bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Contemporary Biography of Ras Alula: A Ge'ez Manuscript from Mänäwē, Tämbēn—II
Authors: Eblich Haggai
Published: January 2010

After this he (Yohannes) gave him a crown of precious jewels and clothes of gold and horses adorned with gold and silver. His appearance was changed before all the nobles, and his face shone seven times brighter than the sun in the month of Nisan, and his clothes were white like ice. And he 6a (the king) said to him, ‘Rejoice and / be glad, my son, who have been faithful over one; I appoint you over many. Enter into the joy of your lord. As you have made me rejoice, so I will make you rejoice every day and every hour, and I will give you favour and honour before all the nobles. I will do for you all that you wish, and all that you think’. He commanded the troops and said to them, ‘All that he commands you, do; and that which he says to you, observe’.
The Ibāḍī imāma
Authors: Wilkinson J. C.
Published: January 2010

Any attempt to write about the Ibāḍī imāma is faced with the same kind of problem which besets all efforts to provide a generalized account of an Islamic institution: how far to concentrate on the abstract theory and how far to describe the actual practices observed in different places at various times. In this paper the writer has tried to strike a balance between these two approaches by taking as his theme an aspect of the Ibāḍi imāmate that involves basic principles about the nature of the contract which the Ibadi community enters into when it elects an Imām, and to study it specifically from the Omani point of view, through the writings of the local ‘ulamā’ and the way elections have been conducted in that country from the second/eighth down to the fourteenth/twentieth centuries. No attempts will be made to compare this material with the parallel sources from the Maghrib, nor to contrast the Ibāḍī concepts of the imāma with those of other Islamic systems.
Some Grammatical Functions of Prominence in Arabic
Authors: El-Haleese Y. A.
Published: January 2010

Linguists who are interested in Arabic are familiar with the fact that in spoken Arabic certain syllables stand out to the ear more than others; these syllables have been variously referred to as stressed or prominent syllables. The phenomenon of prominence has been treated by a number of linguists who have regarded it mainly as a characteristic of the word. But it has to be viewed as a characteristic of the one-word piece or pieces of a more complex structure with more than one prominent syllable.
A New Look at theSāsanavaṃsa
Authors: Lieberman Victor B.
Published: January 2010

TheSāsanavaṃsa‘History of the religion’, a Pali work written in Burma in 1861, has long been recognized as an important source for the study of Theravāda Buddhism. It is essentially a chronicle of famous monks which seeks to trace the lineal succession of orthodoxtherasfrom the Buddha's immediate disciple Upāli to the heads of thesaṅghaat Mandalay in the author's own lifetime. As early as 1882 Louis de Zoysa in hisCatalogue of Pali, Sinhalese, and Sanskrit manuscripts in the temple libraries of Ceylonreferred to theSāsanavaṃsaas a work containing ‘very interesting information on the religious history of … Burma and Ceylon’. In 1892 the Russian Orientalist Ivan Pavlovitch Minaev drew upon theSāsanavaṃsafor hisRecherches sur le bouddhisme, in which he quoted fairly extensively from the Pali text. H. Kern in 1896 classed it along with the better-knownDīpavaṃsaandMahāvaṃsaas ‘highly important for the ecclesiastical history of Ceylon’, and the treatise also gained mention in the researches of such leading Buddhist scholars as E. Hardy, Wilhelm Geiger, and G. P. Malalasekera.
A Hitherto Unpublished Taiping Document
Authors: Curwen C. A.
Published: January 2010

In spite of over 14 years of activity—most of which was of a military nature—hardly any Taiping military despatches have survived or, if they have, they remain to be discovered. The only copy of this rare example, published here for the first time, is in the Public Record Office (series 682, No. 275/A3). It was amongst the documents found in the office of the Governor-General of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, on the occasion of the British capture and occupation of Canton in 1858. There is no means of knowing how accurately it was copied; on the other hand, there is no reason to question its authenticity or accuracy.
A note on clitic doubling in African and Creole languages
Authors: Nylander Dudley K.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, I Would like to present a tentative analysis of cliti doubling in some African and creole languages. Consider, first, the case of Yoruba. Whenever a subject is cleft in Yoruba, a resumptive pronoun must be inserte in the position originally occupied by the cleft element. Clefting the subject of 3(a)yields 3 (b)or3(c).
A meeting with Maimonides
Authors: Fenton P. B.
Published: January 2010

The interest of medieval Jewish historians in the works rather than the lives of the great figures of history explains the relative paucity of biographical data to be found in their writings. Indeed the most factual contemporary accounts of the foremost Jewish thinker of the medieval period, Moses Maimonides (1135–1204), are to be found in Muslim historiographies, whereas entries of comparable substance by Jewish authors are both later in date and more fictitious in nature. Although Maimonides's legal and philosophical writings betray at times both warmth and humanity, the autobiographical letters that have come down to us, on the other hand, portray him as an extremely occupied person, whose professional engagements left him little time for the mundane affairs of his fellow men.
God and madman: Guṇḍam Rāuḷ
Authors: Feldhaus Anne
Published: January 2010

