bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abilities, Opportunities, and Determinism
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

This chapter further elaborates the contention that an agent’s free will consists in her possessing abilities and opportunities, specifically the opportunity to exercise her abilities of reflective self-control in more than one way. It is argued that an agent’s abilities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic properties and that her opportunities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic-cum-extrinsic properties. With these analyses in hand, the No Opportunity Argument is given to show that free will and moral accountability are incompatible with determinism because the opportunity to do otherwise is incompatible with determinism. The chapter closes by considering and rejecting two compatibilist counterproposals. The first is the new dispositionalism, which maintains that free will solely consists in an agent’s abilities. The second is Kadri Vihvelin’s account of free will. It is argued that both accounts are implausible as they, unwittingly, imply that addicts and phobics possess free will.
Beyond Color-Blindness and Color-Consciousness
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

This introductory chapter analyzes how color-blindness discourse functions simultaneously as legal doctrine and as political ideology. As doctrine, “getting beyond race” is the ostensible goal of both conservative and liberal theories of equal protection, expressed as principles of anticlassification or antidiscrimination respectively. Both views are criticized by antisubordination theory, which rejects color-blindness even in its aspirational form. As ideology, color-blindness establishes a racial common sense meant to reconcile the nation’s moral condemnation of racism with entrenched and pervasive material inequality by race. The chapter seeks to move beyond color-blindness and color-consciousness by analyzing both terms as elements of racial formation and by exposing color-blind constitutionalism’s underlying racial commitments.
Introduction
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

The chapter sets the stage for a sharply critical look at the leadership pedagogy that characterizes the leadership industry. It reminds the reader of how trust in leaders, in all leaders, has dropped dramatically in the last half-century and suggests that the casual, even sloppy way in which leadership is taught is directly related and largely responsible. The chapter introduces the distinctions among occupations, vocations, and professions, and it indicates that leadership, for a constellation of reasons, is far from being a profession. It is an occupation. Leadership has, alas, none of the trappings of the most obvious professions, notably medicine and law. However, as the chapter ultimately makes clear, all is not lost. While learning to lead presents problems, there are some solutions.
Present
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

By the 1980s the leadership industry had gone from incipient to entering a period of rapid growth that has not slowed. In fact, it still accelerates beyond anyone’s early imaginings. Chapter 2 is an overview of where we are now. It addresses questions such as these: How is leadership taught in the first quarter of the twenty-first century? Who are the leadership students? Who are the leadership teachers? Where is leadership being taught? What are the leadership pedagogies? What, in consequence of our investment, is the track record of leadership education, training, and development? Some ostensibly learn how to lead in college. Others ostensibly learn how to lead in graduate and professional schools, especially business schools. Still others ostensibly learn how to lead in large corporations or in government agencies. And there are those who learn to lead in the military, about which there is more later in the book.
Inclusion
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

The chapter argues that leadership has stayed stuck in part because leadership experts and educators typically confine themselves to a singularly small space. They focus on the leader to the exclusion of virtually everyone else—and everything else. They fixate on teaching people how to be good leaders, ignoring, among other things, bad leaders. The leadership industry is, then, narrow in its scope rather than broad, the accompanying pedagogical presumption being that focusing laser-like on single individuals will suffice. These single individuals, these putative leaders, are rarely set in the world of other people, notably followers. And they are rarely set in the contexts that, of themselves, have an impact on how change is, or is not, created. The discussion emphasizes that leadership is not a person—it is a system. It is a system with three parts, each of which is of equal importance: leaders, followers, and contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

We describe the deleterious consequences of civil wars and note that, despite some successes, common conflict management techniques (mediation, intervention, peacekeeping) still leave much room for improvement in managing civil wars. We argue that an ontological shift is needed, in which civil wars are considered from the perspective of their development. This would allow third parties to address the issue of civil war prevention by taking steps to ensure that nascent, low-level armed conflict does not escalate to full-scale civil war. We maintain that a specific subset of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), highly structured IGOs [such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund (IMF)], are particularly well positioned to engage in civil war prevention. Such IGOs have an enduring self-interest in member-state peace and stability and potent tools with which they can incentivize a return to peace.
The Interplay Between Civil War Development and Highly Structured Intergovernmental Organizations
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

