bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responding to Stress or Coping with Abundance?
Authors: Erlandson Jon M. , Gill Kristina M. , Fauvelle Mikael
Published: September 2019

Due to their isolation, insularity, and lower biodiversity, the islands of Alta and Baja California have often been perceived as marginal habitat for humans compared to the adjacent mainland. Recent archaeological work, however, has revealed a deep history of sustained human settlement on many of the islands from the Terminal Pleistocene to the present, where large Native American populations had complex economies, sophisticated maritime technologies, and elaborate material cultures. With modern restoration efforts, the native vegetation, fisheries, and hydrology of the islands is recovering, raising questions about the marginality of the islands prior to European contact. This chapter draws from archaeological and ecological data to argue that the California Islands were optimal habitat for humans, with ample resources, both marine and terrestrial.
Paleocoastal Landscapes, Marginality, and Early Human Settlement of the California Islands
Authors: Gusick Amy E. , Erlandson Jon M.
Published: September 2019

If the California Islands were marginal for human settlement, why were several of them occupied more or less continuously since Terminal Pleistocene or Early Holocene times? The earliest human history of California's Islands is clouded by sea level rise, coastal erosion, dune building, and differential research intensity. Nonetheless, Paleocoastal sites are abundant on the Northern Channel Islands and Cedros Island, suggesting that they were optimal habitat for early hunter-gatherers, with ample food, freshwater, mineral, and other resources to sustain permanent settlement. Worldwide on islands where late Pleistocene or early Holocene human colonization occurred, climate shifts and massive landscape changes caused by postglacial sea level rise require detailed reconstructions of paleogeography and paleoecology to assess the potential productivity or marginality of islands or archipelagos.
Bodies under Scrutiny
Authors: Geiger Lisa
Published: September 2019

After invading Algiers in 1830, French colonial administrators enacted policies intended to surveil and control local prostitutes. These regulations established sex worker registration logs, mandatory vaginal inspections, and forced treatments while redefining the primarily Muslim local women’s bodies as sites of disease. French medical workers used privileged technologies and clinical confinement to become the gatekeepers of women’s health. While French rhetoric stressed the benefits of new medical procedures and local acceptance of regulations, contemporary records suggest Algerian women resisted the new management policies. These women drew on pre-French social dynamics to evade surveillance and fashion new identities as sex workers within the shifted demographics of colonial Algiers, conceptualizing sex as a commodity to be drawn upon during economic crisis.
Constructing Identity in Seneca Village
Authors: Wall Diana Dizerega , Rothschild Nan A. , Linn Meredith B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the issue of identity in Seneca Village, a nineteenth-century, middle-class, black community located in what is now Central Park in New York City. The city evicted the residents in 1857, and until recently this important village was forgotten. Using information from historical documents and material culture (including landscaping and both the form and decoration of dishes) excavated from the site in 2011, this study examines the intersection of class, race, and nationality. The evidence suggests that the identity of at least one family there was made of many strands: they may have identified themselves as members of the black middle class, as Americans, as African Americans, and perhaps even as Africans, depending on the situation and the audience. Skillful use of these strands may have been one way in which this and other village families attempted to ameliorate oppression and to make a place for themselves.
Global Garveyism
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: September 2019

Garveyism was carried across the globe following the First World War, generating the largest mass movement in the history of the African diaspora. Throughout Africa and Europe, the Americas and Oceania, the ideas and praxis of Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey and his followers sparked anti-colonial and anti-racist mobilizations, both within Garvey’s organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and without. This volume—the first edited collection devoted to Garveyism studies in three decades—showcases original essays by scholars working in Africa, the West Indies, the Hispanic Caribbean, North America, and Australia. The work in this volume and elsewhere has rendered untenable the longstanding idea that Garveyism was a brief and misguided phenomenon, or that it was a sideshow to the normative political trajectories of African American, Caribbean, African, and global history. The essays in this volume instead encourage students and scholars to rethink the emergence of black nationalism and modern black politics in a manner that moves Garveyism from the margins of analysis to the center. They suggest the need to revisit local, regional, national, and global histories in light of what Garveyism scholars have uncovered.
Our Joan of Arc
Authors: Bourbonnais Nicole
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the Jamaican Garveyite weekly New Negro Voice to examine gender dynamics and gender politics in the Harmony Division of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the early 1940s. While the UNIA promoted patriarchal structure and binary gender roles, the pages of the New Negro Voice and the meetings of the Harmony Division also provided space for alternative visions of gender roles and critiques of women’s subordination by both female and male Garveyites who valued women’s broader activities outside the home, argued that women’s full equality was pivotal to the future of the race, and praised Jamaican women’s political leadership. Similarly, alongside images of the nurturing, caretaking “race mother” or patriarchal “race man,” the sources highlight other means of status-claiming within the organization that were more gender-neutral, based on a member’s militarism, sense of justice, their level of commitment to the organization, etc. These principles allowed women like Maymie L.T. de Mena Aiken to exercise considerable authority at Liberty Hall and beyond. The complexity of these dynamics are explored in an examination of the debate over birth control, which split the leadership of the Harmony Division among rigid gender lines and tested the flexibility of Garvey’s ideology.
Popular Pan-Africanism
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: September 2019

