bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physics-Based vs Data-Driven 24-Hour Probabilistic Forecasts of Precipitation for Northern Tropical Africa
Authors: Walz Eva-Maria , Knippertz Peter , Fink Andreas H. , Köhler Gregor , Gneiting Tilmann
Published: June 2024

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models struggle to skillfully predict tropical precipitation occurrence and amount, calling for alternative approaches. For instance, it has been shown that fairly simple, purely data-driven logistic regression models for 24-h precipitation occurrence outperform both climatological and NWP forecasts for the West African summer monsoon. More complex neural network–based approaches, however, remain underdeveloped due to the non-Gaussian character of precipitation. In this study, we develop, apply, and evaluate a novel two-stage approach, where we train a U-Net convolutional neural network (CNN) model on gridded rainfall data to obtain a deterministic forecast and then apply the recently developed, nonparametric Easy Uncertainty Quantification (EasyUQ) approach to convert it into a probabilistic forecast. We evaluate CNN+EasyUQ for 1-day-ahead 24-h accumulated precipitation forecasts over northern tropical Africa for 2011–19, with the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) data serving as ground truth. In the most comprehensive assessment to date, we compare CNN+EasyUQ to state-of-the-art physics-based and data-driven approaches such as monthly probabilistic climatology, raw and postprocessed ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and traditional statistical approaches that use up to 25 predictor variables from IMERG and the ERA5 reanalysis. Generally, statistical approaches perform about on par with postprocessed ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The CNN+EasyUQ approach, however, clearly outperforms all competitors in terms of both occurrence and amount. Hybrid methods that merge CNN+EasyUQ and physics-based forecasts show slight further improvement. Thus, the CNN+EasyUQ approach can likely improve operational probabilistic forecasts of rainfall in the tropics and potentially even beyond.

Significance Statement

Precipitation forecasts in the tropics remain a great challenge despite their enormous potential to create socioeconomic benefits in sectors such as food and energy production. Here, we develop a purely data-driven, machine learning–based prediction model that outperforms traditional, physics-based approaches to 1-day-ahead forecasts of rainfall occurrence and rainfall amount over northern tropical Africa in terms of both forecast skill and computational costs. A combined data-driven and physics-based (hybrid) approach yields further (slight) improvement in terms of forecast skill. These results suggest new avenues to more accurate and more resource-efficient operational precipitation forecasts in the Global South.
Unmasking the Info War: The Communication Dynamics of Reliable and Misinformation Sources During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Carrasco-Farré Carlos
Published: June 2024

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a parallel crisis emerged in the form of an “infodemic,” where misinformation proliferated through social media at an unprecedented scale. This article delves into the evolving landscape of reliable and misinformation sources reporting on the pandemic, examining their communication dynamics. Leveraging a comprehensive data set encompassing 437,832 news published online by media organizations from January 2020 to December 2021, I employ structural change analysis and network-based natural language processing to explore these dynamics. The findings illuminate the contrasting approaches adopted by reliable sources, which prioritize scientific discourse, and misinformation, which exhibits high topic volatility—rapid change in the focus—suggesting that misinformation sources frequently shift their attention to different topics. Notably, this highlights a deliberate strategy employed by misinformation purveyors, that is, creating false crises without authoritative resolutions, thereby fostering a sense of lack of control, chaos, and uncertainty. Furthermore, the sentiment and morality analysis of COVID-19 news reveal that reliable news tends to maintain a balanced and neutral tone, while misinformation often exhibits a highly negative and morally charged narrative. These results carry significant implications for devising effective social countermeasures against misinformation at various stages of the pandemic.
The TREE Program: Promoting Positive Early Childhood Experiences During Well-Child Visits
Authors: Candelaria Margo A. , Tellerman Ken , Hutchison Heather , Silver Dana , Feigelman Susan , Endy Katherine , Afkinich Jenny , Wilms Floet Anna Maria
Published: June 2024

This feasibility study evaluated the developmental coaching TREE (Talk Read Engage Encourage) program for historically marginalized children ages 0 to 2 years, embedded within pediatric visits, examining if TREE could enhance caregiver-child interactions and increase pediatric resident report of competency and self-efficacy in coaching caregivers. Using a quasi-experimental design, a convenience sample (n = 167 families) was recruited (79 intervention; 88 control). Follow-up data were obtained from 45% of families (38 intervention; 38 control), impacted by COVID-19 attendance. Analyses demonstrated significant increases in self-reported Parent Verbal Responsivity ( d = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17 to 1.18; P = .009) by intervention group caregivers. Intervention pediatric residents reported significant increases in promoting positive caregiver-child interactions and confidence in conveying child development ( d = −.73; 95% CI = −1.21 to −0.22; P = .003). The TREE program is a promising practice that operationalizes promotion of relational health and positive early childhood experiences within pediatric primary care.
Beyond the Robot Tropes: Embracing Nuance and Context in the Adoption of Generative AI
Authors: Sylvia J. J. , Reeves Carol
Published: June 2024

