bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forensisch-psychiatrische Therapie
Authors: Ermer Anneliese
Published: May 2008

Delinquentem Handeln liegen sehr unterschiedliche Faktoren zugrunde. Bei psychisch kranken/gestörten Straftätern mit Gewalt- und Sexualstraftaten sind neben einer deliktrelevanten psychischen Störung weitere kriminogene Aspekte zu berücksichtigen. Ziel einer forensisch-psychiatrischen Behandlung ist die Besserung der Legalprognose. Die therapeutischen Interventionen, meist gerichtlich angeordnet und als Maßregel/Maßnahme stationär oder ambulant durchgeführt, müssen dementsprechend störungs- und deliktorientiert sein. Nach sorgfältiger Diagnostik stützen sie sich auf psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Therapiekonzepte sowie Behandlungsverfahren, die sich für Gewalt- und Sexualstraftäter als wirksam in der Minderung des Rückfallrisikos erwiesen haben. Nach bisherigem Forschungsstand ist eine angemessene Behandlung multimodal, intensiv und strukturiert, kognitiv-behavioral, berücksichtigt die Bedürfnisse der Täter, wird ihrem handlungsorientierten Lernstil gerecht und mit Kompetenz und Engagement durchgeführt. Therapieverlauf und Legalprognose sind regelmäßig zu evaluieren. Die Abnahme des Delinquenzrisikos begünstigt bei stationärer Behandlung Lockerungsentscheide und Entlassung. Eine angemessene ambulante Nachsorge ist notwendig.
Schuldfähigkeitsbeurteilung und forensisch psychiatrische Risikoeinschätzung bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Authors: Nedopil Norbert
Published: May 2008

Persönlichkeitsstörungen gehören zu den bei psychiatrischen Schuldfähigkeitsbegutachtungen und bei epidemiologischen Untersuchungen in Haftanstalten und im psychiatrischen Maßregelvollzug am häufigsten gestellten Diagnosen. Aus dieser Häufigkeit, aber auch aus den Schwierigkeiten bei der diagnostischen und forensisch-psychiatrischen Beurteilung, leitet sich die große Bedeutung dieses Störungsbildes in der Forensischen Psychiatrie ab. Die Schuldfähigkeitsbeurteilung bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen erfordert neben der genauen Beachtung der diagnostischen Kriterien der heutigen Diagnosesysteme eine quantitative Einschätzung der durch die Störung bedingten Beeinträchtigungen im psychosozialen Bereich und eine Orientierung an zum Teil normativen Anforderungen. Der quantitative Orientierungsrahmen wird durch den Vergleich mit den schweren psychischen Störungen vorgenommen. Der Orientierungsrahmen wurde auch in den Mindestanforderungen für die Schuldfähigkeitsbegutachtung, die von einer Arbeitsgruppe beim BGH veröffentlicht wurden, bekannt gegeben. Beurteilungen der Rückfallprognose für Straftaten sind bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen deshalb problematisch, weil das Kriterium der Chronizität schon in der Diagnose und den diagnostischen Kriterien enthalten ist und weil viele Menschen die Persönlichkeitscharakteristika subjektiv als identitätsstiftend und bei anderen als Verlässlichkeitsmerkmale ansehen und eine Änderung damit nur schwer möglich erscheint. Andererseits lassen Teilbereiche des Persönlichkeitsspektrums durchaus Änderungen und damit auch Risikoverringerungen zu. Für einige Symptome von Persönlichkeitsstörungen gibt es mittlerweile erprobte Behandlungsstrategien, insofern ist auch die Rückfallprognose für delinquentes Verhalten nicht infaust. Der Gutachter hat aber Veränderungen und Konstanz besonders sorgfältig zu begründen und sie an Fakten und nicht nur an Bekundungen des Untersuchten zu objektivieren, wenn er sie zur Grundlage seiner prognostischen Einschätzungen macht.
Person-Environment Transactions During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Sturaro Cristina , Denissen Jaap J.A. , van Aken Marcel A.G. , Asendorpf Jens B.
Published: May 2008

Personality (Big Five and self-esteem) effects on social relationship quality (perceived support and conflict) and vice versa were longitudinally studied during emerging adulthood. Rank-order stability correlations of personality and social relationship quality were investigated. Subsequently, the mechanisms that may underlie personality development across emerging adulthood were examined. Results from path analyses showed that social relationship quality at the age of 17 years, in particular perceived conflict, predicted change in personality from the age of 17 years to 23 years, while the reverse pattern was not found. These findings indicated that, during emerging adulthood, personality may still be in flux, and, despite its higher stability as compared to the stability of social relationship quality, may be influenced by the environment.
Does School Matter?
Authors: Salmela-Aro Katariina , Kiuru Noona , Pietikäinen Minna , Jokela Jukka
Published: May 2008

