bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparación de cuatro condiciones del sistema de riesgos laborales entre Argentina y Colombia
Authors: Aguirre Cardona Ángela Cristina , Galindo Garzón John Alexander , Sarmiento Puentes Evelyn , Pinto Cruz José Fernando
Published: August 2018

En los diferentes países del mundo la seguridad y salud en el trabajo (SST) cobra vital importancia dada la obligación que se tiene para garantizar la protección de los trabajadores dependiendo el país que se entre a evaluar, existen notables diferencias en rigor de normatividad e implementación de la misma. Este artículo compara algunos aspectos importantes de las medidas normativas en materia de seguridad y salud en el trabajo que Argentina y Colombia han adoptado; asimismo, las metodologías de mplementación acorde con las necesidades propias del país. A su vez, presenta reflexiones de los autores acerca de los aspectos comparados y que son de relevancia por las diferencias o similitudes presentadas para cada país, siempre teniendo en cuenta que el fin común es aumentar la seguridad al máximo y reducir las probabilidades de riesgo que estén en el entorno laboral. En este sentido, ambos países deben garantizar la protección y el cuidado de los trabajadores, en condiciones dignas y saludables, lo que genera nuevas ideas que contribuyen al proceso de mejora continua del sst sin perder de vista el desarrollo y productividad de cada uno.
Política de inventario para demandas con tendencia y aleatoriedad. Caso comercializadora de lubricantes
Authors: Parga-Prieto Angie Tatiana , Aranda-Pinilla Johan Alexander
Published: August 2018

En la actualidad los inventarios son considerados como desperdicios que, debido a que no generan valor agregado, deben ser reducidos o eliminados. Sin embargo, esta reducción de inventarios no debe llevar a una disminución del nivel de servicio al cliente o generación de déficit. Considerando esto, en el presente artículo se proponen políticas de inventario que buscan mantener un nivel previamente definido de servicio al cliente con el menor costo de gestión de inventario. El trabajo se aplica en una compañía comercializadora de lubricantes cuya demanda presenta una tendencia creciente y está sujeta a aleatoriedad. Se define el modelo de pronóstico que más se ajusta al comportamiento de la demanda, y se comprueba estadísticamente que el error del mismo se ajusta a una distribución normal con media igual a cero.

Las definiciones de las políticas se basan en la combinación de técnicas heurísticas para demandas no homogéneas, como Silver Meal y Wagner-Whitin, para definir los periodos de pedido y modelos para demandas estocásticas, como los modelos de revisión periódica, para sistemas de inventarios multiproducto, en los cuales, por medio de la función de densidad de probabilidad de los errores del pronóstico, se define el stock de seguridad de cada periodo. Aplicando las técnicas previamente mencionadas se logra obtener una política en la cual el tiempo entre periodos es variable al igual que la cantidad, lo cual no se hubiese podido obtener por medio del uso de técnicas de revisión periódica. Así se demuestra que la definición de políticas de inventario en sistemas reales requiere de la integración y adaptación de diferentes modelos de inventario para lograr ser eficientes.
Hubungan Faktor Perinatal dan Neonatal terhadap Kejadian Ikterus Neonatorum
Authors: Yuliawati Dwi , Astutik Reni Yuli
Published: August 2018

Ikterus neonatorum adalah penyebab 6,6% bayi baru lahir usia 0-8 hari di Indonesia. Ikterus dapat bersifat fisiologis dan patologis yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan menetap atau kematian Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui hubungan faktor perinatal dan neonatal dengan kejadian ikterus neonatorum di RSUD Kabupaten Kediri. Desain penelitian yaitu korelasi dengan pendekatan kohort retrospektif. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 54 responden menggunakan simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan rekam medik pada bulan Oktober 2017. Analisa data menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan Fisher Exact test. Hasil uji didapatkan terdapat hubungan antara berat lahir (p= 0,018; POR 0,085 95% CI 0,10-0,713), usia gestasi (p= 0,044; POR= 0,202 95% CI 0,049-0,836), komplikasi perinatal (p= 0,031; POR= 4,714 95% CI 1,250-17,784) dengan kejadian ikterus neonatorum dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin (p=0,441; POR=0,503 95% CI 0,143-1,767) dengan kejadian ikterus neonatorum di RSUD Kabupaten Kediri. Tidak adanya hubungan jenis kelamin dengan kejadian ikterus neonatorum kemungkinan disebabkan adanya faktor lain yang lebih berpengaruh. Kondisi BBLR, prematuritas, jenis kelamin laki-laki, komplikasi perinatal (asfiksia/sepsis/sefalhematom) mengarah pada terjadinya ikterus patologis pada bayi.
PEER REVIEW
Authors: Team Editorial
Published: August 2018

We would like to thank our peer reviewers for the precious contributions in providing clinical, scientific, and methodological expertise for JMH Volume 2 Number 2 August 2018. We appreciate every thoughtful review of submitted manuscripts and for making important contributions to improve the scientific quality of articles published in JMH. We listed the names in alphabetical order.DR.Achadiyani,dr.,M.Kes Prof. DR. Ambrosius Purba, dr.,MS.,AIFOProf. Andreanus A. Soemardji, DEACherry Azaria,dr.,M.KesDecky Gunawan,dr., M.Kes,AIFODR.Guswan Wiwaha, dr., MMHeddy Herdiman,dr.,M.KesHendra Polii, drg., Sp.RKGJulia Windi Gunadi,dr.,M.KesJuly Ivone, dr., MKK., MPd.Ked Laella Kinghua Liana,dr.,Sp.PA,M.KesDR. Meilinah Hidayat, dr., M.KesRoro Wahyudianingsih,dr.,Sp.PASijani Prahastuti,dr.,M.KesStella Tinia Hasianna,dr., M.Kes,IBCLCYenni Limyati,dr.,Sp.KFR.,M.KesYuktiana Kharisma, dr., M.Kes
Alfabetização Científica no Ensino de Biologia: Uma Leitura Fenomenológica de Concepções Docentes
Authors: Andrade Maria José Dias de , Abílio Francisco José Pegado
Published: August 2018

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as Concepções de professores de Biologia sobre Alfabetização Científica (AC), buscando nos aproximar dos indícios de práticas de AC no espaço escolar. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa e os pressupostos do método fenomenológico, recorrendo à saturação teórica para o fechamento do grupo de sujeitos investigados. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito professores de Biologia de escolas públicas de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Os resultados apontam que a conceituação docente sobre a AC limita-se à dimensão formal, podendo ser identificados elementos da dimensão política apenas quando estes se referiram à importância da AC. As práticas relatadas pelos professores se direcionam ao aspecto metodológico da Ciência e são influenciadas pela melhoria no aprendizado dos alunos. Os fatores limitantes identificados levam em conta os professores, os discentes e a escola, envolvendo falta de compromisso, deficiências formativas e estruturais. Concluiu-se que, mesmo havendo a abordagem da dimensão política nas falas sobre a importância da AC, a falta de aprofundamento teórico na conceituação do tema pode estar restringindo as práticas docentes à dimensão formal, fator diretamente relacionado com a formação inicial. Diante desses resultados, é possível perceber que as concepções docentes sobre a AC, e seus relatos de práticas, demonstram algumas fragilidades e se encontram relativamente distantes daquilo que a AC pressupõe a respeito de uma formação devidamente crítica e emancipadora, condizente com a demanda contemporânea de atuação social dos estudantes.
O Consenso Científico sobre Aquecimento Global Antropogênico: Considerações Históricas e Epistemológicas e Reflexões para o Ensino dessa Temática
Authors: Junges Alexandre Luis , Massoni Neusa Teresinha
Published: August 2018

Um dos desafios da educação ambiental para o século XXI é a inserção da temática do aquecimento global ou mudanças climáticas na sala de aula escolar. A natureza complexa do tema torna difícil a tarefa do(a) professor(a) em separar os elementos controversos e não controversos dessa temática. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa ir ao encontro dessa dificuldade discutindo sob uma perspectiva da história e epistemologia da ciência a temática do consenso científico sobre aquecimento global antropogênico. Embora em contextos midiáticos e inclusive educacionais este tema muitas vezes ainda seja apresentado como um exemplo de controvérsia científica, argumentamos, tomando por bases trabalhos de história, filosofia e sociologia da ciência, que aquecimento global antropogênico é uma matéria sobre a qual existe atualmente um amplo e legítimo consenso científico. Neste sentido, defendemos que é necessário que educadores(as) e pesquisadores(as) em ensino de ciências tomem cautela ao tratar dessa temática da perspectiva do ensino da controvérsia e, de modo especial, prestem atenção ao que vem sendo chamado na literatura internacional de ‘controvérsias científicas fabricadas’ na esfera pública, com vistas a confundir o público em geral sobre a seriedade de diferentes problemas ambientais, inclusive as mudanças climáticas. Assim, consideramos importante que educadores(as) das ciências que pretendem optar pelo ensino da controvérsia em sala de aula aprofundem seus estudos de história da ciência para avaliar, de modo apropriado, o debate sobre aquecimento global.
Using players’ Gameplay Action-Decision Profiles to prescribe training: Reducing training costs with Serious Games Analytics
Authors: Loh Christian , Li I-Hung
Published: August 2018

Player data from Serious Games can be used to produce Serious Games Analytics, which can in turn, be used to measure, assess, and improvement performance. These insights can also be used to support decision-making by Chief Learning Officers in 'prescribing' training – e.g., diagnosing who should receive training, how to design serious games for optimal training, and what content should be included or withheld. Data-driven training prescription can help learning organizations save money by mitigating unnecessary training sessions and identifying what kind of training fits which individual to eventually reduce training costs.

