bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐yielding forage grass cultivars increase root biomass and soil organic carbon stocks compared with mixed‐species permanent pasture in temperate soil
Authors: Gregory Andrew S. , Joynes Adrian , Dixon Elizabeth R. , Beaumont Deborah A. , Murray Phil J. , Humphreys Mike W. , Richter Goetz M. , Dungait Jennifer A. J.
Published: August 2021

Agricultural grass cultivars bred for increased forage yield commonly have extensive root systems. As roots are an important input of organic matter into the soil, it follows that such cultivars could lead to important increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), but this, and the mechanisms involved, are poorly understood with little empirical field evidence. We assessed the effect of two cultivars, Lolium perenne L. cv. “AberMagic” and L. perenne L. × Festuca pratensis Huds. cv. “Prior”, in comparison with mixed‐species permanent pasture (“Pasture”) in a field experiment on temperate alluvial soil in the southwest UK. Root and SOC stocks, and specific plant‐derived lipids as mechanistic biomarkers for shoot and root inputs of C, were measured on intact 1‐m volumetric soil cores collected on four dates in 2013–2015. Total grass yields were greater for both grass cultivars (40–43 Mg ha−1) than Pasture (39 Mg ha−1), and by 2015 root stocks in the upper 0.1 m were significantly greater by more than 4.7 Mg ha−1. At 0.1–0.3 m depth, SOC stocks (per 0.1‐m depth) were significantly greater under the two grass cultivars (24–50 Mg ha−1) compared to Pasture (18–32 Mg ha−1). In the full 1‐m profile, mean SOC stocks were 137, 133 and 110 Mg ha−1 for AberMagic, Prior and Pasture, respectively, matching root biomass distribution. Odd‐chain n‐alkane concentrations were significantly greater for shoots than roots (274 vs. 64 mg kg−1, respectively), and roots had significantly greater concentrations than shoots of even‐chain hydroxy fatty acids (1829 vs. 305 mg kg−1, respectively) and diacids (317 vs. 93 mg kg−1, respectively). This confirmed lipids as candidate biomarkers for distinguishing shoot and root inputs into the soil, with roots being the dominant source of SOC. Based on the observations of increased forage yield and SOC stock, high‐yielding forage grass cultivars can contribute to future strategies for climate‐smart agriculture in grassland‐dominated temperate regions.

Highlights

Selected root traits for increased depth, density and diameter may increase SOC in grassland.

The effect of two high‐yielding forage grass cultivars were assessed in a field trial.

Fast‐growing, high‐yielding cultivars enhanced root and SOC stocks compared to typical pasture.

Lipid biomarkers confirmed that root inputs were the predominant C input to soil.
Establishing a climate‐ready revegetation trial in central Victoria – A case study
Authors: McDonald Garrick , Appleby Matthew W. , Sime Hayley , Radford Julie , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: August 2021

A promising approach in dealing with the detrimental effects of climate change on vegetation is to introduce pre‐adapted genotypes into restoration programmes. Bush Heritage’s Victorian reserves have experienced eucalypt dieback probably due to intense drought and heat shock linked to climate change. Planned revegetation on the Nardoo Hills reserve provided an opportunity to establish and test the potential for new climate‐matched genotypes to expand the adaptive capacity of the plantings. As NRM practitioners, here we document our experiences in implementing this approach. Using the Climate Analogues tool and the Australasian Virtual Herbarium, we selected provenances from four climate analogue regions where remnants of our focal species, Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and Yellow Box (E. melliodora), were located. Replicated plots were established covering five provenances for Grey Box and 5 provenances for Yellow Box with up to 10 ‘families’ (mother trees) per provenance. Numerous challenges were encountered including locating suitable provenances, the design and scientific compromises associated with the experimental layout, sourcing of adequate seed from remote regions (especially drought affected) and high mortality during seedling establishment. Monitoring nine months after planting revealed not only high overall mortality (around 70%, probably due to drought conditions during establishment) but also significant differences in height between provenances and in mortality and height among families in both species. Despite the initial mortality, the nested design and level of replication applied in these plots appear adequate to test hypotheses about the value of climate matching and will continue to be monitored in the future.
A tool to guide herbicide control of serrated tussock in native grassland, informed by expert judgement
Authors: Sinclair Steve , Bruce Matthew , Neil James , Griffioen Peter
Published: August 2021

Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) is a weed that invades native grasslands in southern Australia. It is frequently controlled using extensive and costly chemical control. We describe a tool aimed at grassland reserve managers that provides guidance about the suitability of different chemical control techniques, including knapsack, boom and aerial spraying. The tool takes the attributes of any site and predicts the suitability of each technique. The tool was built using random forests trained on a dataset of practitioner judgements. We discuss the applications and limitations of the tool.
Modeling the egg and larval transport pathways of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the East Antarctic region: New insights into successful transport connections
Authors: Mori Mao , Mizobata Kohei , Ichii Taro , Ziegler Philippe , Okuda Takehiro
Published: August 2021

