bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of hierarchical cellular networks with queueing and user retrials
Authors: Liu Xiao , Fapojuwo Abraham O.
Published: November 2005

How to efficiently utilize the scarce radio channel resource while maintaining the desired user‐perceived quality level and improved network performance is a major challenge to a wireless network designer. As one solution to meet this challenge in cellular mobile networks, a network architecture with hierarchical layers of cells has been widely considered. In this paper, we study the performance of a hierarchical cellular network that allows the queueing of both overflow slow‐mobility calls (from the lower layer microcells) and macrocell handover fast‐mobility calls that are blocked due to lack of free resources at the macrocell. Further, to accurately represent the wireless user behaviour, the impact of call repeat phenomenon is considered in the analysis of new call blocking probability. Performance analysis of the hierarchical cellular structure with queueing and call repeat phenomenon is performed using both analytical and simulation techniques. Numerical results show that queueing of calls reduces forced call termination probability and increases resource utilization with minimal call queueing delay. It is also shown that ignoring repeat calls leads to optimistic estimates of new call blocking probability especially at high offered traffic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New drug targets for depression and anxiety: Is the peptides era arriving?
Authors: Gurwitz David , Weizman Abraham
Published: November 2005

The monoamine theory of mood disorders has dominated psychiatric dogma for nearly 50 years. Recent findings about the role of brain peptides in the regulation of emotions and behavior challenge this over‐simplified theory, and are about to open the door for a new era, focused on peptides as putative complementary drug targets in psychiatry. The development of improved animal models for depression would accelerate its arrival. Drug Dev. Res. 65:93–96, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between melatonin and cortisol rhythms: clinical implications of melatonin therapy
Authors: Zisapel N. , Tarrasch R. , Laudon M.
Published: November 2005

Disturbances in circadian rhythm have been linked to chronic diseases such as insomnia, hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Here we review recent studies on the age‐related changes in cortisol and melatonin rhythms and then present descriptive statistics on our preliminary findings on the rectification of the cortisol rhythms by melatonin therapy in elderly patients with insomnia. In adults, the melatonin onset typically occurs during low cortisol secretion. Administration of exogenous melatonin around dusk will shift the phase of the human circadian clock to earlier hours (advance phase shift) leading to phase advances in circadian rhythms (e.g., sleep, endogenous melatonin, cortisol). With aging, the production of melatonin declines and is shifted to later hours while the production of cortisol increases and its peak occurs earlier in the night. In a randomized placebo‐controlled crossover study with 8 patients with insomnia aged 55 years and older, a group characterized by low and delayed melatonin production, administration of prolonged‐release melatonin in the evening was able to rectify the early onset cortisol production. This delay in nocturnal cortisol onset may explain in part the improvement in sleep quality in elderly patients with insomnia, in schizophrenics, and in depressed patients. Support of circadian pacemaker function by melatonin may provide a new strategy in the treatment of disorders related to impairments in the internal temporal order. The clinical benefit from a decrease in cortisol during the early part of the night may lie beyond the improvement of sleep into a better control of blood pressure, metabolism, and mood. Drug Dev. Res. 65:119–125, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HT1Breceptor: a target for antidepressant drugs?
Authors: Chenu Franck , Dailly Eric , Bourin Michel
Published: November 2005

It is generally accepted that about two thirds of patients treated for depression respond only after several weeks (2 to 8 weeks) whilst a third do not respond at all. A depressed patient's response to a treatment is defined by at least 50% reduction of the symptoms evaluated on a standard instrument (i.e., Hamilton Depression Rating Scale). Thus, a response to an antidepressant treatment cannot be considered as a remission. Remission can take many months to occur. It is then crucial to find new targets for antidepressants development or co‐administration strategies in order to reduce the long delay in onset of action and improve the efficiency of current treatments. According to their mechanism of action, current antidepressants induce an increase in serotonin and/or noradrenaline neurotransmission by increasing the monoamine extracellular level available in the synaptic cleft. It is then highly possible that the antidepressant effect depends on the synaptic receptor(s) activated. In the case of serotonergic compounds, 14 subtypes of receptors could be stimulated. In this short review, we focus on the impact of 5‐HT1Breceptor activation in the mediation of antidepressant‐like effect. Drug Dev. Res. 65:141–146, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The pharmacogenetics of antidepressant treatments for depressive disorders
Authors: Lee Min‐Soo
Published: November 2005

Pharmacological treatments for depressive disorder vary between individuals, with 30–40% of patients not responding sufficiently to antidepressant drugs. Different genetic makeups are thought to play an important role in the actions of antidepressants, but there are presently no gold‐standard genetic markers for determining the response to antidepressants. In this report, we review the work focused on the association between antidepressant responses and genetic polymorphisms, including in the serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin receptor 2A, serotonin receptor 6, G‐protein β subunit, and the norepinephrine transporter. Drug Dev. Res. 65:170–178, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suicide risk and antidepressants: beyond the controversy
Authors: Hoogendijk Witte J.G. , Lieverse Ritsaert , Beekman Aartjan T.F.
Published: November 2005

