bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Glutamate Transporter Function
Authors: Swanson Raymond A. , Duan Shumin
Published: March 2007

Normal neuronal function and neuronal survival require that brain extracellular glutamate concentrations be maintained at low micromolar levels. This is accomplished by a family of Na+-dependent glutamate transporters. These transporters are expressed on both glia and neurons, but uptake by glia seems to predominate. Several transporter subtypes have been identified that differ in anatomical distribution, cell type of expression, and electrophysiological properties. Activity of the transporters can be influenced by changes in the uptake driving forces (thermodynamic forces) and by phosphorylation and other modulations that alter their kinetic properties. An understanding of the modulatory mech anisms and signal transduction systems that govern glutamate transport is now beginning to take shape. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:280-282, 1999
Conceptual Approaches to Studying Family Caregiving for Persons With Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Rungreangkulkij Somporn , Gilliss Catherine L.
Published: March 2007

This article critically analyzes the conceptual frameworks commonly used to study family caregivers who have a family member with a severe mental illness. Those frameworks that are commonly in use present significant limitations to the study of the family as a whole. In contrast, the Family Resiliency Model permits family level analysis. The authors present this model and argue for its use in studying families with members who have a severe mental illness.
Developing Knowledge about Family Health Promotion by Testing the Developmental Model of Health and Nursing
Authors: Ford-Gilboe Marilyn
Published: March 2007

Moyra Allen’s ideas about the nature of health and nursing were revolutionary when her work began in the 1970s and remain relevant today as a means of generating knowledge about the nature of family health promotion and the nurse’s role in facilitating this process. In this article, efforts to refine and extend Allen’s early work as a basis for developing a more formal, testable theory are described. In this process, emphasis was placed on teasing out and defining relevant health concepts (i.e., health potential, health work, competence in health behavior, and health status) and constructing a model in which relationships between these concepts and situation-responsive nursing are proposed. Early testing of this model provides consistent support for hypothesized relationships between theoretical concepts in families experiencing varied life events that differ in terms of structure, stage of development, and socioeconomic status. Continuing challenges for theory development and research are considered.
Report: Success for Science2000 in Sydney—The Eighth World Congress of Science Producers
Authors: MORRELL GAIL
Published: March 2007

“New Markets, New Players, and New Formats” was the theme of SCIENCE2000, the eighth World Congress of Science Producers held in Sydney, Australia, in December 2000. Senior commissioning editors, science producers, and academics from sixteen countries met to discuss issues of science programming on television and in interactive media. The following is a report on the conference.
Implementing Innovations
Authors: Roberts-Gray Cynthia , Gray Thomas
Published: March 2007

In this article a schematic model is developed to describe the processes, determinants, and required elements of support for programmed implementation of innovations in organizational settings. Implications for planning and managing programmed implementation are discussed. Integration of this model, or similar ones, into the normal practices for knowledge creation and diffusion should result in improved utilization and thereby improved return on investments made in innovation.
Knowledge Transfer and Evaluation
Authors: Kiresuk Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

In my collection of images and concepts that are associated with Howard Davis and knowledge creation, transfer and utilization (KT) there are many that summarize the bittersweet context of our meetings. There is one, however, that serves as a leitmotif. In comfortable lawn chairs, wrapped in blankets against the evening mountain chill, sippping fine scotch, watching the glorious sunset on the mountains in Aspen, Colorado, discussing the validity of personal religious experiences, the reason for being of Davis and NIMH, where I fit into the overall mental health service scheme of things. But then that night, hearing his heavy footsteps pacing in the room overhead, pacing alone, my wondering at the contrast between the peaceful, constructive, creative state I had seen him in earlier and this Ahab-like pacing, perhaps torment; sleep overtaking me, the contrast unresolved.
Literature-Searching Strategies of Integrative Research Reviewers
Authors: Cooper Harris M.
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted of 57 authors of recently published integrative research reviews in psychology and education. The survey concerned (a) the authors' background, (b) literature coverage goals, (c) literature searching strategies, and (d) citation practices. Three types of search strategies were uncovered: bibliographic, manual, and personal contact. Author expertise, search strategies, citation practices, and the publication outlet of the review were found to be interrelated. Implications for future reviewing practices are discussed.
The Role of Context Changes in Federal Education Dissemination
Authors: Bagenstos Naida Tushnet
Published: March 2007

