bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Development of the Optic Nerve of Vertebrates, and the Choroidal Fissure of Embryonic Life
Authors: Asshcton Richard
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Anatomische Anzeiger’ of 28th March, 1891, Froriep described, in a somewhat brief manner, the way in which the fibres of the optic nerve are developed in the embryo of Torpedo ocellata. The paper contains twelve outline figures, which satisfactorily indicate that in the case of Torpedo ocellata at least certain fibres of the optic nerve arise from nerve-cells or neuroblasts situated in that portion of the optic cup which will form the retina at a later stage of development.
Skin Diseases of Parasitic Origin: their Nature and Treatment. Including the Description and Relations of the Fungi found in Man
Authors: Fox W. Tilbury , Wicke R. Hard
Published: April 2021

Mycologists and medical men have to thank Dr. Fox for the comprehensive and elaborate treatise before us, the first original one on the subject in the English language. It treats only of vegetable parasites on man, which would seem to be a not very extensive field for observation; yet, limited though it may appear, it has been so neglected or inadequately treated hitherto, that its condition was little better than chaotic; and this too, in a very few years, for thirty have not passed since Schönlein first described the fungus which causes favus, and which now bears his name. Though the knowledge of the parasites is so recent, many of the diseases to which they give rise have been long recognised, and were treated of by the ancients. It may be also mentioned in connection with the history of the science, that Leeuwenhoek, in his ‘Arcana Naturæ,’ published near the end of the seventeenth century, has figured the Leptothrix buccalis, a small organism which grows on the decaying food between the teeth and papillæ of the tongue.
The Habits and Structure of Arenicola marina
Authors: Gamble F. W. , Ashworth J. H.
Published: April 2021

The common lugworm and its coiled castings of sand are familiar objects on almost all the sandy and muddy shores of Western Europe, but the exact geographical range of the species is doubtful. It has been recorded from the shores of North Siberia, Spitzbergen, Iceland, and Greenland (Wirén, 1883; Levinsen, 1883). On the north-east coast of America it has been found from the Bay of Fundy to Long Island (Verrill, 1881). On both sides of the Atlantic, latitude 40° N. marks approximately the southern limit of Arenicola marina. South of this it is replaced in the Mediterranean by A. Claparèdii, Lev., and by A. cristata, Stimps., the latter also ranging on the west side of the Atlantic from Cape May (N. J.) to the Caribbean Sea. Its reputed occurrence on the north coast of Alaska (Murdoch1), at Vancouver Island (Marenzeller, 1887), Coquimbo, and South Africa requires confirmation.
A Revision of the Genus Steganoporella
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

Some months ago Professor A. C. Haddon presented to the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge a collection of Polyzoa, obtained by him during his first expedition to Torres Straits in 1888-9. The bulk of his collection had previously been given to the British Museum, aud had formed the subject of a paper by Mr. R. Kirkpatrick;1 but the material acquired by the Cambridge Museum, although consisting mostly of small pieces, contained many species which do not seem to have been represented in the other part of the collection. Among these I observed three species of Steganoporella, two of which appear to be undescribed. One of these was of special interest from being well preserved in spirit, enabling observations to be made on its structure. My results on this subject are not quite ready for publication, and I shall at present merely indicate their general nature.
Nouvelles Observations sur les Peripatus de la Collection du Musée Britannique
Authors: Bouvier E. L.
Published: April 2021

M. Le Professeur Ray Lankester ayant eu l’aimable obligeance de me communiquer ce qui restait d’Onychophores au British Museum après son premier envoi, j’ai pensé qu’il serait utile de faire connaître les observations que ces matériaux complémentaires m’ont permis d’effectuer.
On the Protostigmata of Molgula manhattensis (De Kay)
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

In the case of several species of simple Ascidians with relatively alccithal eggs, it is known that the larva, at or about the time of fixation, possesses two pairs of gill-clefts or primary branchial stigmata. The period during which the stigmatic system of the young Ascidian is represented by these two pairs of clefts alone may be one of considerable duration, thus constituting a definite stage of development. This is succeeded by another well-marked stage, characterised by the presence not of three but of four stigmata on each side of the pharynx. In the next stage there are five pairs of stigmata; and, finally, the last stage of the infantile or nepionic period of development is heralded by the appearance of a sixth pair.
On some Parasites found in Echinus esculentus, L
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

The interesting parasite, Syndesmus, was first observed by Patrick Geddes,1 who, however, beyond drawing attention to its partly Turbellarian, partly Trematode characters, made no attempt to describe it. He found it in the perivisceral cavity of Echinus esculentus, L.
The Development of Lepidosiren paradoxa Part II : With a Note upon the Corresponding Stages in the Development of Frotopterus annectens
Authors: Kerr J. Graham
Published: April 2021

With a Note upon the Corresponding Stages in the Development of Protopterus annectens.
Dendrocometes paradoxus: Part I.—Conjugation
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. , Wadsworth J. T.
Published: April 2021

There is no species of the class Acinetaria that can be obtained with greater facility at all times of the year than Dendrocometes paradoxus (Stein). This is due to the fact that it is found with unfailing regularity on the gills of our commonest fresh-water Crustacean, Gammarus pulex.
A New and Annectant Type of Chilopod
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: April 2021

The continent of Australia and its adjacent islands have hitherto proved singularly disappointing in the production of interesting types of Chilopoda. Setting aside Cermatobins, which was discovered some fifteen years back in the island of Adenara, none of the genera known up to the present time from the Australian region throw special light upon the phylogeny of the families of this class ; none can be regarded as archaic forms that have found refuge in this southern tract of land. Collections made in various districts of the country have yielded specimens of Scutigera, Henicops, Lithobius, Scolopendra, Cryptops, Geophilus—genera which may be met with on a single hillside in almost any part of Southern Europe; of Cormocephalus and Ethmostigmus, which in an almost equal degree are characteristic of tropical Africa or the Oriental region. The entire fauna, in short, bears the stamp of comparatively recent origin by immigration from South Eastern Asia, with perhaps an infusion from the Ethiopian region or Madagascar.
Notes on Actinotrocha
Authors: Menon K. Ramunni
Published: April 2021

The following notes on Actinotrocha (a careful comparison of which with Brachiopod larvæ seemed desirable) may be of interest in connection with Masterman’s recent investigations on this larval form. I wish to express here my deep indebtedness to my kind teacher, Professor Bourne, for affording me every facility and help for working in his laboratory.
Studies on the Arachnid Entosternite
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: April 2021

The investigations here recorded were set on foot in the first instance with the purpose of settling certain contradictions as to matters of fact in the extant descriptions and published ligures of the entosternites of various Arachnids, which a preliminary dip into the literature revealed. It was necessary to ascertain whether these discrepancies were attributable to a natural variability in the organ, to specific or generic differences between the species dissected, or to errors of observation on the part of the dissectors. In some cases, too, there was an entire lack of agreement on the part of observers in the interpretation of the facts recorded ; and the suggested homologies between the constituent parts of the entosternites of various species did not, on a priori grounds, appear to be in all cases satisfactory. I was anxious, moreover, to test the respective claims to recognition of the two theories of the origin of the entosternite that have been put forward.
On the Body-Cavities and Nephridia of the Actinotrocha Larva
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

On a previous occasion I announced the discovery of solenocytes in the larva of Phoronis (8, p. 499, note 1), and the following paper contains an account of the structure aud relations of its excretory organs. Since it is necessary to discuss the nature of the various cavities in the larva in order to thoroughly elucidate the morphological relations of the nephridia, I have gone into some detail on this question, and have illustrated my observations with some diagrammatic reconstructions which will, I hope, render my conclusions clear to the reader. The work is based on the examination of sections of some large Actinotrocha larvæ I caught at Trincomalee in 1899, and more especially on the study of some abundant material I obtained at Faro last July (1902).1 The Cingalese larvæ are provided with about thirty-six slender tentacles ; the Sicilian larvæ when full grown have fourteen tentacles, and probably belong to Phoronis psammophila.
Enteropneusta from Madras
Authors: Ramunni Menon K.
Published: April 2021

During the last few months I have been able to dredge on a small scale off the Madras Coast. The specimens already obtained include a number of interesting forms, and I was especially gratified to find a few specimens of Enteropneusta, the occurrence of which had been rendered almost certain by the presence in great abundance of Tornarias in the Madras Plankton. Among other types may be mentioned Amphioxus, Lingula, Edwardsia, Pennatulids, Sphenopus, etc. The Enteropneusta form the subject of the present paper.
Observations on Ovarian Ova and Follicles in Certain Teleostean and Elasmobranch Fishes
Authors: Wallace William
Published: April 2021

The ovaries of certain species of Teleostean and Elasmobranch fishes were examined with particular reference to the following points: Post-embryonic origin of ova and follicular epithelium.Yolk nuclei and their significance.Egg-membranes and follicular epithelium.Histology of egg-absorption.Structural changes in ruptured follicles.
On the Anatomy and Development of Distomum cirrigerum, v. Baer
Authors: Warren Ernest
Published: April 2021

Material.— In November, 1901, my attention was drawn by a student dissecting a male crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) to the condition of its muscles. The extensor’ muscles behind the heart contained numerous rounded bodies of a whitish translucent aspect, which varied in size from microscopic dimensions to 1’5 mm. or more in diameter. On examination these bodies proved to be cysts enclosing the trematode Distomum cirrigerum, v. Baer. The living animal could be seen revolving inside the cyst.
On the Modification of the Eye Peduncles in Crabs of the Genus Cymonomus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

My attention was drawn to the interesting subject which is dealt with in the present article by a paragraph in Lord Avebury’s charming little book, ‘The Beauties of Nature.’ He there says (p. 331 of the last edition), “Sir Wyville Thomson mentions a kind of crab (Ethusa granulata) which, when living near the surface, has well-developed eyes; in deeper water—100 to 400 fathoms—eye-stalks are present, but the animal is apparently blind, the eyes themselves being absent; while in specimens from a depth of 500 to 700 fathoms the eye-stalks themselves have lost their special character, and have become fixed, their terminations being combined into a strong pointed beak.” When I came upon this passage it occurred to me that possibly the crab was large enough to form a suitable “exhibit “for the public gallery of the Natural History Museum, and that if so the three stages indicated in Lord Avebury’s brief notice would constitute a very interesting and striking demonstration for the general public of the modification of the organ of sight of Crustacea in relation to the presence or absence of light in their environment.
On some New Species of the Genus Phreodrilus
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

Amongst the Oligochæta obtained by Messrs. Lucas and Hodgson in their recent biological survey of the New Zealand lakes, which they were generous enough to hand over to me for identification,1 I find two new species of Phreodrilus; and a third species I owe to the kindness of my friend, Mr. Smith, of Ashburton, from whom Mr. Beddard received the type species of the genus.
On the Structure and Development of the Somatic and Heterotype Chromosomes of Tradescantia Virginica
Authors: Farmer J. B. , Shove Dorothy
Published: April 2021

The object of this paper is to attempt to elucidate the series of changes that occur during the evolution of the chromosomes from the resting nucleus. We have expressly excluded all matter relating to the formation of the spindle, the cell wall, and other irrelevant structures from our account.
The Ontogenetic Stages represented by the Gastropod Protoconch
Authors: Kesteven H. Leighton
Published: April 2021

That the so-called “protoconch “may not be the true protoconch has been known ever since Lankester (7) drew attention to the fact that the primitive shell-sac or gland sometimes became filled with a chitinous plug which was subsequently shed, before the inception of the protective shell.
II.—Spicule Formation in Alcyonium digitatum; with Remarks on the Histology
Authors: Woodland W.
Published: April 2021

Considering how common a form on both English and Continental coasts is the massive colony of Alcyonium digitat um, it is the more surprising that the very conspicuous and characteristic skeleton appertaining to this species has not been more fully investigated from its developmental aspect than it hitherto has. Figures, verbal descriptions, and nomenclatures of the various forms of the adult Alcyonarian spicule are plentiful enough, but, so far as I have been able to ascertain, the manner of development of this skeletal element has, up to the present, never been completely worked out.1
The Gastrulation Question
Authors: Keibel Franz
Published: April 2021

In consequence of the frequent discussions that took place in the course of the summer between Professor Hubrecht and myself concerning the gastrulation of the Vertebrates, he kindly sent me his paper on this subject for inspection before its publication. I would like to add a short explanation to his argumentation.
Piroplasma muris, Fant., from the Blood of the White Rat, with Remarks on the Genus Piroplasma
Authors: Fantham H. B.
Published: April 2021

Among the Hæmosporidia few genera are of greater interest to-day than Piroplasma. Its complete life-cycle is still unknown, yet “piroplasmosis” 1 is a dreaded malady which attacks many mammals, including man. In 1893 Smith and Kilborne (46) published their epoch-marking monograph on P. bigeminum, the parasite of Texas fever in cattle. According to Koch, this ranks as one of the three great discoveries in the ætiology of protozoal diseases, the other two being the discovery of the human malarial parasite by Laveran in 1882, and the Trypanosome of “Magana” by Bruce in 1895. ‘
Observations on Tooth-Development in Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Wilson J. T. , Hill J. P.
Published: April 2021

Since the appearance of Professor E. B. Poulton’s first announcement (1) of his discovery of true teeth of mammalian type in a mammary-fœtal specimen of Ornithorhynchus, several papers have appeared dealing with the dentition of this animal. Only one of these (2), embodying a more detailed account, by Poulton himself, of his own investigations, concerns the developing teeth prior to their eruption. The extreme difficulty of procuring the necessary material has hitherto stood in the way of further research in this direction. The stage investigated by Poulton is accordingly the only one in which, so far as we are aware, there is any record of the nonerupted and immature dentition.
Studies in Spicule Formation. VI.—The Scleroblastic Development of the Spicules in some Mollusca and in one Genus of Colonial Ascidians
Authors: Woodland W.
Published: April 2021

The nudibranchs examined, all obtained from Plymouth, consisted of three genera—G-oniodoris castanea, Archidoris tuberculata, and Lamellidoris bilamellata. Most of my specimens were simply fixed and preserved in absolute alcohol, and were, in consequence, much contracted; others were fixed with 1 per cent, osmic acid, opened to give admission to the stain, and stained as usual with picro-carmine (three hours), and I received them in this condition. In both cases I divided the animals horizontally into halves (with scissors), and in each instance scraped away with a scalpel the viscera and most of the musculature of the body-wall, until the portion of integument left looked to some extent translucent (whether unstained or stained). I usually found that the integument of the foot showed the spicules better than that of the dorsum. The unstained portions of integument (alcohol specimens) I stained in a saturated solution of safranin (nigrosin is also good) in absolute alcohol for a fortnight; washed thoroughly in warm absolute for a day or so, stained for a few minutes in a saturated solution of lichtgrün in absolute alcohol; again washed well in absolute, cleared in xylol and finally mounted in balsam. In most cases the picro-carmine specimens became too dark if also stained with lichtgrün.
Trichomastix serpentis, n.sp.
Authors: Clifford Dobell C.
Published: April 2021

