bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orderly Marketing in Agriculture Revisited
Authors: Leathers Howard
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a model of economic behavior that explicates the phenomenon known as “orderly marketing,” which was a main objective of the Marketing Orders agricultural program introduced early in the New Deal. Recent analyses of marketing orders start with an implicit assumption that there is no market failure—thus, that price regulation can cause only deviations from the first-best market solution. However, historical evidence suggests that disorderly marketing might refer to a kind of market imperfection. In the model presented here, a monopsonist processor sets a price to be paid, and an aggregate quantity to be purchased. In some states of the world, some farmers are excluded from the market. In other words, nonprice rationing can occur, and changes in consumer expenditure for the final product are absorbed by the processor rather than passed along to the farmer. The classified price and pooling provisions of federal orders can lead to a Pareto improvement in welfare.
Cap-and-Trade: The Evolution of an Economic Idea
Authors: Tietenberg Tom
Published: September 2016

Over the past three decades or so, emissions trading has evolved from an idea that was little more than an academic curiosity to its current role as the centerpiece of the U.S. program to control acid rain and international programs to control greenhouse gases. This essay identifies some of the key milestones of this evolution, describes how that evolution was shaped by economic analysis, elicits some of the lessons about the design and effectiveness of emissions trading that have emerged from analysis of that evolution, and points out a few of the barriers that lie in the path of achieving a truly global carbon market.
Using Ecological Production Theory to Define and Select Environmental Commodities for Nonmarket Valuation
Authors: Boyd James , Krupnick Alan
Published: September 2016

Economic analyses of nature must somehow define the “environmental commodities” to which values are attached. We articulate principles to guide the choice and interpretation of nonmarket commodities. We describe how complex natural systems can be decomposed consistent with “ecological production theory,” which, like conventional production theory, distinguishes between biophysical inputs, process, and outputs. We argue that a systems approach to the decomposition and presentation of natural commodities can inform and possibly improve the validity of nonmarket environmental valuation studies. We raise concerns about interpretation, usefulness, and accuracy of benefit estimates derived without reference to ecological production theory.
Applying the Ecosystem Services Concept to Public Land Management
Authors: Kline Jeffrey D. , Mazzotta Marisa J. , Spies Thomas A. , Harmon Mark E.
Published: September 2016

We examine challenges and opportunities involved in applying ecosystem services to public land management with an emphasis on national forests in the United States. We review historical forest management paradigms and related economic approaches, outline a conceptual framework defining the informational needs of forest managers, and consider the feasibility of its application given the types of ecological information typically available and the expanding set of services considered in management decisions. Economists can make their work more relevant to managers by broadening their focus to include qualitative approaches and more directly and effectively collaborating with managers and natural scientists.
The Impact of the Canada-U.S. Hog/Pork Trade Dispute on the Composition of U.S. Pork Imports
Authors: Larue Bruno , Gervais Jean-Philippe
Published: September 2016

Trade theorists have demonstrated that different trade policy instruments have different effects on the quality and source of imports. Countervailing duties (CVDs), like specific tariffs, should induce quality upgrading. However, the magnitude and timing of the quality adjustments are influenced by the credibility of the duties that can be legally contested and modified after annual administrative reviews. Index numbers are used to assess the timing and magnitude of the product mix and country mix substitution effects in U.S. pork imports in response to the U.S. CVDs on Canadian exports of live hogs and fresh, chilled, and frozen pork.
Rural Community Participation, Social Networks, and Broadband Use: Examples from Localized and National Survey Data
Authors: Stern Michael J. , Adams Alison E. , Boase Jeffrey
Published: September 2016

Although attention has been given to how broadband access is related to economic development in rural areas, scant consideration has been given to how it may be associated with voluntary participation. This issue is important in that numerous studies have shown how much more vital community participation is in rural areas as compared to suburban and urban places. Drawing on three diverse data sets, we examine the influence of broadband access on community participation. In addition, we explore whether broadband access exerts its influence through, in conjunction with, or independent of social networks. The results suggest that broadband access and social network size have independent effects on volunteering in rural places.
Differences in WTP and Consumer Demand for Organic and Non-GM Fresh and Processed Foods
Authors: He Na , Bernard John C.
Published: September 2016

Auction experiments were used to examine demand and premium differences between organic, non-OM (genetically modified), and conventional versions for two pairs of fresh and processed foods. Results showed processed foods had greater substitutability among the versions than fresh products. Conventional versions were the least price sensitive, while non-OM versions were the most sensitive. Significant premium differences were found between fresh and processed foods for sweet com and tortilla chips, but not for potatoes and potato chips. Results from random effects models mirrored these findings. In general, the extent of premium differences between fresh and processed versions appears dependent on the food product.
Using DEA and VEA to Evaluate Quality of Life in the Mid-Atlantic States
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth , Shortle James
Published: September 2016

