bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Windstorm risk assessment for offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Authors: Buchana Paul , McSharry Patrick E.
Published: June 2019

The North Sea is becoming increasingly attractive to wind energy developers and investors, with 38 wind farms belonging to five different countries and representing over€35 billion of assets. Concerns about offshore wind turbines being damaged by extreme windstorms pose a challenge to insurers, investors and regulators. Catastrophe modeling can adequately quantify the risk. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to assess the number of turbines that buckle using maximum wind speeds reaching each wind farm. Damage assessment is undertaken for each wind farm using a log‐logistic damage function and a left‐truncated Weibull distribution. The risk to offshore wind power in the North Sea is calculated using an exceedance probability (EP) curve for the portfolio of wind farms. The European Union Solvency II directive requires insurance companies to hold sufficient capital to guard against insolvency. The solvency capital requirement (SCR) is based on a value‐at‐risk measure calibrated to a 99.5% confidence level over a 1‐year time horizon. The SCR is estimated at €0.049 billion in the case of yawing turbines. Simulations are repeated for different climate change scenarios. If wind speeds grow by 5% and the frequency of storms increases by 40%, the SCR is seen to rise substantially to €0.264 billion. Relative to the total value of assets, the SCR is 0.14% compared with 0.08% for European property, confirming that these wind farm assets represent a relatively high risk. Furthermore, climate change could increase the relative SCR to levels as high as 0.75%.
THz Properties of Typical Woods Important for European Forestry
Authors: Krügener K. , Sommer S. , Stübling E. , Jachim R. , Koch M. , Viöl W.
Published: June 2019

Terahertz (THz) properties of seventeen types of wood typically growing within the European area are investigated. The samples include both coniferous and deciduous timbers. The determined properties can be useful for further THz studies on samples consisting completely or partially of wood, for example, art objects. Especially in the field of art conservation, THz spectroscopy is an excellent non-destructive evaluation method, which shows considerable analysis potential.
Cold Water Immersion Syndrome and Whitewater Recreation Fatalities
Authors: Farstad David J. , Dunn Julie A.
Published: June 2019

Sudden death during whitewater recreation often occurs through understandable mechanisms such as underwater entrapment or trauma, but poorly defined events are common, particularly in colder water. These uncharacterized tragedies are frequently called flush drownings by whitewater enthusiasts. We believe the condition referred to as cold water immersion syndrome may be responsible for some of these deaths. Given this assumption, the physiologic alterations contributing to cold water immersion syndrome are reviewed with an emphasis on those factors pertinent to flush drowning.
A Concise History of Mathematics for Philosophers
Authors: Stillwell John
Published: June 2019

This Element aims to present an outline of mathematics and its history, with particular emphasis on events that shook up its philosophy. It ranges from the discovery of irrational numbers in ancient Greece to the nineteenth- and twentieth-century discoveries on the nature of infinity and proof. Recurring themes are intuition and logic, meaning and existence, and the discrete and the continuous. These themes have evolved under the influence of new mathematical discoveries and the story of their evolution is, to a large extent, the story of philosophy of mathematics.
The Anglo-Norman Historical Canon
Authors: Tahkokallio Jaakko
Published: June 2019

This Element is a contribution to the ongoing debate on what it meant to publish a book in manuscript. It offers case-studies of three twelfth-century Anglo-Norman historians: William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and Geoffrey of Monmouth. It argues that the contemporary success and rapid attainment of canonical authority for their histories was in significant measure the result of successfully conducted publishing activities. These activities are analysed using the concept of a 'publishing circle'. This concept, it is suggested, may have wider utility in the study of authorial publishing in a manuscript culture. This Element is also available as Open Access.
Constructing Statehood through Sport: Football, Kosovo, and the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Authors: GAUTHIER RYAN
Published: June 2019

Entities seeking to establish statehood have used participation in sport to bolster their claims. Kosovo is the latest entity to use this strategy. Kosovo’s quest to join the Union of European Football Associations led to a 2017 Court of Arbitration for Sport decision examining whether Kosovo was sufficiently an “independent state.” This article considers how participation in sport plays a role in establishing a broader, contextual conceptualization of statehood. This article then applies this concept to case studies, with particular attention paid to Kosovo. Finally, the article examines sport’s gradual acceptance that it must work within the broader international political and legal world.
Mass balance of Trambau Glacier, Rolwaling region, Nepal Himalaya: in-situ observations, long-term reconstruction and mass-balance sensitivity
Authors: SUNAKO SOJIRO , FUJITA KOJI , SAKAI AKIKO , KAYASTHA RIJAN B.
Published: June 2019

