bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENERGOECONOMIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BEE FARMING PRODUCTS
Authors: Kaķītis Aivars
Published: December 2016

The important problem of bee collected pollen and beeswax production is cutting of costs and increasing o f working efficiency. Novel technologies o f bee collected pollen drying and beeswax melting is described in the article. Pollen kiln with the air recuirent allows reducing the total energy consumption for drying from 4800W to 670W. It is stated that 2.5cm thick heat insulation of drying box reduces heat losses from 2050W to 190W.Honeycombs melting in the dry-air beeswax melting-house reduce energy consumption to 0.94 kWh/kg wax. The melting temperature t°=130°C disinfects wooden parts of honeycombs and wax. Heat energy losses through melting-house walls is 300W.
EFFECTS OF SOIL TILLAGE AND SOWING TECHNOLOGIES ON WINTER WHEAT
Authors: Lapiņš Dainis , Bērziņš Andris , Gaile Zinta , Koroļova Jeļena
Published: December 2016

The influence of soil tillage and sowing technologies on the yield of winter wheat were studied on sod podzolic loam soils in the LUA Research and Study Farm “Vecauce” during 1998 to 2000. Classic early ploughing, late ploughing with soil pacomat and sowing without soil reversing were used as comparison variants o f soil tillage for winter wheat. The using of soil pacomat and local mineral fertilizing increased the yield o f winter wheat in the research conditions. Direct sowing and conservation soil tillage gave a decrease o f grain cost and provide the same level o f yield achieved with classic soil tillage and sowing technologies.
FINANCING ISSUES OF ENVIROMENT PROTECTION PROJECTS
Authors: Leibus Inguna
Published: December 2016

The aim of the report is to analyse the financial problems of the environmental protects in Latvia. The main tasks are the following: To become familiar with the formation o f various financial recourses on the environmental protects - the state budget investments, the local budgets sources, the grants and credits from International and other financial institutions. To analyse the structure of expenditures on environmental protection. The monographic method, the analyse statistic dates about environmental protection in Latvia in 1993-2000 are used the research. The main results o f the research are the following. The natural resources tax incomes are insufficient to solve the problems of the environmental protects. It is necessary to increase the base o f taxation. The incomes from ecology taxes must grow up on the summary state budget. It is necessary to increase the part o f natural resources tax to supliment local budgets, to solve local governments’ tasks o f environmental protection (especially garbage department) Till local financial resources are insufficient, it is necessary a supplement from state budgets to tie investments from various financial institutions.
ENVIROMENT-FRIENDLY FARMING PROJECTS IN LATGALE
Authors: Matisāns Eduards , Ivanovs Semjons
Published: December 2016

By evaluating the strong and the weak points o f the Latgale region we can assert that its power lies in its natural resources which are luxurious in their mild modesty, with the best-preserved environmental originality in the north-eastern part o f Eutrope. The weak point of Latgale is the poverty of the population and disarrayed infrastructure. To eliminate the weakness, balanced education o f the population is needed, as well as profitable farming projects and support investments. A co-operation project was worked out by the Latvian Council o f Science “Optimisation o f the economic and social development of Latgale During four years “Foundations o f farming in Latgale ” have been developed. This report deals with what has been done; in monographs, available just here, the members of the conference can obtain detailed information.
EAST LATGALE SAA PROJECT
Authors: Metlāns Aigars , Teirumnieks Edmunds
Published: December 2016

East - Latgale Region including Rezekne city and district and Ludza City and disrtict. East - Latgale region occupies 5241 km2 (about 8% o f Latvia). There are 120273 inhabitants (4,9% o f Latvia's population). Registration of waste volume in region is formal, because waste going to dumpsites as a matter of fact is not controlled exept dumpsites used by largest towns. In East - Latgale region in year 2000 was 46 dumpsites and total waste volume 64700 m3. National Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy foreseeing establish 10-12 new solid waste landfills in Latvia. The overall strategy in searching for a location of a new landfill includes three principal aspects: 1. The environmental impact o f a landfill has to be as low as possible. 2. The waste disposal interests should not conflict with other interests. 3. The selected site should be reasonable from economic viewpoint. Taking into consideration the above aspects, the division of the land in areas suitable and non-suitable for location of a new landfill was based on the following criteria: Geological structure and hydrogeological conditions; Distance to urban areas; Location o f particularly protected nature objects; Distance to surface water bodies.
DETERMINATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR THE POWER LINE POLES PRODUCTION PROCESS
Authors: Miklaševičs Ziedonis
Published: December 2016

Today is necessary to solve many tasks related to manufacturing. It is necessary to perform activities in the environmental area. This process is related by management o f the activities o f products or service that impact the environment. The manufacturing process of wood poles is connected with possibility o f the environmental emergency because high toxic and reactive substances are used in the technology. The objective o f the report is to determine the factors of the technological process related to ecological hazard. The initiator events of emergency that are related to maintenance of technological machinery are analysed in the report. For analyses ofpossible machinery damages the methods o f hazard analyses are offered. Calculation are offered for possible emergency analyse, the methods of hazard analyses are offered and the effectiveness of specific methods related to problems of environmental defensive are analysed in the report.
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INDICATORS
Authors: Novik Gotfrid
Published: December 2016

