bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atonement of harm as an indicator of changes in the legal consciousness of the person who committed a credit fraud
Authors: Mkrtchian Sona Martirosovna , Lobanova Lyubov Valentinovna , Larionova Larisa Nikolaevna
Published: August 2021

The idea of this study is based on the assumption that the reason for the unjustified application of the criminal law provisions on accounting by law enforcement agencies when punishing various variants of positive post-criminal behaviour, which are varieties of atonement of the harm caused by a crime, is a lack of attention to the nature of atonement as one of the indicators of positive changes in the legal consciousness of a person who has committed a crime, that is, an insufficiently thorough assessment of the characteristics of the personality of the perpetrators, the degree of rooting of antisocial attitudes in their minds, as well as the level of assimilation of legal values and ideals of law-abiding behaviour. The purpose of the study is to identify and study the aspects of the content of the term “atonement of harm” in the meaning provided for in clause “k” part 1 of Art. 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the interpretation of the corresponding varieties of positive post-criminal behavior as an indicator of a change in the legal consciousness of a person who has committed a credit fraud. The study is based on the widespread use of the formal legal research method in conjunction with the philological, systemic and logical methods of interpreting regulations. A comprehensive analysis of the content of various types of atonement of the harm caused by a crime as the indicators of positive changes in the legal consciousness of a person who committed credit fraud was carried out for the first time. The results of this study can be used to improve the practice of application of criminal-legal means of accounting for positive post-criminal behavior in the form of atonement when imposing punishment not only on credit fraudsters, but also on persons who have committed other crimes. The author’s concept of the criteria that form the content of the varieties of making amends is presented herein.
Employment and decent work for the population: interdisciplinary legal research
Authors: Sergeenko Yulia Sergeevna , Kombarova Elena Valeryevna , Rybkina Marina Vladimirovna , Bobrakova Natalya Vladimirovna , Averyanova Olga Vladimirovna
Published: August 2021

The objective of the research is to develop the proposals for stabilization of the number of working places, decrease of unemployment in the countries, provision of guarantees in the period of the temporary unemployment. The methodological base of the research is the legislation framework; scientific publications of the scientists from different countries; statistical data of the United Nation Organization, after analysis of which the authors created and offered the complex of “steps” for support, correction and increase of the level of decent working places for the people on Earth. Also the authors used the comparison method in the paper. After collection of data of the decrease and increase of the number of working places in the countries in the period of instability and emergency situation, using the probability and statistical method the authors revealed the consequences of the use of the developed proposal by the states. During the study of employment in the world the authors came to the conclusion about the necessity to create a united international employment base of the citizens of any country. It shall contain the vacant jobs all over the world, distributed according to the branches, professions and this will facilitate the search of job and the further conclusion of the labor contract between the employee and the employer. The novelty of the research is the proposed legal lines of the activity of the states in the field of employment (increased unemployment benefit rate, establishment of the part-time work, etc.).
Der erste Eindruck zählt!
Authors: Losch Martina
Published: August 2021

Das Einschleusen der Patienten in den OP gehört für Pflegende zu den Routinetätigkeiten. Für die meisten Patienten ist es jedoch eine Ausnahmesituation, sie sind unsicher und nervös. Um den Patienten die Angst zu nehmen und sie professionell und sicher einzuschleusen, sind Fachwissen und Fingerspitzengefühl erforderlich.
Sakrumfrakturen – Klassifikationen
Authors: Osterhoff Georg , Spiegl Ulrich
Published: August 2021

Dieser Artikel benennt und beschreibt die gebräuchlichsten Klassifikationen von Sakrumfrakturen und ordnet diese nach klinischer und prognostischer Relevanz sowie systematischer Reliabilität ein. Dabei wird auch auf die Sonderstellung des Sakrums als Bindeglied zwischen Wirbelsäule und Beckenring eingegangen.
Sakrumfrakturen – Traumatisch
Authors: Höch Andreas , Fakler Johannes K.M.
Published: August 2021

Sakrumfrakturen nach Hochrasanztrauma können eine sehr heterogene Bandbreite bezüglich ihrer Instabilität und etwaiger Begleitverletzungen haben. Als wichtiges biomechanisches Bindeglied zwischen der Wirbelsäule und dem Beckenring spielen bei der Versorgung nicht nur knöcherne Verletzungen, sondern auch einhergehende ligamentäre Zerreißungen eine entscheidende Rolle. Relevant für die Therapiestrategie ist hierbei die AO-Klassifikation. Entsprechende Behandlungsoptionen bestehen von der konservativen Therapie bestimmter lateraler Kompressionsfrakturen über perkutane und externe Stabilisierungen bis hin zu aufwendigen Rekonstruktionen bei vertikal instabilen und stark dislozierten Frakturen. Entscheidend ist auch der Grad der initialen Instabilität für das funktionelle Langzeitergebnis und die Lebensqualität der Patienten.
Techniken der spinopelvinen Fixation bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Zolal Amir , Große Kersten , Paulik Milos , Silbermann Jörg
Published: August 2021

