bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Diagnostics of 1x Faults in Rotating Machinery
Authors: El-Shafei A. , Hassan T. A. F. , Soliman A. K. , Zeyada Y. , Rieger N.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the application of neural networks and fuzzy logic to the diagnosis of faults in rotating machinery is investigated. The learning-vector-quantization (LVQ) neural network is applied in series and in parallel to a fuzzy inference engine, to diagnose 1x faults. The faults investigated are unbalance, misalignment, and structural looseness. The method is applied to a test rig (Hassan et al., 2003, ASME Paper No. GT 2003-38450), and the effectiveness of the integrated Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic method is illustrated.
Dynamics of a High-Frequency Fuel Actuator and its Applications for Combustion Instability Control
Authors: Yi Tongxun , Gutmark Ephraim J.
Published: July 2007

The present paper performs complementary experimental and theoretical investigations of a pump-style, high-frequency, magnetostrictive fuel actuator, which achieves fuel modulations by periodically “pushing” fuel out of a piston-cylinder unit instead of by modulating the flow area. The low-order models are developed to identify relevant parameters and investigate their influences on fuel modulations. This fuel actuator is proprietary, its detailed internal structure and dimension are not available, so only qualitative comparisons between the model predictions and experiments are made. Experiments validate the trend of the model predictions. A system-identification-based LQG controller is designed to quickly suppress strong interferences of fuel modulations with the mean fuel flow rate. Improvements to the fuel setup have been made according to the model predictions, which have been experimentally shown to be beneficial to combustion instability control.
The SAFE (SGRQ score, air-flow limitation and exercise tolerance) Index: a new composite score for the stratification of severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Azarisman Mohd Shah , Fauzi Mohd Anshar , Faizal Mohd Perdaus Ahmad , Azami Zaharim , Roslina Abdul Manap , Roslan Harun
Published: July 2007

Background

This study was proposed to develop a composite of outcome measures using forced expiratory volume percentage of predicted, exercise capacity and quality of life scores for assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity.

Materials and methods

Eighty-six patients with COPD were enrolled into a prospective, observational study at the respiratory outpatient clinic, National University Hospital Malaysia (Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - HUKM), Kuala Lumpur.

Results

Our study found modest correlation between the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), 6 min walk distance and the SGRQ scores with mean (SD) values of 0.97 (0.56) litres/s, 322 (87) m and 43.7 (23.6)%, respectively. K-Means cluster analysis identified four distinct clusters which reached statistical significance which was refined to develop a new cumulative staging system. The SAFE Index score correlated with the number of exacerbations in 2 years (r = 0.497, p<0.001).

Conclusion

We have developed the SGRQ, Air-Flow limitation and Exercise tolerance Index (SAFE Index) for the stratification of severity in COPD. This index incorporates the SGRQ score, the FEV1 % predicted and the 6 min walk distance. The SAFE Index is moderately correlated with the number of disease exacerbations.
Foreign travel for advanced cancer patients: a guide for healthcare professionals
Authors: Perdue Colin , Noble Simon
Published: July 2007

The opportunity for a patient with advanced cancer to travel abroad may, for some, be a life affirming event during a dark period in their life. For others, what they hoped to be a time of joy may become an unmitigated disaster if they become unwell while away from the safety net of local cancer services. The rise of low budget airlines and cheaper foreign travel has led to an increase in the number of people travelling by air. Health professionals are more likely to face requests by patients to advise them on travel plans. Although foreign travel is an unrealistic goal for some patients, appropriate forward planning and proactive management can allow some patients to make an important journey abroad. This paper looks at the practical issues facing cancer patients who intend to travel overseas and offers practical advice on considerations that need to be made.
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Agarwal A K , Garg R , Ritch A , Sarkar P
Published: July 2007

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic disturbance which has become better understood in recent years. It is now thought to encompass a group of disorders that have similar clinical features, such as orthostatic intolerance, but individual distinguishing parameters—for example, blood pressure and pulse rate. The clinical picture, diagnosis, and management of POTS are discussed.
Quality of life and alteration in comorbidity following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
Authors: Titi M , Jenkins J T , Modak P , Galloway D J
Published: July 2007

Objectives

Obesity is an increasing problem in the UK and bariatric surgery is likely to increase in volume in the future. While substantial weight loss is the primary outcome following bariatric surgery, the effect on obesity-related morbidity, mortality and quality of life (QOL) is equally important. This study reports on weight loss, QOL, and health outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) in a low volume bariatric centre (<20 cases/year) and presents the first assessment of factors relating to the QOL which has been produced from a UK based surgical practice.

Study design

Questionnaire based study of patients who had LAGB. Each patients' initial body mass index (BMI), QOL, and comorbidities were recorded. Change in these parameters was measured including excess weight loss, and output from both the Moorehead–Ardelt QOL questionnaire, and the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS).

Results

Eighty-one patients (14 males, 67 females) answered the questionnaire. More than 50% excess weight loss was recorded in 52/81 patients (64%). Sixty-four patients (79%) reported improvement in their QOL including self-esteem, physical activity, social involvement, and ability to work. Seventy-one patients had initial obesity related comorbidity. In 61 of these patients (86%) their comorbidities resolved or improved. Minor port site related complications were recorded in nine patients while two patients had removal of the band because of infection.

