bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methane concentrations increase in bottom waters during summertime anoxia in the highly eutrophic estuary, Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A.
Authors: Gelesh Lauren , Marshall Kathleen , Boicourt William , Lapham Laura
Published: February 2016

The Chesapeake Bay is a eutrophic estuary that undergoes seasonal bottom water hypoxia. Methane (CH4) gas bubbles are found within the upper sediment layers, but whether this greenhouse gas escapes to the water column or the atmosphere is not well known. Here, we hypothesize that when bottom waters become anoxic, CH4 is released from the sediments, builds up under the pycnocline, and escapes to the atmosphere at the end of hypoxia. Osmotically powered pumps (OsmoSamplers) were used for the first time to test this hypothesis. They were deployed from April to October 2013 and continuously collected bottom water into small diameter, copper tubing. Upon recovery, the tubing was cut into 4 d increments, and the enclosed water extracted and measured for CH4 concentrations. Results showed that in April, CH4 concentrations were low (∼1 μM) when bottom waters were fully oxygenated and increased as anoxic conditions set in. By mid‐July, CH4 concentrations peaked and reached as high as 40 μM, most likely coming from the sediments. By early August, concentrations decreased until they returned to background levels when normal oxygen conditions returned in late September. While most of the built‐up CH4 was gone by the end of anoxia, CH4 concentrations measured in discrete surface water samples in June and September suggest that there was still a significant flux of CH4 to the atmosphere. Taken together, our time‐series data shows that the CH4 flux from the Chesapeake Bay is temporally variable, potentially significant, and dependent on physical processes (e.g., storms) occurring in the Bay.
The Effects of Amide Groups on the Thermal and Optical Properties of Poly(amide‐imide)s with Low Residual Stress for Microelectronic Devices
Authors: Kim Kwangin , Yoo Taewon , Ha Hyemin , Kim Jinyoung , Han Patrick , Han Haksoo
Published: February 2016

In this study, poly(amide‐imide)s are synthesized for electronic materials by adding amide groups into polyimide. As it is expected, poly(amide‐imide) shows an amorphous structure with a lower glass transition temperature and residual stress than the neat polyimide due to the high steric hindrance of the amide group. Also, the modification to the polyimide structure leads to higher transmittance and enhances colorless properties. Consequently, successful synthesis of poly(amide‐imide)s is demonstrated which has wide applicability in the electronic industries due to their low glass transition temperature. It is expected that semiconductor and integrated circuit products can be manufactured utilizing poly(amide‐imide)s with high reliability and a low chance of cracking due to their lower residual stress. Furthermore, it envisioned that the improved optical properties of poly(amide‐imide) materials will allow for their applications in transparent displays and coating products.

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Capitulation of the 2‐class group of some cyclic number fields with large degree
Authors: Mouhib Ali
Published: February 2016

We study the capitulation problem of the 2‐class group of some cyclic number fields M with large degree and 2‐class group isomorphic to . Precisely, we give the structure of the Galois group of the maximal unramified 2‐extension over M.
Vanishing viscosity limit for the 3D magnetohydrodynamic system with generalized Navier slip boundary conditions
Authors: Guo Boling , Wang Guangwu
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we investigate the vanishing viscosity limit problem for the 3D incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system in a general bounded smooth domain of R3 with the generalized Navier slip boundary conditions. We also obtain rates of convergence of the solution of viscous MHD to the corresponding ideal MHD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WaterControl: self‐diffusion based solvent signal suppression enhanced by selective inversion
Authors: Zheng Gang , Torres Allan M. , Price William S.
Published: February 2016

Selective inversion/excitation based solvent signal suppression techniques are widely used in various NMR experiments because of their high efficiency and general applicability. However, these techniques generate a ‘null’/suppression region containing (non‐quantitatively) degraded solvent and desired resonances because of their reliance on the rejection of the coherence transfer pathway corresponding to all the resonances within the suppression region. To address this issue, the WaterControl technique was developed by inserting a (pulsed gradient – selective inversion pulse – pulsed gradient) unit into each ‘transverse’ period of a standard stimulated echo pulse sequence so that the coherence transfer pathways corresponding to both the suppression and non‐suppression regions can be selected in one transient. The new sequence affords a diffusion based and quantifiable solvent signal suppression with no or minimal loss of features of interest. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the effect of different vitrification solutions on human ovarian tissue after short‐term xenotransplantation onto the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Zeng Yu‐Cui , Tang Hui‐Ru , Zeng Li‐Ping , Chen Yun , Wang Guo‐Ping , Wu Rui‐Fang
Published: February 2016

