bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of biomarkers to stratify surgical care in women with ovarian cancer
Authors: Phelps D. L. , Borley J. V. , Brown R. , Takáts Z. , Ghaem‐Maghami S. ,   the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
Published: April 2022

Plain language summary

Biomarkers may offer unforeseen insights into clinical diagnosis, as well as the likely course and outcome of a condition. In this paper, the focus is on the use of biological molecules found in body fluids or tissues for diagnosis and prediction of outcome in ovarian cancer patients.

In cancer care, biomarkers are being used to develop personalised treatment plans for patients based on the unique characteristics of their tumour. This tailoring of care can be used to pursue specific targets identified by biomarkers, or treat the patient according to specific tumour characteristics.

Surgery is one of the core treatments for ovarian cancer, whether it is offered in primary surgery or following chemotherapy in delayed surgery. Biomarkers already exist to guide the treatment of tumours with chemotherapy, but very little research has determined the value of biomarkers in tailoring surgical care for ovarian cancer. Such research is required to identify new biomarkers and assess their effectiveness in a clinical setting as well as to help identify specific tumour types to guide surgery. Biomarkers could help to determine the success of removing the disease surgically, or help to identify tumour deposits that persist after chemotherapy. All of these aspects would improve current practice.

This Scientific Impact Paper highlights research that may pave the way towards bespoke surgery according to the biological characteristics of a tumour and aid gynaecological oncologists to provide surgical treatment according to individual need, rather than a blanket approach for all.
Can medium‐scale farms support smallholder commercialisation and improve welfare? Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Saweda O. Liverpool‐Tasie Lenis , Salim Nuhu Ahmed , Awokuse Titus , Jayne Thomas , Muyanga Milu , Aromolaran Adebayo , Adelaja Adesoji
Published: April 2022

In spite of mounting evidence about the growth of medium‐scale farms (MSFs) across Africa, there is limited empirical evidence on their impact on neighbouring small‐scale farms (SSFs). We examine the relationships between MSFs and SSFs, with particular focus on the specific mechanisms driving potential spillover effects. First, we develop a theoretical model explaining two propagating mechanisms: learning effects (training) and cost effects (reduced transactions cost). An empirical application to data from Nigeria shows that SSFs with training from MSFs tend to use higher levels of modern inputs (have higher productivity), and receive higher prices and income. The results also show that purchasing inputs from MSFs reduces the costs of accessing modern inputs and is associated with higher inorganic fertiliser use by SSFs. Our results suggest that the benefits of receiving training and purchasing inputs from MSFs are particularly important for very small‐scale producers, operating less than 1 hectare of land. This implies that policies which promote the efficient operation of MSFs and encourage their interaction with SSFs can be an effective mechanism for improving the productivity and welfare of smallholder farms, hence reducing their vulnerability to extreme poverty.
Pictorial essay on MRI local staging of rectal carcinoma: An easy approach
Authors: Cheah Wai‐Hun
Published: April 2022

Rectal cancer is common and accounts for more than one‐third of colorectal tumors. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Previously computed tomography scan is the key imaging modality in preoperative assessment to detect local invasion and distant metastasis. However, the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has aided in local staging and prognosticates the outcome of rectal tumor. Here, the author briefly explains why rectal MRI has a comprehensive role and provides a simple and easy way in reporting an MRI rectal carcinoma, even for a non‐radiologist.
Efficacy and safety of letrozole or anastrozole in the treatment of male infertility with low testosterone‐estradiol ratio: A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Guo Bin , Li Jiao‐jiao , Ma Ya‐ling , Zhao Yu‐tao , Liu Jian‐guo
Published: April 2022

Background

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been used to treat male infertility for decades. However, due to the lack of large‐scale randomized controlled studies and basic research, the efficacy and safety of AIs in the treatment of male infertility remain controversial. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an evidence‐based preliminary evaluation of the existing clinical trials of AIs in the treatment of male infertility.

Method

A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CNKI, VIP, CBM, and Wanfang databases through August 2021 for all studies. We conducted a systematic review with a meta‐analysis of all available studies reporting sperm conventional parameters, gonadotropin and testosterone levels, and/or the pregnancy rate.

Results

A total of 10 studies involving 666 patients were included. Letrozole (LE) or anastrozole (AZ) administration significantly increased sperm concentration, total sperm count, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T) levels, and the testosterone‐to‐estradiol ratio (T/E2), but E2 levels were significantly reduced compared with baseline values. Compared with the control group, which included selective estrogen receptor modulators (SEMRs) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), LE, or AZ did not have any significant effect on sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, except that AIs had less effect on sperm motility than the control group (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −2.55; 95% CI: −4.11 to −1.00; p = 0.001).

