bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assertion Revisited: On the Interpretation of Two-Dimensional Modal Semantics
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: November 2023

Beginning more than twenty-five years ago, two-dimensional modal semantics has been applied to the interpretation of speech and thought in a number of different ways. More recently, the two-dimensional semantic apparatus has been deployed (by Frank Jackson and David Chalmers, among others) in philosophical arguments about the role of conceptual analysis and reductive explanation, and in the clarification of the notions of a priori knowledge and truth. Different philosophers have applied the apparatus to examples in the same way, bur have given contrasting interpretations of those applications, and have drawn different philosophical conclusions about their significance. My intention in this paper is to try to clarify the question of interpretation, and the contrasting ways of answering it. I will defend one kind of interpretation, but my main aim is to draw a contrast between two very different ways of thinking about intentionality that I think are implicit in the different ways of understanding the framework. I will begin with a look back at my own early attempts to deploy this framework, at the way I understood the problem to which it was a response, and the way I was interpreting it. Second, I will sketch a contrasting interpretation, which generalizes David Kaplan’s semantics for context-dependent expressions. Third, I will look at David Chalmers’s different way of contrasting the different interpretations, and at the account that he defends. Finally, I will describe and criticize the internalise approach to intentionality that I think is required by the alternative interpretations of the two-dimensional semantic framework.
Two-Dimensionalism and Kripkean A Posteriori Necessity
Authors: Wong Kai-Yee
Published: November 2023

Three decades on, despite wide acceptance of Kripke’s examples of necessary a posteriori truths, the question of how to explain such truths is still very much alive. A notable, extremely promising approach is the two-dimensional strategy, which derives from various writings on ‘Naming and Necessity’ (Kripke 1972) by Marcin Davies and Lloyd Humberstone (1980), David Kaplan (1989), David Lewis (1981), Robert Stalnaker (I 978), and, most recently and explicitly, David Chalmers (1996, 2004), Frank Jackson (1998) and Kai-Yee Wong (1990, 1996a). Yet, as I will argue, most proponents of the two-dimensional approach seem unaware of, or have paid inadequate attention to, a serious objection, one that threatens to undermine not only their particular arguments, but the very idea of a two-dimensional explanation of a posteriori necessity. In this essay, I will explain this objection, the dualproposition problem, by explicating the associated-proposition strategy that underpins the explanations proposed by Jackson and Chalmers. I will also indicate how I think two-dimensionalists can best respond to chis threat.
Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

Journalists often claim that they write the first draft of history, but few historians examine the press in detail when preparing later drafts. This book demonstrates the value of popular newspapers as a historical source by using them to explore the attitudes and identites of inter-war Britain, and in particular the reshaping of femininity and masculinity. It provides a fresh insight into a period of great significance in the making of twentieth century gender identities, when women and men were coming to terms with the upheavals of the Great War, the arrival of democracy, and rapid social change. The book also deepens our understanding of the development of the modern media by showing how newspaper editors, in the fierce competition for readers, developed a template for the popular press that is still influential today.
The Evolution of the Popular Daily Press
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

Inter-war popular journalism was conducted in the shadow of Lord North diffe, the founder of the first two million-selling daily papers, the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror. To his admirers, such as his self-appointed heir Lord Beaverbrook, he was the ‘greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street’; to his detractors he was the man ‘whose interference with reading habits alone . . . effectively put literature out of the reach of the average man’. Few doubted his cultural significance, however, or the influence of his model for the popular daily newspaper. The launch of the Daily Mail in May 1896 quickly became a landmark in press history to match the ending of the ‘taxes on knowledge’.
The Discourse of Modernity
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

The behaviour of young men and women is scrutinized and criticized in the journalism and literature of all modern societies. The belief that the corning generation will challenge or undermine the standards of the present is a recurring human theme. Those women who defied the conventions of femininity in Victorian and Edwardian England were certainly no exception. Eliza Lynn Lintons famous attack on ‘the Girl of the Period’ in the Saturday Review in 1868 sparked off a heated controversy in the press; the so-called ‘New Woman’ of the 1890s, and the pre-war suffragettes, similarly provoked extensive debates in newspapers and magazines.
Masculinity: Ideals and Anxieties
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

