bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extant Models of the Psychophysical Function: A Comparison
Authors: Jones Quana R. , Centa David M.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has tested the efficacy of the deterministic-sensory model versus probabilistic-sensory-learning model for psychophysical relationships when cognitive factors were manipulated. The present study attempted to expand those findings by holding cognitive factors constant and varying a perceptual factor within a stimulus class. Subjects made magnitude estimations of skin-area contact for each of two sets of weights which varied identically in surface area but differed in that one set also varied in accelerative force whereas the other did not. A power function was obtained only for that set which varied with respect to accelerative force, supporting the deterministic-sensory model. These results are consistent with those of electro-physiological studies which have related transducer activity to the dynamic component of a mechanical stimulus. It was suggested that better conceptualization of “cognitive” and “perceptual” factors is needed before further research in this area is undertaken.
Standardizing Perceived Task Difficulty for Studies of Cheating: A Methodological Refinement and Sample Tasks
Authors: Monte Christopher F. , Fish Jefferson M.
Published: September 2011

As a contribution to research on cheating (in experiments that investigate ethical action) three “tests” of intellectual competence which permit cheating were standardized for perceived level of difficulty. A vocabulary, remote-associates, and trigram word-making task were rated for perceived difficulty and ranked for relative perceived difficulty by 71 college students. Analyses of variance of the mean rankings and ratings showed that the three tasks are of widely (and significantly) different degrees of perceived difficulty. Moreover, the three tasks occupy nearly equal distances from one another along the dimension of perceived difficulty, permitting classification by experimenters as “easy,” “medium,” and “very difficult” in false norms provided to subjects. Suggestions for use in cheating studies included manipulations that require credible false-norm feedback as well as those which attempt to assess the clash between perceived difficulty and discrepant instructions concerning level of difficulty.
Developmental Changes for Hemispheric Specialization of Tactile Recognition by Normal Children
Authors: Yamamoto Mayumi
Published: September 2011

42 normal children aged from 8 to 12 yr. identified tactile stimuli in a visual display. The results indicated the left-hand (right hemisphere) specialization for tactile-spatial ability develops with increasing age in middle childhood.
Note on Absence of Proactive Interference in Motor Long-Term Memory
Authors: Bolter C. J. , Dickinson J.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 10 subjects made and recalled a linear arm-positioning movement after a 10-min. retention interval. One of the groups made and recalled four similar movements immediately prior to the last movement (a Brown-Peterson proactive design) and another learned all five movements and then recalled them in reverse order after the retention interval. The control group made and recalled only one movement. Significant forgetting was evident for all groups in terms of absolute error, but there was no significant difference between the groups in either absolute, constant, or variable errors.
Continuous, Spontaneous Alternation in the Rat: Influence of Y-Maze Arm Times
Authors: Drew Wm. G. , Kostas Jeanne , Mc Farland D. J. , De Rossett Sarah E.
Published: September 2011

Fifty-four male hooded rats were observed for two sessions, 8 min. each for continuous spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. Subjects were found to alternate on 71% of all choices. Responsivity decreased during each session and a decided preference was shown for the initial placement arm regardless of its spatial position. Though arms per se did not affect alternation, the amount of time spent in previous arms differentially affected alternation depending on whether the subject was displaying alternation or non-alternation behavior during the preceding trials. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for stimulus satiation models of spontaneous alternation behavior.
Utility of Electromyographic Biological Feedback in Chronic Stuttering: A Clinical Study with Follow-up
Authors: Manschreck Theo C. , Kalotkin Madeline , Jacobson Alan M.
Published: September 2011

A systematic case study is presented in which eight chronic adult stutterers underwent an electromyographic (EMG) biological feedback training program designed to reduce masseter muscle tension in an effort to improve fluency. All subjects mastered the program within 10 30-min. sessions. Measures of muscle tension and fluency indicated improvements at the end of treatment that were maintained at 3- to 6-mo. follow-up.
Mental Speed, Response Time, and Intelligence
Authors: Hoosain Rumjahn
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have reported significant correlations between response time, varying from push-button reaction time to sentence verification time, and intelligence scores. The present study obtained correlations in the opposite direction: faster subjects in a word-judging task had lower Raven's Progressive Matrices scores. A distinction might be made between speed of mental processes and response time. Mental speed is only inferred from response time and assumes knowledge of the processes leading to response. Mental speed could conceivably be correlated with intelligence but response time needs not.
Eye Contact and Communication of Facilitative Conditions
Authors: Kelly Eugene W. , True Joan Hardy
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of a counselor's eye contact on the counselor's communication of facultative conditions. 48 undergraduate and graduate majors in education were randomly assigned to one of six types of 10-min. counseling sessions, representing two levels of eye direction (eye-to-eye and eye-to-nose/mouth) and three amounts of eye contact (high, medium, low). Interviews were videotaped. All subjects met with the same counselor. Interrater reliability was .87 for the counselor's maintenance of amount of eye contact and .03 for direction. Two raters independently assessed the counselor's communicated facilitative conditions with high agreement. A two-way analysis of variance with Scheffé's comparisons showed that the communication of respect and genuineness is positively and significantly related to greater eye contact.
Limitations of the Single-Age Sample for Research on Birth Order
Authors: McCall John N.
Published: September 2011

