bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Opening of Zirconacyclopentadienes by Remote Coordination: Concise Synthesis of the Furan Core of the Leupyrrins.
Authors: Debnar Thomas , Dreisigacker Sandra , Menche Dirk
Published: April 2013

An efficient method for the highly regioselective opening of aliphatic zirconacyclopentadienes based on a novel concept of remote stereorelay is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategy for Cyclic Amines: A Stereodefined Cyclic N,O‐Acetal as a Stereocontrol and Diversity‐Generating Element.
Authors: Kim Haejin , Lim Wontaeck , Im Donghong , Kim Dong‐gil , Rhee Young Ho
Published: April 2013

A new and efficient method to prepare various optically active cyclic amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Propargylamines and α‐Acylketene Dithioacetals: A Synthetic Strategy for Highly Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Long , Di Chong‐Hui , Liu Si‐Di , Meng Jia , Liu Qun
Published: April 2013

The synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles via a new cycloaddition strategy is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Hydroxyindoles by Intramolecular Alkynol—Furan Diels—Alder Cycloaddition.
Authors: LaPorte Matthew , Hong Ki Bum , Xu Jie , Wipf Peter
Published: April 2013

Propargyl alcohols isolated after the first step undergo intramolecular cycloaddition under microwave irradiation to give the title compounds in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Novel 2‐Dichloromethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes.
Authors: Ye Fei , Li Ying , Fu Ying , Gao Shuang , Zhao Li‐Xia
Published: April 2013

A series of novel 2‐dichloromethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes (V) are synthesized by dichlorocarbene insertion into the C—H bond of dioxolanes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Evaluation of Cancer Inhibitory Activity of 4‐[Indol‐3‐yl‐methylene]‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Jing Lingling , Wang Liang , Zhao Yinglan , Tan Rui , Xing Xiumei , Liu Ting , Huang Wencai , Luo Youfu , Li Zicheng
Published: April 2013

Several 4‐[indol‐3‐yl‐methylene]‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one derivatives (V) (32 examples) are synthesized via an Aldol condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiangiogenic Activity of Benzothiazole, Benzimidazole Containing Phthalimide Derivatives.
Authors: Nagarajan Shunmugam , Majumder Syamantak , Sharma Upendra , Rajendran Saranya , Kumar Neeraj , Chatterjee Suvro , Singh Bikram
Published: April 2013

Title compounds (III) are synthesized using an ionic liquid as solvent and catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct α‐Functionalization of Simple Aldehydes via Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis.
Authors: Mo Junming , Yang Ruojie , Chen Xingkuan , Tiwari Bhoopendra , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: April 2013

The protocol applies a stoichiometric amount of quinone as an oxidant and proceeds via oxidative enolate formation to afford γ‐lactones with high yields and complete enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Cross Coupling at the C5 Position of Chromones with Alkenes.
Authors: Samanta Rajarshi , Narayan Rishikesh , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: April 2013

The present cross‐coupling of chromones and flavones with a broad range of alkenes proceeds selectively at the C5 position.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct and Stereoselective Alkylation of Nitro Derivatives with Activated Alcohols in Trifluoroethanol.
Authors: Petruzziello Diego , Gualandi Andrea , Grilli Stefano , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: April 2013

The first example of the addition of various nitro compounds to alcohols performed in TFE is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Deracemization of α‐Aryl Hydrocoumarins via Catalytic Asymmetric Protonation of Ketene Dithioacetals.
Authors: Lee Ji‐Woong , List Benjamin
Published: April 2013

The title reaction allows an efficient access to optically active α‐aryl hydrocoumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Cleavage of Unstrained C—C Bond and C—H Bond: Palladium—Copper Catalyzed Deacetophenonylative Arylation of Coumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Sun Manman , Shen Guodong , Bao Weiliang
Published: April 2013

The palladium and copper(II) catalyzed C—C bond cleavage of coumarin derivatives with the departure of acetophenone and subsequent regioselective coupling with a number of aromatics is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalytic Asymmetric Isatin‐Involved Povarov Reaction: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Construction of Spiro[indolin‐3,2′‐quinoline] Scaffold.
Authors: Shi Feng , Xing Gui‐Juan , Zhu Ren‐Yi , Tan Wei , Tu Shujiang
Published: April 2013

The presented first catalytic asymmetric Povarov reaction directly assembles isatins, anilines, and styrenes into new enantioenriched title compounds with concomitant creation of two quaternary stereogenic centers in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Cooperative Triple Catalysis: Unique Roles of Au(I)/Amine/Chiral Broensted Acid Catalysts in the Addition/Cycloisomerization/Transfer Hydrogenation Cascade.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Raut Vivek S. , Tella Ramesh Babu
Published: April 2013

An enantioselective, cooperative process involving the concerted action of three different catalysts is realized for the synthesis of 2‐substituted tetrahydroquinolines (III) from 2‐aminobenzaldehydes (I) and alkynes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antioxidant Activities of 2‐Oxo‐quinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde Schiff‐Base Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Ye , Fang Yilin , Liang Hong , Wang Hengshan , Hu Kun , Liu Xianxian , Yi Xianghui , Peng Yan
Published: April 2013

