bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix isolation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations for 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butylporphycene in argon and xenon
Authors: Kyrychenko Alexander , Gawinkowski Sylwester , Urbańska Natalia , Pietraszkiewicz Marek , Waluk Jacek
Published: October 2007

Electronic absorption spectra of 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butylporphycene (TTPC) have been recorded in low-temperature argon and xenon matrices for various deposition conditions. In the region of the S0-S1 electronic transition, the spectra of TTPC in argon reveal a rich site structure, characterized by a series of more than 30 absorption peaks. Studies of the temperature dependence of the electronic spectra in solid argon demonstrated remarkable spectral changes, resulting in the broadening of all bands with increasing temperature. These temperature-induced spectral changes are, to a large degree, reversible, so lowering of temperature is accompanied by the recovery of the original fine-line spectrum. The absorption spectra in xenon reveal broad bands, on which a rich pattern of lines becomes superimposed at low temperatures. Trapping site distribution and the structure of the microenvironment around the TTPC chromophore, embedded in argon and xenon hosts, have been analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD results show that the trapping of TTPC in rare-gas solids is influenced by favorable embedding of the bulky tert-butyl groups inside the matrix cage. The crucial role of the tert-butyl groups for the thermodynamics and kinetics of matrix deposition is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained for the parent, unsubstituted porphycene.
Voltage reduction in twisted nematic liquid crystals by reverse (negative) doping
Authors: Tillin M. D.
Published: October 2007

The concept of reverse or negative doping of a liquid crystal is introduced, in which the sense of the twist of the helix induced by a chiral dopant in the unconstrained liquid crystal material is opposite to that induced by the alignment layers. Some considerations of the extent to which the liquid crystal may be negatively doped before reverse twist domains appear, and the effect of the threshold voltage, are presented. The concept is applied to a reflective liquid crystal display (LCD) and it is demonstrated how the data voltage and power consumption of twisted nematic reflective LCDs may be reduced.
Fabry-Perot microcavity sensor for H2-breath-test analysis
Authors: Vincenti Maria Antonietta , De Sario Marco , Petruzzelli V. , D’Orazio Antonella , Prudenzano Francesco , de Ceglia Domenico , Scalora Michael
Published: October 2007

Leak detection of hydrogen for medical purposes, based on the monitoring of the optical response of a simple Fabry-Perot microcavity, is proposed to investigate either the occurrence of lactose intolerance, or lactose malabsorption condition. Both pathologic conditions result in bacterial overgrowth in the intestine, which causes increased spontaneous emission of H2 in the human breath. Two sensitivity figures of merit are introduced to inspect changes in the sensor response, and to relate the microcavity response to a pathologic condition, which is strictly related to a different level of exhaled hydrogen. Different sensor configurations using a metal-dielectric microcavity are reported and discussed in order to make the most of the well-known ability of palladium to spontaneously absorb hydrogen.
Rapid directed self assembly of lamellar microdomains from a block copolymer containing hybrid
Authors: Cheng Joy Y. , Pitera Jed , Park Oun-Ho , Flickner Myron , Ruiz Ricardo , Black Charles T. , Kim Ho-Cheol
Published: October 2007

The directed self-assembly of a lamellar-forming hybrid block copolymer system comprising of a poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) and organosilicates (OSs) has been investigated. The addition of OS to the block copolymer is found to provide additional control over the persistence length of lamellae as well as the behavior of directed self assembly. Two OSs with different molecular weights and reactivities have been compared in this experiment. Both OSs yield the same local structure of lamellar domains but different degrees of mid- and long-range order. Longer correlation length and better alignment of lamellar domains were observed with the lower molecular weight, more reactive OS, which suggest a potential guidance for controlling over microdomains in block copolymer-containing hybrid systems.
Dangling-bond defects and hydrogen passivation in germanium
Authors: Weber J. R. , Janotti A. , Rinke P. , Van de Walle C. G.
Published: October 2007

The application of germanium in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology is hampered by high interface-state densities. Using first-principles calculations, we investigate the effects of dangling bonds (DBs) and their interaction with hydrogen. We find that Ge DBs give rise to electronic levels below the valence-band maximum. They therefore occur exclusively in the negative charge state, explaining why they cannot be observed with electron spin resonance. The associated fixed charge is likely responsible for threshold-voltage shifts and poor performance of n-channel transistors. We also find that passivation of DBs by hydrogen will be ineffective because interstitial hydrogen is also stable exclusively in the negative charge state.
Layer-by-layer assembly of capped CdSe nanoparticles: Electrical bistability and memory phenomenon
Authors: Sahu Satyajit , Majee Swarup K. , Pal Amlan J.
Published: October 2007

