bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Epidemiologie der Glücksspielteilnahme im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Schmidt Lucia
Published: May 2015

Vor dem Hintergrund des expandierenden
Glücksspielmarktes und empirischer
Befunde aus anderen Ländern
kommt dem Glücksspielen von Kindern
und Jugendlichen derzeit auch
in Deutschland eine vermehrte Aufmerksamkeit
zu. Vorliegende Studien
weisen eine bedenkliche Verbreitung
der Glücksspielteilnahme und des Problemspielens
in dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe
nach. Der Beitrag skizziert den
epidemiologischen Forschungsstand
im Problembereich und präsentiert
aktuelle empirische Befunde insbesondere
aus dem angelsächsischen
Raum.
Die NALCAM-Studie: Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit, Outcome
Authors: Kiefer Falk , Jahn Holger , Holzbach Rüdiger , Briken Peer , Stracke Robert , Wiedemann Klaus
Published: May 2015

Ziel: Vergleich der Effektivität und
Verträglichkeit von Naltrexon und
Acamprosat in der Rückfallprophylaxe
bei Alkoholabhängigkeit. Methodik:
Doppelblinde, placebo-kontrollierte
Studie. Einschluss von 160 Patienten
nach stationärem Alkoholentzug. Behandlung
mit Naltrexon, Acamprosat,
Naltrexon plus Acamprosat vs. Placebo
im Rahmen eines ambulanten
Therapieprogramms. Analyse der Behandlungseffekte
nach 12 Wochen und
im Follow-up. Ergebnisse: Naltrexon,
Acamprosat und Kombinationsmedikation
waren der Placebobehandlung
in der Verlängerung der Abstinenzzeit
bei hoher Verträglichkeit signifikant
überlegen. Die Kombinationsbehandlung
zeigte eine höhere Wirksamkeit
als die Acamprosat-Monotherapie. Die
positiven Behandlungseffekte blieben
im Follow-up erhalten. Schlussfolgerung:
Die Ergebnisse belegen eine
Wirksamkeit und Stabilität der pharmakotherapeutischen
Rückfallprophylaxe
und deuten auf additive
Effekte von Naltrexon und Acamprosat
in der Abstinenzerhaltungstherapie
hin.
Indikatorengestützte regionale Bedarfsanalyse unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ressourcensteuerung
Authors: Oliva Hans , Görgen Wilfried
Published: May 2015

Aufgabenstellung: Die Feststellung
des regionalen Bedarfs an suchtspezifischen
Hilfen gewinnt u. a. aufgrund
knapper Ressourcen zunehmend an
Bedeutung. Methodik: In diesem Beitrag
wird ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung
des »relativen Bedarfs« an (ambulanten)
Sucht- bzw. Drogenhilfen am Beispiel
von Berlin dargestellt. Es basiert
auf einer indikatorengestützten Berechnung
sucht- bzw. drogenbezogener
Belastung in sechs Planungs- und
Versorgungsregionen. Ergebnis: Das
Verfahren ermöglicht die Bildung eines
regionalen Belastungsindex, der als
Grundlage für den rationalen Ressourceneinsatz
dient. Darüber hinaus
kann flexibel auf veränderte Bedarfslagen
reagiert werden. Schlussfolgerungen:
Diskutiert werden abschließend
Voraussetzungen und Ansatzpunkte
zur Weiterentwicklung des Verfahrens.
Jahresstatistik 2002 der stationären Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland
Authors: Welsch Karin , Sonntag Dilek
Published: May 2015

Fragestellung: Die regelmäßige Auswertung von statistischen Daten über die Art und Tätigkeit stationärer Einrichtungen der Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland ermöglicht eine Analyse der Versorgungsstruktur und deren eventuell vorhandene Mängel, der Patientencharakteristika sowie der im Bezugsjahr erzielten Ergebnisse. Sie erlaubt Trendanalysen über langfristige Veränderungen und dient zusätzlich als Grundlage für die Planung von Forschungsprojekten und Modellprogrammen zur Verbesserung einzelner Aspekte der Struktur und Qualität stationärer therapeutischer Einrichtungen.
Methodik: Die Dokumentation für das Jahr 2002 basiert auf den Daten von 25.502 Patienten, darunter 20.945 Zugänge und 23.768 Entlassungen, aus 85 Einrichtungen in Deutschland. Ausgewertet werden Aggregatdaten nach den standardisierten Vorgaben des Bundesdaten- und Bundestabellensatzes, der den Deutschen Kerndatensatz und den Kerndatensatz der Europäischen Beobachtungsstelle für Drogen und Drogenprobleme einschließt.
Ergebnisse: 76 % der Einrichtungen sind auf die Behandlung von vorwiegend legalem Substanzkonsum, 20 % der Einrichtungen auf die Behandlung von Patienten mit vorwiegend illegalem Substanzkonsum spezialisiert. 75 % der Patienten sind männlich. Unter den Konsumenten illegaler Drogen ist der Anteil von Personen unter 25 Jahren sehr hoch. Bei 87 % der Patienten stehen alkoholbezogene Störungen (schädlicher Gebrauch und Abhängigkeit) und bei 4 % opiatbezogene Störungen im Vordergrund der Behandlung. Die Behandlungsdauer liegt in der Regel zwischen drei und sechs Monaten. Etwa 81 % der alkohol- und 43 % der opiatbedingten Behandlungen werden planmäßig beendet. Bei einer planmäßigen Beendigung verlassen 62 % (Alkohol) bzw. 51 % (Opiate) der Patienten die Behandlung erfolgreich und 33 % bzw. 39 % in gebessertem Zustand.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Zahlen von 2002 belegen die insgesamt guten Behandlungserfolge und sprechen für die qualitativ hochwertige Arbeit, die in der stationären Suchtkrankenhilfe geleistet wird. Die Zahlen zeigen aber auch, wie wichtig es weiterhin ist, dass sich Forschung und Praxis mit der (Weiter-)Entwicklung und Evaluation spezifischer Behandlungskonzepte für den stationären Bereich befasst.
Jahresstatistik 2002 der ambulanten Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland
Authors: Welsch Karin , Sonntag Dilek
Published: May 2015

