bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of cdk9 in the Optimization of Expression of the Genes Regulated by ICP22 of Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Durand Lizette Olga , Roizman Bernard
Published: August 2008

ICP22 is a multifunctional herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) regulatory protein that regulates the accumulation of a subset of late (γ2) proteins exemplified by UL38, UL41, and US11. ICP22 binds the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (cdk9) but not cdk7, and this complex in conjunction with viral protein kinases phosphorylates the carboxyl terminus of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in vitro. The primary function of cdk9 and its partners, the cyclin T variants, is in the elongation of RNA transcripts, although functions related to the initiation and processing of transcripts have also been reported. We report two series of experiments designed to probe the role of cdk9 in infected cells. In the first, infected cells were treated with 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), a specific inhibitor of cdk9. In cells treated with DRB, the major effect was in the accumulation of viral RNAs and proteins regulated by ICP22. The accumulation of α, β, or γ proteins not regulated by ICP22 was not affected by the drug. The results obtained with DRB were duplicated in cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting cdk9 mRNAs. Interestingly, DRB and siRNA reduced the levels of ICP22 but not those of other α gene products. In addition, cdk9 and ICP22 appeared to colocalize with RNA Pol II in wild-type-virus-infected cells but not in ΔUL13-infected cells. We conclude that cdk9 plays a critical role in the optimization of expression of genes regulated by ICP22 and that one function of cdk9 in HSV-1-infected cells may be to bring ICP22 into the RNA Pol II transcriptional complex.
Haemoglobin A1canalysis in the management of patients with diabetes: from chaos to harmony: Table 1
Authors: Berg A H , Sacks D B
Published: August 2008

Effective management of patients with diabetes mellitus requires accurate assessments of blood glucose control. The best characterised marker of long term glycaemic control is whole blood haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c). Published clinical trials have identified quantitative and direct relationships between the HbA1cconcentration and risks of diabetic microvascular complications. However, in order to practice evidence-based medicine, assays used to measure patient samples should ideally produce values comparable to the assays used in these trials. Numerous assays using chromatographic and immunological detection methods are used around the world. This paper briefly reviews the scientific evolution of HbA1cand its analysis, discusses the reasons why HbA1cassay standardisation is a challenge, describes the approaches that have been adopted to harmonise HbA1cassays, and addresses the current initiatives to standardise HbA1cglobally. These efforts have established HbA1cas an essential component in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus and are likely to lead to the use of HbA1cin the screening/diagnosis of diabetes.
SOME RESPONSES OF ETIOLATED SEEDLINGS OF PISUM SATIVUM L. TO APPLIED 3-INDOLEACETIC ACID IN RELATION TO APICAL DOMINANCE
Authors: MacQuarrie I. G.
Published: August 2008

Effects of decapitation and treatment with indoleacetic acid (IAA) were studied in etiolated pea seedlings. The relationship between epicotyl swelling and bud growth inhibition was examined and found to be incomplete: concentrations of IAA which totally inhibit bud growth induce marked epicotyl swelling, but a lower concentration (5 p.p.m.) was shown to induce swelling without affecting bud growth. Swelling is a result of a change in polarity of cell expansion; the time of this change was unaffected by increasing the IAA concentration. Large increases in fresh and dry weight accompany the swelling.In mature (non-swelling) epicotyls treated with IAA, this substance tends to prevent the loss of reducing sugars brought about by decapitation. It is suggested that decapitation and IAA application affect the nutritional status of the epicotyl, and that this effect must be considered in constructing hypotheses dealing with apical dominance.
ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF MANNIA, M. FOREAUI UDAR ET CHANDRA AND M. PERSSONII UDAR ET CHANDRA, WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS AND ITS INDIAN SPECIES
Authors: Udar Ram , Chandra Vinod
Published: August 2008

Two new species of the genus Mannia, viz. M. foreaui Udar et Chandra from Kodaikanal, South India, and M. perssonii Udar et Chandra from Gangotri, Western Himalayas, along with M. indica (St.) Kachroo and M. dichotoma (Raddi) comb. nov. have been described from India. The problem of generic epithet has been discussed and it is argued to conserve Mannia Opiz instead of Grimaldia Raddi in conformity with the recent Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES
Authors: Clausen J. J. , Kozlowski T. T.
Published: August 2008

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.
POLYPLOIDY IN DESMIDS
Authors: Brandham P. E.
Published: August 2008

Diploids of four species of desmids were produced in culture. Morphological and cytological evidence of their diploidy is presented. A possible tetraploid was also detected. It is suggested that diploidy also occurs in nature. The taxonomic position of various forms of diploids with respect to the haploid forms is discussed.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS IN AN ACCUMULATION OF SLIME IN A PAPER MILL
Authors: Eveleigh D. E. , Brewer D.
Published: August 2008

Interrelationships between the microorganisms in paper mill slimes were investigated by observing the effect of culture filtrates from some of the organisms upon the growth of others, as well as by studying their growth in mixed culture. The most common effect was a stimulation of growth. "White water" from the mill increased the growth rate of several fungi, but had no effect on the bacterial isolates. When considered in relation to the nutritional and physical conditions prevailing within the mill system, the results suggest that there is an interdependence of vitamin-deficient organisms in slimes and that synergistic growth mechanisms do occur.
A YELLOWS-TYPE VIRUS OF ALSIKE CLOVER IN ALBERTA
Authors: Chiykowski L. N.
Published: August 2008

A yellows-type virus was isolated from naturally infected alsike clover, Trifolium hybridum L., from Alberta by means of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), and transmitted to T. hybridum, Callistephus chinensis Nees, Vinca rosea L., Daucus carota L., and Nicotiana rustica L. Attempts to isolate the virus with Scaphytopius acutus (Say) were unsuccessful. On the basis of symptomatology and vector–virus relationships it is concluded that this virus is distinct from the clover phyllody virus and known strains of the aster yellows virus. The name, clover proliferation virus, is proposed. Symptoms produced on hosts are illustrated and discussed.
PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN ARCTIC CANADA: I. ARCHAEOPTERIS FROM ELLESMERE ISLAND
Authors: Andrews Henry N. , Phillips Tom L. , Radforth N. W.
Published: August 2008

Archaeopteris specimens were collected in the summer of 1962 from Upper Devonian rocks at the head of Goose Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada. The collections include two species: A. fissilis and A. obtusa. The fertile parts of the former are described in detail; the pinnules bear two rows of sporangia which are about 2 mm long, dehisce longitudinally, and probably were homosporous. Stem impressions are abundant in the entire area and it is evident that extensive forests existed here in Upper Devonian times. A few well-preserved roots with typical Callixylon anatomy were found associated with the fronds.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SENECIO (COMPOSITAE). I
Authors: Palmblad Ivan G.
Published: August 2008

Chromosome numbers are reported for 65 collections representing 30 species of Senecio. The following chromosome numbers are reported for the first time: S. antennariifolius, n = 23; S. bolanderi, n = 23; S. capitatus, n = 20; S. elmeri, n = 20; S. erucifolius, n = 20; S. flettii, n = 20; S. litvinovii, n = 20; S. megacephalus, n = 20; S. pseudaureus, n = 20 and n = 40; S. robbinsii, n = 23; S. rupester, n = 10; S. uniflorus, n = 20; and S. websteri, n = 20. A relatively high incidence of intraspecific polyploidy is reported with six Northwest species exhibiting the phenomenon.
FINE STRUCTURE IN DETACHED, SENESCING WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Shaw Michael , Manocha M. S.
Published: August 2008

Detached leaves of Little Club wheat were allowed to senesce on water or on kinetin (10 mg/l.) in petri dishes on the laboratory bench. Samples taken at intervals of 24 to 48 hours for 8 to 10 days were fixed in permanganate or osmium tetroxide, embedded, usually in araldite or epon, and examined by electron microscopy. Abnormalities were noted in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the mesophyll cells 2 days after the leaves were detached; ER and cytoplasmic ribosomes were not present after 4 or 5 days. Swelling of the mitochondria and degeneration of the cristae, collapse of the chloroplast grana, and abnormalities in nuclear structure were noted after 3 days. Vacuolar contraction occurred in some cells after 4 days but the plasma membrane usually remained unbroken until the seventh or eighth day, by which time the mitochondria were no longer recognizable and most of the chloroplasts and nuclei had also disintegrated.Kinetin induced an increase in the amount of ER and ribosomes and markedly delayed the degeneration of cellular fine structure.
THE STATUS OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AGROPYRON SERICEUM AND ELYMUS SIBIRICUS IN ALASKA
Authors: Mitchell W. W. , Hodgson H. J.
Published: August 2008

Hybrids of Agropyron sericeum Hitchc. and Elymus sibiricus L. first observed in southcentral Alaska in 1949 have become increasingly abundant and common and now can be found along the highway system toward the interior of Alaska. A mass collection taken from a large mixed population in which ×Agroelymus palmerensis Lepage outnumbered its parents was analyzed for evidence of introgression and the establishment of a fertile intermediate. The individuals analyzed were completely sterile and morphologically distinct from their parents. The evidence suggests that the extensive hybrid populations result from a high frequency of interspecific hybridization and that a rather complete barrier exists to the transfer of germplasm through back crossing.
VARICOSPORINA RAMULOSA GEN. NOV. SP. NOV., AN AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETE FROM MARINE AREAS
Authors: Meyers Samuel P. , Kohlmeyer Jan J.
Published: August 2008

A new monotypic hyphomycetous genus, Varicosporina, type V. ramulosa, is described from the marine environment. Isolation of the fungus on plant material from estuarine localities in North Carolina and Florida shows the wide range of occurrence of the organism in the sea.
THE LENGTH, TANGENTIAL DIAMETER, AND LENGTH/WIDTH RATIO OF CONIFER TRACHEIDS
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

In the gradual enlargement of tracheid dimensions which takes place outward from the pith in the stem and branches, growth in cell length outstrips that in tangential width so that the length/width ratio rises. Largest tracheids are usually found in the inner wood of lateral roots, where the length/width ratio is highest. Interspecific and interregional differences follow a similar pattern of relationship with respect to cell dimensions. As a rule, species or races which inhabit unfavorable sites have comparatively small cells with a low length/width ratio. Species which populate better sites and have greater growth potential are characterized by longer cells and a higher length/width ratio. Indications exist of a positive relationship between height growth, tracheid length, and the length/width ratio. On the other hand, increased radial growth in mature trees is accompanied by reduction in mean cell length and a lowering of the length/width ratio.
MORPHOLOGICALLY DISTINCT STAGES IN THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RHIZOMES OF POA PRATENSIS L. AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH SPECIFIC GEOTROPIC RESPONSES
Authors: Fisher John E.
Published: August 2008

Three distinct stages in the growth and development of the rhizomes of Poa pratensis L. can be distinguished. The names, primary, secondary, and tertiary are proposed to identify the stages. Primary stage rhizomes produce cataphylls elliptical in cross section, and poreless, or with a very small pore. Cataphyll primordia, initiated by the apical meristem, develop disproportionately, producing a hood-like cowling enclosing the apical meristem. The opening partially or completely closes by ontogenetic fusion. The geotropic response is plagiotropic Secondary stage rhizomes produce cataphylls with a marked longitudinal invagination. They are seldom poreless, and then only early in this stage. The apices are similar to primary stage apices. The geotropic response is diageotropic. Tertiary stage rhizomes progressively exhibit characteristics of true aerial shoots. Cataphylls develop a rudimentary leaf blade, ligule, and buliform-cell leaf-closure apparatus. However, a collar between blade and sheath does not form until the rhizome reaches the soil surface. The apex progressively develops the broad shield-shaped leaf primordium characteristic of aerial shoots. The geotropic response becomes strongly negatively orthogeotropic. Both the secondary and the tertiary stages are initiated by a change in the morphology of the apex and the cataphyll that precedes changes in the geotropic response of the rhizomes.
NODULATION OF TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM IN VITRO AND NITRATE EFFECT ON THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PLANT AND ITS ROOT EXUDATE
Authors: Subba-Rao N. S. , Vasantha P.
Published: August 2008

A method to bring about legume root nodulation in vitro by growing berseem plants (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) aseptically and inoculating the roots with the specific Rhizobium has been attempted. The method was used to verify the reported field observations of inhibitory effects of excess of combined nitrogen in soil on nodulation. To find out how far the presence or absence of nitrate had interfered with the amino acid composition of the plant and its root exudate, the root media and extracts of plant tissue of both nitrate-added and nitrate-free uninoculated plants at different ages during seedling growth were analyzed for free amino acids by paper chromatography. As expected, variations in the presence or absence of different amino acids occurred. However, it was observed that although asparagine was present in plant tissue in relatively higher concentration in both the nitrate-added and nitrate-free series, it was exuded by roots of nitrate-added series alone. Attention has been drawn to the presence of tryptophane in root exudates and its implication in the infection process of legumes by Rhizobium, since the amino acid is a possible precursor of indoleacetic acid, which, in turn, has been shown to effect curling and deformation of root hairs, a phenomenon observed in pre-penetration stages of legume–Rhizobium symbiosis.
PATHOGENIC STRAINS OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
Authors: Gordon W. L.
Published: August 2008

A list of 66 formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. emend. S. & H. pr. p. is presented with their synonymy and hosts. Nine of these are new combinations and five are designated as new formae speciales. The present status of formae speciales as a taxon outside of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is discussed.
THE MOVEMENT OF INJECTED P32 THROUGHOUT THE WHEAT PLANT
Authors: Halstead E. H. , Rennie D. A.
Published: August 2008

Specific activity (counts per minute per gram dry matter) measurements, autoradiographs, and densitometer tracings on the autoradiographs indicated that P32, injected into the stem of wheat plants, moved rapidly into the root system and was distributed uniformly throughout it. Although root weights varied with depth, the specific activity of the washed root material remained relatively constant.The stage of plant growth markedly influenced the translocation of the P32 into the roots. Quantitative measurements indicated that approximately five times as much activity moved into the root systems of 40-day-old compared with 60-day-old plants. A soil moisture stress increased the specific activity of the roots.A linear increase in the specific activity of the root material was obtained by-increasing the number of tillers injected per wheat plant (amount injected constant). The addition of indoleacetic acid, NH4H2PO4, or H3PO4 to the carrier-free P32 reduced, rather than increased, movement to the roots.
NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN 38 FRESHWATER CHLAMYDOMONAD ALGAE
Authors: Cain Brother Joseph
Published: August 2008

Axenic cultures of 38 organisms, half of these available from culture collections of algae and half newly isolated, were investigated for nitrogen utilization. When NaNO3, NaNO2, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were used as sole sources of nitrogen in an organic basal medium, it was evident that most of the organisms used NaNO3 and NaNO2 with equal facility. (NH4)2SO4 was utilized to about the same extent as NH4NO3, and both were used with less facility than NaNO3 and NaNO2. Growth in the basal medium with any of nine amino acids as sole nitrogen sources (namely, asparagine, ornithine, aspartic acid, lysine, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and glutamine) was sufficiently differential to suggest possible taxonomic utility. When study was made of certain nitrogenous bases as sole nitrogen sources, it was found that adenine and uric acid were widely utilized, but cytosine, thymine, and uracil supported little or no growth. Again, when acetamide and succinamide were used as sole sources of nitrogen, and growth was compared with that in media containing glutamine and asparagine, patterns of growth differed from organism to organism. In summary, it can be said that these experiments provide data on growth patterns which may be significant as supplements to strictly morphological attributes of the organisms.
EFFECTS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS
Authors: McLachlan J. , Craigie J. S.
Published: August 2008

The effects of a number of carboxylic acids on growth of Haematococcus pluvialis were examined at pH 5.0 and 7.5. The rate of growth at pH 5.0 was less than at pH 7.5. Of the acids examined, only glycolic and glyoxylic acids stimulated growth. A number of these acids were inhibitory, and in most cases this was more marked under acidic conditions. Malonic acid, at a concentration of 5 mM, had little effect on growth at either pH 5.0 or 7.5.The rate of photosynthesis was depressed at pH 5.0 compared with the rate at pH 7.5, but more so in the presence of malonic than succinic acid. In the malonate culture there was no accumulation of organic acids or glutamate in the cells, indicating that the activity of succinic dehydrogenase was not blocked. Malonic acid did, however, suppress the amount of carbon in the alcohol-insoluble residue, and increased the protein to polysaccharide ratio in the newly formed insoluble residue.None of the carboxylic acids examined served as a source of carbon for heterotrophic growth in the dark. Acetate and glycolate did, however, serve as a source of carbon for growth in the light under carbon dioxide free conditions. Glycolate was effective at both pH 7.5 and 5.0, but acetate was toxic at the latter pH.The minimum pH for growth of the alga was between 4.0 and 4.5. Amino acids and amides, added as a source of nitrogen for growth, were used poorly, if at all, at both pH 5.0 and 7.5.
OBSERVATIONS ON VEGETATIVE PROLIFERATION IN AGROPYRON SPICATUM
Authors: Marchand L. S. , McLean A.
Published: August 2008

Vegetative proliferation was observed on plants of Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) S. & S. (including var. inerme Heller) in a growth room, plant nursery, and two field sites. Plantlets were formed both in the spikelets, usually in the terminal florets, and on vegetative culms. Only certain plants from the Pseudotsuga menziesii – Agropyron spicatum association exhibited this phenomenon. The phenomenon is probably physiological, induced by environmental changes, but genetic predisposition must also be present.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EMBRYOLOGY OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L., SCIRPUS MUCRINATUS L., AND KYLLINGA MELANOSPORA NEES.
Authors: Khanna Pushpa
Published: August 2008

The anther is tetralocular and its wall consists of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, a middle layer, and the uninucleate tapetum. The endothecial cells develop characteristic fibrous thickenings. Microspore mother cells divide meiotically to form four nuclei. One of them grows in size and becomes the functional nucleus of the pollen grain while the three non-functional ones are pushed to the periphery. A cleavage furrow accompanied by a cell plate separates them from the functional nucleus. Similar walls, though less prominent, separate the non-functional nuclei from each other. The walls are comparatively distinct in Cyperus rotundus and Kyllinga melanospora.The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. The inner integument forms the micropyle. An outgrowth from the funiculus gives rise to an obturator. The hypodermal archesporial cell divides to form a two-layered parietal tissue and a sporogenous cell. Embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. Double fertilization takes place.The embryogeny conforms to the Juncus variation of the onagrad type in Cyperus rotundus and Kyllinga melanospora and to the asterad type in Scirpus mucrinatus.The integuments each are two-layered. The inner becomes three- to four-layered at the micropylar end. Both of them ultimately fuse to form a thin testa. The thick pericarp also functions as testa.
A STUDY OF GERMINATION IN THE SEED OF WILD RICE (ZIZANIA AQUATICA)
Authors: Simpson G. M.
Published: August 2008

Dormancy lasted about 6 months in seeds of Zizania aquatica afterripened at 1–3 °C. Embryos lost dormancy fastest when afterripened under low oxygen tensions. Pricking the water-impermeable seed coat removed some dormancy. Low constant temperatures favored maximum rates of germination, as did alternating high and low, but constant high temperatures decreased rates. Changes in pH between 6.0 and 8.7, and a wide range of concentrations of gibberellic acid had no significant effects on germination. Air-drying of seeds for 90 days caused almost complete loss of viability; a detectable decrease occurred within 14 days. Under certain conditions, freezing caryopses also caused loss of viability. These results are discussed in relation to the habitat of wild rice.
DORMANCY STUDIES IN SEED OF AVENA FATUA: 5. ON THE RESPONSE OF ALEURONE CELLS TO GIBBERELLIC ACID
Authors: Naylor J. M.
Published: August 2008

The synthesis of α-amylase by excised aleurone tissue can be induced by supplying either gibberellic acid (GA) or a mixture of amino acids and sucrose. Aleurone cells form RNA within 4 hours after the imbibition of water or a solution of GA. Synthesis of RNA is essential for the subsequent production of the enzyme. The primary action of GA leading to production of the enzyme begins at about the same time as the first synthesis of RNA. Loss of dormancy during after-ripening involves changes in the response of aleurone cells to gibberellin. Aleurone cells of a non-dormant domestic oat variety Torch exhibit a greater autonomy in the control of α-amylase synthesis than those of wild oats. The current hypothesis that GA acts by genetic derepression is discussed.
STIGMINA BARK CANKER OF APPLE
Authors: McDonald W. C.
Published: August 2008

Stigmina pallida (Ellis & Everhart) M. B. Ellis incited a bark disease of apple characterized by cankers and discoloration of underlying wood of 1- and 2-year-old shoots. It differed in spore size and cultural characteristics from S. negundinis (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis, a pathogen of box elder with which it had been considered to be cospecific. S. pallida had larger spores (36–44–50 × 14–17–20 μ) than those of S. negundinis (30–36–40 × 11–15–19 μ) and grew in agar culture at a slower rate over a narrower range of temperature. S. pallida was pathogenic to apple and smooth sumac but not to box elder, while S. negundinis was pathogenic to box elder and smooth sumac but not to apple.
OCCURRENCE OF SORBITOL (D-GLUCITOL) AND CERTAIN RELATED SUGARS IN GERMINATING SEEDS AND DEVELOPING SEEDLINGS OF MALUS
Authors: Whetter Jennifer M. , Taper C. D.
Published: August 2008

The amounts of sorbitol (D-glucitol) and related sugars in Malus grown in daylight and dark were estimated by chromatographic means. Fructose was the largest single soluble carbohydrate fraction in the seed. Sorbitol was found in germinating apple seed, and in all organs of the developing seedling, including the root. Photosynthesizing cotyledons appeared to be a site of synthesis of sorbitol. The results show sorbitol to be a reserve form of carbohydrate in seeds and cotyledons of apple. Sucrose was the major translocate. The oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were present in germinating seeds. They seem to serve a storage role in the seed, for they quickly disappeared during germination and did not appear in the actively growing seedling either in light or dark. An unidentified oligosaccharide was present in germinating seeds in appreciable quantity.
EXPLANATION OF POLE BLIGHT FROM RESPONSES OF SEEDLINGS GROWN IN MODIFIED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Leaphart Charles D. , Wicker Ed F.
Published: August 2008

Seedlings of Douglas fir, grand fir, western larch, western red cedar, and western white pine were grown in modified environments for four growing seasons to see whether characteristic growth responses of roots and shoots might suggest a cause for pole blight of white pine. Environments included three soil profiles (topsoil, hardpan, and rock) and two moisture regimes (adequate and deficient).Of several variable characteristics of growth, total root weight was the only significant source of variation in diameter and height growth of white pine. Of all five species, white pine also appeared least efficient in competing for moisture on all soil types and was least able to adapt to soils having inadequate available moisture and low potential for recharge. The lack of response to poor environment can result in imbalance of root/shoot ratios. If this imbalance of root/shoot ratios can subsequently cause internal physiological stresses during droughty periods, these stresses, in turn, may cause deterioration of the root system and consequent decline in tree vigor, both of which usually precede appearance of pole blight.
SOME EFFECTS OF MICROFLORAS IN DECAY-FREE HEARTWOOD OF ABIES LASIOCARPA (HOOK.) NUTT. ON THE GROWTH OF STEREUM SANGUINOLENTUM ALB. AND SCHW. EX FRIES
Authors: Bier John E.
Published: August 2008

Microorganisms occurred in samples of decay-free heartwood from a living Alpine fir. Mycelial growth of Stereum sanguinolentum was partially inhibited when inoculations were made on untreated samples of heartwood or in plates of dry heat (oven-sterilized) sawdust containing the untreated parts of aqueous suspensions from heartwood tissues. Inhibition was not observed in inoculations on oven-sterilized samples of heartwood or in plates of oven-sterilized sawdust containing the Millipore-filtered or autoclaved parts of the suspensions. It appeared that the success or failure of S. sanguinolentum to colonize the test substrates may have been due in part to microbiological factors in untreated heartwood.The fungus successfully colonized oven-sterilized samples of heartwood at all water contents investigated (51–171%, dry weight basis). However, greater inhibition of S. sanguinolentum was observed in untreated samples at higher water contents (131–187% dry weight basis). The results suggested that wetter microenvironments involving the interactional phenomena between heartwood tissues and associated microorganisms may have been most effective in preventing the growth of S. sanguinolentum.
PALYNOLOGY OF LATE TERTIARY SEDIMENTS FROM QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Martin Helene A. , Rouse Glenn E.
Published: August 2008

Spores, pollen grains, and other microfossils are described from the Skonun Formation of Queen Charlotte Islands, situated off the western coast of British Columbia. The microfossil assemblage, apparently late Miocene to early Pliocene in age, is analyzed and compared with both other fossil floras and the extant flora. Results indicate the presence of distinctive genera and species, some of whose living equivalents are found only in Asia, Central and South America, or Eastern North America. The phytogeographic and paleoecologic implications of the microfossils are discussed, and reconstructions are attempted for both the climate and the physiography during the time of deposition.
A BACTERIAL DISEASE OF WAXED SWEDE TURNIPS
Authors: Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2008

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods were isolated from dark lesions often found on waxed swede turnips. The bacteria were shown to be pathogenic to turnip tissue and were identified as a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula 1894, as they differed consistently in various respects from recent detailed descriptions of this species. The pathogen is spread in during the washing of turnips, and lesions form very rapidly after waxing has been completed. Careful attention to hygiene and rapid drying of turnips controls the disease.
HEART ROT OF JACK PINE IN ONTARIO: I. THE OCCURRENCE OF BASIDIOMYCETES AND MICROFUNGI IN DEFECTIVE AND NORMAL HEARTWOOD OF LIVING JACK PINE
Authors: Basham J. T.
Published: August 2008

A survey was made of the fungi inhabiting the heartwood of living jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Ontario, particularly in stained and decayed wood. Two Basidiomycetes encountered frequently were Fomes pini (Fr.) Karst., associated with red stain and white pocket rot, and Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. & Gibson, isolated almost exclusively from stained wood. F. pini was the only fungus consistently associated with white pocket rot, the principal type of heart rot in jack pine. The three most abundant microfungi, a member of the Coryne sarcoides complex, Tympanis hypopodia Nyl., and Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves & Wells, were encountered frequently in stained wood, but less frequently in decayed and normal wood.Many aspects of the occurrence of these five fungi in jack pine were investigated, including their distribution in the stems and branch stubs of individual trees and their association with normal, stained, and decayed wood therein; and the relation between their occurrence and tree growth rate, various heartwood properties, and different stand conditions. The apparent means by which the fungi enter jack pine, and the possible existence of a succession of fungi in the heartwood of living trees, are discussed.
CHANGES IN CELL FINE STRUCTURE OF LIMA BEAN AXES DURING EARLY GERMINATION
Authors: Klein Shimon , Ben-Shaul Yehuda
Published: August 2008

Changes in cell fine structure were studied in axes of green lima bean seeds soaked in water for 1–48 hours. At the beginning of the imbibition period the cortical and pith cells and to a smaller degree the cells of the future conductive tissues contain several vacuoles filled with an amorphous substance. Almost all of the cells contain lipid droplets arranged exclusively along cell walls. The endoplasmic reticulum appears in the form of long tubules, predominantly occupying the peripheral parts of the cell, surrounding the nucleus. A large concentration of ribosomes, mostly unattached, can be found in the cytoplasm. Similar particles make up the bulk of the nucleolus, but could not be found in plastids, which frequently contained starch, but were devoid of internal membranes. Only very few Golgi bodies occur. No changes in fine structure seem to occur during the first 4 hours of imbibition, but after 24 hours the lipid droplets and the vacuolar content have disappeared, the endoplasmic reticulum is more evenly distributed throughout the cells, and a large number of Golgi bodies can be seen.
INHIBITION OF HYPOXYLON PRUINATUM (KLOTZSCHE) CKE. BY ASPEN BARK MEAL AND THE NATURE OF ACTIVE EXTRACTIVES
Authors: Hubbes Martin
Published: August 2008

The inhibitory power of poplar bark against the growth of Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. was demonstrated on autoclaved bark meal agar. Activity varied with the species, time of cutting, and locality, but was highest in the bark of Populus tremuloides Michx. Maximum activity occurred in the roots and decreased towards the top of the tree. Neutral, basic, and acid fractions obtained from active ethyl acetate extracts of aspen bark showed seasonal quantitative variations which were characteristic for each fraction and for the part of the tree sampled. The acid fraction contained three active compounds: pyrocatechol, an undetermined phenol, and a glycoside (R). The neutral fraction contained an active glycoside (W). Glycoside (R) was mainly concentrated in the lower stem and glycoside (W) in the upper stem. The concentration of the two glycosides in the bark varied with locality. The influences of pH, temperature, and different chemicals on the fungistatic action of pyrocatechol were investigated to elucidate their rôle in disease resistance. In wilting tests, poplar leaves showed a light necrosis at 1320 p.p.m. of pyrocatechol, whereas 165 p.p.m. were lethal to tomato plants.
NUCLEOLONEMA AND PARS AMORPHA IN ROOT MERISTEMATIC CELLS OF VICIA FABA
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

In osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded root meristematic cells of Vicia faba stained according to the Feulgen – methylene blue procedure, the interphase nucleolus is seen to consist of a metachromatic cabbage-green colored material in which are embedded numerous unstained vacuole-like structures of varying size. By using an orange Wratten filter in the illumination system, it is observed that the metachromatically stained nucleolar material is, in fact, made up of two components, each segregated into zones distinguishable by differences in staining intensity. The first more lightly stained component is found in the central and bordering regions of the nucleolus as well as in a number of areas of varying width extending radially in between them. The second more intensely stained component is observed in areas of varying length and width usually occupying the intermediate regions of the nucleolar mass. Under electron microscopy, the first component is seen to consist of densely packed fibrils and granules some 150 Å in diameter; in places, those constituents are assembled into seemingly coarse, thread-like structures approximately 0.1 μ in diameter. The second component, on the other hand, is made up mainly, if not exclusively, of tightly packed fibrils 60 to 100 Å in diameter. Judging from their topographical distribution and ultrastructural characteristics, it would seem as if the two nucleolar components just described correspond respectively to what is usually referred to as nucleolonema and pars amorpha in animal nucleoli. In addition to nucleolonema and pars amorpha, two ultrastructurally and topographically distinct types of vacuole are recognizable within the interphase nucleolus of Vicia faba. The vacuoles of the first type are usually large or medium-sized, contain loosely and uniformly scattered fibrils and granules approximately 150 Å in diameter, and are observed exclusively within the nucleolonematic zones of the nucleolus. The vacuoles of the second type are small, contain only loosely dispersed fibrils, 60 to 100 Å in diameter, and are confined to the pars amorpha of the nucleolus.
A NEW SPECIES OF CUNNINGHAMELLA
Authors: Misra P. C.
Published: August 2008

Cunninghamella vesiculosa Misra, a new species isolated from sal forest soil of Gorakhpur, India, is described and illustrated. The species is characterized by peculiar apically fertile and slightly constricted vesicles and by unusually long spines on the conidia.
THE METABOLIC STATUS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN SOYBEAN ROOTS EXPOSED TO SALINE MEDIA
Authors: Rauser W. E. , Hanson J. B.
Published: August 2008

The effects of sodium or potassium sulfate on RNA metabolism in soybean roots were examined. Two soybean varieties differing in salt tolerance were used.Growth for 6 days in 50 mM sulfate salts inhibited dry weight production and DNA synthesis in both varieties, the sodium salt being more inhibitory than potassium. Salinity, whether sodium or potassium, nearly stopped protein synthesis and retarded RNA synthesis.Both salts accelerated the endogenous degradation of RNA in root homogenates, sodium being more effective than potassium. Ribosomal RNA was degraded primarily. In the salt-tolerant soybean, total RNA of root tips did not decrease on a DNA basis; only a small decrease occurred in the salt-sensitive variety.Nucleic acids from roots were resolved on methylated albumin columns. Oligonucleotides increased with salinity in both varieties. Sodium sulfate drastically reduced 32P incorporation into nucleic acids in the salt-sensitive soybean, but less in the tolerant variety. Potassium salinity had little effect on radioactivity incorporation. Incorporation of 32P into the DNA fraction was reduced more in sodium than in potassium salinity, with the salt-sensitive soybean being affected most.Aberrations in RNA metabolism are discussed in relation to reduced growth in saline media.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: II. GREEN ALGAE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DUNALIELLA SPP. AND TETRASELMIS SPP.
Authors: Craigie J. S. , McLachlan J. , Majak W. , Ackman R. G. , Tocher C. S.
Published: August 2008

The photosynthetic fixation of14CO2was studied in 10 species of chlorophycean algae and in 9 isolates of prasinophycean algae of the genus Tetraselmis.Green seaweeds had photosynthetic rates of 2.2 to 4.4 mg CO2 × h−1 × g−1, accumulated starch, glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and excreted very little recent photosynthate.Dunaliella spp. were distinguished by a high level of organic excretion (to 29.2% of the14C fixed in 2 hours), the production of glycerol and hydrogen sulfide, and the absence of dimethyl-β-propiothetin.Tetraselmis spp. excreted relatively small amounts of photosynthate in 2 hours, and produced mannitol and dimethyl-β-propiothetin but not hydrogen sulfide.
THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME
Authors: Smith David W. , Sparling John H.
Published: August 2008

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.
STUDIES IN THE FLORAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MARANTACEAE: I. VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE FLOWER OF SCHUMANNIANTHUS VIRGATUS ROLFE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LABELLUM
Authors: Tilak V. D. , Pai R. M.
Published: August 2008

The floral anatomy of Schumannianthus virgatus Rolfe is described in detail. Anatomical observations indicate fusion of vascular bundles of various floral whorls commensurate with their adnation, and, in that sense, the inferior ovary is considered to be appendicular in nature. Anatomical evidence demonstrates reduction in part of the labellum and of the functional stamen. The anther is one-celled. The labellum is shown to be a unitary organ representing an anterolateral member of the inner androecial whorl.
THE STAGES AT WHICH FROST INJURY OCCURS IN ALFALFA
Authors: Greenham C. G.
Published: August 2008

This investigation deals with the injury caused to four varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), under freezing–thawing conditions comparable with those of Australian tableland regions.Evidence is presented to show that the intactness of cell membranes influences the magnitude of the low-frequency resistance attained in frozen tissues.Measurements of the maximum resistance attained during freezing, the proportionate drop in resistance after freezing, and the minimum resistance attained after freezing, are considered in relation to two subsequently determined criteria of injury. The results are interpreted as showing that injury occurs in tissue during freezing, in the frozen state, and during thawing.Brief comments follow concerning causes of injury at the various stages, factors responsible for hardiness, and the procedure necessary for selecting the most hardy genotype.
MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IN TWO MYXOMYCETES
Authors: Therrien C. Dale
Published: August 2008

Spore formation in Didymium iridis (Ditmar) Fries and Didymium nigripes (Link) Fries is generally preceded by both divisions of meiosis in the developing sporangium, and at the time of cleavage the spores are haploid with the 1C deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content. Synthesis of DNA begins soon after spore delimitation and the mature spores are in the haploid 2C category.The plasmodial nuclei were found to have twice the DNA content of the myxamoebae and the mature spores, hence karyogamy must precede plasmodial formation. The myxamoebal and plasmodial nuclei appear to have a very rapid rate of DNA synthesis, with an extended G2 phase of development; consequently myxamoebae are generally in the haploid 2C category and the plasmodial nuclei in the diploid 4C category.In D. iridis the opposite mating types have different amounts of nuclear DNA, and the arithmetical sum of the mean DNA content of the mating types is equal to the mean DNA content of the plasmodial nuclei.In D. nigripes grown on a medium containing 2% w/v glucose a large percentage of uninucleate amoeboid cells have a DNA content equal to that of the plasmodial nuclei. These cells are presumed to be zygotes.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME MEXICAN GRASSES
Authors: Gould F. W.
Published: August 2008

Chromosome numbers are reported for 128 collections of Mexican grasses, representing 45 genera and 101 species. First chromosome records are reported for the genera Mesosetum and Setariopsis and the following 28 species: Aegopogon cenchroides, Aristida barbata, A. glauca, A. roemeriana, Arthraxon quartinianus, Bouteloua elata, B. refiexa, Cenchrus multiflorum, Digitaria diversiflora, Distichlis palmeri, Eriochloa lemmoni, Leptochloa fascicularis, Mesosetum pittieri, Muhlenbergia implicata, M. minutissima, M. tenuifolia, M. utilis, M. ramulosa, Panicum decolorans, P. molle, P. pampinosum, P. parcum, Paspalum convexum, P. costaricense, P. crinitum, Setaria adhaerans, Setariopsis latiglumis, and Stipa virescens. Chromosome numbers that are different from previous counts are reported for 16 species and the first Mexican records are presented for an additional 29 species.
VESSEL MEMBERS IN THE STEM OF DIOSCOREA ALATA L.
Authors: Shah J. J. , Unnikrishnan K. , Poulose K. V.
Published: August 2008

The internodal and nodal vessel elements and certain aspects of their ontogeny in the stem of Dioscorea alata L., the common cultivated yam of Gujarat State, India, are described. The internodal vessel elements are unusually long with foraminate, scalariform, reticulate, or rarely simple perforation plates. The nodal vessel elements are comparatively short with two to five perforation plates. They generally differ from internodal vessel elements in characters such as (i) size and shape and (ii) nature, number, inclination, and distribution of perforation plates. The ontogenetic study of the vessel element revealed that the coenocytic condition is a result of frequent mitotic divisions of the mother nucleus. The formation of the perforation plate occurs after the vessel element has reached final length. The protoplast persists after the formation of the perforation plate. In D. alata the cell wall in the region of the perforation shows primordial pits.
DIPLOID AND AUTOTETRAPLOID PHYSARIA VITULIFERA (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Mulligan Gerald A.
Published: August 2008

Physaria vitulifera, a species endemic to the mountains of northcentral Colorado, is composed of diploid (2n = 8) and tetraploid (2n = 16) races that occupy distinct geographical areas. Morphological, cytological, and other experimental evidence suggests that the tetraploid plants arose as an autotetraploid race directly from the diploid race.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF CLATHROSPORA HETEROSPORA VAR. SIMMONSII
Authors: Corlett Michael
Published: August 2008

Clathrospora heterospora var. simmonsii has the Pleospora type of development but with two unusual features. Ascogenous hyphae arise from pseudoparaphyses, and an operculate ostiole is formed by the dehiscence of a circular apical cap.
ASCOSPORE DEVELOPMENT IN HANSENULA ANOMALA
Authors: Bandoni R. J. , Bisalputra A. A. , Bisalputra T.
Published: August 2008

The development of ascospores of Hansenula anomala (Hansen) H. & P. Syd. was studied by electron microscopy. Within the young ascus, a double membrane develops around each of the haploid nuclei enclosing mitochondria, oil vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum as well. Two ascospore wall layers are deposited within the intercisternal space. The initial wall layer develops centripetally from the extremities of the base, then around the crown of the hat-shaped spore. In many spores, this initial wall is thin or incomplete around the upper portion of the crown. The second wall layer is less electron dense and is formed adjacent to and immediately within the initial layer. At maturity of the spores, no organelles remain in the epiplasm.
SYNTHESIS OF MACROMOLECULES IN MAIZE ROOT TIPS
Authors: Oaks Ann
Published: August 2008

Corn roots grown in a glucose–salts medium in a continuous flow system suffered an initial loss of protein before an increase was observed. A maximal rate of increase in cell-wall carbohydrates was achieved after 20 hours in culture. There was some loss in RNA while the increase in DNA was slight. A synthetic mixture of 15 L-amino acids enhanced the growth (defined as increase in length, dry weight, or alcohol-insoluble nitrogen) of glucose-grown roots. With this enriched medium there was a slight increase of protein over the initial 20-hour period and a faster rate of increase after this time. No lag in the increase in cell-wall carbohydrates was observed. Despite these symptoms of better growth the level of DNA was not improved by the addition of the amino acids and the RNA content was actually lower than in the glucose-grown roots. Although the level of RNA was less in cultured than in normal roots, ribosomal and soluble RNA accounted for similar proportions of the total RNA in each case.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF OEDOGONIUM
Authors: Hoffman Larry R.
Published: August 2008

The morphology of four new species of Oedogonium studied in culture is described and illustrated. Two of the species, O. setigerum sp. nov. and O. ringens sp. nov., are gynandrosporous. The other two species, O. angustistomum sp. nov. and O. calliandrum sp. nov., are macrandrous and heterothallic. Sexual material of all four species was readily obtainable in the laboratory.