The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is an important fishery species widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, especially in areas covered by sea ice. Understanding fish distributions and life cycles, including the transport and survival of eggs and larvae, is essential for the assessment and sustainable management of the fishery. However, owing to difficulties with in situ winter observations, information on the early life stages of D. mawsoni is lacking. Here, we investigated the transport pathways of fish eggs and larvae through a particle tracking study, using satellite‐derived ocean surface velocities in the East Antarctic region, which includes important D. mawsoni habitats and exploratory fisheries. Our results indicate that particles released from continental slopes are more likely to be successfully transported to suitable settlement grounds than those released from the BANZARE Bank (the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau), which is situated further north and has been hypothesized to be a potential spawning ground for D. mawsoni. This study demonstrates successful source–settlement connections in relation to ocean recirculation and suggests important settlement regions for D. mawsoni larvae in the East Antarctic region.
High historical variability weakens the effects of current climate differentiation on microbial community dissimilarity and assembly
Authors: Kuang Jialiang , Bates Colin T. , Wan Xiaoling , Ning Daliang , Deng Dongmei , Shu Wensheng , Zhou Jizhong
Published: August 2021

Understanding the influences of global climate change on soil microbial communities is essential in evaluating the terrestrial biosphere's feedback to this alarming anthropogenic disturbance. However, little is known about how intra‐site historical climate variability can mediate the influences of current climate differences on community dissimilarity and assembly. To fill this gap, we examined and disentangled the interactive effects of historical climate variability and current climate differences on the soil bacterial community dissimilarity and stochasticity of community assembly among 143 sites from 28 forests across eastern China. We hypothesize that the relative importance of stochasticity and community dissimilarity are related to historical climate variability and that an increasing sum of intra‐site historical variability enhances stochasticity while reduces dissimilarity between two communities. To test our hypothesis, we statistically controlled for covariates between sites including differences in soil chemistry, plant diversity, spatial distance, and seasonal climate variations at annual timescales. We observed that an increase in inter‐site current climate differences led to a reduced impact of stochasticity in community assembly and a pronounced divergence between communities. In stark contrast, when communities were subjected to a high level of intra‐site historical climate fluctuation, the observed impact incurred from current climate differences was substantially weakened. Moreover, the influence of increased historical variability was consistent along the gradient of current temperature differences between sites. However, effects induced by historical fluctuation in precipitation were disproportional and only evident when small inter‐site differences were observed. Consequently, if the prior climate variability is ignored, especially regarding environmental factors like temperature, we assert that the influence current climate differentiation has on regulating community dissimilarity and assembly stochasticity will be underestimated. Together, our findings highlight the importance and need of explicitly controlling the mean and the historical variability of climate factors for the next “generation” of climate change experiments to come.
Geography and virtual reality
Authors: Bos Daniel
Published: August 2021

Whilst virtual reality (VR) has a long history, recent technological advancements, increased accessibility and affordability have seen its usage become widespread within western consumer society. Despite the relevance of VR to Geography, these more recent developments have escaped scholarly attention. This paper takes a critical perspective on the development of VR and its varied applications, and how emerging theoretical debates within cultural and digital geography can critically attend to the social and cultural implications of VR technologies. The paper begins by considering how VR spaces are imagined and communicated to publics in ways that promote popular understandings of, and desires for, virtual spaces. Next, the paper critically addresses the cultural politics of VR content, particularly drawing attention to the socio‐spatial differences evoked through VR. The paper goes on to argue for the need to consider VR through the concept of interface as a way of critically attending to the broader techno‐socio relations and the embodied spatial encounters they produce. Finally, some methodological implications for thinking with and through VR are outlined.
Does flossing before or after brushing influence the reduction in the plaque index? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Silva Cláudia , Albuquerque Pauliane , de Assis Paulo , Lopes Cacio , Anníbal Hermínia , Lago Maria Catarina Almeida , Braz Rodivan
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this systematic review was to assess whether flossing before or after influences plaque index reduction.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses and registered with the International prospective register of systematic reviews under number CRD42019126239. The PICO question was, ‘does flossing before or after brushing have any effect on reducing dental plaque?’. An electronic search was performed until April 2020 in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The initial database search resulted in 9679 references, and after detailed analysis of the titles and abstracts of the selected studies, the inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, and 06 complete articles were downloaded and selected for further analysis. After the complete 02 articles were selected, 60 patients with a mean age of 23.1 years were studied and compared dental flossing before or after dental brushing.

Results

The results showed that there was no statistical difference between brush‐floss and floss‐brush in reducing plaque index (p = 0.91, RR: 0.01, 95% CI: −0.16, 0.18).

