bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Load‐controlled moderate and high‐intensity resistance training programs provoke similar strength gains in young women
Authors: Alegre Luis M. , Aguado Xavier , Rojas‐Martín Diego , Martín‐García María , Ara Ignacio , Csapo Robert
Published: May 2014

Introduction: While current exercise guidelines recommend progressive, high‐intensity resistance training (RT) to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, controversy exists regarding the efficacy of lighter‐load RT. We compared 2 work‐matched RT interventions that differed in training intensity. Methods: Fifteen women underwent 10 weeks of unilateral knee extensor RT. One leg was trained at increasing intensity (intensity leg, InL, 50–80% 1‐repetition maximum [1‐RM]), and training progression in the contralateral leg (volume leg, VoL, 50% 1‐RM) was based on increasing training volumes. Quadriceps muscle size (ultrasound, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry) and strength (isokinetic dynamometry) were assessed on 4 occasions. Results: Both training programs induced significant, yet comparable increases in muscle size (InL: +4.6–12%, VoL: +3.1–11%) and strength (InL: +10–16%, VoL: +10–14%). Conclusions: Training at lower than commonly suggested intensities may be an equally effective alternative form of RT. Factors other than training intensity, such as the total mechanical work during training, may strongly affect the training response. Muscle Nerve 51: 92–101, 2015
Severe and extreme idiopathic median nerve lesions at the wrist: New insights into electrodiagnostic patterns and review of the literature
Authors: Seror Paul , Seror Raphaéle
Published: May 2014

Introduction: We evaluated the electrodiagnostic (EDX) pattern of severe and extreme median nerve lesions at the wrist (MNLW) in patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: EDX data were recorded in 229 patients with 314 severe and extreme MNLW and 447 patients with 777 non‐severe MNLW. We recorded distal motor latency (DML) to abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and second lumbricalis (2L), sensory conduction (SC) from digits 2 and 3, and needle examination of APB. Results: Preservation rate of DML to APB and 2L and of SC from digits 2 and 3 were 100%, 100%, 85%, and 76%, respectively, for severe MNLW, and 37%, 90%, 36%, and 26% for extreme MNLW. Active denervation, as demonstrated by fibrillation potentials, was found in 1% of non‐severe NMLW, 7% of severe MNLW, and 56% of extreme MNLW cases. Conclusions: In idiopathic severe and extreme MNLW, the DML to the 2L and averaged SC from digit 2 can be present when other responses are absent. Muscle Nerve 51: 201–206, 2015
Intersecting dilated convex polyhedra method for modeling complex particles in discrete element method
Authors: Nye Ben , Kulchitsky Anton V. , Johnson Jerome B.
Published: May 2014

This paper describes a new method for representing concave polyhedral particles in a discrete element method as unions of convex dilated polyhedra. This method offers an efficient way to simulate systems with a large number of (generally concave) polyhedral particles. The method also allows spheres, capsules, and dilated triangles to be combined with polyhedra using the same approach. The computational efficiency of the method is tested in two different simulation setups using different efficiency metrics for seven particle types: spheres, clusters of three spheres, clusters of four spheres, tetrahedra, cubes, unions of two octahedra (concave), and a model of a computer tomography scan of a lunar simulant GRC‐3 particle. It is shown that the computational efficiency of the simulations degrades much slower than the increase in complexity of the particles in the system. The efficiency of the method is based on the time coherence of the system, and an efficient and robust distance computation method between polyhedra as particles never intersect for dilated particles. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effect of curing method on mechanical and morphological properties of carbon fiber epoxy composites for solid rocket motor
Authors: Ma Renli , Chang Xinlong , Zhang Xiaojun , Fang Pengya , Long Bing , Liu Wanlei
Published: May 2014

Microwave (MW) curing and conventional thermal curing techniques were utilized to cure carbon fiber epoxy composites for solid rocket motor to investigate the effect of curing method on their mechanical and morphological properties. In this work, tensile and inplane shear strength properties together with morphological properties were compared between MW cured and thermally cured composites, and the mechanism for MW curing was analyzed. The study shows that 83% cure cycle time reduction is achieved through MW curing. Mechanism analysis for MW curing indicates the resin at the surface layer and interior parts of the composites is cured with different forms. Temperature monitoring during MW processing indicates the uneven electric field distribution in the domestic MW oven. Fourier transform infrared spectrum measurements reveal that MWs do not initiate any new chemical reactions during the curing process of the composites. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimeter reveals higher glass transition temperature (Tg) of MW cured composites compared with thermally cured counterparts. Moreover, the MW cured composites show 17% lower tensile strength than thermally cured composites, whereas a 3% increase of the inplane shear strength is observed for MW cured composites, which is also confirmed via scanning electron microscope by means of better coating the fibers with resin, increased fiber wetting and less fiber pullout. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1703–1711, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
A thermoelectric generator based on an n‐type clathrate and a p‐type skutterudite unicouple
Authors: Alleno E. , Lamquembe N. , Cardoso‐Gil R. , Ikeda M. , Widder F. , Rouleau O. , Godart C. , Grin Yu. , Paschen S.
Published: May 2014

