bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeted antiviral treatment of hepatitis B virus in culturally and linguistically diverse populations to achieve elimination targets in Australia
Authors: Taye Belaynew W. , Valery Patricia C. , Clark Paul J.
Published: June 2022

The majority of Australia's hepatitis B virus (HBV) burden is borne by culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations, and antiviral treatment is the mainstay of intervention. Using modelling, we estimated the impact of targeted antiviral treatment scale‐up and changes in migration on HBV‐related mortality and HBV elimination in CALD populations in Australia. We fitted a deterministic mathematical model based on the natural history of HBV and the Australian migration effect in four CALD population groups according to country of birth. We used three antiviral treatment scale‐up scenarios: baseline (9.3% coverage); intermediate (coverage of 80% of patients eligible for antiviral therapy by 2030); and optimistic (coverage of 20% of all patients living with HBV by 2022). Our model predicted that if the baseline treatment is followed between 2015 and 2030, the number of chronic HBV cases and HBV‐related mortality will increase. Following the optimistic scale‐up, the number of new HBV cases could be reduced by 78%, 73%, 74% and 83% in people born in Asia‐Pacific, Europe, Africa and the Middle East, and Americas, respectively, between 2015 and 2030. An optimistic treatment scale‐up could result in a 19.2%–24.5% reduction in HBV‐related mortality and a 15%–25% reduction in HCC‐related mortality in CALD populations between 2015 and 2030. In conclusion, our findings highlight that targeted antiviral treatment for CALD populations provides significant health system benefits by reducing HBV‐related complications from cirrhosis and HCC. Expanded antiviral treatment programmes focusing on high‐prevalence CALD populations may be an effective strategy to reduce HBV‐related morbidity and mortality.
Pharmacokinetics of carprofen following single and repeated intravenous administrations of different doses in sheep
Authors: Corum Orhan , Coskun Devran , Durna Corum Duygu , Ider Merve , Yildiz Ramazan , Ok Mahmut , Uney Kamil
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of carprofen following single and repeated intravenous (IV) administrations at 1.4 and 4 mg/kg doses in sheep. The study was carried out on twelve sheep in two experiments as single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics. In experiment 1, carprofen was administered via IV at single doses of 1.4 (n = 6) and 4 mg/kg (n = 6) in a randomized parallel design. In experiment 2, the same dose groups in experiment 1 following the 21‐day washout period received intravenously carprofen every 24 h for 5 days. Plasma concentrations were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography–UV and analyzed by a two‐compartment open model. After the single administration of 1.4 mg/kg dose, the t1/2α, t1/2el, MRT, ClT, Vdss, and AUC were 0.62 h, 27.57 h, 38.78 h, 2.72 ml/h/kg, 105.26 ml/kg, and 515.12 h*μg/ml, respectively. Carprofen at a single dose of 4 mg/kg showed prolonged t1/2el and MRT, and increased Vdss. On day 5 after the repeated administration of the 1.4 mg/kg dose, the t1/2α, t1/2el, MRT, ClT, Vdss, and AUC were 1.12 h, 57.48 h, 82.18 h, 0.55 ml/h/kg, 45.43 ml/kg, and 2532 h*μg/ml, respectively. Carprofen at a repeated dose of 4 mg/kg showed increased ClT and Vdss and decreased AUC/dose. Although the long t1/2ʎz in single and multiple IV dose studies suggest the possibility of its effective use, the IV route may not be practical in sheep. Therefore, oral and subcutaneous routes of carprofen in sheep would be more valuable in clinical settings.
Letting offenders choose their punishment?
Authors: Grolleau Gilles , Mungan Murat C. , Mzoughi Naoufel
Published: June 2022

Punishment menus allow offenders to choose the punishment to which they will be subjected from a set of options. We present several behaviorally informed rationales for why punishment menus may serve as effective deterrents, notably by causing people to refrain from entering a calculative mindset; reducing their psychological reactance; causing them to reconsider the reputational impacts of punishment; and reducing suspicions about whether the act is enforced for rent‐seeking purposes. We argue that punishment menus can outperform the traditional single punishment if these effects can be harnessed properly. Our observations thus constitute a challenge, based on behavioral arguments, to the conventional view that adding (possibly unexercised) punishment options to an existing punishment scheme is unlikely to increase deterrence or welfare. We explain how heterogeneities among individuals can pose problems to designing effective punishment menus and discuss potential solutions. After explaining how punishment menus, if designed and implemented benevolently, can serve socially desirable goals, we caution against their possible misuse by self‐interested governments.
Super‐replication with transaction costs under model uncertainty for continuous processes
Authors: Chau Huy N. , Fukasawa Masaaki , Rásonyi Miklós
Published: June 2022

We formulate a superhedging theorem in the presence of transaction costs and model uncertainty. Asset prices are assumed continuous and uncertainty is modeled in a parametric setting. Our proof relies on a new topological framework in which no Krein–Smulian type theorem is available.
“Let Not the Heart in Sorrow Sin”: Considering Kierkegaard’s Relation to Nihilistic Humanism as a Matter of Christian versus Pagan Truth
Authors: Callaway Dallas
Published: June 2022

In what way does Kierkegaard’s conception of selfhood and despair address the prospect of nihilistic humanism wherein God, sin, and spirit are conceived as the creations of humankind intended to escape the distress of nihilism and imbue life with meaning? By contrasting Kierkegaard’s thought with that of a Straussian‐Feuerbachian amalgam of ‘Left Hegelianism’, I argue that Kierkegaard’s work (i.e., taken more holistically than Anti‐Climacus’s writings alone so to make the matter of truth more conspicuous than it is in, of note, The Sickness unto Death) may indeed be interpreted as addressing nihilistic humanism. Specifically, I argue that the topic of truth proves essential for demarcating Kierkegaardian selfhood (the ‘inside viewpoint’) from Left Hegelianism (the ‘outside viewpoint’). First, I recapitulate Kierkegaard’s concepts of self (Selv) and despair (Fortvivlelse). Second, I present in sequence views from ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ of Kierkegaard’s authorship. Third, taking Kierkegaard to imply engagement of the viewpoints as necessary, I examine the process of ‘prefixture’ whereby one prefixes the outside to the inside viewpoint or undertakes the countermovement of prefixing the inside to the outside viewpoint. Finally, I conclude that full integration of the two viewpoints is untenable and underscore truth vis‐à‐vis God as both definitive for deciding between the viewpoints and essential for the way in which Kierkegaard addresses nihilistic humanism as a form of despair.
Impact of etelcalcetide on fibroblast growth factor‐23 and calciprotein particles in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Hashimoto Yusaku , Kato Sawako , Kuro‐o Makoto , Miura Yutaka , Itano Yuya , Ando Masahiko , Kuwatsuka Yachiyo , Maruyama Shoichi
Published: June 2022

Aim

Recently, we demonstrated the efficacy of etelcalcetide in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). This post hoc analysis aimed to evaluate changes in fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF23) and calciprotein particles (CPPs) after treatment with calcimimetics.

Methods

The DUET trial was a 12‐week multicenter, open‐label, parallel‐group, randomized (1:1:1) study with patients treated with etelcalcetide plus active vitamin D (E + D group; n = 41), etelcalcetide plus oral calcium (E + Ca group; n = 41), or control (C group; n = 42) under maintenance haemodialysis. Serum levels of FGF23 and CPPs were measured at baseline, and 6 and 12 weeks after the start.

Results

In the linear mixed model, serum levels of FGF23 in etelcalcetide users were significantly lower than those in non‐users at week 6 (p < .001) and week 12 (p < .001). When compared the difference between the E + Ca group and the E + D group, serum levels of FGF23 in the E + Ca group were significantly lower than those in the E + D group at week 12 (p = .017). There were no significant differences in the serum levels of CPPs between etelcalcetide users and non‐users at week 6 and week 12, while CPPs in the E + Ca group were significantly lower than those in the E + D group (p < .001) at week 12.

Conclusion

Etelcalcetide may be useful through suppression of FGF23 levels among haemodialysis patients with SHPT. When correcting hypocalcaemia, loading oral calcium preparations could be more advantageous than active vitamin D for the suppression of both FGF23 and CPPs.
A comparison of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the cerebellum and CAA‐positive occipital lobe of 60 brains from routine autopsies
Authors: Okamoto Koichi , Amari Masakuni , Ikeda Masaki , Fukuda Toshio , Suzuki Keiji , Takatama Masamitsu
Published: June 2022

We semiquantitatively compared the frequency and severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in the cerebellum and CAA‐positive occipital lobe of 60 subjects from routine autopsies. In the 60 subjects with a CAA‐positive occipital lobe, cerebellar CAA was observed in 29 subjects (48.3%), and the severity of cerebellar CAA was relatively mild compared with occipital lobe CAA. Capillary CAA was observed in the occipital lobe of 12 subjects and the cerebellum of three subjects. CAA‐related vasculopathies were observed in the occipital lobe of 15 subjects and the cerebellum of two subjects. The severity of CAA‐related vasculopathy was mild in both of these subjects. Amyloid‐β plaques were observed in the occipital lobe of 54 subjects (90%) and the cerebellum of 16 subjects (26.7%). The severity of amyloid‐β plaques in the cerebellum was mild compared with the occipital lobe. In summary, we confirmed that cerebellar CAA is frequently observed in the cerebellum but with a lower severity than CAA in the occipital lobe.
“One, none, and a hundred thousand” recipes for a robust response to turbulence
Authors: Cristofoli Daniela , Cucciniello Maria , Micacchi Marta , Trivellato Benedetta , Turrini Alex , Valotti Giovanni
Published: June 2022

Turbulence appears to be a “new normal” in current societies, and public organizations need to learn how to react and adapt to it. Scholars agree on the need for robust actions to respond to turbulence. Through a qualitative comparative analysis performed on the vaccination campaigns of all 20 Italian regions, our paper explores whether different and alternative models of robustness may exist to cope with turbulence. Results shed light on three alternative models featuring static, hybrid, and dynamic robustness. They also highlight that robust governance appears to involve a capacity to learn, and to employ this learning as circumstances demand.
A‐Rational Epistemological Disjunctivism
Authors: Echeverri Santiago
Published: June 2022

According to epistemological disjunctivism (ED), in paradigmatic cases of perceptual knowledge, a subject,S, has perceptual knowledge thatpin virtue of being in possession of reasons for her belief thatpwhich are both factive and reflectively accessible toS. It has been argued that ED is better placed than both knowledge internalism and knowledge externalism to undercut underdetermination‐based skepticism. I identify several principles that must be true if ED is to be uniquely placed to attain this goal. After that, I use those principles to formulate a diachronic skeptical argument. This argument yields the counterintuitive conclusion that understanding a global skeptical hypothesis is all it takes for a rational subject to lose all her perceptual knowledge of the world. Next, I show that a popular Austinian move must reject one or another of the principles that underlie ED. I close by delineating a novel strategy that can block the diachronic skeptical argument while preserving all the principles. The key idea is that perceptual knowledge is grounded in primitive, perceptual and recognitional abilities. This view sheds new light on some puzzling features of global skepticism that have been noted by Descartes and Hume, among others.
Searching for social properties
Authors: Payton Dee
Published: June 2022

What does it take for a property to be a social property? This question is different from questions about what it takes for a property to be socially constructed. That is: it is one thing to be social, it is another to be socially constructed. Compared to questions about social construction, this question about sociality has received relatively little attention in social metaphysics. Here, I work from a very specific set of observations which arise from the social metaphysics literature to uncover a sufficient condition on sociality for properties, a condition which I argue all non‐social properties fail to satisfy.
Deviating from the ideal
Authors: Barrett Jacob
Published: June 2022

Ideal theorists aim to describe the ideally just society. Problem solvers aim to identify concrete changes to actual societies that would make them more just. The relation between these two sorts of theorizing is highly contested. According to the benchmark view, ideal theory is prior to problem solving because a conception of the ideally just society serves as an indispensable benchmark for evaluating societies in terms of how far they deviate from it. In this paper, I clarify the benchmark view, argue that existing criticisms of it are unsuccessful, and develop a novel redundancy objection to the benchmark view and the claim of priority it allegedly entails. I then consider the extent to which ideal theory might facilitate problem solving without being prior to it and argue that it can only play a modest role in this regard. The upshot is that ideal theory is neither required for nor especially relevant to problem solving—but it is not completely irrelevant either. It facilitates problem solving to some limited degree, but no more, say, than theorizing about dystopia.
Novelty and scope of process innovation: The role of related and unrelated manufacturing experience
Authors: Lugovoi Ivan , Andritsos Dimitrios A. , Senot Claire
Published: June 2022

The accumulation of experience that occurs with production is likely to impact an organization's ability to develop manufacturing process innovations. However, how different types of manufacturing experience relate to the characteristics of an organization's process innovation output is an open question. In this study, we investigate how a firm's accumulated related and unrelated manufacturing experiences are associated with this firm's ability to innovate its production methods. To characterize firms' process innovation output, we observe their portfolios of patented manufacturing inventions, which we qualitatively evaluate over time, through a unique collaboration with expert patent attorneys, along two critical dimensions: novelty and scope. We argue that related manufacturing experience leads to a better understanding of parts of the focal product's technological landscape that will allow the development of inventions of broader scope. However, it may also contribute to inertia in that it might restrict the firm's innovative activity to more familiar regions of the landscape, thereby limiting inventions' novelty. Conversely, manufacturing experience with products that are unrelated to the focal product is expected to stimulate and support a broader search that includes more distant regions of the focal product's technological landscape, which would lead to more novel manufacturing inventions. Yet, the application of this unrelated experience to the production of the focal product is likely to require additional exploratory effort in a not‐well‐understood region of the focal product's landscape, likely resulting in inventions of limited scope. In line with our hypotheses, we find that related (unrelated) manufacturing experience is positively (negatively) associated with inventions' scope, and negatively (positively) associated with inventions' novelty. In addition to supporting the relevance of a multidimensional evaluation of innovations, our findings provide practical guidance regarding the strategic implications of a firm's knowledge management.
Modeling undetected live type 1 wild poliovirus circulation after apparent interruption of transmission: Pakistan and Afghanistan
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A. , Badizadegan Kamran , Thompson Kimberly M.
Published: June 2022

Since 2013, wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission occurred only for type 1 (WPV1). Following several years of increasing reported incidence (2017–2019) and programmatic disruptions caused by COVID‐19 (early 2020), Pakistan and Afghanistan performed a large number of supplementary immunization activities (late 2020–2021). This increased intensity of immunization, following widespread transmission, substantially decreased WPV1 cases and positive environmental samples during 2021. Modeling the potential for undetected circulation of WPV1 after apparent interruption can support regional and global decisions about certification of the eradication of indigenous WPV1 transmission. We apply a stochastic model to estimate the confidence about no circulation (CNC) of WPV1 in Pakistan and Afghanistan as a function of time since the last reported case and/or positive environmental sample. Exploration of different assumptions about surveillance quality suggests a range for CNC for WPV1 as a function of time since the last positive surveillance signal, and supports the potential use of a time with no evidence of transmission of less than 3 years as sufficient to assume die out in the context of good acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. We show high expected CNC based on AFP surveillance data alone, even with imperfect surveillance and some use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine masking the ability of AFP surveillance to detect transmission. Ensuring high quality AFP and environmental surveillance may substantially shorten the time required to reach high CNC. The time required for high CNC depends on whether immunization activities maintain high population immunity and the quality of surveillance data.
Changes in Racial Apathy Among White Young Adults: A Five‐YearNational Panel Study
Authors: Brown Tony N. , Culver Julian , Bento Asia , Gorman Quintin
Published: June 2022

This study investigates changes in racial apathy among white young adults using nationally representative panel survey data from the NSYR. Our regression models include social background, social values, and academic orientation variables specified as important correlates of racial apathy in prior cross‐sectional studies. We also include interracial contact variables, which existing studies neglect. According to intergroup contact theory, interracial contact should predict decreases in racial apathy. We find variables specified as important correlates in prior cross‐sectional studies do not explain changes in racial apathy across time. Surprisingly, interracial friendship associates negatively with increasesanddecreases in racial apathy. Further, interracial dating predicts increases in racial apathy across time. These findings suggest racial apathy may be dissimilar to other forms of white racial prejudice and interracial contact may be an ineffective method to reduce contemporary forms of white racial prejudice.
Hyperbaric effects on cold stored whole blood following a military dive mission profile
Authors: Scheiber Christopher J. , Spencer Chad M. , Neading Richard D. , O'Connell Michael P. , Becker Casey F. , Scarborough Tyler R. , Horsey Jeremy D. , Perez Joshua A. , Ochoa Baron J. , Wilkinson Michael A. , Bentley Pasha , Seheult Jansen N. , Boisen Michael L. , Yazer Mark H.
Published: June 2022

Background

Whole blood (WB) is carried by special operations forces as part of a remote damage control resuscitation strategy. The effects of an underwater mission on the quality and coagulation profile of WB were simulated by exposure to hyperbaric pressures in a chamber.

Methods

WB units collected in CPDA‐1 were exposed to three different combinations of hyperbaric pressure and duration of exposure: Group A 153.52 kPa (15.24 msw; 1.52 atm) for 4 h; n = 9, Group B 506.63 kPa (50.29 msw; 5.00 atm) for 1 h; n = 9, Group C 153.52 kPa (15.24 msw; 1.52 atm) for 1 h; n = 7. The following parameters were measured on each unit: prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thromboelastography and concentration determinations of platelets, lactate, fibrinogen, and lactate dehydrogenase. Each sample underwent baseline, prepressurization, immediate postpressurization, and 6 h postpressurization laboratory testing.

Results

Six hours following hyperbaric exposure, the lactate concentration in group C was higher than prepressurization measurement and the platelet concentration in Group A was lower than prepressurization measurement. There were no changes in any of the other analyzed biochemical, coagulation and thromboelastogram parameters following exposure to hyperbaric stress.

Discussion

These data suggest that pressurization of WB up to 5 atm did not impact parameters tested. Changes observed in lactate and platelet count need further study, as well as complementary testing of red blood cell integrity. Further investigation of the hyperbaric extremes is necessary to determine if there is a damage inducing pressure to which WB should not be exposed.
In vitro quality and hemostatic function of cold‐stored CPDA‐1 whole blood after repeated transient exposure to 28°C storage temperature
Authors: Sivertsen Joar , Hervig Tor , Strandenes Geir , Kristoffersen Einar K. , Braathen Hanne , Apelseth Torunn O.
Published: June 2022

Background

Blood products are frequently exposed to room temperature or higher for longer periods than permitted by policy. We aimed to investigate if this resulted in a measurable effect on common quality parameters and viscoelastic hemostatic function of cold stored CPDA‐1 whole blood.

Study Design and Methods

450 ml of whole blood from 16 O Rh(D) positive donors was collected in 63 ml of CPDA‐1 and stored cold. Eights bags were exposed to five weekly 4‐h long transient temperature changes to 28°C. Eight bags were stored continuously at 4°C as a control. Samples were collected at baseline on day 1, after the first cycle on day 1 and weekly before each subsequent cycle (day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35). Hemolysis, hematological parameters, pH, glucose, lactate, potassium, thromboelastography, INR, APTT, fibrinogen, and factor VIII were measured.

Results

CPDA‐1 whole blood repeatedly exposed to 28°C did not show reduced quality compared to the control group on day 35. Two units in the test group had hemolysis of 1.1% and 1.2%, and two in the control group hemolysis of 0.8%. Remaining thromboelastography clot strength (MA) on day 35 was 51.7 mm (44.8, 58.6) in the test group and 46.1 (41.6, 50.6) in the control group (p = .023). Platelet count was better preserved in the test group (166.7 [137.8, 195.6] vs. 117.8 [90.3, 145.2], p = .018). One sample in the test group was positive for Cutibacterium acnes on day 35 + 6.

Conclusion

Hemolysis findings warrant further investigation. Other indicators of quality were not negatively affected.
Cold‐stored platelets are effective in an in vitro model of massive transfusion protocol assessed by rotational thromboelastometry
Authors: Zhao Han Qi , Serrano Katherine , Culibrk Brankica , Chen Zhongming , Devine Dana V.
Published: June 2022

Background

Platelets are a key component of massive transfusion in treating actively bleeding patients. While optimized for prophylactic transfusions, the effectiveness of the current standard room temperature stored platelets (RPs) in treating actively bleeding patients is not clear. Cold‐stored platelets (CPs) have been shown to have superior hemostatic functions and the potential to extend shelf life. In this study, we explored the effect of using CPs versus RPs in an in vitro transfusion model based on the massive transfusion protocol.

Study Design and Methods

RPs or CPs were combined with RBCs and plasma in a 1:1:1 volume ratio to make transfusion packages. Whole blood was collected and then either diluted to 20% hematocrit or mixed with tPA (8.8 μg/ml). By volume, 70% of transfusion package was mixed with 30% whole blood to simulate massive transfusions and analyzed by rotational thromboelastometry. Transfusion package supernatant was analyzed for PAI‐1 activity as well.

Results

Both transfusion packages restored the clot characteristics of hemodiluted or hyperfibrinolytic whole blood. Specifically, only transfusion packages made with CPs significantly reduced the maximum clot lysis of hyperfibrinolytic whole blood. PAI‐1 activity in CPs transfusion packages were also significantly higher.

Discussion

Transfusion packages containing cold‐stored platelets may be able to restore the blood hemostatic profile of bleeding patients. In addition, transfusion packages made from CPs may provide additional benefit of resisting hyperfibrinolysis in bleeding patients. In trauma where post‐transfusion platelet recovery is less of a concern, CPs are a viable option to restore hemostasis.
Low titer Group O whole blood utilization in pediatric trauma resuscitation: A National Survey
Authors: Meshkin Dana , Yazer Mark H. , Dunbar Nancy M. , Spinella Philip C. , Leeper Christine M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Renewed interest in low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) transfusion has led to increased utilization in adult trauma centers; little is known regarding LTOWB use in pediatric centers.

Study design and methods

A survey of LTOWB utilization at American pediatric level 1 trauma centers.

Results

Responses were received from 43/72 (60%) centers. These institutions were primarily urban (84%) and pediatric‐specific (58%). There were 16% (7/43) centers using LTOWB, 7% (3/43) imminently initiating an LTOWB program, 47% (20/43) with interest but no current plan to develop a LTOWB program, and 30% (13/43) with no immediate interest in an LTOWB program. For the hospitals actively or imminently using LTOWB, 70% (3/10) have a minimum recipient weight criterion, 60% (6/10) have a minimum age criterion, and 70% (7/10) restrict the maximum volume transfused. Before the patient's RhD type becomes known, 30% (3/10) use RhD negative LTOWB for males and females, 40% (4/10) use RhD positive LTOWB for males and RhD negative LTOWB for females, 20% (2/10) use RhD positive LTOWB for males and RhD negative RBCs for females, and 10% (1/10) use RhD positive LTOWB for both males and females. Maximum LTOWB storage duration was 14–35 days and units nearing expiration were used for non‐trauma patients (40%), processed to RBC (40%), and/or discarded (40%). The most common barriers to implementation were concerns about inventory management (37%), wastage (35%), infrequent use (33%), cost (21%) and unclear efficacy (14%).

Conclusion

LTOWB utilization is increasing in pediatric level 1 trauma centers in the United States.
Gamma and X‐ray irradiation do not affect the in vitro quality of refrigerated apheresis platelets in platelet additive solution (PAS‐E)
Authors: Johnson Lacey , Roan Christopher , Costa Marylia , Aung Htet Htet , Marks Denese C.
Published: June 2022

Background

Platelet refrigeration (cold storage) provides the advantages of an extended shelf life and reduces the risk of bacterial growth, compared to platelets stored at room temperature (RT). However, processing modifications, such as irradiation, may further improve the safety and/or alter the quality of cold‐stored platelets. Platelet components are irradiated to prevent transfusion‐associated graft versus host disease (TA‐GvHD) in high‐risk patients; and while irradiation has little effect on the quality of RT‐stored platelet components, there is no data assessing the effect irradiation has following cold storage.

Study Design and Methods

Triple‐dose apheresis platelets were collected in 40% plasma/60% PAS‐E, using the TRIMA apheresis platform, and refrigerated (2–6°C) within 8 h of collection. On day 2, one of each component was gamma or X‐ray irradiated or remained non‐irradiated. Platelets were tested over 21 days.

Results

The platelet concentration decreased by approximately 20% in all groups during 21 days of storage (p > .05). Irradiation (gamma or X‐ray) did not affect platelet metabolism, and the pH was maintained above the minimum specification (>6.4) for 21 days. The surface phenotype and the composition of the supernatant was similar in non‐irradiated and irradiated platelets, regardless of the source of radiation. Functional responses (aggregation and clot formation) were not affected by irradiation.

Discussion

Gamma and X‐ray irradiation do not affect the in vitro quality of platelet components stored in the cold for up to 21 days. This demonstrates the acceptability of irradiating cold‐stored platelets, which has the potential to improve their safety for at‐risk patient cohorts.
Comparative risk of pulmonary adverse events with transfusion of pathogen reduced and conventional platelet components
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Wheeler Allison P. , Refaai Majed , Cohn Claudia S. , Poisson Jessica , Fontaine Magali , Sehl Mary , Nooka Ajay K. , Uhl Lynne , Spinella Philip , Fenelus Maly , Liles Darla , Coyle Thomas , Becker Joanne , Jeng Michael , Gehrie Eric A. , Spencer Bryan R. , Young Pampee , Johnson Andrew , O'Brien Jennifer J. , Schiller Gary J. , Roback John D. , Malynn Elizabeth , Jackups Ronald , Avecilla Scott T. , Lin Jin‐Sying , Liu Kathy , Bentow Stanley , Peng Ho‐Lan , Varrone Jeanne , Benjamin Richard J. , Corash Laurence M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Platelet transfusion carries risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection (TTI). Pathogen reduction of platelet components (PRPC) is designed to reduce TTI. Pulmonary adverse events (AEs), including transfusion‐related acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occur with platelet transfusion.

Study design

An open label, sequential cohort study of transfusion‐dependent hematology‐oncology patients was conducted to compare pulmonary safety of PRPC with conventional PC (CPC). The primary outcome was the incidence of treatment‐emergent assisted mechanical ventilation (TEAMV) by non‐inferiority. Secondary outcomes included: time to TEAMV, ARDS, pulmonary AEs, peri‐transfusion AE, hemorrhagic AE, transfusion reactions (TRs), PC and red blood cell (RBC) use, and mortality.

Results

By modified intent‐to‐treat (mITT), 1068 patients received 5277 PRPC and 1223 patients received 5487 CPC. The cohorts had similar demographics, primary disease, and primary therapy. PRPC were non‐inferior to CPC for TEAMV (treatment difference −1.7%, 95% CI: (−3.3% to −0.1%); odds ratio = 0.53, 95% CI: (0.30, 0.94). The cumulative incidence of TEAMV for PRPC (2.9%) was significantly less than CPC (4.6%, p = .039). The incidence of ARDS was less, but not significantly different, for PRPC (1.0% vs. 1.8%, p = .151; odds ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: (0.27, 1.18). AE, pulmonary AE, and mortality were not different between cohorts. TRs were similar for PRPC and CPC (8.3% vs. 9.7%, p = .256); and allergic TR were significantly less with PRPC (p = .006). PC and RBC use were not increased with PRPC.

Discussion

PRPC demonstrated reduced TEAMV with no excess treatment‐related pulmonary morbidity.
Notas sobre cómo resolver conflictos
Authors: Barros Castro Ricardo Abad , Oviedo Torres Blanca Elvira , Cuéllar Gómez Jeniffer Tatiana , Niño Rodríguez María Manuela , Cano Márquez Mariana , Pardo Santamaría Sharon Gisela , Rubio Bazzani Laura , Martínez Restrepo Nicolás , Villegas Calixto Danna Margarita , Suárez Sandoval Juan Sebastián , Medina Sáenz Julián Camilo , Coronado Ríos Daniela Andrea , Zafra Ramírez Juan Camilo , García Vargas Luisa Fernanda , Vidales Bohórquez Raúl , Solarte Rodríguez Roberto , Fiorillo Obando Giovanna
Published: June 2022

El material que se presentará en las siguientes páginas es resultado de un proceso participativo de construcción de saberes en el marco de un proyecto llamado "Voces Juveniles Constructoras de Paz en una zona de la localidad de Usme destinada a la reubicación de actores del conflicto armado" financiado por la Rectoría de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana con la convocatoria de proyectos de presupuesto social San Francisco Javier. En éste participaron niños, adolescentes, jóvenes y líderes adultos de la Unidad de Planeación Zonal Gran Yomasa en la localidad de Usme, junto con profesores, gestores, estudiantes y voluntarios de la Universidad.
Development and Validation of a Framework for Predictive Simulation of Treadmill Gait
Authors: Pariser Kayla M. , Higginson Jill S.
Published: June 2022

Treadmill training is a common intervention to promote healthy walking function for individuals with pathological gait. However, because of the heterogeneity of many patient populations, determining how an individual will respond to new treadmill protocols may require extensive trial and error, causing increased patient fatigue. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a framework for predictive simulation of treadmill gait, which may be used in the design of treadmill training protocols. This was accomplished through three steps: predict motion of a simple model of a block relative to a treadmill, create a predictive framework to estimate gait with a two-dimensional (2D) lower limb musculoskeletal model on a treadmill, and validate the framework by comparing predicted kinematics, kinetics, and spatiotemporal parameters across three belts speeds and between speed-matched overground and treadmill predictive simulations. Predicted states and ground reaction forces for the block-treadmill model were consistent with rigid body dynamics, and lessons learned regarding ground contact model and treadmill motion definition were applied to the gait model. Treadmill simulations at 0.7, 1.2, and 1.8 m/s belt speeds resulted in predicted sagittal plane joint angles, ground reaction forces, step length, and step time that closely matched experimental data at similar speeds. Predicted speed-matched overground and treadmill simulations resulted in small root-mean-square error (RMSE) values within standard deviations for healthy gait. These results suggest that this predictive simulation framework is valid and can be used to estimate gait adaptations to various treadmill training protocols.
A Quantitative Insight Into the Role of Skip Connections in Deep Neural Networks of Low Complexity: A Case Study Directed at Fluid Flow Modeling
Authors: Choubineh Abouzar , Chen Jie , Coenen Frans , Ma Fei
Published: June 2022

Deep feed-forward networks, with high complexity, backpropagate the gradient of the loss function from final layers to earlier layers. As a consequence, the “gradient” may descend rapidly toward zero. This is known as the vanishing gradient phenomenon that prevents earlier layers from benefiting from further training. One of the most efficient techniques to solve this problem is using skip connection (shortcut) schemes that enable the gradient to be directly backpropagated to earlier layers. This paper investigates whether skip connections significantly affect the performance of deep neural networks of low complexity or whether their inclusion has little or no effect. The analysis was conducted using four Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to predict four different multiscale basis functions for the mixed Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM). These models were applied to 249,375 samples. Three skip connection schemes were added to the base structure: Scheme 1 from the first convolutional block to the last, Scheme 2 from the middle to the last block, and Scheme 3 from the middle to the last and the second-to-last blocks. The results demonstrate that the third scheme is most effective, as it increases the coefficient of determination (R2) value by 0.0224–0.044 and decreases the Mean Squared Error (MSE) value by 0.0027–0.0058 compared to the base structure. Hence, it is concluded that enriching the last convolutional blocks with the information hidden in neighboring blocks is more effective than enriching using earlier convolutional blocks near the input layer.
Data-Driven Approaches for Characterization of Aerodynamics on Super High-Speed Elevators
Authors: Xie Jingren , Mao Shuai , Zhang Zhinan , Liu Chengliang
Published: June 2022

Modeling and characterizing high-dimensional aerodynamic pressures, on the elevator in the hoistway, is very challenging. An accurate model is helpful to understand and analyze the pressure characteristics, which is a vital consideration in the design of a competitive elevator. The current full-order models are usually governed by the Navier–Stokes equations and have low computational efficiency. A reduced-order model is thus necessary to improve computational efficiency. This work aims at investigating two data-driven approaches, for modeling and characterizing the aerodynamic pressures, i.e., proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) that are able to extract temporal–spatial structures from the data. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the realistic elevator is first built and simulation data of the aerodynamic pressures during the motion of the elevator in the hoistway is generated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Then, POD and DMD are employed to analyze the simulation data. It is found that through clustering techniques and since there exist local aerodynamic pressure pulses during the operation of the elevator, the aerodynamic pressure on the elevator has some distinct patterns. Therefore, cluster-based POD and DMD are further employed in the analysis. The results demonstrate that the cluster-based POD and DMD can achieve lower reconstruction errors than POD and DMD.
Best-worst scaling, an alternative method to assess perceptual sound qualities
Authors: Rosi Victor , Ravillion Aliette , Houix Olivier , Susini Patrick
Published: June 2022

When designing sound evaluation experiments, researchers rely on listening test methods, such as rating scales (RS). This work aims to investigate the suitability of best-worst scaling (BWS) for the perceptual evaluation of sound qualities. To do so, 20 participants rated the “brightness” of a corpus of instrumental sounds (N = 100) with RS and BWS methods. The results show that BWS procedure is the fastest and that RS and BWS are equivalent in terms of performance. Interestingly, participants preferred BWS over RS. Therefore, BWS is an alternative method that reliably measures perceptual sound qualities and could be used in many-sounds paradigm.
Greenhouse gas emissions from African lakes are no longer a blind spot
Authors: Borges Alberto V. , Deirmendjian Loris , Bouillon Steven , Okello William , Lambert Thibault , Roland Fleur A. E. , Razanamahandry Vao F. , Voarintsoa Ny Riavo G. , Darchambeau François , Kimirei Ismael A. , Descy Jean-Pierre , Allen George H. , Morana Cédric
Published: June 2022

Natural lakes are thought to be globally important sources of greenhouse gases (CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O) to the atmosphere although nearly no data have been previously reported from Africa. We collected CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O data in 24 African lakes that accounted for 49% of total lacustrine surface area of the African continent and covered a wide range of morphology and productivity. The surface water concentrations of dissolved CO
2
were much lower than values attributed in current literature to tropical lakes and lower than in boreal systems because of a higher productivity. In contrast, surface water–dissolved CH
4
concentrations were generally higher than in boreal systems. The lowest CO
2
and the highest CH
4
concentrations were observed in the more shallow and productive lakes. Emissions of CO
2
may likely have been substantially overestimated by a factor between 9 and 18 in African lakes and between 6 and 26 in pan-tropical lakes.
Phased small RNA–mediated systemic signaling in plants
Authors: Shine M. B. , Zhang Kai , Liu Huazhen , Lim Gah-hyun , Xia Fan , Yu Keshun , Hunt Arthur G. , Kachroo Aardra , Kachroo Pradeep
Published: June 2022

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) involves the generation of systemically transported signal that arms distal plant parts against secondary infections. We show that two phased 21–nucleotide (nt)
trans-acting small interfering RNA3a
RNAs (tasi-RNA) derived from
TAS3a
and synthesized within 3 hours of pathogen infection are the early mobile signal in SAR.
TAS3a
undergoes alternate polyadenylation, resulting in the generation of 555- and 367-nt transcripts. The 555-nt transcripts likely serves as the sole precursor for tasi-RNAs D7 and D8, which cleave
Auxin response factors
(
ARF
)
2
,
3
, and
4
to induce SAR. Conversely, increased expression of
ARF3
represses SAR. Knockout mutations in
TAS3a
or RNA silencing components required for tasi-RNA biogenesis compromise SAR without altering levels of known SAR-inducing chemicals. Both tasi-ARFs and the 367-nt transcripts are mobile and transported via plasmodesmata. Together, we show that tasi-ARFs are the early mobile signal in SAR.
S
-Adenosylmethionine–responsive cystathionine β-synthase modulates sulfur metabolism and redox balance in
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Parijat , Pramanick Ishika , Biswas Rupam , PS Sabarinath , Sreedharan Sreesa , Singh Shalini , Rajmani Raju S. , Laxman Sunil , Dutta Somnath , Singh Amit
Published: June 2022

Methionine and cysteine metabolisms are important for the survival and pathogenesis of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
Mtb
). The transsulfuration pathway converts methionine to cysteine and represents an important link between antioxidant and methylation metabolism in diverse organisms. Using a combination of biochemistry and cryo–electron microscopy, we characterized the first enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway, cystathionine β-synthase (
Mtb
Cbs) in
Mtb
. We demonstrated that
Mtb
Cbs is a heme-less, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate–containing enzyme, allosterically activated by
S
-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The atomic model of
Mtb
Cbs in its native and SAM-bound conformations revealed a unique mode of SAM-dependent allosteric activation. Further, SAM stabilized
Mtb
Cbs by sterically occluding proteasomal degradation, which was crucial for supporting methionine and redox metabolism in
Mtb
. Genetic deficiency of
Mtb
Cbs reduced
Mtb
survival upon homocysteine overload in vitro, inside macrophages, and in mice coinfected with HIV. Thus, the
Mtb
Cbs-SAM axis constitutes an important mechanism of coordinating sulfur metabolism in
Mtb
.
Translational regulation of TFH cell differentiation and autoimmune pathogenesis
Authors: Patel Preeyam S. , Pérez-Baos Sandra , Walters Beth , Orlen Margo , Volkova Angelina , Ruggles Kelly , Park Christopher Y. , Schneider Robert J.
Published: June 2022

Little is known regarding T cell translational regulation. We demonstrate that T follicular helper (TFH) cells use a previously unknown mechanism of selective messenger RNA (mRNA) translation for their differentiation, role in B cell maturation, and in autoimmune pathogenesis. We show that TFH cells have much higher levels of translation factor eIF4E than non-TFH CD4
+
T cells, which is essential for translation of TFH cell fate-specification mRNAs. Genome-wide translation studies indicate that modest down-regulation of eIF4E activity by a small-molecule inhibitor or short hairpin RN impairs TFH cell development and function. In mice, down-regulation of eIF4E activity specifically reduces TFH cells among T helper subtypes, germinal centers, B cell recruitment, and antibody production. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, eIF4E activity down-regulation blocks TFH cell participation in disease pathogenesis while promoting rapid remission and spinal cord remyelination. TFH cell development and its role in autoimmune pathogenesis involve selective mRNA translation that is highly druggable.
Bubble energy generator
Authors: Yan Xiantong , Xu Wanghuai , Deng Yajun , Zhang Chao , Zheng Huanxi , Yang Siyan , Song Yuxin , Li Pengyu , Xu Xiaote , Hu Yue , Zhang Luwen , Yang Zhengbao , Wang Steven , Wang Zuankai
Published: June 2022

Bubbles have been extensively explored as energy carriers ranging from boiling heat transfer and targeted cancer diagnosis. Yet, despite notable progress, the kinetic energy inherent in small bubbles remains difficult to harvest. Here, we develop a transistor-inspired bubble energy generator for directly and efficiently harvesting energy from small bubbles. The key points lie in designing dielectric surface with high-density electric charges and tailored surface wettability as well as transistor-inspired electrode configuration. The synergy between these features facilitates fast bubble spreading and subsequent departure, transforms the initial liquid/solid interface into gas/solid interface under the gating of bubble, and yields an output at least one order of magnitude higher than existing studies. We also show that the output can be further enhanced through rapid bubble collapse at the air/liquid interface and multiple bubbles synchronization. We envision that our design will pave the way for small bubble-based energy harvesting in liquid media.
Noncorrosive Metal Complex Catalysts for Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide and Mercaptans in Petroleum Products
Authors: Pletneva I. V. , Gavrilov Yu. A. , Moiseeva N. I. , Gekhman A. E.
Published: June 2022

High activity of metal complex catalytic systems comprising nitrogenous bases
and copper sulfates, acetates, and basic carbonate in oxidation of hydrogen
sulfide and light mercaptans with atmospheric oxygen was established. Their
activities are close to that observed for the chlorine-containing analogs, while
no corrosion effect is exerted. An increase in the initial concentration of
H2S has negligible effect on its conversion rate.
Mercaptans do not affect the H2S oxidation rate, whereas
an increase in the hydrogen sulfide concentration decelerates mercaptan
oxidation. This is a diffusion-controlled reaction; hence, intensification of
mixing of the catalyst with the hydrocarbons affords a 30–40% increase in the
demercaptanization efficiency. The efficiencies displayed in demercaptanization
processes by the catalytic systems and by the conventional scavengers
neutralizing light sulfur impurities were compared.