bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-exonuclease nanocircuits reveal the RNA degradation dynamics of PNPase and demonstrate potential for RNA sequencing
Authors: Yang Zhiheng , Liu Wenzhe , Zhao Lihua , Yin Dongbao , Feng Jianfei , Li Lidong , Guo Xuefeng
Published: February 2023

The degradation process of RNA is decisive in guaranteeing high-fidelity translation of genetic information in living organisms. However, visualizing the single-base degradation process in real time and deciphering the degradation mechanism at the single-enzyme level remain formidable challenges. Here, we present a reliable in-situ single-PNPase-molecule dynamic electrical detector based on silicon nanowire field-effect transistors with ultra-high temporal resolution. These devices are capable of realizing real-time and label-free monitoring of RNA analog degradation with single-base resolution, including RNA analog binding, single-nucleotide hydrolysis, and single-base movement. We discover a binding event of the enzyme (near the active site) with the nucleoside, offering a further understanding of the RNA degradation mechanism. Relying on systematic analyses of independent reads, approximately 80% accuracy in RNA nucleoside sequencing is achieved in a single testing process. This proof-of-concept sets up a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible playground for the development of high-throughput detection technologies toward mechanistic exploration and single-molecule sequencing.
Genome-wide host-pathogen analyses reveal genetic interaction points in tuberculosis disease
Authors: Phelan Jody , Gomez-Gonzalez Paula Josefina , Andreu Nuria , Omae Yosuke , Toyo-Oka Licht , Yanai Hideki , Miyahara Reiko , Nedsuwan Supalert , de Sessions Paola Florez , Campino Susana , Sallah Neneh , Parkhill Julian , Smittipat Nat , Palittapongarnpim Prasit , Mushiroda Taisei , Kubo Michiaki , Tokunaga Katsushi , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Hibberd Martin L. , Clark Taane G.
Published: February 2023

The genetics underlying tuberculosis (TB) pathophysiology are poorly understood. Human genome-wide association studies have failed so far to reveal reproducible susceptibility loci, attributed in part to the influence of the underlying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacterial genotype on the outcome of the infection. Several studies have found associations of human genetic polymorphisms with Mtb phylo-lineages, but studies analysing genome-genome interactions are needed. By implementing a phylogenetic tree-based Mtb-to-human analysis for 714 TB patients from Thailand, we identify eight putative genetic interaction points (P < 5 × 10−8) including human loci DAP and RIMS3, both linked to the IFNγ cytokine and host immune system, as well as FSTL5, previously associated with susceptibility to TB. Many of the corresponding Mtb markers are lineage specific. The genome-to-genome analysis reveals a complex interactome picture, supports host-pathogen adaptation and co-evolution in TB, and has potential applications to large-scale studies across many TB endemic populations matched for host-pathogen genomic diversity.
Zhang-Rice singlets state formed by two-step oxidation for triggering water oxidation under operando conditions
Authors: Peng Chun-Kuo , Lin Yu-Chang , Chiang Chao‐Lung , Qian Zhengxin , Huang Yu-Cheng , Dong Chung-Li , Li Jian‐Feng , Chen Chien-Te , Hu Zhiwei , Chen San-Yuan , Lin Yan-Gu
Published: February 2023

The production of ecologically compatible fuels by electrochemical water splitting is highly desirable for modern industry. The Zhang-Rice singlet is well known for the superconductivity of high-temperature superconductors cuprate, but is rarely known for an electrochemical catalyst. Herein, we observe two steps of surface reconstruction from initial catalytic inactive Cu1+ in hydrogen treated Cu2O to Cu2+ state and further to catalytic active Zhang-Rice singlet state during the oxygen evolution reaction for water splitting. The hydrogen treated Cu2O catalyst exhibits a superior catalytic activity and stability for water splitting and is an efficient rival of other 3d-transition-metal catalysts. Multiple operando spectroscopies indicate that Zhang-Rice singlet is real active species, since it appears only under oxygen evolution reaction condition. This work provides an insight in developing an electrochemical catalyst from catalytically inactive materials and improves understanding of the mechanism of a Cu-based catalyst for water oxidation.
Whole-genome sequencing identifies potential candidate genes for egg production traits in laying ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: Sun Yanfa , Zhang Yeqiu , Wu Qiong , Lin Rulong , Chen Hongping , Zhang Min , Lin Jiaqi , Xu Enrong , Li Meng , Cai Yicheng , Deng Fan , Yue Wen , Pan Haozhe , Jiang Xiaobing , Li Yan
Published: February 2023

Egg production traits are economically important in laying ducks. Genetic molecular mechanisms and candidate genes underlying these traits remain unclear. In this study, whole genome variants were identified through whole-genome resequencing using three high-egg producing (HEN) and three low-egg producing (LEN) laying ducks. The gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways for the genes of common differential variants between HEN and LEN ducks were determined. Frizzled class receptor 6 (FZD6) was further genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform. The association of FZD6 gene polymorphisms with 73 egg production and weight traits in 329 female ducks were estimated. A total of 65,535 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 4,702 indels were identified across the genome. Fourteen GO terms and 14 KEGG pathways were determined for the genes of common differential variants, including MAPK signaling, Wnt signaling, melanogenesis and calcium signaling pathways, which are key functional pathways for poultry egg production reported in previous reports. Further analysis showed that 27 SNPs of FZD6 were associated with three early egg production of duck and egg weight traits, including egg production at 17 weeks (EP17), 18 weeks (EP18) and 19 weeks (EP19) and egg weight at 59 weeks (EW59). The FZD6 should be considered a novel candidate gene for egg production traits in laying ducks.
Data-driven audiogram classifier using data normalization and multi-stage feature selection
Authors: Elkhouly Abeer , Andrew Allan Melvin , Rahim Hasliza A , Abdulaziz Nidhal , Malek Mohd Fareq Abd , Siddique Shafiquzzaman
Published: February 2023

Audiograms are used to show the hearing capability of a person at different frequencies. The filter bank in a hearing aid is designed to match the shape of patients’ audiograms. Configuring the hearing aid is done by modifying the designed filters’ gains to match the patient’s audiogram. There are few problems faced in achieving this objective successfully. There is a shortage in the number of audiologists; the filter bank hearing aid designs are complex; and, the hearing aid fitting process is tiring. In this work, a machine learning solution is introduced to classify the audiograms according to the shapes based on unsupervised spectral clustering. The features used to build the ML model are peculiar and describe the audiograms better. Different normalization methods are applied and studied statistically to improve the training data set. The proposed Machine Learning (ML) algorithm outperformed the current existing models, where, the accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F-score values are higher. The reason for the better performance is the use of multi-stage feature selection to describe the audiograms precisely. This work introduces a novel ML technique to classify audiograms according to the shape, which, can be integrated to the future and existing studies to change the existing practices in classifying audiograms.
Cell type specific IL-27p28 (IL-30) deletion in mice uncovers an unexpected regulatory function of IL-30 in autoimmune inflammation
Authors: Kim Dongkyun , Kim Sohee , Kang Myung-su , Yin Zhinan , Min Booki
Published: February 2023

IL-27 is an IL-12 family cytokine with immune regulatory properties, capable of modulating inflammatory responses, including autoimmunity. While extensive studies investigated the major target cells of IL-27 mediating its functions, the source of IL-27 especially during tissue specific autoimmune inflammation has not formally been examined. IL-27p28 subunit, also known as IL-30, was initially discovered as an IL-27-specific subunit, and it has thus been deemed as a surrogate marker to denote IL-27 expression. However, IL-30 can be secreted independently of Ebi3, a subunit that forms bioactive IL-27 with IL-30. Moreover, IL-30 itself may act as a negative regulator antagonizing IL-27. In this study, we exploited various cell type specific IL-30-deficient mouse models and examined the source of IL-30 in a T cell mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation. We found that IL-30 expressed by infiltrating and CNS resident APC subsets, infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia, is central in limiting the inflammation. However, dendritic cell-derived IL-30 was dispensable for the disease development. Unexpectedly, in cell type specific IL-30 deficient mice that develop severe EAE, IL-30 expression in the remaining wild-type APC subsets is disproportionately increased, suggesting that increased endogenous IL-30 production may be involved in the severe pathogenesis. In support, systemic recombinant IL-30 administration exacerbates EAE severity. Our results demonstrate that dysregulated endogenous IL-30 expression may interfere with immune regulatory functions of IL-27, promoting encephalitogenic inflammation in vivo.
Facile fabrication of a novel self-healing and flame-retardant hydrogel/MXene coating for wood
Authors: Zhao Xiaojiong , Tian Min , Wei Ruichao , Jiang Saihua
Published: February 2023

To improve flame retardancy of wood, a novel high-water-retention and self-healing polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid/MXene hydrogel coating was developed through facile one-pot heating and freeze–thaw cycle methods, and then painted on wood surface. The coating exhibit excellent self-healing property and significantly enhanced water-retention property (water content ≥ 90 wt%), due to the increased hydrogen bonds within the coating system with the presence of MXene nanosheets. Compared to pristine wood, the flame retardancy of coated wood is greatly improved, such as passed V0 rating in UL-94 test, increasing time to ignition (TTI, from 32 to 69 s), and decreased heat release rate and total heat release by 41.6% and 36.14%. The cooling effect and large thermal capacity of high-water-retention hydrogel, and physical barrier effects for flammable gas products, heat and oxygen by MXene nanosheets and the compact char layer formed during combustion play key roles in the flame retardancy enhancements of the wood. High thermal stability of MXene nanosheets is another beneficial factor. The detailed flame-retardant and self-healing mechanisms were proposed.
Monitoring storm evolution using a high-density seismic network
Authors: Diaz J. , Ruiz M. , Udina M. , Polls F. , Martí D. , Bech J.
Published: February 2023

Data acquired by a dense seismic network deployed in the Cerdanya basin (Eastern Pyrenees) is used to track the temporal and spatial evolution of meteorological events such as rainfall episodes or thunderstorms. Comparing seismic and meteorological data, we show that for frequencies above 40 Hz, the dominant source of seismic noise is rainfall and hence the amplitude of the seismic data can be used as a proxy of rainfall. The interstation distance of 1.5 km provides an unprecedented spatial resolution of the evolution of rainfall episodes along the basin. Two specific episodes, one dominated by stratiform rain and the second one dominated by convective rain, are analyzed in detail, using high resolution disdrometer data from a meteorological site near one of the seismic instruments. Seismic amplitude variations follow a similar evolution to radar reflectivity values, but in some stratiform precipitation cases, it differs from the radar-derived precipitation estimates in this region of abrupt topography, where radar may suffer antenna beam blockage. Hence, we demonstrate the added value of seismic data to complement other sources of information such as rain-gauge or weather radar observations to describe the evolution of ground-level rainfall fields at high spatial and temporal resolution. The seismic power and the rainfall intensity have an exponential relationship and the periods with larger seismic power are coincident. The time intervals with rain drops diameters exceeding 3.5 mm do not result in increased seismic amplitudes, suggesting that there is a threshold value from which seismic data are no longer proportional to the size of the drops. Thunderstorms can be identified by the recording of the sonic waves generated by thunders, with. Single thunders detected to distances of a few tens of kilometers﻿.﻿ As the propagation of these acoustic waves is expected to be strongly affected by parameters as air humidity, temperature variations or wind, the seismic data could provide an excellent tool to investigate atmospheric properties variations during thunderstorms.
Comparison of radiological characteristics between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter study
Authors: Takahashi Takuya , Yoshii Toshitaka , Mori Kanji , Kobayashi Shigeto , Inoue Hisashi , Tada Kurisu , Tamura Naoto , Hirai Takashi , Sugimura Nobuhiro , Nagoshi Narihito , Maki Satoshi , Katsumi Keiichi , Koda Masao , Murata Kazuma , Takeuchi Kazuhiro , Nakashima Hiroaki , Imagama Shiro , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Masashi , Okawa Atsushi
Published: February 2023

To evaluate the radiological differences between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using whole spine computed tomography (CT), including the spine and sacroiliac joint (SIJ). The ossification and bridging of spinal ligament and fusion of the facet joint and SIJ were evaluated in 111 patients who were diagnosed with DISH and 27 patients with AS on the whole spine CT. The number of anterior bridging and shape of bridging (candle-wax-type/ smooth-type) were also evaluated. We further evaluated patients with DISH and AS by matching their age and sex. Complete SIJ fusion was more common in AS, whereas anterior and posterior bony bridging around SIJ was more common in DISH. However, 63% of patients with DISH had a partial or complete fusion. In spinal anterior bony bridging, the majority of patients with AS had the smooth-type, whereas those with DISH had the candle-wax-type. However, some of the patients with DISH (11%) had smooth-type. Intervertebral facet joint fusion is more common in AS. The number of anterior spinal bony bridging was greater in AS than in DISH, especially in the lumbar spine. These results are useful in differentiating DISH from AS and should therefore be considered when making a diagnosis.
NHANES cross sectional study of aspirin and fractures in the elderly
Authors: Swed Sarya , El-Sakka Amro A. , Abouainain Yasmeen , Lee Ka Yiu , Sawaf Bisher , Albuni Mhd Kutaiba , Battikh Elias , Ahmad Eman Mohammed sharif , Elkalagi Nashaat Kamal Hamdy , Abbas Kirellos Said , Hafez Wael , Rakab Amine
Published: February 2023

Bone fractures are a global public health concern, yet no thorough investigation of low-dose aspirin usage to prevent fractures in the elderly has been conducted. Many interventional human and animal studies have tried to detect the correct role of low-dose aspirin on fractures in elderly persons. The literature doesn't consist of a retrospective observational study that includes a large number of older individuals and evaluates the accurate effect of aspirin on the fractures post falling from low heights. This cross-sectional includes 7132 elderly persons and aimed to detect if there was a link between taking low-dose aspirin to prevent fractures in the elderly. Data was extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for 2017–2020 and 2013–2014. Demographic and examination data were collected during in-home interviews and study visits to a mobile examination center. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect information such as age, gender, race, educational level, and family income-to-poverty ratio. Body mass index (BMI), weight, standing height, upper leg length, upper arm length, arm circumference, and wrist circumference were all measured during the examination. The study examined 8127 patients, with 7132 elderly patients suitable for data analysis. The odds ratio of fractures due to a fall from standing height or less was 0.963 (95 percent confidence interval 0.08–1.149) in low-dose aspirin users, while having parents with osteoporosis had a related risk of 1.23. (95 percent confidence interval 0.81–1.8). The total number of fractures was 1295; with hip fractures constituting up to 13.82%, wrist fractures of 66.56%, and spine fractures of 19.61%. There was no significant difference in femur and spine bone mineral density (BMD) in the two groups (use low dose aspirin and don't use). Females had a 5.6 times greater fracture risk related to a fall from standing height or less (1 time or more) than males (P-value < 0.001). Furthermore, taking aspirin had no effect on the occurrence of fractures from standing height or less in older people (P-value = 0.468). In addition, the logistic regression after performing the propensity matching score confirmed that there was no impact of taking aspirin on the occurrence of fractures (P-value > 0.05). This cross-sectional study reveals that taking low-dose aspirin to prevent fractures in the elderly is statistically insignificant. However, fractures are more common in older persons, especially in older women; thus, more widespread injury prevention initiatives and access to osteoporosis prevention and diagnosis for older people should improve to minimize the overall burden.
Ubiquitous spin freezing in the superconducting state of UTe2
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Azari Nasrin , Goeks Mariah R. , Gheidi Shayan , Abedi Mae , Yakovlev Michael , Dunsiger Sarah R. , Wilkinson John M. , Blundell Stephen J. , Metz Tristin E. , Hayes Ian M. , Saha Shanta R. , Lee Sangyun , Woods Andrew J. , Movshovich Roman , Thomas Sean M. , Butch Nicholas P. , Rosa Priscila F. S. , Paglione Johnpierre , Sonier Jeff E.
Published: February 2023

In most superconductors electrons form Cooper pairs in a spin-singlet state mediated by either phonons or by long-range interactions such as spin fluctuations. The superconductor UTe2 is a rare material wherein electrons are believed to form pairs in a unique spin-triplet state with potential topological properties. While spin-triplet pairing may be mediated by ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic fluctuations, experimentally, the magnetic properties of UTe2 are unclear. By way of muon spin rotation/relaxation (μSR) measurements on independently grown UTe2 single crystals we demonstrate the existence of magnetic clusters that gradually freeze into a disordered spin frozen state at low temperatures. Our findings suggest that inhomogeneous freezing of magnetic clusters is linked to the ubiquitous residual linear term in the temperature dependence of the specific heat (C) and the low-temperature upturn in C/T versus T. The omnipresent magnetic inhomogeneity has potential implications for experiments aimed at establishing the intrinsic low-temperature properties of UTe2.
The Chemistry of Textile Fibres
Authors: Mather Robert R , Wardman Roger H
Published: February 2023

Textiles are ubiquitous materials that many of us take for granted in our everyday lives. We rely on our clothes to protect us from the environment and use them to enhance our appearance. Textiles also find applications in transport, healthcare, construction, and many other industries.

The revised and updated 2nd Edition of The Chemistry of Textile Fibres highlights the trend towards the synthesis, from renewable resources, of monomers for making synthetic fibres. It contains new information on the influence of legislation and the concerns of environmental organisations on the use of chemicals in the textile industry. New sections on genetically modified cotton, anti-microbial materials and spider silk have been added as well as a new chapter covering functional fibres and fabrics.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of textile fibres that are available today, ranging from natural fibres to the high-performance fibres that are very technologically advanced. Readers will gain an appreciation of why particular types of fibre are used for certain applications through understanding the chemistry behind their properties.

Students following ‘A’ level courses or equivalent and first-year undergraduate students reading textile technology subjects at university will find this book a valuable source of information.
Solid Rocket Propellants: Science and Technology Challenges
Authors: Singh Haridwar , Shekhar Himanshu
Published: February 2023

Propellants contain considerable chemical energy that can be used in rocket propulsion. Bringing together information on both the theoretical and practical aspects of solid rocket propellants for the first time, this book will find a unique place on the readers' shelf providing the overall picture of solid rocket propulsion technology. Aimed at students, engineers and researchers in the area, the authors have applied their wealth of knowledge regarding formulation, processing and evaluation to provide an up to date and clear text on the subject.
Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science
Authors: Block Eric
Published: February 2023

The name "Allium" is said to come from the Greek word to avoid because of its offensive smell. The genus Allium includes more than 800 species of which only a few have been cultivated as foods. Many of the other members of this genus are popular with gardeners as easy to maintain perennials, although the smell of some members of the genus can be off-putting. The smell is a consequence of breakdown of sulfur-containing compounds which is a characteristic of this family of plants. Garlic, onions, leeks, chives and other members of the genus Allium occupy a unique position both as edible plants and herbal medicines, appreciated since the dawn of civilization. Alliums have been featured through the ages in literature, where they are both praised and reviled, as well as in architecture and the decorative arts. Garlic pills are top-selling herbal supplements while garlic-based products show considerable promise as environmentally friendly pesticides. The remarkable properties of the alliums can be understood based on the occurrence of a number of relatively simple sulfur-containing chemical compounds ingeniously packaged by nature in these plants. This unique book, with a foreword by 1990 Nobel Laureate E.J. Corey, outlines the extensive history and the fascinating past and present uses of these plants, sorting out fact from fiction based upon detailed scrutiny of historic documents as well as numerous laboratories studies. Readers will be entertained and educated as they learn about early cultivation of garlic and other alliums while being introduced to the chemistry and biochemistry. They will learn how alliums have been portrayed and used in literature, poetry, the arts and how alliums are featured in the world's oldest cookbook. Technical material is presented in a manner understandable to a general audience, particularly through the use of illustrations to simplify more difficult concepts and explain how experimental work is conducted. The book is heavily illustrated with examples of alliums in art, literature, agriculture, medicine and other areas and includes rare botanical drawings of many members of the genus Allium. Essential reading for anyone with a general interest in science, the book is written at a level accessible to experts and non-experts alike. It has sufficient additional detail and references to satisfy both those wanting to know more, as well as researchers in disciplines as diverse as archaeology, medicine, ecology, pharmacology, food and plant sciences, agriculture, and organic chemistry.
Turn On and Tune In: Psychedelics, Narcotics and Euphoriants
Authors: Mann John , Emsley John , Ball Philip , Page Philip , Michael Joseph P , Oakeley Henry
Published: February 2023

Timothy Leary's advice to "tune in, turn on and drop out" was a 1960s exhortation to experiment with LSD, but humans had been consuming ergot alkaloids related to lysergic acid diethylamide for at least a thousand years. Opium has been around even longer with its medicinal uses being known to the Ancient Sumerians as long ago as 3400 BC. This is the first book to cover all of the major psychoactive drugs (both natural and synthetic) in one volume, and the only one to cover all aspects of these drugs from their anthropological and sociological influences through to their chemistry and pharmacology. It covers a range of substances including LSD, opium, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, peyote, belladonna, mandrake, and absinthe. The book is highly readable and concentrates on the characters (e.g. authors, painters, pop stars, hippies, politicians and drug barons), both famous and infamous, who have ensured that psychoactive drugs hold an enduring fascination and interest for everyone. The basic chemistry and pharmacological activity covered together with a brief account of useful drugs that have emerged from a study of the psychoactive ones.
Green Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Koel Mihkel , Kaljurand Mihkel
Published: February 2023

Chemical analysis requires solvents, reagents and energy and generates waste. The main goal of green analytical chemistry is to avoid or reduce the undesirable environmental side effects of chemical analysis, while preserving the classic analytical parameters of accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and precision.

This book portrays the current and changing situation concerning adoption of the principles of green chemistry as applied to analysis. It begins by looking at the advantages of and problems associated with on-site analysis and how analytical techniques can lead to increased productivity, efficiency and accuracy, and thereby reduce the consumption of materials. It then focuses on sample preparation techniques minimising solvent consumption or using alternative solvents, concepts and methods of improving the ‘greenness’ of instrumental analysis where miniaturization is an important part, separation methods from the perspective of green analytical chemistry and chemometrics approaches, which can reduce or can even remove the need for conventional steps in chemical analysis.

Aimed at graduates and novices just entering the field, managers of analytical research laboratories, teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers, this title will be a useful addition to any analytical scientist's library.
The Chemical Biology of Human Vitamins
Authors: Walsh Christopher T , Tang Yi
Published: February 2023

As humans evolved from primordial organisms they lost the capacity to make certain essential molecules. By their very absence in specific pathologies and diseases, the thirteen human vitamins were discovered and their crucial role in metabolism revealed.

This textbook provides a thorough chemocentric view on the key small molecules of life, the human vitamins and their active coenzyme forms. Detailing how their unique chemistries control the interconversion and the flux of hundreds of central human metabolites, The Chemical Biology of Human Vitamins examines the parallel and convergent tracks of the vitamins and their coenzyme forms. Analysing the mode of action of each of the vitamins, the book will illuminate the challenges that face each cell; metabolism could not proceed without the chemical functional groups vitamins provide.

Authored by leading educators, this text will serve as an ideal guide and reference point for chemists in both academia and industry, graduates and advanced undergraduate students in biochemistry, chemical biology, metabolism and metabolomics.
Industrial Polymer Applications: Essential Chemistry and Technology
Authors: Ashcroft William R
Published: February 2023

Industrial Polymer Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse properties and applications of thermoset and thermoplastic polymer technologies used routinely in the modification, protection, repair, restoration and bonding of the main classes of industrial engineering materials such as concrete, masonry, wood, metal, rubber, plastic, glass and advanced ceramics.

The Author, with extensive industrial experience in the design and development of polymeric adhesives, composites, concrete repair and industrial coatings materials, provides a balanced perspective of the essential chemistries and technologies for each of the relevant polymeric solutions. This book includes explanations as to why polymers are needed and the specific problems and key industrial application challenges that can be overcome for each class of engineering material. The use of supplementary information boxes, suggestions for further reading, and supportive appendices including worked examples delivers an easy to understand guide of relevant industrial applications of polymers.

Written in an accessible way, the book provides a supplementary text for undergraduates, postgraduates and industrialists who have studied or are involved in chemistry, polymer chemistry, industrial chemistry, materials science, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering or corrosion engineering, science and technology.
Adsorptive removal of iodate oxyanions from water using a Zr-based metal–organic framework
Authors: Copeman Christopher , Bicalho Hudson A. , Terban Maxwell W. , Troya Diego , Etter Martin , Frattini Paul L. , Wells Daniel M. , Howarth Ashlee J.
Published: February 2023

A zirconium cluster-based metal–organic framework, MOF-808, is evaluated for the adsorption of iodate oxyanions from water.
Cr-doped Pd metallene nanoribbon superstructures for the oxygen reduction reaction and formic acid oxidation
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Yuan Qiang , Wang Xun
Published: February 2023

A subnanometer-thick Cr-doped Pd metallene nanoribbon-assembled 3D superstructure was synthesized for the ORR and FAOR.
Theoretical mechanism study on the electrochemical benzylation of [60]fullerene derivatives
Authors: Ma Nana , Guo Wenyue , Liu Tongxin , Zhang Guisheng
Published: February 2023

Density functional theory calculations reveal differences in the electrochemical benzylation of the fullerene derivatives fullerobenzofuran and the C60-fused lactone.
Bionic structures for optimizing the design of stealth materials
Authors: Xu Zhengkang , Li Jiatong , Li Jinzhe , Du Jiani , Li Tian , Zeng Weigui , Qiu Junhai , Meng Fanbin
Published: February 2023

Overview of bionic structure in performance optimization and structural design.
Ni crossover catalysis: truth of hydrogen evolution in Ni-rich cathode-based lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Xingqin , Ren Dongsheng , Liang Hongmei , Song Youzhi , Huo Hua , Wang Aiping , Gao Yunzhi , Liu Jianhong , Gao Yun , Wang Li , He Xiangming
Published: February 2023

A “double catalysis–double crossover” (DC–DC) mechanism is proposed for H2 evolution in NMC-based LIBs. Two catalyses exist on both electrodes and two crossovers occur from cathode to anode, which all contribute to H2 evolution in NMC-based LIBs.
Confusoside, a dihydrochalcone glucoside, prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by modulating the Nrf2/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Jinghao , Shi Shang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Liu Yaping , Yuan Minglong , Cheng Guiguang , Wang Yudan
Published: February 2023

Confusoside prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by modulating the Keap1-Nrf2/NF-κB/Caspase signaling pathway.
Efficient and stable Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell nanospheres for electrochemical water oxidation under neutral conditions
Authors: Yu Li , Liang Qin , Ma Xiaocai , Zuo Xuerui
Published: February 2023

Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell nanospheres were exploited for the first time to obtain a vigorous electrocatalyst for water oxidation under neutral conditions.
Effect of amino group modification at allyl position of methacrylamides on polymerization and polymer pH-/thermo-responsiveness
Authors: Kohsaka Yasuhiro , Chinbat Nyamdolgor , Ito Kei-ichiro , Akae Yosuke
Published: February 2023

Effects of primary amino group of methacrylamides on the polymerization and polymer pH- and thermosresponsiveness were investigated.
One-pot synthesis of NiFe nanoarrays under an external magnetic field as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction catalyst
Authors: Miao Yujie , Huang Qiuping , Wen Dan , Xie Dongling , Huang Bo , Lin Dunmin , Xu Chenggang , Zeng Wen , Xie Fengyu
Published: February 2023

The NiFe nanoarrays MIL-53(Fe–Ni)/NF-2200Gs was synthesized using a one-pot approach under external magnetic field, and investigated as an efficient OER catalyst in alkaline medium.
Ruthenium ion catalytic oxidation depolymerization of lignite under ultra-low dosage of RuCl3 catalyst and separation of the organic products with inorganic salts
Authors: Wang Qiufeng , Zhang Yinling , Wang Meng , Hao Jianxiu , Le Shukun , Liu Quansheng , Li Na , Zhou Huacong
Published: February 2023

We confirmed that reducing the use of a ruthenium catalyst can achieve a similar depolymerization efficiency only by extending the reaction time, and butanone extraction can achieve the separation of inorganic salts and organic components.
Atomic-scale observation of solvent reorganization influencing photoinduced structural dynamics in a copper complex photosensitizer
Authors: Katayama Tetsuo , Choi Tae-Kyu , Khakhulin Dmitry , Dohn Asmus O. , Milne Christopher J. , Vankó György , Németh Zoltán , Lima Frederico A. , Szlachetko Jakub , Sato Tokushi , Nozawa Shunsuke , Adachi Shin-ichi , Yabashi Makina , Penfold Thomas J. , Gawelda Wojciech , Levi Gianluca
Published: February 2023

Ultrafast X-ray measurements reveal the mechanisms of the solvent influence on photosensitizing activity.
Effect of substrate charge density on the adsorption of intrinsically disordered protein amyloid β40: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Kalipillai Pandurangan , Raghuram E. , Mani Ethayaraja
Published: February 2023

Negatively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prevent the β sheet formation in amyloid β40 protein upto a critical charge density.
Giant piezoelectric properties of the [110]-oriented PZT-5H single crystals grown by solid state crystal growth
Authors: Wang Honghui , Ma Ming , Xia Song , Zhang Nan , Li Zhenrong
Published: February 2023

An ultrahigh piezoelectric performance (d33 ∼ 1800 pC N−1 and ∼ 2400 pm V−1 at 3 kV cm−1, k33 ∼ 87%) is achieved in the [110]-oriented PZT-5H single crystals grown using the solid state crystal growth method with excess PbO addition.
A new subclass of copper(i) hybrid emitters showing TADF with near-unity quantum yields and a strong solvatochromic effect
Authors: Baranov Andrey Yu. , Rakhmanova Mariana I. , Hei Xiuze , Samsonenko Denis G. , Stass Dmitri V. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Ryzhikov Maxim R. , Fedin Vladimir P. , Li Jing , Artem'ev Alexander V.
Published: February 2023

We present a unique new subclass of Cu(i) hybrid complexes, showing TADF with near-unity quantum yields as well as unprecedented solvatochromic emission and strong X-ray radioluminescence.
Unraveling the deposition/dissolution chemistry of MnO2 for high-energy aqueous batteries
Authors: Ye Xiaolin , Han Daliang , Jiang Guangyi , Cui Changjun , Guo Yong , Wang Yaogang , Zhang Zhicheng , Weng Zhe , Yang Quan-Hong
Published: February 2023

An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to in situ reveal the deposition/dissolution chemistry of MnO2 in aqueous electrolytes, which proceeds by a pH-dependent Mn(iii) (MnOOH and/or Mn3+)-mediated path.
A structural developmental neural network with information saturation for continual unsupervised learning
Authors: Ding Zhiyong , Xie Haibin , Li Peng , Xu Xin
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we propose a structural developmental neural network to address the plasticity‐stability dilemma, computational inefficiency, and lack of prior knowledge in continual unsupervised learning. This model uses competitive learning rules and dynamic neurons with information saturation to achieve parameter adjustment and adaptive structure development. Dynamic neurons adjust the information saturation after winning the competition and use this parameter to modulate the neuron parameter adjustment and the division timing. By dividing to generate new neurons, the network not only keeps sensitive to novel features but also can subdivide classes learnt repeatedly. The dynamic neurons with information saturation and division mechanism can simulate the long short‐term memory of the human brain, which enables the network to continually learn new samples while maintaining the previous learning results. The parent‐child relationship between neurons arising from neuronal division enables the network to simulate the human cognitive process that gradually refines the perception of objects. By setting the clustering layer parameter, users can choose the desired degree of class subdivision. Experimental results on artificial and real‐world datasets demonstrate that the proposed model is feasible for unsupervised learning tasks in instance increment and class increment scenarios and outperforms prior structural developmental neural networks.
Skeleton‐aware implicit function for single‐view human reconstruction
Authors: Liu Pengpeng , Zhang Guixuan , Zhang Shuwu , Li Yuanhao , Zeng Zhi
Published: February 2023

The aim is to reconstruct a complete and detailed clothed human from a single‐view input. Implicit function is suitable for this task because it represents fine shape details and varied topology. Current methods, however, often suffer from artefacts such as broken or disembodied body parts, missing details, or depth ambiguity due to the ambiguity and complexity of human articulation. The main issue observed by the authors is structure‐agnostic. To address these problems, the authors fully utilise the skinned multi‐person linear (SMPL) model and propose a method using the Skeleton‐aware Implicit Function (SIF). To alleviate the broken or disembodied body parts, the proposed skeleton‐aware structure prior makes the skeleton awareness into an implicit function, which consists of a bone‐guided sampling strategy and a skeleton‐relative encoding strategy. To deal with the missing details and depth ambiguity problems, the authors’ body‐guided pixel‐aligned feature exploits the SMPL to enhance 2D normal and depth semantic features, and the proposed feature aggregation uses the extra geometry‐aware prior to enabling a more plausible merging with less noisy geometry. Additionally, SIF is also adapted to the RGB‐D input, and experimental results show that SIF outperforms the state‐of‐the‐arts methods on challenging datasets from Twindom and Thuman3.0.
Analysis and design of a 10–20 GHz simultaneous noise and input matching low‐noise amplifier via frequency‐dependent negative feedbacks
Authors: He Ding , Yuan Yang , Li Jiaxuan , Tan Cheng , Yu Zhongjun
Published: February 2023

This letter presents a novel method to implement a 10–20 GHz low‐noise amplifier (LNA) with simultaneous noise and input matching performance. That is, the Mille effect caused by the gate‐drain parasitic capacitance Cgd is eliminated by converting the succeeding‐stage impedance into the required load using frequency‐dependent negative feedbacks and a π‐type network. The corresponding analytical equation is also derived for the first time. To verify the feasibility, the circuit is fabricated via a 0.15‐μm GaAs p‐HEMT process with a compact size of 0.9×1.9 mm2. The measured results show that the proposed LNA features a peak gain of 26.1 dB, a minimum noise figure of 1.08 dB, and an input return loss of less than −15.8 dB.
A low profile, dual‐polarised, high gain patch antenna
Authors: Huang He
Published: February 2023

A low‐profile patch antenna with dual‐polarisation and high gain is proposed in this study. It contains a primary radiator, a secondary radiator, and a planar feed network. The primary and secondary radiators are square patches placed 5 mm from each other. Two planar feed networks are electrically connected with the primary radiator through the stepped impedance transformer, providing equal amplitude and 180° phase shift signals. These two feed networks are settled in different layers to weaken the coupling effect. The resonance generated by the primary radiator is merged with the one by the secondary radiator, covering the 3.3–3.6 GHz band. Benefiting from the differential feed method, antenna specifications such as port isolation and cross‐polarisation discrimination (XPD) are ideal. Moreover, as the primary radiator is fed by planar microstrip, the overall height can be reduced, and the gain can be enhanced. Finally, a 2 × 2 subarray is investigated. Desirable results show that the proposed antenna is suitable for application in Massive Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) systems.
Morphology and structure evolution of multilayered Ge/Si quantum dots grown by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Shu Qijiang , Huang Pengru , Zhang Xicheng , Yang Linjing , Ye Donghai , Yang Li , Liu Hongxing , Chen Lei
Published: February 2023

The authors prepared multilayered Si‐based Ge quantum dots (Ge/Si QDs) by using the magnetron sputtering technique and reported the corresponding morphology evolution by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The increased temperature can improve the Si‐isolated‐layer crystallinity and Ge atom mobility to increase the density, size, and spatial distribution uniformity of top‐layer QDs. The morphology and vertical correlation between the layers of QDs at different temperatures exhibited different phenomena or laws, and had been explained in this paper. The authors’ work made it possible to control the quality of multilayer QDs by high‐rate deposition technology and laid a foundation for the industrial production of multilayer QDs in the future.
A study on the effects of electromagnetic coupling mechanisms in the event of an indirect lightning strike near photovoltaic arrays
Authors: Hernández Jesús De La Casa , Sutil Francisco José Sánchez , Petrarca Carlo , Formisano Alessandro
Published: February 2023

Indirect lightning strikes hitting near photovoltaic installations are much more frequent than direct hits, and can generate overvoltage in their electric circuitry. The authors developed a method to estimate the induced overvoltage on single photovoltaic modules. Using a model of the whole array also including Inter‐Module Coupling Mechanisms (IMCMs), a new approach to estimate overvoltage induced on full arrays is presented in this paper. The procedure first estimates lumped parameters, modelling either the coupling between the lightning channel and each module in the array or between each couple of modules in array. Several circuital simulations are then run using suitable equivalent circuits. The aim is to consider different array configurations and groundings schemes. This allows extracting the most relevant configuration parameters influencing overvoltage/overcurrent. Results show that the groundings scheme impacts negligibly, but the single module electric stress is decreased by 35% in the case of ungrounded configurations. Among the considered array configurations, the honey‐comb and total cross‐tied showed the smallest impact on overvoltage. Statistical analysis on random LC tortuous geometry leads to a non‐negligible rise of overvoltage peak values, up to 24%. Finally, the relevance of different IMCMs is analysed, showing a strong impact just on frame‐ground voltages and currents.
Small signal stability of washout filter–based power sharing for an inverter‐based microgrid
Authors: Yazdanian Mehrdad , Leitner Stefan , Fouladi Ehsan , Mehrizi‐Sani Ali , Muetze Annette
Published: February 2023

Different control tasks within a microgrid are usually classified into a hierarchy including zero, primary, secondary, and tertiary control levels. Generally, power sharing lies in the primary control level and utilizes droop control. Droop control causes deviation of voltage and frequency from their nominal values subsequent to load and generation changes in an islanded microgrid. To eliminate these voltage and frequency deviations, a secondary control level, incorporating low‐bandwidth communication links, is usually employed. However, secondary control increases the complexity and cost of the system. A washout filter–based power sharing approach has been proposed that can maintain the nominal values of the voltage and frequency in the primary control level and thereby eliminate the need for secondary control and communication links. This paper further investigates this concept and derives a state‐space small‐signal model of the proposed washout filter–based power controller in a study microgrid to enable systematic design and performance evaluation, for example, stability and parameter selection. The results are compared with those of the same microgrid with conventional droop power controllers. Finally, simulation case studies are conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC tool to validate the results.
Haematic antegrade repriming to enhance recovery after cardiac surgery from the perfusionist side
Authors: Blanco-Morillo Juan , Salmerón Martínez Diego , Arribas-Leal Jose M. , Farina Piero , Puis Luc , Sornichero-Caballero Angel J. , Cánovas-Lόpez Sergio J.
Published: February 2023

Background: New era of cardiac surgery aims to provide an enhanced postoperative recovery through the implementation of every step of the process. Thus, perfusion strategy should adopt evidence-based measures to reduce the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hematic Antegrade Repriming (HAR) provides a standardized procedure combining several measures to reduce haemodilutional priming to 300 mL. Once the safety of the procedure in terms of embolic release has been proven, the evaluation of its beneficial effects in terms of transfusion and ICU stay should be assessed to determine if could be considered for inclusion in Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) programs.Methods: Two retrospective and non-randomized cohorts of high-risk patients, with similar characteristics, were assessed with a propensity score matching model. The treatment group (HG) (n = 225) received the HAR. A historical cohort, exposed to conventional priming with 1350 mL of crystalloid confirmed the control group (CG) (n = 210).Results: Exposure to any transfusion was lower in treated (66.75% vs. 6.88%,p < 0.01). Prolonged mechanical ventilation (>10 h) (26.51% vs. 12.62%;p < 0.01) and extended ICU stay (>2 d) (47.47% vs. 31.19%;p < 0.01) were fewer for treated. HAR did not increase early morbidity and mortality. Related savings varied from 581 to 2741.94 $/patient, depending on if direct or global expenses were considered.Discussion: By reducing the gaseous and crystalloid emboli during CPB initiation, HAR seems to have a beneficial impact on recovery and reduces the overall transfusion until discharge, leading to significant cost savings per process. Due to the preliminary and retrospective nature of the research and its limitations, our findings should be validated by future prospective and randomized studies.
Validity of Prandtl layer expansions for steady magnetohydrodynamics over a rotating disk
Authors: Ding Shijin , Wang Cuiyu
Published: February 2023

This paper is concerned with the validity of Prandtl boundary layer expansions for 2D steady viscous incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows over a rotating disk {(θ, r) ∈ [0, θ0] × [R0, ∞)} with a moving curved boundary {r = R0}. We establish the validity of boundary layer expansions and convergence rates in the Sobolev sense. Then, we extend the results by Iyer [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 224(2), 421–469 (2017)] for Navier–Stokes equations to the MHD flows.