bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A majorizing forecast of the earth population in a reduced resource-limited model
Authors: Kashchenko M.P. , Kashchenko N.M.
Published: June 2024

Three two-parameter phenomenological models of population growth dynamics of the Earth’s population N leading to a conclusion about the existence of its limiting number Nmax are briefly described. It is noted that the Ferhulst model, which assumes external resource constraints of exponential growth and leads to a logistic dependence N (t), has a maximum growth rate dN/dt at N = Nmax/2 and is adequate to asexual method of reproduction. Two other models are associated with sexual reproduction, however, in Kapitsa model, it is believed that N growth restriction is due only to internal causes (the “demographic imperative” of Kapitsa). The authors develop a model in which resource constraints are reflected by the square of Verhulst multiplier. It is significant that in such a model (as in Kapitsa model) there is not only a maximum growth rate, but also a maximum relative growth rate (1/N) dN/dt at N ≈ Nmax /2.7 for Kapitsa model and N = Nmax/3 in resource limited model. These features make it possible to estimate the value of Nmax using statistical data on N(t) dependence. The analysis of transition from “microscopic” to macroscopic description indicates the possibility of transition to a reduced model in which for (1/N) dN/dt the square of Verhulst multiplier is preserved, and data processing allows using the value Nmax = 14.7 billion. For this value Nmax after calibration of the model parameters according to the beginning of 2018 a population forecast was made. Comparison with two forecasts based on UN data showed that calculations of the reduced model majorize them, exceeding, for example, in 2050 by 1.4%. The effect of explicit concern of the rate of population decline due to mortality, leading to decrease in the Nmax estimates, is briefly discussed.
Interethnic communication in tourism as a factor of regional development
Authors: Davidova Ekaterina , Dudkina Olga
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the problem of interethnic communication in tourism in the context of globalization. The need to get to know other cultures as closely as possible in their current state is one of the defining ones for a modern tourist. The practice of recent decades shows that countries that pay special attention to interethnic communication in tourism are developing quite dynamically. At the same time, there is not only an economic recovery and improvement of the infrastructure of the region, but also mutual cultural enrichment of all parties entering into communication.
Development and application of energy-efficient medical beds based on IoT for patient monitoring
Authors: Kaittan Ali Sachit , Al-Nuaimi Ibrahim Ismael Ibrahim , Abdullah Ali Najim , Ali Mohammed Hasan
Published: June 2024

Later logical accomplishments and mechanical progresses have brought forward a gigantic show of modern or overhauled restorative gadgets, empowered with highly evolved embedded-control capacities and interactivity. From the ultimate decade of the 20th century, restorative beds have specifically been motivated through this surge, taking on unused shapes and capacities, whereas obliging to installation properties that have gotten to be famous for those gadgets. The beyond fifteen a long time have too delivered ahead modifications to conceptual systems, concerning the item plan and fabricating forms, As properly as the persistent viewpoints on patient-care situations and openness. This paper offers the components and the steps of design and implementation of electric medical bed supplied with monitoring devices and various sensors working together to give the Arduino a full report about the conditions of patient and according to this report the right decisions can be taken. The principles of internet of things (IOT) are applied to achieve this instrument. The paper primarily focuses on the objectives, components, and functionality of the system, such as monitoring physical parameters, detecting emergencies, reducing workload, and communicating with caretakers.
Functional coatings with carbon quantum dots for solar cells
Authors: Korchagin Vladimir , Sysoev Igor , Kuzmenko Vladimir , Kuzmenko Irina
Published: June 2024

Currently, research in the world of science is expanding in the field of improving the design parameters of photoconverters, ensuring an increase in their coefficient of performance (efficiency) and an increase in service life. The purpose of the research carried out by the authors of this article is to create a functional coating of solar cell surfaces that is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, allowing to reduce the degree of wear of the active material and increase the overall efficiency of converting solar energy into electrical energy. To confirm the formulated scientific hypothesis about the feasibility of creating functional coatings on the surfaces of photoconverters from materials with carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a special installation was developed and a series of experiments was carried out using a solution of CQDs in xylene, analytical grade isopropyl alcohol, and LA grade polyvinyl butyral. The research results obtained indicate an improvement in the output characteristics of solar cells due to the use of coatings made of materials with carbon quantum dots, including an increase in the overall efficiency. Solar cells provided with the proposed coatings will be in demand for operation in conditions where intense ultraviolet radiation dominates and maximum energy efficiency from solar panels is required: high mountains and open space. The practical application of the developed coatings will increase the efficiency of solar cells by 1–3% and increase their service life by absorbing harmful UV rays that destroy the active material by at least 10%.
Facilitating efficient energy distribution and storage: The role of data consistency technologies in Azure Cosmos DB
Authors: Nuriev Marat , Lapteva Marina
Published: June 2024

This article delves into the critical aspect of data consistency in globally distributed databases, with a specific focus on Azure Cosmos DB, Microsoft’s flagship globally distributed database service. It begins by outlining the inherent challenges of maintaining data consistency across a distributed architecture, such as network latency and the need for effective conflict resolution mechanisms. The introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration of these challenges and their implications for applications requiring global scalability. The subsequent sections provide a detailed examination of the architecture and features of Azure Cosmos DB, highlighting its global data distribution capabilities, support for multiple data models, and flexible consistency models. The discussion emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate consistency level based on application requirements, balancing the trade-offs between consistency, performance, and availability. Further, the article addresses the technical underpinnings and solutions employed by Azure Cosmos DB to achieve data consistency, including advanced algorithms like vector clocks for session consistency and log replication mechanisms for strong and bounded consistency models. These technologies play a pivotal role in ensuring data integrity and timely access across the distributed database. The conclusion synthesizes the insights gained from the exploration of Azure Cosmos DB’s approach to data consistency, underscoring the platform’s adeptness at providing a robust, flexible, and efficient solution for managing data in a globally distributed context. The article emphasizes the critical role of platforms like Azure Cosmos DB in meeting the modern digital enterprise’s demands for real-time data access and integrity across a global infrastructure.
Optimizing energy sector performance: Modeling and parameter calculation for IT infrastructure with a focus on server systems and networks
Authors: Al-Ababneh Hassan Ali , Alnsour Ibrahim Radwan , Siam Ibrahim Mahmoud , Mugableh Mohamed Ibrahim , Alhosban Amal
Published: June 2024

In the era of digital transformation, IT services determine the operational activities of all divisions of companies in the energy sector. In modern conditions, the level of management of IT infrastructure, data, applications and systems has a direct and measurable impact on the success of companies, which is relevant for detailed study. Regardless of the size of the business, it is always necessary to ensure high quality of IT services, their availability and continuity. The key goal of the study is to highlight the main aspects of optimizing the efficiency of the energy sector. To achieve the goal, mathematical modeling and calculation tools were used to calculate the parameters of server computer systems and networks. To achieve the set goals and objectives, a mathematical model was developed for calculating the main parameters of server computing systems and networks, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of using the resources of server computers in the energy industry. The efficiency of managing the IT infrastructure of energy companies ensures fault tolerance, availability and competitiveness of services in the market. The results presented can be applied in practice when planning and managing the IT infrastructure of a company in the energy sector.
Dynamics of transformation and economic resilience in agricultural lands: An anthropogenic perspective
Authors: Namozov Jurabek , Arabov Nurali , Aduramanov Xamid , Nasimov Dilmurod , Makhmudova Mokhinur , Ibragimov Lutfullo
Published: June 2024

The article provides information about the changes in agricultural lands in the Samarkand region as a result of anthropogenic influences and their consequences. In particular, the composition of agricultural land and its territorial characteristics and the negative changes occurring in them were scientifically analyzed. Types of agriculture give the amount of land resources, and they are grouped according to the level of impact. The salinity level of land resources, the impact on the regional economy, and soil erosion were calculated in absolute and relative indicators. The region’s pasture livestock situation, that is, the number of cattle, sheep and goats per hectare of land, and its impact level, are presented at the level of regional districts. The level of anthropogenic pressure on agriculture, especially pasture lands and livestock capacity, was calculated on the example of livestock industries and grouped by regional districts. In the concluding part of the article, the issues of rational use of pasture land are scientifically analyzed, and suggestions and recommendations are given for optimizing livestock capacity.
Creation of pasture agrophytocenoses based on drought-resistant forage plants
Authors: Nazarov Kholmurzo , Mamajonov Rasuljon , Davronov Kamoliddin , Ganiyev Ziyodullo , Valiyeva Shakhnoza
Published: June 2024

The low yield of karakul-growing pastures and its sharp fluctuations in the arid regions of Uzbekistan are mainly due to natural and historical factors of this natural zone. The current state of desert and semidesert pastures is characterized, on the one hand, by a progressive deterioration in the productivity and quality of pasture feed, and on the other hand, by the concentration of sheep in the exploited pasture areas. The further development of karakul farming is the intensification of pasture farming based on the development and implementation of effective methods to increase the productivity of desert and semi–desert pastures in Uzbekistan. The difficulty of solving this problem lies in the fact that desert pastures have not previously been subjected to agricultural development without irrigation. In addition, the plant objects that are being worked with are representatives of wild flora. They are poorly studied in ecological and biological terms and especially in the forage properties of desert forage plants.
Assessment of temporary climatic adaptation of athletes during the competitive period
Authors: Maksimov Dmitry , Bashkireva Tatyana , Bashkireva Anastasia , Severin Alexander , Severina Evgeniya
Published: June 2024

