bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eyewitness Errors in the Free Recall of Actions
Authors: Sanders Glenn S. , Chiu Warren
Published: August 2006

Although eyewitness testimony is often unreliable, its quality is not uniformly poor. Previous research indicates that the most accurate type of testimony involves the unstructured recall of actions. The present study replicates the finding that confabulation, particularly the complete fabrication of nonexistent actions, is rare. Our results also extend earlier work by revealing that the few errors that did occur were spread evenly across subjects—with most subjects making 0 or 1 error and with no subjects making more than 3 errors. Furthermore, action memory errors form a heterogeneous set—there were few commonly recurring or predictable errors. Our attempts to increase error frequency by the use of suggestive implications and rapid action sequences were unsuccessful. Practical aspects of evaluating action memory testimony are discussed, with special reference to cases involving multiple eyewitnesses.
Perceptions of Postdrinking Female Sexuality: Effects of Gender, Beverage Choice, and Drink Payment1
Authors: George William H. , Gournic Susan J. , McAfee Mary P.
Published: August 2006

To examine the postulate that the drinking woman is viewed differently than her nondrinking counterpart, two experiments were conducted. In Study 1, 174 subjects completed an alcohol expectancy questionnaire that was modified to assess expected alcohol effects on another person: young man or young woman. The woman was perceived as being more sexual after drinking than was the man. These perceptions were also influenced by expected alcohol dosage, subjects' gender, and drinking experience. In Study 2, 176 subjects read a vignette depicting a woman having drinks with a man. To manipulate the stimulus woman's consumption and the drink payment arrangement, 8 versions of the vignette were employed: The woman was described as drinking cola or alcohol (beer, wine or whiskey) and as paying for her own drinks or allowing the man to “pick up the tab”. Subjects rated the drinking woman as significantly more aggressive, impaired, sexually available, and as significantly more likely to engage in foreplay and intercourse. Perceptions of her sexual disinhibition and likelihood of sex play were significantly enhanced if the man bought the drinks. Compared to their own perceptions of her, subjects estimated that her date would see her as significantly more disinhibited and socially skilled and as less impaired. The alcohol‐drinking woman was also seen as less attractive than her cola‐drinking counterpart. Practical implications regarding stereotypes about cross‐gender drinking situations and theoretical implications regarding alcohol expectancy research are discussed.
Interpersonal Dominance of Type As and Bs During Involved Group Discussions1
Authors: Yarnold Paul R. , Grimm Laurence G.
Published: August 2006

This study further explores the relationship between interpersonal dominance and Type A behavior. Nine groups–each consisting of 2 male undergraduates of each A/B Type (extreme Types as assessed using the short student Jenkins Activity Survey)–partiapated in leaderless 15‐minute discussions. All subjects were highly interested in and knowledgeable about the discussion topic and all members of each group were in moderate conflict regarding it. Protocol analysis of the transcribed discussions provided 6 measures of interpersonal dominance (3 measuring “pro‐self,” self‐enhancing behaviors and 3 measuring “anti‐other,” other‐disenhancing behaviors), and 1 measure of acquiescence. As hypothesized, the results revealed that Type A behavior is positively related to pro‐self and anti‐other behavior. Differences between the results of this and an earlier study are discussed in the context of observational method (i.e., live ratings versus content analysis of transcriptions) and implications of these studies for Glass’ (1977) control theory of Pattern A responding are considered.
Additive Effects of Certainty, Severity, and Celerity of Punishment on Judgments of Crime Deterrence Scale Value1
Authors: Howe Edmund S. , Brandau Cynthia J.
Published: August 2006

The certainty and severity of punishment for crimes are commonly given credence as determinants of deterrence value, whereas celerity of punishment is not. Moreover, data are sparse and divided on the question of how certainty and severity components combine algebraically. Two experiments inspected the effects of certainty, severity and celerity of hypothetical punishments on judged deterrence value, and the form of their factorial combination. Judged deterrence scale values were obtained for eight hypothetical conditions of punishment for serious crimes. These conditions of punishment consisted of orthogonal combinations of two levels each of certainty, severity, and celerity and were administered to independent subjects. Strong effects of certainty and severity and moderate effects of celerity were found, and there were no interactions among the three variables. Thus, celerity is pertinent to judged deterrence value, and the three components of punishment clearly combine additively rather than multiplicatively. It is argued that despite the empirical results, certainty, severity, and celerity must, however, ultimately be showp to combine according to a multiplying rule. The Discussion centers largely on an analysis and justification for that argument.
When Thoughts Turn Toward Nuclear War: Stress Responses, Coping Strategies, and the Importance of Trait Anxiety in Moderating Effects on “Mental Health”1
Authors: Hamilton Scott B. , Keilin William G. , Knox Thomas A. , Naginey Judith L.
Published: August 2006

