bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carboxylic Acids, Aromatic
Authors: Röhrscheid Freimund
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Carboxylation with Carbon Dioxide3.2.Dicarboxylic Acids Formed by Rearrangement3.3.Side‐Chain Chlorination of Methylbenzenes3.4.Oxidation with Nitric Acid3.5.Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen in the Vapor Phase3.6.Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen in the Liquid Phase3.6.1.Solvent‐Free Oxidation3.6.2.Oxidation in Acetic Acid4.Polycarboxylic Acids and Anhydrides4.1.Trimellitic Acid and Trimellitic Anhydride4.2.Pyromellitic Acid and Pyromellitic Dianhydride4.3.Other Benzenepolycarboxylic Acids and Anhydrides4.4.Naphthalic Acid and Naphthalic Anhydride4.5.3,4,9,10‐Perylenetetracarboxylic Acid and Perylene Dianhydride4.6.2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid4.7.1,4,5,8‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Acid and 1,8 : 4,5‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology
Copper Alloys
Authors: Isbell Clarence A.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Wrought Coppers

2.1.

Coppers, ≧ 99.3 % Cu

2.2.

High‐Copper Alloys, ≧96.0 % Cu

3.

Wrought Brasses

4.

Wrought Leaded Brasses

5.

Wrought Tin Brasses

6.

Wrought Tin Bronzesand Brazing Alloys

6.1.

PhosphorBronzes

6.2.

Leaded Phosphor Bronzes

6.3.

BrazingAlloys

7.

Wrought Specialty Alloys

7.1.

Copper‐Aluminum Alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)

7.2.

Copper ‐ Silicon Alloys (Silicon Bronzes)

7.3.

Miscellaneous Copper ‐ Zinc Alloys

8.

Wrought Copper ‐ Nickel Alloys

8.1.

Cupronickels

8.2.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Zinc Alloys

9.

Casting Alloys

9.1.

Cast Coppers

9.2.

High‐Copper Alloys

9.3.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Zinc andCopper ‐ Tin ‐ Zinc ‐ LeadAlloys

9.4.

Copper ‐ Manganese Alloys

9.5.

Copper ‐ Zinc ‐ SiliconAlloys

9.6.

Copper ‐ Tin Alloys

9.7.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Lead Alloys

9.8.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Nickel Alloys

9.9.

Copper ‐ Aluminum ‐ Ironand Copper ‐ Aluminum ‐ Iron ‐ NickelAlloys

9.10.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Iron Alloys

9.11.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Zinc ‐ Tin ‐ LeadAlloys

9.12.

Special Cast Alloys

10.

Master Alloys

11.

Safety and Environmental Aspects

12.

Economic Aspects
Crop Protection
Authors: Cramer Hans‐Hermann
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Agricultural Aspects1.1.Ecological Conditions1.2.Economic Conditions2.World Food Supply3.Crop Protection in Modern Agriculture4.Economic Threshold and Prognosis5.Methods of Crop Protection5.1.Physical and Mechanical Methods5.2.Chemical Methods5.2.1.Goals5.2.2.Requirements5.2.3.Effects on Farming5.3.Biological Methods5.4.Cultivation5.5.New Methods5.5.1.Biotechnology5.5.2.Research Methods5.5.3.New Indications5.5.4.Integrated Systems6.Safety Aspects6.1.Safety for the User6.2.Safety for the Consumer7.Legal Aspects
Cyanuric Acid and Cyanuric Chloride
Authors: Huthmacher Klaus , Most Dieter
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Cyanuric Acid2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis2.6.Storage and Transportation2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects2.9.Toxicology and Occupational Health3.Cyanuric Chloride3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Environmental Protection3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.6.Storage and Transportation3.7.Uses3.8.Economic Aspects3.9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Silicon
Authors: Zulehner Werner , Neuer Bernd , Rau Gerhard
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

3.

Physical and Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Metallurgical Silicon

4.2.

Semiconductor Silicon

4.2.1.

Purification

4.2.2.

Chemical Vapor Deposition

4.2.3.

Single‐Crystal Growth

4.2.4.

Wafer Manufacture

4.2.5.

Epitaxy

4.2.6.

Characterization

4.3.

Solar Silicon

4.3.1.

Crystalline Silicon

4.3.2.

Amorphous Silicon

5.

Silicides

6.

Ferrosilicon

7.

