bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycling Models of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment under Market-Driven Deposit-Refund System: A Stackelberg Game Analysis
Authors: Liu Yi , Liu Weihua , Li Chunsheng
Published: July 2024

Recycling waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has garnered considerable societal attention. To incentivize WEEE recycling within a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), a deposit-refund system (DRS) has been implemented. This study delves into the implications of a market-driven DRS on WEEE recycling under different recycling models. A Stackelberg game analysis is employed, where an electronics manufacturer (leader) has sufficient channel power over an electronics retailer and a third-party recycler (followers). The results indicate that the market-driven DRS significantly incentivizes consumer recycling efforts, ultimately elevating the economic efficiency of the supply chain. When the electronics manufacturer assumes responsibility for WEEE recycling, it streamlines the recycling process, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and profitability. Conversely, when the electronics retailer handles WEEE recycling, it reduces retail prices and simplifies the recycling process, positively influencing consumer purchasing behavior. However, when a third-party recycler undertakes WEEE recycling, the recycling volume tends to be minimal, resulting in the lowest level of supply chain profits. This paper provides theoretical and practical implications for improving the recycling effectiveness and operational efficiency of the CLSC.
Hybrid Management Strategy for Outsourcing Electromechanical Maintenance and Selecting Contractors in Taipei MRT
Authors: Peng Sung-Neng , Huang Chien-Yi , Liu Hwa-Dong
Published: July 2024

Taipei mass rapid transit (MRT), operational since 1996, serves up to two million passengers daily. Equipment malfunctions pose a safety risk, making the dual goals of cost reduction and safety a significant challenge. Recently, outsourcing non-core technical tasks has emerged as an effective cost-control strategy, allowing resource allocation to employee salaries and operational efficiency. This study uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to prioritize outsourcing for electromechanical equipment. It incorporates analysis from the outsourcing literature, historical data, and ISO documents from Taipei MRT. The research included interviews and surveys with seven senior managers, using software to analyze the outsourcing priorities of four key systems: electrical and fire safety, environmental air conditioning, escalators and elevators, and power supply. It suggests prioritizing environmental air conditioning, followed by power supply systems, escalators and elevators, and electrical and fire safety systems. Additionally, this study employed the FAHP and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) for the rigorous evaluation and monitoring of vendor selection to ensure quality service and effective contract execution. By comparing technical expertise, problem-solving capabilities, certifications, response times, and contractual performance, this study identified the most suitable vendors. It concludes with recommendations for Taipei MRT to enhance maintenance quality and reduce costs.
Methods for Assessing the Layered Structure of the Geological Environment in the Drilling Process by Analyzing Recorded Phase Geoelectric Signals
Authors: Abzhanova Ainagul , Bykov Artem , Surzhik Dmitry , Mukhamejanova Aigul , Orazbayev Batyr , Svirina Anastasia
Published: July 2024

Assessment of the current state of the near-surface part of the geological environment and understanding of its layered structure play an important role in various scientific and applied fields. The presented work is devoted to the application of phasometric modifications of geoelectric control methods to solve the problem of the detailed complex study of the underground layers of the environment in the process of drilling operations with the use of special equipment. These studies are based on the analysis of variations in phase parameters and characteristics of an artificially excited multiphase electric field to assess poorly distinguishable details and changes in the layered structure of the medium. The proposed method has increased accuracy, sensitivity and noise proofness of measurements, which allows for extracting detailed information about the heterogeneity, composition and stratification of underground geological formations not only in the zone where the drill makes contact with the medium, but also in the entire control zone. This paper considers practical mathematical models of phase images for basic scenarios of drill penetration between the layers of the near-surface part of the geological medium with different characteristics, obtained by means of approximation apparatus based on continuous piecewise linear functions, and also suggests the use of modern machine learning methods for intelligent analysis of its structure. Studying the phase shifts in electrical signals during drilling highlights their value for understanding the dynamics of soil response to the process. The observed signal changes during the drilling cycle reveal in detail the heterogeneity in soil structure and its response to changes caused by drilling. The stability of phase shifts at the last stages of the process indicates a quasi-equilibrium state. The results make a significant contribution to geotechnical science by offering an improved approach to monitoring a layered structure without the need for deep drilling.
Acquiring the High-Precision Spectrum of Track Irregularity by Integrating Inclination in Chord Methods: Mathematics, Simulation, and a Case Study
Authors: Wang Pengjiao , Guo Fengqi , Zhang Hong , Jin Junhui , Liao Qiaoyun , Yan Yongfeng
Published: July 2024

