bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of acute toxicity of unionized ammonia in juvenile longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana)
Authors: Vera Luis , Aguilar Galarza Bryan , Reinoso Samira , Bohórquez‐Cruz Milton , Sonnenholzner Stanislaus , Argüello‐Guevara Wilfrido
Published: April 2023

The median lethal concentration (LC50) of unionized ammonia (NH3‐N) in longfin yellowtail, Seriola rivoliana juveniles was assessed after 96 h of exposure using a semistatic water system. Experimental fish were exposed in triplicate to different ammonia concentrations: 0.55 ± 0.00; 0.94 ± 0.02; 1.18 ± 0.00; 1.72 ± 0.02, and 1.97 ± 0.09 NH3‐N mg/L. Additionally, a control group (0.00 ± 0.00 NH3‐N mg/L) was included. The 96 h LC50 of unionized ammonia in S. rivoliana was 0.58 mg/L. Fish exposed to different ammonia concentrations for 96 h displayed several lesions on gill tissues, that is, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, fusion of the secondary lamellae, and some irreversible damage. Erratic behavior, such as swimming in circles and hyperventilation was observed before the fish died. The safe concentration of unionized ammonia in this study was estimated at 0.06 and 1.68 mg/L of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The outcomes observed in this study provide valuable insights into unionized ammonia effects for better water quality management in semi‐intensive and intensive systems for S. rivoliana culture.
Trading with the crowd
Authors: Neuman Eyal , Voß Moritz
Published: April 2023

We formulate and solve a multi‐player stochastic differential game between financial agents who seek to cost‐efficiently liquidate their position in a risky asset in the presence of jointly aggregated transient price impact, along with taking into account a common general price predicting signal. The unique Nash‐equilibrium strategies reveal how each agent's liquidation policy adjusts the predictive trading signal to the aggregated transient price impact induced by all other agents. This unfolds a quantitative relation between trading signals and the order flow in crowded markets. We also formulate and solve the corresponding mean field game in the limit of infinitely many agents. We prove that the equilibrium trading speed and the value function of an agent in the finite N‐player game converges to the corresponding trading speed and value function in the mean field game at rate . In addition, we prove that the mean field optimal strategy provides an approximate Nash‐equilibrium for the finite‐player game.
Two Mechanisms for Understanding Mathematical Concepts in Terms of Fictive Motions
Authors: Khatin‐Zadeh Omid , Yazdani‐Fazlabadi Babak
Published: April 2023

This article discusses two mechanisms through which understanding static mathematical concepts (basic and more advanced mathematical concepts) in terms of fictive motions or motion events enhance our understanding of these concepts. It is suggested that at least two mechanisms are involved in this enhancing process. The first mechanism enables us to employ both the motor system and the visual system as two contributing cognitive resources to process the static concept. When one representation of a mathematical concept is transformed into another representation, there is a shift in the mode of processing. This shift facilitates the process of employing new cognitive resources such as the motor and visual systems. The second mechanism, which is a special form of mental simulation, enables us to simulate the process of formation of the static concept, which, in turn, makes it easier for us to understand the structure and properties of the static concept.
Meta‐analysis reveals a reduced surface area of the amygdala in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Chen Meng‐Hsiang , Lin Hsiu‐Man , Sue Yu‐Ru , Yu Yun‐Chen , Yeh Pin‐Yang
Published: April 2023

Despite the reported lack of structural alterations in the amygdala of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in previous meta‐analyses, subsequent observational studies produced conflicting results. Through incorporating the updated data from observational studies on structural features of the amygdala in ADHD, the primary goal of this study was to examine the anatomical differences in amygdala between subjects with ADHD and their neurotypical controls. Using the appropriate keyword strings, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for English articles from inception to February 2022. Eligibility criteria included observational studies comparing the structure of the amygdala between ADHD subjects and their comparators using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subgroup analyses were conducted focusing on the amygdala side, as well as the use of different scanners and approach to segmentation. The effects of other continuous variables, such as age, intelligence quotient, and male percentage, on amygdala size were also investigated. Of the 5703 participants in 16 eligible studies, 2928 were diagnosed with ADHD. Compared with neurotypical controls, subjects with ADHD had a smaller amygdala surface area (particularly in the left hemisphere) but without a significant difference in volume between the two groups. Subgroup analysis of MRI scanners and different approaches to segmentation showed no statistically significant difference. There was no significant correlation between continuous variables and amygdala size. Our results showed consistent surface morphological alterations of the amygdala, in particular on the left side, in subjects with ADHD. However, the preliminary findings based on the limited data available for analysis warrant future studies for verification.
The future of the international financial system: The emergingCBDCnetwork and its impact on regulation
Authors: Wang Heng , Gao Simin
Published: April 2023