The present investigation attempted to link the concept of Nuclear Anxiety (NA) to theory and research on stress and coping, which would predict that person variables would be extremely important in determining the amount of anxiety precipitated by the hypothetical and ambiguous nature of nuclear war. In Part I of this study, 356 undergraduates were divided into high and low NA groups on the basis of state anxiety experienced while thinking about the threat of nuclear war. Groups were compared on five personality traits (trait anxiety, death anxiety, and three locus of control variables), two “mental health” indices (psychological well‐being and expectancy for future goal attainment), five nuclear war‐related attitudinal measures, nine nuclear threat orientations, nine strategies for coping with the threat, and a single behavioral measure of approach toward information about nuclear war. In Part II, the relationships between key explanatory variables were explored, and a preliminary model of Nuclear Anxiety was developed. Results revealed that the two NA groups differed on 22 of the 32 dependent measures, and that four variables (i.e., sustained [nuclear] concern, death anxiety, trait anxiety, and psychological well‐being) were the best group discriminators. More importantly, path analysis revealed that trait anxiety rather than nuclear anxiety was the variable primarily controlling “mental health” status. Results are discussed with regard to the resiliency and adaptability of young people in dealing with the threat of nuclear war, intergroup differences in coping styles, and questions in need of further empirical attention.
Job Evaluation and Gender: The Case of University Faculty
Authors: Sidanius Jim , Crane Marie
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of students' and professors' sex on student evaluations of professors' teaching effectiveness. Ratings of over four hundred faculty made by over nine thousand students were analyzed. After controlling for a large number of variables, the main results showed that (a) male faculty were given significantly higher evaluations on global teacher effectiveness and academic competence than female faculty; (b) when controlling for extraneous variables, female faculty were not found to be rated as more sensitive to student needs than male faculty; and (c) when making overall, global judgments of faculty performance, students seem to place more weight on academic competence for male faculty than for female faculty.
Causal Attribution and Supervisors' Response to Subordinate Performance: The Green and Mitchell Model Revisited1
Authors: Ashkanasy Neal M.
Published: August 2006

Green and Mitchell's (1979) model of supervisory responding utilized Kelley's (1972) attributional schema based on informational cues, and variables of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck (Weiner et al., 1972). The present study provided a direct test of the model, focusing on the relationships between informational cues and attributions, and between attributions and evaluative variables in an organizational context. A matrix of relationships linking informational cues and attributional variables was predicted in the first instance, followed by a multivariate relationship between attributions and evaluational variables. To test the hypotheses, 288 subjects responded to 16 descriptions of subordinate performances, varying in consistency, distinctiveness, consensus, and outcome. The results supported the predicted relationships between informational cues and attributions, and between attributions and evaluation. Use of Weiner's (1985) extended model of attribution, which includes dimensions of controllability and intentionality, substantially improved the predictability of the model, especially for explaining failure outcomes.
Normative Influence Effects on Sexual Arousal to Nonviolent Sexually Explicit Material1
Authors: Norris Jeanette
Published: August 2006

The role of informational social influence in sexual arousal was explored by measuring the effects of normative influence messages on sexual arousal to a nonviolent sexually explicit story in both male and female subjects. The type of message (high versus low arousal), as well as the reference group sex, were varied. The results showed that (a) subjects who received a message that similar others became highly aroused reported a significantly higher level of arousal than subjects who received the opposite message; (b) male subjects reported a significantly higher level of sexual arousal than females; and (c) a normative message from a male reference group had a stronger impact on both male and female subjects than one from the female reference group, indicating that males are perceived as more credible “experts” on matters of sexual responding man females. The study suggests one means by which individuals learn to respond to sexually explicit materials.
Is Bad News Always Bad?: Cue and Feedback Effects on Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Anderson Susan , Rodin Judith
Published: August 2006

Although previous research has suggested that, in general, negative feedback concerning performance reduces intrinsically motivated activity, results of the present study indicate that mild negative feedback can increase intrinsic motivation when associated with environmental cues signalling self‐determination (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Subjects working on brain‐teasers who were given mild negative feedback—but who had a choice of problems to solve, no expectation of evaluation, and who received scores privately—retained as much or more intrinsic motivation than subjects given positive feedback under the same conditions. Subjects in controlling contexts showed less intrinsic motivation. The measure of intrinsic motivation used in this study was a sum of standardized mood and target activity, following recent criticisms of the use of strictly behavioral measures to operationalize intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 1986).
Third Party Power: Some Negative Effects of Positive Incentives
Authors: Idaszak Jacqueline R. , Carnevale Peter J.D.
Published: August 2006

