bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific variation among isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland
Authors: Downes Martin , Meade Conor , Boyle Stephen , Rolston Alec , Kakouli-Duarte Thomae
Published: May 2009

The application of large numbers of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to control insect pests of agriculture is likely to have an impact on the local EPN fauna, yet little is known about the intraspecific relationships between EPN populations, particularly with regard to phylogeny and outbreeding. Here we assess the fitness, with regards to fecundity, host insect mortality and time taken to produce progeny, of isolates of Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland. Exon-primed, intron-crossing (EPIC) PCR was used to examine intraspecific phylogenies between S. feltiae isolates, and identified up to three possible colonisation events of Bull Island. EPIC-PCR grouped two isolates, 33.D.(2) and 59.F.(2), separately from the remaining ten S. feltiae isolates These same two isolates consistently performed poorly in all fitness assessments. Following the crossbreeding of all isolates in Galleria mellonella, the number of host cadavers exhibiting emerging infective juveniles was significantly fewer than expected and there were significant differences between isolates in the number of days until progeny were observed. Host insect mortality varied between 40 and 87%. Such intraspecific variation may be a result of adaptation to different microhabitats of Bull Island, which in turn may be accentuated by laboratory culture practices.
Application of Pluronic gel to the study of root-knot nematode behaviour
Authors: Wang Congli , Lower Steven , Williamson Valerie M.
Published: May 2009

Pluronic F-127 is a stable, non-toxic, copolymer that forms a gel at room
temperature and a liquid at 15°C when the concentration is 20-30%. Root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) second-stage juveniles can move freely through
the gel and display attraction toward roots of tomato, Medicago truncatula,
common bean and Arabidopsis. The excellent clarity of the gel allows
examination of behavioural changes in the nematode as it reaches and infects
its host. Attraction assays showed that Meloidogyne javanica and M.
incognita move to roots much more rapidly than does M. hapla. Nematodes form
aggregates when in contact with root tips suggesting that the presence of a
signal from the nematode or from the root is involved in the attraction.
Nematodes suspended in Pluronic gel without roots aggregate into balls after
1 to 2 days. A coverslip placed on the gel accelerates and serves as a focus
for the aggregation, suggesting that lower oxygen, or perhaps a volatile
attractant, is involved in this behaviour. These observations demonstrate
that Pluronic gel is a useful medium for dissecting attraction of root-knot
nematodes to their hosts and for studying additional aspects of their
behaviour.
Comparative studies on some physiological and biochemical characters in white and brown cysts of Heterodera glycines race 4
Authors: Liu Jing , Wu Haiyan , Wang Zhenhua , Shi Libo , Li Xiuxia
Published: May 2009

Previous research showed that the hatch of second-stage juveniles (J2) from white females (cysts) was significantly different from that of J2 from brown cysts, which indicated that there were differences in diapause between J2 in white and brown cysts. In order to find out the relationships between some biochemical characters and diapause of Heterodera glycines, hatch rate and biochemical indices (total carbohydrate, glycogen, trehalose, glycerol and protein, and activity of esterase and trehalase) in white and brown cysts of H. glycines race 4 were studied. The results suggested that hatch rate of J2 from brown cysts was significantly lower than that of J2 from white cysts. The glycogen and protein content and the activity of esterase in brown cysts were lower than in white cysts, whereas the total carbohydrate and trehalose content and the activity of trehalase in brown cysts were higher than in white cysts. Therefore, diapause in unhatched J2 in brown cysts was more extensive than that in J2 in white cysts, and active mutual transformation between trehalose and glycogen existed in brown cysts. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that there are 15 and 10 protein bands in white and brown cysts, respectively, and proteins of molecular masses 116.6, 79.1, 68.2, 64.3 and 60.5 kDa existed in white cysts, but were not present in brown cysts. There were three and six bands in patterns of esterase isoenzymes in white and brown cysts, respectively; EST0.63, EST0.75, EST0.81 of esterase isoenzymes occurred in brown cysts but not in white cysts. The result suggested that protein content declined and activity of esterase isoenzyme was enhanced during the transition from white to brown cyst. The low hatch rate of J2 from eggs in brown cysts might be related to these indices.
Molecular identification of some Hoplolaimus species from the USA based on duplex PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis
Authors: Robbins Robert , Szalanski Allen , Bae Chang-Hwan
Published: May 2009

Two different molecular approaches, a multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP of ITS-rDNA, were developed for the identification of Hoplolaimus species. DNA sequences of H. columbus, H. galeatus, H. concaudajuvencus, H. magnistylus, H. seinhorsti and three undescribed Hoplolaimus species were used to design species-specific primers. Three reverse species-specific PCR primers for H. columbus, H. galeatus and H. magnistylus were developed using the ITS1 region exhibiting interspecific variation. Three species-specific PCR primers in combination with the forward primer, Hoc-1f, produced distinct amplicons of 580 bp for H. columbus, 120 bp for H. galeatus and 340 bp for H. magnistylus. We successfully identified each of three species by multiplex PCR when all three were mixed in a single PCR reaction. Restriction enzyme digests of the PCR amplicon using HaeIII and RsaI permitted discrimination of H. columbus, H. galeatus, H. magnistylus, H. concaudajuvencus, H. sp. 1, H. sp. 2 and H. sp. 3 from each other. These results suggest that these molecular techniques allow for rapid, easy and reliable identification of Hoplolaimus species.
The Temporal Dimension of Addiction
Authors: Kemp Ryan
Published: May 2009