Fragestellung: Die regelmäßige Auswertung von statistischen Daten über die Merkmale und Tätigkeit ambulanter Einrichtungen der Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland ermöglicht eine Beschreibung und Analyse der Versorgungsstruktur und deren eventuell vorhandene Mängel, der Klientencharakteristika sowie der im Bezugsjahr erzielten Ergebnisse. Sie erlaubt Trendanalysen zu langfristigen Veränderungen und dient zusätzlich als Grundlage für die Planung von Forschungsprojekten und Modellprogrammen zur Verbesserung einzelner Aspekte der Struktur und Qualität ambulanter Einrichtungen.
Methodik: Die Statistik für 2002 basiert auf den Daten von 161.553 Klienten aus 454 ambulanten Spezialeinrichtungen für Menschen mit substanzbezogenen Störungen in Deutschland. Ausgewertet werden Aggregatdaten nach den standardisierten Vorgaben des Bundesdaten- und Bundestabellensatzes, der den Deutschen Kerndatensatz und den Kerndatensatz der Europäischen Beobachtungsstelle für Drogen und Drogenprobleme (EBDD) einschließt.
Ergebnisse: Alkohol (schädlicher Gebrauch und Abhängigkeit) steht bei 67 % der Klienten mit eigener Symptomatik im Vordergrund der Betreuung (Hauptdiagnose), 14 % der Klienten haben eine opiatbezogene und 9 % eine cannabisbezogene Hauptdiagnose. Der Anteil der Klienten mit einer stimulanzienbezogenen Hauptdiagnose (Ecstasy u. ä.) liegt mit 2,1 % höher als der Anteil derer mit Kokain (1,7 %). Die weiteren Substanzen sind bei den Hauptdiagnosen mit weniger als einem Prozent der Klientel vertreten; Essstörungen und Pathologisches Spielverhalten werden zusätzlich in geringem Umfang behandelt. Im Verlauf der letzten Jahre nahmen alkohol-, opiat-, cannabis- und stimulanzienbezogene Hauptdiagnosen weiter zu. Für die anderen wichtigen Substanzen zeigt sich ein leichter Rückgang bzw. keine bedeutsame Veränderung. Der Anteil der ambulanten medizinischen Rehabilitation an der Gesamtfinanzierung hat sich in den letzten fünf Jahren fast verdoppelt (W: 10,8 %; O: 2,6 %). 39 % der Klienten mit alkoholbezogener Hauptdiagnose und 19 % derer mit opiatbezogener Hauptdiagnose werden planmäßig entlassen; 17 % bzw. 28 % werden weiter vermittelt. Nach wie vor ist der Anteil der Klienten, die die Betreuung abbrechen, mit 40 % bei Alkohol und 43 % bei Opiaten etwa gleich hoch.
Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass das ambulante Suchtkrankenhilfesystem im Durchschnitt bei knapp 50 % der Klienten erfolgreich ist (planmäßige Entlassung oder Vermittlung). Im Vergleich zu den Vorjahren gibt es kaum relevante Veränderungen in den Einrichtungs-, Klienten- oder Betreuungsmerkmalen bis auf eine Ausnahme. Die seit einigen Jahren beobachtete Tendenz, dass es in der Bevölkerung immer mehr Cannabiskonsumenten gibt, setzt sich auch in diesem Jahr in den Behandlungszahlen fort. Dies sollte Anlass sein, Studien durchzuführen, die die cannabisbezogene Störung, ihre Behandlungsindikation sowie spezifische dafür notwendige Behandlungsinhalte genauer untersuchen.
Die Situation des Drogenkonsums in Hamburg: Ein Überblick
Authors: Baumgärtner Theo
Published: May 2015

Fragestellung: Auch wenn der Umgang
mit psychoaktiven Substanzen ganz allgemein – sicher kein Phänomen
bestimmter Gesellschaften, historisch
beschränkter Epochen oder geographisch
abgrenzbarer Regionen darstellt,
so sind es jedoch vor allem die
großstädtischen Ballungszentren, die
als Ausgangs- und Brennpunkte neu
entstehender Drogengebrauchsmuster
und sich etablierender Konsumtrends
betrachtet werden müssen.

Methodik:
Auf der Basis unterschiedlicher Datenquellen
gibt der vorliegende Beitrag
einen deskriptiven Überblick über die
bisherige Entwicklung und den aktuellen
Stand der Situation auf dem Drogensektor
in Hamburg.

