bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide analysis of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in papaya (Carica papayaL.)
Authors: Yang Min , Zhou Chenping , Yang Hu , Kuang Ruibin , Huang Bingxiong , Wei Yuerong
Published: July 2020

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) have been identified and functionally characterized in many plants. However, no comprehensive analysis of the bHLH family in papaya (Carica papayaL.) has been reported previously. Here, a total of 73CpbHLHswere identified in papaya, and these genes were classified into 18 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Almost all of theCpbHLHsin the same subfamily shared similar gene structures and protein motifs according to analysis of exon/intron organizations and motif compositions. The number of exons inCpbHLHsvaried from one to 10 with an average of five. The amino acid sequences of the bHLH domains were quite conservative, especially Leu-27 and Leu-63. Promotercis-element analysis revealed that most of theCpbHLHscontainedcis-elements that can respond to various biotic/abiotic stress-related events. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed thatCpbHLHsmainly functions in protein dimerization activity and DNA-binding, and mostCpbHLHswere predicted to localize in the nucleus. Abiotic stress treatment and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed some important candidateCpbHLHsthat might be responsible for abiotic stress responses in papaya. These findings would lay a foundation for further investigate of the molecular functions ofCpbHLHs.
Wearing Acceptability of Chemical Protective Clothing during Fire Training
Authors: Bang Changhoon , Kwan Jungsuk
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the wearing acceptability of chemical protective clothing during fires and to provide basic data for the safety of firefighters. The results of the study were as follows: Wearer acceptabilities of chemical protective clothing under static movement (e.g., looking at the ceiling with maximum head bending, wrapping one’s arms around oneself, sitting obliquely on the floor, and maintaining a crouching position) were 21.7%–47.8% lower than those of general uniforms. When wearing chemical protective suits, the acceptability under static movement was statistically low (p < .001). Wearer acceptabilities of chemical protective clothing under dynamic movement (e.g., running, lifting a heavy object (20 kg) up to the waist, lifting and moving a heavy object (20 kg) by 1 m, lifting a stretcher and walking forward, and lifting a stretcher and walking backward) were 19.2%–47.8% lower than those of general uniforms. When wearing chemical protective suits, the acceptability under dynamic movement was also statistically low (p < .001).
Evaluation of Design Fire Curves for Single Combustibles in a Cinema Complex
Authors: Jang Hyo-Yeon , Hwang Cheol-Hong , Oh Chang Bo , Nam Dong-Gun
Published: July 2020

An actual fire test was performed on single combustibles placed in a local cinema complex, and quantitative differences in the maximum heat release rate (HRR) and fire growth rate were investigated based on the design fire curve methods (i.e., the general and 2-stage methods). In terms of combustible use and fire load, a total of 12 combustibles were selected, classified into cinema lounge and movie theater. It was found that the maximum HRR and fire growth rate determined using the two-stage method were quantitatively different from those of the general method. The application of the two-stage method, which can be used to determine the fire growth rate of the initial fire stage more precisely, could be useful in accurately predicting the activation time of fire detectors and fire-extinguishing facilities, as well as the available safe egress time (ASET) and required safe egress time (RSET).
Analysis of the Risk of Heat Generation due to Bolt Loosening in Terminal Block Connector Parts
Authors: Yeon Yeong-Mo , Kim Seung-Hee
Published: July 2020

In this study, the risk of heat generation due to normal and overload currents that vary with the abnormal loosening angle of wire-connecting bolts were identified. The risks were analyzed based on the thermal characteristics to minimize the carbonization accidents of terminal blocks inside distribution panels typically used in industrial sites. We applied a method for measuring the heating temperature and temperature variations in the terminal blocks in real-time by installing a resistance temperature detector sensor board in the terminal block. The experimental results showed that the terminal block model with a low-rated current exhibited a higher heating temperature, thus, confirming the need to select the terminal block capacity based on load currents. Additionally, the higher the rated current of the terminal block with a high-rated current and the higher the degree of loosening, the faster the carbonization point. Such heating temperature monitoring enabled real-time thermal temperature measurement and a step-by-step risk level setting through thermal analysis. The results of the measurement and analysis of carbonization risks can provide a theoretical basis for further research regarding the risk of fire due to carbonization. Furthermore, the deterioration measurement method using the temperature sensor board developed in this study is widely applicable to prevent fires caused by poor electrical contact as well as risk-level management.
Development and Safety Evaluation of Earth Leakage Alarm Breaker Equipped with Fire Current (IGR) Alarming Function
Authors: Ko Wan-Su , Choi Chung-Seog
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop an earth leakage alarm circuit breaker, equipped with a leakage alarming function (JER-E2S, ETECKOREA Co., Korea), and to analyze its characteristics. The developed mechanism is exclusively used for single-phase and 220 V circuits, with a rated current of 32 A, 20 A, 20 A (for restrooms), 16 A, etc. It satisfies all characteristics of existing earth leakage circuit breakers (ELB). If a fire current, which is a resistive leakage current (Igr), flows through an electric line, the device detects the leakage current in real time and warns against the leakage through a blinking LED lamp. Since the developed device displays a tolerance to a capacitative leakage current (Igc) that inevitably occurs in LED lamps, communication devices, etc., it ensures a stable power supply. In addition, the earth leakage alarm circuit breaker protects against power failure due to a momentary ground fault. Therefore, it can supply power without the risk of the circuit breaker malfunctioning due to a momentary ground fault caused by water droplets, leaves, etc. Moreover, with a standby power of less than 0.1 W, the developed earth leakage alarm circuit breaker exhibits a power saving performance that is 3~8 times greater than that of other ELBs. Installation of approximately 10 earth leakage alarm circuit breakers in one apartment household, with an area of 120 m2, can save 2~5 kWh per month. Therefore, the developed earth leakage alarm breaker not only satisfies the characteristics of existing earth leakage breakers, but also exhibits outstanding power supply quality since it has the functions of electric fire prevention and malfunction prevention. Therefore, this device can innovatively contribute to electric fire prevention.
Experimental Study on the Self-extinguishing Performance of Extruded Polystyrene Insulation for Buildings and Suggestions on Institutional Management
Authors: Kang Jung Ki , Choi Don Mook
Published: July 2020

