bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive Ability of Body Fat Percentage and Thigh Anthropometrics on Tissue Cooling During Cold-Water Immersion
Authors: Rech Nicholas , Bressel Eadric , Louder Talin
Published: November 2020

Context

Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a common aid in exercise recovery. The effectiveness of CWI depends on the magnitude of muscle and core cooling. Individual cooling responses to CWI vary and are likely influenced by the CWI dose and individual physiological characteristics.

Objective

To evaluate body fat percentage and thigh anthropometric values as predictors of intramuscular and skin-cooling responses to CWI.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

Sports medicine research center.

Patients or Other Participants

Sixteen young adults (8 males, 8 females, age = 24.3 ± 1.84 years, height = 176.4 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 86.6 ± 29.4 kg).

Intervention(s)

Body fat percentage was measured using a 3-site skinfold assessment. Thigh length, thigh circumference, anterior thigh adipose thickness, anterior thigh muscle thickness, and thigh volume were estimated using manual and ultrasound methods. Using sterile techniques, we placed thermocouple probes in the belly of the rectus femoris (2-cm deep to the subadipose tissue) and on the anterior midthigh surface. Participants cycled on an ergometer for 30 minutes at a target heart rate of 130 to 150 beats/min. Postexercise, participants were placed in CWI (immersion depth to the iliac crest; 10°C) until intramuscular temperature was 7°C below pre-exercise baseline temperature, with a maximum immersion duration of 30 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Intramuscular rectus femoris and thigh skin temperatures measured postexercise, after 10 and 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI.

Results

Body fat percentage significantly predicted the rectus femoris cooling magnitude and rate after 10 minutes of CWI, 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI (P < .001; R2 range = 0.58–0.67). Thigh anthropometric values significantly predicted the thigh skin-cooling rate post-CWI (P = .049; R2 = 0.46).

Conclusions

A simple 3-site skinfold assessment may improve the effective prescription of CWI by allowing estimation of the dose required for minimal muscle tissue cooling.
Secondary School Administrators' Knowledge and Perceptions of the Athletic Training Profession, Part II: Specific Considerations for Principals
Authors: Pike Lacy Alicia M. , Eason Christianne M. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: November 2020

Context

Secondary school administrators fulfill many leadership roles, including creating and implementing policies to help ensure the safety of athletic programs. However, few researchers have examined principals' awareness and perceptions of the athletic trainer's (AT's) role.

Objective

To explore secondary school principals' knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of ATs and perceptions of athletic training.

Design

Concurrent mixed-methods study.

Setting

Cross-sectional online questionnaire.

Patients or Other Participants

Principals (n = 686; age = 48.1 ± 7.8 years, time in position = 7.1 ± 5.8 years) represented public secondary schools across the United States.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The web-based questionnaire was composed of demographics, various quantitative items assessing knowledge and perceived value of ATs, and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data. Select quantitative measures are reported as count responses and overall percentages. Responses to open-ended questions were analyzed inductively.

Results

We obtained a 5% response rate (686 of 13 517). Approximately 93% (n = 637) of responding principals considered an AT to be a trusted source of medical information. The most frequently selected skills they believed ATs were qualified to perform were injury prevention (99.1%), first aid/wound care (96.5%), and therapeutic intervention (91.4%). Sixty-three percent (n = 430) of participants considered an AT to be extremely valuable to student-athlete health and safety. Our results indicated that secondary school principals had a vague understanding of AT “training” and appreciated the immediacy of care ATs could provide. They also appeared to use decentralized hiring practices.

Conclusions

Secondary school principals identified ATs as a trusted source of medical information and recognized the role ATs played in the immediate care of athletic-related injuries. However, principals had a limited understanding of the qualifications and educational requirements of ATs. Future professional advocacy efforts targeting this stakeholder group should highlight all medical services an AT provides and emphasize the AT's value in schools that sponsor athletics programs.
Radiation cystitis
Authors: Upadhyay Rituraj , Carthikeyan S. M. , Pathy Sushmita
Published: November 2020

We report the case of a 22-year old female presenting with an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix that was successfully treated by surgery followed by adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy. She subsequently developed radiation cystitis after 10 years of follow-up. She was successfully treated with cystoscopic fulguration. In this report, we discuss a review of management strategies for cervical rhabdomyosarcoma and also throw some light on incidence and management of radiation cystitis after pelvic radiotherapy. We discuss the dose independence of radiation cystitis, which can be seen after as low as 4500 cGy of pelvic radiation.
Snakebite Envenomation in Rwanda: Patient Demographics, Medical Care, and Antivenom Availability in the Formal Healthcare Sector
Authors: Nduwayezu Richard , Kinney Hilary , Amuguni Janetrix Hellen , Schurer Janna M.
Published: November 2020