Guṇḍam Rāuḷ lived in the thirteenth century in Ṫddhipur, a small town in the easternmost part (Vidarbha) of the Marāṭhī-speaking region of India. He appears to have been somewhat mad. Members of the Mahānubhāva sect, a devotional (bhakti) sect native to the region, revere him as theguruof their founder, Cakradhar, and as one of five major incarnations of their one God, ParameŚvara. Reverence for Guṇḍam Rāuḷ does not lead his Mahānubhāva biographers to deny his madness: the present paper will demonstrate this fact, and attempt to explain it.
Negation and the Law of Contradiction in Indian Thought: A Comparative Study
Authors: Staal J. F.
Published: January 2010

In the fourth chapter of book  of the Metaphysica Aristotle deals with the principle of contradiction. This law is formulated as follows: ‘it is impossible for anything at the same time to be and not to be’. Let us imagine, says Aristotle, that somebody wished to oppose this view. Our opponent cannot hold a view which contradicts the law of contradiction without assuming the validity of this law itself: for otherwise he is not even denying what we are saying. The only alternative for him, then, will be to say nothing. But this is absurd: of which one line may be quoted here:
TibetanPar, Par, Dpar, Spar, and Cognate Words
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

In a recent article on ‘Words for “printing block” and the origin of printing’, Mr. R. Shafer rejected B. Laufer's derivation of Tibetanparfrom Chinese baan‘printing block’, which the latter had proposed in his article ‘Loan-words in Tibetan’, though, in fairness to Laufer, it must be added that he qualified his etymology by the adverb ‘presumably’. While I fully agree with Mr. Shafer's rejection of Laufer's suggestion, I feel bound to say that he reached his conclusion from premises which are open to serious objections and indeed lend little support to the hypothesis on the origin of printing which he advances as a corollary.
A Note on rock Drawings from Wādī Hirjāb, Reported
Authors: Walford G. F.
Published: January 2010

While engaged on Desert Locust Survey work, Mr. Walford came across the rock-drawings reproduced here, at a place he calls Thor es Sellim lying near the junction of the Wadi Kutne (Philby, Kutne) and the Wadi Hurjab (Philby, Harjab) which is clearly al-Hamdānī's Hirjāb, in the district (long. 42°–43°; lat. 19°–20°). The Wadi Hirjab is a tributary of the Wādī . The-drawings were discovered by Mr. Walford on the under side of an overhanging rock projecting into the wādī-bed, but his work unfortunately rendered it impossible for him to take more particulars than those given here. A second group of figures was found on another rock at a short distance from, and to the right of the first. As he states in a letter, ‘there were many groups of lettering of the fairly common South Arabian type on other rocks in the area, and perhaps more drawings’.
The Turkish Verses of Qāsim Al-Anvār
Authors: Meredith-Owens G. M.
Published: January 2010

In the preface to his edition of the Kulliyāt i Qāsim i Anvār (printed at Tehran, 1337/1958–9, p. 112) Professor Sa‘‛d Nafīsī alludes to the difficulty he has encountered in establishing the text of four of the poems (pp. 406–8) which the Persian poet wrote, playfully as it seems, either completely or partly in Turkish. Although the editor had ten manuscripts at his disposal, he has to admit himself (in a footnote on p. 406) that the Turkish of the four poems in their present form is largely incomprehensible. He consoles his readers on this point with the promise of an improved edition of the Kulliyāt, proposed for some future date.
E. O. Ashton—an appreciation
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

October 2, 1964, was the ninetieth birthday of Mrs. E. 0. Ashton, and the School of Oriental and African Studies would like to take this opportunity of paying its respects to one of its oldest and most loved colleagues. It is no exaggeration to say that Africa, and especially East Africa, is full of men and women, many of them old themselves, who look upon her with esteem and affection.
TheSunnah Jāmi'ah, pacts with the Ya

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rib Jews, and theTaḥrīmof Ya

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rib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called ‘Constitution of Medina’
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

For almost a decade I have taught the ‘Constitution of Medina’ at Cambridge as the eight distinct documents it comprises, issued on various occasions over the first seven years or so, of Muḥammad's Medinan period, using a typescript text of these documents, designated A to H. My attention was first attracted to it when reviewing the late Professor A. Guillaume's translation of theSīrahof Ibn Isḥāq/Ibn Hishām, because of the astonishingly close parallels withḥawṭahtreaties from Ḥaḍramawt upon which I was working about that time. Originally I had intended to publish a typicalḥawṭahagreement together with an analysis of the ‘Constitution’ which of course is not really a constitution at all. I still intend to publish myḥawṭahcorpus and demonstrate the similarity, but it has long been time to publish the analysis and identification of the separate documents contained in the ‘Constitution’, more particularly as it has important methodological and historical implications if anything approaching a definitive modern account of Muhammad's career is to be written.
A Minaean market code
Authors: Beeston A. F. L.
Published: January 2010

The Dedanite-Minaean text R 3695 (= M 356) has received no treatment in extenso since the rendering initially proposed by Jaussen and Savignac, which in the light of present knowledge must be considered wholly unsatisfactory.
Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patanjali's Yogasūtra:
Authors: Pines Shlomo , Gelblum Tuvia
Published: January 2010

The first text of al-Bīrūnī (A.D. 973-C. 1050) published in Europe which contains a reference to his translation of Patañjali's Yogasūtra is his Risāla fī fihrist kutub Muḥammad ibn Zakarīya' al-Rāzī, the relevant part of which was published by E. Sachau, Leipzig, 1876ndash;8.1In his list of his own works, which is included in this Risāla, al-Bīrūnī states that this list comprises the works he has written up to the end of 427/1037.2Several years later Sachau published al-Bīrūnī's India (London, 1887), in which al-Bīrūnī not only refers to his having translated this work of Patañjali,3but also quotes from it copiously.4
An Arabic Inscription From The Time Of The Caliph 'Abd Al-Malik
Authors: Sharon Moshe
Published: January 2010

The very hard, grey basalt stone on which this inscription is cut was discovered in 1961 by Mr. Shalom Kotzer (of the kibbutz Shā'ar ha-Golān) in shallow water off the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee, near the modern amphitheatre ofTsēmaḥ (Samakh). In 1962 it was moved from the water to the kibbutz by Mr. Kotzer and his son Moshe. A preliminary note on the inscription in Hebrew by the present writer appeared in 'Al ha-Mishmār of 11 January 1963. The inscription consists of eight readable lines insimple Kūfī script, incised on afairly smooth surface. The back of the stone is not worked.
Early Critics of the Authenticity of the Poetry of the Sīra
Authors: ‘Arafat W.
Published: January 2010

Although until recently no study had been undertaken to investigate the poetry included in Ibn Isḥāq's Sīra with a view to establishing on internal evidence the authenticity of such of it as may be genuine and revealing the spurious character of the forgeries, doubts as to the authenticity of this poetry in general or of certain poems in particular have been expressed by various writers, critics or other persons, since the time of Ibn Ishaq himself. Internal evidence attesting to the spurious character of the different poems varies widely from the immediately obvious, such as ascribing to a Himyarite king lines in simple plain Arabic or ascribing to a polytheist a poem allegedly attacking the Prophet and the Muslims which yet speaks of him in reverential terms and of his companions with respect, to the more subtle. The purpose of this article, however, is to survey and comment on some of the opinions which directly or indirectly stigmatize the poetry of the Sira in whole or in part as spurious.
Varieties of hu'o'ng-hỏa () A Problem of Vietnamese Law
Authors: McAleavy Henry
Published: January 2010

For a definition of the term huong-hỏa, we can do no better than give two quotations, one from a Frenchman, the other from a Vietnamese. ‘Le huong-hỏa’, says Professor M. R. Deloustal ‘est une institution trop connue pour qu'il soit nécessaire de s'appesantir longuement sur sa description. En principe, c'est une portion de patrimoine, quelquefois une certaine somme d'argent, dont les revenus servent à entretenir l'encens ( huong) et le luminaire (hỏa) sur l'autel des ancêtres, c'est-à-dire à subvenir aux frais de leur culte et à l'entretien de leurs tombeaux.’1 Mr. Le Van Dinh tells us ‘La masse de biens créée pour le service du culte ancestral, c'est le huong-hoa, biens de “l'encens et du feu”, biens susceptibles d'assurer au culte qu'ils desservent tout l'éclat, toute la splendeur désirables, ainsi qu'une pérennité temporelle et spatiale’.2
The Historical Significance Of Later Anṣārī Poetry—I
Authors: 'Arafat W.
Published: January 2010

Of the poems of boasting ascribed to Hassan b. Thabit, 16 are found on investigation to be by later Ansarls and reflect the inferior status to which the Ansar in general were reduced after the battle of al-Harra and the sack of Madina in the year A.H. 63, as well as, occasionally, the tribal rivalries which prevailed during the Umayyad period.
Western Influence In Contemporary Persian: A General View
Authors: Jazayery Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2010

1.1.1. It has been said that ‘the interrelation of language and other aspects of culture is so close that no part of the culture of a particular group canproperly be studied without reference to the linguistic symbols in use’.1One manifestation of cultural change in the language is seen in ‘linguisticborrowing’, which, both as a general linguistic and cultural phenomenon, andas a process related to particular languages, has attracted the attention of a great number of scholars, including many linguists.2
Materials Relating To The Cowry Currencyof The Western Sudan—I
Authors: Hiskett M.
Published: January 2010

The following schedule of an inheritance was discovered by me in 1962 when, by courtesy of the Kano Native Authority, I was carrying out a survey of manuscripts contained in the Library of the Shahuci Judicial School, Kano. In the course of my searches I unearthed from the back of a cupboard a bundle of miscellaneous papers. On examination these proved to consist largely of single folios of Arabic, Fula, and Hausa MSS displaced from their contexts. Scattered among them, however, were a number of sheets which appeared to be taxation returns; lists of booty; household accounts of the palace; fragments of prayers, wirds, Qur'anic charms and the like. Among them was this incomplete schedule of an estate.
Law as a Social Force in Islamic Culture and History
Authors: Anderson J.N.D.
Published: January 2010

For centuries the law has held a paramount place in the civilization and structure of the Muslim world, at least in the Islamic ideal. The prestige it has enjoyed may, indeed, be regarded as without parallel in history, for this civilization was uniquely based on religion, and the religion of Islam has always accorded a pre-eminent place to law.

Nor is the reason for this pre-eminence far to seek. In the religion of Islam everything rests on divine revelation, without which man remains in a state of almost unrelieved ignorance. But, in the orthodox view, God has not revealed Himself and His nature, but rather His law.
Raja Ram Roy's Visit to England
Authors: Ballhatchet K.A.
Published: January 2010

RajaRamRoy, the adopted son of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, went to England with his father. He remained there for several years after his father's death at Bristol in 1833.

