bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vorschlag für neue Subklassifikationen des Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zaharia Oana-Patricia , Szendrödi Julia
Published: August 2020

Diabetes mellitus ist eine heterogene Erkrankung, die in der Ausprägung der Klinik und dem Risiko für die Entwicklung von Komplikationen variiert. Bisherige Klassifikationen beschränken sich jedoch weitestgehend auf die 2 Hauptformen des Diabetes (Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes), was der Komplexität der Erkrankung nur bedingt gerecht wird. Eine neue Klassifikation der Diabetestypen könnte helfen, die individuelle Prognose der einzelnen Patienten besser einzuschätzen und gezieltere Präventions- und Therapiekonzepte zu ermöglichen. Die vorgeschlagene Neuklassifikation ist jedoch nicht in den aktuellen Leitlinien der Diabetesgesellschaften übernommen und stellt einen Vorschlag renommierter Diabetesforscher dar, um die klinische Vielfalt der Diabeteskrankheit zu berücksichtigen. So wird im Folgenden die Variabilität des Diabetes genauer betrachtet und die Möglichkeit einer neuen Klassifikation dargestellt.
Repeat Stent Placement through Lateral Fenestration of the Existing Dysfunctioning DIPS Stent Graft: An Alternative to Parallel TIPS/DIPS Procedure in a Case of Blocked Primary TIPS/DIPS
Authors: Anandpara Karan Manoj , Mukund Amar , Ramalingam Ravindran , Maiwall Rakhi
Published: August 2020

A complication of transjugular and direct intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS and DIPS) graft is stent blockage. Routinely described procedures for shunt revision include angioplasty, deployment of endoprosthesis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, or rarely performing a second parallel TIPS/DIPS. We describe a case of hepatic vein outflow tract obstruction who presented with DIPS blockage. We performed a revision where a new stent was placed by a lateral puncture through the fenestration of the existing dysfunctioning DIPS stent graft. In our opinion, this alternate technique has theoretical advantages over the conventionally described parallel TIPS/DIPS as it prevents the creation of a completely new long hepatic parenchymal tract.
The Role of 3D Tractography in Skull Base Surgery: Technological Advances, Feasibility, and Early Clinical Assessment with Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
Authors: Chakravarthi Srikant S. , Fukui Melanie B. , Monroy-Sosa Alejandro , Gonen Lior , Epping Austin , Jennings Jonathan E. , Mena Laila Perez de San Roman , Khalili Sammy , Singh Maharaj , Celix Juanita M. , Kura Bhavani , Kojis Nathaniel , Rovin Richard A. , Kassam Amin B.
Published: August 2020

Objective The aim of this study is to determine feasibility of incorporating three-dimensional (3D) tractography into routine skull base surgery planning and analyze our early clinical experience in a subset of anterior cranial base meningiomas (ACM).

Methods Ninety-nine skull base endonasal and transcranial procedures were planned in 94 patients and retrospectively reviewed with a further analysis of the ACM subset.

Main Outcome Measures (1) Automated generation of 3D tractography; (2) co-registration 3D tractography with computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and (3) demonstration of real-time manipulation of 3D tractography intraoperatively. ACM subset: (1) pre- and postoperative cranial nerve function, (2) qualitative assessment of white matter tract preservation, and (3) frontal lobe fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal abnormality.

Results Automated 3D tractography, with MRI, CT, and CTA overlay, was produced in all cases and was available intraoperatively. ACM subset: 8 (44%) procedures were performed via a ventral endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) corridor and 12 (56%) via a dorsal anteromedial (DAM) transcranial corridor. Four cases (olfactory groove meningiomas) were managed with a combined, staged approach using ventral EEA and dorsal transcranial corridors. Average tumor volume reduction was 90.3 ± 15.0. Average FLAIR signal change was –30.9% ± 58.6. 11/12 (92%) patients (DAM subgroup) demonstrated preservation of, or improvement in, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus volume. Functional cranial nerve recovery was 89% (all cases).

Conclusion It is feasible to incorporate 3D tractography into the skull base surgical armamentarium. The utility of this tool in improving outcomes will require further study.
COVID-19 in Children: Present and Future Perspective, An Interim Review
Authors: Patnaik Sibabratta , Behera Jyoti Ranjan , Nayak Manas Kumar , Pradhan Janaki Ballav , Sahu Bikash Ranjan , Mohakud Nirmal Kumar
Published: August 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the pathogen affects children is not understood completely. Children so far accounted for only1 to 6.4% of diagnosed cases and the mortality rate is also less. Though clinical findings are similar to adults, with fever and respiratory symptoms being prevalent, fewer numbers of children appear to develop severe pneumonia. Observed attenuated response to the virus may possibly be due to decrease in the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in lungs, repeated viral exposure, and not having any underlying chronic diseases or immunosuppression. Suggested treatment included oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation in severe cases, nutritional support, and maintaining fluids and electrolyte balances. Although, no definitive pharmacological therapy is available, various combination of drugs like hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab, and convalescent serum show promising result to an extent. As there is no specific therapeutic measure for this ailment, aggressive efforts are being made to develop a potential vaccine against the disease. Although few reports on epidemiology of COVID-19 in children have been published, comprehensive reports are lacking. The present article reviews on important issues such as epidemiological characteristics, postulations of milder disease, therapeutic aspect, and recent development of vaccination against COVID-19 in children.
Exploring the elastocaloric switching effect and its mechanism
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: August 2020

Researchers observe the elastocaloric switching effect in Co-based alloys, a phenomenon that could have applications in more efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration technology of the future.
Light stopping by reflection from a pump pulse
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: August 2020

An alternative method of light stopping with applications for optical signal storage that utilizes a refractive index perturbation moving along a waveguide.
Quad-generation of combined cooling, heating, power, and hydrogen in a dual-loop chemical looping process: Process simulation and thermodynamic evaluation
Authors: Zhang Xueyuan , Zhu Lin , He Yangdong , Lv Liping , Rao Dong , Li Songzhao
Published: August 2020

A new conceptual layout of transforming distributed co-generation plants into quad-generation plants, which combines the generation of hydrogen, cooling, heating, and power, is derived and analyzed. Two chemical looping techniques are developed in this methane-based quad-generation system, namely, calcium looping CO2 absorption and nickel-based chemical looping combustion (CLC). The objective of the present study is to produce hydrogen as the main product with both high purity and high flux through CLC thermally coupled with sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (CLC–SESMR) and simultaneously to integrate combined cooling, heating, and power production as by-products through the combined cycle. The implementation of CLC integrated with the SESMR system is designed to fulfill the heat requirements of the reformer and calciner and provide straightforward carbon capture at a relatively low energy penalty. The efforts of four prime parameters, including calcium oxide-to-methane ratio, steam-to-methane ratio, reforming pressure, and reforming temperature, seem to exert significant impact on the properties of the regarded process. Therefore, detailed studies related to these variations have been examined. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic performance of this suggested process, including system efficiencies and the fuel energy saving ratio (FESR), is evaluated under design conditions and reaction parameters. In parallel, the exergy destruction analysis of the whole process is also under discussion. As a result, the total energy and exergy efficiencies as well as FESR are calculated to be 83.91%, 74.05%, and 21.27% in summer and 83.17%, 74.42%, and 21.36% in winter, respectively.
Spatio-temporal ion temperature and velocity measurements in a Z pinch using fast-framing spectroscopy
Authors: Forbes E. G. , Shumlak U.
Published: August 2020

Ion Doppler Spectroscopy (IDS) is a diagnostic technique that measures plasma ion temperature and velocity without perturbing the plasma with a physical probe. The ZaP-HD Flow Z-Pinch Experiment at the University of Washington uses this technique to resolve radial temperature and velocity profiles of a Z-pinch plasma. The pinch lifetime is ∼100 µs; therefore, diagnostics capable of sub-microsecond resolution are required to measure the evolution of temperature and velocity profiles. The previous IDS diagnostic system was only capable of collecting a single measurement during a plasma pulse. An improved system has been developed to measure the radially resolved ion temperature and velocity for the entire Z-pinch lifetime. A Kirana 05M ultra-fast framing camera and Specialized Imaging lens ultraviolet intensifier are used to record up to 100 spectra per plasma pulse. The temperature is computed from Doppler broadening of the carbon-III (229.687 nm) impurity ion radiation, and the velocity is computed from the Doppler shift of carbon-III. Measurements are able to resolve the evolution of the ion temperature and velocity over the course of a plasma pulse. The diagnostic has significantly reduced the number of pulses required and provides a more coherent measurement of plasma dynamics than the previous system.
Shift of infrared vibrational spectra and H2O activation on PtCu alloy clusters
Authors: Wang Yanbiao , Zhang Xiuyun , Wu Guangfen
Published: August 2020

Despite significant progress made in the past decades, there is still lack of insights into the reactivity of H2O on metal catalysts, in particular, the effect of vibrational modes of H2O in reaction. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first ab initio study on the correlation between the activation of H2O and the shift of infrared vibrational spectra on the Cu(10-n)Ptn (n = 0–10) alloy clusters. The results revealed that the alloying effect plays an important role in promoting H2O dissociation on Cu(10-n)Ptn (n = 7–9) clusters. The interaction between H2O and substrates fundamentally originates from the band of d-states. The red-shift of the center of v1 and v3 modes of H2O adsorbed relative to that of isolated H2O is a good descriptor of H2O activation. The results probably provide a good opportunity to characterize the reactivity of small molecules on catalysts by infrared vibrational spectra.
Modeling of salt finger convection through a fluid-saturated porous interface: Representative elementary volume scale simulation and effect of initial buoyancy ratio
Authors: Zhang Xianfei , Wang Ling-ling , Zhu Hai , Zeng Cheng
Published: August 2020

Simultaneous existence of solute gradients along with temperature gradients in a double diffusive system is favorable to the onset of salt finger convection and this phenomenon has been investigated for several decades due to its efficient mixing mechanism. However, relatively few works were focused on the double diffusive process through a fluid-saturated porous interface (FPI), which could be applied in a variety of scenarios such as the directional solidification of concentrated alloys or mixing zones in coastal freshwater aquifers. In this paper, we consider the evolution of double-diffusive salt finger through FPI with a single-domain approach adopted for the solution of flow in a composite region made up of a fluid layer overlying a porous layer. Comparisons with existing numerical results show great agreement and demonstrate that flows through a fluid–porous system can be predicted with good accuracy by the proposed method. Several cases spanning a range of initial buoyancy ratio N0 from 2 to 7 are conducted to study the structure and behavior of salt finger together with key issues being focused on the effect of initial buoyancy ratio on flux variations. Differing from in stratified fluid layers, salt finger through FPI shows an asymmetric structure in which the growth rate in the fluid layer is much greater and the finger column in the porous layer presents a squarer shape. It is found that under the condition of low initial buoyancy ratios, the potential energy stored in the unstable stratification of salinity converted more into kinetic energy, which enhances the mixture of heat and masses in the vertical direction.
Path length statistics in reservoir computers
Authors: Carroll T. L.
Published: August 2020

Because reservoir computers are high dimensional dynamical systems, designing a good reservoir computer is difficult. In many cases, the designer must search a large nonlinear parameter space, and each step of the search requires simulating the full reservoir computer. In this work, I show that a simple statistic based on the mean path length between nodes in the reservoir computer is correlated with better reservoir computer performance. The statistic predicts the diversity of signals produced by the reservoir computer, as measured by the covariance matrix of the reservoir computer. This statistic by itself is not sufficient to predict reservoir computer performance because not only must the reservoir computer produce a diverse set of signals, it must be well matched to the training signals. Nevertheless, this path length statistic allows the designer to eliminate some network configurations from consideration without having to actually simulate the reservoir computer, reducing the complexity of the design process.
Regulating the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects in Heusler-based trilayers
Authors: Hu Junfeng , Butler Tane , Cabero Z. Marco A. , Wang Hanchen , Wei Bohang , Tu Sa , Guo Chenyang , Wan Caihua , Han Xiufeng , Liu Song , Zhao Weisheng , Ansermet Jean-Philippe , Granville Simon , Yu Haiming
Published: August 2020

Anomalous Hall and anomalous Nernst properties of thin MgO/Co2Fe0.4Mn0.6Si/Pd stacks with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) revealed the presence of the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) in the Pd layer. The MPE is evidenced by nanometer range thickness-dependent transport measurements. A three-layer model that combines bulk and interface contributions accounts for our experimental data and provides quantitative estimates for the contributions to the total anomalous Nernst voltage of the ferromagnet Heusler [+0.97 μV/(K nm)] and the proximity-magnetized Pd layers [−0.17 μV/(K nm)]. The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) reverses its sign by tuning the thickness of the Heusler layer, which is useful for designing ANE thermopiles.
Effective passivation of black phosphorus against atmosphere by quasi-monolayer of F4TCNQ molecules
Authors: Wang Shitan , Li Jialin , Zhao Yuan , Liu Baoxing , Yuan Pan , Wei Junhua , Zhang Jianhua , Xie Haipeng , Niu Dongmei , Long Mengqiu , Gao Yongli
Published: August 2020

Black phosphorus (BP) has drawn extensive attention due to its unique semiconducting properties, but the poor stability of BP greatly limits its practical device application. In this work, we have fabricated a passivation layer of quasi-monolayer 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) on the BP simply by vacuum evaporation and annealing. The desirable air stability and strong interface charge transfer (ICT) of quasi-monolayer F4TCNQ/BP were confirmed with photoemission spectroscopy (PES) characterization. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also applied to further investigate the passivation mechanism, and the results show that the lone pair electrons in BP's valence band transfer to F4TCNQ molecules and were firmly localized due to the strong withdrawing ability of F4TCNQ, which greatly enhanced the energy barrier of electrons transfer to H2O and O2 and hindered the further oxidation of phosphorus atoms. Meanwhile, a nearly Ohmic contact is formed across the F4TCNQ/BP interface which may greatly facilitate the carrier transport in BP based devices.
Business cycle modeling between financial crises and black swans: Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic process vs Kaldor deterministic chaotic model
Authors: Orlando Giuseppe , Zimatore Giovanna
Published: August 2020

Business cycles are oscillations in the economy because of recessions and expansions. In this paper we investigate the oscillation of the gross domestic product as a result of its relations with the other main macroeconomic variables such as capital, consumption, and investment. There is a long-standing debate about chaos and non-linear dynamics in economy and even the usefulness of those concepts has been questioned. Stochastic modeling has proven to be able to simulate reality fairly well. However, a stochastic behavior implies that reality is about exogenous randomness, while a chaotic behavior means that reality is deterministic and non-linearities are endogenous. Here we compare an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic process with a Kaldor–Kalecki deterministic chaotic model to understand which one fits better real data. We show that our chaotic model is able to represent reality as well as the stochastic model taken into consideration. Furthermore, our model may reproduce an extreme event (black swans).
Magnetic and transport properties of amorphous, B2 and L21 Co2MnGa thin films
Authors: Zhu Zheng , Higo Tomoya , Nakatsuji Satoru , Otani YoshiChika
Published: August 2020

We have studied the magnetic and transport properties of Co2MnGa (CMG) thin films grown on MgO(100) substrates in terms of their chemical evolution from amorphous to ordered L21 phases at the substrate temperature Ts during the thin film deposition. Interestingly, the chemical order and magnetic properties sharply change depending on Ts. The CMG film deposited at Ts = 550 °C exhibits the L21-ordered structure and the magnetization of 3.5 μB/f.u., while the CMG film deposited at Ts = 300 °C shows a B2-ordered structure and a relatively lower magnetization of 3 μB/f.u., possibly due to the Mn–Mn antiferromagnetic interactions. A metallic behavior of the electrical resistivity appeared in the CMG film deposited at Ts = 550 °C, whereas the semiconducting behavior appeared in the CMG films deposited at 300 °C and room temperature. Moreover, we found that the absolute value of α = d(Δρ)/d(T1/2) in the low-temperature range below about 20 K is a measure to evaluate the degree of the chemical disorder. In a Hall effect measurement, the L21-ordered CMG film obtained at Ts = 550 °C shows a sizable anomalous Hall resistivity of 15 µΩ cm. This study unveils the relation between Ts and atomic ordering, providing a new pathway for optimizing the chemical order.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones : Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalisation, common vicariance, and rare dispersal
Authors: Baker Caitlin M. , Sheridan Kate , Derkarabetian Shahan , Pérez-González Abel , Vélez Sebastian , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: August 2020

Triaenonychidae Sørensen in L. Koch, 1886 is a large family of Opiliones with ~480 described species broadly distributed across temperate forests in the Southern Hemisphere. However, it remains poorly understood taxonomically, as no comprehensive phylogenetic work has ever been undertaken. In this study we capitalise on samples largely collected by us during the last two decades and use Sanger DNA-sequencing techniques to produce a large phylogenetic tree with 300 triaenonychid terminals representing nearly 50% of triaenonychid genera and including representatives from all the major geographic areas from which they are known. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods recover the family as diphyletic, placing Lomanella Pocock, 1903 as the sister group to the New Zealand endemic family Synthetonychiidae Forster, 1954. With the exception of the Laurasian representatives of the family, all landmasses contain non-monophyletic assemblages of taxa. To determine whether this non-monophyly was the result of Gondwanan vicariance, ancient cladogenesis due to habitat regionalisation, or more recent over-water dispersal, we inferred divergence times. We found that most divergence times between landmasses predate Gondwanan breakup, though there has been at least one instance of transoceanic dispersal – to New Caledonia. In all, we identify multiple places in the phylogeny where taxonomic revision is needed, and transfer Lomanella outside of Triaenonychidae in order to maintain monophyly of the family.
Long-term use of non-invasive sampling methods: does successful sampling of brown bears by hair snares and camera traps change over time?
Authors: Lincoln A. E. , Wirsing A. J. , Quinn T. P.
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Context Non-invasive sampling methods are widely used by ecologists to collect animal hair, images, tissue or signs. Sampling devices are imperfect, and collection success may vary over time owing to behavioural changes in study organisms or other factors. If collection success decreases, the utility of non-invasive sampling devices for longitudinal studies that rely on consistency may be compromised.
Aims Our primary objectives were to evaluate whether collection success of brown bear (Ursus arctos) hair by using hair snares and camera traps changed over time, and whether hair- and image-collection success was influenced by bear activity around the sampling site.
Methods We paired non-invasive sampling by hair snares with motion-activated cameras at six streams in Alaska over 4–6 years, so as to evaluate how often brown bears left samples on wires or were photographed by cameras, and whether this sampling success changed over time. Changes in sampling success were evaluated in the context of bear activity per sampling period as determined by camera data (number of bear–wire encounters) or hair snare (number of barbs with hair); genetic analyses allowed us to evaluate whether the same bears were sampled repeatedly.
Key results Overall, hair was collected in 78% and images in 73% of 2-day sampling periods when bears visited sites, and we observed no substantial change in the probability of successful sampling over time at 11 sites. The number of bear–wire encounters was positively correlated with the number of hair samples collected, as would be expected if sampling rates remained constant over time, and individual bears with previous wire experience were sampled in multiple years.
Conclusions Overall, the results indicated that sampling success by using hair snare and camera trap showed substantial interannual variability, but changes over time were not consistently identified across sites. Among-site variation in sampling success highlighted the importance of accounting for site-specific differences in sampling success, and neither method sampled unfailingly.
Implications Sampling by wires and cameras remained effective over time, suggesting that these non-invasive sampling methods may be successfully employed in long-term studies.
Hearing loss and brain abnormalities due to pathogenic mutations in ADGRV1 gene
Authors: Faletra Flavio , Morgan Anna , Ghiselli Sara , Murru Flora Maria , Girotto Giorgia
Published: August 2020

Hearing loss, both in its syndromic and non-syndromic forms, is the most common sensory disorder, with more than 460 million people affected worldwide. It has been shown that at least 50% of the congenital or childhood hearing loss cases are attributable to genetic causes, leading to the so-called hereditary hearing loss. The correct genetic counselling and molecular diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss are particularly tricky, since they are characterised by a substantial clinical and genetic heterogeneity, partly not yet discovered. In this light, the constant analysis of large cohort patients, together with data sharing between different research groups, is essential for increasing our knowledge on the clinical features of patients and their genetic background, helping in the definition of correct genotype-phenotype correlations. We describe the case of a 7-year-old child affected by apparent non-syndromic hearing loss and presenting with several asymptomatic brain abnormalities caused by mutations in the ADGRV1 gene. The identification of this additional phenotype increases the spectrum of the clinical characteristics of patients carrying pathogenic mutations in the ADGRV1 gene and, therefore, should prompt clinicians to explore the phenotype of these patients.
Hearing balance and communication jubilees exponents of the “twenties”
Authors: Mion M. , Martini A. , Mudry A.
Published: August 2020

Purpose:

To honour the 100 year death jubilee of Dagobert Schwabach (1846–1920), and his eponymly named tuning fork test.

Method:

We will present original documentation and historical references.

Result:

After a biography of Schwabach, a paragraph will present the original description of the test, followed by another paragraph discussing its acceptation by his colleagues.

Conclusion:

Schwabach published numerous articles on hearing tests, deaf mutism and statistisc of deaf mutism, collecting many cases of otological interest.
Nuclear role for human Argonaute-1 as an estrogen-dependent transcription coactivator
Authors: Gómez Acuña Luciana I. , Nazer Ezequiel , Rodríguez-Seguí Santiago A. , Pozzi Berta , Buggiano Valeria , Marasco Luciano E. , Agirre Eneritz , He Cody , Alló Mariano , Kornblihtt Alberto R.
Published: August 2020

In mammals, argonaute (AGO) proteins have been characterized for their roles in small RNA–mediated posttranscriptional and also in transcriptional gene silencing. Here, we report a different role for AGO1 in estradiol-triggered transcriptional activation in human cells. We show that in MCF-7 mammary gland cells, AGO1 associates with transcriptional enhancers of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and that this association is up-regulated by treating the cells with estrogen (E2), displaying a positive correlation with the activation of these enhancers. Moreover, we show that AGO1 interacts with ERα and that this interaction is also increased by E2 treatment, but occurs in the absence of RNA. We show that AGO1 acts positively as a coactivator in estradiol-triggered transcription regulation by promoting ERα binding to its enhancers. Consistently, AGO1 depletion decreases long-range contacts between ERα enhancers and their target promoters. Our results point to a role of AGO1 in transcriptional regulation in human cells that is independent from small RNA binding.
Necroptosis restricts influenza A virus as a stand-alone cell death mechanism
Authors: Shubina Maria , Tummers Bart , Boyd David F. , Zhang Ting , Yin Chaoran , Gautam Avishekh , Guo Xi-zhi J. , Rodriguez Diego A. , Kaiser William J. , Vogel Peter , Green Douglas R. , Thomas Paul G. , Balachandran Siddharth
Published: August 2020

Influenza A virus (IAV) activates ZBP1-initiated RIPK3-dependent parallel pathways of necroptosis and apoptosis in infected cells. Although mice deficient in both pathways fail to control IAV and succumb to lethal respiratory infection, RIPK3-mediated apoptosis by itself can limit IAV, without need for necroptosis. However, whether necroptosis, conventionally considered a fail-safe cell death mechanism to apoptosis, can restrict IAV—or indeed any virus—in the absence of apoptosis is not known. Here, we use mice selectively deficient in IAV-activated apoptosis to show that necroptosis drives robust antiviral immune responses and promotes effective virus clearance from infected lungs when apoptosis is absent. We also demonstrate that apoptosis and necroptosis are mutually exclusive fates in IAV-infected cells. Thus, necroptosis is an independent, “stand-alone” cell death mechanism that fully compensates for the absence of apoptosis in antiviral host defense.
C-type lectin Mincle mediates cell death–triggered inflammation in acute kidney injury
Authors: Tanaka Miyako , Saka-Tanaka Marie , Ochi Kozue , Fujieda Kumiko , Sugiura Yuki , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Kohda Hiro , Ito Ayaka , Miyazawa Taiki , Matsumoto Akira , Aoe Seiichiro , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Tsuboi Naotake , Maruyama Shoichi , Suematsu Makoto , Yamasaki Sho , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Suganami Takayoshi
Published: August 2020

Accumulating evidence indicates that cell death triggers sterile inflammation and that impaired clearance of dead cells causes nonresolving inflammation; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) senses renal tubular cell death to induce sustained inflammation after acute kidney injury in mice. Mincle-deficient mice were protected against tissue damage and subsequent atrophy of the kidney after ischemia–reperfusion injury. Using lipophilic extract from the injured kidney, we identified β-glucosylceramide as an endogenous Mincle ligand. Notably, free cholesterol markedly enhanced the agonistic effect of β-glucosylceramide on Mincle. Moreover, β-glucosylceramide and free cholesterol accumulated in dead renal tubules in proximity to Mincle-expressing macrophages, where Mincle was supposed to inhibit clearance of dead cells and increase proinflammatory cytokine production. This study demonstrates that β-glucosylceramide in combination with free cholesterol acts on Mincle as an endogenous ligand to induce cell death–triggered, sustained inflammation after acute kidney injury.
A high-affinity antibody against the CSP N-terminal domain lacks Plasmodium falciparum inhibitory activity
Authors: Thai Elaine , Costa Giulia , Weyrich Anna , Murugan Rajagopal , Oyen David , Flores-Garcia Yevel , Prieto Katherine , Bosch Alexandre , Valleriani Angelo , Wu Nicholas C. , Pholcharee Tossapol , Scally Stephen W. , Wilson Ian A. , Wardemann Hedda , Julien Jean-Philippe , Levashina Elena A.
Published: August 2020

Malaria is a global health concern, and research efforts are ongoing to develop a superior vaccine to RTS,S/AS01. To guide immunogen design, we seek a comprehensive understanding of the protective humoral response against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). In contrast to the well-studied responses to the repeat region and the C-terminus, the antibody response against the N-terminal domain of PfCSP (N-CSP) remains obscure. Here, we characterized the molecular recognition and functional efficacy of the N-CSP–specific monoclonal antibody 5D5. The crystal structure at 1.85-Å resolution revealed that 5D5 binds an α-helical epitope in N-CSP with high affinity through extensive shape and charge complementarity and the unusual utilization of an antibody N-linked glycan. Nevertheless, functional studies indicated low 5D5 binding to live Pf sporozoites and lack of sporozoite inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our data do not support the inclusion of the 5D5 N-CSP epitope into the next generation of CSP-based vaccines.
Modeling the ternary chalcogenide Na2MoSe4 from first-principles
Authors: Palos Etienne , Reyes-Serrato Armando , Alonso-Nuñez Gabriel , Sánchez J Guerrero
Published: August 2020

In the ongoing pursuit of inorganic compounds suitable for solid-state devices, transition metal chalcogenides have received heightened attention due to their physical and chemical properties. Recently, alkali-ion transition metal chalcogenides have been explored as promising candidates to be applied in optoelectronics, photovoltaics and energy storage devices. In this work, we present a theoretical study of sodium molybdenum selenide (Na2MoSe4). First-principles computations were performed on a set of hypothetical crystal structures to determine the ground state and electronic properties of Na2MoSe4. We find that the equilibrium structure of Na2MoSe4 is a simple orthorhombic (oP) lattice, with space group Pnma, as evidenced by thermodynamics. Finally, meta-GGA computations were performed to model the band structure of oP Na2MoSe4 at a predictive level. We employ the Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson potential to demonstrate that oP Na2MoSe4 has a direct bandgap at the Γ point that is suitable for optoelectronics. Our results provide a foundation for future studies concerned with the modeling of inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic materials chemically analogous to Na2MoSe4.
Unconventional critical behaviors at the magnetic phase transition of Co3Sn2S2 kagomé ferromagnet
Authors: Kassem Mohamed A , Tabata Yoshikazu , Waki Takeshi , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: August 2020

Co3Sn2S2 has generated a growing interest as a rare example of the highly uniaxial anisotropic kagomé ferromagnet showing a combination of frustrated-lattice magnetism and topology. Recently, via precise measurements of the magnetization and AC susceptibility we have found a low-field anomalous magnetic phase (A-phase) with very slow spin dynamics that appears just below the Curie temperature (T
C). The A-phase hosts high-density domain bubbles after cooling through T
C as revealed in a previous in-situ Lorentz-TEM study. Here, we present further signatures of the anomalous magnetic transition (MT) at T
C revealed by a study of the critical behaviors of the magnetization and magnetocaloric effect using a high-quality single crystal. Analyses of numerous magnetization isotherms around T
C (≃177 K) using different approaches (the modified Arrot plot, Kouvel–Fisher method and magnetocaloric effect) result in consistent critical exponents that do not satisfy the theoretical predictions of standard second-order-MT models. Scaling analyses for the magnetization, magnetic entropy change and field-exponent of the magnetic entropy change, all consistently show low-field deviations below T
C from the universal curves. Our results reveal that the MT of Co3Sn2S2 can not be explained as a conventional second-order type and suggest an anomalous magnetic state below T
C.
Liquid crystal director fields in three-dimensional non-Euclidean geometries
Authors: Sadoc Jean-François , Mosseri Rémy , Selinger Jonathan V
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates nematic liquid crystals in three-dimensional curved space, and determines which director deformation modes are compatible with each possible type of non-Euclidean geometry. Previous work by Sethna et al showed that double twist is frustrated in flat space

R

3

, but can fit perfectly in the hypersphere

S

3

. Here, we extend that work to all four deformation modes (splay, twist, bend, and biaxial splay) and all eight Thurston geometries. Each pure mode of director deformation can fill space perfectly, for at least one type of geometry. This analysis shows the ideal structure of each deformation mode in curved space, which is frustrated by the requirements of flat space.
Cross-section measurements for 58,60,61Ni(n, α)55,57,58Fe reactions in the 4.50 – 5.50 MeV neutron energy region *
Authors: Jiang Haoyu , Cui Zengqi , Hu Yiwei , Liu Jie , Chen Jinxiang , Zhang Guohui , Gledenov Yu. M. , Sansarbayar E. , Khuukhenkhuu G. , Krupa L. , Chuprakov I.
Published: August 2020

The cross sections at 5 energy points of the 58Ni(n, α)55Fe reaction were measured in the 4.50 MeV ≤ E

n
≤ 5.50 MeV region while those for the 60Ni(n, α)57Fe and 61Ni(n, α)58Fe reactions were measured at E

n
= 5.00 and 5.50 MeV using the 4.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator at Peking University. A gridded twin ionization chamber (GIC) was used as the detector, and enriched 58Ni, 60Ni, and 61Ni foil samples were prepared and mounted at the sample changer of the GIC. Three highly enriched 238U3O8 samples inside the GIC were used to determine the relative and absolute neutron fluxes. The neutron energy spectra were obtained through unfolding the pulse height spectra measured by the EJ-309 liquid scintillator. The interference from the low-energy neutrons and impurities in the samples has been corrected. The present data of the 60Ni(n, α)57Fe reaction are the first measurement results below 6.0 MeV, and those of the 61Ni(n, α)58Fe reactions are the first measurement results in the MeV region. The present results have been compared with existing measurements, evaluations, and TALYS-1.9 calculations.
Tellurene: An elemental 2D monolayer material beyond its bulk phases without van der Waals layered structures
Authors: Cai Xiaolin , Han Xiaoyu , Zhao Chunxiang , Niu Chunyao , Jia Yu
Published: August 2020

Due to the quantum confinement effect, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) monolayer materials possess distinct characteristics from their corresponding bulk materials, which have received wide attention from science and industry. Among all the 2D materials, elemental 2D materials with the simplest components are most striking. As an emerging group-VIA elemental 2D monolayer material, tellurene exhibits many exciting fundamental properties, such as chemical and mechanical stabilities, bandgap and high carrier mobilities compared to phosphorene, graphene and MoS2, respectively. Besides, in further exploration, it was found that tellurene or tellurene-based device presents excellent thermoelectric properties, piezoelectric properties, quantum Hall effects, and superb optical properties especially nonlinear optics characteristics, etc. The properties of tellurene can be modulated by virtue of strain, defects, edges, and heterojunction effects. In view of so many unique properties, it has drawn significant interest since tellurene was predicted and fabricated successfully in 2017. In this paper, we review the 2D tellurene allotropes, experimental preparation, excellent properties, performance modulation and future development.
On the mystery of the absence of a spin-orbit gap in scanning tunneling microscopy spectra of germanene
Authors: Castenmiller Carolien , Zandvliet Harold J. W.
Published: August 2020

Germanene, the germanium analogue of graphene, shares many properties with its carbon counterpart. Both materials are two-dimensional materials that host Dirac fermions. There are, however, also a few important differences between these two materials: (1) graphene has a planar honeycomb lattice, whereas germanene’s honeycomb lattice is buckled and (2) the spin-orbit gap in germanene is predicted to be about three orders of magnitude larger than the spin-orbit gap in graphene (24 meV for germanene versus 20 μeV for graphene). Surprisingly, scanning tunneling spectra recorded on germanene layers synthesized on different substrates do not show any sign of the presence of a spin-orbit gap. To date the exact origin of the absence of this spin-orbit gap in the scanning tunneling spectra of germanene has remained a mystery. In this work we show that the absence of the spin-orbit gap can be explained by germanene’s exceptionally low work function of only 3.8 eV. The difference in work function between germanene and the scanning tunneling microscopy tip (the work functions of most commonly used STM tips are in the range of 4.5 to 5.5 eV) gives rise to an electric field in the tunnel junction. This electric field results in a strong suppression of the size of the spin-orbit gap.
Strain tunable band structure of a new 2D carbon allotrope C568
Authors: Gao Qiang , Sahin Hasan , Kang Jun
Published: August 2020

Recently, C568 has emerged as a new carbon allotrope, which shows semiconducting properties with a band gap around 1 eV and has attracted much attention. In this work, the external strain effects on the electronic properties of C568 have been studied theoretically through first-principle calculations. The numerical results show that while in-plane uniaxial and biaxial strains both reduces the band gap of C568 in case of tensile strain, their effects are quite different in the case of compressive strain. With increasing compressive uniaxial strain, the band gap of C568 first increases, and then dramatically decreases. In contrast, the application of compressive biaxial strain up to –10% only leads to a slight increase of band gap. Moreover, an indirect-to-direct gap transition can be realized under both types of compressive strain. The results also show that the optical anisotropy of C568 can be induced under uniaxial strain, while biaxial strain does not cause such an effect. These results indicate good strain tunability of the band structure of C568, which could be helpful for the design and optimization of C568-based nanodevices.
Electrical Characterization of Thin Films (TiO2: ZnO)1-x (GO)x / FTO Heterojunction Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique.
Authors: Alsultani M J , Abed H H , Ghazi R A , Mohammed M A
Published: August 2020

Thin films from (TiO2: ZnO)1-x(GO)x (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) ml have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique through depositing on FTO coated glass substrates. Electrical is characteristic was investigated by current-voltage (I–V), capacitance-voltage (C–V) measurements. The (I-V) measurement showed that heterojunction from symmetric type (isotope), Ideality factor (β) value increased from1.63 to 2.48 where (β) > 1 the recombination current was dominates, rectification ratios increased from 30.62 to 77.43 because of reduction in the depletion layer from 127nm to 56.4nm which investigated by (C-V) measurements, as well as the built-in voltage (Vbi) and the barrier height ØB decreased from 1.42 V to 0.65 V and 1.62 to 0.79eV respectively. The increase in graphene oxide ratio lead to increase in the majority carriers in turn leads to reduction in Fermi levels. Such tests showed that the electrical properties of the prepared thin films improved and indicated that GO acts as a semiconductor and can be used for flexible and transparent optical-electronic devices.
Investigation of Mixed Symmetry States in 170-178Yb isotopes
Authors: Hady Heiyam Najy , Muttal Mohsin Kadhim
Published: August 2020

low-lying positive parity states, dynamic symmetries, mixed symmetry states (MSS), reducing electric quadrupole transition probabilities B(E2), branching ratio, reducing magnetic dipole transition probabilities B(M1), and mixing ratios δ(E2/M1) for 170-178Yb have been investigated by applied IBM-1 and IBM-2 program package. The software package IBM-1 and IBMT computer code for IBM-1 and Neutron Proton Boson NPBOS and Neutron Proton Boson Electromagnetic NPBEM software package have been used. The Ytterbium nuclei with the (170 − 178) mass number considered as rotational nuclei after applying the first and second interacting boson model with studying dynamic symmetry and energy ratios

(
E

4

1

+

/
E

2

1

+

)

,

(
E

6

1

+

/
E

2

1

+

)

and

(
E

8

1

+

/
E

2

1

+

)

that approximated to (3.33,7 and 12). The reducing transition probability for electric quadruple B(E2) and branching ratios that state the small values of the ratios R′ and R″ as having rotational characteristics. A study of the mixed symmetry state of these nuclei shows that the lower energy mixing level is the first 1+ level, which distinguishes the rotational determination nuclei. The energy levels values for the states

2

2

+

,

3

1

+

,

5

1

+

,

1

1

+

have a clear mixed symmetry state (MSS) directly proportional with Majorana parameters ζ2, while

2

3

+

, and

2

4

+

, tend to be approximately more conservative.
Convert Arabic Letters Voice into Gesture
Authors: Ali Shaker K. , Saud Sabreen K.
Published: August 2020

This paper suggest approach to solve the problem of social communication between blind and dumb by converting voices of 28 Arabic letters (ي,.........,أ) into gesture (images) by extraction features by using Mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients (MFCC)and classify the types of letters by using; J48, KNN, and Naive byes (NB). Several features are extracted from speech voice of Arabic letters voices. The dataset collected by recorded voices from twenty different persons, each person recorded ten voices for each twenty eight letters so the total dataset are 5600 voices (200 voices for each 28 letters). Mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients are extracted from 5600 voices of letters which convert the voices into a signal and extract features vector to classify later by using J48, KNN and NB algorithms, which may vary in time or speed signals. The experimental results shows that the best accuracy of speech recognition algorithm by using the J48 algorithm with a performance ratio of 100% while KNN is the 94.023% and Naive byes is the 20.012%.
Measuring the Impact of Using Different Tools on Classification System Results
Authors: Khalaf Zainab A. , Jawad Zainab M.
Published: August 2020

A huge amount of textual data is available on the web. These data need to be classified under labels or classes to make the search more efficient and easier. Achieved by using automatic classification is used for this task. Many factors impact on the performance of the classifier system, such as the amount of using dataset, the data dispersion degree, preprocessing tools, feature extraction methods, terms weighting, and data reduction. So, researchers constantly compete to build a robust classifier with good performance. This study focuses on the effect of using different tools in preprocessing and term weighting stages. The experimental results applied on two different languages (Arabic and English languages). Also, the experimental results were compared with the recent related works.
A Modification to Vogel’s Approximation Method to Solve Transportation Problems
Authors: Hussein H A , Shiker M A K
Published: August 2020

Transportation Problem (TP) is singular of the paradigms in the Linear Programming Problems (LPP). The TP in Operations Research represent vastly applied optimization. (TP) has some goals, like reducing transportation costs or reducing transportation time, etc. Whereas meeting both supply level and request level requirements. Transportation problem plays a major role in industry, trade, logistics, etc. To get the most possible profit, organizations are always looking for better ways to reduce cost and improve revenue. To solve the transportation problems, it is always required to find an initial basic feasible solution (IBFS) for get the optimal solution. The Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) is the important known traditional methods for obtaining an IBFS of TP. In this work, we introduce a new modification to the VAM for finding an IBFS for the transportation problems almost nearer to the optimal solve. Proposed modification is illustrated with solved numerical examples. A comparison study was also conducted with the results of classic methods. This modified approach most of times give better solution and very nearer to the optimal solve, furthermore, occasionally gives the optimal solve. This method is clear, easy to comprehend.
A new projection technique for developing a Liu-Storey method to solve nonlinear systems of monotone equations
Authors: Mahdi M M , Shiker M A K
Published: August 2020

The projection technique is a very important method and efficient for solving unconstraint optimization and nonlinear equations. In this study, we developed a Liu-Story (LS) algorithm for solving monotone equations of nonlinear systems. The new algorithm satisfies the sufficient descent condition and it’s a suitable method of large scale equations for its limited memory. We established a global convergence of suggest method under the mild conditions. Numerical results proved that the new algorithm works well and promising.