bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of fatigue and associated factors in traumatic brain injury and its correlation with insomnia and depression
Authors: Tomar Sachin , Sharma Achal , Jain Akhilesh , Sinha Virendra , Gupta Ishwar
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Fatigue has been cited as a common problem associated with traumatic brain injury. A positive association of fatigue has been suggested with insomnia and depression which are also considered to be significantly associated with traumatic brain injury. Aims and Objectives: The present study in post-traumatic brain injury patients is planned to assess the prevalence of fatigue, depression and insomnia, the correlation of fatigue with depression and insomnia and the risk factors associated with fatigue. Material and Methodology: Total 100 patients were recruited in the present study. Interview was focused on assessment of severity of traumatic brain injury, fatigue, insomnia and depression using Glasgow Coma Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Insomnia Severity Index and Patients Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9) respectively. Results: Prevalence of depression was found 84% while that of fatigue and insomnia was 50% and 49% respectively. All patients with fatigue had depression whereas those patients without fatigue were also found to have depression (68%) and this correlation was found statistically significant. Similarly, insomnia was reported in 70% of patients who were fatigued against 28% of patients with no fatigue. This was also found statistically significant (P <0.0002). Conclusion: Fatigue in common in post TBI patients. Insomnia and depression are closely associated with fatigue. Clinical and research investigations of fatigue in post-traumatic brain injury should include concomitant screening for treatable depressive symptoms and sleep disorders.
Существование ренормализованного решения анизотропной параболической задачи с переменными показателями нелинейности
Authors: Mukminov Farit Khamzaevich
Published: April 2018

Рассматривается первая смешанная задача для некоторого класса анизотропных параболических уравнений с переменными показателями нелинейности в цилиндрической области $( 0,T)\times\Omega$. Область $\Omega$ ограничена. Параболический член уравнения имеет вид $(\beta(x,u))_t$ и определяется функцией $\beta(x,r)\in L_1(\Omega), $ $r\in \mathbb R$, удовлетворяющей только условиям Каратеодори и возрастания по $r$. Доказывается существование слабого и ренормализованного решений.
Библиография: 26 названий.
Новая оценка суммы Клоостермана с простыми числами по составному модулю
Authors: Korolev Maxim Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2018

Получена оценка короткой суммы Клоостермана по произвольному составному модулю $q$ с простыми числами, длина которой превышает $q^{7/10+\varepsilon}$. Эта оценка уточняет предыдущий результат Э. Фуври и И. Е. Шпарлинского, который справедлив для сумм с длиной, не меньшей $q^{3/4+\varepsilon}$.
Библиография: 23 названия.
Effect of SiO2 Dispersion on Chlorine-Induced High-Temperature Corrosion of High-Velocity Air-Fuel Sprayed NiCrMo Coating
Authors: Sadeghi Esmaeil , Markocsan Nicolaie , Hussain Tanvir , Huhtakangas Matti , Joshi Shrikant
Published: April 2018

NiCrMo coatings with and without dispersed SiO2 were deposited using high-velocity air-fuel technique. Thermogravimetric experiments were conducted in 5% O2 + 500 vppm HCl + N2 with and without a KCl deposit at 600°C for up to 168 h. The SiO2-containing coating showed lower weight change as a result of formation of a protective and adherent Cr-rich oxide scale. SiO2 decelerated short-circuit diffusion of Cr3+ through scale’s defects, e.g., vacancies, and promoted the selective oxidation of Cr to form the protective Cr-rich oxide scale. Furthermore, the presence of SiO2 led to less subsurface depletion of Cr in the coating, and accordingly less corrosion of the substrate. The formed corrosion product on the SiO2-free coating was highly porous, non-adherent, and thick.
Shakespeare and Domestic Life
Authors: Clark Sandra
Published: April 2018

This dictionary explores the language of domestic life found in Shakespeare’s work and seeks to demonstrate the meanings he attaches to it through his uses of it in particular contexts. “Domestic life” covers a range of topics: the language of the household, clothing, food, family relationships and duties; household practices, the architecture of the home, and all that conditions and governs the life of the home. The dictionary draws on recent cultural materialist research to provide in-depth definitions of the domestic language and life in Shakespeare’s works, creating a richly rewarding and informative reference tool for upper level students and scholars.
Pipes to Earth's subsurface: The role of atmospheric conditions in
controlling air transport through boreholes
and shafts
Authors: Levintal Elad , Lensky Nadav G. , Mushkin Amit , Weisbrod Noam
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Understanding air exchange dynamics between underground cavities (e.g., caves, mines, boreholes, etc.) and the atmosphere is significant for the exploration of gas transport across the Earth-atmosphere interface. Here, we investigated the role of atmospheric conditions in air transport inside boreholes through in-situ observations. Three geometries were explored: (1) a narrow and deep shaft (0.1 m and 27 m, respectively), ending in a large underground cavity; (2) the same shaft after the pipe was lowered and separated from the cavity; and (3) a deep large-diameter borehole (3.4 m and 59 m, respectively). Absolute humidity was found to be a reliable proxy for distinguishing between atmospheric and cavity air masses and thus to explore air transport through the three geometries. Airflow directions in the first two narrow-diameter geometries were found to be driven by changes in barometric pressure whereas airflow in the large-diameter geometry was correlated primarily to the diurnal cycles of ambient atmospheric temperature. High CO2 concentrations (~ 2000 ppm) were found in all three geometries, which can indicate that the airflow to the atmosphere is also significant to the investigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Stereotype Representation of Women in Nigerian Films
Authors: Ibbi Andrew Ali
Published: April 2018