Conclusions

Flossing before or after brushing has no significant effect on reducing dental plaque index. However, more clinical studies should be conducted.
Replacement of hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshell waste for ceramic properties improvement
Authors: Sangmala Aekgaran , Naemchanthara Patcharin , Limsuwan Pichet , Naemchanthara Kittisakchai
Published: August 2021

The chicken eggshell waste from food processing was synthesized as the hydroxyapatite for fluxing agent replacement in ceramic manufacturing. The main fluxing agents in Thailand ceramic manufacturing are natural potash feldspar (k‐feldspar) and animal bone ash. To overcome the problems of inconstant properties and the lack of k‐feldspar, the hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshell waste was selected as fluxing agent for the enhancement of the ceramic product. In this work, the hydroxyapatite with 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% was replaced with the k‐feldspar in the ceramic samples. The results revealed the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic samples with various hydroxyapatite contents were investigated after heat treatment in the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C. The ceramic samples added with hydroxyapatite have higher linear shrinkage and bulk density as compared with the ceramic sample without hydroxyapatite. The apparent porosity and water absorption decreased to near zero after the heat treatment at a temperature of 1200 °C. Moreover, the results showed that the physical properties affected the mechanical properties improvement after the hydroxyapatite addition and heat treatment process.
Registrar triage, communication and moral distress during end‐of‐life care rapid response team calls in a teaching hospital
Authors: Callahan Sadie , Moran Juli , See Emily , Jones Daryl , Eastwood Glenn M. , Warrillow Stephen ,   The Austin RRT EOLC investigators
Published: August 2021

Background

Approximately one‐third of rapid response teams (RRT) involve end‐of‐life care (EOLC) issues. Intensive care unit (ICU) registrar experience in such calls is underinvestigated.

Aims

To evaluate the proportion of RRT calls triaged as relating to EOLC issues, issues around communication regarding prognostication, registrar self‐reported moral distress and associations between RRT EOLC classification and patient outcomes.

Methods

Prospective observational study of RRT calls in a tertiary referrals hospital between December 2016 and January 2017 using a standardised case report form and data from an electronic RRT database.

Results

There were 401 RRT calls in the study period, and data were available for 270 (67%) calls, of which 72%, 10% and 18% were triaged as ‘obviously not EOLC call’, ‘obvious EOLC call’ and ‘uncertain EOLC call’ respectively. Most discussions regarding prognostication occurred between registrars, and more than half (55%) were with a covering doctor. Consensus on prognostication was achieved in 93% cases. Registrars reported distress in 19% of calls that obviously related to EOLC and 22% of calls that were uncertain, compared with <1% of calls that were obviously not relating to EOLC. Inhospital mortality was 6%, 67% and 39% for obviously not EOLC, obvious EOLC and uncertain EOLC calls respectively.

Conclusions

EOLC issues occur commonly in RRT calls and are often associated with moral distress to ICU registrars. Although consensus on prognostication is usually achieved, conversations often involve covering doctors. These issues impact on the ICU registrar experience of RRT calls and require further exploration.
IL‐20 is involved in obesity by modulation of adipogenesis and macrophage dysregulation
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Hsiang , Wu Chih‐Hsing , Chiu Chiao‐Juno , Chen Wei‐Ting , Chang Yi‐Chieh , Wabitsch Martin , Chang Ming‐Shi
Published: August 2021

IL‐20 is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL‐10 family and involved in several diseases. However, the regulatory role of IL‐20 in obesity is not well understood. We explored the function of IL‐20 in the pathogenesis of obesity‐induced insulin resistance by ELISA, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The therapeutic potential of IL‐20 monoclonal antibody 7E for ameliorating diet‐induced obesity was analysed in murine models. Higher serum IL‐20 levels were detected in obese patients. It was upregulated in leptin‐deficient (ob/ob), leptin‐resistant (db/db) and high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced murine obesity models. In vitro, IL‐20 regulated the adipocyte differentiation and the polarization of bone marrow‐derived macrophages into proinflammatory M1 type. It also caused inflammation and macrophage retention in adipose tissues by upregulating TNF‐α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), netrin 1 and unc5b (netrin receptor) expression in macrophages and netrin 1, leptin and MCP‐1 in adipocytes. IL‐20 promoted insulin resistance by inhibiting glucose uptake in mature adipocytes through the SOCS‐3 pathway. In HFD‐induced obesity in mice, 7E treatment reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity; it also reduced local inflammation and the number of M1‐like macrophages in adipose tissues. We have identified a critical role of IL‐20 in obesity‐induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and we conclude that IL‐20 may be a novel target for treating obesity and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic disorders.
The risk‐taking channel of currency appreciation: A structural VAR investigation of Asian emerging market economies
Authors: Huh Hyeon‐seung , Kim David
Published: August 2021

In this study, we analyze the impact of currency appreciation on sovereign spread and economic activities in Asian emerging market economies (EMEs) using a structural vector autoregression model. The key issue under scrutiny is the presence of a risk‐taking financial channel and its strength against the conventional trade channel. The underlying structural shocks are identified by a mix of sign, size, and zero restrictions. Based on the various measures of country risk, we find empirical evidence that a currency appreciation is expansionary for Asian EMEs through the financial channel, compressing the sovereign spread and offsetting the trade channel. We provide the policy implications of these results.
The long‐term cost of childhood conduct problems: Finnish Nationwide 1981 Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Rissanen Elisa , Kuvaja‐Köllner Virpi , Elonheimo Henrik , Sillanmäki Lauri , Sourander André , Kankaanpää Eila
Published: August 2021

Background

Commonly recognized childhood conduct problems often lead to costly problems in adulthood. This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term cumulative cost of childhood conduct problems until the age of 30. The costs included inpatient care, nervous system medicine purchases, and criminal offences.