The type I clathrates A8Ga16X30 (A = Sr, Ba, Eu; X = Si, Ge, Sn) and filled skutterudites Ay(Fe1−xMx)4Sb12 (A = rare‐earth, M = Co, Ni,) are intermetallic compounds with good thermoelectric performance in the temperature range 400–800 K. Here we report on the first mixed clathrate–skutterudite unicouple thermoelectric generator and address important technical issues such as upscaling, contacting, and electrode material selection. At 600 K, the materials Eu8Ga16Ge30, Ba8Ga16Ge30, and Mm0.7Fe3.5Ni0.5Sb12 synthesized for this purpose have figures of merit ZT = 0.32, 0.15, and 0.46, respectively. The clathrate and skutterudite legs were brazed to a hot side nickel electrode. An average contact resistivity of 16 µΩ cm2 was obtained with Pb–Ag (hot side) and In–Sn (cold side) brazings combined with and intermediate Ni layer. For a temperature difference ΔT = 250 K (hot side temperature = 573 K), this generator produced an open circuit voltage Uopen = 54 mV and an electrical specific power P = 178 mW cm−2 as our best result with the couple Mm0.7Fe3.5Ni0.5Sb12 and Eu8Ga16Ge30.
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) grown bi‐layer graphene transistor characteristics at high temperature
Authors: Qaisi Ramy M. , Smith Casey E. , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: May 2014

We report the characteristics of atmospheric chemical vapor deposition grown bilayer graphene transistors fabricated on ultra‐scaled (10 nm) high‐κ dielectric aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at elevated temperatures. We observed that the drive current increased by >400% as temperature increased from room temperature to 250 °C. Low gate leakage was maintained for prolonged exposure at 100 °C but increased significantly at temperatures >200 °C. These results provide important insights for considering chemical vapor deposition graphene on aluminum oxide for high temperature applications where low power and high frequency operation are required. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain structures of a main pole tip in a hard disk drive observed by magnetic strain imaging
Authors: Takata Keiji
Published: May 2014

The detection and imaging of magnetic‐field‐induced strains via scanning probe microscopy enable us to observe magnetic domain structures. A perpendicular‐recording head in a hard disk drive has been observed using this method to investigate the causes of head‐induced data erasure. Domain structures of the main pole tip in a head that induces the erase‐after‐write phenomenon are observed, and we confirm the presence of remanent domains. The structures are not single domain but comprise multiple domains changing with the writing currents. The remanent magnetic fields causing the erase‐after‐write should be generated by the large magnetization near the domain walls. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorbed states of iron(II) phthalocyanine on Ag(111) studied by high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Ohta Naoka , Arafune Ryuichi , Tsukahara Noriyuki , Takagi Noriaki , Kawai Maki
Published: May 2014

We investigated the adsorption states of iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) molecules on Ag(111) by using high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREELS spectra were taken as a function of the coverage of FePc. At 1 monolayer, vibrational modes assigned as A2u and A1g representations were observed mainly by the dipole scattering mechanism, which indicates that the first‐layer molecules adsorb with the molecular planes parallel to the surface. The vibration associated with the motion of the central Fe2+ ion perpendicular to the molecular plane shows a considerable shift of the vibration energy. This reflects significant bonding interactions between the FePc molecule and the substrate. In the high coverage regime, multilayers were grown, and the vibration modes attributed to not only A2u but also Eu representation were observed. The FePc molecules in the upper layers tilt the molecular planes to the substrate. The vibrational energy is almost identical to those in the gas phase, indicating weaker interactions between the molecules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth distribution of dopant effective for visible‐light response in nitrogen‐doped TiO2 photocatalyst
Authors: Yoshida Tomoko , Kuda Eriko , Muto Shunsuke
Published: May 2014

Nitrogen was doped into TiO2 by an ion implantation technique to investigate the depth distribution of nitrogen most effective for fabricating a visible‐light responsive photocatalyst. In the nitrogen‐doped TiO2 samples, the photocatalytic activity under visible‐light irradiation was enhanced, wherein two types of chemical state of nitrogen, one photocatalytically active and the other inactive, were found depending on the nitrogen concentration, using electron energy loss spectroscopy. The depth distributions of nitrogen were quantified, so that the implanted nitrogen increased with thickness from the surface up to 90 nm, consistent with Monte Carlo simulations. The critical nitrogen concentration for the photocatalytically active species to form was estimated to be no higher than 1.8 atom%. We also derived semi‐empirical equations from the present results to estimate the critical depth of nitrogen distribution effectively reactive to be 13 ± 5 nm from the surface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of post‐annealing ambient gas on photoluminescence characteristics for ion beam synthesized Ge nanoparticles in SiO2 and Si3N4 films
Authors: Yu C. F. , Chao D. S. , Tsai H. S. , Liang J. H.
Published: May 2014

Ion beam synthesized Ge nanoparticles in SiO2 film have received intense interest due to their distinctive optical features. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanism behind luminescence from Ge nanoparticles still remains under debate. In order to investigate the influence of oxygen content on the optical properties of Ge nanoparticles, post‐annealing treatments under various annealing atmospheres including vacuum, air, and N2 were conducted to synthesize Ge nanoparticles. An oxygen‐free Si3N4 matrix material was also adopted to compare with the results of SiO2 one. The results revealed that photoluminescence (PL) around 3.1 eV can be emitted from Ge‐implanted SiO2 films. However, Ge‐implanted SiO2 films appear remarkably diverse PL characteristics when annealed in different ambient gases. PL intensity fluctuates with temperature in the specimens annealed under vacuum and air due to the GeOx formation and dissolution. Otherwise, the N2‐annealed specimens can suppress germanium oxidation process, thus allowing for an entirely different evolution of PL intensity with temperature. In contrast to the SiO2 matrix, no PL emission can be found for the Ge nanoparticles formed in the Si3N4 films, again proving that the 3.1‐eV emission band indeed originates from the oxygen‐deficient centers at the interface between SiO2 matrix and Ge or GeOx nanoparticles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen storage property of Ni nanoparticles fabricated by the gas evaporation method
Authors: Fujimoto Taishi , Ogawa Satoshi , Yoshida Tomoko , Uchiyama Naoki , Yagi Shinya
Published: May 2014

We have fabricated the Ni nanoparticles with a clean surface by the gas evaporation method and clarified the hydrogen storage property by using atomic force microscope (AFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. The diameter has been estimated as 4.0 ± 1.5 nm by AFM observation. The Ni nanoparticles possess a clean surface, because the surface chemical state has been confirmed as mainly metallic state by XPS. The hydrogen storage property has been investigated by QCM from the vacuum to the atmospheric pressure of the hydrogen at 300 K. The plateau pressure of the Ni nanoparticles and a maximum hydrogen storage capacity are about 7 Torr and H/Ni = 0.56, respectively. And the hydrogen release from the Ni nanoparticles has not been observed by QCM. The hydrogen adsorption/desorption reaction have also been observed as the plateau like pressure by QCM. These results indicate that (i) the plateau pressure of Ni is decreased by the nanosizing of the material, (ii) the large specific surface area of the Ni nanoparticles makes it possible to observe the adsorption/desorption reaction and (iii) the Ni hydride is stable under the vacuum condition. The chemical shift of Ni 2p3/2 has not been observed in the XPS spectrum between before and after exposure to the hydrogen. This result implies that there is no strong chemical bonding between Ni and hydrogen or the hydrogen in the lateral surface has been released. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure evolution of hydrogenated carbon films from amorphous carbon to fullerene‐like nanostructure
Authors: Wang Chengbing , Ling Xiaoming , Shi Jing , Xia Rongbin
Published: May 2014

A–C:H (hydrogenated amorphous carbon) films were deposited by pulsed direct‐current (d.c.) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. This study investigated the structural and mechanical evolution of the as‐deposited films with fullerene‐like nanostructure. The results showed that pulsed d.c. negative bias (−500 ~ −1000 V) signally influenced the growth rate, hardness, surface roughness, sp3 content, and friction behavior of the films. As the pulsed d.c. negative bias voltage increased, the sp3 content, surface roughness, hydrogen content and the friction coefficient of the films decreased; however, the growth rate and the hardness increased. The films deposited at −1000 V with fullerene‐like microstructure display a nanohardness of about 19.7 GPa and the smallest friction coefficient (~0.06). The evolution on mechanical and structural properties of the films are explained by the a–C:H growth mechanism based on the interaction on plasma‐surface interface and the subsurface reactions in the film. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competing‐risks duration models with correlated random effects: an application to dementia patients’ transition histories
Authors: Hess Wolfgang , Schwarzkopf Larissa , Hunger Matthias , Holle Rolf
Published: May 2014

Multi‐state transition models are widely applied tools to analyze individual event histories in the medical or social sciences. In this paper, we propose the use of (discrete‐time) competing‐risks duration models to analyze multi‐transition data. Unlike conventional Markov transition models, these models allow the estimated transition probabilities to depend on the time spent in the current state. Moreover, the models can be readily extended to allow for correlated transition probabilities. A further virtue of these models is that they can be estimated using conventional regression tools for discrete‐response data, such as the multinomial logit model. The latter is implemented in many statistical software packages and can be readily applied by empirical researchers. Moreover, model estimation is feasible, even when dealing with very large data sets, and simultaneously allowing for a flexible form of duration dependence and correlation between transition probabilities. We derive the likelihood function for a model with three competing target states and discuss a feasible and readily applicable estimation method. We also present the results from a simulation study, which indicate adequate performance of the proposed approach. In an empirical application, we analyze dementia patients’ transition probabilities from the domestic setting, taking into account several, partly duration‐dependent covariates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of plasma chitotriosidase to assess non‐neuronopathic Gaucher disease severity and progression in the era of enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: van Dussen L. , Hendriks E. J. , Groener J. E. M. , Boot R. G. , Hollak C. E. M. , Aerts J. M. F. G.
Published: May 2014

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase catalysing the regular lysosomal degradation of glucosylceramide. In the common non‐neuropathic variant of GD, glucosylceramide‐laden macrophages (Gaucher cells) accumulate in various tissues. Gaucher cells secrete chitotriosidase, an active chitinase, resulting in increased plasma chitotriosidase levels, which can be sensitively monitored by an enzyme activity assay. Plasma chitotriosidase is a rough estimate of body burden of Gaucher cells. Non‐neuronopathic GD is presently treated by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT). We addressed the question whether plasma chitotriosidase acts as (predictive) marker of clinical manifestations in non‐neuronopathic GD patients receiving treatment. Reductions in plasma chitotriosidase during therapy correlated with corrections in liver and spleen volumes and showed positive trends with improvements in haemoglobin and platelet count and bone marrow composition. The occurrence of long‐term complications and associated conditions such as multiple myeloma, bone complications, Parkinson's disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and pulmonary hypertension positively correlated with the plasma chitotriosidase level pre‐therapy, the average plasma chitotriosidase during 3 years of ERT and the residual plasma chitotriosidase after 2 years of ERT. In summary, plasma chitotriosidase is a valuable marker in the assessment and follow‐up of GD patients.
The Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stability of Cold‐Pressed Oils
Authors: Prescha Anna , Grajzer Magdalena , Dedyk Martyna , Grajeta Halina
Published: May 2014

In our study, we characterized the antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of cold‐pressed macadamia, avocado, sesame, safflower, pumpkin, rose hip, Linola, flaxseed, walnut, hempseed, poppy, and milk thistle oils. The radical scavenging activity of the non‐fractionated fresh oil, as well as the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of the oil was determined using a 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The fatty acid composition of the fresh and stored oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. The acid value, peroxide value, p‐anisidine value and conjugated diene and triene contents in the fresh oils, as well as in those stored throughout the whole period of their shelf life, were measured by CEN ISO methods. The antioxidant activity of the oils expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ranged from 0.17 to 2.32 mM. The lipophilic fractions of the oils were characterized by much higher antioxidant activity than the hydrophilic ones. There were no significant changes in fatty acid composition and only slight changes in the oxidative stability parameters of the oils during their shelf life. Through the assessment of the relationship between antiradical activity and the oxidative stability of oils, it is proposed that a DPPH assay predicts the formation of oxidation products in cold‐pressed oils—however, the correlations differ in fractionated and nonfractionated oils.
Ukraine and Russia: Legacies of the Imperial past and Competing Memories
Authors: Kappeler Andreas
Published: May 2014

The legacy of the tsarist Empire and the Soviet Union is one of the crucial factors for an understanding and an explanation of current affairs in the post-Soviet space. This is especially true for Ukraine and for Russian–Ukrainian relations. Russia regards Ukraine as a part of its own strategic orbit, while many Ukrainians want to liberate themselves from the Russian hegemony and advocate a closer cooperation with the European Union. This controversy culminated in late 2013, when Russian pressure led to a re-orientation of Ukrainian policy and a rapprochement with Russia. In this paper I present some reflections on the significance of the imperial heritage for the Russian–Ukrainian relationship. I analyse the different discourses and the Ukrainian and Russian historical narratives, politics of history and competing memories. The Russian–Ukrainian relationship was and is still characterized by an obvious asymmetry, a hegemony of Russia over Ukraine. Russia uses the Orthodox Church and the traditional dominance of the Russian language as instruments for its policy. Not only Russian historians, but also politicians and even the Russian President try to impose the imperial narrative on Ukraine. They are supported by a significant part of Ukrainians, who adhere to the ideal of a common Russia-led Orthodox East Slavic world. Other Ukrainian historians and politicians use the Ukrainian language and the Ukrainian historical narrative with its national myths of liberty and of Ukraine's closeness to Europe in their struggle against the Russian hegemony. The on-going “War of memories” is of special interest. Both sides use and abuse history as a political weapon, and the controversies about the heritage of Kievan Rus’, the interpretation of Mazepa, the Holodomor and WW II are not only academic, but also political issues. They reflect the struggle over the geopolitical and cultural orientation of Ukraine which is of crucial importance for the future development of the post-Soviet space and of Eastern Europe.
Reproductive health and HIV awareness among newly married Egyptian couples without formal education
Authors: Saleh Wael F. , Gamaleldin Sameh F. , Abdelmoty Hatem I. , Raslan Ayman N. , Fouda Usama M. , Mohesen Mohamed N. , Youssef Mohamed A.F.M.
Published: May 2014

Objective

To assess awareness of several reproductive health and HIV issues and to determine the sources of reproductive health knowledge.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of 150 randomly recruited, newly married couples without formal education attending gynecology or andrology outpatient clinics in Cairo, Egypt, was conducted from January 2012 to January 2013. Participants were interviewed separately and asked to respond to a semi‐structured questionnaire on reproductive health and HIV awareness.

Results

Most participants had not received premarital counseling or undergone premarital testing. Awareness about HIV was relatively high: 117 (78.0%) women and 128 (85.3%) men had heard of HIV and had some awareness of the modes of HIV transmission. Only 24 (16.0%) women had ever used a condom compared with 36 (24.0%) men. Only two men out of the 150 couples questioned were aware of the free HIV hotline. Television and friends were the main sources of reproductive health knowledge.

Conclusion

Routine premarital counseling and testing by reproductive health, gynecology, and andrology specialists need to be enforced. Mass media is an essential source of knowledge about HIV and reproductive health. Premarital, reproductive health, and HIV education programs need to be improved.
Perceptions and motivations of an Australian cohort of women with or without congenital heart disease proceeding to pregnancy
Authors: Ngu Kylie , Hay Margaret , Menahem Samuel
Published: May 2014

Objective

To assess the perceptions of women with congenital heart disease (CHD) regarding the severity of their cardiac abnormality and its implications in pregnancy, and whether their motivations to conceive were similar to those of women without CHD.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive study of a cohort of women with (n = 20) or without (n = 20) CHD, aged over 18 years, who had had one or more successful pregnancies. The women were surveyed using a semi‐structured questionnaire and their medical records were reviewed. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Women with CHD were concerned about the health risks associated with their CHD; however, they were not deterred from conceiving because 10 out of 20 women had a tendency to downplay the seriousness of their CHD. The women's motivations to conceive were similar in both groups.

Conclusion

Although women with CHD were clinically identified as an at‐risk group, with possible health complications for themselves and their infant, it was ultimately the women's inaccurate perception of the severity of their CHD and of the associated potential health risks that influenced their decision to pursue motherhood. This emphasizes the need for clinicians to have detailed knowledge of the cardiac abnormality and its implications in pregnancy.
Usefulness of non‐contact mapping for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardias originating at the right ventricular outflow tract
Authors: Hoshiyama Tadashi , Yamabe Hiroshige , Koyama Junjiroh , Kanazawa Hisanori , Ito Miwa , Ogawa Hisao
Published: May 2014

Background

Different QRS morphologies are often observed in idiopathic ventricular tachycardias or premature ventricular contractions originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). However, the precise mechanism underlying multiple QRS morphologies has not been clarified adequately. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism underlying different QRS morphologies in RVOT arrhythmia. We also investigated the usefulness of non‐contact mapping guided radiofrequency catheter ablation for RVOT arrhythmia.

Methods

Endocardial mapping of RVOT was performed using a non‐contact mapping system in 20 patients with RVOT arrhythmia. We analyzed the underlying mechanism that produces different QRS morphologies during catheter ablation of RVOT arrhythmia.

Results

Forty‐six QRS morphologies of RVOT arrhythmia were observed in 20 patients. Five patients showed monofocal QRS morphology, whereas the remaining 15 patients showed multiple QRS morphologies (from 2 to 4 morphologies each). Among these, all patients presented a shift in the origin of tachycardia. Additionally, different QRS morphologies were observed in 5 of these patients that were caused by a change in the local activation after radiofrequency energy delivery. Radiofrequency energy application to the site of origin of the RVOT arrhythmia using non‐contact mapping navigation eliminated the RVOT arrhythmias in all patients. However, 1 patient presented a recurrence of RVOT arrhythmia (success rate, 95.0%).