The success of Garveyism in Africa, the Caribbean, the United States, and elsewhere in the African diaspora calls attention to the manner in which pan-Africanism has spread not merely through the flow of ideas, associations, and cultural traditions generated and sustained by intellectual elites, but through modes of popular knowledge production. Following the spread of Garveyism beyond the organizational limits of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and in the guise of rumor and millenial prophecy offers scholars a method of tracking the breadth and depth of the movement’s wide-ranging influence. It helps us understand precisely why white authorities across the colonial world viewed Garveyism (and its publication Negro World) with such alarm. It invites a larger rethinking of the trajectories of pan-Africanism as a political device and about the parameters of the black global imagination more broadly. This chapter pays specific attention to the dynamics of Garveyism’s spread in South West Africa (Namibia).
Early Bird Special
Authors: Smith Daniel A. , Boatner Dillon , Ostroff Caitlin , Otálora Pedro , Uribe Laura
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how Floridians have changed their voting habits in the recent elections to rely heavily on early in-person voting and absentee voting.A majority of Floridians now vote before election day in general elections.
Rigged?
Authors: Smith Daniel A. , Amos Brian , Klarner Carl , Maxwell Daniel , Merivaki Thessalia , Richards Tyler
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses how Florida’s county election administration performed in the 2016 general election.With allegations that vote totals are now “rigged,” the performance of the election administrators is crucial to maintaining election legitimacy and US democracy.
Archaeologies of Listening Beginning Thoughts
Authors: Schmidt Peter R. , Kehoe Alice B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the foundational principles of Archaeologies of Listening. It takes the reader back to the genesis of anthropological method as well as the debates that have influenced attitudes toward indigenous knowledge and oral traditions over the last century. It critically examines the failure of “New Archaeology” to employ anthropological methods and proposes a complementary practice that does not eschew science but advocates a broader practice incorporating empirical evidence from those with deep experience with material cultures and landscapes. This chapter brings into focus how a richer interpretative posture occurs when we open our practice to the knowledge of others by employing the principles of apprenticeship and patience when working with communities. By putting into action the principle of epistemic humility, alternative views of the past open as do alternative ontologies that structure how the archaeological record is formed and heritage is performed.
Ethnoarchaeologies of Listening
Authors: Arthur Kathryn Weedman
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the importance of understanding how a researcher’s long-term relationships within in a community and willingness to accept other ways of being and learning make space for intersubjective exchanges and deeper understandings of technological ontologies. Borada-Gamo lithic practitioners of southern Ethiopia shared with me bit by bit their perception of stone as living beings, their proverbs, and their technological practices, which have the potential to reshape archaeological discourse surrounding lithic technology. It is critical that we privilege non-Western theories of the human and nonhuman world to acknowledge a wide range of intellectual contributions that produce inclusive and meaningful narratives of the past.
The Roving Dictator of the Lincoln Belt
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by discussing the 1917 lynching of Ell Persons and the subsequent reaction of the black community to this extra-legal violence. In the aftermath of the lynching Church and his friend James Weldon Johnson used the platform of the Lincoln League to rally more support from black voters in the city, and helped to establish an NAACP branch in Memphis. As a result, Church would be named the director of the NAACP’s southern branches, thus cementing his legacy as a local leader.
We Return Fighting
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the political activism of Church during the post-World War I era. It begins with Church’s assistance with investigating the racial violence of the Elaine Race Riots amid the wider “Red Summer” of 1919. This chapter demonstrates the critical role Church played with the NAACP as it expanded in the South and investigated various incidents of racial violence in the Mississippi Delta, and his continued rise in the ranks of the national GOP, as he interacted with national figures like Republican National Chairman Will Hays. Also during this time, Church developed the Lincoln League of Tennessee into the Lincoln League of America, with chapters in 33 states, and he played a critical role in garnering African American support for presidential candidate Warren Harding during the 1920 presidential election.
Church Must Go
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the influence of Church’s machine politics in Memphis by focusing on the election of Mayor Watkins Overton, and the resistance he experienced from white Memphians. On a national level, Church is still the most powerful black Republican in the country, but for the first time he did not actively campaign for the Republican presidential nominee, Herbert Hoover, due to Hoover’s racism. This chapter perhaps best displays the criticism Church received from members of both the black and white communities, and how he struggled to remain relevant as the black-and-tan faction became disillusioned with the Republicans.
Flesh over Granite
Authors: Guendel Karen
Published: September 2019