The article examines how skydivers cope with the weather while participating in competitions. Our study focused on how athletes’ heart rate variability is affected by climate and daily rhythms. The study revealed that the total power of the heart rate variability spectrum (TR ms2) and autonomic homeostasis (MxDMn ms) are predictors of adaptation to climatic conditions in the studied ethnic groups during the competitive period.
Innovative aspects of designing and managing database systems for modern companies in the energy sector
Authors: Alrhaimi Salem Ahmad
Published: June 2024

The transition to digital channels and maximum digitalization of the business of modern companies in the energy sector dictate the need to improve and develop new approaches to design and database management. The study aims to identify innovative aspects in the design and management of database systems. To achieve these goals, key aspects of database design are emphasized through the argumentation of the data modeling process. Modern types of database models are identified and the need to normalize data and get rid of their redundancy is argued. The main components of the company database management system are structured. The structure of the decision support system processes is proposed. A sequence of operations with the database has been developed in the case of registration/purchase of goods using online platforms. The structure of information systems of modern companies is highlighted with an emphasis on the main functions of database management systems, taking into account the growth of digital technologies and channels of interaction with customers. The developed approaches can be applied in practice as the basis for the theory of design and management of data warehouses, taking into account innovative aspects of development.
A comprehensive survey of advanced SLAM techniques
Authors: Svishchev Nikolai , Lino Paolo , Maione Guido , Azhmukhamedov Iskandar
Published: June 2024

In robot navigation, precise knowledge of the robot’s position and orientation is essential for accurate trajectory tracking, obstacle avoidance, and goal attainment, especially in scenarios where human supervision is limited or absent. This paper describes the different established methods in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms, such as the most advanced SLAM techniques for extreme environmental conditions, including dynamic objects, illumination and brightness variability. Namely, visual information received from cameras is less susceptible to radio interference and does not depend on any additional device, such as GPS and satellite signals. The SLAM community’s main approaches to solving these problems are introduced. Finally, we consider current research in the field of visual odometry (VO), as well as its practical implementation in robotics.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Anticonvulsant Activity of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Balachandra Anagha , Deshpande Shridhar Narayan , Raj Anjana , Revanasiddappa Bistuvalli C.
Published: June 2024

A novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (O1–4) were synthesized and physical characterization was done by spectroscopic data (infrared, mass, proton nuclear magnetic resonance). To ascertain the synthesized compound's likely binding mechanism and affinity toward the protein target (Protein Data Bank ID: 3R7X), molecular docking was performed. The synthesized compounds were subjected to in silico analysis using Schrodinger suite 2020–4 and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion screening. Some of the synthesized compounds were subjected to in vivo evaluation of anticonvulsant activity by maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol model. The synthesized 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogs may be developed as lead compounds and effective anticonvulsant agents for the pharmaceutical industry based on computational and in vivo data.
Comparing responses from a paper-based survey with a web-based survey in environmental criminology
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Gliori Gabriel , Näsman Per , Sundling Catherine
Published: June 2024

This article aims to compare the pattern of responses obtained by a web-based and a paper-based survey used to investigate the transit safety of travellers in railway stations in Sweden. This aim is achieved by evaluating whether the response and the completion rates change as the surveys progress, assessing the effect of the survey mode on respondents’ answers (after controlling for the surveys’ internal consistency and differences in the samples), and the potential impact of the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions on the responses. To carry out the study, a sample of 500 responses was taken from each population and later compared using a series of statistical tests. Findings indicate that despite the surveys’ high internal consistency, the prevalence of victimisation, fear of crime, and precautions detected in the web survey was higher than those found in the paper survey. The web survey shows a major drop just after the initial questions, while the paper survey shows a more stable pattern of responses, but was also affected by a single compulsory question that pushed the completion rate down. Finally, the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions (fixed or random) did not affect the answers given by the respondents, providing a solid base for safety interventions in transit environments, regardless of survey mode. The article concludes by making suggestions for both research and practice.
Low-temperature magnetism of Ln2Ba (Ln = Nd, Er, Ho) furoate-based polymeric chains: Slow relaxation, magnetic anisotropy and interactions
Authors: Arauzo Ana , Bartolomé Elena , Luzón Javier , Melnic Silvia , Shova Sergiu , Bartolomé Juan
Published: June 2024

The synthesis, structure and magnetothermal properties of three new lanthanide 1D polymeric complexes, {[Ln2Ba(α-fur)8(H2O)4]}n for Ln = Nd (1), Er (2) and {[Ho2Ba(α-fur)8(H2O)4]⋅2H2O}n (3), based on carboxylic α-fur = C4H3OCOO ligands is reported. The α-furoate ligands consolidate zigzag chains formed by Ln2 dimers separated by Ba ions. Ab initio calculations, in combination with the fit of experimental static magnetization and heat capacity, predict the magnetic ground state, energy levels and magnetic interactions in these heteronuclear nanomagnets. Nd2Ba (1) presents two different coordination sites for Nd, with an orthorhombic magnetic ground state. Nd ions are coupled along the chain through a weak antiferromagnetic (AF) interaction J″/kB = −0.08 K. Er(III) ions in Er2Ba (2) present a highly axial ground state, forming magnetic dimers with an interaction of J′/kB = −8.6 K, while interdimer coupling along the chain is J″/kB = −0.28 K. The Ho2Ba (3) complex consists of a highly anisotropic quasi-doublet with a ΔHo/kB = 0.7 K gap. Non-Kramers Ho ions form magnetic dimers within the Ho2Ba cluster, coupled by an AF intradimer interaction J′/kB = −2.5 K. The three complexes exhibit in-field slow relaxation of the magnetization: 1 relaxes through an Orbach process at high temperatures [Ueff/kB = 60(1) K] evolving to quantum tunneling below 3 K [τQT = 0.05(1) s]; 2 exhibits a rapid Orbach-like process [τ0 = 8(6)⋅10–8 s and Ueff/kB = 10(2) K] and 3 shows a direct process [τ = 0.4(1) s].
Magnetic field effect on the electric permittivity of rare-earth aluminium borates
Authors: Slavin V. V. , Zvyagin A. A. , Zvyagina G. A. , Piryatinskaya V. G.
Published: June 2024

The renormalization of the electric permittivity of rare-earth aluminium borates is studied theoretically from the first principles. It is shown how the electric permittivity depends on the external magnetic field and temperature for several compounds of rare-earth ions of that class.
Electron-electron attraction via Coulomb correlations and possible superconductivity in a 1D electron liquid on a rigid neutralizing background
Authors: Monarkha Yu. P.
Published: June 2024

Conditions at which a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) electron system can be considered as a quantum liquid of impenetrable charged particles are theoretically analyzed. In the presence of an inert, neutralizing background, a motion of impenetrable electrons is shown to expose a positive charge, resulting in an effective mutual attraction of infinite range. As a result, all electrons are involved in the long-range pairing. A model of spinless fermions with infinitesimal attraction of infinite range is proposed to describe the excitation spectrum and the superconducting gap in low-density 1D electron channels. In contrast with the conventional theory, the energy gap does not contain exponentially small factors. It depends mostly on the Coulombic parameters of the system, which guides practical aspects of high-temperature superconductivity.
Experimental study of turbulent inflow on the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine with Gurney flaps
Authors: Yang Junwei , Yang Hua , Wang Xiangjun
Published: June 2024

Nowadays, wind turbines operate within complex inflow environments. Meanwhile, installing Gurney flaps on existing wind turbines could enhance wind energy efficiency. However, limited research has been conducted on the variation of aerodynamic characteristics of a wind turbine equipped with Gurney flaps under turbulent inflow conditions. Hence, wind tunnel test comparisons were made between the output power, wind load, and wake characteristics of a model wind turbine with and without Gurney flaps. The results demonstrated a correlation between the additional power increase in the wind turbine equipped with Gurney flaps and the aerodynamic variation of the corresponding airfoil. Gurney flaps could be effective at higher tip speed ratios, and the power enhancement efficiency initially increased but then decreased as turbulence intensity increased from a low value to 19.0%. Installing Gurney flaps resulted in significant pulsation peaks within the original inertial sub-range. The time-averaged thrust coefficient shifts upward, but the difference decreases slightly under turbulent conditions. Wake analysis revealed that the presence of additional wake velocity deficits primarily concentrated within the near-wake region, which extends along the spanwise direction. These findings could enhance a better understanding of the aerodynamic performances of wind turbines installing Gurney flaps under varying turbulent flow conditions.
Engineering photoelectric conversion efficiency in two-dimensional ferroelectric Cs2PbI2Cl2/Sc2CO2 heterostructures
Authors: Nie Guozheng , Zhong Fang , Zhong Jun , Zhu Huiping , Zhao Yu-Qing
Published: June 2024

Properties of ferroelectric semiconductors have garnered significant research interest, particularly due to their non-volatile memory. Meanwhile, studies on the characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics have appeared as a crucial topic in solar cells, i.e., bulk photovoltaic effects. In this work, we propose two heterostructures: Cs2PbI2Cl2/Sc2CO2-UP (CSUP) and Cs2PbI2Cl2/Sc2CO2-DOWN (CSDN) for solar cells, to examine their photoelectric properties by using first-principles. Our findings indicate that such two heterostructures may have both high exciton binding energies and strong optical absorption coefficients in the ultraviolet region, with the CSDN showing exceptional carrier mobility as well. Moreover, we explore their characteristics by means of modulations of electric fields and stresses. The results reveal that the transition of band alignment in the CSUP can be engineered from type-II to type-I under the control of the electric fields, which may significantly increase the power conversion efficiency in actual solar cells. Moreover, both may have good potential in the application of logic devices. All these outputs may imply that, by means of fine modulations on photoelectric properties, the Cs2PbI2Cl2/Sc2CO2 possess immense potential to become multifunctional devices in ultraviolet photodetectors, solar cells, and logic devices.
Cytoplasmic fluidization contributes to breaking spore dormancy in fission yeast
Authors: Sakai Keiichiro , Kondo Yohei , Goto Yuhei , Aoki Kazuhiro
Published: June 2024

