bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unfolding and modeling the recovery process after COVID lockdowns
Authors: Yang Xuan , Yang Yang , Tan Chenhao , Lin Yinghe , Fu Zhengzhe , Wu Fei , Zhuang Yueting
Published: March 2023

Lockdown is a common policy used to deter the spread of COVID-19. However, the question of how our society comes back to life after a lockdown remains an open one. Understanding how cities bounce back from lockdown is critical for promoting the global economy and preparing for future pandemics. Here, we propose a novel computational method based on electricity data to study the recovery process, and conduct a case study on the city of Hangzhou. With the designed Recovery Index, we find a variety of recovery patterns in main sectors. One of the main reasons for this difference is policy; therefore, we aim to answer the question of how policies can best facilitate the recovery of society. We first analyze how policy affects sectors and employ a change-point detection algorithm to provide a non-subjective approach to policy assessment. Furthermore, we design a model that can predict future recovery, allowing policies to be adjusted accordingly in advance. Specifically, we develop a deep neural network, TPG, to model recovery trends, which utilizes the graph structure learning to perceive influences between sectors. Simulation experiments using our model offer insights for policy-making: the government should prioritize supporting sectors that have greater influence on others and are influential on the whole economy.
Research on non-cohesive jet formed by Zr-based amorphous alloys
Authors: Shi Jin , Huang Zhengxiang , Zu Xudong , Xiao Qiangqiang , Wang Yuting
Published: March 2023

The shaped charge jet formation of a Zr-based amorphous alloy and the applicability of different numerical algorithms to describe the jet formed were experimentally and numerically investigated. X-ray experiments were performed to study jet characteristics. The numerical results for the Zr-based amorphous alloy jet formed via the Euler and smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithms were compared and analyzed using the Autodyn hydrocode. Particle motion was examined based on material properties. The Zr-based amorphous alloy formed a noncohesive jet driven by an 8701 explosive. Both the Euler and SPH algorithms achieved high accuracy for the determination of jet velocity. When the improved Johnson-Holmquist constitutive model (JH-2) was used, numerical results confirmed the model’s suitability for the Zr-based amorphous alloy. The Euler algorithm effectively reflected jet shape within a short computing time, whereas the SPH algorithm was highly suitable for showing the shape of the jet tail within a long computing time. In the 3D Euler model, the flared jet mouth indicated radial particle dispersion; however, in the 2D model, particle dispersion in the head was directly observed by using the JH-2 material model. The brittle fracture of the material reduced the proportion of particles near the liner apex forming a jet. Furthermore, a new method in which stagnation pressure was used to predict jet formation and its coherence was proposed since the collapse angle was difficult to obtain.
Effect of thermal radiation on convective heat transfer in MHD boundary layer Carreau fluid with chemical reaction
Authors: Shah Syed Amir Ghazi Ali , Hassan Ali , Karamti Hanen , Alhushaybari Abdullah , Eldin Sayed M. , Galal Ahmed M.
Published: March 2023

The temperature dependent thermophysical fluid properties have numerous aspects in different industries and engineering processes in which heat transmission is based on fluid flow. For such heat transmission processes, heat transmission system is highly fluctuated with variation of viscosity. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the transfer of heat in magnetized Carreau fluid with chemical reaction and under influence of thermal radiation over nonlinear stretching/shrinking surface. Additionally, we have incorporated variable heat dependent thermophysical properties to analyze the heat transfer in magnetized Carreau fluid. Set of flow governing non linear PDE’s are obtained using Carreau fluid tensor and boundary layer approximation (BLA) theory. Dimensionless set of ODE’s are obtained using suitable similarity transforms. Shooting method in conjunction with Newton's method have been utilized to solve the problem. It is noted that when stretching $$B\ge 0$$

B
≥
0

is significant with strictly increasing mass suction $$S$$
S
shear stress rate increase with minor levels and sharp increase has been observed in Nusselt number, whereas in shrinking case $$B<0$$

B
<
0

shear stress and heat transfer coefficient values are improved raising the value of $$S$$
S
mass suction. Further, raising the values of power law index $$n$$
n
produce reduced skin friction over stretching surface $$B\ge 0$$

B
≥
0

while skin friction dramatically enhance in shrinking case $$B<0$$

B
<
0

. It is observed that raising the non-linearity $$m$$
m
values for stretching or shrinking, skin friction and Nusselt number considerably improved. Moreover, computational outcomes of the study are validated with already published previous results and the results obtained in this study are found in good agreement.
Research on main influencing factors and complete support technology for dynamic pressure and large deformation roadway
Authors: Rong Hai , Guo Kaipeng , Sun Dequan , Luo Mingkun , Dong Wei , Huo Bingjie
Published: March 2023