Karen Guendel locates in William Carlos Williams’s poetry a slippage between body and text, catalyzed by the poem’s aesthetic preference for stone over flesh. Such poetry, Guendel’s essay suggests, is bound up in textual erotics wherein the text and reader perform a bodily encounter that gives life to one and pleasure to the other. Such material poetics foreground an embodiment of human life in environmental terms, through its material residues—in the reader’s lips, the book itself, and the stone memorial objects that clutter museum halls.
“I wanna be your puppy”
Authors: Christine Anna
Published: September 2019

Taking up queer reconfigurations of the modernist body, Anna Christine addresses Djuna Barnes’s unusual array of bodies in Nightwood—bodies that cross boundaries of human and animal, objects and subjects, male and female. Christine finds these bodies are uniquely able to coerce readers through the unassuming, yet edged “cuteness” of these queer bodies, subsuming typical responses of disgust or disorientation. The “cute,” queer erotic encounter then becomes means to open hopeful space for a non-heteronormative sexual futurity, a futurity that does not move forward laterally but goes down—and on all fours
Introduction
Authors: Gaztambide María C.
Published: September 2019

Here the author introduces the key constituents and concepts of El Techo de la Ballena, sets the tone, and describes the structure of the rest of the book. As she argues, El Techo used the visual arts to expose the depths of the profound inequality hidden within the façade of Venezuela’s modernization. For the group, the concern became to create art that reflected not a technological utopia associated with capitalism but, rather, the grit of contemporaneity. As Gaztambide argues, the group’s all-encompassing dimension, anti-art posture, and deliberate retro-modern outlook served as the hallmarks for a visual arts project that counteracted the swiftness by which Venezuelan culture entered modernity. Moreover, the key concepts of contemporaneity, contingency, and fluidity suggest a productive, if malleable, ideological positioning for such an indeterminate group as El Techo.
Archaic Shell-Bearing Site Investigations in the Middle Cumberland River Valley
Authors: Deter-Wolf Aaron , Straub Leslie
Published: September 2019

Our understanding of the archaeological sequence in the Middle Cumberland River Valley is the result of thousands of archaeological projects conducted over the past century by antiquarian scholars, archaeological consultants, state and federal agency archaeologists, colleges and universities, and through the efforts of Tennessee’s avocational archaeological community. However, most of the data on Archaic shell-bearing sites generated by these investigations consists of archival sources or gray literature reports and have not been widely reported or previously summarized. This chapter presents a history and descriptive data on archaeological investigations at Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley to date. This information is drawn from a variety of sources including technical reports, unpublished archival materials housed at the Tennessee Division of Archaeology in Nashville, interviews with artifact collectors and members of the avocational community, and field inspections.
Reassessing Middle Archaic Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Anderson Site
Authors: Deter-Wolf Aaron , Bissett Thaddeus G.
Published: September 2019

The Anderson site (40WM9) is located on the Harpeth River in Williamson County, Tennessee, and is the only shell-bearing Archaic site off the main channel of the Cumberland River in the Middle Cumberland River Valley to have undergone controlled archaeological testing. The site is further significant in that it is the oldest known shell-bearing Archaic site in the region and despite its size and depth presents a mid- to lateMiddle Archaic component with no direct evidence of occupation before or after that time. In addition, the Anderson sitehas produced some of the earliest evidence from the interior Southeastern United States for long-distance trade of marine shell. However, while the Anderson site has been widely cited in the literature on Archaic adaptations in the interior Southeastern United States, much of the data from the site have never been synthesized in a modern professional setting. This chapter presents a modern reexamination of the data from Anderson, for the first time fully correlating the site stratigraphy and associated cultural phases. When combined with Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon data, this effort clarifies the duration and sequence of site occupation and places it within the framework of more recent data from the region.
Variational Method Integrating Edge Detection and Smoothing in Digital Images
Authors: Santos Italo M. F. , Loula Abimael D. , Giraldi Gilson A. , Miranda Junior Gastão F. , Rodrigues Paulo S. S.
Published: September 2019

