bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tribunal Organized to Convict and Execute?
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

The last several chapters have been devoted to the notion that citizens’ beliefs about crime and punishment and their support for the death penalty are influenced in some significant ways by forces in the society at large. Among other things, highly politicized messages about crime and punishment; sensationalized media coverage of crime-related issues; and narrow, one-sided reporting about actual capital cases appear to have a real effect on the general public. These messages and images have an impact on the audiences exposed to them in ways that seem likely to influence the decisions that its members make as citizens, voters, and jurors. Exposure to partial and sometimes misleading information also may help to explain why the public’s confusion about capital punishment is persistent and widespread. This confusion, as I showed in the last chapter, appears to be at the root of much death penalty support.
Preparing for the Death Penalty in Advance of Trial
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

Attorneys and legal scholars often comment that trials—especially criminal trials—are won and lost at the jury selection stage of the case. Public sentiments run strong on many of the issues that frame the context in which decisions about crime and punishment are made in court and, depending on the views and sentiments that are represented on the jury, one or another outcome may be much more likely (if not actually foreordained). In most kinds of cases this dictum about winning and losing in jury selection is a cautionary tale about the importance of taking the process of picking a jury seriously. Attorneys who are careless or indulge their unverified theories about “ideal” jurors are likely to be disappointed when the jury’s verdict finally is returned. However, in capital cases, the winning and losing of the trial at this early stage may come about in another way. Here there are structural issues that are brought to bear on the jury selection process that appear to change the odds in these cases in ways that distinguish them from other criminal trials.
No Longer Tinkering With the Machinery of Death
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

Historian Stuart Banner has observed that there has always been “a tension between the general and the particular, between the approval of death as a punishment and a strong reluctance to carry out the distasteful steps necessary to put that punishment into practice.”1 He suggested that this tension led, among other things, to the abolition of public executions. In this book I have suggested that the tension persists and is managed—although not entirely resolved—through the various social psychological mechanisms and legal procedures discussed in the preceding chapters.
One-Way ANOVA
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

One-way ANOVA deals with the results of a straightforward experimental manipulation. There are several (two or more) groups of scores, with each group having been subjected to a different experimental treatment. The term one-way derives from the fact that the treatment for each group differs systematically from that for other groups in only one respect: that is, there is one independent variable. Within each group, the treatment should be identical for all members. Each score comes from a separate individual, or, stated otherwise, each individual contributes only one score. The traditional name for an individual furnishing a score is subject. In recent years, the more egalitarian term participant has come to be favored. The modern term connotes a voluntary contribution to the research, a partnership between investigator and investigatee. volunteer is another label used for this usually anonymous member of the research team. All of these terms will be employed in the text.
Multifactor Designs
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

One of the most attractive aspects of ANOVA is the fact that additional complexity does not necessarily mean new concepts must be learned. Three-way ANOVA simply calls for repeated applications of the computing rules used in two-way ANOVA. And four-way ANOVA is just repeated three-way ANOVA. This simplicity is fortunate, for it is the analytical power of multifactor designs that makes ANOVA so valuable to the researcher. A careful investigator often wants to maintain experimental control over minor as well as major variables in the situation. For example, a complex study may call for several experimenters in order to get all of the subjects run quickly. These experimenters will inevitably be different in unknown, seemingly trivial ways no matter how well they are trained. By making experimenters a factor in the design, the researcher can pull out these differences in the form of a sum of squares for experimenters. Without such control, the interexperimenter differences would be lumped into the error sum of squares, thus weakening the power of the design to detect true differences brought about by the treatments.
Specific Comparisons
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

Sometimes a researcher is interested in more specific information than whether all of the groups under study have the same mean. Of concern might be whether the mean of group 2 differs from the mean of group 5 or whether the average of groups 1 and 3 is equal to the average of groups 2 and 4. Specialized, single degree of freedom ANOVA tests known as specific comparisons are used to answer such questions. Specific comparisons are planned by the researcher as either part or all of the data analysis. In general, planned comparisons should be viewed as an alternative to ordinary ANOVA rather than as a supplement. The choice of which comparisons to make must be made prior to inspection of the data because it is all too easy to convince oneself that the differences one sees are the differences one expected. The customary statistical inferences lose their validity when not based upon prior hypotheses. A post-hoc comparison option, discussed later in this chapter, is appropriate for confirming the significance of differences that came as a surprise.
Grief
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

