bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitally Controllable Multifrequency Impedance Emulator for Bioimpedance Hardware Validation
Authors: Semenov Dmitrii , Freeborn Todd J.
Published: October 2024

The accurate emulation of the electrical impedance of biological tissues is crucial for the development and validation of bioimpedance measurement devices and algorithms. This paper describes a digitally controllable impedance emulator capable of reproducing values representative of tissue bioimpedance in user‐specified resistance, reactance, and frequency ranges up to 1 MHz. The presented solution uses a 2R‐1C impedance model to emulate the impedance characteristics of a biological tissue. Specific selection of each element value in this model is achieved using analog multiplexers with low resistance. A MATLAB algorithm was developed for value estimation using target impedance requirements. An example design to emulate impedance from 1 kHz to 1 MHz with 10 to 400 resistance and maximum reactance is provided. The nonideal behavior of this design was evaluated and compared against experimentally collected impedance measurements. Deviations of <1% were observed between experimental and theoretical resistances for values up to 100 kHz (with approximately 5% deviations up to 1 MHz) and reactance deviations were also <1% up to 10 kHz. High frequency deviations are attributed to the parasitic capacitance in the realization of the design. The experimental results validate the design approach and realization for low frequencies. Overall, the innovation of the proposed approach is the control of both resistance and reactance for emulating electrical impedance representative of biological tissues.
Single‐cell transcriptome analysis reveals evolving tumour microenvironment induced by immunochemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Yaofei , Bei Weixin , Li Wangzhong , Huang Ying , He Shuiqing , Zhu Xiaobin , Zheng Lisheng , Xia Weixiong , Dong Shuhui , Liu Qin , Zhang Chuanrun , Lv Shuhui , Xie Changqing , Xiang Yanqun , Liu Guoying
Published: October 2024

Background

Combinatory therapeutic strategy containing immunochemotherapy as part of induction therapy components is one of the current trends in the treatment of high‐risk metastatic locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the mechanism underlying the heterogeneity of response at the single‐cell level has not been underexplored.

Methods

18 bulks and 11 single‐cell RNA sequencing from paired before‐treatment and on‐treatment samples in patients with treatment‐naive high‐risk metastatic locally advanced NPCs were obtained. Following quality control, a total of 87 191 cells were included in the subsequence bioinformatics analysis.

Results

Immunochemotherapy was associated with on‐treatment tumour microenvironment (TME) remodelling, including upregulation of anti‐TMEs signatures, downregulation of pro‐TMEs signatures, reversing CD8+ T exhaustion, and repolarizing proinflammatory TAMs. For the patients achieving a complete response, the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells was stimulated and more interferon‐gamma was provided, which would be the key for TAMs proinflammatory repolarization and eventually promote the CD8+ T cells maturation in turn. Among patients who did not reach complete response, differentiation and hypoxia signatures for endothelial cells were elevated after therapy. These patients exhibited higher levels of immune checkpoint genes in malignant cells at the baseline (before treatment), and decreased tumour antigen presentation activity, which may underlie the resistance mechanism to therapy.

Conclusions

This study pictures a map of TME modulation following immunochemotherapy‐based combination induction therapy and provides potential future approaches.

Highlights

Immunochemotherapy remodeled T cell phenotypes.

For the patients achieving complete response, more interferon gamma was provided by CD8+ T cells after therapy, which would be the key for TAMs pro‐inflammatory repolarization and eventually promote the CD8+ T cells maturation in turns.

Among patients who did not reach complete response, malignant cells exhibited higher level of immune checkpoint genes before therapy, and decreased tumor antigen presentation activity, which may underlie the resistance mechanism to therapy.
Overlooked Bird Extinctions in Semideciduous Atlantic Forests
Authors: Cavarzere Vagner , Silveira Luís Fábio
Published: October 2024

The semideciduous forest is a prominent yet highly degraded phytophysiognomy within the Atlantic Forest. Historically, bird species inhabiting these forests occurred throughout central and western São Paulo state, south‐eastern Brazil, until the mid‐20th century. Many of these species have not been observed again or are nearing extinction within the state's inland forest fragments. This study reviews and compares historical and recent ornithological records, using museum specimens, literature, citizen science and recent field surveys to understand these species' current lack of records. In the early 20th century, extensive deforestation occurred statewide, resulting in the current forest fragments, which are currently in various stages of regeneration, conservation and isolation. Many of these fragments lack the specific habitats some species require, or they have not been recolonised due to insufficient connectivity with other forest fragments where these species still exist (particularly in the eastern Atlantic Forest). The non‐detection of forest species in semideciduous forest fragments strongly suggests an unprecedented and largely unnoticed extinction scale. This pattern of defaunation, as predicted 30 years ago, may be prevalent across numerous Semideciduous Atlantic Forests in Brazil.
Antagonistic Effects of Light Pollution and Warming on Habitat‐Forming Seaweeds
Authors: Caley Amelia , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Byrne Maria , Mayer‐Pinto Mariana
Published: October 2024