Methods

The study used population‐based nationwide 1981 birth cohort data. Families and teachers assessed the conduct problems of the eight‐year‐olds based on Rutter questionnaires. We grouped 5,011 children into low‐level of conduct problems (52%), intermediate‐level of conduct problems (37%), and high‐level of conduct problems (11%) groups, based on combined conduct symptoms scores. The analysis included the cohort data with the Care Register for Health Care, the Drug Prescription Register, and the Finnish Police Register. The cost valuation of service use applied national unit costs in 2016 prices. We used Wilcoxon rank‐sum test to test the differences between groups and gender.

Results

During 1989–2011, average cumulative costs of the high‐level (€44,348, p < .001) and the intermediate‐level (€19,405, p < .001) of conduct problems groups were higher than the low‐level of conduct problems group’s (€10,547) costs. In all three groups, the boys’ costs were higher than girls’ costs.

Conclusions

The costs associated with conduct problems in childhood are substantial, showing a clear need for cost‐effective interventions. Implementation decisions of interventions benefit from long‐term cost‐effectiveness modelling studies. Costing studies, like this, provide cost and cost offset information for modelling studies.
Publishing in Predatory Journals: Guidelines for Nursing Faculty in Promotion and Tenure Policies
Authors: Broome Marion E. , Oermann Marilyn H. , Nicoll Leslie H. , Waldrop Julee B. , Carter‐Templeton Heather , Chinn Peggy L.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which academic promotion and tenure (APT) criteria and guidelines in schools of nursing recognize predatory publishing. This assessment included an analysis of APT documents looking specifically for guidance about predatory publications by faculty in schools of nursing.

Design

This study used a cross‐sectional, descriptive design and was conducted in 2020.

Methods

A mixed methods approach was used to collect data from two sources. Data were extracted from APT documents for 92 research‐intensive universities found online and specifically focused on documents for universities and for schools of nursing in the United States. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of academic administrators (n = 10) from selected schools.

Findings

The majority (57%; n = 50) of APT documents reviewed addressed quality of the journals in which faculty publish. However, very nonspecific terms, such as “high quality” or “peer reviewed” were used. None of the documents reviewed (n = 88) included any reference to predatory journals. Deans who were interviewed validated the analysis of the APT documents. While most deans reported faculty were aware of predatory journals and the risks of publishing in them, formal guidelines for consequences for publishing in predatory journals were not developed or available.

Conclusion

This study examined how schools of nursing in research‐intensive universities address the issue of predatory journals. APT criteria do not provide guidance to faculty and promotion and tenure committees about issues related to predatory publications as low‐quality publication outlets. Recommendations for APT committees, mentors, and faculty are provided.

Clinical relevance

Clinicians rely on researchers, many of whom are faculty, to publish rigorous studies that produce evidence they can translate into practice. One measure of the quality of a study's findings is where the paper is published and reflects the level of peer review it has been through. Faculty who publish in predatory journals may not have had their work reviewed by experts; evidence produced may or may not be adequate for translation to guide nursing practice.
Black soldier fly and yellow mealworm live larvae for broiler chickens: Effects on bird performance and health status
Authors: Bellezza Oddon Sara , Biasato Ilaria , Imarisio Arianna , Pipan Miha , Dekleva Dominik , Colombino Elena , Capucchio Maria Teresa , Meneguz Marco , Bergagna Stefania , Barbero Raffaella , Gariglio Marta , Dabbou Sihem , Fiorilla Edoardo , Gasco Laura , Schiavone Achille
Published: August 2021

The commercial broiler chicken strains are the result of successful selection programmes. Most of the problems related to welfare arise from the high growth rate and body weight. The use of environmental enrichments in intensive farming could have a positive effect on birds by increasing animal welfare. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae in the diets of broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass yield and health status. A total of 180 four‐day‐old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 18 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (6 replicates/treatment, 10 birds/replicate) as follows: (i) control diet (C): commercial feed (two feeding phases: starter [4–11 days] and grower [12–38 days]), (ii) HI: C + 5% of the expected daily feed intake (DFI) HI live larvae (calculated on dry matter [DM]) and (iii) TM: C + 5% of DFI TM live larvae (DM). At 39 days of age, birds were slaughtered. Growth performance parameters were overall not affected by dietary treatments, except for the grower phase feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the overall FCR being better in the TM broilers than the others (p < 0.01). No differences were observed for slaughtering performance and haematological and serum parameters, except for the spleen relative weight being higher (p < 0.01) in the birds administered with larvae when compared to the C group. Gut morphometric indexes and histopathological alterations were not influenced by insect larvae administration. In conclusion, the administration in limited quantities of HI and TM live larvae as environmental enrichment has no negative effects on broiler chicken growth performance and health status. A behavioural study could confirm that live insect larvae represent a novel natural environmental enrichment in broiler farming.
Patients' experience while transitioning from the intensive care unit to a ward
Authors: Cuzco Cecilia , Delgado‐Hito Pilar , Marín Pérez Raquel , Núñez Delgado Anna , Romero‐García Marta , Martínez‐Momblan María Antonia , Martínez Estalella Gemma , Carmona Delgado Inmaculada , Nicolas José María , Castro Pedro
Published: August 2021

Background

Intensive care unit (ICU) patients can experience emotional distress and post‐traumatic stress disorder when they leave the ICU, also referred to as post‐intensive care syndrome. A deeper understanding of what patients go through and what they need while they are transitioning from the ICU to the general ward may provide input on how to strengthen patient‐centred care and, ultimately, contribute to a positive experience.

Aim

To describe the patients' experience while transitioning from the ICU to a general ward.

Design

A descriptive qualitative study.

Method

Data were gathered through in‐depth interviews and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The qualitative study was reported in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines.

Findings

Forty‐eight interviews were conducted. Impact on emotional well‐being emerged as a main theme, comprising four categories with six subcategories.

Conclusion

Transition from the ICU can be a shock for the patient, leading to the emergence of a need for information, and an impact on emotional well‐being that has to be planned for carefully and addressed prior to, during, and following transition from the ICU to the general ward.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is essential that nurses understand patients' experiences during transfer, identifying needs and concerns to be able to develop and implement new practices such as ICU Liaison Nurse or Nurse Outreach for the follow‐up of these patients, the inclusion of a consultant mental health nurse, and the application of patient empowerment during ICU discharge.
Reversion of fruit‐dependent inhibition of flowering in Citrus requires sprouting of buds with epigenetically silenced CcMADS19
Authors: Mesejo Carlos , Marzal Andrés , Martínez‐Fuentes Amparo , Reig Carmina , de Lucas Miguel , Iglesias Domingo J. , Primo‐Millo Eduardo , Blázquez Miguel A. , Agustí Manuel
Published: August 2021

In Citrus, the response to environmental floral inductive signals is inhibited by the presence of developing fruits. The mechanism involves epigenetic activation of the CcMADS19 locus (FLC orthologue), encoding a floral repressor.

To understand how this epigenetic regulation is reverted to allow flowering in the following season, we have forced precocious sprouting of axillary buds in fruit‐bearing shoots, and examined the competence to floral inductive signals of old and new leaves derived from them.

We have found that CcMADS19 is enriched in repressive H3K27me3 marks in young, but not old leaves, revealing that axillary buds retain a silenced version of the floral repressor that is mitotically transmitted to the newly emerging leaves, which are able to induce flowering.

Therefore, we propose that flowering in Citrus is necessarily preceded by vegetative sprouting, so that the competence to respond to floral inductive signals is reset in the new leaves.
Changes in third molar position after Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with asymmetric extractions
Authors: Janson Guilherme , F. Almeida JÃcssica , Valerio Marcelo Vinicius , Velásquez Gonzalo , Aliaga‐Del Castillo Aron , Gamba Garib Daniela
Published: August 2021

Introduction

This study aimed to assess the changes in third molars angulation and their available space after Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with asymmetric premolar extractions.

Methods

The sample consisted of 37 patients (17 male, 20 female and mean age 13.18 ± 1.99 years) in group 1 (Type 1 Class II subdivision) and 25 (10 male, 15 female, mean age 13.56 ± 2.46 years) in group 2 (Type 2 Class II subdivision). In group 1, extractions were performed in the two maxillary quadrants and in the Class I mandibular quadrant. In group 2, extraction was performed in the Class II maxillary quadrant. Panoramic radiographs were used to evaluate third molar angulations and their available space pre‐ and post‐treatment. Radiographic measurements were performed with Dolphin® Imaging 11.9. Paired t tests were used for intragroup comparison between stages and sides.

Results

In Type 1, there were similar improvements in third molar angulations and increases in the space available on the extraction quadrants in the maxillary arch. In the mandibular arch, there was significantly greater improvement in angulation and greater space availability in the extraction quadrant after treatment. In Type 2, there was significantly greater improvement in angulation and available space for the maxillary third molar on the extraction quadrant. In the mandibular arch, there was a similar improvement in the available space for the third molars.

