bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le motif de la peste chez Albert Camus (La Peste 1947, Etat de siège 1948)
Authors: Jolivet Ph.
Published: June 2007

Dans le roman intituléLa Peste, à la page 52, l'auteur énumère les images les plus terribles du fléau, Athènes empestée par les oiseaux, les villes chinoises remplies d'agonisants silencieux, les bagnards de Marseille empilant dans les trous les corps dégoulinants …, Jaffa et ses hideux mendiants, les lits humides et pourris collés à la terre battue de l'hôpital de Constantinople, les malades tirés avec des crochets, le carnaval des médecins masqués pendant la Peste noire, les accouplements des vivants dans les cimetières de Milan, les charrettes de morts dans Londres épouvanté, et les nuits et les jours remplis partout et toujours du cri interminable des hommes. Il est certain que Camus connaissait ces récits et qu'il s'en est à plusieurs reprises inspiré. Il cite le chroniqueur Mathieu Marais qui vécut la peste de Marseille (p. 115). Il mentionne le grand livre de Daniel de Foe, Le Journal de l'Année de la peste (Avertissement qui précède Etat de siège) et par deux fois dans Etat de siège (p. 18 et 59), une voix crie: Oh! le grand et terrible Dieu!, qui reprend exactement: O the great and dreadful God, qu'on trouve à la page 18 du livre de Daniel de Foe. Il sait qu'à Canton, il y a soixante‐dix ans, quarante mille rats étaient morts de la peste avant que le fléau s'intéressät aux habitants, et c'est ce souvenir qui lui a inspiré les premiers chapitres du roman, l'invasion de la ville par les rats, qu'on trouve partout crevés, une goutte de sang au museau. D'autres rapprochements possibles sont simplement dûs à la ressemblance du thème et des situations, et malgré cette ressemblance, ils évoquent une tout autre aventure que celle de la peste. Quand il est question de la fermeture de la ville et de la garde des portes, des gardiens qui laissent passer ceux qui peuvent payer, on peut se rappeler que les maisons contaminées de Londres étaient aussi fermées et que les gardiens se laissaient fléchir pour de l'argent, mais on s'aperçoit vite qu'il s'agit en réalité de la ligne de démarcation, de l'isolement dans lequel la France fut tenue pendant l'occupation, et des passeurs qui aidaient à franchir les frontières. La ville d'Oran, affligée par la peste, représente la France soumise à l'occupation ennemie, et l'état de siège imposéà la ville de Cadix est, non plus un récit sobre et réaliste comme La Peste, mais une reproduction caricaturale et sinistre de l'invasion et de l'oppression hitlérienne en France.
Theorie des modernen Dramas*
Authors: Steiner Von Jacob
Published: June 2007

Während einer Zeitspanne von ungefähr eineinviertel Jahrtausend ist sich die Theorie des Dramas wesentlich gleich geblieben. Vom vierten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert bis in das unsere hinein, von Griechenland bis Skandinavien haben die bedeutenden Dramentheoretiker an einem Dogma festgehalten, das seinerseits von grösstem Einfluss auf die Dramatiker gewesen ist, freilich in der Hauptsache erst seit der Renaissance. Das Mittelalter, das ja nicht wie die Antike und die Neuzeit den Menschen ins Zentrum der Welt stellte, kannte den Dramentheoretiker ebensowenig wie den Dramatiker im antiken oder im modernen Sinn.
André Gide littérateur, artiste et idéologue
Authors: Brandt Adam
Published: June 2007

Du moment qu'il s'agit, non plus de l'art seulement, mais des idées d'André Gide, il peut n'être pas superflu de dresser une
Ein Passus in Rousseau's Rêveries als mögliche Voraussetzung der Klausel der Paktszene von Goethes Faust
Authors: Nedergaard Leif
Published: June 2007

Eine der wichtigsten Szenen in Goethes Faust, die Paktszene, feblte bekanntlich im Urfaust (ante 1775) ganz, und in Faust, ein Fragment (1790 hrsg.) findet sich nur das abschliessende Gespräch zwischen Faust und Mephistopheles; der eigentliche Vertrag gehört der langen Lakune (V. 606–1769), der grossen Lücke an, die erst für Faust, der Tragödie erster Teil (hrsg. 1808) ausgefüllt wurde. So weit mir bekannt hat man eine wahrscheinliche Voraussetzung für die Klausel des Paktes zwischen Faust und Mephisto bisher nicht bemerkt; Vers 1699–1700:
Shifting Perspectives: The Narrative Strategy in Hartmann's “Erec”*
Authors: Heine Thomas
Published: June 2007

This essay on Hartmann von Aue's Erec traces related changes in the protagonist and in the narrative perspective. Initially, the narrator's use of psycho‐narration and commentary provides access to Erec's inner qualities and reflections; the reader's familiarity with the protagonist in the opening episodes parallels the latter's unproblematic relationship with society. When Erec becomes estranged from his court and Enite, the narrator's stance shifts accordingly. During the Prubefahrt, the prevailing mode of narration, reportage, reveals no more about Erec's state of mind than does Erec himself. As a result, Erec's behavior in this section remains as much of a mystery to the reader as to the other characters in the story. As Erec overcomes his isolation in the final episodes, both the protagonist and the narrator provide insight into the source of Erec's problem: The narrator penetrates Erec's exterior, while the protagonist becomes more talkative and willing to discuss the nature of his difficulties. And yet the lesson to be learned from Erec's experiences becomes explicit only when he himself expresses it to Mabonagrin. Thus Hartmann places us in a situation analogous to that of his protagonist: Erec's insights become our insights. Like Erec, we proceed from ignorance to a new understanding of the knight's proper relationship to society.
Beckford's Inversion of Romance in Vathek
Authors: Craig Randall
Published: June 2007