A simulated completed family population model was used to illustrate bias in single-age samples which results from changes in population growth rate. The model comprised 100 families or 238 individuals who ranged from 2 to 22 yr. in age. IQ-codes from a normal distribution were assigned to these individuals so that IQ correlated –.25 with family size and –.39 with occupational level. This produced a correlation of –.27 between birth order and IQ. A random sample, stratified random sample, and a random family unit sample estimated this last correlation quite closely. But estimates of this same correlation were spuriously high for 6 of the 11 single-age groups. These results were linked to an excess of early-borns in small families and an excess of later-borns in large families.
Analysis of Five Measures of Self-Concept
Authors: Kernaleguen Anne , Conrad Sister G.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among five measures of self-concept, based on the scores received by a non-random sample of 50 subjects, were moderate and significant. Choice of measure may depend upon age group and educational levels of subjects, time available, and the extent and type of information required by the user.
Eyeblink, Evoked Potentials and Visual Attention
Authors: Mecacci Luciano , Pasquali Elio
Published: September 2011

Eyeblink signals and evoked potentials were recorded and averaged in humans during the tachistoscopic presentation of gratings at various spatial frequencies and levels of luminance. It was confirmed that at high spatial frequencies and low levels of luminance the latency of evoked potentials increased and their amplitude decreased. At the same time there was a longer inhibition of the eyeblink, which was more precisely timed on the stimulus. This points to the existence of a central system that regulates the eyeblink in accordance with the attention involved in visual information processing.
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency: A Viable Measure for 3- to 5-Yr.-Old Children
Authors: Beitel Patricia A. , Mead Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (1978) was examined as part of an effort to identify appropriate and feasible perceptual-motor measures for use with young “normal” children so that in future research developmental changes can be investigated. The test was administered to 24 children 3- to 5-yr. of age to assess its potential for discriminating among ages and between sexes. The investigators also sought to determine whether the short form accounted for a major portion of the variability of the complete battery. The short form and the eight subtests were significantly related to age, thus the Bruininks-Oseretsky can be regarded as an age-related measure through the 3- to 5-yr. age range. No significant sex differences were found on either the short form or on subtest scores. The short form accounted for 96.3% of the variability of the complete battery, so the short form can be substituted for the complete battery whenever appropriate. Evidence supports use of the Bruininks-Oseretsky as a viable measure of motor proficiency in children 3- to 5-yr. of age.
Exposure Duration and Line Length: An Analogy to the Broca-Sulzer Effect in Perception of Extent?
Authors: Jaeger Ted , Kraemer Charles
Published: September 2011

For 30 undergraduates, brief exposures were shown to increase the apparent length of a line. This enhancement of length diminished as duration of exposure increased, creating an illusion of line length that resembles the Broca-Sulzer brightness anomaly.
Relationship of Birth Order to Selected Personality Characteristics of Nationally Ranked Olympic Weight Lifters
Authors: Hall Evelyn G. , Church Gabie E. , Stone Michael
Published: September 2011

Birth order was investigated to determine its interrelationship with other personality variables in questionnaire form: trait anxiety, locus of control, and need for achievement in a special sample of 20 national calibre Olympic weight lifters. More were firstborn (65%) than later born (35%). One-way analysis of variance showed that later-born lifters were significantly more internal than firstborn lifters in their locus of control beliefs. Firstborn lifters demonstrated a significantly greater need for achievement. All weight lifters, whether firstborns or later borns, scored relatively low on trait anxiety. The results were discussed in support of the trait approach as viable in research on personality for sport psychologists when relevant traits or states are studied according to specific task demands of sports.
Perceptual Discrimination of Whispered Phoneme Pairs
Authors: Dannenbring Gary L.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of 12 subjects to discriminate between whispered consonants that are differentiated, in normal speech, on the basis of voicing. In general, the subjects were able to make these discriminations, although certain phonemes (such as /d — t/) were easier to discriminate than others |ð−θ|. Possible acoustic features the subjects might be using to make these discriminations were discussed.
Effect of Materials on Preschool Children's Ability to Represent a Man
Authors: Brittain W. Lambert , Chien Yu-Chin
Published: September 2011