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a neglected One Health issue that overwhelmingly affects people living in rural and impoverished regions of Africa and Asia. Information on SBE is scarce in Rwanda; thus, our objectives were to 1) describe the demographics of SBE patients seeking hospital care, 2) evaluate physician adherence to national treatment guidelines, and 3) assess availability of snake antivenom at hospitals in Rwanda. To achieve these goals, we obtained national data on animal bites/stings and visited every district and provincial hospital in Rwanda to obtain physical records of SBE patients treated in 2017 and 2018. Hospital pharmacies were assessed for antivenom availability. We identified snakes as the second leading cause of animal bites, after dogs, among patients who sought hospital care in 2017 and 2018. Of 363 SBE patients, the highest number of cases occurred among children (< 18 years; 32%) and young adults (18–30 years; 33%), females (61%), farmers (82%), and those living in Eastern Province (37%). Overall, physician adherence to treatment guidelines was 63%. Prescriptions of vitamin K and antivenom were low (4% and 13%, respectively), and only 8% of hospital pharmacies had antivenom in stock throughout the study period. The antivenom stocked was an Indian generic suited for Asian snakes. This minimum estimate of hospitalization cases does not include individuals who died in communities or sought care outside the formal sector. Our study highlights the need to map incidence, risk factors, and patient experiences to mitigate human–snake conflicts and improve patient outcomes.
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Safety Systems Information Report
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: November 2020

This information report provides an overview of a typical high voltage electric propulsion vehicle (xEV) and the associated on-board safety systems typically employed by OEM’s to protect these high voltage systems. The report aims to improve public confidence in xEV safety systems and dispel public misconceptions about the likelihood of being shocked by the high voltage system, even when the vehicle has been damaged. The report will document select high voltage systems used for xEV’s and describe safety systems employed to prevent exposure to the high voltage systems.
Vaje v metru
Authors: Boetij Anicij Manlij Severin , Lajovic Uroš
Published: November 2020

Prevod Boetijevih pesmi je bil pri prevajalcu bolj naključen. Potem ko je prebiral prevod teh pesmi v prozni obliki, se mu je to zazdelo nenavadno, zato je bolj zase prevedel prvo pesem v izvirnem metru elegijskega distiha. V nadaljevanju pa se je vprašal, če je mogoče tudi druge antične verzne modele prestaviti v slovenski jezik, ki je kot silabotoničen jezik v osnovi tako drugačen od kvantitativnih principov grške in latinske poezije, ter pri tem obdržati poetično držo prevedene besede. Po prevodu prve pesmi ga je gnala naprej radovednost in tako se je lotil prevajanja ene pesmi za drugo.
Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of Trichilia megalanthaHarms and Trichilia welwitschii C. DC
Authors: Idowu Philip A. , Adegbenle Tajudeen A.
Published: November 2020

Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. T. welwitschii was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 - 5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5 - 10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400 - 500 μg/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.

Keywords: Trichilia megalantha; Trichilia welwitschii, antisalmonella; cytotoxicity; Salmonella paratyphi
Energetic Particle Flux Variations around magnetic storm and huge earthquake
Authors: Huang Jianping , Shen Xuhui , Li Wenjing , Chu Wei
Published: November 2020

A megathrust earthquake with Mw 9.0 occurred in the North-western Pacific Ocean on March 11, 2011. From the energetic particle flux from WIND, CLUSTER and GOES in different L locations, some variation can be found around the earthquake. Among the three satellites, WIND is used to identify solar activity, and GOES is used to detect the changes from ground source. And during the same period, a magnetic storm with intensity -80nT occur. In order to validate the particle flux variation, multi-parameters relationship is compared. The results show that: (1) all energetic fluxes variation can reflect the solar activity. The far ones are connected with the F10.7 and the near ones are connected with Dst/Kp. (2) The energetic particle fluxes give a scarp change in all energy bands at the beginning coupling period and when the space recovers to be quite, the fluxes will have a long decreasing tail from high to low energy. (3) The coseismic and after effect have been detected in GOES and the pre-seismic emission should exist because the bigger decreasing fluxes in GOES are responding to the period with smaller Kp.
Heidegger’in Felsefi Hermenötiği Açısından Abbas Kiarostami’nin Sanatını Okumak
Authors: SEYED SAADATİ Seyed Mehdi
Published: November 2020

