bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals
Authors: Notarbartolo‐di‐Sciara Giuseppe , Agardy Tundi , Hyrenbach David , Scovazzi Tullio , Van Klaveren Patrick
Published: June 2007

In February 2002, France, Italy and Monaco agreed to establish an international sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals. The resulting Pelagos Sanctuary encompasses over 87500 km2of the north‐western Mediterranean Sea, extending between south‐eastern France, Monaco, north‐western Italy and northern Sardinia, and surrounding Corsica and the Tuscan Archipelago.

The Pelagos Sanctuary illustrates how the tenets of Marine Protected Area (MPA) design can be reconciled with the dynamic nature of oceanic systems, because its spatial scale was defined by oceanographic and ecological considerations, specifically the location of the Ligurian permanent frontal system.

By expanding protective measures beyond national waters, the Pelagos Sanctuary also sets a precedent for the implementation of pelagic protected areas in the high seas. The Pelagos Sanctuary will contribute to the conservation of the Mediterranean Sea at two scales: (i) locally, by protecting important cetacean foraging and breeding grounds in the Ligurian Sea, and by providing ‘umbrella’ protection to other marine predators in this area; and (ii) regionally, by empowering other conservation measures, such as the Specially Protected Areas Protocol of the Barcelona Convention and the wider goals of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black and Mediterranean Seas (ACCOBAMS).

However, because few cetacean species are resident within the Sanctuary, their effective long‐term conservation will require large‐scale management and coordinated monitoring throughout the Mediterranean basin.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barter system for researchers: A proposal
Authors: Tebbutt Arthur V.
Published: June 2007

This proposal arose from the author's difficulty in finding colleagues with similar research interests. The proposal took shape from the collective thoughts of many who have expressed dissatisfaction with the traditional means of information exchange among researchers.

At its most concrete level, the barter system for researchers consists of two parts: a list linking various research areas with researchers willing to entertain collegial inquiries thereto, and a clerk to note the number of hours that participants give and receive in the informational exchange.

The essence of the system is hardly more than these parts; thus, much of the discussion focuses on applications and refinements. In particular, adaptation to the varying needs of researchers receives much attention. For example, participation of researchers can range from informal, unrecorded exchanges to formal, monetary transactions—depending always on the mutual agreement of prospective inquirers and responders.

As a proposal, the paper's methods were limited to ad hoc argumentation and related commentaries. Therefore, results and conclusions were substantively nonempirical and speculative.
Predicting performance of information specialists
Authors: Cravens David W.
Published: June 2007

Limited research findings are available on the information‐processing behavior of users of scientific and technical information. Moreover, the information specialist who functions as intermediary between information sources and users has been the subject of even less empirical inquiry. Recognizing the potential usefulness of research findings in this area, empirical data obtained from an exploratory study of the task‐oriented information‐processing behavior of information specialists were analyzed in seeking to identify useful predictors of job performance. Forty tasks assigned to 18 subjects were analyzed, and a multiple discriminate function was developed using four categories of predictor variables: individual, task, individual‐task interaction, and information processing. The multiple correlation coefficient for the discriminate relationship consisting of 16 predictor variables and one criterion variable (job performance) was 0.869. The function correctly classified all 40 tasks into low and high performance categories. The five most important variables in the relationship were: (1) evaluation time for rejected information elements, (2) image state for task, (3) task result rating, (4) number of elements processed, and (5) intelligence. Implications of the study relative to selection, training, and supervision are discussed, and suggestions for further research are indicated.
Error evaluation for stemming algorithms as clustering algorithms
Authors: Lovins Julie B.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents mathematical evaluation measures to characterize the effect of known erroneous performance by stemming routines, and generalizes these procedures to other types of nonstatistical clustering algorithms. When clusters, or groups of intrinsically related elements, are split into smaller groups (by under‐matching the elements), there is a loss in recall in information retrieval; larger groups (caused by over‐matching) induce a loss in precision or relevance. The magnitude of error is taken to be a function of frequencies of cluster elements. When these are words in a subject‐term index generated by a stemming algorithm, retrieval capability is also affected by the strength of the algorithm, the size and content of the stemmed index, and the number of words in a query. The present Project Intrex stemming algorithm has estimated stemming‐error losses of 4% in recall and 1% in relevance on one‐word queries; the former could be reduced to almost zero by straightforward corrections of known errors in the algorithm. An expanded probabilistic model is introduced to handle a more general case in which any element need not belong unambiguously to a single cluster. Error evaluation in document classification and thesauri also is discussed in broad terms.
The preparation of international author indexes, with particular reference to the problems of transliteration, prefixes, and compound family names
Authors: Blanken Robert R.
Published: June 2007