Conclusions

After treatment, both groups presented better angulation and significantly greater space for third molar eruptions on the extraction quadrants, when compared to the homologous non‐extraction quadrants.
Frequency of osteonecrosis in bisphosphonate users submitted to dental procedures: A systematic review
Authors: Martins Lucio Henrique Ives , Ferreira Delaine Cristina , Silva Marcus Tolentino , Motta Rogério Heládio Lopes , Franquez Reginaldo Tavares , Bergamaschi Cristiane de Cássia
Published: August 2021

Objective

To determine the frequency of osteonecrosis of the jaw in bisphosphonate users submitted to dental procedures.

Methods

This systematic review searched the sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Virtual Health Library, with no restriction on language or publication date. Reviewers, in pairs and independently, selected the studies, extracted their data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta‐analyses were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model.

Results

A total of 27 studies (5391 participants) were included. The most reported bisphosphonates were zoledronate (n = 17 studies) and alendronate (n = 19) for treating cancers (n = 11) and osteoporosis (n = 16), respectively. Twelve studies were of low methodological quality. The frequency of osteonecrosis was 2.7% (95% CI: 0.9–5.2%) and proved higher for intravenous [6.9% (0.7–17.3%)] than oral [0.2% (0.9–5.2%)] bisphosphonate use. No association between longer treatment duration and greater frequency of osteonecrosis was observed.

Conclusions

Higher frequency of osteonecrosis was observed in intravenous bisphosphonate users submitted to dental extraction. Further studies collecting more detailed information on the bisphosphonates used and of greater methodological rigor are warranted to confirm these findings and better inform prescribers, dental surgeons, and other professionals on risks of bisphosphonate use in this patient group.
Considerations of varied thermoregulatory expressions in migration theory
Authors: Clerc Jeff , McGuire Liam P.
Published: August 2021

Optimal migration theory has been used for three decades to generate predictions of stopover behavior and understand migration ecology. Yet, to date, there have been no attempts to understand the impacts of thermoregulation on migration theory predictions of stopover behavior. Though most migrants are homeothermic, a diverse group of migrants from bats to hummingbirds and warblers make use of some degree of heterothermy. We consider how thermoregulation influences stopover fuel deposition rates, and thus alters optimal migration theory predictions of stopover behavior using a hypothetical migratory bat as a model organism. We update the analytical models of optimal migration theory by considering scenarios of fixed metabolic rate (the current assumption of optimal migration theory) and three different mass‐specific metabolic rates including homeothermy, shallow torpor heterothermy and deep torpor heterothermy. Our results predict that heterotherms will make shorter stopovers, have a decreased departure fuel load, and reduce the overall time and energy costs associated with stopovers relative to homeotherms, highlighting that thermoregulation can drastically influence stopover behavior and ultimately play a critical role in population level patterns of migration.
How accessible is primary eye care for children in England?
Authors: Wilson Salma , Ctori Irene , Suttle Catherine , Conway Miriam , Shah Rakhee
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Good vision during childhood is vital for visual, educational, and social development. Previous research highlights challenges in the accessibility of eye care for children. This study investigates the accessibility of primary eye care for young children with typical development and those with autism in England.

Methods

A telephone survey was conducted using four hypothetical scenarios (a child aged 1, 3, 5 years and a 13‐year‐old with autism). Four hundred community optometric practices (100 different practices for each scenario) were contacted to explore the availability of an eye examination. The caller acted as a parent, asking about the availability of an eye examination for their child and raising concerns regarding the child. Key barriers and enablers to the accessibility of primary eye care were identified through an analysis of qualitative information.

Results

Of the 400 practices, only three (<1%) stated that they do not perform eye examinations on children. Fifty‐six practices (14%) stated that they would examine a child at any age, the remainder (n = 341, 85%) specifying a minimum age at which they would perform eye examinations on children. Lack of ‘communication’ from the child and ‘equipment’ were identified as barriers to accessing eye care for young children. Eye care for children with autism was enabled by factors related to adaptability and appointment time.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that communication and a lack of appropriate equipment for examining children are potential barriers to accessing primary eye care. No clear barriers were identified for an older child with autism. Eye examinations are more accessible for older children in these scenarios (aged 5 with typical development and 13 years with autism) than younger children (aged 1 and 3 years old). While the UK General Ophthalmic Services (GOS) terms do not permit contract holders to exclude categories of patients from a GOS eye exam, our findings suggest this is taking place.
Preoperative anxiety in preschool children: A randomized clinical trial comparing midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine
Authors: Bromfalk Åsa , Myrberg Tomi , Walldén Jakob , Engström Åsa , Hultin Magnus
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Anxiety in pediatric patients may challenge perioperative anesthesiology management and worsen postoperative outcomes. Sedative drugs aimed to reducing anxiety are available with different pharmacologic profiles, and there is no consensus on their effect or the best option for preschool children. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of three different premedications on anxiety before anesthesia induction in preschool children aged 2−6 years scheduled for elective surgery. The secondary outcomes comprised distress during peripheral catheter (PVC) insertion, compliance at anesthesia induction, and level of sedation.

