bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Transformations: Framing a New Consciousness in the Contemporary Egyptian Novel
Authors: Youssef Mary
Published: May 2020

The author links the purview of the “new-consciousness” novel to Edward Said’s conceptualization of “decentered consciousness,” a term he uses to describe postcolonial cultural and intellectual efforts that aim at disrupting constituencies and ideologies of dominance and essentialism. Following a historical approach to understanding the emergence of novelistic genres, this chapter reviews the historical conditions surrounding the production of several Egyptian novels—from Muhammad Husayn Haykal’s Zaynab to what Sabry Hafez calls the “New Egyptian Novel” of the 1990s—to exhibit how the novel, in responding to its historical moment, defies definitional stability due to the dialectical process of historical change. The socio-political and cultural context underlying the rise of the new-consciousness novel is similarly analyzed to detect the homologies and disjunctures it has with its antecedent counterparts as well as highlight its new distinct and cohesive semantic and formal features of heteroglossia and what it achieves as a corpus.
History and Representations of Otherness in Idris ʿAli’s al-Nubi and Bahaʾ Tahir’s Sunset Oasis
Authors: Youssef Mary
Published: May 2020

Al-Nubi and Sunset Oasis re-write the past experiences of Nubian and Amazigh minorities with postcolonial and colonial institutions, respectively, to reveal their unjust policies of “differentiation” and/or eradication of difference. The novels depict critical and dynamic areas of interaction and tension among their racially and culturally diverse characters, on one level, and among the allegedly homogenous Nubian and Amazigh communities, on the other, to disrupt essentialist perceptions of these significant groups. The distinct character of each novel lies in what Walter Benjamin describes as the authors’ “craftsmanship” and ability to draw from experience, theirs or others’, in storytelling. The chapter identifies that ᶜAli treats Nubian subordination from a shaᶜbi/public writer’s position, while Tahir adopts an intellectual’s stance in addressing the Amazigh’s. It examines how ᶜAli’s and Tahir’s commonality of goal and critical perspective, yet difference in treating state marginalization of both Nubians and Amazigh translate in their unique aesthetic choices.
The Irrecuperable Heterogeneity of the Present in ʿAlaʾ al-Aswani’s The Yacoubian Building and Chicago
Authors: Youssef Mary
Published: May 2020

Two novels by author ʿAlaʾ al-Aswani are jointly analyzed to illustrate a multi-dimensional mapping of difference and asymmetries of power in domestic and public spheres as well as across local and global settings, Cairo in Yacoubian and Chicago in Chicago, all during times of resurgent essentialist perceptions of the self and the other. This juxtaposition delineates ineradicable interdependence between global margins and centers and how al-Aswani’s aesthetic construction of fictional worlds is with an unrelenting commitment to reality, observable to readers who are familiar with the spatial and cultural particularities of Cairo and Chicago. The nonconformist treatment of sensitive themes like sex, alcohol consumption, women’s subordination, and homosexuality has stirred controversy within certain literary and cultural circles, if not disqualification of al-Aswani’s works from possessing aesthetic value, despite the works’ unprecedented popularity as best-selling novels. This chapter discusses this novelistic phenomenon while inviting new critical considerations of what defines adab.
Epilogue: New Directions
Authors: Youssef Mary
Published: May 2020

Following the January 2011 events, new directions in Egyptian novelistic production have emerged and, in their turn, commanded visibility and critical attention. This epilogue attends to these new directions by posing relevant questions like: Do the novels produced in the post-2011 period align with or break from the new-consciousness novel? How do they operate in Michael McKeon’s dialectical framework of historical change and the definitional volatility of the novel? Where do minorities’ concerns exist in their purview? Delineating the tribulations and ambivalences surrounding this historical moment, the epilogue examines forms and spaces of what Mariz Tadros calls “unruly politics,” where citizens continue to subvert authority and continue their protest. It identifies how unruly politics are aesthetically rendered in three post-2011 novels, Hisham al-Khashin’s Jirafit (2014), Basma ʿAbd al-ʿAziz’s The Queue (2016), and Muhammad Rabiʿ’s Otared (2016) and argues that they preoccupy with brining all citizens to their figurative negotiation table.
Legal Reform in English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee
Published: May 2020

