bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernization and Elder Abuse in an Arab-Israeli Context
Authors: Litwin Howard , Zoabi Sameer
Published: June 2003

The study examines two interrelated indicators of modernization—urbanization and social isolation—in relation to elder abuse among Arab-Israelis, a population in rapid transition from agrarian to urban culture. The analysis matches a sample of abused elders ( N = 120) with a control group from the same population ( N = 120). Urbanization is measured by community type and social isolation is assessed by five measures of social network. The analysis finds that Arab-Israeli elderly persons who had been abused were more socially isolated than nonabused elders. In addition, abused elders who resided in cities had lower network scores than abused elders from rural and semiurban localities. The study provides preliminary empirical backing to modernization explanations of elder abuse and neglect.
Time Use at Older Ages
Authors: Gauthier Anne H. , Smeeding Timothy M.
Published: June 2003

This article analyzes patterns of time use of older adults in the following nine countries: Austria, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using time-use surveys carried out in these countries between 1987 and 1992, the article describes country-level variations in the aggregate patterns of time use of older adults and examines changes in the patterns of time use associated with aging. The results suggest that there are large cross-national differences in the patterns of time use of older adults but remarkable similarities in the age patterns of activities. Results also suggest that a large fraction of time freed up by retirement from the labor market is reallocated to passive activities.
Body Dissatisfaction of Adolescent Girls and Boys:
Authors: Barker Erin T. , Galambos Nancy L.
Published: June 2003

The objective of this study was to identify risk and resource factors related to body dissatisfaction for girls and boys in early adolescence. Participants were 91 girls and 79 boys in Grades 7 and 10 who were participants in the second wave of a 3-year longitudinal study of adolescents' psychosocial maturity. Separate hierarchical regressions were conducted for girls and boys. Three risk factors for girls' body dissatisfaction were identified: weight (higher body mass index), greater figure management, and being teased about appearance. For boys, being teased was the only significant risk factor. Perceived mother acceptance and father acceptance were the only significant resource factors for girls. No resource factors were significant for boys. Resource factors did not evidence protective effects (i.e., moderate effects of significant risks) against body dissatisfaction for girls or for boys. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research that has linked body dissatisfaction to disordered eating.
Urban Adolescents' Transition to Junior High School and Protective Family Transactions
Authors: Seidman Edward , Lambert Laura E. , Allen LaRue , Aber J. Lawrence
Published: June 2003

This study explored the role of perceived family transactions of daily hassles, social support, and involvement with family in leisure activities in a sample of racially and ethnically diverse urban adolescents living in poverty as they made the transition to junior high school. Adolescents who perceived fewer daily hassles and more involvement with their families prior to the transition to junior high school appeared less vulnerable to declines in scores of self-esteem. In addition, adolescents who perceived fewer daily hassles also appeared to have fewer declines in preparedness for class. Social support moderated the effect of daily hassles on preparation for class: Under conditions of high hassles and high support, adolescents were most vulnerable to decrements in class preparation, whereas adolescents who perceived low hassles and high support were highest in class preparation. Implications for further research and interventions are discussed.
Distance from Peers in the Group's Perceived Organizational Structure:
Authors: Lease A. Michele , McFall Richard M. , Viken Richard J.
Published: June 2003

The relation between perceived dissimilarity to peers, assessed with replicated multidimensional scaling (RMDS), and a host of peer-reported characteristics was examined with data collected from 478 students from 26 fourth-grade through sixth-grade classrooms. Three hypotheses as to why a student might be perceived as dissimilar to peers were examined. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that perceived dissimilarity was related positively to perceptions that a student was odd, socially excluded and withdrawn, bullying, and inattentive and negatively with being fun to hang around. Furthermore, peer-rejected students who were on the periphery of their group's RMDS space were behaviorally discriminable (i.e., more odd, inattentive, excluded, and shy or anxious) from peer-rejected students located more proximally to peers. It was argued that in early adolescence, when learning to fit in with peers is an important task, being perceived as dissimilar to others and on the periphery of the group's organizational structure appears to symbolize a failure to master that critical developmental task.
A First Study of Perfectionism and Multidimensional Life Satisfaction among Adolescents
Authors: Gilman Rich , Ashby Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2003

Current conceptualizations of perfectionism view the construct as consisting of two subtypes: adaptive and maladaptive. Although research in perfectionism has investigated negative outcomes such as depression and anxiety, little research has investigated how a general sample of children identified as perfectionists differentially might perceive their quality of life. In this exploratory study, a total of 132 middle school students were administered the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised and the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale. Results indicated that both perfectionist subtypes reported significantly higher global satisfaction than did nonperfectionists, whereas adaptive perfectionists reported significantly higher satisfaction ratings on self-satisfaction than both maladaptive and nonperfectionists. Implications of these findings are suggested.
Measuring Acculturation: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: June 2003

Acculturation measures intend to capture the psychological, behavioral, and attitudinal changes that occur when individuals and groups from different cultures come into continuous contact with each other. This article examines the most prominent theoretical models and assumptions that drive acculturation measures. Examples of Hispanic acculturation measures are used to illustrate how these theoretical foundations are applied in empirical measures. Particular emphasis is given to discussing the strengths and limitations of two bidimensional measures, the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS) and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-Revised (ARSMA-II). Recommendations for improving these measures are presented. Moving beyond proxy measures, improving the operationalization of acculturation indicators, and incorporating theoretical models, as well as contextual variables, are the key recommendations presented for improving measures of acculturation.
Dual Ethnicity and Depressive Symptoms: Implications of Being Black and Latino in the United States
Authors: Ramos Blanca , Jaccard James , Guilamo-Ramos Vincent
Published: June 2003

This study investigated the expression of depressive symptoms in adolescents who are of Afro-Latino descent. Levels of expression of depressive symptoms were compared for four groups of adolescents in Grades 7 through 12 residing in the United States: European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, and Afro-Latinos. One hypothesis is that Afro-Latinos should exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms than either African Americans or Latinos by virtue of being double minorities. An alternative hypothesis is that Afro-Latino youth will show lower levels of depressive symptomology because of their access to a broader repertoire of cultural resources when faced with stress and depression-inducing events. Results indicated that Afro-Latino females tended to exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms than those of the other ethnic groups. Across all ethnic groups, adolescent females tended to show higher levels of depressive symptoms than adolescent males and older adolescents tended to show higher levels of depression than younger adolescents.
Good Girl or Flirt Girl: Latinas' Definitions of Sex and Sexual Relationships
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L.
Published: June 2003

This study provides theoretical understanding of 31 young adult Latinas' (Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban) experiences and understandings of sexuality through in-depth interviews. The grounded theory analysis of defining sex and sexual relationships revealed similar descriptions of processes within Latinas' accounts. Women's responses included defining sex as intercourse, defining sex as virtually anything, and making distinctions between sex and making love. Women also offered definitions of safer sex and their ideal sexual relationships. Ideas about men's sexuality as uncontrollable led women to devise plans for avoiding players and avoiding being a flirt girl because of the desire to be seen as moral and culturally competent. Latinas made sense of their sexuality by accepting, altering, or rejecting cultural messages. The findings have implications for interventions aimed to assist women in dealing with safer sex topics.
Against the Odds: An Exploratory Study of Mexican Immigrant Women with Technical Education
Authors: Morgan Ellen
Published: June 2003

Recent social science research has created a largely negative profile of Mexican immigrants in the United States. Although most Mexican women arrive in the United States with less than a high school education, researchers have overlooked a minority group within the immigrant population that has more education. This article is an exploratory study of the experiences of Mexican immigrant women holding a vocational certificate from technical education institutions in Mexico. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews of eight informants living in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern Idaho. Interview results show that vocational education does not ensure success as measured by common social science indicators. This study concludes that the informants are highly successful women when measured by their personal standards.
The Relationship between Parenting, Acculturation, and Adolescent Academics in Mexican-Origin Immigrant Families in Los Angeles
Authors: Plunkett Scott W. , Bámaca-Gómez Mayra Y.
Published: June 2003

This study examines the relationship between gender, acculturation, parenting, and adolescents' academic outcomes in Mexican-origin immigrant families. Self-report survey data were collected from adolescents attending three high schools in Los Angeles. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted on the 273 adolescents (M = 15.5) whose parents were both born in Mexico. Girls reported higher academic motivation and educational aspirations. Substantial support was found for the positive relationship between mothers' and fathers' behaviors (ability to help, monitoring, support) and adolescents' academic motivation. Substantial support was found for the relationship between mothers' and fathers' educational level, language spoken at home, and educational aspirations. Generation status was not related to the academic outcomes. Implications for researchers, practitioners, school personnel, and policy makers are discussed.
Work-Related Pain in Mexican American Custodial Workers
Authors: Flores Leticia Y. , Deal Julia Z.
Published: June 2003

Mexican American janitors and custodians are at risk for developing work-related musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries may render them physically disabled, unable to provide for themselves and their families, and dependent on an already strained public health care system. Despite this growing health crisis and the United States's growing Latino population, no research has been published examining musculoskeletal pain among Mexican American custodial workers. In this article, the authors examine the working and social conditions of Mexican American service workers, as well as the reasons why there is so little research on this population. The authors present results from a study they conducted and discuss the implications of their findings for future research with this population.
Racializing Criticality in Adult Education
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: June 2003

This article examines two attempts to racialize criticality in adult education from an African American perspective. The first framework is second-generation critical theory, in which African American intellectuals reframe criticality as the awareness of a need for struggle against systemic racism. The second framework, Africentrism, proposes to reconceptualize criticality as an alternative discourse rooted in a distinctive Africentric epistemology. Each framework offers implications for adult education curricula and instruction. Questions about whether these positions are compatible or can be integrated remain open to debate.
On Becoming a Witch: Learning in a Marginalized Community of Practice
Authors: Merriam Sharan B. , Courtenay Bradley , Baumgartner Lisa
Published: June 2003

Much learning in adulthood is informal, social in nature, and firmly embedded in the life context of the learner. It takes place in social groups engaged in a common practice. One model for considering the learning that takes place in social groups is Wenger's notion of communities of practice. In a community of practice, learning, practice, and identity development are intertwined. The purpose of this study was to investigate learning in a marginalized community of practice—that of witches. Twenty witches belonging to several different covens, or communities of practice, were interviewed. Data analysis revealed (a) a trajectory of participation representing movement from the periphery to the center of the group; (b) learning in practice that is experiential, that combines formal and intuitive knowledge, and that is spread across the group; and (c) an identifiable process of identity development in becoming a witch. To some extent, the marginality of the community shaped the group's learning and practice.
Learning about Community Leadership: Fusing Methodology and Pedagogy to Learn about the Lives of Settlement Women
Authors: Daniels Doria
Published: June 2003

This study presents a practical application of photography and drawing to a qualitative study on community building and leadership in a South African settlement. The article describes how the researcher and participants used visual data that the participants in the study produced for a collaborative nonformal education workshop on community building. Using their own photographs and drawings, the women evaluated their shared leadership roles and contributions to community building. The sharing of their own experiences created opportunities for collaboration among women who were divided along ethnic, cultural, and political lines. The fusion of methodology and pedagogy brought about a better understanding of power relationships and its effect on women's development. The study presents the research and educational potential of photography and drawing as data source and material for learning.
Eating Disorders in the Adolescent Population:
Authors: Reijonen Jori H. , Pratt Helen D. , Patel Dilip R. , Greydanus Donald E.
Published: June 2003

Although eating disorders often begin during adolescence, characteristics of this population can complicate early detection by clinicians. The purpose of this article is to selectively review the literature on the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder) as described in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) and International Classification of Diseases (10th ed.). The prevalence and course of eating disorders, theories regarding their etiology, and issues of comorbidity and differential diagnosis are also discussed.
Adolescents and Eating Disorders:
Authors: Walcott Delores D. , Pratt Helen D. , Patel Dilip R.
Published: June 2003

Little is known about the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders among adolescents of color who are poor or identify themselves as gay or lesbian. Among American women, eating disturbances are equally as common among Native, Asian, or Hispanic Americans as they are among Caucasians. African Americans were at higher risk of developing eating disorders than were Hispanic and Asian Americans. Media and gender-role body stereotype and body dissatisfaction are strongly linked and have been shown to be the strongest predictors of disordered eating. As these youth adopt Western values about beauty, they may be at increased risk for developing eating disorders.
Treatment of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Patel Dilip R. , Pratt Helen D. , Greydanus Donald E.
Published: June 2003

Research on the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa is limited but shows that effective strategies employ a multidisciplinary team approach. Most patients receive medical attention when there is an acute medical or psychiatric emergency after losing a significant amount of weight and there is a need for nutritional and metabolic stabilization. Medical and nutritional stabilization are the first courses of treatment, followed by psychological stabilization. Initial treatment settings are dependent on the severity of symptoms and can range from inpatient to partial hospitalization or from day treatment to outpatient clinics. Physical activity and weight gain must be gradually accomplished. Effective treatment includes a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches (individuals and family therapy). Psychopharmacotherapy is generally unreliable in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and should be targeted to specific symptoms or complications. Prevention programs have been shown to have limited success.
Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa:
Authors: Phillips Elaine L. , Greydanus Donald E. , Pratt Helen D. , Patel Dilip R.
Published: June 2003

This article reviews the current literature with regard to psychological and psychopharmacologic treatments for bulimia nervosa in the adolescent population. The two most researched psychological treatments, cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy, are described in terms of treatment protocols and outcome research. Psychopharmacologic treatment is reviewed, including treatment indications, contraindications, dose respondent information, and the need for future research.
Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development
Authors: Nasser Noha
Published: June 2003

A conflict between the preservation of the character of existing historic towns and “change” has formed the central argument for conservation. More recently, heritage has superseded conservation, where marketing of heritage as a product according to the demands of the consumer, mainly tourists, has resulted in the commercialisation of heritage over conservation values. Today, the symbiosis of both tourism and heritage places has become a major objective in the management and planning of historic areas. This article examines the current conflicts among the ideas of conservation, heritage, and tourism and argues for a sustainable approach to the management and planning of heritage places based on a community and culture-led agenda.
Information Technology (IT) and Urban Form: An Annotated Bibliography of the Urban Deconcentration and Economic Restructuring Literatures
Authors: Audirac Ivonne , Fitzgerald Jennifer
Published: June 2003

Current urban planning discussion regarding the New Economy centers on planning, managing, and redesigning the form of cities and regions in order to attract and nurture knowledge economies. Enhancing the quality of life, by restraining urban sprawl, is seen as essential to urban competitiveness in the information age. However, the literature that examines the synergies between information technologies and urban form does not only point to potential reconcentration of certain economic activities but also to the furtherance of exurban development, sociospatial segregation, and traffic gridlock. This bibliography presents a panoramic shot of this vast and growing literature, as seen through the lenses of two theorizing traditions. It also the-matically classifies it according to four areas associated with (1) new forms of urban development; (2) economic, spatial, and travel synergies; (3) accessibility issues in spatial science; and (4) planning policy.
Social Work, Young Women, and Femininity
Authors: Barns Angela
Published: June 2003

As social work engages with feminism and postmodernism, the stringent dictates of femininity that underpin traditional social work with young women have been challenged. Social workers are asked to listen to young women's experiences of creating female subjectivities and to respect young women as the authors of their own gender identities. This article presents the findings of feminist interpretive research with six 14 to 15-year-old young women. Emphasizing the discourse of difference and its intersection with family, the mass media, peers, and fashion, the young women's stories alert social workers to the many ways in which young women negotiate, construct, and resist “the feminine.”
Exploring the Diversity of Women Veterans' Identity to Improve the Delivery of Veterans' Health Services
Authors: Huynh-Hohnbaum Anh-Luu T. , Damron-Rodriguez JoAnn , Washington Donna L. , Villa Valentine , Harada Nancy
Published: June 2003

This qualitative study explored the domains of gender, ethnicity, and military association in a population of women veterans as these domains related to the women's access to and use of health care services and assessed barriers to the use of health services and suggestions for improving them. The study found that a significant proportion of the participants had experienced some form of gender discrimination in the military, through segregation or sexual harassment, and that their perceptions of the Veterans Administration health care system were framed by their military, ethnic/racial, and gender experiences.
Social Work Response to Domestic Violence: Encouraging News from a New Look
Authors: Danis Fran S.
Published: June 2003

Since the beginnings of the battered women's movement, the social work profession has been criticized for its inability to respond to victims of domestic abuse. This article reports on a survey of degreed and licensed professionals that finds that social workers may be doing better in their ability to assess and intervene with battered women. However, social workers are failing to use universal screening techniques to identify battered women and the women's children in their caseloads. Social work education must include a feminist analysis of domestic violence, along with feminist practice principles, to prepare professionals to address this prevalent problem better.
Does Gender Matter? Male and Female Participation in Social Work Classrooms
Authors: Hyde Cheryl A. , Deal Kathleen H.
Published: June 2003

On the basis of a survey of 264 participants and 8 follow-up focus groups with 44 total participants, this analysis considers why male and female students may censor themselves in classroom discussions and what solutions there are to this diminished participation. The survey revealed few statistically significant differences based on gender. However, when significant differences occurred, they reinforced stereotypical gender behavior among women. Gender differences were more pronounced in the focus groups with respect to both the interpretation of the survey data and communication styles. The female participants exhibited more caretaking and relational behaviors and tended to defer to authority, whereas the male participants were more assertive and concerned with how “oppressed” they were as men. Implications of these findings for social work education are offered.
Negotiating the Waves: Challenges of Conducting In-Prison and Follow-Up Research with Women
Authors: O'Brien Patricia , Bates Robin
Published: June 2003

This article discusses the challenges, benefits, and lessons learned in the trenches of constructing a collaborative study with women who are in and transitioning out of prison. It describes five areas for negotiating different cultures in the research enterprise: the funding sponsor, the correctional institution and its multiple facilities, the university and its procedures for protecting human participants, the inmates/participants, and the communities to which the inmates return. Building trust and relationships across these multiple cultures is necessary to implement studies that can provide a foundation for developing restorative policies and practices.
Letter of Encouragement to a Survivor
Authors: R. Theresa
Published: June 2003

In the winter 2002 issue, we introduced a new column, Women Creating Change, that focuses on the contributions of women practitioners, activists, advocates, and educators whose work is challenging gender oppression, changing women's lives, and shaping the future of feminism. Through this column, we seek to bring women's stories that may otherwise go untold to our readers. Theresa R.'s story is in the form of a letter to a survivor of domestic abuse. As part of her own process of change, Theresa, a mother of three children, returned to college as a social work student in 1999, where she took a course on domestic abuse. The course created a space of both safety and challenge for learning and dialogue regarding violence against women and for the possibilities for both personal and political transformation. One of her assignments was to write a letter of encouragement to a survivor of domestic abuse. As a survivor of domestic abuse herself, Theresa seized the moment to voice encouragement to herself as a young woman. In describing the experience, Theresa wrote, “I tried to write to myself as if I were my own best friend telling me what she would want me to know. Writing to myself was both healing and empowering. It helped me put to rest some of the unease I have always felt about my experience.” Theresa will earn a bachelor's degree in social work in December 2003 and plans to continue her work in supporting, encouraging, and empowering survivors of domestic abuse.
The Multifunction Jail: Policy Makers' Views of the Goals of Local Incarceration
Authors: Applegate Brandon K. , Davis Robin King , Otto Charles W. , Surette Ray , McCarthy Bernard J.
Published: June 2003

As scholars of local corrections have noted, jails hold a myriad of inmates for widely diverse reasons. What remains unclear, however, is what purpose or purposes jails are expected to serve. Despite considerable research on the degree of support for various correctional goals, little is known about what goals people want local jails to pursue. Using a survey of local criminal justice leaders in Orange County, Florida, this study examines the preferences policy makers hold regarding the appropriate functions of jails. Our results suggest that these policy makers supported several utilitarian goals but were most supportive of rehabilitation and serving the needs of those with mental health and substance abuse problems. Lesser support was expressed for incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, and detention. The implications of these findings for criminal justice policy and for future research are discussed.
Antigang Legislation and its Potential Impact: The Promises and the Pitfalls
Authors: Bjerregaard Beth
Published: June 2003

A number of state legislatures have developed new strategies for addressing the problems of gang-related criminal behavior. Legislatures have both enhanced traditional criminal laws and drafted new legislation aimed specifically at alleviating the gang problem. One of the most comprehensive approaches originated in California where the first statute aimed exclusively at prohibiting the activities of criminal street gangs was enacted. The California Street Terrorism and Enforcement Prevention Act's primary focus was to make it a criminal offense to engage in criminal gang activity. A multitude of other states quickly followed suit and passed similar legislation. The purpose of the article is to examine the approach taken by state legislatures to make participating in gang activities a substantive crime. This approach will be analyzed in terms of its potential effectiveness as well as its potential for abuse and discriminatory application. Last, suggestions for improving existing statutes will be offered.
Juror Decision Making in Hate Crime Cases
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B.
Published: June 2003

Relatively little empirical research has been conducted on hate crimes. An issue that has previously remained almost entirely unexplored is what factors are likely to influence jurors' guilt determinations in hate crime cases. This article describes a mockjuror study that was conducted with 190 participants. Participants were given a hate crime vignette in which the ethnicity of the victim and offender were varied. Contrary to the original hypotheses, it was found that at least with this particular vignette, the offender's and victim's ethnicity did not usually affect the juror decisions. Furthermore, participants' level of racism was not related to their decisions on the juror task. The implications of the results are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research in this area.
Profiling Sentence Enhancement Offenders: A Case Study of Florida's 10-20-Lifers
Authors: Kunselman Julie C. , Johnson Kathrine A. , Rayboun Michael C.
Published: June 2003

