bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soldiers
Authors: Broomall James J.
Published: January 2020

As southern men transitioned to becoming soldiers in the Confederate Army, they increasingly began to identify as soldiers. Military attire distinguished soldiers from citizens and established visible bonds among troops. Military encampments similarly promoted a corporate identity but also allowed soldiers to bond in small, personalized space.
Dust Constraints from joint Observational-Modelling-experiMental analysis (DustCOMM): comparison with measurements and model simulations
Authors: Adebiyi Adeyemi A. , Kok Jasper F. , Wang Yang , Ito Akinori , Ridley David A. , Nabat Pierre , Zhao Chun
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Mineral dust is the most abundant aerosol species by mass
in the atmosphere, and it impacts global climate, biogeochemistry, and human
health. Understanding these varied impacts on the Earth system requires
accurate knowledge of dust abundance, size, and optical properties, and how
they vary in space and time. However, current global models show substantial
biases against measurements of these dust properties. For instance, recent
studies suggest that atmospheric dust is substantially coarser and more
aspherical than accounted for in models, leading to persistent biases in
modelled impacts of dust on the Earth system. Here, we facilitate more
accurate constraints on dust impacts by developing a new dataset: Dust
Constraints from joint Observational-Modelling-experiMental analysis
(DustCOMM). This dataset combines an ensemble of global model simulations
with observational and experimental constraints on dust size distribution
and shape to obtain more accurate constraints on three-dimensional (3-D)
atmospheric dust properties than is possible from global model simulations
alone. Specifically, we present annual and seasonal climatologies of the 3-D
dust size distribution, 3-D dust mass extinction efficiency at 550 nm, and
two-dimensional (2-D) atmospheric dust loading. Comparisons with independent
measurements taken over several locations, heights, and seasons show that
DustCOMM estimates consistently outperform conventional global model
simulations. In particular, DustCOMM achieves a substantial reduction in the
bias relative to measured dust size distributions in the 0.5–20 µm
diameter range. Furthermore, DustCOMM reproduces measurements of dust mass
extinction efficiency to almost within the experimental uncertainties,
whereas global models generally overestimate the mass extinction efficiency.
DustCOMM thus provides more accurate constraints on 3-D dust properties, and
as such can be used to improve global models or serve as an alternative to
global model simulations in constraining dust impacts on the Earth system.
Distinct diurnal variation in organic aerosol hygroscopicity and its relationship with oxygenated organic aerosol
Authors: Kuang Ye , He Yao , Xu Wanyun , Zhao Pusheng , Cheng Yafang , Zhao Gang , Tao Jiangchuan , Ma Nan , Su Hang , Zhang Yanyan , Sun Jiayin , Cheng Peng , Yang Wenda , Zhang Shaobin , Wu Cheng , Sun Yele , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The hygroscopicity of organic aerosol (OA) is important for investigation
of its climatic and environmental impacts. However, the hygroscopicity
parameter κOA remains poorly characterized, especially in the
relatively polluted environment on the North China Plain (NCP). Here we
conducted simultaneous wintertime measurements of bulk aerosol chemical
compositions of PM2.5 and PM1 and bulk aerosol hygroscopicity of
PM10 and PM1 on the NCP using a capture-vaporizer time-of-flight
aerosol chemical speciation monitor (CV-ToF-ACSM) and a humidified
nephelometer system which measures the aerosol light-scattering enhancement
factor f(RH). A method for calculating κOA based on f(RH) and bulk aerosol chemical-composition measurements was developed. We found that κOA varied
in a wide range with significant diurnal variations. The derived κOA ranged from almost 0.0 to 0.25, with an average (±1σ)
of 0.08 (±0.06) for the entire study. The derived κOA was
highly correlated with f44 (fraction of m∕z 44 in OA measured by
CV-ToF-ACSM), an indicator of the oxidation degree of OA (R=0.79), and the
relationship can be parameterized as κOA=1.04×f44-0.02 (κOA=0.3×O:C-0.02, based on the relationship
between the f44 and O∕C ratio for CV-ToF-ACSM). On average, κOA
reached the minimum (0.02) in the morning near 07:30 local time (LT) and then increased
rapidly, reaching the peak value of 0.16 near 14:30 LT. The diurnal variations
in κOA were highly and positively correlated with those of mass
fractions of oxygenated OA (R=0.95), indicating that photochemical
processing played a dominant role in the increase in κOA in
winter on the NCP. Results in this study demonstrate the potential wide
applications of a humidified nephelometer system together with aerosol
composition measurements for investigating the hygroscopicity of OA in
various environments and highlight that the parameterization of κOA as a function of OA aging processes needs to be considered in
chemical transport models for better evaluating the impacts of OA on cloud
formation, atmospheric chemistry, and radiative forcing.
Air pollution slows down surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Jia Aolin , Liang Shunlin , Wang Dongdong , Jiang Bo , Zhang Xiaotong
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a vital role in regional
and global climate change. The TP has been undergoing significant surface
warming starting from 1850, with an air temperature increase of 1.39 K and surface
solar dimming resulting from decreased incident solar radiation. The causes
and impacts of solar dimming on surface warming are unclear. In this study,
long-term (from 1850 to 2015) surface downward radiation datasets over the TP
are developed by integrating 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase
5 (CMIP5) models and satellite products. The validation results from two
ground measurement networks show that the generated downward surface
radiation datasets have a higher accuracy than the mean of multiple CMIP5 datasets
and the fused datasets of reanalysis and satellite products. After analyzing
the generated radiation data with four air temperature datasets, we found
that downward shortwave radiation (DSR) remained stable before 1950 and then
declined rapidly at a rate of −0.53 W m−2 per decade, and that the
fastest decrease in DSR occurs in the southeastern TP. Evidence from site
measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis, and model simulations
suggested that the TP solar dimming was primarily driven by increased
anthropogenic aerosols. The TP solar dimming is stronger in summer, at the
same time that the increasing magnitude of the surface air temperature is
the smallest. The cooling effect of solar dimming offsets surface warming on
the TP by 0.80±0.28 K (48.6±17.3 %) in summer since 1850.
It helps us understand the role of anthropogenic aerosols in climate
warming and highlights the need for additional studies to be conducted to
quantify the influence of air pollution on regional climate change over the
TP.
Impact of local gravity wave forcing in the lower stratosphere on the polar vortex stability: effect of longitudinal displacement
Authors: Samtleben Nadja , Kuchař Aleš , Šácha Petr , Pišoft Petr , Jacobi Christoph
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The effects of gravity wave (GW) breaking hotspots in the lower stratosphere, especially the role of their longitudinal distribution, are evaluated through a sensitivity study by using a simplified middle atmosphere circulation model.
For the position of the local GW hotspot, we first selected a fixed latitude range between 37.5 and 62.5∘ N and a longitude range from 112.5 to 168.75∘ E, as well as an altitude range between 18 and 30 km.
This confined GW hotspot was then shifted in longitude by 45∘ steps, so that we created eight artificial GW hotspots in total.
Strongly dependent on the location of the respective GW hotspot with regard to the phase of the stationary planetary wave of wavenumber 1 (SPW 1) generated in the model, the local GW forcing may interfere constructively or destructively with the modeled SPW 1.
GW hotspots, which are located in North America near the Rocky Mountains, lead to an increase in the SPW 1 amplitude and EP flux, while hotspots located near the Caucasus, the Himalayas or the Scandinavian region lead to a decrease in these parameters.
Thus, the polar vortex is less (Caucasus and Himalayan hotspots) or more weakened (Rocky Mountains hotspot) by the prevailing SPW activity.
Because the local GW forcing generally suppresses wave propagation at midlatitudes, the SPWs 1 propagate into the polar region, where the refractive index turned to positive values for the majority of the artificial GW hotspots.
An additional source of SPW 1 may be local instabilities indicated by the reversal in the meridional potential vorticity gradient in the polar region in connection with a positive EP divergence.
In most cases, the SPWs 1 are breaking in the polar region and maintain the deceleration and, thus, the weakening of the polar vortex.
While the SPWs 1 that form when the GW hotspots are located above North America propagate through the polar region into the middle atmosphere, the SPWs 1 in the remaining GW hotspot simulations were not able to propagate further upwards because of a negative refractive index above the positive refractive index anomaly in the polar region.
GW hotspots, which are located near the Himalayas, influence the mesosphere–lower thermosphere region because of possible local instabilities in the lower mesosphere generating additional SPWs 1, which propagate upwards into the mesosphere.
PlioMIP2 simulations with NorESM-L and NorESM1-F
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Guo Chuncheng , Zhang Zhongshi , Otterå Odd Helge , Zhang Ran
Published: January 2020

Abstract. As a continuation of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison
Project (PlioMIP), PlioMIP Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) coordinates a wide selection
of different climate model experiments aimed at further improving our
understanding of the climate and environments during the late Pliocene with
updated boundary conditions. Here we report on PlioMIP2 simulations carried
out by the two versions of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM),
NorESM-L and NorESM1-F, with updated boundary conditions derived from the
Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping version 4 (PRISM4).
NorESM1-M is the version of NorESM that contributed to the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). NorESM-L is the low-resolution of
NorESM1-M, whereas NorESM1-F is a computationally efficient version of
NorESM1-M, with similar resolutions and updated physics. Relative to
NorESM1-M, there are notable improvements in simulating the strength of the
Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation (AMOC) and the distribution of sea ice in NorESM1-F, partly due to the updated
ocean physics. The two NorESM versions both produce warmer and wetter
Pliocene climate, with a greater warming over land than over ocean. Relative
to the preindustrial period, the simulated Pliocene global mean surface air
temperature is 2.1 ∘C higher with NorESM-L and 1.7 ∘C higher
with NorESM1-F, and the corresponding global mean sea surface
temperature enhances by 1.5 and 1.2 ∘C. The simulated
precipitation for the Pliocene increases by 0.14 mm d−1
globally in both model versions, with large increases in the tropics and
especially in the monsoon regions and only minor changes, or even slight
decreases, in subtropical regions. The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
shifts northward in the Atlantic and Africa in boreal summer. In the
simulated warmer and wetter Pliocene world, AMOC becomes deeper and stronger, with the maximum AMOC levels
increasing by ∼9 % (with NorESM-L) and ∼15 % (with NorESM1-F), while the meridional overturning circulation
slightly strengthens in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Although the two
models produce similar Pliocene climates, they also generate some
differences, in particular for the Southern Ocean and the northern middle
and high latitudes, which should be investigated through PlioMIP2 in the
future. As compared to PlioMIP1, the simulated Pliocene warming with
NorESM-L is weaker in PlioMIP2 but otherwise shows very similar responses.
Distorted Pacific–North American teleconnection at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Hu Yongyun , Xia Yan , Liu Zhengyu , Wang Yuchen , Lu Zhengyao , Wang Tao
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection is one of the most important
climate modes in the present climate condition, and it enables climate
variations in the tropical Pacific to exert a significant influence on North
America. Here, we show climate simulations in which the PNA teleconnection was
largely distorted or broken at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The distorted
PNA is caused by a split in the westerly jet stream, which is ultimately
forced by the large, thick Laurentide ice sheet that was present at the LGM. Changes in
the jet stream greatly alter the extratropical waveguide, distorting wave
propagation from the North Pacific to North America. The distorted PNA
suggests that climate variability in the tropical Pacific, notably El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), would have little direct impact on
North American climate at the LGM.
PERICLIMv1.0: A model deriving palaeo-air temperatures from thaw depth in past permafrost regions
Authors: Uxa Tomáš , Křížek Marek , Hrbáček Filip
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Periglacial features are among the most common relics of colder climates, which repetitively occurred throughout the Quaternary, and, as such, they are widespread archives of past conditions. Climatic controls on most periglacial features, however, remain poorly established, and thus empirical palaeo-climatic reconstructions based on them are far from reliable. This study introduces and evaluates a new simple inverse modelling scheme PERICLIMv1.0 (PERIglacial CLIMate) that aims to overcome these flaws through deriving the palaeo-air temperature characteristics coupled with the thickness of the palaeo-active layer, which can be recognized in many relict permafrost-related features. The evaluation against modern temperature records showed that the model reproduces air temperature characteristics, such as mean annual air temperature, mean air temperature of the warmest and coldest month and of the thawing and freezing season, with a mean error of ≤ 0.5 °C. Besides, air thawing and freezing indices both depart on average by 6 %, whereas the length of the thawing and freezing season tends to be on average underestimated and overestimated by 10 % and 4 %, respectively. The high model success rate is promising and suggests that it could become a powerful tool for reconstructing Quaternary palaeo-environments across vast areas of mid-latitudes where relict periglacial assemblages frequently occur, but their full potential remains to be exploited.
An ensemble square root filter for the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and leaf area index within the Land Data Assimilation System LDAS-Monde: application over the Euro-Mediterranean region
Authors: Bonan Bertrand , Albergel Clément , Zheng Yongjun , Barbu Alina Lavinia , Fairbairn David , Munier Simon , Calvet Jean-Christophe
Published: January 2020

Abstract. This paper introduces an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) in the context of jointly assimilating observations of surface soil moisture (SSM) and the leaf area index (LAI) in the Land Data Assimilation System LDAS-Monde. By ingesting those satellite-derived products, LDAS-Monde constrains the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model (LSM), coupled with the CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques) version of the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (CTRIP) model to improve the reanalysis of land surface variables (LSVs). To evaluate its ability to produce improved LSVs reanalyses, the EnSRF is compared with the simplified extended Kalman filter (SEKF), which has been well studied within the LDAS-Monde framework. The comparison is carried out over the Euro-Mediterranean region at a 0.25∘ spatial resolution between 2008 and 2017. Both data assimilation approaches provide a positive impact on SSM and LAI estimates with respect to the model alone, putting them closer to assimilated observations. The SEKF and the EnSRF have a similar behaviour for LAI showing performance levels that are influenced by the vegetation type. For SSM, EnSRF estimates tend to be closer to observations than SEKF values. The comparison between the two data assimilation approaches is also carried out on unobserved soil moisture in the other layers of soil. Unobserved control variables are updated in the EnSRF through covariances and correlations sampled from the ensemble linking them to observed control variables. In our context, a strong correlation between SSM and soil moisture in deeper soil layers is found, as expected, showing seasonal patterns that vary geographically. Moderate correlation and anti-correlations are also noticed between LAI and soil moisture, varying in space and time. Their absolute value, reaching their maximum in summer and their minimum in winter, tends to be larger for soil moisture in root-zone areas, showing that assimilating LAI can have an influence on soil moisture. Finally an independent evaluation of both assimilation approaches is conducted using satellite estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) as well as measures of river discharges from gauging stations. The EnSRF shows a systematic albeit moderate improvement of root mean square differences (RMSDs) and correlations for ET and GPP products, but its main improvement is observed on river discharges with a high positive impact on Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency scores. Compared to the EnSRF, the SEKF displays a more contrasting performance.
Brief communication: Comparing top-down and bottom-up paradigms for global flood hazard mapping
Authors: Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Nardi Fernando , Annis Antonio , Odongo Vincent , Rusca Maria , Grimaldi Salvatore
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Global floodplain mapping has rapidly progressed over the past few years. Different methods have been proposed to identify areas prone to flooding, resulting into a plethora of freely available products. Here we assess the potential and limitations of two main paradigms, and provide guidance on the use of these global products in assessing flood risk in data-poor regions.
Optimization of Empty Container Repositioning in Liner Shipping
Authors: Gençer Hüseyin , Demir M. Hulusi
Published: January 2020

Empty container repositioning (ECR), which arises due to imbalances in world trade, causes extra costs for the container liner carrier companies. Therefore, one of the main objectives of all liner carriers is to reduce ECR costs. Since ECR decisions involve too many parameters, constraints and variables, the plans based on real-life experiences cannot be effective and are very costly. For this purpose, this study introduces two mathematical programming models in order to make ECR plans faster, more efficient and at the lowest cost. The first mathematical programming model developed in this study is a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and the second mathematical programming model is a scenario-based stochastic programming (SP) model, which minimize the total ECR costs. Unlike the deterministic model, the SP model takes into account the uncertainty in container demand. Both models have been tested with real data taken from a liner carrier company. The numerical results showed that, in a reasonable computational time, both models provide better results than real-life applications of the liner carrier company.
Introduction
Authors: Seitler Dana
Published: January 2020

This book explores the pivotal role that various art forms played in American literary fiction in direct relation to the politics of gender and sexuality at the turn of the century. I track the transverse circulation of aesthetic ideas in fiction expressly concerned with gender and sexuality, and I argue that at stake in fin-de-siècle American writers’ aesthetic turn was not only the theorization of aesthetic experience, but also a fashioning forth of an understanding of aesthetic form in relation to political arguments and debates about available modes of sociability and cultural expression. One of the impulses of this study is to produce what we might think of as a counter-history of the aesthetic in the U.S. context at three (at least) significant and overlapping historical moments. The first is the so-called “first wave” of feminism, usually historicized as organized around the vote and the struggle for economic equality. The second is marked by the emergence of the ontologically interdependent homosexual/heterosexual matrix—expressed in Foucault’s famous revelation that, while the sodomite had been a temporary aberration, at the fin de siècle “the homosexual was now a species,” along with Eve Sedgwick’s claim that the period marks an “endemic crisis in homo-heterosexual definition.”...
The Idea of Ecophenomenology
Authors: Wood David
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines eco-phenomenology. It is tempting to understand eco-phenomenology as a “descriptive science,” as Edmund Husserl characterized phenomenology. However, eco-phenomenology could be thought of as a hybrid: a joint venture between phenomenological ecology and ecological phenomenology. In principle, an ecologically oriented phenomenology would experientially counteract the toxic effects of hubristic conceptualization through which people often connect with the natural world. The chapter then argues for a phenomenology that does not seek refuge in being simply descriptive, as Husserl sought, but takes seriously its capacity for edification, for renewal. Later, in Martin Heidegger's hands, phenomenology more strongly opens up alternative ways of thinking about people's earthly dwelling, ones that point to a reinhabiting of the earth.
Things at the Edge of the World
Authors: Wood David
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes things at the edge of the world as sites at which events of reversal and transformation take place. It looks at three examples of reversals: people's experience of the sun; the nonhuman animal; and that of the other human, which is divided into three—the sexual other, the stranger, and the enemy. In each case, a thing that begins as an object of experience becomes the site of an event of reversal and transformation in which not only the subject is implicated in an unexpected way but the world, or a part of it, is poised for restructuration and for the proliferation of new chains of possibility. The chapter then suggests that the entire domain marked by these events of reversal and transformation is generated by the combined operation of three different phenomena. These include (1) the primordial constitution of selfhood, (2) variable modes of identification with that self, and (3) the projection of modes of otherness consistent with one's manner of self-relatedness.
My Place in the Sun
Authors: Wood David
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores situations in which “place” is the site of contestation, and where history plays a central role in that contestation. It highlights and considers the connection between the existential sense of right attached to one's bodily existence, the values associated with dwelling and home, and the political and ecological consequences of the ways in which the scope of this sense of right is interpreted. Place and its history and promise are central to these issues. Here then is the argument: People take for granted as the ground of every other right and privilege their individual right to exist, to have their “place in the sun.” This is rarely contested, and it is undoubtedly defensible. The image of “my place in the sun” makes it clear that one is not talking about a privileged spot on a private beach but a place on earth that does not deprive others of what is theirs. The chapter then looks at the historical constitution of place.
Spun Dry: Mobility and Jurisdiction in Northern Australia
Authors: Fisher Daniel
Published: January 2020

This chapter pursues an ethnographic account of intra-indigenous relations and jurisdictional contest in urban northern Australia. Its narrative explores the relationship between Aboriginal community policing and emergent forms and figures of urban mobility and morbidity in Darwin, capital of Australia's Northern Territory. While Darwin's indigenous patrols have no police powers and its officers disavow any authority as police, they do have a certain status vested in them by the traditional owners of the country on which they patrol. Their Aboriginal-directed efforts thus entail both an assertion of indigenous jurisdiction and an accompanying reflexivity about the substance and limits of its reach-limits informed by settler colonial oversight, by the diversity of indigenous claims to urban space, and by poetic figures and mediatized narratives that trope the volatility of Aboriginal dispersal and displacement. The chapter explores the ways patrols negotiate their authority and reckon its limits, extending a local poetics of jurisdiction and movement to illuminate the new urban worlds they traverse.
After Obergefell: On Marriage and Belonging in Carson McCullers’s Member of the Wedding
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: January 2020

The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges was a historic day for gay rights as well as for the institution of marriage. The Court's decision led many of the states that introduced marriage equality prior to Obergefell to eliminate civil unions on the grounds that same-sex couples could now get married.
A reading of Carson McCullers's novel The Member of the Wedding in the context of Obergefell reveals the shadow marriage casts over nonmarital affinities and relationships. McCuller's protagonist, Frankie, desires not to join the wedding as a member but to disrupt it. Through Frankie's wedding fantasies, McCullers illuminates forms of belonging that are ostensibly outside the law and that move across temporal and spatial boundaries, unseating marriage as the measure of all relationships.
When Persons Become Firms and Firms Become Persons: Neoliberal Jurisprudence and Evangelical Christianity in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: January 2020

In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014), the U.S. Supreme Court held that a national chain of craft stores whose Christian owners believed contraception was a sin against God could not be forced to provide their employees with insurance coverage for contraceptives. With the extension of personhood to corporations and the economizing of civic and ethical life, personhood is remade as human capital, and the field in which rights are exercised becomes a realm of the market. The decision illustrates how neoliberal jurisprudence facilitates a specific set of evangelical conservative Christian aims today and how it enables a kind of market evangelicism that pushes back against secular guarantees of equality and nondiscrimination. Hobby Lobby is one of a series of recent decisions that remakes both personhood and rights through neoliberal reason, marking a specific neoliberalization of conscience itself.
The Protestant Power of Attorney of 1531: A Legalistic History of the Early Reformation in Germany
Authors: Ludin Sara
Published: January 2020

This essay takes a close look at the "power of attorney" document drafted in 1531 by a group of German princes and cities in which they appoint two lawyers to represent them collectively in all disputes in which "one or more of us is sued on account of our holy faith, religion, ceremonies, and what attaches to them." In the 1530s and '40s, this power of attorney was invoked in dozens of civil and public law disputes that had arisen from local reformations-concerning church property, jurisdiction, and the land-peace. Many regard the case files of these highly politicized Reformation cases as the "wrong place" to look for law. This essay illustrates that even in the most apparently formalistic and legalistic documents of a case file, such as the power of attorney, we can identify moments of juridical experimentation that operated as unexpected proxies or even prerequisites for larger constitutional questions of status and recognition. In particular, the study shows that long before the Protestants, as a group, and Lutheranism, as a confession, were given legal status in the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, the "protesting estates" had achieved ad hoc legal legibility in the shuffle of courtroom disputes.
The Trial of Romeo Rosebud
Authors: Wagner Bryan
Published: January 2020

Theatricality was essential to the legal process in late nineteenth-century police courts. Structured to dispatch their dockets quickly and inexpensively, police courts had no pretense to due process, and their outcomes were left to the discretion of the mayor or magistrate, leaving a lot of room for improvisation. After the format for blackface theater was standardized in the 1840s, the afterpiece of many shows was set in a police court, and these burlesque courtroom scenes betray a surprisingly robust understanding of the mechanics of the minor judiciary. Combined readings of a blackface theater script and of late nineteenth-century reporting on these tribunals show how representations of police courts, which were viewed as a form of entertainment, derived from the standard minstrel repertoire. Spectators of the play as well as readers of newspapers experienced the courtroom as popular theater, where people whose rights were rarely respected experienced the theater of law.
Life
Authors: Crépon Marc , Martel James
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses not only how the fabric of relations binds people to all others, but also how its fissures are a part of the “nature” or the “essence of life,” at least “human life.” If it is true that all life, however it defines its belonging, is protected by the ideals and the institutions that constitute a common good for humanity, and if it is true, more importantly, that no one can elude murderous consent, then the paradox of murderous consent is that humanity's common good turns against life itself. Rather than merely accept, encourage, and promote the destruction of life, the fabric of relations that should prevent such annihilation assists it. All wars, all acts of violence, whether civil or between states, trample on the ideals of humanity, even as those who are responsible for the abuse proclaim these same ideals as their own. Nothing that safeguards life is immune from being invoked and exploited so as to effect this kind of reversal. This was the bitter conclusion—as expressed in his Reflections on War and Death—that Sigmund Freud reached in 1915 after the first of four long years of mutual devastation by Europe's nations. Stefan Zweig—in The World of Yesterday: Memories of a European, a retrospective on the war—came to this same conclusion regarding literature, though twenty-five years later.
Truth
Authors: Crépon Marc , Martel James
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the shared vulnerability that binds people to one another. People must keep two things in mind. First, the universality of people's vulnerability, however inescapable in a globalized world, is infinitely variable. It is, stated otherwise, unequally distributed. Judith Butler evoked this inequality following the attacks of September 11, 2001, when she pressed her fellow citizens, justifiably traumatized by the aggression, not to be blinded to the multiple forms of insecurity that beleaguer other populations and other peoples around the world. Second, there is in this sense a geography of vulnerability, a mapping of which overlaps that of famine, misery, war, epidemics, political violence, or oppression. There can be no disputing that the inscription of frontiers that separate wealth from poverty, hunger from opulence, access to care from scarcity of care, instruction from illiteracy, and “democracy” from dictatorship and authoritarianism ground the “reality” of the world. They fracture and partition it. Thus, the question of truth comes up forcefully in those recurring situations in which there is a distortion between, on the one hand, the unequal globalization of vulnerability and, on the other hand, the calculations, pretensions, and partial and partisan interpretations of inequality, in the name of some or other prerogative or in defense of sovereign interests.
The World
Authors: Crépon Marc , Martel James
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Few are the testimonials, novels, novellas, or philosophical analyses that help evaluate, politically and morally, what happened there in August of 1945. Of course, there have been “world conferences against nuclear weapons” and “peace movements” that cannot be separated from the memory of that day. For Kenzaburō Ōe, who observed many such conferences and movements and gathered accounts from the victims, the politics and the recollection of that day were far from compatible or consistent with one another. Most of the great philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century judged it unnecessary, beyond some rudimentary reflection, to dwell on the event or to examine critically the official reasons for and justifications of it. Even less attention has been paid to the widespread and silent consent of the political class to nuclear weapons, despite the many protest movements directed against them. It was understood that making an example of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had proven the necessary “efficacy” of deterrence. Consequently, the memory of the event was made a prisoner of the geopolitical and strategic questions of the Cold War, just as the question of nuclear arms today is understood in the context of the potential terrorism of so-called “rogue” states.
Conclusion
Authors: Crépon Marc , Martel James
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter addresses the mortality and vulnerability that humans and animals share. The destruction of harvests, the scorched fields, the forest fires, and the devastation of the countryside make no distinctions. They affect animals and humans alike. If people are willing to include animals in their thought of living-with, then they must divide the relations that compose it into two categories. First, there are the relations that bind animals—notably but not exclusively domestic animals—to the humans on whom they depend. Second, there are the relations that “attach” animals to all other animals, whether of the same or of different species. The relationship in the first case is unequal and the violence of potential mistreatment is devoid of reciprocity: the animal is unilaterally exposed to the irruption of such violence. In the second case, the relationship is inscribed in a different order, which people should not describe too hastily. When these relations are destroyed, the destruction occurs not by itself and from within the relationship, but as the result of an external force. This is to say that if people wish to qualify the relations between humans and animals as “moral and political,” they must not understand this characterization in the same way they encountered it in murderous consent. The two ways in which humans interject violence into the world of animals mark the distinction.
Interpretations as Hypotheses
Authors: Schlink Bernhard
Published: January 2020

The interpretations of legal norms, which are abstract and general, are also abstract and general. Legal norms are if-then-sentences—if this factual constellation occurs, then these are the legal consequences—and their interpretations aim to cover all cases that are similar enough to fall under the if-clause and all variations that the legal consequences can take on. These normative if-then sentences have something important in common with the factual if-then sentences of empirical science. Both claim relevance for an infinite number of instances, an infinite universe of discourse. Therefore, both can never be verified, only falsified. This also means that there can be no rules that have only to be followed to discover the right legal interpretation or scientific hypothesis. In the context of discovery, anything goes, so long as it is imaginative and creative. Rules come into play in the context of justification; they demand that legal interpretations and scientific hypotheses are justified by demonstrating that all ways to falsify them have been tried and tested without resulting in a falsification. Scientific hypotheses are falsified by consensus about how to understand reality. Legal interpretations are also falsified by consensus: about what the text of the norm says, about what the legislature intended, and about the consequences of a legal interpretation being compatible or incompatible with the rest of the legal system. Since legal interpretations are and can only be hypotheses, there is no one right interpretation, and the quest for it goes astray.
Jacques Derrida Never Wrote about Law
Authors: Legrand Pierre
Published: January 2020

This essay examines key aspects of Jacques Derrida’s thinking about law. After probing Derrida’s anti-foundationalism, the text claims that Derrida’s appreciation of law was always effectively an understanding of droit. The further argument is that Derrida’s deconstructive strategy is haunted by the latent presence of the only droit with which he was familiar, French law, which would have manifested itself to him in the standard form of a particularly persistent, uncompromising, and indeed crude version of positivism well-known to comparativists and at variance with the mainstream views prevailing in the anglophone world where the common-law tradition obtains. Ultimately, this essay challenges every single interpretation of Derrida in English translation whenever Derrida’s readers have reflexively assumed that the word “law” meant “law” as usually understood in the anglophone world. In fact, in Derrida’s work “law” never carried that meaning, for Derrida was only ever acquainted with droit. And since he always wrote in French, he never had anything in mind but droit. Specifically, Jacques Derrida never wrote about law.
Derrida’s Shylock
Authors: Trüstedt Katrin
Published: January 2020

This contribution addresses issues of interpretation and translation in Derrida’s reading of Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice in relation to the supposed opposition of the letter and the spirit of the law. Rather than supporting a supersession of the law’s letter in favor of its spirit and advocating a sublation of the law by means of mercy, as a traditional reading suggests, this essay’s reading of Shakespeare’s play suggests that it deconstructs the underlying opposition. By linking the insistence on “the letter of the law” not to a kind of literalism or blind compliance with the law, but instead to an insistence on the textuality of the law, such a reading elucidates the law’s need for interpretation and highlights how the attempt to surpass the letter of the law involves a threat of a fundamental injustice.
Cities of Refuge, Rebel Cities, and the City to Come
Authors: Borradori Giovanna
Published: January 2020

As the processes of globalization transform cities into nodes of accumulation of financial and symbolic capital, it is fair to assume that urban contexts have never been more vulnerable to the systemic imperatives of the market. It is thus surprising that cities continue to be the site where the deepest social and political transformations come to the surface. What, then, preserves the city as a space of dissent? The claim of this chapter is that a critical reflection on the political agency of Northern and Southern cities has to start from asking what it means today to occupy the pavement of their streets. The argument explored here is that, in this age of molecular neoliberal encroachment and restructuring, it is a certain experience of dispossession, rather than the quest for identification and recognition, that makes the city the core of a shared experience of refuge and resistance.
The Trouble with Logical Positivism: Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, and the Origins of Critical Theory
Authors: Handelman Matthew
Published: January 2020

How did critical theory, at least as it was first envisioned by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, come to be so opposed to mathematics? Chapter 1 examines the transformation of Horkheimer, Adorno, and Walter Benjamin’s prewar confrontation with Logical Positivism into a history of thinking that equated mathematics with the downfall of Enlightenment. According to the first generation of critical theorists, the reduction of philosophy to the operations and symbols of mathematics, as proposed by Logical Positivists such as Otto Neurath and Rudolph Carnap, rendered modern philosophy politically impotent and acquiesced to the powers of industry and authoritarian government. This initial phase of critical theory defined itself against the Logical Positivists’ equation of thought and mathematics, subsuming mathematics in their interpretation of reason’s return to myth and barbarism. Horkheimer and Adorno’s postwar texts and the work of second-generation critical theorists perpetuated this image of mathematics, canonizing it as an archetype of instrumental reason, reification, and social domination.
Unknowing Fanaticism
Authors: Lerner Ross
Published: January 2020

We may think we know what defines religious fanaticism: violent action undertaken with dogmatic certainty. But the term “fanatic,” from the European Reformation to today, has never been a stable term. Then and now it has been reductively defined to justify state violence and to delegitimize alternative sources of authority. Unknowing Fanaticism rejects the simplified binary of fanatical religion and rational politics and turns to Renaissance literature to demonstrate that fanaticism was integral to how both modern politics and poetics developed, from the German Peasant Revolts of the 1520s to the English Civil War in the mid-seventeenth century. This book traces two entangled approaches to fanaticism in the long Reformation: the targeting of it as a political threat and the engagement with it as an epistemological and poetic problem. In the first, thinkers of modernity from Martin Luther to Thomas Hobbes and John Locke positioned themselves against fanaticism to dismiss dissent and abet theological and political control. In the second, the poets of fanaticism investigated the link between fanatical self-annihilation—the process by which one could become a vessel for divine violence—and the practices of writing poetry. Edmund Spenser, John Donne, and John Milton recognized in the fanatic’s claim to be a passive instrument of God their own incapacity to know and depict the origins of fanaticism. This crisis led these writers to experiment with poetic techniques that would allow them to address fanaticism’s tendency to unsettle the boundaries between reason and revelation, human will and divine agency.
The Reproduction of Life Death
Authors: McCance Dawne
Published: January 2020

During the 1975–76 academic year, Jacques Derrida delivered a seminar, La vie la mort, at the Paris ENS. Based on archival translations of this as-yet untapped seminar, McCance’s The Reproduction of Life Death offers an unprecedented study of Derrida’s engagement with molecular biology and genetics, particularly François Jacob’s interpretation of DNA reproduction in his 1970 book La Logique du vivant (The Logic of the Living). Structured on an itinerary of “three rings,” each departing from and coming back to Nietzsche, Derrida’s seminar ties Jacob’s logocentric account of reproduction to the reproductive program of teaching that characterizes the academic institution, challenging this mode of teaching as auto-reproduction along with the concept of academic freedom on which it is based. McCance’s The Reproduction of Life Death makes another decisive contribution in bringing together Derrida’s critique of Jacob’s theory of auto-reproduction with his reading of reproductivity, the tendency to repeat-reproduce, that is theorized and enacted in Freud’s “speculative” Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The book includes Derrida’s analyses of life death in relation to autobiography and the signature. The book will be of interest to all theorists and disciplines concerned with the question of life.
Double Helix
Authors: McCance Dawne
Published: January 2020

Derrida’s performative reading of François Jacob’s account of DNA reproduction in The Logic of the Living focuses on Jacob’s interpretation of DNA as a logocentric text, one that is essentially without survival value. In line with other modern biologists, Jacob confuses metaphor and concept. He also looks forward to man’s “cerebral” (eugenic) control over evolution.
Institutions of the “Yes”
Authors: McCance Dawne
Published: January 2020

Derrida returns to the questions of academic freedom, teaching as auto-reproduction, and the biological-biographical body by considering Nietzsche’s Ecce Homo before turning to his earlier (1872) On the Future of our Educational Institutions. Central to this chapter is Derrida’s inheritance of Nietzsche’s autograph-signature.
Rhythmos
Authors: McCance Dawne
Published: January 2020

This final chapter highlights the life death movement that Derrida reads in the texts of Nietzsche and especially Freud, suggesting that the end of movement, rhythmos, is death (without opposition).
Jewish Studies as Counterlife
Authors: Newton Adam Zachary
Published: January 2020

This book tells the story of a Jewish Studies that hasn’t yet happened—at least not fully. At bottom, the modest version of a swerve it performs is to ask: what do we mean when we say, “Jewish Studies,” when we conjoin its component terms, when a field takes up its past and projects its future, when we imagine it not as mere amalgam but project? JS offers a unique lens through which to view the horizon of the academic humanities because, though it arrived belatedly, it has spanned a range of disciplinary locations and configurations, from an “origin story” in nineteenth-century historicism and philology to the emancipatory politics of the Enlightenment, to the ethnicity-driven pluralism of the postwar decades, to more recent configurations within an interdisciplinary cultural studies. The conflicted allegiances in respect to traditions, disciplines, divisions, stakes, and stakeholders represent the structural and historical situation of the field as it comes into contact with the humanities more broadly. JSAC reconceives Jewish Studies as an agent of that force Jacques Derrida calls “leverage” both in relation to the humanities and to its own multiple possibilities, its pluralities of position, practice, and method. As one of several images marshaled, the lever functions not just to theorize or conjure JS but to figure it, to recast the enterprise through a series of elastic and catalytic tropes. In that way, the book seeks to harness the dialogical possibilities offered by the evolving collection of forces by which JS is constituted and practiced in order to open, refashion, and exemplify possibilities for a humanities to come.
Jewish Studies as Lever
Authors: Newton Adam Zachary
Published: January 2020

After a compressed history of modern JS centering on the figure of Gershom Scholem (no mean metaphorist himself), this first of two linked chapters adds to the initial figuration of Jewish Studies (counterlife, report, adhesion, four questions, satire) a further constellation of images pertaining to location and movement/force: the boundary, ruins, the city, the lever. In parallel with the sequence of figures is a polyphony of carefully curated voices whose reverberant and interdiscursive effect offers one paradigm, in the context of JS, for a more dialogically inflected humanities. Both this chapter and the succeeding one endeavor to think the project of Jewish Studies adventurously, by considering genres over and above disciplines, emergent rather than settled questions. In thus reframing some of the field’s organizing assumptions, my particular interest is to “work the frame” itself: to mobilize borders, to set forth inside relative to outside “as a problem,” and, in echo of the ever-insistent answerabiliy Bakhtin assigns to art, to pursue the latent interrogativity of JS.