bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“As these fresh lines fade”: Narratives of containment and escape in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs
Authors: Myers Janet C.
Published: September 2011

Drawing on recent work on settler colonialism, which emphasizes the ambivalence with which settler societies negotiated the complex ties between metropole and colony, this essay examines how such ambivalence is played out on multiple levels in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs, his postcolonial response to Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. This occurs both through the process of simultaneous resistance and accommodation that happens as Jack Maggs and Tobias Oates struggle for ownership of Maggs’ story, which breaches the gap between England and Australia, and through the analogous process whereby Carey comes to terms with Dickens’ depiction of Australia’s ancestral history and offers his own re-interpretation of this classic story. Domesticity plays a crucial role in these complex negotiations because it is through an understanding of what “home” means that Jack Maggs—and by extension Carey—learn to disavow aspects of their English inheritance while reconciling other parts as integral to a uniquely Australian identity.
Celebrity and passing in Gwendolyn MacEwen’s The T.E. Lawrence Poems
Authors: Deshaye Joel
Published: September 2011

In The T.E. Lawrence Poems ( 1982 ), the Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen writes in the voice of the man also widely known as Lawrence of Arabia to consider the extent of her identification with him and to raise questions about their relative cultural standing. Identifying with Lawrence both as a fan and as a celebrity of lesser degree, she implies in the end that both of them owe their celebrity to appropriation of Middle Eastern culture. She accomplishes her critique through artistic passing. She could not pass as Lawrence in the flesh, but by imitating his voice so accurately, and by using many uncredited phrases from the historical Lawrence in her book, MacEwen begins to pass for him. When she modifies his descriptions, the extent of her identification with him becomes more apparent than it was. Ultimately, she asserts her difference from him in a postcolonial feminist critique related to her identity as a Canadian poet in the 1970s, when some Canadian poets had recently emerged as celebrities.
Simply there: Lorna Goodison’s gardens
Authors: Fenwick Mac
Published: September 2011

In Lorna Goodison’s earliest works, gardens are sites of resistance and liberation for the female creative self. But this view evolves in subsequent collections as her speakers come to recognize the historical materiality of Jamaican gardens as biological and ideological products of an imperial agricultural project of domination, control, and dispossession. The result of this recognition is a more nuanced and complicated view of Jamaican plantings – from imperial plantation and botanical garden to provision ground and flower garden – and of the sense of postcolonial belonging which their complexities make possible and perhaps even necessary. This sense of belonging embraces the complexity of being biologically invasive and imaginatively native within and to Jamaica; it also explores the limits of ritual and of what ritualized, poetic language can achieve in the face of the biological and historical realities embodied by Jamaican landscapes and ecologies.
Language and the postcolonial city: The case of Salman Rushdie
Authors: Khanna Stuti
Published: September 2011

This article examines the ways in which the fact of writing about the postcolonial city of Bombay inflects the language of Rushdie’s novels. With specific reference to Midnight’s Children, The Satanic Verses, The Moor’s Last Sigh and The Ground Beneath Her Feet, the article proposes that a productive analysis of language in Rushdie can be made by replacing the unwieldy and diffuse category of Indian English with the more meaningful contextualization provided by the category of Bombay English. It goes on to argue that while Rushdie’s “chutnified” language offers an enabling point of entry into the complex, multilayered and heterogeneous socio-economic fabric of the Third World postcolonial city, it fails to tease out the relations of power and privilege that are intimately tied to the ways in which language, even a “chutnified” one, is deployed.
Enabling spaces and the architecture of hybridity in Salman Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence
Authors: Thiara Nicole Weickgenannt
Published: September 2011

This article analyses how Rushdie represents the relationship between cultural hybridity and the spaces that enable such hybridity to flourish. One of its central arguments is that elements of Mughal architecture and Mughal aesthetics, in particular those exemplified by the palace complex at Fatehpur Sikri, are mirrored in the narrative style and structure of the novel The Enchantress of Florence. It contextualizes Rushdie’s representations of the Mughal ruler Akbar and his reign in nationalist historiography in order to show how these spatial models provide Rushdie with a means of exploring a form of hybridity which is distinct from the unruly hybridity he has championed in earlier novels. Its final section explores the gendered aspects of spatial design in The Enchantress of Florence, in particular the creation of an enabling space by the female protagonist Qara Köz.
Role of Calcium and PKC in Salivary Mucous Cell Exocrine Secretion
Authors: Culp D.J. , Zhang Z. , Evans R.L.
Published: September 2011