Conclusion

AIs may be effective in the treatment of male infertility. For infertile male patients planning assisted reproduction, discontinuation of AIs for 2–7 days prior to sperm retrieval may increase the success rate of fertilization. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.
International student mobility: Pacific Islander experiences of higher education in Australia
Authors: Pearson Jasmine , McNamara Karen E. , McMichael Celia
Published: April 2022

Tertiary education scholarships for individual students from developing countries, including those in the Pacific Islands, are a key pillar of Australia's development policy. Understanding students' experiences of these scholarships are important in identifying both positives and challenges, which can help foster improved future opportunities. This is especially the case for Pacific Islander students engaging in the Australia Awards Scholarship programme for which there is limited understanding of experiences. As such, this paper identifies that although educational mobility programmes can offer a wealth of opportunities for students, the COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the challenges of such programmes which can inhibit students from reaching their full potential. Educational mobility programmes that effectively address the needs of students and empower them to achieve their goals are required to better facilitate transformative development pathways for Australia's Pacific Island neighbours.
Plasma levels of VEGF‐A and VCAM‐1 as predictors of drug‐induced hypertension in patients treated with VEGF pathway inhibitors
Authors: Quintanilha Julia C. F. , Hammond Kelli , Liu Yingmiao , Marmorino Federica , Borelli Beatrice , Cremolini Chiara , Nixon Andrew B. , Innocenti Federico
Published: April 2022

Aims

Hypertension is a common toxicity induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors. There are no validated markers of hypertension induced by these drugs.

Methods

We previously discovered that cancer patients with lower plasma levels of angiopoietin‐2, VCAM‐1 and VEGF‐A are at high risk of developing severe hypertension when treated with bevacizumab. This study aimed to validate the predictive value of these markers in pretreatment plasma samples of an additional cohort of 101 colorectal cancer patients treated with regorafenib. The levels of angiopoietin‐2, VCAM‐1 and VEGF‐A were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association between proteins and grade ≥2 regorafenib‐induced hypertension was performed by calculating the odds ratio (OR) from logistic regression. Using the optimal cut‐point of each protein, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for hypertension were estimated.

Results

Lower levels of VCAM‐1 (P = .015, OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.27–8.08) and VEGF‐A (P = .007, OR = 3.47, 95% CI 1.40–8.75) were associated with a higher risk of hypertension. Levels of angiopoietin‐2 were not associated with hypertension. The multivariable model indicates an independent effect of VCAM‐1 (P = .018, OR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.25–8.68) and VEGF‐A (P = .008, OR = 3.77, 95% CI 1.44–10.21). The presence of low levels of both VCAM‐1 and VEGF‐A had an OR of 9.46 (95% CI 3.08–33.26, P = 1.70 × 10−4) for the risk of hypertension (sensitivity of 41.4%, specificity of 93.1%, PPV of 70.6% and NPV of 79.8%).

Conclusions

This study confirmed the value of VCAM‐1 and VEGF‐A levels in predicting hypertension induced by regorafenib, another VEGF pathway inhibitor.
First‐in‐human study of eliapixant (BAY 1817080), a highly selective P2X3 receptor antagonist: Tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Klein Stefan , Gashaw Isabella , Baumann Sybille , Chang Xinying , Hummel Thomas , Thuß Uwe , Friedrich Christian
Published: April 2022

Aims

Neuronal hypersensitisation due to adenosine triphosphate‐dependent P2X3 receptor signalling plays a significant role in several disorders including chronic cough and endometriosis. This first‐in‐human study of eliapixant (BAY 1817080) investigated the tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single doses of eliapixant, including the effect of food and coadministration with a CYP3A inhibitor on eliapixant relative bioavailability.

Methods

In this randomised, double‐blind phase I study (NCT02817100), 88 healthy male subjects received single ascending doses of immediate‐release eliapixant (10–800 mg) tablets or placebo under fasted conditions, with food (low‐fat continental or high‐fat American breakfast) or with itraconazole (fasted state). PK parameters, dose proportionality, adverse events and taste assessments (taste strips; dysgeusia questionnaire) were evaluated.

Results

Eliapixant had a long half‐life (23.5–58.9 h [fasted state]; 32.8–43.8 h [high‐fat breakfast]; 38.9–46.0 h [low‐fat breakfast]). Less than dose‐proportional increases in maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC[0–inf]) were observed with ascending eliapixant doses. We observed a pronounced food effect with the high‐fat breakfast (4.1‐fold increased Cmax; 2.7‐fold increased AUC[0–inf]), a smaller food effect with the low‐fat breakfast and a mild‐to‐moderate effect of itraconazole coadministration on eliapixant (1.1–1.2‐fold increased Cmax; 1.7‐fold increased AUC from 0 to 72 h). Eliapixant was well tolerated with minimal impact on taste perception.

