bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autophagy generates retrogradely transported organelles: a hypothesis
Authors: Kaasinen Selma K. , Harvey Louise , Reynolds Anna J. , Hendry Ian A.
Published: April 2008

Nerve cells require trophic signals transmitted from the nerve terminal via the axon in order to survive and develop normally. As the axon may be more than a meter long, specialised mechanisms are needed to transmit these signals. This involves the retrograde axonal transport of signalling endosomes containing nerve growth factor (NGF) and other synaptically derived molecules. These are large, double membrane multivesicular bodies containing a mixture of all vesicle types seen in the nerve terminal. How this signalling endosome is formed and targeted for retrograde axonal transport, however, remains an open question. Here we show that members of the Rab family of proteins that are retrogradely transported indicate that the signalling endosome contains both early and recycling endosomes. In addition, we show that retrogradely transported labelled antibody to dopamine beta‐hydroxylase, a marker for synaptic vesicles, co‐localizes within the same signalling endosome as NGF. We further show that LC3, a marker for autophagosomes, is retrogradely transported and associates with retrogradely transported NGF. We propose that neurons have exploited the mechanism of autophagy to engulf a sample of the cytoplasmic contents of the nerve terminal to transport back to the cell body. This sample of cytoplasmic contents relays a reliable snapshot of the totality of signalling events occurring in the nerve terminal at that instant in time.
Dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular mortality
Authors: Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Azadbakht Leila
Published: April 2008

In this issue of the British Journal of Nutrition, Mursu et al.(1) have reported the association between flavonoid intake, cardiovascular mortality and ischaemic stroke among a group of participants in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.
The effect of feeding frequency on insulin and ghrelin responses in human subjects
Authors: Solomon Thomas P. J. , Chambers Edward S. , Jeukendrup Asker E. , Toogood Andrew A. , Blannin Andrew K.
Published: April 2008

Recent work shows that increased meal frequency reduces ghrelin responses in sheep. Human research suggests there is an interaction between insulin and ghrelin. The effect of meal frequency on this interaction is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of feeding frequency on insulin and ghrelin responses in human subjects. Five healthy male volunteers were recruited from the general population: age 24 (sem 2) years, body mass 75·7 (sem 3·2) kg and BMI 23·8 (sem 0·8) kg/m2. Volunteers underwent three 8-h feeding regimens: fasting (FAST); low-frequency (two) meal ingestion (LOFREQMEAL); high-frequency (twelve) meal ingestion (HIFREQMEAL). Meals were equi-energetic within trials, consisting of 64 % carbohydrate, 23 % fat and 13 % protein. Total energy intake was equal between feeding trials. Total area under the curve for serum insulin and plasma ghrelin responses did not differ between trials (P>0·05), although the hormonal response patterns to the two meal feeding regimens were different. An inverse relationship was found between serum insulin and plasma ghrelin during the FAST and LOFREQMEAL trials (P < 0·05); and, in the postprandial period, there was a time delay between insulin responses and successive ghrelin responses. This relationship was not observed during the HIFREQMEAL trial (P>0·05). This study provides further evidence that the postprandial fall in ghrelin might be due, at least partially, to the rise in insulin and that high-frequency feeding may disrupt this relationship.
Dietary supplement use and mortality in a cohort of Swedish men – response from Åkesson and Wolk
Authors: Åkesson Agneta , Wolk Alicja
Published: April 2008

Dr Boucher raises the question of the use of vitamin D supplements in the prospective population-based study of mortality performed among
Ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularisin the French Ardennes
Authors: Guislain Marie-Hélène , Raoul Francis , Giraudoux Patrick , Terrier Marie-Eve , Froment Guillaume , Ferté Hubert , Poulle Marie-Lazarine
Published: April 2008

In order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (Microtussp. andArvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox,Vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence ofE. multilocularisin the fox population. The study was conducted in the Ardennes, north-eastern France, which is an area with a high incidence of alveolar echinococcosis. Surface index methods showed thatMicrotuswas the most abundant intermediate host in the area. Furthermore,Microtuswas present in one-third of the 144 faeces and 98 stomach content samples examined and represented more than two-thirds of the rodent occurrences. Red fox predation onMicrotuswas significantly correlated withMicrotusrelative abundance. In contrast, the relative abundance ofA. terrestriswas very low. This species, as well asClethrionomys glareolusandApodemussp., was little consumed.E. multilocularisprevalence in foxes was determined from carcasses and reached 53% (95% confidence interval 45–61%). Intensity of infection varied from 2 to 73,380 worms per fox, with 72% of the sampled worm burden harboured by 8% of the sampled foxes. The selected explanatory variables (sex, year, age class, health and nutritional condition, and season) failed to predict prevalence rate and worm burden. The high prevalence rate in foxes indicates the possibility of intenseE. multilocularistransmission, apart from periods, or in landscapes, favourable to large population outbreaks of grassland rodents.
‘LA NOTATION NE PEUT RENDRE COMPTE DU FAIT’: PERFORMING MURAIL'S ‘TERRITOIRES DE L'OUBLI’
Authors: Nonken Marilyn
Published: April 2008

