bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pew Center calls for action on climate change
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

A new report by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change and its Business Environmental Leadership Council calls for taking steps soon to deal with the threat of global climate change.

The report, “Early Action and Global Climate Change,” reviews legal, policy, and technical issues concerning an early action policy; analyzes several current proposals; and outlines the elements of an early action policy.
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Hydrology Section presented the following outstanding student paper awards at the 1997 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., last December.

Robert P. Ackert, Jr. presented a poster titled “Late Quaternary Glacial Chronology of the Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica: Evidence for Expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 2 and 4.” Robert received his B.A. and master degrees in geological sciences from the University of Maine in 1979 and 1990, respectively. His research interests are reconstructing past climate and ice sheet dynamics from glacial geologic records and geomorphology. His primary research area has been Antarctica where he has participated in 12 field seasons. Realizing the potential of surface exposure dating using cosmogenic nuclides for developing glacial chronologies and the advantages of making his own measurements, he has become an isotope geochemist. Robert is finishing his Ph.D. dissertation under Mark Kurz in the MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program.
New data sets for climate change and land use studies are on track
Authors: Mutlow Chris T. , Murray M. J. , Smith D. L. , Watts P. D. , North P.
Published: October 2006

Well‐calibrated IR and visible image data sets, from satellite sensors designed to provide urgently needed information for the debate on climate change and global warming, are now available from the European Space Agency (ESA). These data sets also have application to a wide range of land use and other Earth studies.

The data have been collected by Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) instruments on ERS 1 and 2 since the early 1990s. ESA will launch a further ATSR, the Advanced ATSR (AATSR),on its Envisat mission next year. It is expected that the data can also be applied in other fields and, through its synergistic use with information from other sensors, can improve calibration and reduce uncertainties in interpretation of that information.
CFC phase out
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

The latest meeting of governmental parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer took measures to further restrict chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochloro‐fluorocarbons (HCFCs) developed as a replacement for CFCs but also harmful to the stratospheric ozone layer, and other ozone‐depleting chemicals.

At the meeting, held in Beijing, China in early December, the parties agreed to provide $440 million in new contributions to the Protocol's Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MFMP), which encourages reducing the production and use of ozone‐depleting chemicals and supports adopting ozonefriendly technologies. The fund has spent more than $1 billion since 1991.
Report looks at sequestering CO2 beneath Earth's surface
Authors: Rudnicki J. W. , Wawersik W. R.
Published: October 2006

Capturing carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels and injecting it into geologic formations below the Earth's surface is technically feasible, but new scientific challenges are raised by longterm sequestration. The sequestering concept is one proposed strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.

Sequestering could be either on land or in the oceans and should be for a minimum of 50–100 years, but 1000 years would be better, the report says. It discusses fundamental geoscience research issues associated with sequestration and is organized around perspectives from geophysics, geohydrology, geochemistry, and geomechanics.
Committee reports: Public policy and the geophysical sciences
Authors: Folger Peter
Published: October 2006

At the 2000 AGU Spring Meeting in Washington, D.C. the Committee on Public Affairs (COPA) will highlight why Earth and space science are important to policy makers and how scientists can become better attuned to the political process.

During their October 21–22 meeting at AGU headquarters, COPA planned a session that will explore how science is used in the 2000 presidential campaigns by featuring campaign representatives, congressional staff, and other politically savvy commentators. Earth and space scientists will learn how they can contribute their knowledge to shaping the platforms of the Presidential candidates. To help AGU members communicate with Congress, COPA will convene a workshop at the Spring Meeting that will provide participants with the background and hands‐on skills to competently inform Senators and Representatives about the geophysical sciences. Space will be limited, so look for an announcement in Eos and on the AGU Science and Legislative Alert (ASLA) network at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/policy/sci_pol.html.
Tropical cyclone images now can be viewed “live” on the Web
Authors: Lee Thomas E. , Hawkins Jeffrey D. , Turk F.J. , Richardson Kim , Sampson Charles , Kent John
Published: October 2006

Passive microwave images of tropical cyclones worldwide can now be viewed on the Web in near real time. Instant access can be obtained to any “live” tropical cyclone. The images show rainband and eye structure beneath higher cloud decks and can be used to infer intensity and storm position.

The images are available on the Web site of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Marine Meteorology Division (http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/projects/sat_products.html, select “tropical cyclones”). Because of the composite nature of the images, users can view unfamiliar Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) images juxtaposed with much more familiar visible and IR images (see Figure 1). This juxtaposition allows a number of interpretations of storm structure that would not be possible using information from a single sensor alone. The ability to detect storm eyes from microwave images, and therefore fix storm position, is significant since cyclone eyes are often obscured by cirrus canopies on visible and IR images. Besides microwave, visible and IR images of tropical cyclones, the Web site also has charts giving official U.S. forecasts of the storm tracks and intensities (example in Figure 2).
Scientists jump on the Santa bandwagon
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

While many government scientists may have been home with their families during the Christmas holiday, a hardy few—at no cost to taxpayers—apparently helped Santa Claus and tracked him on his rounds.

Through its Satellite Command and Data Acquisition Station in Fairbanks, Alaska, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) maintained a satellite watch of the North Pole for weather conditions and unusual activity Meanwhile, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, created an online snow report for Santa, which contains maps and tables showing percentage probabilities for various snow depths on Christmas morning.
Planetary Petrology and Geochemistry, The Lawrence A. Taylor 60th Birthday Volume, Geological Society of America, International Book Series, Volume 2
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans
Published: October 2006

The Hubble Space Telescope images might lure us into believing that solar system exploration ended with the Voyager program but the Galileo (Jupiter), Cassini (Saturn), and Mars Global Surveyor missions prove that solar system exploration still yields spectacular new insights into the origin and evolution of planets and their satellites. The Apollo program already left a legacy of great images—such as Earth rising over the lunar horizon—to highlight the interconnected nature of the Earth‐Moon system. Apollo's other legacy is a collection of lunar samples. Today a shrinking group of scientists who “were there” keeps lunar sample science alive. Lunar science received a boost with the realization that lunar rocks can be used as local resources for building materials and oxygen to support a manned lunar base. Attempts using the lunar sample database to calibrate the Clementine mission's high‐resolution element distribution maps of the lunar surface reinforced a need for sample analyses from solar system bodies. The recent detection of hydrogen in craters at the lunar poles does not necessarily imply the presence of water ice but it does rekindle old interests.
Recombinant‐protein production in insect cells utilizing a hollow‐fibre bioreactor
Authors: Baxter Sabine C. , Panarello Dominick , Ajith Sandya , Bhattacharya Madhushree , Chaiken Irwin M.
Published: October 2006

Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the hollow‐fibre bioreactor is an excellent tool for the production of Drosophila‐expressed recombinant proteins. Using the example of the soluble extracellular portion of the human IL‐5 (interleukin 5) receptor α expression in S2 (Schneider's Drosophila melanogaster cell line 2) cells, we found that it is possible to produce multi‐milligram amounts of functional recombinant protein continuously for several months on a laboratory scale with minimal maintenance requirements. The insect cells grow to high density and express concentrated functional recombinant protein in a small volume, simplifying and economizing downstream purification.
Bacterial protein toxins and lipids: role in toxin targeting and activity
Authors: Geny Blandine , Popoff Michel R.
Published: October 2006

All bacterial toxins, which globally are hydrophilic proteins, interact first with their target cells by recognizing a surface receptor, which is either a lipid or a lipid derivative, or another compound but in a lipid environment. Intracellular active toxins follow various trafficking pathways, the sorting of which is greatly dependent on the nature of the receptor, notably lipidic receptor or receptor embedded into a distinct environment such as lipid microdomains. Numerous other toxins act locally on cell membrane. Indeed, phospholipase activity is a common mechanism shared by several membrane‐damaging toxins. In addition, many toxins active intracellularly or on cell membrane modulate host cell phospholipid pathways. Unusually, a few bacterial toxins require a lipid post‐translational modification to be active. Thereby, lipids are obligate partners of bacterial toxins.
Distributional pattern of plant species endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Woinarski J. C. Z. , Hempel C. , Cowie I. , Brennan K. , Kerrigan R. , Leach G. , Russell-Smith J.
Published: October 2006

The distributions of the 567 plant species considered to be endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia, were collated from a distributional database comprising about 600 000 records. Endemic species comprise a non-random taxonomic subset of all plants known from the Northern Territory. Because of substantial geographic disparity in collecting effort, we analysed geographic patterning of these endemic species by using both (1) actual records only and (2) interpolated ranges (minimum convex polygons). The geographic distribution of the number of Northern Territory endemic plant species was well predicted by a measure of topographic complexity and climate (particularly rainfall). The observed distributional patterning of endemic species was also influenced by survey effort, but this latter influence was substantially reduced by the use of minimum convex polygons. Both analyses revealed that there was a clear aggregation of endemic species in the 32 000 km2 of the sandstone plateau of western Arnhem Land. This ‘hotspot’ has been previously recognised in coarser-scale assessments of national and international centres of plant biodiversity. Our analysis concluded that 172 species are restricted to this plateau, and that the plateau comprised at least 90% of the distribution of a further 25 species. More broadly, 438 plant species are endemic to the northern part of the Northern Territory (the 316 000 km2 north of 16°S), a level of endemism that may match that of Cape York Peninsula and surpasses that of the Kimberley. The core area for Northern Territory endemic plants, the plateau of western Arnhem Land, is currently threatened, particularly by unfavourable fire regimes.
Correlations between environmental factors, the biomass of exotic annual grasses and the frequency of native perennial grasses
Authors: Lenz Tanja I. , Facelli José M.
Published: October 2006

