bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next‐generation RAD sequencing identifies thousands of SNPs for assessing hybridization between rainbow and westslope cutthroat trout
Authors: HOHENLOHE PAUL A. , AMISH STEPHEN J. , CATCHEN JULIAN M. , ALLENDORF FRED W. , LUIKART GORDON
Published: February 2011

The increased numbers of genetic markers produced by genomic techniques have the potential to both identify hybrid individuals and localize chromosomal regions responding to selection and contributing to introgression. We used restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing to identify a dense set of candidate SNP loci with fixed allelic differences between introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). We distinguished candidate SNPs from homeologs (paralogs resulting from whole‐genome duplication) by detecting excessively high observed heterozygosity and deviations from Hardy–Weinberg proportions. We identified 2923 candidate species‐specific SNPs from a single Illumina sequencing lane containing 24 barcode‐labelled individuals. Published sequence data and ongoing genome sequencing of rainbow trout will allow physical mapping of SNP loci for genome‐wide scans and will also provide flanking sequence for design of qPCR‐based TaqMan®assays for high‐throughput, low‐cost hybrid identification using a subset of 50–100 loci. This study demonstrates that it is now feasible to identify thousands of informative SNPs in nonmodel species quickly and at reasonable cost, even if no prior genomic information is available.
Sperm whale population structure in the eastern and central North Pacific inferred by the use of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA
Authors: MESNICK SARAH L. , TAYLOR BARBARA L. , ARCHER FREDERICK I. , MARTIEN KAREN K. , TREVIÑO SERGIO ESCORZA , HANCOCK‐HANSER BRITTANY L. , MORENO MEDINA SANDRA CAROLINA , PEASE VICTORIA L. , ROBERTSON KELLY M. , STRALEY JANICE M. , BAIRD ROBIN W. , CALAMBOKIDIS JOHN , SCHORR GREGORY S. , WADE PAUL , BURKANOV VLADIMIR , LUNSFORD CHRIS R. , RENDELL LUKE , MORIN PHILLIP A.
Published: February 2011

We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (400 bp), six microsatellites and 36 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 20 of which were linked, to investigate population structure of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the eastern and central North Pacific. SNP markers, reproducible across technologies and laboratories, are ideal for long‐term studies of globally distributed species such as sperm whales, a species of conservation concern because of both historical and contemporary impacts. We estimate genetic differentiation among three strata in the temperate to tropical waters where females are found: California Current, Hawai`i and the eastern tropical Pacific. We then consider how males on sub‐Arctic foraging grounds assign to these strata. The California Current stratum was differentiated from both the other strata (P < 0.05) for mtDNA, microsatellites and SNPs, suggesting that the region supports a demographically independent population and providing the first indication that males may exhibit reproductive philopatry. Comparisons between the Hawai`i stratum and the eastern tropical Pacific stratum are not conclusive at this time. Comparisons with Alaska males were statistically significant, or nearly so, from all three strata and individuals showed mixed assignment to, and few exclusions from, the three potential source strata, suggesting widespread origin of males on sub‐Arctic feeding grounds. We show that SNPs have sufficient power to detect population structure even when genetic differentiation is low. There is a need for better analytical methods for SNPs, especially when linked SNPs are used, but SNPs appear to be a valuable marker for long‐term studies of globally dispersed and highly mobile species.
The vitreomacular interface in retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Bertelmann Thomas , Kičová Nadia , Messerschmidt‐Roth Anke , Irle Sebastian , Sekundo Walter , Mennel Stefan
Published: February 2011

Purpose:  To evaluate the posterior vitreous adhesion status in patients with a history of central or branch retinal vein occlusion and to compare the results with the natural time‐course of posterior vitreous detachment in healthy age‐related controls.

Methods:  A retrospective chart review in terms of the posterior vitreous adhesion status was performed in 132 patients (133 eyes) with a history of a central (CRVO) or branch (BRVO) retinal vein occlusion. All patients underwent vitrectomy. Based on the operation reports, the vitreous adhesion status was classified as attached, partially detached or completely detached. The results were compared to the natural time‐course of posterior vitreous detachment development in healthy age‐related controls.

Results:  Eighty‐one eyes met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifty‐two eyes (64%) had a history of CRVO and 29 eyes (36%) a history of BRVO, respectively. In the CRVO group, the posterior vitreous was attached in 47 eyes (90%) and completely detached in five eyes (10%). In the BRVO group, the posterior vitreous was attached in 27 eyes (93%), partially detached in 1 eye (3%) and completely detached in another eye (3%). A subdivision into age classes and a comparison with healthy age‐related controls [data by Weber‐Krause & Eckardt (1997) Ophthalmologe, 94, 619–623] showed in patients between 65 and 69 years of age an attached posterior vitreous cortex in 72% in healthy eyes, in 100% in CRVO (p = 0.109) and in 89% in BRVO (p = 0.440), in patients between 70 and 79 years of age an attached posterior vitreous cortex in 56% in healthy eyes, in 86% in CRVO (p = 0.010) and in 100% in BRVO (p = 0.038) and in patients between 80 and 89 years of age an attached posterior vitreous cortex in 43% in healthy eyes, in 100% in CRVO (p = 0.191) and in 67% in BRVO (p = 0.582) (Fisher’s exact t‐test).

Conclusion:  In patients with a history of CRVO or BRVO, the posterior vitreous cortex stays attached more frequently in all age groups in comparison with the healthy age‐related controls.
Favourable outcome after cataract surgery with IOL implantation in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Grajewski Rafael S. , Zurek‐Imhoff Beatrix , Roesel Martin , Heinz Carsten , Heiligenhaus Arnd
Published: February 2011

Purpose:  Management of uveitic cataract in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is challenging, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is controversial. This study investigated the outcome after minimally invasive surgery with IOL implantation.

Methods:  Retrospective analysis after phacoemulsification with in‐the‐bag IOL implantation was performed in 16 patients (17 operations) with ANA‐positive JIA‐associated chronic uveitis. In these patients, 25 G capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy was performed and they received an intravitreal triamcinolone (TA) injection.

Results:  Mean age at uveitis onset was 5 ± 2 years, and surgery was performed at a mean age of 11 ± 2.2 years. Preoperatively, uveitis was inactive in all patients, and visual acuity was logMAR 0.8 ± 0.44; additional uveitis complications were present in all patients, and 15 patients were receiving systemic immunosuppression/biologicals.

After surgery (mean follow‐up 26.5 ± 11.7 months), presence of cystoid macular oedema, papilloedema, ocular hypertension/glaucoma and hypotony did not increase compared with baseline. There was no significant worsening of AC inflammation (by cell numbers and laser flare values). IOL deposits persisted in four patients, and synechiae developed in eight. The visual acuity was improved (≥2 lines) in all patients (mean logMAR 0.3 ± 0.24). Retrolental membrane formation was not noted. Secondary capsular opacification was observed in seven patients, requiring Nd:YAG capsulotomy in five of them.

Conclusions:  Phacoemulsification and in‐the‐bag IOL implantation may improve visual outcome in JIA‐associated uveitis with minimally invasive surgical technique and intravitreal TA injection. Well‐controlled uveitis with appropriate use of topical steroids and systemic immunosuppression or biologicals appears as a perioperative requirement.
Normal tension glaucoma and Alzheimer disease: comorbidity?
Authors: Bach‐Holm Daniella , Kessing Svend Vedel , Mogensen Ulla , Forman Julie Lyng , Andersen Per Kragh , Kessing Lars Vedel
Published: February 2011

Purpose:  To investigate whether normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is associated with increased risk of developing dementia/Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods:  A total of 69 patients with NTG were identified in the case note files in the Glaucoma Clinic, University Hospital of Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Denmark from 1980 to 2001. The rate of a subsequent diagnosis of dementia as recorded in nationwide health care registers from 1980 to 2005 was estimated and compared with the rate for the general population [standard mortality rate (SMR) = observed number of cases of dementia/expected number of cases of dementia].

Results:  The 69 patients had a median age of 64 years (quartiles 57 and 73) at the time of the diagnosis, and the average follow‐up period was 12.7 years. The SMRdementia was 0.20 (95% CI 0.01–1.11). No patient developed AD.

Conclusion:  Normal tension glaucoma was not associated with an increased risk of developing dementia/AD.
Regional economic levels and adverse events linked to intrauterine devices
Authors: Zhan Gao , Ling Li , Ying Li , You‐ping Li , Jin Wen , Li Wang
Published: February 2011

Objective To explore the relationship between macro‐economic indicators and incidences of adverse events linked to intrauterine devices (IUDs).

Methods Data on IUD‐associated adverse events were collected from a cohort study conducted between September 2005 and December 2006. Regional economic data were from the 2006 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletins and Statistical Yearbooks of various regions. A total of 20,220 IUD users in 236 towns in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, Anhui, Sichuan, and Chongqing provinces in China were included in this study. Linear correlation and regression analyses were used to analyze the relationships between regional income and total incidences of adverse events, incidences of mild adverse events, and incidences of severe adverse events.

Results Incidences of total adverse events and mild adverse events were positively correlated with regional economic level (rs= 0.336, p < 0.05; rs= 0.272, p < 0.05), while incidences of severe adverse events were not correlated with regional economic level.

Conclusions The positive relationship between regional economic level and reported IUD‐associated mild adverse events likely reflects income‐related disparities in women seeking care and receiving treatment for mild adverse events. This points to a need to improve both public health education and the quality of health services, particularly in poorer areas.
Theoretical and experimental approaches to the deposition and clearance of ultrafine carcinogens in the human respiratory tract
Authors: Sturm Robert
Published: February 2011

Introduction:  Although inhaled ultrafine particles (UFPs) represent serious lung burdens and are thus responsible for a remarkable number of respiratory diseases (including cancer), only limited information on their deposition and clearance in the lung compartments is available. The study presented here tries to overcome this deficit by using a detailed theoretical approach to UFP behavior in the lungs.

Methods:  The deposition model used in this context is based upon a stochastic lung geometry and the generation of single‐particle trajectories in the tracheobronchial tree according to the random walk algorithm. Simulation of UFP clearance is conducted with the help of a multi‐compartment model that considers cellular/non‐cellular sites of temporary particle storage as separate compartments.

