bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The UK Coaching System is Failing Women Coaches
Authors: Norman Leanne
Published: January 2009

This paper engages with feminist cultural studies to illustrate how a cultural analysis of the coaching structure can contribute to our understanding of the underrepresentation of women in high performance coaching roles. Through the use of qualitative interviews with elite women coaches based in the UK, I highlight how the current coaching infrastructure and philosophies neglect women's potential and marginalise their position. My analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants report minimal or inappropriate coaching opportunities for women coaches. The participants were also provided little incentive, recognition or educational support to facilitate their development. Rather than a ‘glass ceiling’, I argue that women's progress through coaching is more comparable to a ‘bottle neck’ analogy whereby as women advance, most are excluded from positions of power through flawed pathways and few chances to coach. I conclude that the failures of the various UK sporting governing bodies to provide adequate coach development and education for women coaches are indicative of the gendered culture and organisation of sport.
The Assessment of Athletic Ability in Intercollegiate Sport: Instrument Construction and Validation
Authors: Solomon Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

The job of the intercollegiate coach is multidimensional. Inarguably, the single most important role is player development. While there is not one sure method to lead a team to victory, there are specific criteria that coaches use to assess athletic ability. To date, there is no systematic method for identifying or measuring these criteria. The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative instrument designed to identify the primary criteria coaches utilize to assess athletic ability. During three phases of data collection, 274 NCAA Division I intercollegiate coaches representing 18 sports completed various versions of the Solomon Expectancy Sources Scale (SESS). Factor analytic procedures were performed at each phase. Results identified 30 qualities, housed in four factors, which coaches use to evaluate athletes. The four factors are: Coachability, Team Player, Physical Ability, and Maturity. The utility of this scale is discussed in light of coach education and future research avenues.
Application for a Novel Perturbation Expansion Method
Authors: Deng Li , Douglas Craig C. , Haase Gundolf , Kako Takashi , Hagiwara Ichiro
Published: January 2009

We formulate a coupled vibration problem between a structure and an acoustic field by FEM (finite element methods). The problem leads to a nonstandard eigenvalue problem. Furthermore, we introduce a coupling strength parameter ε as a multiplier applied to the non-diagonal coupling terms. A natural interpretation of this parameter is given. We represent an eigenpair for the coupled system by a perturbation series with respect to ε which enables us to express the eigenpair for the coupled case by those for the decoupled case. In some practical applications, by using this perturbation series, it would become unnecessary to perform time consuming computations to get coupled eigenvalues, and hence the present results obtained by the perturbation analysis might have considerable engineering importance. We confirm the adequacy of this perturbation analysis by investigating numerical examples. The results are given for a two dimensional coupled problem which given exact solution so that we can compare the results.
Parallel Tools for Solving Incremental Dense Least Squares Problems: Application to Space Geodesy
Authors: Baboulin Arc , Giraud Luc , Gratton Serge , Langou Julien
Published: January 2009

We present a parallel distributed solver that enables us to solve incremental dense least squares arising in some parameter estimation problems. This solver is based on ScaLAPACK [8] and PBLAS [9] kernel routines. In the incremental process, the observations are collected periodically and the solver updates the solution with new observations using a QR factorization algorithm. It uses a recently defined distributed packed format [3] that handles symmetric or triangular matrices in ScaLAPACK-based implementations. We provide performance analysis on IBM pSeries 690. We also present an example of application in the area of space geodesy for gravity field computations with some experimental results.
Artificial Neural Network Based Method for Handwriting Recognition to Speech Generation
Authors: Magoulès Frédéric , Marquevielle Vincent , Dutilleul Pierre-Arnaud
Published: January 2009

In this paper a new and original framework for handwriting to speech devices is investigated. This framework is based on a pen-shaped optical mouse connected to a human-machine interaction. The selected approach is divided in four steps: characters acquisition, characters digitalization, characters recognition and speech generation. Characters acquisition uses a pen-shaped optical mouse connected to a USB port. Characters digitalization is based on the extraction of the coordinates of the pen positions during the drawing of the characters, which are then sent to the character recognition module. This module is based on a artificial neural network algorithm. The identified letters are then put together to build words and possible typesetting errors are corrected. These words are sent one after the other to the speech generator to be pronounced which allow disabled people to communicate easily. Compared to others approaches, the key points and advantage of the proposed framework are the robustness of the algorithm, the real-time interaction, the size and weight of the device (and the price).
Application of Element Free Galerkin Method to Navier-Stokes Equation
Authors: Ubukata Kazuki , Kawahara Mutsuto
Published: January 2009

Element Free Galerkin Method (EFGM) is one of the effective computational methods in the mesh-free method, which does not require time-consuming mesh generation. This means that EFGM can be available for irregular nodes in the computational domain. This is the advantage of EFGM. Numerical simulation based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is one of the nonlinear problem. A few approach for the analysis of nonlinear numerical simulation by EFGM applied to the Navier-Stokes flow is presented. Analysis of nonlinear problems by EFGM is important in engineering. Purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of EFGM with incompatible mesh.
Autonomic Data Management System in Grid Environment
Authors: Nguyen Thi-Mai-Huong , Magoulès Frédéric
Published: January 2009