To determine the main factors influencing dynamic pressure and large deformation roadways, a targeted set of support technologies was designed. The 2603 air inlet roadway of the Zhangcun coal mine in Lu'an, Shanxi Province, was taken as an example. The influence of the Wenwangshan South normal fault and in situ stress field on the dynamic pressure roadway was analyzed theoretically, and the main factors influencing this dynamic pressure and large deformation roadway under natural geological conditions were determined. The effect of the existing roadway support scheme was evaluated by field test methods such as nondestructive bolt testing. The influence of mining two working faces on the dynamic pressure and large deformation roadway was studied by the FLAC3D numerical simulation method. On this basis, a new grouting material was developed, a complete set of technical schemes of full-section integrated cooperative support of dynamic pressure and large deformation roadways was proposed, and the field application effect was verified. The results showed that under natural geological conditions, the 2603 air inlet roadway was located within the influence range of the Wenwangshan South normal fault, which was significantly affected and controlled by the fault. The included angle between the roadway extension direction and the maximum principal stress was 74°, which was not conducive to the stability of the roadway. The range of the roadway loose zone was large. Under the existing support conditions, the surrounding rock could not form a relatively stable structure, which was one of the main reasons for the large deformation of the surrounding rock in the dynamic pressure roadway. The 2603 air inlet roadway was affected by the mining of both the adjacent working face and the 2603 working face. The stresses were superimposed, and the roadway was greatly deformed and damaged. A new grouting material was developed. A crosslinking agent prepared by toluene diisocyanate and polyether polyol was added to the existing polyurethane material to form a new grouting material, and a complete supporting technical scheme was proposed. The field application results showed that the displacement and floor heave of both sides of the roadway were reduced by approximately 87%, the deformation and failure of the coal and rock mass of the roadway were effectively controlled, and the deformation of the dynamic pressure roadway was greatly reduced.
Nickel substituted polyoxometalates in layered double hydroxides as metal-based nanomaterial of POM–LDH for green catalysis effects
Authors: Ghiasi Moaser Azra , Afkham Ahmad Gholami , Khoshnavazi Roushan , Rostamnia Sadegh
Published: March 2023

Three nickel substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalates, α-[SiW9O37{Ni(H2O)}3]−10 (denoted as SiW9Ni3), was intercalated into Zn3Al based Layered Double Hydroxide (Zn3Al-LDH) by the selective ion-exchange technique. The as-synthesized nanocomposite, SiW9Ni3@Zn3Al, was used as heterogeneous nanoreactor to promote the synthesis of drug-like aminoimidazopyridine small molecule skeletons via the well-known Ugi-type Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction (GBB 3-CRs) in the absence of any acid/additive and under mild and solvent-free conditions. A synergistic catalytic effect between SiW9Ni3 polyoxometalate and Zn3Al-LDH precursors is evidenced by a higher catalytic property of the SiW9Ni3@Zn3Al composite compared to the individual constituents separately. Lewis/Bronsted acidity of the SiW9Ni3 polyoxometalate and Zn3Al-LDH precursors appear to be essential for the catalytic performance of the composite. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of SiW9Ni3@Zn3Al was also tested in GBB 3-CRs synthesis of amino imidazothiazole under mild and solvent-free conditions.
The remineralization effect of GERM CLEAN on early human enamel caries lesions in vitro
Authors: Wang Ye , Xiong Kaixin , Chen Xuan , Chi Yaqi , Han Qi , Zou Ling
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the remineralization effect of GERM CLEAN, a novel antibacterial peptide, on early enamel caries. Thirty human enamel blocks from thirty teeth were randomly divided into three groups: double distilled water (DDW group), GERM CLEAN (GC group), and 1000 ppm fluoride (NaF group). Specimens were demineralized for 3 days (pH 4.6) followed by pH cycling twice daily for 14 days. For a pH cycle, specimens received corresponding treatments for 5 min, then were immersed in demineralizing solution for 1 h, received corresponding treatments again, and finally were immersed in remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) for approximately 11 h. Specimens were washed with DDW after each treatment. Microindentation tests, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transverse micro-radiography (TMR) were conducted to analyze enamel blocks. GC demonstrated a lower percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) (p < 0.0001), rougher surfaces (p < 0.0001), deeper lesion depth (p = 0.001), and more mineral loss (p = 0.001) than NaF, but showed higher SMHR% (p < 0.0001), smoother surfaces (p < 0.0001), shallower lesion depth (p = 0.049), and less mineral loss (p = 0.001) than DDW. As a result, GERM CLEAN has the potential to promote the remineralization of demineralized enamel.
Development of a sensitive biochemical assay for the detection of tofacitinib adherence
Authors: Church Stephanie , Hyrich Kimme L. , Ogungbenro Kayode , Unwin Richard D. , Barton Anne , Bluett James
Published: March 2023

A novel HPLC MS/MS assay for the biochemical detection of adherence to tofacitinib with evidence of sensitive measurement using real-world patient samples is reported.
Synergistic effect of alloying on thermoelectric properties of two-dimensional PdPQ (Q = S, Se)
Authors: Shahabfar S. , Xia Y. , Morshedsolouk M. H. , Mohammadi M. , Naghavi S. Shahab
Published: March 2023

Using thorough first-principles calculations, we show how bonding hierarchy contributes to the structural resilience of 2D PdPQ (Q = S, Se) and allows for full-range alloying of sulfur and selenium, which improves its thermoelectric properties in a synergistic way.
Significantly boosted activity for styrene oxidation through simultaneous regulation of porosity and copper sites in microporous metal–organic framework Cu-BTC
Authors: Guo Penghu , Zhang Shuhua , Cheng Huicheng , Zeng Xingye , Wang Hanlu , Fischer Roland A. , Muhler Martin
Published: March 2023