The species composition of temperate grasslands in the mid-north of South Australia has been radically altered from a system dominated by native perennial grasses to a system dominated by Mediterranean annual grasses. This study investigated the importance of chemical and physical soil characteristics, topographical features and climatic variables on the abundance of native and exotic grass species in nine ungrazed grasslands. Overall, climatic and other abiotic factors were highly variable. In addition, past management practices and original species composition are generally unknown, leading to further unexplained variation in the data. On a large spatial scale (among sites), the abundance of exotic annual grasses was positively correlated with mean annual rainfall, and on any scale, with finer soil textures and higher soil organic carbon levels. The most abundant annual grass, Avena barbata (Pott ex Link), was generally associated with soil factors denoting higher soil fertility. The abundance of native perennial grass species was not correlated with any environmental variables at any scale. The various native perennial grass species did not show clear associations with soil factors, although they tended to be associated with factors denoting lower soil fertility. However, at small spatial scales (within some sites) and among sites, the abundances of exotic annual and native perennial grasses were strongly negatively correlated. The results suggest that at the present time, rainfall and soil properties are important variables determining the abundance of annual grasses. The driving variables for the abundance of perennial grasses are less clear. They may be controlled by other factors or extreme rainfall events, which were not surveyed. In addition, they are likely to be controlled by competitive interactions with the annual grasses.
Recent Advances in the Dynamics of Single Crystal to Single Crystal Transformations in Metal–Organic Open Frameworks
Authors: Suh Myunghyun Paik , Cheon Young Eun
Published: October 2006

Single crystal to single crystal transformations have been the subject of growing interest in recent years. In this article, several examples of single crystal to single crystal transformations that occur in metal–organic open frameworks (MOFs) upon guest removal and rebinding, guest exchange, and chemical oxidation are introduced. Depending on the structures of the MOFs, host framework structures can be retained or altered upon guest removal. When host framework structures are altered, significant rearrangements of the molecular components, which involve sponge-like shrinkage/swelling, sliding, swing, bending, and/or rotational motions, occurs throughout the entire crystal to retain the single crystallinity.
A Step Towards a [2.2]Paracyclophane: A Single Crystal to Single Crystal Reaction Involving a Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Assembly with Multiple Reaction Centres
Authors: Friščić Tomislav , MacGillivray Leonard R.
Published: October 2006

A single crystal to single crystal [2+2] photodimerization has been achieved within a molecular cocrystal composed of finite, hydrogen-bonded molecular assemblies using the absorption-edge irradiation technique. The cocrystal is composed of a resorcinol template and a diolefin reactant that reacts to form a non-symmetrical cyclobutane product. The product is an intermediate in a two-step solid-state synthesis of a [2.2]paracyclophane. The ability to conduct the reaction in a single crystal to single crystal fashion attests to the robustness of the hydrogen-bonded assemblies during the course of the solid-state transformation.
Structure of electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and electron transfer to the mitochondrial ubiquinone pool
Authors: Zhang Jian , Frerman Frank E. , Kim Jung-Ja P.
Published: October 2006

Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO) is a 4Fe4S flavoprotein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes ubiquinone (UQ) reduction by ETF, linking oxidation of fatty acids and some amino acids to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Deficiencies in ETF or ETF-QO result in multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, a human metabolic disease. Crystal structures of ETF-QO with and without bound UQ were determined, and they are essentially identical. The molecule forms a single structural domain. Three functional regions bind FAD, the 4Fe4S cluster, and UQ and are closely packed and share structural elements, resulting in no discrete structural domains. The UQ-binding pocket consists mainly of hydrophobic residues, and UQ binding differs from that of other UQ-binding proteins. ETF-QO is a monotopic integral membrane protein. The putative membrane-binding surface contains an α-helix and a β-hairpin, forming a hydrophobic plateau. The UQ—flavin distance (8.5 Å) is shorter than the UQ—cluster distance (18.8 Å), and the very similar redox potentials of FAD and the cluster strongly suggest that the flavin, not the cluster, transfers electrons to UQ. Two possible electron transfer paths can be envisioned. First, electrons from the ETF flavin semiquinone may enter the ETF-QO flavin one by one, followed by rapid equilibration with the cluster. Alternatively, electrons may enter via the cluster, followed by equilibration between centers. In both cases, when ETF-QO is reduced to a two-electron reduced state (one electron at each redox center), the enzyme is primed to reduce UQ to ubiquinol via FAD.
Urocortin 2 modulates glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle
Authors: Chen Alon , Brar Bhawanjit , Choi Cheol Soo , Rousso David , Vaughan Joan , Kuperman Yael , Kim Shee Ne , Donaldson Cindy , Smith Sean M. , Jamieson Pauline , Li Chien , Nagy Tim R. , Shulman Gerald I. , Lee Kuo-Fen , Vale Wylie
Published: October 2006

