bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Updates in pathology and molecular diagnostics to inform the evolving landscape of thoracic surgery and oncology
Authors: Naso Julia , Lo Ying‐Chun , Sholl Lynette M.
Published: January 2023

The pathologic assessment of lung cancers provides essential guidance to the surgeon and oncologist who are considering the best treatment strategies for patients with both early and advanced‐stage disease. The management of patients with lung cancer is predicated first and foremost on access to an accurate diagnosis, even when the sample size is limited, as is often the case with use of modern, minimally invasive sampling techniques. Once the diagnosis and disease stage are established, predictive biomarker testing may be essential, particularly for those patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) being considered for immunotherapy or genomic biomarker‐driven targeted therapy. This review will discuss the best practices for the diagnosis of NSCLC using morphology and immunohistochemistry, thus providing the surgeon with needed information to understand and critically evaluate pathology reports. Controversial and evolving topics including tumor spread through airspaces, evaluation of multiple tumors, and staging based on invasive tumor size will be addressed. Clinical genomic profiling in NSCLC is driven by published guidelines and reflects evidence based on clinical trials and regulatory approvals. In this fast‐moving space, surgeons should be aware of the critical immunohistochemical and genomic biomarkers that drive systemic therapy decisions and anticipate when such testing will be required, both to ensure adequate sampling and to advise the pathologist when tumor material will be required for biomarker analysis. The basic approaches to and sample requirements for molecular biomarker testing will be addressed. As biomarker testing moves exclusively from advanced‐stage patients into earlier stage disease, the surgeon should be aware of the relevant markers and work with the pathologist and oncologist to ensure that this information is available to facilitate timely access to therapies not just in the advanced setting, but in consideration of neoadjuvant and adjuvant care.
New molecular and immunologic targets of therapy for esophageal cancer and the prospects for ongoing and future clinical trials
Authors: Dhanasopon Andrew P.
Published: January 2023

Esophageal cancer is a deadly disease worldwide. Advancements in diagnosis, surgical technique, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have improved survival over the years. While targeted therapy and immunotherapy have significantly impacted survival for patients with advanced disease, they have also been demonstrating efficacy when added to trimodality therapy for locoregional disease. This review focuses on molecular and immunologic targets of therapy for esophageal cancer and the prospects for ongoing and future clinical trials.
Two‐step isolation of the two major paraconic acids of Cetraria islandica
Authors: González Eduardo Villicaña , Schwaiger Stefan , Stuppner Hermann
Published: January 2023

The lichen Cetraria islandica is traditionally used as a demulcent for the symptomatic treatment of irritations of the mouth and throat and associated dry cough, as well as for the treatment of temporary loss of appetite. In addition to depsides and depsidones, thalli contain paraconic acids, a group of secondary metabolites commonly found in lichens and fungi. Among those, protolichesterinic acid has shown promising pharmacological activities. However, the efficient isolation of paraconic acids is quite complex due to their very similar chemical structures and their weak ultraviolet absorption. In the present work, a two‐step isolation protocol of protolichesterinic acid and lichesterinic acid from a complex paraconic acid mixture is described using Sephadex LH20 column chromatography and fast centrifugal partition chromatography. Final purities higher than 95% and recoveries above 50% are achieved. Additionally, reliable qualitative techniques for detecting and differentiating paraconic acids are described. Finally, some data on compound stability and enantiomeric purity are shown.
Environment of severe storm formations over West Africa on the 26‐28 June 2018
Authors: Osei Marian Amoakowaah , Aryee Jeffrey N. A. , Agyekum Jacob , Ashong Jesse , Ansah Samuel Owusu , Ahiataku Maureen Abla , Baffour‐Ata Frank , Amekudzi Leonard K. , Atiah Winifred Ayinpogbilla , Padi Michael , Ameho Johnson , Yahaya Bashiru , Portuphy Joseph , Lamptey Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Understanding the environmental evolution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is critical for forecasting weather in West Africa. This study investigated the thermodynamic and synoptic environments of MCSs over West Africa on 26 (storm 1) and 28 (storm 2) June 2018. Primary datasets used to assess the diurnal evolution of the storms were obtained from ERA5. The results showed a trapped gravity wave, enhanced by a well‐established African Easterly Jet and monsoon trough, was responsible for the initiation of storm 1. Both storms also initiated in the presence of several moist lower (925–850 hPa) to mid‐tropospheric (600 hPa) cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices, controlling inland moisture advection. The lower troposphere was moistened through moisture advection by the West African westerly jet for storm 1 and the nocturnal low‐level jet prior to initiation for storm 2. For both storms, the evolution of outgoing longwave radiation showed a consistent atmosphere of deep afternoon convection. Boundary layer height increased significantly during storm evolution to support the increasing ascent of warm air. Vegetation cover differences may have also likely aided the evolution of storm 2. The passage of gravity waves from decaying storms can aid forecasters to nowcast likely regions of afternoon convection with high accuracy. Under the GCRF African Science for Weather Information and Forecasting Techniques (SWIFT), these findings are crucial in fulfilling the project's aims of improving weather forecasting capability and communication over West Africa.
Diffusion tensor imaging and quantitative T2 mapping to monitor muscle recovery following hamstring injury
Authors: Monte Jithsa R. , Hooijmans Melissa T. , Froeling Martijn , Oudeman Jos , Tol Johannes L. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Nederveen Aart J. , Maas Mario
Published: January 2023

