bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adipocity‐associated plasma biomarkers in breast cancer patients and their relationship with dietary nutrient intake and BMI
Authors: Yeon Jee‐young , Kim Jeong‐seon , Sung Mi‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

Body weight gain among breast cancer(BC) survivors, is a known risk factor for disease recurrence. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutrient intake, body mass index(BMI) and adipocity related biomarkers in BC patients. The histologically confirmed BC patients included 312 women (167 premenopausal, 123 postmenopausal). The average age and BMI were 47.84 y and 23.46 kg/m2. Study results indicated that the subjects consume the highest quartile of fat or the third quartile of retinol had the highest plasma 8‐isoprostane level. Correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the BMI of study subjects was positively associated with plasma level of interleukin(IL)‐6(p<0.001), IL‐8(p<0.05), monocyte chemotactic protein(MCP)‐1(p<0.001) and leptin(p<0.001). Plasma adiponectin level was negatively associated with BMI (p<0.001). Among biochemical markers, adiponectin was negatively associated with the plasma level of IL‐6(p<0.05) and leptin(p<0.001). Plasma leptin level was positively associated with 8‐isoprostane(p<0.001) and MCP‐1(p<0.001). Our results suggest that BMI is closely related to plasma adipocity‐related markers and a proper management of body weight may reduce the risk of BC recurrence by suppressing the level of adipocity‐related molecules. This study was funded by Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (R01‐2007‐000‐11293‐0)

Grant Funding Source: Nutrition(ASN)
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma ligand suppressed leptin‐mediated expression of interleukin‐8 and tumor angiogenesis in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Wang Fu‐Yu , Tang Feng‐Yao
Published: June 2021

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in western countries. Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression of leptin is strongly associated with risk of human colon cancer. However, the effect of leptin on tumor angiogenesis during the development of human colon cancer has not been demonstrated well yet. The present study would investigate the role of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR)‐gamma ligand in leptin–mediated expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumor angiogenesis in human colon cancer cells. Our results showed that leptin dose‐dependently (0, 0.0625, 0.25, 1 μM) induced the expression of IL‐8 in human colon cancer HT‐29 cells. Conditioned medium from leptin‐stimulated human colon cancer HT‐29 cells would also induce tubular formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Treatment of Troglitazone (0.1 and 5μM), a specific PPAR‐ γ agonist, would suppress leptin‐mediated expression of IL‐8 in human colon cancer HT‐29 cells up to 9% and 38%, respectively. Furthermore, troglitazone–treated conditioned medium from cancer cells would suppress tubular formation in HUVEC. Take together; our results suggest that PPAR‐γ ligand could act as an important chemo‐preventive agent to suppress leptin‐mediated IL‐8 expression and tumor angiogenesis in human colon cancer.

Grant Funding Source: National Science Council grant under agreement No. 97‐2320‐B‐039‐043‐MY3,
Use of HbA1c in Screening for Cuban‐Americans with Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Exebio Joel C. , Zarini Gustavo G. , Exebio Cristobal , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: June 2021

The study evaluated the use of HbA1c as a screening tool for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol/l) in a sample of Cuban‐Americans. Subjects were randomly recruited from Miami‐Dade and Broward counties, FL. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured by hexokinase enzymatic method. HbA1c was measured by the DCA2000+ system using the monoclonal antibody method. HbA1c demonstrated a high predictive value in detecting undiagnosed diabetes. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.87. Additionally, HbA1c had high sensitivity and specificity when using a cut off value of 6.37(%) (71% and 86% respectively). Moderate sensitivity and very high specificity were shown with a cut off value of 6.84 (57% and 96% respectively). In addition, the mean HbA1c for subjects with normal FPG (<6.1) was 5.9 ± 0.47 which is higher than the mean HbA1c reported in The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for other ethnic groups. HbA1c is a reliable alternative to FPG in screening for undiagnosed diabetes in Cuban‐Americans. An HbA1c cut off value of 6.37 shows high sensitivity and specificity for detecting subjects with undiagnosed diabetes in Cuban‐Americans. Supported by a grant from NIH/SCORE.
Metabolic syndrome in healthy, multiethnic adolescents in Toronto: the use of fasting blood glucose as a simple indicator
Authors: Vuksan Vladimir , Rogovik Alexander , Peeva Valentina , Beljan‐Zdravkovic Uljana , Stavro Mark , Jenkins Alexandra , Dias Andre , Devanesen Sudi , Fairgrieve Christopher , Hanna Amir
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To assess the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) features in healthy, normal‐weight, multiethnic adolescents and to determine whether fasting blood glucose (FBG) may be a simple indicator of its presence.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study using a convenience sample of secondary school students. GLM ANCOVA adjusted for multiple pairwise comparisons by the post hoc Tukey‐Kramer test was used to assess differences among the tertiles of FBG.

Results

A total of 182 adolescents from 62 Greater Toronto Area (GTA) secondary schools were recruited (44% Caucasian, 34% South Asian, and 22% Chinese), with mean(SD age 17.4±0.9 years, BMI 22.1±3.4 kg/m2, and FBG 4.92±0.4 mmol/L. Analysis with GLM ANCOVA across the tertiles of FBG (3.83–4.78 mmol/L, 4.79–5.08 mmol/L, and 5.09–6.45 mmol/L) showed significant linear increases of BMI (p<0.005), waist circumference (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05) with increasing FBG. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated systolic blood pressure and waist circumference as independent predictors of the increased FBG level.

Conclusions

MetS markers are present in a sample of healthy multiethnic adolescents in GTA. FBG could be used as a simple indicator of MetS to allow for early detection of MetS presence and introduction of preventive lifestyle measures.
Metabolic Risk of Obese Middle school Students in Korea
Authors: Koo Jaeok , Jang Kyung Ja
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic risk of obese middle school students by using the results of 500 middle school students’(female : 173, male : 327) periodical physical examination and biological data for 3 years(2003–2005). The prevalence of obesity degree(mild obesity, moderate obesity and severe obesity) was 6.3%, 5.9% and 1.2% in males and 5.1%, 2.9% and 0.3% in females, respectively. Male students showed that cholesterol and blood glucose had significantly difference in systolic blood pressure female, diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose. The prevalence of chronic disease among obese students was 30.9%, which consists of hypertension(3.8%), hypercholesterolemia(26.3%) and hyperglycemia(0.8%). As BMI was higher, fitness score was significantly lower in both males and females. Physical diagnostic test showed that as BMI was higher, the risk of disease was higher. I Therefore this study found that metabolic risk of obese middle school students were very high and the difference between males and females.
Anthropometric parameters of personnel who attend the nutrition clinic at Universidad Iberoamericana (Mexico City)
Authors: Fernández Aracceli Suverza , Haua Karime , Villegas Christianne , Loza‐Hirasaka Kaori , Bilbao Gladys , Pérez‐Lizaur Ana Bertha
Published: June 2021

The Nutrition Clinic at the Universidad Iberoamericana offers its services to the members of the university community who request it. The aim of this project was to describe the baseline anthropometric characteristics of 1238 patients that attended the clinic during the last 8 years. The media age was 31.7 ±14–71 years, 73.3% were women. BMI pattern was significantly different by sex: 5% of the women were undernourished, 45% overweight or obese, while 65% of males had a BMI above 25. There was an effect of instruction, 85% of the subjects with basic education (6 to 9 years) were overweight or obese, while only 15% had a normal BMI; the waist circumference average was 100.2 cm and had 37.6% of body fat. In contrast (p<0.000), subjects with 16 to 20 years of instruction, were thinner, 2% under‐nourished and 52.4% overweight or obese, with an average waist circumference of 91.9 cm and body fat percentage of 29.8. Considering working activity, there was a significant difference in overweight or obesity among academics, administrative workers, students and maintenance personnel (59.0%, 68.9%, 33.6% and 82.8%, respectively; p<0.000). 55.5% of the population did not exercise (men 35.1%). This work shows the necessity of developing a special project aimed to achieve a better lifestyle of the college community by improving their nutritional status and, according to their different educational level.
Adherence self‐perception and weight and fat loss in the nutrition clinic. at the Universidad Iberoamericana Mexico
Authors: Pérez‐Lizaur Ana Bertha , Gomez Isabel , Velasco Thalia , Zárate Alejandra , Masliah Carmen , Campos Margarita García
Published: June 2021

There are several controversies about the key factors for achieving a successful nutritional follow‐up aimed to weight loss. Patients' enthusiasm is considered as an important issue. Therefore the objective of the present study was to evaluate patients' perception about their own effort to accomplish nutritional recommendations, (highly attached, mildly attached or poorly attached) from the 1st to the 4th visit for the treatment. Percentages of patients who lost weight or body fat between visits were calculated. Results: 214 patients, both genders were considered in the analysis. Patients were certain of their achievements; as expected, in each visit, the patients who lost more weight and body fat, were those who considered themselves highly attached to their nutritional treatment. 62% with high attachment lost body fat while 84% lost weight between second and first visit. In comparison with those who showed poor attachment (57% lost body fat and 64% lost weight). There were no statistical differences between visits, the same behavior was seen between third and second visit and between third and fourth visit.. These findings show that self‐awareness is an important behavioral factor that improve adherence.
Psychological factor (PF) changes during a randomized trial of legume consumption during weight loss
Authors: Murphy Elaine Anne , Lovejoy Jennifer C , Palmer Philip A , Eichelsdoerfer Petra E , Gehrke Malinda M , Kavanaugh Ian T , McCrory Megan A
Published: June 2021

Weight loss attempts often fail. Legumes are high in satiety factors and may aid weight loss, but PFs may also influence weight loss and vice‐versa. In a 6wk study, subjects (n= 42; BMI 25–35 kg/m2) were randomized to consume LOW (1T), medium (MED; 0.5c) or HIGH (1.8–2.7c) legumes 6d/wk while reducing energy intake (EI) by 30%. ~50% of the target EI was provided and the remainder was self‐selected. All groups lost weight (2.7±2.3kg; p=0.023), with MED losing more than LOW (p=0.032) but not HIGH (p=0.12). PFs changed over time in all groups: dietary disinhibition, its two subscales (situational susceptibility, uncontrolled eating) and hunger decreased, whereas self‐efficacy, dietary restraint and several restraint subscales (strategic dieting, avoiding fattening foods (AFF), flexible control, rigorous control) increased (p≤0.005). There were significant group by time interaction effects on external hunger (p=0.046) and habitual disinhibition (p=0.003); external hunger increased more in MED compared to LOW (p=0.015) and habitual disinhibition increased more in MED compared to HIGH (p=0.063). Predictors of greater weight loss were a more mindful eating style at baseline (p=0.023) and a decrease in AFF score (p=0.051), independent of baseline AFF, baseline weight and legume treatment. These data suggest that PFs may have helped explain differences in weight loss among legume groups. [Funding: Pulse Canada PIP]
Erythrocytes fatty acid composition and dietary intakes are correlated with markers of atherosclerosis in patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Park Yongsoon
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that erythrocytes that are lower in n‐3 fatty acids and higher in trans fatty acids, and nutrient intakes were associated with the risk of atherosclerosis. Fifty patients with acute nonfatal myocardial infarction were recruited in order to measure their dietary intake, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, intima medial thickness (IMT) and the Gensini score, which are markers of atherosclerosis. Trans oleic acid of erythrocytes was positively (P = 0.05) correlated with the carotid IMT. After adjusting for age, sex, and energy intake, the IMT was negatively associated with the intake of protein, fat, phosphate, zinc, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, total fatty acids, total n‐3 fatty acids, and total n‐6 fatty acids. The Gensini score was also negatively associated with the intake of protein, fat, phosphate, sodium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, linolenic acid, total fatty acids, and total n‐3 fatty acids. In conclusion, lower levels of trans oleic acid in erythrocytes and higher intakes of vitamins, minerals, and n‐3 fatty acids were associated with the decreased risk of atherosclerosis. This work was supported by the Korean Research Foundation Grant that is funded by the Korean Government (MOEHD, Basic Research Promotion Fund, KRF‐2007‐331‐C00279).
Branched Chain Fatty Acids are taken up and metabolized by Cultured Human Intestinal Cells (Caco‐2)
Authors: Ran‐Ressler Rinat Rivka , Kothapalli Kumar Sesha Durga , Glahn Raymond P , Brenna James Thomas
Published: June 2021

Background

We recently showed differences in the distribution of branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) in the vernix and meconium of healthy newborns: BCFA with < 16 carbons were detected in vernix but not in meconium. In this study we tested if: 1. BCFA are taken up and metabolized by the enterocyte, and 2. BCFA affect gene expression involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, using a Caco‐2 cell culture model.

Method

Uptake study: Caco‐2 cells were grown on 6 well plates for 14 days. Cells were incubated with graded levels of 4 BCFA or control for 4 hours. Cells were harvested for lipid classes and FA analysis.

Gene expression study

Caco‐2 cells were grown in flasks and incubated for 24 hours with a mixture of 5 BCFA or control at 7 and 14 days post seeding. RNA was reverse‐transcribed into cDNA which was subjected to semi‐quantitative PCR.

Results

BCFA were taken up by Caco‐2 cells and differentially incorporated into cellular lipid fractions. Small amounts of elongation products were detected. The expression of ELOVL3 (very long chain fatty acid elongase) and BCAT (Branched‐chain amino transferase) was higher at BCFA‐ treated cells at 7 days compared to 14 days post seeding.

Conclusion

Caco‐2 cells take up BCFA. Their differential incorporation into lipid classes indicates selective metabolism. Expression of BCFA‐related genes is under developmental control when cells are BCFA‐treated.

Support: NIH grant T32HD007331
A HIGH FRUCTOSE DIET AFFECTS SYNTHESIS AND COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE LIVER OF LACTATING DAMS AND BODY OF THEIR SUCKLING PUPS
Authors: Douard Veronique , Mourot Jacques , Shapses Sue , Ferraris Ronaldo
Published: June 2021

Fructose (F) is a potent stimulator of hepatic lipogenesis. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) are required during pregnancy and lactation for normal fetal and neonatal development. Despite numerous studies on F‐induced metabolic disorders in adults, the effects of dietary F on maternal and fetal lipid metabolism have not been studied. To evaluate the effects of excessive F consumption on FA synthesis, 3 groups of pregnant rats were fed isocaloric, isolipidic 60% glucose, F or starch diets from d2 of gestation to end of lactation. Compared to lactating dams fed glucose and starch, dams fed F had a 2X increase in liver mass and 4–10X increases in lipid, saturated FA, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) content because of a dramatic rise in C16:0 and C18:1n‐9 levels. Whole body adiposity of dams was similar. Despite small increases in PUFA n‐6 and n‐3 precursors in the liver of F fed dams, C22:6n‐3 abundance was lower, suggesting that F impairs LC‐PUFA synthesis. At birth, body adiposity and fatty acid composition of pups were independent of the maternal diet. At 10 and 21 d old, % MUFA was higher in pups from F‐fed dams. During gestation, selective placental transfer of FA may shield the fetus from changes in maternal FA metabolism. After birth, the high F diet which dramatically alters maternal lipid metabolism can also alter the FA composition of the offspring, probably through FA composition in milk. (NIH‐RDK075617)
The dose response effects of lean beef on LDL‐C change: Results from the BOLD (Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet) Study
Authors: Roussell Michael Antonion , Gaugler Trent , West Sheila , Vanden Heuvel John , Kris‐Etherton Penny
Published: June 2021

Observational data demonstrate an association between increased red meat intake and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, several clinical trials that compared cholesterol lowering diets containing lean beef vs. chicken or fish have not observed differences in the lipid‐lowering response. We hypothesized that when saturated fat levels (SFA) are maintained within the recommended range (<7% of calories), increased quantities of lean beef will not increase LDL‐C.

The BOLD study employed a cross‐over controlled feeding study design to evaluate the effects of lean beef intake on established and emerging CVD risk factors. Thirty‐seven men and women (LDL‐C <110mg/dL) were fed an Average American control diet (AAD; 11.3% SFA, 1oz beef/d), DASH (6.5% SFA, 1.8oz beef/d), BOLD (6.4% SFA, 4.5oz beef/d), and BOLD+ (6.1% SFA, 6.3oz beef/d) diets for five weeks with a 2 week washout period between diet. LDL‐C significantly decreased on average by 17.9mg/dL for the 3 test diets compared to the AAD control diet. A multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the effect of a dose‐dependent change in lean beef intake (oz/d) on LDL‐C change. There was no significant effect of increasing lean beef intake on LDL‐C change (p=0.4896) in diets that provided < 7% of calories from SFA.

In conclusion, increasing intake of lean beef in the context of a heart healthy diet does not attenuate the LDL‐C lowering effect. Supported by: National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
Effects of consuming a yogurt containing plant sterols, as part of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet, on blood lipids in men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Jonnalagadda Satya S , Maki Kevin C. , Reeves Mathew S. , Rains Tia M. , Witchger MarySue
Published: June 2021

Objective was to assess the effects of an intervention involving TLC diet, including consumption of a plant sterol containing yogurt, on the fasting lipoprotein lipid profile and blood pressure in men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia. Study included men and women (n = 34), 40–69 yrs, with fasting LDL‐C of 130–210 mg/dL. At week 0, participants were instructed on the TLC diet and provided with yogurt to be consumed twice daily (0.6 g plant sterol/serving) for six weeks. Fasting lipids were measured at baseline (weeks ‐1 and 0) and weeks 2, 4, and 6. Participants were mostly female (73.5%) and of non‐Hispanic white ethnicity (91.2%) with a mean age of 52.7 yrs and BMI of 26.8. Significant reductions from baseline were observed for LDL‐C (−8.2 %; p < 0.001), TC (−6.9 %; p < 0.001), non‐ HDL‐C (−7.3 %; p < 0.001) and HDL‐C (−4.5 %; p = 0.023). Blood pressure decreased from 121.5/76.9 mm Hg at baseline to 116.1/74.6 mm Hg at the end of treatment (p < 0.03 for systolic and diastolic). The mean MEDFICTS score decreased from week 0 (53.7) to week 6 (32.4; p < 0.001), indicating compliance with the TLC diet. These results show that the TLC diet including consumption of yogurt containing plant sterols (1.2 g/day) was associated with improvements in total, LDL, and non‐HDL‐C and blood pressure in men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia.

Funding: General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN.
Flaxseed oil and vitamin K effect on turkey bone mineralization and strength
Authors: Newell Brian E , Smith R Scott , Johnston N Paul , Davidson Robert T
Published: June 2021

Domestic turkeys exhibit a high frequency of leg problems associated with rapid growth and heavy bird weight. We hypothesized that administering a diet high in vitamin K and flaxseed oil rich in n‐3 PUFA to turkeys early in development would improve bone strength. One hundred and twenty‐eight male turkeys were assigned to one of four groups in a rank‐stratified design: 1) control diet containing corn oil (n‐3/n‐6 = 0.021) and normal vitamin K levels (menadione sodium bisulfite, 2.2 mg/kg diet); 2) high vitamin K diet containing corn oil and high vitamin K (2.2 g/kg diet); 3) flaxseed oil diet (n‐3/n‐6 = 0.213) containing flaxseed oil and normal levels of vitamin K and; 4) high vitamin K/flaxseed oil diet. Diets were administered 80 days. At days 17, 38, 59 and 80 eight birds from each group were sacrificed. BMC was measured using DXA and bone mineral ash. The mechanical strength of the tibiotarsus was determined using a three‐point bending test. Results indicated flaxseed oil treatment significantly increased ultimate bending strength and modulus of elasticity (Tukey‐Kramer multiple comparison test, p<0.05). Vitamin K significantly reduced the effect of flaxseed oil. The data indicate flaxseed oil may be used to increase bone strength in growing turkeys. Supported by a BYU Mentored Environment Grant.
Inhibition of collagen‐mediated platelet reactivity in response to high doses of polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Anderson‐Daniels Jordan M , Graslie Erika L , Tholen Jillian , Ashmore Joseph H , Korth Amanda J , Shearer Gregory C , Harris William S , Larson Mark K
Published: June 2021

Polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids (POM‐3 FAs) derived from oily fish have long been associated with cardioprotective benefits. We therefore hypothesized that treatment with POM‐3 ethyl esters would decrease platelet reactivity. Since our previous studies demonstrated that collagen‐induced platelet aggregation was inhibited after POM‐3 ethyl ester treatment, we examined their effects on collagen‐mediated platelet integrin activation, granule secretion, and thrombogenic activity. Blood was drawn from 15 healthy volunteers before and after 4 weeks of 4 g/d of POM‐3 ethyl esters, and platelet membrane POM‐3 FA incorporation showed an average increase of 85% after treatment. Flow cytometry revealed a significant decrease in collagen‐induced integrin activation and phosphotidylserine exposure after treatment. These results suggest that at least two major platelet contributions to thrombosis and hemostasis are inhibited by POM‐3 treatment. Further, subjects that showed reductions in platelet reactivity after treatment also demonstrated reduced collagen‐mediated protein phosphorylation, strongly suggesting that platelet signal transduction is disrupted after POM‐3 FA incorporation. Research was supported by funds from the NIH and GlaxoSmithKline.
Docosahexanoic acid intake from food and supplement sources of pregnant women living in a non‐coastal community
Authors: Campbell Christina Gayer , Filipowicz Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Maternal docosahexanoic acid (DHA) consumption for fetal development has become increasingly recognized. Limited data exists regarding the intake of the omega‐3 fatty acid DHA in pregnant women living in non‐coastal communities. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify total daily DHA intake from food and supplements in pregnant women living in a non‐coastal community.

Sixty‐three women completed a 107‐item food frequency questionnaire between 28–35 weeks of gestation. Intake data was analyzed with Nutritionist Pro. Prenatal recommendations of 200 mg DHA/d were used as a reference. Descriptive statistics were calculated with Excel.

Overall the median intake of DHA from food and supplement sources was 199 mg/d (mean ± SD; 219 ± 240 mg/d; 9–1645 mg/d). Approximately one‐third (23 of 63) of the participants reported consuming a DHA supplement. For supplement users, median intake was 321 mg/d (376 ± 300 mg/d) however the median DHA intake for the non‐supplement users was 75 mg/d (125 ± 120 mg/d). Of the 63 women, only 12 were able to meet the recommended daily intake of 200 mg/d from food alone.

More than half of the women in our study living in a non‐coastal community were unable to meet current recommendations of 200 mg/d from food alone. Regardless of the dietary source more education is needed to promote prenatal DHA consumption.

Grant Number P20 RR‐16455‐07 from the NCRR, a component of the NIH.
Biting Versus Chewing: Eating Style and Social Aggression in Children
Authors: Wansink Brian , Zampollo Francesca , Camps Guido , Shimizu Mitsuru
Published: June 2021

Does biting food provoke subsequent aggressive behavior more than eating a food that only needs to be chewed? To examine this, children were served afternoon meals of chicken either on‐the‐bone or cut from the bone into small 2 cm pieces. Their behavior was video‐taped for 10 minutes and then coded by five researchers. On the days the children had to tear the meat from the bone, they exhibited more socially aggressive behavior than when they ate chicken that had been cut up for them. This aggressive behavior included more physical contact others, more violations of instructions, and more destruction of tableware. These findings suggest there may be a connection between how people eat and how they interact with each other. Such a finding would have overlapping interdisciplinary implications in cultural anthropology, sociology, and developmental psychology.
The feasibility of replacement feeding as an HIV prevention method in Lilongwe, Malawi: Results of the BAN Study
Authors: Parker Megan E , Bentley Margaret E , Adair Linda , Jamieson Denise , Ellingston Sascha , Chasela Charles , Mkhomawanthu Chimwemwe , Tembo Martin , Martinson Francis , van der Horst Charles
Published: June 2021

International guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to 6 months among HIV‐infected mothers choosing to breastfeed, with cessation of BF once replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe. When mothers wean, they are challenged to provide an adequate replacement diet. This study investigates use and acceptability of a peanut‐based ready‐to‐use, micronutrient‐enriched paste (RUF) as a breastmilk substitute when provided to 6–12 mo. old infants of HIV+ mothers, as part of the BAN (Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral, and Nutrition) Study. A sub‐sample of mothers (n=45) was interviewed when their child was 15–16 mo. old. Quantitative and qualitative analyses explored issues related to weaning strategies using RUF from 6 to12 mo. and challenges faced when RUF was no longer provided at 12 mo. Mothers reported 8 strategies used for cessation of BF at 6–7 months including gradual reduction of BF episodes, expressing breastmilk into a cup, and using alternate caregivers. RUF was well accepted by mothers and infants (98%) and incorporated into the traditional infant diet. When RUF was no longer provided, infants stopped accepting the staple maize porridge, particularly among food insecure households. Early BF cessation is a feasible HIV prevention method among this low‐income population in Malawi when supported by the provision of RUF as a breast milk substitute.

Grant Funding Source: CDC and the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD, 1R03HD057775‐01)
Supplement of three eggs a week improves protein malnutrition in Thai children from rural areas
Authors: Mayurasakorn Korapat , Sitphahul Prapunpis , Hongto Pun‐orn
Published: June 2021

Our goal was to compare nutritional status on serum proteins and lipids, and to determine the effect of egg supplements in primary school students aged 6–15 years. 417 children were randomized to an addition of either three or ten eggs per week to their basal diets for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical indices were continuously monitored. 29.1% and 20.8% of the participants had evidence of protein malnutrition according to low serum albumin and prealbumin levels, respectively. Albumin and prealbumin levels positively correlated with total cholesterol and LDL‐C levels. No difference in any biochemical index was found comparing 3 vs 10 eggs/wk. During egg supplement, total cholesterol, LDL and ratio of total cholesterol to HDL levels decreased by 6.4±1.8, 19.3±2.5 and 28.5±2.1% in three eggs diet and by 8.0±1.9, 15.7±3.0 and 31.2±1.9% in 10 eggs diet, respectively (p < 0.001). Albumin, prealbumin and HDL levels all the significantly increased (p < 0.001). Our study demonstrated that in Thailand there are still primary school students with protein malnutrition in rural areas. Supplement of at least 3 eggs/wk can effectively correct parameters of protein malnutrition in Thai primary school students, and have beneficial outcomes on blood lipid levels.

Supported by National Research Council of Thailand 2549

Grant Funding Source: The ASN/Procter & Gamble Graduate Student Research Awards Competition
Educational modules created to teach freshman and senior year nutrition students about nutritional genomics were effective
Authors: Fang Chengshun , Moltzen Kelly , Manning Carolyn
Published: June 2021

Nutritional genomics has potential to be used in both the clinical and public health practice settings. Developing educational tools to make dietetic students aware of nutritional genomics and its practical applications is a critical step in increasing the competency of future dietitians. Educational modules were developed to be incorporated into freshman and senior year nutrition courses at the University. The effectiveness of the modules was evaluated with the use of pre and post surveys. Statistical software was used to compare the survey results. Overall, students in both courses became more interested in nutrigenomics after the lesson, and the number of students who answered nutritional genomics questions correctly increased. In addition, over 70% of the students in both courses said the lecture helped them understand the concept of nutrigenomics. 74% of students said the lecture taught them valuable information on possible future job opportunities involving nutrigenomics. Given that the current education on nutritional genomics is limited within the dietetics curriculum, the modules developed are effective in teaching students about this cutting‐edge field.
Assessment of the General Nutrition Knowledge Level of Medical Students Attending Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman
Authors: Waly Mostafa I , Al‐Mukhaini Yahya , Ali Amanat
Published: June 2021

Several surveys, 1992–1993, 1997–1999, and 2006–2007 in the US indicate that medical students receive relatively little education in nutrition. There is a lack of such surveys in Oman, so the following survey was conducted on 4th year medical students at SQU to evaluate their nutrition knowledge.

A questionnaire was developed for this study and after being tested for validity and reliability it has been distributed to the students. The questionnaire has two sections; the first section focused on the impact of diet on total energy intake, chronic diseases and deficiencies disorders. The second section focused on attendance of nutrition seminars and workshops with relevance to Oman.

Completed questionnaires were received from 143 participants and data analysis of the first section revealed that the average correct response was 75%. By contrast the sampled subjects have 5% score in terms of nutrition seminars and workshops attendance. Chi‐square analysis revealed no statistical significant difference between male and female students (χ2= 4.95 and χ2 = 7.69 respectively), P>0.05.

Our study indicates that the 4th year medical students were generally aware of nutrition information relevance but they have poor knowledge of current important topics of nutrition and health in Oman. Based on these results, we recommend the adoption of a comprehensive educational approach through seminars and workshops in relevance to Oman.
The relationship between alcohol intake and mortality in Whites, Blacks and Hispanics using the NHIS Mortality Linked Data Set
Authors: Smit Ellen , Sempos Christopher T , Rehm Jurgen , Huguet Nathalie , Crespo Carlos J
Published: June 2021

We examined alcohol intake and all cause mortality in White, Black and Hispanic adults using the 1988 and 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The NHIS and National Death Index are public use data sets with follow‐up for mortality through 2002. Alcohol intake was classified as: Lifetime abstainers (<12 drinks ever); Irregular abstainers (< 12 drinks in any 1 year, none in the past year); Former drinkers (12+ in 1 year but not in past year); and Current drinkers: <1 drink/week, 1–2 drinks/week, 3–6 drinks/week, 1 drink/day, and 2+ drinks/day. Proportional hazards analyses adjusted for BMI, age, smoking and education were conducted using SUDAAN (n=73,541). Compared to lifetime abstainers, an inverse association with mortality was observed in White men and women who consumed 1–2 drinks/week (p<0.01), and White men who consumed 3–6 drinks/week (p=0.05). Trends were similar, but not significant for Blacks or Hispanics. For current drinking quartiles, White men and women in the highest quartile were at greater risk for mortality than the lowest quartile, relative risk=1.18 (95% CI 1.04–1.33) and 1.24 (95% CI 1.07–1.43) respectively. No association was observed for Black men or Hispanic men and women; however, Black women in quartile 2 were at increased risk for mortality. Our findings suggest racial ethnic differences in the relationship of alcohol and mortality. Supported by NIAAA R21 AA015085‐01 (Crespo, PI)
Correlations between dietary intake or body mass index and serum androgen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wang Ting‐Wen , Chao Jane C‐J , Wei Hsiao‐Jui , Young Robert , Liaw Chian‐Mey , Wang Szu‐Shun , Jiang Bo‐Shu , Ho Hsin‐Jung
Published: June 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease in reproductive age women who had clinical symptoms similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study investigated the relationship between dietary intake or body mass index and serum androgen in patients with PCOS. Sixty‐seven patients aged of 21 to 45 years from Taiwan Adventist Hospital were divided into the non‐PCOS and PCOS groups. Anthropometric parameters, serum glucose, insulin, and reproductive hormones were measured, and dietary intake was assessed by 3‐d dietary record. The results showed that patients with PCOS had significantly higher body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), insulin level and insulin resistance than the non‐PCOS group. Plasma testosterone concentration was positively correlated with dietary carbohydrate intake (r = 0.40, P < 0.01). Free androgen index (FAI) was positively correlated with body weight, BMI and WHR. Therefore, women with PCOS have impaired insulin sensitivity and imbalanced serum androgen with increased BMI. Increased carbohydrate intake is associated with elevated testosterone level, and increased BMI is associated with elevated FAI.
Association of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and serum lipids in Hispanics with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ojo Emmanuel , Beeson Lawrence , Chukwueke Ihuoma , Shulz Eloy , Firek Anthony , DeLeon Marino , Balcazar Hector , Cordero‐MacIntyre Zaida
Published: June 2021

O: To evaluate the association of bone mineral density, bone mineral content and serum lipids in Hispanics with diabetes.