Title compounds [(III) and (IV)] are synthesized and shown to have good in vitro antioxidant activities compared with commercial antioxidants ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Alkyl and N‐Aryl Isoquinolones and Derivatives via Pd‐Catalyzed C—H Activation and Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Zhang Nana , Li Binyao , Zhong Hongban , Huang Jianhui
Published: April 2013

The reaction tolerates various substitutions on the aromatic ring of benzamides and is applicable to the heteroaromatic amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of the Synthesis of Some Biginelli‐Type Products Catalyzed by Nano‐ZrO2.
Authors: Farhadi Asadollah , Takassi Mohammad Ali , Hejazi Leila
Published: April 2013

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of a variety of 4‐substituted dihydropyrimidinone derivatives (IV) (18 examples) is developed using the three‐component coupling of various aromatic aldehydes, β‐diketones, and urea under mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Rhodium‐Directed anti‐Markovnikov Regioselective Boracyclopentannulation.
Authors: Toure Momar , Chuzel Oliver , Parrain Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2013

Treatment of boranes of type (I) and (III) bearing a terminal or disubstituted olefin with catalytic amounts of [Rh(nbd)2]BF4 and the chiral phosphine (S)‐(POS) is found to allow a new, highly regio‐ and stereoselective method to boracyclopentane derivatives like (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Reactivity of Silylborane: Transition‐Metal‐Free Boryl Substitution of Aryl, Alkenyl, and Alkyl Halides with Silylborane/Alkoxy Base Systems.
Authors: Yamamoto Eiji , Izumi Kiyotaka , Horita Yuko , Ito Hajime
Published: April 2013

The synthesized boron‐compounds can be used as substrates for Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions as demonstrated by the authors.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐(Methoxycarbonyl)allylsilanes.
Authors: Chai Guobi , Zeng Rong , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2013

This reaction gives the title compounds (III) from easily available allenes and Grignard reagents in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Sequential Alkyne Activation for the Synthesis of 4,6‐Disubstituted Phosphorus 2‐Pyrones.
Authors: Mo Juntae , Kang Dongjin , Eom Dahan , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Phil Ho
Published: April 2013

One‐ or two‐step reaction procedures are presented for the preparation of phosphorus‐2‐pyrones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Metallic Chalcogenolates Mediated Modular Michael‐Aldol Cascade Reaction: An Easy Route to Multi‐Functionalized Chalcogenides and Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Sousa Bruno A. , Keppler Arthur F. , Gariani Rogerio A. , Comasseto Joao V. , Dos Santos Alcindo A.
Published: April 2013

Treatment of metallic chalcogenolates generated in situ with aldehydes and various activated alkenes or alkynes allows an efficient and fast access to a number of γ‐hydroxychalcogenides.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Green Procedure for the Synthesis of Organochalcogenides by CuFe2O4 Nanoparticle Catalyzed Coupling of Organoboronic Acids and Dichalcogenides in PEG‐400.
Authors: Kundu Debasish , Mukherjee Nirmalya , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: April 2013

The catalyst is magnetically separable and recyclable eight times without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Selenium‐Linked Neoglycoconjugates and Pseudodisaccharides.
Authors: Affeldt Ricardo F. , Braga Hugo C. , Baldassari Lucas L. , Luedtke Diogo S.
Published: April 2013

The title compounds are of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Annulations Between Transient Nitrosoalkenes and Indoles.
Authors: Zhang Yu , Stephens David , Hernandez Graciela , Mendoza Rosalinda , Larionov Oleg V.
Published: April 2013

For the first time a highly enantioselective catalytic [4+2] annulation of unstable and extremely reactive in situ prepared nitrosoalkenes is developed by using the synergistic combination of copper catalyst and a silver base.
ChemInform Abstract: Venezuelines A—G, New Phenoxazine‐Based Alkaloids and Aminophenols from Streptomyces venezuelae and the Regulation of Gene Target Nur77.
Authors: Ren Jinwei , Liu Dong , Tian Li , Wei Yangye , Proksch Peter , Zeng Jinzhang , Lin Wenhan
Published: April 2013

Venezuelines (I)‐(IV) are isolated from the fermentation broth of title bacterium.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis via Magnetic Attraction: Benign and Sustainable Protocols Using Magnetic Nanoferrites.
Authors: Baig R. B.Nasir , Varma Rajender S.
Published: April 2013

This is a complete summary of recently published studies on the utilization of glutathion‐ and DOPA‐based magnetically separable catalysts in organic synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Architecture at the Nanoscale‐Self‐Pillared Zeolite Nanosheets
Authors: Zecevic Jovana , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: April 2013

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 2 (Be—Ba) and Group 12 (Zn—Hg)
Authors: Dane Sarah B. J. , King Timothy C. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: April 2013

Review: structures and synthesis of organometallics; 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning and Assembling Metal Nanostructures with DNA
Authors: Kumar Amit , Hwang Jae‐Ho , Kumar Sumit , Nam Jwa‐Min
Published: April 2013

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Potential Antitumor Metallodrugs
Authors: Liu Wukun , Gust Ronald
Published: April 2013

Review: 214 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Enantioselective Metal‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions
Authors: Clavier Herve , Pellissier Helene
Published: April 2013

Review: ca. 330 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Benzynes for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A. , Larock Richard C.
Published: April 2013

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Dithienylethenes and Their Application in Electropolymer Modified Photo‐ and Redox Switchable Surfaces
Authors: Logtenberg Hella , Browne Wesley R.
Published: April 2013

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Guanidine Organocatalysis
Authors: Selig Philipp
Published: April 2013

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Substituted Prolines: From Synthesis to Structural Applications, from Peptides to Foldamers
Authors: Mothes Celine , Caumes Cecile , Guez Alexandre , Boullet Heloise , Gendrineau Thomas , Darses Sylvain , Delsuc Nicolas , Moumne Roba , Oswald Benoit , Lequin Olivier , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Furanose‐based Templates in the Chemoselective Generation of Molecular Diversity
Authors: Gomez Ana M. , Uriel Clara , Lopez J. Cristobal
Published: April 2013

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloid Derived Auxiliaries: Cinchona Alkaloids and Derivatives
Authors: Ager D.
Published: April 2013

Review: use of cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives as chiral auxiliaries, organoctalysts and phase transfer catalysts; 291 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Marine Alkaloid Halichlorine: Its Defenses and Its Defeat
Authors: Clive Derrick L. J.
Published: April 2013

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluorinated Cyclohexadienones: Suitable Intermediates for the Selective Synthesis of Complex Organofluoric Substances
Authors: Kobrina L. S. , Kovtonyuk V. N.
Published: April 2013

Review: 1 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dichloroindium Hydride and Exploration of Its Reactivity with Organic Functional Groups. Tandem, Selective and Partial Reductions of Halo‐nitriles
Authors: Saavedra Jaime Z. , Bayrasy Panathda , Resendez Angel , Snelling Rachel , Anderson Michael H. , Singaram Bakthan
Published: April 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids: Applications in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Frizzo Clarissa P. , Moreira Dayse N. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: April 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solubility of Organometallic Complexes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Review
Authors: Teoh Wen Hui , Mammucari Raffaella , Foster Neil R.
Published: April 2013

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemical Biology; Bioactive Synthetic Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Petkau‐Milroy Katja , Brunsveld Luc
Published: April 2013

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyl Triazole‐based Aromatase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: George Dawn , Van Epps Stacy
Published: April 2013

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Penicillin and Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Authors: Hoemann Michael Z.
Published: April 2013

Review: 66 refs.
Influence of Loading Rate on the Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Wheat Grains
Authors: Omarov Azamat , Müller Peter , Tomas Jürgen
Published: April 2013

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen des Deformations‐ und Bruchverhaltens von Weizenkörnern bei verschiedenen Druckbeanspruchungen vorgestellt. Die Beanspruchungsgeschwindigkeiten lagen zwischen 0,02 und 0,11 mm s–1. Die Anwendbarkeit des Kontaktmodells des sphärischen Partikels wurde für elliptische Weizenkörner bestätigt. Die wesentlichen Kennwerte der Brucheigenschaften von Weizenkörnern wie Bruchkraft, Bruchfestigkeit, Bruchenergie, Bruchweg wurden mit Normalverteilungen beschrieben.
Numerical Solutions of Population Balance Equations within Liquid/Gas‐Liquid Flow Simulations
Authors: Bayraktar Evren , Mierka Otto , Turek Stefan
Published: April 2013

Numerical solvers based on population balance equations (PBE) coupled with flow equations are a promising approach to simulate liquid/gas‐liquid dispersed flows, which are very commonly observed in nature and in industrial processes. The challenges for the numerical solution of the coupled equation systems are discussed and detailed numerical recipes are presented whose main ingredients are the method of classes, positivity‐preserving linearization and the high‐order FEM‐AFC schemes, additional to the FeatFlow in‐house flow solver package. Liquid‐liquid flows through static mixers and dispersed phase systems in a flat bubble column are studied with the accordingly developed computational tool. The suggested recipes were validated by comparing the numerical results against experimental data.
Degree of polarization detection: a dual‐polarized antenna based spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio
Authors: Lin Lin , Guo Caili , Feng Chunyan
Published: April 2013

A new spectrum sensing algorithm‐degree of polarization (DoP) sensing algorithm is proposed in this paper. By exploiting a pair of dual‐polarized antenna at the receiver, DoP of the received vector signal is estimated and utilized to detect the presence of primary users based on the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves. The dual‐polarized narrowband and broadband systems are both considered for DoP detection. In theoretical analysis, we derive the probability of detection, the probability of false and detection threshold of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm overcomes the noise uncertainty problem. Considering the polarization‐sensitive channel impairments, the impact of polarization mode dispersion on DoP detector is discussed. This method can be utilized for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of signal, transmission channel, and noise power. In simulations based on wireless microphone signals, by applying polarization information signal carries, DoP achieves a better detection performance than arithmetic‐to‐geometric mean detector, the maximum‐to‐minimum ratio eigenvalue detector, and energy detector with noise uncertainty. The simulations based on digital video broadcasting‐terrestrial signals are also presented, which may show the detection performance of the proposed method may be affected by polarization mode dispersion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IRF‐5 and NF‐κB p50 co‐regulate IFN‐β and IL‐6 expression in TLR9‐stimulated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Steinhagen Folkert , McFarland Adelle P. , Rodriguez Luis G. , Tewary Poonam , Jarret Abigail , Savan Ram , Klinman Dennis M.
Published: April 2013

Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) expressing CpG motifs mimic the ability of bacterial DNA to trigger the innate immune system via TLR9. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) make a critical contribution to the ensuing immune response. This work examines the induction of antiviral (IFN‐β) and pro‐inflammatory (IL‐6) cytokines by CpG‐stimulated human pDCs and the human CAL‐1 pDC cell line. Results show that interferon regulatory factor‐5 (IRF‐5) and NF‐κB p50 are key co‐regulators of IFN‐β and IL‐6 expression following TLR9‐mediated activation of human pDCs. The nuclear accumulation of IRF‐1 was also observed, but this was a late event that was dependant on type 1 IFN and unrelated to the initiation of gene expression. IRF‐8 was identified as a novel negative regulator of gene activation in CpG‐stimulated pDCs. As variants of IRF‐5 and IRF‐8 were recently found to correlate with susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, these findings are relevant to our understanding of the pharmacologic effects of “K” ODN and the role of TLR9 ligation under physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic conditions.
Mesenchymal stem cells from periapical lesions modulate differentiation and functional properties of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Đokić Jelena , Tomić Sergej , Marković Milan , Milosavljević Petar , Čolić Miodrag
Published: April 2013

Immunoregulatory mechanisms within periapical lesions (PLs) are as of yet unexplored. Considering the crucial role of DCs in controlling the immune response within PLs, the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the colocalization of MSCs and DCs in situ, we wondered whether MSCs from PLs modulate the development and functions of DCs. Using a model of monocyte‐derived DCs, we showed that PL‐MSCs inhibited differentiation of DCs via soluble factors, of which IL‐6 had a minor effect, but did not impair their subsequent maturation induced by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. However, upon maturation such DCs favored the production of Th2/Th17 cytokines by allogenic CD4+ lymphocytes in coculture, compared with mature DCs differentiated without PL‐MSCs. PL‐MSC‐differentiated DCs, cultivated with pro‐inflammatory cytokines and PL‐MSCs, although phenotypically mature, exhibited poor allostimulatory activity, induced anergy, Th2 polarization, differentiation of suppressive CD4+CD25highCD39+ Treg‐cell subsets via IDO‐1‐, ILT‐3‐, and ILT‐4‐dependent mechanisms, and increased production of TGF‐β in the coculture. In contrast, DCs cultivated with PL‐MSCs only during maturation stimulated proliferation and Th1 polarization of CD4+ T cells in an IL‐12‐independent manner. In conclusion, PL‐MSCs significantly modulate the development and functions of DCs, depending on the phase of DCs development during which the interaction occurs.
Thymus‐homing dendritic cells in central tolerance
Authors: Hadeiba Husein , Butcher Eugene C.
Published: April 2013

Central tolerance is critical in establishing a peripheral T‐cell repertoire purged of functional autoreactive T cells. One of the major requirements for effective central tolerance is the presentation of self and other innocuous antigens (Ags), including food, gut flora, or airway allergens, to developing T cells in the thymus. This seemingly challenging task can be mediated in some cases by ectopic expression of tissue‐specific Ags by thymic epithelial cells or by entry of systemic blood‐borne Ags into the thymus. More recently, thymic homing peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) have been proposed as cellular transporters of peripheral tissue‐specific Ags or foreign innocuous Ags. The aim of this viewpoint is to discuss the three principal thymic DC populations and their trafficking properties in the context of central tolerance. We will first discuss the importance of peripheral DC trafficking to the thymus and then compare and contrast the three DC subsets. We will describe how they were characterized, describe their trafficking to and their microenvironmental positioning in the thymus, and discuss the functional consequence of thymic trafficking and localization on thymic selection events.
Photochemical C–C Bond Formation between Alcohols and Olefins by an Environmentally Benign Radical Reaction
Authors: Ouchi Akihiko , Liu Chuanxiang , Kaneda Masayuki , Hyugano Takeshi
Published: April 2013

A radical C–C bond formation between olefins and alcohols proceeded efficiently by simple light irradiation at room temperature. The reaction proceeded in the presence of commercially available tBuOOtBu without using the harmful elements and/or compounds that have an unpleasant smell that are often used in conventional radical reactions. In addition, the reaction did not require photosensitizers or photocatalysts, which eliminated the time‐consuming separation of sensitizers after the reaction, or the synthesis of photocatalysts as reported in previous procedures.
Synthesis and Characterization of 9‐(Fluoren­‐2‐yl)anthracene Derivatives as Efficient Non‐Doped Blue Emitters for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Prachumrak Narid , Namuangruk Supawadee , Keawin Tinnagon , Jungsuttingwong Siriporn , Sudyoadsuk Taweesak , Promarak Vinich
Published: April 2013

A series of 9‐(fluoren‐2‐yl)anthracene derivatives bearing either thiophene (FATh), triphenylamine (FAT and FATT) or pyrene (FATP) moieties as substituents have been designed, synthesized, and characterized as non‐doped blue emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Their optical, electrochemical and thermal properties have been investigated, and their molecular structure‐property relationships were evaluated. All FAT, FATT and FATP compounds possess combined blue‐light‐emitting and hole‐transporting characteristics, and showed stable amorphous states with high fluorescence quantum yields in solution (up to 89 %) and strong luminance in the OLED devices, whereas FATh showed poor photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties. Efficient, non‐doped blue and Alq3‐based green OLEDs were fabricated and characterized. The blue and green devices with maximum luminance efficiencies and CIE coordinates of 3.17 cd A–1 and (0.13, 0.14), and 3.81 cd A–1 and (0.28, 0.50) were achieved, respectively, with FATT having 4‐{bis[4′‐(diphenylamino)biphenyl‐4‐yl]amino}phenyl substituents as emitting layer and hole‐transporting layer, respectively. These devices also showed considerably low turn‐on voltages of 3.0 and 2.6 V, respectively.
Attribution of observed sea level pressure trends to greenhouse gas, aerosol, and ozone changes
Authors: Gillett Nathan P. , Fyfe John C. , Parker David E.
Published: April 2013

Human influence on atmospheric sea level pressure (SLP) has previously been detected globally, but the contributions of greenhouse gas, aerosol, and ozone changes to the observed trends have not been separately identified. We use simulations from eight climate models to show that greenhouse gas, aerosol, and ozone changes each drive distinct seasonal and geographical patterns of trends, which are separately detectable in observed seasonal SLP trends over the 1951–2011 period. This detection is driven by significant low‐latitude SLP responses to greenhouse gas, aerosol, and ozone changes, as well as the more frequently‐studied high latitude responses. These results aid in understanding past atmospheric circulation changes, and have potential to improve projections of future circulation changes.
Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol and the southward shift of tropical precipitation in the late 20th century
Authors: Hwang Yen‐Ting , Frierson Dargan M. W. , Kang Sarah M.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we demonstrate a global scale southward shift of the tropical rain belt during the latter half of the 20th century in observations and global climate models (GCMs). In rain gauge data, the southward shift maximizes in the 1980s and is associated with signals in Africa, Asia, and South America. A southward shift exists at a similar time in nearly all CMIP3 and CMIP5 historical simulations, and occurs on both land and ocean, although in most models the shifts are significantly less than in observations. Utilizing a theoretical framework based on atmospheric energetics, we perform an attribution of the zonal mean southward shift of precipitation across a large suite of CMIP3 and CMIP5 GCMs. Our results suggest that anthropogenic aerosol cooling of the Northern Hemisphere is the primary cause of the consistent southward shift across GCMs, although other processes affecting the atmospheric energy budget also contribute to the model‐to‐model spread.
Revisiting the Meteor 1925–1927 hydrographic dataset reveals centennial full‐depth changes in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gouretski Viktor , Jungclaus Johann H. , Haak Helmuth
Published: April 2013

The hydrographic data set of the German Atlantic Expedition (GAE) 1925–1927 is compared with the contemporary profiling float and ship‐based hydrography to reveal full‐depth changes in the Atlantic Ocean between 19°N and 64°S. The volume‐mean warming over the last 80 years amounts to 0.119 ± 0.067 °C, accompanied by an increase in salinity of 0.014 ± 0.010. A clear vertical structure of these changes is observed: on average, the ocean has warmed by 0.272 ± 0.093 °C and became saltier by 0.030 ± 0.014 down to about 2000 m, but cooled and freshened slightly in the deeper layers. These changes can be traced throughout the whole hydrographic survey, indicating the basin‐wide character of the observed changes on a centennial timescale. The observed warming is consistent with climate model simulations over the 20th century, suggesting an attribution to anthropogenic forcing. Comparison with the pre‐GAE cruises reveals no discernible warming between the 1870s and 1906/1911.
Paleofire reconstruction based on an ensemble‐member strategy applied to sedimentary charcoal
Authors: Blarquez Olivier , Girardin Martin P. , Leys Bérangère , Ali Adam A. , Aleman Julie C. , Bergeron Yves , Carcaillet Christopher
Published: April 2013

Paleofire events obtained from the statistical treatment of sedimentary charcoal records rely on a number of assumptions and user's choices, increasing the uncertainty of reconstructio\ns. Among the assumptions made when analyzing charcoal series is the choice of a filtering method for raw Charcoal Accumulation Rate (CHARraw). As there is no ultimate CHARraw filtering method, we propose an ensemble‐member approach to reconstruct fire events. We modified the commonly used procedure by including a routine replicating the analysis of a charcoal record using custom smoothing parameters. Dates of robust fire events, uncertainties in fire‐return intervals and fire frequencies are derived from members' distributions. An application of the method is used to quantify uncertainties due to data treatment in two CHARraw sequences from two different biomes, subalpine and boreal.
Intraoral nerve sheath myxoma: Case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Rozza‐de‐Menezes Rafaela Elvira , Andrade Raquel Machado , Israel Mônica Simões , Gonçalves Cunha Karin Soares
Published: April 2013

Background

Oral nerve sheath myxoma (NSM) is an uncommon benign neoplasm with Schwann‐cell origin, which is frequently mistaken for neurothekeoma. We report a case of NSM on the buccal mucosa in a 42‐year‐old woman. This case is compared with previously reported cases and a systematic review is performed.

Methods and Results

We conducted a case report and systematic review of oral cases considered true NSMs. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase electronic database. Twenty‐five cases of oral NSM were included in the systematic review.

Conclusion

Oral NSM is rare and may represent a diagnostic challenge for pathologists. To confirm the diagnosis of NSM, the evaluation of S‐100 protein expression or other neural marker is essential. The use of the terms NSM and neurothekeoma as synonymous or as variants of the same tumor should be avoided, because they are clearly distinct lesions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E397–E404, 2013
Healthcare reform in Italy: an analysis of efficiency based on nonparametric methods
Authors: De Nicola Arianna , Gitto Simone , Mancuso Paolo , Valdmanis Vivian
Published: April 2013

Over the past twenty years, important changes in the Italian health system have led to different approaches in organizing, delivering and financing health services throughout the country's regions. In this paper, we assess the impacts that such changes have had on health efficiency. The analysis performed here is in two stages. In the first stage, healthcare efficiency is measured via bootstrapped Data Envelopment Analysis. In the second stage, the impacts of organizational and environmental variables on efficiency are investigated. Our results highlight that the organizational model adopted by the Lombardia region allows for the best results in healthcare efficiency in Italy. A process of administrative decentralization from the regional governments to local health units appears to be a source of inefficiency. Finally, patient mobility has a significant impact on healthcare efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did the Paleo‐Asian Ocean between North China Block and Mongolia Block exist during the late Paleozoic? First paleomagnetic evidence from central‐eastern Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Zhao Pan , Chen Yan , Xu Bei , Faure Michel , Shi Guanzhong , Choulet Flavien
Published: April 2013

The tectonic evolution of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean between the North China Block (NCB) and the Mongolia Block (MOB) is a contentious issue, and geodynamic models remain speculative. In an effort to puzzle out this controversy, a paleomagnetic study was carried out on the Silurian to Permian formations in central‐eastern Inner Mongolia (China). More than 680 sedimentary and volcanic samples were collected from 86 sites. We have established titanium‐poor magnetite and hematite as the principal magnetic carriers. Anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate negligible deformation of the majority of study rocks with sedimentary fabrics. From primary magnetizations, a Late Devonian and a Permian pole are calculated for Inner Mongolia Block (IMB) at λ = 46.8°N, φ = 349.1°E, dp = 14.6°, dm = 27.3° with N = 3 and λ = 48.7°N, φ = 3.7°E, dp = 5.2°, dm = 9.1° with N = 6, respectively. Two stages of secondary magnetization are also identified probably due to Early Permian and Early Cretaceous magmatic events. As preliminary results, the comparison of our new paleomagnetic poles with available data from NCB, MOB, and Siberia indicates that (1) the paleolatitudes of IMB, NCB, and MOB are consistent between Late Devonian and Permian, suggesting pre‐Late Devonian closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and further evaluation of these three blocks as a single entity and (2) post‐Permian intracontinental deformation was significant and characterized by block rotations, which are due to strike‐slip faulting within the welded NCB‐IMB‐MOB block.
Transport mass of creeping sand grains and their movement velocities
Authors: Hong Cheng , Xueyong Zou , Chenchen Liu , Jiajia He , Yongqiu Wu
Published: April 2013

Aeolian sand transport is an important component of material circulation above terrestrial surfaces and can include processes of creep, saltation, and suspension. The complex movement of material and energy during aeolian transport has meant that these processes have previously been examined in isolation. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted on aeolian sand transport, this focused primarily on saltation. As a result, there are few data available on sand grain creep, primarily due to a lack of theoretical models and the difficulty of direct measurements. In this study, we present novel methods and instrumentations to accurately measure the transport mass and the velocity of creeping sand grains. Using data collected with above instrumentations and a ladder sampler at four friction velocities (u* = 0.26, 0.35, 0.47, and 0.56 m s−1) in a wind tunnel, we studied the transport mass of creeping sand grains and their movement velocities, as well as other key parameters of aeolian sand transport. Four major conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) The transport mass (q0) of creeping sand grains increases with increasing frictional wind velocity (u*). The relationship between these variables is represented by the power function q0 = −0.053 + 9.195u*2.800. (2) The contribution of creep to total aeolian sand transport decreases with increasing frictional wind velocity. Creep contributed 57% of total aeolian transport at the lowest frictional wind velocity but only 19% at the highest velocity. (3) The threshold frictional wind velocity for entrainment was 0.158 m s−1. (4) The movement velocity of creeping sand grains ranged from 0 to 0.14 m s−1, but more than 70% of recorded velocities were less than 0.02 m s−1. Although the results of this study require further validation, they provide a strong basis for future research and help deepen our understanding of aeolian sand transport.
Effects of obliquity and water vapor/trace gas greenhouses in the early martian climate
Authors: Mischna Michael A. , Baker Victor , Milliken Ralph , Richardson Mark , Lee Christopher
Published: April 2013

We explore possible mechanisms for the generation of warm, wet climates on early Mars as a result of greenhouse warming by both water vapor and periodic volcanic trace emissions. The presence of both water vapor (a strong greenhouse gas) and other trace greenhouse gases (such as SO2) in a predominantly CO2atmosphere may act, under certain conditions, to elevate surface temperatures above the freezing point of liquid water, at least episodically. Variations in obliquity are explored to investigate whether these periodic variations in insolation at Mars can broaden the regions or seasons where warm temperatures can exist. We use the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting general circulation model to perform several simulations of the conditions of the early martian atmosphere containing these gases and find global temperatures to be cooler than the elevated levels suggested by at least one recent study byJohnson et al. (2008). While achieving temperatures above 273 K globally remains challenging, the additional warming by greenhouse gases under certain obliquity states can permit for widespread seasonally warm conditions, which can help to explain the presence of fluvial surface features (e.g., valley networks) and hydrous minerals of post‐Noachian age, a period when alternate methods do not convincingly explain the sustainability of liquid water. Furthermore, we find that global warming can be achieved with the presence of a darker surface globally, which is consistent with both widespread exposure of unweathered basaltic bedrock or the presence of a large surface ocean or sea.
Viscoelastic deformation of lunar impact basins: Implications for heterogeneity in the deep crustal paleo‐thermal state and radioactive element concentration
Authors: Kamata Shunichi , Sugita Seiji , Abe Yutaka , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Harada Yuji , Morota Tomokatsu , Namiki Noriyuki , Iwata Takahiro , Hanada Hideo , Araki Hiroshi , Matsumoto Koji , Tajika Eiichi
Published: April 2013

Diverse geological characteristics found for the three major lunar provinces (i.e., the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane (FHT), the South Pole‐Aitken Terrane (SPAT), and the Procerallum KREEP Terrane (PKT)) strongly suggest their distinctly different thermal histories. Quantitative differences among these provinces in their early thermal histories and crustal radioactive element concentrations, however, are highly unknown. One of the few observables that retain a record of the ancient lunar thermal structure is the viscoelastic state of impact basins. This study investigates the long‐term evolution of basin structures using global lunar gravity field data obtained by Kaguya tracking and derives constraints for (1) the paleo‐thermal state of impact basins and for (2) crustal column‐averaged radioactive element concentrations for each province. Our calculation results indicate that impact basins in the central anorthositic region of the FHT (i.e., the FHT‐An) require a very cold interior ( dT ∕ dr ≤ 20 K km  − 1 on the surface). This result strongly suggests that the deep portion of the thick farside highlands crust is highly depleted in radioactive elements (Th ≤ 0.5 ppm), indicating that the Th‐rich SPA basin floor crust is clearly different from the lower crust underneath the FHT‐An and cannot be accounted for by simple exposure of the lower crust. Our analysis also indicates that the observed basin structure allows as high as ∼ 6 ppm of column‐averaged Th concentration in the crust inside the PKT. These results indicate that radioactive element concentrations deep in the crust probably vary greatly region by region, similarly to those observed on the surface.
Evidence for Noachian flood volcanism in Noachis Terra, Mars, and the possible role of Hellas impact basin tectonics
Authors: Rogers A. D. , Nazarian A. H.
Published: April 2013

Spectral and imaging data sets from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Odyssey, as well as spectral and topographic data from Mars Global Surveyor, are used to understand the origin of in‐place rock units found in the intercrater plains and Hellas circumferential graben floors of Noachis Terra, Mars. The rocky units are interpreted as effusive volcanic plains on the basis of broad areal extent, structural competence, association with topographic lows, distinct mineralogy from regolith, and lack of sedimentary textures or minerals associated with aqueous processes. Some rocky expanses contain at least two compositionally distinct units. The relatively light‐toned unit exhibits a higher plagioclase/pyroxene ratio than the lower, dark‐toned unit. Both units exhibit ~10% olivine enrichment compared to surrounding regolith. These units are heavily degraded and exhibit crater model ages between ~3.80 and 4.0 Ga, making these some of the oldest preserved volcanic plains accessible by remote sensing. They are found in association with Hellas ring structures, where the westward extent of these rocky units is limited to the outermost ring structure. Fracturing associated with the Hellas impact may have enabled magmas to ascend from the base of the crust in the circum‐Hellas region. Identification of these units as volcanic materials extends previous estimates for volume of outgassed volatiles. Though the estimated volcanic volume increase is minor, the local effects could have been significant. The role of multi‐ring impact basins in providing a spatial control on Martian highlands volcanism and subsurface mineralization may have been underestimated in the past.
Demagnetization by basin‐forming impacts on early Mars: Contributions from shock, heat, and excavation
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Stewart Sarah T. , Manga Michael
Published: April 2013

Large hypervelocity impacts occurred frequently on ancient Mars, leaving many large impact basins visible today. After the planetary dynamo ceased operating, such impacts demagnetized the crust by way of (1) excavation of magnetized material, (2) heating, and (3) shock pressure. We investigate these three demagnetizing processes, both separately and in combination, using hydrocode simulations of large impacts on early Mars at a range of impact energies and using a new parameterization of the shock pressure‐demagnetization behavior of candidate Martian minerals. We find that in general, shock pressure demagnetization is more important than thermal demagnetization, except in the combined case of very large impacts (more than ~1026 J) and low Curie temperature minerals such as pyrrhotite. We find that total demagnetized area has a power law dependence on impact energy (with an exponent of 0.6–0.72) and that depending on the magnetic mineral, the demagnetized area resulting for a given impact energy can vary over approximately an order of magnitude. We develop an empirical model that can be used to calculate total demagnetized area for a given impact energy and magnetic mineral (whose pressure‐demagnetization properties are known). Once a reliable basin scaling law for ancient Mars (i.e., relating impact energy to final basin topography) is derived, this mineral parameterization and empirical model will allow robust constraints to be placed upon the primary Martian magnetic carrier(s).
The Low Energy of Concert in Many Symmetry‐Allowed Cycloadditions Supports a Stepwise‐Diradical Mechanism
Authors: Firestone Raymond A.
Published: April 2013

The thesis of this paper is that orbital symmetry allowedness does not guarantee concert. The activation energy (Ea) for concerted Diels–Alder and 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions must be substantially lower than that for a stepwise‐diradical pathway because the diradical has two fewer bonding electrons than anything on the concerted reaction coordinate, including the transition state. Two bonding electrons provide tens of kcal/mol of stabilization. The difference between the experimental Ea and that for diradicals is called the energy of concert (Econ). If experiment represents concert, Econ must be large, and if it represents diradicals Econ will be very small. In this paper, 42 examples are adduced in which firm experimental data show that Econ = 0. These cycloadditions cannot be concerted. While concert remains possible for all cycioadditions not proven stepwise, there is none with compelling evidence for concert.
Kinetic Analysis and Modeling of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Gangal Aneesh C. , Sharma Pratibha
Published: April 2013

Ammonia borane (AB; NH3BH3) is one of the most promising materials for hydrogen storage applications, mainly due to its high gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of 19.6 wt%. In this paper, we present an exclusive kinetic analysis of AB thermolysis. Three methods are used for kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition of AB, namely the Kissinger method, isoconversional model‐free fitting method, and solid‐state kinetics model–based method. Finally, a need to device a new model for thermal kinetics of AB was observed and hence a new kinetic model for AB thermolysis is proposed.
A Study on the Influence of the Temperature on the Formation of Cardanol‐Based Phenolic Resin
Authors: Shukla Shrawan Kumar , Maithani Arun , Srivastava Deepak
Published: April 2013

A kinetic study of the reaction of cardanol and maleic anhydride (MA) (mole ratios 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, 1:1) was carried out at five different temperatures ranging between 160 and 180°C with an interval of 5°C using paratoluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst. The acid values of the samples were checked at a regular time intervals to check the percentage of the completion of the reaction. The influence of the condensation temperature on the synthesized resins was studied using infrared spectroscopic analysis. The reaction between cardanol and MA was found to obey first‐order rate kinetics. The specific rate constant (k) calculated by regression analysis was found to obey the Arrhenius expression. The thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (Z), entropy (∆S), enthalpy (∆H), and free energy (∆G) were calculated. It was found that the reaction was spontaneous and irreversible. The experimental results were explained by proposing a reaction mechanism and deriving the rate equation.
Refining the role of preoperative C‐reactive protein by neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fang Hsuan‐Yeh , Huang Xin Yong , Chien Huei‐Tzu , Chang Joseph Tung‐Chieh , Liao Chun‐Ta , Huang Jung‐Ju , Wei Fu‐Chan , Wang Hung‐Ming , Chen I‐How , Kang Chung‐Jan , Huang Shiang‐Fu
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Elevated inflammatory biomarkers such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) and the recently identified neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were demonstrated to be associated with prognosis in human cancers. The aim of our present study is to analyze the relationship of preoperative levels of CRP and NLR with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

This study was performed on 226 OSCC patients between July 2007 and April 2012. Their serum CRP levels and NLR were measured preoperatively.

Results

CRP level ≥ 5.0 mg/L was significantly associated with NLR ≥ 2.44 (linear regression, P < .001). Elevated CRP and NLR were significantly associated with pathological tumor status (P < .001), pathologic nodal metastasis (P < .001), tumor depth (≥10 mm vs. <10 mm, P < .001), disease‐free survival (P < .001), and overall survival (P = .001). The influence of CRP level and NLR on disease‐free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.259, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.170‐4.361) and overall survival (HR = 2.176, 95% CI = 1.116‐4.245]) still existed after adjusting for tumor status, lymph node metastasis, and tumor cell differentiation.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that elevated CRP is an independent prognostic factor in OSCC. Elevated NLR in the high CRP group identifies patients at high risks of recurrence and shorter survival. Incorporating NLR into CRP level therefore has significant potential as a biomarker for risk stratification in OSCC.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2690–2699, 2013
Postoperative management following supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia
Authors: Fordham M. Taylor , Potter S. Myles , White David R.
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To retrospectively analyze the postoperative management and care needs of patients undergoing spontaneous ventilation supraglottoplasty (SVS).

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Charts of children undergoing (SVS) for severe laryngomalacia from 2007 to 2011 at a single institution were reviewed. Intraoperative and postoperative management data were collected to review the airway management, postoperative care needs, and potential complications associated with this surgery.

Results

A total of 65 patients were included in the study. Only three patients (4.5%) required more than an overnight stay in the hospital, and no patients left the operating room intubated. One patient required temporary intensive care unit observation, and the majority (78.1%) demonstrated adequate oral intake within 4 hours of surgery. Comorbidities did not portend a longer hospital stay or slower return to oral intake.

Conclusions

SVS with cold‐steel instruments is a safe and effective surgical intervention with low complication rates. This study suggests that postoperative intubation or intensive care unit monitoring may not be necessary when using these techniques.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:3206–3210, 2013