There is a consensus in computer vision about the importance of the scale concept for edge extraction and for image smoothing or representation. In this paper we explore a variational approach that allows to put together edge detection and image smoothing in a uniﬁed linear scheme. Basically, the functional proposed by Mumford and Shah is re-written as an energy deﬁned with two arguments: the ﬁrst one representing smooth versions of the original image and the second one encompassing its edge set. We follow known results in the variational analysis to obtain a numerical scheme to minimize the energy. We apply Fourier analysis to verify that the iterative scheme converges to a low-pass representation of the original image in the ﬁrst argument and a high-pass signal in the other one. In the experimental results we show that the obtained scheme encourages intraregion image smoothing in preference to interregion blurring with edge localization at a desired scale.
Multi Camera System Analysis for Autonomous Navigation using End-to-End Deep Learning
Authors: Amado José A. Diaz , Amaro Jean , Gomes Iago P. , Wolf Denis , Osorio F. S.
Published: September 2019

This work aims to present an autonomous vehicle navigation system, based on an End-to-End Deep Learning approach, and to study the impact of different image input conﬁgurations to the system performance. The proposed methodology in this work was to adoptand test different conﬁgurations of RGB and Depth images captured from a Kinect device. We adopted a multi-camera system, composed by 3 cameras, with different RGB and/or Depth input conﬁgurations. Two main systems were developed in order to study and validade de different input conﬁgurations: the ﬁrst one based on a realistic simulator and the second one based on a mini-car (small scale vehicle). Starting with the simulations, it was possible to choose the best camera/input conﬁguration, then we validated that using the real vehicle (mini-car) with real sensors/cameras. The experimental results demonstrated that a multi-camera solution, based on 3 cameras, allow us to obtain better autonomous navigation control results in a End-to-End Deep Learning based approch, with a very small ﬁnal error when using the proposed camera conﬁgurations.
Pulmonary Nodule Classification with 3D Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Jatobá Anthony E. A. , Lima Lucas L. , Oliveira Marcelo C.
Published: September 2019

Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and its early detection is critical for patient survival. However, the diagnosis is still a challenging task, in which computeraided diagnosis (CADx) systems try to assist by providing a second opinion to a radiologist. In this work, we propose a 3D Convolutional Neural Network for classiﬁcation of solid pulmonary nodules into benign and malignant. We evaluated different approaches for the nodule volume assembling and tuned our models in an automated fashion. Our models achieved satisfactory results, with AUC of 0.89, accuracy of 81.37% and a sensibility of 84.83%. Moreover, our results have shown that the ﬁrst slices of a nodule provide the best results and only ﬁve nodule slices are enough for a 3D CNN achieve its best results.
Use of Deep Learning for Firearms Detection in Images
Authors: Cardoso Guilherme Vinicius Simões , Ciarelli Patrick Marques , Vassallo Raquel Frizera
Published: September 2019

Demand for weapons has grown along with crime rates, a contemporary problem haunting countries. This has motivated scientists to devise solutions that can aid in public safety in general. This paper proposes the detection of ﬁrearms in images through convolutional neural networks, using the YOLO (You Only Look Once) object detector. To improve learning, YOLO was used to generate annotations in an unmarked database, integrating a new database. This proposal was evaluated in a database containing 608 images, in which 304 images had weapons. Experiments carried out indicated an accuracy of 89.15% and a sensitivity of 100.00%, surpassing results presented in the current literature. These results show that the proposed methodology can be applied for the detection of ﬁrearms in images.
Image-based automatic counting of spotted fever-carrying tick larvae in vitro
Authors: Figueredo Weslley Kelson Ribeiro , Sousa Isabella Chaves , Diniz João Otávio Bandeira , Silva Aristófanes Corrêa , de Paiva Anselmo Cardoso , Costa-Junior Livio Martins
Published: September 2019

Spotted fever or tick fever, a disease transmitted by ticks, has a high case-fatality rate when a treatment is not started early. To reduce the cases of tick fever, many acaricides are used for keeping control of tick population. However, these tests are done manually. To choose the most effective acaricide, a specialist has to count how many ticks are dead and how many are still alive after subjecting them to it. This test is time-consuming, so this work aims to automate this procedure. Therefore, it is proposed a computational methodology to automate this procedure through image processing. Through the proposed method, 99,14% of ticks larvae were found, and 99.34% of alive and 96.89% of dead ticks larvae were counted correctly in this work.
Classification of weed in soybean crops using unmanned aerial vehicle images
Authors: Belete Nícolas Alessandro de Souza , Tetila Everton Castelão , Astolfi Gilberto , Pistori Hemerson
Published: September 2019

