bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A graphic framework for teaching critical appraisal of randomised controlled trials
Authors: ATTIA J. , PAGE J.
Published: April 2007

Students of evidence‐based medicine often try unsuccessfully to commit to memory a particular critical appraisal framework (often lengthy), or they have to depend on pocket cards and are lost without them. We have described a pedagogic aid: a flow diagram of an RCT, which has been developed over years of teaching residents. This diagram focuses on the steps in an RCT, and by drawing arrows, it highlights the biases possible at each step. This diagram serves as a framework on which the list of critical appraisal questions can be hung and is easy to remember.
Pressure algometry for the detection of induced back pain in horses: a preliminary study
Authors: HAUSSLER K. K. , ERB H. N.
Published: April 2007

Reasons for performing study: Pressure algometry (PA) is a potential modality for objectively measuring mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) in horses. Its ability to differentiate musculoskeletal pain sites from nonpain sites is unknown and must be assessed prior to its clinical application.

Objectives: To assess the ability of PA to detect induced musculoskeletal pain.

Methods: Twenty clinically normal mature horses (2 groups of 10 horses, over 2 years) were used to measure MNTs before and after implantation and removal of 2 fixation half‐pins in the dorsal spinous processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae. To assess hyperalgesia, MNTs near the surgical sites were pooled and compared to surrounding landmarks. MNTs were also compared on 2 consecutive days immediately after surgical implantation. To assess longer‐term adaptation or sensitisation, changes from the beginning to the end of the study were evaluated.

Results: The precise surgical sites could be recognised due to substantial and localised decreases in the MNTs compared with surrounding landmarks. At most sites distant to the surgical sites, the distribution of the median percentage change in MNTs was centred around 0 (suggesting unbiased repeatability). MNTs compared from the beginning to the end of this study did not demonstrate obvious adaptation or sensitisation.

Conclusions and potential relevance: PA provides a quantitative and repeatable method for assessing the presence of musculoskeletal pain. Further studies are needed to evaluate PA clinically for assessing musculoskeletal injuries and pain management strategies in horses.
Histopathology in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age‐matched controls. Part 2: The deep digital flexor tendon
Authors: BLUNDEN A. , DYSON S. , MURRAY R. , SCHRAMME M.
Published: April 2007

Reasons for performing study: Causes of palmar foot pain and the aetiopathogenesis of navicular disease remain poorly understood, despite the high incidence of foot‐related lameness.

Hypotheses: Abnormalities of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) may contribute to palmar foot pain; ageing degenerative changes may be seen in horses free from lameness; and horses with lameness are likely to have a greater severity of abnormalities than age‐matched horses with no history of foot pain.

Methods: Feet were selected from horses with a history of uni‐ or bilateral forelimb lameness of at least 2 months' duration. Histology of the DDFT from the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint to its insertion were examined and the severity of lesions for each site graded. Associations between lesions of the navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligaments (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bursa, distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint synovium and collateral ligaments of the DIP joint and DDFT were assessed.

Results: There was no relationship between age and grade of histological abnormality of the DDFT. There were significant histological differences between groups for lesions of the dorsal layers of the DDFT, but not for lesions of the palmar aspect. There were significant associations between histological grades for the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT and flexor aspect of the navicular bone; and between the deep dorsal layer of the DDFT and the proximal border and medulla of the navicular bone. The navicular bursa grade was correlated with grades for the superficial dorsal, deep dorsal and deep palmar layers of the DDFT. The histological grades for the CSL and the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT were also associated.

Conclusions: Pathological abnormalities in lame horses often involved the DDFT in addition to the navicular bone. Vascular and matrix changes may precede changes in the fibrocartilage of the navicular bone.

Potential relevance: Identification of factors leading to vascular changes within the interstitium of the DDFT and changes in matrix composition, may help in future management of palmar foot pain.
Germ Layer Induction in ESC—Following the Vertebrate Roadmap
Authors: Smith Jim , Wardle Fiona , Loose Matt , Stanley Ed , Patient Roger
Published: April 2007

Controlled differentiation of pluripotential cells takes place routinely and with great success in developing vertebrate embryos. It therefore makes sense to take note of how this is achieved and use this knowledge to control the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). An added advantage is that the differentiated cells resulting from this process in embryos have proven functionality and longevity. This unit reviews what is known about the embryonic signals that drive differentiation in one of the most informative of the vertebrate animal models of development, the amphibian Xenopus laevis. It summarizes their identities and the extent to which their activities are dose‐dependent. The unit details what is known about the transcription factor responses to these signals, describing the networks of interactions that they generate. It then discusses the target genes of these transcription factors, the effectors of the differentiated state. Finally, how these same developmental programs operate during germ layer formation in the context of ESC differentiation is summarized. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 1:1D.1.1‐1D.1.22. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
pH‐Tunable Endosomolytic Oligomers for Enhanced Nucleic Acid Delivery
Authors: Kang H. C. , Bae Y. H.
Published: April 2007

Oligomeric sulfonamides (OSAs) are explored as a tool for the effective endosomal release of polyplexes or delivery of nucleic acid. The OSAs tested in this study show varying proton‐buffering regions and pH‐dependent solubility transitions within the endosomal pH range, and are influenced by the pKa value and hydrophobicity of a given sulfonamide group. In addition, OSA presents negligible toxicity. The oligomers are added to the nucleic acid solution for polyplex formation with positively charged polymeric nucleic acid carriers. The resulting nanoscale, positively charged, and OSA‐incorporated poly(L‐lysine) (PLL)/DNA complexes (OSA‐polyplexes) show a 4–55‐fold increase in in vitro gene expression compared to PLL/DNA (control), depending upon the cell line and the nature of the used OSA. In cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking studies using pH‐sensitive or pH‐insensitive dye‐labeled DNAs, there is no significant difference in the amount of DNA uptake using OSA polyplexes and PLL/DNA. However, OSA–polyplexes induce a broader intracellular distribution of the DNA than PLL/DNA complexes do. These results, coupled with the enhanced DNA transfection using OSA–polyplexes, indicate a mechanism by which OSA induces endosomal release of polyplexes and/or nucleic acids. The findings suggest that OSA could enhance polymer‐based nucleic acid delivery. Furthermore, such materials offer significant potential for effective cytosolic delivery of chemical, biological, and diagnostic therapeutics.
Observations of daytime births in two groups of red‐handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul) on an Island in the tucuruí reservoir in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Camargo Carolina C. , Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: April 2007

Births were observed in two free‐ranging groups of red‐handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul) in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Both events occurred in the early afternoon, and were relatively rapid and discrete. No other group members approached the females during parturition, nor attempted to interfere with the neonate in any way. Only one of the mothers ingested the placenta. This same female carried the neonate ventrally during the first month of life and then it was carried dorsally. The other infant was carried by its mother in a dorsal position from birth onward. Both infants survived their first month, but subsequently disappeared, in the second and fourth months of life. The precise causes of their death are unknown. In one case, we speculate that the infant's death was due to infestation by botfly larvae. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1075–1079, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in fecal testosterone levels, inter‐male aggression, dominance rank and age during mating and post‐mating periods in wild adult male ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)
Authors: Gould L. , Ziegler T.E.
Published: April 2007

In primate species exhibiting seasonal reproduction, patterns of testosterone excretion in adult males are variable: in some species, peaks correlate with female receptivity periods and heightened male–male aggression over access to estrous females, in others, neither heightened aggression nor marked elevations in testosterone have been noted. In this study, we examined mean fecal testosterone ( f T) levels and intermale aggression in wild adult male ring‐tailed lemurs residing in three groups at Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Results obtained from mating and post‐mating season 2003 were compared to test Wingfield et al. [1990. Am Nat 136:829–846] “challenge hypothesis”, which predicts a strong positive relationship between male testosterone levels and male–male competition for access to receptive females during breeding season. f T levels and rates of intermale aggression were significantly higher during mating season compared to the post‐mating period. Mean f T levels and aggression rates were also higher in the first half of the mating season compared with the second half. Number of males in a group affected rates of intermale agonism, but not mean f T levels. The highest‐ranking males in two of the groups exhibited higher mean f T levels than did lower‐ranking males, and young males exhibited lower f T levels compared to prime‐aged and old males. In the post‐mating period, mean male f T levels did not differ between groups, nor were there rank or age effects. Thus, although male testosterone levels rose in relation to mating and heightened male–male aggression, f T levels fell to baseline breeding levels shortly after the early mating period, and to baseline non‐breeding levels immediately after mating season had ended, offsetting the high cost of maintaining both high testosterone and high levels of male–male aggression in the early breeding period. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1325–1339, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orientation of the human sacrum: Anthropological perspectives and methodological approaches
Authors: Peleg Smadar , Dar Gali , Medlej Bahaa , Steinberg Nili , Masharawi Youssef , Latimer Bruce , Jellema Lyman , Peled Nathan , Arensburg Baruch , Hershkovitz Israel
Published: April 2007

Discovering the nature of sacral orientation is of considerable anthropological importance. Therefore, this study aims at presenting a new anthropologically based definition for sacral anatomical orientation (SAO) angle, establishing standards of SAO for human population; examining the relationship between pelvic incidence (PI) and SAO; and associating SAO with demographic parameters. The study population consisted of 424 adult and 14 sub‐adult (13–18 years, for SAO only) pelvises. Sacral orientation was measured using two different definitions: a) SAO is the angle created between the intersection of a line running parallel to the superior surface of the sacrum and a line running between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the anterior‐superior edge of the symphysis pubis; b) PI is the angle created between the perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and the line connecting this point to the middle of the axis of the acetabulum. SAO was measured using a specially designed mechanical measurement tool and a 3D digitizer. PI was measured via the 3D digitizer. The methods developed by us for measuring SAO and PI in skeletal material are valid and reliable. SAO and PI measures were highly correlated (r = −0.824, P < 0.001). The average SAO was 49.01° (SD = 10.16), and the average PI 54.08° (SD = 12.64). SAO was independent of ethnicity and sex, yet age dependent. This study establishes a methodology for estimating SAO and PI in skeletal material and furnishes the anthropological milieu with base line data regarding these parameters. Future studies in human evolution can greatly benefit from this study. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
North Indian Muslims: Enclaves of foreign DNA or Hindu converts?
Authors: Terreros Maria C. , Rowold Diane , Luis Javier R. , Khan Faisal , Agrawal Suraksha , Herrera Rene J.
Published: April 2007

The mtDNA composition of two Muslim sects from the northern Indian province of Uttar Pradesh, the Sunni and Shia, have been delineated using sequence information from hypervariable regions 1 and 2 (HVI and HVII, respectively) as well as coding region polymorphisms. A comparison of this data to that from Middle Eastern, Central Asian, North East African, and other Indian groups reveals that, at the mtDNA haplogroup level, both of these Indo‐Sunni and Indo‐Shia populations are more similar to each other and other Indian groups than to those from the other regions. In addition, these two Muslim sects exhibit a conspicuous absence of West Asian mtDNA haplogroups suggesting that their maternal lineages are of Indian origin. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the maternal lineage data indicates differences between the Sunni and Shia collections of Uttar Pradesh with respect to the relative distributions of Indian‐specific M sub‐haplogroups (Indo Shia > Indo Sunni) and the R haplogroup (Indo Sunni > Indo Shia), a disparity that does not appear to be related to social status or geographic regions within India. Finally, the mtDNA data integrated with the Y‐chromosome results from an earlier study, which indicated a major Indian genetic (Y‐chromosomal) contribution as well, suggests a scenario of Hindu to Islamic conversion in these two populations. However, given the substantial level of the African/Middle Eastern YAP lineage in the Indo‐Shia versus its absence in the Indo‐Sunni, it is likely that this conversion was somewhat gender biased in favor of females in the Indo‐Shia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Niger‐Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y‐chromosome data
Authors: Hünemeier Tábita , Carvalho Cláudia , Marrero Andrea Rita , Salzano Francisco Mauro , Junho Pena Sérgio Danilo , Bortolini Maria Cátira
Published: April 2007

We analyzed sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment I (HVS‐I) from 201 Black individuals from two Brazilian cities (Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre), and compared these data with published information from 21 African populations. A subset of 187 males of the sample was also characterized for 30 Y‐chromosome biallelic polymorphisms, and the data were compared with those from 48 African populations. The mtDNA data indicated that respectively 69% and 82% of the matrilineages found in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre originated from West‐Central/Southeast Africa. These estimates are in close agreement with historical records which indicated that most of the Brazilian slaves who arrived in Rio de Janeiro were from West‐Central Africa. In contrast to mtDNA, Y‐chromosome haplogroup analysis did not allow discrimination between places of origin in West or West‐Central Africa. Thus, when comparing these two major African regions, there seems to be higher genetic structure with mtDNA than with Y‐chromosome data. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of gamma‐irradiation on midgut proteolytic activity of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Andres Victoria San , Ortego Félix , Castañera Pedro
Published: April 2007

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is a key pest of citrus in Spain because of significant yield losses and to quarantine restrictions. Biologically based control methods, such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which relies on the sterilization by irradiation of large numbers of insects, is gaining an increasing role in the control of medfly in Mediterranean areas. However, gamma‐irradiation might damage the midgut epithelium cells, causing a lowering of nutritive assimilation that can negatively affect adult performance. Irradiation effects on digestive physiology are well established for a number of insect pests, but there is no information on medfly. Our aim was to determine the effects of gamma‐irradiation on C. capitata digestive protease activity. Both larvae and adults were found to use a similar proteolytic system based on aspartyl‐, trypsin‐, chymotrypsin‐, amino peptidase‐, and carboxypeptidase A‐ and B‐like activities. Pupae of the Vienna‐7 (tsl) strain were irradiated at 70 or 140 Gy, two days before emergence, and the adults fed during 5 days on sugar‐protein (4:1) diets. Protease activity was measured in midgut extracts and compared with males non‐irradiated reared in the same conditions. The results showed that the irradiation doses tested had no effect on the digestive proteolytic activities of medfly adults. Moreover, the longevity of irradiated medflies at the highest dose (140 Gy) was similar to that of controls. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:11–19, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of Y chromosomal PCR marker and production of a selected strain for molecular sexing in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuya , Noda Hiroaki
Published: April 2007

A laboratory colony was established in order to enable molecular sexing in premature stages in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. We found four male‐specific amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in the planthopper, and sequenced one of the AFLPs along with its 5′ flanking region (1,423 bp in total). PCR primers were designed based on the nucleotide sequence information so that the PCR product was present in male planthoppers and absent in female planthoppers. However, we could not completely distinguish males from females, because the PCR amplification product was absent in some of the males screened. We, therefore, established a laboratory colony, in which all males carried this sequence. We can directly sex pre‐adult stages in this colony using our PCR primers, making this strain of considerable value for studies that require sex separation in egg and nymphal stages. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:1–10, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free radical generation during the activation of hemolymph prepared from the homopteran Dactylopius coccus
Authors: García‐Gil De Muñoz F. , Lanz‐Mendoza H. , Hernández‐Hernández F.C.
Published: April 2007

Superoxide anion (O–2) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in Dactylopius coccus hemolymph obtained by perfusion and activated with zymosan was studied. Activated hemolymph reduced 3‐[4,5 dimethylthiazolil‐2]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. This reduction was prevented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) indicating O–2 generation. This activity was dependent on temperature, and hemolymph incubated at 75°C lost its activity. Chromatocytes incubated with zymosan released their content and produced O–2. Activated hemolymph also produced NO and this activity was prevented in the presence of NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, suggesting that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) might be present in D. coccus hemolymph. The probable source of O–2 in the D. coccus hemolymph is the anthraquinone oxidation, since commercial carminic dye produced O–2 during its oxidation by Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase. Gram+ Micrococcus luteus exposed to activated hemolymph were killed in vitro, and addition of NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester and D‐Mannitol (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) prevented their killing. The cytotoxic effect produced by the activated hemolymph was not observed with the Gram– bacteria Serratia marcescens. These results suggest that D. coccus activated hemolymph generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) that may limit M. luteus growth. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:20–28, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in the “Z strain” of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Eltahlawy H.S. , Buckner J.S. , Foster S.P.
Published: April 2007

The regulation of pheromone biosynthesis by the neuropeptide PBAN in the Z strain of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, was investigated using labeled intermediates. Injection of radiolabeled acetate showed PBAN did not influence the de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids in the gland. When deuterium‐labeled myristic acid was topically applied to the gland, females injected with PBAN produced more labeled pheromone than did control females, indicating that PBAN controls one of the later steps of pheromone biosynthesis. Although more myristic acid was Δ11‐desaturated in the gland in the presence of PBAN, this was counterbalanced by less Δ11‐desaturation of palmitic acid, indicating that desaturase activity did not change overall. This change in flux of myristic acid through to pheromone was shown to be caused by increased reduction of fatty acid pheromone precursors occurring in the presence of PBAN. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:29–38, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New isoforms of odorant‐binding proteins and potential semiochemicals of locusts
Authors: Yu Yanxue , Cui Xiaojie , Jiang Quanyong , Jin Xin , Guo Zhiyong , Zhao Xingbo , Bi Yuping , Zhang Long
Published: April 2007

To obtain more information on the elements of chemical communication in the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), we have searched for additional odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) and for volatiles in the feces that could represent potential semiochemicals for this species. A two‐dimensional electrophoretic (2DE) analysis of an antennal extract showed only three closely positioned spots that were recognized by the antiserum against locust OBP. Three genes were also identified using PCR and 5′RACE‐PCR approaches, encoding isoforms differing from each other for a single amino acid substitution. The gas‐chromatographic‐electroantennogram (GC‐EAD) headspace analysis of a feces sample revealed the presence of several compounds that elicited dose‐dependent electrophysiological responses in the antennae of both sexes. Most of these compounds are different from those identified in the feces of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and reported to be behaviorally active. Ligand‐binding experiments performed with such volatiles and recombinant OBP did not show affinity, thus indicating that the binding pocket of OBP requires larger molecules than those so far identified. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:39–49, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human skin permittivity determined by millimeter wave reflection measurements
Authors: Alekseev S.I. , Ziskin M.C.
Published: April 2007

Millimeter wave reflection from the human skin was studied in the frequency range of 37–74 GHz in steps of 1 GHz. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively. To fit the reflection data, a homogeneous unilayer and three multilayer skin models were tested. Skin permittivity in the mm‐wave frequency range resulted from the permittivity of cutaneous free water which was described by the Debye equation. The permittivity increment found from fitting to the experimental data was used for determination of the complex permittivity and water content of skin layers. Our approach, first tested in pure water and gelatin gels with different water contents, gave good agreement with literature data. The homogeneous skin model fitted the forearm data well. Permittivity of the forearm skin obtained with this model was close to the skin permittivity reported by others. To fit reflection from the palmar skin with a thick SC, a skin model containing at least two layers was required. Multilayer models provided better fitting to both the forearm and palmar skin reflection data. The fitting parameters obtained with different models were consistent with each other. Bioelectromagnetics 28:331–339, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A few remarks on ‘combined action of DC and AC magnetic fields on ion motion in a macromolecule’
Authors: Binhi V. N.
Published: April 2007

Zhadin and Barnes [2005:26:323–330] concluded that they solved the differential equation describing combined action of DC and AC magnetic fields on thermal motion of ions in a biological macromolecule and, as a result, a diversity of biological phenomena could be explained. It is shown here that biological phenomena cannot be explained based on this model. Adair [2006:27:332–334] gave several arguments for the statement that the interaction of weak magnetic fields with ions trapped in protein cavities cannot produce detectable biological effects through changing the character of the ion orbits. The arguments are analyzed here and some are shown to be questionable or unjustified. We stress the difference between the conclusion made by Adair and that stated in this article. Bioelectromagnetics 28:409–412, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof
Authors: Orgeldinger Mathias
Published: April 2007

Im protestantischen Nürnberg des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts lebten zwei Künstler, die mit ihrer Leidenschaft für Insekten wesentlich zur Genese der modernen Entomologie beitrugen: Maria Sibylla Merian (1647‐1717) und August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof (1705‐1759).
Parasit verändert den Geruchssinn seines Zwischenwirts
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: April 2007

Beim Flussbarsch (Perca fluviatilis) ist der Kratzer (Pomphorhynchus laevis) als parasitischer Wurm bekannt. Der Flussbarsch ist der Endwirt, die Larve lebt im Bachflohkrebs (Rivulogammarus pulex) als Zwischenwirt und beeinflusst sein Verhalten: Statt vor seinem Fressfeind zu fliehen, schwimmt ein infizierter Bachflohkrebs dem Flussbarsch entgegen.
Die Kunst der Nukleinsäure‐Gewinnung
Authors: Schrödel Andrea
Published: April 2007

Die DNA‐Isolation gehört in jedem molekularbiologischen Labor zur Routinetätigkeit. Viele Firmen bieten dazu Kits an, die die DNA‐Isolation zum Kinderspiel machen. Doch wie wird dabei eigentlich genau vorgegangen?
Identification of Protein Fold Topology Shared between Different Folds Inhibited by Natural Products
Authors: McArdle Bernadette M. , Quinn Ronald J.
Published: April 2007

Natural products have withstood the test of time as therapeutics, but new lead‐generation strategies have focussed away from natural products. A new approach that uses natural‐product recognition to drive an understanding of biological space might provide an impetus for renewed focus on natural‐product starting points. Protein fold topology (PFT) has been shown to be an underlying factor for natural‐product recognition. An investigation of natural product inhibitors of the Zincin‐like fold has demonstrated their capacity also to inhibit targets of different fold types. Analysis of crystal structure complexes for natural products cocrystallised within different fold types has shown similarity at the PFT level. Two new PFTT (where subscript T denotes PFT shared between therapeutic targets) relationships have been established: the Zincin‐like– metallohydrolase/oxidoreductase PFTT and the Zincin‐like–phosphorylase/hydrolase PFTT. The PFT relationship between a natural product's biosynthetic enzyme and therapeutic target, and now between different fold targets of the same natural product, suggests that PFT is the simplest descriptor of biological space. This fundamental factor for recognition could facilitate a rational approach to drug development guided by natural products.
Dual Relationship Between Large Gold Clusters (Antifullerenes) and Carbon Fullerenes: A New Lowest‐Energy Cage Structure for Au50.
Authors: Tian Dongxu , Zhao Jijun , Wang Baolin , King R. Bruce
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Intermetallic Compounds Ln4Co2Mg3 (Ln: Pr, Gd, Tb, Dy) — Syntheses, Structure, and Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Tuncel Selcan , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Matar Samir F. , Chevalier Bernard , Poettgen Rainer
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Origin of the Monoclinic‐to‐Monoclinic Phase Transition and Evidence for the Centrosymmetric Crystal Structure of BiMnO3.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure Investigation of RE—Ni—Zn Ternary Compounds (RE: La, Ce, Tb).
Authors: Solokha P. , De Negri S. , Saccone A. , Pavlyuk V. , Tedenac J.‐C.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Chemistry and Electronic Structure of the Metallic Lithium Ion Conductor, LiNiN.
Authors: Gregory Duncan H. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Water‐Dispersed CdTe Nanocrystals with High Luminescent Efficiency and Narrow Size Distribution.
Authors: He Yao , Sai Li‐Man , Lu Hao‐Ting , Hu Mei , Lai Wen‐Yong , Fan Qu‐Li , Wang Lian‐Hui , Huang Wei
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Magnetized Nanocrystalline Co30Fe70 Alloy by Chemical Reduction.
Authors: Kim Chang Woo , Kim Young Hwan , Cha Hyun Gil , Kwon Hae Woong , Kang Young Soo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photocatalytic Activity of a Bi‐Based Oxychloride Bi3O4Cl.
Authors: Lin Xinping , Huang Tao , Huang Fuqiang , Wang Wendeng , Shi Jianlin
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure and Electron Density of Tantalum Oxynitride, a Visible Light Responsive Photocatalyst.
Authors: Yashima Masatomo , Lee Yungi , Domen Kazunari
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
La6C2Br9: La Bitetrahedral Clusters with Endohedral C4‐ Ions.
Authors: Mattausch Hansjuergen , Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses, Structure, Magnetism, and Optical Properties of the Ordered Mixed‐Lanthanide Sulfides γ‐LnLn′S3 (Ln: La, Ce; Ln′: Er, Tm, Yb).
Authors: Jin Geng Bang , Choi Eun Sang , Guertin Robert P. , Brooks James S. , Bray Travis H. , Booth Corwin H. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Control of Channel Shapes in a Microporous Manganese(II)—Borophosphate Framework by Variation of Size and Shape or Organic Template Cations.
Authors: Huang Ya‐Xi , Hochrein Oliver , Zahn Dirk , Prots Yurii , Borrmann Horst , Kniep Ruediger
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Improved Ruthenium Catalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen from Alcohols.
Authors: Junge Henrik , Loges Bjoern , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Rhodium(I)‐Chiral Phosphoramidite Complexes.
Authors: Kurihara Kazunori , Sugishita Noriyuki , Oshita Kengo , Piao Dongguo , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones Using Polymeric Catalyst Prepared from Polymer‐Supported 1,2‐Diamine.
Authors: Itsuno Shinichi , Chiba Masahiro , Takahashi Miyuki , Arakawa Yukihiro , Haraguchi Naoki
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh(I)‐Catalyzed CO Gas‐Free Carbonylative Cyclization of Organic Halides with Tethered Nucleophiles Using Aldehydes as a Substitute for Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Morimoto Tsumoru , Fujioka Masahiko , Fuji Koji , Tsutsumi Ken , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 106. Efficient Regio‐ and Stereoselective Conversions of Oxiranes and Aziridines into β‐(Nitrooxy)‐Substituted Alcohols and Amines by Using Bismuth Nitrate.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Krishnaiah Maddeboina , Venkateswarlu Katta , Reddy Vtukuri Saidi
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐Benzylpyridinium Fluorochromate: An Efficient and Selective Oxidant for Organic Substrates.
Authors: Oezguen Beytiye , Yaylaoglu Ayse , Sendil Kivilcim
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Axially Chiral Guanidine as Highly Active and Enantioselective Catalyst for Electrophilic Amination of Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Nakano Megumi , Ube Hitoshi
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Design of Roof‐Shaped Anthracene‐Fused Chiral Prolines as Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Sasaoka Aika , Uddin Md. Imam , Shimomoto Ai , Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Shiro Motoo , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Acid Modified Mesoporous Alumina: A New Catalyst Carrier for Methyltrioxorhenium in Metathesis of Olefins Bearing Functional Groups.
Authors: Oikawa Takashi , Masui Yoichi , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Chujo Yoshiki , Onaka Makoto
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dihydrofurans and Dihydropyrans with Unsaturated Side Chains Based on Ring Size‐Selective Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Nave Stefan
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Efficient Method for Oxathioacetalization of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Majee Adinath , Kundu Shrishnu Kumar , Islam Samimul
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Deprotection of 1,3‐Oxathiolanes to Carbonyl Compounds with O‐Iodoxy Benzoic Acid (IBX) in the Presence of β‐Cyclodextrin in Water.
Authors: Reddy M. Somi , Narender M. , Mahesh A. , Nageswar Y. V. D. , Rao K. Rama
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Building Blocks: 1‐Aryl‐2‐chloro‐1‐ethoxyethenes — Preparations and Transformations.
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Sakai Miho , Moriura Eri
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Between Vinyl Halides and tert‐Butyl Carbazate: First General Synthesis of the Unusual N‐Boc‐N‐alkenylhydrazines.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Moriel Patricia , Aznar Fernando , Valdes Carlos
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched 2‐Hydroxymethylaziridines by Enzymatic Desymmetrization.
Authors: Choi Jun Young , Borch Richard F.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterosubstituted Cyclopropanation of Alkenes with Organochromium Reagents Derived from Heterosubstituted Dihalomethanes, CrCl2, and Tetraalkylethylenediamine.
Authors: Takai Kazuhiko , Toshikawa Shota , Inoue Atsushi , Kokumai Ryo , Hirano Masato
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silica Gel Triggered Transformations of 3‐Methylenecyclopropylmethyl Sulfonates to 3‐Methylenecyclobutyl Analogues: Experimental and Computational Studies.
Authors: Shao Li‐Xiong , Li Yu‐Xue , Shi Min
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Substituted Cyclopentadienes Through Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,2,4‐Trienes.
Authors: Funami Hideaki , Kusama Hiroyuki , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Potassium Vinyltrifluoroborate with Aryl and Heteroaryl Electrophiles.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Brown Adam R.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
W(CO)5(L)‐Catalyzed 6‐endo‐Selective Cyclization and Formal Cope Rearrangement of Allenyl Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Kiyota Koichi , Kusama Hiroyuki , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Chloro‐2,2‐difluoroacetophenone: A Non‐ODS‐Based Difluorocarbene Precursor and Its Use in the Difluoromethylation of Phenol Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Laijun , Zheng Ji , Hu Jinbo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Assembly of Organocatalysts: Fine‐Tuning Organocatalytic Reactions.
Authors: Clarke Matthew L. , Fuentes Jose A.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of the Chiral Bis(phosphine) Monoxide Ligand to Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to β‐Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Cote Alexandre , Lindsay Vincent N. G. , Charette Andre B.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Secondary Bis‐ and Tris(amines) Derivatives Through Staudinger/Aza‐Wittig Reactions.
Authors: Lee Jae Wook , Han Seung Choul , Kim Ji Hyeon , Lee Kilsung
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient and Mild Procedure for Reductive Methylation of Amines Using N‐Methylpiperidine Zinc Borohydride.
Authors: Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Zamani Reza
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Aza‐1,3‐butadienes.
Authors: Sisak Attila
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Understanding Reactivity Patterns of the Dialkylaniline Radical Cation.
Authors: Kirchgessner Micha , Sreenath Kesavapillai , Gopidas Karical R.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Trichlorophenol Derivatives.
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Choudhury Sumit
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones by Allylation of Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Ketones Followed by Removal of Pentamethylcyclopentadiene.
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Morita Eiji , Uemura Minoru , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Approach to the Synthesis of (R,S)‐Baclofen via PD(II)‐Bipyridine‐Catalyzed Conjugative Addition.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Chan′s Diene Catalyzed by Hydrogen‐Bonding.
Authors: Villano Rosaria , Acocella Maria Rosaria , Massa Antonio , Palombi Laura , Scettri Arrigo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Gold(III)‐Catalyzed Double Wacker‐Type Reaction of 1,1‐Diethynyl Acetate.
Authors: Kato Keisuke , Teraguchi Ryuhei , Kusakabe Taichi , Motodate Satoshi , Yamamura Shigeo , Mochida Tomoyuki , Akita Hiroyuki
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Conversion of Alcohols into Amides via Oximes.
Authors: Owston Nathan A. , Parker Alexandra J. , Williams Jonathan M. J.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel, Efficient, and Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate in Water.
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Bararjanian Morteza , Hekmat Shohreh , Salehi Peyman
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes by Chiral Ti‐TADDOL Complex.
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Kwak Ju Myung , Rajagopal Gurusamy
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrazolyl‐Functionalized Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids and Hemilabile (Carbene)palladium(II) Complex Catalyzed Heck Reaction.
Authors: Wang Ruihu , Zeng Zhuo , Twamley Brendan , Piekarski Melissa M. , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki‐Type Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Pentavalent Triarylantimony Diacetates with Arylboronic Acids Without a Base.
Authors: Yasuike Shuji , Qin Weiwei , Sugawara Yoshiyuki , Kurita Jyoji
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic C—C Bond Formation Accomplished by Selective C—F Activation of Perfluorinated Arenes.
Authors: Schaub Thomas , Backes Marc , Radius Udo
Published: April 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.