bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric Bikes as Exercise Equipment: A Technical Study on Design and Energy Recovery for Home and Fitness Center Use
Authors: P R Bharanitharan , Anbalagan Rajalakshmi , Mani Thanigaivel , Arumugam Velmurugan
Published: November 2023

Sustainable transportation has been a focus area for over a decade, and the recent pandemic-induced lockdowns have witnessed a substantial increase in the demand for fitness equipment. Several studies have proposed different techniques for harvesting energy from human motion, such as piezoelectric footwear, backpacks, and wearable lightweight systems. This research aims to develop a low-cost and efficient technique for harvesting energy from a custom-built electric bike that can be used as a stationary exercise bike. Integrating electric bicycles as exercise bikes has become a viable solution to promote physical fitness and environmental responsibility. This technical paper explores the mechanical and electrical design of e-bikes as exercise bikes and the technical considerations required to create a functional and efficient hybrid machine. The technical aspects of integrating an electric bicycle with an exercise bike include modifying the frame to allow for a stationary position using high-quality materials to ensure durability, stability and long-term use. Secondly, designing a reliable drive system that allows for adjusting the resistance system, selecting appropriate batteries and control systems to manage energy consumption and recovery, including regenerative braking systems to store energy for later use. Lastly, incorporating a digital display for tracking performance metrics. The paper evaluates the benefits of using an electric bicycle as an exercise bike, including reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, and economical strain on the user. The paper also evaluates the quantum of energy recovery possible from exercising, which depends on various factors such as the duration and intensity of the exercise and the efficiency of the energy recovery system. The paper analyzes the potential market for such a hybrid machine, including gyms, fitness centers, and personal use. Finally, a detailed cost study is performed to assess the return on investment. The findings presented in this paper suggest that e-bikes have the potential to offer a convenient and effective option for individuals seeking to improve their physical fitness and overall health.
Comparative Analysis of Control Techniques for Electric Vehicle with PMSM Motor Drives for Voltage Selection Techniques and Torque-Flux Mitigation
Authors: R Nisha Rexline , R Rajarajeswari
Published: November 2023

The fast dynamic response is a vital requisite for the operation of automotive drives. Various control schemes for electric vehicles (EV) have been proposed over time, and vector control is one of the popular techniques among them. Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) were some of the vector control methods analyzed for their ripples in flux and torque, which in turn affect the performance of the EV is discussed in this paper. The DTC method uses the predefined voltage vector (VV) table to decide the Active voltage vector adjacent to the reference voltage vector from the table; this can also improve the flux response and torque ripple. Furthermore, the switching frequency reduction can be made by incorporating the null voltage vector in the switching sequence. The MPCC is employed for the PMSM machine model to reduce the error between the assumed reference and predicted value using the cost function by choosing one optimum vector. A modified MPCC technique is used in the paper, where two voltage vectors are applied in a single sample interval. This is used to improve the steady-state performance of the system. Based on specific scenarios, a comparison of modified MPCC and DTC techniques is made for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The PMSM has good dynamic performance and power density, suitable for EV applications. The simulation results are used to compare the effectiveness of both methods for their torque and flux mitigation, and their comparisons are presented.
Reduction in Synchronizer Ring Wear and Improving the Cone Torque Generation by Enhancing the Lapping Operation Using Statistical Technique
Authors: K Barathi Raja
Published: November 2023

In automotive manual transmission gearboxes, the synchronizer rings play a vital role in gear shift operations. The efficiency of the synchronizer ring depends upon the frictional surface geometry. The critical parameter is the synchronizer ring frictional surface circularity. The circularity deviation causes higher synchronizer ring wear and poor cone torque generation. With the current manufacturing methods and the thickness of the synchronizer ring, circularity improvement is a challenge. The synchronizer ring thread turned part is lapped to improve the circularity. Reduction in circularity can be improved by optimizing the lapping operation. In this work, an optimal lapping condition was developed using statistical methods. Taguchi DOE was used to analyze the different parameter combinations along with the noise parameter – different ranges of circularity variation in turning operation. This helps to find the best lapping parameter settings to improve the reduction in circularity. This proposed lapping parameter setting was also confirmed for the circularity improvement by means of process capability comparison with existing settings. With the proposed lapping process, the circularity improvement is achieved without affecting the manufacturing time and cost.
Development of Asbestos Free Aramid Fibre based Friction lining Material for Automotive Application
Authors: J Chandradass , T Thirugnanasambandham , M Amutha Surabi , P Baskara Sethupathi , Rajendran R
Published: November 2023

The usage of asbestos-free material has grown in the automotive, aviation, and marine sectors due to its carcinogenic nature. The present investigation is to evaluate the non-asbestos organic friction material for automotive applications using aramid fibers. The aramid fibers or pulp is one of the essential ingredients of friction material as it possesses good qualities of friction material like high wear resistance and reliability. The present work is to optimize the pulp required for the best performance of friction lining material for brake pads in the automotive industry. The pulp percentage is varied by 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 weight percentages in hybrid composite friction materials. The various mechanical, wear and microstructural analysis are studied. The experimental result revealed that friction material having 10 wt% of aramid fiber (AF) proved the best performance with superior mechanical and wear characteristics.
Machinability Investigations on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Inconel 625 by Taguchi Based Grey Approach
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Kiruthika Jothi , Sagaya Raj Gnana , Krishnamachary PC , Kotapati Gowthami
Published: November 2023

Among the challenging materials used in high-temperature applications is Inconel 625. Due to its low thermal coefficient and greater strength, traditional methods tend to produce poor results when it comes to turning Inconel 625. In order to overcome these issues, a new approach has been proposed that utilizes unconventional techniques. WEDM is a variant of the electrical discharge manufacturing process that is commonly used in the production of complex components. It is mainly utilized for the hard to machine parts. A study on the process parameters of WEDM for the machining of Inconel 625 was performed by utilizing the analysis of Taguchi. The study focused on the various parameters of the process, such as peak current, pulse on time, and off time. The performance measures that were considered in this study included surface roughness and material removal rate. The results of the analysis revealed that the various process variables affected the performance indicators. An experimental analysis was also performed to study the effect of the individual parameters on the response parameters.
Development of Silicon Carbide Dispersed Steel Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Natarajan Harshavardhana , Vincent Akash
Published: November 2023

High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is 28% higher than mild steel samples prepared by the WAAM process. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of dispersion of SiC in the steel matrix, which increases hardness compared to mild steel samples.
Effect of ZrO
2
Nanoparticles Loading on the Tribo-Mechanical Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Nanocomposites
Authors: J Chandradass , T Thirugnanasambandham , Rajendran R , Murugadoss Palanivendhan
Published: November 2023

Magnesium alloy nanocomposite prepared with hard ceramic particles via conventional technique is a promising future material for automotive applications due to its unique characteristics like low density, high strength, castability, and good wear resistance. The present study is to enhance the tribo-mechanical properties of alumina nanoparticle (10wt %) reinforced magnesium alloy (Mg/Al) composite by incorporating 1wt%, 3wt%, and 5wt% zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles through stir casting method. The tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, and wear rate of developed composites were compared with (10wt %) alumina nanoparticles reinforced magnesium alloy composite. The nanocomposite containing 3wt% ZrO2 shows maximum impact strength of 22.8 J/mm2. The maximum tensile strength (88.9MPa), hardness (124.5BHN), and wear resistance (9.802mm3/m at 20N) are obtained for 5wt% ZrO2 magnesium alloy nanocomposite.
Taguchi’s Approach to Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Kumar V , Krishnamachary PC , Kiruthika Jothi , Kotapati Gowthami
Published: November 2023

One of the most common types of lightweight materials used in aerospace is magnesium alloy. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is ideal for various applications. Due to its corrosion resistance, it is commonly used to manufacture of fuselages. Unfortunately, the conventional methods of metal cutting fail to improve the performance of magnesium alloy. One amongst the most common methods used for making intricate shapes in harder materials is through Wire-Electro-Discharge (WEDM). In this study, we have used magnesium alloy as the work material. The independent factors were selected as pulse duration and peak current. The output parameters of the process are the Surface Roughness (SR) and the Material Removal Rate (MRR). Through a single aspect optimization technique, Taguchi was able to identify the optimal combination that would improve the effectiveness of the WEDM process. The findings of the experimentation revealed that the technique could significantly enhance the wire-cut process’s efficiency.
Preparation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Kumar YB Kishore , YB Kiran , Tarigonda Hariprasad , Doddipalli Raghurami Reddy
Published: November 2023

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising quaternary semiconducting absorber layer in thin film heterojunction solar cells. All the elements of this compound semiconductor were abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic, hence CZTS is an alternative emerging optoelectronic material for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe solar cells. Using the traditional spray approach, these films were effectively grown at an ideal substrate temperature of 643 K. The deposited films are found to be a kesterite structure using X-ray diffraction studies. The lattice parameters are calculated from the XRD spectrum and are found to be a = b = 5.44 Å and c = 10.86 Å. The energy band gap and optical absorption coefficient are found to be 1.50 eV and above 104 cm-1 respectively. The material exhibits p-type conductivity. After the chemical spray pyrolysis is completed, the deposited films remain on the hot plate, thus improving the films' crystallinity. A Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell is fabricated using entirely chemical synthesis methods. The absorber layer has been deposited using spray pyrolysis deposition. CdS used as the buffer layer and these films have been successfully deposited through chemical bath deposition. The thin film solar cell exhibits an open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 286 mV and 2.6 mA/cm2. To attain reasonable efficiency, work is being done.
Optimization of Spark Erosion Machining of Monel 400 Alloy for Automobile Applications
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Kiruthika Jothi , Kumar V , D Palanisamy , Polanki Vamsinath
Published: November 2023