Heidegger’in estetiğe karşı bir eleştiri olarak geliştirdiği sanat felsefesi, sanat eserinin hakikatle kopmuş olan bağı üzerine düşünür ve sanat eserinin kökenini araştırırken, hermenötiği kullanarak şiire ulaşır. Bu sonuç bir taraftan sanatla varlığın evi olarak dil arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklarken, öbür taraftan sanatçıyla varlığın ilişkisini aydınlatır. Sanat eseri hakikati kurarak değer üretir ve dünyayı anlamlandırır. Bunun temel şartı, süje / obje ikilemini reddetmek, yani metafiziği ve böylece estetiği çökertmektir. Metafizik sonrası ve felsefenin bittiği zaman düşünceye düşen, düşünce patikalarında yolculuk yapmaktır. Yol ve yolculuk kavramı, daha çok sinemasıyla tanınan Kiarostami için varoluşsal bir öneme sahiptir. Kırk senelik sanat kariyerinde şiir dahil birçok sanat alanında eser veren Kiarostami’nin çok yönlülüğü ve ayrıca şair oluşu, eserlerinin yorumunda Heideggerci bir bakış açısıyla okunmaya uygun bir zemin hazırlar. Kiarostami için sanat eseri, varlık üzerinden yeni bir perspektife sahip olmak amacıyla yapılan bir yolculuk gibidir. Şair yolculuğunda varlığın gizemini keşfeder. Bu gizem aynı zamanda gizlilik ve açıklığı içeren ve izah edilmekten çekinen meseledir. Sanatçı sanat eseri aracılığıyla bu meseleyi suskun bir şekilde konuşmaya çalışır.
Sensation and Metaphor in Ritual Performance: The Example of Sacred Texts
Authors: Watts James W.
Published: November 2020

Rituals obviously utilize the human senses. Theological and mystical interpretations frequently comment on sensation as a source of metaphors for religious experience. However, the discourse used in religious rituals themselves usually avoids using the normal vocabulary appropriate to particular sensations, while focusing on ritual performance instead. This raises the question of whether it is generally the case that ritualizing sensation diverts attention from sensation to ritual behavior, and whether ritual interpretations usually divert attention from the sensation to its metaphorical meaning. This essay addresses these questions with the analytical tools of metaphor theory and ritual theory. To test and apply these theories, it focuses on one kind of ritual practices, those that involving written texts, especially books of scripture, and how they use the senses of sight, hearing, and touch.
Isaac's Sacrifice: Operation of Word and Image in Ashkenazi Religious Ceremonies
Authors: Shalev-Eyni Sarit
Published: November 2020

In the Ashkenazi public prayer domain, narratives and figures were limited to the illumination of large prayer books used by the cantor and smaller copies for private use, ordered by those members of the community who could afford them. Operation of word and image in this context enabled worshipers to interact with the human ancestors of the Jewish people and related fundamental biblical events perceived in the liturgy as ancestral merits. However, while the basic texts used in such collaborations were recited or sung by the cantor or believers and formed a consistent obligatory part of the liturgy, the images were always a flexible nonobligatory addition, open to variation. Often, there may be a clear gap between the two in regard to contents, a result of the way the Jewish visual language crystallized in Christian Europe. This article exemplifies the complexities involved in the process of such an operation as expressed in two Ashkenazi liturgical manuscripts of around 1300.
A Generative Entanglement: Word and Image in Roman Catholic Devotional Practice
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2020

Devotional piety broadly depends on events that are not accessible for direct observation and commonly offer very little, if anything, in the way of historical documentation. Sometimes the experiences to which devotion is directed in the veneration of saints is based on visionary experience for which reports are contradictory. This essay explores ways in which word and image are brought together to anchor evanescent or ephemeral, or entirely uncertain, origins and provide devotion with stable objects. I develop the view that word and image are generatively entangled, meaning that their ambiguous connections with one another are able to produce a medium in which devotion finds a footing. The discussion focuses on two case studies: Our Lady of Fátima and Saint Jude. Fátima is based on a series of apparitions to young children in 1917 and Jude is a historically shadowy figure whose cult underwent a modern revival, in part assisted by new iconographic developments that allowed devotees to link their saint to very old traditions. Lore and imagery work together as forms of saying and seeing that bring elusive origins into focus.
Construction, Performance, and Interpretation of a Shared Holy Place: The Case of Late Antique Mamre (Rāmat al-Khalīl)
Authors: Heyden Katharina
Published: November 2020

Multi-religious places of worship are a continuous phenomenon in the history of religions from Antiquity to the present day, despite all concrete differences. Analysing a very well-documented example from late Antiquity, Mamre (today Rāmat al-Khalīl) in Palestine (Hebron/al-Khalīl), this article discusses and refines the theoretical concept of “spiritual convergence” developed by Benjamin Z. Kedar. By applying differentiated analysis criteria recommended by Dorothea Weltecke, it also examines the influence of economic interests, political power, concepts of purity, and aspects of time, as well as symbolic and narrative interpretations of the place, in order to explain why spiritual convergence took place at this location for at least five hundred years. The thesis is put forward that it is not only the peripheral location or lower symbolic importance that favoured the side-by-side cult at Mamre, as Ora Limor stated. Even more important for the successful sharing of that holy place was the limit of festivals to one per year and the narrative and symbolism linking the place of Mamre with the virtue of philoxeny and hospitality. This enabled the religious authorities to tolerate and perhaps even promote multireligious coexistence—especially as this was to the economic benefit of the region and thus of all ethnic and religious groups. Based on the detailed case study on late antique Mamre, the article also inquires which methodological findings and questions can be applied to other shared holy places. The emphasis lies on the interplay between building activities, ritual performance, and symbolic interpretation in constructing and sharing holy spaces.
The Snake and the Mongoose: The Emergence of Identity in Early Indian Religion by Nathan McGovern
Authors: Maes Claire
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of The Snake and the Mongoose: The Emergence of Identity in Early Indian Religion by Nathan McGovern (2019).
Scriptural Reasoning among Jews and Muslims in London: Dynamics of an Inter-Religious Practice
Authors: Van Esdonk Susanne , Wiegers Gerard
Published: November 2020

