bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinases: protective roles in cancer
Authors: Decock Julie , Thirkettle Sally , Wagstaff Laura , Edwards Dylan R.
Published: March 2011

Introduction

MMP‐3

MMP‐8

MMP‐9

MMP‐12

MMP‐19

MMP‐26

Conclusions

The original notion that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) act as tumour and metastasis‐promoting enzymes by clearing a path for tumour cells to invade and metastasize has been challenged in the last decade. It has become clear that MMPs are involved in numerous steps of tumour progression and metastasis, and hence are now considered to be multifaceted proteases. Moreover, more recent experimental evidence indicates that some members of the MMP family behave as tumour‐suppressor enzymes and should therefore be regarded as anti‐targets in cancer therapy. The complexity of the pro‐ and anti‐tumorigenic and ‐metastatic functions might partly explain why broad‐spectrum MMP inhibitors failed in phase III clinical trials. This review will provide a focussed overview of the published data on the tumour‐suppressive behaviour of MMPs.
FACS‐purified myoblasts producing controlled VEGF levels induce safe and stable angiogenesis in chronic hind limb ischemia
Authors: Wolff Thomas , Mujagic Edin , Gianni‐Barrera Roberto , Fueglistaler Philipp , Helmrich Uta , Misteli Heidi , Gurke Lorenz , Heberer Michael , Banfi Andrea
Published: March 2011

We recently developed a method to control the in vivo distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by high throughput Fluorescence‐Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) purification of transduced progenitors such that they homogeneously express specific VEGF levels. Here we investigated the long‐term safety of this method in chronic hind limb ischemia in nude rats. Primary myoblasts were transduced to co‐express rat VEGF‐A164 (rVEGF) and truncated ratCD8a, the latter serving as a FACS‐quantifiable surface marker. Based on the CD8 fluorescence of a reference clonal population, which expressed the desired VEGF level, cells producing similar VEGF levels were sorted from the primary population, which contained cells with very heterogeneous VEGF levels. One week after ischemia induction, 12 × 106 cells were implanted in the thigh muscles. Unsorted myoblasts caused angioma‐like structures, whereas purified cells only induced normal capillaries that were stable after 3 months. Vessel density was doubled in engrafted areas, but only approximately 0.1% of muscle volume showed cell engraftment, explaining why no increase in total blood flow was observed. In conclusion, the use of FACS‐purified myoblasts granted the cell‐by‐cell control of VEGF expression levels, which ensured long‐term safety in a model of chronic ischemia. Based on these results, the total number of implanted cells required to achieve efficacy will need to be determined before a clinical application.
Cortical network from human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Nat Roxana
Published: March 2011

The connection of embryonic stem cell technology and developmental biology provides valuable tools to decipher the mechanisms underlying human brain development and diseases, especially among neuronal populations, that are not readily available in primary cultures. It is obviously the case of neurons forming the human cerebral cortex. In the images that are presented, the neurons were generated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells via forebrain‐like progenitors. Maintained in culture for prolonged time, they acquired a mainly glutamatergic phenotype and morphological characteristics of cortical pyramidal neurons, including dendritic spines, and formed spectacular networks.
Quality assessment of randomised controlled trials of dental implant surgery and prosthodontics published from 2004 to 2008: a systematic review
Authors: Vere Joe , Joshi Rajendra
Published: March 2011

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the methodological and statistical quality of randomised controlled trials of treatment interventions of dental implant surgery and prosthodontics published between 2004 and 2008.

Method: Randomised controlled trials were identified following detailed searches of Medline, EMBASE, CINHAL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Identified studies were independently assessed by two non‐blinded reviewers for 14 key methodological and statistical domains. Information was collected using a customised data collection sheet.

Results: The initial Medline search yielded 1484 studies. Following application of inclusion criteria 38 randomised controlled trials, not presenting the same patient material, were identified for this review. Inter‐examiner agreement was assessed for all domains (median κ score 0.7). All disagreements were resolved by discussion. Randomisation was adequate in 16 trials (42%), allocation concealment was adequate in seven trials (18%) and outcome assessment was blind in 12 trials (31%). Seven trials (18%) tested the intra/inter‐examiner reliability of at least one outcome of interest. Confidence intervals were reported in two trials (5%). Seventeen different statistical tests were used. However, inferential statistical analysis was considered appropriate in only 22 trials (57%).

Conclusions: Randomised controlled trials of treatment interventions of dental implant surgery and prosthodontics published between 2004 and 2008 are poorly reported and, by themselves, provide little unbiased evidence to support the clinical decisions that we make.

To cite this article:
 Vere J, Joshi R. Quality assessment of randomised controlled trials of dental implant surgery and prosthodontics published from 2004 to 2008: a systematic review. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02124.x
Heat production during different ultrasonic and conventional osteotomy preparations for dental implants
Authors: Rashad Ashkan , Kaiser Anja , Prochnow Nora , Schmitz Inge , Hoffmann Eike , Maurer Peter
Published: March 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intraosseous temperature changes during ultrasonic and conventional implant site preparation in vitro with respect to the effect of load and irrigation volume.

