bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transitions from Care
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

Since the Leaving Care Act 2000, discharge from residential care has been at the forefront of child welfare debates. Subsequent strategies have called for the state and wider society to play a more active role in supporting care leavers’ transitions from care to independence, to help improve their life chances. Issues about these transitions from care, however, have been debated by care providers and in Parliament as far back as 1860. While young people’s discharge from care has tended to be a termination point of research, this chapter revisits the point of discharge to examine how the institution prepared children for leaving care, and the diverse pathways they took when leaving the institution. While no agreed minimum standard of support provision for care leavers may have existed pre-2000, evidence shows that the Society implemented several methods to monitor youths’ progress in the wider world, and to provide additional support when it was needed. Using personal correspondence and narrations of individual experiences this chapter suggests that the nature and quality of aftercare provision has been a recurrent and perennial issue in child welfare debates. Additionally, exploration of the types of support provided also highlights that the significance of ‘aftercare’ extended beyond merely that material provision of support, to take on abstract and intimate meanings. In doing so, the chapter dismantles the notion that institutions cared little for children’s longer-term wellbeing and welfare, and instead that their provision of support extended beyond the institutional space, and often well into adulthood for some.
Tending the Heart of Virtue
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This second edition of Tending the Heart of Virtue offers parents and teachers a valuable road map to some of our finest children’s stories. The book illuminates the complex ways in which fairy tales and fantasies instill the moral imagination in the young. Examining a wide range of stories—from Pinocchio and “The Little Mermaid” to “Cinderella,” “The Ugly Duckling,” Charlotte’s Web, The Wind in the Willows, and the Chronicles of Narnia—it argues that these tales capture the meaning of morality through vivid depictions of the struggle between good and evil, in which characters must make difficult choices between right and wrong, or heroes and villains contest the very fate of imaginary worlds. Character and the virtues are depicted compellingly in these stories; the virtues glimmer as if in a looking glass, and wickedness and deception are unmasked of their pretensions to goodness and truth. We are made to face the unvarnished truth about ourselves and what kind of people we want to be. The book highlights the classical virtues such as courage, goodness, justice, and mercy, and it discusses the influences of the Christian faith in these stories. At the same time, it persuasively evokes the enduring charm of these familiar works; many readers will be inspired to reread their favorites and explore those they may have missed.
Mementos of al-Andalus in Colonial Morocco
Authors: Jordan Daniel David
Published: February 2023