Ergebnisse: Es
zeigt sich, dass sich die in der Hansestadt
abzeichnenden Trends in den zurückliegenden
Jahren Ó zuweilen mit
einem gewissen time-lag und erwartungsgemäß
mit moderateren Ausschlägen
– auch auf der Bundesebene
wiederfinden lassen.
Context Aversion, Pavlovian Conditioning, and the Psychological Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Authors: Hall Geoffrey
Published: May 2015

Patients who have undergone several sessions of chemotherapy for cancer will sometimes develop anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), these unpleasant side effects occurring as the patients return to the clinic for a further session of treatment. Pavlov's analysis of learning allows that previously neutral cues, such as those that characterize a given place or context, can become associated with events that occur in that context. ANV could thus constitute an example of a conditioned response elicited by the contextual cues of the clinic. In order to investigate this proposal we have begun an experimental analysis of a parallel case in which laboratory rats are given a nausea-inducing treatment in a novel context. We have developed a robust procedure for assessing the acquisition of context aversion in rats given such training, a procedure that shows promise as a possible animal model of ANV. Theoretical analysis of the conditioning processes involved in the formation of context aversions in animals suggests possible behavioral strategies that might be used in the alleviation of ANV, and we report a preliminary experimental test of one of these.
Hacking a Climate Satellite to See Beneath the Ocean's Surface
Authors: Betz Eric
Published: May 2015

When NASA launched its CALIPSO spacecraft, the space agency did not intend to estimate phytoplankton populations.
Dual induction of apoptotic and autophagic cell death by targeting survivin in head neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang L , Zhang W , Wang Y-F , Liu B , Zhang W-F , Zhao Y-F , Kulkarni A B , Sun Z-J
Published: May 2015

Survivin is ubiquitously expressed in patients with head neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is associated with poor survival and chemotherapy resistance. Sepantronium bromide (YM155) is a selective survivin suppressant that exhibits potent antitumor activities by inducing apoptosis and autophagy in various types of cancer. However, the curative effects and underlying mechanisms of YM155 in HNSCC remain unclear. This study showed that survivin overexpression positively correlated with p-S6, p-Rb and LAMP2 but negatively correlated with the autophagic marker LC3 in human HNSCC tissues. In vitro studies revealed that YM155 triggered apoptosis of HNSCC cells in mitochondria and death receptor-dependent manner. The treatment also significantly enhanced autophagy by upregulating Beclin1, which led to cell death. YM155 not only downregulated the expression of survivin but also remarkably suppressed the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. YM155 displayed potent antitumor activities in both CAL27 xenograft and transgenic HNSCC mice models by delaying tumor onset and suppressing tumor growth. Furthermore, YM155 combined with docetaxel promoted tumor regression better than either treatment alone without causing considerable body weight loss in the HNSCC xenograft models. Overall, targeting survivin by YM155 can benefit HNSCC therapy by increasing apoptotic and autophagic cell death, and suppressing prosurvival pathways.
Cross talk between EBV and telomerase: the role of TERT and NOTCH2 in the switch of latent/lytic cycle of the virus
Authors: Giunco S , Celeghin A , Gianesin K , Dolcetti R , Indraccolo S , De Rossi A
Published: May 2015

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, as well as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), obtained in vitro by EBV infection of B cells, express latent viral proteins and maintain their ability to grow indefinitely through inappropriate activation of telomere-specific reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic component of telomerase. Our previous studies demonstrated that high levels of TERT expression in LCLs prevent the activation of EBV lytic cycle, which is instead triggered by TERT silencing. As lytic infection promotes the death of EBV-positive tumor cells, understanding the mechanism(s) by which TERT affects the latent/lytic status of EBV may be important for setting new therapeutic strategies. BATF, a transcription factor activated by NOTCH2, the major NOTCH family member in B cells, negatively affects the expression of BZLF1, the master regulator of viral lytic cycle. We therefore analyzed the interplay between TERT, NOTCH and BATF in LCLs and found that high levels of endogenous TERT are associated with high NOTCH2 and BATF expression levels. In addition, ectopic expression of TERT in LCLs with low levels of endogenous telomerase was associated with upregulation of NOTCH2 and BATF at both mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, infection of LCLs with retroviral vectors expressing functional NOTCH2 did not alter TERT transcript levels. Luciferase reporter assays, demonstrated that TERT significantly activated NOTCH2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that NF-κB pathway is involved in TERT-induced NOTCH2 activation. Lastly, pharmacologic inhibition of NOTCH signaling triggers the EBV lytic cycle, leading to the death of EBV-infected cells. Overall, these results indicate that TERT contributes to preserve EBV latency in B cells mainly through the NOTCH2/BAFT pathway, and suggest that NOTCH2 inhibition may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy against EBV-associated malignancies.
Direct Identification of On-Bead Peptides Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Barcoding System for High-Throughput Bioanalysis
Authors: Kang Homan , Jeong Sinyoung , Koh Yul , Geun Cha Myeong , Yang Jin-Kyoung , Kyeong San , Kim Jaehi , Kwak Seon-Yeong , Chang Hye-Jin , Lee Hyunmi , Jeong Cheolhwan , Kim Jong-Ho , Jun Bong-Hyun , Kim Yong-Kweon , Hong Jeong Dae , Lee Yoon-Sik
Published: May 2015

Recently, preparation and screening of compound libraries remain one of the most challenging tasks in drug discovery, biomarker detection and biomolecular profiling processes. So far, several distinct encoding/decoding methods such as chemical encoding, graphical encoding and optical encoding have been reported to identify those libraries. In this paper, a simple and efficient surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) barcoding method using highly sensitive SERS nanoparticles (SERS ID) is presented. The 44 kinds of SERS IDs were able to generate simple codes and could possibly generate more than one million kinds of codes by incorporating combinations of different SERS IDs. The barcoding method exhibited high stability and reliability under bioassay conditions. The SERS ID encoding based screening platform can identify the peptide ligand on the bead and also quantify its binding affinity for specific protein. We believe that our SERS barcoding technology is a promising method in the screening of one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries for drug discovery.
Fabrication and Cytocompatibility of In Situ Crosslinked Carbon Nanomaterial Films
Authors: Patel Sunny C. , Lalwani Gaurav , Grover Kartikey , Qin Yi-Xian , Sitharaman Balaji
Published: May 2015

Assembly of carbon nanomaterials into two-dimensional (2D) coatings and films that harness their unique physiochemical properties may lead to high impact energy capture/storage, sensors and biomedical applications. For potential biomedical applications, the suitability of current techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, spray and dip coating and vacuum filtration, employed to fabricate macroscopic 2D all carbon coatings or films still requires thorough examination. Each of these methods presents challenges with regards to scalability, suitability for a large variety of substrates, mechanical stability of coatings or films, or biocompatibility. Herein we report a coating process that allow for rapid, in situ chemical crosslinking of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into macroscopic all carbon coatings. The resultant coatings were found to be continuous, electrically conductive, significantly more robust and cytocompatible to human adipose derived stem cells. The results lay groundwork for 3D layer-on-layer nanomaterial assemblies (including various forms of graphene) and also opens avenues to further explore the potential of MWCNT films as a novel class of nano-fibrous mats for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Chemoselective reduction and oxidation of ketones in water through control of the electron transfer pathway
Authors: Kim Sun Min , Yoo Ho Sung , Hosono Hideo , Yang Jung Woon , Kim Sung Wng
Published: May 2015

The selective synthesis of different products from the same starting materials in water, which is the most abundant solvent in nature, is a crucial issue as it maximizes the utilization of materials. Realizing such reactions for ketones is of considerable importance because numerous organic functionalities can be obtained via nucleophilic addition reactions. Herein, we report chemoselective reduction and oxidation reactions of 1,2-diketones in water, which initiates anionic electron transfer from the inorganic electride [Ca24Al28O64]4+·4e−, through controlling the pathway of the electrons to substrates. The generation of different radical species for transient intermediates was the key process required to control the reaction selectivity, which was achieved by reacting the anionic electrons with either diketones or O2, leading to the formation of ketyl dianion and superoxide radicals in the reduction and oxidation reactions, respectively. This methodology that utilizes electrides may provide an alternative to the pulse radiolysis of water in synthetic chemistry.
Real-time selective visual monitoring of Hg2+ detection at ppt level: An approach to lighting electrospun nanofibers using gold nanoclusters
Authors: Senthamizhan Anitha , Celebioglu Asli , Uyar Tamer
Published: May 2015

In this work, fluorescent gold nanocluster (AuNC) decorated polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers (AuNC*PCL-NF) for real time visual monitoring of Hg2+ detection at ppt level in water is demonstrated. The resultant AuNC*PCL-NF exhibiting remarkable stability more than four months at ambient environment and facilitates increased accessibility to active sites resulting in improved sensing performance with rapid response time. The fluorescence changes of AuNC*PCL-NF and their corresponding time dependent spectra, upon introduction of Hg2+, led to the visual identification of the sensor performance. It is observed that the effective removal of excess ligand (bovine serum albumin (BSA) greatly enhances the surface exposure of AuNC and therefore their selective sensing performance is achieved over competent metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ present in the water. An exceptional interaction is observed between AuNC and Hg2+, wherein the absence of excess interrupting ligand makes AuNC more selective towards Hg2+. The underlying mechanism is found to be due to the formation of Au-Hg amalgam, which was further investigated with XPS, TEM and elemental mapping studies. In short, our findings may lead to develop very efficient fluorescent-based nanofibrous mercury sensor, keeping in view of its stability, simplicity, reproducibility and low cost.
Photouncaged Sequence-specific Interstrand DNA Cross-Linking with Photolabile 4-oxo-enal-modified Oligonucleotides
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Tang Xinjing
Published: May 2015

DNA cross-linking technology is an attractive tool for the detection, regulation and manipulation of genes. In this study, a series of photolabile 4-oxo-enal-modified oligonucleotides functionalized with photosensitive ο-nitrobenzyl derivatives were rationally designed as a new kind of photocaged cross-linking agents. A comprehensive evaluation of cross-linking reactions for different nucleobases in complementary strands under different conditions suggested that the modified DNA oligonucleotides tended to form interstrand cross-linking to nucleobases with the potential of thymidine > guanosine » cytidine ~ adenosine. Different from previous literature reports that cytidine and adenosine were preferential cross-linked nucleobases with 4-oxo-enal moieties, our study represents the first example of DNA cross-linking for T and G selectivity using 4-oxo-enal moiety. The cross-linked adducts were identified and their cross-linking mechanism was also illustrated. This greatly expands the applications of 4-oxo-enal derivatives in the studies of DNA damage and RNA structure
Highly Conductive Transparent Organic Electrodes with Multilayer Structures for Rigid and Flexible Optoelectronics
Authors: Guo Xiaoyang , Liu Xingyuan , Lin Fengyuan , Li Hailing , Fan Yi , Zhang Nan
Published: May 2015

Transparent electrodes are essential components for optoelectronic devices, such as touch panels, organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used as transparent electrode in optoelectronic devices. ITO has high transparency and low resistance but contains expensive rare elements and ITO-based devices have poor mechanical flexibility. Therefore, alternative transparent electrodes with excellent opto-electrical performance and mechanical flexibility will be greatly demanded. Here, organics are introduced into dielectric–metal–dielectric structures to construct the transparent electrodes on rigid and flexible substrates. We show that organic-metal-organic (OMO) electrodes have excellent opto-electrical properties (sheet resistance of below 10 Ω sq−1 at 85% transmission), mechanical flexibility, thermal and environmental stabilities. The OMO-based polymer photovoltaic cells show performance comparable to that of devices based on ITO electrodes. This OMO multilayer structure can therefore be used to produce transparent electrodes suitable for use in a wide range of optoelectronic devices.
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility gene provides direct evidence for some hybrid rice recently evolving into weedy rice
Authors: Zhang Jingxu , Lu Zuomei , Dai Weimin , Song Xiaoling , Peng Yufa , Valverde Bernal E. , Qiang Sheng
Published: May 2015

Weedy rice infests paddy fields worldwide at an alarmingly increasing rate. There is substantial evidence indicating that many weedy rice forms originated from or are closely related to cultivated rice. There is suspicion that the outbreak of weedy rice in China may be related to widely grown hybrid rice due to its heterosis and the diversity of its progeny, but this notion remains unsupported by direct evidence. We screened weedy rice accessions by both genetic and molecular marker tests for the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes (Wild abortive, WA and Boro type, BT) most widely used in the production of indica and japonica three-line hybrid rice as a diagnostic trait of direct parenthood. Sixteen weedy rice accessions of the 358 tested (4.5%) contained the CMS-WA gene; none contained the CMS-BT gene. These 16 accessions represent weedy rices recently evolved from maternal hybrid rice derivatives, given the primarily maternal inheritance of this trait. Our results provide key direct evidence that hybrid rice can be involved in the evolution of some weedy rice accessions, but is not a primary factor in the recent outbreak of weedy rice in China.
Online investigation of respiratory quotients in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies during drought and shading by means of cavity-enhanced Raman multi-gas spectrometry
Authors: Hanf Stefan , Fischer Sarah , Hartmann Henrik , Keiner Robert , Trumbore Susan , Popp Jürgen , Frosch Torsten
Published: May 2015

CERS monitoring of RQ values enables the analysis of nutrition shifts in trees in response to environmental stress.
A novel aptasensor based on single-molecule force spectroscopy for highly sensitive detection of mercury ions
Authors: Li Qing , Michaelis Monika , Wei Gang , Colombi Ciacchi Lucio
Published: May 2015

A novel aptasensor based on single-molecule force spectroscopy shows high sensitivity and selectivity for sensing mercury ions.
Ultrafast surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Keller Emily L. , Brandt Nathaniel C. , Cassabaum Alyssa A. , Frontiera Renee R.
Published: May 2015

Ultrafast surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with pico- and femtosecond time resolution has the ability to elucidate the mechanisms by which plasmons mediate chemical reactions.
Redox-responsive supramolecular amphiphiles constructed via host–guest interactions for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Liu Feng , Ma Yufei , Xu Lei , Liu Lichao , Zhang Weian
Published: May 2015

A supramolecular photosensitizer delivery system has been established through the self-assembly of supramolecular amphiphiles constructed by the host–guest interaction between poly(ethylene glycol)-β-cyclodextrin (PEG-β-CD) and adamantane-terminated porphyrin derivatives bearing a disulfide bond (TPPC6-SS-Ada).
The structure-dependent quantum yield of ZnCdS nanocrystals
Authors: Chen Hong-Shuo , Chung Shu-Ru , Chen Ya-Ching , Chen Tsan-Yao , Liu Ching-Yuan , Wang Kuan-Wen
Published: May 2015

In this study, we demonstrate the effect of atomic arrangement and valence band structures on the optical properties of ZnxCd1-xS nanocrystals (NCs) by controlling the Zn ratios.
Nanoparticle catalyst preparation using pulsed arc plasma deposition
Authors: Hinokuma Satoshi , Misumi Satoshi , Yoshida Hiroshi , Machida Masato
Published: May 2015

A novel nanoparticle preparation technique using pulsed arc plasma deposition has been developed as a dry catalyst preparation process in complete contrast to conventional wet processes.
A mononuclear Ni(ii) complex: a field induced single-molecule magnet showing two slow relaxation processes
Authors: Miklovič Jozef , Valigura Dušan , Boča Roman , Titiš Ján
Published: May 2015

The complex [Ni(pydc)(pydm)]·H2O, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine-nickel(ii) monohydrate, possesses a sizable magnetic anisotropy, D/hc = −14 cm−1. It displays superparamagnetic behavior in an applied external field that culminates at BDC = 0.2 T.
X-ray structurally characterized sensors for ratiometric detection of Zn2+ and Al3+ in human breast cancer cells (MCF7): development of a binary logic gate as a molecular switch
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit , Das Debasis
Published: May 2015

A very simple molecule derived from salicylaldehyde and N-phenyl ethylenediamine (L1) functions as a dual-mode ratiometric fluorescence “turn on” sensor for Zn2+ and Al3+ at two different wavelengths.
Formation of a nanorod shaped ionogel and its high catalytic activity for one-pot synthesis of benzothiazoles
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Gupta Monika , Kant Rajni , Gupta Vivek K.
Published: May 2015

Synthesis of an ionogel using 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazoliumchloride and its application in high catalytic synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives.
Synthesis of benzimidazoles via iridium-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling
Authors: Sun Xiang , Lv Xiao-Hui , Ye Lin-Miao , Hu Yu , Chen Yan-Yan , Zhang Xue-Jing , Yan Ming
Published: May 2015

Benzimidazoles were prepared in good yieldsviathe iridium-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines and arylamines.
Base catalyzed synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.1]octane scaffolds
Authors: Boehringer Régis , Geoffroy Philippe , Miesch Michel
Published: May 2015

A base-catalyzed and time controlled reaction of 1,3-cyclopentanediones tethered to activated olefins afforded in high yields either bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6,8-dione or bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylate derivatives.
Investigation of the active turn geometry for the labour delaying activity of indolizidinone and azapeptide modulators of the prostaglandin F2α receptor
Authors: Boukanoun Meriem K. , Hou Xin , Nikolajev Ljiljana , Ratni Sara , Olson David , Claing Audrey , Laporte Stéphane A. , Chemtob Sylvain , Lubell William D.
Published: May 2015

The bioactive turn geometry of prostaglandin F2α receptor modulators was investigated in pursuit of molecules that delay labor.
Synthesis of zirconium oxycarbide powders using metal–organic framework (MOF) compounds as precursors
Authors: David Jérémy , Trolliard Gilles , Volkringer Christophe , Loiseau Thierry , Maître Alexandre
Published: May 2015

ZrCxOy oxycarbides were synthesized for the first time by using metal–organic framework (MOF) compounds as precursors.
Modeling and optimization of catalytic performance of SAPO-34 nanocatalysts synthesized sonochemically using a new hybrid of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II based artificial neural networks (NSGA-II-ANNs)
Authors: Askari Sima , Halladj Rouein , Azarhoosh Mohammad Javad
Published: May 2015

The effects of ultrasound-related variables on the catalytic properties of sonochemically prepared SAPO-34 nanocatalysts in methanol to olefins (MTO) reactions were investigated.
Catalytic properties of Pd nanoparticles supported on Cu2O microspheres for hydrogen peroxide electroreduction
Authors: Sun Limei , Zhang Shuaishuai , Bao Wuyunga , He Wurigamula
Published: May 2015

Cu2O was synthesized by a wet-chemical approach, and Pd electrocatalysts supported on cuprous oxide (Pd/Cu2O) and Vulcan XC-72 (Pd/C) were synthesized. The Pd/Cu2O catalyst comprised copper oxide and metallic Cu, improving the catalyst activity for H2O2 electroreduction.
Preparation and characterization of single- and double-shelled cyhalothrin microcapsules based on the copolymer matrix of silica–N-isopropyl acrylamide–bis-acrylamide
Authors: Xu Yong , Chen Weitao , Guo Xinyu , Tong Yujia , Fan Tengfei , Gao Haixiang , Wu Xuemin
Published: May 2015

Silica and a copolymer of silica–N-isopropyl acrylamide–bis-acrylamide were used as a controlled release material for preparing single- and double-shelled cyhalothrin microcapsules.
Tunable color and energy transfer of Tm3+ and Ho3+ co-doped NaGdF4 nanoparticles
Authors: Guan Hongxia , Liu Guixia , Wang Jinxian , Dong Xiangting , Yu Wensheng
Published: May 2015

NaGdF4:Tm3+, Ho3+ nanoparticles with luminescence properties were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The hues could be tuned from blue through to light blue and ultimately to bluish green.
Efficient access to polysubstituted tetrahydrofurans by electrophilic cyclization of vinylsilyl alcohols
Authors: Barbero Asunción , Barbero Héctor , González-Ortega Alfonso , Pulido Francisco J. , Val Patricia , Diez-Varga Alberto , Morán Joaquín R.
Published: May 2015

Stereocontrolled access to polysubstituted tetrahydrofurans from organosilanes.
A gel polymer electrolyte based on composite of nonwoven fabric and methyl cellulose with good performance for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Li Minxia , Wang Xiaowei , Wang Yanfang , Chen Bingwei , Wu Yuping , Holze Rudolf
Published: May 2015

A new composite gel polymer membrane of nonwoven fabric (NWF) and methyl cellulose (MC) exhibiting good mechanical property and outstanding thermal and electrochemical stability is prepared by simple casting green process.
Structure–property relationship of isomeric diphenylethenyl-disubstituted dimethoxycarbazoles
Authors: Bucinskas Audrius , Bagdziunas Gintautas , Tomkeviciene Ausra , Volynyuk Dmytro , Kostiv Nataliya , Gudeika Dalius , Jankauskas Vygintas , Rutkis Martins , Grazulevicius Juozas V.
Published: May 2015

Isomeric 3,6-dimethoxy- and 2,7-dimethoxycarbazoles containing diphenylethenyl moieties were synthesized by condensation of the appropriate dimethoxycarbazoles with diphenylacetaldehyde.
Effect of surface modification on interfacial nanobubble morphology and contact line tension
Authors: Rangharajan Kaushik K. , Kwak Kwang J. , Conlisk A. T. , Wu Yan , Prakash Shaurya
Published: May 2015

Using tapping mode atomic force microscopy, changes to interfacial nanobubble morphology and associated characteristics are analyzed as a function of surface hydrophobicity and solvent–air saturation state.
Theoretical prediction of a highly conducting solid electrolyte for sodium batteries: Na10GeP2S12
Authors: Kandagal Vinay S. , Bharadwaj Mridula Dixit , Waghmare Umesh V.
Published: May 2015

The theoretically predicted compound Na10GeP2S12 exhibits Na-ionic conductivity of the same order of magnitude as that of other state-of-the-art solid electrolytes used in practical sodium batteries such as high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries.
A nanostructured chromium(iii) oxide/tungsten(vi) oxide p–n junction photoanode toward enhanced efficiency for water oxidation
Authors: Hu Zhuofeng , Xu Mingkun , Shen Zhurui , Yu Jimmy C.
Published: May 2015

A nanostructured Cr2O3/WO3 p–n junction photoanode has been prepared for achieving high efficiency in water oxidation.
Functional tuning of A–D–A oligothiophenes: the effect of solvent vapor annealing on blend morphology and solar cell performance
Authors: Schulz Gisela L. , Löbert Mirjam , Ata Ibrahim , Urdanpilleta Marta , Lindén Mika , Mishra Amaresh , Bäuerle Peter
Published: May 2015

A series of dicyanovinylene-substituted A–D–A oligothiophenes with cores of varying donor strength were developed for solution-processable organic solar cells, with significant enhancement in power conversion efficiencies upon solvent vapor annealing.
Modelling the local and global cloud formation on HD 189733b
Authors: Lee E. , Helling Ch. , Dobbs-Dixon I. , Juncher D.
Published: May 2015

Context. Observations suggest that exoplanets such as HD 189733b form clouds in their atmospheres which have a strong feedback onto their thermodynamical and chemical structure, and overall appearance.

