholous lichens for barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Additionally, fire alters forest structure which can affect barren‐ground caribou's ability to navigate in a landscape. Here, we characterize how the size and severity of fires are changing across five barren‐ground caribou herd ranges in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. Additionally, we demonstrate how time since fire, fire severity, and season result in complex changes in caribou behavioural metrics estimated using telemetry data. Fire disturbances were identified using novel gap‐free Landsat surface reflectance composites from 1985 to 2011 across all herd ranges. Burn severity was estimated using the differenced normalized burn ratio. Annual area burned and burn severity were assessed through time for each herd and related to two behavioural metrics: velocity and relative turning angle. Neither annual area burned nor burn severity displayed any temporal trend within the study period. However, certain herds, such as the Ahiak/Beverly, have more exposure to fire than other herds (i.e. Cape Bathurst had a maximum forested area burned of less than 4 km2). Time since fire and burn severity both significantly affected velocity and relative turning angles. During fall, winter, and spring, fire virtually eliminated foraging‐focused behaviour for all 26 years of analysis while more severe fires resulted in a marked increase in movement‐focused behaviour compared to unburnt patches. Between seasons, caribou used burned areas as early as 1‐year postfire, demonstrating complex, nonlinear reactions to time since fire, fire severity, and season. In all cases, increases in movement‐focused behaviour were detected postfire. We conclude that changes in caribou behaviour immediately postfire are primarily driven by changes in forest structure rather than changes in terricholous lichen availability.
Spatial distribution modelling reveals climatically suitable areas for bumblebees in undersampled parts of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Penado Andreia , Rebelo Hugo , Goulson Dave
Published: August 2016

The Iberian Peninsula supports a high diversity of bumblebees, with 38 species all of which are at or near the south‐western edge of their range. We might expect them to be threatened by climate change, but their distributions within Iberia are poorly documented.

In this study, we examine the climatic conditions that explain the distribution of Iberian bumblebees. Species distribution models (SDMs) were built using a presence‐only technique (Maxent), incorporating presence data of Iberian bumblebees (initially 5795 records for 38 species) with seven climatic variables.

We observed that: (i) mountain regions were highlighted as rich in species (bumblebee hot spots); (ii) rare species are climatic specialist species that mainly inhabit mountain regions; (iii) common species are more tolerant of a broader range of climates, notably of higher temperatures; (iv) some areas of Iberia are largely undersampled, including areas predicted to support high bumblebee diversity.

We identify areas where targeted searches may reveal undiscovered populations of rare bumblebee species. Obtaining a good knowledge of the current distribution of species is a vital first step towards devising approaches for their conservation.
The diversity of the human hair colour assessed by visual scales and instrumental measurements. A worldwide survey
Authors: Lozano I. , Saunier J. B. , Panhard S. , Loussouarn G.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To study (i) the diversity of the natural colour of the human hair through both visual assessment of hair tone levels and colorimetric measurements of hair strands collected from 2057 human male and female volunteers, from 23 regions of the world and (ii) the correlation between visual assessments and colorimetric measurements.

Methods

Hair strands were analysed by a spectrocolorimeter under the L*, a*, b* referential system and scored in vivo by experts before sampling, through standardized visual reference scales based on a 1–10 range.

Results

Results show that from a typological aspect, black or dark brown hairs largely predominate among studied ethnic groups, whereas Caucasian or derived populations exhibit the widest palette of medium to fair shades, partly explaining some past interbreeding among populations. Instrumental measurements clearly confirm that a given colour of a pigmented hair, at the exclusion of red hairs, is mostly governed by two components, L* and b*, from the L*, a*, b* reference system.