Skeletal muscle is the principal tissue responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and is a major site of peripheral insulin resistance. Urocortin 2 (Ucn 2), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, and its cognate type 2 CRF receptor (CRFR2) are highly expressed in skeletal muscle. To determine the physiological role of Ucn 2, we generated mice that are deficient in this peptide. Using glucose-tolerance tests (GTTs), insulin-tolerance tests (ITTs), and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp studies, we demonstrated that mice lacking Ucn 2 exhibited increased insulin sensitivity and were protected against fat-induced insulin resistance. Administration of synthetic Ucn 2 to mutant mice before the GTTs and ITTs restored blood glucose to WT levels. Administration of a CRFR2 selective antagonist to WT mice resulted in a GTT profile that mirrored that of Ucn 2-null mice. Body composition measurements of Ucn 2-null mice on a high-fat diet demonstrated decreases in fat and increases in lean tissue compared with WT mice. We propose that null mutant mice display increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through the removal of Ucn 2-mediated inhibition of insulin signaling. In keeping with these data, Ucn 2 inhibited insulin-induced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cultured skeletal muscle cells and C2C12 myotubes. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Ucn 2 functions as a local negative regulator of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and encourage exploration of the possibility that suppression of the Ucn 2/CRFR2 pathway may provide benefits in insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes.
An approach to crystallizing proteins by synthetic symmetrization
Authors: Banatao D. Rey , Cascio Duilio , Crowley Christopher S. , Fleissner Mark R. , Tienson Heather L. , Yeates Todd O.
Published: October 2006

Previous studies of symmetry preferences in protein crystals suggest that symmetric proteins, such as homodimers, might crystallize more readily on average than asymmetric, monomeric proteins. Proteins that are naturally monomeric can be made homodimeric artificially by forming disulfide bonds between individual cysteine residues introduced by mutagenesis. Furthermore, by creating a variety of single-cysteine mutants, a series of distinct synthetic dimers can be generated for a given protein of interest, with each expected to gain advantage from its added symmetry and to exhibit a crystallization behavior distinct from the other constructs. This strategy was tested on phage T4 lysozyme, a protein whose crystallization as a monomer has been studied exhaustively. Experiments on three single-cysteine mutants, each prepared in dimeric form, yielded numerous novel crystal forms that cannot be realized by monomeric lysozyme. Six new crystal forms have been characterized. The results suggest that synthetic symmetrization may be a useful approach for enlarging the search space for crystallizing proteins.
Flavonoid fisetin promotes ERK-dependent long-term potentiation and enhances memory
Authors: Maher Pamela , Akaishi Tatsuhiro , Abe Kazuho
Published: October 2006

Small molecules that activate signaling pathways used by neurotrophic factors could be useful for treating CNS disorders. Here we show that the flavonoid fisetin activates ERK and induces cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices, facilitates long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices, and enhances object recognition in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that the natural product fisetin can facilitate long-term memory, and therefore it may be useful for treating patients with memory disorders.
Pds1/Esp1-dependent and -independent sister chromatid separation in mutants defective for protein phosphatase 2A
Authors: Tang Xianying , Wang Yanchang
Published: October 2006

Spindle disruption or DNA damage prevents sister chromatid separation through the activation of checkpoint pathways that inhibit anaphase entry by stabilizing the anaphase inhibitor Pds1. Mutation of
CDC55
, which encodes a B regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), results in precocious sister chromatid separation when spindle is disrupted. Here we report that decreased Pds1 levels in
Δcdc55
mutants contribute to sister chromatid separation in the presence of nocodazole, a microtubule-depolymerizing drug. However, in the presence of DNA damage,
Δcdc55
mutant cells separate sister chromatids without noticeable decrease of Pds1 or cohesin Mcd1/Scc1 levels. Further analysis demonstrates that
Δcdc55
mutants lose cohesion along the entire chromosomes when the spindle is disrupted. In contrast, separation of sister chromatids is limited to the centromeric regions in
Δcdc55
cells after DNA damage. Moreover, mutation of
TPD3
, which encodes the A regulatory subunit of PP2A, also results in sister chromatid separation in DNA- or spindle-damage-arrested cells. These data suggest that PP2A regulates sister chromatid cohesion in Pds1-dependent and -independent manners.
Acceleration of the recognition rate between grafted ligands and receptors with magnetic forces
Authors: Baudry J. , Rouzeau C. , Goubault C. , Robic C. , Cohen-Tannoudji L. , Koenig A. , Bertrand E. , Bibette J.
Published: October 2006