Scriptural Reasoning (SR)—the philosophical inter-religious study of foundational religious texts—came into being as an academic practice in the 1990s. In this article, based on empirical research, we analyse how in London over the past decades this practice has gradually been applied by new groups—including as a means for Jewish-Muslim engagement, the focus of our research. We discuss the ways in which the role of the foundational religious texts in SR practices has changed and how Jewish and Muslim initiators and participants at the local level now navigate between academic theological guidelines, daily interactions, and grassroots’ objectives for inter-religious engagement. We argue that SR practices, after having been adapted to community and individual needs and responding to religious and social caveats from different sides, provide a meaningful approach to constructive and dynamic interaction and engagement between Jews and Muslims at a grassroots level.
The Law of Nature, Mosaic Judaism, and Primitive Christianity in John Locke and the English Deists
Authors: Lucci Diego
Published: November 2020

In their attempts to revive “true religion,” Locke and several English deists, such as Toland, Tindal, Chubb, Morgan, and Annet, focused on the relationship between the Law of Nature, the Law of Moses, and Christ’s teaching. However, Locke and the deists formulated different conceptions of the Law of Nature and its relationship with natural religion, Mosaic Judaism, and primitive Christianity. Locke saw the history of human knowledge of morality and religion as a process of gradual disclosure of divinely given truths—a process culminating in Christian revelation. He argued that the Law of Faith, established by Christ, had complemented the Law of Nature and superseded the Law of Moses. Conversely, the deists maintained that the only true religion was the universal, eternal, necessary, and sufficient religion of nature founded on the Law of Nature. They thought that Jesus had merely reaffirmed the Law of Nature, accessible to natural reason, without adding anything to it. Concerning Mosaic Judaism, there were significant differences between Toland and later deists. Toland considered Mosaic Judaism to be on a par with primitive Christianity, since he viewed both the Law of Moses and Christ’s precepts as essentially grounded in the Law of Nature. Conversely, Tindal and Chubb judged the ritual prescriptions of the Mosaic Law superseded by Christ’s revival of natural religion. Morgan and Annet went even further, for they identified true Christianity with the religion of nature, but criticized Mosaic Judaism as a corruption of natural religion. Briefly, Locke and the English deists aimed to recover true religion from long-lasting distortions. However, their rethinking of the relationship between the Law of Nature, the Mosaic Law, and Christ’s message led to different conceptions, uses, and appropriations of natural religion, Mosaic Judaism, and primitive Christianity in their attempts to restore what they perceived as true religion.
Buddhism and Confucianism in the Tangut State
Authors: Solonin Kirill
Published: November 2020

From a generic perspective, the Tangut ideological system can be represented as the conflation of three major factors: in the course of their history, the Tanguts were open to ideological inflows originating mainly on the Central Plains (1, Buddhism and Confucianism) and the Tibetan Plateau (2, Buddhism). These two inflows encountered the Tangut indigenous ideology (3), which had obviously emerged before the proclamation of the Tangut State, and is scarcely known. These elements developed into a unique amalgamation provisionally identified as ‘Tangut ideology,’ or the ‘Tangut tradition.’ This ‘tradition’ cannot be reconstructed in its entirety: our sources are limited to the surviving textual materials in the Tangut language and scattered evidence in a variety of Chinese sources, and, to an even lesser extent, in the Tibetan chronicles. This paper seeks to deal with just one aspect of the multifaceted Tangut ideological system: the relation between Buddhism and Confucianism in the Tangut State. The main conclusion is that despite the fact that the role of Confucianism is not clearly evident in existing sources, the ultimate importance of Confucian influence is the formation of the Tangut *wen* 文.
Reclaiming the Spirit through the Body: The Nascent Spirituality of Modern Postural Yoga
Authors: Sarbacker Stuart Ray
Published: November 2020

In viewing physical practice as instrumental, traditions of modern postural yoga contain an implicit spirituality that echoes its historical precursors in the medieval traditions of haṭhayoga. The physicality of modern postural yoga tradition links the practices of premodern haṭhayoga traditions with disciplines of body that are characteristic of modern cosmopolitanism, such as gymnastics and calisthenics. The principal modern yoga gurus of the twentieth century—such as B. K. S. Iyengar and K. Pattabhi Jois—viewed postural yoga as distinct from purely physical disciplines on the basis that yoga has an inner dimension that other systems do not possess. Contemporary yoga practitioners have sought to make this inner dimension more transparent through appeals to traditional Hindu and Buddhist philosophy and by adopting practices that are explicitly contemplative or spiritual in nature.
Biographical Metamorphoses in the History of Religion - Moshe Idel and Three Aspects of Mircea Eliade
Authors: Iricinschi Eduard
Published: November 2020

