bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The British Mariner's Directory and Guide to the Trade and Navigation of the Indian and China Seas
Authors: Elmore H. M.
Published: December 2015

Henry Mathias Elmore (about whom little is known) was a sailor in the Royal Navy who quit in 1783 and set out for Calcutta to be involved with the East India Company's growing trade. Elmore worked as a commander on its ships, and he decided to write this account of sailing to and within the East, which was published in 1802, in order to share his navigational knowledge and to correct earlier inaccuracies. Although much of the work consists of specific, technical directions for piloting ships around Asia, Elmore's instructions give a vivid picture of the complexities of nineteenth-century navigation and the tribulations of sailing during this time. Some of the voyages he describes include sailing around the Indonesian islands and to the Malay coast, and how to reach China from Calcutta. Elmore also includes notes about locations of valuable commodities, such as spices, tea or gold, available for trade.
The Elementary Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies
Authors: Routh Edward John
Published: December 2015

As senior wrangler in 1854, Edward John Routh (1831–1907) was the man who beat James Clerk Maxwell in the Cambridge mathematics tripos. He went on to become a highly successful coach in mathematics at Cambridge, producing a total of twenty-seven senior wranglers during his career - an unrivalled achievement. In addition to his considerable teaching commitments, Routh was also a very able and productive researcher who contributed to the foundations of control theory and to the modern treatment of mechanics. First published in one volume in 1860, this textbook helped disseminate Routh's investigations into stability. This revised fifth edition was published in two volumes between 1891 and 1892. The first part establishes the principles of dynamics, providing formulae and examples throughout. While the growth of modern physics and mathematics may have forced out the problem-based mechanics of Routh's textbooks from the undergraduate syllabus, the utility and importance of his work is undiminished.
Bibliotheca Spenceriana
Authors: Dibdin Thomas Frognall
Published: December 2015

At his death, George Spencer (1758–1834) had created the greatest private library in Europe. At the time, many aristocrats were spending huge sums acquiring rare printed books. With monastic and aristocratic libraries in Europe being dissolved, collectors had access to thousands of examples. The Second Earl Spencer's interests were in English 'black-letter' printing, especially the works of Caxton, and continental incunables, particularly first editions of Greek and Latin classics. Thomas Dibdin (1776–1847) was employed as Spencer's librarian and visited Europe searching for new acquisitions. Published in 1814–15, this catalogue is of the earliest and rarest items in the collection. Each is described in detail, with reproductions of woodcuts and engravings, making this a fascinating record of one man's commitment to collecting the earliest examples of this revolutionary invention. Volume 4 includes many examples of the earliest work of Caxton, alongside first editions of Boccacio and Dante.
A Synopsis of Science
Authors: Ballantyne James R.
Published: December 2015

James Robert Ballantyne (1813–64) taught oriental languages in India for sixteen years, producing grammars of Hindi, Sanskrit and Persian, along with translations of Hindu philosophy. In 1859, for the use of Christian missionaries, he prepared a guide to Hinduism, in English and Sanskrit (also reissued in this series). Published in two volumes in 1852, Synopsis of Science was intended to introduce his Indian pupils to Western science by using the framework of Hindu Nyaya philosophy, which was familiar to them and which Ballantyne greatly respected. Volume 1 proceeds through a series of aphorisms exemplifying Western logic, forms of argument, the workings of the body and the senses, basic astronomy, geography, laws of Newtonian motion, the action of liquids, pneumatics, acoustics and optics. The second part of the volume is a Sanskrit translation. Overall, the work serves as an excellent primary source on the educational aspects of British imperialism.
Questions of Jurisdiction and Admissibility before International Courts
Authors: Shany Yuval
Published: December 2015

This examination of the jurisdiction of international courts and the admissibility of cases before them analyses jurisdictional and admissibility rules in light of the roles assumed by international courts in international life and in light of the roles that jurisdictional and admissibility rules play in promoting the effectiveness and legitimacy of international courts. The theory pursued views jurisdiction as a form of delegation of power (the power to exercise judicial power and decide the law) and regards admissibility as a framework for deciding upon the propriety of exercising such power. On the basis of this theoretical framework, the author critically evaluates the exercise of judicial discretion in the existing case law of a variety of international courts, distinguishing between the category-based case selection implicit in jurisdictional rules and the case-by-case analysis and selection implicit in rules on admissibility.
Evolution, Cognition, and Performance
Authors: McConachie Bruce
Published: December 2015

Culture and cognition work together dynamically every time a spectator interprets meaning during a performance. In this study, Bruce McConachie examines the biocultural basis of all performance, from its origins and the cognitive processes that facilitate it, to what keeps us coming back for more. To effect this major reorientation, McConachie works within the scientific paradigm of enaction, which explains all human activities, including performances, as the interactions of mental, bodily, and ecological networks. He goes on to use our biocultural proclivity for altruism, as revealed in performance, to explore our species' gradual ethical progress on such matters as the changing norms of religious sacrifice, slavery, and LGBT rights. Along the way, the book engages with a wide range of performances, including Richard Pryor's stand-up, the film Titanic, aerialist performances, American football, and the stage and film versions of A Streetcar Named Desire.
A Concise History of Spain
Authors: Phillips, Jr William D. , Rahn Phillips Carla
Published: December 2015