The Korea Industrial Standards (KS) stipulates methods and test procedures for measuring the horizontal combustibility of cellular plastics exposed to small flames (KS M ISO 9772:2018) and recommendations regarding the magnetic digestion of extruded polystyrene insulation (XPS) for measurement results (KS M 3808:2020). Although products that are certified to conform to KS standards must have burning characteristics (self-extinguishing), they are incinerated and spread by welds at construction sites, causing significant human and property damages. In this study, XPS produced by five companies, certified by KS, and sold in the market were purchased and tested for ignition and diffusion caused by a weld bullion at a construction site. The results showed that the five products had differences in performance. Three out of the five products were found to be self-saturated, but the other two were easily ignited and diffused, making it difficult for them to be self-extinguishing. Based on the result of this experimental investigation in line with the KS regulations, all the three types of products, including two types of products that were incinerated through weld defects, were found to be non-self- extinguishing, as specified in KS M 3808.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Flow around Solid Combustibles and Thermal Thickness on Heat Release Rate Characteristics
Authors: Hong Ter-Ki , Seo Dong-Pyo , Park Seul-Hyun
Published: July 2020

In this study, an ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter experiment was conducted to examine the effects of changes in flow and thermal thickness around solid combustibles on heat release rate characteristics. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a solid combustible material that does not generate char during the combustion reaction. Hence, it was selected for the experiment, and the thermal penetration depth was calculated to distinguish the thermal thickness of PMMA. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition characteristics were analyzed by measuring the heat release rate measured during the combustion of PMMA. This was performed after generating the forced flow around the combustibles by setting the duct flow of the cone calorimeter to 12, 24, and 40 L/s. The results confirmed that the thermal release rate of the thermally thin combustible material was not significantly affected by the change in the surrounding flow. Hence, the thermally thick combustible material was significantly affected by the change in the flow rate.
Methods to Improve the Design of Household Fire Extinguishers through an Empirical Analysis of Consumer Compatibility
Authors: Lee Sung-Woo
Published: July 2020

Households are categorized as exceptions in the Fire Services Act; oftentimes, the ‘Golden Time’ is missed at the early stages of a fire, resulting in loss of life. As such, due to the high number of deaths caused by household fires, the Korean government amended the Fire Services Act to make it mandatory for all detached houses to be equipped with a fire extinguisher from 2017 onwards. Only 34.8% of households were properly equipped with a fire extinguisher, according to the 2018 factual survey on fire extinguishing facilities in households conducted by the Fire Department. Fire extinguishers are crucial in case of fire but many households avoid them because they are red and have a rough aesthetic, which does not suit the household environment. There is now a need for diverse simple fire extinguisher designs so that they can be used as interior décor in the household in the day-to-day while being available for putting out a fire when necessary. If fire extinguishers have designs that go well with any household space like other decorative ornaments, this will greatly increase consumers’ motivation to purchase them. It is greatly anticipated that various companies will work on developing designs for fire extinguishers to commercialize them for households in the future.
A Study on the Rehabilitation Room of Firefighters at Disaster Spot
Authors: Chae Jin , Yim Dong-Kyun
Published: July 2020

This study intends to provide a model for the establishment of a rehabilitation room for the safety and rehabilitation of firefighters by proposing a basis for the establishment of a firefighter rehabilitation room at disaster sites. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire, frequency analysis, and variance analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation rooms for firefighters. Based on the results of the research, the policy suggestions for operating an effective rehabilitation room are as follows. An organization of the operation of the rehabilitation room should be established at each firefighting headquarters, and human resources must be secured for the operation of the rehabilitation room. In addition, detailed operating standards such as the operation contents of the rehabilitation room’s operation manager and its operator, as well as its operation procedures should be prepared. Additionally, training to improve the rehabilitation room and its understanding is needed.
Population Dynamics and Seasonal Abundance of the Beetle Oryctes owariensis Beavois, 1807 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Raphia Palms in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Boate Ukoroije, Rosemary , Otayor Abalis, Richard
Published: July 2020

Oryctes owariensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) beetle is a destructive insect pest of both raphia and oil palms, causing damage to the fronds and trunk thus leading to low yields and subsequent death of infested palms. This study was aimed at monitoring the seasonal abundance of the beetle using visual lure or light traps suspended on poles around raphia palm farms designed as experimental sites (Locations A, B, C and D) for a duration of two years (2018 and 2019) in Bayelsa State. Four sampling seasons were engaged in the study: Four months of dry (January- April) and four months of wet (June- September) yearly. The lamps were powered seven consecutive nights monthly. Beetles trapped were counted daily and the numbers recorded. The result showed that the beetle had one generation per year, was nocturnal with seasonal activity spreading out from dusk to dawn. Adult population was highest within the dry sampling months of March to April as the insects mate for breeding, the wet months June and July recorded drastic fall in the number of trapped beetles while August and September recorded no catch. A total of 283 beetles were captured during the dry season against 8 trapped at the wet. Therefore, the high efficiency of the light traps as capture/ monitor tools in ascertaining the seasonal abundance of Oryctes owariensis beetle in raphia palm farms is a possibility for use in Integrated Pest Management Programs for controlling the pest population before they reach the economic threshold level.
Selection of Genotypes and Contributing Characters to Improve Seed Cotton Yield of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Ali M. M. A. , Kundu S. , Alam M. F. , Biswas B. K. , Hasanuzzaman M.
Published: July 2020

The experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Centre, Chowgacha, Jessore during 2015-2016 with twenty genetically diverged genotypes, with a view to select desirable genotypes and important characters enhancing seed cotton yield in upland cotton. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. The unit plot size was 4.5 m x 4.5 m and the spacing, 45 cm ×90 cm. Data were recorded from randomly selected ten plants on monopodial branches plant-1, primary sympodial branches plant-1,secondary sympodial branches plant-1, main stem nodes plant-1, days to 1st (5%) flowering, days to 1st boll splitting, bolls plant-1, single boll weight (g), unburst bolls plant-1, plant height (cm), seeds boll-1, seed cotton yield (kg ha-1). The genotype JA-08/D produced the highest seed cotton yield (3430 kg ha-1) followed by two genotypes JA-08/C (3329 kg ha-1) and JA-08/E (3226 kg ha-1). Though high heritability (90.36-97.46%) were estimated for four characters but high heritability along with high genetic advance values were observed for bolls plant-1, boll weight and seeds boll-1. The moderate heritability (83.58%) with high genetic advance (48.54%) suggests seed cotton yield is controlled by additive and non-additive genetic factors. In general, genotypic correlation coefficient was higher than corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficient due to inherent potential of the genotypes for expressing the individual characters. However, six characters, secondary sympodial branches plant-1, main stem nodes plant-1, days to 1st flowering, bolls plnat-1, boll weight and seeds boll-1 showed positive and significant association. Upon partitioning the correlation coefficients of seed cotton yield with other characters confirmed significant contribution of three characters like bolls plant-1, boll weight and seeds boll- 1. Therefore, three genotypes, JA-08/D, JA-08/C and JA-08/E and three characters, bolls plant-1, boll weight and seeds boll- 1 may be considered by the breeders for improving seed cotton yield in upland cotton.
Phytotherapy in Dentistry: A Literature Review Based on Clinical Data
Authors: Dick Thaylla Núñez Amin , Marques Letícia Côgo , Lopes Amanda de Almeida Lima , Candreva Monique Santana , Santos Lílian Rocha , Picciani Bruna Lavinas Sayed
Published: July 2020

Aims: Looking for scientific support with an updated review about herbal medicines usage in dentistry for clinical application, reinforcing the potential of phytotherapics to treat oral disorders and the need for new studies on the topic.

Material and Methods: The literature search was performed combining “phytotherapy” and “dentistry” in the PubMed, MEDLINE, BBO, LILACS and SciELO databases, covering the period from January 2017 to March 2020. The data extracted were: Alteration/oral disease, gender, age, number of participants, herbal medicine used, drug function and results.

Results: were selected 24 papers that employed different plants, such as Tulsi, Aloe vera, citronella, turmeric, propolis and cloves. The results found are promising and show the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral and tranquilizer action of herbal drugs, and their use for treating burning mouth syndrome, oral submucous fibrosis, xerostomia and halitosis.