The cytoplasm is a complex, crowded environment that influences myriad cellular processes including protein folding and metabolic reactions. Recent studies have suggested that changes in the biophysical properties of the cytoplasm play a key role in cellular homeostasis and adaptation. However, it still remains unclear how cells control their cytoplasmic properties in response to environmental cues. Here, we used fission yeast spores as a model system of dormant cells to elucidate the mechanisms underlying regulation of the cytoplasmic properties. By tracking fluorescent tracer particles, we found that particle mobility decreased in spores compared to vegetative cells and rapidly increased at the onset of dormancy breaking upon glucose addition. This cytoplasmic fluidization depended on glucose-sensing via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway. PKA activation led to trehalose degradation through trehalase Ntp1, thereby increasing particle mobility as the amount of trehalose decreased. In contrast, the rapid cytoplasmic fluidization did not require de novo protein synthesis, cytoskeletal dynamics, or cell volume increase. Furthermore, the measurement of diffusion coefficients with tracer particles of different sizes suggests that the spore cytoplasm impedes the movement of larger protein complexes (40 to 150 nm) such as ribosomes, while allowing free diffusion of smaller molecules (~3 nm) such as second messengers and signaling proteins. Our experiments have thus uncovered a series of signaling events that enable cells to quickly fluidize the cytoplasm at the onset of dormancy breaking.
A Positive Start: Backing a Horse Using Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Lethbridge Emma
Published: June 2024

This case study delves into the transformative approach of starting a horse under saddle using a positive reinforcement technique (clicker training). Grounded in the ethos of respect, trust, and cooperation, this methodology emphasises fostering a strong bond and effective communication between horse and handler. The presented case study aims to showcase practical demonstrations highlighting the theory and application of positive reinforcement in initiating the riding training of a young pony.

Throughout this case study, we will explore the foundational principles of positive reinforcement in horse training, emphasising empathy and a holistic understanding of the horse’s perspective. It will detail the step-by-step process of introducing the saddle, bridle, and mounting, employing clicker training and shaping techniques.

Practical demonstrations will illustrate the gradual introduction of equipment, the use of clicker training for reinforcing desired behaviours, and the shaping of responses to riding cues. Through these demonstrations, the case study seeks to exemplify how positive reinforcement techniques can establish a willing and confident young horse, laying the groundwork for a harmonious and trusting relationship between horse and rider.

Information

© The Author 2024
T cells use focal adhesions to pull themselves through confined environments
Authors: Caillier Alexia , Oleksyn David , Fowell Deborah J. , Miller Jim , Oakes Patrick W.
Published: June 2024

Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical compositions. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin independent. Here, we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix proteins to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal cell focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cells preferentially follow tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions modify the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated focal adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
Preparation and investigation of high-performance flexible and transparent Ag/PDMS substrate with the bionic structure of cicada wings
Authors: He Mengqi , Wang Jun , Luo Qiongya , Cai Xin , Li Shuangyun , Xu Meifeng , Wang Chaonan
Published: June 2024

In this study, an efficient, homogeneous, flexible and transparent Ag/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with an orderly three-dimensional nanopillar structure was proposed. Ag NPs were thermally deposited on the flexible bionic PDMS support obtained by a two-step replication of cicada wings. Scanning electron microscope images reveal when the deposition time was 50 min, Ag NPs of proper size densely covered the entire PDMS nanopillar surface in the Ag-50/PDMS substrate. Both the gaps between the Ag NPs and those between the nanopillars acted as efficient electric field amplifiers. The enhancement factor (EF) of the Ag-50/PDMS substrate was calculated to be 2.89 × 107 by using crystal violet as the probe molecule. The Ag-50/PDMS substrate also exhibited good uniformity and reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 1.46% and 11.45% respectively. The detection capability of the proposed flexible and transparent Ag-50/PDMS substrate in practical applications was demonstrated by the in-situ detection of 0.1 ppm malachite green on fish surfaces, indicating its great potential in the field of food monitoring.
Introduction
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Martins Figueiredo Neto Antônio
Published: June 2024

An introduction into liquid crystals is given, including thermotropic as well as lyotropic molecules and phases. Similarities and differences between the two fundamental classes of liquid crystals are pointed out. In particular, the sub-classes of materials forming lyotropic liquid crystals are introduced: amphiphiles, inorganic nanoparticles, 2D materials, biomaterials, and nanorods and nanotubes. Also, chirality is introduced for lyotropics. For a long time, lyotropic liquid crystals have been overshadowed by their thermotropic counterparts, mainly due to the potential for application of the latter in the display industry. This picture has somewhat shifted over the last decade, with numerous novel lyotropic systems having been discovered and formulated. These have opened the door far beyond amphiphilic compounds, lipid membranes and surfactants, which are of course of importance in their own right. It thus is a perfect time to collate all these efforts and recent advances in a book that goes beyond the classic topics of lyotropic systems. The aim of this book is to provide a broad yet detailed view of a field of research in liquid crystals, which has seen much development over the last years and has turned into a prosperous topic, which increasingly has been welcomed by many groups that formerly mainly concentrated on thermotropic materials. The motivation to review the field of lyotropic liquid crystals from amphiphilic to colloidal systems lies in the aim to bridge between the two worlds of lyotropics and thermotropics, which for so long have been treated very much independently. The more so as it increasingly becomes apparent that many of the features observed in standard thermotropic LCs, may also be observed in lyotropic systems and vice versa.
Amphiphilics
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Martins Figueiredo Neto Antônio
Published: June 2024

Lyotropic liquid crystals may be formed mixing amphiphilic molecules and a solvent. The stabilization of this state of matter depends on the relative concentrations of the different components of the mixture and the temperature. The electrostatic interaction between molecules, or even parts of the molecules, is the driving force responsible for the stabilization of a particular molecular structure. To form a liquid crystalline structure, molecular segregation occurs on the nanoscale, mainly due to the electric affinity between molecules of the solvent and specific parts of the amphiphiles. In this chapter we discuss the main types of amphiphilic molecules present in lyotropics, the structures identified, and typical phase diagrams. In particular nematic phases are described since it is only in lyotropics that the three nematic phases, two uniaxial and one biaxial, have been observed.
Chiral lyotropic liquid crystals
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Martins Figueiredo Neto Antônio
Published: June 2024

In this chapter the chiral mesophases of lyotropic mixtures are presented. We start with the cholesteric lyotropic liquid crystals, obtained by doping nematic mesophases with chiral molecules or using, directly, chiral amphiphilic molecules. In the framework of the Landau–de Gennes model, the free-energy density of the cholesteric phase, as a function of the temperature, is discussed. The relation between the cholesteric pitch and the concentration of chiral molecules in the lyotropic mixture is obtained from this model. Chiral lamellar mesophases, exhibiting twist-grain boundary phases, lyotropic blue phases, and the recently observed chiral lamellar structure, with its remarkable features, are also discussed.
Comment on ‘Morphology: the mother of all biomarkers’
Authors: Prignano Francesca , Rosi Elia
Published: June 2024

Comment on ‘Morphology: the mother of all biomarkers’ by IB Miller IB and GBE Jemec.
Embryonic alcohol exposure in zebrafish predisposes adults to cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Weeks Olivia , Gao Xinlei , Basu Sandeep , Galdieri Jennifer , Chen Kaifu , Burns C Geoffrey , Burns Caroline E
Published: June 2024

Aims

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) impact up to 0.8% of the global population. However, cardiovascular health outcomes in adult patients, along with predictive biomarkers for cardiac risk stratification, remain unknown. Our aim was to utilize a longitudinal cohort study in an animal model to evaluate the impact of embryonic alcohol exposure (EAE) on cardiac structure, function, and transcriptional profile across the lifespan.

Methods and results

Using zebrafish, we characterized the aftereffects of EAE in adults binned by congenital heart defect (CHD) severity. Chamber sizes were quantified on dissected adult hearts to identify structural changes indicative of cardiomyopathy. Using echocardiography, we quantified systolic function based on ejection fraction and longitudinal strain, and diastolic function based on ventricular filling dynamics, ventricular wall movement, and estimated atrial pressures. Finally, we performed RNA-sequencing on EAE ventricles and assessed how differentially expressed genes (DEGs) correlated with cardiac function. Here, we demonstrate that EAE causes cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction through persistent alterations to ventricular wall structure and gene expression. Following abnormal ventricular morphogenesis, >30% of all EAE adults developed increased atrial-to-ventricular size ratios, abnormal ventricular filling dynamics, and reduced myocardial wall relaxation during early diastole despite preserved systolic function. RNA-sequencing of the EAE ventricle revealed novel and heart failure-associated genes (slc25a33, ankrd9, dusp2, dusp4, spry4, eya4, and edn1) whose expression levels were altered across the animal's lifespan or correlated with the degree of diastolic dysfunction detected in adulthood.

Conclusion

Our study identifies EAE as a risk factor for adult-onset cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction, regardless of CHD status, and suggests novel molecular indicators of adult EAE-induced heart disease.
The CJEU’s Unintelligible Impairment of the Financial Health of EU Performers: Ever-Increasing Suspense in Neighbouring Rights
Authors: Valk Etienne Gabriel
Published: June 2024

With the RAAP ruling in 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered a judgment with a far-reaching impact, both on the autonomy of Member States within the making of reservations under international treaties, and on revenues for collecting societies and neighbouring rightsholders in the EU. The controversial part of the judgment states that entering reservations on the granting of equitable remuneration for neighbouring rights on the basis of international treaties should only take place at EU level. This effectively leaves no autonomy to Member States within the principle of reciprocity, contrary to former popular belief by many Member States and scholars.

The US has entered reservations with regard to EU countries under Art. 15(3) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), thus no remuneration is disbursed for performances by EU artists in the US. Due to the US repertoire’s large presence in the EU, the latter’s performers will be left with a considerably smaller share of the revenues to be distributed by EU collecting societies.

The European Commission must urgently finish the ongoing research and consultation on RAAP. Right now, too many requests by interest groups remain unanswered. The recommended (and hoped for) route is for the EU to invoke the principle of reciprocity and enter reservations for other WPPT parties that have entered such reservations with regard to EU countries. An extensive arrangement regarding reservations is necessary, also regarding situations where the relationship between fundamental rights and reciprocity provisions is currently unknown.
The Ecosystem as Super-Organ/ism, Revisited: Scaling Hydraulics to Forests under Climate Change
Authors: Wood Jeffrey D , Detto Matteo , Browne Marvin , Kraft Nathan J B , Konings Alexandra G , Fisher Joshua B , Quetin Gregory R , Trugman Anna T , Magney Troy S , Medeiros Camila D , Vinod Nidhi , Buckley Thomas N , Sack Lawren
Published: June 2024

Synopsis

Classic debates in community ecology focused on the complexities of considering an ecosystem as a super-organ or organism. New consideration of such perspectives could clarify mechanisms underlying the dynamics of forest carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and water vapor loss, important for predicting and managing the future of Earth’s ecosystems and climate system. Here, we provide a rubric for considering ecosystem traits as aggregated, systemic, or emergent, i.e., representing the ecosystem as an aggregate of its individuals or as a metaphorical or literal super-organ or organism. We review recent approaches to scaling-up plant water relations (hydraulics) concepts developed for organs and organisms to enable and interpret measurements at ecosystem-level. We focus on three community-scale versions of water relations traits that have potential to provide mechanistic insight into climate change responses of forest CO2 and H2O gas exchange and productivity: leaf water potential (Ψcanopy), pressure volume curves (eco-PV), and hydraulic conductance (Keco). These analyses can reveal additional ecosystem-scale parameters analogous to those typically quantified for leaves or plants (e.g., wilting point and hydraulic vulnerability) that may act as thresholds in forest responses to drought, including growth cessation, mortality, and flammability. We unite these concepts in a novel framework to predict Ψcanopy and its approaching of critical thresholds during drought, using measurements of Keco and eco-PV curves. We thus delineate how the extension of water relations concepts from organ- and organism-scales can reveal the hydraulic constraints on the interaction of vegetation and climate and provide new mechanistic understanding and prediction of forest water use and productivity.
Quantity and Quality of Naturally Acquired Antibody Immunity to the Pneumococcal Proteome Throughout Life
Authors: Vissers Marloes , van de Garde Martijn D B , He Samantha W J , Brandsen Milou , Hendriksen Rosanne , Nicolaie Mioara Alina , van der Maas Larissa , Meiring Hugo D , van Els Cecile A C M , van Beek Josine , Rots Nynke Y
Published: June 2024

Background

Young children and older adults are susceptible for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal protein-specific antibodies play a protective role against IPD; however, not much is known about the pace of acquisition, maturation, and maintenance of these antibodies throughout life.

Methods

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA levels, avidity, and/or specificity to the pneumococcal proteome in serum and saliva from healthy young children, adults, and older adults, with known carriage status, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 2-dimensional western blotting against ΔcpsTIGR4.

Results

Eleven-month-old children, the youngest age group tested, had the lowest pneumococcal proteome-specific IgG and IgA levels and avidity in serum and saliva, followed by 24-month-old children and were further elevated in adult groups. Among adult groups, the parents had the highest serum and saliva IgG and IgA antibody levels. In children, antibody levels and avidity correlated with daycare attendance and presence of siblings, posing as proxy for exposure and immunization. Immunodominance patterns slightly varied throughout life.

Conclusions

Humoral immunity against the pneumococcal proteome is acquired through multiple episodes of pneumococcal exposure. Low-level and low-avidity antiproteome antibody profiles in young children may contribute to their IPD susceptibility, while in overall antiproteome antibody-proficient older adults other factors likely play a role.
Root-associated Streptomyces produce galbonolides to modulate plant immunity and promote rhizosphere colonization
Authors: Nicolle Clément , Gayrard Damien , Noël Alba , Hortala Marion , Amiel Aurélien , Grat Sabine , Le Ru Aurélie , Marti Guillaume , Pernodet Jean-Luc , Lautru Sylvie , Dumas Bernard , Rey Thomas
Published: June 2024

The rhizosphere, which serves as the primary interface between plant roots and the soil, constitutes an ecological niche for a huge diversity of microbial communities. Currently, there is little knowledge on the nature and the function of the different metabolites released by rhizospheric microbes to facilitate colonization of this highly competitive environment. Here, we demonstrate how the production of galbonolides, a group of polyene macrolides that inhibit plant and fungal inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS), empowers the rhizospheric Streptomyces strain AgN23, to thrive in the rhizosphere by triggering the plant’s defence mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis of AgN23-inoculated Arabidopsis roots revealed a strong induction in the production of an indole alkaloid, camalexin, which is a major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis. By using a plant mutant compromised in camalexin synthesis, we show that camalexin production is necessary for the successful colonization of the rhizosphere by AgN23. Conversely, hindering galbonolides biosynthesis in AgN23 knock-out mutant resulted in loss of inhibition of IPCS, a deficiency in plant defence activation, notably the production of camalexin, and a strongly reduced development of the mutant bacteria in the rhizosphere. Together, our results identified galbonolides as important metabolites mediating rhizosphere colonization by Streptomyces.
The novel 2024 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains—phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization
Authors: Unemo Magnus , Sánchez-Busó Leonor , Golparian Daniel , Jacobsson Susanne , Shimuta Ken , Lan Pham Thi , Eyre David W , Cole Michelle , Maatouk Ismael , Wi Teodora , Lahra Monica M
Published: June 2024

Objectives

MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains remain major public health concerns internationally, and quality-assured global gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is imperative. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and WHO Enhanced GASP (EGASP), including metadata and WGS, are expanding internationally. We present the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 15) for quality assurance worldwide. All superseded WHO gonococcal reference strains (n = 14) were identically characterized.

Material and Methods

The 2024 WHO reference strains include 11 of the 2016 WHO reference strains, which were further characterized, and four novel strains. The superseded WHO reference strains include 11 WHO reference strains previously unpublished. All strains were characterized phenotypically and genomically (single-molecule PacBio or Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing).

Results

The 2024 WHO reference strains represent all available susceptible and resistant phenotypes and genotypes for antimicrobials currently and previously used (n = 22), or considered for future use (n = 3) in gonorrhoea treatment. The novel WHO strains include internationally spreading ceftriaxone resistance, ceftriaxone resistance due to new penA mutations, ceftriaxone plus high-level azithromycin resistance and azithromycin resistance due to mosaic MtrRCDE efflux pump. AMR, serogroup, prolyliminopeptidase, genetic AMR determinants, plasmid types, molecular epidemiological types and reference genome characteristics are presented for all strains.

Conclusions

The 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains are recommended for internal and external quality assurance in laboratory examinations, especially in the WHO GASP, EGASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic and molecular diagnostics, AMR prediction, pharmacodynamics, epidemiology, research and as complete reference genomes in WGS analysis.
Mechanical and structural properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in human osteoarthritic knees
Authors: Hu Yizhong Jenny , Yu Y Eric , Cooper Herbert J , Shah Roshan P , Geller Jeffrey A , Lu X Lucas , Shane Elizabeth , Bathon Joan , Lane Nancy E , Guo X Edward
Published: June 2024

Knee osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by multiple joint tissue degenerations, remains a significant clinical challenge. Recent evidence suggests that crosstalk within the osteochondral unit may drive OA progression. Although structural-biomechanical properties of bone and cartilage have been studied, potential interaction within the osteochondral unit in the context of OA has yet to be investigated. We performed comprehensive structural and biomechanical quantification of the cartilage, subchondral bone plate (SBP), and subchondral trabecular bone (STB) using 101 osteochondral cores collected from tibial plateaus of 12 control human cadavers (CT, 5 male/7 female) and 19 patients undergoing total knee replacement (OA, 6 male/13 female). For each sample, we quantified SBP microstructure, plate-and-rod morphological properties of the STB using individual trabecula segmentation, and morphological and compositional properties of the articular cartilage. We also performed indentation testing on each compartment of the osteochondral unit to extract the respective structural-mechanical properties. Cartilage thickness was lower in moderate and severe OA regions, while Osteoarthritis Research Society International score was higher only in severe OA regions. GAG content did not change in any OA region. Aggregate and shear moduli were lower only in severe OA regions, while permeability was lower only in moderate OA regions. In the SBP, thickness and tissue mineral density were higher in moderate and severe OA regions. Tissue modulus of STB was lower in moderate OA regions despite a thicker and more mineralized SBP; this deterioration was not observed in severe OA regions. Regression analysis revealed strong correlations between cartilage and STB properties in CT; these correlations were also found in moderate OA regions but were not observed in severe OA regions. In summary, our findings comprehensively characterize the human OA osteochondral unit. Importantly, uncoupling cartilage and subchondral bone structural-mechanical properties may be a hallmark of OA.