bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test development and use in five Iberian Latin American countries
Authors: Wechsler Solange M. , Oakland Thomas , León Carmem , Vivas Eleonora , de Almeida Leandro , Franco Amanda , Pérez‐Solís María , Contini Norma
Published: May 2014

The abundance of scholarship on test development and use generally is higher in English‐speaking than in Iberian Latin American countries. The purpose of this article is to help overcome this imbalance by describing and identifying similarities and differences in test development and use in two Iberian (Portugal and Spain) and three of the largest Latin American (Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela) countries. The stages of test development in each country, roles of professional associations, presence of standards for test use, professionals' educational training, commonly used tests, together with prominent challenges to continued progress are discussed. Test development and use in these five countries are transitioning from a dependence on the use of translated tests to greater reliance on adapted and finally nationally constructed tests. Continued growth requires adherence to international standards guiding test development and use. Stronger alliance among professional associations in the Iberian Latin American countries could serve as a catalyst to promote test development in these regions.
High quality biodiesel from marine microalga, Scenedesmus sp. through in situ acid transesterification
Authors: Choi Woon Yong , Kang Do Hyung , Lee Shin Young , Lee Hyeon Yong
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

This study investigation was carried out to obtain better quality biodiesel from robust biomass, Scenedesmus sp. through in situ transesterification with acid catalysis.

RESULTS

The overall biodiesel yield from this process was estimated as c. 85 (% w/w) based on the theoretically maximum production yield of 69.36 (% w/w) from total lipids in the biomass, compared with 64 (%, w/w) from a conventional Taguchi extraction process. The quality of this biodiesel was analyzed by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR, showing very similar characteristics to other algal biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion yield was obtained as 96.5%, which was higher than those from conventional transesterification processes. The result of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was 99.99% volatile yield and 0.01% ash, which was also better than those from other algal biodiesel. This biodiesel showed 37.95 MJ kg−1 of higher calorific value (HCV) and 23.92 MJ kg−1 of lower calorific value (LHV), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results proved that the biodiesel from Scenedesmus sp. through a simple and economic process had high quality and also fulfilled most of the requirements of ASTM D6751 or EN 14214 for biodiesel. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrogen production with polyaniline/multi‐walled carbon nanotube cathode catalysts in microbial electrolysis cells
Authors: Yang Qian , Jiang Yangyue , Xu Yuan , Qiu Yu , Chen Yingwen , Zhu Shemin , Shen Shubao
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) have been considered a promising approach for hydrogen production from renewable biomass. The optimization of the cathode catalyst is important in the study of MECs. Based on the hydrogen production rate (Q) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal as the evaluation standards, this research focused on the use of the polyaniline (PANI)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites as the cathode catalysts to replace platinum (Pt) in a single‐chamber membrane‐free MEC.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and linear sweep voltammograms (LSV) were used to evaluate the morphology and electrocatalytic activity of the cathodes. At an applied voltage of 1.0 V, the MEC with 75% wt PANI/MWCNTs cathodes achieved a hydrogen production rate of 1.04 m3 m−3 d−1 at a current density of 163 A m−3, a coulombic efficiency of 47.2%, a cathodic hydrogen recovery of 56.7%, a COD removal of 88%, and an electrical energy efficiency based on an electricity input of 89%, which was comparable with that of a Pt/C cathode.

CONCLUSIONS

The PANI/MWCNTs cathodes developed achieved a performance comparable with that of the Pt/C cathode in terms of the hydrogen production rate. The PANI/MWCNTs composites used as cathodic catalysts to replace Pt/C substantially reduced the cost of the MECs. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of modularity in the urodele skull: An exploratory analysis using ossification sequence data
Authors: Laurin Michel
Published: May 2014

The potential presence of developmental modules is studied in the urodele skull using several classical statistical methods that have not previously been used in this context. Principal component analysis (PCA) of ossification sequence data on 21 bones in 21 extant urodele species suggests the presence of up to four developmental modules, but examination of statistically significant correlations using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PIC) and correcting for multiple tests using the false discovery rate suggests the presence of only two modules of uneven size and of two bones that may not be part of these modules. Thus, PCA does not appear to be a reliable method to investigate modularity; direct investigation of statistically significant correlations using PIC or other phylogeny‐informed methods is recommended. A binomial test of the distribution of significant correlations between characters shows significant heterogeneity, which suggests that modularity is indeed present in the data. A cluster analysis gives inconsistent results that apparently do not reflect developmental modules. The data include a phylogenetic signal, as shown by a permutation‐based test with squared change parsimony, but this is detectable only when the whole matrix is analyzed, and a plot of the tree onto developmental space through Evolutionary PCA shows that homoplasy is pervasive. Evolutionary rates between characters vary about 90‐fold. Canonical variates analyses suggest that obligatorily neotenic urodeles may be discriminated from other urodeles on the basis of cranial ossification sequence data.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 567–585, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphs with Few 3‐Cliques and 3‐Anticliques are 3‐Universal
Authors: Linial Nati , Morgenstern Avraham
Published: May 2014

