bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the relationship between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variability and tropical cyclogenesis in the southwest Pacific
Authors: Magee Andrew D. , Verdon‐Kidd Danielle C.
Published: January 2018

In the southwest Pacific (SWP) tropical cyclones (TCs) account for 76% of the regions natural disasters and have substantial economic, physical and environmental impacts on people and places. Therefore, information is needed to better understand when and where TCs are likely to occur, as this can aid in preparedness and planning. While there is a well‐established relationship between Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability and tropical cyclogenesis (TC genesis) in the SWP, it does not fully explain the historical spatial and temporal variability observed. Therefore, this study aims to look beyond the Pacific and establish a new relationship between Indian Ocean SST variability and SWP TC genesis. This is achieved by statistically relating indices of Indian Ocean SST variability to SWP TC genesis positions. The physical mechanisms driving these observed relationships are then established by studying changes in the environmental conditions conducive to TC genesis. This analysis shows that Indian Ocean SST variability significantly modulates the clustering of SWP TC genesis, where warmer (cooler) SSTs in the eastern and western regions of the Indian Ocean result in a statistically significant north/east (south/west) migration of TC genesis by up to 950 km. Importantly, this relationship is shown to be consistent when the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO, the dominant Pacific mode) is in an inactive phase (ENSO neutral). Favourable TC genesis parameters including warm SSTs, increased relative humidity, anomalously negative 700 hPa vorticity, anomalously negative and low absolute 200–850 hPa vertical wind shear account for the observed shift in clustering. Furthermore, we show that the combined effect of ENSO/Indian Ocean SST variability results in varying risk profiles for island nations of the region, with the two climate modes either enhancing or suppressing individual impacts. Significantly, the findings from this study provide an opportunity for meteorological agencies to improve seasonal SWP TC outlooks.
Benefit of targeted, pharmacist‐led education for junior doctors in reducing prescription writing errors – a controlled trial
Authors: Gursanscky Jared , Young Joanne , Griffett Kerryn , Liew Danny , Smallwood David
Published: January 2018

Background

Prescribing errors are common and a known cause of adverse patient outcomes. Junior doctors are responsible for the majority of prescribing, and may benefit from educational interventions.

Aim

To assess the effect of (1) targeted pharmacist‐led feedback and education, and (2) an e‐learning prescribing module, on prescription writing error rates by junior doctors in the inpatient medical setting.

Methods

We undertook a cluster randomised trial in 2014 involving 16 prescribers in four general medical units of an Australian tertiary hospital. One unit was randomised to prescribing feedback and targeted education by a clinical pharmacist; another unit was randomised to an e‐learning intervention on safe prescribing; and two units were randomised to no intervention. Data were collected via daily audit of paper medication charts. A prescription writing error was deemed to have occurred if patient or prescriber details were incomplete, or if a medication order was illegible, incomplete or incorrect. Statistical analysis was by Chi‐squared comparison of each unit's error rate pre‐intervention to post‐intervention.

Results

Prescription writing errors were significantly reduced in the pharmacist education group, from 0.58 errors/total orders pre‐intervention to 0.37 errors/total orders post‐intervention (p < 0.001). Conversely, an increase in the error rate of the control group was observed from 0.49 to 0.59 errors/total orders (p < 0.001), and to a lesser extent in the e‐learning group from 0.58 to 0.63 errors/total orders (p = 0.025).

Conclusions

Regular and targeted pharmacist feedback and education is effective at reducing prescription writing errors, while the effect of e‐learning tools remains unclear.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Is Associated With Further Left Ventricular Abnormalities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 3‐Dimensional Speckle‐Tracking Study
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Ma Wenyan , Xia Jizhu
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to detect left ventricular (LV) structure and function abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) using 3‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography.

Methods

Eighty patients with type 2 diabetes and a normal LV ejection fraction (≥55%), including 40 with coexistent NAFL, and 40 age‐ and sex‐matched control participants were recruited. Conventional echocardiography and 3‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography were performed, and global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, global area strain, and global radial strain values were measured.

Results

Significant differences in 2‐dimensional LV functional patterns were found among the 3 groups (P = .031), and LV hypertrophy was the most prevalent in patients with diabetes and NAFL. The patients with diabetes only had significantly lower global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain than the controls (allP < .05). The patients with diabetes and NAFL had severely lower global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, global area strain, and global radial strain than the controls (allP < .001), and they also had severely lower global longitudinal strain, global area strain, and global radial strain than the patients with diabetes only (allP < 0.001). The hemoglobin A1clevel and NAFL were independently associated with strain values in all patients with diabetes. The strain values in multiple directions (≥2 of global longitudinal, global circumferential, global area, and global radial strain) decreased significantly in the patients with diabetes and moderate and severe NAFL compared to those with mild NAFL (allP < .05).