The present study simulated an organizational dispute to examine the effects of reward and coercive third party power on negotiator concessions and negotiator perceptions of the third party. The results indicated that the possibility of third party rewards inhibited negotiator concessions, and the possibility of third party punishments facilitated concessions. This effect was enhanced by negotiator limit. When negotiators had high limits, they made the fewest concessions if the third party could compensate; when negotiators had low limits, they made the greatest concessions if the third party could press. Taken together, the results suggest that negotiators sometimes use concession making as a strategy to affect third party behavior. When negotiators want third parties to provide compensation, as when they have high limits, they reduce their concession making as a way of eliciting the compensation; when they want to avoid third party behavior that is punitive, and they have low limits and room to make concessions, they hasten their concessions to reach agreement quickly and thereby stem the third party's involvement.
Authoritarianism, Knowledge of AIDS, and Affect Toward Persons with AIDS: Implications for Health Education1
Authors: Witt L. Alan
Published: August 2006

Four hundred sixteen undergraduate university students were asked to indicate their knowledge of AIDS and affect toward persons with AIDS and to take the California F‐scale (Adorno, Frenkel‐Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950, 1982). Results indicated a significant relationship between authoritarianism and affect toward persons with AIDS, r= .31 (p < .01). Knowledge of AIDS was very slightly related to affect toward persons with AIDS, but it did not moderate the relationship between authoritarianism and affect toward persons with AIDS. The findings are interpreted as having possible implications for health education.
Juror Underutilization of Eyewitness Nonidentifications: A Test of the Disconfirmed Expectancy Explanation1
Authors: Mcallister Hunter A. , Bregman Norman J.
Published: August 2006

The impact of two types of eyewitness testimony on mock jurors' judgments was explored. A crime eyewitness either testified that the defendant definitely was the robber (identification), definitely was not the robber (nonidentification), or that they weren't sure if he was or was not the robber (control). An alibi eyewitness testified that the defendant either definitely was at the alibi location (identification), definitely was not at the alibi location (nonidentification), or he wasn't sure if the defendant was or was not at the alibi location (control). Strength of case was also manipulated. Results show that crime eyewitness identifications and alibi eyewitness nonidentifications were underutilized. A crime eyewitness by alibi eyewitness interaction revealed that within the crime eyewitness identification condition alibi identification was underutilized whereas with the other two crime eyewitness conditions, alibi nonidentification information was underutilized. The results supported a disconfirmed expectancy explanation.
Issue Salience, Perceived Efficacy and Perceived Risk: A Study of the Origins of Anti‐Nuclear War Activity
Authors: Lee Fox D. , Schofield Janet Ward
Published: August 2006

One hundred eleven college students participated in this two‐session experiment designed to explore the origins of anti‐nuclear war activism. In Session 1 participants completed questionnaires assessing a number of background characteristics and attitudes, the most important of which for this study's purpose was a measure of perceived political efficacy in the nuclear realm. One week later both the salience of the nuclear weapons issue and participants' sense of personalized risk were experimentally manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 (salience × risk × measured efficacy) design. Dependent measures were a behavioral intentions questionnaire and an actual opportunity to sign a petition which participants did not recognize as part of the experiment. High salience significantly increased both anti‐nuclear war behavioral intentions and actual behavior as predicted. Individuals who felt highly efficacious were also significantly more likely to take action than others as predicted. A similar relation between efficacy and behavioral intentions was not found, although a salience by efficacy interaction was. Personalized risk influenced only behavioral intentions. Finally, the relative impact of these three variables and of other background and attitudinal variables measured in the first session was explored using regression techniques.
Would a Type A Date Another Type A?: Influence of Behavior Type and Personal Attributes In the Selection of Dating Partners1
Authors: Morell Marie A. , Twillman Robert K. , Sullaway Megan E.
Published: August 2006

Certain behavior type patterns in couples have been associated with heightened interpersonal distress and coronary heart disease risk. However, the factors that lead to such pairings seldom have been investigated. The present study examined the associations between personal behavior type and gender‐role self‐concept related to the selection of hypothetical dating partners.