61 nursery school children were asked to construct a man, using six different methods. The data indicate that the ability to identify body pans, eye-hand coordination, or the use of particular materials made no significant differences in success. Success seemed more related to the understanding that shapes may have symbolic meaning.
Prediction of Success in an Accelerated BS/MD Medical School Program Using Two Projective Techniques
Authors: Daubney John H. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Two successive classes of accelerated medical students were administered a variety of tests in an effort to find predictors of medical school grades. Through an innovative combination of the Hand Test and Rorschach, a single index of maladjustment, Daubney Index, was derived. This correlated –.55 with medical school grades for 23 students. Similar approaches may be especially useful for high powered programs which stress the students' adaptive mechanisms.
Comparative Study of Factor Structure of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices
Authors: Schmidtke Armin , Schaller Sylvia
Published: September 2011

The Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices were administered on group or individual bases to children ranging in age from 4 yr. 9 mo. to 11 yr. 0 mo. ( N = 728). Factor analysis yielded three factors: 1. Perceptual closure involving complex figures and patterns with heterogeneous inner structures, 2. Concrete and abstract reasoning, 3. Completion of homogeneous patterns and recognition of given elements. Factor matrix comparisons across age groups resulted in a mean similarity coefficient of .75. Comparisons of data with earlier analyses also resulted in high similarity. This supports the hypothesis of a three-factor structure rather than a four-factor solution or a simple dual classification into items which can be solved by perceptual processes and those which require conceptual solutions.
Comparison of Personality Characteristics of Physical Education and Recreation Majors, and Factors Which Affect Career Choice
Authors: Batesky James A. , Malacos John A. , Purcell Kevin M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the personality characteristics of physical education and recreation majors, and ascertained why some students choose one over the other. Forty-nine physical education and recreation majors were administered Holland's Self-directed Search. A 2 × 3 fixed-factorial design was employed, sex and major plus a control group were independent variables. Both 24 recreation and 25 physical education majors were alike in the personality profiles and were very similar to recreation and physical education professionals already in the field. Significant differences were found on secondary, less dominant characteristics which may contribute to selection of a specialization area.
Sensorimotor Performance and Limb Preference
Authors: Lofthus Geraldine Klimovitch
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine simple and choice fractionated reaction time components with respect to limb preference. Subjects (10 males, 10 females) participated in two experiments. The first experiment involved sensorimotor performance of the hands under four conditions of preferred only, nonpreferred only, bilateral simultaneous, and choice handgrip reaction time. The second experiment involved preferred and nonpreferred knee extension under the same conditions. Simple RT results indicated that performance task measures differed only for the preferred bilateral hand RT and corresponding premotor time. Under choice situations, the most rapid scores occurred with preferred unilateral reaction times due to briefer premotor times. The influence of the central, premotor component relative to simple and choice performance is discussed. Results are also presented with respect to male and female differences.
Test-Retest Reliability of Developmental Tests of Visual-Motor Association
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

274 boys and girls, aged 7 through 15 yr. enrolled in Grades 2 through 9, participated in a test-retest reliability study of the Developmental Tests of Visual-motor Association. Test-retest correlations for the total group and subjects comprising categories A through D were significant.
Preference for Photographs and Personality Traits
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Myers Hal , Bailey Louise
Published: September 2011

89 college students completed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and made ratings of preference on 23 selected slides of photographs. Factor analysis of students' ratings of preference indicated factors corresponding to photograph themes of aggression, form, and innocence/children. Four of six hypothesized relationships between 16 Personality Factor source traits and preferences for the theme of a photograph were found. To some degree, persons prefer photographs whose themes are congruent with or express their personality traits.
Ear Dominance in Classroom and Clinic Samples
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Non-language ear-preference for hand-held objects was measured for 120 high- and 120 low-achieving subjects in Grades 4, 8, and 12 and for 204 subjects with learning problems. Nonsignificant differences for proportions of right-ear preferences in the two groups were noted, but the correlation between ear preference and composite dominance was significant.
Effect of Physical Stress and Time-Pressure on Performance
Authors: Lulofs Rutger , Wennekens Rianne , Van Houtem Jan
Published: September 2011

Several aspects of the inverted U-model regarding the relation between activation and performance were tested in an experiment in which activation was manipulated both by increasing metabolic demands and by varying psychological demands. Psychological stress influenced performance but the direct manipulation of activation by increasing physical stress had no effect on performance. From these results we conclude that it is very unlikely that activation is causally related to performance. A better explanation seems that a stressor influences both activation and performance and that the effect of a stressor is highly specific and depends on the kind of stressor and the kind of task.
Growth of Apparent Duration: Effect of Melodic and Non-Melodic Tonal Variation
Authors: Kowal Kathleen H.
Published: September 2011