Results:  As predicted by the models and confirmed by experimental findings, deposition of UFPs by Brownian motion takes place in both the upper and lower compartments of the respiratory tract. Alveolar accumulation of particulate mass increases proportionally with the inhalative flow rate. Clearance of UFPs is chiefly dominated by slow mechanisms with respective half‐times ranging from several days to months.

Discussion:  Modeling of UFP behavior in the respiratory tract represents an appropriate tool for forthcoming medical studies on this particle class, but it needs to be subjected to further refinements.

As outlined by this study, alveolar deposition of UFPs, correlating with a noticeable risk of malignant transformations and cancer development, is determined by a number of factors, including effective particle size and velocity of particle transport in the conducting airways.

With the help of appropriately validated models, respective predictions on the pulmonary burdens of UFP after short‐term or long‐term exposure can be made. In the case of subjects suffering from bronchial and/or alveolar UFP overloads, respective clearance approaches may be applied to simulate particle removal scenarios.
Reserving Capacity for Urgent Patients in Primary Care
Authors: Dobson Gregory , Hasija Sameer , Pinker Edieal J.
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the effect of the common practice of reserving slots for urgent patients in a primary health care practice on two service quality measures: the average number of urgent patients that are not handled during normal hours (either handled as overtime, referred to other physicians, or referred to the emergency room) and the average queue of non‐urgent or routine patients. We formulate a stochastic model of appointment scheduling in a primary care practice. We conduct numerical experiments to optimize the performance of this system accounting for revenue and these two service quality measures as a function of the number of reserved slots for urgent patients. We compare traditional methods with the advanced‐access system advocated by some physicians, in which urgent slots are not reserved, and evaluate the conditions under which alternative appointment scheduling mechanisms are optimal. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of patient arrival dynamics to their relative performance finding that encouraging routine patients to call for same‐day appointments is a key ingredient for the success of advanced‐access.
An Empirical Study of the Relations Between Hospital Volume, Teaching Status, and Service Quality
Authors: Theokary Carol , Justin Ren Zhong
Published: February 2011

This paper contributes to research on quality drivers in healthcare settings by examining the relationships between patient volume, teaching mission, and process quality in US hospitals. To develop a model that accurately assesses the impact of patient volume and teaching status on quality, we draw on three related research streams pertaining to the volume–quality relationship, the comparative quality of care in teaching and non‐teaching hospitals, and quality drivers in service institutions. We propose the impact of patient volume on process quality varies across hospitals with different teaching intensities. The test of this proposition uses a large data set that measures process quality for treatments for heart attacks and heart failures in all major US hospitals. Our results suggest that, as hospital teaching intensity increases, greater patient volume is associated with decreased process quality. Never before was such a relationship uncovered. This initial finding has important practical implications. First, the regionalization policy of hospitals should be re‐evaluated in light of their teaching function. Second, the root causes for the lower quality scores of large, high resident‐to‐bed ratio teaching hospitals, compared with smaller versions, must be found.
Insulin Resistance Selectively Alters Cell‐Surface Glucose Transporters but not their Total Protein Expression in Equine Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Waller A.P. , Burns T.A. , Mudge M.C. , Belknap J.K. , Lacombe V.A.
Published: February 2011

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) has been widely recognized in humans, and more recently in horses, but its underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. The translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface is the limiting step for glucose uptake in insulin‐sensitive tissues. Although the downstream signaling pathways regulating GLUT translocation are not well defined, AS160 recently has emerged as a potential key component. In addition, the role of GLUT12, one of the most recently identified insulin‐sensitive GLUTs, during IR is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesized that cell‐surface GLUT will be decreased in muscle by an AS160‐dependent pathway in horses with IR.

Animals: Insulin‐sensitive (IS) or IR mares (n = 5/group).

Methods: Muscle biopsies were performed in mares classified as IS or IR based on results of an insulin‐modified frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test. By an exofacial bis‐mannose photolabeled method, we specifically quantified active cell‐surface GLUT4 and GLUT12 transporters. Total GLUT4 and GLUT12 and AS160 protein expression were measured by Western blots.

Results: IR decreased basal cell‐surface GLUT4 expression (P= .027), but not GLUT12, by an AS160‐independent pathway, without affecting total GLUT4 and GLUT12 content. Cell‐surface GLUT4 was not further enhanced by insulin stimulation in either group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: IR induced defects in the skeletal muscle glucose transport pathway by decreasing active cell‐surface GLUT4.
Increase in Minimal Residual Disease in Peripheral Blood before Clinical Relapse in Dogs with Lymphoma that Achieved Complete Remission after Chemotherapy
Authors: Sato M. , Yamazaki J. , Goto‐Koshino Y. , Takahashi M. , Fujino Y. , Ohno K. , Tsujimoto H.
Published: February 2011

Background: We developed previously a minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring system in dogs with lymphoma by exploring a highly sensitive real‐time PCR system.

Objectives: To identify the change in MRD before clinical relapse in dogs with lymphoma that achieved complete remission after chemotherapy.

Animals: Twenty dogs with multicentric high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma.

Methods: MRD levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by real‐time PCR amplifying the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. MRD measurement and clinical assessment were performed every 2–4 weeks for 28–601 days after completion of chemotherapy. An increase in MRD was defined as an increase by more than 0.5, calculated by log10[copy number of MRD per 105 PBMCs], based on the uncertainty level observed in a canine lymphoma cell line.

Results: During the follow‐up period, 15 dogs relapsed in 28–320 days (median, 120 days) after completion of chemotherapy. An increase in MRD was detected 2 weeks or more before relapse in 14 of the 15 dogs, but an increase in MRD before relapse could not be detected in the remaining 1 dog. The time from increased MRD to clinical relapse was 0–63 days (median, 42 days). In contrast, no increase in MRD was detected in 5 dogs that did not experience clinical relapse.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance: An increase in MRD can be detected before clinical relapse in dogs with lymphoma. Application of early reinduction therapy based on an increase in MRD before clinical relapse may improve treatment outcome in canine lymphoma.
Feline Ureteral Strictures: 10 Cases (2007–2009)
Authors: Zaid M.S. , Berent A.C. , Weisse C. , Caceres A.
Published: February 2011

Background: Feline ureteral obstructions have emerged as a common problem. Ureteral strictures rarely are reported as a cause and the predisposing factors and clinical course of this condition have not been described.

Objectives: Evaluate cases of feline ureteral strictures and characterize historical features, clinical signs, diagnostic imaging, surgical and endoscopic findings, histopathology, treatment modalities, and short‐ and long‐term outcomes.

Animals: Ten cats diagnosed with ureteral strictures based on compatible findings from at least 2 of the following: ultrasonography, ureteropyelography, surgical exploration, or histopathology.

Methods: Retrospective study.

Results: Median age, serum creatinine concentration, and size of the renal pelvis were 12 years, 3.7 mg/dL, and 11.75 mm, respectively. Six of 10 cats had hyperechoic periureteral tissue on ultrasound examination at the stricture site. Four cats had evidence of a circumcaval ureter at surgery. Eight cats had an intervention including ureteral stent placement (n = 6) and traditional surgery (n = 2). Seven of 8 cats had decreases in serum creatinine concentration and renal pelvic parameters preceding discharge and 6 had persistently improved results at their last examination. All patients survived to discharge. Median survival time was >294 days (range, 14 to >858 days) with 6/10 cats still alive.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ureteral strictures may occur in cats secondary to ureteral surgery, inflammation, a circumcaval ureter, impacted ureterolithiasis, or for unknown causes. With appropriate and timely intervention, the prognosis for long‐term survival is good. In addition to ureteral reimplantation or ureteronephrectomy, ureteral stenting or SC ureteral bypass may be considered as future therapeutic options.
Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Ponies Challenged with Equine Influenza Virus
Authors: Durando M.M. , Birks E.K. , Hussey S.B. , Lunn D.P.
Published: February 2011

Background: Myocarditis is thought to occur secondary to equine influenza virus (EIV) infections in horses, but there is a lack of published evidence.

Hypothesis/Objectives: We proposed that EIV challenge infection in ponies would cause myocardial damage, detectable by increases in plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations.

Animals: Twenty‐nine influenza‐naïve yearling ponies: 23 were part of an influenza vaccine study (11 unvaccinated and 12 vaccinated), and were challenged with 108 EID50 EIV A/eq/Kentucky/91 6 months after vaccination. Six age‐matched healthy and unvaccinated ponies concurrently housed in a separate facility not exposed to influenza served as controls.

Methods: Heparinized blood was collected before and over 28 days after infection and cTnI determined. Repeated measures analysis of variance, chi‐square, or clustered regression analyses were used to identify relationships between each group and cTnI.

Results: All EIV‐infected ponies developed clinical signs and viral shedding, with the unvaccinated group displaying severe signs. One vaccinated pony and 2 unvaccinated ponies had cTnI greater than the reference range at 1 time point. At all other times, cTnI was <0.05 ng/mL. All control ponies had normal cTnI. There were no significant associations between cTnI and either clinical signs or experimental groups. When separated into abnormal versus normal cTnI, there were no significant differences among groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study demonstrated no evidence of severe myocardial necrosis secondary to EIV challenge with 108 EID50 EIV A/eq/Kentucky/91 in these sedentary ponies, but transient increases in cTnI suggest that mild myocardial damage may occur.
Effects of the Insulin‐Sensitizing Drug Pioglitazone and Lipopolysaccharide Administration on Insulin Sensitivity in Horses
Authors: Suagee J.K. , Corl B.A. , Wearn J.G. , Crisman M.V. , Hulver M.W. , Geor R.J. , McCutcheon L.J.
Published: February 2011

Background: Obesity and insulin resistance increase the risk of laminitis in horses. Pioglitazone (PG) is an insulin‐sensitizing drug used in humans that is absorbed after oral administration to horses.

Hypothesis: PG treatment will increase insulin sensitivity and transcript abundance of glucose and lipid transporters in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues.

Animals: Sixteen lean, healthy horses.

Methods: Eight horses were administered PG (1 mg/kg bodyweight PO) for 12 days before induction of insulin resistance through IV administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treated and untreated controls (CN; n = 8) were subjected to testing of peripheral insulin sensitivity and biopsies of both subcutaneous (nuchal ligament) adipose tissue and skeletal muscle before and after treatment, and 24 hours after LPS administration.

Results: PG treatment did not improve basal insulin sensitivity (CNs: 1.4 ± 0.3, PG‐treated: 1.9 ± 1.3; P > .4) or mitigate LPS‐induced insulin resistance (CNs: 0.4 ± 0.3, PG‐treated: 0.4 ± 0.3); however, transcript abundance of glucose and lipid transporters was altered in both skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Either a higher dose or longer treatment period might be required for physiological effects to be observed. PG is a novel therapeutic agent requiring further investigation in horses in order to determine treatment efficacy.
Repetitive Stimulation of the Common Peroneal Nerve as a Diagnostic Aid for Botulism in Foals
Authors: Aleman M. , Williams D.C. , Jorge N.E. , Magdesian K.G. , Brosnan R.J. , Feary D.J. , Hilton H.G. , Kozikowski T.A. , Higgins J.K. , Madigan J.E. , LeCouteur R.A.
Published: February 2011

Background: Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disorder for which definitive diagnosis is difficult.

Objectives: To determine if repetitive stimulation of the common peroneal nerve will aid in the diagnosis of botulism in foals.

Animals: Four control and 3 affected foals.

Methods: Validation of the test in healthy foals for its comparison in foals with suspected botulism. Controls were anesthetized and affected foals were sedated to avoid risks of anesthesia. The common peroneal nerve was chosen for its superficial location and easy access. Stimulating electrodes were placed along the common peroneal nerve. For recording, the active and reference electrodes were positioned over the midpoint and distal end of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, respectively. Repeated supramaximal stimulation of the nerve was performed utilizing a range of frequencies (1–50 Hz). Data analysis consisted of measuring the amplitude and area under the curve for each M wave and converting these values into percentages of decrement or increment based on the comparison of subsequent potentials to the initial one (baseline) within each set.

Results: A decremental response was seen at all frequencies in control foals. Decremental responses also were observed in affected foals at low frequencies. An incremental response was seen in all affected foals at 50 Hz.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Decreased baseline M wave amplitudes with incremental responses at high rates are supportive of botulism. Repetitive nerve stimulation is a safe, simple, fast, and noninvasive technique that can aid in the diagnosis of suspected botulism in foals.
Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein‐Losing Enteropathy
Authors: Goodwin L.V. , Goggs R. , Chan D.L. , Allenspach K.
Published: February 2011

Background: Dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) have previously been reported to present with thromboembolism; however, the prevalence and pathogenesis of hypercoagulability in dogs with PLE have not been investigated so far.

Hypothesis: Dogs with PLE are hypercoagulable compared with healthy control dogs.

Animals: Fifteen dogs with PLE. Thirty healthy dogs served as controls (HC).

Methods: A prospective study was performed including 15 dogs with PLE. All dogs were scored using the canine chronic enteropathy activity index (CCECAI). Thromboelastography (TEG) and other measures of coagulation were evaluated. Recalcified, unactivated TEG was performed and reaction time (R), kinetic time (K), alpha angle (α), and maximum amplitude (MA) values were recorded. Nine dogs were reassessed after initiation of immunosuppressive treatment.

Results: All dogs with PLE in the study were hypercoagulable with decreased R (PLE: median 7.8, range [2.4–11.2]; HC: 14.1 [9.1–20.3]), decreased K (PLE: 2.5 [0.8–5.2]; HC: 8.25 [4.3–13.1]), increased α (PLE: 56.7 [38.5–78.3]; HC: 25.6 [17–42.4]), and increased MA (PLE: 68.2 [54.1–76.7]; HC: 44.1, [33.5–49]) (all P < .001). Median antithrombin (AT) concentration was borderline low in PLE dogs; however, mean serum albumin concentration was severely decreased (mean 1.67 g/dL ± 5.1, reference range 2.8–3.5 g/dL). Despite a significant improvement in serum albumin and CCECAI, all 9 dogs with PLE were hypercoagulable at re‐examination.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The hypercoagulable state in dogs with PLE cannot be solely attributed to loss of AT. Despite good clinical response to treatment, dogs remained hypercoagulable and could therefore be predisposed to thromboembolic complications.
Cosmogenic radionuclides in L5 and LL5 chondrites from Queen Alexandra Range, Antarctica: Identification of a large L/LL5 chondrite shower with a preatmospheric mass of approximately 50,000 kg
Authors: WELTEN K. C. , CAFFEE M. W. , HILLEGONDS D. J. , McCOY T. J. , MASARIK J. , NISHIIZUMI K.
Published: February 2011

