bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial Note of Farewell and Gratitude to ESTS Reviewers
Authors: Kleinman Daniel Lee , Vann Katie
Published: December 2020

In response to the desire of the governing council of the Society for Social Studies of Science to have an online open access Society journal, we were asked to build Engaging Science, Technology, and Society. We did so and launched the journal in 2015. Today, in December 2020, we write to say farewell, and to thank the many reviewers who selflessly gave their time, energy, and expertise to support the journal and the efforts of other authors. On the eve of our departure, we delight in the strength of ESTS and the quality of papers that have been published over the six annual volumes realized since 2015. And in this moment in history, when so many incentives exist for scholars to confine their energy to self-serving activities and show indifference to the quality of literature produced, the good will and actions of the reviewers who have enabled the development and growth of ESTS are what we deeply appreciate. To those ESTS reviewers who are shown below, Thank You. And to those of you who read this, when you see those listed you should know, “There is someone who demonstrated a commitment to quality STS scholarship and to the field.”
Álvarez Rixo y el inventario toponímico de Cipriano Gorrín
Authors: Díaz Alayón Carmen
Published: December 2020

Álvarez Rixo dedica una parte considerable de su tiempo a la creación y a la recogida de materiales, firmemente convencido, como él mismo nos dice, de que «todos los sucesos que no se consignan al papel finalmente se olvidan o alteran en las tradiciones». Su producción asombra por su amplitud y variedad, destacando las aportaciones de carácter histórico, pero también hay lugar para contribuciones de carácter lingüístico, literario, y antropológico, entre otras áreas. En esta ocasión el análisis se focaliza en una pieza inédita de su archivo personal, el Diccionario geográfico de estas Islas Canarias, intentado por el joven D. Cipriano Gorrín, natural del Puerto de la Cruz, en 1816. Se trata de un proyecto que no se concluye, pero que posee la relevante cualidad de ser el primer intento de elaborar un repertorio toponímico que se hace en Canarias.
https://doi.org/10.17398/2660-7301.40.159
Culture and purification ofPlasmodium berghei ookinetes v1
Authors: Recio Totoro Benito
Published: December 2020

A collection of protocols we use routinely in the lab to produce and purify ookinetes of Plasmodium berghei.
Kim and Kip in the Mirror of Mimicry: A Postcolonial Study
Authors: Islam Dr. MD Rakibul , Hasan DR. Nazia
Published: December 2020

The research paper aims to give an accurate account of how Kirpal Singh/Kip in The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje copies the socio-cultural and linguistic norms of the Europeans (colonizers) unlike Kipling’s Kim who emulates the Eastern people (colonized) and their culture. They are examples of going through a long drawn process of growing up, looking into the mirror of mimicry. Kip joins the English army as a grown up, learns the need to show affinity to the new culture by way of imitation, adopting their ways to weave a comfort zone. Being different could be an assaulting fact for both sides, Kip is quick to realize that. But his childish view of looking down upon his native culture is the irony of mimicry. It wipes out the original being to rewrite a new identity. Kip leaves the small community sprouted accidentally in the Italian monastery, showing traces of a stricken conscience. Kim, by the virtue of living in close company of Indians, adopts their habits and manners without any qualm, in a most unconscious manner. He never worries to look or sound his original self which he has not experienced for long. Thus, a kind of reverse mimicry is his fate and character when we look at him as an outsider living as an Indian native. The ambivalence of their characters, presented by both, is an interesting aspect of mimicry. In the paper, we have used the views of postcolonial and cultural literary theorists on mimicry, deliberating upon how with the effect of both the processes, Kip and Kim, consciously or unconsciously, get their national identity peeled off, affixing new hybrid identity.
A Study of Direct Speech Complementation with Embedding Verbs: Collostructional Analysis
Authors: Orrequia-Barea Aroa
Published: December 2020

Non-relational verbs, as opposed to relational ones, cannot replace their complement clause with a complex nominal, meaning that they do not denote a proposition, as the Relational Analysis states. However, direct speech seems to be a proper replacement for the complement clause in the non-relational verb cases. This paper deals with the analysis of some of the most representative taxonomies of embedding verbs using the British National Corpus, to check whether they can occur with direct speech complements; the collostructional analysis, which is a technique of statistical significance; and the programming language R to do it in a computational and automatic way. Thus, the collostructional method will measure the strength between the embedding verbs and their corresponding complement clauses in the direct speech form.
Strategic Litigation as a Framework for the Protection of Indigenous Rights. An Analysis of Some of the Achievements, Difficulties and Challenges Involved
Authors: Martínez de Bringas Asier
Published: December 2020