In this study we use data envelopment analysis (DEA) and an extension of DEA called value efficiency analysis (VEA) to explore the “production” of quality of life within counties in the mid-Atlantic region and the extent to which production frontiers and efficiency differ between rural and urban counties. These methods allow us to identify counties that are inefficient in their quality of life production, and to rank (using DEA) those counties according to their distance from a performance standard established by other observed counties, or (using VEA) by a single unit designated as “most preferred.”
Global mental health and psychiatric institutions in the 21st century
Authors: Cohen A. , Minas H.
Published: September 2016

In the 19th century, psychiatric institutions were the focus of thousands of articles in the leading English-language medical and psychiatric journals. This area of concern remained important through the first half of the 20th century, with some decline in the number of published articles in the second half of the 20th century as de-institutionalisation gathered pace. The number of articles about this topic has declined sharply in the past 25 years, and psychiatric institutions are not the focus of any of the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health even though psychiatric institutions of all kinds are widely acknowledged to be the among the main sites of human rights abuses. In this commentary we present examples of impressive transformations of institutions in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, and suggest that the field of global mental health should devote more of its efforts to improving the lives of persons with mental disorders who have been incarcerated in a variety of settings, often under the care of mental health specialists.
Four Position Statements Approved by AGU Board of Directors
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

The American Geophysical Union updated one position statement and reaffirmed three others as written.
Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2
Authors: Flatten L. C. , He Z. , Coles D. M. , Trichet A. A. P. , Powell A. W. , Taylor R. A. , Warner J. H. , Smith J. M.
Published: September 2016

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit strong optical transitions with significant potential for optoelectronic devices. In particular they are suited for cavity quantum electrodynamics in which strong coupling leads to polariton formation as a root to realisation of inversionless lasing, polariton condensation and superfluidity. Demonstrations of such strongly correlated phenomena to date have often relied on cryogenic temperatures, high excitation densities and were frequently impaired by strong material disorder. At room-temperature, experiments approaching the strong coupling regime with transition metal dichalcogenides have been reported, but well resolved exciton-polaritons have yet to be achieved. Here we report a study of monolayer WS2 coupled to an open Fabry-Perot cavity at room-temperature, in which polariton eigenstates are unambiguously displayed. In-situ tunability of the cavity length results in a maximal Rabi splitting of ħΩRabi = 70 meV, exceeding the exciton linewidth. Our data are well described by a transfer matrix model appropriate for the large linewidth regime. This work provides a platform towards observing strongly correlated polariton phenomena in compact photonic devices for ambient temperature applications.
Dissemination of IMP-4-encoding pIMP-HZ1-related plasmids among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Chinese teaching hospital
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhou Dongsheng , Wang Qian , Luo Wenbo , Zhang Defu , Sun Qiang , Tong Yigang , Chen Weijun , Sun Fengjun , Xia Peiyuan
Published: September 2016

A total of 26 blaIMP-4-carrying strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from 2009 to 2013 in a Chinese teaching hospital, and these strains can be assigned into multiple sequence types or allelic profiles as determined by multilocus sequence typing. Of these strains, P. aeruginosa P378 and K. pneumoniae 1220 harbor the IMP-4-encoding plasmids pP378-IMP and p1220-IMP, respectively, whose complete nucleotide sequences are determined to be genetically closely related to the IncN1-type plasmid pIMP-HZ1. pP378-IMP/p1220-IMP-like plasmids are hinted to be present in all the other blaIMP-4-carrying strains, indicating the dissemination of pIMP-HZ1-related plasmids among K. pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa of different genotypes in this hospital. pP378-IMP carries two distinct accessory resistance regions, a blaIMP-4-carrying class 1 integron In823b, and a truncated Tn3-family unit transposon ΔTn6292-3′ harboring the quinolone resistance gene qnrS1. Massive fragmentation and rearrangement of these accessory genetic contents occur among p1220-IMP and IMP-HZ1 relative to pP378-IMP. blaIMP-4 is also present in the In823b remnants from p1220-IMP and IMP-HZ1, while qnrS1 is located in a Tn6292-derive fragment from pIMP-HZ1 but not found in p1220-IMP. pP378-IMP represents the first fully sequenced IncN-type plasmid from P. aeruginosa.
Inhibition promotes long-term potentiation at cerebellar excitatory synapses
Authors: Binda F. , Dorgans K. , Reibel S. , Sakimura K. , Kano M. , Poulain B. , Isope P.
Published: September 2016

