bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traditional and Modern Methods of Learning and Teaching Music in Bulgaria
Authors: Rice Timothy
Published: October 2007

This ethnographic study of music education in the domain of Bulgarian traditional music examines the relationship between music, music education, and culture and makes some hypotheses about cognitive processes in music learning in aural tradition. It demonstrates how music education was embedded in larger cultural processes in the pre-communist and communist (1944-1989) periods and documents the continuities and discontinuities between traditional and modern methods of learning and teaching. Participant-observation of traditional methods provides the basis for hypotheses about the order in which musical concepts are acquired when they are learned but not taught.
The Computer as a Tool in Creative Music Making
Authors: Hickey Maud
Published: October 2007

This study is an exploratory observation of optimal conditions for creative music making as illustrated by two boys who composed music utilizing a researcher designed computer program. The purposes of this project are to: a) highlight the students' moments of most creative output relative to a theory of the interaction between reward and task conditions, and, b) illustrate how the students' perceptions of reward and task conditions alter levels of intrinsic motivation and creativity. The results show that unobtrusively recorded music explorations offered glimpses into subjects' creative potential which was otherwise neither realized nor expected. This suggests we should become more aware of students who may be harboring creative talent which is not visible 'upon demand.' Suggestions are offered for the type of environment most conducive to creative thinking and production. Finally, it is suggested that the computer be used as a flexible and practical tool for motivating the musical creative output of children.
Developing Musical Creativity: the Singapore Young Composers' Project as a Case-study
Authors: Howard John , Martin Jeffrey
Published: October 2007

Education and the arts are growth areas in Singapore and their interface presents interesting research opportunities for music education. This paper outlines a study of the development of composition within music education in Singapore, describing action research together with two case profiles. These findings are aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies adopted, learning about students' musical decision-making and seeing how creative approaches can enhance music learning. Part 1 of the paper outlines the Project, its background and its operation from 1993-1995. The changing nature of the Project is documented, showing its development in response to need. Part 2 consists of case profiles of two participants.

Whilst the Project and the evaluatory research continue, some meaningful conclusions can be drawn, including that the Project needs to allow for wide-ranging ability with some participants aspiring to the level of professional composers; that the group-work and ensemble-playing dimensions fulfil a major need; and that individuals can meet their differing needs from this approach, as the case profiles demonstrate. A refined, three-year project design resulted from these conclusions, attempting to balance group work with the emerging individual need for closer, more personal, guidance. Future research will explore how successful this design has been in meeting those needs.
Young People's Music in the Digital Age
Authors: Folkestad Göran , Lindström Berner , Hargreaves David J.
Published: October 2007

Recent technological developments and the increasing impact of the media mean that listening to music and creative music making constitute a major and integrated part of many young people's lives.

The aim of the present article is to describe the process of computer-based composition, and how this is perceived by young composers. This paper describes a three-year empirical study of 129 computer-based compositions by 15-16 year-olds. Computer MIDI-files were systematically collected covering the sequence of the composition processes step by step: interviews were carried out with each of the participants, and observations were made of their work.

All the participants succeeded in composing music and in the subsequent analysis, six qualitatively different ways of creating music were identified which could be divided into two main categories, HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL. These categories, devised by the authors in this context, refer to compositional strategies, not to structures in the music itself. In the horizontal categories composition and arranging are separate processes, whereas in the vertical categories composition and arranging are one integrated process. Some of the differences between these strategies, as well as the music's character, were found to be related to gender.
Perspectives on Music Education Research
Authors: Gruhn Wilfried
Published: October 2007

In music education many approaches to learning are developed and practiced. In this paper the phenomenon of music learning will be discussed in general. Thereby, learning is understood as the process by which musical representations are developed in mind. Here it is distinguished between different types of representation: figural and formal. The basis for this distinction is founded in recent neurobiological research of music learning. The text refers to three EEG studies which all focus on the phenomenon of mental representation. By this, it can be shown that there are different types of representation reflected by different cortical activation patterns, depending on the ways of teaching and learning. The results of the neurobiological measurements call for a change of our understanding of music learning.
Music Teaching and Learning in Latin America: Description of an Ongoing Research Project
Authors: Frega Ana Lucia
Published: October 2007

This article reports an ongoing research project concerned with the history of music education, both institutionalised and non-institutionalised, in Latin America. It demonstrates the application of a data collection framework for the analysis of printed sources which provide information on the aims, methods, outcomes and personnel of a range of music teaching and learning situations.
improving Music Teaching and Learning Through Assessing the Music Classroom Environment
Authors: Gifford Edward
Published: October 2007

Teachers often speak of a classroom's climate, environment, atmosphere, tone and ethos as important in their own right as well as being influential in terms of students' learning. Although classroom environment has been shown to be a subtle concept, considerable progress has been made over the last two decades (Fraser 1986, 1989, 1994) in conceptualising, assessing and researching it.

Research into classroom learning environments can answer important questions such as the following: How does a classroom's environment affect student learning and attitudes? Can teachers conveniently and reliably assess the climates of their own classrooms and can they change these environments? Is there a difference between actual and preferred classroom environment as perceived by students, and does this matter in terms of student outcomes?

Much of this research has attempted to answer such questions in the areas of maths and science teaching. There have been few applications of this work to music classrooms in schools or universities.

This paper presents data from research with general primary teachers undertaking music as part of their teacher training at Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus. The instrument used was the College and University Classroom Environment Inventory (CUCEI) (Fraser, 1986a). The paper concludes that, while there is considerable difference between students' perceptions of actual and preferred music environments, the music classroom environment can be reliably assessed and improved, with demonstratable gains in students' attitude towards music.
The Role of Linguistic Dominance in the Acquisition of Song
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Sergeant Desmond C. , White Peta J.
Published: October 2007

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that there is a developmental sequence in children's singing, with certain singing behaviours having developmental primacy over others. The research literature indicates that, when learning songs, children first focus on the linguistic features, then rhythm, and finally the pitch and melodic attributes. This theorised hierarchy was examined as part of a larger study of singing development in early childhood in which a longitudinal sample (n=184) were assessed on a variety of vocal pitch matching tasks during each year of their first three years at school, i.e. at age five, six and seven years. In each year of testing, the assessment protocol embraced a specially-designed test battery and two sample songs. The protocol was constructed so that the test battery items (pitch glides, pitch patterns and single pitches) were deconstructed features of the two test songs, thus enabling an analysis to be made of the effects of the task on vocal pitch matching performance. The results suggest that children enter school with a clear disposition towards learning the words of the songs. In general, this ability is not matched by an ability to learn and reproduce the melodic components of the test songs. It is only in the third year of schooling that vocal pitch matching in song singing improves, but this particular ability is still significantly less well developed than that for learning and reproducing the words.

'For singers are given honour and respect by all people on the earth, since the Muse has taught them their songs, and she loves the race of singers' (Homer Odyssey) 1
The Genre of School Music and its Shaping by Meso, Micro, and Macro Contexts
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: October 2007

The meaning of any kind of music is inseparable from the conditions under which it is generated and experienced. The understanding of "school music" as a genre requires the understanding of the contexts that shape and define it. Contexts affect both what teachers teach and how they teach, shaping explicit and implicit messages and values. In this paper, I focus on the meso, institutional context-- the structures and goals of the school system--, as they interact with the micro context -- teachers' commitments and expertise--, and the macro context-- the larger cultural and societal values.
Music Learning in Context: A Playground Tale
Authors: Harwood Eve
Published: October 2007

The author argues that context affects both the musical content children learn (choice of repertoire, stylistic conventions) and how they attempt to learn it (problem solving skills and strategies). Through exposure to multiple contexts where music learning occurs, (formal and informal, school, home church, playground) children acquire different understandings about what it means to be a music maker and learner. The paper describes musical learning as it occurs informally on the playground, based on a number of studies of playground music, including the author's research at an after school club for African American girls. Lave's analysis of situated learning as legitimate peripheral participation in an ongoing community of practice provides the conceptual framework for the description of musical learning in playground contexts.
Music Is More: A Broader Concept of Music From A Swedish Perspectiv
Authors: Stalhammar Börje
Published: October 2007

Young people often feel that there is no place for their own experiences in the world of school, despite the fact that these experiences can seem relevant there. Not least does this become apparent in music. Experience is acquired through interaction with the world. From it come influences, attitudes and wishes, and it can be said to have an active side which changes in value according to the circumstances under which it is acquired. This means that dialogue and participation in music teaching need to be based not only on what one has experienced externally, but also on what one has experienced internally, what one has felt. Thus both longitudinal and transverse aspects of the concept of experience should be considered in the planning and delivery of music curricula.
Preservice Teachers' Reactions to Aural Examples of Various Styles and Genres
Authors: Barry Nancy H. , Walls Kimberly C.
Published: October 2007

Despite strong supporting arguments, use of popular music and other diverse musical styles within the curriculum continues to be controversial. The purpose of this study was to obtain preservice teachers' reactions to aural examples of various musical styles and genres. Students (N = 323) enrolled in teacher education courses at a large southeastern university in the United States listened to an audiotape of 32 short musical examples, rating each example for their personal reaction and their interest in using the music in the elementary classroom. Students were also asked to describe how each excerpt could be used in the classroom. Popular music examples tended to be rated highest for personal reaction; instrumental selections from another culture and non-English songs received lowest ratings. In marked contrast with their expressed personal preferences, students were very conservative in their ratings for classroom use, expressing much uncertainty about the appropriateness of popular music and world music in favor of music perceived to be especially for children. Students with music experience gave higher ratings for instrumental and western art music and lower ratings for popular genres compared to students without music experience. The results suggest that having familiarity with, or even "liking" a musical selection does not ensure that a preservice teacher is comfortable with using the music in the classroom. It is recommended that music teacher educators equip preservice teachers with specific strategies and instructional contexts for using diverse musical genres and styles in their classrooms.
Gender and Bioethics Intertwined
Authors: Spilker Kristin , Lie Merete
Published: October 2007

The article analyses the debate on egg donation in Norway using source material from the parliamentary debate of amendments to the Biotechnology Law. In both policy documents on bioethics and the Biotechnology Law, gender is not a spoken issue, but bringing egg and sperm directly to the fore highlights how gender is implicated in bioethics debates. Gender perceptions affect the understanding of `what egg and sperm may do' at the same time as the debate sets established perceptions of gender in motion. In Norway, gender equality is a valid and important premise within the general political debate. It is, however, contested as a valid argument in the context of egg donation, which therefore becomes a field of negotiations about the limits of equal opportunities. The article analyses the egg donation debate as a process of cultural co-production and asks how the Norwegian emphasis on gender equality influences the debate on egg donation and, vice versa, how debates of assisted reproductive technology (ART) reopen debates on gender in relation to reproduction and parenthood.
Time of interferon-β 1a injection and duration of treatment affect clinical side effects and acute changes of plasma hormone and cytokine levels in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Kümpfel T. , Schwan M. , Pollmächer Th. , Yassouridis A. , Uhr M. , Trenkwalder C. , Weber F.
Published: October 2007

During initiation of interferon-beta (IFN-β) therapy, many multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience systemic side effects which may depend on the time point of IFN-β injection. We investigated the time course of plasma hormone-, cytokine- and cytokine-receptor concentrations after the first injection of IFN-β either at 8.00 a.m. (group A) or at 6.00 p.m. (group B) and quantified clinical side effects within the first 9 h in 16 medication free patients with relapsing-remitting MS. This investigation was repeated after 6-month IFN-β therapy.

Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations followed their physiological rhythms, with lower levels in the evening compared to the morning, but raised earlier and stronger in group B after IFN-β administration. IFN-β injection in the evening led to a prompter increase of plasma IL-6 concentrations and temperature during the first hours and correlated to more intense clinical side effects compared to group A. Plasma IL-10 concentrations increased more in group A compared to group B, but sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII concentrations raised 7 h after IFN-β injection only in group B. Acute effects on plasma hormone and cytokine concentrations adapted after 6-month IFN-β treatment, while diurnal variations were still present. Baseline sTNF-RII concentrations were elevated after 6-month IFN-β therapy only in group A.

Our results show that time point of IFN-β injection has differential effects on acute changes of plasma hormone and cytokine concentrations and is related to systemic side effects. This may have implications on the tolerability and effectiveness of IFN-β therapy. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1138—1145. http://msj.sagepub.com
Predicting ongoing adherence to disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: utility of the health beliefs model
Authors: Turner A.P. , Kivlahan D.R. , Sloan A.P. , Haselkorn J.K.
Published: October 2007

Objective To evaluate ongoing adherence to disease modifying therapies (DMT) among individuals with multiple sclerosis and test the utility of the Health Beliefs Model (HBM) to predict adherence.

Design Telephone survey completed at baseline with monthly telephone follow-up for 6 months.

Setting Veterans Health Administration.

Participants Eighty-nine veterans with MS actively enrolled in a regional VA MS outpatient clinic currently prescribed DMT.

Measures Demographic information. Selected items from the Adherence Determinants Questionnaire (ADQ) and Barriers to Care Scale (BACS).

Results Adherence in this population of ongoing DMT users was relatively high (over 80% achieved 80% adherence at follow-up time points). Logistic regression and hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for demographics and disease duration were employed to examine the relationship of HBM constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to DMT adherence and satisfaction at 2-, 4- and 6-month follow-up. Of the four HBM constructs, only perceived benefits uniquely predicted both outcomes across multiple time points.

Conclusion Sustained adherence to DMT remains a challenge for an important minority of individuals with MS. The Health Beliefs Model provides insight into psychosocial mechanisms that maintain adherence behavior. In particular, focus upon the perceived benefits of ongoing DMT therapy may be a promising focus for future interventions. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1146—1152. http://msj.sagepub.com
Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: relation to depression, physical impairment, personality and action control
Authors: Penner I.-K. , Bechtel N. , Raselli C. , Stöcklin M. , Opwis K. , Kappos L. , Calabrese P.
Published: October 2007

Athough fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of multiple sclerosis, it is yet poorly understood and therefore difficult to manage. To clarify the nature of fatigue we investigated its relationship to depression, physical impairment, personality and action control and compared these variables between a sample of 41 MS patients and 41 healthy controls. Physical impairment was assessed by the EDSS and all other dimensions, using questionnaires. Stepwise linear regression analyses revealed that physical impairment was related to physical fatigue in MS patients. Depression was the main factor influencing fatigue among both, MS patients and controls. What clearly differentiated the two groups was the correlation between fatigue and action control. Decreased levels of action control imply attentional and motivational deficits and were only found in fatigued MS patients. Our study indicates that motivational disturbances might be specific for MS related fatigue. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1161—1167. http://msj.sagepub.com
Multiple sclerosis in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: an epidemiological and clinical study
Authors: Bhigjee A.I. , Moodley K. , Ramkissoon K.
Published: October 2007

Background Since the study by Dean, almost 40 years ago, there has been no systematic South African study on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) using the modern diagnostic criteria. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), one of the nine provinces in South Africa, is home to 9.9 million people belonging to all racial groups.

Aim To determine the period prevalence of MS in KZN in the different racial groups, using the revised McDonald's criteria.

Methods The charts of all KZN patients given the diagnosis of MS were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. All patients were contacted telephonically over a period of one month (July 2005) to determine whether they were still alive and still resident in KZN. Clinical, laboratory and treatment data were also extracted from the charts.

Results The crude period prevalence per 100 000 for whites was 25.63, for Indians 7.59, people of mixed ancestry 1.94 and for blacks 0.22. The corresponding age standardized prevalence per 100 000 were 25.64, 7.15, 1.72 and 0.23, respectively. The clinical features were similar to that seen in the Western world. Up to half of the 167 patients had significant motor disability and optic neuritis was seen in 43/167 (25.7%) of patients. Whilst all traceable MRI brain scans showed some abnormality, 96/139 (69.1%) met three of the four McDonald's MRI criteria. CSF oligoclonal bands were present in 102 of 124 (82.3%) samples tested.

Conclusion MS in KZN is more frequent than previously believed and occurs in all racial groups being most frequent in whites followed by Indians. MS, although rare, does occur in blacks. The increased prevalence figures may reflect better case ascertainment and use of modern diagnostic techniques. However, an absolute increase in numbers cannot be excluded. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1095—1099. http://msj.sagepub.com
Reduced effectiveness of long-term interferon-β treatment on relapses in neutralizing antibody-positive multiple sclerosis patients: a Canadian multiple sclerosis clinic-based study
Authors: Boz C. , Oger J. , Gibbs E. , Grossberg S.E. ,   the Neurologists of the UBC MS Clinic
Published: October 2007

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with interferon-beta (IFN-β) often form anti-IFN-β antibodies accompanied by a reduction in IFN-β bioavailability. The clinical effect of these antibodies remains controversial. MS patients in British Columbia, Canada, must be diagnosed and evaluated annually by neurologists in an MS clinic in order to be reimbursed for their IFN-β prescriptions. We have identified at the UBC MS clinic a cohort of 262 patients, each having been treated with a single IFN-β preparation more than three years, some for nearly a decade. Of 119 patients treated with Betaseron® (IFN-β1b), 18 (15.1%) were neutralizing antibody positive (NAb+) at the time of the study, whereas of 131 treated with subcutaneous Rebif® (IFN-β1a SC), 16 (12.2%) were NAb+, but none of 12 treated with intramuscular Avonex ® (IFN-β1a) had detectable neutralizing antibodies. During the first two years of treatment, the relapse rate was significantly reduced from pre-treatment rates ( P < 0.001) and appeared to be unaffected by the subsequent NAb status. However, the relapse rates in the NAb+ patients were significantly greater than in the NAb— patients during years 3 ( P < 0.010) and 4 ( P < 0.027). Betaseron ®-treated NAb+ patients tended to have more relapses than NAb — patients during year 3 and this almost reached significance ( P = 0.056) but their relapse rate did not differ in year 4 and later. In contrast, Rebif ®-treated NAb+ patients tended to have more relapses in year 3 than Rebif ® -treated NAb — patients ( P = 0.074), but in year 4 they clearly ( P = 0.009) had more relapses than Rebif ®-treated NAb — patients. There was no convincing effect on progression of disability in any group. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1127—1137. http://msj.sagepub.com
Theories of Change and Realistic Evaluation
Authors: Blamey Avril , Mackenzie Mhairi
Published: October 2007

Two proponents of theory-based approaches to evaluation that have found favour in the UK in recent years are Theories of Change and Realistic Evaluation. In this article we share our evolving views on the points of connection and digression between the approaches based on our reading of the theory-based evaluation literature and our practice experience. We provide a background to the two approaches that emphasizes the importance of programme context in understanding how complex programmes lead to changes in outcomes.We then explore some of the differences in how `theory' is conceptualized and used within the two approaches and consider how knowledge is generated and cumulated in subtly different ways depending on the approach that is taken. Finally, we offer our thoughts on what this means for evaluators on the ground seeking an appropriate framework for their practice.
Matching Public Management, Accountability and Evaluation in Uncertain Contexts
Authors: Zapico-Goñi Eduardo
Published: October 2007

Whenever policy logic and outcomes are uncertain, the traditional public management reform model, focused on efficiency and effectiveness, seems to be weak. Uncertainty requires not only devolution and follow-up information on results but also the encouragement of an appropriate management approach. Incentives from accountability and performance assessment may facilitate or impede management improvement if they are not coherently oriented. These systems need to be consistent with public managers' roles and circumstances, so that their feedback encourages a management role adequate to contextual characteristics. Uncertainty pressures management to be focused on innovation.This may be reinforced by positive oriented accountability and participatory evaluation. Beyond a conceptual proposal these notes might be a very useful suggestion for public management reform proposals.The example of fighting labour accidents in Spain shows that the model proposed is more pragmatic and feasible than it may sound in theory.
Comparing English vocabulary in a spoken learner corpus with a native speaker corpus: Pedagogical implications arising from an empirical study in Japan
Authors: Shirato Junko , Stapleton Paul
Published: October 2007

Insights from corpus linguistics have come to be seen as having a significant impact in second language pedagogy. Learner corpora, or collections of texts spoken or written by non-native speakers (NNS) of a language, are now being used for the purposes of enhancing language teaching. Specifically, by comparing the corpus of NNS with native speakers (NS) it is possible to identify instances of learners' under- or over-use of spoken vocabulary, as well as to investigate how far, and in what ways learners deviate from NS's norms. This preliminary study compares a small NNS corpus of 43,651 words with an established NS corpus. Results revealed that the Japanese NNS differed markedly in many areas, especially in their underuse of certain lexical items such as discourse markers, modal items, adjectives for specific evaluations, some interactive words, delexical verbs and terms for marking vagueness and hedges. On the other hand, NNS overused some high frequency and auxiliary verbs and some common adjectives. From this data, we suggest that knowledge from learner corpora has important pedagogical implications which include giving higher priority to certain classes of vocabulary including multi-word clusters that appear to be underused among Japanese learners.
Output, noticing, and learning: An investigation into the role of spontaneous attention to form in a four-stage writing task
Authors: Hanaoka Osamu
Published: October 2007

While the noticing function of output has been increasingly researched by a number of applied linguists, the nature of such noticing and its effect on subsequent learning in the context of EFL writing have not been fully investigated. In a four-stage writing task consisting of output, comparison, and two revisions, this study examined what Japanese college students spontaneously noticed (1) as they wrote a story in response to a picture prompt (Stage 1), and (2) as they compared their original writing to two native-speaker models (Stage 2), and how such noticing affected their immediate and delayed revisions (Stages 3 and 4). The results suggest that the participants noticed overwhelmingly lexical features as they autonomously identified their respective problems, found solutions through models, and incorporated them in subsequent revisions. Regarding proficiency effects, more proficient learners noticed significantly more features than less proficient learners when they compared their original output with two models. Another finding was that, among the features of the models that the participants noticed, those that were related to the problems that they had noticed through output were incorporated at a higher rate and were also retained longer than unrelated features. Implications drawn from these findings are discussed.
Postconcussion syndrome: a review
Authors: Carr James
Published: October 2007

Postconcussion syndrome is as yet a poorly understood and controversial disorder. This article reviews a range of research considering the causes, symptoms, and possible interventions for postconcussion syndrome.
A review of base of skull fractures
Authors: Taha A. , Gan Y.C. , Chavda S.V. , Wasserberg J.
Published: October 2007

Base of skull fractures after Head trauma is a common problem. Management is often conservative. Trauma surgeons should be familiar with the clinical signs, appropriate imaging and guidelines for referral to neurosurgery. We review the current evidence on antibiotic use. Recognition and management of the immediate and delayed complications of skull base fractures is discussed.
Management of shoulder dislocations
Authors: Christofi T. , Kallis A. , Raptis D.A. , Rowland M. , Ryan J.
Published: October 2007

