bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investments and outlooks for titanium dioxide
Authors: Lombardo Filippo
Published: February 2008

The rapid examination that forms the subject of this report, looks at the prospects for titanium dioxide production and its market. The report therefore consists of a part dedicated to an analysis of the market for the viewpoint of applications and of prices in the various geographical regions, that is, to an analysis of historical factors, and a part concerned with an analysis of the economic factors linked to production.
Polycarbonate modified alkyds
Authors: Vinaik J.K. , Chandra S. , Vasishtha A.K.
Published: February 2008

Polycarbonate was incorporated in castor oil and nigerseed oil alkyds of various oil lengths. Compatibility of polycarbonate with these alkyds was investigated. It was found that only a small amount (4 to 10%) of polycarbonate could successfully be blended with these alkyds. Film properties of these blends were examined and compared with those of amino alkyd blends, in order to determine the usefulness of the polycarbonate alkyd blends. It was observed that polycarbonate modified alkyds, even with a small amount of polycarbonate were superior in film properties as compared to amino modified alkyds, especially with respect to chemicals and physical properties.
Water reducible industrial coatings
Authors: Engelhardt R.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper details the use of isophthalic acid and trimellitic anhydride for the design and production of water reducible alkyd coatings. The performance of these systems is equal to or better than conventional solvent based systems. The use of special processing, compounding or application equipment is not required for the production of these coatings, however, the raw materials must be carefully selected to ensure optimum performance. Both water reducible alkyds and water reducible acrylated alkyds for air drying and force cured applications will be discussed. Coatings manufacturers in the United States have commercialized these systems for applications varying from air dry implement enamels to interior can coatings.
Aromatic solvents—headache or opportunity?
Authors: Pollecoff B.B.
Published: February 2008

I want to draw urgent attention to some fundamental changes in supply and demand for aromatic solvents. Oil based paint formulations must be reviewed both because supply dislocations are inevitable and to take advantage of changing price relationships. The need for vigilance in following the supply and cost of aromatic solvents has been obvious ever since 1973. Changes in both the crude oil situation and in motor spirit requirements will cause fresh problems.
Does correlation exist between accelerated and conventional outdoor exposures ?
Authors: Scott J.
Published: February 2008

Long before he realized the importance of his discovery man was using coatings to tell a story or make his surroundings more attractive. Weatherability wasn't important as coatings primarily were used indoors for decorative purposes and natural building materials such as stone and wood were used in construction. As technology advanced and simpler, less expensive building materials and techniques were developed, so advanced the coating industry. The complexity of modern man evolved at a staggering pace and resulted in his demands for a rainbow of durable colours for use in a variety of material applications. I have not been able to determine from existing literature just when the first coatings were intentionally tested for weatherability, however, a study published in 1951 was entitled “50 Years of Paint Testing”. Because of the need for independent laboratory test results commercial test facilities such as South Florida Test Services in Miami and DSET Laboratories, Inc. of Phoenix, Arizona, emerged to fill the requirements.
The pumping and metering of solvents
Authors: Pearson A.W.
Published: February 2008

In general in the UK, solvents are stored in tanks above or below ground and it is to this arrangement that this article refers. Companies purchasing solvent in drums may employ hand operated pumps with simple rotation counting, i.e. metering, devices, or more commonly, simply fill small containers by gravity for transportation of the solvent to the point of use.
Flocculation — which factors influence it? — Part I
Authors: Kaluza U.
Published: February 2008

“Flocculation” is a generally unloved characteristic of pigmented systems. The question in the title, however, presumes that one knows what flocculation is. But if one asks various competent people: “What is flocculation?”, then one receives not only similar replies, but frequently also different descriptions and definitions with which the persons asked generally characterise their specific problem‐areas. This situation shows that flocculation is an expression with various meanings describing both causes and effects in differing forms. This fact, however, involves various risks and indeed difficulties in communication.
Developments in coating thickness measurement instrumentation
Authors: Latter T.D.T.
Published: February 2008

Since the 1974 oil crisis and the subsequent escalation of organic finishing materials, there has been a considerable change in the attitude towards investment in measurement/control instrumentation. From the supplier of coated products point of view there is the realisation that the investment is more quickly recovered, with the bonus of a better and more reproducible product which is easily cost controlled. The purchaser of coated products can now be confident that he/she is receiving the product which has been paid for by the receipt of a hard copy record of the results and results evaluation.
Flocculation — which factors influence it? — Part 3
Authors: Kaluza U.
Published: February 2008

3.2.5 Proportion of functional groups in the binder From fig. 14 we can see how the proportion of carboxyl groups in an acrylate resin at otherwise constant conditions can influence the rub‐out effect in two different polar coloured pigments.
Automatic production in the paint industry
Authors: English R.W.
Published: February 2008

