bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABC transporters, cytochromes P450 and their main transcription factors: expression at the human blood–brain barrier
Authors: Dauchy Sandrine , Dutheil Fabien , Weaver Richard J. , Chassoux Francine , Daumas‐Duport Catherine , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Scherrmann Jean‐Michel , De Waziers Isabelle , Declèves Xavier
Published: October 2008

We have established the expression patterns of the genes encoding ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters and cytochromes P450 (CYPs) at the adult human blood–brain barrier (BBB) using isolated brain microvessels and cortex biopsies from patients with epilepsia or glioma. Microves synaptophysin (neurons) and neuron‐glial antigen 2 (NG2) (pericytes).ABCG2[breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] andABCB1(MDR1) were the main ABC transporter genes expressed in microvessels, with 20 times moreABCG2and 25 times moreABCB1in microvessels than in the cortex. TheCYP1B1isoform represented over 80% of all the CYPs genes detected in microvessels. There were 14 times moreCYP1B1in microvessels than in the cortex, showing thatCYP1B1is mainly expressed at the BBB. p‐glycoprotein (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2) and CYP1B1 proteins were found in microvessels by western blotting. The expression of genes encoding three transcription factors [pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)] was also investigated. TheAhRgene, involved in the regulation ofCYP1B1expression, was highly expressed in brain microvessels, whereasPXRandCARgenes were almost undetected. This detailed pattern ofABCandCYPsgene expression at the human BBB provides useful information for understanding how their substrates enter the brain.
Amperometric measurements of catecholamine release from single vesicles in MN9D cells
Authors: Dong Yan , Heien Michael L. , Maxson Marc M. , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: October 2008

MN9D cells have been used as a successful model to investigate dopamine pharmacology and to test the specific effects of drugs for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, quantitative measurements of quantal release from these cells have not been carried out. In this work, we used amperometry to investigate catecholamine release from MN9D cells. Amperometric events were observed in both undifferentiated and differentiated (butyric acid‐treated) cells. An increase in quantal size and half‐width was observed for differentiated cells versus undifferentiated cells; however, the number of events per cell and the amplitude remained constant. In transmission electron microscopy images, no obvious cluster of small synaptic vesicles was observed, and large dense‐core vesicles were present in the cell body of undifferentiated cells; however, after differentiation, vesicles were concentrated in the cell processes. In differentiated cells,l‐DOPA caused an increase in quantal size and half‐width, which could be blocked by the vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor, reserpine.
Peptidomics of Cpefat/fat mouse brain regions: implications for neuropeptide processing
Authors: Zhang Xin , Che Fa‐Yun , Berezniuk Iryna , Sonmez Kemal , Toll Lawrence , Fricker Lloyd D.
Published: October 2008

Quantitative peptidomics was used to compare levels of peptides in wild type (WT) and Cpefat/fat mice, which lack carboxypeptidase E (CPE) activity because of a point mutation. Six different brain regions were analyzed: amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and thalamus. Altogether, 111 neuropeptides or other peptides derived from secretory pathway proteins were identified in WT mouse brain extracts by tandem mass spectrometry, and another 47 peptides were tentatively identified based on mass and other criteria. Most secretory pathway peptides were much lower in Cpefat/fat mouse brain, relative to WT mouse brain, indicating that CPE plays a major role in their biosynthesis. Other peptides were only partially reduced in the Cpefat/fat mice, indicating that another enzyme (presumably carboxypeptidase D) contributes to their biosynthesis. Approximately 10% of the secretory pathway peptides were present in the Cpefat/fat mouse brain at levels similar to those in WT mouse brain. Many peptides were greatly elevated in the Cpefat/fat mice; these peptide processing intermediates with C‐terminal Lys and/or Arg were generally not detectable in WT mice. Taken together, these results indicate that CPE contributes, either directly or indirectly, to the production of the majority of neuropeptides.
Mass‐spectrometric characterization of phospholipids and their primary peroxidation products in rat cortical neurons during staurosporine‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Tyurin Vladimir A. , Tyurina Yulia Y. , Feng Weihong , Mnuskin Alexandra , Jiang Jianfei , Tang Minke , Zhang Xiaojing , Zhao Qing , Kochanek Patrick M. , Clark Robert S. B. , Bayır Hülya , Kagan Valerian E.
Published: October 2008

The molecular diversity of phospholipids is essential for their structural and signaling functions in cell membranes. In the current work, we present, the results of mass spectrometric characterization of individual molecular species in major classes of phospholipids – phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), sphingomyelin (CerPCho), and cardiolipin (Ptd2Gro) – and their oxidation products during apoptosis induced in neurons by staurosporine (STS). The diversity of molecular species of phospholipids in rat cortical neurons followed the order Ptd2Gro > PtdEtn >> PtdCho >> PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. The number of polyunsaturated oxidizable species decreased in the order Ptd2Gro >> PtdEtn > PtdCho > PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. Thus a relatively minor class of phospholipids, Ptd2Gro, was represented in cortical neurons by the greatest variety of both total and peroxidizable molecular species. Quantitative fluorescence HPLC analysis employed to assess the oxidation of different classes of phospholipids in neuronal cells during intrinsic apoptosis induced by STS revealed that three anionic phospholipids – Ptd2Gro >> PtdSer > PtdIns – underwent robust oxidation. No significant oxidation in the most dominant phospholipid classes – PtdCho and PtdEtn – was detected. MS‐studies revealed the presence of hydroxy‐, hydroperoxy‐ as well as hydroxy‐/hydroperoxy‐species of Ptd2Gro, PtdSer, and PtdIns. Experiments in model systems where total cortex Ptd2Gro and PtdSer fractions were incubated in the presence of cytochrome c (cyt c) and H2O2, confirmed that molecular identities of the products formed were similar to the ones generated during STS‐induced neuronal apoptosis. The temporal sequence of biomarkers of STS‐induced apoptosis and phospholipid peroxidation combined with recently demonstrated redox catalytic properties of cyt c realized through its interactions with Ptd2Gro and PtdSer suggest that cyt c acts as a catalyst of selective peroxidation of anionic phospholipids yielding Ptd2Gro and PtdSer peroxidation products. These oxidation products participate in mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and in PtdSer externalization leading to recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes.
The human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 as a human blood‐brain barrier model for drug transport studies
Authors: Poller Birk , Gutmann Heike , Krähenbühl Stephan , Weksler Babette , Romero Ignacio , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Tuffin Gerald , Drewe Jürgen , Huwyler Jörg
Published: October 2008

The human brain endothelial capillary cell line hCMEC/D3 has been developed recently as a model for the human blood‐brain barrier. In this study a further characterization of this model was performed with special emphasis on permeability properties and active drug transport. Para‐ or transcellular permeabilities (Pe) of inulin (0.74 × 10−3 cm/min), sucrose (1.60 × 10−3 cm/min), lucifer yellow (1.33 × 10−3 cm/min), morphine (5.36 × 10−3 cm/min), propranolol (4.49 × 10−3 cm/min) and midazolam (5.13 × 10−3 cm/min) were measured. By addition of human serum the passive permeability of sucrose could be reduced significantly by up to 39%. Furthermore, the expression of a variety of drug transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC1–5) as well as the human transferrin receptor was demonstrated on the mRNA level. ABCB1, ABCG2 and transferrin receptor proteins were detected and functional activity of ABCB1, ABCG2 and the ABCC family was quantified in efflux experiments. Furthermore, ABCB1‐mediated bidirectional transport of rhodamine 123 was studied. The transport rate from the apical to the basolateral compartment was significantly lower than that in the inverse direction, indicating directed p‐glycoprotein transport. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of the hCMEC/D3 cell line as anin vitromodel to study drug transport at the level of the human blood‐brain barrier.
Docosahexaenoic acid disrupts in vitro amyloid β1‐40 fibrillation and concomitantly inhibits amyloid levels in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer’s disease model rats
Authors: Hashimoto Michio , Shahdat Hossain Md , Yamashita Shinji , Katakura Masanori , Tanabe Yoko , Fujiwara Hironori , Gamoh Shuji , Miyazawa Teruo , Arai Hiroyuki , Shimada Toshio , Shido Osamu
Published: October 2008

We have previously reported that dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves and/or protects against impairment of cognition ability in amyloid beta1‐40 (Aβ1‐40)‐infused Alzheimer’s disease (AD)‐model rats. Here, after the administration of DHA to AD model rats for 12 weeks, the levels of Aβ1‐40, cholesterol and the composition of fatty acids were investigated in the Triton X100‐insoluble membrane fractions of their cerebral cortex. The effects of DHA on the in vitro formation and kinetics of fibrillation of Aβ1‐40 were also investigated by thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Dietary DHA significantly decreased the levels of Aβ1‐40, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids in the detergent insoluble membrane fractions of AD rats. The formation of Aβ fibrils was also attenuated by their incubation with DHA, as demonstrated by the decreased intensity of thioflavin T‐derived fluorescence and by electron micrography. DHA treatment also decreased the intensity of thioflavin fluorescence in preformed‐fibril Aβ peptides, demonstrating the anti‐amyloidogenic effects of DHA. We then investigated the effects of DHA on the levels of oligomeric amyloid that is generated during its in vitro transformation from monomers to fibrils, by an anti‐oligomer‐specific antibody and non‐reducing Tris‐Glycine gradient (4–20%) gel electrophoresis. DHA concentration‐dependently reduced the levels of oligomeric amyloid species, suggesting that dietary DHA‐induced suppression of in vivo Aβ1‐40 aggregation occurs through the inhibitory effect of DHA on oligomeric amyloid species.
Neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone exerts anti‐apoptotic effects by membrane‐mediated, integrated genomic and non‐genomic pro‐survival signaling pathways
Authors: Charalampopoulos Ioannis , Margioris Andrew N. , Gravanis Achille
Published: October 2008

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) protects neural crest‐derived PC12 cells from serum deprivation‐induced apoptosis via G protein‐associated specific plasma membrane‐binding sites (mDBS). Here, we studied the signaling pathways involved in the pro‐survival effects of DHEA‐mediated activation of the mDBS binding sites. Membrane impermeable DHEA‐bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate induced an acute phosphorylation of the prosurvival kinases Src, protein kinase A (PKA), MEK1/2/ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt in serum deprived PC12 cells in parallel to an elevation of intracellular cAMP. The physiological significance of these findings was further assessed in a series of experiments using several selective pro‐survival kinase inhibitors. Our combined findings suggest that the following sequence of events may take place following activation of mDBS binding sites: DHEA‐BSA induces an acute but transient sequential phosphorylation of the pro‐survival kinases Src/PKCa/b/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 which, in their turn, activate transcription factors cAMP responsive element binding protein and nuclear factor kappa B which induce the expression of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 genes. In parallel, DHEA‐BSA increases intracellular cAMP, and the subsequent phosphorylation of PKA kinase and of cAMP responsive element binding protein. Finally, DHEA‐BSA induces phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt kinases which, subsequently, lead to phosphorylation/deactivation of the pro‐apoptotic Bad. Our findings suggest that the neurosteroid DHEA affects neural crest‐derived cell survival by multiple pro‐survival signaling pathways comprising an integrated system of non‐genomic and genomic mechanisms.
‘No painting on earth would be more beautiful’: an analysis of Giovanna degli Albizzi's portrait inscription
Authors: DePrano Maria
Published: October 2008

Domenico Ghirlandaio has been accepted as the author and speaker of the epigram written on the fictive parchment posted behind Giovanna degli Albizzi in her profile portrait, lamenting the limit of his skills to fully represent her. However, the patronage context of this work, processes of composing art, as well as the realities of artistic education and social status in Quattrocento Florence suggest that another speaker uttered these words and intended a different meaning. An analysis of inscriptions in the small sorority of women's portraits bearing a text demonstrates that these epithets carry three messages: to name the women, declare their virtues or mourn their death. Examining her likeness within the patronage context of her conjugal family and her early death, this essay gives a new interpretation of Giovanna's epigram, arguing that her portrait and inscription, a slightly modified version of a verse by Martial, convey all three messages. Giovanna's husband, the learned and poetic Lorenzo Tornabuoni, is identified as the probable speaker of the portrait's lines, which he may have written with the assistance of his friend, the humanist Angelo Poliziano, to express his wistful desire for his deceased wife's return.
Qualities and Health of Lay Trainers With Migraine for Behavioral Attack Prevention
Authors: Mérelle Saskia Y.M. , Sorbi Marjolijn J. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Passchier Jan
Published: October 2008

(Headache 2010;50:613‐625)

Objectives.— To evaluate the qualities of lay trainers with migraine and to quantify their self‐management results.

Background.— Little is known about the qualities of lay trainers with chronic diseases and the benefits for their own health.

Methods.— Thirteen lay trainers (12 F, 1 M) completed a 3‐step program that consisted of self‐experience of a behavioral training (BT), providing BT to one fellow patient, and subsequently to a small group at home. Successful mastery of own migraine attacks was required for participation, and lay trainers received intensive guidance. Evaluation of the qualities of trainers took place post‐BT by means of a specially constructed questionnaire. Their self‐management was measured before self‐experience of BT, post‐BT, and at 6‐month follow‐up by a headache diary and questionnaires.

Results.— The qualities of the 13 trainers were positively evaluated by 95 trainees, particularly their warmth, expertise, organization, explanation of BT, active control, and advice and guidance. Higher active control of lay trainers during the group sessions was significantly related to improvements on migraine frequency and internal locus of control in their trainees post‐BT. Advice and guidance increased the likelihood of less attacks at follow‐up and supportive encouragement promoted a higher internal locus of control. However, humor slightly increased the likelihood of more attacks post‐BT, while fellowship and individualization negatively influenced internal locus of control. Lay trainers showed significantly more improvement in migraine frequency than their trainees at follow‐up, as well as enhanced internal locus of control and quality of life.

Conclusions.— Participation in a stepwise training program can produce capable trainers and may positively influence their own health. Lay trainers may be more motivated to enhance their self‐management skills as they have to present the benefits to their trainees.
Symptomatic SUNCT Syndrome Associated With Ipsilateral Paranasal Sinusitis
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Yoon , Seo Woo‐Keun , Kim Ji Hyun , Oh Kyungmi , Yu Sung‐Wook
Published: October 2008

Sinusitis has rarely been associated with short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome. We describe a case of symptomatic SUNCT syndrome caused by sinusitis, which showed typical features of SUNCT syndrome. The patient's symptoms completely resolved without recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery followed by antibiotic treatment. We suggest that ipsilateral paranasal sinusitis accompanied by the spreading of inflammation through a dehiscence in the lamina papyracea could lead to the development of SUNCT syndrome.
Prochlorperazine—Treatment for Acute Confusional Migraine
Authors: Khatri Rakesh , Hershey Andrew D. , Wong Brenda
Published: October 2008

Acute confusional migraine is a rare migraine variant primarily seen in childhood that lacks standardized diagnostic criteria. Acute symptomatic treatment for this disorder has not been established. We report 2 patients having a total of 6 episodes of acute confusional migraine where the symptoms resolved with prochlorperazine with variable success. Intravenous prochlorperazine was highly effective in 3 out of 4 episodes.
Is Balance Normal in Migraineurs Without History of Vertigo?
Authors: Akdal Gülden , Dönmez Birgül , Öztürk Vesile , Angın Salih
Published: October 2008

Objective.— To investigate by static posturography the occurrence of balance disorder in migraineurs without a history of vertigo during the interictal period.

Background.— The link between migraine and balance disorders has long been known but postural balance in migraineurs without manifest vestibulopathy has been rarely studied.

Methods.— We studied 25 migraineurs and age‐ and gender‐matched controls. With static posturography we measured: (1) postural sway with eyes open or closed on a platform or on foam with 4 different head positions; (2) limits of stability as patients change their center of gravity to reach to 8 different points; (3) tandem walking.

Results.— With eyes open, sway velocity was significantly greater in migraineurs than in controls while standing on a firm surface with head backwards or on a foam surface in all head positions. With eyes closed, sway velocity was significantly greater in migraineurs than in controls only while standing on a foam surface with head backwards or turned sideways.

Migraineurs also had an offset center of gravity alignment in all conditions and their average reaction time and maximal excursions were significantly greater in the limits of stability test. In tandem walking, step width was significantly wider and walk speed was significantly slower in migraineurs.

Conclusion.— Our findings support the notion that there is a slight but significant postural instability in migraineurs and it is of central vestibular origin.
Prevalence and Burden of Headache and Migraine in Germany
Authors: Radtke Andrea , Neuhauser Hannelore
Published: October 2008

Objective.— To determine prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in the general population in Germany including patterns of healthcare and medication use.

Methods.— Telephone interviews were conducted on a representative sample of the general population in Germany aged ≥18 years (n = 7341). Migraine was diagnosed according to the International Headache Society criteria.

Results.— One‐year prevalence was: headache 60.2%, migraine 10.6%, nonmigrainous severe headache 24.7% (women 66.6%, 15.6%, and 27.1%; men 53.0%, 5.3%, and 22.2%). Approximately 60% of headache sufferers reported severe headaches, 30% of which were migrainous. Migraineurs reported more often frequent headaches, disability, use of analgesics, and medical consultation than individuals with nonmigrainous severe headaches. Only 42% of migraineurs had consulted a physician and the majority relied exclusively on over‐the‐counter medication.

Conclusion.— Migraine accounts for a great part of the healthcare impact of headaches in Germany. However, the majority of migraineurs do not seek medical care and may not be optimally treated.
Globalization and Investment Opportunities: A Cointegration Study of Arab, U.S., and Emerging Stock Markets
Authors: Elfakhani Said , Arayssi Mahmoud , Smahta Hanin A.
Published: October 2008

Using a sample of Arab, U.S., and emerging stock markets from 1997 to 2002, this study is designed to determine if international diversification is still possible despite growing globalization and the consequent integration among various stock markets. Our results show that within Arab markets, Kuwait cointegrates individually with Jordan, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia and between Tunisia and Jordan, thus offering investors possible continued diversification opportunities. On the other hand, only Jordan, Kuwait, and Morocco are cointegrated with the U.S. general market index, implying that these markets offer a probable substitute for those investing in the U.S. markets.
THE FUTURE OF STATE INSURANCE REGULATION: CAN IT SURVIVE?
Authors: Iii George Nichols , Mcpeak Julie Mix
Published: October 2008

Abstract: As Congress continues to debate the future of financial services affiliations, state insurance regulators are faced with blurred lines of regulatory authority and the opportunity of federal banking regulators to preempt their decisions and their enforcement of consumer protection statutes. This article attempts to remind readers of the history and significance of state insurance regulation and provide clear evidence of its continued importance in the future of the conglomerated financial services marketplace.
WHAT EMPLOYERS LOOK FOR IN HIRING INSURANCE PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Bell Nancy , Wolverton Mimi
Published: October 2008

Abstract: The authors surveyed managers and personnel directors who make hiring decisions for risk management and insurance companies to determine what traits they seek in college students.
THE ESTIMATED IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MARKET ASSESSMENTS ON FLORIDA PROPERTY INSURERS
Authors: Marlett David C. , Eastman Alan D.
Published: October 2008

Abstract: The authors examine the risk financing approach of the Florida state‐sponsored property insurance programs. The programs rely heavily on post‐disaster assessments on insurers to meet expected obligations. The authors evaluate the impact of the assessments and discuss whether this approach represents a realistic solution to the “cat problem.”
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN UNDERGRADUATE INSURANCE EDUCATION: ACADEMIC AND REAL WORLD PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Cassidy Steven M. , Marshall Robert A. , Hollman Christine
Published: October 2008

Abstract: The authors discuss the hiring patterns of some insurers and examine why insurers do not always seek out students with risk management and insurance backgrounds. The authors suggest that it is important for universities and insurers to work more closely so that students coming out of college insurance programs are well prepared to work in the insurance industry.
Hope in psychiatry: a review of the literature
Authors: Schrank B. , Stanghellini G. , Slade M.
Published: October 2008

Objective:  Hope has long been considered an important therapeutic factor in medicine, nursing and mental health and recently received attention as a central component of recovery. However, conceptual clarity, applicability and the predictive value of hope remain unclear. This review aims to define hope, review current approaches to assessment, and outline research evidence linking hope with effectiveness.

Method:  We conducted a comprehensive review of publications on the conceptualisation and measurement of hope, and on its use as a predictive variable specifically in mental health patients.

Results:  Forty‐nine definitions of hope were identified, which were grouped into seven emergent dimensions. Thirty‐two measurement tools were identified, although few have been used in research involving mental health patients. Eleven studies investigated hope as a predictive variable for differing outcomes, with inconclusive results.

Conclusion:  Many conceptual frameworks for hope have been proposed, but empirical evidence on its predictive power in mental health is lacking.
The effect and extent of heavy grazing by reindeer in oligotrophic pine heaths in northeastern Fennoscandia
Authors: Väre Henry , Ohtonen Rauni , Mikkola Kari
Published: October 2008

Thirty and fifty years old exclosures established in northeastern Fennoscandia in lichen‐rich oligotrophic pine Pinus sylvestris forests on podzolised soil were used to study the effect of reindeer grazing on pine fine roots, microbial activity, and on bryophyte, dwarf shrub and lichen biomasses. There were significantly less lichens, especially Cladina stellaris, at grazed than at ungrazed sites. Coverage of other lichens like C. arbuscula and C. rangiferina and bryophytes, especially Dicranum spp., benefitted from grazing. The biomass of vascular plants, mainly Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, was reduced at grazed sites, although their coverage was not influenced. Microbial activity was significantly lower at grazed sites. The influence of grazing is most obviously mediated by reduced soil moisture during dry periods at grazed sites. Fine root parameters (per soil and stem volumes) were lower at grazed sites (pPCA = 0.072), the first principal component consisting of a number of fine root tips, length and weight. Grazing decreased all exchangeable nutrients by 30–60% in organic layer. Based on PCA the decrease was significant for exchangeable nutrients, although of individual elements only P and S showed statistically significant difference. The extent of heavy grazing in northeastern Fennoscandia coniferous forest was revealed by remote sensing. It revealed extensive area in which reindeer lichens are reduced in northeastern Finland. The Finnish‐Russian border can be clearly distinguished in the satellite image composite.
Factors influencing inter‐population variation in Ranunculus acris seed production in an alpine area of southwestern Norway
Authors: Totland Ø. , Birks H. J. B.
Published: October 2008

There have been few attempts to examine the relationship between mean seed production of populations and the environmental conditions experienced by these populations. This study uses redundancy, analysis (RDA) to explore which environmental factors influence the patterns of inter‐population variation in mean seed production (seed:ovule ratio and seed weight) and mean plant height in 25 alpine populations of Ranunculus acris L at Finse, southwestern Norway. The mean seedrovule ratio and height of the plants differed more than three‐fold among populations situated close to each other, whereas mean seed weight showed less variation. In two RDAs differences in site elevation and pH accounted for a substantial part of the among‐population variation in mean plant height, seed:ovule ratio, and seed weight. Mean plant height and seed weight were negatively correlated with the altitude of the populations, whereas mean seed:ovule ratio showed a high positive correlation with pH. When pooling all data from the populations, simple linear regressions showed that seed weight was positively correlated with plant height, whereas plant height had little influence on seed:ovule ratio. Seed weight was positively correlated with the numbers of seeds that a flower produced. The results indicate that mean seediovule ratio of a population is influenced primarily by the pH‐conditions at the site, whereas mean seed weight and plant height are more strongly influenced by altitude which largely reflects the climatic severity at the site. Inter‐population variation in average reproductive success in R. acris at Finse appears to be determined by several environmental and intrinsic factors that interact in a complex fashion.
Larval survival in populations of the large copper butterfly Lycaena dispar batavus
Authors: Webb Mark R. , Pullin Andrew S.
Published: October 2008

Lycaena dispar is recorded as an early case of extinction and subsequent re‐introduction in the UK. However, repeated establishment attempts have not resulted in self‐sustaining populations, including those having taken place at Woodwalton Fen (Cambridgeshire, UK).

Earlier studies at Woodwalton Fen showed that the highest mortalities occurred between the egg stage and resumption of larval feeding in spring.

This study was designed; firstly, to investigate factors causing field mortality during different larval stages; secondly, to compare survival on Rumex hydrolapathum foodplants in different habitat situations; and thirdly, to compare survival in a natural population (Weerribben, The Netherlands) with the introduced Woodwalton Fen population. Experiments employed exclusion cages in order to examine the relative roles of vertebrate and invertebrate natural enemies, and survival on food‐plants in open fen and waterside situations was compared.

Results suggest invertebrate predation to be the dominant mortality factor acting upon pre‐diapause larvae. Over the winter diapause natural enemies do not have a significant role. However during both these stages losses still occur that are unaccounted for. Extensive winter flooding appears to increase overwintering losses. Vertebrate predators cause significant mortality of post‐diapause larvae.

No significant difference was found between larval survival on open fen versus waterside plants.

Comparison of introduced and native populations reveal that overwintering survival was significantly higher in the latter; potential reasons for this difference are discussed.
Growth and body size in populations of mink frogs Rana septentrionalis from two latitudes
Authors: Leclair Raymond , Laurin Geneviéve
Published: October 2008

Age, longevity, and growth in mink frogs Rana septentrionalis from two latitudes in Quebec, Canada, were assessed by skeletochronological and back‐calculation methods in order to document proximate causes for intraspecific variations in adult body size. In both study sites, females grew faster and were on average 11% larger than males. Mean age and maximal longevity were significantly higher in females than in males only in the southern populations. There was thus an interpopulation difference in the relative contribution of age and growth to sexual size dimorphisms. Sex‐ratio also favored females (males sulfering higher mortality) only in the southern populations. Specimens from the northern population had higher mean ages (but not higher longevities) and were 17% larger than specimens from the southern populations. Annual growth rate appeared similar at the two study sites despite a shorter growing season at the northern locality. Maturity was reached by both sexes after 1 yr of post‐metamorphic life (PML) in the southern populations but after 2 yr of PML in the northern population. There are indications that tadpoles metamorphose at larger body size at the northern locality after a prolonged larval period. It is concluded that growth rate, delayed maturity, greater mean ages, and eventually size at transformation, all contribute to the larger size of adult mink frogs at northern localities.
Genres in Action: The Pragmatics of Literary Interpretation
Authors: Swirski Peter
Published: October 2008

In my essay I argue for a rethinking of the concept of literary genre. I criticize the static, logico‐empirical approach still favoured by structuralist scholars of various stripes. I make the case for, and describe a dynamic and pragmatic model of literary genre as part of an interactive process of literary interpretation. I also outline one promising way to formulate such a model, based on interdisciplinary work in philosophical pragmatics and game theory.

Specifically, I begin with a look of the concept of genre theory within Uri Margolin's tripartite system of deductive models in genre theory. I follow with a critique of the classical logic‐based, nonpragmatic view of literary forms as well as their reliance on structuralist kernel primitives, both of which characterize most deductive models. Using Kendal Walton's classical thought‐experiment from aesthetics, I argue against the persistent belief that literary forms are somehow empirically definable and immutable. On my view, aesthetic qualities of artworks are determined not just by purely structural (pictorial, textual, etc.) features, but by these features as seen through the work's category. In the remainder of my essay I develop an analytic model of genre‐guided strategies of reception, employed cooperatively and reflexively (in the Gricean sense) by the author and the reader.
Perdues dans les détails: les Lettres de Mistriss Henley de Charrière et I‘écriture de la désintégration
Authors: Mall Laurence
Published: October 2008

Le court roman épistolaire et monophonique d'Isabelle de Charrière datant de 1784, les Lettres de Mistriss Henley, traite d'une façon particulièrement originale le débat sur le mariage et la famille établi dans le sillage de Rousseau. Charrière met en question les valeurs de la raison, du devoir et de l'utilité qui président à l'élaboration de ce débat, dans un texte où le détail occupe paradoxalement une place de premier plan: paradoxalement, parce que le détail est une partie secondaire, accessoire, inessentielle d'un ensemble, et connote l'insignifiant, le frivole ou le superflu. La valorisation de ce que l'héroïne nomme les «petits riens» est une stratégie d'opposition à l'égard de la totalité contraignante que forme le mariage. Je traite le détail sur le plan narratif (comme objet romanesque, procédé de caractérisation) et sur le plan stylistique (dans l'effet de négativité et de désintégration que produit son emploi), pour simultanément incorporer ces analyses à une étude du statut idéologique du détail dans ses dimensions psychologiques, morales, esthétiques et en dernière instance politiques.
Hispanic Modernismo in the Context of European Symbolism — Towards a Comparative Dekon‐struction
Authors: López Dolores Romrro
Published: October 2008

The confrontation of the terms generation of 1898 and modernismo emerges as one of the most controversial questions in the history of modern Spanish literature. In this article the problem is examined through the ideological dichotomies proposed by some scholars during the Dictatorship to argue that any discourse must be considered within the power structures which control it. Thus, the cultural scene of the late nineteeth century should be seen as a succession of readings. A deconstructive reading enables one to effect an a priori reconstruction of the period which seeks, from hermeneutics, another possible interpretation based on comparative criteria. Deconstruction questions the binary oppositions (modernismo v. noventayocho) and appropriately offers an hypothesis which shows how comparative literature, contained within a new paradigm, links critical theory with history. In this way and employing the polysystem theory of Even‐Zohar. the Spanish fin de siglo might be studied in the context of other Hispanic modernismos (Catalan, Galician, Basque and Latin American) and compared with European Symbolism. This dynamic and heterogeneous approach converts Hispanic modernismo into a movement of constant instability that questions the triple scheme of generationmovement and period to open a wider perspective that might be linked with Modernity.
Barthes meets Benjamin? A Relating of their Views on the Conjunction between Language and Literature
Authors: Thobo‐Carlsen John
Published: October 2008

For Walter Benjamin and Roland Barthes literature appears to be inseparable from the language in which it speaks. With their theories of language as the starting point, I discuss how their views on literature meet.

Their paths cross, for example, in the antithesis: the idea that the allegorical counter‐image creates the field of tension in the text that is able to release one from all that which is cramped and unfree in existence. This release always comes ‘from within,’ from language's concrete use of emblematic or coded stereotypes. And not ‘from without,’ like the impact of an already existing truth or release in a symbolic indirectness in the text. In Benjamin's critique of the ‘profane concept of symbols’ of classical‐romantic aesthetics and in his indication of the cognitive potential of the dialectic concept of allegory there is an attitude which is fundamentally in agreement with that of Barthes regarding the semiotic way in which both the content and the expression sides of language function.
Erectile Dysfunction Among Men with Diabetes is Strongly Associated with Premature Ejaculation and Reduced Libido
Authors: Malavige Lasantha S. , Jayaratne Shanthilal D. , Kathriarachchi Samudra T. , Sivayogan Sivagurunathan , Fernando Devaka J. , Levy Jonathan C.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Among men with diabetes, little attention has been given to premature ejaculation (PE), reduced libido, and their associations with erectile dysfunction (ED), despite the presence of physical and psychologic factors that could predispose to all three.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence and inter-associations of ED, PE, and reduced libido among diabetic men and to describe the associated clinical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle parameters.

Methods

Cross-sectional observational study of 253 men with type 2 diabetes randomly selected from a clinic in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Main Outcome Measures

Erectile function was assessed using the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function scale. The presence of PE, reduced libido, sociodemographic, and lifestyle data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Clinical data were obtained from relevant physical examination, patient records, and laboratory tests, which included glycosylated hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, and electrocardiogram.

Results

One hundred and eighty-five (73.1%) of the individuals had some degree of ED, while 84 (33.2%) had severe to complete ED. After excluding men with complete ED, the prevalence of PE was 68 (40.2%). The overall prevalence of reduced libido was 64 (25%). In the multivariate analysis, the strongest associations with ED were PE (odds ratio [OR] = 4.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.08–9.39) and reduced libido (OR = 4.38, CI = 1.39–13.82) followed by lower income (OR = 2.16, CI = 1.32–3.52), advancing age (OR = 2.06, CI = 1.44–2.95), and duration of diabetes (OR = 1.48, CI = 1.09–2.01). In addition, ED was univariately associated with lower educational level (P = 0.05), the presence of hypertension (P = 0.005), and no alcohol intake (P = 0.001). The only significant association of PE was the severity grade of ED. Associations of reduced libido in the multivariate analysis were ED (OR=1.61, CI = 1.23–2.70), advancing age (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.4–2.2), and absence of masturbation (OR = 3.3, CI = 1.2–8.8).

Conclusions

ED was strongly associated with PE and reduced libido. Diabetic patients presenting with one of these three conditions should be screened for the other two.
Treatment of Dyspareunia by Creation of a Pseudojoint in Rigid Bone Following Total Penile Reconstruction with Fibular Osteocutaneous Flap
Authors: Salgado Christopher , Rampazzo Antonio , Xu Enny , Chen Hung-Chi
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Gender reassignment requires total penile reconstruction, which is commonly performed with autologous tissue. One option for reconstruction is the free fibula osteocutaneous flap, which provides a long segment of vascularized bone that is less susceptible to infection and allows for deep penetration into the vagina during sexual intercourse. One problem, however, is that their sexual partner may suffer from pain (dyspareunia) because of the long and rigid bone.

Aims

Our intent is to elucidate the treatment of female dyspareunia by surgically modifying the reconstructed penis with segmental osteotomies and fascia interposition within the rigid bone stock resulting from gender reassignment with a free fibula osteocutaneous flap.

Methods

In order to improve their sexual relations and alleviate dyspareunia, a semirigid penis was created by forming a pseudojoint at the junction of the proximal and distal third of the fibula bone stock with osteotomies and fascia interposition.

Main Outcome Measures

Alleviation of dyspareunia by surgical modification of a previously reconstructed penis for the couple to continue to have sexual relations.

Results

The created pseudojoints in the reconstructed penis allowed for pain-free vaginal intercourse between the patient and his wife because of its now semirigid structure.

Conclusion

The surgical modification presented in this case report addresses the treatment of dyspareunia by creating a more malleable penile reconstruction, which will now allow for a pain-free vaginal intercourse.
Implantation of Penile Prosthesis in Cases of Corporeal Fibrosis: Modified Shaeer's Excavation Technique
Authors: Shaeer Osama
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Implantation of penile prosthesis in case of corporeal fibrosis poses a greater risk of complications because of the blinded aggression involved. Penoscopic excavation and ultrasonography-guided excavation can decrease these complications but still have limitations.

Aim

This work described the combination of penoscopy-guided and ultrasound-guided excavation in a trial to eliminate the limitations inherent to both.

Methods

Twelve patients with penile fibrosis were operated upon. A guide wire was inserted under ultrasound monitoring, along which penoscopic corporotomy and resection was performed. Ultrasound was also used to monitor penoscopic excavation toward the tip of the corpus cavernosum and crus.

Main Outcome Measures

Ease of the procedure, safety, extent of dilatation, and girth of prosthesis implanted.

Results

The procedure was relatively easy. Ten cases were dilated up to size 13.5 Hegar, and two up to size 14. Size 13 prosthesis was implanted in all cases.

Conclusion

The relative safety of the procedure, the low incidence of complications, the possibility of restoring length and girth to an extent, and the resultant generous dilatation of the corpora for accommodating a sizable unhindered inflatable penile prosthesis all make ultrasound-guided penoscopic corporotomy and resection a valid option for prosthesis implantation in cases of penile fibrosis.
Shaeer's Corporal Rotation for Length-Preserving Correction of Penile Curvature: Modifications and 3-Year Experience
Authors: Shaeer Osama
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Correction of penile curvature by corporal rotation enabled the correction of 90 degrees ventral curvature with neither shortening nor erectile dysfunction. However, some limitations were described, and only one case was reported upon.

Aim

This work described a 3-year experience with corporeal rotation, the modifications addressing and eliminating its drawbacks and limitations, as well as the long-term follow-up of 22 patients.

Methods

Modified corporeal rotation was performed in 22 patients with various degrees of curvature. Degree of deviation, erect penile length, symmetry, and erectile function were evaluated and compared pre- and postoperatively.

Main Outcome Measures

Correction of curvature, resultant sexual function, penile length, and girth.

Results

Full correction of curvature was achieved in 20 out of 22 patients, with no shortening, asymmetry, or erectile dysfunction. Residual curvature in two patients was no more than 10 degrees.

Conclusions

Corporal rotation can restore straightness to the penis with no loss in phallic length, asymmetry, or erectile dysfunction. While a variety of surgical techniques are feasible for the correction of milder degrees of curvature, we believe that severe degrees should be spared the shortening and corrected by corporeal rotation.
The Endocrinology of the Reproductive Years
Authors: Randolph Jr John F.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

The relationship between reproductive physiology and reproductive behavior, a central theme in Professor Lorraine Dennerstein's career, is complex but presumably serves to optimize human reproduction.

Aim

To review the endocrinology of the reproductive years and significant work by Professor Dennerstein relating that endocrinology with reproductive behavior.

Methods/Main Outcome Measures

Published works of reproductive endocrinology by Professor Dennerstein.

Results

An exquisitely controlled signaling loop between the ovaries and the hypothalamus and pituitary in the brain represents the overlay of a dynamic neuroendocrine system on a responsive but ultimately decaying gonadal system. The most visible hallmark of this elegant interplay is the menstrual cycle, with coordinated hormone patterns directing the maturation and release of oocytes, and either supporting an early pregnancy or resetting the system for the next cycle. The recognition that these hormone patterns, or their perturbation, are related to psychosocial behaviors is reflected in Professor Dennerstein's earliest writings relating sex steroids to sexual behavior and menstrual cycles to affect, leading to studies describing psychological symptoms in the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). These were followed by clinical trials of progestins for PMS with conflicting results, and an emerging interest in measuring endogenous hormones in that disorder. Her study of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle in women with PMS definitively refuted the theory that deficient progesterone secretion was the etiology of cyclic symptoms. Extension of that work demonstrated the cyclic pattern of sexual behavior, but the absence of a defined relationship with measured sex steroid patterns. Her interest in the effect of age on menstrual cyclicity evolved into her landmark work on the menopausal transition, the ultimate result of ovarian gamete depletion and absolute loss of spontaneous reproductive capacity.

Conclusion

Professor Dennerstein clearly demonstrated that reproductive behavior is related to reproductive physiology, and can be measured and quantified.
The preliminary experience of Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre in right hepatectomy with anterior approach
Authors: Kwok Shu‐Yan , Shao Chu‐Xiao , Meng William C.S. , Yip Andrew W.C.
Published: October 2008

Aim:  To summarize the experience of Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre in right hepatectomy.

Methods:  Nine cases of right hepatectomy were performed with Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre from June 2002 to May 2005. They included seven cases of large hepatocellular carcinoma located in the right liver lobe with diameters from 8 to 12 cm (two have encroached diaphragm and lateral peritoneum) and two cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis with hepatolithiasis fully packed in the right liver lobe. The key step of this manoeuvre was to develop a retrohepatic tunnel between the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava and the liver parenchyma. A tape was then passed though the tunnel and the liver was resected under tape suspension.

Results:  The retrohepatic tunnel was established and the suspending tape was passed though the tunnel successfully in all cases. The mean time for this procedure was 21 min. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 380 mL. The middle hepatic veins were protected from damage in eight cases. There were no operative deaths or morbidity, except one case that developed postoperative bile leakage, which was cured by drainage.

Conclusion:  Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre is a preferred surgical method for right hepatectomy, with its reliable anatomic background and satisfactory primary clinical results.