bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I'll Have Fries with That: Increasing Choice Complexity Promotes Indulgent Food Choices
Authors: Lee Yong Kyu , Weaver Kimberlee , Garcia Stephen M.
Published: June 2016

Three studies showed that the way that options are presented in a choice set—as combinations of intersecting attributes or in a more sequential “a la carte” choice format—affects the degree to which consumers adhere to their goals in the consumption setting. Specifically, using the context of food consumption and healthy eating, results showed that consumers were more likely to make double indulgent choices, the choice of both an indulgent entrée and an indulgent side item, when choosing from a menu consisting of predetermined “combination meals” than when selecting among the same entrée and side options in an a la carte fashion. Studies 2 and 3 implicated a goal distraction mechanism in driving the effect; the combination format, with its cross‐cutting of product choices into various combinations, reduces the salience of goal‐related constructs on implicit measures. In showing that different product presentation formats can affect the degree to which consumers make goal‐consistent choices, the current work adds to work on the effects of environmental influences on goal progress and goal achievement. Implications for encouraging goal‐consistent behavior in the context of healthy eating as well as other important consumer goal contexts are discussed.
Franchising in Europe: Exploring the Case of Spain with Self‐organizing Time Maps
Authors: Calderon‐Monge Esther , Pastor‐Sanz Iván , Ribeiro‐Soriano Domingo
Published: June 2016

Economic crises affect both the organizational side and the brand side of the franchise. Using self‐organizing time maps, this study examines how franchise brand behavior influences decisions by potential franchisees in Spain. The findings confirm that franchising offers an alternative to the business turnaround strategy, which firms apply when faced with adverse changes in the environment such as those caused by the economic crisis in Spain. Results show that all franchise brands within the same sector behaved similarly, except for brands in the catering sector, which displayed varying responses to the economic changes. The authors discuss the implications of these results for future franchisees.
Precision Chain‐Walking Polymerization of trans‐4‐Octene Catalyzed by α‐Diimine Nickel(II) Catalysts Bearing ortho‐sec‐Phenethyl Groups
Authors: Wang Fuzhou , Tanaka Ryo , Cai Zhengguo , Nakayama Yuushou , Shiono Takeshi
Published: June 2016

α‐Diimine nickel complexes bearing bulky ortho‐sec‐phenethyl groups (bis{[N,N′‐(4‐methyl‐2,6‐di‐sec‐phenethylphenyl)imino]‐1,2‐dimethylethane}dibromonickel (1), bis{[N,N′‐(4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sec‐phenethylphenyl)imino]‐1,2‐dimethylethane}dibromonickel (2), bis{[N,N′‐(4‐methyl‐2‐sec‐phenethylphenyl)imino]‐1,2‐dimethylethane}dibromonickel (3)) and {bis[N,N′‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imino]‐1,2‐dimethylethane}dibromidonickel (4) are used as a precatalyst for the polymerization of trans‐4‐octene upon activation with modified methylaluminoxane. These catalysts conduct chain‐walking polymerization of trans‐4‐octene to give polymers possessing propyl and butyl branches with high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. The branching structure depends on the nickel complex as well as the polymerization temperature, and the ratio of propyl branch was increased with increasing the bulkiness of the ligand and decreasing the polymerization temperature. Consequently, the most bulky 1 among the complexes used is found to polymerize trans‐4‐octene with high 1,5‐regioselectivity at −20 °C to give poly(1‐propylpentan‐1,5‐diyl).

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Poly(HEMA) Microbeads with Multi Amine Surface Functions for Reversible Metal Complex Formation
Authors: Tukenmez Ece , Bicak Niyazi
Published: June 2016

Polymer microbeads consisting of 20% 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 70% methyl methacrylate (MMA), and 10% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were methane sulfonated (mesylated) using equivalent methane sulfonyl chloride‐pyridine. The methane sulfonate surface groups generated were employed as cationic initiation sites for surface initiated polymerization (SIP) of 2‐methyl 2‐oxazoline. The acetyl groups of resulting poly‐oxazoline brushes were hydrolyzed to polyethylene imines. This methane sulfonated group was also used for substitution of triethylenetetramine (TETA) by direct action. The resulting multi amine ligands on the surfaces were demonstrated to bind Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) ions reversibly.
Exploring the mechanisms of action of human secretory RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans
Authors: Salazar Vivian A. , Arranz‐Trullén Javier , Navarro Susanna , Blanco Jose A. , Sánchez Daniel , Moussaoui Mohammed , Boix Ester
Published: June 2016

Human antimicrobial RNases, which belong to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and are secreted upon infection, display a wide spectrum of antipathogen activities. In this work, we examined the antifungal activity of the eosinophil RNase 3 and the skin‐derived RNase 7, two proteins expressed by innate cell types that are directly involved in the host defense against fungal infection. Candida albicans has been selected as a suitable working model for testing RNase activities toward a eukaryotic pathogen. We explored the distinct levels of action of both RNases on yeast by combining cell viability and membrane model assays together with protein labeling and confocal microscopy. Site‐directed mutagenesis was applied to ablate either the protein active site or the key anchoring region for cell binding. This is the first integrated study that highlights the RNases’ dual mechanism of action. Along with an overall membrane‐destabilization process, the RNases could internalize and target cellular RNA. The data support the contribution of the enzymatic activity for the antipathogen action of both antimicrobial proteins, which can be envisaged as suitable templates for the development of novel antifungal drugs. We suggest that both human RNases work as multitasking antimicrobial proteins that provide a first line immune barrier.
Effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplements on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zheng Ju‐Sheng , Lin Mei , Fang Ling , Yu Ying , Yuan Liping , Jin Yongxin , Feng Jueping , Wang Ling , Yang Hong , Chen Weiyu , Li Dandan , Tang Jun , Cai Wenwen , Shi Meiqi , Li Zihao , Wang Fenglei , Li Duo
Published: June 2016

Scope

To investigate the effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplements, both marine and plant‐based, on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.

Method and results

In a double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 185 recruited Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were randomized to either fish oil (FO, n = 63), flaxseed oil (FSO, n = 61), or corn oil group (served as control group, n = 61) for 180 days. The patients were asked to take corresponding oil capsules (four capsules/day), which totally provided 2 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in FO group and 2.5 g/day of alpha‐linolenic acid in FSO group. No group × time interaction was observed for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting insulin, or glucose. Significant group × time interaction (P = 0.035) was observed for glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), with HbA1c decreased in FO group compared with corn oil group (P = 0.037). We also found significant group × time interactions for lipid traits, including LDL cholesterol (P = 0.043), total cholesterol (P = 0.021), total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (P = 0.009), and triacylglycerol (P = 0.003), with the lipid profiles improved in FO group. No significant effects of FSO on glycemic traits or blood lipids were observed.

Conclusions

Marine n‐3 PUFA supplements may improve glycemic control and lipid profiles among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.
Clinical events in a large prospective cohort of children with sickle cell disease in Nagpur, India: evidence against a milder clinical phenotype in India
Authors: Jain Dipty , Arjunan Aishwarya , Sarathi Vijaya , Jain Harshwardhan , Bhandarwar Amol , Vuga Marike , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan
Published: June 2016

Background

The clinical phenotype of sickle cell disease (SCD) has been reported to be milder in India than in the United States. The objective of this large single‐center study was to examine the rate of complications to define the phenotype of SCD in India.

Methods

The rate of complications per 100 person‐years in 833 pediatric SCD patients for 1954 person‐years in Nagpur, India including those diagnosed on newborn screen (NBS) and those presenting later in childhood (non‐NBS) was compared to those reported in the cooperative study of sickle cell disease (CSSCD). Event rates were also compared between patients belonging to scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), and other backward classes (OBC).

Results

Comparison of CSSCD versus Nagpur NBS versus Nagpur non‐NBS for rates of pain (32.4 vs. 85.2 vs. 62.4), severe anemia (7.1 vs. 27 vs. 6.6), stroke (0.7 vs. 0.8 vs. 1.4), splenic sequestration (3.4 vs. 6.7 vs. 1.6), acute chest syndrome (24.5 vs. 23.6 vs. 1.0), and meningitis (0.8 vs. 0 vs. 0.1) revealed more frequent complications in Nagpur compared to CSSCD. Comparison of ST, SC, and OBC for rates of pain (84.6 vs. 71.9 vs. 63.5), acute chest syndrome (3.6 vs. 2.8 vs. 2.2), severe anemia (5.4 vs. 9.5 vs. 11.4), stroke (1.2 vs. 0.4 vs. 0.3), splenic sequestration (0.6 vs. 2.4 vs. 1.9), and meningitis (0.8 vs. 0 vs. 0.1) revealed significantly more frequent complications among ST.

Conclusions

SCD‐related complications are more frequent in Indian children than that observed in CSSCD. Further study is indicated to define SCD phenotype in India.
Objective–subjective disparity in cancer‐related cognitive impairment: does the use of change measures help reconcile the difference?
Authors: O'Farrell Erin , Smith Andra , Collins Barbara
Published: June 2016

Objective

Studies to date have found little correlation between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in cancer patients, making it difficult to interpret the significance of their cognitive complaints. The purpose of this study was to determine if a stronger correlation would be obtained using measures of cognitive change rather than static scores.

Methods

Sixty women with early stage breast cancer underwent repeated cognitive assessment over the course of chemotherapy with a neuropsychological test battery (objective measure) and with the FACT‐Cog (subjective measure). Their results were compared to 60 healthy women matched on age and education and assessed at similar intervals. We used multilevel modeling, with FACT‐Cog as the dependent measure and ordinary least squares slopes of a neuropsychological summary score as the independent variable, to evaluate the co‐variation between the subjective and objective measures over time

Results

Measures of both objective and subjective cognitive function declined over the course of chemotherapy in the breast cancer patients but there was no significant relationship between them, even when using change measures. Change in objective cognitive function was not related to change in anxiety or fatigue scores but the decline in perceived cognitive function was associated with greater anxiety and fatigue.

Conclusions

The discrepancy in objective and subjective measures of cognition in breast cancer patients cannot be accounted for in terms of a failure to use change measures. Although the results are negative, we contend that this is the more appropriate methodology for analyzing cancer‐related changes in cognition.
The Impact of Internal Migration on Population Redistribution: an International Comparison
Authors: Rees Philip , Bell Martin , Kupiszewski Marek , Kupiszewska Dorota , Ueffing Philipp , Bernard Aude , Charles‐Edwards Elin , Stillwell John
Published: June 2016

We know that internal migration shapes human settlement patterns, but few attempts have been made to measure systematically the extent of population redistribution or make comparisons between countries. Robust comparisons are hampered by limited data access, different space‐time frameworks, and inadequate summary statistics. We use new analysis software (IMAGE Studio) to assess the effects of differences in the number and configuration of geographic zones and implement new measures to make comparisons across a large sample of countries, representing 80% of global population. We construct a new Index of Net Migration Impact to measure system‐wide population redistribution and examine the relative contributions of migration intensity and effectiveness to cross‐national variations. We compare spatial patterns using the slope of a regression between migration and population density across zones in each country to indicate the direction and pace of population concentration. We report correlations between measures of population redistribution and national development and propose a general theoretical model suggesting how internal migration redistributes population across settlement systems during the development process. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Population, Space and Place Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impact of solvent selection and temperature on porosity and resistance of printed self‐reducing silver inks
Authors: Lefky Christopher , Mamidanna Avinash , Huang Yiwen , Hildreth Owen
Published: June 2016

Reactive metal inks have the potential to replace particle‐based inks for printed metals and electrodes. Recent advances in self‐reducing silver inks have dropped the reduction temperature from >180 °C down to room temperature. However, most reactive inks are printed at room temperature and sintered at an elevated temperature to achieve good electrical resistivity. In this work, we demonstrate that low electrical resistivity (1.8 μΩcm) can be achieved by adjusting solvent selection and printing at slightly elevated temperatures. This work examines the impact of solvent type and substrate temperature on the resulting morphology and electrical properties of silver films printed with a self‐reducing silver‐diamine ink. We show that morphology, porosity, and media resistivity can be controlled to produce a dense film without sintering. The porosity was adjusted from 93% down to 50% and the media resistivity two orders of magnitude from 180 μΩcm down to 1.8 μΩcm. The lowest media resistivity was found for a 10:1‐EtOH:Ag ink printed at 66 °C. Overall, this process demonstrates that highly conductive silver films can be printed at low temperatures with broad control over morphology and without post‐print annealing.

Reactive inks print silver with controllable porosity.
Opinions of Nurses About the Evaluation of Risk of Falling Among Inpatients
Authors: Atay Selma , Vurur Sevda , Erdugan Necla
Published: June 2016

Background:

Patient falls and fall-related injuries are an important problem for patients, relatives, caregivers, and the health system at large.

Aims:

This study aims to identify opinions of nurses about the risk of falling among patients staying in hospitals.

Method:

This study uses a qualitative descriptive design and employs a semistructured interview method to identify the opinions and experiences of nurses about patient falls. This study evaluated the opinions of a total of 12 staff nurses.

Findings:

It was found that nurses consider patients in the postoperative period to be most prone to falls. They think that most falls take place during transfers and that the medical diagnosis of the patient plays a crucial role in fall incidents. The most important problem associated with patient falls was symptoms of traumatic brain injury. According to the participating nurses, the risk of fall for every patient should be evaluated upon admission. Measures that the nurses take against patient falls include raising the bed’s side rails and securing the bed brakes.

Conclusions:

The findings of this research suggest that in-service training programs about the evaluation of the risk of falling should be organized for nurses. Guidelines should be developed for patients with different levels of risk of falling. It is suggested that nurses should be in charge of training patients who are conscious, their relatives, and caregiver personnel.

Clinical Relevance:

The training of nurses and caregivers helps to prevent the falls of inpatients.
Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide compounds in macrophages revealed by high resolution AFM
Authors: Pi Jiang , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhu Haiyan , Jin Hua , Jiang Jinhuan , Yang Fen , Ma Chung Wah , Hu Minghua , Ma Fangli , Cai Huaihong , Cai Jiye
Published: June 2016