Chemotherapy can lead to the loss of fertility and premature ovarian failure in young women who suffer from malignant diseases. Freezing ovarian tissue by vitrification allows for the preservation of a large number of follicles prior to treatment, yet no established protocols have been optimized with respect to the vitrification solution. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the early stage of human ovarian tissue xenotransplantated onto the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane after vitrification, and to determine the effect of different vitrification solutions on ovarian tissue quality—as defined by morphology and viability of follicles, neovascularization, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Each vitrification protocol had a different impact on ovarian tissue at the early transplantation stage; one process using the lowest concentrations of ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide, plus sucrose, demonstrated a moderate advantage compared to the other protocols. We also demonstrated that the chorioallantoic membrane model can be a useful alternative for short‐term xenotransplantation studies of angiogenesis into human ovarian cortical tissue. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 359–369, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new paramagnetically shifted imaging probe for MRI
Authors: Senanayake P. Kanthi , Rogers Nicola J. , Finney Katie‐Louise N.A. , Harvey Peter , Funk Alexander M. , Wilson J. Ian , O'Hogain Dara , Maxwell Ross , Parker David , Blamire Andrew M.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To develop and characterize a new paramagnetic contrast agent for molecular imaging by MRI.

Methods

A contrast agent was developed for direct MRI detection through the paramagnetically shifted proton magnetic resonances of two chemically equivalent tert‐butyl reporter groups within a dysprosium(III) complex. The complex was characterized in phantoms and imaged in physiologically intact mice at 7 Tesla (T) using three‐dimensional (3D) gradient echo and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) sequences to measure spatial distribution and signal frequency.

Results

The reporter protons reside ∼6.5 Å from the paramagnetic center, resulting in fast T1 relaxation (T1 = 8 ms) and a large paramagnetic frequency shift exceeding 60 ppm. Fast relaxation allowed short scan repetition times with high excitation flip angle, resulting in high sensitivity. The large dipolar shift allowed direct frequency selective excitation and acquisition of the dysprosium(III) complex, independent of the tissue water signal. The biokinetics of the complex were followed in vivo with a temporal resolution of 62 s following a single, low‐dose intravenous injection. The lower concentration limit for detection was ∼23 μM. Through MRSI, the temperature dependence of the paramagnetic shift (0.28 ppm.K−1) was exploited to examine tissue temperature variation.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate a new MRI agent with the potential for physiological monitoring by MRI. Magn Reson Med 77:1307–1317, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Urinary tract infections, urologic surgery, and renal dysfunction in a contemporary cohort of traumatic spinal cord injured patients
Authors: Welk Blayne , Liu Kuan , Winick‐Ng Jennifer , Shariff Salimah Z.
Published: February 2016

Aims

The objective of this study was to measure the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), urologic reconstruction/urinary diversion, and renal dysfunction after a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using administrative data from Ontario, Canada. All incident adult TSCI patients (2002–2013) admitted to a rehabilitation center were included. The impact of lesion level on each outcome was assessed. The rate of outcomes was further compared to an age and sex matched sample from the general population.

Results

A total of 2,023 incident TSCI patients were identified (median follow‐up of 4.8 years). Most patients (73%) were male and median age was 50 years. Lesion level included cervical (39%), thoracolumbar (44%), and unknown (17%). The incidence of serious UTIs (requiring emergency room visit or hospital admission) was 40%. Thoracolumbar lesion TSCI patients had significantly greater risk of serious UTIs (HR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1–1.7, P < 0.01) compared to those with a cervical lesion. Urologic reconstruction/urinary diversion was carried out on 2.4% of patients. New onset renal dysfunction was identified in 4.2% (84) TSCI patients. The rate ratios for serious UTIs (10.59, 95%CI 8.71–12.89), urologic reconstruction/urinary diversion (6.48, 95%CI 3.07–13.68), and renal dysfunction (2.55, 95%CI 1.70–3.83) were significantly increased among TSCI patients compared to matched controls.

Conclusions

Urologic disease is still an important source of morbidity for contemporary TSCI patients, and is more common compared to the general population. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:640–647, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On convergence of iterative methods for maximal correlation problems
Authors: Liu Xin‐Guo , Wang Wei‐Guo
Published: February 2016

Several iterative methods for maximal correlation problems (MCPs) have been proposed in the literature. This paper deals with the convergence of these iterations and contains three contributions. Firstly, a unified and concise proof of the monotone convergence of these iterative methods is presented. Secondly, a starting point strategy is analysed. Thirdly, some error estimates are presented to test the quality of a computed solution. Both theoretical results and numerical tests suggest that combining with this starting point strategy these methods converge rapidly and are more likely converging to a global maximizer of MCP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control of a system of reaction–diffusion equations modeling the wine fermentation process
Authors: Merger Juri , Borzì Alfio , Herzog Roland
Published: February 2016