Conclusions

Nonalcoholic fatty liver could aggravate LV hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. The combined application of conventional and 3‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography could detect these asymptomatic preclinical abnormalities.
Matching value propositions with varied customer needs: The role of service modularity
Authors: Heikka Eija‐Liisa , Frandsen Thomas , Hsuan Juliana
Published: January 2018

Organizations seek to manage varied customer segments using varied value propositions. The ability of a knowledge‐intensive business service (KIBS) provider to formulate value propositions into attractive offerings to varied customers becomes a competitive advantage. In this specific business based on often highly abstract service offerings, this requires the provider to have a clear overview of its knowledge and resources and how these can be configured to obtain the desired customization of services. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how a KIBS provider can match value propositions with varied customer needs utilizing service modularity. To accomplish this purpose, a qualitative multiple case study is organized around 5 projects allowing within‐case and cross‐case comparisons. Our findings describe how through the configuration of knowledge and resources a sustainable competitive advantage is created through creating the right kind of value propositions for varied customers with the help of modularity. Understanding gained through this research helps KIBS organizations in their efforts to increase organizational effectiveness through modular services.
Photoredox‐Based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle
Authors: Liles Kevin P. , Greene Angelique F. , Danielson Mary K. , Colley Nathan D. , Wellen Andrew , Fisher Jeremy M. , Barnes Jonathan C.
Published: January 2018

The use of light to actuate materials is advantageous because it represents a cost‐effective and operationally straightforward way to introduce energy into a stimuli‐responsive system. Common strategies for photoinduced actuation of materials typically rely on light irradiation to isomerize azobenzene or spiropyran derivatives, or to induce unidirectional rotation of molecular motors incorporated into a 3D polymer network. Although interest in photoredox catalysis has risen exponentially in the past decade, there are far fewer examples where photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes are employed to actuate materials. Here, a novel mode of actuation in a series of redox‐responsive hydrogels doped with a visible‐light‐absorbing ruthenium‐based photocatalyst is reported. The hydrogels are composed primarily of polyethylene glycol and low molar concentrations of a unimolecular electroactive polyviologen that is activated through a PET mechanism. The rate and degree of contraction of the hydrogels are measured over several hours while irradiating with blue light. Likewise, the change in mechanical properties—determined through oscillatory shear rheology experiments—is assessed as a function of polyviologen concentration. Finally, an artificial molecular muscle is fabricated using the best‐performing hydrogel composition, and its ability to perform work, while irradiated, is demonstrated by lifting a small weight.
Finite‐region stabilization via dynamic output feedback for 2‐D Roesser models
Authors: Hua Dingli , Wang Weiqun , Yu Weiren , Wang Yixiang
Published: January 2018

Finite‐region stability (FRS), a generalization of finite‐time stability, has been used to analyze the transient behavior of discrete two‐dimensional (2‐D) systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of FRS for discrete 2‐D Roesser models via dynamic output feedback. First, a sufficient condition is given to design the dynamic output feedback controller with a state feedback‐observer structure, which ensures the closed‐loop system FRS. Then, this condition is reducible to a condition that is solvable by linear matrix inequalities. Finally, viable experimental results are demonstrated by an illustrative example.
The relationships between some types of partial differential equations and ordinary differential equations as well as their applications
Authors: Song Xianfa , Lv Xiaoshuang
Published: January 2018

In this article, we establish some relationships between several types of partial differential equations and ordinary differential equations. One application of these relationships is that we can get the exact values of the blowup time and the blowup rate of the solution to a partial differential equation by solving an ordinary differential equation. Another application of these relationships is that we can give the estimates for the spatial integration (or mean value) of the solution to a partial differential equation. We also obtain the lower and upper bounds for the blowup time of the solution to a parabolic equation with weighted function and space‐time integral in the nonlinear term.
Singularity analysis of the 3/6 Stewart parallel manipulator using geometric algebra
Authors: Ma Jiayi , Chen Qiaohong , Yao Huijing , Chai Xinxue , Li Qinchuan
Published: January 2018

Singularity analysis of a parallel manipulator (PM) is important in its trajectory planning and workspace design. This paper presents a new method based on geometric algebra (GA) for the singularity analysis of the 3/6‐SPS Gough‐Stewart PM, where S denotes a spherical joint and P a prismatic pair. The 6 line vectors associated with the SPS limb are expressed using GA. An analytic singular polynomial is then derived as the coefficient of the outer product of all 6 line vectors. This polynomial provides an overall description of the singularity of the 3/6‐SPS Gough‐Stewart PM. Position‐singularity loci and orientation‐singularity loci can be drawn based on this polynomial, the latter of which have seldom been addressed. It is also shown that the proposed GA‐based method is geometrically intuitive and computationally efficient.
Dietary Protein Demand of the Juvenile Blue Discus Symphysodon haraldi
Authors: Wen Bin , Chen Zai-Zhong , Zhang Xiao-Xiao , Gao Jian-Zhong
Published: January 2018