The stereotype representation of women in Nollywood films has attracted criticisms from the society with feminists clamoring for a review of the way women are projected. This study looks at the various issues associated with stereotype representation as a concept in film. The Feminist Media Theory was used as supporting theory for the paper. Part of the recommendations for the paper is the need for research to be properly conducted on the society before screenplays are written, to avoid misleading the public.
Cinematic Orientalism: Bab el Oued City & The Time that Remains
Authors: Yücel Volkan , Toprak Ziya
Published: April 2018

This paper focuses on orientalism as a cinematic paradigm in Islamic imagination. We compare two movies, “Bab el Oued City” (1994) and “The Time That Remains” (2009) that present different cases with regard to orientalism, fundamentalism and gender. We identify basic characters, their agency and roles in the whole setting. Our main argument about the movies, though originating from different contexts and historicity, is that they present somewhat conflicting cases with regard to issues we named above.
Aspectos ideológicos del paradigma neoliberal
Authors: Samour Héctor
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 603-617
Responsabilidad ética en el ejercicio del derecho a la información
Authors: Ayala Ramírez Carlos
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 619-632
Pérez Baltodano, A. (ed.), Globalización, ciudadanía y política social en América Latina ; Fyte, J.J.; Greene, J.R.; Walsh, W.F.; Wilson, O. W. y McLaren, R.C., Administración de la polícia
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 649-651
Indian nurses’ views on a collaborative model of best practices: Evidence-based practice, job satisfaction, learning environment, and nursing quality
Authors: Bjuresäter Kaisa , Sebastian Sister Tessy , Kulkarni Bhalchandra , Athlin Elsy
Published: April 2018

Introduction: This study is a part of a project aimed at implementing and evaluating the Collaborative Model of Best Practice, (CMBP) to promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) in health care contexts. The aim of the study was to assess nurses’ interest, attitudes, utilisation, and views on promotors of and resources related to EBP before and after taking part in the CMBP project, and to investigate their views on the CMBP in relation to collaboration between the academy and clinical practice, the earning environment, job satisfaction, and nursing quality.Methods: A descriptive, comparative design was used with pre- and post-test measurements. The Research Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ) and study-specific questions were distributed to ward nurses (n = 67) in a rural Indian hospital.Results: Most of the nurses thought that the CMBP had a positive impact on quality of care, on their attitudes to, interest in, and knowledge EBP, and on their job satisfaction. They also considered that the collaboration between the nursing college and clinical practice had a positive impact on the learning environment and that more resources were available at the end of the project.Conclusions: The CMBP project was an attempt to improve the quality of care for patients and the learning environment for nursing students and nurses on the project wards. The results indicated fulfilment of these goals, which strengthens the usability of the model. Implementation of EBP is challenging and requires long-lasting activities and comprehensive support from leaders and facilitators. More studies are needed in which EBP is systematically implemented, accomplished, evaluated, and reported.
Heterotopic Ossification of the Inferior Pubic Ramus
Authors: Cheng Christina W. , Kim Simon P. , Francis John J. , Wetzel Robert J.
Published: April 2018

The hip is a common location for heterotopic ossification after surgical trauma, blunt trauma, or muscle injury. However, the region around the pubic rami is an unusual location for heterotopic bone formation. Here, we present a case of a young, active man in the Armed Forces Reserve with a large heterotopic bone involving the left inferior pubic ramus who underwent surgical excision through an unusual approach via the perineum. The patient had notable pain relief postoperatively and returned to his active duties 1 month after surgery without discomfort or functional limitation.
An Enhanced Queue Management Approach for Greedy Routing in MANETs
Authors: Habboush Ahmad , AlShugran Mahmoud
Published: April 2018

Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is the guiding technology of ubiquitous era and a cornerstone in the 4G communication architecture. MANET has limited resources and characterized with high mobility and frequent topology change. Routing in MANET should follow these constrains, otherwise, it can severely degrade the performance of MANET. Owing to Greedy routing (GFS) nature in MANET, a certain part of the MANET becomes congested before other parts. In such area the nodes have failed to forward packets in a timely manner or drop them, thus such nodes called Network Holes. This paper presents a simple and efficient enhanced GFS routing algorithm called Intelligent Fuzzy logic Greedy forwarding Scheme (IFGFS). IFGFS consider the De-congestion level of each mobile node as another selective metric besides distance. In order to validate our algorithm, we rely on a wide simulation experiments. The evaluation results showed the correctness of our new proposed algorithm the adaptive- congestion IFGFS which maximize the performance of the network.
Improvement of Reading Skills in the Second Foreign Language Courses by the “Anti-Method” Way
Authors: Celik Bunyamin
Published: April 2018