Accurate measurement of track irregularity and the corresponding spectrum is essential for evaluating the performance of transportation systems. Chord measuring methods can achieve fine accuracy but are limited by waveform distortion and a restricted range of recoverable wavelength. To address this, this work explores the effectiveness of integrating inclination data in chord-based measurement to obtain a higher precision and more reliable spectrum. Firstly, the theoretical principles and mathematics of the proposed method are described. We demonstrate that by utilizing inclinometer sensors, the measuring reference can be maintained throughout the measurement, therefore obtaining an authentic waveform of track irregularity. Adaptive technics are employed to examine and extract cumulative components in the measured signal, which also benefits the accuracy of spectral estimation. Error analysis is then conducted by simulated sampling. Furthermore, a case study of field measurement and numerical simulation via multi-body dynamics for a monorail system is presented. The results verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, showing that it provides a broader range of recoverable wavelength, minimum parametric interference, and advantages of signal authenticity. The simulation results prove the significant effects of track irregularity on the dynamic response of the monorail system, hence revealing the value of the presented methods and results.
Novel Results on Legendre Polynomials in the Sense of a Generalized Fractional Derivative
Authors: Martínez Francisco , Kaabar Mohammed K. A. , Martínez Inmaculada
Published: July 2024

In this article, new results are investigated in the context of the recently introduced Abu-Shady–Kaabar fractional derivative. First, we solve the generalized Legendre fractional differential equation. As in the classical case, the generalized Legendre polynomials constitute notable solutions to the aforementioned fractional differential equation. In the sense of the fractional derivative of Abu-Shady–Kaabar, we establish important properties of the generalized Legendre polynomials such as Rodrigues formula and recurrence relations. Special attention is also devoted to another very important property of Legendre polynomials and their orthogonal character. Finally, the representation of a function f∈Lα2([−1,1]) in a series of generalized Legendre polynomials is addressed.
Improved Mechanical Characterization of Soft Tissues Including Mounting Stretches
Authors: Škugor Toni , Virag Lana , Sommer Gerhard , Karšaj Igor
Published: July 2024

Finite element modeling has become one of the main tools necessary for understanding cardiovascular homeostasis and lesion progression. The accuracy of such simulations significantly depends on the precision of material parameters, which are obtained via the mechanical characterization process, i.e., experimental testing and material parameter estimation using the optimization process. The process of mounting specimens on the machine often introduces slight preloading to avoid sagging and to ensure perpendicular orientation with respect to the loading axes. As such, the reference configuration proposes non-zero forces at zero-state displacements. This error further extends to the material parameters’ estimation where initial loading is usually manually annulled. In this work, we have developed a new computational procedure that includes prestretches during mechanical characterization. The verification of the procedure was performed on the series of simulated virtual planar biaxial experiments using the Gasser–Ogden–Holzapfel material model where the exact material parameters could be set and compared to the obtained ones. Furthermore, we have applied our procedure to the data gathered from biaxial experiments on aortic tissue and compared it with the results obtained through standard optimization procedure. The analysis has shown a significant difference between the material parameters obtained. The rate of error increases with the prestretches and decreases with an increase in maximal experimental stretches.
Treatment of Ethmoidal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae Using Supraorbital Keyhole Subfrontal Approach
Authors: Li Tsung-Hao , Chen Chun-Ting , Tseng Yuan-Yun , Chen Ching-Chang , Yang Tao-Chieh
Published: July 2024

Due to a unique cortical venous drainage pattern without sinus drainage, ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) are uncommon cerebral vascular lesions that carry a high risk of brain bleeding and neurologic deficit. Surgical intervention has been found to have a lower complication rate and a more satisfactory obliteration rate than endovascular treatment among the various DAVF treatment options. The supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach is one of the least invasive and appropriate surgical techniques for addressing the anterior fossa vascular lesion in eDAVFs. We describe two men, ages 60 and 71, who underwent this surgical intervention to treat asymptomatic Cognard type IV eDAVFs. Complete obliteration with a detached fistulous point and skeletonization was accomplished with the aid of intraoperative neuronavigation. Thus, we suggest that a suitable surgical method for the treatment of eDAVFs would be to use a supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach.
Technospheric Mining of Critical and Strategic Metals from Non-Ferrous Slags
Authors: Lim Bona , Aylmore Mark , Alorro Richard Diaz
Published: July 2024