For given integers we ask whether every large graph with a sufficiently small number of k‐cliques and k‐anticliques must contain an induced copy of every l‐vertex graph. Here we prove this claim for with a sharp bound. A similar phenomenon is established as well for tournaments with .
Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker
Authors: Di Lallo Gustavo , Evangelisti Matteo , Mancuso Francesco , Ferrante Patrizia , Marcelletti Simone , Tinari Antonella , Superti Fabiana , Migliore Luciana , D'Addabbo Pietro , Frezza Domenico , Scortichini Marco , Thaller Maria Cristina
Published: May 2014

The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. In the last years, it has caused severe economic losses to Actinidia spp. cultivations, mainly in Italy and New Zealand. Conventional strategies adopted did not provide adequate control of infection. Phage therapy may be a realistic and safe answer to the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents aiming to control this bacterial pathogen. In this study, we described the isolation and characterization of two bacteriophages able to specifically infect Psa. φPSA1, a member of the Siphoviridae family, is a temperate phage with a narrow host range, a long latency, and a burst size of 178; φPSA2 is a lytic phage of Podoviridae family with a broader host range, a short latency, a burst size of 92 and a higher bactericidal activity as determined by the TOD value. The genomic sequence of φPSA1 has a length of 51,090 bp and a low sequence homology with the other siphophages, whereas φPSA2 has a length of 40 472 bp with a 98% homology with Pseudomonas putida bacteriophage gh‐1. Of the two phages examined, φPSA2 may be considered as a candidate for phage therapy of kiwifruit disease, while φPSA1 seems specific toward the recent outbreak's isolates and could be useful for Psa typing.
Blast‐induced rock fracture near a tunnel
Authors: Xu Ling , Schreyer Howard , Sulsky Deborah
Published: May 2014

Damage in the form of cracks is predicted to assess the susceptibility of a tunnel to failure due to a blast. The material‐point method is used in conjunction with a decohesive failure model as the basis for the numerical simulations. The assumption of a cylindrical charge as the source for the blast allows the restriction of plane strain and two‐dimensional analyses. In the simulation, a further restriction of a single pressure pulse is used as the source of stress waves that are reflected and refracted after reaching the free surface of the tunnel wall. Three critical zones of significant cracking in the vicinity of a tunnel are identified as potential contributors to tunnel failure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI and DCE‐MRI in human prostate cancer
Authors: Cai Wenchao , Li Feiyu , Wang Jing , Du Huarui , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing , Jiang Xuexiang
Published: May 2014

Perfusion MRI has the potential to provide pathophysiological biomarkers for the evaluating, staging and therapy monitoring of prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of noninvasive arterial spin labeling (ASL) to detect prostate cancer in the peripheral zone and to investigate the correlation between the blood flow (BF) measured by ASL and the pharmacokinetic parameters Ktrans (forward volume transfer constant), kep (reverse reflux rate constant between extracellular space and plasma) and ve (the fractional volume of extracellular space per unit volume of tissue) measured by dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI in patients with prostate cancer. Forty‐three consecutive patients (ages ranging from 49 to 86 years, with a median age of 74 years) with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer were recruited. An ASL scan with four different inversion times (TI = 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 ms) and a DCE‐MRI scan were performed on a clinical 3.0 T GE scanner. BF, Ktrans, kep and ve maps were calculated. In order to determine whether the BF values in the cancerous area were statistically different from those in the noncancerous area, an independent t‐test was performed. Spearman's bivariate correlation was used to assess the relationship between BF and the pharmacokinetic parameters Ktrans, kep and ve. The mean BF values in the cancerous areas (97.1 ± 30.7, 114.7 ± 28.7, 102.3 ± 22.5, 91.2 ± 24.2 ml/100 g/min, respectively, for TI = 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 ms) were significantly higher (p < 0.01 for all cases) than those in the noncancerous regions (35.8 ± 12.5, 42.2 ± 13.7, 53.5 ± 19.1, 48.5 ± 13.5 ml/100 g/min, respectively). Significant positive correlations (p < 0.01 for all cases) between BF and the pharmacokinetic parameters Ktrans, kep and ve were also observed for all four TI values (r = 0.671, 0.407, 0.666 for TI = 1000 ms; 0.713, 0.424, 0.698 for TI = 1200 ms; 0.604, 0.402, 0.595 for TI = 1400 ms; 0.605, 0.422, 0.548 for TI = 1600 ms). It can be seen that the quantitative ASL measurements show significant differences between cancerous and benign tissues, and exhibit strong to moderate correlations with the parameters obtained using DCE‐MRI. These results show the promise of ASL as a noninvasive alternative to DCE‐MRI. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustained complete molecular remission after imatinib discontinuation in children with chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Moser Olga , Krumbholz Manuela , Thiede Christian , Tauer Josephine T. , Janz Indra , Lauten Melchior , Dilloo Dagmar , Metzler Markus , Suttorp Meinolf
Published: May 2014

Approximately 40% of adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in prolonged complete molecular response (CMR) remain in CMR after imatinib discontinuation. Corresponding information in children is lacking. Two children with CML in CMR for 48 and 19 months after imatinib discontinuation showed low‐level fluctuating disease at RNA transcript and genomic DNA levels. Both patients were low risk according to adult criteria. Since adults with molecular relapse responded to re‐introduction of imatinib, we postulated that treatment discontinuation in low risk children might be justified within clinical trials with close monitoring. This may help to minimize exposure to imatinib and its potential side effects. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2080–2082. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How women manage their type 1 diabetes during the menopausal transition: a qualitative study using a grounded theory approach
Authors: Mackay Liz , Horsburgh Dorothy , Kilbride Lynn
Published: May 2014

This study aimed to explore the experiences of women with type 1 diabetes during the menopausal transition using a grounded theory approach and, from the data, develop a substantive theory with implications for service users and service providers.

A qualitative exploratory research framework was employed using a grounded theory approach. Data were collected from 10 participants using transcribed audiotaped semi‐structured interviews and field notes. The transcripts, audio recordings and field notes were reviewed and a coding process facilitated data analysis. This approach enabled themes to emerge from the data and ultimately a theory.

A wide range of conceptions was revealed. Data are presented in seven categories that reflect the experience of the subjects: ‘Blank wall’ (relates to the lack of information regarding menopause and diabetes); ‘Juggling game’ (relates to glycaemic control); Anxiety and fear; ‘Haywire’ (relates to the signs and symptoms of menopausal transition); Treating symptoms; Depression and mood; and ‘I'm old’ (relates to ageing and mortality).

A substantive theory emerged. Absence of information regarding the menopause and its impact on type 1 diabetes (‘Blank wall’) was identified as the main problem facing women with type 1 diabetes during their menopausal transition. The findings could enable practitioners to identify the types of information, advice and support that should be made available to these women, and contribute to the limited knowledge base currently available. The findings indicate also that further research into this under‐studied but important area of diabetes care is required.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Puttanna A , Padinjakara RNK
Published: May 2014

Diabetic ketoacidosis is usually associated with type 1 diabetes; however, it is increasingly being recognised in type 2 diabetes. The three main mechanisms suggested are: insulinopaenia, elevation in counter‐regulatory hormones as a stress response, and increase in free fatty acids. This review aims to highlight the mechanism of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes, the difference compared to its occurrence in type 1 diabetes, the main triggers and its management.

The most common mechanism is relative insulin deficiency (insulinopaenia) and usual triggers are non‐concordance or infection. Treatment is exactly the same as in type 1 diabetes with intravenous fluid resuscitation and insulin, though the duration of treatment may not be as long. These patients are able to stop insulin following resolution of ketoacidosis and can be managed on oral hypoglycaemic agents. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this condition due to the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes and to avoid unnecessary treatment with insulin in the long term.
‘Just do it, ’cos I've got your back!’ Diabetes care: the West Cheshire Way
Authors: Joseph Frank
Published: May 2014

As the incidence of diabetes reaches epidemic proportions and the NHS is faced with increasingly limited resources, innovation, adaptation and change are essential for the maintenance of excellent care. The energy and strengths of all health and allied health care professionals as well as carers involved in looking after people with diabetes must be harnessed in ways that are optimal for any given population and locality. We believe that the future lies in integrated care – care that is guided by and based upon the needs and preferences of people with diabetes, commissioned by clinical commissioning groups and delivered by specialists, and primary care, community and ambulance services working collaboratively, with a strong focus on research and development. Integrated care must be multi‐faceted to encompass the complex needs of people with diabetes in this day and age, and must be based on strong relationships with teams that transcend institutional barriers and on communication that is open, honest and in real time.

There are great examples of innovative care around the country, and the West Cheshire Way of delivering diabetes care described in this article is just one such example, that has worked for us as a community. The imperative, however, is that we continue to share ideas, experiences and good practice to keep improving and enhancing care for people with diabetes.
Synthesis of chitosan‐graft‐poly[2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate] copolymer from a novel monomer, prepared using a Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction, and characterization of its antimicrobial activity
Authors: Khalil Khaled D , Ibrahim Enas I , Al‐Sagheer Fakhreia A
Published: May 2014

A novel method has been developed to modify the natural polymer chitosan. The process utilizes a monomer prepared by employing a Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction. Specifically, the vinyl monomer 2‐[hydroxy(pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl]acrylonitrile (HPA) was synthesized using a high‐yielding MBH reaction of acrylonitrile with pyridine‐3‐carboxaldehyde in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Conversion of HPA to 2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate (CPA) was then carried out by reaction of acryloyl chloride. The highly functionalized monomer CPA was grafted onto chitosan through a reaction in 2% acetic acid containing a persulfate and a sulfite (K2S2O8/Na2SO3) as redox promoter. An optimal grafting percentage of 123% is obtained when the grafting process is conducted at 60 °C for 4 h employing a 1:0.5 ratio of K2S2O8 and Na2SO3 at a concentration of 2.5 × 10−3 mol L−1. Chitosan‐graft‐poly[2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate] graft copolymers, having various grafting percentages, were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the results of studies probing the antimicrobial activities of the polymers against selected microorganisms show that the graft copolymers display higher growth inhibition activities against bacteria and fungi than does chitosan. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
In–Ga–Zn–O MESFET with transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky barrier
Authors: Kaczmarski Jakub , Grochowski Jakub , Kaminska Eliana , Taube Andrzej , Jung Wojciech , Piotrowska Anna
Published: May 2014

Rectifying transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky contacts to In–Ga–Zn–O have been fabricated by means of reactive sputtering without any annealing processes nor semiconductor surface treatments. The ideality factor, effective Schottky barrier height and rectification ratio are equal to 1.6, 0.9 eV and 105 A/A, respectively. Ru–Si–O/In–Ga–Zn–O Schottky barriers were employed as gate electrodes for In–Ga–Zn–O metal–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs). MESFET devices exhibiting on‐to‐off current ratio at the level of 103 A/A in a voltage range of 2 V, with subthreshold swing equal to 420 mV/dec were demonstrated. A channel mobility of 7.36 cm2/V s was achieved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Can a treatment be licenced on the basis of post‐treatment predictive biomarkers?
Authors: Stone Andrew , Schmitt Nicola
Published: May 2014

In recent years, there has been a great deal of literature published concerning the identification of predictive biomarkers and indeed, an increasing number of therapies have been licenced on this basis. However, this progress has been made almost exclusively on the basis of biomarkers measured prior to exposure to treatment. There are quite different challenges when the responding population can only be identified on the basis of outcomes observed following exposure to treatment, especially if it represents only a small proportion of patients. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether or when a treatment could be licenced on the basis of post‐treatment predictive biomarkers (PTPB), the focus is on oncology but the concepts should apply to all therapeutic areas. We review the potential pitfalls in hypothesising the presence of a PTPB. We also present challenges in trial design required to confirm and licence on the basis of a PTPB: what's the control population?, could there be a detriment to non‐responders by exposure to the new treatment?, can responders be identified rapidly?, could prior exposure to the new treatment adversely affect performance of the control in responders? Nevertheless, if the patients to be treated could be rapidly identified after prior exposure to treatment, and without harm to non‐responders, in appropriately designed and analysed trials, may be more targeted therapies could be made available to patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Method for Improving Multivariate Measurement Systems Assessment
Authors: Scagliarini Michele
Published: May 2014

Multivariate measurement systems analysis (MSA) is usually performed by designing suitable gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) experiments, ignoring available data generated by the measurement system while used for inspection or process control. This article proposes an approach that, by using the data that are routinely available from the regular operation of the instrument, allows the measurement instrument's current precision to be compared against a benchmark. The proposed method may be appropriately used in an integrated and coordinated manner with the usual multivariate gauge study in the sense that it can be used to assess the stability or a possible deterioration in the precision of the measurement instrument while operational. Therefore, the complementary use of the proposed approach and the traditional multivariate gauge R&R studies can be a useful strategy for improving the overall quality of multivariate measurement systems. Furthermore, because it can be implemented at almost no additional cost, it may be effective in reducing the costs of a multivariate MSA performed with a certain frequency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scripture‐Based Discourses of Latter‐day Saint and Methodist Youths
Authors: Rackley Eric D.
Published: May 2014

Drawing on social and cultural perspectives of literacy, conceptualizations of religious literacies, and Gee's notion of Discourses, I develop a framework for exploring 16 Latter‐day Saint and Methodist youths’ religious literacies as social and cultural practice. This work grows out of the increasingly important role that religion plays in local and global events, the large population of religious youths who demonstrate strong commitments to engaging with scripture, and the enormous cultural space occupied by religious texts. Data consisted of 59 extensive, semistructured interviews over two years and a year of observations of the youths in multiple contexts. Inductive analyses informed by constant comparative analysis and the development of key linkages indicated that participants engaged in religious literacy discourses that were informed by the religiohistorical beliefs, experiences, and values of their families and religious congregations. Two primary categories emerged: Methodist youths engaged in an active construction of meaning with scripture, situated within a culture of interpretation and discussion of religious texts. Latter‐day Saint youths privileged a passive reception of meaning from scripture, situated within a culture of listening that included reading long passages of scripture and memorizing scripture. These discourses provided ways for the youths to represent the manner in which they participated in, and made sense of, the world through language and texts. This research raises questions about the study of sacred texts, the selection and use of culturally important texts for instructional use, and the value of exploring religion as social and cultural practice.
Efficacy of three irrigation agitation techniques on bacterial elimination: A microbiologic and microscopic evaluation
Authors: Koçak Sibel , Koçak Mustafa Murat , Sağlam Baran Can , Aktaş Elif
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro reduction of Enterococcus faecalis by using three agitation methods. Fifty‐five mandibular premolar teeth were used. The root canals were prepared by using ProTaper instruments to size F4. Fresh bacterial suspensions were inoculated into each canal and the teeth were incubated at 37°C under aerobic conditions for 3 weeks. The specimens in negative control group were not contaminated and the teeth in positive control receive no further instrumentation or irrigation after contamination. The contaminated teeth were divided into three experimental groups and two control groups. The experimental groups were as follows according to agitation of NaOCl irrigation solution; group 1, the brush‐covered NaviTip FX needle; group 2, EndoVac apical negative pressure irrigation system; and group 3, self‐adjusting file (SAF). Following the final irrigation, samples obtained with sterile #40 H‐file from teeth and the file used were placed into sterile microcentrifuge tubes. After the incubation period, bacterial colony numbers were noted as CFU/ml. Three teeths were randomly selected from each group for scanning electron microscope evaluation. The three groups were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Comparisons between three groups were made with the Mann–Whitney U‐test with Bonferroni correction. SAF was significantly effective in elimination of E. faecalis when compared to EndoVac (p < 0.05). There was no difference between NaviTip FX needle and other two methods (p > 0.05). In conclusion, agitation of NaOCl with SAF for 2 min may be an effective alternative approach. SCANNING 36:512–516, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on implementation of decaying product correlation structures for quasi‐least squares
Authors: Shults Justine , Guerra Matthew W.
Published: May 2014

This note implements an unstructured decaying product matrix via the quasi‐least squares approach for estimation of the correlation parameters in the framework of generalized estimating equations. The structure we consider is fairly general without requiring the large number of parameters that are involved in a fully unstructured matrix. It is straightforward to show that the quasi‐least squares estimators of the correlation parameters yield feasible values for the unstructured decaying product structure. Furthermore, subject to conditions that are easily checked, the quasi‐least squares estimators are valid for longitudinal Bernoulli data. We demonstrate implementation of the structure in a longitudinal clinical trial with both a continuous and binary outcome variable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderne Stähle für den Bau von Offshore‐Konstruktionen – Herstellungsverfahren und Eigenschaften
Authors: Graf Tobias , Thieme Andreas , Schröter Falko
Published: May 2014

Stähle, die vor der Küste im Meer (offshore) sowohl in Bauwerken zur Öl‐ und Gasförderung als auch in Offshore‐Windanlagen verwendet werden, müssen besondere Anforderungen erfüllen. Diese sind deutlich höher als für ähnliche Bauwerke an Land. Die offshore verwendeten Stähle müssen neben den vom Konstrukteur geforderten Streckgrenzen und Festigkeiten auch sehr hohe Zähigkeiten besitzen. Gleichzeitig soll eine möglichst gute Schweißbarkeit sichergestellt sein. Erhöhte Festigkeiten werden vor allem benötigt, um durch die Verwendung dünnerer Bleche leichtere Konstruktionen, die sich besser errichten oder transportieren lassen, verwirklichen zu können. Auch wird der Umfang der Schweißarbeiten infolge der Verwendung dünnerer Bleche reduziert. Erhöhte Zähigkeit ist von Bedeutung, um Materialschäden wie sprödes Versagen zu vermeiden oder bestehende Anrisse aufzufangen und damit der Konstruktion eine größere Sicherheit zu geben.

Um diese Eigenschaften einstellen zu können, werden beim Walzen des Materials mit kontrollierten thermomechanischen Walzverfahren bei bestimmten Temperaturen auftretende metallphysikalische Prozesse ausgenutzt. Ferner können der Stahlschmelze Legierungsmittel zugegeben werden. Durch ein schlankes Legierungsmittelkonzept lässt sich die Anfälligkeit gegen Risse in der Wärmeeinflusszone, die beim Schweißen entstehen können, vermindern. Aufwendige Vorwärmprozeduren können hierdurch wegfallen. Das hohe Zähigkeitsniveau des Grundwerkstoffs toleriert die in der Wärmeeinflusszone zu erwartende Abnahme der Zähigkeit, da die gesunkenen Werte nach wie vor weit oberhalb der kritischen Werte liegen werden. Bei Schweißfehlern verhält sich das Material fehlerverzeihender als dies bei früher produzierten Stählen der Fall ist.
Mononuclear Complexes Based on Pyrimidine Ring Azo Schiff‐Base Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Thermal Investigations
Authors: Gulcan Mehmet , Özdemir Sadin , Dündar Abdurrahman , İspir Esin , Kurtoğlu Mükerrem
Published: May 2014

Six transition metal(II) complexes with the heterocyclic ligand HL (1), [CuL2]·H2O (2), [NiL2]·3H2O (3), [CoL2]·3H2O (4), [MnL2]·3H2O (5), [ZnL2]·2H2O (6), [PdLOAc]·H2O (7) [HL = 5‐benzoyl‐1‐((E)‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐((E)‐phenyldiazenyl)benzylidene)amino)‐4‐phenylpyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one] were synthesized. The features of the azo Schiff bases were assigned from microanalytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV/Vis., 1H‐ and 13C NMR, API‐ES mass), magnetic, and molar conductivity measurements at room temperature as well as thermal analysis. The electronic absorption spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements of the complexes indicate square pyramidal arrangement for PdII and octahedral environment for all the other complexes. The azo Schiff base HL acts as a monobasic tridentate ligand, which commonly coordinates through the oxygen atoms of the phenol OH and the pyrimidine one group, and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group. The thermal behaviors of the ligand and its metal complexes were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The metal complexes proved to be more thermally stable than the ligand; they decomposed at 10–30 °C higher temperatures. Antioxidant properties of the ligand and its metal complexes (DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous chelating and reducing power activities) were tested. Antimicrobial activities were studied with gram‐positive bacteria, which included Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa represented gram negative bacteria.
Mg4.85Rh6Si13, a Magnesium Rhodium Silicide with Silicon Clusters Si4 and Si18
Authors: Kessens Heike , Schnelle Walter , Jung Walter
Published: May 2014

Mg4.85Rh6Si13 was obtained from a mixture of the elements in an alumina crucible enclosed in a tantalum ampoule at 950 °C. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single crystal diffraction data [space group P63/mmc; a = 8.709(1) Å, c = 22.240(1) Å]. The new structure type displays a three‐dimensional [Rh6Si13] framework, which contains Si4 tetrahedra and Mg2@Si18 polyhedra consisting of two magnesium centered truncated tetrahedra connected by a hexagonal face. The compound is a Pauli‐paramagnetic metal with a high electrical resistivity.
Traveling wave solutions of Allen–Cahn equation with a fractional Laplacian
Authors: Gui Changfeng , Zhao Mingfeng
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we show the existence and qualitative properties of traveling wave solutions to the Allen–Cahn equation with fractional Laplacians. A key ingredient is the estimation of the traveling speed of traveling wave solutions.
Peptide substrates for G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2
Authors: Asai Daisuke , Toita Riki , Murata Masaharu , Katayama Yoshiki , Nakashima Hideki , Kang Jeong-Hun
Published: May 2014

G protein‐coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) control the signaling and activation of G protein‐coupled receptors through phosphorylation. In this study, consensus substrate motifs for GRK2 were identified from the sequences of GRK2 protein substrates, and 17 candidate peptides were synthesized to identify peptide substrates with high affinity for GRK2. GRK2 appears to require an acidic amino acid at the −2, −3, or −4 positions and its consensus phosphorylation site motifs were identified as (D/E)X1–3(
S
/
T
), (D/E)X1–3(
S
/
T
)(D/E), or (D/E)X0–2(D/E)(
S
/
T
). Among the 17 peptide substrates examined, a 13‐amino‐acid peptide fragment of β‐tubulin (DEMEF
T
EAESNMN) showed the highest affinity for GRK2 (Km
, 33.9 μM; Vmax
, 0.35 pmol min−1
mg−1), but very low affinity for GRK5. This peptide may be a useful tool for investigating cellular signaling pathways regulated by GRK2.
Dynamic of neurochemical alterations in striatum, hippocampus and cortex after the 6‐OHDA mesostriatal lesion
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Gui Xue‐Hong , Xue Zhong‐Feng , Huang Li‐Ping , Fang Ruo‐Ming , Ke Xue‐Hong , Li Ling , Fang Yong‐Qi
Published: May 2014

Immediate neurochemical alterations produced by 6‐OHDA could explain the general toxic pattern in the central nervous system. However, no evidences describe the effects of 6‐OHDA on early changes of neurotransmitters in rats' striatum, cortex and hippocampus. In our study, unilateral 6‐OHDA injection into medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used in rats, then five neurotransmitters were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Results showed that 6‐OHDA injection caused a sharp decline of striatal dopamine (DA) levels in the first 12 h followed by a further reduction between 12 and 48 h. However, striatal levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) were stable in the first 12 h and showed a marked reduction between 12 and 24 h. Striatal levels of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) decreased linearly for 72 h, whereas levels of norepinephrine (NE) showed a slight reduction in the first 48 h, and returned back to normal afterwards. Striatal HVA/DA ratio increased significantly in the first 12 h, but 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratio showed a sharp increase between 12 and 72 h. Besides, neurochemical alterations were also found in hippocampus and cortex, and the correlations of neurotransmitters were analyzed. Our study indicated that NE system had little influence in the early phase of 6‐OHDA injection, moreover, early neurochemical alterations were involved with striatum, hippocampus and cortex.
Molecular mechanisms of heart failure progression associated with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shocks for ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Tsuji Yukiomi , Ishikawa Taisuke , Makita Naomasa
Published: May 2014

Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective in reducing mortality related to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTAs). Despite this benefit, the occurrence of ICD shocks for VTAs in patients with heart failure (HF) and depressed left ventricular function has been associated with adverse outcomes. Patients with shocked VTAs are at an elevated risk of HF and death. While VTAs may be markers for high‐risk patients, it is possible that the harmful effects of electrical shocks and VTAs are involved in HF progression and associated mortality. Some investigators have speculated that shocked VTAs may activate signaling pathways in the molecular cascade of HF. We recently reported in an experimental model of ventricular fibrillation storm that multiple ICD shocks for recurrent ventricular fibrillation caused striking activation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II, a validated signaling molecule for HF. This review article describes the harmful effects of shocks and VTAs and proposes that Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II could connect shocked VTAs to adverse outcomes.
North Korea and diversion: A quantitative analysis (1997–2011)
Authors: Wallace Robert Daniel
Published: May 2014

In this research I propose that the concept of diversionary theory provides at least a partial explanation for North Korea’s conflict activities. I examine and analyze the country’s data on diplomatic and military activities from 1997 to 2011 and argue that North Korea’s domestic conditions influence its willingness to engage in external conflict. I also examine the impact of such external influences as UN sanctions, leadership changes in the region, national capacities of the US, South Korea and Japan, and strategic military exercises on DPRK-initiated conflicts. This study provides insight into the activities of this reclusive state and also demonstrates useful techniques that can be applied to analyze other similarly closed nations. The findings suggest that there are identified links between internal conditions and the Kim regime’s aggressive actions between 1997 and 2011 in support of the diversionary argument. Concurrently, there is less evidence that North Korea’s hostile diplomatic and military activities are based on external pressures.
Unraveling rift margin evolution and escarpment development ages along the Dead Sea fault using cosmogenic burial ages
Authors: Matmon A. , Fink D. , Davis M. , Niedermann S. , Rood D. , Frumkin A.
Published: May 2014

The Dead Sea fault (DSF) is one of the most active plate boundaries in the world. Understanding the Quaternary history and sediments of the DSF requires investigation into the Neogene development of this plate boundary. DSF lateral motion preceded significant extension and rift morphology by ~10 Ma. Sediments of the Sedom Formation, dated here between 5.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 6.2−2.1+inf Ma, yielded extremely low 10Be concentrations and 26Al is absent. These reflect the antiquity of the sediments, deposited in the Sedom Lagoon, which evolved in a subdued landscape and was connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The base of the overlying Amora Formation, deposited in the terminal Amora Lake which developed under increasing relief that promoted escarpment incision, was dated at 3.3−0.8+0.9 Ma. Burial ages of fluvial sediments within caves (3.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.4 Ma) represent the timing of initial incision. Initial DSF topography coincides with the earliest Red Sea MORB's and the East Anatolian fault initiation. These suggest a change in the relative Arabian–African plate motion. This change introduced the rifting component to the DSF followed by a significant subsidence, margin uplift, and a reorganization of relief and drainage pattern in the region resulting in the topographic framework observed today.
Financial Market Bubbles and Crashes
Authors: Vogel Harold L.
Published: May 2014

Despite the thousands of articles and the millions of times that the word 'bubble' has been used in the business press, there still does not appear to be a cohesive theory or persuasive empirical approach with which to study 'bubble' and 'crash' conditions. This book presents a plausible and accessible descriptive theory and empirical approach to the analysis of such financial market conditions. It advances such a framework through application of standard econometric methods to its central idea, which is that financial bubbles reflect urgent short side rationed demand. From this basic idea, an elasticity of variance concept is developed. It is further shown that a behavioral risk premium can probably be measured and related to the standard equity risk premium models in a way that is consistent with conventional theory.
Practicing Medicine and Ethics
Authors: Kaldjian Lauris Christopher
Published: May 2014

To practice medicine and ethics, physicians need wisdom and integrity to integrate scientific knowledge, patient preferences, their own moral commitments, and society's expectations. This work of integration requires a physician to pursue certain goals of care, determine moral priorities, and understand that conscience or integrity require harmony among a person's beliefs, values, reasoning, actions, and identity. But the moral and religious pluralism of contemporary society makes this integration challenging and uncertain. How physicians treat patients will depend on the particular beliefs and values they and other health professionals bring to each instance of shared decision making. This book offers a framework for practical wisdom in medicine that addresses the need for integrity in the life of each health professional. In doing so, it acknowledges the challenge of moral pluralism and the need for moral dialogue and humility as professionals fulfil their obligations to patients, themselves, and society.
The Pleasures of Counting
Authors: Körner T. W.
Published: May 2014

What is the connection between the outbreak of cholera in Victorian Soho, the Battle of the Atlantic, African Eve and the design of anchors? One answer is that they are all examples chosen by Dr Tom Körner to show how a little mathematics can shed light on the world around us, and deepen our understanding of it. Dr Körner, an experienced author, describes a variety of topics which continue to interest professional mathematicians, like him. He does this using relatively simple terms and ideas, yet confronting difficulties (which are often the starting point for new discoveries) and avoiding condescension. If you have ever wondered what it is that mathematicians do, and how they go about it, then read on. If you are a mathematician wanting to explain to others how you spend your working days (and nights), then seek inspiration here.
The Decline of Mercy in Public Life
Authors: Tuckness Alex , Parrish John M.
Published: May 2014

The virtue of mercy is widely admired, but is now marginalized in contemporary public life. Yet for centuries it held a secure place in western public discourse without implying a necessary contradiction with justice. Alex Tuckness and John M. Parrish ask how and why this changed. Examining Christian and non-Christian ancient traditions, along with Kantian and utilitarian strains of thought, they offer a persuasive account of how our perception of mercy has been transformed by Enlightenment conceptions of impartiality and equality that place justice and mercy in tension. Understanding the logic of this decline, they argue, will make it possible to promote and defend a more robust role for mercy in public life. Their study ranges from Homer to the late Enlightenment and from ancient tragedies to medieval theologies to contemporary philosophical texts, and will be valuable to readers in political philosophy, political theory, and the philosophy of law.
Rethinking the Union of Europe Post-Crisis
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: May 2014

In this important new book, Giandomenico Majone examines the crucial but often overlooked distinction between the general aim of European integration and the specific method of integration employed in designing an (ill-considered) monetary union. Written with the author's customary insight and precision, this highly topical and provocative book reviews the Union's leaders' tradition of pushing through ambitious projects without considering the serious hurdles that lie in the way of their success. Regional and European integration topics are discussed, including credibility of commitments, delegation of powers, bargaining and influence activities, adverse selection and moral hazard. The author also offers a deeper examination of the specific crisis of monetary integration, arguing that it might be more effectively achieved with inter-jurisdictional competition and suggesting how integration should be managed in the globalized world.
The Indian Army and the End of the Raj
Authors: Marston Daniel
Published: May 2014

The Partition of British India in 1947 resulted in the establishment of the independent states of India and Pakistan and the end of the British Raj. The decision to divide British India along religious lines led to widespread upheaval and communal violence in the period leading up to and following the official day of independence, 15 August 1947. In this book, Daniel Marston provides a unique examination of the role of the Indian army in post-World War II India. He draws upon extensive research into primary source documents and interviews with veterans of the events of 1947 to provide fresh insight into the vital part that the Indian Army played in preserving law and order in the region. This rigorous book fills a significant gap in the historiography of the British in India and will be invaluable to those studying the British Empire and South Asia more generally.
Computation and Modelling in Insurance and Finance
Authors: Bølviken Erik
Published: May 2014

Focusing on what actuaries need in practice, this introductory account provides readers with essential tools for handling complex problems and explains how simulation models can be created, used and re-used (with modifications) in related situations. The book begins by outlining the basic tools of modelling and simulation, including a discussion of the Monte Carlo method and its use. Part II deals with general insurance and Part III with life insurance and financial risk. Algorithms that can be implemented on any programming platform are spread throughout and a program library written in R is included. Numerous figures and experiments with R-code illustrate the text. The author's non-technical approach is ideal for graduate students, the only prerequisites being introductory courses in calculus and linear algebra, probability and statistics. The book will also be of value to actuaries and other analysts in the industry looking to update their skills.
Colonization and the Origins of Humanitarian Governance
Authors: Lester Alan , Dussart Fae
Published: May 2014

How did those responsible for creating Britain's nineteenth-century settler empire render colonization compatible with humanitarianism? Avoiding a cynical or celebratory response, this book takes seriously the humane disposition of colonial officials, examining the relationship between humanitarian governance and empire. The story of 'humane' colonial governance connects projects of emancipation, amelioration, conciliation, protection and development in sites ranging from British Honduras through Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales, New Zealand and Canada to India. It is seen in the lives of governors like George Arthur and George Grey, whose careers saw the violent and destructive colonization of indigenous peoples at the hands of British emigrants. The story challenges the exclusion of officials' humanitarian sensibilities from colonial history and places the settler colonies within the larger historical context of Western humanitarianism.
The Politics of Industrial Collaboration during World War II
Authors: Horn Martin , Imlay Talbot
Published: May 2014

Did Ford SAF sabotage the German war effort by deliberately manufacturing fewer vehicles than they could have? Ford SAF claimed after the war that they did. Exploring the nature and limits of industrial collaboration in occupied France, Horn and Imlay trace the wartime activities of Ford Motor Company's French affiliate. The company began making trucks and engine parts for the French military; but from 1940 until Liberation in 1944 was supplying the Wehrmacht. This book offers a fascinating account of how the company negotiated the conflicting demands of the French, German and American authorities to thrive during the war. It sheds important new light on broader issues such as the wartime relationship between private enterprise and state authority; Nazi Germany's economic policies and the nature of the German occupation of France, collaboration and resistance in Vichy France, and the role of American companies in Occupied Europe.