bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON THE GENETIC VARIATION OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) POPULATIONS IN CHINA*
Authors: Xiao‐feng CHEN , Sheng‐jiang TAN , Ren‐yi LIU , Ying WANG , Dian‐mo LI
Published: April 2008

Abstract Population genetic variations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) over different major cotton growing regions were analyzed by DNA polymorphism amplified with four simple repetitive sequence primers. The results showed that the laboratory population had relatively lower genetic variation than natural populations. The genetic variation between natural populations was not significant and genetic variation existed in the same location from different years, indicating frequent migration among natural cotton bollworm populations. Cluster analysis indicated that individuals from Chaoyang of Liaoning Province (CY), Gaotang of Shandong Province (GT) and Dafeng of Jiangsu Province(DF) were more mixed each other, which suggested that CY population might have higher gene flow with GT and DF populations, especially with GT population. It supports the theory that the cotton bollworm in Northeast China came from Shandong and Hebei Provinces. This result also demonstrated that the molecular makers in this study are sensitive to detect population genetic structure changes.
A NO‐CHOICE WIND TUNNEL OLFACTOMETER SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF PLANT VOLATILES TO ADULT HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA:NOCTUIDAE) *
Authors: Chun XIAO , Zhi‐hua YANG , Jia‐wei DU , Zhong‐ning ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract A bioassay system to evaluate adult cotton bollworm (CBW), Helicoverpa armigera, behavioral responses to plant volatiles was described. The system was comprised of a no‐choice olfactometer, a wind tunnel, and a wind tunnel room. The olfactometer was designed to provide for the testing and evaluation of volatiles from a variety of natural and synthetic sources. The behavioral responses in this system demonstrated that the volatiles of wilted leaves of Pterocarya stenoptera, Toona sinensis and Populus canadensis, the main materials of which poplar bundles were made, only could attract virgin females but not mated females and males. The volatiles emitted from fresh carrot and celery flowers did not exhibit significant attractiveness to both sexes of CBW. 0.1% phenylacetaldehyde showed significant attraction for virgin females and males. The biological significance of attraction of volatiles from these plants for CBW was discussed.
RECOVERY RESPONSE OF HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA AND STEINERNEMA CARPOCAPSAE TO DIFFERENT NON‐SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS*
Authors: Ri‐chou HAN , Li CAO , Xiang‐yang HE , Qiu‐jian LI , Xiu‐ling LIU , Hong HUANG , Yi PANG , Min‐er HE
Published: April 2008

Abstract Axenic Steinernema carpocapsae Agriotos (A24) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 dauer juveniles were exposed to Spodoptera litura insect cell cultures, and the cell‐free filtrates or cells of different non‐symbiotic microorganism cultures, including Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micromonospora purpurea, Rhizopus delemar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces antibioticus, Penicillium citrnum, Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Rhizobium legumiunosarum, and Photobacterium phosphoreum. None of these cell‐free filtrates or cultures, or insect cell culture triggered recovery of H. bacteriophora H06. However, cell‐free filtrate of P. phosphoreum induced recovery of S. carpocapsae A24, although the cell culture of this bacterium kill the A24 dauer juveniles before recovery. S. litura insect cells provided the nutrients for axenic S. carpocapsae A24 nematode growth and next generation of dauer juveniles were observed. These results further demonstrated that food signals were much more specific to H. bacteriophora than to S. carpocapsae.
PROGRESS IN THE STUDY ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF MICROPLITIS WASPS*
Authors: Wen‐xia DONG , Zhong‐ning ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The success of foraging behavior of Microplitis wasps is governed by many factors including semiochemicals, experience and learning, as well as physiological state, rearing method etc. This paper summarizes the progress in the study on foraging behavior of Microplitis wasps. Its application in biological control is also discussed.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM FUJIAN PROVINCE, CHINA*
Authors: Hui XIAO , Da‐wei HUANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Descriptions illustrated with 9 line drawings are provided for 3 new species of Pteromalidae from Fujian, South China. Apsilocera brevivena sp. nov. can be separated from Apsilocera bramleyi Graham with its marginal vein shorter than postmarginal vein and malar space only 1/4 length of eye height. Cleonymus grandiceps sp. nov. can be separated from Cleonymus laticornis Walker with head width 1.4 times mesoscutum, marginal vein 1. 9 times as long as stigmal vein. Norbanus arcuatus sp. nov. can be identified by clypeal margin arched medially.
NOTES ON GENUS PROCONURA DODD (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) FROM CHINA WITH DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES AND ONE NEW RECORD SPECIES*
Authors: Chang‐ming LIU
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with the Chinese species of the genus Proconura Dodd. A new species P. eurygena Liu, sp. nov., a new record species P. caryobon(Hanna) and other two species P. asiatica Narendran and P. ishiii (Habu) are described. The holotype of P. eurygena is from Hainan Province. Its main features are: antennae and hind femora brown; vertex long; COL to POL as1:3; scapes reaching front ocellus, almost 3 times as long as pedicel; gaster with basal carinae short and distinctly converging backwards; first tergite of gaster smooth, without puncture. A key to known Chinese species of Proconura is given. Type specimen is deposited in Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Mao‐ling SHENG , Hong‐yang PAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract Two new species, Zabrachypus atripedalis Sheng, sp. nov. and Triancyra maculata Sheng, sp.nov. belonging to the family Ichneumonidae, collected from Funiu Mountains in Henan Province, China, are described. All specimens are preserved in the General Station of Forest Pest Management, the State Forestry Administration, P. R. China.
STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF CYTOCHROME P450 GENES FROM AEDES ALBOPICTUS*
Authors: Guo‐li ZHOU , Jiong‐lie HUANG , Yu WU , Ling WANG , Hio‐ian LAO
Published: April 2008

Abstract Several pairs of specific primers according to the obtained cDNA sequence fragment from deltamethrin‐resistant Aedes albopktus were designed to amplify new CYP6 genes from total RNA of Aedes albopictus by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The products of RACE were cloned and selected for sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequences were subjected to homologous analysis. The results indicated that the identities of clone GZS331 sequence from 5′‐RACE products and clone GZG033 sequence from 3′‐RACE products to CYP6N3vl ‐ v3 are 83.9% ‐ 84.3% and 98.2% ‐ 99.1% respectively; while the identities of the others from 3′‐RACE products to CYP6N3v1 ‐ v3 are 84.3% ‐ 85.6%. All of these obtained cDNA sequences have a higher homology to CYP3A1 in mouse and CYP9A1 in moth. The dendrogram constructed by PC/GENE software showed similar results to homologous analysis. These obtained sequences were submitted and named by the P450 Nomenclature Committee. The diversity of cytochrome P450 genes in Culicidae species was discussed.
A COMPARISON OF SENSITIVITY TO INHIBITOR AMONG ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE) MOLECULAR FORMS OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS IN HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA*
Authors: Xi‐wu GAO , Xu‐guo ZHOU , Bing‐zong ZHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The sensitivity of 2.8s and 8.7s acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to eserine sulfate is significantly lower in resistant (R) strain than in susceptible (S) strain in five AChE forms isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. There are 186 and 85 times of difference in heads of adults and 1010 and 105 times of difference in heads of larvae based on a comparison of I50 values for 2.8s and 8.7s forms respectively. The sensitivity of 5.3s form of AChE to eserine sulfate shows 123 times of difference between R and S strains in larvae, however no difference in adults. The above results indicate that insensitive 2.8s, 8.7s and 5.3s forms of AChE may play an important role in the resistance of cotton boll‐worm to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.
RAPID COLD HARDENING PROVIDING HIGHER COLD TOLERANCE THAN COLD ACCLIMATION IN THE PINE NEEDLE GALL MIDGE THECODIPLOSIS JAPO‐NENSIS LARVAE*
Authors: Yi‐ping LI , He GONG , Park Ho‐Yong , Goto Michiyo
Published: April 2008

Abstract The responses of overwintering larvae of the pine needle gall midge Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye to rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation were studied. A rapid cold hardening response is found in the 3rd instar larvae of T. japonensis. When overwintering larvae are transferred directly from 27°C to ‐ 15°C for 3 h, there is only 17.9% survival, whereas exposure to 4°C for 2 h prior to transfer to ‐ 15°C increases survival to 40.0%. The acquired cold tolerance is transient and is rapidly lost (after 15 min at 27°C). Rapid cold hardening is more effective in maintaining larval survival than cold acclimation. Different mechanisms are suggested to regulate the insect's cold hardiness under rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation.
DIEL RHYTHMS OF CALLING BEHAVIOR AND SEX PHEROMONE PRODUCTION OF BEET ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA EXIGUA (LEPIDOPTERA:NOCTUIDAE)*
Authors: Shuang‐lin DONG , Jia‐wei DU
Published: April 2008

Abstract Beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, is becoming one of more and more serious pests in China in recent years. As a part of research program of sex pheromone and its application of BAW in China, the hourly and daily variation of calling behavior and pheromone production of BAW females were investigated. Both calling behavior and titers of 4 sex pheromone components showed distinct diel rhythms, and the two peak periods were synchronous. In comparison, the calling activity lasted shorter period of time with a longer peak time, whereas the production of the sex pheromone lasted throughout the whole scotophase and part of the photophase with a very short peak time. The calling behavior began at the middle scotophase, reached the maximum at the middle‐later scotophase, and continued the maximal calling activity until the end of the scotophase. When the light was on, the calling percentage reduced sharply, and all females stopped calling 1 hour later. The variation patterns of the 4 pheromone components in the glands of the 3 day old moths were similar from one to another. From 0.5 h before to 4.5 h into scotophase, the titers increased slightly, but at 6.5 h they showed a significant increase up to the peak values of the scotophase. Soon at 8.5 h into the scotophase, they decreased significantly and thereafter gradually to undetectable level at 4.5 h into the next photophase. The daily change experiment showed that BAW females began calling at 0 scotophase, became fully active in calling at 3rd scotophase, and maintained the calling activity to 7th scotophase. There was no significant difference in pheromone titers among different day‐old moths.
EFFECTS OF BT RICE ON THE FOOD CONSUMPTION, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CHILO SUPPRESSAUS LARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Shi‐gui WANG , Gong‐yin YE , Cui HU , Qing‐yao SHU , Yin‐wu XIA , Altosaar Illimar
Published: April 2008

Abstract The Bt transgenic rice line, i.e. KMD1 containing a synthetic cry 1 Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was tested in the laboratory for evaluating its effects on larval food consumption, growth and survival of striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) under different temperatures. The food consumption and body weight growth as well as the survival of both 3rd and 5th instar larvae fed on Bt rice were significantly reduced, as compared with those on the control. The temperature showed no marked effect on both food consumption and body weight growth of larvae fed on Bt rice stems since the onset of 3rd instar, conversely had significant effects as since the initial stage of 5th instar. In contrast, the temperature did not distinctly influence the survival of both 3rd and 5th instar larvae. There was a linearly positive relationship between the corrected mortality of larvae and the accumulative amount of Bt rice tissues ingested by larvae.
STRUCTURE AND CHANGES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND OF FEMALE DERMACENTOR SILVARUM OLENEV (ACARI: IXODIDAE)
Authors: Jian LI , Zhen‐hua SHI , Jing‐ze LIU
Published: April 2008

Abstract The salivary gland (SG) of female Dermacentor silvarum consists of salivary ducts and lots of acini.

From the basis capituli to the end of the gland, the ducts can be divided into three parts, namely, central duct, major branch ducts and the lobular ducts, and the acini is spherical‐like structures attached to various ducts. The central duct parallels with trachea. The surface of the acini is wrinkly and many small tracheae distributed on the acini. In unfed female, the length of SG is short (547.33 μm) and extends on the first day after feeding, and reaches its maximum value (1109.40 μm) on the 3rd day after feeding, while copulation has justly completed. From the 3rd day after feeding to the first three days after engorgement, no apparent change in length of the gland is observed. On the 4th day after engorgement, it shortens sharply (500.00 μm). The diameter of the acini of unfed female is also short (45.24 μm), it increases gradually during feeding and reaches its maximum (74.10 μm) on the 5th day after feeding. After engorgement, the acini becomes atrophic slowly and degenerated sharply on the 4th day.
THE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDEA) ON YUNNAN PINE
Authors: Fang CHEN , Shao‐fang SUN , Pan‐jiang GUO , Cui‐lian YANG , Zhi‐yong ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract By careful and long period field investigation of the population density of Tomicus piniperda L. and the growth of Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis French.), and improved regression analysis, the economic threshold of Tomicus piniperda on Yunnan pine is determined: When the death rate of the trees is not more than 0.52%, the natural control factors can prevent the density of the bark beetle from increasing and no control measure is needed. When the death rate of the trees reaches 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked is 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree 0.66, the cost for control is equal to the economic loss saved. So, considering both the economic justification and the prevention of the pest density from increasing, when the death rate of the trees is more than 0.5%, the corresponding rate of shoots attacked more than 0.61% and the mean of invading holes per tree more than 0.66, control measure should be taken. The paper also gives formulae for different Yunnan pine forest areas to calculate their own economic threshold according to their special situations.
THE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LARVAL GALLERIES OF COFFEE STEM‐BORER: ACALOEPTA CERVINUS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)*
Authors: Xin‐wen YU , Rong‐ping KUANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The spatial characteristics of larval galleries and mining behaviour of the coffee stem‐borer, Acalolepta cervinus (Hope), were studied on their host plant, Coffea arabica L. Results showed that entry holes were centrally located on stems of 4 cm diameter. Older larvae than third instar preferred tunnelling upward on the stems when diameter at the entry hole is larger than 4 cm, but downward on less than 4 cm. The vertical distribution of entry holes skewed toward lower position of stems. The larvae preferred drilling holes beside protrusions, especially beside the bases of adjacent branches. More entry holes were located on the south‐facing side of stems. Larvae boring hole on stem exhibited a strong location preference. This study helps us to understand larval tunnelling behaviour and to develop the control methods against the target pest.
CLONING AND SEQUENCING OF GENE ENCODING HYALURONIDASE FROM THE VENOM OF APIS CERANA CERANA*
Authors: Li‐rong SHEN , Chuan‐xi ZHANG , Jia‐an CHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The venomous hyaluronidase (Hya) gene of Chinese honey bee, Apis cerana cerana, was amplified by RT‐PCR from total RNA of venom glands of the worker bees. The full length of its nucleotide is 1164 bp encoding a 387 amino acid polypeptide with predicted molecular weight of 42.6 kD. The alignment of AcHya amino acid sequence with other 6 Hyas shows that AcHya is most closely related to the Hya of European honey bee, A. mellifera, with 91% amino acid identity. It also shares homology with Hya of Dolichovespul amacidata, Polistes annularis, Vespula vulgaris, Lutzomia longipalpis and Homo sapiens (sperm), with 54%., 52%., 46%, 27% and 20% amino acid identity, respectively. A phylogenetic tree of those hyaluronidases was drawn by using GENETYX program, the conservation, the relationship between molecular structure and function of 7 hyaluronidases as above was compared and analysed.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ROTHNEYIA CAMERON (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM XIZANG, CHINA
Authors: Jun‐hua HE , Xue‐xin CHEN , Yun MA
Published: April 2008

Abstract A new species Rothneyia tibetensis sp. nov. of the genua Rothneyia is described form Xizang, China. A key to all the species of this genus is provided.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS REACTION OF CHINESE CABBAGE, BRASSICA CHINENSIS, INFESTED BY DIAMONDBACK, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA
Authors: Min‐sheng YOU , Guang YANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The enzymatic activities of superoxidae dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxidae(CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the content of phenol in the leaves of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, changed rapidly after the cabbage leaves were infested by the larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xyhstetta. Variations of the SOD, CAT, POD and PPO activities and the phenol content of damaged leaves within a day are generally different from that of undamaged normal leaves, which might result from the excessive stress caused by DBM infestation. The content of phenol and the activity of PPO are negatively correlated in the normal leaves, but the change is not the same as that in the damaged leaves. It is thus evident that the physiological disorder was caused by feeding activity of DBM in the cabbage plants, and the physiological stress response of the Chinese cabbage is prone systematically to the feeding of DBM. The defensive system of the Chinese cabbage could be destroyed by the infestation of DBM larvae, and there might be other defensive mechanisms in the cabbage resistant to the damage of DBM.
COMPARISON OF INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN ERUPTIVE AND LATENT AUCHENORRHYCHA (HOMOPTERA) SPECIES ON RICE: SOGATELLA FURCIFERA (DELPHACIDAE) VERSUS RECILIA DORSALIS (DELTOCEPHALIDAE)*
Authors: Zeng‐rong ZHU , Jia‐an CHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract A comparison of the effects of intraspecific competition between the white‐backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and the zigzag leaihopper (ZLH) Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), as representatives of eruptive and latent Auchenorrhycha (Homoptera) species on rice, was carried out in the laboratory. Crowding during the nymphal stage extended the duration of development of WBPH but not of ZLH. The nymphal survival rate of WBPH, sex ratio, preoviposition period and fecundity of both species were however not affected. The brachypterous percentage of WBPH and nymphal survival of ZLH were significantly reduced under high nymphal density. Crowding during the adult stage reduced fecundity and longevity significantly of both species. Fecundity and longevity were further reduced when combined with high densities during the nymphal stage. Age‐specific life table analysis showed that the integrated effect of crowding on ZLH is stronger than on WBPH. The mechanism of eruptive and latent species' response to crowding during nymph and adult stages is not clearly expressed as a significant difference in fecundity. It is better described as the variation in the intrinsic rate of increase (rm). Therefore the construction of an age‐specific life table is helpful, and perhaps necessary, to understand these effects. The results showed that the main ecological characteristics of ZLH, as a latent species were its longer immature period, lower total fecundity and decreased and retailed rate of oviposition, hence the lower rm, as compared with WBPH.
SEX RATIO AND AGE STRUCTURE OF GAMASID MITES FROM SMALL MAMMALS IN WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA*
Authors: Xian‐guo GUO , Ti‐jun QIAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract A total of 70 species of gamasid mites (7485 individuals) were collected from the body surface of 38 species of small mammals (3023 individuals) during an investigation of 13 counties of western Yunnan, China, from 1990 to 1996. Most species of gamasid mites have more females (80% 100%) than males (P <0.01). Exceptions are Haemogamasus gongshanensis where males outnumber females (P < 0.01) and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where there are similar numbers of males and females (P > 0.05). No larva was found in most of the mite species. The proportion of individuals at the immature stages (mainly protonymphs and deutonymphs) in most mite species is small (0–12.84%) compared to the adults (P < 0.01). Exceptions are Ornithonyssus bacoti and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where 62.84% and 49.48% respectively are nymphs. The biased sex ratios may reflect the probable different bloodsucking preferences and parthenogenesis of the gamasid mites. The absence of larvae and a low proportion of nymph stages in most mite species probably reflect that the larvae or nymphs of most mite species are non‐feeding or non‐blood sucking and are in their hosts' nests. Another possibility is that some species directly produce protonymphs or even deutonymphs without eggs and larvae which makes it difficult to find the larval stage.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN YUNNAN PROVINCE*
Authors: Hui YE
Published: April 2008

