bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of well‐defined, functionalized polymer latex particles through semicontinuous emulsion polymerization processes
Authors: Tang Jiansheng , Ding Tianhua , Daniels Eric S. , Dimonie Victoria L. , Klein Andrew , El‐Aasser Mohamed S.
Published: January 2003

The design of a semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process, primarily based on theoretical calculations, has been carried out with the objective of achieving overall independent control over the latex particle size, the monodispersity in the particle size distribution, the homogeneous copolymer composition, the concentration of functional groups (e.g., carboxyl groups), and the glass‐transition temperature with n‐butyl methacrylate/n‐butyl acrylate/methacrylic acid as a model system. The surfactant coverage on the latex particles is very important for maintaining a constant particle number throughout the feed process, and this results in the formation of monodisperse latex particles. A model has been set up to calculate the surfactant coverage from the monomer feed rate, surfactant feed rate, desired solid content, and particle size. This model also leads to an equation correlating the polymerization rate to the instantaneous conversion of the monomer or comonomer mixture. This equation can be used to determine the maximum polymerization rate, only below or at which monomer‐starved conditions can be achieved. The maximum polymerization rate provides guidance for selecting the monomer feed rate in the semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process. The glass‐transition temperature of the resulting carboxylated poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) copolymer can be adjusted through variations in the compositions of the copolymers with the linear Pochan equation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 30–41, 2003
A novel emitting polymer with bipolar carrier transporting abilities
Authors: Wang G. , Zhang J. P. , Wang L. X. , Jing X. B. , Wang F. S.
Published: January 2003

A luminescent bipolar polymer containing 1,3,4‐oxadiazole and triphenylamine has been synthesized. A smooth and dense thin film of polymer is easily obtained by spin coating its chloroform solution. This film exhibits a strong blue fluorescence under the irritation of ultraviolet (UV) light. The synthesized polymer possesses a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 167°C. A single‐layer electroluminescence (EL) device indium‐tin oxide (ITO)/polymer/Mg:Ag emitted blue light with a turn‐on voltage of 13 V. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88:50–53, 2003
Embryonic origin of the caudal mesenteric artery in the mouse
Authors: Gest Thomas R. , Carron Michael A.
Published: January 2003

It is commonly held that the caudal mesenteric artery (CaMA, or inferior mesenteric artery in humans) arises in the same manner as the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery (CrMA, or superior mesenteric artery in humans), i.e., from the remodeling of the vitelline system of arteries that surrounds and supports the yolk sac. Conflicting evidence about the precise manner in which the CaMA arises was presented in studies of the luxate syndrome (Carter: J. Genet. 1954;52:1–35) and sirenomelia (Schreiner and Hoornbeek: J. Morphol. 1973;141:345–358) in the mouse. These studies suggested that the CaMA arises from the remodeling of the medial umbilical arterial roots. Later studies of blood vessel development in the hindlimb of the Dominant hemimelic mouse (Gest: Anat. Rec. 1984;208:296; Anat. Rec. 1987;218:49A; Gest and Roden: Anat. Rec. 1988;220:37–38A) also supported the results of the previous studies. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that the CaMA arises as a result of the regression and remodeling of the medial umbilical arterial roots. Vascular corrosion casts of 9.5‐13.5‐day‐old mouse embryos were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the present investigation agree with the aforementioned studies. The medial umbilical roots initially conduct the blood to the placenta. On days 10‐12 the medial umbilical roots regress and remodel into the CaMA, while the lateral umbilical roots take over the blood supply to the placenta. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the CaMA arises from the medial umbilical roots and not from the remodeling of the vitelline system of arteries, as previously assumed. Anat Rec Part A 271A:192–201, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and distribution of nitric oxide synthase‐, neurokinin‐1 receptor‐, calretinin‐, calbindin‐, and neurofilament‐M‐immunoreactive neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the rat small intestine
Authors: Sayegh Ayman I. , Ritter Robert C.
Published: January 2003

Characterization of the enteric neurons is vital for understanding their physiological role. We have used single and dual label fluorescence and peroxidase‐based immunohistochemistry in myenteric and submucosal whole mounts from the rat small intestine to evaluate the morphology and distribution of enteric neurons immunoreactive for the following phenotypic antigens: neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R), calretinin (Calr), calbindin (Cal), and neurofilament‐M (NF‐M). NOS‐immunoreactive neurons had Dogiel type I morphology, were abundant in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus, and never coexpressed NK‐1R immunoreactivity. NK‐1R‐ and Calr‐immunoreactive neurons had Dogiel type II morphology and were distributed comparably in both plexuses. NK‐1R and Calr‐immunoreactivity were coexpressed in many of the same neurons. Calbindin‐immunoreactive neurons exhibited four distinct morphologies: small and large Dogiel type II neurons, Dogiel type I neurons, and small elongated neurons. These neurons were significantly fewer in number in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus. Neurofilament‐M‐immunoreactive neurons had three morphologies, Dogiel type II neurons, small Dogiel type II neurons, and a less common subpopulation of small, elongated, multipolar neurons. These neurons were also fewer in number in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus. The distribution of these phenotypic markers may assist future work that elucidates the functional activities of these enteric neurons such as control of intestinal motility and adaptation to the entry of gastric contents. Anat Rec Part A 271A:209–216, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VEGF modulates early heart valve formation
Authors: Dor Yuval , Klewer Scott E. , McDonald John A. , Keshet Eli , Camenisch Todd D.
Published: January 2003

Although hypoxic and/or nutritional insults during gestation are believed to contribute to congenital heart defects, the mechanisms responsible for these anomalies are not understood. Given the role vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays in response to hypoxia, it is a likely candidate for mediating deleterious effects of embryonic hypoxia. The ectopic or overproduction of endogenous factors such as VEGF may contribute to specific heart defects. Here we compared hypoxia‐induced precocious production of VEGF during early heart valve development to normal VEGF production. Mouse prevalvular cardiac endocardial cushions were explanted onto hydrated type I collagen gels under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The extent of transformation of cardiac endothelium into mesenchyme was inversely correlated with the levels of VEGF during the various culture conditions. A soluble VEGF antagonist confirmed that endogenous production of VEGF was specific for blocking normal cushion mesenchyme formation. We further demonstrated that E10.5 endocardium retains the ability to transform into cardiac mesenchyme in the absence of endogenous VEGF. Anat Rec Part A 271A:202–208, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bovine circumvallate taste buds: Taste cell structure and immunoreactivity to α‐gustducin
Authors: Tabata Shoji , Wada Azumi , Kobayashi Takahiko , Nishimura Shotaro , Muguruma Michio , Iwamoto Hisao
Published: January 2003

The taste buds of bovine circumvallate papillae were investigated under light and electron microscopy both by histological and immunohistochemical methods. Taste buds existed in the inner epithelium of the trench of the papillae. Under electron microscopy, two types of taste cells, type I and type II, could be classified according to the existence of dense‐cored vesicles and cytoplasmic density. Type I had electron‐lucent cytoplasm and possessed many electron‐dense cored vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. It was considered that the electron‐dense materials of the vesicles were released and constituted the pore substance. This type of cell possessed long and thick apical processes in the taste pore. Type II had denser electron cytoplasm compared with that of type I and possessed many electron‐lucent vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. This type of cell possessed microvilli in the taste pore. To know the immunoreactivity to α‐gustducin in bovine circumvallate taste buds, we used the immunoblotting method and the immunohistochemical method. The α‐gustducin reaction band at 40 kDa was displayed in the specimen of Western blots. The immunohistochemical property of the antiserum to α‐gustducin was investigated by using the avidin‐biotin complex (ABC) method and the 1.4‐nm gold and silver enhancement methods. A subset of taste cells showed the immunoreactivity under light microscopy. The electron microscopic specimens with the 1.4‐nm gold and silver enhancement method revealed that only type II cells exhibited the α‐gustducin immunoreactivity. Anat Rec Part A 271A:217–224, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porcine intrinsic cardiac ganglia
Authors: Arora R.C. , Waldmann M. , Hopkins D.A. , Armour J.A.
Published: January 2003

The gross, light, and electron microscopic anatomies of the porcine intrinsic cardiac nervous system were investigated in 26 pigs to facilitate functional studies in this model. Gross anatomy: Numerous ganglia and interconnecting nerves (ganglionated plexuses) were found to be concentrated in epicardial fat in five atrial and six ventricular regions. The five atrial ganglionated plexuses identified were (1) the ventral right atrial, (2) the right vena cava–right atrial, (3) the dorsal atrial, (4) the interatrial septal, and (5) the left superior vena cava–left atrial ones. Six ventricular ganglionated plexuses were identified in close proximity to the (1) roots of the aorta and pulmonary artery (craniomedial), extending along the left main coronary artery to the (2) ventral interventricular and (3) circumflex coronary arteries. (4) A ganglionated plexus was identified around the origin of the dorsal interventricular coronary artery, as well as the (5) right main and (6) right marginal coronary arteries. Isolated neurons were identified scattered throughout the cranial interventricular septum. Microscopic anatomy: Approximately 3,000 neuronal somata were estimated to compose this intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Some ganglia contained more than 100 neurons. Neuronal somata had dimensions of roughly 33.1 (short axis) by 46.3 (long axis) μm. Most were multipolar, a small population of unipolar neurons being identified in atrial and ventricular tissues. At the electron microscopic level, asymmetrical axodendritic synapses with small clear, round vesicles were identified, some containing large dense‐cored vesicles. In summary, porcine intrinsic cardiac neurons are concentrated in 11 distinct atrial and ventricular ganglionated plexuses. These extensive plexuses, along with fewer scattered neurons, display varied neuronal morphology and synaptology that represent the anatomical substrate for complex information processing within the intrinsic cardiac component of the porcine cardiac neuronal hierarchy. These anatomical data provide a framework for physiological analyses of the porcine intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Anat Rec Part A 271A:249–258, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical comparison of the cephalic musculature of some members of the superfamily Myliobatoidea (chondrichthyes): Implications for evolutionary understanding
Authors: González‐Isáis Mónica
Published: January 2003

This article describes the anatomy of the dorsal and ventral cephalic musculature of Gymnura marmorata, G. micrura, Aetobatus narinari, Myliobatis californica, M. longirostris, Rhinoptera steindachneri, Mobula munkiana, and M. thurstoni. It was observed that muscles of the dorsal cephalic region showed little variation among species, with the exception of the dorsal longitudinal bundles and the cucullaris muscle. The ventral cephalic musculature showed wider differences, mainly in the depressor hyomandibulae, coracomandibularis, and mandibular adductor muscles. M. munkiana and M. thurstoni revealed a significant muscle reduction, while M. californica, M. longirostris, A. narinari, and R. steindachneri showed a significant development of the ventral cephalic musculature. The species in this comparative study were clearly grouped based on their feeding habits. Data gathered on the muscle arrangements correspond to other taxonomy studies conducted on these groups. However, the results of this study agree only partially with those from previously described phylogenetic models. Therefore, further phylogenetic research is recommended. Anat Rec Part A 271A:259–272, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of vitamin A‐storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells in liver lobules—A comparative study
Authors: Higashi Nobuyo , Senoo Haruki
Published: January 2003

To investigate the storage mechanisms of vitamin A, we examined the liver of adult polar bears and arctic foxes, which physiologically store a large amount of vitamin A, by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphometry, gold chloride staining, fluorescence microscopy for the detection of autofluorescence of vitamin A, staining with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and Ishii and Ishii's silver impregnation. HPLC revealed that the polar bears and arctic foxes contained 1.8–1.9 × 104 nmol total retinol (retinol plus retinyl esters) per gram liver. In the arctic foxes, the composition of the retinyl esters was found to be 51.1% palmitate, 26.6% oleate, 15.4% stearate, and 7% linoleate. The hepatic stellate cells of the arctic animals were demonstrated by TEM to contain the bulk of the vitamin A‐lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. The liver lobules of the arctic animals showed a zonal gradient in the storage of vitamin A. The gradient was expressed as a symmetric crescendo‐decrescendo profile starting at the periportal zone, peaking at the middle zone, and sloping down toward the central zone in the liver lobule. The density (i.e., cell number per area) of hepatic stellate cells was essentially the same among the zones. The gradient and the composition of the retinyl esters in storing vitamin A were not changed by differences in the vitamin A amount in the livers. These results indicate that the heterogeneity of vitamin A‐storage capacity in hepatic stellate cells of arctic foxes and polar bears is genetically determined. Anat Rec Part A 271A:240–248, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of intracoronary radiation on in‐stent restenosis involving ostial lesions
Authors: Ajani Andrew E. , Waksman Ron , Cheneau Edouard , Leborgne Laurent , Pinnow Ellen , Canos Daniel A. , Satler Lowell F. , Pichard Augusto D. , Kent Kenneth M. , Lindsay Joseph
Published: January 2003

The aim of this study was to compare 6‐month clinical outcomes of patients with in‐stent restenosis (ISR) involving the ostium treated with intracoronary radiation therapy (IRT) compared to placebo therapy, and also to nonostial lesions treated with IRT. Coronary interventions in ostial lesions have a high rate of recurrence of restenosis. The impact of IRT on ostial ISR has been inadequately characterized. We assessed patients enrolled in gamma (192‐iridium) and beta (90‐yttrium, 32‐phosphorus) radiation trials for ISR at the Washington Hospital Center. Of patients receiving IRT, 105 (8%) patients had ostial ISR and 1,289 (92%) patients had nonostial ISR. Twenty‐seven patients had ostial ISR and received placebo therapy. Baseline demographic and angiographic and procedural details were similar, except ostial IRT patients had a trend toward shorter lesions (15.4 ± 10.8 vs. 24.1 ± 12.2 mm; P < 0.001) and had a higher rate of saphenous vein graft disease (46% vs. 19%; P < 0.001) compared to nonostial IRT patients. At 6 months, ostial lesions treated with IRT for ISR had a reduced rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR) compared to ostial lesions treated with placebo (15% vs. 43%; P = 0.004). Outcomes at 6 months were similar for the ostial and nonostial IRT groups including TLR (15% vs. 14%; P = 0.80) and composite major adverse cardiac events (18% vs. 15%; P = 0.46). Intracoronary radiation therapy is effective for ostial in‐stent restenotic lesions and should be comfortably used for this challenging anatomic location. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:175–180. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraluminal blunt microdissection for angioplasty of coronary chronic total occlusions
Authors: Whitbourn Robert J. , Cincotta Marion , Mossop Peter , Selmon Matthew
Published: January 2003

This study describes a new approach to crossing coronary chronic total occlusions using controlled blunt microdissection and its successful application to coronary angioplasty in three patients. After guidewire techniques failed to cross the occlusions, the blunt intraluminal microdissection catheter was deployed. Actuation of a hinged jaw on the catheter distal assembly created a channel for the guidewire through the diseased segment, in the true lumen (a right coronary and a left circumflex artery) and subintimally (a circumflex artery), to allow angioplasty and stenting. Coronary circulation improved from TIMI grade 0 to 3. Angina was relieved in all three cases. Subsequent angiography for two cases, 2 and 19 months after PTCA, respectively, showed restored flow and patent stented regions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:194–198. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catheter‐based coronary bypass: A development update
Authors: Oesterle Stephen N. , Reifart Nicolaus , Hayase Motoya , Hauptmann Eugen , Low Reginald , Erbel Raimund , Haude Michael , Dirsch Olaf , Schuler Gerhard C. , Virmani Renu , Yeung Alan C.
Published: January 2003

Catheter‐based coronary bypass has evolved since its origin in 1995. We present a status update of one version of catheter‐based bypass, percutaneous in situ coronary venous arterialization (PICVA), its successes and failures, and the many questions and challenges that remain. Initial clinical experience with PICVA demonstrated promising mitigation of angina in no‐option patients, but was complicated by a relatively low procedural completion rate and a high incidence of MACE. A great deal was learned in these initial cases. The system of devices is currently undergoing significant modification, and further clinical study is underway. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:212–218. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Initial human experience with the Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal occluder device
Authors: Bass John L. , Kalra G.S. , Arora Ramesh , Masura Jozef , Gavora Pavlo , Thanopoulos Basil D. , Torres William , Sievert Horst , Carminati Mario , Fischer Gunther , Ewert Peter
Published: January 2003

Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with coils or devices designed to close other lesions may be complicated by embolization or aortic insufficiency. A new asymmetric Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal occluder and delivery system was specifically designed for perimembranous defects. This report describes the first use of this device in 27 patients. Implantation was successful in 25 (93%), with 1 removed for device‐related aortic insufficiency and inability to position the delivery sheath in another. Device orientation was excellent when the device was initially advanced through a standard delivery sheath positioned in the left ventricular apex. Twenty‐three had complete occlusion within 1 week (92%), with a tiny (< 2 mm) residual shunt in the other two. In the 25 subjects with the device left in place, device‐related aortic or tricuspid insufficiency, arrhythmias, and embolization were not observed. These excellent acute results need to be confirmed by long‐term follow‐up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:238–245. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revascularization of a thrombosed aortopulmonary shunt with the use of the AngioJet thrombectomy system
Authors: Donnelly Jon P. , Ryan Thomas J.
Published: January 2003

We report the use of the AngioJet F140 rheolytic catheter to recannalize an acutely thrombosed aortopulmonary shunt in a 21‐year‐old female with palliated, complex congenital heart disease. After extracting the thrombus that filled the entire length of the shunt, three stents were placed at sites where the lumen was compromised by distortion or thrombus. Unobstructed flow was restored to the left pulmonary artery that persisted at 1‐year follow‐up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:268–271. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous bilateral carotid stenting for postendarterectomy restenosis
Authors: Lesley Walter S. , Lazo Al , Kazmierczak Chris D. , Wilseck Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2003

We report the successful treatment of bilateral postendarterectomy restenosis using simultaneously placed, bilateral carotid SMART stents and balloon angioplasty. Technical aspects and the results of 29‐month follow‐up are presented. The benefits derived from single‐setting bilateral carotid stenting versus staged bilateral stenting are discussed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:147–150. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol septal ablation complicated by complete heart block and permanent pacemaker failure
Authors: Valettas Nicholas , Rho Robert , Beshai John , Lloyd Caroline T. , Ross Heather M. , Kocovic Dusan , Herrmann Howard C.
Published: January 2003

Alcohol septal ablation is a novel catheter‐based technique for the treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Complete heart block complicates the procedure in 7%–30% of cases and necessitates the prophylactic insertion of a temporary pacing wire in all patients who do not have a permanent pacemaker. We describe a case of alcohol septal ablation complicated by complete heart block and failure to capture by both a permanent pacemaker and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICFD) with pacing capabilities. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:189–193. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brachytherapy for renal artery in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Shakil , Balasubramanian Jayalakshmi , Greenspahn Bruce R.
Published: January 2003

We describe a 66‐year‐old female who presented with recurrent acute pulmonary edema and uncontrolled hypertension. She was diagnosed with left renal artery stenosis and treated with angioplasty and stent placement. Her clinical status improved initially but symptoms recurred within 4 months. Further evaluation documented renal artery in‐stent restenosis, which was successfully treated with cutting balloon angioplasty followed by brachytherapy. The feasibility of renal artery brachytherapy and short‐term follow‐up is presented. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:151–154. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture of cutting balloon microsurgical blade inside coronary artery during angioplasty of tough restenotic lesion: A case report
Authors: Haridas K.K. , Vijayakumar M. , Viveka Kumar , Rajesh T. , Mahesh N.K.
Published: January 2003

We report a rare complication due to fracture of the blade of a cutting balloon in the setting of a tough nondilatable restenotic lesion. This resulted in a mural hematoma as a result of dissection of coronary artery. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:199–201. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Widespread regional myocardial transfection by plasmid encoding Del‐1 following retrograde coronary venous delivery
Authors: Hou Dongming , Maclaughlin Fiona , Thiesse Mary , Panchal Vipul R. , Bekkers Bas C.A.M. , Wilson Elizabeth A. , Rogers Pamela I. , Coleman Michael C. , March Keith L.
Published: January 2003

This study quantifies myocardial transfection following percutaneous retrograde coronary venous delivery (RCVD) of a plasmid encoding human Del‐1. RCVD of Del‐1, GFP plasmid, or marker dye was conducted in 14 pigs. After selective cannulation of a coronary vein, a delivery site was confirmed by contrast injection and myocardial blush. Ten milliliters of plasmid hDel‐1 or GFP was administered. Animals were euthanized 3 and 7 days post‐RCVD. hDel‐1 gene expression was evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR. An average myocardial expression of 4.5 × 105 copies hDel‐1/μg total RNA was observed within the approximately 5 × 5 cm2 target tissue of the left ventricle. GFP expression was detected by fluorescent microscopy. hDel‐1 protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Regionalized myocardial expression was found in all pigs. hDel‐1 RNA was not found in distant tissues except in the three pigs with prominent venovenous washout (PVW). These levels were 3 to 4 log unites lower than those found in myocardium. Single retrograde coronary venous administration resulted in efficient regional myocyte transfection of hDel‐1 and GFP. This method may be useful and clinically feasible for myocardial angiogenesis therapy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:207–211. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lesion length assessment using a new vessel caliper
Authors: Wolyn Robert , Dixon Simon R. , Almany Steven L. , Korotko Joe , Huang Raywin R. , O'Neill William W.
Published: January 2003

Assessment of coronary lesion length using visual estimation or quantitative coronary angiography can be unreliable. We tested the accuracy of a new handheld caliper device to measure lesion length in a bench‐top model and in eight patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Caliper–derived length measurements were compared to the known reference distance in the bench‐top model and visual or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐derived measurements in vivo. In the coronary model, caliper‐derived measurements were accurate and correlated well with known reference distances regardless of the angiographic projection. During PCI, there was a poor correlation between the best visual estimate of length and IVUS‐derived measurements. In contrast, caliper‐derived measurements correlated closely with IVUS‐derived measurements. This handheld caliper provides a simple and accurate method of assessing intracoronary lesion length and may be particularly useful during coronary stenting and when adjunctive brachytherapy is performed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:168–174. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary angioplasty of an anomalous left main coronary artery: Diagnostic and technical considerations
Authors: Lanzieri Mark , Khabbaz Kamal , Salomon Robert N. , Kimmelstiel Carey
Published: January 2003

In this case of primary angioplasty of an anomalous left main coronary artery, a method of identifying the course of these vessels is reviewed. Unique electrocardiographic findings relative to left main occlusion, aiding in suspecting this anomaly before angiographic study, are presented and the technical approach to revascularization is discussed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:185–188. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital heart disease in adults: Catheterization laboratory considerations
Authors: Fox James M. , Bjornsen Katherine D. , Mahoney Larry T. , Fagan Thomas E. , Skorton David J.
Published: January 2003

Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects and represent an increasing proportion of adolescent and adult patients followed by cardiologists. While many of these patients have undergone successful palliative or corrective surgery with excellent functional results, most of them still require careful follow‐up. Further, even complex lesions may first be diagnosed in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, cardiologists caring for adults need to become more familiar with these defects. Assessment of the patient with known or suspected congenital heart defects requires a careful history, physical examination, and noninvasive assessment. In addition, the catheterization laboratory remains a critical venue for diagnosis and, increasingly, therapy. Pressure measurements, oximetry, and angiography remain cornerstones of diagnosis in selected patients and a variety of interventional procedures have become viable therapeutic alternatives in both pre‐ and postoperative patients. Cathet Cartiovasc Intervent 2003;58:219–231. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calculation of damping torque of power systems compensated with TCSC
Authors: Kakimoto Naoto , Phongphanphanee Anan
Published: January 2003

The thyristor‐controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is being developed to improve the transmission capability of power systems. The TCSC is thought to compensate transmission line reactance without causing subsynchronous resonance (SSR). However, in order to evaluate its effect quantitatively, we must calculate the frequency response of the generator damping torque. Simulations need a long computing time, and it is hard to choose the frequency freely. In this paper, we propose a method of analytically calculating the damping torque. First, when a generator rotor oscillates at some frequency, two voltage components appear. We analytically calculate the damping torque from small current variations due to the voltage components. The damping characteristic changes depending on the method of firing thyristors. The best characteristic is obtained when triggering with reference to the fundamental wave of TCSC voltage or current is used. By choosing an appropriate firing angle, we can drastically reduce negative damping by the TCSC. The damping characteristic is closely related to the system impedance. The fact that the TCSC has large resistance in the 0 to 60 Hz range helps significantly in improving the characteristic. Lastly, numerical simulations of SSR are used to examine the validity of our investigation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(1): 39–49, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10068
Performance analysis of closed loop in a CCMHD single power generation system
Authors: Yamasaki Hiroyuki , Uehara Luis Vila , Okuno Yoshihiro
Published: January 2003

Results of numerical study on performance of closed loop in the CCMHD single power generation system are presented. The small closed loop with thermal input of 2.3 MW was designed. The fluid‐dynamical and thermal performance of the closed loop was calculated for the first time by one‐dimensional numerical simulation. The result indicates that pressure loss and heat loss are large in the designed small closed loop. The large pressure loss was due to the wall friction or the pebble bed and it occurred at the supersonic nozzle, the MHD channel, and the regenerative heat exchanger used for argon cooling. The enthalpy extraction remained low (= 17.6%) owing to the large pressure loss and as a result, the thermal efficiency of the closed loop remained only 21.6%. The enthalpy extraction and the thermal efficiency became maximal at the optimal inlet total pressure of 0.60 MPa. At inlet total pressure lower than the optimal one, the electric conductivity, the flow velocity, and the electric efficiency became higher. However, the total pressure ratio (= exit/inlet) in the MHD channel became larger particularly at low inlet total pressure because of the increase in the pressure loss due to pebble bed and wall friction. These led to the existence of the optimal inlet total pressure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(1): 27–38, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10118
Development and characterization of CHO repair‐proficient cell lines for comparative mutagenicity and metabolism of heterocyclic amines from cooked food
Authors: Wu Rebekah W. , Panteleakos Frances N. , Felton James S.
Published: January 2003

In order to understand the role of repair and metabolism in the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines from cooked foods, we previously developed the nucleotide excision repair‐deficient CHO 5P3NAT2 cell line engineered to coexpress the mouse CYP1A2 and human N‐acetyltransferase genes. In the present study, we have made a matched repair‐competent cell line by mutagenizing 5P3NAT2 cells with ethyl methanesulfonate and selecting for resistance to cytotoxicity by 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ). In the differential cytotoxicity (DC) assay, 4 out of 15 clones showed no cytotoxic effect with IQ at the highest dose (30 μg/ml) tested, in contrast to repair‐deficient 5P3NAT2 cells, which showed ∼ 100% cytotoxicity at 0.3 μg/ml. Subsequently, these IQ‐resistant clones were examined for resistance to killing by UV irradiation. All four IQ‐resistant clones, which show resistance to UV similar to that of repair‐proficient AA8 cells, still express both the CYP1A2 and N‐acetyltransferase genes. Sequence analysis of CXPD cDNA from the 5P3NAT2R9 clone revealed an A:T→G:C reversion event at the site of the UV5 mutation. This base change results in reversion of the codon 116 tyrosine in UV5 cells back to the original cysteine in AA8 cells, thereby restoring wild‐type CXPD activity and repair function. In contrast to 5P3NAT2 cells, the repair‐proficient 5P3NAT2R9 revertant cell line shows little IQ‐induced cell killing, and dramatically lower levels of induced mutation at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Aprt) gene locus over the range of 2–40 μg/ml IQ. This matched pair of repair‐proficient/deficient cell lines can provide insight not only into the genotoxicity of heterocyclic amine dietary carcinogens such as IQ and PhIP, but also into the effects of nucleotide excision repair on the ultimate mutagenicity of these compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:7–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using CTLL‐2 and CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells to avoid interference by apoptosis in the in vitro micronucleus test
Authors: Meintières Sophie , Biola Armelle , Pallardy Marc , Marzin Daniel
Published: January 2003

In vitro assays for chromosome aberrations (i.e., in vitro micronucleus and in vitro metaphase analysis tests) frequently produce false‐positive or exaggerated‐positive results. Our previous work suggested that apoptosis interferes with these tests, producing misleading results. These previous studies were conducted by performing the in vitro micronucleus test in CTLL‐2 cells and a CTLL‐2 cell derivative stably transfected with the apoptosis inhibitor gene bcl2. In the present study, these previous observations were extended by examining micronucleus induction with a larger number of compounds in both CTLL‐2 and CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells and measuring apoptosis with annexin V‐FITC. Both cell lines were treated with different classes of compounds that were anticipated to be exclusively apoptosis inducers, or compounds known to be clastogens or aneugens, some of which were anticipated to be both genotoxic and apoptotic. We were able to confirm that compounds that are only apoptogenic induced micronuclei in CTLL‐2 but not CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells, indicating that the positive responses are due to apoptosis in CTLL‐2 cells. Some genotoxins (clastogens and aneugens) did not produce apoptosis by the annexin V assay and gave similar responses in CTLL‐2 and CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells. Finally, higher responses were induced in CTLL‐2 cells compared to CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells that were treated with aneugens or clastogens that were also apoptosis inducers, suggesting that the greater response in CTLL‐2 cells is a consequence of both genotoxicity and apoptosis. Finally, it was demonstrated that just eliminating CTLL‐2 cells having three or more micronuclei from scoring was not adequate for correctly evaluating agents that only produce apoptosis. The results indicate that coupling the in vitro micronucleus test in both CTLL‐2 and CTLL‐2 bcl2 cells with the measurement of apoptosis is able to distinguish the genotoxic effects of a test compound from its apoptotic potential and is able to avoid interference from apoptosis in the in vitro micronucleus test. These observations may provide the basis for a useful genotoxicity assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:14–27, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and cellular influences of butylated hydroxyanisole on Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine: Antimutagenicity of butylated hydroxyanisole
Authors: Slameňová Darina , Horváthová Eva , Robichová Soňa , Hrušovská L'ubica , Gábelová Alena , Kleibl Karol , Jakubíková Jana , Sedlák Ján
Published: January 2003

The antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a rodent carcinogen that also reduces the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of other agents. In this study, we have evaluated possible mechanisms for the antimutagenicity of BHA by investigating its effects on N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)‐treated Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutant frequency was determined using the hprt/V79 assay, while plating efficiency was used to measure cytotoxicity, and apoptosis was measured by flow immunofluorocytometry. In addition, DNA strand breaks and the kinetics of strand‐break rejoining were investigated by the alkaline elution of DNA and by single‐cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). Although the higher concentration of BHA (0.5 mM) increased the cytotoxicity of MNNG and the lower concentration of BHA (0.25 mM) did not change it, both concentrations were antimutagenic in MNNG‐treated cells, with the greater effect occurring at the lower BHA concentration. Neither BHA nor MNNG nor BHA + MNNG increased the level of apoptotic nuclei, and BHA did not change the level of MNNG‐induced DNA strand breaks, though it did inhibit their rejoining. Determination of O6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase (MGMT) activity confirmed that V79 cells do not synthesize active MGMT protein; MGMT activity was also undetectable after MNNG and BHA + MNNG treatment. The ability of BHA to reduce the level of MNNG‐induced mutations did not correlate with cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, the level of DNA strand break induction, or MGMT activity. A modified SCGE assay showed that BHA significantly reduced the level of formamidopyrimidine‐DNA‐glycosylase + endonucleaseIII‐sensitive sites, which at least partially are caused by oxidative DNA lesions. The results suggest that the protective effect of BHA on MNNG‐induced mutagenicity is best explained by the antioxidative activity of BHA, which may scavenge free radicals that participate in MNNG‐induced mutagenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:28–36, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotoxicity and toxicity of the potential cancer‐preventive agent polyphenon E
Authors: Chang Polly Y. , Mirsalis Jon , Riccio Edward S. , Bakke James P. , Lee Pamela S. , Shimon Julie , Phillips Sandra , Fairchild David , Hara Yukihiko , Crowell James A.
Published: January 2003

The potential health benefits of green tea continue to attract public and scientific interests and are attributed in part to polyphenolic catechin constituents. Polyphenon E (Poly E) is a decaffeinated green tea catechin mixture containing about 50% epigallocatechin gallate and 30% other catechins. We evaluated the toxicity and genotoxicity of Poly E by using two in vitro assays: bacterial mutagenesis in a Salmonella typhimurium–E. coli assay and the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell thymidine kinase (Tk) gene mutation assay. In addition, we used two in vivo genotoxicity assays: the mouse micronucleus assay and the Big Blue cII transgenic mouse mutation assay. Repeat‐dose toxicity evaluations were performed in mice in parallel with the Big Blue transgenic mutation assays. No significant increases in the revertant colonies were found in the bacterial mutagenesis assay, but a significant increase in the mutant frequency (MF) at the Tk locus was observed in the mouse lymphoma test system. We observed toxicity in mice when Poly E was administered at doses of 2,000 mg/kg/day. Lower doses produced no significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow of Swiss‐Webster mice and no significant increases in cII transgene MF in the liver, lung, or spleen compared with controls. These results indicate that Poly E, although toxic at high doses (2,000 mg/kg/day), poses minimal genotoxic concern. In addition, these studies highlight the importance of using both in vitro and in vivo systems in genetic toxicity screening of pharmaceuticals before they are administered to humans. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:43–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagenic activation of arylamines by subcellular fractions of Chamaelea gallina clams exposed to environmental pollutants
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ortega Manuel José , Rodríguez‐Ariza Antonio , Amezcua Oscar , López‐Barea Juan
Published: January 2003

Biochemical measurements in the sentinel clam Chamaelea gallina have been used as biomarkers of marine pollution. In this study, S9, cytosolic fractions (CF), and microsomal fractions (MF) prepared from unexposed clams and clams exposed to model pollutants were used to activate 2–aminoanthracene (2‐AA) and 2–acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium strain BA149, which overexpresses O‐acetyltransferase. Arylamine activation was similar with subcellular fractions from unexposed and Aroclor 1254‐exposed clams, but decreased with fractions from As(III)‐ and Cu(II)‐exposed clams. Bioactivation of arylamines by CF was higher than by MF, and higher with NADH than with NADPH as the reducing agent. α‐Naphthoflavone inhibited AAF activation by CF and MF, but increased 2‐AA activation nearly twofold. In contrast to the results with arylamine activation, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity increased twofold in fractions from Aroclor 1254‐ and Cu(II)‐exposed clams. Activation of 2‐AA was also evaluated using S9 fractions from clams sampled at littoral sites with different pollutant levels. Compared to a reference site, lower 2‐AA bioactivation and higher BPH activity were found in clams containing high levels of copper and organic contaminants, although the differences were not statistically significant. While these findings agree with the results of the model Cu(II) exposure, the effects of other pollutants cannot be ruled out. The results of the study demonstrate that arylamine activation by clams is not preferentially catalyzed by microsomal monooxygenases but by unknown cytosolic system(s), and that bioactivation of 2–AA and AAF appears to occur by different pathways. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:55–63, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment and sampling protocols for transgenic mutation assays
Authors: Heddle John A. , Martus Hans‐Joerg , Douglas George R.
Published: January 2003

The standard protocol for testing chemicals with the transgenic mutation assays in vivo includes a period of time between treatment and sampling to permit the mutation frequency to reach a maximum. Recent evidence has shown, however, that for some chemicals the mutant frequency can decline substantially during this period, which would reduce the sensitivity of the assay. Here we discuss alternate protocols to maintain the sensitivity of the assay for both types of mutagens and, in particular, propose that treatments should continue until the time of sampling. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:1–6, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms for chemical metabolizing genes and risk for cervical neoplasia
Authors: Sierra‐Torres Carlos H. , Au William W. , Arrastia Concepcion D. , Cajas‐Salazar Nohelia , Robazetti Sonia C. , Payne Deborah A. , Tyring Stephen K.
Published: January 2003

Infection with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a major role in the etiology of cervical cancer (CC). However, most infected women do not develop cancer. Therefore, exposure to other carcinogenic agents may be a contributing risk factor for CC. We investigated the hypothesis that environmental exposure to cigarette smoke and inheritance of polymorphic chemical metabolizing genes (CYP2E1, GSTM1, and mEH) significantly increase the risk for neoplasia. We selected 76 cases with high‐grade cervical neoplasia or with invasive CC and 75 matched healthy controls. The collected data support the well‐established observation that infection with high‐risk HPV is the major risk factor for CC (OR = 75; 95% CI = 26–220). In addition, our data show that women who smoked more than 15 “pack‐year” had a significant 6.9‐fold increase in risk (95% CI = 1.2–40.3) after adjustment for HPV infection. The CYP2E1 variant genotype did not significantly increase the risk for neoplasia. A significant increase in risk for neoplasia was observed for the low‐activity mEH 113 His allele after adjustment for smoking (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.4–6.3). The GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a significant 3.3‐fold increased risk for neoplasia (95% CI = 1.0–11.8) compared to women who were GSTM1‐positive after adjustment for smoking and HPV infection. Our study suggests that genetic differences in the metabolism of cigarette smoke, particularly GSTM1, may confer susceptibility to CC. Further studies using larger populations will be needed to confirm our observations and to validate data for disease prevention. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:69–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine–induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in mouse bone marrow and blood
Authors: Ortiz Genaro G. , Zúñiga‐González Guillermo , García Joaquín J. , Torres‐Bugarín Olivia , Zamora‐Perez Ana , Bitzer‐Quintero Oscar K.
Published: January 2003

1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin that induces Parkinsonism in humans, monkeys, and mice and oxidative stress in mammalian cells and tissues. In the present study, the relationship between the generation of lipid peroxidation products and DNA damage was studied in mice treated with MPTP. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN‐PCE) and the concentrations of malonaldehyde and 4‐hydroxyalkenals were determined in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of mice 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after treatment with MPTP, cyclophosphamide as a positive control, or diluent. Both MN‐PCE and the lipid peroxidation products increased in MPTP‐treated mice, with significant levels being detected in bone marrow starting at 24 hr after treatment and in blood starting at 48 hr after treatment. These results suggest that the generation of oxidative products is related to the DNA damage produced by MPTP in mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:64–68, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large displacement behaviour of a structural model with foundation uplift under impulsive and earthquake excitations
Authors: Oliveto Giuseppe , Caliò Ivo , Greco Annalisa
Published: January 2003

This paper considers the dynamical behaviour of a structural model with foundation uplift. The equations of motion of the system considered are derived for large displacements thus allowing for the eventual overturning of the system. The transition conditions between successive phases of motion, derived in terms of the specific Lagrangian co‐ordinates used in the formulation of the equations of motion, present innovative aspects which resolve some previously inexplicable behaviour in the structural response reported in the literature. The dynamical behaviour of the model is considered under impulsive and long‐duration ground motions. The minimum horizontal acceleration impulses for the uplift and the overturning of the system are evaluated in analytical form. The sensitivity of the model to uplifting and to overturning under impulsive excitations is established as a function of few significant structural parameters. Numerical applications have been performed changing either the structural parameters or the loading parameter, in order to analyse several dynamical behaviours and also to validate the analytical results. For earthquake ground motions the results, reported in the form of response spectra, show that linearized models generally underestimate, sometimes significantly, the structural response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.