This chapter defines highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and examines their temporal and spatial evolution. It then describes the role that these organizations can play during civil war development. We argue that highly structured IGOs have an inherent, vested self-interest in the domestic peace and stability of member-states; the institutional structure and substantial resources that allow them both to act quickly and to be able to alter the cost-benefit calculations of both the government and rebel sides; and an enduring preference for member-states’ internal peace and stability. These features of highly structured IGOs satisfy all three conditions for successful civil war prevention identified in Chapter 2. The chapter further elaborates on why and how highly structured IGOs sanction member-states at risk of civil war and develops our main hypothesis: states’ memberships in highly structured IGOs decrease the risk that low-level armed conflicts escalate to full-scale civil wars.
Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.
Marketcraft Japanese Style
Authors: Vogel Steven K.
Published: February 2018

As the Japanese economy shifted from boom to bust after 1990, opinion leaders grew critical of the Japanese market system, calling for a dramatic shift toward the liberal market model of the United States. But what would it really take for Japan to “liberalize” its economy? This chapter argues that the Japanese government would have to do more, not less: it would have to build up the legal and regulatory infrastructure to support more competitive capital, labor, and product markets. This chapter reviews the core features of Japan’s postwar model and then examines market reforms since 1980 in labor relations, finance, corporate governance, antitrust, sector-specific regulation, and intellectual property rights. The final two sections present case studies of attempts at broader institutional change: Japan’s efforts to promote innovation along the lines of the Silicon Valley model and to spur the information technology revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a summary introduction to the book. It explains the central question the book addresses and why it is important. Namely, it asks why academic nuclear deterrence theory maintains that nuclear superiority does not matter, but policymakers often behave as if it does. It then provides a brief explanation of the answer to this question: the superiority-brinkmanship synthesis theory. It discusses the implications of the argument for international relations theory and for US nuclear policy. In contrast to previous scholarship, the argument of this book provides the first coherent explanation for why nuclear superiority matters even if both sides possess a secure, second-strike capability. In so doing, it helps to resolve what may be the longest-standing, intractable, and important puzzle in the scholarly study of nuclear strategy. It concludes with a description of the plan for the rest of the book.
The Correlates of Nuclear Crisis Outcomes
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

Does the nuclear balance of power matter for nuclear coercion? To answer this question, this chapter conducts a large-N statistical analysis, examining empirical evidence from high-stakes crises between nuclear-armed states. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of a data set of fifty-two nuclear crisis dyads that includes information on nuclear arsenal size and delivery vehicles, the chapter examines the impact of nuclear superiority on nuclear crisis outcomes. It finds a powerful relationship between nuclear superiority and victory in nuclear crises. Specifically, nuclear superior states are over ten times more likely than nuclear inferior states to achieve their basic goals in international crises. In sum, this chapter provides strong empirical support for the central argument of this book. Nuclear superiority matters not just for nuclear war outcomes but also in international crises between nuclear-armed adversaries.
Nuclear Deterrence and Compellence
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines whether nuclear superiority matters for compellent threats. Drawing on the Militarized Compellent Threat (MCT) data set, the same data set used by nuclear irrelevance theorists, it finds that the nuclear balance of power is central to patterns of international coercion. Indeed, the evidence is clear and compelling in simple descriptive statistics. Since 1945, nuclear-armed states have issued forty-nine compellent threats against nuclear inferior states and zero compellent threats against nuclear superior states. For nuclear-armed powers, therefore, in this sample of data, nuclear superiority has been a necessary condition for even attempting compellence. Compellence may be more difficult than deterrence, as others have maintained, but this chapter demonstrates that engaging in nuclear compellence from a position of inferiority is even harder still. In short, nuclear superiority deters compellence.
Arms Races
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers the effects of a robust nuclear posture on nuclear arms races. Critics have argued that attaining nuclear advantages is difficult because the effort will provoke dangerous arms races. Drawing on existing international relations scholarship and an empirical examination of US arms competitions, it argues that arms races are not generally a significant cost to the maintenance of a robust nuclear force. It advances new theoretical propositions on “nuclear underkill” to delineate the reasons why US adversaries are often unwilling or unable to respond to US nuclear advantages. Further, it shows that enemy buildups often occur irrespective of US nuclear posture decisions. Third, it explains that winning arms races is sometimes a necessary, if undesirable, part of international politics. Finally, the chapter shows that arms races are rare and that the United States has consistently been able to achieve meaningful and enduring strategic advantages over its nuclear-armed rivals.
Latin America’s Presidentas
Authors: Reyes-Housholder Catherine , Thoma Gwynn
Published: February 2018