Mit der Entwicklung der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie werden Patienten in zunehmendem Maße mit Stabilisierungs- oder Fusionsverfahren versorgt, wobei die fusionierten Segmente häufig auch das Sakrum umfassen. Eine stabile Fusion des lumbosakralen Übergangs ist allerdings schwierig zu erhalten. Einer der Lösungen dieses Problems ist die Verankerung der Fixation im Becken, bzw. im Os ilium. Nach der ursprünglichen Methode der Iliumschraubenimplantation mit Eintrittspunkt an der Spina iliaca posterior superior wurden weitere Techniken und Trajektorien beschrieben, die verschiedene Vor- und Nachteile aufweisen. Trotz der laufenden technischen Weiterentwicklung ist die Implantationstechnik mittlerweile prinzipiell ausgereift, mit niedrigem Komplikationsprofil und wichtigen biomechanischen Vorteilen, sodass mit der Implantation bei längeren Spondylodesen nicht gezögert werden soll.
Third Trimester Myocardial Performance Index in Fetuses from Women with Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sirico Angelo , Raffone Antonio , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Travaglino Antonio , Paciullo Carmela , Diterlizzi Alice , Mollo Antonio , Rizzo Giuseppe , Zullo Fulvio , Lanzone Antonio
Published: August 2021

Introduction The myocardial performance index (MPI) has been proposed to evaluate cardiac dysfunction in newborns from diabetic mothers. Although MPI is routinely assessed in newborns, its role in the evaluation of fetuses from women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) is still under evaluation. We aimed to evaluate the differences in third trimester fetal MPI in pregnant women with hyperglycemia compared to healthy controls.

Materials and Methods Seven electronic databases were searched for all studies assessing women with HIP who underwent evaluation of fetal left MPI during pregnancy compared to a control group. The summary measures were reported as mean differences (MD) in the mean fetal left MPI between women with HIP and healthy controls, with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). A post hoc subgroup analysis based on the type of HIP – pregestational diabetes, GDM, or gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) – was performed as an additional analysis.

Results 14 studies assessing 1326 fetuses (580 from women with HIP and 746 from controls) were included. Women with HIP had a significantly higher mean left fetal MPI compared to controls (MD 0.08; 95 %CI: 0.05 to 0.11; p < 0.00 001). Subgroup analysis according to the type of HIP concurred with the overall analysis for women with DM (MD 0.07; 95 %CI: 0.01 to 0.13; p = 0.02) and for women with GDM (MD 0.012; 95 %CI: 0.07 to 0.17; p < 0.00 001) but not for women with GIGT (MD –0.01, 95 % CI –0.28 to 0.27; p = 0.96).

Conclusion Fetal left MPI is increased in pregnancies with HIP appearing as a potential marker of cardiac dysfunction.
Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting to prevent acute cholecystitis in patients receiving fully covered self-expandable metal stents for benign biliary stricture
Authors: Wong Morgan , Sánchez-Luna Sergio A. , Rustagi Tarun
Published: August 2021

Background and study aims Fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMS) are being increasingly used for benign biliary strictures (BBS); however, they are associated with risk of acute cholecystitis. Prophylactic endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETPGBS) can facilitate continuous gallbladder drainage and prevent acute cholecystitis from occlusion of cystic duct orifice by the FCSEMS. The aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility, efficacy, and safety of ETPGBS to prevent acute cholecystitis in patients receiving FCSEMS for BBS.

Patients and methods This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database at a single center of all patients who underwent prophylactic ETPGBS with FCSEMS for BBS between December 1, 2016 and November 30, 2020.

Results A total of 71 ETPGBS were placed during the study period. Sixteen patients (mean age: 66.4 ± 19.8 years; 81 % male) underwent ETPGBS prior to biliary FCSEMS during the same endoscopic session. FCSEMS were left in place (stent dwell time) for a median of 173 days (range: 69–473; mean 196 ± 121) with resolution of BBS and successful removal of ETPGBS and FCSEMS in 12 patients. There was significant improvement in total bilirubin level (5.25 ± 5.53 vs 0.94 ± 0.85 gm/dL; P = 0.008). No episodes of acute cholecystitis or any other post-procedural complications were noted during the median follow-up of 337 days (range: 150–856; mean 394 ± 236).

Conclusions ETPGBS prevented stent-related acute cholecystitis with continued efficacy of FCSEMS for BBS.
Diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of physiological and pathological conditions of the uterus in cows postpartum
Authors: Jakupov Isatay , Karabayeva Zhanargul , Abultdinova Aida
Published: August 2021

Objective An important task of veterinarians in cattle husbandry is the early diagnosis of postpartum complications that can lead to infertility. The aim of the study was the evaluation of a new device to distinguish between physiological and pathological conditions of the uterus based on the determination of the time of uterine involution and the physicochemical properties of the vaginal discharge (lochia) during the first weeks after parturition.

Material and methods A total of 173 black-and-white Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were examined for any pathological alteration of the uterine involution on days 1–2, 6–8, 11–14 postpartum and, in case of pathological findings, additionally on days 18–22, 23–27 and 28–30 after parturition. In addition to the standard examination a newly developed hand-held instrument (“Metrastatum”) was used to differentiate between physiological and pathological uterine involution. It allows determination of the distance between the cervix and vulva (DCV) and simultaneous collection of lochial secretions.

Results The best time to use the new instrument was 10–16 days postpartum. In healthy cows without disturbed puerperium, the average DCV was 25.7 cm (± 0.8 cm) in this phase. This distance decreased by 12.5 ± 0.3 cm compared to the first days. In contrast, in cows with postpartum problems, the DCV was significantly greater at (31 ± 0.7 cm) (p < 0.001). In these animals, the AGV was reduced only by an average of 8.4 ± 0.6 cm when compared to the first days. The mucus obtained with the dome-shaped rubber funnel of the instrument also differed in the cows of the 2 groups. In healthy cows without puerperal problems, the lochia were thick, colorless, transparent and sometimes cloudy. In case of puerperal disorders, the discharge was thin, light red to reddish brown, contained flakes and had a nasty odor depending on the form of the inflammation.

Conclusion The dual function of device helps to early diagnose puerperal disorders in cows and to select healthy animals for reproduction and sick cows for treatment depending on the form of uterine inflammation.
Kava – 20 Jahre Kampf gegen regulatorische Windmühlenflügel
Authors: Schmidt Mathias
Published: August 2021

Arzneimittel auf der Basis von Extrakten aus den Wurzeln der Kavapflanze (Piper methysticum) waren in Deutschland bis zum Widerruf der Zulassungen am 14. Juni 2002 sehr beliebte Mittel gegen nervöse Angst-, Spannungs- und Unruhezustände. Kava ist eine der am besten untersuchten Arzneipflanzen, sowohl aus pharmakologischer Sicht als auch durch klinische Evidenz und Jahrhunderte traditioneller Erfahrung der sicheren Anwendung im Südpazifik. Noch bleibt Hoffnung, dass die behördliche Entscheidung revidiert werden kann.
Phobien – Therapieansätze der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie
Authors: Gündling Rebecca Andrea
Published: August 2021

Phobische Störungen können sich in fünf verschiedene F-Diagnosen untergliedern lassen. In diesem Artikel geht es vor allem um F40.2, die spezifische Phobie. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Phobie, die auf eine sehr eng umschriebene Situation oder ein Objekt beschränkt ist. Es existiert eine deutliche irrationale Furcht oder Vermeidung der spezifischen Situation bzw. des Objekts. Die spezifische Phobie kann in wiederum vier Untergruppen aufgeteilt werden: Tierphobien, Umwelt-Typus, situativer Typus und Blut-Spritzen-Verletzungs-Phobie. Die Behandlungsempfehlung bei Phobien ist ähnlich: Den Patienten soll eine kognitive Verhaltenstherapie mit Expositionstherapie angeboten werden. Die Exposition kann entweder in vivo oder in sensu stattfinden. Des Weiteren können Expositionen massiert oder graduiert stattfinden, wobei bei Ersterem die Abbrecherquote höher ist.
Sportkletter- und Boulderverletzungen
Authors: Schweizer Andreas
Published: August 2021

Sportklettern und Bouldern gelten noch immer als sehr gefährlich. Verglichen mit anderen Sportarten ist die Inzidenz für Verletzungen jedoch recht gering. Wenn es zu Verletzungen kommt, sind meist Finger oder Schulter betroffen.
Die klinische Untersuchung der anterioren glenohumeralen Instabilität
Authors: Kling Anna
Published: August 2021

Handballer, Speerwerfer und andere Sportler, die viele Wurf- und Schlagbewegungen ausführen, leiden oft an Schmerzen in der Schulter. Die Schmerzen können auf viele verschiedene klinische Muster zurückgeführt werden. Ein typisches klinisches Muster ist die anteriore glenohumerale Instabilität. Hierfür stehen dem Sportphysiotherapeuten valide Testverfahren zur Verfügung.
Herdenstatus – Beurteilung von Schafherden
Authors: Strobel Heinz , Spengler Dieter , Voigt Katja
Published: August 2021

Für die Erfassung des Gesundheitsstatus von Schafen im Herdenverband wird ein Untersuchungsgang vorgeschlagen, der Aussagen bereits vor einer Fixierung von Einzeltieren ermöglicht. Dabei werden Befunde erhoben, Daten sowie tierbezogene Tierwohlindikatoren erfasst und weiterer Handlungsbedarf festgestellt. Unterschiedliche Haltungs- und Nutzungsformen entsprechen der hohen genetischen Diversität der Schafe. Rasse und haltungsspezifische Faktoren werden beschrieben und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für Parasitenrisiko und Betreuungsintensität beurteilt. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Kriterien ermöglicht eine fachgerechte und differenzierte Begutachtung von Schafherden in Bezug auf Gesundheitsstatus und Tierwohl.
Persistierende Beschwerden 6 Monate nach COVID-19 – Erfahrungen aus der COVID-19-Nachsorgeambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg
Authors: August Dietrich , Stete Katarina , Kern Winfried , Rieg Siegbert , Hilger Hanna , Götz Veronika , Biever Paul , Hosp Jonas , Wagner Dirk , Köhler Thomas Christian , Gerstacker Kathrin , Seufert Jochen , Laubner Katharina
Published: August 2021

Hintergrund Fortbestehende Beschwerden und ärztlich validierte Diagnosen nach COVID-19 sind bislang nicht gut definiert. Wir berichten über Symptome und Diagnostik bei Patienten in unserer COVID-19-Nachsorgeambulanz.