This introductory article examines the evolving landscape of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools, contextualizing their impact through historical tropes of automation as both helper and threat. The authors argue that GAI tools are neither sentient helpers nor existential threats but complex systems that require careful integration into educational and research settings. The article underscores the importance of nuanced, evidence-based approaches, advocating for a balanced understanding of GAI's potential and limitations. It emphasizes ethical considerations and promotes reflective adoption over reactionary measures.
Modified Sistrunk Procedure in 391 Pediatric Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Cases: Clinical Analysis of Efficacy and Recurrence Risk
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Zhang Ge , Li Yanzhen , Zhang Xuexi , Liu Qiaoyin , Sun Nian , Liu Zhiyong , Hao Jinsheng , Chen Ziwei , Liu Yuwei , Zhang Jie , Wang Shengcai , Ni Xin
Published: June 2024

Objectives: The study aims to retrospectively summarize the clinical features of pediatric thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC), investigate the efficacy of the modified Sistrunk (mSis) procedure, and analyze the recurrence risks. Methods: The clinical data of 391 children with TGDC admitted to Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated Capital Medical University and Baoding Children’s Hospital from March 2012 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent cervical ultrasound for preoperative evaluation. Twenty cases had magnetic resonance imaging and 8 cases had computed tomography for further evaluation. All patients underwent the standard mSis procedure, and clinical manifestations information, surgical information, complications, and prognosis were analyzed. Results: Among the 391 TGDC cases, 118 (30.2%) had a history of recurrent neck infection and 36 (9.2%) had undergone previous neck cyst and fistula resection surgeries, initially diagnosed as neck cyst (22 cases), TGDC (12 cases), or branchial fistula (2 cases), with only 6 cases having undergone partial hyoid bone resection in the previous operation. During the 15 to 156 months of follow-up, 10 children experienced local wound infection, but no other complications were reported. The recurrence rate was 2.30%, and the recurrence time ranged from 0.5 to 34 (average, 7.2) months post surgery. In the Poisson regression model examining factors related to recurrence, the P values of the 3 factors were <.05: clearness of the lesion boundary, surgical history, and maximum diameter and the relative risk (RR) values corresponding to the 3 risk factors, such as Exp (B), were 27.918, 10.054, and 6.606, respectively. Conclusions: The mSis procedure demonstrated safety and efficacy with fewer complications and a low recurrence rate of 2.30% in the study. Furthermore, the indistinct lesion boundary, surgical history, and large lesion diameter (>2 cm) were independent risk factors for recurrence in pediatric TGDC.

Level of Evidence: IV
Keeping the Iron Cage from Closing: How clashes over shared principles elicit collective authoring
Authors: Pietinalho Lauri , Martela Frank
Published: June 2024

When less hierarchical organizations attempt to avoid positional authority and rely more on the authority of shared principles, they are challenged to balance a relative open-endedness and sufficient consensus of those principles. However, situations inevitably arise when assertions about the principles clash, disturbing the sense of collective sharing of principles and so triggering tendencies to make the principles more rigid or default to positional rule. This paper explores how internal collective dialogue unfolds in such situations in the central online channels of three mid-sized Nordic software consultancies aspiring for less hierarchical, principles-based organizing. Our research reveals the emergence of “collective authoring”—peripheral participation that reacts to the distress stirred by the clash. The collective responds with tension-mediating remarks and, most markedly, with a polyphony of inquiries and musings that are attentive to what is unfolding but not stubbornly fortified with either side of the clash. We discover how this collective dialogue comes to embed the initial clash with the iteratively maturing and saturating soundscape of deliberations, gradually invoking a tacit sense of the collective understanding of the issue on the channels. The dialogues persist until the most acute sense of distress over the sharing of principles seems to dissolve. We discuss how our findings, by illuminating the role of “the collective,” contribute to the extant conceptions of relational authority and less hierarchical organizing.
Perspectives on traditional and emerging mobility aids amongst Australians with inherited retinal disease
Authors: Jin Rui , Petoe Matthew A , McCarthy Chris D , McGinley Jennifer L , Ayton Lauren N
Published: June 2024

Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in advanced secondary mobility aids for people with low vision, such as sensory substitution devices (SSDs) and electronic travelling aids (ETAs). However, these new modalities have not been able to reach end-users in significant numbers. We conducted an online survey to investigate the current uptake of mobility aids, as well as perspectives on emerging technologies from people with inherited retinal disease (IRD). The cross-sectional survey received 74 complete responses from Australians that self-reported as legally blind from IRD. Approximately half (57%) of respondents were aged over 55 years, with the cohort exhibiting above average education levels (with half holding a bachelor’s degree or above). Long canes (54%) are currently the most used primary mobility aids in this cohort. However, around half of the respondents have used ETAs or SSDs (51 %) for additional help. Respondents reported that their choice of mobility aid was often based on whether they were in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Most respondents showed interest in SSDs, but were concerned about usability and aesthetics. This cohort of people living with IRD in Australia was interested in advanced technologies and showed willingness to try novel mobility aids if the device was easy to use and the quality of training was guaranteed. Respondents indicated a preference for devices which were portable, and had a minimally intrusive form-factor. Our results can inform the research and development of emerging assistive devices. They serve as valuable guidance for selecting aids tailored to the needs of individuals with visual impairments. Future assessments on the effectiveness of low vision aids should include not only the functional improvement, but also participant-reported assessments regarding usability and portability, as these aspects dictate integration of the device into regular use.
Policing the spread of COVID-19 and the struggle for sustainable livelihood among informal workers in Nigeria
Authors: Lenshie Nsemba Edward , Miapyen Buhari Shehu , Otu Otu Akanu , Idris Aminu , Ugwueze Michael I
Published: June 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the subject of numerous scholarly discussions. However, scholars have yet to pay more attention to the link between its official containment measures and the struggle of informal workers for sustainable livelihoods in Nigeria. This study argues that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown policing was one aspect of the state-society encounter that had a deleterious effect on the economic security of vulnerable populations. The research employs the thesis of neoliberalism and a qualitative-dominant mixed methods approach to explore this state-society encounter during the pandemic. It concludes that a subtle and humane approach to policing in emergencies presents a more civil engagement in policy enforcement that would foster happier encounters between security forces and the general public.
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is associated with prefrontal–striatal functional hypoconnectivity and striatal dopaminergic abnormalities
Authors: Yang Kai-Chun , Yang Bang-Hung , Liu Mu-N , Liou Ying-Jay , Chou Yuan-Hwa
Published: June 2024

Background:

A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is imperative, as it causes poor functional outcomes and a lack of effective treatments.

Aims:

This study aimed to investigate the relationships of two proposed main pathophysiology of schizophrenia, altered prefrontal–striatal connectivity and the dopamine system, with cognitive impairment and their interactions.

Methods:

Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls (HCs) who are right-handed and matched for age and sex were recruited. We evaluated their cognition, functional connectivity (FC) between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)/middle frontal gyrus (MiFG) and striatum, and the availability of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) using a cognitive battery investigating attention, memory, and executive function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with group independent component analysis and single-photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-TRODAT.

Results:

Patients with schizophrenia exhibited poorer cognitive performance, reduced FC between DLPFC/MiFG and the caudate nucleus (CN) or putamen, decreased DAT availability in the left CN, and decreased right–left DAT asymmetry in the CN compared to HCs. In patients with schizophrenia, altered imaging markers are associated with cognitive impairments, especially the relationship between DLPFC/MiFG–putamen FC and attention and between DAT asymmetry in the CN and executive function.

Conclusions:

This study is the first to demonstrate how prefrontal–striatal hypoconnectivity and altered striatal DAT markers are associated with different domains of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. More research is needed to evaluate their complex relationships and potential therapeutic implications.
Agomelatine promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and preserves white matter integrity after cerebral ischemic stroke
Authors: Wang Shisi , Li Chunyi , Kang Xinmei , Su Xiaotao , Liu Yuxin , Wang Yuge , Liu Sanxin , Deng Xiaohui , Huang Huipeng , Li Tiemei , Lu Danli , Cai Wei , Lu Zhengqi , Wei Lei , Lu Tingting
Published: June 2024

White matter injury contributes to neurological disorders after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The repair of white matter injury is dependent on the re-myelination by oligodendrocytes. Both melatonin and serotonin antagonist have been proved to protect against post-stroke white matter injury. Agomelatine (AGM) is a multi-functional treatment which is both a melatonin receptor agonist and selective serotonin receptor antagonist. Whether AGM protects against white matter injury after stroke and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of AGM in stroke mice. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions, white matter integrity, oligodendroglial regeneration and re-myelination in stroke hemisphere after AGM treatment were analyzed. We found that AGM efficiently preserved white matter integrity, reduced brain tissue loss, attenuated long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits in tMCAO models. AGM treatment promoted OPC differentiation and enhanced re-myelination both in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, although OPC proliferation was unaffected. Mechanistically, AGM activated low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling thus promoted OPC differentiation and re-myelination after stroke. Inhibition of PPARγ or knock-down of LRP1 in OPCs reversed the beneficial effects of AGM. Altogether, our data indicate that AGM represents a novel therapy against white matter injury after cerebral ischemia.
Clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus conventional ultrasound in biopsy of focal liver lesions
Authors: Lou Cheng , Li Yin-Xia , Tan Bi-bo , Tao Chen-Jie , Xu Cheng-chuan , Liao Ying-ying
Published: June 2024

Background

Focal liver lesions (FLLs) are a common form of liver disease, and identifying accurate pathological types is required to guide treatment and evaluate prognosis.

