bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benefits of Preconditioning Cattle under Stochastic Feedlot Performance
Authors: Verteramo Chiu Leslie J. , Tauer Loren W. , Kaniyamattam Karun , Lhermie Guillaume , Gröhn Yrjo T.
Published: October 2022

Preconditioning cattle, a management practice of preparing cattle for feedlots as well as following a vaccination protocol for common diseases, has been shown to add value to cattle by reducing disease incidence and severity, yet it is not universally adopted. We estimated the benefits to a beef system of preconditioning weaned calves versus not preconditioning under stochastic returns. Purchasing preconditioned calves makes economic sense, but market efficiency requires complete information of the health status of the cattle, feedlot performance, along with the right market mechanisms, which may not be available in all markets.
La détermination de l’objet du différend et la compétence ratione materiae dans le contentieux des mesures conservatoires devant la Cour internationale de Justice
Authors: KONE AMARA
Published: October 2022

Cet article s’efforce de démontrer que la détermination de l’objet du différend par la Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ) est une constante dans l’appréciation de sa compétence ratione materiae dans le contentieux des mesures conservatoires. D’une part, l’objet du différend fonde la compétence ratione materiae de l’organe judiciaire principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU), à travers la clause compromissoire contenue dans le traité liant les parties au différend, et d’autre part, cette compétence conditionne la détermination de l’objet du différend. L’influence réciproque des deux notions en fait des notions clefs du contentieux des mesures conservatoires devant la CIJ. Par ailleurs, l’interprétation de son pouvoir d’indication des mesures conservatoires au titre de l’article 41, paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice confère à la cour la possibilité d’en indiquer aux fins de non-aggravation du différend, dont le sens et la portée soulèvent de sérieuses interrogations. Au-delà des questionnements portant sur leur possible “déconnection” de l’objet du différend et de la fonction des mesures conservatoires, les mesures conservatoires indiquées aux fins de non-aggravation du différend participeraient d’une certaine manière des buts et principes de l’ONU et plus précisément du maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales.
Process considerations for Product Lifecycle Management implementation for high-value Engineering-to-Order programmes
Authors: McKendry Daniel A. , Whitfield Robert I.
Published: October 2022

This paper presents the process considerations contained within the first ever framework for implementing Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) within high-value Engineering-to-Order (ETO) programmes. The scientific contribution of the research is the identification of the process-oriented factors that are instrumental in the successful implementation of PLM within an ETO context. The framework has been developed using a qualitative methodology based on the thematic analysis of 27 semi-structured interviews. The participants were senior personnel from 11 ETO organisations in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, the United States and Canada. The thematic analysis resulted in framework themes described in relation to the process objectives, challenges or enablers, and the contributing elements of the themes were then synthesised to illustrate their interconnectedness in supporting PLM implementation. Validation of the framework using 19 participants selected from seven ETO organisations resulted in 95% agreement with statements that assessed the quality, structure and versatility of the framework. This research contributed to the updated BAE Systems Maritime Naval Ships PLM strategy for the design, build and in-service support for the First of Class new generation Royal Navy vessel for a recent shipbuilding programme.
Euler continuants in noncommutative quasi-Poisson geometry
Authors: Fairon Maxime , Fernández David
Published: October 2022

It was established by Boalch that Euler continuants arise as Lie group valued moment maps for a class of wild character varieties described as moduli spaces of points on$\mathbb {P}^1$by Sibuya. Furthermore, Boalch noticed that these varieties are multiplicative analogues of certain Nakajima quiver varieties originally introduced by Calabi, which are attached to the quiver$\Gamma _n$on two vertices andnequioriented arrows. In this article, we go a step further by unveiling that the Sibuya varieties can be understood using noncommutative quasi-Poisson geometry modelled on the quiver$\Gamma _n$. We prove that the Poisson structure carried by these varieties is induced, via the Kontsevich–Rosenberg principle, by an explicit Hamiltonian double quasi-Poisson algebra defined at the level of the quiver$\Gamma _n$such that its noncommutative multiplicative moment map is given in terms of Euler continuants. This result generalises the Hamiltonian double quasi-Poisson algebra associated with the quiver$\Gamma _1$by Van den Bergh. Moreover, using the method of fusion, we prove that the Hamiltonian double quasi-Poisson algebra attached to$\Gamma _n$admits a factorisation in terms ofncopies of the algebra attached to$\Gamma _1$.
Elements of External Validity: Framework, Design, and Analysis
Authors: EGAMI NAOKI , HARTMAN ERIN
Published: October 2022