Catherine Reyes-Housholder and Gwynn Thomas highlight the unexpected emergence of female presidents and presidential candidates in Latin American politics. They point out that theories explaining the election of female executives globally fail to account for the rise of female presidents in Latin America and argue that the transition to democracy, women’s increasing political experience, the rise of the left, and recent political party crises have provided new opportunities for women in the presidency. However, female presidents must continually manage gendered expectations created from men’s past dominance of presidential power. While they appear similarly as successful governing as male presidents, only Michelle Bachelet has made gender equality a central component of her agenda. Female presidents have not used their constitutional powers to enact many gender equality policies, but in certain circumstances, they have been more likely than men to appoint women to their cabinets. Female presidents also have had some positive consequences for women’s participation in politics.
Parity without Equality
Authors: Piscopo Jennifer M.
Published: February 2018

Jennifer M. Piscopo examines how the crisis of representation in Costa Rica has placed a ceiling on gender equality in representation. The restructuring of the Costa Rican party system and party fragmentation has made electing multiple candidates from any one ballot more difficult. Top spots have become even more prestigious and more likely to be allocated to men, which reduces women’s electoral chances. Corruption scandals, party breakdown, citizen frustration, and economic problems tainted the administration of the nation’s first female president, Laura Chinchilla. Female legislators have often worked to promote women’s issues and feminist policies, but Chinchilla eschewed feminism, even though several of her policies did benefit women. Overall, her failed presidency may create difficulties for other women seeking top political offices and could have negative consequences for views of women in politics. These challenges notwithstanding, Piscopo concludes that Costa Rica remains at the vanguard of women’s political representation in Latin America.
Geographies of Meaningful Living
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

Where in our conceptual geography is “meaningful” best located and what conceptual work should it do? Agent-independent and agent-independent-plus conceptions of meaningfulness locate “meaningful” within the conceptual geography of agent-independent evaluative standards and assign “meaningful” to the work of commending lives. The chapter argues that the not wholly welcome implications of these more dominant approaches to meaningfulness make it plausible to locate “meaningful” on an alternative conceptual geography—that of agents as end-setters and of agent-dependent value assessments—and to assign it to the task of picking out lives whose time expenditures are valuable to the agent. The chapter develops a normative outlook conception of meaningful living and responds to the challenge confronting any subjectivist conception of meaningfulness that it is overly permissive.
Reversion Stories
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 3 examines the form, content, and discursive relevance of Latino Muslim reversion stories published through organizational websites. The term “reversion” is in this genre preferred over “conversion” because it frames Latinos as returning to something previous and familiar rather than new and foreign. Reversion stories are short autobiographies about how an individual Latino came to embrace Islam. The chapter includes three complete and unedited reversion stories by Khadijah Rivera (president of PIEDAD), Marta Galedary (president of LALMA), and by Juan Galvan (director of LADO). The chapter also provides an analysis of the genre’s form, content, and discursive relevance. In particular, I argue that reversion stories: (1) are a form of dawah or outreach; (2) creatively respond to critiques that Latino and Islamic identities are incompatible or foreign to one another; and (3) help to form and shape the contours of Latino Muslim communities.
Radicals
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 5 is a critical appraisal of media practices that assume conflict rather than peaceful coexistence. It engages the “clash of civilizations” thesis articulated by both Samuel Huntington and the Mujahedeen Team, a Latino Muslim hip-hop group. The assumed media war contributes to both the reduction of Latino Muslims into simplistic binaries, between so-called good and bad Muslims, and also links a so-called Latino nature to radical religiosity. News coverage of Antonio Martinez’s arrest on charges of terrorism placed this problematic practice on full display. Responses by Latino Muslim leaders and organizations, however, often assumed a media war themselves. The chapter recommends that a better approach to “clashes of civilizations” or “cosmic wars” is to deny their very existence or overshadow their discursive relevance with much more complex, diverse, and fluid visions of American diversity.
Financial Regulatory Cooperation
Authors: Posner Elliot
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the cross-border politics of derivatives regulation. It first shows that negotiations over implementing the agreed G20 principles vary across regulatory areas, with cooperation in derivatives regulation standing out along several dimensions: a greater reliance on US‒EU bilateralism, the duration and difficulty of managing conflicts, and the pervasiveness of misperception. Finding prominent explanations unsatisfactory, this study instead attributes the pattern of observed difference in large part to variance in the pre-crisis development of transnational institutions. Compared to banking, the relatively underdeveloped transnational institutions for the regulation of derivatives markets left public officials with few resources for managing coordination at a moment of rapid domestic regulatory reforms. This chapter’s explanation thus combines scholarly research on the temporal effects of transnational institutions with insights from inter-state approaches. It takes seriously the potential for international institutions over time to condition and structure politics—beyond their creators’ original intent.
Frameworks
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 1 explains the early efforts to fix military problems that had been exposed during the South African War (1899–1902) and make the armies of Britain, India, and the dominions compatible. It traces the deficiencies identified by the Elgin commission (1903), the recommendations advanced by the Esher committee for War Office reconfiguration (1904), and the military reforms of Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane to implement Esher’s recommendations, create an expeditionary force for continental warfare, and establish a Territorial Force for home defence duties and, potentially, second-line expeditionary contingents. The British Army, which was perennially short of manpower and operating on a voluntary basis for enlistments, could not afford to ignore potential contributions from overseas. The chapter also explains how Haldane managed to sell the dominions on military standardization and a general staff for the empire.
The Imperial General Staff, Military Education, Army Apostles, and the Land Forces of the Dominions and India, 1904–1914
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