A 63-d experiment was conducted to investigate the dietary protein demand of juvenile Blue Discus Symphysodon haraldi. Five isoenergetic and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of crude protein (CP): 50% (CP50), 55% (CP55), 60% (CP60), 65% (CP65), and 70% (CP70). The results showed that survival rate was not affected by dietary protein level. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) first increased and then decreased as dietary protein level increased, and the highest WG and SGR was observed in the CP60 group. In contrast, feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) first decreased and then increased, and the lowest FI and FCR were both observed in the CP60 group. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) first increased and then decreased, and the highest PER was observed in the CP60 group. Both the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index tended to decrease as dietary protein level increased. Crude protein content first increased and then decreased, while crude lipid content tended to decrease as dietary protein level increased. Quadratic regression analysis on the basis of WG, SGR, FI, FCR, and PER indicated that the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile Blue Discus was estimated to be 60.1–61.0% of dry matter.
Effects of Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels on Gonad Index, Composition, and Color in the Purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Cuesta-Gomez Diana Maria , Sánchez-Saavedra M del Pilar
Published: January 2018

Understanding the nutritional requirements of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is essential for producing suitable formulated diets and promoting its aquaculture in Mexico. Protein and carbohydrates are required components for gonad growth in sea urchins, yet their levels and effects on gonad composition and color have not been determined for this species. The effects of dietary protein and carbohydrates on gonad index, consumption, proximate content, and color were investigated in S. purpuratus in a 12-week experiment, from April to June 2015. Sea urchins were collected from Arbolitos Bay in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and fed diets that contained three protein levels (300, 230, and 170 g/kg) and two carbohydrate levels (420 and 500 g/kg). All diets significantly increased gonad index, but individuals that were fed a diet with 300 g/kg of protein and 500 g/kg of carbohydrate had the highest gonad index. Dietary protein had a significant effect on lipid storage, whereas protein and nitrogen-free extract storage had no significant relationship with dietary protein or carbohydrate. Differences between gonad color and the standard color cards indicated that S. purpuratus gonads tended to be closer to an orange-yellow color. This study indicates that S. purpuratus will have increased gonad index values at all protein and carbohydrate quantities that were tested in this study. However, gonad coloration is more suitable with a diet containing 230 g/kg of protein and 500 g/kg of carbohydrates.
Comparison of water and air charged transducer catheter pressures in the evaluation of cystometrogram and voiding pressure studies
Authors: McKinney Timothy B. , Babin Elizabeth A. , Ciolfi Veronica , McKinney Cynthia R. , Shah Nima
Published: January 2018

Aims

Air‐charged (AC) and water‐perfused (WP) catheters have been evaluated for differences in measuring pressures for voiding dysfunction. Typically, a two‐catheter system was used. We believe that simultaneous pressure measurements with AC and WP in a single catheter will provide analogous pressures for coughs, Valsalvas, and maximum pressures in voiding pressure studies (VPS).

Methods

This IRB approved prospective study included 50 women over age 21. AC dual TDOC catheters were utilized. The water‐filling channel served as the bladder filler and the water pressure readings. Patients were evaluated with empty bladders and at volumes of 50‐100 mL, 200 mL, and maximum capacity with cough and Valsalva maneuvers. Comparative analysis was performed on maximum stress peak pressures. At maximum bladder capacity, VPS was done and maximum voiding pressure was recorded.

Results

Comparing coughs and Valsalva maneuvers pressures, there was significant increase in variability between AC and WP measurements with less than 50 mL volume (P < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between AC and WP measurements for coughs and Valsalvas with bladder volume over 50 mL. Visual impression showed virtually identical tracings. Cough measurements had an average difference of 0.25 cmH2O (±8.81) and Valsalva measurements had an average difference of 3.15 cmH2O (±4.72).

Thirty‐eight women had usable maximum voiding pressure measurements and had a strong correlation.

Conclusions

Cystometrogram and maximum voiding pressure measurements done with either water or air charged catheters will yield similarly accurate results and are comparable. Results suggest more variability at low bladder volumes <50 mL.
Invariant incompressible surfaces in reducible 3-manifolds
Authors: NEOFYTIDIS CHRISTOFOROS , WANG SHICHENG
Published: January 2018

We study the effect of the mapping class group of a reducible 3-manifold
$M$
on each incompressible surface that is invariant under a self-homeomorphism of
$M$
. As an application of this study we answer a question of F. Rodriguez Hertz, M. Rodriguez Hertz, and R. Ures: a reducible 3-manifold admits an Anosov torus if and only if one of its prime summands is either the 3-torus, the mapping torus of
$-\text{id}$
, or the mapping torus of a hyperbolic automorphism.
Intraspecific variation in cephalopod conchs changes during ontogeny: perspectives from three-dimensional morphometry of Nautilus pompilius
Authors: Tajika Amane , Morimoto Naoki , Wani Ryoji , Klug Christian
Published: January 2018

