bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Cities, Systemic Power, and Upper-Middle-Class Influence
Authors: Boschken Herman L.
Published: July 2003

Perhaps the central feature distinguishing global cities from nonglobal ones is transnational connectedness. But another important consideration in urban globalization is the disproportion-ately high presence of upper middle class (UMC) whose membership includes institutional professionals at the forefront of postmodern awareness and international experience. Symbolized by a lifestyle genre, the UMC is more than a marker of the global city. It exerts a subliminal influence that prescribes the cityscape policy that outcomes planners emphasize to ensure principal membership for the city in global exchange. The author theorizes about this relationship under-lying global-city development, proposes a construct for each variable, presents some preliminary empirical evidence of the association, and draws some implications about its social impacts.
Reasonableness, Satisfaction, and Willingness to Pay Property Taxes
Authors: Simonsen Bill , Robbins Mark D.
Published: July 2003

The authors explore whether citizen preferences for taxes are influenced by perceptions of the quality of government and government services. Waterford, Connecticut, was faced with a revenue crisis when the property taxes paid by a nuclear power facility in the town were significantly reduced after deregulation. On the basis of a survey of town residents, the authors find that citizens in Waterford were willing to act reasonably in response to fiscal problems. Furthermore, attitudes toward government and its services are important determinants of support for taxes.
Scottish Local Authorities and the Procurement of Private Finance Initiative Projects
Authors: Asenova Darinka , Beck Matthias
Published: July 2003

An increasing share of public services in Britain and its regions are procured through Private Finance Initiative (PFI) schemes. Past research has shown that PFI procurement puts heavy demands on the managerial skills of public sector managers, particularly as concerns the management of procurement and project risks. Although government initiatives have sought to identify and remedy some of the weaknesses of the public sector as PFI procurer, there are strong indications that Scottish local authorities continue to encounter problems in procuring PFI projects. Comparing two large-scale multisite school projects, which were completed as PFIs in August 2001 and October 2002, this article presents evidence of a learning process in which local authorities have developed increased expertise in project management. These improvements concern the way these authorities have understood, assessed, and managed PFI risks as well as their approach to the allocation of risks between project partners.
Regional Differences in the Utilization of the Mortgage Interest Deduction
Authors: Brady Peter , Cronin Julie-Anne , Houser Scott
Published: July 2003

The value of federal income tax deductions, such as the home mortgage interest deduction (MID), varies across geographic regions. This study uses 1995 tax data to investigate the extent to which the current mortgage deduction is used and how the utilization differs across regions. The authors show that substantial regional differences in using the MID are related to differences in income, the level of house prices, the rate and form of state and local taxation, and demographic differences that affect homeownership and the amount of mortgage debt. About 40% of the explained regional variation in itemization is due to regional differences in house prices; another 20% is due to differences in state and local income and property taxes. About two thirds of the explained regional variation in the average size of the MID is due to regional differences in housing prices and state and local income and property taxes.
The Measurement of Interregional Redistribution
Authors: Ruggeri G. C. , Yu Weiqiu
Published: July 2003

This study develops local and global indices to measure interregional redistribution. The local indices compare federal revenues and expenditures assigned to various regions with the pattern of income disparities among regions. They are developed by relating these comparisons under a given regional distribution of federal fiscal activity to three special cases under known degrees of redistribution: no redistribution, the degree of redistribution that would be delivered solely through equal per capita federal spending in each region, and the maximum degree of redistribution that would equalize per capita income in all regions. Global indices are then developed as weighted averages of the local indices. Results show that the federal fiscal system in 1996 delivered a degree of interregional redistribution 1.8 times what would have been generated under equal per capita federal expenditures in each region and nearly half of the maximum redistribution that could have been delivered by the federal fisc.
Durable Constitutional Rules and Rent Seeking
Authors: Sutter Daniel
Published: July 2003

Many constitutional political economists argue that the length of time constitutions remain in effect distinguishes constitutional politics from legislative politics. The author explores the role of constitutional durability in a repeated rent-seeking game. A general interest (e.g., consumers) in the game can lobby for a constitutional prohibition that prevents the rent-seeking contest from occurring. A durable constitution can reduce expected rent-seeking expenditures if constitutional politics occurs less frequently than legislative politics, stable rights to receive rents do not exist, and the general interest has a longer time horizon than rent seekers. Under these conditions, general interest lobbying for a constitutional prohibition denies transfers to future rent seekers unable to participate in politics today.
Effects of Public and Private R&D on Private-Sector Performance in the United States
Authors: Archibald Robert B. , Pereira Alfredo M.
Published: July 2003