Despite the fact that environmental indicators are investigated for long time the solving o f indicators problems is far of completion yet. Paper discusses the results of investigation environmental indicators in conformity with quality of environmentally sound technologies and their impact on man's life quality. As a result o f investigations three groups of indicators were worked up: 1) for environment quality in cities - anthropogenic pressure indicators on atmosphere, water and earth, 2) for estimation of technologies, containing information about useful exploited natural resources and utilization waste products, 3) for assessment mutual changes of environment quality and man’s living quality. The paper offers equations which characterize possibilities for development o f industry on the principles of sustainable development.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE PROVISION CREATING VIRTUAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
Authors: Onževs Oskars , Kiščenko Antons
Published: December 2016

The computerised distance education system created by School o f Business Administration Turiba (Latvia) has been reviewed in this paper, the main aim o f which is to ensure the full possibility of mastering the speciality of business management through the Internet. The system practically provides the student all the necessary methodical and informational support. The structural specifics, organisation of the study process, the design and development strategy of the given distance education system have been reviewed in this paper. The computerised distance education system has been designed specially taking into account the specifics of Latvia.
LAKE MANAGEMENT:THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Poikāne Sandra , Līcīte Vita
Published: December 2016

Latvian Environment Agency carry out complex monitoring of Kemeri National Park since 1995. At now 6 lakes are included in this monitoring programme: - 3 bog lakes - Akacis Melnezers and Lake Slokas, Lake Aklais; - shallow and overgrown lagoone lake Kanieris; - hypertrophic Lake Valgums with heavy anthropogenic impact. Lake management plan contains: - the description of the current state o f each lake; - the optimal or required lake for each lake (objectives of management); - factors which influence the lake, especially anthropogenic; action plan to achieve the objectives.
MILKING EQUIPMENT VACUUM PUMPS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Priekulis Juris , Belovs Andris
Published: December 2016

The aim of the research was to compare different milking equipment vacuum pumps purchased in Latvia according to their influence on the environment and profitability. Information on vacuum pumps available in Latvia is summarised and their classification is elaborated in the investigation. The amount of the working liquid discharged from the vacuum pumps during their operation is experimentally determined. It is stated that for the new lubricated vacuum pumps with oil recirculation system and the pumps with the oil screen the discharge of oil is reduced 60-199 times and it does not essentially influence the environment. The vacuum pumps with lead in their blades produced in Rezekne are also experimentally investigated. It is stated that they are sufficiently wear resistant and they are suitable for operation in mobile milking machines. Vacuum pumps with capacity 800-1000 l/min are compared according to their operational costs. It is stated that the water ring type vacuum pumps produced in Estonia have the lowest costs but the lubricated vacuum pump UVU 45/60 produced in Russian has the highest costs.
METAL PROCESSING ENTERPRISES AS THE MAIN THREAT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN PANEVEŽYS
Authors: Zinkute R. , Radzevičius A.
Published: December 2016

The purpose o f the article was to demonstrate the threat of metal processing to urban environmental quality and to reveal the peculiarities o f this kind o f pollution. Geochemical data o f topsoil mapping in Panevezys were used for this aim. There has been analysed the input of 16 enterprises involved in this activity to pollution o f Panevezys by Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Mo, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ag, Co, as well as Ba, Sr, As, P, U, B, Ga, Ti, V, Zr, Y, Sc. The content o f most elements was determined by DC Arc ES in topsoil fraction
THE RSEZ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NECESSITY DRIVEN PUBLIC RELATION MODEL-AN INSTRUMENT FOR ENVIROMENT REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Silineviča Irēna , Graudiņa Iveta
Published: December 2016

Sustainable development supposes harmonic development o f all spheres - in ecological, economic, social areas - and is aimed at satisfaction of society’s both existing and future needs. Company “Rezekne Special Economic Zone" (RSEZ) is established to endorse development o f favorable business environment. RSEZ’s recommendations for production and services development proposes use o f various existing local resources that would lead to sustainable development in the Rezekne region. However successful accomplishment of development propositions is possible if it is supported by effective corporate communications within RSEZ organizational environment. An article provides analysis o f main elements of RSEZ organizational environment and proposes PR (public relations) actions to promote organizational communications with target audiences.
ON SEARCH CAPABILITIES OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM
Authors: Sukov Anatoly
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the algorithm of differential evolution that has appeared rather recently. This algorithm ascribed by its developers to a class of evolutionary algorithms is a comparatively non-complicated technique o f solution search as applied to multiparameter optimisation tasks. Nevertheless, there are two essential factors preventing from wide application of the considered solution search technique. One of them lies in the principle of coding vectors (variables) that constitute a population the algorithm works with. The second problem is of pure technical character: in the process of search, stagnation occurs, or impossibility to find new solutions, when there is no optimal solution in the population and the vectors available are not heterogeneous. Besides studying search possibilities (limitations) of the differential evolution, some ways to cope with the problem of stagnation so-as to raise the performance of the algorithm are also suggested.
BIOFUEL FOR NATURE PROTECTION
Authors: Šķēle Arnolds , Dubrovskis Vilis , Upītis Andris , Kārkliņš Andis , Kristapsons Miervaldis , Ziemelis Imants
Published: December 2016