All of us at some point experience the death of a beloved person. Many of the symptoms that occur around this time are similar to those of depression but the conditions are not the same. In a normal grief reaction, the person feels sad, may have trouble sleeping and may have difficulty carrying out their usual tasks. These symptoms resolve in a few months, as there is a gradual weaning from the remembered experiences of the loved one. The availability of family and close friends can be extremely helpful during this period. This period of grief or mourning is a normal and useful adaptation to the loss of a loved one and should not be discouraged.
Termination
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

IPT is a time-limited and not an open-ended treatment. At the beginning of treatment you will have an explicit contract as to the frequency and length of the treatment. Your therapist will discuss length of treatment in the first few sessions. Several sessions before the end of this stated time, your therapist will again have an open discussion about the end of the treatment and a review of what has and has not been accomplished. You will be encouraged to discuss your feelings about ending. If the relationship with the therapist has been useful and meaningful, you should anticipate feeling sad and even angry about the ending.
The Impermanence of Paradigms
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

The United States is moving toward a slow, little-noticed, but farreaching change in the way it engages the world. This reorientation will shred many of the assumptions, theories, institutions, and prescriptions that now seem so rock solid, precisely because they have proved so enduring and reliable in the past. Together, these conceptions and structures served, to use a term that Thomas Kuhn has made commonplace by now, as a paradigm, a framework within which it was possible for Americans to think about and act in the world—and effectively so.1 Yet paradigms become limiting with time, out of kilter with a reality that changes relentlessly and strains their confining categories. Eventually, the march of time creates new circumstances for which they are illsuited and inevitably they are superseded by new paradigms.
Whither the Atlantic Alliance?
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

The march of the Industrial Revolution was both good and bad for the United States. On the one hand, by diffusing technology and capital, it helped transform the United States into a major economic power—one that by the turn of the twentieth century was eclipsing Britain, paving the way for Pax Britannica to be supplanted by Pax Americana. Yet by generating weapons and modes of transportation that extended the reach and lethality of threats and eroded the effectiveness of oceanic barriers, it linked the security of the United States to that of faraway places to an unprecedented degree; this was particularly true of Europe, from whose seemingly incessant wars geography had shielded the United States.
Culture-Specific Diagnoses and Their Relationship to Mood Disorders
Authors: Guarnaccia Peter , Pincay Igda Martinez
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between culture-specific diagnoses and mood disorders. How researchers and clinicians refer to cultural syndromes related to mood disorders is a contentious issue. We open our chapter with a brief discussion of the history and controversies (as the quote from Hughes [1985] that opens this chapter indicates) surrounding these labels. We then discuss the relationship between a well-documented range of cultural categories of distress and mood disorders. A key point that we want to make early and often is that there is no one-to-one relationship between these cultural categories and psychiatric disorders as codified in either the American (DSM-IV [American Psychiatric Association, 1994]) or international (ICD-10 [World Health Organization, 1992]) diagnostic systems.
Health Care Seeking and Access
Authors: Willis Earnestine , Allen Sheryl E
Published: November 2023

For centuries in the United States, mental health treatment and access to services have been influenced by an array of factors that includes ideologies of mental health reforms, reimbursement for mental health services, scientific advancements in treatment and technology, institutional response shifts, and the development of mental health professionals. This chapter focuses on mental health services, which are plagued with disparities in the availability of and access to effective services, according to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 1999). To reduce the burden of mental illness in our nation, it is imperative that we expand our knowledge and research about effective mental health services by examining health care-seeking preferences and utilization patterns, specifically for the common presenting conditions of mood disorders. As mental health services are designed and implemented, we must take into account existing challenges that patients face in the utilization of our mental health system, such as barriers and cultural factors in patients’ selection processes.
Factoring Culture in to Outcomes Measurement in Mental Health
Authors: Mendenhall Matt
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive understanding of outcomes measurement in the mental health field should be based on an analysis of at least four different points of view, including those of consumers,1 practitioners, researchers, and funding/ policy bodies. An initial premise for the current discussion is that stakeholder perspectives emerge from each group’s distinct relationship to outcomes measurement as a socially situated process. Additionally, an analysis of differences among stakeholder perspectives on outcomes reveals important implications for mental health service delivery systems and for consumer empowerment. Finally, although outcomes measurement operates broadly in mental health services, this discussion will apply the subject specifically to mood disorders treatment.
The American Way of Strategy
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

For More than Two Centuries, mainstream American foreign policy has sought to protect the two elements of American republican liberty—the freedom of the American state from other states and the freedom of Americans from their own state—by means of the American way of strategy. The American way of strategy is a synthesis of two traditions, liberal internationalism and realism.
The Cold Peace
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

Someone Who Fell into a Coma in 1989, shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and then awakened two decades later would be astonished at how little the strategic map of the world had changed. To be sure, there were more than a dozen new countries, most of them formed from the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The Warsaw Pact had vanished, and NATO extended to the borders of a shrunken post-Soviet Russia. But NATO was still commanded by an American. In Europe, Britain and France still had their own nuclear deterrents, but a reunited Germany did not.
Panitz v. Behrend
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

Elaine B. Panitz, a medical doctor who regularly offers her services as an expert medical witness, was hired by Kenneth W. Behrend, Barbara Behrend Ernsberger and the law firm of Behrend and Ernsberger to give testimony on behalf of clients whom the law firm represented in a personal injury action. When an unfavorable verdict was returned, the lawyers refused to pay the expert witness the balance of the moneys which they allegedly had agreed to pay. Panitz sued to recover these moneys. The law firm thereupon ;led an answer to the complaint which contained a counterclaim for damages resulting from the unfavorable verdict.
Driving While Black
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

These are consolidated motions to suppress under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Seventeen defendants of African ancestry claim that their arrests on the New Jersey Turnpike south of exit 3 between 1988 and 1991 result from discriminatory enforcement of the traffic laws by the New Jersey State Police. After a lengthy hearing, I find defendants have established a prima facie case of selective enforcement which the State has failed to rebut requiring suppression of all contraband and evidence seized.
The Primary Function of Consciousness: Why Skeletal Muscles Are “Voluntary” Muscles
Authors: Morsella Ezequiel , Krieger Stephen C , Bargh John A
Published: November 2023

Although there is usually a sharp, intuitively obvious distinction between unconscious action and actions that are consciously intended, drawing a principled distinction between the two kinds of processes is less than straightforward. On close examination, unconscious processes prove to be no less complex, flexible, deliberative, controlling, or action-like than their conscious counterparts (see review in Bargh & Morsella, 2008). For example, as repeatedly illustrated in the chapters in this book, action plans can be activated, selected, and, in some cases, expressed without conscious mediation.
Introduction
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

This book presents an investigation of the cultural shaping of self or identity. Unlike most psychological and anthropological studies of culture and self, it directly studies individuals by using “study of lives”-style interviews with young adults living in villages and small towns in southern Morocco. It analyzes the life narratives of two men and two women and builds a theory of culture and identity that differs from prevailing psychological and anthropological models in important respects. In contrast to modernist theories of identity as unified, the life narratives show individuals to articulate a small set of identities, among which they shift. But in contrast to postmodernist theories that claim people have a kaleidoscopic multiplicity of fluid selves, the narratives show a small set of identities, integrated by repeated use of culturally specific self-symbols, metaphors, and story plots. Perhaps most important, the life narratives show these young Moroccans’ self-representations to be pervasively shaped by the volatile cultural struggle between Western-style “modernity” and authentic Muslim “tradition.”
Mohammed
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

met Mohammed soon after I began working in a hamlet of Skoura called Oulad Yacoub, a couple of kilometers west of the village Centre. On the afternoon I came to tape the life story of a blind, aging storyteller named Si Abdullah, Mohammed was one of a half-dozen neighbors who showed up to listen. He worked as the accountant for Skoura’s main agricultural cooperative and was the youngest, brightest, and most articulate of the visitors. He also was a forceful “personality” to be reckoned with and interrogated me in a way that was at once suspicious, challenging, curious, and welcoming. I felt that my ability to work in the hamlet depended on building rapport with him, so I offered to come back and talk with him about my research.
Rachida
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

One afternoon in an Agdez café, I asked Hussein and a friend of his whether they thought I might be able to interview some women for my study. The friend mentioned his cousin Rachida, who he said was mohafida (conservative) and mutadiyina (devoutly religious) but also a primary school teacher and interested in child development. He offered to talk with her about my project, and when she expressed interest, he set up a meeting at her family’s home.
Number Theory
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we continue a study of numbers in all their grandness and diversity. As we have seen, there are many important and distinct number systems, including the natural numbers, the integers, the rationals, the reals, and the complex numbers. We consider each of these number systems from both a computational and a theoretical point of view, developing insights that provide a competent understanding of each one.

We begin with a special type of integer known as a prime number. Prime numbers can be thought of as the basic building blocks in the multiplicative structure of the integers. Many of the world’s greatest mathematicians have devoted significant effort to exploring and understanding primes, including Euclid, Pierre de Fermat, Leonhard Euler, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Peter Lejeune Dirichlet, and Georg Bernhard Riemann. Through these collective efforts, mathematicians have developed a sound understanding of both the prime numbers and the integers. At the same time, many questions about these integers remain open (or unsolved); we introduce some of these intriguing questions that continue to inspire and challenge mathematicians.
Robert Rubin: Embedded in an Uncertain World
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Robert Rubin is a highly respected former secretary of the treasury, director of the White House National Economic Council, and, at the time of writing, a director of Citigroup, one of the nation’s largest financial institutions. He was also an advisor to President Bill Clinton during one of the nation’s most prosperous periods. So, when he writes about “probabilistic thinking,” we should see what he has to say, for he certainly had plenty of experience battling uncertainty under the most pressing circumstances. But when we do see what he has to say, we find that he literally does not know what he is talking about. (Given his status in the financial and political world, however, my conclusion is hardly likely to send him into a depression.)
The Early Days of Using
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

It may or may not surprise you to learn that I can’t say exactly why I started using drugs in the first place. I don’t have a simple explanation, nor any that will completely satisfy you— or, for that matter, satisfy even me. I can only say that I had certain uncomfortable and unpleasant emotional feelings during my childhood and adolescence, and I found that using various substances helped me feel better. This was obviously a poor solution to my troubles, and caused me and my family problems that were infinitely more serious. I simply lacked the insight and maturity to see that back then.
Recovery
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

Prior to going to the therapeutic community upstate, I went to detox and was given Suboxone (buprenorphine), which feels as though it burns the heroin right out of your system. No tolerance develops for it, nor is there any high. It prevented me from going into withdrawal and kept me from getting sick. And so, by the time I went upstate, I felt normal physically. But emotionally? That’s another matter altogether. I was still a miserable, angry person—just in different surroundings.
Basic Statistics
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

This introductory statistics textbook for non-statisticians covers basic principles, concepts, and methods routinely used in applied research. What sets this text apart is the incorporation of the many advances and insights from the last half century when explaining basic principles. These advances provide a foundation for vastly improving our ability to detect and describe differences among groups and associations among variables and provide a deeper and more accurate sense of when basic methods perform well and when they fail. Assuming no prior training, Wilcox introduces students to basic principles and concepts in a simple manner that makes these advances and insights, as well as standard ideas and methods, easy to understand and appreciate.
Learning: Introduction and Pavlovian Conditioning
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

Like attention, consciousness, and other words from ordinary language used in psychology, learning is a term that everyone understands even though it eludes satisfactory technical definition (Section 4.2.1; Rescorla 2007). Functionally, learning allows animals to adjust their behavior to the local environment through individual experience. Animals need to know such things as what locally available food is good to eat, where and when to find it, which individuals to avoid and which to approach. This chapter introduces a basic framework for thinking about learning and then considers some ideas about the function and evolution of learning. The longest part of the chapter reviews data and theory about Pavlovian conditioning, perhaps the best-studied form of learning and one of the phylogenetically most widespread. Armed with this framework and some facts about conditioning, we will be in a position to analyze other forms of learning in future chapters. We will also be equipped to assess claims that some animals sometimes behave in ways that cannot be only the products of conditioning but rather require reasoning, a theory of mind, a qualitatively different kind of learning, or the like.
Discrimination, Classification, and Concepts
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

A male stickleback with a bright red belly, ready to mate, swims about in a tank. A grayish model fish with a swollen ‘‘belly’’ appears, and our subject begins to display courtship movements. Their vigor increases when the model assumes a diagonal posture with its head up. A short time later, another model, with a red, unswollen, belly, is introduced. The male darts toward it, ready for a fight (Figure 6.1). A female baboon hears another female in her troop make a threatening grunt and looks in the direction of the sound. The grunt is answered by the scream of a low ranking female from the caller’s own family, and the listener resumes foraging. The next day, she hears the same female grunt, but this time the grunt is followed by the scream of a dominant female, and our listener looks toward the sounds for several seconds.
Interventions for Negatively Reinforced School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Kendra is an 8-year-old girl in third grade who has been having enormous difficulty entering school and remaining in class for an entire day. Kendra often sobs on the playground before school and cries softly in her classroom for most of the day if she does attend. She has already had several unexcused absences this year and her parents, though motivated to solve the problem, are frustrated and confused about what to do next. Kendra commonly complains of stomachaches and headaches at school and has asked repeatedly to be placed in home schooling.
Preventive and Systemic Strategies for School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Sheen is a 9-year-old girl who recently completed fourth grade following episodes of school refusal behavior. In October, Sheen began refusing school due to general distress in the classroom that was not clearly linked to specific objects or situations. Sheen’s parents allowed their daughter to remain home twice to try to quell her anxiety, but this seemed to make matters worse. By January, Sheen was missing 1–2 days of school per week and was enjoying the amenities of staying home.
Brains, Minds, and Numbers
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

IF YOU ARE READING THIS in the first couple of decades of the third millennium of the common era, chances are that (1) the human brain is the most complex toy you’ll ever come near, let alone get to play with, and (2) you’re trapped inside one for the foreseeable future. Wouldn’t it be fun to get to know how it works? Even if you are not by inclination a tinkerer, eager to find out how everything works, you may resent being confined in this manner. Indeed, you may wish to evaluate the prospects of upgrading the game console to a better model, or at least to learn how to make the most of the current one. For that, it is necessary to understand the relationship between minds (which is what we are) and brains (which is where we are).
Emotions: Happiness, Fear, And Trembling
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

Roger is an overweight, red-cheeked man in his late thirties, with an easy laugh. Right now, however, he is not laughing. He has just lost a considerable amount of money in a game that most children would find easy.

The rules are simple. You have to choose between two geometric images on a computer screen. Choosing one of them will win you a large amount of money most of the time, whereas choosing the other will cost you. Once you have found the image that wins you the money, you have to keep choosing it until you consistently start to lose money. Then you have to switch to the other image to win money.

Roger knows he is losing money on the image he is choosing, but he cannot stop choosing it. He says he used to win money on this image, and even though he is aware that things have changed, he appears to be incapable of changing his behavior.
Sensation: Making Sense
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

Our brains are firmly anchored in sensory inputs, so it should not be surprising that the worst kind of torture does not aim to inflict as much pain as possible, but to rob the victim of the ability to sense the surrounding world. Under such torture, most people very quickly lose their sanity, because without constant sensory inputs, the brain stops making sense. Our senses form the basis of our subjective experience, and we obtain the most fundamental pleasure through seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching the world around us. The brain is constantly trying to integrate the sensations it receives from the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin, and then predict what will happen next, which is its most important job after making sense of the world. The senses influence how the brain represents the environment, and this representation is the basis for how we act in the world. The relative evolutionary success of humans may be partly due to our ability to use our sensory impressions to make predictions about the world and correct our own and others’ behavior accordingly. If we pay attention to our senses, they offer us the possibility for more intelligent action. Before we venture further on our journey into the pleasures of the association cortices, however, we will need a firmer grasp of how these sensory inputs are initially processed.
Crisis
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David
Published: November 2023

You’re about to read the journal entry I wrote right after my first brush with suicide in college. I wrote it in a hardcover journal that I had received as a going-away gift just before freshman year. As I look at it now, I realize the irony of the cover art: It is from the inside of an Egyptian coffin and depicts Anubis, the jackal-headed guardian of the dead. I think I flipped today I talked to Mom on the phone and that question, ‘‘How do you feel?,’’ came up again. How do I feel? Does she really want to know? Frustrated but goal-driven, hopeless yet motivated, alone with friends, lost but in the middle of it all, like I’ve lost all faith, yet stronger than I’ve ever been.
Finding The Phoenix: Where I am Today
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David
Published: November 2023

Imagine a beautiful and majestic bird that looks like a cross between a peacock and an eagle. Its feathers have the most brilliant reds and pure golds that you have ever seen. As you approach cautiously, you notice that the bird looks incredibly sad. You peer into its eyes, and it is as if they are telling you, ‘‘I am ugly, old, and wounded beyond recovery.’’ In some ways, this seems unbelievable. How could such a remarkable bird seem so hopeless? In other ways, it seems all too familiar. Not long ago you may have felt the same way, or maybe you knew someone who suffered that way. Suddenly, the bird lights itself on fire. Although you try to rescue it, the bird is engulfed in flames, and soon it seems like there is nothing but ashes left. Some people would give up on the bird at this point. Not you. You decide to stay. Then something stirs in the charred nest. Looking closer, you see a baby bird pushing through the smoky ash. Then you notice that, although it is covered in gray and black dust, the little hatchling has feathers with the most brilliant reds and pure golds that you have ever seen. You have discovered a phoenix.
Postconditioning Event Manipulations on Processing of the Target Conditioned Stimulus in Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Schachtman Todd R , Ramsey Ashley , Pineño Oskar
Published: November 2023

Several major innovations occurred in the field of animal learning in the 1960s and early 1970s. First, there was the discovery of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and its distinguishing properties (Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Garcia & Koelling, 1966). Second, prior to the 1970s a vast majority of the research on classical conditioning focused almost exclusively on the processes supporting or limiting the acquisition of associations following simple CS–US pairings (CS: conditioned stimulus; US: unconditioned stimulus). The influence of other forms of information processing (e.g., retrieval, rehearsal, and interference) was previously ignored for the most part in the literature. Such processes began to receive more attention in the 1970s. Third, the importance of the interactions between the target CS with other cues (e.g., contextual cues and other CSs) was given more focus.
Conditioned Taste Aversions Based on Running or Swimming
Authors: Boakes Robert A , Nakajima Sadahiko
Published: November 2023

Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) are most commonly in rats by injecting chemical substances such as lithium chloride (LiCl, e.g., Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Kalat & Rozin, 1970; Nachman & Ashe, 1973), cyclophosphamide (e.g., Dragoin, 1971; Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1967), methyl mercury (e.g., Braun & Snyder, 1973; Levine, 1978), morphine (e.g., Farber, Gorman, & Reid, 1976; Riley, Jacobs, & LoLordo, 1978), apomorphine (e.g., Garcial, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Wittlin & Brookshire, 1968), ethanol (e.g., Berman & Cannon, 1974; , Skurdal, & Brown, 1974), scopolamine and amphetamine (e.g., Berger, 1972; Braveman, 1975), insulin and formalin (e.g., Domjan & Levy, 1977; Weisinger, Parker, & Skorupski, 1974), among others (see Riley & Freeman, 2004, fordatabase).
Mechanisms of Overshadowing and Potentiation in Flavor Aversion Conditioning
Authors: Batsell W Robert , Paschall Gayla Y
Published: November 2023

Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) are a form of classical conditioning in which an organism experiences an edible substance (conditioned stimulus or CS) followed by an illness-producing event (unconditioned stimulus or US). As a result of this CS–US pairing, when the organism subsequently reencounters the CS, it will demonstrate a reluctance to consume that food (the conditioned response or CR). One of the enduring questions in associative learning in general is whether CTA operates under the exact rules as other types of classical conditioning such as fear conditioning and conditioned eyeblink (Domjan, 1980; Logue, 1979). This question was originally explored through such manipulations as cue-to-consequence learning (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) and long-delay learning (Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966), but subsequent research found that these effects could be accommodated in other types of classical conditioning (see Bouton, 2006, for review). Nonetheless, one area in which CTA consistently appears to operate by different mechanisms is in compound conditioning.
Mapping Conditioned Taste Aversion Associations through Patterns of c-Fos Expression
Authors: Bernstein Ilene L , Wilkins Emily E , Barot Sabiha K
Published: November 2023

Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) constitute a potent learning model that is associative, adaptive defensive, and amygdala dependent (Bermúdez-Rattoni & Yamamoto, 1998; Bernstein, 1991; Garcia, Hankins, & Rusiniak, 1974; Yasoshima, Yamamoto, & Kobayashi, 2005; see Reilly & Bornovalova, 2005). Moreover, this learning paradigm has a number of features that make it particularly amenable to neurobiological assessment (Bermúdez-Rattoni, 2004). One such feature is rapid acquisition, as CTAs are typically acquired after a single pairing of conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). One-trial learning provides researchers a clear time window during which the neuronal signaling and molecular mechanisms underlying the learning can be identified. Another distinctive feature of CTA learning is that it can occur despite lengthy delays between exposure to CS taste and US drug (Domjan, 1980; Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Revusky & Garcia, 1970). In other conditioning paradigms, close temporal proximity between presentation of CS and US are critical to effective conditioning. In fact the requirement for temporal contiguity, with an optimal range being 500 ms to 2 s, is so common a feature of associative learning paradigms that it has been used to build models of the cellular signaling processes that might underlie plasticity (Abrams & Kandel, 1988). CTAs, however, are routinely acquired after delays ranging from several minutes to hours between exposure to CS taste and US illness. Given this, CTAs are clearly anomalous in their temporal properties and may require the development of neural learning models that do not depend so strongly on tight temporal contiguity.
Novelty, Routines, and Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

That one hemisphere (in most cases, left) is more intimately linked to language than the other has been known for many years. Paul Pierre Broca1 and Carl Wernicke2 demonstrated in the second half of the nineteenth century that isolated lesions of the left hemisphere drastically interfere with language. Aphasias (language disturbances) are commonly seen following left-hemispheric strokes but not right-hemispheric strokes.

