bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endogenous testosterone to prostate-specific antigen relationship in men without prostatic diseases: a 10-year retrospective study
Authors: Wichendu Promise N. , Odum Ehimen P. , Amadi Collins , Aleme Benjamin M.
Published: March 2018

Background: The relationship between endogenous testosterone and PSA in men without prostatic diseases is controversial. Hence, this study was designed to investigate this relationship among healthy Nigerian men.Methods: A retrospective study of serum total testosterone (TT) and total PSA records of 1066 prostate disease-free men was undertaken in a Nigerian tertiary Hospital. Data on age, serum testosterone, and PSA from 1st January 2007 to December 2016 was abstracted and analysed.Results: The mean age, serum PSA, and serum total testosterone levels among study cohorts are 58.40±12.24 years, 3.0±2.24 µg/l, and 15.5±0.53 nmol/l respectively. There was an inverse relationship between serum PSA and testosterone levels with age. Subjects with high-risk PSA level (PSA>4.0 µg/l) had statistically significant higher PSA (p<0.001) and TT (p<0.001) values compared to the low-risk PSA level group. Subjects in the eugonadism group had higher PSA levels than those in the hypogonadism group (eugonadism 3.90µg/l±2.22 versus hypogonadism 2.18µg/l±2.30; p=0.012). Age correlated positively with PSA (p<0.001), but negatively with TT (p<0.001) while PSA correlated positively with TT (p<0.001).Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest an association between endogenous TT and PSA among healthy men without prostatic diseases and augment the evidence that serum TT maybe linked to prostate diseases. Clinical decisions regarding PSA should factor the levels of endogenous TT to enhance clinical judgments.
Randomized controlled trial comparing clinical outcome and cost analysis between laparoscopic and open appendicectomy for acute appendicitis at Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal
Authors: Yadav Padmini , Shah Suresh Prasad , Gupta Rakesh Kumar , Joshi Brikh Raj
Published: March 2018

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common etiology of acute abdomen, generally requiring urgent surgical intervention, with a lifetime incidence between 7 and 9%. With the experience in minimal invasive surgery, laparoscopy has advantage of being both diagnostic and therapeutic. In developing country like Nepal, with limited health resources, the trend of laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is emerging. This study was conducted to determine difference in clinical outcome and cost analysis between laparoscopic (LA) and open appendicectomy (OA).Methods: This study was Randomized Controlled Trial conducted in the Department of Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Nepal, over a period of twelve months from January 2017 to December 2017. Ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Committee (IRC). The study population were adults with clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: In this study, 47% patients were male and 53% were female in LA and 58.8% patients were male and 41.2% were female in OA ; the mean age was 24.6 years in LA and 27.7 years in OA ; mean operation time was more in LA than in OA i.e. 70 minutes and 57 minutes respectively (p value 0.001); mean hospital stay was more for OA (3.6 days) as compared to LA (3.06 days), (p value 0.125) ; The number of analgesic injections during postoperative period in two groups was 5.52±0.99 for LA, 5.62±1.02 for OA (p value 0.626); infection rate was 1% in LA, 6% in OA; The cost of surgery was higher in case of LA (NRs 15067.04) than in OA (NRs. 12524).Conclusions: OA had statistically significant lower pain in 1st three postoperative periods, and a shorter hospital stay, early postoperative recovery but a slightly higher cost per discharge than OA.
Factors affecting morbidity and mortality in peptic ulcer perforation
Authors: Byakodi Kadasiddeshwara G. , B. S. Harini , Teggimani Vasant , Kabade Narayan , Hiregoudar Abhijit , M. R. Vishwas
Published: March 2018

Background: Peptic ulcer disease is very common disease in developing countries and so are its complications. With the introduction of H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, the incidence of elective surgery for peptic ulcer (PU) disease has decreased dramatically, although complications of peptic ulcer disease such as perforation and bleeding have remained fairly constant.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on43 patients presenting to KIMS Hospital, Hubli with features suggestive of hollow viscus perforation and intraoperative findings suggestive of peptic ulcer perforation from January 2015 to June 2016.Results: In this study, there were 43 cases of peptic ulcer perforation. Peptic ulcer perforation was common in third decade of life(n=12) with the mean age(SD) 39.88 years. Perforation is more common in males as compared to the female population 7.6:1. Post-operative morbidity is seen in 31 (72.1%) of patients and mortality in 4 (9.3%). Smoking, Alcohol beverage consumption, regular ingestion of NSAIDs were commonly seen in patients with peptic ulcer perforation but these factors were not significant risk factors for postoperative mortality and morbidity. Age ≥60 years (p-value 0.051), Female gender (p-value 0.012), Presence of co-morbid conditions (p-value 0.055), Shock on admission (p-value 0.029, perforation-surgery interval >24 hours (p-value 0.001), preoperative higher-grade ASA, purulent intraperitoneal collection (p-value 0.002) were statistically significant predictors of mortality.Conclusions: Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) is a life-threatening disease with historically reported high morbidity and mortality rates. Age ≥60 years, female gender, presence of co-morbidities, preoperative shock, higher ASA grade, perforation-surgery interval >24 hours, Purulent intraperitoneal collection are inter-related statistically significant predictors of mortality. Therefore, proper resuscitation from shock, improving ASA grade and decreasing delay in surgery is needed to improve overall results.
Comparison of superficial site infection between delayed primary and primary wound closures in ruptured appendicitis
Authors: Meka Mohanakrishna , Anasuri Bhaskar
Published: March 2018

