bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projetos de vida e constituição de identidades juvenis na interface com a religião e a política
Authors: Serafin Thaís , Mezzomo Frank Antonio , Pátaro Cristina Satiê Oliveira
Published: August 2018

Compreendendo o projeto como a prefiguração de ações em um cenário de valores, a pesquisa analisa os projetos de vida de jovens ingressantes em 2014 na Universidade Estadual do Paraná (Unespar), nas interfaces com o engajamento e pertencimento religioso e político. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário aplicado aos 282 ingressantes do câmpus de Campo Mourão, bem como de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas junto a 3 jovens de diferentes pertencimentos religiosos. Os resultados indi-cam que os projetos de vida dos jovens denotam um sentimento de insegurança e incerteza, e se articulam a preocupações específicas quanto ao futuro e ao mundo do trabalho. Ademais, chama atenção a relevância da religiosidade na vida dos jovens, sendo que os valores transmitidos pela religião perpassam pelas vidas e projetos dos participantes. A análise indica ainda uma maior participação e vinculação religiosa se comparada à participação em atividades da política institucional, sobretudo aquelas atreladas ao Estado. Foi ainda expressiva a participação dos jovens em atividades de cunho social e assistencial, muitas delas incentivadas pela própria religião, o que permite especular acerca de novas formas e estratégias de parti-cipação política e social.
Structures reveal opening of the store-operated calcium channel Orai
Authors: Hou Xiaowei , Burstein Shana R , Long Stephen Barstow
Published: August 2018

The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) channel Orai governs Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane of many non-excitable cells in metazoans. The channel opens in response to the depletion of Ca2+ stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Loss- and gain-of-function mutants of Orai cause disease. Our previous work revealed the structure of Orai with a closed pore. Here, using a gain-of-function mutation that constitutively activates the channel, we present an X-ray structure of Drosophila melanogaster Orai in an open conformation. Well-defined electron density maps reveal that the pore is dramatically dilated on its cytosolic side in comparison to the slender closed pore. Cations and anions bind in different regions of the open pore, informing mechanisms for ion permeation and Ca2+ selectivity. Opening of the pore requires the release of cytosolic latches. Together with additional X-ray structures of an unlatched-but-closed conformation, we propose a sequence for store-operated activation.
Exposición y sensibilización a insectos en pacientes alérgicos en el trópico
Authors: Sánchez Jorge , Sánchez Andrés , Cardona Ricardo
Published: August 2018

Introducción. Los ácaros son una importante fuente de alérgenos en el trópico, pero poco se han estudiado otras fuentes potenciales de alérgenos prevalentes en la zona, como los insectos.Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la exposición y la sensibilización alérgica a cucarachas, mosquitos y hormigas, y su interacción con la sensibilización a los ácaros.Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con pruebas de alergia para Blatella germanica, Aedes aegypti, Solenopsis invicta, Blomia tropicalis, Dermatophagoides farinae y D. pteronyssinus. Se determinó la sensibilización mediada por inmunoglobulina E (IgE) mediante pruebas intraepidérmicas. Para la exposición a los insectos en las casas, se utilizaron trampas para insectos rastreros y voladores.Resultados. Se incluyeron 186 pacientes, de los cuales 73 (39,2 %) presentaron sensibilidad a uno de los insectos (cucarachas: 21 %, mosquitos: 29 %, hormigas: 26,3 %). De estos, 71 (97,2 %) presentaron sensibilización a los ácaros, en tanto que de los 148 pacientes sensibilizados a algún ácaro, solo el 47,9 % lo estaba a algún insecto. Se evaluaron 104 casas: en el 74 %, se encontraron cucarachas, en el 22%, hormigas, y en el 52 %, mosquitos. En los pacientes sensibilizados a los insectos, el número de insectos por casa tuvo una relación directa con el tamaño del habón aparecido durante la prueba cutánea: cucaracha, r=0,781 (p<0,001), mosquito, r=0,811 (p<0,001), hormiga, r=0,840 (p<0,001).Conclusión. La sensibilización a los insectos es frecuente en la población alérgica del trópico y está fuertemente asociada con la sensibilización a los ácaros.
Leishmaniasis cutánea y embarazo
Authors: Jaimes Ángel , Rodríguez Gerzaín
Published: August 2018

Se estudió a una mujer de 19 años, con embarazo de cuatro meses, que presentaba cuatro úlceras cutáneas de tres meses de evolución, diagnosticadas por biopsia como leishmaniasis cutánea. El frotis directo y la leishmanina fueron negativos.Dado que todos los medicamentos usuales para la leishmaniasis cutánea están contraindicados en el embarazo, la paciente no recibió tratamiento, aunque curó espontáneamente durante el embarazo. Se cree que la leishmaniasis cutánea no tiene peligro para la mujer embarazada y que no hay transmisión de la madre al feto en el humano, aunque se ha detectado en animales en condiciones experimentales.La paciente tuvo un parto sin complicaciones y la condición de salud tanto de ella como de su hijo era normal a los dos años de seguimiento.
Early-season crop mapping using improved artificial immune network (IAIN) and Sentinel data
Authors: Hao Pengyu , Tang Huajun , Chen Zhongxin , Liu Zhengjia
Published: August 2018

Substantial efforts have been made to identify crop types by region, but few studies have been able to classify crops in early season, particularly in regions with heterogeneous cropping patterns. This is because image time series with both high spatial and temporal resolution contain a number of irregular time series, which cannot be identified by most existing classifiers. In this study, we firstly proposed an improved artificial immune network (IAIN), and tried to identify major crops in Hengshui, China at early season using IAIN classifier and short image time series. A time series of 15-day composited images was generated from 10 m spatial resolution Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data. Near-infrared (NIR) band and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were selected as optimal bands by pair-wise Jeffries–Matusita distances and Gini importance scores calculated from the random forest algorithm. When using IAIN to identify irregular time series, overall accuracy of winter wheat and summer crops were 99% and 98.55%, respectively. We then used the IAIN classifier and NIR and NDVI time series to identify major crops in the study region. Results showed that winter wheat could be identified 20 days before harvest, as both the producer’s accuracy (PA) and user’s accuracy (UA) values were higher than 95% when an April 1–May 15 time series was used. The PA and UA of cotton and spring maize were higher than 95% with image time series longer than April 1–August 15. As spring maize and cotton mature in late August and September–October, respectively, these two crops can be accurately mapped 4–6 weeks before harvest. In addition, summer maize could be accurately identified after August 15, more than one month before harvest. This study shows the potential of IAIN classifier for dealing with irregular time series and Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 image time series at early-season crop type mapping, which is useful for crop management.
Patterns of cybervictimization and emotion regulation in adolescents and adults
Authors: Vranjes Ivana , Erreygers Sara , Vandebosch Heidi , Baillien Elfi , De Witte Hans
Published: August 2018

Research on cyberbullying has boomed in the past two decades. Findings from studies among adolescents suggest that they can be classified into distinct groups based on their cyberbullying experience, and that cyberbullying seems to be related to poor emotion regulation. So far, only a few studies have examined cyberbullying among adult workers and it is unclear whether cyberbullying develops similarly in that population. Therefore, in this study cyberbullying victimization was assessed in adolescents and adult workers simultaneously to address three aims: (1) to explore which groups can be distinguished based on their cyberbullying experience; (2) to analyze the associations of group membership with the way people regulate their emotions; and (3) to examine whether the results are comparable in adolescents and adults. Latent class analysis was used to analyze data from 1,426 employees and 1,715 adolescents in the first year of secondary education (12–13 years old). In each population, three profiles differing in their patterns of cybervictimization were identified: no cybervictimization (80%), work‐related cybervictimization (18%), and pervasive cybervictimization (3%) for adults, and no cybervictimization (68%), similar‐to‐offline cybervictimization (27%), and pervasive cybervictimization (4%) for adolescents. Furthermore, these profiles differed in their use of emotion regulation strategies, with pervasive cyber‐victims suppressing their emotions significantly more than other groups. Future research is needed to clarify the role of emotion regulation in cyberbullying as an antecedent or consequence of victimization.
Phase‐Change Superlattice Materials toward Low Power Consumption and High Density Data Storage: Microscopic Picture, Working Principles, and Optimization
Authors: Li Xian‐Bin , Chen Nian‐Ke , Wang Xue‐Peng , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: August 2018

To meet the requirement of big data era and neuromorphic computations, nonvolatile memory with fast speed, high density, and low power consumption is urgently needed. As an emerging technology, phase‐change memory is a promising candidate to solve this problem. However, the drawback of the high power consumption hinders their applications. Most recently, a new phase‐change material of [(GeTe)x/(Sb2Te3)y]n superlattice attracts intensive attentions owing to its ultralow power consumption comparing with conventional phase‐change memory devices. Many studies on this new material have been reported. However, there still lacks a comprehensive and unified understanding of its atomic picture and working mechanism. This article at first summarizes the broad applications for phase‐change materials. Then, the major progresses of phase‐change superlattices to understand the microscopic structure and working principles for data storage are discussed. Strategies on material optimizations to further enhance device performances are proposed. Finally, an outlook on new applications with these advanced superlattice materials is suggested.
Essential Effects on the Mobility Extraction Reliability for Organic Transistors
Authors: Xu Yong , Sun Huabin , Liu Ao , Zhu Huihui , Li Binhong , Minari Takeo , Balestra Francis , Ghibaudo Gerard , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: August 2018

The reliability of mobility has come to be a critical issue to the development of new electronics especially for organic electronics, since mobility is typically extracted from field‐effect transistors containing various extrinsic effects and overestimation is popular in the literature. Recently, this issue is emphasized and a reliability factor (r) is proposed by pioneers to gauge the mobility reported. Albeit many factors discussed, how much the extrinsic effects influencerremains unrevealed and a facile solution by using organic transistors is still lacking. Here, it is shown that the widely used extraction method based on the saturation transfer characteristics is sensitive to contact effect and temperature withrdropping to 43%, indeed leading to large mobility overestimation. By contrast, the linear‐regime methods are more reliable particularly the Y‐function method that demonstrates great reliability (r≈ 100%) even for short‐channel transistors at ultralow temperatures. In addition, operating in saturation regime induces ambipolar conduction further deteriorating reliability if contact doping is absent. High Schottky barriers, on the other side, distort device characteristics making extraction impossible. The results of this study reveal that, aside from device optimizations, selecting a right method is essential for reliable and precise evaluation of the carrier mobility by using organic transistors.
Self‐Templating Approaches to Hollow Nanostructures
Authors: Feng Ji , Yin Yadong
Published: August 2018

