bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verb Choices and Emotional Disturbance in Latency Age Children
Authors: Gwinn Diane G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an instrument employing verb choices, in a forced choice sentence completion format, for identifying disturbed and normal Ss among latency age children. Ten scales were identified from the test items and four personality types were identified for the normal and disturbed Ss. Correct classification of 70.9% of the normal Ss and 93.1% of the disturbed Ss was found in a cross-validation procedure.
Convergent Validities of the Resultant Achievement Motivation Test and the Presatie Motivatie Test With AC and AI Scales of the CPI
Authors: Morris James H. , Snyder Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Hermans' and Mehrabian's tests of achievement motivation were correlated with the Achievement via conformance ( Ac) and Achievement via independence ( Ai) scales of the California Psychological Inventory ( N = 66). Results indicated the Mehrabian test to be associated ( r = .29) only with the Ac scale, but the Hermans measure was rather strongly related to both the Ac and Ai scales ( r = .40 and .47, respectively). However, alternative scoring protocols for Hermans' test which were developed as part of the study, created marked changes in results associated with external relationships of the measure.
Detecting Significant Contrasts in Analysis of Variance
Authors: Swaminathan Hariharan , Defriesse Frederick
Published: March 2007

A problem that arises frequently in Analysis of Variance is that after rejection of the overall hypothesis, none of the contrasts of interest may be found to be significant when using the available multiple comparison procedures. A procedure for determining the contrast that is responsible for the rejection of the hypothesis is outlined, and the relationship between the "most significant" contrast and the overall test is shown. The implications of this for carrying out multiple comparisons is discussed.
Correlation of the Scores on Barron's Ego Strength Scale With the Scores on the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Grah Charles R. , Shoaff Jane E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present project was to ascertain the degree of relationship between the scores on the Barron Ego Strength Scale and the scores on the Bender-Gestalt Test for a sample of college students from Adolescent Psychology classes. The subjects participating were 40 white females, 9 white males, and 11 black females. The ages ranged from 18 to 47, with a mean age of 24.

A comparison of the Barron and Bender measures for the 40 white females resulted in a correlation coeflicient of -.32, which was significant at the .05 level. A comparison of the Barron and Bender scores for the total group of 60 resulted in a correlation coefficient of -.26, which attained significance at the .05 level.

No sex differences were found on the Barron or on the Bender. There was, however, a racial difference observed on the Bender. In mean scores both white males and white females differed significantly at the .01 level from black females.
The Prediction of Performance of Olympic Athletes in Discus, Hammer, Javelin, and Shotput From Measures of Personality Characteristics
Authors: Ward G. Robert , Morrow James R. , Omizo Michael M. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For each of four subsamples of Olympic-quality athletes—14 Discus, 8 Hammer, 11 Javelin, and 12 Shotput specialists—measures of 19 personality constructs yielded only two statistically significant validity coefficients (out of 76 possible significant indices) in the prediction of average length of throw. The conclusion was reached that the self-report personality measures employed afford little promise as predictors of success in the four Olympic events studied.
Covar—to Test for Homogeneity of Covariance in a Repeated Measures Design
Authors: Karpman Mitch
Published: March 2007

This program calculates the chi-square statistic for testing the assumptions of equality and symmetry of covariance matrices in a repeated measures design.
Computing Tables for the Tetrachoric Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Zalinski James , Abrahams Norman M. , Alf Edward
Published: March 2007

In 1933, Chesire, Saffir, and Thurstone published their Computing Diagrams for the Tetrachoric Correlation Coefficient. Since then there have been few developments to aid the practitioner in a rapid and more accurate calculation of the tetrachoric correlation. The present study describes a set of tables for ease in determining tetrachoric correlations. Entries are provided for all X variable dichotomies and their individual Y variable dichotomies rounded to the nearest five one-hundredths in proportion form. The coefficients have been computed to 3-decimal accuracy. The development of the tables in this manner allows the researcher to determine the correlation within a given sample, as well as for populations in which the base rates differ.
A Test of the Cognitive Complexity Interpretation of the Least Preferred Coworker Scale
Authors: Vecchio Robert
Published: March 2007

Cognitive complexity has been offered (Mitchell, 1970; Foa, Mitchell, and Fiedler, 1971) as an alternative conceptualization of Fiedler's (Fiedler, 1967) measure of leadership (i.e., the Least Preferred Coworker Scale—LPC). In order to establish the validity of this proposition, the completed LPC scales of 287 airmen were analyzed. ANOVA tests for linear trend revealed that, contrary to current theorizing, low LPC is more closely related to cognitive complexity (as operationalized by LPC item-variability) than is high LPC.
The Correction for Restriction of Range and the Difference Between Intended and Actual Selection
Authors: Roe Robert A.
Published: March 2007