Abstract– The collection of approximately 3300 meteorites from the Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) area, Antarctica, is dominated by more than 2000 chondrites classified as either L5 or LL5. Based on concentrations of the cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 41Ca in the metal and stone fraction of 16 QUE L5 or LL5 chondrites, we conclude that 13 meteorites belong to a single meteorite shower, QUE 90201, with a large preatmospheric size and a terrestrial age of 125 kyr. Members of this shower have properties typical of L (e.g., pyroxene composition) and LL chondrites (e.g., metal abundance and composition), as well as properties intermediate between the L and LL groups (e.g., olivine composition), and is thus best described as an L/LL5 chondrite. Based on comparison with model calculations, the measured radionuclide concentrations in the metal and stone fractions of QUE 90201 indicate irradiation in an object with a preatmospheric radius of approximately 150 cm, representing one of the largest chondrites known so far. Based on the abundance of small L5 and LL5 chondrites at QUE and their distinct mass distribution, we conclude that the QUE 90201 shower includes up to 2000 fragments with a total recovered mass of 60–70 kg, <1% of the preatmospheric mass of approximately 50,000 kg. The mass distribution of the QUE 90201 shower suggests that the meteoroid experienced catastrophic atmospheric fragmentation(s), either because it was a fragile object or it had a high entry velocity.
Reflections on a decade of research by ASEAN dental faculties: analysis of publications from ISI‐WOS databases from 2000 to 2009
Authors: Sirisinha Stitaya , Koontongkaew Sittichai , Phantumvanit Prathip , Wittayawuttikul Ruchareka
Published: February 2011

This communication analyzed research publications in dentistry in the Institute of Scientific Information Web of Science databases of 10 dental faculties in the Association of South‐East Asian Nations (ASEAN) from 2000 to 2009. The term used for the “all‐document types” search was “Faculty of Dentistry/College of Dentistry.” Abstracts presented at regional meetings were also included in the analysis. The Times Higher Education System QS World University Rankings showed that universities in the region fare poorly in world university rankings. Only the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University appeared in the top 100 in 2009; 19 universities in the region, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, appeared in the top 500. Data from the databases showed that research publications by dental institutes in the region fall short of their Asian counterparts. Singapore and Thailand are the most active in dental research of the ASEAN countries.
Coupled Porohyperelastic Mass Transport (PHEXPT) Finite Element Models for Soft Tissues Using ABAQUS
Authors: Vande Geest Jonathan P. , Simon B. R. , Rigby Paul H. , Newberg Tyler P.
Published: February 2011

Finite element models (FEMs) including characteristic large deformations in highly nonlinear materials (hyperelasticity and coupled diffusive/convective transport of neutral mobile species) will allow quantitative study of in vivo tissues. Such FEMs will provide basic understanding of normal and pathological tissue responses and lead to optimization of local drug delivery strategies. We present a coupled porohyperelastic mass transport (PHEXPT) finite element approach developed using a commercially available ABAQUS finite element software. The PHEXPT transient simulations are based on sequential solution of the porohyperelastic (PHE) and mass transport (XPT) problems where an Eulerian PHE FEM is coupled to a Lagrangian XPT FEM using a custom-written FORTRAN program. The PHEXPT theoretical background is derived in the context of porous media transport theory and extended to ABAQUS finite element formulations. The essential assumptions needed in order to use ABAQUS are clearly identified in the derivation. Representative benchmark finite element simulations are provided along with analytical solutions (when appropriate). These simulations demonstrate the differences in transient and steady state responses including finite deformations, total stress, fluid pressure, relative fluid, and mobile species flux. A detailed description of important model considerations (e.g., material property functions and jump discontinuities at material interfaces) is also presented in the context of finite deformations. The ABAQUS-based PHEXPT approach enables the use of the available ABAQUS capabilities (interactive FEM mesh generation, finite element libraries, nonlinear material laws, pre- and postprocessing, etc.). PHEXPT FEMs can be used to simulate the transport of a relatively large neutral species (negligible osmotic fluid flux) in highly deformable hydrated soft tissues and tissue-engineered materials.
Recent Developments in Multifunctional Nanocomposites Using Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wernik Jacob M. , Meguid Shaker A.
Published: February 2011

This review summarizes the most recent advances in multifunctional polymer nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and aims to stimulate further research in this field. Experimental and theoretical investigations of the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and their composite counterparts are presented. This review identifies the processing challenges associated with this class of materials and presents techniques that are currently being adopted to address these challenges and their relative merits. This review suggests possible future trends, opportunities, and challenges in the field and introduces the use of these multifunctional nanocomposites in structural health monitoring applications.
How Rosalind Franklin Discovered the Helical Structure of DNA: Experiments in Diffraction
Authors: Braun Gregory , Tierney Dennis , Schmitzer Heidrun
Published: February 2011

Rosalind Franklin, a chemical physicist (1920–1958), used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA. What exactly could she read out from her x-ray pattern, shown in Fig. 1?1 In lecture notes dated November 1951, R. Franklin wrote the following: “The results suggest a helical structure (which must be very closely packed) containing 2, 3 or 4 co-axial nucleic acid chains per helical unit, and having the phosphate groups near the outside.”2 This was 16 months before J. D. Watson and F. Crick published their description of DNA, which was based on R. Franklin's x-ray photos. How they gained access to her x-ray photos is a fascinating tale of clashing personalities and male chauvinism.2,3
An Experimental Investigation of the End Effects for Blue Man Group® Pipes
Authors: Bacon M. E. , Torok Steven
Published: February 2011

One of us (ST) constructed a Blue Man Group® instrument1 from 2-in PVC piping2 (internal radius r = 2.54 cm) as an undergraduate project. The instrument itself is shown in Fig. 1.
Automatic Flushing Toilets: An Entertaining Platform for Exploring Scientific Thinking
Authors: Blais Brian S.
Published: February 2011

It is often challenging, especially at the beginning of a course, to find good examples where students can actively explore and grapple with the methods of science. We want them to learn the connection between observation, theory, prediction, evidence, and falsification, but to really accomplish this we need platforms for which the students are able to design and implement experiments, and we need to be able to see the results of those experiments relatively quickly. There are some nice ideas using games1 and simple demonstrations and labs.2,3 I have found an example that is both entertaining for the students and rich enough in behavior to be an ideal platform for introducing scientific thinking: the automatic flushing toilet (Fig. 1).
Exposing Students to the Idea that Theories Can Change
Authors: Hoellwarth Chance , Moelter Matthew J.
Published: February 2011

The scientific method is arguably the most reliable way to understand the physical world, yet this aspect of science is rarely addressed in introductory science courses. Students typically learn about the theory in its final, refined form, and seldom experience the experiment-to-theory cycle that goes into producing the theory. One exception to this is the Powerful Ideas in Physical Science curriculum (PIPS) developed by the American Association of Physics Teachers.1 In this curriculum students develop theories based on experiments. The “Heat and Conservation of Energy” unit illustrates the experiment-to-theory cycle in a set of experiments introducing the conservation of energy. The idea of conservation of energy is developed early in the unit; however, students must expand their idea of energy in order to incorporate new phenomenon, namely the specific heat and phase transitions. Yet even with these experiments, the ideas of energy and of a theory remain abstract. In order to address the abstractness of energy, many authors have introduced energy diagrams.2–5 In these energy diagrams, the height of a bar graph represents the amount of different types of energy, nicely illustrating how energy transfers from one form to another. The PIPS curriculum took this one step further and used area to represent thermal energy when mixing different amounts of water. Thus, the conservation of area illustrates the idea of conservation of energy. Using this as a starting point, we have extended the energy/area diagram so that it includes other aspects of thermal energy, making the idea of a theory more concrete. Every new experiment requires a change in the theory and hence a change in the corresponding energy diagram. In this paper we develop this enhanced energy diagram through a series of experiments taken from the PIPS curriculum. While PIPS is designed for nonscience majors, this sequence of events as a lab or as demonstrations would work for any introductory course. The sequence involves four experiments. We will describe each of the experiments the students perform and the typical results. Then we describe the theory building that subsequently adapts the energy diagram to explain new data. This will demonstrate how the theory building takes place and how the energy diagram is developed based on experimental results.
The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Science-Policy Interface
Authors: Perrings Charles , Duraiappah Anantha , Larigauderie Anne , Mooney Harold
Published: February 2011

Assessments must provide conditional predictions of the consequences of specific policy options, at well-defined spatial and temporal scales.
Osteoarthritis as an outcome of paediatric sport: an epidemiological perspective
Authors: Caine Dennis J , Golightly Yvonne M
Published: February 2011

Recent data suggest that the risk of paediatric sport injury is high and constitutes a significant public health burden. A concern regarding long-term consequences of youth sports injury is the risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) at a young age. Based on the available evidence, a link between youth sports injuries, particularly acute injury of the knee and ankle, and OA, is likely. Early OA development and intense participation in high-impact, high-stress elite sports at an early age also may be associated, but follow-up of elite athletes into the early adult years is needed to examine this relationship. Given that some antecedents of early adult-onset OA may be traced to child and adolescent sports injury and related surgery, and perhaps intense training regimens, it follows that efforts to prevent sports-related joint injury should begin during the childhood years. Based on the results of recent research evidence, programmes addressing prevention of youth sports injuries may provide the rewarding results of OA prevention.
Black, white or green: ‘race’, gender and avatars within the therapeutic space
Authors: Graber Mark A , Graber Abraham D
Published: February 2011

Personal identity is critical to provider–patient interactions. Patients and doctors tend to self-select, ideally forming therapeutic units that maximise the patients' benefit. Recently, however, ‘reality’ has changed. The internet and virtual worlds such as Second Life (http://www.secondlife.com/) allow models of identity and provider–patient interactions that go beyond the limits of mainstream personal identity. In this paper some of the ethical implications of virtual patient–provider interactions, especially those that have to do with personal identity, are explored.
The role of work ability in the relationship between aerobic capacity and sick leave: a mediation analysis
Authors: Strijk Jorien E , Proper Karin I , van Stralen Maartje M , Wijngaard Peter , van Mechelen Willem , van der Beek Allard J
Published: February 2011

Objectives

To examine: (1) the relationships between aerobic capacity, work ability and sick leave; (2) the potential mediating effect of work ability in the relationship between aerobic capacity and sick leave; and (3) the influence of age on these relationships.

Methods

Information on aerobic capacity (predicted VO2max), age, gender, type of work, cardiovascular risk and body mass index was collected from 580 workers at baseline. Work ability was assessed with the Work Ability Index at first follow-up (mean 3.4±1.3 years after baseline). The second follow-up period was defined as the time between completing the Work Ability Index and the first registered sick leave episode. Mediation analyses were performed using linear and Cox regression models.

Results

A lower aerobic capacity was found to be significantly related to sick leave (HR=0.98; τ=−0.018; 95% CI 0.970 to 0.994). There was a significant positive relationship between aerobic capacity and work ability (α=0.165; 95% CI 0.122 to 0.208). Also, lower work ability was significantly related to sick leave after controlling for aerobic capacity (HR=0.97; β=−0.033; 95% CI 0.949 to 0.987). The mediating effect of work ability in the relationship between aerobic capacity and sick leave was −0.005 (SE=0.002), and mediated 27.8% (95% CI 10.4 to 45.2) of the total effect of aerobic capacity on sick leave. Age did not influence the relationship between aerobic capacity and sick leave.

Conclusions

Fit workers had better work ability, and both fit workers and workers with higher work ability were at lower risk of starting an episode of sick leave.
STUDIES OF Λ(1405) WITH K-MESIC ATOMS
Authors: WYCECH SŁAWOMIR
Published: February 2011

Experimental tests of the Λ(1405) properties are suggested. These could reflect the position and shape of this state in the [Formula: see text] channel. The first test consists in precise determinations of the level widths in the highest accessible K -mesic atom states. One needs to study the dependence of these widths on the binding energy of the valence protons in the involved nuclei. The second test consists in the measurement of radiative transitions from the P-wave atomic hydrogen levels to the Λ(1405) state. In both cases one can study the absorptive part of [Formula: see text] scattering amplitude in the subthreshold region.
PRESENT AND FUTURE OF CENTRAL PRODUCTION WITH STAR DETECTOR AT RHIC
Authors:   FOR THE STAR COLLABORATION, GURYN WŁODEK
Published: February 2011

The present status and future physics program of Central Production using the STAR detector at RHIC will be described. The program focuses on particle production resulting from the Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) process. Forward protons from the DPE interaction are detected in the Roman Pot system installed at 55.5 m and 58.5 m on both sides of the STAR interaction point. The recoil system of charged particles from the DPE process is measured in the STAR Time Projection Chamber (TPC). The first data were taken in 2009 during the RHIC-Run 9 using polarized proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text]. The preliminary spectra of two pion and four pion invariant mass reconstructed by STAR TPC in central region of pseudo-rapidity |η| < 1, are presented. Plans to take data with the current system at [Formula: see text] and plans to upgrade the forward proton tagging system, so that it can reach higher masses and obtain large data samples in searching for glueballs that could be produced in the DPE process, are also discussed.
THE NN AND NY INTERACTIONS AT SMALL ENERGIES
Authors: MACHNER HARTMUT , HINTERBERGER FRANK , SIUDAK REGINA
Published: February 2011

We discuss recent results and open problems in baryon-baryon interactions at small relative energies. Here we concentrate on pp and pn final state interactions in pion production reactions and on Λp interactions in kaon production.
$\bar K$ NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS AND DYNAMICS
Authors: GAL AVRAHAM
Published: February 2011

[Formula: see text] dynamics and its realization through the Λ(1405) resonance are introduced, highlighting recent theoretical studies of K-pp quasibound states. The role of [Formula: see text] mesons in nuclei and in multistrange hadronic matter is discussed within RMF calculations.
A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR FORMATION OF η-4He BOUND STATE BY d + d REACTION
Authors: HIRENZAKI SATORU , NAGAHIRO HIDEKO , JIDO DAISUKE
Published: February 2011

In this article, we consider theoretically the d + d reaction for the formation of the η-4 He bound state. We evaluate the formation rate and show expected spectra using a simple theoretical model with Green's function method.
PROBING NUCLEON STRUCTURE WITH MESON ELECTRO-PRODUCTION IN HALL C
Authors: WOOD STEPHEN A.
Published: February 2011

Meson electro-production is used in Hall C at Jefferson Lab to probe nucleon, baryon and nuclear structure. The experimental program in Hall C includes studies of semi-inclusive pion production, p, d(e, e′π±)X, where low energy factorization has been observed, suggesting that these reactions can be used to probe nucleon structure, including transverse momentum distributions of quarks, at energies available at JLab after the upcoming 12 GeV upgrade.
PHOTOPRODUCTION OF MESONS OFF LIGHT NUCLEI
Authors: KRUSCHE BERND
Published: February 2011

During the last few years photoproduction of mesons off light target nuclei (2 H , 3 He , 7 Li ) has been systematically studied at the tagged photon beams of the Bonn ELSA accelerator and the Mainz MAMI accelerator. The experiments used the combined Crystal Barrel/TAPS setup in Bonn and the Crystal Ball/TAPS setup in Mainz. Most measurements investigated meson photoproduction off the neutron for many different reaction channels in order to establish the iso-spin structure of electromagnetic resonance couplings. This project used mostly deuteron targets. The measurements with the He and Li targets aimed at the search for η-mesic nuclei and hadron in-medium properties.