Time estimates of 12 intervals of 15 to 65 sec. duration were obtained from 30 subjects by one of two methods, magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching. Three kinds of sequences of musical notes were presented during stimulus intervals: repetitive, melodic, and random. Within all sequences, notes were of equal duration and with equal pauses between them. In all cases, the relationship between perceived and physical time is consistent with Stevens' power law. Exponents derived from both kinds of estimates were significantly affected by the content of the interval. Exponents derived for repetitive sequences were not different from 1 and were significantly larger than exponents derived from random or melodic sequences. These results are inconsistent with the view that the predictability, familiarity, or codability of events occurring in the stimulus interval is inversely related to the perceived duration of that interval. There is some indication that the effect of the content of the interval on judgments of duration varies with the magnitude of the duration being judged. Perhaps the relationship holds only within certain parameters and, when these are exceeded, other factors mask the effect. A two-process theory of time perception, one which considers these other factors and explains the present results, is proposed.
Relationship between Intellectual Status and Reading Skills for Developmentally Disabled Children
Authors: Bloom Allan , Wagner Marcella , Bergman Anna , Altshuler Lisa , Raskin Larry
Published: September 2011

The relationship between WISC-R Full Scale IQ and scores on the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests were explored for 80 developmentally disabled children. While the children's reading skills correlated moderately and significantly with intellectual status, abstract reading skills, e.g., word comprehension, correlated more highly with Full Scale IQ than did concrete ones, e.g., word identification. The development of concrete learning patterns by such children was discussed, with an emphasis on the emotional importance of these learning styles to the children and their families.
Comparison of Performance of Eight-Year-Old Children on Three Auditory Sequential Memory Tests
Authors: Chermak Gail D. , O'Connell Vickie I.
Published: September 2011

20 normal children (Mage = 8.2 yr.) were administered three tests of auditory sequential memory. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .50 and coefficients of determination showed all but one relationship to be nonsignificant and predictability between pairs of scores to be poor.
Prediction of Kindergarteners' Behavior on Metropolitan Readiness Tests from Preschool Perceptual and Perceptual-Motor Performances: A Validation Study
Authors: Belka David E.
Published: September 2011

Multiple regression equations were generated to predict cognitive achievement for 40 children (ages 57 to 68 mo.) 1 yr. after administration of a battery of 6 perceptual and perceptual-motor tests to determine if previous results from Toledo could be replicated. Regression equations generated from maximum R2 improvement techniques indicated that performance at prekindergarten is useful for prediction of cognitive performance (total score and total score without the copying subtest on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests) 1 yr. later at the end of kindergarten. The optimal battery included scores on auditory perception, fine perceptual-motor, and gross perceptual-motor tasks. The moderate predictive power of the equations obtained was compared with high predictive power generated in the Toledo study.
Expected Performance and Perceived Exertion in a Prolonged Physical Task
Authors: Zohar Dov , Spitz Gabriel
Published: September 2011

A prolonged bicycle ergometer task at a fixed sub-maximal intensity was carried out under three experimental conditions, varying in terms of the amount of feedback about performance provided to subjects. Using a repeated-measures methodology, subjects were asked every 3 min. to rate their perceived exertion and to estimate their expected performance level. The data indicated that these two measures were highly correlated when no feedback was given. However, when feedback about performance was given, the expected performance level was accordingly adjusted whereas the measure of perceived exertion remained unchanged. These data were interpreted as indicating that perceived exertion was based on physiological processes whereas the measure of expected performance was largely based on a cognitive-anticipatory process. The temporal course of relationships between the level of perceived exertion and heart rate indicated that, whereas the two measures were initially related, this relationship disappeared after heart rate had reached its steady state level. These data suggest that physiological processes other than heart rate have become the source of exertion perceptions.
Effect of Conceptual Tempo on Kindergarten Reading Readiness
Authors: Sousley Sharon A. , Gargiulo Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between cognitive style and reading readiness in 104 kindergarteners prior to and after exposure to a treatment designed to modify conceptual impulsivity. Correlations were also obtained between errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test and performance on the Metropolitan Readiness Test. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences between impulsive and reflective children on the Metropolitan. Errors on the Matching Familiar Figures Test negatively correlated with performance on the Metropolitan while response latency was positively correlated. No treatment effect was evidenced on either dependent measure although selected pre- vs posttest differences were observed. The results were discussed in terms of the existing literature and educational implications.
Scaled Attitudes of College Freshmen Reflecting Their Competencies in Reading, Mathematics, and Compositional Practice
Authors: White William F. , Bigham Wanda L. , Mincey Michael
Published: September 2011