The subject of this paper is a parasitic flagellate which I have obtained from the rectum of Boa constrictor, L. Owing to the kindness of Mr. W. A. Harding, of Histon, Cambridge, I was enabled to examine one of these snakes shortly after it had died of canker of the mouth. In the rectum there was about 30 c.c. of a brownish, almost odourless, alkaline fluid, containing many organic particles in suspension. This fluid was transferred to a glass dish, and prevented as far as possible from evaporating by covering with a thick glass plate fixed down by vaseline. It was by examination of this culture from time to time that the observations here recorded were made.
Spirochæta (Trypanosoma) balbianii (Certes) and Spirochæta anodontæ (Keysselitz): their Movements, Structure, and Affinities
Authors: Fantham H. B.
Published: April 2021

There are few more interesting unicellular organisms at present under investigation than those microscopic, yet most active, forms known as Spirochætes, which lie on the borderline between animals and plants. They are, indeed, veritable members of Haeckel’s kingdom Protista, which—from their minute size and attenuate form—are most difficult objects for research. Little is known precisely of their structure, and their affinities are the subject of much discussion; hence the use of the term Protista in the preceding sentence. The wisdom of this classification for avoiding hard and fast lines where such do not naturally exist among the lowliest organisms, has now been recognised, and Schaudinn a few years ago founded a journal (‘Archiv für Protistenkunde’) exclusively devoted to the publication of memoirs on such organisms, including Bacteria. And the study of these forms is of the highest economic importance.
Memoirs: Studies in Spicule Formation
Authors: WOODLAND W.
Published: April 2021

1. The earliest stages in development of the Hexactinellid spicule are at present unknown, but there exist reasons for supposing that it originates as a granule enclosed by a spherical syncytium in which cell-outlines are absent, and that the six rays of the hexact grow out from this granule.

2. The earliest stage of development yet discovered is the small hexact, the rays of which do not extend to the periphery of the enveloping syncytium.

3. The rays of the hexact elongate, causing the spherical syncytium at first "to present a more or less octahedral shape, with somewhat concave surfaces and with rounded corners" (Ijima).

4. The rays at length extend beyond the spherical contour of the syncytium (the scleroblast mass), the scleroplasm of which, however, persistently adheres to the rays as a thin film, which occasionally includes nuclei.

5. The peripheral growth of the megasclere type of spicule causes the spherical syncytium enveloping the point of junction of the six rays to dwindle and finally to disappear on account of the distension involved. The whole of the microsclere, with the exception of the terminals, remains permanently enveloped by the spherical syncytium.

6. All tetractinellid and monactinellid spicules originate as granules contained within single cells. In a few instances the spicule arises from several granules within the cell and then consists of separate parts (dragmata, for example).

7. All growth is accretionary. There is no well-authenticated instance of a siliceous sponge-spicule being formed by the fusion of at-first-separate parts--such as occurs in calcareous sponges, for example.

8. With the exception of very large spicules, the nucleus of the distended scleroblast remains single throughout growth.

9. It is a significant fact that spicule formation proceeds on very different lines in each of the three great groups of sponges--the Tetraxonida, Triaxonida, and Calcarea.
The Structure and Life-History of Copromonas subtilis, nov. gen. et nov. spec.: a Contribution to our Knowledge of the Flagellata
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford
Published: April 2021

I believe there is no group of Protozoa which has yielded more interesting results from its investigation than that of the Flagellata. Even since the wonderful work of Dallinger and Drysdale was published, the flagellates have been invested with a fascinating uncertainty regarding their reproductive capacities. And, although this work has never been confirmed, the recent discoveries of Schaudinn and Prowazek have revealed the existence of life-histories which are in no way less remarkable than those described by the English investigators. Yet in spite of all this the flagellates —with the exception of the trypanosomes—are much neglected by protozoologists.
On the Eggs and Instars of Scutigerella sp.*
Authors: Muir F. , Kershew J.C.
Published: April 2021

This species is common in Amboina, very abundant in Ceram, and probably also in all the Moluccas, and perhaps other islands of Netherlands India. It lives chiefly, and in great numbers, in the black mould between the bark and the wood of rotten logs, in the rotten wood itself, under dead leaves, and under stones and pieces of wood lying on the ground. It is found only in damp situations, and seems to prefer the low-lying land to the hills, though it is common there also.
Some Observations on a New Gregarine (Meta-mera schubergi nov. gen., nov. spec.)
Authors: Lyndhurst Duke H.
Published: April 2021

While working at Heidelberg in 1906, under Professors B ütschli and Schuberg, the latter kindly called my attention to a new species of gregarine in the gut of G-lossosiphonia complanata L. (Clepsine sexoculata), and suggested its further investigation. The preceding summer, while busied with a recently discovered coccidium occurring in the leech Herpobdella atomaria Car. (=Nephelis vulgaris), Professor Schuberg turned his attention to Glossosiphonia complanata, which occurs in company with Herpobdella in the Neckar and occasional ponds in the Heidelberg district. Deeming it probable that two forms so alike in habit and environment might harbour the same parasites, he dissected several specimens of this leech, and, though the results were in the main negative, he found several animals infected with a species of gregarine. Reference to the literature proved the parasite to be identical with a species briefly mentioned by Bolsius in 1895 (2), and the subject of a more detailed but still fragmentary paper in 1896 (3). Beyond a superficial study carried on incidentally during his work on the G lossosiphonia Bolsius seems to have paid no further attention to the parasite, which remained unnoticed until 1900, when Castle (5), in an exhaustive treatise on the N. American Rhynchobdellidæ and their parasites, mentions having observed the gregarine seen by Bolsius in about half the specimens of Clepsine elongata which he examined. He adds, however, that he only finds the animals in the stomach diverticula, and never in the intestine or crop, as indicated by Bolsius in his diagrams. Castle also mentions encysted protozoa which he found in C. fusca, and suggests the possibility of their relationship to the form in G. coin-planata. The cysts he found in the muscle-layers of the body-wall, so that they probably have nothing to do with the gregarine in question.
Notes on the Free-Living Nematodes
Authors: Potts F. A.
Published: April 2021

Orley divided the Nematoda into three groups, roughly corresponding to differences of habitat found in the phylum. (1) Nematozoa embracing all parasitic forms, (2) Rhabditiforniæ which live free in “decomposing organic substances or in earth saturated with such substances”; and (3) Angui 1-lulidæ, the rest of.the free-living nematodes, found in soil oiwater. Such a classification, grounded on œcology, pays no attention to the facts of morphology, and is naturally out of place in zoological arrangement, which aims at expressing the relationship of animals by descent. The methods of life of an animal are, moreover, largely ruled by the mode oE procuring nutriment which has been adopted. The first two groups of Orley are parasites and saprophytes respectively, but in the Anguillulidæ we have a heterogeneous collection of forms varying greatly in their habits of life. Little is known of their sources of nourishment save in the case of a very definite division (e.g. Tylenchus, Dorylaimus), which live on the juices of plants, and for that end are provided with a small protrusible spear for piercing tissues and suctorial pharynx for absorbing sap thus set free. The vast majority of this family, however, possess an unarmed buccal cavity; but in all the muscular pharynx is constantly at work, now dilated, now collapsed, constantly pumping fluid through the alimentary canal. There is no morphological distinction to be observed between such a free-living nematode as is found in. the mud of a lake or amongst the algæ of the marine littoral anda Rhabditisor Diplogaster of the soil. But the latter class can be kept in a culture fluid which swarms with bacteria, in which individuals of the former class would speedily succumb. The tissues of a Rhabdi tis must be resistant to bacterial action and unharmed by the toxins which such organisms produce, and the worm is, in fact, capable of building up protoplasm from the bacteria themselves or from the products of their action. These are the most prominent physiological characteristics of the soil nematodes, Orley’s Rhabditiformæ, and account for the peculiarities of their distribution, for they are apparently absent from dry soils and those with a small admixture of organic matter, and even in soils rich in humus are only detected in quantity by allowing some animal or vegetable substance to putrefy on the sample. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the part which nematodes play in the economy of the soil,1 but an investigation of this problem may well reveal results of as great interest as those which have been put on record by Maupas, working on the sexual organisation. In the present paper it is proposed to confine attention to the reproductive phenomena in certain hermaphrodite species, but it is hoped in a subsequent research to return to the nutrition and distribution of the class.
The Origin and Formation of Fibrous Tissue Produced as a Reaction to Injury in Pecten Maximus, as a type of the Lamellibranchiata
Authors: Drew G. H. , Morgan W. De
Published: April 2021

The experiments described in this paper were performed on Pecten maximus at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth.
The Division of the Collar-Cells of Clathrina coriacea (Montagu): A Contribution to the Theory of the Centrosome and Blepharoplast
Authors: Robertson Muriel , Minchin E. A.
Published: April 2021

At the present time there is a great deal of confusion in the use of the words “blepharoplast “and “centrosome.” Two distinct questions arise with regard to the significance of these bodies; the first is the question of the homology of blepharo-plastsand centrosomes; the second is that of the nature of the centrosome, and more particularly whether or not it is to be regarded as equivalent primarily to a nucleus.
Cortical Cell Lamination of the Hemispheres of Papio Hamadryas
Authors: Schuster E. H. J.
Published: April 2021

The localisation of function in the cerebral cortex is a problem on the importance of which it is hardly necessary to dwell. Its practical value to the surgeon and its theoretical interest to the physiologist and psychologist are obvious and have been sufficiently recognised. It is a problem which concerns many of the biological sciences, since it can be approached in many different ways. The physiologist has, by the electric stimulation of different parts of the surface of the brain in various animals, obtained responses from different parts of the body, and has thus been enabled to say what areas control the movements of the various groups of muscles. Occasional opportunities are afforded to the surgeon for making similar experiments on the human subject. The ablation of different parts of the cerebral cortex in the living animal is another physiological method from which valuable conclusions have been drawn. Observations on the alterations in function associated with local cortical lesions due to accident or to disease form a parallel method of research in the domains of pathology.
On Some Points in the Anatomy and BudFormation of Limnocnida tanganicæ
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: April 2021

The minute anatomy of the African freshwater jelly-fish, Limnocnida tanganicæ Bôhm, was first described in this journal by R. T. Gunther in 1893 (1); in addition to the account of the histology of this animal the paper includes a very complete description of the asexual development of the buds from the wall of the manubrium.
The Mouth-Parts of Some Beetle Larvæ (Dascillidae and Scarabæidæ), with especial reference to the Maxillulæ and Hypopharynx
Authors: Carpenter George H. , MacDowell Mabel C.
Published: April 2021

The variety of structure that may be observed among the larvae of beetles has a most suggestive interest for the student of insect transformation. Here, within the limits of the single order of the Coleoptera, we find a complete series of forms, leading from the active armoured larvæ of the Carabidae, with their elongate feelers and well-developed legs with two-clawed feet, to the soft-cuticled, legless grabs of the Curculionidæ and Meloidæ—from the campodeiform to the eruciform type of insect larva. Since the classical memoir of Brauer (’69) on insect transformation, many students have laid stress upou the facts of development among the Coleoptera—notably the hypermetamorphosis of the Meloidæ, where the campodeiform precedes the eruciform type in the lifehistory—in conjunction with the relationship of the Coleoptera to the more highly organised insects, such as the Lepidoptera and Diptera, whose larvæ are always eruciform or vermiform. From these premisses they have argued that the active, armoured larva must be in the phylogeny of the Insecta more primitive than the legless grub; that there must have been an increasing divergence between the imaginal and larval stages in the course of insect evolution; and that such larvæ as bee-grubs and maggots—apparently simple in structure—must be considered as the result of a long process of degradation. Some years ago this question of the divergence of imago and larva in the course of insect phylogeny was discussed at some length by one of the authors of the present paper (Carpenter [’03]).
On a Freshwater Medusa from Rhodesia
Authors: Boulenger Charles. L.
Published: April 2021

This material on which this note is based consists of a number of slides which I received from Mr. C. F. Rousselet, to whom my best thanks are due for his generosity in entrusting me with the description of these valuable specimens.
The Experimental Hybridisation of Echinus miliaris, Echinus esculentus, and Echinus acutus
Authors: Debaisienx G.
Published: April 2021

The few experiments on the hybridisation of the Echinoderms of which I am now giving the results were commenced on the advice of Professor MacBride, who himself had made similar experiments on other species. At his suggestion I chose Echinus miliaris, Echinus esculentus and Echinus acutus, in order to verify the interesting results obtained by Shearer, De Morgan and Fuchs (‘ll) in their experiments on these species. I should like in the first place to express my thanks to Professor Sedgwick, who so kindly received me at his institute, and to Professor MacBride, who has helped me so much by his valuable advice and has placed at my disposal material which he had himself collected.
On the Afferent Ganglionated Nerve-fibres of the Muscles Innervated by the Fifth Cranial Nerve; and on the Innervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini and Tensor Tympani
Authors: Edgeworth F. H.
Published: April 2021

It was shown by Sherrington that the skeletal muscles innervated by the spinal nerves receive afferent nerve-fibres from the posterior nerve-roots as well as efferent nerve-fibres from the anterior roots. These afferent nerve-fibres come from cells in the spinal root ganglia, and constitute from one third to one half of the myelinate fibres in any muscular nerve-trunk. On the other hand, the external ocular muscles do not receive any ganglionated nerve-fibres, and the direct fibres which pass to them are efferent-afferent (Sherrington, Sherrington and Tozer, Dogiel).
Notes on the Histriobdellidæ
Authors: Haswell W. A.
Published: April 2021

The publication by Shearer in 1910 of an elaborate account of the anatomy of Histriobdella homari (9) has greatly added to our knowledge of that remarkable and interesting animal, which had remained neglected, so far as published work is concerned, since 1884, when Foettinger published his valuable observations on it (3).
The Metaphase Spindle in the Spermatogenetic Mitoses of Forfícula Auricularia
Authors: Meek C. F. U.
Published: April 2021

In a paper published at the beginning of this year I have shown that only one generalisation has been established concerning the mitotic spindle, viz. that it is not a figure formed entirely by the action of forces at its poles. The arguments put forward by Hartog in support of his “mitokinetic “force prove that, if this generalisation is denied, the spindle can be formed by no known forces. G-allardo and Rhumbler have been compelled to accept this proposition; and all early theories either admit it, or are disproved because they do not admit it.
The Development of Echinocardium cordatum
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

ANYONE reading through the comprehensive summaries of our knowledge of echinoderm larvæ given by Mortensen (1898; 1901) must be struck on the one hand by the large number of varieties of echinoderm larvæ described therein, and on the other hand, by the paucity of cases in which the parentage of the larva had been accurately determined.
Chromosomes, Heredity and Sex: A Review of the Present State of the Evidence with regard to the Material Basis of Hereditary Transmission and Sex-Determination
Authors: Doncaster L.
Published: April 2021

IT is now rather over ten years since the hypothesis was first put forward that the segregation of Mendelian allelo-morphic characters is caused by the pairing in “synapsis” of chromosomes of paternal and maternal origin, and their sub-sequent separation into different gametes (58, 59, 64). At about the same time, the discovery of an “accessory chromo-some” in the spermatocytes of several Orthopterous and Hemipterous insects, which passes undivided into half the spermatids, led to the suggestion that this body was a sex-determiner (31), and shortly afterwards Castle (13) put forward the hypothesis that sex-determination is due to a pair of Mendelian factors, which segregate in gametogenesis in such a way that every germ-cell bears one or other. In this paper it is not proposed to review the earlier work, nor to give an account of all the papers which have added to our knowledge of the subject, but to summarise some of the more important lines of evidence which have become available in the last few years, so as to show as far as possible the present state of our knowledge.1 Further, it is not proposed to deal at all com-pletely with the various theoretical speculations to which the matter has given rise, except in so far as is necessary for the understanding of the way in which the facts referred to are related to the general question of the material basis of here-ditary transmission and of sex-determination.
A Cytological Study of Œnothera mut. lata and Œ. mut. semilata in Relation to Muta-tion
Authors: Gates R. Ruggles , Thomas Nesta
Published: April 2021

The special interest which attaches to the genus Œnothera at the present time arises from the description by de Vries of the mutation phenomena in these forms. The observations of de Vries have subsequently been confirmed by various investigators, but there has been much difference of opinion concerning the nature, causes and significance of the mutations themselves as they occur in Œ.Lamarckiana and Œ. biennis.
Double Hydrocœle in the Development and Metamorphosis of the Larva of Asterias rubens, L.
Authors: Gemmill James F.
Published: April 2021

As is well known, the hydrocœle or water vascular system of Echinoderms arises from a portion of the left cœlom. The early larvae being bilaterally symmetrical, a great deal of discussion has taken place as to whether any definite portion of the right cœlomic cavity corresponds with the hydrocœle, and if so, whether this portion gives rise to any adult structure which can be identified. There has also been much speculation regarding the bilateral ancestor. On both of these problems a study of double hydrocœle—that is, the condition in which a right as well as a left hydrocœle appears—is calculated to throw light. While this is true for any kind of Echinoderm, it applies particularly in the case of A. rubens, since there is evidence that the ontogenetic history of our species belongs to the least modified type of larval development we yet know of within the phylum (4, p. 279). Again, various points in normal development are difficult to determine with certainty, on account of the great and rapid change of symmetry which occurs at metamorphosis. Welcome additional light on a. number of these points (p. 72) has accrued from a study of double hydrocœle.
On the Embryology of Stratiodrilus
Authors: Haswell W. A.
Published: April 2021

The development of the Histriobdellidæ is practically unknown. In fact, so far as I am aware, the only statements regarding it which have been published are contained in P. J. van Beneden’s original description of Histriobdella homari (1). These are very brief and superficial, and the figures given, except in so far as they show a process of complete segmentation and the absence of any metamorphosis, do not throw much light on the essentials of the development.
The Development of the Sperm Duct, Oviduct, and Spermatheca in Tubifex rivulorum
Authors: Gatenby J. Bronté
Published: April 2021

Some months ago Mr. E. S. Goodrich kindly suggested that I should investigate the developmental history of the sperm duct in Tubifex. In this paper I have also described the formation of the oviduct and spermatheca. There is no modern description of the organogeny of the genital ducts of any Oligochæte of the Tubificid type. In 1886 Bergh (1) described, by means of the serial section method, the development of the genitalia of some Lumbricid worms ; but histological detail of the kind, made possible by modern instruments and technique, is naturally lacking. Nevertheless, Bergh’s results are, in the main, quite in agreement with my own. When Bergh wrote his paper comparative anatomists believed that the genital ducts of Annelids were always, in some way or other, connected phylogenetically with the nephridia. Even as late as 1895, F. E. Beddard (2), in his admirable monograph on the Oligochæta, wrote : “The generative ducts of the Oligochæta have for a long time been believed to have some connection with the nephridia, but the precise nature of this relation has only quite recently been cleared up.” The belief in the phylogenetic relation between nephridium and gonoduct was at that time one of the important doctrines of the comparative anatomist, being applied to the Hirudinea and Polychæta as well; but was soon to be completely upset by Mr. E. S. Goodrich (3 and 3a) in a series of important papers published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science? The main results derived from a study of the genital duct and nephridium in the Polychæta are summed up in a paper published in 1900 (36). Though Bergh nearly thirty years ago contributed evidence for the modern view of the nature and phylogenetic significance of the gonoduct and nephridium of Oligochæta, a view applying, to all Annelida, and showed how completely independent were these structures in Lumbricus, investigators preferred almost to ignore his work, and to search in other types of Oligochæta for evidence of the supposed phylogenetic relation of genital duct and nephridium. Thus, though the modern view of the relation of these organs has been worked out first in the Polychæta, it will be seen that some evidence for Mr. Goodrich’s views had already been accumulated in Oligochæta.
On the Development of the Cape Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi, Ridewood)
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F.
Published: April 2021

In October, 1915, I recorded some observations on living specimens of the Cape Cephalodiscus, its eggs and larvæ (4). I had hoped in the following summer to be able to procure additional specimens, more especially of advanced larvæ, showing the process of metamorphosis. Contrary however, to all expectations, not a single living specimen was procured by the trawlers during the summer months. One colony, very much damaged, and with the zooid cavities filled with sand grains, was found on a sandy bottom, some six or eight miles from the usual habitat of the animal, of value only as indicating that the animal may be carried some distance by currents. The reason for this scarcity probably was, as suggested by the captains of the trawlers, that there had been no heavy seas, and no great “drawback ” or strong currents to detach the colonies from the rocky ground which, there is reason to believe, is their natural habitat.
Note on the Sex of a Tadpole raised by Artificial Parthenogenesis
Authors: Gatenby J. Brontè
Published: April 2021

With the object of ascertaining what is the sex of tadpoles of R. temporaria raised by artificial parthenogenesis I undertook some experiments last April. As my intention was to procure as many tadpoles as possible, I adhered to the method of smearing the eggs with a mixture of blood and lymph and then pricking each one with a very fine glass needle. The usual precautions were taken in this work, even the water in which the eggs were raised being drawn from a tank where it had remained for several days; the frogs were carefully washed in alcohol before opening, and the eggs were not allowed to touch the skin while being withdrawn from the swollen uterus.
An Easy Way of Demonstrating the Nuclei of Nerve Fibres
Authors: Reborn Henry E.
Published: April 2021

While attending the histology class this summer, I, in common with my neighbours, found great difficulty in rendering visible the nuclei of teased, fresh nerve fibres. Using gentian violet as recommended in Sir Edward Schäfer’s ‘Essentials of Histology,’ the nerve fibres were almost uniformly stained, and the nuclei did not stand out convincingly. I tried other stains with equally disappointing results, and at last, in desperation, I used a mixture of nearly all the stains on the table (Ehrlich’s hæmatoxylin, methylene blue, and alcoholic solution of eosin) and thus obtained a preparation in which blue nuclei stood out prominently on a reddish background. The preparation was shown to Dr. de Souza and Prof. Halliburton, who suggested to me that I should proceed to investigate the matter and ascertain what was the cause of success in this “blunderbuss” experiment.
The Degenerate (Apyrene) Sperm-formation of Moths as an Index to the Inter-relation-ship of the Various Bodies of the Spermatozoon
Authors: Brouté Oaten J.
Published: April 2021

(1) In Lepidoptera degeneration of cell elements take place at all stages of spermatogenesis.

(2) Degeneration of the chromosomes just after the second maturation division leads to what has been called “apyrene “spermatozoa.

(3) “Apyrene,” “oligopyrene,” and “enpyrene “spermatozoa are not separate kinds in Lepidoptera, but all intermediate stages are to be found.

(4) It is suggested that in Lepidoptera these terms lack the significance which has been attached to them.

(5) Degeneration may set in just when the cell elements are about to be properly orientated before spermiogenesis, and in such cases the nucleus and head centrosome fail to join. The former sinks down the lengthening sperm.

(6) The acroblasts almost always accompany the nucleus and form a normal acrosome.

(7) In degenerate spermatids where the chromsomcs fail to join up normally, the macromitosome (nebenkern) may be normally formed,

(8) The macromitosome may become normally elongated in sperms in which the nuclei are degenerate.

(9) It is suggested that the abnormal sperms are unable to bring about fertilisation.

(10) Individual nuclei can be reconstituted from separate chromosomes.

(11) At least partial inter-dependence of some cell elements is indicated by degenerate stages.

(12) Two centres of force, lodged respectively in the nucleus and in the centrosome, seem to be present.
Note on the Development of Trichogramma evanescens.
Authors: Gatenby J. Bronte
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this short note is to correct some errors which were overlooked in a recent paper by me. These-mistakes, which are in my text references to the figures of the development of Trichogramma, are as follows, and occur in my paper on “The Embryonic Development of Trichogramma Evanescens, a Monembryonic Egg Parasite of Donacia Simplex,” (‘Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci.,’ vol. 62,. part 2, February, 1917).
On Some New Phelliinæ From New Guinea
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

The genus Phellia, instituted by Gosse (14) and placed in the family Sagartiadæ, was originally defined by him as follows: “Base adhering to rocks; little exceeding the column. Column pillar-like in expansion; the margin tentaculate, without parapet or fosse. Surface smooth, pierced with loop-holes; partly clotted with a tough epidermis, which is rough externally, firmly adherent to the skin. Disc concave; the edge not undulate. Tentacles few, in more than one row; barred. Mouth not raised on a cone; lip thickened. Acontia discharged but reluctantly.”