The technosphere consists of material stocks accumulated by human activities, which can include processing residue, such as slag. Various smelting processes generate slag, and some valuable elements are concentrated in this by-product. In this review, the extraction of critical and strategic metals from non-ferrous slags is discussed. Critical and strategic metals are materials that are vital for the nation’s economy and defence, as well as its industries, and have common features, such as expected shortfalls, increasing demand, and few substitutions. There are several definitions, methods, and classifications of critical and strategic elements by different organisations. In this study, reports from seven institutions around the world are summarised, and a list of recommended critical and strategic metals is presented. Non-ferrous slags contain a considerable amount of critical and strategic elements, and research on technology and process development using both pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods is very attractive. When it comes to the extraction of values from slag and the development of technology, it is not only important to consider the economic aspect but also to ensure the processes are low in emissions and energy consumption but high in efficiency and recycling.
Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Automatic Laser-Arc Hybrid Welded AZ31B Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Xiong Jin , Wang Ruochao , Zhao Dongqing , Liu Hongtao , Zhou Jixue
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to determine the microstructural evolution, tensile characteristics, and strain-hardening response of AZ31B magnesium alloy welds as influenced by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Thus, the AZ31B alloy was welded by using a low-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser-arc hybrid welding equipped on the six-axis welding robot in the present study. Microstructure, mechanical properties and strain-hardening behaviors of the AZ31B joints under various post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperatures were characterized. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the grain size of the welded joint gradually increases, and the amount of β-Mg17AI12 phase noticeably decreases. The mechanical properties of the welded joint specimens showed a significant enhancement when subjected to heat treatment at 300 °C and 350 °C for 20 min. Especially, after 350 °C heat treatment for 20 min, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of specimen were 339.6 MPa and 20.1%, respectively, which were up to 99.5% and 98.5% of the AZ31B base material (BM). The strain-hardening capacity of specimens is significantly influenced by the grain size. Due to having the largest grain size, the 400–20 min specimen exhibited the highest hardening capacity and strain hardening exponent. In Kocks-Mecking type curves, both stage III and stage IV were observed in BM and joint specimens. At higher net flow stresses, the strain hardening rate in the 400–20 min joint specimen was higher due to the larger grains, which allowed for more dislocation accommodation and improved the capacity for dislocation storage.
Towards a Wearable Feminine Hygiene Platform for Detection of Invasive Fungal Pathogens via Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation
Authors: Clack Kimberley , Sallam Mohamed , Matheson Carney , Muyldermans Serge , Nguyen Nam-Trung
Published: July 2024

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that becomes pathogenic and problematic under certain biological conditions. C. albicans may cause painful and uncomfortable symptoms, as well as deaths in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, early detection of C. albicans is essential. However, conventional detection methods are costly, slow, and inaccessible to women in remote or developing areas. To address these concerns, we have developed a wearable and discrete naked-eye detectable colorimetric platform for C. albicans detection. With some modification, this platform is designed to be directly adhered to existing feminine hygiene pads. Our platform is rapid, inexpensive, user-friendly, and disposable and only requires three steps: (i) the addition of vaginal fluid onto sample pads; (ii) the addition of gold nanoparticle gel and running buffer, and (iii) naked eye detection. Our platform is underpinned by selective thiolated aptamer-based recognition of 1,3-β-D glucan molecules—a hallmark of C. albicans cell walls. In the absence of C. albicans, wearable sample pads turn bright pink. In the presence of C. albicans, the wearable pads turn dark blue due to significant nanoparticle target-induced aggregation. We demonstrate naked-eye colorimetric detection of 4.4 × 106 C. albicans cells per ml and nanoparticle stability over a pH range of 3.0–8.0. We believe that this proof-of-concept platform has the potential to have a significant impact on women’s health globally.
A Novel Noise Reduction Approach of Acoustic Emission (AE) Signals in the SiC Lapping Process on Fixed Abrasive Pads
Authors: Lin Jie , Chen Jiapeng , Lin Wenkun , He Anjie , Hao Xiaodong , Jiang Zhenlin , Wang Wenjun , Wang Baoxiu , Wang Kerong , Wei Ying , Sun Tao
Published: July 2024

Acoustic emission (AE) technology has been widely utilized to monitor the SiC wafer lapping process. The root-mean-square (RMS) of the time–domain eigenvalues of the AE signal has a linear relationship with the material removal rate (MRR). However, the existence of background noise severely reduces signal monitoring accuracy. Noise interference often leads to increased RMS deviation and signal distortion. In the study presented in this manuscript, a frequency threshold noise reduction approach was developed by combining and improving wavelet packet noise reduction and spectral subtraction noise reduction techniques. Three groups of SiC lapping experiments were conducted on a fixed abrasive pad, and the lapping acoustic signals were processed using three different noise reduction approaches: frequency threshold, wavelet packet, and spectral subtraction. The results show that the noise reduction method using the frequency threshold is the most effective, with the best coefficient of determination (R2) for the linear fit of the RMS to the MRR.
An Alternative Micro-Milling Fabrication Process for Rapid and Low-Cost Microfluidics
Authors: Allen Martin Christopher , Lookmire Simon , Avci Ebubekir
Published: July 2024

Microfluidics is an important technology for the biomedical industry and is often utilised in our daily lives. Recent advances in micro-milling technology have allowed for rapid fabrication of smaller and more complex structures, at lower costs, making it a viable alternative to other fabrication methods. The microfluidic chip fabrication developed in this research is a step-by-step process with a self-contained wet milling chamber. Additionally, ethanol solvent bonding is used to allow microfluidic chips to be fully fabricated within approximately an hour. The effect of using this process is tested with quantitative contact profileometery data to determine the expected surface roughness in the microchannels. The effect of surface roughness on the controllability of microparticles is tested in functional microfluidic chips using image processing to calculate particle velocity. This process can produce high-quality channels when compared with similar studies in the literature and surface roughness affects the control of microparticles. Lastly, we discuss how the outcomes of this research can produce rapid and higher-quality microfluidic devices, leading to improvement in the research and development process within the fields of science that utilise microfluidic technology. Such as medicine, biology, chemistry, ecology, and aerospace.
Dynamics of a 3D Piezo-Magneto-Elastic Energy Harvester with Axisymmetric Multi-Stability
Authors: Litak Grzegorz , Klimek Mariusz , Giri Abhijeet M. , Wolszczak Piotr
Published: July 2024