The authors demonstrate thin-film formation of capped-CdSe nanoparticles via layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly. The assembly of two types of nanoparticles in sequence—with anionic and cationic capping agents, respectively—results in thin films of CdSe nanoparticles. Devices based on such thin films demonstrate electrical bistability. The bistability, which is reversible in nature, is due to charge confinement in the nanoparticles and has an associated memory phenomenon. The devices based on the CdSe nanoparticles exhibit high on/off ratio and demonstrate read-only and random-access memory applications.
The characteristic of strain relaxation on SiGe virtual substrate with thermal annealing
Authors: Huang Wu-Ping , Cheng Henry H. , Sun Greg , Lou Re-Fa , Yeh J. H. , Shen Tzer-Min
Published: October 2007

We report the effect of thermal annealing on the strain relaxation of SiGe virtual substrate. The results show that the strain of the SiGe layer relaxes anisotropically with thermal annealing through the formation of the misfit dislocations. The strain field fluctuation persists up to the annealing temperature of 1000°C, suggesting that the in-plane strain fluctuation could be eliminated by thermal annealing process. In particular, from the analysis of spatially resolved ultraviolet Raman mapping, we found that the normal region relaxes with a faster rate than the crosshatch region as attributed to larger initial strain.
Nuclear magnetic resonance on room temperature samples in nanotesla fields using a two-stage dc superconducting quantum interference device sensor
Authors: Körber R. , Casey A. , Shibahara A. , Piscitelli M. , Cowan B. P. , Lusher C. P. , Saunders J. , Drung D. , Schurig Th.
Published: October 2007

We describe a compact system for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance at ultralow magnetic fields on small liquid samples (∼0.14ml) at room temperature. The broadband spectrometer employs an integrated two-stage superconducting quantum interference device current sensor with a coupled energy sensitivity of 50h, in the white noise limit. Environmental noise is screened using a compact arrangement of mu-metal and a superconducting shield. Proton signals in water have been observed down to 93nT (a Larmor frequency of 4.0Hz), with a minimum linewidth of 0.16Hz measured at ∼40Hz. Two-component free induction decays were observed from oil/water mixtures between 275 and 300K.
A model for the polarization hysteresis loops of the perovskite-type ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Yang Feng , Tang M. H. , Zhou Y. C. , Zheng X. J. , Liu F. , Tang J. X. , Zhang J. J. , Zhang J. , Sun Chang Q.
Published: October 2007

A model has been developed for the P-E hysteresis behavior from the perspective of dipole switching. Hysteresis loops have been reproduced with the model to agree reasonably well with the experimental data measured from various ferroelectric thin films. The model can also predict asymmetric hysteresis loop measured under unconventional situation. Additionally, the mathematical description can be easily combined with electronic design automation software in circuit simulation of ferroelectric capacitor or ferroelectric field effect transistor.
Varying cosmic-ray flux may explain cycles of biodiversity
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: October 2007

The solar system oscillates through the Milky Way's midplane with a period of about 60 million years. That cyclic excursion might be causing periodic fivefold increases in Earth's exposure to extragalactic cosmic rays.
Some curious facts about quantum factoring
Authors: Mermin N. David
Published: October 2007

For six years before he retired last year, David Mermin taught quantum computation to Cornell University students of computer science. Google “CS483” for his lecture notes, where everything that he says can easily be shown is shown easily.
Measuring Urban Sprawl: How Can We Deal with It?
Authors: Frenkel Amnon , Ashkenazi Maya
Published: October 2007

Measuring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars who investigate the urban landscape. This study attempts to measure sprawl from a landscape perspective. The measures and indices used are derived from various research disciplines, such as urban research, ecological research, and fractal geometry. The examination was based on an urban land-use survey performed in seventy-eight urban settlements in Israel over the course of fifteen years. Measures of sprawl were calculated at each settlement and were then weighted into one integrated sprawl index through factor analysis, thus enabling a description of sprawl rates and their dynamics over a time period of approximately two decades. The results reveal that urban sprawl is a multidimensional phenomenon that is best quantified by various measures.
Social Networks, Social Interactions, and Activity-Travel Behavior: A Framework for Microsimulation
Authors: Arentze Theo , Timmermans Harry
Published: October 2007

We argue that the social networks and activity-travel patterns of people interact and coevolve over time. Through social interaction, people exchange information about activity-travel choice alternatives and adapt their latent and overt preferences for alternatives to each other. At the same time, social networks are not static: new social links emerge and existing social links may dissolve in time, depending on activity-travel schedules and the attributes of persons. In this paper we propose a theoretical framework to incorporate these dynamics in microsimulations of activity-travel patterns. A core assumption of the proposed theory is that the utility that a person derives from social interaction is a function of dynamic social and information needs, on the one hand, and of similarity between the relevant characteristics of the persons involved, on the other. Furthermore, persons tend to adapt their preferences so as to increase the utility they derive from their social networks. We derive the theory and models from basic principles and discuss results of a first round of simulations conducted to examine the behavior of the model. We argue that the model is consistent with existing theories and findings in social network analysis.
In Search of Classification that Supports the Dynamics of Science: The FAO Land Cover Classification System and Proposed Modifications
Authors: Ahlqvist Ola
Published: October 2007

Classification of geographic phenomena is often a black box to anyone outside the immediate group involved in the classification process. There is a growing need for compatibility between datasets to map, evaluate, and monitor areas in a consistent manner. The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Land Cover Classification system (LCCS) is a proposed method to enable interoperability for land-cover data and an attempt to open the classification black box for scrutiny. The FAO LCCS is used to demonstrate some of the strengths and weaknesses of feature-based classification methods and how some important improvements, based on theoretical developments in geographic information science, can extend LCCS to become a ‘boundary object’ that supports representation, negotiation, and analysis of dynamic and heterogeneous classification systems. The suggested improvements also include an outline of how future classification activities could be developed into a distributed web-based ontology infrastructure.
Just go with the flow? Route selection and mortality during downstream migration of silver eels in relation to river discharge
Authors: Jansen Henrice M. , Winter Hendrik V. , Bruijs Maarten C. M. , Polman Harry J. G.
Published: October 2007

Jansen, H. M., Winter, H. V., Bruijs, M. C. M., and Polman, H. J. G. 2007. Just go with the flow? Route selection and mortality during downstream migration of silver eels in relation to river discharge. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1437–1443. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) has been in steep decline for several decades. Fisheries and hydropower-induced mortality presumably play an important role during the downstream migration of silver eels, and downstream-migrating silver eels must make various navigation and route-selection decisions to reach the sea. We examined the influence of river discharge on route selection of silver eels. To quantify the impact of hydropower and fisheries on silver eel mortality, radio-telemetry experiments were performed in the River Meuse in 2002 and 2004, surgically implanting 300 silver eels with Nedap-transponders. Route selection and passage behaviour near detection stations was assessed. Silver eels were distributed over the alternative migration routes in the river in proportion to the discharge until the silver eels reached the entrance to the turbines. The eels altered their behaviour when approaching the turbines of hydropower plants and showed stationary and recurrent behaviour. We discuss the consequences of this on route selection and mortality rates caused by hydropower facilities and fisheries.
Biaxial Extensional Viscosity of Sheeted Noodle Dough
Authors: Liao Hung‐Ju , Chung Ying‐Chien , Tattiyakul Jirarat
Published: October 2007

The flows encountered during the sheeting process contain a more extensional component and more stretching than simple shear. Evaluating the properties of the extensional rheological flow of wheat flour dough is essential to better understand the sheeting process and the final quality of the product. Our results show that the curves of biaxial extensional viscosity versus extensional strain rate for dough from different wheat cultivars including Dark Northern Spring (DNS), Hard Red Winter (HRW), and Western White Wheat (WW) with protein contents of 7.81–18.09% and water contents of 32–40% could be discriminated. During a lubricated compression test, the sheeted dough displayed a region of extensional thickening followed by a region of mild extensional thinning, giving rise to an s‐shaped extensional stress‐strain rate curve. The higher degree of extensional thinning was exhibited for the sheeted dough prepared from the flour of DNS and HRW wheat mixture with an extensional thinning index of n = 0.65–0.74; while the lower degree of extensional thinning was displayed for the DNS wheat with an extensional thinning index of n = 0.89–0.96. The data of biaxial extensional viscosity (ηBmax) versus water content and protein content could be described by power relationships. The results suggest that biaxial extensional viscosity can be a useful modeling and process design parameter that objectively represents the rheological properties during dough sheeting.
Rapid Methods to Predict Soft‐Wheat Dough Quality for Specific Food Products
Authors: Uthayakumaran S. , Barker N. , Batey I. L. , Dines J. , Miskelly D. , Wrigley C. W.
Published: October 2007

A flour miller must provide flour with the potential to produce dough properties suited to the specifications for food manufacturers involved with a range of food products. This difficult task could be simplified if grain of suitable dough‐forming potential was segregated at harvest and delivered for milling. To achieve the identification of grain of suitable dough‐quality potential, various published testing systems were adapted and evaluated using a total of 149 grain samples from five successive harvests to establish procedures that could be applied to “running samples”, each representing the contents of a specific storage cell. Some of the methods proved to be inadequate for this purpose. The best possibilities were methods based on the swelling index for glutenin (SIG) principle. The SIG test, combined with grain‐protein content, is suitable for screening large numbers of wheat meal samples, making it possible for mill buyers to select stored grain lots that will suit the flour dough strength specifications for specific customers and their food products.
Defining the roles of the periplasmic chaperones SurA, Skp, and DegP in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sklar Joseph G. , Wu Tao , Kahne Daniel , Silhavy Thomas J.
Published: October 2007

Integral β-barrel proteins (OMPs) are a major class of outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. In Escherichia coli, these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, translocated across the inner membrane via the Sec machinery, and assembled in the outer membrane through an unknown mechanism that requires the outer membrane YaeT complex and the periplasmic chaperones SurA, DegP, and Skp. Here, we have established the relationship between these three chaperones providing insight into the mechanism of OMP biogenesis using depletion analysis. Depletion of SurA alone results in a marked decrease in outer membrane density, while the loss of DegP and Skp has no effect on outer membrane composition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SurA and YaeT interact directly in vivo. Based on these results, we suggest that SurA is the primary chaperone responsible for the periplasmic transit of the bulk mass of OMPs to the YaeT complex. The role of Skp and DegP is amplified in the absence of SurA. Evidence presented suggests that DegP/Skp function to rescue OMPs that fall off the SurA pathway. The seemingly redundant periplasmic chaperones do function in parallel, but the relative importance of the primary function of each pathway depends on whether or not cells are under stress.
Lineage tracing demonstrates the venous origin of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature
Authors: Srinivasan R. Sathish , Dillard Miriam E. , Lagutin Oleg V. , Lin Fu-Jung , Tsai Sophia , Tsai Ming-Jer , Samokhvalov Igor M. , Oliver Guillermo
Published: October 2007

The origin of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature has been debated for more than 100 years. Whether lymphatic endothelial cells have a single or dual, venous or mesenchymal origin remains controversial. To resolve this debate, we performed Cre/loxP-based lineage-tracing studies using mouse strains expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Tie2, Runx1, or Prox1 promoter elements. These studies, together with the analysis of Runx1-mutant embryos lacking definitive hematopoiesis, conclusively determined that from venous-derived lymph sacs, lymphatic endothelial cells sprouted, proliferated, and migrated to give rise to the entire lymphatic vasculature, and that hematopoietic cells did not contribute to the developing lymph sacs. We conclude that the mammalian lymphatic system has a solely venous origin.
The Template-Directed Dye-Incorporation Assay with Fluorescence Polarization Detection (FP-TDI)
Authors: Ha Connie , Kwok Pui-Yan
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTION

The template-directed dye-incorporation assay with fluorescence polarization detection (FP-TDI) is an economical and robust SNP genotyping method that is easy to optimize and implement in both single-marker and moderate-throughput studies. It utilizes unlabeled, unpurified PCR-grade primers in a dideoxy chain-terminating DNA-sequencing reaction to ascertain the identity of one base immediately 3′ to an unlabeled primer, which is annealed immediately upstream of the polymorphic site on the target DNA. The FP-TDI protocol consists of four key steps, all of which can be carried out in the same microtiter plate without further separation or purification. First, PCR amplification of genomic DNA produces the template for the primer extension reaction. Second, a PCR clean-up enzyme cocktail with pyrophosphatase is added directly into the PCR products to remove excess PCR primers, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and inorganic pyrophosphates. Third, single-base primer extension is carried out using a SNP primer annealed to the target DNA one base upstream from the polymorphic site. Finally, the end product is scanned with an FP plate reader to determine the changes in fluorescence polarization. With the incorporation of pyrophosphatase in the protocol and the use of quenching to analyze the fluorescence data, up to 95% of the assays work well even without optimization.
Measurement of Courtship Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ejima Aki , Griffith Leslie C.
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTION

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in many other animals, courtship is a series of stereotypical behaviors carried out by a male responding to multimodal signals. Because different experimental conditions can engage distinct sensory modalities that affect male behavior, courtship experiments need to be carefully designed. There are several ways to manipulate sensory inputs to the test male. This protocol describes methods for designing and conducting experiments that measure the various parameters of courtship behavior.
Preparation of Rodent Hippocampal Slice Cultures
Authors: Fuller Leah , Dailey Michael E.
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTION

Rodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) provide an outstanding preparation of central nervous system tissue for exploring the dynamic structural and physiological features of neuronal and glial cells within their native three-dimensional environments. It is a straightforward matter to obtain tissue slices from neonatal rodents. These slices culture well for periods up to several weeks and are easy to manipulate, allowing for a variety of in vitro experimental models. OHSCs provide good optical and physiological accessibility for studies involving live cell imaging, with high spatial and temporal resolution. This protocol is used to harvest tissues for both immunohistochemical labeling after fixation, and for confocal time-lapse imaging in live tissues labeled by a variety of fluorescent dyes or by biolistic or viral transfection.
Strategic Voting in Scandinavian Parliaments
Authors: Bjurulf Bo H. , Niemi Richard G.
Published: October 2007

Increasingly a case is being made that voting systems are highly manipulable —whether by strategic voting, agenda setting, or vote trading. Yet there exists little hard evidence on the actual extent of manipulation in real world settings1 To a large degree this lack of evidence is a result of voting methods that allow only partial recovery of individual preferences over multiple alternatives and of a natural desire of legislators not to publicize misrepresentation of preferences or strategic agenda setting. Yet if we are to understand the empirical relevance of recent advances in the theory of voting, attempts must be made to apply new theoretical work to real world voting situations. In this paper we attempt to do this for voting in Scandinavian legislatures.

Our major concern is with effects of the order of voting on legislative proposals and with strategic voting that takes advantage of existing voting orders. Two distinct approaches are used. First, we present a detailed analysis of three situations in the Swedish parliament in which strategic voting was relevant. From these we conclude that when manipulation occurs in the Swedish context, it is not by altering the order of voting or by the creation of new, confounding alternatives, but by using strategic voting to take advantage of existing voting circumstances. Second, we take a more sweeping but less detailed look at voting in the Scandinavian legislatures. It appears from this analysis that the major way in which strategic voting is avoided is by limiting the number of alternatives to two.
Attitudes towards European Integration and the Danish Common Market Referendum
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: October 2007

The article analyses survey data on the role played by the issue of European integration in the Danish Common Market referendum 1972. Despite a 2:1 vote in favor of membership, support for supranational European integration was low; in fact, integration as an issue was considerably more salient to opponents of membership than supporters who tended to vote mainly for tangible, i.e. economic reasons. As many as one‐fourth of the sample voted for membership though being highly anti‐integrationist, either because of disbelief in the dynamics of integration, because of the higher saliency of tangible benefits, or because of identification with strongly pro‐market parties.
Electoral Mobility and Social Change in Denmark
Authors: Jarlov Carsten , Kristensen Ole P.
Published: October 2007

Danish politics in the 1970s is characterized by a remarkable increase in electoral fluidity. Increasing political mobility should be seen not as a product of passing and specific events, but as a product of basic societal change. The link between political mobility and some dimensions of social change is discussed theoretically and investigated empirically. The discussion focuses on the joint effects of socioeconomic change and political‐institutional change. Some reasons why these changes should lead to increased electoral mobility are stated. The empirical analysis is carried out at the level of municipalities. A positive relationship between various indicators of socio‐economic change and political mobility is demonstrated. The relationship is sustained when a control for the effects of social structure is introduced.
The 1976 Election: New Trends in the Swedish Electorate
Authors: Petersson Olof
Published: October 2007

This article summarizes some of the main findings from the 1976 Swedish Election Study. The defeat of the Social Democrat government in 1976 was caused by three issues: bureaucracy, socialization, and nuclear power. Although net changes were small, the actual number of voters switching parties was the largest recorded during the last twenty years. The traditional image of the stable Swedish voter is becoming a myth. Aggregate stability is combined with a large and increasing individual volatility.
Socialization, Life Course, and Ideological Involvement
Authors: Listhaug Ola
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of political socialization and life course on the ideological involvement of two cohorts of Norwegian men. Our main thesis is that socialization in a period dominated by political and social conflicts will produce a higher level of ideological involvement than socialization in a period with a low level of political and social conflicts. But the higher level of ideological involvement can be modified by the life course experiences of the cohorts. We are only able to discuss some aspects of this rather general thesis in this article, comparing two cohorts born in 1912 and 1932.
Women's Entry into Politics: The Experience of the Danish Local and General Elections 1908–20
Authors: Dahlerup Drude
Published: October 2007

The article studies how enfranchised women reacted to the established political system. Should they seek to introduce new conflict dimensions or simply adjust to a party system, established before women gained the right to participate? In order to answer these questions. the aims and actions of the Danish women's rights movement are investigated.

A number of women's lists were introduced in the first local elections, but they soon disappeared. Proposals for forming a Women's Party in parliamentary elections were made in Denmark, as in many other countries, after the enfranchisement, but the actual possibilities for a Women's Party were very small. Electoral statistics from this period are studied in order to determine the number of women nominated and elected. and to identify the structural barriers against women's access. The rural‐urban dimension seems to be the most decisive factor. with sex itself constituting a resource in rural districts.
Organizational Resources and Methods of Participation
Authors: Solvang Bernt Krohn
Published: October 2007

This report deals with the influence of various organizational resources upon methods of participation. We found it useful to subdivide the concept of political participation into four groups: Input participation, decision participation, consumer participation, and respondent participation. Using data from one city and one sector we cannot suggest any general conclusions. Our findings show these various methods of participation to be highly intercorrelated and that the various methods of participation ‐ along with organizational resources as income and staff, the contextual variable, and preoccupation with the local system level ‐ influenced each method of participation. This means that we have to take the positions of organizations in the political system into consideration if we want to study their participation in the political processes. The resources stemning from positions in the political system are perhaps more influential upon the method of participation than the traditional organizational resource variables.

The process of consuming public finances is not without political effects. Consumer participation is related both to decision participation and to input participation. Our study also indicates that it is wrong to assume closed models with no feedback loops when we study relations between interest organizations and public authorities.
Mass Mobilization and the Transformation of Parliamentary Elites in Norway
Authors: Eliassen Kjell A.
Published: October 2007

The article considers two aspects of the establishment in Norway of a mass participatory parliamentary democracy: the changing national and regional patterns of recruitment to parliamentary positions, and the long‐term processes of democratization and political mobilization. The influence of high social status upon parliamentary recruitment was replaced by that of high political status. This changeover, however, was modified by a distinct centre‐periphery dimension in both social substitution and the process of political professionalization, corresponding to regional variations in the timing and tempo of mass mobilization.
Social Democratic Parties between Class and Organization*
Authors: Heidar Knut
Published: October 2007

Two questions are discussed in this article. First, what are the main divisions in the debate on the causes of the deradicalization of European social democratic parties? Second, what kind of empirical research could at this stage of the debate hope to contribute substantially to it?

Through a survey of the literature the argument is presented that in both Marxist and Liberal debates the question of the relative importance of class‐factors and party‐factors emerge as dominant. The empirical confrontation of these perspectives has hitherto taken place at the national level. What is needed now is more local level research, which would give a more manageable unit in the exploration of the theoretical and empirical issues involved.
Private Sentiments in a Public Context: Aspects of Co‐operative Housing in Oslo
Authors: Gulbrandsen Lars , Torgersen Ulf
Published: October 2007

The subject of the article is the Oslo model of co‐operative housing. A cooperative model may be considered a predominantly ‘public’ solution, or given a more ‘private’ flavor, depending on the different forms given to the co‐operative idea. This article considers the political consequences of alternative implementations. It presents a historical survey of the initial reactions of the tenant urban working class to the insecurities of the housing market, its inevitable clash with landlord interests, and the earlier varieties of radical and socialist responses to the housing misery. The search for a ‘public’ form of ownership leads to the gradual acceptance of the co‐operative solution, and the rise of one co‐operative organisation (OBOS) from a position of modesty to one of dominance. The administrative principles employed in the distribution of apartments lead to a number of unexpected consequences relating to the rights of the members and owners. While the OBOS administration is engaged in limiting the contagion of the ‘free market’, it is also concerned not to antagonize the opinions of the members. These conflicting interests lead to a number of administrative knots, particularly since new sentiments among both old and more recent members press towards a ‘private’ interpretation. The political parties react to these sentiments in the electorate in different ways, but with deep concern for the increasing interest in ownership.
Some Aspects of the Division of the Finnish Working Class Movement after the Civil War: A Research Note
Authors: Laulajainen Pertti
Published: October 2007

The article is a summary of a research programme utilising aggregate data at the communal level to explore regional variations in Social Democratic and Communist electoral strength. These variations have persisted since the party split of 1920. The most important factors explaining electoral strength seem to be geopolitical, geoeconomic, or organisational in nature. Political developments preceding the Civil War do not seem to be very significant.
How Women Become Political Actors: Female Candidates in Finnish Elections
Authors: Haavio‐Mannila Elina
Published: October 2007

Finnish women attained universal suffrage as the first in Europe, together with the majority of men, in 1906. Since 1906 the number of women in the national parliament has increased from about 10 percent to more than one‐quarter. Earlier, women were more successful in the socialist parties, but nowadays this left‐right difference has diminished. Women candidates obtain least votes in the rural parties and in the least developed areas where pressure toward uniformity is high. The earlier east‐west difference has almost disappeared. Voting for female candidates is more common among women than among men. Education, employment, working in a white‐collar job, high family income, and urban residence increase the probability among women to vote for a female candidate. Among men, those in the highest and lowest social status groups are more favourable towards women candidates than those in between. Middle class men seem to be most afraid of losing status if more women become political actors.
Sex, Resources, and Political Participation: Direct and Indirect Effects*
Authors: Listhaug Ola , Kindseth Ola
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the impact of sex and resources on political participation. The independent variables in the causal model are sex, education, organizational membership, and political involvement. Two measures of participation are used: frequency of voting and campaign participation. The results show that organization membership is the most important resource of participation. Organization is the only resource to have both indirect and direct effects. For sex and education, the effects are mediated through political involvement. The model is very weak in explaining variation in voting, but is clearly stronger in explaining variation in campaign participation.
Upstairs and Downstairs in Danish Politics: An Analysis of Political Apathy and Social Structure*
Authors: Nielsen Hans Jørgen , Sauerberg Steen
Published: October 2007

Party membership in Denmark has declined over the past two decades at the same time as different forms of more unconventional political behaviour have become more frequent. This analysis of the various modes of participation suggests that political participation is likely to become more status‐based and protest‐oriented, and that the system of participation has become more fragmented, especially among the young.
Types of Policy and Types of Politics
Authors: Gustavsson Sverker
Published: October 2007

Basically, there are two solutions to the problem of how policies determine politics. One is the structural solution suggested by Theodore J. Lowi. His way of classifying policies in terms of the likelihood and applicability of coercion seems to be most valid under the general macropolitical assumption of asymmetrically organized patterns of authority. The other is the marginalist solution suggested by James Q. Wilson. His classification of policy change in terms of whether costs and benefits are being dispersed or concentrated through the change in question seems to be most fruitful when the focus is upon the logic and equilibrium of a policy situation as such, regardless of its characteristics from the point of view of coercion and inducement. In this article the confrontation between Lowi and Wilson is analyzed, and a way of combining the two approaches is suggested.
Women in the Corporate Channel: a Process of Natural Exclusion?*
Authors: Hernes Helga Maria , Voje Kirsten
Published: October 2007

This article examines Norwegian women's access to the public committee system. Women's relative underrepresentation is discussed in terms of their social status and their difficulties in gaining entry into the ‘pool of eligibles’. Their corporate recruitment via political channels is compared to men's more frequent recruitment via professional channels and via economic interest organizations. The article concludes by comparing conditions for participation in the numerical and corporate channels as well as in issue‐oriented, ad‐hoc activities. These differ along two dimensions, both of which tend to channel women into the less formalized bodies for political participation.
The Fourth Level of Government: on the Standardization of Public Policy within International Regions*
Authors: Egeberg Morten
Published: October 2007

Both in the literature and in public documents one usually operates with three levels of government: local, regional, and national. This may be partly due to a common perception of coordination and standardization as something that takes place only through hierarchical forms of organization. However, if we realize that coordination and standardization may also take place through other organizational forms, as for instance bargaining, consultation, and autonomous adjustment, we can add A fourth level of government. At the same time, hierarchy seems considerably modified at the national levels. Thus, a central argument is that ‘national’ policies cannot be adequately explained by ‘national’ politics alone. Some data from the Norwegian context are used to illustrate this argument.
A European Security Policy? The Attitudes of Candidates for the European Parliament*
Authors: Sørensen Carsten Lehmann , Gordon Ian , Inglehart Ronald , Rabier Jacques‐René
Published: October 2007

It has been argued that the credibility of the American nuclear deterrent is declining in Western Europe. Whether this is true or not, it seems clear that support for the NATO alliance had reached a remarkably low level among Western European political elites as the 1970s drew to a close. One possible alternative to continued reliance on the Atlantic Alliance would be for Western Europe to develop its own independent defence capabilities. Certainly, in terms of economic and technological resources, this option should be within reach of an integrated European Community. And indeed there seems to be widespread support among European political leaders for the principle of having Western Europe play a more independent role vis‐à‐vis both superpowers. But there is no clear consensus in favour of the increased defence expenditures that such a policy would entail. Nor is there a consensus in favour of developing a unified West European security system inside or outside the institutional framework of the European Community. Our evidence in support of these conclusions is based on interviews carried out with candidates for the European Parliament in all nine member countries during the months immediately preceding the first direct elections in June, 1979.
Elections, Referendums, and Public Goods
Authors: Nilson Sten Sparre
Published: October 2007

In this article the question of misrepresentation of preferences on the part of politicians is discussed. Some examples of such misrepresentation are given, and it is asked whether the effect was counterproductive or not for the party concerned. The effect on society as a whole is touched upon briefly in the final section.
On the Properties of Voting Systems
Authors: Nurmi Hannu
Published: October 2007

The article focuses on the problem of choosing the ‘best’ voting procedure for making collective decisions. The procedures discussed are simple majority rule, Borda count, approval voting, and maximin method. The first three have been axiomatized while the maximin method has not yet been given an axiomatic characterization. The properties, in terms of which the goodness of the procedures is assessed, are dictatorship, consistency, path independence, weak axiom of revealed preference, Pareto optimality, and manipulability. It turns out that the picture emerging from the comparison of the procedures in terms of these properties is most favorable to the approval voting.
The Impact of Economic Performance on Electoral Support in Sweden, 1967–1978*
Authors: Hibbs Douglas A. , Madsen Henrik Jess
Published: October 2007

This article investigates the impact of macroeconomic conditions on aggregate political support for governing parties in Sweden over the period 1967–1978. After reviewing survey evidence on the relative salience of economic and fiscal issues to the Swedish electorate, a novel, dynamic model of political support is presented. The model incorporates the ideas that voters evaluate economic performance relatively rather than absolutely, and that governments' mass political support is based on their cumulative performance records. The empirical results supply estimates of the impact of unemployment, inflation, the real income growth rate and the income effects of direct tax and transfer policies on political support. The evidence suggests that the responses of political support to reasonable movements in macroeconomic conditions are large enough to give economic management a pivotal role in electoral shifts.
Theoretical Perspectives in Analyzing Ideological Change and Persistence: The Case of Swedish Social Democratic Party Ideology*
Authors: Sainsbury Diane
Published: October 2007

This article deals with analytical approaches to the problem of change and persistence in party ideologies. After examining a number of theoretical perspectives, the article suggests an additional approach and argues that one of its major advantages is that it offers a possibility to combine significant features of several existing perspectives. The proposed approach focuses on the functions of party ideology. The thesis here is that the development of an ideology is shaped by its functions. Contrary to numerous writers who view ideological functions in dichotomous terms, I argue that the functions of ideology are multiple. The possible functions of party ideology are outlined, and a distinction is introduced between the intellectual and tactical functions of ideology. The article then comments on how tactical functions contribute to ideological change and persistence by examining the case of Swedish Social Democratic ideology.
Party Cohesion in the Danish Parliament during the 1970s*
Authors: Svensson Palle
Published: October 2007

The Danish parliamentary parties have traditionally been known for their high degree of cohesion. Recent social and political changes may, however, justify a hypothesis on a decline of party cohesion. In this paper two conflicting hypotheses on party cohesion in the Danish Parliament during the 1970s are formulated and empirically tested. The application of different operationalizations of party cohesion all give the same result: The hypothesis on a decline of party cohesion is false, whereas the hypothesis on a high degree of party cohesion is true. Party cohesion is as high in the 1970s as in previous decades, and the new parties gaining representation during the 1970s are as cohesive as the old, well established parties.
A Definition of Democracy
Authors: Anckar Dag
Published: October 2007

In a recent paper John D. May has nominated Responsive Rule for a definition of democracy. Responsive Rule prescribes necessary correspondence between governmental acts and the wishes with respect to those acts of the persons who are affected. In this paper the definition is criticized for being unclear on a vital conceptual issue and for not fully expressing the essence of democracy. On the one hand it is maintained that democracy's subject population remains undefined as the meaning of the word affected’ is unclear, and three distinctions are brought forward to illustrate the problem of separating affected persons from persons not affected. On the other hand May's identification of democracy with equality in the weight of wishes is called in question, and it is maintained that wishes should meet a qualifying criterion. Three procedures for identifying qualified wishes are discussed, and it is suggested that information must be included in a conception of democracy in order to separate rational wishes from irrational wishes.
Antecedents of Realignments and the Case for Secular Realignment in Denmark
Authors: Berrigan A. John
Published: October 2007

This study starts with the premise that political norms and structures determine national electoral propensities toward critical or secular realignments in partisan affiliation, ft is hypothesized that historical and structural characteristics of the Danish political system mitigate against rapid changes in partisan affiliations and voting patterns. Empirical evidence is presented to demonstrate that observed changes in the partisan distribution of the Danish vote in 1973–1977 resulted from a gradual redistribution of partisan affiliation with origins in the 1950s.

Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the study concludes that a secular, not critical, realignment occurred in Denmark during the 1970s
The Public Sector in a Democratic Order. Problems and Non‐Solutions in the Danish Case
Authors: Damgaard Erik
Published: October 2007

The literature of the last decade indicates two important lessons for future research. The first is that political scientists and scholars in related fields have rediscovered the nature and ubiquity of politics. In particular, they have realized that neither public administration nor organization theory can solve political issues. The second lesson is that the growth of government has enlarged the list of important political actors with the addition of numerous ‘public’ groups, organizations, and institutions. The combined message of the two lessons is that analyses of the public sector and policy‐making should be sensitive to the importance of political actors in the public sector. This paper is a preliminary attempt (based on elite questionnaire data) to map the general structure of the Danish policy‐making system by focusing on the interactions among government bureaucrats, interest organizations, and MPs. These elites are further included in an analysis of public expenditure problems, with particular emphasis on the (often neglected) role of political parties and their relationships to various groups and segments of society. The emergent overall picture of the policy‐making system indicates problems that presumably cannot be ‘solved’ within the framework of a democratic polity.