Methoden Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse der Beschwerden und Befunde bei erwachsenen Patienten nach labordiagnostisch gesicherter COVID-19-Erkrankung mit über mindestens 6 Monate fortbestehenden Beschwerden. Neben Anamnese, körperlicher Untersuchung und Labordiagnostik erfolgte eine symptomgeleitete erweiterte apparative Diagnostik. Die Lebensqualität wurde mittels SF-36-Fragebogens erfasst.

Ergebnisse 132 Patienten mit über mindestens 6 Monate persistierenden Beschwerden wurden in die Auswertung eingeschlossen (58 männlich, 74 weiblich; mittleres Alter 53,8 Jahre). 40 % der Patienten waren in der Akutphase stationär behandelt worden. Die häufigsten Beschwerden waren Fatigue (82 %), Belastungsdyspnoe (61 %), kognitive Beschwerden (54 %), Schlafstörungen (43 %) und Dysgeusie/-osmie (35 %). Die Lebensqualität war in allen im SF-36 abgefragten Bereichen eingeschränkt. Immerhin 23 % der zuvor Berufstätigen waren aus gesundheitlichen Gründen für mindestens 6 Monate arbeitsunfähig. Signifikante Pathologien in der laborchemischen und apparativen Diagnostik waren insbesondere bei ambulant behandelten Patienten dagegen selten; Lungenfunktionsstörungen waren häufiger bei ehemals stationär behandelten Patienten.

Diskussion/Schlussfolgerungen Patienten nach COVID-19 berichten über vielfältige Symptome, für die häufig kein organpathologisches Korrelat gefunden werden kann. Dies geht mit Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität und Arbeitsfähigkeit, auch 6 Monate nach Akutinfektion, einher. Populationsbasierte Prävalenz, Pathogenese, Langzeitverlauf und Therapiemöglichkeiten dieses vielfach als Long COVID bezeichneten Syndroms sind weitgehend ungeklärt. Aufgrund der vielfältigen Beschwerden sollte die Patientenversorgung interdisziplinär erfolgen und vermehrt Leistungsdiagnostik und systematische neuropsychiatrische Tests beinhalten.
Beurteilung in Deutschland erhältlicher veganer Alleinfuttermittel für Hunde und Katzen
Authors: Starzonek Janine , von Lindeiner Lara , Vervuert Ingrid
Published: August 2021

Gegenstand und Ziel Beurteilung veganer Alleinfuttermittel (AF) für adulte Katzen und Hunde sowie Überprüfung der Deklarationstreue.

Material und Methoden Vier in Deutschland erhältliche vegane AF für Katzen und Hunde wurden auf ihre Nährstoffgehalte analysiert. Die benötigte Futtermenge wurde kalkulatorisch bestimmt und mit der Fütterungsempfehlung der Hersteller verglichen. Die Deklarationsangaben wurden auf die Einhaltung der Angaben aus der Verordnung (EG) 767/2009 überprüft. Eine Einschätzung der Versorgung mit Taurin und Vitaminen erfolgte anhand der Produktdeklarationen zu den ernährungsphysiologischen Zusatzstoffen.

Ergebnisse Die Deklarationsangaben entsprachen vielfach den rechtlichen Vorgaben. Die Fütterungsempfehlung der Hersteller wich bei 2 von 4 AF deutlich von der kalkulierten Futtermenge ab und ergab eine Bedarfsdeckung von 64 bis 121 %. Die Zufuhr an einzelnen Mengen- und Spurenelementen lag beim adulten Hund 5,2- bis 8,2-fach, bei der adulten Katze 9,0- bzw. 11,4-fach über den Versorgungsempfehlungen. Die Vorgaben der European Pet Food Industry Federation wurden für die Rohprotein-, Rohfett- und Phosphorgehalte in jeweils einem Fall unterschritten, für Zink und Kupfer fanden sich sowohl Über- als auch Unterschreitungen der Empfehlungen. Eine Unterschreitung der Empfehlungen des National Research Councils (NRC) für den Zinkgehalt ergab sich bei einem AF. Die empfohlene Zufuhr an essenziellen Aminosäuren konnten die AF größtenteils abdecken; 2 AF deckten für Methionin und Cystin lediglich den Mindestbedarf ab, aber nicht die optimalen Versorgungsempfehlungen. Die Menge an zugesetztem Taurin entsprach nur bei einem AF für Katzen der empfohlenen Zufuhr. Die Empfehlungen für Vitamine konnten 3 AF über die Zusatzstoffe sicherstellen.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Keines der veganen AF erfüllte uneingeschränkt die Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung für adulte Hunde und Katzen. Somit können Mängel in der Zufuhr einzelner Nährstoffe bei langfristiger Fütterung der untersuchten AF nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Stereo- and Regioselective Hydrosilylation of Unsymmetrical Alkynes
Authors: Zhu Shou-Fei , He Peng , Hu Meng-Yang , Zhang Xin-Yu
Published: August 2021

Alkyne hydrosilylation is one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of alkenyl silicon derivatives and has been a hot topic of research for decades. This short review summarizes the progress in transition-metal-catalyzed stereo- and regioselective hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical alkynes. Topics are discussed based on different types of alkynes and the selectivities.

1 Introduction

2 Terminal Alkyne Hydrosilylation

2.1 β-E Selectivity

2.2 β-Z Selectivity

2.3 α-selectivity

3 Internal Alkyne Hydrosilylation

3.1 Aryl–Alkyl Acetylenes

3.2 Alkyl–Alkyl Acetylenes

3.3 Internal Alkynes with Polarized Substituents

4 Summary and Outlook
No Microscope? No Problem: A Systematic Review of Microscope-Free Microsurgery Training Models
Authors: Chen Jonlin , Xun Helen , Abousy Mya , Long Chao , Sacks Justin M.
Published: August 2021

Background Benchtop microsurgical training models that use digital tools (smartphones, tablets, and virtual reality [VR]) for magnification are allowing trainees to practice without operating microscopes. This systematic review identifies existing microscope-free training models, compares models in their ability to enhance microsurgical skills, and presents a step-by-step protocol for surgeons seeking to assemble their own microsurgery training model.

Methods We queried PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases through November 2020 for microsurgery training models and performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We collected data including training model characteristics (cost, magnification, and components) and outcomes (trainee satisfaction, image resolution, and faster suturing speed). We also conducted a complimentary Google search to identify commercially available microscope-free microsurgical training models or kits not reported in peer-reviewed literature.

Results Literature search identified 1,805 publications; 24 of these met inclusion criteria. Magnification tools most commonly included smartphones (n = 10), VR simulators (n = 4), and tablets (n = 3), with magnification ranging up to ×250 magnification on digital microscopy, ×50 on smartphones, and ×5 on tablets. Average cost of training models ranged from $13 (magnification lens) to $15,000 (augmented reality model). Model were formally assessed using workshops with trainees or attendings (n = 10), surveys to end-users (n = 5), and single-user training (n = 4); users-reported satisfaction with training models and demonstrated faster suturing speed and increased suturing quality with model training. Five commercially available microsurgery training models were identified through Google search.

Conclusion Benchtop microsurgery trainers using digital magnification successfully provide trainees with increased ease of microsurgery training. Low-cost yet high magnification setups using digital microscopes and smartphones are optimal for trainees to improve microsurgical skills. Our assembly protocol, “1, 2, 3, Microsurgery,” provides instructions for training model set up to fit the unique needs of any microsurgery trainee.
The Importance of Appropriate Dosing of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Beyer-Westendorf Jan , Fay Matthew , Amara Walid
Published: August 2021

Preventing thromboembolic events, while minimizing bleeding risks, remains challenging when managing patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Several factors contribute to current dosing patterns of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including patient characteristics, comorbidities, and physician judgment. Application of NOAC doses inconsistent with the drug labels may cause patients to receive either subtherapeutic (increasing stroke risk) or supratherapeutic (increasing bleeding risk) anticoagulant levels. In clinical practice, under- or over-dosing of NOACs in patients with AF is not uncommon. This analysis of prospective and retrospective registry and database studies on NOAC use in patients with AF (with at least 250 patients in each treatment arm) showed that under-dosing may be associated with reduced effectiveness for stroke prevention, with similar or even increased bleeding than with the standard dose. This may reflect underlying conditions and patient factors that increase bleeding despite NOAC dose reduction. Such factors could drive the observed overuse of reduced NOAC dosages, often making the prescription of reduced-dose NOAC an intentional label deviation. In contrast, over-dosing more likely occurs accidentally; instead of providing benefits, it may be associated with worse safety outcomes than the standard dose, including increased bleeding risk and higher all-cause mortality rates. This review summarizes the main findings on NOAC doses usually prescribed to patients with AF in clinical practice.
Endometrial Factor in Unexplained Infertility and Recurrent Implantation Failure
Authors: Santamaria Xavier , Simón Carlos
Published: August 2021

Unexplained infertility (UI) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) are diagnoses based on failed pregnancy attempts within current infertility treatment models. Both diagnoses are made when fertility is unexplained based on current diagnostic methods and has no clear cause; UI is diagnosed when testing is inconclusive, and RIF is diagnosed after three failed in vitro fertilization cycles. In both cases, interventions are often introduced without an understanding of the cause of the infertility, frequently leading to frustration for patients and caregivers. Here, we review evidence to support an influence of endometrial factor in patients given these poorly defined diagnoses and possible treatments targeting the endometrium to improve outcomes in these patients.
Electron–electron double resonance detected NMR spectroscopy using ensemble NV centers at 230 GHz and 8.3 T
Authors: Fortman Benjamin , Mugica-Sanchez Laura , Tischler Noah , Selco Cooper , Hang Yuxiao , Holczer Karoly , Takahashi Susumu
Published: August 2021

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center has enabled widespread study of nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic fields significantly improves the technique’s spectral resolution, enabling clear identification of closely related chemical species. However, NV-detected NMR is typically performed using AC sensing through electron spin echo envelope modulation, a hyperfine spectroscopic technique that is not feasible at high magnetic fields. Within this paper, we have explored an NV-detected NMR technique for applications of high field NMR. We have demonstrated optically detected magnetic resonance with the NV Larmor frequency of 230 GHz at 8.3 T, corresponding to a proton NMR frequency of 350 MHz. We also demonstrated the first measurement of electron–electron double resonance detected NMR using the NV center and successfully detected 13C nuclear bath spins. The described technique is limited by the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), not the transverse relaxation time (T2). Future applications of the method to perform nanoscale NMR of external spins at 8.3 T and even higher magnetic fields are also discussed.
Machine learning-based data processing technique for time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements
Authors: Pang Yu , Jiang Puqing , Yang Ronggui
Published: August 2021

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as an increasingly important research tool and has shown great potential for efficient and high-throughput experimental data processing. Meanwhile, ultrafast laser-based time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) has been developed into a powerful thermal characterization technique and has been widely applied to measure thermal properties of both bulk and thin-film materials. In this work, artificial neural network-based ML models have been trained for data processing in TDTR experiments. One generally applicable ML model could be trained to process the experimental data of different samples measured using different modulation frequencies and laser spot sizes. Our results suggest that ML is not only fast and efficient in data processing but also accurate and powerful, capable of detecting minute features in the experimental signals and thus enabling extraction of multiple (three or more) parameters simultaneously from the experimental data. The ML model also enables high-speed estimation of the uncertainties of multiple parameters using the Monte Carlo method.
Investigation of internal fields in organic semiconductors in the presence of traps
Authors: Sahoo Subhamoy , Dhar Rajdeep , Dutta Soumya , Bhattacharyya Jayeeta
Published: August 2021

In an organic semiconductor optoelectronic device, the built-in field within the active layer is typically determined by the difference in contact potentials of the device. However, the presence of space charges and trap states contribute to the electric field within the thin film. Depending on the maximum applied forward voltage, the trap states can be charged, inducing hysteresis in the optoelectronic response of the system. In this work, we investigate the electric fields inside organic photovoltaic device structures, in the presence of traps, using electroabsorption (EA) spectroscopy. Comparing simulations with our experimental results, we explained the origin of hysteresis in the electroabsorption signal as a function of applied DC bias. We solved Poisson’s equation to estimate the densities of trapped carriers in the active layers. The filled trap densities in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-[1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PPDT2FBT) were found to be ∼1×1017 and ∼6×1016 cm−3, respectively. From the transient EA measurements, the estimated values of energies of the trap states with respect to the HOMO level were 0.82 and 0.76 eV in P3HT and 0.70 and 0.64 eV in PPDT2FBT, which indicated the presence of midgap traps in these organic semiconductor thin films. Such trap induced changes in the internal fields within the active layers, affect the mobility and carrier transport in the organic optoelectronic devices. The midgap traps lead to exciton quenching and also act as non-radiative recombination centers, resulting in reduction in luminescence efficiency of the active layers.
Frequency band-selected one-way topological edge mode via acoustic metamaterials and metasurface
Authors: Song Xinpei , Chen Tianning , Li Rui
Published: August 2021

Single functionality and fixed operating bands maintain the key drawbacks in existing acoustic topological insulators. Here, we report an acoustic system to realize the frequency band-selected one-way topological edge state transmission. The system is combined with a double-layer sonic crystal and a lossy acoustic metasurface. The topological insulators enable the frequency band-selected effect by separating and nesting the two layers of the sonic crystals. The sound one-way transmission effect is ensured by the metasurface. Consequently, the one-way topological edge state transmission is realized, and the operating band of the system can be shifted between two distinct ranges. Our work may have potential in the areas where multiple frequency bands are required, such as sound isolation, acoustic switch, mechanical imaging, acoustic split, and integrated acoustic communications.
Tuning the interfacial stoichiometry of InP core and InP/ZnSe core/shell quantum dots
Authors: Park Nayon , Eagle Forrest W. , DeLarme Asher J. , Monahan Madison , LoCurto Talia , Beck Ryan , Li Xiaosong , Cossairt Brandi M.
Published: August 2021

We demonstrate fine-tuning of the atomic composition of InP/ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) at the core/shell interface. Specifically, we control the stoichiometry of both anions (P, As, S, and Se) and cations (In and Zn) at the InP/ZnSe core/shell interface and correlate these changes with the resultant steady-state and time-resolved optical properties of the nanocrystals. The use of reactive trimethylsilyl reagents results in surface-limited reactions that shift the nanocrystal stoichiometry to anion-rich and improve epitaxial growth of the shell layer. In general, anion deposition on the InP QD surface results in a redshift in the absorption, quenching of the excitonic photoluminescence, and a relative increase in the intensity of broad trap-based photoluminescence, consistent with delocalization of the exciton wavefunction and relaxation of exciton confinement. Time-resolved photoluminescence data for the resulting InP/ZnSe QDs show an overall small change in the decay dynamics on the ns timescale, suggesting that the relatively low photoluminescence quantum yields may be attributed to the creation of new thermally activated charge trap states and likely a dark population that is inseparable from the emissive QDs. Cluster-model density functional theory calculations show that the presence of core/shell interface anions gives rise to electronic defects contributing to the redshift in the absorption. These results highlight a general strategy to atomistically tune the interfacial stoichiometry of InP QDs using surface-limited reaction chemistry allowing for precise correlations with the electronic structure and photophysical properties.
Improving MP2 bandgaps with low-scaling approximations to EOM-CCSD
Authors: Lange Malte F. , Berkelbach Timothy C.
Published: August 2021

Despite its reasonable accuracy for ground-state properties of semiconductors and insulators, second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) significantly underestimates bandgaps. In this work, we evaluate the bandgap predictions of partitioned equation-of-motion MP2 (P-EOM-MP2), which is a second-order approximation to EOM coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations. On a test set of elemental and binary semiconductors and insulators, we find that P-EOM-MP2 overestimates bandgaps by 0.3 eV on average, which can be compared to the underestimation by 0.6 eV on average exhibited by the G0W0 approximation with a Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof reference. We show that P-EOM-MP2, when interpreted as a Green’s function-based theory, has a self-energy that includes all first- and second-order diagrams and a few third-order diagrams. We find that the GW approximation performs better for materials with small gaps and P-EOM-MP2 performs better for materials with large gaps, which we attribute to their superior treatment of screening and exchange, respectively.
H
2
in Antarctic firn air: Atmospheric reconstructions and implications for anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Patterson John D. , Aydin Murat , Crotwell Andrew M. , Pétron Gabrielle , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , Krummel Paul B. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Saltzman Eric S.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H
2
) levels influence the lifetime of greenhouse gases and the levels of tropospheric ozone. The extent to which human activities have influenced the global H
2
budget is not well established due to our limited knowledge of past variations in atmospheric H
2
levels. Here, we reconstruct atmospheric H
2
over the last 150 y using Antarctic firn air. We find a roughly 70% rise in atmospheric H
2
over the twentieth century that can be attributed to human activities. Surprisingly, there is no evidence that anthropogenic emissions of H
2
decreased during the late twentieth century due to reduced automotive emissions associated with air pollution controls. It is likely that nonautomotive anthropogenic H
2
emissions have been underestimated.
Double optical gating of high order harmonics from plasma surfaces
Authors: Smith R E , White E , Gilmore P M , Dromey B , Yeung M
Published: August 2021

Laser driven high harmonic generation from relativistically oscillating plasma surfaces is a promising route to isolated attosecond pulses with high peak brightness. Here we investigate a double optical gating scheme to restrict the emission to only a single, intense, attosecond pulse even with a multi-cycle driving laser. This scheme, which uses a second harmonic field, combined with a pair of counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses, leads to more efficient attosecond pulse generation with improved temporal isolation when compared to a single colour polarization gating scheme.
The Masseteric-Facial Anastomosis With Intratemporal Translocation of the Facial Nerve: Step-by-Step Technique and Results
Authors: Ferraresi Stefano , Basso Elisabetta , Maistrello Lorenzo , Di Pasquale Piero
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

In the absence of a viable proximal nerve stump, damaged after surgical procedures around the skull base, numerous techniques for facial reanimation have been developed over time, aiming to restore baseline symmetry and active mimicry.

OBJECTIVE

To report experience using the masseteric nerve as a direct transfer to the facial nerve rerouted after intratemporal translocation. This paper illustrates the main steps of the technique and the quality of results.

METHODS

Eleven patients were treated with a masseteric direct transfer to the facial nerve. Its extratemporal rerouting toward the zygoma allowed tension-free coaptation between donor and recipient nerves.

RESULTS

Of the 11 patients, 8 had a good to excellent recovery, showing different patterns of time and scores, according to age, surgical timing, and masseteric nerve function quality. The return of activity in the frontalis muscle, never obtained after reinnervation via the hypoglossal nerve, is of particular interest. The quality of the smile can be improved with re-education and practice but remains under volitional control. A true emotional response is still lacking.

CONCLUSION

The masseteric nerve is an excellent alternative to the hypoglossal nerve and can reinnervate the whole territory of the facial nerve rerouted after intratemporal translocation. The overall results are remarkable, but the low quality of the trigeminal nerve, eventually affected by the first surgery, may be an important limitation. Even if the patients appear more at ease in re-education than with other techniques, a fully natural facial expression remains impossible to obtain.
Paramedian Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach for Pontine Cavernoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khan Nickalus R , Morcos Jacques J
Published: August 2021

We describe the case of a 26-yr-old male who presented with headaches, dizziness, and left hemi-hypoesthesia in addition to being COVID-19 positive. The patient was found to have a large hemorrhage in the right dorsolateral pons that was found to be due to a pontine cavernous malformation. The patient underwent a right-sided paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial approach for resection of this lesion with preservation of the developmental venous anomaly. We present the operative video with a specific focus on approach selection, anatomic illustrations, and technical nuances. The literature on the timing of brainstem cavernoma surgery is reviewed.
1-4
The patient's postoperative clinical course and postoperative imaging are reviewed. The patient gave informed consent for the procedure and verbal consent for being part of this submission and the publication of their image.
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Myoepithelial-Rich Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Authors: Jafari Pari , Higgins Kathleen E. , Cipriani Nicole A.
Published: August 2021

Salivary gland neoplasms are both rare and strikingly heterogeneous in their morphology, a combination that may result in vexingly broad differential diagnoses. This is particularly true of myoepithelial-rich tumors, as neoplastic myoepithelial cells can assume a multiplicity of phenotypes, and associated epithelial cells may be present to varying degrees. An accurate diagnosis requires a thorough familiarity with characteristic morphology and conversance with appropriate ancillary studies. Here, we review 4 myoepithelial-rich tumors (myoepithelioma, myoepithelial carcinoma, myoepithelial-rich pleomorphic adenoma, and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma), comparing and contrasting their characteristic morphology, immunohistochemical profiles, and cytogenetic/molecular features, with an emphasis on accurate and efficient narrowing of the differential diagnosis.
Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Lense Miriam D. , Ladányi Eniko , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen , Trainor Laurel , Gordon Reyna
Published: August 2021

Millions of children are impacted by neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which unfold early in life, have varying genetic etiologies and can involve a variety of specific or generalized impairments in social, cognitive and motor functioning requiring potentially lifelong specialized supports. While specific disorders vary in their domain of primary deficit (e.g. autism spectrum disorder (social), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (attention), developmental coordination disorder (motor) and developmental language disorder (language)), comorbidities between NDDs are common. Intriguingly, many NDDs are associated with difficulties in skills related to rhythm, timing and synchrony though specific profiles of rhythm/timing impairments vary across disorders. Impairments in rhythm/timing may instantiate vulnerabilities for a variety of NDDs and may contribute to both the primary symptoms of each disorder as well as the high levels of comorbidities across disorders. Drawing upon genetic, neural, behavioural and interpersonal constructs across disorders, we consider how disrupted rhythm and timing skills early in life may contribute to atypical developmental cascades that involve overlapping symptoms within the context of a disorder's primary deficits. Consideration of the developmental context, as well as common and unique aspects of the phenotypes of different NDDs, will inform experimental designs to test this hypothesis including via potential mechanistic intervention approaches.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Linking the genomic signatures of human beat synchronization and learned song in birds
Authors: Gordon Reyna L. , Ravignani Andrea , Hyland Bruno Julia , Robinson Cristina M. , Scartozzi Alyssa , Embalabala Rebecca , Niarchou Maria ,   23andMe Research Team, Cox Nancy J. , Creanza Nicole
Published: August 2021

The development of rhythmicity is foundational to communicative and social behaviours in humans and many other species, and mechanisms of synchrony could be conserved across species. The goal of the current paper is to explore evolutionary hypotheses linking vocal learning and beat synchronization through genomic approaches, testing the prediction that genetic underpinnings of birdsong also contribute to the aetiology of human interactions with musical beat structure. We combined state-of-the-art-genomic datasets that account for underlying polygenicity of these traits: birdsong genome-wide transcriptomics linked to singing in zebra finches, and a human genome-wide association study of beat synchronization. Results of competitive gene set analysis revealed that the genetic architecture of human beat synchronization is significantly enriched for birdsong genes expressed in songbird Area X (a key nucleus for vocal learning, and homologous to human basal ganglia). These findings complement ethological and neural evidence of the relationship between vocal learning and beat synchronization, supporting a framework of some degree of common genomic substrates underlying rhythm-related behaviours in two clades, humans and songbirds (the largest evolutionary radiation of vocal learners). Future cross-species approaches investigating the genetic underpinnings of beat synchronization in a broad evolutionary context are discussed.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Multilevel rhythms in multimodal communication
Authors: Pouw Wim , Proksch Shannon , Drijvers Linda , Gamba Marco , Holler Judith , Kello Christopher , Schaefer Rebecca S. , Wiggins Geraint A.
Published: August 2021

It is now widely accepted that the brunt of animal communication is conducted via several modalities, e.g. acoustic and visual, either simultaneously or sequentially. This is a laudable multimodal turn relative to traditional accounts of temporal aspects of animal communication which have focused on a single modality at a time. However, the fields that are currently contributing to the study of multimodal communication are highly varied, and still largely disconnected given their sole focus on a particular level of description or their particular concern with human or non-human animals. Here, we provide an integrative overview of converging findings that show how multimodal processes occurring at neural, bodily, as well as social interactional levels each contribute uniquely to the complex rhythms that characterize communication in human and non-human animals. Though we address findings for each of these levels independently, we conclude that the most important challenge in this field is to identify how processes at these different levels connect.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
An ecological approach to measuring synchronization abilities across the animal kingdom
Authors: Henry Molly J. , Cook Peter F. , de Reus Koen , Nityananda Vivek , Rouse Andrew A. , Kotz Sonja A.
Published: August 2021

In this perspective paper, we focus on the study of synchronization abilities across the animal kingdom. We propose an ecological approach to studying nonhuman animal synchronization that begins from observations about when, how and why an animal might synchronize spontaneously with natural environmental rhythms. We discuss what we consider to be the most important, but thus far largely understudied, temporal, physical, perceptual and motivational constraints that must be taken into account when designing experiments to test synchronization in nonhuman animals. First and foremost, different species are likely to be sensitive to and therefore capable of synchronizing at different timescales. We also argue that it is fruitful to consider the latent flexibility of animal synchronization. Finally, we discuss the importance of an animal's motivational state for showcasing synchronization abilities. We demonstrate that the likelihood that an animal can successfully synchronize with an environmental rhythm is context-dependent and suggest that the list of species capable of synchronization is likely to grow when tested with ecologically honest, species-tuned experiments.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.