bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Calcium Absorption and Apparent Increased Intestinal 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Rats Treated with Low Doses of Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate
Authors: Guilland D. , Trechsel U. , Bonjour J.-P. , Fleisch H.
Published: August 2015

1. Ligated intestinal segments from rats treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) at the daily dose of 16 μmol (1 mg of phosphorus)/kg subcutaneously for 7 days show an increased rate of calcium absorption.

2. This dose of EHDP enhances the intestinal accumulation of a vitamin D3 metabolite with the chromatographic characteristics of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Resin Column Perfusion with Whole Blood or Plasma Separated by the Continuous Flow Celltrifuge
Authors: Weston M. J. , Mellon P. J. , Langley P. G. , Hughes R. D. , Dunlop E. H. , Gazzard B. G. , Roger Williams
Published: August 2015

1. The aim of this study was to define the factors influencing plasma separation from the continuous flow celltrifuge and to evaluate plasma as an alternative to whole blood for perfusion of exchange resins as part of a system of artificial liver support.

2. Studies in vitro showed the importance of packed cell volume, centrifugal force and duration of centrifugation on the degree of plasma separation. From these data it was possible to calculate plasma flow rates likely to be obtained from the celltrifuge when used in vivo. These predicted values correlated closely with plasma flow rates obtained in twenty-six studies in dogs.

3. Comparison of whole blood perfusion with plasma perfusion of exchange resins in another series of dog experiments showed that with whole blood perfusion there was often a considerable rise in pressure across the resin column but that this did not occur with plasma perfusion.

4. Measurements of platelet losses in the same series of experiments showed a 50% reduction of arterial platelet counts over a 3 1/2 h period of perfusion when whole blood was perfused. Although the fall was lower with plasma perfusion, the difference was not statistically significant.

5. Use of the celltrifuge provides a means of resin perfusion free of the mechanical difficulties of whole blood perfusion, but platelet losses still remain a problem.
Altered Membrane Sodium Transport and the Presence of a Plasma Ouabain-Like Inhibitory Factor in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Mir M. Afzal , Bobinski H.
Published: August 2015

1. Sodium transport studies were performed in erythrocytes from normal subjects and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Sodium influx and efflux rates were increased in erythrocytes from leukaemic patients.

2. The ouabain-sensitive component of sodium efflux was increased in leukaemic erythrocytes.

3. The high sodium efflux from leukaemic erythrocytes was decreased when the incubation media contained leukaemic plasma, suggesting the presence of an ouabain-like factor in the plasma. Paired experiments failed to show the presence of a similar factor in normal plasma.

4. Leukaemic erythrocytes showed a significantly greater ouabain uptake than the normal cells.

5. The results are discussed in relation to the widespread electrolyte disturbances in acute myeloid leukaemia.
Effect of Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator on Serum Concentration of Luteinizing Hormone in the Rat
Authors: Dandona P. , El Kabir D. J. , Naftolin F. , MacKinnon P. C. B.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) on the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of the rat in pro-oestrus has been studied.

2. The injection of three out of four LATS-containing immunoglobulin G fractions caused an increase in amounts of serum LH.

3. Adrenalectomy and dexamethasone suppression did not alter this response.

4. Injection of large doses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone did not produce any increase in serum concentrations of LH.

5. It is postulated that LATS may have a direct effect on the release of LH from the pituitary gland.
Changes in Erythrocyte Membrane Ouabain-Sensitive Adenosine Triphosphatase after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Cole C. H. , Maletz R.
Published: August 2015

1. Intracellular electrolytes, and erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, was studied in twenty patients after renal transplantation.

2. The mean ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in the erythrocyte membranes of the transplant patients was 122 nmol of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) h−1 mg of tissue−1 (sem 14), compared with 62 nmol of Pi h−1 mg of tissue−1 (sem 8) in a group of paired, healthy controls.

3. The increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was most marked in the 4 months after transplantation. However, a significant increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase persisted for more than 8 months after transplantation.

4. This increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was associated with a decrease in intracellular sodium in the erythrocytes of the transplant patients.
Triglyceride, Free Fatty Acid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Hyperlipaemic (Type IV) and Normolipaemic Subjects on Carbohydrate- or Fat-Rich Diets
Authors: Hagenfeldt L. , Hellström K. , Wahren J.
Published: August 2015

1. Five patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV and five normolipaemic controls were maintained on diets containing either a fat or a carbohydrate content of approximately 60%. Leg exchanges of triglycerides, free fatty acid (NEFA), glucose and other metabolites were measured in the basal state. The metabolic response to an intravenous glucose load and the turnover of intravenously infused [14C]oleic acid were determined. Individual fatty acids were analysed in plasma NEFA and very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride.

2. No differences were detected between patients and controls with regard to leg uptake of triglyceride or NEFA on either diet. On shifting from a fat-rich to a carbohydrate-rich diet, the control subjects showed reduced values for arterial NEFA and for NEFA turnover, accompanied by a lowered release of NEFA and glycerol from the leg. In patients, on the other hand, the arterial concentration and turnover of NEFA remained unchanged and the release of glycerol from the leg increased. Glucose administration gave a less-pronounced fall of arterial NEFA on either diet in the patients and the incorporation of [14C]oleic acid into triglycerides after glucose administration was more marked than in the controls.

3. No difference in net uptake of triglyceride by the leg was demonstrable between patients and controls.

4. It is concluded that hyperlipaemic patients show an altered metabolic response to a carbohydrate-rich diet, possibly contributing to the development of a hyperlipaemic state, and that acute glucose loading results in a greater incorporation of circulating NEFA into very-low-density lipoproteins in these patients.
Assessment of Urine-Concentrating Ability in Man: Effect of Fludrocortisone and Urea in Enhancing Response to Vasopressin
Authors: Goonaratna C. de F. W. , Wrong O. M.
Published: August 2015

1. Healthy subjects, given a long-acting preparation of vasopressin intramuscularly, excreted a significantly less concentrated urine than when subjected to fluid deprivation for 28 h.

2. When fludrocortisone, a potent mineralocorticoid, was given in addition to vasopressin the urine was not significantly less concentrated than after fluid deprivation.

3. Oral urea-loading also enhanced the urine-concentrating power of vasopressin but its effect was less marked than that of fludrocortisone. Oral urea did not increase further the urine concentration achieved by combined fludrocortisone and vasopressin.

4. Renal concentrating power was assessed in fourteen patients with renal disease and impaired concentrating ability. Fludrocortisone significantly enhanced the urine concentration achieved by vasopressin alone and the resultant urine was not significantly less concentrated than that achieved by fluid deprivation.

5. The action of fludrocortisone in enhancing the urine-concentrating effect of vasopressin is similar to that of aldosterone and is probably due to the increased sequestration of solute in the renal medulla, caused by increased reabsorption of sodium chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

6. In the clinical assessment of renal concentrating power, the combined use of fludrocortisone and vasopressin has potential advantages over established methods.
Effect of Bile-Duct Ligation on Organelle Marker Enzymes in the Liver and Serum of Rats
Authors: Peters T. J. , Neale G. , Heath J. R.
Published: August 2015

1. Marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles of rat liver were asayed in the liver of rats 1 day and 8 days after bile-duct ligation or after laparotomy as a control procedure.

2. The microsomal enzymes in liver tissue showed complex changes. Benz[α]pyrene hydroxylase activity, predominantly found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, was decreased. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity and ribonucleic acid, which are localized predominantly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, were increased.

3. The plasma membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, increased in activity after bile-duct ligation.

4. No changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities were noted after 1 day but there was a 50% reduction 8 days after ligation. Lysosomal enzyme activities did not change in the liver tissue.

5. Liver catalase and d-amino acid oxidase activities showed a slight increase at 1 day post-ligation but a significant fall by 8 days.

6. Lactate dehydrogenase, a cytosol enzyme, showed a decrease in activity after 1 day but an increase in tissue activities 8 days after ligation.

7. Serum activities of mitochondrial, plasma membrane, microsomal, lysosomal and cytosol marker enzymes tended to increase post-ligation, particularly at 8 days.

8. Monoamine oxidase, a predominantly mitochondrial enzyme, was greatly elevated in the serum after 1 day but had returned to normal activities by 8 days.
Postural Fluid Retention in Patients with Idiopathic Oedema: Lack of Relationship to the Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Edwards O. M. , Bayliss R. I. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Water and electrolyte excretion was measured in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in seven patients with idiopathic oedema and in four post-menopausal patients with this condition.

2. In contrast to previous findings in healthy women, the reduction in urinary flow and sodium excretion on being tilted to the upright position was not significantly different in the follicular and luteal phases in pre-menopausal patients and there were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal patients.

3. The percentage increase in packed cell volume on standing was significantly greater in patients with idiopathic oedema than in normal subjects in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in patients with idiopathic oedema is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.
Effect of Immunization against Angiotensin II on Blood Pressure and on Plasma Aldosterone in the Rabbit
Authors: Beckerhoff R. , Kappeler M. , Vetter W. , Armbruster H. , Siegenthaler W.
Published: August 2015

1. Rabbits were actively immunized against angiotensin II (AII).

2. Basal plasma aldosterone concentration was 0.058 ±0.027 pmol/ml (20.7±9.6 pg/ml) (mean±SD) in immunized and 0.056±0.021 pmol/ml (20.2±7.5 pg/ml) in control animals during suppression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone by dexamethasone. When the endogenous formation of AII was stimulated by frusemide, by haemorrhage or by feeding with low sodium diet, a significant increase of plasma aldosterone was observed with no difference between immunized and non-immunized animals.

3. In non-immune rabbits, the average mean arterial blood pressure rose 13 mmHg during the infusion of AII (5 pmol min−1 kg−1) and 27 mmHg during the infusion of 50 pmol min−1 kg−1. In contrast, there was no clear increase in blood pressure in the immunized animals. The blood pressure rose in immune animals (15 mmHg) and in non-immune animals (36 mmHg) during the infusion of 200 pmol min−1 kg−1 AII. Plasma aldosterone rose in all animals in response to each of the three infusions with no significant difference between the two groups.

4. It is concluded that the immunization against AII blocked only the pressor effect of the peptide but had no clear influence on the response of plasma aldosterone to increased AII. Differences between the affinities of the adrenal and vascular AII receptors may explain these findings.
The Pressor Role of Angiotensin in Salt Deprivation and Renal Hypertension in Rats
Authors: Coleman T. G. , Guyton A. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin may influence arterial pressure either by direct vasoconstriction or by more slowly developing effects on thirst and renal function. The importance of direct vasoconstriction was estimated in rats during salt deprivation and renal hypertension by observing the fall in blood pressure that immediately followed injection of converting-enzyme inhibitor.

2. Chronically salt-deprived rats had normal arterial pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance before inhibition. However, inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II caused marked decreases in arterial pressure (−47 mmHg) and total peripheral resistance (−30%).

3. Animals made hypertensive by renal artery constriction showed large decreases in arterial pressure when angiotensin formation was inhibited only during the first few days after constriction. In the chronic, benign phase of hypertension, animals with both clamp plus contralateral nephrectomy and with unilateral clamp only, showed decreases in pressure after inhibition (−12 to 16 mmHg) that were only slightly greater than decreases observed in normotensive control animals.

4. These results indicate that total peripheral resistance and the activity of the renin-angiotensin system can change separately. In salt deprivation, even though an increased fraction of resistance was due to angiotensin, total peripheral resistance was normal. In chronic renal hypertension, total resistance was undoubtedly elevated, but only partially because of the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin.
Secretion of Inorganic Phosphate in the Rat Nephron
Authors: Boudry J.-F. , Troehler U. , Touabi M. , Fleisch H. , Bonjour J.-P.
Published: August 2015

1. The existence of tubular secretion of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the mammalian kidney has been investigated by studying the renal response of rats infused with sodium phosphate by three different techniques.

2. Clearance studies indicate that, in anaesthetized rats, the net tubular reabsorption decreases markedly in response to Pi infusion. In conscious rats, the clearance of Pi slightly exceeded that of inulin at high plasma Pi concentration.

3. Free-flow micropuncture in control rats showed a net tubular reabsorption of Pi along the proximal tubule, and probably between the end of the distal tubule and the ureteral urine. In phosphate-loaded rats, whether receiving parathyroid hormone or not, an apparent net secretion of Pi was observed between the end of the distal tubule and the ureteral urine. In the phosphate-loaded group receiving parathyroid hormone, net secretion was also observed very early in the proximal tubule followed by a predominant reabsorption along this segment. Thus the early proximal tubule and probably also the terminal nephron can be the site of either net reabsorption or net secretion.

4. Microperfusions of proximal tubules show a fall in the specific radioactivity of the perfused radioactive Pi solution, indicating entry of Pi into the lumen.
Methionine Adenosyltransferase, Cystathionine β-Synthase and Cystathionine γ-Iyase Activity of Rat Liver Subcellular Particles, Human Blood Cells and Mixed White Cells from Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: Allsop Jennifer , Watts R. W. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP:l-methionine-S-adenosyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.6), cystathionine β-synthase [l-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine), EC 4.2.1.22] and cystathionine γ-lyase [l-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] activities were found only in the cytosol fraction of rat liver cells. None was found in the mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum fractions as judged by the distribution of marker enzymes on a density gradient after centrifugation of the cytoplasmic fraction of a liver homogenate, or in a preparation of liver cell nuclei.

2. Polymorphs, lymphocytes (with admixed monocytes) and mixed bone marrow white cells contained no methionine adenosyl transferase, cystathionine β-synthase or cystathionine γ-lyase activities.

3. The possible bearing of these results on the problem of abnormal cystine storage in cystinosis is briefly discussed.
Changes in Protein-Bound Calcium in the Serum of Haemodialysis Patients
Authors: Gosling P. , Robinson B. H. B. , Sammons H. G.
Published: August 2015

1. Ionized calcium, protein-bound calcium and total calcium in serum were measured in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment.

2. During dialysis, the ionized calcium fraction decreased and the bound calcium increased. The blood pH also increased.

3. Studies in vitro suggested that the fall in ionized calcium and rise in protein-bound calcium were larger than could be explained by the redistribution of calcium fractions due to the pH change.

4. An explanation could be that haemodialysis increases calcium binding by serum proteins. Such an effect may be implicated in the aetiology of hyperparathyroidism and bone disease in patients undergoing haemodialysis.
A Comparison of Propranolol and Compound R03-4787 in the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in Man
Authors: George C. F. , Lewis P. J. , Steiner J. A. , Dollery C. T.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of propranolol and R03-4787, a new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with a partial agonist activity, have been studied in a blind, cross-over comparison with placebo.

2. In ten patients who completed the study, the two drugs produced a similar reduction in blood pressure; the reduction in heart rate with propranolol was significantly(P0.001)greater than that produced by R03-4787.

3. Plasma renin activity averaged 4.13 ± 1.37 ng h−1ml−1 on placebo, fell to 3.64 ± 1.47 ng h−1ml−1 on propranolol and to 2.50 ± 1.39 ngh−1ml−1 on R03-4787.

4. No correlation was demonstrable between the log plasma concentration of either propranolol or R03-4787 and change in blood pressure.
Changes in Plasma Renin Activity and Blood Pressure after Acute and Chronic Administration of β-Adrenergic Receptor-Blocking Drugs
Authors: Morgan T. , Carney S. , Roberts R.
Published: August 2015

1. Prindolol and propranolol chronically cause a fall in mean blood pressure and mean plasma renin activity, but no correlation was observed between the two variables.

2. The response of blood pressure to prindolol and propranolol was not predicted by the basal plasma renin activity.

3. Propranolol administered acutely caused the plasma renin activity to fall with no acute change in blood pressure, whereas prindolol caused the blood pressure to fall with no change in plasma renin activity.

4. The effects of β-adrenergic-blocking drugs on plasma renin activity and blood pressure can be dissociated and it is unlikely that their hypotensive action is mediated through the renin-angiotensin system.

5. Basal plasma renin activity does not identify the patients who will respond to β-adrenergic-blocking drugs.
Some Haemodynamic Effects of Compound AH 5158 Compared with Propranolol, Propranolol plus Hydrallazine, and Diazoxide: The Use of AH 5158 in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Prichard B. N. C. , Thompson F. O. , Boakes A. J. , Joekes A. M.
Published: August 2015

1. Intravenous administration of compound AH 5158, which possesses alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking properties, produces haemodynamic effects similar to those seen from the combined effects of propranolol and hydrallazine.

2. Chronic oral administration has demonstrated that compound AH 5158 is an effective hypotensive agent capable of controlling the blood pressure in patients previously requiring large doses of drugs such as methyldopa. Some postural and exercise hypotension may be seen with larger doses.
Plasma Renin Activity and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hickler R. B. , Lauler D. P. , Gleason R. E. , Christlieb R.
Published: August 2015

1. A group of patients with essential hypertension was divided into three categories on the basis of the plasma renin activity.

2. There was no correlation between the plasma renin activity categorized as high, normal or low and the duration of hypertension, the incidence of left ventricular enlargement, the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, cholesterol or uric acid respectively.

3. Analysis of data showed that the incidence of cardiovascular events in the hypertensive population correlated with the plasma renin activity only in combination with known risk factors.
Technique for Rapid Control of Hypertension with Oral Minoxidil
Authors: O'Malley K. , McNay J. L.
Published: August 2015

1. Twelve patients with essential hypertension were treated aggressively with minoxidil in order to achieve blood pressure control as rapidly as possible.

2. After an initial dose of 5 mg, dose increments were administered 6 hourly until a fall in blood pressure was observed.

3. The size of additional doses was determined by the magnitude of and response to the lowest effective dose and the therapeutic objective.

4. Over a time-interval of 24–42 h blood pressure was reduced to normal or near normal in each case.

5. Analysis of the relationship between blood pressure response and cumulative dose indicates that at sub-optimum blood pressure responses it is safe and efficacious to give half the antecedent cumulative dose as a single dose in arriving at the therapeutic objective.
Central Sympathetic Transmitters and Hypertension
Authors: Henning M.
Published: August 2015

1. The aim of this presentation has been to review the current status of some central neurotransmitter mechanisms in the control of arterial blood pressure and in experimental hypertension. In addition, anti-hypertensive drugs with centrally mediated actions have been considered.

2. There is ample evidence for a role of central noradrenaline mechanisms in central cardiovascular regulation. The catecholamine precursor, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, lowers blood pressure by activating sympatho-inhibitory noradrenergic mechanisms in the lower brain stem. The receptors mediating this effect conform to the α-adrenergic type in peripheral tissues. Central noradrenaline receptors also appear to influence blood pressure at suprabulbar levels in the brain. Evidence is accumulating that central adrenergic receptors of the β type are also implicated in cardiovascular control. Central dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine neurons are possibly involved in circulatory regulation but their precise role is less clear at present.

3. Considerable work has been done attempting to relate alterations in central neurotransmitter function to arterial hypertension. Central noradrenaline neurons appear to participate in the origin and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. This may also be the case for other types of experimental hypertension but the results are less conclusive.

4. Anti-hypertensive drugs may act by interfering with central neurotransmitter function. The action of l-α-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (methyldopa) is largely mediated through an activation by its metabolite, methylnoradrenaline, of noradrenaline mechanisms in the lower brain stem. The central noradrenaline agonist, clonidine, probably acts in an analogous way although some evidence indicates that this drug may influence blood pressure at several levels of central cardiovascular control.
Spinal Sympathetic Reflexes in the Cat and the Pathogenesis of Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Malliani A. , Lombardi F. , Pagani M. , Recordati G. , Schwartz P. J.
Published: August 2015

1. In vagotomized anaesthetized cats with both common carotid arteries occluded, stretch of the thoracic aorta induced reflex increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and left ventricular dP/dtmax.. Similar responses were obtained in cats with spinal transection at the level of the first cervical nerve roots.

2. The hypothesis is advanced that sympathetic excitatory reflexes may contribute to the maintenance of hypertension through positive feedback.
Electrical and Dynamic Responses of the Human Hyperkinetic Heart to Sympathetic Stimuli
Authors: Bartorelli C. , Polese A. , Fiorentini C. , Magrini F. , Olivari M. T. , Guazzi M.
Published: August 2015

1. The elevated beta-receptor responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli makes subjects with the primary hyperkinetic cardiac syndrome ideal for studying the electrical and dynamic responses of the heart to sympathetic activation.

2. In twelve men presenting with the syndrome, the effects of mental arithmetic and painful (cold) stress on the cardiac inotropic state were tested and correlated with the concomitant electrocardiographic changes.

3. Arithmetic and cold evoked responses opposite and divergent from the base-line state: The former induced vasodilatation, enhancement of cardiac rate, output, contractility and deep T wave inversion; the latter caused vasoconstriction, cardiac depression and full restoration of repolarization.

4. The sympathetic outflow elicited by stress is not generalized, but selectively directed to different circulatory levels in relation to the stimulus at work; cardiac sympathetic stimulation or inhibition has opposite effects on the repolarization phase.
Differential Effect of Prostaglandin A1 in Hypertensive Patients with Low, Normal and High Renin
Authors: Krakoff L. R. , Vlachakis N. , Mendlowitz M. , Stricker J.
Published: August 2015

1. Eighteen hypertensive in-patients were studied during a period of controlled electrolyte intake and, on the basis of determinations of mid-day plasma renin activity (PRA), were classified into low, normal and high renin sub-groups.

2. The responses of systemic arterial pressure, urine sodium excretion rate and PRA to infusion of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) at a rate of 0.4 μg min−1 kg−1 for 60 min differed among the renin sub-groups.

3. The low renin sub-group displayed the greatest fall in arterial pressure and the greatest increase in sodium excretion rate during infusion of PGA1; PRA was unaffected. The normal renin group demonstrated a lesser reduction of arterial pressure and lesser rise in sodium excretion rate during infusion of PGA1 compared with the low renin group; PRA rose significantly during infusion of PGA1. No significant change in arterial pressure occurred in the high renin group during infusion of PGA1; sodium excretion rate rose less than that observed in the other two groups. Infusion of PGA1 caused striking increases in PRA in the high renin group.

4. The changes in PRA during infusion of PGA1 may explain the differences in arterial pressure and sodium excretion rate observed in the three renin sub-groups. The results also suggest that the role of the vasodilating prostaglandins may differ in the pathogenesis of low, normal and high renin hypertension.
Micromethods for the Simultaneous Measurement of Intracellular Potassium and Corticosterone Output of Isolated Adrenal Cortical Cells
Authors: Mendelsohn F. A. O. , Warren R. L.
Published: August 2015

1. A technique is described for the measurement of potassium and water spaces in less than 1 μ1 of packed cells.

2. The total potassium content of cell pellets is measured in a perchloric and nitric acid extract by flame spectrophotometry. The potassium in trapped medium is estimated from the distribution space of hydroxy[14C]methylinulin and subtracted from the total potassium content to give intracellular potassium content. Corticosterone output was measured by radioimmunoassay.

3. The simultaneous measurement of total water from the [3H]water space allows calculation of the intracellular water space.

4. Values obtained for intracellular potassium content, intracellular water space and calculated intracellular potassium concentration are presented for different preparations of isolated adrenal cortical cells.
Effect of Ethanol on the Ventilatory Responses to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Man
Authors: Sahn S. A. , Lakshminarayan S. , Pierson D. J. , Weil J. V.
Published: August 2015

1. Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives were measured in eight healthy male subjects before and after ingestion of ethanol, in a dose of 17 mmol/kg body weight.

2. A significant decrease in hypoxic ventilatory drive was observed at 20 min after ethanol (P < 0.05). A significant depression in hypercapnic drive was observed at 70 min after ingestion of ethanol (P < 0.05). The mean peak blood ethanol (24 mmol/l) occurred at 20 min, at which time the lowest mean hypoxic drive was recorded.

3. Ethanol in moderate doses produced a depression of both hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives in normal subjects. This suggests that ethanol may play a role in the precipitation of acute respiratory failure in certain patients in whom the ventilatory drive is already impaired, as in chronic airways obstruction.
Liposomes as Vehicles for the Local Release of Drugs
Authors: Segal A. W. , Gregoriadis G. , Black C. D. V.
Published: August 2015

1. The rat testicle was used in studying the release of radio-labelled compounds from locally injected liposomes of various sizes, charge and lipid composition.

2. Large unsonicated liposomes markedly delayed the release of entrapped 125I-labelled albumin. Delay was due to liposomal entrapment rather than the presence of lipid per se and it was greater with neutral than charged liposomes. The albumin left the testis after release from, and not in association with, liposomal lipid.

3. Large unsonicated liposomes also delayed the release of entrapped actinomycin D and 5-fluorouracil. The former retained its cytotoxic activity and resulted in focal, dose-dependent tissue necrosis.

4. Small sonicated liposomes did not delay the release of entrapped 125I-labelled albumin, and enhanced release of actinomycin D, producing high concentrations of these compounds, which were released in association with liposomal lipid, in draining lymph nodes.
Continuous Blood Sampling: A Modified Double-Lumen Catheter
Authors: Garrioch D. B.
Published: August 2015

1. A new technique for continuous blood sampling using a double-lumen catheter is described, and its advantages are briefly discussed.
Leucocyte Sodium Transport in Uraemia
Authors: Edmondson R. P. S. , Hilton P. J. , Jones N. F. , Patrick J. , Thomas R. D.
Published: August 2015

1. In sixteen patients with severe chronic renal failure the rate constant for total sodium efflux from leucocytes was significantly reduced compared with that in thirty control subjects. This difference lay chiefly in the glycoside-sensitive (‘active’) moiety of sodium efflux.

2. In sixteen patients receiving regular haemodialysis, the rate constant for total sodium efflux from the leucocyte was significantly greater than in the undialysed uraemic patients though still subnormal.

3. In individual patients, an increase in sodium efflux could be detected as early as 1 week after regular haemodialysis was started.

4. These results are compatible with the existence of a dialysable molecule in uraemic plasma affecting leucocyte sodium transport.
The Influence of Diet on Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn Rat
Authors: Gollan J. L. , Hatt K. J. , Billing Barbara H.
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of dietary carbohydrate, protein and lipid on the unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of Gunn rats has been studied.

2. In the first set of experiments, after a control period without restraint, the animals were restrained for 72 h and were either starved or received isocaloric amounts of glucose, protein hydrolysate or soya bean oil through a gastrotomy cannula.

3. A second study was performed with groups of unrestrained animals which were fed with diets supplemented with carbohydrate, protein and lipid for 7 days after a control period.

4. Both these studies showed that diets composed predominantly of carbohydrate or protein doubled the plasma bilirubin concentration. Starch, glucose and fructose produced similar effects.

5. A high-lipid diet in the absence of carbohydrate caused a slight reduction in plasma bilirubin concentration. This effect was observed with both soya bean oil and pork fat.

6. It has not been established whether the increase in hyperbilirubinaemia resulted from the high-carbohydrate content of the diet or the absence of lipid.
Effect of Lysine Acetylsalicylate on Biliary Lipid Secretion in Dogs
Authors: Erlinger S. , Bienfait Dominique , Poupon Renee , Dumont Micheline , Duval M.
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of lysine acetylsalicylate on bile flow, erythritol clearance and bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion in bile was studied in unanaesthetized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula.

2. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a marked increase in bile flow and a parallel increase in erythritol clearance although the bile salt secretion remained unchanged; this suggests that the compound stimulated the formation of the canalicular (hepatocytic) bile salt-independent fraction of bile flow.

3. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a significant decrease in biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion and the cholesterol saturation of bile was significantly reduced.

4. It is postulated that the decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion resulted from the dilution of intracanalicular bile salts. This effect of lysine acetylsalicylate, and possibly of other bile salt-independent choleretics, may be of value in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.
Heterogeneity of Hepatic Vitamin B12 in the Rat after Parenteral Cyanocobalamin
Authors: Cooksley W. G. E. , Tavill A. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of radioactive vitamin B12 excretion into plasma and bile from the isolated perfused rat liver and into bile in vivo has been measured after the intramuscular injection of radioactive cyanocobalamin at various time-intervals before study.

2. With an interval of labelling of 10 or more days, the release of radioactive vitamin B12 over 4 h by the isolated perfused liver was linear and con-stituted approximately 35% and 1% of the hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively.

3. In contrast, after a shorter period of prelabelling (less than 7 days), there was a biphasic release of radioactive vitamin Blz: an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate after about 1 h of perfusion. The total radioactive vitamin Blz was considerably increased (e.g. 25% and 5% of hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively during a 4 h perfusion of a liver labelled 18 h previously).

4. Confirmation of coexisting stable and labile pools of intrahepatic vitamin B12 was provided by: (a) the patterns of hepatic release ifter double labelling with 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled cyanocobalamin at different times before liver per-fusion; (b) the rates of biliary excretion of 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 in vivo after different periods of prelabelling.

5. The rate and pattern of release were not altered by changes in the quantity of precursor cyanocobala-min, by phenobarbitone treatment or by the addition of cycloheximide to the perfusion.

6. The injection into rats of subcellular preparations of rat liver labelled in viuo with radioactive vitamin B12 demonstrated that hepatic heterogeneity did not depend on physical compartmentation.

7. Despite the rapid release rate from the liver recently administered radioactive cyanocobalamin, the hepatic radioactivity increased progressively with time after labelling in vivo, in contrast to the other tissues, where it decreased. In the presence of rapid bidirectional fluxes the ability of the liver to store vitamin B can be largely explained by the reduction in the rate of hepatic release that continues for about 10 days after parenteral administration of cyano-cobalamin.
A Comparison of Natriuresis after Oral and Intravenous Sodium Loading in Sodium-Depleted Rabbits: Evidence for a Gastrointestinal or Portal Monitor of Sodium Intake
Authors: Lennane R. J. , Peart W. S. , Carey R. M. , Shaw J.
Published: August 2015

1. Rabbits in balance on a low sodium diet were given doses of sodium chloride either orally or intravenously.

2. Those receiving oral doses responded with a much greater natriuresis than those receiving intravenous ones.

3. This could be explained by the existence of a sodium input monitor somewhere in the gut or portal circulation.
Urinary Noradrenaline Excretion and Renal Function in Normal and Hypertensive 50-year-Old Men
Authors: Berglund G. , Tibblin G. , Aurell M.
Published: August 2015

1. Sympathetic nervous system activity, measured by urinary noradrenaline excretion, was determined in a group of untreated hypertensive subjects (n = 35), a reference group (n = 80) and a normotensive group (n = 51), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. It was compared with casual and resting blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure > 175 or diastolic > 115 mmHg on two separate occasions. Normotension was defined as systolic pressure < 160 and diastolic pressure < 95 mmHg.

2. There was no difference in the average excretion of noradrenaline during the day or night between the reference, normotensive and hypertensive groups. None of the hypertensive patients had values for urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day above the range found in normotensive subjects, indicating that hypertension with increased sympathetic nervous system activity is uncommon when hypertension is defined as above.

3. No correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day and blood pressure was found in the reference group or in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, there was a negative correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion and blood pressure after rest. This finding might indicate that factors other than sympathetic nervous system activity determine the level of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.

4. In the hypertensive group, urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day was positively correlated with both urinary sodium excretion during the day and glomerular filtration rate. Urinary noradrenaline excretion per 24 h was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion during the same time. High resting blood pressure, low urinary sodium excretion, low glomerular filtration rate and a reversed diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion characterized hypertensive patients with low urinary noradrenaline excretion, indicating more severe hypertension in these hypertensive patients with reduced sympathetic nervous system activity.
The Effect of Indomethacin and Prostaglandin (PGE2) on Renal Failure Due to Glycerol in Saline-Loaded Rats
Authors: Papanicolaou N. , Callard P. , Bariety J. , Milliez P.
Published: August 2015

1. Acute renal failure was induced in conscious rats by subcutaneous injection of glycerol.

2. Expansion of the extracellular space by infusion of 150 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline) partly protected the animals against acute renal failure.

3. This protective effect of saline infusion disappeared when the animals were treated with indomethacin. This effect could be reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PGE2) to the saline infusion.

4. We suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in mediating the protection afforded by saline infusion against acute renal failure due to glycerol.
A Study of Intraluminal Peptide Hydrolase Activity in the Rat
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Kim Y. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-l-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and l-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.

2. Jejunal contents hydrolysed Gly-Phe faster than Phe-Gly. Conversely, ileal contents hydrolysed Phe-Gly faster than Gly-Phe.

3. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. There was ten times as much PHMB-resistant activity towards both dipeptides in ileal contents as in jejunal contents.

4. Most of the luminal enzyme activity was present in the supernatants after centrifugation, indicating the luminal enzymes exist in the soluble form. Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal brush border as well as cytosol enzymes.
Seasonal Variations in the Composition of Urine in Relation to Calcium Stone-Formation
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. , Marshall R. W. , Speed R. , Nordin B. E. C.
Published: August 2015

1. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on data derived from single 24 h urine collections from 246 male idiopathic calcium stone-formers.

2. The daily urine volume and pH and the excretions of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, creatinine and magnesium were related to the time of year when the urine was collected, and the saturation of urine with calcium oxalate and octocalcium phosphate calculated for each month.

3. There were significant seasonal variations in the urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate, each showing a maximum during the summer months and a minimum in the winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in urinary pH, volume, creatinine, phosphate or magnesium.

4. There was a significant increase in the saturation of urine with calcium oxalate and a trend towards higher saturation levels of octo-calcium phosphate in the summer. These changes were dependent only on the seasonal variation in urinary calcium and oxalate and not on urine volume.

5. A retrospective study of the seasonal incidence of stone episodes among these 246 stone-formers showed that the rate of stone passage per month was 50% higher in the summer than in the winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in the incidence of stones removed surgically.
A Comparison of the Clearance of Urographic Contrast Medium (Sodium Diatrizoate) by Peritoneal and Haemodialysis
Authors: Ackrill P. , McIntosh C. S. , Nimmon C. , Baker L. R. I. , Cattell W. R.
Published: August 2015

1. The clearance of isotopically labelled sodium diatrizoate by haemodialysis was measured in vitro, with simulated extracellular fluid, and in vivo in eleven patients, at varying rates of fluid or plasma flow. Clearance was also measured in five patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In all instances simultaneous measurements of urea clearance were made and the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio was calculated.

2. In haemodialysis studies, diatrizoate and urea clearances showed a linear increase with increasing ‘extracellular fluid’ or plasma flow through the dialyser while the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio fell.

3. The clearance of diatrizoate in vivo was slightly less than clearance in vitro at corresponding flow rates, but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio showed no significant difference.

4. Diatrizoate and urea clearances during peritoneal dialysis were very much lower than during haemodialysis but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratios were within the same range.

5. The rapid removal of diatrizoate in patients with renal failure requires haemodialysis.
Acid Hydrolase Activities and Lysosomal Integrity in Liver Biopsies from Patients with Iron Overload
Authors: Peters T. J. , Seymour Carol A.
Published: August 2015

1. Iron, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase were assayed in liver biopsies from control subjects and patients with primary and secondary haemochromatosis.

2. The activities of the lysosomal enzymes were significantly higher in liver biopsies from patients with iron overload than in those from other patient groups.

3. Lysosomes from the livers of patients with iron overload were strikingly more fragile than those of control subjects as demonstrated by assays of latent and sedimentable N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

4. Lysosomal integrity was essentially normal in biopsies from patients with a wide variety of chronic liver diseases.

5. It is suggested that iron accumulation damages the lysosomal membrane, releasing acid hydrolases into the cytoplasm and thus initiating cell damage.
Absence of an Acute Effect of Calcium or Parathyroid Hormone Administration on Plasma Renin Activity in Man
Authors: Epstein S. , Sagel J. , Brodovcky H. , Tuff S. , Eales L.
Published: August 2015

1. There was no significant change in plasma renin activity over 6 h in five subjects given calcium gluconate or in four subjects given parathyroid hormone.

2. It is concluded that acute hypercalcaemia does not increase plasma renin activity and is unlikely to play a role in the hypertension found with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Effects of Halothane on Pulmonary Inactivation of Noradrenaline and Prostaglandin E2 in Anaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Bakhle Y. S. , Block A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The inactivation of noradrenaline and prostaglandin E2 was studied in the pulmonary circulation of anaesthetized dogs.

2. Under chloralose anaesthesia and ventilation with air, the inactivation of noradrenaline was 20% and that of prostaglandin E2 was 91%. These values are in agreement with results from previous work.

3. When the dogs were ventilated with halothane—air mixtures, the inactivation of prostaglandin E2 was unaffected but that of noradrenaline was significantly reduced.

4. This effect of halothane is probably due to an interaction with the transport system for noradrenaline associated with cell membranes.

5. Analogous changes in pulmonary noradrenaline inactivation could occur in patients anaesthetized with halothane.
Multiple Changes in Distal Stop-Flow Electrolyte Patterns and Reduction of Acid Excretion Induced in Rabbits by Angiotensin
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin has previously been shown to inhibit distal renal tubular sodium reabsorption. As a consequence of this, or independently, it might influence the distal handling of other electrolytes. We have therefore examined the effects of angiotensin on the distal reabsorption or secretion of a spectrum of electrolytes.

2. Standard bilateral stop-flow studies were done on anaesthetized, adrenalectomized rabbits, in which the effects of intravenous infusions of either 0·02–0·05 μg min−1 kg−1 or 1 μg min−1 kg−1 of angiotensin were compared with control stop-flow results.

3. The lower dose of angiotensin inhibited distal sodium, chloride, water and magnesium reabsorption, inhibited distal hydrogen secretion and stimulated distal potassium secretion. The higher dose of angiotensin produced these changes and additionally inhibited distal calcium reabsorption. Most of the observed changes were dose-related. The low dose of angiotensin did not significantly raise blood pressure but the high dose was pressor.

4. Changes in the stop-flow patterns induced by the higher dose of angiotensin were compatible with, and may help to explain, the changes it produced in urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium and calcium in clearance studies before stop-flow. Suppression of hydrogen secretion caused by both doses of angiotensin in the stop-flow studies was also reflected by reductions in acid excretion produced by these infusion rates in additional experiments performed by clearance methods in acid-loaded, conscious rabbits.

5. The results support the view that angiotensin may have an important intrarenal role, at least in rabbits.