We conducted a mass-balance study of debris-free Trambau Glacier in the Rolwaling region, Nepal Himalaya, which is accessible to 6000 m a.s.l., to better understand mass-balance processes and the effect of precipitation on these processes on high-elevation Himalayan glaciers. Continuous in situ meteorological and mass-balance observations that spanned the three melt seasons from May 2016 are reported. An energy- and mass-balance model is also applied to evaluate its performance and sensitivity to various climatic conditions. Glacier-wide mass balances ranging from −0.34 ± 0.38 m w.e. in 2016 to −0.82 ± 0.53 m w.e. in 2017/18 are obtained by combining the observations with model results for the areas above the highest stake. The estimated long-term glacier mass balance, which is reconstructed using the ERA-Interim data calibrated with in situ data, is −0.65 ± 0.39 m w.e. a−1for the 1980–2018 period. A significant correlation with annual precipitation (r= 0.77,p< 0.001) is observed, whereas there is no discernible correlation with summer mean air temperature. The results indicate the continuous mass loss of Trambau Glacier over the last four decades, which contrasts with the neighbouring Mera Glacier in balance.
Examining the Influence of Error Climate on Aviation Maintenance Performance
Authors: Hodges Megan Elizabeth , Gardner Dianne
Published: June 2019

Error climate refers to shared perceptions of organisational practices regarding errors. Error management climate (EMC), which acknowledges the inevitability of error, and error avoidance climate (EAC), characterised by fear of error and reluctance to discuss error, were explored in relation to supervision, stress, fatigue, psychological ill-health and violations. Errors are of particular concern in the aviation industry, particularly aviation maintenance. The focus of the present study was on perceptions of error climate among Technical Trade personnel in the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Participants were 189 personnel below the rank of Flight Sergeant, all in practical maintenance roles. Perceptions of EMC were associated with better perceived supervision and psychological health, and less EAC, fewer violations and errors. Perceptions of EAC were associated with more violations and errors, and worse psychological health and perceived supervision. Two types of violations were identified. Situational violations were predicted by routine violations, errors, stress and seniority. Routine violations were predicted by situational violations, errors and fatigue. Violations partially mediated the effect of error climate on errors. These findings suggest that error climate is an important organisational factor in safety and aviation maintenance.
The Evolution of the Magnetic Inclination and Beam Radius of Pulsars
Authors: Wu Xinji , Xu Wen
Published: June 2019

A new parameter K is defined which becomes very important in our study of pulsar evolution. The distribution of pulsars in the K vs. logtc diagram reveals some constraints which can best be described by theoretical curves.

The results show that the evolution of a pulsar is characterized by two different stages corresponding to the decrease of the emission-cone width and the alignment of the magnetic axis, respectively. The decay time of the alignment of the magnetic inclination is 1.5 X 107 yr. The time scale is 6 X 104 yr when the value of ρt drops to e times its final value (t → ∞). Investigation of the birth values α(0) lends support to a random orientation of the pulsar magnetic axis with respect to the spin axis. The evolution limit of ρ is shown to have a Gaussian distribution around a central value of 5.6° with σ = 2.0°. As a result of this K analysis, new methods are suggested to determine the birth values α(0), the final values of ρ0, and the pulsar's overall geometry.
A DC-Circuit Model of the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Shibata Shinpei
Published: June 2019

The structure of the pulsar magnetosphere is studied in terms of a DC-circuit analogy. We find (1) the pulsar's death results from the ‘disappearance’ of operating points of this DC-circuit, (2) the outer gap is necessary, (3) the kinetic energy flux of the pair plasma wind and the electromagnetic flux are comparable, and (4) for rapid pulsars only two types of structure (a wind dominated one and an outer-gap dominated one) are possible.
A New Look at the Classification of Pulsars
Authors: Malov Igor F.
Published: June 2019

It is shown that pulsars with long periods differ systematically from those with short periods. We conclude that generation of emission in the second group occurs in a very thin layer (near the light cylinder). Relativistic effects may be significant here. Some properties of core emission can be explained by Melrose's mechanism.
The Josephson Effect as a Possible Alternative Mechanism for Pulsar Radio Emission: Spectra, Pulse Structure, Polarization, And X-/γ-Ray Emission
Authors: Kovalev Yuri A.
Published: June 2019

Results and problems of the model for Josephson pulsars are summarized and discussed. In this model coherent radio emission is generated in the mantle of a neutron star by the Josephson effect. The matter from the mantle may flow along the magnetic field through cracks in the crust, forming a magnetized plasma wave guide. Radio emission propagates in this plasma flow as polarized normal wave-guide modes. A line-of-sight section gives the observed polarized structure of pulses. In some cases polarized X- and γ-ray emission may be generated in this flow in or over cracks. Such an approach allows us to avoid the typical problems and is in agreement with the main observational results.
On Nature of the High Frequency Cutoff in Pulsar Radio Spectra
Authors: Malov Igor F. , Malofeev Valerii M.
Published: June 2019