Conclusion

The PK profile, particularly the long half‐life, and favourable tolerability with no taste‐related adverse events, supports the further development of eliapixant in disorders with underlying P2X3 receptor‐mediated neuronal hypersensitisation.
Children’s developing views of social excluders: A dissociation between social evaluation and partner preference
Authors: Woodward Amanda Mae , Horen Lindsay A. , Knoll Sarah J. , Beier Jonathan S.
Published: April 2022

When facing social exclusion, children seek to strengthen existing social connections and form new ones. This study asked whether they also make strategic choices about the targets of their affiliative goals. Three‐ to six‐year‐olds (N = 69; 36 female; mostly non‐Hispanic White) observed characters acting inclusively or exclusively. All ages viewed excluders more negatively than includers, but only five‐ and six‐year‐olds preferred includers as play partners. Despite easily detecting and remembering exclusion events, younger children expressed no play partner preference. Children's verbal justifications revealed that older children choose partners more carefully and draw on a richer understanding of exclusion. More generally, the initial dissociation between social evaluation and preference formation underscores that these are distinct processes with different developmental trajectories.
Fiscal implications of interest rate normalization in the United States
Authors: Bi Huixin , Shen Wenyi , Yang Shu‐Chun S.
Published: April 2022

We study the fiscal implications of interest rate normalization from the zero lower bound (ZLB) in the United States. At the ZLB, falling tax revenues and real bond prices increase government debt accumulation. During normalization, interest payments remain above the path without the ZLB, and government debt can increase further despite the recovery of output and tax revenues. Against the yardstick of ability to pay, interest rate normalization is unlikely to threaten federal debt sustainability at the current net federal debt level about 100% of GDP. If the government fails to reform Social Security and major healthcare programs, sovereign default risk can rise more quickly when debt reaches 150% of GDP. Also, a more active monetary policy anchors inflation expectations better, generates a faster recovery and, hence, slows down debt accumulation more than a less active one does. An unexpected early liftoff, however, can prolong a recession and increase debt accumulation more at the ZLB and during normalization.
Neutrophil phenotypes in bronchial airways differentiate single from dual responding allergic asthmatics
Authors: van der Burg Nicole , Stenberg Henning , Ekstedt Sandra , Diamant Zuzana , Bornesund Daisy , Ankerst Jaro , Kumlien Georén Susanna , Cardell Lars‐Olaf , Bjermer Leif , Erjefält Jonas , Tufvesson Ellen
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Allergic asthmatics with both an early (EAR) and a late allergic reaction (LAR) following allergen exposure are termed ‘dual responders’ (DR), while ‘single responders’ (SR) only have an EAR. Mechanisms that differentiate DR from SR are largely unknown, particularly regarding the role and phenotypes of neutrophils. Therefore, we aimed to study neutrophils in DR and SR asthmatics.

Methods

Thirty‐four allergic asthmatics underwent an inhaled allergen challenge, samples were collected before and up to 24 h post‐challenge. Cell differentials were counted from bronchial lavage, alveolar lavage and blood; and tissue neutrophils were quantified in immune‐stained bronchial biopsies. Lavage neutrophil nuclei lobe segmentation was used to classify active (1–4 lobes) from suppressive neutrophils (≥5 lobes). Levels of transmigration markers: soluble (s)CD62L and interleukin‐1Ra, and activity markers: neutrophil elastase (NE), DNA‐histone complex and dsDNA were measured in lavage fluid and plasma.

Results

Compared with SR at baseline, DR had more neutrophils in their bronchial airways at baseline, both in the lavage (p = .0031) and biopsies (p = .026) and elevated bronchial neutrophils correlated with less antitransmigratory IL‐1Ra levels (r = −0.64). DR airways had less suppressive neutrophils and more 3‐lobed (active) neutrophils (p = .029) that correlated with more bronchial lavage histone (p = .020) and more plasma NE (p = .0016). Post‐challenge, DR released neutrophil extracellular trap factors in the blood earlier and had less pro‐transmigratory sCD62L during the late phase (p = .0076) than in SR.

Conclusion

DR have a more active airway neutrophil phenotype at baseline and a distinct neutrophil response to allergen challenge that may contribute to the development of an LAR. Therefore, neutrophil activity should be considered during targeted diagnosis and bio‐therapeutic development for DR.
Nationwide Alcohol‐related visits In Singapore's Emergency departments (NAISE): A retrospective population‐level study from 2007 to 2016
Authors: Liu Zhenghong , Mao Desmond Ren‐Hao , Fook‐Chong Stephanie , Mak Charles Chia Meng , Tan Xi Xiang Esther , Wu Jun Tian , Tan Kelvin B. , Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Siddiqui Fahad J.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and its societal impact is substantial. The Nationwide Alcohol‐related visits In Singapore Emergency departments study aims to characterise trends in ED visits involving acute and chronic alcohol consumption between 2007 and 2016.

Methods

Data from the Singapore Ministry of Health, comprising all ED visits in Singapore from 2007 to 2016, were used. The data were aggregated by year and analysed for changes in prevalence and rates of ED visits for acute and chronic alcohol consumption, broken down by age, gender and ethnicity.

Results

Over the study period, the number of ED visits involving alcohol consumption increased 98.3%, from 2236 in 2007 to 4433 in 2016. During the same period, the rate per 100 000 population increased 62.4% from 48.7 to 79.1, and total ED‐related costs rose by 140%, from 528 680 to 1 269 638 SGD. The increase in alcohol‐related visits rates and costs was higher than non‐alcohol‐related visits rates and costs, which increased by 12.1% and 115% respectively. While trends in acute and chronic alcohol‐related ED visits stayed stable amongst women, they rose substantially in men. Older men aged 50–69 show the highest rates and rate of increase for both acute and chronic alcohol‐related ED visits.