In this article it is argued that actual selection can for several reasons be different from the selection as it is intended. A method is described to construct a composite variable that may be considered as the one that caused selection as it actually took place. This selector variable, rather than the one on which selection is supposed to be based, should be used in correcting for restriction of range. The application of the method is illustrated in a case study, in which actual selection appears to be remarkably different. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Estimation in Multiple Correlation/Prediction
Authors: Huberty Carl J. , Mourad Salah A.
Published: March 2007

The distinction between the square of a population correlation coefficient (ρ2) and of the true validity of a sample prediction equation (ρ v2) as the parameters of interest in multiple correlation and in multiple prediction studies, respectively, is discussed. Real data are used to illustrate the comparison of two estimators for ρ2, RR2 (Ezekiel) and ROP2 (Olkin and Pratt), and of three estimators for ρv 2 , RNL2 (Nicholson, Lord), RSD2 (Stein, Darlington) and RLO 2 (a jack-knife-like estimator). Interpretive approaches to, and problems in, multiple correlation/prediction estimation are discussed.
The Reliability and Validity of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory for a Sample of Filipino High School Girls
Authors: Watkins David , Astilla Estela
Published: March 2007

Evidence is presented partially supporting the reliability and construct validity of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory with Filipino girls. For a re-test sample of 193 Filipinas, 11-13 years of age, a test-retest coefficient of 0.61 was found over a nine month period. As predicted self-esteem scores were significantly associated with IQ scores and, in 4 out of 5 cases, with teacher ratings of pupils' self-esteem. However, the hypothesis that "peer liking" ratings and self-esteem scores would be significantly correlated was not supported.
A Solution of the Conditional Estimation Problem for Long Tests in the Rasch Model for Dichotomous Items
Authors: Gustafsson Jan-Eric
Published: March 2007

Estimation procedures for the item parameters in the Rasch model for dichotomous items are briefly reviewed, and it is concluded that the statistically correct conditional maximum likelihood (CML) method has not been used because of numerical problems. A solution to these problems is presented which allows a rapid computation of the CML estimates also for long tests. It is pointed out that there may be only small differences between the numerical values of the CML estimates and other estimates, but that the CML approach has decisive advantages in the construction of statistical tests of goodness of fit.
A Comparison of a Statistical and Subjective Procedure to Ascertain Item Validity: One Step in the Test Validation Process
Authors: Plake Barbara S.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to make commercial tests valid for users of both sexes and all race groups, many test publishers employ review procedures to remove potentially invalid (or biased) items from their tests. Statistical procedures to identify biased test items are often sophisticated and costly to test developers. Alternative approaches have employers review test items and select those that appear biased. To verify this methodology, a statistical and a subjective procedure were used to identify biased items in an elementary achievement test. The results show little agreement on items selected as biased. An implication to test developers is to adopt statistical support for a reviewer's selection of biased items.
Self-Actualization Measures as Predictors of Ability in Facilitative Communication Among Counselor Trainees
Authors: Omizo Michael M. , Rivera Edelwina , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the predictive validity of self-actualization indices of the Personal Orientation Dimensions (POD) relative to ability in facilitative communication as measured by the Gross Rating of Facilitative Interpersonal Functioning Scale (GRFIF). Subjects were 139 graduate students in a master's degree program in Counselor Education. Scores on POD scales of Strength, Weakness, Love, and Mission were correlated .46, .25, .40, and .45 (all p < .01) with GRFIF scores. Synergistic Integration and Potentiation measures were correlated .18 ( p < .05) and .19 ( p < .05), respectively, with GRFIF scores. It was concluded that self-actualization measures afford promise as predictors of ability in facilitative communication among counselor trainees. It was recommended that further cross-validation investigations be conducted with individuals in other mental health professions.
Predictive Validity of the Revised Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale With Trainable Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: Thiel Glenn W. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the predictive validity of the Revised Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS) relative to the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) as a criterion measure. Forty trainable mentally retarded students were administered both instruments by qualified examiners. Regression analyses were conducted in which scores on the separate measures provided by subtests on Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic of the WRAT were regressed on SBIS IQs. The results indicated that the SBIS IQs yielded statistically valid predictions of WRAT standard scores for the sample studied. Derived regression equations are reported.
Some Results and Comments pn Using Latent Structure Models to Measure Achievement
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: March 2007