Conclusion

LAGB is a safe method of bariatric surgery. It can achieve satisfactory weight loss with significant improvement in QOL and comorbidity.
Pneumothorax: an update
Authors: Currie Graeme P , Alluri Ratna , Christie Gordon L , Legge Joe S
Published: July 2007

Pneumothorax is a relatively common clinical problem which can occur in individuals of any age. Irrespective of aetiology (primary, or secondary to antecedent lung disorders or injury), immediate management depends on the extent of cardiorespiratory impairment, degree of symptoms and size of pneumothorax. Guidelines have been produced which outline appropriate strategies in the care of patients with a pneumothorax, while the emergence of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery has created a more accessible and successful tool by which to prevent recurrence in selected individuals. This evidence based review highlights current practices involved in the management of patients with a pneumothorax.
Techniques for targeting screening in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hurlstone David Paul , Brown Steve
Published: July 2007

Patients with longstanding chronic ulcerative colitis are “at risk” of developing colorectal cancer. Approximately 1 in 6 patients will die as a result of colorectal malignancy, which can often be difficult to detect using conventional “white light” colonoscopy. New endoscopic techniques and technologies including the use of dye sprays, “chromoendoscopy”, high magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy and recently chromoscopic assisted confocal laser scanning in vivo endomicroscopy have now been introduced to improve the diagnostic yield of intraepithelial neoplasia at screening colonoscopy. This review details the true “risk” of colorectal cancer complicating ulcerative colitis, discusses the objective evidence to support current endoscopic screening guidelines, and describes the imminent technological paradigm shift about to occur in the endoscopic management and detection of intraepithelial neoplasia.
A LINEARLY CONFORMING RADIAL POINT INTERPOLATION METHOD FOR SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS
Authors: LIU G. R. , LI Y. , DAI K. Y. , LUAN M. T. , XUE W.
Published: July 2007

A linearly conforming radial point interpolation method (LC-RPIM) is presented for stress analysis of two-dimensional solids. In the LC-RPIM method, each field node is enclosed by a Voronoi polygon, and the displacement field function is approximated using RPIM shape functions of Kronecker delta function property created by simple interpolation using local nodes and radial basis functions augmented with linear polynomials to guarantee linear consistency. The system equations are then derived using the Galerkin weak form and nodal integration techniques, and the essential boundary conditions are imposed directly as in the finite element method. The LC-RPIM method is verified via various numerical examples and an extensive comparison study is conducted with the conventional RPIM, analytical approach and FEM. It is found that the presented LC-RPIM is more stable, more accurate in stress and more efficient than the conventional RPIM.
ELEMENT-FREE METHODS VS. MESH-LESS CAE
Authors: SAKURAI HIDEYUKI
Published: July 2007

Element-free methods (EFreeMs) are expected to eliminate the mesh generation task. However, a computer aided engineering (CAE) system by EFreeM for complex three-dimensional (3D) objects has not yet been developed. This paper discusses the obstacles to the CAE and way to solve them. A 3D groundwater flow analysis system with an EFreeM is presented as a practical CAE. In the system, instead of pursuing mesh-less CAE, a unique mesh is employed to achieve the practical CAE. Some 3D examples show the performance and usefulness of the system. Two serious drawbacks of the EFreeM are also discussed from the viewpoint of the practical CAE.
Structural Assesment of Corroded Beams
Authors: Prieto Miguel , Muñoz Noval Alejandro , Andrade Perdrix Mª Carmen
Published: July 2007

This paper shows how the corrosion and mechanical actions can be taken into account in a simple model for the assessment of structural elements. This work is framed in the Project Benchmark des Poutres de La Rance in which several partners have participated. The Project tried to characterize the degradation of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures after an aging in marine atmosphere with non-destructive methods and to evaluate different existing models for the structural assessment. For this aim a 4-point bending test was performed on six prestressed concrete beams. The model gives a reasonable approach for the assessment of structural elements. Similar rules can be adopted for other failure modes. It is important to notice the need of reliable input data for the assessment and also the need of integration of deterioration processes in design.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Galvanized Rebars in Alkaline Solutions with an Inhibitor
Authors: Herrera Maria J. , Torres-Acosta A. A. , Perez Jose T. , Martinez Miguel
Published: July 2007

This investigation presents the electrochemical characterization of galvanized steel reinforcements in alkaline solutions simulating concrete-pore environment where corrosion inhibitors were used. Half-cell potentials and linear polarization resistance were performed to determine if the used inhibitor decreases the corrosion activity of the galvanized coating when high pH solutions are present. Results show remarkable decreases in passivation times between the samples with inhibitor vs. without inhibitor.
Nano Al2O3 Rod Array Structure Produced by Using Internal Oxidation of Dilute Ni(Al) Alloys
Authors: Nanko Makoto , Uemura Katsumi , Takeda Kazuyuki
Published: July 2007

New route to fabricate a nano rod random-array structure was proposed. Nano Al2O3 rod array structure was fabricated by using internal oxidation and electropolishing of dilute Ni(Al) alloys. The diameter of Al2O3 rods ranges from 200 to 800 nm, depending on oxidation temperature and grinding depth before electropolishing. Length of Al2O3 rods can be controlled by electropolishing condition.
Metal Dusting of Nickel and its Alloys
Authors: Zhang Jianqiang , Young David J.
Published: July 2007

Pure nickel, Ni-Cu binary alloys, Types 304 and 310 stainless steels and Alloy 800H were all reacted with carbon- supersaturated CO/H2/H2O at 680oC. In general, the reaction led to growth of an external deposit, together with graphitization at both external surfaces and interior grain boundaries. By independently controlling the supersaturated carbon activity and pCO, it was demonstrated that the reaction of pure nickel was determined by parallel, independent reaction paths, and the carbon uptake rate was well described by Rate = k1pCOpH2 + k2p2CO - k3p2H2 leading to a maximum rate at about pCO ~ 0.7 atm. The surface graphite layer thickened, growing into the metal, while graphite particle clusters and nanofilaments formed on the surface. Each particle cluster and filament contained metal nanoparticles. Addition of copper to the nickel suppressed graphite particle cluster formation, thereby decreasing greatly the overall dusting rate. This phenomenon is interpreted in terms of graphite nucleation and copper interference with nucleation sites involving multiple nickel atoms. Reaction conditions used were such as to stabilize Fe3C and chromium carbides, Cr2O3 and spinel, but not iron or nickel oxides. Under these conditions, all three alloys, 304SS, 310SS and 800H, dusted, with 304SS experiencing the greatest metal wastage. Additions of copper had no effect on the dusting rate of 304SS, but greatly decreased the dusting of 310SS and 800H.
Development of Diffusion Coatings for Aggressive High Temperature Environments
Authors: Weber Till S. , Rohr Valentin , Schuetze Michael
Published: July 2007

In several high temperature process environments containing aggressive gaseous species and/or deposits conventional alloys may suffer from severe corrosion attack even if high alloyed steels or Ni-base materials are used. The application of diffusion coatings can be a promising solution, since the base material can fulfil the mechanical requirements and the diffusion coating can be optimized with respect to the corrosion resistance. Aluminium diffusion coatings as well as co-diffusion coatings containing aluminium, titanium and/or silicon were produced and tested under reducing sulfidizing conditions, in metal dusting atmospheres and in chlorine containing high temperature environments. The results of corrosion experiments will be described including mechanisms and kinetics of the corrosion attack.
Gas Evolution During Oxidation of Refractory Borides and Carbides at 1500{degree sign}C to 2700{degree sign}C
Authors: Metcalfe Arthur G.
Published: July 2007

Refractory borides and carbides generate gases on oxidation. Escape of these gases must be provided to avoid damage or loss of the scale. The gaseous products are stable molecules so that ionic transport through the scale is not possible. Borides such as ZrB2 form oxides such as B2O3 that melts at 450C and boils at 1860C under one atmosphere pressure. Transition to vapor provided dramatic evidence for destructive gas generation. Carbides generate gases over a wide temperature range that must be allowed to escape but may be beneficial in creating porosity in scales. A model is proposed for the mechanisms of oxidation in plasma arc tests. It is based on observation during the test of temperature, rate of change of temperature and re-radiated energy. Thermal conductance and emissivity of the scales were calculated and led to proposed mechanisms of reaction between the boundary layer gas and the scale. This reaction controls emittance.
Oxidation-Protective Iridium and Iridium-Rhodium Coating Produced by Electrodeposition from Molten Salts
Authors: Etenko Alexander , McKechnie Tim , Shchetkovskiy Anatoliy , Smirnov Alexander
Published: July 2007

The electrodeposition of oxidation resistant iridium and iridium- rhodium coatings from non-toxic chloride molten salt electrolytes is investigated. Dense, pore free coatings on graphite, carbon- carbon and rhenium substrates were obtained. Electroformed iridium and iridium rhodium alloys have a typical columnar structure and grain size that increases with coating thickness. Influence of the thermal treatment on structure and room temperature mechanical properties of iridium-rhodium is studied. The oxidation of electroformed iridium and iridium- rhodium alloys in stagnant air at 1300 and 1400ºC is investigated and described. The possible applications of electroformed iridium and iridium-rhodium coatings are discussed.
Electrochemical Micromachining of Patterned Aluminum Films by Porous-type Anodization
Authors: Brevnov Dmitri A.
Published: July 2007

Porous-type anodization of patterned Al films and subsequent chemical etching of porous Al2O3 is a sub-category of electrochemical micromachining. This method results in metallic pillars separated by micro-grooves, whose dimensions are defined by the design of anodization masks and a degree of anisotropy of porous-type anodization. The pillars have a trapezoidal shape with concave slopes due to undercutting, which results from the lateral pore growth under the anodization mask. Regardless of undercutting, porous-type anodization shows a higher degree of anisotropy than mostly isotropic wet chemical etching and allows for more accurate shape control of 3-D metallic microstructures. Being technologically advantageous to mostly isotropic wet chemical etching and offering a lower cost of ownership than plasma etching, porous-type anodization of patterned Al represents a compromise between these two methods. Thus, porous-type anodization may constitute an inexpensive and scalable to large geometric areas platform for micro-structuring of Al substrates.
Directing Placement, Alignment, and Transport of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Labeled Microtubules
Authors: Williams Mary Elizabeth , Hutchins Benjamin M. , Platt Mark , Hancock William O.
Published: July 2007

In this report, we describe the functionalization of biotinylated microtubules with biotinylated cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles using a streptavidin linkage. These are exposed to kinesin-covered glass surfaces, where they bind and are monitored by epifuorescence microscopy. Placement of a magnet below the cell introduces an externally controlled magnetic field to manipulate microtubule placement, orientation, and transport on the kinesin-covered surfaces.
Evaluation of Electrochemical Surface Treatments of Ti by using Mesenchymal Stem Cells Culture
Authors: Pieta Dias Gabriel , Santos dos Santos Ana Camila , Santin Katiane , Oberdoerfer Daniel , da Silva Flavia Helena , Nardi Nance Beyer , Dick Luís Frederico P.
Published: July 2007

New surface modifications on pure Ti for prosthetic implants were developed and tested. The following treatments and their combinations were studied: Pitting, anodizing, and chemical deposition of Ca-phosphates. Mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on these Ti substrates to evaluate the quality of the proposed treatments. The closing of superficial oxide pores produced by plasma anodization of Ti was carried out by chemical deposition of Ca-phosphates and others compounds by immersion methods in different baths in order to promote a controlled release mechanisms of pharmaceutical compounds from the implant to the organism. The results were evaluated by the statistical analysis of the reduction of the pores density. Cells culture results indicated that the modified Ti surfaces were able to promote cellular adhesion and proliferation. The obtained calcium phosphate deposition was efficient in closing 50% of the pores, although the deposition was not homogenous on the whole surface.
Novel Nanostructured Hydroxyl-Paracyclophane Thin Films
Authors: Demirel Melik C. , Singh Alok
Published: July 2007

We have recently developed nanostructured polymer thin films (STFs) that are hierarchical and spatially organized. STFs were prepared from hydroxyl-paracyclophane precursors for depositing ordered nanoporous materials. STFs offer the possibility of fabricating polymer films exhibiting tunable porosity by systematically varying and controlling both the surface chemistry and topology. The strength of our technology is the ability to control surface topology, chemistry and film morphology at the same time. Functionalized STF materials provide many technological advantages such as the controlled delivery of drugs, encapsulation of enzymes, and tissue engineering substrates of specific cells.
Electrochemical Deposition of Nano-Micro Structured Octacalcium Phosphate/Protein Composite Coating on Titanium for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Hui , Lin Chang-Jian , Hu Ren , Xu Yanli
Published: July 2007

In this study, we have successfully constructed a novel nano- micro structured octacalcium phosphate/protein composite coating on titanium by using an electrochemical deposition (ED) technique. The physico-chemical and biological properties of the coating were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and in vivo test respectively. Under typical deposition conditions, the titanium surface formed a composite coating consisting of octacalcium phosphate and protein with a highly and hierarchically porous structure in nano-micro scale. This porous composite coating is similar to the natural bone structure. The preliminary in vivo evaluation demonstrates that the octacalcium phosphate/protein composite coating exhibits a preferable biocompatibility, and it is expected to become a new generational bone substitute materials.
Reductive Cyclisations using Environmentally Friendly Electrochemical Methodologies
Authors: Dunach Elisabet , Medeiros Maria José , Olivero Sandra
Published: July 2007

The electrochemical reductive cyclization of unsaturated organic halides was examined in the presence of Ni(II) complexes associated to macrocyclic ligands. Ni(0) or Ni(I) intermediate species were obtained according to the nature of the ligand. The reactions could be carried out in protic solvents such as ethanol, buthanol or ethanol-water mixtures and still be catalytic and highly efficient.
Charge Transfer Stage during Potentiostatic Formation of Zinc Nuclei on Carbon Electrode from Zincate Solution
Authors: Kryshtop Yuriy , Trofimenko Vitaliy
Published: July 2007

This work is devoted to an investigation of the dynamics of charge transfer ηD and crystallization ηc overpotentials during potentiostatic formation of zinc atoms adsorbed on an isotropic pyrolytic carbon electrode in a zincate solution. We found two reasons for time dependent decrease of ηD. The first, the exchange current increases due to gradual activation of the electrode surface by the applied potential pulse. The second reason is increase of the supersaturation. Activation of the electrode is suggested to consist in reduction of oxygen- containing carbon compounds followed by adsorption of water molecules, which participate in the rate-controlling stage of [Zn(OH)3H2O]- ion reduction. The time dependent change of the crystallization overpotential as a constituent of the total overpotential η causes redistribution of the ηD and ηc terms.
Electrodeposition of Fe on n-type GaAs(001) and GaAlAs(001)
Authors: Zangari G. , Shao Wenbo , Pattanaik Gyana , Vutukuri Srinivasulu , Shad Rainer
Published: July 2007

Electrodeposition of epitaxial Fe films on GaAs(001) and GaAlAs (001) substrates prepared using different chemical etching methods was investigated. GaAlAs surfaces etched with 2% ammonia solution can promote the growth of oriented cubes, suggesting the oriented growth of Fe(001). Fe on GaAlAs appears to grow through two different growth modes, which are interpreted as two-dimensional 2D followed by 3D growth. GaAs surfaces etched with HCl present a different nucleation and growth mode from that obtained using ammonia etching. This results in a larger nucleation density and promotes the growth of continuous films and smaller grain sizes.
Metallization of Spherical Polystyrene Particles
Authors: Djokic Stojan
Published: July 2007

Metallization of spherical polystyrene particles with Ni, Cu, Pd and Ag was investigated using procedures for the electroless deposition of these metals and analytical methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning carorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). While the electroless deposition of nickel from an acidic solution was successful, as found by the SEM, the metallization of polystyrene with Cu, Pd and Ag from alkaline solutions led to non-uniform and incomplete deposition of these metals onto polymer surface. This observation was attributed to the modification of the polystyrene surface with hydroxyl ions from the alkaline plating solutions, which was confirmed by the DSC analysis. An acidic pre-treatment of the polystyrene spheres with sulfonic acid led to the successful electroless deposition from alkaline solutions (e.g. Cu, Pd and Ag) and polystyrene spherical particles completely covered with these metals were obtained.
Dopamine-β-hydroxylase in postural tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Garland Emily M. , Black Bonnie K. , Harris Paul A. , Robertson David
Published: July 2007

Norepinephrine is frequently elevated in postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a syndrome of heterogeneous etiology characterized by a >30 beats/min increase in heart rate with standing. Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine by dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). The results of a preliminary study suggested that the T allele frequency of the DBH −1021C→T polymorphism is elevated in POTS. This allele correlates with low DBH activity and might predict reduced serum DBH activity in patients with POTS. To test the hypothesis that low DBH activity and the underlying −1021C→T polymorphism are associated with increased susceptibility to POTS, we measured serum DBH activity in POTS and determined its relationship to the DBH genotype and plasma norepinephrine. Serum DBH was similar for 83 normal volunteers and 42 patients with POTS: median (range) = 22.5 (0.5–94.2) and 19.6 (0.1–68.8) nmol·min−1·ml−1, respectively ( P = 0.282). The genotype frequencies for 254 control and 157 POTS patients were not different between groups (∼63% CC genotype and ∼5% TT genotype, P = 0.319). The T allele associated with lower serum DBH in both groups [control serum DBH = 15.7 (SD 12.3) and 35.1 nmol·min−1·ml−1(SD 18.6) for T carriers and noncarriers, respectively; POTS serum DBH = 8.2 (SD 5.6) and 28.5 nmol·min−1·ml−1(SD 14.7) for T carriers and noncarriers, respectively]. High DBH in POTS was linked to elevated plasma levels of norepinephrine. Although DBH activity and genotype are unlikely to be primary determinants of susceptibility to POTS, differences in DBH activity in POTS may reflect differences in the level of sympathetic activation.
Oxidative Stress Induced by Intense and Exhaustive Exercise Impairs Murine Cognitive Function
Authors: Rosa Eloi F. , Takahashi Shirley , Aboulafia Jeannine , Nouailhetas Viviane L. A. , Oliveira Maria G. M.
Published: July 2007

It has been shown that exercise is helpful against brain disorders. However, this may not be true for intense exercise (IE). Because it is easy to misadjust exercise intensity with physical condition, it is essential to know the effects of IE on cognitive process because it may have important consequences on people skills and work skills. We investigated the effects of IE on male C57Bl/6 mice, 3-mo-old, undergoing 10 days of intense and exhaustive running program on cognition and its possible relationship with brain oxidative stress. Cognition was evaluated by three different cognitive tests: passive avoidance task, contextual fear conditioning, and tone fear conditioning, performed 24 h after the last exercise session. Brain oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. There was a remarkable memory reduction of exercised animals in comparison with the control group, associated with increase in the brain oxidative stress, with no alterations in shock sensitivity, locomotion and anxiety parameters. Concurrent vitamin C and E supplementation fully prevented the memory decrement induced by IE and partially recovered both the increased the brain lipid peroxidation and the protein oxidation. In conclusion, IE-induces a high index of brain oxidative stress and impairs memory in murine model that was prevented by vitamin C and E supplementation.
A Modified Rough Set Approach to Incomplete Information Systems
Authors: Rady E. A. , Abd El-Monsef M. M. E. , Abd El-Latif W. A.
Published: July 2007

The key point of the tolerance relation or similarity relation presented in the literature is to
assign a “null” value to all missing attribute values. In other words,
a “null” value may be equal to any value in the domain of the attribute values. This
may cause a serious effect in data analysis and decision analysis because the missing values
are just “missed” but they do exist and have an influence on the decision. In this
paper, we will introduce the modified similarity relation denoted by MSIM that is dependent on the
number of missing values with respect to the number of the whole defined attributes for each
object. According to the definition of MSIM, many problems concerning the generalized decisions
are solved. This point may be used in scaling in statistics in a wide range. Also, a new definition of
the discernibility matrix, deduction of the decision rules, and reducts in the present of the missing
values are obtained.
Kidney Modelling for FDG Excretion with PET
Authors: Qiao Huiting , Bai Jing , Chen Yingmao , Tian Jiahe
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to detect the physiological process of FDG′s filtration from blood to urine and to establish a mathematical model to describe the process. Dynamic positron emission tomography scan for FDG was performed on seven normal volunteers. The filtration process in kidney can be seen in the sequential images of each study. Variational distribution of FDG in kidney can be detected in dynamic data. According to the structure and function, kidney is divided into parenchyma and pelvis. A unidirectional three‐compartment model is proposed to describe the renal function in FDG excretion. The time‐activity curves that were picked up from the parenchyma, pelvis, and abdominal aorta were used to estimate the parameter of the model. The output of the model has fitted well with the original curve from dynamic data.
Aqueous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Lignin: The Influence of Mineral Admixtures
Authors: Portjanskaja Elina , Preis Sergei
Published: July 2007

The photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of UV-irradiated aqueous solutions containing lignin onTiO2was studied for the influence of ferrous ions. The addition ofFe2+, up to 2.8 mgL−1, to the acidic lignin solution leads to the drastic, for about 25%, increase in PCO efficiency. A further increase in ferrous ion concentration results in a decrease in PCO efficiency of lignin. The maximum PCO efficiency, up to 9.2 mgW−1h−1, was observed in neutral and slightly basic media: the oxidation mechanism with OH-radicals seems to prevail. Also, the difference in the PCO performance with a different attachment mode of titanium dioxide on the catalyst support was observed. Sprayed catalyst exhibited 1.5 times higher efficiency than the one attached by submersion, although sprayed one was easily resuspended in acidic lignin solutions. The efficiency of the N-doped photocatalyst active in visible light was observed to be negligible with lignin.
The Influence of Iron Ions on the Aqueous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Deicing Agents
Authors: Klauson D. , Preis S.
Published: July 2007

An experimental research into aqueous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of the deicing compounds, 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME), and ethylene glycol (EG) was undertaken. The addition of iron ions to the acidic aqueous solutions to be treated displayed complex influence on the oxidation efficiency of the above mentioned substances, resulting in a sharp increase of the PCO efficiency at smaller concentrations of iron ions followed by a drastic decrease with the increasing iron ion concentrations. The phenomena observed can be explained by the electron scavenging effect of the iron ions and the competitive adsorption of iron ions and the oxidized substances on titanium dioxide surface. The carbonic acids determined as the PCO by-products allow outlining some reaction pathways for the substances under consideration.
Primary Cardiac Synovial Sarcoma: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Boulmay Brian , Cooper Gary , Reith John D. , Marsh Robert
Published: July 2007

Synovial sarcoma comprises approximately 10%of all soft tissue sarcoma diagnoses; a primary synovial sarcoma of the myocardium is exceedingly rare. There have been very few cases reported in the literature thus far. With the identification of the characteristic and diagnostic chromosomal abnormality t(X;18), this may become an increasingly recognized entity. Our report adds to the limited published cases of primary cardiac synovial sarcoma with the characteristic t(X;18). Further elucidation of the effects of this translocation on the cell cycle may lead to directed therapies in the future.
TNF-α–based accentuation in cryoinjury—dose, delivery, and response
Authors: Goel Raghav , Swanlund David , Coad James , Paciotti Guilio F. , Bischof John C.
Published: July 2007

Cryosurgery is a minimally invasive cancer treatment using cryogenic temperatures. Intraoperative monitoring of iceball growth is an advantage of the treatment. However, whereas the iceball can be easily visualized, destruction within the iceball is incomplete and the means to monitor the “kill zone” are urgently needed. Recently, we have shown the ability of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to enhance destruction within an iceball. To avoid systemic toxicity, we delivered TNF-α selectively to the tumor by a gold nanoparticle of 30-nm diameter (CYT-6091) tagged with TNF-α and thiol-derivatized polyethylene glycol. Using a dorsal skin fold chamber (DSFC) in a nude mouse, both normal skin and human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP Pro 5) were pretreated with soluble TNF-α (topically or i.v.) or CYT-6091 (i.v.) and frozen after 4 h. The cryolesion was assessed after 3 days by comparing histologic necrosis with perfusion defects. Hind limb tumors were also treated by visibly encompassing the tumor with an iceball and assessing gross changes over time. A 5-μg dose of soluble TNF-α or CYT-6091 increased the temperature threshold of necrosis in the tumor in the DSFC from −14.0 ± 1.6°C (n = 6) to 0.9 ± 1.5°C (n = 6) and −1.5 ± 3.7°C (n = 6), respectively. In hind limb tumors, the same dose resulted in significant tumor shrinkage and remission in 2 of 8 (for soluble TNF-α) and in 3 of 8 (for CYT-6091). The nanoparticle alone group without TNF-α increased the temperature threshold of necrosis to −7.0 ± 2.3°C in the tumor in the DSFC and more shrinkage of the tumor in the hind limb when compared with cryo alone treatment. Systemic toxicity was noted in all soluble TNF-α groups but none with CYT-6091. These results suggest that it is possible to destroy all of a tumor within an iceball by preincubation with TNF-α and systemic toxicity can be avoided by CYT-6091. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2039–47]
Nuclear factor-κB activation: a molecular therapeutic target for estrogen receptor–negative and epidermal growth factor receptor family receptor–positive human breast cancer
Authors: Singh Sindhu , Shi Qian , Bailey Shannon T. , Palczewski Marek J. , Pardee Arthur B. , Iglehart J. Dirk , Biswas Debajit K.
Published: July 2007

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor with pleotropic effects, is a downstream mediator of growth signaling in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and erbB family particularly erbB2 (HER-2/neu) receptor–positive cancer. We previously reported activation of NF-κB in ER-negative breast cancer cells and breast tumor specimens, but the consequence of inhibiting NF-κB activation in this subclass of breast cancer has not been shown. In this study, we investigated the role of NF-κB activation by studying the tumorigenic potential of cells expressing genetically manipulated, inducible, dominant-negative inhibitory κB kinase (IKK) β in xenograft tumor model. Conditional inhibition of NF-κB activation by the inducible expression of dominant-negative IKKβ simultaneously blocked cell proliferation, reinstated apoptosis, and dramatically blocked xenograft tumor formation. Secondly, the humanized anti-erbB2 antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) and the specific IKK inhibitor NF-κB essential modifier–binding domain peptide both blocked NF-κB activation and cell proliferation and reinstated apoptosis in two ER-negative and erbB2-positive human breast cancer cell lines that are used as representative model systems. Combinations of these two target-specific inhibitors synergistically blocked cell proliferation at concentrations that were singly ineffective. Inhibition of NF-κB activation with two other low molecular weight compounds, PS1145 and PS341, which inhibited IKK activity and proteasome-mediated phosphorylated inhibitory κB protein degradation, respectively, blocked erbB2-mediated cell growth and reversed antiapoptotic machinery. These results implicate NF-κB activation in the tumorigenesis and progression of ER-negative breast cancer. It is postulated that this transcription factor and its activation cascade offer therapeutic targets for erbB2-positive and ER-negative breast cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):1973–82]
Novel semisynthetic analogues of betulinic acid with diverse cytoprotective, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities
Authors: Liby Karen , Honda Tadashi , Williams Charlotte R. , Risingsong Renee , Royce Darlene B. , Suh Nanjoo , Dinkova-Kostova Albena T. , Stephenson Katherine K. , Talalay Paul , Sundararajan Chitra , Gribble Gordon W. , Sporn Michael B.
Published: July 2007

Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from birch bark and other plants, selectively inhibits the growth of human cancer cell lines. However, the poor potency of BA hinders its clinical development, despite a lack of toxicity in animal studies even at high concentrations. Here, we describe six BA derivatives that are markedly more potent than BA for inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase, activating phase 2 cytoprotective enzymes, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and in Bax/Bak−/− fibroblasts, which lack two key proteins involved in the intrinsic, mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Notably, adding a cyano-enone functionality in the A ring of BA enhanced its cytoprotective properties, but replacing the cyano group with a methoxycarbonyl strikingly increased potency in the apoptosis assays. Higher plasma and tissue levels were obtained with the new BA analogues, especially CBA-Im [1-(2-cyano-3-oxolupa-1,20(29)-dien-28-oyl)imidazole], compared with BA itself and at concentrations that were active in vitro. These results suggest that BA is a useful platform for drug development, and the enhanced potency and varied biological activities of CBA-Im make it a promising candidate for further chemoprevention or chemotherapeutic studies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2113–9]
Novel antagonists of the thioesterase domain of human fatty acid synthase
Authors: Richardson Robyn D. , Smith Jeffrey W.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is up-regulated in a wide range of cancers and has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target. Indeed, previous research has shown that inhibition of FAS with active site-modifying agents can block tumor cell proliferation, elicit tumor cell death, and prevent tumor growth in animal models. Here, we use a high-throughput fluorogenic screen and identify a novel pharmacophore, 5-(furan-2-ylmethylene) pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione, which inhibits the thioesterase domain of FAS. The novel antagonists are competitive inhibitors of the thioesterase domain, inhibit de novo fatty acid synthesis, and elicit FAS-dependent tumor cell death. This set of novel FAS antagonists provides an important pharmacologic lead for further development of anticancer therapeutics. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2120–6]
Lying, Cheating Foreigners!! Negotiation Ethics across Cultures
Authors: Lytle Anne Louise , Rivers Cheryl
Published: July 2007

To be on the receiving end of 'unethical' negotiation tactics is a challenge at any time, but is especially difficult when the other party is from a different culture. A model is presented that demonstrates how culture influences numerous situational variables in a negotiation and, in particular, how culture impacts upon negotiators' ethical decision making. It is posited that culture directly influences the legal environment, organizational code of ethics, organizational goals, and the perception of the other party, and that culture moderates negotiators' understanding of each of these situational variables. The theoretical and practical implications of the model are also discussed.
Poverty Duration, Maternal Psychological Resources, and Adolescent Socioemotional Outcomes
Authors: Goosby Bridget J.
Published: July 2007

This study seeks to assess the impact of maternal psychological well-being on the depression and anxiety levels and social withdrawal in a sample of young African American and Caucasian adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14 ( N = 854) using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 child sample. Analyses using structural equation modeling found (a) that the duration of time mothers spend in poverty strongly predicts maternal mastery and depressive symptoms and (b) that the effects of poverty duration on adolescent outcomes are mediated primarily by maternal depression and sense of mastery even after controlling for parenting behavior and other familial background characteristics.
Patterns of Single Mothers' Work and Welfare Use
Authors: Neblett Nicole Gardner
Published: July 2007

Few studies have captured the variation in single mothers' work and welfare experiences and the implications for children. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Child Development Study, this study examines patterns of wages, work hours, and time spent on welfare in relation to children's well-being ( N = 820). Six patterns emerged and were related to differences in children's outcomes, with lower well-being among children whose mothers had left welfare for work or who stayed on welfare. Findings differed by children's age and gender among some groups. Considering how these patterns relate to children may help in the design and implementation of programs or services.
General Article: Technology and the Law: Who Rules?
Authors: Vanderburg Willem H.
Published: July 2007

What is the likelihood of controlling technology by means of the law? In traditional societies, the law was deeply embedded in, and dependent on, culture (the totality of human creations for making sense of and living in the world). Industrialization required a complete restructuring of both technology and society, thus engulfing all traditions in a flood of new situations for which there were no precedents. This necessitated a growing reliance on reason at the expense of culture, thereby creating a rational and technical order that evolved with less and less reference to sense (i.e. experience and culture). It is within this context that recent legal transformations must be understood as participating in an order of non-sense. This bodes ill for protecting and helping to ensure a livable, sustainable human future.
Impact of Recent Seizures on Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome: Study of 2 Cases
Authors: Oguz Kader K. , Senturk Senem , Ozturk Arzu , Anlar Banu , Topcu Meral , Cila Aysenur
Published: July 2007

Patients with refractory seizures, including those with Sturge-Weber syndrome, undergo functional studies in preparation for surgery. Perfusion studies in Sturge-Weber syndrome by single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography generally demonstrate hypoperfusion in the diseased tissue. We report perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging results in 2 cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome with recent seizures. The affected cerebral tissue showed increased relative cerebral blood flow and volume with prolonged mean transit time and time to peak. Elevated relative cerebral blood flow could be attributed to seizures, whereas increased relative cerebral blood volume might have resulted from vasodilation due to seizure activity or chronic ischemia. These findings point to the variable results of functional studies in Sturge-Weber syndrome that might lead to miscalculations of the lesion area before surgery.
Neuropsychological Symptoms of Juvenile-Onset Batten Disease: Experiences From 2 Studies
Authors: Adams Heather R. , Kwon Jennifer , Marshall Frederick J. , de Blieck Elisabeth A. , Pearce David A. , Mink Jonathan W.
Published: July 2007

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) is a progressive and fatal autosomal-recessive inherited lysosomal storage disorder of childhood. Core symptoms include vision loss, seizures, and mental and motor decline. This article presents data from 2 studies of neuropsychological function in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In the first cross-sectional pilot study, 15 children with genetic or clinicopathologic confirmation of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis completed a brief test of attention (mean age = 14.3 ± 2.9 years, range = 8.75-18.74 years; 7 males, 8 females). Average attention performances were significantly below age-expected normative data. A second longitudinal study was then initiated to study neuropsychological function in greater depth, including change in function over time. The authors have enrolled 18 children to date (mean age = 12.88 ± 3.59 years, range = 6.26-18.65; 11 males, 7 females). Of these, 5 children have completed a second (annual) re-evaluation. Results thus far indicate significant impairment in domains of auditory attention, memory, estimated verbal intellectual function, and verbal fluency. Neuropsychological impairment was significantly correlated with disease duration and with motor function as assessed by a disease-specific clinical neurologic rating scale. There was no significant difference between males and females in neuropsychological test performance. Neuropsychological function was worse among children with a positive seizure history. Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis—affected children exhibited significant and pervasive impairments on tests of auditory attention, verbal memory and repetition, verbal fluency, and an estimate of verbal intellectual ability. Preliminary follow-up data from an annual reassessment showed progressive declines in cognitive function, in particular on a task of working memory. Neuropsychological deficits are pervasive and progressive. Future research will focus on clarifying the relationship among disease duration, motor function, and neuropsychological performances, including the relative sensitivity of neuropsychological testing at different stages of motor impairment or disease duration.