Discussion and Conclusions

Alcohol‐related visits contributed disproportionately to the increasing number of ED visits in Singapore between 2007 and 2016. Older men form the demographic with the highest rates and increase in rates of alcohol‐related ED visits and form a potential group for targeted intervention.
The timing of storm awareness in the Caribbean: the utility of climate information for improved disaster preparedness
Authors: Dookie Denyse S. , Spence‐Hemmings Jacqueline
Published: April 2022

Noting the frequency of tropical storm hazards and related disasters within the Caribbean, this paper initially highlights the relatively short average period of ‘storm awareness timing’ in the region, less than 24 hours, with variations in time and space. Next, it evaluates the results of a survey on communicating disaster risk by a range of participants at the 2016 Wet/Hurricane Season Caribbean Community Climate Outlook Forum in Dominica. Respondents commented that there may be a ‘weekend effect’ possibly hindering quick action and suggested that improved institutional support was needed to use climate information better. Analysis of these two datasets in tandem offers a unique understanding of whether the timing of events may contribute to limitations on responses by local authorities. Lastly, the paper ends with insights into how this research can assist regional authorities in enhancing and utilising climate information for disaster risk reduction, as well as by indicating where critical issues remain.
Effectiveness of long‐term prophylaxis using pdFVIII/VWF concentrate in patients with inherited von Willebrand disease
Authors: Rugeri Lucia , Harroche Annie , Repessé Yohan , Desprez Dominique , Petesch Brigitte Pan , Chamouni Pierre , Biron Christine , Frotscher Birgit , Catovic Hasan , Bracquart Diane , Martin Cédric , Trossaërt Marc , Meunier Sandrine , d'Oiron Roseline
Published: April 2022

Background

Patients with symptomatic von Willebrand disease (VWD) should be offered long‐term prophylaxis (LTP) to prevent recurrent bleedings. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Voncento®, a plasma‐derived FVIII/VWF concentrate (ratio 1:2.4), administrated in LTP.

Methods

We included patients from the OPALE study (May 2016 to April 2021), a French multicenter observational study following patients with inherited VWD, who received a Voncento® LTP during the study period.

Results

Among the 130 OPALE‐study patients, 23 patients (12 women) received a LTP and were therefore included. The median (range) age was 16 (1–85) years; 16 patients were type 3, 1 was type 2A, 6 were type 2B. Before inclusion, 19 (83%) were under LTP and 4 (17%) received on‐demand (OD) treatment. The indications for initiating prophylaxis in the overall population were joint bleeding (43%), ear, nose, and throat (ENT) bleeding including epistaxis or oral bleeding (39%), and recurrent muscle hematoma (22%). The medians (ranges) dose of Voncento® per infusion, frequency, and weekly dose were 45 (33–109) IU/kg, 2 infusions per week, and 96 (44–222) IU/kg/week, respectively. The median (range) annualized bleeding rate (ABR) was 0.8, 0.7 (0–3.5), and 0 (0–2.3) for type 2A, 2B, 3 patients, respectively. There was no difference regarding to the dose, frequency of infusion, or in terms of ABR in 9/19 patients who replaced previous concentrates with Voncento®. During the study period, no adverse event was reported.

Conclusion

These results suggest that Voncento® is effective to prevent recurrent bleedings in patients symptomatic VWD.
Comparing individually based and family‐based treatments for internalizing, externalizing, and family symptoms in Latino youth
Authors: Santisteban Daniel A. , Mena Maite P. , McCabe Brian E. , Abalo Clara , Puccinelli Marc
Published: April 2022

Rigorous randomized trials that test promising culturally centered treatments for Latino youth and families are needed. This study adds to the knowledge base by comparing the efficacy of Culturally Informed and Flexible Family Treatment for Adolescents (CIFFTA) to an Individually Oriented Treatment‐As‐Usual (ITAU) in its ability to retain Latino youth and families in treatment, reduce internalizing and externalizing child symptoms, and improve family functioning. CIFFTA uses an adaptive/flexible approach to deliver individual therapy, family therapy, and psycho‐educational modules tailored to each family's unique clinical and cultural characteristics. Two hundred Latino adolescents 11–14 years of age completed a baseline assessment, were randomly assigned to CIFFTA or ITAU, then were assessed again after 16 weeks of intervention. Results show that CIFFTA had significantly higher retention (83%) than ITAU (71%), OR = 2.05,p = .036. Youth in both conditions showed significant reductions in youth and parent reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and there were no differences in change between conditions. Parents in CIFFTA reported significantly greater reductions in family conflict,d = 0.38,p = .025 than in ITAU. In CIFFTA, children of less acculturated Latino parents showed more improvement than the children of more acculturated parents. In ITAU, the reverse was true, children of more acculturated parents reported more improvement. This evidence of CIFFTA’s impact on retention, family conflict, and differential effect depending on cultural values and behaviors, has important implications for the field of Latino psychology and family treatment.
The brain—from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration
Authors: Abramov Andrey Y.
Published: April 2022

The brain is the organ that orchestrates the whole body. To do so, neurons and glia in different brain regions have evolved to be highly specialized and are regulated by diverse receptors and neuro‐ and gliotransmitters. Some of the features of the brain, including a protective brain–blood barrier, high‐energy demand, and electrical activity, mean that neurons and astrocytes are uniquely diverse components of tissue that vary greatly even across brain regions. This Special Issue features 19 review articles that cover different aspects of the broad field of neuroscience—from neurodevelopment, physiology and memory formation to the mechanisms underlying the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
Modulating fatigue property of in situ Ti‐based metallic glass composites by changing dendrite composition
Authors: Wang Xiaodi , Song Shaolong , Zhu Zhengwang , Zhang Haifeng , Ren Xuechong
Published: April 2022

Metallic glass composites (MGCs) serve as promising candidates of advanced structural materials. In this work, the Mo element was added to change the dendrite composition of in situ dendrite‐reinforced Ti‐based MGCs, for exploring the effect of dendrite composition on fatigue behavior. The Mo‐containing MGC possessed the lower fatigue lives and fatigue endurance limit, relative to Mo‐free MGC. Several characterization methods including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to reveal the fatigue deformation and damage features. The Mo could change the dendrite stability and then induce the fatigue deformation variation from martensitic transformation and twinning to dislocation slipping. The fatigue crack formed from the metallic glass (MG) matrix phases and deflected when encountering the dendrites in Mo‐free MGC; for comparison, the fatigue crack formed from the dendrites and penetrated the adjacent MG matrix and dendrites in Mo‐containing MGC. Current results may offer the guidance on future composition design for MGCs with excellent fatigue property.
A review of the heterogeneous landscape of biodiversity databases: Opportunities and challenges for a synthesized biodiversity knowledge base
Authors: Feng Xiao , Enquist Brian J. , Park Daniel S. , Boyle Brad , Breshears David D. , Gallagher Rachael V. , Lien Aaron , Newman Erica A. , Burger Joseph R. , Maitner Brian S. , Merow Cory , Li Yaoqi , Huynh Kimberly M. , Ernst Kacey , Baldwin Elizabeth , Foden Wendy , Hannah Lee , Jørgensen Peter M. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Lovett Jon C. , Marquet Pablo A. , McGill Brian J. , Morueta‐Holme Naia , Neves Danilo M. , Núñez‐Regueiro Mauricio M. , Oliveira‐Filho Ary T. , Peet Robert K. , Pillet Michiel , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Sandel Brody , Serra‐Diaz Josep M. , Šímová Irena , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Violle Cyrille , Weitemier Trang D. , Wiser Susan , López‐Hoffman Laura
Published: April 2022

Aim

Addressing global environmental challenges requires access to biodiversity data across wide spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales. Availability of such data has increased exponentially recently with the proliferation of biodiversity databases. However, heterogeneous coverage, protocols, and standards have hampered integration among these databases. To stimulate the next stage of data integration, here we present a synthesis of major databases, and investigate (a) how the coverage of databases varies across taxonomy, space, and record type; (b) what degree of integration is present among databases; (c) how integration of databases can increase biodiversity knowledge; and (d) the barriers to database integration.

Location

Global.

Time period

Contemporary.

Major taxa studied

Plants and vertebrates.

Methods

We reviewed 12 established biodiversity databases that mainly focus on geographic distributions and functional traits at global scale. We synthesized information from these databases to assess the status of their integration and major knowledge gaps and barriers to full integration. We estimated how improved integration can increase the data coverage for terrestrial plants and vertebrates.

Results

Every database reviewed had a unique focus of data coverage. Exchanges of biodiversity information were common among databases, although not always clearly documented. Functional trait databases were more isolated than those pertaining to species distributions. Variation and potential incompatibility of taxonomic systems used by different databases posed a major barrier to data integration. We found that integration of distribution databases could lead to increased taxonomic coverage that corresponds to 23 years’ advancement in data accumulation, and improvement in taxonomic coverage could be as high as 22.4% for trait databases.

Main conclusions

Rapid increases in biodiversity knowledge can be achieved through the integration of databases, providing the data necessary to address critical environmental challenges. Full integration across databases will require tackling the major impediments to data integration: taxonomic incompatibility, lags in data exchange, barriers to effective data synchronization, and isolation of individual initiatives.
A retrospective study of age‐defined hematologic inflammatory markers related to pediatric COVID‐19 diagnosis
Authors: Üstündağ Yasemin , G. Kazanci Elif , Koloğlu Rahime F. , Çağlak Hatice A. , Yildirim Fatih , Y. Arikan Elif , Huysal Kağan
Published: April 2022

Background

The aim of this study was to examine age‐related differences in hemogram parameters and hematologic inflammatory markers in pediatric patients with COVID‐19.

Methods

This retrospective study included children aged 2 months to 18 years (n = 208) who have a confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19 and a control group comprising 117 healthy children between February 2021 and July 2021. The analysis of subgroup hematological values were performed according to the children's age cutoffs.

Results

The most significant difference between pediatric patients with COVID‐19 and controls were peripheral blood eosinophil counts and eosinophil‐to‐monocyte ratio (EMR) levels on admission. The levels of monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, aggeregate index of systemic inflammation (neutrophil × platelet × monocyte/lymphocyte), neutrophil‐to‐ lymphocyte × platelet ratio, and systemic inflammation response index (neutrophil × monocyte/ lymphocyte) were higher in patients than in controls. EMR had the highest area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.777, with a cutoff value of 0.26. The sensitivity for EMR was 75% under 2 years of age, and between 78.6–87.5% in the other age groups.

Conclusion

In children younger than 6 months, the discriminative power of hematological indices is low, while the discriminative power of EMR is high at all ages when age appropriate cutoffs are used. Hematological inflammatory parameters may be particularly practical in pediatric clinics to help identify COVID‐19 infection.
Constructing meaningful transitions in a vulnerable situation—The role of lifelong learning policies in European regions
Authors: Rambla Xavier , Kovacheva Siyka
Published: April 2022

This article draws on interviews with 164 young beneficiaries (of) and 128 professionals in charge of lifelong learning policies in eighteen regions located in nine member states of the European Union in 2017. Drawing on the concept of ‘opportunity structures’, we analyse variations between regional institutional arrangements and interactions between professionals and young adults. Our findings suggest that the crux of lifelong learning policies is the coordination between different policy areas so that they can respond to the multidimensional challenges that young adults face during their life transitions in diverse regional contexts.
Cell origin and niche availability dictate the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to colonize the cavity and omentum
Authors: Louwe Pieter A. , Forbes Stuart J. , Bénézech Cécile , Pridans Clare , Jenkins Stephen J.
Published: April 2022

The relationship between macrophages of the peritoneal cavity and the adjacent omentum remains poorly understood. Here, we describe two populations of omental macrophages distinguished by CD102 expression and use an adoptive cell transfer approach to investigate whether these arise from peritoneal macrophages, and whether this depends upon inflammatory status, the origin of peritoneal macrophages and availability of the omental niches. We show that whereas established resident peritoneal macrophages largely fail to migrate to the omentum, monocyte‐derived resident cells readily migrate and form a substantial component of omental CD102+ macrophages in the months following resolution of peritoneal inflammation. In contrast, both populations had the capacity to migrate to the omentum in the absence of endogenous peritoneal and omental macrophages. However, inflammatory macrophages expanded more effectively and more efficiently repopulated both CD102+ and CD102− omental populations, whereas established resident macrophages partially reconstituted the omental niche via recruitment of monocytes. Hence, cell origin determines the migration of peritoneal macrophages to the omentum and predisposes established resident macrophages to drive infiltration of monocyte‐derived cells.
The multidimensional nature of privacy risks: Conceptualisation, measurement and implications for digital services
Authors: Karwatzki Sabrina , Trenz Manuel , Veit Daniel
Published: April 2022

While today consumers benefit from personalised service offerings, they are also understandably concerned about the privacy risks generated by disclosing their personal information online. We know that such perceived risks in general shape behaviour, but we know little about what specific privacy risks obstruct the use of digital services, making it difficult to implement technologies that could mitigate these risks. Based on qualitative and quantitative studies involving over 1000 participants, we conceptualise and quantify a multidimensional perspective on privacy risks consisting of physical, social, resource‐related, psychological, prosecution‐related, career‐related and freedom‐related privacy risks. Our results explicate the prospects of distinguishing privacy risk dimensions by demonstrating how they are differently pronounced across contexts and how technology designs can be tailored to assuage them. Thus, our findings improve the understanding of context and service‐specific privacy risks, helping managers to adjust their digital offerings to mitigate users' privacy risk perceptions.
Multi‐objective optimization of the maritime cargo routing and scheduling problem
Authors: dos Santos Pietro Tiaraju Giavarina , Borenstein Denis
Published: April 2022

This paper addresses the multi‐objective maritime cargo routing and scheduling problem, in which the delivery of bulk products from pickup to delivery ports is served by a heterogeneous fleet of vessels. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is formulated to simultaneously minimize total operation costs, the scheduling makespan, and delays in selected deliveries. The model accounts for several real features, such as time windows, capacity of the vessel's compartments, and ports requirements. A fuzzy weighted max–min method was applied to solve the problem. Two heuristics were developed to effectively handle the complex generated MILP models during the solution process. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the optimization approach using real‐life instances provided by a fertilizer company. Finally, a case study shows that the developed model and algorithmic framework are flexible and effective in coping with real problems, incorporating specific business rules from different companies.
Phenotypic assessment of genetic gain from selection for improved drought tolerance in semi‐tropical maize populations
Authors: Musimwa Tatenda R. , Molnar Terence L. , Dutta Somak , Dhliwayo Thanda , Trachsel Samuel , Lee Michael
Published: April 2022

Most maize production across the globe is rain‐fed, and production is set to be negatively impacted as duration and occurrence of droughts increases due to climate change. Development of water‐deficit tolerant maize germplasm has been a major focus for most breeding programmes. Here, we sought to assess the genetic gain for grain yield in two maize populations developed for drought tolerance at CIMMYT by evaluating their cycle progeny through hybrid performance. Inbreds derived from different cycles of the Drought Tolerant Population (DTP) and La Posta Sequia (LPS) were mated to a tester (CML550), and resulting hybrids were evaluated under managed water‐deficit stress and well‐watered conditions. The difference in yield between water‐deficit and well‐watered treatments was 27% and 36% for the DTP and LPS, respectively. Genetic gain for grain yield across cycles for the two populations was confirmed in the study. Genetic gain was observed for both treatments indicating that selection for water‐deficit stress tolerance simultaneously improves grain yield in well‐watered conditions. The DTP population had a genetic gain of 0.07 t ha−1 cycle−1, while the LPS had 0.16 t ha−1 cycle−1 under water‐deficit conditions. Significant genetic gain was also observed in the well‐watered treatments for both populations. Anthesis to silking interval was significantly reduced under water‐deficit stress conditions in both populations. Plant and ear height were reduced in the LPS population in both treatments, while no reductions were observed for the trait in the DTP population. Potential water‐deficit stress tolerance donor lines with yields comparable to commercial check varieties were identified.
Fabricating porous ceramic materials via phase separations in blends of cellulose acetate and ceramic nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Hongli , Zhong Hangyu , Zhang Bo‐xing
Published: April 2022

As applications of porous ceramic materials have gradually expanded, the novel technologies for the fabrication of porous ceramic materials with a delicate and controllable structure are still attractive. In this work, three types of porous monolithic ceramic materials, including Al2O3–SiO2, TiO2, and SiC, have been fabricated by thermally impacted and non‐solvent‐induced phase separations in blends of cellulose acetate and ceramic nanoparticles. These materials possessed three‐dimensional interconnected porous structures with low densities, high porosities, and hierarchical pores ranging from 5 nm to 6 μm. The relationships between microstructures and phase separations were systematically investigated. Furthermore, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of 20 dB from 5 to 18 GHz in porous SiC materials has been achieved, revealing that those materials have potential applications in the electromagnetic shielding. This work provides a powerful and general approach to fabricate porous monolithic ceramic materials with a wide range of various ceramic nanoparticles.
Dietary flexibility promotes range expansion: The case of golden jackals in Eurasia
Authors: Lanszki József , Hayward Matt W. , Ranc Nathan , Zalewski Andrzej
Published: April 2022

Aim

Ongoing global changes can lead to the expansion of species' geographical range. Exploring the drivers of the successful ongoing expansion of the golden jackal across Europe is essential to understand the species' trophic ecology. We analysed which climatic and environmental factors affected the dietary composition of golden jackals and compared these drivers in the species' historic and recently colonized distribution ranges.

Location

Eurasia.

Taxon

Golden jackal (Canis aureus).

Methods

Using 40 published datasets, we modelled jackal diet composition using 13 food categories based on the relative frequency of occurrence of food items and trophic niche breadth (BA) against climatic and environmental factors from throughout the jackals' recently colonized (22 studies) and historic range (18 studies) using general additive models.

Results

The proportion of small mammals in golden jackal diet decreased with annual mean temperature, whereas the consumption of wild ungulates increased with environmental productivity. Increasing temperature and environmental productivity positively influenced niche breadth, while increasing precipitation negatively affected it. The recently colonized distribution range of golden jackals in Europe had a lower mean temperature but higher environmental productivity compared to the species' historic range in Eurasia. In the recently colonized range, jackals consumed small mammals and/or wild ungulates (mostly from scavenging) more frequently, and fewer plants and/or domestic animals (again, mostly from scavenging).

Main Conclusions

The golden jackal is an opportunistic, omnivorous carnivore with high dietary flexibility and biogeographical variation. Climatic and environmental factors shape the species' diet composition, which, in a changing environment, greatly enhances the opportunities for golden jackals to colonize new areas successfully. Golden jackals will likely continue to expand their range in the foreseeable future. The species' trophic niche is expected to broaden with predictions of overall increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation.
FGF21 alleviates pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting mTORC1/EIF4EBP1 pathway via H19
Authors: Li Xiuchun , Zhang Yaxin , Su Lihuang , Cai Luqiong , Zhang Chi , Zhang Jianhao , Sun Junwei , Chai Mengyu , Cai Mengsi , Wu Qian , Zhang Chi , Yan Xiaoqing , Wang Liangxing , Huang Xiaoying
Published: April 2022

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our preliminary data showed that hypoxia‐induced PH is attenuated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) administration. Therefore, we further investigated the regulatory role of long non‐coding RNAs in PH treated with FGF21. RNA sequencing analysis and real‐time PCR identified a significantly up‐regulation of the H19 after FGF21 administration. Moreover, gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays demonstrated that FGF21 suppressed hypoxia‐induced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells partially through upregulation of H19. In addition, FGF21 deficiency markedly exacerbated hypoxia‐induced increases of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodelling. In addition, AAV‐mediated H19 overexpression reversed the malignant phenotype of FGF21 knockout mice under hypoxia expose. Further investigation uncovered that H19 also acted as an orchestra conductor that inhibited the function of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by disrupting the interaction of mTORC1 with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E–binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1). Our work highlights the important role of H19 in PH treated with FGF21 and suggests a mechanism involving mTORC1/EIF4EBP1 inhibition, which may provide a fundamental for clinical application of FGF21 in PH.
Editorial Perspective: COVID‐19‐related publications on young people’s mental health – what have been the key trends so far and what should come next?
Authors: Cortese Samuele , Sabe Michel , Solmi Marco
Published: April 2022

In this Editorial Perspective, we take a systematic look at the overall nature of the Covid‐19 related research on mental health in children and young people, to gain insight into the major trends in this area of research and inform future lines of investigation, clinical practices, and policies. By means of state‐of‐the‐art scientometric approaches, we identified 3,692 relevant research outputs, mainly clustering around the following themes: (a) mental health consequences of the Covid‐19 pandemic in children and young people; (b) impact of the pandemic on pre‐existing psychiatric disorders; (c) family outcomes (i.e., family violence and parental mental health); and (d) link between physical and mental conditions. Only 23% of the retrieved publications reported new data, the remaining ones being reviews, editorials, opinion papers, and other nonempirical reports. The majority of the empirical studies used a cross‐sectional design. We suggest that future research efforts should prioritise: (a) longitudinal follow‐up of existing cohorts; (b) quasi‐experimental studies to gain insight into causal mechanisms underlying pandemic‐related psychopathology in children and young people; (c) pragmatic randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to test evidence‐based intervention strategies; and (d) evidence‐based guidelines for clinicians and policymakers.
An energetics–performance framework for wild fishes
Authors: Brownscombe Jacob W. , Raby Graham D. , Murchie Karen J. , Danylchuk Andy J. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: April 2022

There is growing evidence that bioenergetics can explain relationships between environmental conditions and fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Fish energetic needs increase predictably with water temperature, but metabolic performance (i.e., aerobic scope) exhibits varied relationships, and there is debate about its role in shaping fish ecology. Here we present an energetics–performance framework, which posits that ecological context determines whether energy expenditure or metabolic performance influence fish behaviour and fitness. From this framework, we present testable predictions about how temperature‐driven variability in energetic demands and metabolic performance interact with ecological conditions to influence fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Specifically, factors such as prey availability and the spatial distributions of prey and predators may alter fish temperature selection relative to metabolic and energetic optima. Furthermore, metabolic flexibility is a key determinant of how fish will respond to changing conditions, such as those predicted with climate change. With few exceptions, these predictions have rarely been tested in the wild due partly to difficulties in remotely measuring aspects of fish energetics. However, with recent advances in technology and measurement techniques, we now have a better capacity to measure bioenergetics parameters in the wild. Testing these predictions will provide a more mechanistic understanding of how ecological factors affect fish fitness and population dynamics, advancing our knowledge of how species and ecosystems will respond to rapidly changing environments.
Effects of fecal stream deprivation on human intestinal barrier after loop ileostomy
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Ma Haitao , Sun Yiming , Li Teming , Wang Cheng , Zheng Hong , Chen Guoqing , Du Guangsheng , Ji Guangyan , Yang Hua , Xiao Weidong , Qiu Yuan
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim

Intestinal homeostasis is closely associated with the normal intestinal luminal physiological environment. Temporary loop ileostomy changes the intestinal structure and diverts the fecal stream, thereby disturbing the intestinal environment. This study aimed to clarify the changing situation of the human intestinal mucosa barrier in the absence of a fecal stream after loop ileostomy.

Methods

We obtained paired samples from the fed (fecal stream maintained) and unfed (no fecal stream) portions of the loop ileostomy and subjected these samples to RNA sequencing. We also determined transepithelial electrical resistance. The mucus layer thickness and content of MUC2, tight junction proteins, and common antimicrobial peptides in ileum mucosa were studied.

Results

Transcriptome data revealed that genes associated with enhancing the intestinal barrier function of the unfed ileum were significantly decreased and genes associated with immune defense response were significantly increased. The transepithelial electrical resistance was lower and the mucus layer thickness was thinner in the unfed ileal mucosa than in the fed ileum. The MUC2, Occludin, and zonula occludens 1 content was lower in the unfed ileum than in the fed ileum. α‐Defensin 5, α‐defensin 6, and lysozyme content was higher in the unfed ileum than in the enterally fed ileum.

Conclusion

Intestinal barrier function is weakened after long‐term fecal diversion, but antimicrobiota defense function is strengthened. Thus, the intestinal mucosa barrier adopts an alternative stable state during fecal diversion, which may explain the clinical paucity of cases of enterogenic infection caused by loop ileostomy.
Talking Over Time ‐ Dynamic Central Bank Communication
Authors: GÁTI LAURA
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the optimal dynamic communication strategy of central banks using a Bayesian persuasion game framework. In a dynamic environment, financial market participants and the general public have misaligned interests because the present and future have different relevance in their optimization problems, leading to a novel trade‐off for the monetary authority. Compared to the static benchmark, I show that the central bank (CB's) optimal dynamic communication policy should put a higher weight on talking about the present state than the future. In addition, the CB should strategically send more noisy signals than in the static benchmark.