Recently, the risk for suicide while on antidepressant medication became of great concern. Summarizing the literature, it seems that the majority of reports support the favourable effect of antidepressants on suicide rates in general, by diminishing the underlying depression. Some studies, however, suggest that the advantageous effect of antidepressants is partly abolished by its increased risk for suicide, especially in children. Therefore, in the present article, we propose a number of practical diagnostic and therapeutic measures to diminish the risk for suicide in patients on antidepressants. First, the age of the patient should be taken into account, since in children the effect of antidepressants over placebo is not as clear as in adults. Therefore, the indication for antidepressants in children should be restricted to those with severe depression, who cannot be treated by other means and the prescribing of antidepressants to children should be reserved to psychiatrists. Moreover, also in adults, it is important to take the severity and type of depression into account, since the effect of antidepressants in mild depression is less clear than in severe depression and the agitated, “pseudo‐unipolar” type of depression requires a different treatment strategy. Therefore, the decision to prescribe antidepressants should be made by a physician who is experienced in estimating depression severity and type. Probably, the most rewarding measure to decrease suicide rates among depressed patients is adequate antidepressant treatment, since under‐treatment seems to be a serious problem in depressed patients who commit suicide. During this treatment, safety must be ensured and psychosocial factors addressed. Furthermore, antidepressants should be used with low risk for suicide in overdose and, if necessary, benzodiazepines against agitation in the first weeks of treatment. Finally, debriefing strategies, ongoing support, and counselling following suicide should be available for both family and caregivers. Drug Dev. Res. 65:179–184, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New, Multi‐Dimensional Cu(tn)‐[M(CN)6]n– Cyano‐Bridged, Bimetallic Coordination Materials (M = FeII, CoIII, CrIII and tn = 1,3‐Diaminopropane)
Authors: Triki Smail , Sala‐Pala Jean , Thétiot Franck , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Daran Jean‐Claude
Published: November 2005

Reaction of the [FeIII(CN)6]3– anion with [CuII(tn)(H2O)n]2+ (tn = 1,3‐diaminopropane) affords the compounds [{CuII(tn)}2{FeII(CN)6}]·KCl·5H2O (1), [{CuII(tn)}2{FeII(CN)6}]·4H2O (2), and [{CuII(tnH)2(H2O)2}{FeII(CN)6}]·2H2O (3). Each iron center in 1 and 2 is linked to six copper(II) ions by six cyanide bridges, while each copper ion is linked to three equivalent iron(II) ions. Despite these resemblances, the two compounds present large structural differences caused by two different orientations of the Cu–NC–Fe bridges: compound 1 has a 2D structure which can be described as successions of “Cu4Fe3” defective cubane units, while compound 2 displays a 3D arrangement. Compound 3, in which only two trans‐CN groups are bridging, displays a 1D structure. The tn ligand is chelating in 1, as is usually observed in several parent compounds, but is unexpectedly a bridging ligand in 2 and a terminal protonated tnH+ ligand in 3. Thus, the dimension of the three compounds seems to depend on the tn coordination modes. For the three iron compounds 1–3, the synthetic processes involve the spontaneous reduction of the paramagnetic [FeIII(CN)6]3– anion into the diamagnetic [FeII(CN)6]4– anion. In order to avoid such diamagnetic building blocks, the paramagnetic [Cr(CN)6]3– anion was used instead of the iron(III) analog, leading to [{CuII(tn)}3{CrIII(CN)6}2]·3H2O (4), which is the first 2D ferromagnet containing “‐Cu–NC–Cr‐” linkages. A similar study was performed using the diamagnetic [Co(CN)6]3– anion, leading to [{CuII(tn)}3{CoIII(CN)6}2]·3H2O (5), which is the Co analog of 4. The magnetic properties of compounds 1–3 and 5 show the presence of isolated CuII ions with weak ferromagnetic (1) or antiferromagnetic (2, 3, and 5) interactions. Compound 4 presents a long‐range ferromagnetic ordering below Tc = 9.5 K.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of Homo‐ and Heterobimetallic Complexes of the General Formula [Cp*Ru(μ‐Cl)3ML] [LM = (arene)Ru, Cp*Rh, Cp*Ir]
Authors: Quebatte Laurent , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: November 2005

The homo‐ and heterobimetallic complexes [Cp*Ru(μ‐Cl)3ML] [LM = (C6H6)Ru, (cymene)Ru, (1,3,5‐C6H3iPr3)Ru, Cp*Rh, Cp*Ir] were prepared by reaction of [Cp*Ru(μ‐OMe)]2 with Me3SiCl and subsequent addition of [LMCl2]2.The complexes [Cp*Ru(μ‐Cl)3Ru(cymene)] and [Cp*Ru(μ‐Cl)3IrCp*] were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. In crossover experiments with [Cp*Rh(μ‐Cl)3RuCl(PPh3)2] and [Cp*Ru(μ‐Cl)3Ru(1,3,5‐C6H3iPr3)] in CD2Cl2, a dynamic equilibrium with the complexes [Cp*Rh(μ‐Cl)3RuCp*] and [(1,3,5‐C6H3iPr3)Ru(μ‐Cl)3RuCl(PPh3)2] was rapidly established, demonstrating the kinetic lability of the triple chloro bridge. Upon reaction of [Cp*Rh(μ‐Cl)3RuCp*] with benzene, the ionic complex [Cp*Ru(C6H6)][Cp*RhCl3] was formed, which was characterized by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Theoretical Study on PdIIComplexes Containing Hemilabile Pyrazole‐Derived Ligands
Authors: Rimola Albert , Sodupe Mariona , Ros Josep , Pons Josefina
Published: November 2005