Calcium Silicon
Thin Films
Authors: Wahl Georg , Davies Paul B. , Bunshah Rointan F. , Joyce Bruce A. , Bain Colin D. , Wegner Gerhard , Remmers Markus , Walsh Francis C. , Hieber Konrad , Sundgren Jan‐Eric , Bachmann Peter K. , Miyazawa Shintaro , Thelen Alfred , Strathmann Heiner
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Preparation of Thin Films1.1.Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes1.2.Plasma Polymerization1.3.Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processes1.3.1.Sputter Deposition1.3.2.Evaporation Deposition1.3.3.Deposition of Metals, Alloys, and Compounds1.4.Thin Film Growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)1.4.1.Introduction1.4.2.The Configuration of MBE Growth Systems1.4.3.Monitoring Facilities1.5.Thin Films by Adsorption Processes1.5.1.Self‐Assembled Monolayers1.5.2.Self‐Assembled Multilayers1.6.Langmuir ‐ Blodgett and Related Techniques1.6.1.Low Molecular Mass Substances1.6.2.Polymeric Amphiphilic LB Layers1.6.3.Hairy Rod Polymers1.7.Electrochemical Deposition Processes1.7.1.Scope1.7.2.Electrochemical Deposition of Metals and Alloys1.7.3.Electrophoretic Coatings1.7.4.Trends in Electrodeposition2.Thin Films as Materials2.1.Coatings for Electronic Applications2.1.1.Introduction2.1.2.Hybrid Technology2.1.3.Microsystems2.1.4.Data Storage2.1.5.Microelectronics2.1.6.Semiconducting Films2.1.7.Ferroelectrics2.2.Hard and Decorative Nitride and Carbide Coatings2.2.1.Introduction2.2.2.Growth Techniques2.2.3.Coating Microstructures2.2.4.Adhesion2.2.5.Hard Coatings2.3.Carbon Films2.3.1.Carbon Phases: Composition and Stability2.3.2.Properties and Applications of Diamond Films2.3.3.Properties and Applications of a‐C : H, a‐C, and ta‐C Films2.4.Metallic Films2.4.1.Introduction2.4.2.Electronics Applications2.4.3.Engineering Coatings2.4.4.Dispersed Catalytic Coatings2.4.5.Developments and Trends2.5.Superconductive Coatings2.6.Polymer Films2.6.1.Langmuir ‐ Blodgett Layers of Polymer Films as Materials2.6.2.Films by Plasma Polymerization2.7.Optical Coatings2.7.1.Introduction2.7.2.Theory2.7.3.Deposition Methods2.7.4.Coating Materials2.7.5.Classical Coatings2.7.6.Nonclassical Coatings2.7.7.Applications2.8.Membranes2.8.1.Introduction2.8.2.Fundamentals2.8.3.Membrane Structures and their Preparation
Thiocyanates, Inorganic
Authors: van Hoek Theo H. J.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Thiocyanates2.1.Ammonium Thiocyanate2.2.Sodium Thiocyanate2.3.Potassium Thiocyanate2.4.Alkaline Earth Thiocyanates2.5.Other Thiocyanates3.Thiocyanic Acid4.Economic Aspects5.Toxicology
Zinc
Authors: Graf Günter G.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.History2.Properties3.Starting Materials for Zinc Production3.1.Zinc Minerals3.2.Zinc Reserves3.3.Secondary Raw Materials4.Pretreatment of Raw Materials for the Production of Zinc Metal4.1.Roasting4.2.Pyrometallurgical Concentration Processes5.Production of Zinc Metal5.1.Pyrometallurgical Zinc Production by the Retort Process5.2.Zinc Production in the Shaft Furnace5.3.Refining of Crude Zinc5.4.Hydrometallurgical Zinc Production5.5.Treatment of Leaching Residues5.6.Liquor Purification5.7.Electrolytic Production of Zinc5.8.New Developments in Zinc Production6.Uses and Economic Aspects6.1.Galvanizing6.2.Zinc as a Construction Material6.3.Pressure Die Casting with Zinc6.4.Zinc as a Chemical6.5.Economic Aspects
Zinc Compounds
Authors: Rohe Dieter M. M. , Wolf Hans Uwe
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Zinc Halides

1.1.

Zinc Fluoride

1.2.

Zinc Chloride

1.3.

Zinc Bromide

1.4.

Zinc Iodide

2.

Zinc Sulfate

3.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Abrasion and Erosion
Authors: Schneemann Klaus
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Types of Wear and Wear Mechanisms3.Behavior of Materials3.1.Metals3.2.Plastics and Elastomers3.3.Ceramics4.Surface Treatment and Coatings5.Practical Examples of Abrasion and Erosion Damage5.1.Sliding Wear, Elastic Rolling Wear, and Oscillation Wear5.2.Abrasion Wear5.3.Damage by Particle Erosion5.4.Solid Particles‐Free Erosion5.5.Damage Caused by Erosion ‐ Corrosion
Flotation
Authors: Yarar Baki
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Interfacial Energies and Contact Angle1.2.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Solids2.Flotation Reagents2.1.Functional Classification of Flotation Reagents2.2.Chemical Classification2.3.Surface and Solution Chemistry2.3.1.Solubility2.3.2.Surface Activity2.4.Interactions between Flotation Reagents and Solids2.4.1.Adsorption ‐ Desorption of Inorganic Reagents2.4.2.Adsorption ‐ Desorption of Organic Reagents3.Electrical Phenomena4.Bubble ‐ Particle Interactions5.Flotation Processes5.1.The Gamma Flotation Process5.2.Design of Flotation Operations5.3.Flotation Machines5.4.Industrial Applications5.4.1.Sulfide Mineral Flotation5.4.2.Nonsulfide Flotation5.4.3.Coal Flotation5.4.4.Flotation of Precipitates and Ions5.4.5.Use of Oil Droplets instead of Air Bubbles6.Future Trends
Mixing of Solids
Authors: Sommer Karl
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Mixedness

1.1.

Theoretical Variance

1.2.

Variance of the Precision of Measurement

1.3.

Variance of Random Mixing

1.4.

Mixedness versus Time

2.

Practical Determination of Mixedness

2.1.

Sampling

2.2.

Empirical Variance

2.2.1.

Frequency Distribution and Chi‐Square Distribution

2.2.2.

Confidence Intervals

2.2.3.

Determination of Mixing Time

3.

Designs of Solid ‐ Solid Mixers

3.1.

Tumblers

3.2.

Screw Mixers

3.3.

Paddle Mixers

3.4.

Pneumatic Mixers

3.5.

Silo Mixers

3.6.

Pile Mixing
Sublimation
Authors: Mullin John W.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Phase Equilibria

3.

Vaporization and Condensation

4.

Sublimation Processes

4.1.

Simple and Vacuum Sublimation

4.2.

Entrainer Sublimation

4.2.1.

Process Description

4.2.2.

Product Yield

4.2.3.

Comparison of Entrainer Sublimation and Crystallization

4.3.

Fractional Sublimation

5.

Sublimation Equipment

5.1.

Vaporizers

5.2.

Condensers
Electrically Generated Heat
Authors: Perkin Robert M.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Resistance Heating

2.1.

Direct Resistance Heating of Electrically Conducting Materials

2.2.

Indirect Resistance Heating of Materials

3.

Infrared Heating

4.

Induction Heating

4.1.

Direct Induction Heating of Metals

4.2.

Indirect Induction Heating of Materials

5.

Dielectric Heating of Nonmetals

6.

Thermal Plasma Heating

7.

Electron Beam Heating

8.

Laser Heating
Direct Heating with Circulating Heat Carriers
Authors: Weiss Hans‐Jürgen
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Direct Heating with Circulating Gas

3.

Direct Heating with Circulating Solid

3.1.

Fundamentals

3.2.

Applications
Vacuum Technology
Authors: Lorenz Hans Peter
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Principles1.1.Components1.2.Physical Principles1.2.1.Equations of State of Gases1.2.2.Pressure and Temperature1.2.3.Thermal Mean Velocity1.2.4.Thermal Particle Interactions1.2.5.Flow Regimes, Momentum, and Heat Transfer1.2.6.Vacuum Regimes1.3.Matter under Vacuum1.3.1.Vapor Pressure1.3.2.Sorption, Gettering, Permeation2.Evacuation2.1.Characteristic Quantities2.2.Classification of Vacuum Pumps2.3.Technology of Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.Displacement Pumps2.3.1.1.Liquid and Gas Ring Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.2.Sliding Vane Rotary, Rotary Plunger, Rotary Piston Pumps2.3.1.3.Rotary Lobe Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.4.Pump Oils for Rough and Medium Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.Kinetic Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.1.Working Fluid Jet Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.2.Diffusion Pumps2.3.2.3.Jet Pumps‐Working Fluids2.3.2.4.Drag Vacuum Pumps‐Turbomolecular Pump2.3.3.Entrapment Vacuum Pumps2.3.3.1.Sorption Vacuum Pumps2.3.3.2.Getter Ion Pumps2.3.3.3.Condensation Pumps3.Vacuum Diagnostics3.1.Total Pressure Measurement3.1.1.Mechanical Vacuum Instruments3.1.2.Viscosity Vacuum Gauge3.1.3.Thermal Conductivity Vacuum Gauge3.1.4.Ionization Vacuum Gauge3.1.5.Measuring Systems3.2.Partial Pressure Measurement3.3.Leak Surveys4.Vacuum System Components4.1.Piping Components4.2.Vacuum System Feedthroughs4.3.Valves5.Vacuum System Applications5.1.Perspectives on Design of Vacuum Systems5.2.Examples of Vacuum Systems and Their Application5.2.1.Decontamination of Groundwater5.2.2.Degassing Steel with a Steam Jet Vacuum System5.2.3.High Vacuum Systems for Manufacturing Thin Films5.2.4.Ultra High Vacuum System for the LEP Storage Ring at Geneva
Reactor Types and Their Industrial Applications
Authors: Henkel Klaus‐Dieter
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Basic Types of Reactors

3.

Survey of Real Reactors and Their Uses

3.1.

Reactors for Gas‐Phase Reactions

3.2.

Reactors for Liquid‐Phase Reactions

3.3.

Reactors for Gas ‐ Liquid Reactions

3.4.

Reactors for Solid‐Catalyzed Reactions

3.4.1.

Reactors for Heterogeneous Gas Catalysis

3.4.2.

Reactors for Liquid‐Phase and Gas ‐ Liquid Reactions over Solid Catalysts

3.5.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Reactions Involving Solids

3.5.1.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Gas ‐ Solid Reactions

3.5.2.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Liquid ‐ Solid Reactions

3.5.3.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Solid‐Phase Reactions

3.6.

Electrothermal Reactors

3.7.

Reactors for Electrochemical Processes

3.8.

Reactors for Biochemical Processes

3.9.

Reactors for Photochemical and Radiochemical Processes

3.9.1.

Photochemical Reactors

3.9.2.

Radiochemical Reactors
Tubular Reactors
Authors: Cresswell David , Gough Arthur , Milne Graeme
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Olefin Production by Steam Cracking2.1.Background2.2.Chemistry of Olefin Production2.3.The Reactor2.4.Reactor Design2.5.Heat Recovery2.6.Control of the Reactor2.7.Coking2.8.Alternatives to the Tubular Reactor3.Gas‐Phase Chlorocarbon Cracking Reactions3.1.Reaction Description3.2.Reaction Thermodynamics3.3.Reaction Mechanism3.4.Reactor Design and Operating Conditions3.5.Reactor Modeling3.6.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation4.Gas‐Phase Halogenation Processes4.1.Reaction Description4.2.Substitutive Chlorination Reactors4.2.1.Reactor Modeling4.2.2.Reactor Coking and Soot Formation4.3.Substitutive Bromination Reactors4.3.1.Reactor Design4.3.2.Reactor Modeling4.3.3.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation4.4.Perhalogenation Reactors4.4.1.Reaction Description4.4.2.Reactor Design and Operation4.4.3.Reactor Modeling4.4.4.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation5.Fundamental Modeling Approaches — An Evaluation5.1.Thermal Decomposition of Ethane5.2.Improving the Model6.Conclusions
Three‐Phase Trickle‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Westerterp K. Roel , Wammes Wino J. A.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Design

2.1.

Flow Regimes

2.2.

Liquid Holdup

2.3.

Pressure Drop

2.4.

Mass Transfer

2.4.1.

Gas‐Side Mass Transfer

2.4.2.

Liquid‐Side Mass Transfer

2.4.3.

Liquid ‐ Solid Mass Transfer

2.5.

Heat Transfer

2.6.

Wetting Efficiency

3.

Scale‐Up

4.

