bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A transient ionizing radiation SPICE model for PDSOI MOSFET
Authors: Gao Libo , Du Chuanhua , Bu Jianhui , Li Jiangjiang , Ma Quangang , Zhao Fazhan , Zeng Chao , Gao Jiantou , Li Duoli , Zeng Chuanbin , Han Zhengsheng , Luo Jiajun
Published: February 2020

In this paper, a transient ionizing radiation SPICE model for PDSOI MOSFET is proposed for the simulation of the rail‐span collapse. It is based on the present understanding of transient ionizing radiation effects. The model accounts for the generation and collection of radiation induced transient photocurrent, the influence of the device geometry, and the bias conditions. Verilog‐A behavioral modeling language is utilized to implement the physically based models of the transient current sources, eliminating the use of independent current sources and lumped SPICE element models. The model is validated by comparison with the Sentaurus TCAD simulation results. The comparison of simulation and experimental results of the 64K SRAM fabricated by the 0.13 μm PDSOI technology validates the effectiveness of the dose rate model.
Upper motor neuron burden measurement in motor neuron diseases: Does one scale fit all?
Authors: Babu Suma
Published: February 2020

See article on pages 508–511 in this issue.
Weighted voting on the blockchain: Improving consensus in proof of stake protocols
Authors: Leonardos Stefanos , Reijsbergen Daniël , Piliouras Georgios
Published: February 2020

Proof of stake (PoS) protocols rely on voting mechanisms to reach consensus on the current state. If an enhanced majority of staking nodes, also called validators, agree on a proposed block, then this block is appended to the blockchain. Yet these protocols remain vulnerable to faults caused by validators who abstain either accidentally or maliciously. To protect against such faults while retaining the PoS selection and reward allocation schemes, we study weighted voting in validator committees. We formalize the block creation process and introduce validators' voting profiles which we update by a multiplicative weights algorithm relative to validators' voting behavior and aggregate blockchain rewards. Using this framework, we leverage weighted majority voting rules that optimize collective decision making to show, both numerically and analytically, that the consensus mechanism is more robust if validators' votes are appropriately scaled. We raise potential issues and limitations of weighted voting in trustless, decentralized networks and relate our results to the design of current PoS protocols.
OASM: An overload‐aware workload scheduling method for cloud computing based on biogeographical optimization
Authors: Abbasi Tadi Ali , Khayyambashi Mohammad Reza , Khosravi‐Farsani Hadi
Published: February 2020

With the daily increase in the number of cloud users and the volume of submitted workloads, load balancing (LB) over clouds followed by a reduction in users' response time is emerging as a vital issue. To successfully address the LB problem, we have optimized workload distribution among virtual machines (VMs). This approach consists of two parts: Firstly, a meta‐heuristic method based on biogeographical optimization for workload dispatching among VMs is introduced; secondly, we propose an innovative heuristic algorithm inspired by the “Banker algorithm” that runs in core scheduler to control and avoid VM overloads. The combination of these two (meta‐)heuristic algorithms constitutes an LB approach through which we have been able to reduce the value of the makespan to a reasonable time frame. Moreover, an information base repository (IBR) is introduced to maintain the online processing status of physical machines (PMs) and VMs. In our approach, data stored in IBR are retrieved when needed. This approach is compared with well‐known (non‐)evolutionary approaches, such as round‐robin, max‐min, MGGS, and TBSLB‐PSO. Experimental results reveal that our proposed approach outperforms its counterparts in a heterogeneous environment when the resources are smaller than the workloads. Moreover, the utilization of physical resources gradually increases. Therefore, optimal workload scheduling, as well as the lack of overload occurrence, results in a reduction in makespan.
Robust H∞ output feedback design for networked control systems with partially known delay probabilities
Authors: Haghighi Payam , Tavassoli Babak
Published: February 2020

This article develops a predictive robust H∞ static output feedback control approach for networked control systems where random network‐induced delays in both forward and feedback communication channels are modeled as two mutually uncorrelated Markov chains. By making use of the system augmentation method, the closed‐loop system is formulated as a singular Markovian jump system with two modes, wherein the transition probability matrices of the underlying Markov chains are considered to be partially accessible. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the stochastic admissibility and robust H∞ performance of the closed‐loop system are given under the assumption of partially known transition probability matrices. A linear matrix inequality condition is proposed to determine the two‐mode‐dependent static output feedback controller gains to compensate for the random network‐induced delays efficiently and provide the desired control performance. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Determinants of antidementia drug prescription in patients older than 65: A latent class analysis
Authors: François Mathilde , Sicsic Jonathan , Pelletier‐Fleury Nathalie
Published: February 2020

Background

Antidementia drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine) are still widely prescribed despite their controversial effects and 2011 guidelines that no longer encourage their prescription. The objective was to assess which factors remained determinants of antidementia drug prescriptions.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in 2013. Patients suffering from dementia, aged 65 and over, identified in the French national health insurance database were included. Because we anticipated a high correlation between age, comorbidities, and health care use, we first identified the patients' health status by a latent class analysis. Second, we performed adjusted logistic regression models. The explanatory variables were patients' health status, gender, prescription of nonpharmacological treatments (physical and speech therapies), prescription of psychotropic drugs, and access to health care.

Results

Among the 3873 patients included, 38% received antidementia drugs. Three latent classes of patients with different health status were identified. Patients with poor health status received significantly fewer antidementia drugs (P < .001). Patients with speech therapy or antidepressant drugs received significantly more antidementia drugs (P < .001), whereas patients with physical therapy received significantly fewer antidementia drugs (P = .006).

Conclusion

Antidementia drugs were less likely to be prescribed for patients with poor health status. This result is encouraging for these frail patients who are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of treatments. At the same time, this result encourage targeting specifically patients in good health status for the use of a decision aid, in an attempt to limit prescriptions by involving patients and families.
Is out‐patient based treatment of bronchiectasis exacerbations in children comparable to inpatient based treatment?
Authors: O'Rourke Claudia , Schilling Sandra , Martin Rebecca , Joyce Patrick , Bernadette Chang Anne , Kapur Nitin
Published: February 2020

Background and Objective

Children with bronchiectasis have recurrent exacerbations and may require hospitalization. “Hospital in the home (HITH)” is used as an alternative to hospitalization for children with cystic fibrosis (CF) but to date, there is no published data on children without CF. We describe our experience of HITH (intravenous [IV] antibiotics and at least once‐daily physiotherapy‐treated airway clearance therapy) in a cohort of children with bronchiectasis, comparing outcomes between hospital and HITH‐based pathways.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively reviewed in children with bronchiectasis who were hospitalized in our center from July 2016 to July 2018. We compared treatment duration, symptom resolution, adverse events, oral antibiotic prescription on discharge and “time‐to‐next hospitalization” between children managed with the two treatment pathways.

Results

Exacerbations in 63 children (median age = 6 years [range: 1‐17]; females = 33, indigenous = 8) with bronchiectasis treated with IV antibiotic therapy were analyzed (HITH n = 45, 71.5%). Duration of treatment and symptom resolution was similar between groups (hospital: median = 14 days [interquartile range {IQR}: 14‐14] and 12/18 [66.6%], respectively vs HITH: 14 [14‐15.5] and 31/45 [69%]; P = .53 and .85, respectively). There was no significant difference in adverse events (16.6% vs 9%), prescription of oral antibiotics on discharge (44% vs 24%), or “time‐to‐next hospitalization” (median 42 [IQR: 24‐100] vs 67 [IQR: 32‐95] weeks) between hospital and HITH groups, respectively.

Conclusions

In children with bronchiectasis treated for a severe exacerbation, receiving treatment in the home setting with HITH does not compromise short‐term clinical outcomes compared to hospital only treatment. Prospective studies are required to provide more robust evidence in this under‐researched area.
High‐flow nasal cannula for the treatment of life‐threatening plastic bronchitis
Authors: Vézina Kevin , Dipchand Anne I. , Narang Indra
Published: February 2020

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is characterized by the formation of bronchial casts. It most frequently occurs in children with congenital heart disease, particularly post‐Fontan procedure. Several medical and surgical therapies have been described in the literature with variable success. To our knowledge, this is the first time that overnight use of home high‐flow nasal cannula is reported as a therapy to prevent recurrence of bronchial cast production in a child with PB post‐Fontan.
High school students' situational engagement associated with scientific practices in designed science learning situations
Authors: Inkinen Janna , Klager Christopher , Juuti Kalle , Schneider Barbara , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Krajcik Joseph , Lavonen Jari
Published: February 2020

This study seeks to understand how different scientific practices in high school science classrooms are associated with student situational engagement. In this study, situational engagement is conceptualized as the balance between skills, interest, and challenge when the reported experiences are all high. In this study, data on situational engagement were collected using the experience sampling method (ESM) from 142 students in southern Michigan (the United States), resulting 993 ESM responses, and 133 students in southern Finland, resulting 1,351 responses. In both countries, scientific practices related to developing models and constructing explanations were associated with higher student situational engagement than other practices. In southern Finland, using a model was also associated with a high level of student situational engagement. The results indicate that students may experience situational engagement more often in science classrooms that use models than those that do not employ such practices. Thus, scientific practices related to models should be used frequently in science classrooms to situationally engage students while learning science.
Artificial Glycoproteins as a Scaffold for Targeted Drug Therapy
Authors: Vong Kenward , Yamamoto Tomoya , Tanaka Katsunori
Published: February 2020