School burnout can be defined as consisting of exhaustion due to school demands, cynical, and detached attitude toward one’s school, and feelings of inadequacy as a student ( Kiuru, Aunola, Nurmi, Leskinen, & Salmela-Aro, 2008 ; Salmela-Aro & Näätänen, 2005 ; Schaufeli, Martínez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002 ). The first aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which schools differ in school-related burnout. Moreover, the aim was to examine the extent to which school-related and background factors are associated with school burnout at the school level and at the individual level. The participants were 58,657 students from 431 comprehensive schools and 29,515 students from 228 upper secondary schools who filled in a questionnaire measuring their school burnout, school-related variables (i.e., negative school climate, positive motivation received from teachers, support from the school), and background variables (i.e., gender, grade-point average, socio-economic status, and family structure). The results revealed only small differences between schools in school burnout. Among the comprehensive school students the results at the school-level showed that negative school climate typical of the school was positively related, while support from school shared among school members was negatively related to school-related burnout. Among upper secondary school students, in turn, positive motivation received from teachers typical of the school was negatively related to school-related burnout. At the individual level, negative school climate was positively related, and support from school and positive motivation received from teachers were negatively related to burnout among both the comprehensive and upper secondary school students. In addition, girls and those with lower GPA experienced higher levels of school burnout compared to boys and those with higher GPA.
Unraveling the Relationship Between Students’ Mathematics-Related Beliefs and the Classroom Culture
Authors: De Corte Erik , Verschaffel Lieven , Depaepe Fien
Published: May 2008

Over the past 2 decades the study of students’ (and teachers’) mathematics-related beliefs has gradually received more and more attention from researchers in the field of educational psychology as well as from scholars in the area of mathematics education. In this article positive beliefs about mathematics and mathematics learning are considered as a major component of competence in mathematics. Results of empirical studies are presented showing that primary school students often have negative and/or naive beliefs about mathematics learning, focused on the phenomenon of “suspension of sense-making” in mathematical problem solving. A design experiment is then described in which a learning environment was developed and implemented, which was intended to improve students’ performance in problem solving as well as their mathematics-related beliefs. This and related work support the hypothesis that changes in the classroom culture and practices can foster students’ mathematical thinking and learning as well as their beliefs, but they do not provide a more in-depth understanding of how the interaction processes and patterns in the classroom influence students’ math learning in general and their mathematics-related beliefs in particular. Using a socioconstructivist perspective as a theoretical framework, the article then discusses a recent investigation that precisely attempts to contribute to unraveling the reciprocal relationship and impact between students’ beliefs, on the one hand, and crucial components of the learning environment, especially teachers’ beliefs and the classroom culture, on the other hand. The article concludes with some critical reflections and suggestions for future inquiry.
Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Freudenthaler H. Harald , Neubauer Aljoscha C. , Haller Ursula
Published: May 2008

Based on our previous research on intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional management abilities (EMA; Freudenthaler & Neubauer, 2005 , 2007 ), the present study examined the effects of instruction (TP: typical performance vs. MP: maximum performance) on EMA scores, using a within-subjects design (n = 151). In addition, the relations of TP-EMA and MP-EMA to sex, cognitive intelligence, and personality traits, as well as indicators of well-being, were tested. Results showed not only lower means but also higher reliabilities in the TP condition than in the MP condition. While women outperformed men in interpersonal EMA in both instruction conditions, men scored higher than women on intrapersonal TP-EMA. As expected, only MP-EMA were significantly correlated with cognitive intelligence. In contrast, TP-EMA showed more overlap with personality and were also substantially related to life satisfaction and depression. Most of the correlations between TP-EMA and predicted outcome measures remained significant when sex, personality (Big Five), and cognitive intelligence were controlled for. In sum, the findings provide further evidence of the importance to distinguish between typical and maximum performance in research on emotional intelligence measures and their application.
Anger Elicitation Using Affective Pictures:
Authors: Thibodeau Ryan , Jorgensen Randall S. , Jonovich Sarah J.
Published: May 2008

In emotion research, affective pictures are limited in their ability to elicit discrete emotions. The current study attempted to elicit anger using pictures and a person by image-content interactional strategy. In two studies, undergraduates who varied with respect to concern for animal welfare (person factor) were shown pictures that included several of actual or impending animal harm (image content). Results from Study 1 showed that (1) the link between animal concern and combined emotion outcomes was strongest for animal harm pictures compared to other picture categories and (2) individual differences in animal concern were more strongly linked to anger than other negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, disgust, sadness) while viewing pictures of animal harm. Results from Study 2 showed that animal concern predicted variance in self-reported anger above and beyond that explained by broader constructs (empathy and nurturance) to which it relates. Overall, data suggest that the person by image-content interactional strategy is a promising new tool for researchers seeking to elicit discrete emotions in the laboratory.
Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high‐frequency content ofSwaves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory
Authors: Bizzarri A. , Spudich P.
Published: May 2008

In this paper we achieve three goals: (1) We demonstrate that crack tips governed by friction laws, including slip weakening, rate‐ and state‐dependent laws, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids, propagating at supershear speed have slip velocity functions with reduced high‐frequency content compared to crack tips traveling at subshear speeds. This is demonstrated using a fully dynamic, spontaneous, three‐dimensional earthquake model, in which we calculate fault slip velocity at nine points (locations) distributed along a quarter circle on the fault where the rupture is traveling at supershear speed in the in‐plane direction and subshear speed in the antiplane direction. This holds for a fault governed by the linear slip‐weakening constitutive equation, by slip weakening with thermal pressurization of pore fluid, and by rate‐ and state‐dependent laws with thermal pressurization. The same is also true even assuming a highly heterogeneous initial shear stress field on the fault. (2) Using isochrone theory, we derive a general expression for the spectral characteristics and geometric spreading of two pulses arising from supershear rupture, the well‐known Mach wave, and a second lesser known pulse caused by rupture acceleration. (3) We demonstrate that the Mach cone amplification of high frequencies overwhelms the de‐amplification of high‐frequency content in the slip velocity functions in supershear ruptures. Consequently, when earthquake ruptures travel at supershear speed, a net enhancement of high‐frequency radiation is expected, and the alleged “low” peak accelerations observed for the 2002 Denali and other large earthquakes are probably not caused by diminished high‐frequency content in the slip velocity function, as has been speculated.
Direct aerosol forcing: Calculation from observables and sensitivities to inputs
Authors: McComiskey Allison , Schwartz Stephen E. , Schmid Beat , Guan Hong , Lewis Ernie R. , Ricchiazzi Paul , Ogren John A.
Published: May 2008

Understanding sources of uncertainty in aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF), the difference in a given radiative flux component with and without aerosol, is essential to quantifying changes in Earth's radiation budget. We examine the uncertainty in DRF owing to measurement uncertainty in the quantities on which it depends: aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, solar geometry, and surface albedo. Direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface is calculated at three locations representing distinct aerosol types and radiative environments. Sensitivities, the changes in DRF in response to unit changes in individual aerosol or surface properties, are also calculated for these conditions. The uncertainty in DRF associated with a given property is computed as the product of the sensitivity and typical measurement uncertainty in the respective property. Sensitivity and uncertainty values permit estimation of total uncertainty in calculated DRF and identification of properties that most limit accuracy in estimating forcing. Absolute total uncertainties in modeled local diurnally averaged forcing range from 0.2 to 3.1 W m−2 for the ranges of properties examined here. Relative total uncertainties range from ∼20 to 80% with larger values at higher latitudes, where fluxes are low. The largest contributor to total uncertainty in DRF is single scattering albedo; however, decreasing measurement uncertainties for any property would increase accuracy in DRF. Comparison of two radiative transfer models suggests the contribution of modeling error is small compared to the total uncertainty although comparable to uncertainty arising from some individual properties.
New family of quaternary iron-based compounds superconducts at tens of kelvin
Authors: Day Charles
Published: May 2008

Similarities with the cuprates presage higher transition temperatures. Differences provide a fresh perspective on electron-mediated pairing.
Nuclear and electronic motion in molecules can be computed separately
Authors: Miller Johanna
Published: May 2008

When a molecule’s electrons are in a nonstationary state, predicting the behavior of the nuclei is not straightforward.
US weighs entering radioisotope market
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: May 2008

Any US site that produces molybdenum-99, a parent to the radioisotope used in 70–80% of medical imaging, would use low-enriched uranium, which could aid nonproliferation by prodding suppliers in other countries to do the same.
Institute nurtures African math and science graduate students
Authors: Matthews Jermey N. A.
Published: May 2008

Africa is relying on graduate research and education initiatives to produce the new crop of young scientists the continent needs to build its technical base.
Astronomy and astrophysics with neutrinos
Authors: Halzen Francis , Klein Spencer R.
Published: May 2008

Traversing cosmological distances without bending or energy loss, high-energy neutrinos are messengers from extreme astrophysical environments.
The evolution of a dedicated synchrotron light source
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio
Published: May 2008

In 1968, Tantalus emerged as the first particle accelerator fully dedicated to synchrotron light experiments. Its development was marked by lucky coincidences and the visionary intuition of its principal constructor and director, Ednor Rowe.
Turning points in physics education
Authors: Jossem E. Leonard
Published: May 2008

Arnold Arons, physicist and physics teacher, played a pivotal role in the postwar development of physics education.
Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude
Authors: Deutsch Curtis A. , Tewksbury Joshua J. , Huey Raymond B. , Sheldon Kimberly S. , Ghalambor Cameron K. , Haak David C. , Martin Paul R.
Published: May 2008

The impact of anthropogenic climate change on terrestrial organisms is often predicted to increase with latitude, in parallel with the rate of warming. Yet the biological impact of rising temperatures also depends on the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature change. We integrate empirical fitness curves describing the thermal tolerance of terrestrial insects from around the world with the projected geographic distribution of climate change for the next century to estimate the direct impact of warming on insect fitness across latitude. The results show that warming in the tropics, although relatively small in magnitude, is likely to have the most deleterious consequences because tropical insects are relatively sensitive to temperature change and are currently living very close to their optimal temperature. In contrast, species at higher latitudes have broader thermal tolerance and are living in climates that are currently cooler than their physiological optima, so that warming may even enhance their fitness. Available thermal tolerance data for several vertebrate taxa exhibit similar patterns, suggesting that these results are general for terrestrial ectotherms. Our analyses imply that, in the absence of ameliorating factors such as migration and adaptation, the greatest extinction risks from global warming may be in the tropics, where biological diversity is also greatest.
Sociality, selection, and survival: Simulated evolution of mortality with intergenerational transfers and food sharing
Authors: Lee Ronald
Published: May 2008

Why do humans survive so long past reproductive age, and why does juvenile mortality decline after birth, both contrary to the classic theory of aging? Previous work has shown formally that intergenerational transfers can explain both these patterns. Here, simulations confirm those results under weaker assumptions and explore how different social arrangements shape life-history evolution. Simulated single-sex hunter–gatherers survive, forage, reproduce, and share food with kin and nonkin in ways guided by the ethnographic literature. Natural selection acts on probabilistically occurring deleterious mutations. Neither stable population age distributions nor homogeneous genetic lineages are assumed. When food is shared only within kin groups, an infant death permits reallocation of its unneeded food to the infant's kin, offsetting the fitness cost of the death and weakening the force of selection against infant mortality. Thus, evolved infant mortality is relatively high, more so in larger kin groups. Food sharing with nonkin reduces the costs to kin of child rearing, but also reduces the resources recaptured by kin after an infant death, so evolved infant mortality is lower. Postreproductive adults transfer food to descendants, enhancing their growth and survival, so postreproductive survival is selected. The force of selection for old-age survival depends in complicated ways on the food-sharing arrangements. Population-level food sharing with nonkin leads to the classic pattern of constant low mortality up to sexual maturity and no postreproductive survival.
Arbovirus evolution
in vivo
is constrained by host alternation
Authors: Coffey Lark L. , Vasilakis Nikos , Brault Aaron C. , Powers Ann M. , Tripet Frédéric , Weaver Scott C.
Published: May 2008

The intrinsic plasticity of RNA viruses can facilitate host range changes that lead to epidemics. However, evolutionary processes promoting cross-species transfers are poorly defined, especially for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In theory, cross species transfers by arboviruses may be constrained by their alternating infection of disparate hosts, where optimal replication in one host involves a fitness tradeoff for the other. Accordingly, freeing arboviruses from alternate replication via specialization in a single host should accelerate adaptation. This hypothesis has been tested by using cell culture model systems with inconclusive results. Therefore, we tested it using an
in vivo
system with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an emerging alphavirus of the Americas. VEEV serially passaged in mosquitoes exhibited increased mosquito infectivity and vertebrate-specialized strains produced higher viremias. Conversely, alternately passaged VEEV experienced no detectable fitness gains in either host. These results suggest that arbovirus adaptation and evolution is limited by obligate host alternation and predict that arboviral emergence via host range changes may be less frequent than that of single host animal RNA viruses.
Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: A role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression
Authors: Stoltzman Carrie A. , Peterson Christopher W. , Breen Kevin T. , Muoio Deborah M. , Billin Andrew N. , Ayer Donald E.
Published: May 2008

Glucose is a fundamental metabolite, yet how cells sense and respond to changes in extracellular glucose concentration is not completely understood. We recently reported that the MondoA:Mlx dimeric transcription factor directly regulates glycolysis. In this article, we consider whether MondoA:Mlx complexes have a broader role in sensing and responding to glucose status. In their latent state, MondoA:Mlx complexes localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane, yet shuttle between the mitochondria and the nucleus. We show that MondoA:Mlx complexes accumulate in the nucleus in response to glucose and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Furthermore, nuclear localization of MondoA:Mlx depends on the enzymatic activity of hexokinases. These enzymes catalyze conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which is the first step in the glycolytic pathway. Together, these findings suggest that MondoA:Mlx monitors intracellular G6P concentration and translocates to the nucleus when levels of this key metabolite increase. Transcriptional profiling experiments demonstrate that MondoA is required for >75% of the 2-DG-induced transcription signature. We identify thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) as a direct and glucose-regulated MondoA:Mlx transcriptional target. Furthermore, MondoA:Mlx complexes, via their regulation of TXNIP, are potent negative regulators of glucose uptake. These studies suggest a key role for MondoA:Mlx complexes in the adaptive transcriptional response to changes in extracellular glucose concentration and peripheral glucose uptake.
Mitochondrial copper(I) transfer from Cox17 to Sco1 is coupled to electron transfer
Authors: Banci Lucia , Bertini Ivano , Ciofi-Baffoni Simone , Hadjiloi Theodoros , Martinelli Manuele , Palumaa Peep
Published: May 2008