Abstract The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious pest inaect for vegetables and fruits in Yunnan Province. The trap experiments located in 12 counties of Yunnan indicated that, the geographical distribution of Oriental fruit fly there could be plotted as three distribution zones. To the south of Guannan, Yuanjiang and Rulin is the annual distribution zone. In this region, the Oriental fruit fly completed 4–5 generations per year, and infested the local vegetables and fruits all the year around. To the north of Luku, Dayiao and Qujing is the zone without the insect, where the Oriental fruit fly was not trapped and no fruits infested by the fly were found during the present study. The region between the above two zones was the seasonal distribution zone for the insect. The fruit fly occurred only during May to December in this area, and completed 2–3 generations in this period. The peak abundance of the oriental fruit fly took place from June in Jinghong to October in Yiaoan, along the altitude graduates from the south to the north. In elevation, the Oriental fruit fly was trapped at altitude of 500–2300 m above sea level, in which high trap catches appeared between 500–1000 m. It is proposed that the variations of the fruit fly distribution in altitude and latitude are principally correlated with local temperatures and host plants.
ANALYSIS OF WING‐SHAPE CHARACTERITICS OF MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS*
Authors: Qing YAO , Zhi‐tao ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Morphological characteristics of the forewings of 42 species of moths and 31 species of butterflies were comparatively analyzed with special reference to their migration ability. The curvature values of costal margin of the forewings revealed that the migratory moths and butterflies have relatively narrower forewings with straighter costal margin as compared with respective non‐migratory species. The posterior area of forewings was wider in the migratory moths and narrower in the migratory butterflies than that of respective non‐migratory species.
FUCTIONAL RESPONSE AND PLANT PREFERENCE OF NEPHASPIS OCULATUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), PREYING ON BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDM) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Tong‐Xian LIU , Stansly Philip A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract The predatory behavior and functional response of all larval stages and adults of Nephpis oculatus (Blatchley), a predacious coccinellid, on various egg densities of Bemisia argentgolii Bellows & Pemng, and prey preference of adult N. oculatus, were studied in the laboratory. Daily consumption of eggs of B. argentifolii by N. oculatus was evaluated at six different densities to obtain functional response curves for all active stages of the coccinellid. Bemisia argentifolii eggs were offered to N. oculatus on collard leaf disks in Petri dish arenas over a 24‐h period at 26.7 ∀ 2°C: and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L: D) h. Linear relationship were observed between percentage prey consumed and prey density, with r2 values between 0.82–0.99 for all stages except for the fourth instar that had a smaller r2 value (0.64). Functional response curves of prey consumption by N. oculatus against density of B. argentifolii eggs fitted the type II model of Holling's disc equation for all larval stages and both the male and female adults. Adult females consumed more prey than adult males. The maximum theoretical number of prey consumed per day increased with larval development. The fourth instar was the most effective larval predator, followed by the third instar, the second instar, and finally, the first instar. Based on the functional response parameters, a maximum of 321, 312, 237, 229, 73, and 34 B. argentifolii eggs could be attacked by an adult female, a fourth instar, an adult male, a third instar, a second instar, and a first instar of N. oculatus, respectively. Nephaspis oculatus adults strongly preferred collard to tomato, soybean, eggplant or sweet‐potato for oviposition and foraging. Nephaspis oculatus did not deposit any eggs on soybean and tomato.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE VITELLOGENESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAZ (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Gong‐yin YE , Cui HU , He GONG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Effects of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone (JH) on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami are reported in this article. After topical treatment with 20‐hydroxyecdysone alone or JH analog (i.e. methoprene) alone and combined treatment with these two chemicals, vitellogenin (Vg) titers in the fat body and haemolymph at the pupal stage were mostly higher than those of the control, indicating that both ecdysteroid and JH exerted a promoting effect on the synthesis of Vg. In contrast, the Vg uptake was markedly inhibited by JH while stimulating effect of the ecdysteroid could be shown that vitellin (Vt) titer in the ovary was lower after methoprene treatments, but higher after 20‐hydroxyecdyson treatments. Meanwhile, effects of these two hormones on Vg synthesis in the fat body were also tested with the incubation in vitro with Grace medium containing H‐leucine and the hormones. The results demonstrated that Vg synthesis was stimulated after treating with methoprene alone or 20‐hydroxyecdysone alone and combined treating with these two chemicals, and particularly ecdysteroid had more marked positive effect. To comprehensively concluded our results, it could be regarded that ecdysteroid play the main role in the regulation of vitellogenesis for the Japanese oak silkworm.
FIBRINOLYTIC PROTEASES FROM THE GUT OF LARVAE OF FLESH FLY, BOETTCHERISCA PEREGRINA (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGAE): PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Xiao‐feng LU , Xing‐yong YANG , Jing‐qiu CHENG , Yan PEI , Shu‐nan JIANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Three fibrinolytic proteases, which were designated as BPGFF'l, BPGFP2 and BPGFP3 individually, were purified from the gut extract of larvae of Boettcherisca peregrina fed on artificial diet containing fibrin‐rich pig blood‐coagulated block. BPGFP1 consists of two subunits with MW 32 000 and 30 000. Both BPGFP2 and BPGFP3 are monomer with MW 40 000 and 28 000, respectively. These three proteases am similar in substrate and inhibitor specificity. All of them possess high activities against fibrinolytic protease specific substrates such as fibrin, Chromzym P, Chromzym UK and S‐2288. They also strongly hydrolyze trypsin‐specific substrates Bz‐Phe‐Val Arg NA, cBz Gly‐Pro‐Arg NA, Bz‐Pro‐Phe‐Arg NA and Bz‐Val‐Gly‐Arg NA. PMSF, STI, LBTI and SBBI can inhibit activity of these proteases. Activities of these three fibrinolytic proteases were found to be maximal at alkaline range of pH 9.0 ˜ 10.0.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON THE GENUS PLACIDUS DISTANT (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Ya‐lin ZHANG , Cong WEI
Published: April 2008

