bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatments for bulimia nervosa: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Slade Eric , Keeney Edna , Mavranezouli Ifigeneia , Dias Sofia , Fou Linyun , Stockton Sarah , Saxon Leanne , Waller Glenn , Turner Hannah , Serpell Lucy , Fairburn Christopher G. , Kendall Tim
Published: May 2018

Background

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a severe eating disorder that can be managed using a variety of treatments including pharmacological, psychological, and combination treatments. We aimed to compare their effectiveness and to identify the most effective for the treatment of BN in adults.

Methods

A search was conducted in Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Central from their inception to July 2016. Studies were included if they reported on treatments for adults who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for BN. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that examined available psychological, pharmacological, or combination therapies licensed in the UK were included. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) of RCTs. The outcome analysed was full remission at the end of treatment.

Results

We identified 21 eligible trials with 1828 participants involving 12 treatments, including wait list. The results of the NMA suggested that individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (specific to eating disorders) was most effective in achieving remission at the end of treatment compared with wait list (OR 3.89, 95% CrI 1.19–14.02), followed by guided cognitive behavioural self-help (OR 3.81, 95% CrI 1.51–10.90). Inconsistency checks did not identify any significant inconsistency between the direct and indirect evidence.

Conclusions

The analysis suggested that the treatments that are most likely to achieve full remission are individual CBT (specific to eating disorders) and guided cognitive behavioural self-help, although no firm conclusions could be drawn due to the limited evidence base. There is a need for further research on the maintenance of treatment effects and the mediators of treatment outcome.
Faith and hope in situations of epistemic uncertainty
Authors: PALMQVIST CARL-JOHAN
Published: May 2018

When it comes to religion, lack of conclusive evidence leads many reflective thinkers to embrace agnosticism. However, pure agnosticism does not necessarily have to be the final word; there are other attitudes one might reasonably adopt in a situation of epistemic uncertainty. This article concentrates on J. L. Schellenberg's proposal that non-doxastic propositional faith is available even when belief is unwarranted. Schellenberg's view is rejected since his envisaged notion of faith conflicts with important epistemic aims. Instead, it is suggested that a combination of hope and ‘occasional’ faith constitutes a substantive religious pro-attitude rationally available in situations of epistemic uncertainty.
Response to Wunder: objective probability, non-contingent theism, and the EAAN
Authors: HENDRICKS PERRY
Published: May 2018

This article is a response to Tyler Wunder's ‘The modality of theism and probabilistic natural theology: a tension in Alvin Plantinga's philosophy’ (this journal). In his article, Wunder argues that if the proponent of the Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism (EAAN) holds theism to be non-contingent and frames the argument in terms of objective probability, then the EAAN is either unsound or theism is necessarily false. I argue that a modest revision of the EAAN renders Wunder's objection irrelevant, and that this revision actually widens the scope of the argument.
Changing long-term care provision at the local level in times of austerity – a qualitative study
Authors: GORI CRISTIANO
Published: May 2018

In the first decade of the century, long-term care (LTC) policies for dependent older people in Italy were improved with respect to both the availability of public funds and the quality of services. At the turn of the decade, however, cost-containment and austerity measures were imposed as an overall priority for the public sector and this goal also affected the LTC sector. This article explores the effects produced by cost-containment policies, which widened the gap between care needs and available public funding, on the provision of LTC services at the local level in Italy during the economic crisis. The study is based on 34 semi-structured interviews with services managers employed in Italy's publicly funded LTC system. Data were analysed with the framework analysis method and six cross-cutting thematic categories were identified that depict, according to the interviewees, the main transformations that occurred in the provision of LTC at the local level as a consequence of cost-containment policies. ‘Uncertainty’ refers to the inability to predict what direction the LTC system is going to take in the foreseeable future. ‘Short-termism’ illustrates the pressure to focus excessively on day-to-day service delivery at the expense of a medium- to long-term view of their future. ‘Endangering quality’ describes the risk of not being able to maintain the level of quality of care achieved so far. ‘Allocative tensions’ refers to the tensions due to the increasing requirement to ration the provision of public LTC services. ‘Unequal re-familiarisation’ represents the very different impacts of the trend of re-familiarisation depending on families’ financial situation. ‘Inappropriate care’ depicts the rising number of older people receiving public care interventions that are not appropriate to meet their needs.
Governing the ageing body: explicating the negotiation of ‘positive’ ageing in daily life
Authors: PACK RACHAEL , HAND CARRI , RUDMAN DEBBIE LALIBERTE , HUOT SUZANNE
Published: May 2018