Akin to a cellular “fingerprint,” the glycocalyx is a glycan‐enriched cellular coating that plays a crucial role in mediating cell‐to‐cell interactions. To gain a better understanding of the factors that govern in vivo recognition, artificial glycoproteins were initially created to probe changes made to the accumulation and biodistribution of specific glycan assemblies through biomimicry. As a result, the organ‐specific accumulation for a variety of glycoproteins decorated with simple and/or complex glycans was identified. Additionally, binding trends with regard to cancer cell selectivity were also investigated. To exploit the knowledge gained from these studies, numerous groups thus became engaged in developing targeted drug methodologies based on the use of artificial glycoproteins. This has either been done through adopting the glycoprotein scaffold as a drug carrier, or to directly glycosylate therapeutic proteins/enzymes to localize their biological activity. The principle aim of this Review is to present the foundational research that has driven artificial glycoprotein‐based targeting and subsequent adaptations with potential therapeutic applications.
Experimental study of steel beam‐to‐column connections with bolted joints where the dissipative zone is the panel zone
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Koyama Yohei , Idota Hideki , Sato Yuki , Yagi Shigeharu , Takaki Sunao , Kamada Manabu
Published: February 2020

It is well known that inelastic behaviour in the panel zone of beam‐to‐column connections can help to ensure a more stable structural performance, as the panel zone can absorb energy to prevent structural collapse. Although plastic deformation of up to only 30 % in the panel zone can contribute to improving performance according to Eurocode 8, in the Japanese code there is no limit when structural performance is verified. This paper describes full‐scale testing of beam‐to‐column connections where the beam was connected to the column by a T‐stub using high‐strength bolts. In the test specimens, a shape similar to a T‐stub was used for the continuity plate, and partial reinforcement at the panel was expected. The testing allowed the maximum strength and deformation capacity of the beam‐to‐column connection to be evaluated.
Effect of adding impedance for current balancing on the vacuum arc commutation characteristics of DC microgrid hybrid circuit breakers
Authors: Liao Minfu , Wang Dequan , Leng Tong , Duan Xiongying , Wang Rufan
Published: February 2020

To achieve current balance between parallel‐connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) of a DC microgrid hybrid circuit breaker (DC MHCB), it is a simple and effective method to add impedance in parallel‐connected IGBTs, but this will also affect the vacuum arc commutation of the DC MHCB. The focus of this paper is the effects of adding impedance on vacuum arc commutation characteristics. By constructing a simplified model of vacuum arc commutation in the case of adding impedance, the effect of adding impedance on vacuum arc commutation is theoretically derived. The test circuit of vacuum arc commutation is established, and the effect of adding impedance on vacuum arc commutation in the presence or absence of the externally applied transverse magnetic field (TMF) is investigated using the electrical measure. The theoretical formula and related formulas of the effect of adding impedance on the duration of vacuum arc commutation are obtained. A method combining adding impedance and an externally applied TMF is proposed. The constraint formula for adding impedance during vacuum arc commutation is obtained. The main factors that limit the value of adding impedance are obtained. Research on the effect of adding impedance on vacuum arc commutation characteristics can provide theoretical guidance for the application of the method of adding impedance in a DC MHCB. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthetic evaluation of DC power quality based on combination weighting
Authors: Li Huixin , Yi Benshun , Li Qingxian , Ming Jun , Zhao Zhigang
Published: February 2020

With the development of global renewable energy, DC transmission and DC power distribution technology have been applied on a large scale, and the requirements for DC power quality (PQ) are more stringent. Evaluating DC PQ reasonably and effectively has become a research hotspot at this stage. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis for various indexes of DC PQ is conducted to obtain a unified parameter for describing the characteristics of PQ from an overall perspective. First, weight values of PQ indexes are calculated by combining fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the improved entropy weight method. FAHP can satisfy the consistency without the consistency test, and the improved entropy weight method is an objective weighting method that can effectively avoid the preference of subjective weighting method. Then, based on a triangular fuzzy function, the membership degree is obtained. Finally, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is made. An example analysis is carried out with the data provided by the Gree photovoltaic direct‐driven inverter multi‐variable refrigerant flow system to show the validity of the proposed method for evaluating DC PQ. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The very deep cold pool, and lake‐effect snowfalls of 27 February–1 March 2018
Authors: Pike William S. , Webb Jonathan D. C.
Published: February 2020

The very deep 1000‐500 hPa thickness cold pool which affected the UK and Ireland near the end of February 2018, advected the coldest air mass (in depth) into these islands since February 1991 (and the equal coldest since January 1987). This paper focuses on the first phase of the cold spell when snowfall was convective in origin. It was principally ‘Lake Effect’, i.e. associated with the inter‐action between deep, exceptionally cold air and relatively warm seas, enhanced and extended inland by coastal convergence and topography.The track of this cold pool was somewhat further north than in the record 1987 event with the heaviest snowfalls in 2018 occurring from around The Wash up to central Scotland.
In situ X‐ray Powder Diffraction Study of the Reactions of CrO2 and TlPd3O4 with Hydrogen
Authors: Gehlhaar Florian , Keilholz Simon , Kohlmann Holger
Published: February 2020