The properties of PdIIcomplexes containing hemilabile pyrazole‐derived ligands (L) of the form BPz‐(CH2)xA(CH2)yA(CH2)x‐PzB, with A being a donor atom and B a substituent group at the pyrazole ring, have been investigated through quantum‐chemical calculations. The geometries of the [PdLCl2] and [PdL]2+complexes have been optimized and the reaction free energy of [PdLCl2] → [PdL]2++ 2 Cl–computed for 32 different ligands, using the hybrid B3LYP density functional method. The formation of the tetracoordinate [PdL]2+complexes is more favorable for the longer (eight‐ and nine‐membered) chains than for the shorter (six‐ and seven‐membered) ones. Moreover, results show the nature of the donor atom A influences significantly the formation of [PdL]2+, the process becoming more favorable according to the order PH > NH > S > O. Finally, electron‐donor substituents at the pyrazole ring enhance the formation of [PdL]2+, whereas electron‐acceptor groups hinder the process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Two Precursors of Heterocarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Abeijón Paula , Blanco José M. , Fernández Franco , García Marcos D. , López Carmen
Published: November 2005

The racemic heterobicyclic amino alcohols 6 and 7, which are of interest as intermediates in the synthesis of nucleoside analogues with heterobicyclic pseudosugars, were efficiently prepared from 2‐thienylsuccinic acid via methyl 4‐hydroxyimino‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐cyclopenta[b]thiophene‐6‐carboxylate [(±)‐14]. The target compounds were obtainedtogether by direct reduction of (±)‐14 with AlH3 in refluxing THF, and were separated by flash chromatography of their N‐acetylated derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Direct Synthesis of Protected Arylacetaldehydes by Tetrakis(phosphane)palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Ethyleneglycol Vinyl Ether
Authors: Kondolff Isabelle , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: November 2005

A range of aryl bromides undergo Heck reaction with ethylene glycol vinyl ether, in the presence of [PdCl(C3H5)]2/cis,cis,cis‐1,2,3,4‐tetrakis[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]cyclopentane as catalyst, to give regioselectively protected arylacetaldehydes in good yields. The β‐arylation products were obtained in with 93–100 % selectivity with electron‐poor aryl bromides or heteroaryl bromides. Furthermore, this catalyst can be used at low loading, even for reactions with sterically hindered aryl bromides. The aryl vinyl ether intermediates undergo subsequent ketalisation to give the corresponding 2‐benzyl‐1,3‐dioxolane derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Novel Polyfunctional Tautomeric Systems Containing Salicylideneamino and Proton Sponge Moieties
Authors: Ozeryanskii Valery A. , Pozharskii Alexander F. , Schilf Wojciech , Kamieński Bohdan , Sawka‐Dobrowolska Wanda , Sobczyk Lucjan , Grech Eugeniusz
Published: November 2005

The first salicylidenearylamines containing a proton sponge residue with 5′‐bromo (6), 5′‐nitro (7), and 3′,5′‐dinitro (8) substituents have been synthesized. X‐ray diffraction and 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR and infrared spectra revealed that 6 and 7 contain very strong OHN bridges typical of o‐hydroxy Schiff bases. Additional π‐electron coupling with the dimethylaminonaphthyl ring is manifested both in geometrical and infrared parameters. In the case of 7, proton transfer to the imine nitrogen atom occurs in the solid state, accompanied by a remarkable shortening of the OHN bridge (2.553 Å). In dinitro derivative 8, the OH proton jumps to the dimethylamino groups, giving a new tautomeric form with the formation of a homoconjugated [NHN]+ cation. Protonation of 6 and 7, affecting the (dimethylamino)naphthyl moiety, disrupts the π‐coupling and makes these molecules, unlike common aromatic Schiff bases, highly sensitive to hydrolysis, while 8, being already self‐protonated, equilibrates in wet DMSO with the corresponding salicylaldehyde and arylamine in a ca. 1:1 ratio at room temperature.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Regiocontrolled Synthesis of 1,2‐Diaryl‐1H‐imidazoles by Palladium‐ and Copper‐Mediated Direct Coupling of 1‐Aryl‐1H‐imidazoles with Aryl Halides under Ligandless Conditions
Authors: Bellina Fabio , Cauteruccio Silvia , Mannina Luisa , Rossi Renzo , Viel Stéphane
Published: November 2005

A large variety of 1,2‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazoles, including a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, have been regioselectively synthesised in moderate to high yields by direct coupling of 1‐aryl‐1H‐imidazoles with aryl iodides or bromides in DMF in the presence of CsF and catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 under ligandless conditions. A possible mechanism for this new highly regioselective C‐2 arylation reaction, involving the formation of an organocopper(I) derivatives followed by a transmetallation reaction with an arylpalladium(II) halide species and a reductive elimination, is proposed. New one‐step procedures for the synthesis of 1,2,5‐triaryl‐1H‐imidazoles, based on palladium‐ and copper‐mediated arylation of 1‐aryl‐1H‐imidazoles, have also been developed. Interestingly, some imidazole derivatives prepared in this study have been found to exhibit significant cytotoxic activity against some human tumour cell lines. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Cluster Mannosides Carrying a Photolabile Diazirine Group
Authors: Walter Mark , Wiegand Michaela , Lindhorst Thisbe K.
Published: November 2005