This study tried to identify the attitudes of a beginning freshman class relating to five concepts, my reading ability, my mathematics ability, my ability to write compositions, myself, and Morehead State University. From a pool of 2,132 students, 860 were randomly selected and asked to complete, anonymously, semantic differential ratings with 12 bipolar adjectives. All responses were factor analyzed by the principal components solution. Three factors were rotated to the varimax solution. Scaled feelings of value, power, and activity toward each concept were identified.
Relationship between Creativity, Repression, and Anxiety in First Graders
Authors: Strauss Helen , Hadar Meir , Shavit Hanna , Itskowitz Rivka
Published: September 2011

The present study dealt with the extent to which creativity may be identified in 71 first graders and raised the question of whether and how creativity is related to anxiety and repression at this young age. Furthermore, intelligence was studied in relation to anxiety and repression. A significant correlation of 0.62 was obtained between creativity and decrease in repression. The various subtests and the four dimensions of creativity were separately analyzed in relation to anxiety and repression, and the results were discussed. No relation was found between intelligence and the dynamic variables of anxiety and repression.
Spatio-Temporal Discrimination of Frequency in the Right and Left Visual Fields: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rao Stephen M. , Rourke Daniel , Whitman R. Douglas
Published: September 2011

Normal right-handed subjects were presented with luminance patterns varying sinusoidally in both space and time to the left and right visual fields. With no temporal variation in the stimuli, detection thresholds for the left visual field were lower than those for the right visual field for all spatial frequencies. However, with increasing temporal variations, a reversal in detection of threshold occurred, with the right visual field surpassing the left. This finding suggests that left and right visual processing may be differentially efficient for temporal and spatial visual information.
Observations on the Divided Line Illusion
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Variations on the divided line illusion are presented, and these variations are used to illustrate the efficacy of assimilation theory in accounting for the results reported with this illusion.
Simulation of a Memory Deficit on the Continuous Recognition Memory Test
Authors: Hannay H. Julia , James Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Simulation of a memory deficit on the Continuous Recognition Memory Test was studied, with 20 male and 20 female normal undergraduates assigned to each of two conditions. Simulation with prior test experience was studied by comparing performance following standard and then simulation instructions. A significant increase in false alarms was associated with a significant decrease in correct responses, d', c, and a slight decrease in hits. For studying simulation without prior test experience, the test was administered once with instructions to simulate. Performance was similar to simulation with test experience. Comparisons with the performance of closed head-injured patients were made.
Sport and Personality: Effects of Type of Sport and Level of Competition
Authors: Dowd R. , Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

Personal information and personality profiles, using the Cattell 16 PF, were collected from 93 sportsmen and sportswomen. Players involved in team (volleyball) and in individual (squash) sports were represented. Athletes were at a high level of competition (those selected for training at State level) and an average level. Discriminant analysis indicated significant differences in personality characteristics between squash and volleyball players and between high- and average-level competitors. Differences on a larger number of personality dimensions as a function of type of sport were also noted when analyses were carried out on the State (high) level competitors only.
Behavioral Dentistry: A Multiple-Baseline Study Incorporating Contracting with Patients
Authors: Patthoff Donald E. , Horton A. MacNeill , Di Vecchio Mary Beth
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the effects of contracting upon modification of oral hygiene skill and plaque indexes. Three males and one female from a VA domiciliary attended 20 oral hygiene patient-education classes during which personalized flossing and brushing instructions were given. Double-blind personal contracting procedures were applied within a multiple-baseline design across subjects and behaviors. Responses indicated that signing either the skill or plaque contract modified the related index in the desired direction. Contracting appears a viable strategy for selected oral hygiene problems.
Development of the Animacy Constraints of Adjectives
Authors: Weist Richard M.
Published: September 2011

36 children were required to demonstrate their knowledge of the animacy requirements of adjectives. It was concluded that there are three basic categories of adjectives. They were adjectives modifying (a) animate nouns, (b) inanimate nouns, and (c) animate or inanimate nouns.
Effects of Varying Ball Diameters on Catching Ability of Young Children
Authors: Payne V. Gregory , Koslow Robert
Published: September 2011

10 boys and 10 girls (60 subjects) were randomly selected from kindergarten, first, and second grades. Each subject attempted to catch balls of 6-, 8.5-, 10-, and 13-in. diameters through 28 trials (seven attempts per ball per subject). A special apparatus was designed to roll the ball consistently into the subject's arms from a horizontal distance of approximately 4 ft. The quality of each attempted catch was evaluated using a five-point scale. The main effects of ball size, grade, and sex were significant. A linear trend described the relation of ball size and grade. The over-all quality of the catching performance improved from kindergarten to second grade and from the small ball to the larger sizes.
Cognitive Style and Perspective Reversal
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Cei Alberto , Bergerone Chiara , Guerrera Antonia
Published: September 2011

In this study we examined the relationship between the cognitive style and the perspective reversal of 41 undergraduate female students in psychology. The number of reversals of the Schröder Staircase under instructions to hold is negatively correlated with Embedded Figures Test scores.
Relationship of Selected Hand and Wrist Measurements to Ability to Shoot in Basketball
Authors: Pease Dale G.
Published: September 2011

64 college-age males were tested to determine the relationship of seven selected hand and wrist measurements to the ability to shoot successfully in basketball. A stepwise regression with all 7 variables in the model yielded an R2 of .37. Spread of hand was the only significant predictor of shooting ability.
Auditory Masking Effects on Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Sloane Neal
Published: September 2011

Auditory interaction effects on lingual vibrotactile thresholds were examined for 20 adult subjects. The thresholds from two different masking conditions were compared to the thresholds from a no-masking condition for three different frequencies. Results showed no auditory interference on obtained thresholds for any condition with any frequency. Future research endeavors are discussed with respect to gaining a more complete understanding of auditory interactions in lingual vibrotactile threshold measurement.
The Structure of Spatial Ability Items: A Faceted Analysis
Authors: Guttman Ruth , Shoham Ilana
Published: September 2011

800 individuals were given a battery of 8 spatial tests which had been assembled with the aid of a mapping sentence of four content facets: rule type, dimensionality, presence or absence of rotation, and test format. An intercorrelation matrix of 49 items from these tests was analyzed by Smallest Space Analysis, SSA-I. All three facets formed distinct regions in a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional space. It is suggested that further facets be hypothesized to elaborate on the structure of spatial abilities.
IX. What is a Person?
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Some pitfalls resulting from words having multiple meanings are indicated.
Agreeing Response Set: Statistical Nuisance or Meaningful Personality Concept?
Authors: Blau Gary , Katerberg Ralph
Published: September 2011

Two different perspectives on agreeing response set exist in the literature. Based upon one perspective, agreeing response set is seen primarily as a statistical nuisance which must be controlled or suppressed by appropriate mathematical techniques. The second perspective conceptualizes agreeing response set as a manifestation of the respondent's personality. Building upon research which conceptualizes agreeing response set as a personality variable, two predictions were tested using a sample of 203 Air Force trainees, (a) nay-sayers maintain more belief consistency than do yea-sayers and (b) nay-sayers are more intellectually-oriented while yea-sayers are more emotionally-oriented. Results of the study supported both predictions. Implications of the results are briefly discussed.
Effect of Mental Rehearsal with Part and Whole Demonstration Models on Acquisition of Backstroke Swimming Skills
Authors: Yamamoto Katsuaki , Inomata Kimihiro
Published: September 2011

36 undergraduates were randomly divided into three groups: (1) mental rehearsal with a whole model demonstration, (2) mental rehearsal with a progressive part model demonstration, and (3) controls. Each group participated in a 1-wk. swimming program (140 min. a day) and took 3 tests related to vividness of general motor imagery, swimming imagery, and accuracy of the imagined skill. Dependent variables were speed and distance scores for performance of the backstroke. There were no differential effects of the two demonstrations on motor performance and image formation in the acquisition of skill. Some trends were observed, however. Physical practice as well as mental rehearsal increased vividness and accuracy of imaging the swimming stroke. The effect of mental rehearsal on vividness of imaging a skill was somewhat related to vividness of general motor imagery.
Free-Response and Card-Sort Techniques for Assessing Cognitive Content: Two Studies concerning Their Stability, Validity, and Utility
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C. , Wallendorf Melanie R.
Published: September 2011

Free-response and card-sort techniques are criticized as to their application to investigating cognitive content. Two studies are presented which examine the validity and reliability of these two techniques when they are used concurrently with college students.
Perception of an Aggressive Interaction as a Function of the Perceiver's Aggression
Authors: Driscoll James M.
Published: September 2011

This research examined whether persons high or low in naturally occurring aggression differ in attributions made to others engaged in an aggressive interaction. All participants were shown a videotaped aggressive exchange after which they completed a standard person-perception questionnaire and a self-report used to separate them into groups of persons high and low in aggression. The salience of the more aggressive stimulus person was manipulated as a means of relating results to existing findings and theory in person perception. Five of the seven dependent measures show effects of level of aggression consistent with prediction of more negative perceptions by persons high in aggression than by persons low in aggression. Level of aggression often interacts with salience and stimulus person, and some of these complex interactions are not easily interpretable. However, persons high in aggression perceive greater injury, negative reactions, and domineering in such situations and make greater causal distinction among stimulus persons.
Language in a Monkey?
Authors: Muncer S. J. , Malone D. , Ettlinger G.
Published: September 2011