Energy sector has been one o f the most important priorities since reestablishment o f the independence o f Latvia. The deficiency o f energy resources in Latvia has created a need to assess all the possibilities to utilize all the local enrgy resources, including the biological ones, to motivate the trends in the development of energetics in Latvia. Therefore data have been collected, calculations made and possibilities analysed to replace the imported energy resources. From the renewable energy in Latvia there are used the wind, solar, hydraulic and bioenergy. A biofuel programme has been worked out in Latvia. It is envisaged to develop the production of ethanol and rape oil for vehicle engines. For this purpose an arable area of 288 thousand ha is needed. A huge non-utilised reserve in Latvia is methane fermentation of organic agricultural and municipal residue and sewage from food industry. It is calculated that about 170 million m3 biogas can be obtained in Latvia. Implementation of the fuel programme will stimulate Latvia’s economy.
DEPENDENCE OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS WOOD STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ON GROWTH ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
Authors: Šķēle Kaspars , Cīrule Dace , Alksne Anda , Hrols Jurijs
Published: December 2016

The paper considers the variation o f annual ring parameters and physical properties of wood of the pine species prevailing in Latvia’s forests, depending on the forest type (bog-land, vacciniosa) and the growth region in Latvia (Vidzeme, Latgale). Wood samples were taken from the stem butt-end, the middle and 3 A o f the height, in its sapwood or core part. An average annual ring width, latewood and earlywood width in the year ring, the percentage of latewood in the annual ring, wood density in oven-dry state (0), tangential swelling (tg) and radial swelling (rad) o f wood, as well as volume swelling (v) and swelling anisotropy coefficient (k) o f wood were determined for the samples. A comparison of these data shows that, in the majority of cases, the indices for the wood of pines grown in vacciniose have higher values, which suggests the advantage of pine wood over the bog-land pine wood. In its turn, no unambiguous distinctions between the parameter values for pine wood o f Latgale and Vidzeme origin were found, although the pine wood of Vidzeme origin had a somewhat higher indices. It may be concluded that the greatest impact on the leading pine wood properties is caused by the forest types regarded herewith, and not the belonging o f the pine wood site to its different growth regions in Latvia.
INTEGRATION OF CONCEPTS GENERALISATION ALGORITHM CORA WITH DECISION TREE INDUCTION ALGORITHM C4.5
Authors: Tipāns Ēriks
Published: December 2016

There are considered possibilities to create the new concepts generalization algorithm in this paper, which would combine methods used in decision trees induction algorithm C4.5 and concepts generalization by features algorithm- CORA. The newly created algorithm will be named CORA 4.5.
A SYSTEM OF WASTE UTILIZATION WITH PROCESSES OF BIOLOGIC AND THERMIC DESTRUCTION
Authors: Upītis Andris , Goiževskis Ojārs , Kristapsons Miervaldis , Kārkliņš Andis
Published: December 2016

There are prognoses that wast mass will increase in the near future. Over half of waste mass makes various nature organic waste .At present waste is buried in landfill, partly recycled traditionaly by composting or utilized in biocells with collecting and employing of biogas. In this article considered conditional region (town and ambience willage )waste utilization with environment friendly modern biotechnology and traditional thermal process Liquid concentrated organic waste is recycled in closed biogas equipment, solid waste is burnt in gasification type furnace. Combining this equipment in complex is possible efficiently use energy obtained from waste. Examined influence of integrated processing system to environment, material and energy cyclization, efficiency employ of obtained energy and processing system comparing with waste burying in landfill.
ANALYSIS OF THE REASONING LOGIC VIOLATION IN DECISION MAKING
Authors: Uzhga-Rebrovs Oleg
Published: December 2016

This study deals with reasoning logic in decision making. Three major classes of decision making theories are outlined Possible situations in which preference misrepresentation might take place are analyzed. The reasons for the violation of reasoning logic œe examined andpossibilities of overcoming it are considered.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BALTIC SEA AND GULF OF RIGA COAST BATHING WATERS
Authors: Zandmane Astrīda
Published: December 2016