Hydrogen is an important reducing agent for transition metal oxides, however, details on reaction pathways are often unknown. Therefore, the reduction of CrO2 and TlPd3O4 was investigated by in situ X‐ray powder diffraction and subsequent Rietveld analysis. CrO2 is reduced by hydrogen gas (0.3 MPa) starting at 180 °C according to 2 CrO2 + H2 → 2 CrOOH. The reaction is complete at 250 °C and there are no signs for intermediates or non‐stoichiometry. In nitrogen atmosphere the reaction TlPd3O4 → TlPd3 + 2 O2 occurs without intermediates in one step starting at about 670 °C. Thermal volume expansion is determined to be V(TlPd3O4) = 880.7(1) 106 pm3 + 1.64(7) 104 T pm3/K + 10.7(9) T2 pm3/K2 and V(TlPd3) = 258.6(1) 106 pm3 + 8.5(7) 103 T pm3/K + 2.6(7) T2 pm3/K2 for 25 °C ≤ T ≤ 730 °C. The formation of β‐TlPd3H from TlPd3O4 in 0.3 MPa hydrogen gas at 75 °C occurs very fast. Unit cell parameters indicate the occurrence of a metastable α‐TlPd3H≈0.2 with a hydrogen‐filled ZrAl3 type. Cubic anti‐perovskite type β‐TlPd3H reacts in air to TlPd3 with a possible hydrogen deficient intermediate β‐TlPd3H1–x and hints for remaining hydrogen in the tetragonal ZrAl3 type intermetallic compound. In situ methods thus give a deeper insight in the TlPd3‐O2‐H2 system with the identification of possible candidates for interesting intermediate phases and more detailed information on thermal stabilities.
New A4 lepton flavor model from S4 modular symmetry
Authors: Kobayashi Tatsuo , Shimizu Yusuke , Takagi Kenta , Tanimoto Morimitsu , Tatsuishi Takuya H.
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We study a flavor model with A4 symmetry which originates from S4 modular group. In S4 symmetry, Z2 subgroup can be anomalous, and then S4 can be violated to A4. Starting with a S4 symmetric Lagrangian at the tree level, the Lagrangian at the quantum level has only A4 symmetry when Z2 in S4 is anomalous. We obtain modular forms of two singlets and a triplet representations of A4 by decomposing S4 modular forms into A4 representations. We propose a new A4 flavor model of leptons by using those A4 modular forms. We succeed in constructing a viable neutrino mass matrix through the Weinberg operator for both normal hierarchy (NH) and inverted hierarchy (IH) of neutrino masses. Our predictions of the CP violating Dirac phase δCP and the mixing sin2θ23 depend on the sum of neutrino masses for NH.
Factors Associated with Failure of Reperfusion in Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors:   for the GSR investigators, Flottmann Fabian , Broocks Gabriel , Faizy Tobias Djamsched , McDonough Rosalie , Watermann Lucas , Deb-Chatterji Milani , Thomalla Götz , Herzberg Moriz , Nolte Christian H. , Fiehler Jens , Leischner Hannes , Brekenfeld Caspar
Published: February 2020

Aim

In acute large vessel occlusions, endovascular therapy (EVT) achieves flow restoration in the majority of cases; however, EVT fails to achieve sufficient reperfusion in a substantial minority of patients. This study aimed to identify predictors of failed reperfusion.

Methods

In this study 2211 patients from the German Stroke Registry who received EVT for anterior circulation stroke were retrospectively analyzed. Failure of reperfusion was defined as thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grades 0/1/2a, and sufficient reperfusion as TICI 2b/3. In 1629 patients with complete datasets, associations between failure of reperfusion and baseline clinical data, comorbidities, location of occlusion, and procedural data were assessed with multiple logistic regression.

Results

Failure of reperfusion occurred in 371 patients (16.8%) and was associated with the following locations of occlusion: cervical internal carotid artery (ICA, adjusted odds ratio, OR 2.01, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.08–3.69), intracranial ICA without carotid T occlusion (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05–2.98), and M2 segment (adjusted OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.21–2.84). Failed reperfusion was also associated with cervical ICA stenosis (>70% stenosis, adjusted OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.69–4.97), stroke of other determined etiology by TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment) criteria (e.g. nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies, adjusted OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.36–5.39), and treatment given outside the usual working hours (adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07–1.86). Successful reperfusion was associated with higher Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS) on initial imaging (adjusted OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.92), treatment with the patient under general anesthesia (adjusted OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.96), and concomitant ICA stenting in patients with ICA stenosis (adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.11–0.38).

Conclusion

Several factors are associated with failure of reperfusion, most notably occlusions of the proximal ICA and low ASPECTS on admission. Conversely, stent placement in the proximal ICA was associated with reperfusion success.
Determinants of information system quality and data quality in management accounting
Authors: Knauer Thorsten , Nikiforow Nicole , Wagener Sebastian
Published: February 2020