For contemporary music in America and Europe, the 1970s were a time in which the old order was changing, giving place to a new avant-garde. In Germany, the Darmstädter Ferienkurse für Neue Musik was stagnating under the inept leadership of Ernst Thomas, savaged by the press and ridden with inner squabbling and politics. For 25 years a bastion of musical innovation and experimentation, Darmstadt now seemed little more than ‘the crumbling edifice of the avant-garde's chief fortress’. The focus was shifting to Paris, where, in 1977, IRCAM opened beneath the Centre Georges Pompidou. Led by Pierre Boulez and staffed by Luciano Berio, Vinko Globokar, Max Mathews, and Jean-Claude Risset, its stated mission was to reunite science and music and create new modes of performance. Across the Channel, the composers of the New Complexity (Brian Ferneyhough, James Dillon, Richard Barrett, and Chris Dench) were also redefining performance practice, focusing not on technology but on notation and its implications for virtuosity. And in America, different schools of musical thought were colliding in the streets and the academy. Leonard Bernstein delivered the Charles Eliot Norton lectures at Harvard, then presented his ‘unanswered question’ to the American public, on television, in 1976. And uptown and downtown were ensconced, with Milton Babbitt and Morton Feldman appointed to the faculties at the Juilliard School and the State University of New York at Buffalo, respectively. On both sides of the Atlantic, seminal artistic statements were being made, heralding the unruly adolescence of a new and disparate avant-garde no longer directly connected to the Second World War.
FLIGHTS OF FANCY: CODES AND KEYS IN HOWELLS
Authors: Pike Lionel
Published: April 2008

The composer Robert Simpson was a pupil of Herbert Howells, studying with him for the D.Mus which he took at Durham University in 1951. This was the time of the St Pauls' Service, when Howells was nearly 60 and Simpson just 30. Simpson took no composition lessons with Howells, but had tuition from him in counterpoint. Simpson told me that one day he had written a fugue on a subject of his own devising, and he took it along to Howells with not a little pride in his achievement. Howells looked at the fugue, said nothing, and then took out a fountain pen and, as Simpson put it

wrote a complete fugue there and then, in his beautifully fastidious hand, as fluently and easily as if he was writing a letter, exploring all the intervals and implications of my subject in a way that I had not thought possible.
DUTILLEUX IN CONTEXT: A STUDY OF HIS FORMATIVE YEARS
Authors: Obi-Keller Janet
Published: April 2008

It was at an interview towards the end of my research project in January 2005 that Henri Dutilleux, one of the most unique composers of the 20th and 21st centuries, granted me an exclusive opportunity to discuss aspects of his musical training. In the interview he reflects on his studies in the provinces and at the Paris Conservatoire:

I did not study piano at the Conservatoire, nor did I study organ. I received my technique in the provinces. The Director of Douai tutored me well, which is why I was at a very good level when I entered the Conservatoire [Paris]. With my solid training, I was encouraged to enter the Prix de Rome very soon, which is why I did not study there long enough.
The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading
Authors: Hurley Susan
Published: April 2008

Imitation, deliberation, and mindreading are characteristically human sociocognitive skills. Research on imitation and its role in social cognition is flourishing across various disciplines. Imitation is surveyed in this target article under headings of behavior, subpersonal mechanisms, and functions of imitation. A model is then advanced within which many of the developments surveyed can be located and explained. The shared circuits model (SCM) explains how imitation, deliberation, and mindreading can be enabled by subpersonal mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation. It is cast at a middle, functional level of description, that is, between the level of neural implementation and the level of conscious perceptions and intentional actions. The SCM connects shared informational dynamics for perception and action with shared informational dynamics for self and other, while also showing how the action/perception, self/other, and actual/possible distinctions can be overlaid on these shared informational dynamics. It avoids the common conception of perception and action as separate and peripheral to central cognition. Rather, it contributes to the situated cognition movement by showing how mechanisms for perceiving action can be built on those for active perception.;>;>The SCM is developed heuristically, in five layers that can be combined in various ways to frame specific ontogenetic or phylogenetic hypotheses. The starting point is dynamic online motor control, whereby an organism is closely attuned to its embedding environment through sensorimotor feedback. Onto this are layered functions of prediction and simulation of feedback, mirroring, simulation of mirroring, monitored inhibition of motor output, and monitored simulation of input. Finally, monitored simulation of input specifying possible actions plus inhibited mirroring of such possible actions can generate information about the possible as opposed to actual instrumental actions of others, and the possible causes and effects of such possible actions, thereby enabling strategic social deliberation. Multiple instances of such shared circuits structures could be linked into a network permitting decomposition and recombination of elements, enabling flexible control, imitative learning, understanding of other agents, and instrumental and strategic deliberation. While more advanced forms of social cognition, which require tracking multiple others and their multiple possible actions, may depend on interpretative theorizing or language, the SCM shows how layered mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation can enable distinctively human cognitive capacities for imitation, deliberation, and mindreading.
Mirroring cannot account for understanding action
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Lewis Charlie
Published: April 2008