Conclusion

The comparisons between visual assessments and instrumental data show that these appear closely linked. Darker hairs show close or subtle variations in L*, a*, b* parameters, making their individual colour differentiation calling for technical improvements in colorimetric measurements. The latter are likely governed by other physical factors such as shape, diameter and shine.
Spectral Analysis of Baseline Electrocardiogram During Atrial Fibrillation Predicts Response to Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: STAVRAKIS STAVROS , DYER JOHN W. , KOOMSON EDWARD , SCHERLAG BENJAMIN J. , BHARDWAJ BHASKAR , LAZZARA RALPH , PO SUNNY S.
Published: August 2016

Spectral Analysis of Baseline Electrocardiogram

Background

We evaluated the ability of spectral analysis of the baseline ECG during atrial fibrillation (AF) to predict the response of persistent AF to antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

Methods

Patients with persistent AF who were admitted for dofetilide loading were prospectively enrolled in the study. Atrial activity was extracted from the ECG using an Independent Component Analysis method and then subjected to a Modified Periodogram. The regularity index was computed as the ratio of the power in the dominant frequency and all its harmonics to the total power in the spectrum. Patients were followed at 1 month, 3 months and every 3 months thereafter.

Results

Of 28 patients enrolled in the study, 14 (50%) converted acutely to sinus rhythm during the 3‐day hospital loading period. The clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with and without acute pharmacologic conversion were similar. The regularity index was significantly higher in those who converted to sinus rhythm compared to those who did not (0.71 ± 0.20 vs. 0.38 ± 0.13, respectively; P < 0.0001). A regularity index ≥0.44 had a 79% sensitivity and 93% specificity to predict acute conversion and was associated with a nearly 5‐fold increase in the acute conversion rate (odds ratio = 4.89; 95% confidence interval 1.74–13.75; P = 0.003). The regularity index was the only independent predictor of acute conversion. Neither acute conversion, nor the regularity index predicted sinus rhythm maintenance, after a median follow‐up of 10 months.

Conclusion

Increased regularity index predicts acute conversion of persistent AF during dofetilide loading, but does not predict long‐term sinus rhythm maintenance.
Fatty acid alterations in the detritivorous Prochilodus lineatus promoted by opportunistic feeding on sewage discharges in the Río de la Plata estuary
Authors: Speranza E. D. , Colombo M. , Tatone L. M. , Cappelletti N. , Migoya M. C. , Colombo J. C.
Published: August 2016

Muscle fatty acid profiles and PCB contents of the detritivorous species Prochilodus lineatus and its diet (stomach contents, settling particles and sediments) were analysed from reference and polluted areas of the Paraná‐Rio de la Plata basin, to evaluate the alterations produced by opportunistic feeding on sewage discharges. Overall muscle fatty acid composition was dominated by saturated and monounsaturated 16 and 18 carbon (18 C‐FA) components with reduced long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA). Compared to sediments, settling particles and stomach contents were enriched in lipids and had a similar fatty acid composition. Opportunistic feeding on sewage detritus at Buenos Aires resulted in enhanced PCB and triglyceride accumulation, with higher proportions of 18 C‐FA and lower proportions of 16:1 and LC‐PUFA compared to fish from northern pristine reaches of the basin. Mid‐Paraná showed intermediate values reflecting mixing of the North stock with migrating Buenos Aires P. lineatus identified by their lipid and contaminant profile. According to multivariate analyses, this geographical variation of fatty acid composition was strongly influenced by PCB concentration. Prochilodus lineatus assimilates the energy subsidy of sewage inputs through enhanced lipogenesis with dominant 18 C‐FA and significant amounts of valuable LC‐PUFA. This lipid alteration facilitates the bioaccumulation of PCBs which in turn may reinforce the adipogenic effect of sewage feeding.
Insights on stock structure of round sardinella Sardinella aurita off north‐west Africa based on otolith shape analysis
Authors: Bacha M. , Jeyid A. M. , Jaafour S. , Yahyaoui A. , Diop M. , Amara R.
Published: August 2016

This study examines the geographic variability in otolith shape of round sardinella Sardinella aurita as a tool for stock discrimination. Fish were analysed from six sampling locations from Senegal to the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. A combination of otolith shape indices and elliptic Fourier descriptors was investigated by multivariate statistical procedures. Within the studied area, three distinct groups were identified with an overall correct classification of 78%. Group A: Nador (Alboran Sea), group B: Casablanca (northern Morocco) and group C: Senegalese–Mauritanian. The results of this study confirm the absence of an Atlantic Ocean–Mediterranean Sea transition for this species, the Gibraltar Strait acting as an efficient barrier for S. aurita population separation. Off north‐west Africa, fish from northern Morocco form a single group which is clearly isolated from Senegalese–Mauritanian waters, confirming the existence of a distinct stock in this area. Among group C, some discontinuity exists and suggests the existence of a sedentary fraction of S. aurita in northern Mauritania (Arguin Bank). The results are discussed in relation to oceanographic features and physical barriers to dispersal and fish management strategy in the study area.
Pauci‐immune glomerulonephritis in a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and a review of spontaneous cases in animals
Authors: Neidig Lauren E. , Owston Michael A. , Ball Erin , Dick Edward J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Crescentic glomeruli are the hallmark finding in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and are characterized by disruption and proliferation of the glomerular capsule and an influx of cells into Bowman's space. Pauci‐immune‐type RPGN is identified by a lack of immunoglobulins and immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane.

Methods

Complete necropsy and histology were performed on the affected chimpanzee. Electron microscopy was performed on kidney sections. A search of the literature was performed to identify spontaneous RPGN in animals.

Results

We report a case of crescentic glomerulonephritis of the pauci‐immune‐type in a hepatitis C virus‐infected 28‐year‐old male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) who was humanely euthanized for a cardiac‐related decline in health.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report describing pauci‐immune crescentic glomerulonephritis in a non‐human primate.
Determinants of the Intention to Pump Breast Milk on a University Campus
Authors: Bai Yeon K. , Dinour Lauren M. , Pope Gina A.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

The number of young mothers in the workforce and in schools of higher education has steadily increased. In order to maintain a breastfeeding relationship with their children, these mothers need to pump or express breast milk multiple times a day while at work or school. This study examines the factors associated with the intention to pump breast milk at one university campus.

Methods

Between January and February 2015, an online survey invitation was sent out to all female employees and students at one university. The survey, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, assessed intentions to pump breast milk on campus. The intention to pump breast milk was examined between employees and students separately. Within these 2 groups, behavioral performers (women who pump or have pumped breast milk while on campus) were compared to nonperformers. Using multiple regression analysis, the most influential predictors of the intention to pump (ie, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and underlying beliefs) were identified.

Results

A total of 218 women participated in the study (62 employees and 156 students, a 71.7% survey completion rate). Among university employees, the most influential factor that predicted pumping intention among performers was attitude toward pumping (β = 0.36, P = .03). Among student performers, the most influential factor to predict pumping intention was the subjective norm (β = 0.31, P = .02). For student nonperformers, perceived behavioral control (β = 0.54, P < .001) was the most influential factor. Important determinants of the intention to pump on campus included relieving discomfort from engorgement, availability of milk storage, experiencing other people's approval of pumping breast milk, and the inconvenience of carrying pump equipment.

Discussion

Continued efforts are needed to create a supportive culture for breastfeeding in the campus community as well as to provide pump loan and milk storage options for both employee and student mothers.
What Kind of Christian Are You? Religious Ideologies and Political Attitudes
Authors: McDaniel Eric L.
Published: August 2016