Based on a review of variations in national usage, the practices followed by 19 English‐language abstracting and indexing services, and typical problems encountered by an indexer in the entry of foreign personal names, it is concluded that the entry of all prefixes regardless of nationality may be the wisest procedure for the average author index. A strong plea is made for increased standardization in the transliteration of Slavic, Greek, and Oriental names and for “correction” of the transliterated names of authors publishing in languages other than their own. The determination of the correct entry element for the compound sur‐names found in many nationalities is felt to be an almost insoluble problem unless the authors and publishers cooperate in indicating the desired indexing format. A general consideration of these problems and of indexing theory, as well as of the principles of transliteration and transcription, is followed by guidelines designed to help the practicing indexer improve the consistency of personal name entries; these guidelines are arranged by language family on the basis of whether the author's native language and the language of the article are written in Roman script.
Human factors in the design of an interactive library system
Authors: McAllister Caryl , Bell John M.
Published: June 2007

ELMS (Experimental Library Management System) is an experimental system for total library management, operating on‐line with an IBM 360 through IBM 2260 and 2741 terminals. The system is designed to handle large amounts of highly variable information which it processes on command, giving on‐line computer service for all library operations. At the same time, it must accommodate the different needs and skills of a broad range of library users, from new patrons to well‐trained librarians.

Such a system presents programming problems that will be typical of large, interactive computer systems in the seventies. This paper discusses ELMS features that facilitate user interaction, and may prove useful in similar systems: techniques for tutoring the user (display format, one‐question, one‐answer displays, and KWIC indexing); adaptability for the experienced user (command chains and a standard set of four‐letter mnemonic codes for higher‐level control); minimization of keying (line numbers, one‐character mnemonic codes used with procedures, and use of default conditions); performance of clerical tasks by exception notification; and collection of operational statistics to help improve the system.
Random time sampling with self‐observation for library cost studies: Unit costs of interlibrary loans and photocopies at a regional medical library
Authors: Spencer Carol C.
Published: June 2007

A simple general method for determining labor costs, random time sampling with self‐observation, is described. Unit costs of providing interlibrary loans and photocopies were determined by this method. The working time of all appropriate library personnel was sampled using Random Alarm Mechanisms and a structured checklist of mutually exclusive tasks. The workers' actual wage rates were applied to the resulting percentages. The total lender's unit cost per request received, including direct labor, materials, fringe benefits, and overhead, was $1.526 for originals mailed postpaid by lender and $1.534 for photocopies mailed. Corresponding unit costs per request filled were: originals $1.932 and photocopies $1.763. Labor costs included the costs of verifying, paging, copying, packaging & mailing, record keeping, and reshelving, based on wage rates in effect February 1969. This practical, objective method of work sampling causes minimal interference with service operations, and does not distort the data being collected. Acceptable reliability can be achieved at low cost. Under comparable conditions, the cost of providing a photocopy did not exceed the cost of lending an original document.
Robert A. Fairthorne—A biographical sketch
Authors: Wallace L. , Schultz Claire K.
Published: June 2007

This is a sketch of the man, Robert A. Fairthorne, rather than of particular ideas. The attempt has been made to recreate some small part of the fun and ferment which this 1967 “Award of Merit” winner has provoked, and to document his writings for those who wish to seriously pursue his contribution to the many areas mentioned.
What makes an automatic keyword classification effective?
Authors: Jones K. Sparck , Barber E. O.
Published: June 2007

Though the idea of constructing a keyword classification for retrieval purposes automatically is not a new one, comparatively few systematic experiments have been carried out in this area; and while many suggestions have been put forward, not enough is known about the behaviour of automatic keyword classifications, and hence about the properties such classifications should have and the ways they should be used. In previous experiments we showed that some forms of classification could give good results, and this paper describes a further series of tests designed to examine this sort of classification in more detail, with a view to establishing the optimum forms of classification and procedures for using them in different retrieval situations. These tests demonstrate that further improvements in performance over that for unclassified keywords can be obtained, and that definite conclusions can be drawn about the correct approach to classification for collections like the test one: the best results are given when grouping is confined to strongly connected, non‐frequent keywords, when the classification is used to provide additional rather than alternative indexing terms, particularly for requests, and when matching is controlled by keyword collection frequency.
Comparative evaluation of two indexing methods using judges
Authors: Rosenberg Victor
Published: June 2007

A methodolgy is presented for evaluating indexing resulting from two different indexing procedures. The evaluation is accomplished by asking a panel of judges to rate the indexing for a given document on a five point scale. The ratings are made on the basis of (1) the appropriateness of the terms to the documents and (2) the usefulness of the terms as access points for the documents. Results of an experiment using this evaluation method are also presented.
Automatic abstracting and indexing. II. Production of indicative abstracts by application of contextual inference and syntactic coherence criteria
Authors: Rush J. E. , Salvador R. , Zamora A.
Published: June 2007

