bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of bouncing of a single clean bubble on a free surface
Authors: Sato A. , Shirota M. , Sanada T. , Watanabe M.
Published: January 2011

Bouncing of a rectilinearly rising bubble on a free surface is modeled with the use of a simple mass-spring system. The most striking characteristic of the present model is that it is based on an equation of motion of the system that consists of two springs connected in series; hence, we can account for the restoring forces of both the bubble and free surfaces. This equation of motion is coupled with a conservation equation of energy that is taking into account an exchange between the surface energy due to deformations of both the bubble and free surfaces and the kinetic energy of the bubble. With the use of these equations, the contact time, i.e., the time duration of a bubble contacting a free surface, is determined to be a half of the characteristic period of the oscillator. We also conducted experiments of a single clean bubble in ultrapure water bouncing on a flat free surface in order to verify the present model. We found that results obtained from the model agree well with the experimentally obtained results, even in cases with significant surface deformations. When bubbles are smaller than 0.6 mm in radius, the deformations of both the bubble and free surfaces play important roles in bouncing. In case of larger bubbles, on the other hand, bouncing is dominated by the free surface deformation since the bubble has already been highly deformed before collision. We conclude that bouncing of a bubble on a free surface can be explained clearly by the present model based on a simple mass-spring system.
Influence of pulse duration, energy, and focusing on laser-assisted water condensation
Authors: Petit Y. , Henin S. , Kasparian J. , Wolf J. P. , Rohwetter P. , Stelmaszczyk K. , Hao Z. Q. , Nakaema W. M. , Wöste L. , Vogel A. , Pohl T. , Weber K.
Published: January 2011

We investigate the influence of laser parameters on laser-assisted water condensation in the atmosphere. Pulse energy is the most critical parameter. Nanoparticle generation depends linearly on energy beyond the filamentation threshold. Shorter pulses are more efficient than longer ones with saturation at ∼1.5 ps. Multifilamenting beams appear more efficient than strongly focused ones in triggering the condensation and growth of submicronic particles, while polarization has a negligible influence on the process. The data suggest that the initiation of laser-assisted condensation relies on the photodissociation of the air molecules rather than on their photoionization.
The effect of Co substitution on the magnetic properties of the Heusler alloy Ni50Mn33Sn17
Authors: Umetsu R. Y. , Sheikh A. , Ito W. , Ouladdiaf B. , Ziebeck K. R. A. , Kanomata T. , Kainuma R.
Published: January 2011

Magnetic measurements and neutron powder diffraction experiments on Ni50Mn33Sn17 and Ni45Co5Mn33Sn17 alloys were performed in order to establish the magnetic structures and the effects of Co substitution on the magnetic properties. It was shown that the magnetic coupling between the Mn moments on the 4a and 4b sites changed from being antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic by substitution of Co. As a result of the change in the magnetic structure due to the Co substitution, the ferromagnetic properties of Ni–Co–Mn–Sn are enhanced. These results have enabled the concentration dependence of the magnetic moment to be quantified.
Scattering process between polaron and exciton in conjugated polymers
Authors: Sun Zhen , Liu Desheng , Stafström Sven , An Zhong
Published: January 2011

Scattering process between a negative polaron and an exciton in a polymer chain is investigated by using the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model modified to include electron–electron interactions, the Brazovskii–Kirova symmetry breaking term, and an external electric field. It is found that the scattering process is spin dependent. If the polaron and the exciton have parallel spins, the polaron can easily pass through the exciton as if it “do not see” the exciton. If the polaron and the exciton have antiparallel spins, there exist strong repulsion between them. The polaron may be bounced back, be dissociated or pass through the exciton depending on the strength of the external electric field. In any of these cases, the polaron cannot break the exciton.
Growth of multilayers of Bi2Se3/ZnSe: Heteroepitaxial interface formation and strain
Authors: Li H. D. , Wang Z. Y. , Guo X. , Wong Tai Lun , Wang Ning , Xie M. H.
Published: January 2011

Multilayers of Bi2Se3/ZnSe with the periodicity of a few nanometers were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Si(111). While epitaxial growth of Bi2Se3 on ZnSe proceeded by two-dimensional nucleation, ZnSe growth on Bi2Se3 showed the three-dimensional growth front. Therefore, the two complementary interfaces of Bi2Se3/ZnSe were asymmetric in morphological properties. Strain-relaxation rates were found to differ between epitaxial ZnSe and Bi2Se3, which could be attributed to the specific growth modes and the properties of Bi2Se3 and ZnSe surfaces.
Niobium substitution in Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn based Heusler compounds for high power factors
Authors: Schwall Michael , Balke Benjamin
Published: January 2011