Through measures of orthodoxy, images of God, and instrumental beliefs, scholars of the social scientific study of religion have been able to demonstrate how abstract and specific religious beliefs influence political and social attitudes. Building upon this work, this article uses a unique data set to measure social and prosperity gospel support. Further, it examines the roots and political behavioral consequences of support to these religious ideologies. The results show that religious tradition, congregational messages, and social demographics all influence doctrinal support. However, these relationships are conditional upon race. The results also show that the social gospel promotes an emphasis on the structural sources of social problems and the importance of rehabilitation, which leads to higher levels of self‐expressed liberalism and democratic identification. Conversely, the prosperity gospel promotes holding individuals accountable for social problems and punishing deviant behavior, which leads to higher levels of self‐expressed conservatism and Republican identification. The data also suggest that race matters, as the relationship between prosperity gospel support and political attitudes is more powerful for blacks than whites.
Quantile Regression on Quantile Ranges – A Threshold Approach
Authors: Kuan Chung‐Ming , Michalopoulos Christos , Xiao Zhijie
Published: August 2016

We study, via quantile regression, time series models whose conditional distribution may change over different quantile range of a threshold variable. We derive the limiting distribution of the estimated threshold parameter under the frameworks of asymptotically shrinking and fixed regime change magnitude. We construct confidence intervals for the estimated threshold parameter via a likelihood‐ratio‐type statistic and tabulate critical values, and by extensive simulation, we investigate their coverage probabilities. We also derive the Bahadur representation allowing for serially correlated errors and discuss related inference problems on threshold effects. Our asymptotic and simulation results complement the existing literature of Caner (2002), Galvao et al (2011, 2014) on threshold regression models.
The effect of Arabic gum on frozen dough properties and the sensory assessments of the bread produced
Authors: Tavakoli Hamid Reza , Jonaidi Jafari Nematollah , Hamedi Hassan
Published: August 2016

The use of hydrocolloids in frozen dough has become frequent as bread improvers due to their anti‐staling effect. Nevertheless, the impact of both different frozen storage and Arabic gum level in non‐prefermented flat dough with following thawing procedure have not been studied. This work intended to study the effect of three different ratio of Arabic gum on rheological properties of 1, 7, and 30 days of frozen storage and the quality of the bread made from. In order to gain the least detrimental effects on gluten network, we used rapid rate freezing and microwave heating in thawing stage. Rheological results showed that the unfrozen samples to which Arabic gum had been added rendered the highest resistance to extension. The resistance of gum fortified samples were less than fresh dough, however the decline was not significant in 3.0% Arabic gum dough kept in a month storage (p > .05). The similar findings were obtained for extensibility and adhesiveness; in which the maximum incorporation of Arabic gum lessen the destructive impact of long freezing storage. Addition of 3% gum could be able to retard staling through an increment in hydrophilic bonds between water molecules and amylose during thawing (p < .05). The overall rating of Arabic gum enriched samples was similar with bread made from non‐frozen dough, even after 30 days of storage as indicated by the sensory evaluation of breads.

Practical applications

Producing a chapatti‐like fermented bread without long fermentation period. Formulation a frozen dough without using chemical additives. Introducing a proper use of a new defrosting method with the aim of achieving a better texture. Improvement in retarding staling by the use of Gum Arabic after 7 days.
Nonselective beta blockers in patients with ascites: implications of a nationwide study
Authors: Mandorfer Mattias , Reiberger Thomas
Published: August 2016

See Article on Page 1304
Early adverse experience and substance addiction: dopamine, oxytocin, and glucocorticoid pathways
Authors: Kim Sohye , Kwok Stephanie , Mayes Linda C. , Potenza Marc N. , Rutherford Helena J. V. , Strathearn Lane
Published: August 2016

Substance addiction may follow a chronic, relapsing course and critically undermine the physical and psychological well‐being of the affected individual and the social units of which the individual is a member. Despite the public health burden associated with substance addiction, treatment options remain suboptimal, with relapses often seen. The present review synthesizes growing insights from animal and human research to shed light upon developmental and neurobiological pathways that may increase susceptibility to addiction. We examine the dopamine system, the oxytocin system, and the glucocorticoid system, as they are particularly relevant to substance addiction. Our aim is to delineate how early adverse experience may induce long‐lasting alterations in each of these systems at molecular, neuroendocrine, and behavioral levels and ultimately lead to heightened vulnerability to substance addiction. We further discuss how substance addiction in adulthood may increase the risk of suboptimal caregiving for the next generation, perpetuating the intergenerational cycle of early adverse experiences and addiction.
Relationship social comparison interpretations and dating relationship quality, behaviors, and mood
Authors: MORRY MARIAN M. , SUCHARYNA TAMARA A.
Published: August 2016

Social comparisons are common in dating relationships. We examined individuals' cognitive interpretations (e.g., hope for the future or one's own relationship is not doing well) after an upward, downward, or lateral social comparison to a friend's dating relationship. Exploratory factor analyses indicated three factors in the Relationship Social Comparison Interpretation scale (RSCI): negative interpretations, positive upward interpretations, and positive downward interpretations (Studies 1 and 2). Hierarchical regressions controlling for comparison direction and individual differences in relationship social comparison orientation indicated that the RSCI was associated with relationship satisfaction, commitment, and positive and negative affect (Studies 1 and 2). There were also direct and indirect effects (through relationship quality) of the RSCI, with attention to alternatives and accommodation behaviors (Study 2).
Monitoring infection of tomato fruit by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Authors: Just K. , Arif U. , Luik A. , Kvarnheden A.
Published: August 2016

Fruit constitutes a strong sink organ and thus accumulates infecting viruses, but there is limited information about the infection process of viruses in fruit. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) is one of the most important viruses affecting the production of tomato fruit. Using real‐time quantitative PCR, TYLCV was shown to accumulate with increasing titres in early developing tomato fruit tissues from anthesis until 21 days post‐anthesis. In situ hybridization demonstrated that TYLCV DNA and transcripts of the coat protein gene localized specifically to the phloem tissue of young fruit as well as sepals and petals. Embryos of developing seeds were also found to be infected. Expression of a host histone H4 gene was used as a marker for S‐phase and the gene was also found to be expressed in phloem cells of young tomato fruit. The results indicate that TYLCV is transported to developing tomato fruit, where the virus titre gradually increases because of movement and probably also due to virus replication. In this study, the accumulation and localization of TYLCV in early developing tomato fruit are monitored for the first time.
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals a global insight into molecular processes regulating citrate accumulation in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Lu Xiaopeng , Cao Xiongjun , Li Feifei , Li Jing , Xiong Jiang , Long Guiyou , Cao Shangyin , Xie Shenxi
Published: August 2016

Citrate, the predominant organic acid in citrus, determines the taste of these fruits. However, little is known about the synergic molecular processes regulating citrate accumulation. Using ‘Dahongtiancheng’ (Citrus sinensis) and ‘Bingtangcheng’ (C. sinensis) with significant difference in citrate, the objectives of this study were to understand the global mechanisms of high‐citrate accumulation in sweet orange. ‘Dahongtiancheng’ and ‘Bingtangcheng’ exhibit significantly different patterns in citrate accumulation throughout fruit development, with the largest differences observed at 50–70 days after full bloom (DAFB). Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed for the endocarps of both cultivars at 50 and 70 DAFB. Over 34.5 million clean reads per library were successfully mapped to the reference database and 670–2630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in four libraries. Among the genes, five transcription factors were ascertained to be the candidates regulating citrate accumulation. Functional assignments of the DEGs indicated that photosynthesis, the citrate cycle and amino acid metabolism were significantly altered in ‘Dahongtiancheng’. Physiological and molecular analyses suggested that high photosynthetic efficiency and partial impairment of citrate catabolism were crucial for the high‐citrate trait, and amino acid biosynthesis was one of the important directions for citrate flux. The results reveal a global insight into the gene expression changes in a high‐citrate compared with a low‐citrate sweet orange. High accumulating efficiency and impaired degradation of citrate may be associated with the high‐citrate trait of ‘Dahongtiancheng’. Findings in this study increase understanding of the molecular processes regulating citrate accumulation in sweet orange.
Facilitators and barriers to treatment with haemodialysis among persons in mid‐adulthood: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Sciberras Alan , Scerri Josianne
Published: August 2016

Background

The quality of life of persons on haemodialysis (HD) is often limited by the restrictions imposed by their medical regimen. These restrictions may negatively influence patients’ adherence to their treatment. Therefore, in an effort to improve patients’ adherence to treatment, there is the need to explore the patients’ perceptions of facilitators and barriers in relation to their experience of HD.

Aim

The purpose of the study was to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators of the HD experience of persons in mid‐adulthood.

Participants and Design

A qualitative design was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with seven participants in the mid‐adulthood phase (40–65 years). The transcribed texts were analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach.

Results

Three main themes were identified from the analysis: ‘social network outside the renal unit’, ‘the renal setting as a context’ and ‘qualities relating to staff’. Facilitators identified include: support from family and work colleagues, caring and knowledgeable staff and consultation with patients when planning out the treatment schedule. Barriers to treatment include: discomfort with the needling process, intrusion of HD on family time, lack of privacy in the renal unit and staff that do not take their concerns seriously.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the need for healthcare professionals to allocate time and space, where persons on HD may discuss personal issues that relate to their care experience in a private care setting. By identifying and exploring the barriers and facilitators of patients on haemodialysis, healthcare professionals may formulate individualised care plans which may improve patients’ adherence to their HD treatment.
The Effects of Stimulation Programs on the Development of High Risk Infants: A Review of Research
Authors: Ulrich Beverly D.
Published: August 2016

Advances in medical technology, perinatal care, and neonatal intensive care have greatly increased the rate of survival for neonates born with a variety of medical problems and very low birth weights. The majority survive relatively sequelae free, although evidence still indicates that they remain at higher than normal risk for physical, mental, and social development. As the number of medical complications increases and birthweight decreases, the expectations for normal development become less promising. The kinds of stimulation the early postnatal environment provides have been identified as important factors in the infant’s growth and development. The effects of providing patterned stimulation to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit have been investigated by many. Despite difficulties in comparing studies due to the variability of subjects used, and type, intensity, and duration of treatment, the overwhelming evidence indicates beneficial effects.
Preparing Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Adults for Tests of Motor Fitness
Authors: Tomporowski Phillip D. , Ellis Norman R.
Published: August 2016

The effectiveness of using behavior shaping techniques to prepare nine institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults for tests of motor fitness was assessed. Three severely mentally retarded subjects served as the executive subjects in a yoked-control study. Each executive subject was paired randomly with two profoundly mentally retarded subjects. A three-phase multiple baseline experiment was then conducted with executive subjects; yoked subjects received the same intervention as their executive partner. The training program consisted of a verbal instruction baseline phase, a modeling phase, and a graduated guidance phase. Tasks used for training were the shuttle run and standing long jump. Modeling instruction produced minimal improvement in subject performance; however, graduated guidance instruction produced marked, immediate improvement in the performance of six of nine subjects on both tasks. These results suggest that physical prompting techniques will prepare some, but not all, severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults for motor fitness testing.
Physical Fitness and Mental Health: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Van Andel Glen E. , Austin David R.
Published: August 2016

Empirical evidence has shown a positive relationship between physical training and selected mental health variables. In nonclinical studies the most significant effects of physical exercise have been on self-concept and body image. Two affective variables, depression and anxiety, also seem to be influenced by physical activity but to a lesser degree in this population than with clinical populations. Certain clinical populations appear to benefit cognitively and socially from exercise even though the activity may not be aerobically stressful. Theories that attempt to explain the relationship between fitness and mental health are discussed.
Participating in Deaf Sport: Characteristics of Deaf Spectators
Authors: Stewart David A.
Published: August 2016

Fifty-nine deaf spectators at the 1991 Winter World Games for the Deaf were surveyed to delineate biodemographic characteristics and the socialization processes that led to their attendance at the Games. Subjects ranged from 21 to 74 years of age and were initially attracted to the Games because of their interest in watching deaf individuals compete. However, their chief source of enjoyment at the Games was the opportunity to socialize. It was also revealed that American Sign Language might not be as dominant a language in the Deaf community as previously thought and that some deaf individuals do receive social gratification through their interactions with and among nondeaf individuals.
Evidence of Disinhibition in Learning Disabilities: The Associated Movement Phenomenon
Authors: Lazarus Jo-Anne C.
Published: August 2016

A modified version of Fog’s clip-pinching task developed by Todor and Lazarus (1986) was used to assess associated movement or motor overflow in children with and without learning disabilities (LD). Children with LD as a group displayed greater overflow at all levels of active limb force than their age-equivalent nondisabled peers. Children with LD who also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were variable in their ability to consciously inhibit overflow while children with LD without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were able to override overflow given verbal cues to do so. Results indicate that children with LD, as a group, tend to be more affected by the force output requirement of this task due to other factors such as attention and inhibition that differ in degree from nondisabled age-matched control subjects, or at least that persist for a longer period of time in development. The degree to which the regulation of attention interacts with the regulation of force differs for the two subgroups of children with LD, those with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Ventilatory Threshold and Peak Exercise Response in Athletes with CP during Treadmill and Cycle Ergometry
Authors: Dwyer Gregory B. , Mahon Anthony D.
Published: August 2016

Little is known about the responses to graded exercise in athletes with cerebral palsy (CP). This study compared the ventilatory threshold (VT) and peak VO2 among athletes with CP during treadmill and cycle ergometry exercise. Six (4 men, 2 women) track athletes with CP volunteered to participate in the study. Graded exercise tests on a treadmill and cycle ergometer were performed on separate days to assess VT and peak VO2. Paired t tests were used to compare the two exercise modes. The VT, expressed as a percentage of peak VO2, was significantly higher on the cycle ergometer than on the treadmill. The absolute VO2 at the VT was similar during both testing modes, and peak VO2 was significantly higher on the treadmill than on the cycle ergometer. Similar to responses seen in able-bodied individuals, the VO2 at VT was similar during both modes of exercise, while the peak VO2 was 10% lower on the cycle than on the treadmill. Cycle ergometer peak VO2 in these athletes was higher than previous reports of individuals with CP for the cycle ergometer.
Using the Constant Time Delay Procedure to Teach Task-Analyzed Gross Motor Skills to Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Zhang Jiabei , Horvat Michael , Gast David L.
Published: August 2016

It is imperative that teachers utilize effective and efficient instructional strategies to teach task-analyzed gross motor skills in physical education activities to individuals with severe disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to describe the constant time delay procedure, which has been shown to be effective in teaching task-analyzed fine motor skills in daily living and safety activities. In this article, guidelines are presented for teaching task-analyzed gross motor skills to individuals with severe intellectual disabilities. These guidelines are based on a review of the constant time delay procedure reported in the special education literature and current research being conducted by the authors.
Ph.D. Competency Guidelines and Adapted Physical Education Professional Preparation in the United States
Authors: Jansma Paul , Surburg Paul
Published: August 2016

This paper focuses on competency guidelines related to adapted physical education Ph.D. professional preparation in the United States with an emphasis on educational models and different orientations applicable to doctoral professional preparation. Key literature and related information are provided on teacher reform, standards, and competencies, with an emphasis on adapted physical education. The method of development, refinement, validation, and endorsement of the doctoral competencies over the course of this 6-year project precedes the listing of the final 79 competencies across two generic areas (adapted physical educator, researcher) and four other competency areas (administrator, movement scientist, advocate, pedagogue). The paper concludes with a discussion of quality control, doctoral program commonality and diversity, future competency guideline refinement efforts, and postgraduation professional development.