Susan Hurley's shared circuits model (SCM) rightly begins in action and progresses through a series of layers; but it fails to reach action understanding because it relies on mirroring as a driving force, draws on heavily criticized theories, and neglects the need for shared experience in our grasp of social understanding.
Mesial frontal cortex and super mirror neurons
Authors: Iacoboni Marco
Published: April 2008

Depth electrode recordings in the human mesial frontal cortex have revealed individual neurons with mirror properties. A third of these cells have excitatory properties during action execution and inhibitory properties during action observation. These cells – which we call super mirror neurons – provide the neural mechanism that implements the functions of layers 3+4 of the shared circuits model (SCM).
What kind of neural coding and self does Hurley's shared circuit model presuppose?
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: April 2008

Susan Hurley's impressive article about the shared circuit model (SCM) raises two important issues. First, I suggest that the SCM presupposes relational coding rather than translational coding as neural code. Second, the SCM being the basis for self implies that the self may be characterized as format, relational, and embodied and embedded, rather than by specific and isolated higher-order cognitive contents.
More than control freaks: Evaluative and motivational functions of goals
Authors: Paglieri Fabio , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: April 2008

True to its sensorimotor inspiration, Hurley's shared circuits model (SCM) describes goal-states only within a homeostatic mechanism for action control, neglecting to consider other functions of goals – namely, evaluation and motivation. This restriction thwarts Hurley's project of identifying the information resources enabling social cognition. In order to master intentional behavior, deliberation, and action understanding, we need to be more than just “control freaks.”
In search of a conceptual location to share cognition
Authors: Semin Gün R. , Cacioppo John T.
Published: April 2008

It is argued that the multilayered model offered by the shared circuits model (SCM) falls short of capturing an essential aspect of social cognition, namely, its distributed nature. The SCM therefore falls short of modeling emergent social cognition and behavior.
Goals are not implied by actions, but inferred from actions and contexts
Authors: van Rooij Iris , Haselager Willem , Bekkering Harold
Published: April 2008

People cannot understand intentions behind observed actions by direct simulation, because goal inference is highly context dependent. Context dependency is a major source of computational intractability in traditional information-processing models. An embodied embedded view of cognition may be able to overcome this problem, but then the problem needs recognition and explication within the context of the new, layered cognitive architecture.
Bootstrapping the mind
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Clark Andy
Published: April 2008

After offering a brief account of how we understand the shared circuits model (SCM), we divide our response into four sections. First, in section R1, we assess to what extent SCM is committed to an account of the ontogeny and phylogeny of shared circuits. In section R2, we examine doubts raised by several commentators as to whether SCM might be expanded so as to accommodate the mirroring of emotions, sensations, and intransitive actions more generally. Section R3 responds to various criticisms that relate to the account of social-learning Hurley proposes in the target article. We conclude in section R4 by responding to a number of commentators who argued for the limitation of control theory as a framework for studying social cognition.
A study of the science of taste: On the origins and influence of the core ideas
Authors: Erickson Robert P.
Published: April 2008

Our understanding of the sense of taste is largely based on research designed and interpreted in terms of the traditional four “basic” tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, and now a few more. This concept of basic tastes has no rational definition to test, and thus it has not been tested. As a demonstration, a preliminary attempt to test one common but arbitrary psychophysical definition of basic tastes is included in this article; that the basic tastes are unique in being able to account for other tastes. This definition was falsified in that other stimuli do about as well as the basic words and stimuli. To the extent that this finding might show analogies with other studies of receptor, neural, and psychophysical phenomena, the validity of the century-long literature of the science of taste based on a few “basics” is called into question. The possible origins, meaning, and influence of this concept are discussed. Tests of the model with control studies are suggested in all areas of taste related to basic tastes. As a stronger alternative to the basic tradition, the advantages of the across-fiber pattern model are discussed; it is based on a rational data-based hypothesis, and has survived attempts at falsification. Such “population coding” has found broad acceptance in many neural systems.
Salty, bitter, sweet and sour survive unscathed
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: April 2008

Types of sensory receptor can only be identified by multidimensional discrimination of a familiar version of a sensed object from variants that disconfound putative types. By that criterion, there is as yet no evidence against just the four classic types of gustatory receptor, for sodium salts, alkaloids, sugars, and proton donors.
Criteria for basic tastes and other sensory primaries
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: April 2008