After a summary of the Sección Femenina’s activities abroad, Chapter 3 turns its focus to the organization’s tours and educational programs within European-controlled Morocco. Between 1951 and 1953, the Sección Femenina’s troupes of Coros y Danzas (Choruses and Dances) performed for Muslim civilians and politicians throughout the Spanish Protectorate, French Protectorate, and the Tangier International Zone. Meanwhile, the Sección Femenina organized choirs of Muslims and Catholics in Tétouan, Tangier, Ceuta, and Melilla that juxtaposed Arabic folk songs with villancicos (religious carols). Throughout their work in Morocco, instructoras remodeled their repertoire and traditional costumes to emphasize Southern Spain’s allegedly lingering cultural ties to North Africa and the Middle East. This change in the Sección Femenina’s representation of Spanish music was accompanied by a change in the organization’s representation of Spanish history. Within Spain, the Sección Femenina associated itself with Queen Isabella “the Catholic” and the “heroes” of the Reconquista who purged the peninsula of the “impurities” of Moorish civilization; however, in the Spanish Protectorate, the ancient Moors were celebrated as a cultural bridge between Spain and Morocco, and Spaniards were portrayed as the cultural heirs of medieval al-Andalus. During a time of political unrest and movements for Moroccan independence, these activities were intended to promote narratives of a Moroccan-Spanish brotherhood based on myths of medieval Muslim Iberia.
Semantic memory
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Form strong episodic memories of the facts you wish to learn. Because semantic memory is based on the information acquired through episodic memory, it is critical to begin with a strong episodic memory. Get a good night’s sleep. Whether you are trying to remember to remember vocabulary words, history dates, mathematical formulas, or a new programming language, you’ll remember information better if you put down your book and allow your brain to consolidate your memories during sleep. Study facts in different contexts. Part of what makes semantic memory powerful is that it is knowledge you can pull out and use in a variety of different situations. In order to make your knowledge flexible, study facts in different ways. Cue yourself with a word to recall its definition, and also cue yourself with the definition to recall the word.
Retrieve that memory
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter offers some key steps you can take when trying to remember information, such as someone’s name or the correct answer on an exam. Try to relax. This can be easier said than done, but relaxing can often be the most helpful antidote to retrieval failures because stress is so disruptive to retrieval. Minimize interference and blocking. Create general retrieval cues. Try to return to the internal and external context of your learning, when possible. Try to acquire content in the same way that you will need to retrieve it. There is nothing wrong with reviewing the names of the people you are likely to see at a social event later that day. For exams, don’t just study material the way it is presented in the textbook; think about how the teacher is most likely to test you and study the material that way.
Are you sure that’s not a false memory?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews ways to identify false memories. Why is the information familiar? Just because information comes to mind easily, that doesn’t always mean it is accurate. You now know you’re more likely to trust information that you’ve heard multiple times, that you can be susceptible to the influences of misinformation, and that you can generate erroneous information when it’s consistent with the gist of an event. So, before you act on the information coming to mind, take a moment to evaluate why that content is springing to your consciousness. You may realize it’s likely a false memory. Could it have happened that way? Take a moment to think about the details you recall about the memory. Are they consistent with one another? Or is one detail mutually exclusive of another? If an event would have been distinctive, then you should be more likely to take the lack of a strong memory as evidence that it didn’t occur.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is categorized as an anxiety disorder but, over the past decade, scientists have questioned whether it would be more apt to characterize it as a memory disorder. Memory is altered in PTSD. Individuals with PTSD often re-experience memories of their trauma. The memories feel intrusive, and they persist long after the event. Individuals with PTSD often report global difficulties with concentration or with committing new information to memory. PTSD is associated with a disruption in sleep, which may further exacerbate the memory challenges. Although memory disturbances have long been recognized as a prominent PTSD feature, ongoing research is examining whether the way that memory structures are built and reassembled over time may play a more direct and causal role in PTSD.
Nutrition
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Eat for brain health. Keep your memory strong by providing your body with good nutrition. Maintain a healthy weight in the normal range for your height, which means a body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9. Eat a Mediterranean menu of foods: fish, olive oil, avocados, vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, beans, whole grains, and poultry. Foods to be eaten rarely include red meats, butter, margarine, fried foods, fast foods, highly processed foods, pastries, sweets, white bread, white flour, white rice, most pasta, regular sodas, diet sodas, and juices. Don’t worry about trying to be perfect. There is ample evidence that just making some healthy choices regarding what you eat will benefit your memory and thinking and reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Einstein's Unfinished Dream
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: February 2023

The ultimate goal of physics is grand—it is to develop a theory that explains all physical phenomena. The name for this is “a theory of everything.” While many theories have been proposed, none have fit the bill. In Einstein’s Unfinished Dream, Don Lincoln takes us on a journey through earlier attempts, culminating in the standard model of particle physics and Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then explains the obstacles that lay between where we are now and that final goal. In quick fashion, he dispenses with some popular theories that vie for the title of final theory, and then he lays out the actual path being followed by modern scientists. Rather than guessing at the final answer, scientists study data, trying to understand phenomena that aren’t yet explained. These are the clues that will lead the field forward. Lincoln introduces dark matter and dark energy, two substances that make up 95% of the matter and energy in the universe. He digs through the historical list of the building blocks of matter, hoping to find a smaller particle still. He points to the imbalance of matter and antimatter, a fact that modern science simply can’t explain. In short, the book brings the reader into the world of modern physics research, allowing people to understand what scientists are actually doing to help us answer the grandest question of all, “Why is there something, rather than nothing?”
Music as Ethics
Authors: McGraw Andrew
Published: February 2023

This book is a comparative ethnography of music as ethics in four communities in Virginia, covering a wide range of demographic contexts and musical repertoires. Holy Cross Monastery in Berryville, Virginia, is a small community of 15 Trappist monks who follow the rule of Saint Benedict, composed in the early 6th century. Twin Oaks in Louisa, Virginia, is a 90-member intentional community, founded in 1967, dedicated to egalitarianism. The “Sanctuary” in the Richmond city jail is a community of approximately 40 residents drawn from two of the facility’s dorms. Richmond is the state capital of Virginia, with a fraught history of racial inequality. To say that people can experience music “as” ethics means that they can hold several, culturally informed attitudes about music’s ethical meanings and functions. Although music’s relationship to ethical life differs between each community, evidence from them suggests that we can all grow as ethical individuals and communities if we pay close attention to music’s ethical potential. But as long as our experience of music as ethics remains implicit and vague, we miss out on fully realizing its ethical affordances. More than that, we also expose ourselves to manipulation by those who would wield music (and other “affective” means) for their own social agenda.
The Change We Need
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: February 2023

Some activists who identify with Effective Altruism, and many of those who don’t, are working to try to make unjust systems less harmful and exclusionary. Other activists and scholars argue that these systems are working precisely the way they are designed to work—they can’t be fixed because they aren’t actually broken—and we need radical social change. This chapter discusses the contours of the debate between improving existing social arrangements and radically transforming them. Drawing on the insights of early socialist activism and current prison abolition work, the chapter explores “non-reformist reforms” as a helpful way of gauging whether or not certain campaigns for animals can help to create a genuinely just and caring world.
Introduction: Infertile Sexuality
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of infertile sexuality—sexual practices and conditions that do not result in procreation. In Niger and other African contexts, the dominant social expectation placed upon married couples is the production of children. Infertility, abortion, and contraception are deemed contrary to mainstream norms surrounding fertility. In a society that upholds male dominance, the burden of responsibility for finding solutions to infertility and practicing contraception falls upon the individual woman. Reproductive and sexual health policies do not address the emotional, psychological, and social difficulties that women struggling with infertility experience. Fields such as demography have paid relatively little attention to infertile sexuality in Niger. This chapter outlines a methodology for the study of infertility and contraception and reflects on how a female Nigerien researcher approaches these sensitive, if not taboo, topics in her own social milieu.
Marx and Minority Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

Marx also needs a theory of revolution that can get us to a democratic society able to end fetishism by controlling the market without an alienated state standing over and dominating society—and that can do this without a proletariat large enough to be the majority. Marx, Chapter 3 argues, has three distinguishable models for revolution. The first outlines a minority revolution in a pre-capitalist society, the second a majority revolution in a developed capitalist society, and the third (the one we are after) an electoral revolution by a social democratic party. In 1843, Marx argues for a proletarian revolution in Germany, which at that date could only have been a minority revolution in a pre-capitalist society. He gives us, basically, a philosophical-moral argument for revolution—an argument for why we ought to have a revolution. He is not arguing that it will be democratic—nor could it be.
Marx and Social Democratic Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

The third model for revolution presupposes a large proletariat and a broad extension of the franchise—something approaching universal male suffrage. This was impossible prior to the late 1860s. At that point Marx begins to support the possibility of peaceful electoral revolution. Moreover, in Capital Marx argues that socialism develops within capitalism. Individual capitalists are replaced by hired managers and by increasing numbers of stockholders. And as enterprises grow larger, they require greater and greater planning that increasingly involves the state. Capitalism itself gives rise to socialism. A social democratic party must analyze and understand this actual economic development, and it must build strong labor unions to give workers a direct say in the process. Marx and Engels actively supported, advised, and encouraged such a party—the Social Democratic Party of Germany—which eventually became the largest party in Germany and the largest socialist party in the world.
North Korea
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 analyzes North Korea’s track record of leveraging latency against the United States. Washington launched the initial diplomatic effort to curb Pyongyang’s plutonium program in the early 1990s. But North Korea soon figured out how to blackmail the United States with explicit nuclear mobilization and brinksmanship tactics. In addition, North Korea increased its level of latency across two compellence episodes. Pyongyang benefited from being in the fissile material sweet spot during the first nuclear crisis (1991–1994). North Korea then marched up the latency continuum throughout the second nuclear crisis (2002–2008), even going so far as to test a nuclear weapon. This controlled comparison between medium and high levels of latency helps the chapter to assess the Goldilocks hypotheses against alternative explanations.
The Ghosts
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

Siblings bring conscious and unconscious images of each other from childhood into adulthood, and these images can interfere with their relationships with each other and other important people in their lives. The four components of ghosts are frozen images, crystallized roles, unhealthy loyalty, and sibling transferences. Frozen images can be positive or negative and are the perceptions siblings had of one another in childhood that stay frozen in their adult minds; these affect how they experience each other in adulthood—regardless of sibling ages or how much they have changed over the years. Crystallized roles, often “assigned” in early childhood, may begin as terms such as “the gifted one” or “the athlete,” with roles becoming fixed and defining the child as well as the child’s relationships with others. Parents often reinforce these crystallized roles with their adult children, unwittingly pitting siblings against each other. When crystallized roles exist in a family, one of the unwritten rules is to accept the roles parents created, which often leads to an unhealthy loyalty in adulthood that can result in self-sabotage and can affect one’s love and work as well as the sibling relationships. The fourth ghost, sibling transferences, occurs when adults “transfer” onto other important adults in their lives feelings they had about their siblings from childhood. The transference can be positive or negative; either way, though, it interferes with seeing lovers, friends, or colleagues as they really are, rather than as images from childhood. Included are clinical examples of each component.
Ghosts’ Unconscious Sibling Messages and Their Purposes
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

No one wakes up one day and thinks, “Today, I will develop an emotional problem as a way to express anger at my sister.” The possible link between emotional and behavioral problems and the ghosts is explored in-depth, including four reasons for creating these problems: connecting/equalizing, getting even/dirty fighting, protecting/deflecting, and separating. Clients’ unconscious messages can begin at the onset of a symptom, start as a secondary benefit to the symptom, or appear in the process of recovering from a symptom. Surprisingly, when a message connection is made, clients often say, “I never thought about it before, but it makes sense.” A case example shows how several messages can be intertwined in one client’s problems.
Ghost Transferences in Love, Work, Friendship, and Into the Next Generation
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

Individual clients can bring their sibling transferences to their relationships; one or both spouses can bring them into their marriage. Some people have problems at work with bosses because of these sibling transferences. Therapists can help clients see the connections so they can break free of old patterns and realize why they are frequently disappointed by people or feel betrayed, discounted, taken advantage of, or even emotionally or physically abused. Though clients may be unhappy, they may not be willing to let go of the past and can choose friends where the transferences—positive and negative—are familiar. Finally, the chapter offers a clinical example of how sibling issues get passed down across the generations.
Therapists’ Feelings
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

Working with siblings may stir up therapists’ own old (recognized and unrecognized) sibling issues. Transference and countertransference are discussed in the context of working with sibling clients. Dealing with anger may be challenging for therapists, and a discussion of several conventional and unconventional techniques is included. Also addressed are mixed feelings after a session of feeling first like the best therapist who’s done a great job and then the worst therapist who has really messed up. The example of a six-session successful therapy is presented; following each session is a summary of what the author learned and ideas for what to address in the following meeting. The chapter concludes with examples of what went wrong in three unsuccessful therapies and a look at the skills necessary for working with siblings.
Conclusion
Authors: Cate Sarah D.
Published: February 2023

The community-based reform movement reinforces the harmful idea that government cannot improve people’s lives and therefore supports the private sector and the “community” as substitutes to robust public spending. The antistatist, pro-privatization, individual uplift approach to social policy is a key contributor to the development of punitive policies. Thus, turning to these same forces in an attempt to reform the juvenile justice system and address its harmful effects is woefully inadequate and largely counterproductive. The conclusion makes a case for alternatives that actually make a break from the political trends that drove the developments of mass incarceration. A real challenge to mass incarceration will require replacing devolution with robust centralized universal public goods; replacing privatization with democratic public control over policymaking, institutions, and services; replacing the individualization of social problems with a collective view of economic solidarity; and replacing punishment with meaningful safety and support.
Strand 6
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers whether human responses can be charted across oceans. It starts in New Zealand and unpicks the archaeology from a site called Waitore where an entire village was spread across the landscape by a 15th century tsunami. It then moves into the Pacific to look at the effects on early Polynesian settlers as they moved across the ocean. A minor aside diverts to Israel, fieldwork experiences there, and the discovery of a tsunami deposit made up almost entirely of pottery and what that tells us about the waves. Returning to the Pacific archipelago of Wallis and Futuna the chapter reviews regional archaeology that shows the after-effects of a large 15th century tsunami involving war-like invasion from other islands, and a retreat from Wallis westward in the direction that the Polynesians came from, a unique example of a region-wide response to a tsunami, with warfare ensuing between islands.
Russian Jewry in the Post-Soviet Era: Socio-Demographic Transformation
Authors: Tolts Mark
Published: February 2023

The socio-demographic transformation of the Jews in Russia in the post-Soviet period was analyzed in this article. The significant topics explored are the increase of mixed marriage among the Russian Jewish population, as well as the rising prominence of Hebrew and the demise of Yiddish, changes in adult Jews’ educational attainments by area, and the differentiation in the attained levels of higher education between Jewish females and males. The analysis based on Moscow data shows that Jews remaining in Russia underwent a dramatic labor transformation (changes of profession and branch of economic activity). These labor transformations were caused by the post-Soviet transition to the new capitalist economy, and they were analogous to those experienced by ex-Soviet migrants in Israel.
Bridging the Divide: Philanthropy as an Intersection Point in Belgian Jewish Society during the Interwar Period
Authors: Stamberger Janiv
Published: February 2023

This article focuses on the debates held in Belgian Jewish society on philanthropy during the interwar period. From the end of the nineteenth century, Belgium’s Jewish community underwent a process of rapid demographic growth and dramatic religious, cultural, and political transformation after successive ‘waves’ of Eastern European Jewish immigrants settled in the country. Jewish philanthropy, previously the prerogative of the Belgian Jewish elite, became a more diversified field as immigrant actors became involved. This inevitably resulted in conflicting visions about the goals of, and methods used in, Jewish philanthropic work. However, providing support for the poor also held out the possibility for Jews from different ideological and socioeconomic backgrounds to work together, thus creating the conditions to bridge divides and allowing for the emergence of new political and communal frameworks. This article examines the historical developments in Jewish philanthropic work in Antwerp and Brussels, the main ‘Jewish cities’ in Belgium.
Antisemitism, Holocaust, and Genocide
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses Kiril Feferman’s If we had wings we would fly to you: A Soviet Jewish Family Faces Destruction, 1941–42 (2020), which is a collection of family letters composed at a particularly crucial juncture of the Second World War and the Holocaust. The letters were saved by Efim Ginzburg, a Soviet Jew who evacuated from Moscow to Omsk in 1941. Although in some ways this is a uniquely Soviet story, the letters also highlight the struggles and dilemmas many Jews encountered elsewhere during the Holocaust. None of the Ginzburg family knew how far the German advance would extend or what, exactly, were their plans for the Jewish population. Like other Jews across Europe who relied on intuition, rumors, and the limited information available in the press, they continually weighed their options and made and remade decisions within the fractured spheres of action available to them. Tragically, Efim was the only survivor of the family, and his widow later donated the letter collection to Yad Vashem.
Constitution
Authors: Jackson Jack
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the complicated relationship between democracy and the US Constitution by placing political disagreement rather than consensus at the heart of the constitutional tradition. More precisely, the chapter maps out a history of struggles in the United States’ long nineteenth century to illuminate the politics of democratic contestation. Some areas of constitutional and political dispute include: the location of sovereignty in the constitutional order, the meaning of justice, the status of property, the politics of rights, the boundaries of political membership, the role of race and gender in constituting the body politic, and the value of democracy itself. In surveying this history, one sees that constitutional clashes prove to be enduring and that past battles both shape and illuminate current constitutional fault lines.
The Commons
Authors: Nelson Dana D.
Published: February 2023

Commons are self-governing schemes for natural-, knowledge-, and civic-resource generation and management. The practice of commoning could be a resource for thinking about and practicing democracy today. Though we easily associate “commons” with knowledge and natural resources, we seldom stop to consider how the work of their administration produces a civic good—an experience of communal self-governing and resource allocation for commoners themselves. It can be argued that practices of commoning were foundational to the ideas and strategies that drove the American Revolution. At their best, commons can produce a democratically generated political power along with a political subjectivity grounded in interdependence. Thus commoning practices might be an important tool for democratic revitalization.
Security
Authors: Castronovo Russ
Published: February 2023

Do liberty and security oppose one another? Does security threaten civil liberties, or does a robust sense of political freedom require security as a safeguard? Might security make democratic freedoms less secure? In asking these questions, this chapter shows how security and democracy have long been in tension from the colonial era through present-day policies of surveillance. It searches for answers by delving into the historical and rhetorical contexts behind Benjamin Franklin’s pronouncement that “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, DESERVE neither Liberty nor Safety.” In addition, it examines how the political writings of Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, and Ralph Waldo Emerson have continued and altered this formulation.
Mirroring Brains
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado
Published: February 2023

Mirroring Brains combines neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy to provide a comprehensive account of the mirror neurons and their potential role in social cognition. Three main claims are introduced and defended in the book. The first concerns the mirror property: far from merely identifying a small subset of neurons in a limited area of the premotor cortex, this property can be considered a fundamental principle of the functioning of the entire nervous system. The second pertains to the mirror mechanism and its sensorimotor or sensori-visceromotor transformations that are specifically related to different kinds of action goals, emotions, or vitality forms. Finally, the third claim is that the mirror mechanism plays a distinctive role in understanding the actions, emotions, and vitality forms of other people. The notion of understanding from the inside, which evolved from one of Marc Jeannerod’s brilliant intuitions, helps to characterize such a role. Indeed, this notion implicates, among other things, that the experiences we acquire while observing other people’s actions and emotions are in certain respects similar to our own experiences when executing those actions or living those emotions ourselves.
Childcare by Grandparents in the Context of Welfare State Policies
Authors: Bordone Valeria , Hank Karsten , Tomassini Cecilia , Arpino Bruno
Published: February 2023

In the chapter, childcare by grandparents reflects downward intergenerational support in families. The authors aim to understand the ways that policy, structure, and culture shape the extent to which grandparents provide care for their grandchildren. According to common approaches to the role of family policy, a strong welfare state may replace family arrangements and thus “crowd out” intergenerational solidarity within the family, or it may stimulate and thus “crowd in” intergenerational solidarity within the family. The authors suggest the concept of mixed responsibilities, according to which family and state provisions interact. Using this framework, the chapter provides an overview of grandparental childcare in different welfare state contexts (namely Europe, the United States, China, and South Korea). It concludes that a mix of demographic trends, cultural norms, and welfare state policies contributes to explaining cross-national differences in the provision of childcare by grandparents.
The Earliest Tools and Cultures of Hominins
Authors: Tennie Claudio
Published: February 2023