The ability of the cerebellar cortex to learn from experience ensures the accuracy of movements and reflex adaptation, processes which require long-term plasticity at granule cell (GC) to Purkinje neuron (PN) excitatory synapses. PNs also receive GABAergic inhibitory inputs via GCs activation of interneurons; despite the involvement of inhibition in motor learning, its role in long-term plasticity is poorly characterized. Here we reveal a functional coupling between ionotropic GABAA receptors and low threshold CaV3 calcium channels in PNs that sustains calcium influx and promotes long-term potentiation (LTP) at GC to PN synapses. High frequency stimulation induces LTP at GC to PN synapses and CaV3-mediated calcium influx provided that inhibition is intact; LTP is mGluR1, intracellular calcium store and CaV3 dependent. LTP is impaired in CaV3.1 knockout mice but it is nevertheless recovered by strengthening inhibitory transmission onto PNs; promoting a stronger hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor activation leads to an enhanced availability of an alternative Purkinje-expressed CaV3 isoform compensating for the lack of CaV3.1 and restoring LTP. Accordingly, a stronger hyperpolarization also restores CaV3-mediated calcium influx in PNs from CaV3.1 knockout mice. We conclude that by favoring CaV3 channels availability inhibition promotes LTP at cerebellar excitatory synapses.
Real-time and label-free monitoring of nanoparticle cellular uptake using capacitance-based assays
Authors: Lee Rimi , Jo Dong hyun , Chung Sang J. , Na Hee-Kyung , Kim Jeong Hun , Lee Tae Geol
Published: September 2016

Nanoparticles have shown great potential as vehicles for the delivery of drugs, nucleic acids, and therapeutic proteins; an efficient, high-throughput screening method to analyze nanoparticle interaction with the cytomembrane would substantially improve the efficiency and accuracy of the delivery. Here, we developed a capacitance sensor array that monitored the capacitance values of nanoparticle-treated cells in a real-time manner, without the need for labeling. Upon cellular uptake of the nanoparticles, a capacitance peak was observed at a low frequency (e.g., 100 Hz) as a function of time based on zeta potential changes. In the high frequency region (e.g., 15–20 kHz), the rate of decreasing capacitance slowed as a function of time compared to the cell growth control group, due to increased cytoplasm resistance and decreased membrane capacitance and resistance. The information provided by our capacitance sensor array will be a powerful tool for scientists designing nanoparticles for specific purposes.
Soil surface temperatures reveal moderation of the urban heat island effect by trees and shrubs
Authors: Edmondson J. L. , Stott I. , Davies Z. G. , Gaston K. J. , Leake J. R.
Published: September 2016

Urban areas are major contributors to air pollution and climate change, causing impacts on human health that are amplified by the microclimatological effects of buildings and grey infrastructure through the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Urban greenspaces may be important in reducing surface temperature extremes, but their effects have not been investigated at a city-wide scale. Across a mid-sized UK city we buried temperature loggers at the surface of greenspace soils at 100 sites, stratified by proximity to city centre, vegetation cover and land-use. Mean daily soil surface temperature over 11 months increased by 0.6 °C over the 5 km from the city outskirts to the centre. Trees and shrubs in non-domestic greenspace reduced mean maximum daily soil surface temperatures in the summer by 5.7 °C compared to herbaceous vegetation, but tended to maintain slightly higher temperatures in winter. Trees in domestic gardens, which tend to be smaller, were less effective at reducing summer soil surface temperatures. Our findings reveal that the UHI effects soil temperatures at a city-wide scale, and that in their moderating urban soil surface temperature extremes, trees and shrubs may help to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization on microclimate, soil processes and human health.
Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis: Antidiabetic Medication and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Yao-Yao , Zhu Gui-Qi , Liu Tian , Zheng Ji-Na , Cheng Zhang , Zou Tian-Tian , Braddock Martin , Fu Shen-Wen , Zheng Ming-Hua
Published: September 2016

Antidiabetic medication may modify the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the use of different antidiabetic strategies and the incidence of HCC. PubMed, Embase.com and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to 31 October 2015 and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies or case-control studies were included for our analyses. A total of thirteen studies enrolling 481358 participants with 240678 HCC cases who received at least two different strategies were retrieved in this analysis. Direct comparisons showed that use of metformin (risk ratio [RR] 0.49, 95% CI 0.25–0.97) was associated with a significant risk reduction of HCC, while insulin (RR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.10- 5.56) may significantly increase the risk. Indirect evidence also suggested that insulin (RR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.21–4.75) was associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC. Additionally, metformin was effective in reducing the risk of HCC when compared with sulphonylurea (RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.74) and insulin (RR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.17–0.47). Notably, metformin was hierarchically the best when compared with other antidiabetic therapies for the prevention of HCC. In summary, available evidence suggests that metformin was the most effective strategy to reduce HCC risk when compared with other antidiabetic interventions.
Accurate nonadiabatic dynamics
Authors: Guo Hua , Yarkony David R.
Published: September 2016