M: Baseline bone density and bone mineral measurements of 39 Hispanic subjects (mean age=53.9 ± 11.2, M=16, F=23) were obtained using the Fan Beam DXA Discovery A, software V 12.6. Serum lipid values were analyzed using the Beckman CX7 (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, California) instrument and Beckman CX4CE instrument. Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate correlations between lipids and body composition values.

R: There was a significant positive correlation between HDL and lumbar spine L1 BMC (r = 0.38, p=0.012), L2 BMC (r = 0.40, p=0.011), L4 BMC (r = 0.33, p=0.04), L2 BMD (r = 0.38, p=0.017), and L total BMD (r = 0.32, p=0.04). There was a significant negative association between serum triglycerides and lumbar spine L2 BMC (r = −0.378, p = 0.017).

C: Bone mineral content and bone mineral density are significantly associated with selected lipid parameters.
Resveratrol Affects Bone Minerals and Strength in Aging Hindlimb Suspended Rats
Authors: Wright Stephanie , Jackson Janna R , Ryan Michael J , Alway Steve E , Tou Janet C
Published: June 2021

No studies have investigated the role of resveratrol supplementation on age‐related bone loss. Aging is also associated with unloading of bone due to increased bed rest. Hindlimb suspension (HLS) of rats stimulates mechanical unloading of bones. The study objective was to determine the effects of resveratrol supplementation on bones in aging ambulatory (AMB) and HLS rats. Mature adult (6mo) and old (32mo) Fischer Brown Norway male rats were kept AMB or HLS. Rats were than randomly assigned (n=7/group) to received a daily oral gavage of 12.5mg/kg bwt/d trans‐resveratrol or deionized water in 1 milliliter of 0.1% carboxymethylcellulose. At the end of 14 d, the femur and tibia were collected. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by ashing at 600°C. Bone calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Bone strength measurements were determined by three‐point bending test. In AMB rats, resveratrol supplementation decreased bone strength indicated by reduced tibial ultimate failure energy (p=0.02) in old rats and reduced femoral Young's modulus (YM) (p=0.02) in both mature and old rats. In HLS rats, resveratrol supplementation decreased tibial Ca (p=0.02), P (p=0.02), and strength indicated by lower ultimate stiffness (p=0.04) and YM (p=0.045) in mature rats. Based on our results resveratrol supplementation does not appear to benefit bone.
Comparative effects of isoflavones and exercise on bone in Hamsters
Authors: Bakhshalian Neema , Campbell Sara Chelland , Hooshmand Shirin , Chai Sheau Ching , Arjmandi Bahram H
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine whether hamsters are responsive to exercise and/or isoflavones in terms of bone. Thirty LVG Golden Syrian hamsters were housed in an environmentally controlled room and assigned to three treatment groups: control, control + Genistein, and control + exercise regimen. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to a semi‐purified diet and deionized water for six‐months. Genistein was given mixed in the diet (1 g/kg diet). Exercise was in the form of free wheel running and the control condition was considered sedentary because the animals had no access to a running wheel or any other environmental enrichment. Whole body bone mineral density (BMD), whole body bone mineral content (BMC), and whole body bone area were measured using dual x‐ray absorptiometry equipped with small animal software. The initial findings of this study indicate that exercise regimen significantly increases BMC due to increased bone area without affecting BMD. Below is a summary of the findings:

BMD (g/cm2)
BMC (g)
Bone Area (cm2)

Control
0.119±0.013
3.81±0.24
31.70±1.18

Control+ Genistein
0.123±0.007
4.09±0.14
32.92±0.70

Control+ Exercise
0.127±0.010
4.52±0.21*
35.38±0.80*

In each column, asterisk denotes significant difference from other groups (P<0.05)
Diet restriction that improves longevity and health span also modifies gut microbiology
Authors: Martin Roy J , Senevirathne Reshani N , Janes Marlene , Dixit Vishwa , Keenan Michael J
Published: June 2021

The importance of gut microbiota in gut health and health in general has received considerable attention. The elderly are known to have reduced diversity and decreased relative abundance of desirable microbiata. These age‐related changes in gut microflora could diminish health span. For example, reductions in the relative abundance of important sub‐populations such as Clostridium cluster IV and bifidobacteria might result in reduced formation of short chain fatty acids, altered epithelial cell maintenance, and altered barrier function of the gut epithelium in the elderly. Those changes in the GI microbiota have previously been linked to impaired immune function prevalent in older individuals and may result in a greater susceptibility to disease. It is well established that diet restriction leads to improved health and increased longevity in many species. In addition, resistant starch diets improve gut function and metabolic status. Does part of this increase in health involve an improvement in gut function and specifically in gut microbiota? The data from 2‐year old C57BL/6 mice fed either resistant starch or were diet restricted show similar trends for the bacteria levels measured by qRT‐PCR. Both treatments increase Bifidobacterium and total Clostridium IV. These data support our hypothesis that dietary fermentable fiber mimics many of the effects of diet restriction on health span and longevity. Supported by National Starch and LSU AgCenter.
Quality protein of Argentinean Northwest quinoa crops: Study based on amino acids composition
Authors: Vidueiros Silvina Mariela , Dyner Luis , Bertero Daniel , Pallaro Anabel
Published: June 2021

Quínoa, (Chenopodium quínoa W) is a native cultivar of the Andean region of South America that has played an important role in the diet and culture of its pre‐Hispanic inhabitants and has a high nutritious value. In contrast to cereal proteins, the protein of quinoa contains a relatively high amount of lysine and sulfur amino acids and then a higher quality protein. No data on the amino acids composition of argentinean varieties is known.

Aim

to study the quality protein of ten different crops from quinoa of the Argentinean Northwest (NOA) based on the amino acids composition.

Material and Methods

Amino acids composition was determined by HPLC (AOAC.994.12). It was compared to the reference protein for pre‐school (FNB/IOM, 2002) to calculated the chemical score (CS).

Results

CS ranged from 75.5 to 84.1 being tryptophan the limiting essential amino acid; only one variety had CS 97.6 limiting isoleucine.

Conclusion

The results indicate that quinoa seeds from NOA have a high quality protein. This fact suggest it would be used as an alternative protein source for the complementation of cereals protein usually deficient in lysine, in order to improve human diet.

Supported by UBACyT B098 and ANPCYT (PICT 2005 20‐23382)
Combining resistant starch and sodium butyrate for reducing body fat in rats
Authors: Vidrine Kirk , Keenan Michael J , Martin Roy J , Gao Zhangua , Finley John , McCutcheon Kathleen L , Raggio Anne M , Tulley Richard T , Greenway Frank , Zhou Jun , Ye Jianping
Published: June 2021

Our studies demonstrated dietary butyrate (SB) and resistant starch (RS) reduced body fat. SB absorbed in upper gut acts directly on peripheral tissues. RS fermented to butyrate in the lower gut is associated with increased PYY and GLP‐1 acting indirectly through an endocrine mechanism. Ultimately, mechanisms converge at peripheral tissues. Forty (8 wk) male SD rats were fed 4 diets (n=15; 3.2 kcal/g) for 12 wk: control (C), RS (28%), SB (3.2%), and SB + RS. Results were considered significant at p<0.05; data analyzed by 2 × 2 factorial. There were significant main effects for reduction in abdominal fat pads for SB and RS, e.g. epididymal (g and % bw): C, 5.8, 1.44; SB, 4.8, 1.3; RS, 4.8, 1.3; and SB + RS, 4.0±0.2, 1.1±0.05. Although the SB + RS fat level was the numerically lowest there was not a significant interaction indicating a possible “saturation” of the mechanism at the high doses used. There was also a significant main effect of RS for increased plasma PYY and GLP‐1 confirming the difference in the initial mechanism; and a significant interaction between SB and RS for the two hormones. The SB + RS group had lower PYY and GLP‐1 than RS with a speculated down‐regulation of the hormones possibly due again to the “saturation” of the mechanism. Future studies will focus on lower doses to determine if the combination can promote similar fat reductions as with the individual high doses of SB or RS. Funding: LSU AgCenter and National Starch.
Elevated Levels of Circulating Microparticles in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Their Impact on the Inflammatory Process
Authors: Rahman Saudur , Cichon Mark , Hoppensteadt Debra , Cunanan Josephine , Jeske Walter , Fareed Jawed
Published: June 2021

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) represents one of the most catastrophic coagulopathies, which results in the simultaneous activation of thrombotic and hemorrhagic processes. The pathophysiology of DIC, and the role of inflammation and Microparticles (MPs) is not fully understood. MPs represent small phospholipid‐expressing, procoagulant vesicular fragments, which are released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells due to cellular disruption and apoptosis. This study was designed to measure functional MPs in 100 random patients from a population of patients diagnosed with DIC. Plasma samples from 30 normal male and female volunteers were used as control. A commercially available functional MP method based on Annexin trapping was used for the determination of the procoagulant activity of MPs (Hyphen Biomedical, Paris, France). The Mean ± Standard Deviation concentration of MPs in the DIC group was 24.6 ± 14.2 nM (Range: 0.0 – 60.0 nM), which was significantly higher than the concentration in the Normal Human Plasma (NHP) control group: 8.5 ± 4.3 nM (Range: 1.3 – 17.4 nM). The distribution curves and the scattergram showed that the MPs concentration in the DIC samples was more widespread than in the NHPs. This study clearly demonstrates that MPs are upregulated in patients with DIC and may mediate the hemostatic activation and inflammatory responses in this syndrome.
Differential Immunogenic Responses of Branded and Generic Versions of Low Molecular Weight Heparins
Authors: Ramaciotti Eduardo , Gomez Marisa , Walenga Jeanine M. , Hoppensteadt Debra , Rao Gundu , Nader Helena , Jeske Walter , Fareed Jawed
Published: June 2021

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are complex mixtures of oligosaccharides. Compositional and structural features impact their biological effects including their interaction with endogenous proteins such as platelet factor 4 (PF4). Purified PF4 was titrated with the branded LMWHs dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), and reviparin (Clivarin) and two generic versions of enoxaparin (Cutenox and Lupenox). The prevalence of anti‐heparin/PF4 antibodies (HIT antibodies) in patients treated with approved regimens of branded products and Cutenox were investigated in plasma samples obtained 7–10 days after the administration of these drugs. Marked differences in the PF4 titration among branded products were noted in the aPTT, Heptest, TT, and amidolytic anti‐Xa, anti‐IIa assays. HIT antibody prevalence and the antibody sub‐typing profile was significantly different among the branded products (18–32 %). While there were pharmacodynamic differences between Lovenox and Cutenox, there was no significant difference in the global (IgG, IgA, IgM) titers of HIT antibodies. Sub‐typing of the antibodies demonstrated a greater prevalence of IgG type antibodies (those implicated in mediating the pathologic responses in HIT) in the plasma from patients treated with the generic LMWH. These studies suggest that the compositional differences in LMWHs may result in differential immunogenic responses.