bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lord Melbourne 1779—1848
Authors: Mitchell L G
Published: November 2023

Lord Melbourne was Prime Minister of England from 1834-1841. As mentor and father-figure to the young Queen Victoria, he exerted considerable influence over the first few years of her reign. He was a man to whom career success came rather late - he was forty-eight years old before he held any major governmental office. In a profound way, his character and thinking had already been determined by experiences outside politics - particularly by his Whig social background and his disastrous marriage to Lady Caroline Lamb. In this, the first biography for twenty years, Leslie Mitchell uses the Melbourne family papers to explore the man behind a politician at the heart of early Victorian politics. William Lamb, the second Viscount Melbourne, might have held office earlier had it not been for his marriage to Lady Caroline Ponsonby, whose scandalous public affaires (including one with Byron), preceded a descent into madness and separation from her husband. Her death in 1828 freed Melbourne to take up the career which was almost his birthright. His views and subsequent political rise and survival in high office (almost by accident rather than design), reveal much about the nature of Whig politics - operating as an extension of family relationships and the expression of the shared values of an élite. As Prime Minister, Melbourne became the closest adviser and father figure to the new queen, who was only eighteen years old at her accession in 1837. Her rejection of Melbourne on her marriage to Prince Albert was abrupt and devastating, and Melbourne never really recovered from it. He became a marginalized figure, out of step with the demands of a fast-changing, newly industrialized world. In this fascinating account, Leslie Mitchell fully explores the private and public life of a man destined for high office and greatly influenced by the women in his life.
Feminism and the Rights of Woman
Authors: Caine Barbara
Published: November 2023

The demand for the Rights of Woman in the late eighteenth century provided the basis and the framework for modern feminism. In Britain its emergence was closely bound up with the broad range of social and economic changes brought by industrialization and urbanization in the later eighteenth century, the expansion in wealth and power of the middle class, and the new emphasis on individualism and economic independence which accompanied it. But it was the political upheaval of the French Revolution and the debates about political rights and citizenship which surrounded it that brought the first extensive discussion of women’s emancipation, the central concern of modern feminism.
The ‘New Woman’ And The Militant
Authors: Caine Barbara
Published: November 2023

The 1850s and 1860s saw the emergence of the first women’s movement in Britain, with headquarters, journals, and a host of different campaigns aimed at the emancipation of women. Beginning with a petition to reform the laws which oppressed married women and deprived them of any property, the early feminist activists soon turned their attention to expanding the range of employment open to women, to improving secondary education and making higher education accessible to women, and then to the suffrage. The campaigns were accompanied by the establishment of a number of feminist periodicals, some of which spelled out in graphic detail the full extent of women’s economic, sexual, and political oppression while spreading the ideas and publicizing the activities of those who worked for women’s emancipation.
Cobham Church and College
Authors: Saul Nigel
Published: November 2023

The association between the Cobham family and the village from which they took their name was a very dose one. Even after the 3rd Lord had moved his residence to Cooling, which he had done by the 1380s, it was to Cobham that the Cobhams were invariably brought for burial.
The Saint and the Operation of the Law: Reflections Upon the Miracles of St Thomas Cantilupe
Authors: Flint Valerie I J
Published: November 2023

When historians of medieval law turn to the written record, they do not (as a rule) turn readily to collections of miracles. Such reluctance is, at first sight, understandable, for in that such collections are compelled by their very nature to laud the supernatural over the works of rational man, are necessarily prejudiced towards their subjects, and are often anecdotal and repetitive to boot, they appear to be the very antithesis of all that sober legal historians hold most dear. They are often relegated as evidence, therefore, to a status well beneath that given to laws, legal treatises, government documents, charters, biographies, and even monastic chronicles.
The History of The History of England: The Evolution of a Standard Text and its Illustrations
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary
Published: November 2023

‘It is Hume who is read by everybody, Hume is the historian, whose views and opinions insensibly become our own’: here William Smyth, professor of modern history at Cambridge, rightly identified the most influential work of history in early nineteenth-century Britain. David Hume’s History of England (1754-62) went through numerous editions in the course of the century, and it was also one of the few multi-volumed histories to be almost always illustrated.
The Mystique of the Book
Authors: Roffe David
Published: November 2023

