bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sliding Scale in the Management of Allergic Conjunctivitis
Authors: Jamil Ahmad Zeeshan , Ali Bahoo Muhammad Luqman , Kamal Zahid , Rizwan Muhammad , Ovais Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To verify the usability of the sliding scale in the management of allergic conjunctivitis.

Study Design:  Quasi-Experimental.

Place and Duration of Study:  District Headquarter Teaching Hospital/Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, from January 2016 to December 2019.

Methods:  A sliding scale was developed and used to score the severity of the ocular allergy. Patients were instructed to use the sliding scale to adjust the treatment regimen and follow-up at regular intervals. At baseline and at third follow-up visit, sliding scale score and use of drug regimens were noted. At third follow-up visit patient’s satisfaction and disease control were documented.

Results:  There were 398 patients. Mean age of Patients was 29.45 ± 18.77 years. At baseline, 62.8% of patients were using topical steroids while at third follow-up visit only 5% of patients were using topical steroids. Mean interval of patients’ visit to the hospital was 8.53 ± 1.44 weeks. Nonparametric Mann Whitney test was used to calculate the difference in means of sliding scale scores at baseline (4.49 ± 2.39) and third follow-up visit (1.03 ± 1.68). Z score value was -16.917 and significance was 0.000.For patient’s satisfaction at third follow-up visit Chi-square value was 263.759 with significance value of 0.000. For disease control at third follow-up visit chi-square value was 223.123 with significance value of 0.000.

Conclusion:  Use of sliding scale in the management of allergic conjunctivitis was well accepted by the patients. It helped in disease control with minimal use of topical steroids and less frequent visits to the hospital.

Key Words:  Allergic Conjunctivitis, Steroids, Trantas dots.
Current Trends in Treating Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Brief Narrative Review
Authors: Salducci Mauro
Published: April 2021

The Author, after examining the historical evolution of scientific knowledge and treatment of severe Acanthamoebic keratitis, presents this brief review on the treatment of this serious eye disease, relatively frequent in patients with corneal contact lenses. Therapy of Acanthamoeba keratitis is always very long and demanding. Its management requires adequate experience because it is not always easy to evaluate the response to treatment and complications can be very serious and difficult to manage. Resistance to therapy can also occur during treatment and must be distinguished from drug-induced toxicity. In cases where no improvement is obtained with maximum medical therapy, it is advisable to repeat the corneal sampling and proceed to new laboratory tests for Acanthamoeba, bacteria and fungi. Prevention, which always remains of fundamental importance, is practically based on avoiding contact of the corneal lens with contaminated water, since this Acanthamoeba has a ubiquitous diffusion. It is therefore recommended to always avoid the use of corneal contact lenses in the pool or in the shower, not to wash them under running tap water and to frequently replace the relative container of these lenses.

Key Words:  Acanthamoeba Keratitis, Corneal ulcer, Contact lenses.
The Effect of Phacoemulsification on Corneal Endothelial Cells Morphology and Thickness
Authors: Elmadina Abd Elaziz Mohamed , Abdelfatah Raghda Faisal , Alrasheed Saif Hassan , Abdu Mustafa , Qureshi Manzoor Ahmad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the corneal endothelial cells morphology and central corneal thickness (CCT) before and after phacoemulsification in Sudanese population.

Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Neelain eye hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, from January 2018 to May 2018.

Study Design:  Observational longitudinal study.

Methods:  One hundred and forty eyes of 140 patients with immature senile cataract were selected by convenient sampling. The age ranged from 40 to 85 years. The patients underwent complete ocular examination including morphology of corneal endothelial cells and CCT using computerized non-contact specular microscope. Inclusion criteria for the study was eyes with normal corneal endothelial cells and cell density more than 1000 cells/mm2. We excluded patients with ocular or systemic diseases, previous history of intraocular surgery, refractive surgery or trauma as well as contact lenses wear. The patients underwent phacoemulsification by a single surgeon. The examination parameters were repeated one month after surgery. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows Version 21.0.

Results:  There was significant reduction in mean endothelial cells density after phacoemulsification compared to baseline with p < 0.001. There was also significant post-operative reduction in mean endothelial cells number as compared to baseline (P value < 0.001). Mean endothelial cells hexagonality was reduced after surgery with P value of 0.003. No significant difference was found between mean coefficient variation of endothelial cells size before and after phacoemulsification (P = 0.55). Central corneal thickness showed significant increase post-operatively, P = 0.003.

Conclusion:  Phacoemulsification causes significant damage to corneal endothelium cells, including decrease in corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality and cell number.

Key Words:  Corneal endothelium, Endothelial cell density, Central corneal thickness, Phacoemulsification.
Role of Nepafenac 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution in Preventing Intraoperative Miosis during Phacoemulsification
Authors: Ahmed Sairam , Ghazanfar Iqra , Khan Niazi Fuad Ahmad , Raza Ali
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare 0.1% Nepafenac ophthalmic solution with placebo in terms of decreasing mean intraoperative miosis in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Holy-Family Hospital Rawalpindi from September 2017 to March 2018.

Methods:  A total of 150 eyes with senile cataract of patients between 40-80 years of age and of both genders, undergoing uneventful cataract surgery and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Patients were divided into 2 equal groups. Group A received Nepafenac eye drops and group B received placebo drops (Preservative free artificial tears). The diameter of pupil as viewed through the operating microscope was measured with Castroviejo Caliper at following steps; immediately before the start of surgery (baseline), after complete nucleus removal and at the end of surgery.

Results:  Mean decrease in pupil size from the start of surgery to the end of phacoemulsification in Group A (nepafenac group) was 0.48 ± 0.26 mm while in Group B (placebo group) it was 1.40 ± 0.49 mm (P = 0.0001). Mean decrease in pupil size from start to end in Group A (Nepafenac group) was 0.75 ± 0.32 mm while in Group B (placebo group) was 2.02 ± 0.62 mm (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion:  Intraoperative miosis in terms of mean decrease in pupils size (both from start of surgery till phacoemulsification and also from start of surgery till end of surgery) was lower in 0.1% Nepafenac group as compared to placebo group.

Key Words:  Phacoemulsification, Miosis, Nepafenac.
Frequency of Convergence Insufficiency in a Refraction Clinic of Karachi
Authors: Urooj Izmal , Ali Shari Mussadiq , Ghayas Abdul , Sheikh Ammara , Hussain Maryam
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the frequency of convergence insufficiency in a refraction clinic of Karachi.

Study Design:  Cross Sectional Study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Ibrahim Rye Hospital, Karachi from June to December 2019.

Methods:  A total of 150 patients were included in the study (52 males and 98 females). Patients with un-corrected visual acuity of ≥6/9 and age between 16 – 35 years were included. Patients who had received treatment for convergence insufficiency (CI), mentally retarded patients, patients with Manifest strabismus or any other ocular pathology were excluded. Near point of convergence (NPC), near phoria and positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured for the diagnosis of CI.

Results:  Mean age of the patients was 23.55 years. Gender wise distribution showed that 52 (34.7%) were males and 98 (65.3%) were females. Out of 150 patients, 64 patients had CI and 42 were normal with no reduction in NPC, PFV or exophoria. Rest of the patients had only one of the three criteria of CI but did not qualify our definition of CI. Twenty-five male patients and 39 female patients had CI. CI was more common in teenagers. With increasing age, the frequency of CI was reduced. CI due to remote NPC was seen in 12 (8%) and CI due to decreased PFV was seen in 21 (14%).

Conclusion:  Females are affected more with CI than males especially in the younger age group.

Keywords: Convergence insufficiency, near point of convergence, Positive fusional vergence.
Effect of Cataract Surgery on Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Azam Shua , Talpur Abdul Hameed , Shaheen Mahak , Bukhari Sadia
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the change in intraocular pressure after cataract surgery in patients diagnosed with glaucoma.

Study Design:  Interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Glaucoma Clinic. Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital (AIEH) Karachi, Pakistan from May to October, 2019.

Methods:  Thirty-eight patients diagnosed with glaucoma and cataract and registered in glaucoma clinic were recruited for this study. Inclusion Criteria was age > 41 years and patients diagnosed with primary open/closed angle glaucoma and cataract. Patients with secondary glaucoma, history of trabeculectomy and any other ocular diseases were excluded from the study. Pre-operative assessment was done for phacoemulsification. In post-operative examination, first and second follow-up IOP was measured. Data analysis was done on statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20.0. Statistical changes were present in the form of bar chart, frequency and graphs. The mean standard deviation for pre-operative, post-operative 1st and 2nd follow-up IOP was calculated.

Results:  A total of 38 participants and 48 eyes satisfied the inclusion criteria. Out of 48 eyes, 39 (81.3%) eyes were diagnosed with Primary open angle glaucoma and 9 (18.8%) eyes with Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma. The pre-operative mean IOP was 16.56 ± 6.67 mm Hg and post-operative mean IOP at first follow-up was 13.39 ± 4.04 mm Hg. At second follow-up at one-month mean IOP was 12.14 ± 2.28 mm Hg.

Conclusion:  Phacoemulsification produces a useful decrease in IOP in glaucoma patients.

Key Word:  Glaucoma, Cataract, Phacoemulsification, Intraocular Pressure.
Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Tear Film Status and Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Kamil Zeeshan , Qurban Qirat , Mahmood Khalid
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the effect of oral contraceptive pills on tear film and intraocular pressure of women of reproductive age group.

Study Design:  Observational study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Khalid Eye clinic, Karachi, from February 2019 to January 2020.

Methods:  Eighty females between the 20 to 40 years of age were recruited for this study. They were divided into two groups of forty each. Group A included females using oral contraceptive pills for at least last nine months. Whereas, group B included control group of age matched females not using any contraceptive pills. The study dynamics was explained to all participants and informed consent was obtained. Tear film status was assessed on the basis of Tear film break up time (TBUT) on slit lamp examination and Schirmer strip test 2 (without anesthesia). Intraocular pressures were checked using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Studywas approvedfrom ethical review committee of the hospital.

Results:  Mean age was 29.3 ± 3.27 years. Tear film break up time was < 7 ± 1.5 sec in group A and > 10 ± 1.2 sec in group B. Schirmer strip test was ≤ 9 ± 1 mm of wetting in group A and ≥ 13 ± 1 mm of wetting in group B. Mean intraocular pressure was 17 ± 2 mmHg in group A whereas 13 ± 2 mmHg in group B. Grittiness, heaviness and foreign body sensation were more common in group A.

Conclusion:  Use of oral contraceptive pills has an adverse effect on the tear film status and intraocular pressures.

Key Words:  Oral contraceptive pills, Tear film, TBUT, Schirmer’s test, Intraocular pressure.
Surgical Management of Orbital Fractures Using X-ray Film Plate: a Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Kamal Siddique Zahid , Dar Qudsia Anwar , Farooq Amna , Anjum Muhammad Ijaz , Ali Muhammad Mohsin
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  Orbital trauma is associated with orbital blowout fractures, with associated globe injuries and loss of vision. Orbital reconstruction can be done with various implant materials. The aim of this study is to identify the safety and postoperative outcomes of using X-ray films as orbital implants during orbital reconstruction surgery.

Study Design:  An interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology departments of Lahore General Hospital and Mayo Hospital, Lahore from June 2001 to May 2017.

Methods:  Retrospective data of all the patients who came for orbital reconstruction surgeries from June 2001 to May 2017 was retrieved. All patients had undergone CT scan prior to surgery. Orbital reconstruction was done by a single surgeon, by bridging bony defect with sterilized X-ray film. All patients received post-operative antibiotics for 1 week.

Results:  Twenty three male patients were included in the series, with a mean age of 28 ± 2.47 years. Assault and sports injuries with a ball were the commonest form of trauma. Diplopia was the major presenting complaint in 91% of the patients. All patients underwent surgical reconstruction of the orbital floor of orbit with sterilized X-ray film using a lateral canthotomy approach. Only mild postoperative diplopia was recorded in 7 of the cases, with uneventful recovery in the majority.

Conclusion:  Sterilized X-ray film is a safe, cost effective, and durable material for reconstruction after orbital blowout fracture, especially in developing countries.

Key Words:  Orbital fracture, X-ray film, Diplopia.
Patient Satisfaction: A Tool towards Quality Improvement
Authors: Sughra Ume , Siddiqui Manaal , Noorani Sorath , Mansoor Hassan , Kausar Sultana
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the importance of patient satisfaction as a tool for quality improvement.

Study Design:  Cross sectional survey.

Place and Duration of Study:  Pediatric Ophthalmology Department of Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, from May 2017 to September 2017.

Methods:  This study included 500 individuals, who were caregivers of children visiting the hospital at the time of data collection. Individuals who visited departments other than pediatric department were excluded. Two groups were made. Group 1 included 300 individuals who were interviewed for to assess the patient satisfaction. On the basis of response, play area was made spacious, additional registration counters were placed and more reception staff members were hired to shorten the waiting and registration time, additional fans were installed in the waiting area and patient information was displayed on TV screens to aid uneducated patients and their attendants. Second group with 200 individuals were interviewed after these improvements. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding socio-demographic characteristics and experience of visit to the hospital. SPSS version 20 was used for descriptive and inferential data analysis.

Results:  Participants in this survey showed high level of satisfaction after interventions 45 to 65%.There was statistically significant association between satisfaction level and improvement in services was found (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Satisfaction level of patients depends upon the quality of services and medical care provided and it can be used as a good tool for improving the services in the hospitals.

Key Words:  Satisfaction, Outpatient department, Hospital.
AKTIVITAS ANTIKANKER EKSTRAK ETANOL TANAMAN TAPAK LIMAN (Elephantopus scaber L.) TERHADAP SEL T47D MELALUI INDUKSI APOPTOSIS
Authors:   Akademi Farmasi Mitra Sehat Mandiri Sidoarjo, Suci Panji Ratih , Nurkhasanah Nurkhasanah ,   Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sulistyani Nanik
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer is the most dominant type of cancer in Indonesia. Traditional medicine using tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) as an anticancer becomes an option because it contains compounds such as sesquiterpenes. The purpose of this study was to know the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of tapak liman on T47D cells through induction of apoptosis. The extraction method uses maceration with 96%. Total flavonoids were tested using quercetin as a spectrophotometric standard. ethanol solvent, cytotoxic test using microtetrazoliom (MTT assay), and apoptosis test using double staining test (ethidium bromide-acrydine orange) under a fluorescence microscope. The results showed the linear regression equation y = 0.0934x-0.0292 with the resulting flavonoid levels of 0.979% w / w calculated against quercetin (QE) The concentration of the compound used was 1000 µg/ml; 500 µg/ml; 250µg/ml; 125 ?g/ml, 62.5 ?g/ml; 31.25 µg/ml. The MTT assay results are the values of IC50 which are analyzed using probit analysis and apoptosis tests which are analyzed descriptively. The results of the research show that the ethanol extract of tapak liman using MTT method has IC50 value of 59 µg/ml, while the testing of double staining method shows the color of bright green which indicates early apoptosis and the color orange in the cells which undergoing final apoptosis. DNA fragmentation results shows that Tapak Liman extract induces DNA fragments. The conclusion of this study is that tapak liman textract has the potential for cytotoxic activity against T47D breast cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis
PENAMBATAN MOLEKULER SENYAWA CENDAWAN ENDOFIT Trichoderma sp. SEBAGAI INHIBITOR PROTEIN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN, ENZIM LANASTEROL 14 DEMETILASE DAN LIPASE YANG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB DALAM DERMATITIS SEBOROIK
Authors:   UIN Alauddin Makassar, Sukmawaty Eka , Susanti Susi ,   Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam NegeriAlauddin Makassar, Masriany Masriany ,   Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam NegeriAlauddin Makassar
Published: April 2021

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) occurs due to excessive sebum production resulting in the growth of the fungus Mellasezia sp. on the skin becomes uncontrollable. Some of the receptors that play a role in SD regulation are Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) protein, Lanasterol 14-Î± Demetylase enzyme, and Lipase enzyme. This study aims to determine the potential compounds of the endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp. as an antiseborrheic and knowing the interaction between ligands as inhibitors in SD regulation. The research was conducted with computer-based molecular docking. The results showed that there were two inhibitor candidate compounds based on the selection by binding affinity value, namely Chloromycetin and Benzyl benzoate. Based on the results of docking with VINA autodock, the potential compounds were Benzyl benzoate on LDL protein with binding affinity values of -7.3 kcal/mol, compounds were Chloromycethin on Lipase enzyme with binding affinity values of -7.3 kcal/mol and Lanasterol 14-Î± demethylase enzyme with a binding affinity value of -7.6 kcal/mol. These compounds form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds. Based on the prediction of Lipinski's rule of five, the two compounds are effective orally used as anti seborrheic dermatitis drugs
Desafios enfrentados por famí­lias no contexto da sí­ndrome congênita associada í infecção pelo ví­rus zika
Authors: Rodrigues Maciel Julyana , Costa Mendes Ana Clara , Pereira Gomes Júlia Diana , Da Rocha e Nóbrega Lí­bne Lidianne , Pereira Costa Suelen Tamiles , Carneiro de Azevedo Fernandes Suzana
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: relatar os principais desafios vivenciados pelas famí­lias de crianças com Sí­ndrome Congênita Associada í  Infecção pelo Ví­rus Zika (SCZ). Método: trata-se de um relato de experiência construí­do a partir da vivência de enfermeiras, durante pesquisa realizada em Mossoró-RN, de 2017 a 2018, junto í s crianças com SCZ e suas famí­lias. Resultados: as categorias encontradas foram: "A SCZ e as dificuldades no contexto familiar após o nascimento da criança" e "Lacunas existentes entre o diagnóstico da SCZ e a assistência integral". Conclusão: as famí­lias das crianças com a SCZ experimentam desafios para a criação e promoção da saúde das mesmas. Foi identificada a necessidade de que órgãos gestores e profissionais da assistência no municí­pio se comprometam com a organização da Rede de Atenção í  Saúde voltada a essas crianças e seus familiares.
A escola como espaço de formação de professores em comunidade: O movimento de pensar o desenvolvimento de projetos investigativos em Ciências
Authors: Kolling Karlene Tatiana
Published: April 2021

O presente trabalho traz o relato de um projeto investigativo em Ciências desenvolvido em uma turma de quinto ano, do Ensino Fundamental, da Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Berthalina Kirsch, localizada na cidade de Igrejinha/RS. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa em sala de aula proporcionou movimentos pedagógicos colaborativos entre professores no sentido de promover a interdisciplinaridade e oportunizar o protagonismo estudantil. Ademais, evidenciou a importância da alfabetização e da argumentação científicas, buscando parcerias entre escolas e considerando a mostra do conhecimento como um espaço-tempo não formal de formação permanente. Além disso, aproximou a escola da Universidade por meio do I Curso Online de Formação de Professores sobre Feiras e Mostras Científicas promovido pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), destacando, assim, a relevância de um ressignificar constante das práticas docentes, quando os saberes-fazeres de cada professor(a) se mostram como objetos a serem constantemente aperfeiçoados. Sendo assim, o projeto interdisciplinar “Borboletas: de um verso para o universo” se mostrou como um cenário em que os sujeitos envolvidos, unidos por um objetivo em comum, construíram conhecimentos significativos por meio de interações dialógicas e mediações pedagógicas alicerçadas na partilha de experiências e na potencialidade da escola enquanto espaço de formação de professores em comunidade.
Concepções docentes em relação à promoção do ensino de Ciências da Natureza nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Kurz Débora Luana , Silva Rene Miguel da , Bedin Everton , Groenwald Claudia Lisete Oliveira
Published: April 2021

O presente estudo, recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado, tem por objetivo analisar a concepção docente em relação ao ensino de Ciências no que se refere às implicações deste nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem dos objetos de conhecimentos da área, bem como aos indicativos que conduziram as docentes a escolha pela profissão. Neste viés, esta pesquisa adota os pressupostos de um estudo de caso de cunho etnográfico mediante uma perspectiva qualitativa, à luz da colaboração de 7 professoras de turmas de 1º e 2º anos do Ensino Fundamental, oriundas de escolas de Vera Cruz, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste desenho, os achados da pesquisa possibilitam entender que as professoras possuem lembranças positivas e pertinentes sobre a área, porém poucos indícios práticos destas percepções foram identificados no espaço escolar, considerando que somente em pontuais e específicos momentos se propiciou discussões a respeito da área. Do mesmo modo, identificou-se, enquanto fatores que conduziram as docentes à profissão professor, aspectos como: afinidade, influências e necessidade. Sendo assim, pontua-se a importância de fomentar ações voltadas à formação contínua de professores, visando dialogar a respeito dos quesitos que emergem ao longo deste estudo.
Contribuição da teoria histórico-cultural: um olhar para as interações em sala de aula a partir dos anais do ENEBIO
Authors: Silva de Lourenço Daniela , Wirzbicki Sandra Maria
Published: April 2021

O presente trabalho objetiva investigar a utilização do referencial teórico Histórico-Cultural a partir das interações em sala de aula, em trabalhos publicados nos Anais do Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Biologia (ENEBIO), nas seguintes edições: V ENEBIO (2014), VI ENEBIO (2016) e VII ENEBIO (2018), apontando a sua contribuição no ensino e aprendizagem, bem como as concepções dos autores sobre essa perspectiva teórica em pesquisas voltadas para o ensino de Ciências e Biologia. Em relação à metodologia, a pesquisa é qualitativa com caráter descritivo e documental. Para a análise dos dados, fez-se a opção pelos procedimentos de Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). A análise dos trabalhos nos permitiu identificar duas categorias finais emergentes: Possibilidades de interação e mediação do outro através da linguagem e Desenvolvimento e aprendizagem de conceitos como processo Histórico-Cultural. A partir da construção e discussões das categorias, podemos aferir que, a aprendizagem tem relação com a constituição do sujeito, com o seu contexto, e que as interações entre pares de modo colaborativo, acompanhados de uma perspectiva metodológica problematizadora, são importantes indícios apontados pelos autores dos trabalhos que constituíram o corpus da análise no desencadeamento de interações no ensino e aprendizagem.
DEVELOPMENT AND MODELING OF REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESS OF OBTAINING ETHYLACETATE BY DEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANOL
Authors:   MIREA - Russian Technological University, Sycheva Oksana I. , Pisarenko Yuri A. ,   MIREA - Russian Technological University, Semenov Ivan P. ,   MIREA - Russian Technological University
Published: April 2021

A promising direction in processes of general organic synthesis is use of bioethanol as a raw material for production of ethylacetate. The article is devoted to the development and modeling of the reaction-rectification process to produce ethyl acetate by dehydrogenation of ethanol, which will allow combining in one apparatus the chemical conversion and separation of the resulting reaction mixture by rectification, reducing the cost of carrying out the process and increasing the main parameters of the process. As part of the work, the collection and processing of physicochemical information about the components of the reaction mixture was carried out, a mathematical model of the process was developed, based on which the development and modeling of the technological scheme were carried out, the parameters and indicators of the process were determined
FORMATION OF AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES OF N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE WITH HYDROCARBONS
Authors:   «KINEF» Ltd, Kameshkov Alexey V. , Gaile Alexander A. ,   St Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Klementyev Vasily N. ,   St Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Usanova Sofya D. ,   St Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)
Published: April 2021

Using the limiting activity coefficients of the components of binary systems of N-methylpyrrolidone with n-alkanes and the conditions for the formation of azeotropes, it is found that N-methylpyrrolidone forms azeotropic mixtures with n-alkanes С9 - С 15, with alkylbenzenes С 10 - С 12 and with naphthalene. The formation of azeotropes with saturated hydrocarbons with a boiling point of 230-270 ° C must be taken into account when developing a technological scheme for the N-methylpyrrolidone regeneration unit, and also not to use this extractant for extraction purification of raw materials with a boiling point below 230 ° C
PARAMETERS INFLUENCE INVESTIGATION OF THE BIODIESEL FUEL SYNTHESIS BY THE TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION ON THE PRODUCT YIELD AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors:   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Belozertseva Natalia E. , Sosnina Daria V. ,   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Balzhanova Aryuna Т. ,   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Bogdanov Ilya А. ,   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Kirgina Maria V. ,   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
Published: April 2021

The paper investigated the parameters influence (reaction time, reaction temperature, NaOH catalyst concentration, oil: ethanol molar ratio) of biodiesel fuel synthesis by the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil on the product yield and key characteristics. It was established that the optimal synthesis parameters for maximizing the target product yield are the following: catalyst weight – 2.0 % of oil weight; reaction time – 1.0 hour; molar ratio oil: ethanol – 1 : 6; temperature – 45 °C. Also, from the standpoint of the biodiesel fuel physicochemical properties, the following synthesis parameters are optimal : catalyst weight – 2.0 % of oil weight; reaction time – 1.0 hour; molar ratio oil: ethanol – 1 : 12; temperature – 45 °С. It should be noted that from the stand point of using biodiesel as a commercial diesel fuels blend component, high product yield is most important. The bio-components involvement in the blend diesel fuel production will result in an average increase of the fuel pool by 20%.
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF DESTABILIZATION OF Pd-CONTAINING CATALYST FOR THERMAL FLUIDIFYING OF SULFUR-CONTAINING BIOMASS
Authors:   St Petersburg State Forestry University, Ivanova Veronika D. , de Vekki Andrey V. ,   St Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Published: April 2021

We studied two types of palladium-containing catalysts in the hydrogenation reaction of a model feedstock in order to reveal contacts resistance to sulfur, and it was shown that the decrease in the activity of catalysts upon the action of thiophene is associated with the number of electron-seeking centers on their surface. An assumption was made about the hydrogenation proceeding according to two schemes, depending on the type of catalyst
Teachers’ Perspectives of Children Empowerment through Media Literacy in Islamabad
Authors: Munawar Dr. Rehana , Ahmed Dr. Munib , Baneen Ummul
Published: April 2021

Media literacy is an emergent field in developed countries and became an integral part of the school system and has been integrated in the educational curriculum. The present paper highlights the teachers’ perception regarding media literacy awareness and their opinions and readiness of media literacy at school level. The study used constructivist learning theory for theoretical framework. This study supports constructivist learning theory that transforms students being passive recipient to more active participant in getting the information for their learning process and hence helps in preparing children to explore, investigate and experiment with the media available in the classroom. The study has shown that teachers are not well aware of media literacy concept and the teaching of media literacy through rote learning or traditional practice may not produce productive results. The curriculum needs to aim at the active participation of students by making the lessons functional and would provide students with competences and critical approach towards mediated content rather than becoming passive consumer of media.
РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ ІЗ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯМ ВАРТОСТІ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ТВАРИННОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ
Authors: Заяць Р. Я.
Published: April 2021

Мета статті – науково обґрунтувати можливість і доцільність проведення судових товарознавчих експертиз (експертних досліджень), об’єктом яких є живі тварини, фахівцями експертної спеціальності 12.1 «Визначення вартості машин, обладнання, сировини та споживчих товарів». Методологія. Достовірність отриманих результатів і висновків забезпечено використанням загальнологічних (загальнонаукових) та спеціальних методів пізнання (мислений експеримент, ідеалізація, формалізація, узагальнення, конвергенції (застосовують на межі різних галузей знань – у цій статті: біології, юриспруденції, товарознавства). Системний підхід дав змогу вивчити в теоретичній площині предмет цього наукового дослідження, що належить до категорії складних за чисельністю характеристик (показників властивостей), які формують його ринкову вартість. Наукова новизна. Уперше в практиці судової товарознавчої експертизи науково обґрунтовано можливість і доцільність дослідження об’єктів тваринного походження фахівцями експертної спеціальності 12.1. Висновки. У процесі розгляду питання здійснено комплексний аналіз дотичних до практичної діяльності Експертної служби МВС нормативно-правових актів, які витлумачують належні до теми дослідження поняття і регулюють процедуру визначення ринкової вартості майна; узагальнено міжнародний досвід з окресленої проблематики. Наголошено, що чинні нормативно-правові акти по-різному означують і трактують назви та номенклатуру об’єктів, які надають для дослідження судовим експертам. Обґрунтовано твердження, що живі сільськогосподарські тварини є рухомим майном, і на основі цього доведено не лише можливість, а й доцільність проведення судових товарознавчих експертиз (експертних досліджень), об’єктом яких є живі сільськогосподарські тварини, фахівцями експертної спеціальності 12.1 «Визначення вартості машин, обладнання, сировини та споживчих товарів», та встановлено, що живі сільськогосподарські тварини як біологічний об’єкт (на предмет визначення біологічних особливостей) є об’єктом дослідження фахівцями експертної спеціальності 9.2 «Дослідження об’єктів тваринного походження».
D.YA. TELEHIN AND EPOCH OF CULTURAL DISTINGUISHING IN MESOLITHIC OF UKRAINE
Authors: Zaliznyak L. L.
Published: April 2021

At the beginning of the 20th century the West European Scholars O. Spengler and А. Toynbee introduced a new мultichoice vision of the World history. In the western archaeology of the interwar period it resulted in rejection of the global stages of the development of the primitive state and mass distinguishing of the numerous local cultures.
Іn the course of time the stage-schematic concepts of the culture development have progressively shown a trend to a concept of the locality not only in Western but in Eastern Europe too. The 1970s is notable for a start of the cultures distinguishing boom in the Mesolithic history of the European part of the Soviet Union.
Rapid process of distinguishing of the local cultures spread all over European continent having fundamentally changed cultural-historical map of the Mesolithic Europe. The 70s are marked by publishing of numerous monographs dedicated to cultural differentiation and periodization of some regions of the Central-East Europe. These problems have come to dominate at the international congresses and conferences. Congress in 1973 in Warsaw or conference in Leningrad in 1974 might serve as examples. As a result of new cultural-periodizational researches the Mesolithic map of Europe has become extremely variegated and subject to changes almost every year. The process of cultural distinguishing in the Mesolithic studies in Ukraine and Russia was especially stimulated by the achievements of the Polish and the Lithuanian scholars in 1960—70s.
A head of Stone Age department of Archaeology Institute of NAS of Ukraine prof. D. Ya. Telehin take active part at distinguishing of the local Mesolithic cultures of Ukraine. The final transfer of D. Ya. Telehin to the positions of locality is demonstrated in his main work, generalizing monograph on the Ukraine Mesolithic in 1982. The researcher in this work has already distinguished near 20 original cultures and types of the monuments developed within two chronological both early and late stages of the Mesolithic in Ukraine. Developing periodization of the Mesolithic of the Ukraine D. Telehin stimulated regional researches directing the youth to study the Mesolithic of separate regions or cultural communities.
LASPI 7 MESOLITHIC SITE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CRIMEA, UKRAINE
Authors: Telegin D. Ya. , Zaliznyak L. L. , Yanevich O. O.
Published: April 2021

Late Mesolithic Laspi 7 site is situated in Ukraine, in the West part of the South Coast of Crimea, in the Laspi Bay, Black Sea coast (44°24’48.5”N 33°42’41.3”E). It was investigated under the direction of prof. Dmytro Telegin in the second half of 1970s. The site was destroyed by Russian occupation power.
There were 7 cultural layers of the site, which had the thickness near 2 m. There was Kokkenmedding — clay sediment with crushed stone and with unusual great number of the Helix albescens shells, ash and charcoal. Any structures of the cultural layer are not traced.
Archaeological materials of Laspi 7 are represented by numerous flint collection (2347 eks.), bone tools assemblage (13 eks.), ocher, faunistic materials etc. Flint complexes from all cultural layers generally are similar. Most of the cores are pyramidal. Prismatic and pencil-shaped cores are single. Microlithic assemblage consists of geomethric miсroliths (asymmetrical and symmetrical trapezoids); single backed microliths and truncated blades. Scrapers are mostly semicircular on the flakes, single end scrapers are on the blades. Most of the burins are on the flakes, they are angle and, in smaller quantities, lateral. There are some «Kukrek type» burins with numerous worked parts. Angle burins on the blades are not numerous. Unusual big quantity of encoches is amazing. There is one Kukrek insert. Bone tools are very different (13 eks.): base part of the harpoon, fragment of the point with the grooves, different points, the borers, partly worked boar tusks, fragment of the antler socket. The age of Laspi 7 is 8600—7000 ВР. The most true 14C dates are 8625 ± 40 BP (GrA-35704) and 8620 ± 40 BP (GrA-35703).
Laspi 7 flint assemblage is typical for the Late Mesolithic Murzak-Koba culture of Mountain Crimea.
Laspi 7 is a shining example of the «revolution of the wide range» in Crimea. Inhabitants of the site used very different food resources: ungulates (red deer, boar, roe deer), birds (above all bustard), fish (catfish and pike perch), Helix albescens snails. Numerous ornito-, ihtio- and malakofauna dates evidences about the occupation of the site in autumn, winter, and spring time. Probably, the site was visited periodically during these seasons.
PALAEOLITHIC HUMAN SOCIETIES DURING THE UPPER PLENIGLACIAL THROUGHT THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER ANIMALS IN UKRAINIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Authors: Demay L. , Vasyliev P. M. , Koulakovska L. V. , Stupak D. V. , Shydlovskyi P. S. , Belyaeva V. I.
Published: April 2021

The first part of the Upper Pleniglacial (around 26000—20000 BP) is characterized by a deterioration in weather conditions, which reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum. In the East European Plain, most of its lands were dominated by a periglacial steppe-tundra with the maximum extension of ice sheet in the North and permafrost. The different animal species had to adapt to these environments, also as human groups.The recent works realized in Ukraine permit to better understand the lifestyles of the Palaeolithic human groups, particularly their subsistence activities, the modalities of settlements and the technocultural practices. We based our study on the main sites, Dorochivtsy III, Galich 1, Klussy, Korman, Molodova V, Obollonia, Oselivka, Pushkari 1 and Pogon (Pushkari 8). These sites are very important to better understand the human occupations for all the East European Plain. Here we particularly focus on the zooarchaeological remains, which permitted to better determine the taphonomic conditions, the human activities, the seasonality of occupations and the human and other animal relationships. The main species present in archaeological sites are Mammoth, Reindeer, Horse, Fox and Wolf, who have important implication on the territory modification and the food resource for humans. Moreover the animal eco-ethology involvement of their acquisition-exploitation by nomadic hunter-gatherers, permits to highlight the potential human behavioral strategies. They show the continuous occupation of the territories by humans, in any seasons, with the persistence of organized activities, innovations and varied behaviors. This period corresponds to the changes between middle Gravettian and late Gravettian, then first Epigravettian features. The end of the Last Glacial Maximum peak marks the disappearance of Late Gravettian and of human populations between 19—16000 BP, followed by a hiatus until 16000 BP.
STUDY OF THE AURIGNACIAN-GRAVETTIAN «TRANSITION» EAST OF THE CARPATHIANS: BLADELET PRODUCTION FEATURES FROM MITOC-MALU GALBEN (ROMANIA) AND MOLODOVA V (UKRAINE)
Authors: Libois T.
Published: April 2021

In the frame of the Aurignacian to Gravettian «transition», this research aims at highlighting the modalities of this shift in the middle Prut and Dniestr area through the comparison of bladelets production schemes in both cultural entities. Two Late Aurignacian assemblages from Mitoc-Malu Galben (Romania) and relevant materials from Molodova V (Ukraine) were then examined in this perspective. In the case of Mitoc-Malu Galben, qualitative preliminary results underline the consistence and continuity of production from «Aurignacian I» to «III» levels, which aims for twisted naturally blanks produced from convergent shaped knapping surfaces. Less documented, the «Aurignacian III Supйrieur» level seems to follow, despite some potential slight discrepancies. In Molodova V, cultural horizons 10 and 9 apply to a different consistent pattern, as cores are shaped and exploited to produce straighter blanks with parallel sides. Those technological insights reaffirm the independent identity of the local Gravettian in comparison to the Aurignacian. Based only on the large set of radiocarbon dates available for both sites, a simultaneity model arises, in slight contradiction with the technological data. Then, a «classic» succession model should not be left aside. Re-investigation of contextual data, including association of materials to dates, is needed to confirm any population dynamics model.
THE AMVROSIIVKA BISON BONE BED AND FEATURES OF ITS USE
Authors: Krotova O. O.
Published: April 2021

The Amvrosiivka Upper Palaeolithic complex, composed of a camp site and nearby bison bone bed is located in the Donetsk oblast’, at the top of the Kazenna ravine, a right tributary of the Krynka river, which drains into the Mius river. The site is dated by an average of 19000—18000 uncal BP and belong to Epigravettian tradition.
The results of the long-term research the Amvrosiivka bison bone bed was analyzed in the article. The features of topography (a gully-terrace on board of a ravine), planigraphy, stratigraphy of a bone bed (the ledges-thresholds and some sterile layers in cultural remains distribution), and also the seasons of the kill of animals (alternative, with prevalence of cold) was summarized.
Data about the bison bones (Bison priscus, MNI = 650 and bones with cultural modifications) is presented. The prevalence of the hunter projectile weapon details (27 bone points and about 90 flint micropoints-inserts), and also flint tools for butchering animals among the archaeological finds is determined.
The interpretation of the bone bed at the same times was controversial: as a refuse dump near dwelling (Evseev), as a resulted from a one-time (Pidoplichko) or repeated (Efimenko) mass drive of bison, or as a ritual locale (Boriskovskij). At present the site is interpreted as a place of numerous mass drive of bison and, mainly, primary butchering of hunting bag, and also, probably, storages of meat products in the form of the frozen carcasses of bison in a cold season (Krotova, Snizhko, Julien).
The ethnoarchaeological data about methods of collective kills by Paleoindian and Indian pedestrian hunters on bison of the North America (Frison 2004) for the reconstruction of possible variants of the mass drive of bison in Amvrosiivka is used. The conclusion is made that for the purpose organization of the series of mass drive of bison at different seasons the hunters in Amvrosiivka used a natural trap — the gully-terrace on a board of ravine — the right tributary of a Kazenna ravine. This terrace with one abrupt and rather high (4—5 m) board, obviously, used for a drive of bison from above, a plateau (method of «jump») that the hunters, obviously, at a certain stage having added with the restraining structure (pens) which should keep the escaped and wounded animals. The variant of a possible shelter from below, a thalweg of the Kazenna ravine (an «arroyo trap» method) also is not excluded.
SPЕCIAL CHILDREN. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS IN CHILDREN’S BURIALS OF MARIUPOL TYPE
Authors: Mykhailova N. Р.
Published: April 2021

The region of the Lower Dnieper was an outstanding landscape phenomenon in prehistoric times. During the Stone Age, this area had great economic and sacral significance. There are more than 20 Mesolithic and Neolithic cemeteries of the so called Mariupol type, located along the Lower Dnieper Rapids. The anthropological analysis demonstrated that the population of Middle Dnieper region belongs to the Proto-European large Europoid race. Periodisation of the Mariupol type cemeteries have two periods: Early Mariupol: 7000—5500 cal BC and Late Mariupol: 5500—4000 cal BC. The burials of the Mariupol type have outstanding grave goods. Raw materials used for used for manufacturing adornments were deer canines, carp fish teeth, stone, pearls and shells. Some burials yielded notched decorated canines. The most outstanding feature of the Mariupol type funerary adornments is the large number of items made from modified boar tusks. Most of them were found in the Mariupol cemetery. These artifacts, which may have marked the membership to a certain group, occurred equally both in adult and children burials. Child burials of the Mariupol type yielded specific funerary adornments. Sometimes they were as rich as those of the adults, but in some cases they were the richest. Personal ornaments, semantically identifying the important parts of a child’s body, were the marker of clan or lineage affiliation, age differentiation or biological stage. Burials with indicating features of a special sacral character are very significant also. The availability of children burials, which have more abundant funerary adornments then the adults, or were the only burials with grave goods in the cemetery need a more thorough study.