Primary, or basic, colors have been discussed for centuries. Over time, three criteria have emerged on their behalf: (a) their physical mixture yielding all other spectral colors, (b) the physiological attunement of receptors or pathways to particular wavelengths, and (c) the etymological history of the color term. These criteria can be applied usefully to taste to clarify issues.
The labeled line / basic taste versus across-fiber pattern debate: A red herring?
Authors: Fox Edward Alan
Published: April 2008

Why has the labeled line versus across-fiber pattern debate of taste coding not been resolved? Erickson suggests that the basic tastes concept has no rational definition to test. Similarly, however, taste neuron types, which are fundamental to the across-fiber pattern concept, have not been formally defined, leaving this concept with no rational definition to test. Consequently, the two concepts are largely indistinguishable.
Basic tastes and unique hues
Authors: Hilbert David R.
Published: April 2008

The logic of the basic taste concept is discussed in relation to the physiology and psychophysics of color vision. An alternative version of the basic taste model, analogous to opponent-process theory is introduced. The logic of quality naming experiments is clarified.
The complex facts of taste
Authors: Logue A. W.
Published: April 2008

There is both empirical evidence that supports, and does not support, the four basic tastes, as well as the labeled-line and across-fiber pattern theories. All of these concepts have proven useful to researchers investigating taste coding, and should be appreciated for their heuristic value. Dismissal of any of them is neither supported by evidence nor productive.
Language does provide support for basic tastes
Authors: Majid Asifa , Levinson Stephen C.
Published: April 2008

Recurrent lexicalization patterns across widely different cultural contexts can provide a window onto common conceptualizations. The cross-linguistic data support the idea that sweet, salt, sour, and bitter are basic tastes. In addition, umami and fatty are likely basic tastes, as well.
And what about basic odors?
Authors: Roessner Veit , Rothenberger Aribert , Duchamp-Viret Patricia
Published: April 2008

Erickson's article links the concept of four “basic” tastes to color perception as a sensory modality with similar problems of categorization. Such problems are also present for odors and olfaction. Olfaction is the sensory modality with the closest physical relationship to taste, and the sense organs of both permanently interact. We discuss the origins and influences of core ideas of the science of smell to add to the discussion of unresolved categorization problems in taste from another, closely related point of view.
The pervasive core idea in taste is inadequate and misleading
Authors: Erickson Robert P.
Published: April 2008

The target article described the ubiquitous and often undefined idea of “basic tastes” as the basis for sensory coding in taste, and its attendant problems. The commentaries cover the full range of reaction to this argument, from full support, to qualification of the level of analysis to which “basic tastes” apply and the nature of empirical support, to full denial of either the characterization of the literature or that such characterization reveals any problem. Many commentators, and I, go on to propose other types and sources for taste analysis, which I relate to the “across-fiber pattern model.”
Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE): A Valuable Prognostic Factor of Central Nervous System Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Konstantinou E.A. , Venetsanou K. , Mitsos A.P. , Mamoura K.V. , Theodosopoulou E.E. , Fotis T. , Baltopoulos G.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate neuron specific enolase (NSE) as prognostic factor for CNS disorders developed in relation to cardiac surgery.

Patients and methods

A cohort of 92 patients were divided into two groups; the experimental group consisted of patients undergoing open-heart bypass surgery (50 patients) and the control group consisting of 42 patients undergoing general surgery procedures. The blood levels of NSE were measured in both groups before and 24 h after the operation and have been related to the incidence of the postoperative brain damage as well as to the duration of the extracorporeal circulation (ECC).

Results

The analysis of our results showed that the changes of blood NSE levels, before and immediately after ECC in open-heart surgery have been related to the incidence of postoperative brain dysfunction according to a specific mathematical equation. This incidence was raised also in relation to the age of the patient and the duration of ECC. On the contrary, NSE seems to have no prognostic value in general surgery.

Conclusion

NSE can be used in cardiac surgery as a simple and reliable prognostic factor to predict postoperative brain dysfunction.
Kinematic analysis of fractures in the Great Rift, Idaho: Implications for subsurface dike geometry, crustal extension, and magma dynamics
Authors: Holmes Adrian A. J. , Rodgers David W. , Hughes Scott S.
Published: April 2008

Extension across the southern Great Rift of the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), Idaho, was measured to calculate the dimensions of underlying dikes and interpret magmatic and extensional processes. Cumulative rift‐perpendicular extension ranges from 0.64 to 4.50 m along the 14 km long Kings Bowl segment, from 1.33 to 4.41 m along the 14 km long New Butte segment, and from 0.74 to 1.57 m along the 4 km long Minidoka segment. Along strike of each segment, extension increases toward coeval vents. Each rift segment is interpreted to be underlain by a subsurface dike, whose dimensions are calculated using buoyancy equilibrium and boundary element models. Dikes are calculated to have tops that are 950–530 m deep, bottoms that are 23–31 km deep, and widths that taper to zero from a maximum of 2–21 m. Modeling suggests that the Kings Bowl dike has a maximum probable width of ∼8 m and a volume of ∼2 km3, about 400 times the volume of its coeval lava flow. Dike widths and ages at the southern Great Rift provide evidence for a Holocene ESRP strain rate of about 1 to 3 × 10−16 s−1, which is as much as an order of magnitude slower than strain rates in the adjacent, seismically active Basin and Range province. Eruptive fissures are present where rift width is <1650 m. This corresponds to a depth to dike top of <700 m, which we propose was the depth where vesiculation initiated, thus increasing magma pressure and inducing eruption.
Constraining fault constitutive behavior with slip and stress heterogeneity
Authors: Aagaard B. T. , Heaton T. H.
Published: April 2008