Positive ageing discourses have proliferated in Western nations, forming key aspects of structured mandates for how to think about, and act towards, ageing bodies. As interpretive resources, positive ageing discourses shape how adults growing older think about themselves, their bodies and the bodies of others in relation to the process of ageing and the imperative to ‘age well’. Informed by governmentality, this paper considers how positive ageing discourses function as technologies of government to inform and direct conduct. Drawing on in-depth narrative data, this analysis traces how ageing citizens take up and negotiate positive ageing discourses in their everyday lives, drawing attention to the intensive work, inexorable focus on the body and numerous resources that the enactment of positive ageing requires. Specifically, this analysis illuminates the interplay between the lived experiences of ageing and the socio-culturally structured mandates that shape how ageing and ageing bodies are conceptualised and approached, and draws attention to the moments of tension that arise out of such interplay. We suggest that these moments of tension highlight how the bodywork practices that older adults rigorously and continuously engage in are not so much directed towards the pursuit of ageless ageing, but rather are a response to the inescapable threat of dependency, decline and loss of agency, and thus operate to affirm ageist underpinnings of positive ageing discourses.
Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii andB.henselaein dogs
Authors: Müller A. , Soto F. , Sepúlveda M. , Bittencourt P. , Benevenute J. L. , Ikeda P. , Machado R. Z. , André M. R.
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to molecularly surveyBartonellain dogs from Chile. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) forBartonellaspp. based onnuoGgene was performed in 139 blood samples taken from dogs belonging to rural localities of the Valdivia Province, Los Ríos region, southern Chile.nuoGqPCR-positive samples were submitted to conventional PCR assays forftsZ,gltA,rpoBandnuoGgenes and sequencing for speciation and phylogenetic analysis. Based upon qPCR results,Bartonellaspp. occurrence in dogs was 4.3% (6/139). Out of sixnuoGqPCR-positive samples, six, three, two and none showed positive results in cPCR assays based ongltA,ftsZ,rpoBandnuoGgenes, respectively. Consistent sequencing results were obtained only for theftsZgene from sample #1532 (GeneBank accession number: MG252491), andgltAgene from samples #1535 (MG252490) and #1532 (148 bp fragment that was not deposited in GenBank). Phylogenetic analysis offtsZandgltAgenes allowed speciation of twonuoG-positive samples, one asBartonella vinsoniisubsp. berkhoffii and the other asB. henselae. Bartonella vinsoniisubsp. berkhoffii andB. henselaeare detected for the first time in dogs from Chile, highlighting the importance of the canine population as a source of zoonotic agents and potential infection risk to humans.
Enhancing vital non-technical workplace competencies for early career seed scientists
Authors: Pérez Héctor E.
Published: May 2018

Graduate training programs often produce technically ‘savvy’ scientists with inadequate non-technical skill sets essential for workplace success. The challenges associated with lack of non-technical competency may be exacerbated in highly specialized fields such as seed science. This brief communication describes recent efforts conducted at the 12th Triennial Conference of the International Society for Seed Science to address non-technical skill development for pre-career professionals. Furthermore, I propose a few adaptable ideas to begin confronting the divide between graduate education and professional development.
Town clerks and the authorship of custumals in medieval England
Authors: CUENCA ESTHER LIBERMAN
Published: May 2018

This article examines the expertise and duties of clerks in medieval English towns, particularly their roles in creating custumals, or collections of written customs. Customs could regulate trade, office-holding, prostitution and even public nuisance. Many clerks were anonymous, and their contributions to custumals understudied. The careers of relatively well-known clerks, however, do provide insights into how some clerks shaped custumals into civic repositories of customary law. By analysing their oaths and known administrative practices, which involved adapting material from older custumals, this article argues that town clerks played critical roles in transmitting customary law to future generations of administrators.
Paramedics’ Perspectives on Factors Impacting On-Scene Times for Trauma Calls
Authors: Levitan Mark , Law Madelyn P. , Ferron Richard , Lutz-Graul Karen
Published: May 2018

Introduction

According to Ontario, Canada’s Basic Life Support Patient Care Standards, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) on-scene time (OST) for trauma calls should not exceed 10 minutes, unless there are extenuating circumstances. The time to definitive care can have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of trauma patients. This is the first Canadian study to investigate why this is the case by giving a voice to those most involved in prehospital care: the paramedics themselves. It is also the first study to explore this issue from a complex, adaptive systems approach which recognizes that OSTs may be impacted by local, contextual features.

Problem

Research addressed the following problem: what are the facilitators and barriers to achieving 10-minute OSTs?

Methods

This project used a descriptive, qualitative design to examine facilitators and barriers to achieving 10-minute OSTs on trauma calls, from the perspective of paramedics. Paramedics from a regional Emergency Services organization were interviewed extensively over the course of one year, using qualitative interviewing techniques developed by experts in that field. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVivo for Mac (QSR International; Victoria, Australia) software that supports qualitative research, for ease of data analysis. Researcher triangulation was used to ensure credibility of the data.

Results

Thirteen percent of the calls had OSTs that were less than 10 minutes. The following six categories were outlined by the paramedics as impacting the duration of OSTs: (1) scene characteristics; (2) the presence and effectiveness of allied services; (3) communication with dispatch; (4) the paramedics’ ability to effectively manage the scene; (5) current policies; and (6) the quantity and design of equipment.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate the complexity of the prehospital environment and bring into question the feasibility of the 10-minute OST standard.LevitanM,LawMP,FerronR,Lutz-GraulK.Paramedics’ perspectives on factors impacting on-scene times for trauma calls.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(3):250–255.
Effects of Repeated Concussions and Sex on Early Processing of Emotional Facial Expressions as Revealed by Electrophysiology
Authors: Carrier-Toutant Frédérike , Guay Samuel , Beaulieu Christelle , Léveillé Édith , Turcotte-Giroux Alexandre , Papineau Samaël D. , Brisson Benoit , D’Hondt Fabien , De Beaumont Louis
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Concussions affect the processing of emotional stimuli. This study aimed to investigate how sex interacts with concussion effects on early event-related brain potentials (ERP) measures (P1, N1) of emotional facial expressions (EFE) processing in asymptomatic, multi-concussion athletes during an EFE identification task. Methods: Forty control athletes (20 females and 20 males) and 43 multi-concussed athletes (22 females and 21 males), recruited more than 3 months after their last concussion, were tested. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, and an Emotional Facial Expression Identification Task. Pictures of male and female faces expressing neutral, angry, and happy emotions were randomly presented and the emotion depicted had to be identified as fast as possible during EEG acquisition. Results: Relative to controls, concussed athletes of both sex exhibited a significant suppression of P1 amplitude recorded from the dominant right hemisphere while performing the emotional face expression identification task. The present study also highlighted a sex-specific suppression of the N1 component amplitude after concussion which affected male athletes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that repeated concussions alter the typical pattern of right-hemisphere response dominance to EFE in early stages of EFE processing and that the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the processing of emotional stimuli are distinctively affected across sex. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1–11)
VALIDATING CHINA'S OUTPUT DATA USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Morris Stephen D. , Zhang Junjie
Published: May 2018

Can officially reported output figures be externally validated? This paper presents a dynamic panel framework for assessing statistics using verifiable signals of economic activity. In this context, satellite readings of nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of combustion, are forwarded. The problem of validating China's reported gross domestic product at the sub-national level during two recent downturns is considered. During the Great Recession period, reported figures are validated for some regions, but not others, including specifically those known to be inaccurate.
TRANSMISSION CHAINS OF ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY ON MACROECONOMIC ACTIVITY: NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Salamaliki Paraskevi K. , Venetis Ioannis A.
Published: May 2018

This paper investigates the macroeconomic impact of uncertainty by using three recently constructed US economic uncertainty proxies. Emphasis is placed on examining the informational value of these indicators and their ability to better predict economic activity. We focus on the direct and/or indirect transmission chains of economic uncertainty on US macroeconomic aggregates, the magnitude of the forecast improvement induced by economic uncertainty and the strength of the observed dynamic relations. Our results show that macroeconomic uncertainty can help in forecasting key macroeconomic aggregates across multiple horizons, and this predictive power is economically and statistically significant. The two macroeconomic uncertainty measures anticipate industrial production and consumption directly, and investment and employment indirectly, with a time-delay. The transmission chains for investment include consumption and the stock market as intermediate variables, and for employment consumption and investment. No substantial evidence of feedback effects from real activity to macroeconomic uncertainty is found. Moreover, asymmetry in macroeconomic uncertainty is found to be important. Upside and downside uncertainty produce significant macroeconomic effects, yet downside uncertainty produces the strongest impact. Results from a “news-based” economic policy uncertainty measure are weaker.
SEXUAL CAUSALITY
Authors: STEWART-STEINBERG SUZANNE
Published: May 2018

Close on the thematic heels of her groundbreakingSex after Fascism, Dagmar Herzog offers us in her new bookCold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophesa further elaboration on her earlier thesis about the complex relationship between sex and politics.Sex after Fascismmade an immensely productive but counterintuitive argument, one that crucially relied on the proposition of three historical periods, each defined by its particular relationship with sex(uality). Herzog claimed, first, that German fascism was not sexually repressive; second, that the immediate postwar environment was, on the contrary, sexually repressive; and third, that the “sexual revolution” beginning in the late 1960s and expanding into the 1970s was consciously contesting fascist repression, while in fact it was actually and unconsciously in dialogue with the more immediate past of the postwar era. Her tour de force argument here was that this historical sequencing had the overall effect of obscuring, indeed repressing, the sex-positive policies of the Nazis and therefore “misunderstanding” not only fascism itself but also—and especially—fascism's (sexual) appeal. Herzog suggested that not only did the generation of the 1968-ers espouse a politics of the missed object; more nefariously, the repression of fascism's sexual appeal also opened the road to all sorts of varieties of historical revisionism.
Gender, Power, and Left Politics: From Feminization to “Feministization”
Authors: Dean Jonathan , Maiguashca Bice
Published: May 2018

