bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journal editors: How do their editing incomes compare?
Authors: Lee Janice C. L. , Watt Jennifer , Kelsall Diane , Straus Sharon
Published: February 2021

Background:The work of journal editors is essential to producing high-quality literature, and editing can be a very rewarding career; however, the profession may not be immune to gender pay gaps found in many professions and industries, including academia and clinical medicine. Our study aimed to quantify remuneration for journal editors from core clinical journals, determine if a gender pay gap exists, and assess if there are remuneration differences across publishing models and journal characteristics.

Methods:We completed an online survey of journal editors with substantial editing roles including section editors and editors-in-chief, identified from the Abridged Index Medicus “Core Clinical” journals in MEDLINE. We analyzed information on demographics, editing income, and journal characteristics using a multivariable partial proportional odds model for ordinal logistic regression.

Results:There were 166 survey respondents (response rate of 9%), which represented editors from 69 of 111 journals (62%). A total of 140 fully completed surveys were analyzed (95 males and 45 females); 50 (36%) editors did not receive remuneration for editorial work. No gender pay gap and no difference in remuneration between editors who worked in subscription-based publishing vs. open access journals were detected. Editors who were not primarily health care providers were more likely to have higher editing incomes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-7.46). Editors who worked more than 10 hours per week editing earned more than those who worked 10 hours or less per week (adjusted OR 16.7, 95%CI 7.02-39.76).

Conclusions:We were unable to detect a gender pay gap and a difference in remuneration between editors who worked in subscription-based publishing and those in open access journals. More than one third of editors surveyed from core clinical journals did not get remunerated for their editing work.
Clarifying Optimal Sodium InTake In Cardiovasular and Kidney (COSTICK) Diseases: a study protocol for two randomised controlled trials
Authors: Smyth Andrew , Yusuf Salim , Kerins Claire , Corcoran Colette , Dineen Roisin , Alvarez-Iglesias Alberto , Ferguson John , McDermott Suzanne , Hernon Orlaith , Ranjan Ritika , Nolan Aoife , Griffin Matthew , O'Shea Paula , Canavan Michelle , O'Donnell Martin
Published: February 2021

Background: While low sodium intake (<2.3g/day) is recommended for all, there is uncertainty about feasibility and net cardiovascular effects. In COSTICK, we evaluated the effects of a dietary counselling intervention (reduced sodium intake) on intermediate cardiorenal outcomes in patients with (STICK) and without (COSIP) mild/moderate kidney disease.

Methods: This is a protocol for two phase IIb randomised, two-group, parallel, open-label, controlled, single centre trials. Participants were aged >40 years with stable blood pressure, unchanged anti-hypertensive medications, willing to modify diet and provided written informed consent. Participants were excluded for abnormal sodium handling, heart failure, high dose diuretics, immunosuppression, pregnancy/lactation, postural hypotension, cognitive impairment, high or low body mass index (BMI) or inclusion in another trial. STICK participants had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-60ml/min/1.73m2 and were excluded for acute kidney Injury, rapidly declining eGFR; known glomerular disease or current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For COSIP, participants were excluded for known kidney or cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomized to usual care only (healthy eating) or an additional sodium lowering intervention (target <100mmol/day) through specific counseling (sodium use in foods, fresh over processed foods, sodium content of foods and eating outside of home). In STICK the primary outcome is change in 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance. In COSIP, the primary outcome is change in five biomarkers (renin, aldosterone, high sensitivity troponin T, pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein). Our primary report (COSTICK), reports six biomarker outcome measures in the entire population at 2 years follow-up.

Discussion: These Phase II trials will explore uncertainty about low sodium intake and cardiovascular and kidney biomarkers, and help determine the feasibility of low sodium intake. Trial results will also provide preliminary information to guide a future definitive clinical trial, if indicated.

Trial registration: STICK: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738736 (04/04/2016); COSIP: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02458248 (15/05/2016)
Co-prevalent infections in adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis are associated with an increased risk of death: a nested analysis of the Advancing Cryptococcal meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) cohort
Authors: Ellis Jayne , Kalata Newton , Dziwani Eltas , Matope Agnes , Wang Duolao , Molloy Síle F. , Harrison Thomas S. , Lalloo David G. , Sloan Derek , Heyderman Robert S.
Published: February 2021

Background: HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis accounts for 15% of AIDS related deaths globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, acute mortality ranges from 24% to 100%. In addition to the mortality directly associated with cryptococcosis, patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis are at risk of a range of opportunistic infections (OIs) and hospital acquired nosocomial infections (HAIs). The attributable mortality associated with co-prevalent infections in cryptococcal meningitis has not been evaluated.

Methods: As part of the Advancing Cryptococcal meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) trial, consecutive HIV-positive adults with cryptococcal meningitis were randomised to one of five anti-fungal regimens and followed up until 10-weeks. We conducted a retrospective case note review of ACTA participants recruited from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi to describe the range and prevalence of OIs and HAIs diagnosed, and the attributable mortality associated with these infections.

