bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Measurement Properties of 2 Direct Preference Instruments Administered with and without Hypothetical Marker States
Authors: Schünemann Holger J. , Griffith Lauren , Stubbing David , Goldstein Roger , Guyatt Gordon H.
Published: April 2003

Background. Health economists recommend that when patients provide preference ratings of their own health state using utility and health state preference measures such as the feeling thermometer (FT) and standard gamble (SG), they first rate hypothetical health states (clinical marker states [CMS]). However, there is no evidence to support improvement in measurement properties with the use of CMS. The authors evaluated validity and responsiveness of the SG and FT with and without administration of the CMS. Methods. Respiratory rehabilitation improves health-related quality of life in patients with chronic airflow limitation. The authors randomized 84 patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation to administration of the FT and SG with (FT+ or SG+) or without (FT- or SG-) CMS before and after a standard 12-week respiratory rehabilitation program. Patients also completed the Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3), the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), and the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to evaluate longitudinal validity. Results. Marker state status did not significantly affect baseline scores on either FT or SG (FT+ 0.54, FT- 0.60, SG+ 0.68, SG- 0.66, on a scale from 0 [ dead] to 1.0 [ full health]). The improvement after the rehabilitation program was 0.14 (P < 0.001) in the FT+ group and 0.08 (P = 0.02) in the FT- group (difference between FT+ and FT- = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.03 to 0.15, P = 0.17). The corresponding improvement was 0.12 (P = 0.009) in the SG+ group and 0.07 in the SG- group (P = 0.11) (difference between SG+ and SG- = 0.05; 95% CI = -0.07 to 0.17, P = 0.39). Correlations between change in the FT+ with the CRQ and SGRQ were slightly but not significantly lower than between the change in FT- and these 2 specific instruments. The correlations between change in the SG with the CRQ and the SGRQ were weaker in patients randomized to SG+ (from 0.00 to 0.17) compared to the SG- group (from 0.21 to 0.58). These differences were statistically significant for the CRQ domains of dyspnea and fatigue. Conclusion. The authors found nonsignificant trends toward superior responsiveness when patients rated hypothetical health states before rating their own health state. Although including hypothetical health states did not significantly influence the validity of the FT, it decreased the longitudinal validity of the SG. This study fails to show convincing advantage for use of marker states. Theoretical arguments in favor of marker states cannot stand alone without empirical support.
Surgical Decisions for Early Stage, Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Which Racially Sensitive Perceptions of Cancer Are Likely to Explain Racial Variation in Surgery?
Authors: Cykert Samuel , Phifer Nancy
Published: April 2003

Objectives. Twenty-three percent of white and 36% of African American patients who suffer from early stage non–small cell lung cancer do not undergo potentially curative surgery. A simple decision model is presented to probe for elements of surgical decision making that could explain decisions against lung cancer surgery and racial variation in these decisions. Methods. A survey of 181 diverse individuals to measure health utility scores for conditions relevant to lung cancer surgery was performed. These scores were inserted into a simple model that calculates quality-adjusted survival related to decisions for and against cancer surgery. Results. The health utility score (HUS) for progressive lung cancer, as determined by a survey using the standard gamble approach, is nearly twice as high in African Americans as whites (0.32 v. 0.18). However, in a model incorporating African American utility data, lung cancer surgery remains heavily favored compared to the no-surgery decision (2.32 v. 0.48 quality-adjusted life years). Sensitivity analysis shows that factors that lead to a belief of cancer “cure” in the absence of surgical intervention are much more important than variations of HUS in directing model results away from surgery. Conclusion. This analysis illustrates that racial differences in quality-of-life ratings of progressive lung cancer as measured by HUS exist but may not explain decisions against surgery as much as other elements of patient care.
Prediction of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Heckerling Paul S. , Gerber Ben S. , Tape Thomas G. , Wigton Robert S.
Published: April 2003