Patients and methods

In this double‐blinded randomized clinical trial, we enrolled 90 participants aged 2−6 years, who were scheduled for elective ear‐, nose‐and‐throat surgery. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: those who were administered 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam, 4 µg/kg oral clonidine, or 2 µg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine. Anxiety, distress during PVC insertion, compliance with mask during preoxygenation, and sedation were measured using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, Behavioral Distress Scale, Induction Compliance Checklist, and Ramsay Sedation Scale, respectively.

Results

Six children who refused premedication were excluded, leaving 84 enrolled patients. At baseline, all groups had similar levels of preoperative anxiety and distress. During anesthesia preparation, anxiety was increased in the children who received clonidine and dexmedetomidine; however, it remained unaltered in the midazolam group. There were no differences in distress during PVC insertion or compliance at induction between the groups. The children in the clonidine and dexmedetomidine groups developed higher levels of sedation than those in the midazolam group.

Conclusions

In preschool children, midazolam resulted in a more effective anxiolysis and less sedation compared to clonidine and dexmedetomidine.
Is Normative Uncertainty Irrelevant if Your Descriptive Uncertainty Depends on It?
Authors: Robinson Pamela
Published: August 2021

According to ‘Excluders’, descriptive uncertainty – but not normative uncertainty – matters to what we ought to do. Recently, several authors have argued that those wishing to treat normative uncertainty differently from descriptive uncertainty face adependence problembecause one's descriptive uncertainty can depend on one's normative uncertainty. The aim of this paper is to determine whether the phenomenon of dependence poses a decisive problem for Excluders. I argue that existing arguments fail to show this, and that, while stronger ones can be found, Excluders can escape them.
Skin of color images in pediatric dermatology textbooks
Authors: Barve Ajit , Shah Manish , Sheth Preeti
Published: August 2021

Due to globalization, dermatologists routinely see patients of different ethnicities and skin tones. Surveys from the US have shown that dermatologists felt that their training was lacking in diagnosing dermatoses in skin‐of‐color patients. Underrepresentation of skin of color in dermatology textbooks has been reported. We evaluated clinical images in selected pediatric dermatology textbooks with regard to skin color.
Observational “go‐alongs” of follow‐up HIV care visits of two virally suppressed Black sexual minority men
Authors: Dangerfield Derek T. , Ober Allison J. , Anderson Janeane N. , Gorbach Pamina , Bluthenthal Ricky N.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study explored potentially underreported healthcare contexts, clinical experiences, and motivations for adherence in care among virally suppressed Black sexual minority men (BSMM) living with HIV (LWHIV) in Baltimore, MD.

Methods

Go‐alongs with two virally suppressed BSMM LWHIV supplemented 27 in‐depth interviews of a larger qualitative study guided by Positive Deviance and Life Course Theory. The go‐alongs involved accompanying participants’ follow‐up HIV care visit to obtain a better account of contextual healthcare factors. Observations focused on (1) clinic location and resources, (2) sources of HIV and sexuality stigma or support in the clinic, and (3) patient‐provider interactions.

Results

We found that facilitators and barriers to viral suppression for BSMM LWHIV included structural factors (i.e., healthcare setting, facility, and services), quality of patient‐provider interactions, and personal motivations to achieve viral suppression.

Conclusion

Clinic accessibility, co‐located clinical services, and rapport with clinicians and healthcare staff could be key contextual conditions that facilitate retention in care among BSMM LWHIV.
Power to the People: The Hidden Link Between Support for Direct Democracy and Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Pantazi Myrto , Papaioannou Kostas , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem
Published: August 2021

Although an increasing volume of research has identified several negative sociopolitical attitudes as correlates of conspiracy theories, to date it remains unclear whether belief in conspiracy theories is necessarily in conflict with support for democratic governance. In this contribution, we integrate previous findings suggesting inconsistent relationships between belief in conspiracy theories and support for democratic governance. Study 1 (N = 300) shows that belief in conspiracy theories is associated with decreased support for representative democracy but increased support for direct democracy. Study 2 (N = 270) replicated these findings and revealed that these relationships were mediated by political cynicism and feelings of powerlessness. In Study 3 (N = 298), we experimentally show that a system with direct democracy (as compared with representative democracy) empowered participants and therefore decreased belief in conspiracy theories. Contrary to the common notion that conspiracy theories are associated with decreased support for democracy, these findings suggest that conspiracy beliefs are associated with a preference for direct over representative democracy.
Effect of Receiving Dental Treatment on mortality among nursing facility residents
Authors: Caplan Daniel J. , Ghazal Tariq S. , Cowen Howard J.
Published: August 2021

Aim

To assess the association between receipt of different types of dental procedures and mortality among nursing home residents.