Material and methods: Implant sites were prepared using two different ultrasonic devices (Piezosurgery, Mectron Medical Technology and VarioSurg, NSK) and one conventional device (Straumann) at loads of 5, 8, 15 and 20 N and with irrigation volumes of 20, 50 and 80 ml/min. During implant site preparation, temperatures were measured in fresh, equally tempered bovine ribs using two thermocouples placed at a distance of 1.5 mm around the drilling site in cortical and cancellous bone. The preparation time was recorded.

Results: The heat production and time required for implant site preparation using both ultrasonic devices were significantly higher than those for conventional drilling (P<0.01). Increased loading had no effect on heat production. A higher irrigation volume was associated with a diminished temperature increase in the cortical bone for ultrasonic but not for conventional drilling, which resulted in significantly lower temperatures in cortical as compared with cancellous bone during ultrasonic implant site preparation.

Conclusions: Ultrasonic implant site preparation is more time consuming and generates higher bone temperatures than conventional drilling. However, with the levels of irrigation, ultrasonic implant site preparation can be an equally safe method.

To cite this article:
 Rashad A, Kaiser A, Prochnow N, Schmitz I, Hoffmann E, Maurer P. Heat production during different ultrasonic and conventional osteotomy preparations for dental implants. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02126.x
The effects of bone grafting material and a collagen membrane in the ridge splitting technique: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Han Ji‐Young , Shin Seung‐Il , Herr Yeek , Kwon Young‐Hyuk , Chung Jong‐Hyuk
Published: March 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bone graft materials and collagen membranes in ridge splitting procedures with immediate implant placement using a dog model.

Materials and methods: Mandibular premolars were extracted in five beagle dogs. After 3 months, ridge splitting and placement of three OsseoSpeed™ implants were performed bilaterally. The gaps between the implants were allocated according to the following eight treatment modalities; Group 1(no graft), Group 2 (autogenous bone), Group 3 (Bio‐Oss® Collagen), Group 4 (Bio‐Oss®), Group 5 (no graft+BioGide®), Group 6 (autogenous bone+BioGide®), Group 7 (Bio‐Oss® Collagen+BioGide®), and Group 8 (Bio‐Oss®+BioGide®). The dogs were sacrificed after 8 or 12 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histometrically.

Results: The gaps between the implants were filled with the newly formed bone, irrespective of which of the eight grafting techniques was used. Group 1 revealed a significantly lower percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) than Group 5 at 8 and 12 weeks (P<0.05). Group 1 showed the most prominent marginal bone loss (MBL) at 12 weeks (P<0.05). Regarding the use of membranes, Groups 1 and 2 showed significantly more MBL than Groups 5 and 6 at 12 weeks (P<0.05).

Conclusions: After ridge splitting, if the gaps between implants were grafted or covered with collagen membranes, a higher percentage of BIC was obtained. Based on our results, we suggest that the use of bone graft materials and/or collagen membranes is better for the prevention of MBL after ridge splitting procedures.

To cite this article:
 Han J‐Y, Shin S‐I, Herr Y, Kwon Y‐H, Chung J‐H. The effects of bone grafting material and a collagen membrane in the ridge splitting technique: an experimental study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02127.x
Intramembraneous bone tissue responses to calcium sulfate: an experimental study in the rabbit maxilla
Authors: Dasmah A. , Sennerby L. , Rasmusson L. , Hallman M.
Published: March 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the responses of intramembraneous bone to calcium sulfate (CaS) and evaluate the resorption and replacement process.

Material and methods: Fourteen rabbits were used in this study. Defect healing without any filling material was compared with CaS. Five millimetres wide and 4 mm deep defects were drilled with a trephine bur on both sides of the edentulous space between the incisors and the molars. Test vs. control sites were randomly selected and thereby compared in each animal. The animals were killed after 2, 4 and 8 weeks for histological examination.

Results: After 2 weeks, the specimens showed a great extent of degradation of CaS. No signs of the material could be seen after 4 and 8 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in bone regeneration between the test and control sites within the 8 weeks group in this study. However, there was tendency of more blood vessels in the test sites after 4 weeks of healing.

Conclusion: The present study showed that CaS does not interfere with intramembraneous bone healing. In this animal model, the CaS exhibited resorption/degradation early in the healing process while seemingly stimulating angiogenesis. However, there was no significant increase in bone regeneration in the sites treated with CaS during an 8 week period of healing and observation time, as compared with a control defect.