By the 1930s the popular daily press had embraced the female reading audience so conspicuously that it was difficult to regard newspapers any longer as directed above all at men. For some observers this was a matter of great regret. For others, however, it signaled a commercial opportunity. In December 1935 C. Arthur Pearson Ltd, the publishing company established by the founder of the Daily Express, launched Men Only, the first lifestyle magazine in Britain specifically for men, to try to capitalize on a perceived gap in the market. The new magazine was necessary, argued its editor, because the rest of the media was effeminate, offering only ‘castrated nonsense’. Every daily paper was now afraid to ‘fully and fairly support’ the ‘man’s point of view ’ in case it lost the ‘draper’s advertisements’.
Emergence and Transcendence
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have sought to defend emergence theory on the basis of contemporary science. It is helpful to review the course of the argument to this point: the one natural world exhibits different kinds of properties at different levels, and different kinds of causation are at work at these various levels. There may be a very large number of such levels, with subtle gradations between them, or there may be a smaller number of basic levels. Mind or mental properties present us with an especially clear, albeit an especially difficult, example of emergence. Conscious states and experiences are not found in the individual neurons; they emerge out of the massively complex system that is the human brain.
Between the Old and the Middle of English
Authors: Cannon Christopher
Published: November 2023

This unified world created by the human Spirit is itself a complete entirety, which, in the determinate form of its existence, is objectively valid, and in essential relation with which every unit of our common humanity who is actively engaged with the vital concerns of art must infallibly remain.’Middle English’, it has recently been observed, is a’rather funny period’, a whole only assembled by a’very mixed bag’ of linguistic criteria, a cate- gory wholly vulnerable to the very logic by which it has been confected (as Roger Lass has shown, a very simple thought experiment can summon up a past moment when what we now call the’Middle’ was effectively’Modern’ as well as a future moment, sufficiently remote, in which the’Modern’ will fall squarely in the middle of the past).
Analytical Survey : Actually Existing Anglo-Saxon Studies
Authors: Lees Clare A
Published: November 2023

Anglo Saxon Studies is a thriving discipline, whether we consider the number of books, editions, and articles published each year (which appears to be both steady and increasing) or examine the activity of publication series.1 The field’s self-representation in the form of dedicated journals, newsletters, and professional organizations is lively. Research in the discipline is more securely supported than ever before by the Toronto Old English Dictionary, with its on-line corpus, as well as by the two projects on the sources of Anglo-Saxon writing: Fontes Anglo Saxonici and its sister project, the Sources of Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture (SASLC).
The Queen
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

The main function of Queen Anne in Pope’s design is almost self-evident. She appears in the role of ‘Great Anna’ (327)she reigns, too, as ‘the British Queen’ (384) an authentic monarch, and the last of the Stuart line with an indefeasible right to the throne. For, whatever the claims of James Francis Edward were, he could not possibly have aspired to an uncontested succession. Since she was a bulwark of the Church of England and a professed supporter of the Protestant succession, the poet might enlist Anne without incurring charges of disloyalty or open Jacobitism. Her longing to pass on the crown to her own offspring had finally disappeared with the death of the young Duke of Gloucester in 1700, and by the time she came to the throne she had, however reluctantly, accepted the fact that the Hanoverians would in due course succeed her. But many contemporaries would have understood Churchill’s remark that ‘at heart she was a Protestant-Jacobite.
The War and the Peace
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to make full sense of Windsor-Forest without understanding something of the peace process. The tortuous negotiations went on for two years, although this was by no means the first attempt to bring the long drawn-out War of the Spanish Succession toward a conclusion. Like it or not, Pope was entering a fierce public debate. His aim was primarily to endorse the settlement at Utrecht, without elaborating on its detailed provisions. He wished to celebrate the Queen, who had not disguised her wish to see an end to a conflict which had dragged on relentlessly since the opening weeks of her reign. At the same time that the poem recognized Anne as the titular architect of the peace, it implicitly endorsed the part played by Oxford and Bolingbroke, along with lesser instruments of government policy.
Classical and Renaissance Literature
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

Far more than any other eighteenth-century writer, Pope belongs to the mainstream of English poetry as it had evolved across the centuries, and Windsor-Forest demonstrates this fact more comprehensively than any other of his works. Yet to see the poem as a decisive stage in Pope’s development as a writer carries with it a wholesale reconfiguration of his career.We have generally thought of The Rape ofthe Lock as the culmination of his early career, and arguably it is the poet’s greatest achievement in the first part of his life, or at least prior to the translations of Homer.
Clusters, Networks and Innovation
Authors: Malerba Breschi
Published: November 2023

Governments and regional authorities often express the belief that the key to prosperity and economic expansion is related to the ability of countries to sustain regional clusters of competitiveness and innovation. The book reviews the most important conceptual approaches to the analysis of the emergence, growth and evolution of clusters of innovation. Drawing from the different experiences of industrial districts and high-tech regions such as Silicon Valley, Boston ‘s biotech region, and Hsinchu-Taipei, the contributions in this book offer a broad interpretative framework and policy implications for the creation and strengthening of competitive clusters. Themes include the wide variety of existing clusters and the diversity in their emergence and growth;the international mobility of factors and demand linkages; the role of different network types and the social setting;the accumulation of capabilities in key large actors and the importance of spinoffs and new firm formation;the role of different learning regimes and sectoral specificities;the importance of social networks, labour mobility, and face-to-face contacts as vehicles of knowledge spillovers. Broad implications are drawn for the design of policies to encourage successful economic clusters in developed and developing clusters.
Pindar and the Cult of Heroes
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