On Christmas Day 1085 William, duke of Normandy and conqueror and king of England, had much thought and deep discussion with his council at Gloucester about England: how it was occupied or with what sort of people. Then he sent his men over all England into every shire and had them find out how many hundred hides there were in the shire, or what land and cattle the king himself had in the country, or what dues he ought to have in twelve months from the shire. Also he had a record made of how much land his archbishops had, and his bishops and his abbots and his earls—and though I relate it at too great length—what or how much everyone had who was occupying land in England, in land or cattle, and how much money it was worth. So very narrowly did he have it investigated, that there was no single hide nor virgate of land, nor indeed (it is a shame to relate but it seemed no shame for him to do) one ox nor one cow nor one pig which was there left out, and not put down in his record; and all these records were brought to him afterwards.
Afterword
Authors: Roffe David
Published: November 2023

The Avowed Aim of this study has been to examine afresh the relationship between the Domesday inquest and Domesday Book. Its assertion that the aims and objectives of the survey were manifold, on the one hand, and executed within a different context from that which produced LDB and GDB, on the other, are at variance with the consensus embodied in recent historiography. Following the publication of Galbraith’s article on the making of Domesday Book in 1942, and with increasing confidence after his more lengthy study of 1961, a generation of historians have argued that Domesday Book was the aim of the Domesday inquest. The argument was originally formulated as a radical reaction to what was seen as an earlier generation’s preoccupation with the geld. Round, it seems, was never entirely clear what Domesday Book was for. But he was in no doubt that the ‘original returns’ of the inquest were hundred rolls and that the aim of the survey was connected with the collection of the geld. It is ironic that the current consensus is largely founded on these, the terms of debate formulated by Round in 1895.
Hiberno-Latin literature to 1169
Authors: Cróinín Dáibhí Ó
Published: November 2023

It meant the arrival of a new law to compare and eventually to vie with native legal practices; a new religion that was eventually to replace the old one of Ireland’s pagan past; a new institution—the church—whose structure and personnel offered a challenge to the Irish learned orders. Above all, though, Christianity transformed Irish society by its introduction of a new language, church Latin, whose history and literature were markedly different from anything hitherto known in Ireland. The history of Hiberno-Latin learning and literature in the period following the missions of Patrick and Palladius is the story of how the Irish came to terms, first of all, with this new language and its traditions, and how they subsequently assimilated them to the point where Irish Latin writers were indistinguishable, either in style or in language, from their continental counterparts.
Ecclesiastical architecture before 1169
Authors: Stalley Roger
Published: November 2023

Until the twelfth century, ecclesiastical architecture retained a simplicity that forms a puzzling contrast to the intricate skills encountered in metalwork, manuscript illumination, and stone sculpture. For reasons that have never been satisfactorily explained, the Irish clergy were reluctant to erect the type of imposing buildings that many of them must have seen abroad. The story of Irish architecture thus centres on the simple stone oratories that survive in great numbers throughout the country, often in remote locations of great natural beauty.
Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: November 2023

Marian apparitions were among the great collective dramas of nineteenth-century Europe. They drew scores of thousands of men and women to obscure valleys and remote mountains where the Virgin Mary had allegedly appeared, a figure that rose to hundreds of thousands at a place such as Lourdes. The apparitions were perhaps the most spectacular sign of a religious revival that is one of the outstanding characteristics of the nineteenth century, although one of the least well studied. They also represented an ambiguous counterpoint to the more familiar social and political upheavals of the period.
One Step Backwards Two Steps Forward
Authors: Pethybridge Roger
Published: November 2023

This study of Soviet politics and society under the New Economic Policy is the first to relate local problems directly to changing central ideological views during the crucial early years of the Soviet State. Roger Pethybridge makes an intensive examination of five Russian and minority localities in 1922, when the NEP was at its early stages, and again at its height in 1926. These detailed studies demonstrate that under the early NEP there were effectively two capitals - Moscow for politics, and Petrograd for culture, and their roles are examined in depth, as Professor Pethybridge analyses the workings of Bolshevik control mechanisms, and means of communication between centre and periphery in this period. One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward throws new light on the roles of socio-political agents, and potential enemies in Russia's vast hinterland. Professor Pethybridge argues that the well-known threat to the regime from the kulaks was less menacing than that from the Nepmen and the artisans. This carefully researched and provocative account of the formative years of the USSR will be invaluable to all scholars of Soviet history and government.
From Reform to Revolution
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

Over the first few decades of the nineteenth century, as we have seen, imprisonment gradually became the standard penal sanction against non-capital offenders. In the wake of the General Law Code of 1794 in Prussia and the gradual decline of corporal punishment as the institution of serfdom was dismantled, it became normal for prison sentences to be imposed on the vast majority of criminals. New gaols were built to cope with ·this shift in policy, but the construction programme failed to keep pace with the massive population growth of these decades. The situation was exacerbated by a rising crime rate as pauperism spread under the impact of industrialization, and rural theft reached epidemic proportions following the enclosure of common lands.
Restoration and Change
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