To cite this article:
 Dasmah A, Sennerby L, Rasmusson L, Hallman M. Intramembraneous bone tissue responses to calcium sulfate: an experimental study in the rabbit maxilla. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02129.x
The Importin‐Alpha/Nucleophosmin Switch Controls Taspase1 Protease Function
Authors: Bier Carolin , Knauer Shirley K. , Docter Dominic , Schneider Günter , Krämer Oliver H. , Stauber Roland H.
Published: March 2011

Taspase1 is a threonine protease suspected to process (patho)biologically relevant nuclear and cytoplasmic substrates, such as the mixed lineage leukemia protein. However, neither the mechanisms regulating Taspase1's intracellular localization nor their functional consequences are known. Analysis of endogenous and ectopically expressed Taspase1 detected the protease predominantly in the nucleus accumulating at the nucleolus. Microinjection and ectopic expression studies identified an evolutionarily conserved bipartite nuclear import signal (NLS) (amino acids 197KRNKRKLELA ERVDTDFMQLKKRR220) interacting with importin‐α. Notably, an NLS‐mutated, import‐deficient Taspase1 was biologically inactive. Although the NLS conferred nuclear transport already of the proenzyme, Taspase1's nucleolar localization required its autoproteolytic processing, triggering its interaction with the nucleolar shuttle protein nucleophosmin. In contrast, (auto)catalytically inactive Taspase1 mutants neither accumulated at the nucleolus nor bound nucleophosmin. Active nuclear import and interaction with nucleophosmin was found to be required for the formation of proteolytically active Taspase1 ensuring to efficiently process its nuclear targets. Intriguingly, coexpression of pathological nucleophosmin variants increased the amount of cytoplasmic Taspase1. Hence, Taspase1 appears to exploit the nuclear export activity of nucleophosmin to gain transient access to the cytoplasm required to also cleave its cytoplasmic substrates. Collectively, we here describe a hitherto unknown mechanism regulating the biological activity of this protease.
Long‐term respiratory symptoms following oesophageal atresia
Authors: Gatzinsky Vladimir , Jönsson Linus , Ekerljung Linda , Friberg Lars‐Göran , Wennergren Göran
Published: March 2011

Background:  Oesophageal atresia (OA) is a congenital malformation that can lead to persistent respiratory symptoms in adulthood.

Aim:  To describe the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in adulthood in a population‐based study of patients with repaired OA and to compare this with the prevalence in the general population.

Methods:  Of 80 patients operated for OA in Gothenburg in 1968–1983, 79 were located. The patients received a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. Controls were 4979 gender‐ and age‐matched subjects who answered the same questions.

Results:  The questionnaire was answered by 73 of 79 (92%) patients. Physician‐diagnosed asthma was reported by 30% in the OA group vs 10% in the control group (OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.4–6.8), and recurrent wheeze in 29% vs 5.5% (OR 6.9; 4.1–11.6). Also wheeze during the last year, asthma medication, a long‐standing cough, cough with sputum production and chronic bronchitis were significantly more common among the patients with OA. In contrast, there was no significant difference regarding risk factors for asthma. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms did not appear to decrease with age.

Conclusion:  A high prevalence of respiratory symptoms remains among adult patients with repaired OA. Many of the patients had an asthma diagnosis. However, asthma heredity or allergic rhinitis was not overrepresented.
Data monitoring committees, interim analysis and early termination in paediatric trials
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo M , van der Lee Johanna H , Offringa Martin
Published: March 2011

Aim:  To evaluate whether paediatric randomized clinical trials (RCTs) adopt recent guidance on Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs), interim analysis and early termination.

Methods:  We reviewed paediatric RCTs that reported on DMCs, interim analysis or early termination, published in eight general medical and paediatric journals (2005–2007). We searched full‐text databases for eligible trials and recorded predefined parameters on each item. Reported activities were compared with current scientific guidance.

Results:  A total of 110 of 648 paediatric trials (17%) reported on DMC, interim analysis or early stopping. Various approaches for convening a DMC were identified; information on DMC composition and independence was limited. Strict predefined statistical stopping ‘rules’ were reported in 10 of 23 trials, and interim analyses were more frequently performed on efficacy than on safety outcomes (39/45 vs 27/45). No adjustment for repeated testing was reported in 11 of 33 trials reporting monitoring methods and in 7 of 17 early terminated trials. Validity of results from early stopped trials was threatened by small sample sizes. Incomplete reporting hampered a full analysis.

Conclusion:  Few paediatric trials report on DMCs’ roles, interim analysis or early stopping. Heterogeneous practices and apparent shortcomings jeopardize the validity of trial results. Easily accessible guidelines for the design, conduct and reporting of paediatric DMCs are needed.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FELINE APPENDICULAR DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE VS. MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Authors: FREIRE MILA , ROBERTSON IAN , BONDELL HOWARD D. , BROWN JAMES , HASH JON , PEASE ANTHONY P. , LASCELLES B. DUNCAN X.
Published: March 2011

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is common in domesticated cats. Our purpose was to describe how radiographic findings thought to indicate feline DJD relate to macroscopic cartilage degeneration in appendicular joints. Thirty adult cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study were evaluated. Orthogonal digital radiographs of the elbow, tarsus, stifle, and coxofemoral joints were evaluated for the presence of DJD. The same joints were dissected for visual inspection of changes indicative of DJD and macroscopic cartilage damage was graded using a Total Cartilage Damage Score. When considering all joints, there was statistically significant fair correlation between cartilage damage and the presence of osteophytes and joint‐associated mineralizations, and the subjective radiographic DJD score. Most correlations were statistically significant when looking at the different joints individually, but only the correlation between the presence of osteophytes and the subjective radiographic DJD score with the presence of cartilage damage in the elbow and coxofemoral joints had a value above 0.4 (moderate correlation). The joints most likely to have cartilage damage without radiographic evidence of DJD are the stifle (71% of radiographically normal joints) followed by the coxofemoral joint (57%), elbow (57%), and tarsal joint (46%). Our data support radiographic findings not relating well to cartilage degeneration, and that other modalities should be evaluated to aid in making a diagnosis of feline DJD.
Characterization of heme‐binding properties of Paracoccus denitrificans Surf1 proteins
Authors: Hannappel Achim , Bundschuh Freya A. , Ludwig Bernd
Published: March 2011

Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a highly complex process involving >30 chaperones in eukaryotes; those required for the incorporation of the copper and heme cofactors are also conserved in bacteria. Surf1, associated with heme a insertion and with Leigh syndrome if defective in humans, is present as two homologs in the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans, Surf1c and Surf1q. In an in vitro interaction assay, the heme a transfer from purified heme a synthase, CtaA, to Surf1c was followed, and both Surf proteins were tested for their heme a binding properties. Mutation of four strictly conserved amino acid residues within the transmembrane part of each Surf1 protein confirmed their requirement for heme binding. Interestingly the mutation of a tryptophan residue in transmembrane helix II (W200 in Surf1c and W209 in Surf1q) led to a drastic switch in the heme composition, with Surf1 now being populated mostly by heme o, the intermediate in the heme a biosynthetic pathway. This tryptophan residue discriminates between the two heme moieties, apparently coordinates the formyl group of heme a, and most likely presents the cofactor in a spatial orientation suitable for optimal transfer to its target site within subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase.
TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUSPENSIONS OF CYSTEINE‐RICH PROTEIN STABILIZED MICROBUBBLES AND SUBSEQUENT TRIPHASIC A/O/W EMULSIONS
Authors: TCHUENBOU‐MAGAIA FIDELINE L. , COX PHILIP W.
Published: March 2011

When developing low‐fat foods, one of the main concerns is the sensory performance which is generally inferior to that of the full‐fat version. Micron‐sized air cells coated and stabilised by proteins (0.5–10 µm) have been produced sonochemically using different cysteine‐rich proteins (hydrophobin, bovine serum albumin [BSA] and egg white proteins [EWPs]). These suspensions of air cells have been termed “air filled emulsions” (AFEs) and suggested for the production of low‐fat emulsion‐based products. This study explores the oral (tribological) behavior of AFEs as ingredients and within a triphasic A/O/W emulsion‐based prototype salad dressing. Tribological measurement of AFEs yielded different results for BSA‐AFE and EWP‐AFE, indicating that the very nature of the protein may play a crucial role. However, the triphasic A/O/W emulsion showed similar, if not better, lubrication properties than the standard O/W version, indicating that AFEs may contribute to the perceived fat‐related attributes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The tribological behavior of a material has been postulated as relevant for its in‐mouth perception, especially when considering fat‐related attributes. The present study deals with tribological study of novel air‐based ingredients. Knowing the tribological/lubrication behavior of these ingredients and their subsequent products could be useful for better understanding of their possible behavior in the mouth. Also, this could assist in redesigning ingredients and formulations with better sensory performance.
MECHANICAL AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF SPRING WHEAT VERSUS ITS TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY FACTORS
Authors: MARZEC AGATA , CACAK‐PIETRZAK GRAŻYNA , GONDEK EWA
Published: March 2011

The objective of this study was the mechanical test and acoustic emission method as tools for the determination of a parameter to be applied for wheat grain differentiation, as well as to determine correlations between mechanical and acoustic parameters and technological factors of grain quality. The force of compression (from among analyzed mechanical traits of grain), and the number of acoustic events and acoustic energy (from among acoustic descriptors) were found to well differentiate the analyzed varieties of wheat. Owing to significant correlations noted between hardness and the number of acoustic events as well as protein content and partition power spectrum slope, these descriptors may be found useful in the evaluation of the technological quality of wheat grain. The analysis of correlations between mechanical and acoustic parameters versus technological factors of grain quality demonstrated that the acoustic method might be successfully applied in the technological evaluation of grain.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Producers of cereal preserves set precise requirements regarding quality of wheat grain. The fulfillment of these requirements is essential in order to obtain cereal products of good and consumer‐approved quality and also to ensure correctness of the manufacturing process. Most of the standard determinations are quite labor intensive, and inconvenient during the routine examinations which should be conducted during purchase of grain; hence there is the need to find new, quick and simple examination methods useful for the quality assessment of wheat grain, both at the moment of purchase and during the manufacturing process. Such methods include mechanical methods and recently introduced acoustic methods.
TEXTURE PROFILE OF HERBAL GEL AFFECTED BY INSTRUMENTAL PARAMETERS AND CORRELATIONS OF INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY EVALUATION
Authors: CUI SHANSHAN , YU KAI , HU ZHUOYAN , WEI GUOJING
Published: March 2011

Herbal gel is a kind of traditional Chinese food. The study is to set up an instrumental texture assessment based on texture profile analysis (TPA) by (1) studying effect of texture analyzer operation condition including crosshead speed and plunger penetration degree on TPA result and (2) correlating instrument TPA to sensory TPA. A standard interval rating scale composed of foods available in the region was established for sensory TPA evaluation. The results indicate that crosshead speed and plunger penetration degree exhibited different effect on the test results according to target texture attributes. Significant correlations were presented for hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness, respectively, when the testing conditions of crosshead speed at 2.5 mm/s with penetration degree of 30% or 60%, 2 mm/s with 30%, 1.5 mm/s with 50–60% or 1 mm/s with 30–50% were used. For efficiency, crosshead speed of 2.5 mm/s with penetration degree of 60% for TPA is recommended for industrial practice.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Herbal gel is an ethnic Chinese herbal food which has enjoyed great popularity in southern part of China for a long time. The industrialized version of the traditional herbal gels has been available in the market. Being a gel food, texture is the most important quality feature of herbal gel. Due to the requirement of quality control in mass production, a standardized procedure for texture measurement needs to be set up. This research reveals influence of instrument operating condition on the texture measurement result, and correlation between instrumental and sensory methods of herbal gel texture evaluation, therefore provides a reference for setting up quality control procedure for the industry.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE PREDICTION OF MOUTHFEEL ATTRIBUTES OF LIQUID FOODS BY A POSTHUMUS FUNNEL
Authors: KUTTER ALEXANDER , SINGH JASWINDER PAL , RAUH CORNELIA , DELGADO ANTONIO
Published: March 2011

This paper proposes a further potential improvement of the prediction using the Posthumus funnel. The application of the Posthumus funnel is cheaper than most rheological measurements; it is easier to handle and depending on the measurement does not need a calibration. Therefore, it represents a very promising possibility for enhancing the prediction of the texture properties of liquid and semisolid foods showing Ostwald‐de‐Waele and Newtonian properties. A model is introduced for Newtonian fluids to compute the geometry of the Posthumus funnel so that the shear rates that appear are in the same range as in the oral cavity, by treating it as a system of two cylinders connected via a nozzle. This model can also be applied to other technical applications. The model is verified by means of numerical simulations and experimentally by particle image velocimetry. This results in a ready‐to‐use model for product development or quality assurance.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the preliminary work, it could be shown that the introduction of values derived from the Posthumus funnel can enhance the prediction accuracy of the mouthfeel attribute “oral viscosity” or consistency compared with rheological data from rheometers alone. During the oral processing of foods, they are subjected to a wide range of shear rates and a complex flow field. In this paper, a ready‐to‐use model is proposed to adapt the geometry of the empirical measurement technique Posthumus funnel to shear rates in the range where they appear in the oral cavity and an approach is introduced combining the Posthumus funnel with rheological flows. Therefore, the prediction capability is increased. This can be used by product developers or in quality assurance to obtain an approximate impression of the textural properties of liquid and semisolid foods such as yoghurt and custard sauce. The model can also be used for similar fields of fluid mechanics.
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD SYSTEMS HAVING DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONCENTRATIONS AS IMPACTED BY OAT BRAN WITH DIFFERENT β‐GLUCAN CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: YAO NI , EKENSTEDT KRISHA L. , WHITE PAMELA J.
Published: March 2011

Porridge and muffins were made from oat bran of two publicly available line, “Paul” and “Jim,” two experimental lines N979‐5‐2–4 (N979) and IA95111 (IA95) and a retail oat bran, to represent wet and dry food systems. N979 and IA95 had greater % β‐glucan and protein, less starch, greater water solubility index than other brans. Slurries of ground N979 bran had the greatest peak viscosity among all bran types. The adhesiveness of porridge was positively correlated and the firmness of fresh muffins was negatively correlated with % β‐glucan. No relationship was found between % β‐glucan and mouth coating of porridge during sensory evaluation. IA95 and N979 muffins were rated to have greater dome shape and coarser surface texture than Jim and Paul muffins. Although β‐glucan could increase the adhesiveness of a wet oat food and make a dry oat food less firm, the impact of β‐glucan on the sensory properties was minimal.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Porridge and muffins made with oat bran are popular foods among health‐conscientious people. In this study, porridge was made entirely with oat bran and water, thus delivering a high concentration of the soluble fiber. Porridges made with oat bran having different β‐glucan concentrations also differed in sensory and physical properties, perhaps providing guidance in labeling oat brans according to their functional characteristics. Muffins contained only 25.6% of oat bran; however, the impact of β‐glucan on the appearance, mouthfeel and taste of muffins was great. Thus, understanding these impacts may help producers choose appropriate food systems for delivery of high amounts of β‐glucan.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE FORCE GENERATED FROM INCISOR PENETRATION INTO FOODS WITH DIFFERENT TEXTURAL PROPERTIES PART I: EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION
Authors: XU XIANZHONG , YUAN SHAOFANG
Published: March 2011