The paint industry, like many others, has been faced for some time with mounting pressures from many quarters which make the goal of automatic, or semi‐automatic, production appear to be highly desirable.
Flocculation — which factors influence it?—Part 4
Authors: Kaluza U.
Published: February 2008

After considering the most important variables on which various forms of colloidal instability can depend, some important principal aspects of this phenomenon should be discussed.
Standardisation of resin plant
Authors: Thomas LE.
Published: February 2008

For many years Hygrotherm Engineering Ltd has been designing and building resin plants for installation worldwide. They have covered a wide range of products and operating conditions.
Blends of polybisphenol phthalate and alkyds
Authors: Chandra Sushil , Kiran Batra (Miss)
Published: February 2008

Polybisphenol phthalate was synthesized by the melt poly condensation process and its physical and spectral data were determined. It was blended in different proportion with linseed alkyds of various oil length. Film properties of these blends were studied and were compared with those of plain linseed alkyds. It was observed that chemical properties of the blends, containing 10 and 25 per cent polybisphenol phthalate were superior to those of the plain alkyds and the blends containing 50 per cent polybisphenol phthalate. The mechanical properties such as scratch hardness of the polybisphenol phthalate alkyd blends were inferior to those of the plain linseed alkyds.
The effects of titanium dioxide types, resins and additives for optimising universal tinter acceptance
Authors: Siddle G.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper covers some of the work undertaken in our Product Applications Laboratories over a period of several years in connection with universal tinter acceptance into alkyd gloss paints. Our work has covered a very wide range in the past ten years and we have developed some guiding principles to improve tinter acceptance. Purists could argue that the term ‘universal tinter’ is a misnomer and I would accept that argument. However, the term has a general acceptance, within the paint industry, to mean a range of strength controlled coloured tinters intended for decorative/architectural paints such as gloss, semi‐gloss, flat systems based on both alkyd and emulsion polymer resins. The tinting of strength controlled base paints with these universal tinters is done at point of sale, to produce commercially acceptable colour matches to a large number of colours offered, say 1,000 or more.
Misting of printing inks. Part 3: A laboratory test based on vacuum collection
Authors: Lavelle J.S. , Fetsko J.M.
Published: February 2008

Ink mist consists of airborne droplets of ink ejected from the nip of press distribution systems and other rotating rolls as a result of the ink film splitting process. To help the printing ink industry deal with the problem, the National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, through the NAPIM Technical Institute, inaugurated a project on misting at Lehigh University. The objective of this project was to develop a reliable laboratory test to rate the misting tendencies of printing inks.
Laboratory preparation, modification and evaluation of inhibitive barium metaborate pigments
Authors: Abou‐Khalil M.A. , El‐Saawy S.M. , Ghanem N.A.
Published: February 2008

Different methods have been carried out to prepare barium metaborate pigments and to find out the suitable method of preparation taking into account ease of industrial application and the yield of the product. The properties of the prepared pigments were tested and compared with those of the commercial pigment. The solubility of the prepared pigment was found to be high and needed to be decreased. Many different methods of treatment were used and six grades of barium metaborate pigment were obtained. It was found that the addition of silicate to the prepared pigments has decreased their solubilities.
Quality control in electrically insulating resin systems
Authors: Shuttleworth R.
Published: February 2008

This paper was first given at a seminar in London on 12th May, 1981 on techniques using electrically insulating resins. It was organised by Liquid Control Ltd. and Emerson & Cuming (UK) Ltd. and was chaired by Peter Kershaw of Shell Chemical Ltd. The papers from Liquid Control executives dealt with equipment used and application practice.
CAB in automotive refinishing
Authors: Foulk R.
Published: February 2008

Although the original finish market is quite large, the automotive refinish market is substantially larger in dollar volume, comprising a wide variety of products for automotive refinishing needs. Some of the major products for the refinish market include: 1. primer‐surfacers, 2. synthetic primers, 3. acrylic lacquers, 4. cellulose nitrate lacquers, 5. alkyd enamels, 6. acrylic enamels, 7. sealers, 8. urethane enamels, and 9. speciality products.
Pigmentation of security inks: Part 2
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

The term “custom formulated printing inks” applies most aptly to electro‐conductive inks. They have been formulated to print on paper, cardboard, plastic, glass and ceramic surfaces: using silk screen, letterpress, flexo, gravure, dry offset, and lithographic printing processes; to give ink films with low or high electrical resistance that withstand soldering and plating and that give high abrasion resistance.
The Paint Industries Show, Washington
Authors: Harris S.T.
Published: February 2008

The 47th Paint Industries Show held at the Sheraton‐Washington Hotel on November 3–5, attracted 169 exhibitors. Innovation and the need to achieve compliance with EPA regulations, were the main themes of the exhibition which was visited by more than 5,000 delegates to the annual meeting of FSCT. This report is confined to new products and processes, for there were many interesting items amongst the razzamatazz of the Paint Show.
Carbon black: the problem pigment
Authors: Daniel F.
Published: February 2008

No other pigment poses as many problems for the user as carbon black (C.B.). These problems are related to the exceptionally small particle size and the complex adsorption layers on its external and internal surfaces. C.B.'s range in size from 70 milli‐microns down to 10 millimicrons.
UV overprint varnishes
Authors: Marsh R.J.
Published: February 2008

UV curing is a subject that has evoked considerable discussion over the years and the pros and cons have been well aired. The technique is not for everyone, but many printers have recognised the benefits and made significant investments. As a result, UV is no longer looked upon as new technology but has become accepted as part of the printing industry. The use of UV overprint varnishes is a particular sector of the market that has enjoyed a steady growth of interest.
Paint it again, Sam!
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

I have just finished reading a two‐volume tome: The Correlates of War which is a complex application of philosophy, metaphysics and mathematics, put together in an effort to define the causes of man's greatest sin. It has been like trying to hold gin in a bottomless bucket—a futile exercise of hundreds of graphs, statistical tabulations, mathematical formulae with touches of moral philosophy, trotted out in an effort to explain why we love to throw at one another. Futile, because in the end the author admits man has an instinct for such conduct.
Parameters to be considered when selecting encapsulating resins
Authors: Weston E.
Published: February 2008

A stable pourable liquid which, when mixed with another liquid will, after a suitable period of time at room temperature, form a solid substance. This solid substance will withstand from −0° Centigrade up to and beyond the boiling point of water, without softening. It has electrical insulation values equal to or greater than many other common materials. It has high physical strength, very good moisture resistance. Specific gravity not much greater than water and is clear enough to see through. This ideal material for electrical use is epoxy resin. Anyone hearing this for the first time could not fail to be impressed but, as one would expect, there are some snags.
Silicone paints and compounds
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Silicone in the form of a base for compounds and paints is increasingly being used in the marine industry as a bedding for deck fixtures, sealing instruments, galley fittings and as a general protective coating.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry
Authors: Boon Hannah
Published: February 2008

The long peace was coming to an end; all the ingredients were present: an arms race, international mistrust; frivolous brinkmanship and the determination of Germans to engage in foreign conquest — both in the shade and in the sun. Mainland European capitals buzzed twenty‐four hours a day and swords were being sharpened; in sleepy Aldershot, as the beautiful summer of 1914 reached its blazing zenith, George V drank Louis Roederer Crystal Brut and shot pigeons with officers and gentlemen.
Crown's view of industrial finishing technology
Authors: Asher JMB
Published: February 2008

Crown's parent is of course part of Reed International, itself an industrial as well as consumer‐orientated company. And Crown ‘mirrors’ Reed. It has an industrial arm which is equally vigorous and just as successful in its own markets as Crown's retail arm is in the consumer market. We have been closely identified with many outstanding developments in industrial finishing technology over the years. For instance, in print finishing, the lamination of oriented polypropylene film to board is made possible by adhesives first developed and marketed by Crown which are now the standards by which all other film‐to‐board laminating adhesives are measured. Or take coil coating, the art of prefinishing metal. Crown is a founder member of the European Coil Coating Association and probably supplies more coatings to this industry than any other UK paint supplier. So we are old hands at industrial finishing — and at supplying ‘state‐of‐the‐art’ high technology finishes.
If you don't make it, it's not yours
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Karl Marx was closely associated with bleak determination and an utter cynicism in regard to human nature. He also told us history is subject to the inexorable control of economic forces which move all human societies along the road to socialism. Further, when this beautiful state had been achieved, the means of production would be in new hands … He has thankfully been proven wrong (so far) in the first instance but could he be right in regard to the second?
The application of instrumental colour management to the manufacture of powder coatings
Authors: SM Drew (Dr)
Published: February 2008

The rapid growth of the powder coatings industry over the past ten years has brought with it dramatic changes in the technology of the manufacturing process and in the products themselves. Powder coatings have become recognised as a high performance and cost‐effective alternative to conventional wet paint systems. The increasing numbers of discerning end users who have adopted powder as a finishing process have demanded demonstrable improvements in product quality and performance over their existing finishing systems. This has lent additional impetus to the drive for better products and has accelerated the pace of technological change within the industry. Pressure on powder manufacturers has resulted in increasingly tighter requirements for consistency of product quality and none more so than in control of the colour of the powder coating, especially for demanding applications such as architectural and domestic appliance coatings.
Paint — now is the best of times
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

King Farouk ate 600 oysters a week and his grandfather, Khedive Ismail died in 1895 whilst attempting to down a magnum of champagne in one draught. Just the other day it was discovered Imelda Marcos left 2,700 pairs of shoes behind when she decamped with her equally well‐heeled husband. Such gluttony and waste help to make the world go round however much we despise the perpetrators and, although the Epistle to the Philippians is a fact of Christian joy, those who sell mulloway, fine wine, or tooled leather, prefer reading their sales ledger. It's all about disposable incomes which, however fragmented, coalesce to just one overall tangible figure up for grabs. How does the paintmaker currently fare in this time immemorial street fight?
The metallic soaps of napthenic acids — Part 5
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Copper naphthenate has been used in chemicals for cleaning oil heating systems, and it has been employed as a fuel oil additive, improving combustion and fluidity, decreasing soot formation and preventing corrosion. Along with lauryl and xylyl mercaptan the metallic soap has been used to gel fuels, and to remove hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans and disulphides from hydrocarbon gases and oils. The naphthenate has been used to stabilise sulphur compounds in crude oils, so that on distillation they do not form the above mercaptans, etc. Along with chromium naphthenate plus sodium 2‐ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate, the material has been employed to prevent sludge formation in diesel fuels. Oil products have been rapidly sweetened in their storage tanks by treatment with the naphthenate.
Starwars and the paint industry
Authors: Hammond Keith
Published: February 2008

July 1986 that august body, the Paintmakers Association, met to throw it about in delightful Torquay. It can be said at once they did not foozle but, can it be stated their machinations were of a profound nature? They spoke of teaching modules and moaned about competition from that traditional (and world renowned) centre of paint technology learning, the Polytechnic of the South Bank. They showed a video about young people replete with hackneyed phrases: ‘industry is a rat race; industry is a dirty boring factory.’ (What's new Mr Magoo?) They complimented themselves on their novella Blight. The titanium dioxide boys came up for their monthly dubbing. On a more interesting note Disraeli was resurrected: ‘Change is a constant’ and, perhaps most interesting of all, Mr Julian Oliver of ICI, spoke on effective government lobbying.
‘Aromatic Free’ solvent borne acrylic copolymer resins
Authors: Sandford R. , Gindre A.
Published: February 2008

For more than 30 years Goodyear has been a leader in solvent paint resin technology for the building sector, with the Pliolite range of resins. Today however, the paint industry is moving into a new era of social awareness of the environment. Goodyear, determined to maintain their lead by bringing new technology to the industry, is now in a position to announce the first of the new Plioway range of acrylic copolymer resins soluble in low odour, “aromatic free” solvents. The principal idea behind the development program of Plioway resins is to obtain for the first time solubility in non‐aggressive, low toxicity solvents while maintaining the very highest level of performance associated with solvent paint systems.
15 Years experience in powder coating manufacturing and practical application
Authors: Bodnar E. , Taylor Paul
Published: February 2008

More than two decades after their frist start the thermosetting powder coatings became in 1985 a technically viable product and a commercial success. Powder coatings are 100% dry paints that contain no solvents. They are generally applied to metal substrates by means of electrostatic spray equipment that provides each powder particle with a small electric charge, which in turn makes it stick to the substrate. The coated objects then go into a high temperature oven (usualy 150 to 200°C), where the powder coating melts and reacts chemically while sintering together to a continuous smooth finish of a thermoset film.
The metallic soaps of naphthenic acids — Part 8
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

The preparation of tin naphthenate has been described in a U.S. patent specification, the product being applicable to the increasing of adhesion between polyorganosiloxanes coatings hardenable at 25°C, and as a hardener for polyorganosiloxane elastomers, and in the manufacture of polysiloxane resin. It can also be used to colour stabilize aluminium salts of ethyl hexanoic acid when used as a paint drier, and as a catalyst for the polymerising of vinyl chloride. Copolymers of vinyl monomers and butadiene have been stabilized against ageing and discolouration by the use of stannous naphthenate along with di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐cresol, and the same product has stabilized rubbers against colour deterioration. The use of stannous naphthenate as a catalyst for silicone water‐repellants can lead to a decrease in the amount of siloxane needed to obtain a high degree of water repellancy by textiles. The naphthenate has been utilized in transformer oils to prevent sludge deposition. Tributyltin naphthenate is useable as a fungicide in silicone sealing compounds, plastics, and paints. Inhalation tests with vapours of tributyltin naphthenate have shown no acute inhalation risks.
Weather‐resistant powder coatings
Authors: Hoppe M.
Published: February 2008

The powder coatings based on carboxyl‐group‐containing polyesters and TGIC, notable for their outstanding resistance against atmospheric conditions, generally show less favourable flow properties than PUR or even epoxy and hybrid powder coatings. There is therefore an urgent need for polyester resins which in association with TGIC combine the outstanding weather resistance of this binding‐agent system with excellent flow properties.
Refinish Realpolitik
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

No calling, profession or trade is without molochs but we have never denied the UK paint industry generally contains a bevy of talent, much of which is formidable and high‐minded; a large proportion of this resides within the refinish sector, long nurtured as a result of historical interbreeding and traditional conservatism. Of course, in recent years UK prime companies and groupings within this once sceptred isle have been diluted (if we use the right word) with newcomers from mainland Europe and the New World. Newcomers, we might add, just as bright—and sometimes brighter—than the once ethnic majority. It is, as we write, strange but true only one refinish paint supplier is UK owned, the Germans, Dutch and Americans between them, dominating the market. Does such a state matter?
Beauty — for the use of
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Researching, developing, producing and selling anti‐corrosive pigments contributes in imperative fashion to the well‐being of our manufacturing base and, without arrogance we can record, value for money is axiomatic. Without the UK sophisticated technology of pigment (cum media) systems, the world would be a sadder place. But, though the world might be like the curate's egg — sad in places — overall, a great many of us experience much happiness as a direct result of creature comforts, suffused with colour and guarded against debilitating corrosion.
Varilux: UV‐cure speeds, elucidates processing of light‐control films
Authors: Luecking Frost Lerinda
Published: February 2008

A new technology for producing light‐control thin films has been developed by physicists at the GM Research Laboratories (GMR). This new class of films — the GMR version of which is known as Varilux — consists of submicron liquid crystal droplets dispersed in a polymer.
The colour matching of inks and translucent materials
Authors: Wall P.V.G.
Published: February 2008

The ink industry is as old as the written word. It touches our lives from the newspapers we read, the advertising we see, the carpet we walk on, the car fascia boards with which we are presented, the fluorescnet signs on shops and buildings, right through to the life saving messages on fire extinguishers. More recently inks have been used in the highest technology with circuit boards which really are “printed” circuits. Throughout the range of technology from the lowest and oldest to the highest and most modern, ink, the ink industry and printing plays a formidable part.
Antistatic/conductivity additives in paints and plastics
Authors: Davies B.
Published: February 2008

In the electrostatic spray technique, the atomised paint particles receive a high voltage in the “gun”. Subsequently, the paint particles are attracted to the earthed workpiece, resulting in highly efficient paint utilisation with good coverage of any awkward area (Figure 1).
Level controls: their types and applications
Authors: Cutts Digby
Published: February 2008

Level controls vary in sophistication from a simple tactile measuring device which can be lowered into a tank, counting the revolutions of the reel to measure the depth of controls which can detect substances such as ethanol, epoxy resin or barium nitrate.
Fire retardant alkyd resins based on chlorinated cyclic mono‐acetal and chlorindic anhydride
Authors: Abdel‐Mohsen Fawzia F. , Radwan Mohamed A.
Published: February 2008

Fire retardant alkyd resins modified with dehydrated caster oil were prepared directly without going though the alcoholysis step. The method is based upon dehydrating castor oil with trimellitic anhydride. The oil thus produced contains sufficient combined carboxyl groups capable of polyesterifications with triols and glycerol or chlorinated monocyclic acetal and glycerol, and the macro‐structure is completed by further reaction with PA or chlorendic anhydride to obtain flame retardant resins. Melamine formaldhyde resin have been used in combination with the previous alkyd resins to improve hardness and also fire retardancy.
Studies on the effect of titanium dioxide on durability — Part 2
Authors: Cutrone L. , Moulton D.V. , Simpson L.A.
Published: February 2008

It must be remembered that the exercise described in part 1 was carried out in a carbon arc weathering machine to provide a stable environment. Referring to Fig 7, which shows the absorption spectra of the resins used in this section, it can be seen that the acrylic resin only absorbs to any great extent in the UVB region, and if reference is made to Fig 3, where the spectra of carbon arc radiation and UK summer sunlight are compared, it is seen that the carbon arc is deficient in this area. The protective aspect of titanium dioxide will thus not operate in this weathering environment. If the same exercise was repeated in natural sunlight, then the pigmented paints would show an even greater protective tendency, since all resins absorb to a greater extent as wavelength decreases, but the extent of photocatalysis remains constant. In Fig 7, the two alkyd/MF systems have been represented by a single line because of their chemical similarity.
Cationic Polymers; An alternative in the formulation of Adhesives and Laquers
Authors: Bredenberg Bo
Published: February 2008

In recent years there has been a growing interest in cationic curing or polymerization. So far most of the work has been directed towards radiation curing, but there is a coming interest in heat cured cationic systems as well.
Evaluation and surface modification of the Egyptian clay of Kattamia
Authors: Ramadan A.M. , Abd El‐Hakim A.A. , Badran A.S.
Published: February 2008

A wide range of clays are presently available in Egypt. These clays are potentially economic substances as they contain minerals such as montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite. The x‐ray flourescence and the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were calculated for the clay sample under consideration. The modification of the clay surface was achieved by using two different organic substances such as stearic acid and poly (methacrylic acid) solutions. It was found that the modification process improved the pigmentary properties of this clay.
Speciality epoxy resins derived from heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Jain R.K. , Chandra S.
Published: February 2008

