bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-step wave extrapolation matrix method for reverse time migration
Authors: Revelo Daniel E. , Pestana Reynam C.
Published: August 2016

We have developed a new method for solving the acoustic full-wave equation, which we call the one-step wave extrapolation (OSE) matrix method. In our method, the wave equation is redefined by introducing a complex (analytic) wavefield and reformulating the traditional acoustic full-wave equation as a first-order partial differential equation in time. Afterward, the analytical wavefield is separated to its real and imaginary parts, and the resulting first-order coupled set of equations is solved by the Tal-Ezer’s technique, which consists of using the Chebyshev polynomial expansion to approximate the matrix exponential operator. The matrix is antisymmetrical with a square-root pseudodifferential operator, which is computed using the Fourier method. In this way, the implementation of the proposed method is straightforward and if the appropriate number of Chebyshev polynomial expansion terms is chosen, the proposed numerical algorithm is unconditionally stable and propagates seismic waves free of numerical dispersion for any seismic velocity variation in a recursive manner. Moreover, in our method, the number of Fourier transforms is explicitly determined and it is a function of the maximum eigenvalue of the matrix operator and time-step size. A numerical modeling example is shown to demonstrate that the proposed method has the capability to extrapolate waves using a time stepping up to Nyquist limit. We have also developed a reverse time migration example with illumination compensation. The migration results based on the OSE method demonstrate the capability of this new method to image complex structures in the presence of strong velocity contrasts.
Electromagnetic dispersion and sensitivity characteristics of carbonate reservoirs
Authors: Gao Yan , Shen Jinsong , He Zhanxiang , Ma Chao
Published: August 2016

The need to develop a new measurement method for the identification of favorable hydrocarbon-producing zones in carbonate reservoirs is of great importance due to their complex pore structure and lithology. We have evaluated fundamental experimental data acquired from carbonate formation samples in a buried-hill reservoir to demonstrate the magnitude of the complex resistivity (CR) dispersion effect in oil-saturated carbonate rocks and the possibility of identifying hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate sections. Our experimental data set included CR measurements on four carbonate core samples with various degrees of oil saturation, and at each saturation level, CR measurements were acquired in a frequency range between 10 Hz and 100 kHz. The experimental data indicated that the intensity of the CR dispersion effect increased with oil saturation above a specific critical excitation frequency. The experimental spectra of the carbonate samples were fitted with the Debye model and the Cole-Cole model (CCM), which can be used to interpret the dispersion effect over a wide frequency range. Based on the experimental data and the inverted CCM parameters, a sensitivity study was carried out with the crosswell frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) modeling. Multifrequency EM data were acquired directly by calculating the Maxwell equation with the CR. Our experimental data and forward modeling results indicated that measurement of induced polarization and EM coupling effects can be an effective means for identifying carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs and for quantitatively evaluating the effect of formation saturation on favorable conditions.
Microseismic search engine for real-time estimation of source location and focal mechanism
Authors: Zhang Xiong , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2016

Similar to a web search engine, we have developed a microseismic search engine that can estimate an event location and the focal mechanism in less than a second to monitor the hydraulic fracturing process. The method was extended from a real-time earthquake monitoring approach for seismological applications. We first calculate the full waveforms of all possible microseismic events over a 3D grid with a known velocity model for a given acquisition geometry to create a database. We then index and rank all of the seismic waveforms in the database by following the characteristics of the phase and amplitude of the waveform through a computer fast search technology, specifically, the multiple randomized k-dimensional tree method. When a microseismic event occurs, the approximate best matches to the entry waveform are found immediately by comparing the characteristic features between the input data and the database. The method returns not just one but a series of solutions, similar to a web search engine. Thus, we can obtain a solution space that delineates the resolution and confidence level of the results. Also similar to a web search engine, the microseismic search engine does not require any input parameter or processing experience; thus, the solutions are the same for any user. Numerical tests suggest that the waveform search approach is insensitive to random and correlated noises. However, if the correlation values between the input data and best matches in the database are too low, suggesting unreliable results, the solution may be rejected automatically by applying a preset threshold. We have applied the method to real data, and found great potential for the routine real-time monitoring of microseismic events during hydraulic fracturing.
Amphibious fishes: evolution and phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Wright Patricia A. , Turko Andy J.
Published: August 2016