The contradiction between escapism and didacticism in Beckford's Vathek has long troubled its readers. While the eighteenth century accepted the tale's moral conclusion as justification for its sensual excess and grotesque humor, modern readers are likely to reject that interpretation, concluding that the tale's ironies serve a frivolous rather than a serious end. Yet the elements of parody, such as stylistic and imaginative exaggeration, are contained by a rigidly architectonic form that inverts the triadic principle of romance. This essay explores Vathek's progress through the stages of romance ‐ agon, pathos, and anagnorisis ‐ to document Beckford's careful manipulation of a familiar convention. The novel retains the structure of romance, but inverts the hero's progress. The result is a linear descent: aesthetically, from the Hill of Pied Horses to the Hall of Eblis; psychologically, from wish‐fulfillment to frustration; and metaphysically, from a vision of humanity as unlimited potentiality to humanity as finite actuality in an alien world. This inversion not only unifies aesthetics and ethics, or orientalism and protestantism, but also complicates the moral vision of romance by presenting a dark vision of the human condition.
Memory in Colette's Chéri
Authors: Stary Sonja G.
Published: June 2007

Although Sidonie‐Gabrielle Colette based much of her fiction on her own personal memories, in her novel, Chéri, she portrays memory as a destructive force. The happiness which her characters, Léa Lonval and Chéri Peloux, discover in retrospect is all the more painful to them because their six‐year‐long liaison becomes overly embellished in their minds.

In depicting the two protagonists of Chéri and its sequel, La Fin de Chéri, Colette transposes into them her own feelings. The writer, however, must be distinguished from the characters she creates in that, while Léa and Chéri are torn by the illusions which memory produces, Colette liberates herself from such a plight through writing. In Chéri, Colette denounces memory as a refuge from reality. Moreover, by means of her fiction, Colette rids herself of illusions she has had so as to see herself with more objectivity.
Die Revolte des Orpheus: Bericht über René Char
Authors: Wernicke Horst
Published: June 2007

Die Literaturwissenschaft har weithin die fragwürdige Trennung zwischen einer angeblich gesellschaftlich uninteressierten »poésie pure« und einer Literatur mit sozialem und politischem Engagement zwar nie genau bewiesen, aber bis heute immer wieder als gegeben angesehen. Das Spezifische der Dichtung des französischen Lyrikers René Char kann gerade darin gesehen werden, daß sie die traditionelle Unterscheidung von »hermetischer« und engagierter Literatur aufhebt und nicht anerkennt. Dieser ständig unreflektiert wiederholten Antithese wird am Beispiel der »lyrischen Summen« Chars, in den Interpretationsvorschlägen einiger repräsentativer Gedichte aus verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten nach 1945, entgegengehalten, welches gesellschaftliche Interesse und welche politische Bedeutung der »heraklitischen« Dichtung Chars eigen ist, die ein genaueres Wissen von politischen Notwendigkeiten und Veränderungen zeigt als die »engagierte« Literatur, die ‐ durchweg wirkungslos ‐ die Verbesserung gesellschaftlicher Zustände proklamiert. Rene Char saß nie ‐ wie es Vorwürfe gegen ihn behaupten ‐ im »Elfenbeinturm«; eher ist er der »Türmer« Lynkeus, der wegen seines scharfen, unbestechlichen Auges bekannt war.

Die Betrachtung des für Char zentralen Begriffs der »Revolte« der Kunst, der von ihm selbst zusammen mit seinem Freund Albert Camus intensiv durchdacht und diskutiert worden ist, zeigt, daß Char ‐ in seinem Leben wie in seiner »Literatur des Widerstands« ‐ von Camus mit Recht als der sehend engagierte Aufständische, als »Dichter des Aufruhrs« angesehen werden konnte.
Peter Handkes Wunschloses Unglück als Kritik der Biographie: Geschichte und Geschichten
Authors: Perry Petra
Published: June 2007