In this investigation, a three-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric potential well-based nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester is proposed to increase the broadband frequency response under low-strength planar external excitation. Here, a two-dimensional (2D) planar bi-stable Duffing potential is generalized into three dimensions by utilizing axial symmetry. The resulting axisymmetric potential well has infinitely many stable equilibria and one unstable equilibria at the highest point of the potential barrier for this cantilevered oscillator. Dynamics of such a 3D piezoelectric harvester with axisymmetric multi-stability are studied under planar circular excitation motion. Bifurcations of average power harvested from the two pairs of piezoelectric patches are presented against the frequency variation. The results show the presence of several branches of large-amplitude cross-well type period-1 and subharmonic solutions. Subharmonics involved in such responses are verified from the Fourier spectra of the solutions. The identified subharmonic solutions perform interesting patterns of curvilinear oscillations, which do not cross the potential barrier through its highest point. These solutions can completely or partially avoid the climbing of the potential barrier, thereby requiring low input excitation energy for barrier crossing. The influence of excitation amplitude on the bifurcations of normalized power is also investigated. Through multiple solution branches of subharmonic solutions, producing comparable power to the period-1 branch, broadband frequency response characteristics of such a 3D axisymmetically multi-stable harvester are highlighted.
Minimization of Parasitic Capacitance between Skin and Ag/AgCl Dry Electrodes
Authors: Hong Sungcheol , Coté Gerard
Published: July 2024

Conventional dry electrodes often yield unstable results due to the presence of parasitic capacitance between the flat electrode surface and the non-uniform skin interface. To address this issue, a gel is typically placed between the electrodes to minimize parasitic capacitance. However, this approach has the drawbacks of being unsuitable for repeated use, limited lifetime due to gel evaporation, and the possibility of developing skin irritation. This is particularly problematic in underserved areas since, due to the cost of disposable wet electrodes, they often sterilize and reuse dry electrodes. In this study, we propose a method to neutralize the effects of parasitic capacitance by attaching high-value capacitors to the electrodes in parallel, specifically when applied to pulse wave monitoring through bioimpedance. Skin capacitance can also be mitigated due to the serial connection, enabling stable reception of arterial pulse signals through bioimpedance circuits. A high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) was first used to simulate the capacitance when injection currents flow into the arteries through the bioimpedance circuits. We also used the simulation to investigate the effects of add-on capacitors. Lastly, we conducted preliminary comparative analyses between wet electrodes and dry electrodes in vivo with added capacitance values ranging from 100 pF to 1 μF, altering capacitance magnitudes by factors of 100. As a result, we obtained a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 8.2 dB higher than that of dry electrodes. Performance was also shown to be comparable to wet electrodes, with a reduction of only 0.4 dB using 1 μF. The comparative results demonstrate that the addition of capacitors to the electrodes has the potential to allow for performance similar to that of wet electrodes for bioimpedance pulse rate monitoring and could potentially be used for other applications of dry electrodes.
Whole-Genome Deep Sequencing of the Healthy Adult Nasal Microbiome
Authors: Cannon Mark , Ferrer Gustavo , Tesch Mari , Schipma Matthew
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to determine shifts in microbial populations regarding richness and diversity from the daily use of a popular over-the-counter nasal spray. In addition, the finding of nasal commensal bacterial species that overlap with the oral microbiome may prove to be potential probiotics for the “gateway microbiomes”. Nasal swab samples were obtained before and after using the most popular over-the-counter (OTC) nasal spray in 10 participants aged 18–48. All participants were healthy volunteers with no significant medical histories. The participants were randomly assigned a number by randomizing software and consisted of five men and five women. The sampling consisted of placing a nasal swab atraumatically into the nasal cavity. The samples were preserved and sent to Northwestern University Sequencing Center for whole-genome deep sequencing. After 21 days of OTC nasal spray use twice daily, the participants returned for further nasal microbiome sampling. The microbial analysis included all bacteria, archaea, viruses, molds, and yeasts via deep sequencing for species analysis. The Northwestern University Sequencing Center utilized artificial intelligence analysis to determine shifts in species and strains following nasal spray use that resulted in changes in diversity and richness.
Genomic Characterization of a Clinical NDM-1-Producing Klebsiella michiganensis from Brazil
Authors: Yamada Amanda Yaeko , Souza Andreia Rodrigues de , Bertani Amanda Maria de Jesus , Campos Karoline Rodrigues , Sacchi Claudio Tavares , Assis Denise Brandão de , Carvalho Enéas de , Takagi Elizabeth Harummyy , Cunha Marcos Paulo Vieira , Tiba-Casas Monique Ribeiro , Camargo Carlos Henrique
Published: July 2024