This study creates a profile of criminals incarcerated as 10-20-Life offenders and is the initial stage of a postimpact analysis of the statute. Data on all incarcerated 10-20-Life offenders (N = 1,065 as of November 1, 2001) were collected from the Florida Department of Corrections. The data included individual and criminal offense characteristics. The findings reveal that Florida's 10-20-Lifers are overwhelmingly male (96%) and one half are between the ages of 23 and 41. Eighty percent of the offenses were for felon in possession of a firearm or concealed weapon and robbery with a fire-arm or deadly weapon. Slightly over one half of the offenders were sentenced to a term of 3 years and the remaining were sentenced to 10 or more years. The average sentence received was 8 years. The average sentence length was significantly higher for Black offenders sentenced under 10-20-Life. Moreover, Black offenders received all nine of the life sentences.
European Forms of Belonging
Authors: Debeljak Aleš
Published: June 2003

The article questions collective identities of “imagined communities” involved in the process of European Union (EU) enlargement. Focusing on issues of citizenship, unity and diversity, nationalism, and patriotism, the author explores the process of EU enlargement from the viewpoint of the “other Europe” in general and Slovenia in particular. It presents the dilemmas of “new democracies” of Central and Eastern Europe and their reluctance to hand over their only recently won national sovereignty to a transnational entity of the EU. The author approaches the question of exclusivism and inclusivism through the scope of modern citizenship and the need of multiple identities that provide not only tolerance but also understanding and possible respect for the Other. On the other hand, it presents the strategies of both sides, the nationalism of candidate states, and the gethoisation (Schengen) of member states as they outline the possibility of a dim scenario of enlarged but internally divided Europe.
The Roots of Illiberal Nationalism in Romania: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis of the Leninist Legacy
Authors: Chen Cheng
Published: June 2003

This article is a study of the dynamics behind “illiberal nationalism” in post-Leninist Romania. It seeks to provide a historical institutionalist explanation for the extent to which universalist liberal political principles have proven compatible with nationalist projects in post-Leninist Romania. The author's hypothesis is that the “illiberal” character of nationalism in contemporary Romania can be traced back to the nation-building project adopted by the Leninist regime in Romania. This nation-building project sought to engineer the reconciliation between nationalism and the universalist ideology of Leninism in much the same way that nationalism and liberalism have been reconciled in the West. Paradoxically, the more successful this Leninist nation building was, the more difficult it would be for post-Leninist elites to define a liberal variant of nationalism, given how deeply Leninist principles became embedded or fused with the nation's self-image. This counterintuitive logic partially accounts for the illiberal features of nationalism in post-Leninist Romania.
Gender and the Politics of Difference in the Czech Lands after Munich
Authors: Feinberg Melissa
Published: June 2003

This article examines gender politics in the Czech lands after the Munich conference of 1938. It first outlines the social policies of the Second Czechoslovak Republic and the laws it designed to redirect women's participation in the workforce and in public life. Then, it looks at women's own participation in this campaign to “reorient” gender relations, showing how some women hoped to use the new regime to help translate their beliefs about gender difference into policy. It uses debates over women's rights and the content of women's citizenship to show how the regime of the Second Republic was linked to other rightist regimes in Europe. It argues that all these regimes began to see the question of rights and citizenship in new terms, terms that were based on difference rather than equality.
Women's Parties in Post-Communist Politics
Authors: Ishiyama John T.
Published: June 2003

Despite a growing interest in party development in post-communist politics, relatively little work has specifically examined the development of women's parties in Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Two questions motivate this research: (1) Why did women's parties emerge in some of the post-communist states and not in others? (2) Do parties with different origins appeal to different kinds of women supporters? This article finds that, first, political/institutional factors rather than socio-economic or cultural factors better explain the emergence of women's parties, and, second, that the women's parties attracted different voters than other parties and that they differed from each other as well. This in part was due to the very different origins of parties such as the Women of Russia, the Shamiram Women's Party, and the Lithuanian Women's Party.
The Politics of Agrarian Collapse: Decollectivisation in Moldova
Authors: Gorton Matthew , White John
Published: June 2003

While all Central and East European countries have reformed their relationships between agriculture and the state, this process has been particularly fraught in Moldova. The post-Soviet era has witnessed a sustained conflict between communists, agrarian nationalists, and economic liberals over the reform of state and collective farms. However, attempts to enact agrarian nationalist and neoliberal visions of agriculture in Moldova have largely failed. Instead, reforms have created a subsistence-based agricultural sector with a fragmented pattern of land management and have not dealt with trade reorientation. Collective farm managers, while portrayed as impediments to efficiency, private sector agriculture prior to decollectivisation, have become the main agents of much-needed land consolidation after reform. The plans for decollectivisation, pioneered by international agencies, placed too little emphasis on creating institutions to inhibit excessive fragmentation as part of the reform process in itself and are only now facing these problems after the dramatic rise in subsistence production.
Situational Construction of Masculinity among Male Street Thieves
Authors: Copes Heith , Hochstetler Andy
Published: June 2003

Increasingly, theorists recognize that the influence of masculinity on decision making is situationally contingent and embedded in interactions. Using interviews with ninety-four male street thieves, the authors describe the situations that bring constructions of masculinity into the foreground of street crime. In certain situations, men are likely to engage in criminal behavior as a mechanism for constructing their masculinity. The authors find that hanging with criminally capable associates and partying are critically significant for understanding when masculine concerns bear on criminal decision making. In these situations, copresent others interpret inappropriate actions or responses as definitive signs of weakness, passivity, and failure in the struggle to be a man. They also examine how age and criminal experience shape conceptions of masculinity and the style of their enactment.
The Dialectical Gaze
Authors: Murphy Alexandra G.
Published: June 2003

Much of past research on female exotic dance has characterized strippers as deviant workers who are either passive, objectified victims of a sexploitation system that trades on their bodies for financial gain or as active subjects who work the exchange for their own benefit. Drawing on theories of power, performance, and communication, this work complicates the subject-object tension, showing how power circulates through a system of competing discursive relationships forming a dialectic of agency and constraint in which strippers are simultaneously subjects and objects. The author presents ethnographic data of how strippers discursively negotiate the ambivalence and contradictions they experience during their interactions with customers, management, and their families. Finally, this work concludes that given the need for all women to perform their prescribed gender in the course of their everyday lives, the occupation of the exotic dancer may not be as deviant as previously defined.
Doing Masculinity in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Leyser Ophra
Published: June 2003

This ethnographic study explores how men constructed and enacted masculinity in a total institution. The author observed residents in public areas in two branches of a mental hospital in an urban area in the Midwest. She found that the residents at the hospital adhered to gender ideologies found in larger Western cultures. The structural constraints at the hospital, however, hindered the men from doing masculinity in ways granted to men in the “outside world.” The male residents found alternative means to maintain their masculine status through the only resource they had: themselves.
The Effects of Integrating the U.S. Census Bureau's Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Into the Appalachian Regional Commission's Designation of Economically Distressed Counties
Authors: Hammer Roger B. , Blakely Robin M. , Voss Paul R.
Published: June 2003

The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) has used the “distressed county” designation to identify counties with the most structurally disadvantaged economies. The ARC annually updates distressed status of counties with current unemployment and per capita market income data. This research evaluates the potential impact of incorporating the U.S. Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) into the ARC distressed county designation. The distressed status accuracy results from the end of the 1980s and the magnitude and causes of distressed status transitions in the early 1990s indicate that using the SAIPE would alter the distressed designation but not to a radical degree. However, combining the SAIPE point estimate and the SAIPE upper bound estimate in the determination of distressed status would achieve the objective of using more current estimates of poverty while reducing the negative consequences of using an estimate of poverty with greater statistical variation than decennial census-derived estimates.
An “Option for the Poor”: A Research Audit for Community-Based Regionalism in California's Central Coast
Authors: Pastor Manuel , Benner Chris , Rosner Rachel
Published: June 2003

Community-based organizations are increasingly interested in tackling issues of regional economic development to address the inequality and resource shortfalls that plague their constituents. Some groups have conducted regional audits to understand the economic and political terrain and select entry points that will maximize their impact. This article reports on a collaborative effort between university and community partners in California's central coast that involved the development of a researchbased audit, and explains how the complex interplay of economic clusters, environmentalist traditions, and demographic changes led to an initial emphasis on housing. The authors note how the conscious power-building aspects of this approach can help with economic and community development and draw lessons for community-based regionalist efforts in other parts of the country.
Factors Resulting in Successes and Failures for Small Businesses in the Small Business Institute Program at Syracuse University
Authors: Wu Chunchi , Young Allan
Published: June 2003

During the 1970s the U.S. Congress inaugurated a program of managerial assistance to meld the talents and needs of local small-business communities, nearby educational institutions of higher business learning, and the U.S. Small Business Administration. This program was known as the Small Business Institute. The authors analyzed the experience of Syracuse University with the program from 1973 to 1997 and found that some problems faced by small businesses persisted over time, although there were significant shifts in other problems as the economic environment changed. We also found that the chances for survival of our client firms varied by industry, with manufacturing, retailing, and professional and nonprofessional service firms most likely to survive.
“Said and Done” Versus “Saying and Doing”
Authors: Martin Patricia Yancey
Published: June 2003

Recently, the study of gender has focused on processes by which gender is brought into social relations through interaction. This article explores implications of a two-sided dynamic—gendering practices and practicing of gender—for understanding gendering processes in formal organizations. Using stories from interviews and participant observation in multinational corporations, the author explores the practicing of gender at work. She defines practicing gender as a moving phenomenon that is done quickly, directionally (in time), and (often) nonreflexively; is informed (often) by liminal awareness; and is in concert with others. She notes how other conceptions of gender dynamics and practice inform the analysis and argues that adequate conceptualization (and potential elimination) of harmful aspects of gendering practices/practicing will require attention to (1) agency, intentionality, awareness, and reflexivity; (2) positions, power, and experience; and (3) choice, accountability, and audience. She calls for incorporating the “sayings and doings” of gender into organization theory and research.
Body, Gender, and Knowledge in Protest Movements
Authors: Sasson-Levy Orna , Rapoport Tamar
Published: June 2003

The authors suggest that social movements research should recognize more the potential of the protesting body as an agent of social and political change. This contention is based on studying the relations among the body, gender, and knowledge in social protest by comparing two Israeli-Jewish leftist protest movements, a woman-only movement (Women in Black) and a mixed-gender one (The 21st Year), which protested against the Israeli Occupation in the early 1990s. The comparison reveals reversed patterns of body/knowledge relations, each connoting a different meaning and outcome of the social protest. In the mixed movement, the body served as an instrument in carrying out the political knowledge and thus was left unmarked. In Women in Black, on the other hand, the body was the message, as it produced and articulated political ideology, simultaneously challenging the national security legacy and the gender order in Israel.
Higher Education and the Negotiated Process of Hegemony
Authors: Mihelich John , Storrs Debbie
Published: June 2003

This article examines how 20 female college students who identified as members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) negotiated its gender ideology to legitimate their educational goals. The young LDS women creatively employed equality, professionalism, and essentialist discourses to craft a coherent identity as a “good LDS woman” that incorporated their pursuit of higher education. Beyond providing an in-depth look at how college-age LDS women “do gender,” the analysis informs our understanding of the persistence of women's participation in patriarchal religious institutions, the process of women's resistance, and women's role in the negotiated process of hegemony. The authors argue that while women embrace the LDS gender ideology of womanhood, their pursuit of higher education is a form of resistance—embedded resistance—often neglected by scholars. The findings suggest the importance of nomos and meaning in understanding women's participation in and manipulation of patriarchal religious institutions.
Women's Gendered Experiences as Long-Term Three Mile Island Activists
Authors: Culley Marci R. , Angelique Holly L.
Published: June 2003

This article examines women who have been antinuclear activists at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant for two decades. Qualitative interviews focus on their perceived transformations over time that are based on gender and everyday experiences. They perceive gender as both a barrier and a facilitator to activism, even after 20 years. Women describe their technological education as one strategy to overcome the barrier of gender. On the other hand, they consider the gendered role of motherhood as a primary catalyst for action. In addition, they discuss individual everyday experiences focused on the health concerns for family members that influenced their political activity. Over time, women linked personal transformations with increased political understanding and involvement.
Social Stratification and the Digital Divide
Authors: Wilson Kenneth R. , Wallin Jennifer S. , Reiser Christa
Published: June 2003

Whereas recent studies show that the size of the Digital Divide has been shrinking for many groups, this article explores whether social-economic factors explain the racial, geographic, and gender divides. Rural, minority, and female respondents were less likely to have home computers or to be connected to the Internet. Controlling for socioeconomic variables, the effects of rural residence and gender disappeared but African Americans were still less likely to have home computers or Internet access. When public Internet access was examined, rural residence and gender had no effect but African Americans were more likely to know of public facilities in their community even when socioeconomic variables were controlled. Future research needs to better understand the implications of different ways of using new technology (i. e., public vs. private access) and determine if digital technology deepens socioeconomic chasms or provides new opportunities.