Results: We describe the prevalence of OIs and HAIs in 226 participants. Baseline median CD4 count was 29 cell/mm3, 57% (129/226) were on anti-retroviral therapy. 56% (127/226) had at least one co-prevalent infection during the 10-week study period. Data were collected for 187 co-prevalent infection episodes. Suspected blood stream infection was the commonest co-prevalent infection diagnosed (34/187, 18%), followed by community-acquired pneumonia (32/187, 17%), hospital-acquired pneumonia (13/187, 7%), pulmonary tuberculosis (12/187, 6%) and confirmed blood stream infections (10/187, 5%). All-cause mortality at 10-weeks was 35% (80/226), diagnosis of an OI or HAI increased the risk of death at 10 weeks by nearly 50% (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.17, p=0.04).

Conclusion: We demonstrate the high prevalence and broad range of OIs and HAIs occurring in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. These co-prevalent infections are associated with a significantly increased risk of death. Whether a protocolised approach to improve surveillance and proactive treatment of co-prevalent infections would improve cryptococcal meningitis outcomes warrants further investigation.
Comparative evaluation of ten lateral flow immunoassays to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Authors: Garrod Gala , Owen Sophie I. , Baillie J. Kenneth , Baldwin Lisa , Brown Lottie , Byrne Rachel L. , Cubas-Atienzar Ana I. , Cuevas Luis E. , Fraser Alice J. , Fletcher Thomas , Goodwin Lynsey , Kay Grant A. ,   ISARIC4C Investigators, Kontogianni Konstantina , Mason Jenifer , Openshaw Peter J.M. , Menzies Stefanie , Moore Shona C. , Semple Malcolm G. , Taylor Joseph , Turtle Lance C.W. , Williams Christopher T. , Adams Emily R.
Published: February 2021

Background: Rapid mobilisation from industry and academia following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to the development and availability of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs). High quality LFAs are urgently needed at the point of care to add to currently available diagnostic tools. In this study, we provide evaluation data for ten LFAs suitable for use at the point of care.

Methods: COVID-19 positive patients (N=45), confirmed by reverse transcription – quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), were recruited through the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium - Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium (ISARIC4C) study. Sera collected from patients with influenza A (N=20), tuberculosis (N=5), individuals with previous flavivirus exposure (N=21), and healthy sera (N=4), collected pre-pandemic, were used as negative controls. Ten LFAs manufactured or distributed by ASBT Holdings Ltd, Cellex, Fortress Diagnostics, Nantong Egens Biotechnology, Mologic, NG Biotech, Nal von Minden and Suzhou Herui BioMed Co. were evaluated.

Results: Compared to RT-qPCR, sensitivity of LFAs ranged from 87.0-95.7%. Specificity against pre-pandemic controls ranged between 92.0-100%. Compared to IgG ELISA, sensitivity and specificity ranged between 90.5-100% and 93.2-100%, respectively. Percentage agreement between LFAs and IgG ELISA ranged from 89.6-92.7%. Inter-test agreement between LFAs and IgG ELISA ranged between kappa=0.792-0.854.

Conclusions: LFAs may serve as a useful tool for rapid confirmation of ongoing or previous infection in conjunction with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 in patients attending hospital. Impartial validation prior to commercial sale provides users with data that can inform best use settings.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК МЕТОД ОБУЧЕНИЯ ГОВОРЕНИЮ В ПЕРИОД ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ
Authors: Kudinova Olga Andreevna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья посвящена изучению теоретических вопросов обучения устной речи и разработке методов использования Интернет-технологий в процессе обучения устной речи.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляют теоретическое изучение и обобщение научно-методической литературы, а также Интернет-ресурсы, связанные с темой исследования; используются общенаучные методы – анализ и обобщение.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автор выявляет зависимость качества образовательного процесса и его эффективность от правильной организации использования Интернет-технологий на уроке, которые упрощают процесс получения знаний. Автор делает предположение, что использование Интернет-технологий способствует формированию речевых навыков и умений – ядра коммуникативной компетенции.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования помогут оптимизировать использование информационных технологий на занятиях по иностранному языку при обучении устной речи в высшей школе.
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НЕЧЛЕНИМЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В ОСЕТИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Authors: Morgoeva Larisa Batrazovna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья посвящена изучению коммуникативной природе нечленимых предложений в осетинском языке, их структурной организации и семантической зависимости от контекста. Система нечленимых синтаксических конструкций имеет тесную связь с морфологией и устойчивыми оборотами живой речи. Автор ставит целью рассмотреть структурные особенности нечленимых конструкций и их семантическую вариативность в контекстном употреблении.Метод или методология проведенной работы. Использованы методы сравнительного и структурного анализа и обобщения.Результаты. Для выявления особенностей контекстной семантики нечленимых предложений осетинского языка критически проанализированы их типологические классификации, существующие на сегодняшний день. В ходе исследования был выявлен ряд проблем, связанных с определением статуса нечленимых предложений в системе осетинского синтаксиса, терминологическим аппаратом, установлением категориальных признаков нечленимости синтаксических конструкций и их морфологическим составом. Сопоставительный анализ различных подходов показал общность групп, входящих в систему нечленимых предложений осетинского языка, в числе которых указательные, вопросительные и побудительные конструкции с утвердительной и отрицательной семантикой. Спорным остается включение в состав нечленимых предложений конструкций с эмоционально-оценочной нагрузкой. Морфологический состав этих конструкций и отсутствие традиционных синтаксических связей между компонентами дает возможность рассматривать их как нечленимые. Однако, явное тяготение к устойчивости большинства нечленимых предложений с эмоционально-оценочной нагрузкой сближает их с фразеологизированными конструкциями.Область применения результатов. Результаты поведенного исследования могут послужить материалом для более глубокого и детального изучения феномена нечленимых синтаксических конструкций осетинского языка, в том числе и с привлечением смежных дисциплин.
КОННОТАЦИЯ ЦВЕТООБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ В ПОСЛОВИЦАХ ГЕРМАНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
Authors: Gordeeva Natalia Vladimirovna , Kuznetsova Svetlana Victorovna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья посвящена коннотации цветообозначения в пословицах германских языков (на примере английского и немецкого языков). Авторами проанализированы английские и немецкие пословицы, в которых представлена цветовая лексика. Была выделена следующая цветовая палитра: черный, белый, серый, зеленый, красный, синий, золотой, серебряный. Данная цветовая гамма отражает культурное многообразие, мировосприятие англичан и немцев.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют тематический анализ, сопоставительно-описательный метод.Результаты. Были отобраны пословицы с цветовой лексикой в зависимости от восприятия цвета человеком (нейтральные, теплые, холодные); данные паремии были проанализированы с точки зрения эмоционально-оценочного восприятия ситуации, на основании чего были выделены цвета с положительной, нейтральной и отрицательной коннотацией.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в процессе обучения английскому и немецкому языкам студентов бакалавриата в вузах при изучении лингвострановедения Великобритании и Германии.
ФИННО-УГОРСКИЙ СУБСТРАТ В ГИДРОНИМИИ ТАМБОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ)
Authors: Deviatkina Ekaterina Mikhailovna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья является начальным этапом обширного исследования, которое посвящено решению ряда задач в области изучения тамбовских топонимов, таких как выявление ареалов финно-угорских языков на территории области в прошлом, совмещение выявленных топонимических ареалов с ареалами археологических культур, что позволит установить возможную хронологию развития топонимических типов.В статье рассматриваются финно-угорские топоосновы в гидронимии Тамбовской области, для некоторых топонимов предлагаются новые этимологии. Определяется, что заимствованные мордовские элементы некоторых топонимов были адаптированы русским языком путем включения русских формантов.Выделяются основные словообразовательные типы субстратных гидронимов, проводится сравнение с данными топонимики на территории исконного проживания мордвы и современного распространения мордовских языков, выделяются некоторые отличительные черты мордовской субстратной гидронимии на территории Тамбовской области и мордовской гидронимии на территории функционирования мордовских языков. Предполагается, что словообразовательная модель «русское прилагательное + мордовский гидроним» характерна для более позднего этапа развития рассматриваемой субстратной топонимии.Метод или методология проведения работы. В ходе решения научных задач используются методы текстологического анализа, синхронного среза (исследование ономастики одного временного периода), а также структурный, формантный, этимологический, ареальный и описательный.Результаты. По результатам анализа структур субстратных топонимов финно-угорского происхождения на территории Тамбовской области автор предлагает этимологии рассматриваемых гидронимов. Выделенные словообразовательные модели сопоставляются с результатами исследований топонимического материала республики Мордовия.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования представляют интерес для лингвистики, археологии, истории, этнографии, географии и могут быть использованы для изучения древнейших состояний общества (общественных формаций, этнических общностей, материальных культур и др.).
КЛАСТЕРИЗАЦИЯ СЕМАНТИКИ ПОЛИМЕМАНТОВ КАК СПОСОБ РАЗВИТИЯ ОБРАЗНОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ
Authors: Zimareva Olga Leonidovna , Velichko Mariia Aleksandrovna , Artamonova Maria Valerievna
Published: February 2021

Предметом исследования данной статьи является семантическая организация полисемантов в ментальном лексиконе. В статье рассматривается тема кластеризации семантики многозначных слов. Цель исследования заключается в представлении связи между изучением семантической сети и развитием образного мышления, способствующего совершенствованию языкового навыка. Для работы с лексемами использованы компонентный анализ, кластерный метод организации семантического знания, графо-семантическое моделирование семантики слова для визуализации эпидигматических связей; для развития образного мышления применены объяснительно-иллюстративные методы с целью усвоения и закрепления формирующихся знаний.Результатом исследования послужили следующие выводы: следствием изучения и анализа способов группировки признаков и семантических связей значений полисеманта становится понимание принципов их формирования, что способствует развитию языковой способности; при работе с испытуемыми было показано, что работа с графо-семантическими моделями позволяет структурировать семантические знания и развивает потенциал дальнейшего использования, трактовки и прогнозирования переносных значений; экспериментально был показан прирост семантической сети за счет анализа семантической структуры. Таким образом, значение представляет собой совокупность групп признаков, связанных между собой на основе общей составляющей. Гибкий характер значения не только способствует успешной коммуникации, но и позволяет развивать объем семантической структуры многозначного слова. Лексико-семантический анализ способствует развитию образного мышления за счет формирования понимания природы того, как возникают новые значения.Результаты данного исследования могут быть применены при обучении студентов и аспирантов языковых вузов по направлениям «Лингвистика», «Теория языка».
Economic Security of the Organization: Methodological Approaches and Opportunities in Modern Conditions
Authors: Gribina E. , Savchenko E.
Published: February 2021

Th e article discusses methodological approaches to assessing economic security, as well as their transformation in modern conditions. According to the authors, the trend towards an increase in economic crimes in the future will continue, and the damage from them will increase, which raises the question of the development (adjustment) of appropriate models and preventive measures, to which the authors include, fi rst of all, regular monitoring of the information field and the dynamics of accounts receivable.
Study of Russian Adjectival Prefixes «raz-/ras-» and «pre-», and Ways of Their Expression in Persian Language
Authors: Gholami Hosein , Salman-Asl Nemat
Published: February 2021

In this article we analyze prefixes «раз-/рас-» and «пре-», that denote highest degree of quality, and by means of which adjectives can be formed in Russian language. They were chosen from among number of prefixes, that form adjectives, because they have synonymous meanings, yet they are different. Differentiation between meanings of these prefixes and shades of their meanings plays an important role in comprehending speech and also during translation/interpretation from one language to another. In this research we also determine similarities and differences between these prefixes, bring examples for each prefix in conjunction with different adjectives, translate them to Persian language, and in the end mark and classify meaning/ meanings of each prefix within the framework of Persian language’s parts of speech, with the help of which meaning/meanings of prefixes can be transferred to Persian language.
“Third Places” in the Communicative Space of China’s Megapolis
Authors: Kotel'nikova N.
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the communication space of Chinese cities is actively transforming, new forms of human interaction emerge and develop. This transformation is accompanied by the expansion of the variety of “third places”. The article examines the popular “third places” of China's megalopolises, describes new communicative practices, gives an overview of modern tendencies in the development of urban discourse in China. The investigation shows that urban communication is displaying the growth of face-to-face rather than computer-mediated communication. However, it is not yet possible to predict what impact the COVID‐19 epidemic will have on the further development of urban communication in China and what transformations the “third places” of China's megalopolises will undergo after the epidemic end.
Implementation of the manipulative potential of political euphemisms in modern media discourse
Authors: Kitanina E. , Yuycunczy U
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the research process on the history of political euphemisms in Russian and other foreign linguistics, listing the main scientific research results related to the definition of typical features of political euphemisms on the Internet news portals. One of the main tasks of the research is to identify the essence of the functioning of political euphemisms as a means of manipulating the consciousness of the electorate through the substitution of values. The initial prerequisites for the work are the provisions of linguoculture, psycholinguistics and intercultural communication. The political euphemisms of the media sphere have been studied in a comparative aspect. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the manipulation potential of euphemistic language units depends directly on the political value of citizens.
Transmisión intergeneracional del castigo físico en la niñez
Authors: Bucheli Marisa , Rossi Maximo
Published: February 2021

El uso de la violencia física moderada, en la crianza de niños, es una práctica extendida y aceptada como medida disciplinaria. Sin embargo, hay pruebas de que estas prácticas durante la infancia producen efectos negativos en el curso de la vida adulta. Esto motiva el análisis de la transmisión inter-generacional de esta conducta. Utilizamos la Encuesta de Situaciones Familiares realizada en 2007 estimando modelos probit.En nuestro estudio, para el caso uruguayo, encontramos evidencia de que existe transmisión intergeneracional del uso del castigo físico como técnica disciplinaria.El uso, por parte de los padres, del castigo corporal está relacionado con su aprobación, tanto en hombres como en mujeres sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Por otra parte al introducir la opinión sobre el uso de dicha técnica se mantiene la transmisión intergeneracional del uso del castigo físico en el caso de las mujeres pero pierde significación en el caso de los hombres.
Multiclass Traffic Flow Dynamics: An Endogenous Model
Authors: Yuan Kai , Lo Hong K.
Published: February 2021

Vehicles on roads can be distinguished, each defined by its own set of properties (e.g., fleet length and free-flow speed). The traffic states on roads can be attributed to the longitudinal heterogeneity in vehicles. Vehicles slower than prevailing vehicles are defined as moving bottlenecks. On a multilane road section with multiple vehicle types, slower vehicles create moving bottlenecks and induce overtaking by faster vehicles so as to maintain their higher desired speed. The influence of single-class moving bottlenecks has been studied in the past. However, the impacts of multiple classes of moving bottlenecks have not yet been fully explored. This paper categorizes vehicles into passenger cars, medium trucks, and heavy trucks. By defining medium trucks and heavy trucks as moving bottlenecks, we develop analytical formulas for the fundamental diagram on a multilane road section with heterogeneous moving bottlenecks. The formula confirms that the composition of traffic and the longest truck platoon length influence the fundamental diagram. We then conduct simulations using a first-order kinematic wave model in Lagrangian coordinates to validate the fundamental diagram developed with the analytical formula and obtain promising results. This study provides fundamental knowledge for multiclass traffic modeling and multilane traffic operations.
Cast immobilization is non-inferior to volar locking plates in relation to QuickDASH after one year in patients aged 65 years and older: a randomized controlled trial of displaced distal radius fractures
Authors: Hassellund Sondre Stafsnes , Williksen John Håkon , Laane Marit Mjelde , Pripp Are , Rosales Carina Paulsen , Karlsen Øyvind , Madsen Jan Erik , Frihagen Frede
Published: February 2021

Aims

To compare operative and nonoperative treatment for displaced distal radius fractures in patients aged over 65 years.

Methods

A total of 100 patients were randomized in this non-inferiority trial, comparing cast immobilization with operation with a volar locking plate. Patients with displaced AO/OTA A and C fractures were eligible if one of the following were found after initial closed reduction: 1) dorsal angulation > 10°; 2) ulnar variance > 3 mm; or 3) intra-articular step-off > 2 mm. Primary outcome measure was the abbreviated version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH) after 12 months. Secondary outcome measures were the Patient-Rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation (PRWHE), EuroQol-5 dimensions 5-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), range of motion (ROM), grip strength, “satisfaction with wrist function” (score 0 to 10), and complications.

Results

In all, 89 women and 11 men were included. Mean age was 74 years (65 to 91). Nonoperative treatment was non-inferior to operation with a five-point difference in median QuickDASH after 12 months (p = 0.206). After three and six months QuickDASH favoured the operative group (p = 0.010 and 0.030). Median values for PRWHE were 19 (interquartile range (IRQ) 10 to 32) in the operative group versus ten (IQR 1 to 31) in the nonoperative group at three months (p = 0.064), nine (IQR 2 to 20) versus five (IQR 0 to 13) (p = 0.020) at six months, and two (IQR 0 to 12) versus zero (IQR 0 to 8) (p = 0.019) after 12 months. Range of motion was similar between the groups. The EQ-5D-5L index score was better (mean difference 0.07) in the operative group at three and 12 months (p = 0.008 and 0.020). The complication rate was similar (p = 0.220). The operated patients were more satisfied with wrist function (median 8 (IQR 6 to 9) vs 6 (IQR 5 to 7) at three months, p = 0.002; 9 (IQR 7 to 9) vs 8 (IQR 6 to 8) at six months, p = 0.002; and 10 (IQR 8 to 10) vs 8 (IQR 7 to 9) at 12 months, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Nonoperative treatment was non-inferior to operative treatment based on QuickDASH after one year. Patients in the operative group had a faster recovery and were more satisfied with wrist function. Results from previous trials comparing operative and nonoperative treatment for displaced distal radius fractures in the elderly vary between favouring the operative group and showing similar results between the treatments. This randomized trial suggests that most elderly patients may be treated nonoperatively. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):247–255.
What constitutes a clinically important change in Mayo Elbow Performance Index and range of movement after open elbow arthrolysis?
Authors: Sun Ziyang , Li Juehong , Luo Gang , Wang Feiyan , Hu Yuehao , Fan Cunyi
Published: February 2021

Aims

This study aimed to determine the minimal detectable change (MDC), minimal clinically important difference (MCID), and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) under distribution- and anchor-based methods for the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) and range of movement (ROM) after open elbow arthrolysis (OEA). We also assessed the proportion of patients who achieved MCID and SCB; and identified the factors associated with achieving MCID.

Methods

A cohort of 265 patients treated by OEA were included. The MEPI and ROM were evaluated at baseline and at two-year follow-up. Distribution-based MDC was calculated with confidence intervals (CIs) reflecting 80% (MDC 80), 90% (MDC 90), and 95% (MDC 95) certainty, and MCID with changes from baseline to follow-up. Anchor-based MCID (anchored to somewhat satisfied) and SCB (very satisfied) were calculated using a five-level Likert satisfaction scale. Multivariate logistic regression of factors affecting MCID achievement was performed.

Results

The MDC increased substantially based on selected CIs (MDC 80, MDC 90, and MDC 95), ranging from 5.0 to 7.6 points for the MEPI, and from 8.2° to 12.5° for ROM. The MCID of the MEPI were 8.3 points under distribution-based and 12.2 points under anchor-based methods; distribution- and anchor-based MCID of ROM were 14.1° and 25.0°. The SCB of the MEPI and ROM were 17.3 points and 43.4°, respectively. The proportion of the patients who attained anchor-based MCID for the MEPI and ROM were 74.0% and 94.7%, respectively; furthermore, 64.2% and 86.8% attained SCB. Non-dominant arm (p = 0.022), higher preoperative MEPI rating (p < 0.001), and postoperative visual analogue scale pain score (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of not achieving MCID for the MEPI, while atraumatic causes (p = 0.040) and higher preoperative ROM (p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for ROM.

Conclusion

In patients undergoing OEA, the MCID for the increased MEPI is 12.2 points and 25° increased ROM. The SCB is 17.3 points and 43.3°, respectively. Future studies using the MEPI and ROM to assess OEA outcomes should report not only statistical significance but also clinical importance. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):366–372.
Influence of curve morphology and location on the efficacy of rigid conservative treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Strube Patrick , Gunold Maria , Müller Tanja , Leimert Mario , Sachse André , Pumberger Matthias , Putzier Michael , Zippelius Timo
Published: February 2021

Aims

The aim of the present study was to answer the question whether curve morphology and location have an influence on rigid conservative treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed AIS in 127 patients with single and double curves who had been treated with a Chêneau brace and physiotherapeutic specific exercises (B-PSE). The inclusion criteria were the presence of structural major curves ≥ 20° and < 50° (Risser stage 0 to 2) at the time when B-PSE was initiated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the outcome of treatment: failure (curve progression to ≥ 45° or surgery) and success (curve progression < 45° and no surgery). The main curve type (MCT), curve magnitude, and length (overall, above and below the apex), apical rotation, initial curve correction, flexibility, and derotation by the brace were compared between the two groups.

Results

In univariate analysis treatment failure depended significantly on: 1) MCT (p = 0.008); 2) the apical rotation of the major curve before (p = 0.007) and during brace treatment (p < 0.001); 3) the initial and in-brace Cobb angles of the major (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and minor curves (p = 0.015 and p = 0.002); 4) major curve flexibility (p = 0.005) and the in-brace curve correction rates (major p = 0.008, minor p = 0.034); and 5) the length of the major curve (LoC) above (p < 0.001) and below (p = 0.002) the apex. Furthermore, MCT (p = 0.043, p = 0.129, and p = 0.017 in MCT comparisons), LoC (upper length p = 0.003, lower length p = 0.005), and in-brace Cobb angles (major p = 0.002, minor p = 0.027) were significant in binary logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

Curve size, location, and morphology were found to influence the outcome of rigid conservative treatment of AIS. These findings may improve future brace design and patient selection for conservative treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):373–381.
Mid-term foot function and pedobarographic analysis of 52 feet after polydactyly resection in childhood
Authors: Farr Sebastian , Jauker Fridolin , Ganger Rudolf , Kranzl Andreas
Published: February 2021

Aims

The aims of this study is to report the clinical and radiological outcomes after pre-, central-, and postaxial polydactyly resection in children from a tertiary referral centre.

Methods

All children who underwent resection of a supernumerary toe between 2001 and 2013 were prospectively enrolled and invited for a single re-assessment. Clinical parameters and several dedicated outcome scores (visual analogue scale (VAS), Paediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI), Activities Scale for Kids (ASK), and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS)) were obtained, as were radiographs of the operated and non-operated feet along with pedobarographs.

Results

In all, 39 children (52 feet) with a mean follow-up of 7.2 years (3.1 to 13.0) were included in the study. Resection of a duplicated great toe was performed in ten children, central polydactyly in four, and postaxial polydactyly in 26. The mean postoperative VAS (0.7; 0 to 7), ASK (93.7; 64.2 to 100), and AOFAS range (85.9 to 89.0) indicated excellent outcomes among this cohort and the PODCI global functioning scale (95.7; 75.5 to 100) was satisfactory. No significant differences were found regarding outcomes of pre- versus postaxial patients, nor radiological toe alignment between the operated and non-operated sides. Minor complications were observed in six children (15%). There were seven surgical revisions (18%), six of whom were in preaxial patients. In both groups, below the operation area, a reduced mean and maximum force was observed. Changes in the hindfoot region were detected based on the prolonged contact time and reduced force in the preaxial group.

Conclusion

Excellent mid-term results can be expected after foot polydactyly resection in childhood. However, parents and those who care for these children need to be counselled regarding the higher risk of subsequent revision surgery in the preaxial patients. Also, within the study period, the plantar pressure distribution below the operated part of the foot did not return to completely normal. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):415–420.
An update about molecular biology techniques to detect orthopaedic implant-related infections
Authors: Esteban Jaime , Gómez-Barrena Enrique
Published: February 2021

Despite different criteria to diagnose a prosthetic joint infection (PJI), aetiological diagnosis of the causing microorganism remains essential to guide treatment. Molecular-biology-based PJI diagnosis is progressing (faster, higher specificity) in different techniques, from the experimental laboratory into clinical use. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction techniques (custom-made or commercial) provide satisfactory results in clinical series of cases, with specificity close to 100% and sensitivity over 70–80%. Next-generation metagenomics may increase sensitivity while maintaining high specificity. Molecular biology techniques may represent, in the next five years, a significant transformation of the currently available microbiological diagnosis in PJI.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:93-100. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200118
Supplemental data for "Effectiveness of Nutrient Management on Water Quality Improvement: A Synthesis on Nitrate-Nitrogen Loss from Subsurface Drainage"
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Yuan Yongping , Koropeckyj-Cox Lydia
Published: February 2021

This file includes information (references, study location, raw data extracted from original study) used to produce the journal article.
A Discursive Import of Suspects’ Affirmative Responses in Police-Suspect Interaction in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Akinrinlola Temidayo
Published: February 2021

Police-suspect interaction, henceforth PSI, has been examined from the linguistic and non-linguistic standpoints. Existing studies have interrogated the stylistic peculiarities of PSI without engaging the discursive import of suspects’ affirmative responses. Paucity of scholarly works on the discursive import of suspects’ affirmative responses has undermined the place of the suspect in PSI. It is against this background that this study interrogates the discursive import of suspects’ affirmative responses in PSI with a view to describing the contextual meanings of suspects’ affirmative responses during interrogation sessions. To engage how contextual dynamics ambiguate suspects’ affirmative responses to interrogation in PSI, the study adopts Grice’s (1975) cooperative principles as theoretical framework to interrogate the motivation behind suspects’ flouting of cooperative maxims in PSI. Recorded sessions of police interrogations on burglary and stealing, attempted rape, perversion of justice, kidnapping, conspiracy and felony and robbery at the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department, Ibadan, constitute the data for the study. A discursive engagement of the recorded interrogation sessions reveals that suspects’ affirmative responses have multiple contextual meanings. This study contends that suspects’ affirmative responses do not express agreement in all contexts; suspects consciously flout conversational maxims to challenge investigating police officers’ (IPOs’) claims, seek continued attention, confirm their innocence, negate IPOs’ claims and initiate new discourse. The study submits that suspects’ deployment of the resourcefulness of their affirmative responses in contexts is geared towards seeking the path of exoneration. Suspects engage affirmative responses to enact discursive acts and power in PSI. The study recommends that further discursive enquiry should interrogate how resistance is created, managed and sustained by suspects in PSI.
Hacia una dialogía feminista: Los salmos fosforitos de Berta García Faet (2017) como reescritura de Trilce
Authors: Gancedo Lesmes Sara
Published: February 2021

El presente artículo propone examinar la reescritura que realiza Berta García Faet de César Vallejo, comprendiéndola como un diálogo en el sentido bajtiniano; esto es, atendiendo a la incorporación y disputa del lenguaje social que llevan a cabo ambas obras. Bajo esta perspectiva, podremos evaluar cómo se retoman las estrategias lingüísticas vanguardistas para elaborar un proyecto literario feminista y proponer una transformación no ya en la representación sino en el mismo seno del lenguaje.
Las diosas saben crear: Alejandra Pizarnik y Sylvia Plath
Authors: Ferrero Candenas Ines
Published: February 2021

Este artículo analiza dos poemarios, Árbol de Diana (1963) de Alejandra Pizarnik y Ariel (1965) de Sylvia Plath, en directa relación con las ideas planteadas por Robert Graves en The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetical Myth (1948). La lectura aquí planteada nace, por un lado, de la necesidad crítica de crear un espacio de diálogo que revele una estructura mítica común a ambas poetas radicada fuera de lo biográfico. Por otro, de observar cómo en base a esta misma estructura mítica su poesía resignifica el rol de la mujer creadora como idea, símbolo, metáfora, ideal, y finalmente, como mujer de carne y hueso con voz propia.
Adaptive Optics pre-compensated laser uplink to LEO and GEO
Authors: Osborn James , Townson Matthew J. , Farley Ollie J. D. , Reeves Andrew , Calvo Ramon Mata
Published: February 2021

We present the results from a Monte Carlo computer simulation of adaptive optics (AO) pre-compensated laser uplink propagation through the Earth’s atmospheric turbulence from the ground to orbiting satellites. The simulation includes the so-called point-ahead angle and tests several potential AO mitigation modes such as tip/tilt or full AO from the downlink beam, and a laser guide star at the point ahead angle. The performance of these modes, as measured by metrics relevant for free-space optical communication, are compared with no correction and perfect correction. The aim of the study is to investigate fundamental limitations of free-space optical communications with AO pre-compensation and a point-ahead angle, therefore the results represent an upper bound of AO corrected performance, demonstrating the potential of pre-compensation technology. Performance is assessed with varying launch aperture size, wavelength, launch geometry, ground layer turbulence strength (i.e. day/night), elevation angle and satellite orbit (Low-Earth and Geostationary). By exploring this large parameter space we are able examine trends on performance with the aim of informing the design of future optical ground stations and demonstrating and quantifying the potential upper bounds of adaptive optics performance in free-space optical communications.
Bi-directional gated recurrent unit neural network based nonlinear equalizer for coherent optical communication system
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Wang Yongjun , Wang Xishuo , Xu Hui , Li Chao , Xin Xiangjun
Published: February 2021

We propose a bi-directional gated recurrent unit neural network based nonlinear equalizer (bi-GRU NLE) for coherent optical communication systems. The performance of bi-GRU NLE has been experimentally demonstrated in a 120 Gb/s 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) coherent optical communication system with a transmission distance of 375 km. Experimental results show that the proposed bi-GRU NLE can significantly mitigate nonlinear distortions. The Q-factors can exceed the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit of 8.52 dB with the aid of bi-GRU NLE, when the launched optical power is in the range of -3 dBm to 3 dBm. In addition, when the launched optical power is in the range of 0 dBm to 2 dBm, the Q-factor performances of the bi-GRU NLE and bi-directional long short-term memory neural network based nonlinear equalizer (bi-LSTM NLE) are similar, while the number of parameters of bi-GRU NLE is about 20.2% less than that of bi-LSTM NLE, the average training time of bi-GRU NLE is shorter than that of bi-LSTM NLE, the number of multiplications required for the bi-GRU NLE to equalize per symbol is about 24.5% less than that for bi-LSTM NLE.
Improved gas-jet based extreme ultraviolet, soft X-ray laser plasma source
Authors: Holburg Jonathan , Müller Matthias , Mann Klaus
Published: February 2021

We present a new nozzle design for an improved brilliance of laser-produced gas plasmas emitting in the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet spectral regime. A rotationally asymmetric gas jet is formed by employing two closely adjacent nozzles facing each other under the angle of 45°. The generated three-dimensional gas density distribution is tomographically analyzed using a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. A comparison with numerical simulations accomplishes an optimization of the nozzle arrangement. The colliding gas jets create an optimized gas distribution with increased density, leading to a significant brilliance enhancement of the extreme ultraviolet, soft X-ray plasma.
High-order parametric generation of coherent XUV radiation
Authors: Hort O. , Dubrouil A. , Khokhlova M. A. , Descamps D. , Petit S. , Burgy F. , Mével E. , Constant E. , Strelkov V. V.
Published: February 2021

Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation finds numerous applications in spectroscopy. When the XUV light is generated via high-order harmonic generation (HHG), it may be produced in the form of attosecond pulses, allowing access to unprecedented ultrafast phenomena. However, the HHG efficiency remains limited. Here we present an observation of a new regime of coherent XUV emission which has a potential to provide higher XUV intensity, vital for applications. We explain the process by high-order parametric generation, involving the combined emission of THz and XUV photons, where the phase matching is very robust against ionization. This introduces a way to use higher-energy driving pulses, thus generating more XUV photons.
Pyramid and Shack–Hartmann hybrid wave-front sensor
Authors: Guthery Charlotte E. , Hart Michael
Published: February 2021

An ideal wave-front sensor (WFS) for an adaptive optics system prioritizes three properties: high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and a linear relationship between the actual and estimated wave fronts. WFSs currently in operation can claim superiority in only two of these properties. For example, the Shack–Hartmann WFS (SHWFS) has a linear response and remains effective under large aberrations, but its sensitivity to low spatial frequencies is limited [Proc. SPIE 5490, 1177 (2004)PSISDG0277-786X10.1117/12.550786]. The pyramid WFS (PyWFS) [J. Mod. Opt. 43, 289 (1996)JMOPEW0950-034010.1080/09500349608232742] can also be operated in a linear control system [Opt. Express 14, 11925 (2006)OPEXFF1094-408710.1364/OE.14.011925] and offers excellent sensitivity when used with an unresolved beacon but saturates quickly in the presence of large aberrations. The dynamic range can be extended by modulating the beacon about the pyramid prism tip, but at the expense of its sensitivity. This Letter describes a hybrid WFS (HyWFS) that combines the SHWFS and PyWFS, capturing the desirable features of both. The optical design of the HyWFS mimics the appearance of an unmodulated PyWFS with a lenslet array in the reimaged pupil planes. Spot patterns in the style of a SHWFS are formed in all pupil images. Wave-front estimates are calculated from the HyWFS’s output using both conventional PyWFS and SHWFS reconstruction methods. A cross-over algorithm chooses between the two estimates to retain high sensitivity to low aberration and a robust capture range.
Coupled cavity-waveguide based on topological corner state and edge state
Authors: Shi Aoqian , Yan Bei , Ge Rui , Xie Jianlan , Peng Yuchen , Li Hang , Sha Wei E. I. , Liu Jianjun
Published: February 2021

The topological corner state (TCS) and topological edge state (TES) have created new approaches to manipulate the propagation of light. The construction of a topological coupled cavity-waveguide (TCCW) based on the TCS and TES is worth looking forward to, due to its research prospects in realizing high-performance micro-nano integrated photonic devices. In this Letter, the TCCW is proposed in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC), which possesses strong optical localization, high quality factor, and excellent robustness compared with the conventional coupled cavity-waveguide (CCCW). This work will pave the way toward designing high-performance logic gates, lasers, filters, and other micro-nano integrated photonics devices and expanding their applications.
Dark-bright soliton trapping in a fiber laser
Authors: Hu X. , Guo J. , Zhao L. M. , Ma J. , Tang D. Y.
Published: February 2021

We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental observation of coexistence of scalar dark and bright solitons in a fiber laser operating in the near zero-dispersion regime. We show that because of the incoherent cross coupling, under suitable conditions a bright soliton formed in the net anomalous cavity dispersion regime could bind with a dark soliton formed in the net normal cavity dispersion regime in a fiber laser. The properties of the dark and bright solitons, as well as their bound states, are experimentally investigated. The numerical simulations based on the coupled Ginzburg–Landau equations have reproduced the experimental results well.