Purpose

To compare and analyze the application effect of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and conventional ultrasound (US) in the clinical diagnosis of focal liver lesions.

Material and Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 682 patients with space-occupying liver lesions admitted to our hospital between December 2015 and August 2021. Of these, 280 underwent CEUS-guided biopsies and 402 underwent conventional US biopsies, with the results of each biopsy subsequently compared between the two groups. The success rate and accuracy of the biopsies and their relationship with different pathological features were also analyzed.

Results

The success rate, sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the CEUS group were significantly higher than those of the US group ( P < 0.05). Lesion size accuracy in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the US group (89.29% vs. 40.55%; P < 0.05). Lesion type accuracy in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the US group (86.49% vs. 43.59%), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis indicated that malignant lesions, lesions ≥5 cm, and lesions ≤1 cm were independent factors affecting the success rate of the puncture procedure ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of lesion size and type in the CEUS group were higher than those in the US group.
AngioJet thrombectomy in the treatment of pulmonary embolism complicated with left subclavian artery embolism: a case report
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Li Yang , Zheng Guangfeng , Li Chuanyong , Pan Zhichang , Shi Shuming , Rong Jianjie
Published: June 2024

Coexistence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and arterial thrombosis in a single patient is rare. Management of such cases is challenging because there is no unified standard on how to treat this type of disease. We herein report a case involving a 73-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital because of a 2-day history of chest tightness. Pulmonary computed tomography angiography revealed a filling defect of the main pulmonary artery and bilateral branches as well as a left subclavian artery embolism. AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was used to treat the PE, and this was combined with left brachial artery incision and thrombectomy for treatment of the left subclavian artery embolism. The patient recovered well after the operation. The prognosis was good after 9 months of regular follow-up. AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy combined with left brachial artery incision thrombectomy may be a feasible treatment option for cases of PE combined with left subclavian artery embolism.
Accuracy of 3D Printing in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Rajagopalan Anjana , Verma Sanjeev , Kumar Vinay , Verma Raj Kumar , Singh Satinder Pal
Published: June 2024

Objective

To assess and compare the accuracy of 3D-printed digital models, orthognathic surgical splints, retainers or aligners, and implant surgical guides printed using various 3D printing technologies.

Methods

The search comprised prospective and retrospective studies related to the accuracy of 3D-printed models, splints, implant surgical guides, and retainers/aligners in patients undergoing orthodontic and orthognathic surgical procedures. The outcomes were assessed in terms of linear measurements, degree of fit, and positional deviations in comparison to conventional plaster models and surgical acrylic splints. The methodologic quality of the articles and the level of evidence were assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the accuracy of models printed by different technologies to plaster models using the random-effects model.

Results

Twenty-one retrospective studies were included. Quality assessment of all included articles showed moderate risk of bias and no article was excluded. The systematic review showed that there were no significant differences between printed surgical splints, retainers/aligners compared, and the control group. Meta-analysis of six eligible studies showed that printed models had a general trend toward overestimation of linear measurements (mean difference = 0.22 mm; 95% confidence interval = – 0.09 to 0.36 mm, I2 = 85%). Measurements made on digital light processing-printed models were significantly different than those made on plaster models.

Conclusion

The mean difference of 0.22 mm in linear measurements made on 3D-printed models and plaster models was clinically acceptable. Among the various printing technologies, PolyJet and fused deposition modeling-printed models showed higher accuracy. The printed splints and retainers/aligners were as accurate and reliable as their respective gold standards. The findings should be interpreted with caution due to high level of heterogeneity. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42020175511
Formation mechanism of large-sized CaO-SiO2-CaF2-Al2O3-MgO composite inclusions in super 304H stainless steel rods
Authors: Qiao Tong , Zhang Yanling , Cheng Guoguang , Dai Weixing , Wang Qiming , Yang Hui , Chen Genbao
Published: June 2024