This report focuses on the studies o f the bathing water microbiological quality in Latvian coastal zone of the Baltic sea and the Gulf of Riga in May-October, 1998-1999. The microbiological studies has been done in the different coastal zones of Kurzeme and Vidzeme, downstreams o f small rivers and biggest rivers Venta and Gauja, discharges o f wastewater treatment plants and the public bathing waters in Ventspils and Saulkrasti municipality area to assess their quality according to the EU Blue Flag and Latvian National Standard criteria. The microbiological examinations were carried out in accordance with the International Standard Methods. A complex of indicatororganisms - total and thermotholerant coliforms (E.coli), streptococci, and heterotrophicplate count (37°,21°C) has been tested. Water quality in the Kurzeme has been found much better on the beaches of the Baltic sea than the most urbanised beaches of Gulf o f Riga. The quality o f the Ventspils public bathing waters has been evaluated as very good (80-100% o f data). Whereas as a result of anthropogenic load only 61-82% o f data conforms the obligatory requirements of the bathing water quality in Saulkrasti coastal zone. In the study the microbiological pollution, sources and levels of their dynamics and hydrological factors are interpreted. The colour maps o f the bathing waters quality are presented.
POSSIBILITIES FOR USING SOLAR ENERGY TOHEAT LOCAL WARMING OF NEW BORN PIGLETS
Authors: Ziemelis Imants , Putāns Henriks , Iljins Uldis , Ķikāns Andris
Published: December 2016

The optimum air temperature in a pigsty for sows is 16-18 °C, but during the first days of new born piglets life the temperature in their lairs ought to be 32...34 °C. Therefore the local warming for piglets is installed. The goal o f the investigation was to measure the intensity o f heat irradiation under different lands of infra-red heaters, more often used on Latvia farms. An autonomous infra-red piglet warming systems have been developed. The experiment has showed, that during the first days of piglets life the heater should be kept at the high, so that the irradiated area 0.3— 0.4 m has been. Gradually heaters have to be lifted up 3-4 times while the warming area is 0.6-0.7 m2 in 40-45 days, when piglets are weaned. The temperature in a lair has to be regulated by change o f electric power o f the heater. Several constructions of voltage regidators are worked out, which are able to ensure the temperature on the warmed surface automatically or manually, depending on the temperature in a pigsty and live mass of piglets. The automatic power regulation o f the heaters decreases the consumption of electric energy more than 2 times.
VOLTAGE REGULATORS FOR LOCAL HEATING OF PIGLETS
Authors: Ziemelis Imants , Šķēle Arnolds , Putāns Henriks , Iljins Uldis , Putāns Aldis
Published: December 2016

The optimum air temperature in a pigsty for sows is 16-18 °C, but during the first days o f new born piglets life the temperature in their lairs ought to be 32...34 °C. Therefore the local warming for piglets is installed. The goal of the investigation was to measure the intensity o f heat irradiation under different kinds o f infra-red heaters, more often used on Latvia farms. An autonomous infra-red piglet warming systems have been developed. The experiment has showed, that during the first days o f piglets life the heater should be kept at the high, so that the irradiated area 0.3- 0.4 m2 has been. Gradually heaters have to be lifted up 3-4 times while.the warming area is 0.6-0.7 m2 in 40-45 days, when piglets are weaned. The temperature in a lair has to be regulated by change o f electric power of the heater. Several constructions of voltage regulators are worked out, which are able to ensure the temperature on the warmed surface automatically or manually, depending on the temperature in a pigsty and live mass of piglets. The automatic power regulation of the heaters decreases the consumption of electric energy more than 2 times.
ECOLOGICALLY SAFE TECHNOLOGIES OF GRASS FEED PRODUCTION
Authors: Ivanovs Semjons , Matisans Eduards
Published: December 2016

The aim of the research was to find out the possibilities for reducing the prime cost of environmentally safe technologies fo the preparation of herbaceous fodder by improving technical means. During the recent years, on major individual and co? operative farms there is being introduced a perspective roll technology of processing wilted green grass with subsequent sealing of rolls m a flexible film. The advantages of the green grass processing technology with subsequent sealing of rolls in a flexible film are: - environmental safety o f the technology (exclusion of pollution with silo saps, absence o f odour nuisance, absence o f compounds m the feed that are detrimental to animals and formed during the common siloing, its low acidity); - considerably lower dependence of forage processing on weather conditions, complete mechanisation of engineering processes; - the forage can be processed in small quantities, and for its storage no specialised containers are needed, which is a valuable feature for small farms; - increased nutritive value and good gustative qualities providing a possibility of essential raising the yields of milk and its quality (retention of all nutrients and vitamins), insignificant losses of nutrients during the harvesting and storage period (not more than 10-15%).
PREDICTING OF POTENTIAL PROPAGATION CHANNELS FOR ECOLOGICALLY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN GEOLOGIC MEDIA
Authors: Морозов B.H. , Татаринов B.H. , Буров И.Ю.
Published: December 2016

The questions o f assessment and prédiction of potential charnels o f infiltration of radionuclides in géologie environment are discussed. This is specially important for underground allocation of the nuclear objects. The method of allows for spatial-temporal variations in a geological massif at ail hierarchical levels from régional tectonic processes up top peri-contour zones of chambers.
ĢEOLOĢISKĀ VIDE UN KODOLENERĢĒTIKAS CIKLA OBJEKTU EKOLOĢISKĀS DROŠĪBAS PROBLĒMAS
Authors: Tatarinovs V.
Published: December 2016