Soybeans have been Brazil's main agricultural commodity, contributing substantially to the country's trade balance. However, their production and productivity costs are affected by weeds, diseases and pests. This paper proposes a computer vision system to monitor weeds in soybean ﬁelds using images captured by a UAV. The proposed system adopts the SLIC superpixels segmentation method to detect the plants in the images and visual attributes to describe the characteristics of the physical properties of the leaf, such as color, gradient, texture and shape. Our methodology evaluated the performance of three classiﬁers (kNN, Randon Forest and SVM) for images captured at a height of 3 meters. The best results were obtained by the SVM classiﬁcation algorithm with accuracy of 91.34%. However, the results do not yet indicate that our approach can support experts and farmers in weed monitoring in soybean crops, requiring more images and experiments.
Classification of brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging using superpixel, PSO and convolutional neural network
Authors: Cipriano Carolina L. S. , da Silva Giovanni L. F. , Ferreira Jonnison L. , Silva Aristófanes C. , de Paiva Anselmo Cardoso
Published: September 2019

One of the most severe and common brain tumors is gliomas. Manual classiﬁcation of injuries of this type is a laborious task in the clinical routine. Therefore, this work proposes an automatic method to classify lesions in the brain in 3D MR images based on superpixels, PSO algorithm and convolutional neural network. The proposed method obtained results for the complete, central and active regions, an accuracy of 87.88%, 70.51%, 80.08% and precision of 76%, 84%, 75% for the respective regions. The results demonstrate the difﬁculty of the network in the classiﬁcation of the regions found in the lesions.
Visual Patterns in Reading Tasks: An Eye-Tracking Analysis of Meares-Irlen Syndrome Simulation Effects
Authors: Romera João Vitor Macedo , Orsi Rafael Nobre , Maia Rodrigo Filev , Thomaz Carlos Eduardo
Published: September 2019

This work investigates reading patterns based on effects of the Meares-Irlen Syndrome (SMI), a visual-perception deﬁcit that affects indirectly our cognitive system. The most common symptoms related to SMI in reading tasks are visual stress, sensation of moving letters and distortions in the text. These effects have been computationally simulated here and using eye-tracking information of a number of participants we have been able to linearly classify each effects with high accuracy.
Collective Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Trust as an Organizing PrincipleDate submitted: September 30, 2017Revised version accepted after double blind review: October 18, 2018
Authors: Henry Leona A. , Möllering Guido
Published: September 2019

Organizing corporate social responsibility (CSR) on a collective, rather than on the individual firm level, results in a set of specific challenges for organizations. The aim of this article is to assess these challenges inherent in collective CSR and to conceptualize trust as an organizing principle within these networks. To do so, we explore and outline the chief challenges faced within horizontal cooperation between inter-organizational actors aiming to realize CSR efforts collectively. Subsequently, we draw from the literature on trust as an organizing principle in inter-organizational networks and go on to develop mechanisms through which trust can address these challenges. This article contributes a new analytical framework that informs future studies on the role of trust in collective CSR. It enables a differentiated analysis of the potential, but also the pitfalls, of trust-based CSR at the network level.
Corporate Social Responsibility in SMEs: Implications on Competitive PerformanceDate submitted: October 12, 2017Revised version accepted after double blind review: December 15, 2018
Authors: Uzhegova Maria , Torkkeli Lasse , Saarenketo Sami
Published: September 2019

This study explores the relevance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The role of CSR in SMEs has so far been scarcely researched, and the relationship between internationalisation and CSR development in SMEs, in particular, could do with the further study. Since it has been found that organisational capabilities and CSR both impact SME performance, we illustrate these relationships and differentiate between the domestic and internationalised SMEs. The empirical part of the study is based on the survey data from a sample of 141 Finnish SMEs. Results obtained via linear regression modelling show that network competence plays a part in contributing to CSR, which in turn positively affects the SME’s competitive performance, but only in internationalised SMEs. CSR is found to mediate the relationship between network competence and competitive performance. The study thus contributes both to the literature on CSR as well as that on SME internationalisation and argues for the importance of the former as a true predictor of enhanced SME competitiveness.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the Dock. How Persuasive Strategies Support Verbal Accounts in the Event of Loss of TrustArticle received: September 30, 2017Revised version accepted after double blind review: February 11, 2019
Authors: Hermann Thomas
Published: September 2019