Intraspecific variation of organisms is of great importance to correctly carry out taxonomic work, which is a prerequisite for key disciplines in paleontology such as community paleoecology, biostratigraphy, and biogeography. However, intraspecific variation is rarely studied in ectocochleate cephalopods (ammonoids and nautiloids), for which an excessive number of taxa was established during the past centuries. Because intraspecific variation of fossilized organisms suffers from various biases (time averaging and taphonomy), an extant example is needed for actualistic comparison. We applied 3D morphometry to 93 specimens of Nautilus pompilius from three different geographic populations. This data set was used to examine the intraspecific variation throughout ontogeny in detail. Although there are slight differences between the populations as well as some measurement biases, a common pattern of intraspecific variation appears to be present. High variation in morphometric variables appears early in ontogeny and then decreases gradually in the following ontogenetic stages. Subsequently, the variation shows an increase again before maturity until a sharp increase or decrease occurs toward the end of ontogeny. Comparison with intraspecific variation of ammonoids and belemnites illustrated that some groups have ontogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation that are similar to that of N. pompilius. This implies that the abovementioned ontogenetic pattern of intraspecific variation might be common in some major cephalopod clades.
Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: population-based national sample of elderly Americans
Authors: Frith Emily , Shivappa Nitin , Mann Joshua R. , Hébert James R. , Wirth Michael D. , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: January 2018

The objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary inflammatory potential and memory and cognitive functioning among a representative sample of the US older adult population. Cross-sectional data from the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilised to identify an aggregate sample of adults 60–85 years of age (n 1723). Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) scores were calculated using 24-h dietary recall interviews. Three memory-related assessments were employed, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD) Word Learning subset, the Animal Fluency test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Inverse associations were observed between DII scores and the different memory parameters. Episodic memory (CERAD) (badjusted=−0·39; 95 % CI −0·79, 0·00), semantic-based memory (Animal Fluency Test) (badjusted=−1·18; 95 % CI −2·17, −0·20) and executive function and working-memory (DSST) (badjusted=−2·80; 95 % CI −5·58, −0·02) performances were lowest among those with the highest mean DII score. Though inverse relationships were observed between DII scores and memory and cognitive functioning, future work is needed to further explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the complex relationship between inflammation-related dietary behaviour and memory and cognition.
Long-term simulation of temporal change of soil organic carbon in Denmark: comparison of three model performances under climate change
Authors: Ozturk I. , Sharif B. , Baby S. , Jabloun M. , Olesen J. E.
Published: January 2018

The temporal change in soil organic carbon (SOC) was analysed over an 80-year period based on climate change predictions of four regional circulation models under the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario in the 21st century. A 20-year (1991–2010) set of observed climate data was used to form the baseline, and generate synthetic data for future scenario analyses. With increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and under continuous winter wheat production with conventional tillage at different nitrogen (N) input rates, three crop-soil models were used to study the temporal changes of SOC. Results indicated that soil carbon (C) generally decreased over the simulation period. In addition, increased N losses through leaching and denitrification were estimated. Decline in soil C under continuous mono-cropping systems indicated increased focus on N fertilization strategies. The results also suggested significant interactive effect of N input rate and climate variables on soil C and denitrification in response to climate change. The uncertainty was addressed by including the crop-soil models in a mixed-effect analysis so that the contribution of the models to the total variance of random variation was quantified. Statistical analysis showed that the crop-soil models are the main source for uncertainty in analysing soil C and N responses to climate change.
Differential virulence of camel Trypanosoma evansi isolates in mice
Authors: Kamidi Christine M. , Auma Joanna , Mireji Paul O. , Ndungu Kariuki , Bateta Rosemary , Kurgat Richard , Ouma Collins , Aksoy Serap , Murilla Grace
Published: January 2018

This study assessed the virulence of Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of camel trypanosomiasis (surra), affecting mainly camels among other hosts in Africa, Asia and South America, with high mortality and morbidity. Using Swiss white mice, we assessed virulence of 17 T. evansi isolates collected from surra endemic countries. We determined parasitaemia, live body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and survivorship in mice, for a period of 60 days’ post infection. Based on survivorship, the 17 isolates were classified into three virulence categories; low (31–60 days), moderate (11–30 days) and high (0–10 days). Differences in survivorship, PCV and bodyweights between categories were significant and correlated (P < 0.05). Of the 10 Kenyan isolates, four were of low, five moderate and one (Type B) of high virulence. These findings suggest differential virulence between T. evansi isolates. In conclusion, these results show that the virulence of T. evansi may be region specific, the phenotype of the circulating parasite should be considered in the management of surra. There is also need to collect more isolates from other surra endemic regions to confirm this observation.
The effects of psychotherapy for depression on anxiety symptoms: a meta-analysis
Authors: Weitz Erica , Kleiboer Annet , van Straten Annemieke , Cuijpers Pim
Published: January 2018

Background

More than half of patients who present with depressive disorders also have elevated comorbid anxiety symptoms. Given the high comorbidity between these disorders, it is important to understand the extent that psychotherapies for depression additionally ameliorate symptoms of anxiety.

Methods

Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, PSYCinfo, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials. Included studies were randomized controlled trials that compared psychotherapy compared with a control condition for the treatment of adults with a primary diagnosis or elevated symptoms of depression and that examined the effects of treatment on anxiety outcomes. Acute phase depression and anxiety (continuous measure) outcomes were extracted. Effect sizes were calculated by subtracting the average post-treatment scores of the psychotherapy group from the average post-treatment scores of the comparison group divided by the pooled standard deviation.

Results

Fifty-two studies of varying quality met the inclusion criteria. Pooled effect sizes showed that anxiety outcomes were significantly lower in the psychotherapy conditions than in control conditions at post-treatment [g = 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44–0.60; NNT (numbers-needed-to-treat) = 3.50]. Moderate heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 55%, 95% CI 40–66). Bivariate metaregression analysis revealed a significant association between depression and anxiety effect sizes at post-treatment Longer-term follow-ups of up to 14 months post-baseline showed indications for a small lasting effect of psychotherapy on anxiety outcomes (g = 0.27).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis provides evidence that psychotherapy aimed at depression can also reduce anxiety symptoms in relation to control conditions.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive profile in mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies
Authors: Donaghy Paul C , Taylor John-Paul , O'Brien John T , Barnett Nicola , Olsen Kirsty , Colloby Sean J , Lloyd Jim , Petrides George , McKeith Ian G , Thomas Alan J
Published: January 2018

Background

The accurate clinical characterisation of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to compare the neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive profile of MCI with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) with Alzheimer's disease MCI (MCI-AD).

Methods

Participants were ⩾60 years old with MCI. Each had a thorough clinical and neuropsychological assessment and 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-nortropane single photon emission computed tomography FP-CIT SPECT). MCI-LB was diagnosed if two or more diagnostic features of dementia with Lewy bodies were present (visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, motor parkinsonism, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder or positive FP-CIT SPECT). A Lewy body Neuropsychiatric Supportive Symptom Count (LBNSSC) was calculated based on the presence or absence of the supportive neuropsychiatric symptoms defined by the 2017 DLB diagnostic criteria: non-visual hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, depression and apathy.

Results

MCI-LB (n = 41) had a higher LBNSSC than MCI-AD (n = 24; 1.8 ± 1.1 v. 0.7 ± 0.9, p = 0.001). 67% of MCI-LB had two or more of those symptoms, compared with 16% of MCI-AD (Likelihood ratio = 4.2, p < 0.001). MCI-LB subjects scored lower on tests of attention, visuospatial function and verbal fluency. However, cognitive test scores alone did not accurately differentiate MCI-LB from MCI-AD.

Conclusions

MCI-LB is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a cognitive profile similar to established DLB. This supports the concept of identifying MCI-LB based on the presence of core diagnostic features of DLB and abnormal FP-CIT SPECT imaging. The presence of supportive neuropsychiatric clinical features identified in the 2017 DLB diagnostic criteria was helpful in differentiating between MCI-LB and MCI-AD.
Role of microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide in adipose tissue inflammation, adipocyte size and pyroptosis during obesity
Authors: Hersoug Lars-Georg , Møller Peter , Loft Steffen
Published: January 2018

It has been established that ingestion of a high-fat diet increases the blood levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria in the gut. Obesity is characterised by low-grade systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. This is suggested to be implicated in the metabolic syndrome and obesity. In the present review, we hypothesise that LPS directly and indirectly participates in the inflammatory reaction in adipose tissue during obesity. The experimental evidence shows that LPS is involved in the transition of macrophages from the M2 to the M1 phenotype. In addition, LPS inside adipocytes may activate caspase-4/5/11. This may induce a highly inflammatory type of programmed cell death (i.e. pyroptosis), which also occurs after infection with intracellular pathogens. Lipoproteins with or without LPS are taken up by adipocytes. Large adipocytes are more metabolically active and potentially more exposed to LPS than small adipocytes are. Thus, LPS might be involved in defining the adipocyte death size and the formation of crown-like structures. The adipocyte death size is reached when the intracellular concentration of LPS initiates pyroptosis. The mechanistic details remain to be elucidated, but the observations indicate that adipocytes are stimulated to cell death by processes that involve LPS from the gut microbiota. There is a complex interplay between the composition of the diet and microbiota. This influences the amount of LPS that is translocated from the gut. In particular, the lipid content of a meal may correlate with the amount of LPS built in to chylomicrons.
Building capacity in primary care: the implementation of a novel ‘Pharmacy First’ scheme for the management of UTI, impetigo and COPD exacerbation
Authors: Stewart Fiona , Caldwell Gail , Cassells Kirstin , Burton Jonathan , Watson Anne
Published: January 2018

Aim

This service aimed to improve patient access to treatment for urinary tract infections (UTI), impetigo and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and relieve pressure on general practice and out of hours services.