This article describes how intellectual issues and technology influence federal education dissemination policy and how federal dissemination policy influences intellectual issues and technology. It concludes with a recommendation for research on the complex interactions between policy and context.
Co-citation Analysis of the Scientific Literature of Innovation Research Traditions
Authors: Cottrill Charlotte A. , Rogers Everett M. , Mills Tamsy
Published: March 2007

This article explores the interrelationships between the interdisciplinary specialties of the diffusion of innovations and technology transfer. Bibliometric data were utilized to examine the formal communication structures of these two specialties and to identify how and to what extent their literatures were related. A modified author co-citation analysis was performed to identify the interrelationships among the works of scholars in these two specialties. Co-citation analysis has been used to study other research fields and to identify with considerable accuracy the membership of research specialties. The article identifies the ideational links or cognitive relations between the works of the diffusion of innovations and the technology transfer scholars. Rip and Courtial (1984) stated that co-citation, like other scientometric techniques, is useful for analyzing developments in science "provided one is prepared to take the content of scientific articles into account" (p. 381). Accordingly, highly cited documents are identified as exemplars and used to interpret the data.
The Utilization of Information Systems Technology and Its Impact on Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Cahill Anthony G. , Stevens John M. , L Josephine M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the considerable attention which the growth of information systems technology in government has received over the past two decades, research focusing on the development, confirmation, or extension of theories which explain the use of a wide range of technological innovations has had a mixed record of success. In particular, two issues stand out. Divergent and frequently ambiguous definitions of utilization have led to relatively little replication of findings in various public settings. Second, relatively little empirical research has been under taken which explicitly incorporated and tested multiple alternative explanations of potential determinants of utilization, leading to continued fragmentation in the research literature. This analysis, using a national sample of state budgeting offices, draws on theoretical propositions offered over the past decade and more to operationalize utilization as the impact of technology on key organizational deciston-making processes and assess the relative explanatory power offered by three alternative explanations for the successful use of information systems technology. The findings suggest that unique combinations of three types of factors—environmental, managerial-organizational, and technological—will explain and account for the successful uutilization of technology in various settings.
The Social and Political Consequences of Language Planning in Mozambique
Authors: Passanisi Douglas J. , Wolf W.C.
Published: March 2007

At the time of Mozambique's declaration of independence from Portugal in 1975, no common language existed. Because more than eight major languages are spoken in Mozambique, leaders of the successful revolution decided to utilize Portuguese as one way to unify the citizens and to bring about a new Mozambican identity. This study addresses effects of the introduction of Portuguese (the innovation) championed by a powerful change agent (the governing revolution ary leaders) on a populace (the targeted audience) that was no more than 7% literate in the language. Relationships between national language policies and popular language usage in Mozambique are discussed.
Integrity in Research: The Scientific Community View
Authors: Teich Albert H.
Published: March 2007

The views of the scientific community on integrity in research are not well understood. A recent survey provided some new insights into these views and the personal experiences of a sample of U.S. scientists with the issue of misconduct and fraud in science. It also suggests some of the difficulties and limitations in interpreting and communicating information on this subject.
The Utility of the Knowledge Use System in a Higher Education Evaluation Setting
Authors: Brown-M Sharon , Eichelberger R.Tony
Published: March 2007

This study uses the Knowledge Use System (KUS) that was developed by Barabba and Zaltman in 1991 to delineate decisionmaker variables and characteristics that may thwart utilization of evaluation results. The KUS was originally developed as a tool enabling corporate market reseatch to overcome "obstacles to implementation." The KUS is a process used to point out decisionmaker biases, preconceived notions and other decisionmaker variables. It facilitates discussion and consensus building about important evaluation issues that, if not recognized, might diminish utilization. The results of this study suggest that the KUS is successfully adaptable to higher education contexts. Its use during evaluation appears to improve the quality of the evaluation and the implementation of results.
Sound Arguments and Power in Evaluation Research and Policy-Making
Authors: Pröpper Igno M.A.M.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a measuring instrument that can establish to what extent either sound arguments or power are to be found in scientific and political discussions. By way of illustrating this measuring instrument, an account is given of a research project that investigated the relation between the quality of evaluation research and the quality of discussion in policy-making processes in which this evaluation research was used
Grey Documentation as a Knowledge Base in Social Work
Authors: Berman Yitzhak
Published: March 2007

Grey documentation is not a notable source of knowledge within the social work profession. The dominant perspective in social work is the positivist-empirical approach which emphasizes the scientific paradigm. The role that grey documentation can play as a knowledge base is presented. Five areas were identified where grey documentation can contribute to the social work knowl edge base. Three organizational frameworks which are conducive to the production of grey documentation in the social work profession are described. The problem of dissemination of knowledge based on grey documentation in the social work profession is raised.
The Two Cultures Revisited
Authors: HULTBERG JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the question of two cultures, that is, the relationship between the culture of natural scientists and the culture of literary intellectuals, a distinction made by C. P. Snow in his 1959 lecture, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. This reading of Snow draws from the theoretical and methodological strategies discussed by scholars interested in the supposed dichotomy between literature and science. Similar trends also can be found in social studies of science, where the constructive and rhetorical practices of scientists have been emphasized.
Changing Embargoes and the New York Times' Coverage of the Journal of the American Medical Association
Authors: KIERNAN VINCENT
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of coverage by The New York Times of medical research published in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 1989, 1990, and 1991 indicates that coverage of JAMA increased by 50 percent after the journal's publication date was shifted from Friday to Wednesday in April 1990. This result illustrates the effectiveness of embargoed early access to journals as an information subsidy offered to medical and science journalists to attract news coverage of a journal.
The Transforming Political Landscape for Science Communication
Authors: LaFOLLETTE MARCEL C.
Published: March 2007

In an overview of a special issue celebrating Science Communication's twentieth year, the editor describes themes common to all the essays and outlines a research agenda flowing from them. The essay suggests how social science research might assist in understanding the changing political environment for science communication efforts.
The Challenges of Diversity in Evaluation
Authors: PATTON MICHAEL QUINN
Published: March 2007

As program evaluation has developed over the last twenty years into a viable profession, its central challenge has become to define what it means to be an evaluator. This debate is fueled less by traditional divisions between academic and service-related professionals, or disagreements over methodologies, than by sharply different visions of the evaluator's moral and political role, derived from the profession's historic roots in principles of social justice and concern for individual rights.
The Implications of Plan Design Options for Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Jewett Jacquelyn J. , Hibbard Judith H. , Engelmann Siegfried , Tusler Martin
Published: March 2007

To make an informed selection between traditional Medicare and a Medicare managed care plan, a consumer needs to understand the implications of choosing one over the other. What are the implications of plan design for care, cost, and patient autonomy? Consumers need information about these questions. However, a barrier to developing this consumer information is the lack of a consistent body of evidence. An intermediate step is to tap expert knowledge. The purpose of this study is to use expert consensus (across a spectrum of health care experts) to identify the implications of plan design. Experts were surveyed and the degree to which there is consensus provides an initial picture of what experts judge to be important to the consumer. The findings show that experts agree on several implications associated with choosing managed care over the traditional Medicare plan. They also agree that many of these attributes vary considerably across health plans.
The Impact of a CAHPS Report on Employee Knowledge, Beliefs, and Decisions
Authors: Hibbard Judith H. , Berkman Nancy , McCormack Lauren A. , Jael Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

As comparative health plan performance data become more available, large employers are increasingly interested in knowing about the value in providing this information to employees to help them choose a plan. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine some of the key assumptions about how disseminating Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) report cards may influence employee knowledge, attitudes, and choice. The study used a quasi-experimental design, with preintervention and postintervention interviews with 958 employees. The findings indicate that exposure to the reports is related to having more information on how well the different plans perform on the CAHPS reporting categories. Furthermore, those who saw the report perceive the reporting categories to be more important in health plan choice than those who did not. Finally, the findings show that those who saw the report are more influenced by information sent by their employer than those who did not see the report.
The Effect of the ACOG Guideline on Vaginal Births after Cesarean
Authors: Santerre Rexford E.
Published: March 2007

In October 1988, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) issued a physician practice guideline stating that a prior cesarean section is no longer a reason for performing a repeat C-section. Using a panel data set consisting of 55 Massachusetts hospitals over the years 1987 to 1991, this study examines if the ACOG guideline had any impact on the practice of vaginal births after cesarean (VBACs) at the typical hospital. The empirical results suggest that the ACOG guideline led to a permanent 5.6 percentage point increase in the VBAC rate, ceteris paribus. As a result, the study suggests that practice guidelines do sometimes work. The information dissemination role of the popular press may provide the reason why the AGOG guideline influenced the practice of VBACs.
A Preliminary Study of a Cartoon Measure for Children's Reactions to Chronic Trauma
Authors: Praver Frances , DiGiuseppe Raymond , Pelcovitz David , Mandel Francine S. , Gaines Richard
Published: March 2007

Preliminary psychometric properties of a new instrument, Angie/Andy Cartoon Trauma Scales (ACTS), are presented. Angie/Andy features a cartoon-based methodology, measuring trauma-related sequelae of prolonged, repeated abuse. A sample of 208 children comprised intrafamilial trauma, extrafamilial trauma, combined trauma, and nontrauma groups. Angie/Andy demonstrated high internal consistency, with coefficient alphas from 0.70 to 0.95. The three trauma groups scored significantly higher than the nontrauma group on all scales (p's <0.0001). Generally, the most severely traumatized group scored significantly higher than the less severely traumatized groups. The number of types of violence exposures correlated with Angie/Andy scores from 0.55 to 0.74. The frequency and severity of trauma exposure correlated with Angie/Andy scores from 0.44 to 0.56. The Angie/Andy parent version correlated with a standardized parent scale from 0.71 to 0.81. Parent/child agreement was significant. Angie/Andy is a promising tool for clinical assessment of chronic childhood abuse.
The Weekly Behavior Report: A Parent-Report Instrument for Sexually Abused Preschoolers
Authors: Cohen Judith A. , Mannarino Anthony P.
Published: March 2007

Most studies examining symptomatology in sexually abused preschoolers have used nonspecific (i.e., global) measures of child behavior and psychopathology. In response to the lack of symptom-specific instruments for this population, the authors developed the Weekly Behavior Report (WBR) for use in an ongoing treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children. The WBR was developed to focus specifically on the most common difficulties that this population has, based on the empirical data currently available. In addition to helping to identify problem behaviors in sexually abused children, such as sleep difficulties, anxiety symptoms, and inappropriate sexual behavior, it has also been sensitive to change following treatment. The WBR demonstrates promise for clinical and empirical research use with this population.
Videotaped Discovery of a Reportedly Unrecallable Memory of Child Sexual Abuse: Comparison with a Childhood Interview Videotaped 11 Years Before
Authors: Corwin David L. , Olafson Erna
Published: March 2007

This article presents the history, verbatim transcripts, and behavioral observations of a child's disclosure of sexual abuse to Dr. David Corwin in 1984 and the spontaneous return of that reportedly unrecallable memory during an interview between the same individual, now a young adult, and Dr. Corwin 11 years later. Both interviews were videotape recorded. The significance, limitations, and clinical implications of this unique case study are discussed. Five commentaries by researchers from differing empirical perspectives who have reviewed these videotape-recorded interviews follow this article.
Promoting Safety for Abused Children and Battered Mothers: Miami-Dade County's Model Dependency Court Intervention Program
Authors: Lecklitner Gregory L. , Malik Neena M. , Aaron Sharon M. , Lederman Cindy S.
Published: March 2007

The judiciary has a unique opportunity to play a central role in a coordinated community response to domestic violence and child abuse. In practice, however, most courts fail to assess for multiple forms of family violence,, which in the worst cases can revictimize and jeopardize the safety of both parents and children who have suffered from abuse. The Dependency Court Intervention Program for Family Violence is a unique project that is located in Miami-Dade County's Juvenile Court and collaborates with the judiciary in an effort to enhance the community's response to families in which child maltreatment and domestic violence co-occur. This article describes the structure of the Dependency Court Intervention Program, as well as its primary goals, assessment strategies, interventions, and research methods. In addition, some of the most important challenges to the project, including creating collaborations among child protection and domestic violence workers, are discussed.
Negotiated Validity in Collaborative Ethnography
Authors: Belgrave Linda Liska , Smith Keruleth J.
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to reconstruct and analyze the process of conducting a collaborative, interpretive study of the experience of Hurricane Andrew. Study data consist of accounts, including in-depth and focus-group interviews, collected in the months following the storm. The current inquiry addresses validity, with a focus on the impact of the investigators' biographies and theoretical orientations on the collection and analysis of qualitative data. We found that our interviews differed in terms of style, level of detail sought, and the degree of taken-for-granted knowledge shared by interviewer and respondent. In analysis, we found different aspects of the data interesting and, initially, produced different stories. These proved to be complementary, rather than contradictory. Collaboration made it possible to identify some of the biases we brought to the task and yielded a richer interpretation of the hurricane experience than either of us would have produced alone.
Pooled Case Comparison: An Innovation for Cross-Case Study
Authors: West Jane , Oldfather Penny
Published: March 2007

Comparative studies offer a means for developing more robust theory, but they are plagued by problems of decontextualization of data and marginalization of the voices of the researched. This article introduces pooled case comparison, a means of cross-study comparison that has the potential to minimize some of the limitations often inherent in such comparisons. In pooled case comparison, raw data from separate studies are combined for a fresh analysis. This article provides a rationale for pooled case comparison and situates the method within a framework of other approaches. A detailed example from one pooled case comparison is offered. This example, in the form of a playlet, juxtaposes voices of participants from two separate studies. The example illustrates how this particular form of data presentation maintains the centrality and integrity of partici pants' voices within their specific contexts. Finally, the authors consider potential contri butions of pooled case comparison as well as possibilities for other applications of this method.
Considering More Feminist Participatory Research: What's Congruency Got to Do With It?
Authors: Maguire Patricia
Published: March 2007

The article proposes that there cannot be truly emancipatory participatory research or participatory research advocates without explicit incorporation of feminist perspectives. As part of the larger dialogue regarding taking sides through research, the author asks us to consider a more feminist participatory research. The basis of her argument relates to issues of ontological congruency. After defining feminism(s), the article briefly identifies the androcentric and incongruous aspects of participatory research. It con cludes with specific areas for discussion if we are to consider more feminist participatory research.
Qualitative Sociology and Deconstructionism
Authors: Whyte William Foote
Published: March 2007

To what extent can we consider a report of qualitative research as factual? This article seeks to answer that question in the context of recent critical reviews of Street Corner Society. This essay discusses a critique by W A. Marianne Boelen and the deconstruc tionist perspective introduced by Laurel Richardson and Norman Denzin. I argue that there are such things as physical and social facts. This involves a distinction between observation and interpretation. Observation focuses on things that can be directly observed or otherwise documented. Interpretation can only be inferred from the actor's own account of his behavior and the reports of others on him. Another important cnterion for judging the value of a case study report is the extent to which others can build on its conclusions for further theorizing or new studies. That is one important road toward behavioral science advances.
Ethnographic Trouble
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: March 2007

W. F. Whyte did research in a real community, and community members can recognize themselves and others in his book. This social fact of research is the center of contempo rary ethnographic work: Ethnography has ethical fallout. How do we write so that our work is credible, believable, accurate, and yet protects the identities of our participants?
Circling the Text: Nomadic Writing Practices
Authors: Adams St.Pierre Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The sixth moment of qualitative inquiry demands that researchers rethink traditional definitions of ethical research practices. In addition, the crisis of representation demands that researchers rethink the function of writing in qualitative research. In this article, the author illustrates how she used Deleuze's ethical principles as well as Deleuze and Guattari's figurations of the rhizome, the fold, the nomad, and haecceity to address both of these issues in her study of the construction of subjectivity of a group of older, White southern women in her hometown. Mapping how her understanding of subjectivity has shifted as she has employed these figurations in her writing, she suggests that texts can be the site of ethical work as researchers use writing to help them think differently—an ethical practice of postfoundational inquiry—about both the topic of their studies and the methodology.
"Realism and Naturalism and Dead Dudes" Talking About Literature in 11th-Grade English
Authors: Baff Suzanne J.
Published: March 2007

In this microethnograpic study of literature discussions, the author spent 4 weeks in an 11th-grade English class. Data came from classroom observations, audiotaping of discussions, interviews, and written artifacts. Classroom discussions were affected by students'attitudes toward reading, self-perceptions as readers or nonreaders, and home- work completion rates. The quality and quantity of the interactions were also affected by interruptions, prior student and teacher experiences, required textbook use, time con straints due to preparation for the state examination, and setting or context of the discussions. The perception versus practice disjuncture applied both to teacher and students; the schedule left little reflection time. Curriculum changes were planned for the following school year; one goal is increasing student engagement in class discussions. In consonance with the context of the author's inquiry (literature class), she used poetry to represent these results. This article focuses on content and on the author's positive experience with poetic representation.
It's My Decision, isn't it?
Authors: SMITH ALISA
Published: March 2007

Mandatory intervention laws and policies are in place in a number of states to address domestic violence. This article reports the views of battered women (N = 241) on mandatory arrest laws, no-drop policies, and mandatory medical reporting for doctors and nurses. In general, the women support the adoption of these mandatory interventions; however, fewer seem to perceive a benefit from the interventions, and some believe they would be less likely to report future violence as a result of these interventions. Some reasons for the mixed perceptions of the women are explored.
Marital Rape
Authors: KIRKWOOD MARY KAY , CECIL DAWN K.
Published: March 2007

Opinions on marital rape and rape in other victim-offender relationships are examined in this study. A survey was given to undergraduate students in which participants evaluated various hypothetical situations to determine what constitutes the crime of rape and what factors should be considered when sentencing for this crime. Among the student population surveyed, findings suggest that there are still people who believe it is acceptable to rape one's wife, with significant differences found by gender. Finally, when compared to other victim-offender relationships, rape in the marital relationship was considered to be the least serious.
Understanding Rape Survivors' Preparations for Court
Authors: KONRADI AMANDA
Published: March 2007

This article concerns rape survivors' preparation for courtroom appearances. It is an inductive analysis of face-to-face interviews and courtroom observation. The study builds on research about resistance to rape, reporting, the prosecution of rape, and anthropological studies of legal consciousness. It begins with descriptions of survivors' preparation activities: appearance work, rehearsal, emotion work, team building, role research, and case enhancement. It then explores how survivors' legal experience and knowledge of the legal system, awareness of dominant cultural understandings of rape, personal sense of efficacy, and the quality of their interactions with prosecutors lead them to prepare more or less intensively for their court appearances.
In the Footsteps of “Arundhati”
Authors: DASGUPTA SHAMITA DAS , WARRIER SUJATA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ideologies and conditions that form the realities of the lives of Asian Indian immigrant battered women. Twelve highly educated women from India who had sought outside help due to spousal abuse were interviewed for this study. Ten women in this group were foreign born, and two were brought up in the United States. The interviews, encompassing early socialization to life as an immigrant, were analyzed to tease out elements that affect women's experiences of intimate violence. The most important factor in these women's lives seemed to be childhood indoctrination into the ideals of “good” wife and mother that include sacrifice of personal freedom and autonomy. Although the majority of women worked as professionals, economic independence did not seem to provide them with a sense of empowerment. Furthermore, they felt responsible for the reputation of their families in India, were eager not to compromise their families' honor with a divorce, and operated under the added pressures of preserving traditions and presenting an “unblemished” image of the community to the U.S. mainstream. The story of Arundhati, an ancient Indian sage, has been invoked here to elaborate the ideology of the feminine gender role.
Public Health Screening for Intimate Violence
Authors: SALTZMAN LINDA E. , SALMI L. RACHID , BRANCHE CHRISTINE M. , BOLEN JULIE C.
Published: March 2007

To determine which community agencies were promising sites for public-health screening for intimate assaults, we reviewed police records of 142 victim-perpetrator pairs involved in intimate assaults in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1984. Records of contacts the pairs had with the major county hospital serving Atlanta and with six other community agencies had previously been reviewed. Epidemiologic screening markers of sensitivity and predictive value positive were used to evaluate agency contacts as potential risk markers for intimate assault. The county hospital appeared promising as a site for public-health screening. This finding lends support to recommendations for identification and referral of abuse victims.
Collaborating to Reduce Poverty
Authors: Rich Michael J. , Giles Micheal W. , Stern Emily
Published: March 2007

The authors report on the findings of a national survey of city officials and executive directors of nonprofit organizations that was conducted by the National League of Cities in 1998 to gain a better understanding of the ways in which community-based organizations (CBOs) and city governments are working together to reduce poverty and revitalize neighborhoods. The findings are mixed. Although collaboration between city governments and CBOs is fairly widespread, in most communities, the “thin” version of collaboration reported may not produce the beneficial outcomes suggested by some proponents of collaboration. Although both city and CBO officials acknowledge the importance and value of collaborative approaches to reducing poverty and revitalizing neighborhoods, investments in capacity building and community-based strategic planning may be needed before the benefits of collaboration can be fully realized in most communities.
The Cognitive Claims for Computer Models
Authors: Ver Eecke Wilfried
Published: March 2007

In Urban Dynamics, Forrester presents a computer model capable of projecting the growth and decay of cities. The author defends the use of computer models by making the strong epistemological claim that causal analysis of complex social systems is doomed to failure because the way such systems work is counterintuitive. It is my contention, however, that counterintuitive results of a computer model have only heuristic value. Such results by themselves do not constitute valid knowledge.
The Community Innovation Process
Authors: Agnew John A. , Brown Lawrence A. , Herr J. Paul
Published: March 2007

Previous research into the community innovation process has tended to emphasize either intercommunity information flows and imitation or local need and political factors. This paper presents a conceptualization incorporating both sets of factors and stressing, in particular, the distinction between community innovations supported by a central pro pagator and those adopted solely on the basis of local initiative. In empirical analysis the former are represented by public housing and urban renewal, the latter by automated data processing and public water fluoridation. The major findings of the empirical analysis are that both information-related and local need and political factors are critical to the community innovation process, and that the distinction between sponsored and local initiative community innovations is particularly useful in explaining the decision to adopt.
Formula Feedback and Central Cities
Authors: Jones E. Terrence , Phares Donald
Published: March 2007

This study critically examines the measurement of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act's key allocation variable, unemployment. The analysis indicates that (1) actual unemployment rates during the study period (September-November 1975) in the research site (City of St. Louis), as measured by three independently conducted surveys, are much higher than the official government estimates; and (2) the methods used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to measure state and local unemployment have several weaknesses, some of which apparently lead to an under estimation of unemployment in older central cities.
The Community Development Block Grant Formula
Authors: Bunce Harold L.
Published: March 2007

The paper develops indexes that measure the variation in relative need among cities for community development funds. The need indexes are used to evaluate and compare the distributions of funds under the displaced categorical programs and the new com munity development block grant program. Alternative formulas are designed that increase the emphasis on those dimensions of community development need ignored by the existing formula.
Social Change in London
Authors: Hamnett Christopher , Williams Peter R.
Published: March 2007

Despite its significance, the middle-class recolonization of inner-city areas, or gentrifica tion in London are examined and explanations are offered for this process. It is argued that gentrification has important implications for both the organization of the housing market and for traditional theorizations about the structure of cities.
Voting and Contacting
Authors: Vedlitz Arnold
Published: March 2007

This study examines voting and contacting public officials as two forms of local political participation in the suburban community of Garland, Texas. Voting and contacting are positively, but not very strongly, related. Two variables associate significantly with voting and contacting: (1) education level, which has a stronger relationship with voting than with contacting, and (2) interest in city government, which has a stronger relationship with contacting than with voting. These two correlates operate almost independently of each other. A typology of participants is presented and examined, and the utility of contacting as a linkage path in democratic societies is discussed.
Myths about Race and the Underclass
Authors: Alex-Assensoh Yvette
Published: March 2007

The prevalent view held by both academics and policy makers is that underclass behaviors are predominantly characteristic of African-American communities. Concern about such behaviors has expanded partly because the underclass phenomenon has diffused down the urban hierarchy to small- and medium-sized cities. This article demonstrates that in two areas of concentrated poverty in Columbus, Ohio, so-called underclass behaviors are not associated with race. Data from a study of neighborhood poverty and political participation in those areas are used to show that whites and African-Americans exhibit statistically indistinguishable and substantively similar levels of such behaviors.
The Effects of Racial Ecological Segregation on Quality of Life
Authors: DeFrances Carol J.
Published: March 2007

The author constructs an interval measure of geographical proximity to concentrations of poverty and adds this measure to regression equations to see the effect of proximity on middle-class white and black quality of life. The results show that geographical proximity is statistically significant and positively related to quality of life for both groups. That is, increased distance from concentrations of poverty increases quality of life for both middle-class whites and blacks. Additionally, the results indicate that the determinants of quality of life are collectively different for middle-class whites and blacks.
The Limits of Urban Regime Theory
Authors: Sites William
Published: March 2007

The author evaluates urban regime theory as an approach to understanding development and housing policy in New York City since the 1970s. Strong elements of policy continuity are explained by the impact of economic restructuring, federal retrenchment, and interest-group pressures. The relatively modest shifts in policy that did take place are related to changes in the local real estate market and community mobilization as well as to the political factors highlighted by a regime framework. Regime theory's emphasis on political leadership, coalition building, and policy form, at the expense of other factors of urban analysis, underestimates the obstacles to genuinely progressive, community-oriented urban development.
Urban Governing Alignments and Realignments in Comparative Perspective
Authors: DiGaetano Alan
Published: March 2007

The author develops an analytical framework for making cross-national comparisons, referred to as modes of governance, that centers on the study of how governing coalitions are built and maintained. He lays out the theoretical framework for modes of governance, which draws upon regime theory but goes beyond its conception of power structures. A primary concern is understanding the underlying causes of urban governing realignments and their impact on local strategic decision making. To illustrate the approach, the author compares politics of development in Boston, Massachusetts, and Bristol, England. Finally, the author considers the theoretical implications of the Boston/Bristol comparison.
The Impact of Cross-Racial Voting on St. Louis Primary Election Results
Authors: Delorenzo Lisa C. , Kohfeld Carol W. , Stein Lana
Published: March 2007

