bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A naturally occurring C-terminal truncated isoform of the latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus does not associate with viral episomal DNA
Authors: Canham Maurice , Talbot Simon J.
Published: May 2004

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by orf73 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) binds to viral episomal DNA and nuclear heterochromatin in infected cells. A 3·2 kb transcript in KSHV-positive primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells (BCP-1 and BC-3) encoding a C-terminal truncated form of LANA (LANA-Δ76) has been identified. This transcript has the addition of a poly(A) tail at nt 3264 of orf73 resulting in an in-frame stop codon (TAA) effectively truncating LANA by 76 aa (∼8 kDa). Examination of the coding region revealed the presence of a non-canonical polyadenylation signal (AGTAAA) 17 nt upstream of the poly(A) tail. The protein expressed from this transcript is representative of the faster migration of the LANA doublet bands observed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Mutation of the poly(A) signal from AGTAAA to TGTACA produced a protein that co-migrated with the larger LANA isoform. A C-terminal LANA-Δ76 EGFP fusion protein localized to the nucleus but did not co-localize with endogenous LANA in BCP-1 cells, or heterochromatin in HEK293 cells. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), the authors were able to show that LANA-Δ76 does not bind to the KSHV terminal repeat motif known to interact with LANA. These data provide evidence for the presence of an isoform of LANA that may perform alternative functions in KSHV-infected cells.
Nef from a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lacking the EE155 region shows decreased ability to down-regulate CD4
Authors: Na Young-Soon , Yoon Keejung , Nam Jeong-Gu , Choi Byeongsun , Lee Joo-Shil , Kato Ikunoshin , Kim Sunyoung
Published: May 2004

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)nefgene encodes a 27 kDa myristoylated cytosolic protein that has an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. One function of Nef is the down-regulation of CD4 and MHC class I surface molecules in HIV-infected cells. Nef directly isolated from an infected individual (KS2), who could be defined as a long-term non-progressor, was compared with Nef from a standard laboratory strain, HIV-1 NL4-3. KS2 Nef protein was characterized by its lowered ability to down-regulate CD4, while still maintaining the ability to down-regulate MHC class I. The ability of KS2 Nef to down-regulate CD4 was more prominent when CD4 was measured 2–3 days after transfer of thenefgene to the target cells, and also when the effect was measured in CD4+-enriched primary T cells. The amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the most notable feature of KS2 Nef was lack of the two glutamic acids: the EE155region. When the EE155region was added to KS2 Nef, the CD4 down-regulation ability was increased almost to the level of NL4-3 Nef. Conversely, when the EE155region was deleted from NL4-3, its CD4 down-regulation ability was dramatically impaired. These data suggested that the EE155region plays an important role(s) in the down-regulation of CD4 by Nef protein and also that primarynefsequences could be very useful in identifying the original biological functions of Nefin vivo.
Cell surface activation of the alternative complement pathway by the fusion protein of measles virus
Authors: Devaux Patricia , Christiansen Dale , Plumet Sébastien , Gerlier Denis
Published: May 2004

Measles virus (MV)-infected cells are activators of the alternative human complement pathway, resulting in high deposition of C3b on the cell surface. Activation was observed independent of whether CD46 was used as a cellular receptor and did not correlate with CD46 down-regulation. The virus itself was an activator of the alternative pathway and was covered by C3b/C3bi, resulting in some loss in infectivity without loss of virus binding to target cells. The cell surface expression of MV fusion (F), but not haemagglutinin, envelope protein resulted in complement activation of the Factor B-dependent alternative pathway in a dose-dependent manner and F–C3b complexes were formed. The underlying activation mechanism was not related to any decrease in cell surface expression of the complement regulators CD46 and CD55. The C3b/C3bi coating of MV-infected cells and virus should ensure enhanced targeting of MV antigens to the immune system, through binding to complement receptors.
CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Decrion Anne-Zélie , Varin Audrey , Estavoyer Jean-Marie , Herbein Georges
Published: May 2004

Mechanisms of CXCR4-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly understood. The authors used peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from HIV type 1-infected subjects and assessed both CD4+and CD8+T cell apoptosis in the presence and absence of CXCR4 blockade by AMD3100. Both CD4+and CD8+T cell apoptosis could be inhibited by CXCR4 blockade, mostly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome subjects and more weakly in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects, and depended only partially on the syncytium-inducing/non-syncytium-inducing viral envelope phenotype. Immune activation of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells was CXCR4-dependent, resulting in increased T cell apoptosis. In the presence of monocyte-derived macrophages, CXCR4-mediated apoptosis targeted mostly CD8+T cells, with CD4+T cells being more weakly affected. Several immune and viral factors thus play a role in CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in HIV infection: CD4/CD8 phenotype, viral envelope phenotype, T cell activation and T cell–macrophage intercellular contacts.
The Rhopalosiphum padi virus 5′ internal ribosome entry site is functional in Spodoptera frugiperda 21 cells and in their cell-free lysates: implications for the baculovirus expression system
Authors: Royall Elizabeth , Woolaway Kathryn E. , Schacherl Jens , Kubick Stefan , Belsham Graham J. , Roberts Lisa O.
Published: May 2004

Cap-independent internal initiation of translation occurs on a number of viral and cellular mRNAs and is directed by internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements. Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV) is a member of the Dicistroviridae. These viruses have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes that contain two open reading frames, both preceded by IRES elements. Previously, the activity of the RhPV 5′ UTR IRES has been demonstrated in mammalian, Drosophila and wheat germ in vitro translation systems. It is now shown that this IRES also functions within Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells which are widely used in the baculovirus expression system, and in a novel Sf21 cell-based lysate system. Inclusion of the RhPV IRES in a dicistronic reporter mRNA transcript increased translation of the second cistron 23-fold within Sf21 cells. In contrast, the encephalomyocarditis virus IRES was inactive in both systems. The RhPV IRES therefore has the potential to be utilized in insect cell expression systems.
Rapid identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors using a selectable replicon RNA
Authors: Hertzig Tobias , Scandella Elke , Schelle Barbara , Ziebuhr John , Siddell Stuart G. , Ludewig Burkhard , Thiel Volker
Published: May 2004

A previously unknown coronavirus (CoV) is the aetiological agent causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), for which an effective antiviral treatment is urgently needed. To enable the rapid and biosafe identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors, we have generated a non-cytopathic, selectable replicon RNA (based on human CoV 229E) that can be stably maintained in eukaryotic cells. Most importantly, the replicon RNA mediates reporter gene expression as a marker for coronavirus replication. We have used a replicon RNA-containing cell line to test the inhibitory effect of several compounds that are currently being assessed for SARS treatment. Amongst those, interferon-α displayed the strongest inhibitory activity. Our results demonstrate that coronavirus replicon cell lines provide a versatile and safe assay for the identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors. Once this technology is adapted to SARS-CoV replicon RNAs, it will allow high throughput screening for SARS-CoV replicase inhibitors without the need to grow infectious SARS-CoV.
The T-box transcription factor Tbx18 maintains the separation of anterior and posterior somite compartments
Authors: Bussen Markus , Petry Marianne , Schuster-Gossler Karin , Leitges Michael , Gossler Achim , Kispert Andreas
Published: May 2004

The compartmentalization of somites along their anterior–posterior (AP) axis is pivotal to the segmental organization of the vertebrate axial skeleton and the peripheral nervous system. Anterior and posterior somite halves contribute to different vertebral elements. They are also characterized by different proliferation rates and properties with respect to neural crest cell migration and spinal nerve passage. AP-somite polarity is generated in the anterior presomitic mesoderm by Mesp2 and Delta/Notch signaling. Here, we demonstrate that maintenance of AP-somite polarity is mediated by the T-box transcription factor Tbx18. Mice deficient for Tbx18 show expansion of pedicles with transverse processes and proximal ribs, elements derived from the posterior lateral sclerotome. AP-somite polarity is established in Tbx18 mutant embryos but is not maintained. During somite maturation, posterior somite compartments expand most likely because of posterior cells invading the anterior somite half. In the anterior lateral sclerotome, Tbx18 acts as an antiapoptotic factor. Ectopic expression experiments suggest that Tbx18 can promote anterior at the expense of posterior somite compartments. In summary, Tbx18 appears to act downstream of Mesp2 and Delta/Notch signaling to maintain the separation of anterior and posterior somite compartments.
Emotional intelligence
Authors: Sy Thomas , Côté Stéphane
Published: May 2004

Organizations continue to employ the matrix organizational form as it enables companies to use human resources flexibly, produce innovative solutions to complex problems in unstable environments, increase information flow through the use of lateral communication channels, and leverage economies of scale while remaining small and task oriented. Despite its strengths, the matrix has inherent problems. Earlier studies have primarily addressed structural problems. In this paper, we identify four interpersonal challenges that impede matrix performance: misaligned goals increase competition among employees, roles and responsibilities are unclear, decision‐making is untimely and of possibly low quality, and silo‐focused employees do not cooperate. We propose that emotionally intelligent employees can function better in the matrix. We offer solutions for both managers and employees to improve performance in matrix organizations by applying the four components of emotional intelligence, specifically, managing, understanding, using, and perceiving emotion, to each interpersonal challenge.
Characteristics of chief executive officers Views of their staff
Authors: Wood John , Vilkinas Tricia
Published: May 2004

This exploratory study investigated the characteristics that the direct reports of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) associated with the latter's success. A small number of direct reports (34) were interviewed and asked to identify these characteristics. The three characteristics that were considered to be very important were having a humanistic approach, being a positive thinker, and having an achievement orientation. Some importance was placed on having integrity. Very little or no emphasis was placed on the importance of being inclusive, learning and self‐awareness, having a balanced approach and an external focus. Future research needs to build on these findings by asking the CEOs to comment on the characteristics they believe they possess and to compare the two sets of data to further our understanding of effective leadership. There are important implications from these results for the selection and development of CEOs.
Developing SME managers under fire
Authors: Al‐Madhoun Mohammed I. , Analoui Farhad
Published: May 2004

In recent years, management training development has secured an increasingly important place in the life of the business managers. After the peace agreement, to find a solution for the apparent lack of managerial strength, many management‐training programmes (MTPs), of an off‐the‐job nature, have been established in the Palestinian Territories. The main objective of this paper is to explore the obstacles and weaknesses facing MTPs for business managers' development. The paper achieves this objective by dividing the identified weaknesses into four broad categories, namely, MTPs weaknesses, obstacles specific to the Palestine situation, and trainers' and managers' weaknesses. The primary data has been generated through a survey of the SME managers who have participated in MTPs in Palestine. To demonstrate the effects of MTPs on small businesses, different but relevant sets of variables were employed and subjected to statistical analysis. It is concluded that although there are major obstacles and weaknesses facing the development of SME managers, the findings, however, can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the future MTPs and indeed the performance of SMEs as a result. They also firmly point to the need for further management development in Palestine.
Implementation of EFQM excellence model self‐assessment in the UK higher education sector – lessons learned from other sectors
Authors: Hides Michael Trevor , Davies John , Jackson Sue
Published: May 2004

Owing to pressures from a range of stakeholders for a wider and improved range of services from the Higher Education (HE) sector in the UK, linked with a simultaneously increasing pressure on resource utilisation, universities are currently facing the challenges of reorienting their approaches to be more customer‐focused and conducting their activities in a more business‐like manner. A consortium of UK universities is currently implementing the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model as a means for addressing these issues. The focus of this paper is the implementation of EFQM excellence model self‐assessment in the UK HE sector. This paper describes the specific issues in implementing the model in UK HE, with a particular focus on the choice of self‐assessment methodology, and compares and contrasts these with self‐assessment issues in the wider public sector. The early signs are that EFQM excellence model self‐assessment can help to produce a more customer‐oriented culture in HE institutions, providing that the lessons learned from the wider public sector are put into practice.
Integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) into ISO management systems – in search of a feasible CSR management system framework
Authors: Castka Pavel , Bamber Christopher J. , Bamber David J. , Sharp John M.
Published: May 2004

Following the growing interest in corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Committee on Consumer Policy (ISO/COPOLCO) opened the discussion about the feasibility of CSR management system standard. In this paper, we investigate the underlying issues that shape the development of CSR standard. Based on our case study research, we provide a framework for organisations to establish, manage, improve and document a CSR management system. This framework is based on process and systems thinking and analogous to ISO 9001:2000 adding significantly to existing definitive management frameworks. Finally, we outline areas for further research and indicate substantial managerial implications.
Mind Reading, Deception and the Evolution of Kantian Moral Agents
Authors: ROSAS ALEJANDRO
Published: May 2004

Classical evolutionary explanations of social behavior classify behaviors from their effects, not from their underlying mechanisms. Here lies a potential objection against the view that morality can be explained by such models, e.g. Trivers’reciprocal altruism. However, evolutionary theory reveals a growing interest in the evolution of psychological mechanisms and factors them in as selective forces. This opens up perspectives for evolutionary approaches to problems that have traditionally worried moral philosophers. Once the ability to mind‐read is factored‐in among the relevant variables in the evolution of moral abilities and counted among the selection pressures that have plausibly shaped our nature as moral agents, an evolutionary approach can contribute, so I will argue, to the solution of a long‐standing debate in moral philosophy and psychology concerning the basic motivation for moral behavior.
Love and Personal Relationships: Navigating on the Border Between the Ideal and the Real
Authors: DJIKIC MAJA , OATLEY KEITH
Published: May 2004

In the psychological literature, love is often seen as a construct inseparable from that of close, interpersonal relationships. As a result, it has been often assumed that the same motivational factors underlie both phenomena. This often leads researchers to propose that love does not exist in itself—that it is an emotion which stems solely from a need for attachment, fulfillment of reproductive aims, or for social exchange. The popular cultural imagination, however, perceives love as a unique, mysterious, altruistic, ever‐lasting bond between two people—a vision of love which is at odds with its supposed psychological origins. We propose that an ideal of love and its enactment in our culture is a result of two intertwining factors. Within the last few centuries, interpersonal relationships and love have replaced religion as islands of existential comfort. Toward this end, lovers project illusory meaning on their partners. The laborious and turbulent process of withdrawing these projections can lead to what many thinkers think “love” is: bestowal of value on another, and consequent respect for, and care for that person, unmotivated by one's own needs, within the context of a real relationship.
Restoration ofHydrastis canadensis: Experimental Test of a Disturbance Hypothesis After Two Growing Seasons
Authors: Sinclair Adrianne , Catling Paul M.
Published: May 2004

This paper tests the hypothesis that disturbance simulation is beneficial for restoration ofHydrastis canadensis(goldenseal) 2 years after a disturbance event. This takes into account possible delay in resource allocation to reproduction. At five deciduous woodland sites in Ontario, Canada, three disturbance simulation treatments, fertilization, soil turnover, fertilization + soil turnover, and a control were randomly applied to experimental blocks in 1999. Seeds and mature rhizomes were transplanted into each treatment plot. Seed production and seedlings were recorded in 2001. Transplants were measured and flowers and fruit recorded in 2000 and 2001. Soil turnover and fertilization + soil turnover significantly increased the production of flowers and fruit in the second year after disturbance, contrasting with lack of significance in the first year. The effect on plant size was opposite, with significantly increased cover in the first year but not the second. Soil turnover + fertilization significantly increased seed production. The disturbance treatments did not have a significant effect on number or presence of seedlings possibly due to extraordinary drought conditions. Consideration of second‐year results strongly suggests that (1) substrate disturbance, in addition to canopy gaps, is an important factor in woodland herb ecology; (2) certain woodland herbs may be rare due to lack of specific disturbances which were more prevalent in the past; and (3) mature woodlands may require management, involving disturbance simulation, for the protection and restoration of certain rare woodland flora.
A Comparative Test of Mechanized and Manual Transplanting of Eelgrass, Zostera marina, in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Fishman James R. , Orth Robert J. , Marion Scott , Bieri Jill
Published: May 2004

Abstract The laborious process of manual seagrass transplanting has often limited the size of seagrass restoration efforts. This study tested the efficiency of a mechanized planting boat, previously used for transplanting Halodule wrightii, relative to manual transplanting methods for establishing Zostera marina in Chesapeake Bay. Eelgrass planting was conducted at two sites, one each in the Rappahannock and James rivers, in October 2001. The methods were evaluated by three criteria: (1) initial planting success = proportion of attempted planting units (PUs) initially established (number confirmed in sediment by divers/number attempted); (2) survival = proportion of the initially established PUs persisting over 1, 4, and 24 weeks; and (3) efficiency = labor (in person·seconds) invested in each surviving PU. Initial planting success was significantly lower for the planting boat (24 and 56% at the Rappahannock and James sites, respectively) than for manual transplanting (100% at both sites). At the Rappahannock site, survival of initially established PUs declined over time for both methods, but while mean survival was always higher for manually planted rows, differences in survival between methods were not statistically significant. At the James site, survival to 1 and 4 weeks was significantly lower for the machine than for the manual method, but survival to 24 weeks was not significantly different. While the machine was able to attempt PUs faster than the manual method (2.2 s/PU vs. 5.8 s/PU, respectively), this speed was offset by poorer planting success rates, resulting in a much greater total labor investment for each machine‐planted PU that persisted to 24 weeks than for each similarly persisting manually planted PU (40.6 person·seconds/PU and 22.4 person·seconds/PU, respectively, averaged across sites). In summary, those PUs successfully planted by the machine survived similarly to PUs planted by hand, but as a result of poorer initial planting success, the machine required a greater investment of labor and plant donor stock for each PU surviving to 24 weeks. Therefore, in its tested configuration this planting boat is not a significant improvement over the manual method for transplanting eelgrass.
Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt Forest of Southwestern Australia
Authors: Koch John M. , Richardson Jennifer , Lamont Byron B.
Published: May 2004

This study examined factors affecting germination, survival, and growth of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii on newly rehabilitated bauxite mine pits in the jarrah forest of southwestern Australia. Grazing by kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was the major factor in reducing survival and growth of both species during the first 2 years. Provision of artificial grazing protection increased survival and growth (plant mass) of both species by 3‐fold. Grazing by native vertebrates has not previously been identified as affecting mine restoration in Western Australia. Initial germination rates from sown seeds of X. preissii at eight replicate sites ranged from 25 to 64% with a mean of 42%. Corresponding figures for X. gracilis were 5–42% with a mean of 17%. Germination of X. gracilis was greater on heavier, moister soils, but X. preissii germinated better on sandier soils. High levels of initial germination did not ensure high survival. Plants of both species grew bigger and survived better on the lighter, sandy soils. Xanthorrhoea seedlings located in the depressions created by the ripping process grew larger than seedlings on the slopes of the riplines. The presence of plants of other species did not have a significant effect on survival. However, these plants facilitated the growth of both species when artificial grazing protection was unavailable. Plants of other species reduced the growth rates of Xanthorrhoea seedlings where artificial grazing protection was provided. Artificial shade by itself had no significant effect on growth of either species. In rehabilitated bauxite mines in the jarrah forest, the provision of grazing protection is recommended to ensure successful establishment and early survival of Xanthorrhoea spp.
Moist‐Soil Plants as Ecohydrologic Indicators for Recovering the Flood Pulse in the Illinois River
Authors: Ahn Changwoo , White David C. , Sparks Richard E.
Published: May 2004

The hydrologic regime of the Illinois River has been substantially altered by locks and dams, floodplain levees, water diversion, and development of the watershed over the past 100 years. The natural flood pulse, a fundamental rhythm to which the plants and animals of both the river and its floodplain had adapted, has been disrupted. State, federal, and non‐governmental organizations are currently trying to naturalize the Illinois floodplain‐river system. Little, however, is known about how to recover those elements of the flood pulse essential to the native biota. In this study we propose moist‐soil plants, whose life history is dependent upon flood pulsing, as ecohydrologic indicators of the flood pulse. We explain how moist‐soil plants are supported by the natural flood pulse and present a conceptual framework that links the flooding regimes of the river and the reproductive success of the plants. Successful germination and full growth of moist‐soil plants can be a useful indicator for optimum naturalization of flood regimes. The framework also shows how the interdisciplinary linkages between hydrology, ecology, and spatial analysis assist in predicting, measuring, and comparing consequences of alternative naturalization scenarios. A new ecohydrologic parameter, lowest elevation for successful moist‐soil plant production, is presented.
Factors Controlling Vegetation Establishment and Water Erosion on Motorway Slopes in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Bochet Esther , García‐Fayos Patricio
Published: May 2004

In semiarid Mediterranean areas, the widespread environmental impact caused by the construction of motorways, railways, and pipelines has created an increasing need for effective restoration. We examined the influence of slope characteristics on vegetation and water erosion on 71 motorway slopes in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Specifically, we studied the effect of slope angle, type (roadfill vs. roadcut) and aspect (north vs. south) on soil properties, vegetation cover, species richness, floristic composition, and water‐caused erosion. Temporal dynamics of soil water content was monitored and related to the soil water potential in order to explain possible differences in vegetation cover between slope types. The main factors influencing vegetation on motorway slopes were the angle, type, and aspect of the slope. Vegetation was almost completely lacking on roadcuts with slopes greater than 45°. On gentler slopes, vegetation cover was 44–78% on roadfills but did not reach 10% on roadcuts, regardless of aspect. The main soil properties affected by the slope type and aspect were the organic matter content, soil available P, and water content. Rill erosion, gully erosion, and mass movement were all significantly higher on roadcuts than roadfills. A total of 308 spontaneous colonizers and seeded species were recorded. The type and aspect of the slope also controlled species composition. The short duration of available water in the soil with respect to soil water potential proved to be a limiting factor to plant colonization on roadcuts and south‐facing slopes as well as the low soil fertility in the case of roadcuts. Our results underscore the difficulty of revegetating slopes with angles greater than 45°, where the probability of seeds moving downhill is high. Future efforts should focus on increasing the surface roughness or building terraces at regular intervals in order to reduce slope angle to less than 45° and favor seed trapping and germination. On gentler slopes, adjusting of seed mixes according to dominant species associated with each slope type and aspect should improve considerably the success of roadside revegetation.
Influence of selected hydrocolloids on triticale starch rheological properties
Authors: Korus Jarosław , Juszczak Lesław , Witczak Mariusz , Achremowicz Bohdan
Published: May 2004

The aim of the study was to define the influence of selected nonstarch polysaccharides (guar gum, xanthan gum and arabic gum) on several rheological properties of triticale starch pastes/gels, at constant polysaccharide concentration (6.5 g/100 g). These included pasting characteristics, flow curves at 50 °C and mechanical spectra at 25 °C. It was found that the presence of a gum in a system modified the rheological properties of triticale starch gels/pastes, depending on the type and concentration of the gums. In the case of guar and xanthan gums, higher pasting viscosity was observed and the shear stress was increased compared with native starch. The presence of guar gum reduced the degree of thixotropy hysteresis, negative values for this being found for systems with xanthan in spite of their shear‐thinning behaviour. Systems containing arabic gum displayed lower values of pasting and flow viscosity. The type and concentration of gums added to the polysaccharide influenced the viscoelastic properties of the gels.
Effect of high‐temperature setting on gelling characteristic of surimi from some tropical fish
Authors: Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop , Chantarasuwan Chakkawat
Published: May 2004

The effect of setting at 40 °C on the textural properties and the changes in myofibrillar proteins in surimi produced from threadfin bream (Nemipterus bleekeri), bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus), barracuda (Sphyraena jello) and bigeye croaker (Pennahai macrophthalmus) was investigated. An increase in the time of setting generally resulted in higher breaking force and also the deformation of both suwari and kamaboko gels. Maximum increases in gel‐breaking force were obtained in 1 h for threadfin bream, 2 h for bigeye snapper, 1.5 h for barracuda and 3 h for bigeye croaker. Extended setting time caused decreases in breaking force and deformation in all surimi, except that produced from bigeye croaker. Gel strengthening was associated with an increase in non‐disulphide covalent bond formation. Degradation of proteins occurred with prolonged setting. Therefore, setting at 40 °C for an appropriate time is a promising means to improve the gelling property of surimi produced from tropical fish.
Werner‐type metal complexes of potato starch
Authors: Ciesielski Wojciech , Tomasik Piotr
Published: May 2004

It was shown that potato starch formed Werner‐type complexes. In these complexes a metal atom is ligated by the lone electron pairs of hydroxyl groups from d‐glucose units and phosphate groups in starch. Acetate, chloride and nitrate were counter‐ions to the transition metal atoms. The metal cations bound preferentially to the phosphoric acid moiety of amylopectin, but secondarily they were co‐ordinated by the hydroxyl groups of the d‐glucose units. This resulted in the formation of clathrate cages in which a significant number of the water molecules were trapped. Such structures were able to co‐ordinate further metal cations. Only Mn(II) and Co(II) ions, with acetate counter‐ions, neither formed clathrate cages nor were co‐ordinated by the hydroxyl groups of the d‐glucose of starch.
Viability and activity of bifidobacteria in yoghurt containing fructooligosaccharide during refrigerated storage
Authors: Akalın Ayşe Sibel , Fenderya Serap , Akbulut Necati
Published: May 2004

The viability of yoghurt bacteria and two commercial strains of bifidobacteria was assessed in either yoghurt containing chicory fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or without any prebiotic, during 28 days storage at 4 °C. All the products showed a decrease in the viable count of yoghurt bacteria and bifidobacteria during storage. Numbers of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus decreased faster than those for Streptococcus thermophilus. The viability of bifidobacteria in yoghurt was affected by the strain type and the presence of FOS. Bifidobacterium animalis exhibited better stability in the yoghurt than B. longum. The recommended level of 1 million cells was exceeded for B. animalis throughout storage. The highest viable number of bifidobacteria (3.59–2.25 × 107 CFU g−1) was obtained in the product containing B. animalis and FOS. Viability of B. longum in yoghurt containing FOS remained above 106 CFU g−1 for up to 21 days, whereas this level was maintained for only 7 days for that organism in yoghurt without any prebiotic.
d‐Lactic Acidosis in Calves as a Consequence of Experimentally Induced Ruminal Acidosis
Authors: Gentile A. , Sconza S. , Lorenz I. , Otranto G. , Rademacher G. , Famigli‐Bergamini P. , Klee W.
Published: May 2004

In order to test the hypothesis that ruminal drinking in calves can lead to d‐lactic metabolic acidosis, ruminal acidosis was induced in nine calves by intraruminal application of untreated whole milk via a stomach tube. The amount of the daily force‐fed liquid was 3 × 1 l. The experimental design called for an end of intraruminal applications if two or more of the following signs were observed: severe depression, estimated degree of dehydration >10%, absence of sucking reflex, lack of appetite for two consecutive feedings, severe metabolic acidosis with calculated Actual Base Excess (ABE) <−15 mmol/l. The procedure was scheduled to be discontinued on the 17th day of experiment. The onset of ruminal acidification occurred rapidly, and mean pH value fell from 6.70 (±0.48) to 4.90 (±0.38) after the first application. The following days the pH values varied between 4 and 5. Rumen acidity was characterized biochemically by a significant increase in both isomers of lactic acid. The effects of the intraruminal administration on the calves were detrimental; eight of nine calves showed an acute disease process. According to the pre‐established clinical standard, seven of nine calves were removed from the intraruminal feeding schedule. All but one of the calves developed severe systemic acidosis. The increase in anion gap demonstrated the net acid load. In all the calves d‐lactate levels were found to show a significant and rapid increase. On the contrary, l‐lactate never deviated from physiological levels. These observations confirm that, in young calves as in adult cattle, ruminal acidosis may lead to a clinically manifested d‐lactic metabolic acidosis.
Hypothyroid Goitre in a Ram: Chemical Analysis gives Indirect Evidence for a Structurally Altered Type of Ovine Thyroglobulin
Authors: Sipos W. , Miller I. , Fountoulakis M. , Schmoll F. , Patzl M. , Schwendenwein I. , Rapp E. , Taxacher A. , Gemeiner M.
Published: May 2004