Industrial Applications
Chemical Plant Design and Construction
Authors: Mosberger Erich
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Feasibility Study2.1.Initial Work2.2.Cost Estimation2.2.1.Investment Costs2.2.1.1.Global Methods of Investment Cost Estimation2.2.1.2.Detailed Methods of Investment Cost Estimation2.2.1.3.Item‐by‐Item Calculation2.2.1.4.Cost Indexes2.2.2.Operating Costs2.2.3.EDP Support2.3.Profitability Analysis2.3.1.Profitability Analysis as an Engineering Task2.3.2.Methods of Profitability Analysis2.4.Site Selection2.5.Decision between Alternative Investments3.Preliminary Design3.1.Preliminary Design Costs3.2.Final Selection of Site Locations3.3.Process Design3.3.1.Optimization3.3.2.Safety Aspects and Environmental Control3.3.2.1.Protection Against Emissions3.3.2.2.Noise Control3.3.2.3.Occupational Safety and Health3.3.2.4.Plant Availability3.3.2.5.Authority Engineering3.4.Basic Engineering3.4.1.Equipment Specification from the Process Engineering Standpoint3.4.2.Materials of Construction3.4.3.Plant Layout3.4.4.Preliminary Piping and Instrumentation Diagram3.5.Calculation of Plant Costs3.5.1.Equipment3.5.2.Bulk Materials3.5.3.Other Costs3.6.Conclusion of Preliminary Design Phase4.Contract Writing and Forms of Contracts4.1.Licensing Agreements4.1.1.Patent Licenses4.1.2.Process Licenses4.1.3.Process Licenses via Engineering Contractors4.1.4.Know‐How Contracts via Engineering Contractors4.2.Design and Supply Contracts with Engineering Contractors4.2.1.Selection of Engineering Contractors4.2.1.1.Importance of Risk in the Plant Business4.2.1.2.Selection and Award Criteria4.2.2.Form and Content of Contracts4.2.2.1.Basic Concerns in Contract Writing4.2.2.2.Contract Types and Provisions4.2.2.3.Essential Elements of a Contract5.Execution of the Project5.1.Scope of Work5.2.Project Organization and Management5.2.1.Matrix Project Management5.2.2.The Project Manager5.2.3.The Project Team5.2.4.The Start Phase of a Project5.3.Project Control (Schedules, Progress, Costs)5.3.1.Time Scheduling5.3.2.Progress Planning and Control5.3.3.Cost Planning and Control5.3.4.Project Report5.4.Detail Engineering5.4.1.Process Engineering5.4.2.Plant Layout5.4.3.Apparatus and Machinery5.4.4.Piping5.4.5.Control Systems5.4.6.Electrical Design5.5.Procurement5.5.1.Purchase of Equipment and Services5.5.2.Expediting5.5.3.Shipping5.6.Planning and Execution of Civil Work and Erection5.6.1.Planning of Civil Work and Erection5.6.1.1.Planning of Civil Work (Including Structural Steel Work)5.6.1.2.Erection Planning5.6.2.Execution of Construction5.6.2.1.Construction‐Site Organization and Management5.6.2.2.Time Scheduling and Progress Control5.6.2.3.Construction Work5.7.Commissioning5.7.1.Plant Design and Commissioning5.7.2.Operating Manual5.7.3.Responsibility and Organization5.7.4.Preparation for Commissioning5.7.5.Plant Startup6.Computer Support6.1.Role of Computers in Project Execution6.2.EDP Infrastructure and Systems6.3.Coordination and Interfaces7.Quality Assurance8.Training of Plant Personnel
Weighing
Authors: Kupper Walter E.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Principle of Magnetic Force Compensation3.Automatic and Semiautomatic Calibration4.Processing and Computing Functions5.Balance Performance6.Fitness of a Balance for Its Application7.Gravity and Air Buoyancy8.The Distinction Between Mass and Weight9.Qualitative Factors in Weighing10.Governmental Regulations and Standardization
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gremlich Hans‐Ulrich
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Techniques

2.1.

Fourier Transform Infrared Technique

2.2.

Dispersive and Fourier Transform Raman Techniques

3.

Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy

3.1.

The Vibrational Spectrum

3.2.

QuantitativeAnalysis

3.3.

The Symmetry of Molecules and Molecular Vibrations; SelectionRules

4.

Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds

4.1.

The Concept of Group Frequencies

4.2.

Methyl and Methylene Groups

4.3.

Alkene Groups

4.4.

Aromatic Rings

4.5.

Triple Bonds and Cumulated Double Bonds

4.6.

Ethers, Alcohols, and Phenols

4.6.1.

Ethers

4.6.2.

Alcohols and Phenols

4.7.

Amines, Azo, and Nitro Compounds

4.7.1.

Amines

4.7.2.

Azo Compounds

4.7.3.

Nitro Compounds

4.8.

CarbonylCompounds

4.8.1.

Ketones

4.8.2.

Aldehydes

4.8.3.

Carboxylic Acids

4.8.4.

Carboxylate Salts

4.8.5.

Anhydrides

4.8.6.

Esters

4.8.7.

Lactones

4.8.8.

Carbonate Salts

4.8.9.

Amides

4.8.10.

Lactams

4.9.

Sulfur‐Containing Compounds

4.9.1.

Thiols

4.9.2.

Sulfides and Disulfides

4.9.3.

Sulfones

4.10.

Computer‐Aided Spectral Interpretation

5.

Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy

5.1.

Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.1.

Transmission Spectroscopy

5.1.2.

External Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.3.

Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.4.

Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.5.

Emission Spectroscopy

5.1.6.

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

5.1.7.

Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.8.

Thermogravimetry/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.9.

Vibrational Circular Dichroism

5.2.

Raman Spectroscopy

5.3.

Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy

5.4.

Time‐Resolved FT‐IR and FT‐Raman Spectroscopy

5.5.

Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging

5.6.

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers

6.

Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

6.1.

Comparison of Mid‐Infrared and Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

6.2.