The external validity of causal findings is a focus of long-standing debates in the social sciences. Although the issue has been extensively studied at the conceptual level, in practice few empirical studies include an explicit analysis that is directed toward externally valid inferences. In this article, we make three contributions to improve empirical approaches for external validity. First, we propose a formal framework that encompasses four dimensions of external validity: $ X $-, $ T $-, $ Y $-, and C-validity (populations, treatments, outcomes, and contexts). The proposed framework synthesizes diverse external validity concerns. We then distinguish two goals of generalization. To conduct effect-generalization—generalizing the magnitude of causal effects—we introduce three estimators of the target population causal effects. For sign-generalization—generalizing the direction of causal effects—we propose a novel multiple-testing procedure under weaker assumptions. We illustrate our methods through field, survey, and lab experiments as well as observational studies.
Dietary supplement use in Greece: methodology and findings from the National Health and Nutrition Survey – HYDRIA (2013–2014)
Authors: Kanellou Anastasia , Papatesta Eleni Maria , Martimianaki Georgia , Peppa Eleni , Stratou Maria , Trichopoulou Antonia
Published: October 2022

The use of dietary supplements (DS) is increasing worldwide. There is limited evidence of their intake level and mode of consumption in association with the Greek population’s dietary and lifestyle habits. Adults (n 4011, 1873 males and 2138 females) aged > 18 years old living in Greece were included in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Survey – HYDRIA. A dietary supplement user (DSU) was defined as anyone who reported one or more DS on either a Food Propensity Questionnaire, two 24-h dietary recalls, or a questionnaire completed during the blood sample collection examination. DS use was examined according to socio-economic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics and the participants’ health and dietary status. DS use was reported by 31 % of the population (40 % women and 22 % men), and it was higher among individuals living in urban areas, men with good self-reported health status and women with a chronic medical condition and higher consumption of fruits. The types of DS more frequently reported were multivitamins with minerals (5·4 %), Ca (5·3 %), multivitamins (4·7 %) and Fe (4·6 %). MVM supplements were preferred by men, while Ca was more frequently reported by women and participants with low education levels. Plant- and oil-based supplement use was below 5 %. Whether DS intake benefits health must be explored. It should also be assessed if dietary supplement intake is as efficient as food intake.
Estimation and predictors of the Omega-3 Index in the UK Biobank
Authors: Schuchardt Jan Philipp , Tintle Nathan , Westra Jason , Harris William S.
Published: October 2022

Information on the Omega-3 Index (O3I) in the United Kingdom (UK) is scarce. The UK-Biobank (UKBB) contains data on total plasma n3-PUFA% and DHA% measured by NMR. The aim of our study was to create an equation to estimate the O3I (eO3I) from these data. We first performed an inter-laboratory experiment with 250 random blood samples in which the O3I was measured in erythrocytes by GC, and total n3 % and DHA% were measured in plasma by NMR. The best predictor of eO3I included both DHA% and a derived metric, the total n3 %–DHA%. Together these explained 65 % of the variability (r = 0·832, P < 0·0001). We then estimated the O3I in 117 108 UKBB subjects and correlated it with demographic and lifestyle variables in multivariable-adjusted models. The mean eO3I was 5·58 % (sd 2·35 %) in this UKBB cohort. Several predictors were significantly correlated with eO3I (all P < 0·0001). In general order of impact and with directionality (–, inverse and +, direct): oily-fish consumption (+), fish oil supplement use (+), female sex (+), older age (+), alcohol use (+), smoking (–), higher waist circumference and BMI (–), lower socioeconomic status and less education (–). Only 20·5 % of eO3I variability could be explained by predictors investigated, and oily fish consumption accounted for 7·0 % of that. With the availability of the eO3I in the UKBB cohort, we will be in a position to link risk for a variety of diseases with this commonly used and well-documented marker of n3-PUFA biostatus.
Drivers of farmer involvement in experimental forage trials in the Peruvian Andes and implications for participatory research design
Authors: Caulfield Mark E. , Vanek Steven J. , Meza Katherin , Huaraca Jhon , Loayza Jose Luis , Palomino Samuel , Olivera Edgar , Ccanto Raul , Scurrah Maria , Vigil Lionel , Fonte Steven J.
Published: October 2022

This study analyses the experience and response of farmers within a multi-year collaborative research trial focused on the development of forage-based fallows in eight communities in the central Peruvian Andes. Quantitative data from a rural household survey were used to characterize farming household socioeconomic factors, livelihood strategies and soil and crop management practices of community members belonging to four participation groups with respect to the trials: 1) current participants near the end of the trial; 2.) those who participated early on, but dropped the trials after the first year; 3) those who participated in meetings but not directly in experiments; and 4) those who never participated meaningfully in the process. Furthermore, qualitative interviews of farmers in the four groups were used to examine trends and questions arising from the quantitative survey findings. Analysis of this mixed-methods dataset showed that better resource-endowed households (in terms of human and social capital, more livestock assets, higher levels of farm value production and income, and farm inputs) tended to be more likely to participate compared to households with lower levels of these variables. Our findings suggest that the differences in resource endowment among participation group households may be related to household life cycles, where access to resources change over time, reflecting the changing demography of a household. It was established that farm households with intermediate-age children, that is near the middle of a farm life cycle trajectory, are those with the most wherewithal to participate in trials and likely serve as examples and test cases for other farms with younger parents or older farmers with children moved away. Follow-up interviews indicated that farming households at either end of the farm life cycle trajectory may be using a ‘wait-and-see’ approach to the trials carried out by their neighbours who have more labour and other resources to deploy. In light of these findings, we suggest that participatory research should aim to ensure that the voices, challenges and opportunities of Non-participants are represented in the research process and experimental design. Additionally, greater consideration should be placed on understanding management by context issues in order to better target potential farming innovations such as improved fallows, at multiple levels, from the field to the household and to the community and beyond.
Compensatory Layering and the Birth of the Multipurpose Multilateral IGO in the Americas
Authors: Long Tom , Schulz Carsten-Andreas
Published: October 2022

International organizations come in many shapes and sizes. Within this institutional gamut, the multipurpose multilateral intergovernmental organization (MMIGO) plays a central role. This institutional form is often traced to the creation of the League of Nations, but in fact the first MMIGO emerged in the Western Hemisphere at the close of the nineteenth century. Originally modeled on a single-issue European public international union, the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics evolved into the multipurpose, multilateral Pan American Union (PAU). Contrary to prominent explanations of institutional genesis, the PAU's design did not result from functional needs nor from the blueprints of a hegemonic power. Advancing a recent synthesis between historical and rational institutionalism, we argue that the first MMIGO arose through a process of compensatory layering: a mechanism whereby a sequence of bargains over control and scope leads to gradual but transformative institutional change. We expect compensatory layering to occur when an organization is focal, power asymmetries among members of that organization are large, and preferences over institutional design diverge. Our empirical and theoretical contributions demonstrate the value a more global international relations (IR) perspective can bring to the study of institutional design. international relations (IR) scholars have long noted that international organizations provide smaller states with voice opportunities; our account suggests those spaces may be of smaller states’ own making.
Institutions and the politics of agency in COVID-19 response: Federalism, executive power, and public health policy in Brazil, India, and the U.S.
Authors: GREER SCOTT L. , FONSECA ELIZE MASSARD , RAJ MINAKSHI , WILLISON CHARLEY E.
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 was one of the rare events that shocked almost every world government simultaneously, thus creating an unusual opportunity to understand how political institutions shape policy decisions. There have been many analyses of what governments did. We focus instead on what they could do, focusing on the institutional politics of agency – how institutions empower rather than how they constrain, and how they affect public policy decisions. We examine public health measures in the first wave (March-September 2020) in Brazil, India, and the U.S. to understand how the interplay of institutions in a complex federal context shaped COVID-19 policy-responses. We find similar patterns of concentrated federal executive agency with limited constraints. In each case, when federal leadership failed public health policy responses, federated, subnational states were left to compensate for these inefficiencies without necessary resources.
Integrated sliding mode control with input restriction, output feedback and repetitive learning for space robot with flexible-base, flexible-link and flexible-joint
Authors: Fu Xiaodong , Ai Haiping , Chen Li
Published: October 2022

In the control of space robots, flexible vibrations exist in the base, links and joints. When building a motion control scheme, the following three aspects should be considered: (1) the complexity in dynamic modeling; (2) the low accuracy of motion control and (3) the simultaneous suppression of multiple flexible vibrations. In this paper, we propose a motion vibration integrated saturation control scheme. First, the dynamic model of space robot with flexible-base, flexible-link and flexible-joint is established according to the assumed modes method and Lagrange equation. Second, singular perturbation theory is used to decompose the model into two subsystems: a slow subsystem containing the rigid motions of base and joints as well as the vibration of links, and a fast subsystem containing vibrations of base and joints. Third, an integrated sliding mode control with input restriction, output feedback and repetitive learning (ISMC-IOR) is designed, which can track the desired trajectories of base and joints with −3 orders of magnitude accuracy, while suppressing the multiple flexible vibrations of base, links and joints 50%–80% and 37% performance improvement over ISMC-IOR-NV were achieved. Finally, the algorithm is verified by simulations.
Second language productive knowledge of collocations: Does knowledge of individual words matter?
Authors: Sonbul Suhad , El-Dakhs Dina Abdel Salam , Masrai Ahmed
Published: October 2022

Recent studies suggest that developing L2 receptive knowledge of single words is associated with increased receptive knowledge of collocations. However, no study to date has directly examined the interrelationship between productive word knowledge and productive collocation knowledge. To address this gap, the present study administered a controlled productive word test and a controlled productive collocation test to 27 native English speakers and 55 nonnative speakers (L1-Arabic). The tests assessed word and collocation knowledge of the most frequent 3,000 lemmas in English (1K, 2K, and 3K frequency bands). The test scores were analyzed using three mixed-effects models for the following outcome variables: collocation appropriacy, collocation frequency, and collocation strength. Results revealed productive word knowledge as a significant predictor of productive collocation knowledge, though with a small effect. This association was omnipresent regardless of frequency band. We discuss implications of these findings for L2 learning and teaching.
Determining Vaccine Justice in the Time of COVID-19: A Democratic Perspective
Authors: Tanasoca Ana , Dryzek John S.
Published: October 2022

What does vaccine justice require at the domestic and global levels? In this essay, using the COVID-19 pandemic as a backdrop, we argue that deliberative-democratic participation is needed to answer this question. To be effective on the ground, abstract principles of vaccine justice need to be further specified through policy. Any vaccination strategy needs to find ways to prioritize conflicting moral claims to vaccine allocation, clarify the grounds on which low-risk people are being asked to vaccinate, and reach a balance between special duties toward countrymen and universal duties toward foreigners. Reasonable moral disagreement on these questions is bound to exist in any community. But such disagreement threatens to undermine vaccine justice insofar as the chosen vaccination strategy (and its proposed specification of vaccine justice) lacks public justification. Inclusive democratic deliberation about vaccine justice is a good mechanism for tackling such moral disagreement. By allowing residents and citizens to participate in the specification of abstract principles of vaccine justice, and their translation into policy, democratic deliberation can enhance the legitimacy of any vaccination strategy and boost compliance with it.
Introduction: Democratizing Global Justice
Authors: Tanasoca Ana , Dryzek John S.
Published: October 2022

Global governance ought to uphold global justice, a purpose that various institutions and instruments of global governance acknowledge more or less explicitly. Yet, to be effectively implemented, ethical principles of justice must first be “translated” into concrete policy. This formative and interpretive exercise—of determining what justice means and practically requires—leaves a lot of discretion to those making the interpretations, thereby raising important ethical dilemmas.
Ukraine, Intervention, and the Post-Liberal Order
Authors: Pattison James
Published: October 2022

The conflict in Ukraine indicates some of the features of a potential post-liberal order and raises several potential ethical issues that may arise for international interventions as the world changes. What types of interventions, if any, are justifiable in response to situations such as the one in Ukraine? Can interventions be permissible given the potential undermining of universalist claims that are often used to support them? How should states prioritize between situations if there is an even greater number of global challenges in a post-liberal order? Three new books—Solferino 21 by Hugo Slim, Decolonizing Human Rights by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim, and Promoting Justice across Borders by Lucia Rafanelli—can help to navigate these questions. Drawing on their insights, this essay argues that reform interventions can be justified to defend the liberal international order, that intervention can be defended from a relativist basis, and that socioeconomic rights should be given greater priority.
The formative international law studies of Judge Shi Jiuyong
Authors: Chen Li
Published: October 2022

Shi Jiuyong was an eminent Chinese international lawyer who became the first Chinese national to helm the International Court of Justice. This tribute examines Shi’s underexplored university education years, illuminating how these early experiences proved formative in his subsequent years as an international law practitioner, scholar and judge. In doing so, this tribute explores the factors that animated Shi’s choices and focuses, giving context to his slew of admirable achievements later in life.
Adherence to dietary guidelines and risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 94 184 individuals
Authors: Kjeldsen E. W. , Thomassen J. Q. , Rasmussen K. L. , Nordestgaard B. G. , Tybjærg-Hansen A. , Frikke-Schmidt R.
Published: October 2022

Aims

Recent estimates suggest that 40% of dementia cases could be avoided by treating recognised cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking and physical inactivity. Whether diet is associated with dementia remains largely unknown. We tested if low adherence to established dietary guidelines is associated with elevated lipids and lipoproteins and with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's dementia – a dementia subtype with a high frequency of cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

We used the prospective Copenhagen General Population Study including 94 184 individuals with dietary information and free of dementia at baseline. Mean age at study entry was 58 years, and 55% (N = 51 720) were women and 45% (N = 42 464) were men. Adherence to dietary guidelines was grouped into low, intermediate and high adherence based on food frequency questionnaires. Main outcomes were non-Alzheimer's dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Results

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglyceride levels were higher in individuals with intermediate and low adherence to dietary guidelines compared with individuals with high adherence (all p for trends <0.001). Age and sex-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for non-Alzheimer's dementia v. individuals with high adherence were 1.19 (95% confidence interval 0.97–1.46) for intermediate adherence, and 1.54 (1.18–2.00) for low adherence. Corresponding HRs in multivariable-adjusted models including APOE genotype were 1.14 (0.92–1.40) and 1.35 (1.03–1.79). These relationships were not observed in individuals on lipid-lowering therapy.

Conclusions

Low adherence to national dietary guidelines is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile and with increased risk of non-Alzheimer's dementia – the subtype of dementia with a high frequency of vascular risk factors. This study suggests that implementation of dietary guidelines associated with an anti-atherogenic lipid profile could be important for prevention of non-Alzheimer's dementia.
Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: Dulz Birger , Lohmer Mathias , Kernberg Otto F. , Wlodarczyk Olga , Dammann Gerhard
Published: October 2022

Die Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung gehört zu den am schwierigsten zu behandelnden Störungsbildern. Obschon die Behandlung primär ambulant erfolgen sollte, finden sich viele Betroffene in stationären Kontexten. Für dieses Setting stellt der vorliegende Band Behandlungsmöglichkeiten auf Basis der störungsorientierten und evidenzbasierten Methode der Übertragungsfokussierten Psychotherapie (Transference-Focused Psychotherapy, TFP) vor.
Die TFP stellt als psychodynamisches Verfahren die Beziehungs- und Identitätsstörung der Betroffenen in den Mittelpunkt. Sie basiert auf der Objektbeziehungstheorie, welche davon ausgeht, dass die Psychopathologie und die interpersonellen Schwierigkeiten bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen auf nicht integrierte Persönlichkeitsanteile zurückzuführen sind. Ziel der Behandlung ist es, im Rahmen der therapeutischen Beziehung diese nicht integrierten Selbst- und Objektrepräsentanzen zu aktivieren und durch wiederholte Klärung, Konfrontation und Interpretation eine Integration und Stärkung der Identität der Betroffenen zu erreichen.
Der Band geht ausführlich auf die stationäre Behandlung ein und beleuchtet praxisnah zentrale Aspekte, wie Diagnostik und Therapievereinbarungen, Behandlungsphasen, Therapiefokus und Arbeiten im interdisziplinären Team. Des Weiteren werden relevante Komorbiditäten und spezifische Komplikationen (z.B. Suizidalität, Agieren) thematisiert. Kapitel zur Supervision und zur Wirksamkeit runden diesen Band ab, der auch ambulant tätigen Fachpersonen wertvolle Anregungen für die Behandlung dieser herausfordernden Patientengruppe bietet.
Effect of Synoptic‐Scale Dynamics on the Vertical Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone Over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean During the Boreal Winter of 2018
Authors: Satheesh Chandran P. R. , Sunilkumar S. V. , Muhsin M. , Alladi Hemanth Kumar
Published: October 2022

Ozone (O3) and relative humidity profiles obtained from in situ electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde‐radiosonde observations over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean from 16 January to 14 February 2018 during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols gases and Radiation Budget cruise were analyzed. On the basis of the prevailing synoptic conditions during the cruise period, the cruise track was divided into three legs which were studied separately. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of prevailing synoptic scale dynamics and transport on the vertical distribution of ozone in the troposphere, especially in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) region. Tropospheric ozone exhibits pronounced latitude variations over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean with very high values (∼60–70 ppbv) above the marine boundary layer near the Indian landmass. Distinct ozone‐rich plume‐like structures are observed in the free troposphere around 1–3 and 4–5 km. At around 1–3 km, the ozone plume was maintained by the continental outflows from the Indian sub‐continent. The mid‐tropospheric (4–5 km) high ozone‐low water vapor layer is hypothesized to be associated with the equatorward return flow of the Hadley circulation. Enhanced (declined) ozone is observed below 12 km altitude in the descending (ascending) branch of Hadley circulation. The ozone distribution in the TTL shows distinct structures associated with the prevailing synoptic dynamics and transport during respective legs. Evidences of stratospheric intrusion and air mass transport from biomass burning locations are seen regarding upper tropospheric ozone enhancements.
A Highly Depleted and Subduction‐Modified Mantle Beneath the Slow‐Spreading Mohns Ridge
Authors: Bjerga A. , Stubseid H. H. , Pedersen L. E. R. , Beinlich A. , Pedersen R. B.
Published: October 2022

The Mohns Ridge is a very slow‐spreading ridge that, together with the Knipovich Ridge, marks the boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates in the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea. In this study, we report the major and trace element composition of spatially associated basalts and peridotites from a gabbro‐peridotite complex ∼20 km west of the Mohns Ridge rift flank. Formation of the ∼4–5 Myr crustal section involved accretion of normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts with Na‐content suggesting derivation from a depleted mantle source. This is consistent with the degree of partial melting estimated for clinopyroxene poor harzburgites using the Cr‐number of spinel (14%–18%) and rare earth element modeling of orthopyroxene (16%–24%) and reconstructed whole‐rock composition (14%–20%). If all the melting took place beneath the paleo‐Mohns Ridge, a crustal thickness of ∼7–8 km is expected, which is nearly double the observed thickness. Orthopyroxene trace elements are not consistent with typical fractional melting expected for mid‐ocean ridges but rather resemble that seen in supra‐subduction zone peridotites. The geochemistry of both the basalts and the peridotites suggests that a water‐rich slab flux in the past has influenced the mantle source. In turn, this caused hydrous melting which increased the depletion of the pyroxene components, leading to a highly depleted mantle that is now underlying much of the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridges and represents the source for the spreading related magmatism.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Seismicity in the Alto Tiberina Fault System Revealed by a High‐Resolution Template Matching Catalog
Authors: Essing David , Poli Piero
Published: October 2022

The Alto Tiberina Fault system, located in the Northern Apennines (Italy), consists of a low angle normal fault (LANF) which radiates micro‐seismicity that can be explained by continuous creep. On top of the LANF, a network of syn‐ and antithetic high angle faults frequently hosts seismic swarms, one of which has been associated with a transient aseismic deformation signal. To study in detail the seismicity and its relationships with aseismic deformation processes occurring in this fault system, we apply template matching on seismic data recorded at an array of borehole stations, to derive a high‐resolution earthquake catalog. Thanks to the additionally detected events, we are able to reveal time periods of increased spatial‐ and temporal clustering during an aseismic deformation event. This reflects the complex evolution of aseismic slip together with the complexity of the shallow fault system. Along the LANF, we observe a bimodal type of seismicity, with diffuse seismicity active continuously, and short‐lived bursts of seismicity that could indicate rapid fluid releases. We additionally identify repeating earthquakes. These events not necessarily match a simple creep model and therefore open the possibility for new models to explain the seismicity along the LANF.
Global Variations in Water Vapor and Saturation State Throughout the Mars Year 34 Dusty Season
Authors: Holmes J. A. , Lewis S. R. , Patel M. R. , Alday J. , Aoki S. , Liuzzi G. , Villanueva G. L. , Crismani M. M. J. , Fedorova A. A. , Olsen K. S. , Kass D. M. , Vandaele A. C. , Korablev O.
Published: October 2022

To understand the evolving martian water cycle, a global perspective of the combined vertical and horizontal distribution of water is needed in relation to supersaturation and water loss and how it varies spatially and temporally. The global vertical water vapor distribution is investigated through an analysis that unifies water, temperature and dust retrievals from several instruments on multiple spacecraft throughout Mars Year (MY) 34 with a global circulation model. During the dusty season of MY 34, northern polar latitudes are largely absent of water vapor below 20 km with variations above this altitude due to transport from mid‐latitudes during a global dust storm, the downwelling branch of circulation during perihelion season and the intense MY 34 southern summer regional dust storm. Evidence is found of supersaturated water vapor breaking into the northern winter polar vortex. Supersaturation above around 60 km is found for most of the time period, with lower altitudes showing more diurnal variation in the saturation state of the atmosphere. Discrete layers of supersaturated water are found across all latitudes. The global dust storm and southern summer regional dust storm forced water vapor at all latitudes in a supersaturated state to 60–90 km where it is more likely to escape from the atmosphere. The reanalysis data set provides a constrained global perspective of the water cycle in which to investigate the horizontal and vertical transport of water throughout the atmosphere, of critical importance to understand how water is exchanged between different reservoirs and escapes the atmosphere.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Bayesian Neural Networks: Toward Trustworthy Predictions of Ocean Dynamics
Authors: Clare Mariana C. A. , Sonnewald Maike , Lguensat Redouane , Deshayes Julie , Balaji V.
Published: October 2022

The trustworthiness of neural networks is often challenged because they lack the ability to express uncertainty and explain their skill. This can be problematic given the increasing use of neural networks in high stakes decision‐making such as in climate change applications. We address both issues by successfully implementing a Bayesian Neural Network (BNN), where parameters are distributions rather than deterministic, and applying novel implementations of explainable AI (XAI) techniques. The uncertainty analysis from the BNN provides a comprehensive overview of the prediction more suited to practitioners' needs than predictions from a classical neural network. Using a BNN means we can calculate the entropy (i.e., uncertainty) of the predictions and determine if the probability of an outcome is statistically significant. To enhance trustworthiness, we also spatially apply the two XAI techniques of Layer‐wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values. These XAI methods reveal the extent to which the BNN is suitable and/or trustworthy. Using two techniques gives a more holistic view of BNN skill and its uncertainty, as LRP considers neural network parameters, whereas SHAP considers changes to outputs. We verify these techniques using comparison with intuition from physical theory. The differences in explanation identify potential areas where new physical theory guided studies are needed.
Cut-off values of serum interleukin-6 for culture-confirmed sepsis in neonates
Authors: Küng Erik , Unterasinger Lukas , Waldhör Thomas , Berger Angelika , Wisgrill Lukas
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Neonatal sepsis accounts for 0.97% of all disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Interleukin-6 has been used in sepsis diagnosis, but cut-off values are missing.

Methods

Neonates admitted to the neonatal wards with measurements of serum interleukin-6 born between September 2015 and September 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Mean serum interleukin-6 values of patients who never had increased laboratory parameters of infection nor died during their stay and mean interleukin-6 values on the day of blood sampling for a later positive culture in patients with culture-confirmed sepsis were analysed for each time period.

Results

In all, 8.488 values in 1.695 neonates, including 752 very-preterm-infants and 701 very-low-birthweight infants, were analysed. The AUC for interleukin-6 was 0.84–0.91 in all neonates, 0.88–0.89 in very-preterm and 0.89–0.91 in very-low-birthweight infants. Using interleukin-6 cut-off values of 80 pg/ml on day of life 1, 40 pg/ml on day of life 2–7 and 30 pg/ml after day of life 7, a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 81% for culture-confirmed sepsis were achieved. In very-preterm infants, the corresponding values were 74% for sensitivity and 83% for specificity and in very-low-birthweight infants 74% and 86%, respectively.

Conclusion

Serum interleukin-6 has high accuracy for the detection of neonatal sepsis.

Impact

Serum interleukin-6 can be used with high accuracy to detect sepsis in neonates with the cut-off values of 80 pg/ml on day of life 1, 40 pg/ml on day of life 2–7 and 30 pg/ml after day of life 7.

Serum interleukin-6 can be used with high accuracy to detect sepsis in neonates and very-preterm as well as very-low-birthweight infants.

Interleukin-6 values display distinct cut-off values depending on the chronological age of the infant.

Our article provides the first cut-off values for interleukin-6 in the first days of life in neonates.
Prenatal ethanol exposure causes anxiety-like phenotype and alters synaptic nitric oxide and endocannabinoid signaling in dorsal raphe nucleus of adult male rats
Authors: Oubraim Saida , Wang Ruixiang , Hausknecht Kathryn , Kaczocha Martin , Shen Roh-Yu , Haj-Dahmane Samir
Published: October 2022

Mood disorders, including anxiety and depression caused by prenatal ethanol exposure (PE) are prevalent conditions in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Prenatal ethanol exposure is associated with persistent dysfunctions of several neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonin (5-HT) system, which plays a major role in mood regulation and stress homeostasis. While PE is known to disrupt the development of the 5-HT system, the cellular mechanisms by which it alters the function of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRn) 5-HT neurons and their synaptic inputs remain unknown. Here, we used a second-trimester binge-drinking pattern PE (two daily gavages of 15% w/v ethanol at 3 g/kg, 5–6 h apart) during gestational days 8 - 20 and measured anxiety-like behaviors of adult male rats using the elevated plus (EPM) and zero (ZM) mazes. We also employed ex-vivo electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches to unravel the mechanisms by which PE alters the excitability and synaptic transmission onto DRn 5-HT neurons. We found that PE enhanced anxiety-like behaviors in adult male rats and induced a persistent activation of DRn 5-HT neurons. The PE-induced activation of DRn 5-HT neurons was largely mediated by potentiation of DRn glutamate synapses, which was caused by activation of the nitrergic system and impaired endocannabinoid signaling. As such, the present study reveals “push-pull” effects of PE on nitrergic and eCB signaling, respectively, which mediate the enhanced activity of DRn 5-HT neurons and could contribute to anxiety-like behaviors observed in animal model of FASD.
Humidity-dependent lubrication of highly loaded contacts by graphite and a structural transition to turbostratic carbon
Authors: Morstein Carina Elisabeth , Klemenz Andreas , Dienwiebel Martin , Moseler Michael
Published: October 2022

Graphite represents a promising material for solid lubrication of highly loaded tribological contacts under extreme environmental conditions. At low loads, graphite’s lubricity depends on humidity. The adsorption model explains this by molecular water films on graphite leading to defect passivation and easy sliding of counter bodies. To explore the humidity dependence and validate the adsorption model for high loads, a commercial graphite solid lubricant is studied using microtribometry. Even at 1 GPa contact pressure, a high and low friction regime is observed - depending on humidity. Transmission electron microscopy reveals transformation of the polycrystalline graphite lubricant into turbostratic carbon after high and even after low load (50 MPa) sliding. Quantum molecular dynamics simulations relate high friction and wear to cold welding and shear-induced formation of turbostratic carbon, while low friction originates in molecular water films on surfaces. In this work, a generalized adsorption model including turbostratic carbon formation is suggested.
Membrane-assisted assembly and selective secretory autophagy of enteroviruses
Authors: Dahmane Selma , Kerviel Adeline , Morado Dustin R. , Shankar Kasturika , Ahlman Björn , Lazarou Michael , Altan-Bonnet Nihal , Carlson Lars-Anders
Published: October 2022

Enteroviruses are non-enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses that cause diverse diseases in humans. Their rapid multiplication depends on remodeling of cytoplasmic membranes for viral genome replication. It is unknown how virions assemble around these newly synthesized genomes and how they are then loaded into autophagic membranes for release through secretory autophagy. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography of infected cells to show that poliovirus assembles directly on replication membranes. Pharmacological untethering of capsids from membranes abrogates RNA encapsidation. Our data directly visualize a membrane-bound half-capsid as a prominent virion assembly intermediate. Assembly progression past this intermediate depends on the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase VPS34, a key host-cell autophagy factor. On the other hand, the canonical autophagy initiator ULK1 is shown to restrict virion production since its inhibition leads to increased accumulation of virions in vast intracellular arrays, followed by an increased vesicular release at later time points. Finally, we identify multiple layers of selectivity in virus-induced autophagy, with a strong selection for RNA-loaded virions over empty capsids and the segregation of virions from other types of autophagosome contents. These findings provide an integrated structural framework for multiple stages of the poliovirus life cycle.
Visualizing inflammation with an M1 macrophage selective probe via GLUT1 as the gating target
Authors: Cho Heewon , Kwon Haw-Young , Sharma Amit , Lee Sun Hyeok , Liu Xiao , Miyamoto Naoki , Kim Jong-Jin , Im Sin-Hyeog , Kang Nam-Young , Chang Young-Tae
Published: October 2022