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the superficial surgical site infections between delayed primary closures and primary closures in ruptured appendicitis.Methods: This study was a retrospective study conducted in Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar during the period of August 2012 to October 2015.Results: 86 patients with ruptured appendicitis were eligible and their data were retrieved; 66 (76.7%) patients had received DPC and 20 (23.3%) patients had received PC. The SSI rate was much lower in PC patients than in DPC patients. There was an approximately 77% lower risk of SSI in the PC group than in the DPC group, but this did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: This study concluded that in ruptured appendicitis, risk due to SSI showed no difference between PC and DPC techniques. In low risk SSI patients, PC does not increase risk of SSI
Intra-incisional versus intravenous route of antibiotic administration in preventing surgical site infections: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Patil Aditya N. , Uppin Veerendra M.
Published: March 2018

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications following abdominal surgeries. Whilst the use of prophylactic antibiotics has been shown to reduce postoperative wound infection, controversy still remains as to the optimum route of administration and the duration of treatment. This study aims to compare the efficacy of a preoperative single dose of a cephalosporin antibiotic (cefotaxime) administered intraincisionally versus that administered intravenously, in preventing postoperative surgical site infections following appendicectomy.Methods: Sixty consecutive cases diagnosed as uncomplicated appendicitis who consented for open appendicectomy at a tertiary care institute were included in the study. Cases were randomized to 2 comparable groups of 30 patients each. Preoperatively, patients in Group A received a single dose of Inj. Cefotaxime 1g intraincisionally while those in Group B received the same intravenously. Incision sites were examined every alternative day starting on postoperative day 3 until removal of sutures. Signs of surgical site infection, if any, were recorded and outcomes were statistically tested for significance.Results: One patient in Group A (3.3%) and 4 patients in Group B (13.3%) showed signs of postoperative surgical site infection (p >0.05) during the follow up period which prolonged their hospital stay.Conclusions: This study showed that a single dose preoperative intraincisional administration of cefotaxime was as effective as intravenous administration for prevention of postoperative surgical site infection after open appendicectomy. Although the difference was not statistically significant, there was a reduced incidence of SSI in individuals who received intraincisional antibiotic. These results are encouraging for a way forward in reducing unnecessary burdening of systemic antibiotics in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries.
Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and oral sub mucous fibrosis in auto-rickshaw drivers at Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Singhal Aditya , Agrawal Pooja , Agrawal Vijender Kumar
Published: March 2018

Background: Around 34.6% of Indian population consumes tobacco. The tobacco consumption is higher in some vulnerable population such as drivers, daily wage laborers, and policemen. Tobacco consumption is known to cause oral cancers, and screening for oral cancer in these individuals is known to reduce mortality from cancer. The study was designed to assess the determinants of tobacco use and the prevalence of oral precancerous lesions in auto-rickshaw drivers.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among auto-rickshaw drivers at Bareilly (UP). A total of 450 auto-rickshaw drivers were enrolled in the study, of which 225 auto-rickshaw drivers were interviewed during morning hours and remaining half at night time using a semi-structured questionnaire. All were screened for oral cancer/precancerous lesions. Results: Nearly 64.44% of auto-rickshaw drivers were consuming tobacco in any form. Long working hours, working at night, and family members consuming tobacco were significant risk factors for tobacco use among auto-rickshaw drivers.  56 (19.31%) auto-rickshaw drivers were detected to have oral precancerous lesions.  Conclusions: It was very evident that long hours of driving and infrequent shifts played a greater role in acquiring the habit. Behavioral counselling and new laws need to be formed to limit the working hours in drivers to have an effective tobacco control.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy for carcinoma esophagus- outcome of surgical management: a single centre experience
Authors: Jakhmola C. K. , Trehan Vikram , Kumar S. Santosh
Published: March 2018