This chapter critically discusses the earliest tools and cultures of hominins—the species most closely related to humans. It starts with an inferred organic tool age that would have already existed before the split of hominins from the ape lineage. It then examines the two currently fully established earliest instances of the stone tool age—the Oldowan and Acheulean. Contrary to prevalent assumptions, the cultural status of the Oldowan and most or all of the Acheulean (and the organic tool age) may have been that of ‘minimal culture’. Minimal culture shares with modern human culture and animal culture influences of some social learning types—for example, on frequencies of behaviours and tools—but, unlike human culture, it excludes cultural transmission of novel—supra-individual—behavioural and/or artefact know-how. If true, cumulative cultural transmission of know-how to supra-individual levels would then have started much later than is currently presumed.
Enhancer activation via TCP and HD-ZIP and repression by Dof transcription factors mediate giant cell-specific expression
Authors: Hong Lilan , Rusnak Byron , Ko Clint S , Xu Shouling , He Xi , Qiu Dengying , Kang S Earl , Pruneda-Paz Jose L , Roeder Adrienne H K
Published: February 2023

Proper cell-type identity relies on highly coordinated regulation of gene expression. Regulatory elements such as enhancers can produce cell type-specific expression patterns, but the mechanisms underlying specificity are not well understood. We previously identified an enhancer region capable of driving specific expression in giant cells, which are large, highly endoreduplicated cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis. In this study, we use the giant cell enhancer as a model to understand the regulatory logic that promotes cell type-specific expression. Our dissection of the enhancer revealed that giant cell specificity is mediated primarily through the combination of two activators and one repressor. HD-ZIP and TCP transcription factors are involved in the activation of expression throughout the epidermis. High expression of HD-ZIP transcription factor genes in giant cells promoted higher expression driven by the enhancer in giant cells. Dof transcription factors repressed the activity of the enhancer such that only giant cells maintained enhancer activity. Thus, our data are consistent with a conceptual model whereby cell type-specific expression emerges from the combined activities of three transcription factor families activating and repressing expression in epidermal cells.
Kiwifruit bZIP transcription factorAcePosF21elicits ascorbic acid biosynthesis during cold stress
Authors: Liu Xiaoying , Bulley Sean M , Varkonyi-Gasic Erika , Zhong Caihong , Li Dawei
Published: February 2023

Cold stress seriously affects plant development, resulting in heavy agricultural losses. L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is an antioxidant implicated in abiotic stress tolerance and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Understanding whether and how cold stress elicits AsA biosynthesis to reduce oxidative damage is important for developing cold-resistant plants. Here, we show that the accumulation of AsA in response to cold stress is a common mechanism conserved across the plant kingdom, from single-cell algae to angiosperms. We identified a basic leucine zipper domain (bZIP) transcription factor (TF) of kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha Benth.), AcePosF21, which was triggered by cold and is involved in the regulation of kiwifruit AsA biosynthesis and defense responses against cold stress. AcePosF21 interacted with the R2R3-MYB TF AceMYB102 and directly bound to the promoter of the gene encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 3 (AceGGP3), a key conduit for regulating AsA biosynthesis, to up-regulate AceGGP3 expression and produce more AsA, which neutralized the excess ROS induced by cold stress. On the contrary, VIGS or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing of AcePosF21 decreased AsA content and increased the generation of ROS in kiwifruit under cold stress. Taken together, we illustrated a model for the regulatory mechanism of AcePosF21-mediated regulation of AceGGP3 expression and AsA biosynthesis to reduce oxidative damage by cold stress, which provides valuable clues for manipulating the cold resistance of kiwifruit.
Can We have Justified Beliefs about Fundamental Properties?
Authors: Bradley Darren
Published: February 2023

An attractive picture of the world is that some features are metaphysically fundamental and others are derivative, with the derivative features grounded in the fundamental features. But how do we have justified beliefs about which features are fundamental? What is the epistemology of fundamentality? I sketch a response in this paper. The guiding idea is that the same properties cause the same experiences. I argue that a probabilistic connection between epistemic fundamentality and metaphysical fundamentality is sufficient for justified beliefs about the metaphysically fundamental.
Option Return Predictability with Machine Learning and Big Data
Authors: Bali Turan G , Beckmeyer Heiner , Mörke Mathis , Weigert Florian
Published: February 2023

Drawing upon more than 12 million observations over the period from 1996 to 2020, we find that allowing for nonlinearities significantly increases the out-of-sample performance of option and stock characteristics in predicting future option returns. The nonlinear machine learning models generate statistically and economically sizable profits in the long-short portfolios of equity options even after accounting for transaction costs. Although option-based characteristics are the most important standalone predictors, stock-based measures offer substantial incremental predictive power when considered alongside option-based characteristics. Finally, we provide compelling evidence that option return predictability is driven by informational frictions and option mispricing.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Measuring the impact of steroid therapy on health-related quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases: international development of a glucocorticoid treatment–specific patient-reported outcome measure
Authors: Bridgewater Susan , Shepherd Michael A , Dawson Jill , Richards Pamela , Silverthorne Christine , Ndosi Mwidimi , Almeida Celia , Black Rachel J , Cheah Jonathan T L , Dures Emma , Ghosh Nilasha , Hoon Elizabeth A , Lyne Suellen , Navarro-Millan Iris , Pearce-Fisher Diyu , Ruediger Carlee , Tieu Joanna , Yip Kevin , Mackie Sarah L , Goodman Susan , Hill Catherine , Robson Joanna C
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Glucocorticoids (GCs) (‘steroids’) are used to treat rheumatic diseases but adverse effects are common. We aimed to explore the impact of GC therapy on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), to inform the development of a treatment-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for use in clinical trials and practice.

Methods

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with patients from the UK, USA and Australia, treated for a rheumatic condition with GCs in the last 2 years. Purposive sampling was used to select participants with a range of demographic and disease features. An initial conceptual framework informed interview prompts and cues. Interviews elicited GC-related physical and psychological symptoms and salient aspects of HRQoL in relation to GC therapy. Interview data were analysed inductively to develop initial individual themes and domains. Candidate questionnaire items were developed and refined.

Results

Sixty semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted (UK n = 34, USA n = 10, Australia n = 16). The mean age was 58 years; 39/60 were female; and 18 rheumatic diseases were represented. Some 126 individual themes were identified and organized into six domains: physical symptoms; psychological symptoms; psychological impact of steroids; impact of steroids on participation; impact of steroids on relationships; and benefits of steroids. Candidate questionnaire items were tested and refined by piloting with patient research partners, iterative rounds of cognitive interviews and linguistic translatability assessment, informing a draft questionnaire.

Conclusion

We describe an international qualitative study to develop candidate items for a treatment-specific PROM for patients with rheumatic diseases. A future survey will enable the validation of a final version of the PROM.
Rapid improvement of systemic sclerosis-associated intestinal pseudo-obstruction with intravenous immunoglobulin administration
Authors: Matsuda Kazuki M , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Kuzumi Ai , Toyama Satoshi , Awaji Kentaro , Miyake Tomomi , Sato Shinichi
Published: February 2023

Objectives

SSc is an autoimmune disease characterized by excessive fibrosis in multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI symptoms of SSc such as intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IPO) are often refractory to conventional intervention and can result in longer in-hospital stay or even increased mortality. We aimed to summarize the insights to date regarding the efficacy of IVIG against GI symptoms of SSc to unveil what we should focus on in future studies.

Methods

Herein we report the response of GI symptoms in three cases with SSc-myositis overlap who received IVIG administration. We also conducted a systematic literature review to summarize previous reports regarding the efficacy of IVIG upon the GI manifestations of SSc, according to the PRISMA 2020 guideline.

Results

The case series demonstrated remarkable and rapid improvement of GI symptoms, including IPO, after IVIG administration. The literature review revealed that previous reports also support the efficacy and safety of IVIG against GI manifestations of SSc. However, they were all retrospective studies and lacking description of the short-term outcome after IVIG administration with objective and quantitative metrics.

Conclusion

IVIG seems to be a promising therapeutic option for the management of GI symptoms in SSc, including IPO. Investigators should focus more on short-term outcomes to properly assess the therapeutic benefit of IVIG, ideally using reliable quantitative measures in a multicentre randomized placebo-controlled setting.
‘A Biological Side Effect’: Yaws Eradication, Syphilis, and Debates over ‘Cross-Immunity’ at the World Health Organization, 1948–1990
Authors: Bowen Elliott
Published: February 2023

The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) yaws eradication campaign (1952–64) has been called ‘one of the greatest public health achievements’ of the twentieth century. Yet the campaign was not an unalloyed success. Shortly after its initiation, experts began to wonder if yaws’ disappearance might facilitate the spread of syphilis—whose genetic similarities with yaws had long fuelled speculation that the two treponemal diseases conferred a measure of immunological protection on each other. As the WHO’s work proceeded, evidence for this ‘cross-immunity’ hypothesis steadily accumulated from across the developing world. Though initially receptive to this idea, by the 1970s, WHO officials were increasingly downplaying the idea of cross-immunity, arguing instead that rising rates of syphilis were a product of the era’s ‘sexual revolution’. Animated by racialised discourses of sexual promiscuity, the WHO’s shifting treponemal discourse highlights important continuities between Cold War disease control efforts and the ‘colonial medicine’ of the early twentieth century.
Doctors and Parents in Children’s Wards: Tel-Hashomer Hospital’s Unrestricted Visitations in 1950s’ Israel
Authors: Ayalon Ella , Kirsh Nurit
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we explore the acceptance of parents into children’s wards in Tel-Hashomer Hospital, an important foundation of Israel’s health system. In 1953, Tel-Hashomer was the first hospital in Israel to conduct an experimental programme of minimum separation between children and their parents, influenced by the theory of British psychoanalyst and psychiatrist John Bowlby. Tel-Hashomer medical staff encouraged parents to stay long hours near the bedsides of their daughters and sons, which led to a notable change in the ward’s daily routine. Eventually, parents became an inseparable part of the ward. This tendency to embrace and welcome parents into the wards was especially surprising when one considers that many of these parents were of Mizrahi origin and suffered an orientalist, racialised stigma of unfit parenting.
Resistance Profiles of Botrytis cinerea to Fluxapyroxad from Strawberry Fields in Shanghai, China
Authors: Gao Ping , Zeng Rong , Gao Shigang , Xu Lihui , Song Zhiwei , Dai Fuming
Published: February 2023

Fluxapyroxad, a type of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide, has been used to control the growth of gray mold on strawberry for more than 5 years in China. Selection for resistance to the causal agent Botrytis cinerea became a threat to the efficacy of fluxapyroxad. In total, 160 B. cinerea isolates collected from Shanghai during 2020 and 2021 were tested for their resistance to fluxapyroxad using mycelial growth inhibition. The results indicated that the curve of baseline sensitivity was unimodal, with an approximately normal distribution and a mean effective concentration of the fungicide that inhibited growth by 50% (EC50) of 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/ml. In total, 27.78 and 48.57% of isolates were resistant to fluxapyroxad in 2020 and 2021, respectively, where the lowest EC50 value of mycelial growth inhibition was 0.03 μg/ml and the highest value was 51.3 μg/ml. Resistance mechanism analysis showed that the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SdhB) N230I mutation could lead to resistance and P225F mutation could lead to higher resistance. These data suggest that the resistance frequency of B. cinerea isolates to fluxapyroxad increased in 2021 compared with 2020, which requires appropriate fungicide rotation strategies to be implemented in order to control gray mold on strawberry in the future.
The Expansin GeneCsLIEXP1Is a Direct Target of CsLOB1 in Citrus
Authors: de Souza-Neto Reinaldo Rodrigues , Vasconcelos Fernanda Nogales da Costa , Teper Doron , Carvalho Isis Gabriela Barbosa , Takita Marco Aurelio , Benedetti Celso Eduardo , Wang Nian , de Souza Alessandra Alves
Published: February 2023

Transcription activator-like effectors are key virulence factors of Xanthomonas. They are secreted into host plant cells and mimic transcription factors inducing the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes. In citrus, CsLOB1 is a direct target of PthA4, the primary effector associated with citrus canker symptoms. CsLOB1 is a transcription factor, and its expression is required for canker symptoms induced by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Several genes are up-regulated by PthA4; however, only CsLOB1 was described as an S gene induced by PthA4. Here, we investigated whether other up-regulated genes could be direct targets of PthA4 or CsLOB1. Seven up-regulated genes by PthA4 were investigated; however, an expansin-coding gene was more induced than CsLOB1. In Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression experiments, we demonstrate that the expansin-coding gene, referred here to as CsLOB1-INDUCED EXPANSIN 1 ( CsLIEXP1), is not a direct target of PthA4, but CsLOB1. Interestingly, CsLIEXP1 was induced by CsLOB1 even without the predicted CsLOB1 binding site, which suggested that CsLOB1 has other unknown binding sites. We also investigated the minimum promoter regulated by CsLOB1, and this region and LOB1 domain were conserved among citrus species and relatives, which suggests that the interaction PthA4- CsLOB1- CsLIEXP1 is conserved in citrus species and relatives. This is the first study that experimentally demonstrated a CsLOB1 downstream target and lays the foundation to identify other new targets. In addition, we demonstrated that the CsLIEXP1 is a putative S gene indirectly induced by PthA4, which may serve as the target for genome editing to generate citrus canker-resistant varieties.