bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smallholder African farms in western Kenya have limited greenhouse gas fluxes
Authors: Pelster D. E. , Rufino M. C. , Rosenstock T. , Mango J. , Saiz G. , Diaz-Pines E. , Baldi G. , Butterbach-Bahl K.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Few field studies examine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from African agricultural systems resulting in high uncertainty for national inventories. We provide here the most comprehensive study in Africa to date, examining annual CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from 59 plots, across different vegetation types, field types and land classes in western Kenya. The study area consists of a lowland area (approximately 1200 m a.s.l.) rising approximately 600 m to a highland plateau. Cumulative annual fluxes ranged from 2.8 to 15.0 Mg CO2-C ha−1, −6.0 to 2.4 kg CH4-C ha−1 and −0.1 to 1.8 kg N2O-N ha−1. Management intensity of the plots did not result in differences in annual fluxes for the GHGs measured (P = 0.46, 0.67 and 0.14 for CO2, N2O and CH4 respectively). The similar emissions were likely related to low fertilizer input rates (≤ 20 kg ha−1). Grazing plots had the highest CO2 fluxes (P = 0.005); treed plots were a larger CH4 sink than grazing plots (P = 0.05); while N2O emissions were similar across vegetation types (P = 0.59). This case study is likely representative for low fertilizer input, smallholder systems across sub-Saharan Africa, providing critical data for estimating regional or continental GHG inventories. Low crop yields, likely due to low inputs, resulted in high (up to 67 g N2O-N kg−1 aboveground N uptake) yield-scaled emissions. Improving crop production through intensification of agricultural production (i.e. water and nutrient management) may be an important tool to mitigate the impact of African agriculture on climate change.
About the consistency between Envisat and CryoSat-2 radar freeboard retrieval over Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Schwegmann S. , Rinne E. , Ricker R. , Hendricks S. , Helm V.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Knowledge about Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes over the past decades has been sparse due to the lack of systematic sea-ice thickness measurements in this remote area. Recently, first attempts have been made to develop a sea-ice thickness product over the Southern Ocean from space-borne radar altimetry and results look promising. Today, more than 20 years of radar altimeter data are potentially available for such products. However, data come from different sources, and the characteristics of individual sensors differ. Hence, it is important to study the consistency between single sensors in order to develop long and consistent time series over the potentially available measurement period. Here, the consistency between freeboard measurements of the Radar Altimeter 2 on-board Envisat and freeboard measurements from the Synthetic-Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter on-board CryoSat-2 is tested for their overlap period in 2011. Results indicate that mean and modal values are comparable over the sea-ice growth season (May–October) and partly also beyond. In general, Envisat data shows higher freeboards in the seasonal ice zone while CryoSat-2 freeboards are higher in the perennial ice zone and near the coasts. This has consequences for the agreement in individual sectors of the Southern Ocean, where one or the other ice class may dominate. Nevertheless, over the growth season, mean freeboard for the entire (regional separated) Southern Ocean differs generally by not more than 2 cm (5 cm, except for the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea) between Envisat and CryoSat-2, and the differences between modal freeboard lie generally within ±10 cm and often even below.
Pas op! Over beheerst risico’s beheersen in het governancetijdperk
Authors: de Bruijne Mark , Steenhuisen Bauke , van der Voort Haiko
Published: September 2015

Be careful! About managing risk management in the era of governance

Risks taken by some organizations may have considerable impact on society. In this contribution the assessment and management of risk are perceived to take place in a multi-actor setting. Within an organization operators, risk managers, and top managers interact about risk assessments and risk mitigation strategies. Public regulators and inspectorates increasingly focus on risk management systems instead of the operational activities or organizational outputs. Are organizations systematically assessing their risks? This contribution identifies two contrasting perspectives on risk assessment and risk mitigation in literature: risk management and risk governance. An empirical study in three sectors reveals evidence of both perspectives in practice. Companies adopt hybrid approaches, which are essential for the quality of risk assessment and mitigation. Indeed, adopting just one perspective seems dangerous. We conclude that public regulators and inspectorates might provide incentives to focus on just one perspective and suggest two heuristics for public inspectorates that respect hybrid approaches of risk assessment and mitigation.
GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PLANAR SHAPES WITH APPLICATIONS TO CELL DEFORMATIONS
Authors: Gual-Arnau Ximo , Herold-García Silena , Simó Amelia
Published: September 2015

Shape analysis is of great importance in many fields such as computer vision, medical imaging, and computational biology. In this paper we focus on a shape space in which shapes are represented by means of planar closed curves. In this shape space a new metric was recently introduced with the result that this shape space has the property of being isometric to an infinite-dimensional Grassmann manifold of 2-dimensional subspaces. Using this isometry it is possible, from Younes et al. (2008), to explicitly describe geodesics, a task that previously was not at all easy. Our aim is twofold, namely: to use this general theory in order to show some applications to the study of erythrocytes, using digital images of peripheral blood smears, in the treatment of sickle cell disease; and, since normal erythrocytes are almost circular and many Sickle cells have elliptical shape, to particularize the computation of geodesics and distances between shapes using this metric to planar objects considered as deformations of a template (circle or ellipse). The applications considered include: shape interpolation, shape classification, and shape clustering.
Subjektivně vnímaná zdatnost učitelů v kontextu jejich profesního vzdělávání: zjištění a výzvy z šetření TALIS 2013
Authors: Kašparová Vendula , Potužníková Eva , Janík Tomáš
Published: September 2015

Článek prezentuje a diskutuje vybrané výsledky Mezinárodního šetření o vyučování a učení TALIS 2013 (Teaching and Learning International Survey). Nejprve představuje důvody vzniku a vývoj šetření TALIS a stručně pojednává o teoretických východiscích se zaměřením na problematiku profesního vzdělávání a subjektivně vnímané zdatnosti učitelů. Ve výsledkové části prezentuje zjištění TALIS 2013 týkající se subjektivně vnímané zdatnosti a interpretuje je v kontextu zjištění týkajících se profesního vzdělávání a podmínek práce učitelů ve školách. Výsledky ukazují, že učitelé v ČR vnímají svoji zdatnost jako nižší než učitelé v jiných zemích. Navzdory tomu se méně než v mezinárodním průměru vzdělávají v oblastech, v nichž se cítí nejméně zdatní a zároveň v těchto oblastech ani necítí vyšší potřebu se vzdělávat. V souladu s mezinárodním průměrem hodnotí velká většina učitelů v ČR dopady profesního vzdělávání pozitivně, a to napříč tematickými oblastmi, a je se svým výkonem ve škole spokojena. Oproti mezinárodnímu průměru se učitelé v ČR více zapojují do různých forem vzájemné podpory a spolupráce ve školách. Nadprůměrný podíl jich však vyjádřil pocit, že je učitelské povolání nevýhodné a ve společnosti nevážené. Ve světle šetření TALIS se jeví jako vhodné využít potenciál příznivého školního klimatu k užšímu propojení mezi hodnocením práce učitelů a jejich dalším profesním rozvojem a k cílenějšímu zaměření profesního rozvoje učitelů na aktivity, které by mohly posílit jejich (subjektivně vnímanou) zdatnost.
El Parlamento Europeo, legislador del Espacio de Justicia Penal de la UE
Authors: López Aguilar Juan Fernando
Published: September 2015

Este artículo tiene por objeto analizar la emergencia y posterioresdesarrollos de un Espacio de Justicia Penal Europeo a la luz de la entradaen vigor del Tratado de Lisboa y sus implicaciones respecto delnuevo papel del Parlamento Europeo como colegislador ordinario eneste campo tradicionalmente reservado a la soberanía de los Estados.Se analiza el art. 83 del TFUE, base jurídica para la «lisbonización»del Derecho Penal Europeo, anteriormente situado en el llamado«Tercer Pilar». Se abordan los retos pendientes en el Espacio deJusticia Penal Europeo, así como el papel del Parlamento Europeocomo colegislador ordinario en cuestiones de índole procesal penalrelativas al derecho a la defensa y a las garantías procesales. Se analizala incardinación de estos derechos procesales en la Carta Europea deDerechos Fundamentales y en el llamado Programa de Estocolmo,que desarrolla el Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia de la UE.Se describe el contenido de los derechos procesales de las personassospechosas y del acusado en el proceso penal en la UE y del derechoal abogado, a la defensa letrada y a la asistencia jurídica gratuita.Finalmente, se revisa la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de laUE y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre el derechoa la defensa, a la asistencia letrada y el derecho a un juicio justo contodas las garantías.ABSTRACTThis article aims at analysing the emergence and subsequent developmentsof the European Space of Criminal Law in the light of theentry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and its implications regardingthe new role played by the European Parliament as a fully-fledgecolegislator in this field. It approaches art. 83 of the TFEU as thelegal basis allowing for the «lisbonisation» of the European CriminalLaw, previously lying within the former so-called «Third Pillar». The remaining challenges in the field of EU Criminal law are also addressed as well as the role of the EP as colegislator on issues of criminal procedural law encompassing defence rights and procedural rights.The incorporation of these procedural rights in the ECFR and in theso-called Stockholm Programme, which develops the area of Freedom,Security and Justice within the EU, is also assessed. The content ofthe procedural rights of suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings,the right to access to a lawyer and to adequate legal aid isalso outlined. Finally, the case-law of the European Court of Justiceand the European Court of Human Rights on due process, and theright to legal advice, before and at a trial, is analysed.
La confrontación de derechos en los escraches
Authors: Catala i Bas Alexandre H.
Published: September 2015

La reciente práctica de los escraches en España, en el contexto de lacrisis económica, ha planteado un complejo debate en torno a la confrontaciónentre derechos fundamentales. En efecto, de un lado, debetenerse en cuenta el derecho al libre ejercicio de un cargo público ylos derechos de la personalidad (integridad, vida privada y familiaro disfrute pacífico del domicilio) cuando no se actúa en calidad derepresentante público. De otro lado, debe tomarse en consideración elejercicio de otros derechos fundamentales (expresión, manifestación)por parte de quienes llevan a cabo los escraches. El presente trabajopretende analizar los conflictos entre esos derechos fundamentales conel fin de ofrecer unas respuestas ponderadas, las cuales concluyen conun «no» al escrache y un «sí» a la manifestación.Abstract:The recent practice of «escraches» in Spain, in the context of theeconomic crisis, has raised a complex debate about the confrontationbetween fundamental rights. Indeed, on one hand, it must be taken into account the right to free exercise of public office as well as personality rights (integrity, private and family life and peaceful enjoyment of the home) when not acting as a public representative.On the other hand, it must be taken in consideration the exercise of other fundamental rights (expression, demonstration) by those who perform escraches. This paper intends to analyze the conflicts between these fundamental rights in order to provide balanced responses, which lead to the following conclusion: «no» to escrache and «yes» to demostration.
Los desafíos del control de convencionalidad del corpus iuris interamericano para los tribunales nacionales, y su diferenciación con el control de constitucionalidad
Authors: Nogueira Alcalá Humberto
Published: September 2015

En este artículo se analiza el control de convencionalidad en el sistemainteramericano de protección de derechos humanos, el cual tiene unaversión concentrada que realiza la CIDH y una versión descentralizadaque deben realizar las jurisdicciones nacionales de los Estados Partes,analizando asimismo las diferencias entre el control de constitucionalidady el control de convencionalidad que deben efectuar los tribunalesnacionales.Abstract:The article analyses the control of conventionality in the interamericanhuman rights protection system, wich as a concentratedimension that exerts the Inter-American Court of Human Rightsan a descentralized version that must run jurisdictions domestic ofthe State parties, also analyzing the differences between the control ofconstitutionality and control of conventionality to be carried out bythe national courts.
Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança: em debate o labor infantojuvenil (1978 - 1989)
Authors: Arend Silvia Maria Fávero
Published: September 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever e analisar como se processou o debate acerca das relações de trabalho no campo da infância, adolescência e juventude durante a construção da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança pelos países membros da Organização das Nações Unidas e Organizações Não Governamentais entre 1978 e 1989. Busca-se, também, apresentar informações sobre a presença do discurso jurídico desta normativa internacional na legislação brasileira para as crianças, adolescentes e jovens instituída no Brasil no ano de 1990. Palavras-chave: História; Infância; Juventude; Direitos; Relações de Trabalho.
Um acervo como ponto de partida
Authors: Delgado Luisa Carvalho
Published: September 2015

Abrir velhos baús de memórias significa, muitas vezes, um reencontro com a própria vida. Os papéis amarelados pelo tempo guardam segredos, emoções, sonhos, expectativas, projetos, costumes e práticas (CUNHA, 2009). Nessa perspectiva, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar de que forma se realizou o encontro com o arquivo pessoal de Astrogildes Delgado de Carvalho, educadora que atuou nas décadas de 1930 a 1980, no Rio de Janeiro. Sua ação influenciou a prática da educação infantil e a formação de educadoras dos centros de atendimento ao pré-escolar (Capes), juntamente com a Organização Mundial para a Educação Pré-escolar/Brasil/Rio de Janeiro (Omep/BR/RJ). Além disso, tem-se como objetivo perceber de que maneira esse encontro possibilitou a realização da pesquisa biográfica sobre a educadora. Palavras-chave: Coleções Particulares; Educação de Crianças;Carvalho, Astrogildes Delgado de - Biografia.
Pesquisas em história, violência e política no Chile Uma conversa com o Prof. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso
Authors: Silva Juliana Miranda da , Iuskow Cristina
Published: September 2015

Durante o II Seminário de História do Tempo Presente, realizamos a entrevista que segue no LABGEF/LEH com o Prof. Dr. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso, na qual pudemos conhecer sua trajetória como pesquisador e aspectos das atuais pesquisas realizadas no Chile e em parceria com pesquisadores latino americanos. Igor Alexis Goicovic Donoso é Doutor em História pela Universidad de Murcia, España (2005), professor titular na Universidad de Santiago de Chile na linha de História Política, com ênfase em História da violência política.  Atualmente também é Diretor do Departamento de História na referida universidade. Publicou recentemente o livro Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Ediciones Escaparate, Concepción, 2012). Entrevista concedida em: 16/10/2014
Biografia e História: da academia ao grande público
Authors: Machado Marilane
Published: September 2015

Resenha da obra: DEL PRIORE, Mary. O Castelo de Papel: uma história de Isabel de Bragança, princesa imperial do Brasil, e Gastão de Orléans, conde D’Eu. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 2013.
Contemporary issues on the epidemiology and antiretroviral adherence of HIV‐infected adolescents in sub‐Saharan Africa: a narrative review
Authors: Adejumo Olurotimi A , Malee Kathleen M , Ryscavage Patrick , Hunter Scott J , Taiwo Babafemi O
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Adolescents are a unique and sometimes neglected group in the planning of healthcare services. This is the case in many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, where more than eight out of ten of the world's HIV‐infected adolescents live. Although the last decade has seen a reduction in AIDS‐related mortality worldwide, largely due to improved access to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), AIDS remains a significant contributor to adolescent mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa. Although inadequate access to ART in parts of the subcontinent may be implicated, research among youth with HIV elsewhere in the world suggests that suboptimal adherence to ART may play a significant role. In this article, we summarize the epidemiology of HIV among sub‐Saharan African adolescents and review their adherence to ART, emphasizing the unique challenges and factors associated with adherence behaviour.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search of online databases for articles, relevant abstracts, and conference reports from meetings held between 2010 and 2014. Our search terms included “adherence,” “compliance,” “antiretroviral use” and “antiretroviral adherence,” in combination with “adolescents,” “youth,” “HIV,” “Africa,” “interventions” and the MeSH term “Africa South of the Sahara.” Of 19,537 articles and abstracts identified, 215 met inclusion criteria, and 148 were reviewed.

Discussion

Adolescents comprise a substantial portion of the population in many sub‐Saharan African countries. They are at particular risk of HIV and may experience worse outcomes. Although demonstrated to have unique challenges, there is a dearth of comprehensive health services for adolescents, especially for those with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. ART adherence is poorer among older adolescents than other age groups, and psychosocial, socio‐economic, individual, and treatment‐related factors influence adherence behaviour among adolescents in this region. With the exception of a few examples based on affective, cognitive, and behavioural strategies, most adherence interventions have been targeted at adults with HIV.

Conclusions

Although higher levels of ART adherence have been reported in sub‐Saharan Africa than in other well‐resourced settings, adolescents in the region may have poorer adherence patterns. There is substantial need for interventions to improve adherence in this unique population.
SPOP mutation leads to genomic instability in prostate cancer
Authors: Boysen Gunther , Barbieri Christopher E , Prandi Davide , Blattner Mirjam , Chae Sung-Suk , Dahija Arun , Nataraj Srilakshmi , Huang Dennis , Marotz Clarisse , Xu Limei , Huang Julie , Lecca Paola , Chhangawala Sagar , Liu Deli , Zhou Pengbo , Sboner Andrea , de Bono Johann S , Demichelis Francesca , Houvras Yariv , Rubin Mark A
Published: September 2015

Genomic instability is a fundamental feature of human cancer often resulting from impaired genome maintenance. In prostate cancer, structural genomic rearrangements are a common mechanism driving tumorigenesis. However, somatic alterations predisposing to chromosomal rearrangements in prostate cancer remain largely undefined. Here, we show that SPOP, the most commonly mutated gene in primary prostate cancer modulates DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, and that SPOP mutation is associated with genomic instability. In vivo, SPOP mutation results in a transcriptional response consistent with BRCA1 inactivation resulting in impaired homology-directed repair (HDR) of DSB. Furthermore, we found that SPOP mutation sensitizes to DNA damaging therapeutic agents such as PARP inhibitors. These results implicate SPOP as a novel participant in DSB repair, suggest that SPOP mutation drives prostate tumorigenesis in part through genomic instability, and indicate that mutant SPOP may increase response to DNA-damaging therapeutics.
External Radiation Dosimetry
Authors: Poston John W.
Published: September 2015

Radiation dosimetry encompasses the theory and application of principles and techniques associated with the measurement of ionizing radiation. While there is concern regarding exposure to radiation both externally and internally, this article refers only to exposure to radiation that is external to the body. Particular focus is put on methods of radiation detection and the application of these radiation detectors to the assessment of the energy deposited (i.e., the absorbed dose) in the human body. The article includes an introductory section to define terms and explain concepts as well as brief discussions of the dosimeters used in radiation protection.
Fission Chambers
Authors: Miller James F.
Published: September 2015

This article explains the design, construction, and applications of fission chambers. The basic history dates to the early days of the Manhattan project where it was understood that the measurement of neutron flux must be performed accurately and with tools approximating the design of the nuclear reactor with which the measurement was to be performed. This basic concept has carried through to present‐day applications. This article attempts to present these basic design concepts and explain some of the conditions in which this measurement of neutron flux is used in modern applications.
Human Affect Recognition: Audio‐Based Methods
Authors: Schuller Björn , Weninger Felix
Published: September 2015

Automatic human affect recognition aims to automatically predict affect‐related information from humans observed for a certain time span. Such computer assessment of human emotion is described for audio‐based methods. This includes first acoustic analysis with suited features and segmentation of the speech signal. Then follows linguistic analysis including speech‐to‐text processing and representation of the text in a feature space, as well as joint acoustic–linguistic processing. Subsequently, data collection is described including emotion representation and elicitation. Further, automatic recognition by suited machine learning algorithms is touched upon. Then, solutions to cope with data scarcity, such as active, semi‐supervised, and transfer learning or even zero‐resource recognition, are explained. Following this, evaluation is discussed and typical benchmark results are given alongside standards and software. Next, application examples are given, before concluding by current research challenges.
A hybrid‐3D hillslope hydrological model for use in Earth system models
Authors: Hazenberg P. , Fang Y. , Broxton P. , Gochis D. , Niu G.‐Y. , Pelletier J. D. , Troch P. A. , Zeng X.
Published: September 2015

Hillslope‐scale rainfall‐runoff processes leading to a fast catchment response are not explicitly included in land surface models (LSMs) for use in earth system models (ESMs) due to computational constraints. This study presents a hybrid‐3D hillslope hydrological model (h3D) that couples a 1‐D vertical soil column model with a lateral pseudo‐2D saturated zone and overland flow model for use in ESMs. By representing vertical and lateral responses separately at different spatial resolutions, h3D is computationally efficient. The h3D model was first tested for three different hillslope planforms (uniform, convergent and divergent). We then compared h3D (with single and multiple soil columns) with a complex physically based 3‐D model and a simple 1‐D soil moisture model coupled with an unconfined aquifer (as typically used in LSMs). It is found that simulations obtained by the simple 1‐D model vary considerably from the complex 3‐D model and are not able to represent hillslope‐scale variations in the lateral flow response. In contrast, the single soil column h3D model shows a much better performance and saves computational time by 2‐3 orders of magnitude compared with the complex 3‐D model. When multiple vertical soil columns are implemented, the resulting hydrological responses (soil moisture, water table depth, and base flow along the hillslope) from h3D are nearly identical to those predicted by the complex 3‐D model, but still saves computational time. As such, the computational efficiency of the h3D model provides a valuable and promising approach to incorporating hillslope‐scale hydrological processes into continental and global‐scale ESMs.
Substorm‐induced energetic electron precipitation: Impact on atmospheric chemistry
Authors: Seppälä A. , Clilverd M. A. , Beharrell M. J. , Rodger C. J. , Verronen P. T. , Andersson M. E. , Newnham D. A.
Published: September 2015

Magnetospheric substorms drive energetic electron precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere. We use the output from a substorm model to describe electron precipitation forcing of the atmosphere during an active substorm period in April–May 2007. We provide the first estimate of substorm impact on the neutral composition of the polar middle atmosphere. Model simulations show that the enhanced ionization from a series of substorms leads to an estimated ozone loss of 5–50% in the mesospheric column depending on season. This is similar in scale to small to medium solar proton events (SPEs). This effect on polar ozone balance is potentially more important on long time scales (months to years) than the impulsive but sporadic (few SPE/year versus three to four substorms/day) effect of SPEs. Our results suggest that substorms should be considered an important source of energetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere and included in high‐top chemistry‐climate models.
Precise relative locations for earthquakes in the northeast Pacific region
Authors: Cleveland K. Michael , VanDeMark Thomas F. , Ammon Charles J.
Published: September 2015

Double‐difference methods applied to cross‐correlation measured Rayleigh wave time shifts are an effective tool to improve epicentroid locations and relative origin time shifts in remote regions. We apply these methods to seismicity offshore of southwestern Canada and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, occurring along the boundaries of the Pacific and Juan de Fuca (including the Explorer Plate and Gorda Block) Plates. The Blanco, Mendocino, Revere‐Dellwood, Nootka, and Sovanco fracture zones host the majority of this seismicity, largely consisting of strike‐slip earthquakes. The Explorer, Juan de Fuca, and Gorda spreading ridges join these fracture zones and host normal faulting earthquakes. Our results show that at least the moderate‐magnitude activity clusters along fault strike, supporting suggestions of large variations in seismic coupling along oceanic transform faults. Our improved relative locations corroborate earlier interpretations of the internal deformation in the Explorer and Gorda Plates. North of the Explorer Plate, improved locations support models that propose northern extension of the Revere‐Dellwood fault. Relocations also support interpretations that favor multiple parallel active faults along the Blanco Transform Fault Zone. Seismicity of the western half of the Blanco appears more scattered and less collinear than the eastern half, possibly related to fault maturity. We use azimuthal variations in the Rayleigh wave cross‐correlation amplitude to detect and model rupture directivity for a moderate size earthquake along the eastern Blanco Fault. The observations constrain the seismogenic zone geometry and suggest a relatively narrow seismogenic zone width of 2 to 4 km.
The Slichter mode of the Earth: Revisit with optimal stacking and autoregressive methods on full superconducting gravimeter data set
Authors: Ding Hao , Chao Benjamin F.
Published: September 2015

The Slichter mode is the triplet oscillational mode of the 3‐D translation of the Earth's solid inner core; despite much effort it has so far eluded observation. Here we revisit the search by applying new data processing methods upon the latest set of available superconducting gravimeter (SG) data. The new methods are the AR‐z spectrum that is sensitive in detecting weak harmonic signals, and the OSE data stacking scheme proven to be effective in identifying seismic normal mode singlets. The SG data consist of 19 records from 14 worldwide stations spanning up to 15 years. We arrive at three candidate sets of frequencies for the Slichter triplet that satisfy the theoretical splitting rule, namely (3.952, 4.432, 4.908) cpd, (5.136/5.032/5.020, 5.592, 6.040) cpd, and (5.704, 6.208, 6.748) cpd, of which the first set is regarded to be the more likely. A series of synthetic experiments shows that the Slichter triplet signals with RMS received amplitude of ~0.3 nGal (10−11m/s2) can be detected to the extent of the present combination of data and methodology.
Improved structural characterization of the Earth's crust at the German Continental Deep Drilling Site using advanced seismic imaging techniques
Authors: Hloušek F. , Hellwig O. , Buske S.
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the principles of three novel seismic imaging techniques and their application to two deep seismic reflection data sets from the vicinity of the German Continental Deep Drilling Site (KTB). These imaging techniques are based on Kirchhoff prestack depth migration and use an inherent restriction of the migration operator to focus the wavefield to its actual reflection point. For Fresnel volume migration, the emergent angle at the receivers is estimated and then used to propagate the wavefield back into the subsurface along which the Fresnel volume is determined. The migration operator is restricted to this volume, thereby focusing the image to the part of the isochrone which physically contributes to the reflection. For coherency migration, the coherency of the wavefield at neighboring traces is calculated and used as a weighting factor within the migration integral, leading to a comparable focusing to the reflection point. For coherency‐based Fresnel volume migration, both approaches are combined, resulting in an even more focused seismic image with significantly increased image quality. We applied these methods to two seismic data sets from the area around the KTB: a survey with standard split‐spread geometry (KTB8502) and a sparse data set with a small number of source points in combination with short receiver lines (INSTRUCT93). The focusing approaches yield major improvements in the final images for both data sets. Incoherent noise and migration artifacts are reduced and the visibility of crustal structures is strongly enhanced, allowing for an improved geologic and tectonic characterization.
Capillarity and wetting of carbon dioxide and brine during drainage in Berea sandstone at reservoir conditions
Authors: Al‐Menhali Ali , Niu Ben , Krevor Samuel
Published: September 2015

The wettability of CO2‐brine‐rock systems will have a major impact on the management of carbon sequestration in subsurface geological formations. Recent contact angle measurement studies have reported sensitivity in wetting behavior of this system to pressure, temperature, and brine salinity. We report observations of the impact of reservoir conditions on the capillary pressure characteristic curve and relative permeability of a single Berea sandstone during drainage—CO2 displacing brine—through effects on the wetting state. Eight reservoir condition drainage capillary pressure characteristic curves were measured using CO2 and brine in a single fired Berea sandstone at pressures (5–20 MPa), temperatures (25–50°C), and ionic strengths (0–5 mol kg−1 NaCl). A ninth measurement using a N2‐water system provided a benchmark for capillarity with a strongly water wet system. The capillary pressure curves from each of the tests were found to be similar to the N2‐water curve when scaled by the interfacial tension. Reservoir conditions were not found to have a significant impact on the capillary strength of the CO2‐brine system during drainage through a variation in the wetting state. Two steady‐state relative permeability measurements with CO2 and brine and one with N2 and brine similarly show little variation between conditions, consistent with the observation that the CO2‐brine‐sandstone system is water wetting and multiphase flow properties invariant across a wide range of reservoir conditions.
L‐Moments
Authors: Hosking J. R. M.
Published: September 2015

Certain linear combinations of the order statistics of a random sample contain information about the location, dispersion, and shape of the distribution from which the sample was drawn.L‐moments are the expected values of these linear combinations, multiplied for numerical convenience by scalar constants.

L‐moments are analogous to ordinary moments but have several advantages. ForL‐moments of a probability distribution to exist, we require only that the distribution have finite mean; no higher‐order moments need exist. A distribution is uniquely defined by itsL‐moments, whereas it is possible for two different distributions to have the same ordinary moments. Although moment ratios can be arbitrarily large, sample moment ratios have algebraic bounds; sampleL‐moment ratios can take any values that the corresponding population quantities can. Asymptotic approximations to sampling distributions are better forL‐moments than for ordinary moments.L‐moments are less sensitive than ordinary moments to outlying data values.

L‐moments provide a tool of wide‐ranging practical utility. Computation of the first few sampleL‐moments andL‐moment ratios of a data set provides a useful summary of the location, dispersion, and shape of the distribution from which the sample was drawn. TheL‐moment ratios provide numerical measures of the shape of a distribution and can be used to obtain reasonably efficient estimates of parameters when a distribution is fitted to the data.L‐moments provide much more reliable inferences than do the ordinary moments. Software facilitating the use ofL‐moments is available in R and Fortran.
Shock Models
Authors: Griffith William S.
Published: September 2015

Shock models describe time to failure of the device when the device receives shocks over time and is able to withstand a random number of shocks. Various types of stochastic processes can be used to describe the shock processes and various assumptions are placed on the ability of the device to survive shocks. This article provides a survey of the types of results that have been obtained and relate shock models to other models of failure such as cumulative damage models.
Survival Analysis
Authors: Andersen Per K. , Vaeth Michael
Published: September 2015

Survival analysis is a comprehensive set of statistical methods for analysis of data with incomplete observation of the main outcome variable, which is a time to occurrence of some specific event. The terminology reflects that many of the methods have been developed in connection with analysis of medical follow‐up data where patients have been followed from a given date, typically day of treatment or day of diagnosis and until death. Such data are often censored, that is, the survival time is only known to exceed a given value, but other forms of incomplete data may also be encountered. Survival analysis includes nonparametric, semiparametric, and fully parametric models for comparisons of two or several groups and regression models that allow for correction of the influence of concomitant variables. In particular, the Cox proportional hazards regression models has become widely used for analysis of survival data. This model can be extended to include covariables that are updated during follow‐up and a dynamic description of the problem can therefore be developed. Classical survival analysis includes a single event that each individual experiences at most once, but the methodology has been extended to cover much more complicated scenarios including data with several types of events and data with recurrent events. This entry surveys the most important aspects of survival analysis and presents a medical example to illustrate the use of some of the methods.
Time Series Threshold Models
Authors: Tong Howell
Published: September 2015

This article surveys the family of threshold models in time series analysis, including its history, motivation and impacts, and some technical details to do with the probabilistic structure and statistical inference. A fairly comprehensive list of references, some with comments, is also included for further information.
Default Correlation
Authors: Kapadia Nikunj
Published: September 2015

Defaults across firms in the economy are correlated partly because firms are exposed to common risk factors and partly because of frailty or contagion risk. In modeling joint default risk, several approaches have been introduced. In structural models of default risk, joint default risk may be introduced by allowing assets values to be correlated. In reduced form intensity‐based models, default intensities can be allowed to be correlated. These models can also be extended to include a role for frailty and contagion. Finally, the correlation between defaults may be directly modeled via a copula correlation. We describe and discuss these approaches to modeling default correlation.
Markov ChainMonteCarlo, Introduction
Authors: Ausín M. Concepción
Published: September 2015

In this article, we introduce the basic ideas of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. We start by briefly commenting on the main ideas of Monte Carlo sampling and then by reviewing the theory of Markov chains, concentrating particularly on the conditions required for the existence of a stationary distribution. We then introduce the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and show that this generates a Markov chain with a specific stationary distribution. We next introduce some specific ways of implementing the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, via the independence sampler, the Metropolis sampler, and the Gibbs sampler among others. We also comment on how the convergence of a Markov chain to equilibrium can be assessed in practice and provide an illustrating example. Finally, we review some of the freely available, existing software for implementing MCMC methods.
Applications of Extreme Statistics in Science, Engineering, and Economics
Authors: Teugels Jozef L.
Published: September 2015

We continue a previous survey of applications of extremal thinking to risk in the widest sense of the word. A comprehensive list of references is included.
Disease Trials in Reproductive Diseases
Authors: Johnson Julia V.
Published: September 2015

Historically, studies in reproductive medicine have been of limited quality mainly because of the challenging group of subjects, the limited effective study design, and the lack of standards advised for clinical trials. In addition, reproductive medicine has classically received limited funding for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Because of the importance of reproductive health issues, theNIHhas developed programs to increase translational and clinical research. In addition, research has encouraged standards for reproductive research to assure high‐quality clinical trials. This article will review the classic limitations of studies in reproductive medicine, the standards that have improved the quality of research, and it will describeNIHfunded programs to promote knowledge and optimize patient care.
Absolute Risk Reduction
Authors: Newcombe Robert G.
Published: September 2015

This article reviews confidence interval methods for differences between proportions. In line with well‐known corresponding results for the single proportion, the simplest Wald confidence intervals perform poorly. Several improved methods are described and illustrated using data from two small clinical trials. We also describe a closed‐form method to obtain a confidence interval for a risk difference derived from independent estimates of a baseline risk and a relative risk. Selected methods are readily implemented using Excel resources freely downloadable from the author's website.
A Case for Collaborative Inquiry in Doctoral Education
Authors: Charaniya Nadira K. , West Walsh Jane
Published: September 2015

This chapter provides details of a collaborative research journey and makes a case for the inclusion of collaborative inquiry as an accepted doctoral research approach.
You Gotta Be: Embracing Embodied Knowledges in Doctoral Study
Authors: Jones Jaye
Published: September 2015

This chapter focuses on the idea of embodiment to explore how doctoral education can be enhanced by paying attention to narratives of experience and emotion.
Blended Shore Education: Civic Engagement and Competencies in 21st‐Century Doctoral Education
Authors: Strohschen Gabriele
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines the implication of Blended Shore Education to doctoral program design and delivery as it synthesizes adult education principles of Freire and Stanage with findings of Strohschen's international action research on design and delivery practices.
The Impact of Modality on Mind Wandering during Comprehension
Authors: Kopp Kristopher , D'Mello Sidney
Published: September 2015

The executive resource hypothesis assumes a positive relationship between resource availability and mind wandering. Under the assumption that different modalities of information delivery differentially tax resources, we compared mind wandering across different modalities during the presentation of The Red Headed League (Experiment 1 and 2) and Walden (Experiment 3). An Audio only condition produced the most mind wandering. Two conditions that presumably consumed more executive resources than the Audio Only condition (i.e. Audio + Text and Self‐paced Reading) produced equivalent amounts of mind wandering during Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3 the reading time of the Self‐paced readers moderated the effect of mind wandering in that the fast readers mind wandered more than those in the Audio + Text condition. Results are discussed in the context of the demands of different modes of information delivery methods and mind wandering as well as the potential effects of material type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparent Polyimide Film with Improved Water and Oxygen Barrier Property by In‐Situ Exfoliating Graphite
Authors: Tsai Mei‐Hui , Tseng I‐Hsiang , Huang Yi‐Chia , Yu Hsin‐Pei , Chang Po‐Ya
Published: September 2015

A facile process is demonstrated to fabricate flexible and transparent polyimide (PI) thin films with improved moisture and oxygen barrier property by in situ solution‐blending PI monomers with ultrasonicated graphite sheets in the solvent during imidization process. When the concentration of graphite in solvent is less than 0.3 wt%, graphite can be exfoliated to a thickness of less than 800 nm and homogeneously distributed in the precursor of PI solution. The resultant PI composite films containing exfoliated graphite (xG) show excellent transparency, enhanced mechanical strength, improved thermal stability and sufficient electrical insulation. Most importantly, the barrier property of PI/xG composite film is significantly improved by the distributed xG sheets in PI matrix. With the addition of 0.06 wt% of xG in PI matrix, the PI/xG‐0.06 film show an oxygen‐transmission‐rate (OTR) of 152 cc/m2‐day compared to 301 cc/m2‐day for pure PI. The reduction degree in water‐vapor‐transmission‐rate (WVTR) by xG is higher than that in OTR. The WVTR of PI/xG‐0.06 is 28 g/m2‐day, which is only 17% of the value of pure PI. Those PI/xG thin films show the potential as substrate materials for modern flexible electronic devices.
Oriented Growth of Gold Nanowires on MoS2
Authors: Kiriya Daisuke , Zhou Yuzhi , Nelson Christopher , Hettick Mark , Madhvapathy Surabhi Rao , Chen Kevin , Zhao Peida , Tosun Mahmut , Minor Andrew M. , Chrzan Daryl C. , Javey Ali
Published: September 2015

Layered 2D materials serve as a new class of substrates for templated synthesis of various nanomaterials even with highly dissimilar crystal structures; thus overcoming the lattice constraints of conventional epitaxial processes. Here, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is used as a prototypical model substrate for oriented growth of in‐plane Au nanowires (NWs) despite the nearly 8% lattice mismatch between MoS2 and Au. Au NWs on the MoS2 surface are oriented along three symmetrically equivalent directions within the substrate arising from the strong Au–S binding that templates the oriented growth. The kinetics of the growth process are explored through experiments and modeling. Strong charge transfer is observed between Au NWs and MoS2, resulting in degenerate p‐doping of MoS2.
In situ metal doping during modified anodization synthesis of Nb2O5 with enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Hu Chenyan , Teoh Wey Yang , Ji Shulin , Ye Changhui , Iwase Akihide
Published: September 2015

Significance

A new technique of in situ doping of alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) in Nb2O5 was showcased by the modified anodization of Nb foils at high frequency, negative‐to‐positive pulsed voltage. At the optimized dopant concentration and synthesis condition, the doped‐Nb2O5 shows twofold enhancement in photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiencies compared with the undoped Nb2O5 electrode, as a result of improved charge carrier density and enhanced surface charge transfer. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 352–358, 2016
Novel graphical tool for the design of the heat integrated water allocation networks
Authors: Liao Zuwei , Hong Xiaodong , Jiang Binbo , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: September 2015

A new graphical tool has been developed for the HEN design of WAHEN. An ΔH‐F diagram is proposed to deal with the heat exchange matches. Nonisothermal stream mixing and splitting can be achieved by the transformation of stream composite curve in the ΔH‐F diagram. A matching composite curve is proposed for the design of HEN with parallel structure. The structure of HEN can be simplified by adjusting the shape of the matching composite curve. Both small scale and large scale examples are illustrated. Results show that the proposed method is as good as the previous methods for small scale problem, while it gets a better result for large scale problem. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 670–686, 2016