This paper conceptualizes the editor´s question of a possible trust-or-fake dilemma of Corporate Social Responsibility with a rhetorical lens on CSR-Reporting. From a rhetorical point of view, the speaker has to persuade the stakeholders as its audience of the claim: “we are socially responsible”. If the argumentation is judged by the audience as sound, it would trust the organisation. If not, the claim “we are socially responsible” will be judged as a fake. The paper concentrates on the following research questions: - 1. How do organisations employ argumentation to persuade their stakeholders of their corporate social responsibility? - 2. How do they argumentatively cope with the problem of different stakeholder demands? - 3. How do affective appeals interact with the argumentation? With the help of the rhetorical framework various concepts from trust repair literature and neo-institutional theory could be integrated to deepen our understanding of a trust or fake dilemma. Literature on CSR-reporting mainly discusses the gap between talk and action. We focus on another point, the relevance of the CSR-arguments. We introduce several concepts taken from argumentation theory like the distinction between context-abstract and field-dependent topoi and between warrant-using and warrant-establishing argumentation schemes in order to examine companies´ reactions to a loss of trust in their CSR-claim. Drawing on Mayring (2014), a mixed-method approach for content analysis was employed for the empirical analysis. The empirical case study contributed to the model building during the research process and illustrates the application of the model. We identified different phases of the verbal account strategy of Deutsche Bank. In these phases we found remarkable differences in the employment of warrant-establishing and warrant-using argumentations. We found also differences in the use of field-dependent topoi and categorized them following organisational façades.
Glycodendrimers as Potential Multitalented Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Klementieva Oxana
Published: September 2019

Finding successful therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most challenging tasks existing for human health. Several drugs have been found and validated in preclinical studies with some success, but not with the desired breakthroughs in the following clinical development phases. AD causes multiple brain dysfunctions that can be described as a brain organ failure, resulting in significant cognitive decline. Aggregation of amyloid proteins and neuronal loss are the hallmarks of AD. Thus, one of the strategies to treat AD is to find a multifunctional drug that may combine both anti-aggregation and neuroprotective properties. Such a candidate could be chemically modified dendrimers. Dendrimers are branched, nonlinear molecules with multiple reactive groups located on their surface. Chemical modification of reactive surface groups defines the property of the dendrimers. In this chapter, I will discuss poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with the surface functionalized with histidine and maltose as an example of a multifunctional therapeutic drug candidate able to protect the memory of AD transgenic model mice.
Strait Rituals
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

In Strait Rituals: China, Taiwan, and the United States and in the Taiwan Strait Crises, 1954-1958, this book argues that the Taiwan Strait Crises could be understood as an evolution towards tacit accommodation. Exploiting new materials from mainland China, Taiwan and the United States, a reevaluation of the international relations of all three parties via a simultaneous presentation of their disparate perspectives is made. At the heart of its argument, this book proposes that conflict resolution had become ritualized progressively as the protagonists implicitly constructed a framework of understanding. An uneasy peace was thus a product of a ritualization of discourses and maneuvers, embodied in verbal signaling and symbolic gestures. These exacting understandings laid the groundwork for a substantive change in the nature of Sino-American relations - from hostile nuclear confrontation in 1954 to tacit accommodation in 1958. In particular, this book highlights relevant aspects of “culture” to better understand the intricacies of the Sino-US-ROC relations. This aspect complements existing scholarship on realism, strategy, economics, ideology and domestic aspects of the Taiwan Strait crises. Strait Rituals will show the significance of “ritualization” in explaining the transition of “tacit communication” to “tacit accommodation.” It will demonstrate how both parties engaged in ritualized actions that facilitated the process of conflict resolution. Strait Rituals will establish how the US and China achieved a limited but shared understanding of the modus operandi of the other party through their ritualized actions in terms of their use of public symbols, identity issues, cultural images and official discourses on one hand, and military posturing, diplomatic canvassing for international support, and negotiations on the other hand.
A Stillness at Taiwan Strait
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

The genesis of the Taiwan Straits Crises could be traced to 1950 when President Harry S. Truman positioned the Seventh Fleet in the Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between the PRC and the ROC. In order to understand the origins and making of the contest over control of the Taiwan Strait, it is important to deal with the major developments in the foreign relations of the US, PRC and ROC from 1950 to April 1954. As the ROC was the most directly affected party right from the start, how the Taiwan Strait issue played out in Taiwan will also be examined.
The Geneva Road
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

Held from 26 April to 21 July 1954, the Geneva Conference was significant in providing a major diplomatic platform for the US and China to undertake negotiations and work out differences so as to reach an understanding on outstanding issues regarding the “Korean question” and the “question of restoring peace in Indochina.” The evolution of Sino-US relations during this conference and the implications such developments had on the straits are studied. Moreover, this chapter probes the actions Taiwan, not a participant in Geneva, took during this period and the impact such actions had in the unfolding of events.
Happiness in Chinese Socialist Discourse
Authors: Wielander Gerda
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the appearance of happiness in public and political discourse in China in the wider context of socialist modernization underpinned by Chinese socialist views of the psyche. It examines the link between the spiritual and the political and argues that the current emphasis on happiness needs to be understood as a continued effort on the part of the CCP to instil the “correct spirit” in China’s population. The author argues that in this process Lu Xun’s Ah Q has turned from a symbol of feudal decay into a role model for China’s citizens. The chapter draws on a range of conceptual frameworks from cultural studies, psychology, sociology and anthropology in its analysis of the tension between individual and collective happiness and the strategies adopted by the CCP, as ruling party, to address it. Examples from a debate on happiness held in the journal Zhongguo Qingnian中國青年‎ in the 1950s and 1960s are juxtaposed with contemporary sources to illustrate the continuity and differences in the Chinese socialist debates on happiness over the decades.
Smile Yourself Happy
Authors: Hird Derek
Published: September 2019

A vibrant discourse linking happiness and well-being to zheng nengliang正能量‎ (“positive energy”) has emerged in China since 2012. Drawing from a variety of disciplines and cultural resources, including positive psychology and ancient cosmological notions, zheng nengliang as a discursive practice is inseparable from wider processes that connect emotional intelligence and happiness with subject- and class-making in the reform era. This chapter outlines the holistic and embodied dimensions of zheng nengliang in popular discourse, and examines how zheng nengliang is used to express emotional well-being and socioeconomic stratification in four public service adverts. Contributing fresh insights into how happiness is promulgated and how happy subjects are constructed in China, it extends the scholarly literature at the intersections of Chinese studies, happiness studies, and media studies.
Routes to the Palace
Authors: Dale Melissa S.
Published: September 2019

All eunuchs, regardless of their route to the palace, began their journey with the singular act of emasculation. During the Qing, government-licensed professionals and family members performed the procedure on eunuch candidates. While eunuchs had volunteered for service, many young boys were coerced by family members into undergoing emasculation. Their families, like many destitute Chinese adult men who volunteered for service, viewed emasculation and employment as a palace eunuch as the potential remedy to their families’ financial problems. The irreversible act of emasculation, a prerequisite for even being presented as a candidate for service within the palace, did not ensure employment as an imperial court eunuch though. A myriad of palace eunuch prerequisites concerning ethnicity, age, and form of emasculation allowed the Qing to control the selection process.
Unrobing the Emasculated Body
Authors: Dale Melissa S.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how emasculation affected eunuchs both physically and psychologically. As will be seen, despite common knowledge regarding what made one a eunuch, very little appears in the historical record about what this looked like. Emasculation physically marked the eunuch body and caused society to read it as different. How the body was read, though, depended upon who was reading it (Han Chinese, the Manchu imperial court, Westerners, or eunuchs themselves). While genital mutilation was intended to subjugate and neuter Chinese men, in reality emasculation rendered eunuchs “sexually and politically charged.” Representing a nexus of gender and political power, eunuchs provide unique insight into late imperial views towards masculinity and political power during the Qing.
Surviving the Fall of the Qing
Authors: Dale Melissa S.
Published: September 2019

This chapter chronicles the last days of the palace eunuch system after the fall of the Qing and the rise of the republic in 1911 and examine eunuch survival strategies in the years that followed. Some palace eunuchs would continue to serve the “little court.” By 1924, though, the realities of the republic and the calls for modernity would become readily apparent. Pu Yi, the former Xuantong emperor (r. 1909–1912), would abruptly expel the remaining eunuchs from the palace and force them onto the street with their belongings. Now outside the palace walls, eunuchs faced the challenge of surviving in a society that no longer needed their services. While some would capitalize on their former knowledge of the imperial court in order to earn money, others found that they would need to reinvent themselves and find alternate career paths in order to survive.
Introduction
Authors: Chang Jing Jing
Published: September 2019

This introduction chapter outlines the theoretical framework of the book, and the methodological potential of the act of “screening,” when exploring the interplay between image and idea, politics and culture, film talent and audience in postwar Hong Kong film culture. While concepts of reflecting and viewing imply a unidirectional relationship between film and subject, the author argues that “screening” focuses more on the processes through which cinema contributed to the building of Hong Kong’s postwar community and identity. By using the double meaning of “screening” as both revealing and concealing, the author argues that postwar Hong Kong cinema—which in this book include 1950s and 1960s official documentary films, leftist family melodrama, and youth films— both conceals the anxieties of the British colonial government during the Cold War, and exposes the different narratives constructed by local filmmakers about what it means to be Chinese citizens during the postwar period. This introduction also takes into consideration the importance of postwar Hong Kong audiences, both real and implied, whose spectatorship was negotiated at the intersection colonialist and nationalist “address” and a familial and localized “reception.” This study has implication for the fields of Hong Kong, Chinese cinema, Cold War, and film reception studies.
Virtues of Renewal
Authors: Bilbro Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

Over the past fifty years, Wendell Berry has been arguing that our most pressing ecological and cultural need is a renewed formal intelligence. Such an intelligence does not look for big, one-size-fits-all solutions. Rather, it discerns and fosters patterns of health. When W. H. Auden famously declared that “poetry makes nothing happen,” he was correct that poetry, like the other arts, doesn’t coerce matter in the way that a tractor or an oil rig or a bomb does. Yet poetry is “a way of happening,” its beauty shaping readers’ imaginations to better perceive and understand formal patterns. Such formative work fosters the deep, lasting change needed to cultivate a more sustainable culture and economy. In particular, Berry’s literary forms embody and cultivate virtues of renewal. Though our contemporary culture fears and shuns death, natural ecosystems provide a model in which death feeds new life and healthy human communities follow an analogous order. Cultures maintain such a sustainable order by practicing virtues of renewal, virtues that stand in sharp contrast to the techniques of control preferred by our industrial culture. Combining literary analysis with cultural criticism, this book argues that Berry’s literary forms shape his readers to desire and practice these virtues of renewal. Poetry can’t magically create a healthy economy, but Berry’s poetry, essays, and fiction cultivate the kind of imaginative, virtuous people who can, as he puts it, “practice resurrection.”
Attention
Authors: Bilbro Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

Attention is a fitting place to begin a study of sustainable cultural forms because these forms depend, first of all, on members who are attentive to perceive and participate in the ongoing patterns of their places. Berry’s poetry, though, reveals that attention can be a strange thing; as he attends to his place, he finds himself attended to. Our digitally networked culture undermines these reciprocal dynamics of sustaining attention. Although the health of our communities depends on attention, we often fall back on the easier habits of distraction and surveillance. Our web of screens surrounds us with mirrors that reflect back to us our own desires and preferences, in the process cutting us off from the complex realities of our places. Berry’s poems, in contrast, model forms of attention that remind readers they are not the organizing subjects of the world. They portray his place and its members as what the philosopher Jean-Luc Marion calls “saturated phenomena,” beings who exist beyond his capacity to see, and so there is always more to which he is obligated to bear witness.
The Struggle for Cooperation
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

In August 1944 American troops entered Paris and pushed to liberate France. The French endured hardships and suffering to achieve liberation, and after the violence had passed, they were subjected to privations, requisitions, shortages, cold homes, and curbs on their sovereignty. Living with the American presence posed challenges for the French, and while the two countries did not always see eye to eye on issues of common concern, these issues offered possibilities to work together; accord and cooperation often won out. In The Struggle for Cooperation: Liberated France and the American Military,1944–1946, author Robert Fuller examines how the French and Americans handled various matters that demanded cooperation, including the requisition of French property, the treatment of Axis prisoners of war, care for displaced persons, the disposition of war booty, dealing with the prosperous black market, the utilization of French transportation networks, GIs’ behavior, and the effective American takeover of the port of Marseille. Fuller establishes how all these issues offered the possibility of working together peacefully or in conflict and concludes that—more often than not—the results were positive and amicable.
The Port of Marseille
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

In August 1944 Marseille eclipsed Cherbourg as the principal supply port for Allied armies on the western front. Records left by French port administrators, especially Chief Engineer Le Bel, reveal close and effective cooperation between the French and Allied military staff, despite enormous hurdles such as German sabotage. Labor relations proved to be one of the most vexing challenges facing French and American staff responsible for keeping the port working. The Allies used POWs to address the shortage of workers, much to the dismay of the French.
Black Markets and War Booty
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

Deciding who was entitled to keep materials captured from the Germans proved to be a sore issue between the French and the Americans that was not resolved until the Americans’ departure rendered the question moot. Both sides were interested in keeping war booty and American supplies out of French black markets. Cigarettes and gasoline vanished into these black markets in alarming quantities. However, the profits to be made by dishonest GIs, French civilians, and government officials proved too alluring, and it was impossible to stamp out illicit sales. Well-meaning GIs who gave away army property as small gifts ensnared many unsuspecting French civilians in police sweeps.
Problem GIs and the GI Problem
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

Drunken and brawling GIs behind the lines ended up providing the greatest irritant to good Franco-American relations. The warm welcome accorded to the liberators sometimes turned to active dislike as GI crime mounted. The French, used to low levels of crime before the war and “correct” German behavior during the occupation, were shocked by the criminality and boorishness unleashed by GIs. When French police proved powerless to stop drunkenness and rowdiness on the streets, outraged French officials demanded that the US Army impose order. Some commanders took effective steps to curb indiscipline, while others did less.