bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suspected retropharyngeal haemorrhage as a complication of guttural pouch mycosis
Authors: Coleman M. C. , Hardy J.
Published: May 2017

An 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare presented for evaluation of severe, acute bilateral epistaxis of several hours’ duration. Endoscopic evaluation revealed active haemorrhage from the right guttural pouch and significant dorsal compression of the nasopharynx. Rapid and severe retropharyngeal swelling developed, prompting placement of a temporary tracheostomy. Guttural pouch mycosis was suspected and transarterial coil embolisation of the right internal carotid, external carotid and maxillary arteries was successfully performed. It was suspected that haemorrhage from the vasculature of the guttural pouch tracked caudally into the retropharyngeal region resulting in significant swelling, pharyngeal collapse and a severely compromised airway. Clinicians should be aware of this rare complication of guttural pouch epistaxis.
Effects of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.2% brimonidine–0.5% timolol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in normal equine eyes
Authors: Von Zup M. , Lassaline M. , Kass P. H. , Miller P. E. , Thomasy S. M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Brimonidine is an α2‐adrenergic agonist that decreases aqueous humour production and may increase uveoscleral outflow. It has not been evaluated in normal or glaucomatous equine eyes.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brimonidine in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), alone and in conjunction with timolol, as a treatment for equine glaucoma by comparingIOPin normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine and brimonidine–timolol, respectively, withIOPin control eyes.

Study design

A balanced crossover design with 16 horses receiving one of two treatments, brimonidine and brimonidine–timolol, during each of two 10‐day study phases, was used. Four horses were randomly assigned to each of four combinations of treated eye (right or left) and drug order within the two 10‐day study phases (brimonidine first or brimonidine–timolol first).

Methods

Pupil size and conjunctival hyperaemia were assessed twice per day andIOPwas measured three times per day using rebound tonometry in both eyes of 16 normal horses throughout two 10‐day study periods (brimonidine and brimonidine–timolol) separated by an 18‐day washout period. One eye of each horse was treated with brimonidine or brimonidine–timolol and the opposite eye was treated with balanced salt solution (BSS).

Results

There were no adverse effects and no significant changes in pupil size in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine or brimonidine–timolol. AverageIOPin normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine (25.6 mmHg) was statistically higher than in eyes treated with brimonidine–timolol (24.6 mmHg) orBSS(24.5 mmHg). However,IOPdifferences were of ≤1 mmHg and thus not clinically important.

Main limitations

Horses with normal eyes may not be as sensitive to theIOP‐lowering effects of treatment as horses with glaucoma.

Conclusions

Brimonidine and brimonidine–timolol are well tolerated in normal horses but do not decreaseIOP.
Stalk versus base invasion in pT1 papillary cancers of the bladder: improved substaging system predicting the risk of progression
Authors: Lawless Margaret , Gulati Roman , Tretiakova Maria
Published: May 2017

Aims

Pathological stage pT1 bladder cancers constitute a clinically heterogeneous group. However, current staging guidelines for superficially invasive cancers do not acknowledge the variability in type and extent of lamina propria invasion in papillary urothelial carcinomas (PUCs), and historically proposed substaging systems showed either high interobserver variation or limited value in predicting patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to reappraise pT1 PUC substaging, with the objective of identifying a novel scheme that is reproducible and prognostically meaningful.

Methods and results

pT1 PUCs diagnosed during 1999–2015 were retrospectively reviewed and characterized as focal invasion confined to the papillary stalk, focal invasion of the tumour base, or extensive invasion of the tumour base. Cases with concurrent flat carcinoma in situ, angiolymphatic invasion, absent muscularis propria or clinically advanced disease were excluded. We calculated cumulative incidence rates of recurrence, progression and death by tumour subtype, and evaluated differential risks by using log‐rank tests and Kaplan–Meier curves stratified by type and extent of invasion. Among 62 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria, 22 of 29 patients with base‐extensive invasion progressed, whereas four of 13 with base‐focal and none of 20 with stalk‐only invasion progressed. There was strong evidence that base‐extensive patients had a higher risk of progression and death resulting from bladder cancer than base‐focal or stalk‐only patients (P < 0.0001). However, tumour subtype was not significantly associated with risk of recurrence (P = 0.21).

Conclusions

We propose an innovative substaging approach for reporting the site and extent of lamina propria invasion in patients with pT1 PUC, allowing patient stratification for risk of progression.
Effect of interrupted motion on the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating nickel–titanium instruments
Authors: Keskin C. , Inan U. , Demiral M.
Published: May 2017

Aim

To compare the cyclic fatigue resistances of WaveOne Gold (Denstply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), WaveOne (Dentsply Sirona) and Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) in interrupted reciprocation.

Methodology

Three groups of 18 instruments each of WaveOne Gold Primary, WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests in reciprocation and interrupted reciprocation. The instruments in group 1 were tested in reciprocation, whereas in groups 2 and 3, reciprocation was interrupted for 1 s in every 5 s and 10 s, respectively. Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested using dynamic test devices in stainless steel, curved canals (60°, r = 5 mm) until fracture, and the time to fracture values were recorded. The lengths of the fractured tips were also recorded, and fractured surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests.

Results

The cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold Primary was not affected by the interruptions (P > 0.05) and exhibited significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 in all groups (P < 0.05). Interruptions reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Interrupted reciprocation reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Primary. The cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold Primary was greater than that of WaveOne Primary and was not dependent on the occurrence of interruptions.
Mechanical characteristics of counterfeit Reciproc instruments: a call for attention
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Vieira V. T. L. , Antunes H. S. , De‐Deus G. , Elias C. N. , Moreira E. J. L. , Silva E. J. N. L.
Published: May 2017

Aim

To report the main differences seen by direct visual inspection between original and counterfeit Reciproc instruments, together with an evaluation of instrument bending resistance, cyclic fatigue, surface finish, Vickers microhardness and chemical composition.

Methodology

The visual aspects of original Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) and counterfeit Reciproc R25 instruments (claimed to be original, supposedly with dimensions similar to those of Reciproc R25 files, bought at www.mercadolivre.com.br) were evaluated under direct observation, stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The flexibility of original and counterfeit Reciproc R25 was determined via 45° bending tests according to the ISO 3630‐1 specification. Instruments were also subjected to cyclic fatigue resistance, measuring the time to fracture in an artificial stainless steel canal with a 60° angle and 5‐mm radius of curvature. The fracture surfaces of all fragments were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Roughness of the instruments was quantified using a profilometer, and the microhardness test was carried out using a Vickers hardness tester. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) was also carried out. Results were analysed statistically using the Student's t‐test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

Although the packaging of the original and counterfeit instruments was similar, a number of differences were observed such as ISO colour coding, measurement marks, stopper and morphologic characteristics. Original Reciproc instruments had significantly longer cyclic fatigue life and significantly lower bending resistance than counterfeit Reciproc instruments (P < 0.05), as well as significantly lower microhardness and roughness (P < 0.05). EDX results revealed differences in the chemical composition of the instruments (P < 0.05), indicating that the instruments were manufactured with different raw material.

Conclusion

Original Reciproc files outperformed counterfeit instruments in all tests. It is thus important that identification strategies for these counterfeit instruments be developed, thereby preventing their inadvertent use.
Central Perspectives and Debates in Strategic Change Research
Authors: Müller Johanna , Kunisch Sven
Published: May 2017

This paper appraises and evaluates more than three decades of empirical research on strategic change. Strategic change research has traditionally built on either the deterministic view or the voluntaristic view – two opposing perspectives with fundamentally different assumptions about the influence of managers on the fortunes of organizations. In addition, a dialectical view on strategic change, which aims to bridge the two traditional views, has emerged. Despite the richness and value of research within these three perspectives, the continued accumulation of isolated and idiosyncratic insights adds little to the understanding of strategic change. In this paper, therefore, the authors assess, contrast and integrate research across the three perspectives in order to foster one cumulative body of knowledge about strategic change and to provide guidance for future research. Based on an analysis of 119 studies published in the leading academic journals in the fields of strategy and management, they consolidate existing knowledge and identify shortcomings in the cumulative body of research. On the basis of this assessment concerning prior research foci, study designs and assumptions, the authors propose four pathways for future research across the three perspectives that they believe can help foster full understanding of strategic change: (1) examinations of different types, processes and outcomes of strategic change; (2) expansion of the scope of actors considered in relation to strategic change; (3) exploration of the non‐linear nature of strategic change; and (4) investigations of strategic change conundrums.
Temperature influences the reproduction of fiddler crabs at the southern edge of their distribution
Authors: Colpo Karine D. , López‐Greco Laura S.
Published: May 2017

Understanding the spatial patterns of reproductive biology might provide predictions about fitness and population stability in different locations within the geographical range of a particular species. Leptuca uruguayensis is a fiddler crab that breeds year round in tropical estuaries but only in summer months in temperate salt marshes. In this study, we examined several reproductive attributes of the southernmost population of L. uruguayensis, including the proportion of ovigerous females, the proportion of surface‐active crabs, the developmental status of the gonads and hepatopancreas, and the fullness of seminal receptacles, and related them to environmental factors such as temperature, photoperiod, and sediment organic matter content. We found that temperature was the environmental factor that was most correlated with the reproductive process of the southernmost fiddler crab, since this environmental factor was related to ovarian development, to the fullness of seminal receptacles, and to the hepatosomatic index. At the southern edge of its distribution, the low temperatures of winter restricted reproduction in L. uruguayensis. These winter temperatures might represent the lower limit of the thermal window of this fiddler crab, limiting its extension toward higher latitudes.
Sharp genetic discontinuity in the aridity‐sensitive Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae): solid evidence supporting the Tertiary floral subdivision in East Asia
Authors: Ye Jun‐Wei , Bai Wei‐Ning , Bao Lei , Wang Tian‐Ming , Wang Hong‐Fang , Ge Jian‐Ping
Published: May 2017

Aim

Investigating phytogeographical divides can help provide a better understanding of the evolution of floras. Tertiary relict floras in East Asia have been subdivided into a northern region (NEA) and a southern region (SEA), separated by an arid belt, although this division remains little‐studied since it was proposed in 2002. To test its validity, we investigated the evolutionary history of a Tertiary relict species, Lindera obtusiloba.

Location

East Asia.

Methods

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) were genotyped in 34 populations. Regional genetic diversities were compared, and genetic differentiation was calculated between and within regions. Bayesian phylogenetics and Bayesian clustering were employed for phylogeographic reconstruction. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and divergence time between the two regions were estimated. Historical rates of gene flow were calculated using the maximum‐likelihood method. The potential habitat at present, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and during the Last Interglacial (LIG) were predicted by ecological niche modelling (ENM).

Results

Both markers revealed sharp genetic discontinuities and limited migration between regions. The TMRCA and population divergence can probably both be dated to the Pliocene. Clear genetic structure was found within each region. The genetic diversity of both markers and the age of chlorotypes decreased with increasing longitude within SEA. Japan harboured the highest genetic diversity within NEA, with abundant private and ancestral chlorotypes. NEA had greater genetic diversity than SEA in nSSRs, whereas the opposite was true for cpDNA. ENM in LGM and LIG may support long‐term isolation in multiple locations in both regions.

Main conclusions

Our study provides solid evidence for the proposed floral subdivision along the arid belt within East Asia. Populations in both regions remained stable over a long period and sustained multiple glacial refugia. Westernmost SEA and easternmost NEA sustained ancestral populations. Clear eastward expansion was detected within SEA.
Type and rate of atrial fibrillation termination due to rotational activity ablation combined with pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Kis Zsuzsanna , Theuns Dominic A. , Bhagwandien Rohit , Wijchers Sip , Yap Sing‐Chien , Szili‐Torok Tamas
Published: May 2017

Background

There remains controversy about the optimal ablation technique and termination rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) during catheter ablation in patients with persistent AF. The aim of this study was to determine the rate and timing of AF termination during combined pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and focal impulse and rotor modulation (FIRM)‐guided ablation of rotational activity (RoAc).

Methods

This single‐center, prospective cohort study enrolled 38 consecutive patients (63% male, mean age 63 ± 11 years) with persistent AF (mean left atrial size: 46 ± 7 mm), who underwent FIRM mapping and ablation of the identified RoAcs followed by PVI. We systematically evaluated the incidence and timing of AF termination during AF ablation.

Results

“Late‐onset termination” of AF could be observed in 12 (32%) patients after ablation of the identified RoAcs. In a further 10 (26%) patients, “abrupt” AF termination during PVI was achieved. In total, the combined technique of conventional PVI and RoAc ablation resulted in AF termination rate of 58%. ECV was performed in 16 “nonterminating” patients. At 1‐year follow‐up, 76.1% (16 of 21) of patients remained free from AF/AT, 4 of 10 patients (25%) within the “abruptly” terminated group, 7 of 12 (58.3%) patients among the “late‐terminated” group, and 5 of 16 (31, 25%) patients in the “nonterminating” group.

Conclusion

Large area RoAc ablation combined with PVI results in a moderate termination rate of persistent AF with two distinctive timing patterns. More studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of type of AF termination and long‐term success rate of RoAc ablation in patients with persistent AF.
Loss of SH3GL2 promotes the migration and invasion behaviours of glioblastoma cells through activating the STAT3/MMP2 signalling
Authors: Zhu Yufu , Zhang Xiang , Wang Lei , Ji Zhe , Xie Manyi , Zhou Xinyu , Liu Zhiyi , Shi Hengliang , Yu Rutong
Published: May 2017

SH3GL2 (Src homology 3 (SH3) domain GRB2‐like 2) is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and regarded as a tumour suppressor in human glioma. However, the molecular mechanism of the SH3GL2 protein involved in malignant behaviours of human glioma has not been elucidated. In this study, we tried to investigate the role of SH3GL2 in glioma cell migration and invasion and explore its underlined molecular mechanism. Firstly, we discovered that the protein level of SH3GL2 was widely decreased in the human glioma patients, especially in high‐grade glioma tissues. Then, we determined the role of SH3GL2 in migration and invasion of glioma cells upon SH3GL2 knocking down and overexpressing. It was showed that knocking down of SH3GL2 promoted the migration and invasion of glioma cells, whereas overexpression of SH3GL2 inhibited them. Further study on molecular mechanism disclosed that silencing of SH3GL2 obviously activated the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signalling thereby promoting the expression and secretion of MMP2. On the contrary, overexpression of SH3GL2 had opposite effect. Taken together, the above results suggest that SH3GL2 suppresses migration and invasion behaviours of glioma cells through negatively regulating STAT3/MMP2 signalling and that loss of SH3GL2 may intensify the STAT3/MMP2 signalling thereby contributing to the migration and invasion of glioma cells.
Endothelial cell‐derived matrix promotes the metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte via integrin‐Src signalling
Authors: Guo Xinyue , Li Weihong , Ma Minghui , Lu Xin , Zhang Haiyan
Published: May 2017

The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is involved in the regulation of hepatocyte phenotype and function. Recently, the cell‐derived extracellular matrix has been proposed to represent the bioactive and biocompatible materials of the native ECM. Here, we show that the endothelial cell‐derived matrix (EC matrix) promotes the metabolic maturation of human adipose stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (hASC‐HLCs) through the activation of the transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) and the nuclear receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Reducing the fibronectin content in the EC matrix or silencing the expression of α5 integrin in the hASC‐HLCs inhibited the effect of the EC matrix on Src phosphorylation and hepatocyte maturation. The inhibition of Src phosphorylation using the inhibitor PP2 or silencing the expression of Src in hASC‐HLCs also attenuated the up‐regulation of the metabolic function of hASC‐HLCs in a nuclear receptor‐dependent manner. These data elucidate integrin‐Src signalling linking the extrinsic EC matrix signals and metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte. This study provides a model for studying the interaction between hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell‐derived matrix.
Liberal Power Europe
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: May 2017

The European Union is best understood as a liberal power – as an actor that is composed of liberal democracies whose interests, identities and institutions motivate and constrain its policy. The conceptualization of the EU as a liberal power helps to overcome three shortcomings of alternative notions such as civilian power or Normative Power Europe: First, norms are not only understood as driving forces but also as constraints on foreign policy; second, liberal power Europe emphasizes the contested nature of norms and conflicts between norms and thus draws attention to the politics of EU external relations; third, it encourages an engagement with the vast literature on the distinctive policies of liberal democracies in international relations and foreign policy analysis. The EU's crisis management serves to illustrate the value‐added of the liberal power Europe concept.
Performing a preliminary hazard analysis applied to administration of injectable drugs to infants
Authors: Hfaiedh Nadia , Kabiche Sofiane , Delescluse Catherine , Balde Issa‐Bella , Merlin Sophie , Carret Sandra , de Pontual Loïc , Fontan Jean‐Eudes , Schlatter Joël
Published: May 2017

Rationale, Aims and Objectives

Errors in hospitals during the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs to infants and children have been reported to a rate of 13% to 84%. This study aimed to investigate the potential for hazardous events that may lead to an accident for preparation and administration of drug injection in a pediatric department and to describe a reduction plan of risks.

Methods

The preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) method was implemented by a multidisciplinary working group over a period of 5 months (April‐August 2014) in infants aged from 28 days to 2 years. The group identified required hazard controls and follow‐up actions to reduce the error risk. To analyze the results, the STATCART APR software was used.

Results

During the analysis, 34 hazardous situations were identified, among 17 were quoted very critical and drawn 69 risk scenarios. After follow‐up actions, the scenarios with unacceptable risk declined from 17.4% to 0%, and these with acceptable under control from 46.4% to 43.5%.

Conclusion

The PHA can be used as an aid in the prioritization of corrective actions and the implementation of control measures to reduce risk. The PHA is a complement of the a posteriori risk management already exists.
Extending the Multiregional Input‐Output Framework to Labor‐Related Impacts: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Hardadi Gilang , Pizzol Massimo
Published: May 2017

Given the high potential shown by the recent developments in environmentally extended and multiregional input‐output (I‐O) analysis, a natural step would be to extend this theoretical framework beyond the environmental dimension to include the social dimension, in line with parallel advancements in social life cycle assessment. The ideal results would be a multiregional I‐O database to investigate not only environmental footprints, but also social footprints. Qualitative and subjective characteristics of social issues, complex impact pathways, and data scarcity challenge the extension of the I‐O framework to social impacts. These challenges are addressed in this study where the Exiobase database was extended with new data on five quantitative indicators available from the International Labor Organization: employment; working hours; salary; occupational accident cases; and unemployment. This required modeling steps, such as the disaggregation of data from sector to product group level, and filling the data gaps for missing countries by primary data collection or interpolation. A characterization step where indicator values are converted into social impacts on human productivity and human well‐being measured in quality‐adjusted life years was then performed. The results show an appreciable match between the databases, with justifiable interpolations for missing countries. The study demonstrates how to obtain an open and quantitative I‐O database extended with indicators on labor‐related impacts and discusses approaches to overcome the challenges of this process.
Contaminated Interaction: Another Barrier to Circular Material Flows
Authors: Baxter Weston , Aurisicchio Marco , Childs Peter
Published: May 2017

Contamination poses a significant problem to the circular economy (CE), which derives much of its value from maintaining pure material flows. The aim of this article is to frame contaminated interaction among other forms of contamination and investigate its effects on the CE. The research is based on a review of the contamination literature and case studies. We differentiate between three types of contamination influencing circular material flows: technical, which deals with fitness for use; systemic, which deals with efficiency in processing; and interaction, which deals with user‐object interaction and decision making. Our focus is on developing a foundational understanding of contaminated interaction and how it influences circular processes. Through multiple examples, contaminated interaction is shown to create three barriers to the CE: downcycling, disposal, and hindered circulation. Among other proposals to address contaminated interaction, the research calls for the development of experientially transferrable design—products that can move between users and uses without negative consequences.
Using transmission Kikuchi diffraction to characterise α variants in an α+β titanium alloy
Authors: TONG V. , JOSEPH S. , ACKERMAN A.K. , DYE D. , BRITTON T.B.
Published: May 2017

Two phase titanium alloys are important for high‐performance engineering components, such as aeroengine discs. The microstructures of these alloys are tailored during thermomechanical processing to precisely control phase fractions, morphology and crystallographic orientations. In bimodal two phase (α + β) Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐4Zr‐2Mo (Ti‐6242) alloys there are often three microstructural lengthscales to consider: large (∼10 μm) equiaxed primary α; >200 nm thick plate α with a basketweave morphology; and very fine scaled (<50 nm plate thickness) secondary α that grows between the larger α plates surrounded by retained β. In this work, we utilise high spatial resolution transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD, also known as transmission‐based electron backscatter diffraction, t‐EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐based forward scattering electron imaging to resolve the structures and orientations of basketweave and secondary α in Ti‐6242. We analyse the α variants formed within one prior β grain, and test whether existing theories of habit planes of the phase transformation are upheld. Our analysis is important in understanding both the thermomechanical processing strategy of new bimodal two‐phase titanium alloys, as well as the ultimate performance of these alloys in complex loading regimes such as dwell fatigue. Our paper champions the significant increase in spatial resolution afforded using transmission techniques, combined with the ease of SEM‐based analysis using conventional electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) systems and forescatter detector (FSD) imaging, to study the nanostructure of real‐world engineering alloys.
Sociolinguistic interaction and identity construction: The view from game‐theoretic pragmatics
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: May 2017

Understanding the dynamics that characterize interaction between conversational participants is a fundamental goal of most theories of socially conditioned language use and identity construction through language. In this paper, I outline a class of formal tools that, I suggest, can be helpful in making progress towards this goal. More precisely, this paper explores how Bayesian signalling game models can be used to formalize key aspects of current sociolinguistic theories, and, in doing so, contribute to our knowledge of how speakers use their linguistic resources to communicate information and carve out their place in the social world. The Bayesian framework has become increasingly popular for the analysis of pragmatic phenomena of many different types, and, more generally, these models have become a dominant paradigm for the explanation of non‐linguistic cognitive processes. As such, I argue that this approach has the potential to yield a formalized theory of personal and social identity construction and to situate the study of sociolinguistic interaction within a broader theory of rationalistic cognition.
Sleep–wake rhythm disturbances and perceived sleep in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Pedersen Maria , Ekstedt Mirjam , Småstuen Milada C. , Wyller Vegard B. , Sulheim Dag , Fagermoen Even , Winger Anette , Pedersen Edvard , Hrubos‐Strøm Harald
Published: May 2017

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by long‐lasting, disabling and unexplained fatigue that is often accompanied by unrefreshing sleep. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate sleep–wake rhythm and perceived sleep in adolescent CFS patients compared to healthy individuals. We analysed baseline data on 120 adolescent CFS patients and 39 healthy individuals included in the NorCAPITAL project. Activity measures from a uniaxial accelerometer (activPAL) were used to estimate mid‐sleep time (mid‐point of a period with sleep) and time in bed. Scores from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire (KSQ) were also assessed. The activity measures showed that the CFS patients stayed significantly longer in bed, had a significantly delayed mid‐sleep time and a more varied sleep–wake rhythm during weekdays compared with healthy individuals. On the KSQ, the CFS patients reported significantly more insomnia symptoms, sleepiness, awakening problems and a longer sleep onset latency than healthy individuals. These results might indicate that disrupted sleep–wake phase could contribute to adolescent CFS; however, further investigations are warranted.
Becoming a Religious None: Irreligious Socialization and Disaffiliation
Authors: Thiessen Joel , Wilkins‐Laflamme Sarah
Published: May 2017

The rise in the numbers of religious “nones” is an almost universal phenomenon across the Western world. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which religious nones are socialized to adopt a “no religion” position as children, as compared with disaffiliating during their teen or adult years. Related, among those religious nones who come from a religious background, we examine the timing and depth of a person's disaffiliation. This study sheds light on these issues by combining a quantitative analysis of religious nones samples in Alberta, Canada, America, and other international contexts with a qualitative analysis of 30 semistructured interviews with religious nones. Building on a stage of decline framework, we argue that while disaffiliation has been a lead catalyst for the growth among the religious none population—and we offer several observations of what fuels disaffiliation—moving forward we can and should expect irreligious socialization to gradually take the lead in explaining rising religious none figures.
An Emergent Threat: Christian Clergy Perceptions of the Emerging Church Movement
Authors: Burge Ryan P. , Djupe Paul A.
Published: May 2017

Although there have been several attempts to study the dimensions of the Emerging Church movement (ECM) through close observation and survey data, we know little about its diffusion into American religious cultures. We undertook this project by attempting to capture whether Christian clergy thought about the movement and how consistently they considered it. Our analysis of survey data from several denominations suggests that the ECM is less well known among the clergy they are reacting against (evangelicals). Opinions turn not on partisan identity, but on religious authority, which is precisely the ground on which the ECM presents its challenge to evangelicalism. In this way, the ECM appears to be following a path paved by the decline of denominationalism.
Effects of whey and soy protein addition on bread rheological property of wheat flour
Authors: Zhou Jianmin , Liu Junfei , Tang Xiaozhi
Published: May 2017

The development of wheat‐based foods that are enriched with proteins is increasingly popular due to consumer demand regarding food nutritional content and quality. This study was performed to compare the effect of whey and soy protein on the rheological properties of wheat dough and bread‐making quality in a relatively wide range of protein addition (0–30%). We found that the incorporation of whey protein (WP) decreased dough stability time (MST), minimum torque (MMT), G′ and G″, but increased dough peak torque (MPT), stickiness, G′ and G″ in temperature sweep. With the increasing level of WP from 0 to 30%, the specific volume of bread initially decreased from 2.61 to 2.22 cm3/g, then increased to 3.08 cm3/g when WP was at higher concentration than gluten. However, the crumb hardness increased from 173 to 1291 g at the same time. As a contrast, the addition of soy protein (SP) increased dough MST, MMT, G′ and G″, but decreased MPT, stickiness, G′ and G″ in temperature sweep. With the increasing level of SP from 0 to 30%, the specific volume of bread decreased from 2.61 to 1.31 cm3/g and the hardness first decreased from 173 to 152 g, then increased to 696 g. The results suggested that selection of the protein source and amount with appropriate functionalities played an important role in certain applications for protein fortified bakery products.

Practical applications

Since it is known that the gluten network is responsible for viscoelastic properties in wheat dough and for dough structure strength and gas retention, most studies reported that enrichment of foreign proteins interfered with gluten development and therefore, had negative effects on bread quality. This study compared the effects of whey and soy proteins on the thermomechanical, dynamic rheological and microstructural properties of wheat dough and bread‐making quality in a relatively wide range of protein addition (0–30%). The results suggested that selection of the protein source and amount with appropriate functionalities significantly affected the structure of the dough and quality of the bread. Our study is essential for product development and process control when considering the popularity of protein fortified bakery products.
Pharmacokinetics, milk penetration and PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation of marbofloxacin, after intravenous and intramuscular administration to lactating goats
Authors: Lorenzutti A. M. , Litterio N. J. , Himelfarb M. A. , Zarazaga M. d. P. , San Andrés M. I. , De Lucas J. J.
Published: May 2017

The main objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the serum pharmacokinetic behaviour and milk penetration of marbofloxacin (MFX; 5 mg/kg), after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration in lactating goats and simulate a multidose regimen on steady‐state conditions, (ii) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from caprine mastitis in Córdoba, Argentina and (iii) to make a PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation from steady‐state pharmacokinetic parameters of MFX by IV and IM routes to evaluate the efficacy and risk of the emergence of resistance. The study was carried out with six healthy, female, adult Anglo Nubian lactating goats. Marbofloxacin was administered at 5 mg/kg bw by IV and IM route. Serum and milk concentrations of MFX were determined with HPLC/uv. From 106 regional strains of CNS isolated from caprine mastitis in herds from Córdoba, Argentina, MICs and MPCs were determined. MIC90 and MPC90 were 0.4 and 6.4 μg/ml, respectively. MIC and MPC‐based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that IV and IM administration of MFX in lactating goats may not be adequate to recommend it as an empirical therapy against CNS, because the most exigent endpoints were not reached. Moreover, this dose regimen could increase the probability of selecting mutants and resulting in emergence of resistance. Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulation, the optimal dose of MFX to achieve an adequate antimicrobial efficacy should be 10 mg/kg, but it is important take into account that fluoroquinolones are substrates of efflux pumps, and this fact may determine that assumption of linear pharmacokinetics at high doses of MFX may be incorrect.
The monitoring and responding behaviours of proficient fourth grade readers to miscues on a complex scientific text
Authors: Kucer Stephen B.
Published: May 2017

The monitoring of meaning and the correction of miscues that fail to make sense are a hallmark of a proficient reader. Much of the research, however, has focused on the reading of fictional, narrative texts. In contrast, this research examines the monitoring and response behaviours of 35 proficient fourth grade readers (nine and 10 years of age) to their miscues on a complex, scientific text. Specifically, reader reactions to their miscues that did and did not disrupt meaning were analysed. Regardless of their impact on meaning, the majority of miscues were ignored. Readers failed to correct, failed to attempt to correct, the majority of their meaning disrupting miscues. This behaviour may be due to an emphasis on reading rate in many classrooms, a failure to explicitly teach older students monitoring and correcting strategies, and the complexity of the text.
Jurinea khorassanica sp. nov. (J. sect. Stechmannia, Asteraceae) from Iran
Authors: Mirtadzadini Mansour , Joharchi Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2017

Jurinea khorassanica from northeast Iran is described as a new species. Based on morphological characters it belongs to Jurinea sect. Stechmannia and its closest related taxa are the sympatric J. catharinae and J. dumulosa. However, the new species is obviously different from related species with respect to leaf, stem and head features. A detailed description, diagnostic table, illustrations and an updated key to the species of J. sect. Stechmannia in Iran are provided.
Multiple innovations underpinned branching form diversification in mosses
Authors: Coudert Yoan , Bell Neil E. , Edelin Claude , Harrison C. Jill
Published: May 2017

Broad‐scale evolutionary comparisons have shown that branching forms arose by convergence in vascular plants and bryophytes, but the trajectory of branching form diversification in bryophytes is unclear. Mosses are the most species‐rich bryophyte lineage and two sub‐groups are circumscribed by alternative reproductive organ placements. In one, reproductive organs form apically, terminating growth of the primary shoot (gametophore) axis. In the other, reproductive organs develop on very short lateral branches. A switch from apical to lateral reproductive organ development is proposed to have primed branching form diversification.

Moss gametophores have modular development and each module develops from a single apical cell. Here we define the architectures of 175 mosses by the number of module classes, branching patterns and the pattern in which similar modules repeat. Using ancestral character state reconstruction we identify two stages of architectural diversification.

During a first stage there were sequential changes in the module repetition pattern, reproductive organ position, branching pattern and the number of module classes. During a second stage, vegetative changes occurred independently of reproductive fate.

The results pinpoint the nature of developmental change priming branching form diversification in mosses and provide a framework for mechanistic studies of architectural diversification.
Comparing the autonomy of international public administrations: An ideal‐type approach
Authors: Ege Jörn
Published: May 2017

International Public Administrations (IPAs), that is, the secretariats of international organizations, are important actors in global governance. This article develops a new typology of IPAs that captures the potential influence of these bureaucratic bodies on international policy‐making. The main argument is that when conceptualizing the varying roles and potential policy impact of IPAs, it is useful to distinguish between their ability to develop autonomous preferences (autonomy of will) on the one hand, and their capacity to transform these preferences into action (autonomy of action) on the other. Based on this premise, the article introduces four distinct ideal‐types of international bureaucracies and suggests indicators to locate a diverse sample of 20 administrations within the four‐fold typology. The results reveal the empirical diversity of IPA autonomy and allow for a first empirical assessment of the factors behind this pattern.
Spectral Remittance and Transmittance of Visible and Infrared‐A Radiation in Human Skin—Comparison Between in vivo Measurements and Model Calculations
Authors: Piazena Helmut , Meffert Hans , Uebelhack Ralf
Published: May 2017

The aim of the study was to assess the interindividual variability of spectral remittance and spectral transmittance of visible and infrared‐A radiations interacting with human skin and subcutaneous tissue, and direct measurements were taken in vivo using healthy persons of different skin color types. Up to wavelengths of about 900 nm, both spectral remittance and spectral transmittance depended significantly on the individual contents of melanin and hemoglobin in the skin, whereas the contents of water and lipids mainly determined spectral slopes of both characteristics of interaction for wavelengths above about 900 nm. In vivo measured data of spectral transmittance showed approximately similar decreases with tissue thickness between about 900 nm and 1100 nm as compared with model data which were calculated using spectral absorption and scattering coefficients of skin samples in vitro published by different authors. In addition, in vivo measured data and in vitro‐based model calculations of spectral remittance were approximately comparable in this wavelength range. In contrast, systematic but individually varying differences between both methods were found for both spectral remittance and spectral transmittance at wavelengths below about 900 nm, where interaction of radiation was significantly affected by both melanin and hemoglobin.
The Use of Directional Reflectance Measurement for in vivo Assessment of Protective Properties of Cosmetics in the Infrared Radiation Range
Authors: Wilczyński Sławomir , Deda Anna , Koprowski Robert , Banyś Anna , Błońska‐Fajfrowska Barbara
Published: May 2017

Photoprotection of skin is now focused on UV radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo cosmetic products in terms of protection against infrared radiation (IR) and propose a methodology for conducting such measurements. The directional reflectance (DR) of 12 UV filters, six care creams and two preparations containing fumed silica applied on the forearm of 36 volunteers was examined in six spectral bands for two angles of incidence. SOC‐410 Directional Hemispherical Reflectometer was used to measure DR. There is very little change in DR for all spectral bands for both incident angles for both UV filters, care creams and preparations containing fumed silica. For example, for 15% of fumed silica in glycerin for the spectral band of 0.9–1.1 μm and the incident angle of 20°, skin DR prior to application was 0.543; 5 min after application was 0.533 and 30 min after application was 0.559. Both UV filters, care creams and fumed silica do not protect skin against IR. The proposed method of in vivo measurements is superior to in vitro studies which have been conducted so far because it takes into account both the refractive index at the tissue/air interface and the absorption of IR by adipose tissue.
Peasants and Bankers: Education, Consumer Sentiment, and Presidential Approval
Authors: Acevedo Delia N. , Fogleman Carlie , Daniel Ura Joseph
Published: May 2017

We revisit the debate over the roles of the public's evaluations of experienced (retrospective) and expected (prospective) economic performance for presidential approval. We argue that formal education mediates the relationship between sentiment about the economy and judgments of presidential performance. An analysis of quarterly presidential approval across education cohorts for the period 1978 to 2008 shows that Americans with lower levels of education respond significantly to past economic performance in evaluating the president. Americans with higher levels of education evaluate presidents in terms of expected long‐run economic performance. Aggregate presidential approval is influenced by responses to multiple economic signals.
Impact of Integrated Services on HIV Testing: A Nonrandomized Trial among Kenyan Family Planning Clients
Authors: Church Kathryn , Warren Charlotte E. , Birdthistle Isolde , Ploubidis George B. , Tomlin Keith , Zhou Weiwei , Kimani James , Abuya Timothy , Ndwiga Charity , Sweeney Sedona , Mayhew Susannah H. ,   the Integra Initiative
Published: May 2017

The impact of integrated reproductive health and HIV services on HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake was assessed among 882 Kenyan family planning clients using a nonrandomized cohort design within six intervention and six “comparison” facilities. The effect of integration on HTC goals (two tests over two years) was assessed using conditional logistic regression to test four “integration” exposures: a training and reorganization intervention; receipt of reproductive health and HIV services at recruitment; a functional measure of facility integration at recruitment; and a woman's cumulative exposure to functionally integrated care across different facilities over time. While recent receipt of HTC increased rapidly at intervention facilities, achievement of HTC goals was higher at comparison facilities. Only high cumulative exposure to integrated care over two years had a significant effect on HTC goals after adjustment (aOR 2.94, 95%CI 1.73‐4.98), and programs should therefore make efforts to roll out integrated services to ensure repeated contact over time.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DQB1*02:85 and HLA‐DRB1*01:01:30 alleles in Russian individuals
Authors: Kuzmich E. , Tyapushkina S. , Alyanskiy A. , Afanasyev B.
Published: May 2017

Two novel HLA class II alleles,
HLA‐DQB1*02:85 and
HLA‐DRB1*01:01:30, were detected in Russian individuals.
Geophysical evidence for a large impact structure on the Falkland (Malvinas) Plateau
Authors: Rocca Maximiliano C.L. , Rampino Michael R. , Báez Presser Jaime L.
Published: May 2017

A large, roughly circular structural basin is recognised on the Falkland (Malvinas) Plateau to the NW of West Falkland (Gran Malvina) Island (S 51°00′, W 62°00′). The basin, seen in seismic‐reflection profiles and evident as a large negative gravity anomaly, has a diameter of ~250 km. The age of the basin is estimated to be Late Palaeozoic. It is completely buried by younger sediments and has no topographic expression on the sea floor. We propose that the basin and geophysical anomalies, especially the combination of a large circular negative gravity anomaly with a rim of positive anomalies, and a marked circular series of positive magnetic anomalies in the same area, may be best explained by the presence of a large buried impact structure.