bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations to vortices in Hubbard superconductors
Authors: Wang Chumin , Galván César G. , Pérez Luis A.
Published: February 2015

In this work, the formation of d-wave superconducting magnetic vortex is studied within the Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism and the generalized Hubbard model, which leads to 2N2 coupled self-consistent equations for a supercell of N×N atoms. These equations determine the spatial variation of the superconducting gap as a function of the electron concentration and electron-electron interactions. The results show that the superconducting states induced by the correlated hopping (Δt3) are more sensitive to the presence of magnetic field than those induced by attractive nearest-neighbor interaction (V). Furthermore, we calculate the electronic specific heat as a function of the temperature for a given applied magnetic field, whose behavior has a qualitative agreement with experimental data.
Local Health Department Factors Associated With Performance in the Successful Implementation of Community-Based Strategies: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Authors: Gyllstrom Elizabeth , Gearin Kimberly , Frauendienst Renee , Myhre Julie , Larson Michelle , Riley William
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined which local health department (LHD)–level factors contributed to successful implementation of policy, systems, and environmental change strategies in Minnesota.

Methods. We used a retrospective mixed-methods design to evaluate the relationship between the Statewide Health Improvement Plan (SHIP) grant initiative and key predictor variables (2009–2011). We obtained quantitative capacity data for 91 cities and counties in Minnesota; in addition, we conducted 15 key informant interviews to examine factors that facilitated and acted as barriers to LHD performance.

Results. Grantee performance was distributed as follows: exceeds expectations (29.7%), meets expectations (55.0%), and is approaching expectations (15.3%). Organizational quality improvement (QI) maturity was strongly positively associated with grantee performance on SHIP. Organizations with high QI maturity, effective leadership, efficient decision-making, and successful regional or cross-jurisdictional partnerships were more likely to be rated as exceeding expectations.

Conclusions. This study successfully translated practice-based research findings into tangible outcomes, including new system-level performance measures for local public health and recommendations for shaping the statewide initiative examined in this study. The approach taken in this study to systematically monitor communications, dissemination, and translation may be a model for others.
Earthquakes: Should We Be Worried?
Authors: Rao Vikram
Published: February 2015

Beyond the Headlines

Can activities related to shale oil and gas production cause earthquakes? Yes. Can these be avoided? Yes, again.

In discussing this, we first need to break the issue down into two buckets. One is the hydraulic fracturing of rock as a method of stimulation. This is necessary because the reservoir being accessed has very low permeability, which is the rock property that allows flow of fluids. Fracturing causes artificial permeability that enables the oil or gas to flow. The second bucket is the injection of wastewater from production operations into rock as a means of disposal. These two operations are quite different as potential contributors to earthquake activity.

The Basics

Earthquakes are generated when there is Earth movement in a fault. A fault is a fracture in the Earth with significant displacement of the rock on either side of the fracture. To cause movement, the human activity would need to pour energy into what is known as an active fault. This is a fault which, when energized, will cause Earth movement. According to the US Geological Survey, the magnitude of an earthquake will be directly proportional to the length of the active fault.

Faults can be detected. Modern 3D seismic imaging can identify the location and lengths of all but the smallest faults. Small faults are not a concern as a source of damaging earthquakes. So the remedy in large part lies in performing these surveys before a fracturing or wastewater disposal operation.

Hydraulic Fracturing

Seismic activity directly associated with stimulation operations has been studied extensively. Thousands of fracturing events have been observed using a technique known as microseismic monitoring. As the name implies, the seismic events are expected to be small compared with earthquakes. The monitoring was originally done to make operations more efficient. It is in the interest of the operator to direct the fracturing energy into the oil or gas bearing layer. Properly designed operations achieve this. The monitoring has shown that the vast majority of fracturing operations generate low intensities, well below 1.0 on the Richter scale. A handful of instances of higher levels of seismic activity have been documented (out of hundreds of thousands of wells fractured over the past 50 years). For example, an event of 2.5 was observed in the United Kingdom. Although this has not been fully explained, it is believed to have been associated with a proximal active fault. This appears to be the case for most of the other known instances as well. Virtually all oil and gas operations conduct 3D seismic monitoring prior to planning the wells. Faults can be, and ought to be, identified and avoided.
A Novel Completion Method for Sequenced Fracturing in the Eagle Ford Shale
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 169010, ’A Novel Completion Method for Sequenced Fracturing in the Eagle Ford Shale,’ by C. Kraemer, SPE, B. Lecerf, J. Torres, SPE, H. Gomez, and D. Usoltsev, SPE, Schlumberger, and J. Rutledge, SPE, D. Donovan, SPE, and C. Philips, SPE, Marathon Oil, prepared for the 2014 SPE Unconventional Resources Conference—USA, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 1-3 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Evenly fracturing all clusters in heterogeneous zones is challenging in long horizontal sections penetrating heterogeneous reservoirs, as is often the case in the Eagle Ford shale. Furthermore, efforts to improve well economics result in reducing completion time by extending the length of each stage even farther to decrease the number of interventions required for completing the well. To address this challenge, a new sequenced-fracturing technique has been developed on the basis of a novel composite fluid comprising degradable fibers and multisized particles.

Introduction

In Eagle Ford shale completions, which typically rely on limited-entry principles, the distribution of fluid flow is a function of fracture initiation and propagation pressure, differential pressure on perforations, and net pressure of the stimulation treatment. New injection-evaluation and logging techniques demonstrated the possibility of significant variations in fracture-gradient anisotropy and formation fluid-flow distribution over the intervals of horizontal wells. Recently, several operators in the Eagle Ford play revised their completion strategy and decided to increase differential pressure on perforations by reducing the number of perforation clusters per stimulation stage. This approach requires a larger number of wireline interventions to place the additional necessary bridge plugs and is accompanied by longer subsequent coiled-tubing milling operations. A solution was needed to increase the number of perforations being stimulated without increasing the complexity of operations, the associated time, and the costs.

Increasing Contact, Not Operational Complexity

Chemical diversion has been proposed as a cost-effective and faster alternative to mechanical techniques for isolating perforations and forcing fluids into previously unstimulated portions of the reservoir. Numerous materials (e.g., benzoic acid flakes, rock salt, fracturing balls, and rubber-coated neoprene balls) are commercially available for this purpose, but none was found to provide reliable diversion.

The sequenced fracturing technique described here introduces a composite fluid that temporarily plugs zones that were previously stimulated and diverts fluids to understimulated regions. The composite fluid overcomes the limitations of traditional chemical diverters by coupling degradable particles of a wide size distribution.
Radio-Frequency Identification in Intervention-Free Upper-Completion Installation
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 166182, ’Radio-Frequency Identification Leads the Way in the Quest for Intervention-Free Upper-Completion Installation,’ by Iain Adan, Weatherford, prepared for the 2013 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 30 September-2 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers the user flexibility in controlling downhole operations without intervention. RFID uses close-proximity sensing to communicate by simply passing a coded tag through an antenna-equipped downhole tool to actuate it. Using this technology, an upper-completion system comprising a packer, circulation sleeve, and downhole-barrier valve has been developed that is controlled by a single RFID module, thus providing a means to control the installation remotely, thereby reducing running costs and contributing to the elimination of nonproductive time (NPT).

Introduction

In response to time and cost challenges related to completion in difficult or unstable reservoirs, an enabling technology has been adopted that uses RFID to remotely actuate downhole tools at installation, providing operators with a way to carry out completion operations with a reduced number of employees and without the need for intervention services such as wireline, slickline, and coiled tubing.

The RFID completion system comprises four critical elements: an RFID hydraulic power unit (HPU), a circulation valve, a production packer, and a barrier valve. The system can perform many critical completion operations, including setting packers, opening packer-setting ports, operating sliding sleeves to enable tubing- to-annulus circulation, and closing and opening downhole barrier valves or operating fill subs.

The RFID-based method uses close-proximity sensing to function as the well’s “brain” to control the operation of various downhole devices. Communication is facilitated by running downhole a coded tag that actuates a tool equipped with an antenna. If use of a coded tag is not feasible, the tools can communicate by pressure-pulse signals or timers. The system can test tubing integrity without setting the packer, and it can change out the annular fluid remotely with the packer set and the surface hanger landed. The debris-tolerant design is also insensitive to changes in downhole conditions.
Fatigue assessment of full-scale welded crane runway girders*
Authors: Rettenmeier Philipp , Roos Eberhard
Published: February 2015

This publication is focused on a critical plane approach to assess the influence of the multiaxial stress state on the lifetime of welded crane runway girders cyclically stressed by travelling wheel loads. Cyclic stress-strain curves of specimens both from the weld region and the base material of the girder are evaluated in strain-controlled reversible fatigue tests as a basis for the assessment of the lifetime. Finite element analyses are performed to estimate the multiaxial and non-proportional local stress condition acting on sharp notches of the girder, i. e. the weld toes and the weld root. The MPA AIM-life concept is used to evaluate the lifetime of crane runways on the basis of advanced fatigue parameters and the cyclic material properties. Furthermore, the notch stress approach according to IIW guideline [1] is applied to investigate the fatigue behavior. The estimated lifetimes are compared to experimental results of component fatigue tests conducted with full-scale welded crane runway girders.
Are Park-and-Rides Saving the Environment or Just Saving Parking Costs?
Authors: Truong Lisa C. , Marshall Wesley E.
Published: February 2015

Rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have put public transit at the forefront of the push for more sustainable transportation. To improve transit accessibility and attract riders, agencies often build park-and-ride facilities on the periphery of cities. Through the provision of convenient parking facilities, agencies attempt to encourage drivers to shift modes and leave behind their cars to complete their journey by transit. Although park-and-rides are intended to increase transit ridership, such facilities may carry paradoxical environmental consequences. At issue is the degree to which such a multimodal car-to-transit trip actually offsets GHG emissions. The study reported in this paper examined single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) park-and-ride users in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area and evaluated the magnitude of GHG emissions saved from transit ridership. Through a comparison of a multimodal trip against a theoretical SOV drive-only trip, the effects from GHG emissions were weighed. In addition, the environmental opportunity cost of park-and-ride stations was assessed through the repetition of the analysis under the assumption that all park-and-ride transit users that originated from within a 2-mi radius would shift modes to walk or bike rather than drive an automobile to the station. The results suggested that park-and-rides located at inner-corridor stations were far less effective in reducing GHG emissions than were end-of-line stations. This ineffectiveness appeared to be exacerbated by a parking fee structure common to both the inner-corridor and end-of-line stations. If the goal is environmental sustainability, the location of a park-and-ride facility at almost every station should be reevaluated in favor of a strategy that focuses on how and where park-and-rides can be most effective. The results of this study suggested that inner-corridor stations, particularly those closest to a downtown area, induced unnecessary driving trips and provided an incentive for longer SOV transit-access car trips.
A Long Long Way de Sebastian Barry et 14 de Jean Echenoz : la mise en crise du roman de la Première Guerre en France et en Irlande
Authors: Mikowski Sylvie
Published: February 2015

Le roman de Sebastian Barry, A Long Long Way , est l’une des rares représentations romanesques contemporaines de la Première Guerre mondiale publiées en Irlande. Il a été critiqué dans son pays pour sa rhétorique lyrique mise au service d’une idéologie dite « révisionniste », c’est-à-dire antinationaliste. Cet article étudie en quoi le roman de Barry utilise en effet une rhétorique lyrique, mais suggère qu’il ne fait en cela que suivre une longue tradition européenne de la fiction de guerre. Par ailleurs, la compétition qui subsiste en Irlande entre la mémoire de la Première Guerre et celle du Soulèvement de 1916 ne permet pas aux auteurs irlandais de traiter de l’engagement des soldats irlandais pendant le conflit mondial avec la même distance et la même ironie que certains écrivains contemporains européens, dont l’exemple étudié ici est le roman de Jean Echenoz, 14 .
Comparison of Demographics, Professional Outcomes, and Career Satisfaction in Accelerated and Traditional Baccalaureate Nursing Graduates
Authors: Schwartz Joanne , Sharts-Hopko Nancy C. , Bhattacharya Anand
Published: February 2015

This cross-sectional study examined accelerated second-degree (
n
= 117) and traditional (
n
= 71) baccalaureate nursing (BSN) graduates from a large, private, urban university in the mid-Atlantic United States regarding demographics, professional outcomes, and career satisfaction using an electronic survey. Results showed a statistically significant difference in two professional development variables: plans to return for an advanced nursing degree and membership in nursing professional organizations. There was no statistically significant difference in career satisfaction between accelerated second-degree and traditional BSN graduates. These findings indicated that both accelerated second-degree and traditional BSN graduates, despite matriculation in different nursing curricular models, have similar professional outcomes and career satisfaction. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S39–S46.]
Expanding Haitian Nurse Educators’ Skills: A Graduate Course for Current Faculty
Authors: Tuxbury Janis S. , (Wall) McCauley Patricia M.
Published: February 2015

Nursing faculty members in developing countries often teach large class sizes, with limited technology available. They face economic constraints and have few opportunities for professional development. A graduate course for Haitian nursing faculty was designed with the aim of addressing these challenges. Nurse educators in similar countries were queried about their challenges and effective strategies. Techniques and equipment currently used in Haiti were discussed and evaluated. The course focused on identifying methods to teach large classes effectively at low cost with minimal technology. Haitian faculty members were able to effectively demonstrate these new techniques as participants during the course. A survey conducted 1 year after course completion established that the Haitian faculty members had implemented new techniques in their classes, improving the quality of nursing education. Strategies taught may be effective in other developing countries where similar challenges exist. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(3):173–179.]
Asynchronous Channel Allocation in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Romaszko Sylwia , Mähönen Petri
Published: February 2015

In the case of Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA), unlicensed secondary users have only limited knowledge of channel parameters or other users' information. Spectral opportunities are asymmetric due to time and space varying channels. Owing to this inherent asymmetry and uncertainty of traffic patterns, secondary users can have trouble detecting properly the real usability of unoccupied channels and as a consequence visiting channels in such a way that they can communicate with each other in a bounded period of time. Therefore, the channel service quality, and the neighborhood discovery (NB) phase are fundamental and challenging due to the dynamics of cognitive radio networks. The authors provide an analysis of these challenges, controversies, and problems, and review the state-of-the-art literature. They show that, although recently there has been a proliferation of NB protocols, there is no optimal solution meeting all required expectations of CR users. In this chapter, the reader also finds possible solutions focusing on an asynchronous channel allocation covering a channel ranking.
Cognitive Radio Programming Survey
Authors: Dardaillon Mickaël , Marquet Kevin , Risset Tanguy , Martin Jérôme , Charles Henri-Pierre
Published: February 2015

Cognitive radio is based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology. The commercial success of smart radio applications and cognitive radio networks will be very dependent on cost, performance, and power consumption of SDR hardware platforms. SDR hardware is now available, but many issues have yet to be studied. In this chapter, the authors detail the constraints imposed by recent radio protocols and how hardware architectures support them. Then, they present existing architectures and solutions for SDR programming. Finally, the authors mention challenges related to the programming of future cognitive radio systems.
Exploiting Polarization for Spectrum Awareness in Cognitive Satellite Communications
Authors: Sharma Shree Krishna , Chatzinotas Symeon , Ottersten Björn
Published: February 2015

The continuously increasing demand of spectrum and current static spectrum allocation policies are rendering the available radio spectrum scarce. To address the problem of spectrum scarcity in the satellite paradigm, cognitive satellite communications has been considered as a promising technique. In addition to the existing spectrum sharing dimensions such as frequency, time, and space, polarization can be exploited as an additional degree of freedom in order to explore the spectral gaps in the under-utilized licensed spectrum. In this context, this chapter firstly provides an overview of the existing works in polarization-based spectrum sharing. Secondly, it presents the theoretical analysis of energy detection technique for dual polarized Additive White Gaussian Noise and Rayleigh fading channels considering the spectral coexistence scenarios of dual and hybrid satellite systems. Thirdly, it provides the comparison of different combining techniques in terms of the sensing performance. Finally, it provides interesting future research directions in this domain.
Protein Kinase Cα Regulates the Expression of Complement Receptor Ig in Human Monocyte–Derived Macrophages
Authors: Ma Yuefang , Usuwanthim Kanchana , Munawara Usma , Quach Alex , Gorgani Nick N. , Abbott Catherine A. , Hii Charles S. , Ferrante Antonio
Published: February 2015

The complement receptor Ig (CRIg) is selectively expressed by macrophages. This receptor not only promotes the rapid phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages but also has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Previous findings have suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) may be involved in the regulation of CRIg expression in human macrophages. We have now examined the role of PKCα in CRIg expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Macrophages nucleofected with plasmid containing short hairpin RNA against PKCα showed markedly reduced expression of PKCα, but normal PKCζ expression, by Western blotting analysis, and vice versa. PKCα-deficient MDM showed increased expression of CRIg mRNA and protein (both the long and short form), an increase in phagocytosis of complement-opsonized Candida albicans, and decreased production of TNF-α and IL-6. TNF-α caused a marked decrease in CRIg expression, and addition of anti-TNF mAb to the TNF-α–producing MDMs increased CRIg expression. PKCα-deficient macrophages also showed significantly less bacterial LPS-induced downregulation of CRIg. In contrast, cells deficient in PKCα showed decreased expression of CR type 3 (CR3) and decreased production of TNF-α and IL-6 in response to LPS. MDM developed under conditions that increased expression of CRIg over CR3 showed significantly reduced production of TNF-α in response to opsonized C. albicans. The findings indicate that PKCα promotes the downregulation of CRIg and upregulation of CR3 expression and TNF-α and IL-6 production, a mechanism that may promote inflammation.
THE ROLE OF THE CAROTID DOPPLER EXAMINATION IN THE EVALUATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC CHANGES IN BETA THALASSEMIA PATIENTS
Authors: Abdel Hakeem Gehan Lotfy , Abdel Samei Hoda Abdel kereem , El Shereif Ashraf Mohamed , Ismail Ahlam Mohamed
Published: February 2015

Iron over- load in patients with beta-thalassemia major lead to alterations in the arterial structures and in the thickness of the carotid arteries. Doppler ultrasound scanning of extra-cranial internal carotid arteries is non-invasive and fairly quick to perform and may identify children at increased risk of stroke who would otherwise be missed. Increased carotid artery intima media thickness (cIMT) is a structural marker for early atherosclerosis and it correlates with the vascular risk factors and to the severity and extent of coronary artery disease. Objective: To evaluate the role of carotid Doppler examination and cIMT measurement as a predictive to atherosclerotic changes in  BTM children with iron overload.   Patients and Methods: Sixty two children with (BTM) and 30 healthy normal controls of matched age and sex were included. Complete blood count, serum iron, ferritin, serum cholesterol and hemoglobin electrophoresis were performed as well as carotid Doppler ultrasonography to measure the (cIMT) in both patients and controls. Results: By using carotid Doppler we found that cIMT of thalassemic patients was significantly increased compared to normal controls and there was significant positive correlation between CIMT and patient's age, weight, height, BMI, duration of illness, serum cholesterol, iron overload parameters as serum iron, serum ferritin, frequent blood transfusion, irregular use of iron chelating agents and in those who had splenectomy. Significant negative correlation was found between CIMT and hematocrit value but no significant correlation was found between CIMT and Hb level. Conclusion:  Carotid  Doppler is very useful method in measurement of cIMT that increased in thalassemic patients which  shows a strong relationship with features of iron overload. We recommend the routine use of Doppler measurement of cIMT in these patients to predict early atherosclerotic changes as well as in the follow-up to prevent progression of atherosclerosis.
Propósitos de la comunicación entre empresas y sus seguidores en Facebook
Authors: Valerio-Ureña Gabriel , Herrera-Murillo Dagoberto José , Herrera-Murillo Natalia , Martinez Garza Francisco Javier
Published: February 2015

La investigación del comportamiento del consumidor en las redes sociales en línea está despertando un creciente interés entre la comunidad empresarial debido a las nuevas e inexploradas oportunidades y amenazas que trae consigo, incluyendo la vasta cantidad de datos generados día con día. El propósito de este estudio es explorar el uso de Facebook como fuente valiosa de información para identificar la naturaleza y el contenido de las conversaciones de las empresas de telecomunicaciones mexicanas y sus seguidores. Metodología: a través de una metodología cualitativa se analizaron 2,000 publicaciones (1000 realizadas por las empresas y 1,000 publicaciones realizadas por sus seguidores). Resultados y conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que las compañías de telecomunicaciones utilizan Facebook primordialmente para sus relaciones públicas, publicidad y promoción; mientras que sus usuarios las utilizan primordialmente para reportar incidentes y problemas, formular quejas y solucionar dudas.
Potential contributor perspectives on desirable characteristics of an online data environment for spatially-referenced data
Authors: Campbell James
Published: February 2015

A significant body of spatially referenced, locally produced, small-scale data is not currently online and therefore is effectively unavailable to professional scientists and to the general public. If there were an online environment, a “Commons of Geographic Data,” where that data could be deposited or registered, what infrastructure characteristics might potential contributors find desirable in order for them to be willing to contribute their data without monetary compensation? Based on data preservation literature, this study hypothesized three such potential characteristics as desirable. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we examined the desirability of these infrastructure capabilities in a non-statistical sample of potential contributors. The results of both the qualitative and quantitative research support the hypothesis. The results can provide guidance for those who may wish to design such a commons environment for small scale, locally generated, spatially referenced data in the future, and may also be of use to those that operate repositories of other types of data.
How to control the Internet: Comparative political implications of the Internet's engineering
Authors: Wilson Steven Lloyd
Published: February 2015

The spread of the Internet has had a profound impact on the social sciences, but understanding of how the engineering realities of the Internet’s construction shape its political effects still lags. This article presents a framework and rich examples from multiple countries in order to describe how national differences in the implementation of the Internet cause different strategic calculations by political actors. This paper’s goal is to provide a starting point for social scientists to treat the Internet as a strategic construction of regime and people, rather than a technical black box.
#Hashtagging hate: Using Twitter to track racism online
Authors: Chaudhry Irfan
Published: February 2015

This paper considers three different projects that have used Twitter to track racist language: 1) Racist Tweets in Canada (the author’s original work); 2) Anti-social media (a 2014 study by U.K. think tank DEMOS); and, 3) The Geography of Hate Map (created by researchers at Humboldt University) in order to showcase the ability to track racism online using Twitter. As each of these projects collected racist language on Twitter using very different methods, a discussion of each data collection method used as well as the strengths and challenges of each method is provided. More importantly, however, this paper highlights why Twitter is an important data collection tool for researchers interested in studying race and racism.
Ad hoc encounters with big data: Engaging citizens in conversations around tabletops
Authors: Fjeld Morten , Woźniak Paweł , Cowls Josh , Nardi Bonnie
Published: February 2015

The increasing abundance of data creates new opportunities for communities of interest and communities of practice. We believe that interactive tabletops will allow users to explore data in familiar places such as living rooms, cafés, and public spaces. We propose informal, mobile possibilities for future generations of flexible and portable tabletops. In this paper, we build upon current advances in sensing and in organic user interfaces to propose how tabletops in the future could encourage collaboration and engage users in socially relevant data-oriented activities. Our work focuses on the socio-technical challenges of future democratic deliberation. As part of our vision, we suggest switching from fixed to mobile tabletops and provide two examples of hypothetical interface types: TableTiles and Moldable Displays. We consider how tabletops could foster future civic communities, expanding modes of participation originating in the Greek Agora and in European notions of cafés as locales of political deliberation.
Lifelong learning in the digital age: A content analysis of recent research on participation
Authors: Head Alison J. , Van Hoeck Michele , Garson Deborah S.
Published: February 2015

This paper presents results from a cross-disciplinary content analysis of 185 recent research articles, published between 2008 and 2013. These papers examined factors affecting adult participation in lifelong learning, based on the availability and use of Internet-based and face-to-face modes of learning. Articles were written by scholars from 39 countries, including the European Union (EU), United States (U.S.), Canada, Australia, and, to a lesser extent, from developing and newly industrialized countries, such as Mexico, Brazil, China, and Taiwan. Despite widespread assumptions as to online learning’s potential and promise, articles focused on traditional face-to-face learning and training modes more than Internet-based modes. Seven thematic research areas were identified from the dataset: four major and three emerging themes. Key findings from 40 studies about the adult participation in learning in the workplace and community-based programs are highlighted. These papers present broad and deep investigations about diverse groups of lifelong learners previously unstudied, while equity issues pertaining to access and availability of training and learning opportunities are addressed. Directions for future research are identified and discussed.
“Visibilidad y tratamiento comunicativo de la información sobre VIH/SIDA en Honduras”
Authors: Alduvín Sainz Emilia
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i3.1811
Son las cosas pequeñas las que cuentan: El uso del diminutive en la tradición oral Lenca
Authors: Sagrario Torres Claudia , Lobo Morales Raquel
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i3.1812
A Natural and Concurrent Interferent in Bolinus brandaris with Consequences on Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Risk Management
Authors: Papiol Gemma Giménez
Published: February 2015

Regulations aimed to protect public health from amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) are focused on the detection and accurate quantification of domoic acid(DA). The reference detection determination used by the different shellfish safety monitoring agencies worldwide is HPLC separation followed by UV detection, in which different chromatographic column lengths or brands are accepted as long as it is C18 column. A laboratory validation of this method showed different performance of two accepted chromatographic columns when analyzing Bolinus brandaris samples. A natural compound, present only in those samples that contained DA, was evidencedby one of the columns. The DA quantification obtained with the column that coelutes both compounds was approximately twice the amount obtained with the column that separates them. This difference has important consequences in the ASP toxins management for thisfishery. The identity and toxicity of the compound are still unknown.
QuickTox™ Kit for QuickScan DON3 (Vomitoxin) Method Modification
Authors: Polakowski Sergiusz , Davis Alan H , Albert Andre L , Gow Brendan
Published: February 2015

Lateral flow technology and a reader-based systemare used for quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, residues in cereal grain commodities by the QuickTox Kit for QuickScan DON (Vomitoxin). The assay has been modified, and a study was conducted in support of a Performance Tested MethodSM (PTM) Modification. The modified assay employs identical biologic reagents as used previously (PTM No. 121202).Compared to the PTM certified product, the new assayuses modified device architecture. Multiple kits andcatalog numbers were required in the original kit reflecting the necessity for matrix specific calibration curves affixed to assay strips. A single calibration curve and kit are utilized in the new product; extraction volumes used in sample preparation are varied to accommodate multiple sample types. Extracts are clarified by filtration or settling depending onthe sample type. Filtration was used for matrixes examined in these studies. With the original product, the extract was mixed 1:1 with DB1 buffer followed by the addition of the strip which was developed for 10 min. The new product dilutes extracts five-fold offline in DB6 buffer; an aliquot of the dilution is moved to a reaction vial followed by strip development time for 3 min. The new assay performance was evaluated for linearity, robustness, selectivity (inclusivity), lot-to-lot consistency, and both internal and third party matrix studies. All DON positive samples yielded results within previously defined acceptable ranges with dose-dependent correlation values of R2 greater than 0.97 in linearity and internal and external matrix studies. Inclusivity data indicated detection of DON along with acetyl derivatives, glucoside-conjugate, and Nivalenol. Robustness studies showed within range results upon co-variation of multiple user interface parameters, and lot-to-lot consistency challenges demonstrated acceptable results across five manufactured lots.
Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) Method for the Determination of Limonene in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Oil: Implications for Limonene Stability
Authors: Bernart Matthew W
Published: February 2015

The citrus-derived bioactive monoterpene limoneneis an important industrial commodity and fragrance constituent. An RP isocratic elution C18 ultra-HPLC (UHPLC) method using a superficially porous stationary phase and photodiode array (PDA) detector has beendeveloped for determining the limonene content of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) oil. The method is fast with a cycle time of 1.2 min, linear, precise, accurate, specific, and stability indicating, and it satisfies U.S. Pharmacopeia suitability parameters. The method may be useful in its present form for limonene processing, or modified for research on more polar compounds of the terpenome. A forced-degradation experiment showed that limonene is degraded by heat in hydro-ethanolic solution. PDA detection facilitates classification of minor components of the essential oil, including β-myrcene.
Human Dignity and the Foundations of Human Rights
Authors: Tasioulas John
Published: February 2015

This chapter investigates whether or not human rights are grounded in human dignity. Starting from an interest-based account of human rights, it rejects two objections to that account that have been pressed in the name of human dignity: the deontological and the personhood objections. More positively, it contends that human dignity is the equal moral status possessed by all human beings simply in virtue of their possession of a human nature, and that so understood, it has an essential role to play in grounding human rights, but that it can only play this role in tandem with universal human interests. In particular, human dignity is central to explaining both why humans can possess rights and why these rights are resistant to trade-offs. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the implications of this view for whether each and every human being possesses all of the standard human rights.
Rapid disappearance of perennial ice on Canada's most northern lake
Authors: Paquette Michel , Fortier Daniel , Mueller Derek R. , Sarrazin Denis , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: February 2015

Field records, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery show that the perennial ice cover on Ward Hunt Lake at Canada's northern coast experienced rapid contraction and thinning after at least 50 years of relative stability. On all dates of sampling from 1953 to 2007, 3.5 to 4.3 m of perennial ice covered 65–85% of the lake surface in summer. The ice cover thinned from 2008 onward, and the lake became ice free in 2011, an event followed by 26 days of open water conditions in 2012. This rapid ice loss corresponded to a significant increase in melting degree days (MDD), from a mean (±SD) of 80.4 (±36.5) MDD (1996–2007) to 136.2 (±16.4) MDD (2008–2012). The shallow bathymetry combined with heat advection by warm inflows caused feedback effects that accelerated the ice decay. These observations show how changes across a critical threshold can result in the rapid disappearance of thick perennial ice.
Growth of the Maritime Continent and its possible contribution to recurring Ice Ages
Authors: Molnar Peter , Cronin Timothy W.
Published: February 2015

The areal extent of the Maritime Continent (the islands of Indonesia and surrounding region) has grown larger by ~60% since 5 Ma. We argue that this growth might have altered global climate in two ways that would have contributed to making recurring Ice Ages possible. First, because rainfall over the islands of the Maritime Continent not only is heavier than that over the adjacent ocean but also correlates with the strength of the Walker Circulation, the growth of the Maritime Continent since 5 Ma may have contributed to the cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific since that time. Scaling relationships between the strength of the Walker Circulation and rainfall over the islands of the Maritime Continent and between sea surface temperature (SST) of the eastern tropical Pacific and the strength of easterly wind stress suggest that the increase in areal extent of islands would lead to a drop in that SST of 0.75°C. Although only a fraction of the 3–4°C decrease in SSTs between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, the growth of the Maritime Continent may have strengthened the Walker Circulation, increased the east‐west temperature gradient across the Pacific and thereby enabled ice sheets to wax and wane over Canada since 3 Ma. Second, because the weathering of basaltic rock under warm, moist conditions extracts CO2 from the atmosphere more rapidly than weathering of other rock or of basalt under cooler or drier conditions, the increase in weathering due to increasing area of basalt in the Maritime Continent may have drawn down enough CO2 from the atmosphere to affect global temperatures. Simple calculations suggest that increased weathering of basalt might have lowered global temperatures by 0.25°C, possibly important for the overall cooling.
Applications of trimode waveguide feeds in adaptive virtual array antennas
Authors: Allahgholi Pour Z. , Shafai Lotfollah
Published: February 2015

This paper presents the formation of an adaptive virtual array antenna in a symmetric parabolic reflector antenna illuminated by trimode circular waveguide feeds with different mode alignments. The modes of interest are the TE11, TE21, and TM01 type modes. The terms TE and TM stand for the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes, respectively. By appropriately exciting these modes and varying the mode orientations inside the primary feed, the effective source of radiation is displaced on the reflector aperture, while the resulting secondary patterns remain axial. Different antenna parameters such as gain, cross polarization, and phase center locations are investigated. It is demonstrated that the extra third mode facilitates the formation of symmetric virtual array antennas with reasonable cross polarization discriminations at the diagonal plane.
Schinzel–Giedion syndrome in two Brazilian patients: Report of a novel mutation in SETBP1 and literature review of the clinical features
Authors: Carvalho Ellaine , Honjo Rachel , Magalhães Monize , Yamamoto Guilherme , Rocha Katia , Naslavsky Michel , Zatz Mayana , Passos‐Bueno Maria Rita , Kim Chong , Bertola Debora
Published: February 2015

Schinzel–Giedion syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder comprising postnatal growth failure, profound developmental delay, seizures, facial dysmorphisms, genitourinary, skeletal, neurological, and cardiac defects. It was recently revealed that Schinzel–Giedion syndrome is caused by de novo mutations in SETBP1, but there are few reports of this syndrome with molecular confirmation. We describe two unrelated Brazilian patients with Schinzel–Giedion syndrome, one of them carrying a novel mutation. We also present a review of clinical manifestations of the syndrome, comparing our cases to patients reported in literature emphasizing the importance of the facial gestalt associated with neurological involvement for diagnostic suspicion of this syndrome. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cranial morphology of the Botocudo Indians, Brazil
Authors: Strauss André , Hubbe Mark , Neves Walter A. , Bernardo Danilo V. , Atuí João Paulo V.
Published: February 2015

The Botocudo Indians were hunter‐gatherer groups that occupied the East‐Central regions of Brazil decimated during the colonial period in the country. During the 19th century, craniometric studies suggested that the Botocudo resembled more the Paleoamerican population of Lagoa Santa than typical Native Americans groups. These results suggest that the Botocudo Indians might represent a population that retained the biological characteristics of early groups of the continent, remaining largely isolated from groups that gave origin to the modern Native South American variation. Moreover, recently, some of the Botocudo remains have been shown to have mitochondrial and autosomal DNA lineages currently found in Polynesian populations. Here, we explore the morphological affinities of Botocudo skulls within a worldwide context. Distinct multivariate analyses based on 32 craniometric variables show that 1) the two individuals with Polynesian DNA sequences have morphological characteristics that fall within the Polynesian and Botocudo variation, making their assignation as Native American specimens problematic, and 2) there are high morphological affinities between Botocudo, Early Americans, and the Polynesian series of Easter Island, which support the early observations that the Botocudo can be seen as retaining the Paleoamerican morphology, particularly when the neurocranium is considered. Although these results do not elucidate the origin of the Polynesian DNA lineages among the Botocudo, they support the hypothesis that the Botocudo represent a case of late survival of ancient Paleoamerican populations, retaining the morphological characteristics of ancestral Late Pleistocene populations from Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:202–216, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluate It: How to Reset: The Business Mediation Process
Authors: Steinberg Laura
Published: February 2015

Although mediation is often touted for its flexibility, it has become increasingly common to apply a set of standardized mediation practices to a broad range of civil disputes. The tendency to do so frequently shortchanges the large complex case that is sent to early mediation, or that arrives at mediation because a contract provision requires that mediation occurs before litigation or arbitration can proceed.
Back To Basics: The Playing Field
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: February 2015

Editor's note: Longtime Alternatives columnist Bob Creo, a veteran Pittsburgh neutral, is revisiting his classic CPR Institute website columns of a decade ago in a Back to Basics Series that he has subtitled “Human Problems, Human Solutions.” In his recent Master Mediators columns, Creo has focused on neuroscience, psychological factors and cognitive biases that affect dispute resolution. These updated Back to Basics columns, in print for the first time, began in November, revisiting mediation‐room techniques and practice issues. Still to come is an examination of the issues involved in getting to closure.
Dental and Cranial Pathologies in Mice Lacking the Cl−/H+‐Exchanger ClC‐7
Authors: Wen Xin , Lacruz Rodrigo S. , Paine Michael L.
Published: February 2015

ClC‐7 is a 2Cl−/1H+‐exchanger expressed at late endosomes and lysosomes, as well as the ruffled border of osteoclasts. ClC‐7 deficiencies in mice and humans lead to impaired osteoclast function and therefore osteopetrosis. Failure of tooth eruption is also apparent in ClC‐7 mutant animals, and this has been attributed to the osteoclast dysfunction and the subsequent defect in alveolar bone resorptive activity surrounding tooth roots. Ameloblasts also express ClC‐7, and this study aims to determine the significance of ClC‐7 in enamel formation by examining the dentitions of ClC‐7 mutant mice. Micro‐CT analysis revealed that the molar teeth of 3‐week old ClC‐7 mutant mice had no roots, and the incisors were smaller than their age‐matched controls. Despite these notable developmental differences, the enamel and dentin densities of the mutant mice were comparable to those of the wild‐type littermates. Scanning electron microscopy showed normal enamel crystallite and prismatic organization in the ClC‐7 mutant mice, although the enamel was thinner (hypoplastic) than in controls. These results suggested that ClC‐7 was not critical to enamel and dentin formation, and the observed tooth defects may be related more to a resulting alveolar bone phenotype. Micro‐CT analysis also revealed abnormal features in the calvarial bones of the mutant mice. The cranial sutures in ClC‐7 mutant mice remained open compared to the closed sutures seen in the control mice at 3 weeks. These data demonstrate that ClC‐7 deficiency impacts the development of the dentition and calvaria, but does not significantly disrupt amelogenesis. Anat Rec, 298:1502–1508, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.