bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary repair vs ileostomy in patients with typhoid perforation
Authors: Islam Haroon Rafiul , Sohail Ahmad , Attique Azhar , Shafique Azhar , Cheema. Muhammad Arshad
Published: June 2016

This is prospective study conducted in the department of Surgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore over the period of four years. Comparative data was compiled on 100 patients divided in two equal groups. Efficacy of two operations was assessed in terms of morbidity and mortality. The final results were conclusive enough to show the benefits of ileostomy over the primary repair in cases of typhoid perforation.
Outcome of surgical management of carcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Haq Anwarul
Published: June 2016

In our study the resectability rate was 25%. Management of the case depends upon the stage of the tumour at time of presentation. Surgical management is the best suitable with chance of curative resection of the tumour. Various modifications in pancreaticoduodenectomy have been done since the Whipple`s procedure was introduced. Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy is one such modification. Pancreatic stump is associated most of the time with complications of leakage. Although the techniques of pancreaticoduodenectomy have been improved with better pre operative evaluation, anaesthetic facilities and post operative care of the patient, the long term five year survival is still not much increased. Moreover, post operative hospital stay and complication rate is still high. Alternatively, bypass procedure especially where the disease i s advanced and the tumour is not resectable, are applied. These palliative procedures are associated with short hospital stay, less post operative complications, early relief of symptoms and better quality of life. Short term survival is rather better in these patients as compared to those undergoing resection. Six months survival in our study was 66.6% as compared to 60% in resected cases. Supportive therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy at present are not of much help.
Academic Performance, Self Efficacy and Perceived Social Support of Visually Impaired Students
Authors: Shahed Sarah , Ilyas Zahida , Hashmi Ali Madeeh
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjective:The present study investigated the relationship between academic performance, self efficacy and perceived social support of visually impaired students.Sample:A purposive sample consisting of 60 visually impaired students was selected from three institutions in Lahore, comprising boys and girls in equal number.Instruments: Translated versions of Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale by Zimet, Dehlam and Farley and Generalized Self Efficacy Scale by Jerusalem were used for the purpose of data collection.Results:Significant correlation was found between academic performance, self efficacy, and perceived social support. Gender differences were found in academic achievement. Girls secured a higher percentage of marks than boys.Conclusion:Visually impaired students can make King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore significant educational attainments if they are provided support. This in turn will add to their self efficacy which may lead to even greater achievement. Educational institutions need to design and set up support networks by involving faculty and students for promoting higher achievement and selfreliance in visually impaired students.
Microbial risk assessment of drinking water to set health-based performance targets to improve water quality and treatment plant operations
Authors: Shea A. , Poon J. , Williamson S.
Published: June 2016

Western Water (WW) provides water, recycled water and wastewater services to almost 150,000 people whilst continuously striving to improve processes to provide its customers with safe, cost effective and reliable drinking water, recycled water and treatment services. Under this framework of continuous improvement, WW has reviewed the effectiveness of its drinking water treatment systems using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) techniques described by the World Health Organization (WHO). The microbial-related water quality targets in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2011) National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra are simply ‘to ensure that drinking water is free of microorganisms that can cause disease’. Whereas, the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling adopted the WHO QMRA approach for setting health-based microbial targets to manage health risk to customers. WW has investigated adopting the AGWR methodology for drinking water risk management, and invested in the development of a convenient and practical QMRA tool for rapid assessment and reporting of the microbial safety of its drinking water systems. This action resulted in the identification of several drinking water system performance deficiencies, and recommendations for system improvements and optimization to improve health risk management to customers.
Identifying the potential sources of trace metals in water from subsidence area based on positive matrix factorization
Authors: Sun Linhua , Liu Xianghong , Min Ning
Published: June 2016

Water in the subsidence area is a good choice for solving the water shortage in the coal mining area of China. In this study, positive matrix factorization model has been applied for the concentrations of seven kinds of trace metals (Pb, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) in water from the subsidence area in the Luling coal mine, northern Anhui Province, China for identifying and quantifying their potential sources. Statistical analyses (including coefficients of variation and P-value of Anderson–Darling test) of metal concentrations indicate that multi factors (geological weathering/dissolution, filling of coal gauge and anthropogenic discharge) are responsible for the metal concentrations in the water. Based on the variations of Q values, three sources have been determined by US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) positive matrix factorization model: coal gauge filling, geological weathering or dissolution and waste discharge. The contribution degrees of these sources for all of the pools are different, and therefore, different strategies (e.g. clean the waste and the coal gauge around and in the pools) should be applied with different pools.
Occurrence, environmental impacts and removal of legacy and emerging contaminants from two wastewater and one water treatment plant in Southern Ontario. Part II: environmental impacts
Authors: Tabe Shahram , Parrott Joanne , Nowierski Monica , Pileggi Vince , Kleywegt Sonya , Yang Paul
Published: June 2016

This is part two of a paper about the potential environmental impacts of treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharging to the Detroit River in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The WWTP uses conventional activated sludge with nitrification.

The assessment was conducted over six months using a variety of established tests, including in vitro cell-based screening assays, as well as acute, chronic and full-life cycle in vivo exposures. Effluent monitoring included pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting compounds.

No tests reported significant toxicity. However, enhanced algal growth was observed in a Pseudokerchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition test. In full life-cycle fathead minnow exposure, liver-somatic index changes were noted in exposed fish – increases for males, decreases for females – and production of viable fry decreased. Neither alteration is thought biologically significant. Because the effluent is diluted substantially by the receiving water, the level of risk posed to aquatic receptors and the environment is probably negligible.
Experimental research on performance parameters of a self-excited pulsed jet device
Authors: Li Jun , Cao Yongmei , Gao Chuanchang , Liao Weili
Published: June 2016

The self-excited pulsed jet is characteristically efficient and inexpensive. To develop an optimal pulsed jet, the structural and operating parameters affecting its peak hitting power were studied. The optimal range of cavity length and diameter, the areal ratio of the bottom and top nozzles, the bottom nozzle length, and the target distance and working pressure were all determined.
Water abundance analysis of aquifer in coal roof based on grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Bo Li
Published: June 2016

As water abundance of aquifer of coal roof significantly influences roof water hazard, evaluating and grading the degree of water abundance are important in practical application. By analyzing the influencing factors of water abundance of aquifer, an evaluation index system and a grading standard for the water abundance were established integrating quantitative and qualitative indexes. Meanwhile, according to the grey relation characteristics of the major factors influencing water abundance, a multi-factor evaluation model for water abundance was constructed based on grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process. The model can objectively reveal the influences of the multiple factors on the evaluation of water abundance. Furthermore, the method was verified by comprehensively evaluating the water abundance of the aquifer of coal roof in a working face of Pingshuo Coal Mine in Shanxi, China using the model. The method provides basis for the research on the evaluation of water abundance of aquifer in coal roof.
Anisotropic flow resistance theory and experimental verification on partially submerged crop vegetation
Authors: Zhang Shengtang , Liu Yin , Zhang Jingzhou , Liu Yuanchen
Published: June 2016

The presence of orderly arranged rows and spacing of crop vegetation increases the anisotropy of the Earth's surface, and affects the resistance of the surface to overland flow. However, few studies have addressed how the orderly arrangement of crop vegetation affects the resistance of the surface to overland flow. In the present study, we consider that flow resistance has anisotropic attributes. We have also performed a flow resistance experiment using rigid and simulated partially submerged crop vegetation. The simulation replicated water flow in different directions over the same crop vegetation and overland surface. The angles of flow direction and the crop rows were arranged as 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, and 90 °. The results show that the flow resistance of partially submerged crop vegetation is composed of surface resistance ns and vegetation resistance np. Vegetation resistance np is linearly proportional to the submerged vegetation height h, and the proportionality coefficient α (Δn/Δh) varies with the angle θ of the flow direction and the crop rows under the same water depth conditions, n15 > n30 > n45 > n90. Further regression analysis revealed that the relationship between the coefficient α and vertical projection width of crop stems in the flow direction is a power function.
A proteção ao meio ambiente em nível internacional através da avaliação dos impactos ambientais num contexto transfronteiriço
Authors: Maria Perillo Ferreira Rosana , Mª Alves Bitencourt e Freitas Vânia
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho é um estudo sobre a proteção ao meioambiente, tendo como objetivo apresentar uma abordagem sobre uma das modalidades de avaliação: os estudos de impacto ambiental em nível internacional, referenciado na Convenção Espoo, 1991 e no Protocolo Kiev, 2003, cujos signatários são os Estados-membros das Nações Unidas para a Europa. Observa-se que tanto a Convenção de Espoo, quanto o Protocolo de Kiev têm como objetivos prevenir os impactos negativos transfronteiriços, traçar estratégias e diretrizes, ouvindo a população dos países ditos de origem e os países afetados. Mecanismos como consultas públicas, notificações, dossiês, inquéritos e outros estão previstos nos instrumentos, que têm a precípua intenção de conscientizar os Estados signatários para a importância da discussão sobre o meio ambiente. Mesmo que estesinstrumentos não sejam cogentes, são considerados avanços, pois prevêem formas de resolução de conflitos, baseados tanto nas legislações dos países envolvidos, como na formação de Tribunais Arbitrais.
Ciência e Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável
Authors: De Almeida Ribeiro Fabrízio , Saraiva Rodrigues Olira , Vasconcelos Braga Juliana , Puglisi Marreto Luciane , Rodrigues Barbosa Alessandro , Fernandes Vieira Edmilson , Da Silva Cordeiro Robson , Tarciso Meirelles de Pina Siqueira Glauco
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho representa o registro de ações de dois projetos de ciência e tecnologia para o desenvolvimento social. O Centro de Recondicionamento de Computadores, que viabiliza a inclusão digital por meio da doação deequipamentos de informática recondicionados. Além de recondicionar equipamentos recebidos por doação para reinserção em projetos de inclusão digital, proporciona oportunidades de trabalho, formação profissional eeducacional para jovens. E, o Centro de Referência de Tecnologia Social, considerado ferramenta com potencial de divulgação de conhecimento e valores acerca de uma TS, é capaz de dispor tecnologias adaptadas da tecnologia convencional, que viabiliza economicamente os pequenosempreendimentos e os autogestionários e é voltado para as necessidades do mercado interno municipal e regional. Tais projetos objetivam contribuir para a inclusão e transformação social, por meio de ações que visam o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico responsável e ambientalmente sustentávelno município de Anápolis.
ANÁLISE DA QUESTÃO AMBIENTAL E QUALIDADE DE VIDA NOS ASSENTAMENTOS PRECÁRIOS DE ANÁPOLIS (GO): UM ESTUDO DE CASO DO NOVO PARAÍSO
Authors: Fernandes Borges Shayene , Socorro da Luz Janes , Helena A. da Silva Fregonezzi Luciana
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho analisa a questão ambiental e qualidade de vida no aglomerado subnormal Novo Paraíso em Anápolis (GO). Considera-se que a urbanização crescente do município influi na pressão sobre a ocupação e o uso do solo urbano, o que ocasiona a formação de ocupações irregulares e/ou emcondições precárias. Destaca-se que as áreas subnormais representam uma forma de expressão espacial ligada à pobreza urbana e a segregação residencial, representando um agravante da degradação ambiental. O exemplo enfatizado de área subnormal, Bairro Novo Paraíso, possui uma história que remete ao início na década de 1935 e, tradicionalmente vinculado à necessidade de abrigar pessoas portadoras de hanseníase fora do perímetro urbano.
Topônimos de Origem Indígena: O papel do tupi na nomeação dos lugares goianos
Authors: Siqueira Kênia Mara de Freitas , David Nismária Alves
Published: June 2016

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar alguns dados acerca da relação entre os topônimos de origem indígena do estado de Goiás e o ecossistema linguístico que, por sua vez, envolve a inter-relação entre língua (L), população (P) e território (T). Para tanto, são consideradas as motivações que subjazem à escolha de um nome para determinado lugar como processo que vai da percepção biológica dos objetos do mundo físico e cultural à apreensão e compreensão desses objetos estruturados a partir da relação de P sobre T refletidas em L. A metodologia consiste em pesquisa de cunho documental, de abordagem qualitativa, para o levantamento dos dados, já que a constituição dos “lugares” está registrada em documentos públicos e levantamento histórico geográfico.Palavras-Chaves: Ecossistema; Topônimos; Língua; População; Território.
O Uso Insustentável dos Recursos Naturais no Estado de Goiás: Efeitos da agricultura na conservação do bioma Cerrado
Authors: Della Giustina Carlos Christian , Franco José Luiz de Andrade
Published: June 2016

Até a metade do século XX, a viabilidade das práticas agrícola em Goiás dependeu de condições edáficas naturais favoráveis para esta atividade. As florestas, como o Mato Grosso de Goiás, foram objeto de uso intensivo pelas diferentes sociedades, ao longo da história. Após a Revolução Verde, na década de 1970, o aspecto "fertilidade natural do solo" perdeu a importância que detinha para a viabilidade de projetos agrícolas. Novas técnicas agronômicas foram empregadas para o desenvolvimento de áreas naturais, possibilitando que outros ecossistemas fossem incorporados ao sistema de produção. Assim, o Cerrado sentido restrito, que ocorre em solos de baixa fertilidade, passou a ser o alvo dos desmatamentos em Goiás. Esse modelo de ocupação, por destruir preferencialmente um único tipo de ecossistema, ameaça a conservação de áreas naturais com dimensões suficientes para abrigar populações viáveis da fauna silvestre e com representatividade ecossistêmica.Palavras-Chaves: Bioma Cerrado, Agricultura, Conservação Da Natureza
Processos Evolutivos na Amazônia e na Mata Atlântica
Authors: Batalha-Filho Henrique , Miyaki Cristina Yumi
Published: June 2016

A Floresta Amazônica e a Mata Atlântica estão entre os ecossistemas com os maiores índices de biodiversidade do mundo, e estão separadas pela diagonal de áreas abertas da América do Sul, que é formada pelos biomas Chaco, Cerrado e Caatinga. Na Mata Atlântica estudos sobre evolução e biogeografia têm mostrado que os ciclos glaciais do Pleistoceno tiveram importante papel na diversificação da biota residente em suas florestas. Além disso, outros estudos apontam que atividades tectônicas ocorridas durante o fim do Terciário e no Quaternário possivelmente contribuíram para a diversificação de algumas linhagens. Contudo, na Amazônia, o estabelecimento da drenagem atual da bacia do Rio Amazonas tem sido atribuído como um dos principais mecanismos responsáveis para a origem da biota residente no bioma. Ademais, o soerguimento dos Andes também vem sendo apontado como um dos mecanismos responsáveis pela diversificação da Amazônia. Entretanto, tanto na Mata Atlântica quanto na Amazônia, a origem da biodiversidade parece ter sido produto de uma história bastante complexa, e assumir que esta diversificação foi originada por um ou poucos processos evolutivos é simplista demais. O que parece ter acontecido nestas florestas foi um processo de diversificação contínuo ao longo do tempo, e extremamente complexo com diversas forças atuantes.Palavras-Chave: Biogeografia; Região Neotropical; Biodiversidade.
Ao Revés da Utopia: Metamorfoses do ambiente amazônico nas obras de Franklin Távora, Euclides da Cunha e Alberto Rangel
Authors: Murari Luciana
Published: June 2016

Este artigo analisa textos de três escritores brasileiros que, em contato com a Amazônia, refletiram sobre o futuro da região e sobre as possibilidades concretas de sua transformação em um território economicamente dinâmico e politicamente integrado à comunidade brasileira. Franklin Távora, escrevendo em 1876, vislumbrou um futuro em que o cenário amazônico seria convertido em uma paisagem típica da I Revolução Industrial. Na primeira década do século XX, Euclides da Cunha, por sua vez, imaginou um futuro em que o progresso da região seria impulsionado pelos investimentos estatais em obras de infraestrutura de transporte que inscreveriam a Amazônia em um projeto nacional, por meio da distribuição do povoamento e da ação direta e constante do Estado. Na mesma época, Alberto Rangel mantém uma postura dúbia que valoriza a excepcionalidade da natureza amazônica e os óbices que ela representaria à ocupação humana regular, apresentando uma visão que se divide entre o messianismo que via nela o futuro da humanidade e o pessimismo que anotava a frustração crônica dos projetos dirigidos à região..Palavras-Chave: Modernização; Literatura; Amazônia; Pensamento Social Brasileiro.
Modelagem Fuzzy Aplicada à Análise da Paisagem: Uma proposta para o diagnóstico ambiental participativo
Authors: França Lucirene Vitória Góes , Bressane Adriano , Silva Fabio Nowak , Peche Filho Afonso , Medeiros Gerson Araujo , Ribeiro Admilson Irio , Roveda José Arnaldo Frutuoso , Roveda Sandra Regina Monteiro Masalskiene
Published: June 2016

O presente artigo tem a finalidade de mostrar a utilização da Lógica Fuzzy como ferramenta de inferência no suporte à decisão em análises da paisagem. Para tanto, foi criado um modelo matemático visando expressar de forma mais realista a condição ambiental da paisagem. Por meio da construção de um índice fuzzy de qualidade ambiental para a paisagem, contemplando os meios físico, biótico e antrópico, bem como critérios de ponderação (severidade, significância e magnitude), foi possível articular um método de avaliação das ações antrópicas prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, que muitas vezes são tratadas de forma subjetiva, pela presença de incertezas e ponderações pessoais...Palavras-Chaves: Paisagem; Fuzzy; Rio Jundiai-Mirim.
Becoming a Mother in a Strange Land: What cultural care immigrant women experience in Portugal?
Authors: Coutinho Emília de Carvalho , Silva Alcione Leite , Lopes Cláudia Sofia Martins Silva , Parreira Vitória Barros Castro , Duarte João Carvalho , Nelas Paula Alexandra Batista , Chaves Cláudia Margarida Balula , Amaral Maria Odete
Published: June 2016

Uma mulher que experimenta a maternidade no contexto da imigração, é suscetível a inadequações no atendimento, comprometendo sua própria experiência da gravidez e do parto e a satisfação com o atendimento. Este estudo pretende compreender as tradições, crenças e práticas de cuidado cultural relacionadas à gravidez, parto e pós-parto das mães imigrantes em Portugal. É um tipo de pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando a entrevista semi-estruturada, em que 60 mães imigrantes participaram. A análise de conteúdo foi apoiada por NVivo10. Várias crenças, tradições e práticas culturais associadas à gravidez, parto ou pós-parto, de diferentes culturas, são apresentadas. De especial relevância destacam-se as interdições e proibições impostas à mulher grávida...Palavras-Chave: Crenças; Práticas; Cuidado Cultural; Imigração; Maternidade
Adesão do Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo Segundo a Ótica das Mães Usuárias da USF Santa Augusta – Marília/SP
Authors: Nardo Luciana Rocha de Oliveira , Juliani Carmen Maria Casquel Monti , Scuccuglia Maíra Rodrigues , Marin Maria José Sanches
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem qualitativa, onde a coleta de dados foi realizada através da técnica de grupo focal, e como metodologia foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Foi evidenciada uma baixa adesão ao aleitamento materno exclusivo pelas mães usuárias de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família da cidade de Marília/ SP, e a partir deste dado é que se consistiu o objetivo de identificar os motivos que levaram essas mães a introduzirem outros tipos de alimentos que não o leite materno, antes das crianças completarem seis meses de idade contribuindo para o desmame precoce. Foi possível detectar como fatores mais significativos para a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo as alterações físicas da mãe e o retorno ao trabalho após o período de 120 dias da licença-maternidade.Palavras-Chave: Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo; Desmame Precoce e Estratégia de Saúde da Família.
Self-adaptive Genetic Algorithm and Fuzzy Decision Based Multi-objective Optimization in Microgrid with DGs
Authors: Xie Shanyi , Zhai Ruicong , Liu Xianhu , Li Baoguo , Long Kai , Ai Qian
Published: June 2016

Microgrid is one practical infrastructure to integrate Distributed Generations (DGs) and local loads. Its optimal operating strategy has aroused great attention in recent years. This paper mainly focuses on the multi-objective optimization of DGs in microgrid by using self-adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) and fuzzy decision. Five objective functions are taken into account comprising voltage offset, transmission loss, construction cost, purchase cost and the environmental cost. In the algorithm, self-adaptation in population size, mutation probability, selection and standardization of objective functions is developed to enhance the speed and efficiency of the algorithm. Moreover, fuzzy decision is applied to determine the final solution. Simulation results show this algorithm can effectively find the optimal solution and improve the real-time control of microgrid, which implies the possibility of potential applications in microgrid energy management system.
Turning Electromyography Reports Upside Down: A Pilot Study Surveying Referring Providers
Authors: Shenoy Anant M. , Baquis Kate G. , Baquis George D.
Published: June 2016

Providers are expressing a desire for more efficient ways to retrieve relevant clinical data from the Electronic Health Record. In an effort to improve our Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Study reports, we surveyed referring providers on the effects of having the IMPRESSION at the start of the report. Our survey respondents felt that using this format for an Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Study report significantly improved the quality of the report while saving them time and/or mouse clicks when interpreting the report. Electro diagnosticians might consider using this format for their Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Study reports to improve referring provider satisfaction.
A Study on Relationship Between the Heat Release of Later-age Concrete and the Concrete Strength Development
Authors: Zhu Zhenyang , Chen Weimin , Xie Zhiqiang , Zhang Guoxin
Published: June 2016

The adiabatic temperature rise of early-age concrete can be precisely tested by the device. However, the insufficient accuracy of testing device can lead to inaccurate measurements of adiabatic temperature rise of later-age concrete. The purpose of this paper is to create a model to predict the hydration heat of later-age concrete. Based on the previous studies, it is known that the heat release of the concrete is accomplished with the increment of the concrete strength and concrete strength can be accurately measured. Thus, a preliminary later-age hydration heat model was established. The correction of the model was verified through experiments.
Genetic Fidelity in Micropropagated Plantlets of Pimpinella tirupatiensis-an Endemic and Threatened Medicinal Plant Using RAPD and ISSR Markers
Authors: A.* Srilakshmi , A. Ugraiah , M. Gayatri C. , L. Rajanna
Published: June 2016

Tissue cultured Pimpinella tirupatiensis plantlets were subjected to assessment of genetic stability considering the fact that associated in vitro stress might result in breakdown of control mechanism causing instability of the genome. We have used two DNA based molecular markers to assess the genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated Pimpinella tirupatiensis through shoot tip from in vitro raised seedlings. The shoot tips upon transfer to MS medium containing different concentrations and combinations of 6- benzyl aminopurine (BAP) kinetin (KN), 2- isopentyl adenine (2- ip), α- napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole 3- acetic acid (IAA). The best morphogenic response was observed on MS medium fortified with BA (13.31 µM) and NAA (2.69 µM) which exhibited the highest regeneration frequency (90%), the maximum number of shoots/explants (6.50 ± 0.91) and shoot length (3.20 ± 0.20) within 5 weeks. Rooting was achieved within 15 days of shoot implantation on ½ strength MS media fortified with BAP (13.31 µM) and IBA (9.8 µM). The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized with 85% survival rate. Out of 20 RAPD and 3 ISSR primers screened, only 6 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and all three inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers produced clear reproducible and scorable bands. All banding profiles from micropropagated plants were monomorphic and similar to the mother plant indicating an absence of noticeable genetic variation in the regenerated plantlets. This study is of high significance as these could be commercially utilized for large scale production of true-to-type plantlets in Pimpinella tirupatiensis.
The developmental variation of the protein profile of the pollen of Datura inoxia: A comparative study
Authors: Bera Barnali , (Parui) Sanjukta Mondal , Mondal* Amal Kumar
Published: June 2016

Datura inoxia Mill., a less known species is generally confused with its other related species Datura metel, the pollen of which has been proved to be allergenic. But D. inoxia has been found to grow luxuriously in several places of West Bengal. There are still no reports on the allergenicity of the pollen of this plant. The present paper reports the protein profile of the pollen of D. inoxia at different stages of maturity. The pollen was collected both before and after anthesis and the change in protein profile and concentration studied for both immature (before anthesis) and mature (after anthesis) stages, as well as in different seasons. A slight decrease in protein concentration was observed in case of mature pollen. The SDS-PAGE protein profile showed a total of 14 protein bands designated as D1 to D14, between the molecular weight range of 22 kDa to 205 kDa. There was also a variation in the protein profile between immature and mature pollen with the number of protein bands being more in case of immature pollen.
Mechanics of weathered clay-marl rock masses along the rupture surface in homogeneous dry slopes
Authors: Kostic Srdjan , Guranov Iva , Vasovic Nebojsa , Kuzmanovic Dragoslav
Published: June 2016

Authors analyze stress-strain distribution within slope using the shear
stress reduction technique based on finite element method, which was
previously confirmed to provide approximately the same results as the
Janbu's corrected limit equilibrium method. Results obtained indicate that
the largest vertical displacements occur at the slope base and crest, while
central part of the slope is exposed to the largest horizontal
displacements. Normal and shear stress show maximum values in the middle
part of the slope. It was also determined that separate stress-strain
relations could be derived for the exact upper and lower part of the rupture
surface.
RANKL and OPG expression: Jiggling force affects root resorption in rats
Authors: Matsuda Yayoi , Motokawa Masahide , Kaku Masato , Sumi Hiromi , Tanne Kazuo , Tanimoto Kotaro
Published: June 2016

Objective: To immunohistochemically investigate the longitudinal changes in root resorption by jiggling force in experimental animal models.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-six 12-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The maxillary first molars were alternately moved in the buccal and lingual direction in 28 rats (experimental group) using an experimental appliance to produce jiggling forces of 10 g. In another 28 rats (control group), the maxillary first molars were moved in only the lingual direction with a force of 10 g. After 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days, the maxillae were resected and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The resorption area was quantified histomorphometrically and the number of odontoclasts on the root surface was counted. Expression of RANKL and OPG was also examined by immunohistochemical staining.

Results: The root resorption area and the number of odontoclasts were significantly greater in the experimental group than in controls. Odontoclasts were detected in the resorption lacunae and PDL in the experimental group, whereas osteoclasts were located only along the alveolar bone in controls. OPG was detected on the alveolar bone in the experimental group and on the root surfaces of the controls.

Conclusions: Jiggling force is a critical factor in severe root resorption, affecting RANKL and OPG expression, which accelerates and inhibits odontoclastic induction, respectively.
Hyperamylinemia Increases IL-1β Synthesis in the Heart via Peroxidative Sarcolemmal Injury
Authors: Liu Miao , Verma Nirmal , Peng Xiaoli , Srodulski Sarah , Morris Andrew , Chow Martin , Hersh Louis B. , Chen Jing , Zhu Haining , Netea Mihai G. , Margulies Kenneth B. , Despa Sanda , Despa Florin
Published: June 2016

Hypersecretion of amylin is common in individuals with prediabetes, causes amylin deposition and proteotoxicity in pancreatic islets, and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also identified amylin deposits in failing hearts from patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes and demonstrated that hyperamylinemia accelerates the development of heart dysfunction in rats expressing human amylin in pancreatic β-cells (HIP rats). To further determine the impact of hyperamylinemia on cardiac myocytes, we investigated human myocardium, compared diabetic HIP rats with diabetic rats expressing endogenous (nonamyloidogenic) rat amylin, studied normal mice injected with aggregated human amylin, and developed in vitro cell models. We found that amylin deposition negatively affects cardiac myocytes by inducing sarcolemmal injury, generating reactive aldehydes, forming amylin-based adducts with reactive aldehydes, and increasing synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) independently of hyperglycemia. These results are consistent with the pathological role of amylin deposition in the pancreas, uncover a novel contributing mechanism to cardiac myocyte injury in type 2 diabetes, and suggest a potentially treatable link of type 2 diabetes with diabetic heart disease. Although further studies are necessary, these data also suggest that IL-1β might function as a sensor of myocyte amylin uptake and a potential mediator of myocyte injury.
Restoration of Quaking Aspen Woodlands Invaded by Western Juniper
Authors: Bates Jonathan D. , Miller Richard F. , Davies Kirk W. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis Hook.) woodlands are rapidly replacing lower elevation (< 2 100 m) quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands throughout the northern Great Basin. Aspen restoration is important because these communities provide critical habitat for many wildlife species and contain a high diversity of understory shrubs and herbaceous species. We studied two juniper removal treatments to restore aspen woodlands. Treatments included cutting one-third of the juniper trees followed by early fall burning (FALL) or early spring burning (SPRING). Selective cutting of juniper was performed to increase cured surface (0-2 m) fuel levels to carry fire through the woodlands. We tested treatment effectiveness at removing juniper from seedlings to mature trees, measured aspen sucker recruitment, and evaluated the response to treatment of shrub and herbaceous cover and diversity. In the FALL treatment, burning eliminated all remaining juniper trees and seedlings, stimulated a 6-fold increase in aspen suckering (10 000 ha-1), but initially resulted in a significant reduction in herbaceous cover. Spring burning removed 80% of the mature juniper trees that remained after cutting. However, 50% of juniper juveniles survived the SPRING treatment, which will permit juniper to redominate these stands in less than 80 years. Aspen suckering in the SPRING increased only 2.5-fold to 5 300 stems ha-1 by the third year after fire. In the SPRING, herbaceous cover increased 330% and the number of species observed doubled by the third year after fire. If the management objective is to eliminate western juniper with minimal cutting and stimulate greater aspen suckering, we recommend that woodlands be burned in the fall. If the objective is to maintain shrub and herbaceous cover and moderately increase aspen suckering, spring burning is recommended. With spring burning it appears follow-up management will be necessary to remove juniper that are missed in initial treatments.
Measured Sediment Yield Rates From Semiarid Rangeland Watersheds
Authors: Nichols M. H. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Data describing long-term sediment yield rates on semiarid rangeland watersheds are relatively rare. To augment existing data and gain a better understanding of the controlling variables, sediment yields from 8 subwatersheds within the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeastern Arizona were computed from stock pond sediment accumulation measurements, water level records, and estimates of sediment transported in pond overflows. Sediment accumulation records ranging from 30 to 47 years were evaluated for subwatersheds ranging in size from 35.2 to 159.5 ha. Sediment yield ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 m3 ha-1 y-1, with a mean of 1.4 m3 ha-1 y-1 and a standard deviation of 1.0 m3 ha-1 y-1. As expected, runoff volume was a significant factor (P = 0.005) in explaining the variability in sediment yield, but regression analysis demonstrated other variables are important. For example, the ratio of watershed area to main channel length significantly described (P = 0.06) sediment yield, suggesting that more detailed measurements are needed to characterize channel networks to relate internal watershed sediment transport and deposition processes to sediment delivery at the outlets. To generalize sediment yield rates across rangeland regions, additional research is necessary to determine the relative influence of rainfall and runoff patterns, and watershed physiographic and geomorphic characteristics on sediment transport.
Elk, Mule Deer, and Cattle Foraging Relationships on Foothill and Mountain Rangeland
Authors: Torstenson Wendy L. F. , Mosley Jeffrey C. , Brewer Tracy K. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Foraging niche overlap among Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), and cattle (Bos taurus) was studied for 2 years on 37 000 ha of nonforested foothill and mountain habitat in northwestern Wyoming. Microhistological analysis was used to quantify botanical composition of ungulate diets from monthly fecal collections. Feeding habitat use was determined through monthly surveys from fixed-wing aircraft to record nonsolitary animals in nonforested habitat. Kulcyznski’s similarity index was used to calculate dietary and feeding habitat overlap among the 3 ungulates, and these 2 indices were multiplied together to estimate foraging niche overlap. In all seasons, elk and cattle consumed grass-dominated diets (mean = 61% and 81%, respectively), although elk diets were more diverse. Mule deer consumed more forbs and shrubs than either elk or cattle (P < 0.10). Foraging niche overlap was high (45%) between mule deer and elk in spring. Cattle in summer and fall had 60% foraging niche overlap with elk in spring, indicating that, in spring, elk foraged in many of the same places (largely sagebrush grassland) and ate diets similar in botanical composition to what cattle did during summer and fall (principally Festuca idahoensis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, and Achnatherum spp.). Foraging niche overlap also was high (41%-51%) between elk in winter and cattle in summer and fall. Therefore, if competitive or complementary relationships existed between elk and cattle, these interactions most likely occurred on sagebrush grasslands where cattle use in summer-fall was followed by elk use in winter-spring. We recommend that resource managers focus their forage utilization and range trend monitoring in foothill sagebrush grasslands.
Challenges of Integrating Geospatial Technologies Into Rangeland Research and Management
Authors: Weber Keith T. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

With the development and commercial availability of submeter spatial resolution satellite imagery, geospatial tools can better accommodate the needs of range professionals than ever before. However, with these new tools comes a new set of challenges. Range managers and range scientists must now 1) better understand and take advantage of the geotechnical tools at their disposal, 2) collect field observations/measurements in ways that act synergistically with these tools, and 3) utilize high-accuracy global positioning system (GPS) receivers. To produce reliable rangeland models it is important to collect field data that correspond with what the satellite ‘‘sees.’’ Further, it is frequently necessary to use high-resolution imagery, which subsequently necessitates the use of high-accuracy GPS receivers to ensure field data are recorded in the correct pixel and properly coregistered. This paper describes the results of research and experimentation that have led to the development of techniques to improve geospatial rangeland applications. For optimal classification accuracy, field data collected for use in remote sensing applications should estimate/measure ground cover using general vegetation community types and must never exceed 100%. Further, the field sample sites used for classification must be located using a GPS receiver with accuracy 50% of the size of satellite imagery pixels (e.g., if Landsat imagery is used—with 28.5-m pixels—the GPS receiver must be able to achieve +/- 14 m accuracy with 95% confidence). Finally, a series of best practices are suggested to help range managers and range scientists better understand and implement geospatial technologies.
Seasonal Variation in Resistance of Aspen Stems to Shearing Force
Authors: Dockrill Craig W. M. , Bailey Arthur W. , Blenis Peter V. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Seasonal changes in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) resistance to shearing force were described to determine their apparent contribution to seasonal changes in cattle utilization. Shearing resistance of current-year, 1-year-old, and 2-year-old stem-age classes were measured from late spring to early fall. For all stem-age classes, resistance to shearing force increased with time, partially due to increasing stem diameter. Depending on stem-age class, resistance to shearing force increased by 200%-2000% between the first and last measurements of a given year. Increased resistance of aspen stems to shearing force in late summer may reduce their selection by cattle. Grazing management that defers cattle entry until midsummer could reduce damage to re-generating aspen associated with cattle foraging in cut blocks.
Woody Plant Community in the Cross Timbers Over Two Decades of Brush Treatments
Authors: Engle David M. , Bodine Timothy N. , Stritzke J. F. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

The closed overstory of fire-adapted forests throughout the world precludes surface fires of sufficient intensity to open the overstory. The cross timbers, an upland oak forest that spans an area from Texas to Missouri, developed with frequent fire, but removal of fire since European settlement has increased canopy cover of dominant overstory trees. To assess response of woody plant species cover and plant community compositional trajectories to brush treatments that included herbicides and fire in the cross timbers, we analyzed a 20-year data set (1982-2001) from untreated pastures, pastures treated with tebuthiuron or triclopyr in 1983, and pastures treated with tebuthiuron or triclopyr in 1983 and burned periodically thereafter (tebuthiuron + fire and triclopyr + fire). We used analysis of variance to determine change in overstory canopy cover and understory canopy cover in response to experimental treatment, and we used detrended correspondence analysis to assess trajectories of species composition over time. Overstory canopy cover was reduced from more than 100% to less than 20% following initial herbicide application, but canopy cover increased subsequently to over 60% as herbicide-resistant woody species increased in all but the tebuthiuron + fire treatment. The most striking change in overstory occurred in the tebuthiuron + fire pastures, which contained almost 20% cover of sumac (Rhus spp.) by 1994, and in the tebuthiuron pastures, which contained > 40% cover of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) by 1994. Tebuthiuron, both with and without fire as a follow-up, influenced composition of the overstory more than did triclopyr. Application of tebuthiuron appears to be a long-term unidirectional disturbance in the cross timbers. Composition also remained distinct from pretreatment condition in triclopyr-treated pastures after almost 20 years of postherbicide succession. In contrast, the understory woody plant community was quite resilient to both herbicides.
Stocking Rate and Weather Impacts on Sand Sagebrush and Grasses: A 20-Year Record
Authors: Gillen Robert L. , Sims Phillip L. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Understanding how stocking rate or grazing intensity affects the abundance of common plant species is fundamental to the sustainable management of rangelands. We had the unique opportunity to determine the impact of stocking rate on shrub canopy cover and grass basal cover in a sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia Torr.) grassland of the Southern Plains, United States. Treatments were imposed over a 20-year time span that included an entire precipitation cycle from wet to dry and back to wet conditions. From 1941 until 1951, continuous stocking treatments of 41, 53, and 82 animal-unit-days ha-1 (AUD ha-1) were imposed with straight-bred Hereford steers (initial weight of 213 kg +/- 11 SE) for about 320 days from mid-November to late September of the next year. From 1952 through 1961, the experimental pastures were grazed yearlong by cow-calf pairs at 45, 60, and 87 AUD ha-1. Canopy cover of shrubs and basal cover of grasses were measured by the line-intercept method in 1940, 1942, 1949, 1955, 1958, and 1961. Canopy cover of sand sagebrush was not affected by stocking rate. Individual grass species exhibited positive and negative responses to stocking rate in some years, but no grass species responded to stocking rate in a single direction over the entire length of this long-term study. Stocking rate effects were most obvious under favorable conditions of high precipitation, but these effects were absent during drought. Climatic variability and slope gradient exerted the primary controlling influences on sand sagebrush-grasslands in the Southern Great Plains when stocking rates were within the bounds tested in this study.
Effect of Standing Litter on Rough Fescue Utilization by Cattle
Authors: Moisey Darlene M. , Willms Walter D. , Bork Edward W. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: June 2016

Seasonal changes in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) resistance to shearing force were described to determine their apparent contribution to seasonal changes in cattle utilization. Shearing resistance of current-year, 1-year-old, and 2-year-old stem-age classes were measured from late spring to early fall. For all stem-age classes, resistance to shearing force increased with time, partially due to increasing stem diameter. Depending on stem-age class, resistance to shearing force increased by 200%-2000% between the first and last measurements of a given year. Increased resistance of aspen stems to shearing force in late summer may reduce their selection by cattle. Grazing management that defers cattle entry until midsummer could reduce damage to re- generating aspen associated with cattle foraging in cut blocks.