Applications of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Linscheid Michael
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.General Techniques and Definitions2.1.Resolution2.2.Tools for Structure Elucidation2.2.1.Full Spectra: Low Resolution2.2.2.Elemental Compositions of Ions2.3.Fragmentation in Organic Mass Spectrometry2.4.Quantitative Analysis3.Sample Inlets and Interfaces3.1.Direct Probe3.2.Batch Inlets3.3.Pyrolysis3.4.GC/MS Interfaces3.5.LC/MS Interfaces3.5.1.Moving Belt3.5.2.Continuous Flow FAB3.5.3.Direct Liquid Introduction3.5.4.Supercritical Fluid Interface3.5.5.Particle Beam Interface3.5.6.Chemical Ionization at Atmospheric Pressure3.5.7.Thermospray3.5.8.ESI Interface3.6.TLC/MS4.Ion Generation4.1.Electron Impact4.2.Chemical Ionization4.3.Negative Chemical Ionization (Electron Capture)4.4.Field Ionization (FI)4.5.Plasma Ionization4.6.Thermal Ionization4.7.Optical Methods4.8.Desorption Methods4.8.1.Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS)4.8.2.Field Desorption (FD)4.8.3.Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)4.8.4.252Cf Plasma Desorption4.8.5.Laser Desorption/Ionization4.9.Electrospray5.Analyzers5.1.Electromagnetic Sector Fields5.2.Quadrupoles5.3.Time‐of‐Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer5.4.Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry5.5.Ion Traps5.6.Isotope Mass Spectrometer5.7.Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)5.8.Other Analyzers6.Metastable Ions and Linked Scans6.1.Detection of Metastable Ions6.2.Mass Selected Ion Kinetic Spectrometry6.3.Linked Scans7.MS/MS Instrumentation7.1.Triple Quadrupoles7.2.Multiple‐Sector Instruments7.3.Hybrids (Sector ‐ Quadrupoles)7.4.Ion‐Storage Devices (FTMS, Ion Traps)7.5.Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometers7.6.Others8.Detectors and Signals8.1.Faraday Cage8.2.Daly Detector8.3.Secondary Electron Multiplier (SEM)8.4.Microchannel Plates8.5.Signal Types9.Computer and Data Systems9.1.Instrument Control, Automation9.2.Signal Processing9.3.Data Handling9.4.Library Searches9.5.Integration into Laboratory Networks9.6.Integration in the World Wide Web10.Applications10.1.Environmental Chemistry10.2.Analysis of Biomedical Samples10.3.Determination of High Molecular Masses10.4.Species Analysis10.5.Determination of Elements10.6.Surface Analysis and Depth Profiling
Sustainability and the Chemical Industry—Ethical Aspects and Approaches
Authors: Müller‐Eisen Ute , Hulpke Herwig
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Structural Change and Change of Paradigms

2.1.

Chemistry and Industry

2.2.

Social System

2.3.

Environmental Awareness

3.

Ethical Aspects

4.

Chances for the Future

4.1.

Concept of Sustainable Development

4.2.

Dialogue

4.3.

Risk/Chance Assessment

4.4.

Innovations

5.

Approaches of the Chemical Industry

5.1.

Responsible Care

5.1.1.

Basic Idea

5.1.2.

Management Systems

5.1.3.

Production‐Integrated Environmental Protection

5.1.4.

Product Stewardship

5.1.5.

Dialogue

5.2.

Environmental Agreements
Noise and Vibration
Authors: Daiminger Wolfgang , Fritz Klaus R. , Schorer Edwin , Stüber Burkhard
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Definitions

2.1.

Sound and Vibration Levels

2.2.

Level Calculations

2.3.

Spectra

3.

The Impact of Noise and Vibration

3.1.

Sound Perception and Noise Effects on Humans

3.2.

Effects of Vibration on Humans and Equipment

4.

Legal Aspects

4.1.

Occupational Noise

4.2.

Occupational Vibration

4.3.

Environmental Noise and Vibration

5.

Vibration

5.1.

Measurement

5.2.

Principal Sources

6.

Sound Emission

6.1.

Determination of Sound‐Power Levels

6.2.

Flow‐Induced Noise

6.3.

Major Sources of Noise

6.3.1.

Burners

6.3.2.

Fans

6.3.3.

Compressors

6.3.4.

Pumps

6.3.5.

Electric Motors

6.3.6.

Steam Turbines

6.3.7.

Gears

6.3.8.

Valves

6.3.9.

Exhaust Noise

6.3.10.

Granule‐Conveyor Piping

6.3.11.

Water‐Splash Noise from Cooling Towers

6.3.12.

Coal Mills

6.3.13.

Belt Conveyors

6.4.

Sound‐Power Levels Associated with an Entire Plant

7.

Sound Immission

7.1.

Measurement of Sound Levels in the Vicinity of an Industrial Complex

7.2.

Outdoor Sound Propagation

7.3.

Typical Sound Levels at the Workplace and Near an Industrial Complex

8.

Acknowledgement
Chemical Products: Safety Regulations
Authors: Del Bino Goffredo , Broecker Bernard , Binetti Roberto , King Norman
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Definitions

3.

Hazard Identification

3.1.

Significance of Parameters

3.1.1.

Physicochemical Properties

3.1.2.

Toxicological Properties

3.1.3.

Ecotoxicological Properties

3.2.

Interaction of Parameters

3.2.1.

Hydrosolubility

3.2.2.

Liposolubility

3.2.3.

Corrosion/Irritation and Oxidizing Power

3.3.

Classification Schemes: The European Union System

3.3.1.

Transportation

3.3.2.

The EU Classification for the Marketing of Dangerous Substances

3.4.

Hazard Identification of Preparations: Calculation Systems for Different Use Categories (EU Approach)

3.4.1.

Classification Based on Physical and Chemical Effects

3.4.2.

Classification Based on Biological Effects

3.4.3.

Classification Based on Environmental Effects

4.

Risk Assessment

4.1.

General Methodology

4.2.

Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects: Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Properties

4.2.1.

Hazard Identification

4.2.2.

Dose (Concentration) ‐ Response (Effect) Assessment

4.2.3.

Exposure Assessment

4.2.4.

Risk Characterization

4.2.5.

Physicochemical Properties

4.3.

Risk ‐ Benefit Considerations

4.4.

Definition of Acceptable Risk

4.5.

Summary of Risk Assessment

5.

Risk Management

5.1.

Supplying Information (Risk Communication)

5.2.

Codes of Practice

5.3.

Product Standards

5.4.

Control of Supply

5.5.

Control of Use

5.6.

Voluntary Agreements

5.7.

Economic Instruments: Harnessing Market Forces

5.8.

Integration of Pollution Control and Chemicals Control

5.9.

Monitoring Effectiveness

6.

Ecolabeling

6.1.

Philosophy

6.2.

The EU Scheme

7.

Acknowledgement
High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Turner Rodney , Sterrer Sylvia , Wiesmüller Karl‐Heinz
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction to Drug Discovery and Screening1.1.A Rationale for new Methods in Drug Discovery1.2.Sources of Compounds for High‐Throughput Screening1.3.Demands on High‐Throughput Screening2.Compounds2.1.Novel Approaches to Generate Chemical Diversity2.2.Microreactor Systems2.3.Limitations of Pooled Compound Screening Strategies3.Screening Technology3.1.Chemistry, Biology, and Technology3.2.Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Screening3.3.Miniaturization, Automation and Homogeneous Assays3.4.Detection Technologies for High‐Throughput Screening3.5.Examples of Specific Fluorescence Detection Technologies for High‐Throughput Screening3.6.Case Study EVOscreen4.Acknowledgements
Polyureas
Authors: Chiriac Constantin I. , Tanasǎ Fulga
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Synthesis3.Polyureas as Starting Materials for Other Polymers4.Homopolyureas5.Copolyureas5.1.Simple Copolyureas5.2.Copolyureas Containing Other Functional Groups6.Structure7.Properties7.1.Physical Properties7.2.Chemical Properties8.Uses8.1.Foams8.2.Moldings8.3.Fibers8.4.Films and Membranes8.5.Coatings8.6.Biomedical Applications8.7.Other Applications9.Safety and Environmental Aspects
Temperature Measurement
Authors: Schleicher Manfred
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definition of Temperature

2.

History of Thermometers

3.

Temperature Scales

4.

Temperature Measurement
Cork
Authors: Gil Luis , Moiteiro Cristina
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Definition and Origin

1.2.

History

1.3.

Morphology

1.3.1.

Microscopic Aspects

1.3.2.

Macroscopic Aspects

1.4.

Chemical Composition

1.4.1.

Suberin

1.4.2.

Lignin

1.4.3.

Polysaccharides

1.4.4.

Waxes

1.4.5.

Tannins

1.4.6.

Other Components

1.5.

Physical and Mechanical Properties

2.

Cork Extraction

3.

Production of Cork Based Products

3.1.

Disks and Cork Stoppers

3.2.

Granulates and Broken

3.3.

Composition Cork

3.3.1.

Floor and Wall Coverings

3.3.2.

Agglomerated Disks and Cork Stoppers

3.3.3.

Corkrubber

3.4.

Insulation Corkboard

3.5.

Other Specific Products

4.

Uses

4.1.

Stoppers

4.2.

Civil Construction

4.3.

Industrial Applications

4.4.

Automotive Industry

4.5.

Other Specific Uses

5.

Quality and Standardization

5.1.

Standardization and Testing

5.2.

Quality in Cork Production

6.

Economic Aspects

6.1.

Forestall Production

6.2.

Personnel and Companies

6.3.

Consumption of Products and Markets

6.4.

Producers

7.

Environmental and Toxicological Aspects

7.1.

Industrial Wastes

7.2.

Recycling and Treatments

7.3.

Emissions

8.

Legal Aspects
Band‐Offset Engineering for Enhanced Open‐Circuit Voltage in Polymer–Oxide Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Olson D. C. , Shaheen S. E. , White M. S. , Mitchell W. J. , van Hest M. F. A. M. , Collins R. T. , Ginley D. S.
Published: December 2006

The power conversion efficiency of organic and hybrid solar cells is commonly reduced by a low open‐circuit voltage (VOC). In these cases, the VOC is significantly less than the energy of the lowest energy absorbed photon, divided by the elementary charge q. The low photovoltage originates from characteristically large band offsets between the electron donor and acceptor species. Here a simple method is reported to systematically tune the band offset in a π‐conjugated polymer–metal oxide hybrid donor–acceptor system in order to maximize the VOC. It is demonstrated that substitution of magnesium into a zinc oxide acceptor (ZnMgO) reduces the band offset and results in a substantial increase in the VOC of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)–ZnMgO planar devices. The VOC is seen to increase from 500 mV at x = 0 up to values in excess of 900 mV for x = 0.35. A concomitant increase in overall device efficiency is seen as x is increased from 0 to 0.25, with a maximum power‐conversion efficiency of 0.5 % obtained at x = 0.25, beyond which the efficiency decreases because of increased series resistance in the device. This work provides a new tool for understanding the role of the donor–acceptor band offset in hybrid photovoltaics and for maximizing the photovoltage and power‐conversion efficiency in such devices.
A novel patient with Cooks syndrome supports splitting from “classic” brachydactyly type B
Authors: Castori Marco , Brancati Francesco , Mingarelli Rita , Mundlos Stefan , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: December 2006

We report on a 2‐year‐old girl affected by an isolated form of brachydactyly type B (BDB)‐like malformation of the limbs consistent with Cooks syndrome (CS). A literature review was carried out in an attempt to delineate the CS clinical spectrum and separate it from BDB. The two conditions can be differentiated on clinical, radiological, and genetic grounds. In particular, CS shows a characteristic pattern of ungueal and phalangeal anomalies. In the hands, all rays are involved to a similar extent with bulbous tips. The feet are generally more severely affected than the hands. Involvement of the nails appears to be a primary feature and not secondary to phalangeal hypo/aplasia. Also, radial and ulnar rays are similarly affected. The CS clinical spectrum is expanded to include ungueal tumor‐like lesions, observed in the present patient. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of duplications and deletions of the 22q11 DiGeorge syndrome region in a population‐based sample of infants with cleft palate
Authors: Sivertsen Åse , Lie Rolv Terje , Wilcox Allen J. , Åbyholm Frank , Vindenes Hallvard , Haukanes Bjørn Ivar , Houge Gunnar
Published: December 2006

The prevalence of duplications and deletions of the 22q11.2 (DiGeorge syndrome) region was studied among babies born in Norway with open cleft palate without cleft lip (cleft palate only, CPO). During a 5‐year period (1996–2001), there were 245 live births with CPO that were referred for surgery. DNA was available from 174 cases with overt cleft palate. DNA copy number was analyzed with the multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique, and an unambiguous result was obtained in 169 (97%) of the samples. We found no 22q11.2 duplications, and one known, and two previously undiagnosed cases with 22q11.2 deletions. All three del22q11‐syndrome cases also had heart malformations, which represent one‐third of the 10 babies with heart malformations in our study population. The prevalence of del22q11‐syndrome among babies with cleft palate with or without additional malformations was 1 of 57 (1.8%). Because the prevalence of CPO in the 35 22q11.2 duplication cases published was 20%, we also investigated if dup22q11‐testing was warranted in this group. However, no 22q11.2 duplications were found, indicating that the duplication cases ascertained so far might not be representative of the dup22q11‐group as a whole. We conclude that neither del22q11 nor dup22q11 testing is warranted in babies with overt cleft palate as the only finding. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A syndrome of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Kulkarni M.L. , Baskar Kannan , Kulkarni Preethi M.
Published: December 2006

We treated a 5‐year‐old boy, in our hospital in south India, who had a history of recurrent respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and severe varicella infection. He was short in build and a radiological examination revealed evidence of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. Investigation of the immune system was suggestive of compromised cellular immunity. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot assay for antibodies detected underlying multiple disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Roifman et al. described a similar syndrome in 2000 and 2003, which was characterized by spondylometaphyseal dyplasia, combined immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity and called it Roifman–Costa syndrome (OMIM 607944). Hence a diagnosis of Roifman–Costa syndrome was made. Ours shall be the first report of such a condition from the Indian subcontinent and hence the communication. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidate loci for Zimmermann–Laband syndrome at 3p14.3
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Goo , Higgins Anne W. , Herrick Steven R. , Kishikawa Shotaro , Nicholson Linda , Kutsche Kerstin , Ligon Azra H. , Harris David J. , MacDonald Marcy E. , Bruns Gail A.P. , Morton Cynthia C. , Quade Bradley J. , Gusella James F.
Published: December 2006

A male with 46,XY,t(3;17)(p14.3;q24.3) presented with gingival hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, unusually large ears and marked hypertrophy of the nose, characteristic of the Zimmermann–Laband syndrome (ZLS). Other features include large facial bones and mandibles, large protruding upper lip, enlarged fingers and toes, strabismus, and enlarged phallus. Knowledge of a 46,XX,t(3;8)(p21.2;q24.3) reported previously in a mother and daughter with ZLS suggests that the 3p14.3‐p21.2 region may contain a gene responsible for ZLS. We have reassessed the chromosome 3 breakpoint region of the t(3;8) and revised its breakpoint location to 3p14.3, based upon an updated human genome sequence assembly. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with BAC clones, we have also identified a breakpoint spanning clone at 3p14.3 in our t(3;17) patient, thereby narrowing the breakpoint to a region of approximately 200 kb. These data suggest that the gene responsible for ZLS is located in 3p14.3 and implicates four likely candidate genes in this region: CACNA2D3, encoding a voltage‐dependent calcium channel, LRTM1, a gene of unknown function embedded within CACNA2D3, WNT5A, encoding a secreted signaling protein of the WNT family, and ERC2, which codes for a synapse protein. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel risk factor in gastroschisis: Change of paternity
Authors: Chambers Christina D. , Chen Brian H. , Kalla Kristin , Jernigan Laura , Jones Kenneth Lyons
Published: December 2006

In recent years, an increase in the rate of gastroschisis has been documented in several countries throughout the world. Based on accumulating evidence that a maternal immunologic response to a novel set of paternal antigens may be involved in risk for several adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, reduced birth weight, and preterm delivery, we tested the hypothesis that a pregnancy following a change in fathers (change in paternity) may be a risk factor for gastroschisis. Using a case‐control design, we compared the prevalence of change in paternity with the index pregnancy in 102 mothers of isolated gastroschisis cases to the prevalence of change in paternity in 117 mothers of non‐malformed infants and 78 mothers of infants with neural tube defects or oral clefts. In a multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds of change in paternity in multigravid case mothers were 7.81 times higher (95% Confidence interval 2.80–21.88) relative to multigravid mothers of malformed and non‐malformed controls combined, after adjustment for maternal age. These data suggest that maternal immune factors may play a role in the cause of gastroschisis. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and to elucidate possible immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gastroschisis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebrospinal fluid proteomic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Finehout Erin J. , Franck Zsofia , Choe Leila H. , Relkin Norman , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: December 2006

Objective

To find a panel of proteins in antemortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that could be used to differentiate between samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and samples from healthy and neurological control subjects.

Methods

For a test cohort, antemortem CSF proteins from 34 AD and 34 non‐AD patients were separated using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. The resulting protein patterns were analyzed using the random forest multivariate statistical method. Protein spots of interest were identified using tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. A validation cohort consisting of CSF from 18 AD patients and 10 non‐AD subjects was analyzed in a similar way.

Results

Using the test cohort, a panel of 23 spots was identified that could be used to differentiate AD and non‐AD gels with a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 94%, and a predicted classification error rate of only 5.9%. These proteins are related to the transport of β‐amyloid, the inflammatory response, proteolytic inhibition, and neuronal membrane proteins. The 23 spots separately classified the validation cohort with 90% sensitivity (probable AD subjects), 83% specificity, and a predicted classification error rate of 14% in a blinded analysis. The total observed sensitivity is 93%, the total observed specificity is 90%, and the predicted classification error rate is 8.3%.

Interpretation

A panel of possible CSF biomarkers for AD has been identified using proteomic methods. Ann Neurol 2006
Object relations and prejudice: from in‐group favoritism to out‐group hatred
Authors: Aviram Ron B.
Published: December 2006

This paper will discuss how identifications with groups can develop along a continuum from minimal identification to overidentification. The strength of these identifications has important implications in the social world. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
cDNA cloning and transcriptional expression of a peritrophin‐like gene in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor [Say]
Authors: Mittapalli Omprakash , Sardesai Nagesh , Shukle Richard H.
Published: December 2006

One of the well‐studied components of the insect gut is the peritrophic matrix (PM). This semipermeable structure primarily functions in digestion, and protection against invasive microorganisms and mechanical damage. We report the cDNA cloning and transcription profiles of a peritrophin‐A like gene (designated MdesPERI‐A1) in the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor. The predicted amino acid sequence of MdesPERI‐A1 revealed a putative secretion signal peptide at its amino terminus, similarity to peritrophins from other insects including dipterans, and the presence of two chitin binding domains each containing six cysteine residues. Quantitative expression analysis of MdesPERI‐A1 mRNA in different larval tissues revealed the transcript to be predominantly present in the midgut (597.9‐fold) compared to other tissues assayed including salivary glands and fat bodies. Spatial expression patterns during development showed a peak expression of MdesPERI‐A1 in the feeding second‐instars (146‐fold) and a decline in expression in the pupal and adult stages. Transcription profiling of MdesPERI‐A1 during compatible (larvae on susceptible plants) and incompatible (larvae on resistant plants) interactions with wheat revealed a greater level (1.7‐fold) of MdesPERI‐A1 transcript in larvae on resistant plants in the initial time point examined. However, MdesPERI‐A1 expression declined in larvae on resistant plants at the later time points. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:19–29, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of Lactacystin and Salinosporamide A
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Kanai Motomu , Fukuda Nobuhisa
Published: December 2006

Lactacystin and salinosporamide A are fascinating molecules with regard to both their chemical structures and biological activities. These naturally occurring compounds are potent and selective proteasome inhibitors. The molecular structures are characterized by their densely functionalized γ‐lactam cores. The structure and biological properties of these two compounds are attracting the attention of many chemists as challenging synthetic targets. We discuss their synthetic strategies in this review.
Vibrational and electronic circular dichroism study of the interactions of cationic porphyrins with (dG‐dC)10and (dA‐dT)10
Authors: Nový Jakub , Urbanová Marie
Published: December 2006

The interactions of two different porphyrins, without axial ligands—5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(1‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)porphyrin‐Cu(II) tetrachloride (Cu(II)TMPyP) and with bulky meso substituents—5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(N,N,N‐trimethylanilinium‐4‐yl)porphyrin tetrachloride (TMAP), with (dG‐dC)10and (dA‐dT)10were studied by combination of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy at different [oligonucleotide]/[porphyrin] ratios, where [oligonucleotide] and [porphyrin] are the concentrations of oligonucleotide per base‐pair and porphyrin, respectively. The combination of VCD and ECD spectroscopy enables us to identify the types of interactions, and to specify the sites of interactions: The intercalative binding mode of Cu(II)TMPyP with (dG‐dC)10, which has been well described, was characterized by a new VCD “marker” and it was shown that the interaction of Cu(II)TMPyP with (dA‐dT)10via external binding to the phosphate backbone and major groove binding caused transition from theBto the non‐Bconformer. TMAP interacted with the major groove of (dG‐dC)10, was semi‐intercalated into (dA‐dT)10, and caused significant variation in the structure of both oligonucleotides at the higher concentration of porphyrin. The spectroscopic techniques used in this study revealed that porphyrin binding with AT sequences caused substantial variation of the DNA structure. It was shown that VCD spectroscopy is an effective tool for the conformational studies of nucleic acid–porphyrin complexes in solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:349–358, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Influence of bioreactor scale and complex medium on probing control of glucose feeding in cultivations of recombinant strains of Escherichia coli
Authors: Velut Stéphane , Castan Andreas , Short Kevin A. , Axelsson Jan Peter , Hagander Per , Zditosky Barry A. , Rysenga Christopher W. , de Maré Lena , Haglund Jan
Published: December 2006

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a feedback glucose control strategy (the probing strategy) in production relevant bioreactors with complex and mineral media. Experimental results from fed‐batch cultivations with two recombinant Escherichia coli constructs expressing two different human therapeutic proteins were used to assess the performance and limitations of the glucose probing technique. Even though the performance of the probing strategy was affected by scale and complex media, this methodology rapidly identified a glucose feed protocol similar to an experimentally derived feed regime. This methodology may serve as a powerful tool for industrial process development and in optimization of glucose feed regimes when transferring process technology from one bioreactor system to another. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 816–824. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Effective Metallohydrolase Model with a Supramolecular Environment: Structures, Properties, and Activities
Authors: Zhou Ying‐Hua , Fu Heng , Zhao Wei‐Xi , Tong Ming‐Liang , Su Cheng‐Yong , Sun Hongzhe , Ji Liang‐Nian , Mao Zong‐Wan
Published: December 2006

A supramolecular inclusion complex, [Zn(L1)(H2O)2(β‐CD)](ClO4)2⋅9.5 H2O (1) was synthesized and characterized structurally and its first‐order active species for hydrolysis of esters, [Zn(L1)(H2O)(OH)(β‐CD)](ClO4) (2), was isolated (L1=4‐(4′‐tert‐butylbenzyl)diethylenetriamine; β‐CD=β‐cyclodextrin). The apparent inclusion stability constant of the host and the guest measured in aqueous solution was (5.91±0.03)×103 for 1. The measured values of the first‐ and second‐order pKa values of coordinated water molecules were 8.20±0.08 and 10.44±0.08, respectively, and were assigned to water molecules occupying the plane and remaining axial positions in a distorted trigonal bipyramid of the [Zn(L1)(H2O)2(β‐CD)]2+ sphere according to the structural analysis of [Zn(L2)(H2O)}2(μ‐OH)](ClO4)3 (3) (L2=4‐benzyldiethylenetriamine). p‐Nitrophenyl acetate (pNA) hydrolysis catalyzed by 1 at pH 7.5–9.1 and 25.0±0.1 °C exhibited a first‐order reaction with various concentrations of pNA and 1, but the pH profile did not indicate saturated kinetic behavior. Second‐order rate constants of 0.59 and 24.0 M−1 s−1 were calculated for [Zn(L1)(H2O)(OH)(β‐CD)]+ and [Zn(L1)(OH)2(β‐CD)], respectively; the latter exhibited a potent catalytic activity relative to the reported mononuclear and polynuclear ZnII species.
Ligand‐Based Vascular Targeting of Disease
Authors: Rybak Jascha‐N. , Trachsel Eveline , Scheuermann Jörg , Neri Dario
Published: December 2006

This review illustrates the basic principles of ligand‐based vascular targeting and presents some of the most advanced results obtained in this field, not only in terms of biopharmaceuticals, which are currently being investigated in clinical and preclinical studies, but also in terms of enabling technologies that facilitate target and ligand discovery. Whereas most of the vascular targeting research activities have so far concentrated on tumoral angiogenesis, the development of non‐oncological applications has recently gained momentum and is likely to become an important area of modern pharmaceutical research.