bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure
Authors: Uskach Tatiana M.
Published: May 2022

Iron deficiency is frequent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with a prevalence of 50%, and its frequency varies depending on the study groups. The presence of iron deficiency limits erythropoiesis, leading to the development of anemia over time in patients with CHF, regardless of gender, race, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Observational studies demonstrate a higher prevalence of iron deficiency in women and in patients with higher NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class, decreased LVEF, increased brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), or increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Iron deficiency and anemia in patients with CHF are independently associated with a decreased exercise capacity, hospitalizations for CHF, an increase in overall mortality and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The clinical significance of iron deficiency requires the need to diagnose iron metabolism in all patients with CHF. Current guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF indicate the need to determine the level of ferritin and saturation of transferrin in all patients with a suspected diagnosis of heart failure. The use of oral iron therapy in patients with CHF demonstrates its low efficacy in correcting this condition according to the clinical trials. At the same time the use of intravenous iron therapy is safe and improves symptoms, exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency, which has been shown both in international placebo-controlled trials and meta-analyses. The use of iron carboxymaltose should improve CHF symptoms, exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with CHF and LVEF45%. Intravenous iron therapy has also been shown to reduce readmissions for CHF in patients with an LVEF50% who have recently been hospitalized for worsening CHF.
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with an acute onset. Clinical case
Authors: Suponeva Natalia A. , Grishina Daria А. , Ryabinkina Yulia V. , Arestova Alina S. , Melnik Evgeniya A. , Tumilovich Taisiya A.
Published: May 2022

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a heterogeneous treatable dysimmune neuropathy. The variety of clinical forms and course of the disease can be challenging for proper diagnosis and early treatment. In a quarter of cases CIDP starts acutely, mimicking GuillainBarr syndrome. The early diagnosis is especially important regarding differences in treatment and prognosis of these conditions. In this article, we present a clinical case of acute onset CIDP with a detailed analysis of the differential diagnosis between acute and chronic immune-mediated neuropathies.
Molecular cardiology: from decoding the genetic nature and mechanisms of the diseases development to the introduction into the clinic
Authors: Zateyshchikov Dmitry A. , Favorova Olga O. , Chumakova Olga S.
Published: May 2022

In recent decades, advances in molecular biology have led to a change in understanding the inheritance mechanisms and development of cardiological diseases of predominantly genetic origin, such as hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies, familial hypercholesterolemia, etc. This knowledge made it possible to develop fundamentally new drug interventions. Programs for detecting cardiac diseases of predominantly genetic origin have been created, including genetic counseling and testing. Competence in this area is becoming a necessary part of a cardiologist's job.
Piezography approach to denture fabrication for a partial glossectomy patient: A clinical report
Authors: Awuti Shataer , Wang Tong-Mei , Ariani Nina , Naveau Adrien , Somogyi-Ganss Eszter , Sumita Yuka I
Published: May 2022

To provide a mandibular complete denture for a patient with a partial glossectomy and partial mandibulectomy, the denture space was captured using a piezography technique involving silicone impression materials with two different viscosities. Artificial teeth were arranged within the obtained piezographic index, and the denture was processed in the conventional manner. Using the piezography technique described enables physiologically appropriate complete dentures to be fabricated based on the neutral zone concept. (Int J Maxillofac Prosthetics 2021;4:37-42)
Descripción del desarrollo y estructura familiar en prematuros, sin diagnóstico de retardo psicomotor. Seguimiento a 5 años de una cohorte de neonatos con antecedentes de prematurez en Colombia
Authors: Fernández De los Rios Sandra Marcela , Torres María Fernanda , Salazar Katherin
Published: May 2022

La prematurez y el bajo peso al nacer repercuten negativamente en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, siendo asociada con la presencia de alteraciones en el tono (hipertonía/hipotonía), en la coordinación motora (fina/gruesa), en los reflejos, alteraciones cognitivas, hiperactividad o problemas de atención; estas alteraciones puedan permanecer hasta la edad adulta si no son identificadas y tratadas oportunamente. Este estudio tiene como propósito determinar el grado de desarrollo medido con la escala abreviada del desarrollo (EAD-3) en una cohorte de niños de 5 años con antecedente de prematurez sin retardo psicomotor y caracterizar a su núcleo familiar. Para esto se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 58 niños de 5 años con antecedentes de prematurez. En cuanto al peso al nacer, se evidenció mejor desempeño en las áreas motora gruesa, audición / lenguaje y personal Social en los niños con bajo peso extremo (69, 60.5, 569) no obstante en el área Fino adaptativa tuvo el más bajo desempeño (50), por otro lado según las semanas de nacimiento se encontró que el más optimo puntaje lo obtuvieron los prematuros extremos en las áreas Motora Gruesa y Audición / Lenguaje (69 y 63), mientras que en relación con el área Fino adaptativa no apareció una diferencia según las semanas de nacimiento, (mediana 53) y en el área Personal /Social el más bajo desempeño lo obtuvo el grupo de muy prematuros. Finalmente se encontró mejor desempeño en todas las áreas en los niños más prematuros. Cabe resaltar que de acuerdo con los índices de confiabilidad medidos al 95% no hubo diferencias entre los grupos.
Utilization of coconut shell waste into charcoal briquettes in Sungai Kupah Village, Kubu Raya Regency
Authors: Nurhidayati Ely , Yuniarti Erni , Pratiwi Nana Novita , Wulandari Agustiah , Hernovianty Firsta Rekayasa
Published: May 2022

