bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antithrombotic Management in Adult Kidney Transplantation: A European Survey Study
Authors: van den Berg Tamar A.J. , Lisman Ton , Dor Frank J.M.F. , Moers Cyril , Minnee Robert C. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Pol Robert A.
Published: December 2021

In kidney transplantation (KTx), renal graft thrombosis (RGT) is one of the main reasons for early graft loss. Although evidence-based guidance on prevention of RGT is lacking, thromboprophylaxis is widely used. The aim of this survey was to obtain a European view of the different thromboprophylactic strategies applied in KTx. An online 22-question survey, addressed to KTx professionals, was distributed by email and via platforms of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. Seventy-five responses (21 countries, 51 centers) were received: 75% had over 10 years’ clinical experience, 64% were surgeons, 29% nephrologists, and 4% urologists. A written antithrombotic management protocol was available in 75% of centers. In 8 (16%) centers, respondents contradicted each other regarding the availability of a written protocol. Thromboprophylaxis is preferred by 78% of respondents, independent of existing antithrombotic management protocols. Ninety-two percent of respondents indicated that an anticipated bleeding risk is the main reason to discontinue chronic antithrombotic therapy preoperatively. Intraoperatively, 32% of respondents administer unfractionated heparin (400–10,000 international units with a median of 5,000) in selected cases. Despite an overall preference for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in KTx, there is a high variation within Europe regarding type, timing, and dosage, most likely due to the paucity of high-quality studies. Further research is warranted in order to develop better guidelines.
Mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe: efeito idade-período-coorte, Brasil, 1983–2017
Authors: Perea Lillia Magali Estrada , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Peres Marco Aurelio
Published: December 2021

OBJETIVO Estimar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe no Brasil e suas macrorregiões. MÉTODO Foram analisados os óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe de 1983 a 2017. Aplicou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis propostas por Holford. RESULTADOS No período de 1983 a 2017, foram registrados no Brasil 142.634 óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe, 81% entre o sexo masculino, e as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as taxas mais altas. Os maiores efeitos de período foram observados na mortalidade masculina das regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste para o período de referência 2003–2007. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste foi observado aumento do risco de mortalidade nas coortes masculinas mais recentes. Na região Norte o maior risco identificado foi para homens nascidos entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 1,47; IC95% 1,05–2,08); no Nordeste, para homens nascidos entre 1988 e 1992 (RR = 2,77; IC95% 1,66–4,63); e no Centro-Oeste, para mulheres nascidas entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 2,01; IC95% 1,19–3,39). Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, as coortes mais recentes apresentaram taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. O menor risco na região Sudeste foi observado na coorte masculina nascida entre 1978 e 1982 (RR = 0,53; IC95% = 0,45–0,62), e entre 1983 e 1987 na região Sul (RR = 0,25; IC95% 0,12–0,54). CONCLUSÕES A idade teve efeito significativo na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em todas as regiões. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, foi observado aumento do risco nas coortes mais recentes, enquanto nas regiões Sul e Sudeste essas coortes apresentaram risco menor quando comparadas às coortes mais antigas.
Methodological Standards for the Design, Implementation, and Analysis of Randomized Trials in Cardiac Surgery: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Gaudino Mario , Chikwe Joanna , Bagiella Emilia , Bhatt Deepak L. , Doenst Torsten , Fremes Stephen E. , Lawton Jennifer , Masterson Creber Ruth M. , Sade Robert M. , Zwischenberger Brittany A. ,   on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia
Published: December 2021

Cardiac surgery presents specific methodological challenges in the design, implementation, and analysis of randomized controlled trials. The purposes of this scientific statement are to review key standards in cardiac surgery randomized trial design and implementation, and to provide recommendations for conducting and interpreting cardiac surgery trials. Recommendations include a careful evaluation of the suitability of the research question for a clinical trial, assessment of clinical equipoise, feasibility of enrolling a representative patient cohort, impact of practice variations on the safety and efficacy of the study intervention, likelihood and impact of crossover, and duration of follow-up. Trial interventions and study end points should be predefined, and appropriate strategies must be used to ensure adequate deliverability of the trial interventions. Every effort must be made to ensure a high completeness of follow-up; trial design and analytic techniques must be tailored to the specific research question and trial setting.
Early Form-Based Morphological Decomposition in Tagalog: MEG Evidence from Reduplication, Infixation, and Circumfixation
Authors: Wray Samantha , Stockall Linnaea , Marantz Alec
Published: December 2021