The rich cultural and political life of Spain has emerged from its complex history, from the diversity of its peoples, and from continual contact with outside influences. This updated edition traces that history from prehistoric times to the present, focusing particularly on culture, society, politics, and personalities. Written in an engaging style, it introduces readers to key themes that have shaped Spain's history and culture. These include its varied landscapes and climates; the impact of waves of diverse human migrations; the importance of its location as a bridge between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Europe and Africa; and religion, particularly militant Catholic Christianity and its centuries of conflict with Islam and Protestantism, as well as debates over the place of the church in modern Spain. Illustrations, maps and a guide to further reading, major cultural figures, and places to see make the history of this fascinating country come alive.
Essentials of Programming in Mathematica®
Authors: Wellin Paul
Published: December 2015

Essentials of Programming in Mathematica® provides an introduction suitable for readers with little or no background in the language as well as for those with some experience using programs such as C, Java, or Perl. The author, an established authority on Mathematica® programming, has written an example-driven text that covers the language from first principles, as well as including material from natural language processing, bioinformatics, graphs and networks, signal analysis, geometry, computer science, and many other applied areas. The book is appropriate for self-study or as a text for a course in programming in computational science. Readers will benefit from the author's tips, which provide insight and suggestions on small and large points. He also provides more than 350 exercises from novice through to advanced level with all of the solutions available online.
When Paul Met Jesus
Authors: Porter Stanley E.
Published: December 2015

Did Paul ever meet Jesus and hear him teach? A century ago, a curious assortment of scholars - William Ramsay, Johannes Weiss, and James Hope Moulton - thought that he had. Since then, their idea has virtually disappeared from New Testament scholarship, to be revived in this monograph. When Paul Met Jesus is an exercise in both biblical exegesis and intellectual history. After examining the positive arguments raised, it considers the negative influence of Ferdinand Christian Baur, William Wrede, and Rudolf Bultmann on such an idea, as they drove a growing wedge between Jesus and Paul. In response, Stanley E. Porter analyzes three passages in the New Testament - Acts 9:1-9 and its parallels, 1 Corinthians 9:1, and 2 Corinthians 5:16 - to confirm that there is New Testament evidence that Paul encountered Jesus. The implications of this discovery are then explored in important Pauline passages that draw Jesus and Paul back together again.
Response to Jennifer Lehmann's Reflections on Out-of-Home Care
Authors: Broadley Karen , Hunt Susan , Goddard Chris
Published: December 2015

Jennifer Lehmann, in her reflections on out-of-home care (OOHC) in the preceding paper, offers an important contribution to this special issue of Children Australia (Lehmann, 2015). We are honoured to be involved and to provide this response.
Therapeutic Residential Care: Different Population, Different Purpose, Different Costs
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia
Published: December 2015

At the present time in Australia, there is much discussion about attachment and trauma-informed therapeutic residential care (TRC) programmes. The discussion includes a continuing reference to the high cost of this form of care by comparison to foster family care. This comparison assumes that both services serve the same population which this paper disputes. The emergence of TRC as one option in the continuum of care also raises issues about how a residential care (RC) workforce might be educated and trained for these programmes. This is particularly important given the mental health and behavioural difficulties the population of young people referred to TRC programmes, frequently display.
Development of a scoring system for non-specialist ratings of clinical competence in global mental health: a qualitative process evaluation of the Enhancing Assessment of Common Therapeutic Factors (ENACT) scale
Authors: Kohrt B. A. , Ramaiya M. K. , Rai S. , Bhardwaj A. , Jordans M. J. D
Published: December 2015

Background.

Task-sharing is the involvement of non-specialist providers to deliver mental health services. A challenge for task-sharing programs is to achieve and maintain clinical competence of non-specialists, including primary care workers, paraprofessionals, and lay providers. We developed a tool for non-specialist peer ratings of common factors clinical competency to evaluate and optimize competence during training and supervision in global mental health task-sharing initiatives.

Methods.

The 18-itemENhancingAssessment ofCommonTherapeutic factors (ENACT) tool was pilot-tested with non-specialists participating in mental health Gap Action Programme trainings in Nepal. Qualitative process evaluation was used to document development of the peer rating scoring system. Qualitative data included interviews with trainers and raters as well as transcripts of pre- and post-training observed structured clinical evaluations.

Results.

Five challenges for non-specialist peer ratings were identified through the process evaluation: (1) balance of training and supervision objectives with research objectives; (2) burden for peer raters due to number of scale items, number of response options, and use of behavioral counts; (3) capturing hierarchy of clinical skills; (4) objectivev.subjective aspects of rating; and (5) social desirability when rating peers.