Macrophages play crucial roles in protecting our bodies from infection and cancers. As macrophages are multi-functional immune cells, they have diverse plastic subsets, such as M1 and M2, derived from naïve M0 cells. Subset-specific macrophage probes are essential for deciphering and monitoring the various activation of macrophages, but developing such probes has been challenging. Here we report a fluorescent probe, CDr17, which is selective for M1 macrophages over M2 or M0. The selective staining mechanism of CDr17 is explicated as Gating-Oriented Live-cell Distinction (GOLD) through overexpressed GLUT1 in M1 macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of CDr17 to track M1 macrophages in vivo in a rheumatoid arthritis animal model.
Structural basis for specific inhibition of the deubiquitinase UCHL1
Authors: Grethe Christian , Schmidt Mirko , Kipka Gian-Marvin , O’Dea Rachel , Gallant Kai , Janning Petra , Gersch Malte
Published: October 2022

Ubiquitination regulates protein homeostasis and is tightly controlled by deubiquitinases (DUBs). Loss of the DUB UCHL1 leads to neurodegeneration, and its dysregulation promotes cancer metastasis and invasiveness. Small molecule probes for UCHL1 and DUBs in general could help investigate their function, yet specific inhibitors and structural information are rare. Here we report the potent and non-toxic chemogenomic pair of activity-based probes GK13S and GK16S for UCHL1. Biochemical characterization of GK13S demonstrates its stereoselective inhibition of cellular UCHL1. The crystal structure of UCHL1 in complex with GK13S shows the enzyme locked in a hybrid conformation of apo and Ubiquitin-bound states, which underlies its UCHL1-specificity within the UCH DUB family. Phenocopying a reported inactivating mutation of UCHL1 in mice, GK13S, but not GK16S, leads to reduced levels of monoubiquitin in a human glioblastoma cell line. Collectively, we introduce a set of structurally characterized, chemogenomic probes suitable for the cellular investigation of UCHL1.
Deforestation intensifies daily temperature variability in the northern extratropics
Authors: Ge Jun , Liu Qi , Zan Beilei , Lin Zhiqiang , Lu Sha , Qiu Bo , Guo Weidong
Published: October 2022

While the biogeophysical effects of deforestation on average and extreme temperatures are broadly documented, how deforestation influences temperature variability remains largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigate the biogeophysical effects of idealized deforestation on daily temperature variability at the global scale based on multiple earth system models and in situ observations. Here, we show that deforestation can intensify daily temperature variability (by up to 20%) in the northern extratropics, particularly in winter, leading to more frequent rapid extreme warming and cooling events. The higher temperature variability can be attributed to the enhanced near-surface horizontal temperature advection and simultaneously is partly offset by the lower variability in surface sensible heat flux. We also show responses of daily temperature variability to historical deforestation and future potential afforestation. This study reveals the overlooked effects of deforestation or afforestation on temperature variability and has implications for large-scale afforestation in northern extratropic countries.
Allele-specific differential regulation of monoallelically expressed autosomal genes in the cardiac lineage
Authors: Balasooriya Gayan I. , Spector David L.
Published: October 2022

Each mammalian autosomal gene is represented by two alleles in diploid cells. To our knowledge, no insights have been made in regard to allele-specific regulatory mechanisms of autosomes. Here we use allele-specific single cell transcriptomic analysis to elucidate the establishment of monoallelic gene expression in the cardiac lineage. We find that monoallelically expressed autosomal genes in mESCs and mouse blastocyst cells are differentially regulated based on the genetic background of the parental alleles. However, the genetic background of the allele does not affect the establishment of monoallelic genes in differentiated cardiomyocytes. Additionally, we observe epigenetic differences between deterministic and random autosomal monoallelic genes. Moreover, we also find a greater contribution of the maternal versus paternal allele to the development and homeostasis of cardiac tissue and in cardiac health, highlighting the importance of maternal influence in male cardiac tissue homeostasis. Our findings emphasize the significance of allele-specific insights into gene regulation in development, homeostasis and disease.
Simulating groundstate and dynamical quantum phase transitions on a superconducting quantum computer
Authors: Dborin James , Wimalaweera Vinul , Barratt F. , Ostby Eric , O’Brien Thomas E. , Green A. G.
Published: October 2022

The phenomena of quantum criticality underlie many novel collective phenomena found in condensed matter systems. They present a challenge for classical and quantum simulation, in part because of diverging correlation lengths and consequently strong finite-size effects. Tensor network techniques that work directly in the thermodynamic limit can negotiate some of these difficulties. Here, we optimise a translationally invariant, sequential quantum circuit on a superconducting quantum device to simulate the groundstate of the quantum Ising model through its quantum critical point. We further demonstrate how the dynamical quantum critical point found in quenches of this model across its quantum critical point can be simulated. Our approach avoids finite-size scaling effects by using sequential quantum circuits inspired by infinite matrix product states. We provide efficient circuits and a variety of error mitigation strategies to implement, optimise and time-evolve these states.