In seiner Erzählung Wunschloses Unglück beschäftigt sich Handke mit dem Problem der Biographie. Als zeitgenössischer Schriftsteller muss er die hergebrachten Konventionen der Sprache und literarischen Formen auf ihre Fähigkeit, immernoch Realität darzustellen, untersuchen. Handke macht Wunschloses Unglück zum Forum für seine Auseinandersetzung mit der biographischen Form. Er stellt in seiner Erzählung nicht nur die faktische Erschliessbarkeit des einzelnen Lebens durch die Biographie in Frage, sondern deutet auch auf die Fiktion seines eigenen Lebens (Autobiographie) und des Menschenlebens im allgemeinen (Geschichte) hin. Man »fingiert« das eigene Leben, das anderer und das des Menschen schlechthin, um sich durch die Scheinrealität der Form dem Chaos einer Welt ohne Zusammenhang zu entreissen.
Das Modell der ‘alten’ Komödie. Zu Lenz' «Lustspielen nach dem Plautus»Helmut Kreuzer zum 60. Geburtstag
Authors: Pelzer Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Die Traditionen des volkstümlichen«Lachtheaters»sind in Deutschland spätestens seit dem frühen 18. Jahrhundert erfolgreich unterdrückt oder abgewertet worden. Dies läßt sich exemplarisch etwa an der deutschen Plautusrezeption verfolgen. Freilich gab es gerade in diesem Fall auch höchst produktive (wenn auch nicht traditionsbildende) ‘Rettungs’‐oder Amalgamierungsversuche: neben Lessing hat sich vor allem auch der Sturm und Drang Autor Lenz intensiv mit dem klassischen römischen Komödienautor beschäftigt. Die Analyse seiner wichtigsten übersetzungen zeigt, wie konsequent Lenz der Sujets der Vorlage an deutsche Verhältnisse angepaßt hat, die Figuren sozial konturierte und die derbe Plautinische Komödiantik in den Dienst einer aufklärerischen Gesellschaftskritik zu stellen suchte. Gleichzeitig erweisen sich die schon von den Zeitgenossen hochgeschätzten«Neuschöpfungen»als wichtige Vorstufe der Lenzschen Dramatik und Komödientheorie.

Ich setze noch hinzu, daß wer die Kunst besitzt, sokratisch zu lachen, aus diesem wie aus allen andern Lustspielen unsers uralten Komikus mehr Wahres, Gutes und Schönes sehen und lemen wird, als aus allem faden Geschwätz auf unsern heutigen Bühnen, das weder vergnügt noch unterrichtet (…).»

Lenz ‐ ein Schatten nur einer ungesehenen Tradition2.
Book Reviews
Authors: Thomsen Christen Kold
Published: June 2007

Hans H. Skei: William Faulkner: The Novelisl as Short Story Writer.
Book Reviews
Authors: Brøndsted Mogens
Published: June 2007

Marianne Juhl and Bo Hakon Jørgensen: Diana's Revenge ‐ Two lines in Isak Dinesen's Authorship. Translated from the Danish by Anne Born. Odense University Press 1985. 257 pp. (Danish edition 1981).
Feuer und Wasser bei Heraklit
Authors: Perpeet Wilhelm
Published: June 2007

Ausgehend von einem Verständnis von Philosophie ‐ speziell auch der Heraklitischen ‐ als erstaunendes Betrachten des Wohlvertrauten wird ein erneuter Versuch unternommen, die vordergründig oft unverständlichen Fragmente Heraklits zu deuten. Der Grund für ihre orakelhafte Dunkelheit wird darin gesehen, daß sie als Antworten auf nicht ausgesprochene Fragen aufzufassen sind und daß sie ein (im Unterschied zum jüdisch‐christlichen) allem griechisch‐antiken Denken eigenes Grundverständnis von Welt zur stillschweigenden Voraussetzung haben: die Selbstursprünglichkeit, Selbständigkeit und Ewigkeit alles Seienden. Heraklit versucht dieses Grundverständnis tiefer zu durchdringen: die Welt ist geordnet (kósmos), vernünftig‐sinnerfüllt (lógos) als dauernd sich wandelndes Leben (psyché). Die Verknüpfung dieser in Spannung zueinander stehenden Aussagen findet er in der Harmonie als einer Einheit von Sich‐Widersprechendem, die in seiner Rede von«Feuer und Wasser», einer metaphorologisch auszulegenden Einheit, ihren Ausdruck findet.
Burgten Burg drey Brüder eines Leibes ‐ Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden deutsch‐südslawischen Symbolbetrachtung
Authors: Konstantinovi» Zoran
Published: June 2007

Trotz der in jeder Hinsicht harmonischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Goethe und Jakob Grimm ergab sich in bezug auf das Gedicht von der Aufmauerung Skutari's ein grundlegender Dissens, der auf ihre verschiedenartige Einstellung zur Symbolhaftigkeit der serbischen Legende zurückzuführen ist. Der Verfasser des Aufsatzes problematisiert aus der Sicht der Komparatistik und der vergleichenden Symbolforschung diese Divergenz und stellt die Frage nach den Ursachen dieser gegensätzlichen Symboldeutungen.
Der unverheiratete Held
Authors: Jørgensen Sven‐Aage
Published: June 2007

Wielands Agathon hat als erster, aber nicht letzter deutscher Bildungsroman einen Helden, für dessen Entwicklung die Frauen natuülich eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, der aber keine heiratet. Anhand einer Betrachtung der Tugend‐ und Liebesproblematik der Hauptpersonen sucht der Aufsatz zu zeigen, daß es Wieland trotz des antiken Schauplatzes, der ihm die Darstellung alternativer Normen erlaubte, nicht gelang, die von der Gattung eigentlich zu erwartende Synthese aus der im älteren französischen Roman entwickelten Analyse der vor‐ bzw. außerehelichen Liebesleidenschaft und der im neueren englischen Roman gegebenen Darstellung der auf einer modernen ‘companionate marriage’ basierenden Familientugenden zu verwirklichen. Die drei Fassungen des Romans zeigen, daß es hier nicht nur um die überwindung künstlerischer Probleme ging.
Franz Kaffkas Brief an den Vater. Ein literarischer Text der Moderne
Authors: Müller‐Seidel Walter
Published: June 2007