This book investigates rhetorical and representational practices that were used to monitor English law at the turn of the seventeenth century. While the majority of Law and Literature studies characterise the law as a force of coercion and subjugation, this book instead treats in greater depth the law’s own vulnerability, both to corruption and to correction. The dominance of law in early modern life made its failings and improvements of widespread concern: it was a regular and popular focus of criticism. The terms and techniques of legal reform provided modes of analysis through which legal authorities and literary writers alike evaluated form and character. Legal reform, together with the conflicts and anxieties that inspired and sprang from it, were represented by courtly, coterie, and professional writers. Spenser’s Faerie Queene, the Gray’s Inn Christmas revels of 1594-5, Donne’s ‘Satyre V’, and Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and The Winter’s Tale all examine the potential, as well as the ethical and practical limitations, of legal reform’s contribution to local and national governance.
‘Perpetuall Reformation’ in Book V of Spenser’s Faerie Queene
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a close reading of Book V of Spenser’s Faerie Queene, which represents the reformation of law in terms of both its equitable correction and its administration. The Knight of Justice, Artegall, corrects regional law and governance across a number of historical allegories that most frequently allude to the sixteenth-century English efforts to colonise Ireland. Yet his methods and success are called into question not only through his defeat in combat by Radigund, but also through his rescue that is accomplished by his fiancé. As Britomart travels back through Faerieland, retracing the knight’s steps in order to liberate him from thraldom to the Amazon, we discover that the countryside has not been subdued in the wake of his reformation of justice. Britomart’s re-enactments of the knight’s battles re-present the activities of legal reform and governance as ongoing tasks requiring consistent magisterial presence and attention. This chapter appears at the beginning of the book not only for chronological reasons, but because the matter introduces a number of topics and contexts that will be developed at greater length in the studies that follow, including legal and character education, Aristotelian legal equity, artificial reason, and itinerant justice.
Legal Excess in John Donne’s ‘Satyre V’
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 examines John Donne’s ‘Satyre V’, which applies the social and ethical reforming energy of the satiric genre to the need for system-wide legal reform in England. The piece is a tribute to his employer, the Lord Keeper Thomas Egerton, who was lauded for his integrity and commitment to reforming the financially exploitative aspects of legal process, particularly in the Court of Chancery. Central to Donne’s satiric critique of the law is his attack on the excesses within the legal-political system that have been generated by the offences of suitors and legal professionals alike. His analysis is complicated, however, through the evocation of corrective strategies that instrumentalise excess, including equitable reasoning and practices (in Chancery and in statute interpretation), legal and political representation, and secretarial service. Donne exploits and revitalizes traditional legal-political analogies to illuminate the tensions in a system that was forestalled by, but also functioned through, excess. The result is an analogical, rather than metaphysical, style that generates new ethical implications for the Donnean speaker’s characteristic subject position. His in-betweenness emerges here not as a function of individual freedom, but as a function of his new proximity and enlarged responsibilities to others as well as to prevailing social, legal and political forms.
The Winter’s Tale and the Oracle of the Law
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee
Published: May 2020

This last chapter shifts focus from the representation of local governance to the representation of national law and politics in another Shakespeare play. While the reform of justice in Measure for Measure results from the Provost and Duke’s labour-intensive and improvisational interventions in the lives of subjects and in the legal process, justice in The Winter’s Tale is restored through the more careful observance of the boundaries between legal and political power. Chapter 5 examines the character of the ‘oracle of the law’ within legal and literary writings contemporaneous with The Winter’s Tale. The legal-political connotations of ‘oracle’ facilitate a new reading of play, in which Apollo’s supernatural oracle evokes human judicial figures. While Apollo’s oracle makes only a brief appearance in the trial scene, nevertheless its influence pulses throughout the play via its representatives, Camillo and Paulina, whose strategies and counsel ultimately ensure that the oracular prophecy is fulfilled. Through these human oracles, as well, the play is infused with the explosive tensions between the sovereign and the judiciary in early seventeenth-century England, through which the King’s prerogative and the jurisdictions of courts came into question.
The Rhythm of the Rails: Sound and Locomotion
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: May 2020

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a fascination with the concept of ‘rhythm’ in a range of disciplinary and transdisciplinary contexts, a preoccupation which would later be developed in movements such as Henri Lefebvre’s ‘Rhythmanalysis.’ The experimental psychologists of the turn of the nineteenth century explored rhythm in relation to both the auditory and the visual, and showed a particular concern with the relationship between measures which were externally imposed and endogenous rhythms. This chapter looks at the ways in which locomotion––and in particular the locomotive railway––is used as an exemplum in rhythm studies, and then explores its auditory renditions in nineteenth and early twentieth-century literature and, as ‘implied sound,’ in silent film, in which the question of rhythm as auditory and/or visual becomes particularly charged.
Two-step, Nerve-tap, Tanglefoot: Tapdance Typologies in Cinema
Authors: Connor Steven
Published: May 2020

Tap dance reminds cinema of its origins in the turn-of-the-century vernacular of vaudeville, circus, carnival and other diffuse kinds of attractions and spectacles. In fact one can make out, in the difference between the smooth aerial flights of a Fred Astaire and the earthier moves of a Bill ‘Bojangles’ Robinson, a rhythmic struggle between the technical sophistication of the cinema in its developed form, and its lowlier, more vulgarly corporeal origins and appetites. This chapter examines the contrast between the clog-dancing rustic (black or Irish) and the sophisticated man-about-town. To do so testifies to a class ambivalence that is never quite resolved in tap dance, which always retains the traces of its ostentatiously corporeal origins, a kind of comic awkwardness that resists being lifted up into the condition of high art. Cutting athwart its slick syncopations, tap dance always acts like a kind decomposition of cinema to its elements of sound and movement, most importantly in its play with the mechanization of human bodies. Tap dance therefore provides an elementary form of cinema’s transaction between body and image, gravity and light.
Charles Laughton in Hobson’s Choice
Authors: Landy Marcia
Published: May 2020

