bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI Challenges and Humanist Foundations for the Transformation of Higher Education
Authors:   Institute of Higher Education of the NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine, Yu Mielkov
Published: December 2024

Challenges related to the growing usage of technologies based on generative AI are considered from the perspective of philosophical analysis. It is argued that the AI is but a program that follows algorithms, and thus it is not capable of thinking or being a subject of any activity at all. The current AI issues are argued to lead to the transformation of higher education on the principles of humanism, so that technologies could augment human beings and their activities, while allowing humans to have control over AI and to evaluate them in an appropriate way
The Use of Large Language Models in Combination with the Ontological Approach for the Synthesis of Natural Language Text
Authors:   V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine, A Litvin , V Kaverinsky ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine, D Simonov ,   V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
Published: December 2024

This research presented an approach based on the application of structured prompt instructions to large language models (LLM). Methodological foundations for using an ontology-driven system of structured prompts in interaction with ChatGPT were developed. The ChatGPT system allows expanding the knowledge base by obtaining new information from existing knowledge units based on a set of contexts. Thus, methods for generating meaningful responses in natural language were considered using a large language model using ontological approaches and natural language contexts.
Using the proposed methodology, the OntoChatGPT system was developed, which effectively extracts entities from contexts, classifies them and generates appropriate responses. An experiment on the reverse synthesis of natural language sentences based on their ontological representation using large language models allows to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of using the concept of large language models in dialogue systems. The study highlights the versatility of the methodology, emphasizing its applicability not only to ChatGPT but also to other chatbot systems based on LLMs, such as Google’s Bard utilizing the PaLM 2 LLM. The implementation of this technology is demonstrated using the Ukrainian language
Algorithms for UAV localization with Scene Matching
Authors:   State University of Information and Communication Technologies, Ukraine, Yu Melnyk , Ye Lukatskyi ,   National Aviation University, Ukraine
Published: December 2024

This article addresses the issue of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to overcome current challenges. It reviews the historical use of control systems for ballistic and cruise missiles dating back to the 1940s. The shortcomings of existing control systems that rely on inertial systems and the challenges faced in aerial conflict scenarios are identified. The main stages of the navigation process, particularly through image comparison, are outlined. An analysis of existing image comparison methods for navigation purposes using various systems is presented, detailing their advantages and disadvantages and examining the mathematical models underlying these processes. The paper proposes solutions to the challenges faced by existing UAV control methods, specifically by utilizing a sliding window approach to reduce required resources and shorten decision-making time for real-time flight navigation through AI integration
Logical Methods Usage in Diagnostics of the Multi-agents Air-conditioning System
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine, O Savchuk , O Morgal ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine, A Muliarchuk ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
Published: December 2024

The possibility of cooperative agents usage for the on-board air conditioning system research and diagnosis is considered. A logical model for type I and II faults searching is proposed. This work provides an opportunity to master the practical knowledge and skills the first and second types logical models building to obtaining a minimum test of performance and finding malfunctions and damages the place at complex information systems development, operation and maintenance the stages. An algorithm has been developed that combines the development a generalized I type logical model from the system functional circuit input side and the subsequent construction II type a logical model from its free outputs. The deep learning metod allows to increase the accuracy of the model, the speed of finding faults, predicting and preventing accidents
Intelligent Medical System for Diagnosis of Intervertebral Disc Deformation
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, V Sineglazov , O Pokhylenko ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine
Published: December 2024

The article examines the application of semi-supervised learning and computer vision methods for segmentation of spine MR images and diagnosis of deformation of intervertebral discs. Existing neural network architectures for spine MR image segmentation and semi-supervised learning methods used in medical image segmentation are reviewed. A system for diagnosis deformation of intervertebral discs is proposed, which consists of two modules: a segmentation module and a diagnostic module. The implementation of the proposed system using two convolutional neural networks is presented: U-Net for segmentation of spine MR images and ResNet for classification of the degree of deformation of each intervertebral disc based on the Pfirrmann classification of degenerative changes. The software implementation of the medical diagnosis system was developed in the Python programming language using the PyTorch library. Neural networks were trained on an open dataset of spine MR images using a variant of the Mean Teacher semi-supervised learning method. As a result of the verification, it was found that the system is capable of performing segmentation with high accuracy. It was found that the exact prediction of the grade of degenerative changes according to Pfirrmann remains a difficult task, but the introduction of another classification made it possible to increase the accuracy of diagnosis of deformation of intervertebral discs. The proposed medical system involves the addition of new diagnostic modules, which makes it possible to use it for the comprehensive analysis of various spine diseases
Sintomas de depressão em trabalhadores da saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: Estudo transversal
Authors: Márcio de Oliveira Matheus , Da Rosa Tavares Priscila , De Barros Robban Sofia , De Pádua Lima Helder , João Baptista Cremildo , Gajo Silva Naiara , Soares de Souza Verusca , Geraldo Rozza Soraia , Guilherme Guilherme Oliveira de Arruda
Published: December 2024