Aims. Inspired by mineral cloud modelling efforts for brown dwarf atmospheres, we present the first spatially varying kinetic cloud model structures for HD 189733b.

Methods. We apply a 2-model approach using results from a 3D global radiation-hydrodynamic simulation of the atmosphere as input for a detailed, kinetic cloud formation model. Sampling the 3D global atmosphere structure with 1D trajectories allows us to model the spatially varying cloud structure on HD 189733b. The resulting cloud properties enable the calculation of the scattering and absorption properties of the clouds.

Results. We present local and global cloud structure and property maps for HD 189733b. The calculated cloud properties show variations in composition, size and number density of cloud particles which are strongest between the dayside and nightside. Cloud particles are mainly composed of a mix of materials with silicates being the main component. Cloud properties, and hence the local gas composition, change dramatically where temperature inversions occur locally. The cloud opacity is dominated by absorption in the upper atmosphere and scattering at higher pressures in the model. The calculated 8 μm single scattering albedo of the cloud particles are consistent with Spitzer bright regions. The cloud particles scattering properties suggest that they would sparkle/reflect a midnight blue colour at optical wavelengths.
Ferroelectric polarization and defect-dipole switching in an epitaxial (111) BiFeO3 thin film
Authors: Zhao Boyuan , Chen Zhihui , Meng Jianwei , Lu Hongliang , Zhang David Wei , Jiang Anquan
Published: May 2015

The time and field control of defect-dipole alignment as well as ferroelectric polarization switching has been investigated in an epitaxial BiFeO3 thin film. Under electric field poling, a double hysteresis loop arising from individual ferroelectric domain switching and defect dipole alignment can be artificially induced after one long enough pre-poling time. Meanwhile, the alignment of defects dipoles can increase the leakage current of the film. The activation field for the defect dipole alignment is extracted to be around 192 MV/m. These results demonstrate the possibility of strengthened polarization contributed by defect dipole poling in ferroelectric thin films.
Spin-wave logic devices based on isotropic forward volume magnetostatic waves
Authors: Klingler S. , Pirro P. , Brächer T. , Leven B. , Hillebrands B. , Chumak A. V.
Published: May 2015

We propose the utilization of isotropic forward volume magnetostatic spin waves in modern wave-based logic devices and suggest a concrete design for a spin-wave majority gate operating with these waves. We demonstrate by numerical simulations that the proposed out-of-plane magnetized majority gate overcomes the limitations of anisotropic in-plane magnetized majority gates due to the high spin-wave transmission through the gate, which enables a reduced energy consumption of these devices. Moreover, the functionality of the out-of-plane majority gate is increased due to the lack of parasitic generation of short-wavelength exchange spin waves.
Gate-tunable superconducting weak link behavior in top-gated LaAlO3-SrTiO3
Authors: Bal V. V. , Mehta M. M. , Ryu S. , Lee H. , Folkman C. M. , Eom C. B. , Chandrasekhar V.
Published: May 2015

We use a combination of global back-gating and local top-gating to define nanoscale devices in the two-dimensional electron gas at the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 interface, demonstrating an efficient way for much finer spatial control over the properties of the interface, as compared to back-gating alone. The devices show indications of an inhomogenous superconducting weak link. The variation of critical current with perpendicular magnetic field shows evidence of oscillations, which hints at Josephson coupling. The variation of the critical current and zero bias resistance with temperature is consistent with short, overdamped weak links. We show that the applied top-gate voltage provides a strong handle on the properties of these weak links. This technique can be an important tool to define a variety of device structures in this system, allowing us to probe the nature of superconductivity in the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 interface system in different ways.
Separation of spin Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect in Co/Cu/YIG
Authors: Tian Dai , Li Yufan , Qu D. , Jin Xiaofeng , Chien C. L.
Published: May 2015

The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) and Anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) have been observed in Co/Cu/YIG (yttrium iron garnet) multi-layer structure, where the ferromagnetic insulator YIG acts as the pure spin injector and the ferromagnetic metal Co layer acts as the spin current detector. With the insertion of 5 nm Cu layer, the two ferromagnetic layers are decoupled, thus allowing unambiguous separation of the SSE and ANE contributions under the same experimental conditions in the same sample.
Insights into the attributes of Pacific Island destinations that appeal to avitourists
Authors: Steven Rochelle
Published: May 2015

Avitourism is a specific type of bird-focussed nature-based tourism that can potentially contribute to community development and avian conservation. The details of the most memorable as well as the most desired destinations for avitourists are relatively underexamined. To sample the global birding population, questionnaires were distributed electronically via birding forums, birder mailing lists and social media sites asking about birders’ destination preferences. A total of 303 respondents identified their most memorable destinations and 290 their most desired destinations. Among the destinations identified, Pacific Islands were stated as memorable (n = 23) and desired destinations (n = 55). New Zealand was the most memorable destination for 17 of the 23 respondents and the most desired was Papua New Guinea (33 of the 55 respondents). Key aspects that made New Zealand memorable were the presence of multiple endemic species and seabirds, while birds of paradise are the main attraction for birders wanting to visit Papua New Guinea. Understanding what biological attributes appeal to avitourists may help island destinations increase their market share in avitourism. Targeted marketing and management of the industry can bring benefits to Pacific Island communities, which in turn can enhance conservation.
8. Liability for Defective Premises and Structures
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the potential liability for injury and/or other forms of loss related to defective premises or structures. It explains that there are two types of defendant in this area of negligence. The first are those persons actually occupying the premises and the second are those who might be liable for defects in the premises including landlords, builders, and professionals such as architects and consulting engineers. This chapter also discusses the provisions of the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957, the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 and Defective Premises Act 1972.
9. Trespass to the Person and Related Torts
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the protection afforded by tort law against trespass to the person and related torts. It discusses the concept and elements of the torts of battery, assault, and false imprisonment and the relevant provisions of tort law. It considers intentional physical harm other than trespass to the person and explains the scope of the Protection from Harassment Act of 1997. This chapter analyses court decisions in relevant cases and the types of compensation for victims.
16. Product Liability
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the provisions of tort law concerning product liability. It explains that a defendant can be held liable for a defective product that causes personal injuries or causes damage to property and that the liability for failure to take care in the manufacture of a product causing personal injury was established in the Donoghue v Stevenson case. It discusses the limitations of the tort of negligence and suggests that claimants should bring an action for a defective product under the Consumer Protection Act 1987 because it does not require proof of fault.
22. Misuse of Private Information
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the tort of misuse of private information. It explains that the tort has its origins in the equitable wrong of breach of confidence. It discusses the gist and elements of this tort and highlights the influence of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the case law on misuse of private information. This chapter also discusses potential defences, which include consent to the disclosure and the differential treatment of private information in the public domain.
25. Capacity and Parties
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the issues of capacity and parties in tort law. It explains that capacity refers to the status of legal persons and their ability to sue or be sued in tort and that a claimant’s injury might be caused by more than one person. This chapter also mentions that any person successfully sued in tort can seek contribution from other joint or concurrent tortfeasors and this can be done in the course of the original action commenced by the claimant, or in separate proceedings between tortfeasors.
American lobster nurseries of southern New England receding in the face of climate change
Authors: Wahle Richard A. , Dellinger Lanny , Olszewski Scott , Jekielek Phoebe
Published: May 2015

Historically, southern New England has supported one of the most productive American lobster (Homarus americanus) fisheries of the northeast United States. Recently, the region has seen dramatic declines in lobster populations coincident with a trend of increasingly stressful summer warmth and shell disease. We report significant declines in the abundance, distribution, and size composition of juvenile lobsters that have accompanied the warming trend in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, since the first comprehensive survey of lobster nurseries conducted there in 1990. We used diver-based visual surveys and suction sampling in 1990, 2011, and 2012, supplemented by post-larval collectors in 2011 and 2012. In 1990, lobster nurseries extended from the outer coast into the mid-sections of the bay, but by 2011 and 2012 they were largely restricted to the outer coast and deeper water at the mouth of the bay. Among five new study sites selected by the lobster fishing industry for the 2011 and 2012 surveys, the deepest site on the outer coast (15–17 m depth) harboured some of the highest lobster densities in the survey. Separate fixed site hydrographic monitoring at 13 locations in the bay by the Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife recorded an approximately 2.0°C increase in summer surface temperatures over the period, with 2012 being the warmest on record. Additional monitoring of bottom temperatures, dissolved oxygen and pH at our sampling sites in 2011 and 2012 indicated conditions falling below physiological optima for lobsters during summer. The invasion of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, since the 1990s may also be contributing to declines of juvenile lobster shallow zones (<5 m) in this region. Because lobster populations appear increasingly restricted to deeper and outer coastal waters of southern New England, further monitoring of settlement and nursery habitat in deep water is warranted.
Complete Spondylectomy Using Orthogonal Spinal Fixation and Combined Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Thoracolumbar Spinal Reconstruction
Authors: Zaidi Hasan A. , Awad Al-Wala , Dickman Curtis A.
Published: May 2015

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Objective:

To determine the long-term efficacy of 2-stage total en bloc spondylectomy (TES).

Summary of Background Data:

TES is a well-described technique to achieve tumor-free margins, but it is a highly destabilizing procedure that necessitates spinal reconstruction. A 2-stage anterior/posterior approach for tumor resection and instrumentation has been shown to be biomechanically superior to the single-stage approach in achieving rigid fixation, but few clinical studies with long-term outcomes exist.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing a 2-stage TES for a spinal tumor between 1999 and 2011. Results were compared with those from a literature review of case series, with a minimum of 2-year follow-up, reporting on a single-stage posterior-only approach for TES.

Results:

Seven patients were identified (average follow-up 52.7 mo). Tumor location ranged from T1 to L3 with the following pathologies: metastasis (n=3), hemangioma (n=1), leiomyosarcoma (n=1), giant cell tumor (n=1), and chordoma (n=1). There were no significant surgical complications. All 7 patients had intact spinal fixation. There were no failures of the orthogonal fixation (pedicle screws or anterior fixation). The average modified Rankin Scale scores improved from 2.7 preoperatively to 0.7 at last follow-up. None of the patients in our series suffered local disease recurrence at last follow-up or suffered neurological deterioration. These results were comparable with those noted in the literature review of posterior-only approach, where 12% of patients experienced instrument failure.

Conclusions:

TES is a highly destabilizing procedure requiring reconstruction resistant to large multiplanar translational and torsional loads. A 2-stage approach utilizing orthogonal vertebral body screws perpendicular to pedicle screws is a safe and effective surgical treatment strategy. Orthogonal spinal fixation may lower the incidence of instrumentation failure associated with complete spondylectomy and appears to be comparable with a single-stage procedure. However, larger prospective series are necessary to assess the efficacy of this approach versus traditional means.