The thyroglobulin of a ram of the East Friesian milk sheep breed suffering from goitre was investigated by physico‐ and immunochemical methods. The respective ram was the only animal amongst the other sheep of the flock, that exhibited severe goitre, additionally showing depressed behaviour. Results of the thyroid‐stimulating hormone response test were indicative of hypothyroidism. The dysfunction of the thyroid gland could be treated by additional iodine supplementation quite successfully, although all sheep had been given iodinated cattle salt throughout the course of the history. Without reducing conditions sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) of isolated thyroglobulin molecules of the ram and control sheep did not reveal different band patterns, but under reducing conditions different band patterns were evident for the respective animals: the ram's thyroglobulin displayed two main bands, those of healthy reference sheep only one. Both bands reacted equally with anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies, even with those produced by immunizing rabbits with single bands. The reduced single thyroglobulin band of healthy sheep corresponded to a truncated form of that molecule, whereas the additional main band of the ram was a more resistent, intact thyroglobulin subunit, as was shown by mass spectrometry. In conclusion, results of physico‐ and immunochemical investigations gave evidence of a modification of thyroglobulin with suspected different iodine binding properties in the ram. The latter finding may have clinical relevance in similar cases in other species, as it is an example of the impact that a minor change in a protein molecule may have on a complete metabolic pathway. Additionally, it could be shown, that in the ovine species the generally found single main band of thyroglobulin after reduction is a truncated form and not an intact subunit. This truncation seems to be induced in vitro by the reductive sample pretreatment prior to SDS‐PAGE.
Effect of Energy Density in the Diet and Milking Frequency on Plasma Metabolites and Hormones in Early Lactation Dairy Cows
Authors: Andersen J. B. , Friggens N. C. , Larsen T. , Vestergaard M. , Ingvartsen K. L.
Published: May 2004

The effects of energy density in the diet [low = 0.86 SFU/kg dry matter (DM) or high = 1.06 SFU/kg DM] and daily milking frequency (two or three times) in early lactation on plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones were evaluated in 40 Holstein dairy cows arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial block design. The four treatment combinations were L2, L3, H2 and H3, and the experimental period comprised the first 8 weeks of lactation. Plasma glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I concentrations were on average 8 (3.43 versus 3.19 mmol/l), 114 (41.6 versus 19.4 pmol/l) and 60% (91.9 versus 57.4 ng/ml) higher, whereas β‐hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were on average 18 (0.73 versus 0.89 mmol/l1), 14 (7.18 versus 8.35 mmol/l), and 63% (1.0 versus 2.6 ng/ml1) lower for cows fed diet H than for cows fed diet L. Cows milked three times daily had a 6% (3.20 versus 3.42 mmol/l) lower plasma glucose concentration and a 19% (0.88 versus 0.74 mmol/l1) higher plasma concentration of BOHB compared with cows milked two times daily. Plasma non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was not affected by either treatment. Overall, it is concluded that increasing the daily milking frequency creates a higher metabolic imbalance in early lactation. Cows in early lactation will benefit from receiving a high energy density diet and thereby avoid a too high metabolic imbalance when mobilizing body tissue in support of milk production.
Histopathological Effects of Boldenone in Cattle
Authors: Groot M. J. , Biolatti B.
Published: May 2004

Histopathology of male cattle previously found positive for béta‐boldenone in urine in the Netherlands and in Italy was studied. The animals were derived from practice and several weeks had passed after the finding of béta‐boldenone before the animals were examined. The animals consisted of 34 male veal calves and one finishing bull. In the prostate gland hypersecretion, cyst formation (45%) and hyperplasia of the urethral epithelium was observed, in the bulbo‐urethral gland similar alterations were present. The testis showed reduced development and degeneration of the germinal epithelium (70%), leading to debris and syncytial cell formation in the lumina. Stromal proliferation was evident. In some animals the liver was sampled and showed periportal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and sometimes necrosis. The bull also showed degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the testis and absence of sperm production, the prostate gland showed some secretion and had an atrophic appearance. It is concluded that béta‐boldenone may lead to degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the testis and hypersecretion and cyst formation in the prostate and bulbo‐urethral gland, which alterations may heal in time.
Gender, power, nursing: a case analysis
Authors: Ceci Christine
Published: May 2004

This paper is concerned with events that were the subject of an inquest into the deaths of 12 children who died while undergoing or shortly after having undergone cardiac surgery at the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada, during 1994. A notable finding of the Sinclair Inquest was that nurses involved with the pediatric cardiac surgery program were concerned about the competence of the surgeon and made sustained efforts throughout 1994 to have these concerns addressed. That the nurses’ concerns were not taken seriously is the central problem of this paper. Essentially, the position articulated is that gendered and gendering discourses constituted a form of power that structured the field of nurses’ possible actions. These discourses constituted a resource to make nurses knowable, to produce them as certain forms of the person, and were therefore part of what governed nurses everyday conduct. Though neither simply good nor bad in themselves, in this case, these discourses had constraining effects on how nurses were able to conduct themselves.
Holding American hospitals accountable: rhetoric and reality
Authors: Wiener Carolyn L.
Published: May 2004

Assessing the vast arena that continues to grow in pursuit of accountability in American hospitals, this paper raises the following question: Is this enterprise geared toward making hospitals better or toward making them only look better? ‘Accountability’ has become an umbrella concept to signal the need to demonstrate — to others — that performance is being measured and perfected. The author asserts that there is an imperfect fit between health‐care and the industrial model being used to measure quality of care due to four problematic issues: the nature of contemporary patient care, the overstating and overselling of accountability proposals, inflated expectations placed upon ‘rationalization’, and insufficient attention afforded accident and error. The paper concludes with a plea for reconsideration of the tilt toward a business approach to health‐care, asking if, in our zeal to hold hospitals accountable, we are measuring what is important or simply making important what we can measure.
Why 4 years when 3 will do? Enhanced knowledge for rural nursing practice
Authors: Kenny Amanda , Carter Leah , Martin Sonia , Williams Sari
Published: May 2004

In Australia, debates over the appropriate length of undergraduate nursing programs have a long history. Submissions from both universities and industry to key government reports have consistently argued that the current minimum entry level of practice, a three‐year program, is too short to enable students to gain the knowledge and skills necessary for the contemporary nursing role. Despite these submissions, the established entry level for nursing practice in Australia remains a three‐year undergraduate bachelor degree. However, there is a small group of high‐achieving students who will begin practice at the end of a four‐year program. Little is known about these programs, or the students who are currently enrolled in them. Designed as a collaborative endeavour, based on co‐operative inquiry, the study discussed in this article aimed to provide an insight into aspects of a four‐year undergraduate nursing program. Potentially, the broader theoretical and clinical preparation that is possible in a four‐year program provides students with enhanced learning opportunities that will enable them to graduate with more confidence and greater ability. In this study a four‐year program provided an opportunity for a regional university to prepare students for the demanding realities of a complex area of practice, rural nursing.
Addition of montelukast versus double dose of inhaled budesonide in moderate persistent asthma
Authors: YILDIRIM Zeki , OZLU Tevfik , BULBUL Yilmaz , BAYRAM Hasan
Published: May 2004

Background:  Although current guidelines suggest the use of inhaled corticosteroids as the first line therapy in persistent asthma, the concerns about high‐dose corticosteroids may limit their usage. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of inhaled budesonide plus oral montelukast versus a double dose of inhaled budesonide.

Methodology:  Thirty patients with moderate asthma took part in the study. Following a 2‐week run in period, the patients were randomized into two groups to receive 400 µg/day of inhaled budesonide plus 10 mg/day of montelukast (BUD + M group) or 800 µg/day of inhaled budesonide (high BUD group). The patients were evaluated at 2‐week intervals (during a total treatment period of 6 weeks) for symptom scores, asthma exacerbations, lung function, use of short‐acting β2 agonist, blood eosinophil counts and adverse events.

Results:  At the end of the study, morning and daytime symptom scores were significantly reduced within the groups. Although there was a significant decrease in the frequency of short‐acting β2 agonist use in the BUD + M group, the decrease in the high BUD group was not significant. During the study period, no patient in either group experienced an asthma exacerbation. Blood eosinophil levels significantly declined in both the BUD + M (0.87 ± 0.31%) and high BUD groups (0.67 ± 0.29%) as compared with baseline levels (BUD + M = 2.60 ± 0.65%, high BUD group = 2.60 ± 0.47%; P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that the addition of montelukast to low‐dose inhaled budesonide is as effective as a double dose of inhaled budesonide in asthma control.
Protease inhibitor phenotypes and serum alpha‐1‐antitrypsin levels in patients with COPD: A study from Hong Kong
Authors: KWOK Janette S. Y. , LAWTON John W. M. , YEW Wing Wai , CHAU Chi Hung , LEE Joseph , WONG Poon Chuen
Published: May 2004

Objective:  Many studies have suggested that an imbalance of protease activation and inhibition might result in COPD with emphysema. Levels of alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT), the key protease inhibitor, are genetically determined by alleles that present in many phenotypes/subtypes, some of which are associated with deficiency of the protein. We prospectively evaluated the prevalence of the protease inhibitor (Pi) alleles and phenotypes together with the serum α1‐AT levels in Chinese patients with COPD.

Methodology:  The study population comprised 356 patients with COPD. The male‐to‐female ratio was 4 : 1 with a mean age of 72.4 years (range 44–93 years). Isoelectric focusing was used for Pi phenotyping/subtyping. The frequencies of Pi alleles and phenotypes were compared with the frequencies in 1085 healthy unrelated Chinese control subjects. The serum α1‐AT levels were measured by the Cobas Fara assay.

Results:  PiZ was not detected. No significant difference in distribution of PiM phenotypes/subtypes between patients with COPD and healthy controls was observed, except for M1M3 and M2M3. There was also a significant difference in the proportion of variant S and F alleles between the disease group and the control population.

Conclusion:  The low prevalence of deficiency Pi phenotypes/subtypes suggests a lack of contribution of α1‐AT deficiency to the pathogenesis of COPD in Chinese patients. The strategy of launching an α1‐AT deficiency detection program among COPD patients, based on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, may not be readily applicable in our local setting.