In grid environment, a job may execute on a node that is geographically far away from its data files. These files are stored in heterogeneous storage systems located at geographically distributed virtual organizations. The current approach includes explicit data file transfers to execution nodes, which forces users to deal with different administrative policies at each site and various data access mechanisms on each storage system. This implies a lot of human interventions in order to develop dedicated programs and scripts for data transfers for job execution. We have developed a framework, called GRAVY, which enables transparent data access between distributed file systems irrespective of their heterogeneity. This feature enables highlevel schedulers integrated with GRAVY to control data placements like computational jobs (i.e., they can be queued, scheduled and monitored). In particular, GRAVY provides reliable and efficient data placement across multiple protocols and has a mechanism for transfer failure recovery without any human interaction.
Dynamic and Competitive Effects of Direct Mailings: A Charitable Giving Application
Authors: Van Diepen Merel , Donkers Bas , Franses Philip Hans
Published: January 2009

The authors propose a dynamic direct mailing response model with competitive effects. Purchase and promotion history are incorporated to map the dynamic competitive interactions among the firms sending the mailings. The authors investigate the impact of direct mailings on the revenues of each firm and its competitors over time. The model accounts for endogeneity of the mailing decision and for unobserved heterogeneity across households. The model is considered in a charitable giving setting, in which households often receive many direct mailings of different charities within a short period and competition is strong. The authors construct a unique database by merging the databases of three large charity organizations in the Netherlands. This results in household-level data on the direct mailings households received from and their donations to each of the three charities. The results show that a charity's own mailings are short-term substitutes; that is, an extra mailing cannibalizes the revenues of subsequent mailings. Furthermore, competitive charitable direct mailings tend to be short-term complements; that is, the direct mailings increase the total pie that is divided among the charities. In the long run, these effects die out. The results are also interpreted from a behavioral perspective.
The Role of Imagination-Focused Visualization on New Product Evaluation
Authors: Zhao Min , Hoeffler Steve , Dahl Darren W.
Published: January 2009

In this research, the authors examine the impact of imagination-focused visualization on the evaluation of really new products (RNPs)—that is, products that provide novel benefits but involve high learning costs. They compare imagination-focused visualization with memory-focused visualization and demonstrate that an imaginative focus leads to higher evaluations of an RNP but has no effect on the evaluation of incrementally new products, which involve continuous innovations that are easier to understand. They find that the underlying mechanism for this effect is imagination's impact on the perceived value of new benefits rather than on the learning costs. Furthermore, they show that the advantage of an imaginative focus is not simply due to the increased focus on product benefits, because imagination still leads to higher product evaluation than memory-focused visualization, even if participants in both conditions are asked to think about product benefits exclusively. Finally, an explicit focus on learning costs while using an imaginative approach draws attention away from product benefits and attenuates the advantage of imagination on product evaluation.
Emotional Accounting: How Feelings about Money Influence Consumer Choice
Authors: Levav Jonathan , Mcgraw A. Peter
Published: January 2009

Mental accounting posits that people track their expenditures using cognitive categories or “mental accounts.” The authors propose that this cognitive process can be complemented by an approach that examines how feelings about a sum of money, or the money's “affective tag,” influence its consumption. When people receive money under negative circumstances, this tag can include a negative affect component, which people aim to reduce by engaging in strategic consumption. The authors investigate two such strategies, laundering and hedonic avoidance, and demonstrate their effect on consumption of windfalls. The authors find that people avoid spending their negatively tagged money on hedonic expenditures and prefer to make utilitarian or virtuous expenditures to reduce, or “launder,” their negative feelings about the windfall. The authors call this tagging process and strategic consumption “emotional accounting.”
Should according ISO 15189 accredited medical laboratories be monitored by the federal state authorities?1
Authors: Lehnigk Katharina , Steinhorst Andreas
Published: January 2009

The new guideline for quality assurance in medical laboratories (RiLi-BÄK 2008; Richtlinie der Bundesärztekammer zur Qualitätssicherung laboratoriumsmedizinischer Untersuchungen) describe in part A basic standards for quality assurance and quality management, which have to be implemented by all medical laboratories in Germany. Specific requirements are listed in part B. However, legal regulations can only be effective if compliance with these regulations is controlled.

Dipl.-Biol Katharina Lehnigk offers the opinion that the obligation of state authorities to survey medical laboratories also applies to laboratories which are voluntarily accredited according to the European Standard ISO 15189. The state has to take care that the compliance with regulations is guaranteed. A transfer of survey obligations from state authorities to other institutions including accreditation bodies may be conceivable.

Dr. Andreas Steinhorst from the accreditation body DACH (Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle Chemie) reasons that state authorities should have confidence in the accreditation rules of ISO 15189 and therefore a surveillance of laboratories which have an accreditation according to ISO 15189 is not necessary. This holds particularly true since the standards of ISO 15189 have been partly adopted by the RiLi-BÄK 2008. However, the European Standard ISO 15189 is much more comprehensive than part A of the RiLi-BÄK 2008.
Charles Ives and “Our National Malady”
Authors: Sherwood Gayle
Published: January 2009

In his psychoanalytical biography of Ives, Charles Ives: “My Father's Song,” Stuart Feder convincingly argued that Ives's health breakdowns in 1906 and 1918 were the result of emotional and psychological factors rather than a physical heart condition. But the Freudian approach and terminology employed by Feder were unknown in American in 1906 and had not been fully accepted even by 1918. Therefore, how would an American doctor in 1906 have diagnosed Ives's “condition”? A careful examination of key events in Ives's life between 1902 and 1908, and a close reading of his correspondence indicate that he may have been recognized as neurasthenic. Ives's neurasthenia locates his identity by nationality, ethnicity, gender, economic and social class, education, profession, environment, and lifestyle. As a result, his artistic values and character traits emerge as remarkably typical of his country, culture, and time.
“Fam'd Handel Breathing, tho' Transformed to Stone”: The Composer as Monument
Authors: Aspden Suzanne
Published: January 2009

L. F. Roubiliac carved two full-length statues of Handel, in 1738 and 1762. Although designed for quite different settings—a public pleasure garden and Westminster Abbey—the two sculptures have notable congruencies: both were sited in spaces critical for national self-definition, and both reflected aspects of the composer's public persona. This article explores the delineation of Handel's image in these statues and reproductions of them, and explicates their role in a broader attempt to define the nation through its heroes. Handel's possible involvement in fostering his status as a “British worthy” is suggested both through circumstances of the effigies' production and through his onstage performance, particularly in Alexander's Feast.
“One Says That One Weeps, but One Does Not Weep”: Sensible, Grotesque, and Mechanical Embodiments in Boccherini's Chamber Music
Authors: Guin Elisabeth Le
Published: January 2009

The structural coherence and teleology emblematic of eighteenth-century Classicism are not strong features in the music of Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805). His posthumous reputation has suffered a great deal as a result. But regarded through the lens of performance—the sensations and images involved in its bodily presentation—his music evokes a different eighteenth century characterized by urgent, even volatile, inquiries into the nature of the self.

In this article I use contemporary theories of embodiment as articulated by Gasparo Angiolini and other creators of pantomime dance—a tradition to which Boccherini had considerable exposure—in order to address the heart of Boccherini's oeuvre, the chamber music for strings, in regard to its characteristic presentations of sensibilité through extreme repetitiveness and a hyperattention to details of dynamics and articulation; of the grotesque through bizarre timbres and registral excesses; and of Newtonian mechanistic philosophy through gestural enactments of rapidity and rigidity. These presentations often distance and ironize the performer, particularly in regard to virtuosity. I argue that they make thereby a sophisticated contribution to the central Enlightenment tension between subjectivity and appearance so memorably articulated in Diderot's “Paradoxe sur le Comédien.”
Rameau's Imaginary Monsters: Knowledge, Theory, and Chromaticism in Hippolyte et Aricie
Authors: Dill Charles
Published: January 2009

In recent years, historians have begun studying the compromises and semiotic slippages underlying Enlightenment thought, what writers of the time characterized as, among other things, monstrosities. Monsters failed to conform to a perceived natural order and as such became models for discussing everything from the limits of knowledge to departures from generic practices. Taking advantage of both this critical trope and the presence of monsters in Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie (1733), the present essay describes Rameau's struggles with instrumental reason in his theorization of the chromatic genus. The composer marked the climactic moment in act 4 of the opera with what is surely the most striking progression in the performed version, a chromatic modulation that captures the characters' shock and registers the monster's supernatural presence. During the same period, he experimented theoretically with numerous descriptions of the chromatic progression, as both an ordinary and an extraordinary property of music. Working as composer and theorist, then, Rameau let chromaticism occupy varied epistemological positions in his work, which in turn allows us to observe him dealing with the limitations of his theoretical system and musical representation.
Orality, Literacy, and the Early Notation of the Office Hymns
Authors: Boynton Susan
Published: January 2009

This article takes the early notation of the Office hymns as the framework for a new investigation of orality and literacy in musical notation. Of all chant genres, hymns remained an oral tradition the longest, and the notation of entire hymn repertories was apparently rare before 1100. As a repertory of melodies hardly written down before the eleventh century, the hymns offer an opportunity to study the initial recording of an oral tradition at a time when other chant genres were increasingly notated. The variety of approaches to notating both entire hymn repertories and individual hymns in the sources up to the early twelfth century signals the increasing reliance on writing, as well as the dynamic interaction between orality and literacy, that characterizes monastic textual production in the eleventh century. The article places the notation of hymns in the context of their important role in monastic education and proposes an analogy between hymnaries and monastic customaries.
Aaron Copland and the Popular Front
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B.
Published: January 2009

In the early 1930s Aaron Copland began to compose in an accessible idiom he described as “imposed simplicity.” Many works written within this style, including El Salón México, the Fanfare for the Common Man, and the Third Symphony, have come to epitomize a nostalgic Americanism and sentimental populism. Yet the relatively simple surface of Copland's music belies a complex aesthetic ideology that owes to a tradition of progressive politics in the context of the Popular Front.