Central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a digital form of fiat currency. CBDC has the potential to be a game challenger in the international financial system, bringing increased complexities arising from technology and regulatory considerations, as well as generating greater currency competition. As more states begin exploring CBDC, the interactions between actors may lead to the emergence of a new CBDC network. What shape would the emerging CBDC network take? What would its network effects be? What would be the impact of the CBDC network on the international financial system, or the global financial network? This article explores these questions by examining the emerging CBDC network and its regulatory implications. It argues that the CBDC network would likely be both decentralized and uncoordinated, making it unlikely to lead to convergence in CBDC regulation. The CBDC network would probably bring policy diffusion effects, with states behaving instrumentally, while shaking up the power balance between different actors, generating both cooperation and conflict. The CBDC network also has the potential to push international financial system toward becoming more decentralized.
High dietary iodine intake may contribute to the low death rate from COVID‐19 infection in Japan with activation by the lactoperoxidase system
Authors: Smith Michael L. , Sharma Sujata , Singh Tej P.
Published: April 2023

We draw the attention of readers and governments to the death rate from coronavirus disease 2019 in Japan, continuing as a fraction of that experienced by many other developed nations. We think this is due to the activity of the powerful, protective lactoperoxidase system (LPO) which prevents serious airborne infections. The LPO system requires iodine, which is liberally provided by the typical Japanese diet but lacking in many others. One might consider the Japanese experience an incredibly large, open‐label study exhibiting the preventative power of a high‐iodine diet. We predict this favourable trend will continue for Japan because deadly variants of the severe, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will be with us, forever.
Evaluation of humoral immune response after ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccination among health care workers
Authors: Kim Myeong Hee , Kang So Young , In Lee Woo , Lee Min Young
Published: April 2023

We assessed the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccination by evaluating the levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG after vaccination and investigated the effect of diverse factors such as gender, age, and adverse reactions after vaccination. The study included a total of 1028 serum samples from 452 healthcare workers. SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG levels were assessed using the SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG II Quant assay. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding the intensity and duration of adverse reactions after vaccination. The seropositive rates after the first and second doses were 95.5% and 100%, respectively. The median antibody levels after the second dose showed a 4.2‐fold increase compared with the first. Five months after the second dose, the median antibody levels decreased by 3.5‐fold. The antibody levels in men were lower than those in women after the first dose and were higher after the second dose. There was no difference according to age groups after the first dose, but after the second dose, in subjects aged 50 and above, the rise in antibody levels was less than that in other age groups. The antibody levels among participants with moderate or severe symptoms were significantly higher than those among participants with mild symptoms after the first dose. There were no statistically significant differences according to the duration of symptoms. We could assume that different age groups and genders might have different immunogenicity following vaccination. The intensity of adverse symptoms was positively correlated with the antibody levels, implying that higher immunogenicity is related to the intensity of adverse symptoms after vaccination.
Epistemic confidence in the observed confidence interval
Authors: Pawitan Yudi , Lee Hangbin , Lee Youngjo
Published: April 2023

We define confidence to be epistemic if it applies to an observed confidence interval. Epistemic confidence is unavailable—or even denied—in orthodox frequentist inference, as the confidence level is understood to apply to the procedure. Yet there are obvious practical and psychological needs to think about the uncertainty in the observed interval. We extend the Dutch Book argument used in the classical Bayesian justification of subjective probability to a stronger market‐based version, which prevents external agents from exploiting unused information in any relevant subset. We previously showed that confidence is an extended likelihood, and the likelihood principle states that the likelihood contains all the information in the data, hence leaving no relevant subset. Intuitively, this implies that confidence associated with the full likelihood is protected from the Dutch Book, and hence is epistemic. Our goal is to validate this intuitive notion through theoretical backing and practical illustrations.
Spectral analysis of laser speckle contrast imaging and infrared thermography to assess skin microvascular reactive hyperemia
Authors: Tang Yuanliang , Xu Fei , Lei Peng , Li Guixiang , Tan Zhongwei
Published: April 2023

Background

Post‐occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test with signal spectral analysis coupled provides potential indicators for the assessment of microvascular functions.

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the variations of skin blood flow and temperature spectra in the PORH test. Furthermore, to quantify the oscillation amplitude response to occlusion within different frequency ranges.

Materials and methods

Ten healthy volunteers participated in the PORH test and their hand skin temperature and blood flow images were captured by infrared thermography (IRT) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system, respectively. Extracted signals from selected areas were then transformed into the time‐frequency space by continuous wavelet transform for cross‐correlation analysis and oscillation amplitude response comparisons.

Results

The LSCI and IRT signals extracted from fingertips showed stronger hyperemia response and larger oscillation amplitude compared with other areas, and their spectral cross‐correlations decreased with frequency. According to statistical analysis, their oscillation amplitudes in the PORH stage were obviously larger than the baseline stage within endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic frequency ranges (p < 0.05), and their quantitative indicators of oscillation amplitude response had high linear correlations within endothelial and neurogenic frequency ranges.

Conclusion

Comparisons of IRT and LSCI techniques in recording the reaction to the PORH test were made in both temporal and spectral domains. The larger oscillation amplitudes suggested enhanced endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic activities in the PORH test. We hope this study is also significant for investigations of response to the PORH test by other non‐invasive techniques.
Profiling the imported human malaria in Sarawak, Malaysia in 2011–2019
Authors: Ooi Choo Huck , Phang Wei Kit , Liew Jonathan Wee Kent , Atroosh Wahib M. , Lau Yee Ling
Published: April 2023

Objectives

Malaysia has achieved the status of zero indigenous human malaria cases. Nevertheless, imported human malaria has increasingly been reported in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. As zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi remains a major public health problem in Sarawak, the threat of imported malaria must be addressed as it can cause human malaria reintroduction, sustain transmission, and lead to complications. The objectives of this study were to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases reported in Sarawak and to underline the challenge posed by imported malaria towards malaria elimination efforts.

Methods

Imported malaria cases reported in Sarawak from 2011 to 2019 were collected from Sarawak State Health Department and analysed in this longitudinal retrospective study.

Results

A total of 2058 imported malaria cases were registered in all districts in Sarawak. Highest number of cases were reported in Kapit (n = 559; 27.16%), followed by Sibu (n = 424; 20.6%), and Miri (n = 166; 8.07%). Based on the demographic profile, most of the patients constituted of either male sex (98.49%), age group of 40–49 years (39.6%), Iban ethnic (57.92%), worked in logging industry (88.58%), Malaysian nationals (91.84%), contracted malaria in Papua New Guinea (46.11%), uncomplicated disease (77.89%), or hospitalised cases (97.86%). The most prominent Plasmodium species diagnosed were P. vivax (52.67%) and P. falciparum (35.81%).

Conclusions

Surveillance, disease detection, and medical follow‐up must be carried out thoroughly for individuals who returned from malaria‐endemic countries. It is also necessary to promote pre‐travel preventive education as well as chemoprophylaxis to travellers heading to endemic areas.
Adopting a culture of remote damage control resuscitation in the military: Insights from the Israel defense forces decade of experience
Authors: Talmy Tomer , Mitchnik Ilan Y. , Malkin Michael , Avital Guy , Benov Avi , Glassberg Elon , Almog Ofer , Gendler Sami
Published: April 2023

Background

Remote damage control resuscitation (RDCR) aims to apply the principles of damage control resuscitation to prehospital and austere care, emphasizing early control of compressible hemorrhage, balanced volume resuscitation, and the prevention or correction of coagulopathy, acidosis, hypothermia, and hypocalcemia. Over the past decades, the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps (IDF‐MC) has made significant efforts to integrate the principles of RDCR into prehospital trauma care in the military.

Study Design and Methods

In this article, we reflect on the implementation of RDCR in the prehospital setting by the IDF‐MC, sharing successes, challenges, considerations on guideline changes, and their assessment over time.

Results

The implementation of RDCR has resulted in changes in clinical practice guidelines and training programs, with increased awareness and adoption of RDCR principles among both medical and non‐medical military personnel. The implementation of these principles and adherence to guideline changes have been analyzed using the Israel Defense Forces Trauma Registry.

Discussion

By sharing our experiences, we hope to provide valuable insights for other military and civilian organizations seeking to adopt similar protocols for prehospital care. Continuous evaluation and refinement of guidelines and training programs will be essential for ongoing implementation and advancement of RDCR in the prehospital setting.
Information asymmetry and dynamic sourcing: Evidence from Chinese firms
Authors: Chen Renjing
Published: April 2023

Information asymmetry can create substantial frictions when importing firms find it difficult to acquire information about foreign products. I use detailed China Customs Data to show that firms tend to import from countries with which they already have an importing relationship. This preference cannot be sorely explained by the sunk cost, and it still exists even if the firm, country, sector and year‐related fixed effects are controlled. Motivated by these facts, I develop a dynamic model describing firms' decisions on their choice of sourcing country. This model incorporates both communication cost and satisfaction uncertainty, which are lower for familiar countries than for unfamiliar ones. By using this model, I estimate the benefits of importing from familiar countries measured by the probability improvement of receiving satisfactory products. I find that this probability can be improved by a maximum of 89.0% when importing from familiar countries instead of from unfamiliar ones. These results also support the prediction that the effective unit cost of intermediates is lower when importing from familiar countries.
Laparoscopic extra‐abdominal transfascial suturing technique for diaphragmatic rupture repair in a cat
Authors: Cinti Filippo , Rubio David Garcia
Published: April 2023

Objective

To describe the technique, complications, and outcome of the laparoscopic extra‐abdominal transfascial suturing method for diaphragmatic rupture repair in a cat.

Study design

Case report.

Animals

A 10 year old, female domestic shorthair cat.

Methods

An acute traumatic diaphragmatic rupture was diagnosed in a cat. Following initial stabilization, 3‐port laparoscopic surgery was performed. After the laparoscopic reduction of herniating organs, a circumferential diaphragmatic tear was diagnosed, which was repaired using a multiple extra‐abdominal transfascial suture technique. The total surgical time was 50 min with no intraoperative complications encountered.

Results

The successful procedure was confirmed by normalization of chest radiography, clinical signs, and blood gas analysis in the perioperative and postoperative periods. Mild skin irritation occurred 3 weeks after surgery but was resolved following the removal of sutures. The cat recovered well without major complications; the final reexamination was performed 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

The laparoscopic extra‐abdominal transfascial suturing technique appears to be a feasible, and effective technique for feline diaphragmatic circumferential rupture repair. This technique may be an alternative option to intracorporeal suturing for diaphragmatic rupture treatment in the cat.
The Effect of Immersive Learning on Students' Cognitive and Affective Aspects
Authors: Soelistya Djoko , Julhadi Julhadi , Rahmi Syarifah , Priyatiningsih Nurpeni , Siregar Marlina , Supriatna Ucup , Saputra Nanda
Published: April 2023

Deep learning or what is known as "Immersive Learning" is becoming an issue that is being studied a lot because of the application of technology in the process. The role of technology in this case is utilized to realize deep learning. Immersive Learning is applied by several methods, including online and blended. However, there are not many research articles that explicitly focus on Immersive Learning. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, several academic articles dealing with the specific topic of immersive learning have been selected and studied. Several topics have been searched using keywords related to immersive learning on academic search engines such as Springer, and Google Scholar, as well as on several other reputable academic journal publishing websites. The articles reviewed were sixteen articles published in the last five years. Based on the results of the article review, it can be concluded that immersive learning not only has a negative impact, but also has a positive impact on students' cognitive and affective aspects. Cognitive aspects include understanding and other academic abilities, while affective aspects include self-efficacy, motivation, and student attitudes towards subjects at school. With this review, it is hoped that teachers and educators will pay more attention to the positive and negative effects of this immersive learning process, so that they can optimize the learning outcomes obtained by students from the learning process, especially Natural Science subjects.
Architected Piezoelectric Metamaterial With Designable Full Nonzero Piezoelectric Coefficients
Authors: Yu Bo , Lun Yingzhuo , Hou Zewei , Hong Jiawang
Published: April 2023

Piezoelectric metamaterials have received extensive attention in the fields of robotics, nondestructive testing, energy harvesting, etc. Natural piezoelectric ceramics possess only five nonzero piezoelectric coefficients due to the crystal symmetry of ∞mm, which has limited the development of related devices. To obtain nonzero piezoelectric coefficients, previous studies mainly focus on assembling piezoelectric ceramic units or multiphase metamaterials. However, only part of the nonzero piezoelectric coefficients or locally piezoelectric electromechanical modes are achieved. Additionally, it still remains a challenge for manipulating the piezoelectric coefficients in a wide range. In this work, full nonzero piezoelectric coefficients are obtained by symmetry breaking in the architected piezoelectric metamaterial. The piezoelectric coefficients are designable over a wide range from positive to negative through manipulating the directions of each strut for the three-dimensional architected lattice. The architected metamaterials exhibit multiple positive/inverse piezoelectric modes, including normal and shear deformation. Finally, a smart gradient architected piezoelectric metamaterial is designed to take advantage of this feature, which can sense the position of the normal and shear force. This work paves the way for the manipulation of piezoelectric metamaterial in a wide range with designable full nonzero piezoelectric coefficients, thereby enabling application potential in the fields of smart sensing and actuation.
Applications of Finite Element Modeling in Biomechanical Analysis of Foot Arch Deformation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Cen Xuanzhen , Song Yang , Sun Dong , Bíró István , Gu Yaodong
Published: April 2023

Excessive foot arch deformation is associated with plantar tissue overload and ligamentous injury pathologies. Finite element (FE) analysis, as an effective tool for modeling and simulation, has been utilized clinically for providing insights into arch biomechanics. This systematic scoping review aimed to summarize the current state of computational modeling techniques utilized in arch biomechanics from 2000 onwards and outline the main challenges confronting the further development of accurate models in clinical conditions. English-language searches of the electronic databases were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus until July 2022. Articles that investigated arch deformation mechanisms by FE modeling were included. The methodological quality was assessed utilizing the Methodological Quality Assessment of Subject-Specific Finite Element Analysis Used in Computational Orthopedics (MQSSFE). Seventeen articles were identified in this systematic scoping review, mostly focusing on constructing models for specific pathological conditions, such as progressive collapsing foot deformity, valgus foot, and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. However, given the complexity of the arch problem, geometrical simplifications regarding the balance between accurate detail and computational cost and assumptions made in defining modeling parameters (material properties and loading and boundary conditions) may bring challenges to the accuracy and generalizability of models applied to clinical settings. Overall, advances in computational modeling techniques have contributed to reliable foot deformation simulation and analysis in modern personalized medicine.
Comparing Mechanical Neural-Network Learning Algorithms
Authors: Lee Ryan H. , Sainaghi Pietro , Hopkins Jonathan B.
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this work is to compare learning algorithms to identify which is the fastest and most accurate for training mechanical neural networks (MNNs). MNNs are a unique class of lattice-based artificial intelligence (AI) architected materials that learn their mechanical behaviors with repeated exposure to external loads. They can learn multiple behaviors simultaneously in situ and re-learn desired behaviors after being damaged or cut into new shapes. MNNs learn by tuning the stiffnesses of their constituent beams similar to how artificial neural networks (ANNs) learn by tuning their weights. In this work, we compare the performance of six algorithms (i.e., genetic algorithm, full pattern search, partial pattern search, interior point, sequential quadratic progression, and Nelder–Mead) applied to MNN leaning. A computational model was created to simulate MNN learning using these algorithms with experimentally measured noise included. A total of 3900 runs were simulated. The results were validated using experimentally collected data from a physical MNN. We identify algorithms like Nelder–Mead that are both fast and able to reject noise. Additionally, we provide insights into selecting learning algorithms based on the desired balance between accuracy and speed, as well as the general characteristics that are favorable for training MNNs. These insights will promote more efficient MNN learning and will provide a foundation for future algorithm development.
Variability in humpback whale songs reveals how individuals can be distinctive when sharing a complex vocal display
Authors: Lamoni Luca , Garland Ellen C. , Allen Jenny A. , Coxon Jennifer , Noad Michael J. , Rendell Luke
Published: April 2023

Individually distinctive acoustic signals in animal vocal communication are taxonomically widespread, however, the investigation of these signal types in marine mammals has focused only on a few species. Humpback whale songs are a stereotyped, hierarchically structured vocal display performed by males, and hence thought to be sexually selected. Within a population, whales conform to a common version of the song despite the song constantly evolving. While humpback songs have been studied extensively at the population level, individual level variation has been rarely described, with inconclusive results. Here, we quantified inter- and intra-individual variability at different levels in the song hierarchy using songs from 25 singers across two song types from the eastern Australian population song of 2002 (12 singers), and the revolutionary song introduced in 2003 (13 singers). Inter-individual variability was found heterogeneously across all hierarchical levels of the song structure. In addition, distinct and individually specific patterns of song production were consistently recorded across song levels, with clear structural differences between the two song types. These results suggest that within the constraints of song conformity, males can produce individually distinctive patterns that could function as an advertisement to females to convey individual qualities.
Indications of Referee Bias in Division I Women’s College Volleyball: Testing Expectancy Violations and Examining Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Dix Andrew
Published: April 2023

This research examined the ball-handling errors that referees called against historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women’s college volleyball. A ball-handling error is an impermissible nonverbal communicative act such as a ball being lifted, a ball being thrown, or a ball being double hit. Previous research on referee bias was reviewed. Expectancy violations theory served as the theoretical frame because it focuses on nonverbal behaviors and how a message receiver responds to violations. Using publicly available data, this research sought to draw points of comparison between HBCUs and predominantly White institutions. The uncovered data revealed that referees called more ball-handling errors per set against HBCUs relative to predominantly White institutions. Furthermore, only HBCU conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level, while no predominantly White institution conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level. Theoretical implications for expectancy violations theory and practical implications for HBCUs were the focus of the study discussion.
Branding a Nation: A Case Study on South Africa, Social Media, and the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Sauter Emily
Published: April 2023

In 2004, South Africa was awarded the opportunity to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The opportunity to reshape their national identity in the spotlight of the World Cup came at a particularly useful time for South Africa. Despite the country’s seemingly miraculous transition from apartheid to democracy—a transition lauded around the world—the country’s reputation was soon dragged down by concerns about crime, unemployment, and a rising rate of HIV infections. Although a number of scholars have looked at the long- and short-term effects of South Africa’s effort at creating a national identity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, questions of process remain to be explored. What rhetorical strategies were employed to build this national image? What role did developing social media platforms play in the World Cup campaign? What were the communication tactics that led to a successful World Cup campaign? Using the theory of dialectical vernacular, I argue that South Africa was able to use the stage and emotional setting of the World Cup, in combination with a unique moment in time in branding and social media, to cultivate and deploy user-generated content to create a sense of authenticity that successfully sold a positive image of South Africa to the world. Essentially, South Africa was able to take digital material that was submitted by citizens around the country, and around the world, and use it to build a campaign that was vernacular, transnational, and embodied in nature. This allowed them to manufacture a national identity that effectively (at least in the short term) redirected conversations away from the more complicated issues affecting the country to, instead, showcase South Africa as a successful democratic nation.
Effects of Gluteus Maximus Muscle Activity and Pelvic Width on Dynamic Frontal Plane Hip Joint Stiffness During Gait in Healthy Young Women
Authors: Takano Shogo , Iwamoto Yoshitaka , Fujii Norifumi , Konishi Rei , Ozawa Junya , Kito Nobuhiro
Published: April 2023

Context: Excessive hip adduction and internal rotation are abnormal movements that may lead to the onset and progression of patellofemoral pain. Previous studies have reported that lower dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness in the gait of women is associated with the magnitude of hip adduction and internal rotation angles. However, the factors contributing to the lack of dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness in the gait of young women are unclear. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness during the weight-acceptance phase of the gait of healthy young women. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study included 30 healthy women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. The pelvic width/femur length ratio was calculated by dividing the pelvic width by the femur length. Data on hip kinematics and kinetics and activation of the gluteus maximus and medius, tensor fasciae latae, and adductor longus muscles during gait were collected using a motion capture system, force plates, and surface electromyography. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which each independent factor affected dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness. Results: In healthy young women, decreased dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness was associated with decreased muscle activity of the gluteus maximus during the gait, as well as greater pelvic width/femur length ratio. Conclusions: Women with a relatively great pelvic width relative to femur length may have more difficulty in producing dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness. However, increasing the muscle activity of the gluteus maximus may contribute to increased dynamic frontal plane hip joint stiffness.
Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights intratumor heterogeneity and intercellular network featured in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma
Authors: Jiang Yu , Yang Jinlong , Liang Ruichao , Zan Xin , Fan Rangrang , Shan Baoyin , Liu Hao , Li Li , Wang Yue , Wu Min , Qi Xin , Chen Hongxu , Ren Qingqing , Liu Zhiyong , Wang Yuelong , Zhang Jing , Zhou Peizhi , Li Qiang , Tian Meng , Yang Jinhao , Wang Chaoyang , Li Xueying , Jiang Shu , Zhou Liangxue , Zhang Gao , Chen Yaohui , Xu Jianguo
Published: April 2023

Despite improvements in microscopically neurosurgical techniques made in recent years, the prognosis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is still unsatisfactory. Little is known about cellular atlas and biological features of ACP. Here, we carried out integrative analysis of 44,038 single-cell transcriptome profiles to characterize the landscape of intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment (TME) in ACP. Four major neoplastic cell states with distinctive expression signatures were defined, which further revealed the histopathological features and elucidated unknown cellular atlas of ACP. Pseudotime analyses suggested potential evolutionary trajectories between specific neoplastic cell states. Notably, a distinct oligodendrocyte lineage was identified in ACP, which was associated with immunological infiltration and neural damage. In addition, we described a tumor-centric regulatory network based on intercellular communication in TME. Together, our findings represent a unique resource for deciphering tumor heterogeneity of ACP, which will improve clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Volcanic forcing degrades multiyear-to-decadal prediction skill in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Wu Xian , Yeager Stephen G. , Deser Clara , Rosenbloom Nan , Meehl Gerald A.
Published: April 2023

Volcanic aerosol forcing can affect global climate, but its role in climate prediction remains poorly understood. We isolate the impact of volcanic eruptions on multiyear-to-decadal climate prediction skill by comparing two suites of initialized decadal hindcasts conducted with and without historical volcanic forcing. Unexpectedly, the inclusion of volcanic forcing in the prediction system significantly degrades the forecast skill of detrended multiyear-to-decadal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the central-eastern tropical Pacific. The ensemble mean hindcasts produce multiyear-to-decadal tropical Pacific SST cooling in response to large tropical volcanic eruptions through thermodynamic and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–like dynamic processes. However, in observations, these eruptions coincided with tropical Pacific warming, which is well predicted by the no-volcano hindcasts and, hence, is likely related to internal climate variability. Improved model representation of volcanic response and its interaction with internal climate variability is required to advance prediction of tropical Pacific decadal variability and associated global impacts.
Prosodic cues enhance infants’ sensitivity to nonadjacent regularities
Authors: Martinez-Alvarez Anna , Gervain Judit , Koulaguina Elena , Pons Ferran , de Diego-Balaguer Ruth
Published: April 2023

In language, grammatical dependencies often hold between items that are not immediately adjacent to each other. Acquiring these nonadjacent dependencies is crucial for learning grammar. However, there are potentially infinitely many dependencies in the language input. How does the infant brain solve this computational learning problem? Here, we demonstrate that while rudimentary sensitivity to nonadjacent regularities may be present relatively early, robust and reliable learning can only be achieved when convergent statistical and perceptual, specifically prosodic cues, are both present, helping the infant brain detect the building blocks that form a nonadjacent dependency. This study contributes to our understanding of the neural foundations of rule learning that pave the way for language acquisition.
Paleoproteomic evidence reveals dairying supported prehistoric occupation of the highland Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tang Li , Wilkin Shevan , Richter Kristine Korzow , Bleasdale Madeleine , Fernandes Ricardo , He Yuanhong , Li Shuai , Petraglia Michael , Scott Ashley , Teoh Fallen K.Y. , Tong Yan , Tsering Tinlei , Tsho Yang , Xi Lin , Yang Feng , Yuan Haibing , Chen Zujun , Roberts Patrick , He Wei , Spengler Robert , Lu Hongliang , Wangdue Shargan , Boivin Nicole
Published: April 2023

The extreme environments of the Tibetan Plateau offer considerable challenges to human survival, demanding novel adaptations. While the role of biological and agricultural adaptations in enabling early human colonization of the plateau has been widely discussed, the contribution of pastoralism is less well understood, especially the dairy pastoralism that has historically been central to Tibetan diets. Here, we analyze ancient proteins from the dental calculus (
n
 = 40) of all human individuals with sufficient calculus preservation from the interior plateau. Our paleoproteomic results demonstrate that dairy pastoralism began on the highland plateau by ~3500 years ago. Patterns of milk protein recovery point to the importance of dairy for individuals who lived in agriculturally poor regions above 3700 m above sea level. Our study suggests that dairy was a critical cultural adaptation that supported expansion of early pastoralists into the region’s vast, non-arable highlands, opening the Tibetan Plateau up to widespread, permanent human occupation.
A photon-recycling incandescent lighting device
Authors: Zhang Heng , Huang Zhequn , Ding Min , Wang Qixiang , Feng Yilin , Li Zhenghong , Wang Shan , Yang Lei , Chen Shuai , Shang Wen , Zhang Jian , Deng Tao , Xu Hongxing , Cui Kehang
Published: April 2023

Energy-efficient, healthy lighting is vital for human beings. Incandescent lighting provides high-fidelity color rendering and ergonomic visual comfort yet is phased out owing to low luminous efficacy (15 lumens per watt) and poor lifetime (2000 hours). Here, we propose and experimentally realize a photon-recycling incandescent lighting device (PRILD) with a luminous efficacy of 173.6 lumens per watt (efficiency of 25.4%) at a power density of 277 watts per square centimeter, a color rendering index (CRI) of 96, and a LT70-rated lifetime of >60,000 hours. The PRILD uses a machine learning–designed 637-nm-thick visible-transparent infrared-reflective filter and a Janus carbon nanotube/hexagonal boron nitride filament to recycle 92% of the infrared radiation. The PRILD has higher luminous efficacy, CRI, and lifetime compared with solid-state lighting and thus is promising for high–power density lighting.
CMOS-compatible electro-optical SRAM cavity device based on negative differential resistance
Authors: Gherabli Rivka , Zektzer Roy , Grajower Meir , Shappir Joseph , Frydendahl Christian , Levy Uriel
Published: April 2023

The impending collapse of Moore-like growth of computational power has spurred the development of alternative computing architectures, such as optical or electro-optical computing. However, many of the current demonstrations in literature are not compatible with the dominant complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology used in large-scale manufacturing today. Here, inspired by the famous Esaki diode demonstrating negative differential resistance (NDR), we show a fully CMOS-compatible electro-optical memory device, based on a new type of NDR diode. This new diode is based on a horizontal PN junction in silicon with a unique layout providing the NDR feature, and we show how it can easily be implemented into a photonic micro-ring resonator to enable a bistable device with a fully optical readout in the telecom regime. Our result is an important stepping stone on the way to new nonlinear electro-optic and neuromorphic computing structures based on this new NDR diode.
A versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform for effective underwater propulsion and manipulation
Authors: Wang Tianlu , Joo Hyeong-Joon , Song Shanyuan , Hu Wenqi , Keplinger Christoph , Sitti Metin
Published: April 2023

Underwater devices are critical for environmental applications. However, existing prototypes typically use bulky, noisy actuators and limited configurations. Consequently, they struggle to ensure noise-free and gentle interactions with underwater species when realizing practical functions. Therefore, we developed a jellyfish-like robotic platform enabled by a synergy of electrohydraulic actuators and a hybrid structure of rigid and soft components. Our 16-cm-diameter noise-free prototype could control the fluid flow to propel while manipulating objects to be kept beneath its body without physical contact, thereby enabling safer interactions. Its against-gravity speed was up to 6.1 cm/s, substantially quicker than other examples in literature, while only requiring a low input power of around 100 mW. Moreover, using the platform, we demonstrated contact-based object manipulation, fluidic mixing, shape adaptation, steering, wireless swimming, and cooperation of two to three robots. This study introduces a versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform with a wide range of functions for diverse applications.
An RNA-based system to study hepatitis B virus replication and evaluate antivirals
Authors: Yu Yingpu , Schneider William M. , Kass Maximilian A. , Michailidis Eleftherios , Acevedo Ashley , Pamplona Mosimann Ana L. , Bordignon Juliano , Koenig Alexander , Livingston Christine M. , van Gijzel Hardeep , Ni Yi , Ambrose Pradeep M. , Freije Catherine A. , Zhang Mengyin , Zou Chenhui , Kabbani Mohammad , Quirk Corrine , Jahan Cyprien , Wu Xianfang , Urban Stephan , You Shihyun , Shlomai Amir , de Jong Ype P. , Rice Charles M.
Published: April 2023

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects an estimated 300 million people, and standard treatments are rarely curative. Infection increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and consequently, nearly 1 million people die each year from chronic hepatitis B. Tools and approaches that bring insights into HBV biology and facilitate the discovery and evaluation of antiviral drugs are in demand. Here, we describe a method to initiate the replication of HBV, a DNA virus, using synthetic RNA. This approach eliminates contaminating background signals from input virus or plasmid DNA that plagues existing systems and can be used to study multiple stages of HBV replication. We further demonstrate that this method can be uniquely applied to identify sequence variants that confer resistance to antiviral drugs.
Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Promotes HIV-1 Infection in Activated and Resting Memory CD4
+
T Cells
Authors: Yim Lok Yan , Lam Ka Shing , Luk Tsz-Yat , Mo Yufei , Lu Xiaofan , Wang Jinlin , Cheung Ka-Wai , Lui Grace Chung Yan , Chan Denise Pui Chung , Wong Bonnie Chun Kwan , Lau Thomas Tsz-Kan , Ngan Chiu Bong , Zhou Dongyan , Wong Yik Chun , Tan Zhiwu , Liu Li , Wu Hao , Zhang Tong , Lee Shui Shan , Chen Zhiwei
Published: April 2023

Incomplete eradication of HIV-1 latency reservoirs remains the major hurdle in achieving a complete HIV/AIDS cure. Dissecting the facilitator of latency reservoir establishment may aid the discovery of druggable targets for HIV-1 cure.
The Small GTPase Rab14 Regulates the Trafficking of Ceramide from Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi Apparatus and Facilitates Classical Swine Fever Virus Assembly
Authors: Liu Ya-Yun , Bai Ji Shan , Liu Chun-Chun , Zhou Jiang-Fei , Chen Jing , Cheng Yan , Zhou Bin
Published: April 2023

The Rab protein family members participate in the viral replication of multiple viruses and play important roles in the virus infection cycle. Our previous research focused on Rab5/7/11, which regulated the trafficking of vesicles in the early stage of CSFV infection, especially in viral endocytosis.
Human-Gut Phages Harbor Sporulation Genes
Authors: Schwartz Daniel A. , Rodríguez-Ramos Josué A. , Shaffer Michael , Flynn Rory M. , Daly Rebecca A. , Wrighton Kelly C. , Lennon Jay T.
Published: April 2023

Phages acquire bacterial genes and use them to alter host metabolism in ways that enhance phage fitness. To date, most auxiliary genes replace or modulate enzymes that are used by the host for nutrition or energy production.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Escherichia albertii Isolates from Hunted Wild Boars in Switzerland
Authors: Biggel Michael , Barmettler Karen , Treier Andrea , Muchaamba Francis , Stephan Roger
Published: April 2023

Here, we report the genome sequences of four
Escherichia albertii
isolates that were recovered from hunted wild boars in Switzerland in 2022 and 2023. The genome sizes of KBWS15i, KBWS35i, KBWS50i, and KBSW171i were 4.4 Mbp, 4.5 Mbp, 4.5 Mbp, and 4.7 Mbp, respectively.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Enterococcus cecorum Strains Isolated from American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) and Harris’s Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Freitas Andréa Andrade Rangel , Souza Stephanie Silva Rodrigues , Faria Adriana Rocha , Planet Paul J. , Merquior Vânia Lúcia Carreira , Teixeira Lúcia Martins
Published: April 2023

We report the draft genome sequences of four
Enterococcus cecorum
strains obtained from cloacal swab specimens collected from three healthy captive wild birds (two
Coragyps atratus
and one
Parabuteo unicinctus
) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The genome sizes ranged from 2.38 to 2.55 Mb.
Meta-Analysis Reveals Compositional and Functional Microbial Changes Associated with Osteoporosis
Authors: Akinsuyi Oluwamayowa S. , Roesch Luiz F. W.
Published: April 2023

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease associated with aging. Mounting evidence has linked changes in the gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
Formate Metabolism in Shigella flexneri and Its Effect on HeLa Cells at Different Stages during the Infectious Process
Authors: Wang Ke-Chuan , Lerche Mathilde Hauge , Ardenkjær-Larsen Jan Henrik , Jensen Pernille Rose
Published: April 2023

Bacterial infection is a pressing societal concern due to development of resistance toward known antibiotics. Central carbon metabolism has been suggested as a potential new target for drug development, but metabolic changes upon infection remain incompletely understood.
Prevalence and Genomic Characteristics of
mcr
-Positive Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Humans, Pigs, and Foods in China
Authors: Lu Xiaoyu , Zhang Pei , Du Pengcheng , Zhang Xiuli , Wang Juan , Yang Yingying , Sun Honghu , Wang Zhiqiang , Cui Shenghui , Li Ruichao , Bai Li
Published: April 2023

The spread of polymyxin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae poses a significant threat to public health and challenges the therapeutic options for treating infections on a global level. In this study,
mcr-1
-bearing ST10
E. coli
was isolated from pigs, pork, and humans simultaneously, which demonstrated that ST10
E. coli
was an important vehicle for the spread of
mcr-1
among animals, foods, and humans.