Under certain circumstances it is possible to apply latent structure models to estimate ζ, the proportion of skills an examinee has acquired among a domain of skills and to estimate β, the probability of guessing the correct response given that the examinee does not know. Models have also been formulated in which ζ represents the proportion of examinees who know a specific skill and again β is the probability of guessing. Macready and Dayton (1976) have used these models to determine the number of items required in deciding whether an examinee has acquired a particular skill and Wilcox (1979) has applied these models to arrive at a formula score which allows guessing to vary over the population of examinees. In this paper we examine a technical problem associated with estimating β and we also indicate situations for which this problem does not occur. It is shown, however, that this problem does not apply when using Wilcox's formula score. In addition, some new, explicit, maxi mum likelihood estimates of ζ and β are derived which may be applied when items are hierarchically related.
Confidence Intervals for Correlation Ratios
Authors: Fleishman Allen I.
Published: March 2007

It is suggested that for fixed effects experiments, the traditional statistical question is inappropriate. It is suggested that variance ratios—the signal to noise ratio (σ2 a/σ2 e) and the correlation ratio (σ2 a/σ 2 t)—are more desirable. Criticisms of these values are explored. Finally confidence intervals and percentiles for the random and fixed effects model's signal to noise and correlation ratio are given. The latter being dependent on the evaluation of a family of non-central F distributions. The latter will also give the confidence interval and percentiles of the multiple correlation coefficient in the regression model. The lower limit of the confidence interval can test the traditional null hypothesis. The upper limit of this interval is suggested to be a test which would allow the investigator to accept the null hypothesis.
Estimating Total-Test Scores From Partial Scores in a Matrix Sampling Design
Authors: Sachar Jane , Suppes Patrick
Published: March 2007

In establishing national test norms, sampling both examinees and items serves to reduce the amount of testing time required. It is often desired to obtain a total-test score for an individual who was administered only a subset of the total test. The present study compared six methods, two of which utilize the content structure of items, to estimate total-test scores using 450 students and 60 items of the 110-item Stanford Mental Arithmetic Test. The items were sampled in such a way as to make comparisons between overlapping subtest designs and nonoverlapping subtest designs feasible. Three methods yielded fairly good estimates of the total-test score, namely regression with perfectly correlated nonoverlapping item samples, regression with correlation between item samples on overlapping subtests, and perfectly parallel overlapping or nonoverlapping item samples. The second method is suggested to be more robust than the other two and is, therefore, recommended.
Content Validity and Reliability of Single Items or Questionnaires
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

Procedures for computing content validity ( V) and consistency re liability ( R) coefficients and determining the statistical significance of these coefficients are described. These procedures, which employ the multinomial probability distribution for small samples and nor mal curve probability estimates for large samples, can be used in a variety of situations where judgments of the content validity of items or questionnaires are made on ordinal rating scales. Computing for mulas for determining the statistical significance of V and R for large samples of raters and any number of rating categories are given. A computer program has been written to determine the right- tail probabilities associated with values of V and R obtained from ratings by N raters using c rating categories.
The Relationship of an Early Measure of Intelligence To the Ability To Learn Sight Vocabulary Words and To Later Reading Achievement
Authors: Cianflone Ralph , Zullo Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

The Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) was administered to a group of kindergarten children. Scores were correlated with a measure of Sight Vocabulary achievement in kindergarten and reading achieve ment (Stanford Achievement Test) scores at the end of the first and second grade. Correlation coefficients involving the SIT ranged from a low of .61 to a high of .87.
A Computerized Scoring System for the Personality Inventory for Children
Authors: Greene Roger L. , Martin Paulette W. , Bennett Susan R. , Shaw Janine A.
Published: March 2007

A computer program for the Personality Inventory for Children is described which scores and produces a profile for the 4 validity and 12 clinical scales and for the 17 supplemental scales. Moreover, the program prints out the relevant demographic data on the child, as well as, lists any critical items endorsed by the informant which the clinician may wish to explore in a subsequent interview.
The Utility of Discriminant Analysis for Predicting Graduation From a Master of Business Administration Program
Authors: Breaugh James A. , Mann Rebecca B.
Published: March 2007

With universities facing enrollment ceilings and with increased competition for admission to graduate programs, it has become increasingly important for admissions committees to select those applicants who are most likely to complete their degrees. This study was concerned with the accuracy with which successful completion of the Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree could be predicted from readily available admissions data: sex of the student, student age, undergraduate grade point average, Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) Verbal score, and GMAT Quantitative score. As a mechanism for evaluating the predictive accuracy of the MBA admissions data, discriminant analysis was used. The sample for this study consisted of all students who had begun and in some way had concluded their MBA studies between 1969 and 1979. This total sample ( N = 507) was randomly split into two parts, one part for deriving the discriminant function and one part for cross-validating the derived discriminant function. The results of the dis criminant analysis clearly showed that the two criterion groups (graduates and non-graduates) could be differentiated. In addition, the utility of the discriminant function derived from the one sample was demonstrated on the cross-validation sample. Of the students in this hold-out sample, 69% of those predicted to graduate actually did.
Relationships of Locus of Control To Academic Ability, Academic Performance, and Performance-Related Attributions
Authors: Edwards Jack E. , Waters L.K.
Published: March 2007

For 223 college students, scores on the Rotter (1966) I-E scale were correlated with scores on the verbal subtest of the College Qualification Test, cumulative grade point average, and attributions of performance to ability, effort, course difficulty, and luck. The I-E scores were unrelated to either verbal ability or grade point average. Students exibiting and external orientation attributed their performance more to luck than did students displaying an internal orientation.
Factorial Validity of Item Classification on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (BTBC), Forms A and B
Authors: Piersel Wayne C. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

Boehm's (1971) classification of test items on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (BTBC) into the four context categories of space, quantity, time, and miscellaneous was examined from a factor analytic perspective. Examination of a variety of factor solutions of the BTBC provided no support for any of these four categories. A single, general factor related to the acquisition of basic verbal concepts best described the instrument. This factor was constant across the two forms of the BTBC.
Response-Mode Variation Effects On Affective Measures
Authors: Ory John C. , Poggio John P.
Published: March 2007

The study investigated the effect of response mode variation (the use or nonuse of separate answer sheets) on subject responses (N = 1017) to affective instruments with respect to both instrument and subject characteristics. Instrument characteristics examined included attitudinal versus personality scale composition, scale items written in first- versus third-person and variations in response actions (circling, writing or darkening response). Subject characteristics investigated were individual differences in cognitive style (field dependence-independence) and school grade level (junior high, high school or college). Results indicated significant score differences across scales with and without answer sheets.
Updating the Criterion for Regression Predictor Variable Selection
Authors: Morris John D.
Published: March 2007

Because of several problems which are inherent in the use of traditional algorithms for selecting a subset of predictor variables for a multiple regression equation, an alternate algorithm and computer program are described which use expected cross-validated correlation rather than multiple correlation as the criterion for selecting variables. All usual multiple regression information, as well as regression weights on the subset of variables chosen and the cross-validation correlation to be expected on future applications of these weights, is output. Documentation is provided.
Hierarchical Structure of Abilities: Factorial Validation of Higher Order Constructs in Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities
Authors: Paden Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Vernon and Humphreys have advocated the use of the hierarchical model as a means of conceptualizing the organization of human abilities and of thinking about tests. In this study, Thurstone's primary mental abilities (1938/1968) involving some 57 tests were factor analyzed to produce a comprehensive hierarchical model. Thurstone's study of primary mental abilities was designed for the measurement of individual differences and the development (or the use) of tests. Applying the hierarchical model, a test constructor might be able to select, according to his needs for measurement, factors or constructs at any level in the hierarchy.
Field Independence as a Predictor of Filipino University Engineering Grades
Authors: Watkins David , Astilla Estela
Published: March 2007

The Hidden Figures Test (HFT) (Fitzgerald and Hunt, 1977) was found to correlate 0.32 with the grades of 186 first year engineering students at a Filipino university. When this measure of field independence was added to these students' National College Entrance Examination scores, a small but significant improvement in prediction of these grades was noted. It was suggested that quick, easily administered and scored, non-verbal group tests such as the HFT may be useful to assist selection of students for science and engineering courses in developing countries where the need for manpower planning is not matched by the number of measuring instruments available.
Reliability and Validity Evidence for Scales Measuring Dimensions of Student Ratings of Instruction
Authors: Abbott Robert D. , Perkins David
Published: March 2007

In three studies, students in introductory psychology classes evaluated their instructor on a set of student-rating-of-instruction items. Based upon item content and the results of a component analysis of the item intercorrelations in each of the three samples, four scales were constructed. High internal consistency estimates of reliability and similarities in the scale intercorrelations were present over the three studies. The scale scores were judged to possess an acceptable degree of internal consistency and construct validity to be of use in further research investigating correlates of student ratings of instruction.
The Factor Structure and Factorial Validity of the Social Interest Index
Authors: Leak Gary K.
Published: March 2007

The present study reports (to the knowledge of the investigator) the first careful factor analysis of the Social Interest Index (SII), a measure of Adler's concept of social interest. The test item responses of 416 students from heterogeneous college classes were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Four factors emerged which accounted for 37% of the total variance. Results are discussed in terms of the congruence between the obtained and hypothesized factors. Recommendations are made for future factorial validity research with the SII, as well as for ways to improve the structure of the scale.
HCLA: A Computer Program for Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Authors: Dahlqvist Bengt , Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

The computer program HCLA for hierarchical cluster analysis is described. It gives the user various possibilities both for strategies and distance and similarity measures.
The Comparative Validities of Differential Placement Measures for College Composition Courses
Authors: Fowler Bill F. , Ross Dale H.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-four tests measuring verbal ability, academic achievement, reading skills, attitudes, visual perception, spelling, and word decoding skills were compared for their correlational strengths with grade in a required freshman course in composition. In several modes of analysis scores from the English subtest of the ACT Assessment yielded the strongest and most pervasive relationship to composition grades. Several other language tests showed varying power to discriminate between groups of students with high, middle, or low grades in the composition course, but a strong correlation between scores measuring word-level skills and grade in freshman course in composition suggests their unique potential in test batteries designed for the differential placement of students into English composition courses.
Involvement, Ability, Performance, and Satisfaction as Predictors of College Attrition
Authors: Edwards Jack E. , Waters L. K.
Published: March 2007

Measures of academic job involvement, verbal ability, academic performance, and satisfaction with courses and with college in general, obtained for 155 students during the freshman year, were correlated with attrition on a two-year follow-up. The two significant predictors of attrition, grade point average during the fresh-man year and satisfaction with college in general, combined to yield a multiple correlation of .42 ( P < .01).
Relationship of Interest Measurement Derived from the Copsystem Interest Inventory and the Kuder General Interest Survey: Construct Validation of Two Measures of Occupational Activity Preferences
Authors: Best Steve , Knapp-Lee Lisa
Published: March 2007

Similar scales on the COPSystem Interest Inventory and the Kuder General Interest Survey were compared in terms of correlations between the scales. Congruence of results in relation to profile similarity in the high interest areas was determined by comparing the three highest interest areas on the two instruments. The magnitude of coefficients between conceptually similar scales ranged from low (r = .21) between the Kuder Persuasive scale and the COPS Business, Skilled scale to moderate (r = .49) between the Kuder Scientific scale and the COPS Science Professional and between the Kuder Literary scale and the COPS Communication scales. The pattern of correlations wherein the magnitude of positive correlation was higher between conceptually similar scales than between any other scales in the array provided evidence of construct validity for these scales. A comparison of the three highest areas of interest from both instruments revealed that 89% of the sample had at least one area of interest the same on both instruments. For 25% of the sample, results from the two instruments were the same in terms of the three highest areas: that is the top three areas of interest were the same on both instruments. These results are interpreted as supporting the construct validity of the instruments.
Validity Shrinkage in Ridge Regression: A Simulation Study
Authors: Faden Vivian , Bobko Philip
Published: March 2007

Ridge regression has been suggested as a technique which can circumvent difficulties associated with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. In particular, ridge regression was developed in order to reduce the mean square error of the parameter estimates. It is shown that ridge regression also offers an advantage over OLS estimation when a validity shrinkage criterion is considered. Systematic comparisons of cross-validated multiple correlations indicate that ridge estimation is superior to OLS estimation when (1) the predictors are multicollinear, (2) the number of predictors is large relative to the sample size, and (3) the population multiple correlation is relatively small in magnitude.
Estimation of ω2 for a One-Way, Fixed-Effects Model when Sample Sizes are Disproportionate
Authors: Wang Marilyn D.
Published: March 2007

Formulas for estimating ω2 are based on the assumption that sample sizes, nj, are proportional to the sizes of their respective treatment populations. Because this assumption is frequently violated, a general method of estimating ω2 for the one-factor, fixed-effects design is presented. Given the relative sizes of the treatment populations, unbiased estimators are obtained for the population grand mean, μ, for individual treatment effects, αj, and for the numerator and denominator of ω2.
HIARC: A Fortran Program for Measurement of Children's Social Perceptions through Group Hierarchy Construction
Authors: Remington David O. , Wall Shavaun M. , Pickert Sarah M. , Foltz Mary Louise
Published: March 2007

The computer program (HIARC) described provides a means for calculation of hierarchies for group members on one or more attributes and provides tests of significance for research on children's social perceptions.
The Validity of the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale as a Predictor of the Academic Achievement of Lebanese Students
Authors: Saigh Philip A. , Mukallid Samar H.
Published: March 2007

The Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale (STABS) (Suinn, 1969) was administered to 192 Lebanese high school students. Scores were correlated with their semester grades in selected courses. Although two coefficients reached the level of statistical significance, a relatively small amount of the variance was explained. It was indicated that the emphasis which the Lebanese business and educational communities have placed on academic achievement warrants continued research in this direction.
Causal Attributions: Perceived Dimensions of Causality and Chance
Authors: Georgoudi Marianthi
Published: March 2007

A multidimensional scaling analysis was performed to examine how adult subjects perceive causality and chance in relation to each other. 12 hypothetical situations, representing different classes or categories of causality and chance were scaled on the basis of pairwise comparisons. The results indicated that subjects' perception of causality and chance is two-dimensional with one dimension representing the more objective, conventional chance-cause distinction and the other the more subjective cause-reason distinction. Thus, it is argued that not only Buss's (1978, 1979) logical categories of cause and reason have found empirical validation, but important theoretical implications for attribution theory can be derived.
Determining Grade Boundaries on Classroom Tests
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

A procedure and a computing diagram for assigning score boundaries to grading categories on classroom tests are described. The procedure takes both the median ability level of the class and the test performance of the class relative to that of other classes into account.
Use of the Essay Examination to Investigate the Writing Skills of Undergraduate Education Majors
Authors: Boodoo Gwyneth M. , Garlinghouse Patricia
Published: March 2007

Three essay questions were administered to junior education major college students. Factor analysis of the ratings showed that content played a large role in the students' responses, yielding dominant first order factors. Generalizability theory, used to examine the reliability of students' ratings showed the need for more raters and questions.
Factorial Comparison of the Wallace Self-Concept Scale between Special Education Teachers and Regular Classroom Teachers
Authors: Wallace Gaylen R. , Spaner Steven D. , Filer Peggy S.
Published: March 2007

The study investigated the factorial invariance and factor structure of the Wallace Self-Concept Scale (WSCS) between regular class-room and special education teachers. At issue was the question of whether a given self-referent scale is generalizable across different types of teachers who function in different kinds of teaching environments. The varimax rotation produced three factors which were labeled as personal attribute, personal energy and personal temperament. Factor structure similarity between varimax solutions for the two groups was determined by the use of the factorial invariance program, RELATE. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis that the factor structure of the WSCS is invariant across the two populations in question.
Reliability and Construct Validity of Ipsative and Normative Forms of the Learning Style Inventory
Authors: Merrit Sharon L. , Marshall Jon Clark
Published: March 2007

Assessment of learning style provides a framework within which individual differences for specific ways of learning can be described. The Learning Style Inventory developed by Kolb assesses learners' preferences for specific phases of an experiential learning cycle. This study was undertaken to determine the reliability and construct validity of Kolb's original ipsative instrument and of an alternate normative form adapted from the original inventory. Results of this study indicated that the alternate version was as reliable as the original version, was equivalent in measuring characteristics defined in the original learning style scales, and demonstrated construct validity that was at least comparable to that for the ipsative instrument. For research purposes, the alternate normative version can be substituted for the original ipsative instrument to meet the requirements of independence in statistical analyses.
The Factorial Validity of the Mathematics Attribution Scale
Authors: Choroszy Melisa , Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy
Published: March 2007

The Mathematics Attribution Scale (MAS) (Algebra) was designed to assess attributions of success and failure in algebra to ability, effort, task, and environment. The present study examined the MAS (Algebra) for a separate dimension of attributions for success and a dimension of attributions for failure. The two hypothesized dimensions did not emerge.
The Psychophysics and Norms of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents
Authors: Irwin R. J.
Published: March 2007

The forced-choice psychophysical procedures of the Seashore Measures yield results that can vary from chance performance (usually 50% correct) to perfect performance (100% correct). These psychophysical procedures are well designed to assess sensory capacities and are commended by the theory of signal detection. The norms of the current version of the test, however, show percentile ranks that purport to distinguish between scores that can only represent chance performance. The norms of the 1939 edition do not do this and are, therefore, to be preferred to the current norms.
Predictive Validity of the First Grade Screening Test
Authors: Piersel Wayne C. , Kinsey Jane H.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the First-Grade Screening Test (FGST) was investigated with a sample of 72 kindergarten students. Comparison of the FGST with end of the year kindergarten performance and midyear achievement testing in first grade suggested moderate predictive utility. Additionally, the strong relationships with concept learning and direction following tasks indicated that the construct validity of this test needs to be examined carefully.
The GRE: A Question of Validity in Predicting Performance in Professional Schools of Social Work
Authors: Milner Marlene , Mcneil John S. , King Shirley Wesley
Published: March 2007

Several forceful arguments have been presented which raise questions about the use of the GRE as a primary factor in the admissions process. Two issues that are raised repeatedly are concerned with (a) whether or not the test is culturally biased and (b) how successfully the GRE predicts future performance. More germane to social work is the question: to what extent does the GRE measure qualities deemed necessary for the successful practice of social work? Results of this study revealed that the GRE, as a primary basis for admission, is not a valid predictor of future performance in schools of social work. Moreover, its elimination does not produce a lower quality of student.
The Factorial Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a Sample of California Elementary and Junior High School Classroom Teachers
Authors: Gold Yvonne
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 462 elementary and junior high school Southern California teachers, the responses scored separately for frequency and intensity to 22 items of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal factors solution followed by varimax rotation. In each of the two rotated factor matrices empirical support was obtained for the presence of three a priori (hypothesized) dimensions of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment—constructs around which three MBI subscales had been designed. It was concluded that the two scoring systems could be expected to yield comparable factor structures and hence equivalent constructs. A conclusion also was reached that two of the three factors in the MBI were invariant with two found for a group of Massachusetts teachers who participated in a parallel investigation.
The Construct Validity of an Exploratory Academic Self-Concept Subscale Derived from the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale
Authors: Halote Barry , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Evidence is sought concerning the construct validity of a 17-item exploratory academic self-concept subscale derived from the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale in terms of its empirical factor structure and its correlation with a multifactor academic self-concept measure and with a unidimensional general academic self-concept instrument. In this 17-item subscale three identifiable factor dimensions were defined as Anxiety, Confidence in Academic Ability, and Perceived Ineptness-Alienation. Five of the six correlations of the exploratory subscale with other measures of academic self-concept were statistically significant beyond the .01 level. An internal-consistency estimate of reliability (coefficient alpha) of .55 was obtained for the experimental subscale. It was concluded that despite the demonstration of a modest level of construct validity this exploratory subscale should be used only for research purposes pending the rewriting and/or elimination of several items with unusually low communalities.
The Regression BIAS Method: A Unified Approach for Detecting Item BIAS and Selection BIAS
Authors: Raju Nambury S. , Normand Jacques
Published: March 2007

Although several different procedures are available for detecting item bias and selection bias, there does not appear to be a single procedure for detecting both types of bias. It is proposed that the Regression Model, which is popular in selection bias research, be adopted for item bias detection, thereby providing a common framework for studying both types of bias. In keeping with the commonality, the new method will be referred to as the Regression Bias method. An empirical test of the Regression Bias method as well as a comparison of the Regression Bias method with the other commonly used item bias detection methods are presented.
Kappa, Measures of Marginal Symmetry and Intraclass Correlations
Authors: Collis Glyn M.
Published: March 2007

Some suggestions for measuring marginal symmetry in agreement matrices for categorical data are discussed, together with measures of item-by-item agreement conditional on marginal asymmetry. Connections with intraclass correlations for dichotomous data are noted.
Tables of Effect Size for Z Score Tests of Differences between Proportions and between Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Rossi Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

Tables are given for the rapid estimation of h, the effect size index for the difference between independent proportions, and of q, the effect size index for the difference between independent correlation coefficients. The tables are accurate to three decimal places and may be used conveniently in conjunction with tables and charts of power and sample size. Formulas for power and sample size estimation are also presented.
Reliability and Construct Validity of Alternate Forms of the Learning Style Inventory
Authors: Marshall Jon C. , Merritt Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

Learning style assessment provides a framework within which individual differences for specific ways of learning can be described. Kolb's Learning Style Inventory has been used to assess learners' preferences for specific phases of an experiential learning cycle. This study was designed to determine the reliability and construct validity of an alternate form of the Learning Style Inventory using a semantic differential format. Results of this study suggest that the alternate form was reliable and construct valid. In addition, they indicate that this alternate form might be more reliable than a previously presented Likert-type normative form.
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction by Action Tendencies
Authors: Hartman Sandra , Grigsby David W. , Crino Michael D. , Chhokar Jagdeep S.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose that job satisfaction might be assessed through the measurement of "action tendencies" and report the development of an action tendency job satisfaction instrument. A series of five studies was conducted with workers in a wide range of occupations serving as respondents. The developmental studies indicate that the resulting instrument possesses acceptable reliability, a coherent factor structure, and significant convergent and discriminant validity when contrasted with a traditional measure of job satisfaction.
Statistics for Computer-Based Test Interpretations: Bivariate and Multivariate Uniqueness
Authors: Huba G. J.
Published: March 2007

A test is proposed for determining whether pairs, or sets, of scores in a profile are unusual. The test involves the evaluation of a Wishart distribution. When many tests are made on one profile, the probability level is adjusted with the Bonferroni correction. This test can be regularly evaluated in computer-based test inter-pretation programs. An example drawn from a well-known personality test is given.
Person Fit in the Rasch Model
Authors: Smith Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The idea of whether a person's response pattern is "believable" given his estimated ability is one of the central issues in measurement. This article traces the development of this idea from Thurstone to Rasch. It also presents the rationale behind the development of person analysis in the Rasch model. Finally, it presents data based on simulated response patterns which provide insight into the power and Type I error rates of the Rasch unweighted total and between person fit statistics under a variety of simulated measurement disturbances.
Use of a Behavior-Based Personality Instrument in Aviation Selection
Authors: Lambirth Thomas T. , Gibb Gerald D. , Alcorn John D.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated a behavioral-based personality instrument currently used by a branch of the United States Armed Forces in their experimental aviation selection battery. The instrument, the Dot Estimation Task (DOT), was designed to measure compulsiveness versus decisiveness. The reliability and validity of this experimental instrument was evaluated. One hundred and fifty three university undergraduate students were administered the DOT and either of two paper-and-pencil compulsivity instruments in a counterbalanced design. Four weeks later, 90 subjects were retested on the DOT and the alternate compulsivity instrument. The results indicate that the DOT has a test-retest reliability of .64 but has no relationship to either compulsivity measure.
The Construct Validity of Higher Order Structure-of-Intellect Factors Reflecting Semantic and Symbolic Content Abilities
Authors: Khattab Ali-Maher , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Based on reanalyses of correlational data obtained from the University of Southern California Aptitudes Research Project, this investigation examined the extent to which two higher order (third-order) factors of semantic content and symbolic content from Guilford's structure-of-intellect (SOI) model reflected distinct constructs. A confirmatory maximum-likelihood factor analysis of 18 SOI tests from a battery of 46 SOT tests which previously had been analyzed by Khattab, Michael, and Hocevar (1982) revealed a correlation of .377 between the two higher order factors as compared to one of .615 in the original factor analysis of the 46 SOI tests. The smaller correlation matrix achieved an improved balance in the representation of the element of transformations in the SOT product dimension over that in the original correlation matrix in which nearly three-quarters of the tests portrayed the single element of transformations. The outcomes of this investigation suggest the importance of achieving a fair coverage by tests of selected elements of interest in the three dimensions of the SOI model to realize discriminant validity among higher order factors. For the correlation matrix of 18 tests, the two-factor model involving two higher order factors was found to yield a closer fit to the correlational data than that provided by the single factor model combining these two third-order dimensions.
Social Desirability and Psychological Well-Being Reports in Late Life: A Further Inquiry
Authors: Mancini Jay A. , Mckeel A. Jay
Published: March 2007

Randomly-selected older people (N = 104) completed Lawton's revised PGC Morale Scale and a brief version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. It was hypothesized that morale and social desirability would covary positively. This expectation was partially supported by the data, but the results are different from earlier findings. Theoretical and measurement difficulties in social desirability research are discussed and gerontological researchers are cautioned against being any more sympathetic toward SD measures than they are toward measures of well-being.
Scale Content, Respondent Classification, Referent Stereotyping, and Stability in Four LPC Measures
Authors: Ashworth Steven D. , Hazer John T.
Published: March 2007

In reviewing the internal properties of Least-Preferred Co-worker (LPC) measures, Rice (1978a) indicated four major problem areas needing research: scale content, respondent classification, referent person stereotyping, and score stability. This study addressed these issues by constructing three versions of a new LPC measure and comparing their psychometric properties to those of Fiedler's (1967) LPC.
A Computer Program to Perform a Multivariate Profile Analysis
Authors: Powers Stephen , Lopez Richard L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a BASIC computer program which performs a profile analysis for two independent samples. Data may be read either from a disk file in the form of raw scores or from DATA statements within the program in the form of mean vectors and a pooled covariance matrix. Three F ratios are computed to test for parallel profiles, for coincident profiles, and for level profiles.
R by C CHI-Square Analyses with Small Expected Cell Frequencies
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: March 2007

A nonasymptotic analysis algorithm based on Pearson's chi-square statistic is presented to investigate r by c contingency tables where small expected cell frequencies render the usual asymptotic analysis inappropriate. Following computation of the exact mean, variance, and skewness of this statistic under the conditional permutation distribution, the Pearson type III distribution yields the P value. A FORTRAN subroutine is provided for analyzing the all too frequently encountered r by c contingency tables involving either highly disproportionate marginal totals or relatively small marginal totals.
A Basic Program for Calculating the Stuart-Maxwell Test
Authors: Powers Stephen , Gose Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

A BASIC computer program is described which computes the Stuart-Maxwell test with its chi-square value and associated probability level. Following a significant chi-square test, the user has the option of performing multiple comparisons using McNe-mar's test for the significance of change.