Recent revisionist historiography understands the Front as a cultural force extending from the late 1920s through the war years and advocating a social-democratic politics, reform of corporate capitalism, and multiethnic solidarity. These ideals can be read in the aesthetic ideology of Copland's music of the same era. El Salón México (1932), for example, draws upon working-class ethnic culture to mount a critique of industrial modernism, while the Third Symphony (1946) and its hommage to the “common man” evoke a radical populism to project a progressive vision of social justice. In contrast to portrayals of the composer as merely sympathetic to the cultural forces of depression and war, Copland was a politically engaged and ideologically aligned artist working within what historian Michael Denning has called “the cultural front.”
Growth and Survival of Larval and Juvenile Gila Chub at Different Temperatures
Authors: Schultz Andrew A , Bonar Scott A
Published: January 2009

The information needed to effectively culture imperiled native fishes for recovery efforts is lacking for certain species, yet it is critical for proper management and conservation. Culture techniques and requirements are virtually unknown for Gila chub Gila intermedia, a species federally listed as endangered. We tested the effect of four different water temperatures on the growth, survival, and overt health and appearance of larval (20, 24, 28, and 32°C) and two sizes of juvenile Gila chub (20, 23, 26, and 29°C). Growth of larvae was highest at 28°C and lowest at 32°C, whereas survival of larvae was highest at 24°C and lowest at 20°C. Spinal deformities were common for larvae reared at 32°C but generally uncommon for those reared at lower temperatures. Although growth of small (32–49 mm total length) and large (52–72 mm) juveniles generally increased with temperature, the differences were not statistically significant. In any experiment testing small and large juveniles, survival was 100% and no external abnormalities were noted. Water temperatures from 20°C to 28°C appear suitable for rearing larval Gila chub, temperatures from 24°C to 28°C being optimal. Water temperatures from 20°C to 29°C appear suitable for rearing juvenile Gila chub.
Estimating the Ratio of Hatchery‐Produced to Wild Adult Steelhead on the Spawning Grounds using Scale Pattern Analyses
Authors: Dauer M. B. , Seamons T. R. , Hauser L. , Quinn T. P. , Naish K. A.
Published: January 2009

Hatcheries produce Pacific salmon and trout Oncorhynchus spp. for many purposes, including fishery enhancement. The genetic integrity of wild populations spawning near such hatcheries may depend on the efficacy of their spatial or temporal separation from hatchery fish. We describe a simple, novel approach based on the examination of scales from an iteroparous species, steelhead O. mykiss, to evaluate whether the ratio of hatchery‐produced adults to wild adults on the spawning grounds met recommended levels. In this river, migrating steelhead are diverted into the hatchery by a weir. Hatchery‐produced fish are manually spawned and killed in the hatchery, whereas wild fish are passed over the weir and allowed to spawn naturally upstream from the hatchery. Therefore, in principle, all hatchery‐produced adults should be captured at the hatchery on their first spawning migration. However, scales from 8.3% (58 of 699) of female and 2.6% (22 of 844) of male hatchery‐produced steelhead adults showed evidence of previous spawning migrations. Although this frequency was lower than the incidence of repeat spawning by wild fish (males, 11.0%; females, 20.3%), these records nevertheless indicated significant reproductive opportunities in the wild for hatchery‐produced fish. Combining these frequencies of repeat spawning with estimates of the survival and numbers of wild fish, we modeled the ratio of hatchery to wild fish on the spawning grounds using data from eight return years. This ratio exceeded the recommended levels under all reasonable scenarios modeled (14.7‐89.6% hatchery fish). Combined with evidence of spatial and temporal overlap, our data suggest that unless changes are made to increase the capture efficiency of adults at Washington State's Forks Creek Hatchery and similar hatcheries relying on segregated stocks, the risks of genetic introgression and ecological interactions with wild steelhead populations will remain high.
Indications, Extent, and Benefits of Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Patients with Bladder and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Thurairaja Ramesh , Studer Urs E. , Burkhard Fiona C.
Published: January 2009

Learning Objectives

Evaluate all patients undergoing radical pelvic surgery to determine whether they should have pelvic lymph node dissection. Determine to what extent a pelvic lymph node dissection should be performed and analyze the risks involved. Based on best practices, assess whether pelvic lymph node dissection is beneficial for staging and prognosis.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Authors: Gernsheimer Terry
Published: January 2009