Eighty‐one male and 116 female heterosexual college students completed questionnaires to assess behavior type (Jenkins Activity Survey) and gender‐role self‐concept (Personal Attributes Questionnaire, PAQ). Participants chose a preferred “dating partner” from vignettes differing in the degree of Type A‐Type B behavior displayed. Results of CATMOD and chi‐square analyses were generally consistent with the similarity theory of interpersonal attraction. Type A and B males as well as Type B females preferred hypothetical dating partners identical to their own behavior type. Type A females with high PAQ Masculinity scores selected Type A dates, whereas Type A females with low PAQ Masculinity preferred Type Bs. Implications for the selection of actual dating partners, spouses, potential interpersonal distress, and coronary heart disease risk are discussed.
Positive Effects of Within‐Group Cooperation on Between‐Group Negotiation1
Authors: Keenan Patricia A. , Carnevale Peter J.D.
Published: August 2006

The present study simulated an organizational dispute to test two sets of alternative hypotheses regarding the effects of within‐group cooperation and conflict on a subsequent negotiation with an out‐group. The first set of hypotheses concerned in‐group cooperation. We expected that either (a) in‐group cooperation would produce greater cooperation toward an out‐group, the result of a carryover effect; or (b) in‐group cooperation would increase group cohesiveness and strengthen group boundaries, and thus produce greater competitiveness toward an out‐group. The second set of alternative hypotheses concerned in‐group conflict. We expected that either (a) in‐group conflict would produce greater competitiveness toward an out‐group, the result of a carry‐over effect; or (b) in‐group conflict would decrease group cohesiveness and weaken group boundaries, and thus produce less competitiveness toward an out‐group. Subjects in three‐person groups negotiated first with one another on a cooperative or competitive task, and then as a group, with another group. The data supported the carryover hypothesis for the effects of both in‐group cooperation and conflict. Groups that experienced internal cooperation were more cooperative in the subsequent between‐group negotiation and, to a lesser extent, groups that experienced internal conflict were more competitive in the subsequent between‐group negotiation, relative to a control condition that had no prior in‐group negotiation. Taken together, the results were consistent with recent research on dispute intervention that suggested that mediators in between‐group conflict should foster within‐group cooperation prior to between‐group negotiations.
Counting On Blood Donors: Increasing the Impact of Reminder Calls
Authors: Lipsitz Angela , Kallmeyer Katherine , Ferguson Martha , Abas Andrew
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were conducted to see if blood drive attendance could be increased by altering the content of reminder calls. In Experiment 1 college students received either a standard reminder (the place, time, and necessity of eating beforehand) or a commitment‐enhancing reminder in which they agreed to be “counted on”. Those in the latter condition were significantly more likely (p <.007) to attend a blood drive. Experiment 2 demonstrated that an alternate wording for the commitment‐enhancing message was possible; that a verbal response was necessary to ensure the commitment; and that a message enhancing altruism was not as effective. The studies suggest that asking for an additional commitment during a reminder call can appreciably increase blood drive participation rates.
Correlates of Breast Self‐Examination in a Sample of College Women: Analyses of Linear Structural Relations1
Authors: Ronis David L. , Kaiser Mary K.
Published: August 2006

Female college students filled out a questionnaire about breast self‐examination (BSE) including (a) past and intended frequency of BSE, (b) attitude toward BSE, (c) beliefs about the benefits and costs of BSE, (d) knowledge about BSE, (e) confidence in ability to perform BSE, (f) social influences to perform BSE, (g) personal experiences related to breast cancer, and (h) perceptions of susceptibility to and severity of breast cancer. Results were consistent with a model in which (a) attitude and confidence are the direct causes of BSE, (b) beliefs about the benefits and costs of BSE are the direct causes of attitude, and (c) social influences (e.g., being taught how) and knowledge are the direct causes of confidence.
Psychology and Health: Obstacles and Opportunities1
Authors: Glass David C.
Published: August 2006

This paper begins with an overview of key achievements in health psychology. It describes major impediments to progress in the field, as well as opportunities for developing a strong scientific basis of efforts to modify health‐damaging behavior. Strategies for capitalizing upon the opportunities are suggested. These include enhanced efforts at theory development, use of modern biomedical technology for in vivo research, experimentation with specific alternative research funding mechanisms, establishing procedures for training interdisciplinary researchers, and increased efforts by individual scientists to broaden their understanding of the relationship of their field to government. The importance of such initiatives to the continued growth of health psychology is emphasized.
Psychological Responses to the Threat of Nuclear War
Authors: McClenney Lake , Neiss Rob
Published: August 2006

We investigated the nature of psychological responses to the threat of nuclear war and the relationships between attitudes and behavior in three studies. The first was a quasi‐experimental study of the effects of a film depiction of nuclear war on attitudes and behavior. Results suggested that exposure was mediated by a sense of control over political events, but that exposure itself had no significant effect on psychological responses to nuclear war. The second was an experimental investigation of the effects of efficacy enhancing, fear arousing, or informational tactics as well as individual differences on memory for relevant information and political activism on the issue of nuclear arms control. Results indicated that men exposed to the fear arousal tactic were less likely to take action than those exposed to information alone or efficacy enhancement, whereas women exposed to fear arousal were more likely to act. Gender differences are explained in terms of the socialization of male responses to fear, the “macho” response. Those who showed less denial were more likely to act, as were those who stated intentions to take action. The third study employed structural modeling to examine the relationships between attitudes and behavior. Results supported the Model of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) in showing that intentions to act mediated the relationship between attitudes and behavior on this issue.
Understanding the Relationships Among Attitudes, Group Norms, and Behavior Using Behavioral Commitment: A Structural Equation Analysis of Marijuana Use
Authors: Skinner William F. , Cattarello Anne M.
Published: August 2006

This research examines the relative importance of attitudes and group norms in determining frequency of marijuana use. In this examination, we employ a neglected concept in attitude/behavior research—behavioral commitment. We suggest that the role of attitudes and group norms will vary, in part, depending upon one's level of commitment to the behavior. Specifically, we assert that norms will increase in importance over attitudes as behavioral commitment increases. To test this hypothesis, we utilize covariance structure analysis with a nationally representative sample of high school seniors defined in terms of their commitment to marijuana use. Multiple group comparisons also are performed to assess the comparability of measurement properties and structural estimates. Results are supportive of the hypothesis. The findings are discussed in terms of previous attitude/behavior research and drug abuse prevention programs.
An Exploratory Study of Perceived Career Change and Job Attitudes Among Job Changers
Authors: Shamir Boas , Arthur Michael B.
Published: August 2006

The study examined the effects of job change characteristics on perceived career change and attitudes toward the new job. The job change characteristics examined were content of change, magnitude of change, direction of change, volitionality of job choice, and duration of the unemployment period between the two jobs. The subjects were 222 university educated men and women. It was found that perceived career change was firmly related to job change characteristics reflecting both “internal” and “external” career perspectives. After controlling for the direction of change, the magnitude of change had a negative impact on satisfaction with the new job, while the volitionality of job choice and the duration of unemployment were positively associated with job satisfaction. Contrary to expectation, the volitionality of job choice and the duration of unemployment did not increase the commitment to continue in the new job.
Job Attitude Organization: An Exploratory Study1
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Roberson Loriann
Published: August 2006

An exploratory study was conducted to examine the organization of three often used measures of job satisfaction. Employing a convenient sample of 144 workers, who also were enrolled in evening graduate school courses, relationships between these job satisfaction measures and affective (positive and negative) and cognitive attitudinal components were assessed. The job satisfaction measures were found to vary considerably in terms of their affective and cognitive content. These results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the study of job attitudes.
Predicting Contraceptive Efficacy: A Discriminant Analysis of Three Groups of Adolescent Women1
Authors: Morrison Diane M.
Published: August 2006

The relationship of knowledge and attitudes to adolescent contraceptive efficacy was investigated in a multivariate study, with demographic and sexual history variables covaried. Subjects were unmarried, sexually active 15‐ to 19‐year‐old women. Two studies were conducted: one using a large and representative sample and the second using a smaller, high socioeconomic status sample that is more typical of samples generally used in earlier research. Subjects were classified as effective, ineffective, or nonusers of contraception, based on both frequency of use and effectiveness of the method(s) they used. Two discriminant function analyses were performed to determine (a) whether knowledge and attitudes contributed to discrimination among the groups over and above discrimination attributable to demographic and sexual history variables, and (b) which variables distinguished ineffective users from both other groups. The results of both studies indicate that attitudes, particularly attitudes toward contraception, are strong predictors of patterns of contraceptive use. Ineffective users were distinguished from nonusers by their greater knowledge of contraception, and from both other groups by their greater sexual activity and more positive attitudes toward intercourse. The discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of the results, the usefulness of the effective/ineffective/nonuser categorization, and applications of these findings to design of interventions.
Determinants of Self‐Protective Behavior: Home Radon Testing
Authors: Weinstein Neil D. , Sandman Peter M. , Roberts Nancy E.
Published: August 2006

This field experiment explored the use of informational brochures to encourage home radon testing. Homeowners (N= 271) received a radon brochure, a questionnaire, and a form for ordering a $20 radon test kit. The brochures differed in their presentations of the magnitude of the threat (varying risk likelihood and severity) and the difficulty of reducing radon levels. Some also included a detailed list of home radon risk factors. Combinations of these three variables yielded a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Although 19.2% of the sample ordered tests, the percentage was constant across brochures. Data from the questionnaire showed that self‐reported risk likelihood, risk seriousness, and concern were strongly correlated with intentions to test and with actual test orders. Calculations revealed that although the threat manipulation had a highly significant effect on these risk perceptions, the effect was too small to produce different rates of test orders. Confirming previous radon studies, perceived mitigation difficulty proved unrelated to interest in radon testing.
Reactions to Feedback about Performance: A Test of Three Competing Models1
Authors: Sweeney Paul D. , Wells L. Edward
Published: August 2006

Reactions to an important college exam were used to test enhancement, consistency, and stability contingent theory. Before the exam, students completed a measure of level and stability of self‐esteem. After the exam, cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to the feedback were taken. Enhancement theory predicts that persons low in self‐esteem have a strong need to think and feel better about themselves. Thus, they should indicate more acceptance of success and more rejection of failure than persons high in self‐esteem. Consistency theory asserts that people avoid inconsistency because it is psychologically uncomfortable. This model predicts that high self‐esteem persons should accept success more than lows, who in turn should be more accepting of failure than highs. Finally, the stability contingent theory highlights the importance of stability of self‐esteem as a moderator of self‐motives. This model predicts that enhancement effects should occur for persons with unstable self‐esteem, whereas consistency effects should occur for those with stable self‐esteem. Our data provide no support for the stability contingent theory. Support for the other two models depended upon the type of feedback that was assessed: Cognitive reactions to feedback supported consistency theory, whereas affective reactions supported enhancement theory.
Dominance: Another Facet of Type A1
Authors: Straub Richard O. , Grunberg Neil E. , Street Stacey W. , Singer Jerome E.
Published: August 2006

Aggression, but not dominance, is typically used as a criterion for the assessment of Type A behavior. This study proposed and demonstrated that nonaggressive dominance, defined as interpersonal resistance or persistence in efforts to control a competitive situation, is associated with Type A behavior for both males and females. Forty males and 35 females typed with the Jenkins Activity Survey participated in a revised version of the classic Deutsch and Krauss (1960) competition paradigm. Both A males and females were more dominant than their respective Type B counterparts. Type A males were not different from Type A females in persistence, nor were Type B males different from Type B females. Female Type A's were more resistant to their competitor's efforts at controlling the situation than were their Type B counterparts. Male Type A's did not differ from their Type B counterparts in resistance. The implications of these results in further elucidating the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Type A and pathophysiologic health hazards are discussed.
Order of Presentation and Verbal Recruitment Strategy Effectiveness1
Authors: Stevens Cynthia Kay , Mitchell Terence R. , Tripp Thomas M.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relative effectiveness of three different verbal recruitment strategies (opinion conformity, other enhancement, and self‐enhancement) presented in different orders. Sixty undergraduates viewed three recruiters, each of whom used a different recruitment strategy to describe a hypothetical graduate program. Participants rated their impressions of each recruiter and then decided which program to attend. Results indicated that presentation order significantly affected participants' ratings of the opinion conforming and self‐enhancing recruiters. Furthermore, although participants generally preferred the other enhancing and opinion conforming recruiters, this preference did not translate into a decision to attend the other enhancer's university. Implications for both the recruitment and impression management literatures are discussed.
Global Versus Health‐Specific Social Support and Match of Preferred and Perceived Social Support Levels in Relationship to Compliance and Blood Pressure of Hypertensives1
Authors: Jung John
Published: August 2006

A comparison of the relative usefulness of a standardized measure of global perceived social support (Procidano and Heller, 1983) with a health‐specific index showed that the latter was a better predictor of compliance for a sample consisting mostly of older female hypertensives. However, the relationship of support and compliance to actual health, as measured by blood pressure levels at two times separated by 3 to 6 months, was found to be weak. The hypothesis that the degree of fit between preference for social support and amount of perceived support would affect compliance was not upheld. A model of social support as the positive reaction of others to patients with good health status was proposed as an alternative or complement to the prevalent model in which support is viewed as an antecedent of compliance, and eventually, of improved health.
Risk Factors, Self‐Attributions, and Adjustment Problems Among Victims of Sexual Coercion1
Authors: Mynatt Clifford R. , Allgeier Elizabeth Rice
Published: August 2006

College women (N= 125) were surveyed about their experiences with sexual coercion. Forty‐two percent of the sample reported one or more coercive incidents involving completed intercourse (26%) or attempted intercourse (16%). Only 6% of these incidents were reported to police or campus authorities. Of the victims, 92% knew their assailants, at least casually. A combination of demographic, sexual history, and personality characteristics predicted 21 % of the variance in experience with sexual coercion. The variables most highly associated with reported victimization were frequency of sexual activity and religiosity; women who were more sexually active and who attended religious services less often were more likely to report experiencing sexual coercion than were women who were less sexually active and who attended religious services more often. A combination of situational and attitudinal variables predicted 52% of the variance in victim attributions. The variables most highly correlated with attributions were degree of victim assertiveness and the type of force used by the assailant; less assertive women and women who had been coerced by the use of economic or psychological force made relatively more internal attributions about the coercion incidents they had been involved in than did women who were more assertive and women who had been coerced by means of physical force. Finally, a combination of situational and attitudinal variables predicted 34% of the variance in victim‐reported adjustment problems following the coercion incident. The use of economic or psychological force, greater physical injury, and relative acceptance of interpersonal violence were associated with more severe adjustment problems, whereas the use of physical force, less physical injury, and relative rejection of interpersonal violence were associated with less severe adjustment problems. The implications of these results for the reduction of acquaintance assault and for the counseling of victims are discussed.
How Generalizable Are Adolescents' Beliefs About Pro‐Drug Pressures and Resistance Self‐Efficacy?1
Authors: Hays Ron D. , Ellickson Phyllis L.
Published: August 2006

Based on three waves of data from 1261 adolescents, this study examines the nature of resistance self‐efficacy vis‐a‐vis different drugs and social situations, as well as its relationship to perceived pressure to use drugs. We found that both self‐efficacy and perceived pressure to use drugs appear to be generalizable across substances (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana), but adolescents do tend to distinguish between their capacity to resist drugs in different social situations. Adolescents also discriminate between how much pressure they feel and their ability to resist that pressure, but the great majority report lower levels of self‐efficacy in higher pressure situations. This relationship is strongest for alcohol and weakest for marijuana. These results suggest the following implications for prevention programs: (a) adolescents can be taught to resist one or more of the commonly used drugs with a reasonable expectation that the skills will generalize to other drugs; (b) resistance self‐efficacy learned in one situation can be expected to have some generalizability to other situations, but it may be important to link resistance training with a range of situations to insure the greatest effectiveness; (c) to be maximally effective, prevention programs may need to help adolescents reduce the amount of pressure experienced as well as develop resistance skills; such efforts are likely to be particularly important for situations involving alcohol.
Communicating Price‐Quality Relationships
Authors: Gotlieb Jerry B.
Published: August 2006

Despite myriad studies concerning the effects of price on perceived‐quality, the results are inconsistent. These inconsistencies have prompted the call for greater theory development to help provide a more comprehensive understanding of the process through which consumers develop perceived‐quality. A theory the Elaboration Likelihood Model, could be applied to suggest that it is essential to identify the level of involvement when predicting the effects of variables on perceived‐quality. Yet, previously reported perceived‐quality research has not examined whether a change in price also changes the level of involvement. The impact of price savings on the level of involvement was examined in the experiment reported in this paper. Results of this research suggest that communicating price savings can affect the level of involvement. Experimental results also suggest that consumers with high involvement develop their attitudes and perceptions of technical quality from a careful evaluation of the arguments presented in the message. Conversely, consumers with low involvement lack motivation to evaluate those arguments and they have little effect on attitudes or perception of technical quality. Consequently, the experimental results support the Elaboration Likelihood Model.
Gender Effects in Couples' Sexual Decision Making and Contraceptive Use
Authors: Gerrard Meg , Breda Cheri , Gibbons Frederick X.
Published: August 2006

Previous research has demonstrated that men tend to be more influential than women in mixed‐sex dyads. The current study was an examination of sex differences in influence among dating couples making two different kinds of sexual decisions. In a laboratory decision‐making task, male and female partners wrote their opinions about premarital sex and contraception independently, and then worked together as a couple to write a joint opinion. The results replicated previous findings in that the male partners' responses were more similar to the couples' responses than were the females'. An examination of gender influence in the couples' contraceptive behavior, however, indicated that the female partners were more influential than the males in this arena. Thus the data suggest that while men in general may be more influential than women in couples' decision making, there are specific decision domains in which women have considerable influence. Factors that influence gender effects in sexual decision making are discussed.
Correlates of Vocational Success in Refugee Work Adaptation1
Authors: Tang John , O'Brien Thomas P.
Published: August 2006

Past research on Indochinese refugees has shown that status inconsistency (loss of socioeconomic status from their last job in Indochina to their most recent job in the United States) has a strong negative effect on acculturation. This study examines refugee adaptation to working in America and the effect of status inconsistency on work performance. After three years in the U.S., there was great improvement in job performance. We had predicted that greater status inconsistency would be associated with poorer vocational performance. The status inconsistency effect was found for those refugees who previously held high‐prestige positions in their homeland, but only during the time before they had spent 3 years in America. Previous high‐prestige refugees who had lived in the U.S. for less than three years did not stay on their jobs as long as former low‐prestige refugees. After three years, however, the former high‐prestige refugees outlasted the former low‐prestige refugees.
Screening for Traumatic Stress: A Scale for Use in the General Population1
Authors: Norris Fran H.
Published: August 2006

A short screening instrument for detecting the occurrence and impact of traumatic events is presented. It is proposed that a relevant event population for assessing exposure to traumatic events comprises “violent encounters with nature, technology, or humankind” and that loss, scope, threat, blame, familiarity, and post‐traumatic stress are the dimensions of the experience that are most critical to assess. It is estimated that 8% of the U.S. adult population will experience one or more of the selected events within a year's time. Potential uses and contributions of the instrument are discussed.
Does the War End When the Shooting Stops? The Psychological Toll of War1
Authors: Solomon Zahava
Published: August 2006

The unremitting conflict between Israel and its neighbors has created a situation that often exposes soldiers to the repeated stress of a number of wars. Studies conducted by the Research Branch of the Mental Health Department in the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps have focused on the long‐term mental health effects of such trauma. This article brings together the findings of a recent series of studies that examine the effects of both single and repeated exposure to the stress of battle, in terms of: (a) psychiatric breakdowns on the battlefield (Combat Stress Reaction); (b) enduring symptomatology (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder); and (c) the reactivation of previous traumas. Additional findings highlight the transgenerational effects of trauma as evidenced in the susceptibility of offspring of Holocaust survivors to combat stress reactions.
An Exploration of Cognitive Demands in Group Interaction as a Moderator of Information Processing Variables in Perceptions of Leadership
Authors: Maurer Todd J. , Lord Robert G.
Published: August 2006

In the application of information processing (IP) models in organizational settings, potential boundary or moderator variables are sometimes overlooked. We investigated whether the impact of important IP variables in the leadership perception literature was affected by a potentially important boundary variable: cognitive demands extraneous to impression formation. In contrast to past research, both quantity and quality (prototypicality) of behavior affected leadership perceptions in both low and high information load conditions. This result implies that prototype‐related processing may be automatic enough to influence perceptions of leadership in actual organizational settings where cognitive demand is often high. Further, quantity of verbal behavior had a significant impact on causal attributions for level of group task performance and on perceptions of control of the groups‘activities, suggesting that this variable may have important implications for inferences about a person's influence on work group processes and outcomes. The significance of these findings for the issues of leader influence and for the measurement of leader behavior is discussed.
The Predictors of Post‐Sterilization Regret in Married Women1
Authors: Miller Warren B. , Shain Rochelle N. , Pasta David J.
Published: August 2006

We interviewed a sample of 317 married women prior to a tubal sterilization (195) or a husband's vasectomy (122) and then reinterviewed them yearly for 5 years. Using these women's responses to six questions about their feelings and desires following sterilization, we fitted a latent‐variable model of post‐sterilization regret to the data by means of a linear structural equation analysis. The results confirmed our view that post‐sterilization regret was not a simple psychological state but rather was a complex process with different, causally linked manifestations. This process began with a renewed interest in having a baby, proceeded to the development of negative feeling about the three decisions that lead to sterilization, and concluded with a desire to reverse the surgery. This sequence was affected by the negative, post‐sterilization effects of the sterilization and by the Occurrence of divorce. Next, we identified the pre‐sterilization predictors of six regret variables from our model by means of a series of linear regression analyses. The major pre‐sterilization predictors of the regret process included being relatively young, ambivalence about future childbearing, negative attitudes toward sterilization, dominance of the decision making by the woman's husband, and conflict with her husband during decision making. Finally, we divided the sample into quintiles on the basis of their scores on a Pre‐Sterilization Predictor Scale and assessed the performance of our predictor variables as indicators of risk of regret by determining the level of negative feelings toward sterilization in each quintile. The results confirm the discriminatory power of our predictors. The overall findings indicate a number of psychological and marital issues, the exploration of which might help counselors provide anticipatory and preventative services to couples seeking sterilization.