bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Contagion Risk Model with Recovery Features
Authors: Amini Hamed , Minca Andreea , Sulem Agnès
Published: November 2021

We introduce threshold growth in the classical threshold contagion model, or equivalently a network of Cramér-Lundberg processes in which nodes have downward jumps when there is a failure of a neighboring node. Choosing the configuration model as underlying graph, we prove fluid limits for the baseline model, as well as extensions to the directed case, state-dependent interarrival times and the case of growth driven by upward jumps. We obtain explicit ruin probabilities for the nodes according to their characteristics: initial threshold and in- (and out-) degree. We then allow nodes to choose their connectivity by trading off link benefits and contagion risk. We define a rational equilibrium concept in which nodes choose their connectivity according to an expected failure probability of any given link and then impose condition that the expected failure probability coincides with the actual failure probability under the optimal connectivity. We show existence of an asymptotic equilibrium and convergence of the sequence of equilibria on the finite networks. In particular, our results show that systems with higher overall growth may have higher failure probability in equilibrium.
Incidental Discovery of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma on CT Imaging
Authors: Jain Esha , Al-Tarbsheh Ali , Oweis Jozef , Abdelwahab Hala , Shkolnik Boris
Published: November 2021

Rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon soft tissue sarcoma that rarely presents in adults. Clinical presentation is dependent on site and size. We present the case of a woman who presented with acute-onset dyspnoea and whose pathology report confirmed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) seen as an incidental finding on chest computed tomography. We also describe the clinical, laboratory and radiological work-up conducted to diagnose and manage ERMS in the critical care setting.
Quantitative Literacy and Reasoning of Freshman Students with Different Senior High School Academic Background Pursuing STEM-Related Programs
Authors: Sibaen Nick W.
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the quantitative literacy and reasoning (QLR) of freshmen students pursuing a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)–related degree but do not necessarily have a Senior High School (SHS) STEM background. QLR is described as a multi-faceted skill focused on the application of Mathematics and Statistics rather than just a mere mastery of the content domains of these fields. This article compares the QLR performance between STEM and non-STEM SHS graduates. Further, this quantitative-correlational study involves 255 freshman students, of which 115 have non-STEM academic background from the SHS. Results reveal that students with a SHS STEM background had significantly higher QLR performance. Nevertheless, this difference does not cloud the fact that their overall QLR performance marks the lowest when compared to results of similar studies. This paper also shows whether achievement in SHS courses such as General Mathematics, and Statistics and Probability are significant predictors of QLR. Multivariate regression analysis discloses that achievement in the latter significantly relates to QLR. However, the low coefficient of determination (10.30%) suggests that achievement in these courses alone does not account to the students’ QLR. As supported by a deeper investigation of the students’ answers, it is concluded that QLR indeed involves complex processes and is more than just being proficient in Mathematics and Statistics.
A Dark Inheritance
Authors: Newman Brooke N.
Published: November 2021

Focusing on Jamaica, Britain’s most valuable colony in the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century, A Dark Inheritance explores the relationship between racial classifications and the inherited rights and privileges associated with British subject status. Brooke Newman reveals the centrality of notions of blood and blood mixture to evolving racial definitions and sexual practices in colonial Jamaica and to legal and political debates over slavery and the rights of imperial subjects on both sides of the Atlantic. Weaving together a diverse range of sources, Newman shows how colonial racial ideologies rooted in fictions of blood ancestry at once justified permanent, hereditary slavery for Africans and barred members of certain marginalized groups from laying claim to British liberties on the basis of hereditary status. This groundbreaking study demonstrates that challenges to an Atlantic slave system underpinned by distinctions of blood had far-reaching consequences for British understandings of race, gender, and national belonging.
A Novel Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) Remote Path Planning Based on RLACA Algorithm in 5G Environment
Authors: Yu Wangwang , Liu Jun , Zhou Jie
Published: November 2021

Remote control and monitoring will become the future trend. High-quality automated guided vehicle (AGV) path planning through web pages or clients can reduce network data transmission capacity and server resource occupation. Many Remote path planning algorithms in AGV navigation still have blind search, path redundancy, and long calculation time. This paper proposed an RLACA algorithm based on 5G network environment through remote control of AGV. The distribution of pheromone in each iteration of the ant colony algorithm had an impact on the follow-up. RLACA algorithm changed the transfer rules and pheromone distribution of the ant colony algorithm to improve the efficiency of path search and then modify the path to reduce path redundancy. Considering that there may be unknown obstacles in the virtual environment, the path obtained by the improved ant colony algorithm is used as the training data of reinforcement learning to obtain the Q-table. During the movement, the action of each step is selected by the Q-table until the target point is reached. Through experimental simulation, it can be concluded that the enhanced ant colony algorithm can quickly obtain a reasonable and adequate path in a complex environment and effectively avoid unknown obstacles in the environment.
Digital Citizenship: Technology Access and Use for Youth With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Fisher Kim W. , Williamson Heather J. , Guerra Nichole , Kupferman Scott
Published: November 2021

Technology is integral to the lives of youth who, as digital citizens, use technology to participate in social and civic action to improve their communities. Using a digital citizenship framework and National Longitudinal Transition Study of 2012 data, we explored technology access and use between youth with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). We found youth with IDD have less access and less participation across four digital citzienship elements putting them at greater risk for digital social isolation and community disengagment. Given the COVID-19 pandemic, which has thrust employment, school, health, and social lives to online spaces, we situate our findings on digital access, opportunity, and support and call for individual and systems-level investment in digital citizenship to support full participation.
Effect of Coriolis force on edge waves (I) Investigation of the normal modes
Authors: Reid Robert O.
Published: November 2021

Essentially two classes of free edge waves can exist on a sloping continental shelf in the presence of Coriolis force. For small longshore wave length, fundamental waves of the first class behave like Stokes edge waves. However, for great wave lengths (of several hundred kilometers
or more) the characteristics of the first class are significantly altered. In the northern hemisphere the phase speed for waves moving to the right (facing shore from the sea) exceeds the speed for waves which move to the left. Also, the group velocity for a given edge wave mode has a finite
upper limit. Waves of the second class are essentially quasigeostrophic boundary waves with very low frequency and, like Kelvin waves, move only to the left (again facing shore from the sea). Unlike Stokes edge waves, those of the quasigeostrophic class are associated with large vorticity.
Examination of the formal solution for forced edge waves indicates that those of the second class may be excited significantly by a wind stress vortex. Also, in contrast to the conclusion of Greenspan (1956), it is proposed that a hurricane can effectively excite the higher order edge wave
modes in addition to the fundamental if wind stress is considered.
Steady flow in a frictionless homogenous ocean
Authors: Fofonoff N. P.
Published: November 2021

A mathematical model is developed to study the free (frictionless) steady horizontal flow which can occur in a homogeneous ocean of constant depth. The flow satisfies the dynamic constraint that the vertical component of absolute vorticity is constant along a streamline. The conclusion
is reached that in an enclosed ocean a free steady circulation cannot have any slow broad eastward currents. The eastward currents must occur as narrow streams of high velocity and high relative vorticity. Intensified currents are present along the eastern and western coasts. The theory which
is developed for the homogeneous ocean of constant depth can be applied to the two-layer ocean if the horizontal divergence of flow is negligible. If the horizontal divergence is not negligible, then the intensification of poleward currents is more pronounced and that of equatorward currents
less pronounced as compared with the homogeneous ocean.
Giant sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoaceae) from sediments underlying the Benguela upwelling system host diverse microbiomes
Authors: Flood Beverly E. , Louw Deon C. , Van der Plas Anja K. , Bailey Jake V.
Published: November 2021

Due to their lithotrophic metabolisms, morphological complexity and conspicuous appearance, members of the Beggiatoaceae have been extensively studied for more than 100 years. These bacteria are known to be primarily sulfur-oxidizing autotrophs that commonly occur in dense mats at redox interfaces. Their large size and the presence of a mucous sheath allows these cells to serve as sites of attachment for communities of other microorganisms. But little is known about their individual niche preferences and attached microbiomes, particularly in marine environments, due to a paucity of cultivars and their prevalence in habitats that are difficult to access and study. Therefore, in this study, we compare Beggiatoaceae strain composition, community composition, and geochemical profiles collected from sulfidic sediments at four marine stations off the coast of Namibia. To elucidate community members that were directly attached and enriched in both filamentous Beggiatoaceae, namelyCa. Marithioploca spp. andCa. Maribeggiatoa spp., as well as non-filamentous Beggiatoaceae,Ca. Thiomargarita spp., the Beggiatoaceae were pooled by morphotype for community analysis. The Beggiatoaceae samples collected from a highly sulfidic site were enriched in strains of sulfur-oxidizing Campylobacterota, that may promote a more hospitable setting for the Beggiatoaceae, which are known to have a lower tolerance for high sulfide to oxygen ratios. We found just a few host-specific associations with the motile filamentous morphotypes. Conversely, we detected 123 host specific enrichments with non-motile chain forming Beggiatoaceae. Potential metabolisms of the enriched strains include fermentation of host sheath material, syntrophic exchange of H2and acetate, inorganic sulfur metabolism, and nitrite oxidation. Surprisingly, we did not detect any enrichments of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria as previously suggested and postulate that less well-studied anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathways may be occurring instead.
The psychological effects of forced family separation on asylum-seeking children and parents at the US-Mexico border: A qualitative analysis of medico-legal documents
Authors: Hampton Kathryn , Raker Elsa , Habbach Hajar , Camaj Deda Linda , Heisler Michele , Mishori Ranit
Published: November 2021

The U.S. government forcibly separated more than 5,000 children from their parents between 2017 and 2018 through its “Zero Tolerance” policy. It is unknown how many of the children have since been reunited with their parents. As of August 1, 2021, however, at least 1,841 children are still separated from their parents. This study systematically examined narratives obtained as part of a medico-legal process by trained clinical experts who interviewed and evaluated parents and children who had been forcibly separated. The data analysis demonstrated that 1) parents and children shared similar pre-migration traumas and the event of forced family separation in the U.S.; 2) they reported signs and symptoms of trauma following reunification; 3) almost all individuals met criteria for DSM diagnoses, even after reunification; 4) evaluating clinicians consistently concluded that mental health treatment was indicated for both parents and children; and 5) signs of malingering were absent in all cases.
Training, Attitudes, and Practice (TAP) among healthcare professionals in the Nelson Mandela Bay municipality, South Africa: A health promotion and disease prevention perspective
Authors: Melariri Herbert I. , Kalinda Chester , Chimbari Moses J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Healthcare professionals (HCPs) play a pivotal role in ensuring access to quality healthcare of patients. However, their role in health promotion (HP) and disease prevention (DP) has not been fully explored. This study aimed at determining how training, attitude, and practice (TAP) of HCPs influence their practice of HP and DP.

Methods

Data on TAP regarding HP and DP were collected from 495 HCPs from twenty-three hospitals in the study area using a standardized questionnaire. Bivariate, univariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted to describe how the TAP of HCPs influence their HP and DP practices. The analysis was further desegregated at the three levels of healthcare (primary, secondary and tertiary levels).

Results

Most of the medical doctors 36.12% (n = 173), registered nurses 28.39% (n = 136), and allied health professionals (AHPs) 11.27% (n = 54) indicated the absence of coordinated HP training for staff in their facilities. Similarly, 32.93% (n = 193) of the HCPs, indicated having participated in HP or DP training. Among those that had participated in HP and DP training, benefits of training were positive behaviour, attributions, and emotional responses. When compared at the different levels of healthcare, enhanced staff satisfaction and continuing professional development for HP were statistically significant only at the tertiary healthcare level. Multivariate analysis showed a likelihood of reduced coordinated HP training for staff among medical doctors (Coef 0.15; 95% CI 0.07–0.32) and AHPs (Coef 0.24; 95% CI 0.10–0.59) compared to nurses. Furthermore, medical doctors (Coeff: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46–0.94) were less likely to agree that HCPs should model good health behavior to render HP services as compared to nurses.

Conclusion

Training in HP and DP empowers HCPs with the requisite knowledge and attitude necessary for effective practice. Several HCPs at different levels of care had limited knowledge of HP and DP because of inadequate training. We recommend a strategy aimed at addressing the knowledge and attitudinal gaps of HCPs to ensure effective HP and DP services to patients.
Antihypertensive effects of rosuvastatin in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia: A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies
Authors: Lee Sungjae , Yang Seungwon , Chang Min Jung
Published: November 2021

Some studies have suggested the antihypertensive effects of statins, a class of lipid-lowering agents, particularly in patients with hypertension. However, the evidence for the role of statins in blood pressure (BP) lowering is controversial, and no meta-analysis of rosuvastatin therapy has been conducted to assess its BP-lowering effects. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in patients with hypertension. We systematically searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to identify RCTs in which patients were assigned to groups of rosuvastatin plus antihypertensive agents vs. antihypertensive agents. The three authors independently selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. We included five RCTs in this meta-analysis with 288 patients treated with rosuvastatin and 219 patients without rosuvastatin. The mean DBP in the rosuvastatin group was significantly lower than that in the non-rosuvastatin group by −2.12 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) −3.72 to −0.52; Pfixed-effects model = 0.009; I2 = 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.97). Rosuvastatin treatment also lowered the mean SBP compared with the non-rosuvastatin treatment by −2.27 mmHg, but not significantly (95% CI − 4.75 to 0.25; Pfixed-effects model = 0.08; I2 = 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.82). In this study, we reviewed the antihypertensive effects of rosuvastatin in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. We demonstrated a modest significant reduction of DBP and a trend toward a lowered SBP in patients with hypertension with rosuvastatin therapy. Rosuvastatin could be beneficial to control hypertension and, consequently, contribute toward reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Association between voriconazole exposure and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in critically ill patients
Authors: Bienvenu Anne-Lise , Pradat Pierre , Plesa Alexandra , Leclerc Vincent , Piriou Vincent , Fellahi Jean-Luc , Argaud Laurent , Rimmelé Thomas , Menotti Jean , Aubrun Frédéric , Richard Jean-Christophe , Gagnieu Marie-Claude , Parant François , Chidiac Christian , Leboucher Gilles , Tod Michel , Goutelle Sylvain
Published: November 2021

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential for voriconazole to ensure optimal drug exposure, mainly in critically ill patients for whom voriconazole demonstrated a large variability. The study aimed at describing factors associated with trough voriconazole concentrations in critically ill patients and evaluating the impact of voriconazole concentrations on adverse effects. A 2-year retrospective multicenter cohort study (NCT04502771) was conducted in six intensive care units. Adult patients who had at least one voriconazole TDM were included. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of voriconazole concentrations, and univariable logistic regression analysis, to study the relationship between voriconazole concentrations and adverse effects. During the 2-year study period, 70 patients were included. Optimal trough voriconazole concentrations were reported in 37 patients (52.8%), subtherapeutic in 20 (28.6%), and supratherapeutic in 13 (18.6%). Adverse effects were reported in six (8.6%) patients. SOFA score was identified as a factor associated with an increase in voriconazole concentration (p = 0.025), mainly in the group of patients who had SOFA score ≥ 10. Moreover, an increase in voriconazole concentration was shown to be a risk factor for occurrence of adverse effects (p = 0.011). In that respect, critically ill patients who received voriconazole treatment must benefit from a TDM, particularly if they have a SOFA score ≥ 10. Indeed, identifying patients who are overdosed will help to prevent voriconazole related adverse effects. This result is of utmost importance given the recognized COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients for whom voriconazole is among the recommended first-line treatment.
Inactivated vaccine against Aujeszky's disease
Authors: Kondibaeva Zhanat B. , Yespembetov Bolat A. , Abeuov Khairulla B. , Mussayeva Assiya K. , Siyabekov Sarsenbek T. , Nussupova Saltanat T. , Akmatova Elmira K. , Pazylov Yerlan K. , Maikhin Kydyrbay T. , Syrym Nazym S.
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: The Aujeszky's disease, also known as Pseudorabies, remains one of the most problematic fulminant diseases in domestic animals, affecting the central nervous system. The study aimed to investigate the effect of an inactivated vaccine against Aujeszky's disease based on "Kordai" virus strain.

Materials and Methods: To test the inactivation of the "Kordai" strain (grown by the roller method in VNK-21/13 cell culture with an infectious titer of at least 7.5 lg TCD50/ml) which is causative of Aujeszky's disease, next-generation teotropin and propolis preparations were used in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.08%, and 0.04%.

Results: As a result of comparative studies on the optimization of parameters for inactivating the "Kordai" virus strain, it was established that teotropin is a more effective inactivant than propolis. At the same time, the optimal final concentration of teotropin for inactivation was 0.1%, along with a reaction medium temperature of 37°C, pH of 7.4-7.6, and duration of inactivation of 14 h. The titer of virus-neutralizing activity (VNA) of antibodies at the pH (neutralization reactions) in vaccinated sheep of 10-12 months of age was 7.5±0.3, Ig TCID50/ml (tissue culture infectious dose 50%), and 3.5±0.3 in the cell culture VNK-21/13 (culture of Syrian hamster kidney cells).

Conclusion: To determine colostral immunity in newborn lambs, the method of metabolic status correction was used to vaccinate lambs obtained from immune sheep 4 months after birth. The results showed that lambs obtained from immune sheep had high VNA titers. A sustained immune response in vaccinated animals was obtained after double vaccination.
INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT COGNITIVE DECLINE AND DEMENTIA IN ADULTS WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Barnett J.C. , Bahar-Fuchs A. , Cherbuin N. , Herath P. , Anstey K.J.
Published: November 2021

Without preventative strategies, the burden of dementia is likely to increase rapidly worldwide. Primary prevention approaches involve modifying risk factors before symptoms of cognitive impairment develop. This review systematically assesses Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and reviews of RCTs for their effectiveness in primary prevention. We searched Medline, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Psych-Info for relevant studies using pre-determined keywords. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions were considered. Inclusion criteria were sample size greater or equal to 50, at least 6 months of follow-up, and participants with no cognitive impairment at baseline. Outcomes included dementia incidence, cognitive decline and cognitive function. Study quality was rated using the Jadad criteria. Thirty-nine studies, 17 non-pharmacological and 22 pharmacological, were included. Results were heterogeneous across interventions and studies, with few significant effects. Studies investigating physical activity and calcium channel blocker treatment demonstrated significant effects in preventing cognitive decline. There were no conclusive results demonstrating overall capacity of assessed interventions to reduce risk of dementia. The review provides an overview of the current literature, and identifies areas in need of further research.
BASELINE SUBJECTIVE MEMORY COMPLAINTS ASSOCIATE WITH INCREASED RISK OF INCIDENT DEMENTIA: THE PREADVISE TRIAL
Authors: Abner E.L. , Kryscio R.J. , Caban-Holt A.M. , Schmitt F.A.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: Subjective memory complaints reflect patient-identified deficits in memory and have been linked to increased risk of future dementia in nondemented (including cognitively intact) older adults. OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk of incident dementia during follow-up for participants in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease with Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE) study who reported memory complaints at baseline. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo controlled 2x2 randomized controlled trial that transformed into an observational cohort following discontinuation of supplementation in the SELECT parent trial. SETTING: PREADVISE participants were assessed at 130 local clinical study sites in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico during the controlled trial phase and were later followed by telephone from a centralized location during the observational phase. PARTICIPANTS: PREADVISE enrolled a total of 7,547 nondemented men over the age of 60; 4,271 consented to participation in the observational study. MEASUREMENTS: Participants were interviewed at baseline for memory complaints. The Memory Impairment Screen (MIS) was administered to each participant at the annual memory screening. Participants who failed the MIS also received a more detailed neurocognitive assessment: an expanded Consortium to Establish a Registry in Alzheimer’s Disease (CERADe) neuropsychological battery was used during the RCT, and the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) was used during the observational study. Participants who failed the second screen were asked to have a memory work-up with a local physician and to share their medical records with PREADVISE. Subgroups of men who did not fail the MIS were also asked to complete the CERADe battery and TICS-m for validation purposes. Additional measures collected include self-reported medical history, medication use, and the AD8 Dementia Screening Test. RESULTS: After controlling for important risk factors for dementia, Cox proportional hazards regression revealed that men who reported memory changes at baseline had an 80% increase in the hazard of incident dementia compared to men who reported no SMC. Men who reported memory problems at baseline had almost a 6-fold increase in the hazard of incident dementia compared to men who reported no memory complaint. CONCLUSIONS: Memory complaints in nondemented older men predicted future dementia. Men who reported that the changes in their memory were a problem were especially at risk, and the presence of common comorbidities like diabetes, sleep apnea, and history of head injury further exacerbated this risk.
EFFECT OF PUNICALAGIN AND RESVERATROL ON METHIONINE SULFOXIDE REDUCTASE: A POSSIBLE PROTECTIVE CONTRIBUTION AGAINST ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Authors: Clementi M.E. , Sampaolese B. , Lazzarino G. , Giardina B.
Published: November 2021

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) has been postulated to act as a catalytic antioxidant system involved in the protection of oxidative stress-induced cell injury. MsrA has recently turned attention in coupling with the neurodegenerative disorders and in particular with Alzheimer disease. In fact this neurodegenerative disorder depends to a deposit of beta amyloid a peptide with an oxidizable methionine in position 35 which is proved able to modulate the expression to MsrA in neuronal cells. Here, we firstly provided evidence that pretreatment with Resveratrol and Punicalagin (a potent antioxidant extracted from pomegranate), up-regulate the expression and enzymatic activity of MsrA in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells with beta amyloid peptides. This effect determines a lowering of oxidative potential of the cells as demonstrated by the ROS measurement and a protective effect on cellular availability. Therefore we hypothesize a possible prevent role for these molecules in Alzheimer and in other neurodegenerative diseases.
AMYLOID AND TAU BIOMARKERS IN CSF
Authors: Blennow K. , Zetterberg H.
Published: November 2021

The number of failed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials on Aβ-targeting drugs is increasing. The explanation for this is most likely multi-factorial. An optimistic standpoint is that trials have to be on patients in an earlier stage of the disease, before neurodegeneration is too severe, to show efficacy, and probably also of longer duration. Further, there is a general agreement that enrolled patients have to be diagnosed based on combined clinical and biomarker criteria, to avoid noise from the large proportion (20%) of cases that are misdiagnosed if only clinical criteria are used. Last, the poor predictive power of translating an “anti-Aβ” or “anti-plaque” effect from AD transgenic animal models to AD patients also calls for biomarkers to verify target engagement in man, and to show downstream effects of Aβ-targeting drug candidates in AD patients. The focus of this review is on the possible role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in AD clinical trials for diagnostics, and thus patient enrichment, and for theragnostics, to provide evidence of target engagement of the drug on Aβ metabolism or aggregation, and of effects on the molecular pathology of the disease
IMAGING VASCULAR DISEASE AND AMYLOID IN THE AGING BRAIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
Authors: Villeneuve S. , Jagust W.J.
Published: November 2021

