bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AIDS Knowledge and High-Risk Behaviour in the Chronic Mentally Ill
Authors: Chuang Henry T , Atkinson Mark
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To ascertain the degree of HIV-risk knowledge among patients attending a downtown program and to identify the extent of high-risk behaviour for HIV infection.

Method:

A total of 151 patients were selected at the Calgary Community Mental Health Clinic (N = 110) and the nearby Self Help Association (N = 41). Most of the subjects were being treated for either schizophrenia (n = 69), bipolar disorder (n = 37), or unipolar mood disorder (n = 35). Questionnaires included a 10-item instrument that assessed subjects' knowledge about HIV or AIDS and another 10-item tool that assessed the high-risk situations patients might have encountered over the past month or past year.

Results:

Although the percentage of subjects erring on questions about AIDS knowledge was smaller when compared with previous studies, a significant number of subjects believed that one could acquire AIDS by donating blood, and 25% did not think that having only one unsafe sexual contact would make them vulnerable to HIV infection. At least 50% of the participants have had sex with at least one partner in the past year, and 33% of the participants indicated that they would not insist that they or their partners wear a condom.

Conclusions:

This Canadian study confirms the need for psychiatrists and mental health workers to continue to explore high-risk behaviour in the chronic mentally ill population and to further educate these patients through the development of prevention and risk-reduction strategies.
Development of a Policy on Sexuality for Hospitalized Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Welch Steven J , Clements Gerrit W
Published: July 2017

Objective:

This paper describes the need for and development of a policy on patient sexuality implemented at a provincial psychiatric hospital.

Method:

The need for a policy was assessed by reviewing the literature and interviewing a sample of chronic psychiatric patients. Development of the policy involved surveying 38 Canadian psychiatric hospitals in search of an existing policy to use as a model, as well as soliciting input from a variety of stakeholders and 2 lawyers.

Results:

Both the literature review and patient interviews indicated that a substantial number of hospitalized chronic psychiatric patients are sexually active. Neither the literature nor the survey of Canadian psychiatric hospitals revealed an existing policy to use as a model. Consequently, a policy was drafted by a task force composed of stakeholders and 2 lawyers. Characteristics of the policy, possibly the first in Canada, are described. The legal basis for the sexual rights of patients is discussed, and the mechanisms for protecting patients from harm are also described.

Conclusion:

Fundamentally, a policy must balance the patient's right to sexual intimacy in a dignified setting with the hospital administration's duty to take reasonable steps to protect patients from harm.
The Current Status of Seizure Duration in the Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Lalla Fiore R , Milroy Thomas
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To critically review data relating the seizure duration in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to its therapeutic effect in the treatment of depressive illness.

Method:

The authors used MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO on CDROM, and their own knowledge of the literature to find studies or reviews concerning the role of seizure duration in ECT efficacy.

Results:

Rigorous studies cast doubt on the usefulness of seizure duration as a clinical marker. Some medications that decrease seizure time have deleterious treatment effects but also affect other seizure dynamics. Several medications dramatically shorten seizures but have no influence on treatment efficacy.

Conclusion:

The guidelines of ECT seizure length are arbitrary, suggesting exaggerated durations for ECT treatment.
Étude du traitement des informations contextuelles syntaxiques lors d'une tâche de décision lexicale chez des sujets schizophrènes
Authors: Besche Chrystel , Passerieux Christine , Segui Juan , Mesure Gérald , Hardy-Baylé Marie-Christine
Published: July 2017

Objectif:

Cette recherche étudie le traitement des informations contextuelles syntaxiques chez des sujets schizophrènes au moyen d'une tâche de double décision lexicale (décider si des suites de lettres forment ou non des mots de la langue française). Étant donné le caractère automatique de la syntaxe, nous supposons la préservation des processus de traitement de l'information syntaxique chez tous les sujets schizophrènes, y compris chez ceux présentant un trouble formel de la pensée (TFP) que nous appelons schizophrènes TFP+.

Méthode:

Vingt sujets témoins et 20 sujets schizophrènes (dont 10 schizophrènes TFP+) participent à une double tâche de décision lexicale contenant des transgressions syntaxiques.

Résultats:

Ils confirment notre hypothèse puisque nous montrons que l'ensemble des sujets (témoins et schizophrènes) est gêné dans la reconnaissance des mots lorsque ceux-ci présentent des transgressions grammaticales.

Conclusions:

Ces résultats contrastent avec les données concernant le traitement des informations contextuelles sémantiques chez les sujets schizophrènes, puisque les données de la littérature concluent à l'existence d'une anomalie du traitement de ces informations chez ces patients. Notre étude permet, par conséquent, de réfuter l'hypothèse d'un trouble généralisé de traitement du contexte chez les sujets schizophrènes.
Psychoeducational Recommendations: Perceptions of School Psychologists and Classroom Teachers
Authors: Borghese Natalina , Cole Ester
Published: July 2017

This study is a qualitative examination of the perceptions of school psychologists and regular classroom teachers on various issues regarding the implementation of recommendations from psychoeducational assessments. Fifteen school psychologists and 25 teachers were interviewed for the study. Findings indicated that recommendations can be categorized into four main types that vary in terms of their implementability as perceived by psychologists, and their helpfulness and ease of implementation to teachers. Findings also revealed that participants found it difficult to provide a valid estimate of the proportion of recommendations actually implemented. Both teachers and psychologists identified the following factors that affect recommendation implementation: practical considerations, consultation practices, teacher personality, knowledge and attitudes, format for presenting recommendations, and type of referral problem. Psychologists also identified psychologist variables, quality of relationships and rapport, and teacher theoretical orientation as factors. Teachers stated that child variables, specificity of recommendations, and support from colleagues, parents, and the psychologist are key factors influencing implementation.
Homework: Parent and Student Involvement and Their Effects on Academic Performance
Authors: Gorges Todd C. , Elliott Stephen N.
Published: July 2017

The present study investigated the influence of student homework time and parental time and involvement in helping activities on grade 3 and 5 students' academic performance. A six-week Log Phase followed a Survey Phase to evaluate the ability of these variables to predict teachers' ratings of academic performance and students' percent correct on math and spelling tests and assignments. Thirty-one grade 3 and 5 parents collected homework information on a nightly basis in the Log Phase, while two types of surveys were administered to the larger pool of parents and teachers in the Survey Phase. Homework time and helping time were found to be predictive of academic performance across grade levels, especially for the grade 3 group. Students characterized as below average performers tended to spend more time than above average performers and received greater parental help. The predictive strength of parental helping time differed for grade according to phase; and the frequency of parental involvement in certain helping activities was found to predict performance for both groups.
Immigrant and Refugee Children: Challenges and Opportunities for Education and Mental Health Services
Authors: Cole Ester
Published: July 2017

This article addresses key factors concerning immigrant and refugee school-aged children. Those include issues related to multicultural adaptation, second language learning, assessment trends and interventions. The article concludes with implications for ecological mental health services and recommendations for pre-service and in-service training.
Effect of Solution Osmotic Pressure on Cell Fusion by Poly(Ethylene Glycol)
Authors: Nakajima Naoki , Ikada Yoshito
Published: July 2017

Effects of the osmotic pressure of culture medium on the membrane fusion of L929 cells in the monolayer state were investigated using polyethylene glycol) (PEG) with the molecular weight of 3,000 at various concentrations at phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Cell incubation for fusion was performed via three stages; (1) incubation before PEG treatment (preincubation), (2) incubation in the presence of PEG (PEG incubation), and (3) incubation after PEG treatment (postincubation). The PBS concentrations half that of a isotonic solution in the pre- and postincubation stages significantly accelerated the membrane fusion, whereas cell treatment at more hypotonic or hypertonic concentrations of PBS suppressed cell fusion. This result was explained in terms of cell swelling and shrinking induced by the osmotic pressure difference, because such cell morphological changes actually occurred when the PBS concentration was varied from the isotonicity. In contrast, almost no effect of osmotic pressure on cell fusion was observed if PEG was present in the culture medium at 40 w/w% concentration, regardless of the PBS concentration.
Modelling of Search and Recognition for Target Cells by Protein-Linear Polyelectrolyte Conjugates
Authors: Kabanov V. A. , Yaroslavov A. A. , Boronina O. V. , Sukhishvili S. A. , Nazarova I. R.
Published: July 2017

The interaction of α-chymotrypsin covalently bound to quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) with oppositely charged latex particles was investigated and compared with that of free a-chymotrypsin. The free enzyme and the corresponding polymer conjugates were added to a mixture of two latexes: one coated with bovine serum albumin and the other with specific inhibitor of a- chymotrypsin. The polycations themselves were found to be nonselectively adsorbed on oppositely charged latex surfaces. However, the ca-chymotrypsin-polycation conjugates, as well as the free enzyme, were selectively adsorbed on the latex surfaces coated with the enzyme inhibitor. The results are considered to mimic the search and recognition mechanism for target cells by polyelectrolytes carrying a specific vector moiety.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Conjugates of Monomethoxy-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) End-Capped with Doxorubicin via Ester, Amide, or Schiffs Base Bond
Authors: Ohya Yuichi , Kuroda Hidetoshi , Hirai Keiichi , Ouchi Tatsuro
Published: July 2017

Doxorubicin (adriamycin; ADR) which is one of the most clinically used antitumor agent, has undesirable side-effects. To reduce these side-effects, a macromolecular prodrug of ADR exhibiting high antitumor activity, the conjugate of PEG end-capped with ADR was developed. Tb effect intracellular release of ADR from the conjugate, ester, amide and Schiffs base bonds were employed as modes of bonding ADR to PEG. The MeO-PEG/Schiffs base/ADR conjugate readily released ADR under the lysosomal acidic conditions in vitro and very slowly ADR under physiological conditions. Moreover, the MeO-PEG/Schiffs base/ADR conjugate showed strong cytotoxic activity similar to free ADR against p388D1 lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Fluorescence measurements suggest that the conjugate forms self-aggregates in aqueous solution.
International Laws of War and Civilian Internees of the Japanese in British Asia
Authors: Yap Felicia
Published: July 2017

This article examines the Japanese response to international legal codes in their treatment of interned enemy civilians in British Asia during the Second World War. It argues that the Japanese were initially restrained by a limited sense of international obligation and even indicated a conditional willingness to honour certain elements of international law in their treatment of captive civilians. This resulted in some comparatively favourable early internment conditions across British Asia, especially in contrast to those experienced by rank-and-file prisoners of war. However, grave breaches of international legal principles became increasingly commonplace by mid-1943, as the Japanese attempted to deter the spread of potentially subversive activities within their occupied territories.
Pecking Order among Select Industries from India and China
Authors: Bhama Vandana , Jain P.K. , Yadav Surendra S.
Published: July 2017

The present article tests the pecking order of various industries from India and China. Firms in each industry have been segregated into deficit and surplus groups. The empirical findings indicate that a large number of industries from India and China adhere perfectly to the pecking order during deficiency. Borrowings through long-term debt are more among Indian deficit industries, whereas Chinese industries borrow more short-term debt. The debt issues are considerably large among Indian construction, metal and transport industries, and Chinese electrical and metal industries. During deficiency, Indian industries do not redeem debt with significant amount, while most of the Chinese industries utilize a significant portion of new debt issues to retire existing debt due to heavy reliance on short-term debt and therefore, industries perforce are to redeem more debt. In a surplus situation, the pecking order results indicate mixed evidence pertaining to the pecking order behaviour of Indian as well as Chinese industries. The results are robust for Indian chemicals and information and communications technology (ICT) surplus industries and Chinese metal, pharmaceutical and chemicals industries.
Export Control Regimes and India's Space and Missile Programmes
Authors: Baskaran A.
Published: July 2017

Multilateral export control regimes such as the London Club and Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) aim to prevent the flow of complex dual-use technologies to certain ‘target’ countries. The underlying belief has been that these regimes would be able to delay or cripple strategic weapon programmes in ‘target’ countries. However, little attention has been paid to understand the factors that influence the effectiveness of these regimes. In recent years, the limitations of export controls have become increasingly clear. This paper introduces a conceptual framework and analyses the case of India'S space and missile programmes to trace the factors that determine the effectiveness of export control regimes and to understand why these regimes, particularly the MTCR are increasingly ineffective on certain ‘target’ countries.
Book Review: Chris Ogden (Ed.), New South Asian Security: Six Core Relations Underpinning Regional Security
Authors: Muni S.D.
Published: July 2017

Chris Ogden (Ed.), New South Asian Security: Six Core Relations Underpinning Regional Security. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2016, pp. X +183.
Book Review: Aman M. Hingorani, Unravelling the Kashmir Knot
Authors: Dasgupta Chandrashekhar
Published: July 2017

Aman M. Hingorani, Unravelling the Kashmir Knot. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2016, pp. 386, ₹995.
Ireland
Authors: Palit D. K.
Published: July 2017

J. Bowyer Bell: The Secret Army—The IRA 1916–1979. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1980, xiv, 481 p., $30.00
India: History of Modern India: Bani Banerjee: Surendranath Banerjea and the History of Modern India 1848–1925. Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi, 1979, viii, 256 p., Rs. 80.
Authors: Shukla R. L. , Mojumdar Kanchanmoy
Published: July 2017

S.C. Patra: The Formation of the Province of Orissa: The Success of the First Linguistic Movement in India. Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1979, xxv, 292p., Rs. 100.
India: Political Institutions: T.S. Rajagopal Iyengar: Indian Democracy Speaks. University of Mysore, Mysore, 1979, xviii, 445 p., Rs. 40.
Authors: Prasad H. Y. Sharada , Ahmed Bashiruddin , Pylee M. V. , Vira Dharma , Kogekar S. V.
Published: July 2017

G.G. Mirchandani: The People's Verdict: DCM Computer-based Study. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1980, ix, 194p., Rs. 45.

J.R. Siwach : Politics of President's Rule in India. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, 1979, xvi, 533p., Rs. 80.

V. K. Varadachari: Governor in the Indian Constitution. Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, 1980, vii, 171 p., Rs. 50.