Monel 400, a type of nickel alloy which is adopted in numerous engineering fields, such as high-temperature devices. Owing to its better strength and thermal diffusion, it can be difficult to machine with conventional methods. In order to avoid the disadvantages of conventional methods, various advanced material removal techniques have been developed. One of these is Wire Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM). This process is an evolution of the electrical discharge method. In the process of WEDM, difficult materials with intricate forms are usually machined. In this study, the performance of this method on Monel 400 has been analyzed. The three independent variables that are considered when it comes to analyzing the performance of this process are the pulse on, the applied current, and the pulse off. The experiments were performed using the design approach of Taguchi, which involves using an L27 orthogonal array. The single response analysis performed by Taguchi revealed that the process parameters can influence the output variables that are desired by the users. Through the use of the Taguchi-grey relational analysis method, the multiple aspects optimization of the process was performed. The results of the exploration divulged that the proposed method can improve the effectiveness of this process.
Optimizing Concurrent Scheduling of Machines and Tools in a Flexible Manufacturing System with Alternating Machines Using the Flower Pollination Algorithm
Authors: Mareddy Padma Lalitha , Vakucherla Venkatesh , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Siva Rami Reddy Narapureddy
Published: November 2023

This paper examines the concurrent scheduling of machines and tools with machines in a multi-machine flexible manufacturing system (FMS) with the aim of minimizing the makespan in automobile manufacturing industry. Due to the high cost of tools in FMS, each type of tool has only one duplicate in circulation. To reduce the cost of duplicating tools on each machine, a central tool magazine (CTM) is used to store and share tools among several machines. The main challenge in this scenario is to allocate machines from alternate machines and tools to job operations in a way that minimizes the make span. To address this problem, the article proposes a mixed nonlinear integer programming formulation and a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). The results show that the FPA outperforms existing algorithms and using alternate machines for operations can reduce the make span. Therefore, this paper suggests that the FPA-based approach can be effectively utilized in real-world FMS applications, particularly in the automobile manufacturing industry, to achieve efficient scheduling and production planning.
Machinability Investigations on Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Using Taguchi Method for Auto Parts
Authors: Pasupuleti Thejasree , Natarajan Manikandan , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Somsole Lakshmi Narayana , Kiruthika Jothi , Silambarasan R
Published: November 2023

Titanium alloys are deemed as one amongst the light weight material most preferably adopted in numerous engineering applications due to its exceptional features such as corrosive resistance and thermal strength. These alloys are predominantly used in components of IC engines such as valves and springs, connecting rods. Especially Ti-Grade 5 adopted in aircraft, automobile parts ski plates and bicycles. The preliminary goal of this present research is to optimize the machining variables for Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) of Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) to accomplish improved rate of material removal and surface finish. Taguchi’s design and analysis method was chosen for devising and examining the experiments by considering input factors (pulse duration and current). An L9 OA was utilized for experimentation to analyze the various output variables, such as surface finish and material removal rate, using the response analysis of Taguchi. ANOVA and interaction analysis also performed to reveal the significance of factors and their interaction effects. The findings of this explorative analysis will helpful for the manufactures to improve the machining performance.
Machine Learning Approach to Predict Bead Height and Width in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Sample
Authors: Vincent Akash , Natarajan Harshavardhana
Published: November 2023

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a type of 3D printing technology which build up layer by layer material using welding to create a finished product. To this extent, we have developed the machine learning approach using the KNN regression model to predict the bead’s height and width of the E71T1 mild steel sample by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). We have conducted a systematic experimental study by varying the process parameters such as Voltage (V), Current (A) and wire feed rate (f), and the corresponding output value: height, and width of the bead are recorded. A total of 195 experiments were conducted, and the corresponding output values were noted. From the experimental data, 80% data was used to train the model, and 20% was used for testing the model. Further, the model’s accuracy was predicted using an independent set of test samples. This approach will enable us to efficiently identify the optimal set of process parameters at a short time duration and reduce the traditional experimental methods.
Multiple Regression Analysis for Ti-6Al-4V Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (Grade 5) for Light Weight Automobile Applications
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , D Palanisamy , Umapathi D , Kiruthika Jothi , Kotapati Gowthami
Published: November 2023