Conclusion: despite the therapeutic activities of herbal medicines, additional studies with larger sample size and scientific rigor are necessary to prove their benefits for treating oral diseases.
Emergence of Viral Infections through Food Supply Chain: A Review
Authors: Munshi Rafiya , Iqbal Afsah
Published: July 2020

All living organisms may act as host to a wide range of viruses, and can infect the human body causing severe illness or even death. Viruses have often been important in burdening infections and other illnesses and require special attention because of their different behaviour as compared to bacteria. Two highly pathogenic corona-viruses—severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)—supposed to be emerged from an wet market in china resulted in a global epidemic which took a tool on human lives and currently also the world is fighting a deadliest viral infection caused by a small pathogen possibly transmitted through the food chain in a wet market again in china. The environment is the reservoirs for many of these viruses and any human handling of animals carrying such viruses finds an easy route into human body. Besides, there had been various food borne outbreaks throughout the world due to contaminated agricultural produce, packaging, processed foods or through infected food handlers. Such incidents have prioritized the need for effective control measures, intensified research and risk assessment measures in controlling such outbreaks. This review highlights a brief description of viral transmissions, virus and human gut response and preventable strategies in the food chain to contain such infections.
Epidemiological Assessment of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School-aged Children in Selected Local Government Areas in Gwandu Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: Idayat S. Ijaiya, , M. D. A. Bunza, , Daniel Attah, D. , John I. Amaka, , Okau A. Attah, , Aishatu Abubakar,
Published: July 2020

Urinary schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in the tropics. The study examines the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school-aged children in Bunza, Koko and Aliero Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Gwandu Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Four hundred and seventy-four (474) urine samples were examined for ova of Schistosoma haematobium using sedimentation technique and chemical reagent strip for haematobium detection. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium recorded was 126 (26.58%). The distribution of infection by location revealed that Bunza had highest infection (35.1%), followed by Koko (28.00%) and Aliero (17.1%). Bunza showed Odd ratio (OR) of 2.02 and 95% CI (1.33 – 3.08) with statistical significance of P < 0.0014 which indicates that location plays a significant factor in prevalence of infection. The prevalence of infection in relation to gender showed that males had the highest percentage 37.13%, Chi-square revealed that there was difference between the males and female infection rate (P < 0.0001) while 16.03% was observed among the females. The age bracket 9 – 12 years old 47.05% were the most affected with the infection, while children 5 – 8 years bracket with 15.08% had the least infection rate. Chi-square shows that there was difference between the ages and infection rate of (P<0.0001). Blood in urine (haematuria) was significantly associated with infection rate. Water-contact activities recorded revealed that there was association between water contact and infection rate (P-value < 0.0001). With the high prevalence of infection in the study areas, there should be a concerted effort by stakeholders in the state, not just to establish a comprehensive data on the prevalence of the infection, but also to take decisive action in its control.
Solitary Wave Solutions for the Shallow Water Wave Equations and the Generalized Klein-Gordon Equation Using Exp(-ϕ(η) )-Expansion Method
Authors: Rashid Md. Mamunur , Khatun Whida
Published: July 2020

In this article, we investigate the exact and solitary wave solutions for the shallow water wave equations and the generalized Klein-Gordon equation using the exp -expansion method. A wave transformation is applied to convert the problem into the form of an ordinary differential equation. By using this method, we found the explicit solitary wave solutions in terms of the hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions, exponential functions and rational functions. The extracted solution plays a significant role in many physical phenomena such as electromagnetic waves, nonlinear lattice waves, ion sound waves in plasma, nuclear physics, shallow water waves and so on. It is noted that the method is reliable, straightforward and an effective mathematical tool for analytic treatment of nonlinear systems of partial differential equation in mathematical physics and engineering.
Personality Disorder in a Nigerian Prison Community
Authors: Solomon Enyidah Nonyenim
Published: July 2020

Background: Personality disorders have since the 19th century been known and established as psychiatric diagnosis, yet very few epidemiological studies have been done. Absence of information about this disorder in the prisons led to the assessment of its prevalence in Agodi prisons in Nigeria.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of personality disorder in a prison community.

Methods: A total of 213 inmates who met the study criteria were interviewed, using (IPDE) International Personality Disorder Examination, a semi structured questionnaire modified to conform to DSM 111-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) and ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) classifications. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS/PC+), cross tabulation of the variables was obtained using chi-square and t- test.

Results: The results showed that at least 31% of prison inmates have personality disorders with antisocial personality disorder being most prevalent. A strong association between criminality and personality disorder was established.
Experiment: Conceptual Basis
Authors: Silva Joao Gilberto Correa da
Published: July 2020

Texts and teaching of Experimental Statistics emphasize the statistical analysis of experiments and superficially consider the conceptual basis of experimental research. Definitions of basic concepts are imprecise, incoherent and ambiguous. This is the case, for example, with the concepts of experimental material, experimental factor, experimental unit and experimental error. In particular, the lack of distinction between experimental factor and unit factor and between the two classes of experimental factor: treatment factor and intrinsic factor leads to flaws in the plan and analysis of experiments that originate biased inferences. This approach gives rise to ignorance and misunderstanding of these concepts, underestimation of the importance of the planning of the experiment and, consequently, the inefficiency of many research. This paper reviews and reformulates important concepts with the purpose of contributing a rational basis for experimental research and, in particular, for Experimental Statistics. These revised concepts provides a basis for the formulation of an experiment structure that provides appropriate inferences for the achievement of the objectives of the experiment.
A Histopathological Study of Cisplatin-induced Acute Vascular Injuries in Vital Organs and Protective Effect of Achillea millefolium
Authors: Eslamifar Zahra , Sabbagh Susan
Published: July 2020

The aim was to study the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium on acute vascular injuries induced by cisplatin in liver, heart and renal tissues 24 hour after administration and using histopathological surveys in wistar rats. 24 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I (control group) received physiological saline for 10 days. Animals of group II had single dose of injection of CP (cisplatin) (6 mg/kg, IP) on the ninth day. Group III received Achillea millefolium extract (250 mg/kg, gavage) for 10 consecutive days. Group IV had both Achillea millefolium extract (250 mg/kg, gavage) for 10 consecutive days and a single dose of injection of CP (6 mg/kg, IP) on the ninth day. Kidney, liver and heart organs were collected on 10th day from sacrificed rats and subjected to histopathological analysis. Then the possible histopathological vascular effects of cisplatin on liver, heart, kidney tissues and the protective effect of Achillea millefolium extract was analysed. Obtained data showed the vascular injuries in CP group as congestion of cardiac capillaries (p=0.00) and interstitial edema (p=0.03). In the kidney, shrinkage of glomeruli (p=0.04), widening of Bowman's space (p=0.04), dilatation of cortical capillaries (p=0.01) were significantly altered. The findings of liver organ were increased sinusoidal space (p=0.00) and infiltration of neutrophils in portal space (p=0.01). Pretreatment with ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium could attenuate these vascular injuries. Briefly, 24 hour after single injection of cisplatin the inflammatory process was seen in vital organs and administration of Achillea millefolium could mitigate these side effects.
SHP‐1 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production
Authors: Lin Lin , Jian Jie , Song Chun‐Yan , Chen Fei , Ding Kai , Xie Wei‐Fen , Hu Ping‐Fang
Published: July 2020

Inflammation is the main contributor for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Src homology region 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1, also known as PTPN6) is regarded as a negative regulator of inflammation, but its role in NASH remains unknown. Here, hepatocyte‐specific Ptpn6 knockout mice (Ptpn6HKO) and adenovirus vector‐mediated ectopic expression of SHP‐1 (AdSHP1) were used to evaluate the role of SHP‐1 in a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diet‐induced NASH model. Compared with the control littermates, Ptpn6HKO mice show exacerbated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Additionally, administration of AdSHP1 significantly ameliorates steatohepatitis and inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including transforming growth factor‐β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Our data indicate that SHP‐1 could be a potential therapeutic target for NASH.
The D1:Ser268 residue of Photosystem II contributes to an alternative pathway for QB protonation in the absence of bound bicarbonate
Authors: Forsman Jack A. , Eaton‐Rye Julian J.
Published: July 2020

Photosystem II catalyses the splitting of water and the reduction in plastoquinone in thylakoid membranes of all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. The final step in quinol formation is protonation of the reduced secondary quinone electron acceptor to give QBH2. The proton for this step is hypothesized to be provided by a hydrogen‐bond network incorporating amino acids from the Photosystem II D1 and D2 reaction center proteins, together with several bound waters and a bicarbonate ion ligated to a non‐heme iron found between the primary plastoquinone electron acceptor QA and QB. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of bicarbonate and the D1:Ser268 residue in the formation of QBH2. Using targeted mutagenesis of the D1 protein in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we have created two mutants, S268A and S268T. Our D1:Ser268 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to formate‐induced inhibition of electron transfer between QA and QB and indicate that D1:Ser268 and bicarbonate support the second protonation in the formation of QBH2 via two different pathways that both lead to the protonation of by D1:His215.
Insights from five decades of monitoring habitat and breeding populations of American woodcock
Authors: Gutowsky Sarah Elizabeth , Gutowsky Lee F.G. , Milton Gordon Randy , Mallory Mark L.
Published: July 2020

1. Habitat loss and degradation are contributing to severe declines in many North American bird species. For American woodcockScolopax minor(‘woodcock’), loss of preferred young forest habitat matrices are generally attributed as the primary drivers of range‐wide population declines in eastern North America, but regional patterns in abundance or habitat availability have not been assessed in Nova Scotia, the northeastern‐most portion of the range.

2. Our objectives were to (a) identify regions of similar trends over the past five decades, (b) evaluate spatiotemporal relationships in the effect of habitat availability on abundance across the province and (c) provide recommendations for woodcock management priorities in Nova Scotia to target local population declines.

3. Using 50 years of standardised surveys and habitat measures, we investigated woodcock population trends and local habitat availability by applying a novel spatially‐explicit model with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation.

4. Province‐level declines were primarily driven by losses of breeding woodcock in the north and south of the province, while the central region experienced growth. The proportion of area around a survey route comprised of clear‐cut, harvested forest was the most important habitat feature of nine potential explanatory variables to affect abundance, where higher levels of clear‐cut area predicted higher abundance, particularly in the last 15 years (increase from two to 10 birds on average as the amount of clear‐cut area increased from zero to 28%).

5. Historically, habitat for species requiring open areas and regenerating forests would be established through periodic natural disturbance. Today, it is impractical for these processes to occur unimpeded, thus commercial timber harvests and proactive habitat management are necessary to ensure habitat availability. For woodcock in Nova Scotia, partnering with both the local forest products industry and wider national and international habitat management initiatives to provide habitat in the southern and northern regions of the province could be key to improving the population status both locally and ultimately range wide. The temporally and spatially extensive surveys used here provide a remarkably comprehensive avian monitoring dataset. Coupled with modern analytical tools, our study system serves as an example of how long‐term avian survey efforts are capable of informing management regionally to achieve broader conservation targets.
Systematic Literature Review of Residual Symptoms and an Unmet Need in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Michaud Kaleb , Pope Janet , van de Laar Mart , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Kannowski Carol , Mitchell Sarah , Bell Judith , Workman Jennifer , Paik Jim , Cardoso Anabela , Taylor Peter C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the nature and burden of residual disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients who meet treatment targets. Second, for those who did not meet targets, to evaluate how much is due to patient symptoms.

Methods

Prospective and retrospective studies were searched in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library in the English language from January 1, 2008 to April 18, 2018; conference abstracts (from January 2016 to April 2018) and reference lists of relevant studies were also screened.

Results

Of 8,339 records identified, 55 were included in the review; 53 were unique studies, including 10 randomized controlled trials. Of these, 48 reported on patients who achieved low disease activity (LDA) or remission. Studies varied in population, treatment goals, and outcome reporting. The proportions of patients with residual symptoms in these studies varied by the definitions used for LDA or remission and were more often reported in patients with LDA than those in remission. The most commonly reported outcome measures were functional disability (n = 34 studies), tender or swollen joints (n = 18), pain (n = 17), patient global assessment (n = 15), and fatigue (n = 14). However, few studies reported the percentage of patients achieving a specific threshold, which could then be used to easily define the presence of residual symptoms.

Conclusion

Residual symptoms are present in some patients despite their achieving LDA or remission, highlighting an unmet need, especially with respect to improving pain, fatigue, and function. Standardized reporting in future observational studies would facilitate better understanding of this issue in defined RA populations.
Selective Syntheses of Benzo[b]carbazoles and C3‐Substituted Indoles via Tunable Catalytic Annulations of β‐Alkynyl Ketones with Indoles
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Shi‐Chao , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: July 2020

Tunable catalytic annulation reactions of β alkynyl ketones with indoles have been developed, enabling multiple chemical bond‐forming events to selectively access skeletally diverse indole‐containing heterocycles with generally good yields. Silver‐catalyzed intermolecular benzannulation reaction of β‐alkynyl ketones with indoles afforded tetracyclic benzo[b]carbazoles whereas isochromen‐1‐yl‐substituted indoles could be obtained using the same silver catalysis by lowering the reaction temperature (0 °C or rt). Interestingly, using Sc(OTf)3 and AgOTf as a combined catalytic system led to the formation of C3‐naphthylated indoles via intramolecular benzannulation reaction.

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Muxeres en Acción: The Power of Community Cultural Wealth in Latinas Organizing for Health Equity
Authors: Fernández Jesica Siham , Guzmán Bianca L. , Bernal Ireri , Flores Yvette G.
Published: July 2020

Community psychology, despite its commitment to social justice, is prone to engage in deficit‐based perspectives that do not appropriately capture the strengths of Latinx communities. Given these limitations, we use a Community Cultural Wealth (CCW) (Yosso, 2005) framework to describe how muxeres, Latina women who identify as promotoras, madres, and mamás, leveraged their political power and culturally informed leadership to improve the health and well‐being of their communities. We highlight instances from our fieldwork, witnessing the agency of muxeres en acción for health equity. We offer three case studies to describe how we approached our collaborations with three groups of muxeres situated in different geographic locations in the state of California. The first case study discusses how immigrant muxeres who identify as promotoras (e.g., health workers) in the Central Valley developed their research skills through a promotora model that allowed them to build the capacity to advocate for the well‐being of their communities. The second example offers reflections from a Community‐Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) project with a group of Mexican immigrant madres in a gentrified community in San José. Lastly, the third case study describes how a group of mamás in the East Side of Los Angeles addressed issues of educational inequities. Together, these case studies illustrate muxeres’ advocacy for their health and well‐being. Because women in general, and muxeres in particular, are considered gatekeepers of culture and tradition within their families, it is crucial that community psychologists ground their work in ethically and culturally appropriate frameworks that highlight the power of muxeres.
A homozygous truncating NALCN variant in two Afro‐Caribbean siblings with hypotonia and dolichocephaly
Authors: Ope Omotayo , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Nelson Beverly , Li Dong , Hakonarson Hakon , Sobering Andrew K.
Published: July 2020

NALCN encodes a sodium ion leak channel expressed in the nervous system that conducts a persistent influx of sodium ions to facilitate action potential formation. Homozygous or compound heterozygous loss of function variants in NALCN cause infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies‐1 (IHPRF1; OMIM 615419). Through exome and Sanger sequencing, we found two siblings of Afro‐Caribbean ancestry who are homozygous for a known NALCN pathogenic variant, p.Arg735Ter, leading to failure to thrive, severe hypotonia, and dolichocephaly. The older sibling died suddenly without a known etiology after evaluation but before molecular diagnosis. An international collaboration originating from a resource limited Caribbean island facilitated molecular diagnosis. Due to its small population, geographical isolation, and low socioeconomic status, the island lacks many specialty medical services, including clinical genetics. Descriptions of genetic disorders affecting individuals of Afro‐Caribbean ancestry are rarely reported in the medical literature. Diagnosis of IHPRF1 is important, as individuals with biallelic pathogenic NALCN variants are severely affected and potentially are at risk for cardiorespiratory arrest. Additionally, knowing the pathogenic variants allows the possibility of prenatal or preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
Influence of ionic liquid counterions on activity and selectivity of ethylene trimerization using chromium‐based catalysts in biphasic media
Authors: Marefat Mohamadreza , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Mohamadnia Zahra
Published: July 2020

In recent years ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted much interest because of their widespread use in various fields. Several trimerization and oligomerization catalysts have been evaluated in ILs with different organic–inorganic hybrid structures. High catalytic activity and selectivity, easy product separation, and recycling of the catalyst are the advantages of a biphasic catalyst system compared to the homogeneous catalysts. In this study, the influence of IL counter‐anions on activity and selectivity of the ethylene trimerization catalysts based on Cr‐SNS‐R was investigated. All synthesized materials were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy,1H NMR,13C NMR, UV–Vis. spectroscopy, thin‐layer chromatography, and elemental analysis (CHNS). In ethylene trimerization reaction, the dodecyl substituent in the SNS ligand exhibited better activity and selectivity than the butyl substituent. The results revealed that the presence of BF4−as a counter‐anion in the IL led to an increase in activity and selectivity compared to Br−and I−counter‐anions. It was found that the BF4−counter‐anion plays a conclusive role in the development of 1‐hexene activity and selectivity to a maximum amount of 71,132 g1‐C6/(gCr× h) and more than 99%, respectively. Finally, the catalyst was reused thrice without losing its 1‐hexene selectivity.
Fabrication of self‐functionalized polymeric surfaces and their application in electrochemical acetaminophen detection
Authors: Kuralay Filiz , Çağlayan Tahsin , İlhan Hasan , Dumangöz Mehmet , Sönmez Çelebi Mutlu
Published: July 2020

Conducting polymer coatings have offered functionalized surfaces having good electrical, mechanical, and physical properties. In this work, electrochemical preparation and characterization of polypyrrole/polypyrrole‐3‐carboxylic acid (PPy/PPa) copolymer onto single‐use pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) were described and detailed. Then, the application of these electrodes was demonstrated for the detection a commonly used analgesic, acetaminophen (AC) (paracetamol). Copolymer was deposited onto PGEs using cyclic voltammetry (CV) between +0.0 V and +1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl. Experimental conditions such as the effect of monomer ratios (3:1–6:1) and cyclic scans (1 cycle to 10 cycles) on electropolymerization were examined. Coated surfaces were characterized with CV and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical response of the electrode in AC at various pH values was evaluated. Then, AC detection was performed based on the oxidation signal of the drug at about +0.55 V versus Ag/AgCl using differential pulse voltammetry in buffer and body fluid (serum).
The AutGO Initiative: A Conceptual Framework for Developing Genetics‐Outcomes Research Hypotheses
Authors: Talebizadeh Zohreh , Shah Ayten ,   AutGO Working Group
Published: July 2020

The increasing emphasis on translational approaches to complex neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions research requires scientists from a broad range of disciplines to build dynamic collaborations when formulating hypotheses and framing study designs. The need to integrate the knowledge and perspectives not only from multiple scientific silos but also from the populations impacted by these conditions presents a significant challenge to researchers, particularly for a heterogeneous condition like autism. As one path toward addressing these challenges, we have previously introduced Autism Genetics Outcomes (AutGO), an initiative to support broad stakeholder partnerships and promote a new integrated concept called GO (i.e., research approaches that draw on both genetics and clinical outcomes perspectives). Herein, we developed a workflow for collecting stakeholders' feedback toward the development of a GO hypothesis. AutGO is an evolving initiative, and here we describe how its three essential components (conceptual framework, applicability, and implementation) have been developed. As a proof‐of‐concept, the AutGO team sought to demonstrate how a GO hypothesis could be developed using a semi‐structured literature review workflow. We also developed a prototype from published reports and formulated a GO hypothesis for autism. Rather than seeking community stakeholder input after a research project is conceptualized and designed, the developed conceptual framework demonstrates the feasibility of formulating scientific hypotheses by engaging stakeholders in retrospective semi‐structured literature reviews. The presented workflow, prototype, and discussed recommendations will bring awareness in the autism research community about the benefits of applying the GO approach in order to promote translational aspects in genetics research.

Lay Summary

We used a community‐based engagement approach to develop AutGO (Autism Genetics Outcomes), an initiative to establish stakeholder partnerships and to promote research approaches (we refer to as GO) that draw on both genetics and clinical outcomes perspectives. Specifically, we developed a conceptual framework that includes a literature review process for developing GO hypotheses and stakeholder feedback collection protocol. Our work will bring awareness in the autism research community about the benefits of integrating patient perspectives in genetics research. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1286–1299. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Predicting Mental Health and Psychological Wellbeing in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Roles of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Coping
Authors: Cai Ru Ying , Uljarević Mirko , Leekam Susan R.
Published: July 2020

Research has consistently shown that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to report chronic stress and symptoms of psychopathology when compared to parents of typically developing children and children with other psychological or physical conditions. Certain individual characteristics might either put parents at risk or allow them to cope more effectively under the strenuous conditions of raising children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Previous research has suggested that higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty and certain coping styles are associated with higher parental levels of anxiety and depression. The aim of this study is to characterize the way in which intolerance of uncertainty and coping (avoidant and problem‐focused coping) predict mental health and psychological wellbeing in parents of children with ASD. Only mothers participated in this study. Fifty mothers (Mage = 44.28 years, SDage = 6.58) of children with ASD completed questionnaires assessing anxiety and depression, psychological wellbeing, intolerance of uncertainty, and avoidant and problem‐focused coping. The results from this study provide preliminary evidence that higher use of problem‐focused coping but not avoidant coping and intolerance of uncertainty predicts psychological wellbeing. Furthermore, our observation of greater intolerance of uncertainty and higher use of avoidant coping predicting anxiety and depression supports previous research. The findings from this study have implications for the development of intervention programs to help improve the mental health and psychological wellbeing of parents.

Lay Summary

This research studied the factors that impact the mental health of parents of children on the autism spectrum. We found that mothers, who are not comfortable with uncertainty, use more avoidant coping, and less problem‐focused coping have poorer mental health. Identifying these factors is a crucial first step in developing intervention programs to help improve the mental health of parents. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1797–1801. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC
Briquetting characteristics of woody and herbaceous biomass blends: Impact on physical properties, chemical composition, and calorific value
Authors: Tumuluru Jaya Shankar , Fillerup Eric
Published: July 2020

Intercropping (or polyculture) is gaining a lot of interest as it increases yields, allows better utilization of resources (water and nutrients), and provides better land management. The objective of this study is to understand the briquetting characteristics of woody and herbaceous biomass blends, which might result from intercropping. Tests were conducted on blends of lodgepole pine, switchgrass, and corn stover biomass using three hammer mill screen sizes (i.e., 4.8, 12.7, and 19.05 mm), three blend moistures (12%, 15%, and 18%, w.b.), and two‐ and three‐blend ratios (i.e., 1:1 and 1:1:1) using a pilot‐scale hydraulic briquette press. The briquette properties, such as unit and bulk density, durability rating after 5 days of storage (as they tend to attain stable density), and the energy consumption of the process were measured. The results indicate that moisture content of 12% and 15% (w.b.) and smaller hammer mill screen size of 4.8 mm increased the unit and bulk densities to >750 and >430 kg/m3 and moisture content (15% and 18% (w.b.)) and hammer mill screen size of 12.7 and 19.05 mm produced briquettes with durability rating values of >95%. The higher moisture content of 18% (w.b.) and the hammer mill screen size of 12.7 and 19.05 mm had the highest energy consumption. The proximate and ultimate analysis showed that energy content improved by blending lodgepole pine with both corn stover and switchgrass and also showed increased calorific value and reduced ash content. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed interlocking of particles and cracks in the briquettes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd