bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
نظرة عامة في الإثبات الجنائي وتقنياته الحديثة
Authors: Amer Mahmoud
Published: June 2021

تناولت هذه الدراسة أهم الوسائل العلمية الحديثة، ودورها في عملية استخلاص الأدلة الجنائية والإثبات الجنائي؛ حيث إن إثبات الواقعة الإجرامية هو المحور الذي تدور عليه عملية البحث عن مرتكب الجريمة من لحظة وقوعها، والوقت اللازم للقبض عليه، أو إثبات الجريمة، وحتى فرض العقوبة على الجاني. وناقشت دور هذه الوسائل في زيادة وصول المجتمع إلى الطمأنينة والشعور بالأمن وتحقيق العدالة. وركزت على أهمية استخدام دوائر العدالة أي تكنولوجيا جديدة تسهم في هذه العملية. وقد استعرضت الدراسة كلًا من نظام الإثبات الجنائي والمفاهيم المتعلقة حوله وسبل تطويره، وكذلك دور الأدلة العلمية والتقنيات الحديثة في الإثبات الجنائي. وقد اتضح أنه مع تطور الجرائم وأنواع الجريمة فإنه من الضروري تطوير علوم الأدلة الجنائية لاكتشاف وقائع القضايا المختلفة، وأن استخدام الوسائل العلمية يتنازعه أمران، أولهما: مدى مساسها بالحقوق والحريات الأساسية للمتهم، وثانيهما: قطعية النتائج التي تمس تلك الحقوق والحريات، ولا يُضحّى بتلك الحقوق والحريات الأساسية، إلا بقدر ما تكون نتائج تلك الوسائل قطعية وحاسمة في الإثبات. وأن الدليل الناتج عن استخدام الطرق العلمية الحديثة مثله مثل بقية الأدلة الأخرى يخضع لمبدأ الاقتناع الشخصي للقاضي مهما كانت قيمته العلمية؛ إذ يجب أن يكون مبنيًا على أدلة قانونية مشروعة. وعليه توصي الدراسة باستخدام الوسائل التي يتم بواسطتها الحصول على الأدلة المادية في مجال البحث الجنائي؛ نظرًا لما تتمتع به نتائجها من درجة قطعية من الناحية العلمية، وترجيح كفة استخدام تلك الوسائل في حال شكل ذلك اعتداءً على الحقوق والحريات الأساسية للإنسان للكشف عن الحقيقة وخدمة العدالة ما لم يكن الهدف من استخدامها انتزاع الدليل من المتهم أو تعريضه إلى ضغوطات جسدية أو نفسية.
The Use of DNA Profiling in Identifying Murderers and Sexual Abusers: A Case Report
Authors: Siddique Nasir , Amjad Muhammad , L. Ahmad Qazi , U. Shahid Saleem , A. Tahir Mohammad
Published: June 2021

A first information report was registered at Police Station of Faisalabad District, Pakistan.

A boy (7-8 years old) went to a nearby shop and went missing. He was last seen with the accused suspect on a motorcycle as reported by eye witnesses. His naked dead body was found from nearby sugarcane fields tied with his clothing.  Autopsy revealed three incised wounds on the neck. The post-mortem was done and anal swabs were used for DNA profiling.

Post mortem medico legal examination indicated sexual abuse of the boy prior to being murdered. Forensic DNA analysis confirmed that the seminal material found on anal swabs of the victim belonged to the suspect. The same DNA profile was also found from the samples of nail scratch swab samples of the victim.

The suspect was confirmed to be the perpetrator.
Accounting and the stigma of poverty
Authors: Rossi Roberto
Published: June 2021

The Pio Monte della Misericordia (PMM) is a charity settled in Naples in the early 17th century, and it is still active in social care services and assistance to the disadvantaged. The institution was the resultof the action of a group of noblemen who were part of the most powerful Neapolitan families. The action ofthe PMM was directed in favour of the poor, sick and dead as well as captives, following Matthew’s gospel(25, 34–36). Alongside these works, the PMM also acted in another peculiar direction, assistance to the“shameful poor”, that is, the decayed nobles—members of noble families who were no longer able to upholdthe “nobles’ way of life”. This kind of poverty was considered a weakness of the system because it calledinto question the social stratification of feudal society of the 17th century. For this reason, the nobility reactedby founding the PMM, which collected subscriptions from its associates, who were almost all of the mostpowerful Neapolitan noble families, and year by year it also included the small urban and sub-urban nobility.The paper deals with Georg Simmel’s insight on poverty, analysing the role of accounting in building therelationship between rich and poor. Accounting could be considered as a tool adopted to separate the richfrom the poor, insulating the rich from the stigma of poverty. Meanwhile, accounting allows the rich to benefitfrom their gift, guaranteeing the legitimation of wealth and the continuation of poverty within a context of social stability.
‘Systems of values’, ‘ethical systems’, and sustainability. The economic social ‘entity’ values
Authors: Galassi Guseppe
Published: June 2021

The paper aimsto explore the relationships between ‘ethical systems’ and ‘systems of values’, offeringalso semantic and epistemological issues from which ethics cannot be divorced. Although ethics is a branch ofphilosophy that has its roots in ancient Greece, it experienced a remarkable revival in recent decades not only inphilosophy but also in the social and applied sciences. And this deserves wider recognition and appreciation. Aconsiderable amount of ethical thinking can be found in the current and previous literature of economiaaziendale, entity economics, general economics, management, and social philosophy. Ethical principles arecoextensive with principles of rational behavior and all ethics are contextual in the sense that surroundingcircumstances, environmental conditions and situations are involved.The reference to science and mathematics for ethical arguments partially depends on methodology based on apostulated outside ‘natural world’ with statistical relative uniformities. Behavioral economists and managementscientists prefer, as primitive foundations, scientific methods with their observations and prediction of economicand sociological relative regularities. The ‘received view’ that language itself conditions all aspects of realityincludes now the topic that persuasion and rational arguments can support ‘ethical systems’.Realization of common welfare is a prerequisite for establishing a ‘master values system’ and for meeting the‘specifics’ which compose ethical principles. The historical research and anthropological analysis are necessaryfor constructing suitable ‘system of values’ for every entity, economic and not.The coordination of specific ‘systems of values’ and directives is a necessary condition for social welfare.Consequently, any society must compose every kind of conflicting ‘values systems’ and ends into a coherentframework. Neoclassic economics traditionally neglected ‘environmental and social issues’. Different variationsof environmental ethics have been developed; beyond many questions, there are the issues of cause and remedyof the global as well as local ecological crisis. To-day, in times of crisis and pandemia the market paradigm isexhausted, it does not meet the ‘ethics of reciprocity’. In socialist economics exchanging goods at their ‘sociallynecessary labor cost’ would operate as a satisfactory surrogate. Also, entity economics does not completelyescape the labor value identification of classical economics.
Understanding of Travel Motivations of Domestic Tourists
Authors: Luvsandavaajav Oyunchimeg , Narantuya Gantuya
Published: June 2021

Domestic tourism plays an essential role in the tourism industry and contributes to the overall economic development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between push and pull travel motivations of domestic tourists, their behavioral intentions, a direct influence of travel motivations on perceived benefit and perceived value of domestic tourists. The paper applies the concept of push and pull factors of travel motivation, perceived benefit, perceived value, and behavioral intention. The study implies a quantitative research method - questionnaire survey targeting domestic tourists in Mongolia between July to September 2019. A total of 1068 returned questionnaires were analyzed using factor analysis, reliability test, regression, path analysis, and SEM. The research result suggests that travel motivations (push and pull factors) were significant constructs of behavioral intentions. Moreover, the research results are significant for tourism practitioners, researchers, and destination managers to understand the motivational factors of domestic tourists, their perceived benefit and value, and behavioral intention. The study outcomes could assist destination planners to develop new products and services or to enhance destination offer and tourist experiences by improving pull factors that include better service quality, various travel activities,  ease of accessibility, reasonable pricing, and attractive environment; which latter lead to increase domestic tourist numbers and overall competitiveness of the destination.
Identification of Uncertainty Factors in the Consumer Behaviour of the New Generation of Customers at the E-commerce Level
Authors: Horvath Jakub , Gavurova Beata , Bacik Radovan , Fedorko Richard
Published: June 2021

Even though two decades have passed since the introduction of e-commerce in the B2C model, the uncertainty posed by the online environment makes many consumers reluctant to engage in online commerce. The buyer's behaviour is inherently uncertain, given that the buyer's decisions have consequences that cannot be fully predicted. In the relationship between the buyer and the seller, the perceived uncertainty is defined as the extent to which the buyer cannot accurately predict the outcome of the transaction due to factors related to the seller and the product. This paper deals with the uncertainty of the new generation of customers in the process of electronic commerce. Based on the analysis of previous research in the field of perception of and understanding of uncertainty in online transactions, the aim of this paper is to identify the sources of perceived uncertainty of Generation Y when shopping online. Research in this area was carried out using the method of the main components, based on which five factors related to uncertainty and concerns in the process of electronic commerce were extracted. The paper identifies the main factors of uncertainty perceived by customers and also verifies the correlation between these factors and the intention of the Millennials to buy. The subject matter is relevant and applicable both to the area of products but also to the area of services in the field of tourism and hospitality.
HANEHALKI BÜTÇE ANKETİ KAPSAMINDA TÜRKİYE’DE PAKET TUR HARCAMALARI
Authors: HOŞCAN Nail , SELÇUK Işıl Şirin
Published: June 2021