We traced player data and calculated the similarity between their course of action (COA) in situ serious games training environments compared to that of the expert’s. We found the combined metrics of Cosine similarity and Maximum Similarity Index to be useful in identifying players’ Gameplay Action-Decision (GAD) profiles. Insights to using GAD profiles as a diagnostic to measure training performance and prescribe training are offered.
Análisis de la discriminación laboral hacia las mujeres en Ecuador 2007-2016
Authors: Albuja-Echeverría Wilson Santiago , Enríquez-Rodríguez María José
Published: August 2018

El propósito de esta investigación es cuantificar la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en Ecuador en el período 2007 – 2016. Con base en la encuesta Enemdu, la metodología se basa en estimaciones de tipo Mincer (1974) para identificar los determinantes del ingreso laboral y en el método de descomposición de las diferencias salariales (Oaxaca, 1973 y Blinder, 1973). Los resultados señalan que a 2016, existe una diferencia salarial neta estadísticamente significativa de 4,5% en beneficio de los hombres frente a las mujeres. El 66% de esta diferencia es explicada por la discriminación salarial por sexo. Concluimos que a pesar de los logros en materia de educación obtenidos durante la última década, debido a la ausencia de una política de empleo y al ciclo económico bajo, aún persisten desafíos en cuanto al ámbito laboral más precisamente en el acceso a empleos de calidad, que al mismo tiempo aseguren equidad.
Desensibilización a alopurinol en paciente con gota tofácea
Authors: López-Rocha Eunice Giselle , Hernández-Montoya Gerardo , Rodríguez-Pesina Alberto Hernán , Rodríguez-Mireles Karen Alicia
Published: August 2018

Antecedentes: El alopurinol es un inhibidor de la xantinooxidasa usado en el tratamiento de pacientes con gota. Aproximadamente 2 % de los pacientes son afectados por reacciones adversas a dicho fármaco. La severidad varía de erupciones cutáneas leves a reacciones graves hasta en 0.4 % de los casos. La desensibilización se lleva a cabo incrementando paulatinamente la dosis del fármaco.Reporte de caso: Hombre de 30 años con diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia tratadas con bezafibrato y pravastatina, hipertensión arterial sistémica tratada con losartán e hiperuricemia con gota de 10 años de diagnóstico. Los tofos se encontraban en articulaciones metacarpofalángicas y codos. Se inició tratamiento con 300 mg diarios de alopurinol, a las dos semanas el paciente presentó eritema facial con prurito y lesiones maculopapulares en región malar una hora después de la ingesta del medicamento. Se inició protocolo ambulatorio de desensibilización a dicho fármaco comenzando con 5 mg, con incremento gradual de la dosis cada cuatro o cinco días por 59 días, hasta llegar a la dosis de mantenimiento deseada (300 mg).Conclusiones: La experiencia muestra que la desensibilización a alopurinol es una alternativa segura cuando existe hipersensibilidad y necesidad de tratamiento con este fármaco.
Omalizumab en niños con asma no controlada: estudio en la “vida real” realizado en Colombia
Authors: Morales-Múnera Olga , Pedraza Ángela , Niño-Serna Laura
Published: August 2018

Antecedentes: Es clara la eficacia y seguridad del omalizumab en niños mayores de seis años en ensayos clínicos controlados, pero existen pocos estudios de la vida real.Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta con la adición del omalizumab en niños con asma moderada a grave persistente, en condiciones de la vida real.Métodos: Estudio observacional con seguimiento de 12 meses en la vida real en un grupo de 61 niños mayores de seis años en quienes se evaluó el control del asma antes del inicio del tratamiento, a los cuatro y 12 meses.Resultados: Después de 12 meses de tratamiento con omalizumab hubo mejoría en los síntomas tanto en los menores de 12 años como en los mayores de esta edad (p = 0.001). Disminuyó el consumo de medicamentos controladores en 73 %, en 61 % la dosis de esteroide inhalado y 8 % lo suspendió. Se disminuyó la dosis promedio de esteroide inhalado a 396 ± 298 μg, cambio que fue estadísticamente significativo (p = 0.02).Conclusión: Omalizumab es un medicamento eficaz, seguro y bien tolerado como terapia adicional para el control clínico del asma alérgica moderada y grave que no ha tenido mejoría con los tratamientos convencionales.
La asociación de la microbiota humana con la inmunoglobulina A y su participación en la respuesta inmunológica
Authors: Sánchez-Salguero Erick Saúl , Santos-Argumedo Leopoldo
Published: August 2018

La microbiota humana es el conjunto de microorganismos que residen en nuestro cuerpo. Su composición filogenética está relacionada con el riesgo de padecer enfermedades inflamatorias y cuadros alérgicos. Los humanos interaccionamos con una gran cantidad y variedad de estos microorganismos a través de la piel y las mucosas. Un mecanismo de protección inmunológica es la producción de la IgA secretora (IgAS), que reconoce los microorganismos patógenos residentes y evita su interacción con las células epiteliales del hospedero mediante la exclusión inmunológica. Se creía que la única función de la IgAS en las mucosas era reconocer y excluir a los patógenos, pero gracias a la secuenciación masiva para la caracterización filogenética de la microbiota humana ahora sabemos que puede estar asociada con microorganismos patógenos y no patógenos, asociación importante para las funciones que la microbiota lleva a cabo en los epitelios: regulación de la capacidad de ciertas especies microbianas para establecerse en la piel y en las mucosas, estimulación y regulación de la respuesta inmunológica, del riesgo de desarrollar problemas inflamatorios, cuadros alérgicos, enfermedades autoinmunes e, incluso, cáncer. La microbiota establecida determina las especies bacterianas (y probablemente también virales y de protozoarios) que residen en la piel y en las mucosas, promoviendo la diversidad microbiana.
Do Public Expenditure and Macroeconomic Uncertainty Matter to Private Investment? Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Imtiaz Ahmed
Published: August 2018

This study examines the role of macroeconomic uncertainty and public expenditure in determining private fixed investment in Pakistan. It is found that individual series are nonstationary. There is a long-run relationship between private fixed investment, public consumption expenditure, public development expenditure, and market activities. It is revealed that public development expenditure stimulates private investment, whereas public consumption expenditure is detrimental to private investment. The preferred dynamic private fixed investment function confirms that in the short run, public development expenditure enhances private investment. Moreover, macroeconomic instability and uncertainty depresses private investment in Pakistan.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

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An Anatomy of State Failures in Forest Management in Pakistan
Authors: Lubna Hassan
Published: August 2018

Deforestation remains one of the most intractable environmental problems of today. About one third the size of the original forest cover has disappeared so far. Despite continuous efforts by the world community to curb this process, deforestation continues unabated in most parts of the world, with serious consequences for the human livelihoods, eco systems, and global climate. Pakistan also faces serious problem of depletion of its forest reserves. Approximately 39000 ha of forest are being cleared every year.1 If deforestation continues at this pace, it is feared that Pakistan will lose most of its forest within the next thirty to forty years. Being a forest poor country, with forest occupying less than 5 percent of total land area,2 protection of its forest resources is a vital task. Forest management faces many challenges in Pakistan. Forests face tremendous pressure, not only from a population of 160 million people for meeting their needs3 (be it only subsistence needs), but also from market forces which have seen soaring timber prices for many years now. Forest department is ill equipped to counter these challenges. It lacks human and financial resources, and relevant technical expertise.
SUKUK-Structures: An Analysis of Risk-reward Sharing and Wealth Circulation
Authors: Zohra Jabeen
Published: August 2018

The subject of the paper is arranged as follows. Firstly, the basic description of sukuk, its attributes and benefits, followed by the prevailing dominant types of sukuk, the pros and cons and issues at hand in certain cases. Alternatives and close parallels to sukuk are also drawn where considered necessary.
How Pakistan Is Coping with the Challenge of High Oil Prices
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

Global oil prices have shown an almost steady rise since 2003, with the April 2006 price double than that was in January 2004 [Bacon (2005)]. Demand, supply and speculative factors, and their interrelationships all leads to the steady rise in oil prices. In the last couple of years, global demand for oil grew due to economic strengthening in the US, as well as strong economic performance in developing Asia, (especially PR China and India). From 1990 to 2003 world demand for oil grew at the rate of 1.3 percent while for the People Republic of China and India (combined) at 7 percent rate and accounted for almost 40 percent of the demand growth1 [ADB (2005)].
Water Resources and Conservation Strategy of Pakistan
Authors: Ayaz Ahmed  , Henna Iftikhar
Published: August 2018

Water is one of the basic necessities of life. God has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources, with rivers flowing down the Himalayas and Karakoram heights from the world’s largest glaciers and free and unique bounty for this land. Pakistan is basically an agrarian economy. Out of its total geographical area of 79.61 million hectares, cultivated area is 22.05 million hectares. The total area under irrigation is 19.02 million hectares [Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (2005-06)]. Irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of agricultural production and most of the country’s food. Agriculture sector is regarded as the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It contributes 25 percent of the GDP. About more than 50 percent labour force is employed in this sector. Agriculture sector is also the major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate water requirement. Similarly, for industrial development main source of energy is hydropower which is generated by dint of water stored in big dams and reservoirs. Therefore the importance of the water for the survival of our economy cannot be denied.
Occupational Status and Earnings Inequality: Evidence from PIHS
2001-02 and PSLM 2004-05
Authors: Akhtar Sajjad , Sadiq Maqsood
Published: August 2018

Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall
inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely
linked with differential occupational status either defined in a
contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard
Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini
coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of
individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated
Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards
Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earnings
inequality from 1992-93 to 2004-05 are documented with the benchmark
estimates in the Ahmad (2002) study, while the short-term trends are
measured from 2001-02 to 2004-05 for self-employed and paid employee.
The long- as well as the short-term trends indicate rising earnings
disparities within each occupational category. Over the longer period,
these disparities have risen in the range of 50 to 100 percent. Shifts
across occupation and across employment status indicate doubling of the
share of Shop and Market Sales and Services Workers and the transition
towards becoming self-employed. A few tentative explanations for the
observed increasing occupational inequalities at the individual level
are: (a) Availability of credit and improved efficiency of capital
market may have relaxed capital constraints of former employees and
enabled them to transit as self-employed. Right-sizing and down-sizing
in public organisations may also have pushed the previous employees into
utilising the ‘golden handshake’ packages towards self-employment.
Assuming that returns on capital (internal or borrowed) are higher and
financial contracts are more lucrative than wage contracts, the
situation can lead to wider disparities. (b) At the paid employee level,
the fall in the share of workers in elementary occupations improved the
wage contracts of those still remaining in this occupation, and thereby
increased the income/earnings inequality within this category. (c)
Premium on skills, education, experience, and talent, in spite of the
entry of a large number of individuals in the Service, Shop and Market
Sales Workers category, has widened the inequalities within this
category.
Foreign Aid—Blessing or Curse: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Arshad Khan Muhammad , Ahmed Ayaz
Published: August 2018

The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth is a
debatable issue and remains unsettled at both theoretical and empirical
levels. Pakistan has received a substantial amount of foreign aid since
its Independence in 1947 but little improvement has been observed in its
socio-economic development. This study considers the question as to
whether foreign aid is a blessing or a curse for Pakistan. The empirical
analysis is based on the ARDL cointegration approach. We examine the
aid-growth link at the aggregate and disaggregate levels for the period
1972-2006. The results show negative and insignificant effects of
foreign aid on the growth at the aggregate as well at the disaggregate
level. The findings further suggest that domestic investment, export
growth, and inflows of foreign direct investment are important
contributors in enhancing economic growth in Pakistan. JEL
classification: C13, C22, F23, F35, O11 Keywords: Foreign Aid, Economic
Growth, FDI, Cointegration
International Competition, Debt, and Uneven Development in a
North-South Macroeconomic Model
Authors: Abe Taro
Published: August 2018

This paper examines whether the intensification of
international competition widens the gap between developing and
developed economies. The intensification of international competition
with an influential trade union in the North is known to lower the
North’s markup rate. This paper is unique because it points out that the
intensification of international competition can widen the North-South
gap when the Southern debt is taken into consideration. It also shows
that the egalitarian policy in the North as influenced by trade unions
is compatible with its international policy: relief of interest
payments. JEL classification: F19, O19 Keywords: North-South, Uneven
Development, Debt
Economic Growth and Income Inequality Relationship: Role of Credit Market Imperfection
Authors: Amina Tabassum  , M. Tariq Majeed
Published: August 2018

The 20th century has witnessed unequalled success in improving the living standard of people in most part of the world. According to World Bank annual Statistical reports, poverty has declined significantly in developing countries over the past twenty years but the progress has been uneven. The number of people living in poverty fell from 1.5 billion in 1981 to 1.1 billion in 2001. However, many low-income developing countries are still trapped in vicious circle of poverty. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of poor rose from 41 percent to 46 percent between 1981 to 2001.While in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the numbers of poor people have risen to around 20 percent in 2001.1 Therefore; reduction of widely scattered poverty is the most challenging goal for low income developing countries. Economic growth is considered to be a powerful force for reducing poverty. High and sustained economic growth increases the labor demand and wages which in return will reduce poverty. Similarly, better earnings as a result of reduction in poverty lead to increase productivity and growth. But the extent of poverty reduction as a result of economic growth depends on how the distribution of income changes with economic growth and on initial Inequalities in income. If income inequality increases, then economic growth does not lead to a significant poverty reduction. Many developing countries achieved high growth rates in different periods but poverty does not reduce significantly in these periods due to increase in income inequalities. Most South and East Asian economies grew at higher per capita rates since early 1970 along with rise in income inequality over time. In contrast, Latin American countries grew by less than the half of average growth rates in South and East Asia while maintaining high income inequality.2 The differences in income inequality at a given rate of growth require that efforts to reduce poverty by stimulating growth are not sufficient and need to be complemented by efforts to reduce income inequalities.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani
Published: August 2018

Sardar Aseff Ahmad Ali, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr Rashid Amjad, President, Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Honourable Ministers, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen! It is indeed a privilege and honour to address this distinguished gathering of economists. I am very happy that this meeting is being attended by internationally acclaimed economists and academics from both within and outside the country. I am especially heartened to see that students of economics from all over Pakistan have been especially invited to attend this meeting. Over the years the Annual Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists has become one of the leading events on the calendar of meetings where experts from various disciplines discuss cutting edge issues that confront developing economies in general and Pakistan’s economy in particular. The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics is to be congratulated for holding such conferences on an annual and regular basis. The President of the Society has mentioned that I have actively encouraged the participation of economic experts, academics and researchers in the policy planning process. I firmly believe that this interaction will lead to framing of economic policies that respond to our economic needs and lead to more sustainable and equitable economic growth. I will continue to involve our body of economists in formulating policies and thank you for your offer to work closely with our government. The theme of this year’s Meeting “Economic Sustainability in a Globalised World” is very timely and touches the very heart of the economic challenge we face at the global and national level. The world has witnessed a global financial meltdown which started in the USA but spread to other parts of the world, both developed and developing. This financial crisis has now hit the real economy, causing a massive decline in global manufacturing output and global trade which is the worst since the Great Depression in 1929. World output is projected to shrink in 2009 and world trade expected to decline markedly this year.
An Investigation of Firm Heterogeneity in the Constraints to Development and Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Sajjad Moghal  , Wade D. Pfau
Published: August 2018

This study considers the importance of firm characteristics in explaining the degree of business constraints facing Pakistani firms in the Investment Climate Survey. We quantify how firms with differing characteristics experience particular problems. After controlling for other factors, the largest differences in responses to business constraints occur among firms that vary by manufacturing industry, and among firms operating under different ownership structures or selling in different markets. In some cases, firm size and firm location also play an important role. The age of the firm generally does not lead to significant differences. These results account for the heterogeneity of firms better than others, and may be important for policy-makers to develop more specific approaches to fostering the investment climate.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Nasir Iqbal  , Hafiz Hanzla Jalil
Published: August 2018