Conclusion.

The process culminated in five recommendations based on the key findings for the development of scales to be used by non-specialists for peer ratings in low-resource settings. Further research is needed to determine the ability of ENACT to capture the relationship of clinical competence with client outcomes and to explore the relevance of these recommendations for non-specialist peer ratings in high-resource settings.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Barriers and Goals in Pediatric Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Survey of Antimicrobial Stewardship Practitioners
Authors: Wolf Joshua , Sun Yilun , Tang Li , Newland Jason G. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Van Dyke Christie J. , Hymes Saul R. , Yu Diana , Carias Delia C. , Bryant Penelope A.
Published: December 2015

We undertook a cross-sectional survey of antimicrobial stewardship clinicians in North America and Australasia regarding practices, goals, and barriers to implementation of stewardship for pediatric oncology patients. Goals and barriers were similar regardless of clinician or institutional characteristics and geographic location. Strategies addressing these factors could help optimize antimicrobial use.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):343–347
THE CANNIBAL CAVALIER: SIR THOMAS LUNSFORD AND THE FASHIONING OF THE ROYALIST ARCHETYPE
Authors: STOYLE MARK
Published: December 2015

This article re-examines the career of Sir Thomas Lunsford, one of the most notorious royalist officers of the English Civil War. Drawing on a wide range of contemporary sources, it not only casts new light on the pre-war activities of Lunsford himself but also explores the ways in which his blood-thirsty reputation was exploited by parliamentarian polemicists on the eve of the conflict. The article argues that, following the death of the proto-royalist playwright and plotter Sir John Suckling in 1641, Lunsford inherited Suckling's mantle as the archetypal ‘cavalier’, and that it was in association with Sir Thomas's name, rather than Sir John's, that the hostile caricature of the royalist gentleman-at-arms was first introduced to the English population as a whole. The article concludes by exploring the persistent rumours of cannibalism which have swirled around Lunsford's name for the past 370 years – and by demonstrating that, while the claim that Sir Thomas possessed a taste for human flesh may well have originated in the parliamentarian camp, it was, rather surprisingly, royalist writers who subsequently did most to keep his anthropophagical reputation alive.
Insight into species diversity of the Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 (Nematoda: Strongylida) in ruminants
Authors: Wyrobisz A. , Kowal J. , Nosal P.
Published: December 2015

This paper focuses on the species diversity among the Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 (Nematoda: Strongylida), and complexity of the family systematics. Polymorphism (subfamilies: Ostertagiinae, Cooperiinae and Haemonchinae), the presence of cryptic species (genus:Teladorsagia) and hybridization (genera:Cooperia,HaemonchusandOstertagia) are presented and discussed, considering both morphological and molecular evidence. Some of these phenomena are common, nevertheless not sufficiently understood, which indicates the need for expanding the current state of knowledge thereof. Within the Trichostrongylidae, species distinction supported merely by morphological features is difficult, and requires confirmation by means of molecular methods. The parasitic nematode taxonomy is complicated mainly by the genusTeladorsagia, but complexity may also be expected among other Ostertagiinae (e.g. in the generaOstertagiaandMarshallagia). The data presented here show that the members of the Trichostrongylidae can significantly complicate unambiguous species identification. Hence, it is essential to consider the phenomena mentioned, to gather valid and comparable data on the biodiversity of this family.
Redescription of three species of Apseudidae (Tanaidacea) from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench with general remarks on tanaidacean diversity in oceanic trenches
Authors: Jóźwiak Piotr
Published: December 2015

Redescriptions of three species of Apseudidae are given based on samples collected from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench during the Kurambio deep-sea expedition:Fageapseudes bicornis, F. vitjaziandLeviapseudes zenkevitchi. The identification key for species ofFageapseudesis given. Tanaidacean fauna from the main world trenches is discussed.
Circulating filarial antigen detection in brugian filariasis
Authors: TRIPATHI PRAVEEN KUMAR , MAHAJAN RAMESH CHANDER , MALLA NANCY , MEWARA ABHISHEK , BHATTACHARYA SHAILJA MISRA , SHENOY RANGANATHA KRISHNA , SEHGAL RAKESH
Published: December 2015

Human lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major cause of disability globally. The success of global elimination programmes for LF depends upon effectiveness of tools for diagnosis and treatment. In this study on stage-specific antigen detection in brugian filariasis, L3, adult worm (AW) and microfilarial antigenaemia were detected in around 90–95% of microfilariae carriers (MF group), 50–70% of adenolymphangitis (ADL) patients, 10–25% of chronic pathology (CP) patients and 10–15% of endemic normal (EN) controls. The sensitivity of the circulating filarial antigen (CFA) detection in serum samples from MF group was up to 95%. In sera from ADL patients, unexpectedly, less antigen reactivity was observed. In CP group all the CFA positive individuals were from CP grade I and II only and none from grade III or IV, suggesting that with chronicity the AWs lose fecundity and start to disintegrate and die. Amongst EN subject, 10–15% had CFA indicating that few of them harbour filarial AWs, thus they might not be truly immune as has been conventionally believed. The specificity for antigen detection was 100% when tested with sera from various other protozoan and non-filarial helminthic infections.
‘Soundscapes’ at the National Gallery, London (8 July – 6 September 2015)
Authors: Rodgers Georgia
Published: December 2015