Data quality is critical to adequately perform management accounting (MA) tasks, and information systems (IS) provide the data for the MA domain. However, IS can vary vastly across firms, which may influence the basis for rational decision making (i.e., data quality). This study therefore aims to investigate the impact of IS quality on data quality in MA and to analyze the determinants that can influence IS quality in MA. We conduct a cross-sectional survey among 143 medium-sized and large firms. Based on a structural equation model, we predict and find that IS quality significantly affects management accounting data quality (MADQ). Company’s IT investments, internal and external IT knowledge, innovative technologies, and data source variety are significantly associated with IS quality in MA and in turn indirectly affect MADQ. This study highlights the importance of IS quality for management accountants’ practice and simultaneously provides new insights regarding the efficacy of selected determinants of IS quality.
Evaluation of nutritional adequacy in adult patients with Crohn’s disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cioffi Iolanda , Imperatore Nicola , Di Vincenzo Olivia , Pagano Maria Carmen , Santarpia Lidia , Pellegrini Lucienne , Testa Anna , Marra Maurizio , Contaldo Franco , Castiglione Fabiana , Pasanisi Fabrizio
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Inadequate oral intake may play an important role in the onset of malnutrition in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The aims of this cross-sectional study were: (1) to compare dietary intake in clinically active and quiescent CD patients, and (2) to assess patients’ nutritional adequacy relative to the dietary reference values (DRVs) for the Italian population using LARN (Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed energia per la popolazione italiana).

Methods

Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with a diagnosis of CD were recruited.All participants underwent anthropometry and were instructed to fill in a 3-day food record. Disease activity was clinically defined using the Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI).

Results

Overall, 117 patients, 71 males and 46 females, with a mean age of 39.6 ± 13.8 years and a mean body weight of 65.4 ± 11.8 kg, were ultimately included. Our findings showed that the amount of nutrients was similar between patients with active and quiescent disease. The mean intake of macronutrients was adequate, except for fiber, while dietary micronutrients were insufficient. Median intakes of sodium, phosphorus, and fluorine met LARN recommendations in both sexes, and the DRVs were accomplished by many patients (53/117; 104/117 and 98/117, respectively). Interestingly, dietary amounts of iron and zinc were barely acceptable in males but not in females. However, a few of the patients (< 15) met the LARN for potassium, calcium, and magnesium, regardless of sex and CDAI. With respect to vitamins, no relevant difference was found between the active and quiescent groups, and none of them met recommended values in both sexes.

Conclusions

This study showed that the assessment of dietary intake can be crucial for optimizing dietary intervention with focused nutrition counseling, to improve nutritional status in CD patients.
Migration and Unrest in the Deep South Thailand: A Multilevel Analysis of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jampaklay Aree , Ford Kathleen , Chamratrithirong Aphichat
Published: February 2020

Although migration of Muslims from the southernmost provinces of Thailand to Malaysia has a long history, research suggests that the intensity of this migration has increased in the past 10 years along with increased unrest in the provinces. This study examines how migration in the three southernmost provinces is affected by the ongoing unrest. Data are drawn from household probability surveys conducted in 2014 and 2016. An individual sample of 3,467 persons who were household residents at the 2014 survey was followed to see who remained in the household of origin or moved out two years later (2016 survey). Data on violent events from the Deep South Watch, an independent organization, were used to measure exposure to violence. Results from a multilevel analysis show that net of other characteristics at the individual, household, and village levels, individuals who live in a village in which a violent event occurred in the previous year are more likely to move out than those who live in a village with no violent event in the previous year. Findings suggest that in addition to the economic reasons that have long motivated migration from this area, violent events accelerate this migration.
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of DP800 and DP1200 high-strength steel butt-welded joints using diode laser beam welding
Authors: Sisodia Raghawendra P.S. , Gáspár Marcell , Draskóczi László
Published: February 2020

Among the available high-strength steels, there is growing demand for dual phase (DP) steels for wide application in the automotive industry owing to their good combination of high strength, ductility and formability. Also, the use of innovative welding technologies like laser beam welding (LBW) has growing importance in the field of high-strength steel because of its excellence in providing high-quality welds, high welding speed, high power density, low heat input, a narrow heat-affected zone and low heat distortions as compared to the conventional gas metal arc welding process. However, the hardening and softening in the heat-affected zone is a major issue when welding high-strength steel, i.e. DP steel grades, greatly affecting the strength, formability and plasticity of the whole-welded joint and thus affecting service performance and reliability. Based on preliminary experiments, the optimal welding condition was a nominal laser power of 1.0 kW and a welding speed of 8 mm/s. The aim of this work is to analyse and compare the weld and heat-affected zone characteristics, microstructure and mechanical properties of DP steels with 1-mm thick butt joints of DP800 and DP1200 high-strength steel (HSS) by diode laser beam welding. The effects of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the strengthening of the laser-welded joints were evaluated by microstructural examinations under optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and mechanical properties were examined by microhardness test, three-point bending tests and tensile tests.
Chickenpox in Pregnancy
Authors: Krishnan Vivek , Sharma Akshatha
Published: February 2020