Vascular risk factors (e.g. hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes) are well known risk factors for Alzheimer’ disease. These vascular risk factors lead to vascular brain injuries, which also increase the likelihood of dementia. The advent of amyloid PET imaging has helped establish that vascular risk factors also lead to Alzheimer’s disease via pathways that are independent from vascular brain injuries, at least, when vascular brain injuries are measured as white matter lesions and infarcts. While vascular brain injuries (white matter lesions and infarcts) do not seem to influence amyloid pathology, some evidence from amyloid imaging suggests that increased vascular risk is related to increased amyloid burden. Furthermore, while vascular brain injuries and amyloid have an additive and independent impact on brain integrity, vascular risk factors might potentiate the impact of amyloid on cortical thickness on brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease. New research should further explore and confirm, or refute, possible interactions between amyloid and vascular risk factors on brain integrity and cognition. Neuroimaging tools used to assess vascular brain integrity should also be expanded. Measuring cortical blood flow or damage to the capillary system might, for instance, give insight about how vascular risk factors can be associated to amyloid burden and impact. These findings also stress the need for monitoring vascular risk factors in midlife as a strategy for Alzheimer’s disease prevention.
A Rare Presentation of Ileocecal Mucormycosis in a Heart Transplant Recipient
Authors: Hoang Sook , Sestito Michael
Published: November 2021

Mucorales is an order of angioinvasive fungi that classically infects immunocompromised patients. As an aerogenous pathogen, it most frequently causes disease of the lungs and paranasal sinuses. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis represents a particularly rare site of infection. This case report describes the complicated presentation of ileocecal mucormycosis in an immunocompromised orthotopic heart transplant recipient. The diagnosis was made status-post ileocolonic resection, and the patient was promptly started on liposomal amphotericin B and micafungin. Unfortunately, the patient ultimately succumbed to disseminated infection. In this study, we review the epidemiology, the presenting features of gastrointestinal mucormycosis, and emphasize the prompt initiation of therapy on suspected disease.
KRYZYS CZY NOWY ETAP ROZWOJU? Z BADAŃ NAD PRZEOBRAŻENIAMI PIASTOWSKICH OŚRODKÓW GRODOWYCH W XII I XIII WIEKU – PRZYKŁADY KRUSZWICY I LĄDU NAD WARTĄ
Authors: Brzostowicz Michał
Published: November 2021

The article presents the transformation of stronghold in Poland in the 12th and 13th centuries. By providing the examples of Kruszwica (Kuyavia) and Ląd (Wielkopolska), attention has been drawn to the fact that, despite the collapse of the strongholds around which gords were once organised, they could continue development and remain political, societal, religious, economic and cultural centres. They allow historians to take a different view of the operations of the then territorial and administrative organisation in Poland as well as the gradual disintegration of the system.
Photoremediation of methylene blue by biosynthesized ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves aqueous extract: A comparative study
Authors: Dwivedi Poonam , Jatrana Indu , Khan Azhar U. , Khan Azmat Ali , Satiya Honey , Khan Masudulla , Moon Il Soo , Alam Mahboob
Published: November 2021

This article reports a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosynthesis of ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves’ water extract. For the first time, we used a green synthetic route via C. viminalis leaves’ extract to prepare ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) using zinc acetate and ferric chloride as precursor materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results revealed polyphenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids present in the plant extract acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs. Outcomes of XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ZnO–Fe3O4 heterojunction in ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs, with crystallite sizes of 45, 35, and 60 nm, respectively, according to Debye–Scherrer’s formula. EDX confirmed Zn, Fe, and O in the ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the existence of both ZnO and Fe3O4 in the NCs with some agglomeration. The thermal stability of NCs was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, as-prepared ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs along with biosynthesized ZnO and Fe3O4 (prepared by C. viminalis extract) nanoparticles were examined for photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation for 150 min. The result reveals that the photodegradation efficiency of ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs (99.09%) was higher compared to that of monometallic ZnO (84.7%) and Fe3O4 (37.1%) nanoparticles.
Smart stimuli-responsive biofunctionalized niosomal nanocarriers for programmed release of bioactive compounds into cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Abtahi Najmeh Alsadat , Naghib Seyed Morteza , Haghiralsadat Fatemeh , Reza Javad Zavar , Hakimian Fatemeh , Yazdian Fatemeh , Tofighi Davood
Published: November 2021

Cancer treatment is challenging due to late-stage diagnosis, drug resistance and systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. The formulation of the drug into nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Therefore, a new cationic niosomal formulation, which contains Tween 80, Tween 60, cholesterol and lysine amino acid as a platform model to enhance transfection efficacy and reach more acceptable stability, and curcumin (Cur) as a biological anti-cancer drug, are introduced. Here, the authors focused on the design and synthesis of novel lysine-mediated niosomal NPs for the effectual and controlled release of the antitumor agent, Cur, and turned to optimize niosome formulations, concerning the volume of cholesterol and surfactant to implement these anticancer agents, simultaneously. The characterization of NPs s was carried out and the results showed the successful synthesis of Cur-entrapped niosomal NPs with high efficacy, sufficient positive charges and a favorable size (95/33 nm). The in vitro studies have been performed to investigate the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and apoptosis of normal and cancer cells treated by black niosome, free Cur and niosom-loaded Cur. The results showed that implementing agents by niosome caused enhanced cytotoxicity, uptake and anticancer activity in cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. Furthermore, the effect of this nanodrug was surveyed on the 4T1 xenografted Balb/C mouse tumor model. Cur delivery to cancer models caused a higher tumor inhibition rate than in other groups.
Influence of integrated soil fertilization on the productivity and economic return of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and soil fertility in northwest Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Alemayehu Getachew , Abate Asefa
Published: November 2021

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the main economical spices produced by poor smallholder farmers in the highlands of Ethiopia for both marketing and consumption. However, its productivity in the area has ever been declining mainly due to soil fertility depletion. Hence, an experiment was conducted under irrigation for two years in 2017 and 2018 in one of northwest Ethiopian highlands known as Lay Gayint to assess the productivity response of garlic to NPS inorganic fertilizers and cattle manure applications. Factorial combinations of four levels of N–P2O5–S inorganic fertilizers (0–0–0; 70–21–9; 112–37–16; and 159–58–25 kg ha−1) and four levels of fresh cattle manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1) were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Unlike that of NPS inorganic fertilizers application and its interaction with cattle manure, physicochemical properties of the experimental soil were highly significantly improved with cattle manure application. Most growth and bulb yield parameters of garlic were significantly influenced by combined applications of NPS inorganic fertilizers and cattle manure, and their responses were more pronounced with the progress of the cropping seasons. Combined applications of 112–37–16 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–S inorganic fertilizers with 15 and 10 t ha−1 cattle manure gave the highest bulb yields (18.03–22.05  t ha−1), net benefits (Ethiopian Birr 509,456–626,814 per hectare), and marginal rate of returns (1,492.35–2,005.15%) in both study years of 2017 and 2018. Hence, combined applications of 112–37–16 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–S inorganic fertilizers with 10–15  t ha−1 cattle manure are recommendable for garlic growing farmers in northwest Ethiopian highlands.
White-tailed deer sex identification from faecal DNA and pellet morphometry by neural network and fuzzy logic analyses
Authors: Vega Dania , Gallina Sonia , Correa Miguel , Parra M. , Chairez Isaias
Published: November 2021

Knowing the sex of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) individuals can provide information to set harvesting rates and management activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the sex through classification function by using faecal pellet morphometry. Faeces were collected for 12 months in Durango, Mexico; their morphometric variables were measured, the faecal DNA was extracted, and the SRY gene marker was amplified to identify sex. A neural network and fuzzy logic sex classification functions were obtained. The outputs were validated with the SRY gene results. Data from adults in the winter were used to obtain the classification functions. Classification functions could accurately classify sex in 94.4% with neural networks and 86.9% with fuzzy logic. The neural network classified more accurately the sex of adult white-tailed deer studied in winter with the faecal pellets morphometry than with the fuzzy logic analysis. This technique can be a tool for non-invasive studies and monitoring of populations.
An Estimation of the Optical Constants of Copper Based on the FEFF 9 Package
Authors: Rivas Valles Gildardo
Published: November 2021

The FEFF software package is based on a first-principles real space Green function (RSMS) scattering theory to calculate X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS), and forward scattering amplitudes (FSA). From these, an energy-dependent complex dielectric constant can be calculated, and from it other “optical constants”, like the complex index of refraction, absorption coefficient, the reflectance, and energy-loss function, can be derived. A procedure to estimate these using FEFF version 9 is outlined applied to crystalline metallic copper as an example, and the results compared to values taken from the literature.
Rubber–Bitumen Interaction of Plant-Blended Rubberized Bitumen Prepared under Various Blending Conditions
Authors: Xu Xiong , Leng Zhen , Wang Shifeng , Lan Jingting , Li Rui , Tan Zhifei , Sreeram Anand
Published: November 2021

Rubberized bitumen produced from waste tire rubber has been widely used as a sustainable paving material worldwide. However, different production conditions may lead to rubberized bitumens with different performances. This study aims to understand the mechanism of the physicochemical interaction between rubber particles and virgin bitumen of the rubberized bitumens prepared in the plant under various blending conditions. To achieve this objective, samples of the rubberized bitumens prepared in the plant under four conditions were first collected and then characterized through various laboratory tests. The infrared spectra and gel permeation chromatograph test results demonstrated that the main crosslinking structures of rubber remain stable and undamaged during the whole production period, although some chemical reactions—such as oxidation, decarboxylation, and devulcanization—occur. The storage stability test results implied that the plant-blended rubberized bitumen exhibits no obvious phase separation after storage at 163°C for 48 h and becomes more stable as the blending time prolongs. The rheological test results indicated that the rubber–bitumen interaction is mainly composed of early stage absorption and swelling of rubber particles, continuous emission of volatile bitumen components, and late-stage partial degradation of fully swollen rubber particles. The surface images of the rubberized bitumen confirmed that as the blending time increases, the surface of rubberized bitumen becomes smoother, as a result of the improved rubber–bitumen interaction.
Neurocomputational Underpinnings of Expected Surprise
Authors: Lecaignard Françoise , Bertrand Olivier , Caclin Anne , Mattout Jérémie
Published: November 2021

Predictive coding accounts of brain functions profoundly influence current approaches to perceptual synthesis. However, a fundamental paradox has emerged, that may be very relevant for understanding hallucinations, psychosis, or cognitive inflexibility: in some situations, surprise or prediction error-related responses can decrease when predicted, and yet, they can increase when we know they are predictable. This paradox is resolved by recognizing that brain responses reflect precision-weighted prediction error. This presses us to disambiguate the contributions of precision and prediction error in electrophysiology. To meet this challenge for the first time, we appeal to a methodology that couples an original experimental paradigm with fine dynamic modeling. We examined brain responses in healthy human participants (N= 20; 10 female) to unexpected and expected surprising sounds, assuming that the latter yield a smaller prediction error but much more amplified by a larger precision weight. Importantly, addressing this modulation requires the modeling of trial-by-trial variations of brain responses, that we reconstructed within a fronto-temporal network by combining EEG and MEG. Our results reveal an adaptive learning of surprise with larger integration of past (relevant) information in the context of expected surprises. Within the auditory hierarchy, this adaptation was found tied down to specific connections and reveals in particular precision encoding through neuronal excitability. Strikingly, these fine processes are automated as sound sequences were unattended. These findings directly speak to applications in psychiatry, where specifically impaired precision weighting has been suggested to be at the heart of several conditions such as schizophrenia and autism.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn perception as Bayesian inference and learning, context sensitivity expresses as the precision weighting of prediction errors. A subtle mechanism that is thought to lie at the heart of several psychiatric conditions. It is thus critical to identify its neurophysiological and computational underpinnings. We revisit the passive auditory oddball paradigm by manipulating sound predictability and use a twofold modeling approach to simultaneous EEG-MEG recordings: (1) trial-by-trial modeling of cortical responses reveals a context-sensitive perceptual learning process; (2) the dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of evoked responses uncovers the associated changes in synaptic efficacy. Predictability discloses a link between precision weighting and self-inhibition of superficial pyramidal (SP) cells, a result that paves the way to a fine description of healthy and pathologic perception.
Health and Environmental Tolls of Protracted Conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Sowers Jeannie , Weinthal Erika
Published: November 2021

The effects of conflict on public health and ecosystem well-being are understudied and rarely figure in public debates about war-making. Protracted conflicts are particularly damaging to people and environments in ways that are inadequately documented. In recent wars in the Middle East and North Africa, parties to the conflicts have induced hunger and displacement and undermined public health through the use of violence and economic policies that deprive civilians of access to food, water, fuel, and livelihoods. Environmental pollution is widespread, particularly in cities that became war zones, while the COVID-19 pandemic has deepened conflict-induced poverty and food insecurity.
Disability Rights in the Middle East
Authors: Sargent Christine
Published: November 2021

Across the Middle East, two key dynamics characterize disability rights movements: dynamism and fragility. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities accelerated regional recognition of disability as central to human development and social justice initiatives. New communication platforms, legislative interventions, and institutional capacity-building reflect currents of change and innovation—frequently driven by ground-up initiatives led by or in collaboration with disabled persons’ organizations. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic and protracted humanitarian crises pose threats to health and well-being across the region, with grave implications for disabled persons and their movements.
Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China
Authors: Esherick Joseph W.
Published: November 2021

Yan’an is China’s “revolutionary holy land,” the heart of Mao Zedong’s Communist movement from 1937 to 1947. Based on thirty years of archival and documentary research and numerous field trips to the region, Joseph W. Esherick’s book examines the origins of the Communist revolution in Northwest China, from the political, social, and demographic changes of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), to the intellectual ferment of the early Republic, the guerrilla movement of the 1930s, and the replacement of the local revolutionary leadership after Mao and the Center arrived in 1935. In Accidental Holy Land, Esherick compels us to consider the Chinese Revolution not as some inevitable peasant response to poverty and oppression, but as the contingent product of local, national, and international events in a constantly changing milieu.