This paper includes an extended review of Moshe Idel’s Mircea Eliade: From Magic to Myth (New York: Peter Lang, 2014) through a triple analysis of Eliade’s early literary, epistolary, and academic texts. The paper examines Idel’s analysis of some important themes in Eliade’s research, such as his shift from understanding religion as magic to its interpretation as myth; the conception of the camouflage of sacred; the notions of androgyny and restoration; and also young Eliade’s theories of death.The paper also discusses Idel’s evaluation of Eliade’s programatic misunderstanding of Judaism and Kabbalah, and also of Eliade’s moral and professional abdication regarding the political and religious aspect of the Iron Guard, a Romanian nationalist extremist and anti-Semitic group he was affiliated with in 1930s.
Wang Yongbo & Lothar Ledderose (eds.): Buddhist Stone Sutras in China: Shandong Province, Vol. 1.
Authors: Sørensen Henrik H.
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of Wang Yongbo's and Lothar Ledderose'sBuddhist Stone Sutras in China: Shandong Province, Vol. 1.Hangzhou and Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz and China Academy of Art Press, 2014. XXIV + 506 pages, hardcover € [D] 158, ISBN 978–3–447–06931–1.
Fragile Pluralism
Authors: Soeffner Hans-Georg
Published: November 2020

This essay first appeared in German in Magdalena Tzaneva, ed. Nachtflug der Eule: 150 Stimmen zum Werk von Niklas Luhmann. Gedenkbuch zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann (8. Dezember 1927 Lüneburg – 6. November 1998 Oerlinghausen). Berlin: LiDi EuropEdition (2013), 73–100.

A shorter version of the essay was published in Hans-Georg Soeffner, and Thea D. Boldt, eds. Fragiler Pluralismus, Wiesbaden: VS Springer (2014), 207–24.

The present translation for Entangled Religions – Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Religious Contact and Transfer is by Nicola Morris.

 

The article describes the emergence of pluralism within the process of globalization and the impact of this development upon individuals communication and the definitions of the ‘self’ and the ‘Other’. The author illustrates the pitfalls of the human tendency to view the world from an ethnocentric perspective and with the corresponding attitude. He argues that in ‘open societies’, successful citizens will be capable of recognising and articulating distinctions between individuals, as well as between groups, beliefs, lifestyles and attitudes. These citizens must also be aware and capable of adapting for their purposes the full repertoire of language games and role games in their social world, in order to perceive and utilise comprehensive systems such as frameworks for cooperation. These skills will help them implement ‘maxims of communication’ and ‘existential hypotheses’.
Religious competition: is it a useful concept?
Authors: Naerebout Frederick G.
Published: November 2020

In recent years ‘competition’ has become an ever more popular concept in the study of ancient religions. Or should that be a label? Innovative concept or mere label: to come to a decision, we should ask some questions. What are the studies that advertise themselves as dealing with competition about, what do people understand by it? Does competition do what it should be doing: provide some new interpretative framework, and, in the case of edited volumes, tie the different contributions together? In order to answer these questions, a fairly recently published volume (Rosenblum, Vuong & DesRosiers, 2014) will be analyzed in some detail and compared to some other publications that cover (or seem to cover) the same ground.
William E. Paden: New Patterns for Comparative Religion. Passages to an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Bornet Philippe
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:William E. Paden: New Patterns for Comparative Religion. Passages to an Evolutionary Perspective.London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 264 pages, $114.00/£ 85.00, ISBN (hardback) 978-1-4742-5210-2.
Editorial: A Look Back Upon 2016
Authors: Strotmann Vivian
Published: November 2020

This editorial offers you a look at some of the developments during the past year and provides quick access to all contributions of the issue ER 3 (2016) through links.
Douglas E. Cowan: Sacred Terror. Religion and Horror on the Silver Screen
Authors: Thornton Sybil A.
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Douglas E. Cowan: Sacred Terror. Religion and Horror on the Silver Screen. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2016. 325 pages, $29,95, ISBN (paperback): 978-1-4813-0490-0.
Bengt-Ove Andreassen & James R. Lewis (eds.): Textbook Gods. Genre, Text and Teaching Religious Studies
Authors: Trein Lorenz
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Bengt-Ove Andreassen & James R. Lewis (eds.):Textbook Gods. Genre, Text and Teaching Religious StudiesSheffield/Bristol: Equinox, 2014. 256 pages, £55.00/$85.00 (hardback), £18.99/$29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-78179-054-0 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-78179-055-7 (paperback).
Religious Diversity in the Egyptian Desert: New Findings from the Dakhleh Oasis
Authors: Brand Mattias
Published: November 2020