This work reports on the structural and physical properties of the Heusler alloy (Zr0.5Hf0.5)1−xNbxNiSn with varying Nb concentrations. The structure of the (Zr0.5Hf0.5)1−xNbxNiSn solid solution was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. It is found that the alloys exhibit the C1b structure for all Nb concentrations. The physical properties were studied using the physical properties measurement system from low temperature to room temperature. It was shown that the thermoelectric properties like the dimensionless Figure of Merit are increased five times by substituting (Zr0.5Hf0.5) with Nb to 0.09 at 300 K and the Powerfactor is increased 10 times to 1.8 mW/K2 m at 300 K.
Raman spectroscopy of iodine molecules trapped in zeolite crystals
Authors: Guo Wenhao , Wang Dingdi , Hu Juanmei , Tang Z. K. , Du Shengwang
Published: January 2011

We study the Raman spectroscopy of neutral iodine molecules confined in the channels of zeolite AlPO4-5 (AFI) and AlPO4-11 (AEL) crystals, which shows that the molecular vibration states are significantly modified by the confinements from the nanosize channels. An iodine molecule trapped in the AEL crystal has an effective internuclear potential close to an ideal harmonic oscillator, while that in the AFI crystal behaves similarly to that in free space. The results are further confirmed by measuring the temperature dependence of Raman spectral width.
Realization of freestanding wrinkled thin films with flexible deformability
Authors: Maruyama Tomohiro , Hirakata Hiroyuki , Yonezu Akio , Minoshima Kohji
Published: January 2011

We propose a technique for producing freestanding films having a wrinkled structure. In an experiment, we discovered that a wrinkle pattern can be made on the surface of a sacrificial resin layer by applying compressive strain under the appropriate conditions. Using this phenomenon, we made a freestanding wrinkled film by depositing a film on the wrinkled resin surface and then removing the resin layer with an organic solvent. Uniaxial tensile tests for 300 nm thick freestanding copper wrinkled films revealed that the films have superior deformability: the fracture elongation is more than ten times larger than that of its straight film counterpart.
Generation of intermediately long sea waves by weakly sheared winds
Authors: Chernyavski V. M. , Shtemler Y. M. , Golbraikh E. , Mond M.
Published: January 2011

The present study is concerned with the numerical modeling of sea-wave instability under the effect of logarithmic-wind profile in hurricane conditions. The central point of the study is the calculation of the wave growth rate, which is proportional to the fractional input energy from the weakly sheared (logarithmic) wind to the wave exponentially varying with time. It is shown for hurricane conditions that the Miles-type stability model based on the Charnock’s formula with the standard constant coefficient underestimates the growth rate ∼5–50 times as compared with the model that employs the roughness adopted from the experimental data for hurricane winds. The drag reduction with wind speed at hurricane conditions coupled with the similar behavior of the dimensionless gravity acceleration leads to the minimum in the maximal growth rate and the maximum in the most unstable wavelength.
Analytical theory for planar shock focusing through perfect gas lens and shock tube experiment designs
Authors: Vandenboomgaerde M. , Aymard C.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we present a generalization of the gas lens technique developed by Dimotakis and Samtaney [“Planar shock cylindrical focusing by a perfect-gas lens,” Phys. Fluids 18, 031705 (2006)]. This technique is devoted to converting a planar shock wave into a cylindrical one through a shaped interface between two gases. We revisit this theory and demonstrate that the shape of the lens is either an ellipse or a hyperbola. A simple formula for its eccentricity is analytically obtained: e=Wt/Wi, where Wt and Wi are the transmitted and incident shock wave velocities, respectively. Furthermore, our theory is valid for fast-slow and slow-fast configurations. It also allows the generation of spherical converging shock waves. We present numerical simulations that successfully validate our lens design. Finally, we use the gas lens technique in order to design shock tube experiments: shock wave and hydrodynamic instabilities are studied and discussed in convergent geometry.
Analysis of filtered Navier–Stokes equation for hybrid RANS/LES simulation
Authors: Hamba Fujihiro
Published: January 2011

Hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large eddy simulation (RANS/LES) is expected to accurately predict wall-bounded turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers. It is known that extra terms due to the noncommutivity between the hybrid filter and the spatial derivative appear in the hybrid-filtered equations. In this paper the filtered Navier–Stokes equation is investigated using direct numerical simulation data of turbulent channel flow. In particular, the transport equations for the resolved and modeled energies are evaluated to examine the contribution of the extra terms. The RANS and LES regions are located by setting the width of the hybrid filter varying from the grid spacing to the channel half width. In the first case the RANS region is located near the wall for wall modeling in LES. In the second case the RANS and LES regions are located upstream and downstream, respectively. The extra terms in the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations show fairly large values in the RANS/LES interface region in both cases. The extra terms for the convection and the turbulent diffusion represent the energy transfer from the modeled part to the resolved part. This energy transfer suggests that conventional hybrid simulations neglecting the extra terms may underpredict velocity fluctuations in the interface region, causing an insufficient momentum transport and velocity mismatch in channel flow. These results show that the effect of the extra terms should be taken into account in the filtered Navier–Stokes equation as well as in the turbulent-energy equation in hybrid simulations.
Testing the independent effects of population and shelter density on behavioural and corticosterone responses of tree skinks
Authors: Lancaster Peter , Jessop Tim S. , Stuart-Fox Devi
Published: January 2011

In animals, social organisation and behaviour can respond to variation in key ecological factors including population and resource density. As these two factors covary, their relative importance is difficult to estimate using field studies. Consequently, we conducted two manipulative experiments varying levels of either population or shelter density to separate their effects on solitary, affiliative and agonistic behaviour and physiology in the social tree skink, Egernia striolata. We used focal observations and plasma concentrations of the hormone corticosterone to measure behavioural and physiological responses to these manipulations. Aggressive behaviours occurred more frequently at high skink density, with males at high density exhibiting social stress, as indicated by increased levels of corticosterone. Skinks at low densities showed greater affiliative behaviour, spending more time basking as pairs. Changes in shelter density influenced exploratory behaviours, with males at low shelter densities exploring enclosures more than those at high shelter densities. Skinks sheltered as pairs more frequently at low shelter density, even after taking into account differences in frequency of pair sheltering expected by chance alone, suggesting that low shelter availability promotes pair behaviour. Corticosterone levels increased over time at low shelter density, which may have been a result of thermal stress coupled with a lack of microclimate variation in comparison to high shelter density. These results suggest that population and resource density are key factors that can independently influence social behaviour and endocrinology, and consequently social organisation, in different ways.
High-temperature survival is limited by food availability in first-instar locust nymphs
Authors: Woodman James D.
Published: January 2011

The Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), is often exposed to high temperature and low humidity in semiarid and arid environments. Early-instar survival under these conditions is an important prerequisite for the formation of high-density aggregations in summer and autumn generations. The present study investigates how first-instar C. terminifera respond to high temperature and low humidity using measures of total body water content, physiological and behavioural transitions during temperature increase, critical upper limit, and mortality relative to food availability. The critical upper limit for fed nymphs was very high at 53.3 ± 1.0°C, with death preceded by a clear progression of changes in behaviour, gas exchange, water loss and excretion. At more ecologically relevant high temperatures, food availability allowed nymphs to behaviourally respond to increased water loss, and the resulting physiological maintenance of water reserves provided cross-tolerance to heat relative to exposure duration and maximum temperature as well as the rate of warming. While very high mortality was recorded at ≥45°C in 6-h direct-exposure experiments, a highly exposed and very poorly vegetated summer environment would be required for local population failures from current high temperatures and low humidity alone.
Unfolding and translocation pathway of substrate protein controlled by structure in repetitive allosteric cycles of the ClpY ATPase
Authors: Kravats Andrea , Jayasinghe Manori , Stan George
Published: January 2011

Clp ATPases are ring-shaped AAA+ motors in the degradation pathway that perform critical actions of unfolding and translocating substrate proteins (SPs) through narrow pores to deliver them to peptidase components. These actions are effected by conserved diaphragm-forming loops found in the central channel of the Clp ATPase hexamer. Conformational changes, that take place in the course of repetitive ATP-driven cycles, result in mechanical forces applied by the central channel loops onto the SP. We use coarse-grained simulations to elucidate allostery-driven mechanisms of unfolding and translocation of a tagged four-helix bundle protein by the ClpY ATPase. Unfolding is initiated at the tagged C-terminal region via an obligatory intermediate. The resulting nonnative conformation is competent for translocation, which proceeds on a different time scale than unfolding and involves sharp stepped transitions. Completion of the translocation process requires assistance from the ClpQ peptidase. These mechanisms contrast nonallosteric mechanical unfolding of the SP. In atomic force microscopy experiments, multiple unfolding pathways are available and large mechanical forces are required to unravel the SP relative to those exerted by the central channel loops of ClpY. SP threading through a nonallosteric ClpY nanopore involves simultaneous unfolding and translocation effected by strong pulling forces.
Molecular basis for ubiquitin and ISG15 cross-reactivity in viral ovarian tumor domains
Authors: Akutsu Masato , Ye Yu , Virdee Satpal , Chin Jason W. , Komander David
Published: January 2011

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen that evades innate immune responses by efficiently interfering with antiviral signaling pathways mediated by NF-κB, IRF3, and IFNα/β. These pathways rely on protein ubiquitination for their activation, and one outcome is the modification of proteins with the ubiquitin (Ub)-like modifier interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)15. CCHFV and related viruses encode a deubiquitinase (DUB) of the ovarian tumor (OTU) family, which unlike eukaryotic OTU DUBs also targets ISG15 modifications. Here we characterized the viral OTU domain of CCHFV (vOTU) biochemically and structurally, revealing that it hydrolyzes four out of six tested Ub linkages, but lacks activity against linear and K29-linked Ub chains. vOTU cleaved Ub and ISG15 with similar kinetics, and we were able to understand vOTU cross-reactivity at the molecular level from crystal structures of vOTU in complex with Ub and ISG15. An N-terminal extension in vOTU not present in eukaryotic OTU binds to the hydrophobic Ile44 patch of Ub, which results in a dramatically different Ub orientation compared to a eukaryotic OTU–Ub complex. The C-terminal Ub-like fold of ISG15 (ISG15-C) adopts an equivalent binding orientation. Interestingly, ISG15-C contains an additional second hydrophobic surface that is specifically contacted by vOTU. These subtle differences in Ub/ISG15 binding allowed the design of vOTU variants specific for either Ub or ISG15, which will be useful tools to understand the relative contribution of ubiquitination vs. ISGylation in viral infection. Furthermore, the crystal structures will allow structure-based design of antiviral agents targeting this enzyme.
Changes in 24-nt siRNA levels in Arabidopsis hybrids suggest an epigenetic contribution to hybrid vigor
Authors: Groszmann Michael , Greaves Ian K. , Albertyn Zayed I. , Scofield Graham N. , Peacock William J. , Dennis Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2011

Intraspecific hybrids between the
Arabidopsis thaliana
accessions C24 and Landsberg erecta have strong heterosis. The reciprocal hybrids show a decreased level of 24-nt small RNA (sRNA) relative to the parents with the decrease greatest for those loci where the parents had markedly different 24-nt sRNA levels. The genomic regions with reduced 24-nt sRNA levels were largely associated with genes and their flanking regions indicating a potential effect on gene expression. We identified several examples of genes with altered 24-nt sRNA levels that showed correlated changes in DNA methylation and expression levels. We suggest that such epigenetically generated differences in gene activity may contribute to hybrid vigor and that the epigenetic diversity between ecotypes provides increased allelic (epi-allelic) variability that could contribute to heterosis.
Les graphes INTEX
Authors: Silberztein Max
Published: January 2011

intex basic tools are Finite State Transducers that are represented by graphs. We show how these graphs are used to describe various linguistic phenomena. Graphs that represent elementary phenomena are re-used in other, more complex, graphs. Thus, linguists can actually build massive libraries of graphs that handle a variety of phenomena, from the vocabulary and the morphology to the syntax of natural languages. intex provides linguists with tools to easily edit, maintain, debug and validate any piece of the description by applying graphs, or sets of graphs, to large texts.
Première Partie
Authors: Domingues Catherine
Published: January 2011

Coordination within noun phrases is a very general phenomenon in technical corpora. These noun phrases are composed of a noun head followed by one or more modifiers, and the coordination can affect either of the elements. The purpose is to make the noun phrases complete on both sides of the coordination, in order to improve recall in automatic interrogation.
The tools are provided by intex: dictionaries, dictionaries of compounds, the software for writing transducers. First, coordinated noun-phrases are classified according to a typology. Then we present rewrite rules to handle the agreement of the modifier, the use of the possessive determiner, the repetition of the noun head within the modifier, the determiner or preposition zeroing in the right part of the coordination; and the construction symmetry within the noun phrases. Finally, we apply two rules and show the results. Not all the rules have yet been tested, but provisional conclusions can be drawn from this demonstration.
Lemmatization of compound tenses in English
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: January 2011

We generalize the process of lemmatization of verbs to their compound tenses. Usually, lemmatization is limited on verbs conjugated by means of suffixes; tense auxiliaries and modal verbs (e.g.
I have left, I am leaving, I could leave) are ignored. We have constructed a set of 83 finite-state grammars which parse auxiliary verbs and thus recognizes the ‘head verb’, that is, the lemma.

We generalize the notion of auxiliary verb to verbs with sentential complements which have transformed constructions (e.g.
I want to go) that can be parsed in exactly the same way as tense auxiliaries or modal verbs.

Ambiguities arise, in particular because adverbial inserts occur inside the compound verbs,. We show how local grammars describing nominal contexts can be used to reduce the degree of ambiguity.
Linguistique comparée, dictionnaires électroniques et INTEX
Authors: Labelle Jacques
Published: January 2011

The automatic analysis of French texts using intex produces good results as long as the French dictionaries are complete. But Quebec French texts have a lot of linguistic particularities and pose specific problems. So the building of electronic dictionaries of Quebec French is essential. Such dictionaries have been in the process of construction over the last few years. intex appears to be a very efficient tool for comparing dictionaries and finding new words, or new uses of words, that must be added to these dictionaries, before they can be integrated into the intex system.
Le lexique du film La Haine
Authors: Martino Lidia
Published: January 2011

Applying intex to a corpus allows all the new words (i.e. words that are not in intex dictionaries) that appear in it to be listed. This function is particularly useful in the retrieval of slang terms from corpora such as film scripts. We take here the example of the French film La Haine.
A study of ambiguity using INTEX
Authors: Salkoff Morris
Published: January 2011

The resolution of lexical ambiguity presents a problem for researchers in machine translation. Since many words are multiply ambiguous, and it is frequently the case that each of their senses has a different translation into another language, the question of the proper resolution of the translation of an ambiguous word would seem to be central to the construction of a program of machine translation.

However, the study undertaken here of the occurrences of three ambiguous words in current text (the newspaper Le Monde, 1992) shows that up to 80% of the occurrences of these words are in collocations (idioms) or frozen expressions that have an unambiguous translation into English. This indicates that the problem of word ambiguity may in fact be largely exaggerated, and will present a real difficulty in only a small percentage of the occurrences of such words.
Vers une structuration de dictionnaires servant à la Tao
Authors: Seelbach Dieter
Published: January 2011

We have investigated the contrastive French-German aspects of about 50 simple nominal and compound adjectival predicates, and designed their entries for an electronic dictionary for computer-assisted translation. Their co-occurrence with support verbs expressing different aspectual semantic functions is coded; in the case of the nouns, their co-occurrence with determiners is also coded, as is the syntactic and semantic specification of their arguments in terms of semantic classes called “object classes”. As an illustration of the envisaged translation methodology based on lexicon-grammar, the syntactic tagging of different formal types of simple and compound predicates, and the semantic tagging of their arguments, are demonstrated with reference to a German newspaper text and its French translation. intex will be used not only for identifying and translating compound words or multi-word expressions, but also — as an additional, but necessary tool — for finding object classes together with their appropriate predicates and support verbs, because object classes are clearly syntactically defined.
Deuxième Partie
Authors: Blanco Xavier , Català Dolors
Published: January 2011

Within the framework of studies using the ladl system of electronic dictionaries, the group Applied Linguistics in Romance Languages of the uab has undertaken the construction of an electronic dictionary for frozen compound adverbs. This dictionary completes the delacs (Dictionary for Compound Words of Spanish).

This paper briefly presents the characteristics of each type of frozen compound adverb and also the choices that underlie the development of the tables in which they are recorded. Details are also given about the state of electronic dictionary of frozen compound adverbs currently available on intex. Since this is a preliminary study, the final section is devoted to identifying possible future developments, rather than drawing conclusions.
Développer des grammaires locales de levée d’ambiguïtés pour INTEX
Authors: Dister Anne
Published: January 2011

It is possible for an intex user to construct his/her own grammars of disambiguation. In this paper, we shall identify the elementary principles required to construct such grammars, and the specific problems in the management of a library of graphs.

In the second part of the paper, we shall explain how the grammars that we have already constructed can be applied to a text, and which results are possible.
Ressources linguistiques du portugais implémentées sous INTEX
Authors: Ranchhod Elisabete
Published: January 2011

Large-coverage dictionaries and grammars have been built for Portuguese using ladl methods and formats. They are now used by intex in general text processing operations. We present the main features of such linguistic data, and we refer to their maintenance and extension. The presentation is illustrated by various examples of automatic text parsing based on those dictionaries and grammars.
Un dictionnaire de noms propres pour INTEX
Authors: Maurel Denis , Piton Odile
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we begin by presenting the electronic relational dictionary of proper names created within the ‘Prolex’ project. We demonstrate the algorithm used for linking proper names in a text with reference to a particular application; this algorithm uses a specific transducer. We then describe our ‘Proper Name Dictionary’ for intex software. This currently contains just geographic proper names: hydronyms, toponyms, names of inhabitants and also toponymic adjectives.
Normalisation des textes anglais
Authors: Zellagui Katia
Published: January 2011

The present study deals with the pre-processing of texts. This pre-processing is performed in three steps, which are: the segmentation of the texts into textual units (sentences), the re-writing of contracted forms into a standard form, and the tagging of unambiguous compounds. We describe here two of the three steps: text segmentation, and the re-writing of contracted forms. The segmentation of the texts into textual units is made possible by using the transducer Sentence. The re-writing of contracted forms into their standard forms is done by applying the transducer Normalisation. We describe in detail the various steps involved in the development of both transducers.
Troisième Partie
Authors: Chrobot Anne
Published: January 2011

Nous présentons une application industrielle de certaines fonctionnalités du système de traitement de grands corpus intex dans le domaine d’aide à la traduction. Il s’agit du logiciel LexPro CD Databank réalisé et commercialisé par la société lci (Jouy-en-Josas, France) qui est partenaire du ladl.
GlossaNet
Authors: Fairon Cédrick
Published: January 2011

GlossaNet is an automated system that monitors Web sites. On dates and at intervals selected by the user, GlossaNet downloads the Web site, converts it to an electronic corpus and uses the intex programs (M. Silberztein 1993) and the linguistic resources of the ladl (electronic dictionaries and libraries of local grammars) to parse it. Once the software has been set up, it automatically repeats the task at regular periods of time (as the Web site is updated). Results, if any, are e-mailed to the user.
Elimination of lexical ambiguities by grammars
Authors: Laporte Éric , Monceaux Anne
Published: January 2011

We present a new, intex-compatible formalism for the description of distributional constraints, ‘elag’ (Elimination of Lexical Ambiguities by Grammars). The constraints may be checked against text, and the lexical ambiguity of the text may thus be partly resolved. We describe and exemplify the main properties of elag with the aid of simple rules, formalizing exploitable constraints. We specify in detail the effect of applying an elag rule or grammar to a text. We examine the practical properties of the formalism from the point of view of a rule writer. We describe our separate, intex-compatible evaluation procedure for the lexical disambiguation results.
Projet CORAIL
Authors: Meunier Frederic , Balvet Antonio , Poibeau Thierry
Published: January 2011

This article shows how a high-quality filtering architecture for targetted documents can be achieved by adapting the intex system to the domain (i.e. ‘economic intelligence’), when expressed in finite state automata filters. A push system named corail (‘request composition by linguistic intelligent agents’) is described, developed by a consortium comprising Thomson-CSF Corporate Laboratory (senior partner), Informatique-CDC, the University of Paris X/CRIS, and the ladl. Both practical and theoretical issues regarding the use of finite state automata are discussed, as for example the notion of the ‘automaton classes’ which are to be used as a paraphrasing agent in the process of document filtering.

This project can be considered as an example of how linguistics and computer science can interact in anatural language processing task to meet high-quality standards, namely avoiding noise and reducing silence, thus offering an alternative solution to traditional push systems based on simple keyword-matching. A prototype of the corail system is now operational at Thomson-CSF Central Laboratory and Informatique-CDC.
Des lexiques pour la terminologie médicale
Authors: Zweigenbaum Pierre
Published: January 2011

We present experiments performed with intex to process medical terms. One of our aims is to identify terms in patient discharge summaries that denote diagnoses and procedures, in order to help in the coding of these diagnoses and procedures in the context of the French national coding programme (pmsi). Some of the experiments presented here have been performed on corpora of the menelas project (P. Zweigenbaum & Consortium menelas 1995) or in the framework of the dome project (B. Séroussi et al. 1996).

We have built for this purpose specialised lexica which contain specific semantic features. The search for relevant terms is then performed through regular expressions that make use of these features. For these experiments, intex was mainly used in the form of pipes of Unix filters called through a “ Makefile ”, the principles of which we also briefly present.
Quatrième Partie
Authors: Friburger Nathalie , Silberztein Max
Published: January 2011

intex system users have to describe linguistic facts with grammars written by the graph editor. When the number of graphs is important, finding and locating errors is a difficult task. In this article, we suggest a solution using a technique derived from computer science: debugging. To debug graphs, we offer an interface belonging to the intex system to help linguists in their works. We explain how we use Earley’s algorithm, borrowed from graph theory, to create the debugger and demonstrate the usefulness of this debugger for building graphs based on examples.
Enhancing the INTEX morphological parser with lexical constraints
Authors: Mota Christina
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this work is to enhance the morphological parser of intex so it can identify inflected forms that satisfy one or more lexical constraints. These constraints will be stated using expressions such as:

un þVþable= unpredictable

þAþíssimo= altíssimo(very tall)

þNþito = librito (little book)

Enhancement of the parser will allow not only identification of words with a certain derivational structure, but also identification of words formed by concatenation of other words. In German, this is a routine process in the creation of compound nouns:

þAþþNþ = Dunkelblau (dark blue)

þNþþNþþNþ= Haustürschlüssel(key of the door of the house)

Such linguistic phenomena are also found in English: þAþþNþ = blackboard, and in Romance languages:

þADVþþAþ= bienvenue(welcome)

þADVþþAþ= bendisposto(well-disposed)

þNþþAþ = aguardente (firewater)

We discuss problems encountered in the integration of this new feature into the morphological parser, and propose some solutions.
Traitement des expressions figées avec INTEX
Authors: Silberztein Max
Published: January 2011

The intex lexical parser processes linguistic units of four formal types: morphemes, simple words, compound words and frozen expressions. Frozen expressions are units spelled in the form of non-contiguous sequences of tokens (eg. take ... into account), and their recognition requires computation traditionally performed by syntactic parsers. Over 30,000 French frozen expressions have been described in the tables Cxx of the lexicon-grammar. We show how to use these tables to automatically construct FSTs that are capable of recognizing and tagging frozen expressions in texts. Representing the result as tags poses some formal problems that we discuss.
Adapting crops to climate change: a summary.
Authors: Reynolds M. P. , Ortiz R.
Published: January 2011

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in this book. The 14 chapters are grouped into four major topics: (i) predictions of climate change and its impact on crop productivity; (ii) adapting to biotic and abiotic stresses through crop breeding; (iii) sustainable and resource-conserving technologies for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change; and (iv) new tools for enhancing crop adaptation to climate change.
Scenarios of climate change within the context of agriculture.
Authors: Jarvis A. , Ramirez J. , Anderson B. , Leibing C. , Aggarwal P.
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides an overview of global climate models and their predictions for climate through the 21st century. The review examines the scientific basis of global climate modelling, including the bases for uncertainty in future climate projections. A summary of the Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is also provided. The current scientific knowledge on climate change points to increases in temperature of 1-3°C to 2050 combined with some complex spatially explicit changes in rainfall. There remains high uncertainty in predictions of extreme events, especially hurricanes. The chapter then looks at the likely impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity, pest and disease prevalence, and CO2-based fertilization. The impacts on crop productivity are likely to be negative. While moderate increases in temperature may bring about moderate increases in productivity, beyond 1°C of warming the literature tends to agree that impacts will be negative. However, possible CO2-fertilization effects may cancel out these losses, although significant debate exists as to the extent of CO2 fertilization to expect. While most literature predicts increases in the prevalence of agricultural pests and diseases, only a handful of studies have quantified possible impacts and further research is needed in this area.
Economic impacts of climate change on agriculture to 2030.
Authors: Lobell D. , Burke M.
Published: January 2011

The global food economy is vast and technologically advanced, but none the less prone to substantial negative outcomes in poor weather years. The economic gains or losses associated with climate change will depend on the pace of climate change, the response of cropping systems - including the vast number of growers, researchers, extension agents and others who determine how croplands are managed - to these changes, and the response of global markets to resulting changes in crop yields. We outline here the processes involved in each of these steps, and provide some estimates of likely and possible extreme outcomes by 2030. Though adaptation holds great promise for reducing negative outcomes, it is by no means guaranteed, and its realization will be likely to require significant advances in crop research as well as in the ability of farmers to recognize climate trends and adopt appropriate technologies.
Preventing potential disease and pest epidemics under a changing climate.
Authors: Legrève A. , Duveiller E.
Published: January 2011

For a disease or pest to cause yield losses, the host and pathogen or pest must coincide within a favourable environment. With changing weather patterns and cropping systems, abiotic and biotic components influencing potential epidemics are modified and new interactions occur. Since they affect plant phenology and the survival and multiplication rates of microorganisms and insects, temperature and humidity are key factors of epidemics. The incidence of pathogens and pests has noticeably evolved in recent years; globalization, in particular, has increased threats from new transboundary pests and diseases. Factors driving new outbreaks include extraordinary climatic events and trends in temperature selecting pathogens and their natural enemies towards new critical thresholds for inoculum survival. Disease cycle components such as survival, infection, colonization processes and latency period, in addition to production and dispersal of inoculum, are all affected. Climate is most likely a strong driver of evolutionary change in plant and pathogen populations by interfering with host-pathogen interactions, gene expression and population dynamics. Disease monitoring and identifying the parameters affecting pest outbreaks improve epidemic risk assessment and knowledge of the enemy. Strategies to prevent the negative effects of pests and diseases include stringent quarantine regulations, adopting cropping systems that favour biocontrol or avoidance and, most importantly, resistance breeding, cultural practices and sound phytosanitary measures. This review highlights recent changes in microbial communities and the evolution of selected pathosystems encompassing small grains, tubers and agroforestry. The value and effectiveness of integrated crop management and sustainable approaches for controlling potential new disease and pest epidemics, in the context of climate change, are emphasized.
Breeding for adaptation to heat and drought stress.
Authors: Reynolds M. P. , Hays D. , Chapman S.
Published: January 2011

Crops respond similarly to drought and heat stress: life cycle is accelerated reducing photosynthetic capacity via restricted leaf area and duration. Metabolism is inhibited at temperature and water potential ranges outside those optimal for growth. Reproductive processes are impaired when stress occurs at critical developmental stages reducing seed set. Both stresses can be exacerbated by nutrient deficiencies and biotic factors while elevated CO2 levels may partially ameliorate stress in C3 species. Although stress adaptive traits - and consistent quantitative trait loci associated with them - are used to design new cultivars, the physiological and genetic bases of adaptation are only partially understood. Therefore, plant selection requires empirical approaches such as multi-location testing across representative environments, while detailed characterization of target sites permits genotype × environment interaction to be dissected, providing feedback into breeding and research. Precision phenotyping approaches assist by dissecting yield into its physiological components and have application in breeding and gene discovery. Examples of stress-adaptive traits which have been selected for in several species include deeper roots enabling plants to remain hydrated under drought and permitting canopy cooling under heat stress, transpiration efficiency, delayed senescence in sorghum, and synchronous flowering in maize. New traits and genes must be identified - perhaps among crop wild relatives or in model species - that permit cultivars to be buffered against temporal variation in water supply, adapt to higher temperatures without loss of water-use efficiency, and tolerate sudden extreme climatic events or combinations of stress factors. Examples of past successes and promising new approaches are discussed.
Genetic approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: increasing carbon capture and decreasing environmental impact.
Authors: Parry M. A. J. , Hawkesford M. J.
Published: January 2011

Genetic improvements aimed at increasing crop performance and decreasing the environmental costs of production are essential to mitigate the impact of climate change. This can be achieved by increasing production efficiency and decreasing losses during storage and processing thus decreasing the emissions of greenhouse gases needed to support production. Progress by conventional approaches may be too small to achieve the necessary progress quickly enough. Biotechnology has the potential to make larger changes more quickly by both identifying and introducing novel variation in key agronomic traits. In this chapter we focus on some specific examples of key targets that could be modified by such directed approaches.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in the main cereal systems: rice, wheat and maize.
Authors: Ortiz-Monasterio I. , Wassmann R. , Govaerts B. , Hosen Y. , Katayanagi N. , Verhulst N.
Published: January 2011

Population and economic growth are expected to be the main drivers of increased food demand through 2050. This increase in food production will come primarily from intensively managed agricultural systems. Currently these systems are already important contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If production practices are not changed in these systems the emission of GHGs is expected to increase. Therefore, it is important to devise sustainable management practices that, in the short and long term, will help to reduce the emission of GHGs. This chapter analyses the three main cereal crops, rice, wheat and maize, and the management strategies that can help reduce GHG emissions. Rice has the unique characteristic among these cereals of being grown under flooded conditions, which result in CH4 becoming a particularly important GHG in these systems. Although there remains large uncertainty in N2O emissions from paddy fields, mid-season drainage has the potential to be an effective option to mitigate the net global warming potential (GWP) from rice fields when rice residue is returned to the fields. In the case of wheat and maize cropping systems the adoption of currently available best management practices for N management should be a good guideline for practices that reduce N2O emissions. In addition, through the adoption of conservation agriculture it is possible to reduce GHG emissions by reducing the number of tillage operations and possibly by sequestering C. Mitigation policies that encourage efficient use of fertilizers, maintain soil C and sustain agricultural production are likely to have the greatest synergy with sustainable development.
How conservation agriculture can contribute to buffering climate change.
Authors: Hobbs P. R. , Govaerts B.
Published: January 2011

Agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: CO2, CH4 and N2O. Promoting agricultural practices that mitigate climate change by reducing GHG emissions is important; but those same practices also have to improve farmer production and income and buffer the production system against changes in climate. New agricultural practices also need to prevent further soil degradation and improve system resilience. Conservation agriculture (CA), based on minimal soil disturbance, permanent ground cover and crop rotations is a management system that achieves these goals; it results in improved soil physical and biological health, and better nutrient cycling and crop growth. CA also increases water infiltration and soil penetration by roots, which allows crops to better adapt to lower rainfall and make better use of irrigation water. Water and wind erosion are also reduced by CA since the soil surface is protected and water runoff is lowered as more water enters the soil profile. CA can also help to mitigate climate change. Growing rice with less water and adopting CA practices results in less CH4 emission. However, care has to be taken with fertilizer management to minimize N2O emissions that can increase under resulting aerobic conditions. CA can also substantially reduce CO2 emissions through reduced diesel use and increased sequestration of C in the soil. This chapter recommends that integrated research and participatory extension are needed to fine-tune CA to specific locations to convince farmers to adopt this technology.
Statistical models for studying and understanding genotype × environment interaction in an era of climate change and increased genetic information.
Authors: Crossa J. , Burgueño J. , Vargas M.
Published: January 2011

Annual crop production will be greatly affected by increases in mean temperature and climate change, which will be likely to reduce agricultural production and decrease food availability. Plant breeding will play an important role in developing more sustainable lines and varieties for less favourable environments that will be subjected to extreme changes in biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeding cultivars with enhanced tolerance to heat, moisture stress and salinity is essential for long-term adaptation response to climate change. Multi-environment trials (METs) play a paramount role in breeding cultivars for general and specific adaptation and yield stability, studying genotype × environment (GE) interaction, and predicting the performance of new cultivars in future years and new locations. METs produce a vast amount of useful data, including not only phenotypic measurements of cultivars evaluated in different environments but also climatic and soil data as well as molecular markers representing genetic data. Appropriate statistical models and analyses used to study response patterns of genotypes and their molecular marker attributes across different environments undergoing varying climatic changes will be of paramount importance for developing sustainable and stable cultivars that are resistant/tolerant to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. In this chapter, we explain the theoretical basis of several statistical models and their application for explaining the climatic and genetic causes of GE interaction.