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Human Capital Spillovers, Productivity and Growth in the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Abdul Hamid  , J. Hanns Pichler
Published: August 2018

Manufacturing is an important sector of Pakistan’s economy. The main focus of this paper is to analyse the major factors of value-added growth and productivity in the manufacturing sector by using Translog Production Technology over the period 1971-72 to 2004-05. The empirical findings show that the contribution of productivity and human capital is around one- third of the total value-added growth in manufacturing sector which is less than the contribution attributed to these factors in developed and many other developing countries. Conventional factors like capital and labour are still the mainstay in the value-added growth of Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. JEL classification: O1, O3, O4, O14, O15, O31 Keywords: Human Capital Spillovers, Total Factor Productivity, Absolute and Relative Shares
Determinants of Export Performance of Pakistan: Evidence from the Firm-Level Data
Authors: Mr. Musleh ud Din  , Ejaz Ghani  , Tariq Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the determinants of export performance at the level of firms in respect of their characteristics and supply side constraints. The analysis is based on a survey of export-oriented firms in four major sectors. The results indicate a relationship between the better performance of foreign-owned firms to their better know-how and resources compared to the domestically owned firms. Export performance is positively affected by the level of investment in market/client oriented technologies. Lack of certification of product and process standards is the main supply side constraint adversely affecting the firms’ export performance. Facilitation measures like export processing zones, internationally recognised testing labs, and industrial clusters would be helpful in improving the export performance of firms. JEL classification: F1, L1, L6 Keywords: Trade, Exports, Firms, Performance, Manufacturing
Economic Evaluation of Health Cost of Pesticide Use: Willingness to Pay Method
Authors: Muhammad Khan
Published: August 2018

This study highlights the results of contingent valuation method to measure health cost of pesticide use from farmer’s point of view. Analysis shows that farmers have a positive willingness to pay for avoiding pesticide related health risks. Theoretical validity tests show that relevant indicators such as risk perception, previous experience of pesticide related poisoning, education and income are significant predictors for the positive WTP. From the results it is evident that health effects of pesticide use provided motivation for farmers to pay more for practices like IPM that reduce dependence on pesticide use which in turn a strong motivation for policy-makers to continue research on IPM and its implementation. Keywords: Health Cost, WTP, Pesticide Use, IPM.
Growth-Poverty Linkage and Income-Asset Relation in Regional Disparity: Evidence from Pakistan and India (The Allama Iqbal Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Mr. S.Hirashima
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of incorporating asset holding and its distribution into the study of growth-equity relationship in the context of regional disparity. We have tried to discuss this issue by taking the Inclusive Growth Strategy (IGS) introduced by the Union Government of India in 2006. Although it is too early to assess the impact of IGC at this stage, the followings are some of the important findings of our analysis. First, the performance of the post-reform period is characterised by the higher economic growth and declining poverty ratio on one hand, and the increasing disparity in terms of consumption, income and asset holding on the other. Second, the magnitude of poverty and disparity is much more evident in asset holding, notably land, as compared with consumption and income, among economically and socially disadvantageous segments of rural communities. Third, if the inherent social inequality were overcome in the growth process, access to asset, notably land, has to be facilitated either by political process or through market transaction. In either case, the prospective is not yet bright. The paper strongly advocates, among others, the necessity of incorporating incomeasset relationship and structural aspects in discussing poverty and disparity issues in development. Keywords: Growth-Poverty Linkage, Income-Asset Relationship, Inherent Social Inequality, Inclusive Growth Strategy, Land Market, Capital Gain, Land Reform, Rent-land Price Ratio, Ginicoefficient.
CATATAN SINGKAT MENGENAI CINCIN BERTULISAN SRAMANA
Authors: Kusen Kusen
Published: August 2018

Dalam tulisan singkat ini akan dibicarakan sebuah cincin yang menarik perhatian karena keunikan serta nilai kekunaannya. Keunikan cincin terletak pada tulisan berhuruf Jawa kuna di permukaannya yang berbunyi Sramana. Sampai saat ini sepanjang pengetahuan penulis baru cincin yang akan dibahas inilah satu-satunya contoh cincin peninggalan masa Indonesia Hindu yang memiliki tulisan semacam itu. Oleh sebab itu benda kecil tersebut memang pantas untuk dibahas dan dipublikasikan sebagai tambahan data arkeologis masa Indonesia Hindu.
Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Dalam Karangan Narasi Mahasiswa Program Studi Ekonomi Angkatan 2014-2015 Universitas Indraprasta PGRI Jakarta
Authors: Widiyarto Sigit
Published: August 2018

Bahasa Indonesia merupakan aset yang sangat strategis di Indonesia. Selain menjadi bahasa pemersatu bangsa, bangsa Indonesia menjadi daya tarik bangsa lain. Bahasa Indonesia harus dilestarikan terus menerus. Apalagi bagi siswa yang menjadi generasi penerus bangsa. Siswa diharapkan menjadi generasi yang peduli dengan bahasa indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesalahan bahasa dalam esai siswa program studi Ekonomi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 35 siswa. Hasil penelitian ini, adanya kesalahan yang ketidaklengkapan kalimat dalam penulisan narasi siswa, misaligned kalimat dalam penulisan naratif dan kesatuan gagasan dalam penulisan naratif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan empat tahap, yaitu (1) identifikasi, yaitu melakukan identifikasi kesalahan bahasa dalam esai tentang perjalanan siswa sesuai dengan rumusan masalah dan kemudian mengkodekan data yang telah ditemukan, ( 2) kategorisasi, Pengelompokan data sesuai dengan kategori spesifik yang telah ditemukan dari aspek ejaan, pilihan kata, dan kalimat, (3) penyajian data, yang menampilkan data lebih sederhana dalam bentuk tabel dan persentase untuk ditafsirkan dalam Bentuk narasi dan dijelaskan ke dalam penjelasan sesuai dengan berbagai konsep terkait dengan hasil analisis, dan (4) menarik kesimpulan, yaitu kegiatan menyimpulkan data yang telah diidentifikasi dan dikategorikan sesuai rumusan masalah. Validitas data digunakan untuk mendapatkan data dan kesimpulan yang valid sebagai karya ilmiah. Validitas data diperoleh melalui dua teknik, yaitu kegiatan pemeriksaan ahli dan pengecekan teori. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa mahasiswa masih melakukan kesalahan tulisan dalam hal kesejajaran kalimat  tulisan narasi, kesalahan kesatuan gagasan dalam tulisan narasi, kesatuan gagasan dalam tulisan narasi dan bentuk kesalahan kesatuan gagasan dalam tulisan narasi
Peningkatan Kemampuan Problem Solving Melalui Penggunaan Metode Team Game Tournament Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Terpadu
Authors: Wulansari Lusiana
Published: August 2018

The method of teaching using classroom teachers is still using lecture method, so students get bored quickly. One of the methods that can be used is the TGT method. Methods This study used an experimental design conducted on one group only without the comparison group (The One Group Pratest Posttest). Research subjects of elementary students, with a sample of 24 students. The data were processed with SPSS 22. The results showed that, Normality Test, Homogeneity and T of Paired Samples with significant level α = 5%, the result of normality test obtained Kolmogorof-Smirnov i Sig.0.200, and Shapiro-Wilk 0.104 so that at α = 5 % = 0.05 <Sig. = 0.200, the sample data comes from the normal distribution. On Homogeneity Test of Levene Variance Sig Value. 0.064, at the significance level α = 5% = 0.05 <Sig.0.064 so that it can be said that the sample data comes from Homogeneous variance, can be concluded at 95% confidence level, average vocabulary ability after treatment by using TGT method (mean equal to 61.000) than before using medium (mean equal to 36.4583), up by 24.54.
Literasi Sains Sebagai Konsep Pembelajaran Buku Ajar Biologi di Sekolah
Authors: Aqil Deden Ibnu
Published: August 2018

Perkembangan Sains dan teknologi dewasa ini menuntut manusia terus berkembang menyesuaikan diri  dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Salah satu aspeknya adalah aspek pendidikan yang sangat menentukan maju dan mundurnya suatu bangsa. Pendidikan sains memiliki peran yang penting dalam menyiapkan anak bangsa memasuki dunia kehidupannya. Pendidikan sains memiliki peranan strategis dalam menyiapkan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas untuk menghadapi era globalisasi ini. Potensi ini akan dapat terwujud jika pendidikan sains mampu melahirkan siswa yang cakap dalam bidangnya dan berhasil menumbuhkan kemampuan berpikir logis, berpikir kreatif, kemampuan memecahkan masalah, bersifat kritis, menguasai teknologi serta adaptif terhadap perubahan dan perkembangan zaman. Literasi sains merupakan tolak ukur keberhasilan  pembelajaran sains di sekolah. Dalam proses pencapaian itu diperlukan bahan ajar yang mengedepankan aspek proses seperti body of knowledge, way of think, way of investigating, interaction of social  science and technologi. Dengan mengedepankan aspek-aspek ini dalam buku pembelajaran sains, khususnya buku ajar biologi maka pembelajaran sains biologi di sekolah menjadi lebih baik.
Matrix Equivalence over Commutative Local Rings with Maximal Ideal Generated by Two 2-nilpotent Elements
Authors: Yakyma Alex
Published: August 2018

In this paper the matrix equivalence problem is proven tame and solved for com- mutative local rings with 2-generated maximal ideal such that the square of each generator equals zero.
Losing our way with mapping: Thinking critically about marine spatial planning in Scotland
Authors: Smith Glen , Brennan Ruth E
Published: August 2018

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is the dominant management tool for marine environments around the world and is an attempt to move beyond the sectoral governance of marine spaces. Scotland is no exception and MSP is central to its management plans. The interpretation and use of spatial data informs these plans and maps provide the backbone of the decision-making process. Whilst not refuting MSP as a governance tool, this paper examines more closely some of the inherent problems with representing marine environments spatially and how the practice of map-making inevitably interacts with social-ecological networks. Borrowing from critical cartography and Actor-Network Theory (ANT), four observations are made: 1) due to the necessary procedure of categorising and simplifying data, maps do not always accurately represent changeable marine environments and situations; 2) maps can produce reality as much as represent it; 3) mapping has become the point through which all actors and stakeholders must pass; 4) as they are obliged to pass through this point, the roles and deﬁnition of certain actors can change. This discussion of marine spatial planning in Scotland demonstrates what can be learnt from viewing marine spaces as a tightly coupled social-ecological environment.
Situating Arab-Israeli artisanal ﬁshermen's perceptions of marine litter in a socio-institutional and socio-cultural context
Authors: Brennan Ruth E , Portman Michelle E.
Published: August 2018

Understanding the mental constructs underlying people's social responses, decisions and behaviors is crucial to deﬁning the governance challenges faced in dealing with marine anthropogenic litter. Using interactive governance theory, this study provides qualitative insights into how a small group of Arab-Israeli artisanal ﬁshermen perceive marine litter and its impact (system to be governed) in the context of the socio-institutional structures (governing system) which manage waste and aim to protect the surrounding environment. It demonstrates that, until the relationships between local people and the various governing institutions are transformed, there is little hope for citizen cooperation in reducing marine litter long-term in the case-study site. More generally, underlying narratives and politics playing out at a local level need to be understood in order to identify which interventions are likely to be effective and which are not. An intervention checklist to assess the potential effectiveness of a marine litter intervention is proposed.
Marine litter from beach-based sources: Case study of an Eastern Mediterranean coastal town
Authors: Portman Michelle E. , Brennan Ruth E
Published: August 2018

Marine litter has been a serious and growing problem for some decades now. Yet, there is still much speculation among researchers, policy makers and planners about how to tackle marine litter from land-based sources. This paper provides insights into approaches for managing marine litter by reporting and analyzing survey results of litter dispersal and makeup from three areas along an Arab-Israeli coastal town in view of other recent studies conducted around the Mediterranean Sea. Based on our results and analysis, we posit that bathing beach activities should be a high priority for waste managers as a point of intervention and beach-goers must be encouraged to take a more active role in keeping beaches clean. Further, plastic fragments on the beach should be targeted as a first priority for prevention (and cleanup) of marine litter with plastic bottle caps being a high priority to be targeted among plastics. More survey research is needed on non-plastic litter composition for which amounts and geographic dispersal in the region vary greatly from place to place along Mediterranean shores. In general, findings of this study lead us to recommend exploring persuasive beach trash can design coupled with greater enforcement for short term waste management intervention while considering the local socio-economic and institutional context further for long-term efforts.
The Emerging Relationship Between Clinical Psychology and the Credibility Movement
Authors: Reardon Kathleen Wade , Corker Katherine S. , Tackett Jennifer L
Published: August 2018

There has been a growing conversation about how best to ensure the replicability and credibility of published research in psychology in recent years. However, clinical psychologists have only recently entered this discussion (Leichsenring et al., 2017; Tackett et al., 2017). The pace ofreform in psychological science has been surprisingly rapid, and it can be challenging to keep abreast of the latest developments. However, it is critical that clinical psychologists continue to expand their involvement in this movement. To facilitate this involvement, we review the history of the Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) and its intersection with clinical psychology, as well as some meta-science initiatives deserving of further time and attention. We hope that this article will be useful to clinical psychology researchers and practitioners as (1) an introduction to some of the meta-science projects already underway that may be of use to you in your current work, and (2) an invitation for your contributions to ensure that clinical psychology is as rigorous and trustworthy as we can make it.
A Comparative Examination of Longitudinal Modelling Approaches: Alcohol and Cannabis Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood.
Authors: Greenwood Christopher , Youssef George Joseph , Betts Kim , Letcher Primrose , Mcintosh Jennifer , Spry Elizabeth , Hutchinson Delyse , Macdonald Jacqui A , Hagg Lauryn , Sanson Ann , Toumbourou John , Olsson Craig
Published: August 2018

Background: Modelling trajectories of substance use over time is complex and requires judicious choices from a number of modelling approaches. In this study we examine the relative strengths and weakness of latent curve models (LCM), growth mixture modelling (GMM), and latent class growth analysis (LCGA). Design: Data were drawn from the Australian Temperament Project, a 36-year-old community-based longitudinal study that has followed a sample of young Australians from infancy to adulthood across 16 waves of follow-up since 1983. Models were fitted on past month alcohol use (n=1468) and cannabis use (n=549) across six waves of data collected from age 13-14 to 27-28 years. Findings: Of the three model types, GMMs were the best fit. However, these models were limited given the variance of numerous growth parameters had to be constrained to zero. Additionally, both the GMM and LCGA solutions had low entropy. The negative binomial LCMs provided a relatively well-fitting solution with fewer drawbacks in terms of growth parameter estimation and entropy issues. In all cases, model fit was enhanced when using a negative binomial distribution. Conclusions: Substance use researchers would benefit from adopting a complimentary framework by exploring both LCMs and mixture approaches, in light of the relative strengths and weaknesses as identified. Additionally, the distribution of data should inform modelling decisions.