Abstract Nine species of the leafhopper genus Placidus Distant have been found in the world up to now, of which 4 new species are described from South China in this paper: P. dentatus, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, P. striolatus, sp. nov. and P. nigrocupuliferous, sp. nov. from Yunnan Province, and P. flosifrontus, sp. nov. from Hunan Province. A key to all the 9 species of this genus is proposed. The type specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum, Northwest Sci‐Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi, except the type specimens of P. dentatus and P. striolatus spp. nov. kept in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZAS).
UP REGULATION OF UBIQUITIN C‐TERMINAL HYDROLASE IN THE RESPONSE OF THE MOSQUITO ANOPHELES STEPHENS TO PLASMODIUM YOELII INFECTION
Authors: Xiao‐chun XU , Feng‐yi QU , Gum‐hong SONG , Jian‐nong XU
Published: April 2008

Abstract The isolation and study of genes that are differentially expressed in malaria‐infected mosquitoes is important for the elucidation of basic molecular mechanisms underlying vector‐parasite interactions. When screening against a previously established cDNAs pool representing specifically expressed genes in the mosquito Anopheles stephemi infected by Plasnwdium γoelii, it was found that one of these encodes a protein with extensive sequence similarity to the Drosophila melarwgaster ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase (UCTH). Similarity alignment showed that the fragment is 89% identical at amino acid level to the corresponding region of the known An. gambiae EST sequence, as well as 63 % identical to that of both the fruittly and human sequence. Virtual Northern blot expression dynamics of the gene indicated that it was up‐regulated significantly in the mosquito at least 1–7 days post‐infection, consistent with the critical transition stages of midgut invasion and relocation of sporozoites from the oocysts to the salivary glands during parasite development. Rather little is known about the role of the ubiquitin pathway in the activation of the mosquito innate immune system. The results indicate that the gene is related to malaria infection in mosquito. The cloning and expression profile analysis of AsUCTH enables us to make predictions as to the roles it may play during malaria infection.
DACTYLOSTERNUM PUI (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE: SPHAERIDIINAE), A NEW SPECIES IN CHINA
Authors: Feng‐long JIA
Published: April 2008

Abstract Dactylosternum pui sp. nov. is described from Guangxi, China. It closely related to D. dohrtyi Balfour‐Browne but differs from the latter by prosternum very strongly tectiform in middle and sharp carinate medially and with a disti nct anteromedian tooth and different aedeagus. The new species can be separable from D. densepunctatum d'orchymont by tectiform and carinate prosternum and with tooth anteromedially, median femora with dense and short pubescence.
FORECASTING AND MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATORY PESTS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Hunter David , Deveson Ted
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The Decision Support System (DSS) used by the Australian Plague Locust Commission for management of several important migratory insect pests in Australia is described. The DSS is based on a Geographic Information System that integrates data on weather and habitat condition with the migration, development and distribution of the pest to prepare forecasts and aid decisions for control. The GIS is module based with the number and nature of the modules easily modified depending on the detail of data required to manage the pest concerned.
THE CLONING, SEQUENCING AND EXPRESSION OF THE LdMNPV POLYHEDRIN GENE
Authors: Tong LIN , Chuan‐xi ZHANG , Cheng‐cai AN , Zhi‐yini WANG , Kuan‐yu LIU , Hua‐yi YUAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract  LdMNPV ‐ NEFU isolate collected from the forestry farm of Northeast Forestry University was purified and the genomic DNA of MMNPV was extracted. The LdMNPV polyhedrin gene was cloned by PCR. The results showed that the sequence was an open reading frame (ORF) of 735bp capable of encoding 245 amino acids. The polyhedrin gene sequences of the MMNPV‐NEFU isolate and a Canada strain, MMNPV‐G differed in 5 bases. The polyhedrin gene of the LdMNPV‐NEFU isolate contained C, G, T, C and G at 54, 109,379, 508 and 701 sites from the start codon, but the LdMNPV‐G isolate contained G, C, C, T and T at the corresponding sites respectively. The same amino acids were encoded by the two ORF sequences, with the exception that Asp and His are encoded by GAC on the polyhedrin gene sequence of the LdMNPV‐NEFU isolate and by CAC in the MMNPV‐G isolate. The MMNPV polyhedrin gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by the pT7–7 plasmid vector.
THE PROTHORACICOSTATIC PEPTIDE THAT INHIBITS ECDYSTEROIDOGENESIS
Authors: Yue‐jin HUA , Xin LIU , Bu‐jin XU
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The paper generalizes advances of a new insect brain neuroeptide, prothoracicostatic peptide, which plays an important role in the insect metamorphosis, and was found and identified from silkworn Bombyx mori recent years. The paper intduces its research background, primacy structure, function, mutual relationship between it and prothoracicotmpic hormone as well as the results of molecular biology research. The evaluation and expectation of this peptide are discussed.
STUDIES ON SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF SIX INSECTICIDES BETWEEN GREEN PEACH APHID AND LADYBIRDS
Authors: Ming XUE , Qiang Li
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The selective toxicity of six kinds of insecticides, including imidacloprid, imidacloprid + synergist (SV1), fenvalerate, endosulfan, methomyl and dimethoate, between the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) and two species of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Propylaea japonica Thunbery), was investigated in the laboratory. The reults showed that both imidacloprid WP and imidacloprid + synergist (SVl) EC possessed the highest toxicity to the aphids. Between C. septempunctata and M. persicae and between P. japonica and M. persicae, the selective toxicity ratios (STRs) of imidacloprid WP, imidacloprid+ synergist (SV1) EC and endosulfan EC were 37.6 and 13.0, 9.84 and 7.75, 54.0 and 7.28 respectively. All of them showed rather high selective toxicity. The STRs of fenvalerate EC, dimethoate EC and methomyl EC were all very low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.21, indicating their low degree of safety to the two species of ladybids. The results demomarated that imidacloprid WP and imidacloprid + SVl EC not only had rather high toxicity to the aphids, but also reduced strikingly the reproduction rate and fecundity of the survival aphids. Insecticides can induce the relative fitness of insects decrease. Among the six insecticides tested with M. persicae, the following were insecticides and the order of induction was: imidacloprid + SV1 imidacloprid endosulfan methomyl fenvalerate > dimethoate.
DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECTICIDES BETWEEN ADULTS AND LARVAE OF HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA (L.)
Authors: Fu‐xing ZHU , Mo WANG , Ben‐hua TANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  In this paper, we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.), and the mechanisms for the differences. The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults, and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain. Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae. The co‐toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4:1) on pyrehid‐resistant houseflies was 188.
MIDDLE TRIASSIC NEW FOSSILS OF PROTORTHOPHLEBIA TILLYARD (INSECW: MECOPTERA) FROM TONGCHUAN REGION, SHAANXI PROVINCE, CHINA
Authors: You‐chong HONG , Shu'e CHEN , Shun‐tang LIU
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The new fossil specimens of Protorthphlebia Tillyd, 1933 collected from the Middle Triassic grayishgreen mudstone and shale of the Upper part of Lower Member, Middle Triassic Tongchuan Formation (T22t) in Tongchuan Shaanxi Province, China are reported and two new species Protorthophlebia ladinica sp.nov. and P. triassica sp.nov. are described. A key to 10 species of genus Rotorthphlebia is provided.
STUDY ON THE KARYOTYPES OF THREE SPECIES OF GENUS CARBULA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Hu‐fang ZHANG , Le‐yi ZHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The karyotypes and meiotic behaviors of three Carbula species (Carbula obtusangda Reuter, C. putoni (Jakovlev)and C. sinica Hsiao et Cheng) were studied. Karyotype analyses using specific software were made and model karyotype chart was presented. All three species have the typical diploid Chromosome number of 14 for the family Pentatomidae and X‐Y sex chromosomal mechanism, but the behavior of autosomes and sex‐chromosomes during meiosis among three species are different, and one or two supeeruumerary chromosomes were detected in C. putoni. These characteristics may provide some useful clues on the study of pentatomid taxonomy and phylogeny.
A STUDY ON THE GENUS PZUONAPTERON BLESZYNSKI (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Shi‐mei SONG , Jia‐she WANG , Yan‐yu WU
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The genus Prionapteron Bleszynski, which includes two species: P. tenebrellus (Hampson, 1896) and P. bicepellum Song, sp. nov., from Guangdong Province, China is studied. A key to species in genus Prionapteron based on adults and genitalia is provided. The specimens examined are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science.
FOUR NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW RECORD SPECIES OF THE GENUS BOTANOPHZU (DPITERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Wan‐qi XUE , Ming YANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The present paper deals with four new species and two new record species of genus of Botanophila Lioy, 1864 from Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, China; i.e. Botanophila angustisilva sp. nov., Botanophila chelonocerca sp. nov., Botanophila sanctiforecps sp. nov., Botanophila subobscura sp. nov. The two new record species are Botanophila guinlani (Ackland 1967), Botanophila rotundivalva (Ringdahl 1937). All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF BEMISIA TABACI B BIOTYPE (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Bao‐li QIU , Shun‐xiang REN , MANDOUR N.S. , Li LIN
Published: April 2008

Abstract The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on eggplant at seven constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35°C) were studied. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 48.7 days at 17°C to 13.9 days at 29°C and the developmental threshold estimated for a generation by linear regression was 12.4°C. The optimum temperature for B. tabaci population growth was 26°C, both extremely low (< 17°C) and high temperature (> 32°C) delayed the development. Survivorships from egg to adult was 67.3% at 26°C, 27.6% and 29.0% at 35°C and 17°C respectively. The average longevity of females ranged from 39.6 days at 20°C to 12.8 days at 35°C. Oviposition per female varied from 164.8 eggs at 20°C to 78.5 eggs at 32°C. Both the longevity and oviposition of B. tabaci females at different temperatures were significantly different (P < 0.05), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) for B. tabaci at 29°C was the highest.
TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS DELTA‐ENDOTOXINS
Authors: Li Hua‐rong , Oppert Brenda , Zhu Kun Yan , Higgins Randall A. , Huang Fang‐neng , Buschman Lawrent L.
Published: April 2008

Commercial varieties of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants have been developed in many countries to control target pests. Initially, the expression of native Bt genes in plants was low due to mRNA instability, improper splicing, and post‐translation modifications. Subsequently, modifications of the native Bt genes greatly enhanced expression levels. This is a review of the developments that made modern high‐expression transgenic Bt plants possible, with an emphasis on the reasons for the low‐level expression of native Bt genes in plant systems, and the techniques that have been used to improve plant expression of Bt toxin genes.
THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS
Authors: Miao Xue‐xia , Gan Ming , Ding De‐Cheng
Published: April 2008

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts (Buchnera spp.) in the black bean aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7‐day‐old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29%, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17%. The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively, suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid, threonine represented 21.6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.
A STUDY OFCRYPTOLECHIAZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE) IN CHINA (I), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES
Authors: Wang Shu‐Xia
Published: April 2008

The present paper reports thirty‐three species of the genusCryptolechiain China. Fifteen species are described as new to science:C. deflectasp. nov.,C. kangxianensissp. nov.,C. microbyrsasp. nov.,C. falsivespertinasp. nov.,C. zhengisp. nov.,C. neargometrasp. nov.,C. paranthaedeagasp. nov.,C. cornutivalvatasp. nov.,C. fasciruptasp. nov.,C. stictifasciasp. nov.,C. jigongshanicasp. nov.,C. mirabilissp. nov.,C. anthaedeagasp. nov.,C. geisp. nov. andC. varifasciruptasp. nov. The genital structures of the new species are illustrated.
EFFECTS OF HELPER PROTEINS ENCODED BY p19 AND orf1‐orf2 GENES ON Cyt1Aa PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ACRYSTALLIFEROUS STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Tang Mu‐jin , Zeng Shao‐ling , Chen Jian‐wu , Shi Yong‐xia , Xu Wei , Yuan Mei‐jin , Pang Yi
Published: April 2008

A series of plasmids were constructed to examine the effects of p19 and orf1‐orf2 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis on Cyt1Aa synthesis and inclusion formation. The plasmids expressed the cyt1Aa gene along with either p19 or orf1‐orf2, or each of them coordinatively with p20 in the acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 4Q7. No effect on the expression of Cyt1Aa protein was found when P19 or Orf1‐Orf2 co‐expressed with Cyt1Aa. However, when including p20 gene, the constructs with p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene produced lower yield of Cyt1Aa proteins than without p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene. Electron microscopy observation and bioassay showed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 have no influence on the crystal size and toxicity of Cyt1Aa protein. It is presumed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 might have negative effects on Cyt1Aa synthesis in B. thuringiensis.
DETERMINING THE ADULT AGE OF THE ORIENTAL LATRINE FLY, CHRYSOMYA MEGACEPHALA (FABRICIUS) (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) BY PTERIDINE FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Zhu Guang‐hui , Ye Gong‐yin , Hu Cui
Published: April 2008

The relationship between head pteridine fluorescence (HPF) levels and age in adult females and males of a common necrophagous fly, Chrysomya megacephala, and effects of temperature and fly sex on the relationship were studied by pteridine fluorescence spectrophotometry. Factors affecting HPF levels in flies were found to include fly age, temperature and fly sex, among which the fly age was the most dominant one. There were significant linear relationships between HPF levels and age both for female and male adult flies at five constant temperatures, i. e. 16°C, 20°C, 24°C, 28°C and 32°C. The relationship between mean rate of pteridine accumulation (FV or MV) and temperature (t) could be well described by a modified exponential equation of FV=0.01288 e(0.2241t‐3.127)+0.3649 (r2= 0.9987) for females and a linear regression equation of MV= 0.0574 t ‐ 0.3637 (r2= 0.9557) for males. Using the information from the experiments at five constant temperatures, three calculated methods as the candidates were developed for accurately determining the age of the fly by HPF levels at ambient temperature. The results revealed that these three methods were suitable for estimating the age only for male flies, but not for female flies. The smallest average error of the predicated age was 2.55 days for males. In addition, how to employ which of these three developed methods for determining ages of male flies in practical was also discussed.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY ON COENOSIA TIGRINA SPECIES‐GROUP(DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN CHINA
Authors: Xue Wan‐qi , Tong Yan‐feng
Published: April 2008

The Chinese species of Coenosia tigrina species ‐ group of the genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 are treated. One new species, C. albisquama sp. nov., and two new subspecies, C. attenuata brunnea subsp. nov. and C. strigipes bannaensis subsp. nov., are described. A key to Chinese species is given to seperate the species. The types specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.
REPELLENT AND OVIPOSITION DETERRENT ACTIVITIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MIKANIA MICRANTHA AND ITS COMPOUNDS ON PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA
Authors: Zhang Mao‐xin , Ling Bing , Chen Shao‐ying , Liang Guang‐wen , Pang Xiong‐fei
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Repellent and oviposition deterrent activities of the essential oil from Mikania micrantha and five volatile compounds including limonene, α‐terpinene, linalool, β‐caryophylene and verbenone on the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, was investigated in door and in net‐house. The results showed that the essential oil of the M. micrantha had significant repellant effect (at flow 100–180 mL/min) and oviposition deterrent activity at dose 10–20 μL/seedling for the DBM. In five volatile compounds, α‐terpinene, limonene and linalool had significant effect on repellent and oviposition deterrent of the DBM moths, but verbenone and β‐caryophylene, no significantly effect was observed in repellent and oviposition deterrent.