The present work attempts to explore the mechanisms of the generation and development of the biting force during teeth penetration by analyzing the force–penetration curve patterns when incising the different textural foodstuffs (cheese, apple, carrot, hula hoops and biscuit). Results showed that, for each food sample, the magnitude of biting force is directly related to the penetrating depth of incisors although the time scale (speed, total biting period, time to maximum biting force, etc.) of the tooth movement may change with the food types and sample thickness. The profile shape and dimension of the force–penetration curves strongly depends on the mechanical behaviors of the food materials and the sizes of the specimen. Masticatory parameters such as biting force and the work used are very important factors that can be used to define food texture. Also, plotting the biting force against teeth movement provides valuable information for characterizing food texture.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The acceptability of most foods is strongly influenced by the expectations of consumers about food texture. The food texture is perceived by the human senses and depends on the material properties of foods and the manner in which they are deformed and broken down in the mouth. The present work shows that the force–penetration curve pattern during first bite contains important information about the mechanical properties of the food tested and sample size. The study may be able to help clarify how the human body interacts with different foods and provide the knowledge required for understanding the events occurred in both objective and subjective texture tests.
USE OF VEGETABLE OILS, EMULSIFIERS AND HYDROCOLLOIDS ON RHEOLOGICAL, FATTY ACID PROFILE AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF POUND CAKE
Authors: KUMARI RASHMI , JEYARANI T. , SOUMYA C. , INDRANI D.
Published: March 2011

Effect of two vegetable oils namely sunflower oil (SFO) and coconut oil (CNO), emulsifiers (sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate and polysorbate‐60), and hydrocolloids (guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose) on rheological, fatty acid profile and quality characteristics of pound cake was studied in comparison with control cake prepared using hydrogenated fat. Use of oils decreased batter viscosity, increased specific gravity and decreased overall quality score of cakes. However, incorporation of additives significantly improved the quality of cakes. The microstructure of cake with combination of identified additives showed a continuous protein matrix and wrapped starch granule. The individually identified emulsifier and hydrocolloid when used in combination yielded cakes having quality characteristics similar to control cake. Fatty acid profile showed that the control cake had 51.3% saturated fatty acids and only 6.5% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); SFO cake was rich in PUFA and CNO cake was rich in medium chain fatty acids.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Many baked products are prepared using a relatively large proportion of hydrogenated fat – cakes for example contain 50–100% shortening, biscuits 25–35% and cookies 45–50%. Majority of people are becoming aware of the relationship between consumption of hydrogenated fat and cardio vascular diseases associated with it. Continuous attempts are being made to redesign bakery products either by eliminating completely the hydrogenated fat in the formulation or replacing it with vegetable oils. This article discusses the effect of replacement of hydrogenated fat with sunflower oil and coconut oil in cake making. This article also highlights the improvement brought about by the addition of emulsifiers and hydrocolloids on the rheological and quality characteristics of cake with oils. This information will have a practical application in the production of nutritious cakes.
MOUTH‐WATERING: THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON SALIVATION AND GUSTATORY/FLAVOR PERCEPTION
Authors: SPENCE CHARLES
Published: March 2011

In this article, the evidence demonstrating the significant role that saliva plays in taste and flavor perception in humans is reviewed. Empirical research highlighting the effects of a number of food‐related, environmental and higher‐order cognitive factors (such as attention, mental imagery and labeling) on salivary flow is critically examined. The argument is put forward that changes in salivary flow may have contributed to the results of a number of recent studies of multisensory flavor perception. Indeed, it is striking how rarely salivation is mentioned by cognitive psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists when studying gustatory and/or multisensory flavor perception. The hope is that this review may help to redress this potentially important imbalance. Recommendations for future research in this area are included, and finally, the potential commercial applications of these findings are also reviewed briefly.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This review highlights the potential problems of interpretation that academic researchers interested either directly in the topic of taste or multisensory flavor perception, or indirectly in the effects of environmental (e.g., atmospheric) changes on flavor perception can run into if they fail to consider the role that any overt changes in salivation may have on the effects they report.

This review also highlights the fact that in commercial settings, the large baseline individual differences in salivation are likely to swamp anything that the chef/company can do to modify the salivary flow of their customers via environmental/labeling interventions.
The Impact of High Pressure and Temperature on Bacterial Spores: Inactivation Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis above 500 MPa
Authors: Reineke Kai , Mathys Alexander , Knorr Dietrich
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  High‐pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) is an emerging technology to produce shelf stable low acid foods. Pressures below 300 MPa can induce spore germination by triggering germination receptors. Pressures above 500 MPa could directly induce a Ca+2‐dipicolinic acid (DPA) release, which triggers the cortex‐lytic enzymes (CLEs). It has been argued that the activated CLEs could be inactivated under HPTS conditions. To test this claim, a wild‐type strain and 2 strains of Bacillus subtilis spores lacking germinant receptors and one of 2 CLEs were treated simultaneously from 550 to 700 MPa and 37 to 80 C (slow compression) and at 60 to 80 C up to 1 GPa (fast compression). Besides, an additional heat treatment to determine the amount of germinated cells, we added TbCl3 to detect the amount of DPA released from the spore core via fluorescent measurement. After pressure treatment for 120 min at 550 MPa and 37 °C, no inactivation was observed for the wild‐type strain. The amount of released DPA correlated to the amount of germinated spores, but always higher compared to the belonging cell count after pressure treatment. The release of DPA and the increase of heat‐sensitive spores confirm that the inactivation mechanism during HPTS passes through the physiological states: (1) dormancy, (2) activation, and (3) inactivation. As the intensity of treatment increased, inactivation of all spore strains also strongly increased (up to −5.7 log10), and we found only a slight increase in the inactivation of one of the CLE (sleB). Furthermore, above a certain threshold pressure, temperature became the dominant influence on germination rate.

Practical Application:  The continuous increase of high‐pressure (HP) research over the last several decades has already generated an impressive number of commercially available HP pasteurized products. Furthermore, research helped to provoke the certification of a pressure‐assisted thermal sterilization process by the U.S. FDA in February 2009. However, this promising sterilization technology has not yet been applied in industrial settings. An improved understanding of spore inactivation mechanisms and the ability to calculate desired inactivation levels will help to make this technology available for pilot studies and commercialization at an industrial scale. Moreover, if the synergy between pressure and elevated temperature on the inactivation rate could be identified, clarification of the underlying inactivation mechanism during HP thermal sterilization could help to further optimize the process of this emerging technology.
Changes in Volatile Compounds of Peanut Oil during the Roasting Process for Production of Aromatic Roasted Peanut Oil
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , Jin Qingzhe , Liu Yuanfa , Huang Jianhua , Wang Xingguo , Mao Wenyue , Wang Shanshan
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The changes in volatile compounds composition of peanut oil during the roasting process of aromatic roasted peanut oil (ARPO) production were investigated. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry combined with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS‐SPME/GC‐MS). Among the volatiles identified in ARPO, the N‐heterocyclic chemical class possessed the highest relative percentage area (RPA) 61.68%, followed by O‐heterocyclic group with an RPA of 24.57%. Twenty pyrazines were considered to be the key contributors to the intense nutty/roasty flavor typical of ARPO. Compounds that increased significantly in concentration during the roasting process were mainly Maillard reaction products, as well as compounds derived from Strecker degradation and lipid peroxidation. The results clearly showed that the roasting process was necessary to obtain the typical nutty/roasty aroma of ARPO.

Practical Application:  ARPO is the traditional edible oil in China that possesses a characteristic strong nutty and roasty flavor that distinguishes it from other edible vegetable oils. During the production, the roasting process is the crucial factor for the formation of the typical roasted peanut aroma that plays an important role in sensory quality of peanut oil. In our investigation, not only the volatile changes of peanut oil pressed from relevant peanut seeds roasted at different roasting time were determined, but also the contributions of identified volatiles on the typical nutty/roasty flavor of ARPO were discussed. Our work clearly demonstrated the significant effect of roasting process on the typical flavor formation of ARPO. The results are valuable as scientific guidance for the roasting process that better satisfy demands of the peanut oil industries for better flavor.
Optimization and Development of a SPE‐HPLC‐UV Method to Determine Astaxanthin in Saccharina japonica
Authors: Zhou Jun , Bi Wentao , Row Kyung Ho
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  An effective and accurate method including extraction, saponification, and separation was developed to determine astaxanthin (AX) in Saccharina japonica. The optimal extraction conditions with different solvents were investigated. 29.30 μg/g of AX was extracted from dry Saccharina japonica powder by solvent. After subsequent saponification, the extracted amount of AX was increased to 37.26 μg/g. Furthermore, 3 different ionic liquid‐based silicas were prepared as sorbents for the solid phase extraction of AX from the extract. By comparing the adsorption isotherms of AX on different ionic liquid‐based silicas, suitable sorbent was successfully selected and applied for separation of AX from extract.

Practical Application:  Astaxanthin, in 3 main forms (free, monoesters, and diesters), can be obtained from marine plants and animals. By extraction with subsequent saponification, the astaxanthin was extracted from Saccharina japonica. And then, ionic liquid‐based silicas were used to separate the astaxanthin from the extract solution. This method can be widely applied for determination, or even industrial separation and purification of astaxanthin from many other algae.
Influence of Copigment Derived from Tasmannia Pepper Leaf on Davidson's Plum Anthocyanins
Authors: Jensen Morten Busch , López‐de‐Dicastillo Bergamo Carolina Ana , Payet René Marc , Liu Xueming , Konczak Izabela
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Davidson's plum (Davidsonia pruriens, F. Muell.), a native to Australian rainforests, large, crimson‐red fruit, which superficially resembles plum, has been commercially cultivated in Australia since 1990s. The current production volume exceeds market demands therefore this study was designed to evaluate the suitability of Davidson's plum extract as a source of anthocyanin‐based food colorant. The stability of the Davidson's plum extract towards heat treatment at 95 °C was higher than that of commercial mulberry colorant, but inferior to colorants derived from red cabbage and purple sweetpotato. An addition of a variety of phenolic acids significantly increased color intensity indicating the formation of copigmentation complexes. Commercial chlorogenic acid as well as extract from a native Australian herb rich in chlorogenic acid, Tasmannia pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata, R. Br.), were both tested in model soft drink solutions subjected to light irradiation and heat treatment. In both cases, the addition of the copigment resulted in a lasting increase in color intensity. In conclusion, Davidson's plum extract can successfully be utilized as a source of natural food color. Extract from Tasmania pepper leaf can be used as a co‐pigment for Davidson's plum anthocyanins.

Practical Application:  The color properties of an anthocyanin colorant derived from the native Australian fruit Davidson's plum are comparable to those of mulberry, which is currently applied as a food colorant in Australian food products. Utilization of Davidson's plum fruit as a source of natural color will allow the industry to increase the range of natural pigments and will create new opportunities for the emerging native food industry.
Raphasatin Is a More Potent Inducer of the Detoxification Enzymes Than Its Degradation Products
Authors: Scholl Chris , Eshelman Bruce D. , Barnes David M. , Hanlon Paul R.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The biological activity of cruciferous vegetables is hypothesized to be due to the metabolites of a class of phytochemicals called glucosinolates. The chemical properties of these metabolites, including isothiocyanates, determine the biological activity of these compounds and thus their effects on human health. The 2 primary radish (Raphanus sativus L.) glucosinolates, glucoraphasatin, and glucoraphenin, were isolated using solid phase extraction followed by preparative HPLC purification. In an aqueous environment, 77.6% of the maximum amount of sulforaphene produced by the metabolism of glucoraphenin was present after 24 h. Under the same conditions raphasatin, the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin and the oxidized counterpart of sulforaphene, was highly unstable with a half‐life of less than 30 min and no raphasatin was detectable after 24 h. In HepG2 cells, raphasatin‐induced quinone reductase activity and the RNA expression of several phase 1 and 2 detoxification enzymes by a significantly greater amount than the degradation products of raphasatin. Raphasatin, but not its degradation products, activated the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably‐transfected reporter cell line. Mice fed a diet consisting of 20% freeze dried radishes for 2 wk had significantly higher liver expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, quinone reductase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S‐transferase α2 than mice fed a nutritionally‐matched control diet.

Practical Application:  Glucoraphasatin, the primary glucosinolate in radishes, is metabolized into an isothiocyanate (raphasatin) that has biological activity but is also unstable in an aqueous environment. Despite the instability of raphasatin, dietary exposure to radishes produced significant induction of detoxification enzymes. Understanding the chemical properties of raphasatin, both in terms of biological activity and instability, could help develop processing methods to retain the most activity from radishes, glucoraphasatin, and raphasatin.
Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon at risk?
Authors: BROWER LINCOLN P. , TAYLOR ORLEY R. , WILLIAMS ERNEST H. , SLAYBACK DANIEL A. , ZUBIETA RAUL R. , RAMÍREZ M. ISABEL
Published: March 2011

Abstract.  1. During the 2009–2010 overwintering season and following a 15‐year downward trend, the total area in Mexico occupied by the eastern North American population of overwintering monarch butterflies reached an all‐time low. Despite an increase, it remained low in 2010–2011.

2. Although the data set is small, the decline in abundance is statistically significant using both linear and exponential regression models.

3. Three factors appear to have contributed to reduce monarch abundance: degradation of the forest in the overwintering areas; the loss of breeding habitat in the United States due to the expansion of GM herbicide‐resistant crops, with consequent loss of milkweed host plants, as well as continued land development; and severe weather.

4. This decline calls into question the long‐term survival of the monarchs’ migratory phenomenon.
Corporate Governance and Dividend Payout Policy: A Test Using Antitakeover Legislation
Authors: Francis Bill B. , Hasan Iftekhar , John Kose , Song Liang
Published: March 2011

Managers strongly prefer not to pay dividends as dividend payouts reduce the amount of cash subject to managerial discretion (Easterbrook, 1984; Jensen, 1986). Previous empirical tests of the relationship between corporate governance and dividend payout policy employ endogenous measures of this agency problem. Using a relatively exogenous measure that incorporates state antitakeover laws and the differences‐in‐differences approach, our analysis indicates that dividend payout ratios and propensities fall when managers are insulated from takeovers. The impact of antitakeover laws on dividend payouts is more pronounced for firms with poor corporate governance and small firms.
Does Corporate Headquarters Location Matter for Firm Capital Structure?
Authors: Gao Wenlian , Ng Lilian , Wang Qinghai
Published: March 2011

This paper studies the impact of corporate headquarters location on capital structure policies. We show that firms exhibit conformity in their financing policies to those of geographically proximate firms and that the location of corporate headquarters helps explain the cross‐sectional variation of capital structure in the United States. The location effect is robust to local credit market conditions and to state laws on corporate takeover and payout restrictions. The results suggest that noneconomic factors, such as local culture and social interactions among corporate executives, play a significant role in influencing corporate financial policies of firms headquartered in the same metropolitan area.