Responding to ongoing debates about the presence (or otherwise) of feminism within left-wing politics, this article has two central aims. First, it seeks to develop a set of analytical criteria to identify and assess the extent to which an instance of politics has become “feminist.” Second, it aims to illustrate the utility of this framework by applying it to a range of examples of contemporary left politics in Britain. Our argument is similarly twofold. Conceptually, learning from the literature on socialist feminism, gender and politics, and cultural studies and sociology, we identify five features of what we call “feministization,” arguing that in addition to feminist ideas, policies, and modes of organizing, we must also pay attention to the role of embodied performances and affect. Empirically, we suggest that, seen through this lens, the British left has in fact undergone a significant but uneven process of feministization in recent years.
Mosque Involvement and Political Engagement in the United States
Authors: Westfall Aubrey
Published: May 2018

Confronted by a number of home-grown Islamic terrorist attacks, many Americans incorrectly assume that Muslim religiosity correlates with anti-American values and that the American mosque is the center of radical socialization efforts. This paper examines the nature of the relationship between mosque involvement and political engagement. It finds that mosque attendance is positively associated with political engagement only when the attendance engages congregants in ways beyond religious ritual. Attending mosque to pray does not significantly impact political identities or engagement like following politics, registering to vote, voting, or party membership, while participation in other social or religious activities at a mosque is associated with an increased probability of engagement. These results suggest that not all mosque involvement is equally beneficial for promoting political engagement and that religious participation must proactively engage with the social lives of the congregants to have a substantive political effect.
Up-regulation of renal renin–angiotensin system and inflammatory mechanisms in the prenatal programming by low-protein diet: beneficial effect of the post-weaning losartan treatment
Authors: Watanabe I. K. M. , Jara Z. P. , Volpini R. A. , Franco M. d. C. , Jung F. F. , Casarini D. E.
Published: May 2018

Previous studies have shown that the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is affected by adverse maternal nutrition during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a maternal low-protein diet on proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and RAS components in kidney samples isolated from adult male offspring. We hypothesized that post-weaning losartan treatment would have beneficial effects on RAS activity and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in these animals. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with a control (20% casein) or low-protein diet (LP) (6% casein) throughout gestation. After weaning, the LP pups were randomly assigned to LP and LP-losartan groups (AT1 receptor blockade: 10 mg/kg/day until 20 weeks of age). At 20 weeks of age, blood pressure levels were higher and renal RAS was activated in the LP group. We also observed several adverse effects in the kidneys of the LP group, including a higher number of CD3, CD68 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and higher levels of collagen and reactive oxygen species in the kidney. Further, our results revealed that post-weaning losartan treatment completely abolished immune cell infiltration and intrarenal RAS activation in the kidneys of LP rats. The prevention of augmentation of angiotensin (Ang II) concentration abolished inflammatory and fibrotic events, indicating that Ang II via the AT1 receptor is essential for pathological initiation. Our results suggest that the prenatal programming of hypertension is dependent on the up-regulation of local RAS and presence of immune cells in the kidney.
Looking for Law in Unusual Places: Cross-Border Diffusion of Environmental Norms
Authors: Affolder Natasha
Published: May 2018

Scholars of environmental law are gaining comfort with looking for law in unusual places. As a result, lists and maps of the environmental content of contractual provisions are emerging. What these lists and maps largely miss, however, is the powerful dynamic of how legal norms move across borders through contract. This article argues that contractual provisions operate as critical platforms for the migration of legal norms, ideas and technologies between project and transactional settings. Three dynamics of how this movement takes place (transfer from contract to contract, migration from contract to legislation, and entrenching private standards through contract) are explored – each revealing how contractual practices reproduce selective visions of what counts as the ‘environment’ worth protecting.
Legal and Policy Pathways of Climate Change Adaptation: Comparative Analysis of the Adaptation Practices in the United States, Australia and China
Authors: He Xiangbai
Published: May 2018

To successfully respond to climate change impacts, it is imperative that governments structure adaptation laws and policies around their country’s existing legal framework. The United States (US), China, and Australia have all made adaptation attempts through legislative, executive, and judicial action. However, because the systems of law and governance of the three countries differ, the ways in which adaptation issues are managed vary. State and local adaptation planning functions as the leading adaptation pathway in the US, whereas in Australia judicial intervention is more influential than executive action. By contrast, China relies primarily on policy to manage adaptation issues. This article argues that the differences in adaptation responses are the result of a complex combination of factors, which include climate politics and awareness of adaptation, the status of environmental principles, and the role of the judiciary. This analysis helps in identifying the opportunities and barriers associated with different adaptation solutions, and also contributes to cross-jurisdictional learning.
S‐to‐Rayleigh Wave Scattering From the Continental Margin Observed at USArray
Authors: Buehler J. S. , Mancinelli N. J. , Shearer P. M.
Published: May 2018