The target villages located in Sungai Kupah Village, Sungai Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan have potential in the agricultural sector, especially in the primary sector, namely coconut plantations. Most of the coconut harvest in Sungai Kupah Village only uses the flesh of the fruit which is processed as copra. Other parts such as shells and coconut husks are just thrown away, piled up, and not used. Therefore, the village development program can be an opportunity for the community to be able to process, utilize and increase the added value of coconut fruit products and coconut waste. This program is implemented by applying the offline method while still observing health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. The lecturer team and the student team carry out full community development and empowerment activities in the field using facilities, such as a hall as a place for socialization and training. The prospective development is coconut waste into charcoal briquettes. The implementation of this village development program is called PDKMI Briketku: Program Desa Kupah Mandiri Industri Arang Briket. As for the activities of the PDKMI "Briketku" village development program: Program Desa Kupah Mandiri Industri Arang Briket has been implemented. This village development program activity has resulted in the processing of coconut waste (coir and shell) into charcoal briquettes, as well as the packaging of charcoal briquette products with the brand "Briketku”.
Eficiencia de morfina espinal vs placebo para la prevención de cefalea post punción de duramadre en pacientes sometidas a cesárea
Authors: Suárez-Castro Leticia María , Aranguren-Gil María Camila , Flores-Castellano Daniel Osiris , Reyes-Padilla Diana Gabriela , Campos-Guzmán Karime lizeth , Sánchez-Valenzuela Francisco Javier , Peraza-Garay Felipe de Jesus , Sandoval-Rivera Arturo Guadalupe , Montoya-Moreno Marisol , Arce-Bojórquez Brisceyda
Published: May 2022

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del uso de morfina para prevención de cefalea postpunción de duramadre en pacientes sometidas a cesárea. Resultados: Las características generales de la población no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La intensidad de cefalea en pacientes con morfina disminuyó en comparación con el grupo control. Conclusiones: El uso de morfina intratecal profiláctica comparada con placebo en pacientes embarazadas sometidas a cesárea se asoció con una menor intensidad de la cefalea post punción accidental de duramadre, especialmente al momento del egreso hospitalario y 5 días posteriores al procedimiento. Palabras clave: Morfina espinal, placebo, cefalea postpunción, cesárea.
Türkiye’deki Gıda Fiyatları İle Petrol Fiyatları Ve Döviz Kuru Arasındaki Doğrusal Olmayan İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Zamanla-Değişen Parametreli VAR Modelleri
Authors: GÜNGÖR Selim , ERER Deniz
Published: May 2022

Bu çalışmada, 2006:1-2021:12 döneminde Türkiye’de reel döviz kuru ve ortalama reel petrol fiyatları ile gıda enflasyonu arasındaki zamanla değişen dinamik ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla TVP-VAR modellerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, reel döviz kurunun gıda enflasyonu üzerindeki etkisinin COVID-19 döneminde artış gösterdiğini ve döviz kurunda Ekim 2021 tarihinden itibaren yaşanan dalgalanmaların gıda enflasyonu üzerindeki etkisinin en yüksek seviyeye ulaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, 2021 yılında başlanan aşılanma sürecinin üretim ve talep artışına yol açmasıyla birlikte, ortalama reel petrol fiyatlarında yaşanan artışların gıda enflasyonunu önemli ölçüde yükselttiği tespit edilmiştir.
Todo un hombre.
Authors: López Ruiz Félix Enrique
Published: May 2022

El texto que aquí se presenta narra la historia de vida de un indígena zoque radicado en el estado de Nuevo León. Esta historia es religada a un imaginario sociocultural que está presente en la novela Nada menos que todo un hombre del filósofo Miguel de Unamuno. En la parte final se integra una breve síntesis analítica de esta historia interseccionada a partir de categorías derivadas de la lectura antes descrita y de las masculinidades y estudios de género de los hombres. Este trabajo pretende incitar, mediante un recurso transdiciplinar, una serie de reflexiones respecto a la situación que los hombres indígenas viven en la ciudad y de las vicisitudes existenciales que implica el ver conflictuadas sus masculinidades en contextos donde no se organizan ni de la misma manera ni bajo los mismos preceptos culturales.
Cultura, modernidad y camp: resistencia sin agenda
Authors: Rosales Rivera Alexa , Martínez Silva Eleocadio
Published: May 2022

El siguiente trabajo tiene por objetivo pensar las expresiones actuales de la sensibilidad camp desde el marco de la cultura y sus procesos dialécticos. Nos situaremos en el contexto de una modernidad tardía considerando sus vicisitudes como factores que explican la proliferación del camp. Así mismo, en su convergencia con las redes sociales encontraremos que el camp se extiende y ofrece suficiente material audiovisual en el que se aprecia su carácter lúdico y hasta frívolo, así como su potencial político para responder a las interpelaciones de la hegemonía en cuestiones de clase, género, gusto, entre otras.
ÖRGÜTSEL ETİK İKLİMİ: BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Abdullah
Published: May 2022

Bu çalışmada, örgütsel etik ikliminin önemli olduğu düşünülen sektörler olan eğitim, sağlık ve sanayi sektörlerinden hareketle, tüm sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren işletme/kurumlardaki örgütsel etik iklimi uygulamalarını belirleyebilmek, bilimsel yöntemlere dayanarak geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği yüksek bir ölçme aracı ile ölçebilmek için bir “Örgütsel Etik İklimi Ölçeği” geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, üniversiteler ve sağlık, sanayi sektörleri olmak üzere üç farklı örneklem grubundan elde edilen veriler ile yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak çalışma grubu tarafından, literatür doğrultusunda 5’li Likert şeklinde hazırlanan 9 maddeden oluşan taslak ölçek kullanılmıştır. Veriler paket program ile analiz edilmiştir. Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları doğrultusunda KFA ve DFA yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre “Örgütsel Etik İklimi Ölçeği”, iki alt boyut ve 9 maddeden oluşmuştur. Ayrıca, yapılan güvenilirlik analizleri sonucunda ölçeğin yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Örgütsel Etik iklimi Ölçeğinin, kurallara yönelik iklim ve davranışlara yönelik iklim isimli iki boyutlu yapısı ile, bundan sonra yapılacak araştırmalarda, örgütsel etik iklimini belirlemeye ve ölçmeye yönelik önemli bir ihtiyacı karşılayarak alandaki bir boşluğu dolduracağı değerlendirilmektedir.
Gyermekek vizeletében mért jódkoncentráció: trendek és szükséges intézkedések
Authors: Középesy Szilvia , Málnási Tibor , Csákó Zsófia , Pál Vivien , Rosenberger Enikő , Bufa-Dőrr Zsuzsa , Páldy Anna
Published: May 2022

