bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to deal with consumers who group to request a discount?
Authors: Qiu Qijun , Jiang Li
Published: June 2019

We investigate operations impacts of consumer‐initiated group buying (CGB), whereby consumers voluntarily form buying groups to negotiate bulk deals with retailers. This differs from regular purchasing whereby consumers visit retailers individually and pay posted prices. Upon the visit by group consumers, a retailer decides to forgo or satisfy their demand in its entirety. Turned down by a retailer, group consumers continue to visit other retailers. In the case where their group effort fails to conclude a deal, some group consumers switch to individual purchasing provided they receive a non‐negative utility by doing so. Even after a successful group event, the group consumers who forgo the event out of utility concern may switch to individual purchasing as well. Retailer competition, group size, and the chance that group consumers switch to individual purchasing upon unsatisfaction are crucial to how retailers adjust operations to deal with CGB. With retailer competition, the rise of CGB results in every consumer paying the same reduced price when group size is small but makes group consumers pay more than by purchasing individually when group size is large. This has mixed consequences on the profits for retailers in both absolute and relative terms.
Lexicographically optimal earliest arrival flows
Authors: Kamiyama Naoyuki
Published: June 2019

A dynamic network introduced by Ford and Fulkerson is a directed graph in which each arc has a capacity and a transit time. The evacuation problem is one of the fundamental problems in a dynamic network. The goal of this problem is to find the minimum time limit Θ such that we can send all the supplies to the sinks within time Θ. An earliest arrival flow is an optimal flow for the evacuation problem such that the amount of supplies which have reached the sinks is maximized at every time step. It is known that in a dynamic network with multiple sinks, if the sinks have capacities, then an earliest arrival flow does not necessarily exist. In this paper, to cope with this issue, we first introduce a lexicographically optimal earliest arrival flow in a dynamic network with multiple sinks. Then we propose a pseudo‐polynomial‐time algorithm for finding a lexicographically optimal earliest arrival flow. Furthermore, we prove that if the transit time of every arc is zero, then we can find a lexicographically optimal earliest arrival flow in polynomial time.
Effectiveness of high‐frequency left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with treatment‐resistant depression: A randomized clinical trial of 37.5‐minute vs 18.75‐minute protocol
Authors: Kito Shinsuke , Miyazi Midori , Nakatani Honoka , Matsuda Yuki , Yamazaki Ryuichi , Okamoto Tatsuya , Igarashi Yoshio
Published: June 2019

Aim

Clinical trials and meta‐analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left prefrontal cortex in treatment‐resistant depression. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the conventional 37.5‐minute vs 18.75‐minute rTMS protocol over the left prefrontal cortex in patients with treatment‐resistant depressive episode.

Methods

Thirty patients with treatment‐resistant depression or bipolar disorder depressive episode were randomized 1:1 to either 37.5‐minute or 18.75‐minute rTMS protocol groups. rTMS treatment was applied at 120% resting motor threshold with 10 Hz over the left prefrontal cortex. Treatment sessions were delivered for a total of 3000 pulses/d, 5 days a week, for 4‐6 weeks. Patients received a 75 trains with “4 sec on and 26 sec off” for 37.5 minutes or a 75 trains with “4 sec on and 11 sec off” for 18.75 minutes. Severity of depression was rated with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Remission was defined as a total score of 5 or less on the QIDS. The primary outcome measure was to compare the remission rate between the both groups.

Results

Thirteen of 30 patients (43.3%) showed remission at week 6. There were no significant differences in the remission rate between the conventional 37.5‐ and 18.75‐minute protocol groups (46.7% and 40.0%, respectively). No seizures or treatment‐emergent mania/hypomania were occurred.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that, compared with the conventional one, rTMS with 18.75‐minute protocol might be equally effective and clinically beneficial in saving the treatment session length. Further well‐designed studies are needed.
Short‐term impact of breast cancer screening intervention on health‐related quality of life in China: A multicentre cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Zhu Juan , Wang Le , Huang Hui‐Yao , Bai Fang‐Zhou , Li Jing , Fang Yi , Wang Yong , Mao A‐Yan , Liao Xian‐Zhen , Liu Guo‐Xiang , Bai Ya‐Na , Ren Jian‐Song , Sun Xiao‐Jie , Guo Lan‐Wei , Wang De‐Bin , Dong Heng‐Jin , Wang Jia‐Lin , Xing Xiao‐Jing , Zhou Qi , Zhu Lin , Du Ling‐Bin , Song Bing‐Bing , Luo Su‐Xia , Liu Yu‐Qin , Ren Ying , Zhou Jin‐Yi , Sun Xiao‐Hua , Lan Li , Wu Shou‐Ling , Qi Xiao , Lou Pei‐An , Ma Fei , Li Ni , Zhang Kai , Chen Wan‐Qing , He Jie , Dai Min , Shi Ju‐Fang
Published: June 2019

Objective

The impact of participating in breast cancer screening programmes on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL)is poorly understood.

Methods

Based on a national breast cancer screening programme in China, a multicentre cross‐sectional survey was conducted covering 12 provinces from September 2013 to December 2014. HRQoL of participants in the screening population and general population was evaluated by the three‐levelEuroQol‐five‐Dimensions (EQ‐5D‐3L) instrument, and utility scores were generated through the Chinese value set. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to explore determinants of utility scores and anxiety/depression problems.

Results

For screening group and general population (n = 4756, mean age = 51.6 year old), the corresponding utility scores were 0.937 (95% CI, 0.933‐0.941) and 0.953 (0.949‐0.957) (P < .001). Pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were the most common reported in both groups (51.4% and 34.3%, P < .001). Utility scores at prescreening, in‐screening, and postscreening interview timings were 0.928 (0.921‐0.935), 0.958 (0.948‐0.969), and 0.938 (0.933‐0.943), respectively (P < .001); the corresponding proportions of anxiety/depression reporting were 25.9%, 16.3%, and 21.1%, respectively (P = .004). Interview timing, geographical region, and insurance status were associated with HRQoL and anxiety/depression in women at high‐risk of breast cancer.

Conclusions

Utility scores of screening participants were significantly lower than that of general population in China, but the difference may be clinically insignificant. Further cohort studies using HRQoL measurements are needed.
A simplified method for detection of N‐terminal valine adducts in patients receiving treosulfan
Authors: Boysen Gunnar , Shimoni Avichai , Danylesko Ivetta , Varda‐Bloom Nira , Nagler Arnon
Published: June 2019

RATIONALE

Treosulfan is a substance that is being studied as part of the conditioning regimen given prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies. It is known to decompose into 1,2:3,4‐diepoxybutane (DEB) under physiologic conditions. In this study, we investigate whether N‐terminal valine adducts can be utilized to monitor differences in DEB formation of patients receiving treosulfan as part of the conditioning regimen for transplantation.

METHODS

Blood samples were collected from a group of 14 transplant recipients and analyzed for N,N‐(2,3‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐butadiyl)valine (pyr‐Val) and 2,3,4‐trihydroxybutylvaline (THB‐Val) adducts as biomarkers for drug uptake and metabolism before treosulfan treatment and 6 days after treatment.

RESULTS

A new direct injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated prior to clinical analysis. The assay precision was determined by 3 replicate analyses on 3 individual days using control globin spiked with known amounts of pyr‐Val and THB‐Val. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision coefficients of variance (CVs) and accuracy were < 10% and 15%, respectively. In clinical specimens, the means ± SD of pyr‐Val and THB‐Val background were 0.29 ± 0.10 pmol/g HB and 5.17 ± 1.7 pmol/g HB, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These values are similar to those found previously. Treosulfan treatment leads to a significant increase in pyr‐Val and THB‐Val adducts in each patient (Student's t‐test p <0.0001). The mean ± SD amounts of adduct formed were 245.3 ± 89.6 and 210 ± 78.5 pmol/g globin for pyr‐Val and THB‐Val, respectively. Importantly, these results show that this direct injection method can quantitate both background and treosulfan‐induced pyr‐Val and THB‐Val N‐terminal valine globin adducts in humans.
Smart Materials and Design toward Safe and Durable Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Lei , Liang Ji , Chen Jing , Chu Zheng‐Yu , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Li Feng
Published: June 2019

Smart electrochemical energy storage devices are devices that can operate autonomously to some extent. Although the conventional electrochemical energy storage devices, e.g., the commonly used lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), may be externally monitored in terms of their voltage and current output to reflect the state of health for the devices, it is extremely important to exploit materials and devices that are intrinsically smart enough to be capable of rapidly self‐detecting and responding to faults, such as interior short circuits, overheating, abnormal capacity drop, and other types of mechanical/chemical damage. These “smart” features could significantly enhance the safety characteristics and durability of LIBs, which is essential for future usage. Therefore, recent achievements toward smart materials and design strategies for safer and more durable LIBs are summarized. The main categories are as follows: 1) New materials: This category mainly includes smart electrode materials with thermal/electrical/mechanical self‐response functions, and self‐response separators to suppress thermal runaway/lithium dendrite growth; 2) New chemistries: This category mainly includes electrolytes with reversible self‐protecting functions; and 3) New architectures with novel functions, such as shape‐recovery, self‐heating, and self‐monitoring. Besides the working mechanisms, the challenges that must be overcome for smart LIBs to be adopted in practical applications are also discussed.
Role of Th2 cytokines on the onset of asthma induced by meta‐xylene in mice
Authors: Hong Seong‐Gyeol , Hwang Yun‐Ho , Mun Seul‐Ki , Kim Su‐Jin , Jang Ho‐Yeol , Kim Hangun , Paik Man‐Jeong , Yee Sung‐Tae
Published: June 2019

meta‐Xylene (m‐xylene) is one of three isomers of xylene, which is widely used as a solvent and detergent in various industries and medical technology. Exposure to volatile organic compounds, such as m‐xylene, causes pulmonary inflammation and airway inflammation, thereby contributing to the onset of asthma. Exposure to m‐xylene increases acute wheezing and intensity of asthma symptom. However, the mechanism of the onset of asthma by m‐xylene has not been studied yet. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged by m‐xylene at 100 or 300 mg/kg. The mice were then sacrificed after the last challenge. Exposure to m‐xylene increased the total number of inflammatory cells and the production of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and immunoglobulin E related to the Th2 immune response. In contrast, the production of interferon‐γ related to the Th1 immune response was decreased. In addition, the airway resistance increased according to the airway hyper‐responsiveness measurements. Finally, a histological analysis revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucus production, and lung fibrosis. These results suggest that m‐xylene is a potential risk factor for asthma and the onset of asthma is caused by TH2 cytokines.
Deforming black holes with even multipolar differential rotation boundary
Authors: Li Hong-Bo , Hu Tong-Tong , Song Ben-Shen , Sun Shuo , Wang Yong-Qiang
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Motivated by the novel asymptotically global AdS4 solutions with deforming horizon in [21], we analyze the boundary metric with even multipolar differential rotation and numerically construct a family of deforming solutions with quadrupolar differential rotation boundary, including two classes of solutions: solitons and black holes. In contrast o solutions with dipolar differential rotation boundary, we find that even though the norm of Killing vector ∂

t
becomes spacelike for certain regions of polar angle θ when ε > 2, solitons and black holes with quadrupolar differential rotation still exist and do not develop hair due to superradiance. Moreover, at the same temperature, the horizonal deformation of quadrupolar rotation is smaller than that of dipolar rotation. Furthermore, we also study the entropy and quasinormal modes of the solutions, which have the analogous properties to that of dipolar rotation.
Water acquisition, sharing and redistribution by roots: applications to agroforestry systems
Authors: Bayala J. , Prieto I.
Published: June 2019

Aims

In the face of problems caused by ‘intensive agriculture’ dominated by large areas of monocultures, mixed intercropping mimicking natural ecosystems has been reported to constitute a viable solution to increase and stabilize productivity. When designing such systems, root niche separation was thought to be a prerequisite to optimize production.

Methods

This paper reviews the beneficial and adverse effects of trees and crops on water acquisition and redistribution in agroforestry ecosystems using the concepts of competition and facilitation between plants in link with root functional traits.

Results

The results of the review showed that the reality was more complex leading agroforestry practitioners to adopt management practices to induce a separation in root activities thus avoid competition, particularly for water. Water uptake by plant roots is triggered by the water potential difference between the soil and the atmosphere when leaf stomata are open and depends largely on the root exploration capacity of the plant. Thus, root water uptake dynamics are strongly related to root-length densities and root surface areas. In addition, plants with deep roots are able to lift up or redistribute water to the upper layers through a process known as hydraulic lift, potentially acting as “bioirrigators” to adjacent plants. The redistributed water could be of importance not only in regulating plant water status, e.g. by enhancing transpiration, but also in increasing the survival and growth of associated crops in mixed systems.

Conclusions

Even though some more work is still needed to assess the volume of water transferred to neighbors, hydraulic lift could constitute an ecological viable mechanism to buffer against droughts and ensure productivity in regions with erratic rainfall. Giving the difficulty in measuring the above-mentioned aspects in the field, modeling of some of the most relevant parameters to quantify them might inform the design of future empirical studies.
On the Evolution of Primary Gamma Prime Precipitates During High Temperature and High Strain Rate Deformation and Subsequent Heat Treatment in the Ni-Based Superalloy, RR1000
Authors: D’Souza N. , Li W. , Argyrakis C. , West G. D. , Slater C. D.
Published: June 2019

The microstructural evolution following compression and subsequent sub-solvus and super-solvus heat treatment was studied in the Ni-based superalloy, RR1000, typically used for rotor disc applications in aero-engines. For a low strain rate of 0.1 s−1 at close to solvus temperature, 1413 K (1140 °C), the flow stress is constant. For larger strain rates of 1 and 10 s−1 at sub-solvus temperature, 1373 K (1100 °C) dynamic re-crystallization (DRX) of γ grains occurs during forging with accompanying stress decay. Incoherent primary γ′ precipitates form mainly via meta-dynamic re-crystallization (MDRX) at 1 s−1 and are as intergranular. For 10 s−1, the coherently nucleated or existing precipitates present in the initial as-HIP condition become incoherent when the grain boundary sweeps past them during DRX and subsequent grain growth. The incoherent primary γ′ precipitates are mainly intragranular. During sub-solvus heat treatment at 1373 K (1100 °C), dissolution of the incoherent precipitates occurs through coarsening of the coherent intragranular population with only sporadic incoherent precipitates remaining. The prior induced deformation (strain and strain rate) influences the evolution of precipitate morphologies during cooling following heating to super-solvus temperature. Using numerical simulations, a quantitative calculation of the different precipitate morphologies was carried out during slow cooling from super-solvus temperature, 1443 K to 1373 K (1170 °C to 1100 °C).
Spearheading into the Neolithic: Last Foragers and First Farmers in the Dinaric Alps of Montenegro
Authors: Borić Dušan , Borovinić Nikola , Đuričić Ljiljana , Bulatović Jelena , Gerometta Katarina , Filipović Dragana , Allué Ethel , Vušović-Lučić Zvezdana , Cristiani Emanuela
Published: June 2019

This article presents a summary of new evidence for the Mesolithic in the Dinaric Alps of Montenegro. The region is one of the best areas in south-eastern Europe to study Early Holocene foragers and the nature of the transition to Neolithic lifeways at the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth millennium calbcthanks to the existence of biodiverse landscapes and numerous karstic features. We argue that harpoons found at two different sites in this regional context represent a curated technology that has its roots in a local Mesolithic cultural tradition. The continued use of this standardized hunting tool kit in the Neolithic provides an important indication about the character of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. We also use this regional case study to address wider questions concerning the visibility and modes of Mesolithic occupation in south-eastern Europe as a whole.
The Political Morality of School Composition: The Case of Religious Selection
Authors: Clayton Matthew , Mason Andrew , Swift Adam , Wareham Ruth
Published: June 2019

This article presents a normative framework for the assessment of education policies and applies it to the issue of schools’ selecting their students on the basis of religious criteria. Such policies can be justified, and challenged, on many different grounds; public debate is not conducted in terms adequate to the task. The authors’ main objectives are to supplement with non-consequentialist considerations a recent, consequentialist, approach to the normative assessment of education policy proposed by Brighouse et al. (2016, 2018), and to apply the proposed framework to issues of school composition and selection. They argue, further, that policies allowing schools to select all their students on the basis of their parents’ religious affiliation cannot be justified.
PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR THE TWO-NODE QUEUE WITH FINITE BUFFERS
Authors: Chen Yanting , Bai Xinwei , Boucherie Richard J. , Goseling Jasper
Published: June 2019

We consider a two-node queue modeled as a two-dimensional random walk. In particular, we consider the case that one or both queues have finite buffers. We develop an approximation scheme based on the Markov reward approach to error bounds in order to bound performance measures of such random walks. The approximation scheme is developed in terms of a perturbed random walk in which the transitions along the boundaries are different from those in the original model and the invariant measure of the perturbed random walk is of product-form. We then apply this approximation scheme to a tandem queue and some variants of this model, for the case that both buffers are finite. The modified approximation scheme and the corresponding applications for a two-node queueing system in which only one of the buffers has finite capacity have also been discussed.
The moderating effect of Korean preschoolers’ receptive and expressive language skills on the link between Korean PA and English PA
Authors: HONG Yea-Ji , YI Soon-Hyung
Published: June 2019

The purpose of the current study was to examine whether oral language skills moderate the effect of Korean phonological awareness (PA) on English PA for Korean preschoolers in the initial stage of learning English as a second language. The study participants comprised 81 five- to six-year-old Korean preschoolers attending Korean-medium preschools in South Korea. The findings demonstrated that Korean PA was significantly associated with English PA. In addition, Korean receptive and expressive language skills had moderating effects on the relationship between Korean PA and English PA, respectively. This study is discussed not only in terms of cross-language PA transfer in processing two phonologically and orthographically different languages but also in light of the importance of native language skills interacting with native PA in the second-language PA development of preschool children in the initial stage of learning a second language.
Trial without Jury in Guam, USA
Authors: Unterman Katherine
Published: June 2019

This article adds to the growing literature about how the Supreme Court's decisions in the Insular Cases affected the residents of the U.S. territories. It focuses on the territory of Guam, which lacked juries in both criminal and civil trials until 1956–nearly sixty years after the island became a U.S. possession. Residents of Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands had limited jury trials, but Guam was left out due to its strategic military significance as well as racialized ideas about the capabilities of Chamorros, the native inhabitants of the island. This article recovers the struggle by Guamanians to gain jury trials. It argues that independence movements, like those in the Philippines and Puerto Rico, were not the only forms of resistance to American empire. Through petitions, court challenges, and other forms of activism, Guamanians pushed for jury trials as a way to assert local agency and engage in participatory democracy. For them, the Insular Cases were not just abstract rulings about whether the Constitution followed the flag; they deeply affected the administration of justice on the ground for ordinary Guamanians.
A NOTE ON MEASURING US TIME SERIES VOLATILITY DURING THE GREAT MODERATION
Authors: Hull Isaiah
Published: June 2019

We identify volatility breaks in all testable series in the FRED database over the 1957–2013 period. This yields 17,681 breaks, which we categorize using text analysis. We show that 70.5% of series categories experienced a decline in volatility over the 1985–1999 period, suggesting that the Great Moderation was far broader in scope than the literature has documented. We also show that this decline reversed in 2000, leading to a sharp increase in volatility for most time series categories; however, this did not fully materialize in GDP volatility until the Great Recession. Finally, we identify labor markets, demographics, finance, and government debt as potential drivers of low-frequency shifts in volatility over the 1957–2013 period.
Production-related contaminants (pesticides, antibiotics and hormones) in organic and conventionally produced milk samples sold in the USA
Authors: Welsh Jean A , Braun Hayley , Brown Nicole , Um Caroline , Ehret Karen , Figueroa Janet , Boyd Barr Dana
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Consumption of cow’s milk, which is associated with diet and health benefits, has decreased in the USA. The simultaneous increase in demand for more costly organic milk suggests consumer concern about exposure to production-related contaminants may be contributing to this decline. We sought to determine if contaminant levels differ by the production method used.

Design:

Half-gallon containers of organic and conventional milk (four each) were collected by volunteers in each of nine US regions and shipped on ice for analysis. Pesticide, antibiotic and hormone (bovine growth hormone (bGH), bGH-associated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)) residues were measured using liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass or tandem mass spectrometry. Levels were compared against established federal limits and by production method.

Setting:

Laboratory analysis of retail milk samples.

Results:

Current-use pesticides (5/15 tested) and antibiotics (5/13 tested) were detected in several conventional (26–60 %;n35) but not in organic (n34) samples. Among the conventional samples, residue levels exceeded federal limits for amoxicillin in one sample (3 %) and in multiple samples for sulfamethazine (37 %) and sulfathiazole (26 %). Median bGH and IGF-1 concentrations in conventional milk were 9·8 and 3·5 ng/ml, respectively, twenty and three times that in organic samples (P< 0·0001).

Conclusions:

Current-use antibiotics and pesticides were undetectable in organic but prevalent in conventionally produced milk samples, with multiple samples exceeding federal limits. Higher bGH and IGF-1 levels in conventional milk suggest the presence of synthetic growth hormone. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these differences, if any, on consumers.
Grocery store tour education programme promotes fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Jung Seung Eun , Shin Yeon Ho , Niuh Alvin , Hermann Janice , Dougherty Regan
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To examine the effectiveness of the Produce for Better Health Foundation grocery store tour programme as a nutrition education tool for changing consumers’ intention to consume various forms of fruits and vegetables (F&V).

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Ten grocery stores in a city in the Southeast USA.

Participants:

A total of 147 grocery shoppers in Alabama, who participated in a grocery store tour, completed a retrospective pre-/post-survey using the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

Results:

Results from independent-samples t tests indicated that mean values of attitude, subjective norm and perceived control were significantly increased after store tours (P < 0·01). Participants’ intentions to consume various types of F&V (fresh, dried, canned, juice and frozen), especially dried F&V, increased significantly after store tours. Results from structural equation modelling indicated that before store tours attitude (γ = 0·48, P < 0·01) was the most significant predictor of intention to consume F&V, followed by perceived behavioural control (γ = 0·24, P = 0·02) and subjective norm (γ = 0·21, P = 0·03). After store tours, attitude (γ = 0·51, P < 0·01) and perceived behavioural control (γ = 0·44, P < 0·01) were still strong predictors of intention to consume F&V, while subjective norm became an insignificant predictor of intention.

Conclusions:

Findings revealed positive changes in study participants’ attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and their intentions to consume various forms of F&V, which suggest potential benefits of providing grocery store tours as a tool to promote consumers’ F&V intake.
The Late Paleozoic Tectonometamorphic Evolution of Patagonia Revisited: Insights From the Pressure‐Temperature‐Deformation‐Time (P‐T‐D‐t) Path of the Gondwanide Basement of the North Patagonian Cordillera (Argentina)
Authors: Oriolo Sebastián , Schulz Bernhard , González Pablo D. , Bechis Florencia , Olaizola Ezequiel , Krause Joachim , Renda Emiliano M. , Vizán Haroldo
Published: June 2019

Combined field structural analysis with in situ electron probe microanalysis Th‐U‐Pb monazite dating, petrologic, and microstructural data provides a reconstruction of the pressure‐temperature‐deformation‐time (P‐T‐D‐t) path of the Gondwanide basement of the North Patagonian Cordillera. For samples from the Challhuaco hill, the timing of development of the metamorphic S2 foliation and associated L2 lineation and tight to isoclinal F2 folds is constrained by monazite ages of 299 ± 8 and 302 ± 16 Ma during peak metamorphic conditions of ~ 650 °C and 11 kbar, achieved during prograde metamorphism and progressive deformation. Metamorphism and deformation of metamorphic complexes of the North Patagonian Andes seem to record Late Paleozoic crustal thickening and are coeval with metamorphism of accretionary complexes exposed further west in Chile, suggesting a coupled Late Devonian‐Carboniferous evolution. Instead of the result of continental collision, the Gondwanide orogeny might thus be essentially linked to transpression due to advancing subduction along the proto‐Pacific margin of Gondwana. On the other hand, second generation of monazite ages of 171 ± 9 and 170 ± 7 Ma constrains the timing of low‐grade metamorphism related to kink band and F3 open fold development during Jurassic transtension and emplacement of granitoids. Finally, a Cretaceous overprint, likely resulting from hydrothermal processes, is recorded by monazite ages of 110 ± 10 and 80 ± 20 Ma, which might be coeval with deformation along low‐grade shear zones during the onset of Andean transpression.
Spurious Transitions in Convective Regime Due to Viscosity Clipping: Ramifications for Modeling Planetary Secular Cooling
Authors: Guerrero J. M. , Lowman J. P. , Tackley P. J.
Published: June 2019

The thermal evolution of a solid planet is governed by mantle convection and therefore the dependence of viscosity on temperature. In this study, over a span of five billion years, we investigate the effect of viscosity clipping (i.e., limiting the maximum value of the viscosity) on the thermal evolution of lunar‐sized initially hot bodies featuring decaying internal heat sources. Models with a decreasing viscosity contrast resulting from limiting the maximum viscosity to 105.5 times the initial viscosity at the core‐mantle boundary were first examined. At times determined by the initial internal heating rate, rapid cooling sets in as a result of a convective regime change from stagnant‐lid to mobile‐lid convection, followed by gradual cooling to a weakly convecting and eventually nearly conductive state. Subsequently, we employ a dynamic clipping viscosity of 105.5 times the viscosity at the core‐mantle boundary, throughout the planet's evolution. In this case, stagnant‐lid convection is the only convective regime observed. Finally, convection with an initially large viscosity contrast (1010) is modeled in both 2‐D and 3‐D spherical geometry, and we find strong agreement in the thermal evolution when compared with the dynamic clipping model. Our findings show that convective regime changes due to secular cooling can occur due to implementing a fixed viscosity contrast that becomes subcritical with respect to obtaining a stagnant lid. To avoid spurious convective regime changes, the specification of a dynamic clipping viscosity can be used to emulate much higher viscosity contrasts.
The Lomonosov Crater Impact Event: A Possible Mega‐Tsunami Source on Mars
Authors: Costard F. , Séjourné A. , Lagain A. , Ormö J. , Rodriguez J.A.P. , Clifford S. , Bouley S. , Kelfoun K. , Lavigne F.
Published: June 2019

Recent research suggests that major meteorite impact events into a Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian ocean likely produced a mega‐tsunami that would have resurfaced coastal areas in northwestern Arabia Terra. The orientations of the associated lobate deposits, a conspicuous type of landforms called Thumbprint Terrain, suggests that if an impact event triggered the mega‐tsunami, the most likely location of the source crater is within the northern plains regions situated north of Arabia Terra. This study focuses on the identification of impact craters that impacted into the ocean and are likely to have produced the tsunami. We selected 10 complex impact craters, based on their diameters, location, and geomorphic characteristics. Of those, the Late Hesperian ~120‐km‐diameter Lomonosov crater exhibits a unique topographic plan view asymmetry (compared to other similar‐sized and similar‐aged craters in the northern plains such as Micoud, Korolev, and Milankovic). We attribute its broad and shallow rim, in part, to an impact into a shallow ocean as well as its subsequent erosion from the collapsing transient water cavity. The likely marine formation of the Lomonosov crater, and the apparent agreement in its age with that of the Thumbprint Terrain unit (~3 Ga), strongly suggests that it was the source crater of the tsunami. These results have implications for the stability of a late northern ocean on Mars.
Penta- and hexa-coordinated beryllium and phosphorus in high-pressure modifications of CaBe2P2O8
Authors: Pakhomova Anna , Aprilis Georgios , Bykov Maxim , Gorelova Liudmila , Krivovichev Sergey S. , Belov Maxim P. , Abrikosov Igor A. , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: June 2019

Beryllium oxides have been extensively studied due to their unique chemical properties and important technological applications. Typically, in inorganic compounds beryllium is tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen atoms. Herein based on results of in situ single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and ab initio calculations we report on the high-pressure behavior of CaBe2P2O8, to the best of our knowledge the first compound showing a step-wise transition of Be coordination from tetrahedral (4) to octahedral (6) through trigonal bipyramidal (5). It is remarkable that the same transformation route is observed for phosphorus. Our theoretical analysis suggests that the sequence of structural transitions of CaBe2P2O8is associated with the electronic transformation from predominantly molecular orbitals at low pressure to the state with overlapping electronic clouds of anions orbitals.
Long-read sequencing unveils IGH-DUX4 translocation into the silenced IGH allele in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tian Liqing , Shao Ying , Nance Stephanie , Dang Jinjun , Xu Beisi , Ma Xiaotu , Li Yongjin , Ju Bensheng , Dong Li , Newman Scott , Zhou Xin , Schreiner Patrick , Tseng Elizabeth , Hon Ting , Ashby Meredith , Li Chunliang , Easton John , Gruber Tanja A. , Zhang Jinghui
Published: June 2019

IGH@ proto-oncogene translocation is a common oncogenic event in lymphoid lineage cancers such as B-ALL, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Here, to investigate the interplay between IGH@ proto-oncogene translocation and IGH allelic exclusion, we perform long-read whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing along with epigenetic and 3D genome profiling of Nalm6, an IGH-DUX4 positive B-ALL cell line. We detect significant allelic imbalance on the wild-type over the IGH-DUX4 haplotype in expression and epigenetic data, showing IGH-DUX4 translocation occurs on the silenced IGH allele. In vitro, this reduces the oncogenic stress of DUX4 high-level expression. Moreover, patient samples of IGH-DUX4 B-ALL have similar expression profile and IGH breakpoints as Nalm6, suggesting a common mechanism to allow optimal dosage of non-toxic DUX4 expression.
Widely tunable GaAs bandgap via strain engineering in core/shell nanowires with large lattice mismatch
Authors: Balaghi Leila , Bussone Genziana , Grifone Raphael , Hübner René , Grenzer Jörg , Ghorbani-Asl Mahdi , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Schneider Harald , Helm Manfred , Dimakis Emmanouil
Published: June 2019

The realisation of photonic devices for different energy ranges demands materials with different bandgaps, sometimes even within the same device. The optimal solution in terms of integration, device performance and device economics would be a simple material system with widely tunable bandgap and compatible with the mainstream silicon technology. Here, we show that gallium arsenide nanowires grown epitaxially on silicon substrates exhibit a sizeable reduction of their bandgap by up to 40% when overgrown with lattice-mismatched indium gallium arsenide or indium aluminium arsenide shells. Specifically, we demonstrate that the gallium arsenide core sustains unusually large tensile strain with hydrostatic character and its magnitude can be engineered via the composition and the thickness of the shell. The resulted bandgap reduction renders gallium arsenide nanowires suitable for photonic devices across the near-infrared range, including telecom photonics at 1.3 and potentially 1.55 μm, with the additional possibility of monolithic integration in silicon-CMOS chips.
TGFβ-induced degradation of TRAF3 in mesenchymal progenitor cells causes age-related osteoporosis
Authors: Li Jinbo , Ayoub Akram , Xiu Yan , Yin Xiaoxiang , Sanders James O. , Mesfin Addisu , Xing Lianping , Yao Zhenqiang , Boyce Brendan F.
Published: June 2019

Inflammaging induces osteoporosis by promoting bone destruction and inhibiting bone formation. TRAF3 limits bone destruction by inhibiting RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling in osteoclast precursors. However, the role of TRAF3 in mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) is unknown. Mice with TRAF3 deleted in MPCs develop early onset osteoporosis due to reduced bone formation and enhanced bone destruction. In young mice TRAF3 prevents β-catenin degradation in MPCs and maintains osteoblast formation. However, TRAF3 protein levels decrease in murine and human bone samples during aging when TGFβ1 is released from resorbing bone. TGFβ1 induces degradation of TRAF3 in murine MPCs and inhibits osteoblast formation through GSK-3β-mediated degradation of β-catenin. Thus, TRAF3 positively regulates MPC differentiation into osteoblasts. TRAF3 deletion in MPCs activated NF-κB RelA and RelB to promote RANKL expression and enhance bone destruction. We conclude that pharmacologic stabilization of TRAF3 during aging could treat/prevent age-related osteoporosis by inhibiting bone destruction and promoting bone formation.
Interlayer epitaxy of wafer-scale high-quality uniform AB-stacked bilayer graphene films on liquid Pt3Si/solid Pt
Authors: Ma Wei , Chen Mao-Lin , Yin Lichang , Liu Zhibo , Li Hui , Xu Chuan , Xin Xing , Sun Dong-Ming , Cheng Hui-Ming , Ren Wencai
Published: June 2019

Large-area high-quality AB-stacked bilayer graphene films are highly desired for the applications in electronics, photonics and spintronics. However, the existing growth methods can only produce discontinuous bilayer graphene with variable stacking orders because of the non-uniform surface and strong potential field of the solid substrates used. Here we report the growth of wafer-scale continuous uniform AB-stacked bilayer graphene films on a liquid Pt3Si/solid Pt substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The films show quality, mechanical and electrical properties comparable to the mechanically exfoliated samples. Growth mechanism studies show that the second layer is grown underneath the first layer by precipitation of carbon atoms from the solid Pt, and the small energy requirements for the movements of graphene nucleus on the liquid Pt3Si enables the interlayer epitaxy to form energy-favorable AB stacking. This interlayer epitaxy also allows the growth of ABA-stacked trilayer graphene and is applicable to other liquid/solid substrates.
Switch-like enhancement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by YAP through feedback regulation of WT1 and Rho-family GTPases
Authors: Park JinSeok , Kim Deok-Ho , Shah Sagar R. , Kim Hong-Nam , Kshitiz  , Kim Peter , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Levchenko Andre
Published: June 2019

Collective cell migration occurs in many patho-physiological states, including wound healing and invasive cancer growth. The integrity of the expanding epithelial sheets depends on extracellular cues, including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. We show that the nano-scale topography of the extracellular matrix underlying epithelial cell layers can strongly affect the speed and morphology of the fronts of the expanding sheet, triggering partial and complete epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). We further demonstrate that this behavior depends on the mechano-sensitivity of the transcription regulator YAP and two new YAP-mediated cross-regulating feedback mechanisms: Wilms Tumor-1-YAP-mediated downregulation of E-cadherin, loosening cell-cell contacts, and YAP-TRIO-Merlin mediated regulation of Rho GTPase family proteins, enhancing cell migration. These YAP-dependent feedback loops result in a switch-like change in the signaling and the expression of EMT-related markers, leading to a robust enhancement in invasive cell spread, which may lead to a worsened clinical outcome in renal and other cancers.
Petroleum exploration increases methane emissions from northern peatlands
Authors: Strack Maria , Hayne Shari , Lovitt Julie , McDermid Gregory J. , Rahman Mir Mustafizur , Saraswati Saraswati , Xu Bin
Published: June 2019

Peatlands are globally significant sources of atmospheric methane (CH4). In the northern hemisphere, extensive geologic exploration activities have occurred to map petroleum deposits. In peatlands, these activities result in soil compaction and wetter conditions, changes that are likely to enhance CH4emissions. To date, this effect has not been quantified. Here we map petroleum exploration disturbances on peatlands in Alberta, Canada, where peatlands and oil deposits are widespread. We then estimate induced CH4emissions. By our calculations, at least 1900 km2of peatland have been affected, increasing CH4emissions by 4.4–5.1 kt CH4 yr−1above undisturbed conditions. Not currently estimated in Canada’s national reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, inclusion would increase current emissions from land use, land use change and forestry by 7–8%. However, uncertainty remains large. Research further investigating effects of petroleum exploration on peatland GHG fluxes will allow appropriate consideration of these emissions in future peatland management.
Transparent and tough bulk composites inspired by nacre
Authors: Magrini Tommaso , Bouville Florian , Lauria Alessandro , Le Ferrand Hortense , Niebel Tobias P. , Studart André R.
Published: June 2019

Materials combining optical transparency and mechanical strength are highly demanded for electronic displays, structural windows and in the arts, but the oxide-based glasses currently used in most of these applications suffer from brittle fracture and low crack tolerance. We report a simple approach to fabricate bulk transparent materials with a nacre-like architecture that can effectively arrest the propagation of cracks during fracture. Mechanical characterization shows that our glass-based composites exceed up to a factor of 3 the fracture toughness of common glasses, while keeping flexural strengths comparable to transparent polymers, silica- and soda-lime glasses. Due to the presence of stiff reinforcing platelets, the hardness of the obtained composites is an order of magnitude higher than that of transparent polymers. By implementing biological design principles into glass-based materials at the microscale, our approach opens a promising new avenue for the manufacturing of structural materials combining antagonistic functional properties.
Provenance of uranium particulate contained within Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1 ejecta material
Authors: Martin Peter G. , Louvel Marion , Cipiccia Silvia , Jones Christopher P. , Batey Darren J. , Hallam Keith R. , Yang Ian A. X. , Satou Yukihiko , Rau Christoph , Mosselmans J. Fred W. , Richards David A. , Scott Thomas B.
Published: June 2019

Here we report the results of multiple analytical techniques on sub-mm particulate material derived from Unit 1 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to provide a better understanding of the events that occurred and the environmental legacy. Through combined x-ray fluorescence and absorption contrast micro-focused x-ray tomography, entrapped U particulate are observed to exist around the exterior circumference of the highly porous Si-based particle. Further synchrotron radiation analysis of a number of these entrapped particles shows them to exist as UO2—identical to reactor fuel, with confirmation of their nuclear origin shown via mass spectrometry analysis. While unlikely to represent an environmental or health hazard, such assertions would likely change should break-up of the Si-containing bulk particle occur. However, more important to the long-term decommissioning of the reactors at the FDNPP (and environmental clean-upon), is the knowledge that core integrity of reactor Unit 1 was compromised with nuclear material existing outside of the reactors primary containment.
Variational quantum state diagonalization
Authors: LaRose Ryan , Tikku Arkin , O’Neel-Judy Étude , Cincio Lukasz , Coles Patrick J.
Published: June 2019

Variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms are promising candidates for near-term implementation on quantum computers. In these algorithms, a quantum computer evaluates the cost of a gate sequence (with speedup over classical cost evaluation), and a classical computer uses this information to adjust the parameters of the gate sequence. Here we present such an algorithm for quantum state diagonalization. State diagonalization has applications in condensed matter physics (e.g., entanglement spectroscopy) as well as in machine learning (e.g., principal component analysis). For a quantum state ρ and gate sequence U, our cost function quantifies how far $$U\rho U^\dagger$$

U
ρ

U

†

is from being diagonal. We introduce short-depth quantum circuits to quantify our cost. Minimizing this cost returns a gate sequence that approximately diagonalizes ρ. One can then read out approximations of the largest eigenvalues, and the associated eigenvectors, of ρ. As a proof-of-principle, we implement our algorithm on Rigetti’s quantum computer to diagonalize one-qubit states and on a simulator to find the entanglement spectrum of the Heisenberg model ground state.
A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil
Authors: Langer Max Cardoso , Martins Neurides de Oliveira , Manzig Paulo César , Ferreira Gabriel de Souza , Marsola Júlio César de Almeida , Fortes Edison , Lima Rosana , Sant’ana Lucas Cesar Frediani , Vidal Luciano da Silva , Lorençato Rosangela Honório da Silva , Ezcurra Martín Daniel
Published: June 2019

Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.