We study how enforcing self‐consistency in the statistical properties of the preshear and postshear stress on a fault can be used to constrain fault constitutive behavior beyond that required to produce a desired spatial and temporal evolution of slip in a single event. We explore features of rupture dynamics that (1) lead to slip heterogeneity in earthquake ruptures and (2) maintain these conditions following rupture, so that the stress field is compatible with the generation of aftershocks and facilitates heterogeneous slip in subsequent events. Our three‐dimensional finite element simulations of magnitude 7 events on a vertical, planar strike‐slip fault show that the conditions that lead to slip heterogeneity remain in place after large events when the dynamic stress drop (initial shear stress) and breakdown work (fracture energy) are spatially heterogeneous. In these models the breakdown work is on the order of MJ/m2, which is comparable to the radiated energy. These conditions producing slip heterogeneity also tend to produce narrower slip pulses independent of a slip rate dependence in the fault constitutive model. An alternative mechanism for generating these confined slip pulses appears to be fault constitutive models that have a stronger rate dependence, which also makes them difficult to implement in numerical models. We hypothesize that self‐consistent ruptures could also be produced by very narrow slip pulses propagating in a self‐sustaining heterogeneous stress field with breakdown work comparable to fracture energy estimates of kJ/M2.
Lightning return stroke current waveforms aloft from measured field change, current, and channel geometry
Authors: Willett J. C. , Le Vine D. M. , Idone V. P.
Published: April 2008

Three‐dimensional reconstructions of six rocket‐triggered lightning channels are derived from stereo photographs. These reconstructed channels are used to infer the behavior of the current in return strokes above the ground from current waveforms measured at the channel base and electric field change waveforms measured at a range of 5.2 km for 24 return strokes in these channels. Streak photographs of 14 of the same strokes are analyzed to determine the risetimes, propagation speeds, and amplitudes of relative light intensity for comparison with the electrical inferences. Results include the following: (1) The fine structure of the field change waveforms that were radiated by these subsequent return strokes can be explained, in large part, by channel geometry. (2) The average 10–90% risetime of the stroke current increased by about a factor of seven in our sample, from an observed 0.31 ± 0.17 μs at the surface to an inferred 2.2 ± 0.5 μs at 1 km path length above the surface. (3) The three‐dimensional propagation speed of the current front averaged 1.80 ± 0.24 × 108 m/s over channel lengths typically greater than 1 km. (4) Assuming that the measured current was entirely due to the return stroke forced an unreasonably large and abrupt reduction in inferred current amplitude over the first few tens of meters above the surface, especially in cases when the leader was bright relative to its stroke. Therefore a significant fraction of the current at the surface was probably due to the leader in such cases. (5) Independent of the above, peak return stroke currents decreased by approximately 37 ± 12% between 100 m and 1 km of path length above the surface. Because of uncertainty about how to partition the measured current between leader and return stroke, however, we are unable to infer the variation of current amplitude near the ground.
Long‐term variability in Saharan dust transport and its link to North Atlantic sea surface temperature
Authors: Wong Sun , Dessler Andrew E. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Colarco Peter R. , da Silva Arlindo
Published: April 2008

An understanding of the atmospheric distribution of Saharan dust is crucial for understanding many Earth‐system processes. We demonstrate here a model simulation indicating that the August‐September dust amount in the Tropical Atlantic is linked to the basin‐wide North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST). The increasing SSTs from 1979 to 2005 are associated with a strengthening cyclonic anomaly at 700 hPa in the tropical East Atlantic, reducing Saharan dust outflow into the Tropical Atlantic at latitudes between 10°–20°N. A decreasing dust amount over the same region is also observed by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Given the previously observed anti‐correlation between dust and tropical cyclone (TC) activity, the long‐term variation of North Atlantic SST can then directly influence TC activity by changing a TC's maximum potential intensity and indirectly by modulating the transport of the dust‐laden Saharan Air Layer.
GPS constraints on 34 slow slip events within the Cascadia subduction zone, 1997–2005
Authors: Szeliga W. , Melbourne T. , Santillan M. , Miller M.
Published: April 2008