Pindar and the Cult of Heroes combines a study of Greek culture and religion (hero cult) with a literary-critical study of Pindar's epinician poetry. It looks at hero cult generally, but focuses especially on heroization in the 5th century BC. There are individual chapters on the heroization of war dead, of athletes, and on the religious treatment of the living in the 5th century. Hero cult, Bruno Currie argues, could be anticipated, in different ways, in a person's lifetime. Epinician poetry too should be interpreted in the light of this cultural context; fundamentally, this genre explores the patron's religious status. The book features extensive studies of Pindar's Pythians 2, 3, 5, Isthmian 7, and Nemean 7.
Choregic Monuments and the Athenian Democracy*
Authors: Goette Hans Rupprecht
Published: November 2023

The Athenian democracy financed a substantial range of benefits for the citizens and the polis, including cultural events, by means of private sponsorship, that is, through the agency of wealthy citizens designated as choregoi. Such sponsorship took many diﬀerent forms –– for example the trierarchs, the gymnasiarchs, and the choregoi for many festivals and competitions. This chapter is mostly concerned with the votive erings erected by choregoi after victories in dithyrambic competitions in the Athenian theatre. A careful examination of the types of these choregic monuments, especially in their monumental architectural form, indicates that they provided a forum not only for remarkable innovation, but also oﬀered a means for leading citizens to proclaim their importance to the democratic community. As we will see, this role of the publicly endorsed victory monument, the result of private achievement, takes many forms and changes over time.
A Horse from Teos: Epigraphical Notes on the Ionian–Hellespontine Association of Dionysiac Artists*
Authors: Ma John
Published: November 2023

The ancient Ionian city of Teos is important and interesting, especially in the context of a volume on the ‘epigraphy of the Greek theatre’; it deserves to be presented briefly. Teian epigraphy is abundant, and rich in famous texts: the wealth of epigraphy reflects the twofold articulation of Teian history, which it shares with many other poleis: as a smaller entity caught in the high politics of war and conquest; as a stable actor in its own history, living its life as a political unit and pursuing its own aims at a regional scale.
Introduction: Greeks, Romans, and Athletics in the Roman World
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: November 2023

During the course of the Wrst three centuries ad, Greek athletics came to play a dominant role in the cultural life of the Roman empire. From ancient Games such as those at Olympia or Delphi, to the newer festivals which sprang up around the Mediterranean world, festival culture was thriving, and successful athletes could achieve an almost heroic status. In art and literature too, athletic subjects were omnipresent. Idealized statues of athletes thronged baths, gymnasia, and villas across both east and west of the empire, while Xoor mosaics decorated with athletic scenes attested to the popularity of Greek athletics as a spectacle in the Roman west. The Greek literature of the period also included a number of pieces which take athletics as their theme, such as Dio Chrysostom’s orations for the dead athlete Melancomas, Lucian’s comic debate between Solon and Anacharsis on the values of athletic activity, or Philostratus’ defence of gymnastic training in the Gymnasticus.
Idealized Statues in Roman Villas
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters I explored the literary and visual evidence that suggests that Greek athletic festivals and training became more and more popular at Rome, and elsewhere in the western provinces, throughout the course of the Wrst three cen- turies ad. The mosaic imagery of the baths, in particular, suggests that Roman bathers were keen to associate their own physical exercises with the contests that took place in public spectacles and festivals. However, in my discussion of the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, I also suggested that the portrait-like images of con- temporary athletes displayed on the palaestra mosaics would have gained extra resonances when seen alongside the display of idealizing athletic statuary in the frigidarium. While these statues evoked the classical Greek past, often embodied in replicas of artworks attributed to famous sculptors like Myron, Polycleitus, and Lysippus, the mosaics suggested the competitive festival culture which was thriving in the Roman empire. Those exercising in the baths could choose to see themselves both as the heirs of the classical victor statues and as the equals of the sporting heroes so popular in the contemporary world.
Engineering Studies
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

Ludwig left school in the summer of 1906: the years from then until the end or towards the end of 1912 were, he told von Wright, ones of constant unhappiness. The unhappiness appeared in, and probably it was largely caused by, the difficulty he had in choosing an occupation. He was unusually free in this respect, because his father’s wealth made it possible for him at an time to change his place or subject of study.
Cambridge 1911–12
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

In The autumn of 1911 Wittgenstein took a step which was to prove decisive. Instead of returning to Manchester according to plan, he went to Cambridge to attend Russell’s lectures. No previous arrangements had been made with Russell, nor with the university or any college, and Wittgenstein was not in fact matriculated until February 1912. His coming there had all the marks of an impulsive decision and of an experiment. Various accounts have been given of the events that led up to it.
The War 1914–18
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

Austria is now our theme, Austria and the last days of an empire and culture whose variety, whose failings, and whose charm mirrored human nature itself. Through those last days and through their sad aftermath, Wittgenstein was to live, largely by choice, among his countrymen, sharing at times (largely by choice) dangers, privation, and humiliation, at others the rarefied idealism and carefully unostentatious wealth of his family.
Tractatus 1921–22
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

The book we treat separately because it had a career of its own. In its content we shall see that it mirrored its author’s career to that time. Its mode of publication also had about it something characteristic of him: he left his work for others to decide on and to do as they would with. It was to be the same with his later writings. All was to be as God willed, as he said earlier when he had his manuscripts sent to him through the field post.
The Perils of Dogmatism
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

‘Dogmatism’ is a term renovated by James Pryor (2000) to stand for a certain kind of neo-Moorean response to scepticism and an associated conception of the architecture of basic perceptual warrant. Pryor runs the response only for (some kinds of ) perceptual knowledge but here I will be concerned with its general structure and potential as a possible global anti-sceptical strategy. Something like it is arguably also present in recent writings of Burge and Peacocke. If the global strategy could succeed, it would pre-empt any role in the diagnosis and treatment of sceptical paradoxes for the kind of notion of entitlement (rational, nonevidential warrant) I have proposed elsewhere (Wright 2004). But my overarching contention will be that dogmatism is, generally and locally, too problematic a stance to be helpful in that project.
Fixing the Transmission: The New Mooreans
Authors: Neta Ram
Published: November 2023

Some of the things that now exist have both of the following two features: first, they exist in space; and second, they can exist even if no one is conscious of them. For instance, the planet Earth exists in space, and it can exist even if no one is conscious of it. The Atlantic Ocean exists in space, and it can exist even if no one is conscious of it. Following G. E. Moore, let’s use the term ‘external things’ to denote all such things— things that exist in space, and that can exist even if no one is conscious of them. Using this terminology, we may say, then, that there now exist some external things. The planet Earth, the Atlantic Ocean, and human hands are among the many external things that now exist.
Moore’s Anti-skeptical Strategies
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

Moore is best known for his distinctive critiques of idealism and of skepticism. Few philosophers have defended idealism against him, because since his day few have defended idealism at all. But skeptics and their sympathizers have spoken out. For the most part, their responses have been shallow dismissals— that Moore has begged the question, that his privileging of ‘common sense’ is arbitrary and dogmatic, etc.— though there have been more extensive rebuttals as well.
Moore’s Common Sense
Authors: Coady C A J
Published: November 2023

G. E. Moore made many important contributions to philosophy, but it is fair to say that his views on common sense are what most come to mind when his name is mentioned today. Many philosophers reject the views out of hand; others admire them; and many, perhaps most, are puzzled by them. My aim is to evaluate them and their significance for the practice of philosophy.
Can the Dead Speak?
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

After G. E. Moore suffered a stroke, his physician advised against excitement or fatigue (Malcolm 1958, 67). Accordingly, Moore’s wife limited his philosophical conversations to 90 minutes. Ludwig Wittgenstein disapproved. A conversation with Moore should continue until it reached a proper ending. Moore had spent his whole life in the pursuit of truth. If he collapsed in the course of philosophical discussion, that would be a fitting death.
Desiring to Desire: Russell, Lewis and G. E Moore
Authors: Pigden Charles R
Published: November 2023

I Moore’s Warning

‘I am the person Moore warned you against,’ joked David Lewis before reading his now famous paper, ‘Dispositional Theories of Value’, to the Aristotelian Society in 1989.³ The alleged warning occurs in §13 of Principia Ethica,⁴ the crucial passage in which Moore expounds the Open Question Argument. ‘To take, for instance one of the more plausible, because one of the more complicated of such [naturalistic] definitions,it may easily be thought, at first sight, that to be good may mean to be that which we desire to desire’ (PE, §13).
What’s Right with the Open Question Argument
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: November 2023

The substantive issues of moral ontology raised by G. E. Moore’s Open Question Argument (OQA) are bound up with difficult problems of knowledge, language, and philosophical analysis. Offered as a refutation of ethical naturalism, the OQA has been thought to founder on some such problems, as can be seen from the long and varied history of attempted rebuttals it has inspired. In spite of widespread objections, however, the argument has remained a central point of contention in the naturalism/non-naturalism debate, rivaled in longevity among Moore’s most controversial arguments not even by his 1939 ‘Proof of an External World’.
Non-naturalism
Authors: Shaver Robert
Published: November 2023