We are investigating the mechanisms underlying the carbohydrate‐specific adhesion of bacteria such as Escherichia coli to the glycocalyx of their potential host cells. E. coli possess protein appendages, which are called type 1 fimbriae. Part of type 1 fimbriae is a protein named FimH, which is a mannose‐specific lectin. We wish to use photoaffinity labeling to elucidate mannose binding sites on FimH. Thus we report the synthesis of di‐ and trivalent cluster mannosides, which carry a photolabile diazirine group. The diazirine group was introduced by a convergent approach using thiourea bridging (products 6, 13, 17, and 27) or in a divergent synthesis leading to the divalent cluster mannoside 31. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New Chiral Iminium Salt Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation
Authors: Bulman Page Philip C. , Buckley Benjamin R. , Rassias Gerasimos A. , Blacker A. John
Published: November 2005

A range of enantiomerically pure 4‐substituted 5‐amino‐1,3‐dioxanes has been condensed with 2‐(2‐bromoethyl)benzaldehyde to produce chiral dihydroisoquinolinium salts, which are effective asymmetric catalysts for the epoxidation of simple alkenes, giving ees of up to 71 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Novel Cyclopentene Annulation Method Based on Conjugate Addition Reactions of α‐Cyano Carbanion Species
Authors: Tanino Keiji , Tomata Yoshihide , Shiina Yasuhiro , Miyashita Masaaki
Published: November 2005

A new cyclopentene annulation method based on a conjugate addition reaction with 4‐methoxybut‐3‐enenitrile was developed. Treatment of a cyclic enone with the potassium carbanion of the nitrile followed by acetic anhydride afforded an enol acetate, which underwent an HCl‐mediated intramolecular cyclization reaction to yield a bicyclo[n.3.0]alkenone derivative in good yield. A lipase‐mediated optical resolution of the annulation product provided a new chiral building block for steroids and other natural compounds.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Construction of Fused Medium‐Ring Carbocycles by Catalytic Generation and Rearrangement of Oxonium Ylides
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Walls Steven B. , Wilson Claire , East Stephen P. , Drysdale Martin J.
Published: November 2005

Fused carbocyclic systems containing seven‐ and eight‐membered rings can be constructed from allylic ethers in a stereoselective manner by tandem carbenoid generation, ylide formation and [2,3] rearrangement. Exceptionally high yields are obtained in cases where the substrate possesses favourable relative stereochemistry. The dienes resulting from [2,3] rearrangement ofgem‐divinyl ylides undergo Diels–Alder cycloaddition with reactive dienophiles at room temperature. Ylide formation, rearrangement and cycloaddition can be performed in a one‐pot process to generate complex tetracyclic systems in a highly stereoselective manner. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A performance comparison of individual and combined treatment modules for water recycling
Authors: Khan Stuart , Wintgens Thomas , Sherman Paul , Zaricky Jan , Schäfer Andrea
Published: November 2005

An Advanced Water Recycling Demonstration Plant (AWRDP) was commissioned and constructed by the Queensland State Government in Australia. The AWRDP was used to study the effectiveness of a variety of treatment processes in the upgrading of municipal wastewater for water recycling applications. The AWRDP consists of eight modules, each housing an individual specific treatment process. These processes are flocculation, dissolved air flotation, dual media filtration, ozonation, biological activated carbon adsorption, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The individual performances of the treatment processes were determined, as well as their interdependence in series. A range of chemical water quality parameters were investigated. The study provides a broad process comparison on the basis of an important catalogue of these key parameters. This will be valuable in the selection and optimization of treatment processes trains in full‐scale water recycling applications. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Evaluation of the LISEM soil erosion model in two catchments in the East African Highlands
Authors: Hessel Rudi , van den Bosch Rik , Vigiak Olga
Published: November 2005

Under increasing population pressure, soil erosion has become a threat in the East African Highlands, and erosion modelling can be useful to quantify this threat. To test its applicability for this region, the LISEM soil erosion model was applied to two small catchments, one in the Usumbara Mountains, Tanzania, and the other on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Input data for the model were collected in both catchments, as were data on runoff and erosion that were used for calibration and validation of the model. LISEM was first calibrated on catchment outlet data, and afterwards simulated spatial patterns of erosion were compared to available erosion data. The results showed that LISEM can, after calibration, give good discharge predictions for some events, but not for all. However, LISEM generally overpredicted soil loss from the catchments. Comparison with observed erosion patterns did not show overprediction, but according to the model, erosion was more widespread than was observed. There are several reasons for these discrepancies. First, it is difficult to obtain enough accurate data to run the model, such as accurate maps, rainfall data and soil and plant characteristics. Second, it is also difficult to obtain accurate data to evaluate the performance of the model, either for the catchment outlet or spatially, therefore observed erosion rates are also uncertain. Third, the model could not deal correctly with complex events, i.e. those having double rainfall peaks, and might also have difficulties with catchment characteristics such as soil type and the complexity of land use. Finally, LISEM could not deal with events in which throughflow or baseflow played a role, which was to be expected since those processes are not simulated by LISEM. Nevertheless, LISEM could be calibrated to give good discharge predictions for some events, and also gave reasonable results when compared to data obtained from erosion plots. Furthermore, only complex, distributed, storm‐based models such as LISEM can give spatial predictions for single storms. Therefore, it is concluded that if the aim is spatial prediction on an event basis, there is no alternative to complex erosion models such as LISEM, but if the aim is to predict average annual erosion, the data‐demanding, physically based LISEM erosion model may not be the most appropriate model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The termination of the last major phase of aeolian sand movement, coastal dunefields, Denmark
Authors: Clemmensen Lars B. , Murray Andrew
Published: November 2005

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand samples from stabilized (or inactive) coastal dunes in Denmark provides information on the age of the termination phase of the last major aeolian activity period. A total of 26 sand samples were taken from four different coastal dunefields around the North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat coasts of Denmark. The OSL dates indicate that the last major phase of aeolian activity terminated between ad 1860 and 1905. Most of the dunes examined in this study were active around 1820, during a period documented to have been very stormy. A dune management scheme started around 1792, and this no doubt was a major cause of dunefield stabilization, but an overall decline of storminess, particularly spring and summer storminess, around the end of the 19th century must also have contributed to the increasing inactivity of coastal dunes. The new OSL dates on aeolian sand movement agree well with historical data and data from topographic maps on dune movement. This agreement supports the observation from earlier work that OSL dating of recent aeolian sand movement is accurate over the last few decades to centuries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the analysis and reduction of the cogging torque of a claw pole transverse flux permanent magnet machine
Authors: Masmoudi Ahmed , Njeh Anis , Elantably Ahmed
Published: November 2005

The transverse flux permanent magnet machine (TFPM) is currently given an increasing attention, especially in electric and hybrid propulsion applications. Although significant improvements have been carried out on the earlier topologies, much work is still required before the TFPM can be regarded as a mature concept. Of particular interest is the cogging torque reduction which is a vital requirement in propulsion applications, as far as passenger comfort is concerned. The present paper deals with, in a first step, a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA)‐based investigation of the cogging torque of a claw pole TFPM. Then, an approach to the cogging torque reduction based on skewing is proposed. This is done considering a single‐phase TFPM concept. Then, the study is extended to the three‐phase claw pole TFPM, considering different combinations of the axially‐arranged phases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the attempts to optimize the performance and cost‐effectiveness of TFPM drives: a crucial challenge for the automotive industry
Authors: Masmoudi Ahmed
Published: November 2005

Much attention is currently focused upon transverse flux permanent magnet machines (TFPMs), especially in automotive applications, in so far as, to date, they exhibit the highest power production capability. Different automotive manufacturers are currently involved in R&D programs dealing with TFPM concepts and the possibilities of their integration in electric and hybrid propulsion systems. This paper is devoted to the analysis of two R&D projects developed within the design of TFPMs intended for hybrid propulsion systems of heavy‐duty vehicles. In spite of the increasing interest in TFPMs and the significant improvements brought to their earlier topologies, we can firmly state that further investigations remain to be carried out before the TFPM concepts could be regarded as a mature technology for the automotive industry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new tabu search method for continuous parameter optimization: application to design problems in electromagnetic
Authors: Hajji O. , Brisset S. , Brochet P.
Published: November 2005

Specificities of optimal design problem in electromagnetic are emphasized. To overcome the revolting difficulties met with the classical stochastic methods, a new tabu search algorithm for global optimization of multimodal functions with continuous variables is presented and used for solving some of this kind of electromagnetic optimization problems such as Bruhless DC motor, SMES optimization, and die mold press. It is compared favorably with Hu's tabu search and universal tabu search methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐pot three components synthesis of alkyl indeno [1,2‐b]‐quinoxalin‐11‐ylideneacetates in water and under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Azizian Javad , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Karimi Nargess , Kazemizadeh Zahra , Mohammadi Ali A. , Karimi Ali R.
Published: November 2005

We introduced a very simple, one‐pot three component procedure for preparation of alkyl indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxalin‐11‐ylideneacetates 4 from reaction of ninhydrin 1, phenylenediamines 2, (alkoxycarbonylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromides 3, and sodium acetate in water and under solvent‐free conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:549–552, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20136
Suzuki reaction of aryl chlorides using saturated N‐heterocarbene ligands
Authors: Özdemir Ismail , Yaşar Sedat , Demir Serpil , Çetinkaya Bekir
Published: November 2005

From readily available starting materials, six 1,3‐dialkyl‐imidazolinium bromides (2a–f) have been prepared and characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The incorporation of saturated N‐heterocyclic carbenes into palladium precatalysts gives high catalyst activity in the Suzuki coupling of deactivated aryl chloride substrates in aqueous media. The complexes were generated in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 by in situ deprotonation of 2a–f. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:557–561, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20140
Synthesis of 2‐phosphinoxidomethyl‐ and 2‐phosphonomethyl glutaric acid derivatives
Authors: Harsányi Kálmán , Domány György , Greiner István , Forintos Henrietta , Keglevich György
Published: November 2005

Michael addition of the corresponding anions derived from diphenylphosphine oxide, dialkylphosphites, and a cyclic phosphite to α‐methylene‐glutaric esters (1) afforded the title compounds (2–6). Double debenzylation of 2‐phosphono glutaric esters 4b and 5a by catalytic hydrogenation under the appropriate conditions gave the correspon‐ ding diacides 8 and 9, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:562–565, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20142
Amino acid derivatives, part 3: New peptide and glycopeptide derivatives conjugated naphthalene. Synthesis, antitumor, anti‐HIV, and BVDV evaluation
Authors: Al‐Masoudi Najim A. , Al‐Masoudi Iman A. , Ali Ibrahim A. I. , Saeed Bahjat , Colla Palo La
Published: November 2005

A series of peptide derivatives conjugated naphthalene residue 11–25, the glycoside 27 as well as the 7‐glycoside 30, and the 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐(N‐benzyl‐N‐isopropylamino)propoxy)naphthalene bearing methionine 31 were synthesized. The new compounds were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity against HIV‐1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), where 31 showed remarkable activity against HIV‐1. The cytotoxicity, in vitro, of 11–25 and 27 was assayed against a panel of tumor cell lines consisting of CD4 human T‐cells containing an integrated T‐leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), CD4 human acute T‐lympho‐ blastic leukemia, splenic B‐lympho‐blastoid cells, acute B‐lymphoblastic leukemia, mela‐noma, breast adenocarcinoma, lung squamous carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, foreskin fibroblasts, and lung fibroblasts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:576–585, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20149
Sulfur‐containing derivatives of 1,4‐naphthoquinone, part 2: Sulfenyl derivative synthesis
Authors: Stasevych Maryna V. , Plotnikov Maxym Yu. , Platonov Mykola O. , Sabat Svitlana I. , Musyanovych Rostyslav Ya. , Novikov Volodymyr P.
Published: November 2005

Sulfenylchlorides, sulfenates, and sulfenamides of 1,4‐naphthoquinone were synthesized, and different methods of their syntheses were investigated. Synthesized sulfenates and sulfenamides are stable due to the large electron‐withdrawing potential of the conjugated quinonic system. Obtained mono‐ and bi‐functional sulfenderivatives are very important in organic synthesis of different new heterocyclic compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:587–598, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20157
The povarov reaction of cyclopentadiene with imines from methyl 12‐amino‐dehydroabietate
Authors: Tolstikov A. G. , Glushkov V. A. , Tarantin A. V. , Kazanbaeva G. F. , Shashkov A. S. , Suponitsky K. Yu. , Dembitsky V. M.
Published: November 2005

The aza‐Diels‐Alder cycloaddition reaction of cyclopentadiene with benzylideneanilines from methyl 12‐amino‐dehydroabietate is described via the Povarov reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:605–612, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20159
Conformational and crystal packing differences in (+)‐7,8‐Di‐tert‐butoxy‐1‐ phenyloctahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo(1,2‐b)‐1H‐phospholo(2,3‐d)isoxazole 1‐oxide diastereoisomers
Authors: Kruszynski Rafal , Wieczorek Wanda
Published: November 2005

The crystal and molecular structures of (1S,3aR,7S,8S,8aR,8bR)‐(+)‐7,8‐Di‐tert‐butoxy‐1‐ph‐ enyloctahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo(1,‐b)‐1H‐phospholo(2,‐ d)isoxazole 1‐oxide (III, hereafter) and (1R,3aS,7S, 8S,8aS,8bS)‐(+)‐7,8‐Di‐tert‐butoxy‐1‐phenyloctahyd‐ ro‐1H‐pyrrolo(1,2‐b)‐1H‐phospholo(2,3‐d)isoxazole 1‐ oxide (IV, hereafter) have been determined. III crystallizes in space group P212121, and IV in P21 one. The conformational analysis of the puckered heteroatom three‐ring system shows the conformation of noticeable distorted envelope with puckering amplitude Q2 = 0.397 Å, the intermediate conformation between twisted and envelope with Q2 = 0.353 Å, and half‐chair conformation with Q2 = 0.451 Å, for phospholane, oxazolidine, and pyrrolidine rings of III, respectively. Rings in molecule of IV adopt conformations of envelopes with Q2 = 0.381 Å, Q2 = 0.367 Å, and Q2 = 0.363 Å, respectively, for the rings as described above. The molecules of III are assembled by intermolecular weak hydrogen bonds to the one‐dimensional chain along x‐axis. The structure of IV is built‐up of weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form a two‐dimensional hydrogen bond network. The differences in conformation between compounds III and IV cause changes in hydrogen bonding pattern, because in molecule IV there is no hydrogen cavern filled with three hydrogen bond donors, and one weak hydrogen bond has not enough strength to force such an arrangement as it is in III. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:613–620, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20160
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some 1,2,4‐triazole, 1,3,4‐oxa(thia)diazole, and 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine derivatives
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Farag Ahmad M. , Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A.
Published: November 2005

3‐Methyl‐2‐benzofurancarboxylic acid hydrazide (2) reacts with carbon disulfide and pota‐ ssium hydroxide to give the corresponding potassium carbodithioate salt 3. Treatment of the latter salt with hydrochloric acid, hydrazine hydrate, and with phen‐ acyl bromide afforded the corresponding 1,3,4‐oxadia‐ zole‐5‐thione 4, 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thione 5, and thiazolidine‐2‐thione 9 derivatives, respectively. The reaction of either 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐5‐thione 4 or 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thione 5 with phenacyl bromide resulted in the formation of 1,2,4‐triazolo[3, 4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine derivative 8. Treatment of compounds 3 or 4 with hydrazonoyl halides 10a–d furn‐ ished the same 1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ylidene derivatives 11a–d. The 7‐arylhydrazono‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1, 3,4‐thiadiazine derivatives 12a–d were obtained either by treatment of 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thione 5 with hydrazonoyl halides 10a–d or by coupling of the 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine derivative 8 with diazonium salts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:621–627, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20162
Barriers to the intramolecular N‐ to N‐transfer of different groups in pyrazoles: Prototropy vs. Elementotropy
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: November 2005

Barriers to the N‐ to N‐ transfer of different groups in pyrazole have been calculated at different levels (B3LYP and MP2 with 6‐31G*, 6‐311G*, and CEP‐121 basis sets). Ten groups studied were H, BH2, CH3, CHO, AlH2, SiH3, GaH2, GeH3, SnH3, and HgH. Two types of different transition states were found: The most common is a triangular situation with the group symmetrically linked to both N atoms. For metals M of the group 13 (B, Ga, Al) that situation is a second minimum while the TS corresponds to a rotation about the NM bond plus a displacement of the migrating group to yield a nonsymmetric TS. A relationship between the barrier and the geometry has been found. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:628–636, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20163
Preparation of 2‐aminobenzophenones and polysubstituted quinolines through SmI2 promoted reductive cleavage of 3‐aryl‐2,1‐benzisoxazoles
Authors: Fan Xuesen , Zhang Xinying , Zhang Yongmin
Published: November 2005

Promoted by SmI2, 3‐aryl‐2,1‐benzi‐ soxazoles underwent reductive cleavage of the NO bond leading to 2‐aminobenzophenones in high yields upon protonation. Otherwise, if ketones with active methylene group were added to the reaction mixture prior to protonation, the desired polysubstituted quinolines could be obtained under mild conditions in a one‐pot manner. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:637–643, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20164
Organoselenium‐substituted poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)
Authors: Stuhr‐Hansen Nicolai , Beckers Edwin H. A. , Engman Lars , Janssen René A. J.
Published: November 2005

A new type of conjugated polymer, organoselenium substituted poly(p‐phenyleneviny‐ lene) (PPV), was synthesized from the corresponding alkylselenenyl p‐xylylene dibromide via a Gilch route using potassium tert‐butoxide in THF. The p‐xylylene dibromide precursors were synthesized by reacting lithiated bis(methoxymethyl)benzenes with elemental selenium, followed by alkylation of the generated selenolates. As a final demasking step, the bromomethyl functions were liberated by ether cleavage using boron tribromide. Bis‐alkylselenenyl PPV was obtained with an average molecular weight Mw of approximately 300,000 g/mol and with polydispersity Mw/Mn = 2. Due to low solubility, monoalkylselenenyl PPV was obtained with a considerably lower average molecular weight in the proximity of 16,000 g/mol and with a polydispersity slightly larger than 3. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the bis‐alkylselenenyl PPV is extensively conjugated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:656–662, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20167
Solvent‐free alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes of di‐imine ligands
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Chudakova Valentina A. , Skatova Aleksandra A. , Fukin Georgii K.
Published: November 2005

Compound [(dph‐BIAN)Mg(THF)]2 (2) was prepared by reacting magnesium metal with 1,2‐bis[(2‐biphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dph‐BIAN) in THF, followed by crystallization from toluene. Reaction of CaI2 with (dpp‐BIAN)Li2 in toluene afforded [(dpp‐BIAN)Li]2Ca (3) (dpp‐BIAN = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene). Both complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The 1H NMR spectroscopic data obtained for complex 3 in toluene solution indicated an agostic interaction between the methyl groups of the ligand and lithium atoms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:663–670, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20168
Nodal and splenic marginal zone B cell lymphomas
Authors: Mollejo Manuela , Camacho Francisca I , Algara Patricia , Ruiz‐Ballesteros Elena , García Juan F , Piris Miguel A
Published: November 2005

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) are newly defined, separate clinicopathological entities. Both are rare lymphoma types, with low reproducibility in the diagnosis, although a conjunction of molecular and clinical studies seems to be now facilitating a more accurate diagnosis and understanding of the neoplastic process. SMZL is a disease involving the spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood since the initial manifestations of the disease. The diagnosis has been until very recently based on the pathological study of the spleen with the conjunction of the clinical features, although the integration of the morphology in bone marrow and peripheral blood with the immunophenotype and molecular characteristics of the tumour makes a more accurate diagnosis now possible. The most frequent molecular alteration found in SMZL is allelic loss at the 7q chromosomal region. SMZL is an indolent lymphoma, although there is small subset of patients in which it follows an aggressive course. Molecular studies of SMZL are starting to reveal new diagnostic and prognostic markers, and to identify new potentially useful therapeutic targets. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma is a B‐cell neoplasm originated in the lymph node, whose histology resembles the nodal infiltration by MALT‐ or Splenic‐type marginal zone lymphoma, in the absence of clinical evidence of extranodal or spleen disease. The lack of characteristic phenotypic or molecular diagnostic findings is still hampering the reproducibility of this diagnosis. Here we review the main morphological and immunophenotypical markers, discussing the differential with other overlapping entities, singularly follicular lymphoma. Specific therapeutic protocols and prognostic factors are required to more precisely define this tumour. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human osteoblast cells: Isolation, characterization, and growth on polymers for musculoskeletal tissue engineering
Authors: El‐Amin Saadiq F. , Botchwey Edward , Tuli Richard , Kofron Michelle D. , Mesfin Addisu , Sethuraman Swaminathan , S. Tuan Rocky , Laurencin Cato T.
Published: November 2005

We performed a detailed examination of the isolation, characterization, and growth of human osteoblast cells derived from trabecular bone. We further examined the morphology, phenotypic gene expression, mineralization, and growth of these human osteoblasts on polyester polymers used for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid [PLAGA (85:15, 50:50, 75:25)], and polylactic acid (L‐PLA, D,L‐PLA) were examined. The osteoblastic expression of key phenotypic markers osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, collagen, and bone sialoprotein at 4 and 8 weeks was examined. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction studies revealed that trabecular‐derived osteoblasts were positive for all markers evaluated with higher levels expressed over long‐term culture. These cells also revealed mineralization and maturation as evidenced by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Growth studies on PLAGA at 50:50, 75:25, and 85:15 ratios and PLA in the L and DL isoforms revealed that human osteoblasts actively grew, with significantly higher cell numbers attached to scaffolds composed of PLAGA 50:50 in the short term and PLAGA 85:15 in the long term compared with PLA (p < 0.05). We believe human cell adhesion among these polymeric materials may be dependent on differences in cellular integrin expression and extracellular matrix protein elaboration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vitro hemocompatibility of albumin–heparin multilayer coatings on polyethersulfone prepared by the layer‐by‐layer technique
Authors: Sperling Claudia , Houska Milan , Brynda Eduard , Streller Uwe , Werner Carsten
Published: November 2005

Polyethersulfone foils (PES)—a unique material for blood purification membranes—were coated with a multilayer assembly of heparin (unfractionated or high anticoagulant activity fraction heparin) and albumin (albumin–heparin coatings), or with a multilayer of albumin (albumin coating), using the layer‐by‐layer technique. The coatings combine advantages of albumin (reduction of nonspecific interactions) and heparin (specific interactions with blood coagulation proteins). The differences between the two heparins, while significant for their biological activity, had only a minor effect on the multilayer assembly with albumin monitored in situ by reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR MIRS). Uncoated as well as modified PES surfaces were evaluated using an in vitro assay with freshly drawn, slightly heparinized (1.5 IU heparin/mL) human whole blood. The blood was circulated with a roller pump over the sample surfaces in shear flow across rectangular slit channels (
app. 6 mL/min and
120 s−1) for 1.5 h at 37°C. All coatings effectively reduced platelet adhesion and activation according to the PF4 release. The activation of coagulation evaluated as TAT generation was significantly lowered for the coating composed of albumin and high activity heparin. A further beneficial effect of the heparin containing coatings was reduced complement activation as determined by different complement fragments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Development, implantation, in vivo elution, and retrieval of a biocompatible, sustained release subretinal drug delivery system
Authors: Beeley Nathan R.F. , Stewart Jay M. , Tano Ryotaro , Lawin Laurie R. , Chappa Ralph A. , Qiu Guanting , Anderson Aron B. , de Juan Eugene , Varner Signe E.
Published: November 2005

A biocompatible, sustained‐release subretinal drug‐delivery platform was developed to overcome the therapeutic accessibility limitations of current retinal disease treatments. The prototype implants were fabricated by coating nitinol, poly(methyl methacrylate) or chromic gut core filaments, with a drug‐eluting polymer matrix. The polymer coatings are manufactured and coated by SurModics. The coating is a mixture of poly(butyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate). The drug is either triamcinolone acetonide or sirolimus. The rods were successfully implanted into the subretinal space of 20/24 rabbits. Four rabbits were lost to early surgery from a dysfunctional infusion line and hemorrhage. No serious complications were observed during the 4‐week follow‐up period. Slight conjunctival redness was reported in all rabbits by 1‐day follow‐up, but the redness had subsided by the following week. Intraocular lens touch occurred in six rabbits during the implantations; of these, four had a lensectomy at the time of surgery, and the remaining two developed cataract. Corneal edema developed in three rabbits by 1‐week follow‐up, but subsided within 2 weeks. Initial observations of the implantation and elution characteristics revealed that the implants are well tolerated by the retinal tissue and that the implant can elute triamcinolone acetonide for a period of at least 4 weeks without eliciting an inflammatory response or complications. There were adverse clinical indications with the sirolimus‐loaded implants at the delivered dose. Device retrieval required an uncomplicated surgical procedure, and revealed no associated or adherent tissue. Implant drug content analysis and opacity changes to the polymer matrix coating following retrieval demonstrated the sustained elution of the drug. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006