Shriram Maheshwari : State Governments in India. Macmillan, New Delhi, 1979, xi, 328p., Rs. 58.
India: Economic Development and Social Change: C.H. Hanumantha Rao and P.C. Joshi, Eds : Reflections on Economic Development and Social Change: Essays in Honour of V.K.R.V. Rao. Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1980, xiv, 486 p., Rs. 100.
Authors: Venkatasubbiah H. , Ooomen T. K.
Published: July 2017

K.K. Verma : Changing Role of Caste Associations. National Publishing House, Delhi, 1979, viii, 104 p., Rs. 35.
Theory and Practice of International Development Assistance in Third World Countries: Background for the 1980's
Authors: Sisaye Seleshi
Published: July 2017

Since the beginnings of development assistance to Third World countries during the post-World War II period, there have been some philosophical changes in the theory and practice of development aid programmes. Western development aid ( i.e., of the United States and West European countries), can be classified into two main conceptual types. These include economic growth as development objective and economic growth with an increased quality of life as development objective. The first two decades of development assistance 1950–1970 focused on economic growth objectives with increased production. The period, 1970–1980 concentrated on redistributive measures to improve the quality of life of the rural poor, the provision of basic needs, creation of employment opportunities, and the implementation of policy measures to reduce relative inequality and absolute poverty. The main purpose of this article is to discuss the changes in the theory and practice of Western aid programmes in Third World countries from 1945–1979. We will look into the underlying international causes that contributed to these changes. We will also review the evolution of aid to Third World countries for the last thirty years by examing the economic, political and social background for the changes in development assistance from urban to rural development programmes and from an emphasis in increasing production to that of redistribution with growth. These problems are discussed in the hight of their relevance for policy-onented rescoorch in Third World Comtnes.
West Asia: Joel S. Migdal, (Ed.): Palestinian Society and Politics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1980, xvi, 290p., $25.
Authors: Sawant A.B.
Published: July 2017

WEST ASIA: JOEL S. MIGDAL, ( Ed.): Palestinian Society and Politics.
Prospects for Non-Alignment: India's Role
Authors: Vasudevan Parvathi
Published: July 2017

Non-alignment is not a dinosaur. Never less than one-half and now almost two-thirds of the members of the United Nations Organization have styled their approach to external affairs as non-alignment. In the course of the last three decades and more, not one of the non-aligned nations has forsaken it in favour of alignment, not even in the most adverse of circumstances. On the other hand, there have been instances when some aligned countries have opted for non-alignment. The non-aligned countries are no Rip Van Winkles either. Ever alert to the realities of international affairs, they constantly endeavour to effect changes in the international power balance. During the fifties and the sixties, they helped to bring about a change in the international security order in the face of a strident Cold War. Since the beginning of the seventies, they have been working for the setting up of a New International Order (NIO) in all its three major facets, viz., the economic (New International Economic Order), the technological (New International Technological Order) and the informational (New International information Order).

Non-alignment, personal preferences notwithstanding, has certainly succeeded to some extent in shaping the international system as it appears today. As the driving force of the resource-rich as also the resource-scarce yet volatile regions of the le tiers monde,1 non-alignment has almost always evoked extreme reactions, ranging from outright condemantion to lofty praise. However, having to live with non-alignment, it is necessary to ask what course non-alignment would take in the hands of its powerless votaries in the years ahead against the hindsight of what it has achieved so far. This paper endeavours to examine at some length the success and continued relevance of non-alignment with the focus on India.
China and the Emergence of Bangladesh: Role of Great Power Global Perceptions
Authors: Mahanty J.N.
Published: July 2017

China's attitude to the Bangladesh Question has evoked a great deal of interest among China watchers. Its professed aim to end exploitation all over the world while extending assistance to West Pakistani exploiters expectedly provoked both academics and activists. Here an attempt is made to examine China's strategic thinking on a vital region, that is South Asia, and the real-politik that pushes into irrelevance the revolutionary pledges. China's failure to forestall the birth of Bangladesh forced it initially to fabricate a fake rationale and finally to reverse, through quick recognition, a hostile population into a friendly nation. History ends where politics begins; history, however, explains the present South Asian political scenario—the emerging triangle of China-Pakistan-Bangladesh, favourably disposed to the United States, while fetching sustenance from an anti-Indian prejudice.
India and the Arab World: A Study of Early Cultural Contacts
Authors: Chopra P.N.
Published: July 2017

