bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Biopsy Techniques for Androgen Receptor Assay in Human Prostatic Tissue
Authors: KYPRIANOU NATASHA , WILLIAMS H. , PEELING W. B. , DAVIES P. , GRIFFITHS K.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Androgen receptors were assayed in nuclei prepared from human benign hypertrophic prostate tissue obtained at retropubic prostatectomy by transurethral resection (TURP) and by cold punch resection. Androgen receptor was not detected in 70% of the transurethrally resected samples, and in those cases where receptors were observed they showed no correlation with enucleated samples. However, androgen receptors were detected in all cold punch resected samples and enucleated tissue with similar concentrations evident in samples from the same gland. These results suggest that prostate specimens collected by TURP are not suitable for androgen receptor analysis, whereas the technique of cold punch resection yields prostate samples that are more reliable for a correct evaluation of androgen receptor content.
Bacterial Study of Clean Intermittent Catheterisation in Children
Authors: TAYLOR C. E. D. , M. HUNT GILLIAN , MATTHEWS I. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Deterioration of the upper urinary tract is exceptional in children on clean intermittent catheterisation for neuropathic incontinence and is found only in those with pre‐existing renal damage. This report describes a bacteriological study of 24 children, of whom 10 had renal damage and 14 did not have renal damage before clean intermittent catheterisation began. Boric acid was added as a preservative to samples of urine in preference to the use of dip‐slides because it preserves pus cells as well as bacteria. The incidence of bacteriuria in the two groups was similar (78% of samples from those with, and 72% of samples from those without, pre‐existing renal damage). The groups differed in that the urine of children in the group with pre‐exising renal damage yielded organisms other than Escherichia coli more than twice as often as did the urine of those children without renal damage. Moreover, the children with pre‐existing renal damage were more likely to have fever with urinary tract infection and some of them showed frequent changes of organisms in the urine. Whatever organism was present, however, children in the group with renal damage more often had heavy pyuria.
The Sapphire Crystal Infrared Photocoagulator and Polyglactin (Vicryl) Mesh: Two New Alternatives to the Suturing of Radial Nephrotomies
Authors: GRAINGER R. , WEBB D. R. , ALKEN P. , THÜROFF J. , FITZPATRICK J. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The sapphire crystal infrared photocoagulator and polyglactin (Vicryl) mesh, two new methods for closure of radial nephrotomies, were assessed in 16 dogs. Six radial nephrotomies were carried out in each dog; in 10 the nephrotomies were sealed by the infrared photocoagulator and in six they were left open, but the kidney was covered with a polyglactin mesh. Functional and morphological studies were performed using creatinine clearance, microfil casting, corrosion cast angiography and histology. There was no significant loss of function or loss of renal tissue. Both methods were shown to be safe and effective in the closure of radial nephrotomies.
Fistula and Sinus Formation in Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis; A Clinicopathological Review and Report of Four Cases
Authors: PARSONS M. A. , HARRIS S. C. , GRAINGER R. G. , ROSS B. , SMITH J. A. R. , WILLIAMS J. L.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fistula or deep sinus formation as a complication of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN) has not been described previously in the British literature. We present the clinicopathological features of one case of a nephrodiaphragmatic sinus complicating XPN, and three cases of nephrocolic fistula, including the first recorded case of fistula in childhood XPN. The detailed clinical, radiological and pathological features of XPN and its complications are reviewed. Total nephrectomy, together with primary excision of sinuses or fistulae, is the treatment of choice.
A 5‐year Follow‐up of Undiagnosed Haematuria
Authors: APPLETON G. V. N. , LUTCHMAN G. D. , CHARLTON C. A. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Eighty‐four patients with haematuria were seen during 1976 and 1977. This symptom was investigated but no definite cause could be found. Five or more years later they were followed up. Although some patients had experienced further urological symptoms, none was found to have developed a malignancy in the genito‐urinary tract. Possible causes of their bleeding are discussed.
A Single Plasma Sample Method to Assess Disease Activity in Patients with Bone Metastases from Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: NISBET A. P. , SHAW P. J. , BLACKFORD N. , EDWARDS S. , FOGELMAN I. , LAZARUS C. , MAISEY M. N. , MASHITER G. D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A single blood sample method was used to measure total skeletal activity during routine radionuclide bone scans in 114 patients with known carcinoma of the prostate. The method is based on the measurement of radioactivity in plasma after administration of 99mTc MDP and 51Cr EDTA, providing an assessment of total skeletal activity independent of renal function.

The results showed a significant elevation of skeletal activity in patients with untreated bone metastases when compared with patients with no metastatic spread. Significant elevation with increasing extent of metastases was also shown, the highest activity being in patients with diffuse metastatic spread (superscan). Patients with treated metastatic disease showed significantly lower skeletal activity than patients with untreated bone metastases.

The method requires the use of two radiopharmaceuticals injected as a mixture and potential errors may arise from pharmaceutical instability. In addition, elevation of total skeletal activity may be caused by coexistent metabolic bone disease.

The results suggest that the measure may provide quantitative information in the assessment of the activity of bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma.
The Functional Value of Collateral Testicular Vascularisation: An Experimental Study
Authors: ROMERO‐MAROTO J. , VERDU‐TARTAJO F. , GARCIA‐GONZALEZ R. , GONZALEZ‐GANCEDO P. , CACICEDO L.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The functional value of the collateral testicular vascularisation has been studied in the rat. In some cases the spermatic artery was sectioned at different levels and in others the vasal artery was sectioned. Hormonal, pathological and anatomical parameters were investigated. The results support the concept that the vasal artery is the most important collateral artery and that the cremasteric artery plays little, if any, part. They also support the view that following proximal section of the testicular artery, the collateral testicular blood supply is variable and the effects of this division are unpredictable and inconsistent.
High Pressure Chronic Retention. Incidence, Aetiology and Sinister Implications
Authors: O'REILLY P. H. , BROOMAN P. J. C. , FARAH N. B. , MASON G. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A prospective analysis of 36 consecutive cases of high pressure chronic retention presenting over a 3‐year period is described. Thirty‐nine per cent of patients had malignant prostates and 14% had bladder tumours (overall malignancy rate 53%). The dangers of mismanagement of high pressure chronic retention include uraemic death and hypovolaemic circulatory collapse from neglected post‐obstructive diuresis. The clinician should be prepared to find a high incidence of urological malignant disease in patients presenting with this syndrome.
Continence and Potency Preserving Cystoprostatectomy and Substitution Cystoplasty for Patients with Bladder Cancer
Authors: MUNDY A. R. , NURSE D. E. , DICK J. A. , MURRAY K. H. A.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Fifteen potent men with T3 MO transitional (cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent a technique for cystoprostatectomy designed to preserve the innervation of the distal sphincter mechanism and the corpora cavernosa, and substitution cystoplasty. All patients had previously had radiotherapy.

When the neurovascular bundles were seen to be preserved all patients were continent by day (although one had objectively demonstrable stress incontinence) and 60% were potent. Damage to the neurovascular bundles was usually associated with impotence and a degree of stress incontinence, although the latter was correctable by implantation of an artificial sphincter.

Cystectomy need not necessarily lead to an abdominal stoma or to impotence.
Clinical Significance of Unilateral Testicular Obstruction in Subfertile Males
Authors: HENDRY W. F.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Unilateral testicular obstruction has been defined by exploratory scrototomy in 80 spontaneously infertile males. The most common sites of obstruction were either in the tail of the epididymis after previous infection (40 cases) or in the vas deferens due to congenital absence or after previous infection or surgery (24 cases). Half of the patients had severe oligozoospermia (less than 5 million/ml) and three‐quarters had developed antisperm antibodies, often in high titres. Spermatogenesis was shown by testicular biopsy to be normal (Johnsen score‐count > 8.0) in almost all of the obstructed testes, and serum FSH levels were normal.

Following surgical reconstruction, with prednisolone therapy if indicated by high antisperm antibody titres, 19 (32%) of 60 patients with adequate follow‐up successfully impregnated their female partners, with the best results occurring in 30 men who started with sperm counts < 5 million/ml, 12 of whom (40%) were successful. Removal of irreparably blocked testes in 10 men led to profound falls in high antisperm antibody titres, with production of two pregnancies.

Unilateral testicular obstruction appears to be a correctable cause of infertility in some human males.
Long‐term Results of Conservative and Surgical Management of Blunt Renal Lacerations
Authors: CASS A. S. , LUXENBERG M. , GLEICH P. , SMITH C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In the management of renal lacerations most attention has centred on surgical or non‐surgical treatment and little attention has been given to the long‐term results. We have evaluated the medical records and radiographs of 70 patients with blunt renal lacerations; 30 had initial non‐surgical management and 40 had initial surgical management. Patients with initial non‐surgical management were followed up for an average of 40.4 months. Normal blood pressure and/or radiological evaluation of the kidney were noted in 22% of those who had non‐surgical management (hypertension in 55%) and in 75% of those who had delayed renal surgery (hypertension in 29%). Patients with immediate surgical management were followed up for an average of 49.6 months and normal blood pressure and/or radiological evaluation of the kidney were present in 83% (no hypertension). On long‐term follow‐up, patients with non‐surgical management had a much higher rate of hypertension and/or abnormal radiological evaluation of the kidney than those with immediate surgical management.
A Study of the Pathogenesis, Urodynamic Assessment and Outcome of Detrusor Instability Associated with Bladder Outflow Obstruction
Authors: SPEAKMAN M. J. , SETHIA K. K. , FELLOWS G. J. , SMITH J. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred patients awaiting surgery for bladder outflow obstruction were studied prospectively. All patients completed a symptom score and had urodynamic studies pre‐operatively. These results were not known to the urologist and did not therefore influence the course of surgery.

There was a good positive correlation between both the severity and the duration of irritative symptoms and the presence of detrusor instability. Eighty per cent of patients were significantly improved 3 months post‐operatively. Patients with detrusor instability or low compliance were four times more likely to have an unsatisfactory outcome than those with stable bladders. The outcome could have been predicted in half of the unsuccessful patients on the basis of their pre‐operative symptom score and urodynamic studies.

Whilst a full urodynamic evaluation is usually unnecessary, all patients should have a flow rate estimation and those with a high urgency symptom score and an unexpectedly high flow rate require full urodynamic assessment. These patients should be considered for alternative treatment or warned pre‐operatively of the likely outcome.

Read at the Combined Meeting of the British Association of Urological Surgeons and the Canadian Urological Association in London, June 1986
Changes in Urodynamic Measurements after Successful Anal Electrostimulation in Female Urinary Incontinence
Authors: ERIKSEN B. C. , MJØLNERØD O. K.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty‐five of 71 women with stress, motor urge and mixed stress and motor urge urinary incontinence were treated successfully with a new integrated electrostimulation device (Incontan) used anally. Changes in urodynamic measurements were evaluated when the patients themselves reported cure or significant improvement. The duration of the treatment was 9 to 20 h/day for at least 2 months (mean 9 months). According to the patients' subjective evaluation, 71% were cured of their incontinence and 29% were markedly improved.

In motor urge and mixed incontinence a significant increase in bladder volume at first sensation and at maximum cystometric capacity was found, and 45% of these patients had a normal, stable bladder after treatment. A significant increase in functional urethral length was observed in patients who had had stress incontinence, but the measured increase in maximum urethral pressure was not significant. Of the 16 patients with stress and mixed incontinence who reported cure, 15 had a positive urethral closure pressure during coughing after treatment. Urodynamic analysis confirmed the positive clinical effect observed after electrostimulation therapy. It is recommended as primary therapy in stress, motor urge and mixed stress and motor urge incontinence in women.
Analgesic Nephropathy Complicated by Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
Authors: CHAPPLE C. R. , NEWMAN J. , O'BRIEN J. M. , CONSIDINE J.
Published: November 2008

Following a report by Hultengren et al. (1965), it has been suggested that phenacetin abuse predisposes to urothelial neoplasia. Any part of the urothelium may be affected, but most striking is the high incidence of renal pelvic neoplasia, with over 100 recorded cases in the literature. The first fully documented case from Great Britain is now reported.
Transrectal Ultrasonography Compared with Voiding Cystourethrography after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: FELLOWS G. J. , CANNELL L. B. , RAVICHANDRAN G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transrectal ultrasonography was compared with voiding cystourethrography (VCU) in 27 patients after spinal cord injury. Both techniques gave clear images of the bladder and posterior urethra. Ureteric reflux, intraprostatic reflux and anterior urethral diverticula were seen only on VCU. Ultrasonography showed soft tissue detail and muscle contraction not seen on VCU. Other advantages of ultrasonography included the lack of radiation hazard, allowing prolonged observation; no contrast medium was required and this eliminated the need for catheterisation.
Single‐stage Repair of Urethral Fistula by Vascular Island Groin Flap
Authors: SAHAI R. , SHUKLA G. N.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A new technique for the repair of a urethral fistula at the penoscrotal junction is presented. Under local anaesthesia we have successfully repaired six of these fistulae using a groin island pedicle flap. The urethra is repaired by mobilising the mucous lining around the fistula and closing it longitudinally, using absorbable 4/0 chromic catgut sutures. The groin island pedicle flap which is based on superficial circumflex iliac vessels is used to cover the repaired lining. The donor defect is closed primarily. In all six cases there was primary healing.

This procedure is recommended for cases where the skin around the fistula is badly scarred or where previous attempts at closure have failed. Moderate defects of penile and scrotal skin can also be repaired by this type of flap.
Pure Testicular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: KUMAR P. V. N. , KHEZRI A. A.
Published: November 2008

A rare case of pure testicular rhabdomyosarcoma is reported and the pathological and clinical findings discussed.
Fetal Ureteric Reflux
Authors: SCOTT J.E. S.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Seven babies (six male, one female) with ureteric reflux, all of whom had antenatal renal dilatation, are described together with one other baby who was found to have gross ureteric reflux when investigated following an acute urinary infection at the age of 9 days. There was a strong probability that all of the babies had fetal ureteric reflux (FUR).

Radioisotope studies demonstrated parenchymal damage in three of seven and reduced function in four of 10 refluxing kidneys. Subsequent investigation showed no increase in the areas of parenchymal damage but there was evidence that function in some kidneys had deteriorated. It was thought that this was due to disturbances in inter‐renal or renal‐child related growth velocities.

A plea is put forward for more detailed postnatal examination of babies whose urinary tracts show evidence of dilatation antenatally.
Direct Vision Internal Urethrotomy. A Prospective Study of 81 Primary Strictures Treated with a Single Urethrotomy
Authors: AAGAARD J. , ANDERSEN J. , JASZCZAK P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The post‐operative treatment of urethral strictures as well as the criteria of success have varied considerably. In order to find a solution to this problem, we undertook a prospective evaluation of 81 men treated for their first urethral stricture with a single urethrotomy. Fifty‐one patients with a stricture 5 mm or less in length were catheterised post‐operatively for 3 days. Patients with strictures longer than 5 mm were catheterised for 3 weeks (14 patients) or 6 weeks (16 patients). All were followed up for a minimum of 24 months. The stricture recurred in 33 patients (41%).

We found that 3 days' catheter drainage was sufficient for patients with short strictures. Whether strictures measuring more than 5 mm might be treated similarly needs further investigation.
Tetracycline Sclerotherapy for Hydroceles and Epididymal Cysts
Authors: BULLOCK N. , THURSTON A. V.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Tetracycline (Achromycin, Lederle) solution was used to produce sclerosis of 37 hydroceles and 18 epididymal cysts in patients over the age of 50 years. All but one of the epididymal cysts were sclerosed satisfactorily at 9 months; 35 hydroceles sclerosed satisfactorily, although four patients required re‐treatment at 3 months. One patient required orchiectomy for an infected haematocele. Pain after instillation of tetracycline was an occasional complication which could be prevented by prophylactic spermatic cord block. Tetracycline sclerotherapy is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for hydroceles and epididymal cysts in older patients.
Surveillance after Orchiectomy for Stage I Seminoma of the Testis
Authors: PECKHAM M. J. , HAMILTON C. R. , HORWICH A. , HENDRY W. F.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Between February 1983 and July 1985, 52 patients with Clinical Stage I seminoma were observed after orchiectomy without lymph node irradiation. Seven patients (13%) have relapsed, six in retroperitoneal lymph nodes and one with abdominal node and pulmonary metastases. Relapses were diagnosed 6 to 23 months after orchiectomy, four occurring in the first year and three in the second year. Of eight patients with raised serum concentrations of HCG prior to orchiectomy none has relapsed, whereas of 14 patients with normal HCG levels one has relapsed. The significance of these observations for future management policy is discussed.
Haematuria Following a Marathon Run: Source and Significance
Authors: REID R. I. , HOSKING D. H. , RAMSEY E. W.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urine specimens were obtained from 98 runners before and immediately after running a half (21 km) or full (42 km) marathon. Specimens were examined for the presence of proteinuria, haematuria and whether the erythrocytes were normomorphic or dysmorphic as determined by phase contrast microscopy. Proteinuria occurred in 35% of those running the half and 69% running the full marathon. Haematuria with or without proteinuria occurred in 21 % running the half and 22% running the full marathon.

In runners with haematuria, dysmorphic erythrocytes were found in 30% of the half and 81% of the full marathon group. No urinary abnormalities were found on repeat examination 4 to 12 weeks after the run. These results suggest that non‐glomerular bleeding, possibly from bladder contusions, predominates at shorter distances. With greater distances glomerular bleeding occurs. These abnormalities disappear with rest and do not appear to signify underlying urinary tract disease.
Flutamide as Primary Treatment for Metastatic Prostatic Cancer
Authors: R. LUNDGREN
Published: November 2008

Summary— Ten men with newly diagnosed generalised cancer of the prostate were treated with Flutamide (SCH 13521). After 18 months of treatment, one patient had stable disease and was symptom‐free. Seven patients left the study because of progression of cancer and two because of the side effects of Flutamide. None of the patients with progression showed an objective response to second‐line oestrogen therapy.
Priapism in Patients Treated with Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: EKSTRÖM B. , OLSSON A. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Three patients who developed priapism associated with total parenteral nutrition are reported. To reduce the risk of priapism in such patients it is suggested that fat emulsions stronger than 10% should not be administered.
Aspiration and Instillation of Tetracycline in the Treatment of Testicular Hydrocele
Authors: BADENOCH D. F. , FOWLER C. G. , JENKINS B. J. , ROBERTS J. V. , TIPTAFT R. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Testicular hydroceles recurred within 6 months in 7 of 15 patients (46.7%) treated by aspiration and instillation of tetracycline. There was objective reduction in the size of the hydrocele in three patients (20%) but only five (33.3%) were cured. Severe pain was a complication in seven cases. This form of treatment is not recommended.
Gastric Carcinoma Metastatic to the Bladder
Authors: DRIEL M. F. VAN , YPMA A. F. G. V. M. , GELDER B. VAN
Published: November 2008

Metastatic bladder cancer from distant foci is rather unusual. The stomach, breast, kidney and lung are the most common primary sites in decreasing order of frequency (Goldstein, 1967).
Serum and Urinary Uric Acid in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: YAMAMOTO S. , HIRAISHI K. , NAKAMURA S. , GHAZIZADEH M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Serum and 24‐h urinary uric acid were measured in 29 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism pre‐ and post‐operatively. No significant difference was observed. A positive correlation was found between the ratios of urinary calcium/creatinine and urinary uric acid/creatinine pre‐operatively but not after surgery. The serum uric acid level showed an increase from the first to the third day post‐operatively and returned to normal within a week, but in patients undergoing other urological operations there was no post‐operative increase. On a low calcium diet the level of serum uric acid was found to be increased. These findings suggest that primary hyperparathyroidism has some influence on uric acid metabolism.
Assessment of Serum CA 19.9 as a Tumour Marker in Patients with Carcinoma of the Bladder and Prostate
Authors: ABEL P. D. , CORNELL C. , BUAMAH P. K. , WILLIAMS GORDON
Published: November 2008

Summary— CA 19.9, a carbohydrate structure definable by a monoclonal antibody, is a useful tumour marker in the serum of patients with gastrointestinal malignancy. We report for the first time an assessment of its value in patients with cancer of the bladder and prostate. Elevated levels were found in six of 12 patients with invasive or metastatic bladder cancer but in only two of eight patients with superficial tumours. All patients with cancer of the prostate had levels within the normal range. A long‐term study of its value in monitoring disease activity in patients with cancer of the bladder is warranted.
Immunocytochemical Localisation of the Antibody which Breaches the Blood‐Testis Barrier in Sympathetic Orchiopathia
Authors: LEWIS‐JONES D. I. , RICHARDS R. C. , LYNCH R.V. , JOUGHIN E. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The phenomenon of sympathetic orchiopathia, in which ischaemia of one testis results in histological damage to the contralateral testis, is now well documented. This study used immunocytochemical techniques to investigate whether this damage is caused by antibody penetrating the “blood‐testis” barrier and affecting spermatogenic and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules. It has been demonstrated that IgM antibodies breach the “blood‐testis” barrier of the contralateral testis 7 days after infarction and that they are replaced by IgG antibodies after 28 days. Cells affected are the epithelial cells of the membrana propria, the Sertoli cells and immature spermatogenic cells. Beyond 28 days after infarction no significant amounts of antibody of either class were demonstrated within the seminiferous tubules of contralateral testes.
Parathyroid Hormone and Electrolytes during Longterm Treatment with Allopurinol and Thiazide
Authors: KOHRI K. , TAKADA M. , KATOH Y. , KATAOKA K. , IGUCHI M. , YACHIKU S. , KURITA T.
Published: November 2008

Summary— We have investigated the composition of plasma and urine in patients with recurrent calcium calculi treated with allopurinol alone, thiazide alone, and both agents together for more than 18 months, and compared the results with those of patients receiving no treatment. In patients treated with allopurinol, both plasma and urinary uric acid were decreased, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and urinary calcium were increased between 1 and 2 years after treatment. In patients treated with thiazide, plasma calcium was decreased 3 months after treatment but then increased gradually, although the pre‐treatment level was not reached. Urinary calcium was decreased 3 months after treatment but returned to pre‐treatment levels at 6 and 12 months. Plasma PTH was gradually increased. In patients treated with both allopurinol and thiazide, plasma and urinary uric acid, plasma potassium and urinary calcium were decreased during treatment. Plasma PTH increased gradually during treatment. In patients receiving no treatment, the composition of plasma and urine did not alter during follow‐up. The reasons for the changes in urinary calcium and plasma PTH have been discussed.
Radiation Dose to Patient and Staff during Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy
Authors: RAO P. N. , FAULKNER K. , SWEENEY J. K. , ASBURY D. L. , SAMBROOK P. , BLACKLOCK N. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The radiation dose to the patient and to members of staff was monitored during 18 procedures for the percutaneous removal of renal stones. It was found that the radiation dose to the patient was minimal and was about the same as for an IVU. The overall dose to the staff was acceptably low and within safety limits. It was concluded that PCNL is a safe procedure from the radiation point of view but it may be advisable to take certain precautions if the workload is high.
Incidental Detection of Renal Carcinoma During Radiological Imaging
Authors: UEDA T. , MIHARA Y.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The manner of presentation and tumour stage in 16 consecutive patients with renal carcinoma who were treated surgically between 1976 and 1980, and in 37 patients treated similarly between 1981 and 1985, were reviewed.

Two patients (13%) were discovered incidentally between 1976 and 1980 compared with 13 (35%) between 1981 and 1985. The renal tumours were discovered incidentally at the time of intravenous urography (IVU), ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and angiography. There were 13 stage I and two stage II lesions, as assessed pathologically after nephrectomy. The tumours were less than 6 cm in diameter. Thirteen of 15 patients are alive between 6 and 90 months after surgery. No patient died of renal carcinoma.

Our data have shown an increase in the proportion of incidentally diagnosed cases. The routine use of intravenous urography, ultrasound and computed tomography has led to earlier diagnosis, lower stage and possibly longer survival in patients with incidentally detected renal carcinomas compared with patients where the diagnosis was suspected.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Patients Under Forty Years of Age
Authors: STOKES M. A. , KELLY D. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract in patients under the age of 40 is often thought to be a milder form than in the older age groups. However, the literature provides little information on this and is contradictory. We report a series which shows that there is a significant recurrence rate, albeit less than in those aged over 40. The tumours were predominantly low grade and low stage and none could be described as aggressive.
In vivo Localisation of Human Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Xenograft in Nude Mice Using Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: YÜ D. S. , YEH M. Y. , CHEN W. L. , CHANG S. Y. , MA C. P. , HAN S. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Monoclonal antibody 1G3.10 (mouse lgG3) against the human urinary bladder carcinoma TSGH‐8301 was isolated from hybridoma ascites and labelled with radioiodine. The antibody reacts with a cell surface antigen preferentially expressed in human bladder carcinoma. Binding studies in vitro demonstrated that its specificity for antigen was retained after iodination. The clearance of the radiolabeled monoclonal antibody was not modified by the presence of the tumour. In vivo localisation of the radiolabeled antibody and control normal IgG to tumour xenograft was determined by counting the tissue radioactivity and by external gamma ray scintigraphy with computer analysis of the region of interest at various times after the intravenous injection of radiolabeled antibodies. Maximum tumour‐to‐blood radioactivity (4.5) was obtained 4 days after antibody injection. There was no tumour localisation of radiolabeled normal IgG. Specificity of the localisation was also confirmed by using a non‐reactive colon carcinoma xenograft. Distinct tumour images were obtained without the use of subtraction techniques. These studies of human bladder tumour localisation using this monoclonal antibody show its obvious potential for clinical use.
Malakoplakia of the Bladder
Authors: CURRAN F.T.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Malakoplakia is a disease which most commonly affects the bladder. It is probably more common than is realised because the appearance of the lesions is variable and the diagnosis can be difficult to make histologically. It should be considered in patients with recurring Escherichia coli infections and is also associated with immunosuppression and carcinoma. Three patients with malakoplakia of the bladder are reported: two had recurrent Esch. coli urinary tract infections and one had widespread urological malignancy. The pathogenesis is discussed and a simple treatment regime, which was rapidly successful in the patient who received it, is recommended.
Anatomical Findings at Orchiopexy
Authors: JACKSON M. B. , GOUGH M. H. , DUDLEY N. E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The anatomical findings at orchidopexy for cryptorchid testis were recorded for 60 boys aged between 6 months and 18 years. In 11 patients (18.3%) bilateral cryptorchidism was present. At operation, atrophied testicular tissue was found in two patients and one testis was found to be absent; 69.1% (47/68) of the remaining testes were found in the superficial inguinal pouch at operation, 27.9% (19/68) were in the inguinal canal, one was in the femoral triangle and one was high in the scrotum.

In 35 testes (51.5%) there was an associated hernial sac. In 54 testes (79.4%) the gubernaculum testis was attached to an anatomical site other than the lower scrotum. In 26 (38.2%) there was a fascial block to descent into the scrotum and one or other of these findings was present in 64 testes (94.1%). These findings suggest that failure to establish a patent route from the superficial inguinal region to the scrotum and the passage of the gubernaculum along this route are the abnormalities responsible for failure of testicular descent.
Prognosis Following Chemotherapy for Metastatic Malignant Teratoma
Authors: HORWICH A. , EASTON D. , HUSBAND J. , NICHOLAS D. , PECKHAM M. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary—A multiple regression analysis was performed of factors affecting the prognosis of 93 patients with metastatic malignant teratoma treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1979 and 1981. In a subgroup of 53 patients, where exact tumour bulk could be calculated from sequential CT scan slices, a correlation was seen between tumour marker level and volume of metastatic disease. On analysis of the risk of relapse after initial chemotherapy, the independent adverse influence was detected of serum AFP greater than 500 μg/1 and of bulky disease defined by clinical staging. An adverse influence of high serum HCG levels was not seen, probably due to the small number of patients in this series with this presenting feature.
The Complications of Colposuspension
Authors: GALLOWAY N. T. M. , DAVIES N. , STEPHENSON T. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty patients with stress incontinence treated by a colposuspension procedure were reviewed symptomatically and urodynamically before and after surgery and followed up for 1 to 6 years (mean 4.5). Although 84% were continent post‐operatively, only 63% of those previously operated on for incontinence were dry, and only 44% were dry and complication‐free in the long term.
The Effect of Bromocriptine in Begign Prostatic Hypertrophy and Vesicospheincteric Dynamics
Authors: MATOS‐FERREIRA A. , CORTE‐REAL J. , PALMA J. , DURÃTO V.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Four studies were carried out on 66 patients in order to examine the effect of bromocriptine in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and to clarify its mechanism of action. Two studies were clinical: the first was a double‐blind, controlled trial (lasting 6 months) in which bromocriptine 5 mg/day was compared with placebo, and the second was an open study to evaluate the effect of bromocriptine 5 mg on patients with acute retention due to BPH. The other two studies were designed to investigate the action of the drug on vesicosphincteric dynamics. These were double‐blind, controlled, parallel trials, one comparing bromocriptine at dosages of 2.5 and 5 mg with placebo 90 min after administration, and the other comparing bromocriptine 5 mg/day with placebo after 15 days' administration in post‐prostatectomy patients.

Bromocriptine had a favorable effect on patients with BPH but no effect on cases of acute retention. The urodynamic studies suggested that the drug affected urethral sphincteric mechanisms specifically. The weight and volume of the prostate remained unchanged after administration of the drug, so that any clinical response was not due to a direct effect on the gland itself.
Ureteropyelostomy: a Simple and Effective Treatment for Symptomatic Ureteroureteric Reflux
Authors: SOLE G. M. , RANDALL J. , ARKELL D. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Partial ureteric duplication may cause delayed drainage of urine from the upper tracts because of ureteroureteric “see‐saw” reflux. This can be eliminated by the procedure of ureteropyelostomy, in which the partially duplicated ureter is converted into a bifid renal pelvis. This operation leaves a short anastomotic suture line and has a low complication rate. e report seven patients who have undergone ureteropyelostomy for symptomatic ureteroureteric reflux. All remain symptom‐free after follow‐up for a minimum of 1 year.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Patients under 40 Years of Age
Authors: CHANG S.‐Y. , MA C.‐P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is the most common neoplasm of the urinary tract but it occurs infrequentyl in younger patients. An analysis of 25 patients aged less than 40 years showed that the clinical course and prognosis were relatively benign. It is suggested that management and follow‐up should be the same as in older patients with urothelial carcinoma.
The Role of Ammonia Toxicity in the Post Transurethral Prostatectomy Syndrome
Authors: SHEPARD R. L. , KRAUS S. E. , BABAYAN R. K. , SIROKY M. B.
Published: November 2008

To investigate the aetiology of altered mental status following transurethral prostatectonmy (TURP), serum electrolyte and blood ammonia levels were measured in 33 patients before and immediately after TURP. The irrigating fluid was 3% sorbitol in 12 patients and 1.5% glucine in 21. Seerum electrolyte changes were similasr in both groups. Elevated blood ammonia levels were observed in eight of the 21 patients receiving glycine irrigation. Three of these eight patients demonstrated clinical signs of encephalopathy. Absoporption of glycine during transurethral prostatectomy appears to produce hyerammonaemia in some patients and may contribute to be encephalopathy.
Effect of Washing on Sperm Surface Autoantibodies
Authors: ADEGHE A. J‐H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— This study tested the hypothesis that immediate washing “removes” sperm surface antibodies. Nine ejaculates with antisperm antibodies were studied. Separate portions of each ejaculate were washed by centrifugation (Shulman's method) as soon as possible after production (0‐h) and 2 h later (2‐h). In four samples, portions were also washed by a simple swim‐up migration started at 0‐h. Washed sperm were tested for surface antibodies using the immunobead binding test. The number of sperm with bound lgG antibodies at O‐h was significantly less than that at 2‐h (P <0.001) but no significant difference was found in respect of lgA antibodies. Swim‐up migration yielded results similar to those of centrifugation and had the advantage of selecting highly motile sperm. The potential application and implication of these findings are discussed.
Histochemical Study of Lectin Binding in neoplastic and Non‐neoplastic Urothelium
Authors: NEAL D. E. , CHARLTON R. G. , BENNETT M. K.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A histochemical study of lectin binding was performed to assess staining with lectins and, therefore, the expression of complex carbohydrates in human neoplastic urothelium. Forty‐seven patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and six controls were studied.

Cryostat sections were stained with a panel of 10 biotinylated lectins by means of the avidinbiotin‐peroxidase technique. Sixteen tumours were also studied after conventional formalin fixation and paraffin embedding.

In general, staining by lectins of tumours was more intense than staining of control urothelium and staining of tumours invading bladder muscle was greater than that of superficial tumours (both P<0.001). A small but statistically significant diminution of staining was observed after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (P<0.05).

Four lectins—Bandeiraea simplicifolia (P<0.01), Vicia villosa (P<0.01), peanut agglutinin (P<0.001) and soyabean agglutinin (P<0.001) stained invasive tumours more frequently than superficial tumours in frozen sections. Thus, increased binding of certain lectins was found in human transitional cell tumours and correlated with muscle invasion and poor differentiation.
Assessment of Antiseptic Bladder Washout Procedures using a Physical Model of the Catheterised Bladder
Authors: STICKLER D. J. , CLAYTON C. L. , CHAWLA J. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A simple physical model of the catheterised bladder has been used to assess the activities of antiseptic agents that have been recommended as bladder instillations in the treatment of urinary tract infections in patients with indwelling catheters. The activities of povidone‐iodine, phenoxyethanol, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine supplemented with EDTA+Tris, noxythiolin and neomycin were examined against selected species of uropathogens. Except for phenoxyethanol against Pv. stuartii and possibly Ps. aeruginosa, single applications of these antibacterials for 30 min were not effective in sterlising urine in the artificial bladder. However, a second application 1 h later of phenoxyethanol but not chlorhexidine or povidone‐iodine did eradicate Ps. aeruginosa. It is suggested that bacteria growing as a film on the bladder wall are particularly resistant to antimicrobials.
Biochemical Picture Accomapanying Sclerotic Bone Metastases of Prostatic Origin*
Authors: MINISOLA S. , PERUGIA G. , SCARDA A. , SCARNECCHIA L. , TUZZOLO D. , ROSSI W. , MAZZUOLI G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— This study was carried out to evaluate the metabolic consequences of osteosclerotic skeletal metastases of prostatic origin in a homogeneous group of patients. We found significantly increased mean values of serum alkaline phosphatase activity and significantly reduced mean values of serum phosphate, 24‐h urinary calcium, fasting calcium excretion and TmP/GFR in cancer patients with respect to age‐matched controls. Mean serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) levels were raised, with two patients showing increased values of the hormone above our normal limits. Our findings indicate that mild secondary hyperparathyroidism is a feature of these patients. However, it cannot be excluded that both the reduced serum phosphate and TmP/GFR values may be related, at least in some cases, to the effects of the tumour itself on tubular reabsorption of phosphate.
99mTc DTPA Scintigraphy Compared with Intravenous Urography in the Follow‐up of Posterior Urethral Valves
Authors: GORDON I. , RANSLEY P. G. , HUBBARD C. S. ff.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty‐seven patients with posterior urethral valves with varying degrees of renal function underwent both intravenous urography (IVU) and DTPA scan during their follow‐up. Although the IVU was successful in excluding obstruction in 31 kidneys, the DTPA scan was successful in 43 kidneys. In addition, the DTPA scan provides quantifiable renal function, exposes the child to a lower radiation dose and has no morbidity compared with an IVU.

It is recommended that the DTPA scan should replace the IVU for long‐term follow‐up and that the latter should be reserved for certain problems.
Sperm Morphology by Image Analysis Compared with Subjective Assessment
Authors: R. JAGOE J. , P. WASHBROOK N. , PRATSIS L. , A. HUDSON E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Human sperm heads were detected and tracked using semi‐automatic image analysis, Six measurements of size and shape were computed from two samples of semen from each of 26 men. Subjective assessments of abnormal morphological forms were made on the same samples by two independent assessors. A formula for prediction of percentage abnormality was calculated from the results. The subjective assessment of abnormality was related primarily to the number of elongated heads and secondly to the number of small heads. Computed image processing provides an objective method for measurement of the morphological features of sperm.
Improving Splintage Techniques in Pyeloplasty
Authors: SIBLEY G. N. A. , GRAHAM M. D. , SMITH M. L. , DOYLE P. T.
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred patients undergoing pyeloplasty were studied and the outcome assessed with particular reference to the splintage technique used. A double J stent was used in 16 patients instead of a more traditional external drainage technique.

The use of the double J stent for splintage of a pyeloplasty anastomosis was associated with a marked reduction in hospital stay and with fewer post‐operative complications when compared with external drainage techniques. The double J stent is recommended in cases where a pyeloplasty anastomosis is to be splinted.
Bladder Instability and Denervation in Patients with Bladder Outflow Obstruction
Authors: HARRISON S. C. W. , HUNNAM G. R. , FARMAN PAT , FERGUSON D. R. , DOYLE P. T.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In vitro, pharmacological studies were performed on endoscopic detrusor biopsies from patients with bladder outflow obstruction. Urodynamic studies had been undertaken to detect the presence of bladder instability. Muscle strips from patients with instability demonstrated supersensitivity to acetylcholine and reduction in nerve mediated responses, as compared with strips from stable bladders. These changes are interpreted as suggesting the presence of cholinergic denervation in obstructed patients with bladder instability.
Computerisation and Microprocessing with Urology
Authors: GLEN E. S.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Computing and microprocessing have become part of everyday life but medical applications have been patchy. Urologists have recognised that computing can facilitate the handling of data and appointment systems. More recently, urodynamic and patient interviewing programs have been developed. The Urological Computing Society formed in 1987 provides a forum for co‐ordinating developments.
Effects of Vesicoureteric Reflux on Renal Growth and Function as Measured by GFR, Plasma Creatinine and Urinary Concentrating Ability An Experimental Study in the Minipig
Authors: RANSLEY P. G. , RISDON R. A. , GODLEY M. L.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The influence of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) on renal growth and function measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma creatinine concentration and urinary concentrating ability has been examined in a simple one‐kidney model in the growing minipig over a period of approximately 5 months. Animals with reflux in association with low voiding pressures and normal bladder function (n=6), as well as those with raised voiding pressures and abnormal bladder function (n=5), were investigated together with appropriate non‐refluxing controls (n=12). Urinary infection and renal scarring were avoided since these factors may affect kidney function and growth independently.

Statistical tests of difference failed to demonstrate any effect of VUR on 51Cr EDTA GFR or renal growth even in the presence of elevated voiding pressures and abnormal detrusor function. However, a significant association between VUR and reduced urinary concentrrating ability was shown.
Bladder Cancer Flow Cytometry Profiles in Relation to Histological Grade and Stage
Authors: HADJISSOTIRIOU G. G. , GREEN D. K. , SMITH G. , McINTYRE M. A. , HARGREAVE T. B. , CHISOLM G. D.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Flow cytometry was used as an additional measurement to monitor 59 untreated patients with baldder cancer. The findings indicate that tumours belonging to the same stage and grade can demonstrate different flow cytometric profiles. Using this technique, together with routine histological assessment, we were abel to subclassify bladder tumours in respect of their progress, Flow cytometric profiles are recommended for additional information about the aggressiveness of the tumour and the potential response to treatment.
Congenital Penile Angulation
Authors: EBBEHØJ J. , METZ P.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Congenital penile angulation without epispadias and hypospadias (Krummerik) is more frequent than perviously belived, and the prevalence seems to be higher than 0.4/1000. Th malformation, which may threaten the sex life of young patients, can be corrected by a simple out patient operation.
Preliminary Report of a New Concept in the Pharmacological Treatment of Erectile Impotence Using an Implantable Drug Delivery System
Authors: DESAI K. M. , GINGELL J. C. , FLOYD T. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A new approach in the treatment of erectile impotence by means of pharmacologically induced erections using a totally implantable drug delivery system is described. This method allows administration of the appropriate drug at a site remote from the penis, thereby overcoming the pain and discomfort associated with direct intrapenile injection.