Polysaccharide compounds (PCs), which composed of different kinds of polysaccharides always isolated from different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, are now attracting more and more attentions due to their strong immunomodulatory activities beyond the corresponding one‐component polysaccharides. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 had strong immunomodulatory effects on macrophages both in in vitro and in vivo models by atomic force microscopy (AFM). By high resolution AFM imaging, PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were found to inhibit LPS induced cell surface particle size and roughness increase in RAW264.7 macrophages, demonstrating the anti‐inflammatory effects of PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 on macrophages. PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were also proved to increase the particle size and roughness of resting RAW264.7 macrophages, which suggested that PCs could activate resting RAW264.7 macrophages. And additionally, PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were also found to reverse the surface particle size and roughness decrease of peritoneal macrophages isolated from cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressive mice, suggesting the activation effects of PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 on immunosuppressive macrophages. These results further enhanced our understanding of macrophage activations by direct imaging of cell surface ultrastructure and also highlighted AFM as a novel nanotool for macrophage detections. And most importantly, these results also indicated the outstanding immunomodulatory effects of PCs on macrophages, which therefore suggested that PCs could be served as a kind of novel immunomodulatory agents that would benefit human health. SCANNING 38:792–801, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave (Mw)‐assisted Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles via [3+2] Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Mw‐Pd/Co Nanoparticles Decorated on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Yıldız Yunus , Esirden İbrahim , Erken Esma , Demir Ersin , Kaya Muharrem , Şen Fatih
Published: June 2016

Monodisperse Pd/Co nanoparticles (Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs) decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes have been reproducibly and easily synthesized by microwave assisted method. They were found to be remarkable catalysts for the preparation of tetrazole derivatives which have significant benefits in wide range of drug purposes. Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed the fact that the prepared catalysts are highly crystalline, monodisperse and colloidally stable. The catalytic performance of these NPs was examined for any preparation of tetrazole derivatives and it's found that these Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs showed extraordinary catalytic activity, stability and durability. All products were provided with perfect yield in addition to shortest reaction time by employing Mw−Pd/Co@CNT as a heterogeneous catalyst. Our synthesis process comes with a facile and eco‐friendly option to Mw−Pd/Co@CNT, allowing further scrutiny of current catalysts for numerous other chemical reactions.
Ozonization to Upgrade Waste‐Derived Soluble Lignin‐Like Substances to Higher Value Products
Authors: Montoneri Prof Enzo , Rosso Daniele , Bucci Giuseppe , Berto Silvia , Baglieri Andrea , Mendichi Raniero , Quagliotto Pierluigi , Francavilla Matteo , Mainero Davide , Negre Michèle
Published: June 2016

Soluble biobased lignin‐like polymeric substances (SBO) isolated from the alkaline hydrolysates of composted biowastes are promising chemical auxiliaries for multiple uses. They have good surfactant properties. Their black color spoils their performance in detergency and dyeing. Ozonization of SBO is reported now to yield bleached biosurfactants with improved performance. The work was performed, with SBO obtained from composted gardening residues, alone or mixed with kitchen wastes. They were dissolved in water at 3.3 % concentration. Oxygen containing 4 mol/mol % ozone was flown at 60 L h−1for 48 h through the SBO solution. The crude ozonized products in ca. 80 % yield were filtered through different molecular cut off membranes and characterized for chemical features, molecular weight, and surface tension in water. The ozonized fractions with 200–500 kDa molecular weights accounted for 12–29 % of the total ozonized fractions's organic matter. They lowered water surface tension to 48–52 mN m−1. The lower molecular weight ozonized fractions had no surfactant activity, but their molecular features suggest other potentially valuable uses.
Effect of Thermal Charging of Hydrogen on the Microstructure of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Kim Han‐Jin , Phaniraj M. P. , Kim Ju‐Heon , Lee Young‐Su , Kim Dong‐Ik , Suh Jin‐Yoo , Lee Joonho , Shim Jae‐Hyeok , Park Seong‐Jun
Published: June 2016

The tensile behavior of hydrogen‐charged 304‐type austenitic stainless steel, with and without prestrain, is investigated. The specimens are thermally charged with hydrogen in 15 MPa hydrogen gas at 300 °C for 72 h. Tensile behavior of the specimen is compared with the specimen aged in vacuum at 300 °C. The effect of the charging condition on the stability of microstructure is determined by characterizing prestrained specimens before and after charging. The hydrogen content in the specimens is determined using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Analysis of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) shows that the fraction of martensite increases after charging in hydrogen by 5–10%. The fracture surfaces of the uncharged and charged specimens are examined for characteristic features. Flow stress and ductility of the charged and prestrained and charged specimens are discussed in terms of the martensite fraction and hydrogen content.
Sonographic evaluation of immobility of normal and endometriotic ovary in detection of deep endometriosis
Authors: Gerges B. , Lu C. , Reid S. , Chou D. , Chang T. , Condous G.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To examine the association between ovarian immobility and presence of endometriomas and assess the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonographic (TVS) ovarian immobility in the detection of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE).

Methods

This was a multicenter prospective observational study of women presenting with chronic pelvic pain from January 2009 to March 2015. Women with or without history of endometriosis who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis gave a detailed history and underwent specialized TVS in a tertiary referral unit prior to laparoscopy. During TVS, ovarian mobility and the presence of endometriomas were assessed. The relationship between TVS ovarian mobility, with or without endometriomas, and DIE was correlated with the gold standard, diagnosis of endometriosis at laparoscopy.

Results

Included in the analysis were 265 women with preoperative TVS and laparoscopic outcomes. Ovarian immobility on TVS was significantly associated with presence of endometriomas at surgery, with a prevalence of 12.2%, 10.8% and 52.7% for fixation of the left ovary only, the right ovary only and bilateral ovaries, respectively, compared with 4.2%, 3.7% and 7.3% for normal ovaries. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios of TVS ovarian immobility for diagnosis at surgery of immobility of ovaries with endometriomas in the left ovary only were 44.4%, 92.3%, 44.4%, 92.3%, 5.8, 0.6, in the right ovary only were 50.0%, 98.5%, 80.0%, 94.2%, 33.0, 0.5 and bilaterally were 74.4%, 68.6%, 72.5%, 70.6%, 2.4, 0.4, while those for diagnosis of immobility of normal ovaries were 25.0%, 87.9%, 8.3%, 96.4%, 2.1, 0.9 for left ovary only, 14.3%, 92.9%, 7.1%, 96.6%, 2.0, 0.9 for right ovary only and 35.7%, 97.2%, 50.0%, 95.0%, 12.6, 0.7 bilaterally, respectively (P < 0.05 except for normal left and right ovaries with P = 0.2 and 0.4, respectively). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for performance of ovarian immobility in the prediction of DIE for all women were 58.3%, 74.1%, 60.6%, 72.2% and in the prediction of need for bowel surgery were 78.2%, 71.1%, 41.3%, 92.6%, respectively.

Conclusions

There is a significant association between ovarian immobility and the presence of endometriomas. Ovarian immobility as a sonographic ‘soft marker’ of DIE performs better in the presence of endometriomas compared with in normal ovaries. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Approaches to solid sample preparation based on analytical depth for reliable X‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Ichikawa Shintaro , Nakamura Toshihiro
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we discuss approaches to prepare solid samples for X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Although XRF can be used to analyze major and minor elements in various solid samples including powders and grains without dissolution techniques, to obtain reliable XRF results, the prepared sample must meet certain criteria related to homogeneity, particle size, flatness, and thickness. The conditions are defined by the analytical depth of fluorescent X‐rays from analytes, and the analytical depth can be estimated from the X‐ray absorption related to the energy of each X‐ray and the composition and density of the sample. For example, when the sample flatness and particle size are less than the analytical depth and the sample possesses homogeneity within a depth less than the analytical depth, the XRF results are representative of the entire sample. Furthermore, an appropriate sample thickness that is larger than the analytical depth or constant can prevent changes in fluorescent X‐ray intensity with variations in sample thickness. To obtain accurate and reproducible measurements, inhomogeneous solid samples must be pulverized, homogenized, and prepared as loose powder, powder pellets, or glass beads. This paper explains the approaches used to prepare solid samples for XRF analysis based on the analytical depths of fluorescent X‐rays. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Specialist Surgeon Workforce in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Situation Analysis
Authors: O’Flynn Eric , Andrew Judith , Hutch Avril , Kelly Caitrin , Jani Pankaj , Kakande Ignatius , Derbew Miliard , Tierney Sean , Mkandawire Nyengo , Erzingatsian Krikor
Published: June 2016

Background

In East, Central and Southern Africa accurate data on the current surgeon workforce have previously been limited. In order to ensure that the workforce required for sustainable delivery of surgical care is put in place, accurate data on the number, specialty and distribution of specialist‐trained surgeons are crucial for all stakeholders in surgery and surgical training in the region.

Methods

The surgical workforce in each of the ten member countries of the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA) was determined by gathering and crosschecking data from multiple sources including COSECSA records, medical council registers, local surgical societies records, event attendance lists and interviews of Members and Fellows of COSECSA, and validating this by direct contact with the surgeons identified. This data was recorded and analysed in a cloud‐based computerised database, developed as part of a collaboration programme with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.

Results

A total of 1690 practising surgeons have been identified yielding a regional ratio of 0.53 surgeons per 100,000 population. A majority of surgeons (64 %) practise in the main commercial city of their country of residence and just 9 % of surgeons are female. More than half (53 %) of surgeons in the region are general surgeons.

Conclusions

While there is considerable geographic variation between countries, the regional surgical workforce represents less than 4 % of the equivalent number in developed countries indicating the magnitude of the human resource challenge to be addressed.
“The Top Priority Is a Healthy Baby”: Narratives of Health, Disability, and Abortion in Online Pregnancy Forum Discussions in the US and China
Authors: Li Grace , Chandrasekharan Subhashini , Allyse Megan
Published: June 2016

The introduction of cell‐free DNA prenatal genetic screening has rekindled discussion of ethical and social questions surrounding prenatal testing, perceptions of disability, and abortion. The growing use of prenatal genetic screening presents a unique opportunity to assess decision‐making around new methods of prenatal testing; especially as there is little available research comparing individual and cultural differences that affect a pregnant woman's decision‐making on prenatal testing. We performed a content analysis of online pregnancy forums in the United States and Mainland China. Content from January 2012 to December 2013 was identified through search methodologies and refined to remove duplication. China‐based content was translated by a native Mandarin speaker. We used qualitative analysis methods to identify common themes in the dataset. There were 333 English responses and 519 Mandarin responses. Three main themese were identified in the data: decision making factors, attitude towards the pregnancy, and attitudes towards abortion. Women's narratives reflected how broader social forces can have an impact on intimate personal decision‐making. Women in the Mandarin dataset evoked stronger narratives of community and/or family decision‐making in pregnancy and were more accepting of the possibility of abortion in the event of a finding of fetal abnormality. Narrative in the English dataset more frequently evoked ideas of unconditional love, regardless of fetal diagnosis, but also acknowledged much stronger support services for individuals with disability and less awareness of stigma. These results highlight the necessity of awareness around how broader cultural and social factors can consciously or unconsciously impact women's decisions and highlight potential focus areas for future counseling efforts.
A collaborative clinical and population-based curriculum for medical students to address primary care needs of the homeless in New York City shelters: Teaching homeless healthcare to medical students
Authors: Asgary Ramin , Naderi Ramesh , Gaughran Margaret , Sckell Blanca
Published: June 2016

Background Millions of Americans experience homelessness annually. Medical providers do not receive adequate training in primary care of the homeless.

Methods Starting in 2012, a comprehensive curriculum was offered to medical students during their family medicine or ambulatory clerkship, covering clinical, social and advocacy, population-based, and policy aspects. Students were taught to: elicit specific social history, explore health expectations, and assess barriers to healthcare; evaluate clinical conditions specific to the homeless and develop plans for care tailored toward patients’ medical and social needs; collaborate with shelter staff and community organizations to improve disease management and engage in advocacy efforts. A mixed methods design was used to evaluate students’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills including pre- and post-curriculum surveys, debriefing sessions, and observed clinical skills.

Results The mean age of the students (n = 30) was 26.5 years; 55 % were female. The overall scores improved significantly in knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy domains using paired t‑test (p < 0.01). Specific skills in evaluating mental health, substance abuse, and risky behaviours improved significantly (p < 0.05). In evaluation of communication skills, the majority were rated as having ‘outstanding rapport with patients.’

Conclusions Comprehensive and ongoing clinical component in shelter clinics, complementary teaching, experienced faculty, and working relationship and collaboration with community organizations were key elements.
Sliding mode-based continuous guidance law with terminal angle constraint
Authors: He S. , Lin D.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, sliding mode control and disturbance observer are used to design a new continuous composite guidance law with terminal angle constraint. The robustness and finite-time convergence of the proposed guidance law is established using the Lyapunov stability theory. For performance improvement, a nonlinear disturbance observer, which can be viewed as a ‘patch’ for the original guidance law, is designed to estimate the target manoeuvre. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of active Gurney flaps on overall helicopter flight envelope
Authors: Pastrikakis V.A. , Steijl R. , Barakos G.N.
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a study of the W3-Sokol main rotor equipped with Gurney flaps. The effect of the active Gurney is tested at low and high forward flight speeds to draw conclusions about the potential enhancement of the rotorcraft performance for the whole flight envelope. The effect of the flap on the trimming and handling of a full helicopter is also investigated. Fluid and structure dynamics were coupled in all cases, and the rotor was trimmed at different thrust coefficients. The Gurney proved to be efficient at medium to high advance ratios, where the power requirements of the rotor were decreased by up to 3.3%. However, the 1/rev actuation of the flap might be an issue for the trimming and handling of the helicopter. The current study builds on the idea that any active mechanism operating on a rotor could alter the dynamics and the handling of the helicopter. A closed loop actuation of the Gurney flap was put forward based on a pressure divergence criterion, and it led to further enhancement of the aerodynamic performance. Next, a generic light utility helicopter was built using 2D aerodynamics of the main aerofoil section of the W3 Sokol blade along with a robust controller, and the response of the rotorcraft to control inputs was tested. This analysis proved that the 1/Rev actuation of the Gurney did not alter the handling qualities of the helicopter, and as a result, it can be implemented as a flow control mechanism for aerodynamic enhancement and retreating blade stall alleviation.
Multi-disciplinary analysis and optimisation methodology for conceptual design of a box-wing aircraft
Authors: Roy Salam Ishan , Bil Cees
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a multi-disciplinary analysis methodology for a box-wing aircraft configuration optimised for a given mission scenario. This conceptual design methodology and associated toolchain combines well-established vortex lattice analysis and a newly developed structural analysis tool called WingMASS, allowing the design space to be explored from a combined aerodynamics and structural design perspective. For a given mission scenario, the method optimises a box-wing configuration and compares it with an equivalent conventional configuration. This study shows that, for a given mission, a box-wing configuration can lead to a fuel burn reduction of up to 5% by optimising aspect ratio, horizontal and vertical wing separation.
Hidden Reservoir: An Outbreak of Tuberculosis in Hospital Employees with No Patient Contact
Authors: Hazard Riley , Enfield Kyle B. , Low Darla J. , Giannetta Eve T. , Sifri Costi D.
Published: June 2016

We describe an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) in the food preparation area of a hospital, which demonstrates that employees in healthcare settings may serve as potential risks for spread of TB even if they have no direct patient contact.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1111–1113
ARE THE POOR THE WEAK LINK? DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT AND INCOME LEVELS IN POST-CRISIS SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Son Byunghwan
Published: June 2016

Extant literature on democratization documents that ordinary citizens’ unconditional support for democracy is indispensable to democratic consolidation. Yet observers of nascent democracies have repeatedly witnessed that such support often hinges upon their economic conditions. This article argues that income levels have a conditioning effect on this relationship; the Korean poor see democracy as a tool for income redistribution and are less likely than the rich to support it when economic hardships appear to close windows of opportunities for such redistribution. Using survey data from the first round of the Asian Barometer Survey on South Korea, I find strong empirical support for this argument. The implication of this finding for broader literature on democratization is that the weakening of young democracies can be attributed to the poor in times of trouble, or the “weak link.”
EAST ASIAN PATHWAYS TOWARD DEMOCRACY: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF “THE THIRD WAVE”
Authors: Hao Shinan , Gao Qiqi
Published: June 2016

What drove the East Asian tide of democratization during the “Third Wave?” Instead of focusing on a single-factor explanation, we perform qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) on fourteen cases in the region of East Asia from 1980 to 2000 and find three parallel pathways: (1) overthrow model, which features the positive effects of mass mobilization against authoritarianism under a deinstitutionalized authoritarian regime; (2) urban pressure model that works under an institutionalized authoritarian regime; and (3) inside-out model, in which democratization is triggered by the joint forces of domestic and international conditions under both types of regimes. These results demonstrate that the authoritarianstatus quo anteis an important determinant of democratic transitions.
Moffatt-drift-driven large-scale dynamo due to fluctuations with non-zero correlation times
Authors: Singh Nishant K.
Published: June 2016

We present a theory of large-scale dynamo action in a turbulent flow that has stochastic, zero-mean fluctuations of the ${\it\alpha}$ parameter. Particularly interesting is the possibility of the growth of the mean magnetic field due to Moffatt drift, which is expected to be finite in a statistically anisotropic turbulence. We extend the Kraichnan–Moffatt model to explore effects of finite memory of ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations, in a spirit similar to that of Sridhar & Singh (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., vol. 445, 2014, pp. 3770–3787). Using the first-order smoothing approximation, we derive a linear integro-differential equation governing the dynamics of the large-scale magnetic field, which is non-perturbative in the ${\it\alpha}$-correlation time ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}$. We recover earlier results in the exactly solvable white-noise limit where the Moffatt drift does not contribute to the dynamo growth/decay. To study finite-memory effects, we reduce the integro-differential equation to a partial differential equation by assuming that ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}$ be small but non-zero and the large-scale magnetic field is slowly varying. We derive the dispersion relation and provide an explicit expression for the growth rate as a function of four independent parameters. When ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}\neq 0$, we find that: (i) in the absence of the Moffatt drift, but with finite Kraichnan diffusivity, only strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations can enable a mean-field dynamo (this is qualitatively similar to the white-noise case); (ii) in the general case when also the Moffatt drift is non-zero, both weak and strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations can lead to a large-scale dynamo; and (iii) there always exists a wavenumber ($k$) cutoff at some large $k$ beyond which the growth rate turns negative, irrespective of weak or strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations. Thus we show that a finite Moffatt drift can always facilitate large-scale dynamo action if sufficiently strong, even in the case of weak ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations, and the maximum growth occurs at intermediate wavenumbers.
The Arc of Modernization: Economic Structure, Materialism, and the Onset of Civil Conflict
Authors: Chatagnier J. Tyson , Castelli Emanuele
Published: June 2016

The onset of intrastate conflict has two requisite conditions: that prospective insurgents have an incentive to rebel, and that the state lacks the capacity to deter such a rebellion. We outline a simple rationalist argument grounded in gains from economic growth—to both individual income and state revenue—to argue that modernization has the potential to affect the likelihood of civil conflict through both of these conditions. The shift away from a rent-seeking economy affects opportunity costs for rebellion by increasing the cost of recruitment, broadening the time horizon for gain, and decreasing looting possibilities. On the state side, modernization increases state military, economic, and institutional capacity, allowing governments to deter rebellion. We construct an index of modernization from World Bank data and apply a strategic model to explore the effect of modernization on both states and rebels simultaneously. We find that the modernization process describes an arc that may increase the likelihood of unrest in the early stages, but has long-term stabilizing effects.
A capital Scot: microscopes and museums in Robert E. Grant's zoology (1815–1840)
Authors: QUICK TOM
Published: June 2016

Early nineteenth-century zoology in Britain has been characterized as determined by the ideological concerns of its proponents. Taking the zoologist Robert E. Grant as an exemplary figure in this regard, this article offers a differently nuanced account of the conditions under which natural-philosophical knowledge concerning animal life was established in post-Napoleonic Britain. Whilst acknowledging the ideological import of concepts such as force and law, it points to an additional set of concerns amongst natural philosophers – that of appropriate tool use in investigation. Grant's studies in his native Edinburgh relied heavily on the use of microscopes. On his arrival in London, however, he entered a culture in which a different set of objects – museum specimens – held greater persuasive power. This article relates changes in Grant's ideas and practices to the uneven emphases on microscopic and museological evidence amongst European, Scottish and English natural philosophers at this time. In so doing, it identifies the reliance of London-based natural philosophers on museology as constituting a limiting effect on the kinds of claim that Grant sought to make regarding the nature of life.
NELSON MANDELA AND WITS UNIVERSITY
Authors: MURRAY BRUCE
Published: June 2016

Drawing on the Mandela file in the Wits University Archives covering all aspects of his relationship with Wits, and on Mandela's prison correspondence, this article rotates around a remarkable story of persistence in the face of adversity and repeated failure – the story of Nelson Mandela's 46-year long pursuit of the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree. In 1943 he first enrolled as a part-time law student at Wits University and finally graduated with an LLB through the University of South Africa (UNISA) in 1989, a year before his release from prison. Fresh light is thrown on the Wits University Mandela dealt with, and on the obstacles placed in the way of his prison studies. Throughout there is a focus on Mandela and Wits – the university's impact on him as a student, his attempts to complete his Wits LLB while on Robben Island, his candidacy from prison for the Wits chancellorship, and, as president, his remarkable reunion with the law class of 1946.
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN EAST AFRICA: PAST PRACTICE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Authors: SCHMIDT PETER R.
Published: June 2016

This forum article explores the major intellectual trajectories in the historical archaeology of Eastern Africa over the last sixty years. Two primary perspectives are identified in historical archaeology: one that emphasizes precolonial history and oral traditions with associated archaeology, and another that focuses mostly on the era of European contact with Africa. The latter is followed by most North American practice, to the point of excluding approaches that privilege the internal dynamics of African societies. African practice today has many hybrids using both approaches. Increasingly, precolonial historical archaeology is waning in the face of a dominant focus on the modern era, much like the trend in African history. New approaches that incorporate community participation are gaining favor, with positive examples of collaboration between historical archaeologists and communities members desiring to preserve and revitalize local histories.
STORMING THE CITADEL: DECOLONIZATION AND POLITICAL CONTESTATION IN GUINEA'S FUTA JALLON, 1945–61
Authors: STRAUSSBERGER JOHN
Published: June 2016

This article examines how contestation between political parties, politicians, and their supporters shaped Guinea's decolonization from 1945 to 1961. The last region to resist the rise of Sékou Touré's PDG, the Fulbe-dominated Futa Jallon – as both a political space and representation of Fulbe culture – was at the center of strategic and intellectual struggles over the shape of the postcolonial Guinean state and society. What resulted from contestation was the general belief that the Fulbe and the Futa Jallon were divergent from the rest of Guinea, a fragment in the making.
EDUCATION AND THE AGRARIAN QUESTION IN SOUTH AFRICA, c. 1900–40
Authors: TISCHLER JULIA
Published: June 2016

During the first half of the twentieth century, deep structural changes occurred in the South African countryside. While farming became an important pillar of the national economy, more and more people left the land in search of better lives in towns and cities. This article examines agricultural education, an early avenue of state intervention in farming, to elucidate how officials and groups of farmers navigated the ‘agrarian question’ by trying to define the roles that men, women, blacks, and whites played in the sector's restructuring. I argue that agricultural planning was inextricable from ideologies and politics of segregation, a factor that historiography has not systematically taken into account. By comparing interventions in the Transkei and Ciskei with those in the Orange Free State, this article illuminates the interrelations between rural planning and segregation, as well as how they were complicated by delineations of class and gender.
Changing Patterns of Kinship: Cohabitation, Patriarchy and Social Policy in Chile
Authors: RAMM ALEJANDRA
Published: June 2016

Cohabitation is a distinctive feature of low-income groups in Latin America. In the past, it has been linked to colonial legacies including notions of familial honour, poverty, and a kinship system focused on blood ties. By contrast, some scholars consider rising levels of cohabitation in the present day to be an effect of modernisation, through increased gender equality. The present research, based on life histories of young, poor, urban co-habitees in Chile, aims to show that rising cohabitation is linked to targeted social policies and also to declining patriarchy, which is distinct from gender equality.