The mechanism of idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has historically been attributed to platelet autoantibody production and the resultant platelet destruction. More recent evidence suggests a multifactorial pathogenesis. A complex picture of the immune processes involved in autoimmunity has emerged over the last decade with the identification and characterization of immunoregulatory elements (receptors, cytokines, and other signaling molecules) and cell trafficking patterns. An understanding of the interplay of cellular and humoral immune responses in the breakdown of self-tolerance has brought to light unrecognized mechanisms of the autoimmune destruction of platelets in ITP and potential targets for future therapeutic advances. The failure of the bone marrow to maximally increase platelet production also appears to play an important role in the thrombocytopenia of ITP. Treatment strategies targeting the thrombopoietin receptor to increase platelet production are a promising new approach to the management of ITP.
Sorafenib in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Mild to Advanced Stage Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Pinter Matthias , Sieghart Wolfgang , Graziadei Ivo , Vogel Wolfgang , Maieron Andreas , Königsberg Robert , Weissmann Adalbert , Kornek Gabriela , Plank Christina , Peck-Radosavljevic Markus
Published: January 2009

Background.

Few data are available on the safety and efficacy of sorafenib in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced liver cirrhosis.

Methods.

Between May 2006 and December 2007, we treated 59 patients (Child-Pugh class A/B/C, 26/23/10) with unresectable HCC with sorafenib (daily target dose, 400 mg twice daily). Data were collected retrospectively. Survival curves were calculated via the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results.

One patient (Child-Pugh class B) had a partial response, 14 patients (Child-Pugh class A/B/C, 5/7/2) had stable disease, and 32 patients (Child-Pugh class A/B/C, 15/11/6) had progressive disease; 12 patients were not evaluable because they had no follow-up radiologic evaluation. In the intention-to-treat group, the median time to progression and overall survival (OS) time were 2.8 months (range, 1.4–6.5 months) and 6.5 months (range, 0.4–17.4 months), respectively. Well-preserved liver function and lower Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage were associated with a longer OS time on univariate analysis. There were four severe gastrointestinal bleedings (grade 4–5; Child-Pugh class B/C, 2/2). Most drug-related side effects were low grade and manageable irrespective of liver function.

Conclusions.

Sorafenib is effective and safe in patients with multifocal HCC and Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Survival in Child-Pugh class B patients is significantly less than in Child-Pugh class A patients, warranting a prospective randomized trial with a placebo group. Child-Pugh class C patients have a limited life expectancy despite sorafenib treatment because of their severe underlying disease and derive little benefit from sorafenib treatment.
The Clinical Benefit of Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Is Independent of K-ras Mutation Status: Analysis of a Phase III Study of Bevacizumab with Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Yi Jing , Ince William , Novotny William F. , Rosen Oliver
Published: January 2009

Purpose.

Mutations of the K-ras gene were identified as a prognostic marker in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In addition, emerging data suggest that K-ras mutations are a negative predictor of clinical benefit from anti–epidermal growth factor receptor treatment in mCRC. Previously reported data suggest that the longer overall survival (OS) observed with bevacizumab treatment in mCRC is independent of alterations in the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway. We conducted additional analyses to better describe the clinical benefit of bevacizumab treatment in mCRC relative to K-ras mutation status.

Patients and Methods.

Additional statistical analyses were done with data from K-ras mutation analyses in 230 patients who were treated with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) in combination with either bevacizumab or placebo in a randomized phase III study. Following microdissection, tissue was subject to DNA sequencing to identify K-ras mutations in codons 12 and 13. Hazard ratios for the bevacizumab group relative to the control group were estimated from an unstratified Cox regression model. The median progression-free survival (PFS), OS times, and objective response rates were compared.

Results.

K-ras status was assessed in 230 patients (28.3%). The median PFS was significantly longer in bevacizumab-treated patients with wild-type (wt)- (13.5 versus 7.4 months; hazard ratio 0.44, p < .0001) and mutant (m)-K-ras (9.3 versus 5.5 months; hazard ratio 0.41, p = .0008). A significantly higher response rate for IFL plus bevacizumab was observed only in wt-K-ras patients (60.0% versus 37.3%, p = .006) compared with 43.2% versus 41.2% in the m-K-ras group.

Conclusion.

Bevacizumab provides significant clinical benefit in patients with mCRC expressing either mutant or wild-type K-ras.
Improved discharge characteristics using MgO single‐crystal particles and advanced CEL structure
Authors: Naoi Taro , Lin Hai , Hirota Atsushi , Otani Eishiro , Amemiya Kimio
Published: January 2009