Fluid and exocrine secretion of mucins by salivary mucous glands is regulated predominantly by parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors. A direct role for subsequent putative signaling steps, phospholipase C (PLC), increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), and isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating muscarinic exocrine secretion has not been elucidated, and these are potential therapeutic targets to enhance mucin secretion in hyposalivary patients. We found that muscarinic-induced mucin secretion by rat sublingual tubulo-acini was dependent upon PLC activation and the subsequent increase in [Ca2+]i, and further identified a transient PKC-independent component of secretion dependent upon Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, whereas sustained secretion required entry of extracellular Ca2+. Interactions among carbachol, PKC inhibitors, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and thapsigargin to modulate [Ca2+]i implicated conventional PKC isoforms in mediating sustained secretion. With increasing times during carbachol perfusion of glands, in situ, PKC-α redistributed across glandular membrane compartments and underwent a rapid and persistent accumulation near the luminal borders of mucous cells. PKC-β1 displayed transient localization near luminal borders, whereas the novel PKCs, PKC-δ or PKC-ϵ, displayed little or no redistribution in mucous cells. Collective results implicate synergistic interactions between diacylglycerol (DAG) and increasing [Ca2+]i levels to activate cPKCs in mediating sustained muscarinic-induced secretion.
Evaluation of pH at the Bacteria–Dental Cement Interface
Authors: Mayanagi G. , Igarashi K. , Washio J. , Nakajo K. , Domon-Tawaraya H. , Takahashi N.
Published: September 2011

Physiochemical assessment of the parasite-biomaterial interface is essential in the development of new biomaterials. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to evaluate pH at the bacteria-dental cement interface and to demonstrate physiochemical interaction at the interface. The experimental apparatus with a well (4.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm deep) was made of polymethyl methacrylate with dental cement or polymethyl methacrylate (control) at the bottom. Three representative dental cements (glass-ionomer, zinc phosphate, and zinc oxide-eugenol cements) were used. Each specimen was immersed in 2 mM potassium phosphate buffer for 10 min, 24 hrs, 1 wk, or 4 wks. The well was packed with Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449, and a miniature pH electrode was placed at the interface between bacterial cells and dental cement. The pH was monitored after the addition of 1% glucose, and the fluoride contained in the cells was quantified. Glass-ionomer cement inhibited the bacteria-induced pH fall significantly compared with polymethyl methacrylate (control) at the interface (10 min, 5.16 ± 0.19 vs. 4.50 ± 0.07; 24 hrs, 5.20 ± 0.07 vs. 4.59 ± 0.11; 1 wk, 5.34 ± 0.14 vs. 4.57 ± 0.11; and 4 wks, 4.95 ± 0.27 vs. 4.40 ± 0.14), probably due to the fluoride released from the cement. This method could be useful for the assessment of pH at the parasite-biomaterial interface.
Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. , Nör J.E.
Published: September 2011

Most cancers contain a small sub-population of cells that are endowed with self-renewal, multipotency, and a unique potential for tumor initiation. These properties are considered hallmarks of cancer stem cells. Here, we provide an overview of the field of cancer stem cells with a focus on head and neck cancers. Cancer stem cells are located in the invasive fronts of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) close to blood vessels (perivascular niche). Endothelial cell-initiated signaling events are critical for the survival and self-renewal of these stem cells. Markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, and CD44 have been successfully used to identify highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells in HNSCC. This review briefly describes the orosphere assay, a method for in vitro culture of undifferentiated head and neck cancer stem cells under low attachment conditions. Notably, recent evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are exquisitely resistant to conventional therapy and are the “drivers” of local recurrence and metastatic spread. The emerging understanding of the role of cancer stem cells in the pathobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas might have a profound impact on the treatment paradigms for this malignancy.
Moving Beyond Our Progressive Lenses
Authors: Philip Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

Through in-depth interviews with a group of accomplished teachers of color who emphasized the need for their students to access the “culture of power” as a means to work toward racial justice, I attempt to represent the purposefulness of their practice within the context of what one participant termed the “millennium form of slavery.” I argue that such teachers of color are portrayed through a progressive lens as authoritarian and conformist, making it difficult to see the multifaceted nature of their practice, including their deep commitments to their students and their communities, and their understanding of the systemic nature of racism. Such representations hinder a deeper dialogue with them and do not adequately portray them as successful models for prospective teachers. In the concluding section, I explore challenges as well as productive approaches to characterizing the practice of these teachers in ideologically diverse preservice teacher education programs.
Cacophony or Embarrassment of Riches
Authors: Wilson Suzanne M. , Rozelle Jeffrey J. , Mikeska Jamie N.
Published: September 2011