Much of the ‘heavy-lifting’ to standardize the armies of the empire was completed during the relatively brief period 1904–14. Common military education and training were vital to the process, starting at the centre then extending to the disparate parts. The Imperial General Staff drew mostly from the list of staff college graduates and so did the dominions and India when it came to building their own general staff ‘sections’ and training their armies. But the dominions were only just starting to send their officers to imperial staff colleges and their permanent forces were tiny, so they required the services of staff-trained imperial officers to make up deficiencies and, more importantly, ensure that they were developing in ways that were compatible with the other armies of the empire. Chapter 2 analyses the people and policies that did much to standardize the armies of the empire during the decade that preceded the First World War
Growing, Controlling, and Fighting Imperial Armies, 1914–1918
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

No one in the United Kingdom, India, or the dominions forecasted the magnitude of the war efforts that took place between 1914 and 1918. Just as no one in Whitehall predicted a British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of sixty divisions, no one in Melbourne foresaw an Australian Imperial Force (AIF) of five divisions in France. But they were not entirely without some solid building blocks—common staff procedures, training, organizations, and equipment, plus a small cadre of highly-trained professionals—for the massive task that confronted them. Chapter 3 explores three aspects of the Great War experience for the British, Indian, and dominion armies: (a) their expansion; (b) national control; and (c) their ability to work together. Based on an assessment of how tactical lessons were integrated across armies, how readily formations were attached or detached between national contingents, and how fire was controlled across national lines, it concludes that they worked quite well together.
Berkeley’s Semiotic Idealism
Authors: Fields Keota
Published: February 2018

This chapter proposes an interpretation of Berkeley as a semiotic idealist. According to semiotic idealism internal ideas are signs for external divine ideas, and sensible objects are composite entities with external divine ideas as their essential parts and internal ideas of the imagination and (where applicable) sensations as their contingent parts. Signification is the ontological glue that unifies these parts into individuals. Divinely instituted normative linguistic rules govern the use of internal ideas as signs for external divine ideas. This semiotic relation gives objective form and meaning to internal ideas. Furthermore, Berkeley explicitly links this semiotic relation with rewards and sanctions, and claims that such connections allow us to make predictions about advantageous and disadvantageous courses of action. Sensible objects turn out to be values (rather than facts) because they are sources of pleasure and pain, guides to human flourishing, and sources of external meaning for Berkeley.
The Scope of Berkeley’s Idealism in the 1734 Edition of the Three Dialogues
Authors: Storrie Stefan
Published: February 2018