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a variant of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, which represents an innovative method for the removal of material from a workpiece. The aforementioned process is frequently employed for the machining of harder materials that possess intricate geometries. Titanium alloys are a class of lightweight materials that find extensive utilization in many technical applications. Titanium Grade-5 is a titanium-based alloy that exhibits enhanced mechanical strength and improved resistance to corrosion. The objective of this exploratory analysis is to establish empirical correlations between the selected input variables, namely ‘Pulse on,’ ‘Pulse off,’ and peak current, and the desired output measures, which are material removal rate and surface roughness. The experimental design employed the Taguchi method to effectively organize the combination of tests by considering input factors. Multiple regression analysis has been developed to establish the relationship between selected input and output variables. Contour and interaction analysis were done to divulge the interaction effect of independent factors on individual output metrics. The results of the multiple regression analyses were then analyzed to ascertain the link amongst the various input factors and the outputs.
Simulation and Analysis of Quarter Car Model for Low Cost Suspension Test Rig
Authors: Kumar V Sudhir , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Natarajan Manikandan
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on a low-cost simulation of a control device that automates the operation of an existing suspension test rig. The rig has a few limitations: it must be manually controlled, the load applied

cannot be specified, and the deflection must be manually measured. A suspension setup can't be checked for different road profiles, either. The proposed control system in this paper effectively automates the process of suspension spring load testing at a cost that is comparable to that of a fully automated test rig on the market, while also expanding the scope of its capabilities. SIMSCAPE was used to map simulation models of both the actual test rig and the updated test rig control system. On both rigs, the results of evaluating suspension components were simulated, and the resulting graphs were compared.
Design of an Efficient Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter for V2G and G2V Operation in Electric Vehicles
Authors: R Uthra , Jena Swetaparna , Majeed Salman , Agarwal Janvhi
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicles (EV) are an effective eco-friendly means of transportation due to the increased use of batteries for energy storage. Additionally, they connect with electricity grids by supplying power and managing the charging rate to achieve quicker charging times. Owing to their ability to operate in a Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode, electric vehicles can fulfil this task by supplying bidirectional power flow to tackle the various challenges associated with faster charging and introducing additional services to the grid. Maintaining a stable output voltage and current during the energy exchange process is a crucial factor in these systems. To overcome this challenge, the proposed system employs a bi-directional buck-boost converter (BBBC) with a sophisticated control strategy that considers the current State of Charge (SoC) of the storage system. This BBBC enables bidirectional energy transfer between the power grid and the vehicle's energy storage system, which is typically a battery. The output voltage and the corresponding current can be precisely regulated in accordance with the energy levels in the system using this strategy, ensuring a smooth and efficient energy exchange process.
Simulation of charged species flow and ion current detection for knock sensing in gasoline engines with active pre-chamber
Authors: MIAO Xinke , FEI Shengyi , DENG Jun , LI Liguang , HU Yinuo , MA Junjie
Published: November 2023

Recently, it has been wildly recognized that active pre- chamber has a significant effect on extending the lean burn limit of gasoline engines. Ion current signals in the combustion is also considered as a promising approach to the engine knock detection. In this study, the feasibility of employing ion current in an active pre- chamber for combustion diagnosis was analyzed by three-dimensional numerical simulation on a single- cylinder engine equipped with active pre-chamber. The flow characteristics of charged species (NO+, H3O+ and electrons) in the main chamber and pre-chamber under knock conditions are investigated at different engine speeds, intake pressures and ignition timings. The results show that the ion current can theoretically be used for the knock detection of the active pre- chamber. The peak value of the electron or H3O+ mass fraction caused by knocking backflow can be used as knock indication peak. Intake pressure is the most critical factor affecting the intensity of knocking backflow. The electron knock indication peak can be significantly increased by 193.99% when the engine speed downed from 3000 r/min to 1500 r/min; increased by 53.26%, when the intake pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa. Only increased by 23.8%, when ignition timing adjusted. Therefore, under a low speed and a high load condition, the knock is more likely to occur and be detected by the ion current in the active pre-chamber. And the knock indication peak is not only influenced by knock intensity, but also by the flow induced by, for example, piston motion.
Effects of pre-chamber specifications on lean burn operation in a pre-chamber engine with fuel reformed gas
Authors: SHEN Fuchao , TOTSUKA Masaya , KUBOYAMA Tatsuya , MORIYOSHI Yasuo , YAMADA Toshio , SHIMIZU Kenichi , YOSHIDA Takashi
Published: November 2023

Lean combustion has been well known to be an effective method to improve the thermal efficiency. However, leaner mixture is prone to cause the unstable combustion and poorer unburned hydrocarbon (UTHC) emissions. Pre-chamber turbulent jet combustion has been proved to enhance the combustion stability under ultra-lean conditions. However, more NOx is formed during the combustion, resulting in the fact that the tailpipe NOx emission is too high to be still not available for the real application. In this report, in order to achieve a higher air excess ratio while keeping lower UTHC emissions, and especially NOx emission, a new combustion technique which combined pre-chamber jet combustion with fuel reforming was proposed and experimentally demonstrated on a pre-chamber engine.
Investigation on temporal change for adhesion fuel mass of DI gasoline spray impinging on a wall
Authors: Zama Yoshio , Oishi Hiroto
Published: November 2023

Particulate matter (PM) emission from direct-injection (DI) gasoline engines are caused by pool combustion of fuel adhering on a piston wall. It is necessary to clarify the formation process of liquid fuel film. In this study, temporal change of fuel mass adhered on the wall was evaluated to understand the adhesion process of a liquid fuel film by using total internal reflection laser-induced fluorescence (TIR-LIF) technique. As a result, the mass of the liquid film increased during the fuel injection period, and it decreased rapidly during the period that spray tail after the end of injection reached the wall surface.
Mixture Formation Process Analysis in Spray and Wall Impingement Spray under Evaporating Conditions for Direct injection S.I. engines
Authors: Matsuda Dai , Kimura Ippei , Nishimura, Kanako , Matsumura Eriko , Senda Jiro
Published: November 2023

In this study, the authors analyze the concentration distribution of an evaporative spray mixture with LIEF (Laser induced exciplex fluorescence) method, which is a type of optical measurement. LIEF method is one of the optical measurements for obtaining the spray concentration distribution for separating vapor/liquid phases based on the fluorescence characteristics. In this paper, a quantitative concentration distribution analysis method for wall impingement spray in heterogeneous temperature field has been proposed. Then, a series of experiments were performed in varying injection pressure and ambient density. As a result, a two-dimensional concentration distribution was obtained for the free spray and wall impingement spray.
PREMIER Combustion of Natural Gas Ignited with Diesel Fuel in a Dual Fuel Engine -Effects of EGR and Supercharging on End-gas Auto Ignition and Thermal Efficiency
Authors: Kobashi Yoshimitsu , Kishimoto Kengo , Kawahara Nobuyuki
Published: November 2023

To control the auto ignition in end-gas region and to achieve higher thermal efficiency in a natural gas dual fuel engine operated under PREMIER combustion mode where the end-gas auto ignition occurs without knocking-like oscillation, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and supercharging were applied. The EGR rate and the intake air pressure as well as the pilot injection timing of diesel fuel were varied, and the profiles of the in-cylinder pressure, the exhaust emissions and the heat balance were examined at the indicated mean effective pressure around 680 kPa. The experimental results showed that higher thermal efficiency can be achieved with the combination of the PREMIER combustion and the EGR rate of 30% due to the improvements in the combustion efficiency and the degree of constant volume heat release while reducing the cooling loss. It was elucidated that the PREMIER combustion with the optimum level of the supercharging maintains the higher combustion efficiency, higher degree of constant volume heat release, and lower COV of IMEP, and it is possible to achieve the higher thermal efficiency with the optimized combination of supercharging and pilot injection timing.
The performance of diesel engine oil using ashless anti-wear additive and detergent
Authors: Shimizu Yasunori , Fujinami Yukitoshi , Kasai Moritsugu
Published: November 2023

To comply with increasingly strict emission regulations, diesel vehicles are equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to capture fine particulate matter (PM) from exhaust gas. However, due to the limited capacity of DPF to capture soot, periodic regeneration processing is required to burn it off. The ash created by metal-based additives in engine oil accumulates in DPF, leading to issues such as increased regeneration frequency and decreased fuel efficiency.

To solve this problem, researchers have developed diesel engine oil with reduced ash content. However, the authors are taking it a step further and developing a diesel engine oil without metal-based detergents and anti-wear additives, for even more significant environmental impact reduction. This paper describes the development of an ashless engine oil with DH-2 performance, the effects of the developed engine oil on DPF, and the results of engine and actual field tests.
Understanding degradation of engine oil additives and its effect on abnormal combustion in a gasoline engine
Authors: Onouchi Hisanari , Tanaka Isao , Elliott Ian , Ketterer Nicole
Published: November 2023

Engine oils and their additives are formulated to meet required performance areas such as lubrication, detergency, dispersancy, anti-wear, and so on. Understanding degradation of engine oil additives is important to formulate oils with long time durability. Engine oil additives have been found to affect abnormal combustion in turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engines, called low speed pre-ignition (LSPI). Some of metal containing additives such as zinc dithiophosphates (ZnDTP) and molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC) have been found to reduce LSPI events. In this study, we investigated degradation of ZnDTP and MoDTC in gasoline engine operation and effects of the degradation on LSPI performance.
Component and Combustion Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine to Reach High Specific Power for Heavy-Duty Applications
Authors: Meske Prof. Ralf , Schmidt Klaus , Shiba Hiroyuki , Capellmann Dr. Rainer , Retzlaff Mario , Zimmer Pascal , Boberic Aleksandar , Pischinger Prof. Stefan , Virnich Dr. Lukas
Published: November 2023

Hydrogen internal combustion engines are a robust and cost-efficient solution to decarbonize the heavy- duty on- and off-highway vehicle sectors. Mature base technology, low additional system costs, and no dependence on expensive raw materials will enable a fast market penetration and thus a rapid reduction of CO2 emissions, provided customer expectations for performance, driving range and total cost of ownership as well as regulatory requirements such as ultra-low pollutant emissions can be met.

The power density of a hydrogen engine is currently limited by uncontrolled combustion events such as knocking, pre-ignition and backfiring. Tenneco, TME and FEV show in this paper how the optimization of components and combustion strategies minimizes these risks such that Diesel-like performance can be reached.
Active Pre-Chamber as a Technology for Addressing Fuel Slip and its Associated Challenges to Lambda Estimation in Hydrogen ICEs
Authors: Peters Nathan , Bunce Michael
Published: November 2023

Heavy duty hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engines (ICEs), typically conversions from base diesel engines, can experience significant deterioration of combustion efficiency with enleanment despite relative engine stability due in part to non-optimized combustion chamber geometry for spark ignited (SI) combustion. This causes un-combusted H2 to “slip” into the exhaust largely undetected since it is not a typically measured exhaust species. In this study, several implications of H2 slip in H2 ICEs are explored. The sensitivity of air fuel ratio (AFR) measurement to H2 slip is discussed. The challenge this poses for closed-loop transient controls and the impact on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are also shown. Finally, test results from an H2 ICE using an active pre-chamber highlight the improvement in combustion efficiency and transient stability relative to a baseline SI engine.
Clarification of Fuel and Oil Flow Behavior Around the Piston Rings of Internal Combustion Engines – Simultaneous analysis of oil flow behavior and oil emissions during transient operation
Authors: Stark Michael , Härtl Martin , Jaensch Malte , Preuss Ann-Christin , Pryymak Konstantin , Matz Gerhard , Gohl Marcus
Published: November 2023

Future demands for modern emission free drivetrains using hydrogen or liquid e-fuels also necessitate a fundamental reduction in oil emissions. Entry of lubrication oil into the combustion chamber can lead to pre-combustion phenomena (LSPI) in downsizing or hydrogen engines and is a cause of particle emissions, which play a significant role especially if fuel related particle emissions are already low. A fundamental understanding of the oil film behavior on the piston assembly and cylinder liner surface are crucial to avoid oil ingress into the combustion chamber. The processes involved take place mainly around the piston group. In particular, the area of the piston rings with the prevailing pressure and temperature conditions as well as the component geometries has a high influence on the exchange of media between the crankcase and combustion chamber.

The objective of this paper is to increase the understanding of the processes leading to oil ingress into the combustion chamber. In addition, the resulting oil emissions are to be analyzed and put into perspective. An optical accessible “glass-liner” SI- engine is used as a test bench for simultaneous measurements of the oil film by LIF and the oil emission by mass spectrometry to connect and correlate the information gathered into a more profound understanding of the processes involved and their influence on emission behavior.

The focus of this paper lies on transitional behavior from fired to motored operation and back to fired operation. The temporal course of the oil flow and its influence on oil-borne emissions in transient phases could be visualized. A non-deterministic behavior of the oil emissions was observed and validated optically.
Effect of Different Hydrogen-CNG Supply Method on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a SI Engine
Authors: Koshikawa Shoi , Matsuya Yuki , Matsumura Eriko , Senda Jiro , Morita Gin , Nakazono Toru
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to reduce cooling loss in gas engines using hydrogen. In this report, the effect of different hydrogen-CNG supply methods on combustion and exhaust characteristics of SI engine were investigated. As a result, the 13A-port-injection caused sharp heat release at hydrogen addition ratio (RH) of 20 %, with a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 27.5 %. Also, the hydrogen-port-injection promotes combustion above RH=40 % and reduces cooling loss, resulting in a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 31.0 % at RH=80 %, 1.8 pt higher than that of the 13A-port-injection.
Study on the image recognition of ammonia ignition process induced by methanol micro-jet
Authors: Wang Peng , Long Wuqiang , Wei Fuxing , Dong Dongsheng , Tian Hua , Tian Jiangping , Dong Pengbo , Zhang Xiaolei , Lu Mingfei
Published: November 2023

Ammonia is regarded as a possible carbon-free energy source for engines, drawing more and more attention. However, the low burning velocity of ammonia inhibits its application. To improve the ignition energy by ignition chamber (pre-chamber) jet ignition seems to be a good solution. In this study, the jet-controlled compound ignition (JCCI) model was proposed to improve the ammonia premixed combustion, in which the ignition chamber was fueled with methanol, investigated by visualization method in a constant volume chamber. Jet flame image recognition and characteristic parameters determination is significant to the analysis of the jet flame propagation and combustion processes. In this study, jet flame image recognition approaches were investigated and compared. The Approach 1 as jet flame contour extraction method was applied to study the overall jet flame propagation. Approach 2 focuses on the jet flame variation of the adjacent images to recognition the jet ignition process, which is more conducive to paying attention to the instantaneous change of the ignition process. The jet ignition timings were determined and analyzed with the help of pressure rise rate (Method 1) and jet flame image characteristic parameter (Method 2), respectively. The jet ignition timing determined by Method 1 is 0.52ms later than that of the Method 2. The delay of jet ignition timing determined by jet flame image recognition is mainly due to the jet flame images information being less sensitive than that of pressure variation information. The difference turned to be smaller as the equivalent ratio increased. As the equivalent ratio increased from 0.8 to 1.2, the ignition delay times calculated by Method 2 were delayed by 20%, 7%, and 2% than that of Method 1, respectively. The study of jet flame image recognition of ammonia induced by methanol micro-jet ignition helps to understand the jet ignition and ammonia combustion process.
Influence of droplets arrangement on an optically characterized GDL and correlation to water management
Authors: Antetomaso C. , Merola S. S. , Irimescu A. , Vaglieco B. M. , Di Micco S. , Jannelli E.
Published: November 2023

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) presents itself as a promising technology in view of zero-tailpipe emission vehicles. In addition, the constant development of renewable energy sources will lead to an increase in green hydrogen availability, and thus completely eliminate emissions for devices that use H2 as an energy vector. However, PEM FCs are still far from being fully developed as a technology: thermal and water management are the main issues that researchers are studying through experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. For the numerical approach, H2O removal models often consider a simplified flat surface, but the microgeometry of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) has a leading role in determining the critical dimension for droplet detachment and how much resistance the surface poses to water sliding.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of droplets number on a GDL. The GDL has been characterized through optical analysis (5 μm/pixel spatial resolution) and the key features of the interlaced structure has been determined by using an approach typical of the textile industry. Droplet size (diameter ranging from 200 to 600 μm) and reciprocal distance have been parametrized and their behavior has been observed under the effect of 10 m/s cross airflow in a closed PEM FC channel layout. A different texture has been generated with the aim of evaluating the influence of the microstructure on water removal rates.
End-Gas Autoignition Prediction Using Reverse Livengood-Wu Integral with Ignition Delay Time Equations for Gasoline Surrogate Fuel
Authors: Kuwahara Kazunari
Published: November 2023

A high-accuracy knocking or end-gas autoignition prediction model with low computational loads is necessary to develop thermal-efficiency improvement technologies for SI engines efficiently using computational techniques. Livengood-Wu integral has been applied widely as a simple and practical model to predict in-cylinder autoignition timing. In the present study, a high-accuracy model based on Livengood-Wu integral, has been investigated. First, a small set of ignition delay time equations for a premium-gasoline surrogate fuel has been developed, which can reproduce the temperature-, pressure-, equivalence ratio-, and EGR-dependences of ignition delay time under constant-volume condition, produced using a detailed reaction mechanism. Then, Livengood-Wu integral using the ignition delay time equations has been applied to predict in-cylinder autoignition timing produced using the detailed reaction mechanism. Numerical analyses have found X of Livengood-Wu integral and error factors in the prediction. Heat can represent X of Livengood-Wu integral. Last, iterative reverse Livengood-Wu integral using an error correction equation has been proposed, which can decrease the error in the prediction using normal Livengood-Wu integral.
Improvement of Post-Oxidation Phenomena with Lambda-split, Post-Injection and Mixing Improvement of Exhaust Gas in Turbocharged GDI Engine
Authors: Ishikawa Teruaki , Kumar* Madan , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Kuboyama Tatsuya
Published: November 2023

Post-oxidation has been used to enhance the chemical reactions in the exhaust gas pipes, leading to the activations of the turbocharger and catalyst at cold state. In this research, a detailed study of the various mechanisms for post-oxidation is performed. For the post-oxidation activation, the unburned gas species (CO, THC, H2) in the exhaust manifold must be produced by some methodologies, such as scavenging, lambda-split, and post-injection. The required amount of O2 concentration can be either supplied by the scavenging (valve overlap tuning) or the secondary air injection (SAI) system. Mixing the species is also an important key to promoting post- oxidation, and an internal bypass adapter with a modified exhaust adapter shape was developed and evaluated.
Pollutant Emissions of a Blended Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle during High-Power Cold Starts
Authors: Tan Guikun , Wang Boyuan , Eitan Liu Zemin , Li Yanfei , Xu Hongming , Shuai Shijin
Published: November 2023

To characterize emission performance and engine operating conditions during high-power cold starts (HPCS), a blended plug-in hybrid electric vehicle was tested over worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle (WLTC), and a new cycle was developed to characterize HPCS. The results showed that the engine speed and load increased dramatically to high level during HPCS under the low temperature of coolant and catalysts. The higher concentration of particle number (PN) and NOx at higher speed and load, accounted for the higher emissions during HPCS. Besides, the cumulative PN emissions increased first and then decreased with the increasing coolant temperature.
Experimental and numerical analysis on combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel dual fuel engine
Authors: Hiraoka Kenji , Matsunaga Daichi , Kamino Takafumi , Honda Yusuke , Toshinaga Kazuteru , Murakami Yuki , Nakamura Hisashi
Published: November 2023

Ammonia is well known as one of the promising substitute energy sources for fossil fuels, but it has some disadvantages such as low ignitability and low burning speed. Co-combustion with diesel fuel can compensate for its disadvantages and enable the application of the ammonia as a main fuel for internal combustion engines. In this study, the effects of ammonia/diesel mixing ratio and excess air ratio on combustion and emission characteristics have been investigated by internal combustion engine test and numerical approach. In the engine test, it was found that the ammonia/diesel mixing ratio and excess air ratio have a large effect on the heat release rate and emissions of nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, unburned ammonia, and nitrous oxide. High ammonia mixing ratio leads to the aforementioned emissions, but these emissions were reduced in stoichiometric conditions compared to lean conditions. To investigate engine experimental results, the ammonia/n-heptane co-combustion emission φ-T map has been generated with zero-dimensional chemical reaction simulation. The φ-T map clarifies the low- temperature combustion leads to high unburned ammonia and nitrous oxide, hence stoichiometric combustion is preferable for ammonia combustion to reduce unburned ammonia and nitrous oxide preventing the increase of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions. Three-dimensional numerical simulation clarifies that unburned ammonia remains in the narrow space where diesel spray does not distribute such as crevice volume, and nitrous oxide remains on the surface of the unburned ammonia zone.
Lubricant Performance and Reliability of Ammonia Fueled Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Obrecht Nicolas , Griffaton Bruno , Rappo Maria
Published: November 2023

Using ammonia as a fuel has been experimented since the nineteenth century in different types of ground and air vehicles but it was never able to replace fossil- based hydrocarbon fuels at scale. Nevertheless, this concept has gained a new momentum following recent policies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in fuel intensive sectors such as power generation and transportation. Following the strategy of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce the carbon intensity from international shipping by at least 50 percent by 2050, the implementation of zero-carbon fuels on a tank to wake basis, such as ammonia, is being strongly considered by the maritime ecosystem. Additionally, initiatives from other industries have emerged recently, demonstrating a broader interest in ammonia fuel for sustainable operations such as heavy duty and off-road applications. Whereas its toxicity and handling protocols fuel numerous discussions and working groups, ammonia reactivity and possible interactions with the combustion engine also rise concerns. In particular, the adequation between ammonia combustion and engine lubrication system could be of paramount importance to ensure reliable engine operations over the lifetime of the equipment.

This study investigates the impact of ammonia combustion on engine lubrication based on specific engine tests and lubricant ageing procedures. A 4 stroke Diesel internal combustion engine was modified to operate in dual-fuel mode with ammonia on steady state operating points. Different engine lubricants were tested, and oil samples were taken over extended periods of time to evaluate engine behavior in combination with final engine inspections. Analytical techniques and laboratory performance tests were performed to study the evolution of lubricant properties under ammonia-powered engine operations. Results provide novel insights on ammonia engine reliability and compatibility of engine oil composition with ammonia.
Operating Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen and Ammonia
Authors: Ichikawa Aya , Sekine Masamichi , Hara Takumi , González Palencia Juan C. , Araki Mikiya , Shiga Seiichi , Kambara Shinji
Published: November 2023

In this research, the operating characteristics of a spark-ignition engine using ammonia were evaluated. Different compression ratios and two pistons with different squish velocities were used. Results show that the combustion duration was shortened with high compression ratio and high squish piston, and the stable operation range of the engine was expanded. BMEP and brake thermal efficiency did not change significantly among the stable operation range for variations of compression ratio, squish velocity. Due to the reduction effect of unburned ammonia, NOx emissions decreased when ammonia mole fraction increased. Most of the unburned ammonia was emitted from the quenching layer.