Türkiye’de 1980’li yıllardan sonra hızlı olarak gelişen turizm hareketleri, başlangıçta genellikle yabancı turist ağırlamak olarak algılanmışsa da artık birçok Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı turistik amaçlarla seyahat acenteleri tarafından düzenlenen paket turlarla tatile çıkmaktadır. Günümüzde paket tur endüstrisi büyümesini ve farklılaşmasını sürdürmektedir. Bu nedenle, paket tur tercihlerinde turistin harcama davranışı ve harcama düzeylerine ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar artmaya başlamıştır. Hanehalkının paket tur harcama eğilimini etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konulması, makro düzeyde paket tur harcamalarının ekonomiye katkısından çok mikro düzeyde hanehalklarının paket tur harcamalarının nelerden etkilendiğini belirlenmesi konusunda yapılmış çalışmalarla çok az karşılaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) 2018 yılı Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi’nin veri setinde yer alan hanelerin paket tur harcamalarını etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulguların seyahat acenteleri için etkili pazarlama anlayışının geliştirilmesinde yol gösterici, sonraki araştırmalara kaynak olması bakımından literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MARKETING STRATEGIES AND RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS TAKĀFUL AWARENESS: A STUDY BASED ON SAMMANTHURAI DIVISION IN SRI LANKA
Authors: Nairoos Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed , Jahan Seinulabdeen Nathira
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors which enhance awareness level among general Muslim public in Sammanthurai Division. To achieve this objective, three hypotheses are taken to investigate the relationship between awareness other awareness factors such as knowledge, marketing strategies, and religious perspective. Hypothesis predicting a positive relationship between awareness level and awareness factors (Knowledge, religious perspective, and marketing strategies). correlation and regression analysis were used to measure the relationship between variables. In this study it is calculated that all three factors which Knowledge, religious perspective, and marketing strategies are crucial to enhance awareness level among general Muslim public. Furthermore, Quantitative method is used. Primary data was collected through series of questions in 200 sets of questionnaire that had been distributed among general Muslim public in . And 160 were adequately respondent and considered for analysis, this formed 80% response rate. The correlation, coefficient, and regression analysis were used as method of analysis.
GENDER WISE COMPARISON OF DISORDERED EATING ATTITUDES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS OF INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Bhagi Jupender Singh , Kaur Kuljeet , Tyagi Dr. Sarita
Published: June 2021

Motivation/Background: Eating disorders (ED) are serious psychological disorders characterized by unhealthy eating habits. There are a limited number of studies on eating disorders among male and female physical education professionals like teachers, coaches, and trainers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes (EA) among the ones that are more or less associated with fitness, training and counseling the students and public in general.
Method: A survey study on 83 such professionals with at least 5 years of experience was being conducted through online questionnaire. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used.
Results: Of the 83 participants, 20% scored ≥ 20 on the EAT-26. A significant positive correlation (p<.01) was found between age and body mass index (BMI) on EAT-26 scores.
Conclusions: Awareness regarding appropriate nutrition in relation to body weight is needed among professionals themselves before they counsel others to begin with and must therefore be cautious about their own eating patterns in the first place.
MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH FOR CRYPTOSYSTEM SUGGEST IN EDUCARE OVER CLOUDS
Authors: G K Ravish , K Thippeswamy
Published: June 2021

In the current situation of the pandemic, global organizations are turning to online functionality to ensure survival and sustainability. The future, even though uncertain, holds great promise for the education system being online. Cloud services for education are the center of this research work as they require security and privacy. The sensitive information about the users and the institutions need to be protected from all interested third parties. since the data delivery on any of the online systems is always time sensitive, the have to be fast. In previous works some of the algorithms were explored and statistical inference based decision was presented. In this work a machine learning system is designed to make that decision based on data type and time requirements.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND FATTY ACID PROFILE OF COCOA NIBS
Authors: Penido Fernanda Côrrea Leal , Lourenço Isabelle Cristine Ramos , Silva Lívia Mariana da , Garcia Cleverson Fernando , Rezende Flávia Augusta Guilherme Gonçalves
Published: June 2021

Cocoa nibs ( cacao L.) are the cocoa beans after being fermented, dried, broken into small pieces, and then toasted. The cocoa nib composition is primordial for producers, industry, and final consumers because it affects the final quality of the raw material and any derivative product. The chemical composition was analyzed using , , , and Scharrer-Kurschner methods. The results showed that the cocoa nibs studied were rich in lipids (44.02 ± 5.22%), followed by carbohydrates (25.30%), raw fiber (12.85 ± 3.67%), protein (10.73 ± 1.80%), and ash content (2.58 ± 0.15%). The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography and showed the presence of , , and acids. The low moisture content (4.52 ± 0.12%) and total acidity (2.25 ± 0.45 NaOH 100 g-1) contributed to the low count of microorganisms, which may give cocoa nibs a longer shelf life. Additionally, it presented high antioxidant activity, with a total content of 843.45 ± 11.85 mg acid / 100 g extract and 89.42 ± 0.02% iron reducing power.
Towards the Epistemology of the Internet of Things Techno-Epistemology and Ethical Considerations Through the Prism of Trust
Authors: Freiman Ori
Published: June 2021