Reactionary governments in Germany after the failure of the 1848 Revolution regarded the axe and the block as vital instruments in the restoration of order. In Prussia the new Criminal Code, introduced in 1851, sought to carry out this restorative function while making a number of concessions to bourgeois opinion. The death penalty in particular was restricted to various kinds of homicide, and to treason. But this did not mean that the letter of the law was necessarily adhered to. For as part of the arsenal of restored, divinely-sanctioned monarchical authority, the Prussian King insisted on the royal prerogative of clemency. This was not new, of course, but had been wielded systematically since the eighteenth century, when the founding of prisons and penitentiaries had first provided a workable alternative to execution in the form of lifelong imprisonment. Every death sentence had to receive the formal approval of the monarch before it could be carried out. The Prussian King was advised on such cases by his judicial officials. In order to guide their recommendations in the light of the new provisions of the Criminal Code, and to maintain some kind of consistency, officials at the Prussian Ministry of Justice began keeping detailed notes and statistics on each capital case after the Criminal Code came into effect at the beginning of 1852. The notes offer a fascinating insight into the workings of the judicial-bureaucratic mind.
The Culture of Embarrassment
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, on the introduction of ‘intramural’ executions, every effort was made to avoid the impression of secrecy, from the announcement of the event through the red posters put up in advance in the town where it was scheduled to take place, to the issuing of entry cards to citizens who wished to view the proceedings for themselves. Thus the authorities could continue to regard executions as taking place in public; the difference from the previous practice of holding them in the open air was simply that the public attending them was now carefully controlled and selected. The only change, as the Bavarian Ministry of Justice informed the monarch when considering the change in 1854, was that the new system required executions to be carried out before a ‘limited public’ in an ‘enclosed space’.
‘The Death Penalty Practically Abolished!’
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

In 1922 a young man by the name of Florian Huber was sentenced to death in Landshut in 1922 for breaking into an isolated farmhouse, murdering the farmer and his wife, plundering the building’s contents, and setting fire to it afterwards. The report submitted by the Bavarian Ministry of Justice recommending the denial of clemency emphasized, as recommendations for execution had done since the 1880s, the public interest which the case had aroused. But in the Weimar Republic it was more legitimate than it had been before to cite public demand for execution as a reason for not granting a reprieve. There had been, said the report, ‘tremendous anger’ in the public against Huber, and violent scenes had taken place outside the court-house at his trial. ‘Embitterment against the perpetrator is boundless, and the people are generally of the opinion that there must be no clemency in the case of such a disgusting and bestial murder.’ What was really novel, however, was the tone set by the report’s description of Huber’s appearance and personality:
‘ Murderers Amongst Us’
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

On n April 1929 the prospects for abolition, which had seemed so bright in the second half of the previous year, were suddenly darkened by the enforced resignation of Erich Koch-Weser as Reich Justice Minister. There was no scandal or political disagreement with the Reich Chancellor; it was simply a matter of coalition arithmetic. Given the existence of half a dozen well-established major political parties, and the system of election by strict proportional representation, every government in the Weimar Republic was of necessity a coalition government.
The French Revolution and Europe
Authors: Blanning T C W
Published: November 2023

the last essay in this volume also has the most general title, its generosity of scope posing a problem of focus. Bearing in mind that Albert Sorel managed to write well over a million words in the eight volumes of his L’Europe et la Revolution frangaise,1 it is clear not only that I must be highly selective but also that even then the breadth and depth of analysis that can be achieved in an essay of this length can only be limited. I have decided not to conduct a country-by-country tour of Europe, enumerating as I go the Revolution’s achievements in the manner of Leporello’s immense list of Don Giovanni’s conquests—although my own treatment, I suspect, would make it seem more like Ko-Ko’s little list of society offenders. There never has been a shortage of historians seeking—and, of course, finding—ideological soulmates, whether conservative, nationalist, liberal, or radical.
A People Apart
Authors: Vital David
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century has seen both the greatest triumph of Jewish history and its greatest tragedy: the birth of the nation of Israel, and the state-sponsored genocide of the Holocaust. A People Apart is the first study to examine the role played by the Jews themselves, across the whole of Europe, during the century and a half leading up to these events. David Vital explores the Jews' troubled relationship with Europe, documenting the struggles of this 'nation without a territory' to establish a place for itself within an increasingly polarized and nationalist continent. He examines the clash within the Jewish community between politically neutral traditionalists and a new group of activists, whose unprecedented demands for national and political self-determination were stimulated both by increasing civil emancipation and the mounting effort to drive the Jews out of Europe altogether. Controversially, Professor Vital concludes that the history of the Jewish people was indeed in crucial respects although certainly not all of their own making; at times by their own autonomous action and choice; at others by inaction and default. This powerful and stimulating new analysis represents a watershed in our understanding of the history of the Jews in Europe.
Movement
Authors: Vital David
Published: November 2023

Pogroms were attacks by mobs composed preponderantly of peasants and urban workers (who were themselves mostly of recent peasant origin), unskilled as a rule, often unemployed, but laced, as often as not, with elements of the petty criminal class all of whom together were bound on pillage as much as on punishment of the Jews for whatever were supposed to be their historic, economic, or recent political misdeeds. The first of the series in Elizavetgrad in the Kherson guberniya (governorate) broke out on 15 April 1881 (OS). By the end of the year at least 200, but very likely 250 or more other Jewish communities in southern and south-western Russia had suffered some form of violent attack. The results were severe. Before the wave in its entirety had petered out tens of thousands of Jews, their houses and workshops sacked, found themselves homeless or without means of livelihood or both. The total value of property destroyed ran into several hundreds of millions of roubles. But worst of all were the human casualties: the dead, the wounded, the women raped, the traumatized. The incidence of violence against persons varied greatly from place to place. The number of the victims might add up to no more than a handful. In many cases there were none at all, only damage to property. In other cases the number of dead ran to several dozen. In the well-documented case of Balta in the Podolia governorate, when the Jewish community was attacked in a second wave of pogroms in the following year and the rioters had a free run of the Jewish quarter for three days between 10 and 12 April 1882, nine men and women were killed and over two hundred injured, some very severely.
Deciphering the Sabbath*
Authors: Ginzburg Carlo
Published: November 2023

THE theme of witchcraft in Europe, formerly considered marginal and even frivolous, has in the last fifteen years become a subject of international discussion among historians. However, few of the numerous studies have devoted much attention to the sabbath—the nocturnal meeting of witches and sorcerers—although it is clearly of decisive importance in the history of witchcraft and witch-hunting.
‘Fantasticall and Devilishe Persons’: European Witch-beliefs in Comparative Perspective*
Authors: Rowland Robert
Published: November 2023

THE following narrative sequence is typical of most of the witchcraft confessions recorded in Continental Europe between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries: One relatively early confession will suffice as an illustration of the standard pattern.2 In September 1477 Antoinette, the wife of Jean Rose of Villars-Chabod in Savoy, was examined by the Vice-Inquisitor General, Father Stephan Hugonod.
‘The Ladies from Outside’: An Archaic Pattern of the Witches’ Sabbath*
Authors: Henningsen Gustav
Published: November 2023

IN an article published in 1975 Professor Mircea Eliade, after briefly reviewing the recent historiography of European witchcraft, drew attention to the fact that the phenomenon cannot be properly explained ‘as a creation of religious and political persecution’. A satisfactory understanding could not be reached without the help of other disciplines, ‘such as folklore, ethnology, sociology, psychology, and the history of religions’.
Hungary: The Accusations and the Universe of Popular Magic
Authors: Klaniczay Gábor
Published: November 2023

THE surviving historical records of Hungarian witch persecutions start–as in many other European countries–with a few legal measures against maleficium and veneficium, to be found in the legislation of the first Hungarian kings: Saint Stephen (1000-38), Saint Ladislaus (1077-95), and Coloman (1095-n16).°1 These laws also mention strigas, the existence of which Coloman simply denies, following the tradition of the Canon episcopi and the Carolingian capitularies.2 During the following four centuries, a dozen scattered items of data indicate that witchcraft charges were dealt with at hot-iron ordeal places, at feudal courts, and by town juries.
Estonia I: Werewolves and Poisoners
Authors: Madar Maia
Published: November 2023

ACCORDING to the available redactions of the Livonian Peasant Law, the earliest of which date from the fourteenth century, witches and heretics were to be burnt (‘soll man Ketzer und Zauberer verbrennen’). Leonid Arbusow believed that these paragraphs had been added at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The Latvian historian Arveds Švābe at first shared this opinion, but in a later work he argued that the laws against witches and heretics had been enacted in the early thirteenth century during the visitation in Livonia of the papal legate William of Modena.
Norway: The Criminological Context
Authors: Naess Hans Eyvind
Published: November 2023

FROM the late fourteenth century, Norway was joined with Denmark in a personal union, that is, the two countries had their king in common, but otherwise their political and legal administrations were kept apart. This system was changed in 1536. The war of succession (1534-6) had discredited the noblemen and prelates of the Norwegian council, who supported the losing cause. All political power was now vested in the king’s person and in a council without Norwegian representation. The king in council decided that from now on Norway was to be considered a province of the Danish kingdom like Jutland, Sjaelland, and Fyn. This real union lasted until 1814.
Paris And Its People Under English Rule
Authors: Thompson Guy Llewelyn
Published: November 2023

This is a study of Paris during the period in the fifteenth century when it fell under English rule. Paris was the headquarters of the Lancastrian government in northern France, established by the victories of Henry V. Its history thus forms a key chapter in the story of the rule of Henry VI on both sides of the Channel. The English garrison in Paris was always small; Burgundian Frenchmen continued to occupy key posts both in the offices of state and in the municipality. Guy Thompson examines the advantages that, for a time, occupation seemed to offer the indigenous population, and shows how the English were able to retain secure control. He provides a political and administrative history, and offers a fascinating exploration of Parisian society at a unique period of the city's history. Based on a broad range of sources, Paris and Its People is an illuminating and scholarly study which makes an important contribution to the history of the Hundred Years War.
English Reformations
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

English Reformations takes a refreshing new approach to the study of the Reformation in England. Christopher Haigh's lively and readable study disproves any facile assumption that the triumph of Protestantism was inevitable, and goes beyond the surface of official political policy to explore the religious views and practices of ordinary English people. With the benefit of hindsight, other historians have traced the course of the Reformation as a series of events inescapably culminating in the creation of the English Protestant establishment. Dr Haigh sets out to recreate the sixteenth century as a time of excitement and insecurity, with each new policy or ruler causing the reversal of earlier religious changes. This is a scholarly and stimulating book, which challenges traditional ideas about the Reformation and offers a powerful and convincing alternative analysis.
Divorce, Supremacy, and Schism, 1530–1535
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

HENRY VIII did not have much patience, and by the autumn of 1530 there was little left. He had wanted Anne Boleyn for four years, but his desires had been frustrated. He had sought a divorce since May 1527, but his cardinal, his canonists, and his diplomats had failed him. Wolsey’s strategems, the intricate arguments from the royal advisers, and the king’s own threats to Rome had made no progress against Clement VII’s fear of the emperor. The pope had not granted an annulment, and it seemed unlikely that he ever would. By September 1530, Henry thought he had found an answer in the principles of the Collectanea, and Anne and her family were advocating a unilateral solution within England. But this new hope was challenged when the October meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that parliament could not empower an archbishop to act against the pope’s prohibition. Henry was furious: he prorogued the expected parliamentary session, and began a campaign of intimidation to alter the October decision. He had been given a reason to attack the privileges and pockets of the English clergy.
Reformation Reversed, 1538–1547
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

ON 16 November 1538 Henry VIII stopped the Reformation dead. His personal involvement in the trial of John Lambert and the proclamation against heresy showed his mind; he would no longer let Cranmer and Cromwell have their way: they must follow his way, or pay for their disobedience. It is a measure of Henry’s determination that he threw his support behind the conservative bishops just when diplomatic calculation suggested a Lutheran alliance. Also in November, the pope had finally published his excommunication of the king, and then sent Cardinal Pole off to persuade Francis I and Charles V to mount a crusade against England. In January 1539, by the Treaty of Toledo, France and the Empire agreed not to ally with Henry, and then recalled their ambassadors. For a time at least, England was ringed by a Catholic alliance: France, the Empire, and Scotland. Frantic missions were dispatched to Saxony, Hesse, and Denmark—though by now the Lutherans were somewhat sceptical of Henry’s intentions. Thomas Cromwell floated the project of a marriage between the widowed Henry and the sister of the half-Lutheran duke of Cleves, and a treaty was eventually signed in October 1539.
Paul I of Russia 1754-1801
Authors: McGrew Roderick E
Published: November 2023

This is the first full modern biography of Paul I, son of Catherine the Great and Tsar of Russia 1796-1801. Considered by some to have been a cruel despot verging on the insane, Paul has been seen by others as a progressive if flawed ruler who was overthrown because he challenged the privileged nobility. Roderick McGrew explores the influences which shaped Paul's values and behaviour, assessing the role played by his upbringing, his relations with his mother and her court, and the powerful effect of the French Revolution. He examines Paul's insecure, unpredictable, and often violent character, and traces his gradual evolution into a committed autocrat who combined enlightened humanitarianism with a firm belief in military discipline and hierarchy. As Tsar, he aroused fear, hatred, and contempt among his nobles, resulting in a coup d'état which ended his brief reign and his life. Professor McGrew's intensively researched study not only offers a portrait of a complex ruler and his times, but also assesses the part played by Paul in establishing the deeply conservative political outlook which characterized Russia in the nineteenth century.
A Beginning in the End: The Problem of Paul I
Authors: McGrew Roderick E
Published: November 2023

Shortly after midnight on 12/24 March I8oI, Paul I, then ruling tsar of all the Russias, was murdered in his bedroom in the newly finished Michael Palace in St Petersburg. His death was violent, brutal, and probably premeditated, though subsequent accounts created an illusion of passionate spontaneity. Paul was the victim of a conspiracy which was first organized in I 799 and reorganized in 1800. Its purpose was to replace him as tsar with his eldest son, the grand duke Alexander. Paul was to be given the opportunity to abdicate. If he refused, he was to be arrested and declared deposed, presumably on the ground that he was no longer competent to govern. The acquiescence of his son was essential to the plan, and after months of vacillation, Alexander was finally brought to agree on the understanding that his father would be unharmed. This was ingenuous. Just minutes before the conspirators set out on their fateful march, someone asked Count Peter von der Pahlen, the leader of the conspiracy, what would happen if the tsar resisted. Pahlen replied with that chilling cliche that to make an omelette one must be prepared to break eggs. Within two hours the eggs were broken; Paul was dead, and Alexander, the first of that name to rule in modern times, was tsar.
Cultural Patterns
Authors: Bartlett Robert
Published: November 2023

Apart from the Hebrew that had limited oral use among the tiny Jewish community, and the Cornish and Welsh spoken in parts of the south-west and along the ·welsh borders, there were three main languages used for oral communication in England in the period covered here: English, French, and Latin. Although there is little direct evidence about the use of spoken language, some natural assumptions can be made. There is no doubt about the character of Latin: it was a language that was learned by an educated minority and was spoken in very restricted but prestigious spheres-the Church, law and administration, education.
The Politicization of Catholic Women in Salamanca, 1931-1936
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: November 2023

The enfranchisement of Spanish women under the Second Republic was heralded by the extraordinary spectacle of a woman parliamentary deputy arguing against female suffrage. Victoria Kent, the Radical—Socialist representative for Madrid and one of three female deputies voted into the Cortes in 1931 by an all-male electorate, argued that extending the franchise to women would endanger the Republic as so many of them followed ‘the inspiration of priests and friars’. Fortunately for the defenders of women’s rights, Kent was vehemently opposed by the Radical deputy Clara Campoamor in a parliamentary confrontation described by the Republic’s future president Manuel Azaña as ‘very amusing’. Despite the entertainment value, however, Azaña did appreciate the seriousness of the point at issue, agreeing with Campoamor that: ‘it is an atrocity to deny women the vote out of suspicion that they would not vote in favour of the Republic’.
The Eclipse of the Socialist Left: 1934-1937
Authors: Graham Helen
Published: November 2023

On 17 May 1937 the veteran socialist trade union leader, Francisco Largo Caballero, resigned as prime minister of the Spar fish Republican government. His ‘fall’ has been interpreted as symbolizing the death of the popular revolution which had swept through much of the Republic’s territory in the first months of the Civil War. Even more crudely, the collapse of Largo’s government has been viewed purely as the result of the machinations of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) and its allies on the national executive of the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Party). However, in order fully to appreciate the underlying reasons for a political failure which heralded the beginning of the end for the party left, a much wider perspective must be taken.
Living On Mangetti
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: November 2023

The Haiom ‘Bushmen’ of northern Namibia are still a gathering people, living not only on mangetti [nuts] and other wild foods but also on the by-products of the cattle industry on the mangetti farms. Namibian independence in 1990 with its new options has created a dilemma which may result in a loss of autonomous modes of social organization. The personal quality of their social relations relies on a high degree of individual autonomy, cultural diversity, subsistence flexibility, social permeability, and of immediacy in religious affairs. This book describes the main strategies that the Haiom have developed to deal with independence and dependency - their ways of accessing the new economic resources, their communication skills, their storytelling practices, their sophisticated ways of creating name and kin relations across spatial and social boundaries, and their way of co-operating in the medicine dance, their main religious ritual.
Common Knowledge
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

CHANGES on the physical face of Bacup are marked. Its rapid growth as an industrial centre, when houses, factories, churches, businesses, public houses, and transport systems ‘appeared overnight’, gave way to a contraction when, one after the other, factories closed down followed by other small businesses and the railway station. One unused and slightly crooked factory chimney remains standing, and gives little intimation of what, 100 years ago, was a vista dominated by factory chimneys. Residents who appropriate Bacup’s industrial history as their own talk of changes that have occurred as part of a general deterioration in ‘the quality of life’. The present is thought of as qualitatively poorer than the past (see also Cohen 1987; Macdonald 1997). In bringing the past forward to comment on the present, the poor and arduous living conditions of earlier times, which are elsewhere and for a different purpose fore-grounded, are for now screened out. It is not that they are forgotten, it is just that, in this context, they are irrelevant. Instead the image of Bacup as a thriving, densely populated place, at the centre of activity and industry, is put to work.
Qualitative Spatial Change
Authors: Galton Antony
Published: November 2023

This book is a contribution to the emerging discipline of Qualitative Spatial Information Theory. The discipline has arisen from a realization that traditional quantitative techniques for the analysis of spatial phenomena must be supplemented by a wide range of qualitative methods if we are to use information technology effectively to further our capacity for handling spatio-temporal information. Such qualitative methods must be supported by a body of theory concerning the nature and organization of our spatio-temporal concepts. This theory will cover time, space, objects in space, their spatial attributes, changes in those attributes, and the temporal structure of those changes. In this book each topic is given a chapter to itself, and theory of qualitative spaces as partitions of quantitative spaces is developed in detail, and applied to numerous particular cases. The theory thus provides a uniform basis for the further development of formal and computational theories of spatial change.
Age, Marriage, and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Ragusa
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

This book combines the interdisciplinary insights of history, anthropology, and computing to examine the interrelationships between politics, kinship, and marriage in a late-medieval city-state. At the heart of the study is a reconsideration of `office' and the ways in which ties of kinship and marriage were mobilized to build electoral success. In fifteenth-century Ragusa (present-day Dubrovnik) membership of the Great Council, which nominated and elected office-holders, was restricted to the legitimate male offspring of patrician brides and grooms. The patrician class was highly endogamous, and the relationship between endogamy and electoral support is an important theme running through this book. A related theme concerns the age differences between spouses, which are shown to have important structural implications for the organization of the casata, kinship relations, and marriage ties. These implications are investigated using a variety of innovative methods, including cohort analysis and computer simulation.
Bureaucracy and Office
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

Anthropological treatments of office have tended to concentrate on the last feature-the separation between offices and their holders (Gluckman 1955: 198). There have been particularly telling analyses of rituals of investiture. Accounts of divine kingship are probably the best-known example. But anthropological accounts of other aspects of bureaucracy are much less developed. This in itself may also be a legacy of Weberian influence.
Indigenous Religions of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

In view of the extreme diversity of religious ideation and practice in Papua New Guinea it is clearly difficult to provide anything resembling a ‘balanced’ overview of the indigenous religions of that country. Nevertheless, in the context of this book, one of the greatest parameters of variation is of relatively limited relevance—namely, the representational/cosmological content of different religious traditions. It need not concern us here that people in one village might distinguish eight classes of spiritual agency and the people of another village only two, or that in one region the dead are left to rot in the bush, whereas in another they might be partially decomposed, dismembered, and certain body parts worn as decorations.
Modalities of Codification and Dissemination
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores in more detail a fundamental divergence in the way religious materials are codified in Melanesia. In new religious movements modelled on the doctrinal practices of missionary Christianity, revelations are extensively codified as doctrine. In two such movements described in this chapter, conversion occurred through the power of the Word, affording opportunities for active proselytism over large areas and the establishment of centralized ecclesiastical hierarchies. In contrast, the mode of religiosity indigenous to Melanesia does not rely on doctrinal codification. In some traditional systems of initiation, for instance, there appear to be strict taboos (backed by formidable sanctions) against the verbalization of religious revelations. Moreover, in a number of more recently established cults, operating in this mode, exegetical accounts are characteristically thin, disconnected, or simply unavailable.
The Domain of Lape, Eldest of the Ga’e
Authors: Forth Gregory
Published: November 2023

As mentioned at the beginning of Part I, Lape Ga’e was the eldest of a group of male ancestors who divided the land of western Keo, and is therefore recognized as the principal Land Mother in the entire region. Although some Keo equate Lape Ga’e with an ancestor named Lape Mere, many specify the second figure as the son, SS, or SSS of Lape Ga’e.1 Either way, Lape Mere, too, is designated as Land Mother (ine tana). Indeed, it is this name, more often than Lape Ga’e, that is given to the ancestor who first divided the territory of Lape Ga’e among several Defenders.
How Simple is the Simple Account? Comment on Peacocke
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: November 2023

Christopher Peacocke proposes what he calls ‘the Simple Account’ of the proper relation between philosophical and psychological theories of concepts. A philosopher will characterize the possession conditions for concepts. A subpersonal psychology ought then to explain why a subject who has a concept meets the possession condition for that concept-just as a physical theory ought to explain why a particular object is a reflector.
Why Concept Learning ts a Good Idea
Authors: Thornton Christopher J
Published: November 2023