Knowledge concerning the relation of the addicted subject to time is deepened through a phenomenological analysis. The theoretical understanding of lived-time, or temporality, is explored with particular reference to the theories of Heidegger, Fuchs and van den Berg. Grounded in a description of the lived experiences of addicted persons, it is argued that the temporal relation of the addict is drawn, by the adoption of an addictive existence, primarily towards “the now” which predisposes the addict to various consequences. These include impulsiveness, sleep disturbance, pain and social alienation. The relation of addiction to death is also briefly discussed in its temporal dimension. Implications for treatment and therapy are explored.
A Prostitute's Lived Experiences of Stigma
Authors: Tomura Miyuki
Published: May 2009

This research used a semi-structured interview method and Smith and Osborn's (2003) interpretive phenomenological analysis to investigate a female prostitute's experiences of stigma associated with her work. To structure the interview schedule, Seidman's (2006) in-depth phenomenologically based interviewing method, which comprises three areas of focus, “focused life history,” “details of the experience” under investigation, and “reflection of the meaning” of the experience, was used as a general guide. Ten broad psychological themes were identified: 1) awareness of engaging in what people think is bad; (2) negative labeling by people who discover she is a prostitute; 3) hiding and lying about her identity as a prostitute to avoid being labeled negatively; 4) hiding and lying about her prostitution identity result in stress, anxiety, and exhaustion; 5) wishing she did not have to hide and lie about being a prostitute; 6) questioning and objecting to the stigmatization of prostitution; 7) managing the sense of stigmatization by persons who know about her prostitution by shifting focus away from devaluing and toward valuable qualities of prostitution; 8) developing occupational esteem and self-esteem through reflection of values; 9) compassion towards other people who suffer from stigma; and 10) resiliency.
Epistolarity in a Nahdah Climate: The Role of Mayy Ziyādah's Letter Writing
Authors: Khaldi Boutheina
Published: May 2009

It is the purpose of this article to study Mayy Ziyādah's (d. 1941) epistolary art as an extension of her salon in the years of its formation, 1913-1936. While her salon gathered together the most distinguished Nahdah elite, her epistolary art consolidated an enormous network that included intellectuals from all over the Arab world, Europe, and North and South America. Her epistolary art made use of the eighteenth-century French salon model, but it also drew on a solid tradition of Arabic chancery art that reached its peak between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. Her letters as well as the letters addressed to her demonstrate how central her role and function as salonnière and littérateure were to the Nahdah climate of ideas. The article also provides a typological reading of this art, placing it in the context of French and Egyptian models.
Narrative and the Reading Public in 1870s Beirut
Authors: Holt Elizabeth
Published: May 2009

This paper reads narrative published in the journals of 1870s Beirut in the context of an emerging bourgeois readership and argues that the significance of this archive to modern Arabic fiction has been neglected by critics. Taking the intensification of the silk trade with France following the civil war of 1860 as a point of historical departure, this paper traces the nexus of multiple influences upon narrative forms published in the burgeoning press of this period. Reading two serialized novels of 1870 alongside one another, this paper reveals the centrality of suspense to the proliferation of the press and the novel form. Anticipation, anxiety and hope pervade the pages of these periodicals as readers and writers negotiate changing notions of class and gender. The final portion of the paper returns to the question of influence, exposing the overdetermined narrative weave that connects these early serialized Arabic novels to not only the European novel, but also the heritage of popular Arabic storytelling epitomized by A Thousand and One Nights.
Indigenous Participation in Elective Bodies: The Maori in New Zealand
Authors: Xanthaki Alexandra , O'Sullivan Dominic
Published: May 2009

The article argues that Maori political participation in New Zealand constitutes a positive example of how the current international standards on indigenous political participation can be implemented at the national level. Notwithstanding the weaknesses of the system and the challenges laying ahead, the combination of the Mixed Member Proportional electoral system, dedicated Maori seats and the establishment of the Maori Party have ensured a Maori voice in Parliament and have broadened the possibilities of effective indigenous participation in the political life of the state. Such state practice that implements the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples firmly confirms the position of the Declaration within current international law.
Human and Group Rights Issues in Ethiopia: A Reply to Kjetil Tronvoll
Authors: Assefa Getachew
Published: May 2009