Background: Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has shown an increasing trend, especially in the last decade, in the management of esophageal malignancy. The aim of the present study was to present a cohort of patients who underwent MIE between June 2008 to June 2016 at a single tertiary care centre.Methods: A total of 103 esophagectomies were performed for esophageal malignancy which included 69 patients by minimally invasive technique. The procedure was performed by thoracoscopic mobilization of esophagus initially followed by reconstruction part done by either by minilaparotomy or by laparoscopic approach i.e. total thoracolaparoscopic esophagectomy (TLE).Results: The MIE was successfully completed in 65 (94.2%) patients. Operative time ranged from 275 to 420 min (average 356 min). The number of dissected lymph nodes were 5–15 (9 on average). The postoperative period was uneventful - without any complications in 36 (52.17%) patients. The most common postoperative complications were respiratory complications which were observed in 22 (31.88%) patients. Other complications included post-operative bowel obstruction (1 patient), anastomotic leak (4 patients), and necrosis of the gastroplasty (1 patient). One patient had chyle leak while cardiac complication was seen in three cases. The overall morbidity of patients underwent MIE was 47.8%. Thirty-day mortality was 5.79%.Conclusions: Esophagectomy performed by minimally invasive technique is a widely accepted surgical procedure for patients with middle and lower esophageal malignancy. The biggest benefit of MIE is avoidance of thoracotomy / laparotomy associated pain with resultant decrease in morbidity. The success of MIE requires a dedicated surgical team well trained in both MIE as well as in open surgical procedure.
Mediastinal malposition of catheter after venous cut down
Authors: Nasir Md. Imran , Gupta Rekha , Gupta Sanjay , Attri A. K.
Published: March 2018

Central venous catheterization is one of the very essential tool of modern intensive care. Apart from monitoring the critically ill patient, it helps in administration of antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, chemotherapy, fluids and drug delivery. Peripheral inserted central catheter (PICC) by surgically isolating basilic vein or venous cut down, is considered one of the safe technique to access central veins. The advantage of this procedure is that traumatic complications like pneumothorax, hemothorax and arterial puncture are less as compared to directly placing central catheters. Malposition (intracaval or extracaval) is one of the commonly encountered complication associated with central venous catheterization. Extracaval is rarely encountered and there are isolated case reports in the literature where catheter tip is found outside the central vein into the surrounding structures. Knowledge of such complications is important else these remain unrecognized resulting in delayed treatment and poor outcome. Here, we report a unique case, wherein tip of infant feeding tube inserted from basilic vein was found in anterior mediastinum resulting bilateral hemothorax and pleural effusion.
Gastric adenomyoma: a case report
Authors: Bhardwaj Sushma , Sinha Shourabh , Kundu Reetu , Kaur Ravinder
Published: March 2018

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is usually seen secondary to esophageal varices or peptic ulcer disease, but at times, unusual causes can be encountered. We present one such case of a young 30-year-old gentleman who presented with recurrent episodes of upper GI bleeding secondary to gastric adenomyoma (GA), a rare, benign gastric tumor that usually remains asymptomatic or presents with vague abdominal symptoms.
Fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue in axilla: a case report
Authors: Korumilli Ramesh Kumar , Srikanth Jakkula , Muvva Sri Harsha , Saka Laxman
Published: March 2018

Fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue is a rare disease. It is very important to rule out malignancy as carcinoma commonly occurs in ectopic breast tissue. Here we report a case of 48 years old female presenting with complaints of swelling in right axilla since 3 months. Fine needle aspiration cytology suggested fibroadenoma of right breast. Ultrasonography of axilla revealed no other swellings apart from the fibroadenoma. Patient underwent excision and biopsy. Histopathology confirmed it as fibroadenoma of the ectopic breast tissue.
A critical review on Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi scheme in India
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Sakthivel Manikandanesan , Sarveswaran Gokul
Published: March 2018

Patients with life threatening diseases were not able to seek care in tertiary care settings in spite of availability of facilities because of the cost of care involved. This hampers the nation’s progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by causing inequity in health service utilization and lack of financial protection to the families of the patient suffering from major diseases. Several government financial benefit schemes, both at central and state level, are available to cover the cost of care involved in the patients belonging to below poverty line (BPL) families. However, Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi is the only scheme which has been envisaged for providing comprehensive tertiary care benefit for patients with life threatening diseases belonging to BPL families. No government health programmes offers as much cash benefit as this scheme has been providing. This scheme, if utilized effectively can bring down the out-of-pocket expenditure considerably among the patients belonging to below poverty line families as well as increases the equity in utilization of tertiary care services. Even though the scheme was introduced two decades before, it has not been debated much for its utilization, impact, limitations and scopes for further improvement. Hence this review aims to critically appraise the strengths and limitations of the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi scheme.
Predictors of HPV-associated knowledge: findings from the 2017 HINTS survey
Authors: Mann Alexander J.
Published: March 2018

Background: Over a decade since the introduction of high-efficacy HPV vaccines, a large proportion of the public lack adequate knowledge of HPV and the HPV vaccine. Continued analysis of newly available data is required to identify disparities in knowledge and target groups with low awareness.Methods: The Health Information Trends Survey 5 cycle 1 (2017) data was analyzed. Descriptive statistics were generated, and weighted data was used to identify and quantify predictors of HPV and HPV-associated knowledge. The study population included 3,209 respondents and were mostly Caucasian (71%), female (60%), 50-59 years of age, married or previously married (81%), with some education past high school (72%).Results: Of the 3,209 respondents, 63% had heard of HPV, 62% had heard of the vaccine, and 53% had heard of both. Women were more likely than men to have heard of HPV and the HPV vaccine. Education and income were the greatest predictors of HPV-associated knowledge. College graduates were almost five times more likely to have heard of HPV than those without high school education, whereas respondents with a household income over $100,000 were three times more likely to have HPV-associated knowledge than those under $35,000.Conclusions: Evidence of knowledge disparities is greatest between genders, income brackets and education. These disparities highlight challenges in vaccine accessibility due to cost, and a lack of awareness in men and minority groups stemming from outdated awareness campaigns. Improvements in vaccine uptake may be achieved by targeting minority groups to increase HPV and HPV vaccine awareness, and through vaccine subsidization to maximize accessibility to those in the lowest income bracket.
The bacterial contamination of food handlers hands in Wad madani city restaurants, Sudan
Authors: Honua Mohanad Hassan Mohamed
Published: March 2018

Background: Food handlers may cross-contaminate raw and processed food stuffs as well as inadequately cook and store foods. These contributory factors are due to a lack of food hygiene awareness or implementation.Methods: Study was conducted between (October to December 2017), 100 samples were collected randomly from hands of food handlers working in restaurants of Wad Madani city. A sterile quality swabs were used to collecting the samples from handlers after screened the hand of handler particularly around the fingers and palm. The swab was immediately sealed and transported to Al-bagea medical center laboratory for examination. One hundred questionnaires were designed to obtain information about food handlers knowledge and their personal hygiene. The data was analyzed by (SPSS v16th) system.Results: The contaminated hands of food handlers by bacteria was 87%, the minimum colony forming unit (CFU) was (10×106 cfu/ml), 70% of handlers were educated and 55% of handlers were working in restaurants more than 5 years.Conclusions: The study showed high level of education of food handlers and may be aware of the need for personal hygiene, they do not comprehend crucial aspects of hygiene such as cleaning of work surfaces and washing their hands by water and soap, so we need deep messages for health education of food handlers.
Characteristics, risk factors and histopathological types of bronchogenic carcinoma among cases presented to Chest Department, Al-Zahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University
Authors: Abo-Elkheir Omaima I. , Hafez Manal R.
Published: March 2018

Background: Recently, lung cancer representing 5-7% of all cancers in Egypt with unavailable accurate epidemiological data. This study aims to identify characteristics, risk factors and histopathological types of bronchogenic carcinoma among a group of Egyptian patients.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 123 cases of histopathological confirmed bronchogenic carcinoma presented to chest diseases department, Al-Zahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Egypt in the period from July 2013 to May 2017. Statistical analysis of patients’ database was done using SPSS version 17.Results: Male to female ratio was 3.2:1; the majority of cases presented in their fifth (55.3%) and sixth (29.3%) decades of life, and urban: rural residence ratio was 2.1:1. Smoking was the most significant risk factor among 93.5% of cases, among them 65.9% were current smokers, 13.0% were ex-smokers and 14.6% were passive smokers. Occupational exposure to cement dust were reported among 47.2% of cases, 16.3% were farmers, 13.0% were employees, 8.9% were house wives, 8.1% were shoe makers and 6.5% were drivers. COPD was reported among 54.5% of cases. The commonest histopathological types were squamous cell carcinoma (31.7%), adenocarcinoma (30.9%), and large cell carcinoma (26.0%). Adenocarcinoma was the predominant type among females (55.3%), passive smokers (31.6%) and non-smokers (15.8%).Conclusions: Small cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma subtypes were predominant among males, active smokers and workers exposed to cement dust. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest type among females, passive smokers and non-smokers. Conduction of anti-smoking campaigns; reduction of environmental pollution with regulation of occupational exposures to cement dust are recommended.
Knowledge and attitudes of elementary students about reproductive health (preliminary study on elementary school in Brebes district, Central Java, Indonesia)
Authors: Nugraheni Sri A. , Wahyuningsih Sri E. , Prihatini Ike J. , Sulistyowati Etik
Published: March 2018

Background: Knowledge of elementary students about reproductive health in Indonesia still lack. There are so many students who did not know how to maintain good reproductive health. Efforts to give lessons reproductive health or sex education to elementary school age children today is still considering taboo, but this problem should be anticipated as soon as possible. To decrease maternal mortality rate and unmet-need needs innovation to educate students. Education about reproductive health is one of strategic ways to increase elementary students’ knowledge and attitudes about reproductive health. This study conducted to evaluate effect of reproductive health education and provision of media on elementary students in Brebes.Methods: This study utilized quasi experimental pre and post-test one group design. Population of these study 70 elementary students (3 Government ES) in Brebes.Results: Based on the results of different test with Wilcoxon Match paired Test obtained were significant differences between the respondents' knowledge and attitudes before and after reproductive health education and provision of media (p=0.001).Conclusions: That means there were significant interventions in the form of education and provision of media to increase knowledge and attitudes of respondent about reproductive health. The results demonstrate that interventions can significantly improve knowledge and attitudes of respondents (p<0.005; Delta: 19.82). Recommendation to improve risk of maternal mortality rate is a reproductive health education with early intervention in young elementary school age children as one of strategic actions to improving knowledge and minimize incidence of teenage pregnancy.
Food safety awareness and food handling practices among rural population of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Chellaiyan Vinoth Gnana , . Jasmine , Fasna L. , . Loganathan , Mallika Sadhu Venkata
Published: March 2018

Background: Food borne diseases (FBD) are illness caused by consuming contaminated food or drink. The contamination can occur anywhere from farm to the plate and can lead to a variety of avoidable infectious diseases. The high prevalence of food borne illness at home could be attributed to poor food hygiene and preparation due to poor awareness of proper practices. The objective of the study was to assess the awareness and practice of food safety at home among rural population in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu state.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Kelambaakam village, Kancheepuram district from November 2016 to April 2017 with a sample size of 200. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect the data.Results: Among the 200 study participants, 50.5% of the subjects have the knowledge regarding nutritive value getting diminished because of overcooking. Around 33% lack the knowledge of proper methods of washing vegetables. While 36% said consuming food not freshly prepared may lead to food poisoning, 23.5% have no idea about that. Around 46% consider price the most, rather than damaged packing (17%) or expiry date (19%) while purchasing food items in super market. Around 43.5% have the attitude that carbonated drinks help in food digestion.Conclusions: Community awareness through systematic teaching regarding basic food safety guidelines is necessary to avoid many food borne infectious diseases in rural areas.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among B.Sc. Nursing students towards care of HIV/AIDS patients at Geetanjali College of Nursing, Udaipur: a cross sectional study
Authors: Jain Divya , Mittal Hemlata , Dixit Mukul , Jain Jyoti , Sharma Sachin , Khandelwal Anmol , Kumar Amit
Published: March 2018

Background: HIV and AIDS is a matter of concern because the number of cases has increased dramatically over the last ten years. Health care workers are key players in the prevention and management of HIV-infection. The perceptions regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS and practices among the Health Care Workers (HCW) exists many misconceptions with regard to HIV/AIDS. Many health workers are not willing to provide the necessary care and services to the HIV/AIDS infected patients. Health Care Workers need to have appropriate knowledge and attitudes about HIV and AIDS.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Geetanjali College of Nursing, Udaipur from June 2014 to August 2014 among randomly selected 100 B.Sc. Nursing Students on a pretested, precoded and prestructured self administered questionnaire included sections on knowledge, attitude, and practice toward HIV/AIDS after having oral/ written consent.Results: In this study, there were 58 (58.0%) males and 42 (42.0%) females. 97 (97.0%) assumed multiple sex partners is the reason for HIV transmission. 68 (68.0%) had no objection in doing the work with HIV positive staff and 51 (51.0%) were aware about the transplacental route of transmission of HIV. As well as 67 (67.0%) were in favour of early sex education.Conclusions: With the above findings it has to be state that there are gaps in the knowledge of Nursing Students about HIV infection, additional HIV/AIDS training for health staff as well as sensitization to the various aspects of disease through an active health education programme is crucial to control the HIV epidemic. There is also a need of reconstruction in nursing curriculum programmes to ensure that the nursing students have to gain the necessary accurate knowledge and appropriate attitudes about HIV and AIDS.
Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital, Bengaluru
Authors: Vidusha Karavadi Sri Sai , M. N. Damayanthi
Published: March 2018

Background: An estimated 19 million children are visually impaired, and 12 million are visually impaired due to refractive errors. Children fall in preventable age group for correction of refractive errors. Schools are best forum for implanting health education for children and for early detection of ocular morbidity. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of refractive errors among school children in rural field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the schools in rural field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital School children aged between 7-16 years were examined for defective vision using Snellens chart. General information of the children was collected using pre-designed and semi- structured questionnaire a. Children with abnormal vision were referred to hospital. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics was used and chi-square test of significance was applied.Results: 1140 study subjects were examined out of which 577 (50.6%) were females and 563 (49.4%) males. The mean age was 11.28 years. The prevalence of refractive errors was 10.5%.The prevalence of refractive errors was significantly associated with age (p<0.05). The prevalence of myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism in study subjects was 58.5%, 17.1%, 24.4% respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive errors, especially myopia, was higher in older children. Causes of higher prevalence and barriers to refractive error correction services and compliance should be identified and addressed. Eye screening of school children is recommended.
Role of vitamin A supplementation in management of iron deficiency anemia in children
Authors: Biswas Arnab
Published: March 2018

Background: The objective of the study were to study the effect of the supplementation of vitamin A along with standard dose of iron on hematopoiesis in children with documented iron deficiency anemia, a hospital based prospective study is carried out for 6 months on children with documented iron deficiency anemia in OPD and indoor patients of the department of paediatric medicine, Medical College Kolkata..Methods: Thirty children (1-12 years age) presenting with iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin less than 10 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <75 fl, and serum iron <55 mcg/dl) were studied in two groups of 15 each. Group I was supplemented with iron (ferrous sulphate 3 mg/kg/d) while group II in addition to iron was also supplemented with vitamin A (5000 IU/d).Collected data were expressed as mean±SE. Comparison of variables was done by using student t test or chi square test as applicable. P<0.0001 was taken as statistically significant.Results: Hemoglobin concentration was found to be significantly increased after 4 weeks of iron supplementation. Rise in hemoglobin was comparatively more in group II, as compared to group I, after 4 and 8 weeks.Conclusions: The result of this study suggests that supplementation of vitamin A improves hematopoiesis.
Epidemiological profile of ocular morbidities in age group of 20 year and above at field practice area of rural health training center: a cross sectional study
Authors: Rajput Rupali R. , Pawar Shashikant R.
Published: March 2018

Background: Ocular morbid conditions are responsible for partial or total blindness. Blindness due to ocular morbidities with its economic and social consequences represents a serious public health problem in different region of the world. According to the World Health Organization; 285 million people are estimated to be visually impaired worldwide: 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision. The study has to be done to determine the prevalence of blindness and common ocular morbidities in age groups of 20 years and above and to study the distribution patterns of ocular morbidities among different socio-demographic conditions.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of blindness and other ocular morbidities among adult population of 20 years and above, and also to study determinants of ocular morbidities.Results: Prevalence of blindness was found to be (2.33%) and prevalence for ocular morbidities was found to be (36.84%) in the population with a marginal higher prevalence in females (38.72%) as compared to the males (34.98%).In present study, out of 600 study subject, 221 (36.84%) suffered ocular morbidities. The major cause of morbidities was refractive errors (53.39%), followed by cataract (35.74%), conjunctivitis (1.80%). The prevalence of ocular morbidities in the age group 20-29 year was 11.12%, then it increases significantly (p<0.01) with advancing age to 74.21% in the age group of ≥60 years.Conclusions: Increasing age showed increasing prevalence of ocular morbidity. Widows/widower, Hindu religion, Individuals from nuclear family, skilled worker showed higher prevalence of ocular morbidity.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices toward prevention of hepatitis B virus infection among medical students in Geetanjali Medical College, Udaipur
Authors: Sharma Sachin , Dixit Mukul , Mittal Hemlata , Jain Jyoti , Jain Divya , Khandelwal Anmol
Published: March 2018

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major public health problems in the world. According to the recent estimates, about one-third of the world population is infected with HBV. Health care workers (HCWs) are at high risk of HBV infection in the health care settings. The prevalence rate of HBV in HCWs is about 2–10 times higher than the general populations in the world.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at GMCH, Udaipur from March 2017 to August 2017 on a pretested, precoded and prestructured self administered questionnaire included sections on knowledge, attitude, and practice toward hepatitis B after having oral/ written consent among 200 medical Students.Results: There were 144 (72.0%) males and 56 (28.0%) females participated as study subjects, more than 80.00% of the study subjects knew about the causative agent, vertical transmission, and vaccine prevention and after effects of HBV infection, 151 (75.50%) agreed for health education for STD’s in the schools, 42 (21.00%) of the study subjects had experienced the needle stuck injury.Conclusions: Although more than 80% students had scientific knowledge about HBV but still there are gaps in the knowledge of Medical Students about Hepatits B infection. Sensitization of the medical students to the various aspects of disease through an active health education programme is crucial to control the spread of Hepatitis B.
Correlates and determinants of nutritional status of adolescent girls: a comparative study among government and private schools
Authors: Kokiwar Prashant R. , Reddy P. Yadu Vamshi , Nikitha P. , Rajitha P. , Angeline P. Nissi , Preethi V. , Navya P. , Chitra R. Sai , Sameera R. Hima
Published: March 2018

Background: Under nourished adolescent girls are more likely to give birth to malnourished child when they become pregnant and deliver. Hence their nutritional status is of much more importance. Objectives were to study the nutritional status of adolescent girls, to study the correlates and determinants of nutritional status and compare it between government and private schools.Methods: A school based cross sectional study was carried out for a period of three months. This study was comparative in nature, comparing the adolescent girls from government and private schools. It was possible to study 74 and 97 adolescent girls from government and private schools respectively. Anthropometric measurements were recorded using standard guidelines.Results: There were only 4 cases (5.4%) of underweight and only 3 cases (4.1%) in government school. Similarly there was only one case (1.03%) of underweight and only 7 (7.2%) of the cases in the private school. The mean height was significantly less among the children from government school compared to the private school. But there was no difference between the mean weight and BMI of children from two schools.Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was low in the present study. It was not found to be associated with education and occupation of parents and type of family.
Depression and religiosity among urban elderly population of western Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Anshumali , Kaushal S. K. , Misra S. K. , Agrawal Renu
Published: March 2018

Background: India is a country with rich cultural and spiritual background. Research suggests that engagement in religious activity, or religiosity, may protect against depression. This cross-sectional study examines whether religiosity is associated with depression in elderly. The objectives of the study were to assess the presence of depression among elderly population of urban Agra and to find the association between religiosity and depression amongst urban elderly.Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 355 community dwelling older adults residing in urban Agra. One municipal ward was randomly chosen, further three residential colony from the ward was randomly selected. All the houses of colonies were visited sequentially. One person, chosen randomly from eligible family members was invited to participate. After establishing rapport and obtaining written informed consent from participants, the information was recorded in a semi-structured, pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire.Results: The mean age of the participants was 68.05 years with 52.96% males and 47.04% females. Overall, depression was found in 51.1% among study population. Depression was more among non-religious (60.61%) and among those who were not involved in any extrinsic or intrinsic religious activity.Conclusions: Findings suggest that both organizational and non-organizational forms of religiosity affect depression in the study group. Important strategies to prevent and relieve depression among older adults may include improving access and transportation to places of worship among those interested in attending services.
A study on compliance of antenatal care among the mothers attending immunisation clinic of Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal
Authors: Chellaiyan Vinoth Gnana , Adhikary Mrinmoy , Das Timiresh Kumar , Taneja Neha , Daral Shailaja
Published: March 2018

Background: Gender discrimination is the unfair denial of opportunities and violation of their rights. Despite of discrimination laws and regulations, women are subjected to unequal treatment in all the phases of their life in India. The present study was conducted among antenatal women to determine their preference, if any, for male child and their awareness regarding technology and legality for sex determination of fetus in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted among pregnant women aged 18 years and above attending antenatal clinic at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi from June 2015- May 2016. Systematic random sampling method was used to include 238 study participants. A pre-tested, semi-structured, and self-administered questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.21.0. Chi-square test was applied to test significance of difference (p˂0.05).Results: Among 238 study participants, mean age of study participants was 29 (±3.5) years. About 107 (45.0%) pregnant women had no gender preference. 88(37%) preferred male child, the major reasons quoted for male child preference were pressure from family 29 (32.95%) and social responsibilities carried by male 25 (28.40%). Only 43 (18.0%) women preferred a female child. 187 (78.57%) study participants, were aware regarding sex determination and 72 (30.25%) said private hospital preferred place for sex determination. 36.56% women had knowledge about the legal implications associated with sex determination.Conclusions: The present study showed the high existence of male preference in our society which is a common barrier in achieving reduced national fertility levels. So, there is every need to bring about changes in social, economic, and political structure in order to reduce gender inequality in India.
Prevalence of ‘at risk’ under five children in a rural area of central India: a cross sectional study
Authors: Junaid Mohd , Deoke A. R.
Published: March 2018

Background: Children constitute the most vulnerable section of the community. The health status of children serves as sensitive indicator of overall health of entire community. The major causes of deaths in the age group 0-5 years are preventable. At Risk group is a group of individuals in whom the frequency of risk factors is more than the other groups. It is therefore necessary to identify particularly those 'At Risk' and provide them with efficient paediatric services, because it is these 'At Risk' babies, which contribute so largely to perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Nagpur during period of December 2010 to May 2012 to identify prevalence of At Risk under five children and associated demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors. Sample size taken was 400. By systematic sampling method every 14th house was selected for the study. Epi info software was used for analysis.Results: In the study we found that the prevalence of ‘At Risk’ children were 70.5%. A total of 71.6% male children were ‘At Risk’ as compared to 68.9% female children. Significant association of ‘At Risk’ children was found with education of parents, type of family, socioeconomic status, housing, overcrowding and ventilation.Conclusions: Special provisions of health care facilities for under five children, need based training to the health care providers and necessary information, education & communication campaigns are need of the hour to bring down infant morbidity and mortality.
Variation of abductor pollicis longus tendons in cadavers
Authors: Jain R. K. , Mantri Nihit , Mandlecha P.
Published: March 2018

Background: First extensor compartment of the wrist comprises of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. It helps in movement and stabilization of thumb. Variations in the number of tendons of APL muscle may be asymptomatic and often incidental finding. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist or de Quervains disease is a commonly encountered debilitating condition of the wrist.

Methods: This cadaveric study was done on 40 forearms in 20 cadavers available in Department of anatomy and forensic medicine at our institute. The muscles of extensor compartments were dissected, extensor retinaculum split over first extensor compartment, tendons of APL exposed. Study period from February-2017 to February-2018.

Results: There were 6 female and 14 male cadavers. The APL muscle was found with a single tendon in 2, double in 30, triple in 8. There were variations in the insertion of the APL tendon as well. In all hands, the APL tendon had insertion into the first metacarpal bone and in 20 hands (50%), it had second insertion into the trapezium.

Conclusions: Variation of APL muscle insertion in the Indian population and two or more tendinous slips attached commonly to the first metacarpal base and the trapezium may be the cause of treatment failure in DQT and cause of Trapeziometacarpal arthritis. Further studies needs to be done for further evaluation.
Avaliação das soluções de Clorexidina e de Hipoclorito de Sódio na descontaminação de cones de guta percha contaminados por Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Mezzomo Vanessa Cerbaro , Werlang Augusto Cásar , Fornari Volmir João , Hartmann Mateus Silveira Martins
Published: March 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade das soluções de Clorexidina e do Hipoclorito de Sódio na descontaminação de cones de guta percha. O estudo foi realizado em duplicata, e em cada um dos testes cones de guta percha #40 foram utilizados. 24 cones foram contaminados com Enterococcus faecalis. Os cones contaminados foram divididos em grupos, conforme a solução (Clorexidina a 2%, Clorexidina a 0,2% e Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2,5%) e o tempo para a descontaminação (15, 30 e 60 segundos, 2, 5 e 10 minutos). Para o controle positivo, 6 cones foram contaminados e imersos em água destilada, pelo mesmo tempo dos tratamentos. Para o controle negativo, 6 cones foram retirados da caixa lacrada sem serem contaminados ou descontaminados. Após a desinfeção, os cones foram lavados e introduzidos em tubos de ensaio contendo caldo BHI e levados a estufa bacteriológica a 37º por 48 horas. Após, os tubos de ensaio foram analisados a partir do crescimento bacteriano e feito o plaqueamento em agar cromogênico. Os resultados demonstraram que a solução de Clorexidina a 0,2% não foi eficaz na descontaminação dos cones de guta percha em nenhum tempo estudado; a Clorexidina a 2% foi eficaz na descontaminação de cones em 10 minutos e que o Hipoclorito de Sódio foi eficaz a partir dos 60 segundos. Concluiu-se que o Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2,5% foi a solução que descontaminou os cones de guta percha no menor tempo.
A importância da Empresa Júnior para uma aprendizagem andragógica
Authors: Franco David Silva , Seibert Andressa Zorzo
Published: March 2018

A andragogia é uma forma de ensino e aprendizagem voltada inicialmente para o público adulto e seus pressupostos são orientados a proporcionar maior autonomia e participação deste público em sua aprendizagem. Pode ser considerada uma contraposição à vertente pedagógica tradicional, a qual abrange um formato metodológico, em sua essência, aplicada a crianças, mas tem seu modelo presente em diversas instituições de ensino superior, no qual o professor tem o papel central de tomada de decisões sobre como e o quê ensinar. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar, a partir das percepções expostas por participantes de uma Empresa Júnior, de que forma a experiência de aprendizagem vivenciada pelos estudantes nessa organização pode se relacionar ou não com os princípios de uma aprendizagem andragógica. A partir da análise das seis entrevistas realizadas, foi constatado que a vivência na Empresa Júnior proporciona a seus membros uma maior autonomia quanto à sua aprendizagem, uma maior compreensão e aplicabilidade do curso, bem como um melhor proveito de sua bagagem de experiências particulares. Pretende-se, com este estudo, contribuir com reflexões a respeito das possibilidades de melhoria e desenvolvimento do processo formativo no ensino superior, especialmente no campo de ensino da Administração.
O ensino de química no paisagismo dos três momentos pedagógicos: uma análise das produções científicas
Authors: Crestani Eva Rita Machado Ferreira , Locatelli Aline , Freitas Gomes Vitória
Published: March 2018

Pesquisas bibliográficas auxiliam no estudo e compreensão de diversos assuntos em determinada área do conhecimento. As pesquisas na área do Ensino de Química vêm aumentando de maneira significativa nos últimos anos e ganhando espaço para debate em diversos programas de Pós-Graduação no Brasil bem como em eventos da área. Resgatar e fazer uma análise dessas pesquisas é importante para a reflexão sobre o ensino e a expansão de discussões e ações que promovam a melhoria na qualidade do mesmo. Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma pesquisa “estado do conhecimento” sobre o emprego da metodologia dos Três Momentos Pedagógicos (3MP), no Ensino de Química. Para isso, realizou-se análise de conteúdo de Bardin em trabalhos de conclusão de curso (dissertações e teses) e artigos científicos que apresentassem tal abordagem no período de 2010 a 2016. No total foram encontrados e analisados 57 trabalhos os quais foram divididos em seis categorias de análise, a saber: Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), Práticas de Ensino, Experimentação Problematizadora, Reorganização Curricular, Contextualização e Formação de Professores. Na discussão acerca de cada uma das categorias, apresenta-se quais trabalhos foram analisados bem como optou-se por descrever resumidamente alguns trabalhos que apresentaram maior destaque no Ensino de Química. A análise dos trabalhos, sua leitura e releitura oportunizaram ampliar o conhecimento com relação aos 3MP, assim como ampliar o olhar sob a perspectiva de trabalho com essa abordagem.