The basic facts linking language to the left hemisphere are not in dispute. The question arises, however, whether the close association with language is the central attribute of the left hemisphere or a special case, a consequence of a more fundamental principle of brain organization. Any attempt to characterize the function of one hemisphere through language and the other through spatial processing leads to an unsettling conclusion. Since language, at least in its narrow definition, is a uniquely human attribute, any dichotomy based on language is applicable only to humans. Does this mean that no hemispheric specialization exists in animals? The scarcity of work on hemispheric specialization in nonhuman species suggests that this is still the prevailing assumption among neuroscientists.
Social Maturity, Morality, Law, and the Frontal Lobes
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

Among the myriad of anthropomorphic qualities lavished on the frontal lobes, they have been proclaimed the ultimate seat of morality. Does this mean that the underdevelopment of or damage to the frontal lobes will result in immorality? Probably not, but how about amorality?

Enter the orbitofrontal syndrome. This syndrome is in many ways the opposite of the dorsolateral syndrome. Patients with orbitofrontal syndrome are emotionally disinhibited. Their affect is rarely neutral, constantly oscillating between euphoria and rage, with impulse control ranging from poor to nonexistent. Their ability to inhibit the urge for instant gratification is severely impaired. They do what they feel like doing when they feel like doing it, without any concern for social taboos or legal prohibitions. They have no foresight of the consequences of their actions.

A patient afflicted with the orbitofrontal syndrome (due to head injury, cerebrovascular illness, or dementia) will engage in shoplifting, sexually aggressive behavior, reckless driving, or other actions commonly perceived as antisocial. These patients are known to be selfish, boastful, puerile, profane, and sexually explicit. Their humor is off-color and their jocularity, known as Witzelsucht, resembles that of a drunken adolescent.
Fateful Disconnections
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

When my neurosurgeon friend Jim Hughes called me late one night, I had no idea that the consequences of this call would profoundly affect my career. Jim wanted me to consult on his patient, a man in his late 30s who was recovering from a head injury. It sounded like a pretty routine clinical case and I agreed to see the patient.

Kevin (a fictional name) was a fabulously successful entrepreneur and entertainment executive, a happy husband and father of three. An all-round athlete, he was an accomplished equestrian, but had been riding an unfamiliar horse in New York’s Central Park and was thrown on hard basalt rock, hitting his head against a tree in the process. He was rushed to the nearest hospital, where Dr. Hughes performed emergency surgery. Kevin had been comatose for 2 days and was slowly recovering.

I first saw Kevin briefly approximately 2 months after his accident. He was disoriented, confused, and overwhelmed by his surroundings. His general demeanor was panic-stricken, and if there ever was an embodiment of the expression “shell-shocked,” Kevin was it. He was severely aphasic and responded to every question addressed to him by saying, “Thank you . . . thank you . . . thank you.” That was his only utterance. There was something extremely childlike and pleading in his demeanor and in his “thank you”—he was a man who had lost his core, defenseless like a child.
Hypotheses About Treatment from MMPI-2 Scales and Indexes
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is on the correlates pertaining to psycho- logical treatment that can be culled from the MMPI-2 validity scales, clinical scales, and selected MMPI-2 code types. The general descriptions were drawn from both the empirical and the clinical literature on the MMPI-2 and from the authors’ clinical experience with the MMPI-2 in treatment planning. The major goal is to present the MMPI-2 scale profile claffication system as a lens through which the clinician can view clients’ problems. In the first part of this chapter the client’s response attitudes and orientation toward therapy through the validity scales and patterns are discussed; the second section surveys the treatment implications for the MMPI-2 clinical scales; and the final part summarizes information related to a number of frequently obtained MMPI-2 profile code types.
Case Analyses
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents four examples of how MMPI-2 and BTPI test findings are incorporated when creating client’s treatment plans. In the first case, the assessment efforts centered on the MMPI-2, which significantly informed the consequent treatment plan recommendations. For the next two cases presented, the BTPI was at the heart of this endeavor. For the final case, both instruments were incorporated into the evaluation (including the computer based interpretation of the Minnesota Report and BTPI) and treatment planning processes. Each case illustrates particular therapy challenges that may be faced with clients and highlights some of the issues that arise when objective assessment instruments are incorporated into clients’ treatment plans.
Introduction
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P , Legro Jeffrey W
Published: November 2023

For many Americans, the past decade has been a bewildering era. They have seen their country attacked and their husbands, sons, wives, and daughters sent to war in faraway places. They have read about orange alerts and red alerts. They have waited on long lines at airport security checks. They know that defense expenditures have soared and that Homeland Security has mushroomed. They have seen gruesome daily headlines about the carnage in Iraq, the strife in Afghanistan, and the turmoil in Pakistan. They read about the suicide attacks that were prevented or aborted in Europe, and they know, darkly, that terrorists are at work from North Africa to Southeast Asia, from the United Kingdom to Russia to China. With perils abounding, Americans want a national strategy that makes sense.
Dilemmas of Strategy
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P , Legro Jeffrey W
Published: November 2023

America’s crystal ball on strategy is murky. Officials in the next administration will face a complex world, will receive conflicting advice, and will need to mobilize domestic support for their policies. They must nonetheless act, most likely without the convenience of a single threat such as the Soviet Union during the cold war or terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. In this conclusion, our aims are to highlight the decisive issues of consensus and contention that resonate across the chapters. We seek to delineate the trade-offs involved in making choices, and we hope to illuminate the national security dilemmas that any administration must grapple with as the United States helps to shape, and is shaped by, the next stage in world politics.
When Young Children Need Help:What Do We See? What Do We Think? What Do We Do?
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Jeremy sat on my office floor constructing a racetrack out of blocks. He grabbed a red car from the nearby toy bin and propelled it wildly around the track, all the while recounting the woes of its thrill-seeking driver. After finding a satisfying end to the tale, he asked me to write it down, carefully dictating every detail.
Seven Building Blocks of Development:Understanding Core Emotional, Behavioral, and Social Competencies
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

A teacher stops her program’s early childhood consultant in the hallway, eager to talk about a distractible four-year-old who has her concerned. A mother calls her kindergarten son’s school social worker after reluctantly acknowledging that his provocative behaviors just aren’t getting any better. A couple shows up for an appointment at a mental health clinic, full of worry about how disengaged their daughter seems compared to her siblings and classmates. Whatever the context, clinicians hear a set of familiar refrains when a young child isn’t thriving at home or in school. “She doesn’t seem to know how to play with other kids.” “It’s really hard to get his attention.” “I can’t get her to calm down when she’s upset, and she’s upset a lot.” “It’s so difficult to understand what he’s trying to tell us.” “She’s always on the move.” Each of these descriptions relates to what we sometimes call a developmental trajectory.
Home-Based Strategies:Helping Parents Set Effective Behavioral Expectations
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Clinicians often struggle to help parents take a look at their own part in children’s poor responses to expectations for behavior: There’s always the danger of setting off feelings of embarrassment that then get in the way of constructive problem-solving. Using the analogy of animal training is one way to add some lightness to such explorations. Thus in parenting groups, I frequently tell the story of “Spot,” a lovable charmer and inveterate beggar, though no one in his family much appreciates the latter. Of course, though the grownups in this family would like to think that dogs will be dogs, they and their children have unwittingly taught Spot to beg. Here’s how.
Classroom-Based Strategies:Mentoring Teachers in the Skills of Developmental Scaffolding
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Judith is very concerned. The director of a large, urban childcare center, she knows that the program’s “Dino Room” has a particularly challenging group of kids. As a result, she’s been offering its lead teacher Rosa extra support and supervision. But things in the classroom are definitely going downhill, Rosa’s morale has hit a new low, and Judith fears she’s in danger of losing her youngest staff member within weeks. That evening, she picks up the phone to ask for some consultation.
Elementary School and Beyond:Perspectives for the Long Haul
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

As kids proceed through latency and adolescence, they don’t become different people—only, we hope, more comfortable versions of themselves. And, not infrequently, the issues that plague them in their earliest years resurface in various ways as they mature. Children who struggle to attend can get much better at sustaining focus yet, at times, will still need scaffolding to stay on task. Youngsters who used to lose their tempers many times a week may need help staying steady during later periods of stress. Kids who are on the reserved side may look increasingly confident, only to lose ground amidst the social complexities of middle school. Fortunately, the work we do to understand young children stands us in good stead as they grow older. The approaches we come up with to help them often still apply as well, with additions and adaptations as circumstances change and development unfolds. Throughout children’s growing up years, we return to our three-part process over and over again.