We show examples of teleseismic S waves from western Pacific earthquakes converting to surface waves near the western U.S. coastline. Many of these events originate in the Tonga‐Samoa region. We observe these surface wave conversions at USArray stations at relatively long periods (>10 s). The amplitudes vary considerably from station to station and appear highly amplified in the Yellowstone region. Two‐dimensional spectral element simulations successfully generate scattered Rayleigh waves from incident SV waves and models with surface topography at the coastline and crustal thickness variations across the margin, although simple models cannot explain the large Rayleigh wave amplitudes (greater than the direct S wave amplitude) observed in some regions, suggesting that the wave train is amplified by local structure or 3‐D focusing effects.
Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Fine Sediment Transport by Waves and Currents in a Shallow Estuary
Authors: Chou Yi‐Ju , Nelson Kurt S. , Holleman Rusty C. , Fringer Oliver B. , Stacey Mark T. , Lacy Jessica R. , Monismith Stephen G. , Koseff Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2018

A suspended sediment transport model is implemented in the unstructured‐grid SUNTANS model and applied to study fine‐grained sediment transport in South San Francisco Bay. The model enables calculation of suspension of bottom sediment based on combined forcing of tidal currents and wind waves. We show that accurate results can be obtained by employing two‐size classes which are representative of microflocs and macroflocs in the Bay. A key finding of the paper is that the critical calibration parameter is the ratio of the erosion of the microflocs to macroflocs from the bed. Different values of this erosion ratio are needed on the shallow shoals and deeper channels because of the different nature of the sediment dynamics in these regions. Application of a spatially variable erosion ratio and critical shear stress for erosion is shown to accurately reproduce observed suspended sediment concentration at four‐field sites located along a cross‐channel transect. The results reveal a stark contrast between the behavior of the suspended sediment concentration on the shoals and in the deep channel. Waves are shown to resuspend sediments on the shoals, although tidal and wind‐generated currents are needed to mix the thin wave‐driven suspensions into the water column. The contribution to the suspended sediment concentration in the channel by transport from the shoals is similar in magnitude to that due to local resuspension. However, the local contribution is in phase with strong bottom currents which resuspend the sediments, while the contribution from the shoals peaks during low‐water slack tide.
Assessment of Autonomous pH Measurements for Determining Surface Seawater Partial Pressure of CO2
Authors: Takeshita Yuichiro , Johnson Kenneth S. , Martz Todd R. , Plant Josh N. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: May 2018

The Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) program currently operates >80 profiling floats equipped with pH sensors in the Southern Ocean. Theoretically, these floats have the potential to provide unique year‐around estimates of pCO2 derived from pH measurements. Here, we evaluate this approach in the field by comparing pCO2 estimates from pH sensors to directly measured pCO2. We first discuss data from a ship's underway system which covered a large range in temperature (2–30°C) and salinity (33.6–36.5) over 43 days. This pH sensor utilizes the same sensing technology but with different packaging than those on SOCCOM floats. The mean residual varied between −4.6 ± 4.1 and 8.6 ± 4.0 (1σ) μatm, depending on how the sensor was calibrated. However, the standard deviation of the residual, interpreted as the ability to track spatiotemporal variability, was consistently < 5 μatm and was independent of the calibration method. Second, we assessed the temporal stability of this approach by comparing pCO2 estimated from four floats over 3 years to the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series. Good agreement of −2.1 ± 10.4 (1σ) µatm was observed, with coherent seasonal cycles. These results demonstrate that pCO2 estimates derived from profiling float pH measurements appear capable of reproducing spatiotemporal variations in surface pCO2 measurements and should provide a powerful observational tool to complement current efforts to understand the seasonal to interannual variability of surface pCO2 in underobserved regions of the open ocean.
Ice Shelf Rift Propagation and the Mechanics of Wave‐Induced Fracture
Authors: Lipovsky Bradley Paul
Published: May 2018

Distant storms, tsunamis, and earthquakes generate waves on floating ice shelves. Previous studies, however, have disagreed about whether the resulting wave‐induced stresses may cause ice shelf rift propagation. Most ice shelf rifts show long periods of dormancy suggesting that they have low background stress concentrations and may therefore be susceptible to wave‐induced stresses. Here I quantify wave‐induced stresses on the Ross Ice Shelf Nascent Rift and the Amery Ice Shelf Loose Tooth T2 Rift using passive seismology. I then relate these stresses to a fracture mechanical model of rift propagation that accounts for rift cohesive strength due to refrozen melange, ice inertia, and spatial heterogeneity in fracture toughness due to the presence of high toughness suture zones. I infer wave‐induced stresses using the wave impedance tensor, a rank three tensor that relates seismically observable particle velocities to components of the stress tensor. I find that wave‐induced stresses are an order of magnitude larger on the Ross Ice Shelf as compared to the Amery Ice Shelf. In the absence of additional rift strength, my model predicts that the Nascent Rift should have experienced extensive rift propagation. The observation that no such propagation occurred during this time therefore suggests that the Nascent Rift experiences strengthening from either refrozen melange or rift tip processes zone dynamics. This study illustrates one way in which passive seismology may illuminate glacier calving physics.
An Emergent Sea Ice Floe Size Distribution in a Global Coupled Ocean‐Sea Ice Model
Authors: Roach Lettie A. , Horvat Christopher , Dean Samuel M. , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: May 2018