Non-naturalism has a musty reputation, redolent of Oxbridge dons delivering the opinions of the ‘best and most enlightened of men’ who perceive goodness just as mortals perceive yellowness (Ross 1939, 172; also Ross 1988, 41). In histories, it is noted chiefly as the theory so unacceptable that it inspired the non-cognitivists.
Beyond Moore’s Utilitarianism∗
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: November 2023

Throughout his career, Moore is conspicuous as a self-critic. His rhetoric in the first edition of Principia Ethica against Bentham, Mill, Spencer, and others is often extremely harsh, but it is hardly less harsh when, a few years later, in the preface to the second edition, he assesses his own previous arguments. Even at the end of his career he is constantly accusing his former self of ‘sheer mistakes’ and of making claims that were ‘certainly wrong’ or ‘utterly silly and preposterous’. It therefore seems to me most in the spirit of Moore to carry on this form of criticism, and to assume that he is capable of making claims that are manifestly false. This is what I intend to do in what follows. For, like the latter Moore, I think the former Moore had many essential points essentially correct. Yet, like the latter Moore, I think the former Moore was confused in many ways, overlooked huge distinctions, and often offered us assumptions instead of arguments.
Nineteenth-Century Kenotic Christology: The Waxing, Waning, and Weighing of a Quest for a Coherent Orthodoxy
Authors: Thompson Thomas R
Published: November 2023

Every Christology of Incarnational tack celebrates a kenotic motif. Only the most docetic of Christological models depreciate the deigning grace of God the Son, who though rich became poor for our sakes. Such impugn the gospel witness: that the wisdom of God is uniquely cruciform, and therefore humble and meek-a refinement in the doctrine of God that many Greeks found unpalatably foolish. At the heart of its confession, the catholic church has long affirmed the humbling, self-accommodating, lisping humanity of God. In this broad thematic sense a ‘kenotic Christology’ is rather a tautology, much like a ‘theology of hope’.
The Logic of Assumption
Authors: Driel Edwin Chr. van
Published: November 2023

Most chapters of this volume are concerned with a constructive discussion of kenotic Christology. Most of them, however, also include a polemic twist, the object of which is what I call classical Christology: the post-Chalcedonian Christology of the Middle Ages, the Reformers, and Roman-Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed scholastic theology. Both classical and kenotic theologians are influenced by the language of Chalcedon: at once complete in Godhead and complete in manhood, truly God and truly man, ... one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only begotten, recognized in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation; the difference between the two natures being in no way annulled by the union, but rather the properties of each nature being preserved and concurring into one person and supposit.
Early Christianity in Michael Neander’s Greek–Latin Edition of Luther’s Catechism
Authors: Backus Irena
Published: November 2023

Michael Neander, who to this day has not been the subject of an in-depth study, is generally considered to be one of the most eminent educators of his day.1 Born Michael Neumann in 1525 in Sorau, he began studying in Wittenberg in 1543. We know that he attended Luther’s lectures and those of Justus Jonas and that he came to know Luther personally. His special mentor, however, was the ‘praeceptor Germaniae’ himself, Philip Melanchthon. Thus, as Neander had to leave Wittenberg in 1547 after the battle of Muühlberg, Melanchthon and Jonas recommended him as collaborator to the school at Nordhausen, where he was soon promoted to the post of co-rector.
Hermeneutic Circling: Empson, Rosemund Tuve, and the ‘Wimsatt Law’
Authors: Fry Paul H
Published: November 2023

In ‘The Marriage of Marvell’, William Empson challenges a 1939 article by one Fred Tupper claiming that Marvell never married his housekeeper. The dispute is full of side issues, and when at length Empson tires of all the parry and thrust, he turns on his opponent: ‘The fatal weakness of Tupper’, says Empson, ‘is that he has no sense of character’ ( UB 51). This round assertion makes the point I want to come back to in the end. For Empson, to grasp an intention is to have a sense of character, to know, like the magistrate Fielding, what a certain person would think or do in certain circumstances.1 The wonderfully Dickensian Tupper is a character who has no sense of character: in the spirit of this observation we infer that the critic is to approach an author or author’s character (e.g. Joyce’s Bloom) just as a novelist divines the motives of a character.
Monogamy and the Next Step? Empson and the Future of Love in Einstein’s Universe
Authors: Price Katy
Published: November 2023

Empson left ‘Letter IV’ out of his Poems (1935) because, as he later explained, ‘the basic feelings seemed to have nothing to do with the moral, arrived at by allegorizing Eddington; it seemed sententious.’1 Characteristically, this raises more puzzles than it resolves: the basic feelings, the moral, and the allegory from Eddington are far from straightforward. Empson probably never performed the poem in public, describing it years later as ‘very much about a neurotic condition, and not I think suitable for a poetry-reading’ ( CP 273). Still less than satisfied when preparing his Collected Poems (1949, 1955) he published no further clues. Surrounded by more evidently successful and inviting pieces in that collection, the fourth Letter has drawn scant critical patience.
Form’s Matter: A Retrospective
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

What is form? Why might form matter? Why does this word continue to worry our accounts of art? The word is utterly familiar, yet also unspecific, abstract, aloof. In literary criticism at least, it tends to figure without articles, not as a form or the form, or even the form of, but just ‘form’—as if it were one of those ‘essential Forms’1 which Plato placed beyond the world of passing appearances, ‘unchangeably in the same state for ever’.2 Those however, Plato also admits, ‘manifest themselves in a great variety of combinations, with actions, with material things, and with one another’.3 Somehow this platonic problem, of form which is both ‘essential’, yet becomes visible or ‘manifest’ in ‘material things’, transfers to the word itself. It is an abstraction from matter, removed and immaterial; but it is also subtly inflected towards matter. As a word it holds off from objects, being nothing but form, pure and singular; at the same time, its whole bent is towards materialization, towards being the shape or body of something.
Just a Word: On Woolf
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

Woolf is a novelist with a poet’s sense of the word. It is not just that she writes poetically, with a feel for verbal colour and affect, but that she finds in words, certain words in particular, a structuring device which is part of the story. Words, for Woolf, can have the poetic tangibility of solid objects. Her prose turns them over and over, till they ring unfamiliarly in the ear. She can thus, through repetition, make a word sound resistant and palpable, not a clear opening to sense which allows a meaning to pass, but thick with its own shape—indeed, just a word. Such words remain set against representation, their object to miss their object (in both senses of ‘miss’) and to call attention to themselves instead.
Spirits of the Dead
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: November 2023

Spirits of the Dead examines the importance attached to preserving the memory of the dead in the Roman world, and explores the ways in which funerary inscriptions can be used to reconstruct Roman lives, however fragmentarily and imperfectly. It is the only study to examine epigraphic, historical, and archaeological evidence in order to gain insight into the way Romans used funerary texts to establish a dialogue with their own society. Maureen Carroll brings together a large body of material from many geographical areas, shedding light on provincial and regional variation in funerary commemoration and even on the differences between funerary traditions of neighbouring towns.
Fasti Sacerdotum
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

This magisterial compilation personalizes and historicizes the history of religion in the city of Rome. After introductory essays on the documentary sources for the various Greek, Roman, Oriental, Jewish, and Christian cults in question, there are yearly lists of religious office-holders of various kinds, followed by 4,000 biographies of individuals who fulfilled ritual, organizational, or doctrinal roles. Concluding chapters discuss important aspects of Roman religion and its relationship with the state. The data assembled here will open up many new perspectives: on the social place of religion and certain cults, on the interplay between different religious groups, and on the organizational history of individual cults. The volume as a whole signifies a major advance in our understanding of ancient religions.
How To Use The Annual Lists And Biographies
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

Priesthoods and functions are listed in annual compilations in a fixed sequence. Where no member or office- bearer can be named, even if the existence of the group or organization may be inferred on the basis of literary sources, the category is omitted. For years where this occurs, an attempt is made to establish activities that can be dated with certainty. These are then marked with an ‘X’ to indicate one or more anonymous individuals who can- not be identified, and a brief explanation is given in an associated footnote.
Structural Change In The Cult Of Jupiter Dolichenus: Observations On The Inscriptions Of The Aventine Dolichenum 1
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

In the course of the second century ad the Roman Empire, and especially the provinces of the north-west frontier from Britain to the Balkans, saw the spread of a cult in which the name of the principal god worshipped, Jupiter (Optimus Maximus) Dolichenus, and the image of the bearded god carrying a double axe and mounted on a steer, already prevalent in the ancient Orient, appear to have acquired a common identity. Despite clear indications as to the origin of the phenomenon—the cults of the town of Doliche-in the Commagene, thus in the extreme north of the later province of Syria—the real contemporary associations with this centre remain uncertain. As with many other cults that are apparently identical throughout the Empire, any organizational association is problematic, and an analysis of local processes of enculturation indicated.
Expressivity: the Romantic theory of authorship
Authors: Bennett Andrew
Published: November 2023

In the most famous sentence from the most famous of his essays, ‘The Death of the Author’ (1967), Roland Barthes declares that the literary text is ‘a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture’. The statement eliminates the author from the definition of the text. Instead, for Barthes, the text is purely textual, and the author nowhere to be seen, radically absent, ‘dead’. Since the author has been pronounced ‘dead’, we must talk instead about a functionary called the ‘writer’ or ‘scriptor’. The writer or scriptor, Barthes proposes, originates nothing. Instead, he or she simply ‘imitate[s] a gesture that is always anterior’.
William Empson: from verbal analysis to cultural criticism
Authors: Fuller David
Published: November 2023

William Empson was a theoretical anarchist. He regarded verbal analysis as primary, but he was otherwise led by the needs of the particular case, and might be led almost anywhere—to popular culture or heterodox learning; textual variants or an author’s life, conscious and unconscious; the first audience or the history of a work’s meanings; science or religions, Western and Eastern; the relationship of a writer or work to his own personal experience, or his rationalist ethical views. He wrote about poetry, plays, and novels, and considered work from The Epic of Gilgamesh to contemporaries. His written style—by turns comic or combative, passionate or ironic—is notably idiosyncratic.
The Hardboiled Detective as Moralist: Ethics in Crime Fiction
Authors: Berges Sandrine
Published: November 2023

Although much has been written to show that literature can influence the moral character, the consensus seems to be that novels which are hard to read are good for you, and those which are not are bad. If that is the case, rather than a mere prejudice on the writers’ parts, then the view that literature is morally valuable is paradoxical. What is the point of something being useful for moral education if it is only accessible to a minority of adult readers? If novels are to form a part of moral education, then they had better be accessible to most readers at an age where their characters are not yet fully formed. So it would be nice if novels which do not fall into the category of ‘high literature’, but not into the junk-fiction category either, were good for one’s character. The argument of this chapter is that a certain kind of genre fiction can be morally valuable: the modern hardboiled detective novel. I shall begin, however, by arguing for the broader claim that literature in general, and fiction such as novels in particular, can be morally valuable.
Mixed Determinates: Pleasure, Good, and Truth
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore
Published: November 2023

I shall argue that Aristotle does not deliver on his promise. We shall investigate the notion of things ‘pleasant by nature’ ( ta physei hêdea ) and find that it does not secure the pleasant and conflict-free life that Aristotle describes. What is of interest in this investigation is not only the lost paradise, it is also the fact that the search reveals an Aristotelian doctrine about the way that human ends, and ends of nature, realize themselves as mixed determinates. Significantly, we shall find that the doctrine of mixed determinates is a theme that recurs across Aristotle’s thought, extending to the good, the true, and beyond.
Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: November 2023

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) is the founder of modern theater, and his plays are performed all over the world. Yet in spite of his unquestioned status as a classic of the stage, Ibsen is often dismissed as a boring old realist, whose plays are of interest only because they remain the gateway to modern theater. In Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism, Toril Moi makes a powerful case not just for Ibsen's modernity, but also for his modernism. Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism situates Ibsen in his cultural context, emphasizes his position as a Norwegian in European culture, and shows how important painting and other visual arts were for his aesthetic education. The book rewrites literary history, reminding modern readers that idealism was the dominant aesthetic paradigm of the nineteenth century. Modernism was born in the ruins of idealism, Moi argues, thus challenging traditional theories of the opposition between realism and modernism. By reading Ibsen's modernist plays as investigations of the fate of love in an age of skepticism, Moi shows why Ibsen still matters to us. In this book, Ibsen's plays are showed to be profoundly concerned by theater and theatricality, both on stage and in everyday life. Ibsen's unsettling explorations of women, men, and marriage here emerge as chronicles of the tension between skepticism and the everyday, and between critique and utopia in modernity. This radical new account places Ibsen in his rightful place alongside Baudelaire, Flaubert, and Manet as a founder of European modernism.
Debating Patronage: The Cases of Argos and Corinth
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the circumstances of, and motivation for, patronage of epinikian poets, and of Pindar in particular, in relation both to other forms of elite status expression and to the various charges upon local elites in the provision of athletic festivals and facilities during the early fifth century. The Archaic cultural heritage of Pindar’s poetry is often emphasized. Yet as is widely acknowledged, the immediate, fifth-century, circumstances of the commissions which he fulfilled add a critical dimension. How this should be understood is, however, more problematic. Arguments have ranged from a perceived (and surely erroneous) contrast between the ‘conservatism’ of the old oligarchies who patronized Pindar and ‘advanced’ new democracies like Athens, to the rise of new money trying to buy into the values of the old aristocracy.
South Asia and Southeast Asia
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

Asia has served as a magnet for invaders from Europe ever since Alexander the Great turned back reluctantly from what is now Pakistan. South and Southeast Asia presented Europeans with climates and demographic densities that did not encourage settlement, although they offered ample opportunities for trade and territorial control. The British were the most successful among European colonizers in Asia. This chapter surveys the growth of Asian poetry in English in a context where national and postcolonial agendas focus on keeping multi-racial and multicultural societies on the path to modernity, and English prevails as the language of internal unity and international globalization.
The Caribbean
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

The chief feature of Caribbean societies is their extreme heterogeneity, which is the product of several centuries of slavery and indentured labour organized into plantation colonies in order to generate profit for Europeans. The contemporary Caribbean is also notable for a restless energy that domesticates language to local rhythms and intonations, while propelling many of its writers into diasporic movement from the homes to which their ancestors were transplanted. Caribbean plurality partakes equally of the exuberant and the troubled. Its logic of self-discovery is driven by a powerful sense of collective displacement.
The settler countries
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

The earliest poets to use English outside Britain came from the settler regions of the British Empire. Regional traditions grew in self-confidence as the strings that attached settlements to Britain became attenuated. Poets and critics from North America, Australia, New Zealand, and white South Africa do not generally see their poetic traditions as part of the narrative of postcolonial poetry. Their view of the national literature recognizes a colonial period, but rarely uses ‘postcolonial’ to refer either to the period or the processes that show political self-rule translated by writers into cultural self-confidence. Yet the development of local traditions in the settler countries depended on struggling to overcome colonial dependency long after political autonomy was accomplished. Their path to literary self-confidence ran roughly parallel, but prior, to the processes of cultural decolonization in non-settler colonies. A comparative view of developments in the settler countries thus contributes significantly to a broad-based account of postcolonial poetry in English.
Techniques of self-representation
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

The consolidation of local traditions in the former colonies has depended on the capacity of poets to take on the challenges of selfrepresentation in a cultural climate relatively free of cultural cringe. The struggle to achieve that freedom is here illustrated in three case studies. The first shows African poets from the 1960s and ‘70s learning to use indigenous myths in a context informed by modernist writing. The second traces the growth of confidence in contemporary writing by women, chiefly from the Caribbean. The third examines the scope for creative overlap between a postcolonial predicament and a postmodern sensibility, as exemplified by the bilingual work of a poet from South Asia. The extended treatment given his work is meant to show how the literal and metaphorical activity of translation is at work in the spread of modernist and postmodernist practices to postcolonial poetry.
Lessons from health technology assessment
Authors: Culyer Anthony J , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

Economic evaluation is widely used to assist decision making in health care. The forms most commonly met are cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost–utility analysis (CUA). These methods are well-suited to one of the objectives common to many health care systems in developed countries, which is to maximize health subject to a budget constraint. One of the reasons why many societies do not rely completely on private markets for health care and health insurance is that markets are imperfect and do not always generate efficient outcomes. Another reason is that societies may have strong views on distribution of health and health care, issues that are not easily addressed through private markets alone.
The evolutionary ecology of the immune response
Authors: Sorci Gabriele , Boulinier Thierry , Gauthier-Clerc Michel , Faivre Bruno
Published: November 2023

The immune system is without doubt one of the most important physiological functions, crucial for individual survival. Our bodies witness a daily fight between invading micro-organisms and immune defences. Given the importance of the immune system for human and animal health, immunology has a central place within the life sciences, as witnessed by the number of Nobel prizes won by eminent immunologists.

Immunology aims to study the effectors of immunity and to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex cascades and interactions between effectors. However, even though study of the mechanisms is necessary, understanding the outcome of the interaction between hosts and pathogens cannot be achieved unless we acknowledge the evolutionary forces that have shaped host defences as we see them now.
Parasitism and regulation of the host population
Authors: Morand Serge , Deter Julie
Published: November 2023

Parasites are found in all living organisms. Parasite diversity is reflected in the number of parasite species (probably half of all living species), but also in terms of their life cycles (direct vs. indirect) or their size (from a few micrometres to metres). As a result of their impact on host reproduction, growth, and survival, parasites can be important agents regulating populations, communities, and ecosystems. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate, using several simple theoretical approaches, the role of parasites in the regulation of host populations.

It is first necessary to introduce some basic facts. First, we describe the heterogeneity in parasite distribution among host populations or communities. Secondly, we consider parasite virulence as a measure of the impact of parasites on hosts.
Christ Church Oxford, the Ancients-Moderns Controversy, and the Promotion of Newton in Post-Revolutionary England
Authors: Friesen John
Published: November 2023

After the Glorious Revolution, Christ Church Oxford was known as a centre for Toryism, High Anglicanism, and classical studies. The college was the home of Francis Atterbury: Dean of Christ Church (1710–1713), leader of the Christ Church wits in the ancients-moderns dispute (or Battle of the Books), and opponent of the Whig Hanoverian regime. Given large claims made for the superiority of modern knowledge in the late seventeenth century, the following statement by Atterbury is significant. Writing to his French correspondent Nicholas-Claude Thierot on Fontenelle’s eulogy of Newton after his death, Atterbury commented: M. Fontenelle’s praise of Sir Isaac’s modesty (and of modesty in general) is to me the most pleasing part of that description he has given us of him.