Public health faces daily challenges due to increasing reports of pathogenic microorganisms with new antimicrobial resistance. Klebsiella michiganensis, an emerging pathogen, poses difficulty in its identification using conventional techniques. This study presents the first documented case of NDM-1-producing K. michiganensis in Brazil, identified as the new ST418. Initially, the isolate from a tracheal secretion was misidentified as K. oxytoca. However, accurate identification was achieved through ANI analyses. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted to characterize the genetic context of the resistance genes, to identify virulence factors, and to construct a phylogenetic tree. The blaNDM-1 gene was found to be harbored on an IncFIB plasmid approximately 112 kb in length, which was transferable in conjugation assays. The detection of carbapenem resistance genes in this species highlights the importance of public health vigilance, as it may serve as a reservoir and disseminator of significant resistance genes.
Integrated Benefits to Agriculture with Trichoderma and Other Endophytic or Root-Associated Microbes
Authors: Harman Gary E.
Published: July 2024

The use of endophytic microbes is increasing in commercial agriculture. This review will begin with a strain selection. Most strains will not function well, so only a few provide adequate performance. It will also describe the endophyte–plant relationship and the fungi and bacteria involved. Their abilities to alleviate biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (drought, salt, and flooding) to remediate pollution and increase photosynthetic capabilities will be described. Their mechanisms of action will be elucidated. These frequently result in increased plant yields. Finally, methods and practices for formulation and commercial use will be described.
Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota between Captive and Wild Long-Tailed Gorals for Ex Situ Conservation
Authors: Park Chang-Eon , Jo Young-Jae , Jung Da-Ryung , Park Hee-Cheon , Shin Jae-Ho
Published: July 2024

The long-tailed goral is close to extinction, and ex situ conservation is essential to prevent this phenomenon. Studies on the gut microbiome of the long-tailed goral are important for understanding the ecology of this species. We amplified DNA from the 16S rRNA regions and compared the microbiomes of wild long-tailed gorals and two types of captive long-tailed gorals. Our findings revealed that the gut microbiome diversity of wild long-tailed gorals is greatly reduced when they are reared in captivity. A comparison of the two types of captive long-tailed gorals confirmed that animals with a more diverse diet exhibit greater gut microbiome diversity. Redundancy analysis confirmed that wild long-tailed gorals are distributed throughout the highlands, midlands, and lowlands. For the first time, it was revealed that the long-tailed goral are divided into three groups depending on the height of their habitat, and that the gut bacterial community changes significantly when long-tailed gorals are raised through ex situ conservation. This provides for the first time a perspective on the diversity of food plants associated with mountain height that will be available to long-tailed goral in the future.
Vibrational Analysis of Natural Rhodochrosites by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Alves Julliana F. , Peixoto Linus Pauling F. , de Oliveira Luiz Fernando C.
Published: July 2024

This study investigates an unusual behavior observed in the Raman spectra of natural rhodochrosites under ambient conditions and varying temperature and pressure. While the typical MnCO3 spectrum is maintained, the relative intensities of libration (L) and translation (T) bands exhibit significant variations, potentially linked to changes in the Mn2+ state within the crystal lattice. Mapping experiments under ambient conditions revealed intensity inversions in lattice modes depending on the sampling region and excitation wavelength. Initially attributed to laser-induced degradation, this phenomenon was ruled out by temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, which showed no significant intensity changes even under conditions promoting sample degradation. Further investigations under hydrostatic pressure revealed a decrease in L band intensity, potentially indicating crystal compaction and modified cation–anion interactions. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated using both linear and quadratic fitting methods, demonstrating that while linear fitting provides acceptable results for temperature-dependent analysis, a quadratic approach is crucial for pressure-induced changes, influencing the value of calculated Gruneisen and anharmonicity parameters. This work highlights the sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy to subtle changes within the rhodochrosite structure and provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay of temperature, pressure, and Mn ion configuration in this mineral.
Effect of the Interaction between Clays and Cations on Froth Rheology in Flotation
Authors: Li Chao , Wu Zhongren , Wu Zhihang , Chen Xianggen , Cao Yijun
Published: July 2024

The significance of froth rheology in affecting flotation performance is widely acknowledged. Clays could deteriorate flotation performance by altering froth rheology. The presence of cations further complicates the flotation system. Thus far, the interaction between clay minerals and cations and their impact on froth rheology remains unclear. The present work selected three typical clays and cations with two valences (Na+ and Ca2+) to investigate their interacting influences on froth rheology. The results indicate that clays exhibit diverse froth rheological behaviors, with increasing cation strength from 0 to 0.1 mol/L. For montmorillonite, the froth viscosity initially decreased and subsequently increased. For kaolinite, upon the addition of cations, there was a significant decrease in froth viscosity; nevertheless, froth viscosity barely changed as the valency and concentration of the cations increased. Talc produced a considerably more viscous froth, and froth viscosity continued to rise with increasing concentrations of cations. The underlying mechanisms of the different responses in froth rheology were also investigated. The findings of this work have the potential to advance the optimization of flotation for complex ores containing clay minerals in high-salt processing water.
The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Formation of Uranium Mineralization, Louzhuangzi District, Southern Junggar Basin (China)
Authors: He Zhong-Bo , Hu Bao-Qun , Qiu Lin-Fei , Wang Yun , Chen Hong , Jia Wei-Wei , Li Yi-Fei , Ji Hua-Li , Zhu Man-Huai
Published: July 2024

In recent years, there have been important breakthroughs in the exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium (U) deposits in the Louzhuangzi district of the southern Junggar Basin. Between 2020 and 2023, a medium-sized sandstone-hosted uranium deposit production area was identified in the region. Only a few investigations have been conducted at the Louzhuangzi U deposit, including those analyzing its geological–tectonic evolution, basic geological features, hydrogeology, and ore-controlling factors. It is generally believed that uranium mineralization at the Louzhuangzi U deposit is controlled by a redox zone. Organic matter (referred to as OM hereafter) consisting of bitumen and carbonaceous debris is very common in the uranium ores (especially in high-grade ores) at the Louzhuangzi U deposit. However, the characteristics of the OM and its contribution to uranium’s mineralization have not been studied in detail. In this study, OM-rich U-ores, altered sandstone, and barren sandstone samples were collected for petrography, mineralogical, micro-spectroscopy, carbon, and sulfur isotope studies. The results of this study show that the distribution of U minerals and metal sulfides (pyrite, sphalerite, etc.) was strictly controlled by bitumen at the Louzhuangzi U deposit. The bitumen may have been formed by hydrocarbon-rich and U-rich ore-forming fluids, which were formed after hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the underlying Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks. The fluids contained U, Zn, Fe, and other metal elements, which migrated together and then precipitated into the oxidized Toutunhe Formation sandstone through cracking and differentiation processes. Therefore, the results indicate that migrated hydrocarbons were involved in U mineralization, in addition to oxidation–reduction processes, in the Louzhuangzi district, south of the Junggar Basin (China).
Synthesis of a Borrelia burgdorferi-Derived Muropeptide Standard Fragment Library
Authors: Putnik Rachel , Zhou Junhui , Irnov Irnov , Garner Elise , Liu Min , Bersch Klare L. , Jacobs-Wagner Christine , Grimes Catherine Leimkuhler
Published: July 2024

The interplay between the human innate immune system and bacterial cell wall components is pivotal in understanding diseases such as Crohn’s disease and Lyme arthritis. Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most prevalent tick-borne illness in the United States, with a substantial number of cases reported annually. While antibiotic treatments are generally effective, approximately 10% of Lyme disease cases develop persistent arthritis, suggesting a dysregulated host immune response. We have previously identified a link between the immunogenic B. burgdorferi peptidoglycan (PG) and Lyme arthritis and showed that this pathogen sheds significant amounts of PG fragments during growth. Here, we synthesize these PG fragments, including ornithine-containing monosaccharides and disaccharides, to mimic the unique composition of Borrelia cell walls, using reproducible and rigorous synthetic methods. This synthetic approach allows for the modular preparation of PG derivatives, providing a diverse library of well-defined fragments. These fragments will serve as valuable tools for investigating the role of PG-mediated innate immune response in Lyme disease and aid in the development of improved diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.
User-Friendly and Responsive Electrochemical Detection Approach for Triclosan by Nano-Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Zhang Gaocheng , Zuhra Zareen , Wang Shengxiang
Published: July 2024

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge to public health, and is worsened by the widespread misuse of antimicrobial agents such as triclosan (TCS) in personal care and household products. Leveraging the electrochemical reactivity of TCS’s phenolic hydroxyl group, this study investigates the electrochemical behavior of TCS on a Cu-based nano-metal–organic framework (Cu-BTC) surface. The synthesis of Cu-BTC via a room temperature solvent method, with triethylamine as a regulator, ensures uniform nanoparticle formation. The electrochemical properties of Cu-BTC and the signal enhancement mechanism are comprehensively examined. Utilizing the signal amplification effect of Cu-BTC, an electrochemical sensor for TCS detection is developed and optimized using response surface methodology. The resulting method offers a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive detection of TCS, with a linear range of 25–10,000 nM and a detection limit of 25 nM. This research highlights the potential of Cu-BTC as a promising material for electrochemical sensing applications, contributing to advancements in environmental monitoring and public health protection.
Physical Properties of CaTiO3-Modified NaNbO3 Thin Films
Authors: Xue Yongmei , Ma Li , Han Zhuokun , Liu Jianwei , Wang Zejun , Liu Pengcheng , Zhang Yu , Dong Huijuan
Published: July 2024

NaNbO3(NN)-based lead-free materials are attracting widespread attention due to their environment-friendly and complex phase transitions, which can satisfy the miniaturization and integration for future electronic components. However, NN materials usually have large remanent polarization and obvious hysteresis, which are not conducive to energy storage. In this work, we investigated the effect of introducing CaTiO3((1−x)NaNbO3-xCaTiO3) on the physical properties of NN. The results indicated that as x increased, the surface topography, oxygen vacancy and dielectric loss of the thin films were significantly improved when optimal value was achieved at x = 0.1. Moreover, the 0.9NN-0.1CT thin film shows reversible polarization domain structures and well-established piezoresponse hysteresis loops. These results indicate that our thin films have potential application in future advanced pulsed power electronics.
Ru/GCN Nanocomposite as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Sodium Hypophosphite
Authors: Shirman Ron , Chakraborty Sourav , Sasson Yoel
Published: July 2024

Sodium hypophosphite is a promising green source for generating clean elemental hydrogen without pollutants. This study presents the development of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst, Ru/g-C3N4 (Ru/GCN), for hydrogen generation from sodium hypophosphite. The Ru/GCN catalyst demonstrates excellent activity under mild reaction conditions and maintains its effectiveness over multiple cycles without significant loss of activity. This easily separable and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst is straightforward to operate, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and provides a cost-effective alternative to the extensive use of expensive noble metals, which have limited industrial applications. The Ru/GCN catalyst was characterized using various material characterization and spectral methods, including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hypophosphite, combined with the catalytically active and recyclable Ru/GCN catalyst, forms a system with high potential for industrial-scale hydrogen production, suggesting promising avenues for further research and application.
Non-Destructive Inspection of Additively Manufactured Classified Components in a Nuclear Installation
Authors: Lamberti Alfredo , Van Eesbeeck Wouter , Nardone Steve
Published: July 2024

Additive Manufacturing (AM) of parts used in nuclear power plants can solve many issues like those related to obsolescence. Of the gap limiting the use of AM parts in nuclear is the need of reliable non-destructive inspection capable to meet the qualification requirements. Recently, efforts in this direction have been made worldwide within several research projects, like the EU Horizon 2020 NUCOBAM. In the framework of NUCOBAM, this article presents the activity related to the inspection of 316-L AM nuclear parts produced by L-PBF and inspected via advanced ultrasonic (UT) methods, like MultiPoint Focusing (MPF) and Total Focusing Method (TFM). Multiple UT array probes are used, linear, matrix and annular. Emphasis is dedicated to the inspection of classified valve bodies produced with known internal seeding flaws. The analysis of the results shows the effect of AM induced anisotropy on the propagation of the ultrasonic wave characteristics, the sound velocity increased with 3% when the sound beam deviated 15° against the perpendicular axis. The TFM method contributed significantly regarding defect detection, Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR) increased with at least 9 dB compared to the Multi-Point Focusing method. Smaller errors were noticed when examination frequency was increased and TFM was applied. The combination of an annular array with TFM and mechanical scanning demonstrated to be the best approach.
The Safety Profile of Vitamin D Supplements Using Real-World Data from 445,493 Participants of the UK Biobank: Slightly Higher Hypercalcemia Prevalence but Neither Increased Risks of Kidney Stones nor Atherosclerosis
Authors: Sha Sha , Degen Miriam , Vlaski Tomislav , Fan Ziwen , Brenner Hermann , Schöttker Ben
Published: July 2024

Background: Potential calcium-related adverse events of vitamin D supplement use have not been addressed in large-scale, real-world data so far. Methods: Leveraging data from the UK Biobank, encompassing 445,493 individuals aged 40–69, we examined associations of high 25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) levels ≥ 100 nmol/L and vitamin D supplementation with hypercalcemia (serum calcium > 2.6 mmol/L), kidney stones, and atherosclerosis assessments (pulse wave arterial stiffness index and carotid intima-medial thickness). Regression models were comprehensively adjusted for 49 covariates. Results: Approximately 1.5% of the participants had high 25(OH)D levels, 4.3% regularly used vitamin D supplements, and 20.4% reported regular multivitamin use. At baseline, the hypercalcemia prevalence was 1.6%, and 1.1% was diagnosed with kidney stones during follow-up. High 25(OH)D levels were neither associated with calcium-related adverse events nor atherosclerosis assessments. Vitamin D and multivitamin supplementation were associated with an increased prevalence of hypercalcemia (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals: 1.46 [1.32–1.62] and 1.11 [1.04–1.18], respectively) but were neither associated with atherosclerosis nor future kidney stones. Conclusions: High 25(OH)D levels observable in routine care were not associated with any adverse outcome. Vitamin D users have a slightly higher prevalence of hypercalcemia, possibly due to co-supplementation with calcium, but without a higher atherosclerosis prevalence or risk of kidney stones.
Transforming DIY Geiger Counter Kits into Muon Detectors for Education and Scientific Exploration
Authors: Arcani Marco , Liguori Domenico , Frassà Andrea , Nemolato Altea Renata Maria , Del Monte Omar , Guaita Cesare
Published: July 2024

Any Geiger counter can be used as an effective cosmic ray detector on its own. In fact, it is known that even in the absence of a radioactive source, the instrument detects what is known as background radiation, which consists of various types of ionizing particles present in the environment. Remarkably, it is estimated that up to 15% of this background radiation is attributable to cosmic rays, high-energy particles originating from outer space. The remaining radiation detected by the Geiger counter originates from terrestrial sources, such as natural radioactivity in the ground and in the air. The main goal of this project is to build a muon detector for scientific and educational purposes using two commercial DIY Geiger counter kits and just a few additional components. To identify cosmic radiation from terrestrial radiation and improve the accuracy of cosmic ray measurements, the use of a coincident circuit is essential. This coincident circuit was introduced in cosmic ray physics by Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi in the early 1930s and allows for the detection of a subatomic particle passing through two or more sensors, thereby reducing false positives and enhancing the reliability of cosmic ray detection. The following idea is an alternative replica of our AMD5 detectors, instruments that we have been using for years to teach and perform scientific experiments in the cosmic ray field under the umbrella of the ADA project (2023 Particles, Arcani et al.). The resulting device, named AMD5ALI, offers a reliable and inexpensive solution for the same goal, making it a valuable tool for both educational purposes and scientific surveys. Practical applications range from cosmic ray physics to radioactivity, including the relationship between cosmic ray flux and meteorology, the zenithal effect, the Regener–Pfotzer curve in the atmosphere, and the anti-correlation of cosmic particle intensity with solar activity.
Genetic Homogeneity of Francisella tularensis subsp. mediasiatica Strains in Kazakhstan
Authors: Shevtsov Alexandr , Izbanova Uinkul , Amirgazin Asylulan , Kairzhanova Alma , Dauletov Ayan , Kiyan Vladimir , Vergnaud Gilles
Published: July 2024

Tularemia is an acute febrile disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Francisella tularensis. Based on genetic and phenotypic characteristics, three subspecies are distinguished: tularensis, holarctica, and mediasiatica. F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica remains the least studied subspecies. Over the past decade, new foci of distribution of F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica have been discovered in Russia (Siberia), expanding the possible distribution area by thousands of kilometers. This article provides whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) and polymorphic tandem repeats (MLVA) analyses of 28 mediasiatica strains isolated between 1965 and 2004 in Kazakhstan. Despite high genetic homogeneity, MLVA with eleven loci (MLVA11) demonstrates a high discriminatory ability (diversity index, 0.9497). The topological structure of the trees based on wgSNP and MLVA is not comparable; however, clustering remains congruent for most outbreaks, with the exception of two strains from one outbreak that are identical in terms of wgSNP but differ at three tandem repeat loci. Based on wgSNP, the strains are assigned to one of the three currently known mediasiatica sublineages, lineage M.I, together with other historical strains maintained in collections in Russia and Sweden. wgSNP shows limited previously unknown genetic diversity, with the M.I lineage size being only 118 SNPs. The wgSNP genotype is not strongly correlated with year and place of isolation.
No Animal Left Behind: A Thematic Analysis of Public Submissions on the New Zealand Emergency Management Bill
Authors: Glassey Steve
Published: July 2024

This article presents a thematic analysis of submissions made on New Zealand’s Emergency Management Bill. While a key focus is on the importance and frequency of animal welfare concerns raised by submitters, the analysis also examines other critical themes to provide context on the range of issues addressed. The impact of the “No Animal Left Behind” campaign launched by Animal Evac New Zealand in mobilising public engagement on animal welfare provisions is also assessed. Sixty-one percent (n = 191) of public submissions on the Bill raised the importance of including animals in new emergency management legislation and at least 48% (n = 149) of all public submissions were directly attributed to the campaign. Key animal welfare concerns include the need for clear statutory powers and requirements, better coordination and resourcing, and recognition of the human–animal bond. Other prominent non-animal-related themes relate to strengthening community resilience, improving Māori participation in emergency management, and enhancing readiness and response capabilities. Specific recommendations are made for legal changes to better protect animal welfare, including amending key provisions to explicitly address animal rescue and evacuation, mandating animal welfare emergency plans, strengthening animal seizure and disposal processes, and enhancing accountability for animal emergency response charities. With improving animal disaster management law being the most common issue identified, it is logical for a government to apply deliberative democracy to ensure animals are better protected in New Zealand emergency management reforms. The findings underscore the importance of comprehensive, multi-faceted reform to create a world-leading emergency management framework.