bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

The effect of temperature on the age-specific fecundity and the survival of apterous and alate virginoparous pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from Kamloops, B.C., was measured. Demographic statistics were estimated for 10.3°, 14.8°, 19.7°, 26.1°, and 27.8°C constant and for fluctuating field temperatures. On a 24-h-day time-scale, temperature and longevity were inversely related in both morphs; total fecundity was highest at average and low constant temperatures. On a physiological time-scale, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was insensitive to changes in constant temperature in the range between 10° and 20°C; temperatures above 25°C were detrimental to aphid population growth and survival. Alate virginoparae generally had a longer pre-reproductive period and achieved a lower mean total fecundity than apterae maintained under identical conditions. The usefulness of laboratory measurements for the prediction of population growth under variable field temperatures is discussed. Differences in the reproductive patterns of alate and apterous pea aphids are considered in the context of the r- and K-hypothesis of selection.
FRASS CHARACTERISTICS FOR IDENTIFYING INSECT BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: COSSIDAE AND SESIIDAE; COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN LIVING HARDWOODS
Authors: Solomon J. D.
Published: December 2009

A key for classifying the frass of 24 species of cossid, sesiid, and cerambycid borers describes the presence, texture, form, size, and color of such frass components as excrement pellets, wood chips, finely pulverized wood, granular wood pieces, fibrous shreds, and excelsior-like shreds. Descriptions are based largely upon fresh frass produced by mid- to late-instar larvae. Host tree species, stem diameter, and portion of tree infested are used in conjunction with frass descriptions to identify the borers.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE PLATINUM-IRIDIUM (IR-192) TAGS FOR LOCATING HONEY BEE QUEENS IN COLONIES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Nelson D. L. , Baldwin W. F.
Published: December 2009

It is often necessary in queen quality, package bee development, and wintering studies to locate the queen at different times to determine her presence, weight, location, etc. In the spring, colonies are small and locating the queen is not difficult. However, in late summer, when colonies reach up to 60,000 worker bees in five or six supers, the task becomes very difficult and time consuming. While the use of radioactive tags as a means of following the movement of insects has been well established (Amason et al. 1950: Green et al. 1957; Gomez et al. 1962; Baldwin and Cowper 1969), their use for studying the movement of bees has been limited. Radioactive paint was used by G. A. Tomes (1940) and Raudszuz (1958) for marking queens but apparently proved unsuitable. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using platinum-iridium (IR-192) tags as a means for rapid, repeated recovery of queens during the producing season
CONFIRMATIONS EXPERIMENTALES DU POTENTIEL DU COMPLEXE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ET CHITINASE POUR LA REPRESSION DE LA TORDEUSE DES BOURGEONS DE L’EPINETTE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W.A.
Published: December 2009

Des études intensives et systématiques qui ont été conduites en laboratoire en tenant compte de l’âge et de l’état physiologique de l’insecte, ainsi que des conditions de température, ont démontré que Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner non cristallogène ainsi que Bacillus cereus Frankland et Frankland étaient aussi pathogènes pour les larves de Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens que la souche de B. thuringiensis cristallogène testé. Ainsi, à 20°C, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki provoquait chez les larves de 3e âge de C. fumiferana une lente septicémie causant la mortalité de 90% des larves en 27 jours. Dans des conditions expérimentales identiques, une souche de B. thuringiensis non cristallogène (n° 17) et deux souches de B. cereus entomopathogènes isolées chez C. fumiferana et chez un tachinidé causaient également une lente septicémie chez C. fumiferana et provoquaient 90% de mortalité des larves de 3e âge après une période de 30 à 32 jours.

Les expériences ont démontré par ailleurs que l’addition de quantités minimes de chitinase, soit l’équivalent de 10,000 UN/ha augmentait considérablement l’efficacité des préparations commerciales de B. thuringiensis contre C. fumiferana. Ainsi, la préparation bacillaire Sandoz-Wander (E.U.) 26B, dispersée à raison de 16.8 × 109 IU/ha, n’entraînait pas plus de 80% de mortalité des larves de 3e et de 4e âges après 30 jours, tandis que, avec l’addition de chitinase N.B.C., la mortalité était de 100% entre 9 et 27 jours selon les conditions expérimentales. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec la préparation Dipel 36B; un taux de 100% de mortalité chez les larves de 3e âge a été atteint en 9 jours avec l’addition de chitinase et en 24 jours sans l’apport de cet enzyme. Dans un programme de lutte contre C. fumiferana à l’aide de B. thuringiensis, l’addition de chitinase s’avère donc essentielle.
PARASITOIDS OF THE INTRODUCED PINE SAWFLY, DIPRION SIMILIS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), IN MINNESOTA
Authors: Weber Barbara C.
Published: December 2009

Parasitoids of the overwintering generation of the introduced pine sawfly were surveyed in Minnesota. The parasitization rate was greatest in cocoons collected from foliage in fall 1971, but there was nearly complete mortality of sawflies and parasitoids in cocoons above the snowline by April 1972. Monodontomerus dentipes (Dalm.) most commonly emerged from cocoons collected from trees and shrubs in fall 1971. Exenterus amictorius (Panz.) was the most common parasitoid of cocoons collected from duff in both 1971 and 1972.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE BLISTER BEETLE GENUS CYSTEODEMUS (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Pinto John D.
Published: December 2009

Sexual behavior in the two species of Cysteodemus LeConte consists of: (1) a simple form of courtship that lacks an elaborate tactual display, (2) a prolonged mating period during which the male remains mounted on the female, (3) high levels of female receptivity regardless of previous mating, and (4) postcopulatory behavior. This behavior represents a condition intermediate between that found in the Meloinae and Nemognathinae, the two major subfamilies of blister beetles.
MECHANISMS DETERMINING THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BRINE FLIES (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) IN YELLOWSTONE THERMAL SPRING EFFLUENTS
Authors: Collins Nicholas C.
Published: December 2009

Of the three large ephydrid flies of Yellowstone’s thermal springs, Ephydra thermophila numerically dominates acidic springs because only it can tolerate their water. Alkaline spring effluents are shared by Ephydra bruesi and Paracoenia turbida. E. bruesi is excluded from alkaline high productivity springs, probably because its larval maturation time is long, relative to the short life of patches of larval habitat. Consequently, such springs support only P. turbida. Proportions of the two species in alkaline low-productivity springs are apparently determined by the proportions of available larval food occurring in still versus flowing water. P. turbida is superior in still water, and E. bruesi wins in flowing water. The analysis leads to predictions (i) that E. bruesi should be relatively abundant in low-productivity springs with pulsating flows, and (ii) that E. bruesi adults should prefer ovipositing in low-productivity effluents, while P. turbida adults should be less particular.
SYNOPSIS OFHEORTIALEDERER, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES AND A NEW SUBSPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: ODONTIINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The known species of the Indo-Australian genusHeortiaare reviewed. The genus and its species are characterized; its distribution and relationships are discussed; the species are keyed and figured and their genitalia are described.H.iridian. sp., from Celebes [Sulawesi], andH.dominalis restrictan. subsp., from New Britain and Rooke Island, are described.
AN EVALUATION OF THE FUNGAL INOCULATION METHOD OF DETERMINING THE RESISTANCE OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKS
Authors: Peterman Randall M.
Published: December 2009

Field tests were made of the fungal inoculation method of Reid et al. which assesses the potential of individual lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contorta Dougl var. latifolia Engelm.) to resist attacks by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.). Four hundred and eighty-four trees were inoculated with one of the beetle’s mutualistic blue-staining fungi (Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson), tree responses were determined, and the potential of each tree to resist D. ponderosae was predicted. Two months later, after mountain pine beetles had attacked some of these same trees, most of the predictions based on the fungal assay system proved to be incorrect. Most of the trees which were attacked and which had been rated potentially resistant did not prevent successful bark beetle reproduction. These results, contrary to those of Shrimpton and Reid, suggest that some improvement is needed in the fungal assay method of assessing resistance of lodgepole pine to mountain pine beetle. Measures of tree resistance based on success of mountain pine beetle reproduction showed no difference in the proportion of non-resistant trees between epidemic and endemic areas.
ESTABLISHMENT AND SPREAD OF TETRASTICHUS JULIS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C. , Ellis C.R.
Published: December 2009

Tetrastichus julis (Walker), a European larval endoparasite of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L), has become widely established in southern Ontario. In 1975, rates of parasitism in 14 counties varied from 15% in the east to 95% in the west Dispersal into Ontario was natural and is attributed to extensive colonization of the parasitoid in Michigan and other parts of the U.S. midwest. Reasons for its success in Ontario are suggested.
A SERIAL SECTIONING TECHNIQUE FOR MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF COMPLEX CHITINOUS STRUCTURES WITH THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Smith J. J. B. , Friend W. G.
Published: December 2009

Special techniques are necessary to study the morphology of complex chitinous structures such as insect mouthparts. Many of the details are beyond the resolution of light microscopy, and the methods of conventional electron microscopy do not include the efficient production of serial sections for reconstruction. Although the scanning electron microscope (SEM) permits detailed observation of 3-dimensional surfaces, it cannot see internal surfaces and under complex folds, nor can it readily show the thickness of solid structures. To study the details of the stylet tips of the bug Rhodnius prolixus (Stål) several techniques were tried. Initially, specimens had been embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, dewaxed, and prepared for the scanning electron microscope. Because of difficulties in sectioning the hard stylets and poor preservation of fine structure, this method was abandoned in favour of one using thick sections (2 μm) of material embedded in a mixture of Epon and Araldite.
ENERGY DYNAMICS OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS AND M. FEMURRUBRUM (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN A GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM,
Authors: Bailey C. G. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

Bioenergetic studies on populations of the two-striped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), and the red-legged grasshopper, M. femurrubrum (De Geer), at a natural grassland site in Ottawa in 1971 and 1972 indicated that the former species ingested 0.42% and the latter 0.44% of the green shoot primary production (3057 kcal/m2). An additional 1.22 and 1.30% of this production were cut and dropped by the grasshoppers, so that a total of 1.64 and 1.74% of the green vegetation was removed by M. bivittatus and M. femurrubrum, respectively. These two species assimilated 41 and 35% of the ingested food, the remainder being voided as faeces. Respiration accounted for 62% of the energy assimilated by M. bivittatus and for 63% of that assimilated by M. femurrubrum. Approximately 0.06% of the energy of primary production was converted by each species into body and was available to higher trophic levels. However, 94% of the potential energy of the green vegetation removed by the grasshoppers was returned to the "decomposer compartment" of the ecosystem, with only 6% removed or lost from the system.
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF LARVAL PARASITOIDS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Horn David J.
Published: December 2009

Three species of Hymenoptera comprise the guild of parasitoids utilizing alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, larvae in Ohio. Where all three coexist, there has been a yearly increase in parasitization by Bathyplectes anurus and concomitant decreases in Bathyplectes curculionis and Tetrastichus incertus. We conclude that B. anurus dominance is due to its precise synchronization with peak host numbers, its high reproductive capacity, competitive superiority, and rapid search and handling. Domination of ephemeral hosts by such a parasitoid is in agreement with the general conclusions of Force, and Ehler and van den Bosch. B. curculionis and T. incertus compensate for imperfect synchrony with multivoltism and vagility (both spp.), aggregation and rapid search (B. curculionis), or random search and gregarious development (T. incertus).
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES FROM SIX FOREST INSECTS
Authors: Hughes Kenneth M.
Published: December 2009

Observations on the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses affecting six different insects are reported. Of these, one has not been previously reported, and three others have had only minimal mention in the literature with no details given. In this paper, the viruses are illustrated by electron micrographs. The dimensions of the virus particles and other pertinent details are reported.
ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY IN THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Morrison F. O.
Published: December 2009

Life tables were constructed for populations of R. pomonella (Walsh) in two abandoned, heavily infested apple orchards near Como, Quebec. All life stages were sampled and the results expressed in terms of the apple as a unit. Twenty-five life tables, each based on one tree, covered two successive generations on both early and late maturing varieties.

Natality was of no value in predicting variation in numbers of emerging adults, whereas the early pupal stage estimates explained over 80% of the variation. Parasitism of larvae and pupae was more common than previously recorded but parasites were not significant in the population dynamics of their host. Nutritionally based larval mortality, predation on mature larvae and pupae, and movements of adults between trees were key factors in population variation. Early variety trees appeared to maintain apple maggot population levels. These results were supported by experimental studies on the effects of temperature treatments and predation on larval and pupal mortality.
THE LARVAE OF TWO SPECIES OF MACROTHECINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Macrotheca angulalis Barnes & McDunnough and Alpheias sp. are described and illustrated. A comparison is made between these and the larvae of Galleriinae.
POPULATION MORTALITY AND CYCLICITY AS AFFECTED BY INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION,
Authors: Stinner R. E. , Jones J. W. , Tuttle C. , Caron R. E.
Published: December 2009

A model for intraspecific competition that incorporates the effects of inter- and intra-stage survival rates, spatial distribution, and variation in growth is developed using basic probability theory. Simulation results for cannibalism in Heliothis zea (Boddie) are presented and intraspecific competition is shown to have effects on population cyclicity and on mortality.
TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF STERILIZED AND NONSTERILIZED INSECTS OF A LABORATORY STRAIN AND A FIELD STRAIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPERM IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Robinson S. H. , Wolfenbarger D. A.
Published: December 2009

Certain aspects of the reproductive ability of sterilized and unsterilized tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), of a laboratory strain and a field strain, tested as single pairs, were studied; special attention was given to those females of pairs that mated but did not reproduce and to the distribution of sperm in the reproductive tract at various times after mating. Most of the sperm from the first two successful matings reached the spermatheca, but after three or more matings, substantial amounts were also present in the bursa copulatrix and(or) seminal duct. Ca. 18% and 35% of the unsterilized laboratory strain and field strain pairs, respectively, did not reproduce; 4.6% and 20.6%, respectively, locked or failed to mate. The percentage of mated pairs was reduced by the presence of a field strain female in crosses of the strains. Exposure to irradiation and chemosterilants reduced fertility but had little effect on mating frequency in either strain. Percentage egg hatch was the same for the untreated insects of both strains.
OCCURRENCE AND ACTIVITY OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Holliday N. J. , Hagley E. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Pitfall trapping was carried out in a southern Ontario apple orchard for 3 years. The three commonest carabids collected wereHarpalus affinisSchr.,Pterostichus melanariusIll., andAmaraspp. Variation in activity was related to mean air temperatures inP.melanariusbut not in the other two species. The use of pitfall traps in enclosures showed that none of the above species use flight as the principal means of locomotion. ImmatureH.affinisadults probably undergo a dispersal flight in July.Amaraspp. andP.melanariusboth fly within the orchard to some extent.
THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES OF THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

Using Dyar’s Law the number of larval stages in the life cycle of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola, was determined in Quebec (1974, 1975, 1976), Ontario (1976), and Prince Edward Island (1976). In all regions five larval stages were observed, as in Europe, and not six as previously reported in Ontario. Apparently in this latter case an erroneous interpretation of the significant differences existing between the sexes (relating to head capsule width and developmental time) resulted in male and female fifth stage larvae being considered as fifth and sixth stages respectively.
OVIPOSITION BY NABIS ALTERNATUS (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) IN ALFALFA
Authors: Richards L. A. , Harper A.M.
Published: December 2009

The eggs of Nabis alternatus Parshley, which are laid in the stems of alfalfa plants, can be identified by their opercula, which protrude from the stem. Most eggs were laid in the upper portion of the main stem where the mean widths of the stems were 1.5 to 1.7 mm, and the hardness averaged 7.4 kg. The mean and minimum heights of oviposition increased with increasing total height of stem and the number of eggs laid also increased. Eggs laid in alfalfa stems that were subsequently allowed to dry had low percentage hatch.
OCCURRENCE OF THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), ON SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Finlayson Thelma , Tonks Norman V. , Ross Douglas A.
Published: December 2009

An expanding outbreak of hardwood-defoliating geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) has existed on southern Vancouver Island, B.C., since at least 1972. By 1977 the outbreak had become severe over an estimated 120 km2 in the Victoria and Saanich land districts and a light infestation was present on the Saanich Peninsula.
PREBLOOM PETROLEUM OIL APPLICATIONS FOR DELAYING PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) OVIPOSITION
Authors: Zwick R. W. , Westigard P. H.
Published: December 2009

Application of petroleum oils prior to oviposition by overwintering pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, reduced oviposition by 98% for up to 5 weeks. The delay of oviposition and reduction in subsequent egg and nymph densities were inversely proportional to the rate of oil used. The reduced oviposition rate was due primarily to inhibition of oviposition by oil deposits on the host, not adult mortality. No commercially important deleterious effects of oil treatments were detected on several pear varieties.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF AMITUS (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Nebeker T. E.
Published: December 2009

Collections of Amitus (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Platygastridae) from the Western Hemisphere are referred to the following species: from Canada and the United States, A. aleurodinis Haldeman, A. granulosus n. sp., and A. gibbosus n. sp.; from Mexico and South America, A. spiniferus (Brethes), A. pigeanus n. sp., A. hesperidum Silvestri, and A. fuscipennis n. sp.

A lateral plate-like process on the male fourth antennal segment is regarded as a phenocline, characteristic of species or species groups.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CONTACT TOXICITY AND ACTIVITY IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A.
Published: December 2009

The spectrum of contact toxicity and activity in soil of four pyrethroid insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Pyrethroids tested were: FMC 33297 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 41706 (alpha-cyano-3 phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 43467 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate); and Shell WL 43775 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyrate). Chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, two broad spectrum contact and soil insecticides were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of contact toxicity was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the common field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), 3rd instar dark sided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Crickets were used to assess insecticidal activity in soil relative to soil moisture, type, and temperature. The pyrethroids were effective contact insecticides comparable in toxicity and spectrum of activity to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran. They were particularly toxic to the darksided cutworm. They were less effective in mineral soil than chlorpyrifos. WL 43467 showed activity in mineral soil close to that of carbofuran, while the other pyrethroids were less active. Activity in soil was influenced by soil moisture and type. In contrast to the standard insecticides the pyrethroids generally showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in soil.
SOME EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON EMERGENCE IN THREE SPECIES OF CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

Newly hatched larvae of Chironomus decorus, Endochironomus nigricans, and Chironomus staegeri mostly from a single shallow eutrophic pond near St. Catharines, Ont., were reared to the adult stage at 15°C and 20°C and 16 and 8 h daily photoperiods. Normal development to EM50 took 26 days at 20°C and 37 days at 15°C in C. decorus; 35 and 48 days in E. nigricans; and 68 days at 20°C in C. staegeri. The 8 h daily photoperiod inhibited emergence, by preventing pupation of final instar larvae, in E. nigricans and C. staegeri at both temperatures, and in C. decorus at 15°C. Nevertheless, a few individuals emerged even under these conditions; such individuals may be important in insuring field populations against environmental variation.

Food supply was normally adjusted to permit only partial emergence even in non-inhibiting regimes. After initial emergence was complete, more food was added to some replicates. In suitable regimes, remaining larvae then completed metamorphosis. Larvae undergoing delayed metamorphosis (for whatever reason) suffered mortality at low food levels; this suggests that food was required for maintenance even by individuals in which metamorphosis was inhibited by photoperiod/temperature combinations alone.

After a further period, when any food-induced emergence had been completed, transfers to higher temperatures or longer photoperiods were made. Transfer after initial inhibition to regimes that normally permitted emergence resulted in emergence; and in E. nigricans transfer at 8 h photoperiod from 15 °C to 20 °C also resulted in emergence, suggesting that the cues for induction and termination of dormancy are not the same, since 8 h photoperiod normally induces dormancy at both temperatures. Emergence after such transfers was more highly synchronized than in the initial period, but protandry was generally retained.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING OVIPOSITION OF TRICHOGRAMMA CALIFORNICUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIA
Authors: Rajendram G. F.
Published: December 2009

Oviposition by Trichogramma californicum Nagaraja and Nagarkatti into physiological saline encapsulated in paraffin droplets is influenced by the concentration of the liquid, population density of the parasite, and the addition of sugars, vitamins, and amino acids. Oviposition occurred within a concentration range of 0.43–1.28% NaCl, but there was no significant difference in the number of eggs deposited. Chances of oviposition generally increased with the increase of population density of the parasite and a minimum density of T. californicum females was required for oviposition. A phenomenon of enhancement, such that oviposition in any one vial is confined to one of the three droplets exposed, is recorded for certain media. However, this phenomenon was removed by addition of RNA, casein hydrolysate, or by use of Grace’s tissue culture medium without insect plasma and Grace’s modified medium with bovine and egg derivatives. Eggs deposited into 2 paraffin droplets containing modified Grace’s medium developed to the second instar larval stage.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) NEAR GUELPH, ONTARIO
Authors: Golini Victor I. , Wright Russell E.
Published: December 2009

A total of 34 species of female tabanids were collected with CO2-traps from four different habitats near Guelph, Ont., during the 1971, 1972, and 1973 fly seasons. Nearly equal numbers of species were trapped at the Ontario Reformatory, Preston, Kortright, and the Hanlon Creek watershed, comprising a total of 15 Chrysops spp., 12 Hybomitra spp., 6 Tabanus spp., and 1 Atylotus sp. Relative abundance and flight periods are reported for each species. Chrysops frigidus O. S. and Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macq.) were the most abundant species among their respective tribes; their abundance was related directly to degree of soil wetness, differing from that of Tabanus similis Macq. and T. quinquevittatus Wd. which was related inversely to these habitat types. The flight period of nearly 85% of the sampled population, consisting mainly of C. frigidus, H. lasiophthalma, and H. epistates (O.S.), spanned from the end of May till mid-July. T. quinquevittatus, T. lineola Fab., and H. epistates occurred till mid-September.
THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COLEOMEGILLA MACULATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE PERILITUS COCCINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Obrycki John J. , Tauber Maurice J.
Published: December 2009

The optimum temperature range for development and survival of the predacious coccinellid Coleomegilla maculata and its parasite Perilitus coccinellae is 24° to 26.7°C. Theoretical thresholds for development (t) of the pre-imaginal stages of C. maculata range from 9° to 13°C. Total development (from oviposition to adult emergence) of the beetle requires an accumulation of 236 heat degree days (K) above 11.3°C (t), whereas the development of P. coccinellae requires 395 heat degree days (K) above 9.8°C (t). To predict the seasonal interaction between C. maculata and P. coccinellae, and to manage C. maculata efficiently as a biological control agent, it is vital to know the thermal and dietary requirements of the two species.
HYMENOCHARA, A NEW GENUS OF ALLECULIDAE (COLEOPTERA) BASED ONMYCETOCHARA RUFIPESAND A NEW SPECIES FROM ARIZONA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Hymenochara, a new genus of Alleculidae, is described based onMycetochara rufipes(J. E. LeConte) from eastern North America andHymenochara arizonensisnew species, from Arizona.
EFFICACY OF MIXTURES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS, VIRUSES, AND CHLORDIMEFORM AGAINST INSECTS ON CABBAGE
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Laing D. R.
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of mixtures of chlordimeform with Bacillus thuringiensis and(or) Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Pieris rapae granulosis virus against Trichoplusia ni and Pieris rapae on the late cabbage was assessed in field plots over four growing seasons. Mixtures of 0.07 kg of chlordimeform/ha (1/8 of the recommended dosage) with low concentrations of the microbial insecticides were as effective or more effective than the materials used alone at full rates. The advantages of such mixtures in pest management are discussed.
EVALUATION OF THE RE-EMERGENCE PROCESS OF PARENT ADULT DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Fargo W. Scott , Pulley Paul E. , Foltz John L. , Pope Don N. , Richerson Jim V. , Payne Thomas L.
Published: December 2009

The process of re-emergence of Dendroctonus frontalis parent adults was investigated using emergence traps placed systematically along the bole of infested loblolly pine, Pinus taeda. Daily collections of the traps showed the re-emergence pattern by height through time. Re-emergence/100 cm2 (Y) was described as a function of time (X) by the model Y = C(18X)B−1 exp (−A(18X)B) + ɛε for intervals along the infested bole. Peak re-emergence occurred shortly after peak attack density and continued 16–20 days. Highest re-emergence density occurred at the midportion of the infested bole and tapered to the ends. The same model was used to describe re-emergence as an average process for the entire tree. For convenience in evaluating expected re-emergence totals over a time span, the cumulative form of the model was fit to the data. The proportion of re-emergence was studied using bark samples taken at the beginning and end of the process and was found to be 97% of the attacking adult population. An empirical distribution function was developed and the probability of re-emergence described using the function Y = ABCXB−1 exp (−AXB) + ɛε, where Y = the probability of re-emergence at a time X in days given that a beetle was present on day 1 of the process. The cumulative form of this model was also provided.

Using laboratory bioassays parent adults were tested and found to respond to the attractant mixture of frontalin, trans-verbenol, and loblolly pine turpentine.

Re-emergence may play several functions in the population dynamics of D. frontalis: conditioning host trees through mass colonization; establishing brood populations through multiple re-emergence, thereby efficiently allocating egg populations; identifying new hosts and aggregating populations through pheromone production; and maintenance of continuity in pheromone production at the active portion of the infestation, thereby identifying the location of trees under colonization. The prolonged re-emergence period was suggested to be of survival value to the insect in that local short term disasters would affect only a small proportion of the re-emerging population. The number of re-emergences and proportions of re-emergence were suggested to be related to oviposition per parent adult and hence attack density.
SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF THE TOBACCO BUDWORM,HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IRRADIATED AS DIAPAUSING AND YOUNG NONDIAPAUSING PUPAE
Authors: Proshold F. I. , North D. T.
Published: December 2009

Pupal survival, mating, and sperm transfer in tobacco budworms,Heliothis virescens(F.), irradiated as diapause pupae, decreased proportionately with increasing doses of 3, 5, and 7.5 krad. Also, the fertility of tobacco budworms irradiated as nondiapause pupae and of the F1progeny of such males decreased with increasing dose. When the female partner received eupyrene sperm, insects irradiated while the pupae were in diapause were fertile as were their progeny. Therefore, it does not appear plausible to irradiate diapause pupae of our strain of tobacco budworms to obtain sterile insects for a release program.
FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Wallace D. R. , Lucuik G. S.
Published: December 2009

Female budworm flight activity was monitored automatically at seven constant temperatures ranging from 10° to 25°C. Flight activity was negligible below 17.5°C, but considerable oviposition occurred as low as 15°C. It is therefore possible that during cool weather the number of insects dispersing is reduced, with the result that a larger proportion of the eggs are laid in the stand of origin.
THE CULICOIDES VARIIPENNIS COMPLEX: A NECESSARY RE-ALIGNMENT OF NOMENCLATURE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) and the form described as C. variipennis occidentalis by Wirth and Jones (1957) occur sympatrically and without intermediates in British Columbia and Washington; occidentalis should therefore be given specific rank. The three other subspecies described by Wirth and Jones (sonorensis, albertensis, australis) are appropriately regarded as subspecies of occidentalis.
CROESIA HOLMIANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A FRUIT TREE LEAFROLLER NEW TO NORTH AMERICA, ESTABLISHED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Doganlar Miktat , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

Croesia holmiana(L.) was the most common of nine species of tortricids found in 1977 in a survey of the apple leafrollers of the Vancouver, British Columbia, district. It is an European species not recorded previously from North America. Specimens from British Columbia were identified by Dr. A. Mutuura, Biosystematics Research Institute, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON WINTER COCOONS IN CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Danks H. V. , Jones Jim W.
Published: December 2009

Winter cocoons have been described in several species of Chironomidae (summary in Danks 1971, table V; see also Madder et al. 1977). The larvae are tightly folded within these closed cocoons in ways more or less characteristic of the species. Usually the walls of the cocoons are thicker than those of the tubes within which larvae are active in summer and less particulate matter is incorporated into them. Most larvae of two species studied earlier in Ottawa (Danks 1971) constructed their winter cocoons only after surface ice had formed.
THE CHORIONIC STRUCTURE OF THE EGGS OF SOME SPECIES OF BUMBLEBEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: BOMBINAE), AND ITS USE IN TAXONOMY
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The surface features and the fine structure of the chorion of the bumblebee egg are described. The egg is covered by a reticulum of polygonal cells with elevated walls and with variously shaped protuberances at the wall junctions, except at each pole where the reticulum evanesces, Differences in the shape, size, and surface sculpturing of the protuberances and in the appearance of the walls are species-specific and a key to the eggs of the nine species is provided. The very thin chorion is composed of two parts with a third part comprising the walls of the polygonal cells; the egg possesses no aeropylar openings and micropylar openings were not found.
LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON CRUCIFEROUS CROPS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Kinoshita G. B. , Harris C. R. , Svec H. J. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

The crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is a pest of major economic importance on cruciferous crops in Canada. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of insecticides which have been, or currently are used in Ontario, or which might have potential for its control. Twenty of 22 insecticides tested in the laboratory were toxic or moderately toxic by direct contact against adults. Carbofuran was 55 times and eight other insecticides 2.9 to 5.5 times more toxic than endosulfan. Of eight insecticides tested as soil treatments, diazinon, carbofuran, and dieldrin were most toxic to adults. All insecticides were less toxic in organic than in mineral soil. In field studies, concentrations of DDT and dieldrin typical of those found in mineral soils used for crucifer production in Ontario in the late 1960’s reduced crucifer flea beetle damage to radishes. As organochlorine insecticide residues decline a higher percentage of crucifer flea beetle population will survive necessitating greater emphasis on control. Two sprays of parathion, carbaryl, or endosulfan significantly reduced crucifer flea beetle damage to radishes in the early part of the growing season under moderate insect pressure. These control programs were less effective during warmer weather and(or) under severe crucifer flea beetle pressure. Soil applications of terbufos, carbofuran, and oxamyl protected cabbage grown in seed beds from attack. The latter was slightly phytotoxic. Planting–water treatments using azinphosmethyl, diazinon, and oxamyl protected cabbage transplants against early season crucifer flea beetle attack. On late cabbage, fensulfothion, azinphosmethyl, carbaryl, endosulfan, and chlorfenvinphos gave good protection.
REVISION OF THE TRIBE QUEDIINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 4
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa of Quediini (Staphylinidae) are described:Heterothops giulianiispec, nov. (California), andAcylophorus(Acylophorus)zdenaespec. nov. (Illinois, Louisiana, Texas). A revised key to North American species ofHeterothopsSteph. is presented as well as revised couplets for the keys to the genera of Quediini and species ofAcylophorus. A lectotype is designated forQuedius compransorFall.

Additional data on taxonomy, bionomics, and geographical distribution of many species are presented.
FIELD EVALUATION OF SYNTHETIC SEX PHEROMONE ATTRACTANTS FOR THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) AND THREE LEAFROLLER SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

Synthetic sex pheromones were evaluated in apple orchards against the pests Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), Archips argyrospilus (Walker), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and Pandemis limitata (Robinson). Significant correlations between spring larval counts and captures of males in summer in pheromone traps occurred only at moderate to high population levels. Correlations between captures of males in summer and fruit damage occurred only with S. ocellana. The attractants for S. ocellana, A. argyrospilus, and C. rosaceana appear satisfactory but that for P. limitata, possibly due to species identification uncertainty and low populations, requires further evaluation.
THE DETERMINATION OF SETAL HOMOLOGIES AND SETAL PATTERNS ON THE DORSAL SHIELD IN THE FAMILY PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA)
Authors: Rowell H. J. , Chant D. A. , Hansell R. I. C.
Published: December 2009

The chaetotactic nomenclature proposed by Lindquist and Evans (1965) for the Gamasina, using the family Ascidae as examplar, is adopted for use in the family Phytoseiidae. Probable setal homologies were determined by: examining and comparing ontogenetic relationships in both the Phytoseiidae and Ascidae; standardizing the shape and size of the dorsal shield of exemplars from 7 genera of Phytoseiidae and one of Ascidae in order to compare standardized, transformed setal positions; examining the spatial relationships between setal and pore positions. The technique used to standardize the shape and size of the dorsal shield is described. The setal nomenclature adopted for each of the genera of Phytoseiidae is discussed and presented in diagrammatic form. Ventral chaetotaxy in the Ascidae and Phytoseiidae is also discussed.
OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), PUPAE IN INTERIOR ALASKA
Authors: Werner Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Snow depth is the most important environmental factor in the survival of overwintering Rheumaptera hastata (L.) pupae in interior Alaska. Pupae spend the winter in the leaf litter where litter temperatures are directly related to snow depth at given air temperatures. Winter survival is also dependent on the cessation of pupal development (diapause) and the development of cold-hardiness which is induced by certain physiological processes such as supercooling and changes in glycerol and carbohydrate levels. Glycerol content and supercooling are dependent on changes in carbohydrate levels which in turn are directly related to changes in the rate of pupal development prior to diapause.
EGG PRODUCTION, OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR, AND SEX RATIOS OF BESSA HARVEYI (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) PARASITIZING THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

In Manitoba, the emergence of Bessa harveyi (Townsend) adults is well synchronized with the availability of larvae of its major host, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). Mating occurs within 3 days of emergence and the females begin egg-laying 1–2 days later. Mean longevity was about 7 days for males and 12 days for females. Total egg production per female averaged 40 and 30 in 2 years with a maximum of 169 eggs from a single female. The total number of eggs laid per female was positively correlated with temperature.
A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE VENOM APPARATUS OF FEMALE BRACONIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Edson Kathryn M. , Vinson S. Bradleigh
Published: December 2009

The venom apparatus was examined in 160 species of female Braconidae. The venom apparatus is illustrated for females of 26 representative genera and those of the remaining females are described.

Our findings indicate that there are two types of venom apparatus present in Braconidae. Type 1 is found in females of subfamilies having more ancestral character states: Doryctinae, Spathiinae, Braconinae, Opiinae, Rogadinae, Alysiinae, and Ichneutinae. Typically, type 1 venom apparatus consists of a cone-shaped reservoir which is surrounded by many longitudinal and circular muscles and lined with a relatively thick cuticular intima, gland filaments, and a venom duct. Type 2 is found in females of subfamilies having more derived character states: Cheloninae, Microgasterinae, Agathidinae, Macrocentrinae, Helconinae, Neoneurinae, Centistinae, Paxylommatinae, and Euphorinae. Typically, type 2 consists of a thin-walled reservoir surrounded by relatively few muscles, two gland filaments, and a venom duct.

The Aphidiinae is the only subfamily in which the females examined have both types of venom apparatus represented. Of those genera examined, only females ofPraonhave type 2, while females of the remaining genera have type 1 venom apparatus.

Braconid females with type 1 venom apparatus are either ectoparasitoids or endoparasitoids which pupate within the host remains, while those females with type 2 are endoparasitoids which pupate outside the host remains.
REVISION OF THE WOLF SPIDER GENUSALOPECOSASIMON IN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The genusAlopecosaSimon is revised for North America. A general description for the group is given, and a key to species is presented. Seven species are represented in North America:A.aculeata(Clerck, 1757) from Alaska to Newfoundland and southward to Arizona;A.kochi(Keyserling, 1877) (=Tarentula gertschiSchenkel, 1951 syn. n., =Lycosa jollensisSchenkel, 1951 syn. n.) from southern B.C., southern Ontario, and western and northern U.S.A.;A.pulverulenta(Clerck, 1757) (=Tarentula aquilonarisFox, 1940 syn. n.), recorded from the Nearctic on the basis of a female from Attu Island, Alaska;A.exasperans(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) from the Canadian Arctic islands;A.mutabilis(Kulczynski, 1908) from northern Alaska;A.pictilis(Emerton, 1885) from Alaska to Labrador and New Hampshire; andA.hirtipes(Kulczynski, 1907) (=Tarentula hirtaKulczynski, 1908, syn. n., =Lycosa asivakEmerton, 1919, syn. n., =Tarentula hamiltoniChamberlin & Ivie, 1947, syn. n.) from Alaska to northern Quebec.
SEX RATIO VARIABILITY OFMUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR(HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females ofMuscidifurax zaraptorK. & L. produce a smaller percentage of female progeny as the ratio of ovipositing females to hosts (house fly pupae) increases. Delays in oviposition are apparently responsible for the sex ratio change, because they reduce the percentage of fertilized eggs, i.e. female eggs, that the parasites lay. Delays increase in frequency as the parasite:host ratio increases, and result mostly from interference among the ovipositing females; the interference is mostly or entirely physical. Solitary females ofM.zaraptorproduce slightly fewer though not significantly fewer female progeny when low host densities delay oviposition; more tests would be required to confirm this effect. There is no evidence for differential survival of the male and female parasite larvae on superparasitized hosts.
HOST SPECIFICITY AND SUITABILITY OF LEMA CYANELLA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), A CANDIDATE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE)
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Johnson G.R.
Published: December 2009

The host specificity of Lema cyanella (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its suitability as a biological control agent were investigated. The females lay an average of 1564 eggs and development from egg to adult takes 17.6 days at 25°C during the day and 20°C during the night (average about 23°C). Feeding of adults and larvae is confined to Cirsium, Carduus, and Silybum species, and according to literature records, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. is the main host. No economic plants are attacked. A colony of field collected beetles imported from Germany was infected with a Nosema disease. It is recommended that disease free L. cyanella should be released against the weed C. arvense in North America.
PLEURAL MORPHOLOGY IN SCELIONID WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) — AN AID TO HIGHER CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The importance of pleural characters in Scelionidae is discussed and assessed. Two new terms, peculiar to some Scelionidae, are proposed, viz. the netrion for a specialized area on sides of pronotum, and mesopleural carina for a diagonal keel on mesopleuron (mesepisternum). Netrion and mesopleural carina are considered important characters for higher classification of the Scelionidae. The proposed characters are reviewed in the suprageneric categories (tribes and subfamilies) of the Scelionidae. The tribe Tiphodytini n. stat. is reinstated and removed from the synonymy with Thoronini, partly on account of the pleural characters.