Herein, a series of novel HP-DEMOFs were prepared and employed as catalysts for the heterogeneous styrene oxidation reaction. They exhibited much higher conversion than that of the microporous Cu-BTC structure under the same reaction conditions.
Ultrafast hot electron–hole plasma photoluminescence in two-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Sousa Frederico B. , Perea-Causin Raül , Hartmann Sean , Lafetá Lucas , Rosa Bárbara , Brem Samuel , Palekar Chirag , Reitzenstein Stephan , Hartschuh Achim , Malic Ermin , Malard Leandro M.
Published: March 2023

Pulsed laser excitation at high pump fluences inducing an exciton Mott transition to an electron–hole plasma in the as-exfoliated TMD samples at room temperature.
Freestanding laser-induced two dimensional heterostructures for self-contained paper-based sensors
Authors: Della Pelle Flavio , Bukhari Qurat Ul Ain , Alvarez Diduk Ruslán , Scroccarello Annalisa , Compagnone Dario , Merkoçi Arben
Published: March 2023

A method based on a CO2 laser plotter to produce 2D/2D heterostructure films (LIHTs) composed of rGO and group VI TMDs is proposed. The freestanding transferable LIHTs were employed to construct lab-made nitrocellulose self-contained sensors.
Accurate detection of reactive oxygen species by tuning an elastic motif (GPGGA)4 in nanopores
Authors: Wang Cunli , Yang Yiming , Shao Shuai , Zhang Hangyu , Li Na , Zhang Zhengyao , Liu Bo
Published: March 2023

A reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensor based on nanopores modified with GGGCEG(GPGGA)4CEG was developed.
Nontrivial role of polar optical phonons in limiting electron mobility of two-dimensional Ga2O3 from first-principles
Authors: Duan Xinlei , Wang Tianyu , Fu Zhiwei , Liu Linhua , Yang Jia-Yue
Published: March 2023

POP scattering is the dominant factor limiting the electron mobility for 2D Ga2O3, accompanied by a large ‘ion-clamped’ dielectric constant.
An “off–on”-type electrochemiluminescent immunosensor based on resonance energy transfer and a liposome-assisted strategy for signal amplification
Authors: Wang Yu-Ling , Fu Yi-Zhuo , Xiao Hui-Jin , Wu Pan , Ren Shu-Wei , Cao Jun-Tao , Liu Yan-Ming
Published: March 2023

ECL-RET in BP/MnO2 nanocomposites coupled with glutathione-loaded liposomes for the immunoassay of proteins.
Upconverting temperature sensors with high activation energy and low pump threshold
Authors: Prasad Manisha , Rai Vineet Kumar
Published: March 2023

Absolute and relative sensitivity of the developed Er3+/Yb3+/Mo6+:Bi2WO6 phosphors.
Vanadium–phosphorous oxide supported on mesoporous SBA-15 catalysts for ammoxidation of toluene to benzonitrile
Authors: Rajan N. Pethan , Ginjupalli Srinivasarao , Ponnala Bhanuchander , SK Hussain , Kim Sungtak , Balla Putrakumar
Published: March 2023

Reaction scheme of ammoxidation of toluene over VPO/SBA-15.
Correction: An in solution adsorption characterization technique based on the response to an external magnetic field of porous paramagnetic materials: application on supramolecular metal–adenine frameworks containing heterometallic heptameric clusters
Authors: Pascual-Colino Jon , Pérez-Aguirre Rubén , Beobide Garikoitz , Castillo Oscar , de Pedro Imanol , Luque Antonio , Mena-Gutiérrez Sandra , Pérez-Yáñez Sonia
Published: March 2023

Correction for ‘An in solution adsorption characterization technique based on the response to an external magnetic field of porous paramagnetic materials: application on supramolecular metal–adenine frameworks containing heterometallic heptameric clusters’ by Jon Pascual-Colino et al., Inorg. Chem. Front., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2qi01994a.
Experimental study of the effect of CO2 on temperature and soot volume fraction in C2H4/air co-flow laminar diffusion flame
Authors: An Xiuli , Cai Weiguang , Yang Yu , Zheng Shu , Lu Qiang
Published: March 2023

The soot volume fraction distributions of CO2-diluted C2H4/air co-flow laminar diffusion flame were measured by a CMOS camera and inverse Abel transform. The soot formation was suppressed by the density, transport and chemical effects of CO2.
In silicomodelling of the function of disease-related CAZymes
Authors: Nin-Hill Alba , Piniello Beatriz , Rovira Carme
Published: March 2023

In silico modelling of proteins comprises a diversity of computational tools aimed to obtain structural, electronic, and/or dynamic information about these biomolecules, capturing mechanistic details that are challenging to experimental approaches, such as elusive enzyme-substrate complexes, short-lived intermediates, and reaction transition states (TS). The present article gives the reader insight on the use of in silico modelling techniques to understand complex catalytic reaction mechanisms of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), along with the underlying theory and concepts that are important in this field. We start by introducing the significance of carbohydrates in nature and the enzymes that process them, CAZymes, highlighting the conformational flexibility of their carbohydrate substrates. Three commonly used in silico methods (classical molecular dynamics (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and enhanced sampling techniques) are described for nonexpert readers. Finally, we provide three examples of the application of these methods to unravel the catalytic mechanisms of three disease-related CAZymes: β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), responsible for Krabbe disease; α-mannoside β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5), involved in cancer; and O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), involved in several human diseases such as leukemia and the Dowling–Degos disease.
A low‐profile wideband spiral antenna with multiple stopbands
Authors: Tanabe Masahiro , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: March 2023