Using values of the frequencies vc for the high-frequency cutoffs of 31 pulsars obtained by other authors, we confirmed the relationship (obtained by us earlier) between vc and the period of pulsar P. The plot vc(χ) was drawn where χ is the relative angular distance between the line of sight and the center of the radiation cone. It is shown that pulsars with long periods cluster in the lower left corner of this diagram. Some geometrical and physical reasons causing high-frequency cutoffs are analyzed. The results can be explained by a model of thin plasma sheets. The interaction of these sheets causes generation of Langmuir waves at distances ~108 cm from the center of the neutron star. Pulsars without high-frequency cutoffs can be described by a model in which vc is very near the frequency of maximum in the spectra of these pulsars.
The Connection of Spectra with Other Pulsar Parameters
Authors: Malofeev Valerii M.
Published: June 2019

An analysis has been made of the connection of characteristic frequencies and spectral indices with the following parameters of pulsars: P, Ṗ, T, L400, B, and χ. It is shown that a number of pulsar spectra apparently demonstrate the presence of two emission regions at a short distance between levels in the magnetosphere of pulsars, where the effects of the low-frequency turnover (LFT) and the high frequency cutoff (HFC) take place.
Location of the Core and Conal Emission Regions in PSR 0329+54
Authors: Gil J. A. , Popov M. V.
Published: June 2019

We discuss the cross-correlation analysis of single pulses in the emission of PSR 0329+54 observed simultaneously at 102.5 and 1700 MHz. We have found that the observed correlations between the two frequencies are consistent with the model in which the subpulses in single pulses correspond to plasma excitations flowing from the neutron-star surface along dipolar magnetic field lines. The peaks of strongly correlated subpulses at the two frequencies correspond to the same field line at two different emission radii. We have found that the core (central) and the conal (outer) components of the pulse profile of PSR 0329+54 originate at the same distance from the neutron star.
Intensity Dependence of the PSR 0329+54 Pulse Profile
Authors: McKinnon M. M. , Hankins T. H.
Published: June 2019

Following the analysis by Krishnamohan and Downs (1983) of the Vela pulsar, we have investigated the behavior of the core and outrider components of PSR 0329+54 by calculating pulse profiles at different pulse intensities. VLA observations of individual pulses from PSR 0329+54 at 1415 MHz were used in our analysis. Our investigation reveals the following dependencies upon increasing core peak intensity:

(i)

earlier core arrival times,

(ii)

decreasing separation of the left outrider relative to the core,

(iii)

increasing separation of the right outrider relative to the core,

(iv)

decreasing outrider-to-core peak intensity ratios, and

(v)

essentially constant core width.

To explain these dependencies, we propose a simple model in which the location of the core centroid is altered near the neutron star surface. The model and data are consistent with the mode-switching signatures and magnetospheric absorption features known to exist in this pulsar.
Recycled Pulsars and Low Mass X-Ray Binaries
Authors: Bisnovatyi-Kogan G. S.
Published: June 2019

A magnetized neutron star may appear as a radio pulsar or an X-ray source. The latter is connected with a binary system where accretion from a normal star onto the neutron star produces X-ray emission. At the end of the evolution of a normal non-massive star, accretion stops and the neutron star becomes a recycled radio pulsar. Further evolution may lead to an additional transition from a radio pulsar to a low mass X-ray binary (LMXB). The formation of a single recycled pulsar is considered and a new mechanism of “enhanced evaporation” in globular clusters is analyzed.
Nonstationary Processes in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Gurevich A. V. , Istomin Yu. N.
Published: June 2019

We investigate several instabilities which give different characteristic times for nonstationary processes. Several instabilities are connected with the mechanism of plasma generation in the polar cap gap region. Another nonstationary process is due to the nonlinear phenomenon arising in the magnetosphere during the propagation of the flux of electromagnetic radiation.
On a Possible Mechanism of Pulsar Radiation
Authors: Kazbegi A. Z. , Machabeli G. Z. , Melikidze G. I.
Published: June 2019

At present there exist several well-grounded models of pulsar radiation which do not exactly coincide with each other [e.g. Ruderman and Sutherland (1975), Cheng and Ruderman (1980), Arons and Sharlemann (1979), Arons (1981)]. The creation of a dense, relativistic, electron-positron plasma in the polar regions of rotating neutron star magnetospheres is the point of similarity between these models. Surely the pulsar radiation should be generated in such a plasma. The plasma density near the stellar surface is np ≃ 1016 e to 1017cm–3, and the average Lorentz-factor of the particles is γp = 3 to 10. The plasma is penetrated by the beam of “primary” electrons, extracted from the stellar surface and accelerated by the electric field. The beam parameters are as follows: nb = 7 x 10–2B0P–1, where P is the pulsar period and B0 magnetic field at the stellar surface and γb = 3 x 106 to 107.
An Analysis of Pulsar Nulling Statistics
Authors: Biggs James D.
Published: June 2019

We have sought correlations between the fraction of null pulses with other pulsar parameters for an ensemble of 72 pulsars using survival analysis methods. The strongest correlation was found between the null fraction and pulse period. Correlations were also found between other parameters that typically have strong dependencies on pulse period, and this tends to indicate that the null fraction increases with age as was first suggested by Ritchings (1976). However, no explicit correlation was found between pulsar characteristic age and null fraction. A significant anti-correlation was found between the angle subtended by the magnetic and rotation axes and the null fraction.