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is an emerging global stressor that is likely to interact with other stressors such as warming, affecting habitat‐forming species and ecological functions. Seaweeds are dominant habitat‐forming species in temperate marine ecosystems, where they support primary productivity and diverse ecological communities. Warming is a major stressor affecting seaweed forests, but effects of ALAN on seaweeds are largely unknown. We manipulated ALAN (0 lx vs. 25 lx at night) and temperature (ambient vs. +1.54°C warming) to test their independent and interactive effects on the survival, growth (biomass, total‐, blade‐ and stipe‐length) and function (photosynthesis, primary productivity and respiration) on the juveniles of two habitat‐forming seaweeds, the kelp Ecklonia radiata and the fucoid Sargassum sp. Warming significantly increased Ecklonia mortality; however, ALAN did not affect mortality. ALAN had positive effects on Ecklonia biomass, total and blade growth rates and gross primary productivity; however, warming largely counterbalanced these effects. We found no significant effects of warming or ALAN on Ecklonia photosynthetic yield, stipe length, net primary productivity or respiration rates. We found no effects of ALAN or warming on Sargassum for any of the measured variables. Synthesis. Our findings indicate that ALAN can have positive effects on seaweed growth and functioning, but such effects are likely species‐specific and can be counterbalanced by warming, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between these global stressors. These findings can help us to predict and manage the effects of these stressors on seaweeds, which underpin coastal biodiversity.
COVERater—A Free Application for Training Researchers to Accurately Estimate Species Cover in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Cruickshank Madelon M. , Moles Angela T. , Debono Samuel A. , Xirocostas Zoe A.
Published: October 2024

Visual estimates of cover are widely used among ecologists, from describing vegetation communities to tracking and monitoring species' abundance. However, despite the known bias associated with visual estimates, no standardised training is available to improve these measurements. We developed a free online training tool, the COVERater, that effectively teaches users to visually estimate the percent cover of species in a variety of ecosystems (including alpine heath, arid lands, coral reefs, temperate reefs and wetlands). Prior to training, users with prior professional experience estimated species cover to an average inaccuracy of 5.2%, while users with no experience estimated cover to an average inaccuracy of 7.6%. COVERater training took an average of 31 min and 68 images, and reduced the estimate inaccuracy of users with no prior experience to 5.2%. There was no significant loss of estimate accuracy over 100 days following training. The COVERater can be used anywhere in the world, by data collectors of all experience levels, for projects spanning all spatial scales. By providing researchers with standardised training, our application can reduce variation in cover estimates that arise from human biases, allowing for comparable estimates across global collaborative projects and data syntheses. We encourage all relevant scientists to include COVERater training in their protocols to quantify cover with greater accuracy, improve the veracity of their results and make better inferences about our biosphere.
Systemic inflammation is associated with myocardial fibrosis in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Guo Xinli , Zhang Jian , Huang Manyun , Song Changpeng , Nie Changrong , Zheng Xinxin , Wang Shuiyun , Huang Xiaohong
Published: October 2024

Aims

Chronic low‐grade inflammation, often observed in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), promotes adverse ventricular remodelling. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers and myocardial fibrosis (MF) in patients with HCM.

Methods and results

This study included 102 patients with complete baseline data who underwent septal myectomy. Myocardial samples were stained with Masson's trichrome and analysed to determine myocardial collagen content and MF levels. Plasma levels of inflammatory markers were measured using standard laboratory procedures. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship between the inflammatory markers and MF. Among the 102 participants included in the analysis, the mean age was 48.9 years, with 69 [67.6%] being men. The overall MF ranged from 2.5% to 40.7% (mean = 15.2 ± 8.1%, median = 13.0%, IQR = 9.9%–18.4%). Participants were divided into two groups based on a median MF of 13%. The high MF group had a larger left atrial diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction. Levels of interleukin (IL)‐2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (IFN)‐α were significantly higher in patients with high MF compared to those with low MF (2.3 vs. 4.0 pg/mL, 3.1 vs. 3.9 pg/mL, 4.2 vs.4.7 pg/mL, respectively; all P < 0.05). In multivariate models adjusted for age, sex and other clinical features, IL‐2, IL‐5 and TNF‐α, were correlated with increased interstitial MF [odds ratio (OR): 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–2.14; OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02–1.98; OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.70]. After additional adjustment for imaging indicators, IL‐2 and TNF‐α remained significant (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.06–2.09, P = 0.021; OR:1.35, 95% CI: 1.01–1.80, P = 0.044). The correlation analysis between inflammation and replacement fibrosis assessed by CMR in 97 patients revealed that 72 (74.2%) showed late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). No significant correlation was found between inflammatory markers and the presence or extent of LGE.

Conclusions

Higher levels of IL‐2 and TNF‐α were associated with increased histopathological interstitial MF in patients with HCM. Given the gradual progression of MF in HCM, initiating anti‐inflammatory treatment in the early stages may delay its progression.
Cationic Control of the Formation of Europium Carbodiimide Chlorides
Authors: Kysliak Oleksandr , Ströbele Markus , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The solid‐state syntheses and the structures of three new europium carbodiimide chlorides are reported: Eu4(NCN)3Cl3=Eu(3+)Eu3(2+)(NCN)3Cl3 (1), LiEu2(NCN)Cl3 (2) and Na2Eu14(NCN)3Cl24 (3). 1 is the second example of mixed‐valent rare‐earth carbodiimide after Eu4F5(NCN)2. 2 belongs to a group of mixed carbodiimide compounds related to the Bideauxite group. 3 being the first Na‐containing rare‐earth carbodiimide. Syntheses in the field of rare‐earth carbodiimides benefit from the usage of different alkali carbodiimides to direct reaction pathway into individual compounds. High‐yield syntheses of 1–3, their crystal structures, and the photoluminescence properties of 3 are reported.
A perspective on solar railway potential for the UK
Authors: Braima M. , Butt T. E. , Maraqa M. A. , Goodhew S. , Sundaram S. , Mohamed M. M. A.
Published: October 2024

In the face of climate change challenges, energy demand is still increasing, and renewable energy is becoming increasingly necessary as a sustainable resource. Solar energy stands out as a promising renewable resource, yet its widespread adoption faces challenges, notably the substantial land requirements for photovoltaic (PV) panels. This conflict intensifies as land could be more efficiently utilized for agriculture and development. Conversely, railway infrastructure occupies expansive tracts of land, presenting an opportunity to integrate PV panels without disrupting rail operations. However, a comprehensive assessment of the solar potential along railway tracks on a national scale is lacking for different countries and the UK is one of them. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the feasibility of installing PV panels on railway tracks throughout the UK to generate electricity. Utilizing mathematical models tailored to five distinct solar panel technologies, the study incorporates various factors, including solar radiation levels across different months. Assumptions were made where necessary, with values for certain variables averaged to facilitate calculations. The findings reveal that solar energy harnessed from railways could satisfy up to 8% of the UK's total electricity demand, with a minimum contribution of 0.3%. This study provides valuable insights from a UK‐centric perspective and offers a replicable framework for similar assessments in other countries with extensive railway networks, such as China and India. By leveraging existing infrastructure for renewable energy generation, such initiatives could contribute significantly to global sustainability efforts.
An innovative irrigation system for farming towards environmental sustainability in India
Authors: Nayak Ramesh Chandra , Roul Manmatha K.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This work presents an innovative irrigation method designed to assist small‐scale farmers. Irrigation is crucial for agriculture, serving as the most essential input for all types of crops. Implementing a cost‐effective irrigation method can maximize farmers' output. In small‐scale farming, manual irrigation methods are commonly used to reduce costs. Therefore, a technology‐enhanced manual irrigation system will benefit marginal and small farmers.

Design/Methodology/Approach

This work introduces a new irrigation system that incorporates an epicyclic gear train along with a simple gear train arrangement. This system is designed to be attached to a farm's hand pump. The plunger rod with the piston is a crucial component of the hand pump, as its reciprocating motion lifts water from underground. An increased number of reciprocating motions of the plunger rod results in a greater amount of water being lifted from the well.

Findings

The designed model, when used with the hand pump, maximizes output with minimal manual effort. This system is environmentally friendly and operates without any external power sources.

Statement of Novelty

Lifting water from underground using a hand pump typically requires devices powered by external sources such as petrol, diesel, or electricity, which incur costs. Consequently, farmers using these methods for irrigation face financial burdens. It has been observed that more than 50% of the total income of small and medium‐scale farmers is spent on irrigation. To address these issues, the designed model has been introduced. Its novelty lies in the use of an optimal transmission system featuring simple and epicyclic gear trains, as well as an energy‐efficient design facilitated by the inclusion of a flywheel. These features ensure smooth operation and improved efficiency.

Statement of Industrial Relevance

This system is suitable for both agricultural purposes and curing work in construction. There is a significant market for this innovative design, as it serves as an optimal solution for agriculture and water supply systems without relying on external power sources. Our product is expected to sell quickly in the market. Many industries in India are developing agricultural products, but this system stands out due to its uniqueness, ensuring no difficulties in marketing. The implementation is straightforward, as the necessary input materials are readily available. Once commercialized, the system is projected to reach its breakeven point within 2 months, after which it will generate profit.

Originality/Value

There can be a diverse group of individuals participating in organizing this event. This group includes not only physically strong men and women but also children, individuals with disabilities, and those who may be weak or average in physical strength. In essence, physical strength is not a limitation for participating in this endeavor.
Experimental investigation of hybrid solar drying with thermal energy storage systems for drying chili
Authors: Govindan Radhakrishnan Gopinath , Sattanathan Muthuvel , Govindhan Radhakrishnan Rajesh Kanna , Selvam Saravana Kumar
Published: October 2024

A phase change material (PCM) is a useful material in thermal energy storage (TES) applications. The high latent heat (LH) values, noninflammable nature, and low cost make them a preferred material in solar TES. The drying of crops is an essential process for preserving agricultural crops that serves for several agricultural sectors. Solar drying is comparatively inexpensive yet an effective method to dry agricultural products. In this study, the potential of organic paraffin wax as PCM in a movable solar dryer has been investigated. In this experiment, heat‐storage materials, organic paraffin wax PCM were used. The use of a PCM‐packed floor in a traditional solar dryer used to decrease the drying period of vegetable crops is novel in this work. The work contrasts the drying presentation of chili among direct open solar drying without and with 200 g of microencapsulated and macro encapsulated PCM. Furthermore, the quality and texture of dried chili produced by solar dryers are better to those produced by open sun drying. Chili dried with micro PCM can dried faster when compared with macro PCM with solar dryer. The solar dryer without PCM can take more drying time when compared with solar dryer with micro and macro PCM. Also, the amount of PCM increased the drying time decreases.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YY‐112 ameliorates mouse immunosuppression by enhancing B/T‐cell activation and maintaining Th1/Th2 homeostasis
Authors: Yang Ying , Luo Mengfan , Zhou Wanyi , Tao Wenyang , Li Jingrui , Xing Jianrong , Tan Quanqin , Guo Yuxing
Published: October 2024

In recent years, the development of immunosuppression has become common, and probiotics are a vital immunomodulatory strategy. This study evaluated the alleviating effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) YY‐112 on cyclophosphamide‐induced immune imbalance and resolved the possible mechanism of action. L. plantarum YY‐112 at 109 CFU/mL lowered loss of body weight and alleviated splenic injury, intestinal injury, and inflammation, according to the hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biochemical results showed that 109 CFU/mL L. plantarum YY‐112 increased interleukin‐10 and immunoglobulin M levels and decreased interferon‐γ levels. Additionally, the immunoregulatory effect at the molecular levels of L. plantarum YY‐112 was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. L. plantarum YY‐112 significantly upregulated Cr2 and downregulated C5aR1 to regulate the complement system; downregulated S100a8, S100a9, and Mmp9 to inhibit neutrophil aggregation; upregulated Cd19, Cd72, Cd3e, Cd28, Cd80, Cd8a, and histocompatibility‐2‐related genes to regulate B‐ and T‐cell activation; and upregulated Xiap, Malt1, Ikbkb, Mapk11, Mef2c, Mapk12, Ras, and Myc to activate immune signaling pathways. Furthermore, L. plantarum YY‐112 improved intestinal microbial structure and reduced enrichment of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrio, Colidextribacter, and Helicobacter. In conclusion, these findings offer valuable insights into the potential mechanisms through which L. plantarum YY‐112 regulates immune imbalance.
Bacterial volatile organic compounds supplemented with light‐emitting diode lighting enhance antioxidant capacity and delay senescence in broccoli
Authors: Huang Taishan , Shi Junyan , Yue Xiaozhen , Yuan Shuzhi , Xu Xiangbin , Zuo Jinhua , Wang Qing
Published: October 2024

Bacterial volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are biological volatiles that can have a positive effect on the postharvest preservation of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, fumigation of broccoli with BVOCs released by Lysinibacillus fusiformis supplemented with light‐emitting diode (LED) white light irradiation reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in broccoli during senescence, enhanced the synthesis and accumulation of antioxidant substances, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in stored broccoli. Compared to the control group (CK), transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of the composite treatment group (LED‐BVOCs) on the 4 days of storage identified 3/1, 7/0, 1/1, 20/6, and 6/1 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)/differentially abundant metabolites in metabolic pathways related to ascorbic acid, glutathione, glucosinolate, polyphenols, and methionine, respectively, and there were 4 DEGs involved in the regulation of senescence during ethylene signal transduction. It is evident that LED‐BVOCs treatment can effectively regulate the metabolic processes of antioxidants in broccoli during storage. Overall, the LED‐BVOCs treatment improved the antioxidant capacity and reduced ethylene production in stored broccoli, thus delaying senescence. Our study provides new insights on the ability of using BVOCs as biopreservatives to improve the antioxidant capacity and delay senescence of broccoli during storage.
Plasma signature metabolites of dietary fat intake characterize associations with prevalent metabolic syndrome
Authors: Wan Xuzhi , Shi Hongbo , Jia Wei , Zhu Li , Tian Yimei , Meng Denghui , Wang Anli , Li Yaoran , Liu Xiaohui , Li Haoyu , Zhang Lange , Zhuang Pan , Zhang Yu , Jiao Jingjing
Published: October 2024

The metabolic response to dietary fat intake and its relation with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. Here, we identified dietary fat related signature metabolites and characterized their associations with MetS prevalence. We enrolled 236 participants from the Precision Nutrition and Food Safety for Dietary Prevention of Chronic Disease study in China. Nontargeted metabolomics was conducted to investigate plasma metabolome. The signature metabolites in relation to dietary fat intake were assessed using elastic net regression with a 10‐fold cross‐validation. We identified multi‐metabolite profiles comprising of 28, 19, 23, 31, and 25 metabolites, which were robustly correlated with dietary intake of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n − 3 PUFAs, and n − 6 PUFAs, respectively (r = .47–.54; p < .001). After adjustment for potential risk factors, metabolic signatures of PUFAs and n − 3 PUFAs were inversely associated with 31% and 48% lower MetS prevalence, respectively. Dietary intake of n − 3 and n − 6 PUFAs ameliorates key metabolites involved in the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Our findings revealed plasma metabolic signatures characterizing dietary fat intake and supported the beneficial role of PUFAs especially n − 3 PUFAs in MetS prevention.
The Prognostication of Surgically Resected Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Pre‐Therapy Neutrophil and Lymphocyte Counts
Authors: Sunkara Pranit R. , Chow Emily , Waitzman Jacob , Sukari Ammar , Cramer John D.
Published: October 2024

Background

Hematological markers, such as neutrophils (ANC), lymphocyte (ALC), and neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), may serve as indicators of systemic inflammation and immune response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, their prognostic significance across HNSCC subtypes remains to be fully elucidated.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial involving patients with surgically resected HNSCC with either positive margins or extranodal extension. These patients received either adjuvant chemoradiation with or without lapatinib. We explored the correlation between pre‐therapy ANC, ALC, and NLR levels and overall survival (OS) as well as disease‐free survival (DFS). A sub‐group analysis examined potential links between these markers, primary tumor location, and HPV status.

Results

Of the 688 patients in the trial, we included 681 patients with documented pre‐therapy ANC and ALC values. High pre‐therapy ANC and ALC were significantly associated with reduced OS (HR, 1.56; 95% CI: 1.19–2.05) and (HR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.01–1.79), respectively. High NLR did not significantly affect OS (HR, 1.09; 95% CI: 0.81–1.47). Subgroup analysis indicated significantly reduced OS in patients with high ANC across oropharyngeal, non‐oropharyngeal, and HPV‐negative subtypes. High ANC, ALC, and NLR did not impact DFS notably.

Conclusion

Elevated pre‐therapy ANC is strongly associated with decreased survival across all patients and subgroups, ALC was only significant in the general patient analysis. NLR's association with reduced OS was not statistically significant. These biomarkers may provide greater prognostic value in patients with oropharyngeal cancer and seemed to be more strongly associated with OS than DFS.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00424255; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00424255
Ninjurin1 deficiency differentially mitigates colorectal cancer induced by azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium in male and female mice
Authors: Song Chin‐Hee , Kim Nayoung , Nam Ryoung Hee , Choi Soo In , Jang Jae Young , Kim Eun Hye , Ha Sungchan , Shin Eun , Choi Hoon , Kim Kyu‐Won , Jeon Sejin , Oh Goo Taeg , Seok Yeong‐Jae
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the role of Ninjurin1 (Ninj1), encoding a small transmembrane protein, in colitis‐associated colon tumorigenesis in relation to sex hormones. Male and female wild‐type (WT) and Ninj1 knockout (KO) mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), with or without testosterone propionate (TP). At week 2 (acute colitis stage), Ninj1 KO exhibited an alleviation in the colitis symptoms in both male and female mice. The M2 macrophage population increased and CD8+ T cell population decreased only in the female Ninj1 KO than in the female WT AOM/DSS group. In the female AOM/DSS group, TP treatment exacerbated colon shortening in the Ninj1 KO than in the WT. At week 13 (tumorigenesis stage), male Ninj1 KO mice had fewer tumors, but females showed similar tumors. In the WT AOM/DSS group, females had more M2 macrophages and fewer M1 macrophages than males, but this difference was absent in Ninj1 KO mice. In the Ninj1 KO versus WT group, the expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators and Ho‐1 and CD8+ T cell populations decreased in both female and male Ninj1 KO mice. In the WT group, M2 macrophage populations were increased by AOM/DSS treatment and decreased by TP treatment. However, neither treatment changed the cell populations in the Ninj1 KO group. These results suggest that Ninj1 is involved in colorectal cancer development in a testosterone‐dependent manner, which was different in male and female. This highlights the importance of considering sex disparities in understanding Ninj1's role in cancer pathogenesis.
A Study of Data Processing Methods for Non‐Contact Multispectral Method of Blood Oxygen Saturation
Authors: Yizhuo Zhao , Yu Ren , Hongxing Cai , Tingting Wang , Dongliang Li , Yu Wang , Jianguo Liu , Teng Li , Yangyang Hua
Published: October 2024

Regular monitoring of blood oxygenation is important for disease prevention and treatment. Image photoplethysmography (IPPG) technology is a non‐contact physiological parameter detection technology, which has been widely used in blood oxygenation detection. However, traditional imaging devices still have issues such as low detection accuracy, narrower receiving spectral range. In this paper, we proposed two improved detection methods based on the dual‐wavelength measurement principle, that is, dual‐band IPPG signal ratio method and dual‐band IPPG signal AC/DC method. To verify the effectiveness of the two methods, we used different heartbeat period IPPG signals as sample data sets, and combined PLS and RF algorithms for model training, thus obtaining the best data processing method. The experimental results showed that the dual‐band IPPG signal AC/DC method can effectively reduce the model training time. This method meets the strong demand for non‐contact blood oxygen measurement and provides a new measurement idea.
The Role of Propofol in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shirk Logan , Reinert Justin P.
Published: October 2024

The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of propofol in the treatment of critically ill patients diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). A review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) criteria, and Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science were queried for results through June 2024. Studies providing efficacy or safety data associated with propofol with a reported diagnosis of AWS in critically ill patients were included. Studies evaluating pediatric patients, those without quantitative and qualitative outcome data, and those not readily translatable to English were excluded. Five retrospective cohort analyses of 218 patients were included in this systematic review. Patients were found to have both significant and non‐significant increases in time to resolution of AWS symptoms when treated with propofol versus the AWS standard of care. Adjunct treatment with propofol was generally associated with reductions in total benzodiazepine use and increases in both ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. The results of this systematic review provide the evidence necessary to support the use of propofol as an efficacious and safe medication in the management of severe and refractory AWS. Further investigation is required to determine optimal dosing strategies and durations of therapy. The results of this systematic review demonstrate the clinical utility of propofol as part of the management strategy for severe and refractory AWS.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous Candidate Biosimilar CT‐P47 and Reference Tocilizumab: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Phase 1 Study
Authors: Haranaka Miwa , Eto Takashi , Tanaka Takanori , Yazawa Rie , Burmester Gerd , Keystone Edward , Kim SungHyun , Bae YunJu , Suh JeeHye , Yang GoEun , Kim YunAh , Lee JaeYong , Smolen Josef S.
Published: October 2024

CT‐P47 is a candidate biosimilar of tocilizumab. This 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐design, phase 1 study aimed to demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence of CT‐P47 and reference tocilizumab. Participants were healthy Japanese adults aged 18‐55 years. Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to receive a single intravenous dose (8 mg/kg) of CT‐P47, EU‐approved tocilizumab (EU‐tocilizumab), or US‐licensed tocilizumab (US‐tocilizumab). Primary PK endpoints were area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity, AUC from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration, and maximum serum concentration. Additional PK variables, safety, and immunogenicity were evaluated. The study was conducted from January 20 to May 26, 2023, in three centers in Japan. In total, 133 male participants were randomized (n = 45 to CT‐P47, n = 44 to EU‐tocilizumab, and n = 44 to US‐tocilizumab). For all primary PK variables, 90% confidence intervals of the ratio of geometric least squares means were within the predefined equivalence margin of 0.80‐1.25. Secondary PK variables were similar across groups. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse event (TEAE) was neutrophil count decreased, occurring in 15 (33.3%), 13 (30.2%), and 12 (27.3%) participants in the CT‐P47, EU‐tocilizumab, and US‐tocilizumab groups, respectively. There were no serious TEAEs, deaths, or study drug discontinuations due to TEAEs. Few participants were anti‐drug antibody (ADA)‐ or neutralizing antibody (NAb)‐positive. At the end of study, four (8.9%), one (2.3%), and two (4.5%) participants in the CT‐P47, EU‐tocilizumab, and US‐tocilizumab groups, respectively, were ADA‐positive; two (4.4%), zero (0%), and one (2.3%) in the respective groups were NAb‐positive. CT‐P47 demonstrated PK equivalence and comparable safety to EU‐ and US‐tocilizumab.
Correlation Between Anxiety, Depression and Hemodynamic Changes in Office‐Based Laryngeal Surgery
Authors: Hamdan Abdul‐Latif , Ghzayel Lana , Abou Raji Feghali Patrick , Abi Zeid Daou Christophe , Semaan Zeina Maria , Mourad Marc
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the correlation between anxiety, depression, and hemodynamic changes during office‐based laryngeal surgery (OBLS).

Methods

All patients undergoing OBLS between February 2024 until July 2024 were invited to participate in the study. Participants had their vital signs recorded throughout the procedure at a 5‐min interval. They also had to fill the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale‐7 (GAD‐7) to assess anxiety severity and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) to assess depression severity. Demographic data included age, gender, history of smoking, history of reflux disease, history of cardiovascular diseases, type and duration of procedure.

Results

A total of 45 patients were recruited in the study. During OBLS, 35.5% of patients developed hypertension and 28.9% developed tachycardia. There was a significant increase in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 30.16 mmHg (p < 0.001), in mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 31.44 mmHg (p < 0.001), and in mean heart rate (HR) by 14.2 beats per minute (p < 0.001). There was also a significant decrease in the mean O2 saturation by 0.4% (p = 0.001). There was no correlation between anxiety and SBP, DBP, HR, and O2 (r < 0.1). There was also no correlation between depression levels and SBP, DBP, HR, O2 (r < 0.1).

Conclusion

There was a significant increase in the mean SBP, DP, and HR and a significant decrease in the O2 saturation in patients undergoing OBLS. However, there was no correlation between anxiety, depression and the changes in these vital signs. Future investigations are needed to understand the causes of hemodynamic instability in OBLS.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 135:818–822, 2025
Deciphering the Conformations of Glutathione Oxidized Peptide: A Comparative NMR Study in Solution and Solid‐State Environments
Authors: Senapati Dillip K. , Yarava Jayasubba Reddy , Ramanathan K. V. , Raghothama S.
Published: October 2024

Glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized dimer (GSSG) play an important role in living systems as an antioxidant, balancing the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The central thiol (‐S‐S‐) bond in GSSG can undergo free rotation, providing multiple conformations with respect to the S‐S bridge. The six titratable sites of GSSG, which are influenced by pH variations, affect these conformations in solution, whereas in solids, additionally crystal packing effects come into play. In view of differing reports about the structure of GSSG in literature, we have here conducted an extensive reexamination of its conformations using NMR, and contrasting results have been obtained for solution and solid state. In solution, the existence of more than one antiparallel orientation of the monomer unit with different hydrogen bonding schemes has been indicated by NOE and amide temperature coefficient results. On the other hand, in the solid‐state, a 1H‐1H double‐quantum (DQ) to 13C single‐quantum (SQ) correlation study has confirmed a parallel orientation, consistent with the reported X‐ray crystal structure. Experimentally assigned solid‐state NMR resonances have been validated using GIPAW calculations incorporated in the Quantum ESPRESSO package.
Understanding the Interactions of Nanoparticles and Dissolved Organic Matter at the Molecular Level by 1H 2D Multi‐Exponential Transverse Relaxation NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Dia Malak , Farjon Jonathan , Raveleau Clotilde , Simpson André , Peyneau Pierre‐Emmanuel , Béchet Béatrice , Courtier‐Murias Denis
Published: October 2024

The interaction between humic acid (HA) and engineered nanoparticles (NPs) is critical in environmental sciences, especially for understanding the behavior of NPs in natural waters. This study employs 1H 2D Multi‐Exponential Transverse Relaxation (METR) NMR spectroscopy to examine the molecular‐level interactions between Pahokee Peat humic acid (HA) and carboxyl‐functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPCOs). First, 1H 2D METR NMR spectroscopy allowed not only the identification of HA in terms of its chemical composition but also the separation of molecules with the same chemical shift values but different rates of molecular tumbling. Then, using solutions with varying NPCO concentrations (0, 10, 40, and 100 μM), we observed significant changes in the T2 relaxation times of HA components, indicating interactions between HA and NPCO. Analysis showed the biggest effect on two chemical shift regions, corresponding to lipids and carbohydrates, revealing that smaller molecules within these regions exhibit the most significant changes in T2 values upon the addition of NPCO. This suggests that these molecules are the initial sites of interaction, with the entire HA system being affected at higher NPCO concentrations. These findings highlight the utility of METR NMR spectroscopy in studying complex environmental mixtures and provide insights into the behavior of HA and NPs, essential for understanding the fate of NPs in the environment.
First Principles Study of Electronic and Optical Properties of Al‐P Co‐Doped ZnO in the Presence of Zn Vacancies
Authors: Guo Zhengguang , Yao Yonghong , Liu Jin
Published: October 2024

The BP neural network optimized by the Adam algorithm was used to predict the defect formation energy of Al−P co‐doped ZnO systems with different concentrations of P replacing O under the presence of different concentrations of VZn. It was found that the easily formed AlZnPo‐1VZn, AlZnPO‐2VZn, and AlZn2PO‐1VZn systems. The first principles of density function were used to study the geometric, electronic, and optical properties of each system. The simulation results show that the bandgap values of the three systems have decreased relative to the intrinsic ZnO, among which AlZnPO‐1VZn and AlZnPO‐2VZn is still a p‐type conductive system, AlZnPO‐2VZn has the highest conductivity. From the analysis of reflectivity, absorption rate, and light transmittance, AlZn2PO‐1VZn has the most relatively excellent optical properties, followed by AlznPo‐2VZn.
Investigating Predictors of Decannulation Through Endoscopic Approach in Patients With Tracheostomy and Peristomal Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Wehbi Nader , Ahmadian David , Gleadhill Claire , Yip Helena T.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Peristomal subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a common sequela after tracheostomy, with severe cases precluding decannulation. Predictors of decannulation success in these patients following endoscopic intervention are not well studied. The aim of this study is to investigate predictors of successful decannulation and inform treatment decisions.

Study Design

This study is a retrospective case series of 22 adult patients presenting to the senior author with a tracheostomy and peristomal SGS precluding decannulation between 2018 and 2023.

Setting

Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson.

Methods

Patient demographics, relevant clinical factors, stenosis characteristics, and the number of endoscopic procedures performed were analyzed to identify predictors of successful decannulation. Endoscopic interventions were generally performed 3 months apart with CO2 laser debridement, balloon dilation, and intralesional injection of steroid, all done with a laser‐safe endotracheal tube in place through the stoma.

Results

Out of the 22 patients in the study, 9 (40.9%) achieved decannulation, all through an endoscopic approach. Body mass index (BMI) and age were identified as significant negative predictors of decannulation success (P = .02; P = .05, respectively). Stenosis characteristics, such as the presence of tracheomalacia, excessive dynamic airway collapse, multilevel stenosis, posterior glottic stenosis, and anterior granulation tissue shelf did not significantly impact decannulation success.

Conclusion

A 40.9% decannulation rate was achieved in our cohort. BMI and age were identified as negative predictors of decannulation success. Stenosis characteristics did not significantly affect decannulation outcomes. Further investigation is warranted to establish reliable predictors of decannulation.
Pediatric patients with von Hippel–Lindau and hemangioblastomas treated successfully with belzutifan
Authors: Duan Emily , Robinson Michael , Davis Charles , Pruthi Sumit , Shin Christina , Lewis Marisa , Martinez‐Agosto Julian A. , Gorin Michael B. , Shuch Brian M. , Friedman Debra L. , Chang Vivian Y.
Published: October 2024

Hemangioblastoma is the most common tumor associated with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), and are a leading cause of mortality. We present five pediatric patients with VHL‐associated hemangioblastomas treated with belzutifan, a hypoxia‐inducible factor 2a (HIF2a) inhibitor. Three patients were started on belzutifan due to vision loss from progressive retinal hemangioblastomas. Within one year of treatment, all three patients had improvement in hemangioblastoma size and visual acuity. For patients with intracranial lesions, belzutifan resulted in an improvement in neurologic symptoms and hemangioblastoma size. Four patients experienced grade 1–2 anemia and two patients required a dose reduction. Our report suggests that belzutifan can be an effective therapy for pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with VHL‐associated hemangioblastomas.
Recycled polypropylene/crystalline cellulose composites obtained using polypropylene functionalized with maleinized hyperbranched polyol polyester as compatibilizing and plasticizing agent
Authors: Contreras‐Atuesta Ingrid Y. , Murillo Edwin A.
Published: October 2024

Recycled polypropylene (rPP)/crystalline cellulose (rPP/CC) composites are promising alternatives for reducing the detrimental environmental consequences of virgin PP. However, the incompatibility of the rPP/CC composites hinders their widespread application. In this study, PP functionalized with maleinized hyperbranched polyol polyester (PP‐g‐MHBP) was used as a compatibilizing and plasticizing agent for the rPP/CC composites. Furthermore, the effect of PP‐g‐MHBP content on the rheological, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of the rPP/CC composites was evaluated. The composites were prepared at a mixing speed of 50 rpm for 7 min and the PP‐g‐MHBP content was varied between 0 and 20 wt%. The torque stabilization time was less than 1 min. The activation energy of flow () decreased with increasing PP‐g‐MHBP content, with its values ranging from 0.78 × 102 to 1.42 × 102 kcal.mol−1. The flow index () followed the opposite trend with values ranging from 0.55 ± 0.0030 to 0.85 ± 0.0010. PP‐g‐MHBP enhanced the processability, thermal stability and conductivity. The crystallinity, interactions between rPP and CC, and tensile modulus of the rPP/CC composites were also enhanced. Furthermore, it reduced the agglomeration of CC particles.

Highlights

The torque stabilization was lowest for all composites.

The composites displayed low activation energy of flow.

Recycled polypropylene and crystalline cellulose exhibited good interaction.

The plasticizing effect was higher than that of compatibilization.

The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composites improved.
Delamination of MXene using biomolecule: An effective strategy toward the utilization of delaminated MXene as fillers in polymer composites
Authors: Raman Akhila , Jayan Jitha S. , Deeraj B. D. S. , Srivastava Manju , Joseph Kuruvilla , Saritha Appukuttan
Published: October 2024

With the emergence of two‐dimensional (2D) materials analogous to graphene, transition metal carbides and carbonitrides with unique desirable characteristics known as MXenes have turned out to be a hot research topic. Recent studies increasingly focus on the structure–property relationships of MXenes and their hybrid formations with other materials. The exfoliation and delamination of MXenes using various agents is gaining attention, while their application in functional composites presents another exciting research direction. However, the exfoliation of multi‐layered MXene into few‐layered nanosheets using bio‐based agents remains underexplored. In this study, tannic acid (TA) is employed as a bio‐exfoliating agent to delaminate Ti3C2Tx MXene, while optimizing the ratio of TA to achieve efficient exfoliation and dye adsorption. The MXene/TA composites demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 187.264 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 93.69% for methylene blue (MB) in water, in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, MB adsorption caused MXene to coagulate into floccules, enabling easy removal via filtration. The study highlights the trifold role of tannic acid in MXene as a delaminating, antimicrobial, and adsorption‐enhancing agent, creating a multifunctional MXene‐tannic acid system. It introduces a new class of hybrid materials with effective applications in water purification. Additionally, incorporating this hybrid material into polymers can fine‐tune their properties, leveraging the synergistic effects of the trio to develop high‐performance smart polymer composites for diverse applications.

Highlights

Synthesis of MXene from Ti3C2Tx

Optimization of the delamination efficiency of the biomolecule tannic acid

Characterization of tannic acid‐MXene delaminated composites

Analysis of the antibacterial efficiency of tannic acid delaminated MXene

Investigation of water purification efficiency of delaminated MXene