This study is structured into two clearly defined sections. Firstly, strategic litigation will be used as a framework to account for the developments and improvements made to indigenous rights as a result of the remarkable international effort to protect indigenous peoples. Some focal points in the production of strategic litigation discourse on indigenous rights and its guarantees will be considered. These will include the discourse produced by the United Nations and its related institutions in recent years specifically to solve the dramatic situation of indigenous peoples; and the discourse by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (under the regional aegis of the OAS). Secondly, these developments will be contrasted with a crude diagnosis of reality by identifying the main difficulties and the real limits for the consolidation and implementation of indigenous rights. This will be followed by an outline of the challenges to be faced by indigenous peoples in the coming years, which will compel them to try new ways of political, normative, and strategic thinking.
The Right to Food between the Justiciability and the Public Sphere
Authors: Silveira Gorski Hector Claudio
Published: December 2020

Basic food must be guaranteed by States as a fundamental right of all people. In this article we defend the hypothesis that the path of justiciability is insufficient to achieve full recognition of the right to food as a fundamental social right. A strong and active public sphere is needed to address the obstacles to this recognition today. Some of them are actually related to the inherited legal culture. And, on the other hand, that promotes the creation of new institutions to guarantee social rights. The constitutional State needs a "fourth estate" that guarantees fundamental rights and protects the common good from private powers.
Questions on Theory of Law in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Fernández Liesa Carlos R.
Published: December 2020

The objective of this paper is to examine some specific question on the theory of law in international human rights law. International human rights law has played an important role in the evolution of International law. There are different ways of approaching and understanding International law, different schools and certain central theoretical questions. This paper tackles theoretical questions within international law in the light of International law of human rights, such as the questions of hierarchy, unity, coherence, structure, time, power, justice and legitimacy. Furthermore, analyse theoretical horizons, like the question evolution/revolution, progression/regression, justiciability, sustainability and efficacity.
Systemic Racism, Police Brutality of Black People, and the Use of Violence in Quelling Peaceful Protests in America
Authors: Iheme Williams C.
Published: December 2020

The Trump Administration and its mantra to ‘Make America Great Again’ has been calibrated with racism and severe oppression against Black people in America who still bear the deep marks of slavery. After the official abolition of slavery in the second half of the nineteenth century, the initial inability of Black people to own land, coupled with the various Jim Crow laws rendered the acquired freedom nearly insignificant in the face of poverty and hopelessness. Although the age-long struggles for civil rights and equal treatments have caused the acquisition of more black-letter rights, the systemic racism that still perverts the American justice system has largely disabled these rights: the result is that Black people continue to exist at the periphery of American economy and politics. Using a functional approach and other types of approach to legal and sociological reasoning, this article examines the supportive roles of Corporate America, Mainstream Media, and White Supremacists in winnowing the systemic oppression that manifests largely through police brutality. The article argues that some of the sustainable solutions against these injustices must be tackled from the roots and not through window-dressing legislation, which often harbor the narrow interests of Corporate America.
Expert-Amateurs and Smart Citizens: How Digitalization Reconfigures Lima’s Water Infrastructure
Authors: Hoefsloot Fenna Imara , Martínez Javier , Richter Christine , Pfeffer Karin
Published: December 2020

In Lima, residents are fundamental co-creators of the urban water infrastructure, taking up various roles in the operation, maintenance, and expansion of the water distribution system. As Lima’s potable water company presses the transition from decentralized and auto-constructed to centralized and digital, this article explores how the implementation of digital infrastructure reconfigures the role of residents in the water distribution system. Our analysis draws on an ethnographic research approach, using formal and informal interviews, and focus groups in three areas representing Lima’s diversity in settlement categories and types of water consumers. By analyzing the digitalization of Lima’s water infrastructure through the perspective of its residents, this research contributes to understanding how top-down, digital governance practices mediate the agency and everyday experiences of people living in Southern cities. We observe that the digitalization of the water infrastructure marginalizes the participation of the ‘expert-amateur,’ a crucial role in the development of urban in the Global South, while providing more space for the ‘smart citizen’ to engage in infrastructuring. This article concludes that to overcome the perpetual creation of the center and the periphery through digitalization, urban infrastructure management should be sensitive to residents’ diverse strategies in managing resources.
THEORETICAL EXPERIENCE OF RESTORATION OF THE WOODEN TEMPLE OF THE KAZAN ICON OF THE MOTHER OF GOD IN POKROVKAVILLAGE, BORSKY DISTRICT OF SAMARA REGION
Authors: KOSENKOVA Natalya A. , LITVINOV Denis V. , KOSENKOVA Elizaveta V.
Published: December 2020