A discussion is presented of the methodological approach to assessment of stability of geologic environment in regions where nuclear cycle objects are located. A basis of assessment is the registration of dynamics of variation of the various factors and exterior energy in a hierarchical block of geologic environment.
Wheat Leaf Diseases and Possibilities of Computer Program Application for Disease Control
Authors: Bankina B. , Priekule I.
Published: December 2016

The main task of integrated plant protection is to reduce usage of pesticides and to address a request of farmers to cut down variable costs for winter wheat growing (including costs of fungicides). A new tool providing these requirements is a Decision support system based on PC program. Validation trials of PC-P Diseases were carried out in collaboration with Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences in 1999-2002 in different regions in Latvia. Comparisons were made among standard treatments with full dose of Tango Super (epoxiconazole 84 g l-1, fenpropimorf 250 g l-1) in GS 51-55, split doses in GS 37-39 and GS 51-55 and treatment according to PC-P recommendation. Tan spot (Drechslera tritici-repentis), leaf blotch (Septoria tritici) and mildew (Blumeria graminis) were the most important diseases in this period. The results of trials showed that average doses of fungicide were decreased according to PC-P Diseases recommendations, treatment frequency index fluctuated from 0.2-1.02. Reduced doses of fungicides showed the same efficiency of diseases control as standard doses. Level of additional yield was similar in comparison with variants where standard doses were used.
Projecting Pulp Mill Impact on the Infrastructure of Jekabpils Region
Authors: Bērziņš S.
Published: December 2016

This paper deals with possible impact of potential pulp mill in Jekabpils on adjacent regions infrastructure, which includes inhabitant’s comfort level, and business infrastructure during construction and processing stages. The analysis is made up on the basis of several publications, which are connected with environmental impact assessment, regional development and pulp mill project materials. There are analysis of several kinds of impact: on geology, water and air pollution and their limitation, noise pollution, demography, cultural resources. For better understanding of business perspectives a comparison is made with similar pulp mill in Rauma (Finland) and its impact. On this basis SWOT analysis and matrix is made. The main conclusions are: there is big possibility of positive changes in region development through so large investment, main problems in pollution are connected with possible thermal pollution, serious attention needs to be paid for future for small sawmill and private forest management.
AGENT-BASED MICRO-SIMULATIONS IN IMMUNOLOGY AND FINANCE
Authors: Castiglione F.
Published: December 2016

In the search for computational models that help to understand the dynamics of Complex Systems, one can take a great advantage from the impressive acceleration of computer tools and techniques. In fact the very structure of computation on digital computers has inspired the introduction of new class of models (algorithms), where interaction among degrees of freedom are expressed by logical rules acting over a discrete state space – something much closer to "biological language" than to standard (floating point) physical models. Starting from the definitions of spin systems, with little changes we reach a definition a new model that is well suited to describe different simulation systems. Such class of models is can be considered a subclass of the Agent-Based systems in vogue nowadays. Moreover, we shortly describe two microscopic simulators of this type, which are being used to study microscopic phenomena in two completely different fields of application, namely immunology and finance. As a final remark, given the lattice representation of space, such computational-modeling paradigm is well suited for efficient and "relatively simple" parallelization. Indeed, both models have been implemented to run on parallel computers adopting the Message Passing paradigm for Distributed Memory machines.
POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGETIC USEFUL DOMESTIC WASTE TO THE ENERGY SUPPLY OF LITHUANIA
Authors: Denafas G. , Rimaitytė I. , Seeger H. , Urban A.
Published: December 2016

The energy potential of domestic waste in Lithuania is 1411 GWh annually. In the case of the introduction of an extensive material recycling of the domestic waste, this amount would be reduced to 727 GWh per annual. Two variants of thermal waste treatment processes were taken into consideration: incineration by great furnaces and gasification followed by the incineration in gas power plants. The calculation of the necessary capacities for the thermal treatment of the domestic waste of every district is based on the annual availability of the plants of 75 %. Finally 4 scenarios arise, considering both the incineration on grate furnaces and the gasification in combination with the current energy potential of domestic waste and the potential after the introduction of extensive material recycling possible in the future.
Application of Mathematical Models in Analysis of Heat Losses in the Buildings
Authors: Gendels S.
Published: December 2016

Physical model of heat balance for separate living room is discussed, which allows to analyse the distributions of the flow of air and temperature depending on the physical conditions and geometry. The model enables to choose the optimal surface area of building elements and their properties in order to decrease the heat losses and improve the conditions of thermal comfort. Room with bounding constructions and real dimensions is modelled that helps to understand the peculiarities of heat transfer process in the room as well as distribution of various characteristic quantities and their dependence on the different conditions. Multiple parameters are varied in 2D calculations and their influence on the distributions of temperature and velocity fields is analysed, which characterises the conditions of the thermal comfort. On the basis of considered model, the quantity of heat has been estimated that inflows or outflows through the bounding constructions. The power of convector is estimated, too, at a given temperature of the surface of convector. It is possible to estimate the heat transfer coefficients of the surfaces of bounding constructions with various properties, what requires considerable effort in real conditions of exploitation. One of the conditions of comfort is the temperature difference between frontal walls of the room – it should be less than some degrees. Essential role is played also by the intensity of air flow mostly because it increases heat transfer. Hence, flows between the room and outside environment are created with significant heat losses (so called convective heat losses). The influence of various geometric parameters on the character of the flow of air is analysed. The software ANSYS/FLOTRAN 5.5, where the turbulence is described by k- ? model, has been used for the elaboration of the heat balance model of the room.
Environment Friendly Biodiesel Fuel in Latvia
Authors: Gudriniece E. , Strēle M. , Skujiņš V.
Published: December 2016