A discussion of Charles Laughton in Hobson’s Choice
Nikolai Cherkasov in Ivan the Terrible
Authors: Oeler Karla
Published: May 2020

A discussion of Nikolai Cherkasov in Ivan the Terrible
Alec Guinness in Last Holiday
Authors: Palmer R. Barton
Published: May 2020

A discussion of Alec Guinness in Last Holiday
Michael Caine in Alfie
Authors: Jacobs Jason
Published: May 2020

A discussion of Michael Caine in Alfie
Catherine Deneuve in The Umbrellas of Cherbourg
Authors: Kannas Alexia
Published: May 2020

A discussion in of Catherine Deneuve in The Umbrellas of Cherbourg
Denis Lavant in Holy Motors
Authors: Davis Nick
Published: May 2020

A discussion of Denis Lavant in Holy Motors
Introduction
Authors: Tissandier Alex
Published: May 2020

References to Leibniz’s philosophy appear constantly throughout Deleuze’s work. Despite often repeating the same themes, we find marked differences in tone, as if Deleuze is unable to arrive at a conclusive judgement. This book explores these various engagements and tries to account for these shifts in tone. Ultimately it will argue that focusing on Deleuze’s interpretation of Leibniz – both his appropriations and his criticisms – helps us to understand some key moments in Deleuze’s own philosophical development. A close reading, emphasising the particular context and terminology of Leibniz’s work, will open a narrow point of access into some of the most difficult areas of Deleuze’s philosophy. In the course of this reading, it will become clear that it is precisely Leibniz’s ambiguous status for Deleuze which makes an investigation into their relationship so fruitful: by not only explaining Leibniz’s positive influence, but also pinpointing the precise grounds for their eventual divergence, we hope to better articulate some of Deleuze’s own philosophical priorities....
Leibniz, Spinoza and the Anti-Cartesian Reaction
Authors: Tissandier Alex
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks in detail at the three main engagements with Leibniz in the main text of Deleuze’s Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza. The first concerns the role of real definitions and proofs of possibility in arguments for the existence of God. The second concerns the theory of adequation in a logic of ideas. The third concerns mechanism, force and essence in a theory of bodies. The chapter argues that these engagements all share the same form. First, Deleuze locates a similarity between Leibniz and Spinoza in their criticism of a particular Cartesian doctrine. Second, he grounds this criticism in a shared concern for the lack of a sufficient reason operating in Descartes’s philosophy. Third, he nominates expression as the concept best suited to address this lack and fulfil the requirements of sufficient reason. Finally, he shows that the way expression functions in Spinoza’s philosophy is each time superior to Leibniz’s own use of the concept. Despite the priority given to Spinoza in this text, it nevertheless contains our first introduction to various key Leibnizian concepts which will become increasingly important in Deleuze’s later philosophy.
Deleuze’s Critique of Representation
Authors: Tissandier Alex
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the motivations and method behind Deleuze’s philosophical project. It begins with a detailed reading of Deleuze’s review of Hyppolite’s Logic and Existence, in which Deleuze first articulates his claim that the goal of philosophy is to create a logic of sense, rather than a metaphysics of essence. This review introduces Deleuze’s central criticism that the history of philosophy has for too long given a foundational role to certain features of our naïve representation of the world, instead of explaining the genesis of these features. Among these is an understanding of difference as opposition that finds its ultimate expression in Hegelian contradiction. Deleuze briefly invokes Leibniz as a figure who is perhaps capable of providing an alternative concept of difference. The chapter then turns to the opening chapters of Difference and Repetition, where Deleuze again outlines a critique of the history of philosophy’s treatment of difference and its subordination to the structure of representation. This time Deleuze traces a history through Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz and Hegel. In Leibniz he identifies for the first time a world of “restless” infinitely small differences which will become central to all his later readings.
A Leibnizian World
Authors: Tissandier Alex
Published: May 2020