The key aspects of Russian wooden temple architecture a reconsidered. Analyzed are wooden churches of the XVIII-XX centuries of the Samara region. Examples of surviving temples are given, which had a great infl uence on the historical and cultural heritage of the region. A project is proposed for the restoration of the wooden church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Pokrovka. In order to identify the lost elements of the temple, the analysis of archival data and similar wooden temples of the Samara region is carried out. Similar temporal, stylistic, constructive, planning features of the temples are considered. Based on the analysis performed, a model of theoretical and graphic reconstruction of the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Pokrovka is being built. The role of Russian Orthodox wooden architecture in world culture is determined.
IMMERSIVE AUDIO EXPOSITION AND ITS VISUAL CONTENT AS ACTUALIZATION OF MUSEUM DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Authors: SHLIENKOVA Elena V. , KAYGORODOVA Khristina V.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the experimental practice of new local history and museum design, the study of collective identity, the actualization of “gene memory” and the representation of the Finno-Ugric ethnic group of the North of Udmurtia, Russia. The project continues to develop a long-term partnership of an inter-regional consortium consisting of specialists in the fi eld of cultural anthropology and authentic geography, local history, music and stage art, folklore, design, architecture and modern art practices, and the local community. The article deals with the study of the principles of organizing a traditional a local history museum, its tactile and spatial reconfi guration based on immersive interaction with the visitor, his active participation, polylogue, post-empathy and total involvement (psychophysiological “linkage” with reality). It covers a wide range of topics from technological to meta-immersion, creation spaces of holistic experience, space-event, space-situations, where the viewer becomes a key subject.
CLUSTER BASES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION CENTERS BASED ON SCIENCE CITIES AND RESEARCH CENTERS
Authors: KULESHOVA Galina I.
Published: December 2020

Сluster bases of urban development of scientifi c and innovative complexes of science cities and research centers based on small cities as a related socio-economic and urban development system of the innovation complex of the Moscow region are considered. This article raises general research questions based on the most available data for studying the science cities of the Moscow region.
CLASSIFICATION OF SORBENTS USED IN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Authors: MALYSHKINA Elena S.
Published: December 2020

Currently, there is no a generally accepted classifi cation of the sorbents used in the technologies for wastewater treatment from oil products. The purpose of this work is to more fully systematize the sorbents used in wastewater treatment, depending on their main characteristics, as well as on the economy and environmental friendliness. Based on the existing classifi cations, the generalized classifi cation of the sorbents designed for wastewater treatment from oil products in the dissolved and emulsifi ed forms, and additionally in the fi lm form, was developed and supplemented with the new parameters. A special algorithm, that allows one to make an informed choice of the sorbent in terms of its application effi ciency, environmental protection and material costs, is formed. In this regard, as an example, the classifi cation of pine sawdust has been performed. It can be considered as an eff ective sorbent base.
ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION FACTORS APPLIED DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARCISIS-BASED AUTOMATED INFORMATION SPACE MONITORING SYSTEM
Authors: Nikiforov M.M. , Nikiforov M.M.
Published: December 2020

This paper analyzes the peculiarities of the use of communication factors used in the workplace when developing an information system based on the ArcGIS family. This article outlines some of the main communication drivers and studies on how to improve communication between different categories of people, taking into account their approach, subsequent impact, and effect. Possible approaches to the consideration of individual communication factors have been investigated to effectively influence people and teams when developing an automated information space monitoring system. Possibilities of applying interrelationships between factors, approaches, influences, and consequences of communication have been explored that can help improve our communication and communication skills in listening, writing, and speaking. It is determined that since each of us differs in personal characteristics, age, and national culture, we must be astute observers of those with whom we plan to interact, and listen carefully and adjust the methods of communication for our final recipient. The diversity of cultures can, to varying degrees, affect the continuity of each approach to communication and understanding of each other's intentions, problems, and perspectives. This, in turn, affects relationships between colleagues, between superiors and subordinates. It is concluded that the factors of communication intertwine with each other and influence our choice of methods of communication and environment, which subsequently causes an influence on mutual understanding and efficiency of information transmission. In turn, the consequences are cumulative, which leads to considerable difficulties for working relationships and productivity.
Moral grounds and social norms of safe prosocial behaviour of young people
Authors: Kislyakov P. A. , Shmeleva E. A. , Aleksandrovich M. O.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. In the current situation of socio-economic development and digitalisation of society, the question of moral standards is becoming particularly relevant. Individualism, values of self-actualisation, enrichment and autonomy are strengthened in the youth environment, and values of civic participation and moral identity are not developed. In this regard, prosocial attitudes aimed at providing selfless assistance to a person or society as a whole are popularised among young people at the state level.

The aim of the present research is to identify the dominant moral grounds and norms of safe prosocial behaviour of young people.

Methodology and research methods. The current research is based on the theory of moral grounds, the theory of social norms of prosocial behaviour, and the theory of social and psychological security. The following psychodiagnostic methods were applied: “Diagnostics of the Level of Moral and Ethical Responsibility of the Individual” (by I. G. Timoshchuk), “Moral Foundations Questionnaire” (by J. Haidt et al., in the adaptation of O. A. Sychev et al.); “Scale of Altruism” (by F. Rushton, in the adaptation of N. V. Kuhtova), “Social Norms of Prosocial Behaviour” (by I. A. Furmanov, N. V. Kuhtova). The obtained empirical data were processed using percentage analysis, the Kraskel-Wallace criterion, the Pearson correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis (the step method). Calculations were done employing the SPPS 22 statistical program package.

Results and scientific novelty. The conducted research has shown that moral and ethical responsibility and prosociality among young people are formed at a sufficient level. The norms of care, justice, and social responsibility are the dominant moral grounds and norms of prosocial safe behaviour of young people. Despite the fact that assistance is mainly dictated by pragmatic motives, safe prosocial behaviour of young people is predicted by compliance with group rules and the absence of selfish expectations of reciprocity.