Neuro- and psycholinguistic experimentation supports the early decomposition of morphologically complex words within the ventral processing stream, which MEG has localized to the M170 response in the (left) visual word form area (VWFA). Decomposition into an exhaustive parse of visual morpheme forms extends beyond words like farmer to those imitating complexity (e.g., brother; Lewis et al., 2011), and to “unique” stems occurring in only one word but following the syntax and semantics of their affix (e.g., vulnerable; Gwilliams & Marantz, 2018). Evidence comes primarily from suffixation; other morphological processes have been under-investigated. This study explores circumfixation, infixation, and reduplication in Tagalog. In addition to investigating whether these are parsed like suffixation, we address an outstanding question concerning semantically empty morphemes. Some words in Tagalog resemble English winter as decomposition is not supported (wint-er); these apparently reduplicated pseudoreduplicates lack the syntactic and semantic features of reduplicated forms. However, unlike winter, these words exhibit phonological behavior predicted only if they involve a reduplicating morpheme. If these are decomposed, this provides evidence that words are analyzed as complex, like English vulnerable, when the grammar demands it. In a lexical decision task with MEG, we find that VWFA activity correlates with stem:word transition probability for circumfixed, infixed, and reduplicated words. Furthermore, a Bayesian analysis suggests that pseudoreduplicates with reduplicate-like phonology are also decomposed; other pseudoreduplicates are not. These findings are consistent with an interpretation that decomposition is modulated by phonology in addition to syntax and semantics.
Où en sont les études sur le livre de Qohélet (2018–2020) ?
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Jacques
Published: December 2021

Dans cet article, l’auteur présente, en neuf parties, quatorze livres récemment publiés sur le texte de Qohélet. Ces neuf parties correspondent à neuf thématiques importantes : la méthodologie, la date et le lieu de rédaction du livre de Qohélet, la langue du livre, les influences étrangères, les références à la Bible et à la pensée apocalyptique, les allusions à des circonstances historiques précises, la structure du livre, l’explication des contradictions apparentes ou réelles et la signification du mot hbl.
Get Ready for Take-Overs: Using Head-Up Display for Drivers to Engage in Non–Driving-Related Tasks in Automated Vehicles
Authors: Li Xiaomeng , Schroeter Ronald , Rakotonirainy Andry , Kuo Jonny , Lenné Michael G.
Published: December 2021

Objective

The study aims to investigate the potential of using HUD (head-up display) as an approach for drivers to engage in non–driving-related tasks (NDRTs) during automated driving, and examine the impacts on driver state and take-over performance in comparison to the traditional mobile phone.

Background

Advances in automated vehicle technology have the potential to relieve drivers from driving tasks so that they can engage in NDRTs freely. However, drivers will still need to take-over control under certain circumstances.

Method

A driving simulation experiment was conducted using an Advanced Driving Simulator and real-world driving videos. Forty-six participants completed three drives in three display conditions, respectively (HUD, mobile phone and baseline without NDRT). The HUD was integrated with the vehicle in displaying NDRTs while the mobile phone was not. Drivers’ visual (e.g. gaze, blink) and physiological (e.g. ECG, EDA) data were collected to measure driver state. Two take-over reaction times (hand and foot) were used to measure take-over performance.

Results

The HUD significantly shortened the take-over reaction times compared to the mobile phone condition. Compared to the baseline condition, drivers in the HUD condition also experienced lower cognitive workload and physiological arousal. Drivers’ take-over reaction times were significantly correlated with their visual and electrodermal activities during automated driving prior to the take-over request.

Conclusion

HUDs can improve driver performance and lower workload when used as an NDRT interface.

Application

The study sheds light on a promising approach for drivers to engage in NDRTs in future AVs.
Stress analysis of finite orthotropic composite containing an elliptical hole
Authors: Fatima Narin S. , Rowlands Robert E.
Published: December 2021

Although the mechanical integrity of a member can be highly influenced by associated stresses, determining the latter can be very challenging for finite orthotropic composites containing cutouts. This is particularly so if the external loading is not well known, a common situation in practical situations. Acknowledging the above, a finite elliptically-perforated orthotropic tensile laminate is stress analyzed by combining measured displacement data with relevant analytical and numerical tools. Knowledge of the external loading is unnecessary. Results are verified independently and the concepts are applicable to other situations. The developed technology can provide important design-type information for orthotropic composites. In particular, the ability to apply analyses for perforated composite structures which assume infinite geometry to finite geometries is demonstrated.
Understanding and Neutralizing the Expense Prediction Bias: The Role of Accessibility, Typicality, and Skewness
Authors: Howard Ray Charles “Chuck” , Hardisty David J. , Sussman Abigail B. , Lukas Marcel F.
Published: December 2021

Consumers display an expense prediction bias in which they underpredict their future spending. The authors propose this bias occurs in large part because (1) consumers base their predictions on typical expenses that come to mind easily during prediction, (2) taken together, typical expenses lead to a prediction near the mode of a consumer's expense distribution rather than the mean, and (3) expenses display positive skew (with mode < mean). Accordingly, the authors also propose that prompting consumers to consider reasons why their expenses might be different than usual increases predictions—and therefore prediction accuracy—by bringing atypical expenses to mind. Ten studies (N = 6,044) provide support for this account of the bias and the “atypical intervention” developed to neutralize it.
Backtalk: Harnessing the power of career changers to address teacher shortages
Authors: Mather Alan
Published: December 2021