Conclusions

The multiple QRS morphologies of RVOT arrhythmia were caused by a shift in the origin of tachycardia or by a change in the local activation following the radiofrequency energy application. Non‐contact mapping was useful to identify the appropriate target site of RVOT arrhythmia irrespective of the changes in QRS morphologies.
GETTIER FOR JUSTIFICATION
Authors: Hofmann Frank
Published: May 2014

I will present a problem for any externalist evidentialism that allows for accidental possession of evidence. There are Gettier cases for justification. I will describe two such cases – cases involving veridical hallucination. An analysis of the cases is given, along the lines of (reliabilist) virtue epistemology (cf. Sosa, Greco). The cases show that certain externalist evidentialist accounts of justification do not provide sufficient conditions. The reason lies in the fact that one can be luckily in possession of evidence, and then one will not have a justified belief. Justified belief requires an anti-luck condition on possession of evidence. This opens up the prospects of a unified virtue-epistemology covering both knowledge and justification.
Turbulent drag reduction of boundary layer flow with non-ionic surfactant injection
Authors: Tamano Shinji , Kitao Takuya , Morinishi Yohei
Published: May 2014

We experimentally investigated streamwise variations of turbulent dynamics in drag-reducing turbulent boundary layer flows following the injection of non-ionic surfactant solutions, which mainly consisted of oleyldimethylamine oxide. We focus on the comparison of turbulence statistics between injected (i.e. heterogeneous) and premixed (i.e. homogeneous) surfactant solutions, in which the maximum drag reduction ratio of 50 % is the same at the most downstream position for both cases. The wall-normal profiles of turbulence statistics, such as streamwise and wall-normal turbulence intensities, seem to be noticeably different between heterogeneous and homogeneous surfactant solutions. However, streamwise variations in these maxima and the wall-normal locations are essentially similar to one another, except for the maximum of streamwise turbulence intensity, which is not arranged by the amount of drag reduction and is also dependent on the normalization due to outer and inner variables. Such complex behaviour of streamwise turbulence intensity would be caused by the formation of near-wall layered structures that are parallel to the wall. For both heterogeneous and homogeneous surfactant solutions, the streamwise variation in the drag reduction ratio corresponds well to those of the mean velocity in wall units and the wall-normal locations of maxima of streamwise and wall-normal turbulence intensities with both outer and inner scaling. Unlike the Reynolds shear stress, the correlation coefficient of the streamwise and wall-normal turbulent fluctuations is correlated well with the drag reduction ratio. We present plausible pictures of the development of turbulence structures such as hairpin vortices and low-speed streaks for the drag-reducing turbulent boundary layer in heterogeneous and homogeneous surfactant solutions, which are comprehensively derived from the present set of experimental measurements such as flow visualization, planar laser-induced fluorescence, two-component laser-Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry on the streamwise and wall-normal plane and the streamwise and spanwise plane.
ḤUDŪDPUNISHMENTS IN THE FOREFRONT: APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW BY HARAKAT AL-SHABAAB AL-MUJAHIDEEN
Authors: Skjelderup Michael
Published: May 2014

Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, usually referred to as al-Shabaab (the youth), is known primarily as a Somali terrorist group. But since the end of 2008, it has functioned as a state power in large parts of Southern and Central Somalia. In this article, I analyze the main legal body of the group: theqāḍīcourt. In order to establish law and order in their territories, al-Shabaab has applied their own version ofsharī'a. The article reveals that al-Shabaab's application of criminal law follows the inherent logic of classical Islamic legal doctrines on several points. However, the al-Shabaab courts tend to overlook many of the strict requirements regarding evidence and procedure that were outlined by the medieval Muslim scholars in order to humanize Islamic law. Therefore, the legal reality of al-Shabaab's regime is far more brutal than that of most other Islamic-inspired regimes in the contemporary Muslim world. Al-Shabaab's practice of Islamic criminal law may be seen not only as a means to exercise control through fear but also as an effective way of filling the vacuum of insecurity and instability that has followed twenty years of violence and the absence of state institutions in its territories. I argue that, in order to understand al-Shabaab's current practice of criminal law, one has to take into consideration the group's jihadi-Salafi affiliation. According to Salafi notions,sharī'ais not only a means to an end, but an end in itself. As such,sharī'a(i.e., God's divine law) is the visual symbol of an Islamic state. Consequently, the application of Islamic criminal law, and especially of theḥudūdpunishments, provides al-Shabaab with political-religious legitimacy.
THE MULTIPLIER ALGEBRA OF A BEURLING ALGEBRA
Authors: BHATT S. J. , DABHI P. A. , DEDANIA H. V.
Published: May 2014

For a discrete abelian cancellative semigroup$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}S$with a weight function$\omega $and associated multiplier semigroup$M_\omega (S)$consisting of$\omega $-bounded multipliers, the multiplier algebra of the Beurling algebra of$(S,\omega )$coincides with the Beurling algebra of$M_\omega (S)$with the induced weight.
SPECIAL HERMITIAN MANIFOLDS AND THE 1-COSYMPLECTIC HYPERSURFACES AXIOM
Authors: BANARU MIHAIL B.
Published: May 2014

It is proved that if a special Hermitian manifold complies with the 1-cosymplectic hypersurfaces axiom, then it is a Kählerian manifold.
Dietary grape powder increases IL-1β and IL-6 production by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes and reduces plasma concentrations of large LDL and large LDL-cholesterol particles in obese humans
Authors: Zunino Susan J. , Peerson Jan M. , Freytag Tammy L. , Breksa Andrew P. , Bonnel Ellen L. , Woodhouse Leslie R. , Storms David H.
Published: May 2014

Obese individuals are at an increased risk of developing CVD, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and bacterial and viral infections when compared with the normal-weight population. In a 9-week randomised, double-blind, cross-over study, twenty-four obese subjects aged between 20 and 60 years and with a BMI between 30 and 45 kg/m2were fed grape or placebo powder for 3-week intervals to determine the effects of dietary grapes on blood lipid profiles, plasma inflammatory marker concentrations and immune cell function. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 8 for obtaining baseline information and at weeks 3, 4, 8 and 9. Comprehensive chemistry panels, lipid profile analyses by NMR, measurement of plasma inflammatory marker concentrations, and analyses of cytokine production by activated T lymphocytes and monocytes were performed for each blood draw. Dietary grape powder reduced the plasma concentrations of large LDL-cholesterol and large LDL particles compared with the placebo powder (P< 0·05). The concentrations of interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) activated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and those of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in supernatants from PBMC activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). No difference in the production of T-cell cytokines was observed between the two intervention groups. The production of IL-1β and IL-6 was increased in supernatants from LPS-activated PBMC in the grape powder group compared with the placebo powder group (P< 0·05). These data suggest that dietary grapes may decrease atherogenic lipid fractions in obese individuals and increase the sensitivity of monocytes in a population at a greater risk of developing infections.
Prepubertal children with a history of extra-uterine growth restriction exhibit low-grade inflammation
Authors: Ortiz-Espejo María , Pérez-Navero Juan Luis , Olza-Meneses Josune , Muñoz-Villanueva María Carmen , Aguilera-García Concepción María , Gil-Campos Mercedes
Published: May 2014

Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) may induce significant metabolic and inflammatory anomalies, increasing the risk of obesity and CVD later in life. Similarly, alterations in the adipose tissue may lead to metabolic changes in children with a history of extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR). These mechanisms may induce alterations in immune response during early life. The aim of the present study was to compare pro-inflammatory markers in prepubertal EUGR children with those in a reference population. A total of thirty-eight prepubertal children with a history of EUGR and a reference group including 123 healthy age- and sex-matched children were selected. Perinatal data were examined. In the prepubertal stage, the concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers were measured in both groups. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein type 1 (MCP-1), neural growth factor, TNF-α and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 were determined. The plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, HGF, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α were higher in the EUGR group than in the reference group (P< 0·001). After adjustment for gestational age, birth weight and length, blood pressure values and TNF-α concentrations remained higher in the EUGR group than in the reference group. Therefore, further investigations should be conducted in EUGR children to evaluate the potential negative impact of metabolic, nutritional and pro-inflammatory changes induced by the EUGR condition.
Dietary vitamin D supplementation attenuates immune responses of pigs challenged with rotavirus potentially through the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signalling pathway
Authors: Zhao Ye , Yu Bing , Mao Xiangbing , He Jun , Huang Zhiqing , Zheng Ping , Yu Jie , Han Guoquan , Liang Xiaofang , Chen Daiwen
Published: May 2014

In the present study, twenty-four Duroc × Landrance × Yorkshire (initial body weight (BW) of 21·82 (sem2·06) kg) cross-bred pigs were used to determine whether dietary vitamin D supplementation could confer protection against viral infections through the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signalling pathway in pigs. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial manner with the main effects of immune challenge (controlv.porcine rotavirus (PRV) challenge) and dietary concentrations of vitamin D (200 and 5000 IU; where 1 IU of vitamin D is defined as the biological activity of 0.025 mg of cholecalciferol). The pigs were fed a diet containing 200 or 5000 IU vitamin D in the first week of the study period. On day 8, the pigs were orally dosed with 4 ml of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 medium containing PRV or essential medium (control). Serum samples were collected on day 8 (pre-challenge), and 6 d after the PRV challenge, the pigs were killed to evaluate intestinal morphology and tissue gene expression following the last blood collection. Pigs challenged with PRV had decreased BW gain (P< 0·01), feed intake (P< 0·01), villus height (P< 0·01), faecal consistency (P< 0·05), and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration (P< 0·01) and increased (P< 0·01) serum IL-2, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-β concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation mitigated these effects. The mRNA expression ofRIG-I(P< 0·01), IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 (P< 0·01),IFN-β(P< 0·01) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) (P< 0·01) was up-regulated by the PRV challenge and vitamin D supplementation in the intestine. In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation could activate the RIG-I signalling pathway and thus alleviate the negative effects caused by PRV challenge.
Histidine supplementation alleviates inflammation in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats via the NF-κB- and PPARγ-involved pathways
Authors: Sun Xiaowei , Feng Rennan , Li Yanchuan , Lin Song , Zhang Wei , Li Ying , Sun Changhao , Li Songtao
Published: May 2014

Obesity is considered to be accompanied by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that contributes to the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Our previous study has demonstrated that histidine supplementation significantly ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women. However, the in vivo potential mechanisms are not known. The present study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of histidine on inflammation in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced female obese rat model. An obese model was established in female Sprague–Dawley rats by HFD feeding for 8 weeks and followed by histidine supplementation for another 4 weeks. The results revealed that HFD-increased body weight and HFD-lowered serum histidine concentrations were significantly reversed by histidine supplementation (P< 0·05). In addition, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde were significantly reduced and those of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased by histidine supplementation when compared with those in obese rats (P< 0·05). Correspondingly, the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in the adipose tissue were significantly down-regulated and that of CuZnSOD was significantly up-regulated by histidine supplementation (P< 0·05). Histidine supplementation significantly reduced the HFD-induced translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus (P= 0·032) by reducing the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of κBα in the adipose tissue. The results also revealed that the expression of adiponectin was markedly increased both in the serum and in the adipose tissue after histidine supplementation, accompanied by the activation of PPARγ (P= 0·021). These findings indicate that histidine is an effective candidate for ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress in obese individuals via the NF-κB- and PPARγ-involved pathways.
Insecticide sprays, natural enemy assemblages and predation on Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Monzo C. , Qureshi J.A. , Stansly P.A.
Published: May 2014

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP),Diaphorina citriKuwayama is considered a key citrus pest due to its role as vector of ‘huanglongbing’ (HLB) or citrus greening, probably the most economically damaging disease of citrus. Insecticidal control of the vector is still considered a cornerstone of HLB management to prevent infection and to reduce reinoculation of infected trees. The severity of HLB has driven implementation of intensive insecticide programs against ACP with unknown side effects on beneficial arthropod fauna in citrus agroecosystems. We evaluated effects of calendar sprays directed against this pest on natural enemy assemblages and used exclusion to estimate mortality they imposed on ACP populations in citrus groves. Predator exclusion techniques were used on nascent colonies ofD. citriin replicated large untreated and sprayed plots of citrus during the four major flushing periods over 2 years. Population of spiders, arboreal ants and ladybeetles were independently assessed. Monthly sprays of recommended insecticides for control of ACP, adversely affected natural enemy populations resulting in reduced predation on ACP immature stages, especially during the critical late winter/early spring flush. Consequently, projected growth rates of the ACP population were greatest where natural enemies had been adversely affected by insecticides. Whereas, this result does not obviate the need for insecticidal control of ACP, it does indicate that even a selective regimen of sprays can impose as yet undetermined costs in terms of reduced biological control of this and probably other citrus pests.
A Right to Beat a Child? Corporal Punishment and the Law in Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: Elder Sace
Published: May 2014

In 1903, Elisabeth von Oertzen, a widely read author and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Children from Mistreatment and Exploitation, exhorted her fellow protectionists in the pages of her organization's newsletter to push for greater legal protections for children from abusive adults. The occasion for her admonition was the infamous Bavarian child abuse case in which a young male tutor, Andreas Dippold, had beaten his young charges so badly that one had succumbed to his mistreatment. The case demonstrated, von Oertzen wrote, that while torture had been abolished for adults, it was still widely practiced on children. One of the chief causes of child abuse, according to von Oertzen, was the claim to the so-calledZüchtigungsrecht, the right to use corporal punishment. “Because of [the] defenselessness of children it has become customary to exercise on them the right to use corporal punishment, even where it does not exist,” she wrote. A host of people, including tutors, governesses, and babysitters claim the right, but “how far the right to corporal punishment is transferrable is entirely an open question!” Curiously, von Oertzen asserted both that there was an objectively existing “right” to use corporal punishment and that there was no consensus on where that right lay.
Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany
Authors: Molnar Christopher A.
Published: May 2014

In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
Third-stage larvae of the enoplid nematodeDioctophyme renale(Goeze, 1782) in the freshwater turtleTrachemys dorbignifrom southern Brazil
Authors: Mascarenhas C.S. , Müller G.
Published: May 2014

The giant kidney wormDioctophymerenaleis normally found in wild carnivores and domestic dogs, with aquatic oligochaetes acting as intermediate hosts. In the present study a prevalence of 50% of third-stage larvae ofD. renalewas recorded in 60 specimens of the freshwater turtleTrachemys dorbignifrom southern Brazil. Larvae were encysted in muscles, the coelomic cavity and mesentery, the serous lining of the stomach and on the surfaces of the lung, heart, liver, pancreas, spleen and intestines. There are no previous records of reptiles being part of the life cycle ofD. renale, although fish and amphibians normally act as paratenic hosts. This is the first report of third-stageD. renalelarvae in the freshwater turtle,T. dorbigni.