Amphibious fishes spend part of their life in terrestrial habitats. The ability to tolerate life on land has evolved independently many times, with more than 200 extant species of amphibious fishes spanning 17 orders now reported. Many adaptations for life out of water have been described in the literature, and adaptive phenotypic plasticity may play an equally important role in promoting favourable matches between the terrestrial habitat and behavioural, physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics. Amphibious fishes living at the interface of two very different environments must respond to issues relating to buoyancy/gravity, hydration/desiccation, low/high O2 availability, low/high CO2 accumulation and high/low NH3 solubility each time they traverse the air–water interface. Here, we review the literature for examples of plastic traits associated with the response to each of these challenges. Because there is evidence that phenotypic plasticity can facilitate the evolution of fixed traits in general, we summarize the types of investigations needed to more fully determine whether plasticity in extant amphibious fishes can provide indications of the strategies used during the evolution of terrestriality in tetrapods.
Intermuscular pressure between synergistic muscles correlates with muscle force
Authors: Reinhardt Lars , Siebert Tobias , Leichsenring Kay , Blickhan Reinhard , Böl Markus
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between muscle force generated during isometric contractions (i.e. at a constant muscle–tendon unit length) and the intermuscular (between adjacent muscles) pressure in synergistic muscles. Therefore, the pressure at the contact area of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle was measured synchronously to the force of the whole calf musculature in the rabbit species Oryctolagus cuniculus. Similar results were obtained when using a conductive pressure sensor, or a fibre-optic pressure transducer connected to a water-filled balloon. Both methods revealed a strong linear relationship between force and pressure in the ascending limb of the force-length relationship. The shape of the measured force–time and pressure–time traces was almost identical for each contraction (r=0.97). Intermuscular pressure ranged between 100 and 700 mbar (70,000 Pa) for forces up to 287 N. These pressures are similar to previous (intramuscular) recordings within skeletal muscles of different vertebrate species. Furthermore, our results suggest that the rise in intermuscular pressure during contraction may reduce the force production in muscle packages (compartments).
P450 aromatase: a key enzyme in the spermatogenesis of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula
Authors: Rosati Luigi , Agnese Marisa , Di Fiore Maria Maddalena , Andreuccetti Piero , Prisco Marina
Published: August 2016

P450 aromatase is a key enzyme in steroidogenesis involved in the conversion of testosterone into 17β-estradiol. We investigated the localization and the expression of P450 aromatase in Podarcis sicula testes during the different phases of the reproductive cycle: summer stasis (July–August), early autumnal resumption (September), middle autumnal resumption (October–November), winter stasis (December–February), spring resumption (March–April) and the reproductive period (May–June). Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that the P450 aromatase is always present in somatic and germ cells of P. sicula testis, particularly in spermatids and spermatozoa, except in early autumnal resumption, when P450 aromatase is evident only within Leydig cells. Using real-time PCR and semi-quantitative blot investigations, we also demonstrated that both mRNA and protein were expressed in all phases, with two peaks of expression occurring in summer and in winter stasis. These highest levels of P450 aromatase are in line with the increase of 17β-estradiol, responsible for the spermatogenesis block typical of this species. Differently, in autumnal resumption, the level of P450 aromatase dramatically decreased, along with 17β-estradiol levels, and testosterone titres increased, responsible for the subsequent renewal of spermatogenesis not followed by spermiation. In spring resumption and in the reproductive period we found intermediate P450 aromatase amounts, low levels of 17β-estradiol and the highest testosterone levels determining the resumption of spermatogenesis needed for reproduction. Our results, the first collected in a non-mammalian vertebrate, indicate a role of P450 aromatase in the control of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, particularly in spermiogenesis.
The high cost of reproduction in sea otters necessitates unique physiological adaptations
Authors: Thometz Nicole M. , Kendall Traci L. , Richter Beau P. , Williams Terrie M.
Published: August 2016

Superimposed on inherently high basal metabolic demands, the additional energetic requirements of reproduction can push female sea otters beyond physiological limits. Indeed, the resulting energy imbalance contributes to disproportionately high rates of mortality at the end of lactation in this species. To examine and quantify metabolic changes associated with reproduction, we measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a female sea otter across gestation, lactation and non-reproductive periods. Concurrently, measurements were made on a non-breeding control female. Our results suggest that RMR declines during gestation. Conversely, RMR increases during lactation, reaches a peak at 3–4 months postpartum, and remains elevated until weaning. Combining these direct measurements with published data, we found the cost of pup rearing to be significantly higher than previously estimated. High baseline energy demands and limited energy reserves, combined with significant lactation and pup rearing costs, appear to necessitate metabolic and thermal lability during key reproductive stages.
Ammonia excretion in mytilid mussels is facilitated by ciliary beating
Authors: Thomsen J. , Himmerkus N. , Holland N. , Sartoris F. J. , Bleich M. , Tresguerres M.
Published: August 2016

