bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of glacier inventories on ice thickness estimates and future glacier change projections in the Tian Shan range, Central Asia
Authors: Li Fei , Maussion Fabien , Wu Guangjian , Chen Wenfeng , Yu Zhengliang , Li Yaojun , Liu Guohua
Published: July 2022

The Tian Shan mountain range, known as the water towers of Central Asia, plays a key role in local water supply, yet large uncertainties remain about the amount of water that is stored in its glaciers. In this study, we assess the impact of the boundary conditions on ice thickness estimates using two inversion models: a mass conservation (MC) model and a basal shear stress (BS) model. We compare the widely used Randolph Glacier Inventory version 6 with the updated Glacier Area Mapping for Discharge from the Asian Mountains glacier inventory, as well as two digital elevation models (SRTM DEM and Copernicus DEM). The results show that the ice volume (in ~2000 CE) in the Tian Shan range is 661.0 ± 163.5 km3 for the MC model and 552.8 ± 85.3 km3 for the BS model. There are strong regional differences due to inventory, especially for glaciers in China (17–25%). However, the effect of different DEM sources on ice volume estimation is limited. By the end of the 21st century, the projected mass loss differences between inventories are higher than between adjacent emission scenarios, illustrating the vital importance of high-quality inventories. These differences should be carefully considered during water resource planning.
Uniqueness for a high order ill posed problem
Authors: Fernández José R. , Quintanilla Ramón
Published: July 2022

In this work, we study a high order derivative in time problem. First, we show that there exists a sequence of elements of the spectrum which tends to infinity and therefore, it is ill posed. Then, we prove the uniqueness of solutions for this problem by adapting the logarithmic arguments to this situation. Finally, the results are applied to the backward in time problem for the generalized linear Burgers’ fluid, a couple of heat conduction problems and a viscoelastic model.
Instabilities in a current sheet with plasma jet
Authors: Shi Chen
Published: July 2022

We study the stability problem of a magnetohydrodynamic current sheet with the presence of a plasma jet. The flow direction is perpendicular to the normal of the current sheet and we analyse two cases: (1) the flow is along the antiparallel component of the magnetic field; (2) the flow is perpendicular to the antiparallel component of the magnetic field. A generalized equation set with the condition of incompressibility is derived and solved as a boundary value problem. For the first case we show that the streaming kink mode is stabilized by the magnetic field at

$V_0/B_0 \lesssim 2$

, where

$V_0$

and

$B_0$

are the jet speed and upstream Alfvén speed, and it is not affected by resistivity significantly. The streaming sausage mode is stabilized at

$V_0/B_0 \lesssim 1$

, and it can transit to the streaming tearing mode with a finite resistivity. The streaming tearing mode has larger growth rate than the pure tearing mode, though the scaling relation between the maximum growth rate and the Lundquist number remains unchanged. When the jet is perpendicular to the antiparallel component of the magnetic field, the most unstable sausage mode is usually perpendicular (wavevector along the jet) without a guide field. But with a finite guide field, the most unstable sausage mode can be oblique, depending on the jet speed and guide field strength.
Utilizing technology to expand home monitoring to high-risk infants with CHD
Authors: Hartman Dana , Ebenroth Eric , Farrell Anne
Published: July 2022

Infants born with single ventricle physiology that require an aorto-pulmonary shunt are at high risk for sudden cardiac death, particularly during the interstage period between the first-stage palliation and the second-stage palliation. Home monitoring programs have decreased interstage mortality in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome population prompting programs to expand the home monitoring program to other high-risk populations. At our mid-sized program, we implemented the Locus Health home monitoring platform first in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome population, then expanding to the single ventricle shunt population. Interstage mortality for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome population after initiation of the home monitoring program went from 18% prior to 2009 to 7% as of the end of 2020 (n = 99), with 2.8% mortality from 2013 to 2020 and 0% mortality since initiation of the Locus program in 2017. Caregiver surveys done prior to discharge and then 3 weeks later were used to document caregiver experience using the digital home monitoring program. Caregivers reported overall positive experience with the digital application, with 91.8% stating that they felt confident taking care of their baby at home. Transitioning the home monitoring program from a traditional binder to an iPad with the Locus Health application allowed us to expand the program, utilize the electronic medical record, bill for the service, and demonstrate positive experiences for caregivers. Overall engagement and adherence with the program by caregivers were 50.94 and 45.45%, with a total of 112 patient episodes. Reimbursement from private insurance providers was 22% of the billed amount for 2020.
The prescriber’s guide to classic MAO inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid) for treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Van den Eynde Vincent , Abdelmoemin Wegdan R. , Abraham Magid M. , Amsterdam Jay D. , Anderson Ian M. , Andrade Chittaranjan , Baker Glen B. , Beekman Aartjan T.F. , Berk Michael , Birkenhäger Tom K. , Blackwell Barry B. , Blier Pierre , Blom Marc B.J. , Bodkin Alexander J. , Cattaneo Carlo I. , Dantz Bezalel , Davidson Jonathan , Dunlop Boadie W. , Estévez Ryan F. , Feinberg Shalom S. , Finberg John P.M. , Fochtmann Laura J. , Gotlib David , Holt Andrew , Insel Thomas R. , Larsen Jens K. , Mago Rajnish , Menkes David B. , Meyer Jonathan M. , Nutt David J. , Parker Gordon , Rego Mark D. , Richelson Elliott , Ruhé Henricus G. , Sáiz-Ruiz Jerónimo , Stahl Stephen M. , Steele Thomas , Thase Michael E. , Ulrich Sven , van Balkom Anton J.L.M. , Vieta Eduard , Whyte Ian , Young Allan H. , Gillman Peter K.
Published: July 2022

This article is a clinical guide which discusses the “state-of-the-art” usage of the classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid) in modern psychiatric practice. The guide is for all clinicians, including those who may not be experienced MAOI prescribers. It discusses indications, drug-drug interactions, side-effect management, and the safety of various augmentation strategies. There is a clear and broad consensus (more than 70 international expert endorsers), based on 6 decades of experience, for the recommendations herein exposited. They are based on empirical evidence and expert opinion—this guide is presented as a new specialist-consensus standard. The guide provides practical clinical advice, and is the basis for the rational use of these drugs, particularly because it improves and updates knowledge, and corrects the various misconceptions that have hitherto been prominent in the literature, partly due to insufficient knowledge of pharmacology. The guide suggests that MAOIs should always be considered in cases of treatment-resistant depression (including those melancholic in nature), and prior to electroconvulsive therapy—while taking into account of patient preference. In selected cases, they may be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm than has previously been customary, and should not be regarded as drugs of last resort; they may prove decisively effective when many other treatments have failed. The guide clarifies key points on the concomitant use of incorrectly proscribed drugs such as methylphenidate and some tricyclic antidepressants. It also illustrates the straightforward “bridging” methods that may be used to transition simply and safely from other antidepressants to MAOIs.
A fully flexible, high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable patch antenna for WBAN applications
Authors: Mallavarapu Sandhya , Lokam Anjaneyulu
Published: July 2022

A flexible and high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable antenna is anticipated for WBAN applications. A square shape is converted to the saw-tooth-shaped boundary by sequentially rotating the square at an angle of 45° and overlaid on one another and repeated the same for three iterations. The geometry is built on a flexible jeans substrate, and the total size of the anticipated antenna is 0.583λ × 0.583λ × 0.02λ at 2.4 GHz. A prototype has been made to test its suitability for wearable applications' gain, bandwidth, and efficiency. The results revealed that the proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 4.2% and a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The anticipated antenna is wrapped around foam cylinders of radii 70 and 50 mm to test the stability and deformability of its performance. The full ground plane isolates the antenna from the human body contributing to the lower SAR values. The simulated maximum achieved specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.3025 and 1.16 W/kg for 10 and 1 g of average tissue for the input power of 100 mW, respectively, found within the standards as per FCC. The peak gain, compact size, and SAR permanence made the anticipated antenna a worthy candidate for wearable on/off body applications.
Transcription, Translation, and Collaboration
Authors: Scott Rebecca J.
Published: July 2022

This short essay, prepared on the occasion of the conferral of the Distinguished Service Award of the Conference on Latin American History, uses various examples to illustrate the pleasure to be drawn from the day-to-day work of academic history. It opens with reflections on the practice of transcription, the act of bringing recognizable syllables and words out of the often baffling strokes of the pen that have left ink on paper. Although the wave of digitization has increased the sum total of material easily available to us, it is when we do the work of paleography, reducing the continuous lines of manuscript to something close to the discontinuities of type, that we find that our brains can hold on to the words and carry the interpretation forward. After transcription often comes translation, converting the formulas, idioms, and idiosyncrasies of past speech into language intelligible to our readers. As we translate, we are forced to acknowledge our own uncertainties about the meaning of texts, and to make the provisional choices that resolve ambiguity. Across both of these tasks we are nourished by collaboration, the talking and writing together that makes the study of the past into a social activity. Eager collaboration turns the practice of history into a double dialogue, with the documents and with our colleagues, engaging the mind and the spirit and bringing what can only be called joy.
Should Multivariate Bias Corrections of Climate Simulations Account for Changes of Rank Correlation Over Time?
Authors: Vrac M. , Thao S. , Yiou P.
Published: July 2022

Inter‐variable dependencies are key properties to characterize many climate phenomena—such as compound events—and their future changes. Yet, climate simulations often have statistical biases. Hence, univariate (1dBC) and multivariate bias correction (MBC) methods are regularly applied. Inter‐variable properties (e.g., correlations) can be altered by BC corrections. Then, it is necessary to assess how underlying assumptions of BC methods on climate change affect the adjustments. This can lead to better choices of BC methods. Here, we investigate whether an MBC method should try reproducing, preserving or modifying the changes in rank correlations between daily temperature and precipitation over Europe. An original “perfect model experiment” is set up and applied to two different climate simulation ensembles over 2001–2100: 40 runs from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) global climate model and 11 runs from the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) exercise. The results highlight that, within the multi‐run single Global Climate Models ensemble (CESM), accounting for correlation changes brings valuable information for long‐term projections but that a stationarity assumption provides less biased correlations, up to medium‐term projections (2060). For the multi‐model ensemble (CMIP6), the non‐stationarity assumption provides larger biases than the stationarity approach, up to the end of the century. Not correcting the model rank correlations (1dBC) provides the worst results. Whenever an ensemble is available, the best results come from accounting for the “robust” part of the change signal (i.e., average change from different runs). This pleads for using ensembles and their robust information, in order to perform robust bias corrections.
A short period of early life oxytocin treatment rescues social behavior dysfunction via suppression of hippocampal hyperactivity in male mice
Authors: Pan Libiao , Zheng Lu , Wu Xiaotong , Zhu Zhenggang , Wang Siyu , Lu Yi , He Yang , Yang Qian , Ma Xiaolin , Wang Xiaomeng , Yang Hongbin , Zhan Li , Luo Yujian , Li Xiangyao , Zhou Yudong , Wang Xiaodong , Luo Jianhong , Wang Lang , Duan Shumin , Wang Hao
Published: July 2022

Early sensory experiences interact with genes to shape precise neural circuits during development. This process is vital for proper brain function in adulthood. Neurological dysfunctions caused by environmental alterations and/or genetic mutation may share the same molecular or cellular mechanisms. Here, we show that early life bilateral whisker trimming (BWT) subsequently affects social discrimination in adult male mice. Enhanced activation of the hippocampal dorsal CA3 (dCA3) in BWT mice was observed during social preference tests. Optogenetic activation of dCA3 in naive mice impaired social discrimination, whereas chemogenetic silencing of dCA3 rescued social discrimination deficit in BWT mice. Hippocampal oxytocin (OXT) is reduced after whisker trimming. Neonatal intraventricular compensation of OXT relieved dCA3 over-activation and prevented social dysfunction. Neonatal knockdown of OXT receptor in dCA3 mimics the effects of BWT, and cannot be rescued by OXT treatment. Social behavior deficits in a fragile X syndrome mouse model (Fmr1 KO mice) could also be recovered by early life OXT treatment, through negating dCA3 over-activation. Here, a possible avenue to prevent social dysfunction is uncovered.
Autophagic sequestration of SQSTM1 disrupts the aggresome formation of ubiquitinated proteins during proteasome inhibition
Authors: Zhang Chenliang , Huang Chen , Xia Hongwei , Xu Huanji , Tang Qiulin , Bi Feng
Published: July 2022

Aggresome formation is a protective cellular response to counteract proteasome dysfunction by sequestering misfolded proteins and reducing proteotoxic stress. Autophagic degradation of the protein aggregates is considered to be a key compensating mechanism for balancing proteostasis. However, the precise role of autophagy in proteasome inhibition-induced aggresome biogenesis remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that in the early stage of proteasome inhibition, the maturation of the autophagosome is suppressed, which facilitates aggresome formation of misfolded proteins. Proteasome inhibition-induced phosphorylation of SQSTM1 T269/S272 inhibits its autophagic receptor activity and promotes aggresome formation of misfolded proteins. Inhibiting SQSTM1 T269/S272 phosphorylation using Doramapimod aggravates proteasome inhibitor-mediated cell damage and tumor suppression. Taken together, our data reveal a negative effect of autophagy on aggresome biogenesis and cell damage upon proteasome inhibition. Our study suggests a novel therapeutic intervention for proteasome inhibitor-mediated tumor treatment.
Charge carrier modulation in graphene on ferroelectric single-crystal substrates
Authors: Park Nahee , Lee Hyunkyung , Park Jeongmin , Chau Tuan Khanh , Kang Hojin , Kang Haeyong , Suh Dongseok
Published: July 2022

Charge carrier modulation of graphene using the ferroelectricity of a nearby dielectric can be useful for controlling the electronic properties of graphene. However, when graphene is located on ferroelectric oxides, their electrical coupling frequently shows abnormal behaviors, such as anti-hysteresis, in field-effect transistor operation. From the systematic examination of graphene on a ferroelectric oxide single-crystal [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]1-x–[PbTiO3]x (PMNPT) substrate, we observed that the ferroelectric modulation of graphene was significantly influenced by the ambipolar nature of graphene and ferroelectric-assisted charge trapping with carrier-type dependency. For graphene/hexagonal-BN on the PMNPT, the Coulomb interaction between charges in interfacial traps and ferroelectric polarization seems to decouple the graphene conductance from the polarization field and induce only the charge trap effect on device performance. Consequently, the asymmetric surface charge compensation of ferroelectric oxide by the ambipolar graphene channel determines the detailed coupling process between the charge carrier of graphene and ferroelectric polarization, resulting in direct ferroelectric coupling or indirect anti-hysteretic coupling.
Barents-Kara sea-ice decline attributed to surface warming in the Gulf Stream
Authors: Yamagami Yoko , Watanabe Masahiro , Mori Masato , Ono Jun
Published: July 2022

Decline in winter sea-ice concentration (SIC) in the Barents-Kara Sea significantly impacts climate through increased heat release to the atmosphere. However, the past Barents-Kara SIC decrease rate is underestimated in the majority of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models. Here we show that climate model simulations can reproduce the Barents-Kara SIC trend for 1970–2017 when sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Gulf Stream region is constrained by observations. The constrained warming of the Gulf Stream strengthens ocean heat transport to the Barents-Kara Sea that enhances the SIC decline. The linear trends between the SIC and SST are highly correlated in the CMIP6 ensemble, suggesting that the externally forced component of the Gulf Stream SST increase explains up to 56% of the forced Barents-Kara SIC trend. Therefore, future warming of the Gulf Stream can be an essential pacemaker of the SIC decline.
Magnetic control over the fundamental structure of atomic wires
Authors: Chakrabarti Sudipto , Vilan Ayelet , Deutch Gai , Oz Annabelle , Hod Oded , Peralta Juan E. , Tal Oren
Published: July 2022

When reducing the size of materials towards the nanoscale, magnetic properties can emerge due to structural variations. Here, we show the reverse effect, where the structure of nanomaterials is controlled by magnetic manipulations. Using the break-junction technique, we find that the interatomic distance in platinum atomic wires is shorter or longer by up to ∼20%, when a magnetic field is applied parallel or perpendicular to the wires during their formation, respectively. The magnetic field direction also affects the wire length, where longer (shorter) wires are formed under a parallel (perpendicular) field. Our experimental analysis, supported by calculations, indicates that the direction of the applied magnetic field promotes the formation of suspended atomic wires with a specific magnetization orientation associated with typical orbital characteristics, interatomic distance, and stability. A similar effect is found for various metal and metal-oxide atomic wires, demonstrating that magnetic fields can control the atomistic structure of different nanomaterials when applied during their formation stage.
Partial freezing of rat livers extends preservation time by 5-fold
Authors: Tessier Shannon N. , de Vries Reinier J. , Pendexter Casie A. , Cronin Stephanie E. J. , Ozer Sinan , Hafiz Ehab O. A. , Raigani Siavash , Oliveira-Costa Joao Paulo , Wilks Benjamin T. , Lopera Higuita Manuela , van Gulik Thomas M. , Usta Osman Berk , Stott Shannon L. , Yeh Heidi , Yarmush Martin L. , Uygun Korkut , Toner Mehmet
Published: July 2022

The limited preservation duration of organs has contributed to the shortage of organs for transplantation. Recently, a tripling of the storage duration was achieved with supercooling, which relies on temperatures between −4 and −6 °C. However, to achieve deeper metabolic stasis, lower temperatures are required. Inspired by freeze-tolerant animals, we entered high-subzero temperatures (−10 to −15 °C) using ice nucleators to control ice and cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to maintain an unfrozen liquid fraction. We present this approach, termed partial freezing, by testing gradual (un)loading and different CPAs, holding temperatures, and storage durations. Results indicate that propylene glycol outperforms glycerol and injury is largely influenced by storage temperatures. Subsequently, we demonstrate that machine perfusion enhancements improve the recovery of livers after freezing. Ultimately, livers that were partially frozen for 5-fold longer showed favorable outcomes as compared to viable controls, although frozen livers had lower cumulative bile and higher liver enzymes.
Decapod-inspired pigment modulation for active building facades
Authors: Kay Raphael , Katrycz Charlie , Nitièma Kevin , Jakubiec J. Alstan , Hatton Benjamin D.
Published: July 2022

Typical buildings are static structures, unable to adjust to dynamic temperature and daylight fluctuations. Adaptive facades that are responsive to these unsteady solar conditions can substantially reduce operational energy inefficiencies, indoor heating, cooling, and lighting costs, as well as greenhouse-gas emissions. Inspired by marine organisms that disperse pigments within their skin, we propose an adaptive building interface that uses reversible fluid injections to tune optical transmission. Pigmented fluids with tunable morphologies are reversibly injected and withdrawn from confined layers, achieving locally-adjustable shading and interior solar exposure. Multicell arrays tiled across large areas enable differential and dynamic building responses, demonstrated using both experimental and simulated approaches. Fluidic reconfigurations can find optimal states over time to reduce heating, cooling, and lighting energy in our models by over 30% compared to current available electrochromic technologies.
Conformational heterogeneity of molecules physisorbed on a gold surface at room temperature
Authors: Kang Mingu , Kim Hyunwoo , Oleiki Elham , Koo Yeonjeong , Lee Hyeongwoo , Joo Huitae , Choi Jinseong , Eom Taeyong , Lee Geunsik , Suh Yung Doug , Park Kyoung-Duck
Published: July 2022

A quantitative single-molecule tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) study at room temperature remained a challenge due to the rapid structural dynamics of molecules exposed to air. Here, we demonstrate the hyperspectral TERS imaging of single or a few brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) molecules at room temperature, along with quantitative spectral analyses. Robust chemical imaging is enabled by the freeze-frame approach using a thin Al2O3 capping layer, which suppresses spectral diffusions and inhibits chemical reactions and contamination in air. For the molecules resolved spatially in the TERS image, a clear Raman peak variation up to 7.5 cm−1 is observed, which cannot be found in molecular ensembles. From density functional theory-based quantitative analyses of the varied TERS peaks, we reveal the conformational heterogeneity at the single-molecule level. This work provides a facile way to investigate the single-molecule properties in interacting media, expanding the scope of single-molecule vibrational spectroscopy studies.
MRTF specifies a muscle-like contractile module in Porifera
Authors: Colgren J. , Nichols S. A.
Published: July 2022

Muscle-based movement is a hallmark of animal biology, but the evolutionary origins of myocytes are unknown. Although believed to lack muscles, sponges (Porifera) are capable of coordinated whole-body contractions that purge debris from internal water canals. This behavior has been observed for decades, but their contractile tissues remain uncharacterized with respect to their ultrastructure, regulation, and development. We examine the spongeEphydatia muelleriand find tissue-wide organization of a contractile module composed of actin, striated-muscle myosin II, and transgelin, and that contractions are regulated by the release of internal Ca2+stores upstream of the myosin-light-chain-kinase (MLCK) pathway. The development of this contractile module appears to involve myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) as part of an environmentally inducible transcriptional complex that also functions in muscle development, plasticity, and regeneration. As an actin-regulated force-sensor, MRTF-activity offers a mechanism for how the contractile tissues that line water canals can dynamically remodel in response to flow and can re-form normally from stem-cells in the absence of the intrinsic spatial cues typical of animal embryogenesis. We conclude that the contractile module of sponge tissues shares elements of homology with contractile tissues in other animals, including muscles, indicating descent from a common, multifunctional tissue in the animal stem-lineage.
A synaptic signal for novelty processing in the hippocampus
Authors: Gómez-Ocádiz Ruy , Trippa Massimiliano , Zhang Chun-Lei , Posani Lorenzo , Cocco Simona , Monasson Rémi , Schmidt-Hieber Christoph
Published: July 2022

Episodic memory formation and recall are complementary processes that rely on opposing neuronal computations in the hippocampus. How this conflict is resolved in hippocampal circuits is unclear. To address this question, we obtained in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells in head-fixed mice trained to explore and distinguish between familiar and novel virtual environments. We find that granule cells consistently show a small transient depolarisation upon transition to a novel environment. This synaptic novelty signal is sensitive to local application of atropine, indicating that it depends on metabotropic acetylcholine receptors. A computational model suggests that the synaptic response to novelty may bias granule cell population activity, which can drive downstream attractor networks to a new state, favouring the switch from recall to new memory formation when faced with novelty. Such a novelty-driven switch may enable flexible encoding of new memories while preserving stable retrieval of familiar ones.
Mechanical intelligence for learning embodied sensor-object relationships
Authors: Prabhakar Ahalya , Murphey Todd
Published: July 2022

Intelligence involves processing sensory experiences into representations useful for prediction. Understanding sensory experiences and building these contextual representations without prior knowledge of sensor models and environment is a challenging unsupervised learning problem. Current machine learning methods process new sensory data using prior knowledge defined by either domain knowledge or datasets. When datasets are not available, data acquisition is needed, though automating exploration in support of learning is still an unsolved problem. Here we develop a method that enables agents to efficiently collect data for learning a predictive sensor model—without requiring domain knowledge, human input, or previously existing data—using ergodicity to specify the data acquisition process. This approach is based entirely on data-driven sensor characteristics rather than predefined knowledge of the sensor model and its physical characteristics. We learn higher quality models with lower energy expenditure during exploration for data acquisition compared to competing approaches, including both random sampling and information maximization. In addition to applications in autonomy, our approach provides a potential model of how animals use their motor control to develop high quality models of their sensors (sight, sound, touch) before having knowledge of their sensor capabilities or their surrounding environment.
Recovery of Lutacidiplasmatales archaeal order genomes suggests convergent evolution in Thermoplasmatota
Authors: Sheridan Paul O. , Meng Yiyu , Williams Tom A. , Gubry-Rangin Cécile
Published: July 2022

The Terrestrial Miscellaneous Euryarchaeota Group has been identified in various environments, and the single genome investigated thus far suggests that these archaea are anaerobic sulfite reducers. We assemble 35 new genomes from this group that, based on genome analysis, appear to possess aerobic and facultative anaerobic lifestyles and may oxidise rather than reduce sulfite. We propose naming this order (representing 16 genera) “Lutacidiplasmatales” due to their occurrence in various acidic environments and placement within the phylum Thermoplasmatota. Phylum-level analysis reveals that Thermoplasmatota evolution had been punctuated by several periods of high levels of novel gene family acquisition. Several essential metabolisms, such as aerobic respiration and acid tolerance, were likely acquired independently by divergent lineages through convergent evolution rather than inherited from a common ancestor. Ultimately, this study describes the terrestrially prevalent Lutacidiciplasmatales and highlights convergent evolution as an important driving force in the evolution of archaeal lineages.
Planar chiral metasurfaces with maximal and tunable chiroptical response driven by bound states in the continuum
Authors: Shi Tan , Deng Zi-Lan , Geng Guangzhou , Zeng Xianzhi , Zeng Yixuan , Hu Guangwei , Overvig Adam , Li Junjie , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Alù Andrea , Kivshar Yuri S. , Li Xiangping
Published: July 2022

Optical metasurfaces with high quality factors (Q-factors) of chiral resonances can boost substantially light-matter interaction for various applications of chiral response in ultrathin, active, and nonlinear metadevices. However, current approaches lack the flexibility to enhance and tune the chirality and Q-factor simultaneously. Here, we suggest a design of chiral metasurface supporting bound state in the continuum (BIC) and demonstrate experimentally chiroptical responses with ultra-high Q-factors and near-perfect circular dichroism (CD = 0.93) at optical frequencies. We employ the symmetry-reduced meta-atoms with high birefringence supporting winding elliptical eigenstate polarizations with opposite helicity. It provides a convenient way for achieving the maximal planar chirality tuned by either breaking in-plane structure symmetry or changing illumination angle. Beyond linear CD, we also achieved strong near-field enhancement CD and near-unitary nonlinear CD in the same planar chiral metasurface design with circular eigen-polarization. Sharply resonant chirality realized in planar metasurfaces promises various practical applications including chiral lasers and chiral nonlinear filters.
Oncogenic BRAF induces whole-genome doubling through suppression of cytokinesis
Authors: Darp Revati , Vittoria Marc A. , Ganem Neil J. , Ceol Craig J.
Published: July 2022

Melanomas and other solid tumors commonly have increased ploidy, with near-tetraploid karyotypes being most frequently observed. Such karyotypes have been shown to arise through whole-genome doubling events that occur during early stages of tumor progression. The generation of tetraploid cells via whole-genome doubling is proposed to allow nascent tumor cells the ability to sample various pro-tumorigenic genomic configurations while avoiding the negative consequences that chromosomal gains or losses have in diploid cells. Whereas a high prevalence of whole-genome doubling events has been established, the means by which whole-genome doubling arises is unclear. Here, we find that BRAFV600E, the most common mutation in melanomas, can induce whole-genome doubling via cytokinesis failure in vitro and in a zebrafish melanoma model. Mechanistically, BRAFV600E causes decreased activation and localization of RhoA, a critical cytokinesis regulator. BRAFV600E activity during G1/S phases of the cell cycle is required to suppress cytokinesis. During G1/S, BRAFV600E activity causes inappropriate centriole amplification, which is linked in part to inhibition of RhoA and suppression of cytokinesis. Together these data suggest that common abnormalities of melanomas linked to tumorigenesis – amplified centrosomes and whole-genome doubling events – can be induced by oncogenic BRAF and other mutations that increase RAS/MAPK pathway activity.
Version 3 of the Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Database
Authors: Zomer Robert J. , Xu Jianchu , Trabucco Antonio
Published: July 2022

The “Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Database - Version 3” (Global-AI_PET_v3) provides high-resolution (30 arc-seconds) global hydro-climatic data averaged (1970–2000) monthly and yearly, based upon the FAO Penman-Monteith Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) equation. An overview of the methods used to implement the Penman-Monteith equation geospatially and a technical evaluation of the results is provided. Results were compared for technical validation with weather station data from the FAO “CLIMWAT 2.0 for CROPWAT” (ET0: r2 = 0.85; AI: r2 = 0.90) and the U.K. “Climate Research Unit: Time Series v 4.04” (ET0: r2 = 0.89; AI: r2 = 0.83), while showing significant differences to an earlier version of the database. The current version of the Global-AI_PET_v3 supersedes previous versions, showing a higher correlation to real world weather station data. Developed using the generally agreed upon standard methodology for estimation of reference ET0, this database and notably, the accompanying source code, provide a robust tool for a variety of scientific applications in an era of rapidly changing climatic conditions.
Mapping 20 years of irrigated croplands in China using MODIS and statistics and existing irrigation products
Authors: Zhang Chao , Dong Jinwei , Ge Quansheng
Published: July 2022

As a routine agricultural practice, irrigation is fundamental to protect crops from water scarcity and ensure food security in China. However, consistent and reliable maps about the spatial distribution and extent of irrigated croplands are still unavailable, impeding water resource management and agricultural planning. Here, we produced annual 500-m irrigated cropland maps across China for 2000–2019, using a two-step strategy that integrated statistics, remote sensing, and existing irrigation products into a hybrid irrigation dataset. First, we generated intermediate irrigation maps (MIrAD-GI) by fusing the MODIS-derived greenness index and statistical data. Second, we collected all existing available irrigation maps over China and integrated them with MIrAD-GI into an improved series of annual irrigation maps, using constrained statistics and a synergy mapping method. The resultant maps had moderate overall accuracies (0.732~0.819) based on nationwide reference ground samples and outperformed existing irrigation products by inter-comparison. As the first of this kind in China, the annual maps delineated the spatiotemporal pattern of irrigated croplands and could contribute to sustainable water use and agricultural development.
Reconstructed SPECT images of 177Lu homogeneous cylindrical phantom used for calibration and texture analysis
Authors: Mezzenga Emilio , Piccinini Filippo , Loi Emiliano , Belli Maria Luisa , Sarnelli Anna
Published: July 2022

In a clinical contest, it is common to use dedicated phantoms to perform quality assurance test to check the performance of a SPECT system. Some of these phantoms are also used to calibrate the system for dosimetric evaluation of patients undergoing radiometabolic cancer therapy. In this work, a 3D-OSEM reconstructed 177Lu SPECT dataset of a homogeneous cylindrical phantom is described. This dataset was acquired to investigate the variation of the SPECT calibration factor, counts convergence, noise and uniformity by varying the number of subsets and iterations. In particular, the dataset is composed of images reconstructed using five different numbers of subsets and sixteen different numbers of iterations, for a total of 80 different configurations. The dataset is suitable for comparison with other reconstruction algorithms (e.g. FBP, MLEM, etc.) and radionuclides (e.g. technetium, yttrium). In regards to the uniformity issue, the same dataset allows the user to perform radiomic investigations on the influence of the border effect on the reconstructed images.
Infant birth weight estimation and low birth weight classification in United Arab Emirates using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Khan Wasif , Zaki Nazar , Masud Mohammad M. , Ahmad Amir , Ali Luqman , Ali Nasloon , Ahmed Luai A.
Published: July 2022

Accurate prediction of a newborn’s birth weight (BW) is a crucial determinant to evaluate the newborn’s health and safety. Infants with low BW (LBW) are at a higher risk of serious short- and long-term health outcomes. Over the past decade, machine learning (ML) techniques have shown a successful breakthrough in the field of medical diagnostics. Various automated systems have been proposed that use maternal features for LBW prediction. However, each proposed system uses different maternal features for LBW classification and estimation. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed setup for BW estimation and LBW classification. Multiple subsets of features were combined to perform predictions with and without feature selection techniques. Furthermore, the synthetic minority oversampling technique was employed to oversample the minority class. The performance of 30 ML algorithms was evaluated for both infant BW estimation and LBW classification. Experiments were performed on a self-created dataset with 88 features. The dataset was obtained from 821 women from three hospitals in the United Arab Emirates. Different performance metrics, such as mean absolute error and mean absolute percent error, were used for BW estimation. Accuracy, precision, recall, F-scores, and confusion matrices were used for LBW classification. Extensive experiments performed using five-folds cross validation show that the best weight estimation was obtained using Random Forest algorithm with mean absolute error of 294.53 g while the best classification performance was obtained using Logistic Regression with SMOTE oversampling techniques that achieved accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of 90.24%, 87.6%, 90.2% and 0.89, respectively. The results also suggest that features such as diabetes, hypertension, and gestational age, play a vital role in LBW classification.
Association between serum albumin and mortality in Japan older people with dysphagia
Authors: Li Gaigai , Zhou Xun , Hou Xunrui , Luo Yuheng , Li Danmao , Fan Tongtao
Published: July 2022

To determine whether there is a link between serum albumin and mortality among participants in the elderly in Japan. This is a single-center,retrospective cohort study analysis of 253 old patients with dysphagia from Japan, conducted from January 2014 to January 2017. The primary outcome was mortality. We performed Cox regression analysis to compare the mortality between the two groups (divided by serum albumin = 3 g/dl). 253 patients were included in the analysis, of whom the number of serum albumin under 3 g/dl was 93. The log-rank test showed a significant longer mortality in the high group (serum albumin >  = 3 g/dl) compared with the low group (median, 382 vs. 176 days, P < 0.0001). Cox regression analysis showed that unadjusted HR for the high group relative to the low group was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.29–0.57; P < 0.001). After adjusting 3 models in multivariable analysis, serum albumin was significantly associated with mortality. The adjusted HRs (95% CI) for total mortality rates were 0.46 (0.33–0.65), 0.66 (0.44–0.99) and 0.64 (0.42–0.97), from model 2 to model 4. There is negative association between serum albumin and mortality in Japanese old people with dysphagia.
Avoiding sharp accelerations can mitigate the impacts of a Ferry’s radiated noise on the St. Lawrence whales
Authors: Lagrois Dominic , Chion Clément , Sénécal Jean-François , Kowalski Camille , Michaud Robert , Vergara Valeria
Published: July 2022

Exposure to anthropogenic noise from the commercial fleet is one of the primary constituents of the acoustic pollution perturbing the environment of aquatic life. Merchant ships (e.g. bulkers, tankers) have been the focus of numerous studies for underwater noise source level determination and modeling. This work extends pre-existing studies to the ferry ship class. Hydrophone-based measurements of the N.M. Trans-Saint-Laurent ferry near the Rivière-du-Loup harbor (Rivière-du-Loup, QC CANADA) were obtained for 186 transits between 2020 July 22th and 2020 September 5th. For each transit, monopole source levels are estimated for two (2) different modes of operation i.e., the low-speed phases of acceleration/deceleration when the ferry launches/docks at Rivière-du-Loup and the passages at quasi-operational speed at the hydrophone’s closest-point-of-approach. Relative differences between the two (2) modes of operation are presented here in the low-frequency domain between 141 and 707 Hz. An average excess of 8 to 11.5 dB indicates that the ferry is likely one order of magnitude noisier, within this frequency band, during acceleration/deceleration when compared to passages at operational speed. This highlights that, in terms of marine mammal conservation, a significant reduction of the noise pollution could be achieved, for instance, by avoiding sudden speed changes in the vicinity of whales.
Transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and white-tailed deer
Authors: Willgert Katriina , Didelot Xavier , Surendran-Nair Meera , Kuchipudi Suresh V. , Ruden Rachel M. , Yon Michele , Nissly Ruth H. , Vandegrift Kurt J. , Nelli Rahul K. , Li Lingling , Jayarao Bhushan M. , Levine Nicole , Olsen Randall J. , Davis James J. , Musser James M. , Hudson Peter J. , Kapur Vivek , Conlan Andrew J. K.
Published: July 2022

The emergence of a novel pathogen in a susceptible population can cause rapid spread of infection. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been reported in multiple locations, likely resulting from several human-to-deer spillover events followed by deer-to-deer transmission. Knowledge of the risk and direction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between humans and potential reservoir hosts is essential for effective disease control and prioritisation of interventions. Using genomic data, we reconstruct the transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and deer, estimate the case finding rate and attempt to infer relative rates of transmission between species. We found no evidence of direct or indirect transmission from deer to human. However, with an estimated case finding rate of only 4.2%, spillback to humans cannot be ruled out. The extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within deer populations and the large number of unsampled cases highlights the need for active surveillance at the human–animal interface.
Influence of source directivity and site effects of 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake on the generation of high PGA in the near-fault zones
Authors: Pavlenko Olga V.
Published: July 2022

We study source directivity and site effects of 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (Japan, Mw ~ 8.3) and their influence on the distribution of peak ground accelerations (PGA) in the near-fault zones are studied. Based on records of KiK-net vertical arrays, models of soil behavior are constructed, i.e. vertical distributions of stresses and strains induced in soil layers by strong motion. We use the method of Pavlenko and Irikura (2003), previously applied for studying soil behavior during 1995 Kobe, 2000 Tottori, and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes. During the Tokachi-oki earthquake, we did not find a widespread nonlinearity of soft soil behavior. Manifestations of soil nonlinearity were observed at sites closest to the source; at remote sites where high PGA were recorded, soil behavior was virtually linear, and shear moduli in soils increased till the moments of the highest intensity of motion, then decreased. The shapes of acceleration time histories at remote sites indicate directivity effects: seismic waves radiated by the crack tip during its propagation along a section of the fault plane came to the stations simultaneously. Soil hardening occurred at these sites that increased amplification and PGA on the surface. Similar effects were observed during 2011 Tohoku earthquake; evidently, they can occur during future strong earthquakes.
Fast nonlinear model predictive planner and control for an unmanned ground vehicle in the presence of disturbances and dynamic obstacles
Authors: Khan Subhan , Guivant Jose
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a solution for the tracking control problem, for an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), under the presence of skid-slip and external disturbances in an environment with static and moving obstacles. To achieve the proposed task, we have used a path-planner which is based on fast nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC); the planner generates feasible trajectories for the kinematic and dynamic controllers to drive the vehicle safely to the goal location. Additionally, the NMPC deals with dynamic and static obstacles in the environment. A kinematic controller (KC) is designed using evolutionary programming (EP), which tunes the gains of the KC. The velocity commands, generated by KC, are then fed to a dynamic controller, which jointly operates with a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) to prevent the effects of perturbations. Furthermore, pseudo priority queues (PPQ) based Dijkstra algorithm is combined with NMPC to propose optimal path to perform map-based practical simulation. Finally, simulation based experiments are performed to verify the technique. Results suggest that the proposed method can accurately work, in real-time under limited processing resources.
A dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic system having double-sided optimized 3D electrodes for label-free cancer cell separation with preserving cell viability
Authors: Varmazyari V. , Habibiyan H. , Ghafoorifard H. , Ebrahimi M. , Ghafouri-Fard S.
Published: July 2022

Early detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a patient's blood is essential to accurate prognosis and effective cancer treatment monitoring. The methods used to detect and separate CTCs should have a high recovery rate and ensure cells viability for post-processing operations, such as cell culture and genetic analysis. In this paper, a novel dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based microfluidic system is presented for separating MDA-MB-231 cancer cells from various subtypes of WBCs with the practical cell viability approach. Three configurations for the sidewall electrodes are investigated to evaluate the separation performance. The simulation results based on the finite-element method show that semi-circular electrodes have the best performance with a recovery rate of nearly 95% under the same operational and geometric conditions. In this configuration, the maximum applied electric field (1.11 × 105 V/m) to separate MDA-MB-231 is lower than the threshold value for cell electroporation. Also, the Joule heating study in this configuration shows that the cells are not damaged in the fluid temperature gradient (equal to 1 K). We hope that such a complete and step-by-step design is suitable to achieve DEP-based applicable cell separation biochips.