The training of language-type skills to Tich, a rhesus monkey, is described. The method and apparatus make it possible that language-type skills could be examined in lesser animals. The authors suggest some areas for further research and a change in emphasis from language as communication to the cognitive prerequisites of language.
Simultaneous Investigation of Effects of Distance of Projection and Object Size on Object Reception by Children in Grade 1
Authors: Payne V. Gregory
Published: September 2011

This study examined simultaneously the effects of distance of projection (4-, 6-, and 8-horizontal ft.) and object size (6-, 8.5-in., and 10-in. diameter balls) on object reception by children in the first grade. 6 boys and 6 girls were randomly assigned to each of the 3 distances (36 subjects total). Each subject was administered 36 trials, 12 attempted catches with each ball size at their assigned distance. All balls were projected by a device designed to control accuracy as well as the angle of projection for projections to each distance. Each attempted catch was evaluated by a 5-point scale ( r = .96). Trials, sex, distance of projection, ball size, and related interactions were examined using a conventional analysis of variance. Ball size was the only significant main effect, but the interaction between ball size and sex was also significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that the 10-in. ball gave significantly more catching success than the 8.5- or the 6-in. ball. Although more success in catching was achieved with the larger ball sizes, no difference in catching was attributable to the varying distances. The sequences for catching success according to ball size at each distance were not significantly different.
Relation of Facial Expressions and Activities: A Study of Attensity Differences in Events
Authors: Shapiro Beth A.
Published: September 2011

The role of experience in the perception of visual events was examined in a study of facial communications. It was hypothesized that the facial expressions manifested by actors as they performed various tasks would be specific to those tasks or reflective of the activities being performed. Consequently, the facial expressions themselves would provide information regarding the task performed, and this information would be more salient for viewers who were familiar with the tasks. Experienced viewers were the best perceivers, but the type of task performed significantly affected viewer's accuracy. A unitization measure recorded by viewers helped to pinpoint some of the reasons for the differential accuracy rates, while also speaking to the hypothesized differences in attensity which distinguished experienced from inexperienced viewers.
Necker Cube Reversals in Young, Middle-Aged, and Elderly Females
Authors: Camp Cameron J. , Markley Robert P. , Danielson Judith
Published: September 2011

This research dealt with the reversing Necker cube illusion and its relationship to age in healthy, community-dwelling female adults. 36 respondents representing three age groups (20—39, 40—59, and 61—80 yr.) were tested. Age was unrelated to experiencing the Necker cube illusion, contrary to predictions based on previous research and stimulus persistence theory. The role of sampling effects in gerontological research outcomes is discussed.
Further Evidence concerning the Dimensionality of Reading Attitudes
Authors: Wallbrown Fred H. , Singleton Barbara A. , Levine Mary A.
Published: September 2011

A principal-factor analysis was performed on intercorrelations among the 92 items from the Survey of Reading Attitudes, and the factors thus obtained were rotated to Varimax criterion. The sample of 315 fifth and sixth grade students was from a middle school located in rural northeastern Ohio. The following eight factors were obtained: Expressed Reading Difficulty, Reading as Enjoyment, Reading Group, Silent vs Oral Reading, Alternative Learning Modes, Reading as Direct Reinforcement, Comics, and Reading Anxiety. The factor structure for the present sample of white rural students was compared with the findings from other studies with diverse populations.
Cognitive Information Processing Measures as Predictors of Monitoring Performance
Authors: Cellar Douglas , Barrett Gerald V. , Alexander Ralph , Doverspike Dennis , Thomas Jay C. , Binning John F. , Kroeck Galen
Published: September 2011

To obtain a more precise understanding of the constructs underlying complex monitoring, measures of short-term memory and visual search were administered to 7 male and 13 female college students. The hypothesis was that more rapid short-term memory and visual search would be related to successful monitoring. A correlational analysis indicated that choice reaction time was related to performance ( r = –.38 and –.43) while rate of serial comparisons was not ( r = –.08 and –.28). It was concluded that information-processing measures enhanced the understanding of the underlying processes in monitoring beyond that provided by traditional cognitive tests.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Spoke Tasks
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Lundy N. Catherine , Kennedy Robert S. , Harbeson Mary M.
Published: September 2011