Teacher quality is at the center of today’s ardent discussions about the educational system, with calls for the reform and critical review of teacher development programs. There is no lack of activity in response to these calls. There are thousands of teacher education, induction, and professional programs in the U.S. which offer teachers a veritable carnival of options. But these options exist in a (non)system with little coherence or control. In this article, the authors outline the dimensions of the variability of teacher learning opportunities currently available, the unintended consequences of that variability, and the challenges faced by educators as we attempt to reform the system, respond to our critics, and offer teachers coherent learning experiences that lead to high quality teaching.
Neuropsychological Functioning in Prisoners with and Without Self-Injurious Behaviors
Authors: Andover Margaret S. , Schatten Heather T. , Crossman Donna M. , Donovick Peter J.
Published: September 2011

Neuropsychological functioning has not yet been investigated among prisoners who engage in self-injurious behaviors, specifically attempted suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The purpose of this study was to investigate neuropsychological functioning in prisoners with and without histories of NSSI and attempted suicide. The sample consisted of 173 male prisoners referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Of participants, 56% reported a history of self-injury. Performance on the neuropsychological domains of intelligence, memory, attention, motor functioning, and executive functioning was assessed. No group differences were found among those with NSSI, with NSSI and suicide attempts, and with no history of deliberate self-harm, although functioning was poor in all domains. Implications of the high prevalence of self-injury in this prison sample, as well as implications of impaired functioning on the treatment of self-injurious behaviors, are discussed.
Problematic Approach of Legislators
Authors: Marquez Allissa , Scalora Mario J.
Published: September 2011

The relative absence of political figure targets from stalking research is problematic for law enforcement personnel challenged with distinguishing cases representing a onetime contact from those that continue or escalate. Accordingly, this study compared solitary cases of problematic approach with stalking and intrusive harassment of legislators using 15 offender, contact, and motivation variables. Results revealed a significant model that correctly reclassified 85% of the single-approach cases and 50% of the stalking cases. Significant risk factors emerged that highlighted the persistent, focused, and multifaceted pursuit of political figure stalkers and intrusive harassers. More generally, results underscore the superior utility of contact and motivational variables for discriminating groups and the need for appropriate comparison groups when describing stalkers across contexts.
Being Pursued Online
Authors: Reyns Bradford W. , Henson Billy , Fisher Bonnie S.
Published: September 2011

Building upon Eck and Clarke’s (2003) ideas for explaining crimes in which there is no face-to-face contact between victims and offenders, the authors developed an adapted lifestyle–routine activities theory. Traditional conceptions of place-based environments depend on the convergence of victims and offenders in time and physical space to explain opportunities for victimization. With their proposed cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory, the authors moved beyond this conceptualization to explain opportunities for victimization in cyberspace environments where traditional conceptions of time and space are less relevant. Cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory was tested using a sample of 974 college students on a particular type of cybervictimization—cyberstalking. The study’s findings provide support for the adapted theoretical perspective. Specifically, variables measuring online exposure to risk, online proximity to motivated offenders, online guardianship, online target attractiveness, and online deviance were significant predictors of cyberstalking victimization. Implications for advancing cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory are discussed.
The Enhancing Effect of the Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine on Urinary Bladder Injury Induced by Dimethylarsinic Acid
Authors: Takahashi Naofumi , Yoshida Toshinori , Ohnuma Aya , Horiuchi Haruka , Ishitsuka Katsumi , Kashimoto Yukiko , Kuwahara Maki , Nakashima Nobuaki , Harada Takanori
Published: September 2011

Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), the major excreted metabolite of inorganic arsenic, is carcinogenic to the rat urinary bladder. Oxidative stress has been proposed as one possible mechanism of DMAV-induced carcinogenesis. The authors determined whether the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) modifies DMAV-induced urinary bladder injury in rats. The treatment solutions—DMAV at 10 mg/kg, NAC at 90 or 1.6 mg/kg (high or low dose, respectively), and their combination—were intravesically instilled into female F344 rats over two hours under pentobarbital anesthesia. The treatment was conducted twice with an interval of three days. All animals were euthanized one day after the second treatment. NAC (low dose) alone did not induce histopathological changes or increase 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index in urothelial cells. Both DMAV and NAC (high dose) induced a weak neutrophil infiltration and an increase in the BrdU labeling index; these pathological changes were enhanced by the combined treatment of DMAV and NAC (high or low dose). Increased oxidative stress and urothelial cell hyperplasia with evidence of activated p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) and cyclin D1 were found in the DMAV and NAC (high dose) cotreated group. These results suggest that cotreatment with NAC enhanced DMAV-induced urinary bladder injury and that the effects may be mediated by excess oxidative stress and ERK signaling.
Violence: Religious, Theological, Ontological The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict by William T. Cavanaugh Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009
Authors: Lloyd Vincent
Published: September 2011