Im Gegensatz zu Deutungen, die den Text als biographisches Dokument oder als zeitlosen Text auffassen, wird zum einen aufgrund der im Text angewandten Formprinzipien der übertreibung und der kunstvollen Rede sowie aufgrund von Parallelen in den eindeutig fiktiven Texten seine Literarität, zum anderen sein zeitliches Verhaftetsein in der (literarischen) Moderne aufgewiesen, das sich in der Sprach‐, Gesellschafts‐ und Sozialkritik des Textes zeigt, in der unter Aufnahme zeitgenössischer Weiterentwicklungen der Psychoanalyse Denken, Sprache und Verhalten des Vaters und der Familie transparent werden für das sozialdarwinistische Syndrom in Staat und Gesellschaft. Die Gegenwelt des schwachen Helden und überlegenen Außenseiters vertritt der Schreiber des Briefes, der Schriftsteller einer auf Wissen und Erkennen angelegten Literatur.
Ein Foto mit Hut– Bemerkungen zu Christa Wolf: Kindheitsmuster
Authors: Øhrgaard Per
Published: June 2007

Christa Wolfs Kindheitsmuster sind einerseits eine Abrechnung mit der kleinbürgerlichen Familie, die den Nationalsozialismus passiv geduldet hat, auf der anderen Seite jedoch auch eine Huldigung an eine Muttergestalt, deren ungelebtes Leben an einigen prägnanten Stellen im Text angedeutet wird. Der Aufsatz verfolgt diesen Aspekt.
Jugendzeit vor 200 Jahren *
Authors: Killy Walther
Published: June 2007

Die Autobiographien zweier Schulmänner der Goethezeit geben Einblick in die harten Lebensbedingungen von Jugendlichen niederen Standes, ihre Bildungs‐ und Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten, die Gleichzeitigkeit ‘ungleichzeitiger’ geistesgeschichtlicher Strömungen und das Zeitgefühl des ausgehenden vorindustriellen Zeitalters.
Was kann man über einen Danen sagen?
Authors: Welzig Werner
Published: June 2007

Daß er ein«Däne»ist, ein«urwüchsiger Schwede», ein«Skandinavier»,«wohl ein Schleswig‐Holsteiner» Kenner der historischen Geographie mögen entscheiden, ob solche unterschiedlichen Angaben jemals miteinander vereinbar gewesen sind. Als Epitheta, die die germanistische Sekundärliteratur zu ein – und derselben Figur bereitstellt, machen sie – abgesehen davon, daß hier auch eine sachliche Richtigkeit zur Diskussion steht – auf unsere Umgangsweise mit literarischen Figuren aufmerksam. Drei Fragen seien dazu im folgenden skizziert und zitathaft markiert.
EFFECT OF DEGREE AND PRESSURE OF MILLING ON THE STICKINESS OF MILLED PARBOILED RICE
Authors: HALIM ABDUL , BHATTACHARYA K. R.
Published: June 2007

Parboiled brown rice was milled with a McGill miller to five series of milled rice, earch series being milled with a particular milling load and comprising several samples of different degrees of milling (d.m.). The flow time, angle of repose, porosity, adhering solids and reflectance of the samples were determined as a measure of their “stickiness”. Stickiness of the rice increased sharply on milling, reaching a high peak in the range of 2–5% d.m. depending on the load used, and then delcined agian with further milling. However the peak decreases somewhat in height and alos shifted towards the right as the load used for milling was increased. Raw rice, in contrast, showed only a low and flat peak. The above behaviors seemed to be largely related to the surface fat contents of the rice samples.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH‐PROTEIN DATE BARS AND THEIR STABILITY AT DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURES12
Authors: KAMEL BASIL S. , KRAMER AMIHUD
Published: June 2007

Dates are among the major food staples in the oil‐rich but food‐poor region of the Persian Gulf. Dry dates are a typical “empty calorie” food, containing over 80% carbohydrates, but only about 3% protein. By adding yeast protein producedfrom petroleum, and other inexpensive nutrient supplements to surplus low cost dates and date wastes, date bars were produced having a high acceptability, protein and fat levels of 10%, and two‐to‐threefold increase in protein bioavailability, and several of the B‐vitamins and minerals. Retention of sensory quality, and nutrient quantity and/or bioavailability was affected by time‐temperature of storage with only minimal effect when stored at or below 5d̀C for 6 months.
NONPARAMETRIC COMPARISON OF SAMPLES BY TASTE PANELS: LIMITS OF DIFFERENCE DETECTABLE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF NONDIFFERENCE1
Authors: BASKER D.
Published: June 2007

A limit is shown to exist for the quality difference detectable between samples by nonparametric taste panel techniques. This difference was found to be equivalent to about 0.01 plurality units.
DETERMINING THE SHELF–LIFE OF FROZEN PIZZA
Authors: CHILDERS A. B. , KAYFUS TIMOTHY J.
Published: June 2007

The shelf–life of a frozen food product depends upon the quality of raw materials, rate of freezing, storage temperature and constant maintenance, and product handling by the retailer and consumer. Microbiological tests are of limited application, but chemical tests can be a direct measure of shelf–life.

Sensory quality tests are presently accepted for determining frozen pizza shelf–life. Accelerated shelf–life tests are needed. Although open dating of food products encourages better handling, it contributes little to microbiological quality. The best–if–used–by date is preferred by consumers and is most appropriate for frozen pizza provided accurate determination of shelf–life can be made.
THE EFFECTS OF FROZEN STORAGE AND THAWING ON THE RETAIL ACCEPTABILITY OF HAM STEAKS AND BACON SLICES1
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E.
Published: June 2007

Ham steaks and bacon slices were frozen and stored at ——30° C in still air in 4 protective storage wraps (oxygen–permeable retail wrap, polyethylene bags, aluminum foil, and freezer paper) to determine the influences of frozen storage and subsequent thawing on the retail acceptability of cured pork cuts after 24 h of simulated retail display. The composite results of this study indicate that irrespective of the type of protective wrap utilized, ham steaks and bacon slices could be stored in still air, in the dark, at −30° C for at least 140 and 112 days, respectively, and generally be as acceptable as their fresh counterparts, after 24 h of simulated display. Therefore, it may be economically beneficial to merchandise cured pork cuts, which have been frozen, stored, and thawed. However, since it is a general practice among consumers to purchase meat at retail outlets, take it home, and freeze and store it for a period of time prior to consumption, further research must be completed evaluating the effects of refreezing on the palatability and ultimate acceptability of cured pork cuts. In addition, since all thawed cuts may not be sold during the first 24 h of display, further research is required to establish the effects of frozen storage and subsequent thawing on factors contributing to the retail caselife of cured pork cuts, before the retailing of frozen and thawed cuts can be recommended as a merchandising method to increase efficiency within the meat industry.
POLLUTIONAL ASPECTS OF PESTICIDES IN NATURAL STREAMS
Authors: Randall Clifford W.
Published: June 2007

The extensive use of synthetic organic pesticides in this country during the past twenty‐five years has resulted in widespread pollution of our water resources. An obvious detrimental effect of such pollution has been observed in the numerous fish kills that have occurred. The most widely used pesticides, and the ones that have been implicated in the vast majority of the pollutional episodes, are the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. These compounds, generally speaking, have almost no solubility in water, are subject to very slow microbial degradation if any at all, and are so resistent to natural degradation forces they can persist almost indefinitely in aqueous environments; characteristics that are all detrimental from a stream pollution standpoint. In addition, studies have shown that, as a group, the chlorinated hydrocarbons are more toxic to higher forms of aquatic life than other chemicals widely used for pest control. Because of these undesirable characteristics, present trends are to discontinue using these highly toxic, persistent compounds for pest control in outdoor areas. Legislation banning the sale of DDT has been introduced. Similar legislation controlling the use of several of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides is probably the most effective way to reduce pollution.
WATER RIGHTS IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Spencer L. C. , Johnson L. D. , Page J. M. , Sabiston D. W.
Published: June 2007

The paper defines a water right and discusses the origin, description and relationship of riparian rights, appropriative rights, overlying rights, pueblo rights, prescriptive rights and rights to spring water and return flows as recognized in California. It reviews the objectives and physical criteria on which administration of water rights in California is based and describes the administrative body, then outlines the procedures in regard to appropriation of water and determination of existing rights. It discusses watermaster service and water use recordation as practiced in California, and mentions Federal‐State relationships, including the “reservation principle” asserted by the Federal Government. It concludes with observations of the deficiencies in the California system.
FOREST HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
Authors: Ellertsen Birger W.
Published: June 2007

Hydrologic research by the Tennessee Valley Authority is coordinated by the Division of Water Control Planning, with the assistance of various specialized divisions. Since 1934 the Division of Forestry Development has participated in six hydrologic studies involving watersheds that were completely or partially forested. A brief description of these projects, along with some major results and implications are given.
THE HUDSON BAY AIR MASS TYPE–SOME CLIMATOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Harman Jay R.
Published: June 2007

A substantial percentage of days with below normal temperatures in central Illinois during May and June (1956‐1965) appear to be associated with polar air masses which traverse the Hudson Bay area before entering the Midwest. January departures, in contrast, are related to polar air masses that enter the United States near the Mackenzie River in western Canada. The general influences of the Hudson Bay area on climate are discussed.
A STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE CANBERRA AREA AND THE QUEANBEYAN RIVER WATERSHED (GOOGONG DAM CATCHMENT)1
Authors: Caldwell Loren T.
Published: June 2007

Data provided by the Australian Commonwealth Bureaus of Meteorology and Mineral Resources are used in this water budget study of the Queanbeyan River watershed. Air and soil temperatures show close correlation from month to month during the five‐year period. A close parallel also exists for the air temperature values and the seasonal variations in the Nett‐Moisture (rainfall minus evaporation) plots. Ground‐water levels appear to be influenced by drought periods and by under groundwater storage conditions such as “nick‐points” in the sub‐surface migration conditions. The groundwater levels were unusually high early in the drought year of 1964‐65. The annual rainfall totals for 1962, 1963, and 1966 were all exceeded by the evaporation totals. In 1964 and in 1965 (the drought year) the evaporation total exceeded the rainfall total. The minimum annual water discharge values for the Queanbeyan River ranged from 4.9″ in 1963 to 1.4′ in 1965.
A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON WATER BASED RECREATION EXPENDITURES1
Authors: Long Wesley H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper presents a sample design for selecting streams in an investigation of the relation between water pollutian and water based recreation expenditures. The design is a proportional sample of clusters of streams stratified in a two‐way scheme. The clustering is achieved by sampling 71/2 minute topographical maps, and the stratification by using measures connected with water pollution to classify the clusters. The design is based on considerations of economy in data collection and computational efficiency. A distinctive feature of the design is that data collected are to be used in a regression analysis. Thus, the sample size is determined by trying to achieve a given degree of precision for the regression coefficients.
METEOROLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR AUTOMATED SATELLITES
Authors: Spreen William C.
Published: June 2007

Four satellites have been used in meteorology. They are TIROS, ESSA, Nimbus, and Applications Technology Satellite (ATS). The first three operate in the orbital altitudes of about 1000 to 1200 km while the fourth, ATS, is at geosynchronous altitude of 36,000 km. Cloud cover is being observed operationally from low orbit and experimentally from synchronous altitude. Wind velocity has been inferred from the frequent cloud cover pictures taken by ATS and satellite‐balloon systems are being developed which will locate and track constant‐density level balloons for determining wind flow. Spectrometers and radiometers operating in the electromagnetic spectral region from the ultraviolet to the microwave region are being developed to quantitatively measure temperature, water vapor, density, and wind profiles. These will furnish data for the development and testing of atmospheric models for numerical prediction.

In addition, experiments are being developed to measure ozone and other constituents of the air, solar energy, surface conditions, heat balance and other atmospheric attributes which affect the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere.
COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN THE FIELD OF WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Iben Icko
Published: June 2007

The ages‐old and ever‐growing need for communication and information retrieval among scientists has found expression in the development of indexes, abstracts, reviews and combinations or variations of such. A short review of such efforts is followed by a discussion of efforts along these lines in the new field of water resources science and technology. Such undertakings as the Information Retrieval System of the American Society of Civil Engineers and of the U.S. Water Resources Research Office are compared with that of the American Water Resources Association.
GROUNDWATER GEOLOGY OF ALLUVIAL FAN AQUIFERS LOCATED IN THE WESTERN THIRD OF THE GWYDIR RIVER VALLEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Caldwel Loren T.
Published: June 2007

One hundred eighteen water wells located in the western third of the Gwydir River Valley are studied for their log data. Well depths, aquifer thickness, maximum water yields and geographic location data are tabulated, mapped, and correlated in order to determine the location and extent of good water‐yielding aquifers within the alluvial fan in which they are located. These aquifers consist of sand, gravel, and basaltic alluvium located at varying depths in distributary channels extending westward through the fan. There are four identified aquifers, the deepest one is situated from 75 feet to 250 feet below the fan's sloping surface. This aquifer has a maximum capacity for water‐yield totalling 180,000 gallons per hour from 30 wells. The three other aquifers are situated at less depth within the fan, each sloping downward to the west from near Moree. These 45 wells have a total maximum water yield of about 138,000 gallons per hour. The 43 remaining wells studied have low water‐yields totalling 7000 gph. The surface expression of these high‐yield aquifer channels may become a guide to locating favorable sites in drilling for additional supplies of ground water suitable for extended irrigation requirements.

Well‐log data from 118 wells located in the lower part of the Gwydir river watershed are studied. These data reveal the nature and extent of aquifers in the alluvial fan situated below Moree. Information on the recharge of these aquifers is found in a study of the climate, physiography, and geology of the upper two‐thirds of teh Gwydir river watershed. It is noted that recharge water comes from the runoff water from the mountainous upper one‐third of the watershed; and from water filled fractured rocks of the faulted zone in the middle of the watershed. In addition to this recharge of the alluvial fan aquifers some five miles above Moree from subsurface runoff located higher in the watershed, considerable recharge from surface floodwater takes place in the lower third of the watershed from the surface of the alluvial fan into the subsurface aquifers by downward bleeding.
A TREATISE ON THE USE OF EXPECTED VALUES IN WATER RESOURCE PROJECT EVALUATION1
Authors: Williams D. C. , Daniel Donnie L.
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on two factors that influence the acceptability of the expected value criterion as a method of handling risk or uncertainty in decision‐making where damages from unusual physical occurrences such as hurricanes or floods must be considered. These are the length of time of project existence and the problem of obtaining accurate estimates of the probability of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters. The problem of estimating accurate probabilities of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters is not as great as it might appear and in most situations will not defeat the usefulness of the method. The time span during which the project is expected to exist has greater implications for the usefulness of the expected value approach appears highly applicable. However, it becomes less applicable for projects that are short‐term in nature. The basis for distinguishing between short‐ and long‐term projects is presented.
A METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTING AMONG WATER QUALITY ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Nicolson Gilbert S. , Pyatt Edwin E. , Moreau David H.
Published: June 2007

While reservoirs are constructed to regulate stream flows for several beneficial purposes including flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power, irrigation and low flow augmentation and to enhance water based recreation, they create problems of water quality that offer a new dimension to the task of efficient operation. Among other potential deleterious effects, thermal stratification in reservoirs inhibits mixing and causes a deterioration of dissolved oxygen levels in lower layers. Several investigators have examined the thermal properties of reservoirs and resultant effects upon dissolved oxygen and have suggested alternative schemes for alleviating detrimental effects (1,2,3,4,5). The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for evaluating some of these alternatives in a river‐reservoir system where downstream water quality control is one of several purposes to be served by the reservoir.
WATER AND HEALTH ‐ ARE WE CONCERNED ENOUGH?1
Authors: Lyon Walter A.
Published: June 2007

From a historical point of view, man's concern about the health and protection of water supply is the history of the dramatic reduction in acute communicable diseases due to water‐borne micro‐organisms. Now that these have been essentially eliminated, there has been a great reduction in concern by scientists and the medical profession with the health aspects of contaminated water. This, in spite of the fact that many concerned people and national advisory groups have reminded us that an increasing number of possible chemical and other hazards find their way into our water supplies and expose human populations to contaminants at low concentration levels without reliable knowledge as to their health effects. Too little research is being done on the health effects of chemicals, pesticides, and viruses. The fact that large populations are being exposed to these possible hazards raises legal and public policy questions. Persons who are largely ignorant of the possible harm of these substances are being exposed to them without consent. Often low level exposure to environmental contaminants is not known or not discovered until considerable time has passed. This raises the question concerning the burden which should be imposed on industry and others who introduce new substances in the environment. The best approach in solving this problem is to prohibit the new substance from being introduced into the environment until it has been shown by reliable studies that even low level exposure is not likely to harm human health.
DESIGN AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF A GAS‐TURBINE‐POWERED VAPOR‐COMPRESSION PLANT FOR EVAPORATION OF SEAWATER1
Authors: Senatore S. J. , Tonalin P. G.
Published: June 2007

The design and economics of a single‐purpose, gas‐turbine‐powered, vapor‐compression distillation plant for evaporation of sea water are discussed. Results are presented from standpoint of process description, vapor‐compression optimization, plant design, and economics. For comparison, data are presented for smaller and much larger water‐only vapor‐compression distillation concepts studied at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN AND OPERATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON RESERVOIR FISHERY RESOURCES1
Authors: Jenkins Robert M.
Published: June 2007

The apparent effect of selected reservoir environmental variables‐including surface area, mean depth, outlet depth, thermocline depth, water level fluctuation, storage ratio, shore development, total dissolved solids, growing season and age of reservoir–on fish standing crop in 140 large impoundments has been explored through partial correlation and multiple regression analyses. The sample was partitioned into 25 subsamples based on reservoir use type, water exchange rate, thermocline formation and water chemistry. Fish standing crops were estimated by summer rotenone sampling of coves or open water areas enclosed by blockoff net.

Logarithmic partial correlation revealed highly significant (0.01 confidence shore development and dissolved solids on At the 0.20 confidence level, the crop of storage ratio and shore level) positive effects of outlet depth, total standing crop in the entire sample. all sport fishes is positively influenced by outlet depth, development and negatively by mean depth.

In 54 hydropower reservoirs with a stable thermocline, positive effects of increased storage ratio and dissolved solids on t o t a l crop are evident at the 0.05 confidence interva. Increase in thermocline depth has a negative effect. In 25 hydropower reservoirs without a stable thermocline, clupeid (shad) crop is negatively correlated with surface area, mean depth and fluctuation. Reservoirs with a thermocline have higher standing crops than those without.

At the species or species group level, partial correlation of nine environmental variables a t the 0.05 confidence interval reveals: Positive effect of surface area on pike and pickerel; buffalo‐fishes, white crappie and total sport fish crop; positive effect of outlet depth on largemouth bass, catfishes, total sport fish crop and buffalofishes; a negative effect of water level fluctuation on pike and pickerel, redear sunfish and gizzard shad; a positive relationship between storage ratio and channel catfish and bull‐ heads and a negative one with flathead catfish and suckers; a positive effect of total dissolved solids on black and whit basses, catfishes, gizzard shad, carpsuckers and carp.

A morphoedaphic expression, total dissolved solids divided by mean depth, provides a useful index t o reservoir fish production. The relationship is curvilinear, with maximum crops expected at index values of 5 t o 30.The index accounts for 62 percent of the variability in hydropower storage reservoir crops.

Several multivariable regressions have been derived f o r predictive purposes. Examples are included, with R values of 35 t o 60.
ELECTROPHORETIC WATER CLARIFICATION TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Lyle William M. , Hiler Edward A.
Published: June 2007

Only very recently has a limited amount of attention been focused directly on electrophoresis as a method for improving water quality. This approach has been proposed primarily as a method for removal of suspended colloidal material, although solutes can also be removed by this method. Very simply electrophoresis is defined as the movement of charged suspended particles in a dc electric field.

Several electrophoretic clarification systems and techniques have been developed and evaluated primarily for removing colloidal clay from suspension. The methods should apply equally well to any negatively charged particulate matter. Design for optimal clay removal efficiency and operating cost efficiency has been based upon previous theoretical results and upon modification of the combination filter‐el ectrophores is model of Bier. These systems and techniques along with the theoretical developments leading to their design are discussed. Results and conclusions are given for tests that have been concluded concerning the feasibility or practicality of these electrophoretic clarification systems for commercial use. These are viewed in light of various limiting factors such as electrical conductivity of the medium, quality of water desired, colloid concentrations and electrophoretic mobility of the suspended materials.
LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT1
Authors: Partain Lloyd E.
Published: June 2007

Traditional conservation measures may not be, and usually are not, all that is needed to assure a quality environment. They are, however, fundamental. A national course of action involving land and water management is determined (1) at the market place, (2) at the ballot box, and (3) in the hearts and minds of individuals. To inform people about environmental management and conservation and appropriate uses of land, water and related resources is an exceedingly difficult problem. Research, action and educational programs dealing with environmental problems must have greater attention and support.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER USE AND REPLENISHMENT1
Authors: Rookaway John D. , Johnson Robert B.
Published: June 2007

A statistical technique which offers considerable promise in ground water studies is the fitting of polynomial trend‐surfaces to ground water data and studying the variations in the surfaces and the residuals from these surfaces over a period of time.

The application of trend‐surface analysis to ground water study is based on the premise that the piezometric surface or water table can be approximated by a mathematically computed polynomial surface of the water levels of the wells in the aquifer.

The evaluation of trend surface analysis application in ground water investigations was made up essentially of two considerations; a study of the relationship existing between the trend surfaces and the actual ground water surface and a study of the potential use of the residuals from the trend‐surfaces to assist in the location of favorable sites for future development of ground water resources. The conclusions on aquifer behavior drawn from the trend surface analysis were compared with conclusions drawn from a concurrent survey of ground water conditions carried out independently of this investigation. This comparison provided the basis for the critical examination of the application of trend‐surface analysis in ground water investigations.
THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATION OF A MULTI‐PURPOSE WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM1
Authors: Fitah William N. , King Paul H. , Young George K.
Published: June 2007

The objective of any water resource system is to transform the natural waters of a river basin into a form such that optimal use of these waters will result. Thus the water may be transformed into electrical energy, transferred in space for water supply and irrigation, transferred in time for flood control and maintenance of adequate streamflows, or simply retained for use as a means for achieving water‐based recreation.
HOW MUCH UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE CAPACITY DOES TEXAS HAVE?1
Authors: Brune Gunnar
Published: June 2007

Water imported into Texas under the Texas Water Plan must be stored in surface or underground reservoirs. Ground‐water levels are being drawn down heavily in many parts of Texas. This is causing a shift of much water from a surface‐ to a groundwater environment. The lowering water tables have resulted in a great reduction in wastage of water through evapotranspiration and spring and well flow. The methods used in estimating the quantities of underground storage capacity available in Texas are discussed.

Some problems will be encountered in the use of dewatered underground storage capacity by artificial recharge. In spite of these problems, probably 60 to 70 percent of the dewatered storage capacity of Texas aquifers can be reused for groundwater storage. Most of this capacity is located where it can be used in conjunction with the Texas Water Plan.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN GRAVITY WELLS STEADY STATE FLOW1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: June 2007

Under steady state conditions of flow, the seepage toward a single gravity well is governed by the Laplace Equation which may be written in terms of either the hydraulic head, the pressure head or the velocity potential. Although this equation is linear, the principle of superposition cannot be applied to sum up the individual effects in the case of a multiple gravity well system due to the variation of the flow domain under the effect of one or several wells. A method is presented allowing the use of the superposition principle in a restricted form. The superposition of the decrements of the base pressure heads than the initial heads before pumping is valid. Also the decrements in the areas of the pressure head diagrams across specific vertical sections than the original areas can be summed up together.
COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Phippen George R.
Published: June 2007

Flooding and the susceptibility to flood damage inherent in all land uses constitute the flood hazard. Resolution of the hazard while properly recognizing flood plain environmental attributes within the context of overall community or area needs is the essence of comprehensive flood plain management. The traditional approach–flood control–has effected modification of only the flooding component of the hazard whether it be coastal or inland. Until recently Federal programs have overlooked the possibilities of modifying the susceptibility component, for which the major responsibility lies with non‐Federal interests. Beginning with actions in the TVA area, the latter is now being strongly encouraged through Federal programs and actions notably the Flood Plain Management Services and Survey Programs of the Corps of Engineers, those stemming from Executive Order 11296, and those required for eligibility under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Flood plain management objectives must be stated in planning, e.g., economic efficiency, reduction in threat to life and health, environmental improvement, and regional development, to permit proper evaluation of the optional means and approaches for achieving them.
A MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND MODEL FOR THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES1
Authors: Burke Thomas R.
Published: June 2007

With the increasing Federal role in all aspects of water resource planning, the need for a planning model to enable calculations of projected Municipal Water requirements has become evident. This study represents an initial effort at developing an econometric model of Municipal Water requirements which (1) incorporates variables (or proxies) reflecting the various factors affecting water demand (i.e., demographic, social, industrial), and (2) requires only readily available, published data for its use. This model permits determinations of the water requirements of 488 cities grouped into 19 geographic regions or “Pseudo States.” Separate regression functions have been fitted to the cities within each of the 19 regions. Derivation of the exact functions for each region entailed a cross section stepwise regression analysis in which some 18 different variables were examined. KEY WORDS: planning model; econometric model; initial effort; municipal water
ON AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE COLUMBIA‐SNAKE RIVER COMPLEX1
Authors: Millham C. B. , Russell R. A.
Published: June 2007

This paper is an effort to establish a lower bound on the economic value of the Columbia and Snake Rivers to the State of Washington, so as to assess the economic consequences of diversion of waters of these rivers to other geographic regions. The uses recognized in this paper are for power generation and irrigation, although the dynamic‐programming model constructed is capable of incorporating, with minor changes, returns from other uses of the rivers when the economic data can be obtained.