Two Spoke Tasks were evaluated for their qualifications for use in repeated-measures experiments. Fashioned after the Reitan Trail Making Test (Form A), the Experimental Task showed linear trends in means and homogeneous variances from the first day. Differential stability was indicated by statistical analysis from the first day with reliability of 0.43; however, graphical analysis indicated increasing reliability and differential instability for later trials. From the first day, the Control Task showed linear trends in means, homogeneous variances, and differential stability with reliability of 0.80. The Control Task was recommended for inclusion in test batteries for repeated-measures applications.
Effects of Studying to Music and Post-Study Relaxation on Reading Comprehension
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Ptasnik Patricia
Published: September 2011

20 female and 20 male college students studied a passage in quiet surroundings or while listening to preferred music and then either relaxed or read unrelated material. Reading comprehension of the passage was facilitated by silent study for subjects who seldom listen to music, and by post-study relaxation.
Type a Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern, Self-Consciousness, and Self-Monitoring: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Herbertt R. M. , Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

A correlational and factor analytic study of data from 233 undergraduate university students was designed to test the hypothesis that there are differences between Type A and Type B individuals in their predisposition to be self-aware. Both measures of Type A behavior did not correlate with measures of self-consciousness but did show small, statistically significant relationships with a measure of self-monitoring. This finding is discussed in the light of experimental data reported in the literature. A significant but small correlation found between the two measures of Type A behavior is discussed with reference to the use of short scales for Type A behavioral assessment.
Interactions of 2-PPM Lead in the Water Supply with Food Deprivation upon Maze-Swimming Behavior of Mice
Authors: Kowalski S. , Parker G. H. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Mice that had been given either tap water or 2 ppm lead in their drinking water and either severely food deprived (3 days before testing) or allowed food ad libitum demonstrated significant interactions of lead treatment by day by food condition and lead by block. Although not statistically significant, the food deprived-lead treated mice displayed more errors and longer latencies than the ad libitum-water controls. The food deprived-water controls and ad libitum-lead-treated mice displayed intermediate values. The importance of using multivariate statistical techniques that can evaluate dynamic repeated behavioral measurements is emphasized.
Forearm Tension and Change of Finger Temperature
Authors: Rattenbury Christine , Donald Merlin W.
Published: September 2011

10 adult subjects were provided EMG feedback from the forearm and relaxed until integrated EMG output fell below 5 µV. The temperature of the index finger of the same limb was simultaneously monitored, and when it had stabilized, a baseline measurement was taken. Subjects then performed a tonic contraction of the forearm, maintaining a specified EMG output for three minutes. No movements of the hand, fingers, or arm were permitted during this period. Finger temperatures were again measured at the end of the contraction period and had decreased significantly in proportion to sustained EMG output. It is concluded that covert changes in tonic forearm EMG activity have a substantial effect on finger temperature.
Changes in Lingual Sensitivity as a Function of Age and Stimulus Exposure Time
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Robey Randall R.
Published: September 2011

Effects of duration of stimulus exposure on lingual vibrotactile thresholds were examined across three groups of 10 subjects each ( n = 30). Subjects were grouped according to age (child group, mean age = 10.1 yr.; young adult group, mean age = 21.9 yr.; elderly group, mean age = 76.0 yr.). Lingual vibrotactile threshold measurements were obtained for all subjects under 5 conditions of exposure (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 sec.). Results showed statistically significant differences in threshold among all three age groups. As age increased, thresholds of lingual sensitivity increased (became poorer). Stimulus duration also created significant differences in threshold for all age groups. As stimulus duration increased, thresholds of lingual sensitivity decreased (became better). The children appeared to be the most stable across conditions whereas the elderly group appeared to be the most affected by stimulus duration.
Specific Aspects of Prompting and Fading Procedures in Teaching Beginning Reading
Authors: Mc Dowell Eugene E.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of kindergarten children received 4 training trials and a word-recognition test with 15 words in a beginning-reading task. There was a prompting-and-fading group with pictorial prompts which were gradually faded. There was a prompting-only group who received the same pictorial prompts but no fading. There was a no-prompting group, also, who were exposed to the printed words but no pictorial prompts. The prompting-and-fading and the prompting-only groups maintained few errors during training, while the no-prompting group showed high initial errors which gradually declined. The prompting-and-fading and the no-prompting groups performed similarly on word recognition after training and scored significantly higher than the prompting-only group. Lack of advantage in word-recognition skills for the prompting-and-fading group over the no-prompting group was discussed.
Colors in Imagery and Memory Performance
Authors: Gerler Daniel , Nelson Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

The present research investigated the effects of imaging in different colors on memory performance. Four groups of subjects were told to form an interactive image in a specific color for each of 30 word pairs. A fifth group was instructed to form an interactive image but received no color instruction, and a sixth group was told to form a non-interactive image and received no color instruction. Analysis showed the five interactive groups differed significantly from the non-interactive group but there were no reliable differences among the different color conditions. These results contradict a prediction derived from Switras' 1977 study of color in imagery.