Introdução:  A frequência de sintomas de depressão entre profissionais da saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foi alta. Contudo, existem poucas evidências que incluem trabalhadores de apoio, aqueles que não desenvolvem diretamente a assistência em saúde.
Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da presença de sintomas de depressão e de seus níveis, bem como, os fatores associados em trabalhadores da saúde brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, analítica e quantitativa, realizada com 108 trabalhadores da saúde de janeiro a maio de 2021, por amostragem não probabilística. Aplicou-se a Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale para identificar os sintomas de depressão. Os dados foram analisados por meio de frequências absolutas e relativas para variáveis sociodemográficas, relacionadas ao serviço de saúde e ocupação, autopercepção de saúde, fatores relacionados ao risco para COVID-19, histórico clínico e “Sintomas de Depressão”. Foram aplicados testes de associação e estimadas Razões de Prevalência com Intervalo de Confiança de 95%.
Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas de depressão foi de 51,9% (IC95% = 43,1%–63,7%), sendo que o nível extremamente severo foi mais frequente (16,7%, IC95% = 8,8%–22,5%), principalmente, entre trabalhadores que não atuam diretamente na assistência (35,7%), comparado aos que assistem os pacientes (12,9%). Destaca-se a prevalência de sintomas de depressão entre os trabalhadores com autopercepção de saúde regular/ruim/muito ruim (88,0%), diagnóstico de transtorno mental (81,2%), uso contínuo de medicamentos (63,0%) e uso de psicotrópicos (69,6%).
Conclusão: Os sintomas de depressão foram predominantes entre os trabalhadores da saúde em meio à pandemia, ressaltando-se níveis extremamente severos que ocorreram com maior frequência entre trabalhadores de apoio. Sinaliza-se a necessidade de se direcionar a atenção à saúde mental de trabalhadores da saúde conforme especificidades, principalmente, ocupacionais, a fim de minimizar a ocorrência de sintomas de depressão.
A “boa morte” na percepção de pessoas com câncer acompanhadas por serviço de atenção domiciliar
Authors: Polino Gomes Marcela , Roberta Cordeiro Franciele
Published: December 2024

Introdução: A “boa morte” se trata de um conceito individual, variável, que contempla as práticas para a promoção do morrer e da morte de maneira confortável, digna e com o menor sofrimento possível.
Objetivo: Conhecer os significados sobre “boa morte” para pessoas com câncer acompanhadas por serviço de atenção domiciliar.
Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada entre dezembro de 2022 e janeiro de 2023, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com sete pessoas com câncer vinculadas a uma unidade de atenção domiciliar e cuidados paliativos de um hospital do sul do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados conforme proposta teórica de Creswell.
Resultados: Foram construídas três subcategorias: “Diálogos e silêncios sobre o final de vida e a morte”, “Significados de boa morte” e “Cuidados para uma boa morte”. Nelas, identificou-se o que os entrevistados pensam sobre a sua própria morte, o que significa uma boa morte para si e quais os cuidados envolvidos na sua promoção.
Conclusão: Os significados de boa morte estão atribuídos ao morrer na própria casa de forma tranquila, dormindo, sem dor e com a presença da família, enquanto os cuidados para uma boa morte estão vinculados, principalmente, ao recebimento de carinho e atenção no fim da vida.
O HIV/aids como pauta dos diálogos familiares entre adolescentes e pais
Authors: Moraes Garollo Piran Camila , Siqueira Floresta Lehmkuhl Camila , Sousa da Fonseca Beatriz , Machado Cruz Shibukawa Bianca , Marcondes de Oliveira Lara , Garcia Lopes Merino Maria de Fátima , Demitto Furtado Marcela , Silva Marcon Sonia
Published: December 2024

Introdução: Na última década, o aumento dos casos de HIV/aids entre adolescentes e jovens evidencia os desafios enfrentados pelas gestões de saúde pública. O tabu imposto pela sociedade acerca da temática prejudica o acesso destes aos serviços e profissionais de saúde, além de dificultar a comunicação entre pais e filhos sobre HIV/aids.
Objetivo: compreender como ocorre a abordagem entre pais e filhos na fase da adolescência e juventude sobre HIV/aids.
Metodologia: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, com familiares vinculados à rede de atenção básica de um município de pequeno porte no sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre novembro e dezembro de 2021, com entrevistas audiogravadas e posterior transcrição utilizando o software NVivo Release versão 1.1.6®. A análise do conteúdo seguiu o método de Bardin, compreendendo as etapas de pré-análise, exploração do material e categorização dos dados.
Resultados: Participaram onze familiares, mães de adolescentes, com idades entre 30 e 50 anos. Das entrevistas emergiram as seguintes categorias de discussão: "O conhecimento atual sobre o HIV/aids", "A abordagem do HIV/aids no seio familiar" e "Quem é responsável pela educação sexual de nossos filhos?".
Conclusão: As famílias enfrentam dificuldades de abordagens e diálogo devido à falta de informações fidedignas e à presença de crenças e medos arraigados. É essencial promover a abertura e incentivar o diálogo, destacando a importância e a necessidade dos serviços de saúde na orientação da população.
elecciones de 2021 en Assam: la Hindutva en el noreste indio
Authors: Carballido Coria Laura
Published: December 2024

A principios de mayo de 2021 se anunciaron los resultados de las elecciones para la Asamblea estatal en Assam. El Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) había repetido la victoria de 2016 y podría nombrar al nuevo gobernador (Chief minister). En las elecciones generales de 2014 y 2019, es decir, para la Lok Sabha, el BJP también había registrado una victoria electoral en el estado. Detrás de estas victorias está un proceso más amplio de expansión de la Hindutva o nacionalismo hindú, una corriente política, social y cultural que define India a partir sólo de esta religión. La Hindutva se ha extendido a lugares nuevos, que habían quedado fuera de su esfera de influencia acostumbrada, tales como el noreste indio. Esta expansión ha hecho que la Hindutva adopte elementos y preocupaciones nuevas y se adapte a las dinámicas de la región.
Políticas civilizatorias, geografías urbanas e inmigración china en San José, Costa Rica (1873-1950)
Authors: Acon Chan Lai Sai
Published: December 2024

Este artículo explora los vínculos existentes entre las medidas higiénicas, policiales y de ordenamiento urbano de los gobiernos liberales costarricenses, la segregación socio-espacial que inició con la conformación de una élite agroexportadora y el surgimiento de un corredor de comercios y residencias de inmigrantes chinos desde las últimas décadas del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Es de notar que las restricciones provocaron una dispersión de los chinos por al menos tres pasajes en el casco central josefino, con lo cual no se llegó a conformar orgánicamente un barrio chino.
Fenomenología de las posturas en el Vinyasa Yoga: un estudio sobre su práctica en México
Authors: Larios Robles Vanessa Itzigueri
Published: December 2024

Este artículo tiene como finalidad explicar la recepción, el desarrollo y la práctica en México del estilo de yoga postural llamado Vinyasa Yoga; así como las características particulares que lo distinguen de otros estilos de yoga. Veremos que la Fenomenología del cuerpo tiende un puente para pensar la práctica contemporánea de yoga y así ofrecer una reinterpretación o una nueva comprensión de las posturas (āsana). A través de entrevistas a figuras clave en la instauración del Vinyasa en México, la investigación aborda el papel fundamental que tuvieron los bailarines de danza moderna y contemporánea para que este estilo de yoga proliferara en nuestro país.
Meaning-focused grammar instruction: examining British, Chinese, French and Italian textbooks for teaching Chinese as a foreign language
Authors: Gabbianelli Gloria
Published: December 2024

The present study seeks to provide an analysis of how grammar instruction     is presented in four selected Chinese as a foreign language textbooks published in four different countries. It explores how each textbook presents grammar, and to what extent grammar activities are presented, in a meaning-use focused and contextualized way. Two research questions guided the analysis: How is grammar presented regarding grammar description and target language samples? To what extent are grammar exercises contextualized and meaning-use focused? The results show that the role of grammar is still conspicuous, and textbooks tend to provide more activities that focus on meaning-form relationships than communicative tasks, still focusing more on accuracy than on interaction and meaning-use relationships. Activities promoting interaction, communicative tasks and meaning-use focused integrated in the analyzed textbooks are still rare. The paper also highlights the importance of cooperation among teachers, researchers and authors in producing teaching materials.
El loto en el estanque. Canon y diversidad en la India clásica. Ciudad de México: UNAM, PUEAA. ISBN: 978-607-30-5874-2
Authors: Manzano Paola Castillo
Published: December 2024

En esta novedad editorial del PUEAA, el erudito mexicano en cultura india Óscar Figueroa elabora diez ensayos que ofrecen una comprensión holística de los elementos socioculturales inherentes a la creación literaria sánscrita. Además de tales ensayos, este libro incluye una sección de pasajes clave en obras clásicas como el Mahābhārata y el Rāmāyaṇa, cabe reconocer que la traducción del sánscrito al español de tales pasajes también corrió a cargo de Figueroa.
El enemigo íntimo. Pérdida y recuperación del yo bajo el colonialismo, de Ashis Nandy. 1983. Traducción y estudio introductorio de Mario López Areu y publicado en español en 2021 por la Editorial Trotta. ISBN: 978-84-9879-849-4
Authors: Floriano Belén García-Noblejas
Published: December 2024

La figura y el trabajo de Ashis Nandy son poco conocidos para los no familiarizados con la India. Su obra aquí reseñada, El Enemigo Íntimo, insta a su lector a reflexionar sobre unos valores y unos códigos que, probablemente, consideraba universales y que, sin embargo, son reflejo de una construcción local derivada de unas experiencias particulares. Así, el Enemigo íntimo recapacita sobre las relaciones jerárquicas de poder determinadas por el colonialismo y, especialmente, el ejercido por el imperialismo británico a lo largo del siglo XIX y XX. El impacto permanente de dichas prácticas en el ideario colectivo representa un tema central en esta obra, la cual analiza sus efectos no sólo sobre el colonizado, sino también sobre el sujeto colonizador. Aunque dicha reflexión pueda parecer compleja, esta reseña aspira a simplificar los contenidos y argumentos más relevantes del Enemigo íntimo para hacerlos más accesibles.
Las variedades (pos) modernas de la experiencia yóguica.
Authors: Muñoz Adrián
Published: December 2024

Este breve artículo examina algunas reflexiones en torno de las experiencias del yoga en el contexto contemporáneo. A partir de una mirada reseñista de algunas ideas centrales que figuran en dos publicaciones recientes y que indagan sobre aspectos importantes del yoga en la modernidad y la época contemporánea, discute unos aspectos de la dialéctica de la práctica del yoga contemporáneo, y sopesa en general el quehacer académico sobre este campo. Al discutir con cuidado From Yoga to Kabbalah, de Véronique Altglas (2014), y Post-Lineage Yoga. From Guru to #MeToo, de Theodora Wildcroft (2020) se ponderan las aportaciones teóricas de estas dos obras y la manera en que expanden el estado de la cuestión.
Arte y nación. El discurso de la historia del arte en el Japón Meiji, de Daniel Sastre de la Vega. 2019. Publicado originalmente en castellano por Ediciones Bellaterra. ISBN:978-84-7290-931-1
Authors: Miretti Santiago
Published: December 2024

En Arte y Nación, El discurso de la historia del arte en el Japón Meiji, Daniel Sastre de la Vega (2019) nos ofrece un recorrido de la historia del arte en Japón. Tomando como punto de partida de su análisis el segundo encuentro del archipiélago con Occidente durante la Restauración Meiji (1868-1912); sostiene que el arte constituyó uno de los pilares fundamentales para la construcción de un discurso histórico. En particular, este le permitió forjar al nuevo gobierno imperial una de las bases de su identidad nacional. En este contexto, el rol de los funcionarios e intelectuales del gobierno de Meiji -dentro de los cuales se destaca la figura del intelectual y teórico del arte Okakura Kakuzo- cobra especial relevancia en tanto artífices de una política estatal que tendrá a la narrativa histórico-artística como un eje de la construcción identitaria japonesa.
Influence of osmolites on dual-species biofilm formation
Authors: Ganchev I.
Published: December 2024

Abstract. In a large part of ecological niches, bacterial species are united in communities and develop together in the form of heterogeneous structures called biofilms, which are formed on surfaces of different nature and nature with the participation and as a result of the interaction of two or more bacterial species In this study, we evaluated effects of the osmolarity of cultivating on the biofilm development and architecture of biofilms of the bacterium (B. subtilis) during their interactions with Escherichia coli K-12 1655 strain. Effects of the osmolarity of cultivating on bacterial biofilm formation and the mechanisms were analyzed by the crystal violet staining method combined with cultivated microbial analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Тhе increase of the concentration of NaCl in the culture medium over 100 mM leads to inhibition of growth and negatively affects the process of biofilm formation by co-cultivation of B.subtilis 170 and E.coli K-12 1655, B.subtilis 168 and E.coli K- 12 1655 strains. The change of the concentration of NaCl from 100 to 200 mM is accompanied by decrease of the value of the optical density, the average thickness and the relative spread area and proportional increase of the ratio of the spread area of the structures to their volume of the formed biofilms, as well as inhibition of spore formation.
Religiosos, músicos y caballeros. Continuidades y cambios en casa del arzobispo de Zaragoza don Juan de Aragón (1520-1530)
Authors: Elipe Jaime
Published: December 2024

El presente artículo estudia los cambios y continuidades existentes en la casa episcopal del arzobispo de Zaragoza don Juan de Aragón (1520-1530). Esto es debido a que recibió la mitra a la muerte de don Alonso de Aragón, siendo uno de los pocos casos de la Iglesia española en la que un hijo sucedió a su padre. Mediante documentación de variada índole, sustancialmente notarial, se localizan los principales personajes de esta casa y se ponen de manifiesto varias cuestiones. La primera, a pesar de que don Juan gozó de muchos menos ingresos que su predecesor, consiguió mantener una casa digna de admiración, tanto por el número de servidores como por la altísima calidad de sus músicos. Segunda cuestión, se observa cierto predominio de los religiosos dentro de la misma, a diferencia de la época previa donde hubo un porcentaje mayor de caballeros. Tercera, un empleo sistemático de la diócesis y aledaños de Daroca para premiar a sus clientes y servidores. Cuarta y última, el mantenimiento de algunos criados de su padre pero el cambio de los puestos principales, posiblemente debido al agotamiento de una generación. Todo ello muestra una serie de adaptaciones a un período político distinto donde don Juan y su familia biológica habían perdido buena parte de la preponderancia pasada.
Andrés Ollero, Entre el Derecho y la vida pública, Colección Raíces del Derecho, Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, 2024, 481 pp., ISBN 978-84-1162-947-8
Authors: Megías-Quirós José-Justo
Published: December 2024

Book Review
Ángela Aparisi, La Ética Judicial en México: principios, normas y virtudes, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2024, 360 pp., ISBN 978-84-1056-068-0
Authors: Vigo Rodolfo-Luis
Published: December 2024

Book Review
Perkembangan Fikih Pada Masa Berakhirnya Madhhab
Authors: Nadhifah Nurul Asiya
Published: December 2024

This article discusses the development of Islamic jurisprudence at the expiration of Islamic thought which known as a taqlid period, i.e. the stagnation and static period that lasted from the mid-fourth century of Hijriyah (351 H). The growth of taqlid mentality in this period is due to several factors, the internal and external factors. Among these factors are social and political instability, legal definition of Islamic thought, fanaticism to certain Islamic thought, weakening the spirit of ijtihad, and closure of the gate of ijtihad. Currently, the Muslim scholars’ activity is summarizing the classical books (mukhtasar). Among the many classical books caused many questions, then they started to compile the book explanations. Despite this circumstance, there are still some people who remain dynamic and creative thinking, even if they are dealing with the challenge of the ruler, who are ready to throw into prison for their firm stance. Among the scholars who are attempting to break the rigidity of this period are Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah (d. 751 AH).
[Artikel ini membahas tentang perkembangan fikih pada masa berakhirnya madhhab yang biasa dieknal dengan periode taqlīd, yaitu periode kebekuan dan statis yang berlangsung mulai pertengahan abad empat hijriah (351 H). Tumbuh dan berkembangnya mentalitas taqlīd pada periode ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, baik internal atau eksternal. Di antara sebagian kecil faktor tersebut ialah; Instabilitas sosial politik, rumusan hukum madhhab fiqh dianggap sudah pari purna, fanatisme bermadhhab ta'assub), melemahnya semangat ijtihad, dan tertutupnya pintu ijtihad. Aktifitas ulama dalam zaman ini antara lain menyusun ringkasan ringkasan kitab (mukhtasar). Di antara kitab mukhtashar ternyata banyak pula yang menimbulkan pertanyaan, maka disusun pula kitab sharhnya (penjelasan). Meskipun demikian tidak menutup mata ada satu atau dua orang yang tetap berfikir dinamis dan kreatif sekalipun mereka berhadapan dengan tantangan tantangan dari para penguasa, yang siap menjebloskan ke dalam penjara karena keteguhan pendiriannya. Di antara ulama yang berupaya mendobrak kebekuan masa ini antara lain: Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyah (w. 728 H.) dan Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah (w. 751 H.).]
Penolakan Dispensasi Nikah Bagi Pasangan Nikah Sirri di Bawah Umur
Authors: Ardila Ary
Published: December 2024

This article argues the court case refusal of marriage dispensation for those who are still under age of marriage (19 year for men and 16 for women). The case took place in religious Court of Kraksaan, Situbondo. The solicitation for marriage dispensation is submitted by the parent of the girl because she has been already religiously married but not yet registered and already pregnant. This solicitation was not granted by the court. Instead of granting this under age marriage solicitation, the court ordered the parent to apply for marriage admission procedure. This procedure is conducted for the marriage which had took place but still lack of legality. The judges used the artcle 7 numbe (3) point (e) of Kompilasi Hukum Islam to justify their decision. This decision. However, is contradictory to Law No.1/1974 on Marriage which states that under age marriage should only be legalized by marriage dispensation.
[Artikel ini membahas tentang penolakan dispensasi nikah bagi pasangan nikah sirri di bawah umur dalam Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Kraksaan. Permohonan dispensasi nikah diajukan oleh pemohon untuk anak pemohon. Anak pemohon sudah menikah secara sirri dengan calon menantu pemohon. Ketika istri anak pemohon hamil lima bulan, pemohon selaku orang tua dari anak pemohon mengajukan permohonan kehendak nikah antara anak pemohon dengan calon menantu pemohon ke Pegawai Pencatat Nikah (PPN). Pegawai Pencatat Nikah menolak permohonan kehendak nikah yang diajukan oleh pemohon karena usia anak pemohon belum mencapai 19 tahun dan menyarankan kepada pemohon agar mengajukan permohonan dispensasi nikah di Pengadilan Agama. Majelis hakim menggunakan dasar hukum pasal 7 angka (3) huruf (e) Kompilasi Hukum Islam dan menetapkan tidak menerima permohonan dispensasi nikah yang diajukan pemohon serta menganjurkan kepada anak pemohon agar mengajukan permohonan isbat nikah. Perspektif Undang-undang, anjuran isbat nikah kepada anak pemohon yang dilakukan hakim kurang tepat, karena anak pemohon masih di bawah umur. Dalam undang-undang perkawinan No. 1 tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam menyatakan bahwa bagi calon mempelai yang belum cukup umur (19 bagi laki-laki dan 16 bagi perempuan) harus mendapatkan dispensasi nikah dari Pengadilan. Tidak semata-mata hanya bisa diselesaikan dengan isbat nikah.]
Pergaulan Calon Suami Istri Pada Masa Pra Peminangan di Sawunggaling Wonokromo Surabaya
Authors: Hadi Abdul
Published: December 2024

This article discusses the social interaction between the bride and groom prior their marriage in Sawunggaling Wonokromo, Surabaya. In Islam, as long as the couple has not legally tied knot of marriage, they are not allowed to meet, let alone to make sexual intercourse. Any sexual intercourse outside wedlock is considered adultery and a major sin in Islam. Even if a man and a woman have been engaged to each other, this does not legalize sexual intercourse as long they have not tied knot. However, in Sawunggaling Wonokromo, Surabaya, after a man and a woman engaged for marriage, they are allowed to meet, to chat and even to have sexual intercourse. This interaction is a token of love and the man will be responsible to whatever happening to his fiance. Certainly, this practice is contradictory to Islamic teaching. A man and a woman engaged to each other will only allowed to meet with the attendance of a member of family to avoid unlawful relationship.
[Artikel ini membahas tentang pergaulan calon suami istri pada masa pra peminangan di Sawunggaling Wonokromo Surabaya. Pergaulan calon suami-istri dalam masa pra peminangan yang berlaku di Kelurahan Sawunggaling adalah kedua calon diperkenankan bergaul bebas layaknya suami-istri seperti jalan-jalan berdua ke mana saja mereka suka, bincang-bincang berdua dan bahkan tidur sekamar juga ditolelir oleh masyarakat di sana. Pergaulan tersebut merupakan manifestasi kecintaan tehadap calonnya, dan si laki-laki akan bertanggung jawab dengan apapun yang akan terjadi terhadap tunangannya. Ada duaÂ  faktor yang mempengaruhi pergaulan tersebut yaitu: Pertama, faktor lingkungan setempat yang memiliki kebiasaan memperkenankan calon suami-istri bergaul bebas. Kedua, faktor pendidikan masyarakat setempat, yang belum begitu paham terhadap hukum perkawinan Islam khususnya tentang peminangan (khitbah). Bentuk pergaulan calon suami istri pada masa pra peminangan yang terjadi di Sawunggaling Wonokromo Surabaya, dilarang dan diharamkan dalam syariat Islam. Islam hanya memperbolehkan kedua calon bertemu dan pertemuan tersebut harus didampingi mahram supaya tidak terjadi kemungkaran (fahishah).]
Ijtihad Umar bin Khattab Tentang Hukum Perkawinan Perspektif Kompilasi Hukum Islam
Authors: Abbas Rafid
Published: December 2024

Umar ibn al-Khattab is a bold, strict, intelligent and influential companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He brought the combination these character when he converted Â to Islam. He accepted the texts of the Qur'an, but cautiously derived legal decision from prophetic tradition. He used to correlate the narrative of prophetic tradition with the Qur'an before arriving at a decision.  He made a lot of jurisprudential decisions during his tenure as the second caliphs. On the other hand, Kompilasi Hukum Islam is a legal product of Indonesian Muslim. It serves as a legal basis for judges in religious court. It compiled Islamic jurisprudence from classic Islamic schools of law in the area of Islamic family law. There are similarities between the opinions of Umar ibn al-Khattab with the pronouncements in the Kompilasi. Among the similarities are the prohibition to propose a woman who are engaged to other man, the approval of a woman for her marriage, the prohibition of marriage without guardian, the prohibition of setting steep dowry, the prohibition of temporary marriage (mut'ah), and the introduction of pre-marital agreement.
[Umar bin Khattab adalah sosok manusia yang keras, kasar, cerdas, dari kekasaran dan kecerdasannya inilah yang mengantarkan dia masuk Islam. Dalam memahami nash-nash al-Qur'an, Umar dapat langsung menerima, namun terhadap menentukan suatu hukum dari hadis, maka ia akan sangat hati-hati, ia selalu menghubungkan nash as-Sunnah dengan al-Qur'an, tujuannya agar keduanya dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Islam. Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) jika dilihat dari sejarah penyusunannya adalah himpunan kaidah-kaidah hukum Islam yang ditulis dan disusun secara teratur dan sistematis, diambil dari berbagai kitab (pendapat para fuqaha/doktrin) yang dipergunakan sebagai referensi pada Pengadilan Agama. Terdapat kesesuaian antara ijtihad Umar bin Khattab dengan Kompilasi Hukum Islam, di antaranya adalah: Larangan seorang laki-laki meminang perempuan di atas pinangan orang lain sesuai dengan Kompilasi Hukum Islam yang tercantum dalam pasal 12 ayat 3 dan 4. Persetujuan calon istri. Hal tersebut tercantum dalam pasal 16 dan 17. Larangan pernikahan tanpa wali sesuai KHI sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam Pasal 14, 19, 20. Larangan memberi mahar terlalu tinggi sesuai KHI pasal 31. Diperbolehkan mengadakan perjanjian perkawinan sesuai dengan KHI Pasal 45. Larangan nikah mut'ah sesuai dengan ketentuan KHI dalam pasal 2 ayat 3. Dan Larangan menikah beda agama sesuai dengan KHI pasal 40 dan 44.]
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-Hak Istri dalam Perkara Poligini
Authors: Aisyah Siti
Published: December 2024

Polygamy is a kind of marriage with two or more wives at the same time. Islam does not come to prohibit polygamy but sets it as mentioned in al-Qur’an, chapter al-Nisa’: 3. Indonesia has made a rule of polygamy in article 4, paragraph 2 and article 5, paragraph 1 of Undang-Undang No. 1 year 1974, Peraturan Pemerintah No. 9 year 1975 and Intruksi Presiden of Republic of Indonesia No. 1 year 1991. A husband who wants to do polygamy should be under the permission of the Islamic court by the purposes to avoid the illegal polygamy, to protect the rights of the wife and child, and to establish a legal enforcement against polygamy. This research uses inductive mindset accompanied by a normative juridical and a case approach. The husband’s reasons of conducting polygamy are vary. Such reasons can be classified into two, namely the reasons contained in Undang-Undang and those are not. In this case, the consideration used by a judge is either a cumulative or alternative requirement. If the applicant cannot prove an alternative reason, a judge is going to decide based on article 3, paragraph 2 of Undang-Undang No. 1 year 1974, namely “The court may grant permission to a husband to have a marital contract with more than one wives if it is desired by the parties concerned”. Likewise, it is by considering a benefit.
[Abstrak: Poligami adalah jenis pernikahan dengan dua istri atau lebih pada waktu yang sama. Islam tidak datang untuk melarang poligami, tetapi mengaturnya sebagaimana disebutkan dalam al-Quran pada surat al-Nisa ': 3. Indonesia telah membuat aturan poligami dalam pasal 4 ayat 2 dan pasal 5, ayat 1 Undang-Undang No. 1 tahun 1974, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 tahun 1975 dan Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 tahun 1991. Seorang suami yang ingin melakukan poligami harus di bawah izin dari pengadilan Islam dengan tujuan untuk menghindari poligami ilegal, untuk melindungi hak-hak istri dan anak, dan untuk membangun penegakan hukum terhadap poligami. Penelitian ini menggunakan pola pikir induktif disertai dengan yuridis normatif dan pendekatan kasus. alasan suami dari melakukan poligami yang bervariasi. alasan tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu alasan yang terkandung dalam undang-undang dan yang tidak terkandung dalam undang-undang. Dalam hal ini, pertimbangan yang digunakan oleh hakim adalah baik persyaratan kumulatif atau alternatif. Jika pemohon tidak dapat membuktikan alasan alternatif, hakim akan memutuskan berdasarkan pasal 3, ayat 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 1974, yaitu pengadilan dapat memberikan izin kepada suami untuk memiliki kontrak perkawinan dengan lebih dari satu istri jika diinginkan oleh pihak-pihak yang bersangkutan. Demikian juga, hal itu berkaitan dengan mempertimbangkan manfaat.]
Implementasi Hukum Waris Islam dan Hindu di Kecamatan Krembung Sidoarjo
Authors: Ulya Zakiyatul
Published: December 2024

Islamic law and Hindu law have set up various issues regarding inheritance. But in fact, not all of the rules are regularly followed by both of Muslim and Hindu communities, especially those in district Krembung, region Sidoarjo. In the case of inheritance practice, both of these communities prefer to use customary law than religious law. Starting from this issue, this research focuses to answer the two fundamental questions, namely: (1) how the implementation of the law of inheritance in Muslim and Hindu communities in district Krembung, region Sidoarjo is, and; (2) what the similarities and differences in the implementation of the laws are. This is a field research which uses a descriptive-comparative method. The results of the research show that although the Muslim communities in district Krembung, region Sidoarjo do not implement Islamic inheritance law, but the practice of distributing inheritance on the basis of a mutual agreement is in line with the spirit of Islamic law itself, it is al-sulhu. As for the Hindu communities in district Krembung, region Sidoarjo, although they do not likely practice Hindu inheritance law, they have implemented the spirit of which in the form of a local tradition.
[Hukum Islam dan hukum Hindu telah menjelaskan berbagai aturan mengenai warisan. Namun pada kenyataannya, tidak semua aturan secara teratur diikuti oleh kedua Muslim dan Hindu masyarakat, terutama di Krembung, Sidoarjo. Dalam kasus praktek warisan, kedua komunitas ini memilih untuk menggunakan hukum adat dari pada hukum agama. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan mendasar, yaitu: (1) bagaimana pelaksanaan hukum waris di masyarakat Muslim dan Hindu di Krembung, Sidoarjo adalah, dan; (2) apa persamaan dan perbedaan dalam pelaksanaan hukumnya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan yang menggunakan metode deskriptif-komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun komunitas Muslim di Krembung, Sidoarjo tidak menerapkan hukum waris Islam, namun praktek mendistribusikan warisan atas dasar kesepakatan bersama ini sejalan dengan semangat hukum Islam itu sendiri, yaitu al-sulhu. Adapun masyarakat Hindu di Kabupaten Krembung, Sidoarjo, meskipun mereka tidak mengikuti praktik hukum waris Hindu, mereka telah menerapkan semangat yang berupa tradisi lokal.]
Menguak Kebenaran Ayat Rada’ah Berdasar Fakta Empiris
Authors: Suwito Suwito
Published: December 2024

This article discusses about the relationship between the development of modern science and technology and so many recent studies on the content of the nutrients found in breast milk. Based on the experiment carried out in Canada, there is a number of artificial milk as sold in stores today. But scientists assert that the artificial milk is quite impossible to replace breast milk, because the two kinds of milk have a different content. Another experiment is on one hundred and fifty infants. They were divided into three groups: one group were breastfed for less than two years, the second group of breast-fed for two years, and the last group were breastfed for more than two years. The research proves that the ideal time for mothers to breastfeed their infant is two years. The children who got breast milk in less than two years they will biologically get some troubles. While, those who got breast milk in more than two years, there is accumulation of partial material or substance in the body cells that cannot be thrown out. If the above results are communicated to the verses of al-Qur'an, it can be concluded that al-Qur'an, which was revealed since fourteen centuries ago, is still in line with the modern science and technology.
[Artikel ini membahas tentang hubungan antara perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi modern dan begitu banyak studi terbaru pada isi nutrisi yang ditemukan dalam ASI. Berdasarkan percobaan yang dilakukan di Kanada, ada sejumlah susu buatan sebagai dijual di toko-toko. Tetapi para ilmuwan menegaskan bahwa susu buatan sangat mustahil untuk menggantikan ASI, karena kedua jenis susu memiliki kandungan yang berbeda. Percobaan lain adalah pada seratus lima puluh bayi. Mereka dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok: satu kelompok disusui selama kurang dari dua tahun, kelompok kedua diberi ASI selama dua tahun, dan kelompok terakhir disusui selama lebih dari dua tahun. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa waktu yang ideal bagi ibu untuk menyusui bayi mereka adalah dua tahun. Anak-anak yang mendapat ASI dalam waktu kurang dari dua tahun secara biologis akan mendapatkan beberapa masalah. Sementara, mereka yang mendapat ASI dalam lebih dari dua tahun, terjadi penumpukan bahan parsial atau zat dalam sel-sel tubuh yang tidak dapat dibuang. Jika hasil di atas dikomunikasikan kepada ayat-ayat al-Qur'an, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa al-Qur'an, yang telah diturunkan sejak empat belas abad yang lalu, masih sejalan dengan ilmu pengetahuan modern dan teknologi.]
Pandangan Pakar Medis RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Tentang Perkawinan Beda Rhesus Golongan Darah
Authors: Taufik Rinna
Published: December 2024

This research is a bibliographical research to uncover the opinion of the medical experts of Dr. Soetomo Hospital about marriage with different type of blood rhesus and the Islamic law analysis on the view of the medical experts of Dr. Soetomo Hospital about marriage with different type of blood rhesus. The research shows the views of the medical experts of Dr. Soetomo Hospital that a marriage with different type of blood rhesus has two versions. The first opinion, marriage with different type of blood rhesus is not permissible since it may contain any risks on fetus. The second opinion, marriage with different type of blood rhesus may cause any risks on fetus, such as kidney failure, brain damage, to death. This study concludes that the provision of Islamic law on the views of the medical experts about the marriage with different type of blood rhesus shall be closed as in accordance with the division of the third sadd al-dhari'ah, it is originally reserved for things that are permissible and is not intended for cases lead to destruction. However, the damage of wasilah can sometime be greater than the kindness.
[Penilitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan untuk mengungkap pendapat pakar medis RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya tentang perkawinan beda rhesus golongan darah, dan bagaimana analisis hukum Islam terhadap pandangan pakar medis RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya tentang perkawinan beda rhesus golongan darah. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa dari beberapa pandangan pakarÂ  medis RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya tentang perkawinan beda rhesus golongan darah ada dua pendapat. Pendapat pertama, perkawinan beda rhesus boleh karena tidak mengandung resiko apapun terhadap janin. Pendapat kedua, perkawinan beda rhesus golongan darah tidak boleh karena banyak mengandung banyak resiko terhadap janin, seperti gagal ginjal, kerusakan otak, hingga meninggal. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketentuan hukum Islam terhadap pandangan pakar medis tentang perkawinan beda rhesus golongan darah wajib ditutup karena sesuai dengan pembagian al-dhari'ah yang ke tiga yaitu wasilah yang semula diperuntukkan untuk perkara yang mubah, tidak diperuntukkan untuk perkara yang membawa kepada kerusakan, namun terkadang wasilah tersebut membawa kepada kerusakan, yang mana kerusakan itu lebih besar dari kebaikannya.]
Analisis Hukum Islam Terhadap Pembatalan Putusan PA Bangkalan No.0774/Pdt.G/2013/PA.Bkl Oleh Putusan PTA Surabaya No.0014/Pdt.G/2014/Pta.Sby Tentang Perselisihan dan Pertengkaran Terus Menerus Sebagai Alasan Perceraian
Authors: Ibrohim Ali , Sam'un Sam'un
Published: December 2024

The reasons for divorce in law of marriage in Indonesia, which has been formalized in Law no. 1 year 1974 and Compilation of Islamic Law, can be searched in munakahat Islamic jurisprudence. It is bacause both of material and formal law in Religious Courts are very accommodating to the implementation of Islamic Law, either directly or implicitly. During the time, the difference interpretation about the provisions of Article 39 paragraph (2) of Law No. 1 Year 1974 about marriage jo Article 19 Government Regulation No. 9 of 1975 jo Article 116 letter (f) Compilation of Islamic Law on continuous disputes always becomes polemic. Even the reasons for this dispute or argument dominate divorce decisions at various levels of the Religious Courts. Though there is no clear measure of this reason so it is natural that the Bangkalan Religious Court’s decision NO.0774/PDT.G/2013/PA.bkl was canceled by the Surabaya Religious High Court for the reason of this kind of divorce. Therefore it is necessary to prove that the decision taken by the judge on dispute or argument has met the criteria of nusyuz and syiqaq. In addition, the theory of benefit and maqasid of Shari’ah are also important for the consideration. This article is a review of the judge’s consideration of the Surabaya Religious High Court in canceling the decision of the Bangkalan Religious Court which decided a divorce by the reasons of continuous dispute and quarrel.
[Alasan-alasan perceraian dalam hukum perkawinan di Indonesia yang sudah diformalkan dalam UU No. 1 tahun 1974 maupun Kompilasi Hukum Islam bisa dicari akarnya dalam fiqh munakahat. Karena pada dasarnya, hukum materiil maupun formil di Peradilan Agama sangat mengakomodir berlakunya Hukum Islam, baik secara langsung atau secara tersirat saja. Selama ini, perbedaan penafsiran mengenai ketentuan pasal 39 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan jo Pasal 19 huruf (f) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 tahun 1975 jo Pasal 116 huruf (f) Kompilasi Hukum Islam tentang perselisihan dan pertengkaran terus-menerus selalu menjadi polemik. Bahkan alasan perselisihan atau pertengkaran ini mendominasi putusan-putusan perceraian di berbagai tingkat Peradilan Agama. Padahal tidak ada ukuran yang jelas tentang alasan ini sehingga wajar jika Putusan PA Bangkalan NO.0774/PDT.G/2013/PA.bkl dibatalkan oleh PTA Surabaya karena alasan perceraian yang satu ini. Maka dari itu perlu dibuktikan bahwa putusan yang diambil oleh hakim mengenai perselisihan atau pertengkaran sudah memenuhi kriteria Nusyuz dan Syiqaq. Selain itu, kemaslahatan dan maqashid Syari’ah juga penting untuk pertimbangan. Artikel ini merupakan kajian terhadap pertimbangan hakim PTA Surabaya dalam membatalkan putusan Pengadilan Agama di bawahnya, yaitu Pengadilan Agama Bangkalan yang memutus perceraian dengan alasan perselisihan dan pertengkaran terus menerus.]