The results of the 1993 mayoral Democratic primary and 1992 circuit attorney Democratic primary elections in St. Louis city provide the context in which to examine the racial composition of voters for black and white candidates. Information from the 1990 census is matched to the latest voting precinct geography, creating an aggregate data set on which regression analysis is used to compare votes for leading black candidates with votes for leading white candidates in these two elections. The authors' analysis indicates a willingness on the part of both racial subpopulations to ignore the race of the candidate. They conclude that election winners would have been different had cross-racial voting not occurred.
The Determinants of Variations in Local Service Contracting
Authors: Boyne George A.
Published: March 2007

Empirical evidence on the determinants of variations in service contracting across U.S. local governments is evaluated. Four main categories of explanatory variables are analyzed: fiscal stress, scale and market structure, public preferences, and the power of public employees. The evidence contains fundamental deficiencies that include poor measures of the theoretical constructs, reciprocal relationships between contracting out and the explanatory variables, and additive tests of mediative theories. The consequence is that the determinants of service contracting remain largely undetected. Furthermore, the empirical studies add very little to the existing body of knowledge on the reasons for policy variations across local governments.
Development of Nurse-Client Relationships: What Helps?
Authors: Forchuk Cheryl
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: The orientation phase of the nurse-client relationship may be prolonged when the client has a chronic mental illness. However, there is a lack of information about the factors that influence the duration of the orientation phase or the percep tion of the relationship.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to identify factors that influenced the progress of the therapeutic relationship during the orientation phase. The correlations be tween demographic variables and the progress in the relationship, specifically the length of time in the orientation phase and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, were examined.

STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data was conducted The original study used a prospective, longitudinal panel design. The study used a nonprobability, purposive sample of 124 newly formed nurse-client dyads. Data were collected multiple time points. RESULTS: Variables related to a shorter orientation phase included longer nurse-client meetings, more total time in such meetings, and shorter previous client hospitaliza tions. The age and experience of the nurse, the age of the client, the total time spent in nurse-client meetings, the number of previous hospital admissions, and the length of time the nurse and client knew one another before working together were factors that influenced the progress of the therapeutic relationship.

CONCLUSIONS: Some demographic variables that were related to the progress of the therapeutic relationship, for example, patient age, cannot be altered However, other variables that influence the duration and perception of the nurse-client relation ship can be changed. Thus, organizational and practice changes could be made to facilitate the movement of the nurse-client relationship. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES A SSOC [1995J. 1,146-153)
Primary Mental Health Care: A Model for Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Haber Judith , Billings Carolyn V.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces and defines the concept of primary mental health care, a model for the delivery of community-based, comprehensive psychiatric-mental health nurs ing care. The primary mental health care model incorporates professional role re sponsibilities, role functions, and intervention activities for psychiatric-mental health nurses at the basic and advanced levels of practice. Use of this model will enable psychiatric nurses to articulate a nursing perspective about primary mental health care to colleagues, to policymakers, and to consumers. (J Am PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 154-163)
The Impact of “World Opinion” on National Identity
Authors: Rusciano Frank Louis , Fiske-Rusciano Roberta , Wang Minmin
Published: March 2007

This article examines the construction of national identity, considered as a negotiation between a nation's Selbstbild (the image the nation's citizens or leaders have of themselves) and their Fremdbild (their image or reputation in world opinion). It argues that this theory helps explain the manner in which the New York Times and the People's Daily discuss world opinion on the Fourth International Women's Conference in Beijing.
Promoting Peace through the News Media:
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to examine the role of the news media in an ongoing peace process. The Israeli-Palestinian negotiations in the city of Oslo led, in August 1993, to one of the most important breakthroughs in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Rabin government saw the news media as a crucial tool for mobilizing Israeli public opinion in favor of the peace process. Yet a study of the ongoing transactions between antagonists and journalists has provided some troubling lessons about the ability of leaders to promote peace through the news media. There are at least three major ways in which the news media can serve as obstacles to peace: (1) by focusing on events rather than processes; (2) by focusing on the unusual, the dramatic, and the conflictual aspects of the process; and (3) by making it difficult to conduct successful negotiations. In-depth interviews with a variety of leaders, activists, and journalists reveal that all three of these problems made it more difficult for the Israeli government to promote the peace process to the Israeli media.
The Public Dimension of Foreign Policy
Authors: Seaver Brenda M.
Published: March 2007

For years, communications analysts and other social scientists have explored the impact of the mass media on public opinion. Other political scientists have examined concurrently the public opinion—foreign policy linkage. This article unites these distinct literatures in an attempt to understand the relationship between the mass media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. Theories and research are classified according to the particular “flow of influence” among the three variables. This classification scheme will assist scholars and practitioners in understanding the complex nature of the public's impact on the U.S. foreign policy-making process.