In an article published in the International Journal on Minority and Group Rights ('Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia: When Ethnic Identity is a Political Stigma', 15(1) (2008) 49–79), Kjetil Tronvoll from Oslo University argued that in federal Ethiopia, the violations of human rights are in some ways ethnically motivated. Tronvoll's arguments are based on the concluding observations of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) on Ethiopia. The objective of my Reply is to show that both CERD and Tronvoll have made unsubstantiated generalisations in trying to gauge any violation of human rights in Ethiopia as an ethnically-motivated occurrence. With this purpose in view, the current article briefly discusses the constitutional legal framework of the Ethiopian federal system, and critically examines the positions of CERD and Dr. Tronvoll.
Reappraising Diplomacy: Structural Diplomacy and the Case of the European Union
Authors: Keukeleire Stephan , Justaert Arnout , Thiers Robin
Published: May 2009

Diverse shifts have taken place in both the daily practice and academic analyses of diplomacy. The authors argue that the various conceptualizations do not sufficiently take into account that diplomacy is increasingly concerned with influencing or shaping structures. The aim of this article is therefore to reappraise the nature of diplomacy in general and of the European Union in particular by elaborating on the concept structural diplomacy. This concept refers to the process of dialogue and negotiation by which actors in the international system seek to influence or shape sustainable external political, legal, economic, social and security structures at different relevant levels in a given geographic space (from the level of the individual and society, to the state, regional and global levels). The EU's institutional and diplomatic set-up allows it to conduct structural diplomacy. However, the extent and effectiveness of this diplomacy strongly differ depending on the regions in question.
The EU and the Diplomacy of Complex Interregionalism
Authors: Hardacre Alan , Smith Michael
Published: May 2009

This article explores the diplomatic implications of a central pillar in EU external relations: the development of interregional relations. In particular, the article investigates the emergence of a specific pattern of interregional relations — 'complex interregionalism' — and develops an initial framework for the analysis of this phenomenon. This framework allows for a detailed investigation of how the EU has simultaneously engaged in bilateral, multilateral and interregional relations across the globe. The EU — notably the Commission — is found to have a consistent and coherent complex interregional strategy that it employs across three world regions: Asia; Africa; and Latin America. This strategy embodies multi-level interregional relations, but aspires to the creation of 'pure interregionalism' between the EU and other customs unions. Such a strategy presents two key tensions that lie at the heart of 'complex interregionalism': the first tension is between the reality of multi-level diplomacy and the desire for 'pure interregionalism'; and the second is between the Commission's strategic vision and the realities of Council-shaped diplomacy. Analysis of the internal and external dynamics of the strategic pursuit of interregionalism, and the failure to implement it fully, can thus offer important insights for the study of both the EU's external relations and EU diplomacy.
The European Union in Multilateral Diplomacy
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: May 2009

This article examines the role of the European Union in multilateral diplomacy. By means of synthesizing and summarizing research on seven selected policy fields, the article aims to make more general claims than single policy or single case studies allow. The analysis focuses on five analytical dimensions: governance (that is, how the EU handles multilateral diplomacy in different international institutions); the role of EU domestic politics; negotiation style(s); outreach; and impact. As the seven policy fields comprise some very diverse issue-areas, it would not be wise to expect any uniform approach or general findings. However, the analysis does show that the EU is increasingly engaged in multilateral diplomacy, actually playing a leadership role in some policy fields. Findings do not correspond to traditional expectations concerning the EU's engagement in politico-economic and security issues, as the EU plays a limited role in financial and macro-economic diplomacy and a fairly significant role in non-proliferation and crisis management. The article suggests that an extension to more policy fields and more analytical dimensions would provide the comprehensive understanding of the European Union's role in multilateral diplomacy that the engagement deserves.
Taking Stock: 50 Years of European Diplomacy
Authors: Spence David
Published: May 2009

The assumption that the European Union is creating a new diplomacy begs many questions. However, it is clear that the role of national diplomats in the integrative processes has changed dramatically during the last 50 years, producing a blueprint for a new form of European diplomacy. It is apparent that European diplomacy has been characterized by the existence of two broad but distinct diplomatic career paths, each with a separate and specific mindset, and that there are, arguably, two identifiable epistemic communities of European diplomats — national and supranational — sometimes cooperating willingly, sometimes reluctantly, in an interplay between national and EU diplomacy. Against this background, in the short term a 'variable geometry' of representation is likely to continue, as member states refashion their networks of representation, influenced by a combination of international involvement, perceptions of national need and, at times, the unwelcome dictates of diminishing national resources. But a new European diplomacy already exists alongside the old, and its distinctive feature is the withering away of explicit national interests.
Cooperation and Control in the European Union
Authors: Delreux Tom
Published: May 2009

This article examines the internal decision-making process in the European Union when the EU participates in international environmental negotiations. More particularly, the practical functioning of the relation between the member states and the EU negotiator (i.e. the Commission, the Presidency or a lead country), representing the member states externally, is examined. Starting from principal—agent theory and based on empirical research on eight EU decision-making processes with regard to international environmental negotiations, the article argues, first, that control by the member states on the EU negotiator takes place most manifestly during the course of the international negotiations, and, second, that these ad locum control mechanisms perform not only a control function, but also a cooperation function.
Jeremiah 44: What if `the Queen of Heaven' is YHWH?
Authors: Ellis Teresa Ann
Published: May 2009

Jeremiah 44 provides an image unusual within prophetic literature—the prophet's female adversaries are not portrayed in terms of sexuality. Jeremiah denounces a group of Judean women and men who revere `the Queen of Heaven'. His central accusation is that they have caused YHWH's anger, and thus the fall of the kingdom of Judah. Yet, this article maintains, there is sufficient textual evidence for readers to construct an alternate scenario that vindicates the Queen of Heaven's supporters in their counter-accusation that it was not their actions that angered YHWH but the actions of the Judean kings who opposed making offerings to the Queen of Heaven. In this case, what relations between the Queen of Heaven and YHWH might be portrayed?
South Korea
Authors: Cho Soon-Kyoung
Published: May 2009

Third-wave marketization in South Korea has changed the social structure of academic knowledge production, revealing the dilemmas and limitations of both traditional and organic public sociology. The emergence of collective intellectuals during the candlelight movement points to an alternative relationship between the researcher and the researched. The candlelight vigils that recently rocked Korean society have pointed to new possibilities for a public sociology of labor. This article discusses the conditions for public labor sociology as a new paradigm based on collective knowledge and argues that when facing increasing professionalization of public sociology, the “crisis of labor” calls for a collective public sociology.
Membership categorization, culture and norms in action
Authors: Housley William , Fitzgerald Richard
Published: May 2009

In this article, we examine the extent to which membership categorization analysis (MCA) can inform an understanding of reasoning within the public domain where morality, policy and cultural politics are visible (Smith and Tatalovich, 2003). Through the examination of three examples, we demonstrate how specific types of category device(s) are a ubiquitous feature of accountable practice in the public domain where morality matters and public policy intersect. Furthermore, we argue that MCA provides a method for analysing the mundane mechanics associated with everyday cultural politics and democratic accountability assembled and presented within news media and broadcast settings.
`It's not a matter of inhumanity': a critical discourse analysis of an apartment building circular on `homeless people'
Authors: De Melo Resende Viviane
Published: May 2009

Based upon Critical Discourse Analysis (Chouliaraki and Fairclough, 1999; Fairclough, 2003), this study analyses a report of a meeting, distributed as a circular to residents of a middle-class apartment building in Asa Sul, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. The circular is the outcome of a meeting held between the apartment building's representative, local business people and Federal District Government authorities concerning `homeless people' in the environs of the apartment building and local business establishments. The discursive analysis of the text indicates that it serves in a sense to camouflage the street situation as a social issue. At the same time, it nullifies `homeless people' (Thompson, 1990) by legitimating social apartheid in Brazilian society (Buarque, 2003). The analysis seeks therefore to discuss the naturalization of misery in contemporary societies through the internalization of hegemonic discourses that serve to blank out basic social rights.
Suppression of murine SLE by oral anti-CD3: inducible CD4+CD25-LAP+ regulatory T cells control the expansion of IL-17+ follicular helper T cells
Authors: Wu HY , Center EM , Tsokos GC , Weiner HL
Published: May 2009

Lupus is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The production of pathogenic, class switched and affinity maturated autoantibodies in lupus is dependent on T cell help. A potential mechanism of disease pathogenesis is a lack of control of pathogenic T helper cells by regulatory T cells in lupus. It has been repeatedly shown that the naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in lupus prone mice and patients with SLE are defective both in frequency and function. Thus, the generation of inducible regulatory T cells that can control T cell help for autoantibody production is a potential avenue for the treatment of SLE. We have found that oral administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody attenuated lupus development and arrested on-going disease in lupus prone SNF1 mice. Oral anti-CD3 induces a CD4+CD25-LAP+ regulatory T cell that secrets high levels of TGF-β and suppresses in vitro in TFG-β-dependent fashion. Animals treated with oral anti-CD3 had less glomerulonephritis and diminished levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies. Oral anti-CD3 led to a downregulation of IL-17+CD4+ICOS-CXCR5+ follicular helper T cells, CD138+ plasma cells and CD73+ mature memory B cells. Our results show that oral anti-CD3 induces CD4+CD25-LAP+ regulatory T cells that suppress lupus in mice and is associated with downregulation of T cell help for autoantibody production.
The spectrum of clinical manifestations, outcome and treatment of pericardial tamponade in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study and literature review
Authors: Rosenbaum E , Krebs E , Cohen M , Tiliakos A , Derk CT
Published: May 2009

Pericardial effusions causing pericardial tamponade are rare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The goal of this study is to describe in detail the clinical and laboratory characteristics of a group of patients with pericardial effusions and pericardial tamponade secondary to SLE. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 71 patients with SLE, admitted to our Hospital between 1985 and 2006 with a diagnosis of pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade. Clinical features in the patients with tamponade were compared with those with pericardial effusions without tamponade. Pericardial effusion and SLE was confirmed in 41 patients. Pericardial tamponade occurred in nine of these patients (21.9%) at the time of presentation. All tamponade patients were women. Patients with pericardial effusions who developed tamponade had a statistically significant ( P = 0.05) lower C4 level as compared with patients who did not develop tamponade. A pericardial window was required in five patients even though the patients were receiving high-dose corticosteroids. In the present series, all patients with tamponade were treated with high-dose corticosteroids though five of nine patients required a pericardial window in contrast to previous studies. A low C4 level at presentation was predictive of the development of tamponade physiology.
An investigation in the possible effect of chronic headache on neuropsychological function in aCL-negative patients with SLE
Authors: Whitelaw DA , Spangenberg JJ
Published: May 2009

Controversy exists as to whether patients with migraine may suffer cortical damage. We investigate the possible association between impaired cognitive function and chronic headache in lupus patients. Sixty one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but without the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome were questioned about headaches and formally assessed for cognitive function. They were also subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty one patients denied any significant headaches, 19 reported migrainous headaches and 11 experienced an aura. Eleven patients experienced headaches with features of migraine but did not fulfill the criteria, and seven patients had tension headaches. All patients had stable lupus; there was no difference in the incidence of hypertension, age or previous episodes of neuropsychiatric lupus. Patients with migrainous headaches without aura had marginally shorter duration of disease. There was no difference between the groups with respect to eight different cognitive tests or the ventriculo brain index on MRI. We failed to detect cognitive impairment in lupus patients with chronic headaches including migrainous headaches.
Regulators of B-cell activity in SLE: a better target for treatment than B-cell depletion?
Authors: Dolff S , Abdulahad WH , Bijl M , Kallenberg CGM
Published: May 2009

B cells, being a source of characteristic antinuclear autoantibodies, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evidences indicate that alterations in B-cell regulation are responsible for B-cell hyperactivity as seen in SLE. T cells, soluble factors, and even B cells themselves regulate effector B-cell functions. The latter, so-called regulatory B cells possess regulatory function through production of the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) that can damp down the humoral immune responses. This review will focus on B-cell regulation in the pathogenesis of SLE as a target for intervention. In particular, the regulatory impact of T cells through costimulation, soluble factors such as B lymphocyte stimulator, and the characteristics of IL 10–producing regulatory B cells will be discussed. Therapies targeting B cells as well as B-cell regulation seem promising, but the precise mechanisms involved in these interventions are not completely understood. More insight into B-cell regulation in SLE, and particularly in regulatory B cells, could lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Invasive fungal infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: experience from affiliated hospitals of Catholic University of Korea
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jin , Park Yoon-Jung , Kim Wan-Uk , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Chul-Soo
Published: May 2009

The purpose of study was to determine the nature, outcomes and associated risk factors of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and compare the incidence of IFI in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 1155 patients with SLE and 2004 patients with RA were retrospectively reviewed between 1992 and 2007. Twelve cases of IFI patients were identified in SLE patients (6 Aspergillus spp.; 5 Cryptococcus spp.; 1 Candida spp.). The incidence of IFI was significantly higher in patients with SLE than RA (1.04 vs. 0.15%). Among 12 patients with SLE, 10 had high Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores (≥8). The most commonly involved organ was the lung (n = 6), followed by the meninges (n = 4). Most of SLE patients with IFI (91.7%) had taken steroids prior to IFI. Three SLE patients resulted in death. Notably, these patients were all infected with Aspergillus spp. The mortality was associated with the presence of leukopenia, high anti-DNA antibodies and high SLEDAI. Collectively, IFI is more common in patients with SLE than in patients with RA. High disease activity in patients with SLE might contribute to increased risk of IFI. In addition, mortality was associated with aspergillus infection, leukopenia and high anti-DNA antibodies.
Commentary: Politicizing Attachment: A Sociological Glance at Zentella's Model
Authors: Kharlamov Nikita A.
Published: May 2009

The Multi-Dimensional Model of Hispano Attachment to and Loss of Land developed by Yoly Zentella (2009) is viewed here from the standpoint of sociology. It is an important contribution to the study of ethnic populations in their relation to land, space and territory. Elements of sociological approaches to space are discussed. Three pathways for further research on the basis of Zentella's model are suggested: the study of possibilities of collective subjectivity, identity and social movement formation; the study of heterogeneous constitution of space by multiple populations; and the study of issues of justice and reconciliation. These pathways broadly reflect interest in the political and power outcomes of the emotional sphere. The commentary concludes with a consideration of process-event-oriented methodology for further research.
`Being Canadian' and `Being Indian': Subject Positions and Discourses Used in South Asian-Canadian Women's Talk about Ethnic Identity
Authors: Malhi Rebecca L. , Boon Susan D. , Rogers Timothy B.
Published: May 2009

Ethnic identity descriptions can be viewed as `subject positions' (Davies and Harré, 1990) that are dynamically adopted and discarded for pragmatic purposes through the medium of socialinteraction.Inthe present paper, we use positioning theory to explore the multiple ways our participants—South Asian-Canadian women—positioned themselves and others in conversations about their ethnic identity. A discourse analysis of participants' talk revealed a tendency to privilege a `hybrid' Canadian/South Asian identity over a unicultural one. Moreover, in the rare instances when participants positioned themselves with a unicultural identity, subtle social pressure from conversational partners seemed to induce them to reposition themselves (or others) with a hybrid identity. We conclude by giving possible reasons for such a preference and by discussing the ways in which the current study corroborates and expands on the extant literature.
Commentary: The Role of Feeling in Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Ethnic Identities
Authors: Mahmoud Hala W.
Published: May 2009

The flexibility and shifting nature of ethnic identities that we witness in everyday life does not necessarily mean that identity is eternally fluid and contextual. Ethnic identity is better characterized by pragmatic flexibility that obscures an underlying self-identification that may or may not be consistent with this surface multiplicity. Studies such as Malhi, Boon, and Rogers' (2009) compel us to acknowledge that the shifting and hybridity we could witness interpersonally is not necessarily synonymous with what the individual may feel intrapersonally. Instead, there appears to be a deeper level of identification that cannot always be freely manifested due to various internal and external constraints. What mediates the process of internalization of ethnic identities and their altered externalization in the interpersonal world is feeling.
Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. , VandeVoort Catherine A. , Kumar Priyadarsini , Chang Tien-Cheng , Golos Thaddeus G.
Published: May 2009

The placenta is an ephemeral organ containing diverse populations of trophoblasts that are all derived from the embryonic trophectoderm but have morphological, functional, and molecular diversity within and across species. In hemochorial placentation, these cells play especially important roles, interfacing with and modifying the cells of the maternal decidua. Within the rapidly growing placenta, it has been shown that there are trophoblast stem cells well characterized in the mouse and postulated but not well understood in primates. This review will discuss the characteristics of candidates for human and nonhuman primate trophoblast stem cells, present the diverse methods of their generation, and propose future prospects for experimental systems in which they can shed light on developmental and pathophysiological processes in human pregnancy.
Hydrotreatment of Jatropha Oil to Produce Green Diesel over Trifunctional Ni–Mo/SiO2–Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Liu Yanyong , Sotelo-Boyás Rogelio , Murata Kazuhisa , Minowa Tomoaki , Sakanishi Kinya
Published: May 2009

Jatropha oil containing 15 wt % free fatty acids (FFAs) was converted to green diesel by hydrotreatment in a fixed-bed reactor over sulfided Ni–Mo/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst with functions of hydrogenation, deoxygenation, and isomerization/cracking.
A Novel Tailoring Route for the Fabrication of Different Hierarchical CuS Superstructures
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Xiaona , Chen Yujin
Published: May 2009

Different nanoscaled hierarchical CuS superstructures, such as tree-like superstructures, nanowires, and nanowebs, have been prepared by a novel “ion-tailoring” method with clear advantages over the traditional complex approaches for the production of 1D superstructured nanomaterials. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical spectroscopy were used to characterize the products. This novel designed strategy may be used for the preparation of other sulfide nanocrystalline superstructures.
Preparation of Perfluorocarbon/Fluoroalkyl Polymer Nanodroplets for Cancer-targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Authors: Nishihara Masamichi , Imai Kenji , Yokoyama Masayuki
Published: May 2009

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanodroplets formed from PEG-b-poly(fluoroheptyl aspartate) were developed for a cancer-targeted ultrasound (US) contrast agent. 10% esterifed fluoroalkyl polymer (F10) was the optimal composition for PFC solubilization in aqueous solution. PFC/F10 nanodroplets showed echogenicity with US irradiation, and long-term stability of PFC nanodroplets at 4 °C was confirmed.
Expression of KIT Receptor in Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Rodríguez-Cariño C. , Fondevila D. , Segalés J. , Rabanal R. M.
Published: May 2009

Twenty-seven feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were selected for this retrospective study. Samples were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue, and tumors were classified as well-differentiated (19/27), atypical or poorly granulate (7/27), and pleomorphic (1/27). Immunohistochemistry to detect KIT protein was performed on all samples. The immunoreactivity was recorded by distribution within the tumor, cellular location, and intensity. Well-differentiated MCTs were predominantly characterized by diffuse cytoplasmic (8/19) and membranous stain (7/19); a diffuse distribution of KIT positive cells was displayed in most of these tumors as well (15/19). Atypical MCTs showed diffuse distribution of labeled cells (4/7), and diffuse cytoplasm immunostaining was seen most (5/7). The pleomorphic MCT showed diffuse cytoplasmic KIT stain, with moderate labeling intensity, typically displaying focal distribution in deeper areas of the neoplasm. According to the results, there was no correlation between the type of MCTs and KIT expression, although the use of feline KIT immunohistochemistry could be useful to assess the mast cell origin.
Myocardial Adenomatoid Tumor in Eight Cattle: Evidence for Mesothelial Origin of Bovine Myocardial Epithelial Inclusions
Authors: Tursi M. , Martinetti M. , Gili S. , Muscio M. , Gay L. , Crudelini M. , Cenacchi G. , Pucci A.
Published: May 2009

The adenomatoid tumor is an uncommon benign lesion, thus far described only in humans. Adenomatoid tumors typically arise in the genital tract, exceptionally in the heart, and usually represent an incidental finding. Microscopically, they are constituted by epithelioid cells that form tubular structures and anastomosing channels within a fibrous stroma. Mesothelial origin of these lesions is suggested by their immunohistochemical characteristics. In cattle, previously reported myocardial epithelial inclusions are morphologically similar in that the cells are immunoreactive for both cytokeratins and vimentin, and bear surface microvilli. Myocardial lesions found incidentally at slaughter in 8 cattle histologically resembled the so-called bovine myocardial epithelial inclusions and had morphologic and immunohistochemical features consistent with human adenomatoid tumor. All lesions were in the left ventricular myocardium, adjacent to the epicardium, and composed of epithelioid cells that formed cords and tubules, and were immunoreactive for pan-cytokeratins, cytokeratin 5/6, vimentin, calretinin, Wilms' tumor 1 suppressor gene, and CD30 antigen. By electron microscopy, numerous long slender microvilli were associated with desmosomes and tonofibrils. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features were considered consistent with mesothelial origin. These lesions, corresponding to the previously described myocardial epithelial inclusions in cattle, might be considered embryologic rests and could represent the bovine counterpart of the human adenomatoid tumor.
Abortion and Neonatal Mortality in Sheep Poisoned with Tetrapterys multiglandulosa
Authors: Riet-Correa G. , Riet-Correa F. , Schild A. L. , Barros S. S. , Soares M. P.
Published: May 2009

Tetrapterys spp. have been reported as a cause of cardiac fibrosis, status spongiosus of the nervous system, and abortion. To study the intoxication by Tetrapterys multiglandulosa, 24 sheep were divided into 4 experimental groups of 4 sheep each and 1 control group. Groups 1 to 3, respectively, received 1, 1.5, and 3 g/kg body weight of the dry plant daily, starting on the 90th day of pregnancy. Group 4 received 1.5 g/kg from the 120th day of pregnancy to the end of gestation. All sheep from groups 2 and 3, except 1 that was submitted to cesarean delivery, aborted between 110 and 134 days of pregnancy. Seven fetuses had anasarca. Seven lambs from groups 1 and 4 were weak and died or were euthanatized. The other 2 were born weak with mild nervous signs but recovered. Cardiac fibrosis and status spongiosus of the nervous system were observed in newborn lambs and fetuses.
Pathology and Virus Distribution in Chickens Naturally Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) During the 2003 Outbreak in The Netherlands
Authors: Van Riel D. , Van Den Brand J. M. A. , Munster V. J. , Besteboer T. M. , Fouchier R. A. M. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. , Kuiken T.
Published: May 2009

The largest recorded outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the subtype H7N7 occurred in the Netherlands in 2003. We describe the immunohistochemical and histopathologic findings of 3 chickens naturally infected during this outbreak. Influenza virus antigen occurred in endothelial cells and mononuclear cells of all tissues examined and occurred in parenchymal cells of heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, and trachea, often associated with multifocal inflammation and necrosis. These findings are consistent with the acute stage of highly pathogenic avian influenza from other subtypes. In the severely edematous wattle skin, most endothelial cells contained virus antigen, while in all other tissues virus antigen was only detected in a few endothelial cells. Virus histochemistry showed that this H7N7 virus attached to more endothelial cells in wattle skin than in other vascular beds. This might explain, at least partly, the tropism of the virus and the associated severity of lesions in this tissue.
Morphologic Evidence Suggestive of Hypertension in Western Gray Kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus)
Authors: Kagan R. A. , Kinsel M. , Gloor K. , Mylniczenko N. D. , Langan J. N. , Farina L. L. , Terio K. A.
Published: May 2009

Marked renal vascular changes, suggestive of hypertension, were present in adult western gray kangaroos ( Macropus fuliginosus) from a single facility over a 14-year period. A subset of these kangaroos also had vague clinical nervous system deficits, including blindness. To characterize the vascular lesions, determine prevalence, and document other changes, case histories and archival tissue sections from 21 adult kangaroos (8 male, 13 female) that died or were euthanatized between 1994 and 2008 were reviewed. Relevant lesions included increased thickness of the renal arteriolar tunica media with smooth muscle hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, accumulation of extracellular matrix within arterioles, increased vascular tortuosity, and varying degrees of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. Renal tissue from two more severely affected animals was further examined by transmission electron microscopy, highlighting arteriolar endothelial cell hypertrophy and disruption of the medial architecture. Hypertrophy of arteries and arterioles in other organ systems was also present (3/21), including vessels in the brain and spinal cord of one animal with clinical neurologic signs. Four kangaroos had antemortem retinal detachment, a potential sequel of hypertension in humans and domestic mammals. The cause of these vascular lesions in this mob is uncertain. Lesions were not associated with an infectious disease process, age, underlying renal disease, or thyroid abnormalities. In the absence of other causes, hypertension was a differential. Further investigation into clinical significance and predisposing factors, such as genetics and diet, is warranted.
Expression of the Tumor Suppressor Genes NF2, 4.1B, and TSLC1 in Canine Meningiomas
Authors: Dickinson P. J. , Surace E. I. , Cambell M. , Higgins R. J. , Leutenegger C. M. , Bollen A. W. , Lecouteur R. A. , Gutmann D. H.
Published: May 2009

Meningiomas are common primary brain tumors in dogs; however, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in their tumorigenesis. Several tumor suppressor genes have been implicated in meningioma pathogenesis in humans, including the neurofibromatosis 2 ( NF2), protein 4.1B ( 4.1 B), and tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1 ( TSLC1) genes. We investigated the expression of these tumor suppressor genes in a series of spontaneous canine meningiomas using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ( NF2; n = 25) and western blotting (NF2/merlin, 4.1B, TSLC1; n = 30). Decreased expression of 4.1B and TSLC1 expression on western blotting was seen in 6/30 (20%) and in 15/30 (50%) tumors, respectively, with 18/30 (60%) of meningiomas having decreased or absent expression of one or both proteins. NF2 gene expression assessed by western blotting and RT-PCR varied considerably between individual tumors. Complete loss of NF2 protein on western blotting was not seen, unlike 4.1B and TSLC1. Incidence of TSLC1 abnormalities was similar to that seen in human meningiomas, while perturbation of NF2 and 4.1B appeared to be less common than reported for human tumors. No association was observed between tumor grade, subtype, or location and tumor suppressor gene expression based on western blot or RT-PCR. These results suggest that loss of these tumor suppressor genes is a frequent occurrence in canine meningiomas and may be an early event in tumorigenesis in some cases. In addition, it is likely that other, as yet unidentified, genes play an important role in canine meningioma formation and growth.
Localized, Plexiform, Diffuse, and Other Variants of Neurofibroma in 12 Dogs, 2 Horses, and a Chicken
Authors: Schöniger S. , Summers B. A.
Published: May 2009

In humans, neurofibroma and schwannoma are distinct entities within the group of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors. In the veterinary literature, these tumors are often classified together simply as benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and diagnostic criteria for their subclassification are not well established. We describe peripheral nerve sheath tumors with microscopic, immunohistologic, and ultrastructural features similar to those in subtypes of human neurofibroma in 12 dogs, 2 horses, and 1 chicken. Dogs were of different breeds and were aged 2 months to 15 years. The canine tumors were located in the skin, peripheral nerve, tongue, and large intestine. The 2 horses were 11 and 12 years old. The equine tumors were located in the subcutis of the neck and axilla. The chicken was a mature white Leghorn chicken with an ocular neoplasm. Neurofibromas of this study had localized, plexiform, diffuse and combined plexiform and diffuse growth patterns, and microscopic features similar to those in classic, collagenous, cellular, myxoid, and pigmented neurofibromas of humans. One diffuse neurofibroma contained areas of schwannian differentiation (hybrid neurofibroma-schwannoma). Two plexiform neurofibromas occurred together with diffuse ganglioneuromatosis in the large intestine of young dogs, as has also been reported in humans. This investigation shows the existence of identical subtypes of neurofibroma in animals and humans and identifies similarities in tumor location and patient age between animals and humans. This report will allow a more discriminating classification of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors and probably has a bearing on epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis.
Histopathology of Naturally Transmitted “Rat Respiratory Virus”: Progression of Lesions and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Albers T. M. , Simon M. A. , Clifford C. B.
Published: May 2009

Rat respiratory virus (RRV) is the working name for a novel respiratory pathogen of laboratory rats in North America, Europe, and Asia. Although the agent has not been definitively identified, evidence supports a viral etiology. Because no serologic or molecular assays for RRV are available, diagnosis depends on histopathologic evaluation of the lung. We introduced 104 Wistar Han rats, free of known pathogens and of RRV-associated lesions, into a rat production colony positive for RRV-type lesions, but free of other histologic, serologic, or microbiologic evidence of infectious disease. Lungs of 8 of the naïve rats were examined grossly and microscopically each week, weeks 0–13. Irregular gray-white lesions suggestive of interstitial pneumonia were grossly evident from weeks 6 through 13. Primary histopathologic evaluation of all lungs by one pathologist found multifocal, lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia or prominent perivascular lymphoid cuffing from weeks 5 through 13. Based on results of the initial evaluation, diagnostic criteria for RRV infection (i.e., changes seen only after exposure to the RRV-positive colony) were tentatively selected and used by 2 other pathologists to classify each lung as RRV positive, RRV equivocal, or RRV negative. The secondary evaluation found 95% concordance in RRV diagnosis between pathologists, and correlated well with the initial evaluation, thus confirming the consistency of the criteria. These data show that RRV-naïve rats introduced into an RRV-endemic colony develop equivocal microscopic lesions of RRV by 5 weeks of exposure, and positive diagnostic lesions by 7 weeks. Interstitial pneumonia becomes grossly evident after 6 weeks of exposure.