Background. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used in the prediction of several medical conditions but have not been previously used to predict pneumonia. The authors used ANN to predict the presence or absence of pneumonia among patients presenting to the emergency department with acute respiratory complaints and compared the results with those obtained using logistic regression modeling. Methods. Feed-forward back-propagation ANN were trained on sociodemographic, symptom, sign, comorbidity, and radiographic outcome data among 1044 patients from the University of Illinois (the training cohort) and were applied to 116 patients from the University of Nebraska (the testing cohort). ANN trained using different strategies were compared to each other and to main-effects logistic regression. Calibration accuracy was measured as mean square error and discrimination accuracy as the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results. A 1 hidden-layer ANN trained using oversampling of pneumonia cases had an ROC area in the training cohort of 0.895, which was greater than the area of 0.840 for logistic regression ( P = 0.026). This ANN had an ROC area in the testing cohort of 0.872, not significantly different from its area in the training cohort ( P = 0.597). Operating at a threshold of 0.25, the ANN would have detected 94% to 95% of patients with pneumonia in the 2 cohorts while correctly excluding 39% to 50% of patients with other conditions. ANN trained using other strategies discriminated equally in the 2 cohorts but no better than did logistic regression. Conclusions. Among adults presenting with acute respiratory illness, ANN accurately discriminated patients with and without pneumonia and, under some circumstances, improved on the accuracy of logistic regression.
Perceived Characteristics and Abilities of an Effective Marketing Department Head
Authors: Trocchia Philip J. , Andrus David M.
Published: April 2003

This study uses an Internet survey of 247 full-time marketing faculty members and 43 marketing department heads at 167 American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) universities to examine perceptions of characteristics and abilities crucial for marketing department head effectiveness. It also examines crucial department success measures for judging a marketing department head’s effectiveness. Implications for faculty, department heads, and university administrators are addressed.
Applying E-Marketing Strategies to Online Distance Learning
Authors: Granitz Neil , Greene C. Scott
Published: April 2003

This article uniquely identifies distance learning over the Internet as a form of e-commerce and applies e-marketing strategies to the implementation of online distance learning. Challenges posed by faculty and students of distance learning, as well as those resulting from incompatibilities between media and course content, are outlined. The e-marketing strategic themes of personalization and customization, community, disintermediation, reintermediation, consumer tracking, enhanced customer service, and mixing bricks and clicks are then applied to the challenges for the purpose of providing guidance toward the most appropriate deployment of the Internet for distance education.
Assessing Learning Outcomes: A Comparison of Multiple-Choice and Short-Answer Questions in a Marketing Context
Authors: Bacon Donald R.
Published: April 2003

This study carefully examines two widely used methods for assessing marketing learning outcomes: multiple-choice tests and short-answer tests. Student scores on multiple-choice and short-answer portions of a midterm exam in consumer behavior were compared in terms of time to completion, reliability, and validity. The multiple-choice format was found to yield equivalent reliability and validity in a shorter amount of test-taking time. In contrast to some earlier studies, no gender effect was found: neither format differentially benefited men or women.
Instructor, Student, and Employer Perceptions on Preparing Marketing Students for Changing Business Landscapes
Authors: Ackerman David S. , Gross Barbara L. , Perner Lars
Published: April 2003

Undergraduate business students tend to focus on the past strategies of firms, with less thought given to anticipating and adjusting to marketplace changes. Although both educators and employers are concerned about this disconnect, little is known about the extent and form of efforts made by instructors to address it. Interviews with marketing instructors found most incorporating some future orientation into assignments. However, obstacles such as student sloth and time demands on both students and faculty were observed. Survey data collected from instructors, students, and employers found agreement that assignments designed to develop future-oriented thinking and prepare for marketplace change are important.
Mastering the Art of Teaching: Pursuing Excellence in a New Millennium
Authors: Smart Denise T. , Kelley Craig A. , Conant Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2003

Being a marketing educator has never been more challenging than it is today. Student expectations and institutional accountability standards are rising with regard to the quality of instruction. Research and publication pressures continue to increase as colleges and universities seek to competitively differentiate themselves in the eyes of multiple stakeholders. At a minimum, today’s faculty members are expected to demonstrate effectiveness in both teaching and research. Earning tenure, promotion, and above-average merit pay requires excellence in both domains. Much has changed in the past 15 years, and an updated examination of teaching excellence is warranted. This article finds that many of the fundamentals associated with master teaching 15 years ago remain the same today: strong communication skills, use of an interactive style, and asking thought-provoking questions. One major new characteristic, use of technology, is identified and has the potential to become even more important in the future.
What Do They Know? Integrating the Core Concept of Customer Value into the Undergraduate Marketing Curriculum and Its Assessment
Authors: Baker Stacey Menzel , Kleine Susan Schultz , Bennion Mark
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this article is to encourage discussion among marketing educators about the logic and structure of current undergraduate marketing curricula. The authors offer one alternative conceptualization of marketing, whereby current marketing knowledge is organized around the core concept of capturing and creating customer value for a sustainable competitive advantage. They argue that one of the primary benefits to this approach is that marketing students, future business decision makers, will be better able to grasp the linkages between key concepts. A guide for curriculum conceptualization and assessment is provided.
Privatization And Prayer
Authors: Kennedy Sheila Suess
Published: April 2003

The “Charitable Choice” provisions of 1996 welfare reform legislation inaugurated a policy debate that continues with President George W. Bush’s “faith-based initiative.” Proponents of greater religious involvement in social service provision argue that faith-based organizations have untapped resources, have encountered unnecessary barriers to participation, and are more effective than are government or secular contractors. Opponents note the absence of evidence of greater efficacy, the historic involvement of religious providers such as Catholic Charities, Lutheran Social Services, and the Salvation Army, and the absence of additional funding, and charge that the new rules are merely an effort to erode the constitutional separation of church and state. Public administrators are left with a number of thorny questions: how to identify and recruit the faith-based organizations targeted by these initiatives, how to evaluate and augment their capacity to deliver services, and how to encourage their increased participation while adhering to constitutional principles.
State And Local E-Government
Authors: Edmiston Kelly D.
Published: April 2003

This article presents a self-contained yet comprehensive discussion of the prospects of state and local electronic government (e-government), the status of its development across the states and local communities, and the difficult challenges faced in making it a reality. In taking a very broad approach to e-government, the hope is that the analysis helps to bring perspective to the issue and to synthesize a literature that is increasingly becoming a series of disconnected case studies. Although the prospects at all levels of government for improving public services, reducing costs, and enhancing the democratic process are high, e-government has been penetrating state government much more rapidly than local government. The most salient obstacles to full penetration of e-government seem to be proper marketing, privacy issues, equity, and financing.
Implementing A Community-Wide Strategic Plan
Authors: Wheeland Craig M.
Published: April 2003

Confronted by economic, social, and political change in the 1980s, many cities decided to use community-wide strategic planning as a tool to address their problems. Rock Hill, South Carolina, successfully completed Empowering the Vision (ETV), a two-year community-wide strategic planning process, in 1989 and began implementing the 10-year plan in 1990. Did the implementation of ETV achieve its promise? Is it another example of a well-intentioned but later abandoned use of strategic planning? I argue that Rock Hill achieved five significant results by 2000: (a) managing uncertainty, (b) resolving conflict, (c) continuing citizen participation, (d) achieving tangible and intangible results, and (e) establishing a governance network for the duration of the planning period. Rock Hill achieved these results because of (a) the competent practice of community-wide strategic planning, (b) visionary leadership, and (c) the commitment of public leadership to the process and the plan.
Structure Synthesis of a Class of 4-DoF and 5-DoF Parallel Manipulators with Identical Limb Structures
Authors: Yuefa Fang  , Tsai Lung-Wen
Published: April 2003

In this paper, a systematic approach is developed for the structural synthesis of a class of four-degrees-of-freedom (4-DoF) and 5-DoF overconstrained parallel manipulators with identical serial limbs. The theory of screws and reciprocal screws is employed for the analysis of the geometric conditions that must be met by the limbs of such parallel manipulators. Limb structures that can be used for constructing 4-DoF or 5-DoF parallel manipulators are enumerated according to the reciprocity of the twist and wrench systems. The assembly conditions of a parallel manipulator built by using identical C- or F-limbs are discussed. Several 4-DoF and 5-DoF parallel manipulators are sketched as examples.
Isotropic Design of Spatial Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Fattah A. , Hasan Ghasemi A.M.
Published: April 2003

In this paper, we study the isotropic design of two types of spatial parallel manipulators: a three-degrees-of-freedom manipulator and the Stewart—Gough platform. The isotropic conditions for Jacobian matrices, which relate the input joint velocity and output Cartesian velocity, are determined separately using a pure symbolic method. Thereafter, upon determining the isotropic conditions for both manipulators, the variation of the kinematic condition index is studied with respect to the motion of the moving platform to show how far the manipulator is from being isotropic. Finally, the isotropic conditions are obtained numerically for both manipulators.
Regulation and Entrainment in Human—Robot Interaction
Authors: Breazeal Cynthia
Published: April 2003

Newly emerging robotics applications for domestic or entertainment purposes are slowly introducing autonomous robots into society at large. A critical capability of such robots is their ability to interact with humans, and in particular, untrained users. In this paper we explore the hypothesis that people will intuitively interact with robots in a natural social manner provided the robot can perceive, interpret, and appropriately respond with familiar human social cues. Two experiments are presented where naive human subjects interact with an anthropomorphic robot. We present evidence for mutual regulation and entrainment of the interaction, and we discuss how this benefits the interaction as a whole.
Biological Cell Injection Using an Autonomous MicroRobotic System
Authors: Sun Yu , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: April 2003

Recent advances in microbiology, such as cloning, demonstrate that increasingly complex micromanipulation strategies are required for manipulating individual biological cells. In this paper, we present a microrobotic system capable of conducting automatic embryo pronuclei DNA injection (cell injection). Conventionally, cell injection has been conducted manually, however, long training, low success rates from poor reproducibility in manual operations, and contamination all call for the elimination of direct human involvement. To automate cell injections, a microrobotic system is developed that is capable of performing automatic embryo pronuclei DNA injection autonomously through a hybrid visual servoing control scheme. A Hough transform is used to detect the nuclei of embryos. Sum-of-squared-differences optical flow is used to track injection pipette motion, and auto focusing is implemented to determine the relative depth of subcellular structures. A hybrid control scheme is developed to fulfill the cell injection task. Upon the completion of injection, the DNA injected embryos are transferred into a pseudo-pregnant foster female mouse to reproduce transgenic mice for cancer studies. The experimental result shows that the injection success rate is 100%.
Autonomous Rover Navigation on Unknown Terrains: Functions and Integration
Authors: Lacroix Simon , Mallet Anthony , Bonnafous David , Bauzil Gérard , Fleury Sara , Herrb Matthieu , Chatila Raja
Published: April 2003

Autonomous long-range navigation in partially known planetary-like terrains is still an open challenge for robotics. Navigating hundreds of meters without any human intervention requires the robot to be able to build various representations of its environment, to plan and execute trajectories according to the kind of terrain traversed, to control its motions and to localize itself as it moves. All these activities have to be scheduled, triggered, controlled and interrupted according to the rover context. In this paper, we briefly review some functionalities that have been developed in our laboratory, and implemented on board the Marsokhod model robot, Lama. We then present how the various concurrent instances of the perception, localization and motion generation functionalities are integrated. Experimental results illustrate the functionalities throughout the paper.
Mapping Partially Observable Features from Multiple Uncertain Vantage Points
Authors: Leonard John J. , Rikoski Richard J. , Newman Paul M. , Bosse Michael
Published: April 2003

In this paper we present a technique for mapping partially observable features from multiple uncertain vantage points. The problem of concurrent mapping and localization (CML) is stated as follows. Starting from an initial known position, a mobile robot travels through a sequence of positions, obtaining a set of sensor measurements at each position. The goal is to process the sensor data to produce an estimate of the trajectory of the robot while concurrently building a map of the environment. In this paper, we describe a generalized framework for CML that incorporates temporal as well as spatial correlations. The representation is expanded to incorporate past vehicle positions in the state vector. Estimates of the correlations between current and previous vehicle states are explicitly maintained. This enables the consistent initialization of map features using data from multiple time steps. Updates to the map and the vehicle trajectory can also be performed in batches of data acquired from multiple vantage points. The method is illustrated with sonar data from a testing tank and via experiments with a B21 land mobile robot, demonstrating the ability to perform CML with sparse and ambiguous data.
A Framework and Architecture for Multi-Robot Coordination
Authors: Fierro Rafael , Das Aveek , Spletzer John , Esposito Joel , Kumar Vijay , Ostrowski James P. , Pappas George , Taylor Camillo J. , Hur Yerang , Alur Rajeev , Lee Insup , Grudic Greg , Southall Ben
Published: April 2003

In this paper, we present a framework and the software architecture for the deployment of multiple autonomous robots in an unstructured and unknown environment, with applications ranging from scouting and reconnaissance, to search and rescue, to manipulation tasks, to cooperative localization and mapping, and formation control. Our software framework allows a modular and hierarchical approach to programming deliberative and reactive behaviors in autonomous operation. Formal definitions for sequential composition, hierarchical composition, and parallel composition allow the bottom-up development of complex software systems. We demonstrate the algorithms and software on an experimental testbed that involves a group of carlike robots, each using a single omnidirectional camera as a sensor without explicit use of odometry.
The Role of Self-Efficacy in a Musical Performance Examination: An Exploratory Structural Equation Analysis
Authors: McCormick John , McPherson Gary
Published: April 2003

The study reported here investigated cognitive mediational processes in the context of a music performance examination. The prime purpose was to focus on an aspect of musical learning - graded music examinations - that has hitherto received little research attention. The sample consisted of 332 instrumentalists who were completing Trinity College, London, graded, externally assessed performance examinations. Analysis of survey data was carried out using structural equation modelling. The analysis suggested that, in motivational terms, and consistent with research carried out in other academic contexts, self-efficacy was the best predictor of actual performance. The authors conclude that whilst practice plays a vital part in the development of a musician’s capacity to perform well, it should not be considered in isolation from motivational and related variables.
The Effect of Music on Perceived Atmosphere and Purchase Intentions in a Restaurant
Authors: Wilson Stephanie
Published: April 2003

Extending research by North and Hargreaves (1998), this study investigated the effect of music on perceived atmosphere and purchase intentions in a restaurant. Four musical styles (jazz, popular, easy listening and classical) and no music were played in a restaurant over two consecutive weeks. Results indicated that different types of music had different effects on perceived atmosphere and the amount patrons were prepared to spend. Classical, jazz and popular music were associated with patrons being prepared to spend the most on their main meal. This value was found to be significantly lower in the absence of music and when easy listening was played. There was some evidence that the type of music also had an effect on the amount of money patrons actually spent in the restaurant. Overall, the study contributes to the development of a model that seeks to account for the relationship between music and consumer behaviour.
Differences in Mental Abilities between Musicians and Non-Musicians
Authors: Brandler Susanne , Rammsayer Thomas H.
Published: April 2003

Psychometric performance on different aspects of primary mental abilities (verbal comprehension, word fluency, space, closure, perceptual speed, reasoning, number and memory) was compared in 35 adult musicians and non-musicians. Significant differences could not be revealed for either mean full-scale scores or for specific aspects of intelligence, except verbal memory and reasoning. While performance on verbal memory was reliably higher for the musicians than for the non-musicians, non-musicians performed significantly better on all four subscales of Cattell’s Culture Free Intelligence Test, Scale 3. This latter finding is consistent with the assumption that musical talent may be associated more with intuitive rather than logical thinking. Musicians’ superior performance on verbal memory supports the notion that long-term musical training exerts beneficial effects on verbal memory, which is most likely due to changes in cortical organization.
The Development of Absolute Pitch: A Theory Concerning the Roles of Music Training at an Early Developmental Age and Individual Cognitive Style
Authors: Chin Christina S.
Published: April 2003

Absolute pitch (AP), the ability to identify or sing pitches without an external reference, is apparently neither completely inherited nor completely teachable. Based on AP research findings and the literature on cognitive development and cognitive style, this article proposes that the reason why some musicians have AP and others do not depends on both the developmental age at which music instruction began and individual differences in cognitive style; children who had a particular type of music training before the ages of 5 to 7 years, and who have a more analytical cognitive style, are most likely to develop AP. In light of the proposed explanation, there is discussion of a possible neurological correlate of AP in the brain, and of research on AP with individuals who are blind, have Williams syndrome, or are autistic. Some directions for future research are suggested.
An Empirical Investigation of the Anxiolytic and Pain Reducing Effects of Music
Authors: Macdonald Raymond A.R. , Mitchell Laura A. , Dillon Teresa , Serpell Michael G. , Davies John B. , Ashley Euan A.
Published: April 2003

This article reports two empirical experiments investigating the anxiety and pain reducing effects of listening to music via personal stereo following surgical procedures involving general anaesthetic. Both experiments involved participants selecting music of their own choice. In Experiment 1, following minor surgery on the foot, 20 participants in an experimental group listened to music while 20 participants in a control group did not. Results indicate that the music group felt significantly less anxiety than the control group. No differences in pain measurements between the two groups were found. Experiment 2 involved a music listening group of 30 females and a no music control group of 28 females. Both groups underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy. Post-operative measures of pain, anxiety and patient-controlled analgesia were taken. No differences between the groups were obtained on these measurements. The results of both experiments are discussed with reference to subjective responses to musical stimuli.
Framing Processes in Public Commentary on US Federal Tobacco Control Regulation
Authors: Roth Andrew L. , Dunsby Joshua , Bero Lisa A.
Published: April 2003

Governmental health policy officials increasingly seek to promote public participation in expert and technical decisions regarding health regulation. The issues of what rôle the public plays in regulatory processes, and how health policy officials orient to public opinion, matter especially in the US context, where public commentary is a requisite component of federal rule-making. This paper examines written commentary as one specific, institutionalized form of public participation. To understand the relationship between scientific evidence and public commentary in public health regulation, we examine a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, proposed in 1995, to restrict the promotion and sale of tobacco products to minors. We use recent work on collective action frames to analyse how the FDA framed the proposed regulation as a rational, science-based policy; the discursive practices employed in the public commentary either to embrace or to contest the FDA's framing; and how the agency presented the final version of its rule as responsive to that public commentary. Our content analyses reveal a significant disparity between the FDA's emphasis on scientific evidence and the commentators' emphases on political and ideological frames, which we analyse in terms of counter-framing. An orientation to the dynamics of framing and counter-framing contributes to an understanding of the relationship between scientific evidence and public commentary in the formulation of controversial health policy regulations.
Scientists and Satisfaction
Authors: Hermanowicz Joseph C.
Published: April 2003

Are professors happy? Results from surveys generally conclude that they are, much like other professionals. But high satisfaction registered in surveys may measure the normatively-generated, public side of work that affirms the academic profession's official image. Based on a recent national study of academic physicists' careers, this paper presents results from in-depth interviews in which respondents at a range of US universities provided detailed accounts of their experience in, and identification with, academe. I study satisfaction from a different angle - through the self-doubts scientists have about their work and careers - and investigate how self-doubts may systematically differ across distinct `social worlds' of the academy. The findings suggest that satisfaction is a more nuanced component of work than previous studies have suggested. I explore satisfaction as a developmental process in which people learn how to narrate their careers in the socially accepted formats that their given world of academic work prescribes.
Crossing Boundaries
Authors: Bruun Henrik , Hukkinen Janne
Published: April 2003

Evolutionary Economics (EE), Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) are often seen in literature on technology as alternative ways of accounting for technological change. Superficially they seem to exclude each other because of contradictory understandings of how technology changes, but in this paper we argue that there are connections between the approaches and that they complement each other in important ways. An initial analysis of each approach separately is followed by an investigation of the opportunities for conceptual and methodological connection or `cross-talk'. As a result of the analysis, we outline the contours of a comprehensive framework for studying technological change. We suggest that such a framework would integrate EE, SCOT and ANT as valuable complements for understanding particular aspects of the emergence and diffusion of new technology. This is illustrated with an empirical example from the early days of computerization in Finland.
Masters and Servants
Authors: Hercock Marion
Published: April 2003

This study examines how different scientific regimes have contributed differently to the way two Western Australian islands are managed. Rottnest Island and Garden Island are located off the coast of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. This paper contrasts the way science was conducted on Rottnest from the 1950s to 1970s, and this is contrasted with the way it was done on Garden Island in the 1970s and 1980s. On Rottnest, zoology and medicine were detached from the island management, yet impacted upon the island landscape. On Garden Island, ecology and geography were integrated with, and served, management. Differences in the social and political context of the times, and between the philosophical approaches and cultures of the scientists, are shown to have created different rôles for scientists in the management of the islands, and illustrate the on-going dialectic between two scientific cultures, one a culture of biomedical abstraction on Rottnest, and the other a culture of pragmatic holism on Garden Island.
Is Science Really a Young Man's Game?
Authors: Wray K. Brad
Published: April 2003

It has often been remarked that science is a young man's game. Thomas Kuhn, for example, claims that revolutionary changes in science are almost always initiated by either young scientists or those new to a field. I subject Kuhn's hypothesis to testing. I examine 24 revolutionary scientific figures mentioned in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to determine if young scientists are more likely to make revolutionary discoveries than older scientists. My analysis suggests that middle-aged scientists are responsible for initiating more scientific revolutions than young scientists, given the proportion of each group in the total population of scientists. I argue that the popular myth about the correlation between youth and scientific discovery fails to take into account the proportion of young scientists in the population of scientists.
Therapeutic Communities and Prison Management: An Examination of the Effects of Operating an In-Prison Therapeutic Community on Levels of Institutional Disorder
Authors: Dietz Erik Faust , O’Connell Daniel J. , Scarpitti Frank R.
Published: April 2003

There is a growing emphasis in corrections on the treatment of inmates with drug problems. The typical method of evaluating drug treatment programs is to examine how the treatment affects the inmate in terms of relapse and recidivism. This study examines the institutional consequences of operating a therapeutic community located in a medium/high-security male institution. The effect on management is examined from a perspective of institutional disorder. Disorders, from less severe inmate rule violations to more serious assaults, and rates of grievance filing are examined within the treatment unit and compared with rates in the general population. The inmate’s perception of the environment, whether in treatment or nontreatment, is also examined. Findings indicate that in-prison therapeutic communities have lower levels of disorder than nontreatment housing units and tend to produce more positive perceptions of the living environment among the inmates living there. The impact of these findings for prison management is discussed.
Short-Term Outcomes for Offenders With Mental Illness Released From Incarceration
Authors: Hartwell Stephanie
Published: April 2003

Using data on 247 offenders with mental illness, this analysis seeks to identify characteristics that distinguish those who are returned to prison or a psychiatric hospital with those who remain in the community. Sociodemographic, mental health, criminal history, and service variables are compared across a range of outcome categories with a focus on those reinstitutionalized and those reincarcerated. Those returning to institutions have somewhat different mental health service and criminal justice histories than the engaged/community group. In particular, the group that is reincarcerated is more likely released from misdemeanor sentences, and the group being released from felony sentences is more likely to be found in a psychiatric hospital after release from correctional custody. These findings have implications regarding the cumulative effects of engagement with the criminal justice system and the process through which persons with mental illness and a criminal history cycle through institutions.
Persecutory Ideation and Depression in Mild Violence Among Incarcerated Adult Males
Authors: Beal Christopher A. , Kroner Daryl G. , Weekes John R.
Published: April 2003

The present study examined the relationship between psychopathology and outcome measures of degree of victim violence and history of violence. The best predictor of degree of victim violence was an interaction between hopelessness and perception of external control, suggesting the importance of comorbidity in predicting violence severity. Contrary to many studies, an inverse relationship was found, indicating that those with greater psychopathology inflict less violence on their victims.
The Conditions of Post-Soviet Dispossessed Youth and Work in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Authors: Rigi Jakob
Published: April 2003

In this article I describe and analyse the conditions of youth in post- Soviet Kazakhstan, their attitudes to work and their economic practices. The article argues that the post-Soviet changes, most importantly neo-liberal reforms and rise of consumerism, have transformed the conditions of youth, their attitudes to work and their patterns of work. First, the neo-liberal reforms and the abolition of the welfare state have dispossessed the majority of youth from the access to welfare, education and work of the Soviet era. This has created a huge social cleavage among already stratified youth. While the sons and daughters of the elite, immersed in conspicuous consumption, have monopolized places in universities and good jobs, the dispossessed youth live in dire poverty. Poverty, insecure family backgrounds, lack of good formal education and lack of necessary contacts marginalize dispossessed youth in the labour market. The economic niche available to them consists of menial jobs in the informal sector. In spite of their poverty, the dispossessed youth have a consumerist mentality. This has created a tension between youth and parents among the dispossessed. While parents ask young people to get more involved in available strategies of survival, the latter, seeing a gloomy future, immerse themselves in the present through sex and drugs. Moreover, in order to survive and have minimum access to the consumerist goods and services, young people get involved in deviant strategies: males get involved in theft, drug dealing and small-scale racketeering and females in prostitution. This subjects them to enormous violence in prisons, streets and places of entertainment. The conditions of the dispossessed youth are characteristic of the post-Soviet changes. While a tiny elite and their foreign partners plunder resources, the dispossessed majority are struck by despair and poverty.
Notes on Mayan Youth and Rural Industrialization in Guatemala
Authors: Green Linda
Published: April 2003

This article explores the experiences of some Mayan youths as they are increasingly drawn into circuits of the world economy as wage workers in rural maquilas. It explores how fundamental restructuring of the world economy and the new international division of labor in the last quarter of the 20th century has directly impacted some households in rural Guatemala. The article sheds light on how maquila factories in rural Guatemala operate as new sites of exploitation by reinforcing and intensifying existing inequalities, intergenerational tensions and for manufacturing powerlessness among rural Mayan adolescents, while simultaneously seducing them with modernity’s desires.
Laboring for the Colony and Nation
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: April 2003

Throughout the colonial era in Francophone Africa, male youth were prime targets for exploitative labor practices, and Madagascar stands as an especially pertinent example, where young men and boys were regularly forced to serve the French empire as foot soldiers and corvée laborers. Their work efforts – and lives – were essential to the defense of France in wartime; further, it is they who built the complex infrastructure that simultaneously served the needs of the island’s domestic army, foreign-owned plantations and a colonial administrative network. Colonial policies were driven, too, by the ideological assumption that manual labor would prove transformative to Malagasy, among whom such experiences were believed to implant a new enthusiasm for capitalist production. From a Malagasy perspective, however, enforced labor practices were simply poorly disguised forms of enslavement. The legacy of these oppressive practices proved troubling to subsequent efforts at nation building where, again, youth – and especially, educated secondary students – were conceived of as embodying the future of the independent state. This article explores the interconnectedness of nationalism, labor ideology and youth culture, where secondary school students’ politicized understandings of the past prove central to their contemporary readings of personal and national independence in Madagascar.
Peasants, Democracy and Anthropology
Authors: Feuchtwang Stephan
Published: April 2003

The gulf between intellectuals and peasants, in which the latter are perceived to be a drag on the modernization led by the former, is usually selfaggrandizement. When, as in China, peasants have the ambivalent status of being the base of revolution and the drag on political reform in the direction of democracy, anthropologists are in a good position to challenge the intellectuals’ pretensions. But we don’t. This article asks why, points out the ways in which we can, and then refutes the notion that Chinese peasants have no democratic tradition with an example. It is an example of self-organization around an incense burner, a religious tradition of territorial association. I put it to the test of a number of concepts of democracy, most of which it passes. But its leaders are chosen by divine selection, raising the question whether this is a form of benign charisma rather than standard electoral democracy. The institution persists into the present of the People’s Republic of China and the government of Taiwan, where it functions as a public good, a test of local loyalty, and a moral basis by which the conduct of state officials and elected representatives are judged. It is a civil institution, but now the issue is whether it will last or be soaked up by central state cultural policies. Whatever the answer, the example also throws down a challenge to anthropologists in other regions to explore ‘peasant’ self-organization and cultural resources for democracy and civil judgement.
Family Changes Over the Long Term: A Sociological Commentary
Authors: Goode William J.
Published: April 2003

Family structures and family law have been moving in the same direction all over the world over the past two centuries. Although general agreement exists that these changes have something to do with industrialization and with the ensuing transformation of the material basis of individual subsistence, it is nearly impossible to disentangle cause and effect in this process of the simultaneous revolution of economic and family structures. The transition from a society in which status and the family constitute the basis of social security to a society in which survival and success are based on merit has led to a disintegration of the family. But a society cannot go on functioning well unless it protects its inept, and hence the disintegration of the family is a threat to social cohesion itself.
The Emergence of Droit De Famille and Familienrecht in Continental Europe and the Introduction of Family Law in England
Authors: Müller-Freienfels Wolfram
Published: April 2003

In continental Western Europe, family law has, in modern times, been understood as a technical term for the particular subdivision of law and the special field of legal scholarship dealing with the topics of marriage law, the law on parents and children, and the law on guardians and wards. The custom of classifying and combining these topics was developed by lawyers in different countries, particularly by Pufendorf. The classifications were later systematically used by the German pandectists and in the German Civil Code. In England, the expression “family law” was not used before the 1960s. As O. Kahn-Freund stated in his opening address to the first Family Law Workshop in 1966, “A battle has been necessary to introduce it in England.” Since then, family law has become the trademark for a comprehensive and new dimension of legal and social reasoning in family matters in England.
Development of Family Law in Western and Eastern Europe: Common Origins, Common Driving Forces, Common Tendencies
Authors: Antokolskaia Maria V.
Published: April 2003

An analysis of the historical development of family law in Europe allows for a reevaluation of the argument that harmonization and unification are unfeasible because of unbridgeable historical and cultural differences between the European countries. Between the Gregorian reforms and the Reformation, the family law of Europe was mainly uniform canon law. There were two very similar systems of canon law, the Catholic and the Orthodox. The development of family law from the end of the Reformation until today can be seen as the gradual abandoning of concepts of canon law. Although this process was essentially the same in all European countries, it did (and still does) not take place simultaneously. The major differences between the current family laws of the European countries can be considered to be differences in the timing and extent of the said process.
Is Contemporary Western Family Law Historically Unique?
Authors: Willekens Harry
Published: April 2003

Over the past decades, a wave of family law reforms has shaken the very foundations of family law as known in the West over the past centuries. Strict gender equality has been introduced, the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children has been abolished, divorce has been facilitated, and the borderlines between marriage and cohabitation and between heterosexual and homosexual relations are fading. Is this new family law historically unique? A broad historical and intercultural comparison undertaken to answer this question shows that a remarkable and unexpected substantive similarity can be observed between the family laws of the contemporary West and the folkways of some hunter-gatherer societies. This is explained by the fact that in both types of society, as opposed to nearly all other societies on the record, the social function of family law is reduced (or on its way to being reduced) to organizing fathers for newborn children.
The End of an Era?
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: April 2003

An examination of the development of family law in the United States and England in the last half of the twentieth century showed that the form of family law of the 1950s was closer to the 1890s than to that of the 1990s. This change mirrored the demographic revolution of the late twentieth century. This article argues that it may also have begun to bring to a close an approach taken by legal institutions to family relationships dubbed welfarism , which stretched from the early nineteenth century and reached its climax in the 1960s and 1970s, but the extent and nature of the transformation remain unresolved.
Nazi Family Policy: Securing Mass Loyalty
Authors: Voegeli Wolfgang
Published: April 2003

Nazi family policy is often seen solely as anti-feminist, racist, and eugenic, and the social policy elements are neglected. Indeed, it was part of a terrorist regime. At the same time, it was a constitutive element of the modern welfare state and instrumental for the preservation of mass loyalty. The introduction of family benefits and of income tax scales recognizing family burdens is an element of modern family policy originally introduced during the Nazi regime. Neither family ideology nor family policy was monolithic but rather diverse and contradictory expressions of a poly-centered system. The various bureaucracies involved in the implementation of this policy partly counteracted each other.