Refinements to GPS analyses in which we factor geodetic time series to better estimate both reference frames and transient deformation resolve 34 slow slip events located throughout the Cascadia subduction zone from 1997 through 2005. Timing of transient onset is determined with wavelet transformation of geodetic time series. Thirty continuous stations are included in this study, ranging from northern California to southwestern British Columbia. Our improvements in analysis better resolve the largest creep events and also identify many smaller events. At 48.5°N latitude, a 14‐month average recurrence interval has been observed over eight events since 1997. Farther north along Vancouver Island a host of smaller events with a distinct 14‐month periodicity also occurs. In southern Washington State, some of the largest transient displacements are observed but lack any obvious periodicity in their recurrence. Along central Oregon, an 18‐month recurrence is evident, while in northern California an 11‐month periodicity continues through 2005. We invert GPS offsets of the 12 best recorded events for thrust slip along the plate interface using a cross‐validation scheme to derive optimal smoothing parameters. These 12 events have equivalent moment magnitudes between 6.3 and 6.8 and have 2–3 cm of slip. Unlike other subduction zones, no long‐duration events are observed, and cumulative surface deformation is consistently less than 0.6 cm. The many newly resolved smaller transient events in Cascadia show that slow slip events occur frequently with GPS best capturing only the largest events. It is likely that slow slip events occur more frequently at levels not detectable with GPS.
A continent‐wide map of 1‐Hz Lg coda Q variation across Eurasia and its relation to lithospheric evolution
Authors: Mitchell Brian J. , Cong Lianli , Ekström Goran
Published: April 2008

We present new maps of Lg coda Q (Qo and its frequency dependence) at 1‐Hz that cover virtually all of Eurasia. Qo is relatively high, up to 650 or more, in the east European, Siberian, Indian, and Kazakh platforms but is surprisingly low (300–500) in the Arabian platform and western portion of the Siberian platform as well as in Great Britain and the northwestern portion of mainland Europe. It is generally low throughout the Tethysides orogenic belt, but there too it displays substantial regional variations (150–400). Most Qo anomalies appear to be related to the tectonic history of the Eurasian crust. The four regions with lowest values coincide with four of Eurasia's most active concentrations of earthquake activity. Observed Eurasian Qo values are consistent with a previously determined empirical plot of global values in which Qo in any region is proportional to the time elapsed since the most recent episode of tectonic or orogenic activity there. Comparisons of the new Qo map with maps of Rayleigh wave velocity, temperature, subducted lithosphere, and seismicity lead us to infer that Lg coda wave attenuation is most easily explained by energy lost in moving fluids through permeable rock or in being scattered from fluid‐enhanced zones. The fluids are likely to have originated by hydrothermal release from subducting lithosphere or other upper mantle heat sources. Anomalies in Qo and other lithospheric properties in some cases extend well outside the Tethysides belt and other regions where upper mantle heat sources are known to occur. Possible explanations include earlier episodes of subduction activity, crustal deformation due to collision of the Afro‐Arabian and Indian plates, or broader than expected back‐arc activity beneath Eurasia.
An experimental study of the effect of off‐fault damage on the velocity of a slip pulse
Authors: Biegel Ronald L. , Sammis Charles G. , Rosakis Ares J.
Published: April 2008

The effect of off‐fault damage on the speed of ruptures propagating on faults in photoelastic Homalite plates was measured using high‐speed digital photography. The off‐fault damage was composed of a network of fractures introduced by thermally shocking the Homalite in liquid nitrogen. The mode II rupture speed measured in damaged Homalite was significantly lower than the limiting Rayleigh speed of vr = 0.92 vs, even after the shear wave speed vs was reduced to a value appropriate for the fracture‐damaged Homalite. The additional slowing is most likely caused by frictional sliding on preexisting cracks, especially since we did not observe the generation of new fractures. The spatial extent of the interaction between the rupture and the off‐fault damage was measured using samples in which the damage was limited to a band of width 2w centered on the fault and also using damaged samples containing a band of undamaged Homalite centered on the fault. By measuring the rupture velocity as a function of w, the interaction between the rupture and off‐fault damage was observed to be limited to a distance of about 1 cm from the fault plane. This agrees with the spatial extent of Coulomb failure near the tip of a dynamic slip pulse predicted by the analytic model developed by Rice et al. (2005).
MST radar and radiosonde observations of inertia‐gravity wave climatology over tropical stations: Source mechanisms
Authors: Venkat Ratnam M. , Narendra Babu A. , Jagannadha Rao V. V. M. , Vijaya Bhaskar Rao S. , Narayana Rao D.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, possible source mechanisms for the generation of inertia‐gravity wave activity over a tropical station, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), are investigated using a long‐term data set obtained from Indian mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere (MST) radar. The gravity wave analysis is carried out in two different height regions, namely, 4–14 and 17–21 km, representing the troposphere and lower stratosphere, respectively. Clear seasonal variation in the wave activity has been noticed in both regions with maximum (minimum) in winter (monsoon) in the troposphere. But it is maximum (minimum) in monsoon (winter) in the lower stratosphere. This kind of winter enhancement in the wave activity is not expected at this tropical site. Interestingly, the contribution of the meridional component to the total kinetic energy (Ek) is found to be dominant rather than zonal in the winter except during 1997–1998. Topography seems to be the likely source for the generation of wave activity during winter in the troposphere. The influence of this topography is also reflected in the nearby radiosonde stations, Chennai (13.0°N, 80.2°E) and Bangalore (12.9°N, 77.6°E), which are located at radial distances of 128 and 190 km from Gadanki, respectively. Although two major sources, that is, strong convection and wind shears, coexist during monsoon season, strong wind shear seems to be the likely source of the wave activity. Large interannual variability in the wave activity is also noticed from 9 years (September 1995 to December 2004) of data. Good consistency is observed between the wave activities observed from nearby (Chennai) radiosonde and Gadanki MST radar data sets. Making use of a network of radiosonde observations operated by India Meteorological Department, we also present the latitudinal variation of wave activity. From the latitudinal variations it is observed that large‐scale systems can also influence the generation of the gravity wave activity over larger areas.
Instability of the axisymmetric monsoon flow and intraseasonal oscillation
Authors: Bellon Gilles , Sobel Adam H.
Published: April 2008

A linear model of intermediate complexity based on quasi‐equilibrium theory is used in a zonally symmetric aquaplanet configuration to investigate the stability of the mean summer monsoon flow in the south Asian region. In the control case, the mean state has one linearly unstable mode that corresponds in period and structure to the variability in the nonlinear model described by Bellon and Sobel (2008) and to the observed 30‐ to 60‐d mode of intraseasonal variability. This mode features propagation of the precipitation anomalies from the equator to the monsoon trough around 20°N. Both the period of this mode and its direction of propagation are determined by the direction and magnitude of the mean meridional baroclinic flow. The wind‐induced surface heat fluxes associated with the surface westerlies in the northern tropics are an important contributor to the instability of the mode. The mechanisms of propagation and reinitiation of convection are further described. (1) Meridional advection of vorticity by the mean flow is responsible for the creation of free‐tropospheric vorticity north of the convection center. This vorticity in turn creates boundary layer convergence via Coriolis acceleration and subsequent northward movement of the convection. (2) Meridional advection of zonal momentum creates equatorial free‐tropospheric easterlies on the equator. These easterlies in turn generate low‐level convergence via the β term of the Coriolis acceleration and cause the reemergence of convection at the equator.
Modeling the evolution of channel shape: Balancing computational efficiency with hydraulic fidelity
Authors: Wobus Cameron W. , Kean Jason W. , Tucker Gregory E. , Anderson Robert S.
Published: April 2008

The cross‐sectional shape of a natural river channel controls the capacity of the system to carry water off a landscape, to convey sediment derived from hillslopes, and to erode its bed and banks. Numerical models that describe the response of a landscape to changes in climate or tectonics therefore require formulations that can accommodate evolution of channel cross‐sectional geometry. However, fully two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow models are too computationally expensive to implement in large‐scale landscape evolution models, while available simple empirical relationships between width and discharge do not adequately capture the dynamics of channel adjustment. We have developed a simplified 2‐D numerical model of channel evolution in a cohesive, detachment‐limited substrate subject to steady, unidirectional flow. Erosion is assumed to be proportional to boundary shear stress, which is calculated using an approximation of the flow field in which log‐velocity profiles are assumed to apply along vectors that are perpendicular to the local channel bed. Model predictions of the velocity structure, peak boundary shear stress, and equilibrium channel shape compare well with predictions of a more sophisticated but more computationally demanding ray‐isovel model. For example, the mean velocities computed by the two models are consistent to within ∼3%, and the predicted peak shear stress is consistent to within ∼7%. Furthermore, the shear stress distributions predicted by our model compare favorably with available laboratory measurements for prescribed channel shapes. A modification to our simplified code in which the flow includes a high‐velocity core allows the model to be extended to estimate shear stress distributions in channels with large width‐to‐depth ratios. Our model is efficient enough to incorporate into large‐scale landscape evolution codes and can be used to examine how channels adjust both cross‐sectional shape and slope in response to tectonic and climatic forcing.
Planar EBG on electrically and magnetically anisotropic slab
Authors: Lin Baoqin , Cao Xiangyu , Yang Youmin , Zhang Huanmei
Published: April 2008

A full‐wave analysis of planar electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) on anisotropic slab, which is characterized simultaneously by both nondiagonal second rank [ɛ] and [μ] tensors, is presented. The analytical procedure is based on Galerkin's method applied in the spectral domain, and the spectral dyadic Green's function for the considered structure is formulated based on Maxwell's equations directly. A kind of Uniplanar Compact EBG (UC‐EBG) on anisotropic slab is computed efficiently, and the influence of the principal axes' rotation in the transverse plane on their band structures are studied for several slab materials.
Blood monocytes: distinct subsets, how they relate to dendritic cells, and their possible roles in the regulation of T‐cell responses
Authors: Geissmann Frederic , Auffray Cedric , Palframan Roger , Wirrig Christiane , Ciocca Alice , Campisi Laura , Narni‐Mancinelli Emilie , Lauvau Gregoire
Published: April 2008

Monocytes can have important effects on the polarization and expansion of lymphocytes and may contribute to shaping primary and memory T‐cell responses in humans and mice. However, their precise contribution in terms of cellular subsets and the molecular mechanisms involved remains to be determined. Mouse monocytes originate from a bone marrow progenitor, the macrophage and DC precursor (MDP), which also gives rise to conventional dendritic cells through a separate differentiation pathway. Mouse monocytes may be grouped in different functional subsets. The CD115+ Gr1+ ‘inflammatory’ monocyte subset can give rise not only to immunostimulatory ‘TipDCs’ in infected mice but also to immunosuppressive ‘myeloid‐derived suppressor cells’ in tumor‐bearing mice. CD115+ Gr1+ monocytes can also contribute to the renewal of several resident subsets of macrophages and DCs, such as microglia and Langerhans cells, in inflammatory conditions. The CD115+ Gr1− ‘resident’ monocyte subset patrols blood vessels in the steady state and extravasates during infection with Listeria monocytogenes or in the healing myocardium. CD115+ Gr1− monocytes are responsible for an early and transient inflammatory burst during Lm infection, which may play a role in the recruitment of other effector cells and subsequently differentiate toward ‘M2’‐like macrophages that may be involved in wound healing. More research will no doubt confirm the existence of more functional subsets, the developmental relationship between mouse subsets as well as the correspondence between mouse subsets and human subsets of monocytes. We will discuss here the potential roles of monocytes in the immune response, the existence of functional subsets and their relationship with other myeloid cells, including dendritic cells.
Geography and plumbing control the T cell response to infection
Authors: Khanna Kamal M , Lefrançois Leo
Published: April 2008

The orchestrated movement of cells of the immune system is essential to generation of productive responses leading to protective memory development. Recent advances have allowed the direct microscopic visualization of lymphocyte and antigen‐presenting cell migration and interaction during immune response initiation and progression. These studies have defined important characteristics of the microanatomy of lymphocyte movement, particularly in the lymph node. Moreover, the ability to track endogenous antigen‐specific T cells has revealed a coordinated pathway of CD8 T cell movement in the spleen following primary and secondary infection. As a consequence, the local anatomy of secondary lymphoid tissues during infection has emerged as a critical regulator of immunity. While some of the factors responsible for the migratory cues instructing immune cell movement have been identified, much remains to be learned. Here, we provide a brief overview of studies examining CD8 T cell localization during the immune response to infection in the context of our current understanding of immune system structure.
Erratum: Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California
Authors: Beman J Michael , Popp Brian N , Francis Christopher A
Published: April 2008

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2008) 2, 429–441. Owing to a publishing error, Figure 2 in the above paper was reproduced incorrectly when published online and in this issue. The correct Figure 2 is shown below.
1st INCF Workshop on Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and Taxonomy
Authors: Bota Mihail , Swanson Larry
Published: April 2008

The goal of this workshop was to agree on a general strategy for developing a systematic, useful, and scientifically appropriate framework for neuroanatomical nomenclature. The workshop focused on general principles that will serve as a basis for future decisions on implementation strategies. The report discusses the problems arising from the use of different parcellation schemes and use of different terminologies and highlights the need of a universal vocabulary for describing the structural organization of the nervous system. Workshop participants encourage the creation of an International Coordinating Committee for Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and propose short- and long-term goals for such a committee.
1st INCF Workshop on NeuroImaging Database Integration
Authors: Forsberg Lars , Roland Per
Published: April 2008

The goal of this meeting was to map existing neuroimaging databases, particularly databases containing primary data, and to identify mechanisms that could facilitate integrated use of such databases, including possible fusion of databases. The report provides an overview of existing neuroimaging databases that were discussed during the workshop and examines the feasibility of database federations. The report includes several recommendations for future developments.
‘New Wars’ and Gendered Economies
Authors: Peterson V. Spike
Published: April 2008

This paper draws on the ‘new wars’ literature and global political economy research to explore how feminists and other critical analysts might investigate linkages between, and the gendering of, licit and illicit informal activities in relation to transnational financing of new wars. The paper considers the interdependence (co-constitution) of reproductive, productive and virtual economies, and aims to illuminate the intersection of race, gender, and economic inequalities (within and among states) as structural features of neoliberal globalization. Finally, the paper develops an analytical framing of coping, combat and criminal informal economies, which overlap and interact but entail distinctive sets of actors, motivations, and activities. A brief description of each economy is followed by suggesting how it is gendered and how this might inform feminist theory/practice in relation to war.