bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on production techniques of some herb plants: II Row spacing and cutting height of dill herb (anethum graveolens L.)
Authors: Hälvä S.
Published: July 2018

A study was undertaken to determine the row spacing and cutting height of dill to produce a good quality herb in terms of high proportion of leaves. The row spacings were 12.5 or 25 cm, and the herb was harvested to the stubbles of 7.5, 11 or 15 cm. The greatest dry leaf yield, 8 kg/100 m2, was achieved with the narrow row spacing and lowest stubble. The proportion of leaves of the dry herb was highest (68 %) when cut to the highest stubble. The difference in the yields between the cuttings of 7.5 and 15 cm was significant, only. The relation between the dry and fresh yields (11 %) remained unaffected.
Mineral element content of oats (Avena sativa L.) in an acid sulphate soil area of Tupos village, northern Finland
Authors: Yli-Halla Markku , Palko Jukka
Published: July 2018

The mineral element content of oat grains grown in acid sulphate soils (n = 35) and other soils (n = 19) in Tupos was studied. In terms of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu and Zn concentrations, Tupos oats did not differ from the averages and ranges presented for Finnish oats in other studies. Instead, Tupos oats were in general rich in Fe and Co and low in Se. High concentrations of Mn and Ni occurred in samples originating from acid sulphate soils. The lower the soil pH, the higher were the concentrations of Ni and Co in oats. Na and Ni were the only elements displaying a clear relationship between the concentration of the element in oats and the amounts of the element easily soluble in the soil. Tupos oats deviated less than Tupos timothy from the mineral contents of both these plant species usually reported in Finland.
Clone selection in the Lonicera tatarica complex
Authors: Tegel Satu
Published: July 2018

Old clones of Lonicera tatarica L. were registered in four places in Finland in order to find beautiful, hardy and healthy clones. The number of registered clones was 90; the 14 best clones were selected for further investigations. Seven of the selected clones were L. tatarica, four with red flowers and three with white flowers. Six of the clones were L. x bella Zabel and one L. x notha Zabel. Many of the clones registered as L. tatarica proved to be hybrids; these hybrids were, however, often as valuable as ornamentals as L. tatarica. L. tatarica proved variable and susceptible to pests and pathogens, and it also seemed to hybridize readily with other species. Because of these facts clonal selection of L. tatarica clones in cultivation is justified. The real value of the 14 selected clones of the L. tatarica complex will be detected in a clone selection trial.
Virus diseases of berry plants in Finland
Authors: Bremer Katri
Published: July 2018

Virus diseases of berry plants became more common and harmful in the 1960s, when berry cultivation expanded in Finland. Virus diseases seldom occur in strawberry because the main vector, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, does not thrive in Finland. However NEPO-viruses are found in Finland in plant nurseries and in berry cultivations, and they may become a danger for strawberry as well as for raspberry growing. Both wild and cultivated raspberries are commonly infected by viruses. The vector aphids also occur in Finland. Reversion disease infects black currants. The veinbanding virus disease is common in red currants and gooseberries. Virus diseases of berries are poorely investigated in Finland. The healthy plant propagation and certification scheme was established in the 1970s. More research is needed in order to understand our virus problems, to develop proper test methods, and to prevent virus spread.
A simple kit for rapid field diagnosis of potato virus Y by latex serological test
Authors: Kurppa Aarne , Vuento Matti
Published: July 2018

A simple kit for rapid detection of potato virus Y by latex serological test was developed. The test is carried out on a white cardboard sheet and the results can be read by naked eye in two minutes. A test card of 10 x 6 cm holds latex sensitized antibodies, buffers and other necessary ingredients as dry blue colored formulate on the ringed areas of the card. A test card includes space for six tests and positive and negative controls. The kit also includes disposable plastic sticks for mixing the samples with test reagents and a hand press with disposable plastic tips. For testing, dried reagents are dissolved in drops of sample and mixed. After gentle rotation, samples containing virus appear clearly granulated while samples from healthy plants remain unagglutinated. The testing of undiluted extracts of evenly developed tuber sprouts resulted in over 91 % identity with the results obtained with ELISA that was used as a control method. Testing of diluted leaf extracts reached the same reliability but undiluted leaf extracts from glasshouse grown potatoes were not well suitable as test samples because of their dark green color. No such problems occurred with field grown material and a complete identity with the ELISA readings was true when the samples included secondarily infected potato plants. No reaction to other potato viruses than PVY was obtained by the test kit.
Immunogold cytochemistry in plant virus research, A review
Authors: Oxelfelt Per , Tomenius Karin
Published: July 2018

The technique of using antibodies or protein A labelled with colloidal gold for the detection of antigens at the ultrastructural level has only recently come into use in plant virus research. The reports published to date are reviewed and some further possibilities for the use of immunogold techniques in plant virus research are discussed.
Cloning and conjugational transfer of chitinase encoding genes
Authors: Sundheim Leif
Published: July 2018

A genomic library of chromosomal DNA from Serratia marcescens was constructed in the broad host range cosmid pLAFR3. Chitinase positive clones were identified on a chitin medium. By conjugational transfer chitinase encoding plasmids were transferred to Pseudomonas spp.
Effects of dietary supplement of methionine and lysine on blood parameters and fur quality in blue fox during low-protein feeding
Authors: Työppönen Jouko , Berg Hans , Valtonen Maija
Published: July 2018