This Perspective addresses the use of coupled diabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs) together with rigorous quantum dynamics in full or reduced dimensional coordinate spaces to obtain accurate solutions to problems in nonadiabatic dynamics.
Macrocyclic ligand decorated ordered mesoporous silica with large-pore and short-channel characteristics for effective separation of lithium isotopes: synthesis, adsorptive behavior study and DFT modeling
Authors: Liu Yuekun , Liu Fei , Ye Gang , Pu Ning , Wu Fengcheng , Wang Zhe , Huo Xiaomei , Xu Jian , Chen Jing
Published: September 2016

Synthesis of large-pore and short-channel ordered mesoporous silica decorated with macrocyclic ligands for adsorptive separation of lithium isotopes.
An organo-functionalized metal–oxide cluster, [VIV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6], with Anderson-like structure
Authors: Li H. , Swenson L. , Doedens R. J. , Khan M. I.
Published: September 2016

The polyoxovanadium cluster compound, [VIV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6], is the isopolyoxovanadium analogue to cationic heteropolyoxovanadium species, such as [MVIV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]+ (M = Li, Na). These isopolyoxovanadium and heteropolyoxovanadium clusters represent the first reported isopoly-heteropoly analogues in the polyoxometalate field.
Micro-/nanoscale electroporation
Authors: Chang Lingqian , Li Lei , Shi Junfeng , Sheng Yan , Lu Wu , Gallego-Perez Daniel , Lee Ly James
Published: September 2016

In this review, the technical aspects of micro- and nanoscale electroporation with their representative cutting-edge research, including gene editing (CRISPR-Cas9), adoptive immunotherapy, and cellular reprogramming. The challenges and opportunities of advanced electroporation technologies are discussed.
A practical oxidative C–H functionalization of N-carbamoyl tetrahydro-β-carbolines with diverse potassium trifluoroborates
Authors: Sun Yi , Wang Gang , Chen Jiayu , Liu Chang , Cai Manqi , Zhu Rongxiu , Huang Haofei , Li Wei , Liu Lei
Published: September 2016

A practical and mild metal-free oxidative C–H functionalization ofN-carbamoyl tetrahydro-β-carbolines with diverse potassium trifluoroborates has been reported.
Synthesis of novel styryl-N-isopropyl-9H-carbazoles for designing trans-conjugated regular silicon hybrid materials
Authors: Majchrzak Mariusz , Grzelak Magdalena , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: September 2016

An efficient and practical method for the synthesis of novel styryl-carbazoles and their catalytic functionalization by vinylsilanes to organic-silicon compounds.
Synthesis and characterization of copolycarbonates having azobenzene units in the main chain as an active group for optical logic gate devices
Authors: Mineo Placido G. , Rescifina Antonio , Abbadessa Antonio , Rapisardi Roberto , Scamporrino Andrea A. , Spitaleri Fabiola
Published: September 2016

These copolymers, suitable as optical logical gate, show a reversible photoisomerization, also in solid state. An unexpected fluorescence emission was observed and rationalized by means of an in silico TD-DFT approach.
A nanoporous photosensitizing hydrogel based on chitosan cross-linked by zinc phthalocyanine: an injectable and pH-stimuli responsive system for effective cancer therapy
Authors: Karimi Ali Reza , Khodadadi Azam , Hadizadeh Mahnaz
Published: September 2016

Although zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) have promising applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT), their therapeutic efficacy suffer from their low solubility in the biological environment and their lack of tumor selectivity.
Efficient synthesis of graphene/sulfur nanocomposites with high sulfur content and their application as cathodes for Li–S batteries
Authors: Gao Feng , Qu Jiangying , Zhao Zongbin , Qiu Jieshan
Published: September 2016

(1) A dual-oxidation strategy of H2S by H2O2 and GO is designed to synthesize a graphene/sulfur composite with a high sulfur content. (2) The sulfur content of GS/S nanocomposites can be tailored in the range of 40–80 wt%. (3) The GS/S-70 possesses a high reversible capacity of 651 mA h g−1 and 85% of capacity retention after 100 cycles.
Experimentally determining the relative efficiency of spherically bent germanium and quartz crystals
Authors: Brown G. V. , Beiersdorfer P. , Hell N. , Magee E.
Published: September 2016

We have used the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and a duplicate Orion High Resolution X-ray Spectrometer (OHREX) to measure the relative efficiency of a spherically bent quartz (101̄1) crystal (2d = 6.687 Å) and a spherically bent germanium (111) crystal (2d = 6.532 Å). L-shell X-ray photons from highly charged molybdenum ions generated in EBIT-I were simultaneously focussed and Bragg reflected by each crystal, both housed in a single spectrometer, onto a single CCD X-ray detector. The flux from each crystal was then directly compared. Our results show that the germanium crystal has a reflection efficiency significantly better than the quartz crystal, however, the energy resolution is significantly worse. Moreover, we find that the spatial focussing properties of the germanium crystal are worse than those of the quartz crystal. Details of the experiment are presented, and we discuss the advantages of using either crystal on a streak-camera equipped OHREX spectrometer.
Computational prediction of probabilistic ignition threshold of pressed granular Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) under shock loading
Authors: Kim Seokpum , Miller Christopher , Horie Yasuyuki , Molek Christopher , Welle Eric , Zhou Min
Published: September 2016

The probabilistic ignition thresholds of pressed granular Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine explosives with average grain sizes between 70 μm and 220 μm are computationally predicted. The prediction uses material microstructure and basic constituent properties and does not involve curve fitting with respect to or prior knowledge of the attributes being predicted. The specific thresholds predicted are James-type relations between the energy flux and energy fluence for given probabilities of ignition. Statistically similar microstructure sample sets are computationally generated and used based on the features of micrographs of materials used in actual experiments. The predicted thresholds are in general agreement with measurements from shock experiments in terms of trends. In particular, it is found that grain size significantly affects the ignition sensitivity of the materials, with smaller sizes leading to lower energy thresholds required for ignition. For example, 50% ignition threshold of the material with an average grain size of 220 μm is approximately 1.4–1.6 times that of the material with an average grain size of 70 μm in terms of energy fluence. The simulations account for the controlled loading of thin-flyer shock experiments with flyer velocities between 1.5 and 4.0 km/s, constituent elasto-viscoplasticity, fracture, post-fracture contact and friction along interfaces, bulk inelastic heating, interfacial frictional heating, and heat conduction. The constitutive behavior of the materials is described using a finite deformation elasto-viscoplastic formulation and the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The ignition thresholds are determined via an explicit analysis of the size and temperature states of hotspots in the materials and a hotspot-based ignition criterion. The overall ignition threshold analysis and the microstructure-level hotspot analysis also lead to the definition of a macroscopic ignition parameter (J) and a microscopic ignition risk parameter (R) which are statistically related. The relationships between these parameters are established and delineated.
Processing of CP MAS kinetics: Towards NMR crystallography for complex solids
Authors: Dagys Laurynas , Klimavicius Vytautas , Balevicius Vytautas
Published: September 2016

Variable temperature and high data point density measurements of 1H–31P cross-polarization kinetics in the powdered ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) have been carried out in the range of −40 °C to +90 °C upon 7 and 10 kHz MAS. The advanced route of processing CP MAS kinetic data has been developed. It is based on reducing the incoherent far range order spin couplings and extracting the CP oscillatory term with the sequent mathematical treatment. The proper replica has been found, which allowed to reduce the Fourier-Bessel (Hankel) transform calculating the angularly averaged and purely distance-depending spin distribution profile to the routine Fourier transform. The shortest 31P–1H distances determined by CP MAS kinetics get between the values obtained by neutron and X-ray diffraction, whereas those for more remote protons are slightly larger. The changes in P⋯H distances are hardly noticeable, though a certain trend to increase upon the heating can be deduced. The clearly pronounced effect was the increase of the spin-diffusion rate constant upon heating. It allows to state that the communication between interacting spins is the process extremely easy to activate.
Research of optical rotation measurement system based on centroid algorithm
Authors: Cao Junjie , Jia Hongzhi , Shen Xinrong , Jiang Shixin
Published: September 2016

An optical rotation measurement system based on digital signal processor, modulated laser, and step motor rotating stage is established. Centroid algorithm featured fast and simple calculation is introduced to process light signals with or without sample to obtain the optical rotating angle through the step difference between two centroids. The system performance is proved experimentally with standard quartz tubes and glucose solutions. After various measurements, the relative error and precision of the system are determined to 0.4% and 0.004°, which demonstrates the reliable repeatability and high accuracy of whole measurement system.
Surface nanopattern formation due to current-induced homoepitaxial nanowire edge instability
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Dasgupta Dwaipayan , Maroudas Dimitrios
Published: September 2016

Physical nanopatterning based on a precise control of macroscopic forcing is an essential tool of nanoscale science and technology. Using an externally applied electric field as the macroscopic force, we report here a computational study on the formation of surface nanopatterns consisting of single-layer homoepitaxial islands as a result of a morphological instability that can occur under edge electromigration conditions on the straight edge of a single-layer nanowire grown epitaxially on a crystalline substrate. Direct dynamical simulations based on a model that has been validated experimentally for the Ag/Ag system show that the current-induced nanowire edge instability causes the breakup of the nanowire and leads to the formation of uniformly distributed islands, arranged in linear or V-shaped arrays, which are uniformly sized with nanoscale dimensions. The simulation results are supported by linear stability theory and demonstrate that the geometrical features of the island patterns and the island sizes can be controlled precisely by controlling the electric field direction with respect to the nanowire axis and the electric field strength. Our findings have important implications for developing physical nanopatterning approaches toward enabling future nanofabrication technologies.
Geometrically induced electron-electron interaction in semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Pinto N. , Rezvani S. J. , Favre L. , Berbezier I. , Fretto M. , Boarino L.
Published: September 2016

We report the observation of a structurally induced doping compensation mechanism in doped semiconductor nanowires that results from the reduced size geometry. This kind of compensation can significantly affect the electronic transport properties of the doped nanowires. We demonstrate that in a crystalline n-type doped Ge wire, compensated by the acceptor-like localized surface states, strong electron-electron interactions occur. Variable range hopping conduction detected in these nanowires is directly generated from strong interactions, exhibiting an unusual large Coulomb gap in the density of states of wires.
Formation of self-assembled Ga-rich droplet chains on GaAs (100) patterned by focused ion beam
Authors: Koukourinkova Sabina D. , Benamara Mourad , Ware Morgan E. , Wang Zhiming M. , Salamo Gregory J.
Published: September 2016

Controlled positioning and ordering of uniform self-assembled droplets on a patterned GaAs (100) substrate is demonstrated using a Ga+ focused ion beam. The arrangement of the droplets into an array of droplet chains is induced by changes in the surface morphology during irradiation as a function of sputtering time. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy reveals that the droplets are Ga-rich. The patterned surface may be of interest for plasmonic studies and may find application as a template for site-specific epitaxial growth of unstrained quantum dot chains utilizing local droplet etching and droplet epitaxy techniques.
Gypsum application increases the carbon stock in soil under sugar cane in the Cerrado region of Brazil
Authors: Araújo L. G. , Figueiredo C. C. , Sousa D. M. G.
Published: September 2016

Gypsum is widely used in agriculture in the Cerrado region of Brazil to increase root volume and distribution in the profile of predominantly acidic soils with high aluminium toxicity. The gypsum-induced increase in the root system may be an effective strategy to increase sequestration of atmospheric CO2. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the use of gypsum and carbon accumulation in the soil under sugar cane. In the present study, total carbon stock (TC) in the soil and its fractions were estimated after four growing seasons of sugar cane under gypsum application. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with four replicates and two treatments: control (0Mgha–1) and the technically recommended rate of gypsum application (5Mgha–1). Sugarcane stalk biomass and straw production were evaluated in plant cane and three ratoon crops. Soil samples were taken after evaluation of the third ratoon from seven layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100cm) to determine organic carbon, TC, particulate carbon (PC) and bulk density. Gypsum increased TC by 5.4 and 4.4Mgha–1 in the 0–100 and 40–100cm layers respectively. The PC pool in the 40–100cm layer was increased by 18.4%, whereas the carbon stock associated with mineral increased by 6.8% with gypsum application. Of the total increase in C stocks resulting from gypsum application, 80% occurred in the 40–100cm layer.
Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss
Authors: Doherty Tim S. , Glen Alistair S. , Nimmo Dale G. , Ritchie Euan G. , Dickman Chris R.
Published: September 2016

Significance

Invasive mammalian predators are arguably the most damaging group of alien animal species for global biodiversity. Thirty species of invasive predator are implicated in the extinction or endangerment of 738 vertebrate species—collectively contributing to 58% of all bird, mammal, and reptile extinctions. Cats, rodents, dogs, and pigs have the most pervasive impacts, and endemic island faunas are most vulnerable to invasive predators. That most impacted species are insular indicates that management of invasive predators on islands should be a global conservation priority. Understanding and mitigating the impact of invasive mammalian predators is essential for reducing the rate of global biodiversity loss.
Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne
Authors: Welker Frido , Hajdinjak Mateja , Talamo Sahra , Jaouen Klervia , Dannemann Michael , David Francine , Julien Michèle , Meyer Matthias , Kelso Janet , Barnes Ian , Brace Selina , Kamminga Pepijn , Fischer Roman , Kessler Benedikt M. , Stewart John R. , Pääbo Svante , Collins Matthew J. , Hublin Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2016

Significance

The displacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern humans (AMHs) 50,000–40,000 y ago in Europe has considerable biological and behavioral implications. The Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne (France) takes a central role in models explaining the transition, but the association of hominin fossils at this site with the Châtelperronian is debated. Here we identify additional hominin specimens at the site through proteomic zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry screening and obtain molecular (ancient DNA, ancient proteins) and chronometric data to demonstrate that these represent Neandertals that date to the Châtelperronian. The identification of an amino acid sequence specific to a clade within the genus
Homo
demonstrates the potential of palaeoproteomic analysis in the study of hominin taxonomy in the Late Pleistocene and warrants further exploration.
When fairness matters less than we expect
Authors: Cooney Gus , Gilbert Daniel T. , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: September 2016

Significance

Human beings care a great deal about the fairness of the procedures that are used to allocate resources, such as wealth, opportunity, and power. But in a series of experiments, we show that those to whom resources are allocated often care less about fairness than those who allocate the resources expect them to. This “allocator’s illusion” results from the fact that fairness seems more important before an allocation is made (when allocators are choosing a procedure) than afterward (when receivers are reacting to the procedure that allocators chose). This illusion has important consequences for policy-makers, managers, health care providers, judges, teachers, parents, and others who are charged with choosing the procedures by which things of value will be allocated.
Advanced maritime adaptation in the western Pacific coastal region extends back to 35,000–30,000 years before present
Authors: Fujita Masaki , Yamasaki Shinji , Katagiri Chiaki , Oshiro Itsuro , Sano Katsuhiro , Kurozumi Taiji , Sugawara Hiroshi , Kunikita Dai , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Kano Akihiro , Okumura Tomoyo , Sone Tomomi , Fujita Hikaru , Kobayashi Satoshi , Naruse Toru , Kondo Megumi , Matsu’ura Shuji , Suwa Gen , Kaifu Yousuke
Published: September 2016

Significance

Moving into oceanic islands after c. 50,000 years ago was a remarkable step forward in the history of worldwide expansion of modern humans. However, the developmental process of Pleistocene maritime technology remains unclear. So far, the only secure sources of information for such discussions were the Indonesian Archipelago and northern New Guinea as steppingstones from the Asian continent to Australia. This article reports a successful maritime adaptation that extended from ∼35,000 to 13,000 years ago on a small island environment in the southern Japanese Archipelago. The new evidence demonstrates a geographically wider distribution of early maritime technology that extended north to the midlatitude areas along the western Pacific coast.
Orthographic processing in pigeons (
Columba livia
)
Authors: Scarf Damian , Boy Karoline , Uber Reinert Anelisie , Devine Jack , Güntürkün Onur , Colombo Michael
Published: September 2016

Significance

A novel theory suggests that orthographic processing is the product of neuronal recycling, with visual circuits that evolved to code visual objects now co-opted to code words. Here, we provide a litmus test of this theory by assessing whether pigeons, an organism with a visual system organizationally distinct from that of primates, code words orthographically. Pigeons not only correctly identified novel words but also display the hallmarks of orthographic processing, in that they are sensitive to the bigram frequencies of words, the orthographic similarity between words and nonwords, and the transposition of letters. These findings demonstrate that visual systems neither genetically nor organizationally similar to humans can be recycled to represent the orthographic code that defines words.
High-fat diet modifies the PPAR-γ pathway leading to disruption of microbial and physiological ecosystem in murine small intestine
Authors: Tomas Julie , Mulet Céline , Saffarian Azadeh , Cavin Jean-Baptiste , Ducroc Robert , Regnault Béatrice , Kun Tan Chek , Duszka Kalina , Burcelin Rémy , Wahli Walter , Sansonetti Philippe J. , Pédron Thierry
Published: September 2016

Significance

Our study aimed at exploring the intersection of high-fat diet, mucosal immune defenses, and microbiota. It remains unclear how diet imbalance toward excessive fat intake leads to secondary pathological effects on host physiology through the microbiota. We show that a short period of consumption of high-fat diet alters the small-intestinal defenses and that the biochemistry of the ileum is drastically modified, leading to physiological changes close to that observed in cystic fibrosis. We identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ as major regulator of mucosal defenses upon exposure to fat excess. As a result, our work provides a fundamental understanding of the underlying cause of severe chronic disorders associated with Western diet.
Cold spray deposition to prevent fouling of polymer surfaces
Authors: Stenson C. , McDonnell K. A. , Yin S. , Aldwell B. , Meyer M. , Dowling D. P. , Lupoi R.
Published: September 2016

Copper particles embedded into polymer surfaces by cold spray (CS) have been confirmed as a method for antifouling (AF) protection. CS is a low-heat coating process which can be used or employed over large areas. The key parameters that indicate AF potency are particle penetration depth and copper surface coverage. Adaptation of this process towards industrial level requires the process inputs leading to the best outputs to be identified. In this paper, copper particles were deposited onto two polymers used in marine applications with CS, however, without the use of gas-heating hence deposition was free of any additional heat input. Analysis was carried out to determine which process conditions and material properties can lead to most effective AF coating results.
Improvement of wear resistance for carburised steel by Ti depositing and plasma nitriding
Authors: Yang Y. , Guo J. H. , Yan M. F. , Zhu Y. D. , Zhang Y. X. , Wang Y. X.
Published: September 2016

In order to improve the wear resistance of carburised M50NiL steel, the surface layer was deposited with Ti coating by magnetron sputtering and then plasma nitrided for 2 h with hollow cathode equipment. The influence of nitriding temperature (750, 800 and 850°C) on microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were investigated. Results show that the coating of specimen 750 containing Ti-based-nitrides possesses higher nanohardness (13.769 ± 0.738 GPa) than the carburised layer (7.695 ± 0.338 GPa) and the load bearing capacity reaches 18 N due to the supporting carburised layer. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the specimen 750 decrease 23.1 and 72.2%, respectively, compared with the carburised specimen. The hardness and wear performance of the specimen 800 and 850 were underestimated by traditional test criterion because a loose and porous a′C(N) layer was formed on the surface due to sputtering effect of steel hollow cathode.
Shedding light on paraspeckle structure by super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Hu Shi-Bin , Yao Run-Wen , Chen Ling-Ling
Published: September 2016

The nuclear body paraspeckle is built on the lncRNA Neat1 and plays important roles in gene regulation. In this issue, West et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201601071) use super-resolution structured illumination microscopy to show that paraspeckles are organized in a core-shell spheroidal structure composed of Neat1 and seven proteins.
Prediction of 10-year Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Elderly Hypertensive Population: The ANBP2 Study
Authors: Sahle Berhe W. , Owen Alice J. , Wing Lindon M.H. , Nelson Mark R. , Jennings Garry L.R. , Reid Christopher M. ,   on behalf of the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Management Committee
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Multivariable risk prediction models consisting of routinely collected measurements can facilitate early detection and slowing of disease progression through pharmacological and nonpharmacological risk factor modifications. This study aims to develop a multivariable risk prediction model for predicting 10-year risk of incident heart failure diagnosis in elderly hypertensive population.

METHODS

The derivation cohort included 6083 participants aged 65 to 84 years at baseline (1995–2001) followed for a median of 10.8 years during and following the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study (ANBP2). Cox proportional hazards models were used to develop the risk prediction models. Variables were selected using bootstrap resampling method, and Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterion and C-statistics were used to select the parsimonious model. The final model was internally validated using a bootstrapping, and its discrimination and calibration were assessed.

RESULTS

Incident heart failure was diagnosed in 319 (5.2%) participants. The final multivariable model included age, male sex, obesity (body mass index > 30kg/m2), pre-existing cardiovascular disease, average visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variation, current or past smoking. The model has C-statistics of 0.719 (95% CI: 0.705–0.748) in the derivation cohort, and 0.716 (95% CI: 0.701–0.731) after internal validation (optimism corrected). The goodness-of-fit test showed the model has good overall calibration (χ2 = 1.78, P = 0.94).

CONCLUSION

The risk equation, consisting of variables readily accessible in primary and community care settings, allows reliable prediction of 10-year incident heart failure in elderly hypertensive population. Its application for the prediction of heart failure needs to be studied in the community setting to determine its utility for improving patient management and disease prevention.
Generalized poroviscoelastic model based on effective Biot theory and its application to borehole guided wave analysis
Authors: Liu Xu , Greenhalgh Stewart , Zhou Bing , Heinson Graham
Published: September 2016

A method using modified attenuation factor function is suggested to determine the parameters of the generalized Zener model approximating the attenuation factor function. This method is applied to constitute the poroviscoelastic model based on the effective Biot theory which considers the attenuative solid frame of reservoir. In the poroviscoelastic model, frequency-dependent bulk modulus and shear modulus of solid frame are represented by generalized Zener models. As an application, the borehole logging dispersion equations from Biot theory are extended to include effects from the intrinsic body attenuation in formation media in full-frequency range. The velocity dispersions of borehole guided waves are calculated to investigate the influence from attenuative bore fluid, attenuative solid frame of the formation and impermeable bore wall.
New policies may call for new approaches: the case of the Swedish Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) fisheries in the Kattegat and Skagerrak
Authors: Hornborg Sara , Jonsson Patrik , Sköld Mattias , Ulmestrand Mats , Valentinsson Daniel , Ritzau Eigaard Ole , Feekings Jordan , Nielsen J. Rasmus , Bastardie Francois , Lövgren Johan
Published: September 2016

The European Common Fisheries Policy has in its 2013 reform increased in complexity, such as a call for coherence with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and a landing obligation, posing new requirements and challenges to managers, scientists and the fishing industry. Therefore, re-evaluations of current practice are important as a basis for management actions. The Swedish fishery for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the Kattegat–Skagerrak area provides an interesting case study of relevance to emerging policies. Sprung from an unbalance in available fish- and Nephrops quotas and an ambition to protect coastal areas, the current fishery has been directed towards three separate fisheries (mixed trawling, directed trawling using a sorting grid and creeling). Studying direct and indirect effects from alternative Swedish quota allocations among gear types is therefore interesting. Accordingly, a screening study was conducted, taking into consideration area-gear interactions in catch rates, to compare the three different fisheries regarding quantified pressures on the target species, the by-catch species, and on the seafloor, as well as to qualitatively discuss social and economic dimensions. In the next step, alternative quota allocations were studied. In Swedish fisheries, we show that creeling offers a substantial reduction of fishing mortality of both undersized Nephrops and fish and a reduced seafloor pressure per landed kilo of Nephrops. Given that the fishing areas in many cases may be interchangeable between gears, allocating a larger quota share to creels in the Swedish fishery would therefore contribute to the integration of fisheries- and environmental management as called for in the new policies.