bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Economic Community — Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1973—1975. The Issue of Mutual Recognition. According to Documents from the Archives of the French Foreign Ministry
Authors: Osipov Evgeny
Published: May 2024

The article, based on documents from the archives of the French Foreign Ministry, reconstructs the history of negotiations between the EEC and CMEA in 1973—1975. The emphasis is on exploring the motivations and positions of the EEC countries in responding to the 1973 Soviet initiative to establish contacts between the two organizations. Ultimately, the problem was that in the EEC, starting in 1974, the scope of trade relations with the countries of Eastern Europe was to move to the supranational level, while the community was expected to enter into agreements with individual countries of Eastern Europe. The idea of equal and institutional cooperation between the two organizations, which was actually proposed by Moscow, was rejected by the majority of EEC countries. This predetermined the specific position of the representatives of the EEC, who in 1973—1975 officially supported the idea of establishing contacts between organizations, since this was a logical manifestation of détente, but in fact they delayed the negotiation process. As a result, the first meeting between representatives of the Commission of the European Communities and the CMEA Secretariat, held on February 4—6, 1975, was unsuccessful.
“Turkomstaris, in View of Its Inactivity, Due to Lack of Funds Will Be Destroyed....”: to the History of the Formation of Scientific and Cultural Policy in Soviet Central Asia in the First Half of the 1920s
Authors: Bukharin Mikhail
Published: May 2024

After the October coup d’êtat of 1917, formation new authorities began, which were supposed to develop and implement the policy of the new power in the field of science and culture. On the territory of the former Russian Turkestan (Turkestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR), this process was complicated by the fact that the new policy had to meet the expectations of the local Muslim population, respectively, the measures taken had to guarantee its loyalty. Not least in the development of policy in the field of science and culture, in particular, in the field of restoration of historical and cultural monuments, is to be pointed out, that the world scientific community followed their fate. The scientific community represented by the Permanent Turkestan Commission of the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture (PTC RAIMK) under the directorship of Academician V. V. Bartold claimed a leading role in determining the directions of scientific and cultural policy in Soviet Central Asia. The struggle for influence on the Turkestan institutions responsible for policy in the field of science and culture, in particular, for the restoration of architectural monuments, primarily Turkkomstaris, which functioned under the People’s Commissariat for education of the TASSR and had its own branches, ended in failure for representatives of the scientific environment. The PTC RAIMK was disbanded, the decisive word always remained said by the central authorities, which, lacking professional competencies, were guided solely by political considerations in the development of scientific and cultural policies in Central Asia. The model of scientific and cultural policy in Central Asia developed by the mid-1920s, was generally characteristic for the periods of large-scale reforms throughout the country: science remained subordinate to state authorities and did not have decisive powers.
State Policy in the Sphere of Education: Actual Problems of Theoretical Discussion
Authors: Gutorov Vladimir
Published: May 2024

In modern science, despite the existing consensus regarding the role of the state in educational processes, a number of questions constantly arise related to methodological approaches to the analysis of the content of the concept of “public education”. The article presents the main aspects of the theoretical analysis of the role of the state in the development of education policy in a globalizing world. The processes associated with the formation of a system of mass education in various regions of the world are studied. The authors argue that public education systems with historically developed regional characteristics should be compared only by abstracting their distinctive features in order to identify criteria that can serve as measurement variables. The various assessments of neoliberal reforms in the field of education, which were initially focused on a deep restructuring of cultural, social, political and economic relations between the state, the market and society are also analyzed. The main aspects of critical analytics presented in the works of scientists who seek to reveal the true background and consequences of neoliberal educational policy are explored. Overcoming the neoliberal syndrome in theory and practice, ultimately, opens up new opportunities for theoretical analysis of the evolution of state education policy in the following promising areas: conceptual framework and methodological approaches to research on the ideological resources and practices of state reforms in the field of education; strategic analysis of the dynamics of educational policy in the modern world; the influence of education policy on the evolution of democratic institutions and many others.
The European Policy of National Rally as a Resource for Legitimization of the French Far Right
Authors: Zhidkova Aleksandra
Published: May 2024

Nowadays the National Rally (NR) is the main force of French Eurosceptics. European issues play a special role in the party’s representation and its ideological and political program. In addition, European issues are an important strategic resource for the legitimization of the National Rally. The purpose of the article, dedicated to the European part of NR’s policy, is to highlight several aspects of the problem. First of all, the article analyzes the evolution of the party's discourse on the issue of European integration. The author also examines the key concepts and vocabulary that forms the modern discourse of the NR. Finally, studying the interactions of the far right in the European Parliament allows us to show how Marine Le Pen’s European policy contributes to her legitimization.
Scientific Diplomacy in the Service of Socialism: the USSR and the Popular Unity in Chile
Authors: Schelchkov Andrey
Published: May 2024