Violence may be productively understood as a secularized theological concept. Doing so challenges claims that secularism is necessary to prevent religious violence, and it also challenges claims for a Christian triumphalist alternative. William Cavanaugh’s embrace of such a triumphalism is called into question when his genealogical method is interrogated in light of the Foucaultian genealogical project.
Foucault’s Genealogy of Racism
Authors: Su Rasmussen Kim
Published: September 2011

This paper argues that Foucault’s genealogy of racism deserves appreciation due to the highly original concept of racism as biopolitical government. Modern racism, according to Foucault, is not merely an irrational prejudice, a form of socio-political discrimination, or an ideological motive in a political doctrine; rather, it is a form of government that is designed to manage a population. The paper seeks to advance this argument by reconstructing Foucault’s unfinished project of a genealogy of racism. Initially, the paper situates the genealogy of racism within the context of Foucault’s work. It belongs to a period of transition between the mature and the late part of Foucault’s work, more specifically a period of transition from discipline to governmentality. The paper proceeds by reading closely key passages from the 1976 lectures at Collège de France in which Foucault proposes to rethink racism as a form of biopolitical government. While Foucault’s genealogy of racism remains an incomplete project, lacking for example any substantial treatment of European colonialism, the paper proposes to expand the Foucauldian analysis by linking it to the pan-German discourse between 1890 and 1914. Finally, the paper reflects on some of the implications of the Foucauldian analysis, in particular attempts to understand and counter contemporary forms of racism. Foucault’s genealogy of racism, in short, shows us the constructedness of our racialized world and challenges us to develop new and more effective strategies to change it.
Modernity and the Urban Imagination in Economic Zones
Authors: Bach Jonathan
Published: September 2011

The recent phenomenon of the export zone attracts scholarly attention primarily for its economic and political logics, yet it is as a cultural phenomenon that the Zone may ultimately signal its transformational role in the trajectory of state sovereignty and the global urban imagination. This article approaches the phenomenon of the Zone as a key location for understanding the social and cultural impact of globalization on urban space. It conceptually locates the trajectory of the export-oriented zone and its analogues to understand how, in little over 40 years, the phenomenon of the Zone experienced a rapid and veritable institutionalization as part of the topography and imagination of globalization. The first part traces the contours of the Zone as a territorial strategy that re-scales national economic and political space and enables the networked models of distributed production so critical to the global economy. The second part critically supplements the standard account by re-thinking the Zone as an incipient urban form — the Ex-City — that incorporates classically modernist fantasies in the context of contemporary logics of sovereignty and accumulation.
Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst’s Materialist Media Diagrammatics
Authors: Parikka Jussi
Published: September 2011

Media archaeological methods for extending the lifetime of new media into ‘old media’ have experienced a revival during the past years. In recent media theory, a new context for a debate surrounding media archaeology is emerging. So far media archaeology has been articulated together with such a heterogeneous bunch of theorists as Erkki Huhtamo, Siegfried Zielinski, Thomas Elsaesser and to a certain extent Friedrich Kittler. However, debates surrounding media archaeology as a method seem to be taking it forward not only as a subdiscipline of (media) history, but increasingly into what will be introduced as materialist media diagrammatics. This article maps some recent media archaeological waves in German media theory. The text addresses Wolfgang Ernst’s mode of media archaeology and his provocative accounts on how to rethink media archaeology as a fresh way of looking into the use and remediation of media history as a material monument instead of a historical narrative and as a recent media theoretical wave from Germany that seems to not only replicate Kittler’s huge impact in the field of materialist media studies but develop that in novel directions. However, as will be argued towards the end, Ernst’s provocative take that hopes to distinguish itself as a Berlin brand of media theory in its hardware materiality and time-critical focus resonates strongly with some of the recent new directions coming from US media studies, namely in software and platform studies.
The prevalence of youth racially motivated offending: What do we really know?
Authors: Smithson Hannah , Wilcox Aidan , Monchuk Leanne , Christmann Kris , Wong Kevin
Published: September 2011

This article reports on research conducted for the Youth Justice Board (YJB) which sought to establish the prevalence of racially motivated offending (RMO) amongst young people and the level of provision for such offenders. The article examines trends in youth RMO over the period 2002-2007 and explores the characteristics of offenders, geographical trends of RMO and sanctioning outcomes. Analysis demonstrates that of those young people referred to youth offending service (YOS) teams for RMO, the vast majority were male and white. There was a noticeable ‘North-South’ split in RMO, with levels in the North generally higher than in the South and sanctions for racially motivated offences were more severe than for offences generally. The paper calls for further investigation into the legislation and practice around youth RMO.
The community order in England and Wales: Policy and practice
Authors: Mair George
Published: September 2011

The idea of a generic community sentence first emerged officially in England and Wales in 1988. The first half of this article traces the development of this policy initiative through its various guises, until its introduction in the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The new order, not surprisingly, given its fragmentary development as a policy, is expected to achieve a variety of objectives, many of which move in the direction of a more punitive penal culture. In the second part of the paper, using official statistics, trends in the use of the order are examined and compared with the suspended sentence order. The implications of the results of this analysis for the probation service are discussed.
Risk and revocation in community corrections: The role of gender
Authors: Gould Laurie A. , Pate Matthew , Sarver Mary
Published: September 2011

Actuarial risk assessment instruments have become integral to the functioning of the correctional systems in North America, the United Kingdom, and many other parts of the world. While research on the classification of female offenders has been ongoing since the 1980s, there is still more work to be done. Adding to the growing body of literature, the present study analyses agency records from a Community Supervision Department located in a Southwestern state in the United States. Findings reveal the Wisconsin Risk/Needs Assessment instrument has predictive validity for both male and female probationers. Further, successful completion rates for males and females are found to be similar.
A Quantitative Analysis of Optimal Treatment Capacity for Perinatal Asphyxia
Authors: Geva Alon , Gray James
Published: September 2011

Objective. In centers electing to offer therapeutic hypothermia for treating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), determining the optimal number of cooling devices is not straightforward. The authors used computer-based modeling to determine the level of service as a function of local HIE caseload and number of cooling devices available. Methods. The authors used discrete event simulation to create a model that varied the number of HIE cases and number of cooling devices available. Outcomes of interest were percentage of HIE-affected infants not cooled, number of infants not cooled, and percentage of time that all cooling devices were in use. Results. With 1 cooling device, even the smallest perinatal center did not achieve a cooling rate of 99% of eligible infants. In contrast, 2 devices ensured 99% service in centers treating as many as 20 infants annually. In centers averaging no more than 1 HIE infant monthly, the addition of a third cooling device did not result in a substantial reduction in the number of infants who would not be cooled. Conclusion. Centers electing to offer therapeutic hypothermia with only a single cooling device are at significant risk of being unable to provide treatment to eligible infants, whereas 2 devices appear to suffice for most institutions treating as many as 20 annual HIE cases. Three devices would rarely be needed given current caseloads seen at individual institutions. The quantitative nature of this analysis allows decision makers to determine the number of devices necessary to ensure adequate availability of therapeutic hypothermia given the HIE caseload of a particular institution.
Masculinization of the Distal Tubular and External Genitalia in Female Sheep With Prenatal Androgen Exposure
Authors: Lamm C. G. , Hastie P. M. , Evans N. P. , Robinson J. E.
Published: September 2011

Prenatal exposure to endogenous or exogenous androgens alters the development of the female reproductive tract. Although lesions in ovaries and external genitalia of androgenized female sheep have been reported, lesions of the tubular genitalia have not. Testosterone propionate (TP) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was administered by intramuscular injection twice weekly to 32 ewes from 30 to 90 days of pregnancy. The ewes lambed normally. The reproductive tracts from 24 treated and 13 control postpubertal female offspring were examined at 10 months of age. The ovaries, oviducts, and uteri were grossly and histologically normal in both TP- and DHT-exposed sheep. However, in the DHT-treated sheep, the uterus connected to a misshapen, saccular vagina that opened into the urethra; in the TP-treated sheep, it ended in a blind sac. In both TP- and DHT-treated sheep, the urethra was approximately 5 times longer than that of control sheep, and it resembled a male urethra with bilateral male accessory genital glands. The urethra terminated in a fully developed penis in both TP- and DHT-treated sheep, and a scrotal sac was present (without testes). These results show that prenatal exposure of female sheep to exogenous androgens results in masculinization of the tubular and external genitalia.
Maneuvers of Whiteness: ‘Diversity’ as a Mechanism of Retrenchment in the Affirmative Action Discourse
Authors: Wendy Leo Moore  , Bell Joyce M.
Published: September 2011

Through a discourse analysis of three textual sources within elite law schools, we suggest that the white racial frame and the diversity construct are key mechanisms in the process of stalling racial reform by imposing tacit boundaries around the discourse surrounding progressive racial policies. We contend that this limits their effectiveness, resulting in the retrenchment of white racial privilege and power and that this happens without any explicit expression of racial animosity by whites participating in the discourse. To illustrate this process, we analyze the discourse concerning affirmative action, a policy designed to end racial discrimination in and redistribute resources related to employment and education. We focus on the institutional setting of elite law schools both because of its socializing influence on those who will make and interpret affirmative action law and because it represents an institution in which the policy may be utilized in student selection and faculty hiring.
Differential Record Linkage by Hispanic Ethnicity and Age in Linked Mortality Studies
Authors: Lariscy Joseph T.
Published: September 2011

Objectives: This study examines how the linkage of surveys to death records differs for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites and how such differences affect estimates of ethnic differences in U.S. adult mortality. Method: I use data from the 1989-2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) linked to the National Death Index (NDI) through 2002. Analyses assess how match score and match class vary by ethnicity, nativity, and age and whether mortality hazard ratios are sensitive to shifts in match criteria. Results: Linkage quality is lower for Hispanic and foreign-born adults than for non-Hispanic White and U.S.-born adults. Modification of the linkage criteria determine whether the Hispanic mortality advantage is observed among middle-aged adults. Discussion: The accuracy of adult mortality estimates depends on the quality of the linkage between surveys and death records.
Nonprofit Management Education in the Czech Republic
Authors: Pospíšilová Tereza
Published: September 2011

From the mid-1990s a great increase in the number of nonprofit management education (NME) programs has been reported in the United States. This article explores the state and development of NME at universities and colleges in one Central European postcommunist country, the Czech Republic. Systematic research in 2007/2008 identified more than 100 nonprofit sector–related courses and four programs with a concentration in NME. Most of these programs embody the civil society approach to NME, while the leaders of the nonprofit organizations call for more of a managerial approach that would aid nonprofit organizations to survive. The emphasis on management for survival is embodied also in the rise of industry-based programs that do not explicitly distinguish the “nonprofit” issues. It is a paradox that while the NME programs were established partly in an effort to legitimize and strengthen civil society, the demand from nonprofit sector leaders is predominantly for technical managerial education.
Quantitative analysis at local and national level: getting it right and why it matters
Authors: Pennington Mark William , Gray Joanne , Donaldson Cam , Walker Janet , Dickinson Heather
Published: September 2011

The formulation of evidence-based policy necessitates rigorous, objective evaluation of policy initiatives and, consequently, there has been a significant growth in evaluation of social policy over the last ten years. Alongside this, there is a recognition that the application of new policy initiatives needs to be flexible in order to be relevant to local populations. As a result, pilots and pathfinders are encouraged to undertake local evaluations in addition to national evaluations commissioned by central government. These dual evaluations are seen as a vehicle to provide evidence on effectiveness whilst accommodating heterogeneity of needs and provision. We suggest that without clear delineation of roles, dual evaluations are inefficient, likely to put additional pressure on busy practitioners (and the recipients of new services) to comply with varying data demands, and present policy makers with confusing messages. In this article we focus on the potential for local and national evaluations to reach different conclusions by demonstrating how a simplistic application of quantitative techniques at local level can lead to inappropriate conclusions which contradict national findings. We make a number of recommendations that might facilitate better coordination of local and national evaluations.
Emergence of Perceptual Gestalts in the Human Visual Cortex
Authors: Kubilius Jonas , Wagemans Johan , Op de Beeck Hans P.
Published: September 2011

Many Gestalt phenomena have been described in terms of perception of a whole being not equal to the sum of its parts. It is unclear how these phenomena emerge in the brain. We used functional MRI to study the neural basis of the behavioral configural-superiority effect (i.e., visual search is more efficient when an odd element is part of a configuration than when it is presented by itself). We found that searching for the odd element in a display of four line segments (parts) was facilitated by adding two additional line segments to each of them (creating whole shapes). Functional MRI–based decoding of neural responses to the position of the odd element revealed a neural configural-superiority effect in shape-selective regions but not in low-level retinotopic areas, where decoding of parts was more pronounced. These results show how at least some Gestalt phenomena in vision emerge only at the higher stages of visual information processing and suggest that feed-forward processing might be sufficient to produce such phenomena.
Ability-Performance Relationships in Education and Employment Settings
Authors: Arneson Justin J. , Sackett Paul R. , Beatty Adam S.
Published: September 2011

The nature of the relationship between ability and performance is of critical importance for admission decisions in the context of higher education and for personnel selection. Although previous research has supported the more-is-better hypothesis by documenting linearity of ability-performance relationships, such research has not been sensitive enough to detect deviations at the top ends of the score distributions. An alternative position receiving considerable attention is the good-enough hypothesis, which suggests that although higher levels of ability may result in better performance up to a threshold, above this threshold greater ability does not translate to better performance. In this study, the nature of the relationship between cognitive ability and performance was examined throughout the score range in four large-scale data sets. Monotonicity was maintained in all instances. Contrary to the good-enough hypothesis, the ability-performance relationship was commonly stronger at the top end of the score distribution than at the bottom end.
The Inherent Reward of Choice
Authors: Leotti Lauren A. , Delgado Mauricio R.
Published: September 2011

Research suggests that the exercise of control is desirable and adaptive, but the precise mechanisms underlying the affective value of control are not well understood. The study reported here characterized the affective experience of personal control by examining the neural substrates recruited when individuals anticipate the opportunity to make a choice—in other words, when they anticipate the means for exercising control. We used an experimental paradigm that probed the value of having a choice. Participants reported liking cues that predicted a future opportunity to make a choice more than cues that predicted no choice. The anticipation of choice itself was associated with increased activity in corticostriatal regions, particularly the ventral striatum, involved in affective and motivational processes. This study is the first direct examination of the affective value of having the opportunity to choose. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of perception of control, and choice itself, in self-regulatory processes.
Opting Out or Denying Discrimination? How the Framework of Free Choice in American Society Influences Perceptions of Gender Inequality
Authors: Stephens Nicole M. , Levine Cynthia S.
Published: September 2011

American women still confront workplace barriers (e.g., bias against mothers, inflexible policies) that hinder their advancement at the upper levels of organizations. However, most Americans fail to recognize that such gender barriers still exist. Focusing on mothers who have left the workforce, we propose that the prevalent American assumption that actions are a product of choice conceals workplace barriers by communicating that opportunities are equal and that behavior is free from contextual influence. Study 1 reveals that stay-at-home mothers who view their own workplace departure as an individual choice experience greater well-being but less often recognize workplace barriers and discrimination as a source of inequality than do mothers who do not view their workplace departure as an individual choice. Study 2 shows that merely exposing participants to a message that frames actions in terms of individual choice increases participants’ belief that society provides equal opportunities and that gender discrimination no longer exists. By concealing the barriers that women still face in the workplace, this choice framework may hinder women’s long-term advancement in society.
Processing Speed Mediates the Development of General Intelligence (g) in Adolescence
Authors: Coyle Thomas R. , Pillow David R. , Snyder Anissa C. , Kochunov Peter
Published: September 2011

In the research reported here, we examined whether processing speed mediates the development of general intelligence ( g) in adolescence. Using the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, a battery of 12 diverse cognitive tests, we assessed processing speed and g in a large sample of 13- to 17-year-olds obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ( N = 6,969). The direct effect of age on g was small compared with the total effect of age on g, which was almost fully mediated through speed. The results suggest that increases in g in adolescence can be attributed to increases in mental speed.
Chicks Like Consonant Music
Authors: Chiandetti Cinzia , Vallortigara Giorgio
Published: September 2011

The question of whether preference for consonance is rooted in acoustic properties important to the auditory system or is acquired through enculturation has not yet been resolved. Two-month-old infants prefer consonant over dissonant intervals, but it is possible that this preference is rapidly acquired through exposure to music soon after birth or in utero. Controlled-rearing studies with animals can help shed light on this question because such studies allow researchers to distinguish between biological predispositions and learned preferences. In the research reported here, we found that newly hatched domestic chicks show a spontaneous preference for a visual imprinting object associated with consonant sound intervals over an identical object associated with dissonant sound intervals. We propose that preference for harmonic relationships between frequency components may be related to the prominence of harmonic spectra in biological sounds in natural environments.
A spatio-temporal reconstruction of Holocene temperature change in southern Scandinavia
Authors: Brown K.J. , Seppä H. , Schoups G. , Fausto R.S. , Rasmussen P. , Birks H.J.B.
Published: September 2011

Holocene mean July ( TJul) and mean January ( TJan) temperatures were reconstructed at Lake Trehörningen in southwest Sweden using pollen–climate calibration functions and converted into anomalies relative to modern temperatures. The anomalies were applied to 28 meteorological stations in Denmark, with each station adjusted to account for spatial variability in both TJul and TJan. The resulting reconstructions were merged to create composite TJul and TJan records. The individual reconstructions were also used to establish the parameterization of the TJul and TJan values, resulting in Holocene temperature maps for all of Denmark. Low TJul values characterised southern Sweden and Denmark at the start of the Holocene, followed by an increase during the early Holocene. Likewise, TJan was initially low at the start of the Holocene, followed by an increase between 10 500 and 9900 cal. BP. Thereafter, TJan was relatively stable between 9900 and 8000 cal. BP. The general increase in temperature during the early Holocene was accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of the mean monthly temperature record, indicating that a maritime climate was established at this time. Maximum TJul and TJan are recorded during the mid-Holocene interval from 8000 to 4500 cal. BP, with consistently high July temperatures (>18°C) between 6700 and 5400 cal. BP. During the late Holocene, both TJul and TJan gradually decreased. The Holocene temperature maps of Denmark reveal spatial patterns in both summer and winter temperature. In the summer, an east–west decreasing temperature gradient, related to a maritime effect, has persisted in Denmark throughout the Holocene. In contrast, the temperature in winter has varied spatially along subtle coastal–inland and topographical gradients. Various mechanisms have been invoked to explain the Holocene trends in temperature, including the melting of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, changes in insolation, and changes in the dominant type of atmospheric circulation affecting northern Europe.
Introducing the First Global Congress for Qualitative Health Research
Authors: Morse Janice M.
Published: September 2011