Employing silicon deoxidation in the production of Super 304H stainless steel, large-sized CaO-SiO2-CaF2-Al2O3-MgO (CSFAM) composite inclusions are frequently observed in the rods, posing a substantial threat to product quality. This study delves into an analysis of the constituent phases of these large-sized inclusions, identifying the coexistence of liquid phase and spinel phase. Leveraging industrial experiments, systematic sampling of Super 304H stainless steel, and a comprehensive analysis involving dynamic and thermodynamic calculations, this study investigates the formation mechanism underlying such inclusions. The composition of inclusions in the sample before AOD tapping mirrors that of the slag, with high CaF2 content, indicating that they come from slag entrapment. Through kinetic calculations, it is indicated that the time of existence of the liquid film during the ascent of these inclusions is significantly longer than the collision time. This suggests that they are not easily removed and tend to persist in the steel. Despite LF refining, the predominant types of inclusions remain unchanged, and the decrease in temperature leads to the precipitation of solid-phase MgO within the inclusions. Solubility calculations for solid-phase MgO show a rising trend with temperature. Post-casting, MgO and Al2O3 content in inclusions increase, the solid-phase MgO region disappears, and in the subsequent cooling process, inclusions precipitate the stable spinel phase (MgAl2O4). Solubility calculations for solid-phase MgAl2O4 show a temperature-dependent increase. After the completion of casting, the steel ingot undergoes a deformation process through rolling, leading to the transformation of inclusions into large-sized, elongated, composite CSFAM inclusions.
Abatement of CO2 emissions by lowering hot metal ratio (HMR) in basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Park Joo Hyun
Published: June 2024

One of the most effective ways to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the oxygen steelmaking process is to lower the hot metal ratio (HMR) in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). However, if the HMR is lowered, the amount of oxygen blowing during decarburisation in the BOF converter increases due to a lack of heat source. This reduces the cleanliness of the molten steel because the end point oxygen content in the molten steel increases. Hence, we sought to ensure the molten steel quality even at a decreased HMR of about 10%p compared to the current level to reduce carbon emissions in BOF steelmaking. An appropriate amount of silicon in hot metal was suggested to maintain the lowered HMR. In addition, a process optimisation for solving dephosphorisation as well as tramp elements problem was proposed even if the scrap charge increased. As a result, CO2 emissions from steel mills decreased from 2.20 t-CO2/t-steel to 2.06 t-CO2/t-steel.
Safety First! Residential Group Climate and Antisocial Behavior: A Multilevel Meta-analysis
Authors: E. M. A Eltink , J. J Roest , G. H. P Van der Helm , E. J. E Heynen , C. H. Z Kuiper , K. S Nijhof , S Vandevelde , J. D Leipoldt , G. J. J. M Stams , E Knorth , A.T Harder , M Assink
Published: June 2024

A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis was performed (28 studies and 313 effect sizes) on the relation between residential group climate (i.e., safety, atmosphere, repression, support, growth, structure) and antisocial behavior, including aggression and criminal recidivism. A systematic search was conducted in PsychINFO, ERIC, and OVID Medline up to February 2023. Results showed a small but significant association ( r = .20) between residential group climate and antisocial behavior, equivalent to a 23% reduction of antisocial behavior in all clients receiving care in a residential facility with a therapeutic group climate. Moderator analyses showed that experienced safety was more strongly related to antisocial behavior ( r = .30) than the other dimensions of group climate (.17 <  r < .20), while the effect size was somewhat larger for adults ( r = .24) than for youth ( r = .15). We conclude that residential facilities should consider safety as a priority and should involve clients in a positive process of change through the development of a therapeutic environment and delivery of evidence-based treatment, addressing their needs from the perspective of rehabilitation.
Designing an Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Service for Transit Last-Mile Access
Authors: Aalipour Ali , Khani Alireza
Published: June 2024

Public transportation has the potential to provide a safe, convenient, affordable, and eco-friendly mobility service. However, because of its fixed routes and limited network coverage, it is sometimes difficult or impossible for passengers to walk from a transit stop to their destination. This inaccessibility problem is also known as the “transit last-mile connectivity problem.” Such a lack of connectivity can force travelers to drive, consequently increasing vehicle ownership and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on the roads. The autonomous mobility-on-demand (AMoD) service, with characteristics such as quick fleet repositioning and demand responsiveness, has the potential to provide last-mile coverage where fixed-route transit can only provide limited coverage. This study aims to address the last-mile problem by developing an online demand-responsive AMoD service integrated with fixed-route transit. A linear time-delay dynamical system is proposed to model the AMoD system, and a model predictive control methodology is adopted to regulate the system around an equilibrium point with minimum vehicle rebalancing. To assess the impact of this new mobility service on travel demand, a simulation study is developed and integrated with a mode choice model capturing a combined transit-AMoD model. The experiment results reveal the potential to enhance transit efficiency, reduce VMT, and accommodate the increased transit demand while maintaining the quality of service.
Advancing Field Aging Simulation Methods for Cantabro Abrasion Loss Testing
Authors: Easterling Jonathan , Howard Isaac L. , Lewis Jessica V. , Sullivan W. Griffin
Published: June 2024