This chapter uses concepts from Leibniz’s philosophy to provide an account of the metaphysical system Deleuze constructs in Difference and Repetition and Logic of Sense. This account has four key components. 1) An ideal continuum populated by reciprocally determined differential relations, from which individuals are produced. Leibniz’s infinitesimal calculus is the technique most suited to describe this continuum. 2) The singularities or events which populate the continuum and which eventually form the “predicates” which are included within individuals. An inverted version of Leibniz’s theory of infinite analysis, which Deleuze dubs ‘vice-diction’, allows us to describe how these singularities are distributed. 3) The relations of compossibility between singularities which allow the articulation of a structure prior to any logical relations of opposition or contradiction. In Leibniz, a divergence between singularities marks a bifurcation into two distinct possible worlds. In Deleuze, by contrast, divergent series resonate and communicate with one another. 4) An “ideal game” which presides over the actualisation of this pre-individual continuum through the genesis of individuals. In Leibniz this game is subject to the rules of a divine calculus in which God selects a “best of all possible worlds” whose harmony is guaranteed. Deleuze, however, will reject this theological constraint.
Spiritual Folds and the Upper Level of the Baroque House
Authors: Tissandier Alex
Published: May 2020

This chapter follows Deleuze’s metaphor of the Baroque House, which runs throughout The Fold, from the lower level of matter and organisms, to the upper level of reasonable souls. It shows how Deleuze uses concepts from Paul Klee to present a new theory of singularities or singular points as points of inflection or folds. Inflection gives us a topological model for understanding the inclusion of predicates within individual monads. The chapter then turns to the most complicated theme of the book: the ideal curve or Fold which Deleuze locates between the two levels of the Baroque house itself. This Fold separates matter from souls, while simultaneously relating them to each other: in Leibnizian terms, they are really distinct but inseparable. What is actualised in individual monads is thus simultaneously realised in matter. Deleuze turns to Mallarmé to explain this complicated relationship between the visible and the intelligible.
Performing Bitumen, Materialising Desiré
Authors: Preston Julieanna , Archer-Martin Jen
Published: May 2020

Julieanna Preston and Jen Archer-Martin attempt to reveal the agential voices of the assemblages of human and nonhuman agents. Such are the human embodiment in the form of performance as yet another self-organising pile, an assemblage of events operating across scales of temporality, materiality and affectivity and bitumen, a vital and vibrant surface of our living. A language shift away from clichés and stereotypes resets a new ecology of human and nonhuman materiality at work. Impressively vivid, live instances, captured in words, describe the malleability of all agents entangled in the same ecology. Bitumen is introduced through a coagulated dialogue between a poetic and philosophical voice. The labourer is replaced with that of a caretaker, informed by an ethic of care. This call for care is woven as a secondary thread into the context as both a disruptive and a reparative act, much as the roadworker’s high-visibility tribal garbs both screams ‘Take care!’ and reassures ‘I’ll take care of it’.
‘Written in the Interest of the People’: Representing the Law in Cyprian Ekwensi and Market Literature
Authors: Baxter Katherine Isobel
Published: May 2020

Chapter Five examines how the law is represented and deployed in Cyprian Ekwensi’s Jagua Nana and People of the City and in a selection of Nigerian market fiction. The law and its transgression permeated a range of publications in the years immediately preceding and after independence. Fiction and non-fiction alike repeatedly engaged with questions of crime and punishment, and even invoked legal paradigms to explore sexual and emotional relationships. This chapter demonstrates how market literature sought to generate through its own imagined communities discussion about and regulation of the apparent lawlessness of modern urban life. In attending to the larger presence of the law in both high- and lowbrow literature of the period, this chapter shows how the law was shaped in the popular imagination at independence.
Conclusion: Imagined States
Authors: Baxter Katherine Isobel
Published: May 2020

The conclusion reflects on the prior chapters of the book. It also considers the literary and political influence of the period under discussion on later Nigerian fiction. The conclusion provides a brief account of the Biafran War, its relationship to the reception of Nigerian fiction at the time, and its impact on post-war fiction. The conclusion argues that the imaginative space of fiction has continued to be a crucial site of negotiation for ideas of statehood and the law. Moreover, fiction has continued to be a powerful tool for shedding light on the imaginative operations of the law and the state.
Introduction: Living in Technical Legality
Authors: Tranter Kieran
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the book. It introduces the key concepts of the Frankenstein myth, law as technology and the role of science fiction as the site for the collective dream of technological culture and society in the West. This chapter also locates the book to come in the emergent field of law and humanities and the existing literature that examines law and legality of science fiction. It also introduces the concepts of the monster and the trickster.
From Law and Technology to Law as Technology
Authors: Tranter Kieran
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that law can be seen as technological when, ironically, law is called to respond to technological change. Through a focus on the legal responses to cloning, it is shown that the called-for laws were responding to visions of cloning futures directly sourced from science fiction. Having located these legal acts within science fiction, the essential elements of this future-oriented process – monstrous technology, vulnerable humanity and saving law – can be seen. This will be identified as the ‘Frankenstein myth.’ What is revealed is that science fiction holds the technical and legal together at the level of substantive dreaming and also at the level of basic commitments. The irony intrudes at this point. This saving law that can determine the future has a particular character. It is a species of pure power, manufactured through procedure in the present to determine the future. It appears to have the same characteristics that have been ascribed to technology. With this the categories established by the Frankenstein myth of ‘technology’, ‘humanity’ and ‘law’ seem to be imploded. What is glimpsed is the singularity of technical legality.
The Doctor and Technical Lawyering
Authors: Tranter Kieran
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the British science fiction television icon Doctor Who provides guidance on how to live well as an entity designated ‘lawyer’ within the networks of technical legality. Technical legality challenges the received tradition of legal ethics. Lawyering is revealed not as a ‘profession’ but a demonic calling to be an alchemist of death and time. This calling to be a ‘time lord’ who brings ‘death’ immediately suggests Doctor Who. A consistent theme through the unfolding text that is Doctor Who has been the ‘ethics’ of the Doctor. The Doctor overcomes and endures because the weight of his responsibility for death and time is within his time lord being. There is neither sound judgment nor technical somnambulism in the Doctor’s actions. Instead his actions appear as a hybrid of both, unified by an acceptance that actions performed from this location break, change and destroy the networks of the present. Ultimately, the Doctor shows that lawyering within technical legality demands an accepting of the powers of time and death to safeguard ‘life.’
Deserts and Technical Legality
Authors: Tranter Kieran
Published: May 2020

