bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the “Cradle of Brazil”: The Detachability of Morality and the Nature of Cultural Labor in Salvador, Bahia's Pelourinho World Heritage Site
Authors: Collins John
Published: December 2012

This essay examines theories of value and property in relation to conceptions of morality, correct comportment, and their influences on Afro-Bahians subject to late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century cultural heritage initiatives in the Pelourinho neighborhood of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. This urban space is the nation's most expressive site for the performance of Afro-Brazilian identity and the commemoration of tradition. In analyzing the role of morality in Pelourinho-based cultural property-making, I focus on popular critiques of heritage discourse to argue that, in conjuring a particular form of cultural heritage that bears a distinct resemblance to UNESCO's immaterial patrimony programs, the Bahian state has piggybacked on social scientific evaluations of local people's moral comportments in order to put together an archive of everyday life that exists as a standing reserve for histories of Brazil and the marketing of cultural heritage. This data produced in an effort to regulate the historical center has revolved around the state's evaluation of the moral probity and everyday habits of the Pelourinho's overwhelmingly Afro-Brazilian populace. The result is a conceptualization of cultural labor that emanates not from the capacities and struggles of producers, but from a decentered or distributed view of production, which I tie to the existence of this archive. Consumers, or visitors to the historical center, as well as historical archives thus play a critical role in this form of constructing property and understanding the sources and fungibility of labor in a global economy for multicultural difference that depends on an emphasis on futurity and market reflexivity.
Recycling Texts or Stealing Time?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and Credit in Science
Authors: Biagioli Mario
Published: December 2012

Scientific plagiarism is as sui generis as the author function in science. A study of the specificity of scientific plagiarism and the ways in which it diverges from appropriation in other disciplines allows us to question traditional definitions that focus on the copying of published copyrighted materials. The form of plagiarism that is most damaging to scientists does not involve publications, is largely outside the scope of copyright law, and is unlikely to be detected by textual-similarity algorithms. The same features that make this kind of plagiarism difficult to identify and control also provide a powerful window on the unique construction of authorial credit in science, the problems of peer review, and the limitations of plagiarism surveillance technologies.
Cultural Heritage on the Web: Applied Digital Visual Anthropology and Local Cultural Property Rights Discourse
Authors: Hennessy Kate
Published: December 2012

The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage specifies that communities are to be full partners in efforts to safeguard their intangible cultural heritage. Yet the notion of safeguarding has been complicated by the politics and mechanisms of digital circulation. Based on fieldwork in British Columbia and Thailand, I show that community-based productions of multimedia aimed at documenting, transmitting, and revitalizing intangible heritage are productive spaces in which local cultural property rights discourses are initiated and articulated. I argue that digital heritage initiatives can support decision making about the circulation—or restriction—of digital cultural heritage while drawing attention to the complexities of safeguarding heritage in the digital age.
A Multipartite Version of the Hajnal–Szemerédi Theorem for Graphs and Hypergraphs
Authors: LO ALLAN , MARKSTRÖM KLAS
Published: December 2012

A perfect Kt-matching in a graph G is a spanning subgraph consisting of vertex-disjoint copies of Kt. A classic theorem of Hajnal and Szemerédi states that if G is a graph of order n with minimum degree δ(G) ≥ (t − 1)n/t and t|n, then G contains a perfect Kt-matching. Let G be a t-partite graph with vertex classes V1, …, Vt each of size n. We show that, for any γ > 0, if every vertex x ∈ Vi is joined to at least $\bigl ((t-1)/t + \gamma \bigr )n$ vertices of Vj for each j ≠ i, then G contains a perfect Kt-matching, provided n is large enough. Thus, we verify a conjecture of Fischer [6] asymptotically. Furthermore, we consider a generalization to hypergraphs in terms of the codegree.
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Alonso Jordi , Chatterji Somnath , Lee Sing , Ormel Johan , Üstün T. Bedirhan , Wang Philip S.
Published: December 2012

Aims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results - The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Conclusions - Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives
Decentering as a Common Link among Mindfulness, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Social Anxiety
Authors: Hayes-Skelton Sarah , Graham Jessica
Published: December 2012

Background: The tendency to employ both cognitive reappraisal and mindfulness are associated with reduced trait social anxiety; however, it is unclear whether reappraisal and mindfulness are associated with social anxiety through the same mechanisms. It has been proposed that decentering, or the process of seeing thoughts or feelings as objective events in the mind rather than personally identifying with them, may be a key mechanism underlying both cognitive reappraisal and mindfulness. Aims: To examine the relationships between reappraisal, mindfulness, decentering, and social anxiety. Method: This study utilized structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among cognitive reappraisal, mindfulness, decentering, and social anxiety in a large cross-sectional study. Results: Results indicate that the relationship between mindfulness and social anxiety is partially accounted for by decentering, whereas the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and social anxiety is more fully accounted for by decentering. Conclusions: These results imply that decentering may be a common mechanism underlying both cognitive reappraisal and mindfulness, although mindfulness may also affect social anxiety through additional mechanisms. However, given the cross-sectional nature of these findings, results should be considered preliminary, with future research being needed to further elucidate these relationships.
Lipid raft integrity affects GABAA receptor, but not NMDA receptor modulation by psychopharmacological compounds
Authors: Nothdurfter Caroline , Tanasic Sascha , Di Benedetto Barbara , Uhr Manfred , Wagner Eva-Maria , Gilling Kate E. , Parsons Chris G. , Rein Theo , Holsboer Florian , Rupprecht Rainer , Rammes Gerhard
Published: December 2012

Lipid rafts have been shown to play an important role for G-protein mediated signal transduction and the function of ligand-gated ion channels including their modulation by psychopharmacological compounds. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of the membrane distribution of NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits in relation to the accumulation of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (Diaz). In the presence of Triton X-100, which allowed proper separation of the lipid raft marker proteins caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 from the transferrin receptor, all receptor subunits were shifted to the non-raft fractions. In contrast, under detergent-free conditions, NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits were detected both in raft and non-raft fractions. Diaz was enriched in non-raft fractions without Triton X-100 in contrast to DMI, which preferentially accumulated in lipid rafts. Impairment of lipid raft integrity by methyl-β-cyclodextrine (MβCD)-induced cholesterol depletion did not change the inhibitory effect of DMI at the NMDA receptor, whereas it enhanced the potentiating effect of Diaz at the GABAA receptor at non-saturating concentrations of GABA. These results support the hypothesis that the interaction of benzodiazepines with the GABAA receptor likely occurs outside of lipid rafts while the antidepressant DMI acts on ionotropic receptors both within and outside these membrane microdomains.
Exploring the Limits of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Authors: Lenaerts Koen
Published: December 2012

Scope of application of Charter – What does ‘implementing Union law’ mean? – Application of v. derogation from EU law – Asylum cases, N.S. – Familiapress, Schmidberger, Viking – Implementing to include derogation – Annibaldi and Dereci – Interpretation of the Charter – ‘Provided for by law’ – The ‘essence’ of a right or freedom – Legitimate objectives and proportionality – Rights both in EU Treaties and in Charter: citizenship – Charter and ECHR – Constitutional Traditions, level of protection and deference – Article 53 not according to Solange, but like Omega and Sayn-Wittgenstein – Principles and Rights
Allegro without Vivaldi: Trademark Protection, Freedom of Speech, and Constitutional Balancing
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: December 2012

Allegro – Trademark protection – Freedom of speech vs. intellectual property – Polish Constitution – European Convention on Human Rights – Balancing of competing values – Constitutionally permissible limits on freedom of expression – Comparison with case-law of United States Supreme Court – ‘Categorical’ approach vs. ‘balancing’ approach
The USC Adult Twin Cohorts: International Twin Study and California Twin Program
Authors: Cozen Wendy , Hwang Amie E. , Cockburn Myles G. , Hamilton Ann S. , Zadnick John , Mack Thomas M.
Published: December 2012

The study of twin subjects permits the documentation of crude heritability and may promote the identification of specific causal alleles. We believe that at the current time, the chief research advantage of twins as subjects, especially monozygotic twins, is that the commonality of their genetic and cultural identity simplifies the interpretation of biological associations. In order to study genetic and environmental determinants of cancer and chronic diseases, we developed two twin registries, maintained at the University of Southern California: The International Twin Study (ITS) and the California Twin Program (CTP). The ITS is a volunteer registry of twins with cancer and chronic disease consisting of 17,245 twin pairs affected by cancer and chronic disease, respectively, ascertained by advertising in periodicals from 1980–1991. The CTP is a population-based registry of California-born twin pairs ascertained by linking the California birth records to the State Department of Motor Vehicles. Over 51,000 individual California twins representing 36,965 pairs completed and returned 16-page questionnaires. Cancer diagnoses in the California twins are updated by regular linkage to the California Cancer Registry. Over 5,000 cancer patients are represented in the CTP. Twins from both registries have participated extensively in studies of breast cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus type 1, mammographic density, smoking, and other traits and conditions.
Fullerton Virtual Twin Study: An Update
Authors: Segal Nancy L. , McGuire Shirley A. , Graham Jamie L. , Stohs Joanne Hoven
Published: December 2012

Virtual twins (VTs) are same-age unrelated siblings reared together from early infancy. These unique sibling sets replicate twinship, but without the genetic link. The first VT pair was identified and studied at the University of Minnesota in 1990, launching the development of the Fullerton Virtual Twin Study at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) in 1991. The registry currently includes 151 pairs, mostly children, with new pairs identified on a continuous basis. Research with VTs includes studies of general intelligence, body size, interpersonal trust, social coordination, social networks, and parenting. In some cases, VTs have been studied in conjunction with pairs of monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, full siblings, and friends as part of TAPS (Twins, Adoptees, Peers and Siblings), a collaborative project conducted between CSUF and the University of San Francisco, 2002–2006. VTs will also serve as a comparison group for epigenetic analyses of young Chinese twins reared apart and together.
World Ocean Assessment: Opportunities for geoscientists
Authors: Tirpak Elizabeth , Halpern David
Published: December 2012

Global environmental assessments have many purposes: to measure changes, advance knowledge, and predict the future to enhance the scientific basis for policy making; to share data and improve management of resources for promotion of economic and social advancement; to strengthen peace, security, and cooperation in international relations; and to verify targets set by the international community on environmental variables and living resources.
Applications of real‐time GPS for science and hazard monitoring
Authors: Mencin David , Hammond William C. , Langbein John
Published: December 2012

Real‐Time GPS Position Data Products and Formats Boulder, Colorado, 26–28 March 2012 Recent advances in GPS technology and data processing are providing position solutions with centimeter‐level precision at a high rate (1 hertz) and low latency (i.e., the time required for data to arrive for analysis, in this case less than 1 second). These data will have the potential to improve scientists' understanding in diverse areas of geophysics including properties of seismic, volcanic, magmatic, and tsunami sources, and profoundly transform rapid event characterization and warning. Scientific and operational applications also include glacier and ice sheet motions, tropospheric modeling, and space weather. Processed Real‐Time GPS (RT‐GPS) data will require formats and standards that allow this broad community to utilize these data and associated metadata in existing research infrastructure.
Spatial and temporal patterns of Cenozoic dynamic topography around Australia
Authors: Czarnota K. , Hoggard M. J. , White N. , Winterbourne J.
Published: December 2012

Despite its importance, the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography generated by mantle convective circulation is poorly known. We present accurate estimates of dynamic topography from oceanic basins and continental margins surrounding Australia. Our starting point is measurement of residual depth anomalies on the oldest oceanic floor adjacent to the continental shelf. These anomalies were determined from a combined dataset of ~200 seismic reflection and wide‐angle images of well‐sedimented oceanic crust. They have amplitudes of between −1 km and +0.5 km, and their spatial variation is broadly consistent with long‐wavelength free‐air gravity and shallow seismic tomographic anomalies. Along the Northwest Shelf, a regional depth anomaly of −300 to −700 m intersects the adjacent continental shelf. The temporal evolution of this anomaly was determined by analyzing the stratigraphic architecture of an extensive carbonate platform, which fringes the shelf and records a dramatic switch from progradation to aggradation during Neogene times. Three‐dimensional seismic mapping calibrated by boreholes was used to calculate water‐loaded subsidence histories at rollover points of clinoforms along the shelf. At 9 ± 3 Ma, the rate of subsidence increases from 5 to up 75 m Myr−1, generating a subsidence anomaly of −300 to −700 m. The amplitude of this anomaly varies along the shelf and cannot be generated by glacio‐eustatic sea‐level variation. Instead, we propose that a regional subsidence episode, which affects both the proximal shelf and the distal oceanic basin, was generated by convective drawdown. By combining our results with other published estimates of uplift and subsidence, a map of Australia, which shows the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography is presented. Most, but not all, of Australia's epeirogeny can be attributed to rapid northward motion of the Australian plate over a pre‐existing pattern of convective circulation.
The gravitationally consistent sea‐level fingerprint of future terrestrial ice loss
Authors: Spada G. , Bamber J. L. , Hurkmans R. T. W. L.
Published: December 2012

We solve the sea‐level equation to investigate the pattern of the gravitationally self‐consistent sea‐level variations (fingerprints) corresponding to modeled scenarios of future terrestrial ice melt. These were obtained from separate ice dynamics and surface mass balance models for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and by a regionalized mass balance model for glaciers and ice caps. For our mid‐range scenario, the ice melt component of total sea‐level change attains its largest amplitude in the equatorial oceans, where we predict a cumulative sea‐level rise of ~ 25 cm and rates of change close to 3 mm/yr from ice melt alone by 2100. According to our modeling, in low‐elevation densely populated coastal zones, the gravitationally consistent sea‐level variations due to continental ice loss will range between 50 and 150% of the global mean. This includes the effects of glacial‐isostatic adjustment, which mostly contributes across the lateral forebulge regions in North America. While the mid range ocean‐averaged elastic‐gravitational sea‐level variations compare with those associated with thermal expansion and ocean circulation, their combination shows a complex regional pattern, where the former component dominates in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the latter in the Arctic Ocean.
Variability in the width of the tropics and the annular modes
Authors: Kidston J. , Cairns C. W. , Paga P.
Published: December 2012

The correlation between unforced variability in the latitude of the edge of the Hadley cell (ΦHC) and latitude of the surface westerlies (ΦEDJ) is examined using a simplified moist general circulation model (GCM) and a suite of state of the art GCMs. The correlation can be determined by the time‐mean separation of the two features. When the separation is small, there is a positive correlation, and as the separation between them increases, the correlation reduces. In the simplified model, a weak negative correlation emerges at large separations.

The location of the anomalous meridional mass flux associated with variations in the latitude of ΦEDJ, relative to the climatological Hadley cell position, determines the extent to which ΦHC is influenced by changes in ΦEDJ. Changes in the latitude of ΦEDJ are driven by anomalous eddy momentum flux convergence, and these are approximately balanced by the Coriolis torque on the meridional flow, as expected under quasi‐geostrophic scaling. Under changing time‐mean climates, the anomalous flow associated with ΦEDJ variability translates location so that it is approximately fixed relative to the time‐mean ΦEDJ. This means that the influence of ΦEDJ variability on ΦHC varies as a function of the time‐mean separation of the features.

Initial indications are that the same causal relationship holds in a suite of state of the art GCMs and that this explains the seasonal variation in the correlation between ΦHC and ΦEDJ.
The effect of the 135.6 nm emission originated from the ionosphere on the TIMED/GUVI O/N2 ratio
Authors: Kil H. , Lee W. K. , Shim J. , Paxton L. J. , Zhang Y.
Published: December 2012

The column number density ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen (O/N2 ratio) provided by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite has been used as a diagnostic of the thermospheric neutral composition. However, a recent study claimed that the GUVI O/N2 ratio is not a pure thermospheric parameter in low latitudes during periods of low geomagnetic activity. This study quantifies the O/N2 ratio contamination by the ionosphere using the GUVI observations and model ionosphere acquired from 31 August to 2 September 2002. During this period, the local time of the GUVI observation was near 1500 and the average Kp index was 2°. The 135.6 nm emission originated from the ionosphere is estimated using the electron density profiles provided by the Utah State University‐Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements model. Our results show that the 135.6 nm emission originated from the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) contributes 5 ~ 10% to the total 135.6 nm intensity and O/N2 ratio. The EIA feature and longitudinal wave patterns in the GUVI 135.6 nm intensity maps are identified above an altitude of 300 km and show a good agreement with those in the F region plasma density. However, the EIA feature and longitudinal wave patterns do not appear in the GUVI 135.6 nm intensity maps below an altitude of 300 km and in the GUVI N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield band intensity maps in any altitude. These observations indicate that the longitudinal wave patterns in the GUVI O/N2 ratio represent the ionospheric phenomenon.
Correcting diurnal cycle aliasing in satellite microwave humidity sounder measurements
Authors: Kottayil Ajil , John Viju O. , Buehler Stefan A.
Published: December 2012

Microwave humidity measurements from polar orbiting satellites are affected by diurnal sampling biases which are caused by changes in the local observation time of the satellites. The long‐term data records available from these satellites thus have spurious trends, which must be corrected. Diurnal cycles of the microwave measurements have been constructed by combining data over the period 2001–2010 from five different satellite platforms (NOAA‐15, ‐16, ‐17, ‐18, and MetOpA). This climatological diurnal cycle has been used to deduce and correct the diurnal sampling bias in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐B and microwave humidity sounder measurements. Diurnal amplitudes for channels which are sensitive to surface temperature variations show a sharp land‐sea contrast with the amplitudes exceeding 10 K for land regions but less than 1 K for oceanic regions. The humidity channels sensitive to the upper and middle troposphere exhibit a seasonal variation with large diurnal amplitudes over convective land regions (often above 3 K) in comparison to oceanic regions. The diurnal peak times of these channels over land occur in the early mornings. The diurnal sampling bias correction has a greater impact over land regions when compared to oceanic regions due to the large diurnal amplitudes over land. The diurnal cycle of humidity generated as a part of this study could be used to evaluate diurnal cycles in climate models.
Episodes of surface westerly winds as observed from islands in the western tropical Pacific
Authors: Harrison D. E. , Giese Benjamin S.
Published: December 2012

We describe the characteristics of surface westerly wind episodes in the tropical Pacific between mid‐1957 and 1980, as they can be determined from a collection of daily average wind records from islands. Several types of frequency of occurrence and duration statistics are presented; events in which the maximum westerly anomalies exceed 7 m s−1 are not common, but are prominent in the records. There is strong seasonal and geographical variation in frequency of occurrence. Four types of westerly episodes are found; we call them types N, C, S, or FS, according to whether the maximum westerly wind is found north of, centered on, south of, or “far south” of the equator near the international date line. Sixteen, 45, 47, and 47 events of type N, C, S, and FS are identified, respectively. The strongest westerly winds are associated with type C and S events; maximum daily average values can exceed 20 m s−1. Only type C and S events are found to have substantial equatorial zonal wind anomalies. Several examples of type C and S events are presented. Composite events of each type have been computed, and their characteristics are described. In order to explore relationships between equatorial westerly events and cyclones, all of the named tropical cyclones within a region encompassing the near‐date line islands have been identified; various statistics are presented, but no absolute relationships have been identified. The similarity between the composite type C and S anomaly patterns and patterns of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation monthly mean zonal wind anomaly previously documented in the literature is striking; evidently, the westerly events often dominate in the monthly average anomaly.
Recent advances in rainfall modeling, estimation, and forecasting
Authors: Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Krajewski Witold
Published: December 2012

This article presents a review of recent advances in rainfall modeling, estimation, and forecasting geared towards hydrologic science and applications. Only peer reviewed articles in U.S journals or by U.S investigators in other journals during the period of 1991 to 1994 are presented, in conformance with the requirements of IUGG. Whenever necessary, reference is made to research articles published during the period of 1987 to 1990, as review of rainfall research during that period was not covered in the previous IUGG volume. Georgakakos and Kavvas's (1987) article presents an insightful review of rainfall research for the period of 1983 to 1986.
The magnetotail's role in magnetospheric dynamics: Engine or exhaust pipe
Authors: Hesse Michael
Published: December 2012

The years 1991–1994 have seen considerable effort to improve on existing substorm models, primarily with the goal to include into the models more of the observed features of substorm dynamics. While a large fraction of the research focused onto local aspects, some significant investigations were also undertaken to place local aspects of substorm dynamics into a more global framework. This report attempts, in an interpretive way, to summarize the results of the latter research, and to point out open questions. The title of the present report raises the question of the importance of the magnetotail in magnetospheric dynamics: The engine, or a mere exhaust. “Engine” is here taken to refer to an energy conversion device, whereas an “exhaust” operates primarily as a drainage channel for all or part of the converted energy. We address this question through the use of research emphasizing energy storage, transport, and dissipation. The report finds that the primary role of the magnetotail is the engine, i.e., the driver, of substorm dynamics. The exhaust pipe function, seen primarily in the ejection of plasmoids, is of secondary importance compared to the major energy transfer and conversion device nessessarily operating in the magnetotail during magnetospheric storms and substorms.
The structural and geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Support for the oceanic plateau model of continental growth
Authors: Abbott Dallas , Mooney Walter
Published: December 2012

The problem of the origin of the continental crust can be resolved into two fundamental questions: (1) the location and mechanisms of initial mantle extraction of the primitive crust and (2) the processes by which this primitive crust is converted into the continental crust that presently exists. We know that Archean continental crust is compositionally distinct from younger continental crust. Archean magmatism was dominantly bimodal, mafic thoeleiitic plus dacitic, heavy rare earth element depleted, in contrast to the dominantly unimodal, roughly andesitic calc‐alkaline magmatism on younger crust [Taylor and McLennan, 1985; Condie, 1989]. The problem is whether these compositional differences are primarily due to different mechanisms of crustal extraction from the mantle or to different mechanisms of differentiation and alteration of newly formed continental crust.
An effective stress law for anisotropic elastic deformation
Authors: Carroll M. M.
Published: December 2012

An effective stress law is derived analytically to describe the effect of pore fluid pressure on the linearly elastic response of saturated porous rocks which exhibit anisotropy. For general anisotropy the difference between the effective stress and the applied stress is not hydrostatic. The effective stress law involves two constants for transversely isotropic response and three constants for orthotropic response; these constants can be expressed in terms of the moduli of the porous material and of the solid material. These expressions simplify considerably when the anisotropy is structural rather than intrinsic, i.e., in the case of an isotropic solid material with an anisotropic pore structure. In this case the effective stress law involves the solid or grain bulk modulus and two or three moduli of the porous material, for transverse isotropy and orthotropy, respectively. The law reduces, in the case of isotropic response, to that suggested by Geertsma (1957) and by Skempton (1961) and derived analytically by Nur and Byerlee (1971).
The deep structure of continents
Authors: Anderson Don L.
Published: December 2012

The Lehmann discontinuity at 220‐km depth is an important global feature which occurs under both oceans and continents. It is a barrier to penetration by young lithosphere and marks the base of seismicity in regions of continent‐continent collision. The strong lateral variation in upper mantle velocities occurs mainly above this depth. Continental roots extend no deeper than about 150–200 km. The basalteclogite transformation and eclogite‐harzburgite separation may be responsible for the geometry of intermediate depth earthquakes. Oceanic and continental geotherms converge above about 200 km and become less steep than the melting gradient at greater depth. This implies a low viscosity channel near 250 km. This would give a decoupling zone of maximum shear beneath continental shields. The Lehmann discontinuity may be the interface between two distinct geochemical reservoirs. The velocity jump, and the inferred density jump, at 220 km are consistent with an increase in garnet content. The mantle may be garnet lherzolite above and eclogite immediately below the Lehmann discontinuity. The transition region may be mainly eclogite and be the source region for oceanic tholeiites.
On the thermal evolution of passive continental margins, thermal depth anomalies, and the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea
Authors: Zielinski Gary W.
Published: December 2012

A computer model of sea floor spreading is presented. This time‐dependent thermal model, which includes the presence of an adjacent continent, simulates not only the evolution of an oceanic region but also the thermal evolution of an Atlantic‐type continental margin. Incorporation of the adjacent continent into a sea floor spreading model allows one to utilize geological and geophysical data from the continent and continental margin as constraints. In terms of the model parameters a more complete picture of the early spreading history and its relation to the initial rifting of the continent is provided. While vertical heat flow dominates in both the ocean and the continent proper, several effects of lateral heat flow across the ocean‐continent boundary are seen. They are reflected in the surface heat flow and topography computed from the model. Owing to lateral heat flow, subsidence of the continental margin can be more rapid than has been estimated from previous models and is a strong function of horizontal position. Applied to the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea, the model satisfies all available geophysical data for that area and produces oceanic depths nearly 1 km shallower than for other oceans of comparable age. It is consistent with the idea that thermal expansion is responsible for the unusually shallow depths and positive free air gravity observed in the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea. These results may be applicable to parts of other oceans where large regions depart from the normal age‐depth curve. Thermal depth anomalies are not necessarily indicative of increased heat input from below but may more generally reflect differences in the ratio of the heat entering the lithosphere to the spreading rate. If it is correct, this concept may provide an origin for some of the shorter‐wavelength relief (10–100 km) seen in oceanic basement. The heat flow distribution across the Norwegian continental margin is consistent with a thermal model in which the Vøring Plateau Escarpment is concident with the ocean‐continent boundary.
Compensation of oceanic topography: An Application of the Response Function Technique to the Surveyor area
Authors: McNutt Marcia
Published: December 2012

The compensation of young oceanic topography produced by sea floor spreading at the Juan de Fuca Ridge crest is analysed using the response function approach of Dorman and Lewis. The first‐order correlation between gravity g and topography h is best explained by a regional compensation mechanism corresponding to a rather weak elastic plate with flexural rigidity equal to 5×1020 N m and a crustal thickness of 10 km. The second‐order terms calculated from the correlation between gravity and the square of the topography suggest an even weaker plate with shallower compensation. The earth's response to topographic loads appears to have the expected isotropic form, because for most wavelengths the correlation between g and h is independent of azimuth. A slight anisotropy at about 50‐km wavelength is unexplained, but it is most likely due to variations in crustal density and/or thickness. The compensation for topography produced by the East Pacific Rise is remarkably similar to that found for the Juan de Fuca Ridge, in spite of gross dissimilarities in spreading rates, total ridge crest length, and plate size.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1924
Authors: Parkinson W. C.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude, 12°02.′7S; Longitude, 75°20.′4W or 5h01m W of Greenwich.)

October 23 to 25, 1924.—A moderate disturbance, the general feature being a decreased value of H extending over a period of about 70 hours, rather than any violent fluctuations. The commencement is indefinite but a series of leisurely movements begin about 5h on October 23. Some brisk movements occur in H between 20h, October 23, and 2h, October 24, the larger ones being well marked in the D and Z traces. Similar movements occur between 20h, October 24, and 2h, October 25, and by the end of October 25 the traces have regained their normal positions.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, November, 1928 to February, 1929
Authors: Ledig Paul G.
Published: December 2012

November 10, 1928—A magnetic disturbance lasting only a few hours began at 6h 55m, with an increase of 25γ in horizontal intensity, and was marked by having the minimum at 15h 33m, which is about the usual time for the daily maximum. The vertical‐intensity trace showed practically no abrupt movements, but the declination trace was somewhat serrated during the height of the disturbance.

November 11, 1928—A short magnetic disturbance began at 16h 56m, with a 10‐γ decrease in horizontal intensity, followed immediately by an increase of 100γ in five minutes. The trace was greatly disturbed during the first two hours after the beginning and showed several large and rapid changes. Following this there was a period of lesser disturbance lasting over two hours, which might ordinarily have passed for less than a storm condition. The vertical‐intensity and declination traces were somewhat serrated during the first two hours.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, July to September, 1935
Authors: Torreson O. W.
Published: December 2012

July 7–9—A minor disturbance, chiefly important for a sudden commencement in all three elements at 21h 09m G.M.T., with an increase in H of 35 gammas in 5 minutes, an increase in Z, in the same interval, of 5 gammas, and a decrease in D of O′.5. Thereafter, minor perturbations were superposed on the normal trend in H until 6h July 8, at which time a deep bay began which reached a minimum at 12h 28m. Following this bay, the diurnal maximum was greatly depressed. The diurnal maximum on the following day, July 9, was almost completely suppressed, but the remainder of the day showed minor fluctuations superposed on the normal diurnal trend. D and Z, throughout the disturbance, showed only minor perturbations not greatly affecting the regular diurnal course.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1938
Authors: Davies Frank T.
Published: December 2012

October 6—Between 18 h 46 m and 18 h 55 m GMT, October 6, a very sharp increase of 33 gammas occurred in H, followed by a sharp decrease of 83 gammas. The traces for D and Z showed slight oscillations at the same time.

October 7–8—At 10h GMT, October 7, a magnetic storm of moderate intensity developed gradually, continuing until 07h, October 8. A number of oscillations of large amplitude occurred in H with a very large decrease in the mean value of H at 16h 55m, October 7. Ranges: D, 10′.5; H, 287 gammas; Z, 118 gammas.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1940
Authors: Parkinson W. C.
Published: December 2012

July 13–14—This very moderate disturbance began with small, sharp movements in all three elements at 08h 00m GMT, July 13. The initial impulse was not as abrupt as those usually classed as sudden commencements, since it took but three minutes for completion;nevertheless the impulse undoubtedly marked the beginning of the storm. The only noteworthy feature of the disturbance was a large increase in westerly declination between 12h 14m and 12h 28m, July 13, amounting to 16′.3. Slightly disturbed conditions prevailed until 18h, July 14.
Elisabethville Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Herrinck P.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 11° 39′.5 S., longitude 27° 28′.1 or 1h 49m.9 E. of Gr.)
Apia Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Gerard V. B.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 13° 48′.4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)
Letters to editor[ Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus]
Authors: Eschenhagen M.
Published: December 2012

Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).—Professor Max Eschenhagen, in charge of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, informs the editor that he is in a position to be able to furnish those possessing a copy of Lamont's wellknown work, in which the plates are missing, with photographic reproductions of the same at cost price.

Mean magnetic elements for the year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon).—The following data have been courteously sent the JOURNAL by the director, Senhor Capello:

urn:x-wiley:02727528:media:tem2137:tem2137-math-0001
Letters to editor[United States Hydrographic Office magnetic variation and dip chart for 1900]
Authors: Littlehales G.W.
Published: December 2012

Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).—Professor Max Eschenhagen, in charge of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, informs the editor that he is in a position to be able to furnish those possessing a copy of Lamont's wellknown work, in which the plates are missing, with photographic reproductions of the same at cost price.

Mean magnetic elements for the year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon).—The following data have been courteously sent the JOURNAL by the director, Senhor Capello:

urn:x-wiley:02727528:media:tem2139:tem2139-math-0001
Catalytic detoxification of nerve agent and pesticide organophosphates by butyrylcholinesterase assisted with non-pyridinium oximes
Authors: Radić Zoran , Dale Trevor , Kovarik Zrinka , Berend Suzana , Garcia Edzna , Zhang Limin , Amitai Gabriel , Green Carol , Radić Božica , Duggan Brendan M. , Ajami Dariush , Rebek Julius , Taylor Palmer
Published: December 2012

In the present paper we show a comprehensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo study on hydrolytic detoxification of nerve agent and pesticide OPs (organophosphates) catalysed by purified hBChE (human butyrylcholinesterase) in combination with novel non-pyridinium oxime reactivators. We identified TAB2OH (2-trimethylammonio-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime) as an efficient reactivator of OP–hBChE conjugates formed by the nerve agents VX and cyclosarin, and the pesticide paraoxon. It was also functional in reactivation of sarin- and tabun-inhibited hBChE. A 3–5-fold enhancement of in vitro reactivation of VX-, cyclosarin- and paraoxon-inhibited hBChE was observed when compared with the commonly used N-methylpyridinium aldoxime reactivator, 2PAM (2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide). Kinetic analysis showed that the enhancement resulted from improved molecular recognition of corresponding OP–hBChE conjugates by TAB2OH. The unique features of TAB2OH stem from an exocyclic quaternary nitrogen and a hydroxy group, both ortho to an oxime group on a benzene ring. pH-dependences reveal participation of the hydroxy group (pKa=7.6) forming an additional ionizing nucleophile to potentiate the oxime (pKa=10) at physiological pH. The TAB2OH protective indices in therapy of sarin- and paraoxon-exposed mice were enhanced by 30–60% when they were treated with a combination of TAB2OH and sub-stoichiometric hBChE. The results of the present study establish that oxime-assisted catalysis is feasible for OP bioscavenging.
Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase is physically associated with the respiratory complex and its loss leads to mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Fang JingXian , Uchiumi Takeshi , Yagi Mikako , Matsumoto Shinya , Amamoto Rie , Takazaki Shinya , Yamaza Haruyoshi , Nonaka Kazuaki , Kang Dongchon
Published: December 2012

Some mutations of the DHODH (dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase) gene lead to postaxial acrofacial dysostosis or Miller syndrome. Only DHODH is localized at mitochondria among enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Since the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway is coupled to the mitochondrial RC (respiratory chain) via DHODH, impairment of DHODH should affect the RC function. To investigate this, we used siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown and observed that DHODH knockdown induced cell growth retardation because of G2/M cell-cycle arrest, whereas pyrimidine deficiency usually causes G1/S arrest. Inconsistent with this, the cell retardation was not rescued by exogenous uridine, which should bypass the DHODH reaction for pyrimidine synthesis. DHODH depletion partially inhibited the RC complex III, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species). We observed that DHODH physically interacts with respiratory complexes II and III by IP (immunoprecipitation) and BN (blue native)/SDS/PAGE analysis. Considering that pyrimidine deficiency alone does not induce craniofacial dysmorphism, the DHODH mutations may contribute to the Miller syndrome in part through somehow altered mitochondrial function.
Microparticles: biomarkers and beyond
Authors: Burger Dylan , Schock Sarah , Thompson Charlie S. , Montezano Augusto C. , Hakim Antoine M. , Touyz Rhian M.
Published: December 2012

Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among others. Accordingly, they have been considered biomarkers of vascular injury and pro-thrombotic or pro-inflammatory conditions. In addition to this, emerging evidence suggests that microparticles are not simply a consequence of disease, but that they themselves may contribute to pathological processes. Thus microparticles appear to serve as both markers and mediators of pathology. The present review examines the evidence for microparticles as both biomarkers of, and contributors to, the progression of disease. Approaches for the detection of microparticles are summarized and novel concepts relating to the formation of microparticles and their biological effects are examined.
Angiotensin-(1–7): beyond the cardio-renal actions
Authors: Passos-Silva Danielle G. , Verano-Braga Thiago , Santos Robson A. S.
Published: December 2012

It is well known that the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) plays a key role in the modulation of many functions in the body. AngII (angiotensin II) acting on AT1R (type 1 AngII receptor) has a central role in mediating most of the actions of the RAS. However, over the past 10 years, several studies have presented evidence for the existence of a new arm of the RAS, namely the ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2/Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)]/Mas axis. Ang-(1–7) can be produced from AngI or AngII via endo- or carboxy-peptidases respectively. ACE2 appears to play a central role in Ang-(1–7) formation. As described for AngII, Ang-(1–7) also has a broad range of effects in different organs and tissues which goes beyond its initially described cardiovascular and renal actions. Those effects are mediated by Mas and can counter-regulate most of the deleterious effects of AngII. The interaction Ang-(1–7)/Mas regulates different signalling pathways, such as PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT and ERK (extracellularsignal-regulated kinase) pathways and involves downstream effectors such as NO, FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) and COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2). Through these mechanisms, Ang-(1–7) is able to improve pathological conditions including fibrosis and inflammation in organs such as lungs, liver and kidney. In addition, this heptapeptide has positive effects on metabolism, increasing the glucose uptake and lipolysis while decreasing insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Ang-(1–7) is also able to improve cerebroprotection against ischaemic stroke, besides its effects on learning and memory. The reproductive system can also be affected by Ang-(1–7) treatment, with enhanced ovulation, spermatogenesis and sexual steroids synthesis. Finally, Ang-(1–7) is considered a potential anti-cancer treatment since it is able to inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas pathway seems to be involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in several systems and organs especially by opposing the detrimental effects of inappropriate overactivation of the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis.