bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative performance of species richness estimation methods
Authors: WALTHER B. A. , MORAND S.
Published: July 2002

In most real-world contexts the sampling effort needed to attain

an accurate estimate of total species richness is excessive.
Therefore, methods to estimate total species richness from incomplete
collections need to be developed and tested. Using
real and computer-simulated parasite data sets, the performances of 9 species

richness estimation methods were compared.
For all data sets, each estimation method was used to calculate the
projected species richness at increasing levels of sampling
effort. The performance of each method was evaluated by calculating the

bias and precision of its estimates against the
known total species richness. Performance was evaluated with increasing

sampling effort and across different model
communities. For the real data sets, the Chao2 and first-order jackknife

estimators performed best. For the simulated data
sets, the first-order jackknife estimator performed best at low sampling

effort but, with increasing sampling effort, the
bootstrap estimator outperformed all other estimators. Estimator
performance increased with increasing species richness,
aggregation level of individuals among samples and overall population
size. Overall, the Chao2 and the first-order jackknife
estimation methods performed best and should be used to control for the

confounding effects of sampling effort in studies
of parasite species richness. Potential uses of and practical problems

with species richness estimation methods are discussed.
The detection of Trichinella with polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) primers constructed using sequences of
random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) or
sequences of complementary DNA encoding
excretory–secretory (E–S) glycoproteins
Authors: WU Z. , NAGANO I. , TAKAHASHI Y.
Published: July 2002

Diagnostic PCR primers for Trichinella were constructed.

Twelve pairs of primers were designed based on the sequences
of random amplified polymorphic DNA, and 4 pairs of primers were designed

based on the reported sequences of
complementary DNA encoding excretory–secretory glycoproteins.
With these primers, 31 samples of DNA from different
strains of Trichinella including 5 species (Trichinella spiralis,

Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella
nelsoni and
Trichinella pseudospiralis) and 3 phenotypes of uncertain
taxonomic level (Trichinella T5, T6 and T8) were tested with
PCR. Genus Trichinella can be identified by 4 different primer

pairs (SB147D, SB372A, SB153, or Ts43). Trichinella
spiralis can be identified by the presence of a 673 bp amplicon in
PCR
with the primer pair SB147B. Trichinella nelsoni
can be identified using primer pair SB147F or by the presence of 673 bp
and
ca. 380 bp amplicon in PCR with the primer
pair SB147B. Trichinella pseudospiralis can be identified by
2 primer pairs (SB147E or SB372B). Trichinella T5 can be
identified by the primer pair SB147G. Trichinella T8 can be
identified by its positivity by the primer pair SB147C and
its negativity by the primer pair SB372C. A group of Trichinella

species (T. britovi, T. nativa and Trichinella
T6) can be
identified by the primer pair SB372C.
Parasite-induced anorexia: leptin, insulin and
corticosterone responses to infection with the nematode,
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: ROBERTS H. C. , HARDIE L. J. , CHAPPELL L. H. , MERCER J. G.
Published: July 2002

The nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, induces
a biphasic anorexia in its rat host. The mechanisms,
underlying this anorexia and its possible advantages to the host or parasite
are unknown. We have investigated the effect of acute
(12–24 h) and chronic (2–17 days) infections on plasma concentrations
of leptin, insulin and corticosterone, and on
hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y, galanin and corticotrophin-releasing
factor genes. Plasma leptin was elevated
in infected rats relative to uninfected ad libitum-fed controls
and pair-fed controls in 12 h infections initiated at dark onset
and in infections of 2 days' duration. At other times prior to parasite
expulsion, plasma leptin in infected and pair-fed rats
was lower than that of uninfected ad libitum-fed controls, reflecting
the existing state of negative energy balance. Elevated
plasma leptin concentrations in infected rats at day 2 post-infection were
accompanied by reduced neuropeptide Y gene
expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus compared with both ad
libitum control and pair-fed animals, and by
lowered corticotrophin-releasing factor gene expression in the paraventricular
nucleus relative to pair-feds. Twelve hour
infections were characterized by a substantial increase in plasma corticosterone
that was independent of reduced food
intake, and in 12 h infections initiated at dark onset, where plasma leptin
was elevated, there was also increased plasma
insulin concentration in infected rats. In longer infections, differences
between the groups in plasma insulin and
corticosterone concentration were only observed at day 4 post-infection.
In summary, perturbations to leptin, insulin and
corticosterone signals early in infection may have a causative role and
might feed back onto hypothalamic gene expression,
whereas subsequent changes in these parameters are more likely to be secondary
to negative energy balance.
An immunohistological study of phenotypic characteristics
of cells of the inflammatory response in the intestine of
Schistosoma bovis-infected goats
Authors: LINDBERG R. , JOHANSEN M. V. , NILSSON C. , NANSEN P.
Published: July 2002

The cellular inflammatory response in the small intestine of 21
goats infected with Schistosoma bovis was phenotypically
characterized by immunohistochemistry between 6 and 32 weeks post-exposure,
with particular reference to perioval
granulomatous reactions. Macrophages of granulomas consistently expressed
MHC class II molecules, whereas multi-nucleated
giant cells in general did not. Most granulomas contained moderate infiltrates
of CD2+ (CD4+ or CD8+) and
γ/δ (T19+) T cells, whereas B lymphocytes were
sparse. Intact extravascular mucosal eggs, lacking appreciable cellular

reactivity on plain histopathology, displayed surrounding collars of MHC
class II+ macrophages. Gamma/delta T cells
and MHC class II+ macrophages were the predominant cell types
in perivascular inflammatory cell clusters in the
submucosa. The phenotypic cellular composition of granulomas did not change
appreciably with duration of infection.
The results indicate the importance of MHC class II-restricted immune events
in the caprine S. bovis egg granulomas and
also suggest a role of γ/δ T cells in their pathogenesis.
It is hypothesized that the early appearance of perioval macrophage
collars may serve to protect eggs from ovicidal host defence mechanisms,
facilitating excretion and continuation of the life-cycle.
Glomerular disease associated with Polysporoplasma sparis

(Myxozoa) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream,
Sparus aurata L. (Pisces: Teleostei)
Authors: PALENZUELA O. , ÁLVAREZ-PELLITERO P. , SITJÀ-BOBADILLA A.
Published: July 2002

Polysporoplasma sparis infection was studied in gilthead
sea bream from different mariculture systems of the Spanish
coasts. Culture conditions influenced the infection dynamics, as the parasite
appeared only in semi-intensive cultures and
was not found in intensive closed systems nor in open ones. No clear seasonal
pattern was observed. No fish weighing less
than 51 g was found parasitized in any group. A statistically significant
dependence between infection prevalence and host
weight was observed in some growing stocks. Light and transmission electron
microscope observations revealed serious
damage in the trunk kidney. Glomerular disease was provoked by the progressive
occupation of the glomerular capillaries
by P. sparis spores. Tubular epithelial cells were also affected.
Inflammatory responses appeared towards the end of the
infection, and consisted mainly of melanomacrophages and eosinophils. Rodlet
cells were common close to infected
capillaries and debris of rodlet sacs formed a belt encircling capillary
vessels. Cytochemistry demonstrated the lipidic
nature of these sacs and the glycogen and glycoprotein composition of the
cytoplasmic granules of rodlet cells.
Influence of the trematode Aphalloïdes cœlomicola Dollfus,
Chabaud & Golvan, 1957 on the fecundity and survival of
Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer, 1838) (Teleostei:
Gobiidæ)
Authors: PAMPOULIE C. , MORAND S. , LAMBERT A. , ROSECCHI E. , BOUCHEREAU J. L. , CRIVELLI A. J.
Published: July 2002

Monthly data collected during 1993 in the Vaccarès lagoon (Rhône Delta, France) were used to investigate the influence
of the trematode Aphalloïdes cœlomicola on the survival of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps, which acts both as
second intermediate and definitive host. Prevalence of the parasite did not increase with fish size in either sex. Mean
abundance and variance to mean abundance ratio gave evidence that the trematode could have an impact on host mortality.
Gonad weight of parasitized females was reduced and the parasite seemed to provoke a gonadal regression above a certain
parasitic biomass. Fecundity and egg diameters did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized females, we thus
hypothesize that the energy content of eggs (composition in lipids and proteins) was probably modified as an adaptation
to energy losses. Prevalence of infection in males compared to females and influence of the parasite on host survival and
reproductive effort are discussed.
Successful interrupted feeding of adult Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus (Ixodidae) is accompanied by re-programming of salivary gland protein expression
Authors: WANG H. , HENBEST P. J. , NUTTALL P. A.
Published: July 2002

Ixodid female ticks take one comparatively large bloodmeal which they convert to a single large egg mass and then they
die. To examine the outcome of interrupted feeding, equal numbers of male and female Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult
ticks were fed on guinea pigs (host 1) for either 2, 4, or 6 days, or to engorgement (8 days). All of the fully engorged (D8)
females laid a single large egg mass (80–160 mg/tick), while 85% of the day 6-fed (D6) female ticks (n=20) each laid a
small egg mass (6·1 mg/tick). None of the females that had fed for 2 or 4 days oviposited. Ninety percent (n=20) of the day
2-fed (D2) females survived for 4 weeks after their feeding was interrupted, whereas 65% (n=20) of the day 4-fed (D4)
females survived. All of the surviving partially fed female ticks (D2 and D4) attached to a second guinea pig (host 2) and
attained engorged body weights that were not significantly different from those of the control females (P<0·05). Female
ticks that engorged following interrupted feeding layed egg masses comparable to the controls, indicating that engorgement
on host 2 was successful. The salivary gland protein profile of female ticks changed constantly during feeding. However,
when feeding was interrupted, the protein expression pattern switched back to that of the non-parasitic state, presumably
to enable the partially fed ticks to survive and reattach on the new host. This observation indicates that female ixodid ticks
have a natural ability to survive and re-establish successful feeding on a new host if the first attempt at feeding is
unsuccessful. Such an interrupted feeding mechanism supports the hypothesis that partially engorged ticks may play a role
in tick-borne pathogen transmission.
Age, acquired immunity and the risk of visceral
leishmaniasis: a prospective study in Iran
Authors: DAVIES C. R. , MAZLOUMI GAVGANI A. S.
Published: July 2002

In order to investigate the phenomenon of age-related immunity to visceral leishmaniasis, a 1 year prospective survey was
carried out on 5671 people in a Leishmania infantum focus in north-west Iran. The average incidence rate of infection since
1985 was 2·8%/year with all ages equally at risk. One in 13 infections in children led to visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and
this ratio decreased significantly with age. Seroprevalence also dropped rapidly with age, suggesting that the same process
may affect both clinical outcome and the humoral immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity was associated with a
reduction in the seroconversion rate and an increase in the serorecovery rate. Even amongst people with no detectable cell-mediated immunity to Leishmania, the seroconversion rate decreased and the serorecovery rate increased with age. All
current VL patients had a negative leishmanin skin test response. Hence, adults may develop protection against L. infantum
through 2 processes, 1 dependent and 1 independent of acquired cell-mediated immunity.
Increased susceptibility of salmonids to the monogenean
Gyrodactylus salaris following administration of
hydrocortisone acetate
Authors: HARRIS P. D. , SOLENG A. , BAKKE T. A.
Published: July 2002

Gyrodactylus salaris infects numerous salmonid species, ranging from the fully susceptible (Norwegian strains of Salmo
salar), through species which, though initially susceptible, eventually eliminate their infections (Salvelinus alpinus and S.
fontinalis) to entirely resistant (Salmo trutta) species. Here we describe experiments in which Salvelinus alpinus, S.
fontinalis and Salmo trutta, implanted with hydrocortisone acetate to simulate stress-induced immunosuppression, were
challenged with G. salaris. With previously uninfected Salvelinus fontinalis, G. salaris infections on fish treated with
hydrocortisone acetate grew larger, and for longer, than on sham-treated controls. A similar result was obtained with S.
trutta. Patterns of infection on Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, were more complex, because individual fish varied from
susceptible to highly resistant. Fish were therefore initially infected with G. salaris, and the most highly resistant group
of individuals identified and disinfected. After 6 months recovery from this primary infection, hydrocortisone acetate was
administered to half the fish, and all were challenged with G. salaris. Parasite populations on the hydrocortisone-treated
individuals were consistently larger than those on the sham-treated controls, exceeding 30 parasites per fish after 5 weeks,
in comparison with less than 10 parasites per fish on controls. These results indicate that hydrocortisone administration
can lead to enhanced gyrodactylid populations on a range of salmonids. This suggests that the response to G. salaris is
mediated by the immune system, and that the spectrum of responses observed in different species are, at least in part, due
to the same mechanism. At a practical level, stress-induced immunosuppression during handling and transport of cultured
salmonids may prove an important factor in the dissemination of G. salaris between watersheds.
The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes
Authors: JACKSON F. , COOP R. L.
Published: July 2002

Anthelmintic resistance now poses problems to sheep farmers throughout the world. In some Southern hemisphere
countries multiple resistance has reached levels which make sheep farming non-sustainable. Evidence from studies in the
UKand Europe suggests (a) that the selection process occurs over a longer time frame than in Southern tropical/temperate
regions and (b) that for some of the key ovine species little or no reversion to susceptibility may occur for many years after
the withdrawal of the selecting agent. The dynamics of the selection process are influenced by a number of host, parasite,
drug, management and environment-dependent factors. Recent mechanistic studies on resistance against avermectins and
milbemycins (AM) suggest that there may be a number of mechanisms associated with resistance at the different target
sites for these drugs. Within Europe endectocides within the AM drug group have now become the crucial element in
strategies aimed at controlling important diseases such as sheep scab and nematodoses. Given that there is little likelihood
of a series of novel action compounds emerging in the immediate future to replace this family the conservation of efficacy
of the AM group should be accorded the highest priority for research in this area.
Discrimination of the notifiable pathogen Gyrodactylus salaris from G. thymalli (Monogenea)
using statistical classifiers applied to morphometric data
Authors: McHUGH E. S. , SHINN A. P. , KAY J. W.
Published: July 2002

The identification and discrimination of 2 closely related and morphologically similar species of Gyrodactylus, G. salaris
and G. thymalli, were assessed using the statistical classification methodologies Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and
k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN). These statistical methods were applied to morphometric measurements made on the
gyrodactylid attachment hooks. The mean estimated classification percentages of correctly identifying each species were
98·1% (LDA) and 97·9% (KNN) for G. salaris and 99·9% (LDA) and 73·2% (KNN) for G. thymalli. The analysis was
expanded to include another 2 closely related species and the new classification efficiencies were 94·6% (LDA) and 98·0%
(KNN) for G. salaris; 98·2% (LDA) and 72·6% (KNN) for G. thymalli; 86·7% (LDA) and 91·8% (KNN) for G.
derjavini; and 76·5% (LDA) and 77·7% (KNN) for G. truttae. The higher correct classification scores of G. salaris and
G. thymalli by the LDA classifier in the 2-species analysis over the 4-species analysis suggested the development of a 2-stage classifier. The mean estimated correct classification scores were 99·97% (LDA) and 99·99% (KNN) for the G.
salaris–G. thymalli pairing and 99·4% (LDA) and 99·92% (KNN) for the G. derjavini–G. truttae pairing. Assessment of
the 2-stage classifier using only marginal hook data was very good with classification efficiencies of 100% (LDA) and
99·6% (KNN) for the G. salaris–G. thymalli pairing and 97·2% (LDA) and 99·2% (KNN) for the G. derjavini–G. truttae
pairing. Paired species were then discriminated individually in the second stage of the classifier using data from the full
set of hooks. These analyses demonstrate that using the methods of LDA and KNN statistical classification, the
discrimination of closely related and pathogenic species of Gyrodactylus may be achieved using data derived from light
microscope studies.
Commitment to the production of male and female gametocytes in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: SILVESTRINI F. , ALANO P. , WILLIAMS J. L.
Published: July 2002

Commitment to the production of female and male gametocytes was studied in the NF54 line of the human malaria
parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The development of sibling parasites derived from individual schizonts was followed, and
2 antisera against the female gametocyte-specific protein Pfg377 and the male gametocyte-specific protein α-tubulin II
were used to determine the sex of sibling gametocytes. The experiment showed that individual cohorts of sibling
gametocytes were stained in a mutually exclusive fashion by only one or the other antiserum, indicating that individual
schizonts committed to yield sexual parasite progeny produce gametocytes of the same sex. This work suggests that in P.
falciparum commitment to sexual differentiation occurs prior to schizont maturation, at the same moment when the sex
of the resulting gametocytes is determined.
Emotions and Incommensurable Moral Concepts
Authors: Koons Jeremy Randel
Published: July 2002

Many authors have argued that emotions serve an epistemic role in our moral practice. Some argue that this epistemic connection is so strong that creatures who do not share our affective nature will be unable to grasp our moral concepts. I argue that even if this sort of incommensurability does result from the role of affect in morality, incommensurability does not in itself entail relativism. In any case, there is no reason to suppose that one must share our emotions and concerns to be able to apply our moral concept successfully. Finally, I briefly investigate whether the moral realist can seek aid and comfort from Davidsonian arguments to the effect that incommensurability in ethics is in principle impossible, and decide that these arguments are not successful. I conclude that the epistemic role our emotions play in moral discourse does not relativize morality.
The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats
Authors: FRESCO D. M. , COLES M. E. , HEIMBERG R. G. , LIEBOWITZ M. R. , HAMI S. , STEIN M. B. , GOETZ D.
Published: July 2002

Background. The clinician-administered version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-CA) is a commonly used assessment device for the evaluation of social anxiety disorder and has been shown to have strong psychometric characteristics. Because of its apparently straightforward rating format and potential savings in time and effort, interest in the use of the LSAS as a self-report (LSAS-SR) measure has increased, and the LSAS-SR has been used in a number of studies. However, the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR have not been well established.

Methods. This study examined the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR in comparison to the LSAS-CA in a sample of 99 individuals with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder and 53 individuals with no current psychiatric disorder.

Results. There was little difference between the two versions of the LSAS on any scale or subscale score. Both forms were internally consistent and the subscale intercorrelations for the two forms were essentially identical. Correlations of each LSAS-SR index with its LSAS-CA counterpart were all highly significant. Finally, the convergent and discriminant validity of the two forms of the LSAS was shown to be strong.

Conclusion. Results of this study suggest that the self-report version of the LSAS compares well to the clinician-administered version and may be validly employed in the assessment of social anxiety disorder.
The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the
WHO study of mental illness in general health care
Authors: GOLDBERG D. P. , GATER R. , SARTORIUS N. , USTUN T. B. , PICCINELLI M. , GUREJE O. , RUTTER C.
Published: July 2002

Background. In recent years the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has been
extensively used as a short screening instrument, producing results that are comparable to longer
versions of the GHQ.

Methods. The validity of the GHQ-12 was compared with the GHQ-28 in a World Health
Organization study of psychological disorders in general health care. Results are presented for
5438 patients interviewed in 15 centres using the primary care version of the Composite
International Diagnostic Instrument, or CIDI-PC.

Results. Results were uniformly good, with the average area under the ROC curve 88, range
from 83 to 95. Minor variations in the criteria used for defining a case made little difference to
the validity of the GHQ, and complex scoring methods offered no advantages over simpler
ones. The GHQ was translated into 10 other languages for the purposes of this study, and
validity coefficients were almost as high as in the original language. There was no tendency for
the GHQ to work less efficiently in developing countries. Finally gender, age and educational
level are shown to have no significant effect on the validity of the GHQ.

Conclusions. If investigators wish to use a screening instrument as a case detector, the shorter
GHQ is remarkably robust and works as well as the longer instrument. The latter should only
be preferred if there is an interest in the scaled scores provided in addition to the total score.
Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders
and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients
Authors: RABINOWITZ J. , BROMET E. J. , LAVELLE J. , CARLSON G. , KOVASZNAY B. , SCHWARTZ J. E.
Published: July 2002

Background. Past studies have found inconsistent evidence
that substance use disorders are related
to earlier onset of schizophrenia or more severe symptoms. This study examines
prevalence and
severity of current substance use disorders and onset of psychotic illness
in a multi-facility sample.

Methods. Data are from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project,
an epidemiological study of
first admission psychosis. The SCID and instruments measuring symptomatology,
personality and
background characteristics were administered. Respondents were stratified
into three groups: (a) no
life-time substance diagnosis; (b) in remission or reporting current
mild use at admission; and (c)
current moderate–severe substance abuse at admission.

Results. Using the SCID severity rating, 17·4% of males
and 6·2% of the females had moderate or
severe current substance abuse, while 41·5% of males and 68·2%
of females had no lifetime
substance diagnosis. In almost all cases categorized as moderate–severe,
the substance diagnosis
predated onset of psychosis. Females categorized as moderate–severe
had an earlier age of onset of
psychosis than did females in the other groups. There were only slight
differences in symptom
severity among the groups but more marked antisocial behaviour in the moderate–severe
group.
Variables discriminating the moderate–severe from non-abuse groups
were BPRS thought
disturbance, adult anti-social behaviour and current cigarette smoking
for males and adult antisocial
behaviour and child–teen antisocial behaviour for females.

Conclusions. Severity of substance abuse does not appear to
be a pivotal correlate of the early
features of psychotic illness.
A randomized controlled trial of guided imagery in bulimia nervosa
Authors: ESPLEN M. J. , GARFINKEL P. E. , OLMSTED M. , GALLOP R. M. , KENNEDY S.
Published: July 2002

Background. The objective of this study was to test a
guided imagery therapy designed to enhance
self-comforting in bulimia nervosa.

Methods. A randomized controlled trial compared 6 weeks of
individual guided imagery therapy
with a control group. Fifty participants who met DSM-III-R criteria for
bulimia nervosa completed
the study. Measures of eating disorder symptoms, psychological functioning
and the experience of
guided imagery therapy were administered.

Results. The guided imagery treatment had substantial effects
on the reduction of bingeing and
purging episodes; the imagery group had a mean reduction of binges of 74%
and of vomiting of
73%. The imagery treatment also demonstrated improvement on measures of
attitudes concerning
eating, dieting and body weight in comparison to the control group. In
addition, the guided imagery
demonstrated improvement on psychological measures of aloneness and the
ability for self-comforting.

Conclusions. Evidence from this study suggests that guided
imagery was an effective treatment for
bulimia nervosa, at least in the short-term.
Social fears and social phobia in a community
sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence,
risk factors and co-morbidity
Authors: WITTCHEN H.-U. , STEIN M. B. , KESSLER R. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. The paper describes prevalence, impairments,
patterns of co-morbidity and other
correlates of DSM-IV social phobia in adolescents and young adults, separating
generalized and
non-generalized social phobics.

Methods. Data are derived from the baseline investigation of
the Early Developmental Stages of
Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective longitudinal community study
of 3021 subjects, aged
14–24. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV algorithms of an expanded
version of the Composite
International Diagnostic Interview.

Results. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV/CIDI social phobia
was 9·5% in females and 4·9% in
males, with about one-third being classified as generalized social phobics.
Twelve-month prevalence
was only slightly lower, indicating considerable persistence. Respondents
with generalized social
phobia reported an earlier age of onset, higher symptom persistence, more
co-morbidity, more
severe impairments, higher treatment rates and indicated more frequently
a parental history of
mental disorders than respondents with non-generalized social phobia.

Conclusions. History of DSM-IV social phobia was found to be
quite prevalent in 14–24 year-olds.
The generalized subtype of social phobia was found to have different correlates
and to be
considerably more persistent, impairing and co-morbid than non-generalized
social phobia.
Although generalized social phobics are more likely than non-generalized
social phobics to receive
mental health treatments, the treatment rate in this sample was low despite
the fact that mental
health services are free in Germany.
The stability of child abuse reports: a longitudinal
study of the reporting behaviour of young adults
Authors: FERGUSSON D. M. , HORWOOD L. J. , WOODWARD L. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. The aims of this study were to use longitudinal report data on physical and sexual
abuse to examine the stability and consistency of abuse reports.

Methods. The study was based on the birth cohort of young people studied in the Christchurch
Health and Development Study. At ages 18 and 21 years, these young people were questioned about
their childhood exposure to physical punishment and sexual abuse. Concurrent with these
assessments, sample members were also assessed on measures of psychiatric disorder and suicidal
behaviour.

Results. Reports of childhood sexual abuse and physical punishment were relatively unstable and
the values of kappa for test–retests of abuse reporting were in the region of 0·45. Inconsistencies in
reporting were unrelated to the subject's psychiatric state. Latent class analyses suggested that: (a)
those not abused did not falsely report being abused; and (b) those who were abused provided
unreliable reports in which the probability of a false negative response was in the region of 50%.
Different approaches to classifying subjects as abused led to wide variations in the estimated
prevalence of abuse but estimates of the relative risk of psychiatric adjustment problems conditional
on abuse exposure remained relatively stable.

Conclusions. There was substantial unreliability in the reporting of child abuse. This unreliability
arose because those who were subject to abuse often provided false negative reports. The
consequences of errors in reports appear to be: (a) that estimates of abuse prevalence based on a
single report are likely to seriously underestimate the true prevalence of abuse; while (b) estimates
of the relative risk of psychiatric adjustment problems conditional on abuse appear to be robust to
the effects of reporting errors.
Consequences of anxiety in older persons: its effect
on disability, well-being and use of health services
Authors: de BEURS E. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , van BALKOM A. J. L. M. , DEEG D. J. H. , van DYCK R. , van TILBURG W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although anxiety is quite prevalent in late life, its impact on disability, well-being, and
health care utilization of older persons has not been studied. Older persons are a highly relevant age
group for studying the consequences of anxiety, since their increasing numbers put an extra strain
on already limited health care resources.

Methods. Data of a large community-based random probability sample (N=659) of older subjects
(55–85 year) in the Netherlands were used to select three groups: subjects with a diagnosed anxiety
disorder, subjects with merely anxiety symptoms and a reference group without anxiety. These
groups were compared with regard to their functioning, subjective well-being, and use of health care
services, while controlling for potentially confounding variables.

Results. Anxiety was associated with increased disability and diminished well-being. Older persons
with a diagnosed anxiety disorder were equally affected in their functioning as those with merely
anxiety symptoms. Although use of health services was increased in anxiety sufferers, their use of
appropriate care was generally low.

Conclusions. Anxiety has a clear negative impact on the functioning and well-being of older subjects.
The similarity of participants with an anxiety disorder and those having merely anxiety symptoms
regarding quality of life variables and health care use was quite striking. Finally, in spite of its grave
consequences for the quality of life, appropriate care for anxiety is seldom received. Efforts to
improve recognition, disseminate effective treatments in primary care, and referring to specialized
care may have positive effects on the management of anxiety in late life.
Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and
delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales
(PSYRATS)
Authors: HADDOCK G. , McCARRON J. , TARRIER N. , FARAGHER E. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. Scales to measure the severity of different dimensions of auditory hallucinations and
delusions are few. Biochemical and psychological treatments target dimensions of symptoms and
valid and reliable measures are necessary to measure these.

Method. The inter-rater reliability and validity of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS:
auditory hallucination subscale and delusions subscale), which measure several dimensions of
auditory hallucinations and delusions were examined in this study.

Results. The two scales were found to have excellent inter-rater reliability. Their validity as
compared with the KGV scale (Krawiecka et al. 1977) was explored.

Conclusions. It is concluded that the PSYRATS are useful assessment instruments and can
complement existing measures.
Frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia:
a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of
neuropsychiatric features
Authors: GREGORY CAROL A.
Published: July 2002

Background. The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) covers both the temporal and frontal
presentations of this condition. The frontal variant (fv) presents with insidious changes in
personality and behaviour, with neuropsychological evidence of disproportionate frontal
dysfunction. Although psychiatric features are well recognized, there is little systematic data
examining the mental state using assessment instruments and no reported studies of the longitudinal
progress and assessment.

Methods. Fifteen patients with a diagnosis of FTD(fv) were assessed using the Comprehensive
Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS). A subgroup of five patients were reassessed annually using the
same instrument, generating data over a 3-year period.

Results. At initial assessment a third of 15 patients had no psychiatric symptoms to report. Three
patients reported symptoms of sadness, but only one patient met criteria for DSM-IV major
depressive episode. One patient experienced symptoms of elation, but did not meet criteria for
manic episode, while two patients had hypochondriacal complaints but did not meet DSM-IV
criteria for hypochondriasis. One of these patients also experienced the compulsion to count but did
not meet criteria for obsessive compulsive disorder. The objective mental state was, on the whole,
not congruent with the reported symptoms. Five patients assessed over a 3-year period showed no
progression of their subjectively reported symptoms.

Conclusions. Psychiatric symptoms although often present were characterized by their shallowness,
lack of elaboration and non-development over time.
Thermodynamics of nucleic acids and their interactions with ligands
Authors: Lane Andrew N. , Jenkins Terence C.
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 255

1.1 General thermodynamics 256

2. Nucleic acid thermodynamics 260

2.1 DNA duplexes 261

2.2 RNA duplexes 263

2.3 Hybrid DNA–RNA duplexes 264

2.4 Hydration 267

2.5 Conformational flexibility 269

2.6 Thermodynamics 272

3. Nucleic acid–ligand interactions 277

3.1 Minor groove binders 278

3.2 DNA intercalators 284

3.3 Triple-helical systems 288

3.3.1 Structures 288

3.3.2 Hydration 291

3.3.3 Thermodynamics 291

4. Conclusions 295

5. Acknowledgements 298

6. References 298

In recent years the availability of large quantities of pure synthetic DNA and RNA has
revolutionised the study of nucleic acids, such that it is now possible to study their
conformations, dynamics and large-scale properties, and their interactions with small ligands,
proteins and other nucleic acids in unprecedented detail. This has led to the (re)discovery of
higher order structures such as triple helices and quartets, and also the catalytic activity of
RNA contingent on three-dimensional folding, and the extraordinary specificity possible with
DNA and RNA aptamers.

Nucleic acids are quite different from proteins, even though they are both linear polymers
formed from a small number of monomeric units. The major difference reflects the nature of
the linkage between the monomers. The 5′–3′ phosphodiester linkage in nucleic acids carries
a permanent negative charge, and affords a relatively large number of degrees of freedom,
whereas the essentially rigid planar peptide linkage in proteins is neutral and provides only
two degrees of torsional freedom per backbone residue. These two properties conspire to
make nucleic acids relatively flexible and less likely to form extensive folded structures. Even
when true 3D folded structures are formed from nucleic acids, the topology remains simple,
with the anionic phosphates forming the surface of the molecule. Nevertheless, nucleic acids
do occur in a variety of structures that includes single strands and high-order duplex, triplex
or tetraplex (‘quadruplex’) forms. The principles of biological recognition and the related
problem of understanding the forces that stabilise such folded structures are in some respects
more straightforward than for proteins, making them attractive model systems for
understanding general biophysical problems. This view is aided by the relatively facile
chemical synthesis of pure nucleic acids of any desired size and defined sequence, and the ease
of incorporation of a wide spectrum of chemically modified bases, sugars and backbone
linkers. Such modifications are considerably more difficult to achieve with oligopeptides or
proteins.
Topic neutrality and the mind–body problem
Authors: WILLIAMS CLIFFORD
Published: July 2002

In a previous paper I argued that there is conceptual parity between
Christian materialism and Christian dualism because nonmatter is neutral with
respect to thinking and feeling – it might do these but it also might not. This
undermines the explanatory power of immaterial souls. J. P. Moreland responded by
saying that dualists reject this neutral conception of souls: souls are not generic
immaterial substances, but consist of a special kind of nonmatter, namely,
nonmatter whose essence it is to think and feel. I reply that conceptual parity can
still be maintained: Christian materialists can claim that brains are not neutral
either, but consist of a special kind of matter, namely, thinking and feeling matter.
So there is parity whether one adopts a topic-neutral approach or an essentialist
approach.
In defence of proselytizing
Authors: BABER H. E.
Published: July 2002

In Ethics in the Sanctuary, Margaret Battin argues that traditional
evangelism, directed to promoting religious belief, practice, and affiliation, that is
proselytizing, is morally questionable to the extent that it involves unwarranted
paternalism in the interests of securing other-worldly benefits for potential converts.
I argue that Christian evangelism is justified in order to make the this-worldly
benefits of religious belief and practice available to everyone, to bring about an
increase in religious affiliation for the purpose of providing a more supportive social
environment for Christians, and to promote the survival of the institutional Church,
which benefits Christians and nonChristians alike by maintaining church property,
providing access to church buildings and doing liturgy visibly and publicly for the
sake of all people.
Connecting Linguistic Structures and Social Practices:
a Discursive Approach to Social Policy Analysis
Authors: HASTINGS ANNETTE
Published: July 2002

There is an emerging interest within social and policy studies
in the
potential connections between linguistic practices and broader social
processes. It is, however, difficult to find examples of research which
take
a fully discursive approach to policy analysis. Such a discursive approach

might focus on how the use of language in the policy process is involved

with social practices, such as the legitimisation of social relations or
the
construction of ‘knowledge’ of social reality. The article
begins by exploring
theoretical and methodological issues in relation to connecting micro
aspects of language use, such as grammar and lexis, with the social construction

of knowledge. It then uses discourse analysis to explore how the
linguistic resources of a key British urban policy document, New Life
for
Urban Scotland, are involved with reproducing and sustaining a particular

‘knowledge’ or discourse about the causes of urban decline.
Lyle Campbell, American Indian languages:
The historical linguistics of Native America. (Oxford
studies in anthropological linguistics, 4.) Oxford &
New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 512.
Hb $75.00.
Authors: Golla Victor
Published: July 2002

For more than a decade, Americanists have been
working in the shadow of Greenberg's Language
in the Americas (1987) and the hemisphere-wide classification
of American Indian languages proposed there. Greenberg's
work, based for the most part on naïve comparisons
of lexical data with which he was largely unfamiliar, was
met with considerable skepticism by scholars familiar with
the problems of American linguistic classification. But
Greenberg, a senior linguist who is widely recognized as
the father of modern linguistic typology, aggressively
defended his methods and results, and he made allies among
geneticists and archeologists who found that his tripartite
classification (Eskimo-Aleut, Na-Dene, and “Amerind”)
dovetailed with some of their own ideas. Moreover, his
book was published by a leading university press. Mainly
for these reasons – certainly not for its critical
acceptance – Language in the Americas has
become a standard reference work. It is in most academic
libraries in North America, and in many it is given a place
of honor on the reference shelf – together with Merritt
Ruhlen's Guide to the world's languages,
I: Classification (published by the same press,
1987), which, at least for the Americas, does little more
than uncritically recapitulate Greenberg.
Nancy Ries, Russian talk: Culture and conversation
during perestroika. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 220. Hb $39.95, pb $16.95.
Authors: Reményi Andrea Ágnes
Published: July 2002

What makes Russians Russian? Is it a special national
character, or their common emotional or intellectual spirit?
Ries helps us get rid of these slippery essentialist commonplaces
with her interpretative anthropological study of Muscovites'
everyday private talk around 1990. Her effort is outstanding
in both description and theory: Few have undertaken to
describe and analyze Russian (or Eastern European) urban
everyday discourse from the anthropological perspective,
as she does (though recent macro-studies and studies of
public discourse are more numerous). At the same time,
she creates and defends a thesis of everyday talk as a vital
medium of social value creation and maintenance – as
it constructs “Russianness,” in her example.
Tariq Rahman, Language, education and culture.
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press and Sustainable
Development Policy Institute, 1999. Pp. xvi, 318. Hb $26.95.
Authors: Schiffman Harold
Published: July 2002

This is a compendium of articles, originally published
elsewhere, that focus on language, education, and culture
in Pakistan, where the author has spent most of his career.
As he admits in the general introduction, the articles
were not initially written as chapters for a book, so they
do not each focus on a single argument; but since they
have these three themes as they relate to Pakistan as their
organizing idea, with few other sources to guide us, we
can get some general ideas about these issues as they play
out in Pakistan.
Hill, Kenneth C. (editor in chief), Hopi dictionary/Hopìikwa
lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect,
with an English-Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar. Compiled
by the Hopi Dictionary Project, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology,
University of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. Pp. xviii,
900. Hb $85.00.
Authors: Bright William
Published: July 2002

This volume, containing some 30,000 entries, takes
its place as one of the most sophisticated and comprehensive
dictionaries ever prepared for an American Indian language;
indeed, it is among the best dictionaries available for
any language of the world, and a model for future lexicographers
of “neglected” languages. The editorial team
– including Hill, Emory Sekaquaptewa, Mary E. Black,
Ekkehart Malotki, and the late Michael Lomatuway'ma
– compiled the work in consultation with a large
team of elder Hopi speakers from the westernmost Third
Mesa (the villages of Oraibi, Kykotsmovi, Hotevilla, Bacavi,
and Moencopi). Entries include information on inflection,
definitions, examples (often illustrating aspects of Hopi
culture), etymologies, and synonymy, as in the following
sample entry:

(1) kyàasom|ta (∼tota)vn.p.
cook creamed corn. Hakim tùupeptote' mit
pay hingsavàwyat hakim poyot akw ang sispayangwu;
pu' hak ∼tangwu; kyasmi pamningwu. When
they roast sweet corn in the pit oven, they scrape the
kernels off the very short ears and cook them by boiling;
that is creamed corn. kyàasom-ta
[creamed:corn-caus] Syn. kyàasomkwiva.
Waiting for Manifesto 2
Authors: Premack David , James Premack Ann
Published: July 2002

We suggest that innatism and constructivism may differ only in their time scale.
The breadth-depth tradeoff: Gains and losses as the unidirectional shift in Pavlovian conditioning continues
Authors: Goodie Adam S.
Published: July 2002

Domjan et al. continue a consistent trend in Pavlovian conditioning, that of accounting for more behaviors while sacrificing specificity of predictions. Despite the sacrifice, their model provides a valuable framework within which social behavioral research may operate. It may also allow ethologists and evolutionary psychologists to pursue questions about which feed-forward systems should produce which behaviors in social settings.
Most but not all bottom-up interactions between signal properties improve categorization
Authors: Kingston John
Published: July 2002

The massive acoustic redundancy of minimally contrasting speech sounds, coupled with the auditory integration of psychoacoustically similar acoustic properties produces a highly invariant percept, which cannot be improved by top-down feedback from the lexicon. Contextual effects are also bottom-up but not all entirely auditory and may thus differ in whether they affect sensitivity or only response bias.
Putting people before parasites and places
Authors: Campbell Anne
Published: July 2002

The strategic pluralism model depends upon pathogen prevalence and environmental hardship being independent. Evidence is presented that they are positively correlated. The rise in short-term mating strategy in the United States is better explained by changes in the operational sex ratio than by increases in pathogen prevalence. Nonetheless, in highlighting the advantages of a high-investment strategy to less attractive males, Gangestad & Simpson's model helps to clarify the dynamics of frequency-dependent selection.
A psychological point of view: Violations of rational rules as a diagnostic of mental processes
Authors: Kahneman Daniel
Published: July 2002

The target article focuses exclusively on System 2 and on reasoning rationality: the ability to reach valid conclusions from available information, as in the Wason task. The decision-theoretic concept of coherence rationality requires beliefs to be consistent, even when they are assessed one at a time. Judgment heuristics belong to System 1, and help explain the incoherence of intuitive beliefs.
Difficulties with synaptic theory of learning and memory and possible remedies
Authors: Zhadin Mikhail N.
Published: July 2002

The absence of a clear influence of an animal's behavioral responses to Hebbian associative learning in the cerebral cortex requires some changes in the Hebbian learning rules. The participation of the brain monoaminergic systems in Hebbian associative learning is considered.