School administrators across the country have been facing a worsening teacher shortage. Programs that attempt to fill gaps by promoting teaching among current high school students are helpful but cannot fill vacancies as quickly as is needed. Alan Mather of Golden Apple describes how their Accelerators program has begun inviting career changers and current college seniors who aren’t on an education track into their 15-month residency and licensure program. The program attracts professionals who are interested in teaching but lack the time or money for traditional preparation programs and puts them on a quicker path to teaching jobs in schools with high needs.
THE DEMOCRATIC UNION PARTY (PYD) AND PEOPLE'S PROTECTION UNITS (YPG) IN TURKISH OFFICIAL DISCOURSE
Authors: Deewanee Azad
Published: December 2021

This article explores the construction of the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the People's Protection Units (YPG) in Turkish official discourse. In the article, I employ critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyze written texts produced during the years 2014–2019 that reflect the position of the Turkish authorities. The article sets out the main narratives that construct the PYD and YPG as terrorist organizations and posits them as a threat to both Turkey and the international community. The analysis reveals that these narratives serve the purpose of delegitimizing the PYD and YPG and legitimizing Turkish military operations and violations against Syrian Kurds. It highlights that the Turkish official position regarding the PYD and YPG is driven by two ideological factors: first, the influence of Kurdish autonomy in Syria on the action of Kurds in Turkey, and second, the barrier that the PYD and YPG have created against the Islamist agenda of Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Syria.
Mental Health Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Healthcare Workers in Four Latin American Countries
Authors: Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel , Juanillo-Maluenda Hugo , Sánchez-Bandala María Alejandra , Burgos Graciela Verónica , Müller Silvina Andrea , Rodríguez López Jorge Rafael
Published: December 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers in four Latin American countries in 2020.

An online survey was carried out with 1721 participants from Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico in 2020. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling method was used to recruit voluntary participants. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed with the SPRINT-E scale, Perceived Discrimination was assessed with a Spanish version of the scale developed by Molero, and anxiety toward death was assessed with the Spanish version of the Templer scale. All instruments were assessed for internal consistency.

The overall frequency of post-traumatic stress symptoms was 23.9%. The frequency by countries was 26.4% in Argentina, 29.8% in Chile, 19.9 in Colombia, and 23.8% in Mexico. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with individual subtle discrimination, anxiety toward the death of the elderly, lack of Personal Protective Equipment, and exposition to the death.

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a mental health burden on health workers in the countries included in the study, not only due to the implications of the disease in the face of exposure to death, but also due to institutional conditions and in which they carry out their work.
Measurement and modeling of a flexible manipulator for vibration control using five-segment S-curve motion
Authors: Malgaca Levent , Lök Şefika İpek
Published: December 2021

User designed manipulators are widely used in industry as a part of automation. The design of lighter robotic arms is required for less energy consumption. Joints, structural features, and payload affect the dynamic behavior of manipulators. Even if the arms have sufficient structural rigidity, joints, or payloads further increase their flexibility. These factors should be considered at the design stage. Flexibility causes vibrations, and these vibrations negatively affect robot repeatability and processing speed. Reducing the vibration levels of flexible manipulators is an attractive issue for engineers and researchers. Accurate estimation of the mathematical model of flexible manipulators increases the success of vibration control. In this paper, the modeling and experiments for vibration control of a single-axis flexible curved manipulator with payload are considered. The experimental system is introduced to collect vibration responses synchronously at the tip of the curved manipulator for angular velocity input. The mathematical model of the manipulator is estimated using the continuous-time system identification (CTSI) method with a black-box model based on the experimental input/output (I/O) signals. A five-segment S-curve motion input based on the modal parameters is designed to suppress residual vibrations. Vibration control is successfully performed for different deceleration times of the designed S-curve motion input. The results showed that the residual vibrations from experiments and predicted models matched well for different cases depending on payload, angular position, and motion time.
Gambling on Decentralization: How Sub-National Regulatory Interests Condition the Impact of Federal Policy
Authors: Conner Thaddieus W. , Franklin Aimee L. , Martinez Christian
Published: December 2021

Intergovernmental relations scholars note a decentralizing trend transferring authority from national to state and local government in the American federalist system. Theory suggests that a misalignment of the interests of national and regional actors may lead to variation in sub-national regulatory environments. We investigate how different sub-national regulatory environments condition the impact of Tribal gaming. Using tribal-state gaming compacts and amendments from 1990–2010, we examine how restrictions in sub-national regulatory agreements condition intended impacts of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. We find that revenue sharing and market restrictions differentially influence the impact of gaming on tribal per capita income but not levels of unemployment. Through the case of Tribal gaming, we determine how sub-national agreements condition the relative accomplishment of policy goals important to Native nations.
Virtual Scaffolded Instruction for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Smith Cassandra M. , Juergensen Rachel L.
Published: December 2021