This paper discusses the epistemology of the Internet of Things [IoT] by focusing on the topic of trust. It presents various frameworks of trust, and argues that the ethical framework of trust is what constitutes our responsibility to reveal desired norms and standards and embed them in other frameworks of trust. The first section briefly presents the IoT and scrutinizes the scarce philosophical work that has been done on this subject so far. The second section suggests that the field of epistemology is not sufficiently capable of dealing with technologies, and presents a possible solution to this problem. It is argued that knowledge is not only social phenomena, but also a technological one, and that in order to address epistemological issues in technology, we need to carefully depart from traditional epistemic analysis and form a new approach that is technological (termed here Techno-Epistemology). The third and fourth sections engage in an epistemic analysis of trust by dividing it in to various frameworks. The last section argues that these various frameworks of trust can be understood to form a trustworthy large-scale socio-technological system, emphasizing the place of ethical trust as constituting our commitment to give proper accounts for all of the other frameworks.
Reclaiming the Ambient Commons: Strategies of Depletion Design in the Subjective Economy
Authors: Zehle Soenke
Published: June 2021

The vision of an internet of things, increasingly considered in the context of the “internet of everything”, calls for an ethics of technology driven less by the philosophical search for the essence of technology than by a transversal curiosity regarding processes of constitution. If growing interest in enhanced and expanded media literacy approaches facilitates ethical reflection, the scope of such reflection is related to the extent of our attention to and awareness of the immanence of our agency, our capacity for relation in machinic assemblages that structure and sustain our communicative existences far beyond the sphere of signification. While the positions from which such reflection occurs are necessarily multiple, we can still respond to the distribution of agency with an aggregation of responsibility and the creation of a commons with greater attention to the vastness of the spatial and temporal scales of our situation. The idea of depletion design is both a concrete set of design strategies and an attempt to establish an experimental institutional object to facilitate and frame such ethico-aesthetic practice, an architecture for commoning that situates and affirms our ethical agency under the conditions of mediation.
D-waste: Data disposal as challenge for waste management in the Internet of Things
Authors: Schafer Burkhard
Published: June 2021

Proliferation of data processing and data storage devices in the Internet of Things poses significant privacy risks. At the same time, faster and faster use-cycles and obsolescence of devices with electronic components causes environmental problems. Some of the solutions to the environmental challenges of e-waste include mandatory recycling schemes as well as informal second hand markets. However, the data security and privacy implications of these green policies are as yet badly understood. This paper argues that based on the experience with second hand markets in desktop computers, it is very likely that data that was legitimately collected under the household exception of the Data Protection Directive will “leak” into public spheres. Operators of large recycling schemes may find themselves inadvertently and unknowingly to be data controller for the purpose of Data Protection law, private resale of electronic devices can expose the prior owner to significant privacy risks.
What Should We Want From a Robot Ethic?
Authors: Asaro Peter M
Published: June 2021

There are at least three things we might mean by “ethics in robotics”: the ethical systems built into robots, the ethics of people who design and use robots, and the ethics of how people treat robots. This paper argues that the best approach to robot ethics is one which addresses all three of these, and to do this it ought to consider robots as socio-technical systems. By so doing, it is possible to think of a continuum of agency that lies between amoral and fully autonomous moral agents. Thus, robots might move gradually along this continuum as they acquire greater capabilities and ethical sophistication. It also argues that many of the issues regarding the distribution of responsibility in complex socio-technical systems might best be addressed by looking to legal theory, rather than moral theory. This is because our overarching interest in robot ethics ought to be the practical one of preventing robots from doing harm, as well as preventing humans from unjustly avoiding responsibility for their actions.
Neo-Rawlsian Co-ordinates: Notes on A Theory of Justice for the Information Age
Authors: Duff Alistair S
Published: June 2021

The ideas of philosopher John Rawls should be appropriated for the information age. A literature review identifies previous contributions in fields such as communication and library and information science. The article postulates the following neo-Rawlsian propositions as co-ordinates for the development of a normative theory of the information society: that political philosophy should be incorporated into information society studies; that social and technological circumstances define the limits of progressive politics; that the right is prior to the good in social morality; that the nation state should remain in sharp focus, despite globalization; that liberty, the first principle of social justice, requires updating to deal with the growth of surveillance and other challenges; that social wellbeing is a function of equal opportunities plus limited inequalities of outcome, in information as well as material resources; and that political stability depends upon an overlapping consensus accommodating both religion and secularism. Although incomplete, such co-ordinates can help to guide policy-makers in the twenty-first century.
Fundamental Issues in Social Robotics
Authors: Duffy Brian R
Published: June 2021

Man and machine are rife with fundamental differences. Formal research in artificial intelligence and robotics has for half a century aimed to cross this divide, whether from the perspective of understanding man by building models, or building machines which could be as intelligent and versatile as humans. Inevitably, our sources of inspiration come from what exists around us, but to what extent should a machine’s conception be sourced from such biological references as ourselves? Machines designed to be capable of explicit social interaction with people necessitates employing the human frame of reference to a certain extent. However, there is also a fear that once this man-machine boundary is crossed that machines will cause the extinction of mankind. The following paper briefly discusses a number of fundamental distinctions between humans and machines in the field of social robotics, and situating these issues with a view to understanding how to address them.
Learning robots and human responsibility
Authors: Marino Dante , Tamburrini Guglielmo
Published: June 2021

Epistemic limitations concerning prediction and explanation of the behaviour of robots that learn from experience are selectively examined by reference to machine learning methods and computational theories of supervised inductive learning. Moral responsibility and liability ascription problems concerning damages caused by learning robot actions are discussed in the light of these epistemic limitations. In shaping responsibility ascription policies one has to take into account the fact that robots and softbots – by combining learning with autonomy, pro-activity, reasoning, and planning – can enter cognitive interactions that human beings have not experienced with any other non-human system.
Wer hat unseren Kindern das Töten beigebracht? Ein Aufruf gegen Gewalt in Fernsehen, Film und Computerspielen.
Authors: Hausmanninger Thomas
Published: June 2021

Review of Lt. Col. Dave Grossman and Gloria DeGaetano: Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill. A Call to Action Against TV, Movie & Video Game Violence, New York: Crown Publications, 1999, 196 S. Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, Gloria DeGaetano: Wer hat unserem Kindern das Töten beigebracht? Ein Aufruf gegen Gewalt in Fernsehen, Film und Computerspielen. Mit Beiträgen von Prof. Werner Glogauer, Barbara Supp und Dr. Bruno Sandkühler, Stuttgart: Verlag freies Geistesleben & Urachhaus 2002, 194 S., € 14,50
Der virtuelle Krieg. Zwischen Schein und Wirklichkeit im Computerspiel.
Authors: Nagenborg Michael
Published: June 2021

Review of Hartmut Gieselmann: Der virtuelle Krieg. Zwischen Schein und Wirklichkeit im Computerspiel. Hannover: Offizin-Verlag 2002. (= Kultur und Gesellschaft, Bd. 5) The topic of this book is the genre of war game. The author focuses on three main directions, each of which is dealt with by way of exemplary representatives. In this respect his main interest is in the question of how media are able to contribute to making real violence disappear for perception. In this respect his critical analysis aims at the staging of war as a technological rumpus without any victims. This book is particularly worth recommending as the author succeeds in viewing at the genre of the first-person-shooter within a wider context.
Introduction: Ethics of Information Technology in Health Care
Authors: Marckmann Georg , Goodman Kenneth W
Published: June 2021

Computer-based information and communication technologies continue to transform the delivery of health care and the conception and scientific understanding of the human body and the diseases that afflict it. While information technology has the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of patient care, it also raises important ethical and social issues. This IRIE theme issue seeks to provide a forum to identify, analyse and discuss the ethical and social issues raised by various applications of information and communication technology in medicine and health care. The contributions give a flavour of the extraordinarily broad landscape shaped by the intersection of medicine, computing and ethics. In fact, their diversity suggests that much more work is needed to clarify issues and approaches, and to provide practical tools for clinicians.
You Are What Google Says You Are: The Right to be Forgotten and Information Stewardship
Authors: Ambrose Mega Leta
Published: June 2021

The right to be forgotten is a proposed legal response to the potential harms caused by easy digital access to information from one’s past, including those to moral autonomy. While the future of these proposed laws is unclear, they attempt to respond to the new problem of increased ease of access to old personal information. These laws may flounder in the face of other rights and interests, but the social values related to moral autonomy they seek to preserve should be promoted in the form of widespread ethical information practices: information stewardship. Code, norms, markets, and laws are analyzed as possible mechanisms for fostering information stewardship. All these mechanisms can support a new user role, one of librarian - curator of digital culture, protector of networked knowledge, and information steward.
Auto-biography: On the Immanent Commodification of Personal Information
Authors: Werbin Kenneth C
Published: June 2021

In the last years, a series of automated self-representational social media sites have emerged that shed light on the information ethics associated with participation in Web 2.0. Sites like Zoominfo.com, Pipl.com, 123People.com and Yasni.com not only continually mine and aggregate personal information and biographic data from the (deep) web and beyond to automatically represent the lives of people, but they also engage algorithmic networking logics to represent connections between them; capturing not only who people are, but whom they are connected to. Indeed, these processes of ‘auto-biography’ are ‘secret’ ones that for the most part escape the user’s attention. This article explores how these sites of auto-biography reveal the complexities of the political economy of Web 2.0, as well as implicate an ethics of exposure concerning how these processes at once participate in the erosion of privacy, and at the same time, in the reinforcement of commodification and surveillance regimes.
Teilen und Herrschen: Die „digitale Stadt“ als Vorläuferin heutiger Medienpraxen
Authors: Apprich Clemens
Published: June 2021

The beginning of the 1990s saw the rise of critical interest in examining the promises and risks posed by newly built network technologies in Europe. A key role within these discussions was played by the newly founded “Digital Cities”, whose stated goal was to provide the necessary infrastructure for self-governed communities. Not only was the shared use of technological infrastructure crucial to the invention of new forms of organization, interaction and participation, but also the active sharing of common goals and interests. For this reason the idea of the digital city with its virtual communities helped to implement new technologies by providing the necessary metaphors in order to translate technological developments into social practices. Hence, many of the technologies that make up Web 2.0 emerged in the 1990s, and with them also emerged the idea of social media, user-generated content or participatory platforms. By retracing the threads of current practices of sharing back into the early days of network building, the aim of this article is to critically examine new forms of network-based subjectivation which produce specific concepts of subjectivity within the digital environment.
Hacking genomes. The ethics of open and rebel biology
Authors: Delfant Alessandro
Published: June 2021

A new open science culture is emerging within the current system of the life sciences. This culture mixes an ethic of sharing with features such as anti-bureaucracy rebellion, hedonism, search for profit. It is a recombination of an old culture, the Mertonian ethos of modern open science, and a new one: the hacker ethic. This new culture has an important role in the evolving relationship between science and society. And it maintains a political ambivalence. Biohackers are rebel scientists and open access advocates who challenge today’s Big Bio’s concentration of power. But at the same time they live in a new territory of accumulation that never excludes entrepreneurship and profit.
Communication ethics and the internet: intercultural and localising
influencers
Authors: Beckett Robert
Published: June 2021

In the information-technology powered twenty first century a general demand for more effective
communication is driving people to question the present, examine the past and to prognosticate the future.
The ‘unique global media-information system’ - the Internet- is the central fact of a vast new complexity of
communication (mediated and unmediated) that is driving social-economic-political-religious- technological
change (see http://www.5systems.net) at a rate never experienced before. The premise of this paper is that
the Internet can be better understood as the first complex global media with both democratic and
authoritarian possibilities, the full extent of which are still emergent. In respect of the symposium question,
this paper suggests that Internet embedded communication theory can be used progressively as part of a
widening and deepening approach to intercultural conversation, dialogue and debate. In theory, the localising
nature of the Internet can be read as part of a greater movement towards communitarian and community
centred self-governance, local democracy and social self-sufficiency. There is considerable scope for a new
theory of society founded in localised ‘in-community communication’ practice supported by international
human rights and effectively responsive to the asymmetric global information environment and congruent
with newly democratised local structures of self-governance.
Universalisation, Totality and ICT, or: Are there any reasons for
demanding ICT-free areas?
Authors: Heesen Jessica
Published: June 2021

In the following contribution we will investigate the digital divide with respect to a philosophically and
ideologically founded concept of universalisation. The documents of the World Summit on the Information
Society (WSIS) show that the creation of a global information society not only concerns a technical structural
transformation, but also a technical implementation of a normative guiding principle. I will show that
overcoming the digital divide corresponds to the inner logic of universalisation as an ethical model of
reasoning. Furthermore, we will see that in reality this formal approach to reasoning proves to be a means of
realising certain ideological perspectives. This interdependency of cultural dispositions and technical
developments in the global information society will be shown in five aspects:
• The creation of a global social utopia based on the concept of the information society.
• The objectification of the concept of universalisation in information and communication technology
(ICT).
• The linking of global internet use to a normative idea of the public sphere.
• The tendency towards totality as a problem of the public sphere and ICT.
• Possible reasons for demanding ICT-free areas.
Informational Self-Determination Databases in an Intercultural
Perspective
Authors: Hodel Thomas B , Schütter Alma
Published: June 2021

An Informational Self-Determination Database System allows to store, manage and query data while at the
same time respecting the data subjects’ rights of information privacy. We argue that in a world of
everincreasing amounts of data that are directly or indirectly related to identifiable individuals and which are
being maintained by many organizations, it is of utmost importance to offer strong, effective and reliable
concepts and mechanisms – technical, organizational as well as legal – to avoid adverse effects of information
processing on people. We present a short motivation for our claims. We then sketch our vision of an
Informational Self-Determination Database System and its working. We maintain that our approach offers a
realistic, practical and pragmatic solution for enhancing people’s privacy, without hindering organizations in
getting their business done.
Sensing Environmental Danger in the City
Authors: Monahan Torin , Mokos Jennifer T.
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we identify and discuss some of the ethical problems associated with digital sensors used to detect water contamination and air pollution in the United States. Such safety devices are often deployed unsystematically and with questionable efficacy, thereby structuring the life chances of people in unequal ways. Whereas most technological infrastructures are hidden from view – or at least from active awareness – until they cease to function, those infrastructures meant to monitor and/or regulate largely ?invisible? public health dangers resist public awareness even when they fail. Because such detection systems tend to individualize responsibility for reducing risk, the systems may normalize and perhaps exacerbate root problems of contamination and unequal exposure. One ethical challenge is to render such systems and their failures legible.
Information Ethics – A Position Paper
Authors: Capurro Rafael
Published: June 2021

The paper describes some of the main ethical challenges of information society as currently discussed within the framework of the World Summit on the Information Society. It addresses the question of ‘what is information ethics?’ under a twofold perspective. In a large sense information ethics is said to deal with ethical questions related to all kinds of digital phenomena including all non-digital but digitalized or digitalizable phenomena. In a narrower sense information ethics deals with ethical questions of human communication within a digital environment. A non-metaphysical foundation of information ethics in the narrower sense (‘nethics’ or Internet ethics) is given. Curricula targets are briefly outlined.
The ‘Good Life’ in Intercultural Information Ethics: A New Agenda
Authors: Wong Pak-Hang
Published: June 2021

Current research in Intercultural Information Ethics (IIE) is preoccupied, almost exclusively, by moral and political issues concerning the right and the just (e.g., Hongladarom & Ess 2007; Ess 2008; Capurro 2008) These issues are undeniably important, and with the continuing development and diffusion of ICTs, we can only be sure more moral and political problems of similar kinds are going to emerge in the future. Yet, as important as those problems are, I want to argue that researchers‘ preoccupation with the right and the just are undesirable. I shall argue that IIE has thus far overlooked the issues pertaining to the good life (or, individual‘s well-being). IIE, I claim, should also take into account these issues. Hence, I want to propose a new agenda for IIE, i.e. the good life, in the current paper.
Informational Existentialism! Will Information Ethics Shape Our Cultures?
Authors: Costa Gonçalo Jorge Morais , Silva Nuno Sotero Alves
Published: June 2021

The evolution of philosophy and physics seem to acknowledge that ?informational existentialism? will be possible. Therefore, this contribution aims to comprehend if Heidegger existentialism can enrich the bound between information theory and the intercultural dialogue as regards to information. Even so, an important query arises: why specifically Heidegger‘s philosophy? Because it highlights an intercultural dialogue namely with East Asian and with Arabic philosophy, which is also consistent with the debate concerning the potential value and contribution of information theory to the intercultural dialogue. Therefore, this manuscript intends to understand if information is shaping worldwide cultures as a consequence of its existence.
TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster and Social Media: A Chronological Overview
Authors: Saito Kenji
Published: June 2021

This article is a chronological overview and discussion of the public's use of social media in Japan in response to the TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Company) Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster that occurred on 11 March 2011. Reactions have included defiance aimed at protecting children and protests against the government's nuclear policies. A mass media decline is apparent during the course of the events. However, there seem to be multiple levels of divides that have been preventing people from progressing beyond criticism to achieve effective activism.
Are ICTs Prerequisites for the Eradication of Poverty?
Authors: Lötter H P P
Published: June 2021

I provide a philosophical analysis of the claim that ICTs are necessary preconditions for the eradication of poverty. What are the links between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and poverty? I first define technology and then give a brief depiction of ICTs. Thereafter I define poverty and give a brief expla-nation of its context and causes. Next I discuss the relationship between poverty and ICTs in three paradigm cases: [i] the role of ICTs in poor societies, [ii] the effect of poor ICT knowledge and skill of individuals in highly developed technological societies, and [iii] the impact of impoverished ICT knowledge and skills on the rich, powerful, and intelligent ones in society. I propose a procedure for decision making about the appropria-tion of ICTs by individuals and societies. I assess the claim that both access to ICTs and effective use of them are preconditions for the eradication of poverty.
Opportunities of Change: An Economist’s Perspective
Authors: Fleissner Peter Karl
Published: June 2021

As contemporary scientific images of the economy by mainstream economists neglect historical changes, a method is needed to deal with the opportunities and possibilities of qualitative change, in particular in a period of evident crises. This paper sketches a methodology of reflecting the economy as an evolutionary/revolutionary process. There are two main reasons for that: The first is that scholars should think of reality in a more appropriate way, taking the fact into account that qualitative changes of the type of the economic reproduction process happened in the past and there is no reason that they will not also happen in future, the second, that new political movements demand a better life for all, not only for one per cent of the people.
Towards Professionalism and Commitment in Africa: the case for theory and practice of Information Ethics in Uganda
Authors: Kigongo-Bukenya Isaac Milton Namwanja
Published: June 2021

Though one could not exhaustively and conclusively define all the attributes of an information/knowledge society, it seems Uganda has made commandable strides to such society. One of the prerequisites of such society is a corps of well-educated, trained and experienced information professionals to manage information and knowledge effectively in that society. Furthermore, the corps must perform professionally and ethically at all times. To fulfill this, an Information Code of Ethics (ICE) is required. However, Uganda has as yet to establish an ICE because of some reasons. These reasons are outlined in the paper. The ICE has two as-pects: theory and practice. These concepts are explained and related. The LA (USA) and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professions (CILIP) formerly the LA (UK) are studied as living examples. The provisions of these ICEs are briefly explained. In view of the past experience a process of establishing an IME for Uganda is considered. The paper concludes with an outline of the content of an IME for Uganda.
An Analytical Note: How the Internet Has Changed Our Personal Reputation
Authors: Zhao Bo
Published: June 2021