The ‘Soundscapes’ exhibition comprised six paintings displayed individually in darkened rooms, each ‘accompanied’ by a specially composed piece played over loudspeakers. The seven artists (two working as a duo) invited to create musical responses represented a cross-section of disciplines, from wildlife recording, sound installation, film composition, DJing and instrumental composition, and, it must be said, all had some crowd-pulling potential. Given the reviews, one might have expected to discover unspeakable things happening in the depths of the National Gallery; however, I found it to be an interesting and well-executed exhibition which presented some thoughtful sonic responses to great paintings.
MONITORING REGISTRIES AT ITALIAN MEDICINES AGENCY: FOSTERING ACCESS, GUARANTEEING SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Montilla Simona , Xoxi Entela , Russo Pierluigi , Cicchetti Americo , Pani Luca
Published: December 2015

Objectives: The AIFA (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco—Italian Medicines Agency) Monitoring Registries track the eligibility of patients and the complete flow of treatments, guaranteeing appropriateness in use of pharmaceutical products, according to approved indications.

Methods: This study describes the Italian pharmaceutical context and the aims and functioning of AIFA Monitoring Registries, focusing on the applications to the Managed Entry Agreements (MEAs) and HTA approaches.

Results: The AIFA Monitoring Registries System has been operational in Italy since 2005. In 2012, the system became part of the NHS Information Technology system, aiming at enhancing appropriate use of pharmaceuticals and efficiency of the administrative activity. Currently, seventy-six medicines are monitored through the system, corresponding to fifty-eight therapeutic indications; individual treatments recorded are more than 515,000, for a population of approximately 505,000 patients. For each monitored product, patients eligible for treatment are registered in the specific therapeutic indication dynamic monitoring database to collect epidemiologic and clinical data, including data on the safety profile, and ex-post information missing at first evaluation stage.

Conclusions: AIFA Monitoring Registries allow the evaluation of the pharmaceuticals’ performance in clinical practice and may promote innovation and quicker access to medicines at affordable prices, for the benefit of patients.
SERVER WAITING TIMES IN INFINITE SUPPLY POLLING SYSTEMS WITH PREPARATION TIMES
Authors: Dorsman Jan-Pieter L. , Perel Nir , Vlasiou Maria
Published: December 2015

We consider a system consisting of a single server serving a fixed number of stations. At each station, there is an infinite queue of customers that have to undergo a preparation phase before being served. This model is connected to layered queueing networks, to an extension of polling systems and surprisingly to random graphs. We are interested in the waiting time of the server. For the case where the server polls the stations cyclically, we give a sufficient condition for the existence of a limiting waiting-time distribution and we study the tail behavior of the stationary waiting time. Furthermore, assuming that preparation times are exponentially distributed, we describe in depth the resulting Markov chain. We also investigate a model variation where the server does not necessarily poll the stations in a cyclic order, but always serves the customer with the earliest completed preparation phase. We show that the mean waiting time under this dynamic allocation never exceeds that of the cyclic case, but that the waiting-time distributions corresponding to both cases are not necessarily stochastically ordered. Finally, we provide extensive numerical results investigating and comparing the effect of the system's parameters to the performance of the server for both models.
Pattern Recognition: Governmental Regulation of Tartan and Commodification of Culture
Authors: Blakely Megan Rae
Published: December 2015

It is notoriously difficult to design and attach suitable legal rights to intangible cultural heritage (ICH), due to its nature as an evolving, living heritage. This article investigates the effects of government intervention relating to Scottish tartan in order to trace the relationship between formal proprietary rights, commodification, and cultural branding. The article proceeds in three steps: from (1) the historical context of the Jacobite rebellion and the subsequent Victorian assignment of the tartan to clans; to (2) the formation and function of the subsequent self-regulating community tartan registers; and (3) the 2009 governmental intervention with the establishment of a governmental tartan register, subsuming the community groups’ role in self-regulating tartan. While past ICH protection efforts have focused primarily on developing countries, the example of tartan raises wider concerns about the social and economic impact of the subtle erosion or, conversely, the ossification of living heritages. Finally, some alternatives are considered within the IP regime, such as sui generis protection, while highlighting the challenges of reconciling the domestic regulation of diverse ICH.
Case Note: Another Chapter in the Cassirer Nazi-era Art Saga Focuses on Choice of Law
Authors: Frey Laurie
Published: December 2015

In June 2015, a United States district court in California found that the Madrid-based Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation had acquired ownership of a Camille Pissarro painting under Spanish adverse possession law. Unless overturned on appeal, the decision will end the long-running efforts by the heirs of Lilly Cassirer Neubauer to recover the painting, which was wrongfully taken by the Nazis. The decision to apply Spanish law determined the outcome of the case, and the court’s discussion of choice-of-law issues is notable given the decisive effect that the applicable law often has in art and cultural property ownership disputes. After describing the background and reasoning of the case, this case note comments on two interesting aspects of the decision: its discussion of choice of law in the context of suits against foreign government entities and its treatment of a recent amendment to California law intended to make it easier to recover stolen art.
Interpreting the transmissibility of the avian influenza A(H7N9) infection from 2013 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: CHONG K. C. , WANG X. , LIU S. , CAI J. , SU X. , ZEE B. C. , TAM G. , WANG M. H. , CHEN E.
Published: December 2015

Three epidemic waves of human influenza A(H7N9) were documented in several different provinces in China between 2013 and 2015. With limited understanding of the potential for human-to-human transmission, it was difficult to implement control measures efficiently or to inform the public adequately about the application of interventions. In this study, the human-to-human transmission rate for the epidemics that occurred between 2013 and 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China, was analysed. The reproduction number (R), a key indicator of transmission intensity, was estimated by fitting the number of infections from poultry to humans and from humans to humans into a mathematical model. The posterior mean R for human-to-human transmission was estimated to be 0·27, with a 95% credible interval of 0·14–0·44 for the first wave, whereas the posterior mean Rs decreased to 0·15 in the second and third waves. Overall, these estimates indicate that a human H7N9 pandemic is unlikely to occur in Zhejiang. The reductions in the viral transmissibility and the number of poultry-transmitted infections after the first epidemic may be attributable to the various intervention measures taken, including changes in the extent of closures of live poultry markets.
The global burden of major infectious complications following prostate biopsy
Authors: BENNETT H. Y. , ROBERTS M. J. , DOI S. A. R. , GARDINER R. A.
Published: December 2015

We present a systematic review providing estimates of the overall and regional burden of infectious complications following prostate biopsy. A directly standardized prevalence estimate was used because it reflects the burden of disease more explicitly. Complications included sepsis, hospitalization, bacteraemia, bacteriuria, and acute urinary retention after biopsy. There were 165 articles, comprising 162 577 patients, included in the final analysis. Our findings demonstrate that transrectal biopsy was associated with a higher burden of hospitalization (1·1% vs. 0·9%) and sepsis (0·8% vs. 0·1%) compared to transperineal biopsy, while acute urinary retention was more prevalent after transperineal than transrectal biopsy (4·2% vs. 0·9%). The differences were statistically non-significant because of large heterogeneity across countries. We also demonstrate and discuss regional variations in complication rates, with Asian studies reporting higher rates of sepsis and hospitalization.
The long-term effectiveness of the Family Check-Up on school-age conduct problems: Moderation by neighborhood deprivation
Authors: Shaw Daniel S. , Sitnick Stephanie L. , Brennan Lauretta M. , Choe Daniel E. , Dishion Thomas J. , Wilson Melvin N. , Gardner Frances
Published: December 2015

Several studies suggest that neighborhood deprivation is a unique risk factor in child and adolescent development of problem behavior. We sought to examine whether previously established intervention effects of the Family Check-Up (FCU) on child conduct problems at age 7.5 would persist through age 9.5, and whether neighborhood deprivation would moderate these effects. In addition, we examined whether improvements in parent–child interaction during early childhood associated with the FCU would be related to later reductions in child aggression among families living in the highest risk neighborhoods. Using a multisite cohort of at-risk children identified on the basis of family, child, and socioeconomic risk and randomly assigned to the FCU, intervention effects were found to be moderated by neighborhood deprivation, such that they were only directly present for those living at moderate versus extreme levels of neighborhood deprivation. In addition, improvements in child aggression were evident for children living in extreme neighborhood deprivation when parents improved the quality of their parent–child interaction during the toddler period (i.e., moderated mediation). Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities and possible limitations in prevention of early problem behavior for those children living in extreme and moderate levels of poverty.
Bisimilarity is not Borel
Authors: SÁNCHEZ TERRAF PEDRO
Published: December 2015

We prove that the relation of bisimilarity between countable labelled transition systems (LTS) is Σ11-complete (hence not Borel), by reducing the set of non-well orders over the natural numbers continuously to it.

This has an impact on the theory of probabilistic and non-deterministic processes over uncountable spaces, since logical characterizations of bisimilarity (as, for instance, those based on the unique structure theorem for analytic spaces) require a countable logic whose formulas have measurable semantics. Our reduction shows that such a logic does not exist in the case of image-infinite processes.
A multilevel analysis of the relationship between parental migration and left-behind children’s macronutrient intakes in rural China
Authors: Zhang Nan , Bécares Laia , Chandola Tarani
Published: December 2015

Objective

China’s internal migration has left 61 million children living apart from their parent(s) in rural areas. The present study aimed to examine whether the relative contributions of macronutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) to total energy intake differ between children left behind by the father or mother, compared with children from intact families.