A low‐profile spiral antenna with three stopbands (2.55 GHz band, 3.85 GHz band, and 5.45 GHz band) is developed. The stopbands are generated using three pairs of slots cut into the spiral arms. The antenna height is 0.077 wavelength at a low band edge frequency of 2 GHz. Firstly, the effects of the slot dimensions (length, width, ending angle, and position) on the stopbands are analysed, where the spiral antenna floating in free space radiates a bi‐directional beam. It is found that the stopband centre frequency is determined by the slot length, and the stopband bandwidth is determined by the slot width, ending angle, and position. Secondly, the fabrication tolerances are investigated. Thirdly, the bi‐directional beam from the floating spiral antenna is transformed into a unidirectional beam by using a low‐profile cavity. It is revealed that three stopbands are maintained. Finally, a prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured to verify the analysed results.
Sociology and hierarchy of voids: A study of seven nearby CAVITY galaxy voids and their dynamical CosmicFlows-3 environment
Authors: Courtois H. M. , van de Weygaert R. , Aubert M. , Pomarède D. , Guinet D. , Domínguez-Gómez J. , Florido E. , Galbany L. , García-Benito R. , van der Hulst J. M. , Kreckel K. , Miura R. E. , Pérez I. , Planelles S. , Quilis V. , Román J. , Sánchez-Portal M.
Published: March 2023

Context. The present study addresses a key question related to our understanding of the relation between void galaxies and their environment: the relationship between luminous and dark matter in and around voids.

Aims. To explore the extent to which local Universe voids are empty of matter, we study the full (dark+luminous) matter content of seven nearby cosmic voids that are fully contained within the CosmicFlows-3 volume.

Methods. We obtained the matter-density profiles of seven cosmic voids using two independent methods. These were built from the galaxy redshift space two-point correlation function in conjunction with peculiar velocity gradients from the CosmicFlows-3 dataset.

Results. The results are striking, because when the redshift survey is used, all voids show a radial positive gradient of galaxies, while based on the dynamical analysis, only three of these voids display a clear underdensity of matter in their center.

Conclusions. This work constitutes the most detailed observational analysis of voids conducted so far, and shows that void emptiness should be derived from dynamical information. From this limited study, the Hercules void appears to be the best candidate for a local Universe pure “pristine volume”, expanding in three directions with no dark matter located in that void.
Étude des voies aeriennes dans la pratique de l’orthodontie et de la chirurgie orthognatique
Authors: Solyom Eric
Published: March 2023

L’orthodontiste intervient au carrefour de la sphère dento faciale et aéro digestive. Par l’étude des radiologies conventionnelles si besoin complétées du CBCT (ou d’un scanner maxillo facial) l’évaluation du volume des voies aériennes est en pratique courante possible. L’examen clinique aidé de cette analyse aideront l’orthodontiste à détecter une apnée obstructive du sommeil ou des facteurs de risque éventuels. La prise en charge sera en conséquence adaptée afin d’améliorer la ventilation et dans l’hypothèse d’ un SAHOS une guérison par une coopération orthodontico-chirurgicale pourra être proposée au patient.
„Psychiatrie on tour“: was bleibt, was muss sich
– jetzt – ändern?
Authors: Steinhart Ingmar , Stengler Katarina
Published: March 2023

Worum es geht

Spätestens seit der Corona-Pandemie hat das Thema Krise in der
Versorgungslandschaft in Deutschland, so auch in der Psychiatrie, Konjunktur. Und
wir erkennen, an welchen Stellen die Psychiatrie eher robust oder eher
„anfällig“ aufgestellt war – und heute noch ist.
MesoTIRF: A prism-based Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence illuminator for high resolution, high contrast imaging of large cell populations
Authors: Foylan S. , Amos W. B. , Dempster J. , Kölln L. , Hansen C. G. , Shaw M. , McConnell G.
Published: March 2023

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) illumination bypasses the axial diffraction limit of light by using an evanescent field to excite fluorophores close to a sample substrate. However, standard TIRF imaging through the objective requires a high numerical aperture (NA) to generate the evanescent wave. Available lenses have a high magnification with a correspondingly small field of view—ranging from ∼50 μm to 1 mm in diameter. Switching to the older prism-TIRF configuration introduced by Axelrod in the 1980s might seem to remove the requirement for high objective NA and allow the use of existing large-field objectives. Unfortunately, these lenses are unsuitable because their throughput of light is too low for TIRF imaging. As such, high sensitivity TIRF imaging over a much larger mesoscopic field has yet to be demonstrated. We have developed a prism-based TIRF illuminator for the Mesolens—a highly corrected objective lens with an unparalleled ratio of NA to magnification. The imaging field of the Mesolens is 204 times larger than that of the TIRF objectives previously described, increasing the optical throughput of the optical system by a factor of 25 compared to an off-the-shelf microscope objective of the same magnification. We demonstrate MesoTIRF imaging of cell specimens and show the multi-wavelength capability of the modality across more than 700 cells in a single image.
Secondary electron emission of reticulated foam materials
Authors: Ottaviano Angelica , Wirz Richard E.
Published: March 2023

Complex material surfaces can reduce secondary electron emission (SEE) and sputtering via geometric trapping. In this work, the SEE yields for a range of open-cell reticulated carbon foam geometries are characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The total reduction in the SEE yield from carbon foams with a 3% volume fill density and 10–100 pores per inch (PPI) is shown to be between 23.5% and 35.0%. Contributions of a foam backplate are assessed by experimentally and analytically defining the critical parameter, transparency. The transparency of a foam is quantified and is shown to affect the primary electron angular dependence on the SEE yield. For the same thickness of 6 mm, it is found that higher PPI decreases foam transparency from 32% to 0% and reduces the SEE yield. The SEE yield from carbon foams is also shown to have weaker dependence on the morphology of the surface compared with fuzzes and velvets and less variation across individual sample surfaces due to the rigidity of their ligament structures and isotropic geometries.
Plasmonic near-field spatiotemporal characterizations of an asymmetric copper bowtie nanostructure
Authors: Huang Siyuan , Xu Peng , Zheng Dingguo , Li Jun , Tian Huanfang , Yang Huaixin , Li Jianqi
Published: March 2023

Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM), developed from ultrafast transmission electron microscopy, enables near-field imaging with nanometer spatial resolution and femtosecond temporal resolution. We report the plasmonic near-field distribution and lifetime analysis for an asymmetric copper bowtie nanostructure having unequal opening angles. The PINEM images show surface plasmon polaritons and local surface-plasmon resonance excitations with various polarizations. Combined with finite-element simulations, the polarization- and structure-dependent distribution and intensity variations of the near-field were analyzed. The lifetime difference of a plasmonic near-field excited by different polarizations is also discussed. The temporal and spatial characterization of the plasmonic near-field is important for the further studies of plasmonic near-field manipulation and designs of plasmonic devices having specific functions.
Highly efficient and stable blue photoluminescence from environmental-friendly double perovskites
Authors: Wang Ying , Gui Qingfeng , Wang Peng , Guan Wei , Dong Xingchen , Wang Haoyu , Dong Hongzhou , Sui Lina , Gan Zhixing , Dong Lifeng , Yu Liyan
Published: March 2023

Despite intensive explorations, lead-free, low toxicity, efficient, and stable blue fluorescent materials are still highly desirable. Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskite (DP) is considered as a promising candidate for solid-state lighting due to its low toxicity and good stability. In this work, Mg-doped Cs2NaInCl6 DPs are prepared by a solvothermal method. The Mg2+-doped Cs2NaInCl6 DPs exhibit blue photoluminescence (PL) at about 445 nm with a full-width at half maximum of 58.0 nm, which is independent of the excitation wavelength. The large Stokes shift (129.5 nm), long PL lifetime (10.44 μs), and huge Huang–Rhys factor (40.2) suggest that the blue PL originates from self-trapped excitons. After optimizing the reaction conditions and doping concentration, a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 86.98% is obtained. Moreover, the Mg-doped Cs2NaInCl6 DPs exhibit good resistance to irradiation and moisture, which are expected to remedy the shortage of current blue emitting materials.
NbO2 selector device with Ge2Sb2Te5 thermal barrier for low off current (300 nA) and low power operation
Authors: Kwon Ohhyuk , Lee Jangseop , Lee Kyumin , Choi Wooseok , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: March 2023

This study investigated the impact of a Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) thermal barrier on the performance of NbO2-based selector devices. Our findings showed that the GST barrier could significantly decrease the off-state leakage current from 3 μA to 300 nA without increasing the threshold switching voltage owing to its insulation properties and high thermal resistance. We also found that the GST barrier can effectively contain the Joule heat within the NbO2 switching region, as confirmed through a cryogenic analysis of the thermal resistance of GST. The results showed that the GST/NbO2 device had a thermal resistance 3.48 times higher than that of a single-layer NbO2 device. Our results provide design guidelines for utilizing a barrier layer to reduce the leakage current in low-power threshold switching devices.
Simulating a flexible water model as rigid: Best practices and lessons learned
Authors: Weldon Raymond , Wang Feng
Published: March 2023

Two ways to create rigid versions of flexible models are explored. The rigid model can assume the Model’s Geometry (MG) as if the molecule is not interacting with any other molecules or the ensemble averaged geometry (EG) under a particular thermodynamic condition. Although the MG model is more straightforward to create, it leads to relatively poor performance. The EG model behaves similarly to the corresponding flexible model (the FL model) and, in some cases, agrees even better with experiments. While the difference between the EG and the FL models is mostly a result of flexibility, the MG and EG models have different dipole moments as a result of an effective induction in the condensed phase. For the three water models studied, the property that shows the most difference is the temperature dependence of density. The MG version of the water model by adaptive force matching for ice and liquid does not possess a temperature of maximum density, which is attributed to a downshift of the putative liquid–liquid phase transition line, leading to the hypothesized second critical point of liquid water to manifest at negative pressure. A new three-phase coexistence method for determining the melting temperature of ice is also presented.
Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps
Authors: Geppert Costanza , Bertolli Alessio , Prosser Filippo , Marini Lorenzo
Published: March 2023

Mountain ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic pressures that are reshaping the distribution of plant populations. Range dynamics of mountain plants exhibit large variability with species expanding, shifting, or shrinking their elevational range. Using a dataset of more than 1 million records of common and red-listed native and alien plants, we could reconstruct range dynamics of 1,479 species of the European Alps over the last 30 y. Red-listed species were not able to track climate warming at the leading edge of their distribution, and further experienced a strong erosion of rear margins, resulting in an overall rapid range contraction. Common natives also contracted their range, albeit less drastically, through faster upslope shift at the rear than at the leading edge. By contrast, aliens quickly expanded upslope by moving their leading edge at macroclimate change speed, while keeping their rear margins almost still. Most red-listed natives and the large majority of aliens were warm-adapted, but only aliens showed high competitive abilities to thrive under high-resource and disturbed environments. Rapid upward shifts of the rear edge of natives were probably driven by multiple environmental pressures including climate change as well as land-use change and intensification. The high environmental pressure that populations encounter in the lowlands might constrain the ability of expanding species to shift their range into more natural areas at higher elevations. As red-listed natives and aliens mostly co-occurred in the lowlands, where human pressures are at their highest, conservation should prioritize low-elevation areas of the European Alps.
Unexpected catalytic activity of nanorippled graphene
Authors: Sun P. Z. , Xiong W. Q. , Bera A. , Timokhin I. , Wu Z. F. , Mishchenko A. , Sellers M. C. , Liu B. L. , Cheng H. M. , Janzen E. , Edgar J. H. , Grigorieva I. V. , Yuan S. J. , Geim A. K.
Published: March 2023

Graphite is one of the most chemically inert materials. Its elementary constituent, monolayer graphene, is generally expected to inherit most of the parent material’s properties including chemical inertness. Here, we show that, unlike graphite, defect-free monolayer graphene exhibits a strong activity with respect to splitting molecular hydrogen, which is comparable to that of metallic and other known catalysts for this reaction. We attribute the unexpected catalytic activity to surface corrugations (nanoscale ripples), a conclusion supported by theory. Nanoripples are likely to play a role in other chemical reactions involving graphene and, because nanorippling is inherent to atomically thin crystals, can be important for two-dimensional (2D) materials in general.
Migration, Europe, and the question of political and economic sovereignty in Africa
Authors: Cross Hannah
Published: March 2023

This debate piece argues for the importance of labour internationalism and anti-imperialism in the anti-racist defence of migrants. A focus on the Sahel region shows some of the ways that core European states militarily, economically and politically undermine countries’ potential for self-determination. Border regimes, their modes of accumulation and selective labour policies expand militarism, social division and inequality between and within the regions. Challenges to these processes of global apartheid require attention to the national question and rejection of European imperialism, as indicated in recent pan-African calls for independence and popular sovereignty. This materialist analysis of migration in capitalism presents a basis for demanding equality of movement and the freedom and equality of societies facing capitalism-induced displacement.
Polarized fusion and potential in situ tests of fuel polarization survival in a tokamak plasma
Authors: Baylor L. , Deur A. , Eidietis N. , Heidbrink W.W. , Jackson G.L. , Liu J. , Lowry M.M. , Miller G.W. , Pace D. , Sandorfi A.M. , Smith S.P. , Tafti S. , Wei K. , Wei X. , Zheng X.
Published: March 2023

The use of spin-polarized fusion fuels would provide a significant boost towards the ignition of a burning plasma. The cross section for D + T → α + n, would be increased by 1.5 if the fuels were injected with parallel polarization. Furthermore, our simulations demonstrate additional non-linear power gains in large-scale machines such as ITER, due to increased alpha heating. Such benefits require the survival of spin polarizations for periods comparable to the particle confinement time. During the 1980s, calculations predicted that polarizations could survive a plasma environment, although concerns persisted regarding the cumulative impacts of wall recycling. In that era, technical challenges prevented direct tests and left the large scale fueling of a power reactor beyond reach. Over the last decades, this situation has changed dramatically. Detailed simulations of ITER have predicted negligible wall recycling in a high-power reactor, and recent advances in laser-driven sources project the capability of producing large quantities of ∼100% polarized D and T. The remaining crucial step is an in-situ demonstration of polarization survival in a plasma. For this, we outline a measurement strategy using the isospin-mirror reaction, D + 3He → α + p. Polarized 3He avoids the complexities of handling tritium, while encompassing the same spin-physics. We evaluate two methods of delivering deuterium, using dynamically polarized Lithium-Deuteride (with vector polarization PV
D of 70%) or frozen-spin Hydrogen-Deuteride (with PV
D of 40%), together with a method of injecting optically-pumped 3He (with 65% polarization). Pellets of these materials all have long polarization decay times (∼6 min for LiD at 2 K, ∼2 months for HD at 2 K, and ∼3 d for 3He at 77 K), all far greater than a plasma shot in a research tokamak such as DIII-D (∼20 s). Both species can be propelled from a single cryogenic injection gun. We review plasma requirements and strategies for detecting polarization survival. Polarization alters both fusion yields and the angular distribution of fusion products, and each of these provides a potential signal. In this paper we simulate a selection of shots with similar characteristics in a future high-Tion H plasma, and find ratios of yields from shots with fuel spins parallel and antiparallel reaching 1.3 (HD + 3He) to 1.6 (LiD + 3He) over a wide range of poloidal angles. (A companion paper finds sensitivity to fusion product angular distributions as reflected in the pitch angles of protons and alphas reaching the plasma facing wall.)
Spatial vegetation structure and its effect on wind erosion of Alxa dryland ecosystem
Authors: Cheng Tian-liang , Pan Yan-xia , Li Yan , Wang Xin-ping
Published: March 2023

In wind erosion models, previous parameters related to vegetation morphology and density are limited in describing the spatial distribution of vegetation that influences surface heterogeneity. Thus, it is not fully understood how spatial vegetation patterns affect wind erosion on a field-scale. Based on an investigation of 36 plots of vegetation in Alxa Plateau, northwestern China, we established a multivariate linear model for temporally and spatially averaged aerodynamic roughness length (Z
0) incorporating the height, roughness density, regularity of vegetation patches (curvature) and spacing between patches (connectivity). The curvature positively interacted with the connectivity in affecting the mean Z
0, while it was the most important factor affecting the standard deviation of Z
0. The connectivity modulated the roughness density in affecting the standard deviation of Z
0. The spatial-related terms contributed 37% and 62% to the model variance of the mean and standard deviation of Z
0, respectively. Our results validate the importance of spatial vegetation structure in the vegetation-airflow interactions, with a suggestion of estimating the heterogeneity of surface erodibility by intuitive spatial parameters. Based on that spatial vegetation patterns reflect the ecosystem states, a strengthened linkage between wind erosion and vegetation stability may be useful in erosion regulation in drylands.
Integrability and trajectory confinement in

-symmetric waveguide arrays
Authors: Barashenkov I V , Smuts Frank , Chernyavsky Alexander
Published: March 2023

We consider

-symmetric ring-like arrays of optical waveguides with purely nonlinear gain and loss. Regardless of the value of the gain–loss coefficient, these systems are protected from spontaneous

-symmetry breaking. If the nonhermitian part of the array matrix has cross-compensating structure, the total power in such a system remains bounded—or even constant—at all times. We identify two-, three-, and four-waveguide arrays with cross-compensatory nonlinear gain and loss that constitute completely integrable Hamiltonian systems.
Adversarial Attacks on Network Intrusion Detection Systems Using Flow Containers
Authors: Liu Tzong-Jye
Published: March 2023

This paper studies adversarial attacks on network intrusion detection systems (IDSs) based on deep or machine learning algorithms. Adversarial attacks on network IDSs must maintain the functional logic of the attack flow. To prevent the produced adversarial examples from violating the attack behavior, most solutions define some limited modification actions. The result limits the production of adversarial examples, and the produced adversarial examples are not guaranteed to find the attack packets. This paper proposes the concept of flow containers to model packets in a flow. Then, we propose a generative adversarial network framework with dual adversarial training to train the generator to produce adversarial flow containers. Flow containers can correlate attack packets and feature vectors of attack flows. We test the evasion rate of the produced adversarial examples using 12 deep and machine learning algorithms. For experiments on the CTU42 data set, the proposed adversarial examples have the highest evasion rates among all 12 classifiers, with the highest evasion rate as high as 1.00. For experiments on the CIC-IDS2017 data set, the proposed adversarial examples have the highest evasion rate among the five classifiers, and the highest evasion rate is also up to 1.00.
Three-dimensional anisotropic inversion and electrostratigraphic imaging of marine magnetotelluric data to understand the control of crustal deformations by pre-existing lithospheric structures in the Mexican Ridges Fold belt, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Meju Max A , Saleh A S , Karpiah A B , Masnan M S , Miller R V , Legrand X , Kho J H W
Published: March 2023

3-D imaging of the lithosphere in the Mexican Ridges fold belt is important for understanding how the crustal deformations in this basin relate to deep tectonic processes and structures inherited from extinct Jurassic seafloor spreading. Here, we use broad-band (0.0001–0.4642 Hz) marine magnetotelluric data from the basin to reconstruct the 3-D anisotropic resistivities of the lithosphere and their spatial gradients. The resistivity gradients maxima enabled independent definition of important geological boundaries (seen on collocated seismic reflection data) and estimation of crustal thickness. We found anomalous layered zones of low resistivity and high electrical anisotropy at 5–8 km depth (coinciding with the regional detachment zone in Eocene shales in 3-D seismic data) and in the upper mantle which we interpret as indicating intense deformation and/or recent magmatic influence. We also found a banded crystalline basement structure across the fossil spreading centre comprising WSW–ENE trending, 6–10 km wide, electrically resistive subvertical sheets with conductive and anisotropic borders, which merge into a basal resistive stock-like body at 15–20 km depth. These are cut or bounded by later NNW trending major faults. These WSW and NNW structural trends correlate with the previously interpreted transform and normal faults that formed during the Late Jurassic opening of the Gulf of Mexico only if rotated clockwise by 25–30°. Surprisingly, the rugged thrust-related seabed is offset at the projected positions of the steep resistive-conductive basement sheets (which also have spatially coincident high magnetic intensity and seismicity) enabling us to infer they represent magmatic intrusions facilitated by pre-existing faults. Their conductive borders spatially coincide with possibly fluid-filled vertical fracture-sets in the overlying sediments seen in seismic data which we interpret as hydrothermal fluid pathways. We infer that a magmatic body recently intruded our study area, its ascent controlled by pre-existing basement structures, and influenced the deformation of the Neogene sequences and the seafloor topography.
Copyright law and non-fungible tokens: experience from China
Authors: Xiao Baiyang
Published: March 2023

While the popularity of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has brought significant profits, legal practitioners have been exposed to unanswered legal concerns behind the frenzy of NFT transactions. Generally, such concerns include those related to the applicability of copyright to NFTs, the legal relationship between an NFT and the tokenized work, and the copyrights associated with the NFT in transactions. The Hangzhou Internet Court released the first NFT-related copyright case, setting a course for the subsequent judicial and business practice of IP-related NFTs nationally and internationally. With these general considerations in mind, the paper briefly introduces what non-fungible tokens are and how they relate to copyright law. Specifically, by interpreting the first NFT-related copyright decision in detail, the paper addresses the legal status of NFT and NFT transactions from the perspective of Chinese Copyright Law, with particular focus on the liability of online platforms and the applicability of the exhaustion doctrine.
Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection Conferred by a Compound CCR5Δ32 and CCR5 C20S Heterozygote
Authors: Alkhatib Bashar , Jabari Mary , Bilasy Shymaa , Abdul-Rahman Husni , Sandhu Kamal , Lai Stephen , Alkhatib Ghalib
Published: March 2023

We analyzed findings in a same-gender couple discordant in their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. The HIV+ partner was homozygous for CCR5 while his receptive HIV− partner was a CCR5Δ32 heterozygote with a C20S missense mutation in his CCR5 allele. The cells from the HIV− partner showed significant resistance to R5 fusion/infection and had no chemotactic response to CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β). We demonstrated abundant CCR5-specific RNA in the HIV− partner's cells but no detectable CCR5 protein. CCR5 promoter region cloned from each partner's DNA indicated no significant impact on RNA transcription. The compound effect of CCR5Δ32 and C20S mutation impaired CCR5 coreceptor function and conferred resistance to HIV-1.
Social Interventions to Encourage Co-Located Collaborative Learning in a Tangible User Interface
Authors: Reyes-Flores Alessandra , Mezura-Godoy Carmen , Benítez-Guerrero Edgard
Published: March 2023

Technologies that support co-located group activity should not only provide a shared workspace, but they should also encourage collaboration. For this, it is necessary to know the structure of the group and how the members of the group work in order to achieve a common goal. In this paper, an observational study of groups of students interacting in a tangible user interface was performed. This study allowed us to identify social interactions and phenomena that can affect the collaboration and performance of the group. These phenomena can be for instance that some members of the group may contribute to the activity, while others may not. In order to minimize these phenomena in a co-located group activity, we propose interactions, which we call social interventions, that might be used by a coaching system to encourage group collaboration in co-located settings.
Cytokinin signaling promotes root hair growth by directly regulating RSL4 expression
Authors: Takatsuka Hirotomo , Sasaki Anna , Takahashi Naoki , Shibata Michitaro , Sugimoto Keiko , Tanaka Maho , Seki Motoaki , Umeda Masaaki
Published: March 2023

Root hairs are single-celled tubular structures produced from the epidermis, which play an essential role in water and nutrient uptake from the soil. Therefore, root hair formation and elongation are controlled not only by developmental programs but also by environmental factors, enabling plants to survive under fluctuating conditions. Phytohormones are key signals that link environmental cues to developmental programs; indeed, root hair elongation is known to be controlled by auxin and ethylene. Another phytohormone, cytokinin, also affects root hair growth, while whether cytokinin is actively involved in root hair growth and, if so, how it regulates the signaling pathway governing root hair development have remained unknown. In this study, we show that the two-component system of cytokinin, which involves the B-type response regulators ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (ARR1) and ARR12, promotes the elongation process of root hairs. They directly up-regulate ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) encoding a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays a central role in root hair growth, whereas the ARR1/12–RSL4 pathway does not crosstalk with auxin or ethylene signaling. These results indicate that cytokinin signaling constitutes another input onto the regulatory module governed by RSL4, making it possible to fine-tune root hair growth in changing environments.
Cell-to-cell natural transformation in Bacillus subtilis facilitates large scale of genomic exchanges and the transfer of long continuous DNA regions
Authors: Deng Liping , Wang Chao , Zhang Xiaoming , Yang Wenjie , Tang Hao , Chen Xinru , Du Shishen , Chen Xiangdong
Published: March 2023

Natural transformation is one of the major mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer. Although it is usually studied using purified DNA in the laboratory, recent studies showed that many naturally competent bacteria acquired exogenous DNA from neighboring donor cells. Our previous work indicates that cell-to-cell natural transformation (CTCNT) using two different Bacillus subtilis strains is a highly efficient process; however, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we further characterized CTCNT and mapped the transferred DNA in the recombinants using whole genome sequencing. We found that a recombinant strain generated by CTCNT received up to 66 transferred DNA segments; the average length of acquired continuous DNA stretches was approximately 27 kb with a maximum length of 347 kb. Moreover, up to 1.54 Mb genomic DNA (37% of the chromosome) was transferred from the donors into one recipient cell. These results suggest that B. subtilis CTCNT facilitates horizontal gene transfer by increasing the transfer of DNA segments and fostering the exchange of large continuous genomic regions. This indicates that the potency of bacterial natural transformation is underestimated using traditional approaches and reveals that DNA donor cells may play an important role in the transformation process in natural environments.