bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Produced by Mixed Cultures
Authors: Serafim Luísa S. , Lemos Paulo C. , Torres Cristiana , Reis Maria A. M. , Ramos Ana M.
Published: December 2007

The characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) produced by mixed cultures is fundamental for foreseeing the possible final applications of the polymer. In this study PHA produced under aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) conditions are characterized. The PHA produced shows a stable average molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$), in the range (1.0–3.0) × 106, along three years of reactor operation. Attempts to improve the amount of PHA produced did not introduce significant variations on the values of $\overline M _{\rm w}$. Along this period, the polydispersity indices (PDI) were between 1.3 and 2.2. The use of different carbon sources allowed the tailoring of polymer composition: homopolymers of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), were obtained with acetate and butyrate, whereas a mixture of acetate and propionate, and propionate and valerate, gave terpolymers of 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3‐hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxyvalerate (2M3HV). All of these PHA had $\overline M _{\rm w}$ between 2.0 × 106 and 3.0 × 106. Thermal characterization of the produced polymers showed values of glass transition temperature, melting temperature, melting enthalpy, and crystallinity slightly lower than those obtained for PHA from pure cultures. The introduction of a purification step during the polymer extraction process allowed the elimination of possible contaminants but did not significantly improve the polymer quality.

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Modular design of receiver coil arrays
Authors: De Zanche Nicola , Massner Jurek A. , Leussler Christoph , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: December 2007

We describe a modular and hence flexible system for connecting MR surface coils to create a receiver array. Up to 16 individual coils of different size and shape depending on the application are plugged into a connector box that houses the control electronics. Preamplification, matching and detuning circuitry are housed on a circuit board directly attached to each coil loop. Electrical adjustments for tuning or decoupling for each coil configuration are not needed thanks to effective preamplifier decoupling provided through a Π matching network. Radio‐frequency safety and electrically stable cabling are ensured by multiple radio‐frequency traps. Array modules for 1.5 and 3 T have been simulated, constructed, tested, and used for imaging experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological changes in the shape of the non‐pathological bony knee joint with age: a morphometric analysis of the distal femur and proximal tibia in three populations of known age at death
Authors: Stevens S. D. , Viđarsdóttir U. Strand
Published: December 2007

This study examines possible morphological variation in the knee joint of Homo sapiens with increasing age in ostensively healthy and non‐pathological distal femora and proximal tibiae. Throughout the lifetime of each individual, the hard tissue of the knee undergoes considerable remodelling as a response to biomechanical stresses, changes in bone microarchitecture and reduction of bone mineral content as a concomitant of ageing. The knee is also subject to greater levels of degenerative joint disease than any other joint. If death occurs whilst such diseases are in the earliest stages, initial bone changes may not be visually obvious in museum specimens. If such specimens are used for comparative analyses, it is hypothesised that changes might render it problematic if all ages are conglomerated into discrete samples. This study therefore investigates the degree to which the distal femur and proximal tibia change shape during ageing and, if changes are present, whether they are expressed similarly in males and females. It also examines whether changes are of greater magnitude than those morphological differences which might exist between populations. In an example population of African‐Americans, results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in shape between age groups and those differences become progressively greater between the youngest and oldest adults. Results also show that although morphological variation caused by ageing is apparent, those shape differences attributable to sexual dimorphism are more powerful. When two additional populations are analysed jointly with the African‐Americans (Caucasian Americans and the European Spitalfields sample), results indicate that inter‐population shape differences are considerably greater than differences caused by increasing age. Results imply that it is justifiable to combine specimens of all ages into discrete samples for comparative purposes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Branched fungal β‐glucan causes hyperinflammation and necrosis in phagocyte NADPH oxidase‐deficient mice
Authors: Schäppi MG , Deffert C , Fiette L , Gavazzi G , Herrmann FR , Belli DC , Krause K‐H
Published: December 2007

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of a functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase, is a severe immune deficiency. However, non‐infectious hyperinflammation is a second hallmark of the disease. In CGD mouse models, sterile hyperinflammation can be induced by A. fumigatus cell wall preparations. In this study, we used subcutaneous injection of microbial cell walls and cell wall components to identify causes of CGD hyperinflammation and to characterize its histological features. Sterile cell wall preparations from fungi (A. fumigatus, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae), but not from bacteria (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli), caused prolonged and severe skin inflammation in CGD mice. To identify fungal cell wall elements responsible for this process, we investigated microbial cell wall‐derived monosubstances. Injection of β(1–3)(1–6)‐glucan induced severe hyperinflammation in CGD mice, while other fungal cell components [mannan, (1–3) β‐glucan] or bacterial cell wall components (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid) caused no or only moderate inflammation. β‐glucan‐induced hyperinflammation was predominantly due to a defect in termination of inflammation, as in the initial stage (2 days), the severity of inflammation and the extent of cell death were comparable in wild‐type and CGD mice. At later stages (7 days), β(1–3)(1–6)‐glucan‐induced inflammation had subsided in wild‐type mice. In contrast, CGD mice showed persistent severe inflammation with central necrosis, containing abundant apoptotic and necrotic cells. In summary, branched fungal β‐glucan induces a severe inflammatory reaction in the absence of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. As opposed to the commonly perceived notion that reactive oxygen species are the cause of cell death, our results demonstrate that tissue necrosis can be caused by the absence of a superoxide‐producing enzyme. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrorheological properties of carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte self‐assembled polystyrene particles by layer‐by‐layer assembly
Authors: Kim Byung‐Soo , Kim Bumsu , Suh Kyung‐Do
Published: December 2007

Sulfonated polystyrene (PS) particles were prepared by the sulfonation of PS microspheres with H2SO4. Then, composite particles were synthesized by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly with funtionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (fMCNTs) and polyelectrolytes on sulfonated PS particles. The amount of fMCNTs on PS particles was adjusted by controlling the number of fMCNT layers by LbL self‐assembly. Composite particles were characterized by ζ‐potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The electrorheological (ER) properties of composite particles in insulating oil was investigated with varying the number of fMCNT layers under controlled electric fields. It was observed that the number of fMCNT layers was a critical factor to determine the ER properties of composite particles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1058–1065, 2008
Designing poly(amido amine) dendrimers containing core diversities by click chemistry of the propargyl focal point poly(amido amine) dendrons
Authors: Lee Jae Wook , Kim Hee Joo , Han Seung Choul , Kim Ji Hyeon , Jin Sung‐Ho
Published: December 2007

General, fast, efficient, and inexpensive methods for the synthesis of poly (amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers having core diversities were elaborated. In all syntheses, the major step involved an inexpensive 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between an alkyne and an azide in the presence of Cu(I) species, which is known as the best example of click chemistry. The propargyl‐functionalized PAMAM dendrons are obtained by the divergent approach using propargylamine as an alkyne‐focal point. Three core building blocks, 1,3,5‐tris(azidomethyl)benzene, N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(azidopropylamidoethyl)‐1,2‐diaminoethane, and 4,4′‐(3,5‐bis(azidopropyloxy)benzyloxy)bisphenyl, were designed and synthesized to serve as the azide functionalities for dendrimer growth via click reactions with the alkyne‐dendrons. These three building blocks were employed together with the propargyl‐functionalized PAMAM dendrons in a convergent strategy to synthesize three kinds of PAMAM dendrimers with different core units. This novel and pivotal strategy using an efficient click methodology provides the fast and efficient synthesis of the PAMAM dendrimers with the tailed made core units. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1083–1097, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined ABC 3‐Miktoarm star‐shaped terpolymers based on poly(styrene), poly(ethylene oxide), and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) by combination of the “living” anionic polymerization with the ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Wang Guowei , Huang Junlian
Published: December 2007

A series of well‐defined ABC 3‐Miktoarm star‐shaped terpolymers [Poly(styrene)‐Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Poly(ε‐caprolactone)](PS‐PEO‐PCL) with different molecular weight was synthesized by combination of the “living” anionic polymerization with the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) using macro‐initiator strategy. Firstly, the “living” poly(styryl)lithium (PS−Li+) species were capped by 1‐ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether(EEGE) quantitatively and the PS‐EEGE with an active and an ethoxyethyl‐protected hydroxyl group at the same end was obtained. Then, using PS‐EEGE and diphenylmethylpotassium (DPMK) as coinitiator, the diblock copolymers of (PS‐b‐PEO)p with the ethoxyethyl‐protected hydroxyl group at the junction point were achieved by the ROP of EO and the subsequent termination with bromoethane. The diblock copolymers of (PS‐b‐PEO)d with the active hydroxyl group at the junction point were recovered via the cleavage of ethoxyethyl group on (PS‐b‐PEO)p by acidolysis and saponification successively. Finally, the copolymers (PS‐b‐PEO)d served as the macro‐initiator for ROP of ε‐CL in the presence of tin(II)‐bis(2‐ethylhexanoate)(Sn(Oct)2) and the star(PS‐PEO‐PCL) terpolymers were obtained. The target terpolymers and the intermediates were well characterized by 1H‐NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, FTIR, and SEC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1136–1150, 2008
Plasma Process. Polym. 1/2008
Authors: Pollak Jérôme , Moisan Michel , Kéroack Danielle , Séguin Jacynthe , Barbeau Jean
Published: December 2007

Cover: The cover presents two SEM micrographs showing stacks of bacterial spores on the inner surface of a Teflon tube (i.d./o.d. 4/6 mm). Low‐damage sterilization is achieved using a glow‐discharge in flowing argon at reduced pressure, directly within the thermally‐sensitive dielectric tube. Further details can be found in the article by J. Pollak, M. Moisan,* D. Kéroack, J. Séguin, and J. Barbeau on page 14.
New α,γ‐cyclic peptides‐nanotube molecular caps using α,α‐dialkylated α‐amino acids
Authors: Reiriz César , Castedo LUIS , Granja Juan R.
Published: December 2007

We report here the preparation and structural characteristics of a novel self‐assembling peptide composed of alternating α,α‐dialkylated α‐amino and cis‐4‐aminocyclopent‐2‐enecarboxylic acids. The use of α,α‐dialkylated amino acids represents a novel method to prevent the formation of extensive β‐sheet‐like hydrogen‐bonding networks that are characteristic of peptide nanotubes. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solubilization of V‐ATPase transmembrane peptides by amphipol A8‐35
Authors: Duarte Afonso M. S. , Wolfs Cor J. A. M. , Koehorst Rob B. M. , Popot Jean‐Luc , Hemminga Marcus A.
Published: December 2007

Two transmembrane peptides encompassing the seventh transmembrane section of subunit a from V‐ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied as complexes with APols A8‐35 by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy, with the goal to use APols to provide a membrane‐mimicking environment for the peptides. CD spectroscopy was used to obtain the overall secondary structure of the peptides, whereas fluorescence spectroscopy provided information about the local environment of their tryptophan residues. The fluorescence results indicate that both peptides are trapped by APols and the CD results that they adopt a β‐sheet conformation. This result is in contrast with previous work that showed that the same peptides are α‐helical in SDS micelles and organic solvents. These observations are discussed in the context of APol physical–chemical properties and transmembrane peptide structural propensity. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual involvement in health care organizations: differences between professional groups, leaders and employees
Authors: Savič Brigita Skela , Pagon Milan
Published: December 2007

This paper discusses the study that considered the predictors of individual involvement in a health care team, following research evidence that the level of personal involvement in an organization correlates negatively with stress levels. The aim was to establish whether organizational culture, teamwork and leadership models play a role in successful individual involvement in a health care team. The sample included 835 respondents from 14 Slovene hospitals and 3 personnel categories: doctors, nurses and non‐health care professionals chosen by randomly distributed questionnaires. There were 101 leaders in the respondents group. Linear regression model included eight independent variables and two dependent variables. The results showed that the variance of successful individual involvement correlates most highly with teamwork in an organization (ΔR2 = 0.319) and most important predictor for successful individual involvement was transformational leadership (ΔR2 = 0.411). Also, secondary regression analyses showed that the variance of successful individual involvement in a health care team can be explained differently according to the three personnel categories. From the management point of view, the research provided an insight into the motivation of health care professionals—including ways to motivate them and recognize their work, consequently reducing employee stress levels in Slovene hospitals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Input ground motions for tall buildings with subterranean levels
Authors: Stewart Jonathan P. , Tileylioglu Salih
Published: December 2007

Ground motion prediction equations and seismic hazard analyses are used to evaluate design‐basis ground motions that apply to a free‐field and ground surface condition. In this paper, we address the manner by which those motions can be utilized for the analysis and design of buildings with subterranean levels. Procedures for specifying ground motions in buildings that are utilized in current practice fail to account for kinematic interaction effects, which cause reductions of ground motion translation and the introduction of rocking for embedded foundations. Simple models that describe those effects (reduction of translation, introduction of rocking) for embedded rigid cylinders are reviewed. Those models are well validated by recordings from two nuclear reactor structures that have very stiff embedded foundations. Most building structures will not have foundations as stiff as those from the nuclear reactor structures, and hence the degree to which foundation flexibility might affect the motions of embedded foundations was investigated using data from appropriately instrumented buildings. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that: (a) the foundations are not rigid and rigid body displacements and rotations of the foundation explain only 60–80% of the power of the motion at the ground level; (b) using available models for kinematic interaction of embedded foundations, translational motions at the ground level of the investigated sites are dominated by base translation, with relatively small contributions from base rocking; and (c) for the investigated buildings, base rocking from inertial interaction appears to be more significant in the frequency range of principal interest than base rocking from kinematic interaction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Trinuclear Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Xiao Feng‐Ping , Jin Long‐Fei
Published: December 2007

Two novel trinuclear nickel(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Compound [Ni3(ashz)3(py)2(DMF)2]·(DMF)2 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 22.114(2), b = 10.509(9), c = 19.485(2) Å, β = 114.443(1)°, Z = 4; compound [Ni3(acshz)3(py)2(DMF)2]·(DMF)2 (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 20.0620(2), b = 9.7017(6), c = 25.0533(2) Å, β = 97.0610(2)°, Z = 4, where ashz and acshz are deprotonated N‐acetylsalicylhydrazide (H3ashz) and N‐acetyl‐5‐chlorosalicylhydrazide (H3acshz), respectively. The crystal structure analysis of 1 and 2 showed that three Ni2+ ions in a linear arrangement are bridged by two ligands ((ashz)3− or (acshz)3−) to form a neutral nuclear with two four‐coordinate square‐planar nickel ions linked by a six‐coordinate octahedral central nickel ion.
Synthesis, Structure and Luminescent Property of Two New 2D Metal‐organic Frameworks containing Lanthanide Ions
Authors: Chen Zhi , Fang Ming , Ren Peng , Li Xiu‐Hua , Zhao Bin , Wei Shi , Cheng Peng
Published: December 2007

Two novel lanthanide‐based coordination polymers with 2D lattice‐type motif, [Ln2(CAM)3(H2O)4]·2H2O (CAM = 4‐Hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate; Ln = Tb(1), Pr(2)), have been prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Ln(OH)3, CAM and water at 160 °C and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, IR and TGA. The investigation of luminescent property reveals that 1 exhibits characteristic green emission of Tb3+ ions.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Lanthanide Chloride Complexes with Diglyme
Authors: Petriček Saša
Published: December 2007

Reactions of [LnCl3(DME)2] (Ln = Nd, Sm, Ho, Lu; DME = dimethoxyethane) and diglyme (diglyme = diethylen glycol dimethyl ether) in THF resulted in polymeric [LnCl3(diglyme)]n (Ln = Nd (1), Sm (2)) or mononuclear complexes [LnCl3(diglyme)(THF)] (Ln = Ho (3), Lu (4)). Neodymium and samarium atoms in 1 and 2 are eight‐coordinated by three oxygen atoms from diglyme, one terminal and four bridging chloride ions. Holmium and lutetium atoms in 3 and 4 are seven‐coordinated by three oxygen atoms from diglyme, three chloride ions and one oxygen atom from THF. [ErCl3(diglyme)(H2O)] (5) resulted from the reaction of ErCl3·6H2O, (CH3)3SiCl and diglyme in THF. The molecular structures of 3, 4 and 5 are similar, with either a molecule of THF coordinated to the lanthanide atom in 3 and 4 or with a molecule of water coordinated in 5.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Novel Azamacrocyclic LnIII, CuII, FeIII, and SrII Complexes and Conformational Analysis of the Ligands
Authors: Judele Roxana , Dix Michael J. , Laschat Sabine , Baro Angelika , Nimtz Manfred , Menzel Dirk , Schoenes Joachim , Doll Klaus , Zwicknagl Gertrud , Niemeyer Mark
Published: December 2007

Hexaalkoxy‐substituted azamacrocyclic metal complexes 1 · MXn [MXn = FeCl3, CuCl2, SrCl2, Ln(NO3)3; Ln = La, Pr, Eu, Ho, Er] with various chain lengths were prepared by a convergent approach using 1,2‐bisalkoxy‐4,5‐diamines 3 and 4‐alkoxy‐pyridine‐2,6‐dicarbaldehydes 4 as key building blocks for template‐assisted cyclocondensation. Metal complexes 1 · MXn were considered as potential metallomesogens. However, differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy of 1 · MXn did not reveal any mesomorphism. The magnetic susceptibility shows deviation from Curie‐like behavior. Due to ligand field effects the effective magnetic moments are a function of the temperature. In order to obtain structural informations on the free ligand 1, which is synthetically not accessible, theoretical calculations were carried out. For the free azamacrocycle 2a and the free hexamethoxy‐substituted azamacrocycle 1a the IR spectra were computed at the level of density functional theory. A planar and a saddle‐shaped conformation was considered. The IR spectra and especially the dependence of the C=N vibration on the structural parameters and the charge distribution are discussed.
A Novel Two‐Dimensional Cadmium Polymeric Aminonaphthalene Sulfonate and its Application in the Synthesis of CdS Materials
Authors: Mi Li‐Wei , Han Min‐Le , Li Da‐Peng , Chen Wei‐Hua , Zheng Zhi
Published: December 2007

A new mixed‐ligand complex, [CdL(bipy)(CH3OH)(NO3)]n (1), (HL = 4‐amino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonic acid and bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) could be achieved by combining d10 Cd2+ to HL and bridging ligand 4,4′‐bipy. The structure is characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. 4‐amino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate and 4,4′‐bipyridine act as bridging ligands, linking two adjacent CdII atom to form a two‐dimensional coordination polymer, respectively. N‐H···O hydrogen‐bonding interaction between these networks to form the face‐to‐face three‐dimensional architecture. By carrying out the reaction of polymeric cadmium naphthalene sulfonate with Na2S in the presence of sodium hydroxide, scalelike CdS materials have been obtained. The structure has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction.
Zu den Kristallstrukturen der Übergangsmetall(II)‐Dodekahydro‐closo‐Dodekaborat‐Hydrate Cu(H2O)5,5[B12H12]·2,5 H2O und Zn(H2O)6[B12H12]·6 H2O
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Schleid Thomas
Published: December 2007

On the Crystal Structures of the Transition‐Metal(II) Dodecahydro‐closo‐Dodecaborate Hydrates Cu(H2O)5.5[B12H12]·2.5 H2O and Zn(H2O)6[B12H12]·6 H2O

By neutralization of an aqueous solution of the free acid (H3O)2[B12H12] with basic copper(II) carbonate or zinc carbonate, blue lath‐shaped single crystals of the octahydrate Cu[B12H12]·8 H2O (≡ Cu(H2O)5.5[B12H12]·2.5 H2O) and colourless face‐rich single crystals of the dodecahydrate Zn[B12H12]·12 H2O (≡ Zn(H2O)6[B12H12]·6 H2O) could be isolated after isothermic evaporation. Copper(II) dodecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate octahydrate crystallizes at room temperature in the monoclinic system with the non‐centrosymmetric space group Pm (Cu(H2O)5.5[B12H12]·2.5 H2O: a = 768.23(5), b = 1434.48(9), c = 777.31(5) pm, β = 90.894(6)°; Z = 2), whereas zinc dodecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate dodecahydrate crystallizes cubic in the likewise non‐centrosymmetric space group F23 (Zn(H2O)6[B12H12]·6 H2O: a = 1637.43(9) pm; Z = 8). The crystal structure of Cu(H2O)5.5[B12H12]·2.5 H2O can be described as a monoclinic distortion variant of the CsCl‐type arrangement. As characteristic feature the formation of isolated [Cu2(H2O)11]4+ units as a condensate of two corner‐linked Jahn‐Teller distorted [Cu(H2O)6]2+ octahedra via an oxygen atom of crystal water can be considered. Since “zeolitic” water of hydratation is also present, obviously both classical H–Oδ−···+δH–O and non‐classical B–Hδ−···+δH–O hydrogen bonds play a significant role for the stabilization of the structure. A direct coordinative influence of the quasi‐icosahedral [B12H12]2− anions on the Cu2+ cations has not been determined. The zinc compound Zn(H2O)6[B12H12]·6 H2O crystallizes in a NaTl‐type related structure. Two crystallographically different [Zn(H2O)6]2+ octahedra are present, which only differ in their relative orientation within the packing of the [B12H12]2− anions. The stabilization of the crystal structure takes place mainly via H–Oδ−···+δH–O hydrogen bonds, since again the hydrogen atoms of the [B12H12]2− anions have no direct coordinative influence on the Zn2+ cations.
The Reaction of the Betain‐like Compound O2C2(PPh3)2 with [(cod)PtI2] – Crystal Structure of the Salt (HC{PPh3}2)[(η3‐C8H11)PtI2]
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Öxler Florian , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: December 2007

The reaction of the betain‐like compound O2C2(PPh3)2 (1) with [(cod)PtX2] in THF solution gives the salt‐like compounds (HC{PPh3}2)[(η3‐C8H11)PtX2] (3, X = I; 4, X = Cl) in about quantitative yields. The new η3‐bonded C8H11 ligand is the result of a proton transfer from the coordinated cod ligand to 1 with subsequent release of CO2. The X‐ray analysis of 3 shows the presence of two isomers in a 60:40 ratio, which differ in the bonding of the C8H11 ligand. 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $\rm P{\bar 1}$ with the unit cell dimensions a = 1091.7(1), b = 1141.5(1), c = 1649.4(2) pm; α = 80.34(1)°, β = 83.62(1)°, γ = 89.03(1)°, V = 2013.7(4)·106 pm3, Z = 2.
Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structures of 1,2,4‐Triazole based Schiff‐Bases and their Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Heravi Majid M. , Fallahnedjad Leyla , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: December 2007

The reaction of of 4‐amino‐5‐ethyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione (AETT, L) with furfural in methanol led to the corresponding Schiff‐Base (L1). The reaction of L1 with [Cu(PPh3)2]Cl in methanol gave to the neutral compound [(L1)Cu(PPh3)2Cl] (1). By recrystallization of 1 from CH3CN the complex [(L1)Cu(PPh3)2Cl]·CH3CN (1a) was obtained. All compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses as well as by X‐ray diffraction studies. Crystal data for L1 at −80 °C: space group $\rm P{\bar 1}$ with a = 788.4(1), b = 830.3(2), c = 928.8(2) pm, α = 84.53(1)°, β = 65.93(1)°, γ = 72.02(1)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0323; for 1 at −100 °C: space group $\rm P{\bar 1}$ with a = 1166.3(1), b = 1423.8(2), c = 1489.1(2) pm, α = 62.15(1)°, β = 72.04(1)°, γ = 88.82(1)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0338 and for 1a at −100 °C: space group P21/c with a = 1294.1(1), b = 1019.8(2), c = 3316.9(4) pm, β = 94.73(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0435.
C‐O Bond Cleavage of Diethyl Ether and Tetrahydrofurane by [(dpp‐BIAN)AlI(Et2O)] [dpp‐BIAN = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)‐imino]acenaphthene]
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Lukoyanov Anton N. , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert
Published: December 2007

At elevated temperatures, the aluminum complex [(dpp‐BIAN)AlI(Et2O)] (1) splits the C‐O bonds of diethyl ether and tetrahydrofurane yielding the dimeric alkoxides [(dpp‐BIAN)AlOEt]2 (2) and [(dpp‐BIAN)AlO(CH2)4I]2 (3), respectively. Already at ambient temperatures, a cleavage of the C‐O bond of THF is to observe in the reaction of 1 with CpNa in THF as confirmed by the formation of [(dpp‐BIAN)AlO(CH2)4C5H5]2 (4a) and [(dpp‐BIAN)Al{O(CH2)4C5H5}(THF)] (4b) in a molar ratio of 1:2. The reaction of 1 with t‐BuOK affords the monomeric alkoxide [(dpp‐BIAN)AlO‐t‐Bu(Et2O)] (5). Compounds 2, 3, and 4a/b were characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectra. Additionally, the structures of 2 and 3 were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
A Novel Phase‐Transfer Catalyst: Monomeric Copper(II) Coordination Compound
Authors: Hang Tian , Ye Qiong , Xiong Ren‐Gen
Published: December 2007

The Copper(II) complex benzylcinchonidinium trichlorocuprate(II) (1) was obtained by the thermal treatments of CuCl2 with benzylcinchonidinium chloride (L1) in Pyrex tubes. The enantioselective efficiency of 1 studied by alkylation reaction of N‐(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert‐butyl ester (L2) is similar to that of normal benzylcinchonidinium chloride (L1).
The Crystal Structure of Dimethylamino Titanium Trichloride
Authors: Günther Bernd , Nöth Heinrich
Published: December 2007

Green crystals of Me2NTiCl3 associate to a chain polymer via four Ti‐Cl‐Ti bonds and generation of hexacoordinated Ti atoms. Like Et2NTiCl3 its amino group is not involved into forming Ti‐N‐Ti bridges. This is due to a short Ti‐N bond to the planar coordinated N atom of the Me2N group.
Synthesis and Characterization of MoFe3S4 and Mo2Fe2S4 Single Cubanes
Authors: Koutmos Markos , Georgakaki Irene P. , Tsiolis Panagiotis , Coucouvanis Dimitri
Published: December 2007

The synthesis of multimetallic M/S clusters by the reductive coupling of dimeric building blocks appears to be of general utility. In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization of new single cubanes with cores such as [Mo2Fe2S4]2+ and [MoFe3S4]3+,2+.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Some Potassium Complexes of Some Bis(phenolate) Ligands and Some Novel Heterobimetallic Binuclear Arrays Formed with Trivalent Lanthanoid Ions
Authors: Binda Pascal I. , Delbridge Ewan E. , Dugah Divine T. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: December 2007

The structural characterizations of the potassium complexes of a pair of dianionic bis(phenolate) ligands, {LR = [−OC6H2(2,4‐But)(6‐CH2)]2NCH2CH2R} R = NMe2, OMe, crystallized from 1,2,‐dimethoxyethane (DME) are recorded, showing them to take the binuclear form [K2LR(DME)3]. A pair of neutral binuclear heterobimetallic isotypic complexes are defined with ytterbium(III), with phenol, as sodium salts, of the form [Yb(LR)(OPh)2Na(DME)(HOPh)], and a further array with samarium(III), of the (partially protonated) form [Sm(LOMe)2Na(OH2)]. A further complex, [Na(DME)3][Yb(*Lpy)2], results from an unusual ligand reduction by an ytterbium(II) species to give a new dianionic Schiff base ligand which is coordinated to ytterbium(III) {*Lpy = −OC6H2(2,4‐But)(6‐CH=N‐CH‐2‐C6H4N)}.
Károly Schaffer and his school: The birth of biological psychiatry in Hungary, 1890–1940
Authors: Baran Brigitta , Bitter István , Fink Max , Gazdag Gábor , Shorter Edward
Published: December 2007

In the first third of the twentieth century, neuropathology seemed to offer the key to unlock the causes of psychiatric illness. Among the top centers devoted to the microscopic anatomy of the brain was that of Károly Schaffer in Budapest. Schaffer, a pioneer in the histopathology of Tay–Sachs–Schaffer disease, was also a charismatic teacher, bringing forth a school of investigators in psychopathology. Among them was László Meduna, who originated convulsive therapy. Despite the importance of the Schaffer school, it is almost unknown outside of Hungary, largely the result of the introduction of neurophysiological, neurochemical and molecular genetic methods that distracted attention away from histopathological contributions in psychiatry after the Second World War. The microscopic study of the brain and its diseases seemed increasingly less important.

The present biographical account of Károly Schaffer and his school seeks to bring this important story in the early history of biological psychiatry to a wider audience and explain why it has since been forgotten.
Product variety in Australian snacks and drinks: how can the consumer make a healthy choice?
Authors: Walker Karen Z , Woods Julie L , Rickard Cassie A , Wong Carrie K
Published: December 2007

Objective

To estimate the proportion of ‘healthy’ snack food and beverage choices available to an Australian consumer.

Design

A survey of product Nutrition Information Panels (NIP) and product labels on snack foods and beverages offered for sale. Data on nutrient content were compared with criteria from different nutrient profile systems to estimate the proportion of items conforming to a ‘healthy’ choice.

Setting

A large supermarket in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.

Results

A consumer could choose from 1070 different snack foods and 863 different drinks. Flavour variety was more common in snacks (maximum thirteen per product) while variation in container size was more common for drinks (up to ten per product). Recommended serving size for snacks varied greatly (18–100 g) while the serving size for drinks frequently did not correspond to the size of the container. Depending on the nutrient profile system selected, only 9–22 % of snack foods presented for sale could be deemed ‘nutritious’ by multiple criteria. Similarly, only 14–27 % of beverages met ‘healthy’ criteria.

Conclusions

As one factor to help reduce the obesogenic environment, the supply balance needs to be shifted in favour of ‘healthier’ snack foods and beverages, e.g. by reformulation of many products by the food industry and their presentation in smaller, standardised portion-size packaging.
Maize meal fortification is associated with improved vitamin A and iron status in adolescents and reduced childhood anaemia in a food aid-dependent refugee population
Authors: Seal Andrew , Kafwembe Emmanuel , Kassim Ismail AR , Hong Mei , Wesley Annie , Wood John , Abdalla Fathia , van den Briel Tina
Published: December 2007

Objective

To assess changes in the Fe and vitamin A status of the population of Nangweshi refugee camp associated with the introduction of maize meal fortification.

Design

Pre- and post-intervention study using a longitudinal cohort.

Setting

Nangweshi refugee camp, Zambia.

Subjects

Two hundred and twelve adolescents (10–19 years), 157 children (6–59 months) and 118 women (20–49 years) were selected at random by household survey in July 2003 and followed up after 12 months.

Results

Maize grain was milled and fortified in two custom-designed mills installed at a central location in the camp and a daily ration of 400 g per person was distributed twice monthly to households as part of the routine food aid ration. During the intervention period mean Hb increased in children (0·87 g/dl;P< 0·001) and adolescents (0·24 g/dl;P= 0·043) but did not increase in women. Anaemia decreased in children by 23·4 % (P< 0·001) but there was no significant change in adolescents or women. Serum transferrin receptor (log10-transformed) decreased by −0·082 μg/ml (P= 0·036) indicating an improvement in the Fe status of adolescents but there was no significant decrease in the prevalence of deficiency (−8·5 %;P= 0·079). In adolescents, serum retinol increased by 0·16 μmol/l (P< 0·001) and vitamin A deficiency decreased by 26·1 % (P< 0·001).

Conclusions

The introduction of fortified maize meal led to a decrease in anaemia in children and a decrease in vitamin A deficiency in adolescents. Centralised, camp-level milling and fortification of maize meal is a feasible and pertinent intervention in food aid operations.
Contrast Transfer and Resolution Limits for Sub-Angstrom High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lentzen Markus
Published: December 2007

The optimum imaging of an object structure at the sub-angstrom length scale requires precise adjustment of the lens aberrations of a high-resolution instrument up to the fifth order. A least-squares optimization of defocus aberrationC1, third-order spherical aberrationC3, and fifth-order spherical aberrationC5yields two sets of aberration coefficients for strong phase contrast up to the information limit: one for variableC1andC3, at fixedC5, another for variableC1,C3, andC5. An additional correction to the defocus aberration, dependent on object thickness, is described, which becomes important for the use of image simulation programs in predicting optimum high-resolution contrast from thin objects at the sub-angstrom scale. For instruments with a sub-angstrom information limit the ultimate structure resolution, the power to resolve adjacent atom columns in a crystalline object, depends on both the instrumental pointspread and an object pointspread due to finite width of the atomic column potentials. A simulation study on a simple double-column model yields a range for structure resolutions, dependent on the atomic scattering power, from 0.070 nm down to 0.059 nm, for a hypothetical 300-kV instrument with an information limit of 0.050 nm.
Motion of Gold Atoms on Carbon in the Aberration-Corrected STEM
Authors: Batson Philip E.
Published: December 2007

The movement of heavy atoms on a thin carbon substrate is readily observed using a sub-Ångstrom electron probe. The observed movement is consistent with an electron beam activation mechanism whereby atoms are occasionally detached from bonding sites, allowing rapid diffusion to new sites that may be quite far from the original. The bonding sites are most often observed to lie at defects, steps, and other asperities in the substrate. Formation of three-dimensional clusters can occur during diffusion of several isolated atoms. Coalescence and dissolution of larger clusters and islands both occur under varying observation conditions, but island coalescence appears most probable for islands that are greater than 2 nm in size.
Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between the Big Five and Academic Success at University
Authors: Trapmann Sabrina , Hell Benedikt , Hirn Jan-Oliver W. , Schuler Heinz
Published: December 2007

Abstract. Interest in the prediction of academic success in higher education has grown considerably in recent years in German-speaking countries. While the validity of school grades and admission tests has been investigated by meta-analyses and large-scale studies at least in the United States, less is known about noncognitive predictors of academic success. The present meta-analysis investigates the impact of the Big Five personality factors on academic success at university. A total of 258 correlation coefficients from 58 studies published since 1980 were included. Grades, retention, and satisfaction served as success criteria. Correlations were corrected for attenuation caused by measurement error. Results show that the influence of personality traits on academic achievement depends on the success criterion. While Neuroticism is related to academic satisfaction (? = -.369, k = 8), Conscientiousness correlates with grades (? = .269, k = 41). Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness have no significant impact on academic success. Moderator analyses suggest effects of culture for the validity of Extraversion. Parallels to validity for job performance are identified and implications for admission and counseling of students are discussed.
Assessing the likely value of gravity and drawdown measurements to constrain estimates of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield during unconfined aquifer testing
Authors: Blainey Joan B. , Ferré Ty P. A. , Cordova Jeff T.
Published: December 2007

Pumping of an unconfined aquifer can cause local desaturation detectable with high‐resolution gravimetry. A previous study showed that signal‐to‐noise ratios could be predicted for gravity measurements based on a hydrologic model. We show that although changes should be detectable with gravimeters, estimations of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield based on gravity data alone are likely to be unacceptably inaccurate and imprecise. In contrast, a transect of low‐quality drawdown data alone resulted in accurate estimates of hydraulic conductivity and inaccurate and imprecise estimates of specific yield. Combined use of drawdown and gravity data, or use of high‐quality drawdown data alone, resulted in unbiased and precise estimates of both parameters. This study is an example of the value of a staged assessment regarding the likely significance of a new measurement method or monitoring scenario before collecting field data.
Bistability of the Atlantic subpolar gyre in a coarse‐resolution climate model
Authors: Levermann A. , Born A.
Published: December 2007

High resolution models indicate that the dynamics of the Nordic Seas and the subpolar gyre is crucial for deep water formation and overturning circulation in the Atlantic. During the last decades significant changes in ocean properties have been observed in this region. We show that large‐scale dynamics, as captured by coarse resolution climate models, allows for a bistability of the Atlantic subpolar gyre. We suggest three positive feedbacks which yield the necessary nonlinearity for this behavior. Transitions between the two states can be triggered by small fluctuations in surface freshwater flux to the Nordic Seas, only slightly larger than natural variability presently observed in the region.
Statistical ensemble prediction of the tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific
Authors: Kwon H. Joe , Lee Woo‐Jeong , Won Seong‐Hee , Cha Eun‐Jeong
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a statistical model to forecast seasonal tropical cyclone activity. In order to give a comprehensive view of seasonal tropical cyclone activity, we include not only the number of total tropical cyclones but also the number of typhoons and the NTA (Normalized Typhoon Activity) index as the predictands. The model is based on a multiple linear regression model in which the final predictors are selected with respect to minimizing the prediction error rather than simply fitting with past data. The model is expanded into ensemble prediction by considering the uncertainty of the single and deterministic forecast. The probability forecast based on the ensemble model shows reasonably good skill with respect to reliability and relative operating characteristics.
Regional climatology of particulate carbonaceous substances in the northern area of the east Asian Pacific rim
Authors: Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Minami Hideki , Hayano Teruaki , Uyama Yukiko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Uematsu Mitsuo
Published: December 2007

A year‐round observation of atmospheric aerosols and their associated species was conducted from March 2001 to May 2002 on Rishiri Island in the northern area of the east Asian Pacific rim region. Asian outflows brought continental air masses to this area during the period from the autumn to the spring although marine air masses from the high‐latitudinal ocean often broke into this area during the midwinter. In contrast, marine air masses were predominant over this area in the summer. Particulate elemental carbon (EC) would be mainly transported with biomass smoke particles, and seasonal variation in its concentrations was well correlated with the air mass alternation, showing higher concentrations during the period from the autumn to the spring with some decreases in the midwinter. The concentrations of particulate organic carbon (OC) showed a similar seasonal trend with those of the particulate EC, but relatively high concentrations were found in the summer due to photochemical secondary productions. The particulate OC that is vaporized by heating at higher temperatures (OCHT) would be mainly carried with the biomass smoke, and the particulate OC that is vaporized at lower temperatures (OCLT) would be mainly caused by secondary production processes. Summer enhancements of the secondary species, such as OC and nss‐SO42–, caused decreases in the ratio of EC/PM2.5, which would contribute to the high single scattering albedo of fine aerosols in the summer. Aerosols in the Asian outflows in this area are relatively “black” in the winter, although the aerosol mass loading increases in the spring.
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder BrO observations in the stratosphere
Authors: Kovalenko L. J. , Livesey N. L. , Salawitch R. J. , Camy‐Peyret C. , Chipperfield M. P. , Cofield R. E. , Dorf M. , Drouin B. J. , Froidevaux L. , Fuller R. A. , Goutail F. , Jarnot R. F. , Jucks K. , Knosp B. W. , Lambert A. , MacKenzie I. A. , Pfeilsticker K. , Pommereau J.‐P. , Read W. G. , Santee M. L. , Schwartz M. J. , Snyder W. V. , Stachnik R. , Stek P. C. , Wagner P. A. , Waters J. W.
Published: December 2007

Validation of stratospheric BrO vertical profiles obtained by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite is discussed. MLS BrO measurements are compared with expectations of its latitudinal and seasonal dependence, as well as with more localized balloon‐borne measurements of BrO. We describe the expected precision and systematic errors of the version 2.2 retrieval and show that scientific studies using MLS BrO vertical profiles require extensive averaging to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio to useful values. A monthly zonal mean over a 10° latitude bin (about 3,000 individual profiles) results in a precision of approximately ±4 ppt (∼25% of a typical daytime signal). Moreover, it is necessary to take day/night differences to remove large biases. The pressure range over which the data are considered useful is 10 to 3.2 hPa. Over this range, the estimated accuracy in the day/night difference is about ±20%. The vertical resolution is 5.5 km for 10 to 3.2 hPa. Day/night differences are a good measure of daytime BrO from 10 to 4.6 hPa; for 3.2 hPa the nonnegligible nighttime BrO needs to be accounted for. We infer total inorganic bromine (Bry) to be 22.1 ± 5.5 ppt on the basis of analysis of MLS measurements of BrO, which implies a contribution of 6.5 ± 5.5 ppt to stratospheric bromine from sources other than long‐lived CH3Br and halons.
New functional materials AC3B4O12 (Review)
Authors: Vasil’ev A. N. , Volkova O. S.
Published: December 2007

The physical properties of perovskites of the type AC3B4O12, whose structure derives from simple perovskites ABO3, are reviewed. The A position is subject to strong structural distortions and splits into two new positions A and C. In the structure of AC3B4O12 vacancies and any cations with a large radius, irrespective of their charge state, can be present in the icosahedral environment of A: Na+, Cd2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Y3+, Ln3+, and Nd4+. The C position in the square environment of oxygen can be occupied only by the Jahn–Teller cations Cu2+ and Mn3+. Transition and nontransition metal ions—Mn3+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Ti4+, Mn4+, Ge4+, Ru4+, Ir4+, Ta5+, Nb5+, Ta5+, Sb5+—can occupy the B position in an octahedral environment. Some members of the family of complex perovskites possess properties which are characteristic for systems with heavy fermions; collinear and noncollinear magnetic structures with high ordering temperatures occur in these materials; tunneling magnetoresistance and high permittivity are observed. The diversity and unique properties make these materials attractive for practical applications.
Entanglement in fermionic systems at a quantum phase transition
Authors: Johannesson H. , Larsson D.
Published: December 2007

We consider recent results on the use of the single-site entanglement measure for identifying and characterizing a quantum phase transition in systems of interacting fermions. We discuss the extension of these results to fermionic models where the single-site entanglement may fail to signal a quantum phase transition, with particular attention given to the one-dimensional extended UV Hubbard model.
Magnetoelastic interaction and acoustic nonreciprocity in GdNi2B2C
Authors: Zvyagin G. A. , Chupis I. E. , Fil’ V. D. , Zhekov K. R. , Avramenko Yu. A. , Lee Sung-Ik
Published: December 2007

Ultrasonic investigations of a gadolinium borocarbide single crystal have been performed. It has been found that the acoustic characteristics are highly sensitive to magnetic phase transformations. This sensitivity is due to the interaction of sound waves with the antiferromagnetic domain structure. Acoustic “nonreciprocity” of the same nature has also been observed. Arguments for the existence of weak ferromagnetism in GdNi2B2C are presented.