bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Characterization of Two Catfish Species (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Chrysichthys auratus) from the Cross River, Nigeria, Using Ribosomal RNA and Internal Transcribed Spacers
Authors: Uyoh Edak Aniedi , Ntui Valentine Otang , Ibor Oju Richard , Adilieje Chioma Marylyn , Udo Mfon , Opara Charles , Ubi Godwin M. , Ama-Abasi Daniel
Published: April 2020

Studies were conducted on Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and C. auratus from the Cross River, Nigeria. The objective was to document intra- and inter-specific variations in molecular structure among four populations of the genus in the river. DNA was extracted from caudal fin and primers designed for the ribosomal RNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer Region were used for amplification. Molecular characterization yielded a fragment containing partial sequences of 18S rRNA, ITS-1, ITS-2 and 28S rRNA genes and a complete sequence of 5.8S rRNA. The 5.8S rRNA was the only gene amplified consistently in all samples indicating that it is more conserved among the samples studied. The percentage of GC contents fall within the range observed in other catfish species. They were generally higher in C. auratus than in C. nigrodigitatus and also higher than the AT contents in both species. The high GC content could be an adaptation to warmer climates. Alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the two species from the two regions showed that the rRNA and ITS genes are highly conserved with >99% nucleotide identity. However, a total of 284 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in these genes in the two species, made up of deletions (0.35%), single base insertions (11.27%), multiple base insertions (14.39%), single base transition substitutions (29.93%), single base transversion substitutions (33.8%) and multiple base substitutions (11.27%). The overall ratio of transition to transversion polymorphisms was approximately 1: 1 indicating a low level of genetic instability in Chrysichthys spp. The indels were responsible for length variations in the sequences. Sequence information for the ITS region of these fishes is reported for the first time. This study has provided an insight into polymorphism patterns of these genes in Chrysichthys spp across the four populations studied which could form the basis for further genomic characterization and mapping of these species.
Performance Evaluation of Some Selected Okra Genotypes
Authors: Ashraf A. T. M. Hamim , Rahman M. Mizanur , Hossain M. Mofazzal , Sarker Umakanta
Published: April 2020

The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur to evaluate the Performance of Selected Okra Genotypes for Growth and Yield Parameter. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from March 2008 to July 2008. The studied characters were plant height, branches plant-1, days to first flowering, days to first fruit harvest, picking duration, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruits plant-1, fruit weight, picking duration, yield plant-1, yield hectare-1 and virus infestation. The results showed that studied genotypes differed significantly regarding all the character studied. The maximum plant height (173.92 cm), days to first flowering (40.00), days to first fruit harvest (9.33), picking duration (49.33) found in Green glory genotypes while maximum branches plant-1 (2.50) found in Seminis. The highest fruit length (15.85 cm) and fruit weight (17.81 g) was recorded in IPSA okra, fruit diameter (18.54 mm) in Green glory, fruits plant-1 (15.27), yield plant-1 (250.24 g), yield hectare-1 (13.73 t ha-1) in Jhalak while lowest virus infestation also recorded in Jhalak in all the  studied days after sowing. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that the genotypes ‘Jhalok’ and ‘BARI Dherosh 1’ performed better among the studied genotypes and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.
Factors Influencing Solar Photovoltaic Utilization for Energy Services among Residentials in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Aquila Jesuleye Olalekan , Foluso Arigbede, Olutosin , Oluwaseun Adepoju, Adeyemi
Published: April 2020

Aims: Residential sector is the largest electricity consumer in Nigeria. But they also contribute heavily to the climate change through their choice of energy. Mostly prefer source is the fossil fuel for electricity generation despite the growing awareness of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by embracing renewable energy technologies across the globe. Hence, this study investigated the factors influencing solar PV utilization in Akure.

Study Design: The study employed a survey research design.

Place and Duration of Study: Three residential estates in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria formed the study areas. The study was conducted between June 2019 and July 2019.

Methodology: The study surveyed 292 households located in the three residential estates in Akure, Ondo State and 219 retrieved questionnaire were found usable for the analysis. Data was analysed using the mean ranking of the influencing factors.

Results: The results revealed that the highest ranking factor influencing utilization of Solar PV for energy services is that Solar PV is a good backup against power failure. This is as a result of the erratic power supply in Nigeria which has not only failed to meet the need of household but also hampered economic growth. However, the least ranking factor influencing solar PV utilization for energy services is Ability to sell electricity to the national grid.

Conclusion: Cooperation between private enterprises and relevant government agencies supported by ‘political will’ is required to promote the aforementioned factors influencing the solar PV utilization for energy services in Nigeria. Utilization of solar PV as an energy source for energy service ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. The research recommended that government support for solar PV intervention should be further encouraged.
FIXED CHARGES ON BOOK DEBTS—THE STORY CONTINUES
Authors: Ferran Eilís
Published: July 2002

FOR the purposes of creating consensual security interests, are a debt and its proceeds a single indivisible asset or can they be separated? Is a security on book debts and proceeds a single indivisible charge or two charges? If it is a single indivisible charge, can it be a convertible charge, that is a charge which is fixed so long as it attaches to unrealised debts but floating in respect of proceeds of the debts? Recent decisions of the English courts have shrouded these questions in confusion. The appeal from the New Zealand Court of Appeal’s decision in Re Brumark Investments Ltd. [2000] 1 B.C.L.C. 353 gives the Privy Council an opportunity to provide much-needed clarification.
FORUM-SHOPPING: FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE
Authors: Hare Christopher
Published: July 2002

RECENT years have witnessed considerable controversy over the principles that determine when a court has jurisdiction to hear claims against foreign publishers who circulate defamatory material in several jurisdictions, including England. This is the situation that arose in the recent decision of the House of Lords in Berezovsky v. Michaels [2000] 1 W.L.R. 1004. In 1996 Forbes Magazine, a company incorporated in the United States, published an article about certain activities in Russia of two prominent businessmen, Mr. Berezovsky and Mr. Glouchkov, who were resident in Russia. The magazine containing the article was primarily circulated in the United States, but did have an English circulation accounting for approximately 0.2% of its global circulation. In 1997 Mr. Berezovsky and Mr. Glouchkov issued proceedings in England alleging that the article contained defamatory material. The claimants, however, limited their claims to the damage done to their reputations in England as a result of the magazine’s English publication. The issue before the House of Lords was whether the claimants should be given permission to serve their claim form on the publisher out of the jurisdiction, pursuant to R.S.C. Order 11, rule 1(l)(f), now C.P.R Part 6.20(8). At first instance Popplewell J. had refused such permission, but had subsequently been overturned by the Court of Appeal ([1999] E.M.L.R. 278: judgment of the court delivered by Hirst L.J.). The House of Lords by a majority (Lords Hoffmann and Hope dissenting) dismissed the appeal and held that permission should be given for the trial of the action to proceed in England.
!COMMUTANT LIFTING, TENSOR ALGEBRAS, AND FUNCTIONAL CALCULUS
Authors: Popescu Gelu
Published: July 2002

A non-commutative multivariable analogue of Parrott’s generalization of the Sz.-Nagy–Foia\c{s} commutant lifting theorem is obtained. This yields Tomita-type commutant results and interpolation theorems (e.g. Sarason, Nevanlinna–Pick, Carathéodory) for $F_n^\infty\,\bar{\otimes}\,\M$, the weakly-closed algebra generated by the spatial tensor product of the non-commutative analytic Toeplitz algebra $F_n^\infty$ and an arbitrary von Neumann algebra $\M$. In particular, we obtain interpolation theorems for bounded analytic functions from the open unit ball of $\mathbb{C}^n$ into a von Neumann algebra.

A variant of the non-commutative Poisson transform is used to extend the von Neumann inequality to tensor algebras, and to provide a generalization of the functional calculus for contractive sequences of operators on Hilbert spaces. Commutative versions of these results are also considered.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47L25; 47A57; 47A60. Secondary 30E05
COMPARISON OF MULTIGRADED AND UNGRADED COUSIN COMPLEXES
Authors: Dogani Aghcheghloo M. H. , Enshaei R. , Goto S. , Sharp R. Y.
Published: July 2002

This paper generalizes, in two senses, work of Petzl and Sharp, who showed that, for a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded module $M$ over a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded commutative Noetherian ring $R$, the graded Cousin complex for $M$ introduced by Goto and Watanabe can be regarded as a subcomplex of the ordinary Cousin complex studied by Sharp, and that the resulting quotient complex is always exact. The generalizations considered in this paper are, firstly, to multigraded situations and, secondly, to Cousin complexes with respect to more general filtrations than the basic ones considered by Petzl and Sharp. New arguments are presented to provide a sufficient condition for the exactness of the quotient complex in this generality, as the arguments of Petzl and Sharp will not work for this situation without additional input.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13A02; 13E05; 13D25; 13D45
Investigating the optimum planting date for sorghum in the forest–savanna transition zone of Nigeria
Authors: BELLO N. J.
Published: July 2002

Ten planting dates were selected at weekly intervals for the purpose of determining the optimum planting date for two late maturing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars in the 1995 and 1996 cropping seasons. Both the floral characteristics and the ultimate grain yield were affected by variation in planting date. The highest grain yield for each cultivar (977 and 958 kg ha−1 for Janare and Farin Dawa respectively in 1995, and 975 and 955 kg ha−1 respectively in 1996) resulted from planting delayed for exactly 51 days after the onset of the rains. Consequently, 10–12 June appeared to be the optimum planting dates for sorghum in the area. A comparison of the result with previous work done in the same ecological unit revealed that delaying planting until 10–12 June increased grain yield by about 25–27 kg ha−1. The effects of the characteristics of the onset of the rains on the optimum planting date have been discussed and the implication of the study for traditional agricultural practice in Nigeria has also been noted.
Seasonality and genetic architecture of development time and body size of the birch feeding sawfly Priophorus pallipes
Authors: KAUSE ANTTI , MORIN JEAN-PHILIPPE
Published: July 2002

We tested, using the sawfly Priophorus pallipes feeding on leaves of mountain birch, whether the expression of genetic (co)variation of larval development time and body size can be altered by exposing larvae to diets with differential seasonal changes in quality. In nature, larvae feed mainly on mature leaves, but occasionally they are forced to consume senescing leaves. Sixty families were assayed on three experimentally simulated diets: mature leaves of high quality, senescing leaves of rapidly declining quality, and senesced leaves of low quality. The intuitively obvious positive phenotypic and genetic correlations between development time and final mass were observed when the larvae consumed leaves of stable high quality, but low and declining food quality prevented long-growing individuals and families from achieving high final mass, switching the correlations to close to zero or negative in these treatments. The amount of genetic variation for body size showed a non-linear change across the diet quality gradient, whereas genetic variation for development time increased with decreasing diet quality. The among-trait difference in the degree reaction norms crossed along the diet gradient caused the changes in the expression of genetic (co)variation within the environments. Our results show that seasonally varying diet quality induces dramatic changes in the genetic (co)variation of development time and body size, and that simultaneous analysis of reaction norms and environment-specific expression of genetic (co)variation is necessary for the understanding of the genetic characteristics underlying the construction of phenotypes in heterogeneous environments.
Effects of stress combinations on the expression of additive
genetic variation for fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: SGRÒ CARLA M. , HOFFMANN ARY A.
Published: July 2002

To test whether stressful conditions altered levels of heritable

variation in fecundity in Drosophila
melanogaster, parent–offspring comparisons were undertaken across

three generations for flies
reared in a combined stress (ethanol, cold shock, low nutrition) environment
or a control
environment. The stressful conditions did not directly influence
fecundity but did lead to a reduced
fecundity in the offspring generations, perhaps reflecting
cross-generation maternal effects. Both the
heritability and evolvability estimates were higher in the combined
stress treatment, reflecting an
apparent increase in the additive genetic variance under stress. In contrast,
there were no
consistent changes in the environmental variance across environments.
FORSYTH, I. H., HALL, I. H. S.
& MCMILLAN, A. A. 1996.
Geology of the Airdrie District. Memoir for 1[ratio ]50000
Geological Sheet 31W (Scotland). x + 94 pp. London:
HMSO for the British Geological Survey. Price £37.50
(paperback). ISBN 0 11 884508 X. KEY, R. M., CLARK, G. C., MAY, F.,
PHILLIPS, E. R., CHACKSFIELD, B. C. & PEACOCK,
J. D. 1997. Geology of the Glen Roy district. Memoir for 1[ratio ]50000 Geological
Sheet 63W (Scotland). x + 127 pp. London: HMSO for
the British Geological Survey. Price £35.00 (paperback).
ISBN 0 11 884519 5.
Authors: Friend Peter
Published: July 2002

MAY, F. & HIGHTON, A. J. 1997. Geology of the Invermoriston
district. Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 73W
(Scotland). x + 77 pp. London: HMSO for the British
Geological Survey. Price £30.00 (paperback). ISBN 0 11
884532 2.

HALL, I. H. S., BROWNE, M. A. E. & FORSYTH, I. H. 1997.
Geology of the Glasgow district. Memoir for 1[ratio ]50000
Geological Sheet 30E (Scotland). x + 117 pp. London:
HMSO for the British Geological Survey. Price £45.00
(paperback). ISBN 0 11 884534 9.

PATERSON, I. B., MCADAM, A. D. &
MACPHERSON, K. A. T. 1998. Geology of the Hamilton District. Memoir for
1:50 000 Geological Sheet 23W (Scotland). viii + 94 pp.
London: The Stationery Office for the British Geological
Survey. Price £35.00 (paperback). ISBN 0 11 884533 0.
Foraminiferal isoleucine epimerization determinations
from the Nar Valley Clay, Norfolk, UK: implications for
Quaternary correlations in the southern North Sea basin
Authors: SCOURSE J. D. , AUSTIN W. E. N. , SEJRUP H. P. , ANSARI M. H.
Published: July 2002

Fully temperate freshwater, brackish and marine sediments overlying Anglian till and
glacilacustrine sediments in the Nar Valley area of northwest Norfolk, UK, have been attributed to
the Middle Pleistocene Hoxnian temperate stage on palynological grounds, and basal peats associated
with this sequence have been recently correlated with oxygen isotope stage 9 on the basis of a series of
230Th/238U dates (mean 317±14 ka). At Tottenhill these sediments (Nar Valley Freshwater Beds, Nar
Valley Clay) underlie a deltaic complex attributed to the Wolstonian ice margin. The lithostratigraphical
relations between the major formations in the Nar Valley, and the pollen stratigraphy of the fully
temperate sequence, are very similar to the Pleistocene sequence in the Inner Silver Pit area of the
southern North Sea, and correlation has been proposed between the successions described from these
two localities. However, the Inner Silver Pit sequence has yielded aminostratigraphic data consistent
with isotopic stage 11.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and foraminiferal amino-acid determinations have been investigated
from the Nar Valley Clay in order to test further the palaeoenvironmental setting of the
sequence and to help resolve the age of the sequence and correlation with the Inner Silver Pit interglacial.
The foraminiferal assemblages support previous sedimentological and palaeontological
evidence for a transgressive tendency within this sequence. Multiple isoleucine epimerization determinations
on Ammonia beccarii and Aubignyna perlucida from five levels within the Nar Valley Clay give
mean aIle/Ile ratios of 0.135 and 0.111, respectively. The A. beccarii ratios are much lower than mean
aIle/Ile ratios on equivalent species from the interglacial sequence in the Inner Silver Pit (upper Sand
Hole Formation), which are close to 0.2, and the two datasets fail to overlap at the 1σ level. The new
aminostratigraphic ratios indicate correlation of the Nar Valley Clay with oxygen isotope stage 9, and
therefore support the pre-existing 230Th/238U data.

These results suggest that two temperate stages of Hoxnian palynological affinity are present in the
Quaternary record of East Anglia and the southern North Sea basin, a conclusion consistent with
independent new U-series data from other Hoxnian sites in East Anglia. An alternative model in
which the amino-acid ratios are explained as a function of different post-depositional thermal histories,
related to length of cover by ice and water, is discussed but considered unlikely. The conclusions
have important implications for the timing and number of glacial events in and around the southern
North Sea basin, and help to resolve discrepancies in relative sea-level histories and biogeography in
temperate sequences hitherto accommodated within a single stage.
Outer automorphisms of supersoluble
groups
Authors: Menegazzo Federico , Puglisi Orazio
Published: July 2002

In this
paper we study the problem of the existence on non-inner automorphisms for the
class of torsion-free supersolvable groups, answering a question raised by
Robinson.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 20F16, 20F28.
A NEW IMAGE OF THE NATION: READING

CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN HISTORY
Authors: BÁTONYI GÁBOR
Published: July 2002

The Little Entente and Europe (1920–1929). By Magda

Ádám. Budapest: Akadémiai

Kiadó, 1993. Pp. 330. $40.00.

The economy and polity in early twentieth century Hungary. The role

of the National Association

of Industrialists. By George Deák. New York: Columbia University

Press, 1990. Pp. ix + 209. $32.00.

Stefan Stambolov and the emergence of Modern Bulgaria,

1870–1895. By Duncan M. Perry.

Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1993. Pp. xi + 308. £37.95.

Hungarians and their neighbors in modern times, 1867–1950.

Ed. Ferenc Glatz. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1996. Pp. 347. $42.00.

The Czech fascist movement, 1922–1942. By

David D. Kelly. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Pp. xii + 243.
THE NEWHAVEN EXPEDITION, 1562–1563
Authors: MacCAFFREY WALLACE T.
Published: July 2002

England's decision to opt for the reformed religion had

major repercussions in her

foreign relations. Continental and Scottish protestants now looked to

their royal co-religionist for

protection. An intervention in Scotland on behalf of the reformers was

triumphantly successful. When

the French protestants took arms in 1562 they turned to Elizabeth for

aid. Cecil was hesitant; Robert

Dudley, however, backed by Throckmorton, urged armed intervention. The

queen agreed but drove

a hard bargain. The Huguenots were to hand over Newhaven (Le Havre) to

be held by the English

until Calais was returned. She in turn loaned money to hire mercenaries.

From the beginning the

alliance faltered. Elizabeth refused succour to the Huguenots besieged
in

Rouen. Condé and Coligny

opened negotiations with Catherine de Medici, in which English

interests were disregarded. In due

course the assassination of the duke of Guise, the catholic champion,

opened the way for a settlement.

The reunited French parties joined in an assault on Newhaven; a

humiliating surrender followed.

The ill success of this venture was decisive in shaping the future

course of English relations with their

continental co-religionists. At home it marked the emergence of Robert

Dudley as a major player in high politics.
THE 1966 WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON CIVIL RIGHTS
Authors: YUILL KEVIN L.
Published: July 2002

Lyndon B. Johnson fails to mention the 1966 White House Conference
on Civil Rights
in his autobiography and the conference has been equally ignored by
historians. Yet this conference,
promised in Johnson's famous Howard University speech in 1965, was
to be the high point of
Johnson's already considerable efforts on civil rights. Underlying

the confusion and rancour that
characterized the conference held in June 1966 (but more especially
the ‘planning conference’, held in
November 1965) was a struggle to maintain the integrative impetus of
the ‘American Creed’ against
the realization that integration was unlikely to take place except in
the very long term. The conference
transcripts, recorded verbatim, provide a useful reminder of the very
different mood of the mid-1960s,
suggesting that the extent of panic after the Watts riot went beyond racial

issues into fears for the
survival of political and governmental institutions. Especially evident
is the fragmentation of
Johnson's liberal civil rights coalition before dissent on the Vietnam

War ensured his downfall.
NORTH AFRICAN PIRACY, THE HANOVERIAN CARRYING TRADE, AND
THE BRITISH STATE, 1728–1828
Authors: HARDING NICHOLAS B.
Published: July 2002

Recent interest in the early-modern British composite state has neglected Hanover,
despite evidence of frequent and informal co-operation between the countries in foreign affairs. This
article explores one aspect of diplomacy with particular import for the British–Hanoverian union,
British policy in North Africa, and finds a greater degree of integration in trade policy than has been
hitherto recognized. Britain's government came to recognize and treat Hanoverians in Morocco as
British subjects during the eighteenth century, a policy which was expanded to the rest of North Africa
and elsewhere after the acquisition of the maritime state of East Friesland at the Congress of Vienna
increased the Hanoverian government's commercial responsibilities beyond its ability to cope. British
policy did not reflect a consensus, and it was criticized by some who regarded Hanover as an entirely
foreign state beyond the purview of the British government. But British sponsorship of Hanoverian
trade prevailed over such dissent until the union's end, so that Britain's experience of composite
statehood lasted until 1837.
JOHN HUNWICK, Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa⊂di's Ta⊃rikh al-s―ud―an Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents, Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999). Pp. 477. $141.00 cloth.
Authors: Voll John O.
Published: July 2002

Al-Sa⊂di's Ta⊃rikh al-sudan is an essential source for the history of West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries and a significant volume in the library of Muslim history. Although a French translation by Octave Houdas has been available for more than a century, al-Sa⊂di's history has been used primarily by specialists and is known more generally only through references to it in textbooks and monographs. The publication of John Hunwick's translation makes this important work readily available to a broad audience in a readable and very usable form.
WHO PEOPLED AFRICA The Peopling of Africa: A Geographical Interpretation.

By JAMES L. NEWMAN. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 1995. Pp. xiv + 235. £17.95 (ISBN 0-300-06003-3).
Authors: SCHOENBRUN DAVID
Published: July 2002

James Newman has given us an ambitious book. He explores three

interlocking themes: a dialectic between the demography of human

communities and the productive character of their environments; the

roles of trade and politics in generating growth in political scale;

and the development of cultural identities. The first three chapters

review the emergence of hominids, the Stone Ages, and the transition

to agriculture. Here we meet his sources: physical geography,

archaeology, historical linguistics, the occasional human genetic

datum and some documentary historical material (including mention of

dynastic oral traditions). Newman handles most, though not all, of the

best of the secondary literature in these fields. The second part of

the book amplifies his central themes for each of the continent's

conventional regions. At a total of 201 pages, the brevity of the text

alone will appeal to undergraduate teachers.
Computer-aided RAPD fingerprinting of accessions

from the ryegrass–fescue complex
Authors: šIFFELOVÁ G. , PAVELKOVÁ M. , KLABOUCHOVÁ A. , WIESNER I. , NAšINEC V.
Published: July 2002

RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic
DNA)

assay of 32 cultivar accessions from the

ryegrass–fescue (Lolium–Festuca) complex was

accomplished using ten decamer primers to assess

(i) the power of RAPD technology to discriminate between individual

commercial accessions and to

produce cultivar fingerprinting, (ii) the degree of relatedness of accessions

based on RAPD profiles

in comparison with other existing classifications, and (iii) the possibility

of automation of RAPD technology.

The variation of the correlation coefficient r as the primary

output from

the automated RAPD-profile processing summarizes variability derived from

DNA isolation, the RAPD reaction, and final

computer-image processing of RAPD profiles. The AII (Accession

Identity Interval) of r for accession

Festuca arundinacea cv. Lekora was determined experimentally and
the value

obtained was accepted

as a valid interval for all the other accessions studied. In order to evaluate

the discrimination potential

of all ten primers together, a pooled-similarity matrix was computed.

Employing this approach, we

achieved 100% discrimination between all 35 accessions when using all

ten primers. A dendrogram

for all 35 accessions was obtained using average linkage cluster

analysis (UPGMA – Unweighted Pair

Group Method with Arithmetic Means).

This procedure successfully produced smaller groups of

higher taxonomic homogeneity. The relationships between the

Lolium–Festuca accessions were also

revealed by principal coordinate analysis (PCO) based on absorbance profiles

from the RAPD assay.

Again, all accessions were well separated, recognising even subspecies

relationships. In general, PCO

analysis confirmed the inferences made from the UPGMA method.

We successfully applied the computer-aided system of RAPD assay, based
on

an IBM PC

computer, for discrimination of cultivars as well as for description of

DNA-based relationships of

accessions from various taxonomic groups of the Lolium–Festuca
complex.
A comparison of management regimes for one-year
rotational set-aside within a sequence of winter wheat
crops, and of growing wheat without interruption.
3. Effects on diseases
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , GUTTERIDGE R. J. , TODD A. D.
Published: July 2002

Different management regimes for 1-year rotational set-aside were

tested in three experiments that
followed winter wheat and started in autumn 1988–90. The
regimes included operations that
prevented the establishment of volunteers or allowed them to
establish and persist until either spring
or summer, and also altered the distribution of debris from the
winter wheat that preceded the set-aside. For comparison, treatments
in the set-aside year also included winter wheat.

Samples taken in spring from the first test crop showed that there were

few significant or consistent
effects on leaf diseases of growing the wheat after different set-aside

treatments or after winter wheat.
There were significant effects of the set-aside treatments on root
and stem base diseases but some of
the effects, and the apparent absence of others, are not easily
reconciled with current understanding
of the biology of the pathogens concerned. In summer, eyespot
(Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides)
was most severe after winter wheat and least severe after
ryegrass. Severity after the other set-aside
treatments did not differ significantly. There was more sharp eyespot
(Rhizoctonia cerealis) in plots
that had been ploughed at the start of the set-aside year, including
those sown with winter wheat, than
in those that had not. Brown foot rot (Fusarium spp.) was
equally severe where the wheat followed
wheat or where it followed set-aside treatments that allowed volunteers

to develop, and less so where
the development of volunteers was prevented. Take-all
(Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was
most severe after winter wheat and more severe after set-aside
treatments that allowed volunteers to
develop and survive through the winter than after those that
did not. Effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)

on take-all in the following wheat were particularly variable, perhaps

because ryegrass is a host of both the take-all fungus and of
Phialophora graminicola, one of its principal antagonists.
Seasonal changes in physiological responses and energy
expenditure of sheep maintained on semi-arid pasture
Authors: SHINDE A. K. , KARIM S. A. , SANKHYAN S. K. , BHATTA R.
Published: July 2002

A study on the energy expenditure of sheep was carried out at the
Central Sheep and Wool Research
Institute, India during August 1995 to July 1996 by conducting two experiments:
one on tracheal
cannulated rams maintained on stall-feeding in autumn 1995 (Expt 1) followed
by year-round grazing
on silvipasture (Cenchrus ciliaris pasture interspersed with fodder
trees) over three seasons: monsoon,
winter and summer, 1995/96 (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy
expenditure measurement
of housed and grazing sheep were recorded at 06.00, 14.00 and 22.00 h for
5 consecutive days in each
season. Tracheostomized sheep harness with meteorological balloon were
used for collection of
expired air and measurement of energy expenditure. Rectal temperature (RT)
of sheep at 06.00 h was
similar in all the seasons except for a significant (P<0·05)
lower value in monsoon. The rise of RT
from 06.00 to 14.00 h in grazing animals was 1·6 °C, higher
than that in housed sheep (0·9 °C). Skin
temperature (ST) was least in winter and highest at 14.00 h in the monsoon
and autumn seasons.
Respiration rate (RR) showed a marked rise at 14.00 h in all the seasons.
The heart rate (HR) of
grazing sheep was higher, irrespective of season, at 14.00 h. At 06.00
and 22.00 h, the heart rate was
higher in winter and summer than in the monsoon season. Overall energy
expenditure (EE) was
4·85 MJ/24 h during winter which increased to 5·85 MJ/24
h in summer and 6·70 MJ/24 h in the
monsoon. The mean rise in energy expenditure per °C rectal temperature
in all the seasons was
338 kJ/kg W0·75. Comparable mean values per 10 °C
ambient temperature and 10 °C black globe
temperature were 404 and 173. The increase in energy expenditure of grazing
compared to housed
sheep in monsoon, winter and summer was 78, 15 and 33 % respectively. The
mean value was +43%.
Effects of plant density and mulching on the
performance of late-season tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) in southern Nigeria
Authors: AGELE S. O. , IREMIREN G. O. , OJENIYI S. O.
Published: July 2002

The growth and yield of late-season tomato was studied at Akure, Nigeria, from 1995 to 1998. In each
year, treatments were 0 (bare ground) or 12 kg/ha grass mulch applied to tomatoes at densities of 1·9,
2·8, 3·7 and 5·6 plants/m2 in a factorial combination. Increase in plant density and mulching reduced
soil temperature at 5 cm depth while only the latter enhanced soil moisture at 10 cm depth throughout
tomato growth. The improved soil hydrothermal regime resulted in earlier onset of flowering, 50%
flowering date and date of first harvest respectively and shorter fruit harvest duration in tomato
grown on either bare ground or at increased plant density.

Although increased plant density reduced shoot dry weight per plant at final harvest, both root
length per plant and root dry weight per plant were enhanced. Fruit yield/ha increased as plant
density increased although yield of the individual plants and their components were significantly
reduced. Because of compensation at higher plant population densities, it is economical to grow late-season tomato at 5·6 plants/m2. Mulching enhanced growth and yield of tomato compared to bare
ground and the result emphasizes the need for early and rapid growth of late-season tomato before
the onset of terminal drought.
Emission of greenhouse gases during composting
of deep litter from pig production – effect of straw content
Authors: SOMMER S. G. , MØLLER H. B.
Published: July 2002

Of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission in Denmark animal manure contributes an estimated
40% of methane (CH4) and 20% of nitrous oxide (N2O). Livestock production systems undergo
changes for the purpose of increasing animal welfare, and such changes often include increasing the
amounts of bedding manure. Emission of greenhouse gases from composting pig deep litter was
studied during a 4-month period. Effects of increasing the amount of straw used in deep litter
(reducing litter density) were included in the study. Methane was produced at a high rate in the centre
of the heap at high density during the thermophilic phase of composting, and CH4 emission was only
measured during this phase. In this treatment N2O was also produced in the centre both initially and
after the temperature of the compost had dropped to below 45 °C. Emissions of N2O were only
significant in the low temperature phases. Production of N2O was probably restricted to the surface
layers during the thermophilic phase of composting. Total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were 7·37
and 0·09 kg C/t fresh weight from the heaps with bulk densities of 0·44 and 0·23 kg/l, respectively.
Methane emission from the high density compost heap was 191 g C/t and N2O emission was
58 g N/t. Emissions of CH4 and N2O from the low density heap were not detected. The greenhouse
effect of gas emission from the high density compost heap was calculated by multiplying the climate
force efficiencies and the cumulated gas emission. This calculation showed that CH4 contributes
almost as much to the global warming potential as CO2, and N2O contributed twice as much as
CO2.
Cold War Dichotomies
Authors: FOLLY MARTIN H.
Published: July 2002

James E. Cronin, The World The Cold War Made. Order, Chaos and the Return
of History (New York and London: Routledge, 1996, £15.99). Pp. 344. ISBN
0 0415 90821 3.

Richard M. Fried, The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming!
Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold War America (Oxford and New York:
Oxford University Press, 1998, £25.00). Pp. 220. ISBN 0 19 507020 8.

Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron. Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the
National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1998, £25.00). Pp. 554. ISBN 0 521 64044 x.

Michael Kort (ed.), The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1999, £32.00). Pp. 366. ISBN 0 231 10772 2.

Joseph M. Siracusa, Into the Dark House. American Diplomacy and the Ideological
Origins of the Cold War (Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1998, $36.95 cloth,
$14.95 paper). Pp. 288. ISBN 0 941690 81 4, 0 941690 80 6.

There was a time not so long ago when it seemed that there was nothing new to
be written about the origins of the Cold War. The topic appeared to have
become stale, with the same battles being refought, along familiar lines. Cold War studies have not abated, however, and indeed have been reinvigorated by a
number of developments. The writer on American involvement in the Cold War
now has to consider how to integrate Eastern bloc material into their work, and
the developing theses of scholars from other Western nations, and from within
the US to respond to the prevailing intellectual trend in much of academia to
focus on ideology, culture and discourse.
SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GIRLS IN ZAMBIA
Authors: PILLAI VIJAYAN K. , BARTON THOMAS , BENEFO KOFI
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes a causal model of sexual activity among a randomly selected sample of 305 Junior secondary school girls in Zambia. The results indicate that liberal sexual attitudes influence romantic involvement with boys. Emotional involvement is likely to result in sexual activity. Traditional courtship forms are slowly being replaced by modern patterns of courtship behaviour. Policy and programme implications are discussed.
Bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis: strain recognition and dynamics of infection
Authors: YOUNG FIONA , PLATT DAVID , LOGUE DAVID , TERNENT HELEN , FITZPATRICK JULIE
Published: July 2002

Restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern (REFP) analysis was used to recognise Staphylococcus aureus strain variation in naturally occurring bovine subclinical mastitis. Multiple colony REFP analysis identified eight distinct strains of S. aureus in addition to the original strains A and B that were infused via the intramammary route, indicating that individual quarters of the udder may be colonised simultaneously by more than one strain of S. aureus. Examination of multiple colonies per milk sample may benefit bacterial strain recognition as an epidemiological tool in mastitis investigations. The dynamics of intramammary infection were determined using a novel double crossover experimental challenge. Quarters remained persistently infected for several weeks following challenge in all four cows, irrespective of the challenge strain. This indicated that no alteration of the original subclinical infection, including the possible induction of clearance of the quarters infected with S. aureus, or replacement of the original strain by the infused strain was induced by challenge. The persistent subclinical infection in all four animals supports previous reports on the chronicity of S. aureus intramammary infection in dairy cows.
Relationship between rheological properties and degree of κ-casein

proteolysis during renneting of milk
Authors: LOMHOLT STIG B. , QVIST KARSTEN B.
Published: July 2002

Simultaneous measurement of viscosity and degree of proteolysis
of
κ-casein, α, in skim milk at three different concentrations
of
rennet and three different
concentrations of casein showed that viscosity was a function of α

until the former
reached its minimum value. Then the relation between viscosity and α

depended on
the enzyme concentration. This is considered to be caused by casein micelles
starting
to aggregate at this point. The minimum in viscosity was found when α

was between
0·6 and 0·7, indicating that casein micelles started aggregating

at a lower degree of
proteolysis than was believed earlier. The rate of gel firming was
found to depend on
the concentration of added rennet even after κ-casein was
completely proteolysed.
The results demonstrated that both proteolysis of κ-casein
and aggregation of casein
micelles must be taken into account when modelling the renneting reaction.
Chemiluminescent determination of xanthine oxidase activity in milk
Authors: GIROTTI STEFANO , LODI SANDRO , FERRI ELIDA , LASI GRAZIELLA , FINI FABIANA , GHINI SEVERINO , BUDINI ROLANDO
Published: July 2002

A chemiluminescent method for determining xanthine oxidase (XOD)
activity was developed and applied to the assay of milk enzyme activity using a
photomultiplier luminometer. Various kinds of milk and cream samples were
analysed for XOD content. In pasteurized milk, XOD activity depended on the fat
content and in UHT milk it disappeared owing to the heat treatment. Milk sample
preparation was very simple, requiring only homogenization at 40°C followed by a
1[ratio ]10 dilution with UHT (‘XOD-free’) milk. The assay was carried out at 25°C. The
response obtained from XOD standard solutions in milk was linear from 0·1 to
500 enzyme units (U) l−1, but for the actual milk samples values ranged only from 1 to
135 U l−1. The detection limit at 2 SD was 0·1 U l−1
in milk, while in buffer it was 100
times lower. The intra-assay and interassay CV for XOD activity in milk were 6–12%.
Occurrence of D-amino acids in a typical semi-hard cheese
Authors: INNOCENTE NADIA , PALLA GERARDO
Published: July 2002

D-alanine (D-Ala), D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) and
D-glutamic acid (D-Glu) are
important constituents of the cell walls of bacteria responsible for fermentation
processes, and have been detected in several fermented foods, such as cheeses, yogurt
and vinegar (Palla et al. 1989; Brückner & Hausch, 1990;
Dossena et al. 1991; Brückner et al. 1992; Gandolfi et al.
1992). In particular, D-amino acids have been
found, free and abundant, in cheeses requiring long ripening periods (1–2 years;
Santaguida et al. 1995). Their presence in cheeses could be related mainly to lysis of
the bacterial wall, to which short-chain D-amino acids are bound, but also to the
activity of bacterial racemases (Adams, 1972), which convert free L-amino acids
generated during proteolysis. The content of these D-amino
acids and the D:L ratio
have been recently proposed as indicators of ripening and for quality assessment of
Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano cheeses (Marchelli et al. 1997).

The aim of the present study was to determine D-amino acids in cheeses with
shorter ripening periods to evaluate whether they could be useful as indicators of
ripening and for quality assessment. The work was carried out with Montasio, a
typical cheese produced in north-east Italy using traditional methods. Montasio is a
semi-hard cheese produced from unpasteurized milk, cooked at 44–46 °C and
consumed after at least 2 months ripening. This study represents an extension of
previous work on free amino acid contents and ripening in semi-hard cheeses
(Innocente, 1997).
Morphological instability in a directionally solidifying binary solution with an imposed shear flow
Authors: CHUNG C. A. , CHEN FALIN
Published: July 2002

The effect of an imposed shear flow on the stability of directionally solidifying binary
alloys is investigated. It is shown that without the imposed shear flow the system
is dominated by stationary boundary-layer-mode convection, a convection of salt-finger type confined to the solute boundary layer above the melt/mush interface.
When the shear flow (no matter how small) is imposed, the boundary-layer mode
becomes a longitudinal mode (roll-axis parallel to the imposed flow) propagating in
the direction perpendicular to the shear flow, while the modes containing a transverse
component are inhibited. As the shear flow becomes large enough, a transverse
mode (roll-axis perpendicular to the imposed flow) of very unstable characteristics is
induced. This mode, called the morphological mode, can exist even without buoyancy.
It is triggered by the flow induced in the mushy layer through the Bernoulli force,
a pressure variation resulting from the imposed flow passing along the corrugated
melt/mush interface. It, nonetheless, has no relation to the boundary layer instability
of the shear flow. The effect of imposed shear flow is so significant that the stability
characteristics can be entirely different when the intensity of the imposed flow is
larger than a critical value, which is calculated in the present paper.
Large-eddy simulation of free-surface turbulence
Authors: SHEN LIAN , YUE DICK K. P.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we investigate the large-eddy simulation (LES) of the interaction between
a turbulent shear flow and a free surface at low Froude numbers. The benchmark
flow field is first solved by using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Navier–Stokes
equations at fine (1282 × 192 grid) resolution, while the LES is performed
at coarse resolution. Analysis of the ensemble of 25 DNS datasets shows that the
amount of energy transferred from the grid scales to the subgrid scales (SGS) reduces
significantly as the free surface is approached. This is a result of energy backscatter
associated with the fluid vertical motions. Conditional averaging reveals that the
energy backscatter occurs at the splat regions of coherent hairpin vortex structures
as they connect to the free surface. The free-surface region is highly anisotropic
at all length scales while the energy backscatter is carried out by the horizontal
components of the SGS stress only. The physical insights obtained here are essential
to the efficacious SGS modelling of LES for free-surface turbulence. In the LES,
the SGS contribution to the Dirichlet pressure free-surface boundary condition is
modelled with a dynamic form of the Yoshizawa (1986) expression, while the SGS
flux that appears in the kinematic boundary condition is modelled by a dynamic
scale-similarity model. For the SGS stress, we first examine the existing dynamic
Smagorinsky model (DSM), which is found to capture the free-surface turbulence
structure only roughly. Based on the special physics of free-surface turbulence, we
propose two new SGS models: a dynamic free-surface function model (DFFM) and
a dynamic anisotropic selective model (DASM). The DFFM correctly represents the
reduction of the Smagorinsky coefficient near the surface and is found to capture the
surface layer more accurately. The DASM takes into account both the anisotropy
nature of free-surface turbulence and the dependence of energy backscatter on specific
coherent vorticity mechanisms, and is found to produce substantially better surface
signature statistics. Finally, we show that the combination of the new DFFM and
DASM with a dynamic scale-similarity model further improves the results.
Normal modes of an ice sheet
Authors: HINDMARSH RICHARD C. A.
Published: July 2002

A linearized perturbation about the Vialov–Nye fixed-span
solution

for a steady-state

ice sheet yields a Sturm-Liouville problem. The numerical eigenvalue problem
is

solved and the resulting normal modes are used to compute Green's
and influence

functions for perturbations to the accumulation rate, the rate factor and
for

long-wavelength basal topography. The eigenvalue for the slowest mode is

approximately the same as that predicted by the zero-dimensional theory.
It is

found that the

sensitivity of the steady profile to accumulation is greatest in the central
area of

the ice sheet, while the sensitivity to rate factor is greatest near the
margin. The

antisymmetric perturbation provides information about the relaxation time
for divide

motion and spatial variation in the sensitivity of divide deviation from
the

ice-sheet centre to accumulation rate variations. The use of the method
for model

initialization is considered. Forcing deviations of 30% give relative errors
in

the perturbation of about 10%.