In August 1835 Hobhouse, the President of the Board of Control, recorded that he had received an application on behalf of Raja Ram, ‘requesting that the opportunity may be afforded him previously to his return to his native country of acquiring an insight into the mode in which the public business is transacted in England’. The request appealed to Hobhouse, with his Whig and liberal sympathies, and at his recommendation Raja Ram was appointed an extra clerk in the offices of the Board of Control at a salary of £100 a year.
The Succession of the Line of Kaniṣka
Authors: Basham A.L.
Published: January 2010

As we have pointed out elsewhere, the question of the date of the era of Kaniska still seems far from a final solution, and it will probably remain so until further evidence comes to light. Equally doubtful is the problem of the succession of the kings of Kaniṣka's dynasty, for their relationships are by no means settled and there are several kindred questions which are still unanswered. The evidence on the subject is extremely tenuous, and, as with the date of Kaniska himself, no final conclusions can be reached, but we propose to review the more important data, and to put forward some suggestions which may encourage further investigation of the problem.
Councillors of Samurai Origin in the Early Meiji Government, 1868–9
Authors: Beasley W.G.
Published: January 2010

On 3 January 1868, when an Imperial decree announced the Emperor's intention of resuming direct responsibility for the administration of Japan, those who had done most to bring this about had no detailed plans for the future of their country's governmental structure. In fact it was not until 15 August 1869 that the new system took anything like a stable shape. In the interval Japan's leaders worked largely by trial and error, partly in a search for a form of government which would meet their needs, partly in accordance with the dictates of political necessity, the final result being to
place both power and office in the hands of what is often called the Meiji oligarchy: a handful of Court nobles (kuge) of relatively low rank and a slightly larger group of former samurai from the fiefs of Satsuma, Chōshū, Tosa, and Hizen.
Notes on Some Early Seljuqid Viziers
Authors: Bowen Harold
Published: January 2010

Of the medieval Muslim historians writing in Arabic and Persian several supply us with lists of the viziers employed by Ṭughrul Beg, the first sultan of the Āl Seljuq.

The list supplied by Ibn al-Athir (died A.D. 1234) shows the following four persons as having acted in turn for him as vizier:

(1) Abū'l-Qāsim ‘All ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Juwaynī.
(2) The Ra'īs al-Ru'asā Abū ‘Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Mīkā'īl.
(3) The Niຓāam al-Mulk Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Dihistānī.
(4) The ‘Amīd al-Mulk al-Kundurī.
“Azīz” and the Sack of Dvārkā: A Seventeenth Century Hindī Version
Authors: Burton-Page J.
Published: January 2010

The(abbreviatedBM) ‘Garland of Devotees’ of Nābhā Dās (abbreviated N), which dates from the period A.D. 1600-20,lhas long been known as a compendium of information regarding India's most celebrated Hindū devotees, and recognized as of great value for the history of Northern, particularly of thesects, and for its account of the conditions under which Hinduism flourished at the end of the sixteenth century. Such information as it gives us on secular matters is incidental and, on account of N's laconic style, frequently uncertain of interpretation.
‘Principles of Whistling’-Hsiao Chih–Anonymous
Authors: Edwards E.D.
Published: January 2010

Music has its origin in Nature, a fact which is recognized by the Chinese. Music may be conscious (men) or unconscious (animals, storm, etc.). Vocal imitation preceded instrumental, which may have originated in the limitations of the human vocal chords.

Speech is communication between man and man, between mind and mind; music is communication between man and Nature, the gods, the spirits. Ancient music was no more than the sounds of Nature combined into some sort of system. As we see in this work, vocal imitation of the sounds of Nature came before instrumental music. Learners of whistling were numerous when Shun ‘developed music and invented the lute’.
Constitutional and Legislative Development in the Indian Republic
Authors: Gledhill A.
Published: January 2010

Cowell in his Tagore Law Lectures in 1872 said:
‘Constitutional history in this country has nothing to do with steady spontaneous growth of national activities. It is a record of experiment made by foreign rulers to govern alien races in a strange land, to adapt European institutions to Oriental habits of life, and to make definite laws supreme among peoples who had always associated government with arbitrary and uncontrolled authority.’

Rankin in 1946 wrote:
‘The influence of the common law in India is due not so much to a “reception” … as to a process of codification … not merely with a view to putting into form a system which was already in force, but to lay down a rule of decision where there seemed to be none, or where different rules were competing for the same ground.’
Some Marathi Inscriptions, A. D. 1060–1300
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

When Jules Bloch wrote his pioneer work La formation de la langue marathe 40 years ago, there were fewer specimens of early Marathi literature available than to-day. The Bhavārtha-dīpikā of Jñānadeva (A.D. 1296) was well-known, but R. G. Panse–s index of words contained in that work was not to appear until 1953 in his Linguistic peculiarities of Jñāneśvarī. The works of Mukundarāja (c. 1190) had often been published, but had undergone modernization and the works of the Mānabhāva or Mahānubhavā sect written in various ciphers largely remained unpublished. Much has been written on these sources since by Marathi scholars, but in Marathi and so not readily accessible to the West.
The Conceptual Machinery of Tamil—An Approach
Authors: Varma Siddheshwar
Published: January 2010

One of the most dramatic features in the history of Indo-Aryan languages has been the utter collapse of the ancient prefixal system which had been used for expressing the various shades of human concepts. The dramatic nature of this break-down will be particularly appreciated when we take into account the fact that even for an ordinary concept such as ‘to come’, Sanskrit had to depend upon a prefix, viz. ā ‘hither’, so that ‘to come’ was indicated by ā-gam- or ā-yā, literally ‘hither—move’. This implies that the roots gam- or yā- by themselves denoted movement in general and during the formative period of Sanskrit a stage is conceivable when going and coming were linguistically undifferentiated. This supposition may perhaps be somewhat confirmed by a parallel occurring in two languages at the present day, viz.
Errors in Sanskrit Dictionaries
Authors: Vogel J. Ph.
Published: January 2010

It is somewhat disconcerting that in our Sanskrit lexicons we sometimes meet with words which have been wrongly translated and this is particularly distressing when such words are frequently used in literature and indicate objects which must have been familiar to the Indo-Aryans. A notable example is Skt. haṃsa, commonly interpreted by the dictionaries as meaning not only a goose but also a swan or a flamingo. Unfortunately Western indologists have shown a distinct preference for the latter two aquatic birds, because the goose is considered a far too prosaic creature to enter the exalted realm of poetry. A study of the subject has convinced me that hamsa means the goose and nothing else.1 My conclusion is based in the first place on ornithological evidence.
Sūtra 25 of the Nidānasaṃyukta
Authors: Waldschmidt Ernst
Published: January 2010

In the Berlin collection of Sanskrit literary remains from Chinese Turkestan there is a manuscript, catalogue-number S 474, which has been identified by me in a preliminary report1 as containing the text of the first 25 Sūtras of the Nidānasamyukta, one of the most important parts of the Sanskrit Saṃyuktāgama which corresponds to the Saṃyuttanikāya, the ‘Collection of Grouped Discourses’, in Pāli. The greater part of the first 19 leaves of the manuscript has been preserved. The script is of the older Central Asian Brahml type, and the folios, as far as they are complete, are unusually large (13 × 52 cm.).
Tsaur Jyr and the Introduction of Fannbay into China
Authors: Whitaker K.P.K.
Published: January 2010

Fannbay, to quote the definition of the ‘Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms’ are ‘Buddhist hymns [which are] sung to repress externals and calm the mind within2 for religious service; also in praise of Buddha’. The first element, Fann, a transliteration of Brahma, refers to the Indian origin of the term, the second element, bay, is the Chinese transliteration of pāṭha ‘chanting’. Under the name Fannbay this type of Buddhist chant as developed in China (actually a kind of long-drawn-out tune) was transplanted in Japan in Tarng times and is known in Sino-Japanese reading as Bonbai.3
Four Syriac inscriptions
Authors: Segal J. B.
Published: January 2010

In the course of a visit to Urfa in south-eastern Turkey in 1961 I was able to re-examine and to photograph the short inscription at the bottom centre of the Tripod mosaic which I had discovered in 1956. The photographs are incorporated in the colour transcription of this mosaic by Mrs. Seton Lloyd, published with my article ‘The Sabian mysteries’, in E. Bacon (ed.),Vanished civilizations, 1963, 204. The revised text of this inscription, however, has not yet received detailed analysis; I venture to return to it here because it contains features that may be of interest to students of Semitic philology and religion.
The Development of a Dramatic Theme in the Story of Khubaib B. ‘Adiyy and the Related Poems
Authors: ‘Arafat W.
Published: January 2010

Within four months of the battle of Uhud, two missions sent by the Prophet, the first to certain sections of al-Haun b. Khuzaima, the second to Banū ‘Āmir, were set upon and treacherously killed or captured.1 In the first case the emissaries were six in number. Four were killed, and two surrendered to the attackers, who belonged to the tribe of Hudhail, or properly to Liḥyān, a branch of the same, and were sold to the Maccans. One was killed in revenge for Umayya b. Khalaf and the other, Khubaib b. ‘Adiyy, was killed and crucified in revenge for al-Ḥārith b. ‘Amir, who, like Umayya, was also killed at Badr.2
The Structure of Kusemai
Authors: O'Neill P.G.
Published: January 2010

‘Kusemai’ was the name given to a particular type of musical entertain-
ment which flourished in Japan, mainly around Kyōto and Nara, in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.1 The name implies dances (mai) which were peculiar and unconventional (huse), but the peculiarity of the performances lay not so much in the dance as in the music. The musical style of Kusemai put overwhelming emphasis on the beat at the expense of melody, and the novel effect to which this gave rise was sufficient, it seems,
to warrant the rather disparaging name. The dance itself was of very minor importance and probably consisted of little more than the performer turning and stamping in time to the music. In Kusemai the song was more important than the dance, and the music of the song more important than the words.
The termspharisaioi, gazarenoi, hupokritai: their semantic complexity and conceptual correlation
Authors: Gertner M.
Published: January 2010

The three terms which have been made the subject of the following investigation are all to be found in Greek sources. Two of them, γαζαρηνοί and φαρισαῖοι, only occur in biblical or Jewish historical works written in Greek. The third, ὑποκριταί although an old Greek concept, gained prominence mainly because of its occurrence in the Greek Bible in connexion with φαρισαῖοι. The first two terms are but transliterated Hebrew concepts used by the Greek writers as untranslatable loan-words. The third term is an original Greek word.
Some Bhartṛhari commentaries in early braj Bhāṣā prose
Authors: McGregor R.S.
Published: January 2010

Since the beginning of the twentieth century evidence has become increasingly available to show that the use of Sanskritized prose in certain Hindi dialects long antedates the spread of Western influences in India. We owe this evidence above all to the efforts of the Nāgarī Pracāriṇī Sabhā of Banāras, which from the year 1900 has instituted an annual search for Hindi manuscripts, and has published reports of its investigations.
The nature and contents of the Yüeh-fu hung-shan
Authors: Hanan P. D.
Published: January 2010

The Yüeh-fu hung-shan is a Ming dynasty work which is generally thought to have been lost. What little is known of it is entirely dependent on one man's description. On the strength of this, however, the work has come to occupy a fairly important position in histories of Chinese oral literature. The purpose of this article is to call attention to a surviving copy of the Yüeh-fu hung-shan, and to show that the nature of its contents has been completely misunderstood.
Miḥrāb
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

THE origin of the term miḥrāb is somewhat obscure. In Islām it is usually particularly applied to the prayer-niche, and the article in the Encyclopaedia of Islām2 treats of it only as such, yet this technical usage of the word seems to be derived from a more primitive and general meaning, and on the balance of the evidence its emergence as a name for a part of the sanctuary appears to be Islāmic only. Miḥrāb has been discussed by Nöldeke,3 by Horovitz,4 and by Landberg.5 It has been discussed in connexion with architectural studies by Creswell,6 and by Sauvaget.7 These studies cite a number of references and sources which I have re-examined, but do not propose to repeat in toto. Each of these authorities shows conclusively that the employment in the technical sense of prayer-niche is not early.
Observations On A New Classical Chinese Grammar
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

It is a surprising fact that the Chinesische Grammatik (1881) of G. v.d. Gabelentz remains the only grammar of Classical Chinese widely available in a Western language. Joseph L. M. Mullie's Grondbeginselen van de Chinese letterkundige taal is accessible only to those who read Flemish, and the Structural analysis of literary Chinese of H. E. Shadick and Hsin-min Wu has not yet appeared in printed form. The publication of this grammatical analysis of LAC (Late Archaic Chinese) by Professor Dobson, Head of the Department of East Asiatic Studies at Toronto, is therefore an event of great importance to sinologists and to linguists generally. Its object is to establish, on a purely formal basis, the grammar of the literary language of the fourth and third centuries B.C. For descriptive purposes this period is taken as a unity, ignoring the peculiarities of particular texts and the dialects which may underlie them. It excludes, not only the Early Archaic of the ‘Songs’ and ‘History’, but the Middle Archaic of the ‘Spring and autumn annals’ and the early ‘Analects’. Professor Dobson seeks to liberate the grammar of LAC from all the Western categories so far imposed on it (parts of speech, subject/predicate, subject/object, case, tense) and to establish, with the aid of a new and often alarming terminology, new categories distinguished by purely formal criteria.
Tawahhum: an ambiguous concept in early Arabic grammar
Authors: Baalbaki R.
Published: January 2010

In a recent article, I argued that the study of early Arabic grammar of the second and third centuries A.H. should be based on the sources of that era, and not on the work of the later grammarians, as these often do not report the real stand of a particular grammarian on a particular issue, and more often misunderstand certain early grammatical concepts, or use their own terminology rather than the older one to elucidate them. The problem becomes more acute when we find that many modern scholars can still only see early Arabic grammar through the eyes of the later grammarians, beginning with the fourth-century figures and probably ending with Suyṭ. Learning about early grammar from later sources is inescapable, given the scarcity of existing second- and third-century sources, but this is nevertheless permissible only if we do not impose the method, and especially the terminology, of the later authors on early grammar.
Place names on China's northern frontier
Authors: Serruys Henry
Published: January 2010

The Ming government's grave concern with the Mongols appears on every written page of the history of that era. Moreover, this obsession with the danger threatening from the north is reflected in a great number of place names. Towers, fortresses, garrison towns of every kind and description built and repeatedly repaired along the border, carried names referring directly or indirectly to the Mongols. Whenever a new construction was begun, it had to be given a name, and every often a name indicating a role in the defence of the country: in fact, these names call to mind such Russian place names as Vladivostok Domination of the East, and Vladikavkaz Domination of the Caucasus.
Indonesian manuscripts in Great Britain: Addenda et corrigenda
Authors: Ricklefs M. C. , Voorhoeve P.
Published: January 2010

Since the publication of the catalogue of manuscripts in Indonesian languages in British public collections (Ricklefs and Voorhoeve, 1977), further MSS have of course come to light, as have some of those errors which inevitably attend such a work. It seems appropriate to publish here a list of additions and substantive corrections known to the authors by the beginning of 1981. The authors of the catalogue are grateful to those librarians and scholars who have brought such things to their notice, and particularly to Dr. A. C. Milner for offering his descriptions of Malay MSS found in the Wellcome Institute for publication here.
On the form and function of pre-pronominal markers in Chadic
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: January 2010

There are several problems intimately connected with pronominal affixes in Chadic. These problems may be connected with each other and an explanation of one may possibly shed some light on other problems. The following problems will be discussed in the present paper:

(a) In several languages there exist pre-pronominal markers whose function is poorly understood. I will illustrate this problem in the example of Hausa, because it is the most familiar Chadic language and also because it is fairly typical for the situation under consideration.
Hoernle and the Jvaka-pustaka
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

Writing in 1941, in the foreword to his Khotanese texts I (Cambridge, 1945), H. W. Bailey related concerning the Jvaka-pustaka: The late Dr A. F. Rudolf Hoernle had begun a study of part of this text. Some six years ago I saw the MS on one afternoon, but when about two years later I wished to examine it, it was not to be found. I have not seen it again and do not know what Dr Hoernle had done.
Sur certains emplois d'a(n)° priv. en sanskrit, et notamment dans le Rgveda
Authors: Renou Louis
Published: January 2010

§ 1. L'importance de la formulation négative, qui définit puissamment le Sanskrit à toutes les étapes de son évolution, apparat avec clarté dès les mantra védiques. Un nombre considérable de formules ne nous sont données que sous l'aspect négatif, soit dans l'ordre de la constatation, soit dans celui de la prohibition. Certains verbes ne figurent guère qu'en proposition négative, ainsi nas- riṣ- rudh- vyath- sridh-. Il se produit très fréquemment qu'une formulation faite d'abord en termes positifs soit reprise' par voie négative (ou l'inverse, mais bien plus rarement), sous une teneur identique ou analogue: ainsi ṇo párā dāḥ, viii, 71, 7 (les références numériques sans nom d'ouvrage concernent le Rgveda), ou avec contre-partie plus stricte dviṣántam máhyaṃ randháyan mó aháṃ dviṣaté radham, i, 50, 13, párā suva/ yád bhadráṃ tán na suva, v, 82, 5. Des séries de strophes sont bâties sur le schème de la “contre-partie” on trouvera des exemples groupés à des fins particulières, pour le RV., par Oldenberg, ZDMG., lx (notamment, p. 727 sqq.); pour la TS., par Weber, Ind. Stud., xiii, p. 77 sqq. (passim); pour l'AV., par M. Gonda, Stilistische Studie over AV. i–vii, p. 33.
Sogdian Loan-words in New Persian
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

It is well known what an extraordinary power of absorbing foreign words Persian possesses. In addition to the innumerable Arabic words which since the creation of the New Persian literary language have formed an integral part of Persian speech, we have a fair number of Aramaic words 1 on the one hand, and of Eastern Iranian words on the other; in later times, there is also considerable borrowing from Turkish. It is, I think, proper to regard Eastern Iranian words in Persian as “loan-words” in the same way as, say, Arabic or Aramaic words; for no Eastern Iranian language is amongst the constituent dialects of Modern Persian, which can perhaps best be defined as the descendant of the current language of culture and commerce which developed in Persia during the Sasanian era. So far, little attention has been paid to the Eastern Iranian words in Persian. Horn, in his excellent paper on the New Persian literary language, quoted examples such as Balaχšān, Hilmand, fiš “mane”, fay, fuy “idol”, malaχ “locust”, bilist “span”, lōγḻdan “to milk”, etc., words whose phonetic habitus does not agree with the normal Persian development. To-day we are in a much more fortunate position since the Sogdian language has gradually become known to us: seen from Persia, Sogdian was by far the most important Eastern Iranian language, a language of culture, literature, and commerce, whose territory bordered on the area of Persian speech and extended towards the frontiers of China.
Various Eras and Calendars used in the Countries of Islam
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

In the first part of this article we have discussed seven different -*- eras or (to be strictly correct) different kinds of time-reckoning with or without a common era. We are now going to deal with the fourteen remaining sections of our list. But before proceeding to the discussion of the next number, I want to insert here a small note relating to No. 3, i.e. the Kharājī era in Egypt, as a complement to what has already been said in the preceding number of this Bulletin (BSOS., pp. 914–15).

Professor A. S. Tritton called my attention to a few Kharājī dates occurring in an Arabic manuscript in the British Museum (Or. 1338). On examining these dates, which belong to the fifth and early sixth centuries A.H., I find some interesting points which supplement our knowledge about that era as used in that country in the time of the Fāṭimid caliphs. This anonymous book is a history of the Monophysite patriarchs of Alexandria, from St. Mark to Matthew the 87th patriarch who died 31st December, 1408, and it must have been composed by an unknown author soon after the latter date.Some of the Kh. dates in this book are given with their corresponding dates of the Diocletian era (era of the Martyrs). These are as follows:—

Moreover, the date of the death of the Fāṭimid Caliph al-Musta‘lī, which happened in the month of Ṣafar, A.H. 495 (Hilālī) = December, A.D. 1101, is given as 491 Kh. (fol. 284b).
The Average Man in Early Islam
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

Literature is full of the saints of Islam, like the man who was so oppressed by the seriousness of life that he always looked as if he were coming from the funeral of a near relative, and another who fainted when he saw a bedouin smearing his camel with hot tar, because it reminded him of hell. It is a mistake to think that all Muslims lived up to this standard.

Even the pious ‘Umar lost his temper at a formula consecrated by religion. In reply to a question a man said, “God knows best”; the caliph told him to say either “I know” or “I do not know”.Tales told of society in Medina show that amusements tolerated there fell far short of the standard of decency demanded by religion.

There was a class of men who told edifying stories to instruct the faithful. One of them said that those, who fasted for three successive months, would have in heaven houses one thousand parasangs long, broad and high, with doors ten parasangs square. “A poor house for January,” ejaculated one of the audience. Another of these preachers said, “The name of the wolf that ate Joseph was so and so.” It was objected that no wolf ate Joseph so he corrected himself, “The name of the wolf that did not eat Joseph was so and so.”.
Muḥammad's Bond with the Women
Authors: Stern Gertrude H.
Published: January 2010

The acceptance by the early women converts of Islam and of Muḥammad as the Apostle of the new monotheistic religion is expressed usually by a stereotyped phrase, which takes the form of “so-and-so became resigned to God and made a bond with the Apostle of God”. At a later date a convert was merely required to repeat the shahādah, but Wensinck has shown that probably this creed was only evolved after Muḥammad's death. In the very early days the mere fact that a woman attended the prayer meetings held by Muḥammad was no doubt sufficient for her to be considered as a member of his community. This being so, what then was the significance of the bond made between the women converts and Muḥammad ? It was possibly made in order to give a more formal aspect to their conversion and to make solemn confession of their belief in one God and their allegiance to Muḥammad as his Apostle, as also to include their acceptance of his ordinances.
Calligraphers and Artists: A Persian Work of the late 16th Century
Authors: Edwards C. C.
Published: January 2010

I Possess a Persian manuscript, possibly unique, on calligraphers and painters of Iran. It consists of eighty-four folios with twelve lines to a page. The manuscript is unfortunately incomplete : the introduction is missing, as well as a leaf or leaves at the end. Moreover, each of the eight miniatures which it contains has had a section cut out. The script on the reverse of these miniatures is therefore mutilated.
Mandaean Polemic
Authors: Drower E.S.
Published: January 2010

The Mandaean, or Nasoraean religion is a system with no definite theology. It is, and apparently was from the first, an elaborate system of symbolical rites, meticulously preserved and performed by an hereditary priesthood. These priests, to judge by scrolls reserved for priests only, appear to have concealed gnosticconceptions in symbolical myths, personifying abstract conceptions and so veiling, even in priestly texts, high and metaphysical truths which only the especially endued could perceive if fitted to understand.
A Moroccan Amīr's Commercial Treaty with Venice of the year 913/1508
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

IN 1508 the Mediterranean port of Bādis, located on the coast of the Rīf on approximately the same meridian as Malaga, shared with Salé and Azemmour on the Atlantic the distinction of being the only Moroccan ports not occupied by either the Spanish or Portuguese. Subject to the Wattasids at Fās, at about the beginning of the sixteenth century Bādis had been granted by the reigning Wattāsidto a cousin, who for some years ruled almost independently there. Because of its geographical situation the port was of considerable interest to the Republic of Venice, two of whose merchant fleets had occasion to call there in the course of their voyages along the coasts of the Mediterranean.

Venetian interest in Bādis is illustrated by two Arabic documents: a treaty and its covering letter addressed by the Amīr of Bādis to the Doge of Venice, written in the year 1508 and concerning the establishment of commercial relations. The originals of these two documents are preserved in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV) where also, in the Libri Commemoriali, transcripts of their contemporary Italian translations are to be found. These translations are reproduced here together with the Arabic texts.
The Kaniṣka Dating From Surkh Kotal
Authors: Bivar A. D. H.
Published: January 2010

It is one of the most tantalizing features of the ancient history of southern Asia that there is no generally accepted solution to the dating problems of the Kushan dynasty. The wide divergences of opinion still current with regard to this question were well evidenced by the lively discussions which took place at the Conference on the Date of Kanishka, held at the School of Oriental and African Studies from 20 to 22 April I960. It was rightly appreciated that numerous questions of Oriental history and archaeology depend on the correct solution of this problem.
The Thalang Letters, 1773–94: Political Aspects and the Trade in Arms
Authors: Simmonds E. H. S.
Published: January 2010

Colonel Low mentioned the schemes of Francis Light and James Scott for a British occupation of Thalang or Salang (Junk Ceylon) in Logan's Journal in 1849, and, sincethen, some attention has been paid to the official sources in English on this subject. Gerini comments on ‘the silence of the local annals about such land-grabbing schemes on the part of the British’.
Adverbes sanskrits en -sāt et base radicale *sā-
Authors: Renou L.
Published: January 2010

Pānini enseigne des adverbes constitués par un élément -sāt qui s'attache à un thème nominal, et dormant avec les verbes “auxiliaires” - et bhū- (as-) des locutions périphrastiques analogues aux locutions dites “cvi” en et .

Plus précisément la formation exprime d'apres V, 4, 52, en concurrence avec les “cvi”, que le changement est à entendre comme total (kārtsnye): ex. de la Kāś. agnisād bhavati s´astram “l'arme devient (entièrement) du feu”, udakasād bhavati lavanam “le sel devient (entièrement) de l'eau”. Kārtsnye s'oppose à ekadeśena “partiellement.”
The “Archaic” Perfect Tense in Old and Modern Swahili
Authors: Bryan M. A.
Published: January 2010

The use of the “archaic” perfect tense with suffix -ile in old Swahili has been mentioned by many writers, particularly Taylor and stigand. This form of the perfect is well known in other languages, but in modern Swahili the form with prefix-me-has taken its place.
Dravidian Studies III
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

Original Dravidian k-is palatalized to c- in Tamil Malayalam and Telugu when follwed by the front vowelsi, ī, e, ē. This change takes place in the following words:-

Ta. citar to scatter, also citaṟ, Ma. citaruka, Te, cedaru; Ka. kedaru, kedaṟu, Tu. kedaruni; Ka. also cadaṟu, cedaṟu, Tu. also cadaruni.