bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERACTION STUDY OF CERTAIN DYES LIKE FERRIC OXIDE RED, BRILLIANT BLUE AND SOY FOOD STUFFS WITH STATINS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROTEIN BINDING AND INTRINSIC ASSOCIATION CONSTANT ‘K’ OF STATINS
Authors: S. Vijayaraj , J. Bagyalakshmi , TK Ravi
Published: January 2025

Interaction of Atorvastatin, Simvastatin and Rosuvastatin with dyes like ferric oxide red, brilliant blue and soy food stuffs were carried out in BSA using RP-HPLC method. Developed method was validated as per ICH Guidelines. Protein binding and Intrinsic association constant ‘K’ of statin drugs were calculated in presence of dyes and food stuffs. The order of interaction in Atorvastatin, Simvastatin and Rosuvastatin were found to be ferric oxide > soy food stuffs > brilliant blue; Soy food stuff > ferric oxide > brilliant blue; brilliant blue > soy food stuffs > ferric oxide red respectively. Protein binding of Atorvastatin was found to be decreased by 46.16%, 38.91%, and 30.87% in presence of brilliant blue, ferric oxide and soy food stuffs respectively. In case of Simvastatin it was found to be decreased by 35.52%, 34.63% and 18.45% and in case of Rosuvastatin it was found to be decreased by 65.29%, 56.02%, 45.81% in presence of brilliant blue, ferric oxide red and soy food stuffs respectively. The intrinsic association constant of Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, and Rosuvastatin was found to be altered in presence of brilliant blue, ferric oxide red and soy food stuffs.
AMYLOSE RICH STARCH AS AN AQUEOUS BASED PHARMACEUTICAL COATING MATERIAL - REVIEW
Authors: Dureja H. , Khatak S. , Khatak M. , Kalra M.
Published: January 2025

Until about 1950, sugar was the first choice as coating agent for pharmaceutical preparations. As the tablets coating technique was changed from sugar coating to film coating, a number of polymers like Methyl Cellulose (MC), Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) become the main coating materials in place of sugar. As for as aqueous coating materials are concerned, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Sod. CMC), Polyvinyl Acetate (PA), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Sodium Alginate, Poly Ethyl Glycol and HPMC etc. are used either alone or in combination. Starch, especially amylose rich starch is known to have good film forming property. Therefore amylose rich starch is now-a-days used as aqueous based coating materials for pharmaceutical coating. It is successfully used for coating in combination with sorbitol and glycerol as plasticizer. A nine months study on prepared films justifies the stability of amylose rich starch. Both the dispersion and solution of amylose rich starch are used for coating purpose. The amylose rich starch composition for this is 70% amylose and 30% amylopectin. Aging problems are overcome by proper type and proper concentration of plasticizer. The coating with amylose rich starch provides safety, economic and ecological benefits.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF WHOLE PLANT OF LUFFA CYLINDRICA (LINN) AGAINST SOME COMMON PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISMS
Authors: Indumathy R. , Kumar D. Satheesh , Pallavi Kolagani , Devi G. Sashikala
Published: January 2025

In this present investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of pet ether and chloroform extract of whole plant of Luffa cylindrica (Linn) by in-vitro method in agar plate against ten bacterial and four fungal species. The extract was prepared from the whole plant of Luffa cylindrica (Linn) by hot continuous percolation method in Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents (Pet ether & Chloroform). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the various extract range from 266.66µg/ml to 66.66µg/ml on tested bacteria and fungai. The maximum antibacterial activity of chloroform extract of whole plant of Luffa cylindrica (Linn) was found at 200.00µg/ml than that of petroleum ether extract. The significant antifungal activity of chloroform extract was found at 266.66µg/ml than that of petroleum ether extract. The antimicrobial activity was showed at concentration dependent. The results of the above study clearly indicated that the chloroform extract of whole plant of Luffa cylindrica (Linn) was found significant antibacterial and antifungal activity which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various diseases and can be used in alternative system of medicine.
IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF BAUHINIA RACEMOSA LAM. (CAESALPINIACEAE) AGAINST ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Authors: Dahikar S. B. , Bhutada S. A. , Tambekar D. H. , Vibhute S. K. , Kasture S. B.
Published: January 2025

Phytochemical screening of the plant leaves reveals the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, ethyl acetate extract and methanol extracts of leaves of Bauhinia racemosa Linn. were prepared and antibacterial activity were studied by disc diffusion method against certain enteric bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus vulgaris. The Methanol extracts had wide range of antibacterial activity against enteric bacterial pathogens than the petroleum ether extract, where as ethyl acetate extract were slightly higher antibacterial activity than chloroform extract. Antibacterial activity of various extract of leaves of Bauhinia racemosa was carried in attempt to develop a new pharmaceutical drug from natural origin for prevention of enteric infection.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF FLUOXETINE HCL AND OLANZAPINE IN BULK DRUG AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY USING UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY METHOD
Authors: S Rubesh kumar , P Gayathri , N Duganath , H Kiran C , C Sridhar , N Jayaveera K
Published: January 2025

Present work is to carry out an analytical method development and validation of Fluoxetine HCl (FLU) and Olanzapine (OLZ) in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed method is based upon simultaneous equations (Vierodt’s) method by using UV/Visible spectroscopy. Both drugs come in the categories of anti- depressant and anti-psychotic agent. The developed method can be used for the simultaneous estimation of FLU and OLZ in pharmaceutical dosage form without separating from each other or from the excipients. Primarily the λ max of Fluoxetine HCl (FLU) and Olanzapine (OLZ) was determined as 226 and 258 nm respectively. The suggested method is validated by using ICH validation parameters like accuracy, precession, linearity and LOD and LOQ respectively. Accuracy study showed percentage recovery in the range of 97-102% w/w respectively. Precision studies were carried out for 6 successive absorbance and studied for their percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) was < 2%, LOD and LOQ was studied and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be was 1-100 µg/ml for Olanzapine and Fluoxetine HCl, the slope of interception Y=0.23x6+0.054 (R2 0.993) and Y=0.222x6-0.014 (R 2 0.995) respectively. Relative standard deviation for Fluoxetine hydrochloride and Olanzapine were 0.4904 and 0.53969, the co-relation coefficient were 0.997 and 0.825 respectively. This procedure was applied successfully for the analysis of FLU and OLZ in bulk drug and Pharmaceutical preparations.
A VALIDATED HPTLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF NEBIVOLOL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE IN BULK AND TABLET FORMULATION
Authors: Kumbhar S. T. , Chougule G. K. , Tegeli V. S. , Gajeli G. B. , Thorat Y. S. , Shivsharan U. S.
Published: January 2025

A HPTLC method for the estimation of Nebivolol (NBV) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) has been developed. It employs aluminum backed silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates, (20 cm × 10 cm, layer thickness 0.2 mm) pre-washed with methanol and mobile phase comprising of 1,4-dioxane: toluene: triethylamine (5:3:0.1 v/v). The developing solvent was run up to 80 mm in Camag chamber previously saturated with 10.0 ml of solvent mixture for 30 min. Densitometric scanning was then performed with Camag TLC Scanner-3 equipped with winCATS (version 1.3.0) at λ max 281 nm. The Rf values were found to be 0.75 and 0.43 for Nebivolol and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 43ng/spot & 130ng/spot for Nebivolol and 25ng/spot & 76ng/spot for Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The % RSD of intra-day variation and inter day variation were 0.54 and 0.41 respectively for NBV and 0.46 and 0.39 for HCTZ respectively. The proposed method can also be used for routine quality control to accurately determine Nebivolol and Hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and tablet dosage form.
HUNTINGTON DISEASE: CURRENT ADVANCES IN PATHOGENESIS AND RECENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Authors: Wani Tanveer A. , Al-Omara Mohammed A. , Zargar Seema
Published: January 2025

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited autosomal, progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with involuntary abnormal movements (chorea), cognitive impairments and psychiatric disturbances. HD is caused by an abnormal expansion of a CAG region located in exon 1 of the gene encoding the huntingtin protein (Htt) and is the causative factor in the pathogenesis of HD. However, recent evidences show that impaired mitochondrial function plays a key role in the pathogenic processes of the desease. The underlying mechanisms by which mutant Htt (mHtt) causes HD have not been fully elucidated, however mutant Htt can impair mitochondrial function by dysregulation of transcriptional processes, calcium dyshomeostasis, and defective mitochondrial bioenergetics. Mutant Htt induce intracellular Ca2+ in neurons affected by HD and increased intracellular Ca2+ excessively enter mitochondria and induce to open the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP), leading to decreased mitochondrial ATP, and neuronal death. Transcriptional processes regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), which are critical for mitochondrial biogenesis, have also been shown to be impaired in HD. This review article discusses current developments, in determining the role of mitochondrial morphological and functional abnormalities contributing to the pathogenesis of HD and also discusses the current other possible therapeutic interventions.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION OF PULSATILLA NIGRICANS STOERCK
Authors: Goyal Sandeep , Kumar Suresh
Published: January 2025

Pulsatilla nigricans Linn. (Ranunculaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of nervousness, restlessness, ovaritis, ovaralgia, pain associated with debility and due to acute inflammation, uterine affections, acute meningitis, and as taeniafuge, but no work has ever been carried out for standardizing this potential plant. The present investigation establishes histological characters, micrometric determinations and physicochemical parameters for P. nigricans. Transverse sections of stem of P. nigricans showed outermost layer consists of a single layer of tangentially elongated epidermal cells, narrow zone of sclerenchymatous cells, i.e., hypodermis followed by continuous mass of thin walled, parenchymatous cells, of cortex, collateral and closed vascular bundles, lie scattered in the ground tissue towards periphery than at the centre and followed by pith comprising parenchymatous cells with large intracellular spaces. The powdered aerial parts of P. nigricans showed presence of anomocytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, pericyclic fibres, lignified spiral vessels and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Foreign organic matter content of air dried aerial parts of P. nigricans was found to be 0.38%. Moisture content of air dried aerial parts of P. nigricans was found to be 17%. The total ash was about 15 times more than the acid insoluble ash in P. nigricans whereas water soluble ash was about 2 times less than total ash in P. nigricans. Water-soluble extractive value of P. nigricans was found to be about 18 and 2 times, respectively, in comparison to petroleum ether- and ethanol-soluble extractive value. Petroleum ether extract showed seven spots using hexane : ethyl acetate (17 : 3) as the mobile phase whereas TLC of chloroform extract showed nine spots for P. nigricans using toluene: ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (85:15:1) as the mobile phase, employing 0.5% anisaldehyde as the visualizing agent. Phytochemical screening of P. nigricans showed presence of steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and carbohydrates.
LC AND LC-MS STUDY ON STRESS DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF PACLITAXEL AND ESTABLISHMENT OF VALIDATED STABILITY-INDICATING ASSAY METHOD
Authors: Prashanth S , Kumar A Anil , Madhu B , Sagar J Vidya
Published: January 2025

Paclitaxel was subjected to different ICH prescribed stress conditions of thermal stress, hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis. In total, six major degradation products were detected by LC and to elucidate the degradation products of Paclitaxel we develop a rapid and systematic strategy based liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) profiling and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) sub structural technique. For establishment of stability-indicating assay, the reaction solutions in which different degradation products were formed were mixed, and the separation was optimized by varying the LC conditions. An acceptable separation was achieved using a C-18 column and a mobile phase comprising of 65:35 buffer (2 mM ammonium acetate, pH 6.9): acetonitrile held isocratic for 26 min followed by a 25 min linear gradient to 20:80 (buffer–acetonitrile) at a flow-rate of 2.0 ml/min. The degradation products appeared at relative retention times (RRT) of 0.14 (side chain methyl ester), 0.16 (baccatin III), 0.43 (10-deacetyl Paclitaxel), 0.52 (Paclitaxel isomer), 0.67 (oxetane ring opened) and 1.33 (7-epi Paclitaxel). The validation studies established a linear response of the drug at concentrations between 50ng/ml and 1000ng/ml. The mean value (±R.S.D.) of correlation coefficient was 0.9998 (±0.01). The mean R.S.D. values for Paclitaxel inter-day precision were 0.24 and 0.90, respectively. The recovery of the drug ranged between 99.42 and 100.58%, when it was spiked to a mixture of solutions in which sufficient degradation was observed.
SCREENING OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS FOR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SEEDS OF PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA L. AGAINST IMPORTANT SEED BORNE ASPERGILLUS SPECIES OF MAIZE
Authors: Kiran B. , Lalitha V. , Raveesha K. A.
Published: January 2025

Petroleum ether extract of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia was recorded a maximum antifungal activity in Aspergillus flavus oryzae (93.5%) and A. tamarii (92.43%); Benzene extract recorded a maximum inhibition in A. niger (88.10%), A. flavus oryzae (83.80%) and A. tamarii (81.10%). In chloroform extract A. tamarii recorded 74.60% and A. niger showed 74.16% inhibition. In methanol extract A. tamarii and A. flavus oryzae recorded 69.50% and in ethanol extract A. flavus oryzae showed 74.63% and A. flavus recorded 67.10% inhibition in 2.0% concentration of extract. Compared to synthetic fungicides Captan and Thiram, Captan recorded 85.0% to 95.0% inhibition and Thiram showed 100% inhibition against all the test fungi. Among the three different fractions I, II and III, Fraction II showed a significant activity against all test fungi compared to fraction I and fraction III.
ENTRAPMENT OF SEED EXTRACT OF NIGELLA SATIVA INTO THERMOSENSITIVE (NIPAAM–CO–VP) CO-POLYMERIC MICELLES AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: . Deepak , Suri Suruchi , Sikender Mohd , Garg Veena , Samim M.
Published: January 2025

Thermosensitive N-Isopropyl acryl amide-N-Vinyl 2-pyrollidone (NIPAAm-VP) co-polymeric micelle synthesized by radical copolymerization and the extract of Nigella sativa is entrapped in this polymeric system to check the release of the bioactive compound and evaluated its antibacterial activity. The size of nanoparticles was measured 75-110 nm and 1 % drug is entrapped. In this work, the seed extract has been loaded into the polymeric micelle and its effectiveness has been evaluated against gram positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis and a gram negative strain of Escherichia coli. Nigella sativa loaded polymeric micelles found hundred times efficient in comparison of the naked one. Drug release from the polymeric micellar system at 37-42oC in different time intervals i.e. 30 min - 4 weeks is measured 7.14-66.66%. The above findings revealed that this thermosensitive polymeric system would more effectively release the drug into the body when infectious states are functional i.e. higher temperature and may have possibility to use as a novel drug delivery system for more herbal drugs for patient compliance.
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT VERSATILE MOLECULE CAPSAICIN
Authors: Arora R , Gill N S , Chauhan G , Rana A C
Published: January 2025

Capsaicin is a pungent highly domesticated fat soluble alkaloid having its origin from Bolvia and Brazil. It is biosynthesized via phenylpropanoid pathway and branched chain fatty acid pathway. Mostly found in trans isomeric form. Its pungent analogues are synthesized using amidation reactions catalyzed by lipases and non-pungent analogues using acyl chain lengths and different substituent in aromatic ring. It acts by binding TRPV1 and shows wide applications in relief from pain, breast and prostate cancer, obesity, heart diseases and hair loses. Its increased intake may cause lesions of liver and kidney along with gastric cancer. A review is made of capsaicin research focusing mainly on its origin, biosynthesis, chemistry and pharmacology, including its toxicological aspects.
NEUROINFLAMMATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND INVOLVEMENT OF INTERLEUKIN-1: A MECHANISTIC VIEW
Authors: Sharma Vivek
Published: January 2025

Ageing is a universal biological fact and a natural process. It begins from the day we are born, or perhaps even before. Of the world’s 580 million elderly, 77 million (22% of total) live in India. The increasing life expectancy of Indians, in the last decade, is likely to result in an increase in age-related disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common disorder of geriatric population, is a chronic, progressive, untreatable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by apraxia, aphasia, agnosia and severe cognitive deficits. Several behavioural changes like anxiety, hallucinations, depression and delusions are also experienced. Lot of progress has been made regarding understanding the pathological pathways involved, yet the available therapy only provide symptomatic relief but do not stop progression of disease. Several of key areas have been recognised and out of them inflammation has been regarded as inseparable and crucial factor involved. Interleukin-1 is a key molecule in systemic immune responses in health and disease and has analogous roles in the brain where it contributes to neuronal degeneration by energy dysfunction and triggering production of other cytokines, nitric oxide and others. IL-1 over expression is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis, vascular dementia, diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral infarction. Present review is an effort to present IL-1 as potential therapeutic target in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by linking it with several of pathological factors like amyloidβ, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss and cholinergic dysfunction.
METERED DOSE INHALATION FORMULATIONS OF SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE USING NON-CFC PROPELLANT TETRAFLUOROETHANE
Authors: Shrikhande S. S. , Rao A. , Ambekar A. , Bajaj A. N.
Published: January 2025

Salbutamol sulphate metered dose inhaler formulations were developed with chlorine free, non-CFC propellant Tetrafluoroethane. Suspension formulations were prepared with 4 mg of oleic acid as the surfactant and varying proportions of ethanol as the co-solvent. Developed formulations were subjected to various qualitative and quantitative tests to ensure proper stability of the final package. In-vitro drug deposition studies using Twin impinger and Anderson cascade impactor indicated a net respirable fraction of 34-36.7% for the optimized formulation. Stability studies showed that the formulation was stable for a period of three months under all storage conditions. Effects of different adaptors and metering valve designs on the performance of the formulation were also checked. Comparison of optimized formulation with commercial CFC and non-CFC formulations exhibited equivalent performance characteristics. Thus, Tetrafluoroethane proved to be an environment friendly substitute for CFC propellants in metered dose inhalation formulations.
DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA L LEAF BY GC- MS ANALYSIS
Authors: Vanitha V. , Umadevi K. J. , Vijayalakshmi K.
Published: January 2025

Annona squamosa Linn, commonly known as Sugar apple, belonging to the family Annonaceae, is said to show varied medicinal effects, including insecticide, antiovulatory and abortifacient. Hence the present investigation was carried out to determine the chemical composition of Annona squamosa leaf extract using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry technique, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of Annona squamosa leaf extract revealed the existence of Sodium benzoate (27.50%), 4, 4-Tert- Butylcalix(4)arene (12.34 %), 4, 4- Dimethylcholesterol (10.30%), Butyloctylpthalate (9.67%), stigmasterol acetate (2.92%), isoamylacetyate (2.29%) justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and herbal medicine.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM (L.) ROOT
Authors: Khalid Mohammad , Siddiqui Hefazat H.
Published: January 2025

Saccharum spontaneum L. known as Kasa (Family: Poaceae) is a traditional herb, it has excellence medicinal value; has been advocated in the treatment gynaecological troubles, respiratory disease. Roots are used as galactagogue and diuretic and in ayurveda system roots are also used as astringent, emollient, refrigerant, diuretic, purgative, tonic, aphrodisiac and useful in treatment of dyspepsia, burning sensation, piles and sexual weakness. Various parameters like macroscopy, microscopy, fluorescence analysis as well as extractive value and quantitative phytochemical screening of different extractives were studied. The major components of the extractives like total phenolic, total flavonoids were also estimated respectively. The characteristic of microscopy, physicochemical, fluorescence analysis and quantitative chemical screening were performed in root extractives of the plant material as a mean of authentication.
MECHANISMS OF ANTICANCER DRUGS RESISTANCE: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Chorawala M. R. , Oza P. M. , Shah G. B.
Published: January 2025

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research editor announce that the article "Mechanisms of Anticancer Drugs Resistance: An Overview" by M. R. Chorawala et al. has been retracted by the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research.
This article has been retracted from publication due to plagiarism.
The review article was published on March 15, 2012 and retracted on October 9, 2018.
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SECOISOLARICIRESINOL DIGLUCOSIDE: A PLANT LIGNAN
Authors: Patel Dhaval , Vaghasiya Jitendra , Pancholi S. S. , Paul Arindam
Published: January 2025

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a plant lignan mainly found in dietary food and various plants. It belongs to a bioactive polyphenolic chemical class. SDG and its metabolites (mammalian enterolignan) are having various pharmacological activities, viz., antioxidant, partial agonist to estrogen receptor and inhibitor of tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase. Although, human studies are limited, its pharmacological actions explain its use in diabetes, atherosclerosis, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and in cardiovascular disease.
RAPID AND SENSITIVE HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SIROLIMUS WITH KETOCONAZOLE AS INTERNAL STANDARD AND ITS FURTHER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Kumar A Anil , Srinivas P , Spandana K , Rama N. , Sagar J. Vidya
Published: January 2025

Sirolimus and Ketoconazole are used in organ transplantation regimen and potential metabolic interactions of these drugs were reported when administered concomitantly. An analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo diode array (PDA) detection was developed for quantification of sirolimus using ketoconazole as internal standard. Extraction was performed using dichloromethane under nitrogen atmosphere and the separation of sirolimus and ketoconazole was accomplished by reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase consists of a combination of methanol, water and glacial acetic acid at 90:10:0.1% ratios run isocratically through a C18 (250mm × 4.6mm, 5µm) reverse phase analytical column. The PDA detection was done at 278nm with analytical run time less than 6 min. The average mean recovery was found to be 98.3% for 1, 3, 5, 10µg/ml concentrations. The assay exhibited good linear relationship. LLOQ was 10ng/ml with 0.84% and 1.28% of accuracy and precision over the concentration range of 0.1-10µg/ml. The method can be successfully applied for estimation of sirolimus from in-vitro elution studies of sirolimus eluting stents, simultaneous estimation of ketoconazole and sirolimus in therapeutic drug monitoring and other pharmacokinetic studies.
VALIDATED UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF FENOFIBRATE IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION USING MBTH REAGENT
Authors: Kutty Sheeja Velayudhan , Eapen Susamma Cicy , Shameer Mohammed , P Faizal P
Published: January 2025

A simple, sensitive and reproducible UV visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of fenofibrate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms using MBTH reagent. The method is based on the measurement of absorbance of fenofibrate in methanol (0.5% MBTH in 0.5% HCl and 1% FeCl3 in 0.5% HCl) at 596 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the linear range 2-5µg /ml of fenofibrate for the method with apparent molar absorptivity value of 1909.5905 L mol-1cm-1. The method was validated in accordance with the current ICH guidelines. The precision results, expressed by reproducibility (RSD  1.7%) and repeatability (RSD  1.5%), were satisfactory. The accuracy is also satisfactory (RSD  0.200532%). The result demonstrated that the proposed method is accurate, precise and reproducible.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 2, 5-DISUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Sugumaran M. , Kumar M. Yokesh
Published: January 2025

A new series of 2, 5 di-substituted benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral analysis and they were evaluated for their antibacterial; Proteus vulgaris (NCTC 4635), Klesibella pneumonia (ATCC 29655), Bacillus cereus (NL98), and Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 29212) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus) activities by disc diffusion method. All of the synthesized compounds showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity. However the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds against the tested organisms was found to be less than that of respective standard drug at tested dose level.
A REVIEW ON MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BASELLA ALBA L.
Authors: Adhikari Roshan , HN Naveen Kumar , SD Shruthi
Published: January 2025

The ethanobotanical properties of Basella alba have been reviewed in this article. Various parts of the plant are used for treatment of the diseases as well as for different healing activities of human beings as well as animals across the globe especially in India and China. Its use has been discovered as asperient, rubefacient and for catarrhl infections. Some of the compounds available especially in the plant are basellasaponins, kaempherol, betalin, etc. Several extracts like aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum has been used for different pharmaceutical activities.
EVALUATION OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF RENOMET, A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION IN THE TREATMENT OF UROLITHIASIS: A DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED STUDY
Authors: Roy Aniruddha , Adhikar Anjan , Das Sunil Kanti , Banerjee Deepashree , De Radharaman , Debnath P. K.
Published: January 2025

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most commonly occurring disorders in India. Although this disorder is seen in any age group, young and middles aged individuals are the most common sufferers. The treatment of nephrolithiasis is mostly diuretics or surgical procedure. However, commonest complaint of patients where the stones have been removed surgically is recurrence. Therefore a need was felt to evaluate the efficacy of Renomet, a poly herbal product in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. Seventy four patients between 35-60 years of age and fulfilling inclusion criteria were included in the trial. All the patients had multiple stones up to 9 mm in size and had past history of renal stones surgically removed. They were divided in to two groups after obtaining the informed consent and administered either Renomet or a commercially available herbal formulation at the dose of 1 tablet twice daily for 6 weeks. Patients were asked to report for any side effect during the treatment period. At the end of the trial, patients in the Renomet treated group were found to be symptom free and about 98% of them had passed the stone. Where as in the herbal supplement (CAHP) group only 68% patients had passed stones. The average size of the stone in group A and B at the time of recruitment were 8.88 ± 0.26 and 7.10 ± 0.88 respectively. After 6 weeks of treatment with Renomet Group A), dysuria and hematuria improved in all (100%) and pain abdomen improved in 98.6% cases. In group B, after 6 weeks of treatment with CAHP, pain abdomen was still present in 8.7%, hematuria in 3.26% and dysuria in 14.99% of cases. The average size of the stone reduced to 4.1 ± 0.22 in group A, while in group B the size reduced to 5.56 ± 0.43.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CRINUM DEFIXUM KER-GAWL
Authors: K Shilpa , R Harish Chandra , B Krishnaveni
Published: January 2025

Crinum defixum Ker-Gawl is a bulbous herb which has a wide geographical distribution in India. It is commonly called Bon-naharu (meaning wild garlic) in Assam. Traditionally the bulb has been reported to have nauseant, emetic, emollient, diaphoretic properties and it is also used in various inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory activity of the bulbs of the plants has been investigated in the present study in order to establish its traditional claims. The ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of bulbs of Crinum defixum were screened for anti-inflammatory activity by using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The study revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of the plant had significant anti-inflammatory activity than the chloroform and ethanol extracts. The study supports the ethanomedicinal use of this plant for inflammatory conditions.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST POULTRY PATHOGENS
Authors: Ravikumar Sundaram , Gokulakrishnan Ramasamy
Published: January 2025

The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of metal oxide nanoparticles viz., Al2O3, Fe3O4, CeO2, ZrO2, and MgO against poultry pathogens viz., Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Salmonella sp. The antibacterial activity of the metal oxide nanoparticles were assessed with well diffusion method. Various concentrations of nanoparticles were analyzed with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Moreover, the potential nanoparticle was also tested with time kill assay. The ZrO2 showed maximum antibacterial activity against Salmonella sp. (15 ± 0.44 mm dia) followed by 12 ± 0.35 mm dia. against E. coli respectively. The MIC and MBC results revealed that, the ZrO2 nanoparticles inhibit the bacterial growth at a concentration of 2.5µg/ml against Salmonella sp. All the nanoparticles showed activity against all the tested pathogens. The time kill assay reveals that, the growth of the Salmonella sp. was inhibited by ZrO2 from the 1st h onwards. It is concluded from the present study that, the ZrO2 nanoparticles could be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the management of poultry systems.
EVALUATION AND STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURAL IMPACT OF SUBSTITUTED 4, 5-DIHYDROISOXAZOLES ON THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Kumar K. Ajay , Lokeshwari D. M. , Kumar G. Vasanth
Published: January 2025

In present study, a series of isoxazole derivatives synthesized were evaluated for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion method. Some compounds of the series exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to standard drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC’s) was determined against each organism. The compounds were tested for their in-vitro antioxidant activity and reducing power ability. Free radicals play an important role in various pathological and xenotoxic effects so antioxidant may have protective role in these pathological conditions. Based on the results of an antimicrobial, anti-oxidant study, the effect of substitution on the activity and possible structure activity relationship of the compounds for their antioxidant activity is presented.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF ZIZIPHUS OENOPLIA (L) MILL. GARD
Authors: Eswari M Lalitha , Bharathi R Vijaya , Jayshree N.
Published: January 2025

The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of Ziziphus oenoplia belonging to family Rhamnaceae. The dried leaves of the plant were subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction by continuous hot percolation method using organic solvents of increasing polarity such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The aqueous extract was prepared by cold maceration technique. All the extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and it showed the presence of active constituents such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and triterpenoid. Quantitative determination of alkaloid was done by Harborne (1973) method, whereas total Phenolic content was determined by Folin-ciocalteu method and total Flavonoid were determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Heavy metals and inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique. The results obtained shows that the extracts contain medicinally important bioactive constituents and also heavy metals present in the plant extracts were within the permissible limits. This justifies its use in the traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases such as ulcer, asthma, dysentery and fever.
STUDY OF HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEUCAS INDICA LINN. AERIAL PARTS ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Sarkar Mahananda , Biswas Prova , Samanta Amalesh
Published: January 2025

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Leucas indica Linn. on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The extract showed a significant dose depended (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, orally) reduction in fasting blood glucose level, comparing with reference drug, glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg b.w, orally). In addition, the changes in body weight, analysis of serum biochemical parameters like lipid profile, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, total proteins, bilirubin, urea and alkaline phosphatase were assessed for each group of animals and the significant differences were observed when compared with control groups. Finally, in case of histopathological investigation of pancreas, liver and kidney from each group of rats showed a significant protection and regeneration of earlier streptozotocin induced cellular necrosis. This finding proves that the extract exhibits sufficient hypoglycemic activity along with improves streptozotocin induced negative body weight as well as normalize serum biochemical parameters and protect from cellular necrosis significantly.
IN-SILICO ANALYSIS OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE AGAINST CANCER
Authors: Sharmila R. , Subburathinam K. M. , Aishwarya S. , Margret A. Anita
Published: January 2025

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. It is the most serious disease on which extensive research is being done all over the world. Structure based drug designing offers a computational approach to identify the potential leads which can be developed into a drug. The In-Silico study of the current work aimed at inhibiting the three major targets of cancer by a natural compound Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata. This exhibited a minimal energy against the targets hence suggesting the stability of the compound. Comparison studies of the compound with the already available anti-cancer drugs and enzyme inhibitors, stated that andrographolide is efficient to act on the targets by exhibiting promising interactions and good scores. This was also found to obey the Lipinski’s Rule of 5 and computed ADMET properties showed the drug likeliness and improved bioavailability. Since it is from a natural source the compound is non toxic and has reduced side effects.
Proyecto de formación de oficiales en gerencia tecnológica y diseño de sistemas digitales para la ciberdefensa
Authors: Durán Cortez Germán Maximino
Published: January 2025

El aumento de las amenazas tecnológicas y la cada vez mayor relevancia del ciberespacio implican desafíos crecientes e importantes para las Fuerzas Militares en términos de ciberseguridad y ciberdefensa. Este artículo analiza las tendencias en formación militar en capacidades tecnológicas para proponer un proyecto de formación de oficiales enfocado en las necesidades actuales y futuras al respecto, planteadas desde los CONPES 3701 (2011) y 3975 (2019). Mediante una matriz DOFA, enfocada en la Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova” del Ejército Nacional de Colombia, se identifican los riesgos, vulnerabilidades y oportunidades, donde se destacan como objetivos centrales la formación del capital humano en habilidades tecnológicas y cibernéticas, y la construcción de capacidades institucionales en ciberdefensa.
Normatividad para la protección cibernética de la infraestructura crítica en Colombia
Authors: Cabrera Pardo Juan Manuel
Published: January 2025

Este artículo hace una revisión de la normatividad con que cuenta Colombia para proteger la infraestructura crítica cibernética, en especial el reciente Decreto 338 de 2022, con el fin de establecer el estado general de la ciberseguridad en el país. El análisis se basa en la metodología de la matriz DOFA (debilidades, oportunidades, fortalezas y amenazas). Aunque hay avances, se identifican grandes rezagos tanto normativos como técnicos en las instituciones encargadas de garantizar la ciberseguridad de la infraestructura crítica del país, y una exclusión inconveniente del sector privado. Se analizan los esfuerzos legislativos actualizados de otras naciones para identificar buenas prácticas en sus dinámicas legislativas e iniciativas gubernamentales al respecto. Se plantean propuestas para mejorar la norrmatividad y la estrategia de ciberseguridad, en especial la importancia de articular al sector privado en este objetivo.
La República Popular China y su proyección del poder sistema internacional: escenario de pandemia COVID-19
Authors: Jiménez-Vinasco Jonathan
Published: January 2025

El llamado resurgir de China, por su creciente dominio de los mercados mundiales, constituye un importante factor para direccionar la política internacional y replantear un orden multipolar en el sistema internacional, pues ha sorteado con éxito desafíos como la pandemia de COVID-19, aumentado la articulación de un sistema político socialista frente a su producción alineada al modelo capitalista, y, sobre todo, mantenido al margen la influencia occidental sobre sus mercados. Este artículo examina el importante rol de la República Popular China como polo geopolítico de mercados internacionales y corrientes ideológicas diferentes a las posturas occidentales y tradicionalistas. Este rol ha impulsado la hegemonía de China en la economía y una creciente posición antagónica en el campo militar, postura respaldada por potencias emergentes como Rusia.
Infeksi Parasit Trematoda pada Saluran Gastrointestinal Sapi Potong di Peternakan Rakyat Kecamatan Candipuro Kabupaten Lampung Selatan
Authors: Ramadhan H S , Maradon G G , Candra A A , Pertiwi V R , Habsari I K , Usman N A , Putri D D
Published: January 2025

Candipuro District is an agricultural and plantation area, apart from that the people also raise beef cattle. Beef cattle are used as a source of meat and as a source of fertilizer for agriculture in the area. There are still some farmers in Candipuro District who raise beef cattle using the traditional method, where the cattle are still kept behind the farmer's house and are given forage in the form of grass. Providing forage in the form of grass can have an impact on livestock health, especially on exposure to gastrointestinal parasites. Gastrointestinal parasite infections are a common problem in cases of gastroenteritis in livestock throughout the world. This can have quite a broad impact, especially on the health of the veterinary community and the health of the livestock itself throughout the world, especially in developing countries. This research was carried out using sample testing using the sedimentation method and also McMaster. Data obtained from the results of testing 193 fecal samples in 14 villages in Candipuro District using the floating and EPG methods, the results obtained are as in table 1. The incidence rate of Trematode parasite infection in Candipuro District is 46.56%. Of the 14 villages, there was a 0% incidence rate of trematode worm cases in Banyumas Village. And then the highest prevalence was in Karya Mulya Sari village at 13.97%. The conclusion of this research is the incidence of Trematode parasite infection in Candipuro District. Of the 193 samples examined, 76 samples were positively infected with Trematode parasites with the species Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp.
El Value and limits of GBIF botanical occurrence data in mapping mangrove cover via the KNN classification of Sentinel-2 images
Authors: Andrieu Julien
Published: January 2025

In the current context, which emphasizes the importance of open-access data, this article aims to conduct the first evaluation of the effectiveness of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility’s (GBIF) database for training open-access multispectral satellite image classifiers to map mangrove extent. Six areas in Australia, Benin, Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia, and the USA were selected for their density of mangrove occurrence data and their proximity to other areas with wooded humid vegetation. Three open-access datasets were used: Sentinel-2 images, Google Earth’s high-resolution viewer, and occurrence data downloaded from the GBIF website. First, a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm was processed and trained with pixels surrounding the GBIF data. Then, the results were compared to those of an unsupervised classification (K-means). The accuracy of the two methods was assessed using error matrices from a double-blind photointerpretation of very high-resolution images obtained from Google Earth. The KNN algorithm achieved kappa indices ranging from 0.85 to 0.94, very similar to those of the unsupervised method (between 0.95 and 0.96). The GBIF possesses a suitable dataset for areas with information, which is why the community is encouraged to fill the main geographical gaps in its database
The inscriptions in the Ukrainian language in the private library of Professor A. I. Gubar
Authors: Gladkaya I. S. , Pelipas N. I.
Published: January 2025

The article focuses on the texts of dedicatory inscriptions in the private library of the Crimean Professor of literature A.I. Gubar that were left by the recipients in the Ukrainian language. The topicality of the study is primarily dictated by the constant scientific interest in various forms of creative interactions between writers and the increasing attention to the communicative aspects of text analysis. The purpose of the research is to consider inscriptions on the example of a separate library collection from the point of view of communicative components of this type of texts and to solve a number of problems related to the study of structural components of inscriptions due to different situations of giving. The paper is based on the descriptive and analytical approaches, the methods of component, contextual and comparative analyses were applied. It is pointed that book inscription is related to dialogueness as a communicative act, and the texts of inscriptions preserved in books are presented as unique lines of interpersonal dialogues of different addressees, addressed to one addressee (less often to two). Some of these inscriptions are characterised by a brief speech, etiquette and formality which is especially significant in inscriptions of the same author. The texts become more extended examples of convivial, creative, scientific, and etc. communication between the author and addressee. One of the markers of attitudes in the analysed texts are the participants' names, and include eloquent proper nouns and descriptive constructions, besides various forms of proper names. Dedicatory inscriptions in the books of A. I. Gubar’s library collection provide new information about a dialogue based on common interests, respect, and gratitude. These inscriptions are also a valuable source for studying Crimean literary life from the second half of the XX century to the first years of the XXI century. A special place in the corpus of dedicatory inscriptions is dedicated to Russian language inscriptions with inserts in Ukranian. Inscriptions deserve independent research due to revealing the tradition of developing in Crimean literary circles not only interpersonal, but also intercultural dialogue.
Mythologization of space and time in modern Altai literature
Authors: Dedina M. S.
Published: January 2025

The mythological worldview of the writer has become a characteristic feature of modern Altai literature. It is caused both by the traditional life and by the processes of self-identity and the rise of the national self-determination, which started in the post-Soviet period of the 1990s. In the fiction world picture of modern Altai writers, the key postulates of the folk worldview are still pivotal. It creates the ideological and moral core of the structure of the fiction work. Preserved in traditional culture, they are aimed at reflecting the idea of the unity of man and nature, and represented through the motives of relationship with the native land, return, memory, unconsciousness, and etc. Altai is one of the central images, represented not just on the local background space, but also on a frequent occasion as an active character. The image of Altai retains its religious and mystical content in the contemporary Altai literature. It is being filled with spiritual and moral significance intended for ecological, moral and ethical education of the new generation of the Altai people. Pain and anxiety for the fate of the homeland at the turn of the centuries is revealed in the presence of eschatological notes. The purpose of this paper is to study the mythopoetic world picture in artistic works written at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The relevance of the study consists in the special interest to the sacred knowledge, history and culture of the Altai people, associated with the desire to preserve and implement the cultural memory of the people. The novelty of the study is due to the insufficient attention on the part of literary scholars to contemporary Altai literature. In particular, to contemporary history, while similar researches are necessary for understanding the current state and prospects for the further development of cultural memory.