bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effective Outcome for Treating Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wilby Martin J. , Sharp Melanie , Whitfield Peter C. , Hutchinson Peter J. , Menon David K. , Kirkpatrick Peter J.
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

The goal of this study was to prospectively assess outcome and cost for poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients presenting to a regional neurosurgical center (Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK) between 1994 and 2001. Outcome measures were clinical outcome at 6 months, number needed to treat (NNT) for favorable outcomes, and cost analysis.

Methods—

Poor-grade patients (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades 4 and 5) were transferred to the neurocritical care unit after intubation and ventilation. After resuscitation and drainage of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid for 24 hours, sedation was stopped, and patients were assessed clinically. Patients with a Glasgow Motor Score (GMS) ≥4 underwent angiography and surgical treatment of culprit aneurysms. Patients with a subsequent GMS of 6 were not deemed poor grade and were discounted from the study.

Results—

We deemed 166 ventilated patients genuinely poor grade (mean age, 53.4 years; 94 women [56.6%]). Of these, 88 patients (4<GMS<6; 53%) progressed to angiography and possible definitive treatment. Seventy-five patients had an identifiable aneurysm, but only 64 survived for treatment. Operative mortality was 31.3%, and of the 44 survivors, 22 (34.4% of operated patients) achieved a favorable outcome. Favorable outcomes were more frequently seen in women than men (21.3% versus 6.9%) but were unrelated to patient age. The NNT for 1 favorable outcome was 7 (male NNT, 15; female NNT, 5) at a cost of £84 336 per favorable outcome (female, £60 240; male, £180 720).

Conclusions—

Poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with a high mortality but a significant subset of patients can achieve favorable outcomes.
Diabetic Patients Have an Impaired Cerebral Vasodilatory Response to Hypercapnia Under Propofol Anesthesia
Authors: Kadoi Yuji , Hinohara Hiroshi , Kunimoto Fumio , Saito Shigeru , Ide Masanobu , Hiraoka Haruhiko , Kawahara Fuminori , Goto Fumio
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus and its severity on the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia.

Methods—

Thirty diabetic patients consecutively scheduled for elective major surgery were studied. After induction of anesthesia, a 2.5-MHz pulsed transcranial Doppler probe was attached to the patient’s head at the right temporal window, and mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (Vmca) was measured continuously. After the baseline Vmca, arterial blood gases, and cardiovascular hemodynamic values were measured, end-tidal CO
2
was increased by reducing ventilatory frequency by 2 to 5 breaths per minute. Measurements were repeated when end-tidal CO
2
increased and remained stable for 5 to 10 minutes.

Results—

Significant differences were observed in absolute and relative CO
2
reactivity between the diabetes and control groups (absolute CO
2
reactivity: control, 2.8±0.7; diabetes mellitus, 2.1±1.3;
P
<0.01; relative CO
2
reactivity: control, 6.3±1.4; diabetes mellitus, 4.5±2.7;
P
<0.01, Mann-Whitney
U
test). Significant differences were also found between diabetic patients with retinopathy and those without retinopathy in absolute (
P
=0.002) and relative (
P
=0.002) CO
2
reactivity, glycosylated hemoglobin (
P
=0.0034), and fasting blood sugar (
P
=0.01) (Scheffé’s test, Mann-Whitney
U
test). There was an inverse correlation between absolute CO
2
reactivity and glycosylated hemoglobin (
r
=0.69,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Insulin-dependent diabetic patients have an impaired vasodilatory response to hypercapnia compared with that of the control group, and the present findings suggest that their degree of impairment is related to the severity of diabetes mellitus.
Comparison Between Measures of Atherosclerosis and Risk of Stroke
Authors: Hollander M. , Hak A.E. , Koudstaal P.J. , Bots M.L. , Grobbee D.E. , Hofman A. , Witteman J.C.M. , Breteler M.M.B.
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

Several measures of atherosclerosis predict the risk of stroke. However, a comparison between various measures of atherosclerosis is lacking, and limited information exists on the added value of individual measures of atherosclerosis to cardiovascular risk factors. We compared different measures of atherosclerosis in relation to stroke.

Methods—

The study was based on the prospective cohort of the Rotterdam Study and included 6913 participants who did not suffer from previous stroke. At baseline, carotid intima-media thickness and plaques, ankle-arm index, and aortic calcifications were assessed; 3996 participants (53%) had measures of all studied markers of atherosclerosis. After a mean follow-up of 6.1 years, 378 strokes occurred. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional-hazards regression and Akaike information criteria scores.

Results—

Carotid intima-media thickness and aortic calcifications were related most strongly to the risk of stroke (relative risk, 2.23 and 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.48 to 3.36 and 1.28 to 2.80 for highest versus lowest tertile, respectively). The relations between intima-media thickness, aortic calcifications, and carotid plaques and stroke remained after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Intima-media thickness and aortic calcifications were related to the risk of stroke independently of each other. The relation between ankle-arm index and stroke disappeared after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusions—

Carotid intima-media thickness and aortic calcifications are stronger predictors of incident stroke than carotid plaque or ankle-arm indexes. They have additional value to each other and to classic risk factors and may reflect different processes.
Effects of a Perindopril-Based Blood Pressure–Lowering Regimen on Disability and Dependency in 6105 Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors:   PROGRESS
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

We sought to quantify the effects of blood pressure lowering on long-term disability and dependency among patients with cerebrovascular disease.

Methods—

We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 6105 participants with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack in the past 5 years were recruited from 172 hospital outpatient clinics in 10 countries. Subjects were randomly assigned to the following groups: active treatment (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril [4 mg/d] for all patients, with the diuretic indapamide added at the discretion of treating physicians) or matching placebo(s). Measurements were disability (defined as a Barthel Index score ≤99/100) and dependency (a positive response to the following question: “In the last 2 weeks has the patient required regular help with everyday activities?”).

Results—

The median duration of follow-up was 4 years. At the last available assessment, 19% of the active treatment group and 22% of the placebo group were disabled (adjusted odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.89;
P
<0.001). Twelve percent of the active treatment group and 14% of the placebo group were dependent (adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.99;
P
=0.04). The effects of treatment appeared to be mediated primarily through the prevention of disability and dependency associated with recurrent stroke. Four-year treatment with the study drug regimen would be expected to result in the avoidance of 1 case of long-term disability for every 30 (95% CI, 19 to 79) patients.

Conclusions—

Among individuals with cerebrovascular disease, a perindopril-based blood pressure–lowering regimen not only reduced the risk of stroke and major vascular events but also substantially reduced the risks of associated long-term disability and dependency.
A Simple and Stable Numerical Solution for the Population Density Equation
Authors: Kamps M. de
Published: September 2003

A population density description of large populations of neurons has generated considerable interest recently. The evolution in time of the population density is determined by a partial differential equation (PDE). Most of the algorithms proposed to solve this PDE have used finite difference schemes. Here, I use the method of characteristics to reduce the PDE to a set of ordinary differential equations, which are easy to solve. The method is applied to leaky-integrate-and-fire neurons and produces an algorithm that is efficient and yields a stable and manifestly nonnegative density. Contrary to algorithms based directly on finite difference schemes, this algorithm is insensitive to large density gradients, which may occur during evolution of the density.
Synchrony of Fast-Spiking Interneurons Interconnected by GABAergic and Electrical Synapses
Authors: Nomura Masaki , Fukai Tomoki , Aoyagi Toshio
Published: September 2003

Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons have specific types (Kv3.1/3.2 type) of the delayed potassium channel, which differ from the conventional Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) type potassium channel (Kv1.3 type) in several aspects. In this study, we show dramatic effects of the Kv3.1/3.2 potassium channel on the synchronization of the FS interneurons. We show analytically that two identical electrically coupled FS interneurons modeled with Kv3.1/3.2 channel fire synchronously at arbitrary firing frequencies, unlike similarly coupled FS neurons modeled with Kv1.3 channel that show frequency-dependent synchronous and antisynchronous firing states. Introducing GABA A receptor-mediated synaptic connections into an FS neuron pair tends to induce an antisynchronous firing state, even if the chemical synapses are bidirectional. Accordingly, an FS neuron pair connected simultaneously by electrical and chemical synapses achieves both synchronous firing state and antisynchronous firing state in a physiologically plausible range of the conductance ratio between electrical and chemical synapses. Moreover, we find that a large-scale network of FS interneurons connected by gap junctions and bidirectional GABAergic synapses shows similar bistability in the range of gamma frequencies (30–70 Hz).
Activation Functions Defined on Higher-Dimensional Spaces for Approximation on Compact Sets with and without Scaling
Authors: Ito Yoshifusa
Published: September 2003

Let g be a slowly increasing function of locally bounded variation defined on Rc, 1 ≤c≤d. We investigate when g can be an activation function of the hidden-layer units of three-layer neural networks that approximate continuous functions on compact sets. If the support of the Fourier transform of g includes a converging sequence of points with distinct distances from the origin, it can be an activation function without scaling. If and only if the support of its Fourier transform includes a point other than the origin, it can be an activation function with scaling. We also look for a condition on which an activation function can be used for approximation without rotation. Any nonpolynomial functions can be activation functions with scaling, and many familiar functions, such as sigmoid functions and radial basis functions, can be activation functions without scaling. With or without scaling, some of them defined on Rd can be used without rotation even if they are not spherically symmetric.
Ethical Decision Making in Times of Organizational Crisis
Authors: Christensen Sandra L. , Kohls John
Published: September 2003

The article describes a framework that identifies event, organizational, and individual factors that threaten ethical decision making in organizations facing discrete crises or in an ongoing crisis environment. Nine propositions are stated that predict threats to ethical decision making during crisis. A comparison between predictions from our model and from Jones's (1991) model is made. Suggestions for research to test and refine the framework are proposed.
Why do Employees Steal?
Authors: Weber James , Kurke Lance B. , Pentico David W.
Published: September 2003

In a rare opportunity, the authors gathered data from two matched health care providers managed by an insurance company where auditors had discovered theft by employees in one of the matched organizations. Data were gathered about the organizations' ethical work climates (EWCs). Analysis revealed statistically significant differences in EWCs across the two organizations. As predicted, the organization with the morally preferred EWCs did not have theft. Both macro- and micro-organizational influences are explored to explain these differences, along with implications for practitioners and academic research. This is the first study to suggest that a priori EWCs can be useful in predicting observable behavior.
Understanding and Advancing the Concept of `Nonmarket'
Authors: Boddewyn Jean J.
Published: September 2003

The term nonmarket is increasingly applied to environments, institutions, organizations, and exchanges that are also labeled as noneconomic and social. Why has this new term been coined and widely adopted, and what are its distinct denotations? The author traces the development of this concept through four perspectives on nonmarket, which are integrated into an overarching definition, after relating them to major theories and pointing to major research challenges. The constituting and correcting of markets, firms, and noneconomic institutions are the central concerns of nonmarket studies that bear on all organizing projects.
Safe Passages
Authors: DeWert Marjorie Helsel , Babinski Leslie M. , Jones Brett D.
Published: September 2003

In this article, the authors describe the design, implementation, and outcomes of an online support community for beginning teachers, called the Lighthouse project. The goal was to investigate the use of online collaborative consultation in providing social, emotional, practical, and professional support to beginning teachers. Group members included 12 first-year teachers, 4experienced teachers, and 8 teacher education faculty members. Types of issues discussed and the impact of the support community on beginning teachers were examined using three data sources: messages generated by participants, follow-up phone interviews, and an online survey. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated online discussions provided teachers with the opportunity to clarify their thinking about complex educational issues and make more informed decisions about their professional practice. In addition, the project provided beginning teachers with increased emotional support, decreased feelings of isolation, increased confidence, more enthusiasm for work, increased reflection, ability to adopt a more critical perspective, and improved problem-solving skills.
Scaffolding Critical Reflection in Online Discussions
Authors: Whipp Joan L.
Published: September 2003

A teacher educator uses the methodology of a design experiment to compare patterns and levels of reflection in two semesters of her students” e-mail discussions about field experiences in urban schools. Analysis of discussion transcripts during the earlier semester revealed that higher levels of reflection were rare. With a number of changes in both the design and level of support for the discussions, students during the second semester were more inclined to write at higher levels of reflection. Important scaffolds for higher levels of reflection seemed to be tailored and general questioning from the instructor and peers, critical readings on problematic issues and inequities in urban schools, and certain online discussion threads where students were jointly analyzing sociopolitical and moral aspects of critical incidents in the field. In light of this study, suggestions are offered for future use of electronic exchanges in teacher education courses and programs.
Promoting School-Centered Professional Development through Teaching Portfolios
Authors: Xu Jianzhong
Published: September 2003

This article presents a case study in which teaching portfolios evolved as a mechanism to promote school-centered professional development in an urban elementary school. Data were primarily derived from open-ended interviews with the principal, staff developer, and teachers, complemented by other relevant documentation. This study examines the impact of the portfolio project on professional learning and professional collaboration. The data reveal that a wide range of conditions contributed to professional learning and collaboration through teaching portfolios. These conditions can be categorized into three groups: (a)conditions supporting both professional learning and professional collaboration in general, (b) conditions more specifically supporting professional learning, and (c) conditions more specifically supporting professional collaboration. The article discusses both methodology and results in the context of recent theoretical frameworks. In addition, it suggests directions for future research, theory, and practice related to school-centered professional development for teachers.
Why Improving Preservice Teacher Educational Technology Preparation Must go beyond the College's Walls
Authors: Dexter Sara , Riedel Eric
Published: September 2003

To prepare new teachers to use technology within their programs of preparation, schools, colleges, and departments of education (SCDEs) can develop and require coursework in which students learn how to operate and teach with technology and set expectations that students demonstrate their integration abilities during student teaching. This survey of student teachers found that setting these expectations for designing and delivering instruction using technology was effective in getting student teachers to use technology during clinical experiences. However, additional factors beyond the control of SCDEs were equally important, such as the level of access to technology and the support of and feedback from cooperating teachers at the student teaching site. The authors discuss the implications these factors hold for SCDE's extending efforts “beyond their walls” to prepare new teachers to use technology.
Toward a Theory of Negativity
Authors: Robertson Heather-Jane
Published: September 2003

Teachers are vulnerable to the technopositivist ideology that perpetuates a naive faith in the “promises” of technology. Most teachers have been denied opportunities to explore the motives, power, rewards, and sanctions associated with the unscrupulous marketing of information and communications technology (ICT) and tend to be uninformed about the research that has failed to find a positive relationship between ICT use and student achievement. They remain unaware of the efforts to disguise how devotion to technology necessarily entails retrofitting the purposes and practices of education. This article examines technopositivism as a marketed ideology and follows the marketing strategies that appropriate and redefine educational goals and problems. It explores the alleged link between constructivism and technology and considers how teacher education and standard-setting bodies perpetuate this contestable association. Finally, the article suggests some deliberately critical questions that can be legitimated only if posed by teacher educators.
Examining Teacher Technology Use
Authors: Russell Michael , Bebell Damian , O'Dwyer Laura , O'Connor Kathleen
Published: September 2003

As access to computer-based technology in schools and classrooms increases, greater emphasis has been placed on preparing teachers to use technology for instructional purposes. Survey data collected from 2,894 teachers in 22 Massachusetts districts were analyzed to examine the extent to which technology is used in and out of the classroom for instructional purposes. In addition to defining six specific categories of instructional use of technology, this study provides evidence that teachers generally use technology more for preparation and communication than for delivering instruction or assigning learning activities that require the use of technology. Important differences, however, were found among teachers who were new to the field compared with their more experienced colleagues. Although new teachers reported higher levels of comfort with technology and use it more for preparation, more experienced teachers report using technology more often in the classroom when delivering instruction or having students engage in learning activities.
Conservatism, Dogmatism, and Authoritarianism in British Police Officers
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Gorman L. Paul
Published: September 2003

The Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory, Eysenck's Social and Political Attitude Inventory, Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, and the Lee-Warr Balanced F Scale were administered to 48 recruit police constables at the beginning and end of their basic training, 36 probationer constables with an average of 20 months' police experience, and 30 control subjects matched with the police groups in socioeconomic status. All subjects also gave open-ended responses to questions on controversial issues. Compared with control subjects, the recruits' and probationers' scores were significantly more conservative and authoritarian, and the probationers' open-ended responses on the death penalty and coloured immigration were rated significantly more illiberal/intolerant. The probationers' responses on coloured immigration were also rated significantly more illiberal/intolerant than those of the recruits. Among the recruits, basic training was followed by a reduction in conservatism and authoritarianism. The findings suggest that the police force attracts conservative and authoritarian personalities, that basic training has a temporarily liberalizing effect, and that continued police service results in increasingly illiberal/intolerant attitudes towards coloured immigration.
Secondary Analysis and the Relationship between Official and Academic Social Research
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: September 2003

This article outlines three connected trends over the past fifteen years in British social research: the establishment of a national data archive; the development of continuous and regular multi-purpose social surveys in government; and the emergence of secondary analysis as a distinctive new trend in social research. The combination of these three trends has led to an increase in academic research based on the secondary analysis of government surveys, most of it complementary to the uses made of these data inside government. Most recently collaborative research involving both research sectors has begun to emerge. These developments have helped to break down the boundaries between sociology and other social science disciplines, and also provide an avenue for a fruitful dialogue between professional social scientists in government and academic social scientists.
Models of Social Space: A Study of a Statistical Coup
Authors: Whittaker John
Published: September 2003

The development of the concept of social space, from its use by Sorokin in his analysis of social mobility to present work on the judgment and evaluation of occupations, is described as an example of the substitution of statistical refinement for sociological understanding. It is argued that potentially valuable sociological approaches have been displaced by the methods which have been chosen, and suggestions are made as to how the concept might be sociologically rehabilitated.
Accounting for Error: How Scientists Construct their Social World when they Account for Correct and Incorrect Belief
Authors: Mulkay Michael , Gilbert G. Nigel
Published: September 2003

There is an asymmetry in the procedures used by natural scientists to account for `correct belief' and for `error'. Correct belief is treated as the normal state of affairs, as deriving unproblematically from experimental evidence, and as requiring no special explanation. Errors are seen as something to be explained away, as due to the intrusion of non-scientific influences. An elaborate repertoire of interpretative resources is employed in accounting for error. Asymmetrical accounting for error and for correct belief is a social device which reinforces the traditional conception of scientific rationality and which makes the community of scientists appear as the kind of community we, and they, recognize as scientific.

These conclusions are based on a detailed analysis of interviews with researchers in an area of biochemistry.
Pierre Bourdieu and the Reproduction of Determinism
Authors: Jenkins Richard
Published: September 2003

This paper is an attempt to critically examine the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu. His theoretical model is rooted in the attempt to dialectically transcend the opposition between objectivism and subjectivism. However, since his scheme remains essentially deterministic and circular - objective structures produce culture, which determines practice, which reproduces those objective structures-this project necessarily fails. The effect of Bourdieu's work on certain works in the English cultural studies genre is briefly discussed and Halsey's recent empirical critique of Bourdieu is itself criticized.
Social Closure in Class Analysis: A Critique of Parkin
Authors: Barbalet J. M.
Published: September 2003

Sociological traditions engender not theoretical uniformity but diversity. This is clearly evident in neo-Weberian statements of class formation and relations. Frank Parkin's development of the social closure notion in class analysis provides an implicit critique of Giddens' account of mobility closure in class structuration. The model of class contained in Parkins's elaboration of the concept of social closure posits a direct relation between class formation and social power relations, provides an account of exploitation in class relations, explains intra-class divisions through the concepts used in understanding inter-class divisions, and contains a unified statement of communal and class divisions. In each of these endeavours to contribute to our understanding of class relations, Parkin's formulations are found wanting.
Trade Unions, Industrial Democracy and Collective Bargaining
Authors: Ogden S. G.
Published: September 2003

The demands presented by Trade Unions for Industrial Democracy remain, despite the lack of success in their realization, an important departure from the traditional bargaining objectives they have pursued in the post-war period. The significance of these demands lie in the fact that they explicitly focus on issues of control, particularly with regard to areas of strategic corporate decision making previously excluded from Trade Union influence. The main purpose of the paper is to consider how far the pursuit of these demands is capable of realizing any significant transfer of control to workers over the enterprises they work in. In doing so the paper considers definitions of industrial democracy, competing formulations offered by those concerned with exploring the functional contribution Industrial Democracy can make to Management purposes, and the objectives Trade Unions seek to achieve through industrial democracy. It is argued that the form of Industrial Democracy through which Trade Unions seek to secure their objectives is of key importance. Two main alternatives, that of worker directors and extending collective bargaining are considered in some detail, and the paper concludes that extending collective bargaining is likely to be more advantageous to Trade Unions both in terms of improving their bargaining power against management, and in their attempts to secure Industrial Democracy.
Organizing for Innovation: Beyond Burns and Stalker's Organic Type
Authors: Hull Frank , Hage Jerald
Published: September 2003

This paper investigates the extent to which characteristics of the organic model of organization are correlated with innovation rates in a sample of 110 American factories. The more organic rather than mechanical the socio-technical structure of the organization, the higher the innovation rate. However, the organic design rules work best in a small-scale, high technology niche. This result transcends Burns and Stalker by suggesting that there is more than one best way to organize for innovation. Some of the problems of organizing for innovation in large-scale, high technology environments are explored at the conclusion of the paper.
Labour and Discipline in Scottish and English Prisons: Moral Correction, Punishment and Useful Toil
Authors: Dobash Russell P.
Published: September 2003

This paper is an analysis of the changing nature of labour and discipline in Scottish and English institutions of confinement from the 16th through the 19th centuries. The analytical framework employed includes a consideration of material, social and ideological forces and is allied to the theoretical perspectives of Marx, Rusche and especially Foucault. The historical evidence presented demonstrates the significance of the demands of capital, Protestant ideology, and the ideals and efforts of penal reformers both in the creation and development of penal institutions and in the shaping of the diverse forms of labour and discipline within them.
On the Demise of Oligarchic Parliamentarism in the Semi-Periphery: A Balkan-Latin American Comparison
Authors: Mouzelis Nicos
Published: September 2003

This paper focuses on peripheral capitalist societies which (a) acquired their political independence relatively early and had already in the 19th century adopted parliamentary forms of political representation; (b) experienced a considerable degree of capitalist industrialization during the inter-war and post-war periods.

A fundamental dimension for understanding the structure and functioning of political institutions in the above societies has to do, not only with the mode of expansion and structure of industrial capitalism but also with its timing: with the fact that in all these formations the transition from oligarchic to broader forms of political representation precedes rather than follows their industrialization.

Three distinct forms of transition are identified: urban populism from above (the Latin American Southern Cone pattern), peasant populism from below (the pattern in interwar Northern Balkan societies) and political inclusion through a transformation of clientelistic networks (the Greek pattern).
Concepts of Health: An Analysis of Lay Logic
Authors: Williams Rory
Published: September 2003

There is increasing interest in the concepts through which lay people identify states of health - in their cultural origins and in their connection with preventive or remedial behaviour. A study of the concepts used by elderly Aberdonians is reported, exploiting two data sources: an intensive study of two social networks, and a random sample survey.

Concepts of health as the relative absence of disease are distinguished from health as a dimension of strength, weakness and exhaustion, and from health as functional fitness. In this Scottish material, functional fitness is dependent on freedom from disabling disease and not on strength, but strength is an important concept logically distinct from both disease and functional fitness. The `strength' dimension is poorly represented in scientific research on health indicators; but on the other hand lay concepts tend not to acknowledge pain as a dimension in itself.

A comparison with a similar French study suggests that while these three lay dimensions of health are present in both cultures, in France functional fitness is dependent on strength as well as on freedom from disabling disease, and this difference seems to be related to the practice of medical consultation.
The Role of Philanthropic Foundations in the Reproduction and Production of Hegemony: Rockefeller Foundations and the Social Sciences
Authors: Fisher Donald
Published: September 2003

The substantive focus is upon the relation between Rockefeller philanthropy and the development of the social sciences during the period, 1910 to 1940. Two major propositions are examined. First, that philanthropic foundations attempt to maintain the social order rather than alter it. Specifically, that during the period under study philanthropic foundations were key institutions in both the reproduction and production of cultural hegemony. Second, that a “critical-conflict” perspective has most value when one is attempting to understand the nature and sources of change in the systematic production of both knowledge and intellectuals. Attention is focussed upon the process by which Rockefeller policy for the social sciences emerged. The policy is described and analysed. The ideological viewpoint of Rockefeller philanthropy as identified in the policy-making process is located in the wider political economy. Confirmation is provided for the two propositions. Hegemony, ideology and social class are essential concepts when one is attempting to understand and explain the role of philanthropy in capitalist societies.
Class Relationships at the Point of Production: A Case Study
Authors: Armstrong Peter
Published: September 2003

A case-study of relations between supervisors and workers in a medium-sized shoe factory is used to argue that it is the Marxian question of function within the social relations of production rather than the Weberian one of market capacities which most convincingly determines the question of the proletarianization or otherwise of the direct supervisors of labour. Understanding class, and therefore proletarianization, as a matter of the interests arising out of the social relations of production, it is shown that, for the supervisors, these were not changed by a deterioration of their position on such Weberian dimensions of stratification as income and status relative to the workforce, nor by a diminution of their decision - making power within the management function. Rather, the supervisors responded to their situation by attempting to demonstrate their continuing usefulness as the extractors (rather than the creators) of surplus value since it was by these standards that their worth was judged - and increasingly doubted. The `option' of maintaining their position by playing a greater role in assisting the productive process itself was effectively foreclosed by technological and organizational developments in which assistance of a nature sufficiently demanding to justify a supervisory position was either beyond the capacity of the supervisors or had already been taken over by experts.

Although the supervisors resented their low pay, lowly status and the pressures put upon them by senior management, their interests clearly lay in continuing to serve the interests of capital within the social relations of production. There was therefore no question of their proletarianization in the sense outlined above.
Attitudes of British Police Officers: A Rejoinder
Authors: Colman Andrew M.
Published: September 2003

Waddington's comment on `Conservatism, Dogmatism, and Authoritarianism in British Police Officers' by Colman and Gorman is motivated, in part at least, by overtly political considerations. None of his specific criticisms bears close scrutiny. One is based on a selective misquotation which conveys the opposite meaning to that of the original; a second focusses on a supposed `lack of illiberalism' among police officers which is clearly contradicted by the data, and a third arises from an elementary blunder in the interpretation of a statistically non-significant difference.
Structural Transformations in the British Class Structure: A Log Linear Analysis of Marital Endogamy in Rochdale 1856-1964
Authors: Penn R. D. , Dawkins D. C.
Published: September 2003

This paper analyses data on marital endogamy by means of log-linear modelling in an attempt to specify changes in the British class structure between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. The evidence on intermarriage was collected in Rochdale and involves five decennial periods over the hundred year span. A seven class model was used to categorize the data and a succession of log-linear models fitted.

The hypotheses examined were taken from the sociological literature. Almost all postulated certain forms of structural transformation in class structures like Britain during this hundred year period. However, the model fitted did not require the inclusion of a term which incorporated changes in class structuration over time and these hypotheses were rejected. Nevertheless, the fitted model did indicate the persistence of a class structure over the period. Examination of the odds ratios and scaled residuals associated with the model fitting suggested that the main lines of class cleavage occurred between the bourgeoisie and the unskilled manual working class and the remainder of the class categories. Conventional dichotomies associated with notions of a middle class/working class axis of class cleavage or a nonmanual/manual axis were not relevant to an explanation of the data presented and this was presented as a problem requiring further research.
Social Life as Bootstrapped Induction
Authors: Barnes Barry
Published: September 2003

How people refer and how they infer are key empirical questions for the sociology of knowledge. In the present paper, I suggest that in the course of social interaction much referring activity is self-referring, and much inference self-validating. This occurs to the extent that our inductive inferences become permeated with feedback-loops or `bootstraps': I offer a simple general form of representation to assist in thinking about bootstrapped induction. In the second half of the paper I indicate some of the interesting consequences of the existence of bootstrapped induction: I cite the self-fulfilling prophesy as a special case where the induction is destructive, but emphasize the role of bootstrapped induction in constituting stable institutional forms. Finally I raise the question as to how far the bootstraps can be eliminated from patterns of inference: I suggest that this problem might be best attacked by sociologists of natural science.
The Influence of Colonial Status Upon Black-White Relations in England, 1948-58
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: September 2003

The colonial status of black students and workers resident in England in the early 1950s has been seen as contributing to their disadvantaged position. This view is challenged by reference to field studies of the behaviour of colonial students and black workers in the early 1950s, and by drawing upon the findings of a government survey of white attitudes conducted in 1951 which has hitherto been confidential. The English regarded all coloured people, not just colonials, as inferior culturally and socially, but they also believed that the possession of colonies benefited their country and that they should therefore be helpful towards colonial visitors; their helpfulness often took the form of conditional philanthropy. In 1951 only 38 per cent opposed free entry for coloured colonial workers and in 1956 71 per cent said they should have preference over European foreigners. Changes in the class composition of the New Commonwealth minority probably increased the negative social significance of a dark complexion. Up to the late 1950s, colonial workers were only rarely perceived as competing for jobs that white workers wanted. Then the pace of decolonization increased. Britain applied to join the EEC, and immigration was restricted (at first by administrative measures). The ending of colonial status made it possible for the English to view the immigrants as a labour force whose status should be determined by considerations of domestic rather than Commonwealth policy. Since skin colour is no longer a sign of a constitutional difference the English are having to ask what defines their own ethnicity.
Scottish Capitalism and Weber's Protestant Ethic Theses
Authors: Dickson Tony , McLachlan Hugh
Published: September 2003

Marshall argues that the experience of Scotland vindicates Weber in relation to his claims about the links between Protestantism and the emergence of capitalism. Marshall claims that, once we are clear about what Weber actually said and what constitutes relevant evidence to evaluate his arguments, it can be shown that in Scotland the `Protestant Ethic' fostered the `Spirit of Capitalism'. Marshall's conclusion is disputed in this paper, where it is argued that he presents no relevant evidence to substantiate the view that the `Protestant Ethic' and the `Spirit of Capitalism' ever existed in Scotland.
The New Middle Class Revisited
Authors: Smith Christopher
Published: September 2003

This article examines Marxist writings on the `new middle class'/`new working class' debate. It is not concerned with examining the internal validity of different theories but more with the wider aspects of the debate. It is possible to consider the debate in relation to a series of absences. Firstly there has been an absence of history, and a strong tendency to locate class at the level of timeless structures, that interact, conflict and exist outside of national circumstances or historical contexts. Secondly, class as a social relationship, meaningful only within a framework where classes relate and conflict, has been ignored. Correspondingly the importance of class based political organizations, associations and movements has been neglected. Finally, writers have overwhelmingly failed to produce empirical case studies into the work, social and trade union practices of specific sections of `new middle class' workers. This review firstly considers the reasons for these absences and suggests possible ways forward for future research. And secondly, it looks at two new books in the field, which unfortunately highlight some of the main weaknesses described above.
Walls within Walls Religion and Rough Behaviour in an Ulster Community
Authors: Buckley Anthony D.
Published: September 2003

A paradigmatic structure generates idealized images of ( inter alia) social groups. These provide frames for the description and evaluation of particular objects and events. This article shows how, in an Ulster community, images of the siege of Derry, the household, the church, certain secret societies and, by implication the human body, are all articulations of the same paradigm. This process of framing is a cause of discontinuity in the description of experience. What is deemed good in relation to one ideal image, may be thought bad in relation to another. Because descriptions of the world and specifically of people and social groups often imply self evaluation, it follows that members of one social group will tend to prefer certain frames and avoid using others. Choice of frames will therefore reflect social status. Nevertheless, the different descriptions of the world given by members of this community are all articulations of the same shared paradigm.
Social Movements and Social Theory
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: September 2003

The aim of this essay is to contrast alternative, yet related, theories of historical development: historical materialism, Parsonian modernization theory, Habermasian social evolution. These theoretical alternatives are discussed in connection with the criteria they provide for evaluating social conflict and in relation to contemporary social movements. In this connection, an alternative `action' perspective is discussed. In addition, the role of intellectuals in formulating and periodizing historical development, and the claims they put forward regarding social movements, are related to the alternative theoretical positions outlined.
The Genesis of Conflict: Religion and Status Attainment in Ulster, 1968
Authors: Kelley Jonathan , McAllister Ian
Published: September 2003

Almost a decade and a half after the start of the civil disturbances in Ulster, there remains scholarly disagreement over how extensive economic disparities between Protestants and Catholics were when the disturbances began in the late 1960s. This paper applies multivariate regression techniques to 1968 survey data to examine these disparities. The picture that emerges is a complex one. The apparently lower levels of occupational status among Catholics appear not to be due to discrimination but largely reflect differences in education and family background. But a substantial disparity in income remains, and cannot be accounted for so easily. More detailed analysis shows that Catholics born into elite families were greatly disadvantaged, while those born into average families were only slightly disadvantaged, if at all.
`We Don't Talk about it...' Issues of Gender and Method in the Portrayal of Grandfatherhood
Authors: Cunningham-Burley Sarah
Published: September 2003

The problems involved in assessing the meaning and significance of becoming a grandfather are tied to the issue of the contextual production of sociological data. Grandfatherhood is analysed by taking into account the way in which the grandfathers contributed in research interviews. Since they did not speak readily about grandfatherhood, it becomes difficult for an investigator to describe its features. An assessment of grandfathers' roles showed that indeed they had little to do during the early months of grandfatherhood, thus reinforcing their reticent role in the interview setting. Yet, grandfatherhood was still held to be something significant, and the respondents, in this study, provided explanations of why it was difficult to understand or assess this. By focusing on such respondent accounts the problems of gender and method in sociological research can be more clearly understood.
Patterns of Social Activity and Post-Redundancy Labour-Market Experience
Authors: Morris L. D.
Published: September 2003

This paper examines the post-redundancy labour-market experience of forty redundant steel workers. The data presented suggest that poor conditions of employment, associated with a relative increase in the use of contractors by large scale enterprise has encouraged an increase in informal means of recruitment, minimizing cost to the employer and maximizing co-operation from the workforce.

The effects of special provisions for redundants are discussed with reference to: (a) the restructuring of employment opportunities following from the increased use of contractors. (b) informal economic activity.

Three contrasting patterns of social activity are identified and evidence presented to indicate that these different patterns will channel people towards different kinds of employment.

The suggestion is that where there is high competition for employment then an individual's labour market experience will be conditioned by patterns of social contact as much as by any conscious strategy of job search.
The Family and Child-Rearing as Forces for Economic Change: Towards Fresh Research Approaches
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: September 2003

The impact of the family on the economy has been accepted as a general principle by sociologists; it is widely assumed by both parents and politicians that family values, instilled through child-rearing, are a potent force in economy and society; and it has been suggested that changes in family values may be one factor in explaining British economic decline. Yet there has been remarkably little systematic investigation of these influential assumptions.

The objective of this paper is to suggest how this neglect could be remedied. In the first section a theoretical perspective is outlined, and the principal theoretical and empirical contributions which can be drawn from the current literature are discussed: from psychology, economics and anthropology as well as from social history and sociology. The second section considers the findings of the author's current research on the role of family values and differing forms of child-rearing in explaining economic success or failure in fishing communities, and the parallel contrast in the family values of landowners and manufacturing entrepreneurs. The conclusion argues for the investigation of the impact of family values and child-rearing patterns of the economy through a combination of cohort studies of the general population and comparative local community studies, both combining contemporary and retrospective life history data.