Many of the pulsars presented here were found to null. In particular, all pulse profile classes in the scheme devised by Rankin (1983a) have members that null. Differences in the mean age of these pulsar classes are not very pronounced, and the influence of class on pulse nulling statistics is probably less than that suggested by Rankin (1986), but cannot entirely be ruled out. Also, there is considerable variation in the fraction of null pulses from pulsars within each class, but generally class St pulsars null the least. Of special note is the fact that two pulsars PSR 0833-45 and PSR 1556-44 apparently do not null. The upper limit for PSR 0833–45 is quite low; no nulls were detected in observations of over 120,000 pulses.

The similarity of the nulling parameters of pulsars observed at two frequencies near 400 MHz and 843 MHz suggests that the pulsar emission mechanism is wide band over this frequency range.
Dynamic Autocorrelation Functions of Micropulse Radio Emission in PSR 0809+74
Authors: Kozak K. S. , Novikov A. Yu. , Popov M. V. , Soglasnov V. A.
Published: June 2019

Dynamic autocorrelation functions for 2.56-ms adjusted intervals of single pulses of PSR 0809+74 have been analyzed. The observations were conducted at 102.5 MHz with 10μs resolution. We find that the neighboring 2.56-ms subpulse intervals seem to have independent microstructure parameters, although sometimes the tendency was observed for the occurrence of quasi-periodic structures of close or double periods within the same subpulse. The distribution of a number of well ordered micropulses in quasi-periodic structures was shown to agree with the hypothesis of a random origin of quasi-periodicities. No relation has been found between the microstructure parameters and subpulse longitude.
The Crab Pulsar Emission: Giant Pulses and a Possible Precursor to the Interpulse
Authors: Jeffrey Foster Friedman  , Boriakoff Valentín
Published: June 2019

We have examined approximately 550,000 pulses from PSR 0531+21 and have detected 1814 giant pulses 6σ or more above the background noise level. We hae measured the relative arrival times and the energies of both the main pulse and interpulse, and have found that the giant pulses arrive somewhat earlier than the peaks in the average profile. Approximately 7% of the main pulse and 1% of the interpulse energy is in the form of giant pulses 8σ more above the background level. No giant pulses have been detected in the precursor at the 8σ level. In addition we have found a slight, although apparently real, rise in emission in the region where an interpulse precursor would be if the emission is symmetric.
Polarization in Pulsar Radio Emission
Authors: GOULD D. M.
Published: June 2019

Polarimetric observations of over 300 pulsars have been carried out between 21 December 1988 and 22 January 1990 at 606, 610, 925, and 1408 MHz using the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank. Many of these pulsars have no previously published polarization profiles and will be published shortly (Gould and Lyne 1990). This large data set along with previously published data from various sources, has been used to test the correlation found by Radhakrishnan and Rankin (1990) between sense reversing circular polarization signatures and the accompanying sense of rotation of the linear polarization position angle.
Closing Comments: Theory
Authors: Michel F. C.
Published: June 2019

I've been asked to summarize my impressions of where pulsar theory stands, in general, from the point of view of this conference. I've organized these comments from two distinct points of view: that of a prototypical observer and that of a prototypical theorist. These comments are not necessarily “fair” but have been exaggerated to make a point.
Closing Comments: Theory
Authors: Shukre C. S.
Published: June 2019

Though it had been circulating through the grapevine for more than ten years, it is now widely known that the ion work function on the neutronstar surface is so low that the surface may not even be a solid (Kössl et al. 1988). In this meeting the issue surfaced in the review by Arons, and came up in many discussions by the participants. A view was expressed that since a real “professional” calculation is not yet available, one should reserve judgement on this issue. However, three different methods lead to about the same value, a fraction of a keV, for the ion work function. Furthermore, the polar cap region in pulsars will be hot and will have strong electromagnetic fields. Thus easy extraction of ions from the stellar surface appears most likely.
Five Building Contracts from Fifteenth-Century Suffolk
Authors: Dymond David
Published: June 2019

Five building contracts dating from the early 1460s are fully transcribed and interpreted, and their terms are explained in a glossary. They relate to four domestic properties in the west Suffolk town of Bury St Edmunds and a rural barn four miles away. As well as mentioning important structural details such as the differential spacing of studs and the use of green timber, these contracts reveal that the domestic houses of Bury were advanced in design. One open-hall is replaced by a ‘parlour’ with screens passage and jettied solar above; two completely new houses were to be continuously jettied against the street. Fashionable decorative features such as oriel windows and carved shafts were deliberately copied from other houses in the town.
Systematic Measurement Error in Election Violence Data: Causes and Consequences
Authors: von Borzyskowski Inken , Wahman Michael
Published: June 2019