Background

In 2016, a service (Pharmacy First) was introduced in Forth Valley for the management of UTI, impetigo and exacerbation of COPD using patient group directions in community pharmacies. Trained pharmacists supplied a limited range of prescription medicines. Pathways for GP referral were defined. After 5 months of implementation, the service was evaluated.

Methods

A quantitative evaluation was undertaken. Feedback was sought from patients, GPs, pharmacists and GP reception staff, using structured questionnaires. Pharmacy records were used to assess referrals and pharmacy data summarised the number and type of consultations. Basic cost data was obtained from the Health Board.

Findings

In all, 75 pharmacies (of 76), and all 55 GP practices in the area, participated in the service. Over a 5-month period, 1189 cases were managed, the majority being for UTI (75.4%) followed by impetigo (15.2%), then COPD (9.3%). Of all cases, 77.9% were prescribed medication by the pharmacist, 9.1% were given advice only and 16.7% were referred to the GP. Independent clinical assessment of a random sample of 30 GP referrals considered all to be ‘appropriate’. Feedback was received from 69 pharmacists, 34 GPs, 54 reception staff and 73 patients. Patients were very satisfied with the service, most frequently citing the ‘quick and efficient’ access to treatment, and a ‘professional service’. Two thirds of GPs (67%) and 59% of reception staff found the service useful, mainly because it reduced pressure on GP appointments. A further cost benefit evaluation would allow objective assessment of the value of this service.
Bitter pills: the impact of medicare on mental health
Authors: Dyck Erika
Published: January 2018

Medicare shifted the emphasis for mental health care into outpatient psychiatric wings connected to general hospitals and away from large custodial facilities that had been at the centre of the mental health system for decades. The shift to care in the community expanded the patient population, and arguably improved mental health care for many individuals who could now seek a variety of outpatient services rather than succumb to long-stay institutionalization. However, this shift also introduced new challenges as patients were increasingly expected to take responsibility for their own health care plans, whether that involved doctors’ appointments, drug regimens, or the need to find sheltered employment, safe housing and a social support network. Analysing first-hand experiences suggests that despite the need for clinical care at times, the major challenges to independence are political and economic. In this paper, I examine some of these tradeoffs and consider some of the historical lessons for continued discussions on public policy in the mental health care arena.
Auswirkungen eines E-Learning zum gesundheitsschädigenden Alkohol-konsum auf Wissen, Einstellung und Kompetenzen von Pflegefachpersonen im Akutspital – Eine Prätest-Posttest-Studie
Authors: Evers Eva , Hahn Sabine , Metzenthin Petra
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Gesundheitsschädigender Alkoholkonsum ist weltweit der drittgrößte Risikofaktor für verschiedene Krankheiten und führt in der Schweiz zu 1.600 Todesfällen pro Jahr. Durch frühzeitiges Erkennen und präventive Maßnahmen können alkoholbezogene Krankheiten und Todesfälle verringert werden. Pflegefachpersonen nehmen dabei eine entscheidende Rolle ein. Jedoch stellen sich mangelndes Fachwissen, persönliche Einstellungen und Unsicherheiten als hindernde Faktoren dar. Schulungen helfen, diese Hindernisse zu überwinden. Ziel: Das Ziel der Studie war, die Auswirkungen eines E-Learning zum gesundheitsschädigenden Alkoholkonsum auf das Fachwissen, die Einstellung und die Selbsteinschätzung der Kompetenzen von Pflegefachpersonen eines Akutspitals zu untersuchen. Methode: Es wurde eine Prätest-Posttest-Studie durchgeführt. Im Zeitraum von Dezember 2013 bis März 2014 wurden insgesamt 33 diplomierte Pflegefachpersonen vor und nach der Durchführung des E-Learning befragt. Die Befragung erfolgte mithilfe eines literaturbasiert entwickelten Fragebogens. Ergebnisse: Das Fachwissen und die Selbsteinschätzung der Kompetenzen zeigten signifikante Verbesserungen. Eine Veränderung der Einstellung konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch den Wissenszuwachs und die höher eingeschätzten Kompetenzen konnten Unsicherheiten abgebaut und das Vertrauen in die eigenen Fähigkeiten gestärkt werden. Um auch die Entwicklung wertneutraler Einstellungen gegenüber den Betroffenen zu fördern, wird empfohlen, neben dem E-Learning und der Einführung von Richtlinien, Präsenzveranstaltungen mit Möglichkeiten zum Austausch untereinander anzubieten.
Coordinated gene expression betweenTrichodesmiumand its microbiome over day–night cycles in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Frischkorn Kyle R , Haley Sheean T , Dyhrman Sonya T
Published: January 2018

Trichodesmium is a widespread, N2 fixing marine cyanobacterium that drives inputs of newly fixed nitrogen and carbon into the oligotrophic ecosystems where it occurs. Colonies of Trichodesmium ubiquitously occur with heterotrophic bacteria that make up a diverse microbiome, and interactions within this Trichodesmium holobiont could influence the fate of fixed carbon and nitrogen. Metatranscriptome sequencing was performed on Trichodesmium colonies collected during high-frequency Lagrangian sampling in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) to identify possible interactions between the Trichodesmium host and microbiome over day–night cycles. Here we show significantly coordinated patterns of gene expression between host and microbiome, many of which had significant day–night periodicity. The functions of the co-expressed genes suggested a suite of interactions within the holobiont linked to key resources including nitrogen, carbon, and iron. Evidence of microbiome reliance on Trichodesmium-derived vitamin B12 was also detected in co-expression patterns, highlighting a dependency that could shape holobiont community structure. Collectively, these patterns of expression suggest that biotic interactions could influence colony cycling of resources like nitrogen and vitamin B12, and decouple activities, like N2 fixation, from typical abiotic drivers of Trichodesmium physiological ecology.
Overexpression of parkin protects retinal ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma
Authors: Dai Yi , Hu Xinxin , Sun Xinghuai
Published: January 2018

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and characterized by progressive damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Growing evidences have linked impaired mitophagy with neurodegenerative diseases, while the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin may play a key role. However, the pathophysiological relationship between parkin and glaucoma remains largely unknown. Using chronic hypertensive glaucoma rats induced by translimbal laser photocoagulation, we show here that the protein level of parkin and its downstream optineurin proteins were increased in hypertensive retinas. The ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, the number of mitophagosomes, and unhealthy mitochondria were increased in hypertensive optic nerves. Overexpression of parkin by viral vectors increased RGC survival in glaucomatous rats in vivo and under excitotoxicity in vitro. It also promoted optineurin expression and improved mitochondrial health. In parkin-overexpressed glaucomatous rats, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, LAMP1 level, and the number of mitophagosomes in optic nerve were decreased at 3 days, yet increased at 2 weeks following intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. These findings demonstrate that dysfunction of mitophagy exist in RGCs of glaucomatous rats. Overexpression of parkin exerted a significant protective effect on RGCs and partially restored dysfunction of mitophagy in response to cumulative IOP elevation.
Elimination of stem-like cancer cell side-population by auranofin through modulation of ROS and glycolysis
Authors: Hou Guo-Xin , Liu Pan-Pan , Zhang Shengyi , Yang Mengqi , Liao Jianwei , Yang Jing , Hu Yumin , Jiang Wen-Qi , Wen Shijun , Huang Peng
Published: January 2018

Cancer side-population (SP) represents a sub-population of stem-like cancer cells that have an important role in drug resistance due to their high expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 involved in drug export. Auranofin (AF), a clinical drug of gold complex that is used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has been reported inducing tumor antiproliferation. However, whether AF can impact SP cells remains unclear. Our study showed that AF caused a depletion of SP cells and a downregulation of stem cell markers, and impaired their ability to form tumor colonies in vitro and incidence to develop tumors in vivo of lung cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) had an important role in mediating AF-induced depletion of SP cells, which could be reversed by antioxidant NAC. Further study revealed that AF could also cause ATP depletion by inhibition of glycolysis. The depletion of cellular ATP might impair the function of ABCG2 pump, leading to increased drug accumulation within the cells and thus enhancing anticancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents such as adriamycin. Synergistic effect of AF and adriamycin was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Simultaneous increase of ROS and inhibition of glycolysis is a novel strategy to eliminate stem-like cancer cells. Combination of AF with adriamycin seems to be promising to enhance therapeutic effectiveness.
Creation of a long-acting nanoformulated dolutegravir
Authors: Sillman Brady , Bade Aditya N. , Dash Prasanta K. , Bhargavan Biju , Kocher Ted , Mathews Saumi , Su Hang , Kanmogne Georgette D. , Poluektova Larisa Y. , Gorantla Santhi , McMillan JoEllyn , Gautam Nagsen , Alnouti Yazen , Edagwa Benson , Gendelman Howard E.
Published: January 2018

Potent antiretroviral activities and a barrier to viral resistance characterize the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) integrase strand transfer inhibitor dolutegravir (DTG). Herein, a long-acting parenteral DTG was created through chemical modification to improve treatment outcomes. A hydrophobic and lipophilic modified DTG prodrug is encapsulated into poloxamer nanoformulations (NMDTG) and characterized by size, shape, polydispersity, and stability. Retained intracytoplasmic NMDTG particles release drug from macrophages and attenuate viral replication and spread of virus to CD4+ T cells. Pharmacokinetic tests in Balb/cJ mice show blood DTG levels at, or above, its inhibitory concentration90of 64 ng/mL for 56 days, and tissue DTG levels for 28 days. NMDTG protects humanized mice from parenteral challenge of the HIV-1ADAstrain for two weeks. These results are a first step towards producing a long-acting DTG for human use by affecting drug apparent half-life, cell and tissue drug penetration, and antiretroviral potency.
A Single Bout of Electroacupuncture Remodels Epigenetic and Transcriptional Changes in Adipose Tissue in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Kokosar Milana , Benrick Anna , Perfilyev Alexander , Nilsson Emma , Källman Thomas , Ohlsson Claes , Ling Charlotte , Stener-Victorin Elisabet
Published: January 2018