When ligands and receptors are both attached on surfaces, because of the restriction of configurational freedom, their recognition kinetics may be substantially reduced as compared with freely diffusing species. In nature, this reduction may influence the efficiency of the capture and adhesion of circulating cells. Here we show that similar consequences are observed for colloids grafted with biomolecules that are used as probes for diagnostics. We exploit Brownian magnetic colloids that self-assemble into linear chains to show also that the resulting one-dimensional confinement considerably accelerates the recognition rate between grafted receptors and their ligands. We propose that because confinement significantly augments the colliding frequency, it also causes a large increase in the attempt frequency of the recognition. This work gives the basis of a rapid, homogeneous, and highly sensitive bioanalysis method.
Extent of Urban Growth and Agricultural Displacement in Post-War Britain
Authors: Best Robin H.
Published: October 2006

The rate of urban growth at the expense of agricultural land should not be exaggerated. Between 1960 and 1965 it amounted to about 44,000 acres a year in Great Britain. This scale of loss is a third less than the peak attained in pre-war years and, although there have been considerable annual fluctuations in the post-war period, no sustained increase in the rate of transfer has been evident.

Notable contrasts in urban growth exist between and within different regions of the country, the highest land demands being concentrated along a belt running from Lancashire to London. From 1960 and 2000 it is estimated that the total urban area of England and Wales will extend by a further 1,600,000-1,700,000 acres, but it will then still only cover 15-16 per cent. of the whole land surface. A comparison is made with the United States where about 1,000,000 acres annually are being transferred into urban use.
Urban Housing Estates in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Chalklin C.W.
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the supply of building land by estate owners in the eighteenth century, based particularly on estate records and other contemporary sources for about fifteen British towns. While the rise in the value of land on its conversion from agricultural use into building sites was an obvious incentive to estate owners, it was offset in part by the high initial cost of providing the basic amenities, and the frequent delay in obtaining a substantial return on this outlay. In England and Wales land was either sold, or conveyed on building lease, the latter being preferred by the large private owners and corporations, and by 1800 ninety-nine years was becoming an increasingly common term. In the case of leasehold developments landlords preferred that builders should erect better-class rather than artisan dwellings, although the demand for the former was limited apart from London, Edinburgh and Bath. Their main means of controlling development lay in the covenants inserted in the leases, which varied greatly in number and detail.
A Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Theatre Locations
Authors: Whitaker R.A. , Rhodes T.
Published: October 2006

Quantitative techniques are becoming increasingly used in forecasts of land-use demand for urban planning. This paper relates to a regression analysis employed in making estimates of future trips to a new theatre to be located on one of two potential sites in the London Borough of Havering. The study describes first the basic survey, then model design, calibration and statistical validation and finally the use of the model for a comparative projection of demand. A detailed presentation is made of the data sources used in the analysis, which were the primary constraints on any more sophisticated approach. The essential aim of the paper is to illustrate the use of a straightforward statistical technique as an aid to demand evaluation in a highly specialised locational problem.
The Structure of Movement and Household Travel Behaviour
Authors: Hurst M.E. Eliot
Published: October 2006

Transportation studies to date have tended to take a macroscopic view of movement patterns. The tripmakers responses to the transport system are frozen as habit patterns. To fully understand these patterns however and to increase the possibility of predicting behaviour, a more detailed study of travel motivation is suggested. Some exploratory conceptualisations, including that of 'movement space' are explored. Travel motivation is broken down into goals, and occurrences, and such allied concepts as positional utility and life cycle are examined. Further research is indicated to clarify household travel decision making.
Regional Growth and Structural Adaptation
Authors: Stilwell F.J.B.
Published: October 2006

The relationship between regional growth differentials and regional differences in industrial composition is frequently analysed in terms of a standardisation technique known as shift and share analysis. Such an approach is subject to a number of limitations, including its inability to identify the impact on regional growth of changes in industrial composition during the time period under consideration. A modification to this technique is presented here which facilitates the isolation of such effects. The application of this modified technique to Standard Regions of the U.K. demonstrates that regional policy in the sixties seems to have had at least some effect in securing a more favourable industrial mix in the less prosperous regions.
Financing Public Goods and Residential Location
Authors: Wright Colin
Published: October 2006