Over the past several years, the asphalt industry has progressively increased efforts to evaluate mixtures after laboratory conditioning for the purpose of simulating field aging, and has also increased reliance on mixture testing. AASHTO T 401-22 describes Cantabro Mass Loss testing and has an appendix of field aging simulation protocols that can be used to estimate field aging by making use of compacted specimens. T 401-22 is one of the few methods to contain both a field aging simulation protocol and a mixture property index test. This paper uses roughly 1,000 tested specimens from forty-nine mixes (mostly dense-graded asphalt with minor amounts of stone-matrix asphalt) evaluated for up to four years of field aging in a hot and non-freeze climate alongside twenty-five different laboratory conditioning protocols. This paper’s objective is to provide information to improve T 401-22 by way of recommendations to update the appendix of conditioning protocols with more comprehensive assessments of their effectiveness in simulating field aging in a hot, non-freeze climate. The overarching recommendation of this work culminates with four protocols. Two of these protocols use only oven conditioning, whereas the remaining two protocols use a combination of stages exposing specimens to oxidation in ovens, moisture effects in hot water baths, and freeze–thaw cycling. The time required to administer the recommended protocols varies from approximately 6 to 28 days and they simulate between 1 and 5 years of field aging depending on the protocol selected.
Elevated Lipid Metabolites in Stored Clinical OCA Media Correlate With Chondrocyte Death
Authors: Tabbaa Suzanne M. , Guilak Farshid , Lemmerman Luke R. , Glembotski Nicholas , D’Lima Darryl D. , Wang Tong , Bugbee William D.
Published: June 2024

Background:

A major limitation of osteochondral allografts (OCA) is the deterioration of cartilage health associated with cell death during prolonged storage. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to chondrocyte death during storage.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

This study aimed to determine whether bioactive lipid metabolites accumulate in the storage media of OCA and whether they are associated with a loss of chondrocyte viability during prolonged storage. It was hypothesized that free fatty acids (FFAs) would accumulate over time in the storage media of OCA and adversely affect cartilage health during storage.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A group of 21 (n = 6-8 OCA/treatment group) fresh human hemicondylar OCA tissues and media were analyzed after 7, 28, and 68 days of prolonged cold (4°C) storage. Targeted mass spectrometry analysis was used to quantify bioactive FFAs, as well as primary (lipid hydroperoxide [ROOH]) and secondary (malondialdehyde) lipid oxidation products. Chondrocyte viability was measured using a fluorescence-based live/dead assay and confocal microscopy.

Results:

The concentration of all targeted fatty acid metabolites in storage media was significantly increased with increased cold storage time ( P < .05). ROOH was significantly higher on day 28 of cold storage. No difference in secondary ROOH products in storage media was observed. Chondrocyte viability significantly declined in both the en face and the vertical cross-sectional analysis with increased cold storage time and inversely correlated with fatty acid metabolites ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

It is well established that elevated levels of certain FFAs and lipid oxidation products can alter cell function and cause cell death via lipotoxicity and other mechanisms. This work is the first to identify elevated levels of FFA metabolites and primary oxidation lipid products in the storage media from clinical OCA. The concentrations of FFA metabolites were measured at levels (>100 µM) known to induce cell death and were directly correlated with chondrocyte viability.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings provide important targets for understanding why cartilage health declines during cold storage, which can be used to optimize media formulations and improve graft health.
10-Year Survival and Clinical Improvement of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation in Early to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Romandini Iacopo , Grassi Alberto , Andrea Lucidi Gian , Filardo Giuseppe , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: June 2024

Background:

Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) is a viable option for patients experiencing unicompartmental knee pain after total or subtotal meniscectomy. Nonetheless, caution is recommended when suggesting this procedure in the presence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) because of the higher risk of poor survival and outcomes.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose was to document the long-term survival of MAT performed as a salvage procedure in patients with knee OA. The hypothesis was that MAT would significantly reduce pain and increase the function of the affected joint at a long-term follow-up compared with the preoperative condition, with a low number of failures and knee replacement surgeries.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 47 patients (37 men and 10 women) with symptomatic knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 or 3) treated with MAT were evaluated at baseline, 5 years, and a minimum 10-year final follow-up (11.1 ± 1 years) using the Lysholm score, the visual analog scale for pain, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales, and the Tegner score. A total of 44 patients had undergone previous surgeries. Patient satisfaction, revision surgeries, and failures were also recorded.

Results:

A statistically significant improvement was observed in all clinical scores from the baseline assessment to the final follow-up. The Lysholm score improved significantly from 46.4 ± 17.2 at the preoperative assessment to 77.7 ± 20.4 at the intermediate follow-up ( P < .001), with a significant decrease at the final follow-up (71 ± 23.3; P = .018). A similar trend was reported for the visual analog scale scale for pain, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Tegner score, with no complete recovery to the previous sports activity level. A total of 33 patients required concurrent procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, osteotomies, and cartilage procedures. Five patients underwent reoperation and were considered surgical failures, while 15 patients presented a clinical condition of <65 of the Lysholm score and were considered clinical failures. Among these, 4 patients were considered both surgical and clinical failures.

Conclusion:

MAT surgery has proven to be a valid option for improving pain and function even in OA joints (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 or 3), yielding satisfactory results despite a worsening clinical outcome in the long-term follow-up. Therefore, based on the data from this study, orthopaedic surgeons may consider recommending MAT as a salvage procedure even in knees affected by early to moderate OA, while advising patients that the need for combined interventions could potentially reduce graft survival.
Left ventricular unloading via percutaneous assist device during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest
Authors: Kieserman Jake M , Kuznetsov Ivan A , Park Joseph , Schurr James W , Toubat Omar , Olia Salim , Bermudez Christian , Cevasco Marisa , Wald Joyce
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

A feared complication of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is cardiac arrest (CA). Even if return of spontaneous circulation is achieved, cardiogenic shock (CS) is common. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) supports patients with CS and is often used in conjunction with an Impella device (2.5 and CP) to off-load the left ventricle, although limited evidence supports this approach.

Methods:

The goal of this study was to determine whether a mortality difference was observed in VA-ECMO alone versus VA-ECMO with Impella (ECPELLA) in patients with CS from AMI and CA. A retrospective chart review of 50 patients with AMI-CS and CA and were supported with VA-ECMO ( n = 34) or ECPELLA ( n = 16) was performed. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 6-months from VA-ECMO or Impella implantation. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and complication rates between both cohorts and intensive care unit data.

Results:

Baseline characteristics were similar, except patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were more likely to be in the VA-ECMO group ( p = 0.044). The ECPELLA cohort had significantly worse survival after VA-ECMO (SAVE) score ( p = 0.032). Six-month all-cause mortality was not significantly different between the cohorts, even when adjusting for SAVE score. Secondary outcomes were notable for an increased rate of minor complications without an increased rate of major complications in the ECPELLA group.

Conclusions:

Randomized trials are needed to determine if a mortality difference exists between VA-ECMO and ECPELLA platforms in patients with AMI complicated by CA and CS.
How Remote Working and Placelessness Affect Future Planning for Innovation Districts: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Mozaffarian Ladan , Zandiatashbar Ahoura , Reyes-Sanchez Ariadna
Published: June 2024

Urban areas that foster economic growth through innovation are receiving more attention lately. Consequently, Innovation Districts (IDs), as place-based strategies for economic development, have become a crucial intervention in urban planning and land-use policy. The literature highlights the typology of IDs and the built environment attributes that shape them. However, there needs to be more understanding of the role of the built environment amid growing remote working and placelessness. Thus, this research conducts a systematic literature review to investigate how the future planning for Innovation Districts will be influenced and how it can tackle the challenge of rising placelessness.
News/Discussion Values and Interactivity in Corporate Social Responsibility Communication via Social Media
Authors: Lew Zijian , Stohl Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Social media have great potential to facilitate corporate social responsibility (CSR) dialogue between companies and their stakeholders, but two fundamental issues remain: how to encourage greater participation/dialogue and how to avoid the development of echo chambers, whereby participants merely reinforce their previously held views, potentially increasing the polarization of stakeholders. The problem of participation is grounded in people’s reluctance to comment on social media, and concerns with echo chambers arise when social media comments merely reinforce company statements. This research hypothesized that people’s willingness to comment increases when company replies are perceived to be contingent on past comments and when there is uncertainty, rather than negativity, in the comments. Results supported only the latter. Additionally, the study investigated the valence of comments and responses, exploring whether valenced comments engender potentially opinion-reinforcing echo chambers. Results showed that uncertainty tended to foster more interaction and questions, and that negativity inspired more negative comments.
A ‘Romantic Public Tragedy’? COVID Pandemic and the Changes of Governance in Poland
Authors: Cichecka Anna , Karolak Mateusz , Ufel Wojciech
Published: June 2024

The impact of pandemic governance on state regimes is a topic of lively debate. While some researchers suggest that governments may use a ‘state of exception’ to consolidate their power and introduce new methods of control, others see it as an opportunity for new civil society initiatives and social innovation. In this paper, we examine both the actions and discourses of the Polish government and its associated actors and the independent bottom-up responses of Polish society and how these were incorporated or rejected by the government. Our primary focus is on public health governance, including quarantine policies, the management of scarce personal protective equipment, related narratives and societal responses. This study is based primarily on desk research, analysis of key legislation and regulations tailored to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and analysis of social media (X/Twitter) discourse related to COVID-19. Our research reveals a crisis not only of governance but primarily of the neoliberal capitalist state. We conclude that governance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland showed uneven patterns.
Inhabiting the Kingdom: Theologies of Nonviolence in the Catholic Worker Movement
Authors: Blackman Anna
Published: June 2024

This article considers understandings of nonviolence within the Catholic Worker movement and their embodiment. The aim is to make the Worker's position theologically understandable, demonstrating how this drives their methods for action. The article argues that a particular ethic of nonviolence can be found within the movement, grounded within the aims of its founders and the current practices of the movement today, drawing on the example of the Jubilee Ploughshares 2000 from which the London Catholic Worker was founded to illustrate this. By exploring the movement's theological foundations for the practice of grassroots, active nonviolence, it will seek to present an important example of Catholic nonviolent practice questioning how this may challenge contemporary Catholic thinking on war and peace.
Numerical two-dimensional optimization of a cylindrical fuselage for bioinspired unmanned aerial vehicle based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II
Authors: Dewangan Bhushan , Roy Haraprasad
Published: June 2024

To achieve an aerodynamically efficient design of fuselage for bioinspired unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the development of a systematic method is of paramount need. This work presents a multiobjective optimization study for shape parameterization of a 2D fuselage of foldable flapping wing UAV in low Reynolds number (2e05) flight conditions. The novelty of the research work lies in integrating S1223 airfoil characteristics for predicting the efficient shape design of the fuselage. This paper offers four sections; (i) the validation of the ANSYS Fluent model with experiment, (ii) the exploration of design variables using Design of Experiment (Sparse Grid Initialization), (iii) the implementation of response surface method (Genetic Aggregation) to know about dimensional sensitivity among independent and dependent variables and (iv) the application of multiobjective optimization method i.e. NSGA II to optimize the drag and lift coefficient. To identify the superiority, a comparative study between the original and optimized fuselage is presented considering many parameters like pressure contours, velocity contours, pressure coefficients, and streamlines representations. It is evident from various results that the 2D optimum shape significantly minimizes the drag coefficient and increases the lift coefficient. This work also makes room for 3D shape optimization, which helps in prototype fabrication for real-time flight conditions.
Middle and Late Holocene paleolimnological changes in central Lake Tanganyika: Integrated evidence from the Kavala Island Ridge (Tanzania)
Authors: Domingos-Luz Leandro , Soreghan Michael J , Rasbold Giliane G , Ellis Geoffrey S , Birdwell Justin E , Kimirei Ishmael A , Scholz Christopher A , McGlue Michael M
Published: June 2024

Middle and Late Holocene sediments have not been extensively sampled in Lake Tanganyika, and much remains unknown about the response of the Rift Valley’s largest lake to major environmental shifts during the Holocene, including the termination of the African Humid Period (AHP). Here, we present an integrated study (sedimentology, mineralogy, and geochemistry) of a radiocarbon-dated sediment core from the Kavala Island Ridge (KIR) that reveals paleoenvironmental variability in Lake Tanganyika since the Middle Holocene with decadal to centennial resolution. Massive blue-gray sandy silts represent sediments deposited during the terminal AHP (~5880–4640 cal yr BP), with detrital particle size, carbon concentrations, light stable isotopes, and mineralogy suggesting an influx of river-borne soil organic matter and weathered clay minerals to the lake at that time. Enhanced by the AHP’s warm and wet conditions, chemical weathering and erosion of Lake Tanganyika’s watershed appears to have promoted considerable nutrient recharge to the lake system. Following a relatively gradual termination of the AHP over the period from ~4640 cal yr BP to ~3680 cal yr BP, laminated and organic carbon-rich sediments began accumulating on the KIR. δ15Nbulk, C/N, and hydrogen index data suggest high relative primary production from a mix of algae and cyanobacteria, most likely in response to nutrient availability in the water column under a cooler and seasonally dry climate from ~3680 to 1100 cal yr BP. Sediments deposited during the Common Era show considerable variability in magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon content, carbon isotopes, and C/N, consistent with dynamic hydroclimate conditions that affected the depositional patterns, including substantial changes around the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age. Data from this study highlight the importance of sedimentary records to constrain boundary conditions in hydroclimate and nutrient flux that can inform long-term ecosystem response in Lake Tanganyika.