Shoulder dislocations are seen on a daily basis in Accident and Emergency departments. The vast majority of these injuries are acute, traumatic dislocations and occur in the anterior direction. The clinical and radiological features of an anterior dislocation are fairly typical and the diagnosis is usually reached quickly. The sooner the joint is reduced, the easier will be required to overcome the muscle spasm. There is still no consensus as to the best way to manage these injuries in the emergency setting. We summarise the types of acute glenohumeral dislocations and the commonly used reduction methods for anterior dislocations. The literature about different analgesic and sedative options is also reviewed. Occasionally, a combination of sedatives and analgesics and more than one reduction technique are employed in order to avoid manipulation of the dislocated shoulder under general anaesthetic.
Expanding the Classical in Classical Sociology
Authors: Wickham Gary
Published: October 2007

If it is to become a more widely used resource at the present time, when the demand is growing for explanations of the predicament of modern western society in the wake of the events of 11 September 2001 and various similar subsequent events around the globe, classical sociology might pay more attention than it usually does to a particular set of early modern developments. These developments, it is argued here, actually created the form of the social that became large-scale modern western society. This new form of the social was and remains distinct from those older forms that were seen to flow from the natural sociality of human beings. Between the middle of the 16th century and the end of the 17th the new form of the social emerged in different parts of Europe, contingently but not entirely accidentally, as a separate domain of relatively safe and free human interaction. It was a consequence — in part intended, in part unintended — of different bids to secure civil peace in times of extreme inter-communal, inter-confessional violence. These bids included, to name just three measures: the development of new forms of public law, especially in Germany; the development of the absolutist state, especially in France; and the separation of private religious conscience from public legal conscience, especially in England. As they were all, in one way or another, steps towards stemming, stopping, and/or preventing the flow of blood caused by religious hatreds, they are here called early modern limiting measures, and the social at the centre of the article is sometimes called the limited social or limited society.
Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour
Authors: Hill Lisa
Published: October 2007

Adam Smith (1723—90) and Adam Ferguson (1723—1816) shared a keen interest in the social, economic and individual effects of specialization. Though this mutual interest led to a protracted priority dispute between them, nevertheless their approaches differed significantly. Ferguson was generally more negative in his attitude and was also less interested in the economic effects of specialization, focusing instead on its adverse social ramifications. In fact, his work on the subject probably constitutes the first fully developed sociological account of the topic. Karl Marx quoted Ferguson approvingly and declared that he had been inspired by the latter's insights. But Smith too made some extremely negative and apparently pessimistic observations about the division of labour, giving rise to suggestions that his comments also `constitute a major source of inspiration for the socialist critique' of commercialism. This article compares and contrasts the respective approaches of the two Scots. It also pays particular attention to claims that there are parallels with Marx in their thinking. To what extent is this true? Further, if it is true, do they anticipate him in the same way?
The Establishment of the London Greenbelt: Reaching Consensus over Purchasing Land
Authors: Amati Marco , Yokohari Makoto
Published: October 2007

The successful establishment of the greenbelt around London during the 1930s acted as an inspiration for postwar planners in the United Kingdom and in other countries. The history of ideas that supported this establishment has been investigated, but no research has examined the implementation of the 1930s' greenbelt. The objective of this article is to investigate why the greenbelt was successfully established in the 1930s, despite the United Kingdom's weak planning system and the unprecedented urban growth at the time. In particular, the authors highlight the role of landowners and county council members in establishing the greenbelt. Finally, they discuss how the history of the greenbelt has to be reassessed.
Moral and Theological Realism: The Explanatory Argument
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: October 2007

There are striking parallels, largely unexplored in the literature, between skeptical arguments against theism and against moral realism. After sketching four arguments meant to do this double duty, I restrict my attention to an explanatory argument that claims that we have most reason to deny the existence of moral facts (and so, by extrapolation, theistic ones), because such putative facts have no causal-explanatory power. I reject the proposed parity, and offer reasons to think that the potential vulnerabilities of moral realism on this front are quite different from those of the theist.
Anti-Reductionism and Supervenience
Authors: Ridge Michael
Published: October 2007

In this paper, I argue that anti-reductionist moral realism still has trouble explaining supervenience. My main target here will be Russ Shafer-Landau's attempt to explain the supervenience of the moral on the natural in terms of the constitution of moral property instantiations by natural property instantiations. First, though, I discuss a recent challenge to the very idea of using supervenience as a dialectical weapon posed by Nicholas Sturgeon. With a suitably formulated supervenience thesis in hand, I try to show how Shafer-Landau's proffered strategy to explain supervenience not only fails to explain supervenience, but that it also has a number of implausible consequences. The more general lesson is that strategies which may work well for explaining supervenience in the philosophy of mind and other areas cannot be assumed to carry over successfully to the metaethical context. We should therefore treat so-called 'companions in guilt' arguments in this area of philosophy with considerable skepticism.
Does Rationality Consist in Responding Correctly to Reasons?
Authors: Broome John
Published: October 2007

Some philosophers think that rationality consists in responding correctly to reasons, or alternatively in responding correctly to beliefs about reasons. This paper considers various possible interpretations of 'responding correctly to reasons' and of 'responding correctly to beliefs about reasons', and concludes that rationality consists in neither, under any interpretation. It recognizes that, under some interpretations, rationality does entail responding correctly to beliefs about reasons. That is: necessarily, if you are rational you respond correctly to your beliefs about reasons.
Normativity and Reason
Authors: Pink Thomas
Published: October 2007

Moral obligation is a demand of reason—a demanding kind of rational justification. How to understand this rational demand? Much recent philosophy, as in the work of Scanlon, takes obligatoriness to be a reason-giving feature of an action. But the paper argues that moral obligatoriness should instead be understood as a mode of justificatory support—as a distinctive justificatory force of demand. The paper argues that this second model of obligation, the Force model, was central to the natural law tradition in ethics, is truer to everyday intuition about obligation, and also changes our understanding of the problem of moral rationality. A new account is given of why it might be irrational to breach moral obligations. The Force model also sheds new light on moral responsibility, our responsibility for meeting moral obligations. Moral obligation is a standard of reason; but moral responsibility is shown to involve far more than ordinary rational appraisability, precisely because moral obligation involves a distinctive justificatory force of demand—one which specifically governs how we act.
Working with publishers: a novel approach to ascertaining practitioners' needs in genetics education
Authors: Kirk Maggie , Tonkin Emma , Birmingham Karen
Published: October 2007

Genetics are becoming increasingly important within healthcare, but the evidence indicates that nurses are not confident in dealing with the genetics needs of their patients, and education provision is often inadequate. An innovative approach has been used to raise awareness of genetics and simultaneously to explore the learning needs of UK nurses. A template article tailored to the readership, followed by a questionnaire, was published in seven specialist nursing journals. The questionnaire sought to establish awareness of, and confidence in, genetics in everyday practice, and its perceived importance, using the seven UK nursing competences in genetics as a guide. Willingness to update knowledge and skills, and perceptions of managerial support were also explored. The competences are not used equally, or viewed with equal importance, and respondents ( n = 198) do not have the same confidence in demonstrating them, with deficits in two crucial areas of genetics competence. Post-registration genetics education has a significant influence on the frequency and confidence with which they are used. This study has highlighted that education initiatives need to use accessible, interactive learning approaches and engage support from senior nurses. The relevance and importance of genetics across diverse areas of nursing practice is yet to be fully appreciated.
The `New Sociology of Art': Putting Art Back into Social Science Approaches to the Arts
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: October 2007

This article maps recent developments in social science writing about the arts and argues for seeing this work in terms of the label the `new sociology of art'. It considers four major lines of re-assessment being carried out by sociologists studying the arts: firstly, a reconsideration of the relationship between sociological and other disciplinary approaches to art; secondly, the possibility of an art-sociology as against a sociology of art; thirdly, the application of insights from the sociology of art to non-art `stuff '; and, fourthly, the sociology of the artwork conceived as a contingent social fact. The argument is made that these developments represent an advance on the tendency to limit sociological investigations of the arts to contextual or external factors. The `new sociology of art' is praised for framing questions about the aesthetic properties of art and artworks in a way that is compatible with social constructionsim.
Crystal chemistry of aegirine as an indicator of P-T conditions
Authors: Secco L. , Guastoni A. , Nestola F. , Redhammer G. J. , Dal Negro A.
Published: October 2007

One metamorphic and four magmatic aegirines, together with two end-member aegirines synthesized at atmospheric pressure and different temperatures, were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The limited compositional differences allow the polyhedral volumes to be almost constant in all the aegirines investigated( VM1 ≈ 11.0 Å3; VM2 ≈ 26.3 Å3; VT ≈ 2.21 Å3). However, differences in polyhedral distortions are responsible for the cell-volume variations, reflected mainly in the change of a and β cell parameters. Cell volume is only partly related to the composition of these aegirines: with increasing formation temperature, an increase in the unit-cell volume of ~1.2 Å3 is observed, while a significant contraction of the cell volume occurs during high-pressure formation. As the difference in cell volume between the two synthetic aegirines is ascribed to the different conditions of synthesis temperature, the same interpretation could be adopted for the differences observed in natural aegirines.
Magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran: apatite geochemistry and monazite geochronology
Authors: Torab F. M. , Lehmann B.
Published: October 2007

The Bafq mining district is in the Early Cambrian Kashmar-Kerman volcano-plutonic arc in Central Iran and hosts important ‘Kiruna-type’ magnetite-apatite deposits. The hydrothermal magnetite-apatite mineralization occurs mostly as massive orebodies, metasomatic replacements, veins and stockworks. Apatite (low-Sr fluorapatite containing small amounts of hydroxyl) has undergone a partial hydrothermal overprint which involved leaching of Na, Cl and REE. The REE were remobilized into monazite (and minor allanite, parisite and xenotime) which nucleated as inclusions within apatite or as individual crystals. The monazites have very small ThO2 contents (usually <1 wt.%), but they occasionally show an inner core of high-Th monazite, with low-Th overgrowth rims. The chemical Th-U-total Pb dating of the high-Th monazites by electron microprobe analysis yields an isochron age of 515±21 Ma (initial PbO intercept = 68 ppm), or 529±21 Ma (forced initial PbO = 0), which is contemporaneous with the emplacement of the volcano-plutonic host rocks of the magnetite-apatite mineralization, as well as with widespread sedimentation of Late Proterozoic to Cambrian evaporitic rocks in Central Iran. The monazite age and the mineralogical and geochemical data suggest that the magnetite-apatite deposits are probably related to large-scale brine circulation induced by felsic magmatism during the Cambrian.
Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells into the CSF in lymphomatous and carcinomatous meningitis
Authors: Haas Jürgen , Schopp Laila , Storch-Hagenlocher Brigitte , Fritzsching Benedikt , Jacobi Christian , Milkova Linda , Fritz Brigitte , Schwarz Alexander , Suri-Payer Elisabeth , Hensel Manfred , Wildemann Brigitte
Published: October 2007

Whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in the prevention of autoimmunity, increasing evidence suggests that their down-regulatory properties negatively affect immune responses directed against tumors. Treg cells selectively express chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8, and specific migration occurs following the release of various chemokines. Neoplastic meningitis (NM) resulting from leptomeningeal spread of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or carcinoma has a poor prognosis. We hypothesized that Treg-cell accumulation within the subarachnoid space as a result of interfering with tumor immunity may be relevant for survival of neoplastic cells. We collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 101 patients diagnosed with lymphomatous/carcinomatous NM and various inflammatory diseases (IDs) and noninflammatory neurologic disorders (NIDs). CSF Treg- cell counts were determined by flow cytometry, Treg cell–specific chemokines by enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA), and Treg-cell trafficking by chemotaxis assay. Both frequencies of Treg-cell and Treg cell–specific chemotactic activities were significantly elevated in CSF samples of patients with NM. Local Treg-cell accumulation occurred without concomitant rise of conventional T (Tconv) cells, coincided with elevated concentrations of Treg cell–attracting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and correlated with numbers of atypical CSF cells. We conclude that Treg cells are specifically recruited into the CSF of patients with NM, suggesting that the presence of Treg cells within the subarachnoid space generates a microenvironment that may favor survival and growth of malignant cells.
Ixabepilone Plus Capecitabine for Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing After Anthracycline and Taxane Treatment
Authors: Thomas Eva S. , Gomez Henry L. , Li Rubi K. , Chung Hyun-Cheol , Fein Luis E. , Chan Valorie F. , Jassem Jacek , Pivot Xavier B. , Klimovsky Judith V. , de Mendoza Fernando Hurtado , Xu Binghe , Campone Mario , Lerzo Guillermo L. , Peck Ronald A. , Mukhopadhyay Pralay , Vahdat Linda T. , Roché Henri H.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

Effective treatment options for patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes are limited. Ixabepilone has single-agent activity in these patients and has demonstrated synergy with capecitabine in this setting. This study was designed to compare ixabepilone plus capecitabine versus capecitabine alone in anthracycline-pretreated or -resistant and taxane-resistant locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Seven hundred fifty-two patients were randomly assigned to ixabepilone 40 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 of a 21-day cycle plus capecitabine 2,000 mg/m2 orally on days 1 through 14 of a 21-day cycle, or capecitabine alone 2,500 mg/m2 on the same schedule, in this international phase III study. The primary end point was progression-free survival evaluated by blinded independent review.

Results

Ixabepilone plus capecitabine prolonged progression-free survival relative to capecitabine (median, 5.8 v 4.2 months), with a 25% reduction in the estimated risk of disease progression (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88; P = .0003). Objective response rate was also increased (35% v 14%; P < .0001). Grade 3/4 treatment-related sensory neuropathy (21% v 0%), fatigue (9% v 3%), and neutropenia (68% v 11%) were more frequent with combination therapy, as was the rate of death as a result of toxicity (3% v 1%, with patients with liver dysfunction [≥ grade 2 liver function tests] at greater risk). Capecitabine-related toxicities were similar for both treatment groups.

Conclusion

Ixabepilone plus capecitabine demonstrates superior efficacy to capecitabine alone in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated or resistant to anthracyclines and resistant to taxanes.