Biodiesel fuel (RME and REE) are alternative, environment friendly fuels for diesel engines, obtained from rapeseed oil and methanol or ethanol. RME are produced with capacity 2500 t/year at SIA “Delta Riga” experimental factory Naukseni in Latvia. The laboratory method of production biodiesel fuel (REE) from rapeseed oil and ethanol has been worked out at RTU. Blends RME and REE with fossil diesel fuel are applied, as well.
Nutrient Substances in Surface Water of Extensive Agriculture Areas
Authors: Halicki W. , Szymańczyk A.
Published: December 2016

This paper is based on investigation of nutrient substance balance in three lake-basin in West Poland. This investigation are managed since one year and make possible to estimate amount of nutrient substance in each lake. This project can answer how extensive agriculture influences on surfaces water quality.
Optimization of the Parameters of Solar Water Heating System
Authors: Iljins U. , Ziemelis I. , Putāns H. , Šķēle A. , Navickas J.
Published: December 2016

In order to investigate the possibility to increase the efficiency of a flat-plate solar collector the mathematical model of the collector has been worked out. By solving the Laplace heat transfer equation at the boundary conditions accordingly to the construction of the collector, the obtained solution gives possibility to simulate on a computer the construction of the collector in dependence on physical, thermal and economic values of materials used for the construction. The computed results by theoretical formulas with experimental results obtained on special laboratory equipment have been compared and good concurrence acquired.
Energy Capacity Required to Ensure Optimal Microclimate in a Pigsty
Authors: Ilsters A. , Ziemelis I.
Published: December 2016

Ensuring and maintaining of optimum microclimate in pigsties is an energy intensive process. The paper presents an analysis of the possibilities how to cut the consumption of energy and save the fossil fuel by improving thermal endurance of building structures, returning a part of heat emitted together with the exchanged air during ventilation and by burning biogas produced as a result of the anaerobic processing of manure. It has been clarified that at positive outdoor air temperatures heat recuparators can ensure 75-100 W heat supply per pig of an average live mass of (70 kg), which fully covers the heat deficiency required for normal microclimate. Burning biogas produced as a result of anaerobic processing the manure from pigs of average live mass can ensure average heat energy of 20-30 W for heating the pigsty, which covers only a part of the heat requirements in the cold weather periods. Draft proposals have been elaborated for the anaerobic processing of the production wastes in a pigsty for 4000 sows. The generated energy covers about 60 % of the annual energy consumption in a pigsty. The significance of implementing the draft is emphasized by the effect in an environmental and ecological aspect.
ASPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF NATURAL SELF-CLEANING POTENTIAL EVALUATION FOR URBANIZED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Jankauskaitė M.
Published: December 2016

The article deals with the concept of natural self-cleaning potential. It contains a description of available urbanized environment natural self-cleaning potential evaluation methodics and specific methods employed. Groups of criteria, producing different influence on self-cleaning geopotential were distinguished. Each criterion was evaluated by grades – related with parameters of impact factors – taking into consideration its rank in the general system of evaluation.
Waste Generation in the Riga City and Their Composition
Authors: Jevsejeva S. , Prols J. , Cudečkis V.
Published: December 2016

Items on waste generation in the Riga city are analysed. Short presentation of the study methods is provided, and achieved results are presented. Three different dwelling areas have been investigated: multi-apartment houses with and without of waste shoots and private houses. Comparison of obtained results with similar ones have been got abroad is included. It is stated that average solid household waste generation in the Riga city is 199.2 kg / capita / year or 1.52 m3/ capita / year. Morphological composition of waste is analysed, and it is stated that following types of waste are dominating: putrescible waste, paper-cardboard, glass and plastics. Conclusion is done that generated waste amount strongly depends on value of the gross domestic product is done, i.e. increase of waste amount generated per capita maybe expected in the Riga city.
Ecological Education of Society
Authors: Laizāne I.
Published: December 2016

Education has invaluable role in the promotion of sustainable development. Its important task is to promote the formation of understanding the environmental and development issues of every person. It is a necessity to achieve the change of orientation of personal values and to develop their abilities to solve the issues concerning sustainable development. One of the subjects that can help to perform the task is ecology. Ecology is a subject that could promote the understanding between human being and environment and to create the positive attitude towards the nature. Tendencies of ecological education in Latvia are recovered in the report. For recovering the tendencies research was done which involved summarizing the results about pupils real knowledge, skills in the sphere of ecology and motivation to study ecology.
Development of Ecological Berries Growing Technologies
Authors: Lāčgalvis E. , Ivanovs S.
Published: December 2016

