bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiral versus Achiral Assemblies in Multi‐Stimuli Responsive Supramolecular Polymerization of Tetra‐Substituted Azobenzene Dye
Authors: Čonková Miroslava , Markiewicz Grzegorz , Majchrzycki Łukasz , Szmulewicz Adrianna , Stefankiewicz Artur R.
Published: February 2024

Incorporating photoswitchable moieties into the molecular design of supramolecular architectures provides unique opportunities for controlling their morphology and functionality via optical stimuli. Harnessing geometrical and electrical changes in response to multiple external stimuli on the molecular level to modulate properties remains a fundamental challenge. Herein, the reversible formation of the aggregates of l‐tyrosine E‐azobenzene‐tetracarboxamide (E‐ABT) is shown to be finely controlled by light, solvent, or chemical additives. The resulting products differ not only in their overall morphology and supramolecular interactions, but also in their intrinsic chirality, that is, depending on the conditions applied, self‐assembly yields chiral columns or π‐stacked “achiral” oligomers. This report shows the potential of rational monomer design to achieve controlled self‐assembly by stimuli of choice and paves the way toward the use of multi‐responsive, sterically hindered azo‐benzene aggregates in materials chemistry and nanotechnology.
3D Printing Architecting β‐PVDF Reservoirs for Preferential ZnO Epitaxial Growth Toward Advanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Authors: He Lirong , Liu Xingang , Han Cheng , Wang Dehui , Wang Qi , Deng Xu , Zhang Chuhong
Published: February 2024

For polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based piezoelectric composites, epitaxial growth of ZnO nanorods (ZnO‐nr) piezoceramic layer on PVDF is an effective way to improve their piezoelectric performance. However, the crystal nucleus of ZnO featuring polar surfaces that cannot be directly attached to hydrophobic PVDF with low surface energy. Herein, direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing is employed for the first time to create β‐PVDF reservoirs with significantly enhanced surface energy, facilitating the attachment and epitaxial growth of ZnO‐nr. The printed β‐PVDF reservoirs designed with programmed macro‐pores and abundant inner micropores, enable a higher loading of ZnO‐nr by more than one magnitude, thereby boosting the electro‐mechanical response. The resulting PVDF/ZnO core–shell piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) delivers an output voltage of 33.2 V, as well as an unprecedentedly high relative output voltage of 2.76 V/wt.%, which is 2.63 times that of the state‐of‐the‐art 3D‐printed PVDF/piezoceramics PEHs. Furthermore, it can differentiate subtle human motions whereas hybrid PEHs cannot distinct. This work demonstrates that the DIW 3D printing approach offers a simple and convenient design idea for creating high performance PEHs.
Sustainable Ironmaking Toward a Future Circular Steel Economy: Exploiting a Critical Oxygen Concentration for Metallurgical Cu Removal from Scrap‐Based Melts
Authors: Souza Filho Isnaldi R. , da Silva Alisson K. , Büyükuslu Ömer K. , Raabe Dierk , Springer Hauke
Published: February 2024

A circular steel economy based on recycling scrap is severely hampered by the increasing accumulation of Cu returning from more and more electrified products, which severely limits processing, application, and safety of steels. As of yet, no viable strategies for its removal have been developed, and the increasing Cu contamination can only be diluted with fresh primary iron. This is not only evoking CO2 emissions from conventional reduction processes, but also merely delays the problem until global demands allow for a circular steel economy. However, the ongoing transformation toward green steel making may offer pathways to overcome this complex metallurgical challenge. It is demonstrated that Cu can be effectively evaporated from Fe–Cu–O melts—representing Fe ore mixed with Cu‐contaminated steel scrap—during hydrogen plasma‐based smelting reduction. This evaporation is found to be strongly influenced by the Cu activity determined by the concentration of oxygen in the liquid, with a critical O concentration of about 22 wt%. Even without the presence of hydrogen, Cu concentrations can thereby be drastically reduced from 1 to less than 0.1 wt%. Potentials and challenges for leveraging these fundamental findings on a laboratory scale for future industrial production of green steel are outlined and discussed.
First responders: managing the aftermath of adverse surgical events
Authors: Khattak Ahmed , Challacombe Ben , Chia Daniel
Published: February 2024

Mistakes happen, but in health care the impact on individuals involved can be especially profound, particularly for surgeons. Support for clinicians in their journey through the aftermath of these 'adverse events', and back to work where appropriate, is essential. Establishing a network of first responders is one of the initiatives being developed to do just that.
Accuracy and inter‐rater agreement among practitioners using quick thoracic ultrasonography to diagnose calf pneumonia
Authors: Jourquin Stan , Lowie Thomas , Bokma Jade , Pardon Bart
Published: February 2024

Background

Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is a commonly used tool for on‐farm detection of pneumonia in calves. Different scanning methods have been described, but the performance of novice practitioners after training has not been documented.

Methods

In this study, 38 practitioners performed quick TUS (qTUS) on 18–23 calves each. Pneumonia was defined as lung consolidation 1 cm or more in depth. Diagnostic parameters (accuracy [Acc], sensitivity [Se] and specificity [Sp]) were compared to those of an experienced operator. Cohen's kappa and Krippendorff's alpha (Kalpha) were determined. The potential effects of training and exam sessions on performance were evaluated.

Results

The average relative Se and Sp were 0.66 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.26; minimum [Min.]–Maximum [Max.] = 0–1) and 0.71 (SD = 0.19; Min.–Max. = 0.25–1), respectively. The average relative Acc was 0.73 (SD = 0.11; Min.–Max. = 0.52–0.96). Over all sessions, Cohen's kappa averaged 0.40 (SD = 0.24; Min.–Max. = 0.014–0.90) and Kalpha was 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20–0.27), indicating ‘fair’ agreement. Calf age and housing influenced Se and Sp. Supervised practical training improved Se by 17.5% (95% CI: 0.01–0.34).

Limitations

The separate effects of calf age and housing could not be determined.

Conclusion

This study showed that qTUS, like any other clinical skill, has a learning curve, and variability in performance can be substantial. Adequate training and certification of one's skill are recommended to assure good diagnostic accuracy.
Eversion of the nictitans membranes in a Spanish purebred foal: Diagnosis, surgical correction and outcome
Authors: Matas Màrian , Llodrà Margalida
Published: February 2024

A 2‐month‐old, Spanish, purebred foal was presented with bilateral eversion of the nictitans membranes. The foal was assessed and surgery performed at the age of 4 months. Standing surgery was performed in order to dissect and resect the everted cartilage and achieve a normal position of both nictitating membranes. Local anaesthesia was achieved using periocular regional anaesthesia and a sub‐nictitans block under each nictitans membrane. This helped control surgical discomfort of the patient and avoided, in this patient, retraction of the globe. Immediately postoperatively, the nictitans membranes were in normal anatomic position. The patient was evaluated 10 months later and both nictitans membranes remained in situ and with normal dorsotemporal gliding movement over each eye.
Amino Imidazolin‐2‐imine Ligands in Magnesium Complexes: Approaches Towards Low‐Valent Mg(I) Species
Authors: Denker M.Sc.Lars , Dolati Hadi , Barthen M.Sc.Mario , Frank René
Published: February 2024

Amino imidazoline‐2‐imines (AmIm) are a new class of chelating, monoanionic N,N'‐donor ligands stronger than the analogous β‐diketiminate ligands and give rise to five‐membered metallacycles. The coordination chemistry of the monoanionic ligands 1,2‐NHC=N−C6H4−NDipp− (i), cis‐1,2‐NHC=N−CMe=CMe−NDipp− (ii) was towards magnesium was investigated with the focus on the stabilization of low‐valent magnesium(I) species, NHC=cyclo‐C(NiPr2CMe)2, Dipp=2,6‐iPrC6H3. Both ligand systems (i) and (ii) form heteroleptic magnesium iodide species with were subjected to reduction. The complex [Mg(1,2‐NHC=N−C6H4−NDipp)]2 was found to be insoluble, which prevented further purification. In contrast, the yield of the analogous complex [Mg(cis‐1,2‐NHC=N−CMe=CMe−NDipp)]2 was very low. As a significant side product the homoleptic complex [Mg(cis‐1,2‐NHC=N−CMe=CMe−NDipp)2] was identified.
Strain‐controlled dynamics of transverse domain walls in hybrid piezoelectric–magnetostrictive heterostructures: An asymptotic approach
Authors: Halder Ambalika , Maity Sumit , Dwivedi Sharad
Published: February 2024

The present work deals with an analytical study of the statical and dynamical behavior of transverse magnetic domain walls in hybrid bilayer piezoelectric/magnetostrictive heterostructures under the combined influence of spin‐polarized electric currents, transverse, and axial applied magnetic fields. The magnetostrictive material is considered to be isotropic and linearly elastic. We perform the investigation within the framework of the one‐dimensional Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. By employing the regular perturbation asymptotic expansion approach, we derive the explicit analytical expression of the most significant dynamic features, namely, traveling wave profile, DW velocity, and displacement under the influence of small and moderate transverse magnetic fields. Finally, we illustrate numerically the analytical results and delineate the domain wall motion for metallic and semiconductor ferromagnets.
Introduction: The Historic Importance and Continued Relevance of Steel-Making in Europe
Authors: Weinel Martin , Antonazzo Luca , Stroud Dean , Behrend Clara , Colla Valentina , Goti Aitor , Schröder Antonius Johannes
Published: February 2024

The relative economic and political importance of the steel industry for the European project has decreased since the founding of the Economic Coal and Steel Community in 1952, but its absolute importance remains high and critical for the European project’s future success. However, for the continued survival of the European steel industry and among a wider set of challenges, the sector has to face and overcome what is often referred to as the 'twin challenges': digitalisation, in the form of Industry 4.0, and decarbonisation. This chapter discusses the twin challenges and introduces the contributions made to this edited collection, which begin to answer and address how best to respond to these challenges to safeguard the future of the European steel industry.
Attracting Talents to the Steel Industry
Authors: Echterhoff Veit , Schelkle Peter , Cassel Stefan
Published: February 2024

This chapter outlines the increasing importance of qualified employees for future competitiveness in the EU steel industry. As the labour market changes companies have to be attractive employers for their future talents. The authors recommend suggestions for supporting actions to attract talents and future talents. This chapter is a revised version of a ESTEP recommendation paper. (ESTEP 2020) Attracting talents to the Steel Industry, ESTEP, Brussels, https://www.estep.eu/assets/Uploads/20200302-attracting-talents-to-the-steel-industry.pdf Accessed 27 May 2022).
The Technological and Social Transformation of the European Steel Industry: Towards Decarbonisation and Digitalisation
Authors: Stroud Dean , Antonazzo Luca , Weinel Martin
Published: February 2024

In this chapter we touch on the supranational developments that gave rise to the notion of a European steel industry, and thereby set the context for a discussion of its technological and social transformation. We discuss more broadly technological and social change and innovation across the sector in Europe, and in view of its developments reflect on the (social) consequences for the workforce. The chapter also reflects on the dynamics of restructuring and privatisation, as well as the internationalisation and globalisation of the industry. This broader discussion sets the background for a brief overview analysis of more recent innovations and the ‘twin challenges’ of digitalisation, so-called Industry 4.0, and decarbonisation, which together—it might be argued—represent a paradigmatic shift in the industry both technologically and socially. With regard to the ‘twin challenges’ we draw on data from two research projects, European Steel Skills Agenda (ESSA) and Preparing for a Just Transition, to inform some of the discussion.
Recruitment and Training and the Dynamics of Digitalization
Authors: Alonso Osambela José Ignacio
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, the challenges of digitalization from the perspective of Human Resources (HR) and Talent Management are discussed. The pace of change within the workplace requires HR officers to put in place more standardized and effective methods to assess the candidates and finalize recruitment, as well as to design training in a continuous and dynamic manner. The chapter provides an account of the processes undertaken by a leading European steel company and reflects the views of the author and his professional experience in HR functions in international companies based in Europe. The professional experience dates back to the 1990s, and includes the recent changes in the world of HR and the steel industry.
Matheuristic fixed set search applied to the multidimensional knapsack problem and the knapsack problem with forfeit sets
Authors: Jovanovic Raka , Voß Stefan
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we present a solution method for the multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP) and the knapsack problem with forfeit sets (KPFS) using a population-based matheuristic approach. Specifically, the learning mechanism of the fixed set search (FSS) metaheuristic is combined with the use of integer programming for solving subproblems. This is achieved by introducing a new ground set of elements that can be used for both the MKP and the KPFS that aim to maximize the information provided by the fixed set. The method for creating fixed sets is also adjusted to enhance the diversity of generated solutions. Compared to state-of-the-art methods for the MKP and the KPFS, the proposed approach offers an implementation that can be easily extended to other variants of the knapsack problem. Computational experiments indicate that the matheuristic FSS is highly competitive to best-performing methods from the literature. The proposed approach is robust in the sense of having a good performance for a wide range of parameter values of the method.
Phenotyping of COPD with MRI in comparison to same-day CT in a multi-centre trial
Authors: Nauck Sebastian , Pohl Moritz , Jobst Bertram J. , Melzig Claudius , Meredig Hagen , Weinheimer Oliver , Triphan Simon , von Stackelberg Oyunbileg , Konietzke Philip , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Heußel Claus P. , Wielpütz Mark O. , Biederer Jürgen ,   on behalf of the COSYCONET Study Group
Published: February 2024

Objectives

A prospective, multi-centre study to evaluate concordance of morphologic lung MRI and CT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotyping for airway disease and emphysema.

Methods

A total of 601 participants with COPD from 15 sites underwent same-day morpho-functional chest MRI and paired inspiratory-expiratory CT. Two readers systematically scored bronchial wall thickening, bronchiectasis, centrilobular nodules, air trapping and lung parenchyma defects in each lung lobe and determined COPD phenotype. A third reader acted as adjudicator to establish consensus. Inter-modality and inter-reader agreement were assessed using Cohen’s kappa (im-κ and ir-κ).

Results

The mean combined MRI score for bronchiectasis/bronchial wall thickening was 4.5/12 (CT scores, 2.2/12 for bronchiectasis and 6/12 for bronchial wall thickening; im-κ, 0.04–0.3). Expiratory right/left bronchial collapse was observed in 51 and 47/583 on MRI (62 and 57/599 on CT; im-κ, 0.49–0.52). Markers of small airways disease on MRI were 0.15/12 for centrilobular nodules (CT, 0.34/12), 0.94/12 for air trapping (CT, 0.9/12) and 7.6/12 for perfusion deficits (CT, 0.37/12 for mosaic attenuation; im-κ, 0.1–0.41). The mean lung defect score on MRI was 1.3/12 (CT emphysema score, 5.8/24; im-κ, 0.18–0.26). Airway-/emphysema/mixed COPD phenotypes were assigned in 370, 218 and 10 of 583 cases on MRI (347, 218 and 34 of 599 cases on CT; im-κ, 0.63). For all examined features, inter-reader agreement on MRI was lower than on CT.

Conclusion

Concordance of MRI and CT for phenotyping of COPD in a multi-centre setting was substantial with variable inter-modality and inter-reader concordance for single diagnostic key features.

Clinical relevance statement

MRI of lung morphology may well serve as a radiation-free imaging modality for COPD in scientific and clinical settings, given that its potential and limitations as shown here are carefully considered.

Key Points

• In a multi-centre setting, MRI and CT showed substantial concordance for phenotyping of COPD (airway-/emphysema-/mixed-type).

• Individual features of COPD demonstrated variable inter-modality concordance with features of pulmonary hypertension showing the highest and bronchiectasis showing the lowest concordance.

• For all single features of COPD, inter-reader agreement was lower on MRI than on CT.
Risk factors for recurrent acute mastoiditis in pediatric patients: a registry-based cohort study
Authors: Shiner Yotam Aharon , Samuel Orit , Saliba Walid , Stein Nili , Kerem Nogah , Cohen-Kerem Raanan
Published: February 2024

Objective

To describe characteristics of pediatric patients with recurrent acute mastoiditis, and to identify risk factors for this condition.

Study design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Data based on electronic medical records of the largest Health Maintenance Organization in Israel.

Methods

Children hospitalized due to acute mastoiditis during the years 2008–2018 were identified, and their diagnosis was verified. Patients with recurrent acute mastoiditis were identified and grouped, and their characteristics were outlined and compared to those of the original group to identify risk factors for recurrence.

Results

During the 11-year period, a total of 1115 cases of children hospitalized due to acute mastoiditis were identified with a weighted incidence rate of 7.8/100,000. Of this group, 57 patients were diagnosed with recurrence following a full clinical recovery. The incidence proportion of recurrent acute mastoiditis was 5.1% (57/1115), male-to-female ratio was 27:30, 73.4% were younger than 24 months, the median period from the first episode was 3.4 months (IQR 2.0;10.0), and 82.5% of the patients (n = 47) had a single recurrence, whereas 18.5% (n = 10) had two recurrences or more. Mastoidectomy and swelling over the mastoid area during the first episode were identified as the main risk factors for recurrent mastoiditis HR = 4.7 [(2.7–8.2), p < 0.001] and HR = 2.55 [(1.4–4.8), p = 0.003], respectively. Mastoidectomy was the only independent significant risk factor for recurrence in a multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Mastoidectomy and swelling over the mastoid area during the first episode of acute mastoiditis were found strongly related independent risk factor for future recurrent episodes of acute mastoiditis.
Discrepancy between clinical and pathological staging of laryngeal carcinoma: a dilemma to be solved
Authors: Tawfik Ali , El-Fattah Ahmed Musaad Abd , Hassan Amany , Helal Fatma Ahmad , Ebada Hisham Atef
Published: February 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of discrepancy between the clinical and pathological staging of laryngeal carcinoma, and the potential impact of this discrepancy on the outcomes and prognosis.

Methods

This study was conducted on 127 patients who underwent total laryngectomy over five years (October 2016–October 2021). Data collected from pretherapeutic clinical staging regarding the extent of the tumor affection of different laryngeal subsites was compared to the postsurgical pathological assessment.

Results

Overall, 12 out of 127 patients (9.4%) in the current study, were clinically over-staged from T3 to T4 due to radiological diagnosis of tumor infiltration of laryngeal cartilages that proved pathologically to be free of tumor. Additionally, discordance in the N stage was found in 12.6% (n = 16). However, stage discrepancy did not have a significant impact on the prognosis and survival.

Conclusion

Discordance between clinical and pathological TNM staging of laryngeal carcinoma may affect the decision making and the choice of the treatment options. Some improvement can be probably achieved with advancements and higher accuracy of the preoperative diagnostic tools.
Assessing the synergistic effectiveness of intermittent theta burst stimulation and the vestibular ocular reflex rehabilitation protocol in the treatment of Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Browne Cherylea J. , Sheeba S. R. , Astill T. , Baily A. , Deblieck C. , Mucci V. , Cavaleri R.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a rare central vestibular disorder characterised by a constant sensation of motion (rocking, swaying, bobbing), which typically arises after motion experiences (e.g. sea, air, and road travel), though can be triggered by non-motion events. The current standard of care is non-specific medications and interventions that only result in mild-to-moderate improvements. The vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) rehabilitation protocol, a specialised form of rehabilitation, has shown promising results in reducing symptoms amongst people with MdDS. Accumulating evidence suggests that it may be possible to augment the effects of VOR rehabilitation via non-invasive brain stimulation protocols, such as theta burst stimulation (TBS).

Methods

The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent TBS (iTBS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in enhancing the effectiveness of a subsequently delivered VOR rehabilitation protocol in people with MdDS. Participants were allocated randomly to receive either Sham (n = 10) or Active (n = 10) iTBS, followed by the VOR rehabilitation protocol. Subjective outcome measures (symptom ratings and mental health scores) were collected 1 week pre-treatment and for 16 weeks post-treatment. Posturography (objective outcome) was recorded each day of the treatment week.

Results

Significant improvements in subjective and objective outcomes were reported across both treatment groups over time, but no between-group differences were observed.

Discussion

These findings support the effectiveness of the VOR rehabilitation protocol in reducing MdDS symptoms. Further research into iTBS is required to elucidate whether the treatment has a role in the management of MdDS. TRN: ACTRN12619001519145 (Date registered: 04 November 2019).
Multi-target drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome: focus on Ginkgo biloba and Rhodiola rosea
Authors: Mueller Juliane K. , Müller Walter E.
Published: February 2024

Cognitive impairment, depression and (mental) fatigue represent the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Attempts to treat post-COVID-associated cognitive impairment and fatigue with different drugs available for other diseases have not yet been successful. One probable explanation could be that these drugs work by one specific mechanism of action only and not in a broad multi-target way. Therefore, they will not address the broad pathophysiological spectrum possibly responsible for cognitive impairment, depression and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome. Notably, nearly all drugs currently under investigation for fatigue in post-COVID syndrome are rather addressing one single target instead of the several pathomechanisms underlying this condition. Contrary to this approach, herbal drugs often consist of many different ingredients with different pharmacological properties and pharmacological targets. Therefore, these drugs might be a promising approach for the treatment of the broad symptomatic presentation and the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment and fatigue following a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these herbal drugs, extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Rhodiola rosea probably are the best investigated candidates. Their broad pharmacological spectrum in vitro and in vivo includes anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant as well as properties reducing cognitive impairment and fatigue. In several studies, both drugs showed positive effects on physical and mental fatigue and impaired cognition. Moreover, depressive symptoms were also reduced in some studies. However, even if these results are promising, the data are still preliminary and require additional proof by further studies.
Deep learning for thyroid nodule examination: a technical review
Authors: Das Debottama , Iyengar M. Sriram , Majdi Mohammad S. , Rodriguez Jeffrey J. , Alsayed Mahmoud
Published: February 2024

In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased dramatically, resulting in an increased demand for early thyroid nodule examination. Ultrasound (US) imaging is the modality most frequently used to image thyroid nodules; However, the low image resolution, speckle noise, and high variability make it difficult to utilize traditional image processing techniques. Recent advances in deep learning (DL) have increased research into the automated processing of thyroid US images. We review three main image processing tasks for thyroid nodule analysis: classification, segmentation, and detection. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the recently proposed DL techniques as well as the data availability and algorithmic efficacy. In addition, we investigate the remaining obstacles and future potential for automated analysis of thyroid US images.
Investigating the electronic properties of PANI/graphene/PVDF/PTFE nanocomposite
Authors: Mahmoud Aya Allah , Khafagy Rasha M. , Ibrahim Medhat. A.
Published: February 2024

Manufacturing of clean energy is an important topic of research for modern life. This paves the way toward investigating easy manufacturing; high-performance energy storage materials. In this sense, conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) are modified with graphene (G) then bound with poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly tetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) to enhance their electronic properties to be used as electrode material in energy storage applications. Furthermore, molecular modeling based on density functional theory at B3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory was utilized to study the interaction between PANI; G; PVDF and PTFE. Some important properties are calculated such as the total dipole moment (TDM), HOMO/LUMO energy gap (ΔE), and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP). TDM of PANI was found to be 3.994 Debye and increased to 6.010, 9.012, and 9.822 Debye for PANI/G/PTFE, PANI/G/PVDF/PTFE, and PANI/G/PVDF, respectively. ΔE of PANI is 4.353 eV and decreased because of the interaction of PANI with G and polymer binders to reach 3.507, 3.095, and 2.127 eV for PANI/G/PTFE, PANI/G/PVDF, and PANI/G/PVDF/PTFE, respectively. From MESP result, the reactivity and electronic properties increased with the interaction of PANI with G and polymer binders. PANI/G/PVDF/PTFE composite was dedicated as the most suitable candidate for electrode material for many applications.
Establishing a framework for best practices for quality assurance and quality control in untargeted metabolomics
Authors: Mosley Jonathan D. , Schock Tracey B. , Beecher Chris W. , Dunn Warwick B. , Kuligowski Julia , Lewis Matthew R. , Theodoridis Georgios , Ulmer Holland Candice Z. , Vuckovic Dajana , Wilson Ian D. , Zanetti Krista A.
Published: February 2024

Background

Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) practices are key tenets that facilitate study and data quality across all applications of untargeted metabolomics. These important practices will strengthen this field and accelerate its success. The Best Practices Working Group (WG) within the Metabolomics Quality Assurance and Quality Control Consortium (mQACC) focuses on community use of QA/QC practices and protocols and aims to identify, catalogue, harmonize, and disseminate current best practices in untargeted metabolomics through community-driven activities.

Aim of review

A present goal of the Best Practices WG is to develop a working strategy, or roadmap, that guides the actions of practitioners and progress in the field. The framework in which mQACC operates promotes the harmonization and dissemination of current best QA/QC practice guidance and encourages widespread adoption of these essential QA/QC activities for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Key scientific concepts of review

Community engagement and QA/QC information gathering activities have been occurring through conference workshops, virtual and in-person interactive forum discussions, and community surveys. Seven principal QC stages prioritized by internal discussions of the Best Practices WG have received participant input, feedback and discussion. We outline these stages, each involving a multitude of activities, as the framework for identifying QA/QC best practices. The ultimate planned product of these endeavors is a “living guidance” document of current QA/QC best practices for untargeted metabolomics that will grow and change with the evolution of the field.
The bioavailability of particulate nitrogen in eroded sediment: Catchment sources and processes
Authors: Garzon-Garcia Alexandra , Burton Joanne M. , Ellis Rob , Askildsen Maria , Bloesch Philip , De Hayr Rob , Moody Phil
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Anthropogenic land use change has caused an increase in particulate nutrient loads from catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The research in GBR catchments has indicated that particulate nutrients are bioavailable to both freshwater and marine phytoplankton, but relative importance of this source of nutrients to the GBR is unknown. We quantified the contribution of this source of bioavailable nitrogen in a dry-tropics grazing and a wet-tropics fertilized mixed land use catchment of the GBR.

Materials and methods

The different bioavailable nitrogen pools and associated processes through which dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is generated from eroded sediment (mass of DIN generated per mass of sediment) were identified. These pools and processes were quantified from a range of representative sediment sources (e.g. surface and subsurface soil and different land uses). We collected 17 sediment source samples in the wet tropics and 41 in the dry tropics. We combined the N pool concentration data with spatial and hydrological fine sediment modelling to estimate the contribution from different sources and processes/pools to the end-of-catchment DIN load.

Results and discussion

The modelled load of DIN generated from sediment accounted for all the monitored DIN load in the grazing-dominated catchment but was insignificant in the fertilized mixed land use catchment. Sediment from surface erosion (hillslope erosion) and some soil types contributed disproportionally to the modelled DIN generation. Fast solubilisation of DIN was the main process in the catchments studied. The importance of mineralisation of the organic fraction increased with the time the sediment was in suspension.

Conclusion

Particulate nutrients in sediment are a significant source of bioavailable nitrogen in eroding grazing catchments. The processes that drive this bioavailability are complex, vary with sediment source and operate at different timeframes and spatial scales.
Microstructural investigation of the unsaturated hydraulic properties of hydrochar-amended soils
Authors: Dong Huan , Leung Anthony Kwan , Liu Jianbin , Chen Rui , Lui Wingyan
Published: February 2024

Hydrochar is an urban soil amender that supports plant growth on slopes. It is a biomass-derived carbon-rich material produced by the hydrothermal carbonation process; thus, it has a different pore structure from biochar produced by pyrolysis. The effects of hydrochar on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated compacted soils and the underlying pore-level soil-hydrochar interaction mechanisms are unclear. In this study, silty-clay sand was amended by grass-derived hydrochars produced at two hydrothermal carbonisation temperatures (180 and 240 °C, denoted as H-180 and H-240, respectively) with different mass proportions ($${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$

f
H

). The pore and throat size distributions, water retention curves (WRCs) and hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) of the soils with and without amendment were measured. The results showed that hydrochar improved the soil water retention capability as the smaller hydrochar particles filled the soil pores with diameters larger than 290 μm. Compared with the increase in air-entry value made by H-180, the one made by H-240 was more substantial as this type of hydrochar altered the soil pores to be smaller in size. Hydrochar also increased the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by half to one order of magnitude due to the increase in the throat frequency and the presence of hydrochar intra-pores. One exception was the amendment by H-180 at $${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$

f
H

of 2.5%, wherein the HCF was reduced due to pore clogging at throat diameters less than 90 μm and more than 250 μm. Finally, amending the soil with either H-180 or H-240 at $${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$

f
H

of 5% always improved the WRC and HCF, thereby benefiting plant water uptake.
High dose proton and photon-based radiation therapy for 213 liver lesions: a multi-institutional dosimetric comparison with a clinical perspective
Authors: Bonù Marco Lorenzo , Nicosia Luca , Turkaj Ana , Pastorello Edoardo , Vitali Paola , Frassine Francesco , Toraci Cristian , Spiazzi Luigi , Lechiara Marco , Frittoli Barbara , Grazioli Luigi , Ghirardelli Paolo , Costantino Gianluca , Barbera Fernando , Borghetti Paolo , Triggiani Luca , Portolani Nazario , Buglione Michela , Dionisi Francesco , Giacomelli Irene , Lancia Andrea , Magrini Stefano Maria , Tomasini Davide
Published: February 2024

Background

Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) and Proton therapy (PT) are both options in the management of liver lesions. Limited clinical-dosimetric comparison are available. Moreover, dose-constraint routinely used in liver PT and SRT considers only the liver spared, while optimization strategies to limit the liver damaged are poorly reported.

Methods

Primary endpoint was to assess and compare liver sparing of four contemporary RT techniques. Secondary endpoints were freedom from local recurrence (FFLR), overall survival (OS), acute and late toxicity. We hypothesize that Focal Liver Reaction (FLR) is determined by a similar biologic dose. FLR was delineated on follow-up MRI. Mean C.I. was computed for all the schedules used. A so-called Fall-off Volume (FOV) was defined as the area of healthy liver (liver-PTV) receiving more than the isotoxic dose. Fall-off Volume Ratio (FOVR) was defined as ratio between FOV and PTV.

Results

213 lesions were identified. Mean best fitting isodose (isotoxic doses) for FLR were 18Gy, 21.5 Gy and 28.5 Gy for 3, 5 and 15 fractions. Among photons, an advantage in terms of healthy liver sparing was found for Vmat FFF with 5mm jaws (p = 0.013) and Cyberknife (p = 0.03). FOV and FOVR resulted lower for PT (p < 0.001). Three years FFLR resulted 83%. Classic Radiation induced liver disease (RILD, any grade) affected 2 patients.

Conclusions

Cyberknife and V-MAT FFF with 5mm jaws spare more liver than V-MAT FF with 10 mm jaws. PT spare more liver compared to photons. FOV and FOVR allows a quantitative analysis of healthy tissue sparing performance showing also the quality of plan in terms of dose fall-off.
Agenda-Cutting durch SLAPPs?
Authors: Krüger Uwe , Beuthner Max , Endt Connor
Published: February 2024

Die Presse- und Wissenschaftsfreiheit ist die wichtigste Voraussetzung, damit Journalist:innen kritisch berichten und Wissenschaftler:innen ungehindert forschen können. Diese Studie untersucht an einem Fallbeispiel, inwiefern Berichterstattung und Forschung durch juristische Anwaltsstrategien beeinflusst, behindert oder sogar beendet werden können. Vor dem theoretischen Hintergrund der Konzepte Agenda Cutting und Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) wird diese Fragestellung am Beispiel der deutschen Adelsfamilie der Hohenzollern untersucht, die in den vergangenen Jahren massiv juristisch gegen Medienschaffende und Forschende vorgegangen ist. Es wurden leitfadengestützte Interviews mit zehn Betroffenen (fünf Journalisten und fünf Wissenschaftler:innen) geführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es der Hohenzollern-Familie zwar nicht gelang, die Berichterstattung und Forschung zu unterbinden. Doch führten die Abmahnungen und Klagen zu einer teilweise erheblichen Verunsicherung, v. a. wegen des finanziellen Risikos, sowie zur Beeinträchtigung der Arbeit durch die Bindung von Zeit und Kraft. Bei den befragten Journalisten führte das juristische Vorgehen hauptsächlich zu einem defensiveren Sprachgebrauch, zuweilen auch zu einer Vermeidung des Themas. Die Wissenschaftler:innen vernetzten und solidarisierten sich untereinander und forschten weiterhin zu der Thematik, äußerten sich jedoch in der Folge seltener in klassischen Medien. In beiden Berufsgruppen gab es somit Anzeichen für einen chilling effect, die als Verluste für die allgemeine Öffentlichkeit gewertet werden können. Besonders bedroht von der juristischen Vorgehensweise waren offenbar freie Medienschaffende, Journalist:innen kleinerer Medien und befristet beschäftigte Doktorand:innen, die weniger gut abgesichert waren.
Robust functional logistic regression
Authors: Akturk Berkay , Beyaztas Ufuk , Shang Han Lin , Mandal Abhijit
Published: February 2024

Functional logistic regression is a popular model to capture a linear relationship between binary response and functional predictor variables. However, many methods used for parameter estimation in functional logistic regression are sensitive to outliers, which may lead to inaccurate parameter estimates and inferior classification accuracy. We propose a robust estimation procedure for functional logistic regression, in which the observations of the functional predictor are projected onto a set of finite-dimensional subspaces via robust functional principal component analysis. This dimension-reduction step reduces the outlying effects in the functional predictor. The logistic regression coefficient is estimated using an M-type estimator based on binary response and robust principal component scores. In doing so, we provide robust estimates by minimizing the effects of outliers in the binary response and functional predictor variables. Via a series of Monte-Carlo simulations and using hand radiograph data, we examine the parameter estimation and classification accuracy for the response variable. We find that the robust procedure outperforms some existing robust and non-robust methods when outliers are present, while producing competitive results when outliers are absent. In addition, the proposed method is computationally more efficient than some existing robust alternatives.
An improved CFAR algorithm for multiple environmental conditions
Authors: Rihan Mostafa Y. , Nossair Zaki B. , Mubarak Roaa I.
Published: February 2024

The primary objective of radar digital signal processing is to detect and identify targets in complicated situations, such as those involving clutter or several closely positioned targets. The constant false alarm rate (CFAR) method is more effective for target recognition and has better control over the false alarm rate. Many studies have been conducted on the design of CFAR, but previous CFAR algorithms have not been effective in all or most environmental fields and target scenarios. In this study, an algorithm called Censored Mean Clutter Map CFAR (CM-CM CFAR) has been developed and tested for various environmental conditions. When compared to a fixed false alarm rate, the suggested CFAR algorithm’s Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrated a high detection probability in a variety of environments. This work designs a real-time CM-CM CFAR processor using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies. Xilinx ARTIX 7 FPGA technology is used to develop and map a scalable parallel framework. Consequently, the implementation required 23,741 LUTs and 1825 FF. It is verified that the complexity and operating speed of the suggested CFAR processor are extremely appropriate for real-time implementation when compared to the results of the previously proposed FPGA implementation.
Parasitism of ladybirds by Hesperomyces in the Canary Islands
Authors: Ceryngier Piotr , Romanowski Jerzy , Van Caenegem Warre , Haelewaters Danny
Published: February 2024

Between 2016 and 2022, the ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fauna was surveyed on seven main islands of the Canary Islands archipelago. Adult specimens were collected and screened for thalli of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniomycetes). Altogether, 9,807 ladybird specimens belonging to 39 species were screened, of which 103, representing 10 species, were infected by Laboulbeniales of the genus Hesperomyces. Morphological and molecular examination allowed to distinguish at least seven host-specific Hesperomyces species belonging to three groups: He. virescens species complex (associated with Adalia decempunctata, Harmonia axyridis, Hyperaspis vinciguerrae, Novius cruentatus, Parexochomus nigripennis, and P. quadriplagiatus), He. coccinelloides species complex (Scymnus nubilus, Sc. subvillosus durantae, and Stethorus tenerifensis), and a species (on Nephus flavopictus) that cannot be assigned to either of the above species complexes or the currently described species in the genus. The most widespread and abundant species was Hesperomyces ex St. tenerifensis; it was recorded on all seven islands with prevalence rates ranging between 0.04 and 0.19.
Understanding the Role of Palliative Care Within Routine Care of Advanced Liver Disease
Authors: Jarrett Simone A. , Bley Edward , Kalman Richard S.
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

This paper aims to investigate the crucial role of palliative care in the management of chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis. Faced with a global surge in liver-related morbidity and mortality, our goal is to understand the impact of early engagement with palliative care specialists on symptom management, quality of life, and the overall trajectory of advanced liver disease.

Recent Findings

While strides have been made in preventing and treating specific etiologies of CLD, such as viral infections, the escalating rates of alcohol use and obesity present new challenges for physicians. Despite advancements, liver transplantation unfortunately remains an elusive solution for many due to various constraints. Our review underscores the underutilization of palliative care in this context, emphasizing its potential to mitigate symptoms and enhance the overall well-being of patients and their caregivers.

Implementing palliative care early during CLD proves instrumental in reducing symptoms, hospitalizations, and resource utilization. This not only improves the quality of life for patients but also signifies a paradigm shift in approaching the uncertainties surrounding advanced liver disease. Urging further research and global initiatives, our findings advocate for a comprehensive integration of palliative care in the holistic management of patients with advanced liver disease.
Reviewing the Evidence on Sibling Sexual Behaviour: Impact on Research, Policy and Practice
Authors: McCartan Kieran F. , King-Hill Sophie , Allardyce Stuart
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

This paper reviews recent research into sibling sexual behaviour (SSB). This is an emerging professional and community issue that binds together a limited evidence base across research, practice and policy in psychology, criminology, politics, social work and policy studies. The review will demonstrate that a multi-disciplinary, life course, family system approach is the most effective way of starting to develop interventions to prevent and respond to this issue.

Recent Findings

SSB has previously been researched as a form of intrafamilial abuse or sibling incest. As a result of this SSB is poorly and inconsistently defined as a concept, meaning that research, practice and policy are sometimes at odds with each other and need to pull together to develop a cohesive framing of the issue. This means that a lot of older research needs to be contextualised in new emerging frames of thinking and ways of working. Current research emphasises the importance of understanding the role of the family system in creating conditions where SSB can occur and its central role in preventing and stopping it from occurring. The research also stresses the importance of professionals understanding the family context of SSB and has the confidence to identify and work proactively with families in a multi-agency and cross-disciplinary way.

The prevention of, and response to, SSB requires a multi-level, multi-disciplinary approach. Successful prevention of and response to SSB are as much about the family system as it is about the attitudes, behaviours and experiences of the siblings impacted by the abuse.
Ambiguity in Ethical Standards: Global Versus Local Science in Explaining Academic Plagiarism
Authors: Guba Katerina S. , Tsivinskaya Angelika O.
Published: February 2024

The past decade has seen extensive research carried out on the systematic causes of research misconduct. Simultaneously, less attention has been paid to the variation in academic misconduct between research fields, as most empirical studies focus on one particular discipline. We propose that academic discipline is one of several systematic factors that might contribute to academic misbehavior. Drawing on a neo-institutional approach, we argue that in the developing countries, the norm of textual originality has not drawn equal support across different research fields depending on its level of internationalization. Using plagiarism detection software, we analyzed 2,405 doctoral dissertations randomly selected from all dissertations defended in Russia between 2007 and 2015. We measured the globalization of each academic discipline by calculating the share of publications indexed in the global citation database in relation to overall output. Our results showed that, with an average share of detected borrowings of over 19%, the incidence of plagiarism in Russia is remarkably higher than in Western countries. Overall, disciplines closely follow the pattern of higher globalization associated with a lower percentage of borrowed text. We also found that plagiarism is less prevalent at research-oriented institutions supporting global ethical standards. Our findings suggest that it might be misleading to measure the prevalence of academic misconduct in developing countries without paying attention to variations at the disciplinary level.