MRI examinations are accurate for diagnosing sports‐related acute hamstring injuries. However, sensitive imaging methods for assessing recovery of these injuries are lacking. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative T2 (qT2) mapping have both shown promise for assessing recovery of muscle micro trauma and exercise effects. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of DTI and qT2 mapping for monitoring the muscle recovery processes after acute hamstring injury. In this prospective study, athletes with an acute hamstring injury underwent a 3‐T MRI examination of the injured and contralateral hamstrings including DTI and qT2 measurements at three time points: (1) within 1 week after sustaining the injury, (2) 2 weeks after time point 1, and (3) return to play (RTP). A linear mixed model was used for time‐effect analysis and paired t‐tests for the detection of differences between injured and uninjured muscles. Forty‐one athletes (age 27.8 ± 7 years; two females and 39 males) were included. Mean RTP time was 50 (range 12–169) days. A significant time effect was found for mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and the second and third eigenvalues (p ≤ 0.001) in the injured muscles. Fractional anisotropy (p = 0.40), first eigenvalue (p = 0.02), and qT2 (p = 0.61) showed no significant time effect. All DTI indices, except for fractional anisotropy, were significantly elevated compared with control muscles right after the injury (p < 0.001). Values normalized during the recovery period, with no significant differences between control and injured muscles at RTP (p values ranged from 0.08 to 0.51). Mean qT2 relaxation times in injured muscles were not significantly elevated compared with control muscles at any time point (p > 0.04). In conclusion, DTI can be used to monitor recovery after an acute hamstring injury. Future work should explore the potential of DTI indices to predict RTP and recovery times in athletes after an acute strain injury.
An integrative review of defining characteristic of the nursing diagnosis “spiritual distress”
Authors: Eshghi Fateme , Nikfarid Lida , Zareiyan Armin
Published: January 2023

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the defining characteristics of spiritual distress (00066).

Design

This study was conducted by integrated review method using Broom method.

Methods

PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochran Library, and Persian scientific databases were searched from January 2010 to December 2020.

Results

Twenty‐one article and 74 defining characteristics were identified. 33 of these defining characteristics was mentioned in NANDA. The criteria with the highest frequency and repetition in articles were lack of peace, lack of hope, change in anger behaviour, lack of meaning in life, change in fear and crying behaviour, Concern about belief and values system and/or God.

Conclusion

Some of the spiritual distress defining characteristics overlap with other nursing diagnoses, including anxiety and hopelessness. Clinical and content validation studies need to be conducted and the main criteria for diagnosing spiritual distress in different cultures and religions need to be identified.
Synthesis and characterization of biphasic layered structure composite with simultaneous electroconductive and piezoelectric behavior as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Shabani Samghabadi Mina , Karkhaneh Akbar , Katbab Ali Asghar
Published: January 2023

In recent years, materials with piezoelectric and electroconductive behavior have been thought interesting and important to be used for bone scaffolds due to their potential in mimicking the bone tissues. In the present work, attempts have been made to prepare three‐dimensional laminated scaffolds by means of embedding the piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polylactic acid (PLA) electrospun nanofibrous mats into the electroconductive porous oxidized alginate (ADA)/gelatin/polypyrrole‐graft‐gelatin (PPy‐g‐gelatin) hydrogel precursor structure to obtain a biphasic layered structure (a fiber‐hydrogel scaffold). The morphology, tensile strength, β‐phase contents, and crystallinity of the fibers are evaluated. The compressive modulus of the electrospun fiber‐hydrogel composites (32.72 MPa) shows to be much higher than the neat hydrogel (0.01 MPa). The prepared composites present high electrical conductivity (1.8 S m−1) and piezoelectric coefficient (1.61 fC N−1). By incorporating the fibers into the hydrogel structure, the cross‐link density of the composite is increased. The swelling ratio, porosity, and rate of biodegradation of the fabricated composites are also investigated. Moreover, good biocompatibility of human osteosarcoma cells attached to the PVDF/PLA nanofibers‐ADA/gelatin/PPy‐g‐gelatin hydrogel scaffold is evidenced by alkaline phosphatase assay, alizarin red and hematoxylin and eosin staining, and osteogenic gene expression evaluation. The prepared osteon‐mimetic samples with the synergized features of piezoelectricity and electrical conductivity can potentially be used as three‐dimensional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
Development of a simulator for training of fetoscopic myelomeningocele surgery
Authors: Spoor Jochem K. H. , van Gastel Lis , Tahib Fatima , van Grieken Amanda , van Weteringen Willem , Sterke Frank , Baschat Ahmet A. , Miller Jena L. , de Jong Tjeerd H. R. , Wijnen René M. H. , Eggink Alex E. , DeKoninck Philip L. J.
Published: January 2023

Objective

To develop a realistic simulation model for laparotomy‐assisted fetoscopic spina bifida aperta (SBa) surgery, to be used for training purposes and preoperative planning.

Methods

The predefined general requirement was a realistic model of an exteriorized uterus, allowing all neurosurgical steps of the intervention. The uterus was modelled using ultrasound and MRI images of a 25 weeks’ gravid uterus, consisting of flexible polyurethane foam coated with pigmented silicone. The fetal model, contained an opening on the dorsal side for a customizable spinal insert with all the aspects of a SBa, including a cele, placode, and myofascial and skin layer. The model was assessed in a series of validation experiments.

Results

Production costs are low, uterus and fetus are reusable. Placental localization and the level and size of the spinal defect are adjustable, enabling case‐specific adaptations. All aspects of the simulator were scored close to realistic or higher for both appearance and functional capacities.

Conclusions

This innovative model provides an excellent training opportunity for centers that are starting a fetoscopic SBa repair program. It is the first simulation model with adjustable spinal defect and placental localisation. Further objective validation is required, but the potential for using this model in preoperative planning is promising.
Comparison of creatinine‐based equations for estimating renal function for digoxin dose adjustment in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure
Authors: Sakai Masahiro , Hirai Toshinori , Shitara Satoshi , Iwamoto Takuya , Shiga Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2023

The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate equation for estimating renal function to dose regulate the serum digoxin trough concentration to a target of <0.9 ng/ml in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF). All patients received 0.125 mg oral digoxin daily. The estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (eGFRMDRD) equation deindexed based on body surface area had the highest correlation with digoxin trough concentrations (r = −0.450) compared to the Cockcroft‐Gault equation (r = −0.415) or deindexed eGFR based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (eGFRCKD‐EPI) equation (r = −0.416). The median digoxin trough concentrations were 0.60, 0.77, 0.97 and 1.30 ng/ml in patients with a deindexed eGFRMDRD ≥ 60, 45–59, 30–44 and < 30 ml/min, respectively. The deindexed eGFRMDRD is an appropriate equation for digoxin dose adjustment in patients with AF and HF.
User's image perception improved strategy and application of augmented reality systems in smart medical care: A review
Authors: Jiang Jingang , Zhang Jiawei , Sun Jianpeng , Wu Dianhao , Xu Shuainan
Published: January 2023

Background

Augmented reality (AR) is a new human‐computer interaction technology that combines virtual reality, computer vision, and computer networks. With the rapid advancement of the medical field towards intelligence and data visualisation, AR systems are becoming increasingly popular in the medical field because they can provide doctors with clear enough medical images and accurate image navigation in practical applications. However, it has been discovered that different display types of AR systems have different effects on doctors' perception of the image after virtual‐real fusion during the actual medical application. If doctors cannot correctly perceive the image, they may be unable to correctly match the virtual information with the real world, which will have a significant impact on their ability to recognise complex structures.

Methods

This paper uses Citespace, a literature analysis tool, to visualise and analyse the research hotspots when AR systems are used in the medical field.

Results

A visual analysis of the 1163 articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database reveals that display technology and visualisation technology are the key research directions of AR systems at the moment.

Conclusion

This paper categorises AR systems based on their display principles, reviews current image perception optimisation schemes for various types of systems, and analyses and compares different display types of AR systems based on their practical applications in the field of smart medical care so that doctors can select the appropriate display types based on different application scenarios. Finally, the future development direction of AR display technology is anticipated in order for AR technology to be more effectively applied in the field of smart medical care. The advancement of display technology for AR systems is critical for their use in the medical field, and the advantages and disadvantages of various display types should be considered in different application scenarios to select the best AR system.
Molecular Resolution Nanostructure and Dynamics of the Deep Eutectic Solvent—Graphite Interface as a Function of Potential
Authors: Freeman Justin S. , Mamme Mesfin Haile , Ustarroz Jon , Warr Gregory G. , Li Hua , Atkin Rob
Published: January 2023

Interest in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly for electrochemical applications, has boomed in the past decade because they are more versatile than conventional electrolyte solutions and are low cost, renewable, and non‐toxic. The molecular scale lateral nanostructures as a function of potential at the solid–liquid interface—critical design parameters for the use of DESs as electrochemical solvents—are yet to be revealed. In this work, in situ amplitude modulated atomic force microscopy complemented by molecular dynamics simulations is used to probe the Stern and near‐surface layers of the archetypal and by far most studied DES, 1:2 choline chloride:urea (reline), at the highly orientated pyrolytic graphite surface as a function of potential, to reveal highly ordered lateral nanostructures with unprecedented molecular resolution. This detail allows identification of choline, chloride, and urea in the Stern layer on graphite, and in some cases their orientations. Images obtained after the potential is switched from negative to positive show the dynamics of the Stern layer response, revealing that several minutes are required to reach equilibrium. These results provide valuable insight into the nanostructure and dynamics of DESs at the solid–liquid interface, with implications for the rational design of DESs for interfacial applications.
Multi‐aspects AI‐based modeling and adversarial learning for cybersecurity intelligence and robustness: A comprehensive overview
Authors: Sarker Iqbal H.
Published: January 2023

Due to the rising dependency on digital technology, cybersecurity has emerged as a more prominent field of research and application that typically focuses on securing devices, networks, systems, data and other resources from various cyber‐attacks, threats, risks, damages, or unauthorized access. Artificial intelligence (AI), also referred to as a crucial technology of the current Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0 or 4IR), could be the key to intelligently dealing with these cyber issues. Various forms of AI methodologies, such as analytical, functional, interactive, textual as well as visual AI can be employed to get the desired cyber solutions according to their computational capabilities. However, the dynamic nature and complexity of real‐world situations and data gathered from various cyber sources make it challenging nowadays to build an effective AI‐based security model. Moreover, defending robustly against adversarial attacks is still an open question in the area. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view on “Cybersecurity Intelligence and Robustness,” emphasizing multi‐aspects AI‐based modeling and adversarial learning that could lead to addressing diverse issues in various cyber applications areas such as detecting malware or intrusions, zero‐day attacks, phishing, data breach, cyberbullying and other cybercrimes. Thus the eventual security modeling process could be automated, intelligent, and robust compared to traditional security systems. We also emphasize and draw attention to the future aspects of cybersecurity intelligence and robustness along with the research direction within the context of our study. Overall, our goal is not only to explore AI‐based modeling and pertinent methodologies but also to focus on the resulting model's applicability for securing our digital systems and society.
Crystallization of Coccolith Calcite at Different Life‐Cycle Phases Exhibits Distinct Degrees of Cellular Confinement
Authors: Ben-Joseph Oz , de Haan Diede , Rechav Katya , Shimoni Eyal , Levin-Zaidman Smadar , Langer Gerald , Probert Ian , Wheeler Glen L. , Gal Assaf
Published: January 2023

Coccolithophores are a group of unicellular marine algae that shape global geochemical cycles via the production of calcium carbonate crystals. Interestingly, different life‐cycle phases of the same coccolithophore species produce very different calcitic scales, called coccoliths. In the widely studied diploid phase, the crystals have anisotropic and complex morphologies, while haploid cells produce coccoliths consisting solely of calcite crystals with simple rhombohedral morphology. Understanding how these two life‐cycle phases control crystallization is a highly sought‐after goal, yet, haploid phase crystallization has rarely been studied, and the process by which they form is unknown. Herein, advanced electron microscopy is employed to elucidate the cellular architecture of the calcification process in haploid cells. The results show that in contrast to diploid‐phase calcification, the coccolith‐forming vesicle of haploid‐phase cells is voluminous. In this solution‐like environment, the crystals nucleate and grow asynchronously in a process that resembles calcite growth in bulk solution, leading to the simple morphologies of the crystals. The two distinct mineralization regimes of coccolithophore life‐cycle phases suggest that cellular architecture, and specifically confinement of the crystallization process, is a pivotal determinant of biomineral morphology and assembly.
Visible‐Light‐Active Coumarin‐ and Quinolinone‐Based Photocatalysts and Their Applications in Chemical Transformations
Authors: Kim Myojeong , Hong Seonghyeok , Jeong Jinwook , Hong Sungwoo
Published: January 2023

Organic dyes have been actively studied as useful photocatalysts because they allow access to versatile structural flexibility and green synthetic applications. The identification of a new class of robust organic chromophores is, therefore, in high demand to increase structural diversity and variability. Although coumarins and quinolinones have long been acknowledged as organic chromophores, their ability to participate in photoinduced transformations is somewhat less familiar. Fascinated by their chromophoric features and adaptable platform, our group is interested in the identification of fluorescent bioactive molecules and in the development of new photoinduced synthetic methods using coumarins and quinolinones as photocatalysts. This account provides an overview of our recent progress in the discovery and application of light‐absorbing coumarin and quinolinone derivatives in photochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
Eucalyptol antagonized the apoptosis and immune dysfunction of grass carp hepatocytes induced by tetrabromobisphenol A by regulating ROS/ASK1/JNK pathway
Authors: Sun Wenying , Liu Huanyi , Zhu Huijun , Gao Meichen , Xu Shiwen
Published: January 2023

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a common environmental pollutant which has multi‐organ toxicity to mammals. Eucalyptol (EUC) has super antioxidant biological activity. However, in this experimental study, we probed into the mechanism of toxic of TBBPA exposure on Grass carp hepatocytes (L8824 cells) and the antagonistic impact of EUC on TBBPA. We treated L8824 cells with 8 μg/ml TBBPA and/or 20 μM EUC for 24 h in this test research. The experiment results suggested that TBBPA exposure induced elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), led to oxidative stress, decreased SOD and CAT activities, decreased GSH and T‐AOC contents, exacerbated MDA accumulation, activated ASK1/JNK signaling pathway, and further increased the contents of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis pathway related indicators (Cyt‐C, Bax, Caspase 9, Caspase 3), while Bcl‐2 expression decreased. In addition, TBBPA exposure induced increased expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and decreased expression of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, Hepcidin, β‐defensin, LEAP2. The oxidative stress level, ASK1/JNK signal pathway expression level, apoptosis ratio and cellular immune function of cells exposed to EUC alone did not change significantly. Combined exposure of TBBPA and EUC significantly reduced the proportion of apoptosis and restored cellular immune function. Therefore, these results suggest that EUC can effectively antagonize TBBPA‐induced apoptosis and immune dysfunction of L8824 cells by regulating ROS/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway.
The Migdal effect in semiconductors for dark matter with masses below ∼ 100 MeV
Authors: Berghaus Kim V. , Esposito Angelo , Essig Rouven , Sholapurkar Mukul
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Dark matter scattering off a nucleus has a small probability of inducing an observable ionization through the inelastic excitation of an electron, called the Migdal effect. We use an effective field theory to extend the computation of the Migdal effect in semiconductors to regions of small momentum transfer to the nucleus, where the final state of the nucleus is no longer well described by a plane wave. Our analytical result can be fully quantified by the measurable dynamic structure factor of the semiconductor, which accounts for the vibrational degrees of freedom (phonons) in a crystal. We show that, due to the sum rules obeyed by the structure factor, the inclusive Migdal rate and the shape of the electron recoil spectrum is well captured by approximating the nuclei in the crystal as free ions; however, the exclusive differential rate with respect to energy depositions to the crystal depends on the phonon dynamics encoded in the dynamic structure function of the specific material. Our results now allow the Migdal effect in semiconductors to be evaluated even for the lightest dark matter candidates (mχ ≳ 1 MeV) that can kinematically excite electrons.
Microstates of a 2d Black Hole in string theory
Authors: Betzios Panos , Papadoulaki Olga
Published: January 2023

Abstract

We analyse models of Matrix Quantum Mechanics in the double scaling limit that contain non-singlet states. The finite temperature partition function of such systems contains non-trivial winding modes (vortices) and is expressed in terms of a group theoretic sum over representations. We then focus in the case when the first winding mode is dominant (model of Kazakov-Kostov-Kutasov). In the limit of large representations (continuous Young diagrams), and depending on the values of the parameters of the model such as the compactification radius and the string coupling, the dual geometric background corresponds to that of a long string (winding mode) condensate or a 2d (non-supersymmetric) Black Hole. In the matrix model we can tune these parameters and explore various phases and regimes. Our construction allows us to identify the origin of the microstates of these backgrounds, arising from non trivial representations, and paves the way for computing various observables on them.
Nonlinear electrodynamics without birefringence
Authors: Russo Jorge G. , Townsend Paul K.
Published: January 2023

Abstract

All solutions of the no-birefringence conditions for nonlinear electrodynamics are found. In addition to the known Born-Infeld and Plebanski cases, we find a “reverse Born-Infeld” case, which has a limit to Plebanski, and an “extreme-Born-Infeld” case, which arises as a Lagrangian constraint. Only Born-Infeld has a weak-field limit, and only Born-Infeld and extreme-Born-Infeld avoid superluminal propagation in constant electromagnetic backgrounds, but all cases have a conformal strong-field limit that coincides with the strong-field limit of Born-Infeld found by Bialynicki-Birula.
Prediction of electrical resistance of laser-welded copper pin-pairs with surface topographical information from inline post-process observation by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Will Thomas , Müller Johannes , Müller Ricus , Hölbling Claudio , Goth Christian , Schmidt Michael
Published: January 2023

Laser welding of copper hairpins is required to produce a conductive connection in electric stators. Past manufacturing processes introduce misalignments that lead to poor weld connections with increased electrical resistance. In this work, we discuss correlations between the electrical resistance of the weld connection and possible misalignment types. Misalignments lead to a deformed surface topography of the weld. We correlate inline measurements of the weld topography by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with misalignment types and hence erroneous weld connections. We identify a connection between surface topographical weld features with the electrical resistance of the weld. As a result, a quantified separation of process results is possible with a surface topographical feature of the hairpins that allows for concluding the electrical resistance of the pin-pair connection. Correlation coefficient is identified as the most relevant feature indicating a linear trend in the height profile. Reference measurements with a symmetrical weld pearl show a correlation coefficient of around 0, whereas misalignments with a skewed surface topography show increased absolute correlation coefficient values up to 0.75. The identified correlation between the electrical resistance and different misalignment types can be depicted with the correlation coefficient for the given boundary conditions. Defective weld results with electrical resistances above 6 µΩ can be identified with feature values above 0.5, whereas reference welds with an electrical resistance below 5 µΩ can be identified with an absolute correlation coefficient below 0.2.
Batch correction methods for nontarget chemical analysis data: application to a municipal wastewater collection system
Authors: Hattaway Madison E. , Black Gabrielle P. , Young Thomas M.
Published: January 2023

Nontarget chemical analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry has increasingly been used to discern spatial patterns and temporal trends in anthropogenic chemical abundance in natural and engineered systems. A critical experimental design consideration in such applications, especially those monitoring complex matrices over long time periods, is a choice between analyzing samples in multiple batches as they are collected, or in one batch after all samples have been processed. While datasets acquired in multiple analytical batches can include the effects of instrumental variability over time, datasets acquired in a single batch risk compound degradation during sample storage. To assess the influence of batch effects on the analysis and interpretation of nontarget data, this study examined a set of 56 samples collected from a municipal wastewater system over 7 months. Each month’s samples included 6 from sites within the collection system, one combined influent, and one treated effluent sample. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode in multiple batches as the samples were collected and in a single batch at the conclusion of the study. Data were aligned and normalized using internal standard scaling and ComBat, an empirical Bayes method developed for estimating and removing batch effects in microarrays. As judged by multiple lines of evidence, including comparing principal variance component analysis between single and multi-batch datasets and through patterns in principal components and hierarchical clustering analyses, ComBat appeared to significantly reduce the influence of batch effects. For this reason, we recommend the use of more, small batches with an appropriate batch correction step rather than acquisition in one large batch.

Graphical abstract
Decision times in orthographic processing: a cross-linguistic study
Authors: Mauti Marika , Marinelli Chiara Valeria , O’Connor Richard J. , Zoccolotti Pierluigi , Martelli Marialuisa
Published: January 2023

Reading comparisons across transparent and opaque orthographies indicate critical differences that may reveal the mechanisms involved in orthographic decoding across orthographies. Here, we address the role of criterion and speed of processing in accounting for performance differences across languages. We used binary tasks involving orthographic (words–pseudowords), and non-orthographic materials (female–male faces), and analyzed results based on Ratcliff’s Diffusion model. In the first study, 29 English and 28 Italian university students were given a lexical decision test. English observers made more errors than Italian observers while showing generally similar reaction times. In terms of the diffusion model, the two groups differed in the decision criterion: English observers used a lower criterion. There was no overall cross-linguistic difference in processing speed, but English observers showed lower values for words (and a smaller lexicality effect) than Italians. In the second study, participants were given a face gender judgment test. Female faces were identified slower than the male ones with no language group differences. In terms of the diffusion model, there was no difference between groups in drift rate and boundary separation. Overall, the new main finding concerns a difference in decision criterion limited to the orthographic task: English individuals showed a more lenient criterion in judging the lexicality of the items, a tendency that may explain why, despite lower accuracy, they were not slower. It is concluded that binary tasks (and the Diffusion model) can reveal cross-linguistic differences in orthographic processing which would otherwise be difficult to detect in standard single-word reading tasks.
Design, development and validation of a questionnaire to assess dentists’ knowledge and experience in diagnosing, recording, and managing root caries
Authors: Niemeyer Samira Helena , Maniewicz Sabrina , Campus Guglielmo , Tennert Christian , Yilmaz Burak , Zekeridou Alkisti , Roccuzzo Andrea , Esteves-Oliveira Marcella , Carvalho Thiago S. , Wierichs Richard Johannes
Published: January 2023

Objectives

The prevalence of root caries is increasing globally, especially in the elderly population, and even though the number of patients with root caries lesions is augmenting, there are still many discrepancies in how dentists manage this condition. The present study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate how dentists diagnose, record and manage root caries lesions, and to verify the validity and reliability of this questionnaire.

Materials and methods

An expert panel developed a self-administered questionnaire survey with three domains: (1) dentists’ knowledge on diagnosis, recording, and managing root caries; (2) information about their current general clinical routines; (3) their demographics. The original English [E] version was translated into three different languages (French [F], German [G], Italian [I]), and subsequently back-translated into English by independent dentists. For the validation, 82 dentists (20–22 for each of the translated versions) accepted to answer the questionnaire at two different time-points (with 1-week interval). The data was quality checked. Construct validity, internal reliability, and intra-class correlation (ICC) were assessed.

Results

Seventy-seven dentists completed the questionnaire twice [E: 17; F: 19; G: 19; I: 22]. The mean ICC (standard deviation) was 0.98(0.03) for E, 0.90(0.12) for F, 0.98 (0.04) for G, and 0.98 (0.01) for I. Overall, the test–retest reliability was excellent (mean ICC (SD): 0.96 (0.08)). Furthermore, the questionnaire demonstrated good internal reliability (inter-observer reliability; Fleiss kappa: overall:0.27(fair); E:0.30 (fair); F: 0.33(fair); G: 0.33(fair); I: 0.89 (almost perfect)).

Conclusion

The questionnaire was validated and is suitable to be used in the four languages to assess the knowledge of dentists on diagnosing, recording and managing root caries.

Clinical significance

The present questionnaire was validated and seems to be a good tool to evaluate how dentists diagnose, record, and manage root caries lesions both in its original (English) and its translated (French, German, and Italian) versions.
User experiences of medical students with 360-degree virtual reality applications to prepare them for the clerkships
Authors: Pieterse Arianne D. , Hierck Beerend P. , de Jong Peter G. M. , Ginn Thomas F. , Hamoen Esther C. , Reinders Marlies E. J.
Published: January 2023

For medical students, the transition from the preclinical to the clinical phase of their curriculum (clerkships) can result in increased levels of stress and anxiety. This is partly caused by low self-perception of preparedness. By using 360° video-based virtual reality it is possible to provide learners virtual access to clinical situations ahead of time. This technique can provide active and contextual user experiences and offers opportunities to demonstrate both behavioral skills and subject knowledge. We developed two 360° video-based virtual reality applications for medical students transitioning to the clerkships. In this study, we describe the development and evaluated the user experiences. Two virtual reality applications were developed for use in a small group learning session. One of the applications is an interactive virtual tour of a hospital ward, in which learners explore the Internal Medicine ward and learn about the roles of different health care professionals and their mutual interactions. In each room, the learners listen to a voice-over and look at hotspots to gather additional information. The other application has been developed to train students in observing (un)professional behavior of healthcare providers in their daily activities. An evaluation was performed by an anonymous explorative questionnaire with open and closed questions (Likert scales) regarding the user experience and cybersickness symptoms. In our study, 171 students used the applications and completed the questionnaire. For 63% of the respondents, this was their first experience with a virtual reality headset. Qualitative analysis showed that students evaluated the learning method as realistic, informative and enjoyable. Most students evaluated virtual reality as a good (59%) or excellent (26%) tool for learning. Forty-five percent of the students experienced physical discomfort, such as nausea, dizziness, headache and disorientation. In most cases, these complaints were mild, although a small number experienced severe nausea (n = 6) or severe headache (n = 2). Students suggested several areas of improvement including increase of display resolution and decrease of ambient noise causing distraction. 360° video-based virtual reality can successfully be implemented in the medical curriculum to create a realistic learning experience to prepare students for the clerkships.
The vegetation cover dynamics and potential drivers of habitat change over 30 years in the Free State National Botanical Garden, South Africa
Authors: Vukeya Loyd Rodney , Mokotjomela Thabiso Michael , Malebo Ntsoaki Joyce , Smith David Alan Ehlers , Oke Saheed
Published: January 2023

As a conservation strategy, the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) establishes biodiversity gardens in areas with unique vegetation types that are vulnerable to extinction. The study aimed to (1) determine the vegetation cover dynamics of the Free State National Botanical Garden (FSNBG) over a 30-year period (1987–2017), focusing on different vegetation classes; (2) evaluate the ecological integrity of the Critical Biodiversity Area 1 (CBA1) vegetation using species abundance and vegetation cover; and (3) quantify potential conservation threats that may be drivers of vegetation cover changes. The “moderate vegetation cover” and “dense vegetation cover” had increased by 25.1 ha and 8.6 ha respectively in the FSNBG. Woody vegetation cover expanded significantly over the past 30-year period, suggesting “bush” encroachment. Shannon–Wiener diversity indices showed high overall plant species diversity of CBA1 vegetation type (H = 3.5), with the vegetation cover remaining high (79.6 ± 15.9%), 50 plant species no longer existing, suggesting reduced taxonomic richness. Major conservation threats included the presence of 27 alien and invasive plant species interspersed within different vegetation patches and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation in the past 19 years (i.e. covering ~ 18% of the buffer zone). We conclude that increased vegetation cover is associated with bush encroachment and we recommend interventions to reduce the population density of woody plants and establish permanent vegetation monitoring plots.
The uropygial gland of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo): I. Morphology
Authors: Stangier Nadine , Sandhöfer Sandra , Mosig Axel , Distler Claudia
Published: January 2023

To further our knowledge of the basis of the wing-spreading behavior of cormorants, we compared the feathers of cormorants with a diving and a dabbling duck. Only the cormorant shows the division into a closed vane next to the rhachis and an open vane in the periphery of the feather. Macroscopically, the uropygial gland of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) is bilobed, the papilla wears circlet feathers of type I. Histologically, the uropygial gland of the cormorant consists of tightly packed glandular tubules separated by internal septa. These tubules can be divided into three zones based on their laminar appearance. They transition into secretion-filled ducts that lead to the papilla. There is no central storage chamber. By contrast, the uropygial gland of the rock pigeon (Columba livia) contains a large central storage chamber, the glandular tissue is limited to the periphery of the gland. Thus, the histological organization of the cormorant uropygial gland is similar to many other aquatic birds. To elucidate the complex internal structure, we additionally reconstructed the uropygial gland three-dimensionally.
Endothelial cells require functional FLVCR1a during developmental and adult angiogenesis
Authors: Petrillo Sara , De Giorgio F. , Bertino F. , Garello F. , Bitonto V. , Longo D. L. , Mercurio S. , Ammirata G. , Allocco A. L. , Fiorito V. , Chiabrando D. , Altruda F. , Terreno E. , Provero P. , Munaron L. , Genova T. , Nóvoa A. , Carlos A. R. , Cardoso S. , Mallo M. , Soares M. P. , Tolosano E.
Published: January 2023

The Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) is a transmembrane heme exporter essential for embryonic vascular development. However, the exact role of FLVCR1a during blood vessel development remains largely undefined. Here, we show that FLVCR1a is highly expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs) compared to quiescent ECs. Consistently, ECs lacking FLVCR1a give rise to structurally and functionally abnormal vascular networks in multiple models of developmental and pathologic angiogenesis. Firstly, zebrafish embryos without FLVCR1a displayed defective intersegmental vessels formation. Furthermore, endothelial-specific Flvcr1a targeting in mice led to a reduced radial expansion of the retinal vasculature associated to decreased EC proliferation. Moreover, Flvcr1a null retinas showed defective vascular organization and loose attachment of pericytes. Finally, adult neo-angiogenesis is severely affected in murine models of tumor angiogenesis. Tumor blood vessels lacking Flvcr1a were disorganized and dysfunctional. Collectively, our results demonstrate the critical role of FLVCR1a as a regulator of developmental and pathological angiogenesis identifying FLVCR1a as a potential therapeutic target in human diseases characterized by aberrant neovascularization.
Twitter-Based Social Accountability Callouts
Authors: Neu Dean , Saxton Gregory D.
Published: January 2023

The ICIJ’s release of thePanama Papersin 2016 opened up a wealth of previously private financial information on the tax avoidance, tax evasion, and wealth concealment activities of politicians, government officials, and their allies. Drawing upon prior accountability and ethics focused research, we utilize a dataset of almost 28 M tweets sent between 2016 and early 2020 to consider the microdetails and overall trajectory of this particular social accountability conversation. The study shows how the publication of previously private financial information triggered a Twitter-based social accountability conversation. It also illustrates how social accountability utterances are intra-textually constructed by the inclusion of social characters, the personal pronoun ‘we,’ and the use of deontic responsibility verbs. Finally, the study highlights how the tweets from this group of participants changed over the longer-term but continued to focus on social accountability topics. The provided analysis contributes to our understanding of social accountability, including how the release of previously private accounting-based financial information can trigger a grassroots social accountability conversation.
Maximizing QRS duration reduction in contemporary cardiac resynchronization therapy is feasible and shorter QRS duration is associated with better clinical outcome
Authors: Borgquist Rasmus , Marinko Sofia , Platonov Pyotr G , Wang Lingwei , Chaudhry Uzma , Brandt Johan , Mörtsell David
Published: January 2023

Background

We aimed to evaluate if optimization by maximizing QRS duration (QRSd) reduction is feasible in an all-comer cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) population, and if reduced, QRSd is associated with a better clinical outcome.

Methods

Patients with LBBB receiving CRT implants during the period 2015–2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Implants from 2015–2017 were designated as controls. Starting from 2018, an active 12-lead electrogram-based optimization of QRSd reduction was implemented (intervention group). QRSd reduction was evaluated in a structured way at various device AV and VV settings, aiming to maximize the reduction. The primary endpoint was a composite of heart failure hospitalization or death from any cause.

Results

A total of 254 patients were followed for up to 6 years (median 2.9 [1.8–4.1]), during which 82 patients (32%) reached the primary endpoint; 53 deaths (21%) and 58 (23%) heart failure hospitalizations. Median QRS duration pre-implant was 162 ms [150–174] and post-implant 146ms [132–160]. Mean reduction in QRS duration was progressively larger for each year during the intervention period, ranging from − 9.5ms in the control group to − 24 in the year 2020 (p = 0.005). QRS reduction > 14 ms (median value) was associated with a lower risk of death or heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR 0.54 [0.29–0.98] (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Implementing a general strategy of CRT device optimization by aiming for shorter QRS duration is feasible in a structured clinical setting and results in larger reductions in QRS duration post-implant. In patients with a larger QRS reduction, compared to those with a smaller QRS reduction, there is an association with a better clinical outcome.

Graphical Abstract