This current research progress on the fabrication of hollow nanostructures by using self‐templating methods is reviewed. After a brief introduction to the unique properties and applications of hollow nanostructures and the three general fabrication routes, the discussions are focused on the five main self‐templating strategies, including galvanic replacement, the Kirkendall effect, Ostwald ripening, dissolution–regrowth, and the surface‐protected hollowing process. Some newly developed synthetic routes are selected and discussed in detail. In conclusion, a summary and the perspectives on the directions that might lead the future development of this exciting field are presented.
Electronic Band Engineering in Elemental 2D Materials
Authors: Meng Ziyuan , Zhuang Jincheng , Xu Xun , Hao Weichang , Dou Shi Xue , Du Yi
Published: August 2018

Research on 2D materials is one of the leading topics in the fields of condensed matter physics and materials science, due to their novel properties which are absent in their bulk allotropes. The 2D limitation provides great flexibility to engineer the electronic properties, which is crucial for innovative device applications. In this review, the recent research on the electronic properties of elemental 2D materials, which do not exist in nature, is focused. These 2D materials are stabilized by their underlying substrates, leading to the abundant buckled structures. The buckling can break symmetries, making it possible to explore new emerging physics, such as topological superconductivity, valley‐polarized metals, and the quantum spin Hall effect in these 2D materials. The relationship between the degree of buckling and the electronic structures in these 2D materials is reviewed from both the experimental side and simulation results, and finally, the challenges and outlook for this field are discussed.
Performance Standards of Comprehensive Airway Management for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Panchal Ashish R. , Way David P. , King Andrew M. , Yudkowsky Rachel , Terndrup Thomas E. ,   the Airway Mastery Collaborative (AMC)
Published: August 2018

Background

The Emergency Medicine (EM) Milestone Project provides guidance for assessment of resident trainee airway management proficiency (PC10). Although milestones provide a general structure for assessment, they do not define performance standards. The objective of this project was to establish comprehensive airway management performance standards for EM trainees at both novice and mastery levels of proficiency.

Methods

Comprehensive airway management standards were derived using standard‐setting procedures. A panel of residency education and airway management experts was convened to determine how trainees would be expected to perform on 51 individual tasks in a standardized airway management simulation encompassing preparation, endotracheal intubation, backup airway use, and ventilation. Experts participated in facilitated exercises in which they were asked to 1) define which items were critical for patient safety, 2) predict the performance of a “novice” learner, and 3) predict the performance of a “mastery” learner nearing independent practice. Experts were given a worksheet to complete and descriptive statistics were calculated using STATA 14.

Results

Experts identified 39 of 51 (76%) airway management items as critical for patient safety. Experts also noted that novice trainees do not need to complete all the items deemed to be critical prior to starting practice since they will be supervised by a board‐certified EM physician. In contrast, mastery‐level trainees would be expected to successfully complete not only the critical tasks, but also nearly all the items in the assessment (49/51, 96%) since they are nearing independent practice.

Conclusion

In this study, we established EM resident performance standards for comprehensive airway management during a simulation scenario. Future work will focus on validating these performance standards in current resident trainees as they move from simulation to actual patient care.
Mutations and karyotype predict treatment response in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Idossa Dame , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Pardanani Animesh , Gangat Naseema , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: August 2018

We examined the influence of mutations and karyotype on conventional treatment response, specifically hematological improvement in anemia, in primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Cytogenetic and next generation sequencing (NGS)‐derived mutation information was available in 357 patients (median age 74 years; 70% males); the revised international prognostic scoring system risk distribution was very high in 11%, high 15%, intermediate 17%, low 40% and very low 16%. At least one mutation was detected in 81% of patients; most frequent were SF3B1 (32%), ASXL1 (27%), TET2 (24%) and U2AF1 (15%). At median follow‐up of 24 months, treatment with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) was documented in 121 (34%) patients, lenalidomide (LEN) in 55 (15%), and erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) in 136 (38%). ASXL1 mutations adversely affected response to HMAs (27% vs 48%; P = 0.02) and LEN (9% vs 43%; P = 0.04), but not ESAs (P = 0.6). LEN response was also adversely affected by U2AF1 mutations (0% vs 42%; P = 0.02) and high risk karyotype (0% vs 41% in intermediate vs 47% in low risk; P = 0.01). Patients with SF3B1 mutations were more likely to respond to LEN (56% vs 27%; P = 0.04). Contrary to previous reports, we found no association between TET2 mutations and HMA treatment response (40% vs 41%; P = 0.9), even in the absence of ASXL1 mutations (P = 0.4).We conclude that ASXL1 mutations in MDS predict inferior response to treatment with both HMAs and LEN; response to LEN was also compromised by U2AF1 mutations and high risk karyotype; SF3B1 mutations identified patients likely to respond to LEN.
Self‐reported physician‐diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and spirometry patterns in Vietnam Era US Army Chemical Corps veterans: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cypel Yasmin S. , Hines Stella E. , Davey Victoria J. , Eber Stephanie M. , Schneiderman Aaron I.
Published: August 2018

Background

Research on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and herbicide exposure in Vietnam War veterans is limited.

Methods

Survey data were collected from 3193 US Army Chemical Corps veterans on herbicide exposure and self‐reported physician‐diagnosed COPD. Three spirometric patterns were used to define airflow obstruction (AFO): (i) FEV1/FVC < 70% (“fixed ratio”); (ii) FEV1/FVC < lower limit of normal (“LLN”); and (iii) (FEV1/FVC < LLN and FVC ≥ LLN and FEV1<LLN) or (FEV1/FVC<LLN and FEV1 ≥ LLN) (“specific obstruction”). Associations between herbicide exposure and self‐reported COPD and spirometric‐AFO were determined using regression.

Results

COPD prevalence varied (self‐reports: 20.1%; spirometry: 29.8%, 12.9%, 8.4% by fixed ratio, LLN, and specific obstruction definitions, respectively). Spirometric parameters did not differ by exposure. Self‐reported COPD and herbicide exposure were significantly associated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.82, 95% confidence intervaI: 1.48,2.24). No association was found between spirometric‐AFO and herbicide exposure.

Conclusions

A significant association was found between herbicide exposure and self‐reported physician‐diagnosed COPD but not when COPD diagnosis was based on spirometry.
Social play among black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) immatures during intergroup encounters
Authors: Gennuso Maria S. , Brividoro Melina , Pavé Romina , Raño Mariana , Kowalewski Martin
Published: August 2018

We studied intergroup social play (IGSP) among immatures in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. IGSP events are one form of affiliative interaction that can occur during intergroup encounters. The main goal of this study was to analyze IGSP in A. caraya immatures and assess how intrinsic (e.g., age and sex) and extrinsic (e.g., seasonality) factors can influence the development of this type of social behavior. We followed 12 groups between 2008 and 2015 and recorded 182 encounters and 61 events of IGSP. Considering the composition of play partners, most IGSP events occurred among juveniles of both sexes (33%), followed by juveniles that were only‐male (31%), and finally between mixed‐sex juveniles and infants (20%) interactions. Additionally, most IGSP events occurred mainly in summer (56%), followed by spring (29%), with fewer events occurring in autumn (15%) and no IGSP events recorded in winter. Our results suggest that IGSP constitutes a beneficial activity in wild A. caraya that promotes behavioral flexibility, where immatures acquire social skills, such as tolerance, by interacting with unknown individuals. Moreover, the higher participation of young males in IGSP is consistent with the fact that adult black and gold howler males tend to be more actively involved in group encounters than females, supporting the hypothesis that social play provides benefits in the development of motor and social skills. Finally, seasonality in the frequencies of IGSP might be related to availability of foods with high and easily mobilized energy content in summer and spring.
Tooth grooves, occlusal striations, dental calculus, and evidence for fiber processing in an Italian eneolithic/bronze age cemetery
Authors: Sperduti Alessandra , Giuliani Maria Rita , Guida Giuseppe , Petrone Pier Paolo , Rossi Paola Francesca , Vaccaro Serena , Frayer David W. , Bondioli Luca
Published: August 2018

Objectives

We conducted a systematic macroscopic and microscopic examination of occlusal and para‐occlusal wear in a large dental sample (n = 3,014) from 217 individuals dated to the Early Bronze age site of Gricignano d'Aversa, Italy. We used macroscopic and microscopic techniques to document nondietary occlusal and para‐occlusal wear and to analyze calculus inclusions in some of the teeth. In combining an analysis of the wear with the calculus inclusions we linked the specific wear to the likely fiber that was involved in producing it.

Materials and methods

Teeth and their high resolution epoxy casts were analyzed through SEM and reflected light microscopes. Nineteen individuals (fifteen with activity induced dental modifications and four as a control sample) were examined for the presence of calculus inclusions.

Results

Activity induced dental modifications (AIDMs), notches, grooves and micro‐striations, were found in the 62.2% of the adult females, in 21.2% of the adults of unknown sex and in a single male. We found the full spectrum of dental manipulations from very minor nonocclusal wear in some young individuals to severe attrition at the other extreme. The width of the striations and grooves, mostly on the upper incisors, suggests a craft activity involving fibers and thread production and manipulation. From the dental calculus of two females with grooves and striations, we extracted three fragments of fibers, identified as hemp (Cannabis, sp.). Previously from Gricignano woven hemp fibers were found on both surfaces of a metal blade associated with a male burial.

Discussion

This study found the co‐occurrence of tooth AIDMs and the actual fibers preserved in the dental calculus. As more work is done analyzing dental calculus in a variety of humans, it is apparent that this biological material holds rich resources documenting non‐dietary habits.
Do forelimb shape and peak forces co‐vary in strepsirrhines?
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Granatosky Michael C. , Hanna Jandy B. , Schmitt Daniel
Published: August 2018

Objectives

In this study, we explore whether ground reaction forces recorded during horizontal walking co‐vary with the shape of the long bones of the forelimb in strepsirrhines. To do so, we quantify (1) the shape of the shaft and articular surfaces of each long bone of the forelimb, (2) the peak vertical, mediolateral, and horizontal ground reaction forces applied by the forelimb during arboreal locomotion, and (3) the relationship between the shape of the forelimb and peak forces.

Materials and methods

Geometric morphometric approaches were used to quantify the shape of the bones. Kinetic data were collected during horizontal arboreal walking in eight species of strepsirrhines that show variation in habitual substrate use and morphology of the forelimb. These data were then used to explore the links between locomotor behavior, morphology, and mechanics using co‐variation analyses in a phylogenetic framework.

Results

Our results show significant differences between slow quadrupedal climbers (lorises), vertical clinger and leapers (sifaka), and active arboreal quadrupeds (ring‐tailed lemur, ruffed lemur) in both ground reaction forces and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb, with the propulsive and medially directed peak forces having the highest impact on the shape of the humerus. Co‐variation between long bone shape and ground reaction forces was detected in both the humerus and ulna even when accounting for differences in body mass.

Discussion

These results demonstrate the importance of considering limb‐loading beyond just peak vertical force, or substrate reaction force. A re‐evaluation of osseous morphology and functional interpretations is necessary in light of these findings.
A new multivariate method for determining sex of immature human remains using the maxillary first molar
Authors: Aris Christopher , Nystrom Pia , Craig‐Atkins Elizabeth
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This study investigated the use of sexually dimorphic metrics of the first permanent maxillary molar (M1) to determine sex in adult and immature individuals within and between populations.

Methods

Ten M1 dimensions were measured in 91 adults (19–55 years) and 58 immatures (5–18 years) from two English populations, one of documented sex (Spitalfields crypt) and another of morphologically‐assigned sex (Black Gate). Preliminary statistical analysis was undertaken to explore bilateral differences and variation by age and sex, followed by multivariate analyses to predict sex from dental metrics.

Results

Both cross‐validated linear discriminant analysis and binary logistic regression predicted biological sex consistent with known sex in 94.6% of adults and 90.9% of immatures. When functions extracted from the Spitalfields data were used to assign sex to Black Gate adults, consistency with morphological sex varied from 83.3% to 57.7%. A new function developed on Black Gate resulted in only a 4.8% increase in maximum accuracy but reduced bias. The immature cohort comprised 19 (52.8%) males and 17 (47.2%) females.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates substantial sexual dimorphism in a single tooth which is commonly preserved in archaeological and forensic contexts. It successfully assigns biological sex to immatures from 5 years of age with substantially greater accuracy than any other morphological or metric method. We suggest that accurate cross‐population functions based on dentition require a trade‐off between accuracy and applicability, and that functions extracted from populations of documented sex can be used to assign sex to other archaeological and forensic remains.
Simultaneous Preparation of Multiple Polymer Brushes under Ambient Conditions using Microliter Volumes
Authors: Narupai Benjaporn , Page Zachariah A. , Treat Nicolas J. , McGrath Alaina J. , Pester Christian W. , Discekici Emre H. , Dolinski Neil D. , Meyers Gregory F. , Read de Alaniz Javier , Hawker Craig J.
Published: August 2018

The fabrication of well‐defined, multifunctional polymer brushes under ambient conditions is described. This facile method uses light‐mediated, metal‐free atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to grow polymer brushes with only microliter volumes required. Key to the success of this strategy is the dual action of N‐phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as both an oxygen scavenger and polymerization catalyst. Use of simple glass cover slips results in a high degree of spatial and temporal control and allows for multiple polymer brushes to be grown simultaneously. The preparation of arbitrary 3D patterns and functional/emissive polymer brushes demonstrates the practicality and versatility of this novel strategy.
Selective and Catalytic Hydrocarboxylation of Enamides and Imines with CO2 to Generate α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Ju Tao , Fu Qiang , Ye Jian‐Heng , Zhang Zhen , Liao Li‐Li , Yan Si‐Shun , Tian Xing‐Yang , Luo Shu‐Ping , Li Jing , Yu Da‐Gang
Published: August 2018

The first catalytic hydrocarboxylation of enamides and imines with CO2 to generate valuable α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids is reported. Notably, excellent chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity are achieved, significantly different from previous reports on β‐carboxylation of enamides, homocoupling or reduction of imines. Moreover, this transition‐metal‐free procedure exhibits low loading of an inexpensive catalyst, easily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, facile scalability and easy product derivatization, providing great potential for application in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical chemistry, and biochemistry.
Verbesserung der Selektivität und Kinetik bei der photooxidativen Zyklisierung mittels supramolekularer Kontrolle
Authors: Haldar Ritesh , Diring Stéphane , Samanta Pralok K. , Muth Marius , Clancy William , Mazel Antoine , Schlabach Sabine , Kirschhöfer Frank , Brenner‐Weiß Gerald , Pati Swapan K. , Odobel Fabrice , Wöll Christof
Published: August 2018

Photochemische Reaktionen verlaufen typischerweise über mehrere Reaktionswege und führen zu einer Vielfalt von Produkten. Die Verbesserung ihrer Selektivität ist anspruchsvoll. Hier wird das Potential einer supramolekularen Steuerung für die photooxidative Zyklisierung eines Tetraaryleethylens (oder substituierten Stilbens) mit stereogener C=C‐Bindung demonstriert. In Lösung führt diese langsame photochemische Reaktion zu drei Phenantren‐Konstitutionsisomeren. Wird die Startverbindung in einen kristallinen Rahmen gesetzt, bildet sich nur ein Reaktionsprodukt, und die Reaktion wird erheblich beschleunigt. Entscheidend ist hier die Integration in ein SURMOF; die drastische Selektivitätszunahme wird auf die Einschränkung der Rotationsfreiheit der C=C‐Bindung zurückgeführt. Die Struktur des MOF ist verantwortlich für diesen Erfolg; die entsprechende Reaktion im Festkörper führt nicht zu einem solch starken Selektivitätsanstieg. Außerdem ist nach der photooxidativen Zyklisierung eine erhebliche Veränderung der Lumineszenzeigenschaften zu beobachten.
Metal‐ and Oxidant‐Free Alkenyl C−H/Aromatic C−H Cross‐Coupling Using Electrochemically Generated Iodosulfonium Ions
Authors: Hayashi Ryutaro , Shimizu Akihiro , Davies Jonathan A. , Ishizaki Yu , Willis Chris , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: August 2018

A three‐step transformation consisting of 1) addition of electrochemically generated iodosulfonium ions to vinylarenes to give (1‐aryl‐2‐iodoethoxy)sulfonium ions, 2) nucleophilic substitution by subsequently added aromatic compounds to give 1,1‐diaryl‐2‐iodoethane, and 3) elimination of HI with a base to give 1,1‐diarylethenes was developed. The transformation serves as a powerful metal‐ and chemical‐oxidant‐free method for alkenyl C−H/aromatic C−H cross‐coupling.
Mechanische Stabilität versus ultrahohe Porosität in kristallinen Netzwerkmaterialien: ein Balanceakt!
Authors: Hönicke Ines M. , Senkovska Irena , Bon Volodymyr , Baburin Igor A. , Bönisch Nadine , Raschke Silvia , Evans Jack D. , Kaskel Stefan
Published: August 2018

Ein neues mesoporöses metallorganisches Netzwerk (DUT‐60) wurde zunächst am Computer aus Zn4O6+‐Knoten sowie ditopen und tritopen Liganden entworfen, um die Stabilitätsgrenzen von Gerüstverbindungen mit ultrahoher Porosität zu untersuchen. Die robuste ith‐d‐Topologie von DUT‐60 erreicht einen mittleren Kompressions‐ und Schermodul (4.97 GPa und 0.50 GPa), eine entscheidende Voraussetzung, um ein Kollabieren der Poren während der Desolvatisierung zu unterdrücken. Hierauf wurde eine von Clustern ausgehende Route ausgearbeitet, um durch Solvothermalsynthese mit minimaler Nebenproduktbildung das neue kristalline Netzwerk (DUT‐60) herzustellen, das mit dem höchsten jemals gemessenen Porenvolumen (5.02 cm3 g−1) alle bekannten kristallinen Netzwerkmaterialien übertrifft.
Trefoil‐Shaped Porous Nanographenes Bearing a Tribenzotriquinacene Core by Three‐fold Scholl Macrocyclization
Authors: He Lisi , Ng Chun‐Fai , Li Yuke , Liu Zhifeng , Kuck Dietmar , Chow Hak‐Fun
Published: August 2018

Porous curved polycyclic aromatic compounds 6 and 14 bearing a tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) core encircled by an m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m‐cyclododecaphenylene belt were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These trefoil hydrocarbon macrocycles were constructed in high yield using an intramolecular three‐fold Scholl macrocyclization. X‐ray crystal analysis of 14 demonstrated a large wizard‐hat‐shaped structure with three pores (radii 2.9–3.0 Å). The π‐stacking aggregation of the hexa‐n‐dodecyloxy derivative 6 a and the chloride anion binding properties of 14 were studied by NMR spectroscopy. Such stacking and anion binding properties were much weaker in the singly 11 and doubly macrocyclized products 12.
Polymer Donors for High‐Performance Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fu Huiting , Wang Zhaohui , Sun Yanming
Published: August 2018

Over the past few years, non‐fullerene organic solar cells have been a focus of research and their power conversion efficiencies have been improved dramatically from about 6 % to over 14 %. In addition to innovations in non‐fullerene acceptors, the ongoing development of polymer donors has contributed significantly to the rapid progress of non‐fullerene organic solar cell performance. This Minireview highlights the polymer donors that enable high‐performance non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We show the impressive photovoltaic devices results achieved by some of important classes of conjugated polymer systems in non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We discuss the molecular design strategies as far as developing matching polymer donors for non‐fullerene acceptors. We conclude with a brief summary and outlook for advances in donor polymers required for commercialization.
Revealing the Immunogenic Risk of Polymers
Authors: Li Bowen , Yuan Zhefan , Hung Hsiang‐Chien , Ma Jinrong , Jain Priyesh , Tsao Caroline , Xie Jingyi , Zhang Peng , Lin Xiaojie , Wu Kan , Jiang Shaoyi
Published: August 2018

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugation has been the gold standard to ameliorate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and immunological profiles of proteins. PEG polymer does become immunogenic once attached to proteins, evoking PEG‐specific antibody (Ab) responses. The anti‐PEG Abs could cause PEGylated biologic treatments to fail and even result in lethal adverse reactions. Thus the zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (PCB) has been introduced as a PEG substitute for protein modification. Addressed herein is anti‐polymer Ab induction by conjugating PEG and PCB polymers to a series of carrier proteins with escalating immunogenicity. Results indicate that titers of PEG‐specific Abs were quantitatively correlated to the immunogenicity of carrier proteins, whereas the generation of PCB‐specific Abs was minimal and insensitive to increased protein immunogenicity. This work provides insight into the immunological properties of PEG and PCB and has far‐reaching implications for the development of polymer‐protein conjugates.
A Porous Pyrochlore Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7–δ Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Performance towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media
Authors: Kim Jaemin , Shih Pei‐Chieh , Qin Yao , Al‐Bardan Zaid , Sun Cheng‐Jun , Yang Hong
Published: August 2018

A robust porous structure is often needed for practical applications in electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, batteries, and electrolyzers. While templating approach is useful for the preparation of porous materials in general, it is not effective for the synthesis of oxide‐based electrocatalysts owing to the chemical instability of disordered porous materials thus created. Now the synthesis of phase‐pure porous yttrium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide using an unconventional porogen of perchloric acid is presented. The lattice oxygen defects are formed by the mixed‐valence state of Ru4+/5+ through the partial substitution of Ru4+ with Y3+ cations, leading to the formation of mixed B‐site Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7−δ. This porous Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7−δ electrocatalyst exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 560 s−1 (at 1.5 V versus RHE) for the oxygen evolution reaction, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the RuO2 reference catalyst (5.41 s−1).
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer, DNA binding and cleavage studies of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes of Schiff base ligand 3‐(2‐(1‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one and crystal structure of the ligand
Authors: Sukanya Panaganti , Venkata Ramana Reddy Chittireddy
Published: August 2018

A Schiff base ligand, 3‐(2‐(1‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one (BZHQO), has been synthesized by the condensation of 3‐hydrazinylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one and 1‐(1H‐benzoimidazol‐2‐yl) ethanone and characterized using spectral and single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes of the BZHQO ligand have been synthesized and characterized. The interactions of the ligand and its metal complexes with calf thymus DNA have been investigated using absorption spectroscopy and the intrinsic binding constant has been evaluated. Agarose gel electrophoresis has been performed to study the abilities of the ligand and its metal complexes to cleave supercoiled pBR322 DNA into nicked circular form. In vitro anticancer activities of the Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes have been investigated by MTT assay, using the cell lines HeLa, B16‐F10, SKOV3 and MCF7. The Cu (II) complex has been found to be active against HeLa, B16‐F10 and MCF7, while the Ni (II) complex has been found to be active against MCF‐7.
Separation of Triacylglycerols from Edible Oil Using a Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry System with a Porous Graphitic Carbon Column and a Toluene–Isopropanol Gradient Mobile Phase
Authors: Zhang Shi‐Ding , Gong Can , Lu Yan , Xu Xu
Published: August 2018

This study presented a rapid and practical method of separating triacylglycerol (TAG) from edible oil using high‐performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/mass spectrometry (MS) system with a porous graphitic carbon column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) and a toluene–isopropanol–formic acid mobile phase. After investigating the experimental conditions, the gradient toluene–isopropanol mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid was changed from 50:50 to 80:20 in 30 min; the column temperature was set to 35 °C, and APCI/MS was used in the positive‐ion acquisition mode. The TAG retention displayed a special order and was summarized to fit as follows: S‐ECN (special equivalent carbon number) = 2CN (carbon number) − 3dB (double bond number) – 5uFA (unsaturated fatty‐acid number). Then, the LC–MS method was applied to separate TAG in 6 vegetable oils, resulting in the recognition of 27 TAG in corn oil, 21 TAGs in olive oil, 22 TAG in sunflower seed oil, 28 TAG in soybean oil, 25 TAG in sesame oil, and 31 TAG in peanut oil. The TAG separation through the LC–MS method was rapid, reproducible, and durable.
Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Schutz von Bauteilen unter Pflasterbelägen
Authors: Dauberschmidt Christoph , Becker Felix
Published: August 2018

Der Einsatz von durchlässigen Pflasterbelägen für Parkflächen z. B. in eingeschossigen Tiefgaragen ohne anstehendes Grundwasser oder im Erdgeschoss von Parkhäusern gehört mittlerweile zu den gängigsten Ausführungsvarianten, um die relativ kostenintensiven und zu beschichtenden Stahlbetonbodenplatten als Fahrbahn zu vermeiden. Wird auf eine tragende Bodenplatte verzichtet, werden die Lasten über Einzel‐ und Streifenfundamente unter dem Pflasterbelag in den Baugrund abgeleitet. Dementsprechend gelangen von PKW eingeschleppte Chloride durch den durchlässigen Pflasterbelag an die im Baugrund liegenden Bauteile. Um die Dauerhaftigkeit der Stahlbetonbauteile unter dem Pflasterbelag bei Chloridexposition zu gewährleisten, sind vom Planer entsprechende Maßnahmen vorzusehen.

Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen der Hochschule München an Bestandstiefgaragen belegen, dass es sowohl an den aufgehenden Bauteilen sowie an den Fundamenten zu einer signifikanten Chloridbelastung kommt. Ferner streut die Durchlässigkeit von Pflasterbelägen stark. Die durchgeführten Laboruntersuchungen eines vom DBV geförderten Forschungsvorhabens zeigen, dass Beschichtungen von Stahlbetonbauteilen durch den Einbau des Pflasterbelags geschädigt werden können. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass nicht alle nach DAfStb‐Instandsetzungsrichtlinie (RL‐SIB) definierten Oberflächenschutzsysteme für nicht begeh‐ und befahrbare Flächen die Stahlbetonbauteile ausreichend vor Korrosion schützen.

In den durchgeführten Laborversuchen zeigten sich flexibilisierte mineralische Dichtschlämmen oder OS 5b‐Systeme – welche für dauerhaft anstehendes chloridhaltiges Wasser geprüft wurden – am geeignetsten und können nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand für den Einsatz unter Pflasterbelag empfohlen werden.
Substrate Dependence of Charged Exciton (Trion) for Single‐Layer Molybdenum Disulfide
Authors: Kwon Hyuksang
Published: August 2018

Single‐layer (1L) MoS2 on metallic and non‐metallic substrates have different Raman spectral behaviors, which are attributed to substrate‐induced p‐type doping. Interestingly, the distinct photoluminescence is presented in 1L MoS2/water/mica. Because the intercalated water layer makes an electron‐doped MoS2, the number of charged excitons (trions) increases compared to neutral excitons. Our results help to better understand exciton and trion behaviors for 1L MoS2 on various substrates.
The essential neurological examination of the unconscious patient in the emergency room
Authors: Brich Jochen , Steiert Marius , Rijntjes Michel
Published: August 2018

Objective

To determine whether neurologists with long‐term experience in the emergency room are in general agreement about the essential components of the neurological examination (NE) used on unconscious patients in whom an obvious cause for coma is lacking.

Methods

We surveyed 31 board‐certified practicing neurologists who regularly examine unconscious patients in the emergency room and asked them to list the specific components of the NE that they would normally choose to apply in at least 80% of cases.

Results

Twenty‐seven neurologists rated 24 of 38 items as essential steps of the neurological examination of the unconscious patient, with a high level of agreement amongst survey participants.

Conclusions

There was a high degree of consensus amongst the neurologists surveyed about which steps are essential for the NE of the unconscious patient. These findings provide an important source of validation for teaching this particular NE to medical students, as well as nonneurologists working in an emergency setting.
A platform of genetically engineered bacteria as vehicles for localized delivery of therapeutics: Toward applications for Crohn's disease
Authors: McKay Ryan , Ghodasra Monil , Schardt John , Quan David , Pottash Alex Eli , Shang Wu , Jay Steven M. , Payne Gregory F. , Chang Matthew Wook , March John C. , Bentley William E.
Published: August 2018

For therapies targeting diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, we and others envision probiotic bacteria that synthesize and excrete biotherapeutics at disease sites. Toward this goal, we have engineered commensal E. coli that selectively synthesize and secrete a model biotherapeutic in the presence of nitric oxide (NO), an intestinal biomarker for Crohn's disease (CD). This is accomplished by co‐expressing the pore forming protein TolAIII with the biologic, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). We have additionally engineered these bacteria to accumulate at sites of elevated NO by engineering their motility circuits and controlling pseudotaxis. Importantly, because we have focused on in vitro test beds, motility and biotherapeutics production are spatiotemporally characterized. Together, the targeted recognition, synthesis, and biomolecule delivery comprises a “smart” probiotics platform that may have utility in the treatment of CD. Further, this platform could be modified to accommodate other pursuits by swapping the promoter and therapeutic gene to reflect other disease biomarkers and treatments, respectively.
Computer technologies for model‐based collaborative learning: A research‐based approach with initial findings
Authors: Liu Hong , Spector J. Michael , Ikle Matthew
Published: August 2018

Computer‐based technologies are changing at an accelerating pace and becoming increasingly complex. Smart and context‐aware devices and Internet access enable children and adult learners to gain factual and procedure knowledge about many things anywhere at any time. These computer‐based technologies, if well‐utilized in support of learning, can promote personalized and collaborative education, which research suggests are valuable pedagogies. However, new technologies create a burden on designers and educators to use them effectively in support of learning and instruction. Emphasis on 21st century skills suggests that education should emphasize the development of critical thinking and complex problem‐solving skills. Meanwhile, many educators encounter students who lack motivation and are ill‐prepared in reading and mathematics. In addition, engineering educators face another challenge—namely, the need to frequently update curricula so that students can attain marketable skills and adapt to rapidly changing technologies in the workplace. As it happens, proper use of educational technologies can provide solutions to these challenges. This paper reports one such approach to integrate new technologies in two hybrid synchronous courses using technology‐enabled scaffolds in support of deep learning and enhanced problem‐solving competence in engineering education at small colleges in the United States. The emphasis here is on the developmental approach rather than research analysis.
Educational software tool based on the analytical methodology for design and technological analysis of multi‐step drawing processes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Alabanda Oscar , Guerrero‐Vaca Guillermo , Romero Pablo E. , Sevilla Lorenzo
Published: August 2018

In this work, new analytical method‐based computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) software tool developed for educational purposes is introduced. The software has been conceived for the designing, analysis, and optimization of the multi‐step wiredrawing industrial process. The software was used during four sessions and the student's feedback has been measured by a usability/suitability survey. This paper presents the complete study of the previous situation in the Area of Manufacturing Processes in the Superior Polytechnic School (University of Cordoba, Spain). The positive results from the students encouraged us for the integration of new practical activities supported in the use of this type of software tools, to reinforce the professional skills of students, and show that the new CAM software presents a great potential for competency‐based learning objectives.