We consider it a primary precondition to abandon the use of centrifugal spreaders. Since agricultural technology requires multiple application of low fertiliser rations, we investigated the use of the ATD-2 batcher . It turned out that these batchers could not ensure spreading of small rations. In search of an alternative solution we chose reel-type seed distributors. Experiments showed that such a design ensures uniform distribution with the use of upper sowing at the required rate of 20 g/m2. By sowing in this way, the granules are exposed to minimum damage. The spreader of this type is mounted upon the strawberry inter-row cultivation unit KIZ-3. It is a multipurpose unit that allows cultivating row-spacings, cutting off tendrils and loosening the cultivated soil. Research was carried out in the placement of mineral fertilisers in the soil. A rate was recognised as an optimum when the fertilisers were applied at the depth of 2-3 cm and 7 cm apart from the centre of the strawberry plant on both its sides. An important condition is that the composition of mineral fertilisers should meet the requirements of agricultural technology, they should be dry and not cloggy. The technology applied gives a great economic effect as well. The economy of fertilising means alone adds up to 20-45 Ls/ha.
The Lasting Calculation Optimization for Wood Poles in Power Lines Designing
Authors: Miklašēvičs Z.
Published: December 2016

Power lines in company „Latvenergo” are designed by program STAAD-111. Information involved in program contains data about the length of wood poles, wood poles strength rate, space between wood poles, the region of wind where the designed power line is intended to be exploited, the division of wood poles in the investigation stages where the data about strength parametrs are needed, the type of wires, the wood pole density, the wood pole module of flexibility . Following parameters are calculated: the support connection reactions, shear resistance, twist moment, bending tension and combined tension. After the analyses of results the assumptive load is applied on wood poles in three- dimension plane is determined. For power lines design optimization there are offered: ? the calculation data based on experimentally obtained wood strength parametrs; ? the statistical appreciation and strength parameters estimation model which is based on technological process distribution into control points; ? the calculation algorithm for the project programm STAAD-111 based on experimentally obtained wood strength parametrs.
LONG-TERM STABILITY MONITORING OF THE MINING BLOCKS IN ESTONIAN OIL SHALE MINES
Authors: Pastarus J.-R.
Published: December 2016

This paper deals with long-term stability prediction and monitoring methods by room-and-pillar mining system. Roof-to-floor convergence and conditional thickness methods suit for calculations. They allow determination of the location, area and time of the collapse in a mining block. The uncertainty in time is less than 10 % at the 95 % confidence level. Roof-to-floor convergence method is preferred; it takes into consideration all the geological and mining feature in the critical area. Conditional thickness method demands supplementary investigations, determination of the influence factors on the process. The applicability of these methods is clearly demonstrated.
INFLUENCE OF THE REORGANIZATION OF ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE TO AIR POLLUTION IN THE BALTIC STATES
Authors: Sitnikovas D. , Denafas G. , Vaikšnorienė R. , Galinis A. , Štreimikienė D. , Kudrenickis I. , Klavs G. , Oja T. , Mander U.
Published: December 2016

Prognosis of environmental quality in Baltic states related with the closure of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant according to two electricity production scenarios was made. (Scenario 1 - closure date of Block 1 is 2005, closure date of Block 2 is 2011; Scenario 2 - closure date of Block 1 is 2005, exploitation of Block 2 will be extended at least until 2020.) We can see that in accordance with both scenarios CO2 an SO2 emission will increase every year. Although the influence of the largest air pollution sources such as Estonian/Baltic PP, Lithuanian PP Riga CHP and others remains very significant to the situation in Baltic States, new power plants will forward the rise of total emission.
Flax – the Perspective Crop for Fibre and Oil Manufacturing in Latvia
Authors: Stramkale V. , Sulojeva J. , Seržane R. , Januševskis E. , Gudriniece E.
Published: December 2016

Flax has been of great importance in Latvia for a long time. It is a sources of raw materials of valuable products – fibre and oil for national economy. The total content of oil and fatty acids in the 42 sorts of linseed was determined. The use of pre-seeding biostimulators (microorganism metabolite – Germin, microelements copper, zinc and boron) resulted in positive changes in total contents of an oil and unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) in the linseed of following generation was determined. Under the influence of biostimulators an augmentation of the yield of flax straw for 8–21% in comparison with control was observed. The yield of linseed increased for 6–28%, correspondingly.
Biotope Protection Problems in Tervete Nature Park
Authors: Straupe I. , Adamovičs A.
Published: December 2016