The excretion of nitrogenous waste products in the form of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+) is a fundamental process in aquatic organisms. For mytilid bivalves, little is known about the mechanisms and sites of excretion. This study investigated the localization and the mechanisms of ammonia excretion in mytilid mussels. An Rh protein was found to be abundantly expressed in the apical cell membrane of the plicate organ, which was previously described as a solely respiratory organ. The Rh protein was also expressed in the gill, although at significantly lower concentrations, but was not detectable in mussel kidney. Furthermore, NH3/NH4+ was not enriched in the urine, suggesting that kidneys are not involved in active NH3/NH4+ excretion. Exposure to elevated seawater pH of 8.5 transiently reduced NH3/NH4+ excretion rates, but they returned to control values following 24 h acclimation. These mussels had increased abundance of V-type H+-ATPase in the apical membranes of plicate organ cells; however, NH3/NH4+ excretion rates were not affected by the V-type H+-ATPase specific inhibitor concanamycin A (100 nmol l−1). In contrast, inhibition of ciliary beating with dopamine and increased seawater viscosity significantly reduced NH3 excretion rates under control pH (8.0). These results suggest that NH3/NH4+ excretion in mytilid mussels takes place by passive NH3 diffusion across respiratory epithelia via the Rh protein, facilitated by the water current produced for filter feeding, which prevents accumulation of NH3 in the boundary layer. This mechanism would be energy efficient for sessile organisms, as they already generate water currents for filter feeding.
Lopes, F. (2015). Jornalista Profissão Ameaçada. Lisboa: Alêtheia Editores.
Authors: Peixinho Ana Teresa
Published: August 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-6019_2_15
Radiodifusão pública brasileira: o desafio de conquistar credibilidade e representatividade social
Authors: Esch Carlos Eduardo , Del Bianco Nelia R.
Published: August 2016

A estrutura de radiodifusão brasileira é regida constitucionalmente pelo princípio da complementaridade entre os sistemas privado, público e estatal. A comunicação midiática do país foi estruturada, historicamente, com forte predomínio do privado, enquanto as emissoras públicas ficaram numa posição subalterna e marginal quanto a sua representatividade e legitimidade social. Dados de pesquisa realizada no Brasil mostram que, embora mudanças estejam em andamento, as audiências ainda percebem rádios e televisões públicas como meios oficiais, de qualidade inferior e, sobretudo, destituídas de credibilidade. A partir dessa situação, o texto propõe uma reflexão sobre os desafios atuais para a existência das emissoras públicas no contexto midiático e cultural brasileiro em face da urgente necessidade que este segmento tem de reverter a imagem negativa que possui perante o público. O enfrentamento desse desafio é condição essencial para que rádios e televisões públicas possam, em alguma medida, reinventarem-se perante o ouvinte/telespectador e assim, justificar a necessidade de se promover investimento que garanta a sua existência, permanência e aprimoramento no ambiente audiovisual brasileiro.
Risk factors for obesity in 6 to 12-year-old children
Authors: Japutra Andy , Fadlyana Eddy , Alam Anggraini
Published: August 2016

Background The causes of obesity in children are multifactorial, including genetics, physiology, metabolism, psychology, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and culture. Objective To assess for relationships between obesity in 6 to 12-year-old children and maternal nutritional status, maternal education, eating breakfast, eating fast food, physical activity, TV watching, and playing video games. Methods This case-control study included students of Sejahtera Public School aged 6 to 12 years. Questionnaires were distributed to their parents for data on maternal education, eating breakfast, eating fast food, physical activity, TV watching and playing video games. Maternal nutritional status was assessed by one of the researchers. Univariate analysis with Chi–square test was used to assess every risk factor. Those with a P value of <0.25 were subjected to multivariate analysis, performed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results From June to July 2013, 60 obese children and 60 wellnourished children, as a control group, were enrolled in the study. Obese mothers tended to have obese children [odds ratio/OR 252.48; 95%CI 33.4 to 1908.4]. Children who ate fast food 6–8 times/week, had low physical activity, and watched TV more than 8 hours/week had significantly higher risk for obesity [OR 12.94, 95%CI 1.7 to 100.7; and OR 266.94, 95% CI 7.8 to 9137.7; OR 21.44, 95%CI 2.68 to 171.61; respectively]. Maternal education, eating breakfast, and playing video games were not significant risk factors for childhood obesity. Conclusion Maternal obesity, eating fast food 6-8 times per week, low physical activity and watching TV more than 8 hours/ week are risk factors for childhood obesity.
Does malnutrition influence outcome in children undergoing congenital heart surgery in a developing country?
Authors: Marwali Eva M. , Darmaputri Sekarpramita , Somasetia Dadang H. , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo , Haas Nikolaus A. , Portman Michael A.
Published: August 2016

Background Most children undergoing cardiac surgery forcongenital heart disease (CHD) in developing countries aremalnourished. Malnutrition is known as a co-morbidity factorthat might predict and influence outcomes after surgery.Objectives To evaluate the effect of malnutrition and otherassociated risk factors on post-operative outcomes in childrenwith CHDs underwent cardiac surgery.Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a singlecenter tertiary pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU)in Indonesia. Our cohort included all children between 5 and36 months of age undergoing congenital heart surgery withcardiopulmonary bypass from November 2011 until February2014. Outcomes measured were the length of intubation and thelength of ICU stay. Variables for potential influence investigatedwere the nutritional status, age, gender, type of cardiac anomaly(acyanotic vs. cyanotic), Aristotle score, cardiopulmonary bypasstime, aortic cross-clamp time, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality(PRISM) III score.Results Out of 249 patients included, 147 (59%) showedmalnourishment on admission. Malnourished patients weresignificantly younger in age, presented with an acyanotic heartdefects, and had higher PRISM III score. Additionally, they alsohad a longer mechanical ventilation time and ICU stay thanthose with a normal nutritional status. After adjusting for variousvariables using a multiple logistic regression model it could bedemonstrated that a higher Z-score for weight to age was asignificant protective factor for the intubation time of more than29 hours with an odds ratio of 0.66 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.92, P =0.012). Non-malnourished patients had a 49% significantly higherchance for extubation with a hazard ratio of 1.49 (95% CI 1.12to 1.99, P= 0.007).Conclusion Malnourishment is clearly associated in a linearfashion with longer mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. As one ofsignificant and potentially treatable co-morbidity factors, preventionof malnourishment by early diagnosis and optimal timing for surgeryis important.
Management of Lowe syndrome: a case report
Authors: Prasetyo Risky Vitria , Setiawan Heru , Soemyarso Ninik Asmaningsih , Noer Mohammad Sjaifullah , Irwanto Irwanto , Gunawan Prastiya Indra , Loebis Rozalina , Utomo Sri Andreani , Tirthaningsih Ni Wayan
Published: August 2016

Lowe syndrome (the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, OCRL) is a multisystem disorder characterized by anomalies affecting the eyes, nervous system and kidneys.1-3 The disorder was first recognized by Lowe et al. in 1952, and described as a unique syndrome with organic aciduria, decreased renal ammonia production, hydrophthalmos, and mental retardation. In 1954, renal Fanconi syndrome was recognized as being associated with Lowe syndrome and in 1965, a recessive X-linked pattern of inheritance was determined.2,4 Lowe syndrome is a very rare disease, with an estimated prevalence in the general population of 1 in 500,000. According to the Lowe Syndrome Association (LSA) in the USA, the estimated prevalence is between 1 and 10 affected males in 1,000,000 people, with 190 living in the year 2000. The Italian Association of Lowe Syndrome estimated that there were 34 Lowe syndrome patients (33 boys and one girl) living in Italy in the year 2005.2,4,5 It almost exclusively affects males.6 Physicians may not be familiar with Lowe syndrome due to its rarity.4
Data Privacy: Effects on Customer and Firm Performance
Authors: Martin Kelly D. , Borah Abhishek , Palmatier Robert W.
Published: August 2016

Although marketers increasingly rely on customer data, firms have little insight into the ramifications of such data use and do not know how to prevent negative effects. Data management efforts may heighten customers’ vulnerability worries or create real vulnerability. Using a conceptual framework grounded in gossip theory, the authors link customer vulnerability to negative performance effects. Three studies show that transparency and control in firms’ data management practices can suppress the negative effects of customer data vulnerability. Experimental manipulations reveal that mere access to personal data inflates feelings of violation and reduces trust. An event study of data security breaches affecting 414 public companies also confirms negative effects, as well as spillover vulnerabilities from rival firms’ breaches, on firm performance. Severity of the breach hurts the focal firm but helps the rival firm, which provides some insight into mixed findings in prior research. Finally, a field study with actual customers of 15 companies across three industries demonstrates consistent effects across four types of customer data vulnerability and confirms that violation and trust mediate the effects of data vulnerabilities on outcomes.
Field Experimentation in Marketing Research
Authors: Gneezy Ayelet
Published: August 2016

Despite increasing efforts to encourage the adoption of field experiments in marketing research (e.g., Campbell 1969 ; Cialdini 1980 ; Li et al. 2015 ), the majority of scholars continue to rely primarily on laboratory studies ( Cialdini 2009 ). For example, of the 50 articles published in Journal of Marketing Research in 2013, only three (6%) were based on field experiments. The goal of this article is to motivate a methodological shift in marketing research and increase the proportion of empirical findings obtained using field experiments. The author begins by making a case for field experiments and offers a description of their defining features. She then demonstrates the unique value that field experiments can offer and concludes with a discussion of key considerations that researchers should be mindful of when designing, planning, and running field experiments.
Bounds and extremal domains for Robin eigenvalues with negative boundary parameter
Authors: Antunes Pedro R. S. , Freitas Pedro , Krejčiřík David
Published: August 2016

We present some new bounds for the first Robin eigenvalue
with a negative boundary parameter. These
include the constant volume problem, where the bounds are based on the shrinking coordinate method,
and a proof that in the fixed perimeter case the disk maximises the first eigenvalue for all values
of the parameter.
This is in contrast with what happens in the constant area problem, where
the disk is the maximiser only for small values of the boundary parameter. We also present sharp
upper and lower bounds for the first eigenvalue of the ball
and spherical shells.
These results are complemented by the numerical optimisation of
the first four and two eigenvalues
in two and three dimensions, respectively,
and an evaluation of the quality of the upper bounds obtained.
We also study the bifurcations from the ball as the boundary parameter
becomes large (negative).
The Effect of Wet Underwater Welding on Cold Cracking Susceptibility of Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Łabanowski J. , Prokop-Strzelczyńska K. , Rogalski G. , Fydrych D.
Published: August 2016

The present work was conducted to assess the weldability of duplex stainless steel in underwater conditions. Metal manual arc welding (MMA) with the use of coated electrodes was used in the investigations. Tekken weldability tests were performed underwater at 0.5 m depth and in the air. Nondestructive tests, metallographic examinations of welds, ferrite content assessment in microstructure and hardness test were performed. The good weldability at underwater conditions of duplex stainless with the use of MMA method was confirmed, however difficulties in stable arc burning were revealed.
Method and Device for Speed Change by the Epicyclic Gear Train with Stepped-Planet Gear Set
Authors: Malashchenko Volodymyr , Strilets Oleh , Strilets Volodymyr
Published: August 2016

The article describes new method and device for continuously variable speed change management via compound epicyclic gearing with composite planet gears and closed circuit hydrosystem, when the speed control element is either outer ring gear (annulus) or the carrier or sun gear. In each case, the control element connected to closed circuit hydrosystem and can be in motion or immovable depending on the bandwidth of hydrosystem’s regulating throttle. We had held theoretical research and received graphic dependences between velocities of driving, control and driven elements by means of computer programing.
Systematic palaeontology of the Perisphinctoidea in the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary interval at Le Chouet (Drôme, France), and its implications for biostratigraphy
Authors: Frau Camille , Bulot Luc G. , Wimbledon William A.P. , Ifrim Christina
Published: August 2016

This study describes ammonite taxa of the Perisphinctoidea in the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary interval at Le Chouet (Drôme, France). Emphasis is placed on new and poorly known Himalayitidae, Neocomitidae and Olcostephanidae from the lower part of the Jacobi Zoneauctorum. Significant results relate the introduction ofLopezicerasgen. nov., grouping himalayitid-like forms with two rows of tubercles, andPraedalmasicerasgen. nov., grouping the early BerriasianDalmasicerastaxa. Study of the ontogenetic sequences of both genera show that they were derived from late Tithonian Himalayitidae. This supports the distinction between the subfamilies Himalayitinae and Dalmasiceratidae subfam. nov. Content, variation, dimorphism and vertical range of the NeocomitidaeBerriasella,Pseudoneocomites,ElenaellaandDelphinellaare discussed. A conservative use of the OlcostephanidaePronicerasis followed herein.
Alienation of the Jensen, Cauchy and d’Alembert Equations
Authors: Sobek Barbara
Published: August 2016

Let (S, +) be a commutative semigroup, σ : S → S be an endomorphism with σ2 = id and let K be a field of characteristic different from 2. Inspired by the problem of strong alienation of the Jensen equation and the exponential Cauchy equation, we study the solutions f, g : S → K of the functional equation

f
(
x
+
y
)
+
f
(
x
+
σ
(
y
)
)
+
g
(
x
+
y
)
=
2
f
(
x
)
+
g
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
 
 
 
 
 
for
 
 
x
,
y
∈
S
.

$$f(x + y) + f(x + \sigma (y)) + g(x + y) = 2f(x) + g(x)g(y)\;\;\;\;{\rm for}\;\;x,y \in S.$$

We also consider an analogous problem for the Jensen and the d’Alembert equations as well as for the d’Alembert and the exponential Cauchy equations.
On the universality for L-functions attached to Maass forms
Authors: Nagoshi Hirofumi
Published: August 2016

We establish the universality theorem on some region for automorphic L-functions attached to Maass forms for SL(2, ℤ). As is well known, the Ramanujan conjecture is still open for these forms. The universality theorem for the derivatives of those L-functions and some applications are also established.
A Short Presynchronization with PGF2α and GnRH Improves Ovarian Response and Fertility in Lactating Holstein Cows Subjected to a Heatsynch Protocol
Authors: Masoumi Reza , Badiei Aria , Shahneh Ahmad Zare , Kohram Hamid , Dirandeh Essa , Colazo M. G.
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single injection of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) combined with or without GnRH before initiation of a Heatsynch protocol (GnRH-7d- PGF2α-2d-EB-1d-AI) on ovarian response and fertility in lactating Holstein cows. A total of 252 cows with a corpus luteum (CL; ≥10 mm) were assigned to one of three synchronization groups; 1 - Control (n=84), cows received two injections of PGF2α 14 days apart; 2 - Heatsynch with GnRH (PGH, n=88) the cows received PGF2α followed by GnRH four days later and then a Heatsynch protocol was initiated eight days after GnRH treatment; and 3 - Heatsynch without GnRH (PH, n=80) cows received a single injection of PGF2α followed by a Heatsynch protocol initiated 12 days after PGF2α. Cows detected in estrus were inseminated approximately 12 h after onset of estrus. Ovarian response and pregnancy diagnosis were determined by ultrasonography during the synchronization protocol and 30 days after AI, respectively. Results showed the percentage of cows with plasma P4≤0.4 ng/mL at AI were greater in PGH group compared to other groups (90.3 vs. 75.0%, P=0.03). The percentage of cows that ovulated in response to the GnRH injection of Heatsynch was affected (P<0.01) by synchronization protocol, because PGH cows were more likely to ovulate (77.2%) than PH (56.0%) cows. The proportion of cows displaying estrus was greater in PGH (70.4%) and PH (72.5%) groups compared with control (47.0%, P=0.04). Percentage of cows pregnant at 30 days after AI was (P=0.01) affected by synchronization treatment and was greater in PGH (45.16%) compared to control (25.0%) and PH (34.48%) groups. In summary, a short presynchronization that includes an injection of PGF2α and four days later GnRH increased fertility in Holstein cows subjected to a Heatsynch protocol. The enhanced fertility was due to a greater ovulatory response to GnRH of Heatsynch, more adequate plasma P4 concentrations during follicle development and a greater luteal regression following PGF2α prior to AI.
Phenology of fish spawning in two lakes that are heated to different degrees
Authors: Kapusta Andrzej , Bogacka-Kapusta Elżbieta
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to present the results of studies on the phenology of the spawning of fish in two lakes with different degrees of heated waters. The studies performed indicated that heating the waters distinctly hastened fish spawning in comparison to the same species of fish inhabiting waters with normal thermal conditions. Spawning usually occurred two to three weeks earlier in the heated Lake Licheńskie than it did in Lake Ślesińskie, which has waters with a natural thermal regime. Additionally, it was noted that fish spawning lasted longer in waters with higher temperatures.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of kinesiotaping in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness of the biceps brachii
Authors: Boguszewski Dariusz , Oko Beata , Adamczyk Jakub Grzegorz , Białoszewski Dariusz
Published: August 2016

biological regeneration in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of lymphatic kinesiotaping in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness of biceps brachii.

Material and methods: The study included 34 women, aged 18–27. In the test group of patients (n = 17) a lymphatic KT application was used. All of the women performed the arm strength trial (with IPFT) and arm muscle training (with a repeat of the trial 5 times 60–80% max). Other study tools used were an sEMG, VAS (pain assessment) and the Borg scale (subjective assessment of the intensity of effort). The measurements (arm muscles strength, sEMG, pain intensity, exercise intensity) were repeated at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after performing the exercise.

Results: The weakest results for the arm strength test were recorded in the second measurement in the test group, and in the third measurement in the control group. The pain level declared in the first measurement was similar in both groups. In the third measurement (48 hours after the exercise), the level of pain in the test group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group.

Discussion: The kinesiotaping method can assist in reducing delayed muscle soreness, which was confirmed by the results of the tests. However, there is no evidence about the impact of specific types of KT applications on the reduction of the DOMS symptoms.
Reference values for the sprint performance in male football players aged from 9–35 years
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis Theodoros , Knechtle Beat , Clemente Filipe , Torres-Luque Gema
Published: August 2016

Study aim: The aim of the present study was twofold: firstly, to examine the effect of age on a 20 m sprint performance; and secondly, to establish normative data for the 20 m sprint performance by age in football players.

Material and methods: The anthropometric characteristics of 474 football players (aged 16.81 ± 5.35 yrs, range 9.02–35.41 yrs) were examined and their 20 m sprint performance (with 0–10 and 10–20 m splits) was monitored by a photocell system (Brower Timing Systems, Utah, USA).

Results: A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the yearly age groups with regards to the sprint time (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.584), as well as the 0–10 m (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.361) and 10–20 m split times (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.635). The older groups scored better than the younger groups. The time attained in the 20 m sprint, and the 0–10 m and 10–20 m splits correlated moderately to largely with the athlete’s age (r = –0.53, –0.40 and –0.57, respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: In summary, the speed ability of the football players improved with age until 15 years old, where it reached its peak. On the other hand, the other age groups U16 to U35 revealed no major differences in the speed over a 20 m sprint. The reference values presented in this study might help football coaches and fitness trainers in monitoring training and in the selection of players. Moreover, since this is the first study of this kind to compare adult age groups, sport scientists focusing on relevant topics might use it as a reference in future studies.
The influence of CYP2C8*3 on carbamazepine serum concentration in epileptic pediatric patients
Authors: Milovanovic DD , Milovanovic JR , Radovanovic M , Radosavljevic I , Obradovic S , Jankovic S , Milovanovic D , Djordjevic N
Published: August 2016

The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of CYP2C8 variants *3 and *5, as well as their effect on carbamazepine pharmacokinetic properties, in 40 epileptic pediatric patients on carbamazepine treatment. Genotyping was conducted using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and allele-specific (AS)-PCR methods, and steady-state carbamazepine plasma concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The CYP2C8 *3 and *5 polymorphisms were found at frequencies of 17.5 and 0.0%, respectively. After dose adjustment, there was a difference in daily dose in CYP2C8*3 carriers compared to non carriers [mean ± standard deviation (SD): 14.19 ± 5.39 vs. 15.46 ± 4.35 mg/kg; p = 0.5]. Dose-normalized serum concentration of carbamazepine was higher in CYP2C8*3 (mean ± SD: 0.54 ± 0.18 vs. 0.43 ± 0.11 mg/mL, p = 0.04), and the observed correlation between weight-adjusted carbamazepine dose and carbamazepine concentration after dose adjustment was significant only in CYP2C8*3 non carriers (r = 0.52, p = 0.002). However, the population pharmacokinetic analysis failed to demonstrate any significant effect of CYP2C8 *3 polymorphism on carbamazepine clearance [CL L/h = 0.215 + 0.0696*SEX+ 0.000183*DD]. The results indicated that the CYP2C8*3 polymorphism might not be of clinical importance for epilepsy treatment in pediatric populations.
Association of the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) polymorphism with idiopathic male infertility in a local Pakistani population
Authors: Irfan M , Ismail M , Azhar Beg M , Shabbir A , Rashid Kayani A , Kaukab Raja G
Published: August 2016

The present study determined an association between idiopathic sperm disorders in a local Pakistani infertile male population and the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. After ruling out non genetic factors, a total of 437 idiopathic infertile men including 57 azoospermic, 66 oligospermic, 44 asthenozoospermic, 29 teratozoospermic, 20 oligoasthenospermic and 221 infertile normospermic men were recruited. Furthermore, 218 normospermic fertile men, who had two children (or more) were included as controls. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to determine MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) polymorphism. A significant association of the minor MTHFR 677T allele with male infertility was observed (p <0.05). In addition, men with MTHFR 677 CT and TT genotypes were at a greater risk [odds ratio (OR): 1.81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.17-2.80, p = 0.008 and OR: 9.24, 95% CI: 1.20-70.92, p = 0.032, respectively] of infertility. All the subgroups of male infertility (azoospermic, oligospermic, asthenospermic, oligoasthenoteratospermic (OAT) and normospermic infertile) had significantly (p <0.05) higher frequencies of CT and TT genotypes when compared to fertile men. The combined genotypes (CT + TT) were also found significantly (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.31-3.08, p <0.001) associated with male infertility. The results suggest that the polymorphism might be a factor of male infertility in the Pakistani population.
PECAM-1gene polymorphism (rs668) and subclinical markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Popović D , Nikolajević Starčević J , Šantl Letonja M , Makuc J , Cokan Vujkovac A , Reschner H , Bregar D , Petrovič D
Published: August 2016

The platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) plays an important role in many inflammatory processes, including the development of atherosclerosis. Polymorphism rs668 of thePECAM-1gene (373C/G) is functional, and it was reported to be associated with increased serum levels of PECAM-1. We investigated the association between the rs668 polymorphism of PECAM-1 and subclinical markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Five hundred and ninety-five T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Geno-typing of thePECAM-1gene polymorphism (rs668) was performed using KASPar assays. The control examinations were performed 3.8 ± 0.5 years after the initial examination. Higher CIMT was found in patients with T2DM in comparison with subjects without T2DM. Statistically sig-nificantly faster progression of the atherosclerotic markers was shown in subjects with T2DM in comparison with the control group. When adjusted to other risk factors, the rs668 GG genotype was associated with an increased risk of carotid plaques in subjects with T2DM. We concluded that our study demonstrated a minor effect of the rs668 PECAM-1 on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
Neuroradiological, neurophysiological and molecular findings in infantile Krabbe disease: two case reports
Authors: Vargiami E , Papathanasiou E , Batzios S , Kyriazi M , Dimitriou E , Anastasiou A , Michelakakis H , Giese A-K , Zafeiriou DI
Published: August 2016

Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to a defect of the lysosomal enzyme β-galactocerebrosidase (β-GALC). Depending on the age of onset, the disease is classified into infantile and later-onset forms. We report neuroradiological, neurophysiological and molecular findings in two Greek patients with the infantile form of Krabbe disease. The index patients presented at the age of 3.5 and 6 months, respectively, due to developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the first patient’s brain demonstrated signs of leukodystrophy, while nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) were significantly decreased. The second patient’s MRI at the age of 4 months was initially normal, but at 18 months demonstrated leukodystrophic alterations as well, whereas NCVs were also significantly delayed. In both patients, a severe decrease in β-GALC, activity supported the diagnosis of Krabbe disease, while the final diagnosis was confirmed by molecular genetic testing. Two homozygous mutations of the GALC gene, the c.411_413delTAA [p.K139del] mutation in the first patient, and the c.749T>C [p.I250T] mutation in the second patient, were identified. At their last follow-up visit at the age of 4 and 6 years, respectively, both patients were bedridden and quadri-plegic, suffering from frequent respiratory tract infections and fed through a gastrostomy. Both mutations found in homozygosity in these two unrelated patients of Greek ancestry, could pinpoint a common origin. Genotyping of patients with Krabbe disease is important, in order to contribute to the creation of a European mutation database and to further study possible genotype-phenotype correlations of the disease.
The Development of Mental Health Policies in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic since 1989
Authors: Dobiášová Karolína , Tušková Eva , Hanušová Pavla , Angelovská Olga , Ježková Monika
Published: August 2016

The article aims to describe the key events in the development of mental health care policies after 1990 in the two countries and identify the main reasons for stagnation or incremental changes to the institutional setting in the field of mental health care. The process of mental health care reform is explained using the framework of historical institutionalism. The explanation shows that the lack of political interest in combination with the tradition of institutional care resulted in poor availability of psychiatric care, outdated network of inpatient facilities and critical lack of community care facilities in both countries. Even though Slovak Republic adopted national programme at the governmental level, it still struggles with its implementation. The ongoing reform attempt in the Czech Republic may bring some change, thanks to a new approach towards strategic governance of the mental health care system and the mechanism of layering that the promoters of the reform use.
Numerical modelling of a stoker furnace operated under indirect co-firing of biomass
Authors: Litka Rafał , Kalisz Sylwester
Published: August 2016

The subject of the CFD analysis presented in this paper is the process of biomass indirect co-firing carried out in a system composed of a stoker-fired furnace coupled with a gasification reactor. The installation is characterised by its compact structure, which makes it possible to minimise heat losses to the environment and enhance the physical enthalpy of the oxidising agent – flue gases – having a favourable chemical composition with oxygen and water vapour. The test results provided tools for modelling of biomass thermal processing using a non-standard oxidiser in the form of flue gases. The obtained models were used to optimise the indirect co-combustion process to reduce emissions. An overall effect of co-combustion of gas from biomass gasification in the stoker furnace is the substantial reduction in NO emissions by about 22%.
Pharmacogenetic approach to losartan in Marfan patients: a starting point to improve dosing regimen?
Authors: Falvella Felicia Stefania , Marelli Susan , Cheli Stefania , Montanelli Stefano , Viecca Federico , Salvi Lucia , Ferrara Alfio , Clementi Emilio , Trifirò Giuliana , Pini Alessandro
Published: August 2016

Background:

Losartan is under evaluation for managing Marfan patients with aortic root dilatation. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes convert losartan to E3174 active metabolite. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 defective alleles, according to losartan tolerance in paediatric Marfan patients.

Methods:

We genotyped 53 paediatric Marfan patients treated with losartan. The rate of aortic root dilatation was evaluated using the delta z-score variation. Differences in tolerated losartan daily doses with respect to CYP metabolic classes were assessed through the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results:

The losartan daily dose spans from 0.16 to 2.50 mg/kg (median 1.10 mg/kg). As we expect from the pharmacokinetics pathway, we observe highest tolerated dose in CYP2C9 poor metabolisers (median 1.50 mg/kg, interquartile range 1.08–1.67 mg/kg); however, this difference is not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

The optimal dose of angiotensin receptor blocker is not known, and no data are available about losartan pharmacogenetic profile in Marfan syndrome; we have proposed a strategy to tackle this issue based on evaluating the major genetic polymorphisms involved in the losartan conversion into active carboxylic acid metabolite. Further studies are needed to support the use of genetic polymorphisms as predictors of the right dose of losartan.
Synthesis of thermally and mechanically improved polyurethane-urea elastomers by using novel diamines as chain extenders
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Bahadur Ali
Published: August 2016

This article reports the synthesis of novel diamines as chain extenders for the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane (PU). Three novel diamine, 1,2-di(p-aminophenoxy)ethane (BAE), 1,2-di(p-aminophenoxy)propane (BAP) and 2,2-bis(p-(p-aminophenoxy)phenyl)propane (BAPP) were synthesized as chain extenders. Formation of diamines and their reaction with PU prepolymer was analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. The conversion of the free isocyanate group (NCO) into a urethane-urea group was confirmed through the disappearance of the isocyanate peak at 2244 cm-1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals the thermal stabilization effect of urethane-urea hard segments of the polyurethane system. From the SAXS investigations, the hard segment inter-domain spacing (d) was calculated, which was 24 nm for the reference sample, and 25, 26, and 28.5 nm for the synthesized PU systems. Mechanical test shows an increase in the Young’s modulus and yield strength with BAE and BAP diamines, while BAPP diamine based systems reveal lower modulus values as compared to the reference sample.
Optimizing the mechanical properties of a bi-layered knitted/nanofibrous esophageal prosthesis using artificial intelligence
Authors: Yekrang Javad , Semnani Dariush , Karbasi Saeed
Published: August 2016

The esophagus is a tubular multi-layer organ that carries the food bolus and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Esophageal prostheses and scaffolds should have the appropriate mechanical and strain properties in the longitudinal and circumferential directions. A novel bi-layered esophageal prosthesis was produced using knitted tubular silk fabric and a coating of polyurethane (PU) nanofibers. The optimization process was performed in two steps. First, 12 different tubular structures of knitted silk fabrics were produced and mechanical properties were measured in both directions. The mechanical properties were optimized using an artificial neural network (ANN) and a genetic algorithm (GA) and the optimum knitted structure was produced as a substrate for coating with PU nanofibers. In second step, 20 different samples were produced by electrospinning the PU nanofibers at different process conditions (collector speed, feeding rate) on the optimized structure of the knitted fabric. Finally, the elastic properties of the bi-layered tubular structures were measured and optimized by the ANN and GA methods. Results presented show that the optimized structure of the esophageal prosthesis had proper mechanical properties similar to the esophagus. Such a structure can be used as a substitute in esophageal disorders.