bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for risks of cardiovascular disease in children. A preliminary report
Authors: Marktl W. , Rudas Barbara
Published: September 2005

1. The results obtained for 236 Viennese schoolchildren between 11 and 12 years of age indicated that 38% of children had an increased concentration of cholesterol in their serum and 3% had an increased serum triglyceride concentration..

2. The results of the preliminary study suggested that, by extending the dimensions of the screening, further problems, for example the correlation between different ‘risk’ factors and the significance of nutritional habits, might be studied.
Enzymic evaluation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of parturient women and their newborn infants
Authors: Bamji M. S.
Published: September 2005

1. Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of ‘low-income-group’ mothers and their newborn infants was assessed by analysing paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood for erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) (ETK), erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) (EGR), and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) (EAA) activities..

2. The vitamin status of the infants was better than that of the mothers..

3. Most of the mothers and some of the infants had biochemical evidence of thiamin and riboflavin defciency..

4. The pregnant women had a higher EAA activity and also higher stimulation with pyridoxal-5-phosphate than the non-pregnant women of the same community..

5. There was a significant correlation between maternal and umblical blood samples for ETK and EGR activities, but not for EAA activity or any of the coenzyme stimulation tests.
Thermic effect of glucose in obese subjects studied by direct and indirect calorimetry
Authors: Pittet Ph. , Chappuis Ph. , Acheson K. , De Techtermann F. , JÉquier E.
Published: September 2005

1. The thermic effect of a glucose load (50 g) was studied in ten control and eleven obese female subjects, using both direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously. Experiments were done under conditions of thermal equilibrium (28° and 30% relative humidity)..

2. Thermal balance (heat production measured by indirect calorimetry minus heat losses measured directly) was negative in the control group during the fasting period (heat deficit – 14.2 ± 5.0 kJ/m2per h), whereas that of the obese group was in equilibrium (+ 1.4 ± 4.8 kJ/m2per h)..

3. After the glucose load, metabolic rate increased 13.0 ± 1.5 and 5.2 ± 1.3% in the control and obese groups respectively..

4. In contrast to the metabolic rate, total heat losses were not significantly altered in either group after the glucose load. Total heat losses of the obese group were significantly lower than those of the control group throughout the experimental period..

5. During the experiments the amount of heat stored was increased in both groups. Thermal balance in the control group became positive while that of the obese group remained positive..

6. During the fasting period, the control subjects oxidized more carbohydrates (90.4 mg/min) than lipids (68.8 mg/min), whereas obese subjects oxidized more lipids (103.7 mg/min) than carbohydrates (50.2 mg/min). After the glucose load, the oxidation rate of carbohydrates was increased in both groups to 158.1 mg/min in control subjects and 95.6 mg/min in obese subjects..

7. The mean skin temperature of the control subjects was significantly higher than that of the obese subjects and remained higher throughout the postprandial period..

8. These results indicate that: (a) during the fasting period, the energy sources utilized and the thermal balance of the two groups were different; (b) the thermic effect of glucose was less in the obese subjects and, therefore, might be a factor contributing to their low energy expenditure.
C18unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenation patterns of some rumen bacteria and their ability to hydrolyse exogenous phospholipid
Authors: Hazlewood G. P. , Kemp P. , Lander D. , Dawson R. M. C.
Published: September 2005

1. A number of rumen bacteria isolated because of their ability to deacylate phosphatidyl-choline, were found, in addition, to hydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids..

2. The most active lipolytic organisms had an unusual pattern of hydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in that α-linolenic acid was hydrogenated only as far astrans-11,cis-15-octadeca-dienoic acid.
Energy losses associated with oven-drying and the preparation of rat carcasses for analysis
Authors: Lofti Mahshid , MacDonald I. A. , Stock M. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of oven-drying on the heat of combustion of rat carcasses was studied and found to produce losses of 10% of the original energy content. Oven-drying also produced a small loss of nitrogen.

2. A method of carcass preparation not involving oven-drying was tested and found to produce suitably homogeneous samples for analysis without any loss of energy.
The use of pivalic acid as a reference substance in measurements of production of volatile fatty acids by rumen micro-organisms in vitro
Authors: Czerkawski J. W.
Published: September 2005

1. A procedure is described for using pivalic acid as an inert reference substance in determination of changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA).

2. Pivalic acid in concentrations of up to 80 mmol/l had no effect on production of methane or VFA by rumen contents.

3. Pivalic acid was inert during incubation with rumen contents from sheep given different diets and with samples taken at different times with respect to feeding.
The effect of acute illness on leucocyte and plasma ascorbic acid levels
Authors: MacLennan W. J. , Hamilton Judith C.
Published: September 2005

1. Serial estimations of plasma (PAA) and leucocyte (LAA) ascorbic acid concentrations were made in geriatric patients in a stable phase of their illness, and compared with a similar (‘unstable’) group suffering from acute illness.

2. In the ‘unstable’ group, though PAA levels were unchanged, LAA levels were reduced.

3. In the ‘follow-up’ period of 7-8 d there was much greater variation in both PAA and LAA levels in the ‘unstable’ group.

