bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival, Age-Determination and Population Age Structure of the Common Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus-Peregrinus, in a Eucalyptus Woodland and a Leptospermum Thicket in Southern Victoria
Authors: Pahl LI
Published: June 2005

Juvenile ringtail possums in two populations were aged by comparison with growth curves based on head length and body weight, and adults were aged by comparing the degree of tooth wear with that of ringtails of known age. Survival to the end of pouch life, 3 months old, appeared high but dropped markedly thereafter. During years of 'average' rainfall, 26-80% of all offspring lived to the age of weaning (6 months), but as few as 6% survived to weaning in a year of drought. Approximately 30% survived to sexual maturity (1 year) during years of 'average' rainfall, compared with 2% during a drought. Survival of adult females was higher than that of adult males, and ringtails at Sandy Point (Leptospermum thicket) appeared to survive longer than ringtails at Lysterfield (Eucalyptus woodland). The lower survival of adult ringtails at Lysterfield was associated with higher rates of tooth wear, possibly due to their more abrasive diet, but may have also been influenced by the hotter climate at Lysterfield. The lower survival of ringtails at Lysterfield resulted in a population with a greater proportion of 1-year-old animals than in the Sandy Point population.
Attraction of Larvae of Drosophila-Buzzatii and Drosophila-Aldrichi to Yeast Species Isolated From Their Natural-Environment
Authors: Barker JSF , Vacek DC , East PD
Published: June 2005

The nine most common yeast species isolated from rots in cactus in Australia were shown to be differentially attractive to larvae, with relative attractiveness very similar for the two Drosophila species. To the extent that relative attractiveness measures larval feeding prefere~ces, there is no evidence for partitioning of the larval food resource between D. buzzatii and D. aldrichi. For D. buzzatii, the yeasts most attractive to larvae are also those preferred by adult females for feeding and oviposition.
Life-Cycle and Biology of Prototransversotrema-Steeri Angel, 1969 (Digenea, Transversotrematidae)
Authors: Cribb TH
Published: June 2005

A population of Prototransversotrema steeri Angel, 1969 is recorded from the introduced fish Gambusia affinis and the native species Pseudomugil signifer and Mugil cephalus in fresh water in Queensland, Australia. Adults of P. steeri are considerably smaller than adults previously described from marine fish. This appears to be a host-related phenomenon, possibly reflecting the size of the subscale niche offered by the host. The intermediate host is Posticobia brazieri, a hydrobiid snail. It is suggested that different hydrobiid snails may act as intermediate hosts in other parts of Australia. The miracidium develops into a mother sporocyst which produces a single mother redia. Mother rediae produce daughter rediae which may produce further daughter rediae or cercariae. Cercariae emerge from the redia while still embryonic and develop independently in the tissues of the snail. Upon emergence the cercariae attach directly to the definitive host and commence egg-production within 6 days. Gambusia affinis, Xiphophorus rnaculatus, X. helleri, Craterocephalus marjoriae and Mugil cephalus were all infected experimentally. I discuss various theories concerning the phylogenetic position of the Transverso- trematidae within the Digenea and conclude that the family occupies an isolated position not closely allied with any other group.
Ultrastructure of Epidermis and Sperm of the Turbellarian Syndisyrinx-Punicea (Hickman, 1956) (Rhabdocoela, Umagillidae)
Authors: Rohde K , Watson NA
Published: June 2005

Syndisyrinx punicea has an epidermis with intraepidermal nuclei, a thick basal lamina, and microvilli containing an array of densely packed filaments and, in the widened tips, an electron-dense cap. The epidermal cilia posess a widened cytoplasmic portion close to the base and vertical and horizontal cross-striated rootlets; the latter are anchored in the adjacent matrix by means of transverse bars. Basal bodies have a distinct spike opposite the horizontal rootlet. In the tips of epidermal cilia, one of the microtubules disappears first in doublets 7-9 and 1, and gradually all peripheral doublets disappear; there is no electron-dense rod along the central microtubules, but cilia have a terminal electron-dense cap.
Spermatozoa have two flagella, much shorter than the sperm (and not incorporated in it); axonemes are of the 9+'1' type; an elongate nucleus, numerous small mitochondria and electron-dense bodies are surrounded by a single peripheral row of microtubules in the thicker parts of the sperm, in the thinner parts (apparently close to the ends) microtubules are also found in the interior; some electron- dense bodies were also seen free between sperm, indicating their secretory function. Ultrastructural evidence does not support the view that Umagillidae (as well as Temnocephalida) are particularly closely related to the Neodermata, the major parasitic groups of Platyhelminthes.
Population Biology of Adult Geitoneura-Klugii and Geitoneura-Acantha (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) Near Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Braby MF , New TR
Published: June 2005

Geitoneura klugii klugii (Guerin-Meneville) and G. acantha ocrea (Guest) coexist over much of south- eastern Australia. Their adult phenology, sex ratios, population sizes, longevity and habitat distribution were compared at several sites near Melbourne, in 1985-86. Both species are univoltine and protandrous. G. klugii appears slightly earlier in the season than G. acantha. Both sexes of G. klugii remain active throughout their flight period, whereas female G. acantha apparently undergo a short inactive phase after mating. Sex ratios appear male-biased (total captures, G. klugii 85.4% male; G. acantha 65.2% male), although this became less pronounced as the season progressed. Regular samples, and mark- release-recapture studies, showed a clear transition from fresh to worn individuals through the season, although females remained fresh until later than males. There is some suggestion that male G. klugii 'hill-top' towards the end of their flight season. A range of ecological strategies apparently occurs in coexisting species of satyrines in south-eastern Australia. The biology of Geitoneura is compared with that of Heteronympha merope (F.), and with satyrines elsewhere in the world.
A Comparison Between the Inflammatory Mediators Produced by the Blue-Tongue Lizard (Tiliqua-Scincoides) and Human White Blood-Cells
Authors: Mccoll SR , Daniels CB
Published: June 2005

Human white blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages produce several biologically active molecules including oxygen-derived free radicals and some metabolites of arachidonic acid which are involved in mechanisms of host defence. White blood cells of the blue-tongue lizard Tiliqua scincoides produce certain derivatives of arachidonic acid which include prostaglandins, thromboxane and 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. The ability to produce these compounds indicates that these animals possess the enzymes cyclooxygenase, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase, T. scincoides white blood cells did not produce leukotriene B4 or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid indicating that, unlike human white blood cells, they do not possess a 5-lipoxygenase enxyme. T. scincoides cells are also capable of producing the oxygen-derived free radical superoxide enzyme.
Biochemical Correlates of Energy-Metabolism in Muscles Used to Power Hopping by Kangaroos
Authors: Dennington S , Baldwin J
Published: June 2005

Energy metabolism in the ankle extensor muscles used to power kangaroo hopping was investigated by examining myoglobin content, pH buffering capacity, distribution and properties of LDH isozymes, maximum activities of enzymes, fibre types and muscle weights. The large gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles contain predominantly IIA and IIB fibres, and display considerable potential for both aerobic and anaerobic ATP production during locomotion. In the small soleus muscle, the presence of only Type I fibres, lower pH buffering capacity, higher proportions of LDH H subunits and low enzyme activities imply a predominantly aerobic metabolism with limited potential for ATP production. Interspecific comparisons showed differences in the relative dependence on aerobic and anaerobic ATP production that correlate with locomotory behaviour. The major ankle extensor muscles of macropods may differ from equivalent muscles of eutherians in an apparent high capacity for aerobic glycolysis relative to the use of fatty acids as an aerobic fuel.
Functional-Morphology of the Limbs of Thylacoleo-Carnifex Owen (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia)
Authors: Finch ME , Freedman L
Published: June 2005

The limb bones and girdles of an almost complete specimen of the extinct 'marsupial lion' Thylacoleo carnifex, from Moree, New South Wales, have been fully described pictorially, metrically and in text. To investigate limb function, intra- and inter-limb segment indices and limb proportions standardised against the presacral vertebral column, were calculated for 11 samples of extant Australian marsupials. Comparisons were made between these values, those for Thylacoleo and published data for extant placental carnivores. The Thylacoleo fore- and hindlimbs were almost equal in length (FL/HL, 94%) and relatively long compared to the vertebral column (79% and 84%). In the forelimb the radius was clearly longer than the humerus (115%), and the hindlimb the tibia was considerably shorter than the femur (82%). Amongst the marsupials, the main Thylacoleo indices were most similar to those of Sarcophilus, but with some significant differences, notably in propodial/epipodial length ratios. Compared to Panthera leo there were many marked similarities. Morphologically, the Thylacoleo scapula conforms to that found in walking and trotting, rather than climbing, viverrids; the pelvis similarly agrees with that of ambulators and cursors. It was concluded that Thylacoleo carnifex was a slow- medium cursor, possibly capable of leaping. There was also a series of adaptations such as the length of the radius, the stout olecranon, the blade-like fifth metatarsal and the massive terminal phalanx of digit I, clearly implying a carnivorous habit.
The Alimentary-Tract of a Specialist Frugivore, the Mistletoebird, Dicaeum-Hirundinaceum, in Relation to Its Diet
Authors: Richardson KC , Wooller RD
Published: June 2005

The mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum, is unique in Australia for its specialised diet of mistletoe berries. Like other frugivorous dicaeids it has a relatively short alimentary tract. Unlike insect-eating passerine birds, the proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum of dicaeids are all in the same plane, allowing rapid passage of the large numbers of berries consumed. The gizzards of frugivorous dicaeids are much smaller and less muscular than those of insectivorous birds of similar size from the same areas. There is, however, no evidence of a sphincter muscle controlling access to the gizzard, despite accounts of this in the literature.
Genetically-Determined Variation of Pelage Color and Reflectance in Natural and Laboratory Populations of the Marsupial Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata (Gould)
Authors: Hope RM , Godfrey GK
Published: June 2005

A study of variation in dorsal pelage colour and reflectance of the dasyurid marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, has been based on animals captured from widely scattered areas in south-central Australia, and on a laboratory colony of this species. Measurements on the degree of resemblance between relatives gave heritability estimates of pelage reflectance close to the theoretical upper limit of unity. Measurements on the reflectance of animals captured from the wild revealed a geographical cline, with reflectance decreasing (animals becoming darker) with increasing southerly latitude. The higher reflectance (paler coloured) animals were found to inhabit the northern desert areas. We suggest that this cline results from a selective advantage enjoyed by animals whose dorsal pelage colour makes them relatively inconspicuous in their habitat to nocturnal preditors.
An Immunohistochemical Study of the Gastrointestinal Endocrine-Cells of the New Holland Honeyeater, Phylidonyris-Novaehollandiae
Authors: Richardson KC , Yamada J , Wooller RD
Published: June 2005

The gastrointestinal tract of the New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, was studied macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Although the honeyeater did not differ from other birds at the macroscopic and histological level, some interesting differences were revealed immunohistochemically. Eight types of immunoreactive endocrine cells were detected in the gastro- intestinal mucosa. The proventriculus and gizzard were characterised by the presence of serotonin-, somatostatin-, and gastrin-releasing polypeptide-immunoreactive cells. The pyloric region contained numerous gastrin- and motilin-immunoreactive cells as well as moderate numbers of somatostatin- immunoreactive cells. Along the length of the intestine, serotonin-immunoreactive cells were the dominant endocrine cells but small numbers of somatostatin-, gastrin-, enteroglucagon-, pancreatic glucagon- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were also found. Each had a different distribution pattern. The functional significance of these results remains to be resolved.
The Dispersal of Cernuella-Virgata (Mollusca, Helicidae)
Authors: Baker GH
Published: June 2005

The dispersal of the land snail Cernuella virgata was measured in South Australia by mark-release- recapture. Dispersal was not influenced by the paint used for marking, displacement of the snails during the marking process or crowding at release points. Snails moved out of a well-grazed permanent pasture to adjacent weedy roadside vegetation in early summer. They returned to the pasture in autumn. Factors which might direct this movement are discussed. Average movements varied between 0.1 and 0.4 m day-'. Some snails moved more than 25 m in one month in spring-summer and 50 m in 3 months in autumn-winter.
Circumventing a Constraint - the Case of Thylacoleo (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae)
Authors: Werdelin L
Published: June 2005

Marsupial carnivores of the order Dasyurida are more uniform in molar morphology and jaw geometry
than are their placental counterparts. This difference is related to the difference in tooth replacement
between marsupials and placentals. In Carnivora, the permanent carnassial can erupt in its
(geometrically) permanent position, and the post-carnassial teeth are free to evolve in various ways.
In the Dasyurida, each erupting molar in turn functions as carnassial before being pushed forwards
(relatively) in the jaw by the next erupting molar, which in turn becomes the carnassial. Thus, in the
Dasyurida, all molars come to have carnassiform morphology. One group of Australian fossil carnivores
has avoided this constraint: the Thylacoleonidae, 'marsupial lions'. In this group, P3/3 are the teeth
functioning as carnassials, having been coopted for this function from the presumed sectorial P3/3 of
the herbivorous ancestors of Thylacoleonidae. This has made molar reduction possible in this group,
but has brought about some incidental effects. P3/3 lie far forward in the jaw, and the muscle resultant
has been shifted forwards to compensate for this, reducing gape, but increasing bite force at I1/1, teeth
which function as canines in Thylacoleonidae.
Extractable Age Pigment-Like Autofluorescence and Its Relationship to Growth and Age in the Water-Flea Daphnia-Carinata King (Crustacea, Cladocera)
Authors: Sheehy MRJ , Ettershank G
Published: June 2005

Autofluorescent materials in the tissues of laboratory-reared Daphnia carinata were examined with the aim of elucidating possible age-dependent accumulations of the type suggested in previous literature. A diverse array of fluorophores was revealed with live animal and tissue section fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry of solvent extracts. Chloroform-soluble fluorescence with chemical and spectral properties similar to those of extractable age pigments was found. From proton magnetic resonance and FAB mass spectra of chromatographic fractions, this fluorescence appeared to be derived from phospholipid material. The effects of metal chelation and pH on this fluorescence were consistent with the presence of Schiff-base fluorophores as found in age pigments, but tissue fluorescence levels were growth-dependent rather than age-dependent. Absolute fluorescence intensity was most strongly correlated with body weight, the latter being closely associated with the reproductive status of the animal rather than its age. Weight-specific fluorescence covaried inversely with age and body weight. A substantial proportion of this fluorescence was derived from the frequently shed cuticle. The levels of this extractable fluorescence in crustacean tissue cannot be assumed to reflect age as has been suggested in previous literature. Implications for crustacean age pigment studies are discussed.
Gall-Bladder Myxosporea in Coral-Reef Fishes From Heron Island, Australia
Authors: Moser M , Kent ML , Dennis D
Published: June 2005

The gall bladders of 96 fishes, representing 24 families, were examined for Myxosporea. This paper describes seven new species from the gall bladder: Sphaerospora mayi, Ceratomyxa rohdei, Zschokkella heronensis, Ceratomyxa sprenti, Chloromyxum noblei, Sinuolinea lesteri and suppresses Myxidium bergense in favour of M. sphaericum.
Merizocotyle-Icopae, Sp-Nov, and Thaumatocotyle-Australensis, Sp-Nov, (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) From the Nasal Cavities of Rajiform Elasmobranchs of the Great-Barrier-Reef
Authors: Beverley-burton M , Williams A
Published: June 2005

Monocotylid monogeneans were found in the nasal cavities of rajiform fishes taken off Heron I., Great Barrier Reef. Merizocotyle icopae, sp. nov., is proposed for worms from Rhinobatos batillum and differs from all other named Merizocotyle spg in that the haptor has five loculi arranged symmetrically round the central depression, and 18 peripheral loculi. Also, eye spots are present. Thaumatocotyle australensis, sp. nov., is proposed for worms from Himantura uarnak and differs from all other named Thaumatocotyle spp. in the morphology of the penis and the presence of a conspicuously muscular accessory genital bulb. In order to accommodate the new species emended generic diagnoses are provided, and the diagnoses for the Monocotylidae and Merizocotylinae are modified.
Redescription of 3 Species of the Genus Encotyllabe (Capsalidae, Monogenea) From Fishes of the East Coast of Australia
Authors: Williams A , Beverley-burton M
Published: June 2005

Redescriptions are given of E. caballeroi Velasquez, E. caranxi Lebedev and E, chironemi Robinson,
described originally from small numbers of specimens. Each species is recorded from a new host and
geographic locality. The unusual beating body movement of E. caballeroi is discussed in relation to its
site of attachment between the pads of pharyngeal teeth of its host.
Pearsonellum-Corventum, Gen-Nov Et Sp-Nov (Digenea, Sanguinicolidae), in Serranid Fishes From the Capricornia Section of the Great-Barrier-Reef
Authors: Overstreet RM , Koie M
Published: June 2005

Pearsonellum corventum, gen. et sp. nov., is described from the heart of Plectropomus leopardus (type host), Epinephelus quoyanus, E. merra, and E. ongus from the vicinity of Heron I. in the Great Barrier Reef. It has body spines in ventrolateral transverse rows, an X-shaped intestine with long posterior caeca, a single testis, a unique auxillary external seminal vesicle, a well-developed cirrus sac, a post-testicular ovary, a partly preovarian uterus, and a well-developed metraterm. Those characteristics support a closer relationship among many piscine blood fluke genera than indicated by the seven subfamilies recognised in Yamaguti's 'Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates'.
Checklist of Parasites From Heron Island, Great-Barrier-Reef
Authors: Lester RJG , Sewell KB
Published: June 2005

The parasites found in 185 host species, including 122 fishes, at Heron Island and adjacent reefs in the Capricorn-Bunker group are listed. Parasites are identified to family or below. Many of the 580 records have not previously been published; the present location of these specimens is given.
Monotreme and Marsupial Breeding Programs in Australian Zoos
Authors: George GG
Published: June 2005

Cooperative breeding programs for selected species in Australian zoos have developed rather rapidly in response to growing concerns for the status of wildlife world-wide. The need to enlarge captive populations and to manage them for genetic and demographic stability led in 1983 to the establishment of a regional Species Management Scheme among the major publicly funded zoos of Australia and New Zealand. Several Australian marsupials are being successfully managed under this scheme, and management plans for others are being developed. Managed species are designated on the basis of their restricted availability to zoos, and the desirability of having a self-sustaining captive population for conservation purposes. Captive breeding histories of most Australian and some New Guinea monotremes and marsupials are reviewed, and details of zoo breeding programs discussed for managed species.
Reproductive and Genetic-Studies With a Laboratory Colony of the Dasyurid Marsupial Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata
Authors: Bennett JH , Breed WG , Hayman DL , Hope RM
Published: June 2005

The fat-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, is a small insectivorous dasyurid (adult weight about 16 g) widely distributed in Australia. A laboratory colony of this marsupial, which has been built up over many years, is providing material for studies of dasyurid reproductive biology and genetics. In the area of reproductive biology, we have found a marked disparity in the age of maturation between the two sexes, and we are currently studying certain aspects of spermatogenesis, sperm transport, fertilisation and early embryonic development. Genetical studies have revealed large differences between the sexes in autosomal linkage values and meiotic chromosome behaviour. In females, we have observed very limited intrachromosomal recombination and this is reflected in the distal localisation of chiasmata on the autosomes. Extreme localisation of chiasmata has not hitherto been found in a mammal, and it will be interesting to see how widely it occurs in other marsupial species. The genetical and cytological findings lead to a number of predictions that are being tested in further experimental work with the colony. Although we have been able to raise litter production to a high level, the very variable and unpredictable nature of male reproductive performance currently limits the wider use of the S. crassicaudata colony. It is clear, however, that this dasyurid has the potential to become a very useful laboratory marsupial and that it will be especially valuable for comparative biomedical studies.
Marsupial Cytogenetics
Authors: Hayman DL
Published: June 2005

This review includes a list of the chromosome numbers of marsupials and a summary of the main
features of chromosome evolution in this group of mammals. Special topics discussed include sex
chromosome mosaicism, the size of the marsupial X chromosome, X chromosomes and nucleolar
organisers, complex sex chromosome systems, repeated DNA sequences and aspects of meiosis.
X-Chromosome Inactivation in Marsupials
Authors: Cooper DW , Johnston PG , Vandeberg JL , Robinson ES
Published: June 2005

Marsupial (metatherian) mammals resemble their eutherian ('placental') counterparts in having inacti- vation of one of the two X chromosomes in the soma and premeiotic germ cells of their females. The marsupial X-inactivation system differs from the eutherian system in two respects: firstly, inactivation occurs for the paternally derived allele, i.e. it is not random, and secondly it is often incomplete. Data are available for four X-linked loci, all controlling enzyme structure: glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGKl), alpha-galactosidase (GLA) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). Both the G6PD and PGKl loci exhibit incomplete X-chromosome inactivation. The pattern of partial expression differs from tissue to tissue and from species to species. One of the two X chromosomes exhibits late replication, even in cells where a paternally derived gene is partly active, showing that late replication and absence of transcription are not completely correlated. Sex chromatin bodies are not as easily found as in some eutherians. In marsupials they are most clearly demonstrable in species with small Y chromosomes. Investigations into X-inactivation in early development have just begun. Absence of inactivation at the G6PD locus in yolk sac of a kangaroo has been observed. All other tissues exhibited complete paternal X-inacti- vation for G6PD. In a dasyurid, GLA showed complete paternal X-inactivation in all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. The role, if any, of methylation of cytosine residues in CpG pairs in the maintenance of X-inactivation in marsupials is unclear. Preliminary evidence indicates that sex-specific differences in methylation of sex linked genes do exist in marsupials.
Sex-Ratio Variation in Marsupials
Authors: Cockburn A
Published: June 2005

Many marsupials produce sex ratios biased towards male or female young. In several cases these changes are comfortably accommodated in the existing theory of sex allocation. Local resource competition and the Trivers-Willard hypothesis have been usefully applied to several data sets, and preliminary experimental work has supported the main tenets of theory. By contrast, several data sets lack explanation, and provide challenges to theoreticians. The high frequency of bias in marsupials does not result from data-dredging, as bias is usually reported in descriptive accounts of marsupial reproduction, without recourse to any theoretical or mechanistic explanations. It is not possible to distinguish whether the marsupial mode of reproduction is well suited to manipulate sex allocation, or whether it facilitates measurement of biased sex allocation. As for most eutherians and birds, the mechanism of prenatal sex allocation is unknown for any marsupial. However, the current interest in sex-determining mechanisms in marsupials suggests a profitable avenue for collaboration between geneticists, physiologists and evolutionary ecologists.
Population-Genetics of the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus-Vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Triggs SJ
Published: June 2005

Electrophoretic analysis of variation at 45 allozyme loci in four populations of common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in southeastern Australia revealed a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.044; 20% of loci were polymorphic. These values are comparable to the amount of allozyme variation found in other marsupials and in eutherians. Heterozygosity was significantly correlated with latitude. Absolute genetic divergence between the four populations was low (Nei's unbiased D of 0.004-0.017), relative to the level of divergence commonly found between populations and subspecies of other mammals. Genetic divergence between Tasmanian and mainland populations was no greater than that found between mainland populations, hence the present subspecific status of the Tasmanian possum, Trichosurus vulpecula fuliginosus, is not supported by genetic data. Relative genetic differentiation among the populations, as measured by the fixation index FST, was 0.145, suggesting that the population structure of possums is comparable to moderately vagile species rather than either highly social or highly vagile species.
Electrophoretic and Morphological Comparisons of Lampropholis-Delicata (Lacertilia, Scincidae) Populations From Eastern Australia, and a Resolution of the Taxonomic Status of This Species
Authors: Mather PB
Published: June 2005

Isozyme electrophoresis and morphological comparisons were used to examine 40 populations of the skink Lampropholis delicata from eastern Australia. Four electrophoretically distinct forms were recognised amongst the sampled populations. Morphological comparisons were able to separate the four population groups only when meristic and colour characters were combined and compared by means of multivariate analysis. The taxonomic status of L. delicata was stabilised by nominating a neotype for the species, collected from the type locality.
Environmental and Genetic Influences on Growth of the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus-Cuniculus (L) in Australia
Authors: Williams CK , Moore RJ
Published: June 2005

Environmental variation caused more variation in the growth rates of wild rabbits than did genetic divergence among populations in three climatic regions in Australia.
The growth of various parts of the body responded to different environmental influences. Growth of the body core of kittens varied with the number of littermates. Growth of the pes varied with ambient temperature and the number of littermates. Growth of the pinnae, organs with special thermoregulatory function, was affected markedly by ambient temperature.
Growth rates in regional rabbit populations differed consistently in two generations, manifesting differences in physiology and possible genetic divergence. Sub-alpine rabbits grew faster in body length and head length than did rabbits of mediterranean and arid climates. The extremities of mediterranean rabbits grew slower than those of arid and sub-alpine rabbits. The regional variation in growth physiology was determined either by persisting influence of the field environments transmitted maternally through two generations, or by genetic divergence of populations since the few progenitors were introduced to Australia 125 years previously.
Host Plants, Temperature and Seasonal Effects on Immature Development and Adult Size of Euploea-Core-Corinna (Lepidoptera, Danainae)
Authors: Scheermeyer E , Kitching RL , Jones RE
Published: June 2005

The suitability of four commonly used host plants of Euploea core, i.e. Cryptostegia grandiflora, Hoya australis, Nerium oleander and Parsonsia straminea, was measured in terms of developmental rates, pupal weight and adult wing length. The experimental temperature and seasonal quality of fresh shoots of the host plant affected all these variables. The results of development rates were inconsistent across host plants at different temperatures, but pupal weight and wing length of the butterfly were consistent. Despite great differences in the weight of pupae, pupal developmental rates appeared mainly affected by temperature. Fresh foliage produced in early spring gave significantly better growth of larvae than fresh foliage produced in late spring or autumn. Larvae coped with poor food quality in two distinct ways. One group moulted at approximately the right time, but at an unusually small size, the other group delayed moulting until it reached an appropriate size for moult. Losses were heavy in both groups. Overall, host plants in the Apocynaceae were more suitable for growth than those in the Asclepiadaceae, but whether the host plants were introduced or native, or whether they contained copious quantities of latex or not, did not seem to have a significant effect. The successful use of host plants in the Asclepiadaceae, like the C. grandiflora and ornamental H. australis, is therefore probably related to other factors, such as the frequency with which they produce fresh foliage and their common presence, overriding any minor differences in suitability.
Key words: Euploea, developmental rates, host plants, seasonal effects.
Maleo Eggs and the Amount of Yolk in Relation to Different Incubation Strategies in Megapodes
Authors: Dekker RWRJ , Brom TG
Published: June 2005

Characteristics are presented on eggs of the maleo, Macrocephalon maleo, which are compared with data from other megapodes. Maleo eggs contain an extremely large amount of yolk which, on average, accounts for 61.9% of the egg contents weight, which is much higher than in eggs of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami (50.1%), and the malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (52.6%). A higher yolk content leads to an elongation of the egg and a higher relative egg weight. The results suggest that eggs of burrow-nesting megapodes contain more yolk than eggs of mound-building species.
The Chromosomes of 4 Genera of Possums From the Family Petauridae (Marsupialia, Diprotodonta)
Authors: Murray JD , Donnellan SC , Mckay GM , Rofe RH , Baverstock PR , Hayman DL , Gelder M
Published: June 2005

The standard and C-banded (four species) karyotypes of six species of the family Petauridae (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, Petaurus australis, P. breviceps, P. norfolcensis, Dactylopsila trivirgata and Dactylonax palpator) are described. The G-banded karyotype of P. norfolcensis is also described. Gymnobelideus and Petaurus have diploid chromosome number of 22. All three species of Petaurus have a similar karyotype, consisting of biarmed autosomes and very small sex chromosomes, which differs from Gymnobelideus by a minimum of one chromosomal rearrangement of each autosome. Dactylopsila and Dactylonax have similar karyotypes with diploid chromosome numbers of 18. The relationship of these two genera to Petaurus is still uncertain but all members of this family differ from Pseudocheiridae in the small size of the sex chromosomes.
Process Responsible for Temporal Changes in the Percentages of Pelage Color Types Among the Young Recruited Into a House Mouse-Population in an Outdoor Pen
Authors: Pennycuik PR , Reisner AH , Westwood NH
Published: June 2005

In populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus, temporal changes in allelic frequencies have been attributed to both selective and non-selective processes. During a 12-year study on a mouse population carrying recessive alleles at loci affecting the colour of the pelage, the percentages of homozygous recessive mice among the young recruited were found to change with time. These changes occurred in both the total population living in the experimental pen and in the subpopulations living in the five shelters housing the mice. In the total population, bottlenecks preceded changes in the percentages of recessive homozygotes among the mice recruited each year. In the subpopulations, changes in the percentages of recessive homozygotes were preceded by bottlenecks and by movements of mice between shelters. When the data for the males and females of each pelage colour were pooled, the males of all colour types appeared to be equally fit, and females of only one colour type appeared to be slightly less fit than the other three. We concluded that the temporal changes in the percentages of mice homozygous for the recessive alleles were due largely, if not wholly, to drift and migration rather than to natural selection, and that the relative importance of these non-selective processes was determined by the degree to which the populations were isolated from one another.
Adaptative Radiation of the Retina in Galaxiidae (Salmoniformes)
Authors: Ali MA , Sakurai S , Collin SP
Published: June 2005

The retinas of seven galaxiid species collected from different habitats in Tasmania were investigated by light microscopy. There are remarkable differences between Galaxias and Paragalaxias species. The retinas of Galaxias species are characterised by a less dense retinal epithelial pigment (REP), large numbers of short and long rods, the presence of a tapetum, and stable (non-responsive) single cones in dark-adapted specimens. On the other hand, the common retinal features in Paragalaxias species include few large rods and many cones, the presence of a tapetum, lower summation and a pattern of retinomotor responses not unlike that of most other teleosts. There is no striking retinal feature that could be related to differences in their clear or turbid habitats. In spite of its probably being nocturnal, the retinal structure of P. dissimilis is basically similar to that of other diurnal Paragalaxias species. Some of the ecological constraints placed upon these species are also discussed.
The Muscles of Mastication of Phascolarctos-Cinereus (Phascolarctidae, Marsupialia)
Authors: Davison CV , Young WG
Published: June 2005

The muscles of mastication of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, were dissected, described, weighed and the areas of their origin and insertion were determined. In addition, the temporomandibular joint was described. The aim was to ascertain the relative contribution of those muscles to the jaw movements of the koala. The masseter and temporalis muscles were the principle group and could account for the major movements and forces generated in chewing. In contrast to other herbivorous mammals, the pterygoid muscles were small and probably exert fine motor control over the mandible and temporo- mandibular joints. The digastric and geniohyoid muscles were small, compatible with the limited gape in the animal.
Morphological Variation in the Dentition and Skull of the Australian Ghost Bat, Macroderma-Gigas (Microchiroptera, Megadermatidae)
Authors: Hand S , York A
Published: June 2005

Morphological variation in the dentition and some cranial characters of the Australian ghost bat,
Macroderma gigas, is reviewed by means of univariate and multivariate analyses. Specimens examined
are drawn from existing populations across northern Australia; also included for parts of this study
are mummified remains from southern central South Australia and late Pleistocene subfossil specimens
from south-western Western Australia. No clear-cut geographic pattern in morphological variation
in M. gigas is indicated by multivariate anlysis (i.e. principal components analysis), although there
is some evidence for clinal variation from univariate analysis (i.e. Scheffe's multiple-comparions
procedure). Northern Australian ghost bats (with the exception of north-eastern Australian indiv~duals)
tend to be smaller than their southern counterparts. Sexual dimorphism appears to be low. Independent
patterns of covariation among characters are extracted by principal components analysis: cheek tooth
widths cluster separately from lengths; lengths and widths of the same teeth cluster separately from
those of occluding teeth; and cranial measurements cluster separately from tooth measurements. Patterns
in the data suggest that the number of characters needed to be examined in future morphometric
studies of the vulnerable ghost bat can be significantly reduced.
Socioecology of the Yellow-Bellied Glider, Petaurus-Australis, at Waratah-Creek, Nsw
Authors: Goldingay RL , Kavanagh RP
Published: June 2005

Aspects of the socioecology of the yellow-bellied glider were examined at Waratah Creek near Bombala in south-eastern New South Wales. Gliders lived in family groups consisting of an adult monogamous pair plus offspring. Mean group size was 2.6 individuals. Females gave birth to a single young, often in successive years. Young were only born between June and December with a pronounced peak between July and September. A food availability model was constructed and used to account for the pattern of reproduction among gliders. The onset of breeding usually occurred when exudates were abundant. Late lactation and the weaning of young (periods when the protein requirements of mother and young are likely to be greatest) coincided with summer. This was a time when the highly predictable bark shed of Eucalyptus viminalis occurred, which presumably provided an abundant arthropod (i.e. protein) resource. This breeding pattern ensured that young were foraging independently before the ensuing winter.
Phasmatid Outbreaks Revisiting
Authors: Readshaw JL
Published: June 2005

An aerial survey in June 1988 of highland Eucalyptus forests on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, between Canberra, A.C.T., and Cabramurra, N.S.W., revealed extensive light to medium defoliation of peppermint-gum forests, covering several thousand hectares. The defoliation was heaviest near the Corin Dam, where ground observations identified the cause of the damage as the spurlegged phasmatid, Didymuria violescens (Leach). It is suggested that the defoliation represents the start of a new outbreak, similar to that of the 1960s, which will increase in area and extend further south with each generation every 2 years causing defoliation in correspondence with the insects 2-year life cycle.
The Locomotor Apparatus of the Crus and Pes of the Eastern Gray Kangaroo, Macropus-Giganteus
Authors: Hopwood PR , Butterfield RM
Published: June 2005

The bones and muscles of the crus and pes of the grey kangaroo are described and illustrated. The hopping of grey kangaroos is also described. The morphology of the musculo-skeletal elements of the crus and pes, together with muscle weight distribution in the pelvic limb, are discussed in relation to hopping. Several errors in the literature on the kangaroo locomotor apparatus are identified.
Life-History of the Feathertail Glider, Acrobates-Pygmaeus (Acrobatidae, Marsupialia) in South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Ward SJ
Published: June 2005

Acrobates pygmaeus was captured in nestboxes in three areas of central and southern Victoria: the Gembrook-Cockatoo area and Nar Nar Goon North east of Melbourne, and Daylesford north-west of Melbourne. Breeding was strictly seasonal and females produced two litters between July and February each year. Males also showed seasonal fluctuation in testes sizes. Mean litter size was 3.5 at birth and 2.5 at weaning. Pouch life lasted 65 days and young were weaned at approximately 100 days of age. Growth was slow and maternal investment in each young was high, and continued after weaning. Most individuals matured in the season following their birth, but some males did not mature until the second season after their birth. Maximum field longevity was at least three years. Comparisons are made with other small diprotodont marsupials.
Reproduction in New-Guinean Rattus and Comparison With Australian Rattus
Authors: Taylor JM , Calaby JH , Smith SC
Published: June 2005

Reproductive events related to time of breeding and fecundity among species of New Guinean Rattus are examined relative to latitude, altitude, and possible climatological cues. At least half of the 25 subspecies examined can breed in any month, and this capability appears to be unrelated to annual photoperiod fluctuations and ambient temperature at different altitudes. Both rainfall and commensalism may exert strong influence on local breeding regimes. This, the first reproductive analysis of all New Guinean species of this genus, permits comparison with similar events in Australian Rattus, and generalised patterns of breeding in these Australasian species are proposed.
Genetic-Variation Among Insular Populations of the Sleepy Lizard, Trachydosaurus-Rugosus Gray (Squamata, Scincidae)
Authors: Sarre S , Schwaner TD , Georges A
Published: June 2005

Seven island populations of the sleepy lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus, in South Australia were studied to establish the genetic effects of isolation. These effects were assessed by comparing genetic characteristics (using allozyme electrophoresis) of the island populations with those of three adjacent mainland populations. Heterozygosity levels did not vary significantly among the populations although the island populations exhibited reduced allelic diversity. Alleles that were rare on the mainland were not present in the island populations. Genetic divergence among the island populations was much greater than among populations on the mainland, reinforcing the notion that evolutionary forces, probably genetic drift, were greatest among the insular populations. This study demonstrates that the intra-specific component of variation can be significant, and that the importance of this component will increase with the fragmentation and isolation of populations. This finding serves to emphasis the importance of considering the population as the unit of conservation.
Myology of the Head and Neck of the Bandicoot (Marsupialia, Peramelemorphia)
Authors: Filan SL
Published: June 2005

The facial, masticatory, and neck musculature of Echymipera ('Peroryctidae'), Isoodon (Peramelidae), and Macrotis (Thylacomyidae) is detailed and figured, as are skull attachments of the described muscles. Each bandicoot family is myologically distinct, and all show greater differentiation of muscles than didelphids or dasyurids, especially in the neck. The mandibulo-auricularis has two bellies in Isoodon and fans out underneath the platysma in Macrotis, in contrast to the simple condition in didelphids, dasyurids, and Echymipera. The maxillo-naso-labialis extends furthest posterior in Echymipera, but is generally more differentiated in bandicoots than in dasyurids and Trichosurus. An omo-trachelien dorsalis is present in didelphids, dasyurids, Trichosurus and Macrotis, but absent in Isoodon and Echymipera. All three bandicoots have a styloglossus, which is not present in didelphids and dasyurids, and a differentiated temporalis pars zygomaticus.
Allometric Relationships of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Insectivorous Passerine Birds From Malaysia, New-Guinea and Australia
Authors: Wooller RD , Richardson KC , Wells DR
Published: June 2005

Beak length, gizzard width and intestinal length were all similarly related to body mass in gleaning, insectivorous, passerine birds from Malaysia, New Guinea and Australia. The remaining morphological difference between the three groups were attributable more to functional constraints than to phylogenetic affinities. The more tropical birds had slightly longer, but not proportionately narrower, beaks and smaller gizzards than comparable Australian birds. It is suggested that this stems from tropical species taking more soft-bodied and/or mobile prey than birds from the more arid Australian region.
Dna-Dna Hybridization Studies of Carnivorous Marsupials .2. Relationships Among Dasyurids (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)
Authors: Kirsch JAW , Krajewski C , Springer MS , Archer M
Published: June 2005

A suite of comparisons among ten radiolabelled dasyurid species and one outgroup bandicoot was generated using the hydroxyapatite chromatography method of DNA-DNA hybridisation; comparisons were also made with four other dasyurid taxa. Square matrices of DELTA-T(m)s, DELTA-Modes, and DELTA-T50H's were complied and corrected for reciprocity, additivity, and, in the case of DELTA-T(m)'s, normalised percentages of hybridisation. These matrices were analysed using the FITCH algorithm in Felsenstein's PHYLIP (Version 3.1), and all distinct topologies were jackknifed to test for internal consistency. Additionally, uncorrected DELTA-T(m), DELTA-Mode, and DELTA-T50H datasets were bootstrapped and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to assess measurement imprecision. FITCH trees from folded matrices including unlabelled species or those for which heteroduplex comparisons were incomplete were also calculated and jack-knifed, both before and after correction. With the exception of limited measurements to Dasyuroides byrnei and Dasykaluta rosamondae, which showed affinities with Dasyurus spp., the final tree was fully resolved: Sminthopsis crassicaudata and S. murina, together with the more distant Planigale maculata, are the sister-group to all other dasyurids examined, which in turn comprise two clades. One of these includes Dasyurus, Dasyuroides, and Dasykaluta; the other, 'true' Antechinus (A. flavipes, A. stuartii, A. swainsonii) as a sister-group to Antechinus melanurus plus Murexia longicaudata, with Phascogale tapoatafa representing a probable sister-group to all Antechinus with Murexia. DNA-DNA hybridisation provides no support for the genus Satanellus: most of the trees linked Dasyurus albopunctatus with D. maculatus instead of D. hallucatus. Similarly, Antechinus flavipes and A. stuartii appear to be closer to each other than either is to A. swainsonii. The historical biogeographic significance of the adopted phylogeny is considered, and it is concluded that the putative early Miocene separation of Australia and New Guinea was probably too early to account for the independent evolution of the New Guinean clade.