Design

Drawing on a longitudinal study, the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2009), multilevel modelling analyses (level 1: occasions; level 2: children; level 3: villages) were performed.

Setting

Data from rural communities in nine provinces in China.

Subjects

Rural children (n975; 555 boys and 420 girls) from 140 villages.

Results

Among boys of school age, being left behind by the father tended to reduce the relative protein intake by 0·70 % (P<0·01) compared with boys from intact families. Being left behind by at least the mother was more detrimental for young boys under the age of 6 years than paternal migration, reducing relative protein intake by 1·14 % (P<0·05). Parental migration was associated with a significant increase in young boys’ relative fat intake by 2·60 % (P<0·05). No significant associations were found for girls. Results suggest left-behind boys, especially in early life, are subject to a higher-fat and lower-protein diet compared with non-left-behind boys. This may put them at increased risk of being overweight or obese, or of suffering from stunted growth, when they grow up.

Conclusions

Public health policies should recognise the influences of parental migration on boys, especially maternal migration, and encourage a more balanced diet for children in rural China.
COLA cuts in state-local pensions
Authors: MUNNELL ALICIA H. , AUBRY JEAN-PIERRE , CAFARELLI MARK
Published: December 2015

Although it is often assumed that public workers have greater benefit protections than their private sector counterparts covered by the Employees Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, this paper finds that state and local governments – particularly those with generous cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), fewer benefit protections, and financial pressures on the plan and the sponsoring government – cut COLAs for current workers and, often, for retirees. In most instances, these cuts were upheld by the courts. While the pace of COLA cuts has slowed, they are likely to reappear if plans come under renewed financial pressures.
An audit of the quality of HCR-20 violence risk assessments in a low secure service
Authors: Sen Piyal , Lindsey Simone , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Rama-Iyer Rajesh , Picchioni Marco
Published: December 2015

Introduction

The HCR-20 is one of the most popular structured clinical judgement tools used in forensic settings; yet, there are no published tools to assess the quality of its use. This study used the CAI-V, a tool to assess the competency of those carrying out risk assessment, to develop a quality tool for the use of HCR-20.

Method

The audit was carried out between July 2012 and July 2013 on all patients resident in St Andrew’s Essex, a low secure unit. The results of the first audit led to an action plan for clinical improvement, subsequently re-audited a year later.

Results

Most of the HCR-20 ratings scored in the competent range in both audits, but the greatest weakness was identified in the treatment planning section. The re-audit showed improvement, but there remained areas for development.

Discussion

The audit highlighted broad areas of improvement like the need for full multidisciplinary involvement, more attention to formulation, and the need for greater consultation and information gathering from outside professionals and family members. The quality tool developed could be adapted to the requirements of any service, and used accordingly.
PRN medication: beliefs and practices of psychiatrists and nurses working in PICUs and secure units
Authors: Haw Camilla , Sasegbon Helen , Ismail Imadeldin , Pushpanathan Malathi
Published: December 2015

Introduction

PRN (as required) medication is commonly used in inpatient psychiatry but little is known about staff opinions concerning its use.

Aims & objectives

Toexplore views about PRN medication among nurses and psychiatrists working in PICUs or secure care at a charitable hospital.

Method

A structured questionnaire with visual analogue scales was used to examine staff views about PRN medication. Participants were: 21 PICU nurses, 20 nurses working on medium secure admission units (MSAUs) and 27 psychiatrists. Inquiry was made about preferences and avoidance of PRN drugs and when PRN administration becomes rapid tranquillisation (RT).

Results

Nurses working in PICUs and MSAUs held similar views about PRN medication. Nurses were more in favour of PRN medication than psychiatrists, whereas psychiatrists felt more strongly that PRN sedation was sometimes over-used. PICU staff favoured promethazine whereas non-PICU staff preferred lorazepam/lorazepam and haloperidol combined. There was no consensus as to when PRN administration becomes RT.

Conclusions

Nurses hold more positive views about PRN sedation than psychiatrists. Despite the ECG requirement, many staff favour haloperidol. The NICE definition of RT was not quoted by most participants. RT and PRN medication is a grey area which deserves further exploration.
The DiViSA’s Predictive Validity by Age: An Objective Online Test of Attention
Authors: Santacreu J. , Quiroga M. A.
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze the DiViSA’s predictive validity in school-age children. To do so, two groups of school-age children were compared: one with low school achievement (N = 1,174), and one with typical development (N = 1,426). The obtained results show that: (1) in all grades, children with poor school performance exhibited lower levels of attention and task organization, greater hastiness, and made more commission errors; (2) the combination of variables that best differentiated between groups was not the same in all grades; (3) level of organization improved with age in the low-school-achievement group, and did not in the typical-development group; (4) the data regarding sensitivity (81% to 93%) and specificity (79% to 90%), for the first time computed for each grade separately, support the test’s predictive validity in the grades we evaluated. The discussion focuses on the DiViSA test’s usefulness in diagnosing attention problems. It is the first computerized test to include separate scores for: (a) how children complete the task (organization) and (2) the source of their errors (distraction or hastiness).
An Explanatory Model of Poverty from the Perspective of Social Psychology and Human Rights
Authors: Pérez-Muñoz Alfonso , Chacón Fernando , Martínez Arias Rosario
Published: December 2015

Poverty is a social problem, entailing not only an economical perspective but above all a human and social issue. Poverty is promoted, justified and maintained by unique individuals and groups by means of our own attitudes, interests and behavior, as well as with our social structures and social relationships. From this interactive, psychosocial and sociostructural perspective, and also considering poverty as adenial of basic human rights(UNDP, 1998), we carried out a study with the primary objective to design and verify anExplanatory Model of Poverty.This research may helps to increase the validity of diagnostics and the effectiveness of interventions. Most of the hypotheses were accepted during the analysis and verification of the Model (p< .001), with data fitting the Model (CFI: 1 RMSEA: .025: LO90: 0 – HI90: .061. RMR: .008). These results, if replicated in new investigations, could have the following implications: (a) the need for a broad and comprehensive definition of poverty including its effects, processes and causes; (b) the need for everybody to accept the social responsibility in the prevention and solution to poverty; and (c) the need to conduct longitudinal interventions with scientific methodology and social participation.
L’échographie dans le dépistage du cancer du sein: un outil efficace dans un dépistage personnalisé
Authors: Meuwly Jean-Yves
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung. Die Mammografie als Vorsorgeuntersuchung ist die einzige Methode, mit der eine Verminderung der Sterblichkeit bei Brustkarzinom nachgewiesen wurde. Der Ultraschall ist als zusätzliche Untersuchungsart vorgeschlagen worden. Bei den Frauen westlicher Herkunft, deren Brustdichte der Mammografie Grenzen setzt, kann dank des Ultraschalls eine bedeutende Anzahl zusätzlicher Karzinome festgestellt werden. Dies bedeutet jedoch auch mehr falsch-positive Fälle, mehr Biopsien und Bedenken sowie höhere Kosten. Daher ist eine sorgfältige Auswahl der Frauen, denen eine zusätzliche Vorsorgeuntersuchung per Ultraschall zugute kommen soll, äusserst wichtig. Einerseits, um die Anzahl der frühzeitig erfassten Karzinome zu verbessern, aber auch um die zusätzlichen Untersuchungen sowie die Kosten im Griff zu behalten.
Not at Imminent Risk
Authors: Monaghan Kate , Harris Martin
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Background: Suicide is a pervasive and complex issue that can challenge counselors through the course of their careers. Research and practice focus heavily on crisis management and imminent risk rather than early intervention strategies. Early intervention strategies can assist counselors working with clients who have suicidal ideation, but are not at imminent risk, or with clients whose risk factors identify them as having a stronger trajectory for suicidal ideation. Aims: This systematic literature review examines the current literature on working with clients with suicidal ideation who are not at imminent risk, to ascertain the types of information and strategies available to counselors working with this client group. Method: An initial 622 articles were identified for analysis and from these 24 were included in the final review, which was synthesized using a narrative approach. Results: Results indicate that research into early intervention strategies is extremely limited. Conclusion: It was possible to describe emergent themes and practice guidelines to assist counselors working with clients with suicidal ideation but not at imminent risk.
Suicide Risk Among College Student
Authors: Shadick Richard , Backus Dagirmanjian Faedra , Barbot Baptiste
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Background: Research on young adults in the general population has identified a relationship between sexual minority identification and risk for suicide. Differential rates of suicidal ideation and attempts have also been found across racial and ethnic groups. Aims: This study examined risk for suicide among university students, based on membership in one or more marginalized groups (sexual minority and racial minority identification). Method: Data were collected from first-year college students (N = 4,345) at an urban university. Structural equation modeling was employed to model a suicidality construct, based on which a "risk for suicide" category system was derived. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were then conducted to estimate the relationship between the background variables of interest and suicide risk. Results: Students who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) were associated with higher suicide risk than their heterosexual peers. Students of color were slightly less at risk than their heterosexual peers. However, LGB students of color were associated with elevated suicide risk relative to heterosexual peers. Conclusion: Results indicate that belonging to multiple marginalized groups may increase one's risk for suicide, though these effects are not simply additive. Findings highlight the complexity of the intersection between marginalized identities and suicidality.
Applicant Reactions Are Similar Across Countries
Authors: König Cornelius J. , Fell Clemens B. , Steffen Verena , Vanderveken Stéphane
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Many organizations receive applications from people from different countries, and this is reflected in the research interest in cross-cultural differences in applicant reactions. The results of this research stream suggest only a minor role of country differences, but should be considered as preliminary in nature for several reasons. In particular, many studies have been conducted with students as hypothetical applicants, and assessment centers (ACs) have largely been neglected so far. Trying to overcome previous shortcomings, we examined applicant reactions to an AC conducted by the European Personnel Selection Office for selecting employees for European Union institutions. Applicants from eight European countries (N = 243) rated the AC on six reaction dimensions: measurement quality, face validity, controllability, absence of stress, good organization, and positive atmosphere. Reassuring for practitioners, results did again not suggest cross-cultural differences.
Salzburger State Reactance Scale (SSR Scale)
Authors: Sittenthaler Sandra , Traut-Mattausch Eva , Steindl Christina , Jonas Eva
Published: December 2015

Abstract. This paper describes the construction and empirical evaluation of an instrument for measuring state reactance, the Salzburger State Reactance (SSR) Scale. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported a hypothesized three-factor structure: experience of reactance, aggressive behavioral intentions, and negative attitudes. Correlations with divergent and convergent measures support the validity of this structure. The SSR Subscales were strongly related to the other state reactance measures. Moreover, the SSR Subscales showed modest positive correlations with trait measures of reactance. The SSR Subscales correlated only slightly or not at all with neighboring constructs (e.g., autonomy, experience of control). The only exception was fairness scales, which showed moderate correlations with the SSR Subscales. Furthermore, a retest analysis confirmed the temporal stability of the scale. Suggestions for further validation of this questionnaire are discussed.
The CD169 sialoadhesin molecule mediates cytotoxic T‐cell responses to tumour apoptotic vesicles
Authors: Black Lane VC , Saunderson Sarah C , Coutinho Frazer P , Muhsin‐Sharafaldine Morad‐Rémy , Damani Tanvi T , Dunn Amy C , McLellan Alexander D
Published: December 2015

Apoptosis leads to the fragmentation and packaging of cellular contents into discrete vesicles, a process known as ‘blebbing’. Extracellular vesicles express membrane‐bound sialic acids, which enable their capture by CD169 (sialoadhesin; Siglec‐1) expressing macrophages in the lymph node and spleen. Furthermore, CD169 mediates vesicle trafficking and suppresses the immune response to exosomes—a type of extracellular vesicle released from living cells. In this study, we found that CD169+ macrophages were the predominant splenic macrophage subset responsible for the capture of EL4 lymphoma‐derived apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs) from circulation. CD169−/− mice had significantly enhanced in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to antigen‐pulsed ApoVs, indicating a suppressive role for CD169+ macrophages to ApoV‐associated antigen. In contrast to the observed immunogenic role of ApoVs, the co‐administration of unpulsed ApoVs with antigen‐pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) significantly suppressed DC‐mediated cytotoxic response in vivo; however, this occurred independent of CD169 expression. Overall, our results confirm that apoptosis contributes to both tolerance and immunity, as well as establishing CD169 as a critical mediator of the immune response to extracellular vesicles.
Frequent alterations in cytoskeleton remodelling genes in primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Wu Kui , Zhang Xin , Li Fuqiang , Xiao Dakai , Hou Yong , Zhu Shida , Liu Dongbing , Ye Xiaofei , Ye Mingzhi , Yang Jie , Shao Libin , Pan Hui , Lu Na , Yu Yuan , Liu Liping , Li Jin , Huang Liyan , Tang Hailing , Deng Qiuhua , Zheng Yue , Peng Lihua , Liu Geng , Gu Xia , He Ping , Gu Yingying , Lin Weixuan , He Huiming , Xie Guoyun , Liang Han , An Na , Wang Hui , Teixeira Manuel , Vieira Joana , Liang Wenhua , Zhao Xin , Peng Zhiyu , Mu Feng , Zhang Xiuqing , Xu Xun , Yang Huanming , Kristiansen Karsten , Wang Jian , Zhong Nanshan , Wang Jun , Pan-Hammarström Qiang , He Jianxing
Published: December 2015

The landscape of genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma derived from Asian patients is largely uncharacterized. Here we present an integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of 335 primary lung adenocarcinomas and 35 corresponding lymph node metastases from Chinese patients. Altogether 13 significantly mutated genes are identified, including the most commonly mutated gene TP53 and novel mutation targets such as RHPN2, GLI3 and MRC2. TP53 mutations are furthermore significantly enriched in tumours from patients harbouring metastases. Genes regulating cytoskeleton remodelling processes are also frequently altered, especially in metastatic samples, of which the high expression level of IQGAP3 is identified as a marker for poor prognosis. Our study represents the first large-scale sequencing effort on lung adenocarcinoma in Asian patients and provides a comprehensive mutational landscape for both primary and metastatic tumours. This may thus form a basis for personalized medical care and shed light on the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.