This chapter summarises the book through emphasis on the reoccurrence of deserts throughout the book. Like deserts, technical legality could appear empty and harsh, but such superficial glances mislead. With closer looking deserts are revealed as full of ingenious life; so to with technical legality. The ingenious forms of life are not the humans of an earlier epoch, but these monsters live and can live well within technical legality. However, to say that life endures in technical legality and to condition that with a potential of ‘can live well’ invites critical reflection. If the touchstone of ethical action in technical legality is a vitalist injunction to nurture life, than how are those streams in the meta-data of the network that might answer the description of law be seen? This chapter concludes with some further critical reflections on the monstrous ends of both law and the human in technical legality and the hopes and fears of this present future.
Remaking Mongol History, 1307–1313
Authors: Kamola Stefan
Published: May 2020

After his experience compiling a world history and composing various theological works, Rashid al-Din returned to the Blessed History of Ghazan and applied new ideas to the text and to its presentation. These included new ways to represent genealogical relationships, the inclusion of a series of illustrations, and a new imperative about the reproduction and preservation of the text. This chapter traces these changes, as well as a series of textual additions and modifications made to the dynastic history. Some of these modifications were the work of Rashid al-Din himself, while others were the product of early copyists and editors leaving their mark on the historical record. This chapter reconstructs the order of these modifications and demonstrates their impact on the historical record.
Creating the Image of Rashid al-Din, 1312–1335
Authors: Kamola Stefan
Published: May 2020

Rashid al-Din fell from royal favour and was executed in 1318. This chapter traces the period of his decline and the years immediately following his death to show how contemporary historians responded to his enormous historical impact. The works of Wassaf, Qashani, and Hamd Allah Mustaufi reveal three images of Rashid al-Din that have persisted through modern scholarship, but each of these men was impacted by personal circumstances to produce a particular portrait of Rashid al-Din. This chapter contrasts accounts of specific events in the year 1312 as presented by Wassaf and Qashani to show how they created two visions of Rashid al-Din’s activity at court. Hamd Allah Mustaufi created a posthumous portrait of Rashid al-Din as a noble civil servant that became a standard source for later writers.
Clicking Away Rights in DNA: A Review of DTC Contracts
Authors: Phillips Andelka M
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a summary of a review of the wrap contracts of DTC companies providing genetic tests for health purposes. It identifies a number of terms that are problematic from a consumer protection standpoint and argues that certain terms commonly included in DTC contracts are liked to be challengeable on the grounds of unfairness under UK law.
Addendum
Authors: Phillips Andelka M
Published: May 2020

This Addendum was added in order to keep the book as current as possible. It includes a final note on recent developments. It also includes two appendices: the commitments made by the Association of British Insurers in its Code of Practice on Genetic Testing and Insurance; and the Privacy Best Practices released by the Future of Privacy Forum
The Kingdom of Eunuchs under the ‘Abbasids
Authors: El-Azhari Taef
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyse the status of eunuchs in Islam, compared to other civilizations. One monitor the different types of eunuchs and their evolution from serving in the harem section under early Abbasids to become intrusted with intelligence, insignia among other vital posts. The significant period of caliph al-Amin d. 813, where one see his love affairs with eunuchs and public perception to such behaviour. One do examine how third gendered eunuchs became army commanders, dominating the political affairs of the empire in early 10th cntury. That is in full collaboration with royal mothers, concubines, among other courtiers. How legendary Mu’nis al-Khadim reinstated a caliph, and toppled another for his own interests, although he has no biological future. Such domination by eunuchs, made them occupy almost all top positions in the state.
The result, was the declaration of the first sole eunuch as a governor of a Muslim state in 966; Kafur of Egypt. That took place with some resentment from some intellectuals, but chroniclers did not report much dismay to the phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Aiden , Grenfell Damian
Published: May 2020

The need to fundamentally rethink interventions is before us. Driven by a combination of pressing humanitarian need as well as conceptual and theoretical dilemmas that limit the value of analysis, it is evident we are seemingly at the crossroads. The crises in Syria and Iraq – the human rights abuses, the destruction of cities and the attenuating flows of refugees into Europe – have only been enough to garner specific military action from external powers in ways closely aligned to national interests. There is the sense that despite being decades on from the end of the Cold War and notwithstanding the varying kinds of interventions in the name of humanitarian ends that have taken place, we have come full circle. For all their challenges and faults, at the end of the twentieth century Kosovo and Timor-Leste suggested that there was enough benefit gained by interventions that they had a future in global politics. The post-9/11 military invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan have, however, come to dominate discourse as wars fought overwhelmingly for state security rather than humanitarian ends (even though the latter are used instrumentally as a justification at times). Moreover, as events in Syria have unfolded, it has become even harder to discern who would be assisted, and to what end, by a large-scale intervention like those that occurred across the 1990s. The widening of Syria’s civil war into a regional one, and the toll on civilians (approximately 260,000 at time of publication), reflects elements that are described in ‘new wars’ analysis, and yet are overlain with shifting forms of globalised warfare, intersections with terrorism, while reaffirming what appears to be more classical superpower rivalries (though now it is between different versions of empire and capitalism). It is such a riven mess that it is quite possible that the only ‘end game’ will come in the form of general annihilation....
Rethinking Humanitarian-Military Interventions: Violence and Modernity in an Age of Globalisation
Authors: Grenfell Damian
Published: May 2020

In Chapter One Damian Grenfell argues that interventions are bound up with exogenous assertions of power that aim to reconfigure local populations not just in terms of a ‘liberal peace’, but also the creation of a sustainable form of modern nation-state. This tends to remain the case even in a period of intensifying globalisation. The first section of the chapter develops definitions of humanitarian-military interventions since the end of the Cold War and accounts for the massive expansion of capabilities that allow for the transgression of sovereignty during conflict. These interventions – as it is argued across the second section – reflect the dominance of the West in a post-Cold War world, as the deployment of material and discursive resources in sites of conflict conform largely to the contours of a liberal ideology. Building on and extending these arguments, the third section claims that critiques of liberal peace do not venture deeply enough into understanding power relations between interveners and the intervened. Rather, ideological assumptions of what constitutes ‘peace’ are manifestations of attempts to instill a particular form of modernity within societies, one that is clearly tied to the formation and consolidation of a nation-state.
Humanitarian Intervention? Responding Ethically to Globalising Violence in the Age of Mediated Violence
Authors: James Paul
Published: May 2020

In Chapter Six: Responding Ethically to Globalising Violence in the Age of Mediated Violence, Paul James argues that interventions are framed by increasingly material and ideational abstraction in such a way as to inevitably undermine humanitarian intervention efforts, however well intentioned. This does not mean intervention should not occur, but that the terms of intervention have to be fundamentally changed. The problem with this mainstream arguments on humanitarian interventions, including R2P, is that the compounding imperial restructurings, colonisations, resentments, humanitarian interventions, uneven globalising pressures, withdrawals, guided reconstructions, reinterventions, neo-traditional backlashes and interventions-from-a-distance have produced a world of such complexity that is now impossible to ‘do the right thing’. There is no adequate end plan other than withdrawal after having restored semi-chaos. In order to begin the task of establishing an alternative framework, this chapter will begin with an argument for returning to encompassing definitions based on the idea of humanity as historically constituted and made up of persons-in-relation. Second, the chapter will argue that the nature of contemporary conditions makes conventional interventions unviable. Third, the chapter will argue for a more synthetic ethics of intervention, suggesting that the different forms of ethics need to be brought into interrelation.
‘Manifestly Failing’ and ‘Unwilling or Unable’ as Intervention Formulas: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Bode Ingvild
Published: May 2020

Chapter Seven: Intervention and State Obfuscation, begins by arguing that the inclusion of the responsibility to protect (R2P) in the United Nations World Summit Outcome of 2005 marked a decisive shift in the evolution of interventions for humanitarian purposes. While the phrase “manifest failure” corresponds to the “unwilling or unable” standard previously used by the R2P-defining Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), author Ivi Bode admonishes that the “unable or unwilling” standard has also been used to justify military intervention in a counterterrorism context. She explores recent examples where state’s have used this standard as a legal justification for military intervention for self-defense against terrorist/non-state actors on the sovereign territory of ‘host’ states. The chapter argues that the evolving prominence and, arguably, relevance of the “unwilling or unable” standard warrants a more thorough examination of its legal foundations and policy practice. In adding to existing literature which considers either the counter-terrorism or the R2P context only, Bode’s chapter offers a critical examination of its usage across both contexts, and concludes with a summary of what these developments might indicate in terms of evolving intervention standards.
London Writing of the 1930s
Authors: Cottrell Anna
Published: May 2020

Exploring London's literary identity during the 1930s Anna Cottrell shows how vital writing was to the capital’s booming leisure scene on the eve of the Second World War. The book explores London and Londoners, with a focus on the way in which London's lower-middle-class citizens became inseparable from central London’s leisure scene in the period’s imagination. In contrast with Modernism’s flâneurs and flâneuses, the key figures of 1930s London literature were shop girls, clerks, dance hostesses, and financially insecure journalists whose leisure hours were spent in London’s cinemas, bars, and glittering teashops. Writing about this type of Londoner and her milieus was at the heart of the decade’s experiments in revitalising the British novel, which to many of the period’s writers and intellectuals appeared to lack energy and authenticity. Meticulous description was central to this project of re-energising British writing, and it is in passages describing London milieus such as the teashop and the Soho nightclub that this book locates the decade’s most original and astute meditations on modernity, mass culture, and the value of ordinary lives.
Staying Home
Authors: Cottrell Anna
Published: May 2020

Rented rooms make unhappy homes. The literature of 1930s London abounds in tales of dull routines set in cheap lodgings, their inhabitants clinging to dreams of a better job, a nicer room and a romance that would put the end to their financial misery as well as their loneliness. For the period’s literary lodgers, London bedsits are always defined in terms of what they lack: space, style and any sense of cosmopolitan freedom. While complaints about the dullness and conformity of the suburbs had become standard by the early 1900s,1 after 1918 the experience of renting in central London no longer provided a cosmopolitan antithesis; central London lodging was perceived to be as grim as suburban life.
New Horizons?
Authors: Kelly Christine
Published: May 2020

The fourth chapter places the focus on the period 1884-1910, analysing the situation in Scotland at the turn of the century; by this time the statutory system had evolved into a net-widening diversionary mechanism under which thousands of children were detained in institutions of a penal character. An important aim of this chapter is to assess the impact the Children Act 1908 and the introduction of the juvenile court, which means looking beyond this timeframe to the 1920s and 1930s. Crucially, this chapter provides a detailed analysis of archival case studies revealing the way children were dealt with by the courts, including the High Court of Justiciary.
The Road to Kilbrandon
Authors: Kelly Christine
Published: May 2020

This final chapter brings the historical account up to date and draws some overall conclusions, highlighting the connections between the period studied in detail and later changes. The chapter opens by examining developments in the inter-war years and then moves on to consider the Kilbrandon Report. This includes discussion of the background to the Report and argues that in important respects William Watson can be seen as foreshadowing Kilbrandon. The following part of the chapter presents key conclusions in the following areas: the impact of diversionary systems; childhood in the nineteenth century; the underlying tensions, conflict and compromise within nineteenth-century juvenile justice reform; and the areas in which the book poses challenges to existing thought. The focus of the penultimate section is on research conclusions in relation to criminalisation and the key factors which operated together to criminalise children. The final section discusses transjurisdictional issues which have emerged in the book, and draws together topics of concern and debate which recurred throughout the period studied and which remain highly relevant to contemporary juvenile justice.
Introduction: Space and the Sixties
Authors: Ramadan Yasmine
Published: May 2020

The first part of the chapter presents the members of the sixties generation, telling the story of their emergence onto the cultural scene in Egypt. It outlines the socio-economic and political context of which they were both a part and an expression. Who are these writers? When and how did they emerge? What is significant about their work? Why did they appear at such a critical moment in Egyptian history? What are the sources of literary and aesthetic inspiration? This chapter draws on an array of primary material from the journals of the time whose pages were filled with discussions about this emerging generation. This presentation of the sixties generation is undertaken with an attention to the broader context of the literary sphere in Egypt, what Bourdieu calls “the field of cultural production.” The second part of the chapter focuses on the theoretical arguments for the examination of space in literature, examining the broader “spatial turn” in the humanities and social sciences, engaging this approach within the context of modern and contemporary Egyptian literature. A focus upon spatial representations expands our analysis of the work of the sixties writers, bringing together the thematic, the aesthetic, and the political.
Of Other Cities
Authors: Ramadan Yasmine
Published: May 2020

This chapter expands the literary map beyond the boundaries of Cairo and moves to the coastal city of Alexandria. A city that was largely absent from the literary landscape throughout much of the twentieth century, the writers of this generation place it front and center in their fiction. Here the work of two natives of the city, Edwar al-Kharrat and Ibrahim Abdel Meguid, who both produced “Alexandrian Trilogies” provides the impetus for this chapter. Both writers shift the focus away from the city of Cairo and present the city of Alexandria not only as the possible alternative for the Cairene exile (as in Naguib Mahfouz’s 1967 novel Miramar) but as a city with a complicated past and present. In works that blend autobiography and fiction, realism and the fantastic, the two novelists contend with the city’s colonial, cosmopolitan, and post-revolutionary contexts, calling into question Cairo’s position of dominance.
Beyond the Sixties
Authors: Ramadan Yasmine
Published: May 2020

The book concludes with a discussion of the continued importance of this generation beyond the decade of the sixties. It traces the transformation of the sixties generation from an emerging group of writers to established members of the literary and cultural sphere in Egypt, who came to occupy positions of prominence in the field. It presents the career trajectories of the figures at the heart of this book including; the reception of their fiction; the conferral of awards; and the translation of their works. In doing so it also explores the impact of the sixties generation upon contemporary writers, particularly the nineties generation in Egypt. Despite the differences in political and ideological positions, the struggles of the writers of the sixties generation are not wholly divorced from those of their successors. Both were generations contending with the aftermath of revolutionary change, the realities of the failings of democratic projects, and the role of artists and intellectuals in confronting the injustices of the state. As the chapters of this book show, with the sixties generation came the disappearance of the idealised Egyptian nation in the novel. The works of their successors continue to grapple with its aftermath.
Appropriating Ovid’s Tyrannical Raptures in Macbeth
Authors: Staines John D.
Published: May 2020

In contrast to Titus Andronicus, Macbeth adapts few Ovidian sources; nonetheless, the play reveals how completely the mature Shakespeare appropriates Ovid’s poetics, especially the element of raptus, seizing and being seized. Macbeth himself is the body rapt, and raped, as he experiences the sublime terror of being swept up and violated by forces at the edge of human understanding. The tyrant is both the rapist and the raped, seized by passions he cannot, or will not, control, tortured in “restless ecstasy” that drives him to greater violations. Using the rhizome and assemblage of Deleuze and Guattari, and the hauntology of Derrida, this chapter sees Shakespeare, Ovid, and human culture as fragmentary records of violent appropriations and traumatized ghosts haunting past, present, and future. The uncanny, spectral experiences Maurizio Calbi finds in postmodern Shakespearean adaptations are thus intensifications of experiences Shakespeare found in Ovid and made central to his art.
Ovid and the Styles of Adaptation in The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Authors: Stanivukovic Goran
Published: May 2020

The Two Gentlemen of Verona heralds the beginning of Shakespeare’s long-lasting appropriations of Ovid in his drama and poetry. This chapter analyzes the stylistic resonance of Ovid’s Heroides in Shakespeare’s earliest comedy. The focus of exploration is on the affinities between the emotional intensity and stylistic exuberance of Ovid’s love poetry and the richness of the figurative language of Shakespeare’s early Ovidianism in drama. Shakespeare turned to Ovid for crafting his own dramatic poetry of love and erotic desire because Ovid’s works resonated with the expressive freedom to which Shakespeare turns to free his love poetry from conventions. Shakespeare transforms the rhetoric of the verse epistle from the Heroides, a work associated with women, to suit the male voice.
The Golden Age Rescored?: Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Thomas Heywood’s The Ages
Authors: Oakley-Brown Liz
Published: May 2020

In 1908, Felix Emmanuel Schelling stated that Thomas Heywood ‘sat’ with a ‘copy of the Metamorphoses on his left hand and translated it into five plays, omitting little and extenuating nothing’. However, Heywood’s so-called Ages (1610-1612) – The Golden Age, The Silver Age, The Brazen Age, The Iron Age (parts 1 and 2) – make no obvious non-verbal or verbal reference to Ovid’s poem. This essay considers how the Ages’ fundamental engagement with the Metamorphoses is related to structure rather than mythic content itself and argues that the plays are Ovidian adaptations before-the-letter. If Ben Jonson conceived of The Golden Age Restor’d (1615),these five plays are Heywood’s golden age rescored.
Introduction: Frames of Mind
Authors: Morrison Kevin A.
Published: May 2020

The introduction positions the book in relation to extant scholarship on Victorian liberalism and Victorian decorative practices as well as meta-archival reflections on knowledge-creation.
Histories and Cultures: Space, Filmmaker, Text and Spectator
Authors: Kishore Shweta
Published: May 2020

Beginning from 1980s onwards to the present day, this chapter examines diverse events including the formation of collectives, alternative film festivals, citizen-partnerships and other forms of democratic petitioning including public protest, to consider the importance of “relationality” or “bundles of relations” as the underpinning of independent documentary practice in India. Following three central concepts of documentary studies, the position of the filmmaker, the politics of textual representation and the position of the documentary spectator, I identify their context specific functioning. I trace the conceptualisation of “documentary filmmaker” formed in dialogue with the values of Third Cinema, the feminist “documentary text” that critiques media representation and ideologies, and finally, the problematizing of “documentary spectator” evident in the methods of participatory video producers