The internet and other new technologies have changed personal reputation fundamentally, as seen in many similar cases regarding online defamation and privacy invasion. These changes include: a) digital reputation becomes the prevailing form of personal reputation with new characteristics; b) traditional reputational networks have been updated to online networks; c) therefore the ways for individuals to establish, maintain and defend reputations are altered in the new environment; and d) many social functions traditionally played by personal reputation have been challenged by the development of digital reputation. This article tries to provide a brief analysis of such changes and sound the warning bell. We, as citizens of the new Database Nation, have to be fully aware of such changes in order to avoid potential harms while enjoying the benefits of the information age.
Towards a creativity research agenda in information ethics
Authors: Johnstone Justine
Published: June 2021

The value for human wellbeing and social development of information and its associated tools and technolo-gies is no longer controversial. While still less well-endowed than other regions, Africa has growing numbers of print and electronic journals, funding programmes, and researcher and practitioner networks concerned with the generation and use of information in multiple domains. Most of this activity focuses on information as a knowledge resource, providing the factual basis for policy and intervention. By contrast more creative applications of information – as the basis for new ideas whether or not they turn out to be factual – has been almost entirely ignored. Being able to generate and develop new ideas is, however, an equally important and arguably a prior capability, but until recently one that has been little understood. Recent advances in cogni-tive science and creativity research are changing this, however, and it is now possible to see how a rich research agenda can be developed concerned with the role of information and information and communica-tion technology (ICT) as creative resources.
Function, Problems, and Regulation of Search Engines in the Internet
Authors: Neuberger Christoph
Published: June 2021

Search engines are the most used type of offer in the internet. However, they have hardly been analyzed yet in communications sciences. Most of all, search engines have an orientation function but at the moment are also increasingly significant as stores of information. Thus, the market leader Google in 2004 made an agreement with five big libraries on digitalizing 15 millions of books and documents. Particularly in France this announcement provoked reaction, as they said that a cultural inequality was to be feared if predominantly literature in the English language was made accessible in this way.
CyberMedienWirklichkeit. Virtuelle Welterschließungen
Authors: Drüeke Ricarda
Published: June 2021

This paper shall give a review of Goedart Palm: CyberMedienWirklichkeit. Virtuelle Welterschließungen. München: Verlag Heinz Heise, 2004. 240 Seiten Broschur. 19,00 €
Digital Education and Oppression: Rethinking the Ethical Paradigm of the Digital Future
Authors: Kays Trent M
Published: June 2021

Digital education seems to often be approached from the perspective of educational structures that existed before contemporary technology. In this way, the old structures of oppression are replicated in the spaces most capable of liberation. This article offers a conversation about a future digital education that not only enacts the goals of liberation but also works to embed social justice concepts into the oppressive structures that liberation seeks to topple. Enacting a new ethical paradigm is needed to address the issues of the digital age and education, and this article attempts to build such a paradigm that can be applied to contemporary and future iterations of educational ventures.
Should corporate management include a Computer Forensics and Incident Response capability into realigned Information Security Principles?
Authors: Wright Paul
Published: June 2021

rapidly changing governments, ICT services, the digital divide, and other factors. This paper provides a very
Values and Pragmatic Action: The Challenges of Introducing Ethical Intelligence in Technical Design Communities
Authors: Manders-Huits Noëmi , Zimmer Michael
Published: June 2021

relates to notions of power, trust in organizations, and trust in information and information systems as one
On IRIE Vol. 8
Authors:   Editors
Published: June 2021

of Dar es Salaam are discussed. Ethical issues in IK Systems are also discussed with emphasis on returning
Evaluation of Igdir Province and Its Neighborhood in terms of Ornitho-Tourism Perspective
Authors: ÇELİK Emrah , DURMUŞ Atilla , TÜRKOĞLU Mete
Published: June 2021

Kuş gözlemi, kuşlara olan ilgi ile başlayıp daha sonra doğaya karşı bir sempati duyusuyla büyüyen önemli bir faaliyettir. Doğa turizminin önemli kollarından biri olan ornito-turizm (kuş gözlemciliği), doğasever birçok katılımcının
kolay ve ucuz maliyetli bir şekilde vakit geçirmesine ve doğa bilincine önemli katkı sağlamasına yardımcı olan bir etkinlik olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Türkiye illeri göz önüne alındığında, Iğdır ili, 3 ülkeye sınır olmasının yanı
sıra, önemli biyolojik çeşitlilik sıcak noktaları ve önemli sulak alanları ile, hem flora hem de fauna açısından çok zengin bir potansiyele sahiptir. Batı Palaearktik zoocoğrafik bölgesinden güney-kuzey istikametinde göç eden kuşların
geçiş noktasında yer alan Iğdır ili, ilkbahar ve sonbahar mevsimlerinde ornitolojik yönden oldukça aktiftir. Araştırmada aktif arazi çalışmaları ile birincil verilere, literatür taraması yapılarak da ikincil verilere ulaşılmıştır.
Mevcut çalışma ile birlikte doğal güzellikleri ve kuş çeşitliliği ile dikkat çeken Iğdır İli'ninornito-turizm (kuş gözlem turizmi) kapsamındaki önemi ortaya konulmuştur.