Four groups of blue fox (Alopex Lagopus) were fed from weaning to pelting with feed of two different protein levels. The metabolizable energy (ME) from protein amounted to 35/30 % in the control group and to 22/18 % in three low-protein groups during the early and late growth period, respectively. One of the low-protein groups received an unsupplemented diet. The second low-protein diet was fortified with methionine, and the third with methionine and lysine to the same level as in the control diet. Hematological values, urea and creatinine were lower in all low-protein groups as compared to the control group. The activities of amino acid metabolizing enzymes ASAT, ALAT and GOT in plasma were lower in the low-protein groups although the relative sizes of the liver and kidneys were greater. The lowered protein content in the feed was sufficient for growth, and only a slight negative effect on fur characteristics was observed. The dietary supplementation of methionine and lysine yielded no improvement in the fur quality or other parameters as compared to the unsupplemented low-protein feed, indicating that there was no deficiency of these amino acids in these low-protein feeds.
The fluoride content of Finnish honey
Authors: Laurema Seppo , Varis Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

The content of fluoride was determined with an ion-specific electrode on 59 samples of honey from 47 localities in Finland. The concentrations ranged from 25 to 550/µg/kg and the mean for all the localities was 85.7 µg F-/kg fresh weight honey. The concentrations were lowest in eastern and northern Finland, where the amount of fluoride in the soil is small, and higher on the coast and areas where more fluoride occurs in the groundwater and bedrock. However, the highest levels of fluoride in honey were detected in the vicinity of Helsinki and some other places where the amount in the groundwater is not especially high. The higher levels in some honey may be due to fluorides introduced into the environment by the activity of man. The effects of fluoride on human health are discussed.
Effects of different fertilization practices on the growth, yield and dry matter content of carrot
Authors: Evers Aino-Maija
Published: July 2018

The effects of different fertilization practices on the carrot root and shoot dry weights, yield, dry matter contents and root/shoot ratio were studied in field experiments. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, fertirrigations without basic fertilization, fertirrigations with basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. In addition, split application was compared to single application of nutrients. The soil nutrient levels were studied by soil analysis. The carrot root and shoot samples were collected three times during the growing period. Cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 was grown. The carrot shoots reached their maximum weight already by three months, whereas roots grew slowly during the first two months but grew considerably during both the third and fourth month. The root and shoot dry weights were positively correlated at all sampling dates in both years ( r ≥0.77***), The big photosynthetizing apparatus caused the production of high root yield. The placement fertilization of granular NPK fertilizer increased the yield as compared to broadcast of granular NPK fertilizer (p = 0.009**). The yield was also increased by the placement of P and K as compared to treatments without placement fertilization of P and K (p = 0.03*). There was no difference in yields between single application and split application. Irrigation decreased the yield in 1985 (p = 0.03*). In 1986the yield was significantly higher than in 1985 (p = 0.000***). At harvest the fertilization did not affect the dry matter content of carrot roots when compared with unfertilized treatments. The difference in dry matter content was greater between years (p = 0.000***) than between fertilization practices (p = 0.05*). The treatment PK placement with N fertirrigations yielded carrots with a higher dry matter content than did the NPK fertirrigations treatments. Besides the fertilization experiment samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected to obtain data concerning organically cultivated carrots and soils.
Breeding sunflower cultivars for the northern latitudes
Authors: Dedio Walter
Published: July 2018

Development of short season sunflower hybrids has been the main objective of the Canadian sunflower breeding program. A gene pool created with 50 lines extracted from USSR open-pollinated varieties provided a good source of early inbred lines. The gene pool produced the lines CM447, CM469 and CM497 which were the basis for the superior early parental lines. Another early line, CM594, was extracted from Armavirec. CM447 and CM594 were converted to the cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) form, while CM469 and CM497 were used in the development of fertility-restorer lines. Hybrids from these lines and in combination with HA3O1, HA232, and NS39 resulted in up to 15 days earlier maturity than the standard hybrids, with good oil content, disease resistance and lodging resistance. An early dwarf hybrid. Sunwheat, developed by SeedTec shows good performance in late seeded tests, but it requires higher plant population and a narrow row spacing.
Selection for prolificacy in Finnsheep and in Norwegian sheep
Authors: Ådnøy T.
Published: July 2018

Litter size (LS) at birth and other production traits were recorded for Finnsheep (F), Norwegian(N) breeds Dala (D), Steigar (St) and Spael (Sp), for N sheep crossed with 1/4 F and ½ F and for a group of sheep established by collecting offspring of highly prolific N(N+) ewes. The N breeds and the ¼ F group were part of the national breeding scheme. In the 1/2F and N+, selection was solely for LSB. The other groups were selected normally. There were 4263 lambings. In adults, there were no breed group differences in lambing-% (mean 94 %), but in 1-yr. olds there were differences: Sp 90 %, F and F-crosses 80—85 %, D 70 %, N+ 60 % and St 50 %. F-crosses had clearly the best LS’s (Fca. 3.0, 1/2F2.4, 1/4F2.0). Those of N+ decreased through the 5 years recorded from near 2.0 to 1.8 lambs. The other breed groups gave LS’s of 1.7—1.8. In the two groups selected for LS, no selection response was found. The reasons are not known. Although the pure F and ½ F gave lower weaning weights (34 and 38 kg at 150d.) than the other groups (41—45 kg), their weaned lamb yield per ewe was ca. 20 kg higher. Considering the poorer carcass quality observed in earlier experiments for these groups, the use of 1/4 F is recommended for Norwegian conditions. This breed group gave no reduction in weaning weight, but increased the LS by some 0.2 lambs.
Prediction of the performance of synthetic sheep strains utilizing Finnsheep and native sheep breeds in Egypt
Authors: Mansour H. , Aboul-Naga A. M.
Published: July 2018

This investigation was carried out to estimate individual and maternal heterotic components for ewe productivity traits to enable predicting the performance of synthetics including local (Rahmani (R) and Ossimi (O)) and Finn (F) inheritance. Reproduction performance traits studied were number of ewes conceived (ECJ), number of lambs born (LBJ), number of lambs at four months of age (L4J), kilograms born (KBJ) and kilograms at four months of age (K4J), all being per ewe joined, and number of lambs born (LBL), number of lambs at four months of age (L4L), kilograms born (KBL) and kilograms at four months of age (K4L), all being per ewe lambed. Results indicate an expected increase of 0.32, 0.19, 0.50 and 0.27 in LBJ, L4J, LBL and L4L for F.R and 0.32, 0.23, 0.59 and 0.40 in the same traits for F.O after two generations of interse mating, respectively. For FR.R and FO.O the improvements were(0.18, 0.18), (0.13, 0.15), (0.22, 0.28) and (0.15, 0.22) in LBJ, L4J, LBL and L4L, resp. It can be concluded that introducing the F to the local subtropical sheep in Egypt would substantially improve their reproductive performance whether for implementation at the small farmer level (quarter F) or at higher intensification level (half F).
Variation in ovulation rate and litter size
Authors: Bradford G. E. , Berger Y. M.
Published: July 2018

An increase in mean prolificacy is a goal for many sheep production systems, but it is also desirable that variation be minimized around the optimum value. Lambs born in litters of 3 or 4 can be reared with intensive management, but at higher input costs than for twins. Thus for a mean litter size (LS) goal of 2.0, producers desire the maximum possible proportion of twins with as few singles and litters of 3 or more as possible. Coefficients of variation for ovulation rate (OR) range from about 22 % for Romanov to about 40 % for Booroola Merinos; breed CV’s for LS vary less. The most uniform LS’s are achieved by populations with a uniform OR and high prenatal survival. Variability in Booroola populations results in part from segregation of a gene with large effect on OR, but variation is high within genotypes (FF or F+). Among breeds where high prolificacy appears to be inherited quantitatively, there are differences in variability, with Romanov quite uniform, Finnsheep intermediate, and D’Man more variable. The possibility of a gene with large effect in the D’Man breed, in addition to many favorable quantitative genes for prolificacy, has not been ruled out. In general, these three breeds (and some others) transmit their prolificacy additively, making it possible to choose a wider range of mean prolificacy values by crossing and backcrossing with such breeds than by use of a major gene such as the Booroola. Data on variability of first and later generation crossbreds between non-prolific and different prolific breeds are now available.
Somatic cell count in milk of Finnsheep ewes and relation with production results
Authors: Tyszka Z. J. , Kramarz M.
Published: July 2018

Finnsheep ewes were tested for milk quality and productivity (lambs and wool) on an experimental farm in two years. Milk samples were taken in first, second and third month of lactation to qualify somatic cell count (SCC) and percentage of fat (F %), protein (P %) and lactose (L %). For the calculation, logarithmic SCC (LSCC) was used. Data concerning rearing of lambs and wool production were calculated with each sample during lactation. Differences in all tested traits were found. Season 1981 proved to be better than 1983. For all observations LSCC was 2.16 and milk composition as follows: F % 5.38, P % 5.42 and L % 4.74. From average ewe there were 2.42 born lambs (6.18 kg), 1.14 weaned lambs (20.09 kg) and 1.24 kg of wool for six months. Correlation coefficients between LSCC and traits tested were; F % 0.07, P % —0.02, L %— 0.53, wool yield — 0.09, number of weaned lambs — 0.01, weight of weaned lambs 0.00. For all above coefficients the error was 0.05. Those tests concerned limited number of animals and will be continued.
Effect of Finnsheep crossbreeding on Lamon sheep performance: post-mortem traits
Authors: Bonsembiante M. , Andrighetto I. , Cozzi G.
Published: July 2018

This experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of crossbreeding of the local breed Lamon (L) with Finnsheep (F),on the post-mortem performance of F, lambs (F x L). Nine L and 8 F x L ram-lambs were fattened with a diet (11.6 MJ M.E./kg d.m.) based on maize silage, dried sugar beet pulp and soybean meal, and slaughtered at 40.5 ± 5.9 kg live weight at the age of 22 weeks. Genotype did not affect dressing percentage on empty body weight (E.B.W.) but the crossbred lambs showed a lower incidence of the pelt (18,4 vs 20.2 % on E.B.W.; P
Testing of a Danish growth model for barley, turnip rape and timothy in Finnish conditions
Authors: Ilola Ari , Elomaa Esko , Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

The biological and meteorological data were collected at Jokioinen in 1982—87. Potential and actual (water limited) production of dry matter were simulated using a Danish WATCROS model for spring barley, spring turnip rape and timothy grass. The most important data of the biological programme comprised weekly measurements of the crop surface (GAI), dry matter yield, root growth, soil water content and yield analyses of the harvest. All these measurements were performed for both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. The needed meteorological parameters for the daily simulation of the dry matter yield were global radiation, air temperature and precipitation. The simulated dry matter production results with the WATCROS model were generally higher than those measured. In order to obtain a better fit into the Finnish climatic and soil conditions, the Finnish model should take soil water conditions and efficient use of photosynthetically active radiation into consideration.
The effect of enzyme treatment of cooked barley and supplementation of piglet diets on the digestibility of barley and piglet performance
Authors: Inborr J. , Näsi M. , Suomi K.
Published: July 2018

A digestibility trial, designed as a 5*5 Latin square, with growing pigs was conducted to investigate the effect of cooking and enzyme treatment of barley on digestibility and nitrogen utilization. In addition, two piglet performance trials were conducted to investigate the effect of hydrothermal processing of barley and soybean meal and enzyme supplementation of piglet feeds on performance and health status. Five pigs, averaging 40 kg LW, were fitted with T-shaped cannulas in the terminal ileum and fed the experimental diets for five consequtive 12-day experimental periods. Chromic oxide was used as marker. Cooking of barley significantly improved the apparent faecal digestibility (AD) of DM, OM, CP and EE (p
Silage intake and milk production in cows given barley or barley fibre with or without dried distillers solubles
Authors: Ala-Seppälä Hannele , Huhtanen Pekka , Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

Twenty Friesian cows in four pens were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin Square with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of barley fibre with solubles and dried distillers solubles (DDS) as a protein supplement on silage intake and milk production. Each experimental period lasted 4 wk, during which the cows were given ad libitum silage with one of the four supplements: barley (B), barley+ DDS (BD), barley fibre (F) and barley fibre+DDS (FD). All the supplements were given at the rate of 7.5 kg/day on dry matter (DM) basis. In cows given DDS, 0.9 kg of barley or barley fibre was replaced by DDS on DM basis. The principal carbohydrate constituent of the B supplement was starch and of the F supplement hemicellulose. Silage DM intake was 0.38 kg/day (P
Pollinator behaviour in cultivated and wild Arctic Bramble (Rubus arcticus L.)
Authors: Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Oksanen Jari
Published: July 2018

Arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus) is a clonally growing, insect-pollinated, self-incompatible plant which is cultivated for its berries. In field studies of cultivated and natural stands it was observed that the pollinators (bumble bees and honey bees) foraged optimally, i.e., flight was towards the nearest flower. Therefore, in cultivation the plants should be planted so that the nearest neighbours belong to different clones. In general, the pollinators preferred white clover (Trifolium repens), growing as a weed, and cultivated strawberry as opposed to the arctic bramble. These plants appeared to be severe competitors for the pollinators, and care should therefore be taken to reduce their influence.
Effect of cumulative fertilizer dressings on the phosphorus status of mineral soils I Changes in inorganic phosphorus fractions
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

Surface soil samples were collected from 16 P fertilization trials before onset of the experiments and after seven years of cultivation. The changes in the inorganic P fractions were investigated in plots amended annually with 0, 30 or 60 kg of P ha-1. In the clay soils, cultivation without P fertilization depleted the NH4F-extractable and NaOH-extractable P reserves by 22—69 kg ha-1 ; in the coarser soils, the respective depletion was 8—140 kg ha-1. H2S04-soluble P decreased in seven soils by 16—34 kg ha-1. In the plots amended totally with 210 or 420 kg of P ha-1, on the other hand, these P fractions increased by 24—174 and 46—368 kg ha-1, respectively. The higher the P dressing was, the more the added P tended to accumulate in the fluoride-soluble form as compared to the alkali-soluble form.
Effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot
Authors: Evers Aino-Maija
Published: July 2018

The effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 Sv were studied in field experiments carried out in southern Finland in 1985 and 1986. The effects of unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations with NPK basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. Further, the effects of single application were compared with those of split applications. Sugar analyses were made by high performance liquid chromatography, and sensory evaluations were performed for taste and texture. The results were analysed by contrast analysis. In 1985, fertilization and fertilization practices had no effects on sugar contents. In 1986, the unfertilized treatments had a tendency to yield higher glucose and fructose, and thus also total sugar contents than did the fertilized treatments on the average. Placement fertilization had a tendency to increase the glucose content as compared to NPK fertirrigations. No significant differences or tendencies were found in sucrose content. The glucose and fructose contents were higher in 1985 than in 1986. The sucrose content was mainly opposite, being higher in 1986.Weather conditions were more favourable for photosynthesis in 1986 than in 1985. The mean total sugar content in fresh weight was 7.8 % in 1985 and 6.7 % in 1986. Indicative results of taste and texture are presented. The sugar content in organically cultivated carrots did not differ from that of conventionally grown carrots, but the taste was worse.
Effect of different rates of P fertilization on the yield and P status of the soil in two long-term field experiments
Authors: Yli-Halla Markku
Published: July 2018

Two field experiments on P fertilization were conducted on clay soils in Southern Finland. The rates of P applied yearly in granular NPK fertilizers were 0, 13/16, 26/32, 47/56 and 60/72 kg P/ha in 1974—82/1983 —85. Oats, barley, spring wheat and winter wheat were grown, in two years also oil seed crops. In one experiment, the maximum yield of cereal grains in the first nine years (4 460 kg/ha) was reached at the P rate of 13 kg/ha, but thereafter at 32 kg P/ha. The average difference between the maximum yields and the ones obtained without P fertilization was 470 kg/ha (12 %) in 1974—80, but during the last four years the difference increased to 1 360 kg/ha (40 %), owing to the depletion of P in the plots not fertilized with P. Also in the other experiment, in which the maximum yield of cereal grains (4 790 kg/ha) was obtained at the P rate of 26/32 kg/ha, the response to P fertilization increased towards the end of the trial, the mean response during the last three years being 570 kg/ha (12 %). Phosphorus fertilization, up to the P level at which the maximum yield was reached, decreased the moisture content of cereal grains at harvest. The quantity of P extracted with 0.5 M NH4-acetate-0.5 M acetic acid (pH 4.65) decreased in the plots not fertilized with P, from 5.8 mg/l to 2.2 mg/l and from 6.2 mg/l to 1.8 mg/l in the course of the two trials. The original level of acetate-extractable P was somewhat maintained but not elevated by P rates of 26/32, 47/56 and 60/72 kg/ha. Residual P was recovered mainly in the fractions extractable with NH4F (“Al-P”) and NaOH (“Fe-P”).
Influence of carcass temperature, glycogenolysis and glycolysis 45 min postmortem on the development of PSE pork
Authors: Honkavaara Markku
Published: July 2018

This study investigated the effect of slaughter stress, scalding and process time from stunning to chilling on carcass temperature, muscle glycogen and lactate content, and the development of PSE meat (pH1≤5.8). Blood creatine kinase (CK) activity was positively (P
Sorption capacity of phosphate in mineral soils: I Estimation of sorption capacity by means of sorption isotherms
Authors: Niskanen Raina
Published: July 2018

The sorption capacity of phosphate in seven soil samples (clay content 1—70 %, organic carbon content 0.8—10.7 %, soil pH 4.2—5.3, oxalate-extractable Al 11—222 and Fe 11—202 mmol/kg soil) was studied by means of sorption isotherms. The soils were equilibrated, for two to seven days at +5 and +20°C, with solutions containing phosphate 0—10 mmol/l (0—200 mmol/kg soil) at a constant ionic strength of 0.01 . Prolongation of the reaction time increased the sorption of phosphate only partially. The rise in temperature, from +5 to +20°C, increased the sorption from higher phosphate concentrations. At +20°C, the sorption curves of three soils showed a sorption maximum of 4, 19 and 34 mmol/kg soil. The sorption data of six soils was in accordance with the Langmuir equation; the sorption maximum ranged from 15 to 119 mmol/kg soil, and were of the same magnitude as the maximums determined experimentally.
Comparison of a bioassay and three chemical methods for determination of plant-available P in cultivated soils of Finland
Authors: Yli-Halla Markku
Published: July 2018

Phosphorus was extracted from 32 field soil samples with water (Pw), with 0.5 M NH4-acetate-0.5 M acetic acid at pH 4.65 (PAAAc) and by a method in which freshly precipitated iron hydroxide is used as the sink for P desorbing from the soil (Pi method). Pi is supposed to be the quantity of reversibly adsorbed P in the soil. The results of the three chemical methods were compared with the ones obtained in a bioassay in which four yields of ryegrass were grown in 0.2 dm3 of soil. The grass took up P effectively and the P reserves of the soils were probably the growth limiting factor. The quantities of P taken up corresponded to 5—21 % (median 10 %) of soil inorganic P. The uptake of P by the grass was approximately twice the quantity of Pi (median 25.9 mg/dm3) and several times higher than the quantities of Pw (median 6.3 mg/dm3) and PAAAc (median 6.4 mg/dm3). The results of all three chemical methods predicted P uptake by ryegrass accurately, the correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.88*** to 0.93***. However, in soils low in P (PAAAc
The effect of planting date on growth, seed stalk development and yield of sweet fennel
Authors: Suhonen Irma , Kokkonen Leena
Published: July 2018

To study the growth and development of sweet fennel (‘ZEFA-Fino’ and ‘ZEFA-Tardo’) seedlings were raised under greenhouse conditions (night temperature 16—18°C) and planted out at 3—4 true leaf stage on May 21st, June 10th, July 7th and July 27th. The effects of covering mulch and short day treatment of seedlings were studied also. First harvests were performed when field measurements showed that the greatest width of ‘ZEFA-Fino’ bulbs were on average 60 mm. Three harvests were then performed at one week intervals. Plant and bulb weights, bulb greatest width and thickness and, the heights of plant, bulb and stem inside the bulb was measured. The number of bolters were recorded. The bulb width of ‘ZEFA-Fino’ reached 60 mm in 1.5—2 months after planting out depending on planting date. Plant and bulb weights, bulb width and thickness, stem height inside the bulb and the bulb height in the earliest plantings increased as the growth period lengthened. The bulb width of ‘ZEFA-Fino’ was in higher correlation with bulb weight than bulb thickness or height. The ratio between the height of stem inside the bulb and bulb height increased fastest in the lot planted under cover in May and in the lot planted out in June; at the fourth harvest the relationship was 0.8. The largest number of bolters (8 %) was found in the latter lot. The yield estimate for ‘ZEFA-Fino’ at the third and fourth harvest was 170—360 kg/are depending on planting date and length of the growing season. All lots of ‘ZEFA-Tardo’ except that planted in July bolted quickly after the bulb width had grown to 60—70 mm. The yield quality of ‘ZEFA-Tardo’ was low because of elongated bulbs and great variation in bulb height. Short day treatment (dark period 16 h) of the seedlings retarded but did not inhibit bolting of ‘ZEFA-Tardo’.
Yield reduction of spring wheat in relation to disease development caused by Septoria nodorum
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo , Karjalainen Sinikka
Published: July 2018

Effects of Septoria nodorum on the grain yields and yield components of three spring wheat cultivars were studied in Finland using artificial field inoculation over three years. At low infection level, in 1986, grain yield was reduced in all cultivars by 2—10 %, but statistically insignificantly. In 1984 severe infection reduced the grain yields of cultivars Kadett and Tähti by 27 % and 32 %, respectively, while in 1985 the yield of Tähti was reduced by 16 % and that of Kadett by 18 %. Grain weights were reduced under low disease stress by 3—5 %, while under severe disease stress the reductions were 7—20 %. Disease strongly reduced the green-leaf area duration compared with fungicide-treated plots. Examination of single tillers showed that all yield components were significantly reduced. The disease amount on second leaves correlated best with grain weight loss. Implications of these results for controlling the damage caused by S. nodorum in spring wheat are discussed.
Occurrence and pathogenicity of Pythium spp. in seedling roots of winter rye
Authors: Vestberg Mauritz
Published: July 2018

Seedlings of winter rye collected from yellowing patches during October to November 1985—1987 showed oospores of Pythium species in apparently healthy as well as in discolored roots. Examination of 1550 root pieces of rye on CMA yielded fungi belonging to 35 genera. The most commonly isolated ones were Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp, Mortierella spp. and Cladosporium spp. Pythium spp. were isolated from 35 root pieces on CMA. Identified species were P. splendens, P. irregulare, P. dissimile, a species resembling P. aristosporum and a species resembling P. ultimum. In in vitro and in vivo, tests on the cereals winter rye, spring wheat, oats and barley the pathogenicity of some Pythium isolates varied from high (P. splendens, P. irregulare) to moderate (P. irregulare, P. dissimile) and low (a species resembling P. ultimum).
Changes in content of major phenolic compounds during leaf development of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)
Authors: Morgenstern Anne , Ekholm Anders , Scheewe Petra , Rumpunen Kimmo
Published: July 2018

Content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were investigated in the leaves of three sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) cultivars: ‘Otradnaja’, ‘Gibrid Pertjika’ and ‘Ljubitelskaja’, at different dates. In addition, major phenolic compounds (catechin, kaempferol, quercetin, epigallocatechin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, rutin, gallic acid, procyanidin monomer glycoside, procyanidin dimer aglycone and hydrolyzable tannins I–III) were determined in ‘Ljubitelskaja’. Antioxidant capacity and the content of total phenolic compounds fluctuated during April, May and June, and then increased until the end of July, when the highest values were observed. Total phenolic compounds were strongly correlated with FRAP. Levels were generally higher in ‘Ljubitelskaja’ than in ‘Otradnaja’ and ‘Gibrid Pertjika’. In ‘Ljubitelskaja’, hydrolyzable tannins I–III occurred in higher amounts than did any of the other studied phenolic compounds. The developmental stage of the leaves (harvesting date) had a strong influence on content of phenolic compounds and should be carefully considered when harvesting sea buckthorn leaves for different purposes.
Ageing in Norwegian Rural and Urban Communities
Authors: Blekesaune Arild , Haugen Marit S.
Published: July 2018

This paper, based on data from two recent national surveys of the residents of municipalities in Norway, compares rural and urban elderly people’s degree of satisfaction with locally available services and their reported involvement with others in the community. It focuses in particular on their living conditions and indicators of well-being, including their access to home care and medical services and their degree of participation and trust in local social networks. Two findings stand out. First, contrary to common expectations, rural residents are at least as satisfied with their home care and medical services as their urban counterparts are. This parity reflects Norway's policy of subsidizing social welfare services in sparsely populated areas. Second, in keeping with common expectations, they report more frequent social contacts with their neighbours and greater participation in voluntary work than urban residents do.
Changes in the Standard of Living in Rural Population of Poland in the Period of the Eu Membership
Authors: Brambert Patryk , Kiniorska Iwona
Published: July 2018

Polish rural areas face various social, economic and ecological problems. These processes greatly affect diversification of the standard of living in rural areas. The goal of the study was to assess spatial diversification of the standard of living in rural areas in Poland. It focused on all rural gminas as well as rural parts of rural-urban gminas. In the analysis, the standard of living was evaluated with Perkal’s synthetic index, with 12 variables concerning demographic and economic issues. The time span for the analysis was the period of 2003-2013. The highest standard of living was reported for rural areas located in the vicinity of urban agglomerations. The lowest standards of living were in typical rural gminas with poorly developed service functions. These were mainly depopulated areas from the outskirts of voivodeships. The Vistula River marked the dividing line in the standards of living in rural areas of Poland.
Quality of Life and Quality of Living in Rural Communes in Poland
Authors: Michalska-Żyła Agnieszka , Marks-Krzyszkowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2018

Quality of life is an issue taken into account increasingly more often as one of the main elements of the evaluation and in comparisons between countries, regions and communes (local governments). The aim of this article is to show the relationship between quality of life and quality of living in rural communities at varying levels of socio-economic development. The analysis of both aspects yields the opportunity to observe the relationship between objective resources of the local community as well as the level of their socio-economic condition and level of satisfaction of the inhabitants, the latter of which results from, inter alia, their ability to meet specific needs within the local environment. The presented analysis leads to several main conclusions. The first is that the rural residents who participated in the study were characterized by a relatively high satisfaction with their own lives. The main source of their life satisfaction was the family sphere. The greatest source of dissatisfaction was their financial situation. The second conclusion comes from the analysis of their subjective assessment of their quality of living in terms of the local commune. The examined residents overall positively assessed the conditions of living in their community. They were content, first and foremost, with the natural environment and security. The lowest level of satisfaction with living in the commune was associated with such aspects as technical infrastructure, transport links, activities of NGOs and political parties, and the lack of possibilities to exert influence on what is happening in the commune. However, it is difficult to specify general correlations that would clarify the relationship between quality of life and quality of living in rural communities. The regression analysis confirmed the weak link between these phenomena. The final conclusion confirms the thesis of the high heterogeneity and diversity of rural communes in Poland, even within a socially, culturally and economically coherent area of a voivodeship (province).
CAOS E GOVERNABILIDADE: EM MEIO ÀS TEMPESTADES PERFEITAS DO CAPITALISMO NO ATUAL SISTEMA MUNDO
Authors: Pires Thiago Vieira
Published: July 2018

As reflexões e proposições apresentadas nesse artigo partem das contribuições teóricas de autores como Immanuel Wallerstein e Giovanni Arrighi. O artigo desenvolve argumentos que possibilitem aproximar as teorias do “moderno sistema-mundo” e da “longa duração” com aspectos do “caos sistêmico” que, a partir da percepção que será proposta no decorrer do texto, é condição para – e resultado de – o capitalismo de viés neoliberal (entendido desde duas hipóteses: como um dos desdobramentos da guerra fria; e como marcador da crise de hegemonia estadunidense). A noção de “caos sistêmico” é trabalhada a partir do que se entende como demonstrações contundentes de interferência do neoliberalismo nos arranjos do poder global, situações onde a via neoliberal se apresenta como solução – ou “salvação” – para as “tempestades perfeitas” gestadas no seio das disputas e dos “choques” entre – ou intra – nações pelo controle (ou manutenção) da hegemonia global do capitalismo.Palavras-chave: Sistema-mundo. Longa duração. Caos sistêmico. Neoliberalismo. Hegemonia.ABSTRACTThe reflections and propositions presented in this paper depart from the theoretical contributions of authors such as Immanuel Wallerstein and Giovanni Arrighi. The paper develops arguments that allow us to approach the theories of “modern system world” and “long duration” with aspects of “systemic chaos” that, from the perception that will be proposed throughout the text, is condition –to- and result –of- neoliberal capitalism (understood from two hypotheses: as one of the unfoldings of the cold war, and as a marker of the crisis of US hegemony). The notion of “systemic chaos” is worked out from what is understood as conclusive demonstrations of neoliberalism interference in the arrangements of global power, situations where the neoliberal way presents itself as a solution -or “salvation”- to the “perfect storms” in the midst of disputes and “clashes” between -or within- nations over the control (or maintenance) of the global hegemony of capitalism.Keywords: World-system. Long duration. Systemic chaos. Neoliberalism. Hegemony.
A Priori Bond-Valence and Bond-Length Calculations in Rock-Forming Minerals
Authors: Gagné Olivier Charles , Mercier Patrick H.J. , Hawthorne Frank Christopher
Published: July 2018

A priori bond-valences and bond-lengths are calculated for a series of rock-forming minerals. Comparison of a priori and observed bond-lengths allows structural strain to be assessed for those minerals.
Investigating the Role of Tourism in the Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Environment: A Geographic Approach
Authors: JAFARI Mahtab
Published: July 2018

Tourism is always embracing economy, social and environmental impacts. For this reason, the policy of sustainable development of tourism is necessary. The general approach is that governments have paid attention to tourism ecologically in the long run. This is approved and financially self-sufficient, and from the perspective of social and moral for local communities is beneficial and promising. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas. The purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection is descriptive and analytical. The study population consists of 3 villages’ khawmirabad rural district, Sarkol Zarivar which in the whole 93 villages of this area, a number of villages was selected. Sample households of the village and randomly classified and 12 villages were selected. Cochran formula used to determine the sample size and questionnaire to 330 randomly selected villages were selected among heads of households. The validity of the test Cronbach's alpha was 0.77 percent. For statistical analysis of data from one sample -t- test, chi-square test and ANOVA test in spss software is used. The results show that tourism in economic and socio-cultural aspects have a positive impact on the wetland ecosystem conservation and sustainable rural environment.
SUBJEKTIVITAS PRAMUDYA ANANTA TOER DALAM NOVEL PERBURUAN KAJIAN PSIKOANALIS HISTORIS SLAVOJ ZIZEK
Authors: Akmal Ramayda
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini menguraikan subjektivitas Pramoedya Ananta Toer dalam tindakannya menulis novel Perburuan. Tindakan itu bertujuan untuk membangun jarak dan melepaskan diri dari jerat Yang Simbolik. Penelitian dalam perspektif ini perlu dilakukan sebab beberapa penelitian terhadap Pram sebelumnya selalu melihat diri dan karyanya sebagai representasi dimensi simbolik tanpa memperhatikan fakta-fakta bahwa Pram juga menunjukkan penolakan frontal terhadap Yang Simbolik itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep subjektivitas yang dirumuskan oleh Slavoj Zizek, di mana subjek selalu terdiri atas komponen Yang Riil, Yang Imajiner dan Yang Simbolik. Penolakan terhadap Yang Simbolik dilakukan ketika muncul kekurangan (lack) akibat Yang Simbolik berupaya untuk terus mentotalisasi. Kesadaran bahwa ada yang kurang membuat subjek terus berjalan meninggalkan Yang Simbolik menuju Yang Riil dan menjadi subjek yang otentik. Dalam perspektif inilah tindakan Pram menulis novel Perburuan akan dicermati. Untuk mengetahui berbagai dimensi simbolik yang ada dalam novel Perburuan dan bagaimana Pram menyikapinya, peneliti menggunakan metode analisis sudut pandang Tzetan Todorov. Pergerakan sudut pandang Pram sebagai narator di dalam cerita, hubungannya dengan tokoh lain, keterlibatan dan sikap-sikapnya terhadap peristiwa-peristiwa tertentu menjadi indikasi subjektivitas Pram secara menyeluruh. Apa yang ada di dalam novel Perburuan dan sikap Pram sebagai narator di dalamnya kemudian ditarik keluar dan dilihat kemungkinan homologi struktural dan kulturalnya dengan konteks historis Pram kala itu. Apa yang dapat dilihat di dalam cerita serta apa yang terjadi terhadap novel itu secara keseluruhan menjadi satu kesatuan tindakan yang dapat menunjukkan karakter subjektivitas Pram. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa subjektivitas Pram ketika melakukan tindakan penulisan novel Perburuan menunjukkan karakteristik yang dapat dikatakan radikal terhadap beberapa dimensi simbolik yang dominan di sekelilingnya. Dimensidimensi tersebut antara lain, dimensi familialisme, feodalisme, nasionalisme dan humanisme. Karakter radikal juga tampak dari keseluruhan proses penciptaan novel Perburuan, mulai dari aspek waktu dan tempat penciptaan, homologi cerita novel dengan kehidupan Pram, serta tema-tema yang muncul di dalamnya. Tindakan-tindakan radikal emansipatif tersebut memunculkan perubahan Yang Simbolik di sekitar Pram sekaligus dalam momen bersamaan menarik subjektivitas Pram kembali kepada Yang Simbolik.
PERBANDINGAN EXTRAORDINARY ELEMENT DALAM NARASI FANTASI, FIKSI ILMIAH DAN REALISME MAGIS
Authors: Indarwaty Henny , Budi Sri Utami , Eka Scarletina Vidyayani
Published: July 2018

Narasi fantasi, fiksi ilmiah, dan realisme magis mempunyai satu unsur yang sama yaitu elemen yang tidak rasional atau disebut extraordinary element. Namun demikian unsur ini tidak digunakan dengan cara yang sama dalam ketiga narasi tersebut sehingga membedakan jenis narasinya. Artikel ini akan mengkaji karakteristik narasi fantasi, fiksi ilmiah, dan realisme magis untuk melihat keberadaan extraordinary element di dalamnya serta fungsinya dalam pembentukan plot. Karakteristik ini akan diambil dari studi pustaka sekaligus dari hasil identifikasi beberapa karya sastra yang telah dilegitimasi sebagai teks dengan narasi-narasi tersebut. Artikel ini menunjukkan keberadaan extraordinary element dalam ketiga jenis narasi ditampilkan dengan aturan yang berbeda sehingga sebuah teks bisa dikatakan memakai gaya narasi fantasi, fiksi ilmiah, atau realisme magis. Extraordinary element dalam fantasi merupakan rekaan yang menciptakan dunia sendiri dan aturan yang memakai logikanya sendiri yang berbeda dengan logika dunia non-fiksi. Extraordinary element dalam fiksi ilmiah merupakan rekaan yang tetap harus berbasis aturan logika ilmu pengetahuan dalam dunia non-fiksi. Sedangkan extraordinary element dalam realisme magisberbasis mitos budaya yang diperlakukan sebagai hal biasa dan bukan dirayakan sebagai pusat tontonan. Artikel ini menggunakan metode perbandingan naratologi. Hasil artikel ini diharapkan bisa membantu para akademisi lainnya, terutama mahasiswa, untuk menentukan obyek material yang tepat sesuai teori yang ingin mereka terapkan; misalnya memilih narasi realisme magis untuk studi poskolonial, narasi fantasi dan fiksi ilmiah untuk studi cultural studies.