New archaeological and papyrological discoveries in the Egyptian desert are destined to impact the study of religion in late antiquity. This extended review of An Oasis City (2015) will highlight some of most important findings related to the religious diversity of the region. The tremendous wealth of the new discoveries offers insight into the development of religion during the later Roman Empire. Building on this archaeological overview of Amheida (ancient Trimithis in the Dakhleh Oasis), this paper discusses the local situation of Egyptian religion, Christianity, and Manichaeism in late antiquity, with a particular focus on religious diversity and interaction in everyday life.
Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia
Authors: Dege-Müller Sophia
Published: November 2020

The Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jews, have suffered from a negative or complete misrepresentation in the written and oral sources of pre-modern Ethiopia. The term “Jew” was deliberately chosen to stigmatize heretic groups, or any other group deviating from the normative church doctrine. Often no difference was made between Jewish groups or heretic Christians; they were marginalized and persecuted in the harshest way. The article illustrates how Jews are featured in the Ethiopian sources, the apparent patterns in this usage, and the polemic language chosen to describe these people.
Mapping Jewish-Christian Relations from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (600-1800) - An Introduction to JCR-MIO
Authors: Roggema Barbara
Published: November 2020

This brief article describes how the research team of the ERC-project JewsEast is preparing a major inventory of sources from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean that address Jewish-Christian relations in these regions. In it is explained what types of source material will be treated in the survey.
Between the Altar and the Pulpit: The (New?) Materiality of the Spiritual
Authors: Esser Raingard , Strübind Andrea
Published: November 2020

This special issue is based on papers presented at the international conference “Zwischen Kanzel und Altar. Die (neue) Materialität des Spirituellen” held at the Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek, Emden in April 2016. Continuity and change in church interiors were key concepts addressed at the conference. The studies presented here analyse the impact of confessional change on church interiors and intentionally move away from the cathedrals and parish churches in the political and religious centres of early modern Europe.
Digressions on Polytropy: An Exploration of Religious Eclecticism in Eurasia
Authors: Albera Dionigi
Published: November 2020

The anthropologist Michael Carrithers introduced the notion of polytropy in the field of the study of religion, proposing that this notion (deriving from the Greek poly, ‘many’, and tropos, ‘turning’) may account for the eclecticism and fluidity of South Asian religious life. The exploration effectuated in the article suggests that the notion of polytropy could offer a promising tool for capturing some important features of religiosity in other Asiatic contexts, too, as well as in the Mediterranean. Polytropic trends appear in different religious contexts, from the fuzzy Chinese situation, where religious affiliations are very limited in their scope and relevance, to the South Asian contexts, in which religious orientations coalesce around the multivocal concept of dharma, to the tightly structured Abrahamic religions in the Mediterranean with their strong confessionalism. Polytropy is associated with a practical mode of religiosity and is linked to a particular conception of believing in which the believer tends to multiply the transactions with different supra-mundane partners. This orientation is distinct from religious styles that are based on a discursive and scriptural approach and/or on the cultivation of oneself, which often display a tendency towards unity, coherence and continuity. This permits identifying an opposite pole with respect to polytropy, which I define as monotropy.
Spirit of Place and Nation Building: Kosovo and Bosnia from Imperial to Post-Communist Times
Authors: Zimmermann Tanja
Published: November 2020

During the period of nation building, the spirit of place (genius loci), attributing uniqueness to specific locations and ascribing to them close attachment to the nation, became a central vehicle for defending and appropriating territories and even for establishing a diaspora in exile. It was evoked through discursive practices reminiscent of religious rhetoric and around monumental works of art, thereby staging history as mythical sacred theatre. The process of establishing imagined national geographies during the long period of nation building from the nineteenth century to the post-communist period is analysed in comparative perspective in two multi-religious and multi-ethnical regions in southeast Europe—Kosovo and Bosnia. The leading question I will try to answer is why the Field of Blackbirds in Kosovo was successfully established as a national holy place in the collective memory of the Serbs, whereas similar efforts in Bosnia did not result in inscribing mythic places into national memory.
A Cautionary Note When Looking for a Truly Reconfigurable Resistive RAM PUF
Authors: Chuang Kai-Hsin , Degraeve Robin , Fantini Andrea , Groeseneken Guido , Linten Dimitri , Verbauwhede Ingrid
Published: November 2020

The reconfigurable physically unclonable function (PUF) is an advanced security hardware primitive, suitable for applications requiring key renewal or similar refresh functions. The Oxygen vacancies-based resistive RAM (RRAM), has been claimed to be a physically reconfigurable PUF due to its intrinsic switching variability. This paper first analyzes and compares various previously published RRAM-based PUFs with a physics-based RRAM model. We next discuss their possible reconfigurability assuming an ideal configuration-to-configuration behavior. The RRAM-to-RRAM variability, which mainly originates from a variable number of unremovable vacancies inside the RRAM filament, however, has been observed to have significant impact on the reconfigurability. We show by quantitative analysis on the clear uniqueness degradation from the ideal situation in all the discussed implementations. Thus we conclude that true reconfigurability with RRAM PUFs might be unachievable due to this physical phenomena.
Generic Low-Latency Masking in Hardware
Authors: Gross Hannes , Iusupov Rinat , Bloem Roderick
Published: November 2020

In this work, we introduce a generalized concept for low-latency masking that is applicable to any implementation and protection order, and (in its most extreme form) does not require on-the-fly randomness. The main idea of our approach is to avoid collisions of shared variables in nonlinear circuit parts and to skip the share compression. We show the feasibility of our approach on a full implementation of a one-round unrolled Ascon variant and on an AES S-box case study. Additionally, we discuss possible trade-offs to make our approach interesting for practical implementations. As a result, we obtain a first-order masked AES S-box that is calculated in a single clock cycle with rather high implementation costs (60.7 kGE), and a two-cycle variant with much less implementation costs (6.7 kGE). The side-channel resistance of our Ascon S-box designs up to order three are then verified using the formal analysis tool of [BGI+18]. Furthermore, we introduce a taint checking based verification approach that works specifically for our low-latency approach and allows us to verify large circuits like our low-latency AES S-box design in reasonable time.
Hardware Masking, Revisited
Authors: De Cnudde Thomas , Ender Maik , Moradi Amir
Published: November 2020

MaskingHardware masking schemes have shown many advances in the past few years. Through a series of publications their implementation cost has dropped significantly and flaws have been fixed where present. Despite these advancements it seems that a limit has been reached when implementing masking schemes on FPGA platforms. Indeed, even with a correct transition from the masking scheme to the masking realization (i.e., when the implementation is not buggy) it has been shown that the implementation can still exhibit unexpected leakage, e.g., through variations in placement and routing. In this work, we show that the reason for such unexpected leakages is the violation of an underlying assumption made by all masking schemes, i.e., that the leakage of the circuit is a linear sum of leakages associated to each share. In addition to the theory of VLSI which supports our claim, we perform a wide range of experiments based on an FPGA) to find out under what circumstances this causes a masked hardware implementation to show undesirable leakage. We further illustrate case studies, where publicly-known secure designs exhibit first-order leakage when being operated at certain conditions.
Stealthy Opaque Predicates in Hardware - Obfuscating Constant Expressions at Negligible Overhead
Authors: Hoffmann Max , Paar Christof
Published: November 2020

Opaque predicates are a well-established fundamental building block for software obfuscation. Simplified, an opaque predicate implements an expression that provides constant Boolean output, but appears to have dynamic behavior for static analysis. Even though there has been extensive research regarding opaque predicates in software, techniques for opaque predicates in hardware are barely explored. In this work, we propose a novel technique to instantiate opaque predicates in hardware, such that they (1) are resource-efficient, and (2) are challenging to reverse engineer even with dynamic analysis capabilities. We demonstrate the applicability of opaque predicates in hardware for both, protection of intellectual property and obfuscation of cryptographic hardware Trojans. Our results show that we are able to implement stealthy opaque predicates in hardware with minimal overhead in area and no impact on latency.
High-Performance FV Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs: An Implementation using CUDA
Authors: Badawi Ahmad Al , Veeravalli Bharadwaj , Mun Chan Fook , Aung Khin Mi Mi
Published: November 2020

Homomorphic encryption (HE) offers great capabilities that can solve a wide range of privacy-preserving computing problems. This tool allows anyone to process encrypted data producing encrypted results that only the decryption key’s owner can decrypt. Although HE has been realized in several public implementations, its performance is quite demanding. The reason for this is attributed to the huge amount of computation required by secure HE schemes. In this work, we present a CUDAbased implementation of the Fan and Vercauteren (FV) Somewhat HomomorphicEncryption (SHE) scheme. We demonstrate several algebraic tools such as the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT), Residual Number System (RNS) and Discrete Galois Transform (DGT) to accelerate and facilitate FV computation on GPUs. We also show how the entire FV computation can be done on GPU without multi-precision arithmetic. We compare our GPU implementation with two mature state-of-the-art implementations: 1) Microsoft SEAL v2.3.0-4 and 2) NFLlib-FV. Our implementation outperforms them and achieves on average 5.37x, 7.37x, 22.22x, 5.11x and 13.18x (resp. 2.03x, 2.94x, 27.86x, 8.53x and 18.69x) for key generation, encryption, decryption, homomorphic addition and homomorphic multiplication against SEAL-FVRNS (resp. NFLlib-FV).
Evaluation and Monitoring of Free Running Oscillators Serving as Source of Randomness
Authors: Noumon Allini Elie , Skórski Maciej , Petura Oto , Bernard Florent , Laban Marek , Fischer Viktor
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we evaluate clock signals generated in ring oscillators and self-timed rings and the way their jitter can be transformed into random numbers. We show that counting the periods of the jittery clock signal produces random numbers of significantly better quality than the methods in which the jittery signal is simply sampled (the case in almost all current methods). Moreover, we use the counter values to characterize and continuously monitor the source of randomness. However, instead of using the widely used statistical variance, we propose to use Allan variance to do so. There are two main advantages: Allan variance is insensitive to low frequency noises such as flicker noise that are known to be autocorrelated and significantly less circuitry is required for its computation than that used to compute commonly used variance. We also show that it is essential to use a differential principle of randomness extraction from the jitter based on the use of two identical oscillators to avoid autocorrelations originating from external and internal global jitter sources and that this fact is valid for both kinds of rings. Last but not least, we propose a method of statistical testing based on high order Markov model to show the reduced dependencies when the proposed randomness extraction is applied.
Key Extraction Using Thermal Laser Stimulation
Authors: Lohrke Heiko , Tajik Shahin , Krachenfels Thilo , Boit Christian , Seifert Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2020