The challenges teachers face with virtual learning existed previously but were heightened by the quick move from in-person to virtual learning caused by the pandemic. Researchers have investigated virtual learning for students with disabilities and have made recommendations including supplemental online resources for individualization and incorporating what we know works for students with disabilities, such as explicit instruction and assistive technology. Another recommendation for virtual learning, and the focus of this article, is the use of scaffolding. Since we know scaffolding is a high-leverage practice for students with disabilities, we can take what we know about scaffolding in face-to-face instruction and transform it to work in virtual settings. This article offers vignettes of a science classroom as two teachers plan for scaffolded instruction to support reading, which is critical in science learning.
Teaching Physics to Students With Intellectual Disabilities Using Digital Learning Objects
Authors: Mallidis-Malessas Panos , Iatraki Georgia , Mikropoulos Tassos Anastasios
Published: December 2021

Digital Learning Objects (DLOs) as pedagogical complete structures of learning content contribute to science education. DLOs especially in the form of interactive simulations seem to be promising tools in physics teaching and learning for students with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study used an AB single subject design to evaluate the effects of four DLOs on students’ learning of transverse waves and simple pendulum motion in a special education high school setting. A functional relationship was found between students’ correct responses concerning both scientific terminology and physical phenomena understanding during probe sessions and the DLOs intervention. In addition, a social validity assessment that evaluated students’ attitudes on learning, quality, and engagement, showed that the DLOs helped students with ID to acquire physics content. The students also reported satisfaction from using the DLOs. Suggestions for future research include the design of DLOs especially for students with ID.
The Impact of Physical Health, Race, and Financial Status on Relational Satisfaction
Authors: Tadros Eman , Barbini Melanie , Durante Katherine A. , Cappetto Michelle
Published: December 2021

Relationship satisfaction is a subjective and global evaluation of a romantic relationship based on a sense of happiness, contentment, and fulfillment felt by a partner. Prior research demonstrates that relationship satisfaction can help mediate difficult life situations and stress and may contribute to a partner’s well-being and health. However, the literature examining partner-specific sources of relational satisfaction are lacking. Through a medical family therapy lens, this study examined women’s reported physical health’s impact on relational satisfaction. A total of 555 women in romantic relationships completed a survey with questions from the Medical Outcomes Study 20-Item Short-Form Health Survey and the Relationship Assessment Scale. A hierarchical linear regression indicated that physical health, race, and financial status were significant predictors of relational satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of physical health’s impacts on relational satisfaction and provide clinical implications and future directions on strengthening couples’ relational satisfaction.
IR, imperialism, and the Global South: From Libya to Venezuela
Authors: Capasso Matteo
Published: December 2021

This article brings together two cases to contribute to the growing body of literature rethinking the study of international relations (IR) and the Global South: The Libyan Arab al-Jamāhīrīyah and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Drawing on media representations and secondary literature from IR and international political economy (IPE), it critically examines three main conceptual theses (authoritarian, rentier, and rogue) used to describe the historical socio-political formations of these states up to this date. Mixing oil abundance with authoritarian revolutionary fervour and foreign policy adventurism, Libya and Venezuela have been progressively reduced to the figure of one man, while presenting their current crises as localized processes delinked from the imperialist inter-state system. The article argues that these analyses, if left unquestioned, perpetuate a US-led imperial ordering of the world, while foreclosing and discrediting alternatives to capitalist development emerging from and grounded in a Global South context. In doing so, the article contributes to the growing and controversial debate on the meanings and needs for decolonizing the study of IR.
Missional Discipleship in the Public Sphere: With Special Reference to Lordship, Followership and Christlikeness in the Concept of Public Discipleship
Authors: Jun Guichun
Published: December 2021

Missional discipleship is more than a movement seeking a new methodological and strategic mission paradigm. Missional discipleship is the essence of Christianity concerning the ontological foundation for the prime reason for existence as believers and the epistemological lens to see the world from the perspective of transformed values in Christ. In other words, missional discipleship requires acknowledging the lordship of Christ by demonstrating the ontological embodiment of who Christ is and epistemological resemblance by perceiving the reality as Christ does. These radical transformations in both ontological and epistemological areas can enable believers to authentically follow Christ as disciples and demonstrate Christlikeness in all spheres of their existence as missionaries. Christlike attributes and qualities are progressively cultivated in believers lives as they conform to the image of Christ, and the most profound nature of Christlikeness is holiness. Missional discipleship provides a platform to expand the concept of Christlikeness as holiness from the personal dimension to the public dimension to overcome the privatisation of discipleship and Christian religious dualism polarising things into the categories of the sacred and secular.
SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting as rhabdomyolysis: case report and review
Authors: Lamzouri Oussama , Bouchlarhem Amine , Haddar Leila , Elaidouni Ghizlane , Es-saad Ounci , Bkiyar Houssam , Housni Brahim
Published: December 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the health crisis of our time and a great challenge we face, requiring the implementation of worldwide general containment. The symptoms and complications of COVID-19 are diverse, and rhabdomyolysis is an atypical manifestation. We report a case of a 63-year-old patient, admitted to the emergency room for myalgia and fever evolving over 5 days, in whom laboratory and other examinations indicated rhabdomyolysis complicated by renal insufficiency. During the diagnostic workup, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test result for COVID-19 was positive, revealing infection with sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the severity of COVID-19 infection relates mainly to acute respiratory syndrome, other complications can be prognostic, and these complications make the management of this disease difficult. Rhabdomyolysis is one of the fatal complications; first, because the pathophysiological mechanism is not yet understood, and second, because rhabdomyolysis, itself, is usually complicated by acute renal failure. This complication makes the disease management difficult, especially in patients with SARS. Rhabdomyolysis during COVID-19 infection represents a significant challenge, given the few reported cases, and further research is required to develop a therapeutic consensus.
The advanced lung cancer inflammation index predicts outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer following video-assisted thoracic surgery
Authors: Han Zhaohui , Hu Zhonghui , Zhao Qingtao , Xue Wenfei , Duan Guochen
Published: December 2021

Objective

The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) predicts overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced lung cancer. However, few studies have tested ALI’s prognostic effect in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), especially patients at stage III. This study investigated the relationship between ALI and outcomes of patients with NSCLC following VATS.

Methods

We retrospectively examined 339 patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS at Hebei General Hospital, China. Preoperative clinical and laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed. Optimal cutoff values of potential prognostic factors, including ALI, were determined. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine each factor’s prognostic value.

Results

The median OS was 31 months. The optimal cutoff value for ALI was 41.20. Patients with high ALI (≥41.20) displayed increased OS (33.87 vs. 30.24 months), higher survival rates, and milder clinical characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant correlation between ALI and the prognosis of patients with NSCLC, including those at stage IIIA, who underwent VATS.

Conclusions

Low ALI correlated with poor outcomes in patients with NSCLC following VATS. Preoperative ALI might be a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with NSCLC following VATS, including patients at stage IIIA.
A Painter’s Version: Amenhotep, Son of Amunnakhte and Pictorial Tradition
Authors: Bács Tamás A.
Published: December 2021

Arguably one of the most remarkable painters/draughtsmen, not only in his direct surroundings of Deir el-Medina but in the history of New Kingdom painting altogether, the Chief Draughtsman Amenhotep, son of Amunnakhte has left us a substantial body of identifiable work. His artistic output includes royal and private tomb-chapels augmented by a corpus of figured ostraca numbering at 24 known pieces. It follows then that the many different types of artwork contained in his production provide an especially rich opportunity for exploring art historical themes of particular import and can inform our understanding of these in significant ways. Moving away from the habitually confronted modern reading of decorum as a manacle of artistic freedom, this contribution aims at drawing attention to how decorum seems to have been seen in essentially positive terms, an inference cognate with what transpires from the study of the works of Amenhotep.
Experimental investigation of NACA-0012 airfoil instability noise with sawtooth trailing edges
Authors: Al Tlua Basim , Rocha Joana
Published: December 2021

This study presents an experimental study of the effect of sawtooth trailing-edge serrations on airfoil instability noise. The far-field noise measurements are obtained to investigate the noise radiation characteristics of a NACA-0012 airfoil operated at various angles of attack: 0°, 5°, and 10°, and covered Reynolds numbers of 2.87 × 105, 3.71 × 105, and 5 × 105. It is found that as the Reynolds number increases, the instability noise shifts from tonal to broadband, whereas as the angle of attack increases, it shifts from broadband to tonal. Furthermore, sawtooth trailing-edges are used to minimize instability tonal noise, leading to considerable self-noise reduction. Parametric studies of the serration amplitude 2 h and streamwise wavelength λ are performed to understand the effect of sawtooth trailing-edges on noise reduction. It is observed that the sound pressure reduction level is sensitive to both the amplitude and streamwise wavelength. Overall, the sawtooth trailing-edge with larger amplitude and smaller wavelength produce the greatest amount of noise reduction.
Political upheaval, external influences and domestic traditions: The emergence of the nineteenth-century Ålandic yacht
Authors: Engren Jan-Erik , Ilves Kristin
Published: December 2021

This article examines the emergence of the nineteenth-century Ålandic peasant yacht within the larger political, economic and social context of the central and northern Baltic Sea region. Through an analysis of the region's fluctuating and changing trading environment following the Finnish War of 1808–1809, it is demonstrated that the increasing uncertainty, as well as decreasing profitability, of previously stable trading relations provided the necessary impetus to change the traditional vessel design. Avenues for both foreign and domestic innovations are examined. In addition to exogenous influences, wherein the role of the Ålandic peasant sailors’ involvement in the Swedish navy is accentuated, the effects of the increasing smuggling activities of the archipelago's inhabitants and the competitive sailing environment that emerged during trading journeys are considered as factors that possibly affected shipbuilding. The results highlight the complex networks and processes through which innovations are generated, transmitted and adopted.
Spasticity and Dystonia are Underidentified in Young Children at High Risk for Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Miao Hanyang , Mathur Amit M. , Aravamuthan Bhooma R.
Published: December 2021

Background

Early spasticity and dystonia identification in cerebral palsy is critical for guiding diagnostic workup and prompting targeted treatment early when it is most efficacious. However, differentiating spasticity from dystonia is difficult in young children with cerebral palsy.

Methods

We sought to determine spasticity and dystonia underidentification rates in children at high risk for cerebral palsy (following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) by assessing how often child neurologists identified hypertonia alone versus specifying the hypertonia type as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years.

Results

Of 168 children, 63 developed cerebral palsy and hypertonia but only 19 (30%) had their hypertonia type specified as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years.

Conclusions

Child neurologists did not specify the type of hypertonia in a majority of children at high risk of cerebral palsy. Because early tone identification critically guides diagnostic workup and treatment of cerebral palsy, these results highlight an important gap in current cerebral palsy care.
Beyond the Victim-offender Binary: Legal and Anti-violence Intervention Considerations With Women Who Have Used Force in the U.S. and Australia
Authors: Larance Lisa Young , Kertesz Margaret , Humphreys Cathy , Goodmark Leigh , Douglas Heather
Published: December 2021

In the United States (U.S.) and Australian contexts, the fight to achieve legal and societal recognition of cisgender men's violence against cisgender women operated according to an incident-based victim-offender binary. Those held accountable for the violence were seen as offenders, those who survived the violence were seen as victims. This binary persists across police, court, corrections, intervention, and child protection settings. However, work with cisgender heterosexual women with offenses of abuse and violence demonstrates that the binary does not capture their complex experiences. Instead, they have “offended” in the context of often surviving long-term harm in their families of origin and from their intimate partners. Because their experiences do not align with the binary, they are caught in ineffective and retraumatizing responses. The authors use an intersectional theoretical framework to explore how heterosexual cisgender women's use of force complicates the victim-offender binary. By understanding women who have used force as having both survived and caused harm, rather than “victims” or “offenders,” the authors call attention to the limitations of, and harm caused by, binary approaches. The authors also call for a reconceptualization beyond the binary—challenging established legal and intervention frameworks. To demonstrate the need for this reconceptualization, the authors report on U.S. and Australian legal cases, intervention approaches, and discuss socio-legal systems implications.
Increases in Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19: Prevalence and Correlates
Authors: Peitzmeier Sarah M. , Fedina Lisa , Ashwell Louise , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Tolman Rich
Published: December 2021

Measures to contain the global COVID-19 pandemic led to stay-at-home orders across the world, accompanied by fears of a global surge in intimate partner violence (IPV). We administered an online general-population survey to 1169 women and transgender/nonbinary individuals throughout the state of Michigan in June–August 2020 to assess changes in the prevalence, severity, and correlates of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quota sampling was used to match the racial/ethnic and urban/rural distribution of the state. More than one in seven (15.1%) participants reported physical, sexual, psychological, or technology-facilitated IPV since COVID, similar to the prevalence in the 3 months before COVID (16.2%). However, there were indications that IPV severity increased and that novel cases of IPV are occurring in relationships that previously had no abuse. A majority (64.2%) of individuals who experienced IPV since COVID reported that the IPV was new to the relationship (34.1%) or of increased severity during COVID-19 (26.6%), representing 9.7% of the overall sample. New or increased IPV was significantly more prevalent among those who were essential workers, pregnant, unable to afford rent, unemployed/underemployed or had recent changes to their job, had partners with recent changes to employment, and those who had gotten tested or tested positive for COVID-19. Urban residence, trans/nonbinary identity, and having a toddler were more strongly associated with IPV during COVID as compared to before COVID. While findings do not support significant changes in the overall prevalence of IPV, the majority of survivors reported incident IPV in relationships that had not previously been abusive, or IPV that became more severe since the start of the pandemic. Cases of new or increased IPV were more concentrated in marginalized groups. Potential touchpoints for outreach and services during future lockdowns include prenatal and pediatric settings, daycares, employers of essential workers, and COVID-19 testing centers. Policies providing rental, childcare, and unemployment support may mitigate increases in IPV during COVID-19.
Parents’ Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence as a Risk Factor for Early Childhood Development: Testing an Actor–Partner Interdependence Model Using UNICEF MICS
Authors: Turunç Gamze , Kisbu-Sakarya Yasemin
Published: December 2021

Purpose: While the importance of domestic violence has been examined in relation to parenting behaviors and child development, less is known about the link between justifying attitudes toward wife beating and parenting, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study employs an actor–partner interdependence mediation model to examine how parents’ justifying attitudes toward violence against women relate to their own (actor effects) and their partners’ (partner effects) level of parental involvement, which then influence their preschool children’s early development. Method: Using data from mothers, fathers, and children in 16,010 families residing in LMIC that participated in UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Waves 4-5-6 and a dyadic mediation modeling approach, we have examined the associations between maternal and paternal justification of violence against women, parental involvement, and children’s early development. Results: Results revealed that mothers’ greater justification of violence against themselves were associated with decreased level of maternal (actor effect) and paternal (partner effect) involvement, while fathers’ greater justification of violence against their wives was related to decreased paternal involvement (actor effect). Furthermore, mediation tests indicated that paternal justification of violence was negatively and indirectly associated with early childhood development through paternal involvement. Moreover, maternal justification of violence was negatively and indirectly associated with early childhood development through both maternal and paternal involvement. Conclusion: Mothers’ and fathers’ justifying attitudes toward domestic violence emerge as a possible risk factor for child development that can be addressed by preventive interventions.
The Relationship Between Perceived Age Discrimination in the Healthcare System and Health: An Examination of a Multi-Path Model in a National Sample of Israelis Over the Age of 50
Authors: Ayalon Liat , Cohn-Schwartz Ella
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The present study aims to examine possible pathways that potentially account for the relationship between perceived age discrimination in healthcare settings (as one form of ageism) and health outcomes.

Methods

We relied on 1570 complete surveys, which constitute a representative national sample of adults aged 50 and above in Israel.

Results

We found a direct link between perceived age discrimination and health outcomes. This link was partially mediated by self-perceptions of aging and subsequently by health behaviors (e.g., eating vegetables) and preventive health behaviors (e.g., medical check-ups). The link between perceived age discrimination and health behaviors was moderated by age, thus, particularly detrimental for older people over the age of 65 as compared with those between the ages of 50 and 65.

Discussion

This study adds to the literature as it examines comprehensive mechanisms to account for the path between perceived age discrimination and health status. Our findings point to the unique aspects associated with perceived age discrimination, which potentially make older people more susceptible to its negative effects.
Effect of TrisEDTA and Chlorhexidine 0.12% on an In Vitro-Defined Biofilm Representing the Subgingival Plaque Biofilm of the Dog
Authors: Kling Katherine E. , Maddox Carol W. , Manfra Marretta Sandra , Nowicki Christina , Schaeffer David J.
Published: December 2021

This study was designed to investigate the effects of chlorhexidine 0.12%, TrisEDTA (tromethamine ethylenediamintetraacetic acid), and a combination of chlorhexidine 0.12% and TrisEDTA on an in vitro plaque biofilm model comprised of three bacterial species commonly found in canine subgingival plaque. Porphyromonas gulae, Actinomyces canis, and Neisseria canis were grown in a biofilm on polished hydroxyapatite coated titanium alloy pucks for 72 h prior to exposure to one of four test solutions: TrisEDTA, chlorhexidine 0.12%, a combination of TrisEDTA and chlorhexidine 0.12%, or sterile deionized water as a control. Following exposure to the test solution, a sample was collected of the biofilm either immediately or following 24 h of additional incubation in a broth medium. Lower numbers of CFU/mL of Porphyromonas gulae resulted when the biofilm was treated with a solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% and TrisEDTA compared to with chlorhexidine 0.12% alone, TrisEDTA alone, or the control and so this solution can be said to be synergistic against Porphyromonas gulae in this controlled in vitro model. Greater reductions in the numbers of CFU/mL of Actinomyces canis and Neisseria canis resulted from treatment with chlorhexidine 0.12% alone than if treated with the combination of TrisEDTA and chlorhexidine 0.12%. When treated biofilm samples were allowed 24 h of additional growth in fresh media, greater variance resulted and this variance highlights the complex dynamics involved in bacterial growth within a biofilm.
Semi-Automatic Segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Datasets for Volume Measurements of Equine Cheek Teeth
Authors: Herren Fabienne L. , Gerber Vinzenz , Meier Raphael , Schweizer-Gorgas Daniela , Klopfenstein Bregger Micaël D.
Published: December 2021

The volumes of equine teeth may change considerably over time for several reasons including domestication, routine dental floating, and the hypsodont and anelodont nature of the teeth. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the head is routinely performed in standing horses and, in this proof of concept study, the feasibility of measuring tooth volume from CBCT datasets was determined. The CBCT images of 5 equine cadaver cheek teeth were segmented with a software 3-dimensional (3D) Slicer using a predefined protocol, corrected manually, and re-assembled into a 3D model. Individual tooth volume (VS) was calculated from the model. After extraction, the volumes were also measured using the “gold-standard” water displacement method (VW) for comparison. The VS of 77 teeth ranged from 7114 to 42,300 mm3 which strongly correlated with VW ( r = 0.99), and on average VS was 6.1% less than VW. There was no significant difference in VS between the right and left arcades in individual animals. Maxillary cheek tooth volume was on average 40% larger than it was for mandibular counterparts. Semi-automatic image segmentation of equine cheek teeth from CBCT data is feasible and accurate but requires some manual intervention. This preliminary study provides initial data on the volume of equine cheek teeth and creates new possibilities for future in vivo studies.
Seen and not heard: Students’ uses and experiences of silence in school relationships at a secondary school
Authors: Hanna Amy
Published: December 2021

Silence is traditionally understood as a power deficit; yet, it creates spaces in which power works unobtrusively. In this article, I report the findings of a qualitative study examining silence in school relationships. Based on nine conceptual discussions and 33 interviews with teachers and students in a secondary school in the UK, I assert that uses of silence in relationships between students and teachers revolve around two conceptions of power: a stronghold of respect and a refuge for dignity.
Measuring non-Han bodies: Anthropometry, colonialism, and biopower in China's south-western borderland in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Zhu Jing
Published: December 2021

This article examines the biopower of non-Han bodies by considering the intersections of anthropology, racial science, and colonial regimes. During the 1930s and 1940s, when extensive anthropometric research was being undertaken on non-Han populations in the south-western borderlands of China, several anthropologists studied non-Han groups under the aegis of frontier administration. Chinese scholars sought to generate the physical characteristics of ethnic minority groups in the south-west of China through the methodology of body measurement, in order to identify forms of social and political intervention in the management of the non-Han population in wartime. This article examines the global transmission of Western social science in China, highlighting the local reception of Western racial taxonomy. Non-Han bodies were represented as a subcategory of the Mongolian/‘Yellow’ race through anthropometric research. The body measurements of non-Han people were used to demonstrate physical similarities between the Han and various ethnic minority groups in order to evoke a unified Zhonghua minzu (Chinese ethnicity) that embraced both the Han Chinese and frontier ethnic minority groups.
Modeling and investigation of cutting force for SiCp/Al composites during ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning
Authors: Lin Jieqiong , Wang Chao , Lu Mingming , Zhou Jiakang , Zhao Shixin , Liu Yuyang
Published: December 2021

The machining process of SiCp/Al composites is considerably difficult because of the addition of ceramic particles. As an effective machining method, ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning is used to process SiCp/Al composites, which can effectively reduce the cutting force, improve the surface quality, and reduce the tool wear. This study developed a cutting force prediction model for ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning of SiCp/Al composites, which comprehensively considers the instantaneous depth of cut and the instantaneous shear angle. This model divides the cutting force into the chip formation force considering the instantaneous depth of cut, the friction force considering the influence of SiC particles at tool-chip interface, the particle fracture force, and the ultrasonic impact force in the cutting depth direction. By comparing the predicted value of the main cutting force with the experimental values, the results present the same trend, which verifies the feasibility of the cutting force prediction model. In addition, the influence of vibration amplitude, depth of cut, and cutting speed on the main cutting force is analyzed. The systematic cutting experiments show that ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning can significantly reduce the cutting force and improve the machinability of SiCp/Al composites.
Slip boundaries effects on double-diffusive convection of magneto-pseudoplastic nanofluid on peristaltic flux in an inclined asymmetric channel
Authors: Akram Safia , Athar Maria , Saeed Khalid , Razia Alia , Muhammad Taseer , Hussain Anwar
Published: December 2021

The implications of double-diffusive convection and an inclined magnetic field on the peristaltic transport of a pseudoplastic nanofluid in an inclined asymmetric channel with slip boundaries were investigated in this research. The present problem is mathematically modeled using lubrication techniques, which results in highly nonlinear equations for the proposed problem that is solved using a numerical technique. The graphical findings show how temperature, pressure rise, concentration, pressure gradient, nanoparticle fraction, and stream functions affect key physical parameters of interest. It is revealed that the velocity value rises as the velocity slip parameter, temperature, and solutal Grashof number rise. Furthermore, increasing thermal slip, Dufour, Soret, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis factors increase the temperature profile. If [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] the viscous model of classical Newtonian fluid is a special case of the preceding model.