Sea ice is composed of discrete floes, which range in size across orders of magnitude. Here we present a model that represents the joint distribution of sea ice thickness and floe size. Unlike previous studies, we do not impose a particular form on the subgrid‐scale floe size distribution. Floe sizes are determined prognostically by the interaction of five key physical processes: new ice formation, welding of floes in freezing conditions, lateral growth and melt, and fracture of floes by ocean surface waves. Coupled model results suggest that these processes capture first‐order characteristics of the floe size distribution, including decay in the distribution with increasing floe size and basin‐wide spatial variability in representative radius. Lateral melt and floe welding are particularly important, with wave fracture creating floes at preferred sizes. The addition of floe size dependence to the existing model physics results in significant reductions in sea ice concentration, particularly in summer and principally due to floe size‐dependent lateral melt. The increased lateral melt alters partitioning of the melting potential, which reduces basal melt and increases sea ice thickness in some locations. These results suggest that including a floe size distribution may be important for accurate simulation of the polar climate system.
Trends in the prevalence and incidence of ankylosing spondylitis in South Korea, 2010–2015 and estimated differences according to income status
Authors: Park Jin-Sung , Hong Jae-Young , Park Ye-Soo , Han Kyungdo , Suh Seung-Woo
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and incidence of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in South Korea, 2010–2015. This study was conducted using the Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA) database, which includes information on every patient diagnosed with AS. The incidence and prevalence of AS were evaluated by age, sex, and income status. The prevalence increased linearly by 7.7% annually, i.e., 31.62 in 2010 to 52.30 in 2015 (per 100,000 persons). During the study period, the incidence was 6.34 per 100,000 person-years. The prevalence peaked for both men and women in the age range 30–39 years. Incidence peaked for men in the age range 20–29 years, but peaked for women between ages 70 and 89. AS was 3.6 times more prevalent in men than in women, and the incidence in men was 2.1 times greater than in women. With respect to income status, the prevalence and incidence of AS were 3 times greater and 5 times greater, respectively, in medical aid recipients compared to individuals with other income levels. The trend of increasing AS prevalence and the observation that 14.3% of all patients newly diagnosed with AS are medical aid recipients have significant implications for healthcare planning.
Revisiting the catalytic mechanism of Mo–Cu carbon monoxide dehydrogenase using QM/MM and DFT calculations
Authors: Xu Kai , Hirao Hajime
Published: May 2018

QM/MM and DFT calculations show that CO2is released easily after CO oxidation in Mo–Cu carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.
Natural solvent-assisted synthesis of amphiphilic co-polymeric nanomicelles for prolonged release of camptothecin delivery
Authors: Pradeepkumar Periyakaruppan , Elgorban Abdallah Mohamed , Bahkali Ali Hassan , Rajan Mariappan
Published: May 2018

Biomaterials developed using sustainable methods and non-toxic solvents have been effectively applied as eco-friendly, sustainable reaction medium and catalysts for biological applications.
Two-degrees-of-freedom piezo-driven fast steering mirror with cross-axis decoupling capability
Authors: Shao Shubao , Tian Zheng , Song Siyang , Xu Minglong
Published: May 2018

Because mechanical cross coupling between its axes would lead to degradation of the scanning precision of a piezo-driven fast steering mirror (PFSM), a two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DoF) PFSM with a cross-axis decoupling capability, in which 2-DoF flexure hinges are used, is proposed in this work. The overall structure of the proposed PFSM is first introduced and then both static and dynamic models are established analytically; in addition, the decoupling mechanism is described in detail and the low dynamic cross coupling ratios that occur between the two DoFs are shown. Because of the decoupling property of the PFSM, the 2-DoF motion is treated as a combination of two independent one-degree-of-freedom (1-DoF) motions and two independent proportional-integral-derivative controllers are thus used separately in the control of the two DoFs. Based on this control strategy, experiments involving both 1-DoF trajectory tracking and 2-DoF trajectory tracking are implemented. The test results show that the proposed PFSM can achieve the tilt range of ±7 mrad for both axes with the low coupling ratios that are less than 2% (−34 dB), and the bandwidths of both axes are higher than 810 Hz; in addition, the maximal tracking full scale range errors for 1-DoF trajectory tracking and 2-DoF trajectory tracking are less than 0.2% and 1%, respectively, where the larger error of 2-DoF trajectory tracking is mainly caused by the remaining cross coupling between axes.
Tunable resistivity due to kinetic arrest of antiferro-ferromagnetic transition in FeRh0.46Pd0.54
Authors: Saha Pampi , Rawat R.
Published: May 2018