Methods and Results

Between June 2006 and March 2008, 535 nursing home residents received a health screening assessment and were offered comprehensive dental care. Death certificate data were obtained in September 2013 and multivariable regression models were generated to assess the effect of dental procedures delivered after the screening assessment on mortality, adjusting for demographic and health‐related covariates. Residents had a mean age of 85.2 years at baseline and approximately 30% were edentulous. About two‐thirds received at least one dental procedure, and about 88% had died, between the screening date and the end of follow‐up. Among dentate residents, after adjustment for relevant covariates, for each one‐unit increase in the number of intervals during which they received at least one preventive dental procedure there was a 13% decrease in mortality (HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78‐0.98) at any given time, while for prosthetic dental procedures there was a 16% decrease in mortality (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72‐0.97). Among edentulous residents, only prosthetic procedures were analyzed, and they were not significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion

Among dentate institutionalized elderly, receipt of preventive or prosthetic dental procedures was associated with decreased mortality.
Monopsonistic competition, trade, and the profit share*
Authors: Macedoni Luca
Published: August 2021

I present a tractable international trade model of monopsonistic competition and heterogeneous firms, in which markups and markdowns are increasing with the size of firms. The model sheds new light on the effects of trade on the aggregate profit share. In a standard model with a Pareto distribution of firm characteristics, the profit share is constant; by augmenting the model with the assumption of monopsonistic competition, trade can increase the profit share under reasonable assumptions for the parameter values. Monopsonistic competition is, thus, a contributing factor to the documented decline in the labor share and rise in corporate profits.
Superficial suppurative necrolytic dermatitis in a miniature schnauzer associated with the application of an imidacloprid and flumethrin collar
Authors: Loewinger Melissa , Budgin Jeanne B. , Rosenberg Andrew , Peters‐Kennedy Jeanine
Published: August 2021

Superficial suppurative necrolytic dermatitis (SSND) of miniature schnauzers is a rare cutaneous and visceral reaction pattern associated with shampoo. This report describes SSND in a miniature schnauzer associated with application of an imidacloprid and flumethrin collar. Histopathology was consistent with SSND. Lesions resolved after treatment with methylprednisolone and marbofloxacin.
Neuromuscular blockade with atracurium for ophthalmic surgery in horses—Effects on surgical and anesthetic characteristics and recovery quality
Authors: Scherrer Nicole M. , Hopster Klaus
Published: August 2021

Objective

To study the surgical, anesthetic and recovery qualities of horses receiving either a neuromuscular blocking agent (atracurium) or intravenous lidocaine (treatment groups A and L, respectively).

Animals studied

A total of thirty horses presented for ocular surgery were used in this study.

Procedure

Horses were randomly assigned to receive either atracurium (group A) or a lidocaine constant rate infusion (group L). Surgical quality was graded on a scale from 1 (excellent)‐5 (poor). While anesthetized, the heart rate, oxygen saturation and mean arterial blood pressure, and end‐expiratory carbon dioxide and desflurane concentration were monitored and recorded every 5 minutes. Recovery was scored on a scale from 10 (best)‐115 (worst).

Results

Horses in treatment group A needed significantly less desflurane then horses in treatment group L (p = 0.04). Horses in treatment group A had a significantly better surgery score of 1 (1–2) (median and range) then horses in treatment group L (2.5; 1–5) (p = 0.02). The quality of recovery was significantly better in horses in treatment group A compared with treatment group L, and horses needed significantly less time to reach the standing position.

Conclusions

Atracurium and lidocaine CRI are safe methods of anesthesia for equine patients undergoing ocular surgery. Horses receiving atracurium needed less desflurane and had better surgery and recovery scores than horses receiving a lidocaine constant rate infusion.
Primary cell culture of canine corneal endothelial cells
Authors: Tajima Kazuki , Okada Misaki , Kudo Rina , Otaka Yuya , Kita Mizuki , Yamashita Yohei , Kanai Kazutaka
Published: August 2021

Objective

To establish a primary cell culture and clarify the characteristics of canine corneal endothelial cells in vitro.

Procedures

The eyes were enucleated from dogs that were euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. Enucleated canine eyes were dissected, and the intact corneas were isolated from the globes. Using enzymes, the corneal endothelial cells were dispersed from the cornea. The obtained canine corneal endothelial cells were cultured in a cell culture dish. Cultured corneal endothelial cells were morphologically evaluated using phase‐contrast microscopy. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cultured cells, particularly of the corneal endothelial cell marker, zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), Na+/K+‐ATPase, and vimentin, was performed to clarify whether the cultured cells were actually corneal endothelial cells. Furthermore, the post‐passage morphology of cultured cells was evaluated.

Results

Canine primary cultured corneal endothelial cells showed morphologically small, cobblestone‐like structures. The isolated cells had proliferative ability in vitro and demonstrated positive expression of the corneal endothelial cell markers, ZO‐1, Na+/K+‐ATPase, and vimentin. However, repeated passages resulted in larger cell sizes as assessed by phase‐contrast microscopy. Repeated passages also resulted in lower cell density.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the successful culture of canine corneal endothelial cells. This might enhance the understanding of corneal endothelial cell characteristics in dogs.