bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical report: Inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of regional gastrointestinal transit times measured using the 3D‐Transit electromagnet tracking system
Authors: Kalsi G. K. , Grønlund D. , Martin J. , Drewes A. M. , Scott S. M. , Birch M. J.
Published: July 2018

Background

The 3D‐Transit electromagnet tracking system is an emerging tool for the ambulatory assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) transit times and motility patterns, based on the anatomical localization of ingestible electromagnetic capsules. Currently, 3D‐Transit recordings are manually analyzed to extract GI transit times. As this is a subjective method, there is some inherent variability in the measurements, which may be experience‐dependent. We therefore assessed inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of GI transit times from 3D‐Transit recordings.

Methods

Thirty‐six 3D‐Transit recordings (17 female; median age: 34 years [range: 21–80]) were analyzed twice by 3 raters with varying experience. Each rater manually identified the timestamps when a capsule progressed from antrum to duodenum, and from ileum to right colon. These timestamps, along with the ingestion and expulsion times, were used to determine whole gut (WGTT), gastric emptying (GET), small intestinal (SITT) and colonic (CTT) transit times. Reliability was determined using interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Key Results

For capsule progression timestamps, the most and mid‐experienced raters had fair to good inter‐ and excellent intra‐rater reliability (ICCmin‐max = 0.61‐1.00), whereas the inexperienced rater had poor to fair inter‐ and poor intra‐rater reliability (ICCmin‐max = 0.28‐0.55). GET and SITT reliability between the most and mid‐experienced raters was fair (ICCmin‐max = 0.61‐0.73), while reliability between these raters and the inexperienced rater was poor to fair (ICCmin‐max = 0.28‐0.55). CTT reliability was excellent between and within all raters (ICCmin‐max = 0.92‐0.99).

Conclusions & Inferences

Inexperienced raters provide the least reliable measurements from 3D‐Transit recordings, which confirms requirement for adequate training. Automation may improve the reliability of measurements.
TRPM8, ASIC1, and ASIC3 localization and expression in the human oropharynx
Authors: Alvarez‐Berdugo D. , Rofes L. , Casamitjana J. F. , Enrique A. , Chamizo J. , Viña C. , Pollán C. M. , Clavé P.
Published: July 2018

Background

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a prevalent disease with poor prognosis among older people and has no pharmacological treatment. Polymodal sensory receptors like the TRP or ASIC family receptors are potential targets to treat OD. TRPM8 agonists and acidic solutions can improve the swallow response in patients with OD, but little is known about the expression of TRPM8, ASIC1, and ASIC3 in the human oropharynx. The aim of this study was to assess the expression and localization of TRPM8, ASIC1, and ASIC3 in human samples of the oropharynx to lay the basis for new pharmacological treatments for OD.

Methods

Pathology‐free samples from oropharyngeal regions innervated by cranial nerves V, IX, and X were obtained during major ENT surgery and processed to obtain mRNA (20 patients) or to be used in immunohistochemical assays (12 patients). TRPM8, ASIC1, and ASIC3 expression and localization were studied with RT‐qPCR and fluorescent immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

ASIC3 was expressed in the 3 regions studied with similar levels and was localized on sensory fibers innervating the mucosa below the basal lamina of all studied regions. TRPM8 was also co‐localized on the sensory fibers innervating the mucosa below the basal lamina of all studied regions. In contrast, ASIC1 was only found in the nerves innervating the tongue muscular fibers.

Conclusions & Inferences

TRPM8 and ASIC3 are found on submucosal sensory nerves in the human oropharynx. Our study lays the basis to use oropharyngeal TRPM8 and ASIC3 receptors as therapeutic targets to develop new active pharmacological treatments for OD patients.
Preclinical evaluation of the effects on the gastrointestinal tract of the antineoplastic drug vincristine repeatedly administered to rats
Authors: López‐Gómez L. , Díaz‐Ruano S. , Girón R. , López‐Pérez A. E. , Vera G. , Herradón Pliego E. , López‐Miranda V. , Nurgali K. , Martín‐Fontelles M. I. , Uranga J. A. , Abalo R.
Published: July 2018

Background

Vincristine is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. It is associated with undesirable digestive side effects. However, the impact of vincristine on gastrointestinal structure and motility or its long‐term effects have not been deeply studied in animal models. This could be useful in order to develop therapeutic or preventive strategies for cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze such effects.

Methods

Rats received saline or vincristine (0.1 mg kg−1, ip) daily for 10 days. Evaluations were performed during treatment and 2‐6 weeks after. Somatic mechano‐sensitivity was assessed using von Frey hairs. Gastrointestinal motor function was studied by means of radiographic still images and colonic propulsion of fecal pellets using fluoroscopy videos. Histological assessment of the gut morphology and immunohistochemistry for HuC/D and nNOS were performed in whole‐mount myenteric plexus preparations.

Key Results

Peripheral sensitivity was increased in animals treated with vincristine and did not subside 2 weeks after treatment finalization. Vincristine treatment inhibited gastrointestinal motility although this was recovered to normal values with time. Damage in the digestive wall after vincristine treatment was greater in the ileum than in the colon. Villi shortening (in ileum) and large inflammatory nodules still remained 2 weeks after treatment finalization. Finally, the proportion of nNOS‐immunoreactive neurons was increased with vincristine and continued to be increased 2 weeks after treatment finalization.

Conclusions and Inferences

Vincristine alters gastrointestinal motility, peripheral sensitivity and mucosal architecture. Vincristine‐induced neuropathy (somatic and enteric), intestinal mucosa damage and inflammatory infiltrations are relatively long‐lasting.
Isoprene emission structures tropical tree biogeography and community assembly responses to climate
Authors: Taylor Tyeen C. , McMahon Sean M. , Smith Marielle N. , Boyle Brad , Violle Cyrille , van Haren Joost , Simova Irena , Meir Patrick , Ferreira Leandro V. , de Camargo Plinio B. , da Costa Antonio C. L. , Enquist Brian J. , Saleska Scott R.
Published: July 2018

The prediction of vegetation responses to climate requires a knowledge of how climate‐sensitive plant traits mediate not only the responses of individual plants, but also shifts in the species and functional compositions of whole communities. The emission of isoprene gas – a trait shared by one‐third of tree species – is known to protect leaf biochemistry under climatic stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that isoprene emission shapes tree species compositions in tropical forests by enhancing the tolerance of emitting trees to heat and drought.

Using forest inventory data, we estimated the proportional abundance of isoprene‐emitting trees (pIE) at 103 lowland tropical sites. We also quantified the temporal composition shifts in three tropical forests – two natural and one artificial – subjected to either anomalous warming or drought.

Across the landscape, pIE increased with site mean annual temperature, but decreased with dry season length. Through time, pIE strongly increased under high temperatures, and moderately increased following drought.

Our analysis shows that isoprene emission is a key plant trait determining species responses to climate. For species adapted to seasonal dry periods, isoprene emission may tradeoff with alternative strategies, such as leaf deciduousness. Community selection for isoprene‐emitting species is a potential mechanism for enhanced forest resilience to climatic change.
Oral tuberculosis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Shanahan D. , Staines K.
Published: July 2018

Oral tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease that can present with ulceration in the oral cavity. This article presents a case of reactivated TB which presented as a painful oral ulcer in a patient on immunosuppressive medication. It is important for clinicians to be aware of TB when considering a differential diagnosis for oral ulceration, especially in patients who have been prescribed biological agents or other immunosuppressive medications. A delay in the diagnosis can have serious consequences to both the individual and the wider community.
A Latent Variable Modelling Approach for The Pooled Analysis of Individual Participant Data on The Association between Depression and Chlamydia Infection in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the UK
Authors: Koukounari Artemis , Copas Andrew J. , Pickles Andrew
Published: July 2018

Despite the increasing evidence of association between chlamydia infection and depression, currently there is a paucity of research with limited scope to understand better the temporal nature of the relationship between them. We consider this problem in adolescence and young adulthood by pooled analysis of 7250 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. We propose a latent variable modelling approach which can handle harmonization of categorical variables including ordinal measures from the two studies as well as measurement error and time trends.
Management of cervical root fracture injury in a patient with epilepsy: Case report with 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Ataol Elif , Erbaş Ünverdi Gizem , Güngör Hamdi Cem
Published: July 2018

The difficulty in providing stability to the coronal segment makes cervical root fracture one of the most challenging dental traumatic injury. This type of injury is less frequent in children. However, due to their serious consequences and poor prognosis, tooth loss may occur. This report presents the management of a case of cervical root fracture in an 11‐year‐old patient with epilepsy. The stabilization of the root‐fractured tooth with a splint failed due to the recurrent seizures the patient had. Coronal fragment was removed and vital root submergence was performed in order to support the alveolar growth. The natural tooth crown was incorporated into a modified Nance appliance to meet the esthetic and functional requirements of the patient. After 5‐year follow‐up, this treatment approach has seemed to offer a long‐term provisional and satisfactory solution to the consequences of a cervical root fracture injury.
Transcription factor c‐Maf is essential for IL‐10 gene expression in B cells
Authors: Liu Min , Zhao Xiaoqi , Ma Yunfeng , Zhou Yan , Deng Ming , Ma Yonggang
Published: July 2018

Interleukin (IL)‐10 is an essential anti‐inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. c‐Maf has been suggested as an essential transcriptional factor for IL‐10 production in CD4+ T cells and macrophages. However, it remains unclear whether c‐Maf participates in IL‐10 expression in B cells. In this study, we investigated the role of c‐Maf in the transcriptional regulation of IL‐10 in regulatory B cells, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. We found that c‐Maf was constitutively expressed in resting B cells. c‐Maf expression was upregulated in the presence of LPS and dose‐dependently enhanced IL‐10 production following binding to the IL‐10 promoter. Moreover, a lower expression of c‐Maf and decreased production of regulatory B (Breg) cells were detected in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), which may contribute to the pathological changes. Taken together, these data demonstrate that c‐Maf is an indispensable yet constitutive transcription factor for IL‐10 gene expression in LPS‐activated B cells.
Whole‐body biomechanical differences between limbs exist 9 months after ACL reconstruction across jump/landing tasks
Authors: King Enda , Richter Chris , Franklyn‐Miller Andy , Daniels Katherine , Wadey Ross , Moran Ray , Strike Siobhan
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Previous studies examining jump tasks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have focused on performance measures without examining joint kinematic and kinetic variables. The aim of this study was to identify differences in biomechanical and performance measures between limbs across tests 9 months after surgery.

Methods

Four jump tests (double‐leg drop jump (DLDJ), single‐leg drop jump (SLDJ), single‐leg hop for distance (SLHD) and hurdle hop (HH)) were carried out on 156 male subjects in a 3D motion capture laboratory 9 months after surgery. Statistical parametric mapping was used to identify differences in jump performance and biomechanical variables between limbs.

Results

Biomechanical measures were lower on the ACLR side across all four tests for internal knee valgus moment (effect size (ES) 0.77‐0.92), knee internal rotation angle (ES 0.59‐0.8), and ankle external rotation moment (ES 0.59‐0.73), with the center of mass less posterior to the knee during the single‐leg tests (ES 0.61‐0.82). The timing of the largest difference between limbs was not at the same % stance between variables within a test or for any variable across tests. Large ES differences were observed in performance in the SLDJ (ES 0.73‐0.81; LSI 78%) and small differences in the SLHD (ES 0.36; LSI 94%) between the limbs.

Conclusion

Findings highlighted biomechanical differences between limbs which are consistent across jump tasks suggesting insufficient rehabilitation at 9 months post surgery. Results indicate that the SLDJ may identify greater performance deficits between limbs than SLHD, which may over‐estimate rehabilitation status.
FIRST Framework Design and Facilitate Active Deep Learner eXperience
Authors: Bahgat Mohamed , Elsafty Ashraf , Shaarawy Ashraf , Said Tamer
Published: July 2018

Over the past decades, Learning & Development has become an area of growing interest and constant research. As a result, there is an abundance of studies and models that target the development of educators. However, the professional development of educators should be built on a comprehensive framework of research-based instructional strategies that help train them on how to understand, experience, practice and leave a sustainable impact on learners. This paper presents our own “FIRST Framework”, a holistic framework designed on the basis of renown models and theories, such as: experiential learning; Gamification and game-based learning; facilitative learning, 6Ds model, positive psychology, experience economy and neuroscience. It is an engaging framework that helps educators bridge theory and practice to create high-quality learning environment in their classrooms. FIRST Framework consists of 5 domains with 15 principles that help leave sustainable impact on learners through promoting Active Deep Learner Experience.
Flavivirus
serocomplex cross-reactive immunity is protective by activating heterologous memory CD4 T cells
Authors: Saron Wilfried A. A. , Rathore Abhay P. S. , Ting Lim , Ooi Eng Eong , Low Jenny , Abraham Soman N. , St. John Ashley L.
Published: July 2018

Sequential exposures to flaviviruses sharing CD4 epitopes promote protection during subsequent heterologous infections.
A strategy for the conservation of biodiversity on mid-ocean ridges from deep-sea mining
Authors: Dunn Daniel C. , Van Dover Cindy L. , Etter Ron J. , Smith Craig R. , Levin Lisa A. , Morato Telmo , Colaço Ana , Dale Andrew C. , Gebruk Andrey V. , Gjerde Kristina M. , Halpin Patrick N. , Howell Kerry L. , Johnson David , Perez José Angel A. , Ribeiro Marta Chantal , Stuckas Heiko , Weaver Philip ,   SEMPIA Workshop Participants
Published: July 2018

An international initiative takes conservation planning into the deep ocean to inform environmental management of deep-sea mining.
Krypton isotopes and noble gas abundances in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Rubin Martin , Altwegg Kathrin , Balsiger Hans , Bar-Nun Akiva , Berthelier Jean-Jacques , Briois Christelle , Calmonte Ursina , Combi Michael , De Keyser Johan , Fiethe Björn , Fuselier Stephen A. , Gasc Sebastien , Gombosi Tamas I. , Hansen Kenneth C. , Kopp Ernest , Korth Axel , Laufer Diana , Le Roy Léna , Mall Urs , Marty Bernard , Mousis Olivier , Owen Tobias , Rème Henri , Sémon Thierry , Tzou Chia-Yu , Waite Jack H. , Wurz Peter
Published: July 2018

Noble gases in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicate nonhomogenized protoplanetary disk material at its location of formation.
The evolution of anti-bat sensory illusions in moths
Authors: Rubin Juliette J. , Hamilton Chris A. , McClure Christopher J. W. , Chadwell Brad A. , Kawahara Akito Y. , Barber Jesse R.
Published: July 2018

Experimental bat-moth battles reveal that sonar sensing is a driving force in the repeated evolution of silk moth hindwings.
MEK inhibition induces MYOG and remodels super-enhancers in RAS-driven rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Yohe Marielle E. , Gryder Berkley E. , Shern Jack F. , Song Young K. , Chou Hsien-Chao , Sindiri Sivasish , Mendoza Arnulfo , Patidar Rajesh , Zhang Xiaohu , Guha Rajarashi , Butcher Donna , Isanogle Kristine A. , Robinson Christina M. , Luo Xiaoling , Chen Jin-Qiu , Walton Ashley , Awasthi Parirokh , Edmondson Elijah F. , Difilippantonio Simone , Wei Jun S. , Zhao Keji , Ferrer Marc , Thomas Craig J. , Khan Javed
Published: July 2018

MEK inhibition decreases cell viability and induces differentiation in RAS-driven rhabdomyosarcoma via an epigenetic mechanism.
Glioblastoma cells feed off injury
Authors: Attenello Frank J.
Published: July 2018

Apoptotic tumor cells in glioblastoma confer increased aggressiveness and therapy resistance among remaining cells.
Fat up to BAT
Authors: Houtkooper Riekelt
Published: July 2018

The mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin is critical for thermogenesis in brown adipocytes, and reduced expression of cardiolipin synthase is associated with markers of type 2 diabetes.
Lung dysbiosis drives post hematopoietic cell transplantation inflammation
Authors: Segal Leopoldo N.
Published: July 2018

Changes in the structure and composition of the lung microbiota are associated with pulmonary complications in hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Molecular Insights into Functional Differences between
mcr-3
- and
mcr-1
-Mediated Colistin Resistance
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Lu , Liu Zhihai , Yin Wenjuan , Liu Dejun , Shen Yingbo , Walsh Timothy , Shao Bing , Wang Yang
Published: July 2018

The global emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes
mcr-1
and
mcr-3
has threatened the role of the “last-resort” drug colistin in the defense against infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, functional differences between these two genes in mediating colistin resistance remain poorly understood.
Role of Lock Therapy for Long-Term Catheter-Related Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Freire Maristela P. , Pierrotti Ligia C. , Zerati Antonio E. , Benites Luciana , da Motta-Leal Filho Joaquim Mauricio , Ibrahim Karim Y. , Araujo Pedro H. , Abdala Edson
Published: July 2018

The management of long-term central venous catheter (LTCVC) infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in cancer patient is a challenge. The objectives of this study were to analyze outcomes in cancer patients with LTCVC-associated infection, identify risks for unfavorable outcomes, and determine the impact of MDR bacteria and antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) in managing such infections.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Prevalence and Diversity in Wild Boars in Northeast Germany
Authors: Reinhardt Marie , Hammerl Jens Andre , Kunz Katharina , Barac Andrea , Nöckler Karsten , Hertwig Stefan
Published: July 2018

Yersinia pseudotuberculosisis a foodborne pathogen whose occurrence is poorly understood. One reason for this situation is the difficulty in isolating the species. The methods developed for the isolation ofYersinia enterocoliticaare not well suited forY. pseudotuberculosis. We therefore designed a protocol which enabled the isolation ofY. pseudotuberculosisfrom a relatively high proportion of PCR-positive wild boar tonsils. The study indicates that wild boars in northeast Germany may carry a variety ofY. pseudotuberculosisstrains, which differ in terms of their pathogenic potential and other properties. Since wild boars are widely distributed in German forests and even populate cities such as Berlin, they may transmit yersiniae to other animals and crop plants and may thus cause human infections through the consumption of contaminated food. Therefore, the prevalence ofY. pseudotuberculosisshould be determined also in other animals and regions to learn more about the natural reservoir of this species.
Virological and Immunological Outcomes of Coinfections
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Sharma Shalini , Barua Sanjay , Tripathi Bhupendra N. , Rouse Barry T.
Published: July 2018

Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens.
Genome Sequences of Listeria Phages Induced from Lysogenic Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from Seafood and a Seafood Processing Environment in Thailand
Authors: Vu Hue Thi Kim , Stasiewicz Matthew J. , Benjakul Soottawat , Vongkamjan Kitiya
Published: July 2018

We report here the complete genome sequences of three
Listeria
phages (PSU-VKH-LP019, PSU-VKH-LP040, and PSU-VKH-LP041), which were newly induced from lysogenic isolates of
Listeria monocytogenes
from seafood and a seafood processing environment in Thailand. The three phages show circularly permuted double-stranded DNA genomes with sizes of 38.6, 39.6, and 48.3 kb.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bioactive Strain Streptomyces sp. SMS_SU21, Isolated from Soil Sediment of the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem
Authors: Sengupta Sohan , Pramanik Arnab , Basak Pijush , Bhattacharyya Maitree
Published: July 2018

Streptomyces
sp. SMS_SU21 possesses strong antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential.
Genome Sequence of Pantoea ananatis SGAir0210, Isolated from Outdoor Air in Singapore
Authors: Luhung Irvan , Junqueira Ana Carolina M. , Uchida Akira , Purbojati Rikky W. , Houghton James N. I. , Chénard Caroline , Wong Anthony , Clare Megan E. , Kushwaha Kavita K. , Panicker Deepa , Putra Alexander , Gaultier Nicolas E. , Premkrishnan Balakrishnan N. V. , Heinle Cassie E. , Vettath Vineeth Kodengil , Drautz-Moses Daniela I. , Schuster Stephan C.
Published: July 2018

Pantoea ananatis
SGAir0210 was isolated from outdoor air collected in Singapore. The genome was assembled from long reads generated by single-molecule real-time sequencing complemented with short reads.
Association of Antibodies to VAR2CSA and Merozoite Antigens with Pregnancy Outcomes in Women Living in Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Lloyd Yukie M. , Fang Rui , Bobbili Naveen , Vanda Koko , Ngati Elise , Sanchez-Quintero Maria J. , Salanti Ali , Chen John J. , Leke Rose G. F. , Taylor Diane W.
Published: July 2018

Plasmodium falciparum
infections are serious in pregnant women, because VAR2CSA allows parasitized erythrocytes to sequester in the placenta, causing placental malaria (PM). In areas of endemicity, women have substantial malarial immunity prior to pregnancy, including antibodies to merozoite antigens, but produce antibodies to VAR2CSA only during pregnancy.
Bub1 Facilitates Virus Entry through Endocytosis in a Model of Drosophila Pathogenesis
Authors: Yang Shuo , Yu Junjing , Fan Zhiqin , Gong Si-tang , Tang Hong , Pan Lei
Published: July 2018

In this work, we identify for the first time that the nuclear protein Bub1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1), a highly conserved subunit of the kinetochore complex regulating chromosome congression, has a novel and important function on the cell membrane to facilitate the virus to enter host cells. Bub1 deficiency empowers the host to have the ability to resist viral infection in
Drosophila
and a human cell line. Bub1 is involved in the virus entry step through regulating endocytosis. The DCV capsid protein can recruit Bub1, and DCV infection can strengthen the interaction between Bub1 and a clathrin-dependent endocytosis component. The restricted entry of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and
Listeria monocytogenes
in
bub1
-deficient flies and cell lines was also observed. Therefore, our data implicate a previously unknown function of Bub1 that can be hijacked by pathogens to facilitate their entry, and Bub1 may serve as a potential antiviral therapy target for limiting viral entry.
The 5′ Untranslated Region of the Capsid Protein 2 Gene of Mink Enteritis Virus Is Essential for Its Expression
Authors: Yang Shuang-Shuang , Wang Jigui , Li Zhaoda , Cui Shangjin , Liu Weiquan
Published: July 2018

MEV, a parvovirus, causes acute enteritis in mink. In the present report, we describe an untranslated sequence-dependent mechanism by which MEV regulates capsid gene expression. Our results highlight the roles of untranslated sequences in regulating the transcriptional activity of P38 promoter and translation of capsid genes. These data also reveal the possibility of an unusual translation mechanism in capsid protein expression and the multiple functions of nonstructural protein. A better understanding of the gene expression regulation mechanism of this virus will help in the design of new vaccines and targets for antiviral agents against MEV.
The Apical Region of the Herpes Simplex Virus Major Capsid Protein Promotes Capsid Maturation
Authors: Ruhge Laura L. , Huet Alexis G. E. , Conway James F. , Smith Gregory A.
Published: July 2018

Herpesviruses assemble capsids and encapsidate their genomes by a process that is unlike those of other mammalian viruses but is similar to those of some bacteriophage. Many important aspects of herpesvirus morphogenesis remain enigmatic, including how the capsid shell matures into a stable angularized configuration. Capsid maturation is triggered by activation of a protease that cleaves an internal protein scaffold. We report on the fortuitous discovery that a region of the major capsid protein that is exposed on the outer surface of the capsid also contributes to capsid maturation, demonstrating that the morphogenesis of the capsid shell from its procapsid precursor to the mature angularized form is dependent upon internal and external components of the megastructure.
Transporters MRP1 and MRP2 Regulate Opposing Inflammatory Signals To Control Transepithelial Neutrophil Migration during Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection
Authors: Zukauskas Andrew , Mrsny Randall J. , Cortés Barrantes Paula , Turner Jerrold R. , Leong John M. , McCormick Beth A.
Published: July 2018

Streptococcus pneumoniaeis a Gram-positive bacterium that normally inhabits the human nasopharynx asymptomatically. However, it is also a major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. The transition from pneumonia to bacteremia is critical, as patients that develop septicemia have ~20% mortality rates. Previous studies have shown that while neutrophils, a major bacterium-induced leukocyte, aid inS. pneumoniaeelimination, they also contribute to pathology and may mediate the lung-to-blood passage of the bacteria. Herein, we show that epithelium-derived MRP1 and MRP2 efflux immunomodulatory agents that assist in controlling passage of neutrophils during infection and that limiting neutrophil infiltration produced less bacteremia and better survival during murine infection. The importance of our work is twofold: ours is the first to identify an MRP1/MRP2 axis of neutrophil control in the lung. The second is to provide possible therapeutic targets to reduce excess inflammation, thus reducing the chances of developing bacteremia during pneumococcal pneumonia.
The Brazilian health system at crossroads: progress, crisis and resilience
Authors: Massuda Adriano , Hone Thomas , Leles Fernando Antonio Gomes , de Castro Marcia C , Atun Rifat
Published: July 2018

The Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)) has enabled substantial progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Brazil. However, structural weakness, economic and political crises and austerity policies that have capped public expenditure growth are threatening its sustainability and outcomes. This paper analyses the Brazilian health system progress since 2000 and the current and potential effects of the coalescing economic and political crises and the subsequent austerity policies. We use literature review, policy analysis and secondary data from governmental sources in 2000–2017 to examine changes in political and economic context, health financing, health resources and healthcare service coverage in SUS. We find that, despite a favourable context, which enabled expansion of UHC from 2003 to 2014, structural problems persist in SUS, including gaps in organisation and governance, low public funding and suboptimal resource allocation. Consequently, large regional disparities exist in access to healthcare services and health outcomes, with poorer regions and lower socioeconomic population groups disadvantaged the most. These structural problems and disparities will likely worsen with the austerity measures introduced by the current government, and risk reversing the achievements of SUS in improving population health outcomes. The speed at which adverse effects of the current and political crises are manifested in the Brazilian health system underscores the importance of enhancing health system resilience to counteract external shocks (such as economic and political crises) and internal shocks (such as sector-specific austerity policies and rapid ageing leading to rise in disease burden) to protect hard-achieved progress towards UHC.
Performance of verbal autopsy methods in estimating HIV-associated mortality among adults in South Africa
Authors: Karat Aaron S , Maraba Noriah , Tlali Mpho , Charalambous Salome , Chihota Violet N , Churchyard Gavin J , Fielding Katherine L , Hanifa Yasmeen , Johnson Suzanne , McCarthy Kerrigan M , Kahn Kathleen , Chandramohan Daniel , Grant Alison D
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Verbal autopsy (VA) can be integrated into civil registration and vital statistics systems, but its accuracy in determining HIV-associated causes of death (CoD) is uncertain. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of VA questions in determining HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and compared HIV-associated mortality fractions assigned by different VA interpretation methods.

Methods

Using the WHO 2012 instrument with added ART questions, VA was conducted for deaths among adults with known HIV status (356 HIV positive and 103 HIV negative) in South Africa. CoD were assigned using physician-certified VA (PCVA) and computer-coded VA (CCVA) methods and compared with documented HIV status.

Results

The sensitivity of VA questions in detecting HIV status and ART initiation was 84.3% (95% CI 80 to 88) and 91.0% (95% CI 86 to 95); 283/356 (79.5%) HIV-positive individuals were assigned HIV-associated CoD by PCVA, 166 (46.6%) by InterVA-4.03, 201 (56.5%) by InterVA-5, and 80 (22.5%) and 289 (81.2%) by SmartVA-Analyze V.1.1.1 and V.1.2.1. Agreement between PCVA and older CCVA methods was poor (chance-corrected concordance [CCC] <0; cause-specific mortality fraction [CSMF] accuracy ≤56%) but better between PCVA and updated methods (CCC 0.21–0.75; CSMF accuracy 65%–98%). All methods were specific (specificity 87% to 96%) in assigning HIV-associated CoD.

Conclusion

All CCVA interpretation methods underestimated the HIV-associated mortality fraction compared with PCVA; InterVA-5 and SmartVA-Analyze V.1.2.1 performed better than earlier versions. Changes to VA methods and classification systems are needed to track progress towards targets for reducing HIV-associated mortality,
Ethnic variation in unexplained deaths in infancy, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), England and Wales 2006–2012: national birth cohort study using routine data
Authors: Kroll Mary E , Quigley Maria A , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Dattani Nirupa , Li Yangmei , Hollowell Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Background

Unexplained deaths in infancy comprise ‘sudden infant death syndrome’ (SIDS) and deaths without ascertained cause. They are typically sleep-related, perhaps triggered by unsafe sleep environments. Preterm birth may increase risk, and varies with ethnicity. We aimed to compare ethnic-specific rates of unexplained infant death, explore sociodemographic explanations for ethnic variation, and examine the role of preterm birth.

Methods

We analysed routine data for 4.6 million live singleton births in England and Wales 2006–2012, including seven non-White ethnic groups ranging in size from 29 313 (Mixed Black-African-White) to 180 265 (Pakistani). We calculated rates, birth-year-adjusted ORs, and effects of further adjustments on the χ2for ethnic variation.

Results

There were 1559 unexplained infant deaths. Crude rates per 1000 live singleton births were as follows: 0.1–0.2 for Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, White Non-British, Black African; 0.4 for White British; 0.6–0.7 for Mixed Black-African-White, Mixed Black-Caribbean-White, Black Caribbean. Birth-year-adjusted ORs relative to White British ranged from 0.38 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.60) for Indian babies to 1.73 (1.21 to 2.47) for Black Caribbean (χ2(10 df)=113.6, p<0.0005). Combined adjustment for parents’ marital/registration status and mother’s country of birth (UK/non-UK) attenuated the ethnic variation. Adjustments for gestational age at birth, maternal age and area deprivation made little difference.

Conclusion

Substantial ethnic disparity in risk of unexplained infant death exists in England and Wales. Apparently not attributable to preterm birth or area deprivation, this may reflect cultural differences in infant care. Further research into infant-care practices in low-risk ethnic groups might enable more effective prevention of such deaths in the general population.
MACRA 2.5: the legislation moves forward
Authors: Golding Lauren Parks , Nicola Gregory N , Ansari Sameer A , Rosenkrantz Andrew B , Silva III Ezequiel , Manchikanti Laxmaiah , Hirsch Joshua A
Published: July 2018

The Medicare and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 remains the payment policy law of the land. 2017 was the first year in which performance reporting will tangibly impact future physician payments. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) considers 2017 and 2018 transitional years before full implementation in 2019. As such, 2018 increases the reporting requirements over 2017 in the form of a gradual phase-in while introducing several key changes and new elements. Indeed, it is the nature of the transition itself that led to the somewhat unique title of this manuscript, i.e., MACRA 2.5. Stakeholder feedback to the CMS regarding the program has ranged widely from the elimination of core components to expanding reporting to non-government payers. This article explores the potential impact on neurointerventional physicians.
Larger ACE 68 aspiration catheter increases first-pass efficacy of ADAPT technique
Authors: Delgado Almandoz Josser E , Kayan Yasha , Wallace Adam N , Tarrel Ronald M , Fease Jennifer L , Scholz Jill Marie , Milner Anna M , Roohani Pezhman , Mulder Maximilian , Young Mark L
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To report the efficacy of A Direct Aspiration first-Pass Thrombectomy (ADAPT) technique with larger-bore ACE aspiration catheters as first-line treatment for anterior circulation emergent large vessel occlusions (ELVOs), and assess for the presence of a first-pass effect with ADAPT.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 152 consecutive patients with anterior circulation ELVOs treated with the ADAPT technique as first-line treatment using ACE60, 64, or 68 at our institution. Baseline characteristics, procedural variables, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days were recorded.

Results

Fifty-seven patients were treated with ACE60 (37.5%), 35 with ACE64 (23%), and 60 with ACE68 (39.5%). Median groin puncture to reperfusion time was 30 min with ACE60, 26 min with ACE64, and 19.5 min with ACE68. Successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass was 33% with ACE60 and 53% with ACE68 (P=0.04). The stent-retriever rescue rate was 26% with ACE60, 3% with ACE64, and 10% with ACE68 (P=0.004). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of the ACE68 aspiration catheter was an independent predictor of successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass (P=0.016, OR1.67, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.54), and successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass was an independent predictor of good clinical outcome at 90 days (P=0.0004, OR6.2, 95% CI 2.27 to 16.8).

Conclusion

Use of the larger-bore ACE 68 aspiration catheter was associated with shorter groin puncture to reperfusion time, higher rate of successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass, and lower rate of stent-retriever rescue. Further, a first-pass effect was demonstrated in our ADAPT patient cohort.
Transient in-stent stenosis: a common finding after flow diverter implantation
Authors: Mühl-Benninghaus Ruben , Haußmann Alena , Simgen Andreas , Tomori Toshiki , Reith Wolfgang , Yilmaz Umut
Published: July 2018

Background and purpose

In recent years, implantation of flow diverters has emerged as an option for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. One complication of treatment with flow diverters is the occurrence of in-stent stenosis, which has been reported to be partially reversible. The purpose of our study was to assess the incidence and dynamics of in-stent stenosis on angiographic short term and long term follow-up after treatment with flow diverters.

Methods

A retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database identified all patients with intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms treated by flow diverters at our institution between 2014 and 2017. Clinical charts, procedural data, and angiographic results were reviewed.

Results

18 patients were included. The mean short term follow-up was 92±19 days and mean long term follow-up was 449±120 days after treatment. No neurologic complications were observed. There was no procedure related mortality. Long term angiographic results showed complete occlusion in 83.3%, neck remnants in 11.1%, and incomplete occlusion in 5.5% of cases. In-stent stenosis was observed in all cases. Mean stenosis improved significantly from 30% on short term follow-up to 12% on long-term follow-up (P<0.0001).

Conclusion

In-stent stenosis is a common finding on short term follow-up after the treatment with flow diverters but improves over time.
Effect of routing paradigm on patient-centered outcomes in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhou Minerva H , Kansagra Akash P
Published: July 2018

This article has been retracted
Long term follow-up of endovascular management of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations with emphasis on particle embolization
Authors: Collin Adrien , Labeyrie Marc-Antoine , Lenck Stephanie , Zetchi Akli , Aymard Armand , Saint-Maurice Jean-Pierre , Civelli Vittorio , Houdart Emmanuel
Published: July 2018

Objective

To determine long term safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), with calibrated particle embolization as a firstline approach.

Methods

We reviewed clinical and imaging data of consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment for both nidal and fistulous type spinal cord AVMs in our center, from 1990 to 2015. Outcome at the last follow-up was assessed by an independent observer.

Results

Embolization of spinal cord AVMs was performed in 61 patients, including 46 (75%) with particles (exclusively in 29 patients), 30 (49%) with cyanoacrylate, and 6 (10%) with combined surgical treatments. Particle embolizations were iterative in 33 patients (median number of sessions 5 (range 3–6)). Neurological deterioration after treatment occurred in 5 patients (cyanoacrylate=4, surgery=1, particles=0; P<0.001). At a median follow-up of 6 years (range 3–13 years), angiographic cure was obtained in 11/61 (18%) patients (nidal type=6/53 (11%), fistulous type=5/8 (63%)). In progressive forms, neurological improvement occurred in 16/28 (57%) patients, stabilized in 9/28 (31%), and worsened in 3/28 (12%). In hemorrhagic forms, the rebleeding rate was 4/14 patient years without standard treatment, 0/322 patient years in partial iterative treatment, and 0/15 patient years in angiographically cured lesions (P=0.001).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that particle embolization as a firstline therapy to treat spinal cord AVMs is safe and offers long term efficacy, especially for those with small, distal, and multiple shunts. Partial occlusion of the AVM may be sufficient to prevent rebleeding, without the potential risks of complete occlusion. Particle calibration and injection technique, ‘one by one’, are critical to safety. Cyanoacrylate embolization or surgery remains necessary if particle embolization fails to occlude large shunts.
Direct oral anticoagulants versus standard triple therapy in atrial fibrillation and PCI: meta-analysis
Authors: Brunetti Natale Daniele , Tarantino Nicola , De Gennaro Luisa , Correale Michele , Santoro Francesco , Di Biase Matteo
Published: July 2018

The coexistence of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation (AF) in the same individuals raises great concern about the co-treatment with different antithrombotic agents in the case of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) revolutionised the therapy of AF; less is known, however, about the safety and efficacy of therapy with DOACs in combination with antiplatelet agents after PCI. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies enrolling patients with nonvalvular AF undergoing PCI. We assessed Mantel-Haenszel pooled estimates of risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs for any bleeding (AB), cardiovascular events (CVE), major bleeding (MB), myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis (ST) at follow-up: 4849 patients have been included in the analysis. When compared with patients receiving standard triple therapy (vitamin-K antagonists plus double antiplatelet therapy [VKAs plus DAPT]), patients receiving DOACs (rivaroxaban/dabigatran plus either one or two antiplatelet agents) had a statistically significant lower risk of AB (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.59–0.75, p<0.00001), as well as of MB (RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.47–0.73, p<0.00001). Equivalent efficacy was found about CVE (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89–1.19, p=0.69), MI (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.81–1.45, p=0.57), while slight although non-statistically significant increased risk of ST was found (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.86–2.48, p=0.16). In conclusion, DOACs are safer than and as effective as warfarin when used in patients with AF undergoing PCI; dual therapy with DOACs is comparable to triple therapy in terms of safety and efficacy.
Associations of the expression levels of genes involved in CFL2b and MyHC isoform type changes in longissimus dorsi muscle of HeBao and Large White pigs (Sus scrofa) during postnatal growth
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Yang Huixin , Zhao Wei , Su Yuhong , Tian Yumin
Published: July 2018

This study aimed to compare the patterns of postnatal transformation of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform types in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle between HeBao (HB) and Large White (LW) pigs, and assess the association of porcine cofilin2b (CFL2b) mRNA abundance with changes of myofiber type composition. The four MyHC isoforms (MyHC-1, -2a, -2b, and -2x) of the LD muscle were assessed for mRNA levels in 28 HB and 28 LW pigs by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The associations of CFL2b mRNA expression and myofiber type (MyHC-1, -2a, -2b, and -2x) changes were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Although the mRNA expression patterns of MyHCs were different between the two breeds, they had similar expression levels. During postnatal growth, relative CFL2b abundance was gradually increased, with dramatic changes observed after 90 d between the two breeds (P < 0.01). Further analysis revealed significant positive correlations of CFL2b gene expression with MyHC-1/slow (HB: r = 0.871), MyHC-2b [LW: r = 0.881 (P < 0.01)], and MyHC-2x (HB: r = 0.795, LW: r = 0.814), and a significant negative correlation with MyHC-1/slow [r = −0.938 (P < 0.01)] in LW. No significant associations of CFL2b expression with MyHC-2a (HB: r = −0. 195, r = −0.697) and MyHC-2b (HB: r = 0.493) were found. Our findings suggested that HB pigs had different muscle development mechanisms in the LD muscle compared with LW, and the CFL2b expression difference could affect the levels of myofiber types which could account for meat quality differences. HB pigs possessed less glycolytic, with more oxidative metabolism and better meat quality traits compared with LW pigs at different growth stages.
Macrophage M1/M2 polarization in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension
Authors: Li Yan , Xie Zhen , Wang Yaning , Hu Hongyi
Published: July 2018

This study aimed to validate whether macrophage polarization imbalance and abnormal cytokines production occurred in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) patients. PIH women (n = 26) were enrolled and the level of biochemical parameters were determined. The percentage of CD86- and CD163-positive cells, representing M1 and M2 macrophages, were determined by flow cytometry. The concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. THP-1 cells were incubated with 10% serum from PIH and control groups, and then macrophage polarization and cytokines production were analyzed. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly lower, and the levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein a were significantly higher in the PIH group than that in the control group. The PIH group contained a significant higher percentage of CD86-positive cells (M1) and a significant lower percentage of CD163-positive cells (M2), representing higher M1/M2 ratio, than the control group. The PIH group expressed higher concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β, and expressed lower concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 than the control group. The in vitro experiment also showed macrophage polarization imbalance and abnormal cytokines production in THP-1 cells treated with PIH serum as compared with that treated with control serum. Macrophage polarization imbalance and abnormal cytokines production occurred in PIH patients and in THP-1 cells treated with PIH serum.
The interior C2 estimate for equation detD2u = f(x,∇u) in dimension two
Authors: Hong Jin , Han Fei
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we establish the interior [Formula: see text] estimate for equation [Formula: see text] with an auxiliary function in dimension [Formula: see text].
Enhancing LBP by preprocessing via anisotropic diffusion
Authors: Barros Neiva Mariane , Guidotti Patrick , Bruno Odemir Martinez
Published: July 2018

The main goal of this paper is to study the addition of a new preprocessing step in order to improve local feature descriptors and texture classification. The preprocessing is implemented by using transformations which help highlight salient features that play a significant role in texture recognition. We evaluate and compare four different competing methods: three different anisotropic diffusion methods including the classical anisotropic Perona–Malik diffusion and two subsequent regularizations of it and the application of a Gaussian kernel, which is the classical multiscale approach in texture analysis. The combination of the transformed images and the original ones are analyzed. The results show that the use of the preprocessing step does lead to an improvement in texture recognition.