We show a large negative magnetoresistance (MR) of ≈10% near room temperature in FeRh0.46Pd0.54, which increases to more than 60% at low temperatures. The magnitude of resistivity and, hence, MR depend on the history of the sample in HT (magnetic field-temperature) space, e.g., resistivity at 5 K changes by more than 70% with thermal cycling. These results are explained due to slow kinetics of the transformation from austenite antiferromagnetic (AF) to martensite ferromagnetic (FM) state with the decrease in temperature. As a result, AF to FM transformation remains incomplete on experimental time scales and non-ergodic AF phase co-exists with a low temperature equilibrium FM phase. In the present system, the kinetics of the transition is shown to dominate up to 150 K, which is significantly high in comparison to other kinetically arrested systems.
Mind-to-mind heteroclinic coordination: Model of sequential episodic memory initiation
Authors: Afraimovich V. S. , Zaks M. A. , Rabinovich M. I.
Published: May 2018

Retrieval of episodic memory is a dynamical process in the large scale brain networks. In social groups, the neural patterns, associated with specific events directly experienced by single members, are encoded, recalled, and shared by all participants. Here, we construct and study the dynamical model for the formation and maintaining of episodic memory in small ensembles of interacting minds. We prove that the unconventional dynamical attractor of this process—the nonsmooth heteroclinic torus—is structurally stable within the Lotka-Volterra-like sets of equations. Dynamics on this torus combines the absence of chaos with asymptotic instability of every separate trajectory; its adequate quantitative characteristics are length-related Lyapunov exponents. Variation of the coupling strength between the participants results in different types of sequential switching between metastable states; we interpret them as stages in formation and modification of the episodic memory.
Transport properties of doped AlP for the development of conductive AlP/GaP distributed Bragg reflectors and their integration into light-emitting diodes
Authors: Hestroffer Karine , Sperlich Dennis , Dadgostar Shabnam , Golz Christian , Krumland Jannis , Masselink William Ted , Hatami Fariba
Published: May 2018

The transport properties of n- and p-doped AlP layers grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy are investigated. n- and p-types of conductivities are achieved using Si and Be with peak room-temperature mobilities of 59.6 cm2/Vs and 65.0 cm2/Vs for electrons and holes, respectively. Si-doping results are then used for the design of n-doped AlP/GaP distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with an ohmic resistance of about 7.5 ± 0.1 Ω. The DBRs are integrated as bottom mirrors in GaP-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) containing InGaP/GaP quantum dots. The functionality of the LED structure and the influence of the DBRs on the InGaP/GaP electroluminescence spectra are demonstrated.
Fast electric control of the droplet size in a microfluidic T-junction droplet generator
Authors: Shojaeian Mostafa , Hardt Steffen
Published: May 2018

The effect of DC electric fields on the generation of droplets of water and xanthan gum solutions in sunflower oil at a microfluidic T-junction is experimentally studied. The electric field leads to a significant reduction of the droplet diameter, by about a factor of 2 in the case of water droplets. The droplet size can be tuned by varying the electric field strength, an effect that can be employed to produce a stream of droplets with a tailor-made size sequence. Compared to the case of purely hydrodynamic droplet production without electric fields, the electric control has about the same effect on the droplet size if the electric stress at the liquid/liquid interface is the same as the hydrodynamic stress.
Role of jet spacing and strut geometry on the formation of large scale structures and mixing characteristics
Authors: Soni Rahul Kumar , De Ashoke
Published: May 2018

The present study primarily focuses on the effect of the jet spacing and strut geometry on the evolution and structure of the large-scale vortices which play a key role in mixing characteristics in turbulent supersonic flows. Numerically simulated results corresponding to varying parameters such as strut geometry and jet spacing (Xn = nDj such that n = 2, 3, and 5) for a square jet of height Dj = 0.6 mm are presented in the current study, while the work also investigates the presence of the local quasi-two-dimensionality for the X2(2Dj) jet spacing; however, the same is not true for higher jet spacing. Further, the tapered strut (TS) section is modified into the straight strut (SS) for investigation, where the remarkable difference in flow physics is unfolded between the two configurations for similar jet spacing (X2: 2Dj). The instantaneous density and vorticity contours reveal the structures of varying scales undergoing different evolution for the different configurations. The effect of local spanwise rollers is clearly manifested in the mixing efficiency and the jet spreading rate. The SS configuration exhibits excellent near field mixing behavior amongst all the arrangements. However, in the case of TS cases, only the X2(2Dj) configuration performs better due to the presence of local spanwise rollers. The qualitative and quantitative analysis reveals that near-field mixing is strongly affected by the two-dimensional rollers, while the early onset of the wake mode is another crucial parameter to have improved mixing. Modal decomposition performed for the SS arrangement sheds light onto the spatial and temporal coherence of the structures, where the most dominant structures are found to be the von Kármán street vortices in the wake region.
Waveguide resonance mode response of stacked structures of metallic sub-wavelength slit arrays
Authors: Tokuda Yasunori , Takano Keisuke , Sakaguchi Koichiro , Kato Kosaku , Nakajima Makoto , Akiyama Koichi
Published: May 2018