Together with the increasing shortage of qualified abstractors, the factors of time, cost and value have lent impetus to a trend toward the automatic generation of abstracts and indexes. This trend has caused increased emphasis to be placed on the abstract as the locus of data for automatic retrieval systems. This necessitates the creation of high quality abstracts. It is the purpose of this paper to report on the development of techniques for the automatic production of high quality abstracts from the full text of the original document. It is necessary to analyze the conditions under which various methods of sentence selection are successful, in order to develop criteria for selecting sentences to form an abstract. But clearly, an abstract can also be produced by rejecting sentences of the original which are irrelevant to the abstract. As will be seen, it is this point which is perhaps the most significant contribution of this paper. Methods of sentence selection and rejection are discussed. These include contextual inference, intersentence reference, frequency criteria, and coherency considerations. The automatic abstracting system we have developed consists basically of a dictionary, called the Word Control List, and of a set of rules for implementing certain functions specified for each WCL entry. The abstracts we have obtained so far are of sufficiently good quality to indicate that large‐scale testing of the methods of the automatic abstracting system is warranted.

This abstract was produced by the system described in this paper.
Written representation of topics and the production of query terms
Authors: Tagliacozzo Renata , Semmel Dorothy , Kochen Manfred
Published: June 2007

The set of different terms used to search a directory for information on a given topic varies considerably from one searcher to another. If the topic is represented by a written text, the characteristics of the text are among the variables which influence the formulation of search terms. The results of an experiment simulating a library catalog search indicated that a relation exists between the lexical content load of the text, used to define the search topic, and the number of query terms generated by a group of experimental subjects (college students). No connection was found between the content load of the text and the commonality of query term choices.

Some of the properties of “popular” as opposed to “unique,” query terms were examined. Only short terms enjoyed a high level of popularity. The repeated appearance of a term in the text favored the selection of that term by a large number of searchers.
The use of extracts in information services
Authors: Helmuth Nancy A.
Published: June 2007

It is the purpose of this paper to explore the use of extracts by reporting the results of a survey of the current acceptability and use of extracts, by a literature review and by suggesting guidelines for selecting extract material. The survey shows that extracts are currently being used in information services, especially for current awareness. Most consider extracting a time‐saver. The methods for selecting material from a document are not well defined. A search of the literature produced only thirteen documents which deal with manually produced extracts. As reported in the literature, materials extracted include the author summaries, first and/or last paragraphs, selected sentences, the first page, and material selected by subject specialists from the entire text. The value of extracts as measured by whether they lead the user to relevant documents was experimentally demonstrated. The purpose of the guidelines is to help the librarian and information specialist produce an informative extract. There was no substantial evidence that extracting is less costly than abstracting. The main criteria considers whether to spend the money to resay what the author has said or get a better understanding of the paper and use the author's words to describe it.
Overlap in the lists of journals monitored by Biosis, CAS, and EI
Authors: Wood James L. , Flanagan Carolyn , Kennedy H. E.
Published: June 2007

In April 1970, the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, the Chemical Abstracts Service, and Engineering Index, Inc. began a five‐part study to determine the relationships between and the overlap in coverage in their printed publications and computer‐readable services. This study was designed to provide information needed by these three accessing services for planning future cooperative programs and for reconciling differences in policies and practices so as to make their publications and services more useful to their user communities.

This paper is based on the first part of the study, which compared listings of the journals each service was routinely monitoring as of 1 May 1970. Of the 14,592 different journals monitored, 1 % were monitored by all three of the services, 27% were monitored by two of the three services, and 72 % were monitored by only one of the three services. Subsequent phases of the study will determine the extent to which the services cover the same articles within the journals.
Development of the U. S. geological survey bibliographic system using gipsy
Authors: Moody D. W. , Kays Olaf
Published: June 2007

The U.S. Geological Survey's extensive bibliographic contributions to the earth sciences began in 1887 with the publication of the Bibliography of North American Geology. The back‐of‐the‐book indexing system for this and other serials is a partially controlled, 3‐level hierarchical scheme of subject headings. Beginning in 1962 computer compatible electronic typesetting equipment was used for bibliographic and abstracts publications with an eye to eventual automated storage and retrieval. A search for an existing retrieval system that could be integrated with the existing publishing program without re‐indexing and would also meet the myriad operational and hardware constraints of the Survey's computer center resulted, in 1968, in the adoption of GIPSY (Generalized Information Processing System) developed by the University of Oklahoma. A particularly noteworthy feature of GIPSY is the ability to search variable‐field, variable‐length records for words, word stems, and prefixes or suffixes. Moreover, retrieved records may be printed in pre‐defined formats or formatted as fixed‐field, fixed‐length records for direct input to other programs, which facilitates exchange of data with other systems. Initial user resistance to automated literature searching was partially overcome by reducing the unwieldy printout to conventional page size and presenting the output in a bibliographic format very similar to the published bibliographies. It was generally felt by the users that more than 10 years of coverage are needed in order for earth scientists to consider that their searches have a reasonable chance of being useful because of the relatively long half‐life of geologic literature. Searches of abstracts provided better recall of relevant documents than search of index terms alone.
Who cited what? a citation analysis of the four basic cataloging texts
Authors: Lehnus Donald J.
Published: June 2007