The investigation of a reaction–diffusion system with new nonlinear reactions kinetics to model the fermentation of wine is presented. The reactive part extends existing ordinary differential models by taking into account oxygen availability and ethanol toxicity. The presence of spatial diffusion and the inclusion of a heat equation allow geometrical and thermal effects in the model. Existence, uniqueness, and regularity of solutions to this system of reaction–diffusion partial differential equations are discussed. A boundary optimal control problem is formulated with the purpose of steering an ideal fermentation process. This optimal control problem is theoretically investigated and numerically solved in the adjoint method framework. The existence of an optimal control is proved, and its solution is characterized by means of the corresponding optimality system. To solve this system, an implicit–explicit splitting approach is considered, and a Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) optimization scheme is implemented. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate the validity of the fermentation model and of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retarded polyethylene/wood flour composites with high performances: Satisfying both sides with intumescent flame retardants and synergistic compatibilizers, respectively
Authors: Hong Haoqun , Liu Hao , Zhang Haiyan , He Hui , Liu Tao , Jia Demin
Published: February 2016

WPC is inflammable that threatens the safety of life and property. To reduce the risk of conflagration, it is important to make WPC flame retardant. But the flame retarded WPC is usually highly loaded which deteriorates its mechanical properties. It is difficult to satisfy both sides. In this article, we make attempt to prepare the flame retarded polyethylene/wood flour (WF) composites with high mechanical properties by using an ammonium polyphosphate and phosphorus based intumescent flame retardants (IFR) system. To maintain the high performances of the flame retarded composites, the multi‐monomer graft copolymers are synergistically used as the interfacial compatibilizers for the composites. Cone calorimeter testing, UL94 flame tests, limited oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to evaluate the flammability properties and thermal stability of the composites. Results show that WF enhances the flame retardancy of the composites with the help of suitable IFR system. The coordination of flame retardants with WF content is an effective measure to control the fire spreading and the risk of combustion. The incorporation of flame retardants transforms the role of WF from the inflammable material into the charring agent of IFR system. By using the IFR system, a highly flame retarded composite with V0 classification based on the vertical combustion testing was successfully prepared. With the help of the synergistic compatibilizers, it is possible to prepare an intumescable flame retarded rPE/WF composites with high performances. The incorporation of WF, and flame retardants can improve the thermal stability of the composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:569–579, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Recent advances in photorefractive and photoactive polymers for holographic applications
Authors: Tsutsumi Naoto
Published: February 2016

The current state‐of‐the‐art of photorefractive and photoactive polymers for holographic applications is summarized and reviewed. Photorefractive polymers and some kinds of photoactive materials based on the azobenzene chromophore have great potential for updatable holographic applications. Updatable three‐dimensional holographic displays of large size have been developed using photorefractive polymers as well as photoactive azobenzene materials. Time responses of photorefractive polymers of the order of seconds and hundreds of milliseconds are currently improved to be of the order of milliseconds to hundreds of microseconds with high diffraction efficiency and high optical gain. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluations of crystal defects of 3C‐SiC film on Si(110) substrate
Authors: Sambonsuge Shota , Ito Shun , Jiao Sai , Nagasawa Hiroyuki , Fukidome Hirokazu , Filimonov Sergey N. , Suemitsu Maki
Published: February 2016

Detailed analysis on the planar defects in rotated 3C‐SiC() films grown on Si(110) substrates have been conducted by using X‐ray diffraction and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. While the film mostly consists of a rotated region, a portion was found in its nonrotated (3C‐SiC(110)) configuration, forming domain boundaries in between. Inplane twins were also found to exist within both the rotated and nonrotated regions. Their origins and their impacts on the epitaxial graphene formation on the 3C‐SiC film are discussed.
DNA detection with top–down fabricated silicon nanowire transistor arrays in linear operation regime
Authors: Schwartz Miriam , Nguyen Thanh Chien , Vu Xuan Thang , Weil Maryam , Wilhelm Jannick , Wagner Patrick , Thoelen Ronald , Ingebrandt Sven
Published: February 2016

Silicon nanowire field‐effect transistors (SiNW‐FETs) are offering a label‐free sensing of DNA molecules based on the detection of the biomolecules’ charges. Typically, the charge accumulation at the solid–liquid interface is leading to a change in surface potential of the device. In other works, this effect is usually displayed as change in conductance of the nanowires. In this paper, we show that our topdown processed SiNW‐FET devices can be regarded as long‐channel, ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor devices (ISFETs) and that their electronic characteristics can be fitted by an advanced MOSFET model taking narrow channel effects into account. In DNA experiments, changes in threshold voltage upon immobilization of capture DNA and hybridization with complementary target DNA were recorded as reported before. The signal amplitudes were scaling with different concentrations of electrolyte buffer as known from the commonly used Poisson–Boltzmann theory. In reports from other groups, the sensitivity of SiNW‐FETs was reported to be superior compared to ISFETs and scaling effects were observed with smaller wires having higher sensitivities. From our experiments, it seems that the immobilization of the DNA to the wire structure is leading to two effects: firstly, the threshold voltage is changing, leading to a shift in the transistors’ transfer characteristics similar to what was described for ISFET devices. In addition, upon DNA binding, a general increase in charge carrier density inside the nanowire is leading to an enhanced conductance. We assume that the latter effect is scaling with nanowire dimensions, while the surface effect is typically constant for all sensor structures.
Thermal structure and dynamical precursor of a Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclone
Authors: Cioni G. , Malguzzi P. , Buzzi A.
Published: February 2016

A detailed analysis of a Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclone (MTLC) that occurred in January 2014 has been conducted. After having identified the cyclone path and its general features, the GLOBO, BOLAM and MOLOCH numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, developed at the National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR–ISAC) in Bologna, were used to simulate the phenomenon. Particular attention was paid to the Mediterranean phase of the system life cycle as well as to the Atlantic phase, since the cyclone showed a well‐defined precursor up to 3 days before the formation of the mean sea‐level pressure (MSLP) minimum over the Alboran Sea. The Mediterranean phase was studied using different combinations of the aforementioned models, so as to evaluate the sensitivity to boundary and initial conditions. The analysis of the cyclone thermal phase showed the presence of a deep warm‐core quasi‐symmetric structure, thus confirming the tropical‐like nature of the system. In the Atlantic phase, the precursor, in the form of a low‐pressure system, was traced from North America to the Mediterranean. The thermal phase analysis showed evidence of a deep cold‐core asymmetric structure during the whole Atlantic phase, while the first contact with the Mediterranean Sea caused a sudden transition to a shallow warm‐core structure. The examination of potential vorticity (PV) three‐dimensional structure revealed the presence of a PV streamer that formed individually over the Labrador Sea and subsequently interacted with the low‐pressure system near the northwestern coast of the Iberian peninsula, favouring the first phase of the cyclone intensification.
Enhancing the impact of IASI observations through an updated observation‐error covariance matrix
Authors: Bormann Niels , Bonavita Massimo , Dragani Rossana , Eresmaa Reima , Matricardi Marco , McNally Anthony
Published: February 2016

This article investigates the use of an updated observation‐error covariance matrix for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) system. The new observation‐error covariance matrix is based on observation‐space diagnostics and includes interchannel error correlations, but also assigns significantly altered error standard deviations. The update is investigated in detail in assimilation experiments, including an assessment of the role of error inflation and taking interchannel error correlations into account.

The updated observation‐error covariance leads to a significant improvement in the use of IASI data, especially in the Tropics and the stratosphere and particularly for humidity and ozone. The benefits are especially strong for short‐range forecasts, whereas the impact in the medium range is less pronounced.

The study highlights the benefits of taking interchannel error correlations into account, which allows the use of an observation‐error covariance for IASI that is overall more consistent with departure statistics. At the same time, the study also demonstrates that error inflation can be used to compensate partially, though not fully, for neglected error correlations. Adjustments such as scaling of the originally diagnosed observation‐error estimates are also found to be beneficial when the diagnosed interchannel error correlations are taken into account.
Error model for the assimilation of cloud‐affected infrared satellite observations in an ensemble data assimilation system
Authors: Harnisch F. , Weissmann M. , Periáñez Á.
Published: February 2016

Infrared satellite observations are strongly affected by clouds, which complicates their effective use in data assimilation. While observation minus first‐guess (FG departure) statistics for cloud‐free data are close to a normal (Gaussian) distribution, the occurrence of clouds leads to strongly increased uncertainty, systematic differences between observations and model forecasts and subsequently a clear deviation of the FG departures from the Gaussianity that is usually assumed in data assimilation. This study aims to classify the cloud impact on Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) infrared brightness temperature observations and model equivalents to mitigate the issues of non‐Gaussian FG departure statistics for data assimilation. A threshold brightness temperature is introduced that allows us to quantify the cloud impact and to derive an error estimate for FG departures as a function of the cloud impact. The use of the dynamic error estimate leads to substantially more Gaussian FG departure statistics. Based on the dynamic error estimate, an observation error model is derived for the assimilation of infrared brightness temperature observations in an all‐sky approach. The proposed method allows us to treat cloud‐free and cloud‐affected observations in a uniform way, without the need for cloud screening.
Analysis of exponent values of Gaussian‐type functions on quantum protons and deuterons in charged or polarized systems
Authors: Hashimoto Marina , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Tachikawa Masanori , Udagawa Taro
Published: February 2016

The optimal exponent α values (αopt) in s‐type Gaussian‐type functions (GTFs) for quantum protons and deuterons, which are used for multicomponent molecular orbital calculations including nuclear quantum nature of protons and deuterons, are analyzed for several charged or polarized systems and their deuterated species. Ishimoto and coworkers (Ishimoto, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2006, 106, 1465) have already proposed the average exponent values for five neutral molecules (αave), and demonstrated that their αave enables us to evaluate the H/D isotope effect on energies and geometries of various neutral species. The differences between total energies of several charged or polarized systems with previous αave and our αopt correspond to only less than 0.004% of the total energy (0.47 kcal·mol−1) except for HeH+ and HeD+ molecules, while the difference between interaction energies of H2OH+…OH2 and H2OD+…OH2 systems with previous αave is 19% (0.22 kcal·mol−1) smaller than that with our αopt. Meanwhile, the difference between OH bond lengths in H2OH+…OH2 system with αave and αopt values is 0.027 Å. We also found that the interaction energies with αopt value at the geometry optimized with previous αave value (αsp) well reproduce those at the geometry optimized with αopt value. We have demonstrated that the nuclear basis functions based on s‐type GTFs with previous αave values enable us to evaluate the H/D isotope effect on energies and geometries of charged or polarized systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translating the ARM Neon and VFP instructions in a binary translator
Authors: Guo Yu‐Chuan , Yang Wuu , Chen Jiunn‐Yeu , Lee Jenq‐Kuen
Published: February 2016

Binary translation attempts to emulate one instruction set with another on the same or different platforms. The important technique is widely used in modern software. Vector and floating‐point instructions are widely used in many applications, including multimedia, graphics, and gaming. Although these instructions are usually simulated with software in a binary translator, it is important to support them such that the host single‐instruction, multiple‐data (SIMD) and floating‐point hardware are efficiently used during emulation. We report our design and implementation of the emulation of ARM Neon and vector floating point (VFP) instructions in the machine‐code‐to‐low‐level‐virtual‐machine (MC2LLVM) binary translator. The Neon and VFP instructions are first translated into carefully chosen sequences of LLVM intermediate representation (IR), and later, the IR sequences are optimized and translated into the host native binary by the existing LLVM backend. Because MC2LLVM makes use of the vector and floating‐point types in LLVM IR, the generated host native binary can take full advantage of the vector and floating‐point functional units, if present, of the host machine. To be fully compliant with Neon and VFP instruction sets, all the features are supported, including the flush‐to‐zero mode, default not a number mode, and floating‐point exceptions. The experimental results show that code generated by MC2LLVM with the Neon and VFP extensions achieves an average speedup of 1.174× in SPEC 2006 benchmark suites and exhibits a floating‐point throughput of 12.05× in LINPACK, compared with code generated by MC2LLVM without the Neon and VFP extensions. Furthermore, MC2LLVM is 3.36× faster than QEMU for processing Neon/VFP instructions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new westernEuropeanCretaceous bryozoan genus from the earlyCenomanian radiation of neocheilostomes
Authors: Martha Silviu O. , Taylor Paul D.
Published: February 2016

Neocheilostomes possessing ovicells for larval brooding originated in the lateAlbian and radiated explosively in theLateCretaceous. Our understanding of this radiation is hampered by poor knowledge of the taxonomy of the earliest neocheilostomes. Here we describe a new neocheilostome genus,Ehrhardina, from shallow‐water sediments in the earlyCenomanian ofWesternEurope. Two species (Ehrhardina voigtisp. nov. andE. pikeaesp. nov.) are referred to the new genus.Ehrhardinagen. nov. is an onychocellid characterized by large opesiae with proximolateral, symmetrical opesiular constrictions and proximolateral, long opesiular indentations, bilaterally symmetrical interzooidal avicularia and lacking spine bases, but with hyperstomial ovicells that have ectooecia formed of exterior wall calcification. Colonies are unusually large for encrusting onychocellids and multilaminar; ovicells are primitive in showing a median suture in the ectooecium. Similarities betweenEhrhardinagen. nov. andAechmella,Floridina,Floridinella, andOnychocellaare discussed, and a key for the discrimination of these genera is provided.Ehrhardinagen. nov. is the oldest neocheilostome known to construct large, multilaminar colonies.
Handheld Navigation Device and Patient-Specific Cutting Guides Result in Similar Coronal Alignment for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Steinhaus Michael E. , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Richardson Shawn S. , Maher Patrick , Mayman David J.
Published: February 2016

Background

Proper alignment of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is essential for TKA function and may reduce the risk of aseptic failure. Technologies that prevent malalignment may reduce the risk of revision surgery.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to compare two competing TKA systems that purport improved alignment: patient-specific instrumentation (PSI), and a handheld portable navigation device (NAV).

Methods

After IRB approval, 49 consecutive PSI TKAs (40 patients) were matched based on preoperative characteristics to 49 NAV TKAs (40 patients) performed by a single surgeon. A blinded observer measured alignment on digital radiographs. Operating room records were reviewed for procedure times. Two-tailed paired sample t tests and McNemar's test were used as appropriate. Alpha level was 0.05 for all tests.

Results

Preoperative cohort characteristics were not different. Mean postoperative long-leg mechanical alignment was within ±1° of neutral for both groups, although statistically different ( p = 0.026). There were no other significant differences in coronal alignment. PSI exhibited significantly greater posterior tibial slope (4.4°) compared to NAV (2.7°) ( p = 0.004); PSI resulted in significantly more outliers (>6°; p = 0.004). Procedure time for unilateral TKAs was lower for PSI (74.4 min) compared to that for NAV (80.6 min; p = 0.023).

Conclusion

NAV and PSI technologies provided excellent coronal plane alignment. NAV was better for sagittal tibial slope, while PSI procedure times were shorter for unilateral TKA. The impact of these technologies on patient-reported outcomes and TKA survivorship is controversial and should be the focus of future research.
Further Research is Needed to Define the Benefits of Non-operative Rotator Cuff Treatment
Authors: Kahlenberg Cynthia A. , Dare David M. , Dines Joshua S.
Published: February 2016

Kukkonen et al.'s “Treatment of Nontraumatic Rotator Cuff Tears: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Two Years of Clinical and Imaging Follow-up” compared the efficacy of physical therapy, acromioplasty, and rotator cuff repair for the treatment of degenerative supraspinatus tendon tears in patients aged over 55. This review examines the authors’ findings and their implications on clinical practice. Kukkonen et al. reported no significant difference in clinical outcome among patients treated operatively versus non-operatively for degenerative rotator cuff tears. The authors concluded that non-operative treatment is an appropriate option for patients aged 55 or older. Rotator cuff treatment outcomes are closely linked to patient age, and while this level I study found no evidence of a benefit of surgical treatment, the age range in the studied demographic was perhaps too wide to draw generalizable conclusions. Furthermore, 2-year follow-up may be inadequate to fully demonstrate the differences in outcomes between these treatment options.
Lifelong Nutritional Omega-3 Deficiency Evokes Depressive-Like State Through Soluble Beta Amyloid
Authors: Morgese Maria Grazia , Tucci Paolo , Mhillaj Emanuela , Bove Maria , Schiavone Stefania , Trabace Luigia , Cuomo Vincenzo
Published: February 2016

Recent evidence pointed out that the prevalence of depression has reached epidemic proportions in last decades. This increase has been linked to many environmental factors, among these the influence of dietary factors has gained great attention. In particular, it has been reported that low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake in diet is correlated to the development of depressive and anxiety-like symptoms. Furthermore, maternal malnutrition is a widely accepted risk factor for developing mental illness in later adulthood; among others, depression has been strongly associated to this event. On the other hand, we have previously found that acute intracerebral injection of the soluble beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide induces a depressive-like behavior in rats, associated to altered hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and reduced cortical serotonin and neurotrophin levels. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of pre- and post-natal (5 weeks post-weaning) exposure to diets differently enriched in n-3, n-6, as well as n-6/n-3 PUFA balanced, on immobility time displayed on the forced swimming test (FST), along with neuroendocrine quantification in offspring rats. Results showed that n-6 PUFA-enriched diet increased depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as shown by the elevation in the immobility time in the FST test and self-grooming in the open field test. Those effects were accompanied by reduced cortical serotonin, high plasmatic corticosterone and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor levels. Finally, enhanced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-6 PUFA diet and reduced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-3 PUFA were found. Taken together, our data indicate that Aβ1–42 might be crucially involved in behavioral alterations found after n-6 rich PUFA diet and strongly endorse the protective role of n-3 and the detrimental effect of improper n-6 PUFA diet consumption.
Unified approach for conjugate heat-transfer analysis of high speed air flow through a water-cooled nozzle
Authors: Barbosa F. I. , Zaparoli E. L. , Andrade C. R.
Published: February 2016

This article presents a unified approach to solve steady-state conjugate heat-transfer problem including simultaneously gas, liquid and solid regions in just one 3D domain, distinguished by their particular properties. This approach reduces approximation errors and the time to solve the problem, which characterise iterative methods based on separated domains. The formulation employs RANS equations, realisablek-ε turbulence model and near-wall treatment model. A commercial CFD code solves the pressure-based segregated algorithm combined with spatial discretisation of second order upwind. The problem consists of a convergent-divergent metallic nozzle that contains cooling channels divided in two segments along the wall. The nozzle wall insulates the high-speed hot air flow, dealt as perfect gas, from the two low-speed cold water flows, dealt as compressed liquid, both influenced by transport properties dependent of the local temperature. The verification process uses three meshes with increasing resolutions to demonstrate the independence of the results. The validation process compares the simulation results with experimental data obtained in high-enthalpy wind tunnel, demonstrating good compliance between them. Results for the bulk temperature rise of the water in the second cooling segment of the nozzle showed good agreement with available experimental data. Numerical simulations also provided wall temperature and heat flux for the gas and liquid sides. Besides, distribution of temperature, pressure, density and Mach number were plotted along the nozzle centerline showing a little disturbance downstream the throat. This phenomenon has been better visualised by means of 2D maps of those variables. The analysis of results indicates that the unified approach herein presented can make easier the task of simulating the conjugate convection-conduction heat-transfer in a class of problems related to regeneratively cooled thrust chambers.
Uncertainty based aircraft derivative design for requirement changes
Authors: Park H.-U. , Chung J. , Neufeld D.
Published: February 2016

Aircraft manufacturers often consider producing multiple derivatives of aircraft to satisfy various market demands and technical changes while keeping development costs and time to a minimum. Many approaches have been proposed for carrying out derivative design. However, these approaches consider both the baseline design and derivatives together at the conceptual design stage using the entire set of design variables with an assumed set of expected requirements. These frozen requirements on derivative design cannot consider new demands from market changes. In this paper, a method is proposed that uses design optimisation for conceptual design of derivatives for existing aircraft that consider requirement changes. Furthermore, the Possibility-Based Design Optimisation (PBDO) method was implemented to consider uncertainty in the aircraft operation phase. The altitude range of aircraft operation was defined as an uncertain parameter to prevent violation of constraints in the entire operating envelope of the aircraft. The PBDO method yields a more conservative design than those obtained with deterministic design optimisation.

In this paper, the proposed derivative design process was applied to the Expedition 350, a small piston engine powered aircraft produced by Found Aircraft, Canada. A derivative that changes the normally aspirated engine to a turbocharged engine for high-altitude operation was considered. An optimum configuration with the new engine was obtained while enhancing performance and stability characteristics. The proposed derivative design process can be implemented on the derivative design of other aircraft.
A Defense of Substance Causation
Authors: WHITTLE ANN
Published: February 2016

That there is no substance causation is often treated as the default position. My aim in this paper is primarily one of burden shifting: opponents of substance causation must do more to defend their position. After outlining the thesis I wish to defend, I present a simple argument for substance causation, arguing that opponents of substance causation owe us an explanation of why this argument is unsound. I end by answering objections to the view that substances can be causes.
Ethical Leaders and Their Followers: The Transmission of Moral Identity and Moral Attentiveness
Authors: Zhu Weichun , Treviño Linda K. , Zheng Xiaoming
Published: February 2016

In the expanding field of ethical leadership research, little attention has been paid to the association between ethical leaders’ ethical characteristics (beyond personality) and perceived ethical leadership, and, more importantly, the potential influence of ethical leadership on followers’ ethical characteristics. In this study, we tested a theoretical model based upon social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) to examine leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness as antecedents of perceived ethical leadership, and follower moral identity and moral attentiveness as outcomes of ethical leadership. Based upon data from 89 leaders and 460 followers in China, collected at two points in time, we found that leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness are associated with follower’s perceptions of ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is, in turn, associated with their followers’ moral identity and moral attentiveness. We found furthermore that ethical leadership mediates the effect of leaders’ moral identity on followers’ moral identity, but not the effect of leaders’ moral attentiveness on followers’ moral attentiveness. We discuss the findings, theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research.
STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY EVALUATION: A CRITIQUE
Authors: Cordoba Juan Carlos , Liu Xiying
Published: February 2016

Stochastic dominance (SD) is commonly used to rank income distributions and assess social policies. The literature argues that SD is a robust criterion for policy evaluation because it requires minimal knowledge of the social welfare function. We argue that, on the contrary, SD is not a robust criterion. We do this by carefully introducing microfoundations into a model by Chu and Koo (1990) who use SD to provide support to family-planning programs aiming at reducing the fertility of the poor. We show that fertility restrictions are generally detrimental for both individual and social welfare in spite of the fact that SD holds. Our findings are an application of the Lucas’ Critique.
On thin evaporating drops: When is the -law valid?
Authors: Saxton M. A. , Whiteley J. P. , Vella D. , Oliver J. M.
Published: February 2016

We study the evolution of a thin, axisymmetric, partially wetting drop as it evaporates. The effects of viscous dissipation, capillarity, slip and diffusion-dominated vapour transport are taken into account. A matched asymptotic analysis in the limit of small slip is used to derive a generalization of Tanner’s law that takes account of the effect of mass transfer. We find a criterion for when the contact-set radius close to extinction evolves as the square root of the time remaining until extinction – the famous $d^{2}$-law. However, for a sufficiently large rate of evaporation, our analysis predicts that a (slightly different) ‘$d^{13/7}$-law’ is more appropriate. Our asymptotic results are validated by comparison with numerical simulations.
A universal three-dimensional instability of the wakes of two-dimensional bluff bodies
Authors: Rao Anirudh , Thompson Mark C. , Hourigan Kerry
Published: February 2016

Linear stability analysis of a wide range of two-dimensional and axisymmetric bluff-body wakes shows that the first three-dimensional mode to became unstable is always mode E. From the studies presented in this paper, it is speculated to be the universal primary 3D instability, irrespective of the flow configuration. However, since it is a transition from a steady two-dimensional flow, whether this mode can be observed in practice does depend on the nature of the flow set-up. For example, the mode E transition of a circular cylinder wake occurs at a Reynolds number of $\mathit{Re}\simeq 96$, which is considerably higher than the steady to unsteady Hopf bifurcation at $\mathit{Re}\simeq 46$ leading to Bénard–von-Kármán shedding. On the other hand, if the absolute instability responsible for the latter transition is suppressed, by rotating the cylinder or moving it towards a wall, then mode E may become the first transition of the steady flow. A well-known example is flow over a backward-facing step, where this instability is the first global instability to be manifested on the otherwise two-dimensional steady flow. Many other examples are considered in this paper. Exploring this further, a structural stability analysis (Pralits et al.J. Fluid Mech., vol. 730, 2013, pp. 5–18) was conducted for the subset of flows past a rotating cylinder as the rotation rate was varied. For the non-rotating or slowly rotating case, this indicated that the growth rate of the instability mode was sensitive to forcing between the recirculation lobes, while for the rapidly rotating case, it confirmed sensitivity near the cylinder and towards the hyperbolic point. For the non-rotating case, the perturbation, adjoint and structural stability fields, together with the wavelength selection, show some similarities with those of a Crow instability of a counter-rotating vortex pair, at least within the recirculation zones. On the other hand, at much higher rotation rates, Pralits et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 730, 2013, pp. 5–18) have suggested that hyperbolic instability may play a role. However, both instabilities lie on the same continuous solution branch in Reynolds number/rotation-rate parameter space. The results suggest that this particular flow transition at least, and probably others, may have a number of different physical mechanisms supporting their development.
Proud to be an American?: The Changing Relationship of National Pride and Identity
Authors: McDaniel Eric L. , Nooruddin Irfan , Shortle Allyson F.
Published: February 2016

The attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq created a sharp increase in expressions of national pride and the invocation of “nation” in political discourse. Using the 1996 and 2004 General Social Surveys, we document these changing patterns of national pride, and ask how they affect conceptions of national identity. We report three main findings. First, the data corroborate the conventional wisdom that there was a greater expression of national pride than before September 11, 2001. Second, conceptions of American national identity became more nativist. Finally, the conventionally accepted distinction between patriots and nationalists has shrunk; patriots, like nationalists, are more likely to express nativist conceptions of national identity during a time of threat than they were pre-9/11. Our findings have important implications for research on group identification and national identity formation.
DuBourg's Defense of St. Mary's College: Apologetics and the Creation of a Catholic Identity in the Early American Republic
Authors: DeStefano Michael T.
Published: February 2016

When the Baltimore Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church issued a pastoral letter critical of St. Mary's College in 1811 it provided an opportunity for Louis DuBourg, the college's president, to respond with an apologetic defense of the college and of Catholicism more generally. In doing so he synthesized several strands of Catholic apologetics, including thevia notarum, the utilitarianism that came to dominate French Catholic apologetics in the eighteenth century, the emphasis upon beauty and emotion that characterized Chateaubriand'sGenuius of Christianity, and the earlier work of Bishop Bossuet critical of the doctrinal instability of protestantism. Aimed at a popular audience, DuBourg's apologetics created an identity for the American Catholic Church that emphasized its place within the largest part of worldwide Christianity, its role as educator of the best minds of Western civilization, and the beauty of its worship.
CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME, SUDAN
Authors: Amin Mutamad , Abubaker Hwiada
Published: February 2016

This paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Taking a historical perspective, it shows the way in which factors such as ecology, biology, social and economic variables and politics have shaped patterns of infection, and how different kinds of strategies have been developed to control schistosomal infection over time. Wider political and economic issues at both national and international levels have shaped these strategies, influencing the prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infection at a local level. By highlighting the inter-play between the above-mentioned factors, the article reflects on the wisdom of prioritizing community-directed mass drug administration for the control of schistosomiasis in Gezira and elsewhere. The review demonstrates that not all efforts to control schistosomiasis are sustainable. A comprehensive control strategy involving political commitment, community participation and socioeconomic development is important for sustainable control of schistosomal infection.
Streeter's ‘Other’ Synoptic Solution: The Matthew Conflator Hypothesis
Authors: Garrow Alan
Published: February 2016

B. H. Streeter'sFour Gospelshas had a critical influence on the study of the Synoptic Problem. Unfortunately, this seminal work rests on two fundamental errors. When these are corrected, however, Streeter points to a fully satisfying solution to the Synoptic Problem: Mark wrote first, Luke used Mark and other sources and, at a later date, Matthew conflated Mark, Luke and other sources – including some also used by Luke.