A single bout of electroacupuncture results in muscle contractions and increased whole body glucose uptake in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS have transcriptional and epigenetic alterations in the adipose tissue and we hypothesized that electroacupuncture induces epigenetic and transcriptional changes to restore metabolic alterations. Twenty-one women with PCOS received a single bout of electroacupuncture, which increased the whole body glucose uptake. In subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies, we identified treatment-induced expression changes of 2369 genes (Q < 0.05) and DNA methylation changes of 7055 individual genes (Q = 0.11). The largest increase in expression was observed for FOSB (2405%), and the largest decrease for LOC100128899 (54%). The most enriched pathways included Acute phase response signaling and LXR/RXR activation. The DNA methylation changes ranged from 1–16%, and 407 methylation sites correlated with gene expression. Among genes known to be differentially expressed in PCOS, electroacupuncture reversed the expression of 80 genes, including PPARγ and ADIPOR2. Changes in the expression of Nr4a2 and Junb are reversed by adrenergic blockers in rats demonstrating that changes in gene expression, in part, is due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In conclusion, low-frequency electroacupuncture with muscle contractions remodels epigenetic and transcriptional changes that elicit metabolic improvement.
An efficient copper-based magnetic nanocatalyst for the fixation of carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Sharma Rakesh Kumar , Gaur Rashmi , Yadav Manavi , Goswami Anandarup , Zbořil Radek , Gawande Manoj B.
Published: January 2018

In the last few decades, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment has caused havoc across the globe. One of the most promising strategies for fixation of CO2 is the cycloaddition reaction between epoxides and CO2 to produce cyclic carbonates. For the first time, we have fabricated copper-based magnetic nanocatalyst and have applied for the CO2 fixation. The prepared catalyst was thoroughly characterized using various techniques including XRD, FT-IR, TEM, FE-SEM, XPS, VSM, ICP-OES and elemental mapping. The reactions proceeded at atmospheric pressure, relatively lower temperature, short reaction time, solvent- less and organic halide free reaction conditions. Additionally, the ease of recovery through an external magnet, reusability of the catalyst and excellent yields of the obtained cyclic carbonates make the present protocol practical and sustainable.
Resilience management during large-scale epidemic outbreaks
Authors: Massaro Emanuele , Ganin Alexander , Perra Nicola , Linkov Igor , Vespignani Alessandro
Published: January 2018

Assessing and managing the impact of large-scale epidemics considering only the individual risk and severity of the disease is exceedingly difficult and could be extremely expensive. Economic consequences, infrastructure and service disruption, as well as the recovery speed, are just a few of the many dimensions along which to quantify the effect of an epidemic on society’s fabric. Here, we extend the concept of resilience to characterize epidemics in structured populations, by defining the system-wide critical functionality that combines an individual’s risk of getting the disease (disease attack rate) and the disruption to the system’s functionality (human mobility deterioration). By studying both conceptual and data-driven models, we show that the integrated consideration of individual risks and societal disruptions under resilience assessment framework provides an insightful picture of how an epidemic might impact society. In particular, containment interventions intended for a straightforward reduction of the risk may have net negative impact on the system by slowing down the recovery of basic societal functions. The presented study operationalizes the resilience framework, providing a more nuanced and comprehensive approach for optimizing containment schemes and mitigation policies in the case of epidemic outbreaks.
Neuroprotective Drug for Nerve Trauma Revealed Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Romeo-Guitart David , Forés Joaquim , Herrando-Grabulosa Mireia , Valls Raquel , Leiva-Rodríguez Tatiana , Galea Elena , González-Pérez Francisco , Navarro Xavier , Petegnief Valerie , Bosch Assumpció , Coma Mireia , Mas José Manuel , Casas Caty
Published: January 2018

Here we used a systems biology approach and artificial intelligence to identify a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of peripheral nerve root avulsion. Based on accumulated knowledge of the neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes that occur in motoneurons after root avulsion, we built up protein networks and converted them into mathematical models. Unbiased proteomic data from our preclinical models were used for machine learning algorithms and for restrictions to be imposed on mathematical solutions. Solutions allowed us to identify combinations of repurposed drugs as potential neuroprotective agents and we validated them in our preclinical models. The best one, NeuroHeal, neuroprotected motoneurons, exerted anti-inflammatory properties and promoted functional locomotor recovery. NeuroHeal endorsed the activation of Sirtuin 1, which was essential for its neuroprotective effect. These results support the value of network-centric approaches for drug discovery and demonstrate the efficacy of NeuroHeal as adjuvant treatment with surgical repair for nervous system trauma.