A jódhiány továbbra is jelentős közegészségügyi problémát jelent világszerte; különösen a várandósok és a kisgyermekek veszélyeztettek. Ugyanakkor mind az elégtelen, mind a túlzott jódbevitel is károsan befolyásolhatja a pajzsmirigy működését. A szervezet jódellátottságát a nemzetközi ajánlások alapján a vizelet jódkoncentráció (UIC) alapján lehet vizsgálni, ami nemcsak a jódhiány kimutatására, hanem a túlzott bevitel felderítésére is alkalmas módszer. Ezen ismeretek birtokában, rendszeres humán biomonitoring vizsgálatok (HBM) végzésével az adott populáció aktuális ellátottsági szintjéhez lehet igazítani a jódbevitel mértékét, így nemcsak a jódhiány, hanem a túlzott jódellátottság okozta betegségteher is megelőzhető. Az InAirQ projekt (2016-2019) keretében 9 magyarországi település 23 kiválasztott iskolájában, összesen 393 9-11 éves gyermektől gyűjtöttünk vizeletet egy alkalommal. A vizeletminták jód koncentrációját Sandell-Kolthoff reakción alapuló spektrofotometriás módszerrel határoztuk meg. A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok megyei települések iskoláiban a vizelet mintavételekkel egy időben több ponton vett ivóvízminták jodid koncentrációját is mértük a Nemzeti Népegészségügyi Központ (NNK) laboratóriumában. Az analitikai méréseket kérdőíves felmérés egészítette ki, melynek célja a jódbevitel lehetséges forrásainak azonosítása volt. A karcagi és Karcag környéki településeken élő gyermekek vizeletének medián jód koncentrációja 629 µg/l (95% CI: 557-667); ez a WHO definíciója szerint túlzott jódellátottságot jelez, ugyanakkor az egyéb településeken élő, vizsgálatba bevont gyermekek esetében a medián vizelet jódkoncentráció 165,5 µg/l (95% CI: 148-186) volt, ami megfelelő jódellátottságra utal. A Karcagon és a környező településeken vett ivóvízmintákban átlagosan 540 µg/l jodid- koncentrációt mértünk, 580 µg/l mediánnal. A többi település esetében, az NNK 2017. évben végzett országos felmérése alapján 20 µg/l ivóvíz jodidion tartalommal számoltunk. Az átlagos vízfogyasztással súlyozott ivóvíz jodidion-koncentráció és UIC között szignifikáns pozitív összefüggést (R=0,83, p<0,0001) találtunk. Ezen eredmény és a kérdőívek elemzése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy Karcagon és a környező településeken a magas jódtartalmú ivóvíz- fogyasztás következménye az itt élő gyermekek emelkedett vizeletjód koncentrációja. Az érintett településeken élő gyermekek esetében javasoljuk az étrendi jódbevitel mérséklését, valamint az esetleges jódpótlás megszüntetését. Meg kell vizsgálni továbbá az ivóvíz jodidkoncentráció csökkentésének a lehetőségét, míg az ország egyéb részén élő gyermekek esetében a jódozott só szélesebb körű felhasználását kell elérni. Az aktuális jódellátottsági helyzet értékelése érdekében továbbra is javasoljuk a rendszeres, egész országra kiterjedő szűrővizsgálatok, illetve HBM vizsgálatok végzését (iskolai szűrések, pajzsmirigy-, vizelet és vérvizsgálatok, várandósok, szoptató anyák vizsgálata stb.).
Determining Noctuidae, Erebidae, Euteliidae and Nolidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) Families of Hasankeyf in Batman, Turkey
Authors: SEVEN Erdem , AYKAL Abdulaziz
Published: May 2022

The present study conducted on the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) fauna takes place in Hasankeyf, Batman prov., southeastern Turkey, between 2018-2020. Field based investigations were prominently carried out from sunset till sunrise due to the fact that the dominance of Noctuoidea species are regarded as nocturnal. Insect nets and UV light traps took over efficient roles in capturing noctuoid moths. The cycle of collecting those samples comprised of softening, stretching and identifying consecutively in accordance with the current literature. The results of the research indicated that there are 160 noctuoid moth species in the study area, 110 of which are newly recorded from Batman. The second report of Haemerosia vassilininei A. Bang-Haas, 1912 and endemic Dryobotodes glaucus Ronkay & Gyulai, 2006 in Turkey, are highlighted.
Anaerobik Sindirimde Nanopartikül Konsantrasyonunun Cevap Yüzey Yöntemi İle Optimizasyonu
Authors: ŞENOL Halil , KARA Ayhan , ATASOY Selçuk , ERŞAN Mehtap
Published: May 2022

Son zamanlarda nanopartiküllerin (NP)’lerin anaerobik sindirim (AS)’de biyogaz üretimi üzerinde verim artırmaya yönelik etkilerinin olduğu keşfedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Fe3O4, ZnO ve SiO2 NP’lerin AS’ye olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Bazı NP’lerin yüksek konsantrasyonları toksik etki yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle substrat olarak kullanılan sığır gübresinin AS’de en iyi NP konsantrasyonlarını bulmak için Cevap yüzey yöntemi (CYY)’nin Box-Benkhen Tasarımı kullanılmıştır. CYY seçilen bir aralıktaki birkaç deney setine dayalı olarak işletim değişkenlerinden etkilenen yanıt yüzeyini en üst düzeye çıkaran değerli bir istatistiksel araçtır. Sonuç olarak bağımsız değişkenler için en iyi NP konsantrasyon değerleri SiO2 için 150 mg/l, Fe3O4 için 150 mg/l ve ZnO için 150 mg/l değerinde bulunmuştur. NP eklenmeden önceki biyogaz verimi 290 ml/g uçucu katı (UK) değerinde iken bağımsız değişkenlerin optimum koşullarında 320 ml/g UK değerinde tahmin edilmiştir. Varyans analizi ve yüksek regresyon katsayısı (%98), regresyon modeliyle deneysel değerlerin model tarafından iyi bir şekilde tahmin edildiğini doğrulamaktadır. Böylece gelecek çalışmalarda farklı NP’lerin AS’de etkilerinin birlikte incelenmesi önerilmektedir.
Gallstone ileus in a middle-aged male with an atypical history: a case report
Authors: Vinnik Yu. S. , Teplyakova O. V. , Volkov Yu. M. , Bulaev A. A. , Ponedelnik D. N.
Published: May 2022

Currently, gallstone ileus is an unusual complication of cholelithiasis (0.3–3.0 %) and a rare cause of mechanical bowel obstruction (0.1–4.0 %). The rarity of the condition makes it impossible to plan the large prospective randomized clinical trials, so the analysis of case reports is significant for decision making in the management of gallstone ileus. We report a case of gallstone ileus in a middle-aged male who had a history of surgery for duodenal ulcer perforation in past. A combination of peptic ulcer disease and cholelithiasis is based on a reduced gastrointestinal hormones secretion. Clinical specialists need to consider information about the greater frequency and asymptomatic clinical course of gallstone disease against a background of duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer scar and bulbar deformity may promote to the cholecystoduodenal fistula formation. In the presence of an acute bowel obstruction symptoms and the absence of gallbladder instrumental examination results, it is possible to recommend the prior gastroduodenoscopy for the pre-operative pneumobilia detection. The optimal surgical approaches for acute gallstone ileus are still controversial.
Pathophysiological role of chemokine MIG/CXCL9 in the development of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Kibalina I. V. , Tsybikov N. N. , Fefelova E. V. , Sholokhov L. F.
Published: May 2022

Background. In patients with atopic dermatitis, the persistence of microorganisms on the skin surface is high, which can enhance the expression of MIG/CXCL9, exacerbating inflammation and activating keratinocyte apoptosis, however, the dynamics of this chemokine in atopic dermatitis has not been studied.

The aim. To study the concentration of chemokine MIG/CXCL9 in the dynamics of atopic dermatitis and determine its role in the pathogenesis of dermatosis.

Materials and methods. The study included 80 patients aged 13 to 44 years with limited and widespread atopic dermatitis and 30 practically healthy volunteers. The therapy of patients, the collection of biological material were carried out in the Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary in Chita, laboratory tests were performed at the Chita State Medical Academy in the period from 2018 to 2020. The MIG/CXCL9 level was studied during exacerbation and remission of the disease in blood serum and skin exudate by flow cytofluorimetry using LEGENDplex Human Proinflammatory Chemokine Panel (BioLegend, USA). In healthy volunteers, skin exudate sampling was carried out by the “skin window” method. For statistical processing, the Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., USA) application software package and SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM Corp., USA) were used.

Results. The concentration of chemokine MIG/CXCL9 in the skin exudate is greater than in the blood serum. With a limited form of the disease in adolescents, the level of MIG/CXCL9 in the skin exudate is 8.1 times higher than the control values, with a common form – 9.3 times. In adults with advanced atopic dermatitis, the concentration of chemokine IL/CXCL9 in the skin exudate is 20.8 times higher than the values of the control group.

Conclusion. In atopic dermatitis, the level of chemokine MIG/CXCL9 is higher in the cutaneous pathological process. In the pathogenesis of the disease, MIG/ CXCL9 inhibits collagen synthesis and promotes apoptosis of keratinocytes, followed by the formation of hyperreactivity of the skin, its dryness and peeling.
Аnalysis of the cytokine profile of blood serum and tumor supernatants in breast cancer
Authors: Gergenreter Yu. S. , Zakharova N. B. , Barulina M. A. , Maslyakov V. V. , Fedorov V. E.
Published: May 2022

Background. A crucial role in the development of cancer is played by the tumor microenvironment (TM) – a microenvironment that is formed as a result of the interaction between the tumor tissue and macroorganism cells. The concentration of TM cytokines in the blood varies depending on the activity of the tumor and the presence of a metastatic process. It is advisable to study the existing mediator imbalance of TM, its characteristic features in the process of tumor development for the diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor process.

The aim. To identify markers of tumor progression in the study of tissue and serum cytokines in women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Materials and methods. The object of the study is blood serum cytokines and tumor supernatants (MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, G-CSF, GM-CSF). The study involved 80 patients with breast cancer aged 50–69 years and 26 practically healthy women aged 41 to 62 years. A standard examination of women was conducted; a cytokine profile study was conducted before the appointment of therapy. To study the cytokine profile at the tissue level, tumor biopsies (n = 30) and biopsies of unchanged breast tissue (n = 6) were incubated to determine the production of MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, G-CSF, GM-CSF.

Results. There was a moderate positive correlation between the stage of the disease and the level of TGF-β1, MCP-1 blood serum, a weak one – with G-CSF. In the incubated tumor tissue, a high positive correlation of cytokines on the stage of the disease is observed in growth factors: VEGF (R = 0.79; p > 0.05) and TGF-β1 (R = 0.61; p > 0.05).

Conclusion. The study revealed the characteristic features of the cytokine profile of blood serum and tumor tissue in breast cancer at local and widespread stages. The revealed differences in the level of cytokines should be used as additional diagnostic indicators of the degree of activity and prevalence of the tumor process.
Creative productivity of elderly scientists
Authors: Postavnev V. M. , Postavneva I. V. , Peskov V. P. , Dvoinin A. M.
Published: May 2022

The article presents the results of studying the personality characteristics of elderly scientists who have maintained scientific productivity for a long time. The problem that has to be solved and has got a huge scientific and practical significance is to find the psychological preconditions for the peak achievements of scientists and to define the social and psychological factors that contribute to maintaining the high productivity of elderly scientists for a long time.

The aim of the study is to determine the key personality traits of famous elderly scientists at the stages of their professional development.

Research methods. The presented data were obtained using the research interview “Life Values and Life Path”, developed by V.S.  Mukhina. Empirical material was collected in the course of interviewing famous Russian scientists of older age (from 65 to 94 years old), involved in research activities and making a significant contribution to the development of the humanities and technical sciences. When forming the sample, we followed the logic of V.S. Mukhina, who interviewed older scientists who are the founders and leaders of well-known scientific schools, who have a doctorate in science, the academic title of professor, membership in the academy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences or Russian Academy of Education and continue active scientific work. Data on the peak achievements of older scientists were taken from the scientometric databases of the Russian Science Citation Index and the Russian State Library.

Results. The data representing the peak achievements of the elderly scientists were taken from the scientometric databases and interpreted according to the provisions of differential and acmeological analysis for professional activities of scientists. The analysis of interviews, autobiographical descriptions and peak achievements of the elderly scientists allowed to reveal that the peak achievement (acme) is the joint result of psychological preconditions (personal traits of scientists, physical conditions) and social conditions of professional activity (social status of a scientist, belonging to a scientific school, availability of organizational and financial resources). The several productive periods, which are called within the acmeology field as “micro-acme”, can be indicated in the scientific work of elderly scientists throughout the period of their scientific activity. At the same time, the peak achievements of scientists as a rule are spaced in time with an optimal combination of preconditions and conditions for scientific creativity.
Assessment of the quality of life of patients with achalasia of the cardia after videoendoscopic Heller cardiomyotomy with Dor fundoplication
Authors: Tseymakh E. A. , Gankov V. A. , Bagdasaryan G. I. , Andreasyan A. R. , Maslikova S. A.
Published: May 2022

Background. The leading symptom of achalasia of cardia (AC) is dysphagia, along with other symptoms significantly affecting the quality of life of patients.

The aim. Based on the results of questioning patients using special and general questionnaires and using special methods for studying the closing function of the cardia, to evaluate the quality of life of patients with stages 2–4 of AC after video-laparoscopic esophagocardiomyotomy according to Heller with anterior hemiasophagofundoplication according to Dor.

Materials and methods. The basis of the work was the analysis of the results of esophagocardiomyotomy according to Heller with anterior hemiesophagofundoplication according to Dor in 106 patients with stages 2–4 of AC. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 2 ± 0.4 years. In the pre- and postoperative periods, the results of fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach, manometry of the esophagus and the esophageal-gastric junction were studied, and three questionnaires were used (Eckhardt scale, GIQLI questionnaire and SF-36).

Results. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the clinical manifestations of the disease in the postoperative period decreased in all patients with stages 2–4 of AC, the results in patients with stage 2 were better than in patients with stages 3 and 4 (p < 0.05). The results of fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach, manometry of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction showed improvement in the postoperative period in patients at all stages of the disease, the results of patients with stage 4 were worse compared with stages 2 and 3 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion. Videoendoscopic esophagomyotomy according to Heller with anterior fundoplication according to Dor significantly reduces the severity of clinical manifestations of AC and improves the quality of life in patients with stages 2–4 of AC, as a result of which surgery should be recommended to patients already at stage 2 and organ-preserving surgery at stage 4 of the disease.
The recurrences of cervical cancer: Possibilities of molecular prediction
Authors: Ashrafyan L. A. , Belokrinitskaya T. E. , Sholokhov L. F. , Kayukova E. V. , Mudrov V. A.
Published: May 2022

The incidence of recurrence of cervical cancer ranges from 10 to 40 %. The 5-year survival rate for patients with recurrent cervical cancer is about 5–15 % against the background of current drug therapy. Clinical and morphological characteristics of the tumor process are known, which are used as markers of an unfavorable prognosis for the development of cervical cancer recurrence. The search for molecular prognostic markers of the course of cervical cancer continues.

The aim. To determine the level of immune cycle proteins in patients with cervical cancer 0–IV stages, depending on the occurrence of a relapse of the disease.

Materials and research methods. A retrospective analysis of previously obtained results of a study on the local level of immune cycle proteins in patients with cervical cancer was performed. Three years after follow-up, 2 groups were formed: group 1 – patients treated for cervical cancer without signs of disease progression (n = 83); group 2 – patients with cervical cancer with local or systemic recurrence (n = 18). Used statistical methods: non-parametric methods of statistics using the Kruskal – Wallis test; ROC-analysis for significant values in order to calculate threshold values; determination of the quality of the identified predictive markers by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy.

Results. Local initial threshold values have a predictive value for predicting the occurrence of cervical cancer recurrence: B7.2 < 10.7 pg/ml (Se = 0.87; Sp = 0.73; Ac = 0.76; AUC = 0.78), PD-L1 ≤ 5.1 pg/ml (Se = 0.87; Sp = 0.68; Ac = 0.71; AUC = 0.76), sCD27 ≥ 32.0 pg/ml (Se = 0.75; Sp = 0.78; Ac = 0.78; AUC = 0.75).

Conclusion. Determination of local levels of B7.2, PD-L1, sCD27 in patients with cervical cancer before treatment can be used to predict the development of disease recurrence during 3 years of follow-up.
Comparison of quality of life in patients with primary postoperative and autoimmune hypothyreosis
Authors: Styazhkina S. N. , Chernyadeva E. V. , Chernyshova Т. E. , Surnina O. V. , Kolbina T. V. , Nabiullina Z. R. , Varlamova M. A.
Published: May 2022

Background. Achieving a high level of quality of life is one of the priorities in the treatment of chronic diseases. Focusing on the quality of life, it is possible to optimally adjust the treatment plan for patients, influencing the link that suffers most in this pathology. Hypothyroidism is mainly formed as a result of surgery on the thyroid gland, or autoimmune thyroiditis, and at the same time is one of the most common endocrine diseases, is of great social importance due to the potentially adverse effect on most organs and systems, resulting in a decrease in quality of life.

The aim. To analyze the impact of primary hypothyroidism (postoperative hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis) on the quality of life of patients.

Materials and methods. During the study, a clinical, laboratory and psychological study of 78 women with uncompensated primary hypothyroidism was carried out: 40 women aged 32–76 years with postoperative hypothyroidism (main group) and 38 women aged 36–60 years with autoimmune thyroiditis (comparison group). The quality of life was judged by the indicators of the MOS SF-36 questionnaire.

Conclusion. In the examined patients with primary hypothyroidism, an association between an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in all indicators of the quality of life was revealed. First, indicators of physical functioning, general health, role and emotional functioning worsened. The dependence of indicators on the MOS SF-36 scales with the age of patients, the duration of hypothyroidism, and the level of TSH was revealed. The quality of life in patients with postoperative hypothyroidism was significantly reduced compared to patients who had hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis.
Research of the social environment in terms of human dimensions
Authors: Goltsova E. V.
Published: May 2022

The article is devoted to one of the topical problems of modern science – the problem of correlating a person with his environment. This problem is considered by the scientific community from different angles, depending on the components of the environment. It is generally accepted that the ecological aspects of the study of this interaction lie in the field of biology, chemistry and physiology, and the social sciences remain outside the subject. Man, as a bio-psycho-social being, cannot but interact with the components of the social environment. The article substantiates the methodology for studying the state of the social environment, aimed at optimizing the socio-ecological interaction in the system “man – social environment”. This approach makes it possible to assess the factors of the social environment in terms of the human dimension. The study of the influence of factors of the social environment on the demographic behavior of a person is important for optimizing the socio-ecological interaction in the “man – social environment” system. The article discusses the conditions for the action of an organized personality in a favorable and unfavorable social environment, the direct and indirect influence of environmental factors on a person’s demographic attitudes. Social and intrapersonal interaction in a human-sized and non-human-sized social environment takes various forms and methods, since it depends on the conditions of the individual’s action, including norms and values in the immediate environment of society as a whole. Factors of the social environment that have both direct and indirect effects on the demographic behavior of a person can be used as criteria for assessing the human dimension of the social environment. In conclusion, it is said about the significance of the results obtained for the development of ways of greening the social environment and its harmonization in relation to a person.
OPERATOR KANTOROVICH PADA RUANG MORREY DIPERUMUM
Authors: Arsana Mu’afa Purwa , Hakim Denny Ivanal
Published: May 2022

Pada makalah ini, kami mengkaji operator Kantorovich pada ruang Morrey diperumum. Kami membahas bukti keterbatasan operator Kantorvich di ruang Morrey diperumum pada interval [0,1], kunci untuk membuktikan keterbatasan operator Kantorvich pada ruang Morrey diperumum adalah dengan menggunakan estimasi operator Kantorovich dengan operator maksimal Hardy-Littlewood. Keterbatasan operator Kantorovich pada ruang Morrey (klasik) telah dibuktikan sebelumnya oleh Burenkov, dkk. Kami juga membahas kekonvergenan operator Kantorovich di ruang Morrey diperumum pada interval [0,1] dan memperoleh laju kekonvergenan operator Kantorvich
PERLUASAN DEFINISI RATA-RATA VIA TEOREMA NILAI RATA-RATA
Authors: Idris Mochammad
Published: May 2022

Untuk n bilangan positif, kita dapat menghitung rata-ratanya dengan rata-rata aritmetik, rata-rata geometrik, dan rata-rata harmonik. Namun ada beberapa definisi nilai ratarata yang lain hanya untuk dua bilangan positif, dua yang disebutkan di sini adalah rata-rata logaritmik dan rata-rata identrik. Dalam paper ini, kita memperluas definisi rata-rata logaritmik dan rata-rata identrik untuk n bilangan positif via teorema nilai rata-rata
SUKU BANYAK BERNSTEIN DAN OPERATOR KANTOROVICH UNTUK BEBERAPA FUNGSI YANG TIDAK KONTINU
Authors: Gunadi Reinhart , Hakim Denny I.
Published: May 2022

Teorema hampiran Weierstrass menyatakan bahwa setiap fungsi kontinu pada [0, 1] dapat dihampiri secara seragam oleh barisan suku banyak, salah satunya barisan suku banyakBernstein. Akan tetapi, kekonvergenan suku banyak Bernstein tidak dapat ditentukan secara umum untuk fungsi yang tidak kontinu. Oleh karena itu, hampiran untuk fungsi-fungsi yangtidak kontinu memerlukan perumuman dari suku banyak Bernstein, misalnya operator Kantorovich. Salah satu kelebihan operator Kantorovich adalah bahwa barisan suku banyak yangdibentuk oleh operator ini konvergen dalam ruang L1([0, 1]) untuk sebarang fungsi yang terintegralkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memeriksa kekonvergenan barisan suku banyakBernstein dan operator Kantorovich untuk beberapa fungsi yang tidak kontinu seperti fungsi Dirichlet dan fungsi Thomae, khususnya kekonvergenan hampir di mana-mana dan dalamL1([0, 1]). Kedua mode kekonvergenan tersebut didemonstrasikan secara analitik dan numerik. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kekonvergenan barisan suku banyak Bernstein bergantung pada ketakkontinuan fungsi yang ditinjau. Fungsi yang tidak kontinu di mana-mana tidak konvergen dalam kedua mode kekonvergenan yang diperiksa, sementara fungsi yang kontinu hampir di mana-mana masih dapat konvergen. Di lain sisi, barisan suku banyak yang dibangun oleh operator Kantorovich senantiasa konvergen hampir di mana-mana dan dalam L1([0, 1]) untuk semua fungsi yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini .
DIMENSI METRIK LOKAL PADA GRAF FLOWER DAN GRAF GEAR KORONA GRAF LINTASAN
Authors: Ashim Salma Fauziyah , Kusmayadi Tri Atmojo , Martini Titin Sri
Published: May 2022

Misal G merupakan graf terhubung dan sederhana dengan V (G) merupakan himpunan titik. Jarak dari dua titik u dan v pada graf G merupakan panjang lintasan terpendek diantara titik u dan titik v yang dinotasikan d(u, v). Himpunan W ⊂ V (G) dan v ∈ V (G). Jika W = {w1, w2, w3, ..., wn} maka representasi dari titik v terhadap W adalah n-pasang terurut, yaitu r(v|W ) = (d(v, w1), d(v, w2), d(v, w3), ..., d(v, wn)). Suatu himpunan W disebut sebagai himpunan pembeda lokal jika r(u|W ) ̸= r(v|W ) untuk setiap pasang titik u dan v yang saling bertetangga pada graf G. Jumlah anggota minimum dari himpunan pembeda lokal disebut basis metrik lokal dari graf G dan banyaknya anggota pada basis disebut dimensi metrik lokal dari graf G yang dinotasikan diml(G). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mampu menentukan dimensi metrik lokal pada graf flower d an g raf g ear k orona g raf l intasan. Diperoleh hasil penelitian bahwa dimensi metrik lokal pada graf flower yaitu diml(F l n) = 3 untuk n = 3, diml(F ln) = n − 2 untuk n ≥ 4. Sementara itu, dimensi metrik lokal pada graf gear korona graf lintasan yaitu diml(Gm ⊙ Pn) = 1 untuk m ≥ 3 dan n = 1, diml(Gm ⊙ Pn) = 2m + 1 untuk m ≥ 3 dan 2 ≤ n ≤ 5, diml(Gm ⊙ Pn) = (2m + 1)⌊n+2 ⌋ untuk m ≥ 3 dan n ≥ 6.
PEWARNAAN SIMPUL r-DINAMIS PADA GRAF TERATAI T_n
Authors: Fierera Audi , Sugeng Kiki A
Published: May 2022

G=(V,E) merupakan pasangan dari himpunan V tak kosong dan berhingga yang dinamakan sebagai himpunan simpul dan himpunan E yang seluruh elemennya merupakan subhimpunan dari dua elemen dari V atau bisa disebut juga dengan busur. Pewarnaan dinamis didefinisikan sebagai pewarnaan tepat sedemikian sehingga untuk setiap simpul berderajat minimal dua mempunyai lebih dari satu warna yang berbeda pada setiap simpul-simpul tetangga. Pewarnaan r-dinamis merupakan bentuk perumuman dari pewarnaan dinamis. Misalkan r merupakan bilangan bulat positif. Pewarnaan r-dinamis dengan k-warna pada suatu graf G adalah pewarnaan tepat simpul dengan k-warna pada graf G sedemikian sehingga untuk setiap simpul v maka himpunan tetangganya akan menggunakan warna setidaknya min⁡{r,deg⁡(v)}. nilai minimal k untuk graf G pada pewarnaan r-dinamis dengan k-warna disebut dengan bilangan kromatik r-dinamis pada graf G, dan dapat dinotasikan dengan χ_r (G). Graf teratai T_n merupakan hasil dari operasi korona antara graf lengkap K_1 dengan graf bintang S_n (K_1⊙S_n) yang kemudian n-1 simpul pada graf bintang digantikan menjadi n-1 simpul baru dan terhubung pada simpul pusat pada graf bintang. Sehingga, graf teratai akan memiliki 2n+2 simpul dan 2n+1 busur. Dari hasil konstruksi dengan menggunakan definisi pewarnaan r-dinamis pada graf teratai T_n, diperoleh bilangan kromatik graf teratai T_n adalah χ_r (T_n )=3, untuk r=1 dan 2, serta χ_r (T_n )=min⁡(r,2n+1)+1 untuk r≥3
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA DENGAN PEMBELAJARAN MODEL BRAIN BASEDLEARNING BERBASIS LEARNING MANANGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Mumtaz N R , Asikin M
Published: May 2022

Saat ini hampir semua sekolah di Kota Semarang masih ditutup karena angka penyebaran virus Covid-19 masih sangat tinggi, sehingga pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan masih secara daring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa sebagai akibat dari penggunaan pembelajaran model Brain Based Learning berbasis Learning Management Sys-tem pada kelas eksperimen, dan Pembelajaran Daring Konvensional pada kelas kontrol. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 30 Semarang tahun ajaran 2020/2021. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian metode posttest only control design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) kualitas pembelajaran matematika dengan pembelajaran menggunakan model Brain Based Learning berbasis Learning Management System yang berfokus pada kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis berkriteria sangat baik. (2) pada kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Brain Based Learning berbasis Learning Management System lebih baik daripada kelas kontrol yang menggunakan model pembelajaran daring konvensional. (3) pada kelas eksperimen terdapat 8 siswa yang berkriteria kemampuan pemecahan matematis tinggi, 19 siswa memiliki kemam-puan pemecahan masalah matematis sedang dan 3 siswa memiliki kemampuan pemecahan masalah ma-tematis rendah, (4) sedangkan untuk kelas kontrol terdapat 4 siswa yang memeiliki kemampuan pemecahan matematis tinggi, 19 siswa memiliki kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis sedang dan 7 siswa memiliki kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis rendah. Dari kesimpulan diatas bahwa kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran menggunakan model Brain Based Learning berbasis Learning Management System lebih baik dari kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis yang menggunakan pembelajaran daring konvensional.
TERAPAN FUNGSI SIGMOID UNTUK MENENTUKAN NILAI MAKSIMAL KOEFISIEN GAYA ANGKAT DAN SUDUT STALL PADA KURVA LINEAR CL TERHADAP α
Authors: Septiyana Angga , W Singgih Satrio , P Fuad Surastyo , Wardana Try Kusuma , Rizaldi Ardian , Atmasari Novita , Jayanti Eries Bagita , P Prasetyo Ardi
Published: May 2022

Karya tulis ilmiah ini membahas tentang terapan fungsi sigmoid untuk menentukan nilai maksimal gaya angkat dan sudut stall pada pesawat berdasarkan hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak XFLR5.Nilai maksimal gaya angkat dan sudut stall pada sebuahpesawatmerupakankomponenyangharusdiketahuiagarpesawattidakmengalamistall. Dimana pada saat pesawat sudah mencapai sudut stall pesawat akan kehilangan gaya angkat dan menyebabkan pesawat jatuh. Perangkat lunak XFLR5 digunakan untuk mensimulasikan sertauntukmendapatkankurvakoefisiengayaangkat CLterhadapsudutserang α. Hasilsimulasi dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak XFLR5 menunjukkan grafik CL terhadap α bersifat linear yang artinya tidak dapat diketahui dimana koefisien gaya angkat maksimal dan sudut serang dimana pesawat mengalami stall. Hasil penelitian ini fungsi sigmoid ini dapat diterapkan untuk menentukan nilai maksimal koefisien gaya angkat dan sudut stall dari pesawat. Penelitian yang dilakukan dengan memilih nilai transition rate M sebesar 0.8 diperoleh hasilnilai koefisien gaya angkat maksimal 1.2648 dan sudut stall sebesar 13◦
KOREPRESENTASI KOALJABAR F [G]
Authors: Hijriati Na’imah , Wijayanti Indah Emilia
Published: May 2022

Abstrak. Diberikan grup berhingga G dan lapangan F . Aljabar grup F [G] merupakan suatu ring sekaligus merupakan ruang vektor atas F . Diketahui, jika ruang vektor V atas F merupakan modul atas aljabar grup F [G] maka selalu dapat dikonstruksi suatu representasi ring F [G] terhadap V , yakni suatu homomorfisma ring dari F [G] ke ring semua tranformasi linear pada V . Lebih lanjut, diketahui juga F [G] dan ring semua transformasi linear pada V merupakan koaljabar atas F . Berdasarkan hal ini, jika suatu ruang vektor atas F merupakan komodul atas F [G] maka muncul permasalahan apakah dapat dikonstruksi suatu homomorfisma koaljabar dari F [G] ke koajabar semua transformasi linear pada ruang vektor tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pada tulisan ini akan diberikan pengkonstruksian homomorfisma koajabar F [G] terhadap suatu ruang vektor atas F . Selanjutnya, homomorfisma koaljabar F [G] disebut korepresentasi koaljabar F [G] terhadap suatu ruang vektor atas F .
TINJAUAN KEPUTUSAN HIPOTESA FUZZY BERBASIS P-VALUE FUZZY (STUDI KASUS DATA COVID-19 DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT)
Authors: Wahidaturrahmi Wahidaturrahmi
Published: May 2022

Riset ini membahas aplikasi teori fuzzy dalam bidang statistik yakni hipotesa yang memiliki pernyataan fuzzy. Statistik uji yang digunakan untuk menaganalisa data adalah pvalue fuzzy yang dibandingkan dengan tingkat signifikansi fuzzy. Aplikasi data diterapkan pada data covid-19 di Nusa tenggara Barat. Kesimpulan dari uji hipotesa fuzzy memberikan keputusan yang lebih rasional daripada uji hipotesa klasik. Jika hipotesa nol fuzzy tidak berlaku pada data sampel, maka hipotesa nol fuzzy ditolak sampai derajat tertentu;
HUBUNGAN SIFAT BERSIH PADA RING, MODUL, KOMODUL DAN KOALJABAR
Authors: Puspita Nikken Prima , Wijayanti Indah Emilia , Surodjo Budi
Published: May 2022

Diberikan ring komutatif R dengan elemen satuan. Ring R disebut bersih jika setiap elemennya dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlahan elemen unit dan idempoten. Sebuah R-modul M disebut modul bersih jika ring endomorfisma dari M adalah ring bersih. Misalkan C adalah R-koaljabar yang bersifat koasosiatif dan kounital. Sebuah C-komodul M dikatakan bersih jika ring endomorfisma dari C-komodul M adalah ring bersih. Oleh karena setiap koaljabar merupakan komodul atas dirinya sendiri, koaljabar bersih didefinisikan sebagai kejadian khusus dari komodul bersih. Pada paper ini akan dilihat keterkaitan sifat bersih pada struktur ring, modul, koaljabar dan komodul.
ANALISIS PENGARUH STRUKTUR KONSUMSI AKHIR RUMAH TANGGA BERDASARKAN KOMPONEN PENGELUARAN KABUPATEN BURU SELATAN PERIODE 2015 – 2019 DENGAN RAK
Authors: Putiray Nikita A , Tuhumury Dea M , Manuputty Angel M P
Published: May 2022

Pengeluaran konsumsi akhir rumah tangga (PKRT) adalah pengeluaran atasbarang dan jasa oleh rumah tangga untuk tujuan konsumsi. Jenis-jenis barang dan jasa yangdikonsumsi diklasifikasikan menurut COICOP (Classifications of Individual Consumption byPurpose) seperti yang direkomendasikan oleh UN (United Nations) yaitu: 1. Makanan,Minuman, dan Rokok; 2. Pakaian dan Alas Kaki; 3. Perumahan, Perkakas, Perlengkapan danPenyelenggaraan Rumah Tangga 4. Kesehatan dan Pendidikan 5. Transportasi, Komunikasi,Rekreasi, dan Budaya 6. Hotel dan Restoran. Data yang digunakan menggunakan dataStruktur Penggunaan Konsumsi Akhir Rumah Tangga pada Kabupaten Buru Selatan tahun2015-2019. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap(RAKL) untuk melihat pengaruh komponen pengeluaran terhadap nilai konsumsi akhir rumahtangga. Proses analisis dilakukan menggunaka software SPSS dengan nilai konsumsi akhirrumah tangga sebagai variabelnya. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa dengan asumsi bahwa terdapatperbedaan pengaruh pada pergerakan nilai konsumsi akhir rumah tangga.