bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finding the Object of Study: Islamic Studies in Practice
Authors: Otterbeck Jonas
Published: May 2021

This article argues that, to understand where to find the study object ‘Islam’ and how to address it, researchers in Islamic studies need to be theoretically and methodologically aware of the importance and implications of power practices. By discussing enunciations associated with Islam, the problems with reification, the importance of power, the cognitive power of naming, and the semiotic resources mobilised by enunciations, the article proposes ways to operationalise grand scale theories by Talal Asad and Michel Foucault, with an especial focus on the understanding of semiotic resources. It also provides an account of the personal journey of the author while trying to relate constructively to the field for the last 30 years.
Parto e perinatalidade: O papel do psicólogo hospitalar nesse contexto
Authors: Laguna Thalyta Freitas dos Santos , Lemos Aline Priscila Subutzki , Ferreira Luísa , Gonçalves Camila dos Santos
Published: May 2021

Atendimentos psicológicos realizados no contexto dos hospitais, clínicas e centros de saúde devem abranger os três pilares existentes no âmbito hospitalar, quais sejam, pacientes, familiares e profissionais da saúde. O psicólogo especialista na modalidade hospitalar pode atuar em diversas frentes, incluindo o atendimento individual e em grupos psicoterapêuticos, atendimentos em ambulatórios e unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs), enfermarias, pronto-atendimentos, avaliações diagnósticas, psicodiagnósticos e consultorias. Muito embora identifiquem-se diversos estudos que dissertam sobre a psicologia hospitalar, sobretudo no que tange à atuação junto ao doente, pouco se fala sobre essa frente no contexto do parto e da perinatalidade. Dito isto, este artigo tem por objetivo dissertar sobre o papel do psicólogo nesse contexto. Justifica-se por ser um estudo relevante, com pouca literatura sobre o tema, que busca trabalhar a importância do psicólogo não somente no tratamento de doentes, mas também na promoção de saúde das parturientes. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, com levantamento bibliográfico feito em bases de dados online. Os achados sugerem que apesar do psicólogo estar inserido no contexto hospitalar, sua inserção nos centros obstétricos ainda não é plenamente efetiva. Conclui-se, desta forma, que ainda há um longo caminho na construção de práticas psicológicas de apoio às famílias e, em especial às parturientes, antes, durante e após o parto, bem como, um espaço dentro do ambiente obstétrico/hospitalar para o profissional da psicologia. Outrossim, salienta-se a importância de pesquisas e estudos dedicados ao tema, que corroborem para a construção de protocolos relacionados ao atendimento psicológico no contexto obstétrico hospitalar.
Fatores determinantes e a incidência de tuberculose na população indígena: Uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Tavares Elian Coimbra Fontinelli , Silva Leonardo Carvalho da , Tenório Susany dos Santos , Sena Daniely da Silva , Alencar Gabrielli Batista de , Ribeiro Thais Karoline Santiago , Martins Maria Eduarda Libório , Dias Thamyles da Silva , Galvão Douglas do Nascimento , Carneiro Juliana Marques de Moraes , Sousa Letícia Cristina Bastos de , Gomes Bárbara Leticia Corrêa , Oliveira Arthur Filocreão dos Santos , Oliveira Carmem Irany dos Santos , Monteiro Evanildo Lopes
Published: May 2021

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores determinantes da ocorrência de tuberculose na população indígena, mapear a incidência dessa doença dentre o período de 2015 a 2019 na região Norte e contribuir para o enfrentamento dessa problemática. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, do tipo revisão integrativa de literatura (RIL), com enfoque em artigos científicos destinados a resumir evidências sobre os fatores determinantes para o surgimento e prevalência de tuberculose nas populações indígenas. Foram selecionados 9 artigos publicados em periódicos entre o período de 2016 a 2021 nos seguintes bancos de dados bibliográficos: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e PubMed. Dessa forma, 6 artigos (66,7%) foram encontrados na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e 3 (33,3%) na PubMed. A ampla maioria dos trabalhos aborda como fatores determinantes a descontinuidade do tratamento, as questões socioeconômicas, a dificultosa acessibilidade às unidades de saúde e a imprecisão diagnóstica.  A vivência de situações de exclusão, invisibilidade e discriminação colocam as comunidades indígenas em situações de vulnerabilidade. A superação dos fatores determinantes para a prevalência de tuberculose nessas populações envolve questões multissetoriais. Políticas Públicas, distribuição de renda, acessibilidade aos sistemas de saúde e a implementação do PNCT são alguns dos pontos essenciais para a diminuição dos casos.
O uso de expressões artísticas no ensino de Biologia Celular: Uma proposta combinando metodologias ativas e interdisciplinaridade
Authors: Soares Wallison dos Santos , Barbosa Mayara Lustosa de Oliveira , Silva Juliana Rocha de Faria
Published: May 2021

Neste artigo propõe-se uma estratégia interdisciplinar para o ensino de Biologia Celular no ensino médio a partir do uso de expressões artísticas e das metodologias ativas. Para isso, turmas controle e experimental de alunos do 1° ano do Ensino Médio da rede pública do Distrito Federal foram selecionadas para receber aulas do conteúdo de Biologia Celular. Na turma controle, o conteúdo foi abordado de maneira expositiva e com a organização dos alunos em seminários – da maneira como já estavam acostumados cotidianamente no contexto escolar das aulas de Biologia. Na turma experimental, houve o trabalho com projetos em grupos com o uso de expressões artísticas e desenvolvimento de produtos educacionais como fruto de suas aprendizagens dos temas relacionados à Biologia Celular. A produção artística incluiu paródias, maquetes, histórias em quadrinhos e desenhos. Um teste avaliativo aplicado em ambos os grupos revelou resultados promissores e estatisticamente significativos para o aprendizado dos alunos da turma experimental em relação à turma controle. Ainda, um questionário respondido por eles permitiu verificar que o uso das expressões artísticas motivou e despertou o interesse, além de envolver e unir todos os alunos em torno da produção.
Marie Spartali-Stillman’s feminism against Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood gender stereotypes art
Authors: Tsoumas Johannis , Gemtou Eleni
Published: May 2021

In the middle of the 19th century Great Britain, Queen Victoria had been imposing her new ethical code system on social and cultural conditions, sharpening evidently the already abyssal differences of the gendered stereotypes. The Pre-Raphaelite painters reacted to the sterile way of painting dictated by the art academies, both in terms of thematology and technique, by suggesting a new, revolutionary way of painting, but were unable to escape their monolithic gender stereotypes culture. Using female models for their heroines who were often identified with the degraded position of the Victorian woman, they could not overcome their socially systemic views, despite their innovative art ideas and achievements. However, art, in several forms, executed mainly by women, played a particularly important role in projecting several types of feminism, in a desperate attempt to help the Victorian woman claim her rights both in domestic and public sphere. This article aims at exploring and commenting on the role of Marie Spartali-Stillman, one of the most charismatic Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood models and later famous painter herself, in the painting scene of the time. Through the research of her personal and professional relationship with the Pre-Raphaelites, and mainly through an in depth analysis of selected paintings, the authors try to shed light on the way in which M. Spartali-Stillman managed to introduce her subversive feminist views through her work, following in a way the feministic path of other female artists of her time. The ways and the conditions, under which the painter managed to project women as dominant, self-sufficient and empowered, opposing their predetermined social roles, have also been revised.
A. V. Mishulin and forming of the Moscow research and education centre for ancient history in 1930–40
Authors: Karpyuk Sergey G.
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the activities of A. V. Mishulin as a science and education organiser. His activities lead to very fast development of research studies and education of the ancient history in Moscow in 1930–40s. A. V. Mishulin was a true representative of communist-scientific bureacracy. The author uses documents from Moscow archives to analyse Mishulin’s role in development of the Soviet historical science.
State and political symbols on the seals of documents of 1918–1919 (based on materials from fund 805 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus)
Authors: Lukashov Andrei A.
Published: May 2021

Revolutionary events 1918–1919 on the territory of Belarus, the creation of the Belarusian statehood of newest history require comprehensive, including the sphragistical, research. In particular, a special study requires the role of this period in the formation of Soviet symbols. The process of creating the symbols of the world’s first socialist states was reflected in the seals created and used during this period. An analysis of the content of the imprints of the seals in the 805 National Archive of the Republic of Belarus fund revealed the use of seals by local authorities with symbols of state formations that had disappeared at moment of use and were the ideological enemies of the Communists.
Memory Drawn into the Present: Waltz with Bashir and Animated Documentary
Authors: Murray Jonathan
Published: May 2021

The international success of Ari Folman’s Waltz with Bashir (2008) saw this work routinely defined and discussed as the first feature-length example of animated documentary cinema. This chapter analyses Folman’s film and the multidisciplinary body of scholarly response that it has provoked. Much response to Folman’s film evaluates it in isolation and speculates more ambitiously on animated documentary’s possible aesthetic, conceptual and ethical strengths and weaknesses as a distinctive mode of audio-visual practice. This chapter’s analysis of Folman’s film likewise identifies defining formal and thematic characteristics that drive the contemporary turn towards animated documentary filmmaking more generally. This chapter also identifies several main evolving concepts and debates that characterise animated documentary scholarship as a distinctive subset of Animation Studies and Film Studies. Finally, this chapter also identifies other academic disciplines – such as Memory Studies and Trauma Studies – within which significant discussion of animated documentary is also taking place.
Introduction
Authors: Underhill James W. , Gianninoto Mariarosaria
Published: May 2021

The Introduction considers the need for global concepts shared throughout the world for commerce, human rights and geopolitics. At the same time, the authors posit that keywords are historically and linguistically situated. For this reason, they contend that it is essential to understand how keywords migrate from one culture to another, and what happens when cultures adopt foreign keywords. What happens to related words? And how does the reinterpretation of foreign keywords affect the worldview of the linguistic community that assimilates them? Methodology, sources and objectives are outlined in this introduction. The authors have adopted certain principles and paradigms from Raymond Williams in sociology, and from Wilhelm von Humboldt and Anna Wierzbicka in linguistics and language philosophy.
Individual
Authors: Underhill James W. , Gianninoto Mariarosaria
Published: May 2021

This chapter treats the individual as a conceptual problem, both a modern ideal and a European characteristic. But the authors set out by considering the European traditions that have warned against excessive individualism, from the Church, from Marxists, and even from those who are now seen today as the champions of individual rights (such as John S. Mill). The enlightened individualism of William James and John Dewey, and the celebration of the individual by American poets such as Walt Whitman, is contrasted with Marxist objections to the keyword. Milan Kundera’s story about Ludvík, in The Joke, shows the way Czech communists mistrusted individualists and considered them to be enemies of the people. The Chinese section treats ‘individual’ as a foreign term, like citizen, that is introduced to Chinese after being borrowed from Japanese. The authors argue that the keywords used to denote the individual in Chinese and other languages have never been neutral. Clearly perceived in negative terms for many decades in China, the authors explore the way citizens began to discuss individual rights and individual obligations when the Chinese economy and the society began to open up after 1978.
“Woe is me for Qayrawan!” Ibn Sharaf’s Lāmiyya, the Plight of Refugees and the Cityscape
Authors: Hermes Nizar F.
Published: May 2021

Ibn Sharaf al-Qayrawānī (d.1067) is one of the literary icons associated with Qayrawan, the famed medieval Maghribi capital city which he fled in the wake the Hilālī invasion and sacking in 1057 CE. This chapter pivots around Ibn Sharaf‘s lāmīyya, the finest and most moving of a plethora of city-elegies he penned in exile to lament the destruction of his beloved home city. It offers a close reading of the lāmīyya’s elegiac/nostalgic verses and explore some of its most salient linguistic and rhetorical features. It also discusses the elegiac and nostalgic representation (or lack thereof) of Qayrawan once majestic ‘cityscape’ and its iconic buildings.
The Mamluk City as Overlapping Personal Networks
Authors: Tuttle Kelly
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the ways in which the biographical dictionaryAʿyān al-ʿAṣr wa-Aʿwān al-Naṣr by Khalīl b. Aybak al-Ṣafadī (d. 1363) reflects the Mamluk city. Rather than being arranged by location or occupation, the dictionary is organized by name and is specific to the author’s lifetime. An individual’s movements and social interactions as traced in the dictionary reveal the city during the Mamluk period to be almost portable. Instead of defining the city as a place, the dictionary shows the city to be an extension of people and their networks. It shows that success in the city is linked to successful networking and successful networking in turn creates links among cities and encourages the movement of people.
Between Utopia and Dystopia in Marrakech
Authors: Head Gretchen
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the literary culture of Morocco from the first half of the 20th-century, where the example of Ibn al-Muwaqqit reveals some of the aesthetic consequences of the country’s encounter with modernity. It interprets the contrast between Al-Muwaqqit’s early rhetorical staging of his hometown of Marrakech in his Sufi biographical dictionary Al-Saʻāda al-abadīyya fī al-taʻrīf bi-mashāhīr al-ḥaḍrah al-Marrākushiyya (Eternal Happiness in the Identification of Marrakech’s Notables) published as a lithograph in Fez in 1918, and the satiric al-Riḥla al-Marrākushiyya (Travels in Marrakech), a text that speaks against Morocco’s indigenous genres, published in 1930 by a press in Cairo. It ultimately suggests that the difference between these two texts is linked to the shift in orientation from Fez to Cairo, pointing to the need to consider patterns of circulation within the Arabic speaking world rather than only those between East and West.
The Sufis of Baghdad: A Topographical Index of the City
Authors: Khaldi Boutheina
Published: May 2021

A new interest in Sufism in Baghdad has emerged within the last two decades. This interest reflects the unease that modern Arab intellectuals feel with respect to the transformation of the city’s space to conform to the politics of the modern nation state and its ideological apparatus. This chapter will focus on three modern texts that look back at the intersection of Sufism and Baghdad’s urban landscape when the city was the recognized leader of the Islamic world. The first Azīz al-Sayyid Jāsim’s Mutaṣawwifat Baghdād (The Sufis of Baghdad) (1990), the second Hādī al-‘Alawī’s Madārāt Ṣūfiyya (Sufi Orbits) (1997), and the third ‘Umar al-Tall’s Mutaṣwwifat Baghdād fī al-Qarn al-Sādis al-Hijrī/al-Thānī ‘Ashar al-Mīlādī: Dirāsa Tārīkhiyya (The Sufis of Baghdad in the Sixth Century AH/ Twelfth Century: A Historical Study) introduced by the well-known Iraqi historian and distinguished authority on the Abbasid economy ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Dūrī . The chapter examines how in the hands of these intellectuals, Sufi itineraries serve as a kind of oblique criticism while simultaneously providing a topography of the city that resonates in the popular imaginary with both the piety and protest of its past Sufi masters.
Translation in Motion: A Survey of Literary Translation in Lebanon and Egypt during the Nahḍa
Authors: Kesrouany Maya I.
Published: May 2021

Chapter one surveys the movement and scope of literary translation in Egypt and Lebanon from 1798 until the 1930’s. It explores the different incentives behind the choice, frequency, and method of translation in both places, noting their interrelatedness through the Syrian émigrés who immigrated to Cairo and started literary journals that changed the face of literary translation in Egypt in the 19th century. It identifies the various translation motives from the desire for fast modernization and better urban planning, to education, and finally to entertainment, which becomes the major purpose of translation in the early 20th century). Finally, it registers the difference between the translation of poetry and that of fiction in both places and traces the influence of such translation on the development of distinctly national versus Western styles in the works of Egyptian and Lebanese authors and translators.
Plagiarised Prophecy in the Romantic Works of al-Manfalūṭī, al-ᶜAqqād and al-Māzinī
Authors: Kesrouany Maya I.
Published: May 2021

The chapter focuses on the free, and occasionally plagiarized adaptations of three major figures of early Egyptian romanticism - Muṣṭafā Luṭfī al-Manfalūṭī, Abbās Maḥmūd al-‘Aqqād, Ibrāhīm al-Mazinī. It reads the free appropriation of French romantic and sentimental fiction as well as British romantic thought paradigmatically as making possible prophetic narration with a displaced origin. The origin is forgotten in a translation that refuses to name itself as such. It explores the birth of a romantic notion of literary prophecy in relation to a history of plagiarism in Arabic literature, challenging readings of the absolute modernity of the translators studied. It also situates translation as appropriation in relation to the changing function of literature in the early 20th-century, pointing to its new agency in producing moral didacticism. Reading their translations and their essays/articles together, the chapter locates a different form of romantic prophecy that is not secular but rather disruptive of the hegemonies of colonial time.
The Prophet Today: The Novel in Distress
Authors: Kesrouany Maya I.
Published: May 2021

The conclusion historicizes these translations in the story of the Arabic novel before the 1950s, after which the novel becomes canonised. Colonial translation promised facts and truths based on the European master-text, and some Arab reformists confirmed the superiority of philosophy to religion, and hence science to Islam, but the translations complicate such neat cultural translation. The novel is born somewhere in between the original and translation, obfuscating intentionally the original source of which becomes secondary to the process of its adaptation and transmission. The reformist aspirations of the authors remain unrealised much like a perfect emulation of the prophet. Finally, it interrogates the dominant critical approach to these modernist intellectuals as secularising liberals who intentionally separated religion from literature by adopting the reductive Western humanisation of the prophet. The translations reveal how they trespass the separation between literary and religious interpretation bringing the stakes of narrative representation to bear on European ideals of subjectivity and universal reason. In this transgressive space, precisely the incubator of “modern” Egyptian literature, translation becomes neither domesticating nor foreignising but a space where various representational claims are simultaneously adapted and contested.
Introduction
Authors: Mandelli Elisa
Published: May 2021

The introduction presents the subject of the monograph: the use of moving images in the exhibition design of museums. The focus is on different kinds of institutions, chiefly art, history, science and ethnographic museums in Europe and the US. Within these settings, films and audio-visuals are not displayed as works of art, but rather as tools for contextualization, explanation or visitor engagement. However, their role is far from being merely instrumental, and they deeply affect the exhibition strategies of museums. Furthermore, the introduction provides the theoretical framework of the monograph and illustrates the methodology. In order to investigate the display of moving images in museums, the book adopts a strongly interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical and methodological tools drawn primarily from museum, film, and media studies. Following museum studies, it pays attention not only to the way in which exhibition design can influence the meaning of the exhibits, but also to the type of relationship that the visitor establishes with the contents proposed by the institution. On the other hand, film and media studies offer methodological instruments to investigate the dissemination of moving images outside the movie theatres, both in the past and in the present.
Global Patterns of Ruler Conversion to Islam and the Logic of Empirical Religiosity
Authors: Strathern Alan
Published: May 2021

The first great expansion of Islam owed little to the conversion of rulers but instead followed, albeit slowly, in the footsteps of strikingly rapid military conquest. Yet, in the second millennium, Islam expanded further and faster by means of ruler conversions than its proselytising rivals, Christianity and Buddhism. The principal regions where this held true were Sub-Saharan Africa and maritime Southeast Asia, though Central Asia also saw numerous conversions of the Mongol and Turkic elites that poured into the region.1 This was the period, then, in which Islam broke out of its Mediterranean and West Asian base to penetrate new territories to the south and the far east of the old world.
Zoroastrian Fire Temples and the Islamisation of Sacred Space in Early Islamic Iran
Authors: Magnusson Andrew D.
Published: May 2021

Local histories of Iranian cities from the early Islamic era are replete with accounts of fire temple desecration. Are such accounts reliable indicators of Islamisation? In other words, does the alleged violation or appropriation of sacred space indicate the spread of Islam? Or is it indicative of a deeper antagonism between Muslims and Zoroastrians that may have encouraged conversion? Much of the secondary literature presumes so. Scholars often treat these violent tales as a barometer for Muslim–Zoroastrian relations, and for Islamisation more generally.1 Yet if tales of fire temple desecration, intertwined as they often are with tales of mosque construction, seem ideally suited to explain the process of Islamisation in post-conquest Iran, it is because they were designed to do so. Medieval Muslims wrote them to explain the triumph of Islam over Zoroastrianism. For that reason, scholars should question their reliability as indicators of conversion. Tales of fi re temple desecration are not disinterested historical accounts; they are triumphal narratives of religious supersession
‘There Is No God But God’: Islamisation And Religious Code-Switching, Eighth to Tenth Centuries
Authors: Chrysostomides Anna
Published: May 2021

Throughout the Umayyad and early Abbasid eras, Islam was the minority religion amongst a majority of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians. Yet, while it was the numerical minority, in terms of cultural capital identifying as Muslim provided social, professional and even monetary benefits. During the Abbasid period (750–934), it is likely that the majority of the population still officially identified as non-Muslim;1 however, it is during this era that textual evidence for conversion and assimilation begins to increase. At times it is difficult to distinguish exactly which type of behaviour the texts describe: conversion or assimilation. Acculturation to Islam may have occurred among non-Muslim, and in this case specifically Christian, communities before, or likely as the first step towards, large-scale conversion over the longue durée. In many instances, textual sources appear to be talking about conversion when realistically they may be referencing acculturation.
Islamisation on the Iranian Periphery: Nasir-i Khusraw and Ismailism in Badakhshan
Authors: Beben Daniel
Published: May 2021

It has long been recognised in the scholarship on Islamisation that Muslim governors and administrators in Iran and Central Asia under the early caliphate, with few exceptions, displayed little interest in instigating mass conversion to Islam. As research by Wilferd Madelung, Patricia Crone and others has demonstrated, the cause of mass conversion was taken up more directly by the early Islamic sectarian movements, who sought out new converts to their causes among non-Arab populations and who often combined their religious appeal with various political objectives in opposition to the caliphate.1 The competitive nature of these movements contributed in no small part to rapid Islamisation in the Iranian world from approximately the mid-second century of the Hijra onwards. Yet while many of these movements disappear from the sources in subsequent centuries, the populations among which they once held sway, by and large, retained an attachment to Islam.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter serves as an introduction for the reader. It will familiarise them with the topic of the Minimum Livelihood Guarantee (dibao) in China, the existing academic literature on the topic, the overall argument of the book, and a rundown of the structure of the book. It will set out the case that fragmented authoritarianism explains the development of dibao. Each of the three aspects of fragmented authoritarianism will be discussed, related to dibao, and linked to the relevant chapter.
Historical Background to Dibao and the Question of Poverty in China
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter will provide readers with the historical background to developments in Chinese social assistance. The chapter starts by providing some context for the changes which occurred after 1992 by discussing provision of social assistance in China from the dynastic period through to the reforms of the 1980s. It is then followed by sections which discuss in detail developments which occurred throughout the emergence, development and implementation of the minimum livelihood guarantee programme. These sections are broken down into the following periods: 1992-93, 1994-97, 1997-99, 2000-02, 2003-07, 2007-08, and 2009-14. The chapter will provide readers with the background context for the discussions of particular developments in the chapters which follow.
Rural Dibao: The Countryside and Fragmentation
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

In 2007 the Chinese government nationally implemented the rural dibao programme. The chapter argues that while the circumstances of rural dibao’s implementation were different from its urban predecessor there are three striking similarities. First, in terms of values, it is argued that the rural dibao programme did fit comfortably with the agenda under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao to address China’s unequal development and in particular the san nong wenti of the countryside. However, the process surrounding implementation of the rural programme also carried appeals to social stability. Second, the political structure had a significant impact on the implementation of the rural MLG. As with the urban programme implementation faced local intransigence. This was overcome by not only using similar means as with the urban programme; but also through explicitly dealing with one common source of problems, funding. Finally, there is the problem of administrative capacity in running the rural MLG programme. This appears as a classic outcome of the fragmented political and decision making structure in China where local government, often struggling to meet mandates passed down from above, prioritises the resources it has. What this all shows is that the challenges facing social assistance in China are not specific to the urban or the rural programme; but are a consequence of the structure of the state.
Early Spelling Evidence for Scots L-vocalisation: A Corpus-based Approach
Authors: Molineaux Benjamin , Kopaczyk Joanna , Maguire Warren , Alcorn Rhona , Karaiskos Vasilis , Los Bettelou
Published: May 2021

This chapter showcases the From Inglis to Scots (FITS) Project database, which comprises texts from the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS), of the period 1380-1500. This new resource for historical dialectology makes it possible to test earlier assumptions about phonological changes that are characteristic of Scots and not shared with Southern English. This chapter uses LAOS to test the claim that L-vocalisation, which entails the loss of coda-/l/ following short back vowels with concomitant vocalic lengthening or diphthongisation (as in OE full > OSc fow), was completed by the beginning of the sixteenth century. Based on attestations of -less forms and reverse spellings, including /l/~ø alternations in borrowed items from (Norman) French (as in realme~reaume ‘realm’), the chapter maps the spread of  loss in different phonological contexts over time and space, and presents evidence of  loss in less than 1% of relevant environments. The final position of  is an important locus, but there is no evidence of a spread.
The Predictability of {S} Abbreviation in Older Scots Manuscripts According to Stem-final Littera
Authors: Smith Daisy
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents an analysis of the spelling variation found in the Older Scots plural noun {S} morpheme. The realisation of this morpheme as  or , as in acctionis ‘actions,’ has been claimed to be a diagnostic of the “Scottishness” of a text (e.g. Kniezsa 1997: 41). In A
Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS), the most common realisation of {S} (61%) is in fact the scribal abbreviation <>; of non-abbreviated realisations, /ys> in indeed the most frequent realisation, although it only accounts for 25% of all tokens. The abbrevation <> is often assumed to be functionally identical to , rather than to <(e)s>, in the literature. To test this assumption, the author uses generalised additive modelling. The Independent Variable that turned out to be the best predictor for the use of <> as opposed to a full form like  is the identity of the stem-final letter. The salient feature triggering <> is whether the stem-final letters terminates in a horizontal stroke or not. The realisation of the plural morpheme {S} in Older Scots legal texts, then, appears to be primarily motivated by palaeographical convenience.
Negative Cases: India in Goa, Libya in Chad and Mauritania in Western Sahara
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The chapter investigates three cases of prolonged occupation from the post-colonial era that did not produce a settlement project: India in Goa (1961 onwards), Libya in Chad (1974-1992) and Mauritania in Western Sahara (1975-1979). The cases serve as “negative cases”.
Cognitive Ecology and the Idea of Nation in Late-Medieval Scotland: The Flyting of William Dunbar and Walter Kennedy
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

In the Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy, poetic invective raises provocative questions about the nature of an authentic Scottish identity, pitting the lowland Dunbar and his heritage of ‘Inglis’ or English poetry against Kennedy and his association with the Gaelic-speaking region of Carrick. This chapter examines the poem in light of current extended mind theories, as part of a distributed cognitive system in which conceptions of national identity are constructed through ongoing processes of collaboration, circulation, and reception that make thinking nation part of everyday life. Rather than functioning divisively, the Flyting’s antagonistic presentation of a debate over cultural authenticity reflects the dynamic character of national culture, shaping the idea of a Scottish nation whose borders contain diverse voices and cultures.
Byron and Weltliteratur
Authors: Halmi Nicholas
Published: May 2021

The ageing Goethe was fascinated with Byron whom he called the greatest poetic talent. Though suspicious of Byron’s Philhellenism, Goethe found in Byron an openness to encounter non-English cultures, an attentiveness to national histories and in interest in the relationship of the individual to social life. Byron’s self-contextualising, self-historicising narrative poems constitute a parallel to Goethe’s own literary campaigns for cross-cultural engagement in the 1810s and 1820s and, despite Byron’s alienation from England, offer hope for the prospects of what Goethe was to call “world literature”.
Literary Forefathers: Byron’s Marginalia in Isaac D’Israeli’s Literary Character of Men of Genius
Authors: Gross Jonathan
Published: May 2021

Byron’s most significant marginalia concerning his Eastern reading and relationship with other authors occurs in Isaac D’Israeli’s The Literary Character of Men of Genius. Originally published as an essay in 1795, D’Israeli’s book was read by Byron more than once. Drawing on recent work on literary celebrity culture, the essay argues that D’Israeli’s Literary Character helped to form Byron’s ideas about literary authorship, fame, and literary authority. Not only did D’Israeli show Byron how to think and act as a professional author, as a translator of Leila and Mejnoun, he also profoundly influenced Byron’s The Bride of Abydos. The exchange between D’Israeli and Byron, mediated by John Murray, shows how D’Israeli served as a kind of literary forefather to Byron.
Byron and the Good Death
Authors: Mole Tom
Published: May 2021

The essay argues that throughout his writing life Byron was fascinated by the margin of life: the moment of death. For Byron and his heroes, looking squarely at other people’s deaths is understood to signify and promote a kind of moral fortitude. Byron’s verse, however, often elides the moment of death, offering no description of it, but offering instead an aposiopesis – a rhetorical break that allows the moment of death to disappear into the texture of the verse. The essay investigates how Byron operates at the margins of life and also at the margins of language, suggesting that those margins become central to his poetry.
A Marginal Interest? Byron and the Fine Arts
Authors: Lansdown Richard
Published: May 2021

Byron has always been regarded as the possessor of a tin ear when it came to art. But once he took up residence on the Continent in 1816 he could hardly avoid paintings, especially when fellow-travellers like John Polidori, John Cam Hobbhouse and Stendhal insisted on showing him the galleries full of Flemish art in Belgium or Italian old masters in Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome.The essay works out what exactly he saw in all these places, and comments on what he had to say. In particular, it draws together an ‘Italian composite’ of feminine portraits, and ponders the question whether it is style or subject that we respond to in painting.
‘Something Stood Up in my Soul’: D. H. Lawrence in Taos
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

D.H. Lawrence, like many of the artists affiliated with Taos’ modern little art colony, was invited there by Mabel Dodge Luhan to ‘see and feel and wonder’ the ‘essence’ of Taos and ultimately put it ‘between the covers of a book.’ Although Lawrence was leery of the highbrow’s fascination with Taos’ unique peoples and places, he nonetheless formally incorporated elements of the ‘Taos mystique’ into the work he produced while living there. In the novelette St. Mawr, which sympathetically portrays the wanderings of a cosmopolitan American woman who flees the ghastly modern metropolis of London, Lawrence details her discovery of ‘something else’ in the vital and otherworldly wilds of New Mexico. Although his protagonist is certain that she has found a final resting place in the gorgeous country in and around Taos, Lawrence’s inconclusive ending intimates that even at the far peripheries of the modern world-system, she can’t and won’t escape its soul-sucking reaches.
Nepal
Authors: Sharma Bal Krishna
Published: May 2021

Nepal is a country of over 28 million people, a multi-ethnic nation of more than 125 languages and a great variety of cultures. Hinduism is the major religion. Buddhism and animism also have a strong presence. Islam and Christianity are minority faiths, the latter of which is a growing religion but it is still not fully recognised by the government and suffers persecution. Christianity arrived in Nepal in 1662, when Italian Capuchin priests passed through Nepal en route to Tibet. During the 1970s churches started to grow in various parts of the country, though Christians were not allowed to preach and conversion to Christianity was prohibited. Today, there is estimated to be about 6,000 congregations, with the number rapidly increasing. Evangelism and church planting have been the heart of Nepalese Christianity, as pioneers of evangelistic and church-planting activities have made a great contribution to the growth of the church in Nepal from the 1950s. Community churches, where people gather for worship within their own local areas, are becoming more popular than denominational churches. The churches, both through their own programmes and in cooperation with other theological institutions, have developed formal theological education to equip their leaders and members.
Excavating the ‘Readies’: The Revolution of the Word, Revised
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

Bob Brown’s reading machine was a mechanised speed-reading system that scrolled micrographically-printed, highly visual texts called ‘readies’ under a magnifying screen. Although Brown’s work is now celebrated by critics, the current scholarly consensus is that the invention itself never worked. Drawing on previously-unknown archival evidence, this chapter presents a major revision of the reading machine’s foundation narrative, from its origins in WWI-era Greenwich Village, to its first working prototype built by the American artist-engineer Ross Saunders in France in 1931. The chapter focuses on three key cultural nodes that contributed to the evolution of Bob and Rose Brown’s reading machines: avant-garde writers of ‘The Revolution of the Word’, who fostered Brown’s project in transatlantic journals including transition, The Morada and The New Review; expatriate publishers such as the Black Sun and Hours Press (and trade journals including The Publishers’ Weekly); and American expatriate newspapers such as The Paris Tribune. In his cross-formational strategy he identified technology and technicity as points of convergence between these diverse groups. This chapter recontextualises Brown’s project by analysing the readies through these channels using a techno-bathetic framework. In doing so, it reveals both the complexities of that project, and its vast cultural reach and significance.
The History of the Adhān: a View from the Hadith Literature
Authors: Bednarkiewicz Maroussia
Published: May 2021

The Qurʾan itself refers to a call to prayer (although using another term, nidāʾ, not adhān) without laying down a form. Several stories are told of how the call to prayer was originally formulated. Some describe fire, horns, and even semantrons as alternative means suggested or even tried at the earliest stage. Maroussia Bednarkiewicz traces variant wordings to different stages in history, regional centres, traditionists, and jurisprudents. Changes over time suggest that verbatim transmission was a low priority, yet an original core story can be discerned.
Early ‘Traditionist Sufis’: A Network Analysis
Authors: Farrell Jeremy
Published: May 2021

Earlier scholars have proposed that hadith collectors and specialists in the pious life were largely the same persons in the earlier eighth century, then gradually drifted apart into the tenth century. Here, Jeremy Farrell applies network theory to the biographies of five Sufis who were also notable hadith collectors: Ibn Masrūq, Ibn al-Aʿrābī, Jaʿfar al-Khuldī, Ibn Nujayd, and al-Rūdhbārī. Even in the tenth century, some Sufis were highly active in hadith transmission.
Hadith Criticism between Traditionists and Jurisprudents
Authors: Al-Khatib Mutaz
Published: May 2021

Mutaz al-Khatib compares and contrasts hadith criticism as practised by traditionists, specialists in hadith, and jurisprudents, specialists in inferring the law from revelation. Ninth-century hadith specialists proceeded by comparing isnāds, discarding uncorroborated reports. Contemporary jurisprudents proceeded differently, partly because their attention was focused on the matn rather than the isnād, partly because they often evidently began with a rule to be defended. Although all the Sunni schools of law respected hadith, jurisprudents of the Shāfiʿi and Ḥanbali schools tended to apply methods closest to the traditionists’, whereas jurisprudents of the Ḥanafi and Māliki schools were always more willing to test hadith by external criteria such as agreement with the Qur’ān and established practice.
The Reception and Representation of Western Hadith Studies in Turkish Academe
Authors: Kızıl Fatma
Published: May 2021

The Turkish Republic has recently become another major centre of hadith scholarship. Fatma Kızıl identifies two pioneers as Mehmed Said Hatiboğlu, relatively friendly toward Ignaz Goldziher’s scholarship, and Talât Koçyiğit, hostile. As in the Arab world, students of hadith have been involved in political controversy, both internally (different evaluations of Westernisation and secularism, also very much the continued relevance of medieval jurisprudence) and externally (defence against European scepticism). Islamic modernists have piled up examples of dubious hadith reports but so far failed to come up with an alternative basis for Islamic law such as their criticisms seem to imply.
Can Different Questions Yield the Same Answers? Islamic and Western Scholarship on Shiʿi Narrators in the Sunni Tradition
Authors: Dann Michael
Published: May 2021

Michael Dann observes that Sunni traditionists paid some attention to transmission from Shiʿi traditionists. Sunni commentators identified different parties of the Shiʿah with the suggestion that adherents of some (especially mere tashayyuʿ) were more likely to be acceptable transmitters than adherents of others (especially rafḍ). Twelver Shiʿi scholars, notably Ibn ʿAqīl and Aḥmad al-Ghumārī, have collected biographical information on very many such Shiʿi traditionists, although often without much precision as to which variety of Shiʿism they adhered to. Sunni scholars, notably Ḥātim al-ʿAwnī and Muhammad Enes Topgül, have also studied the biographies of Shiʿi traditionists who appear in Sunni collections. Muslim scholars seem to be more or less affected by normative considerations, but likewise non-Muslim, inasmuch as they use the terms of competing traditions. Those who start on the Sunni side are more likely to define Shiʿism expansively, like medieval Sunni commentators, whereas those who start on the Shiʿi side are more likely to define Shiʿism narrowly, as implying clear sectarian affiliation.
The Nomos of Heraclitus
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the uses of the nomos family of words in the surviving fragments of Heraclitus. It includes an examination of the uses of nemō, nomizein, nomos in especially Fr.114. There is, further, reference to the interpretations of Martin Heidegger and Kostas Axelos.
Introduction
Authors: Garratt Peter
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a background to current research in Victorian and modernist studies on topics related to distributed cognition. The first section of this introductory chapter by Peter Garratt reflects on current research, while the second section by Miranda Anderson considers how the various chapters in this volume advance work in this area, and the role and potential of distributed cognition in studies of Victorian culture and modernism.
Distributed Cognition and the Phenomenology of Modernist Painting and Poetry (Rilke and Cézanne)
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: May 2021

Contemporary views of consciousness, long anticipated by phenomenology, suggest that cognition includes a distribution across motoric and perceptual experience and is in important ways interwoven with the surrounding environment. This paper takes up implications for aesthetics, demonstrating how such an understanding of consciousness is expressed in analogous ways in modern poetry and painting, particularly in works that have been the object of phenomenological study. An aesthetics of embodied cognition can illuminate the common resources of vital human intentionality in artworks across different media, including Cézanne’s painting and Rilke’s poetry and poetics, and both can be conceived not only as aesthetic but as cognitive artefacts. Merleau-Ponty’s claim that philosophy, visual art, and poetry share a common aim and the poetic inspiration Rilke took from Cézanne and other visual artists can be better understood by considering art and literature from a cognitive standpoint.
Directionality and Duration in Distributed Consciousness: Modernist Perspectives on Photographic Objectivity
Authors: Lively Adam
Published: May 2021

This essay begins by exploring how the “immersive objectivity” of the photographic image highlighted by the Surrealists tends to collapse distinctions between what is internal and external to consciousness. It goes on to show how, in the photography-incorporating fictions of Georges Rodenbach and W.G. Sebald, perceptual immersion in the photograph engenders a “dysfunctional” state of melancholic stasis in the viewer, problematizing assumptions about agency common in many contemporary accounts of distributed cognition. It concludes by arguing that the internalization of the photographic image by consciousness, as exemplified in these modernist responses to photography, with their topologically unstable dynamics as between that which is “inside” and “outside” consciousness, strikingly demonstrate the relevance to contemporary debates over the “extended mind” of Bergson’s argument that the mind should be conceived not in spatial but in durational terms, as a continuous evolution of heterogeneous states.
Lodges of Debate: Two Museumised Sufi Tekkes in Anatolia
Authors: Salazar Lucía Cirianni
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the museumisation of the main Sufi lodges (tekkes) of the Mevlevi and Bektaşi orders. Through an analysis of their museography and an ethnographic exploration of the multiple social experiences of visitors at these museums, the chapter interrogates some of the established narratives about the official closure of the Turkish tekkes. Rather than offering a counter-narrative, this text explores the complexity of ongoing debates about the role of Sufi sites in contemporary Turkey and the different forms of negotiation between the state and society, where secularism is not only contested and resisted but also strategically incorporated into contemporary experiences of Mevlevi and Bektaşi Sufism.