In this plenary address, I introduce the Global Congress for Qualitative Health Research, its purpose, and its role internationally. Within this context, I explore the origins and development of qualitative health research, the content of qualitative health research, its components, and its contribution to health research. I argue that qualitative inquiry develops in levels, building from exploration and description of phenomena to the identification of concepts, the theoretical basis for quantitative inquiry, qualitative theory development, and to utilization, implementation, and evaluation. This incremental development is not purposefully planned, but occurs as a result of voluminous inquiry into similar topics using different qualitative approaches and designs. A single study rarely makes a breakthrough; rather, we must recognize the conglomerate of qualitative studies that give it validity and strength. The Global Congress for Qualitative Health Research will provide a forum for international collaboration for the development of qualitative health research.
Evidence-Based Human Factors Guidelines for PowerPoint Presentations
Authors: Durso Francis T. , Pop Vlad L. , Burnett John S. , Stearman Eric J.
Published: September 2011

For decades, the vehicle of choice for idea transfer has been Microsoft’s PowerPoint. PowerPoint gives the orator a plethora of options in the design of a presentation. Choosing configurations for the most effective presentation can prove daunting, and even professional presentations bear witness to the difficulty of choosing wisely. Guidelines based on a collection of basic human factors/ergonomics principles and a few empirical studies are presented for effective PowerPoint presentations.
Formula 1 Steering Wheels
Authors: Gkikas Nikolaos
Published: September 2011

Formula 1 racing is considered the epitome of both motorsport and automotive engineering. Throughout a significant part of its glamorous history, a basic component of the vehicle saw little development: the steering wheel. Since the introduction and proliferation of electronics and control systems, the steering wheel has transformed from an instrument of lateral control to a control panel for various monitoring and controlling parameters that play a decisive role in modern motor racing. In this article, I discuss the main stages in the steering wheel’s evolution and the accompanying ergonomics challenges, from the wide designs in the pre–World War II era of Grand Prix racing to the compact designs in the 1970s, the introduction of paddles and switches in the early 1990s, and, finally, the contemporary compact control panel designs with an estimated cost of $45,000 each.
Telepresence as an Aid for Medication Self-Management
Authors: Hernandez Olivia Kay , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Woods David D.
Published: September 2011

The goal of this article is to explore ways to keep elderly individuals independent longer and able to remain in their own homes. Caregivers – whether professionals, family, or friends – are an integral facet in enabling elderly persons to be independent. One of the most challenging aspects of maintaining independence is the complex issue of medication self-management. The main focus of this study considers how the addition of telepresence to a new and as-yet-undeveloped dynamic automated medication-dispensing device could help individuals self-medicate. Through telepresence, patients could easily be connected to a variety of caregivers.
Adenohibernoma
Authors: Ayva Şebnem Kupana , Ozturk Fahriye Karatas , Obut Hasan
Published: September 2011

Adenohibernoma of the breast is a very rare tumor composed of brown fat tissue and intermingled glandular tissue. There are only 2 case reports in literature. This study reports the third case of adenohibernoma of the breast, which is not accompanied by breast cancer differing from the previous cases. And, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is also the first case of adenohibernoma of the breast that has demonstrated adipophilin expression immunohistochemically.
Using Targeting Outcomes of Programs as a Framework to Target Photographic Events in Nonformal Educational Programs
Authors: Rockwell S. Kay , Albrecht Julie A. , Nugent Gwen C. , Kunz Gina M.
Published: September 2011

Targeting Outcomes of Programs (TOP) is a seven-step hierarchical programming model in which the program development and performance sides are mirror images of each other. It served as a framework to identify a simple method for targeting photographic events in nonformal education programs, indicating why, when, and how photographs would be useful to inform other evaluation strategies. In two case studies, photographs enhanced the formative story of a geoscience project being developed and tested, and contributed to the outcome narrative of a 10-year partnership project between two universities. In both cases, TOP proved to be an efficient and easy-to-use framework. Using TOP in this fashion has the potential to help evaluators address challenges posed by the subjectivity of photography and possible biases of the photographer in the research process.