4. Acute illness was often accompanied by an increase and then a decrease in LAA levels. Recovery was associated with an increase in LAA levels.
On the role of higher plant and microbial lipases in the ruminal hydrolysis of grass lipids
Authors: Dawson R. M. C. , Hemington N. , Hazlewood G. P.
Published: September 2005

1. The galactolipids of heat-treated,14C-labelled rye grass S24 administered intraruminally to a sheep fed on an autoclaved diet were rapidly catabolized.

2. When grass was homogenized with rumen contents devoid of higher plant lipases the grass galactolipids were rapidly metabolized, but were not metabolized when the rumen contents were boiled to destroy microbial galactolipases.

3.14C-labelled monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride and triolein were metabolized, with the release of14C-labelled fatty acids when incubated with a homogenate (100 g/l) of grass or clover in rumen fluid from a starved sheep, but not when the rumen fluid was heat-treated to destroy microbial enzymes.

4. It is concluded that in the sheep the lipases of rumen micro-organisms play a major part in the ruminal degradation of ingested complex lipids of pasture.
The effect of in utero protein malnutrition and subsequent renutrition on rat saliva and some salivary enzymes
Authors: Watson R. R.
Published: September 2005

1. Rat pups developed chronic protein insufficiency resulting from malnutrition diet in utero while their dams received 40 g protein/kg diet.

2. Before weaning they were found to have decreased salivary amylase (EC3.2.1.1) and aminopeptidase activities.

3. A complete diet (250 g protein/kg) rapidly restored salivary amylase activity before weight normalization. However, renourished pups (malnourished pups given 250 g protein/kg for 14 d) still had increased numbers ofStreptococcus mutansin their plaque.
Iron absorption from a cereal-based meal containing cane sugar fortified with ascorbic acid
Authors: Derman D. , Sayers M. , Lynch S. R. , Charlton R. W. , Bothwell T. H. , Mayet Fatima
Published: September 2005

1. The feasibility of improving iron nutrition by fortifying cane sugar with ascorbic acid was studied.

2. The absorption of Fe added to maize-weal porridge was measured in 116 volunteer multiparous Indian women using the radio-Fe erythrocyte utilization method. The meals were fed with and without tea or coffee and with and without varying amounts of ascorbic acid.

3. The mean absorption of Fe from maize-meal porridge was very low (3.8 %), being even further reduced (2.1 %) when tea was drunk with the meal.

4. The addition of 50 or 100 mg ascorbic acid to maize-meal porridge caused approximately a 10-fold increase in Fe absorption. The increase was much less when tea was present, being 2-fold and 5-fold with 50 and 100 mg ascorbic acid respectively. The inhibitory effect of tea on Fe absorption could, however, be overcome by giving larger doses of ascorbic acid (250 and 500 mg).

5. When contaminating Fe (2.5 mg) in the form of labelled rust (Fe2O3) or ferric hydroxide was added to maize-meal porridge it was poorly absorbed (mean values were 0.01 % and 1.5 % respectively). The addition of 100 mg ascorbic acid increased the mean Fe absorption rates to 0.5 % and 6.7 % with Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)3 respectively. Fe(OH)3 was found to be absorbed about half as well as the intrinsic Fe present in maize-meal porridge.

6. It is concluded that ascorbic acid is capable of improving Fe absorption from a cereal source. It can partially overcome the inhibitory effect of tea and might be expected to facilitate the absorption of at least some forms of Fe that may contaminate food.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 8. The role of sucrose in the susceptibility of protein foods to heat damage
Authors: Hurrell R. F. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: September 2005

1. A high-protein yeast cake, based on ovalbumin and lactalbumin, and containing 200 g sucrose/kg was baked and toasted as previously described by Block, Cannon, Wissler, Steffe, Straube, Frazier & Woolridge (1946). This caused a severe reduction in its protein quality for rats, and in its fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine content. The damage appeared to be caused by inversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose during fermentation by the yeast followed by Maillard reactions. Processing an albumin-sucrose mixture in a similar way but without fermentation caused no loss in nutritional value for rats and a small reduction in FDNB-reactive lysine.

2. Sucroselysine solutions were prepared and heated as previously described by El-Nockrashy & Frampton (1967). Contrary to their findings, we detected no loss of lysine after storage for 16 h at 35° or after heating for 2 h at 100°, although after heating for 4 h at 121° about 0.7 of the original lysine remained. At an alkaline pH, sucrose hydrolyses only slowly even at 121°, and this is catalysed to some extent by the presence of lysine.

3. A ‘dry’ albumin-sucrose mixture (10-200 mg moisture/g) was heated in sealed glass ampoules under a range of conditions. The loss of FDNB-reactive lysine was stongly dependent on the processing conditions; in particular it was decreased by an increase in pH. After 2 h at 121°, lysine damage caused by sucrose was similar to that caused by glucose. Lysine damage due to sucrose was believed to follow on from its breakdown to glucose and fructose.

4. Although the presence of sucrose does not make proteins highly sensitive to Maillard reactions and loss of nutritive value, it must not be considered entirely inert. Our results confirm earlier work indicating that its presence at relatively high levels in oil seeds may be largely responsible for the damage to protein quality observed when they are severely processed.
Amino acid uptake in chickens subjected to increasing levels of quantitative food restriction
Authors: Gous R. M.
Published: September 2005

1. Three groups of cockerels were reared from 3 to 11 weeks of age on increasingly severe quantitative food restriction treatments, resulting in body-weight values of 12, 19 and 27% below that of a control group which was fed ab lib.

2. The rate of uptake of L-arginine, glycine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine was measured in vitro using intestinal rings, over a 5 min incubation period.

3. Uptake of L-arginine was significantly increased with increasing degrees of body-weight restriction. This amino acid and L-lysine were the only two to show a significantly enhanced uptake rate as a result of the restriction treatments.

4. No significant differences were noted in the case of glycine or L-phenylalanine uptake following food restriction, indicating a certain selectivity in the alteration of absorption rates following food restriction, when such tests are conducted in vitro.
Studies of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: dynamics of glucose metabolism
Authors: Balnave D. , Wolfenden J. , Ball F. M. , Cumming R. B. , Leng R. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in a proportion of a group of 4-week-old chickens by giving a diet of meat meal and wheat; inclusion in the diet of animal tallow for 54 h substantially reduced the occurrence of FLKS.

2. Measurements of dynamic aspects of glucose metabolism were made with single injections of [2-3H]glucose which indicated that birds given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and showing physical symptoms of FLKS had significantly lower rates of synthesis of glucose than birds given either the same diet supplemented with tallow or a commercial diet.

3. In a second series of experiments glucose metabolism was studied in birds (1) with or without physical symptoms that were given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and (2) birds given the same diet supplemented with tallow or biotin. Affected birds fed the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations, pool sizes and synthesis rates than birds fed the same diet and not showing symptoms, or birds fed the supplemented diets.

4. It is suggested that the cause of death in birds with FLKS is a low rate of gluconeogenesis during periods without feed which results in a lack of glucose to meet essential functions.
Morphological changes in skeletal muscles in vitamin E-deficient and refed rabbits
Authors: Chan A. C. , Hegarty P. V. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Nutritional muscular dystrophy was induced in young rabbits by giving them a vitamin E-deficient diet. Dystrophic animals were rehabilitated by the addition of vitamin E to the diet. Controls were fed on a supplemented diet containing 50 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg.

2. Muscle weight and fibre diameter were determined in seven skeletal muscles, from the fore-limb (biceps brachii), the trunk (pectoralis descendens), the hind-limb (gastrocnemius, semitendinosus, soleus, plantaris and tibialis cranialis). Muscle weights, except for those of the soleus and semitendinosus, were significantly reduced in vitamin E-deficient animals when compared with the control animals. A monophasic fibre diameter distribution was obtained for all muscles from all the groups studied. Distribution curves for vitamin E-deficient muscles showed a consistent decrease in fibre diameter. The extent of change in distribution varied among different muscles. On refeeding, the redistribution curve returned to the normal pattern in the biceps brachii, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, tibialis cranialis and pectoralis descendens but not in the soleus.

3. No significant changes in bone length or weight were detected in the humerus, femur and tibia in vitamin E-deficient rabbits compared to the control animals.

4. Transverse and longitudinal sections of the seven muscles were studied by light microscopy. In the vitamin E-deficient animals, typical hyaline degeneration was observed with much infiltration of collagen and lymphocytes. The extent of degeneration varied among muscles, the gastrocnemius being most affected and the semitendinosus least affected. Muscles in the rabbits refed vitamin E showed that the infiltration with collagen and lymphocytes had almost disappeared.
The effect of dietary composition and of insulin on gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Cowey C. B. , De La Higuera M. , Adron J. W.
Published: September 2005

1. The activities at 15° of three gluconeogenic enzymes,d-fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 1-phosphohydrolase (EC3.1.3.11), pyruvate carboxylase (EC6.4.1.1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (4.1.1.32), were determined in liver, kidney, gill and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given a commercial diet. The results indicated that liver and kidney are the main sites of gluconeogenesis.

2. Glucose formation from pyruvate was approximately 6 μmol/h per g wet weight at 15° in liver slices of trout given a commercial diet.

3. Glucose diffusion space in trout was measured by the dilution principle after intravascular injection of a trace dose of [U-14C]glucose. Glucose space was found to be 13.7% of the body-weight. Gluconeogenesis in vivo amounted to approximately 45 μmol/kg body-weight per h.

4. Intraperitoneally injected [U-14C]alanine was quickly converted to glucose. Maximal incorporation of alanine into glucose occurred 6 h after alanine administration.

5. Rainbow trout given a high-protein diet gained in weight significantly during a 4-week period. Those given a high-carbohydrate diet did not make a significant weight gain over the same period. Gluconeogenesis from alanine was markedly reduced in fish given the high-carbohydrate diet. There was no significant difference in gluconeogenesis from alanine in fish given a high-protein diet and fish which were fasted for 21 d.

6. Gluconeogenesis from alanine in trout was suppressed by intravenous injection of insulin. This effect was found both in trout given a high-protein diet and in fasted trout.
Rate of passage of digesta in sheep
Authors: Grovum W. L. , Williams V. J.
Published: September 2005

1.Five sheep were given 400, 625, 850, 1075 and 1300 g lucerne chaff/d according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design to perturbate a mathematical model describing the rate of passage of digesta in terms of rate constants for the reticulo-rumen (k1) and caecum and proximal

2.colon (k2), and a transit time (TT) for the intestines. These values were obtained from the concentration curves of51Cr EDTA and144Ce-144Pr (144Pr) excretion in faeces for comparison with similar measurements obtained directly.

3.The retention times of markers in the reticulo-rumen, caecum and proximal colon and intestines all decreased by approximately 50% as intakes were increased from 400 to 1300 g/d. For both markers, the direct and indirect measures of half-time in the reticulo-rumen were essentially identical. The predicted (indirect) values for half times in the caecum and proximal colon were smaller than the direct values (P< 0.005) but the correlations between them were significant (P< 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r0.66) and144Pr (r0.78). The direct measures of transit time were smaller (P< 0.025) by 5–10% than the predicted values but correlations between them were significant (P< 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r0.91) and for144Pr (r0.93). Thus the model predicted the changes produced in the rate of passage of digesta and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.

3.With144Pr1/2k1for the reticulo-rumen andT1/2k2for the caecum and proximal colon were both positively correlated (P< 0.025) with the organic matter digestibilities.T1/2k2decreased at half the rate ofT1/2k1with increasing intakes. This would have favoured compensatory digestion in the large intestine.
The effects on glucose metabolism of feeding a high-urea diet to sheep
Authors: Leonard M. C. , Buttery P. J. , Lewis D.
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep were given either a basal diet of 107 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg or the same diet to which urea was added to increase the crude protein content to 221 g/kg. Isotope-dilution techniques with [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose were used to measure various criteria of glucose metabolism. The plasma concentrations of urea and potassium were determined. The sheep were then given the alternative diet and the experiment was repeated.

2. Plasma K concentrations were decreased on feeding urea (P< 0.05).

3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced on the urea treatment (P< 0.05), while glucose space and metabolic clearance rate were not significantly reduced (P> 0.05).

4. Some implications for the feeding of non-protein-N to ruminants are discussed.
The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Weekes T. E. C. , Cadenhead A. , Bruce J. B.
Published: September 2005

1. In five experiments with growing female pigs of 38–63 kg, insulin (2 mU/kg per min) and glucose (9–17 mg/kg per min) were infused continuously for 3–7 d. In three further experiments, glucose (9 mg/kg per min) was infused alone for 5 d.

2. In response to the combined infusion, plasma insulin increased 2-7-fold, plasma glucose decreased, on average, by 50% and plasma urea concentration was reduced by 40%. Urinary excretion of urea and nitrogen decreased after the first day of infusion to values averaging 70% of control levels.

3. The infusion of glucose alone provoked only a small increase in plasma insulin. The reduction of urinary urea and of N excretion were approximately 25% of those observed with the combined infusions.
The histology and in vivo sulphate uptake of epiphyseal cartilage in protein-depleted rats
Authors: Shapiro B. , Pimstone B.
Published: September 2005

1. Weanling rats, aged 21 d, given a 40 g casein/kg diet for 25 d were compared with ‘age-matched’ controls given a 200 g casein/kg diet and with ‘weight-matched’ weanling controls.

2. The protein-malnourished rats demonstrated failure of weight gain and linear growth, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and fatty liver.

3. Autoradiography of the tibia was carried out 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of Na235SO4(0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 5, 10 μCi/g body-weight). Sections of tibia, humerus and costochondral junction were stained by haematoxylin and eosin, resorcin-crystal violet and picro-fuchsin, Alcian Blue at pH 0.1 and pH 2.5, Alcian Blue at pH 5.7 with magnesium chloride (0.1, 0.7, 1.0m), and by Alcian Blue after ovine testicular hyaluronidase (EC3.2.1.35) digestion. The width of the upper tibial epiphysis was measured and the histological and histochemical features of the epiphyses studied.

4. The incorporation of35SO4into the epiphyses of the protein-malnourished animals was markedly reduced. The chondrocytes were small and flattened with frequent pyknotic nuclei. The staining characteristics of the cartilagenous matrix was qualitatively similar in all animals. The epiphyses in malnutrition were found to be thin, all zones being affected. The upper tibial epiphyses (mean±sd; μm) were 202 ±46 for the protein-malnourished animals, 367±52 for age-matched controls and 578±40 for weight-matched controls.

5. The changes found resemble those after hypophysectomy and the possible hormonal factors are discussed.
The effect of partially replacing urea nitrogen with protein N on N capture in the rumen of sheep fed a purified diet
Authors: Ben-Ghedalia D. , McMeniman N. P. , Armstrong D. G.
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of replacing 10 % of the urea nitrogen in a purified diet with casein, maize gluten or white fish meal on the efficiency of conversion of dietary-N into microbial N was examined using sheep equipped with rumen fistulas and duodenal re-entrant cannulas.

2. Total nitrogen (TN), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) flowing to the proximal duodenum were significantly higher (P< 0.05) when maize gluten was added to the diet, and this appeared to be due to an increased efficiency of microbial protein production.

3. Pepsin secretion was not significantly different between treatments and the daily amount of pepsin N flowing to the proximal duodenum was very small (40–53 mg). The peak of pepsin activity in duodenal digesta was reached 6–8 h after feeding.

4. The possible practical implications of the results are discussed.
Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Milligan L. P.
Published: September 2005

1. [35S]sulphate was used to obtain quantitative estimates of the transfer of sulphur between the blood, rumen and postruminal tract of four sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets at the rate of 33 or 66 g/h. Sodium sulphate (0–4 g S/d) was infused into the rumen or abomasum of sheep given brome grass during four periods of 19 d and was not infused into the sheep during a subsequent period in which lucerne was given. The flow of sulphide, sulphate, microbial S and non-microbial organic S from the abomasum was estimated using103Ru and51Cr.

2. The concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum was increased to maximum values of 35–46 mg S/l by infusion of sulphate into the rumen or abomasum. The rate of irreversible loss of serum sulphate and rumen sulphide was positively related to the amount of sulphate infused.

3. Reabsorption of sulphate by the kidney reached a maximum of 0.69–1.1 mmol sulphate/l glomerular filtrate.

4. The transfer of sulphate from blood to the rumen was related to the concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum, attaining maximum values of 133 (±13) mg S/d for sheep given brome grass plus sulphate, and 127–159 mg S/d for sheep given lucerne.

5. Bacteria derived 0.52–0.67 of organic S from rumen sulphide in sheep given brome grass, and approximately 0.45 of bacterial organic S was derived from sulphide for sheep given lucerne. Protozoa derived approximately 0.90 of organic S from bacteria.

6. It was estimated that endogenous organic S contributed 300–340 mg S/d to the rumen, and that 0.24–0.45 of S digested in the rumen was derived from endogenous sources.
Effect of refeeding raw and cooked starches on hepatic enzyme activities of rats
Authors: Michaelis IV O. E. , Nace Charlotte S. , Szepesi B.
Published: September 2005

1. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; ME), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2; ACAC), and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were studied in male Wistar rats after a period of starvation and refeeding of diets containing 400 g glucose, or raw or cooked starches as the source of carbohydrate/kg. Starches fed included maize, potato, wheat, rice, and tapioca.

2. When compared to the responses of rats given the glucose-containing diet, rats given raw maize- or rice-starch-containing diets had a significantly lower ME response, and rats given raw potato starch had significantly lower responses of G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS. The enzyme responses of rats given cooked starches were similar to those of glucose-fed rats, except that rats given cooked wheat starch had significantly lower G6PD and ME responses than did glucose-fed rats.

3. When the enzyme responses to refeeding of the same starch source in either raw or cooked form were compared, it was found that (a) the FAS response was significantly higher to cooked than to raw maize starch, (b) the G6PD and ACAC responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw tapioca starch, (c) the G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw potato starch.

4. The results suggest that reported differences in the lipogenic enzyme responses between simple sugars and starch may in some instances be magnified because of the use of uncooked starches in experimental diets.
The influence of the gut microflora and of dietary fibre on epithelial cell migration in the chick intestine
Authors: Rolls B. A. , Turvey A. , Coates Marie E.
Published: September 2005

1. The renewal of the intestinal mucosal epithelium has been investigated in germ-free and conventional chicks given a practical chick diet and a low- and high-fibre diet, using tritiated thymidine to label the nuclei of mucosal cells undergoing division.

2. Villus height, crypt depth and number of mitoses in the crypt were generally, although not always significantly, greater for conventional chicks than for germ-free chicks at all sites investigated in the intestine, and all became progressively lower from the upper intestine to the lower intestine.

3. There was a linear relationship between the height of the radioactively labelled mucosal cells on the villus and the period after injection, and the rates of epithelial cell migration were higher for conventional than for germ-free chicks, the relative differences being greater in the lower intestine than the upper intestine.

4. The inclusion of wheat bran as a source of dietary fibre had no effect on the rate of epithelial renewal, either in germ-free or conventional birds.
Effects of cold exposure on digestion, microbial synthesis and nitrogen transformations in sheep
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Milligan L. P.
Published: September 2005

1. Six closely shorn sheep were given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets at the rate of 59 or 98 g dry matter (dm)/h and maintained at ambient temperatures of 2–5° and 22–25° for 35 d. Measurements of digestion, rate of passage of digesta, and nitrogen transformations were made during the last 13 d of temperature exposure.

2. Cold exposure at the lower level of intake reduced the apparent digestibility of dm and organic matter (om) approximately 0.055 units. Apparent digestibility of dm and om was further decreased approximately 0.03 units with the higher level of food intake in the cold. Apparent N digestibility was significantly depressed from 0.62 to 0.59–0.60 for sheep exposed to cold at both levels of intake.

3. Exposure of sheep to cold resulted in a decrease in the turnover time of the particulate marker, 103Ru, from 19 h to 10.12 h in the rumen, a decrease in rumen volume, and a significant increase in dm and om which escaped digestion in the stomach. Volatile fatty acid and methane production in the rumen were highly correlated with the amount of om digested in the stomach. Methane production in the rumen comprised 0.81 of total production in warm sheep, and 0.68–0.74 of total production in cold-exposed sheep.

4. More om and non-ammonia-N were apparently digested in the intestines of sheep exposed to cold than in warm sheep at the same food intake, but the apparent digestibilities in the intestines of dm, om and non-ammonia-N leaving the abomasum did not change significantly between treatments. The retention time of 103Ru in the intestines was 17.18 h in sheep given 59 g dm food/h at both exposure temperatures, but was reduced to 12 h for cold-exposed sheep given 98 g dm/h. Methane production in the postruminal tract was increased at the higher food intake, but there was no difference between warm and cold-exposed sheep at the same food intake.

5. The rate of irreversible loss of plasma urea and rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of [15N]urea and [15N]ammonium chloride. Exposure to cold reduced the irreversible loss of plasma urea from 0.85 to 0.75–0.77 g N/g N intake, and the irreversible loss of rumen ammonia from 0.66 to 0.57–0.61 g N/g N intake. The transfer of plasma urea-N to the rumen ammonia pool was significantly greater (9.5 g N/d) in the cold-exposed sheep than the value (7.3 g N/d) in warm sheep.

6. The efficiency of microbial synthesis in the rumen was increased in cold-exposed sheep, and was related to the amount of N recycled through the rumen ammonia pool from intraruminal sources. The effect of dilution rate and fermentation patterns on efficiency of microbial synthesis is discussed.
Absorption of calcium from a leafy vegetable rich in oxalates
Authors: Pingle Urmila , Ramasastri B. V.
Published: September 2005

1. Plant foods, especially green leafy vegetables, are the cheapest and richest source of calcium in developing countries and are recommended in balanced diets. Hence it was worth while obtaining further information about the availability of Ca from these commonly-consumed green leaves.

2. The green leafy vegetable belonging toAmaranthusspp. was taken as a suitable experimental model because it is not only commonly-consumed, but is also rich in Ca and oxalates. In the first experiment, each of the eight adult male subjects was given a basal diet containing negligible Ca, a milk diet and an‘Amaranthus’diet, both containing the same amount of Ca. These diets were given on 3 consecutive days and the urinary Ca excreted in a 6 h period after the test diet was considered an approximate index of Ca absorbed in that period. The second experiment was designed to study the influence ofAmaranthusspp. on the availability of milk Ca. Each of the ten adult male subjects were given a basal diet, a milk diet and a diet containing the same amount of milk withAmaranthusspp. added to it. Urinary Ca excreted in a period of 6 h was estimated.

3. While availability of Ca from milk was good, that fromAmaranthusleaves was low. The ingestion ofAmaranthusleaves together with milk adversely affected the absorption of milk Ca.

4. In view of these findings, recommendation of green leaves as a regular source of Ca to the vulnerable section of the Indian Community should be considered with caution. Since green leaves are a main source of other nutrients, especially β-carotene, their consumption cannot be discouraged and hence leaves low in oxalates should be recommended.
The B-vitamin group and the activity of hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases of the growing Wistar rat
Authors: Miltenberger R. , Oltersdorf U.
Published: September 2005

1. Male Wistar rats were given isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets deficient in thiamin, riboflavin, pyrid-oxine or all the B-vitamins.

2. In rats given these deficient diets the ‘sleeping time’ induced with pentobarbital (PB) and the ‘paralysis time’ with zoxazolamine (Zz) were prolonged.

3. The tolerance effect against both drugs was nearly independent of the levels of B-vitamins in the diets.

4. In preparations from vitamin-B deficient animals the activities of the following hepatic microsomal enzymes were reduced: the aliphatic hydroxylase of PB, the aromatic hydroxylases of aniline (EC1.14.14.1) and of Zz, theN-demethylase of aminopyrine, the UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC2.4.1.17) ofp-nitrophenol. The reactions most influenced were those of ‘type-1’ substrates, particularly those involving the hydroxylases.

5. The effects observed were caused mainly by deficiency of riboflavin and to a lesser extent of thiamin or pyridoxine.
Response of lipogenic enzymes to overfeeding in liver and adipose tissue of light and heavy breeds of chicks
Authors: Shapira Niva , Nir I. , Budowski P.
Published: September 2005

1. Chicks, 3-d-old, of a heavy breed (HB) and a light breed (LB) were overfed for 18 d. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC6.4.1.2; CBX), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), ATP citrate lyase (EC4.1.3.8; CCE), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC1.1.1.40; ME), 6-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49; G6PDH) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.44; 6PGDH) were determined in abdominal adipose tissue (AT) and liver samples of overfed andad lib.-fed chicks. Size and fat content of liver and adipose tissue were also determined in order to evaluate the extent of obesity.

2. Onad lib.-feeding HB chicks consumed more food, gained more weight and deposited more fat than the corresponding LB chicks. Their lipogenic enzymes were more active than in the LB chicks in both adipose tissue and liver. The increase in food consumption (%) that could be achieved by overfeeding was three times greater in the LB chicks than in the HB chicks.

3. Overfeeding increased the weight and fat content of liver and AT in both breeds. The specific activities of CBX, FAS, CCE and ME in liver and AT increased in the LB chicks only and the total activities of liver and AT enzymes increased much more in the LB chicks than in the HB chicks in which the increase was derived mainly from tissue enlargement.

4. The activity of the pentose cycle dehydrogenases was very low in liver, but in AT about one third of the NADPH generating capacity could be accounted for by these dehydrogenases.

5. The results show that lipogenic enzymes of chicks respond to an increased substrate flux. It is suggested that the enlarged liver, the higher participation of AT in lipogenesis and the uninterrupted supply of cropstored excess food enable the chick to accommodate the increased amounts of substrate with only moderate enzymic adaptation.
Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and heart disease of nomadic and sedentary tribesmen consuming isoenergetic diets of high and low fat content
Authors: Murray M. J. , Murray Anne B. , Murray N. J. , Murray Megan B.
Published: September 2005

1. The effects were examined of two approximately isoenergetic diets differing widely in saturated fat content on the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides of nomads and non-nomads in eastern Niger. Each person was also examined for clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of heart disease.

2. No significant differences could be found between serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels of 297 Anagamba nomad men consuming 73 % energy as fat and 303 Kanouri sedentary men consuming 9 % energy as fat.

3. Rheumatic heart disease was common in nomads and four possible cases of ischaemic heart disease were found in sedentary men only.
Lead and iron absorption from rat small intestine: the effect of dietary Fe deficiency
Authors: Robertson I. K. , Worwood M.
Published: September 2005

1. When lead is administered in drinking-water iron-deficient rats retain more Pb than Fe-replete rats (Six & Goyer, 1972; Klauder & Petering, 1975). In the present study the relationship between the absorption of Pb and Fe was investigated.

2. Adult male rats were transferred to a milk-based diet fed with or without supplementary Fe (180 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate). After 7–9 d the absorption of duodenally-administered203Pb and59Fe was measured as uptake of radioactivity from the gastrointestinal tract after 90 min.59Fe absorption was increased in rats given the unsupplemented diet for 7 d and was further increased in rats kept on the diet for up to 7 weeks.203Pb absorption was not consistently increased by either short- or long-term Fe deprivation.

3. Much of the203Pb in homogenates of the upper small intestine was bound to soluble protein of which up to 85% was dialysable. In contrast little59Fe was dialysable. Only a small proportion of the soluble musosal Pb was associated with ferritin during gel-filtration chromatography although203Pb precipitated together with carrier rat-liver ferritin with an antibody to rat-liver ferritin.

4. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the transfer of Fe and Pb across the small intestine of the adult rat.
The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity
Authors: Tin-May-Than  , Ma-Win-May  , Khin-Sann-Aung  , Mya-Tu M.
Published: September 2005

1. Physical performance capacity was assessed before and after injection of cyanocobalamin and a placebo for thirty-one Burmese male subjects whose age ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 years.

2. The subjects chosen were free from anaemia and were paired on a ‘weight-age’ basis and divided into two groups.

3. One group received an injection of 1 mg cyanocobalamin and the other was given a placebo injection three times weekly for 6 weeks. This was done on a ‘double-blind’ basis.

4. There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the criteria measured, before and after administration of either 1 mg cyanocobalamin or placebo injection. So also there was no significant increase in any of the measurements in the subjects after receiving cyanocobalamin injections compared with those receiving the placebo.
Effects of amino acid analogues on protein synthesis and degradation in isolated cells
Authors: Knowles S. E. , Ballard F. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Naturally-occurring and synthetic analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, proline, tryptophan and the sulphur amino acids have been tested in rat reticulocytes and in the Reuber H35 hepatoma for effects on protein synthesis and protein degradation and on the heat lability of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC4.1.1.32) in the hepatoma cells. The experiments were designed to test whether the analogues could be incorporated into mammalian proteins and whether the resultant proteins would be degraded at an accelerated rate.

2. Several analogues, including thiazolylalanine, triazolalanine and selenocystine both stimulated protein synthesis and produced labile protein in reticulocytes. Other analogues, such as dihydroxyphenylalanine, thioproline and pipecolic acid accelerated protein breakdown but probably indirectly via an inhibition of protein synthesis. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid had the largest effect on protein breakdown in reticulocytes.

3. Labile protein was produced in hepatoma cells incubated in the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, canavanine, indospicine, triazolalanine, 2-, 3- and 4-fluorophenylalanine. These same analogues, together with 3, 4-dehydroproline, β-2-thienylalanine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, histidinol, 5- and 6-fluorotryptophan, selenocystine and selenomethionine produced heat-labile phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Enzyme induced in the presence of selenomethionine or indospicine showed the largest increases in heat lability, and for these analogues equimolar concentrations of methionine and arginine respectively were needed to nullify the enzyme abnormality.

4. The toxicity of the same naturally-occurring analogues has been discussed in terms of their ability to be incorporated into cell proteins.
Absence of immunological hypersensitivity to dietary cow's-milk proteins in infant rabbits
Authors: Kilshaw P. J. , Henschel M. J. , Coates M. E.
Published: September 2005

1. Rabbits hand-reared on a diet based on cow's milk frequently experience convulsive and sometimes fatal reactions to their feed. These have been thought to be caused by immunological hypersensitivity to cow's milk.

2. This explanation has been re-examined and found to be untenable.
Biliary lipids, bile acids and gallstone formation in hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs
Authors: Jenkins S. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs fed on a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks developed gallstones (810 mg cholesterol/g) whereas no concretements were observed in vitamin C-replete animals.

2. Scanning electron microscope studies of the three types of gallstone observed in the gallbladders of vitamin C-deficient animals showed them to be composed of randomly-arranged needle-shaped or laminated crystals of cholesterol.

3. The hepatic bile of gallstone-forming animals had a higher cholesterol concentration and lower bile acid content, the latter being principally due to a reduction in the chenodeoxycholic fraction, than the bile of vitamin C-replete animals.

4. No significant difference was observed between the volume of bile secreted by hypovitaminotic C and vitamin C-replete animals, but due to the qualitative changes in bile composition, gallstone formation was associated with an increased biliary secretion of cholesterol and a reduced secretion of bile acids.
Amino acid requirements of the breeding sow
Authors: Sohail M. A. , Cole D. J. A. , Lewis D.
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments, involving six lactating Landacre x (Landrace x Large White) sows were undertaken to study the lysine requirement of the lactating sow and to identify the second limiting amino acid by means of interpretation of plasma amino acid and blood urea levels.

2. A basal diet composed mainly of equal amounts of ground barley and ground wheat supplemented with mineral and vitamin mixtures was used. This diet was supplemented with synthetic amino acids (lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine and isoleucine).

3. Plasma amino acid and blood urea values showed a close agreement and indicated that lysine intake above 38.4 g/d was in excess of the requirement level.

4. Plasma amino acid values suggested tryptophan to be the second limiting amino acid whereas blood urea values suggested threonine to be the second limiting amino acid.
The accretion of copper and of zinc by the foetuses of prolific ewes
Authors: Williams R. B. , McDonald I. , Bremner I.
Published: September 2005

1. The amounts of copper and zinc in the foetuses of ewes carrying from one to four lambs were measured at different stages of gestation and estimates were made of the amounts of these metals in their livers.

2. The accretion of Cu and Zn could be described by growth equations of the Gompertz form, from which could be derived estimates of the instantaneous and fractional rates of deposition of these metals in the foetal body.

3. Between the 80th and 144th day of gestation the instantaneous rates of deposition of the metals increased exponentially, and at the end of pregnancy were calculated to be 0.24 and 2.0 mg Cu and Zn/d respectively in the triplet lamb foetus. The corresponding total accretions were estimated to be 10 and 69 mg respectively.

4. The fractional rates of live-weight gain and of deposition of Cu were similar and decreased at similar rates; that of Zn deposition decreased much more slowly.

5. The proportion of whole-body Cu estimated to be in the liver was always greater than 50 %. The amount of Zn in the liver remained constant and contributed 72 % of the total body Zn at 80 d but only 8 % at 144d.

6. The relative amounts of Cu and of Zn accrued per unit body-weight gain were not constant during the development of the foetus. As foetal numbers increased the amounts of each metal deposited in the foetus decreased more rapidly than did foetal weight.

7. The results are discussed in relation to the demands for Cu and Zn during pregnancy in sheep.
The effect of 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the lactating ewe
Authors: Braithwaite G. D.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 α-OH-D3) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism has been studied in ewes at peak lactation by a combination of a mineral balance and a radioisotope technique.

2. The rate of Ca absorption was substantially higher in the treated ewes than in controls. The rates of endogenous loss of Ca into urine, faeces and milk, however, were only slightly higher.

3. In consequence, the net retention of Ca was increased and the loss of skeletal reserves of Ca normally associated with peak lactation, prevented.

4. Although the rate of bone accretion increased slightly, the increase in skeletal retention of Ca resulted mainly from a decrease in the rate of bone resorption.

5. This finding conflicts with the generally held belief that bone resorption is increased by cholecalciferol treatment.

6. The rates of apparent absorption and retention of P were increased by the treatment probably as a result of a direct effect of the 1α-OH-D3on P absorption.

7. These results provide a possible explanation of the beneficial effect of 1α-OH-D3in preventing parturient paresis (milk fever) in the dairy cow.
Metabolism of dietary fibre components in man assessed by breath hydrogen and methane
Authors: Tadesse K. , Eastwood M. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Breath hydrogen and methane were measured in eight normal individuals after acute and separate administration of different chemical components of dietary fibre.

2. Hemicellulose, raffinose and lactulose increased H2 production, while cellulose, pectin and lignin did not. Methane production was found to be individual and unaffected by any of the substances. Differences in physical properties of the same chemicals appear to have no influences on H2 and CH4 production.
Urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 after administration of aflatoxin B1 in sucrose- or starch-rich diets
Authors: Wise A. , Suzangar M. , Messripour M. , Mohammadi J.
Published: September 2005

1. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given 630 g/kg sucrose or starch with 2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 for periods of 75, 145 and 200 d, and the 24 h urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 was measured.

2. Less aflatoxin M1 was excreted by the rats fed on the sucrose-rich diet compared to those fed on the starch-rich diet. This difference was especially marked when expressed per g metabolizing tissue.

3. It is concluded that sucrose probably decreases the activity of aflatoxin B1 metabolism in a similar way to its previously found effect on the drug-metabolizing enzyme.