Berkeley expresses his idealism in a number of different ways, ranging from the more modest claim that sensible things are nothing but ideas, to the more ambitious claim that the only things that exist at all are minds and ideas. This paper traces Berkeley’s attempts to move from the former to the latter claim. The central thesis will be that in the 1734 editions Berkeley shifts his approach to the question of what kinds of things exist, from an intuitive semantic approach towards a method of proof that is in line with the experimental scientific method. Berkeley’s treatment of absolute space will be used as a case study to confirm this development.
The Scribal Repertoire of Amennakhte Son of Ipuy
Authors: Polis Stéphane
Published: February 2018

This chapter investigates linguistic variation in the texts written by the Deir el-Medina scribe Amennakhte son of Ipuy in New Kingdom Egypt (Twentieth Dynasty; c. 1150 BCE). After a discussion of the challenge posed by the identification of scribes and authors in this sociocultural setting, I provide an overview of the corpus of texts that can tentatively be linked to this individual and justify the selection that has been made for the present study. The core of this paper is then devoted to a multidimensional analysis of Amennakhte’s linguistic registers. By combining the results of this section with a description of Amennakhte’s scribal habits—both at the graphemo-morphological and constructional levels—I test the possibility of using ‘idiolectal’ features to identify the scribe (or the author) of other texts stemming from the community of Deir el-Medina and closely related to Amennakhte.
Copyist and Scribe: Two Professions for a Single Man?
Authors: Boud’hors Anne
Published: February 2018

Newly discovered or published Coptic documents on papyrus or ostraca have shed light on the written production of two characters from the Theban region (Upper Egypt), namely the priest Mark (early seventh century) and the monk Frange (c.725), whose writings are here compared. Their hands, as well as their language use and the content of their writings, indicate significant differences that can be considered in relation to several factors: level of education and culture, social condition, and the general evolution of the Coptic language towards a state of decreased standardization. Only the priest Mark really combines both activities of notary and copyist, thus demonstrating an exceptional influence.
A Scribe, His Bag of Tricks, What It Was For, and Where He Got It
Authors: Richter Tonio Sebastian
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, two tenth-century CE Coptic alchemical papyri will be scrutinized palaeographically and analysed in their capacity as artefacts. The analysis aims at understanding the ways and means through which two alchemical texts were embodied in manuscripts by one individual scribe, presumably an alchemical practitioner himself, and it reveals a striking multitude of different scripts and codes applied by him. Attempts will be made to account for the regularities by which his choice of each of those codes was triggered. Comparing single components of this scribe’s repertoire with diachronic and synchronic parallels, an overall picture of his intellectual setting and educational background will be outlined.
Boundary Issues
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter reconsiders Sherri Irvin’s theory of the ‘artist’s sanction,’ which articulates the authority of artists to determine the boundaries of ontologically innovative works of art through their public declarations. While this theory shares some similarities with the ‘dual-intention theory’ of art authorship, it is importantly different in scope. The chapter argues that this principle effaces the boundary between the artist’s authority to determine, on the one hand, the disposition of the work as an object-to-be-interpreted and, on the other hand, the proper interpretation of the work. It turns to the example of site-specific artworks to illustrate the theoretical and practical difficulties that can arise when artists use their authority to bestow features of an artwork through their declarations.
Entropy and Surrogate Testing
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.
Dogs beneath the Tables of Men
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

The introduction to this book begins with a few striking examples from both ancient and contemporary contexts of the use of violence in shifting categories of personhood, illustrating why this study is important and necessary. The chapter briefly outlines for readers the major approaches to violence and personhood offered in anthropological circles in the past few decades. Philosophical approaches to personhood also receive some attention, with the chapter explaining why anthropological approaches to this area are more fruitful for this particular study. The introduction briefly presents and critiques the research of Elaine Scarry, Zainab Bahrani, and others on violence, while also detailing relevant scholarship on violence and other areas of biblical studies. Synopses of each chapter in the book are provided here, as well.
For He Is Your Property
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter assesses the relationship between the subordination of slaves and their personhood, emphasizing how the particular nature of the subordination of slaves made them susceptible to violence. The chapter considers both biblical and extra-biblical evidence for the status of both foreign and native-born, female and male slaves. The evidence seems to imply that debt slaves were considered persons, though the status of female slaves was lower than that of male slaves and the status of foreign “chattel slaves” the lowest of all, with the latter having the most tenuous claims to personhood. Regardless of gender or type of enslavement, slaves were a type of subordinate who, by virtue of their status, owed their masters physical control over their bodies. This was not just in cases of transgression, but by virtue of their being slaves. It is unsurprising, then, that transgression could lead masters to exact physical violence against them.
Visiting the Iniquity of the Father on the Son
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter assesses whether infants and children were considered persons in ancient Israel. The chapter demonstrates that biblical evidence for the personhood of children is sometimes contradictory. While many texts show that the securing of progeny was highly valued and that children were cared and mourned for, other texts lead one to question whether children were seen as persons at all. First, the evidence that some Israelites sacrificed infants raises questions about the personhood of children, as do texts that speak of fathers having the ability to sell their children and of children being punished for the sins of their fathers. On the whole, while the evidence for the personhood of children is mixed, there are good reasons to argue that, of the major social groups in ancient Israel, children were seen as having the least claim to personhood.
The Puzzle of Precarity
Authors: Vallas Steven P.
Published: February 2018

Social scientific efforts to understand the political and economic forces generating precarious employment have been mired in uncertainty. In this context, the Doellgast–Lillie–Pulignano (D–L–P) model represents an important step forward in both theoretical and empirical terms. This concluding chapter scrutinizes the authors’ theoretical model and assesses the present volume’s empirical applications of it. Building on the strengths of the D–L–P model, the chapter identifies several lines of analysis that can fruitfully extend our understanding of the dynamics of precarization, whether at the micro-, meso-, or macro-social levels of analysis. Especially needed are studies that explore the dynamics of organizational fields as these shape employer strategy and state policy towards employment. Such analysis will hopefully shed light on the perils and possibilities that workers’ organizations face as they struggle to cope with the demands of neoliberal capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Mittleman Alan
Published: February 2018

Holiness is a challenge for modern Jewish philosophy and theology. Does “holiness” refer to a quasi-physical property—as it seems to in some biblical texts, especially on Rudolph Otto’s interpretation? Does it refer to a status, a relation, or an evaluation? Holiness seems in some respects divorced from morality and in others, closely related to it. What is the nature of the relationship between holiness and ethics? How has the Jewish tradition interpreted this relationship and resolved the tensions among the various ontological and axiological claims made for holiness in the Jewish textual inheritance?
Maimonides on Holiness
Authors: Kellner Menachem
Published: February 2018

Two views of the nature of holiness are outlined in this chapter. According to one, which we may call ontological or essentialist, holy places, persons, times, and objects are ontologically distinct from (and religiously superior to) profane places, persons, times, and objects. This distinction is part of the universe. On the second view, holy places, persons, times, and objects are in no objective way distinct from profane places, persons, times, and objects; holiness is a status, not a quality of existence. It is a challenge, not a given; normative, not descriptive. It is institutional (in the sense of being part of a system of laws) and hence contingent. This sort of holiness does not reflect objective reality, it helps constitute social reality. On this view, holy places, persons, times, and objects are indubitably holy, and must be treated with all due respect, but they are, in and of themselves, like all other places, persons, times, and objects. What is different about them is the way in which the Torah commands that they be treated. It is argued here that Maimonides adhered to the second, non-essentialist, view of holiness.
Afterword
Authors: Goodman Lenn E.
Published: February 2018

Romanticism favors feeling over reason, first separating and isolating the two. Taking too narrow a view of reason, both admirers and detractors may regard religion as a blind leap of faith. But a prudent leap needs orientation, moral and epistemic. We need to oriented ourselves ontologically and axiologically if we are to pursue transcendent goals and not mistake emotional intensity for a criterion of truth, confusing violence with power, or freedom with caprice, as if wilfull choices were somehow self-justifying and could create moral or spiritual truths. Echoing Maimonides’ theses thatx reason is humanity’s link to God, and rejecting Kierkegaard’s tendentious misreading of the Binding of Isaac, I defend an ideal of holiness that finds expression in a life uniting the active and practical with the thoughtful and spiritually uplifted and uplifting—seeking holiness not in irrational excesses but in the irenic discoveries of reason.
Introduction
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

The Introduction introduces the themes and scope of this book by problematizing the terms ‘East Asia’, ‘China’, and ‘Chinese’, all of which pose epistemological problems. Here an attempt is also made to unravel the geographic and linguistic terminology that relates to East Asia, including the terms tianxia (all under heaven) and huayi (centre and barbarian) which have for many centuries and over large swathes of East Asia conditioned discourses relating to power, identity, and nation. The names used for Japan, Korea, and Vietnam within those societies and by other societies, particularly China, differed substantially over time, so the significance of these differences needs to be established at the outset. Finally, the questions that are to be answered in this book are laid out along with the approaches to be taken to answer them.
The Chinese Buddhist Canon and Other Buddhist Texts
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

Although Buddhism is now seen as a scriptural religion, its earliest oral transmission to various language communities necessitated the use of translation, and the tolerance of translation in Buddhism is demonstrated by the many languages and scripts in which excavated early fragments of texts were written. Subsequently, translation into Chinese created what is known as the Chinese Buddhist canon, which was and still is normative in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, but other societies, especially Tibet and the Tangut empire, reacted differently by undertaking translations. Why did this difference occur? Even in those societies in which the Chinese Buddhist canon was normative, it must be remembered that the practice of Buddhism was predominantly oral: for this reason not only was phonological vernacularization inevitable when chanting the scriptures, but also, for the purpose of sermons and other forms of teaching, vernacular explanations and vernacular translation was indispensable.
Primers, Medical Texts, and Other Works
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter follows on from Chapters 8 and 9, which were devoted to Buddhist and Confucian texts, and applies a similar analysis to a variety of other texts with a focus on those that were subjected to a process of vernacularization. The first genre discussed is that of primers, which initially existed solely to teach the young the elements of Sinitic. Second, medical texts are examined in some depth, for the botanic and linguistic diversity of East Asia necessitated the production of glossaries giving the local names for plants appearing in Chinese pharmacopoeia and later the development of local pharmacopoeia based on locally available plants. Third, conduct books for women are taken up, for the different expectations of women in East Asian societies made Chinese imports unsuitable. Subsequently, a Tang-dynasty manual of statecraft, a manual of forensic medicine, Chinese vernacular fiction, and books about the West are discussed.
The Urban Police
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyses the organization of preventative urban police forces in the nineteenth century. It argues that a ‘reforming impulse’ in police governance—a self-critical, improving mentality of government—took root in the early nineteenth century, during the era of night watch, and persisted thereafter. While this suggests continuity in police governance throughout the nineteenth century, the chapter also reasserts the significance of the transition from ‘old’ to ‘new’ police, as a moment which bred new expectations of urban police to suppress crime and reform popular conduct. By scrutinizing urban police administration across the century, the chapter unearths evidence of both progress (growth in manpower, bureaucratic organization) and stasis (indiscipline and inexperience in the police labour force). Indeed, the self-critical character of nineteenth-century police governance has so fundamentally shaped the historical record that any objective assessment of improvement in police organization is highly problematic.
Introduction
Authors: Downes Stephanie , Holloway Sally , Randles Sarah
Published: February 2018

This book is about the ways in which humans have been bound affectively to the material world in and over time; how they have made, commissioned, and used objects to facilitate their emotional lives; how they felt about their things; and the ways certain things from the past continue to make people feel today. The temporal and geographical focus of ...
Romancing the Stone
Authors: Marchant Alicia
Published: February 2018

The Stone of Scone is neither ornate nor decorative, but rather is plain, heavy, and unwieldy. Yet this stone’s plain appearance is not matched with a plain history; it has been stolen, broken, cracked, and chipped, blown up by Suffragettes, declared a fake, and is the subject of at least one symphony. This is a well-loved stone, but it is also a highly contested object due to its extraordinary function: it can transform men and women into kings and queens. Since time immemorial the stone was key to the inauguration of Scottish monarchs, and it was due to its monarch-making capabilities that the stone was stolen by the English king in 1296, and transported to Westminster Abbey, where it was incorporated into British coronation rituals. This chapter considers the stone’s significance in the context of material culture and emotions, tracing its long, affective history.
Lord Mansfield’s Voices
Authors: Steedman Carolyn
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the emotions experienced in archives by historians and other scholars. It discusses the way in which different disciplinary formations inculcate and teach emotional responses to things, including things found in archives. Voice—language—is treated as a thing—a material object—around which emotion is articulated; other, past emotional responses inhere in it. The case study is Lord Chief Justice William Mansfield (1705–93), who, in many of the cases he adjudicated, wrote his own notes as a kind of a play script, transcribing the evidence of plaintiffs and defendants so that they appear to speak directly out of the past; a long-lost courtroom echoes with the clamorous, insistent voices of poor and middling-sort people. The chapter describes the effect of these voices on the researcher, whose listening is dictated by the accreted stories of the poor that have circulated since the end of the eighteenth century.
Other Romance varieties
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

Chapter 3 extends the investigation of verb placement to other Romance varieties, in order to expand the macro- and micro-typologies identified in Chapter 2. It starts with a description of the placement of the present indicative verb across a selection of varieties of French, Romanian, Spanish, Catalan, European Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. Following the methodology of Chapter 2, the remainder of the discussion is devoted to the description of cases of microvariation attested across the varieties above, which emerge once a selection of structural and interpretative distinctions are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).
The Metaethics of Constitutional Adjudication
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The book explores the metaethical foundations of value-based arguments in constitutional adjudication. The argument develops in four steps. First, the book identifies three dominant types of value-based arguments in comparative constitutional practice: the arguments from constitutional identity, common sentiment, and universal reason. Second, it examines the assumptions about the nature of moral value implicit in these arguments and subjects them to a critique. The book maintains that these arguments presuppose inadequate conceptions of value and fail as self-standing approaches to moral judgment. Third, the book develops an account of moral value and explains its practical consequences. It argues that a credible understanding of value suggests that the appropriate moral judgment emerges from the dynamics between practical confidence, which denotes the inescapability of the self and evaluative attitudes it entails, and reflection, which denotes the process of challenging and questioning these attitudes. Fourth, departing from this conception of value, the book reconstructs the existing value-based arguments of constitutional courts. It applies the notions of confidence and reflection to constitutional reasoning and shows how the arguments from constitutional identity, common sentiment, and universal reason can be combined to refashion the moral perspective of a constitutional court so that it coheres with a sound understanding of value. The book argues that the moral inquiry of the constitutional court ought to depart from the emotive intuitions of the constitutional community and then challenge these intuitions through reflective exposure to different perspectives in order to better understand and develop the underlying constitutional identity.
Contract Formation in Hong Kong
Authors: HO Lusina
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the law on contract formation in Hong Kong which is closely modelled on the English common law but adapts the English solutions to the local context if and when required. The test for ascertaining the parties’ meeting of the minds is objective, the agreement (an offer with a matching acceptance) must be certain, complete, and made with the intention to create legal relations—the latter being presumed to be present in a commercial context and absent in a familial or social context. Offers are freely revocable although the reliance of the offeree is protected in exceptional circumstances. Acceptances become effective as soon as they are dispatched. In the ‘battle of forms’ scenario, the Hong Kong courts follow the traditional ‘last-shot’ rule. There is no general duty to negotiate in good faith, and even agreements to negotiate in good faith are normally unenforceable for lack of certainty. As a general rule, contracts can be validly made without adhering to any formal requirement. Online contracts will normally be valid and enforceable; the formation of such contracts is governed by common law as supplemented by legislation.
Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in Japan
Authors: Okino Masami
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the law on third party beneficiaries in Japan; mostly characterized by adherence to the German model that still bears an imprint on Japanese contract law. Thus, there is neither a doctrine of consideration nor any other justification for a general doctrine of privity, and contracts for the benefit of third parties are generally enforceable as a matter of course. Whether an enforceable right on the part of a third party is created is simply a matter of interpretation of the contract which is always made on a case-by-case analysis but there are a number of typical scenarios where the courts normally find the existence (or non-existence) of a contract for the benefit of a third party. In the recent debate on reform of Japanese contract law, wide-ranging suggestions were made for revision of the provisions on contracts for the benefit of third parties in the Japanese Civil Code. However, it turned out that reform in this area was confined to a very limited codification of established case law.