bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of herbicide use for forest management in Alberta, 1995–2009
Authors: Mihajlovich Milo , Odsen Sonya , Chicoine Daniel
Published: February 2014

This report reviews herbicide use for forest management purposes in Alberta between 1995 and 2009. Data for this review are drawn from the National Forestry Database, Government of Alberta records, anecdotal review of herbicide activities from participants, and the published literature. Alberta moved toward operational use of herbicides for forest management in a carefully monitored, step-wise process, with full adoption occurring in 2001–2002. Stakeholder engagement processes and the development of operational guidelines for risk identification and mitigation are described. A metric (Herbicide Excursion Intensity) has been developed and used to assess risk identification and mitigation efficiency independent of extent of herbicide use. Review of the temporal trends in this metric demonstrates that identification and mitigation of this element of risk associated with forest herbicide use in Alberta has been generally successful following initial learning experiences. Factors contributing to Alberta’s success in risk mitigation are: use of helicopters for all aerial application of forestry herbicides, adoption of drift control (AccuFlow™) nozzles, and quantitative prediction of spray cloud behavior in the Ag-Drift and SprayAdvisor models allowing gaming of weather conditions, buffer widths and nozzles to develop integrated risk mitigation processes. The report provides several recommendations, including the development of a Vegetation Management Strategy, to more explicitly link forest herbicide use with forest management planning.
Predicting future diameter of sugar maple in uneven-aged stands of west-central New Brunswick and New York
Authors: Swift D. Edwin , Kiernan Diane H. , Bevilacqua Eddie , Nyland Ralph D.
Published: February 2014

We used data from uneven-aged research plots in west-central New Brunswick to validate a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) diameter growth model initially developed from remeasured trees in single-tree selection system stands at two New York State locations. We also refitted the coefficients to fit the New Brunswick data and added variables to account for variation across locations and treatments among the New Brunswick plots. The original equation predicted future diameter for New Brunswick trees reasonably well, but a version with coefficients specific to New Brunswick proved more accurate. Adding variables that account for unique features of the New Brunswick data reinforced the notion that growth rates differ across locations, and also that post-cutting diameter growth varies with the intensity of release. Although the New York model and the general model with refitted coefficients unique to New Brunswick indicated that rates of growth do not change throughout a cutting cycle, equations having a variable to account for location of the New Brunswick research sites showed that growth decreased with time. Test results are presented.
Aboriginal economic development of forest resources: How can we think outside the wood box?
Authors: Beaudoin Jean-Michel
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the rational and theoretical setting for research focusing on Aboriginal economic development of forest resources. Acknowledging that 1) previous initiatives to support Aboriginal involvement in the forest sector have had limited success to date, and 2) we have little understanding of what economic development of forest resources really means for Aboriginal people, this paper advocates a community-driven approach to forest development, where a First Nation community can address the following four questions: What do we have? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? How well are we doing? In doing so, the First Nation community will strategically define 1) its capacity to engage in the economic development of forest resources, 2) its goals in doing so, 3) the steps needed to successfully take advantage of the opportunities at hand, and 4) the criteria and indicators of success.
An overview of Populus genetic resources in southwest China
Authors: Wan XueQin , Zhang Fan
Published: February 2014

There are abundant genetic resources of Populus in southwest China, which play an important role in scientific research and practical application. These resources are unfamiliar to the rest of the world and their value has not been widely appreciated; hence the purpose of this paper is to present the resources to the world, and to encourage more attention to be paid to them. There are 28 species, 20 varieties, and about 10 natural hybrids of Populus in the region. Of the 28 species, 25 are endemic to China, and 18 of them are indigenous to southwest China. So the region is regarded as one of the natural distribution and variation centres for Populus in China. The species fall into three floristic types: China–Japan, China–Himalayas, and ancient tropical; and show an obvious zonation in horizontal and vertical distribution with excellent adaptability to a wide range of environments. At present, only a few species are generally recognized, and to some extent grown and utilized, while most of them are still in natural conditions but face severe threat. It is therefore urgent to recognize, conserve and utilize these significant poplar resources.
Ecosystem service values of wetlands of the National Wetland Park of Wu River, northern China
Authors: Zhang Xuliang , Yu Xingxiu , Zhang Zhaohui , Xu Zongjun , Xu Shujian , Xu Bo
Published: February 2014

On the basis of primary data from field surveys and literature analysis, and through market value, replacement cost and contingent value methods the 2010 ecosystem service value (ESV) of wetlands in the National Wetland Parks was calculated as approximately US $20 000 ha−1 yr−1. The construction of the National Wetland Park has increased the ESV of the park's wetlands. The indirect utilitarian value is approximately 90.8%, direct utilitarian value 3.8% and intrinsic value 5.4%. The wetland park plays a critical role in increasing the local residents’ income and improving their living conditions.
Effects of climatic variability and human activity on runoff in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Zhao Yang , Yu Xinxiao
Published: February 2014

The Loess Plateau in north-central China has a long history of human activities. As a result of climate change, deforestation and sparse vegetative cover, the region suffers from water shortages and severe soil erosion, significantly influencing efforts for sustainable social development. In order to understand the impacts of climatic variability and human activities on runoff and other hydrological factors in this region, the Luoyugou catchment and its paired catchments (Qiaozidong and Qiaozixi) were selected. Statistical analysis indicated precipitation did not vary significantly whereas the annual runoff decreased from 1986 to 2008, with an abrupt change in 1994. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) increased slightly but not significantly. A comparison of runoff in the paired catchments showed land use changes reduced runoff by more than 38% under the same rainfall conditions. Human activities were the strongest contributor to changes in runoff and AET, at 67% and 90% respectively, while the remaining contributor was climate variation. The influence of various human activities on runoff is quite different, and soil-water conservation initiatives have a greater impact on runoff (about 41%). Thus, human activities were the primary reason for the reduction in runoff in the study catchment compared to climate. Greater emphasis should be given to afforestation and soil-water conservation measures.
Multi-cohort stand structure in boreal forests of northeastern Ontario: Relationships with forest age, disturbance history, and deadwood features
Authors: Kuttner Ben , Malcolm Jay R. , Smith Sandy M.
Published: February 2014

Multi-cohort forest management (MFM) is a natural disturbance emulation strategy for boreal forests that recommends a diversification of silvicultural techniques to emulate three broad successive phases of post-fire development, termed “cohort classes”. Here, for boreal mixedwood (n = 308) and black spruce (n = 108) stands of northeastern Ontario, we: 1) present a multivariate approach to classify the three cohort classes based on a broad set of stand structural variables related to live-tree diameters, densities, and measures of canopy stratification and 2) investigate variation in stand age, mode of stand origin (including horse- and mechanically logged and natural-origin stands), and deadwood features among the cohort classes. In both forest types, average stem diameter distributions in cohort class 1 were normally distributed, those in class 2 showed broader normal distributions, and those in class 3 showed inverse-J distributions. Mean stand age increased with cohort class, and was positively correlated with cohort class in both forest types. Overall, variation in age and deadwood features as a function of cohort class in both forest types provided strong support for developmental aspects of our cohort classifications. Previously logged stands were primarily associated with lower cohort classes, whereas natural-origin stands were strongly associated with complex cohort class 3 stand structures, especially in mixedwoods. As it is primarily the silvicultural manipulation of stand structure that has been proposed to emulate age-related multi-cohort development, our structural cohort classification approach is particularly relevant to the application of MFM in Ontario.
Historical analysis of landscape change in the eastern boreal mixedwood: A case study in the context of cohort-based management
Authors: Latrémouille Charles , Valeria Osvaldo , Harvey Brian D.
Published: February 2014

Maintenance of forest spatial structure through forest management is increasingly recognized as an important landscape-level aspect to maintaining biodiversity. In this study, we use forest inventory maps dating from 1965, 1972, 1983, and 1994 to describe the recent historical spatial structure at the Lake Duparquet Research and Teaching Forest (LDRTF) in northwestern Quebec, Canada. Mapped forest stands were classified according to a conceptual cohort model of stand development based on species composition and other stand attributes. Contiguous forest stands of the same cohort class were agglomerated to form relatively uniform patches containing a single cohort class. Landscape spatial structure was defined using four landscape characterization indices: proportion of the landscape, mean patch size, mean distance to nearest neighbour and mean patch shape index. Cohort 1 patches occurred as both small and large units that had complex shapes while Cohort 2 patches occurred as small dispersed units that had simple shapes. Cohort 3 patches dominated the landscape matrix and formed both small and large units that were generally agglomerated in the same vicinity. Our cohort classification of mapped stand polygons was validated by comparing the proportion of land occupied by each cohort in two natural fires (1923 and 1760) that have shaped this area. Theoretical local targets for maintaining cohort structure in the landscape were then formulated based on these historical landscape characteristics.
Multi-cohort stand structure as a coarse filter of variation in mixedwood boreal bird communities
Authors: Burrell Mike V.A. , Malcolm Jay R. , Drapeau Pierre
Published: February 2014

In targeting mature and over-mature forests for harvesting, management in the boreal forest has resulted in a net loss of older forests that often exhibit complex structural variation and multiple cohorts of trees. Multi-cohort forest management has been proposed as a management approach for these older forests that maintains structural wildlife habitat attributes. At the stand level, the approach relies on various partial harvest techniques to emulate the range of structural variation found in natural boreal landscapes. Here, we examine the extent to which boreal bird communities respond to multi-cohort-related structural variation in boreal mixedwood forests. In particular, we test the utility of parameters of Weibull distributions fitted to stand stem diameter distributions, which have figured prominently in methods to characterize multi-cohort structure, to explain variation in the entire bird community and in various species groupings defined by feeding guilds and forest-type associations. We also compare the explanatory power of the two Weibull parameters against 21 forest structure variables and stand age. In general, Weibull parameters outperformed stand age as a correlate of bird community variation and they were significant explanatory variables for the matrix of all species and for four species groupings, whereas age was significant for only one species grouping. When one or the other Weibull parameter was significant, it also tended to be significant even when variation due to the other was partialled out, supporting the importance not only of forest stature, but also of forest heterogeneity in understanding bird community composition. Thus, we found that multi-cohort-associated structural variation was important in explaining variation among boreal bird communities, supporting the idea of silvicultural approaches that aim at diversifying stand structural characteristics.
Lessons learned from 12 years of ecological research on partial cuts in black spruce forests of northwestern Québec
Authors: Fenton Nicole J. , Imbeau Louis , Work Timothy , Jacobs Jenna , Bescond Hervé , Drapeau Pierre , Bergeron Yves
Published: February 2014

Multi-cohort management that creates or maintains an uneven structure within forest stands has been widely advocated as a means to attenuate the impact of forest harvesting. An experimental network was put in place in black spruce forests of northwestern Québec to test this assertion. Here we synthesize the biodiversity results in two main lessons: (1) at least 40% to 60% retention of pre-harvest basal area was required to maintain pre-harvest conditions for most species groups; (2) partial harvests showed the potential to be efficient deadwood delivery systems. In addition to these two main general conclusions, we emphasise that future research should examine whether partial harvest may be able to advance forest succession.
Limitations on the accuracy of model predictions of wildland fire behaviour: A state-of-the-knowledge overview
Authors: Alexander Martin E. , Cruz Miguel G.
Published: February 2014

The degree of accuracy in model predictions of wildland fire behaviour characteristics are dependent on the model's applicability to a given situation, the validity of the model's relationships, and the reliability of the model input data. While much progress has been made by fire behaviour research in the past 35 years or so in addressing these three sources of model error, the accuracy in model predictions are still very much at the mercy of our present understanding of the natural phenomena exhibited by free-burning wildland fires and the inherent temporal and spatial variability in the fire environment. This paper will serve as a state-of-the-art primer on the subject of error sources in model predictions of wildland fire behaviour and includes a short historical overview of wildland fire behaviour research as it relates to model development.
Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick
Authors: Béland Martin , Chicoine Bruno
Published: February 2014

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.
A review of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring moisture content and density of solid wood
Authors: Leblon Brigitte , Adedipe Oluwatosin , Hans Guillaume , Haddadi Ataollah , Tsuchikawa Satoru , Burger James , Stirling Rod , Pirouz Zarin , Groves Kevin , Nader Joseph , LaRocque Armand
Published: February 2014

This review article examines past and current research on the application of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance/transmittance spectroscopy (NIRS) for real-time monitoring of moisture content and density of solid wood. Most of the applications of NIRS on solid wood have focussed on the application of multivariate statistics as exploratory tools for the prediction of physical, chemical and mechanical properties, such as moisture content, density, stiffness, cellulose and lignin content. However, very few studies on the development of optical models and the use of NIRS transmittance techniques on solid wood have been reported. NIRS technology has the potential to be used as a rapid tool that could be employed for at-line measurement and monitoring of wood properties in the forest products industry.
Rapid analysis of the microfibril angle of loblolly pine from two test sites using near-infrared analysis
Authors: So Chi-Leung , Myszewski Jennifer H. , Elder Thomas , Groom Leslie H.
Published: February 2014

There have been several recent studies employing near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the rapid determination of microfibril angle (MFA). However, only a few have utilized samples cut from individual rings of increment cores, and none have been as large as this present study, sampling over 600 trees from two test sites producing over 3000 individual ring samples for MFA analysis. This has allowed the use of individual growth ring models rather than using those based on earlywood, latewood, corewood or outerwood. It was observed that for both test sites, the strongest models were from the “All”, earlywood and latewood sample sets. The individual growth ring calibration models provided poorer RPD values despite using over 200 samples in the analyses. In general, the results from the test samples largely mirrored those from the corresponding calibration samples. Corresponding test sample predictions from the opposing site were noticeably poorer than test samples from the same site. Thus, a greater variation in the number of sites would provide improved model robustness. This study has found that the models based on individual ring samples were not as strong as those obtained in other studies based on the radial-longitudinal face of wood strips, spread over several growth rings.
Sensitivity of predictions of merchantable tree height, log production, and lumber recovery to tree taper
Authors: Li Chao , Barclay Hugh , Huang Shongming , Hans Harinder , Ghebremusse Sirak
Published: February 2014

Tree taper models characterize the change in diameter from the bottom to the top of a tree, thereby contributing to the estimation of tree volume. This paper examines the sensitivity of predictions of merchantable height defined as the tree height at a given top diameter inside bark (DIB) determined by the utilization standard, log production, and lumber recovery to the eight parameters in Kozak’s (1988) tree taper model. We found that predictions of merchantable height and log production were sensitive to two parameters, whereas predictions of the percentage of lumber recovery were sensitive to one parameter. Because the three measures examined in this study are not very sensitive to tree taper, especially the percentage of lumber recovery that is of most concern to the forest industry, together with the relatively small variations in tree taper parameters across Canada and the limited contribution of tree taper to characterizing the value of lumber recovery at the stand scale, one could infer that it may be possible to develop a single Canadian national softwood tree taper model for predicting forest product variables such as log production and percentage of lumber recovery from forest inventory.
Effect of selective precommercial thinning on balsam fir stand yield and structure
Authors: Schneider Robert , Bégin Jean , Danet Alain , Doucet René
Published: February 2014

Silvicultural tools such as green retention harvesting and multiple variations of partial cut systems are being developed to implement ecosystem-based forest management. However, very little effort has been expended in developing silvicultural treatments for young stands. Results for a selective precommercial thinning (three thinning intensities and control) covering a 28-year period in a balsam fir-dominated stand are presented. Thinning did not significantly increase stand yield, nor change stand diameter diversity or distribution. Furthermore, diameter distributions and diversity of dead stems also did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among thinning intensity. More important than intensity effects, statistical differences were found between initial stand densities. Low initial densities had greater yields and more diverse diameter distributions. Nevertheless, for low initial stand densities, light to moderate thinning seemed to increase yield, whereas moderate to heavy thinnings would be appropriate for high initial stand densities. Although selective precommercial thinning does not result in significant changes in stand structure, it could be used as a first step in increasing stand complexity within the context of ecosystem-based management.
Crossing the Divide: Engaging scientists and policy-makers in adapting forest management to climate change in British Columbia
Authors: Prescott Cindy E. , Weese Kristine
Published: February 2014

The Future Forest Ecosystems Scientific Council (FFESC) was created in 2008 following a one-time allocation of funding from the BC provincial government to support research that would inform adaptation of BC’s current forest management policies to a changing climate. A key goal of the council was to maximize the utility of the research to inform provincial policy. The eightstep process that we developed to achieve this goal is described in this paper. In roughly chronological order, the eight steps were: determining the research needed to inform policy, connecting scientists and policy-makers, requiring interdisciplinary teams including both natural and social scientists and relevant stakeholders, assessing proposals for their value to inform policy, fostering scientific excellence, fostering ongoing communication between scientists and policy-makers, tailoring communication to policy-makers, and disseminating the policy-relevant outcomes in a timely and targeted manner. Based on the FFESC experience, we suggest best practices for engaging policy-makers in research and scientists in policy development and adaptation.
THE DETERIORATION OF FIRE-KILLED WHITE SPRUCE BY WOOD-BORING INSECTS IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Richmond H. A. , Lejeune R. R.
Published: February 2014

The problem of determining the rate of deterioration from the attacks of wood-boring insects on white spruce saw timber and pulpwood killed and damaged by fire is of considerable importance to foresters, owners and operators. In order that salvage operations may be undertaken promptly to utilize the timber, it is necessary to be able to determine values soon after the damage and to make plans to harvest first those classes of timber subject to the most rapid depreciation, leaving until later those trees least subject to value loss.This investigation initiated in 1941 with the early observation of the prevalence of wood-borers in fire burned areas of white spruce on the Carrot River watershed in Saskatchewan, was followed by intensive investigation during the summer months of 1942 to 1944.The investigation and report will be of great value to those concerned with the salvage utilization of fire-killed and damaged spruce and this work warrants the highest praise for those who undertook this valuable study. Extensive forest fires in 1942 damaged many spruce stands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan which totalled millions of board feet of saw timber and thousands of cords of pulpwood. Due to war-time demand and the high prices prevailing, it was possible and practical to produce and market a high percentage of the accessible stands during the three to four years subsequent to the fire damage.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: February 2014

Chemical treatments were tested, in comparison with stratification and presoaking, for their effects on germination of forest tree seeds.Significant increases in percentage germination were obtained from potassium nitrate in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus resinosa; from thiourea in Larix decidua, Picea Abies, P. glauca and P. rubens; from ethylene chlorhydrin in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua and Pinus resinosa; from red copper oxide in Pinus resinosa; from zinc oxide in Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Pinus Banksiana and P. resinosa; from stratifiaction in Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa and P. Strobus; and from presoaking in Betula papyrifera, Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of germination was accelerated by potassium nitrate in Betula papyrifera, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus Strobus; by thiourea in Betula lenta, Larix decidua, Picea glauca and P. rubens; by ethylene chlorhydrin in Larix decidua; by red copper oxide in Betula papyrifera; by stratification in practically all species; and by presoaking in Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of seedling growth was increased by zinc oxide in Larix, Picea, Pinus and Thuja, and by red copper oxide in Pinus.
A PRACTICAL METHOD OF OVERCOMING SEED DORMANCY IN TILIA AMERICANA L.
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: February 2014

A method of hastening the germination of basswood seeds is described which involves four treatment phases: pre-soaking of the fruit, sulphuric acid digestion of the pericarp, sulphuric acid scarification of the testa, and stratification of the seed.The main advantages of this procedure over the Spaeth method (which involves nitric acid digestion of the pericarp) are that no poisonous fumes are generated, and that the period of excessive heat generation during digestion is greatly reduced, thereby increasing the potential processing output and decreasing the damage to seed viability.The equipment and supply requirements of the method are small, and the capacity with three experienced men is one and one-half to two bushels of fruits per day.
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINED YIELD OPERATIONS
Authors: Amidon G.
Published: February 2014

Sustained yield management as applied to operations of the Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company means continuous production and balancing cut and growth by species and individual cutting unit as soon as possible, usually no longer than ten years.The farm woodlot type of operation is considered ideal from the standpoint of growing the maximum wood because of permanency and accessibility. With this type of an operation it is estimated that present growth rates can be increased over three times and that the mean annual increment for large areas of productive forest lands, even in the comparatively slow growing timber types in Minnesota and Ontario, will reach nearly one-half cord per acre annually.One of the most difficult problems in the establishment of small sustained yield units, or for that matter placing any unmanaged forest under management, is the preponderance of mature and overmature wood. However, at the expense of holding wood well beyond its peak in growth and a possible loss in volume, the cut for all units is held down in the interest of continuous operations and to avoid the necessity of abandoning camp and road improvements. This is done so as to convert as rapidly as possible to a balanced distribution of ages in each cutting unit.Lower cost wood is the principal advantage of this type of planning. It may take some time before the potential value of sustained yield cutting is fully realized, but on the premise that wood will be more valuable in the future, and all recent trends support this view, the eventual advantage to those mills starting now to grow the maximum volume of high quality wood close to their mills cannot be doubted.
SOME CONCEPTS OF INDUSTRIAL FORESTRY
Authors: Douglas R. R.
Published: February 2014

Many a forestry student has been heard to say at one time or another that foresters in industry have abandoned their ideals. This paper is particularly interesting in that it discusses the position of a forester for industry, pointing up the economics and conditions that he must consider.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE YUKON TERRITORY
Authors: Fraser Fred
Published: February 2014

In the early years of the development of the Yukon the game resources were largely wasted because of lack of management, the population depending to a great extent upon moose and caribou for its meat. Although conditions improved greatly in the interim between 1910 and 1949, the greatest indication of improvement has come about since the formation of a game department as a branch of the Territorial Government in 1949. Registered trap lines were introduced in 1950 to regulate the trapping of all fur bearing animals.The majority of the trappers are native Indians of the Yukon and their predilection for numerous dogs has been a severe strain on the cariboo and moose, the Yukon producing few fish as a substitute. As a result of education in conservation, however, the situation is improving.In 1951 trial implantations of elk and bison were made in the southern portion of the Territory, the elk from one of the National Parks in Alberta and the bison from Alaska. If these experiments prove successful, additional animals will be imported. The danger of implanting an exotic species is realized and the wildlife authorities are watching developments with interest.The Yukon is internationally known for its big game hunting, the climate and food varieties producing splendid animals of all native species. With proper management of the game resources of the Yukon, with a continued programme of education, and finally, with the co-operation of the people who live and work in the Territory, the Yukon should long continue to be what it is today, an attraction to the tourist, a cynosure to the trophy hunter of Canada and the United States and a thoroughly pleasant place to live in the year round.
THE ROLE OF FOREST RANGER SCHOOLS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Blenis H. W.
Published: February 2014

Forest Ranger Schools are schools which offer technical, sub-professional forestry training at the vocational level. Data included in Part I of this paper was obtained from five Canadian and four United States ranger schools, whose graduates aggregate 1870 and 1233 respectively. Information necessary to Part II was obtained from seven government agencies and fourteen private companies in Canada and from three government agencies and nine private companies in the United States.Ranger school training should be essentially practical in nature. At the same time training should he sufficiently technical to provide the trainee with sound reasons for the approaches and techniques which he uses. It should also bring the graduate to the point where he speaks the same language as the professional forester and can appreciate the professional point of view.Ranger school training should not be considered as a substitute for, or a shortcut to, professional training at the university level. Nor should ranger schools be confused with, or assume the identity of, pre-forestry schools. The objective of ranger school training is to bridge the gap between the woodsman and the professional forester; when considered in this light it appears to be a distinct and separate phase of forestry training.There appears to be a need for technically trained men between the woodsman and forester levels. Ranger schools should be able to train men who would not become foresters to fill positions which would not be filled by foresters. Various government agencies and private companies have indicated that ranger school graduates complement professional foresters instead of competing with them. Ranger schools and their graduates appear to have made a worthwhile contribution to the profession of forestry and should continue to do so in the future.
DECAY IN WHITE SPRUCE AT THE KANANASKIS FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
Authors: Denyer W. B. G. , Riley C. G.
Published: February 2014

1. One hundred and four white spruce were analyzed for decay at the Kananaskis Forest Experiment Station. Lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and alpine fir occurring on the sample plot with the spruce were also analyzed.2. On a board foot basis, cull in white spruce averaged 12.5 per cent. Percentages of cull in other species were: lodgepole pine 41.7, Douglas fir 28.3, and alpine fir 0.4.3. Gross and net volume tables for white spruce in board feet and total cubic feet are presented.4. POLYPORUS CIRCINATUS var. DUALIS Peck and FLAMMULA CONNISSANS Fr. were the most important causes of root rot and were responsible for 30 per cent of the total decay volume.5. FOMES PINI (Thore) Lloyd and STEREUM SANGUINOLENTUM Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. were the most important causes of trunk rot and were responsible for more than 50 per cent of the total decay volume.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF SOME SPECIFIC PLOT-SIZES IN ESTIMATING TIMBER VOLUMES IN SOME SPECIFIC TIMBER TYPES
Authors: Clark M. B.
Published: February 2014

The following report illustrates the methods and results of making tests of the comparative efficiency of some plot-sizes in inventory work. The results of the tests showed that 1/10-acre plots are more efficient than 1/5-acre plots in inventories of 100-120-year-old Douglas fir stands; 1/10-acre plots are more efficient than 1/40-acre plots in inventories of 50-year-old Western hemlock stands; 1/5-acre plots are more efficient than 1/10-acre plots in inventories of mature uneven-aged Spruce-balsam stands; 1/4-acre plots are more efficient than either 1/20 or 1/2-acre plots in inventories of 50-year-old Douglas fir stands In addition to these tests in well-stocked stands, an inventory of a thinned stand of 50-year-old Douglas fir showed that 1/2-acre plots are more efficient than 1/4-acre plots.Admittedly the conclusions are limited to which is the most efficient of the two, or three, plot sizes tried in each type, and provides only an indication that an even larger, or a much smaller size, might have been more efficient than the ones tried.
WATER TABLE LEVEL AS AN INDICATOR OF DROUGHT CONDITIONS
Authors: Williams D. E.
Published: February 2014

The effect of drought on heavy forest fuels is a basic factor in the Forestry Branch method of forest fire danger measurement. A method is described whereby, from an analysis of water table fluctuations, the drought factor table may be revised to include the effects of seasonal variations. Measurements were made in an undrained black spruce swamp. The effects of precipitation and temperature on water table level were determined, and expressed in a formula which could be used to prepare a drought index table.
DECAY OF YELLOW BIRCH IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: February 2014

A study of the amount and types of decay in yellow birch, Betula lutea Michx. f., in Nova Scotia was undertaken in 1951 and 1952 in order to supply those concerned with information necessary for proper forest management of even-aged stands. A total of 374 trees was examined of which 35% contained some measure of decay. Volume of decay increased with increasing age. Approximately 50% of the trees contained decay at 120 to 130 years of age and 100% at 230 years of age. The loss in merchantable volume increased from a negligible amount at 60 years to about 10% at 240 years. No attempt was made to predict a rotational cut based on diameter. A pathological rotation age of 170 years is suggested for yellow birch in Nova Scotia. Ten wood-destroying fungi were found associated with rot in living trees, five in the butt and five in the trunk. Poria cocos (Schw.) Wulf. caused the most frequent butt rot and Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Gill. the most common trunk rot.
THE BREEDING OF HARD PINE TYPES RESISTANT TO THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff.)
Authors: Holst M. , Heimburger C.
Published: February 2014

The susceptibility of hard pines of the Lariciones group to infestation by the European pine shoot moth is postulated by Neugebauer to depend on the amount of resin flow the attacked pines can produce. Abundant resin flow tends to drown out the insect and makes the pines resistant. Warm and moist summers enhance abundant resin flow, cool dry summers retard it. Inherent differences in susceptibility are found between pine species and are suspected at a subspecific level. Variation in degree of infestation is conditioned by possible inherent differences in susceptibility and by the degree of matching of the planting site to the requirements of the materials in respect to summer climate. Breeding possibilities utilizing the resistance found in Japanese black pine and in the Austrian pine group are discussed in relation to the production of improved types of red pine and Scots pine. The possible uses of Japanese red pine and other species as intermediates in such a breeding project are mentioned. The inclusion of breeding for resistance to shoot moth in a general breeding program of hard pines is considered desirable.
THE ROLE OF PHYSIOLOGY IN FORESTRY
Authors: Kramer Paul J.
Published: February 2014

As forestry becomes more intensive, problems, many of which are essentially physiological in nature, multiply. Because of this the need for physiological research and co-operation between foresters and physiologists is stressed.The role of tree physiology in forestry is defined as being two-fold: first, to elucidate the nature of the basic physiological processes in the tree which control growth, and second, to show how these processes are individually or collectively affected by both heredity and environment. The knowledge thus gained will widen the possibilities for scientific management of forest development.By way of illustration, several examples of forestry problems are cited in which benefits have been derived from a physiological approach, such as pine-hardwood competition, littleleaf disease, dieback, and cold resistance.Attention is drawn to further problems of forestry which invite and require the participation of physiologists for their solution. Among these are: (1) the basis of disease and insect resistance, (2) the problem of survival of seedlings, (3) growth efficiency of a tree in a particular environment, (4) factors affecting length of growing season of trees.
A PUNCH CARD FOR DECAY STUDIES
Authors: Denyer W. B. G. , Etheridge D. E.
Published: February 2014

A tree record for use in decay studies incorporating a Reinecke form on a punch card is described. This card is currently being used in decay studies in the Prairie Provinces.
The Accuracy of Tree Height Measurements On Various Qualities of Aerial Photographs
Authors: Allison George W.
Published: February 2014

Various qualities of aerial photographs were tested as a mechanism for estimating tree height. These tests covered only possible alternatives in aerial photographs immediately available to the Forest Service. In all, seventeen sets of photographs, each differing in one or more, respects, were used.
UNPOPULAR SPECIES AND THEIR INCREASED USE
Authors: Morrison G. D.
Published: February 2014

This paper discusses the history of developments of the Hawkesbury Pulp Mill which led to utilization of mixed hardwoods. It includes a list of species utilized at Hawkesbury and the approximate percentages of each.Problems associated with the use of such a wide variety of species are discussed together with the benefits of wider utilization which accrue to: (a) individual woodlot owners; (b) community as a whole; (c) the Company. The new trend in woodlot management since 1951 is reviewed and the measures taken by Grenville Woods Division to promote and accelerate good management practices on prviately owned woodlands were outlined.
WOOD UTILIZATION PRACTICES AND TRENDS
Authors: Bell G. E.
Published: February 2014

A record expansion has taken place in our wood-using industries, during the years since the last war. Production of lumber has almost doubled, from 4½ billion to 8 billion board feet per year. The wood requirements of the pulp industry have expanded from 7 million to about 13 million cords per year, and we have seen veneer and plywood production almost tripled.This tremendous expansion is well-known to all foresters. It has been accompanied by better utilization practices in all of the wood-using industries —greater care in logging, higher recovery from the log in the sawmills, and better yields of pulp. Perhaps the most significant development of all has been the surge towards integration of the sawmill and pulpmill. I refer specifically to the use of sawmill residue for pulp.In 1945, only a few thousand cords of sawmill residue were converted to pulp chips. In 1955, a short 10 years later, over 1 million cords of sawmill residue were manufactured into pulp in British Columbia alone—a veritable industrial revolution having taken place. The importance of this development can best be assessed from two facts: 90 percent of all Kraft pulp produced in British Columbia is now made from chips from sawmill residue; and second, some 38 per cent of all the wood required for pulp in British Columbia now comes from sawmills from material formerly wasted. Over one million acres would be required to grow this amount of material on a perpetual basis.Progress has not been as rapid in Eastern Canada but, last year, 100,000 cords of sawmill material were converted to pulp. Assuming a rate of expansion equal to that of the past ten years, it is estimated that in 25 years, some 4 million cords of sawmill residue material will go, annually, to pulp and board mills. Some feel this estimate to be too conservative.This, perhaps, has been the greatest wood utilization stride of the century. It has been accompanied by other developments, also of great importance in their own right. The growth of the fibreboard industry is a good example, a development which has resulted in an increased use of species not suitable for some types of pulp.It is my firm belief that we can look forward to continued progress towards better and more complete utilization of our forest resources. Two developments, particularly, are bright on the horizon and will be discussed by members of this panel.The first, a relatively new development in Canada, is that of the wood particle board industry and the second, and one which will have far reaching results, is the increased use of hardwoods for pulp.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF DAMPING-OFF AT THE NURSERY, ORONO, ONTARIO
Authors: Cockerill J.
Published: February 2014

Soil acidification treatments using ferrous sulphate and sawdust mulch were not effective in controlling damping-off losses in forest nursery seed beds at Orono, Ontario. Soil fumigation with methyl-bromide resulted in reduced pre-emergence losses and consequent higher emergences of seedlings. This treatment, however, failed to provide adequate protection during a period of severe damping-off. Total mortality in fumigated beds was comparable to that recorded in untreated beds. The failure of methyl-bromide to provide continued protection during the period of severe damping-off limits its use as a control treatment.
EGG SAMPLING FOR THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER
Authors: Thomson M. G.
Published: February 2014

The western hemlock looper will lay eggs in all parts of a tree, but in the years prior to heavy defoliation the greatest number of eggs will be found on the bole in the mid crown. Moss and lichen are the preferred oviposition sites, but many eggs are laid singly in bark crevices. Where ten or more eggs per half-square-foot sample of bark are found in the mid crown, noticeable defoliation may occur in the next summer.
THE VULNERABILITY OF BALSAM FIR TO SPRUCE BUDWORM ATTACK IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE OF THE TREE
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

The annual defoliation by spruce budworm and the progressive mortality of balsam fir trees were recorded in nine study plots in northwestern Ontario over a period of 11 years. In addition to general observations on the relationship of tree mortality to defoliation, some information was obtained on the relative vulnerability of the trees with respect to size, physiological age (flowering condition), and vigor (site quality).
RESULT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SEEDING IN 1920 OF WHITE SPRUCE AND JACK PINE IN WESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Haig R. A.
Published: February 2014

In 1920 varying amounts of white spruce and jack pine seed were sown on a series of small plots located on a well prepared seedbed of mineral soil. In 1957 only a few scattered specimens of jack pine survived, but the spruce plots supported a dense and apparently thrifty stand.
ROOT FORMATION OF BLACK COTTONWOOD CUTTINGS IN RELATION TO REGION OF PARENT SHOOT
Authors: Bloomberg W. J.
Published: February 2014

Shoots of one-year-old Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray were collected just after breaking of dormancy from a nursery at Lulu Island, B. C. The shoots were divided into four sections of equal length and placed in an atmosphere of 100% relative humidity at a constant temperature of 4 °C. After one month the quarters were sampled to determine the number and length of adventitious roots formed and the number of new shoots. Significant differences were found in the number and length of roots produced in different quarters of the shoot but not in the number of new shoots. There were also significant differences in root length between clones. The most numerous and longest roots occurred on the lowest quarter of the shoot and decreased acropetally. The data suggest the better performance of cuttings of P. trichocarpa from the lower portions of the shoot and the importance of vigor in individual clones.
A SECOND LOOK AT A NURSERY STOCK PACKAGING EXPERIMENT
Authors: Leech R. H.
Published: February 2014

In 1953 an experiment was established at Larose Forest, near Ottawa, which compared the survival of stock planted after storage in bales, without refrigeration or the addition of water, with the survival of stock planted after storage in crates under the same conditions. In 1957, the plots were re-measured for both survival and height growth. The results have verified the earlier study showing that the survival from crates was only slightly better than the survival from bales. The method of packaging did not affect height growth. Length of period of storage affect both mortality and height growth.