This study analyzes the effects of public and private research and development (R&D) on private-sector output, employment, and investment using a multivariate time-series approach. This approach follows the conceptual argument that dynamic feedbacks are essential to understanding the relationship between public-funded R&D and private-sector performance. With this approach, the authors are able to measure the total effects of public and private R&D on private output. The results suggest that in the long term, public R&D does not affect employment but crowds in private investment, whereas private R&D is a substitute for both. As a consequence, the long-term effects of public R&D on output are positive and substantial, whereas the effects of private R&D are at best marginally positive. As a corollary, the authors argue that public R&D should be brought into the limelight as a leading candidate for explaining the growth slowdown in the past decades.
Rethinking Nutritional Support for Persons with Cancer Cachexia
Authors: McCarthy Donna O.
Published: July 2003

Cancer cachexia is a poorly understood syndrome of anorexia, weight loss, and muscle wasting that negatively impacts quality of life and survival in cancer patients. Research has clearly implicated proinflammatory cytokines in the biology of cancer cachexia. More recent research implicates products of arachidonic acid and suggests that cachexia may be a chronic inflammatory condition rather than a nutritional aberration. To date, nutritional support to slow weight loss has focused primarily on increasing calorie intake. Alternatively, many foods contain factors that can modulate the synthesis or activity of proinflammatory mediators, especially the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. These factors and foods are sometimes called nutraceuticals, and research is needed to evaluate their efficacy in combating cancer cachexia.
The Relationship between Chronic Pain, Immune Function, Depression, and Health Behaviors
Authors: Vines Susan W. , Gupta Sat , Whiteside Theresa , Dostal-Johnson Dorene , Hummler-Davis Anna
Published: July 2003

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the relationships between pain perceptions, immune function, depression and health behaviors and 2) to examine the effects of chronic pain on immune function using depression and health behaviors as covariates. A nonexperimental cross-sectional design was used to compare 24 chronic back pain patients with 33 asymptomatic no-pain healthy subjects. Immune function measures using natural killer (NK) cell activity, percent and numbers of NK cells, and T-cell lymphocyte proliferation with mitogens concanavalin A (ConA) and pytohemagglutinin (PHA) as well as self-report measures for depression and health behaviors were collected on all subjects. Pain perceptions showed positive significant correlations with depression (P = 0.01) and total percent of NK cells (P = 0.04). Depression and health behaviors were negatively correlated (P = 0.01). Positive associations were observed for depression and 2 PHA mitogen levels (P < 0.05). Comparison of group means, controlling for depression and health behaviors, showed that chronic pain patients' immune function, as measured by the combined NK effector to target (E:T) cell ratio levels, was significantly higher than the no-pain comparison group. Pain perceptions may have a deleterious effect on enumerative NK cell measures and depression levels. However, people with chronic pain may not experience attenuation in functional immune parameters.
Novel Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndrome Outcomes
Authors: Frazier Lorraine
Published: July 2003

Morbidity and mortality rates among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain high, and it is difficult to determine which patients will progress satisfactorily and which patients will have poor outcomes. Research has indicated that the inflammatory process is involved in coronary disease. There is great interest within the research community in determining if inflammatory markers could be used to determine the severity of the disease process and therefore serve as a prognostic tool for clinicians. This article describes the inflammatory process in ACS and provides a review of the current diagnostic studies of endothelial inflammatory markers (EIMs) in heart disease. Although research results of EIMs have not all been significant in determining outcomes, there is some evidence that they may be more specific than other generalized inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein. Future research of EIMs in patients with ACS might provide evidence of easy-to-measure and economically feasible markers that are sound prognosticators.
Compliance with Antihypertensive Therapy after Renal Artery Stenting
Authors: Reddy Bhagat K. , Kennedy David J. , Colyer William R. , Burket Mark W. , Thomas William J. , Khuder Sadik A. , Shapiro Joseph I. , Topp Robert V. , Cooper Christopher J.
Published: July 2003

Hypertension is an important clinical endpoint after renal artery revascularization for renal artery stenosis (RAS). Medication compliance is a critical determinant of blood pressure control. Although factors influencing compliance are known in essential hypertension, they have not been evaluated in studies investigating renal artery revascularization. The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of compliance to antihypertensive therapy in patients with RAS following renal artery stent placement (RASP). A cross-sectional study evaluating blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, quality of life, compliance, and determinants of compliance to antihypertensive therapy was undertaken in 112 patients undergoing RASP. Additionally, cardiovascular risk factors, antihypertensive medications, and cardiovascular history were reported. Self-reported compliance was 79% ± 24% (scale of 0% [none] to 100% [complete] compliance) in patients after RASP. Determinants of compliance by multivariate analysis included physical symptoms, which correlated negatively to compliance and included loss of appetite (r2 = 0.26, P < 0.0001), dizziness (r2 = 0.06, P < 0.01), and cough (r2 = 0.03, P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure correlated positively with compliance (r2 = 0.03, P < 0.05). The number or class of antihypertensive medications did not influence compliance. Patients' physical symptoms and level of systolic blood pressure, rather than the number or class of medications, influence compliance in patients with continued hypertension after RASP. Attention to physical symptoms may help to improve blood pressure control in this population.
Impact of Sex and Gender on Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Heitkemper Margaret , Jarrett Monica , Bond Eleanor F. , Chang Lin
Published: July 2003

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and change in defecation pattern. This review addresses the topic of possible sex (genetic, biological) and gender (experiential, perceptual) differences in individuals with and without IBS. Several observations make the topic important. First, there is a predominance of women as compared to men who seek health care services for IBS in the United States and other industrialized societies. Second, menstrual cycle-linked differences are observed in IBS symptom reports. Third, women with IBS tend to report greater problems with constipation and nongastrointestinal complaints associated with IBS. Fourth, serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 partial agonist drugs appear to more effectively diminish reports of bowel pattern disruption in women with IBS as compared to men. This review examines sex and gender modulation of gastrointestinal motility and transit, visceral pain sensitivity, autonomic nervous system function, serotonin biochemistry, and differences in health care-seeking behavior for IBS.
Transplanted or Uprooted?
Authors: Franz Barbara
Published: July 2003

During their settlement in Vienna and New York City, Bosnian refugees experienced class and ethnic conflicts. While the integration mechanisms of the two host societies differed substantially, Bosnian men and women have developed quite different networks. Bosnian women in the Vienna sample developed often lasting relationships with natives or other non-refugees that eventually led to permanent jobs and rather substantial networks. They integrated particularly into wider majority societal circles. However, even though women in Vienna developed substantial networks, clashes based on different social classes often resulted in conflicts in the women's work environment. Bosnian women and men in New York City only rarely established similar networks with US residents and other long-term residents. Their integration occurred more along ethnic boundaries. Bosnian men in Vienna and the Bosnian refugee population in general in New York City integrated predominantly into the newly formed Bosnian communities in those locales.
Fair or Unfair? Perceived Fairness of Household Division of Labour and Gender Equality among Women and Men
Authors: Nordenmark Mikael , Nyman Charlott
Published: July 2003

The main aim of this study is to analyse how time use, individual resources, distributive justice and gender ideology influence perceptions of fairness concerning housework and gender equality. The analyses are based on survey data as well as on an interview study, both including Swedish couples. The quantitative results show that it is only factors connected to time use (division of housework and leisure time) that are significantly correlated to both perceptions of fairness concerning division of household labour and gender equality. Although the qualitative results in part confirm this picture, they also illustrate the complexity of concepts like fairness and equality. The interviews show that there are several factors and mechanisms at work in influencing perceptions of fairness and equality that were not possible to see from the quantitative analysis alone.
Money, God and Race
Authors: Halkias Alexandra
Published: July 2003

At the present historical moment, the modernization of the Greek nation is at the forefront of discussion in the Greek public sphere. In the shadow of this discussion, the official public sphere has also been grappling with a very low national birth rate - approximately 100,000 per population of 11 million. This statistical phenomenon is coupled with a high frequency of abortion, between 150,000 and 200,000 in 2001, and is referred to in the media and policy discussions as `the demografiko', Greece's `No. 1 or No. 2 national problem'. This article examines popular Greek perceptions of the problem of the national birth rate and the contestation between meanings of nationhood that the resulting discourses both illuminate and, as the author shows, sometimes incite. The focus is on what women living in Athens say about the demografiko. These are voices not currently being heard in the public sphere. The author argues that the demografiko's articulation of `Greece' is a window through which one witnesses the racially and religiously inflected politics of late modernity, just as they are also being played out at the site of gender and reproduction elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
Good, Bad and Troublesome
Authors: Malin Maili
Published: July 2003

Clinical decision-making concerns the normal and the not normal (the Other, the different) and is marked by moral discourse. In the area of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), little is known about physicians' attitudes towards their patients, and therefore one aim of this study is to enquire into infertility clinicians' perceptions of their patients. Additionally, this study seeks to establish what kinds of patients are defined by the clinicians as Others, as less appropriate candidates for infertility treatment. In this study, clinical judgements were affected by the gendered nature of patients and by the supposed nature of potential mothers-to-be. The other patients and mothers-to-be were described in terms of their mental, physical and emotional status, and in terms of their lifestyle. The most inappropriate Other mothers-to-be were those who (or whose partner) had complicated psychosocial and health problems. A second group were described as single and supposedly lonely women, and as women who were considered too career oriented. The importance of money played a primary role in determining who is supposedly a good mother. Namely, if a woman was too rich or too stingy and career oriented, or too poor, with several psychosocial problems, her capacity for maternal love (i.e. for giving love) was questioned. The clinicians' perceptions of the roles of technology and nature in assisted reproduction technologies are also discussed.
The Politics of Representation as a Projection of Identity
Authors: Cupic Simona
Published: July 2003

This article deals with questions concerning the nature of representation of the female body within the so-called `oriental' discourse in Serbian art: Who is the painter? For whom is the work painted? With whom is the work identified? With what other possibilities of identification does the work leave us? In the context of the historical codes, a stance towards a body is seen as a projection of the social, cultural and power impulses. In the first case studied, the artist (Djordje Krstic) was a male commissioned by the Serbian court to paint a series of paintings for the indigenous population and foreigners. In the second case, the artist (Paja Jovanovic) was also male, a Serb working in Vienna, who painted for the audience of the `real Europe' from the position of an identity alteration. The third case focuses on a female artist, Babett Bachmayer Vukanovic, who was born in Germany but after marrying a Serb moved to her husband's homeland. Visual constructions of female bodies are used as the starting point for the deconstruction of ignored gender-related questions in analysing époque.
Author(iz)ing Agency
Authors: Bracke Sarah
Published: July 2003

This article discusses ways in which feminist scholars draw upon agency in relation to the complex subject matter of women's engagement in so-called `fundamentalist' movements. While postcolonial critiques generally reject the term `fundamentalism', and in particular the way it is linked to Islam, feminist perspectives have a vested interest in looking at contemporary developments in different religions from the perspective of women's lives. Against the patriarchal reputations of fundamentalist movements, feminist scholarship increasingly tends to emphasize women's agency, thereby effectively breaking with widespread notions of `false consciousness'. After briefly discussing two such examples, the question is raised whether this emphasis on agency does not risk evacuating structural constraints in the construction of subjectivity, thus neutralizing the productive tension, at the heart of women's studies, between structure and agency. In conclusion, the article joins other calls for new ways of thinking about subjectivity.
Liminality and Perpetuation of Conflicts: Turkish-Greek Relations in the Context of Community-Building by the EU
Authors: Rumelili Bahar
Published: July 2003

While the `security communities' literature has underscored the positive implications of collective identity for sustained peace and cooperation within the communities, it has overlooked the possible security implications of the discourses and practices of differentiation necessarily entailed in the construction of collective identity. Building on the case of Turkish-Greek relations, I argue that through these discourses and practices of differentiation, community-building can create and sustain discursive conditions conducive to conflict perpetuation, especially with and among states situated in liminal positions with respect to the community. Analyzing official and media discourse in Turkey and Greece between 1995 and 1999, I demonstrate, how by situating Turkey and Greece in different and also liminal/precarious positions with respect to `Europe', the community-building discourse of the EU reinforced and legitimized in the two states representations of their identities as different from and also as threatening to each other.
How the Wealth of Nations Conditions the Liberal Peace
Authors: Mousseau Michael , Hegre Håvard , O'neal John R.
Published: July 2003

Over the past decade the liberal peace—the finding that democracy and economic interdependence contribute to peace among nations—has emerged as one of the strongest and most important results in the scientific study of international relations. Recent research indicates, however, that the pacific benefits of democracy and interdependence may not be unconditional but contingent upon the wealth of nations. We assess the independent and conditional influences of democracy, interdependence and economic development on the likelihood of fatal militarized disputes over the period 1885 to 1992. Economically important trade has an independent, substantively important pacifying effect, but the conflict-reducing effect of democracy depends on the level of economic development. If the less developed state in a dyad has a per capita GDP below 1400USD, joint democracy is not a significant force for peace. Our results indicate that the vast majority of past research on the democratic peace is imperfectly specified because the character of states' political institutions alone does not account for the likelihood of military conflict. To advance further the cause of peace, we must encourage increased global trade and development along with democratic institutions.
How Should Culture be Studied?
Authors: Toomela Aaro
Published: July 2003

What should be studied in order to understand culture depends on how culture is defined. Different definitions imply different methods and research questions. Sneddon (2003) suggests that, to understand culture, it is necessary to study cultural activities, tacit and explicit representations. I propose that Sneddon's account is incomplete; there are more than only two kinds of representations that should be differentiated. In addition, there is no way to study representations without studying activities. Thus, it is necessary to understand what kinds of representations can be studied through different activities. I also draw attention to communication, which is not just another cultural activity, but rather a very special social-cultural activity through which limits of sensory-based information processing can be transcended.
Comparison of Public and Academic Discourses: Estonian Individualism and Collectivism Revisited
Authors: Realo Anu
Published: July 2003

The article studies the meaning of individualism and collectivism from two different perspectives—from the viewpoints of the academic discipline of cross-cultural psychology and of Estonian public discourse. More specifically, the aim of this study is to explore and understand the difference between Estonians' autostereotype of their extreme individualism and the opposing opinion held by the cross-cultural research community that sees Estonia as a collectivistic country. The findings show that the definitions and conceptualizations of individualism and collectivism by cross-cultural psychologists and Estonian lay-people are indeed only partially overlapping. If Estonians speak about their individualism or collectivism, they seem to emphasize their being/acting alone versus being/working in groups, whereas for cross-cultural researchers the defining attributes of individualism are striving for affective and intellectual autonomy and egalitarian values versus conservatism. Moreover, the findings clearly suggest that the concepts of individualism and collectivism are conceptualized differently not only in Estonian public discourse and academic discourse, but also within academic discourse in cross-cultural psychology. It seems that behind the solid and broad façade of individualism-collectivism, multiple concepts co-habit with rather diverse meanings. Future research should redirect its focus on the core elements of individualism and collectivism in order to clean the concepts of the deposited layers of meanings and implications and to help them to win back their status of principal cultural dimensions.
Two-and-a-Half-Party Systems and the Comparative Role of the `Half'
Authors: Siaroff Alan
Published: July 2003

In this article, the concept of the `two-and-a-half-party system' is re-examined, with particular focus on the role of the `half'. The analysis is on longer-term parliamentary democracies since 1945 or democratization. First, various ways of measuring a party system are outlined, and a new alternative is proposed. Based on this, 10 countries are seen to qualify (at least for certain time periods) as two-and-a-half-party systems: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. Each of these systems is outlined and analysed. This category is then contrasted with both two-party systems and multiparty systems in order to explain its causes. Next, some general conclusions about when `half' parties are likely to matter more (in a governmental sense) are made, with a particular distinction occurring between `hinge' and `wing' half parties. Finally, the geographic shift in the presence of two-and-a-half-party systems is noted.
Partisanship, Performance and Personality
Authors: Bartle John
Published: July 2003

The study of voting behaviour is characterized by controversy about the `importance' of various explanatory themes and specific variables, but there is a widespread reluctance to assess these hypotheses in a comprehensive causal model. This article specifies a model of Labour and Conservative voting in the 2001 British General Election which incorporates a whole series of competing and complementary hypotheses. The results suggest that partisanship, prospective evaluations of competence and favourable evaluations of Tony Blair all contributed to Labour's victory, while retrospective evaluations of Labour's record on crime and asylum-seekers reduced the size of Labour's victory. Analyses that incorporate a new measure of party identification suggest that long-term partisanship may have contributed less and short-term factors correspondingly more to the aggregate election outcome.
The Impact of Electoral Rule Change on Party Campaign Strategy
Authors: Ma Ngok , Choy Chi-keung
Published: July 2003

In this study it is shown how party campaign strategies in three electoral campaigns in Hong Kong changed when the electoral system moved from a single-member plurality system to a proportional representation system. It is hypothesized that future party campaign strategies will change and follow a more capital-intensive and professionalized pattern, with less use of negative campaigns and less emphasis on personalities, local issues and constituency services. Empirical results show that although there was a general trend towards a more professionalized and capital-intensive campaign, the traditional labour-intensive means were more resilient than expected. Constituency services, personalized campaigns, local issues and negative campaigns still play an important part in campaigning under proportional representation. The limited nature of the elections and parameters that did not favour large parties led to single non-transferable-vote-like campaign behaviour. Unchanged voter expectations, stringent campaigning and financing laws, and the partial nature of the elections all prevented a complete switch to professionalization and capital-intensive campaigns.
From Knowing to Doing
Authors: Nutley Sandra , Walter Isabel , Davies Huw T. O.
Published: July 2003

The past decade has witnessed widespread interest in the development of policy and practice that is better informed by evidence. Enthusiasm has, however, been tempered by recognition of the difficulties of devising effective strategies to ensure that evidence is integrated into policy and utilized in practice. There is already a rich but diverse and widely dispersed literature that can be drawn upon to inform such strategies. This article offers a guide to this literature by focusing on six main interrelated concerns: (1) the types of knowledge relevant to understanding research utilization/evidence-based practice (RU/EBP) implementation; (2) the ways in which research knowledge is utilized; (3) models of the process of utilization; (4) the conceptual frameworks that enable us to understand the process of RU/EBP implementation; (5) the main ways of intervening to increase evidence uptake and the effectiveness of these; (6) different ways of conceptualizing what RU/EBP means in practice.
Theory, Like Mist on Spectacles, Obscures Vision
Authors: Shaw Ian , Crompton Amanda
Published: July 2003

This article reflects upon the choice of theory in theory-driven evaluation. While theory is helpful in focusing evaluator's attention and facilitating investigation, it also excludes evidence that does not fit within its framework. The argument is that evaluators need to be aware of all theories that may impinge upon a programme and to defend the theory of choice. They also need to be explicit about what may be excluded from their investigation. Governments aim at change at a macro-level, often using macro-theory, whereas evaluators often concerned with the implementation of programmes may use theory that is at a different, usually the micro-level. Theories at these two levels are not always compatible. The article briefly outlines the development of the theory-driven approach before focusing upon evaluation in health promotion as a case study to highlight the issues.
Girls Want Sex, Boys Want Love: Resisting Dominant Discourses of (Hetero) Sexuality
Authors: Allen Louisa
Published: July 2003

Based on empirical research with 17-19 year olds, this article explores young people's understandings of themselves as sexual in relation to dominant discourse of (hetero)sexuality. It is concerned with providing empirical evidence of resistance in young people's constitution of their sexual subjectivities. The research findings suggest that young people generally draw upon dominant discourses of (hetero)sexuality in their talk about themselves as sexual. However some took up subject positions that involved more resistant conceptions of the sexual self. For some young people this took the form of simultaneously accommodating and resisting subject positions offered by traditional discourses of (hetero)sexuality. It is argued that the potential to take up more resistant subject positions was partly contingent upon young people's location in contexts that offered access to, or opened space for, other ways of constituting themselves as sexual.
Lifestyling Britain
Authors: Brunsdon Charlotte
Published: July 2003

1990s British terrestrial television saw a marked increase in lifestyle programming. Previously associated with daytime television, programmes on cooking, home decoration, fashion and gardening began to dominate the 8-9 early evening slot to considerable critical commentary. This article outlines the social and televisual factors relevant to this slot, while also posing questions about method in television studies. The history of hobby and leisure broadcasting is explored to clarify the innovative features of 1990s lifestyle programming and generational difference between television scholars is explored in the context of the group origins of the project. The role of the programmes in the broadcast schedules is discussed in relation to critical attitudes to banal programming.
New Audiences, New Textualities
Authors: Gray Jonathan
Published: July 2003

Intentionally or not, audience research often equals fan research, as anti-fans and non-fans are ignored or assumed. However, televisual anti-fandom and non-fandom involve different viewing practices, different proximities from the text and, thus, different textualities. This article therefore argues for the necessity of more research into anti-fans and non-fans, proposing that such research will shed further light on the nature of televisual textuality and on the role of media talk and intertextuality in forming it. The text remains a mysterious figure in media and cultural studies, and this article aims to bring us closer to understanding it. First, fan research and its own implicit assumptions of relations between text and audience are discussed; then, an `atomic' model of textuality is presented, accounting for fans, anti-fans and non-fans; and, finally, a method for studying new audiences and textualities is offered.
The Psychological Impact of Prejudice: Implications for Intergroup Contact
Authors: Tropp Linda R.
Published: July 2003

This research concerns the effects of prejudice on how members of devalued groups feel toward intergroup contact. With members of laboratory-generated groups (Study 1) and devalued ethnic groups (Study 2), two experimental studies tested the impact of exposure to prejudice on emotional states and feelings toward cross-group interactions. Results suggest that exposure to prejudice can negatively affect group members' emotional states in intergroup contexts, and can lead them to feel more negatively toward interactions with both a single, prejudiced outgroup member, and with outgroup members in general. Implications of the findings and suggested directions for future research are discussed.
Understanding Intergroup Anxiety: Are Some People More Anxious than Others?
Authors: Blair Irene V. , Park Bernadette , Bachelor Jonathan
Published: July 2003

Theory suggests that individuals who are more prejudiced or who have had less intergroup contact are more likely to experience intergroup anxiety. Although prior research has supported those proposals, it is weakened by the use of abstract (and therefore often ambiguous) intergroup encounters. The present research provided better evidence by measuring participants' anxiety in well-specified situations. This research also extended past work by studying intergroup anxiety in the context of groups defined by sexual orientation. Study 1 participants reported greater anxiety in imagined interactions with a gay than a heterosexual person, but only if the person was of the same gender. This anxiety was especially strong for participants who were high in prejudice, had less prior contact with gays, or were high in Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Study 2 provided a partial replication of these results when participants were anticipating a real interaction.
The Inverse of Power
Authors: Heyman Josiah McC.
Published: July 2003

This article explores anthropology, power, and political engagement first by examining Eric Wolf's approach to power. His concern with structural power challenges our understanding of power as involving imposition and unequal outcomes. It then moves on to consider how ethnographers identify power, from overt conflicts to subtle hegemonies. Although the various ethnographic strategies are insightful, the full extent of structural power does not and cannot emerge directly from empirical material. It requires, in addition, comparisons to other possible states of affairs arising from the theories and values of the social analyst. They function as the inverse of power, illustrating its presence and workings by contrasts. These `counterpart ideals' are ever-present in anthropology and other social sciences, yet we rarely talk about them openly or acknowledge their role in our analysis. One cannot identify a single true or foundational counterpart ideal, yet we can have an open dialogue about them, grounded in rigorous empirical and analytical knowledge. Hence, the article finishes by outlining various possible counterpart ideals for anthropologists and their uses in helping to identify power. The goal is to stimulate further dialogue on the social sciences, power, and political engagement.
Articulating Experience
Authors: Throop C. Jason
Published: July 2003

This article engages in critical dialogue with what appears to be an emerging fin de siècle concern with the unexamined theoretical usage of the concept of `experience' in anthropology. The article begins with a brief review of the work of a number of scholars who share a growing dissatisfaction with the problem of experience in contemporary anthropological and social scientific writings. In order to evaluate and situate these recent critical perspectives, the article then shifts to explore in greater detail the writings of two anthropologists who have significantly contributed to contemporary anthropological theorizing of experience: Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz. Finally, in an attempt to lay the groundwork for a `return to experience' in anthropological theorizing and research, the article concludes by outlining a `complemental' model of experience. Drawing from insights into the temporal organization of experience found in the phenomenological writings of William James, Edmund Husserl, and Alfred Schutz this model attempts to bridge what some scholars believe to be a controversial gap between `granular' and `coherence' theories of experience that permeate many of the anthropological (and philosophical) discussions of the topic.
Neither Forgotten nor Fully Remembered
Authors: Rosenberg Sharon
Published: July 2003

This article works from 10th anniversary reporting on the Montréal massacre and its legacy, arguing that the public memory of the massacre, far from being settled, is charged with ambivalence. It is argued that such ambivalence is an effect of the limits of remembrance as a `strategic practice', which has circumscribed sustained encounters with the loss(es) of the massacre. Ambivalence is read in the article as both a limit and resource for feminists interested in re-opening the question of the massacre's public memory for the next decade of memorial-activism.
Reciting the Self
Authors: Byrne Bridget
Published: July 2003

Drawing on accounts from interviews with white women, this article explores the production of narratives of the self. It suggests that the story produced of the self is not inevitable and may revolve around notions of sameness and difference that, in turn, depend on the positionality of individuals in terms of normative discourses of `race', class and gender. Sally can be seen to be reciting the process of subjection in the way she creates herself as the subject of a narrative, using tropes of difference and sameness to explain who she is and who she is not. However, for the others, the norms and conventions of lifestory do not conform with their experiences of subjection. This is because, in the case of Madeleine, she does not experience an easily retold sense of herself, while Deborah appears to want to present herself as so inevitable and conforming to dominant norms that there is no story to tell.
Communities, Conferences and Restorative Social Justice
Authors: White Rob
Published: July 2003

The aim of this article is to explore ways in which community building can be integrated into the practices of juvenile justice work. It begins by discussing how the extent of community cohesion and societal resources at the neighbourhood level has a major bearing on the propensity of young people to engage in criminal and anti-social behaviour. The article then describes recent trends in the area of `restorative justice', in which the main focus is on individual offenders repairing social harm via juvenile conferencing and through active recompense measures. Following this, the article provides a model of what can be called `restorative social justice', one that builds upon the conferencing model by attempting to fuse social justice concerns with progressive juvenile justice practices. The article concludes by describing a range of interventions that might be adopted in areas such as youth crime prevention and youth sanctioning processes. The emphasis is on `good practice' examples of community building, drawing upon relevant case studies.
J' Accuse: Probation Evaluation-Research Epistemologies
Authors: Farrall Stephen
Published: July 2003

Each year thousands of men and women are made subject to probation orders, community service orders, drug treatment and testing orders and such like. Each year new ideas emerge on how best to supervise the recipients of such interventions, and each year new pieces of `evidence' are cited as examples of the failure of one scheme or the success of another. The discourse of the argument put forward in this article is that the investigation of probation outcomes is seriously flawed in many respects, and that, in effect, an overarching `rethink' is required. This would encompass not just what is known about probation outcomes, but how this is known. In short, the investigation into community sentences is flawed at an epistemological level, although, of course, there are also serious problems with this body of work in the conceptual and methodological arenas. The ultimate price that we (as a society) may face for producing faulty or dubious evidence is that, over time, more men and women will be made subject to sentences inappropriate to their needs, depriving them of the chances to both desist and to lead lives which are not blighted by an involvement in crime.
Financial Penalties as a Sentence of the Court:
Authors: Raine John , Dunstan Eileen , Mackie Alan
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on three main aspects concerning the use of financial penalties as a sanction of the court and draws on research conducted in the magistrates' courts of England and Wales. First is the issue of fixing the fines at levels appropriate to offenders' abilities to pay and in this respect the research highlighted problems at point of sentence in taking account of offenders' financial means into account. Second is the issue of how financial penalties are enforced in cases where offenders do not settle their debts in accordance with the courts' expectations. Here, the research identified the varying personal circumstances and motivations that lie behind unpaid fines for the magistrates' courts and suggested the need for a wider range of strategies to be used in responding to default. Third, is the wider issue of the fine as a sanction for certain categories of offence. Here the article draws on the findings from interviews conducted with magistrates as part of the research and reports a range of views on fines within the overall sentencing framework.
Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring:
Authors: Gibbs Anita , King Denise
Published: July 2003

Home detention with electronic monitoring was introduced in New Zealand in October 1999. It is an early release option for people sentenced to varying lengths of imprisonment. Detainees, as they are called, are released to their homes, and monitored by means of an electronic bracelet attached to their ankle. Detainees are supported and supervised by the probation service, as well as their families and sponsors. This article outlines the development of home detention in New Zealand and discusses the findings of research undertaken by the authors in 2001. Home detention has, on the whole, been viewed positively, but the negative impacts on families and children, and the broader acceptance of electronic monitoring in New Zealand, reveal a worrying level of tolerance for the coercive surveillance of families.
Multicultural States and Intercultural Citizens
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: July 2003

Citizenship refers to membership in a political community, and hence designates a relationship between the individual and the state. One way to explore the idea of `multicultural citizenship', therefore, is to identify its images of the state and of the individual. First, we can ask about multiculturalism at the level of the state: what would it mean for the constitution, institutions and laws of the state to be multicultural? Second, we can ask about interculturalism at the level of the individual citizen: what sorts of knowledge, beliefs, virtues and dispositions would an intercultural citizen possess? Ideally, these two levels should work together: there should be a fit between our model of the multicultural state and the intercultural citizen. This article identifies three conflicts between promoting desirable forms of multiculturalism within state institutions and promoting desired forms of interculturalism within individual citizens, and discusses the challenges they raise for theories of multicultural education.
Toward a Liberal Conception of School Communities
Authors: Strike Kenneth A.
Published: July 2003

This article addresses the question of whether schools that are communities erode autonomy, by being grounded in a religion or comprehensive doctrine. I argue, first, that religions and comprehensive doctrines are not to be identified with ways of life. They provide criteria for judging choices, but admit diversity both in membership and in what may be chosen. Second, I claim that autonomy requires that children be provided with some evaluative framework and that the question of whether a school that gives a privileged place to some religion or comprehensive doctrine promotes or inhibits autonomy has more to do with the character of the doctrine and of the virtues it encourages than it has to do with the mere fact that a doctrine is privileged. Finally, I argue that it is unlikely that public schools will encourage the virtues required by autonomy.
Philosophy and the Meaning of `Education'
Authors: Carr David
Published: July 2003

Although it is hard to see how any coherent theorizing about education might proceed in the absence of some answer to the question of what `education' means, recent educational philosophy seems to be a source of some scepticism about the possibility of any such answer, given the (alleged) inherently ambiguous and/or contested character of education. This article dismisses the idea that instabilities of ordinary usage constitute serious obstacles to useful theoretical refinement of the term `education', and then proceeds by exploring and rejecting philosophical objections to one ambitious modern account of the nature of education on the grounds that it relies upon an untenable objectivist conception of knowledge and truth. Still, despite upholding the possibility of a theoretically coherent general answer to the question of the meaning of education, the paper concludes with some reservations about its practical consequences for curriculum policy and planning.