Pregnant women in the tropics like India are more susceptible to varicella zoster infection due to the lower seroprevalence of varicella as compared to temperate regions. Seronegative pregnant women are highly susceptible following a significant exposure owing to the high secondary attack rate of the virus. Fetal transmission could happen transplacentally while neonatal transmission occurs through close contact post partum. Maternal VZV infection could be severe (particularly varicella pneumonia) with high mortality if untreated. Congenital varicella syndrome has an incidence of about 1–2% and is more likely if maternal symptoms occur between 5th and 24th week of pregnancy. Susceptible pregnant women with a significant contact should be administered VZIG not later than 10 days of exposure. Women presenting with the typical rash of VZV infection should be prescribed oral aciclovir. The mainstay of diagnosis of fetal varicella syndrome is detailed ultrasound scanning starting 4 weeks after the onset of maternal rash. Prenatal diagnosis of varicella can be achieved by varicella PCR of the amniotic fluid at least 6 weeks after maternal infection. However, presence of the virus in the amniotic fluid does not necessarily imply progression to fetal varicella syndrome. If the mother contracts primary infection at term, her delivery should be delayed by at least 5–7 days after the onset of the rash if possible. Neonatal varicella zoster immunoglobulin should be administered to prevent neonatal infection if delivery cannot be postponed. Obstetrician should be aware of the prophylactic and treatment strategies in the event of exposure/infection.
Can Team-Based Learning (TBL) Be Used to Deliver Postgraduate Education in Transfusion Medicine for UK Physicians?
Authors: Graham Jane , Hayes Conrad , Pendry Kate
Published: February 2020

Background

There is global need for evidence-based methodologies to effectively deliver transfusion training. This research critically assesses both efficacy and the practicalities of introducing team-based learning (TBL) to deliver transfusion medicine education to UK postgraduate doctors (residency equivalence).

Study Design and Methods

One TBL orientation session and three transfusion medicine sessions, mapped to the 2012 Foundation Programme curriculum, were designed adhering to TBL principles. These were delivered by one tutor during ‘compulsory’ (except rota commitments and leave) educational sessions. Team continuity plus trainee reaction, knowledge acquisition and behaviour were evaluated.

Results

Forty-eight doctors received a mean 2.5 TBL sessions. Five teams were developed with average team membership of 5.85 doctors per session. Overall team continuity (total team members attending/potential team members × 100) was 65% over the four sessions. Qualitative and quantitative trainee reaction to TBL was positive. Objective knowledge acquisition showed improved team knowledge over individual knowledge. Mean team readiness assurance testing (RAT) score exceeded maximum individual RAT score in 90% of cases. Subjective knowledge acquisition significantly improved, although confidence concerning prescribing declined. The reported time spent preparing for sessions correlated with enjoyment, subjective knowledge gain and clinical confidence. Preparation time was reported as ‘adequate’ or ‘excellent’ in 86% of anonymous feedback.

Conclusion

TBL is an enjoyable and effective approach to deliver transfusion education to doctors, particularly when preparation is adequate. Team continuity is poor despite ‘compulsory’ education sessions. This must be considered when designing and delivering TBL sessions in the UK postgraduate medical setting.
Collectively engaging with theory in environmental education research
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshifumi , Verlie Blanche , Kim Misol
Published: February 2020

In this article, we collectively explore the significance of engaging with theory in environmental education research. Inspired by Jackson and Mazzei’s (2011) postqualitative research methodology, each researcher provides a short sample of engaging with his/her chosen theoretical concept for one shared data source. Through our three individual theoretical engagements with a short video, we collectively demonstrate that the data may be enacted in different ways, based on the theoretical concept that is engaged. This may potentially actualise multiple different and partial realities of the researched, and by decentring the researcher, this can also rework humanist epistemologies. We suggest that non-researcher-centred and/or non-anthropocentric actualising may contribute to more sustainable relationships in environmental education and its research, not only between the researcher and the researched, but also among the researchers.
Deciding, ‘What Happened?’ When We Don’t Really Know: Finding Theoretical Grounding for Legitimate Judicial Fact-Finding
Authors: Acharya Nayha
Published: February 2020

The crucial question for many legal disputes is “what happened,”? and there is often no easy answer. Fact-finding is an uncertain endeavor and risk of inaccuracy is inevitable. As such, I ask, on what basis can we accept the legitimacy of judicial fact-findings. I conclude that acceptable factual determinations depend on adherence to a legitimate process of fact-finding. Adopting Jürgen Habermas’s insights, I offer a theoretical grounding for the acceptability of judicial fact-finding. The theory holds that legal processes must embody respect for legal subjects as equal and autonomous agents. This necessitates two procedural features. First, fact-finding processes must be factually reliable. This requires: (a) relevant evidence is admissible and exclusions are justified based on respecting human autonomy; (b) error-risk management is internally coherent and consistent; (c) the standard of proof is, at minimum, a balance of probabilities; (d) evidence is used rationally. Second, fact-finding processes must ensure fulsome participation rights. This project is justificatory—civil justice systems are imperfect, but there are attainable conditions that make them good, which must never be compromised.
The Coxford Lecture Seek the Good: Professional Trust, Justice, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Johnston David
Published: February 2020

When I was asked to serve as Governor General of Canada, I discovered I had much to relearn. Despite my background as a law student, professor, and dean, I had to revisit the legal principles and conventions of our constitution, especially as they relate to the authority and function of the Crown in Canada. My re-education enabled me to develop an even deeper admiration for how precious the rule of law is in our country, how thin and vulnerable its veneer can be, and how vital it is in moving closer to justice. Even more, my re-education revealed for me anew that the study and practice of law is a hollow pursuit if we do not use it to strive toward justice.
Finding Closure for Safety
Authors: Schulz Moritz
Published: February 2020

There are two plausible constraints on knowledge: (i) knowledge is closed under competent deduction; and (ii) knowledge answers to a safety condition. However, various authors, including Kvanvig (2004), Murphy (2005, 2006) and Alspector-Kelly (2011), argue that beliefs competently deduced from knowledge can sometimes fail to be safe. This paper responds that one can uphold (i) and (ii) by relativizing safety to methods and argues further that in order to do so, methods should be individuated externally.
Report on the Canadian Journal of Mathematics (1956-1957)
Authors: Coxeter H. S. M. , Robinson G. de B.
Published: February 2020

Finance. Grants to support the Journal were received as follows

In addition, 35,530 was received from subscriptions, advertising, reprints, etc. Total cost of printing (at the University of Totonto Press) was about 312,500, leaving, after other expenses, a balance of $5,700.
A Terminal, Course in Mathematics
Authors: Moser Leo
Published: February 2020

For the past four years we have given, at the University of Alberta, a course entitled "The Nature of Mathematics". This course is open to first and second year students in arts and science and in education, and is designed primarily for those who will be taking only a single course in mathematics at the university. The only prerequisite for the course is high school mathematics and the course is not prerequisite for any other course.
THE INTEGRAL HODGE CONJECTURE FOR 3-FOLDS OF KODAIRA DIMENSION ZERO
Authors: Totaro Burt
Published: February 2020

We prove the integral Hodge conjecture for all 3-folds $X$ of Kodaira dimension zero with $H^{0}(X,K_{X})$ not zero. This generalizes earlier results of Voisin and Grabowski. The assumption is sharp, in view of counterexamples by Benoist and Ottem. We also prove similar results on the integral Tate conjecture. For example, the integral Tate conjecture holds for abelian 3-folds in any characteristic.
Automation for Safety and Precision in Flight Testing
Authors: Castilho Diogo
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The first flight of any new aircraft remains a potentially dangerous event. Test pilots face many unknowns when a prototype leaves the ground for the first time. In a time when remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft fly every day, the question about using their technologies to avoid losing a test pilot arises. This study investigates the advantages of using a machine to test another machine. It also discusses the disadvantages of relying on airborne sensors instead of using the test pilot’s cognitive capabilities and judgment. The analysis of collected flight testing data suggests that aircraft handling qualities may be more precisely tested adding specific automation. However, remote control and autonomous flight testing bring new safety constraints that cannot be ignored.
Global Wetting by Seasonal Surface Water Over the Last Decades
Authors: Borja Sonia , Kalantari Zahra , Destouni Georgia
Published: February 2020

Surface water bodies and their changes in the landscape are critical for societies and ecosystems. However, the global change in surface water area over the last decades remains unclear, as recent studies using the same satellite data disagree on its direction. Here, we reanalyze reported maps of global water classification based on that data in order to estimate the changes in long‐term average surface water area from the first (1985–2000) to the second (2001–2015) half of the recent 30‐year period (1985–2015). We find a net gain in global surface water area by 100,454 km2, primarily due to seasonal water gains (83,329 km2). Over the world, we identify net wetting in 187 and net drying in 57 regional hydrological catchments, with the greatest water gain in Sabarmati (India) and loss in Amu Darya (Uzbekistan). We provide an interactive map to further explore the highly heterogeneous local changes around the world.
Mechanisms of Convective Clustering During a 2‐Day Rain Event in AMIE/DYNAMO
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Yi , Kim Daehyun , Rowe Angela , Moon Yumin , Wang Shuguang
Published: February 2020

Physical mechanisms that are key to observed convective clustering in 2‐day rain events are examined. Previous analysis of the 2‐day rain events during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment (AMIE)/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign data revealed two distinct phases of convective clustering. Using a cloud‐system‐resolving model, we perform a series of intervention experiments to investigate the underlying mechanisms for convective clustering in each phase. In the developing phase, in addition to previously emphasized processes such as the cold pool‐updraft interaction and moisture‐convection feedbacks, our results show that the vertical wind shear in the lower free troposphere is a critical factor for convective clustering. Stronger lower free‐tropospheric wind shear increases the entrainment of environmental air into updrafts and prevents convective clouds from being omnipresent. This result suggests that stronger vertical wind shear in the lower free troposphere can help spatially organize the convection, even for non–squall‐line‐type convective systems. In the decaying phase, the cold pool‐updraft interaction becomes less effective in aggregating convective clouds because the boundary layer is widely cooled by stratiform precipitation. Instead, the mesoscale downdraft driven by the stratiform precipitation becomes the dominant factor to maintain the relatively aggregated convection. Additionally, removing horizontal variations in radiative heating has no impact on convective clustering on this 2‐day time scale, even in the decaying phase when stratiform clouds are widespread. The implication of these results for improving the representation of mesoscale convective organization in convection schemes is discussed.
Particle‐Based Tracking of Cold Pool Gust Fronts
Authors: Henneberg Olga , Meyer Bettina , Haerter Jan O.
Published: February 2020

The gust fronts of convective cold pools (CPs) are increasingly recognized as loci of enhanced triggering for subsequent convective cells. It has so far been difficult to track these gust fronts in high‐resolution data, such as large eddy simulations (LES)—rendering mechanistic analysis of CP interaction incomplete. Here, a simple tracking method is defined, tested, and applied, which uses horizontal advection and a condition on horizontal divergence, to emit tracers at the perimeter of surface precipitation patches. Tracers are then reliably transported to the gust front, yielding closed bands marking the CP boundary. The method thereby allows analysis of the dynamics also along the gust front, which allows to identify point‐like loci of pronounced updrafts. The tracking works well for a single idealized CP and reliably tracks a population of CPs in a midlatitude diurnal cycle. As the method uniquely links CPs and their tracers to a specific parent precipitation cell, it may be useful for the analysis of interactions in evolving CP populations.
High-security-level multi-dimensional optical storage medium: nanostructured glass embedded with LiGa5O8: Mn2+ with photostimulated luminescence
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Lin Hang , Ma Chonggeng , Cheng Yao , Ye Sizhe , Lin Fulin , Li Renfu , Xu Ju , Wang Yuansheng
Published: February 2020

The launch of the big data era puts forward challenges for information preservation technology, both in storage capacity and security. Herein, a brand new optical storage medium, transparent glass ceramic (TGC) embedded with photostimulated LiGa5O8: Mn2+ nanocrystals, capable of achieving bit-by-bit optical data write-in and read-out in a photon trapping/detrapping mode, is developed. The highly ordered nanostructure enables light–matter interaction with high encoding/decoding resolution and low bit error rate. Importantly, going beyond traditional 2D optical storage, the high transparency of the studied bulk medium makes 3D volumetric optical data storage (ODS) possible, which brings about the merits of expanded storage capacity and improved information security. Demonstration application confirmed the erasable–rewritable 3D storage of binary data and display items in TGC with intensity/wavelength multiplexing. The present work highlights a great leap in photostimulated material for ODS application and hopefully stimulates the development of new multi-dimensional ODS media.
Atomic structures and orbital energies of 61,489 crystal-forming organic molecules
Authors: Stuke Annika , Kunkel Christian , Golze Dorothea , Todorović Milica , Margraf Johannes T. , Reuter Karsten , Rinke Patrick , Oberhofer Harald
Published: February 2020

Data science and machine learning in materials science require large datasets of technologically relevant molecules or materials. Currently, publicly available molecular datasets with realistic molecular geometries and spectral properties are rare. We here supply a diverse benchmark spectroscopy dataset of 61,489 molecules extracted from organic crystals in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), denoted OE62. Molecular equilibrium geometries are reported at the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) level of density functional theory (DFT) including van der Waals corrections for all 62 k molecules. For these geometries, OE62 supplies total energies and orbital eigenvalues at the PBE and the PBE hybrid (PBE0) functional level of DFT for all 62 k molecules in vacuum as well as at the PBE0 level for a subset of 30,876 molecules in (implicit) water. For 5,239 molecules in vacuum, the dataset provides quasiparticle energies computed with many-body perturbation theory in the G0W0 approximation with a PBE0 starting point (denoted GW5000 in analogy to the GW100 benchmark set (M. van Setten et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 12, 5076 (2016))).
On brain atlas choice and automatic segmentation methods: a comparison of MAPER & FreeSurfer using three atlas databases
Authors: Yaakub Siti Nurbaya , Heckemann Rolf A. , Keller Simon S. , McGinnity Colm J. , Weber Bernd , Hammers Alexander
Published: February 2020

Several automatic image segmentation methods and few atlas databases exist for analysing structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance brain images. The impact of choosing a combination has not hitherto been described but may bias comparisons across studies. We evaluated two segmentation methods (MAPER and FreeSurfer), using three publicly available atlas databases (Hammers_mith, Desikan-Killiany-Tourville, and MICCAI 2012 Grand Challenge). For each combination of atlas and method, we conducted a leave-one-out cross-comparison to estimate the segmentation accuracy of FreeSurfer and MAPER. We also used each possible combination to segment two datasets of patients with known structural abnormalities (Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (HS)) and their matched healthy controls. MAPER was better than FreeSurfer at modelling manual segmentations in the healthy control leave-one-out analyses in two of the three atlas databases, and the Hammers_mith atlas database transferred to new datasets best regardless of segmentation method. Both segmentation methods reliably identified known abnormalities in each patient group. Better separation was seen for FreeSurfer in the AD and left-HS datasets, and for MAPER in the right-HS dataset. We provide detailed quantitative comparisons for multiple anatomical regions, thus enabling researchers to make evidence-based decisions on their choice of atlas and segmentation method.