What are the causes and consequences of systematic measurement error in violence measures drawn from media-based conflict event data? More specifically, how valid are such event data for geocoding and capturing election violence? This study examines sub-national variation in election violence and uses original data from domestic election monitor surveys as a comparison to widely used sources of event data. The authors show that conventional data under-report events throughout the election cycle, particularly in sparsely populated areas and outside anticipated violence hotspots. Moreover, systematic measurement error of media-based event data for measuring election violence can generate significant relationships where none exist, and can result in different effect magnitudes. The article suggests areas for future research and indicates ways in which existing work on election violence may have been affected by systematic measurement error.
Space-filling Tetrahedra in Euclidean Space
Authors: Sommerville D. M. Y.
Published: June 2019

In the answer to the book-work question, set in a recent examination to investigate the volume of a pyramid, one candidate stated that the three tetrahedra into which a triangular prism can be divided are congruent, instead of only equal in volume. It was an interesting question to determine the conditions in order that the three tetrahedra should be congruent, and this led to the wider problem – to determine what tetrahedra can fill up space by repetitions. An exhaustive examination of this required one to keep an open mind as regards whether space is euclidean, elliptic, or hyperbolic, and then to pick out the forms which exist in euclidean space.
DOCUMENTING COMMUNITY IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Clements Henry
Published: June 2019

This article traces a conflict that erupted in the late 19th century between the Armenians and the Süryani. This conflict, I argue, precipitated nothing less than the creation of the Süryani community itself. The dispute began over the key to a closet in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but it quickly evolved. Soon, the Armenians and the Süryani were clashing over holy places all around Jerusalem. The dispute centered on an Ottoman administrative arrangement which had been institutionalized nearly 400 years earlier:yamaklık. The Ottoman investigators, however, were unfamiliar with this archaic arrangement and had to be reeducated as to its terms and its history. The Süryani and the Armenians offered divergent accounts. Where the Armenians furnished hard documentation, however, the Süryani could produce only claims to tradition and local practice. In this article I argue that, through this protracted conflict, the Süryani came to understand the importance of the documentary record in a post-Tanzimat Ottoman world. They thus turned to an alternative strategy that would conform to this documentary sensibility and render their community visible to the state: a series of petitions with thousands of Süryani signatures from around the Ottoman Empire.
Childlessness and union histories: evidence from Finnish population register data
Authors: Saarela Jan , Skirbekk Vegard
Published: June 2019

From an evolutionary perspective, childlessness may be considered a failure, as it implies that there will be no direct transmission of one’s genetic material to later generations. It is also a pressing social issue, because in many contemporary advanced societies, levels of childlessness have increased, and particularly so among men. The absence of a partner is naturally a fundamental determinant of childlessness. Empirical evidence on how childlessness relates to individuals’ partnership histories is nevertheless limited. This issue was analysed with Finnish population register data, which allow the complete cohabitation and marriage histories of individuals from age 18 years to be observed. For women and men born between 1969 and 1971, logistic regression models were estimated for childlessness at age 40 by partnership histories in terms of various stages in the process of union formation and dissolution, and accounting for several socioeconomic variables. A strong link between union histories and childlessness was found, with short partnership spells raising the risk of not becoming a parent. Later age when leaving the parental home raised female childlessness, while a short first-union duration related more strongly to male childlessness. These findings may be considered as providing insights into how specific life-history strategies affect reproductive outcomes, and highlight the need to develop new approaches to understand this feature of social inequality.
The early years of Philippine Studies, 1953 to 1966
Authors: Luyt Brendan
Published: June 2019

The academic journal has been a key element of the scholarly world for some time and as a key component of this world it deserves historical examination. But this has not often been forthcoming, especially for regions of the world outside the Anglo-American core. In this article I examine the content of the early years of Philippine Studies. Founded in 1953, it has survived and prospered up to the present day as a vehicle for scholarly studies of the Philippines. The content of the early years of Philippine Studies (1953–66) reflected a desire on the part of its editors and many of its authors and supporters to create a Philippine society based on the teachings of the Catholic Church, one that would be strong enough to create a middle path between communism and liberalism. Articles published during this period advocated social reform based on the teachings of the Catholic Church; these articles also aired warnings about the communist threat to the Philippines and the world. But alongside these materials were literary and historical studies that also, but in a more indirect fashion, supported the project of Catholic-inspired social reform.
The death of a Northern Thai hermit: A case study of religious transition and schism in a Buddhist community
Authors: Cohen Paul T.
Published: June 2019

This article examines the life and death of Phra Pho Pan, a charismatic hermit of northern Thailand whose Buddhist beliefs and utopian philosophy reflect the dissident holy man (ton bun) tradition of Lanna Buddhism and, in particular, that of the renowned forest monks Khruba Siwichai and Khruba Khao Pi. Phra Pho Pan's death in 2016 has led to a radical shift in the religious affiliation of his hermitage. I argue that a major agent of this transformation has been a female hermit and spirit medium whose own religious quest reflects the more independent and assertive role of women in the Thai religious domain, but one which is conservative and aligned with Thai nationalism. I also consider the dissension that has arisen between key supporters and opponents of this realignment and dramatically made visible in ceremonies commemorating Phra Pho Pan's death.
Distribution and habitat modelling of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Correia Ana M. , Gil Ágatha , Valente Raul , Rosso Massimiliano , Pierce Graham J. , Sousa-Pinto Isabel
Published: June 2019