In Chilean history, the period of Unidad Popular (1970—1973) occupies a special place, becoming an event of world importance. The policy of the USSR in Chile in previous years and during the years of the rule of the left forces occupied an important place in the internal processes in this country. Since the restoration of diplomatic relations in 1964, relations between our countries have developed in an ascending line, culminating in the years of Unidad Popular. This article examines such a little-studied aspect of these relations as the use of “soft power”, namely scientific diplomacy for ideological and political influence on Chilean society. Scientific diplomacy on the part of Soviet scientists in Chile covered not only the natural and usual spheres of interaction in the field of scientific exchange and university cooperation, but also expressed itself in the field of social activity, in political actions and campaigns of commemoration of historical events important both for the Soviet policy and for the left, socialist forces in Chile. Soviet scientists were directly involved in political actions in Chile, both with their work and public activity sought to support local leftist forces, primarily the communists.
The Policy of Colonization as a Defense Policy: Russian Resettlement to the Astarabad Province of Iran in the Era of the Great War
Authors: Larin Andrey
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the issues of conceptualization and debating the issues of peasant resettlement and land-owning colonization of the Astarabad province of Iran by Russian state officials. Shortly before the outbreak of the Great War, settlements of Russian peasant colonists appeared on the territory of this Caspian region, and also large Russian land ownership arose. The issue was discussed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Resettlement Department etc. According to sources, one of the main motives for encouraging colonization was the desire to form a new boundary de facto and ensure the security of a strategically important region. The influence of the First World War on the ongoing processes and their results is noted.
The Unofficial Pilgrimage: Cardinal Franz König's 1980 Soviet Union Journey with the Board of the “Pro Oriente” Foundation
Authors: Belyakova Nadezhda
Published: May 2024

The proposed article is devoted to the unofficial trip of the head of the Catholic Church of Austria, Cardinal Franz König, who initiated a ten-day tour to the USSR by a delegation of 30 people — members of the board of the Pro Oriente Foundation in November 1980. This Austrian foundation, initiated by König (who headed the Vatican Committee for Dialogue with Unbelievers) in the late 1960s, was focused on the development of dialogue with the Eastern Churches. In a study of travel materials obtained in the summer of 2019. from Cardinal König’s archives, it will question how impenetrable the Iron Curtain was for representatives of the Catholic world, how the symbolic resource of travelling through the Soviet Union was used in Western religious circles in the context of the Cold War, how the Austrian media presented the trip, and how Cardinal Franz König’s concept of Vienna being a bridge between the churches of the West and the East did/did not receive a concrete diplomatic, ecclesiastical and touristic dimension. The pilgrimage tour of the ecumenical foundation became part of both the international relations of the Cold War and the political dimension of this trip will be given attention in the study.
Coded Telegrams of the GPU on the Progress of the Confiscation of Church Valuables in the Kuban and Stavropol Regions in 1922
Authors: Petrov Stanislav
Published: May 2024

The corpus of coded telegrams of the GPU, identified in the Central Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, on the progress of the campaign to confiscate church valuables in the Kuban and Stavropol regions in 1922 is considered. It is concluded that this type of historical sources fragmentarily reflects the events that took place in state-confessional relations in the South-East of Russia and only in those aspects that Moscow wanted to know about. It has been established that the coded telegrams contain very valuable factual material about the work of the commissions for the confiscation of church valuables, the progress of the confiscation itself, the agitation of the clergy and believers, the number of confiscated values, their concealment by the clergy and believers, the excesses and incidents that took place, the mood of the population and its attitude towards the confiscation, arrests among the clergy and laity.
Mission, Charity and Ecumenical Links in the Baltics: the RSKhD and Its Contacts with Lutheran Relief Organisations in the USSR
Authors: Paert Irina
Published: May 2024

The Russian Student Christian Movement (RSKhD), one of the leading Christian movements of the twentieth century, became the basis for a new Orthodox identity in the religious revival of Russian emigration in the 1920s. Recent studies have given this movement a clearer shape, focusing on the personalities of its participants, their missionary and educational work, and their international support for Russian emigrants. Our article focuses on the RSKhD in the Baltics, which remains an understudied part of the movement. This article highlights the RSKhD’s links with Protestant organisations assisting Christians in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as the role of the mediator between Protestants and the RSKhD, Vladimir Fedorovich Buchholz, whose archival materials from the Estonian National Archives have remained largely unexplored. This study contributes to the understanding of Russian emigration and Estonian religious history through the lens of transnational religious influence.
The Churching of Russia: Parish Empowerment and Parish Protest
Authors: Freeze Gregory
Published: May 2024

Western scholarship on secularization takes into account “churching” — expansion of the parish base to accommodate population growth and migration. This study examines churching in Imperial Russia, with a focus on two questions: how well (when) did the Orthodox Church expand its parish base, and how did that churching impact the aspirations and activity of parishioners? Perhaps even more than its peers in Europe, the Russian Orthodox Church faced a growing challenge in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: on the one hand, enormous social change, but on the other hand, limited resources to adapt. This paper suggests that the Russian response was belated, but intense, with churching sharply accelerating after 1880. The local parish, almost alone, had to finance churching, yet continuing paying substantial diocesan levies that mainly served the interests of the clergy. The double burden was too much. Parishioners, encouraged to organize and mobilize since the 1860s, became increasingly assertive in claiming their right to govern the parish, to control its finances, and to choose its clergy. In short, churching led to revolution in the church.
Bibliography of Scientific Works by Evgeniya S. Tokareva: 1982—2023
Authors: Beglov Alexey
Published: May 2024

This publication provides a complete list of scientific works by Evgenia Sergeevna Tokareva, Doctor of Historical Sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of the World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This publication is timed to the anniversary of E. S. Tokareva and reflects the diversity of the directions of her research and the main stages of her scientific path. The list includes works on the relations between the Catholic Church and the Italian state during the Fascist period, on the role of the religious factor in international relations, on the interaction between European religious traditions and political regimes of different types in the twentieth century, as well as on the relations between the Vatican as the Centre of the Catholic world and Soviet Russia. No less important are the publications in which E. S. Tokareva acted as a responsible editor and compiler.
Ordination and the Eucharist According to the 1917 Code of Canon Law: Refusal of the Sacraments as an Instrument of Confessional Identification
Authors: Anikyev Ilia
Published: May 2024

This publication presents the very first Russian translation a number of canons from the first official comprehensive Code of Latin canon law. The Code was promulgated on 27 May 1917, and took legal effect on 19 May 1918. Although replaced in the practice of the Church with the new Code of 1983, the so-called “Pio-Benedictine Code” remains the most important source on the history of the development of canon law of the Catholic Church in Modern era. It represents the first experience of a full-scale legal codification, on which the development of Catholic ecclesiastical law was based throughout the twentieth century. The Canons published herein regulate the rules governing the access of the faithful to two important and interrelated sacraments, Ordination and the Eucharist. These canons are important identification tools that enable the Catholic Church both to define the status of its members and to distinguish them from members of other Christian churches and ecclesial communities.
Russian Lands in Palestine in the Context of Soviet Diplomacy
Authors: Pivovarov Nikita
Published: May 2024

The article deals with the issue of the so-called Russian property in Palestine. The author described what steps Soviet diplomats have taken since 1922 with regard to the properties that belonged before 1917 to the imperial government, the Russian Orthodox Church and the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society. Before the war, the NCID tried to recover the property through negotiations, lawsuits in court, and the creation of quasi-organizations. After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet leadership engaged former Russian emigrants to resolve the issue, used the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, and influenced the Israeli government diplomatically. The issue was partially resolved. Thus, church lands were returned to the Moscow Patriarchate, primarily the properties of the Russian Spiritual Mission. At the same time, Israel refused to hand over imperial property and the property of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, arguing that the USSR did not have sufficient rights. The situation was resolved in the early 1960s when official Tel Aviv offered to sell all the disputed plots to Moscow. Over several years, the criteria for the deal (later called “orange”) were worked out. As a result, in September 1964 an agreement was signed on the sale of the disputed property for 4.5 million US dollars. However, after the Six-Day War and the rupture of diplomatic relations, the issue of Russian lands arose again, but already on the part of the ROCOR. In general, the author disagrees with the historiography and evaluates the deal as a diplomatic luck, since the USSR had no reasonable rights to the property, but managed to negotiate its sale at a market price. Moreover, such a deal demonstrated the openness of the Soviet Union in solving complex geopolitical problems through mutual benefits in the economic sphere.
Department of History of the USSR at the University of Budapest: Essay on the Sovietization of Hungarian Science and Higher Education in the 1950s
Authors: Gruzdinskaya Victoria
Published: May 2024

The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe in the second half of the 1940s. predetermined large-scale changes in the scientific and educational life of the countries of the region. One of the common features of Sovietization was the emergence departments in Soviet history, Soviet literature and Soviet law in the universities. Moreover, these departments were created according to the Soviet model, implying an appropriate staffing schedule, distribution of teaching assignments, etc. The article is devoted to an important episode in the history of the Sovietization of Hungarian humanities and education in the late 1940s — mid-1950s. This is activities of the Department of History of the USSR at the University of Budapest in 1953—1957. It was shown that creation this Department was connected with the work of the so-called Lenin Institute within the structure of the University of Budapest. On the one hand, Sovietization was carried out with the participation of specialists sent from the USSR, such as, for example, A. N. Kitushin, the Head of the Department of history of the USSR. On the other hand, a significant role was played by communist historians who returned from Moscow (J. Révai; E. Fazekas, E. Andics, D. Nemes, etc.). In the first year of the Department’s work, its employees developed a program on the history of the USSR, which was subsequently used in all major universities in the country — in Budapest, Szeged and Debrecen. The emphasis in teaching was on “key moments of historical ties between the Hungarian and Russian peoples”, especially in the 20th century. The same topic formed the basis of the Department’s research work. Its employees were compiling a collection of documents on the history of the USSR during the feudal period. They also participated in the translation of Soviet educational and scientific literature into Hungarian. Under the influence of the revolutionary upheavals in the autumn of 1956, Hungary’s intellectual agenda was adjusted. The aggressive Sovietization of humanities education has been suspended. In 1957, the Department of History of the USSR was transformed into the Department of History of Eastern Europe. The appendix to the article contains important documents from the Archives of the University of Budapest and the Archives of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, reflecting the process of Sovietization of Hungarian historical science in the early 1950s.
Alexander K. Portsel (1953—2023) and his Magnum Opus about Spitsbergen
Authors: Komarov Alexey
Published: May 2024

The publication is dedicated to the research of the Russian historian and Spitsbergen scientist Alexander Konstantinovich Portsel (1953—2023). The results of his long-standing research work A. K. Porzel summed up in the monograph “Shpiczbergen: politika, e`konomika, obshhestvo (XX v. — nachalo XXI v.)” [“Spitsbergen: politics, economics, society (20th — early 21st centuries)”], published in 2022 by the Murmansk State Technical University publishing house. In this solid work, the author focuses on determining the international legal status of the Spitsbergen archipelago in historical retrospect, the delimitation of the adjacent maritime spaces during the 20th — early 21st centuries, economic activity on the archipelago and in its waters, as well as the social development of both the Russian settlements of “Arktikugol” and the Norwegian community on Spitsbergen.
Ukrainian Communist Party and the Comintern
Authors: Melnichenko Tanya
Published: May 2024

The article examines the relationship between the Ukrainian Communist Party (UCP) and the Comintern, and attempts to assess the possibility of Ukapists joining the Comintern or uniting with the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. The controversy within the party between the so-called “left faction” that arose after the split in 1923 and the main composition of the party is touched upon. Based on the analysis of verbatim protocols and materials for the meeting of the Ukrainian Commission of the Comintern, it is concluded that the leaders of the Ukrainian Communist Party, until the adoption of the resolution of the Comintern Commission on their issue, maintained their opposition position, while understanding that maintaining an opposition party in the USSR was impossible. The Comintern and the CP(b)U ignored most of the statements of the Ukapists, acting in the spirit of a political monopoly. On December 24, 1924, the Comintern adopted a resolution dissolving the Ukrainian Communist Party.
Sergey Lomonosov — Russian Diplomat in Brazil (1835—1848)
Authors: Ivanov Nikolai
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes the life of Sergey Grigoryevich Lomonosov (1799—1857), brilliant Lyceum student, friend of A. S. Pushkin, A. M. Gorchakov, famous Russian diplomat, privy councilor, who did a lot in his professional field to increase the prestige of the Russian Empire abroad. In 1817, S. G. Lomonosov was appointed to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1818 was sent to the Russian embassy in Washington. Then he served in Madrid, Copenhagen, London, in 1835 he was appointed Charge d’affaires in Brazil, and from 1843 received the status of Minister plenipotentiary. It was in Brazil where S. G. Lomonosov's diplomatic talent was fully realized. For over 12 years of work, he has done a lot to strengthen political, economic and cultural ties between Russia and Latin America. Then there was diplomatic service in Portugal, and at the end of his career — the rank of privy councilor (1850) and the post of Minister plenipotentiary at the Dutch court.
American Diplomacy on the Eve of the Adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: the Evolution of the Position
Authors: Gigolaev German
Published: May 2024

At the X session of the III UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, which began in March 1981, two months after the Ronald Reagan administration came to the White House, American representatives announced their intention to conduct a comprehensive review of the informal text of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea adopted at the IX session for its compliance with the goals of the US national maritime policy. The course of American diplomacy was aimed at delaying negotiations until the completion of this process, thanks to which the United States managed to avoid the completion of the Conference and the adoption of the draft Convention in 1981. However, in the following year, 1982, the Convention was supposed to be opened for signature. The American representatives faced the question of choosing a strategy for the upcoming session. This article analyzes the development of the position of American diplomacy on the eve of the decisive XI session of the III UNCLOS based on published documents of the US Department of State and the Ronald Reagan Library.
Student Unrest of 1861 in Saint Petersburg and Its Impact on Public Attitudes According to the Materials of Vladimir Chemezov's Diary
Authors: Kuznetsov Aleksey
Published: May 2024

Based on the gymnasium diary of Vladimir Ivanovich Chemezov, the article analyses the individual experience of perception of student unrest in St. Petersburg in the autumn of 1861, as well as the evolution of socio-political sentiments towards the actions of the authorities in that period. The student unrest of the autumn of 1861 in Russia has been widely covered in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern Russian historiography. They caused a lively response in society, many direct participants and witnesses left their memories about them. But even against this background, the point of view of a St. Petersburg gymnasium student on the events is unique and allows us to get a rare insight into the experiences, thoughts and emotions of a young man in a period of significant social upheaval. V. Chemezov's opinion about the student unrest is formed on the basis of contradictory sources of information: his own observations, stories of relatives, acquaintances and classmates, and the official press. In conditions of distrust to official statements, rumours have a significant impact on the formation of V. Chemezov's opinion about the actions of the authorities. The student unrest caused a significant impact in public sentiment, while the government's harsh response, including mass arrests, expulsions from universities and the use of military force, created dissatisfaction with the actions of the authorities and strengthened opposition sentiment. The unrest was a turning point for many young people who later took an active part in the revolutionary movement. V. Chemezov himself became a high-ranking official rather than a revolutionary, but his diary testifies to the rapid and radical changes in public sentiment and perception of the authorities in the turbulent years of 1861—1862 among the city dwellers.
Between the Soviet Past and National History: to the Issue of a New Kazakh Identity
Authors: Romanova Anna
Published: May 2024

The article deals with the impact of the politics of memory on the process of national identity formation, which is topical for the domestic political science. It is shown that the politics of memory always deals with different types of collective memory (age, gender, national, religious and other differences), which are built in the form of projection of the past into indefinite and open future, or in the form of questioning of the past from the present. These differences appear as a mediating link in the process of identity constitution. The various ideas, values, symbols and meanings of a cultural or religious kind existing in society allow groups to challenge the identity of the entire community and at the same time maintain the existence of a common identity of the community as a whole. However, it is important, that these relative variations do not become frozen in their existence and do not develop into absolute ruptures and divisions. It is these principles underlie formation of the politics of memory. The process of influence of the politics of memory on the formation of national identity is considered in the article on the example of Kazakhstan identity formation in the post-Soviet period. The authors analyze various state programs the politics of memory; analyze statistical data obtained in the course of sociological research on the peculiarities of the formation of collective memory in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study concludes that Soviet values in Kazakhstan still play a role for the outgoing generation, born and raised in the USSR, while the younger generation replaces them with modern Western values, which also does not contribute to the preservation of national specificity and recognition of the state as an independent, separate sovereign entity. And if traditions used to fit into the dominant all-Soviet context, nowadays they should fit into the postmodern project.
Science Diplomacy and Its Role in the Formation of a New World Order
Authors: Chubaryan Alexander
Published: May 2024

The article continues the series with a publication on science diplomacy — a phenomenon that in recent years has gone beyond the usual international cooperation of scientists, turning into an independent scientific discipline with its own methodology and unique approaches inherent in it. Science diplomacy plays a special role in crisis moments of history, including at the present stage of development of international relations, when a new, multipolar world order is being formed. Representatives of scientific diplomacy today are faced with the task of discussing not only the meaning and content of the new multipolar world, but also the mechanisms and methods of its implementation and recognition by the majority of humanity. In this process, an important place belongs to the formation of the very concept of a new multipolar world, its discussion and approval by a variety of social forces and associations. Speaking about the contribution of science diplomacy to this process, it is necessary to emphasize the need to intensify joint actions of the global expert community. Russia plays one of the main roles in this process.
The Military Aspect of Acculturation of the South-Eastern Frontier: the Service of “Foreigners” in the Russian Empire in the 18th — 19th Centuries
Authors: Loginov Evgeniy
Published: May 2024

The frontier approach in the study of the acculturation process makes it possible to determine the basic features of the formation and development of the regions of the south-eastern borderland within the framework of the entry of non-Russian peoples into the development system of the imperial outskirts and the empire as a whole. The analysis of the main activities of the organization of military service of such peoples as Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks leads to the fact that the service of “foreigners” in the army of the Russian Empire was a significant component of the acculturation policy and allowed attempts to diplomatically build trusting relations of nomadic peoples with the central government. The government was interested in integrating “foreigners” into the imperial system, legally securing the rights and duties of representatives of peoples as full-fledged subjects, investing in the development of national suburbs, creating upward mobility.
The Russian Imperial Acculturation Policy Targeting “Foreigners” and the Participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in It at the Turn of the 19th — 20th Centuries (Based on the Materials of the Orenburg Diocese)
Authors: Efimenko Marina
Published: May 2024

The article is aimed at solving a following significant problem of modern historical science: determination of the content and use by the imperial authorities of the Church as a mechanism for implementing this policy. The authors analyze the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church as part of the state system of the Russian Empire, which undertook the task of not only spreading Christianity among non-Russian and non-Orthodox peoples, but also the task of involving them in the all-Russian cultural, civil, economic and political space. Based on the analysis of materials on the Orenburg diocese history, we suppose an attempt to reconstruct the mechanisms of economic and social development of the “foreigners” population of the Southern Urals, used by the Russian Orthodox Church with the support of the state. The methodological basis of the study is the modernization theory, which examines “acculturation” as a methodology of research into the interaction and mutual influence of “foreign cultures”. At present, historiography lacks special works that consider the Russian Orthodox Church as a necessary institution contributing to the acculturation of the subjects of the empire living on its outskirts. The main result of this study is the identification of the nature of the Russian Orthodox Church's activities targeting “foreigners” and their involvement in Russian cultural space. These activities include traditional missionary mechanisms on the example of the Orenburg Diocese, which at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries included the Turgai and Ural regions with a significant number of nomadic and semi-nomadic auls. We generalized acculturation as Missions, established the degree of their effectiveness in terms of the formation of loyal layers of the autochthonous population of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Steppe.
The Problem of Loyalty to the Empire of the Bashkir Military Elite in the 1720s — 1730s
Authors: Aznabaev Bulat
Published: May 2024

In the literature devoted to the integration of Bashkiria into the administrative structure of the Russian Empire, the concept of N. F. Demidova about the emergence at the beginning of the 18th century. The new Bashkir elite, which became a reliable conductor of government policy in the region. Sources indicate that from the middle of the 17th century. The military elite of the Bashkirs had a different social nature. Batyrs are militia commanders who won military duels (military meritocracy) and Tarkhans are clan nobility exempted from yasak, obligated to perform personal service to the empire. Since the 20s of the 18th century, after the Bashkirs lost a number of important territories on the border, all hopes for their return are no longer associated with the batyrs, but with the Tarkhans, who embodied the military power of the empire. Outstanding Russian administrators (I. K. Kirilov and V. N. Tatishchev) took advantage of the increased authority of the Tarkhans to deepen the integration of the Bashkirs into the military structures of the empire.
Administrative Acculturation of the Indigenous Population of the Transcaspian Province in the Legislation of 1914
Authors: Vasilyev Dmitry
Published: May 2024

The article discusses the administrative acculturation of the indigenous population of the Turkestan Governorate General on the example of the Transcaspian Province. Based on the analysis of the set of documents of the Askhabad commission, which developed the draft Statute on the Administration of the Transcaspian Province in 1914, it is concluded that the provincial administration did not consider accelerating the adaptation of Turkmens to the status of the indigenous population of neighboring provinces of the region as their main task. It agreed on the need to continue to take into account local traditions of administrative and judicial power. Therefore, there is reason to believe that the acculturation of the indigenous inhabitants of Transcaspy occurred naturally as a result of the personal interest of individual Turkmens in integrating into Russian power or economic structures.
“Railway justice” in the Processes of Acculturation in the Frontier Zones of Asian Russia in the Late 19th — early 20th Century (Bukhara Emirate and Northern Manchuria)
Authors: Verniaev Igor
Published: May 2024

The article is a comparative study of two variants of the “railway justice”, i.e. justice systems in the Russian exclaves in the Emirate of Bukhara and the Northern Manchuria at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th century. Basic mechanisms of integration and acculturation of both territories and their population was railway infrastructure (Central Asia and Chinese Eastern Railways) and judicial institution connected with it. The research is based on the wide circle of sources: archival materials of court cases, legal acts of central and regional authorities, hand-books, analytical woks and contemporary memories. The correlation of Russian jurisdictions of different levels is studied. The special attention is paid to court practice of the Russian political agency and lay justice in Bukhara and mixed Russian-Chinese courts in the Northern Manchuria. Authors found that Russian justice in both exclaves on the one hand were based on the imperial post-reform legal rules and on the other hand were adopted for the specific interstate context, ethno-confessional diversity of territories, local legal culture. Russian courts were succeeded in the provision pf basic law and order and promote the processes of cultural legal integration of the studied regions and their varied population. Distinctions of two justice models are connected with difference competence of the Russian post-reform courts in the Emirate of Bukhara and Northern Manchuria. Central authorities and administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway took into account and discussed the Bukharan experience of deeper justice integration, but saved the wide latitude of mixed Russian-Chinese courts.
Management of “Features”: Administrative Practices of the Leaders of the Orenburg Region in the First Half of the 19th Century and Imperial Policy of Acculturation
Authors: Semenova Natalija
Published: May 2024

The article attempts to analyze the administrative practices of the Orenburg military governors in the first half of the 19th century. in the context of the imperial policy of acculturation. The study made it possible to conclude that during the period under review, the local and central authorities followed the “policy of difference”, sought to preserve the special estate-legal status of the Bashkirs in comparison with the taxable population of the central regions, the Muslim religion, elements of the estate and ethnic estate court. The goal of the state was not to establish uniformity, but to solve domestic and foreign policy problems: ensuring the loyalty of the indigenous population and peace in the region; performing military service on the border line. The cantonal system of government, the creation of a primary system of new administration in the annexed or conquered regions were important channels of acculturation and mechanisms for the integration of indigenous peoples into the Russian administrative space.
The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 in the Perception of the British Political Elite and British Public Opinion
Authors: Kudelin Andrey
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this papers is to analyze the perception of the British public opinion and the political elite of Great Britain of the revolutionary processes in Egypt during the period 1919—1922. The main thesis of this study is that the events in Egypt were on the periphery of British public discourse, but they caused a great concern among the British establishment. The perception of the Egyptians remained in the perspective of the ideas of the “white man’s burden” and the Egyptian nation was denied the right and possibility of self-determination and the creation of its own sovereign state. However, due to the impossibility of maintaining the pre-revolutionary status quo and the willingness of British society and elites to make some concessions to Egyptian leaders, Egypt gained independence while  the British maintain the control over the Suez Canal and Sudan as well as the right to patronize Egyptian ethnic and confessional minorities and protect Egypt from external threats.
The Structure of the Ideal Society in “the Book of the Body Politic” of Christine de Pizan (1406—1407)
Authors: Bychkov Pavel
Published: May 2024

The article examines the social model of the ideal state found in the treatise of Christine de Pizan “The Book of the Body Politic” (1406—1407). In the times when the political philosophy of modernity didn’t have its own political language, the French writer of the 15th century offers readers a model of a just state, which is ruled by an educated and pious monarch, surrounded by wise advisers. This treatise is structured around the concept of the body politic and it combines different literary traditions, instructing chivalry, discussing different forms of government and describing social groups of the third estate. Christine de Pizan’s social model for the first time grants the third estate some political subjectivity, allows to act as a full participant in political processes: in the third estate the author sees supporting royalist forces. The image of an ideal society outlined in the “Book of the Body Politic” is one of the first speculative political and philosophical models of the state proposed by humanist intellectuals of the 15th — 16th centuries.
Encapsulation of Japanese grape (Hovenia dulcis) pseudofruits by freeze drying: characterization and antioxidant potential
Authors: Rigo Elisandra , Hanauer Dalana Cecília , Knakiewicz Leticia , Sehn Georgia Ane Raquel , Cavalheiro Darlene
Published: May 2024

The pseudofruit of Hovenia dulcis is recognized as a source of bioactive compounds; however, like most fruits, it is highly susceptible to deterioration. Encapsulation techniques are used to protect and stabilize compounds while also minimizing changes in the properties of the supplemented product. This study analyzed freeze-dried pulp of H. dulcis pseudofruit (HD) and pseudofruit pulp microencapsulated by freeze-drying using whey protein concentrate and gum arabic as coating materials (En-HD). The samples (HD and En-HD) were characterized for their physicochemical properties, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH), α-amylase inhibition, particle size distribution, and scanning electron microscopy. Microencapsulation retained 95.8% of TPC after 75 days of storage at –80 ºC. En-HD showed higher antioxidant activity by the ABTS assay and greater inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme, demonstrating the protective effect of microencapsulation. This technique, with further testing, particularly in vivo, could be promising for managing blood sugar levels. En-HD exhibited a smaller particle size and 76% greater solubility than HD, likely due to the coating materials used in the microencapsulation process and the freeze-drying of the encapsulated sample made with previously freeze-dried HD. En-HD shows potential as a functional additive for use in food industry.
Imagen corporal, cáncer de mama y su relación con la calidad de vida de las pacientes oncológicas: una revisión sistemática
Authors: Ávila Bareño María Paula , Blanco Granados Claudia Tatiana , Ángel Buitrago Valentina , Bernal Torres Yeimy Valentina , Beltrán Valbuena Juan Diego , Álvarez Reyes Harold Steven , Claros Moreno Carlos Mauricio , Sierra Ariza Sandra Patricia , De la Hoz José Antonio
Published: May 2024

Introducción: Dado que la imagen corporal constituye un eje transversal en la calidad de vida de la paciente oncológica, es de gran relevancia identificar su impacto en la misma, reconocer su importancia dentro del proceso de salud-enfermedad e incluirla en el abordaje y seguimiento, con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión ampliada de la literatura en bases de datos de libre acceso como Pubmed, bvs, Dialnet y Clinicalkey, entre agosto y septiembre de 2022; para ello se utilizaron términos MeSH como “cáncer de mama”, “imagen corporal” y “calidad de vida”, en inglés y español, y se relacionaron con el operador booleano “and”, en inglés, e “y”, en español. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 35 artículos, de los cuales 2 utilizaban la eortc qlq c30, 7 utilizaban la encuesta eortc qlq-br23 4 utilizaban bis como única escala. Por otra parte, 17 utilizaban la qlq-br23 y qlq c30, un artículo utilizó qlq-br23 y bis, y solo 4 utilizaban las tres escalas. Conclusiones: Es importante realizar un manejo individualizado en las pacientes con cáncer de mama, teniendo en cuenta que su imagen corporal se ve afectada de manera negativa, lo cual influye en su calidad de vida. Respecto al manejo quirúrgico se determinó que las pacientes sometidas a mastectomía presentan mayor afectación en la percepción de su imagen corporal. Finalmente, en las pacientes manejadas con quimioterapia se evidencia deterioro de la imagen corporal conforme avanza el tratamiento, la caída de cabello representa para ellas una gran preocupación.
Prevalencia de disglucemia en personal militar y su relación con alteraciones del peso y dislipidemia en Ecuador
Authors: Muñoz Gualána Germán Geovanny , Muñoz Gualán Alberth Patricio
Published: May 2024

Introducción: la prediabetes es la condición en donde la concentración de glucosa es mayor que los valores normales, pero no alcanzan el punto de corte absoluto para definición de diabetes mellitus. Método: se realizó una investigación de tipo observacional, transversal, retrospectiva y con un alcance correlacional en el personal militar de la Brigada de Infantería N.º 7 LOJA, durante el año 2021. Resultados: disglucemia está presente en el 17,4 % de los militares, correspondiendo 17,1 % a gaa y 0,3 % a dm. Así mismo, los puntos de corte óptimo para el desarrollo de gaa son valores de Co de >202 mg/l, Tg de >130 mg/dl, imc >26,85 kg/m2 y para el desarrollo de dm valores de Tg de >209,3 mg/dl. Conclusiones: el personal militar presenta una prevalencia de disglucemia, dislipidemia y alteraciones de peso bajas; además, el perfil del personal con gaa es presentar desde edades tempranas hipercolesterolemia, colesterol de baja densidad alterada y sobrepeso.
La voz en entrenadores deportivos: caracterización de percepción vocal y conductas de higiene vocal, Chile, 2022
Authors: Rodríguez C. Christell , Baez Adriana , Romero Javiera , Calquín C. Daniela , Morales Ojeda Ismael , Emperanza María
Published: May 2024

Introducción: los entrenadores personales se encuentran dentro de la población que trabaja con la voz, esta es necesaria para cumplir la labor de realizar las clases explicando cada ejercicio y motivando a sus alumnos. Objetivo: describir la percepción vocal y conductas de higiene vocal de entrenadores deportivos, Chile, 2022.Material y método: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal, donde participaron 38 sujetos entre 23 y 60 años de edad, de distintas regiones de Chile. Se estudiaron los resultados de una encuesta sobre percepción vocal aplicada de forma online para estimar los valores normativos. Resultados: con base en las respuestas de la encuesta aplicada, la mayoría de los entrenadores personales que hicieron parte de esta investigación son adultos jóvenes que actualmente trabajan bajo una alta carga vocal, y en ellos se aprecian factores favorables como buenos hábitos de higiene vocal. No obstante, existe una tendencia a un alto consumo de cafeína, mala higiene del sueño y una alta exposición a condiciones acústicas desfavorables en su entorno de trabajo. A pesar de ello, existe una baja presencia de síntomas vocales que pueden suponer un riesgo para la salud vocal de los profesionales. Conclusiones: el presente trabajo de investigación permitió conocer la realidad respecto a la autopercepción de la voz de quienes participaron, además de reconocer los síntomas vocales de esta población que forma parte de los profesionales que trabajan con esta herramienta, dando así respuesta al objetivo para este trabajo.
Editorial
Authors: Petrov Roman , Zvieriev Ievgen
Published: May 2024

Editorial of issue # 8-9 / 2022-2023
Intelligence as an instrument of state power and its use in international politics
Authors: Chernysh Vadym
Published: May 2024

The article makes an attempt to theoretically substantiate why intelligence is an independent instrument of state power, its common and distinctive features with other instruments of power. The paper also provides historical examples of the use of intelligence by various states to influence the behaviour of other states, as well as various approaches used therein.Some features of the use of the intelligence instrument of power by states in the conditions of the existence of bipolar and multipolar political systems are also highlighted in the article. It also draws attention to the incentives for the choice of intelligence as an alternative to other instruments of power in the context of the limiting impact of global collective security systems, in particular the United Nations.