Abstract— Pioneer Corporation introduced plasma‐display‐panel (PDP) TVs in 2005, which achieved the highest dark‐room contrast ratio of 4000:1 at the time. These PDPs had a novel discharge cell structure consisting of a crystal emissive layer (CEL) on a MgO protective thin film. This cell structure is refered to as a CEL structure. Magnesium‐oxide single‐crystal particles, which have a unique luminance peak around 230–250 nm and a good exo‐electron‐emission property, were found to be an excellent material for CEL and were utilized in CEL panels. In 2007, newly developed PDP TVs in which CEL was formed on a phosphor layer, in addition to the previous CEL structure, were introduced, and this discharge cell structure is refered to as advanced CEL structure. By using the new cell structure, the opposed discharge characteristics have been drastically improved, and a stable reset discharge has been realized with only a weak opposed discharge. As a result, black luminance has been drastically reduced, and a dark‐room contrast ratio of over 20,000:1, the highest ever reported, has been achieved.
Micro‐cavity design of bottom‐emitting AMOLED with white OLED and RGBW color filters for 100% color gamut
Authors: Lee Baek‐woon , Ju Young‐gu , Hwang Young In , Lee Hae‐yeon , Kim Chi Woo , Lee Jin Seok , Souk Jun Hyung
Published: January 2009

Abstract— Two optical structures used for a bottom‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is reported. An RGBW color system was employed because of its high efficiency. For red, green, and blue (RGB) subpixels, the cavity resonance was enhanced by the use of a dielectric mirror, and for the white (W) subpixel, the mirror was removed. The optical length of the cavities was controlled by two different ways: by the thickness of the dielectric filter on top of the mirror or by the angle of oblique emission. With both methods, active‐matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) that reproduced a color gamut exceeding 100% of the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard were fabricated. More importantly, the transmission of a white OLED through R/G/B color filters was significantly higher (up to 50%) than that of a conventional structure not employing a mirror, while at the same time as the color gamut increased from ∼75 to ∼100% NTSC.
Responses of fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) during life-cycle exposures to pulp mill effluents at four long-term receiving water study sites
Authors: Borton Dennis L , Cook Diana L , Bradley W Kenneth , Philbeck Raymond E , Dubé Monique G , Brown-Peterson Nancy J , Streblow William R
Published: January 2009

We exposed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to 7 concentrations of effluents from pulp mills at 4 Long-Term Receiving Water Study (LTRWS) sites. The primary objective of these investigations was to determine the potential for toxicity, particularly on fish reproduction, of the pulp mill effluents using laboratory tests. These tests were performed as LTRWS fish community assessments were being completed, thus results of the laboratory fish reproduction tests could be compared to in-stream fish community measurements. In general, bioindicators measured during the life-cycle tests, including gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index, condition factor, numbers of tubercles on heads of males and females, and gonadal histology did not show consistent patterns or dose response and did not predict effects on egg production. Gonadosomatic indexes and tubercles also did not indicate estrogenic or androgenic responses to the effluents during the life-cycle tests. The most consistently sensitive test endpoint showing a dose response was the 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) for egg production. Based on this endpoint all 4 effluents had effects on fish reproduction from 8% by volume to 100% effluent. However, in-stream effects on fish reproduction would not be expected based on these 4 life-cycle tests for any of the LTRWS stream sites. The mean effluent concentration in Codorus Creek, Pennsylvania, USA was approximately 32%, and the IC25 for the life-cycle test was 100% effluent, providing a margin of safety of approximately 3 times. The margins of safety at the other sites are much greater: 34 times for Leaf River, Mississippi, USA (IC25 = 69%, 2% mean receiving water concentration), 36 times for the McKenzie River, Oregon, USA (IC25 = 18%, 0.5% mean receiving water concentration), and 40 times for the Willamette River, Oregon, USA (IC25 = 8%, 0.2% mean receiving water concentration). Effects on fish numbers, diversity, and community structure due to the effluent were also not found during the LTRWS, which is consistent with these laboratory results. These findings indicate that in this case, when laboratory results combined with in-stream effluent concentrations suggest in-stream effects on fish population are not expected, the laboratory results are consistent with the in-stream observations. However, inferences about situations where laboratory results predict in-stream effects cannot be made from these data.
Inhibitory Effect of Codeine on Sucrase Activity
Authors: Minai-Tehrani Dariush , Minoui Saeed , Sepehre Marzie , Sharifkhodaei Zohreh , Aavani Tooka
Published: January 2009

Codeine is a common drug widely used in some countries as a pain reliever. The effect of codeine on yeast sucrase activity was studied in this report. Non-competitive inhibition was observed using double reciprocal plot. The Km of enzyme did not change in the presence of different concentrations of codeine (0.5- 1.5 mM) and was determined about 11.5 mM. The Vmax of enzyme was determined about 8.8 mM/min, and the Vmax decreased in the presence of codeine. The Ki of codeine was measured by using the reaction rate and the initial concentration of the inhibitor according to the Dixon plot. The Ki was found to be 0.42 mM and the IC50 of codeine was determined about 0.875 mM.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma versus Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas in Children: A Comparison of Two Rare and Overlapping Entities with Review of the Literature
Authors: Tapia Beatriz , Ahrens William , Kenney Barton , Touloukian Robert , Reyes-Múgica Miguel
Published: January 2009

Primary epithelial tumors of the pancreas are extremely uncommon in children, and among these, acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is the most rare. Here we describe our recent observations in the case of a 10-year-old boy with one of these exceptional examples. The histologic diagnosis of ACC was supported by both immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Despite its rarity, ACC should be kept in the differential diagnosis of pediatric pancreatic exocrine tumors. We also provide a comparison with an example of solid pseudopapillary tumor, another relatively infrequent epithelial tumor of the pancreas in the young. We review the relevant literature addressing the clinical and pathologic features of ACC and its distinction from other pancreatic neoplasms.
Soft Discretization in a Classification Model for Modeling Adaptive Route Choice with a Fuzzy ID3 Algorithm
Authors: Park Kyounga , Bell Michael G. H. , Kaparias Ioannis , Belzner Heidrun
Published: January 2009

This study introduces a way to overcome the sensitivity of decision trees used for route choice behavior studies by using fuzzy logic while preserving the advantages of decision trees and the C4.5 algorithm, namely, comprehensibility and ease of application. Soft discretization of continuous values in fuzzy decision trees can provide a more robust classification. Also, the use of fuzzy logic makes it possible to accommodate qualitative attributes describing route characteristics. Apart from these features, fuzzy decision tree learning algorithms are also capable of assigning numeric values on decisions about the degree of certainty of each recommendation emanating from the fuzzy reasoning. This feature makes it possible to solve the multiple suggestion problem whereby the classic decision tree may suggest that more than one route is optimal. To investigate improvements resulting from the application of fuzzy decision tree learning algorithms, software for an adaptive route choice model using a fuzzy decision tree learning algorithm, fuzzy ID3, was developed and simulation experiments with the model were carried out. The comparison of results with the nonfuzzy adaptive route choice model indicates better predictive accuracy and more effective applicability for the fuzzy model in practice.
Population Updating System Structures and Models Embedded in the Comprehensive Econometric Microsimulator for Urban Systems
Authors: Eluru Naveen , Pinjari Abdul Rawoof , Guo Jessica Y. , Sener Ipek N. , Srinivasan Sivaramakrishnan , Copperman Rachel B. , Bhat Chandra R.
Published: January 2009

This paper describes the development of a population update modeling system as part of the development of the comprehensive econometric microsimulator for socioeconomics, land use, and transportation systems (CEMSELTS), which is part of the comprehensive econometric micro-simulator for urban systems (CEMUS) under development at the University of Texas at Austin. The research in this paper recognizes that modeling the linkages among demographics, land use, and transportation is important for realistic travel demand forecasting. The population update modeling system focuses on modeling events and actions of individuals and households in the urban region. An analysis framework is proposed to predict future population characteristics by modeling the changes to all relevant attributes of the households and individuals. The models identified in the analysis framework are estimated for the Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, region. The econometric structures used include deterministic models, rate-based probability models, binary logit models, multinomial logit models, and ordered-response probit models. To verify the outputs from these models, the predicted results for the year 2000 are compared with observed 2000 census data.
Toll Demand Model for the Delaware Department of Transportation Travel Demand Model
Authors: Thompson-Graves Scott , DuRoss Mike , Li Li
Published: January 2009

As transportation providers across the nation face growing funding shortfalls, they are increasingly looking to tolling as an option to increase revenue. As toll revenue becomes a more important part of the funding for transportation programs, agencies are seeking to determine the potential impacts of more complex arrays of tolling options such as electronic toll collection and frequency-of-use discounts. The transportation planning organizations responsible for providing information to agencies are being expected to produce more reliable forecasts of traffic and revenue that directly reflect the subtleties of these tolling scenarios. To provide this information, the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) developed an improved toll demand model. This toll demand model was incorporated into the existing nested logit mode choice model. One thing that makes the new toll demand model unique is that it not only incorporates the toll–no-toll choice but also includes an E-ZPass ownership model used for cash–E-ZPass market segmentation. The model allows DelDOT to reduce the amount of “unquantifiable” attributes included in the mode choice bias constants. The model would be readily transferable to other areas that either do not currently have tolling or do not explicitly account for tolling in their existing models.
Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate Protects Gastric Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Oh Hyun-Mee , Lee SungGa , Park Young-Na , Choi Eun-Ju , Choi Ji-Young , Kim Jeong Ah , Kweon Ji-Hye , Han Weon-Cheol , Choi Suck-Chei , Han Joung-Kyue , Son Jong-Keun , Lee Seung-Ho , Jun Chang-Duk
Published: January 2009

Glycyrrhiza uralensis has a potential for preventing or ameliorating gastric mucosal ulceration. To understand the molecular mechanism about the medicinal effect of G. uralensis, we isolated four single compounds from G. uralensis and one related compound and screened for the cellular protective effect against H2O2-induced damage in gastric epithelial AGS cells. Interestingly, we found that ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AG) prepared from glycyrrhizin dramatically protects AGS cells from H2O2-induced damage as measured by the integrity of actin cytoskeleton. AG also inhibited FeSO4-induced reactive oxygen radicals in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the role for AG as a free radical scavenger. To better understand the protective role of AG at the transcriptional level, we performed genome-wide expression profiling using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays, followed by validation using RT-PCR. Among the 33,096 genes that were screened in the microarray, 936 genes were found to be differentially expressed in a statistically significant manner in the presence or absence of H2O2 and AG. Among the 936 genes, 51 genes were differentially expressed at least 3-fold in response to the H2O2 treatment. AG blocked the expression of genes related to apoptotic cell death (GDF15, ATF3, TNFRSF10A, NALP1) or oxidative stress path-ways (HMOX1) which was elevated in response to H2O2 treatment, suggesting a potential protective role for AG in oxidative stress-induced cell death. Collectively, current results demonstrate that AG is a novel antioxidant that could be effective for the treatment of gastric diseases related to the oxidative stress-induced mucosal damage.
Fatty Acid Composition and Development of Hepatic Lipidosis During Food Deprivation—Mustelids as a Potential Animal Model for Liver Steatosis
Authors: Nieminen Petteri , Mustonen Anne-Mari , Kärjä Vesa , Asikainen Juha , Rouvinen-Watt Kirsti
Published: January 2009

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome characterized by asymptomatic hepatic steatosis. It is present in most cases of human obesity but also caused e.g., by rapid weight loss. The patients have decreased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions with decreased percentages of 18:3(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) and an increased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in liver and/or white adipose tissue (WAT). The present study examined a new experimental model to study liver steatosis with possible future applications to NAFLD. Ten European polecats ( Mustela putorius), the wild form of the domestic ferret, were food-deprived for 5 days with 10 fed animals as controls. The food-deprived animals showed micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, decreased proportions of 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3) and total n-3 PUFA and increased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in liver and WAT. At the same time, the product/precursor ratios decreased in liver. The observed effects can be due to selective fatty acid mobilization preferring n-3 PUFA over n-6 PUFA, decreased Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activities, oxidative stress, decreased arginine availability and activation of the endocannabinoid system. Hepatic lipidosis induced by food deprivation was manifested in the fatty acid composition of the polecat with similarities to human NAFLD despite the different principal etiologies.
Comparison of the Effects of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate and Sulforaphane on Gene Expression in Breast Cancer and Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Telang Urvi , Brazeau Daniel A. , Morris Marilyn E.
Published: January 2009

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SF) exhibit tumor preventive activity in lung, prostate, breast and colon cancers. Our objective was to examine the effect of these two isothiocyanates on estrogen receptor-related genes, and genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle in the estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line MCF7 and in normal human epithelial breast (HME) cells. We treated cells with 0.3 μM or 3.0 μM concentrations of PEITC or SF. In HME cells, gene expression was significantly altered for 23 genes by PEITC at a concentration of 0.3 μM and 4 genes at 3.0 μM. SF altered the expression of 16 genes at a concentration of 0.3 μM and 2 genes at 3.0 μM. In HME cells, genes altered by both PEITC and SF exhibited changes in gene expression that were similar in extent as well as direction of change. In MCF-7 cells, PEITC did not produce any significant changes in the gene expression at both treatment levels. SF produced significant changes in 7 genes, but only at the higher treatment level of 3.0 μM. Normal mammary cells exhibited more changes in the expression of estrogen receptor related genes than did breast cancer cells, and significantly these changes occurred predominantly at the low concentration of 0.3 μM, a concentration achievable by dietary input of isothiocyanates. Novel findings were the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene BAD and estrogen receptor beta gene in normal human mammary cells. These gene alterations observed, along with upregulation of tumor suppressors p21 and p27, may provide a protective effect to mammary cells against breast cancer.
Simple Magnetic Cell Patterning Using Streptavidin Paramagnetic Particles
Authors: Ho Vincent H. B. , Müller Karin H. , Darton Nicholas J. , Darling David C. , Farzaneh Farzin , Slater Nigel K. H.
Published: January 2009

A simple methodology for cell patterning has been developed that can potentially be used to position different types of mammalian cells with high precision. In this method, cell membrane proteins were first biotinylated and then bound to streptavidin paramagnetic particles. The magnetically labeled cells were then seeded onto culture dishes and patterned using low magnetic fields. Highly defined cell patterns were achieved using HeLa, TE671 cells and human monocytes. HeLa and TE671 cells were also sequentially patterned and successfully co-cultured on the same plate using this technique. Cell viability studies proved that this magnetic labeling method was not toxic to cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the magnetically labeled HeLa and TE671 cells internalized some of the paramagnetic particles after two days of culture, while the labeled human monocytes did the same after only one hour. Uptake of these particles did not affect the cell patterning and cell viability. This magnetic labeling process is fast, as it involves affinity-based attachment of paramagnetic particles and does not rely on cellular uptake of magnetic materials. It may be adaptable and scalable for various applications.