This article introduces public goods into a residential land use model and examines the locational consequences of alternative methods for financing such goods. Public goods are differentiated according to their spatial characteristics and the effects on rent and density gradients examined. The effects on rents and density are shown to differ according to whether the public goods are financed by benefit taxes, income taxes, property taxes, or land value taxes.
Industrial Diversification in New Towns
Authors: Gratton Chris
Published: October 2006

This study measures industrial diversification in the 28 new towns in Great Britain using two different measures. The two indices, the Gini coefficient and the Florence index of specialisation, give substantially different results. Regression analysis is used to explain the variation in the indices over the towns. The strongest positive influence on industrial diversification in new towns is found to be the size of the employed population.
Changing Spatial Patterns in the Journey-to-Work : a comparison of the 1966 and 1971 Census Data in London
Authors: Mogridge M.J.H.
Published: October 2006

The 1966 and 1971 census journey-to-work data for London has been analysed by traffic zone of origin and destination (residence and workplace), using LTS and GLTS traffic zones respectively. The 10 per cent sample, or some 400,000 journeys, is thus analysed by some 1000 zones for each of which coordinate references or geo-codes of their centroids are available. Direct distances for the journey length between the centroids, and for the distance of the centroid from the city centre can thus be calculated, using for the city centre a point near Piccadilly Circus which is the centre of population. These distances can be chopped into 2 km bands, and the following analyses performed:

(a) median trip lengths can be obtained, by distance of the trip end from the city centre, in total and by mode;

(b) numbers of workplaces and residences, by distance from the centre, in total and by mode;

(c) modal split, by distance of the trip end from the city centre;

(d) the workplace-based trip length distributions are calibrated by gamma distributions (but not the residence-based). The results show an increase in median trip lengths of 2-3 per cent per annum overall, over the 5 years, but the detailed switching between modes as car ownership increases shows that, by mode, the trip length distributions are much more constant, only rail and car trips from workplaces showing any substantial increase (of 2 per cent per annum).

Goodwin's theory of utility implies a particular spread factor for the gamma calibrations of trip length. The observed distributions do not conform to this. These suggest that for bus trips the taper of generalised cost with distance is important, and more crucially for city structure, that for rail and car travel the trade-off between rent and transport costs is important, giving radial rather than orbital travel.
A Note on Intra-Urban Wage Differentials1
Authors: Ravallion Martin
Published: October 2006

This note identifies some conditions under which the wage rate for a given labour might be expected to vary within an urban area. An approach to this question is suggested based on a theory of wage determination which allows the location of activities to influence the supply of labour to spatially segmented markets.
National Urban Development Strategies in Developing Countries
Authors: Richardson Harry W.
Published: October 2006

A national urban development strategy may be important in increasing the welfare of rural as well as urban dwellers. Ten prototype strategies are analyzed: no intervention; policentric primate city region development; leapfrog decentralization within core regions; countermagnets; rural service centers; regional metropolis and subsystem development ; growth centers; development axes; provincial capitals; and secondary cities. The choice among these (including hybrid strategies) depends heavily on country-specific conditions. Alternative approaches to slowing down primacy, a common element of many strategies, are evaluated. Distinctions between the promotion of secondary cities and traditional growth centre policies are discussed. The paper also examines policy instruments such as migration controls and subsidies, infrastructure investments, fiscal locational incentives, administrative decentralization and local fiscal reform. But corrections for the implicit spatial impacts of macro and sectoral policies may be more critical. Finally, the success of a national urban development strategy depends upon long-term political commitment.
Issues in Measuring Differential Access to Public Services
Authors: McLafferty Sara L. , Ghosh Avijit
Published: October 2006

This paper discusses the problems in interpreting the correlation coefficient as a measure of geographical accessibility to public services by income groups. As an alternative a relative index is proposed which incorporates the unique limits to the correlation coefficient in any area and thus allows meaningful comparison of results between areas and services. To illustrate the use and interpretation of the relative index an empirical analysis of differential access is presented.
The Soviet Urban General Plan and Recent Advances in Soviet Urban Planning
Authors: Shaw Denis J. B.
Published: October 2006

The Soviet urban general plan is a physical plan document which guides the development of the city for periods of up to 30 years. Recently, however, the general plan has been the object of much criticism in view of its evident failure to guide urbanisation and urban development in the required manner. One basic reason for this is the dislocation between physical and economic planning, and this in turn derives from several features of the Soviet planning system, including the priority which is given to economic planning, the different agencies responsible for the two types of planning, and the different time-spans and control mechanisms employed. Policy has recently concentrated on the need to ensure co-ordination in urban development and to develop comprehensive planning for cities.
Intergenerational Continuities in Housing
Authors: Jenkins S.P. , Maynard A.K.
Published: October 2006

This paper uses data from the Rowntree Follow-up Survey to provide new empirical evidence on the association between the housing status of parents and children. The paper concludes that there appear to be some significant continuities across successive family generations in tenure, density and housing expenditure. The results are relevant to assessments of the 'fairness' of the distribution of housing and raise interesting questions for future work on the determinants of housing status.
Androgen-regulated Formation and Degradation of Gap Junctions in Androgen-responsive Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Mitra Shalini , Annamalai Lakshmanan , Chakraborty Souvik , Johnson Kristen , Song Xiao-Hong , Batra Surinder K. , Mehta Parmender P.
Published: October 2006

The constituent proteins of gap junctions, called connexins (Cxs), have a short half-life. Despite this, the physiological stimuli that control the assembly of Cxs into gap junctions and their degradation have remained poorly understood. We show here that in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, androgens control the expression level of Cx32—and hence the extent of gap junction formation—post-translationally. In the absence of androgens, a major fraction of Cx32 is degraded presumably by endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation, whereas in their presence, this fraction is rescued from degradation. We also show that Cx32 and Cx43 degrade by a similar mechanism. Thus, androgens regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions by rerouting the pool of Cxs, which normally would have been degraded from the early secretory compartment, to the cell surface, and enhancing assembly into gap junctions. Androgens had no significant effect on the formation and degradation of adherens and tight junction–associated proteins. The findings that in a cell culture model that mimics the progression of human prostate cancer, degradation of Cxs, as well as formation of gap junctions, are androgen-dependent strongly implicate an important role of junctional communication in the prostate morphogenesis and oncogenesis.
The Golgi Apparatus Maintains Its Organization Independent of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Pecot Matthew Y. , Malhotra Vivek
Published: October 2006

Under artificial conditions Golgi enzymes have the capacity to rapidly accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These observations prompted the idea that Golgi enzymes constitutively recycle through the ER. We have tested this hypothesis under physiological conditions through use of a procedure that captures Golgi enzymes in the ER. In the presence of rapamycin, which induces a tight association between FKBP (FK506-binding protein) and FRAP (FKBP-rapamycin–associated protein), an FKBP-tagged Golgi enzyme can be trapped when it visits the ER by an ER-retained protein fused to FRAP. We find that although FKBP-ERGIC-53 of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) rapidly cycles through the ER (30 min), FKBP-Golgi enzyme chimeras remain stably associated with Golgi membranes. We also demonstrate that Golgi dispersion upon nocodazole treatment mainly occurs through a mechanism that does not involve the recycling of Golgi membranes through the ER. Our findings suggest that the Golgi apparatus, as defined by its collection of resident enzymes, exists independent of the ER.
Building an abbreviation dictionary using a term recognition approach
Authors: Okazaki Naoaki , Ananiadou Sophia
Published: October 2006

Motivation: Acronyms result from a highly productive type of term variation and trigger the need for an acronym dictionary to establish associations between acronyms and their expanded forms.

Results: We propose a novel method for recognizing acronym definitions in a text collection. Assuming a word sequence co-occurring frequently with a parenthetical expression to be a potential expanded form, our method identifies acronym definitions in a similar manner to the statistical term recognition task. Applied to the whole MEDLINE (7 811 582 abstracts), the implemented system extracted 886 755 acronym candidates and recognized 300 954 expanded forms in reasonable time. Our method outperformed base-line systems, achieving 99% precision and 82–95% recall on our evaluation corpus that roughly emulates the whole MEDLINE.

Availability and Supplementary information: The implementations and supplementary information are available at our web site:

Contact:  okazaki@mi.ci.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Defects in energy homeostasis in Leigh syndrome French Canadian variant through PGC-1α/LRP130 complex
Authors: Cooper Marcus P. , Qu Lishu , Rohas Lindsay M. , Lin Jiandie , Yang Wenli , Erdjument-Bromage Hediye , Tempst Paul , Spiegelman Bruce M.
Published: October 2006

Leigh syndrome French Canadian variant (LSFC) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to mutation in the LRP130 (leucine-rich protein 130 kDa) gene. Unlike classic Leigh syndrome, the French Canadian variant spares the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidneys, but severely affects the liver. The precise role of LRP130 in cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and hepatic lactic acidosis that accompanies this disorder is unknown. We show here that LRP130 is a component of the PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-α) transcriptional coactivator holocomplex and regulates expression of PEPCK (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), G6P (glucose-6-phosphatase), and certain mitochondrial genes through PGC-1α. Reduction of LRP130 in fasted mice via adenoviral RNA interference (RNAi) vector blocks the induction of PEPCK and G6P, and blunts hepatic glucose output. LRP130 is also necessary for PGC-1α-dependent transcription of several mitochondrial genes in vivo. These data link LRP130 and PGC-1α to defective hepatic energy homeostasis in LSFC, and reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of glucose homeostasis.
Induction of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in an endothelial cell line by direct interaction with malignant cells
Authors: Hasebe Yuki , Egawa Kiyoshi , Shibanuma Motoko , Nose Kiyoshi
Published: October 2006

Mouse endothelial TKD2 cells in monolayers were cocultured with various human cell lines for 24 h, and the expression of several secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cell adhesion molecules was examined by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using mouse‐specific primers. Coculture with normal fibroblasts did not elicit the expression of these molecules, but coculture with cancer cells induced the expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 mRNA in endothelial cells, and in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The induction of MMP mRNA was dependent on direct cell adhesion, as separate culture of A549 cells in Boyden chambers did not induce MMP mRNA, and neutralizing antibody against VLA‐4 abolished the induction. An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate kinase strongly suppressed the induction of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 mRNA, and expression of the dominant‐negative mutant of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate kinase also decreased the induction. It was suggested that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased in TKD2 cells following adhesion to cancer cells. ROS scavengers decreased the levels of MMP induction, and roterone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, strongly suppressed the induction of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10. The depletion of mitochondria in TKD2 cells decreased the induction of MMP‐9, but the induction of MMP‐3 and MMP‐10 was not affected. These results indicate that the adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells activates several distinct signaling pathways to induce MMP gene expression, and the pathways for MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 are partly different. For the induction of MMP‐9, mitochondria participate in induction, possibly through the production of ROS. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 58–67)
OCIA domain containing 2 is highly expressed in adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component and is associated with better prognosis
Authors: Ishiyama Tadashi , Kano Junko , Anami Yoichi , Onuki Takuya , Iijima Tatsuo , Morisita Yukio , Yokota Jun , Noguchi Masayuki
Published: October 2006

Although lung adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, details of its molecular carcinogenesis and stepwise progression are still unclear. To characterize the sequential progression from bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung (BAC, in situ carcinoma) to adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component, polymerase chain reaction‐based cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out using two representative cases of BAC (non‐invasive tumors) and adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC (invasive tumors). Through differential screening, virtual reverse northern hybridization and quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) we selected five genes (TncRNA, OCIAD2, ANXA2, TMED4 and LGALS4) that were expressed at significantly higher levels in invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC. After in situ hybridization and qRT‐PCR analyses, we confirmed that only the OCIAD2 gene showed significantly higher expression in the tumor cells of invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC (P = 0.026). We then carried out in situ hybridization of OCIAD2 in 56 adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component and assessed the correlation between OCIAD2 expression and clinicopathological features. In contrast to our expectation, the patients with OCIAD2 expression showed a better clinical outcome than those without OCIAD2 expression, and OCIAD2 expression showed an inverse correlation with lymphatic invasion, blood vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis. These results suggest that OCIAD2 begins to express at the progression from in situ to invasive carcinoma, and is associated with the favorable prognosis of adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 50–57)
Characterization of major and trace elements in sclerotium grains
Authors: Watanabe M. , Inoue Y. , Sakagami N. , Bolormaa O. , Kawasaki K. , Hiradate S. , Fujitake N. , Ohta H.
Published: October 2006

Sclerotium grains in soil contain humus‐metal complexes that are probably produced from fungal metabolites. The characterization of major elements in sclerotium grains collected from volcanic ash soils in Mt Myoko was examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectrometry and CHN analysis, and the concentration of trace elements was determined by PIXE (particle induced X‐ray emission spectrometer) analysis. The content of major elements, C, H, N, O and Al, was approximately 47.6, 3.32, 0.78, 30.2 and 1.4% by mass, respectively. Trace elements such as Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb were detected in the grains at concentrations between 10 and 100 μg g−1. Functional carbon groups for the whole grain were characterized by the dominance of O‐alkyl C associated with aromatic C. The comparison between the surface and subsurface (matrix) of the grain showed that the concentrations of O, C and N were relatively greater on the surface of sclerotium grains than in the matrix. The proportion of carbon having C–O, C=O, and O–C=O bonds, O and N showed a tendency to decrease from the surface towards the matrix. The proportion of C assigned as C–C and/or C–H bonds had a tendency to increase towards the matrix associated with Al.