Epoxy resins are compounds which contain in their molecule more than one 1,2 epoxy group capable of undergoing polyreactions, referred to as curing reactions. The presence of epoxy groups may be either internal, terminal or on cyclic structures. Polyreactions take place at varying temperatures from low room temperature cure to high temperature cure systems upon addition of curing agents such as amines, amides or carboxylic acid anhydrides. The uncured resins which range from low viscosity liquids to high melting solids, soluble in organic solvents, become insoluble, infusible hard materials on curing due to crosslinked structure of the cured products.
Fourier analysis of the X‐ray diffraction patterns of epoxy and coal tar blended epoxy resins
Authors: Swamp S.
Published: February 2008

The X‐ray diffraction patterns of epoxy resins: four samples with different epoxide equivalents and coal‐tar blended epoxy resins: three samples with different epoxide equivalents were recorded using CuKa X‐ray radiation. These X‐ray diffraction patterns were indicating the amorphous nature of the resins. Their intensity curves were subjected to Fourier Analysis for the first time in order to get more information about the difference between epoxy and coal‐tar blended epoxy resins in terms of their internal structure such as particle size, percentage crystallanity and electron density fluctuations. Also, the effect of different epoxide equivalent on these physical parameters was interpreted successfully in epoxy as well as coal‐tar blended epoxy resins.
Air drying and glossy water soluble film formers
Authors: Ghanshyam  , Chandra S.
Published: February 2008

Water soluble vehicles based on unsaturated fatty acids and oils have been prepared which have gloss and are air‐drying. Resin blends have also been prepared to improve certain characteristics. Comparison of the prepared compositions regarding their evaluation as a paint vehicle has also been taken into consideration.
TABS an envrio‐friendly solvent
Authors: Webb John P.
Published: February 2008

To the surface coating chemist a solvent is a necessary tool in the creation of coatings which are insensitive to water to encourage good application properties, gloss, substrate adhesion etc.
Calcium stearate ‐ Part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Calcium stearate has been applied to the production of gels with paraffin oil for use in cosmetic formulations (7554), and it can be employed to improve the processing and performance of loose powders and compacted powders. It is useable in body powders, and can function as a coating material for titanium dioxide that is to be used in cosmetics (7555).
Oleo chemicals as additives in paints and varnishes, etc: Part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Gelation that can occur when copper or aluminium bronze powder is permitted to stand in nitrocellulose lacquer can be prevented by the addition of below one percent of lauric acid. Butyl acetyl ricinoleate will impart highgloss, plasticity, pliability to nitro‐cellulose lacquers and impart permanence, and improves the ageing properties and low temperature flexibility to the product. Acrylic coatings of improved gloss and pattern control have been provided by the addition of methyl hydroxystearate. When barium α‐sulphostearate is added to interior or exterior paints it can produce films of improved hardness. Methyl linoleate can be employed to retard the hardening of Japanese film lacquer. Compositions with good heat stability and good thixotropic properties and which are suitable for use as a base for paints have been evolved by reacting hydrogenated castor oil with toluene di‐isocyanate and emulsifiable and polyethylene wax. The use of aluminium stearate in paints at elevated temperatures can result in films of high opacity, good build, sag resistance, heavy pigmented tolerance and good sealing properties. Myristic acid‐based alkyd aryl ketones have been utilised to impart lustre to wooden surfaces, and stearic acid terminated polyamide/polyimide for coatings for electrical insulators of magnetic wire have been applied to give improved lustre. Diethylene glycol esters of dilinoleic acid can be used to produce non‐drip paints, as can ethylene diamine bis hydroxystearate, and glyceryl trihydroxystearate. Hydrogenated castor oil is useable in the making of thixotropic agents applicable to paints have been prepared from the material, plus oligomers of hydroxystearic acid/ethylenediamine/sebacic acid polymers. Ethyl linoleate and ethyl linoleate have been used as penetrants in anti‐corrosive paints based upon alkyd resins. Aluminium stearate can prevent excess penetration by paints of surfaces. Bis (hydroxymethyl) propanediol oleate has found use in alkyd resins derivative coatings with butylated melamine resins‐hardening materials to give pinhole resistant coatings. Butyl stearate is a good low temperature plasticiser for paints. Butyl acetyl ricinoleate imparts good plate release and cold crack resistance to leather lacquers, and provides good handle and excellent low temperature flexibility to coated fabrics on thick unsupported sheetings.
Oleochemicals in resin production and usage: Part 1
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Oleochemicals are materials not derived from petroleum, but from the main chemical components of animal, marine and vegetable oils, glycerides, and include the fatty acids themselves and glycerol, and many derivatives, e.g. fatty alcohols, fatty amides, fatty amines, fatty acid esters, sulphur derivatives, phosphorous derivatives, polyoxyethylated and polyoxypropylated materials, etc.
Shellac‐based insulating varnishes
Authors: Goswami D.N. , Kumar Shravan
Published: February 2008

Insulating varnishes are widely used for coating of armatures/coils of electric motors, transformers and also for finishing electrical components. Natural resin shellac finds considerable use in the manufacture of insulating varnishes. Improved dielectric properties have been obtained for varnishes prepared from shellac modified with synthetic resins, drying oils etc. The present article provides information about the researchers so far carried out on both the air‐drying and baking type of insulating varnishes based on shellac.
Developments in printing ink formulations
Authors: Shams Hoda Z. , Ahmed Mahmoud Y. , Abbas Magdy F.
Published: February 2008

A new series of printing inks that satisfy non‐absorbent substrates, namely, metals and metal foils has been formulated. The suggested ink formulations are well adapted for the Lithographic and Flexographic Printing Processes. The inks are subjected to different testings and controllings to fulfill the requirements of printers in the graphic trade.
Developments in the control of emissions from paintshops
Authors: Lee Tony
Published: February 2008

Growing awareness of the effects of pollution upon people and the environment, and legislation being brought into curb pollution have rapidly promoted environmental considerations up the list of factors to be considered when planning any industrial process. This is particularly true for many processes using volatile organic compounds (VOC's) exhausting to atmosphere which will be subject to new regulations. Because automobile paintshops exhaust significant quantities of VOC's into the atmosphere, there are important environmental considerations in the planning of a new paintshop. A new automobile paintshop is a huge capital investment with a probable lifespan in excess of 15–20 years. Unplanned modfications can be difficult to implement and costly. Therefore when planning for environmental protection it is important to think ahead and look for trends in legislation and new technology for combating pollution.
European legislation concerning VOC emissions in the manufacturing industry:
Authors: Marlowe Ian
Published: February 2008

The presentation examined forthcoming European regulations concerning atmospheric emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from the manufacturing industry, with emphasis on solvent emissions. The objectives of the presentation is to enable plant operators and company policy makers in the manufacturing industry to: ‐ understand the reasons why VOC emissions will be regulated; ‐ describe forthcoming European regulations; ‐ make an input to the development of the regulations.
Marine anticorrosion paints
Authors: Tadros Aida B.
Published: February 2008

Four paint compositions were prepared, two of them based on vinyl copolymer as a binder and the other contain boiled oil in presence or absence of soluble resin material. Boiled oil based paints meet the most anticorrosion action and film property. Also, the anticorrosion potential of the paints depend on the type of ingredients and their ratio in the dry paint films.
Oleochemicals and the processing of polymeric resins — Part 3
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

An investigation has been carried out of the catalytic action of iron dipalmitate on the polymerisation of styrene, and of lauryl mercaptan and oleic acid, and polystyrene having good particle size distribution has been obtained by the polymerisation of styrene in the presence of stearic acid, which can also act as a catalyst in the bulk polymerisation of this monomer, optionally used along with styrene oxide. The fatty acid has also been employed along with diphenylamine and hydroxyacetophenone, to give catalysts systems for the polymerisation of styrene monomer, the acid ensuring brilliance in the moulded polymer. Stearoyl peroxide functions as a catalyst in the bulk polymerisation of styrene, whilst zinc stearate can work as a catalyst to the thermal degradation of polystyrene.
Evaluation of Egyptian kaolin as a filler and extender pigment
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M.
Published: February 2008

Evaluation of Egyptian kaolin as a filler and extender pigment was carried out by measuring moisture content, water soluble salt content, hydrogen ion concentration, specific gravity, bulking value, oil absorption, acid and alkali resistance, particle size distribution and particle shape, and comparing it with a commercial imported sample. X‐ray and chemical analysis were used for the identification of the pigments. It was found that it is economical to use the Egyptian kaolin for it as a natural white fine mineral that is available in quantity in a relatively pure state. The physical and chemical properties peculiar to Egyptian kaolin make it an ideal choice as a filler and extender pigment, this is in comparison with the commercial imported sample.
Oleochemical Monographs (No. 70) — Part 1
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Eleostearic acid is the backbone of tung oil, the manufacturer, uses, potential and chemical structure of which have been reviewed in earlier years. Eleostearic acid is a conjugated, positional isomer of linolenic acid, with three double bonds and is a very reactive acid, even more so than linolenic acid —
Synthesis of some polyesteramide resins modified by nicotinic and isonicotinic acid derivativs
Authors: Moustafa M.
Published: February 2008

Various polyesteramide resins are prepared in which a stoichiometric amount of hydroxy ethyl fatty acid amides (diol) are replaced by the bifunctional nicotinic acid and aisonicotinic acid derivatives of diethanolamine and triethanolamine without affecting the resin constants. The inclusion of nicotinyl and isonicotinyl residues would expect to prevent microbial growth and may also act as corrosion inhibitor.
Oleochemical Monographs (No. 70) — Part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

The manufacture of esters for eleostearic acid has been outlined and a number of their properties examined, e.g. monomeric auto‐oxidation and atmospheric oxidation of B‐ acid esters and also permeability to water of thin unsupported films of xeleostearate esters has been investigated.
Fatty acid amines in polymeric resin processing — Part 1
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Amides made from animal and vegetable oil fatty acids and the fatty acids of fats, by reaction with ammonia or various amines, have several uses in the processing and production of many polymers, e.g. anti‐static agents, anti‐blocking agents, slip agents, and mould release agents etc., and this article reviews the various amides available for these outlets.
K‐White 84S: A new addition to the K‐series
Authors: Taketani Yukihiko , Kondo Hajime , Kropman M.
Published: February 2008

Performance tests were carried out on the anti‐corrosion ability of K‐White 84S, a new grade for water‐based paints, specially designed to impart stability to aqueous systems whilst maintaining good cost‐effectiveness. The results of salt spray tests and humidity tests have shown that K‐White 84S was superior to the other anticorrosion pigments with which it was compared in this study.
Steel‐protective Paints Free of Anti‐corrosive Pigments
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , El‐Sanabary A.A. , Badran B.M.
Published: February 2008

Over the last few years there have been several trials to replace inorganic corrosion inhibitors, which in organic coatings are pigments, with materials which are, in principle, organic corrosion inhibitors. This coincides primarily with the toxic properties of the anti‐corrosive pigments employed and also with the scarcity of raw materials for their production.
Electrodeposition of Pigmented Coating Compositions Based on Water‐soluble Alkyds
Authors: Trehan Sumeet , Shukla M.C.
Published: February 2008

The commercial success of electro‐deposition of aqueous coating is mainly concerned with the development of water‐soluble film forming polymers. The field of these water‐soluble polymer systems for surface coating application is growing rapidly and expanding vigorously and they are destined to play a leading role in the near future. This may be mainly attributed to regulations on emissions, environment and ecology. In doing so, the electrodeposition technique offers a remarkable assistance to these systems at comparatively low cost, low energy requirement and high utilization efficiency. Research workers have done work on water‐soluble alkyds, epoxies and acrylics.
On‐site surface and wetting tension measurements of water‐based coatings and substrates
Authors: Janule Victor P.
Published: February 2008

Formulators must control coating transfer and adhesion by developing formulations that perform well under widely varying application speeds and operating conditions. There are factors that can be controlled, and others that cannot be controlled. It is especially useful, and often essential, for the formulator to have an understanding of the principles and relationships of surface and interfacial tension, and surface energy or “wetting tension”. A review of these important principals and relationships, with a brief introduction to formulation variables sets the stage for introduction of an instrument that can easily measure the surface tension of coatings and the wetting tension of the surfaces or “substrates” to be coated.
Water‐based coating compositions from modified epoxy polymer
Authors: Trehan Sumeet , Shukla M.C.
Published: February 2008

The acute shortage coupled with tremendous increase in cost of various solvents used by paint industry and pollution becoming a serious concern has resulted in intensive study of water‐borne coatings. Water‐borne coatings ideally meet the needs for coating systems which do not cause atmospheric pollutions and at the same time help in conservation of precious and renewable petroleum resources. Many research workers have developed water‐soluble epoxies, alkyds and acrylics to make water‐based surface coatings.
Filter refurbishment
Authors: Kingston Mike
Published: February 2008

The cleaning and refurbishment of filters in major industries, including pigment and polymer manufacture, have become increasingly important in recent years. At the same time, the methods involved have become much more sophisticated.
The formulation and design of Videojet fluids
Authors: Rossin Theresa
Published: February 2008

The supplies development process at Videojet Systems International, Inc., is a well‐documented process which follows stringent guidelines. These development parameters have been implemented in response to both governmental regulations, as well as Videojet's own internal, quality control specifications. As evidence of the company's dedication to quality control and process management in every aspect of manufacturing, Videojet's fluids manufacturing location in Elk Grove Village, IL, USA received ISO 9002 certification in July 1994.
The performance of ionomer lacquers as water‐borne coatings for metallic substrates
Authors: Nicholson John W.
Published: February 2008

Water‐borne coatings continue to be of importance owing to widespread concern about the potentially harmful effects associated with the release of organic solvents into the atmosphere. This concern is reflected in their relative growth as a share of the total market. In the UK, for example, the proportion of paint (by volume) that was water‐based rose from 46 per cent in 1970 to 60 per cent in 1990, and the trend still appears to be upward.
Production of a highly dispersed sodium‐aluminium silicate to be used as a white pigment or as a polymer filler
Authors: Jesionowski T. , Krysztafkiewicz A.
Published: February 2008

Presents the outcome of intensive research into highly dispersed sodium‐aluminium silicate. Optimal conditions of the precipitation process of sodium‐aluminium silicates of high dispersion degrees from the solution of sodium metasilicate were given. In the precipitation process water soluble aluminium salts were used. A physicochemical analysis and microscopic structure of the obtained silicates were performed. The products obtained are characterized by parameters comparable to those of the sodium‐aluminium silicate P‐820 (Degussa).