There is hardly any country in the world with which we have better, warmer and more cordial relations than the Arab World. India's cultural relations with Arabia date back to prehistoric times. In India the Harappans, Dravidians and Aryans wove the webs of many cultures. In the Arab lands, Babylon, Assyria, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, Sumer and Elam were the centres of ancient civilizations. The people of the Indus Valley had intimate relations with the people of Sumer and trade relations with Egypt and Crete. The presentation on a seal of a mastless ship with a sharply upturned prow and stern, similar to the archaic representation on early Mingan seals, cylinders of Sumer and pre-dynastic pottery of Egypt testify to it. The similarity of these sculptures in fact led scholars to designate at least for some time the Indus Valley Civilization as Indo-Sumerian. The influence of the Indus Valley on Sumer is best illustrated in the fashion of hair dressing which was adopted by the Sumerian women from the Indus Valley. Recognising the importance of the Harappans, Prof. Frankfort says: “It has been established beyond a possibility of doubt, that India played a part in that early complex culture which shaped the civilized world before the advent of the Greeks.” Recent excavations have further confirmed this view; the black and red ware bowls and red ware stands recently discovered in the excavations of graves near Tumas are very much similar to those found in the megalithic burials of South India. The resemblances include the corbelled arch at Tell Asmar and Mohenjodaro and the use in Sumer and the Indus of circular wells of segmental bricks. Common also is the use of stone circles in Nubia and South India.
World Food Security and Non-Aligned Countries
Authors: Bhatia B. M.
Published: July 2017

An important factor of international economic relations today is that the developed market economy countries produce much more food than they need for their own consumption while the developing nations have to import food-grains at heavy cost from the former to feed their growing population. The cereal imports of all developing countries in 1978/79—1979/80 amounted to 86.2 million tonnes. Of this only 9.2 million tonnes was received in food aid from the developed countries;1 the rest had to be paid for. Food imports thus imposed a big strain on the external payments account of the developing countries.

That, however, is not the only or even the major problem in the distribution of world food supplies between the developed North and the poor South. Because of their poverty, the average daily energy in-take per person in the latter group of countries in 1974–76 was 2180 Kcal compared to 3315 Kcal in the former. Out of the total population of 2259 million (excluding China) in developing countries, 435 million or over 19 per cent were undernourished.2 At the root of the low levels of food consumption and undernourishment in these countries, lay the poor performance of agriculture. As against 5.4 tonnes per hectare in the developed countries, the average yield of paddy in the developing countries in 1974–76 was 1.9 tonnes and that of wheat 1.9 and 1.3 tonnes respectively.3 The close association between under development, backward agriculture and under-nourishment of a large section of the population needs to be noted.
Transport Linkages in South Asia
Authors: Singh Jagjit
Published: July 2017

A recent study of the Industrial Revolution by Sydney Pollard — The Industrialisation of Europe 1760–1970— has shown that industrialization for the first century or so, being the consequence of individual decisions, was not so much a national as a regional phenomenon. It was not governments and planning agencies but conditions of the market, availability of labour, accessibility of raw materials and the state of transport and communications systems that determined which areas got industrialized and which remained undeveloped. Even in the “Workshop of the World” it was not Britain itself but specific parts (the Black country and Lancashire) which moved forward, while others (Cornwall and Shropshire) remained pre-industrial.

This amiably anarchic process of growth, according to the principle of laissez-faire, was rudely interrupted in the last quarter of the nineteenth century by the actions of governments and the even more influential principle of nationalism. Protectionist tariffs, spiralling ever upwards, tried to exclude certain commodities; governments urged on industrialists to produce strategically vital goods, and each society sought to be less dependent on the foreigner. World War I accentuated this tendency to an enormous degree, not only by physically interrupting commerce but also by “import substitution.” In fact, it was the “import substitution” of the Chilean nitrates, a vital raw material for the manufacture of explosives and fertilizers, by Haber's nitrogen fixation process to produce ammonia that precipatated World War I. But for it Kaiser's Germany woruld never have dared to declare war. Ruthless pursuit of self-sufficiency can provoke a rogue reaction like World War I.

The inter-war years, characterised by new frontiers and teriffic shortages of capital and further bouts of national rivalry, again checked the spread of industrialization—or at least ensured that the process was not purely an economic one. Far from what the Marxists call the “economic substructure” determining politics, political and ideological considerations determined economic development resulting as we all know, in such global catastrophes as the Great Depression and its aftermath in the twenties and thirties.

Only in the period after World War II was the old trend revived and industrial recovery came about. Europe was, of course, now divided into two blocs; but within each of them, in their different ways, an impressive industrial growth took place, spreading into new regions in accord with those basic determinants of market, labour, raw materials, transport and communications. The role of governments is certainly much more pronounced in the modern world than in Adam Smith's day. But the relative failure of, say, the depressed regions of northern England or northern France, despite large-scale support, is a measure of the way things are going.
United States-India Relations 1947–1962: Stresses and Strains Over Communist China
Authors: Saha S. C.
Published: July 2017

The United States had an inbuilt constituency in India, a constituency that had its origins in the pre-independent period. Although the British were under fire, they enjoyed a certain amount of respect for their commitment to justice and law. The Indian elites were the products of English education. All these resulted in a love-hate relationship between the Indians and the Anglo-Saxon groups in general. Besides, the amount of importance the Indian nationalist leaders gave to the mediatory role of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the liberal American Press in bringing about India's independence bears testimony to this formulation. Thus in 1941 when India won independence, the United States enjoyed considerable goodwill in India. The United States was willing and far abler than Stalin's Soviet Union to help in the economic betterment of India. The US launched the Point Four Programme, a politico-humanitarian package.1 Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, was consciously warm towards it because, apart from other reasons, he found it good tactics to use against domestic communism, and the collapse of the Telengana rebellion in Southern India proved him right. During his first visit to the United States in 1949, Nehru and President Truman seemed to have achieved a reasonable desire of mutual sympathy in genera! outlook on. world affairs.

What alienated India's diplomacy from that of the United States most was the difference in their views of the nature of Chinese Communist threat and what approaches could be made about it. The United States had not yet given in to Dulles's pactomania, nor had the dreadful McCarthy era started. Yet guided by their different experiences, the two countries began to choose their different paths which did not converge until the Communist Chinese massive invasion of India's north-eastern border in October 1962. So conflicting were the approaches of India and the United States that they found themselves ranged on opposite sides on many issues regarding China.

This worked clearly to the disadvantage of both. The differences discouraged economic assistance to India while the United States lost the sympathy of the emerging Asian nations. My paper examines the various aspects of these Indo-American differences over Communist China in order to define the impact on their political relations. It establishes that the ‘China Question’—the non-recognition by the United States, non-admission to the United Nations, the status of Formosa, etc., created bitter differences between India and the United States till the China War of 1962. This provided cause for an unparalleled deepening of the Indo-US involvement.
HIV Vulnerabilities and Conflict Dynamics Understanding HIV vulnerabilities in the context of Nepal's conflict
Authors: Dang S
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this research ts to understand how Nepal's conflict is affecting vulnerabilities to HIV and exposure to the virus among females and males. Data was primarily collected during a three-week exploratory field study of Surkhet district in 2005. Twenty key informants and 35 stakeholders were interviewed, with the results triangulated by six focus groups. Documentary sources complement this data. A sociological model is designed depicting how the impact of the conflict and the responses of those affected have given rise to three different vulnerabilities to HIV: imposed contextual, conditional contextual and internalised. The paper concludes that the majority of those affected by Nepal's conflict are more vulnerable to the disease and that exposure to the virus may be increasing with forced displacement and migration. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19 (Special Issue); 70–71.
‘Aiming High’: Australian School Leavers' Career Aspirations and the Implications for Career Development Practice
Authors: Walker Karen
Published: July 2017

School leavers are aspiring to professional occupations in significant numbers. The availability of careers in the professions is considerably less than the numbers of aspirants. Those providing career counsel to school leavers are critically placed to provide the structure and information that will assist young people develop career plans that recognise the limitations of occupational availability. Young people can also be assisted to explore why a person works and the dominant discourses within which they live. The development of resilience and recognition of alternative perspectives will assist young school leavers manage the compromises many will inevitably confront in the years after leaving school.
Real Junk Science: the Corruption of Science by Corporate Money
Authors: Nader Ralph
Published: July 2017

Barry Commoner's eightieth birthday is an occasion to look at the phenomenon of junk corporate science, which must be viewed in the context of the power game. Bought-and-paid-for scientists are instruments of corporate power used in the pursuit of profits to ward off the mobilization of the citizenry and the application of regulatory health and safety laws. This is the real junk science whose many examples illustrate the intensity and aggressiveness of the corporate campaign. To better know it when we face it, we have identified specific mechanisms that corporations use to deliver their commercial science: the media, politicians by campaign financing, the colleges and universities, obstruction of litigation (including SLAPP suits), corporate front groups, and such trade agreements as GATT and NAFTA. We need community-based scientific, engineering, and civic institutions to develop intelligent and honest research and to wisely apply scientific knowledge. Barry Commoner has helped set the standard for such sound science.
Barry Commoner's Science: an Anecdotal Overview
Authors: Kohl Danny
Published: July 2017

Barry Commoner's scientific career is best characterized by his insistent commitment to holistic (as opposed to reductionist) approaches to understanding how living things function and his alertness in bringing the most modern tools from physics and chemistry to bear on the properties of living systems. The pioneering work of his laboratory on the life history of tobacco mosaic virus was widely admired. In addition, his was the first work which used a magnetic resonance technique to investigate biological phenomena. Characteristically, these studies utilized whole, living, functioning organisms. He pushed the limits of sensitivity for measuring small differences in the nitrogen isotopic composition of drainage water to investigate the relative contributions of fertilizer N to the high nitrate levels found in an agricultural watershed. While the conclusion that N applied as fertilizer was responsible for about half of the nitrate pollution initially met with fierce resistance, the methods which he conceived are now widely used. His ideas about the multiple roles of DNA in inheritance were still less warmly received. While being involved in all of this, the Barry whom many of you know best found the time and energy to be a major figure in bringing the dangers of radioactive fallout to public attention, to be a vigorous and effective opponent of the war in Vietnam and to play a leading role in establishing the environmental movement.
Barry Commoner and the Hamburger Story: Can Ideology Prevail over Science?
Authors: Dolara Piero
Published: July 2017

In the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems at Washington University in 1976, young researchers were studying the fact that the bacterial mutation rate was higher in the Ames test after the addition of liver microsomes. The effect was due to contaminants present in beef extract and in fried hamburgers as well. The communication of these results was followed by a tremendous popular and press response. The fact that potent mutagens were present in cooked meat raised the possibility that they could play a role in the induction of cancer. This prompted greater scientific interest on the topic increasing scientific articles from a few to several hundred per year. The original observation was then forgotten and after twenty years heterocyclic amines, formed in hamburgers during frying, are known to be involved in the induction of the most common human cancers.
What is Yet to be Done
Authors: Commoner Barry
Published: July 2017

The environmental crisis expresses the relation between science and society in a special way: it illustrates the overriding importance of action. Action-oriented decisions—for example, whether to stop global warming for the sake of people or in order to conserve the natural world—profoundly affect the relationship. Both the post-World War II changes in production technology, which gave rise to the environmental crisis, and the failed effort to resolve it by the strategy of control, lead to a common conclusion: Environmental pollution is an incurable disease: it can only be prevented. By design, production technologies must be compatible with environmental quality. This introduces a social interest in what is widely regarded as a private prerogative: the decisions that determine what is produced and by what means. Environmental quality is then an aspect of political economy, requiring, for example, national, democratically determined, industrial and agricultural policies. Such a sweeping transformation of production can be powerfully inspired by a vision of the economic renaissance that would be generated by the new, more productive, technologies. The most meaningful engine of change may be not so much environmental quality as the economic development and growth generated by the effort to improve it.
Dying to Know: A Historical Analysis of the Right-to-Know Movement
Authors: Morse Tim
Published: July 2017

The history of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard is presented, with the implications for the role of government in regulation of job health and safety. The gaining of the Right-to-Know about chemical exposure was a significant achievement for labor, although it took fifteen years to gain a national standard. Labor and community group coalitions, divisions between chemical producers and chemical users, economic forces, third-party law-suits, and the difficulties in NIOSH/OSHA obtaining chemical identities were all important factors in gaining a standard. Chemical producers shifted from an ideology of “everything is safe” to “everything is dangerous,” and finally had to mount a campaign to get the Reagan administration to issue a national standard as a way to pre-empt state and local laws. The case illustrates the relatively greater power of industry, but that workers were able to gain increased control over their work through organizing.
Disorder through the Mai
Authors: Cohen Marjorie Griffin
Published: July 2017

Presentation to the Canadian House of Commons Sub-Committee on International Trade, Trade Disputes and Investment, Hearings on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment Panel on Corporate, Consumer and Social Implications, November 26, 1997, in Ottawa.
Exploring the Role Teacher Perceptions Play in the Underrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Gifted Programming
Authors: Allen Jennifer K.
Published: July 2017

This qualitative study explored the role teacher perceptions play in the underrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in gifted programming. Purposeful sampling was used to select six interview participants with at least 5 years of teaching experience. Each participant took part in two semistructured interviews over a 3-month period. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Auerbach and Silverstein’s highly structured analytic method. The findings indicate that “the language barrier” and the overemphasis on standardized testing contribute to the underrepresentation of CLD learners in gifted programming. In addition, the researcher identified a need for increased collaboration among educators during the gifted referral and identification processes as well as professional development to raise awareness about the issue of underserved populations in gifted education.
The Young Radio Audience: A Study of Listening Habits
Authors: Hileman Donald G.
Published: July 2017

News is conspicuously absent from the top 25 programs rated by youngsters in a cross section of radio families keeping diary records for the University of Illinois. Mr. Hileman, who cooperated in the general study, is now assistant professor of advertising at the State College of Washington.
Women Journalism Graduates in the 1941-51 Decade
Authors: Jones Adelaide H.
Published: July 2017

Coeds finishing in the class of 1941 at a sample of 13 schools and departments of journalism appear to have averaged better, both financially and maritally, than college and professional women in general. Mrs. Jones did this study as part of her work for the master's degree in journalism at Missouri.
Education for Journalism in India is Gaining Ground
Authors: Wolseley Roland E.
Published: July 2017

Although there are skeptics who make much the same objections as did the opponents of early journalism training in the United States, prominent editors and working journalists are cooperating increasingly with the Indian colleges and universities that are developing programs along American lines.
Masters’ Theses Completed in Journalism, 1951-52
Authors: Swanson Charles E.
Published: July 2017

(Editor's Note: This list continues the compilations appearing in the Quarterly in 1936, 1945, 1950, 1951 and 1952. All theses are by students majoring in journalism, and all were completed in 1952, unless otherwise noted.)
Reader Reaction to Nine-Column Newspapers and Page Shrinkage
Authors: Barnhart Thomas F. , Jones Robert L.
Published: July 2017

While readers expressing a choice prefer 8-column front pages by a ratio of two to one, they are much more concerned about clearness of printing and legibility of body type than about page format. The authors of this article are both members of the journalism faculty at the University of Minnesota.
The Press and Propaganda in the 1948 Italian Election Campaign
Authors: Caldwell William S.
Published: July 2017

With another general election scheduled in Italy this spring, an analysis of the role played by communication agencies in the 1948 campaign throws light upon the present alignment of propaganda forces. This article is adapted from Mr. Caldwell's M.A. thesis in journalism at the University of Minnesota.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Gerald J. Edward ,   Assisted, Charnley Mitchell V. , Hage George S. , Riberholdt-Hansen Gunnar , Schneider Maarten
Published: July 2017

The first amendments in 64 years in the British law of libel are reported in detail in this quarter's journals. The Conservative government repeated its promise that television development would be opened to private capital and sponsored advertising, though government would continue to operate in that field.

Australia's cabinet permitted the sale of stock in a national radio chain to British investors and a government tariff commission heard a plea for rates which would permit the development of Australian publishing as a means to growth of national spirit.

The press council suggested by the Royal Commission in Great Britain was finally established, but without lay members and under restrictions which remove most of the objections of British editors and publishers. Economic restlessness continued in Fleet Street, Kemsley sold the Graphic to Rothermere, and many changes in top-lovel personnel took place, evidently in an attempt to get ready for more competitive conditions.

Incidents indicating the trend of freedom of the press occurred in the French North African protectorate, Maghreb, in Kenya, Peru, Pakistan, South Africa and Turkey. In the latter country the government firmly protected an independent newspaper which had criticized it. In Germany and Japan, ghosts of the old propaganda machines were apparent in events which tested out the independence of editors and reporters.
News Notes
Authors: Duncan Charles T.
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Duncan, School of Journalism, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Notes for the next issue should reach him by June 15.
How the Chinese Reds Transfer Mass Grievances into Power
Authors: Yu Frederick T. C.
Published: July 2017

The propaganda policy of Communist leaders in China today is based on the theory that economic reforms must be accompanied by a political indoctrination program which stimulates mass action against “enemies,” both internal and external. Procedures are controlled by a powerful propaganda machine.
“Cloze Procedure”: A New Tool for Measuring Readability
Authors: Taylor Wilson L.
Published: July 2017

Here is the first comprehensive statement of a research method and its theory which were introduced briefly during a workshop at the 1953 AEJ convention. Included are findings from three pilot studies and two experiments in which “cloze procedure” results are compared with those of two readability formulas.
An Objective Personnel Study of Metropolitan Newspapermen
Authors: Stone C. Harold
Published: July 2017

A study made on two large midwestern dailies indicates that use of objective tests would contribute materially both in the selection and placement of newspapermen and in the guidance of students. Dr. Stone is research associate and associate professor of psychology in the Industrial Relations Center at Minnesota.
Suitability of State Publicity Materials for Weekly Newspapers
Authors: Sellers James E.
Published: July 2017

The editor and publisher of the Graceville (Fla.) News finds that publicists of state agencies tend to overlook the weekly as a distinct channel of communication between government and citizens. This article is based upon Mr. Sellers’ master's thesis at Florida State, where he is now an instructor.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. , Valleau John F.
Published: July 2017

Main controversy in the literature of journalism during the third quarter of 1953 was the denouement of the Wechsler-McCarthy feud growing out of the earlier questioning by Senator McCarthy of the New York Post editor before a Senate sub-committee. A majority of a committee of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, asked to review Wechsler's contention that it was an attempt to intimidate editors, expressed no opinion about the charge but asserted that it was a matter for editors throughout the country to interpret for themselves. Chairman James R. Wiggins of the ASNE committee with three other members issued a minority report declaring that the senator's action did in fact infringe on editorial freedom. Senator McCarthy then wrote to all majority report signers asking that Mr. Wiggins’ record as managing editor of the Washington Post be investigated.

In the field of advertising, the course of new personnel in the administration of the Federal Trade Commission was watched with great interest. New interpretations were being given to some regulations relating to advertisements, although the commission itself denied that any great change in policy was taking place despite the charges of a departing director. More “industry influence” was thought to be a possibility, however, through a FTC proposed “advertising liaison committee.”

Quantities of new data on the impact of TV on radio listenership and newspaper readership were being presented by trade bodies. More and more survey results on the effects of TTS circuits on editing and publishing also appeared.