Thermal laser stimulation (TLS) is a failure analysis technique, which can be deployed by an adversary to localize and read out stored secrets in the SRAM of a chip. To this date, a few proof-of-concept experiments based on TLS or similar approaches have been reported in the literature, which do not reflect a real attack scenario. Therefore, it is still questionable whether this attack technique is applicable to modern ICs equipped with side-channel countermeasures. The primary aim of this work is to assess the feasibility of launching a TLS attack against a device with robust security features. To this end, we select a modern FPGA, and more specifically, its key memory, the so-called battery-backed SRAM (BBRAM), as a target. We demonstrate that an attacker is able to extract the stored 256-bit AES key used for the decryption of the FPGA’s bitstream, by conducting just a single non-invasive measurement. Moreover, it becomes evident that conventional countermeasures are incapable of preventing our attack since the FPGA is turned off during key recovery. Based on our time measurements, the required effort to develop the attack is shown to be less than 7 hours. To avert this powerful attack, we propose a low-cost and CMOS compatible countermeasure circuit, which is capable of protecting the BBRAM from TLS attempts even when the FPGA is powered off. Using a proof-of-concept prototype of our countermeasure, we demonstrate its effectiveness against TLS key extraction attempts.
Preface to TCHES 2018
Authors: Page Daniel , Rivain Matthieu
Published: November 2020

DOI: 10.13154/tches.v2018.i1.I-IV
Return of the Hidden Number Problem.
Authors: Ryan Keegan
Published: November 2020

Side channels have long been recognized as a threat to the security of cryptographic applications. Implementations can unintentionally leak secret information through many channels, such as microarchitectural state changes in processors, changes in power consumption, or electromagnetic radiation. As a result of these threats, many implementations have been hardened to defend against these attacks. Despite these mitigations, this work presents a novel side-channel attack against ECDSA and DSA. The attack targets a common implementation pattern that is found in many cryptographic libraries. In fact, about half of the libraries that were tested exhibited the vulnerable pattern. This pattern is exploited in a full proof of concept attack against OpenSSL, demonstrating that it is possible to extract a 256-bit ECDSA private key using a simple cache attack after observing only a few thousand signatures. The target of this attack is a previously unexplored part of (EC)DSA signature generation, which explains why mitigations are lacking and the issue is so widespread. Finally, estimates are provided for the minimum number of signatures needed to perform the attack, and countermeasures are suggested to protect against this attack.
Non-Profiled Deep Learning-based Side-Channel attacks with Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Timon Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Deep Learning has recently been introduced as a new alternative to perform Side-Channel analysis [MPP16]. Until now, studies have been focused on applying Deep Learning techniques to perform Profiled Side-Channel attacks where an attacker has a full control of a profiling device and is able to collect a large amount of traces for different key values in order to characterize the device leakage prior to the attack. In this paper we introduce a new method to apply Deep Learning techniques in a Non-Profiled context, where an attacker can only collect a limited number of side-channel traces for a fixed unknown key value from a closed device. We show that by combining key guesses with observations of Deep Learning metrics, it is possible to recover information about the secret key. The main interest of this method is that it is possible to use the power of Deep Learning and Neural Networks in a Non-Profiled scenario. We show that it is possible to exploit the translation-invariance property of Convolutional Neural Networks [CDP17] against de-synchronized traces also during Non-Profiled side-channel attacks. In this case, we show that this method can outperform classic Non-Profiled attacks such as Correlation Power Analysis. We also highlight that it is possible to break masked implementations in black-box, without leakages combination pre-preprocessing and with no assumptions nor knowledge about the masking implementation. To carry the attack, we introduce metrics based on Sensitivity Analysis that can reveal both the secret key value as well as points of interest, such as leakages and masks locations in the traces. The results of our experiments demonstrate the interests of this new method and show that this attack can be performed in practice.