Tervete Nature Park is a particular cultural, historical and geographical object. To overcome problems with regard to the existing biotope protection, the inventory of woodland key habitats and natural meadows has been carried out using aprrobated research methods. Great biological diversity including great amount of medical and rare plants found in the Park has been described. Spridisu and Auziņu meadows are typical dry meadows. Silalibiesu, Illenu and Plavnieku meadows are moderately moistured meadows. Meadows' flora of Tervete Nature Park is formed by two vegetation classes: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Festuco-Brometea. A complex of measures has been offered to maintain biological diversity as will as for woodland biotopes and utilization of natural meadows.
Biofiltration System for Purification of Composting Waste Gases
Authors: Strikauska S. , Zariņa Dz. , Bērziņš A. , Viesturs U.
Published: December 2016

The biofiltration technique for the purification of polluted air from composting facility volatile compounds was studied. Two different biowaste composting techniques were compared with regard to emission of NH3 and H2S. The ammonia removal was observed in aerobic phase of active composting period, respectively H2S in anaerobic phase. Biofiltration process was realized in modified solid- state fermentation system (SSF). The biodegradation of volatile compounds was investigated in one and two stage systems with inert packing material and hemoautotrofic microorganisms designed DN-1 (Pseudomonas sp.), DN-2 (Nitrisomonas sp.), DN-3 (Nitrobacter sp.) and DN-13 (Sarcina sp.) and Thiopharus-3. The observed concentration of volatile H2S in composting reactor not exceeded 120 mg/m3 and the biofilter can be used to control this gas emission. Since NH3 is a toxic compaund for biofilter at a concentrations 400 mg/m3, multi- stage biofilter system is recommended to control the pollution in aerobic compost reactor.
Transient Process Modelling in Waste Water Aeration Unit
Authors: Šnīders A.
Published: December 2016

To minimize the expenditure of electrical energy for communal waste water biological treatment the simulation and investigation of oxygen transfer efficiency in aeration tank have been made. Soluted oxygen transfer efficiency ? 0 (Fig.1.) is one of the main important factor directly estimating the expenditure of electrical power for waste water aeration. The research object is an aeration tank (Fig.2.) with one input impact -–the air blower’s capacity Lg (m3/h), one output controlled parameter – dissoved oxygen concentration C (g/m3) and several perturbances such as waste water temperature T (oC), waste water afflux Q (m3/h) and biological oxygen need La (g/m3) for complete purification. Oxygen’s transfer efficiency depends on the waste water temperature, the depth of aerator immersion h (m), air flow intensity ? d (m3/disc.h) and the air diffusor’s density ? s. For simulation and practical design of the air blower control system the equations of statics C=f(Lg, Q, La, T, h, ? d , ? s) and dynamics C=f(t) have been compiled. That made possible to estimate the static gains for control channel Ka and for perturbances Kq, KT as well as the time constant of the aeration tank Ta. The analysis prove that the aeration tank is a non-stationary control object with the variable static and dynamic parameters and needs adaptive controller with predication of oxygen consumption. The block diagram for transient process simulation of the oxygen concentration control system have been compiled using model of the actual PID controller and the “Matlab” subprogram “Simulink”.
Analyze of Leachate Composition in the Dumpsites of East-Latgale Region
Authors: Teirumnieks E. , Abricka Ē.
Published: December 2016

There are are 28 working or closed but not recultivated municipal solid waste dumpsites in East-Latgale now. A number of these dumpsites are situated near lakes, rivers, in old mineral quarries etc [3, 6]. All these dumpsites pollute groundwater, soil and present danger for human health. One of the dangerous factors is leachate which is generated in these dumpsites and which pollutes groundwate, soil and drinking water. The analysis of leachate sample chemical content in the biggest East-Latgale dumpsites “Ritini”, “Zvirgzdene”, “Zelceva” and “Mostovaja” has been done in 2002. The content of leachate depends on content of waste, dumpsite management etc. The most polluted leachate is in the biggest dumpsites of region – “Ritini” and “Zvirgzdene”. These are city dumpsites (Rezekne and Ludza). Significantly less polluted leachate is found in the dumpsites “Zelceva” and “Mostovaja”. This is valid for all analyzed parameters – COD, conductivity, Ntot., NH4 + and Cl.
GRANULAR-INFORMATION-BASED RISK ANALYSIS IN UNCERTAIN SITUATIONS
Authors: Vališevskis A.
Published: December 2016

In the real life almost all of the decisions that we have to make incorporate uncertainty about the future events. Assessment of the uncertainty and, thus, the risk that is inherent in these decisions models can be critical. It is even truer if we are talking about the possibility of negative impact on the environment. It is very important to assess all the environmental risks in a project if there is any hazard to the environment. In this paper the possibility of using granular information is considered. The main advantage of the granular information is that it can be used to assess risks in situations when information about future events is incomplete and imprecise. Moreover, we can use natural language to describe the problem area, as granular information paradigm uses both fuzzy and probabilistic information. We propose to use entropy as the measure of uncertainty. However, the definition of entropy should be generalised, as values of probabilities, upon which the calculation of entropy is based on, are interval-valued. We propose several possibilities of generalizing the definition of entropy. Furthermore, we analyse these approaches to see whether the additivity feature holds for the generalized entropy.