The human protein Cox17 contains three pairs of cysteines. In the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) it exists in a partially oxidized form with two S–S bonds and two reduced cysteines (HCox17
2S-S
). HCox17
2S-S
is involved in copper transfer to the human cochaperones Sco1 and Cox11, which are implicated in the assembly of cytochrome
c
oxidase. We show here that Cu(I)HCox17
2S-S
, i.e., the copper-loaded form of the protein, can transfer simultaneously copper(I) and two electrons to the human cochaperone Sco1 (HSco1) in the oxidized state, i.e., with its metal-binding cysteines forming a disulfide bond. The result is Cu(I)HSco1 and the fully oxidized apoHCox17
3S-S
, which can be then reduced by glutathione to apoHCox17
2S-S
. The HSco1/HCox17
2S-S
redox reaction is thermodynamically driven by copper transfer. These reactions may occur
in vivo
because HSco1 can be found in the partially oxidized state within the IMS, consistent with the variable redox properties of the latter compartment. The electron transfer-coupled metallation of HSco1 can be a mechanism within the IMS for an efficient specific transfer of the metal to proteins, where metal-binding thiols are oxidized. The same reaction of copper–electron-coupled transfer does not occur with the human homolog of Sco1, HSco2, for kinetic reasons that may be ascribed to the lack of a specific metal-bridged protein–protein complex, which is instead observed in the Cu(I)HCox17
2S-S
/HSco1 interaction.
Promoter polymorphism of the erythropoietin gene in severe diabetic eye and kidney complications
Authors: Tong Zongzhong , Yang Zhenglin , Patel Shrena , Chen Haoyu , Gibbs Daniel , Yang Xian , Hau Vincent S. , Kaminoh Yuuki , Harmon Jennifer , Pearson Erik , Buehler Jeanette , Chen Yuhong , Yu Baifeng , Tinkham Nicholas H. , Zabriskie Norman A. , Zeng Jiexi , Luo Ling , Sun Jennifer K. , Prakash Manvi , Hamam Rola N. , Tonna Stephen , Constantine Ryan , Ronquillo Cecinio C. , Sadda SriniVas , Avery Robert L. , Brand John M. , London Nyall , Anduze Alfred L. , King George L. , Bernstein Paul S. , Watkins Scott ,   Genetics of Diabetes and Diabetic Complication Study Group, Jorde Lynn B. , Li Dean Y. , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Pollak Martin R. , Zhang Kang
Published: May 2008

Significant morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus result largely from a greatly increased incidence of microvascular complications. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are two of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes. A high concordance exists in the development of PDR and ESRD in diabetic patients, as well as strong familial aggregation of these complications, suggesting a common underlying genetic mechanism. However, the precise gene(s) and genetic variant(s) involved remain largely unknown. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent angiogenic factor observed in the diabetic human and mouse eye. By a combination of case–control association and functional studies, we demonstrate that the T allele of SNP rs1617640 in the promoter of the
EPO
gene is significantly associated with PDR and ESRD in three European-American cohorts [Utah:
P
= 1.91 × 10
−3
; Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) Study:
P
= 2.66 × 10
−8
; and Boston:
P
= 2.1 × 10
−2
]. The EPO concentration in human vitreous body was 7.5-fold higher in normal subjects with the TT risk genotype than in those with the GG genotype. Computational analysis suggests that the risk allele (T) of rs1617640 creates a matrix match with the EVI1/MEL1 or AP1 binding site, accounting for an observed 25-fold enhancement of luciferase reporter expression as compared with the G allele. These results suggest that rs1617640 in the
EPO
promoter is significantly associated with PDR and ESRD. This study identifies a disease risk-associated gene and potential pathway mediating severe diabetic microvascular complications.
Rhizobium
cellulase CelC2 is essential for primary symbiotic infection of legume host roots
Authors: Robledo M. , Jiménez-Zurdo J. I. , Velázquez E. , Trujillo M. E. , Zurdo-Piñeiro J. L. , Ramírez-Bahena M. H. , Ramos B. , Díaz-Mínguez J. M. , Dazzo F. , Martínez-Molina E. , Mateos P. F.
Published: May 2008

The rhizobia–legume, root-nodule symbiosis provides the most efficient source of biologically fixed ammonia fertilizer for agricultural crops. Its development involves pathways of specificity, infectivity, and effectivity resulting from expressed traits of the bacterium and host plant. A key event of the infection process required for development of this root-nodule symbiosis is a highly localized, complete erosion of the plant cell wall through which the bacterial symbiont penetrates to establish a nitrogen-fixing, intracellular endosymbiotic state within the host. This process of wall degradation must be delicately balanced to avoid lysis and destruction of the host cell. Here, we describe the purification, biochemical characterization, molecular genetic analysis, biological activity, and symbiotic function of a cell-bound bacterial cellulase (CelC2) enzyme from
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. trifolii, the clover-nodulating endosymbiont. The purified enzyme can erode the noncrystalline tip of the white clover host root hair wall, making a localized hole of sufficient size to allow wild-type microsymbiont penetration. This CelC2 enzyme is not active on root hairs of the nonhost legume alfalfa. Microscopy analysis of the symbiotic phenotypes of the ANU843 wild type and CelC2 knockout mutant derivative revealed that this enzyme fulfils an essential role in the primary infection process required for development of the canonical nitrogen-fixing
R. leguminosarum
bv. trifolii-white clover symbiosis.
12 Will Marion Cook
Authors: Peress Maurice
Published: May 2008

This chapter describes various highlights in the life of Dvor'k's student, Will Marion Cook, composer, conductor, and violinist. “Doc” Cook, was mentor, guide, and/or adviser to countless American artists. Among them were Ellington, “ ... things he used to tell me I never got a chance to use until ... I wrote the tone poem Black, Brown and Beige”; Eva Jessye, music educator and original choir mistress for Porgy and Bess and Four Saints in Three Acts; the composer, Harold Arlen; and the jazz saxophonist Sidney Bechet whom Cook discovered in Chicago. Cook is the central character in Josef Skvorecky's historical novel Dvořák in Love, and articles and radio broadcasts spring up every time he is rediscovered.
15 Duke Ellington
Authors: Peress Maurice
Published: May 2008

Meeting Ellington and Billy Strayhorn, at Lyndon Johnson's White House, marked the beginning of the author's close working relationship with one of America's most important composers. This chapter describes this meeting and the events that followed.
8 ETHICS AND THE POLITICAL IN MUSICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Korsyn Kevin
Published: May 2008

This chapter argues that the crisis of musical research is ultimately an ethical crisis: when we reduce others to representatives of factions, we objectify them and their language; when we submit to the forced consensus of the ideology of the abstract, we objectify ourselves. Faced with this dilemma, the critique of musicology must draw its energy from an ethical commitment, from a commitment to justice. Three areas are identified in which change seems particularly urgent: (i) the process of peer review in professional associations (such as the AMS, SEM, and SMT); (ii) the university; and (iii) writing about music.
4 Newtonianism, Freethought, and Hume's Scottish Context
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

Hume's Treatise has its origins in the distinct climate and environment of Scottish intellectual life. The question arises, therefore, to what extent the main debate concerning religion and atheism—specifically as it concerns Clarke's (Newtonian) philosophy and the “atheism” of Hobbes, Spinoza and their followers—was of any particular significance in Scotland at this time. This chapter shows that these debates and controversies not only had a high profile in Scotland during this period, they were (hotly) debated and discussed in Hume's immediate context in the Borders area throughout the 1720s and 1730s—at the very time Hume was planning the Treatise and laying its foundations. A key figure throughout this period is Andrew Baxter, who was involved in a number of significant controversies with other influential Scottish philosophers at the time, including Kames (Home), Maclaurin, and Dudgeon.
5 The Monster of Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

The early responses to the Treatise show that the issue of “atheism” was neither peripheral nor irrelevant to the way that Hume's own contemporaries understood his aims and objectives. Most contemporary Hume scholars maintain, however, that this label, not only misrepresents Hume's intentions in the Treatise but that it also misrepresents his position on the subject of religion as presented in his later writings (which are understood to be more “directly” or “explicitly” concerned with religion). The immediate aim of this chapter is to develop a clearer understanding of the way that Hume and his contemporaries interpreted “atheism” and the specific doctrines that were associated with it. Once this standard is (back) in place, we will be in a position to determine the extent to which the charge of “atheism” fits the actual content of the Treatise.
8 Blind Men before a Fire
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter argues that Hume's theory of ideas has deep roots in Hobbes's account of the nature and origin of our ideas, as presented in both Human Nature and Leviathan. Although Hume modifies Hobbes's theory in various ways, using material taken from other thinkers, his theory employs the general framework that was provided by Hobbes. The immediate and obvious significance of this, as Hume would well know, is that Hobbes employed his empiricist principles to defend (deep) scepticism about any knowledge of God. Considered from this perspective, Hume's near silence, throughout the Treatise, concerning our idea of God speaks loudly not for his lack of interest in this subject but for his (thinly veiled) irreligious intentions.
12 Matter, Omnipotence, and Our Idea of Necessity
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter's particular concern is to identify and describe the way in which Hume's discussion of our idea of necessity (T,1.3.14) is intimately and intricately related to a number of theological issues and controversies that were of considerable interest and importance for Hume and his contemporaries. Not only does Hume present a skeptical challenge to the fundamental theological doctrines of omnipotence and Creation, he also suggests a comprehensive, integrated naturalism in respect of the causal relations governing matter and thought—doing away with the suggestion that spiritual agents are the only possible source of real activity in the world. In pursuing these various irreligious themes Hume is following a tradition and pattern of “atheistic” thought that was readily identified by his own contemporaries. These specific lines of argument are entirely consistent with the wider irreligious program that Hume pursues throughout the Treatise as a whole.
THREE Influences on Schumann's Metrícal Style
Authors: Krebs Harald
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers some of the music that likely influenced Schumann's metrical style: that of contemporary pianist-composers, such as Moscheles and Hummel, which he studied and performed in his youth; that of Paganini, some of whose Caprices for Solo Violin Schumann transcribed for piano; the keyboard music of J. S. Bach, which Schumann analyzed and played in the early 1830s; and that of Beethoven and Schubert. Substantial analyses of the music of these composers demonstrate the importance of metrical conflict therein. The chapter concludes with analyses of some of Schumann's very early works, which reveal his gradual absorption of some of the metrical procedures of earlier composers.
Music, Modernity, and the Global Imagination
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

How do Western images of Africa and African representations of the West mirror one another? This book examines the complex issues involved in the making of modern identities in Africa, Europe, and the US via a study of two striking episodes in the history of black South African music. The first is a pair of tours of two black South African choirs in England and America in the early 1890s; the second is a series of engagements with the international music industry as experienced by the premier choral group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, after the release of Paul Simon's celebrated Graceland album in 1986.
16 Epilogue
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

The story of the African Choir, Zulu Choir, and Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a story about the disjunctures and ambiguities of racial, national, and personal identities. As such, this story highlights the specific black forms of modernity emerging from the diasporic connections between Africa and the West.
2 “Style Is Just the Man Himself”
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the life stories of key members of the African Choir, such as Paul Xiniwe and Charlotte Manye. Written by the subjects themselves, these autobiographical sketches illustrate the fact that the making of modern colonial subjects was primarily a matter of self-authorization and self-stylization. By narrating their own selves, the choristers drew on modern templates of self-making provided by the bourgeois nation-state, and on more traditional models inspired by heroic poetry.
9 Figuring Culture
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

This chapter queries some of the key assumptions underpinning theories of modernity. Among these are concept of history as a universal process; the idea that Europe forms the cradle of modernity; the notion that modernity initially was as stable project that experienced a crisis only at the beginning of the 20th century; and, finally, that societies outside the West pose inherent obstacles to modernity. In challenging these notions, the second half of the book foregrounds the mutual dependency, ambiguity, and blurred boundaries enfolding Africa and the West.
10 Hero on the Pop Chart
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the collaboration between the South African choral isicathamiya group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, and US pop star Paul Simon on the Grammy Award winning album “Graceland” in 1986. Far from showcasing the vitality of South African musical tradition alone, a track such as “Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes” seeks to soften the more strident tonalities of the anti-apartheid struggle by foregrounding collaboration and stylistic closure.
11 Fantasies of Home
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the cultural and historical background of the music of Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Essentially originating from the harsh world of labor migration, isicathamiya is anything but traditional. It has enabled migrant workers to articulate complex and multiply determined identities, while at the same time articulating nostalgia for rootedness and a social order predicated on stable and hierarchical gender relations.
14 Communities of Style
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the song “Mbube” by Solomon Linda, a South African classic and milestone in the evolution of isicathamiya. “Mbube” has become the subject of many cover versions, most notably “The Lion Sleeps Tonight” by the Tokens. Although most of these cover versions are exoticizing Africa, there is also a version performed jointly by Ladysmith Black Mambazo and the Afro-British female a cappella group, Mint Juleps, which articulates black diasporic consciousness.
11 The Development and Chronology of the Ambrosian Sanctorale
Authors: Bailey Terence
Published: May 2008

Although the Milanese church is ancient and its liturgical practice unique, its independence must not lead us to assume that the Ambrosian liturgy and chant are entirely indigenous and uniformly old. In the more than 800 years between the city's first bishop (c.200) and the earliest books to detail its Offices, the long and complex history of the Milanese liturgy is shadowy at best. Examination of the Ambrosian Offices for the saints reveals distinct layers and suggests a chronology for the development of the Sanctorale and the enrichment of the public veneration of the saints in the course of these centuries.
17 Transforming a Viking into a Saint
Authors: Iversen Gunilla
Published: May 2008

The Norwegian Viking Olaf Haraldson (St. Olaf of Norway) was a feared and controversial warrior and king in his lifetime. In 1031, a year after his death, however, his body was transferred to the high altar of the church of St. Clement at Nidaros (now the cathedral in Trondheim, Norway), and from that time he began to be venerated as a holy man and a saint. A wide variety of textual genres include material relating to Olaf. These range from Icelandic saga material through historical Latin chronicles to Latin liturgical texts. This chapter outlines the relations between the sagas and legends and the liturgical texts.
EPILOGUE: CROSSING PATHS AND MODES OF EXPERIENCE
Authors: Daverio John
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. It argues that all three of the central characters of this book — Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms — contributed in varying degrees to the art of storytelling. In doing so, they made their mark on a practice that, according to Walter Benjamin, entered a period of decline in the 19th century and was clearly in danger of coming to an end in the 20th century.
1 FOR THE HONOR OF GOD
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the origins of the six great Venetian lay confraternities (San Giovanni Evangelista, San Marco, Santa Maria della Carità, Santa Maria della Misericordia, San Rocco, and San Teodoro), known as scuole grandi, following the disciplinati movement of 1260. It treats the statutes of the scuole, called mariegole, and the founding principles of devotion, charity, patriotism, and honor. The membership of the scuole, representing all classes of Venetian society, and the organization of the confraternities, with officers elected from members of the citizen class, are also considered. Other topics include the finances of the scuole, their rules and regulations, and government supervision of their activities by such bodies as the Council of Ten. Finally, the chapter discusses the archives of the scuole, preserved today primarily in the Archivio di Stato of Venice.
Copyright's Paradox
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: May 2008

Copyright is at once an engine of free expression and impediment to free expression. Copyright law underwrites much literature, journalism, music, art, and film. Yet copyright often stands in the way of speech that would build upon existing expression to convey new messages and artistic perspectives.

In a seminal 1970 article, Melville Nimmer, the leading copyright and First Amendment scholar of his day, aptly termed the copyright‐free speech conflict a “largely ignored paradox.” Yet today that conflict has come virulently to the fore, and copyright is increasingly chastised as a tool of private censorship.

Why has that happened? What values and practices does the copyright‐free speech conflict put at stake? How should the conflict be resolved?

These are the principal questions this book seeks to answer. This book explores the copyright‐free speech conflict as it cuts across traditional and digital media alike. In so doing, it juxtaposes the dramatic expansion of copyright holders' proprietary control against individuals' newly found ability to digitally cut, paste, edit, remix, and distribute popular sound recordings, movies, TV programs, graphics, and texts the world over. It tests whether, in light of these developments and others, copyright still serves as a vital engine of free expression and assesses how copyright does—and does not—burden speech. Taking First Amendment values as its lodestar, the book argues that copyright should be delimited by how it can best promote robust debate and expressive diversity, and it presents a blueprint for how that can be accomplished.
Copyright's Ungainly Expansion
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: May 2008

The federal copyright that the Framers envisioned and enacted was a narrow, short‐term right in printed matter. Current copyright holders enjoy a capacious bundle of rights in many more uses of many more types of published works for a far greater time and with fewer preconditions. Yet, until recent decades, copyright law's basic contours still evinced an understanding of copyright as a decidedly limited grant. It has been largely since Congress enacted the Copyright Act revision of 1976 that copyright's scope and duration have burst from their moorings, growing with unwonted precipitousness and force. This chapter details the most troublesome areas of copyright's expansion and conceptual metamorphosis from narrow government grant to Blackstonian property right. It discusses copyright duration, creative appropriation, the turgid waters of the substantial similarity test and the idea/expression dichotomy, the constriction of fair use, “paracopyright,” technological protection measures, personal uses, and new media.
Is Copyright “the Engine of Free Expression”?
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: May 2008

The Supreme Court has labeled copyright “the engine of free expression.” Copyright serves in that role in three fundamental ways. First, copyright serves a “production function.” It provides an economic incentive for the creation and dissemination of original expression. Second, copyright has an important “structural function.” It supports a sector of authors and publishers who look to the market, not government patronage, for financial sustenance and who thus gain considerable independence from government influence. Third, copyright has an “expressive function.” By encouraging authors, it reinforces the social and political importance of individuals' new, original contributions to public discourse.

This chapter argues that copyright continues to underwrite free speech through each of its production, structural, and expressive functions. Yet the chapter also qualifies copyright's “engine of free expression” moniker. Copyright's support for free speech is far more complex and, in some ways, more limited than the Supreme Court's often‐cited paean suggests.
Copyright and the First Amendment
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: May 2008

Copyright law's potential for abridging speech has long been recognized in United States case law, legislation, and commentary. Because of copyright, speakers are often unable effectively to convey their message and audiences are deprived of valuable expression. But courts have almost never entertained First Amendment defenses to copyright infringement claims. They have held that copyright's internet “free speech safeguards,” including fair use and the idea/expression dichotomy, provide adequate protection for free speech.

This chapter argues that courts should apply the First Amendment to cabin copyright holder prerogatives where necessary to protect speech. It then sharply criticizes the Supreme Court's rejection of a First Amendment challenge to the Copyright Term Extension Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft. Yet as the chapter notes, Eldred nevertheless suggests a couple of ways in which courts could reinvigorate copyright's internal free speech safeguards in light of First Amendment strictures.
Remaking Copyright in the First Amendment's Image
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: May 2008

Courts are not the only realm in which First Amendment values should come into play in defining and delimiting copyright. Concern over copyright's speech‐burdening potential should also animate Congressional legislation and Copyright Office regulation and arbitration. This chapter outlines a number of ways in which the Copyright Act could be modified to be more solicitous of speech while still preserving the copyright incentive's positive contribution to our “system of freedom of expression.”

The proposals tend toward narrowing copyright holders' proprietary entitlements—in some cases converting them to liability rules. But they do not all result in a net loss for copyright holders. In fact, the chapter proposes mechanisms for payment where today copyright holders receive nothing. The proposals cover copyright's extension to creative appropriation, copyright's inordinately lengthy term, the conflict between copyright and personal uses, the conflict between copyright incumbents and new media, paracopyright, and moral rights.