Practical significance. The identified relationships allow for the prediction of the level of readiness of the individual to help and take care of the well-being of another person and society, depending on moral norms and norms of prosocial behaviour. In the process of personal and professional development and spiritual and moral development of young people, it is advisable to use situational modelling aimed at solving moral dilemmas and forming attitudes to prosocial behaviour within the framework of the humanities cycle.
Dogłębnie i ciekawie o nowych bułgarskich feminatywach
Authors: Sotirov Petar
Published: December 2020

Recenzja książki: Сумрова, Ванина. Новите феминални названия в българския език. Sofia: Wydawnictwo Bułgarskiej Akademii Nauk Prof. Marin Drinov, 2018.
Едно ново изследване върху съвременната българска реч
Authors: Todorova Bilyana
Published: December 2020

Nowe badanie współczesnej mowy bułgarskiej

Recenzja książki: Сталянова, Надежда. Речта в съвременното българско общество. Sofia: Paradigma, 2020, 154 str.
Element chtoniczny w bułgarskiej obrzędowości cyklu wiosennego
Authors: Mleczko Joanna
Published: December 2020

Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule są bułgarskie wiosenne obrzędy wypędzenia insektów, gadów, drapieżników i gryzoni oraz zapewniające ochronę przed nimi zakazy i działania magiczne (symboliczne zamykanie, zaszywanie, zalepianie zwierzęcych pysków / oczu). Ujmując obrzęd w kategoriach tekstu kultury, szczególną uwagę zwrócono na relacje między jego warstwą rytualną (czynność, jej wykonawca i obiekt, użyty rekwizyt, osadzenie w czasie i przestrzeni) a werbalną (towarzyszące czynności słowa). Ekscerpowane teksty folkloru (formuły wypędzenia będące komentarzem do podejmowanych działań rytualnych) zostały omówione pod kątem ich zróżnicowania strukturalnego.
Predicting Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications in HIV Positive Patients based on Persistence of the HIV-Nef Protein
Authors: Arce Guzman Christian , Chelvanambi Sarvesh , Twig III Homer , Clauss Matthias
Published: December 2020

Background and Hypothesis: According to the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, people living with HIV (PLWH) in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have incidence rates of COPD, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis that are 16, 50 and 50% higher than the general population, respectively. Despite effective treatment, the HIV-Nef protein continues to persist in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of HIV positive patients. Studies have shown that HIV-Nef promotes inflammation and induces apoptosis within pulmonary immune and endothelial cells, respectively. HIV-Nef transgenic mice display pulmonary disease phenotypes including reduced number of alveoli, increased inspiratory capacity and hypoxemia. Nef persistence in lungs could explain the high rates of pulmonary complications in PLWH. We hypothesize that patients with HIV-Nef are more likely to exhibit pulmonary dysfunction.  
 
Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted on samples collected from 34 HIV positive patients with variable HIV-Nef levels in plasma and BAL fluids as detected by ELISA. Using GraphPad Prism 8 and p<0.05 for statistical significance, bivariate analyses were performed, including Spearman correlation, simple linear regression and Welch’s t test. 
 
Results: In patients with no detectable HIV-Nef in BAL fluids, pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters, such as FEV1/FVC, FEV1 and FEF 25-75 showed a positive correlation with CD4 counts; however, preservation of CD4 counts did not normalize PFT measures in Nef positive patients. HIV-Nef presence in the lungs resulted in higher levels of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which led to increased percentages of infiltrating lymphocytes and neutrophils. 
 
Conclusion and Potential Impact: Our findings suggest that HIV-Nef mediates inflammation in the lungs and disrupts the protective effect of preserving CD4 count on pulmonary function. Screening for HIV-Nef could become a routine test to predict risk of pulmonary complications. Therapies that target Nef induced pulmonary inflammation could reduce the prevalence of pulmonary diseases in PLWH.
The Role of Body Mass Index on Perioperative Medical Complications and Outcomes Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Bosler Ashton , Deckard Evan , Ziemba-Davis Mary , Buller Leonard , Meneghini R. Michael
Published: December 2020

Background and Hypothesis:  Obesity is associated with increased medical complications and septic revision following total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, evidence-based multidisciplinary perioperative care coordination can optimize outcomes. This study examined the relative influence of body mass index (BMI) on outcomes following TKA in an arthroplasty program with specialized perioperative medical care. 
 
Experimental Design or Project Methods:  284 consecutive primary unilateral TKAs performed by one surgeon at a designated hip and knee center between 2019 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes including (1) inpatient and 90-day medical complications (cardiac, renal, respiratory, venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accident, joint infection, sepsis, and death), (2) 90-day emergency department (ED) visits and hospital readmissions, and (3) 90-day reoperations on the index joint were evaluated in relation to BMI. 
 
Results:  59.9% of the sample was non-obese (BMI < 35 kg/m2), 20.1% severely obese (≥ 35 kg/m2), 18.3% morbidly obese (≥ 40 kg/m2), and 1.8% super-obese (≥ 50 kg/m2).  There were five inpatient complications (40% non-obese, 60% morbidly obese patients, p=1.000).  64% of 11 90-day ED visits were made by non-obese patients and 36% were made by severely/morbidly obese patients (p=0.395). Nine hospital readmissions within 90-days represented 67% non-obese and 33% severely/morbidly obese patients (p=0.395).  All complications were related to renal/respiratory/cardiac issues or joint infection. There were five reoperations of the index joint within 90 days (40% non-obese, 60% severely/morbidly obese, p=1.000), with infection or arthrofibrosis as the underlying cause.  
 
Conclusion and Potential Impact:  We observed a similar distribution of perioperative medical complications following primary TKA regardless of BMI. Further evaluation with a larger sample and using machine learning to control for the influence of multiple potential confounders will help determine the relative contribution of various comorbidities associated with obesity on outcomes following TKA. An awareness of the relative contribution of BMI on these outcomes may improve preoperative counseling, management, and treatment of obese patients who undergo TKA.
The effect of pathophysiologic protein accumulation in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease on white matter integrity
Authors: Chien Billy , Shahid Salman , Thukral Rhea , Wu Yu-Chien
Published: December 2020

Background: 
Traditionally, the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) and tau proteins are considered the main pathological hallmarks of AD due to their impact on cortical microstructural organization, which leads to dendritic deficit and neuronal loss. Additionally, it is hypothesized that these pathophysiological processes may induce axonal and oligodendrocyte dysfunction exacerbating myelin impairment. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to estimate the degree of alterations in white matter (WM) microstructural organization associated with pathological proteins at the pre-clinical stage of AD. 
 
Methods: 
To achieve this, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained from 84 patients determined to be cognitively normal using neurophysiological tests. CSF samples were analyzed for levels of CSF total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau181), and Aβ42. The participants were then divided into two groups based on their biomarker (BM) levels (BM+: T-tau/Aβ42 ³ 0.18, and BM-: T-tau/Aβ42 < 0.18). The level of WM integrity was determined through Free Water Eliminating Diffusion Tensor Imaging (FWEDTI) and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) analysis of the dMRI data.  
 
Results: 
Comparisons of WM integrity between the two groups showed a significant reduction in diffusivity in BM+ participants, relative to the BM- group. Additionally, region of interest (ROI)/cluster-based analysis displayed significant associations between levels of CSF biomarkers (T-tau, T-tau/Aβ42, and p-tau/Aβ42) with sophisticated diffusion metrices in multiple regions. CSF Aβ42 alone lacked significant association with white matter alterations.  
 
Conclusion: 
These results suggest that the processes behind pathological protein accumulation influence WM integrity in pre-symptomatic AD, and are primarily driven by tau proteins. Therefore, CSF models which include both measures of tau and Aβ42 are better indicators of AD in its non-dormant stages.
Predicting Fracture Healing with Biomarkers: The Potential for Precision Medicine to Assess Patient Risk of Fracture Nonunion
Authors: Chitwood Joseph , Adam Gremah , Kacena Melissa , Natoli Roman
Published: December 2020

Objective: 
To provide a comprehensive survey of the literature related to the current efficacy of biomarkers for predicting fracture healing. 
Methods: 
EMBASE and PubMed, were searched using the following terms: fractures, biomarkers, ununited, and nonunion with the assistance of a medical librarian. The initial search yielded 199 records. Additional search of Google Scholar and review of the references yielded zero additional records. The 165 unique records were screened, of which 105 were excluded due to experimental treatments, non-fracture related bone healing, animal studies, and study group design failure to compare union versus nonunion fracture outcomes. This left 21 articles for full review. 
Results: 
19 serum biomarkers were reviewed for nonunion predicative capability. From this cohort 9 biomarkers had promising results including; bone formation markers OC and PINP, bone resorption markers TRAP and OPN, growth factors VEGF and PGF-1, TEMRA and TReg cells, and miR-193a-3p. 15 SNPs on 11 genes were examined. The polymorphisms with the greatest potential for increased risk of nonunion based on odds ratio include; SMAD6 rs2053423 T/T genotype OR = 10.27. IL-1b rs2853550 T allele OR = 5.9. NOG rs1372857 G/G genotype OR = 4.56. NOS rs2297514 OR = 3.98. and PDGF CCG haplotype OR = 3.57 
Conclusion: 
There remains an unmet clinical need to develop predictive parameter(s) for bone healing that are objective, reproducible, preferably continuous, unique to the individual, and optimally based on a readily accessible biologic measurement. Ultimately yielding a biomarker predictive of future nonunion that is additive, or superior, to that of known clinical risk factors for nonunion. 
Clinical Implications:  
Accurate biomarkers could identify patients at early times post-injury who may benefit from intervention to promote healing, thus circumventing unnecessary delays in nonunion intervention. Additionally, biomarkers could eliminate preemptive surgery in patients with early slow progression who are otherwise on a healing trajectory.
Assessment of Cachexia Markers in the TCGA-LIHC Cohort of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Duncheon Ethan , Young Andrew , Zimmers Teresa
Published: December 2020

Abstract: 
Background: Cachexia, unintentional loss of muscle and fat, is frequent in patients with cancer. Cachexia, frequent with hepatocellular carcinoma, associates with decreased quality of life and survival. We sought to measure body composition changes in patients in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) preparatory to identifying tumor genomic characteristics associated with cachexia. 
 
Methods: Using CT scans from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), we measured changes in muscle area (SKMA) and height normalized skeletal muscle index (SKMI) between scans. Serum biomarkers, obtained from TCGA, and extracted data were assessed versus progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using Spearman nonparametric correlation and log rank tests.   
 
Results: 43 patients of the LIHC cohort had two usable CT scans. 16 were female, mean age 63.4 ± 9.10 years (mean ± SD) and 27 were male, mean age 61.0 ± 15.5 years. SKMA, SKMI, and body weight were strongly correlated to male sex; conversely, platelet count was strongly correlated with female sex (r=0.400, p=0.01).  We observed no correlations between change in SMA or SMKI and PFS or OS. However, variables of baseline SKMA (r=0.312, p=0.07), SKMI (r=0.312, p=0.07), patient weight (r=0.367, p=0.03), and body mass index (BMI) (r=.0404, p=0.02) correlated strongly with PFS. Serum platelet count was strongly negatively correlated with PFS (r=-0.401, p=0.02). Mutation count was strongly negatively correlated with OS (r=-0.311, p=0.04).  
 
Conclusion: This cohort is too small to draw general conclusions about body composition, muscle size, and survival. However, observing greater survival in patients with more muscle mass is consistent with studies of patients with advanced cancer showing increased risk of mortality with low muscle mass. Observing longer survival among patients with high starting BMI is consistent with prior studies in lung cancer. These results highlight the importance of body phenotype in prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Exploring Racial and Age Disproportionalities in COVID-19 Positive Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Freeman Emily , Song Yiqiang , Allen Katie , Hui Siu , Mendonca Eneida
Published: December 2020

Background: Social and health inequities place marginalized populations at increased risk of contracting the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). While COVID-19 literature continues to accumulate, there remains a lack of comprehensive epidemiological data on COVID-19 in children. The study aims to identify demographic trends in disease severity amongst COVID-19 positive pediatric patients.  
 
Methods: We analyzed the medical records of 2217 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pediatric patients, ages 0-18, across Indiana. Working with Regenstrief Institute Center of Biomedical Informatics, data was extracted from the databases of Indiana Network for Patient Care, Indiana University Health, and Eskenazi Health from February 28th, 2020 to July 13th, 2020. Factors of interest were age, race, and ethnicity. The study assessed the clinical outcome of disease severity which was defined by one of the following clinical designations: outpatient management exclusively, emergency care without hospital admission, non-pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization, PICU hospitalization, and death.  
 
Results: The laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cohort was composed of 12.2% (N= 270) Black or African American, 49.3% (N=1094) white, and 3.2% (N= 71) American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Multiracial combined group. 34.4% of Black or African American patients required emergency (12.2%) or inpatient care (22.2%) while 24.4% white patients required emergency (7.0%) or inpatient care (17.3%). 17.6% of the cohort was 0-5 years old, 24.8% was 6-12 years old, and 57.6% was 13-18 years old. 30.9% of the 0-5 age group required emergency or inpatient care while the percentages of the 6-12 age group and 13-18 age group requiring emergency or inpatient care were 20.6% and 18.9%, respectively.   
 
Conclusion: 
While our data is preliminary and requires additional validation, our exploration of racial and age disproportionalities in pediatric coronavirus severity serves to expand on the current COVID-19 literature and understanding of this virus.
Stress, Self-Efficacy, Worries, and Challenges for Caregivers of Children with Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hand Breanne , Soni Priya , Oyetoro Rebecca , Albanese-O’Neill Anastasia , Ismail Heba , DiMeglio Linda
Published: December 2020

Background: 
Approximately 200,000 American youth live with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Intensive daily management is critical to optimize disease outcomes. Little is known about COVID-19 pandemic effects on persons with T1D and their caregivers. We hypothesized caregivers would report increased stress, lower self-efficacy (SE), and more difficult diabetes management associated with the pandemic.  
 
Methods: A 49-item survey using Likert scales and open-ended response questions was distributed via email and T1D-related social media platforms from May 4-June 2,2020 to caregivers of children with T1D <18 years of age. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) SE short form was used to measure general SE.  
 
Results: 
260 caregivers completed surveys: 94.2% female, mean age 42.4±7.7 years, 80.3% college degree or higher, 53.8% annual income >$99,000, 77.3% privately insured. Mean child age 11.0±4.1 years, mean T1D duration 4.2±3.4 years. 24.2% reported having COVID-19 or knowing someone diagnosed with COVID-19. 71.9% reported greater stress than before the pandemic. 9.6% reported job loss, 25.8% financial difficulty related to COVID-19. General SE levels were high, significantly correlated with overall COVID-19-related SE (r=0.394, p<0.001), and T1D care-SE during COVID-19 (r=0.421, p<0.001). 210 respondents provided open-ended response qualitative information on worries: 87.6% reported a worry, remainder not worried.  Common worries were COVID-19-related diabetes complications including uncontrolled blood sugars, diabetic ketoacidosis, and worry about child’s increased risk for severe disease, including death. 209 reported about challenges; 90.9% stated they had at least one challenge. Family isolation and mental health were the most-stated challenges.  
 
Conclusion: 
Despite reporting high overall SE, caregivers of T1D children during the pandemic reported greater overall stress, worries, and challenges. Given that data do not suggest that children with T1D are at increased risk of COVID-19 complications, healthcare providers should work to address this knowledge gap while providing families with social and mental health supports.
Heavy Metals and Neurodevelopment of Children in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Heng Yi Yan , Asad Iqra , Coleman Bailey , McHenry Megan
Published: December 2020

Background: The presence of harmful environmental exposures contributes to >25% of deaths and diseases worldwide. Child neurodevelopment is negatively impacted by environmental exposures, such as certain heavy metals. In low and middle-income countries, where numerous risk factors for poor neurodevelopment exist, it is unclear if this negative impact persists. Our objective with this systematic review is to evaluate the association between heavy metals and the neurodevelopment of children in low-and-middle income countries.  
 
Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles that included individuals below the age of 18, quantitively measured exposure to a heavy metal and used a standardized measurement of neurodevelopment.   
 
Results: Of the 15,250 screened articles, 292 full-text articles were reviewed, and 96 articles met inclusion criteria. These studies were conducted in 18 countries and included 46,080 participants ranging from birth – 18 years old. At least one domain of neurodevelopment was inversely correlated with 8/11 of arsenic studies, 3/3 of cadmium studies, 29/32 of lead studies, 11/11 of manganese studies, 9/18 of mercury studies, and 21/21 studies with multiple metals. There was no consistent evidence of arsenic affecting behavior; mercury negatively affected neurodevelopment in only half the studies, indicating that the benefits of consuming mercury-containing fish might outweigh the negative impact of mercury exposure; ethylmercury did not affect neurodevelopment; hair manganese was a much more consistent biomarker of manganese exposure than blood; and the neurotoxicity of lead was amplified in the presence of manganese. 
 
Conclusions and potential impact: In low and middle-income countries, heavy metals have a significantly detrimental effect on the neurodevelopment of children, highlighting the need for more regulation.
Family Planning Priorities for Women Living with HIV and Attitudes Towards Mandatory Family Planning Use While Taking Dolutegravir
Authors: Komanapalli Sarah , Thorne Julie , Bernard Caitlin , Humphrey John , Maina Mercy , Jakait Beatrice , Patel Rena
Published: December 2020

Dolutegravir (DTG) is currently the first and second line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for women living with HIV (WLHIV). However, in 2018 Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership found that DTG exposure at conception corresponded with an increase in neural tube defects. Therefore, it is important that providers work with WLHIV to ensure they are aware of how to avoid unplanned pregnancies while on DTG. Telephone interviews were conducted with women living with HIV ages 21-59. The interviews were conducted in western Kenya, at clinical sites of the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) program. Nineteen interview transcripts were coded using NVIVO 12. Domains included family planning use and shared decision making (SDM). Within these domains, three themes were used for this analysis: 1) tensions in ARV SDM and pregnancy, 2) decision making in family planning, and 3) decision making in family planning with DTG. The following three themes were discussed frequently: 1) When making decisions surrounding family planning, women preferred in person counseling and prioritized knowing the side effects of contraceptive methods; 2) WLHIV were often aware of the risk of HIV vertical transmission and valued preventing birth defects if told a medication may cause them; 3) When asked about using family planning while on DTG, WLHIV saw the benefit of preventing pregnancies. However, they did not believe family planning should be mandatory and preferred having a wide variety of contraceptive options. Understanding what factors influence women’s family planning choices may improve SDM between patients and providers. This is especially important when it comes to preventing pregnancies in women taking DTG. WLHIV often understood the importance of effective ARTs and wanted to prevent birth defects. Therefore, it is important to navigate SDM conversations such that WLHIV are given control of their own health decisions.
Comparing the Impact of Youth Violence upon Mental Health Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic vs the Effects of a Violence Prevention Program in a Cohort of Students in Gary, IN.
Authors: Omari Deeb , McGee Michael
Published: December 2020

Background/Objective: Violence (arguments, fights, sometimes gunshots) and bullying (interpersonal, online, social media) are prevalent in schools all across the country. This exposure may cause damaging effects on youth mental health. Project Outreach and Prevention (POP) on Youth Violence, promotes a message of violence prevention through workshops and events that promote conflict resolution, unity, and positive behaviors while inspiring healthy lifestyles and accessible career opportunities. We hypothesize that exposure to violence and bullying may lead to increased self-reports of anxiety, difficulty coping, or depression among adolescents. 
Methods: In a prospective study, 7th and 8th grade students at Bailly Preparatory Academy and 9th and 10th graders at Westside Leadership Academy will be digitally surveyed. This survey will determine their level of exposure to violence and bullying and if they report experiencing symptoms of anxiety, difficulty coping, or depression as a result. We will also determine if the lifestyle changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has increased youth violence, as well as, the location of where students experience bullying and violence. Lastly, we hope to examine if students who are adversely affected have access to mental health care. 
Results:  Surveys will be distributed during the fall. Survey responses will be analyzed to examine correlations between exposure to violence and self-reported anxiety, difficulty coping, or depression, as well as, access to care. 
Conclusion and Potential Impact:  Violence and bullying are prevalent at specific schools in Gary, Indiana. We will learn how much an adolescent’s mental health is affected by this before and during the COVID Pandemia. This information will raise awareness about the psychological effects of violence and bullying. It will also help school administrators to implement programs and resources that can be used to help with their student’s mental health.
Safety And Efficacy of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation For Hepatic Hydrothorax: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Powell Carson , Haste Paul
Published: December 2020

Background and Objective: Hepatic hydrothorax is a type of pleural effusion that occurs in 5-10% of patients with poor liver function. This causes patients to experience shortness of breath and chest discomfort with the potential for respiratory or cardiovascular collapse. When medical management fails, thoracentesis to directly drain fluid is a second-line therapy but frequent treatment is not recommended. For patients requiring serial thoracentesis, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) may relieve hepatic hydrothorax by creating a connection between the portal vein and hepatic vein, thus reducing portal hypertension and decreasing fluid accumulation. Our objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of TIPS for hepatic hydrothorax. 
 
Methods: An IRB approved, HIPAA compliant institutional database of 320 patients who underwent TIPS creation between 2011-2016 was retrospectively reviewed for patients whose primary indication for TIPS creation was hepatic hydrothorax. This yielded a total of 24 individual patients. Records were reviewed and evaluated for overall survival (OS), response (as measured by persistent need for thoracentesis), and frequency of new and/or worsening hepatic encephalopathy (HE). 
 
Results: Survival was 92%, 62% and 38% for 30 days, 1 year, and 3 year survival, respectively. Response to TIPS was graded as complete (52%), partial (19%), or unresponsive (29%) for an overall response rate of 71%. 29% of patients required TIPS revision. 24% of patients experienced new or worsened hepatic encephalopathy that was successfully managed with medication in all but 1 case. Analysis of relationships between response grades, 1 year survival, and age older vs younger than 60 years did not have statistically significant relationships between MELD scores, Child-Pugh scores, post-TIPS pressure gradients, and serological data.  
 
Conclusion: This study reaffirms the safety and efficacy of TIPS for hepatic hydrothorax but further work must be done to identify ideal candidates and prognostic factors for this procedure.
Durability of Cementless Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Age 75 and Older
Authors: Saldivar Robert , Buller Leonard , Deckard Evan , Ziemba-Davis Mary , Meneghini R. Michael
Published: December 2020

Background and Hypothesis: Cementless femoral fixation in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has increased in prevalence worldwide. However, cementless fixation in elderly patients is controversial due to the risk of periprosthetic fracture and/or femoral component loosening. We evaluated the effect of age on implant survivorship in patients ≥75 versus <75 years of age. Intraoperative fracture, mortality, and revision cause also were evaluated.  
 
Project Methods: 532 cementless THAs performed with consistent surgical, perioperative, and rehabilitation protocols by one surgeon between 2011 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with less than two years follow-up were excluded. 84 patients were ≥75 and 448 were <75 years of age. Average follow-up was 44±12 months (p=0.965). Revision rate, intraoperative fracture, 90-day mortality, and overall mortality were compared with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.  
 
Results: In the ≥75 group there were more females (70.2% vs. 59.2%, p=0.067), more ASA-PS class 3-4 (76.2% vs. 46.2%, p<0.001), and lower BMI (28.6±5.7 vs. 31.3±6.9, p<0.001). Patients <75 had more hip dysplasia (p=0.023) and patients ≥75 had more kidney disease (p<0.001). Revision rates between the ≥75 and <75 groups (1.2%, 1.8%) were not different (p=1.000). Moreover, there was no difference in femoral component revision (<75 = 62.5%, ≥75 = 0.0%, p=0.444) with all femoral revisions due to infection not fracture or loosening. Intraoperative fracture (<75 = 0.9%, ≥75 = 1.2%, p=0.578), 90-day-mortality (one in the younger group, none in the older group, p=1.000), overall mortality (10 in the younger, 4 in the older group, p=0.253), and mean months between surgery and death (p=0.694) did not differ in younger and older patients.  
 
Conclusion and Potential Impact: Older patients had comparable implant survivorship compared to younger patients using cementless femoral fixation. In addition, there were no differences in risk for mortality or intraoperative fracture. These findings provide evidence for the safety and durability of cementless THA in elderly patients ≥75 years of age.