The four basic skills in the foreign language education can only be achieved with the good reading skills and habits. Due to the fact that reading skills is usually perceived as a self-sustaining skill, the improvement of reading skill is carried out by the traditional reading activities. Traditional reading activities are carried out with the teacher-centered understanding. Nowadays, reading in the foreign language would have a different precaution because of the increasing need of foreign language in different professions. In this study, in order to bring innovation to the teacher-centered reading activities, the “Anti-Method” alternative way is introduced in detail to the students who are learning a foreign language. This method is used in the Education Faculty of Iraq Ishik University in an elective course for third grade students who participate in the Turkish Language. After application, this method is evaluated on the basis of feedbacks from students.
To Yell Out or Not to Yell Out – Managerial Communication and Work Productivity
Authors: Stawiarska‑Lietzau Monika , Łużniak‑Piecha Magdalena
Published: April 2018

Although many years have passed since the publication of the OSHA, the document describing the conditions of safety and health at work, “undoubtedly, many managers do not even know that their communication style, whether it is yelling, shouting, or cursing at employees is a form of workplace violence and could be precursors to violence” (Shane‑Joyce, Bell, 2010, p. 39). Therefore, it seems important to constantly disseminate the results of research and to bring recommendations to resolve the dilemmas regarding effective managerial behavior and personal and organizational development of employees and team leaders. The authors of the article analyze the long‑term effects of verbal aggression in the context of the organizational effectiveness at the micro‑ and macro‑scale, as well as point out the effective communication strategies in terms of managing people.
Функції пасивних конструкцій в українській та німецькій мовах
Authors: Cymbalista Lidia
Published: April 2018

The article deals with passive constructions in Ukrainian and German languages, their manifestation in formal syntactic and semantic structures of a sentence, researches approaches to determining the place and functions of the passive voice in texts; provides contrastive analysis of clausal topic assignment, impersonalization and detransitivation in passive constructions of various types as exemplifi ed by the material of modern fi ction. The article also describes and illustrates reasons behind an agent defocusing, proves that agent reduction and detransitivation are common features for both languages. Although clausal topic assignment is considered to be the most important function of passive voice in German, its role in Ukrainian is rather dull in comparison, which is in part caused by diff erent syntactic organization of languages under research.
Прийменниково-субстантивний комплекс у функції предикатива
(на матеріалі української та німецької мов)
Authors: Soliuk Łesia
Published: April 2018

This article focuses on the prepositional-substantive complex as a representant of the
predicative relations in the Ukrainian and German sentence structures. Such structures
function as predicative. Semantically they are an integral part of the expression informative
potential. In the structure of simple semantically complicated sentences prepositional-case
forms occupy the determinant members position that store semantic-syntactical relationship
types with temporal, causal, conditional, and targeted functions.
Перший словник дієслівного керування в історії української граматичної
лексикографії. Лариса Колібаба, Валентина Фурса, Словник дієслівного
керування, Київ 2016, 656 с.
Authors: Romaniuk Svitlana
Published: April 2018

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Analysis of the electromagnetic environment in an extensive railway area
Authors: Białek Kamil , Paś Jacek
Published: April 2018

The paper presents the results of testing the electric and magnetic fields across a wide frequency spectrum as unintentionally generated in an extensive railway area. High levels of electromagnetic interference generated in a railway area can cause the malfunction of electrical and electronic devices. The paper presents an electromagnetic environment in the low and high frequency spectra that prevail in an extensive railway area. Special attention was paid to the impact of electromagnetic interference on specific electronic systems. Keywords: electromagnetic field, spectrum, interference, induction and capacitive coupling
ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR COLLECTOR USING CELLULAR ALVEOLAR POLYCARBONATE FOR ECOLOGICAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
Authors: ALMACHE ALMEIDA JACQUELINE , ANDRADE BECERRA SEBASTIAN , IBARRA JACOME ALEXANDER , ABATTA JACOME LENIN ROMULO , ARCOS AVILES DIEGO
Published: April 2018

This article presents the analysis and development of a new alternative for ecological heaters based on cellular polycarbonate with eight millimeters of thickness as a flat solar collector without cover. The analysis is developed in a simple system which comprises two solar collectors and an automatic data acquisition stage that periodically provides the meteorological and system data of one month. For determining the utility and applicability of this type of solar collector, a comparison with a black body polycarbonate is performed. The resulting experimental data allows carrying out an energetic comparative analysis with respect to a commercial solar collector without a cover.
Narrating the Self: The Amalgamation of the Personal and the Impersonal in Eliot’s and Adonis’ Poetry
Authors: Nsiri Imed
Published: April 2018

This article demonstrates how the self—reference to personal stories—infiltrates some, if not most, of the poems by two renowned modernist poets and literary critics: the American/Englishman T. S. Eliot and the Syrian/Lebanese ʿAlī Aḥmad Saʿīd, popularly known as Adūnīs or Adonis. The article compares the two poets’ depictions of the personal and the impersonal in poetry, and it reaffirms the great influence that Eliot’s poetry has on Adūnīs and other Arab modernist poets. While Eliot’s criticism discourages any biographical reading of his poetry, Adūnīs holds a different view by openly acknowledging the inclusion or existence of the personal in his poetry. Adūnīs’ poetry, in particular, stresses the link between texts and historical figures in the realm of literature.
The Dilemma of Learning Phrasal Verbs among EFL learners
Authors: A. Al Nasarat Salman
Published: April 2018

This study was designed to examine difficulties in interpreting English phrasal verbs (PVs) that individual college student of English face during their academic career. Interpretation is an apparent obstacle that Jordanian English students encounter as they learn language systematically. The learners being investigated were divided into two groups including regular students of English language and literature and non-majoring English students who study communication skills in English at Al Hussein Bin Talal University. Basically, the present study attempted to investigate students’ background level and performance to identify the source of weakness in interpreting PVs either orally or based on written texts. The findings would shed light on translating inability and more significantly on interpreting strategies while students work out the meaning of spoken or written PVs combinations.  The overall score obtained by students in the designed test resulted in a plausible explanation for this learning problem and should help for a better course design and instruction as well as effective classroom teaching and curricula.
Students Demotivating Factors in the EFL classroom: The Case of Morocco
Authors: BABA KHOUYA Youssef
Published: April 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the problem of demotivation in English language learning (ELL) within the Moroccan context. To attain this objective, two instruments were adopted: a questionnaire and a writing test. The participants involved in this study were 201 baccalaureate students (second year) from six secondary schools, 84 were males and 117 were females. The data gathered was quantitatively analyzed through frequency distribution and percentages, Cross-tabulation, Chi-Square Tests, Independent Samples t-Test, in addition to the statistical significance which was set at the level of .05 (95%) for all statistical procedures. Six main findings were reported: (1) students positively perceived themselves in ELL; (2) students did not consider English language as a demotivating factor while learning it itself; (3) students were largely positive towards their teachers of English; (4) crowded classrooms were the main demotivators in learning environment among classmates, textbook of English, and classroom atmosphere; (5) generally, learning environment was the main demotivating factor in ELL; (6) as for gender, there was no significant difference between males and females in terms of the number of demotivating factors that they encountered. In the light of these findings, some pertinent implications were provided.
Multiple Intelligences - Based Planning of EFL Classes
Authors: Shero Malo Zebari Sanan , Ali Ahmed Allo Hussein , Mohammedzadeh Behbood
Published: April 2018

The present study aimed to set a plan for teaching EFL classes based on the identification of university students’ dominant multiple intelligences in EFL classes, and the differences in the types of intelligence between female and male students in terms of their gender. The problem the present study aimed to address is that the traditional concept that “one size fits all” is still adopted by many EFL teachers, and that EFL students’ differences and preferences are noticeably unheeded. It is believed that identifying students’ dominant intelligences is a sound remedial solution for such a problem before embarking on any teaching program. Moreover, getting students aware of their different types of intelligence will motivate and encourage them in the classroom. The researchers used a questionnaire as a research instrument for data collection.  The results arrived at showed that there were no significant differences in the types of intelligence between female and male students in terms of their gender, except for bodily- kinesthetic intelligence. They also showed that the dominant intelligences were ranked from the highest to the lowest as follows interpersonal, linguistic, spatial, logical-mathematical, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal, musical, and naturalistic.
phylopath: Easy phylogenetic path analysis in R
Authors: van der Bijl Wouter
Published: April 2018

Confirmatory path analysis allows researchers to evaluate and compare causal models using observational data. This tool has great value for comparative biologists since they are often unable to gather experimental data on macro-evolutionary hypotheses, but is cumbersome and error-prone to perform. I introducephylopath, an R package that implements phylogenetic path analysis (PPA) as described by von Hardenberg & Gonzalez-Voyer (2013). In addition to the published method, I provide support for the inclusion of binary variables. I illustrate PPA andphylopathby recreating part of a study on the relationship between brain size and vulnerability to extinction. The package aims to make the analysis straight-forward, providing convenience functions, and several plotting methods, which I hope will encourage the spread of the method.
Promoting Mental Well-Being Through Social-Emotional Learning in Schools: Examples from British Columbia
Authors: Hymel Shelley , Low Angela , Starosta Lindsay , Gill Randip , Schonert-Reichl Kimberly
Published: April 2018

Social and emotional learning is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the promotion of positive mental health in schools. In 2012, the Mental Health Commission of Canada identified child and youth mental health as a priority for the transformation of mental health systems in Canada. To this end, comprehensive efforts to promote positive social and emotional development in schools and to foster safe and caring school environments are urgently needed. This paper highlights the multi-faceted approach undertaken in British Columbia over the past decade to promote positive mental health through social-emotional learning in schools.
Clinical Significance of Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Levels Before Surgery and During Postoperative Follow-Up in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sato Harunobu , Koide Yoshikazu , Shiota Miho , Takahashi Hiroshi , Morise Zenichi , Uyama Ichiro
Published: April 2018

Objective:

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) are the most common colorectal cancer markers. We aimed to identify the appropriate clinical conditions for measuring serum CEA and CA19-9 levels before surgery and during follow-up.

Methods:

This study included 1275 colorectal cancer patients who were divided into 3 groups according to preoperative CEA levels (group A, ≤5 ng/mL; group B, >5–≤11 ng/mL; group C, >11 ng/mL). Each group was subdivided into 2 groups according to preoperative CA19-9 levels (cutoff level: ≤37 U/mL). Recurrence and survival rates were analyzed.

Results:

Recurrence rate, disease-free survival after curative surgery, and prognosis were significantly worse in group A and B patients with high CA19-9 levels. At recurrence, CEA levels showed a greater increase in group B and C patients; CA19-9 levels increased in group A patients with high CA19-9 levels. At recurrence, high serum CA19-9 levels were observed in group A patients with high preoperative serum CA19-9 levels, even if the serum CEA level did not increase. Preoperative CA19-9 levels could predict recurrence and prognosis in groups A and B.

Conclusion:

Periodic CA19-9 determination is useful for monitoring recurrence among group A patients with high CA19-9 levels.
Multicultural London English
Authors: Cheshire Jenny , Fox Sue , Kerswill Paul , Torgersen Eivind Nessa
Published: November 2024

Multicultural London English is a new urban dialect spoken in multilingual and multicultural boroughs of London. It is a multiethnolect: a new typological variety with characteristics of both a regional dialect and a contact language that has emerged in part through processes of unguided second language acquisition. There is a core repertoire of variable linguistic features whose development allows one to witness processes of language change at first hand. Multicultural London English is socially inclusive in that it is spoken by people from all ethnic groups living in multilingual inner‐city areas, including those from indigenous local Cockney families. Despite its social inclusivity, like most urban dialects it tends to attract negative attitudes, though less so from individuals with higher levels of education and greater frequency of contact with its speakers. This has important implications for language planning and language policies designed to reduce social inequalities.
Indian English
Authors: Sridhar S. N.
Published: November 2024

This entry discusses the status, functions, and features of Indian English. English came to India in the seventeenth century as a foreign language and the language of traders, but soon became the language of colonial administration. Its value as an instrument of modern science, technology, and medicine made it the medium of instruction. As the lingua franca of the educated elite, it ironically unified the nation in the movement opposing colonial rule. Even after Independence, it has continued and become more widespread and powerful as a vital tool of administration, legislature, the judiciary, education, science, technology, medicine, culture, media, and commerce, as well as inter‐state and international communication. The rapid growth of India in education, economy, and communications is integrating India's aspirational generations more closely and influentially with the world economy, and English is more valued and powerful in India today than ever before. The other side of this coin is that English is the second most widely used language in India. Interaction with Indian languages, culture, and society has led to the evolution of a distinct Outer Circle variety of English, which exists in intricate hybridity with Indian languages in the multilingual ecology of India.
Digital Englishes
Authors: Friedrich Patricia , Mesquita Tomas
Published: November 2024

This entry provides a discussion of the concept of digital Englishes in relation to established and informal world Englishes. It describes and posits questions about the presence, development, change, and interaction of Englishes in online spaces. Rather than argue for a variety or varieties called “digital Englishes” it conceptualizes the term as one that refers to both the space and the forms where and according to which Englishes that exist in the “real world” are further modified and subjected to human creativity. It discusses this ideas without abandoning the fundamental concepts of world Englishes and the Three Circles Model of English. Subsequently, it argues that while the internet gives away a perception of borderless and boundless interactions among different varieties of English, in truth it too has rules and parameters even if they are regulated by different variables.
Creation of a 3D Glassy State by Thermal Gradient Treatment in a Monolithic Metallic Glass
Authors: Yamada Rui , Wook Ha Ryu , Isano Haruka , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Saida Junji
Published: November 2024

In the present article, the creation of a 3D glassy state by gradient thermal history distributed in a monolithic Zr50Cu40Al10 metallic glass using the proposed thermal gradient treatment is discussed. In this thermal method, a rod sample is annealed while sandwiched between BeCu25 jigs and cooled down by tilting contact against a liquid nitrogen‐cooled Cu mesh. This allows one side of the edge of the rod sample to cool down rapidly from the supercooled liquid region and introduce a temperature/cooling rate difference in 3D in a single process. Specific heat measurement, indentation test and evaluation of incubation time for crystallization reveal creation of 3D gradients throughout the whole sample. In the present study, a new technique of creating a 3D heterogeneity of glassy state to the desired distribution by gradient thermal history in metallic glasses will be promoted, and the development of functionally graded monolithic bulk metallic glasses will be encouraged in near future.
Controlled Engineering of Defects and Interfaces in Thermoelectric Materials With Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Park Gwang Min , Lee Seunghyeok , Park Tae Joo , Baek Seung‐Hyub , Kim Jin‐Sang , Kim Seong Keun
Published: November 2024

Enhancing the performance of thermoelectric materials remains critical for practical applications. Increasing the power factor and reducing the thermal conductivity are key strategies for improving the thermoelectric performance. Doping, incorporating secondary phases, and generating dislocations can be used to introduce defects and grain boundaries to improve the thermoelectric performance. The application of an ultrathin film as a coating on thermoelectric materials via atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently attracted attention as a novel approach to enhance the performance. The excellent conformality of ALD enables the conformal deposition of ultrathin films on powder to enable the interfacial properties to be meticulously controlled even after sintering. Using ALD to deposit an ultrathin layer on the thermoelectric powder matrix induces various defects through the interactions of the coating material with the thermoelectric matrix, which provide exquisite control over the material properties. This review discusses the phenomena induced by applying ultrathin coatings to thermoelectric materials through ALD, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and examines the effects on the thermoelectric performance. Based on these insights, innovative pathways for applying ALD to thermoelectric materials are proposed, and robust strategies for enhancing these properties through the precise modulation of diverse defects and interfaces are discussed.
Photo‐Catalyzed Stereospecific Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes Incorporating 3,3‐Difluoro‐γ‐Lactams from Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Acetates and N‐Allylbromodifluoroacetamides
Authors: Chen Xi , Ai Chan , Wang Yu‐Ting , Zuo Hang‐Dong , Liu Jian‐Wu , Zhang Yue , Wang Jia‐Yin
Published: November 2024

A photocatalytic methodology has been devised for the stereoselective construction of trisubstituted alkenes incorporating 3,3‐difluoro‐γ‐lactams in 17–93% yields via a radical cascade process utilizing MBH acetates and N‐allylbromodifluoroacetamides as starting materials. The reaction mechanism involves single‐electron transfer, 5‐exo‐trig cyclization, radical addition, and elimination in a cascade fashion.
A Step Toward ESIPT‐Based Mitochondrial Probe That Responds to ATP Level
Authors: Li Yonghao , Dahal Dipendra , Pang Yi
Published: November 2024

An excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) probe with a benzoindolium terminal group has been synthesized, whose fluorescence shows large Stokes’ shift (Δλ≈ 250 nm) and good fluorescence quantum yield (λem≈ 715 nm, φfl≈ 0.2 in CH2Cl2). Spectroscopic studies suggest that the probe is also involved in a minor equilibrium Ar−OH (λem≈ 715 nm) ↔ Ar−O− (λem≈ 610 nm) + H+, resulting from deprotonation of phenolic proton. This made it possible for two‐channel responses. When being used to stain biological cells, the probe exhibits excellent selectivity toward intracellular mitochondria but gives unusually strong emission from ≈600 nm. Near‐infrared (NIR) emission is only observable when cellular ATP production is inhibited. The study thus illustrated a unique reaction‐based probe for detecting ATP in the intracellular organelle.
Interfacial Momentum Matching for Ohmic Van Der Waals Contact Construction
Authors: Jabegu Tara , Li Ningxin , Okmi Aisha , Tipton Benjamin , Vlassiouk Ivan , Xiao Kai , Urazhdin Sergei , Yao Yao , Lei Sidong
Published: November 2024

The difficulty of achieving ohmic contacts is a long‐standing challenge for the development and integration of devices based on 2D materials, due to the large mismatch between their electronic properties and those of both traditional metal‐based and van der Waals (vdWs) electrodes. Research has focused primarily on the electronic energy band alignment, while the effects of momentum mismatch on carrier transport across the vdWs gaps are largely neglected. Graphene‐silicon junctions are utilized to demonstrate that electron momentum distribution can dominate the electronic properties of vdWs contacts. By judiciously introducing scattering centers at the interface that provide additional momentum to compensate the momentum mismatch, the junction conductivity is enhanced by more than three orders of magnitude, enabling the formation of high‐quality ohmic contacts. The study establishes the framework for the design of high‐performance ohmic vdWs contacts based on both energy and momentum matching, which can facilitate efficient heterogeneous integration of 2D–3D systems and the development of post‐CMOS architectures.
Cover crops and P‐fertilizer management affect microbial activity in a US Midwest corn and soybean rotation
Authors: Starr Laura , Stewart Catherine , Nelson Nathan , Presley DeAnn , Kluitenberg Gerard , Roozeboom Kraig , Tomlinson Peter
Published: November 2024

Microorganisms can have a substantial effect on labile phosphorus (P), which may be lost from the soil surface and impact water quality. Changes in nutrient availability and soil health from agricultural management can affect microbial biomass carbon (MB‐C), microbial biomass phosphorus (MB‐P), and the expression of P cycling enzymes. The objective of this research was to investigate biological mechanisms affecting P availability and potential loss to runoff in a no‐till, corn (Zea mays)–soybean (Glycine max) cropping system with two cover crops (cover crop [CC] and no cover crop [NC]) and three P management treatments (fall broadcast [FB], spring injected ammonium polyphosphate [SI], and no phosphorus application [NP]). Treatments were applied to a randomized block design with three replicates. Soil samples were analyzed for MB‐P, MB‐C, phosphatase activity, and Mehlich‐III P (PM). The P supply to the soil solution was measured using diffusive gradient thin film P (PDGT). In Spring 2018, Fall 2018, and Spring 2019, all phosphatase activity was greater in CC versus NC (p < 0.01). Microbial biomass C was greater in CC compared with NC in spring but not fall samplings. On average, MB‐P was fivefold greater in the P fertilized than unfertilized treatments (p < 0.001). CCs did not change MB‐P, PM, or PDGT within FB or NP, but did affect SI fertilizer treatments. Our results suggest CC can increase potential for organic P mineralization, application of P fertilizer increases MB‐P, and an interaction between SI P fertilizer management and CC may increase P supply to the soil solution.
Apical‐out Tubuloids for Accurate Kidney Toxicity Studies
Authors: Lee Yugyeong , Hwang Ji Su , Zhai Ziliang , Park Kyungwon , Son Ye Seul , Kim Dae‐Soo , Chung Seok , Kim Sejoong , Son Mi‐Young , Lee Gwang , Park Sungsu
Published: November 2024

In kidney organoids, typically only the basal membrane is exposed, limiting toxicity assessments of apically transported drugs. Although the reversion of basal‐out organoids has successfully created apical‐out organoids of the intestine and airway, this method has not yet been applied to kidney organoids. Here, a technique to reverse tubuloid polarity is reported, enabling the apical surface to evert and face the medium by dissolving extracellular matrix proteins in the culture system. The resulting apical‐out tubuloids maintain high viability, exhibit proper morphological characteristics, and express cell adhesion proteins and biomarkers appropriately. Further analyses, including RNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy, confirm the presence of primary cilia on the outer surface, along with albumin receptors and Na+/K+‐ATPase on the outer and inner surfaces, respectively, and apical proteins such as zonula occludens‐1 on the lateral membrane, verifying the apical‐out orientation. These apical‐out tubuloids demonstrate selective albumin internalization, greater sensitivity to apically transported colistin, and reduced sensitivity to basally transported tenofovir, effectively mimicking drug transport mechanisms. This approach for generating apical‐out tubuloids is a valuable tool for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity in physiologically relevant, tissue‐like microenvironments, significantly advancing the field of nephrotoxicity research.
Ring Expansion from 16‐Membered Macrocyclic Lactones Using Yamaguchi and Photoinduced Decarboxylative Radical Macrolactonization
Authors: Hashimoto Ryoga , Kameda Kenta , Kuresawa Shoki , Iwasaki Tomoya , Furutani Toshiki , Yamawaki Mugen , Suzuki Hirotsugu , Yoshimi Yasuharu
Published: November 2024

This study describes a new strategy for synthesizing 31‐, 33‐, 46‐, and 48‐membered macrocyclic lactones from commercially available 16‐membered macrocyclic lactones using the Yamaguchi reaction and photoinduced decarboxylative radical macrolactonization. Despite challenges with the low solubility of substrates and the slow rate of photochemical radical cyclization, the preparation of enlarged macrocyclic lactones from 16‐membered macrocyclic lactones was successfully accomplished. Additionally, the effect of the Lewis acidity of the counter cation in the carboxylate salt provided mechanistic insights into the photoinduced decarboxylative radical macrolactonization.
Feeding Platforms as an Effective Strategy to Prevent the Consumption of Refuse by Urban Populations of Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)
Authors: Lousa Túlio C. , Camargo Murilo R. , Sacramento Thalita S. , Mendes Francisco D. C.
Published: November 2024

The availability of manmade foodstuffs in the environment may significantly alter the diets, behavior and health of wild animals and the ecosystems ecology. One of the principal problems faced by urban populations of capuchin monkeys is their contact with household refuse, which may provoke a number of impacts on the health of these animals. The present study tested the use of feeding platforms as a strategy to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foodstuffs by these animals and analyzed the influence of this measure on the activity patterns and social interactions of the study groups. For this, we verified the patterns of use of a feeding platform by a capuchin group in an urban park in Goiânia, central Brazil, and compared this study population with those of other parks where alternative feeding protocols are implemented, ranging from continuous provisioning to no intervention whatsoever. Behavioral data were collected using scan sampling. The data analysis was divided into two steps: (i) comparison of the different conditions found in the populations with varying types of feeding platform usage and (ii) comparison of the time budget among sites in the context of seasonal variation. The presence of feeding platforms effectively reduced the consumption of refuse in the study groups, although it did also cause an increase in agonism in the animals and altered their activity patterns, leading to a greater dependence on provisioned resources. The results of this study highlight the complex interaction between human activities and the local wildlife in the urban setting, and the need for more detailed studies, to develop more effective management strategies.
Nanoarchitectonics for Biomedical Research: Post‐Nanotechnology Materials Approach for Bio‐Active Application
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: November 2024

Nanoarchitectonics, as a post‐nanotechnology concept, represents a methodology for the construction of functional materials employing atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials as essential components. The overarching objective of nanoarchitectonics is to develop functional systems comprising multiple functional units assembled in a hierarchical manner, as observed in biological systems. Nevertheless, the construction of such functional systems is a challenging endeavor. It would be prudent, therefore, to initially focus on the development of functional materials that interact with the complex functional structures of living organisms. Accordingly, this review article addresses the topic of nanoarchitecture as it pertains to biomedical applications. This article examines the current trends in research and presents examples of studies that support the concept of nanoarchitectonics and its applications in biomedical fields. The examples presented are as follows: i) molecular nanoarchitectonics developments, which are mainly based on molecular design and assembly; ii) material nanoarchitectonics examples, which are mainly based on material design using nanomaterials as components; and iii) biomedical applications with porous materials, which will be summarized under the heading of pore‐engineered nanoarchitectonics due to their special structure. Finally, the review provides an overview of these examples and discusses future prospects.
Ether‐Free Alkaline Polyelectrolytes for Water Electrolyzers: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Hu Chuan , Wang Yong , Lee Young Moo
Published: November 2024

Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) have attracted great interest for their potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly, low‐cost sources of renewable energy. Alkaline polyelectrolytes play a crucial role in AEMWEs, determining their performance and longevity. Because heteroatom‐containing polymers have been shown to have poor durability in alkaline conditions, this review focuses on ether‐free alkaline polyelectrolytes, which are more chemically stable. The merits, weaknesses, and challenges in preparing ether‐free AEMs are summarized and highlighted. The evaluation of synthesis methods for polymers, modification strategies, and cationic stability will provide insights valuable for the structural design of future alkaline polyelectrolytes. Moreover, the in situ degradation mechanisms of AEMs and ionomers during AEMWE operation are revealed. This review provides insights into the design of alkaline polyelectrolytes for AEMWEs to accelerate their widespread commercialization.
Mild‐Condition Photocatalytic Reforming of Methanol‐Water by a Hierarchical, Asymmetry Carbon Nitride
Authors: Wu Baogang , Jiang Baojiang , Guo Changliang , Zhang Jiawei , Li Qi , Wang Nan , Song Zichen , Tian Chungui , Antonietti Markus , Fu Honggang
Published: November 2024

As a reproducible intermediate for hydrogen (H2) and carbon cycling, methanol mixed with water (H2O) in a ratio of 1 : 1 can multiply the outcome of green H2 generation via Photocatalytic reforming of methanol‐H2O (PRMW). Hitherto, low‐energy and mild‐condition PRMW remains a serious challenge. Here, the amino acid‐derived carbon nitrides (ACN) were synthesized supramolecular precursor strategy for PRMW and achieved excellent performance (H2, 35.6 mmol h−1 g−1; CO2, 11.5 mmol h−1 g−1) under sunlight at 35 °C. It was revealed that the surface‐terminating carboxyl groups (−COOH) promote the dark dehydrogenation of methanol on MetCNx to form methoxy (*OCH3) and methylol (*CH2OH) simultaneously, with the hydroxyl (*OH) generated by photostimulated H2O oxidation promotes the C−H activation of formaldehyde, then leads the whole reaction into the formation of CO2 and three H2. The extended light absorption, enhanced charge separation and transport, and efficient surface reaction improve photocatalytic efficiency.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [2+2] Annulation for the Construction of Chiral Benzocyclobutenes
Authors: Pramanick Pranab K. , Zhao Shen , Ji Hao‐Tian , Chen Xiangyang , Yang Guoqiang
Published: November 2024

Asymmetric de novo synthesis of benzocyclobutenes (BCBs) via catalytic intermolecular reaction is highly desired for efficient access to this important class of compounds, yet such a strategy remains unmet challenge. Here, we report a Pd/Pyrox‐catalyzed asymmetric [2+2] annulation between arylboronic acids and functionalized alkenes, providing an unprecedented efficient protocol to access various enantio‐enriched BCBs in a modular and versatile manner under mild conditions. A broad substrate scope with excellent enantioselectivity has been achieved under the current protocol. The isolation and characterization of the key chiral palladacycle intermediate, together with DFT calculations, provides strong evidence for the catalytic pathway including an enantiodetermining arylpalladation step.
Balancing bytes and bonds: Case studies in systemic approaches to digital dynamics in diverse family systems
Authors: Lockhart Ezra N. S.
Published: November 2024

Digital technology profoundly impacts family dynamics, posing challenges for therapists. This article explores how excessive technology use affects family interactions, illustrated through three case studies. The aim is to highlight the implications of overuse rather than the inherent properties of technology. Using Bowen family systems therapy and socioculturally attuned family therapy, a blending of these systemic approaches, the therapist designed targeted interventions to address excessive technology use within diverse family systems. Interventions shifted pre‐intervention attitudes and technology‐related beliefs, where family members viewed technology as either a source of conflict or an integral part of daily life. Six 90‐minute family therapy sessions were conducted where families, with varied pre‐intervention perspectives on technology, transitioned towards technology moderation, fostering digital mindfulness and offline family activities. Understanding and addressing the interplay between technology and family dynamics are crucial. Cultural considerations and sensitivity towards generational, ethnic and technological cultural differences were emphasised. An immigrant family and their first‐generation American children exemplify the intersection of cultural identity, generational technology gap and technology integration, advocating for socioculturally attuned therapeutic approaches.