The eastern North Atlantic (ENA) has many highly productive areas where several species of cetaceans have been recorded, with the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) being one of the most frequently sighted species. However, its spatial and temporal distribution in high seas is poorly known. The study presents the results from 5 years of cetacean monitoring in the ENA (2012–2016) aboard cargo ships that follow the routes from Continental Portugal to the Macaronesian archipelagos and north-west Africa. Common dolphin was the most frequently sighted cetacean with 192 occurrences registered on effort and an overall encounter rate of 0.36 sightings/100 nmi. The species was distributed in coastal and offshore waters, but absent from the Canaries and Cape Verde islands. Statistical ‘habitat’ models were developed to describe and explain the occurrence of sightings of the species: variables affecting detection of dolphins had a small impact and there were clear spatiotemporal distribution patterns, influenced to some degree by environmental variables. Predicted probability of occurrence was highest in coastal waters of continental Portugal and around the Azores. The models, combined with maps of distribution, were useful to identify important areas for the species, which could be the focus of future conservation efforts. Common dolphin presence was related to depth, distance to coast and seamounts, seabed slope, chlorophyll concentration, sea-surface temperature and sea level anomalies; the possible ecological significance of these relationships is explored.
Longitudinal brain changes in MDD during emotional encoding: effects of presence and persistence of symptomatology
Authors: Ai Hui , Opmeer Esther M. , Marsman Jan-Bernard C. , Veltman Dick J. , van der Wee Nic J. A. , Aleman André , van Tol Marie-José
Published: June 2019

Background

The importance of the hippocampus and amygdala for disrupted emotional memory formation in depression is well-recognized, but it remains unclear whether functional abnormalities are state-dependent and whether they are affected by the persistence of depressive symptoms.

Methods

Thirty-nine patients with major depressive disorder and 28 healthy controls were included from the longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sub-study of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Participants performed an emotional word-encoding and -recognition task during fMRI at baseline and 2-year follow-up measurement. At baseline, all patients were in a depressed state. We investigated state-dependency by relating changes in brain activation over time to changes in symptom severity. Furthermore, the effect of time spent with depressive symptoms in the 2-year interval was investigated.

Results

Symptom change was linearly associated with higher activation over time of the left anterior hippocampus extending to the amygdala during positive and negative word-encoding. Especially during positive word encoding, this effect was driven by symptomatic improvement. There was no effect of time spent with depression in the 2-year interval on change in brain activation. Results were independent of medication- and psychotherapy-use.

Conclusion

Using a longitudinal within-subjects design, we showed that hippocampal–amygdalar activation during emotional memory formation is related to depressive symptom severity but not persistence (i.e. time spent with depression or ‘load’), suggesting functional activation patterns in depression are not subject to functional ‘scarring’ although this hypothesis awaits future replication.
Sketches in the Religious Antiquities of Asia Minor
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: June 2019

It is well known that in pre-Greek time a large part of Asia Minor was portioned out in theocracies, i.e. priest-kings representing the god, at great sanctuaries ruled over a considerable district whose population were servants and subjects of the central hieron. Such were Pessinus, Comana Pontica, Comana of Cappadocia, Venasa, Tyana, Antioch of Pisidia, the hieron of Sabazios in the Milyadic country, etc. It would appear to be a necessary characteristic of such a theocracy that there should be only one centre, one hieron, one sanctuary. In the case of Antioch, however, this seems not to have been the case. Strabo, p. 577, indeed describes the hieron at Antioch as if it were a single centre ruling a wide tract of country peopled by a large population; but in p. 557 he says that there were two sanctuaries in the Antiochian country, ‘the hieron of the Askaian (Men), which is beside Antioch-towards-Pisidia, and the hieron (of Men) in the region of the Antiochians.’ The meaning of ‘the region of the Antiochians’ as a geographical term I hope shortly to discuss in the Journal of Roman Studies, and will only say here that it applies to the entire Phrygian region of the Galatic province, of which Antioch was the metropolis. But why has Antioch apparently two hiera? Why has this ancient theocracy two seats of the god?
The Greek Numeral Notation
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: June 2019

The object of the following articles is to set forth as briefly as possible the epigraphical evidence at our disposal for determining the numerical systems employed in the various cities of Greece, and to state afresh some of the conclusions which we are entitled to draw from it. I am not sanguine enough to believe that I have overlooked none of the available materials, but I hope that my essay may contribute something towards a fuller understanding, at least in this country, of a department of Greek epigraphy which has, as it seems to me, been unduly neglected by recent scholars.
Topographical Drawings in the British Museum illustrating Classical Sites and Remains in Greece and Turkey
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: June 2019

The British Museum drawings indexed below, though in almost all cases admirably catalogued, are scattered through the four departments of Prints and Drawings (P. & D.), Greek and Roman Antiquities (G. & R.), Manuscripts (MSS.), and Printed Books (P.B.). They are here arranged alphabetically under artists' names. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. H. Smith, Keeper of the Greek and Roman Antiquities, for much information concerning the drawings in his care.
Old Smyrna: the Attic pottery
Authors: Boardman John
Published: June 2019

The earliest fine Attic pottery (excluding scraps of Geometric ware) found at the site of Old Smyrna was made in the first quarter of the sixth century (see no. 2 in the Catalogue below), although it is not until the second quarter that it appears on the site in any appreciable volume. One of the earliest, and incidentally most complete vases among otherwise very fragmentary material, is a lebes gamikos (no. 1) from the workshop of Sophilos, and it is accompanied by near-contempory lekanai by known painters. From this time on into the first decade of the fifth century fragments of almost every known variety of Attic cup are found, some of the highest quality, and at the end of this period skyphoi and lekythoi also appear while larger vases are conspicuously few. In the first quarter of the fifth century there is a marked falling off in the import of Attic pottery and it is noteworthy that no vases later than the first decade of that century were found in the main excavated area of the sixth-century houses at the north end of the site, and only isolated fragments from Trench C to the West. The possible historical significance of this is pointed out elsewhere by Mr. Cook. By the middle of the fifth century import is resumed on a small scale, but it is of high quality, including as it does a volute crater by the Niobid Painter (no. 118). The volume increases to the beginning of the fourth century, dying away again by the middle of it, and in this period fine black pottery, some of it with impressed decoration, appears beside the figured vases. The Attic black pottery of the fourth century is intimately associated with its numerous Ionic imitations and the presence of some of the commoner shapes is noted in the publication of the Ionic ware in a later volume of this Annual, to which the reader is referred.
Sub-marine exploration in Crete, 1955
Authors: Leatham John , Hood Sinclair
Published: June 2019

In 1955 it was decided to transfer the School's undersea activity from Chios to Crete during the time that excavations on land were being continued at Knossos. The Greek Ministry of Education most generously granted permission for the School to carry on diving operations at selected points off the coast of Crete in co-operation with the Ephor of Antiquities, Dr. Nicolas Platon.

The campaign lasted three weeks, from August 9th to 30th, with a party of ten volunteers under the leadership of John Leatham. The sites explored were chosen by Dr. Platon, who gave the party much of his time and interest, and made repeated visits to the places where they were working. The party had its headquarters in an empty house which belonged to the School's foreman, Manoli Markoyiannakis, conveniently situated upon the main road in the suburb of Poros (Katsamba) just east of Herakleion. This was used as a central depot, and the compressor for filling the aqualungs was established here. The work was unfortunately hampered throughout the three weeks by high seas owing to the prevailing north winds (Meltemia). It was difficult therefore to make great use of the aqualungs.
Procedure in the Development of International Drainage Basins: The Duty to Consult and to Negotiate
Authors: Bourne G. B.
Published: June 2019

International Drainage Basin disputes, like other disputes, may be settled in three ways: by agreement of the parties, reached after consultation and negotiation and perhaps aided by the mediation and conciliation of third parties; by submission to third party determination; and by the use of force, whether it takes the form of self-help by one of the parties to the dispute or of collective action under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Those who study international water resources problems usually conclude that these disputes are best resolved in the first of the three ways outlined, namely by agreements between the interested co-basin states. They do so not simply because voluntarily accepted solutions are likely to be more satisfactory and enduring, but because each drainage basin has its own distinctive characteristics and its problems, being peculiar to it, can be solved only by the adoption of a special regime. They therefore recommend that co-basin states should try to reconcile their conflicts of interest in the development of a drainage basin by consultation and negotiation and by any other means, such as through the good offices of third parties, leading to agreement. Indeed, some go further and assert that international law imposes an obligation on co-basin states to do so.
The Northwest Passage in International Law
Authors: Pharand Donat
Published: June 2019

The Arctic Waters in general and those of the Northwest passage in particular have been conspicuously absent from discussions in the Third Law of the Sea Conference. This does not mean, however, that a Convention of general application resulting from the Conference might not affect their legal status. Indeed, it might be possible to say already that the straits question is virtually settled and that the provisions of the Informal Composite Negociating Text, hereinafter referred to simply as the I.C.N.T., relating to passage through “straits used for international navigation” (Part III) and “archipelagic States” (Part IV), will be adopted without significant substantive changes. There have been no such changes since the Revised Single Negotiating Text of May 6, 1976, and the general consensus is that this issue of straits, once considered so difficult to resolve as possibly to cause failure of the Conference, is now settled.
Accord de coopération dans l'Arctique entre le Canada et les États-Unis d'Amérique
Authors: Mathys François-Antoine
Published: June 2019

The Arctic Cooperation Agreement signed at Ottawa on January 11, 1988 deals strictly with movements of United States government-owned or government-operated icebreakers. In future, the United States will seek Canada's prior consent for each and every transit of United States icebreakers through the waters of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. The Agreement provides Canada with more effective control over the waters of the Arctic archipelago than it had at the time of the Polar Sea voyage through the Northwest Passage in 1985. The Agreement does not resolve the legal dispute between Canada and the United States over the status of the Canadian Arctic waters. It does not affect the legal position of either country. Canada takes the view that the waters of the Arctic archipelago are internal waters by virtue of historic title. The United States, on the other hand, takes the position that these Arctic waters are international straits subject to the right of innocent passage or the right of transit passage. The Agreement does not cover the movements of U.S. naval vessels, including submarines, which are in accordance with Alliance commitments and relevant bilateral arrangements. U.S. (and other foreign flag) commercial vessels operating in Canadian Arctic waters have to conform, as in the past, with the provisions of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act and other relevant laws and regulations.
Environmental Protection in the Antarctic: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Overholt Deborah H.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le récent échec de la Convention sur la réglementation des ressources minérales de l'Antarctique (la Convention) a attiré l'attention internationale sur l'Antarctique et soulevé des questions sur l'efficacité des mécanismes de protection de l'environnement prévus par le système du Traité de l'Antarctique. On a souvent laissé entendre que ces mesures étaient inadéquates et que la protection de l'environnement de l'Antarctique devrait être réglementée par une organisation internationale. L'attitude des Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique à l'égard de l'environnement de l'Antarctique n'est en fait que le reflet de l'indifférence générale des dix dernières années envers la question de l'environnement. Plusieurs des Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique ont adopté des législations internes qui témoignent d'un engagement envers la remise de l'Antarctique en son état originel. Depuis l'abandon de la Convention, plusieurs Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique appuient la proposition visant à faire de l'Antarctique une réserve naturelle mondiale. Une telle mesure assurerait certes la protection de l'Antarctique dans l'avenir. Toutefois, on devrait tenter d'atteindre cet objectif graduellement, dans le cadre de la structure administrative actuelle du système du Traité de l'Antarctique.
Central Bank Immunity and the Inadequacy of the Restrictive Immunity Approach
Authors: Asiedu-Akrofi Derek
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Les Banques Centrales sont engagées dans des activités multiples. Leur rôle actuel est le résultat de l'histoire, dans la mesure où chaque banque centrale est apparue à un certain stage de développement de son pays et a commencé à exercer son rôle en fonction des objectifs de développement du pays en question. En conséquence, les fonctions des Banques Centrales varient d'un endroit à un autre. Cependant, en dépit des circonstances différentes dans lesquelles elles opèrent, la plupart des Banques Centrales ont la tendance d'agir de manière identique, particulièrement eu égard aux principes et pratiques développés par la Banque d'Angleterre, lesquels ont fini par être acceptés comme le prototype des fonctions traditionnelles des Banques Centrales.

Cette étude effectue une comparaison entre les fonctions traditionnelles des Banques Centrales et leurs rôles nouveaux et en expansion constante dans les pays en développement. L'axe central de l'analyse, c'est l'importante question des immunités des gouvernements. Agissant comme agents de leurs gouvernements, les Banques Centrales violent parfois leurs obligations et c'est ainsi que la question des immunités se pose. Dans la détermination de l'étendue des immunités des États étrangers, de leurs agents ou organismes affiliés, les cours et tribunaux qualifient les activités de ces personnes publiques d'actes de nature publique ou privée. Ce processus de qualification a été plutôt difficile en ce qui concerne son application aux Banques Centrales. Cela est dû au fait qu'il n'existe pas d'uniformité des fonctions des Banques Centrales. En conséquence, il est difficile de déterminer quand une Banque Centrale est en train d'exécuter une fonction que l'on peut qualifier de propre aux Banques Centrales.

L'approche basée sur la théorie de l'immunité relative présuppose que les fonctions des Banques Centrales peuvent être facilement définies comme étant soit de nature commerciale soit d'une nature propre aux Banques Centrales. Notre approche est comparative en ce qu'elle se fonde sur une analyse des différents modèles d'évolution des Banques Centrales, ainsi que sur une étude de l'étendue de la protection dont elles bénéficient dans le droit actuel des immunités aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Grande-Bretagne et dans d'autres conventions internationales.

L'étude se termine par une évaluation de l'étendue des immunités accordées aux Banques Centrales ainsi que des problèmes liés au processus de qualification. Nous concluons enfin qu'en l'absence d'uniformité des fonctions des Banques Centrales et d'un accord sur l'étendue des sphères d'activité gouvernementale, la théorie de l'immunité relative apparaît inadéquate pour le règlement des problèmes liés aux immunités des Banques Centrales. En conséquence, un programme de signature de traités bilatéraux nous semble plus approprié comme alternative.
International Legislation
Authors: Erler Jochen
Published: June 2019

Many volumes have been written on international organizations dealing with their political aspects and even their legal and constitutional intricacies. But regrettably their constitutions have not yet been studied fully on a comparative basis. The constitutions of intergovernmental organizations such as the specialized agencies of the United Nations offer a fascinating field of study that is important to be explored.