In order to help cataloging instructors evaluate texts for beginning cataloging courses, analyses of the contents and citations are used to point out the different approaches and features used by 4 authors. An attempt is made to correlate the percentage of citations in each area of cataloging with the percentage of pages devoted to that same aspect. Three of the 4 texts were published from 1967 to 1969 and a comparison of the citations reveals that the 3 texts only have 5 citations in common. An age analysis of the citations shows that in 3 texts the age of the citations are similar, while the fourth text cites materials considerably older. The citations used by the 3 recent texts are divided into 10 topics and the 3 authors' citations are listed together according to the topic in order to show the differences in the sources used by the authors.
An experiment in index term frequency
Authors: Svenonius Elaine
Published: June 2007

This paper presents an experimental study of index‐term frequency as a factor in retrieval performance. The frequency of an index term, or its “breadth” as it is called here, is the number of postings made to the term in a given collection. The question is asked: Of index terms assigned to documents, which function most effectively in retrieval, the most used or popular terms, or those which are used relatively infrequently? The experiment is a retrieval experiment and uses the Cran‐field‐Salton data. Breadth of indexing is varied by nonrandomly deleting terms from documents. Retrieval output is evaluated using the Expected Search Length measure of retrieval effectiveness as well as the usual precision and recall. The Wilcoxen Test is used to determine the statistical significance of the different indexings. The results show that the “optimal” breadth of indexing is a variable, depending on user needs: if a few documents are wanted or high precision is desired, then narrow terms are more effective than broad ones; if, on the other hand, all or most relevant documents are wanted, then broad terms are better. An argument, however, can be made for the quality of narrow terms, since when these terms are deleted precision never improves, whereas deleting broad terms always results in higher precision. A corollary experiment is carried out to compare two indexings of the same average breadth where one indexing consists of semantically appropriate terms—terms taken from the document title—and the other consists of merely “reasonable” index terms. The results suggest that title‐term indexing is qualifiedly superior.
The development of a semantic differential to assess users' attitudes towards an on‐line interactive reference retrieval system
Authors: Katzer Jeffrey
Published: June 2007

A semantic differential (SD) is a commonly used instrument which can be used to reliably measure attitudes toward a variety of objects or concepts. Each SD consists of a series of bipolar adjective scales on which a respondent reacts, in relation to the object or concept of interest. To interpret completed SDs, it simplifies the procedures and aids in the development of theory if the adjective scales are grouped into one or more independent clusters. The primary purpose of this study was to identify those clusters (or dimensions) applied by a user of an on‐line user‐oriented reference retrieval system when he reacts toward such a system.

Seventy‐one who used or were familiar with a working on‐line reference retrieval system completed a packet of 20 SDs, each consisting of the same 19 adjective scales. The correlations among the scales were factor analyzed. Three independent dimensions were identified. Factor I was labeled “evaluative‐specific” and accounted for over 23% of the total variance. Factor II was called “desirability”; it accounted for over 17% of the total variance. And, Factor III, entitled “enormity” accounted for over 10% of the total variance. Another analysis showed the factor structure to be highly reliable. Therefore, if the derived three dimensional structure underlies users' attitudes toward a more general class of retrieval systems, then undimensional or unstructured system evaluations of users' attitudes will be simplistic and possibly misleading.

In order to construct a working semantic differential, 10 adjective scales were identified which best represented the three dimensions. Brief instructions are included which outline how to use this SD. The discussion is mainly concerned with the obtained factor structure and the need for a predictive replication of the study.
Technical information centers: Specialized services to science and technology. An overview
Authors: Douville Judith A.
Published: June 2007

The term “technical information center” can be used to describe any service which retrieves any type of data or information, but is generally used to refer to science information and its retrieval. For the purposes of this study, a “technical information center” will describe any service or library which makes information available to the scientific and technological community.

This short study will attempt to describe the purposes, establishment, practices, and problems of such an information center, and to focus attention on the unique relationships that do or could exist between the “traditional” special or company library and the “modern” technical information center.
A comparison of several Zipf‐type distributions in their goodness of fit to language data
Authors: Krevitt Beth , Griffith Belver C.
Published: June 2007

Raw language data dealing with frequency of letters, phonemes, words and categories were transformed to determine the goodness of fit of such obtained data to several Zipf‐type distributions: log percentage‐log rank, percentage‐Whitworth, log percentage‐linear rank, and linear percentage‐log rank. For comparison, 9 sets of 50 three‐digit random numbers and the 9 sets of intervals created by assuming those numbers to be randomly dissecting a line, were ordered by size, as in a Zipl distribution, and tested as if they were raw language data. Two distinct types of frequency distributions seem to emerge in language data with the lesser studied type applying to phonemes, letters, and conceptual data being fit by the Whitworth or loglinear (Linear percentage vs. log rank) distributions and words by the hyperbolic (Log percentage vs. log rank) distribution.
Two modes of computer assisted instruction in a library reference course
Authors: Starks David D. , Horn Barbara J. , Slavens Thomas P.
Published: June 2007

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a set of computer based teaching materials within a graduate library reference course. Evaluation of the materials and techniques was conducted both for the purpose of revision and also to determine the overall effectiveness of the materials as integral parts of the course.

Techniques and findings were reported illustrating how evaluation during the formative stages enabled the instructor to selectively revise the materials. Evaluation of the materials as aids to student learning within the course revealed that they were effective in teaching some aspects of the material although student attitudes toward computer techniques tended to become more negative.

Implications of the techniques and results were discussed.
Issues in information technology in the United States
Authors: Meadow Charles T.
Published: June 2007

This paper is a survey of a number of issues that are concerned with information science, of importance outside the field as well as within, and generally caused by or related to changes in technology. Issues are considered in four broad categories, those concerned with computers, communications, image recording and information content. Their importance lies in the fact that how they are resolved will affect the transition of the United States from a primarily industrial to a post industrial society. The intent of the article is to present the issues and their possible impact rather than to offer solutions.
A cost model for evaluating information retrieval systems
Authors: Cooper Michael D.
Published: June 2007

This paper develops a mathematical model for use in studying how to minimize the cost of operating a mechanized retrieval system. Through the use of cost analysis, the model provides a method for comparative evaluation between information retrieval systems. The cost model divides the costs of a retrieval system into two components: system costs and user costs. In addition, it suggests that a trade off exists between the performance level of the system and the combination of user and system time that is expended in working with the system. With this approach it is possible to determine the allocation of user and system. This minimizes the total cost of operating the system. This allocation is done for a given performance level and for a given cost per unit of user and system time.
On‐line serials control system in a large biomedical library: 1) Description of the system
Authors: Fayollat James
Published: June 2007

An on‐line serials control system with particular emphasis on storage and maintenance concepts is described. The system, operational since January, 1971, has evolved from a former batch card system and remains completely compatible with it. The system allows real‐time display and updating of all elements of the file. Consequently all check‐in, bindery, and claims operations, as well as new entries and data field changes are accomplished on a real‐time basis. All programs are in PL/1. Required equipment is an IBM time‐shared facility with 100 K memory available for the applications programs, and IBM 2260 display units.

This article is the first of three. The second is concerned with an analysis of inverted file retrieval features and the third compares the operation of the on‐line with the batch system, comparable manual operations, and discusses costs.
1972 student paper award man‐machine interface: Frustration
Authors: Melnyk Vera
Published: June 2007

As an exploration of the frustration of users of an online interactive retrieval system, students from the School of Library Science of Syracuse University participated in an experiment using an experimental reference retrieval system for library literature on the IBM system 360/50. The searching consisted of sample searches using key‐words. The data base contained library literature citations for the year 1970.

In the control group, students were instructed to locate literature related to library management and information retrieval systems. The particular terms in the search and the format were outlined in an instruction session before the students used the system.

The experimental group was not restricted to a sample search, or specified search terms, but the format of the searches were to be the same as the control group.

It was anticipated that significant variations in the behavior of the users would be displayed and identified by comparing measures of behavior as the man‐computer interaction proceeded through the search process.
A keyword system for small information centers
Authors: Weinert Hartmut H.
Published: June 2007

A uniterm keyword system is explained which is thought to be suitable for small information centers operated by a staff of one or two. The intrinsic problems experienced with uniterm keywords are overcome by the introduction of the “specifier,” a means of indexing which provides for the variation of the meaning of uniterm keywords without introducing multi‐term or additional ones. A geographical index, using names of continents, or groups of countries and a specifier, provides for retrieval by regions as well as easy amendments when political changes occur. The system consists of 477 keywords, 27 specifiers and 53 geographical terms. It has been developed in the National Institute for Road Research of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, for road research documentation, and has been in efficient operation for some time. The underlying principles are thought to be equally applicable to other fields.
Information concepts and their utility
Authors: Artandi Susan
Published: June 2007

The concept of information is examined within the framework of the Mathematical Theory of Communication and semiotics, the study of signs and sign systems. The implications of these theories for the better understanding of information as we deal with this concept in the context of information systems are discussed.
A general statistical model for estimating future demand levels of data‐base utilization within an information retrieval organization
Authors: Ware Glenn O.
Published: June 2007

A statistical model for characterizing the growth patterns of data base utilization and for estimating future utilization levels of demand has been developed for information retrieval organizations. The model developed is γ = β (1‐e−at) where γ is the number of users of a data base at time †, and α and β are parameters to be estimated. Illustrations of the model applied to a typical information retrieval organization are given and discussed.
Models of index searching and retrieval effectiveness of keyword‐in‐context indexes
Authors: Yerkey A. Neil
Published: June 2007

The retrieval effectiveness of Keyword‐In‐Context indexing is sought using a simple search simulation which constrains the “user” to approach a KWIC index with subject keywords and references dictated by a conventional index. This study shows that a KWIC index will allow retrieval of at least 50% of the articles found in a conventional index, if the former is approached with the same subject concepts as are 100% successful in the latter. A comparison of several KWIC index studies, using various methodologies, tends to show retrievability ratios of 35%‐70%.
Scientific and technological information systems in the Soviet Union
Authors: Kirson Benjamin L.
Published: June 2007

The effective use of scientific and technological information is today's society is of paramount importance and has, therefore, become a subject which is receiving worldwide attention. Not much is known at present about the organization and structure of the Soviet Unions' information systems. However, more and more, interest by the United States government inthe Soviets' activities in the area is evident. It is the purpose of the communication to bojectively review and summarise the present state‐of‐the‐art of science and technological information systems within the Soviet Union.
On the dimensionality of users' attitudes toward on‐line retrieval systems—A replication?
Authors: Katzer Jeffrey , Moell Patricia
Published: June 2007

There is some evidence which suggests that users' attitudes toward on‐line interactive retrieval systems may be multi‐dimensional (1). Because this earlier work was based upon a factor analysis of the data (a procedure with well‐known test‐retest difficulties), it was essential that a replication be attempted. To this end we repeated a previous study with a new population of SUPARS II (Syracuse University Psychological Abstracts Retrieval Service) users.
Scientific elitism and the information system of science
Authors: Amick Daniel James
Published: June 2007

Scientific elitism must be viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon. Ten variables of elitism are considered and a principal components factor analysis is used to scale this multivariate domain. Two significant dimensions of elitism were found; one in basic and one in applied science. Sociometric techniques were used to identify the elite of a scientific discipline in a large metropolitan area.

An abstract analytical continuum, the scientific mission, was generated using a Thurstone‐type scale. The scientific mission is a higher order concept and subsumes both idealized polar types of basic and applied science. A scientist's scale score reflects his professional interests and the breadth of his interest space. There is a distinct tendency for elites to cluster at the basic research end of the continuum.

It was found that: (a) the ten variables of elitism provide a scale that successfully discriminates between elites and non‐elites; (b) elites process more information than non‐elites; (c) elites had more narrowly defined, less diffuse interest spaces than non‐elites; and (d) elites prefer literature‐oriented methods of procuring scientific information as opposed to person‐oriented methods.
SOLAR: A storage and on‐line automatic retrieval system
Authors: Mitchell P. C. , Rickman J. T. , Walden W. E.
Published: June 2007

SOLAR is an interactive Storage and On‐Line Automatic Retrieval system which is operational at Washington State University. It can run continuously with virtually any mix of tasks in a general purpose computing environment. Complete document abstracts may be interactively reviewed on‐line or printed offline at the searcher's request. SOLAR simultaneously supports up to 37 data bases and multiple users in an interactive search environment without a dedicated computer or even a large dedicated region of core.
On interrelationships of the sciences and technology as expressed by a categorized list of journals and modified by a classification system
Authors: Moore J. R.
Published: June 2007

The interrelationships of the branches of the sciences and technology are analyzed by means of linkages derived from the listing of journals under more than one subject category in the list “Source Journals Arranged by Category” from the Science Citation Index®–1970. These subject categories are then grouped together on the basis of the Dewey Decimal Classification in order that the broader fields of science and technology might also be analyzed. Both the nature and the strength of the linkages are considered. It is concluded that both intuitively and in comparison with a previous paper on the subject in which the data was derived by means of citation analysis the findings are of sufficient validity and interest to warrant further investigation using a more precisely constructed subject category listing. Implications are seen for collection development and for collection organization and classification in libraries and other information centers concerned with the subject areas of science and technology.
Journal citations in Master's Theses: One measurement of a journal collection
Authors: Chambers George R. , Healey James S.
Published: June 2007

The authors examined the journal citations that appeared in Education and English theses at the University of Rhode Island. The purpose of the investigation was to develop one means of measuring the use of the collection. Additionally, the study looks at the use/cost aspect and closes by noting some of the implications of the study for more rational decision‐making and inter‐library cooperation.
Trends in manpower needs in information science from 1967 to 1982
Authors: Gupta Anand B. , Shirey Donald L. , Debons Anthony
Published: June 2007

The Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Information Science (IDIS) at the University of Pittsburgh conducted a survey of the need for professionals in information science at three levels of education; B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. About 6,000 questionnaires were sent to potential employers randomly selected from lists of industrial concerns, government agencies, research and educational organizations, defense contractors, and professional associations. A brief survey of the field of information science and a summary of the manpower needs are given.
A discriminant function index for information system evaluation
Authors: Carmon James L.
Published: June 2007

A Discriminant Function Index is proposed for use in the evaluation of information storage and retrieval systems which takes into account the interdependencies between the measured variables and the relative value placed on these variables by the system evaluator. The single number which results, the Index, is proportional to the true value of the individual information system and provides a means of comparing components of individual systems or independent systems. The proposed index is of the form I =b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 +…+ bnxn where the xi are measured variables of system performance (e.g., precision, recall, rank recall, log precision, cost, etc.) and the bi take values that will maximize the correlation, rIG, between the index, I, and the true value of the system, G. The prediction of G from the variables is obtained through multiple regression techniques. Application of the index is illustrated through use of data reported in the literature.
Opinion paper. an affirmative statement on copyright debate
Authors: Tallman Johanna E.
Published: June 2007

The roles of the government, author, publisher, library, user, public, and foreign countries are linked to the basic issue of the resolution as well as to the broader implications of the copyright problem. The major contention is that, since the government supports research and publication for the benefit of the public, this information should be disseminated at a minimum cost with maximum accessibility, at no extra profit to the publisher. Fiscal implications relate higher costs of publications to library budgetary limitations as basic reasons for subscription cuts. Data and citations from various sources are used to support the arguments for the affirmative of the resolution.
Optimal selection of acquisition sources
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2007

The problem addressed is that of optimally choosing the source from which to order a book. Each acquisition source is characterized by frequency distributions for discount and service time. A technique called decision analysis is used to determine the tradeoff between discount and service time most consistent with the librarian's preferences.
Indexing and automatic significance analysis
Authors: Steinacker Ivo
Published: June 2007

Intellectual indexing proceeds on three levels: The selection of phrases occurring in the document text (sequential indexing), the posting of specific phrases from the text to generic descriptors (generic indexing), and the choice of descriptors which are implicit to the document text (symbolic indexing). Automation has been attempted on all three levels: by concordance and autoposting. Here an algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of sequential indexing which does not use any grammatical or semantic analysis, but follows the principle of emulating human judgement by evaluation of machine‐recognizable attributes of structured word assemblies (text). The algorithm is based on producing “text cuts” of a few words in length and ordering them alphabetically. Afterwards, every “text cut” which appears with a certain limit frequency or above is considered significant (by human standards). The algorithm has been applied to a text body of about 220,000 words from the NASA bibliographic file and an “established” dictionary of significant terms has been created by this algorithm. As any phrase not occurring in the established dictionary is not suppressed, but posted to a floating dictionary, from which it may, if usage increases above the limit frequency, be transferred to the established dictionary, the algorithm presents a tool for the creation and maintenance of a “self‐adaptive” data base of text information.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XXV. Der Nachweis des freien Diphenylnitrilimins als Zwischenstufe bei Cycloadditionen
Authors: Clovis James S. , Eckell Albrecht , Huisgen Rolf , Sustmann Reiner
Published: June 2007

Rasche Folgereaktionen vereitelten bislang die Isolierung substituierter Nitrilimine. Benz‐phenylhydrazid‐chlorid (3) tauscht nur in Anwesenheit von Triäthylamin mit Triäthylammoniumchlorid‐36Cl das Chlor aus. Identische Orientierungsverhältnisse bei Cycloadditionen an Zimtsäure‐methylester bzw. Crotonsäure‐methylester sowie übereinstimmende Konkurrenzkonstanten bei der Umsetzung mit Dipolarophilen‐Paaren beweisen das Auftreten ein und derselben Zwischenstufe bei folgenden Reaktionen: Thermolyse und Photolyse des 2.5‐Diphenyl‐tetrazols (1), Umsetzungen von Benz‐phenylhydrazid‐chlorid (3) mit tert. Amin sowie von [α‐Nitro‐benzyliden]‐phenylhydrazin (8) mit Triäthylamin und Natriumjodid. Nur das freie Diphenylnitrilimin genügt den strukturellen Anforderungen.
Organische Schwefelverbindungen, 73. Die säurekatalysierte, drucklose Umsetzung aliphatischer Ketone und β‐Oxo‐carbonsäureester mit Schwefelwasserstoff
Authors: Bleisch Siegfried , Mayer Roland
Published: June 2007

Bei der Einwirkung von Schwefelwasserstoff auf β‐Oxo‐carbonsäureester (1) entstehen nicht nur β‐Thioxo‐carbonsäureester (2), sondern auch β.β‐Dimercapto‐carbonsäureester (3). Die Bildung der geminalen Dithiole 3 ist stark temperaturabhängig und wird am Beispiel des Acetessigesters näher erläutert. – Auch die Art der Reaktionsprodukte der säurekatalysierten Umsetzung einfacher aliphatischer Ketone mit Schwefelwasserstoff ändert sich mit der Temperatur. Zwischen −80 und −40° entstehen vorrangig monomere Thione 8, um −25° geminale Dithiole des Typs 7. Eingehend werden die Verhältnisse beim Di‐n‐propylketon beschrieben.
Asterane, II. Synthese und Hydrierung von Triasteran, Tetracyclo[3.3.1.02.8.04.6]nonan
Authors: Musso Hans , Biethan Uwe
Published: June 2007

Zwei unabhängige Wege führen zum Triasteran (1). Aus endo‐Δ3‐Norcaren‐carbonsäure‐(7) (10) wird über das Diazoketon 12 Triasteranon (13) erhalten, in dem eine maximale Konjugation der Carbonylgruppe mit den Cyclopropanringen vorliegt und dessen Wolff‐Kishner‐Reduktion Triasteran (1) als Hauptprodukt liefert. In geringer Ausbeute entsteht 1 bei der alkalischen Zersetzung des Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonandion‐(2.6)‐bis‐tosylhydrazons (27), die vorwiegend Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonadien‐(2.6) (29) und Tricyclo[3.3.1.02.8]nonen‐(3) (30) ergibt. – Die katalytische Hydrierung des Triasterans (1) erfolgt sehr langsam zu Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan (31) und Tricyclo[3.3.1.02.8]nonan (32), das seinerseits in Bicyclo[3.3.1]‐ und ‐[3.2.2]nonan (31 und 33) übergeführt wird.
Cyansäureester, XI. Reaktionen von Bromcyan und Cyansäure‐arylestern mit carbanionenaktiven Phosphorverbindungen
Authors: Martin Dieter , Niclas Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2007

Bromcyan überträgt seine Nitrilgruppe unter Umylidierung zu 4a–c, auf Triphenylphosphin‐alkoxycarbonylmethylene (1a, b), und Triphenylphosphin‐cyanmethylen (1c). Triphenyl‐phosphin‐benzoylmethylen (1d), wird unter denselben Bedingungen bromiert (9), und cyaniert (6). In Gegenwart von Triäthylamin wirkt Bromcyan auf 1a, und 1b, ausschließlich bromierend. ‐ Durch Arylcyanate werden die Phosphor‐ylene 1, cyaniert (4a–d). Die dabei durchlaufenen Imidsäure‐arylester‐Zwischenstufen lassen sich bei Verwendung von 1a, und 1b unter Bildung von Triphenyl‐[2.4‐diaryloxy‐6‐oxo‐5.6‐dihydro‐pyrimidinyliden‐(5)]‐phosphoranen (16) abfangen. – Phosphonsäure‐diäthylester‐Anionen liefern mit Arylcyanaten Cyanmethan‐phosphonsäure‐diäthylester (19).
Eine Studie der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion, VI. Kinetischer Nachweis des Moleküls C6O6 (Dianhydrid der Äthylentetracarbonsäure)
Authors: Sauer Jürgen , Schröder Barbara , Wiemer Richard
Published: June 2007

Das Molekül C6O6 (1) läßt sich nicht durch zweifachen Wasserentzug aus Äthylentetracarbonsäure bereiten. Eine Kinetische Studie der Retro‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion seines Addukts an 9.10‐Dialkoxy‐anthracene beweist die Existenzfähigkeit von 1 in Lösung.
Zur Frage der Isomerenbildung bei der Nitrierung einfacher und substituierter Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Asinger Friedrich , Fell Bernhard , Oltay Ernst , Schnur Peter
Published: June 2007

Die Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der Nitrierung von 1‐ und 2‐Nitro‐n‐octan, 1‐Chlor‐ und 1‐Brom‐n‐octan sowie 1‐Chlor‐n‐decan mit konz. Salpetersäure oder Stickstoffdioxid in der Flüssigphase wurden untersucht. Die relativen Reaktivitäten der primär und sekundär gebundenen Wasserstoffatomtypen eines unsubstituierten n‐Alkans bei der Nitrierung nach Grundmann bei 160° in der Flüssigphase verhalten sich wie etwa 1:20.
Aminopyrazine
Authors: Pitrè Davide , Boveri Sergio
Published: June 2007

Es wird über eine neuartige Synthese von 2‐Amino‐pyrazin und seine Alkyl‐bzw. Arylderivate berichtet.
Über einige Umsetzungen des 1‐Lactams von 2‐Thio‐hydantoin‐[β‐propionsäure]‐(5)
Authors: Behringer Hans , Schunck Rainer
Published: June 2007

Die Äthanolyse der 1‐Lactams von 2‐Thio‐hydantoin‐[β‐propionsäure]‐(5) 1 (n = 2) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin verläuft anomal unter öffnung des Thiohydantoinrings zu dem Thio‐carbamoylester der Struktur 4. Umsetzung des Lactams mit HN3 bei 150° und darauffolgende saure Hydrolyse liefert α,γ‐Diamino‐buttersäure. Das Lactam reagiert nach Friedel‐Crafts mit reaktionsfähigen Aromaten zu 5‐Aroyläthyl‐2‐thio‐hydantoinen 6, deren Entschwefelung mit Raney‐Nickel einen Weg zu γ‐Aroyl‐α‐amino‐buttersäuren 7 eröffnet.