In general, an implementation of a concept c is any mechanism which partitions some set of possible data elements into two subsets: the subset covered by the concept and the subset not covered. Any mechanism which produces such black boxes can be construed as a concept learner. The class of all such mechanisms is large. It encompasses concept learners proper, e.g. symbolist methods such as Candidate-Elimination [1, 2], Focusing [3, 4], Classification [5], and Conceptual Clustering [6, Fisher, Learning from 7, 8, 9]. It also encompasses mechanisms which do not have concept learning as an explicit goal but which nevertheless produce the requisite black boxes, e.g. connectionist mechanisms such as Back-Propagation, Competitive Learning [10], and numerical taxonomy methods such as hierarchical clustering [II, 12].
Analogy-Making, Fluid Concepts, and Brain Mechanisms
Authors: Hofstadter Douglas R
Published: November 2023

How can one best study human cognition? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is by creating a computer model. Accordingly, this paper is about such a computer model. And what is the crux of human cognition? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is human concepts. Accordingly, a rudimentary model of human concepts is found at the core of the model presented herein. And what is the crucial property of human concepts that makes them so subtle and hard to model on a computer? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is that they are fluid. What, then, is conceptual fluidity-or, more generally, mental fluidity (the collective result of the fluidity of all the concepts in a mind)? The phenomenon is complex and elusive, and therefore more easily demonstrated by example than by definition. Accordingly, the paper opens with a presentation of various examples of mental fluidity, and then explains the reasons underlying the domain selected for the model.
Does Belief Exist?
Authors: Cohen L Jonathan
Published: November 2023

There are various ways in which professional philosophers can hope to assist the progress of cognitive science, and the analysis of familiar mental concepts is undoubtedly one of these. Whatever our views about the role or validity of our culture’s folk psychology, we at least need to have available a sufficiently accurate account of its conceptual resources. Indeed, if such an account is not available, we lack an essential basis for evaluating that psychology. And the object of the present paper will be to illustrate this point by showing how philosophical analysis of the difference between belief and acceptance is relevant to Stich’s claim that belief—in the folk-psychological sense of the term—is not a state or property of a person’s mind. More specifically, I aim to show that Stich’s experimentally based argument in support of that claim is undermined by the distinction that needs to be drawn between the concept of belief and the concept of acceptance. So the paper falls into two parts. The first outlines the distinction between belief and acceptance and demonstrates its importance by listing briefly some of the other issues to which it is relevant. The second summarizes Stich’s relevant argument and establishes that it is invalidated by the distinction between belief and acceptance.
The Causal Theory of Names
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

In a paper which provides the starting-point of this enquiry Saul Kripke opposes what he calls the Description Theory of Names and makes a counter-proposal of what I shall call the Causal Theory. To be clear about what is at stake and what should be the outcome in the debate he initiated seems to me important for our understanding of talk and thought about the world in general as well as for our understanding of the functioning of proper names. I am anxious therefore that we identify the profound bases and likely generalizations of the opposing positions and do not content ourselves with counter-examples.
Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses (I)
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

Some philosophers, notably Professors Quine and Geach, have stressed the analogies they see between pronouns of the vernacular and the bound variables of quantification theory. Geach, indeed, once maintained that ‘for a philosophical theory of reference, then, it is all one whether we consider bound variables or pronouns of the vernacular’. This slightly overstates Geach’s position since he recognizes that some pronouns of ordinary language do function differently from bound variables; he calls such pronouns ‘pronouns of laziness’.
Does Tense Logic Rest upon a Mistake?
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

This paper is a critical examination of the semantic foundations of tense logic. It belongs in a Festschrift for Donald Davidson not because the subject is one he has worked on, but quite simply because, without the benefit of his work on the theory of meaning, I should not have been able to write it. I hope that this proves the tribute I intend it to be.
Developing Ways of Writing Vernaculars: Problems and Solutions in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Baker Philip
Published: November 2023

The 1953 Unesco report devoted only a short, three-page section to the Choice of Writing System and this was concerned largely with the need to be able to reproduce texts in the chosen orthographies on printing presses and typewriters without great difficulty.
Pedagogical Aspects of Vernacular Literacy
Authors: Gerbault Jeannine
Published: November 2023

At the forefront of debates in European countries as well as in many Third World countries, it is pedagogy-and in particular the teachers and how they teach which has often been blamed for illiteracy. Although in this book one of the tasks has been to show that there are many other factors affecting the development of literacy, pedagogy seems to have become a serious concern, especially since the resources that many countries can afford have become scarcer.