Detailed measurements of the optical properties of two-tier systems composed of metallic plates perforated with periodic sub-wavelength slit patterns were carried out using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the transmission properties observed experimentally for various configurations can be reproduced successfully by simulations based on the finite-differential time-domain method. Fabry–Perot-like waveguide resonance mode behaviors specific to this quasi-dielectric system were then investigated. For structures with no lateral displacement between the slit-array plates, mode disappearance phenomena, which are caused by destructive interference between the odd-order mode and the blue- or red-shifted even-order modes, were observed experimentally. The uncommon behavior of the even-order modes was examined precisely to explain the slit-width dependence. For structures with half-pitched displacement between the plates, extraordinarily strong transmission was observed experimentally, even when the optical paths were shut off. This result was interpreted in terms of the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons through very thin and labyrinthine spacings that inevitably exist between the metallic plates. Furthermore, the optical mode disappearance phenomena are revealed to be characterized by anticrossing of the two mixing modes formed by even- and odd-order modes. These experimental observations that are supported theoretically are indispensable to the practical use of this type of artificial dielectric and are expected to encourage interest in optical mode behaviors that are not typically observed in conventional dielectric systems.
Kinetic model for thin film stress including the effect of grain growth
Authors: Chason Eric , Engwall A. M. , Rao Z. , Nishimura T.
Published: May 2018

Residual stress during thin film deposition is affected by the evolution of the microstructure. This can occur because subsurface grain growth directly induces stress in the film and because changing the grain size at the surface affects the stress in new layers as they are deposited. We describe a new model for stress evolution that includes both of these effects. It is used to explain stress in films that grow with extensive grain growth (referred to as zone II) so that the grain size changes throughout the thickness of the layer as the film grows. Equations are derived for different cases of high or low atomic mobility where different assumptions are used to describe the diffusion of atoms that are incorporated into the grain boundary. The model is applied to measurements of stress and grain growth in evaporated Ni films. A single set of model parameters is able to explain stress evolution in films grown at multiple temperatures and growth rates. The model explains why the slope of the curvature measurements changes continuously with thickness and attributes it to the effect of grain size on new layers deposited on the film.
Instant taxonomy: choosing adequate characters for species delimitation and description through congruence between molecular data and quantitative shape analysis
Authors: Karanovic Tomislav , Lee Seunghan , Lee Wonchoel
Published: May 2018

The lack of university funding is one of the major impediments to taxonomy, partly because traditional taxonomic training takes longer than a PhD course. Understanding ranges of phenotypic variability for different morphological structures, and their use as characters for delimitation and description of taxa, is a tedious task. We argue that the advent of molecular barcoding and quantitative shape analysis makes it unnecessary. As an example, we tackle a problematic species-complex of marine copepods from Korea and Japan, approaching it as a starting taxonomist might. Samples were collected from 14 locations and the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced from 42 specimens. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal four distinct clades in Korea and Japan, and an additional nine belonging to a closely related complex from other parts of the Northern Pacific. Twenty different morphological structures were analysed for one Japanese and two Korean clades using landmark-based two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Although there is no single morphological character that can distinguish with absolute certainty all three cryptic species, most show statistically significant interspecific differences in shape and size. We use five characters to describe two new species from Korea and to re-describe Tigriopus japonicus Mori, 1938 from near its type locality.
Body doubles: an integrative taxonomic approach reveals new sibling species of land planarians
Authors: do Amaral Silvana Vargas , Ribeiro Giovana Gamino , Valiati Victor Hugo , Leal-Zanchet Ana Maria
Published: May 2018

Records of cryptic species have continued to emerge in the scientific literature, often revealed by the use of molecular phylogenetic analyses in an integrative taxonomic approach. This study addresses a group of four striped flatworms from the genus Pasipha Ogren & Kawakatsu, showing a pale median stripe on a dark dorsal surface. Based on morphological and molecular analyses from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI), we establish that we are dealing with sibling species that are closely related to P. brevilineata Leal-Zanchet, Rossi & Alvarenga, 2012, a recently described species with a similar colour pattern. Thus, we describe three of the studied flatworms as new species and propose one new unconfirmed candidate species based on molecular data. In addition, sequence analysis revealed 40 nucleotide autapomorphies supporting the species studied herein. Considering anatomical and histological features, the three new species are differentiated from their congeners mainly by details of the copulatory apparatus, such as the occurrence of an epithelium of pseudostratified appearance lining the female atrium and the shape and position of the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle.