bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAZVOJ AGILNOSTI KOŠARKAŠA
Authors: Nikolić Dušan , Kocić Miodrag , Veličković Marina
Published: October 2017

Savremena vrhunska košarka je dinamična igra. Tu svoju dinamičnost, između ostalog,duguje visokom stepenu razvoja fizičke kondicije svakog pojedinačnog igrača, bez obzira napoziciju na kojoj igra. Stoga se velika pažnja posvećuje fizičkoj pripremi, kako u okviruglavnih, tehničko-taktičkih treninga, tako i na posebnim treninzima na kojima se isklјučivoradi na razvoju prevashodno motoričkih sposobnosti. Jedna od motoričkih sposobnosti kojaje jako bitna za košarku je agilnost. Definisana je motoričkim zadacima sastavlјenim odbrzog trčanja sa čestim promenama pravca kretanja. Cilј ovog rada bio je da se prikupedosadašnja istraživanja koja su se bavila razvojem agilnosti košarkaša. Za prikuplјanje,klasifikaciju i analizu cilјanih istraživanja korišćena je deskriptivna metoda i teorijskaanaliza, a istraživanja do kojih se došlo pretraživana su na: Google, Google Scholar,PubMed i Kobson. Pretraga je ograničena na radove koji su objavlјeni u periodu od 2009.do 2015.godine. Ukupno je pronađeno 21 istraživanje. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali dase za razvoj agilnosti najčešće koristi pliometrijska metoda treninga, kako kod košarkaša,tako i kod košarkašica. Nekoliko istraživanja pokazuje da se agilnost košarkaša može razvitikombinacijom pliometrijskog treninga i nekog drugog treninga. Rezultati takođe pokazuju dase, osim pliometrijskim treningom, agilnost košarkaša može razviti i SAQ treningom,kombinacijom treninga snage, izdržlјivosti i košarkaške tehnike, zatim proprioceptivnimtreningom i treningom preskakanja konopca.
BICIKLIZAM KAO SPORTSKO-REKREATIVNA AKTIVNOST
Authors: Tešanović Gorana , Jovanović Saša
Published: October 2017

Rekreativne aktivnosti svojim sredstvima, sadržajima i metodama imaju preventivno djelovanje napojave koje smanjuju radnu sposobnost, narašavaju zdravlje i dovode do pojave lokomotornihdisfunkcionalnosti. Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (Global recomendations on Physicalactivity for health, WHO, 2008/2013), tjelesna aktivnost kod odraslih osoba uključuje aktivnostitokom slobodnog vremena, transport (hodanje ili vožnja biciklom), aktivnosti na poslu, obavljanjekućanskih poslova, igru, sportove, organizovano i individualno vježbanje te sve aktivnosti koje seprovode u krugu porodice, škole i sportske zajednice. Vožnja biciklom postaje sve popularnijaaktivnost u rekreativnom treningu, poželjno je da se provodi u prirodi na svježem zraku gdje je terenraznolike konfiguracije, a upotreba velikih mišićnih grupa obogaćuje i čini biciklizam jednim odnajraširenijih oblika rekreacije u svijetu. Istraživanje je provedeno sa 12 ispitanica, starosti 35 ± 6mjeseci, koje u toku istraživanja nisu bile uključene u neke druge sportsko-rekreativne aktivnosti.Prije provođenja rekreativnog programa utvrđeno je inicijalno stanje varijabli funkcionalnihsposobnosti i tjelesne kompozicije ispitanica ( Institut sporta Fakulteta fizičkog vaspitanja i sportaUniverziteta u Banjoj Luci), te vrijednosti krvnih parametara (laboratorija Konzilijum), a nakonprovođenja programa utvrđeno je finalno stanje. Rekreativni trening programiran je za period oddvanaest sedmica i podijeljen u tri osnovna makrociklusa, koji su se sastojali od četiri mikrociklusa -tri mikrociklusa izgradnja, a četvrti regeneracija. Svi makrociklusi bili su programirani tako da jesvaki mikrociklus sadržao tri treninga. Četvrta sedmica u svim makrociklusima je bila sedmicaregeneracije koja se sastojala od lagane vožnje po ravnom u trajanju od 60 do 90 minuta. Na osnovudobijenih rezultata istraživanja može se reći da je ostvaren pozitivan efekat na promjene vo2max,fitness indeksa kao i povećanja nivoa hemoglobina kao parametre funkcionalnih sposobnostiispitanica. Primjenjeni program u trajanju od 12 sedmica pozitivno je stimulisao rad srca iorganizma u cjelini te je doveo do poboljšanja u radu kardio vaskularnog sistema. Opterećenja kojasu realizovana u tom vremenskom periodu nisu dovela do značajnih promjena kod varijablimorfoloških karakteristika tj. tjelesne kompozicije - FAT, FAT lijeva noga, FAT desna noga, TBW iimpedanca cijelog tijela što je u skladu sa većim brojem dosadašnjih istraživanja ove tematike iotvara prostor za slična istraživanja pri čemu bi se mogli mijenjati parametri trajanja kao i samogopterećenja u toku planiranog programa.
Independent manipulation of histone H3 modifications in individual nucleosomes reveals the contributions of sister histones to transcription
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Liu Yu-Ting , Ma Li , Gong Ting , Hu Ya-Nan , Li Hong-Tao , Cai Chen , Zhang Ling-Li , Wei Gang , Zhou Jin-Qiu
Published: October 2017

Histone tail modifications can greatly influence chromatin-associated processes. Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes exist in multiple cell types, but whether modifications on both sister histones contribute equally to chromatin dynamics remains elusive. Here, we devised a bivalent nucleosome system that allowed for the constitutive assembly of asymmetrically modified sister histone H3s in nucleosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sister H3K36 methylations independently affected cryptic transcription in gene coding regions, whereas sister H3K79 methylation had cooperative effects on gene silencing near telomeres. H3K4 methylation on sister histones played an independent role in suppressing the recruitment of Gal4 activator to the GAL1 promoter and in inhibiting GAL1 transcription. Under starvation stress, sister H3K4 methylations acted cooperatively, independently or redundantly to regulate transcription. Thus, we provide a unique tool for comparing symmetrical and asymmetrical modifications of sister histone H3s in vivo.
Sediment microbial taxonomic and functional diversity in a natural salinity gradient challenge Remane’s “species minimum” concept
Authors: Pavloudi Christina , Kristoffersen Jon B. , Oulas Anastasis , De Troch Marleen , Arvanitidis Christos
Published: October 2017

Several models have been developed for the description of diversity in estuaries and other brackish habitats, with the most recognized being Remane’s Artenminimum (“species minimum”) concept. It was developed for the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest semi-enclosed brackish water body with a unique permanent salinity gradient, and it argues that taxonomic diversity of macrobenthic organisms is lowest within the horohalinicum (5 to 8 psu). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between salinity and sediment microbial diversity at a freshwater-marine transect in Amvrakikos Gulf (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) and assess whether species composition and community function follow a generalized concept such as Remane’s. DNA was extracted from sediment samples from six stations along the aforementioned transect and sequenced for the 16S rRNA gene using high-throughput sequencing. The metabolic functions of the OTUs were predicted and the most abundant metabolic pathways were extracted. Key abiotic variables, i.e., salinity, temperature, chlorophyll-a and oxygen concentration etc., were measured and their relation with diversity and functional patterns was explored. Microbial communities were found to differ in the three habitats examined (river, lagoon and sea) with certain taxonomic groups being more abundant in the freshwater and less in the marine environment, andvice versa. Salinity was the environmental factor with the highest correlation to the microbial community pattern, while oxygen concentration was highly correlated to the metabolic functional pattern. The total number of OTUs showed a negative relationship with increasing salinity, thus the sediment microbial OTUs in this study area do not follow Remane’s concept.
Synergistic induction of astrocytic differentiation by factors secreted from meninges in the mouse developing brain
Authors: Kawamura Yoichiro , Katada Sayako , Noguchi Hirofumi , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Sanosaka Tsukasa , Iihara Koji , Nakashima Kinichi
Published: October 2017

Astrocytes, which support diverse neuronal functions, are generated from multipotent neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs) during brain development. Although many astrocyte‐inducing factors have been identified and studied in vitro, the regions and/or cells that produce these factors in the developing brain remain elusive. Here, we show that meninges‐produced factors induce astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs. Consistent with the timing when astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs increases, expression of astrocyte‐inducing factors is upregulated. Meningeal secretion‐mimicking combinatorial treatment of NS/PCs with bone morphogenetic protein 4, retinoic acid and leukemia inhibitory factor synergistically activate the promoter of a typical astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein. Taken together, our data suggest that meninges play an important role in astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs in the developing brain.
Timing of Deglacial AMOC Variability From a High‐Resolution Seawater Cadmium Reconstruction
Authors: Valley Shannon , Lynch‐Stieglitz Jean , Marchitto Thomas M.
Published: October 2017

A new, high‐resolution record of benthic seawater Cd (Cdw) was generated from a Florida Straits sediment core at 546 m water depth. The record provides additional evidence for Cdw below modern values in this channel during the Younger Dryas and Heinrich Stadial 1—climatological periods associated with ice sheet melt. Lower Cdw values are interpreted as a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), reflecting a decreased northward transport of southern sourced higher‐nutrient intermediate waters by the surface return flow of AMOC. Comparison of this new Cdw record with previously published neodymium isotope and δ18O records from the same core shows synchronous transitions, further illustrating the connection between Cdw levels and AMOC strength in the Florida Straits. An increase in Cdw near 16 ka bolsters existing evidence for a resumption of upper branch AMOC strength approximately midway through Heinrich Stadial 1.
A Lagrangian Transport Eulerian Reaction Spatial (LATERS) Markov Model for Prediction of Effective Bimolecular Reactive Transport
Authors: Sund Nicole , Porta Giovanni , Bolster Diogo , Parashar Rishi
Published: October 2017

Prediction of effective transport for mixing‐driven reactive systems at larger scales, requires accurate representation of mixing at small scales, which poses a significant upscaling challenge. Depending on the problem at hand, there can be benefits to using a Lagrangian framework, while in others an Eulerian might have advantages. Here we propose and test a novel hybrid model which attempts to leverage benefits of each. Specifically, our framework provides a Lagrangian closure required for a volume‐averaging procedure of the advection diffusion reaction equation. This hybrid model is a LAgrangian Transport Eulerian Reaction Spatial Markov model (LATERS Markov model), which extends previous implementations of the Lagrangian Spatial Markov model and maps concentrations to an Eulerian grid to quantify closure terms required to calculate the volume‐averaged reaction terms. The advantage of this approach is that the Spatial Markov model is known to provide accurate predictions of transport, particularly at preasymptotic early times, when assumptions required by traditional volume‐averaging closures are least likely to hold; likewise, the Eulerian reaction method is efficient, because it does not require calculation of distances between particles. This manuscript introduces the LATERS Markov model and demonstrates by example its ability to accurately predict bimolecular reactive transport in a simple benchmark 2‐D porous medium.
Photopatterning Freestanding Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Organosilica Films
Authors: Terpstra Andrea S. , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: October 2017

Chiral nematic mesoporous organosilica (CNMO) films are functionalized with a mixture of hydrophobic silanes and spiropyran compounds to create freestanding photochromic films that can be used for reversible photo­patterning. The mesoporosity and interconnected pore structure of the films imparted by the cellulose nanocrystal template enables a large cross‐section of the material to be functionalized. Thus, the materials show intense absorption spectra from the tethered spiropyran and rapid color changes when the porous films are irradiated with UV or white light. The spiropyran‐bound CNMO films behave as reversible sensors where metal binding to the spiropyran results in visible color changes detectable by the naked eye. These metals can be removed in the presence of ethanol and white light, regenerating the metal‐free film. The proof‐of‐concept demonstrated in this paper may help to develop new photochromic displays, security features, and patterns.
Photoluminescent Arrays of Nanopatterned Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Han Grace G. D. , Tu Kun‐Hua , Niroui Farnaz , Xu Wenshuo , Zhou Si , Wang Xiaochen , Bulović Vladimir , Ross Caroline A. , Warner Jamie H. , Grossman Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2017

Monolayer 2D MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition is nanopatterned into nanodots, nanorods, and hexagonal nanomesh using block copolymer (BCP) lithography. The detailed atomic structure and nanoscale geometry of the nanopatterned MoS2 show features down to 4 nm with nonfaceted etching profiles defined by the BCP mask. Atomic resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the nanopatterned MoS2 has minimal large‐scale crystalline defects and enables the edge density to be measured for each nanoscale pattern geometry. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of nanodots, nanorods, and nanomesh areas shows strain‐dependent spectral shifts up to 15 nm, as well as reduction in the PL efficiency as the edge density increases. Raman spectroscopy shows mode stiffening, confirming the release of strain when it is nanopatterned by BCP lithography. These results show that small nanodots (≈19 nm) of MoS2 2D monolayers still exhibit strong direct band gap photoluminescence (PL), but have PL quenching compared to pristine material from the edge states. This information provides important insights into the structure–PL property correlations of sub‐20 nm MoS2 structures that have potential in future applications of 2D electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics.
Superaligned Carbon Nanotubes Guide Oriented Cell Growth and Promote Electrophysiological Homogeneity for Synthetic Cardiac Tissues
Authors: Ren Jing , Xu Quanfu , Chen Xiaomeng , Li Wei , Guo Kai , Zhao Yang , Wang Qian , Zhang Zhitao , Peng Huisheng , Li Yi‐Gang
Published: October 2017

Cardiac engineering of patches and tissues is a promising option to restore infarcted hearts, by seeding cardiac cells onto scaffolds and nurturing their growth in vitro. However, current patches fail to fully imitate the hierarchically aligned structure in the natural myocardium, the fast electrotonic propagation, and the subsequent synchronized contractions. Here, superaligned carbon‐nanotube sheets (SA‐CNTs) are explored to culture cardiomyocytes, mimicking the aligned structure and electrical‐impulse transmission behavior of the natural myocardium. The SA‐CNTs not only induce an elongated and aligned cell morphology of cultured cardiomyocytes, but also provide efficient extracellular signal‐transmission pathways required for regular and synchronous cell contractions. Furthermore, the SA‐CNTs can reduce the beat‐to‐beat and cell‐to‐cell dispersion in repolarization of cultured cells, which is essential for a normal beating rhythm, and potentially reduce the occurrence of arrhythmias. Finally, SA‐CNT‐based flexible one‐piece electrodes demonstrate a multipoint pacing function. These combined high properties make SA‐CNTs promising in applications in cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and following myocardial infarctions.
Nanoparticle Regrowth Enhances Photoacoustic Signals of Semiconducting Macromolecular Probe for In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Xie Chen , Zhen Xu , Lyu Yan , Pu Kanyi
Published: October 2017

Smart molecular probes that emit deep‐tissue penetrating photoacoustic (PA) signals responsive to the target of interest are imperative to understand disease pathology and develop innovative therapeutics. This study reports a self‐assembly approach to develop semiconducting macromolecular activatable probe for in vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This probe comprises a near‐infrared absorbing phthalocyanine core and four poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms linked by ROS‐responsive self‐immolative segments. Such an amphiphilic macromolecular structure allows it to undergo an ROS‐specific cleavage process to release hydrophilic PEG and enhance the hydrophobicity of the nanosystem. Consequently, the residual phthalocyanine component self‐assembles and regrows into large nanoparticles, leading to ROS‐enhanced PA signals. The small size of the intact macromolecular probe is beneficial to penetrate into the tumor tissue of living mice, while the ROS‐activated regrowth of nanoparticles prolongs the retention along with enhanced PA signals, permitting imaging of ROS during chemotherapy. This study thus capitalizes on stimuli‐controlled self‐assembly of macromolecules in conjunction with enhanced heat transfer in large nanoparticles for the development of smart molecular probes for PA imaging.
PAA/alumina composites prepared with different molecular weight polymers and utilized as support for nickel‐based catalyst
Authors: Zhou Peng , Wang Song , Tao ChuanLan , Guo Xingkui , Hao Luhan , Shao Qian , Liu Lei , Wang Ya‐Ping , Chu Wei , Wang Bin , Luo Shi‐Zhong , Guo Zhanhu
Published: October 2017

Mesoporous alumina, as a porous, high specific surface area, high activity, and heat stable material, has been widely used as an industrial adsorbent, catalyst, and catalyst support. The modification of alumina with organic polymers has been widely investigated in recent years. In this study, we compared the dependence of the adsorption of a polyelectrolyte, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) on γ‐alumina particles on polymer size via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We found that PAA with a hydrodynamic diameter greater than the alumina pore size would only adsorb on the outer surface of the oxides. For polymers with hydrodynamic diameters smaller than the alumina pore size, PAA infiltration resulted in a monolayer coverage of both the outer and inner surfaces of the oxide. Among the three PAA that could infiltrate the alumina pores, the one with the smallest molecular weight showed the highest adsorbed amount on alumina. The temperature, pH, concentration, and ionic strength of the PAA solutions were varied to illustrate the physicochemical differences of the prepared polymer/oxide composite materials. The high PAA‐loaded composites were treated with a nickel ion solution, converted to Ni/alumina catalysts, and used in the methanation of carbon dioxide. The Ni/alumina catalysts were analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and temperature‐programmed reduction to illustrate the structural characteristics. The catalytic CO2 methanation of the catalyst samples revealed that a solution pH value higher than pKa of PAA favored the formation of catalysts with high catalytic activity.
Charge Generation and Recombination in an Organic Solar Cell with Low Energetic Offsets
Authors: Ran Niva A. , Love John A. , Heiber Michael C. , Jiao Xuechen , Hughes Michael P. , Karki Akchheta , Wang Ming , Brus Viktor V. , Wang Hengbin , Neher Dieter , Ade Harald , Bazan Guillermo C. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: October 2017

Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require energetic offsets between the donor and acceptor to obtain high short‐circuit currents (JSC) and fill factors (FF). However, it is necessary to reduce the energetic offsets to achieve high open‐circuit voltages (VOC). Recently, reports have highlighted BHJ blends that are pushing at the accepted limits of energetic offsets necessary for high efficiency. Unfortunately, most of these BHJs have modest FF values. How the energetic offset impacts the solar cell characteristics thus remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive characterization of the losses in a polymer:fullerene BHJ blend, PIPCP:phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), that achieves a high VOC (0.9 V) with very low energy losses (Eloss = 0.52 eV) from the energy of absorbed photons, a respectable JSC (13 mA cm−2), but a limited FF (54%) is reported. Despite the low energetic offset, the system does not suffer from field‐dependent generation and instead it is characterized by very fast nongeminate recombination and the presence of shallow traps. The charge‐carrier losses are attributed to suboptimal morphology due to high miscibility between PIPCP and PC61BM. These results hold promise that given the appropriate morphology, the JSC, VOC, and FF can all be improved, even with very low energetic offsets.
Accurate Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Metal Anodes and Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Adams Brian D. , Zheng Jianming , Ren Xiaodi , Xu Wu , Zhang Ji‐Guang
Published: October 2017

Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for high energy density batteries. However, the low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the formation of dendrites during repeated plating and stripping processes have hindered its applications in rechargeable Li metal batteries. The accurate measurement of Li CE is a critical factor to predict the cycle life of Li metal batteries, but the measurement of Li CE is affected by various factors that often lead to conflicting values reported in the literature. Here, several parameters that affect the measurement of Li CE are investigated and a more accurate method of determining Li CE is proposed. It is also found that the capacity used for cycling greatly affects the stabilization cycles and the average CE. A higher cycling capacity leads to faster stabilization of Li anode and a higher average CE. With a proper operating protocol, the average Li CE can be increased from 99.0% to 99.5% at a high capacity of 6 mA h cm−2 (which is suitable for practical applications) when a high‐concentration ether‐based electrolyte is used.
Improving mixing characteristics with a pitched tip in kneading elements in twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Nakayama Yasuya , Takemitsu Hiroki , Kajiwara Toshihisa , Kimura Koichi , Takeuchi Takahide , Tomiyama Hideki
Published: October 2017

In twin‐screw extrusion, the geometry of a mixing element mainly determines the basic flow pattern, which eventually affects the mixing ability as well as the dispersive ability of the mixing element. The effects of geometrical modification, with both forward and backward pitched tips, of a conventional forward kneading disks element (FKD) in the pitched‐tip kneading disks element on the flow pattern and mixing characteristics are discussed. Numerical simulations of fully filled, nonisothermal polymer melt flow in the melt‐mixing zone were performed, and the flow pattern structure and the tracer trajectories were investigated. The pitched tips largely affect the inter‐disk fluid transport, which is mainly responsible for mixing. These changes in the local flow pattern are analyzed by the distribution of the strain‐rate state. The distribution of the finite‐time Lyapunov exponent reveals a large inhomogeneity of the mixing in FKD is suppressed both by the forward and backward tips. By the forward tips on FKD, the mixing ability is relatively suppressed compared to FKD, whereas for the backward tips on FKD, the mixing ability is enhanced while maintaining the same level of dispersion efficiency as FKD. From these results, the pitched tips on the conventional KD turn out to be effective at reducing the inhomogeneity of the mixing and tuning the overall mixing performance. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1424–1434, 2018
A pore network study of evaporation from the surface of a drying non‐hygroscopic porous medium
Authors: Attari Moghaddam Alireza , Kharaghani Abdolreza , Tsotsas Evangelos , Prat Marc
Published: October 2017

The phenomena occurring at the surface of a porous medium during drying in the capillary regime are investigated by pore network simulations. The impact of the formation of wet and dry patches at the surface on the drying rate is studied. The simulations indicate an edge effect characterized by a noticeable variation of saturation in a thin layer adjacent to the porous surface. Also, the results indicate a significant nonlocal equilibrium effect at the surface. The simulation results are exploited to test Schlünder's classical model which offers a simple closure relationship between the evaporation rate and the degree of occupancy of the surface by the liquid. In addition to new insights into the surface phenomena, the results open up new prospects for improving the continuum models of the drying process. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1435–1447, 2018
DEM–PBM modeling of abrasion dominated ribbon breakage
Authors: Loreti Simone , Wu Chuan‐Yu , Reynolds Gavin , Seville Jonathan
Published: October 2017

In dry granulation, fine cohesive powders are compacted into large multi‐particle entities, i.e., briquettes, flakes, or ribbons. The powder compaction is generally followed by milling, a size reduction process, which is crucial to obtain the desired granule size or properties. Abrasion and impact are two primary mechanisms of comminution in ribbon milling, but they are not completely understood. The aim of this article was hence to investigate numerically the fragmentation process induced by abrasion during ribbon milling. The discrete element method (DEM) was employed to simulate abrasion tests, for which three‐dimensional parallelepiped ribbons were generated using auto‐adhesive elastic spheres. The fragmentation rate, and the fragments size and number were determined for various surface energies and abrasive velocities. The DEM results showed that the mass‐equivalent fragment size distributions were bi‐modal, similar to the experimental observations and the numerical results for impact‐dominated ribbon milling reported in the literature. In addition, two quantities were determined from the DEM analysis, i.e., the number of large fragments and the fraction of fines, which was then integrated into the population balance models (PBM) so that a DEM–PBM multiscale modeling framework was developed to predict the granule size distribution during ribbon milling. The DEM–PBM results were compared with the experimental results reported in the literature, and a broad agreement was obtained, implying the proposed DEM–PBM can be used to analyse the ribbon milling behavior. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1191–1204, 2018
Negotiating Ethical Paradoxes in Conducting a Randomized Controlled Trial: Aligning Intervention Science with Participatory Values
Authors: Javdani Shabnam , Singh Sukhmani , Sichel Corianna E.
Published: October 2017

In this article, we describe ethical tensions we have faced in the context of our work as intervention scientists, where we aim to promote social justice and change systems that impact girls involved in the juvenile legal system. These ethical tensions are, at their core, about resisting collusion with systems of control while simultaneously collaborating with them. Over the course of designing and implementing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an ecological advocacy intervention for girls, called ROSES, ethical paradoxes crystalized and prompted us to engage in critical reflection and action toward the aim of moving away from conducting research on legal‐system‐involved girls and moving toward a more democratic, participatory process of inquiry with girls. Our experience revealed two intertwined paradoxes that ultimately served generative purposes. First, in collaborating with legal system stakeholders, we observed a single story of girls’ pathology narrated for girls, without girls, and ultimately internalized by girls. Second, in reflecting critically on the ethical implications of our study design, it became clear that the design was grounded in a medical model of inquiry although the intervention we sought to evaluate was based, in part, on resistance to the medical model. We describe emergent ethical tensions and the solutions we sought, which center on creating counternarratives and counterspaces that leverage, extend, and disrupt our existing RCT. We detail these solutions, focusing on how we restructured our research team to enhance structural competence, shifted the subject of inquiry to include the systems in which youth are embedded, and created new opportunities for former research participants to become co‐researchers through formal roles on an advisory board.
The athlete's hematological response to hypoxia: A meta‐analysis on the influence of altitude exposure on key biomarkers of erythropoiesis
Authors: Lobigs Louisa M. , Sharpe Ken , Garvican‐Lewis Laura A. , Gore Christopher J. , Peeling Peter , Dawson Brian , Schumacher Yorck O.
Published: October 2017

Altitude training is associated with changes in blood markers, which can confound results of the Athlete?s Biological Passport (ABP). This meta‐analysis aims to describe the fluctuations during‐ and post‐altitude in key ABP variables; hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), square‐root transformed reticulocyte percentage (sqrt(retic%)) and the OFF‐score.

Individual de‐identified raw data were provided from 17 studies. Separate linear mixed effects analyses were performed for delta values from baseline for [Hb], sqrt(retic%) and OFF‐score, by altitude phase (during and post). Mixed models were fitted with the hierarchical structure: study and subject within study as random effects. Delta values as response variables and altitude dose (in kilometer hours; km.hr = altitude (m) / 1000 x hours), sex, age, protocol and baseline values as fixed effects. Allowances were made for potential autocorrelation.

Within two days at natural altitude [Hb] rapidly increased. Subsequent delta [Hb] values increased with altitude dose, reaching a plateau of 0.94 g/dL [95%CI (0.69, 1.20)] at ~1000 km.hr. Delta sqrt(retic%) and OFF‐score were the first to identify an erythrocyte response, with respective increases and decreases observed within 100 to 200 km.hr. Post‐altitude, [Hb] remained elevated for two weeks. Delta sqrt(retic%) declined below baseline, the magnitude of change was dependent on altitude dose. Baseline values were a significant covariate (p<0.05).

The response to altitude is complex resulting in a wide range of individual responses, influenced primarily by altitude dose and baseline values. Improved knowledge of the plausible hematological variations during‐ and post‐altitude provides fundamental information for both the ABP expert and sports physician.
Oral Anticoagulation and Functional Outcome after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Biffi Alessandro , Kuramatsu Joji B. , Leasure Audrey , Kamel Hooman , Kourkoulis Christina , Schwab Kristin , Ayres Alison M. , Elm Jordan , Gurol M. Edip , Greenberg Steven M. , Viswanathan Anand , Anderson Christopher D. , Schwab Stefan , Rosand Jonathan , Testai Fernando D. , Woo Daniel , Huttner Hagen B. , Sheth Kevin N
Published: October 2017

Objective

Oral anticoagulation treatment (OAT) resumption is a therapeutic dilemma in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) care, particularly for lobar hemorrhages related to amyloid angiopathy. We sought to determine whether OAT resumption after ICH is associated with long‐term outcome, accounting for ICH location (ie, lobar vs nonlobar).

Methods

We meta‐analyzed individual patient data from: (1) the multicenter RETRACE study (n = 542), (2) a U.S.‐based single‐center ICH study (n = 261), and (3) the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study (n = 209). We determined whether, within 1 year from ICH, OAT resumption was associated with: (1) mortality, (2) favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale = 0–3), and (3) stroke incidence. We separately analyzed nonlobar and lobar ICH cases using propensity score matching and Cox regression models.

Results

We included 1,012 OAT‐related ICH survivors (633 nonlobar and 379 lobar). Among nonlobar ICH survivors, 178/633 (28%) resumed OAT, whereas 86/379 (23%) lobar ICH survivors did. In multivariate analyses, OAT resumption after nonlobar ICH was associated with decreased mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14–0.44, p < 0.0001) and improved functional outcome (HR = 4.22, 95% CI = 2.57–6.94, p < 0.0001). OAT resumption after lobar ICH was also associated with decreased mortality (HR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17–0.45, p < 0.0001) and favorable functional outcome (HR = 4.08, 95% CI = 2.48–6.72, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, OAT resumption was associated with decreased all‐cause stroke incidence in both lobar and nonlobar ICH (both p < 0.01).

Interpretation

These results suggest novel evidence of an association between OAT resumption and outcome following ICH, regardless of hematoma location. These findings support conducting randomized trials to explore risks and benefits of OAT resumption after ICH. Ann Neurol 2017;82:755–765
Raman Spectroscopy of Lithographically Defined Graphene Nanoribbons ‐ Influence of Size and Defects
Authors: Kampmann Felix , Scheuschner Nils , Terrés Bernat , Jörger Danny , Stampfer Christoph , Maultzsch Janina
Published: October 2017

Graphene nanostructures are an important building block to make use of the properties of graphene for applications in integrated devices. It is important to study edge roughness and defects in such nanostructures for further device improvement as they become important when downscaling structures. Recent Raman studies focused mainly on the D mode to characterize the defects in graphene and graphene nanoribbons (GNR) whereas not much attention has been paid to the D′ mode that is smaller in Raman intensity. In this work we show by comparison with AFM measurements of the GNR width that both defect‐induced Raman modes have different scattering length scales. Furthermore the size and quality of lithographically defined GNRs can be estimated by a close analysis of the defect‐induced Raman modes and the width of the well‐studied 2D mode of graphene. The findings are explained by the different vibration pattern for both Raman modes and the differences in the matrix elements determining the Raman intensity, i.e. the electron‐phonon coupling and the phonon density of states.
Size‐ and Interface‐Modulated Metal–Insulator Transition in Solution‐Synthesized Nanoscale VO2‐TiO2‐VO2 Heterostructures
Authors: Li Xuefei , Schaak Raymond E.
Published: October 2017

The M1 form of vanadium dioxide, which exhibits a reversible insulator–metal transition above room temperature, has been incorporated into nanoscale heterostructures through solution‐phase epitaxial growth on the tips of rutile TiO2 nanorods. Four distinct classes of VO2‐TiO2‐VO2 nanorod heterostructures are accessible by modulating the growth conditions. Each type of VO2‐TiO2‐VO2 nanostructure has a different insulator–metal transition temperature that depends on the VO2 domain sizes and the TiO2‐VO2 interfacial strain characteristics.
CODH‐IV: eine hocheffiziente CO‐Dehydrogenase mit Resistenz gegen O2
Authors: Domnik Lilith , Merrouch Meriem , Goetzl Sebastian , Jeoung Jae‐Hun , Léger Christophe , Dementin Sébastien , Fourmond Vincent , Dobbek Holger
Published: October 2017

CO‐Dehydrogenasen (CODHs) katalysieren die reversible Umsetzung zwischen CO und CO2. Genomische Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass CODHs unterschiedliche metabolische Funktionen haben. Das Genom von Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans kodiert fünf CODHs (CODH‐I–V), von denen CODH‐IV in einem Gencluster gemeinsam mit einem Peroxid‐reduzierenden Enzym vorliegt. Unsere kinetischen und kristallographischen Analysen zeigen, dass sich CODH‐IV von anderen CODHs durch charakteristische Merkmale unterscheidet: CODH‐IV hat eine hohe Affinität für CO, oxidiert CO mit diffusionslimitierter Geschwindigkeit über einen weiten Temperaturbereich und ist toleranter gegen O2 als CODH‐II. Daher stützen unsere Beobachtungen die Idee, dass CODH‐IV als CO‐Fänger bei der Abwehr von oxidativem Stress agiert und unterstreichen, dass CODHs in Bezug auf ihre Reaktivität diverser als erwartet sind.
Total Synthesis of Lycoricidine and Narciclasine by Chemical Dearomatization of Bromobenzene
Authors: Southgate Emma H. , Holycross Daniel R. , Sarlah David
Published: October 2017

The total synthesis of lycoricidine and narciclasine is enabled by an arenophile‐mediated dearomative dihydroxylation of bromobenzene. Subsequent transpositive Suzuki coupling and cycloreversion deliver a key biaryl dihydrodiol intermediate, which is rapidly converted into lycoricidine through site‐selective syn‐1,4‐hydroxyamination and deprotection. The total synthesis of narciclasine is accomplished by the late‐stage, amide‐directed C−H hydroxylation of a lycoricidine intermediate. Moreover, the general applicability of this strategy to access dihydroxylated biphenyls is demonstrated with several examples.
Detailed Evidence for an Unparalleled Interaction Mode between Calmodulin and Orai Proteins
Authors: Traxler Lukas , Rathner Petr , Fahrner Marc , Stadlbauer Michael , Faschinger Felix , Charnavets Tatsiana , Müller Norbert , Romanin Christoph , Hinterdorfer Peter , Gruber Hermann J.
Published: October 2017

Calmodulin (CaM) binds most of its targets by wrapping around an amphipathic α‐helix. The N‐terminus of Orai proteins contains a conserved CaM‐binding segment but the binding mechanism has been only partially characterized. Here, microscale thermophoresis (MST), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to study the binding equilibria, the kinetics, and the single‐molecule interaction forces involved in the binding of CaM to the conserved helical segments of Orai1 and Orai3. The results consistently indicated stepwise binding of two separate target peptides to the two lobes of CaM. An unparalleled high affinity was found when two Orai peptides were dimerized or immobilized at high lateral density, thereby mimicking the close proximity of the N‐termini in native Orai oligomers. The analogous experiments with smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) showed only the expected 1:1 binding, confirming the validity of our methods.
Versatile cobalt complexes for initiating immortal ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA), mediating living radical polymerization of t‐butyl acrylate (tBA) and catalyzing copolymerization of LA and tBA by combination of ROP and organometallic‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Zhang Jianing , Wang Baolong , Wang Liying , Sun Junmin , Zhang Yongfeng , Cao Zhenzhu , Wu Zhenqiang
Published: October 2017

Low‐cost, highly active and versatile amino‐bis(phenolate) cobalt complexes are developed. The cobalt complexes can control living polymerization of different categories of monomers including lactide (LA) by immortal ring‐opening polymerization in argon and even in air and acrylate via living radical polymerization (LRP). The cobalt‐based catalysts were used for copolymerization of LA and acrylate. The immortal polymerization of LA using the cobalt complexes as initiators proceeds in argon and even in air and without the requirement for extensive drying techniques or inert atmosphere whilst retaining end‐group fidelity. The cobalt complexes are used to mediate LRP of t‐butyl acrylate (tBA) in methanol. The block copolymerization of LA and tBA catalyzed by single‐site cobalt organometallic catalyst is also reported for the first time. This cobalt system offers a versatile and green way to produce homopolymers and block copolymers.
Effect of aluminum hydroxide on low‐molecular‐weight siloxane distribution and microstructure of high‐temperature vulcanized silicone rubber
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yin Chongshan , Luo Yi , Chen Long , Zhou Yuming , He Chunqing , Fang Pengfei , Peng Xiangyang , Huang Zhen
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the effect of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) content on the free volume and surface recovery property of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–based silicone rubber containing low‐molecular‐weight siloxanes. With increasing ratio of ATH up to 43.1 wt %, the concentration of cyclic siloxanes (Dn = [(CH3)2SiO]n, n = 4–12) in the PDMS matrix increases remarkably, indicative of a spacing effect of ATH particles on the crosslinking of PDMS chains. When more ATH is added, the concentration of D4–D12 began to decrease. PDMS network variation is verified by free volume size corresponding to τ3 in positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The o‐Ps intensity decreases linearly with ATH content. Data obtained from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest the surface recovery property is weakened by ATH. This process is dominated by the amount of free volume holes in the sample. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45803.
Impacts of fishing, river flow and connectivity loss on the conservation of a migratory fish population
Authors: Lin Hsien‐Yung , Brown Christopher J. , Dwyer Ross G. , Harding Doug J. , Roberts David T. , Fuller Richard A. , Linke Simon , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: October 2017

Migratory species depend on connected habitats and appropriate migratory cues to complete their life cycles. Diadromous fish exemplify species with migratory life cycles by moving between connected freshwater and saltwater habitats to reproduce. However, migration increases the exposure of fish to multiple threats and it is critical that managers integrate habitat connectivity into resource management and conservation.

The benefit of alternative management actions was assessed for a diadromous fish, the Australian bass Percalates novemaculeata, using a spatio‐temporal population model informed by individual‐based movement data. The management actions comprise seasonal closures during the spawning season, and controlling fishing pressure by limiting catch or effort.

The benefits of implementing seasonal closures depend upon interactions among how fishing pressure is controlled, the response of anglers to fishery regulations and river flow regimes. The results indicated that seasonal closures are ineffective if fishing pressure is merely displaced to another location or time of year. In addition, shifting seasonal closures from spawning grounds to feeding grounds increased population abundances under low flow events when fishing effort was also controlled. However, when total annual catch is limited by a fishery closure, changing the location of seasonal closure schemes had little effect.

The findings in this study highlight the need for flexible management strategies that account for migratory movements and respond both to variations in connectivity (e.g. river flow regime) and direct pressures on survivorship (e.g. exploitation). As the implementation of one management action (e.g. fishing or water regulation) could affect the influence of another management action, this study emphasizes the importance of cooperation between resource managers in conserving migratory species.
Structural microhabitat use by endemic cyprinids in a Mediterranean‐type river: Implications for restoration practices
Authors: Santos José Maria , Rivaes Rui , Boavida Isabel , Branco Paulo
Published: October 2017

Endemic freshwater fish from the Mediterranean region are among the most threatened species in the world owing to increasing river degradation. Because of such threats, the number of river restoration projects has greatly increased. However, they are seldom planned with consideration of the species' life history, often resulting in erroneous practices that compromise their success.

This study assessed the seasonal and size‐related microhabitat use by three endemic cyprinids (Iberian barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei; Iberian straight‐mouth nase, Pseudochondrostoma polylepis; and calandino, Squalius alburnoides) using a modified point electrofishing procedure in a Mediterranean river. A multivariate approach was then employed to analyse both structural resource use and availability data.

All species showed non‐random microhabitat use. The barbel and nase shifted to faster‐flowing positions (>25 cm s−1) with a coarser substratum (>150 mm particle size) during spring and to sheltered positions (50–100% instream cover) during autumn. Calandino selected more covered areas in autumn (>60% cover) and shifted to shallower positions from this season (>40 cm) to summer (<35 cm).

Significant size‐related differences in microhabitat use were consistent for the three species, with smaller individuals occupying on average shallower microhabitats. Significant resource‐use overlap between species size classes increased from autumn to summer, occurring mainly between juvenile and small adult barbel and calandino.

The present study helped develop recommendations for river restoration practices that may have a wider application, particularly for other Mediterranean‐type rivers. Cover was found to be critical for all species, in particular for calandino, which could be classified as a shelter‐oriented eurytopic species. Restoration scenarios should therefore consider maintaining cover habitats during unfavourable flow conditions for these species. Lithophilic spawners, which were highly responsive to velocity and substratum, could particularly benefit from the creation of gravel bedforms and artificial riffles to enhance depth and flow variability.
Practical Synthesis of α‐Amyrin, β‐Amyrin, and Lupeol: The Potential Natural Inhibitors of Human Oxidosqualene Cyclase
Authors: Chen Dongyin , Xu Fengguo , Zhang Pu , Deng Jie , Sun Hongbin , Wen Xiaoan , Liu Jun
Published: October 2017

A practical synthesis of α‐amyrin (1), β‐amyrin (2), and lupeol (3) was accomplished in total yields of 32, 42, and 40% starting from easily available ursolic acid (4), oleanolic acid (5), and betulin (6), respectively. Remarkably, these three natural pentacyclic triterpenes exhibited potential inhibitory activity against human oxidosqualene cyclase.
New Biguanides as Anti‐Diabetic Agents, Part II: Synthesis and Anti‐Diabetic Properties Evaluation of 1‐Arylamidebiguanide Derivatives as Agents of Insulin Resistant Type II Diabetes
Authors: Basyouni Wahid M. , Abbas Samir Y. , El Shehry Mohamed F. , El‐Bayouki Khairy A.M. , Aly Hanan F. , Arafa Azza , Soliman Mahmoud S.
Published: October 2017

New 1‐arylamidebiguanide hydrochloride salts were synthesized via reaction of hydrazide derivatives with dicyandiamide in acidic medium. The structure of the obtained derivatives was characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis tools. The anti‐diabetic properties of the synthesized compounds were determined. Oral treatment of hyperglycemic rats with the synthesized biguanide derivatives showed a significant decrease of the elevated glucose in comparison with the anti‐diabetic standard drug, metformin. The effects of the synthesized biguanide derivatives on the diabetic properties regarding liver function enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, and TL), lipid peroxide, and nitrous oxide as well as histopathological characteristics were investigated and discussed.