bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pentecostalisms in Nicaragua: General Aspects of their Foundations, Growth and Social Participation
Authors: Real Carlos Sediles
Published: October 2007

This article approaches the topic of Pentecostal movements in Nicaragua, taking into account their origin, establishment and development in the country. Deep questions are posited that allow to widen the discussion on some controversial aspects with regard to Pentecostalism, such as their numeric growth in a relatively short time; their most important theological foundations that have brought many to characterize them as a fundamentalist movement; and their recent participation in the political life of the country. These and other elements are open to a discussion to be developed in a wider and more systematic investigation.
A Statistical Model to Forecast Short-Term Atlantic Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Law Kevin T. , Hobgood Jay S.
Published: October 2007

An alternative 24-h statistical hurricane intensity model is presented and verified for 13 hurricanes during the 2004–05 seasons. The model uses a new method involving a discriminant function analysis (DFA) to select from a collection of multiple regression equations. These equations were developed to predict the future 24-h wind speed increase and the 24-h pressure drop that were constructed from a dataset of 103 hurricanes from 1988 to 2003 that utilized 25 predictors of rapid intensification. The accuracy of the 24-h wind speed increase models was tested and compared with the official National Hurricane Center (NHC) 24-h intensity forecasts, which are currently more accurate on average than other 24-h intensity models. Individual performances are shown for Hurricanes Charley (2004) and Katrina (2005) along with a summary of all 13 hurricanes in the study. The average error for the 24-h wind speed increase models was 11.83 kt (1 kt = 0.5144 m s−1) for the DFA-selected models and 12.53 kt for the official NHC forecast. When the DFA used the correctly selected model (CSM) for the same cases, the average error was 8.47 kt. For the 24-h pressure reduction models, the average error was 7.33 hPa for the DFA-selected models, and 5.85 hPa for the CSM. This shows that the DFA performed well against the NHC, but improvements can still be made to make the accuracy even better.
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Dissipative Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Jin Yi , Thompson William T. , Wang Shouping , Liou Chi-Sann
Published: October 2007

The impact of dissipative heating on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts is investigated using the U.S. Navy’s operational mesoscale model (the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). A physically consistent method of including dissipative heating is developed based on turbulent kinetic energy dissipation to ensure energy conservation. Mean absolute forecast errors of track and surface maximum winds are calculated for eighteen 48-h simulations of 10 selected TC cases over both the Atlantic basin and the northwest Pacific. Simulation results suggest that the inclusion of dissipative heating improves surface maximum wind forecasts by 10%–20% at 15-km resolution, while it has little impact on the track forecasts. The resultant improvement from the inclusion of the dissipative heating increases to 29% for the surface maximum winds at 5-km resolution for Hurricane Isabel (2003), where dissipative heating produces an unstable layer at low levels and warms a deep layer of the troposphere. While previous studies depicted a 65 m s−1 threshold for the dissipative heating to impact the TC intensity, it is found that dissipative heating has an effect on the TC intensity when the TC is of moderate strength with the surface maximum wind speed at 45 m s−1. Sensitivity tests reveal that there is significant nonlinear interaction between the dissipative heating from the surface friction and that from the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the interior atmosphere. A conceptualized description is given for the positive feedback mechanism between the two processes. The results presented here suggest that it is necessary to include both processes in a mesoscale model to better forecast the TC structure and intensity.
Use of a Rain Gauge Network to Infer the Influence of Environmental Factors on the Propagation of Quasi-Linear Convective Systems in West Africa
Authors: Schrage Jon M. , Fink Andreas H.
Published: October 2007

The West African squall line is a key quasi-linear storm system that brings much of the precipitation observed in the data-poor Sudanian climate zone. Squall lines propagate at a wide range of speeds and headings, but the lack of operational radar stations in the region makes quantifying the propagation of the squall lines difficult. A new method of estimating the propagation rate and heading for squall lines is proposed. Based on measurements of the time of onset of precipitation (OOP) at a network of rain gauge stations, an estimate of the propagation characteristics of the squall line can be inferred. By combining estimates of propagation rate with upper-air observations gathered at a nearby radiosonde station, the impact of various environmental factors on the propagation characteristics of West African squall lines is inferred. Results suggest that the propagation speed for West African squall lines is related to the conditions at midtropospheric levels, where dry air and an enhanced easterly flow favor faster propagation. Northerly anomalies at these levels are also associated with faster propagation. When applied to West African squall lines, the correlations between these environmental factors and the speed of propagation are significantly higher than those of methods developed for mesoscale convective systems in other parts of the world.
Discrimination of Mesoscale Convective System Environments Using Sounding Observations
Authors: Cohen Ariel E. , Coniglio Michael C. , Corfidi Stephen F. , Corfidi Sarah J.
Published: October 2007

The prediction of the strength of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a major concern to operational meteorologists and the public. To address this forecast problem, this study examines meteorological variables derived from sounding observations taken in the environment of quasi-linear MCSs. A set of 186 soundings that sampled the beginning and mature stages of the MCSs are categorized by their production of severe surface winds into weak, severe, and derecho-producing MCSs. Differences in the variables among these three MCS categories are identified and discussed. Mean low- to upper-level wind speeds and deep-layer vertical wind shear, especially the component perpendicular to the convective line, are excellent discriminators among all three categories. Low-level inflow relative to the system is found to be an excellent discriminator, largely because of the strong relationship of system severity to system speed. Examination of the mean wind and shear vectors relative to MCS motion suggests that cell propagation along the direction of cell advection is a trait that separates severe, long-lived MCSs from the slower-moving, nonsevere variety and that this is favored when both the deep-layer shear vector and the mean deep-layer wind are large and nearly parallel. Midlevel environmental lapse rates are found to be very good discriminators among all three MCS categories, while vertical differences in equivalent potential temperature and CAPE only discriminate well between weak and severe/derecho MCS environments. Knowledge of these variables and their distribution among the different categories of MCS intensity can be used to improve forecasts and convective watches for organized convective wind events.
Problems of Collaboration between Social Scientists and the Practicing Professions
Authors: Cottrell Leonard S. , Sheldon Eleanor Bernert
Published: October 2007

Examination of the experience of Russell Sage Foundation in seeking to develop more effective working rela tions between the social sciences and the practicing professions reveals obstacles to efficient communication and collaboration between these fields. Problems in this area can be classified as (1) those occasioned by subcultural differences in values, goals, ideologies, language, and technologies characterizing the dif ferent professions and disciplines; (2) those deriving from the nature of the setting in which the social scientist is placed and his position and status in that setting; (3) those of role am biguity and incongruence in mutual expectations. Dealing with problems of interprofessional relations in these terms rather than in the usual terms of personality clashes and grievances appears more productive of effective resolution. Kinds of activities effective in surmounting barriers to efficient collaboration are: (1) developing optimal initial orientation and level of expectation; (2) maximizing mutual assimilation of professional subcultural values, ideologies, technologies, and language; (3) securing an appropriate structural position in the institutional setting for the social scientist; (4) clarifica tion of the roles of the parties to the undertakings; (5) increasing the interpersonal skills of the participants.
The Peace Corps in Our Past
Authors: Wetzel Charles J.
Published: October 2007

America is a land of habits, attitudes, or re sponses, whether one wishes to call them traditions or not. Many of these have been agents preparing the way for the ap pearance of the Peace Corps. The concept of an American world mission, first associated with Protestantism but broad ened to include world peace and the dissemination of our tools of economic success, certainly falls into this category. An interest in the fate of common men everywhere, expressed through numerous privately financed American relief and de velopment projects overseas, is another instance of an attitude which has been extended by the Peace Corps. John F. Ken nedy's 1960 campaign proposal came after a decade of dis cussion and lobbying on behalf of an official "people-to-people" program involving volunteer technicians. The Peace Corps is a product of American anti-Communist foreign policy. But more than that, it is an expression of ongoing American opti misms in the fate of man. Whether Americans, who have not yet succeeded in making their own land a model of brotherly harmony and general prosperity, can succeed in their global enterprise, remains to be seen.
The Peace Corps and the Private Sector: The Failure of a Partnership
Authors: Scott Thomas D.
Published: October 2007

The Peace Corps began with the publicly an nounced intention to have an appreciable portion of its activities carried out in partnership with private institutions and organ izations. However, the speed and effectiveness with which the Washington headquarters developed and the character of its staff made it at first difficult and ultimately unnecessary for the Peace Corps to rely on any great amount of outside assistance. Many of the resources that might have been used were lost to the Peace Corps with the decision to exclude religious organi zations and with the failure of the universities to step into the gap. Private institutions began by managing Peace Corps projects almost in their entirety. But the growth of the Peace Corps headquarters, bureaucratic resistance, and the weaknesses of many of the private agencies themselves grad ually eroded this role to the point where most agencies simply provided professional guidance to some of the Volunteers. The Peace Corps can still use them, however, to help provide needed guidance in project planning, in experimental recruiting pro grams, and in overseas administration. It is still important to bring in new and fresh ideas and to rebuild the public support for the Peace Corps provided by these agencies.
Community-Based Correctional Treatment: Rationale and Problems
Authors: Nelson Elmer K.
Published: October 2007

A major theme in the recommendations of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administra tion of Justice (hereinafter referred to as the National Crime Commission) was that the nation's correctional services should place a much greater emphasis upon community-based treatment of offenders. It was asserted that the line between institutional and community treatment should be blurred by releasing offenders on work furloughs and educational levels and by developing halfway facilities designed to allow for resumption of community responsibilities in a gradual and closely supervised fashion. Probation and parole should be greatly increased and strengthened, according to the Commis sion. The findings upon which these recommendations were based concerned both the gross inadequacy of the present cor rectional system and the promising results of recent experi ments in expanded and intensified community treatment. In moving toward the increased use of community treatment, many problems must be overcome, including a lack of research information on the effectiveness of particular techniques; re sistance to needed changes on the part of traditionalist staff and organizational systems; the difficulty of creating new and noncriminal identities for ex-offenders; and the problem of drawing community institutions into the task. The national attention which has been focused upon the needs of the cor rectional field has created an unprecedented opportunity to bring new resources and methods to the solution of these problems.
Systems Analysis and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Blumstein Alfred
Published: October 2007

The Science and Technology Task Force of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administra tion of Justice (hereinafter referred to as the National Crime Commission), as one of its forward-reaching endeavors, exam ined how science and technology might contribute to the control of crime and to the operations of the criminal justice system. This paper reports on some studies concerning the potential role of systems analysis. Alternative technological investments by police departments are compared with a model of the apprehension process. Bottlenecks in moving cases through a court are identified through the use of a computer simulation of the court. A model of the total criminal justice system raises basic questions about the escalation of serious ness of crimes in criminal careers. Analyses of data on arrest trends show that about half of the young boys in the United States will be arrested at some time in their lives. These illustrative studies show considerable potential for more wide spread application of systems analysis throughout the criminal justice system.
Health Challenges of the Future
Authors: Ehrlich George E.
Published: October 2007

Health challenges of the future include: scientific advances and their social consequences, delivery of medical ser vices to all mankind and achievement of technical solutions to concrete problems. Social control of medicine-codified in the remote past—became less necessary in recent times. In many parts of the world, it is being reapplied in the delivery of health care and will be applied even more as scientific advances of awesome proportions raise ethical questions. There will be occasional conflicts between possible legal solutions and tradi tional duties of the physician. Potential conflicts exist in the application of eugenic programs, genetic alterations, popu lation control and ecological influences on life and death. New methods of health care delivery actually may require fewer, rather than more, physicians. Albeit relatively ne glected at the present time, the crippling diseases present more of a problem than do the increasingly controlled killer diseases. Solutions to all these problems should include the contributions of physicians; by virtue of their training, they are able to weigh alternatives more objectively than anyone trained in pure, natural or social sciences.
Progress and Prosecution
Authors: Kress Jack M.
Published: October 2007

Possessing awesome and almost unlimited discretionary powers, the district attorney is the most important figure in America's modern system of criminal justice administration. These powers stem primarily from the unique fact that the public prosecutor exists in a system which was initially premised on a common law concept of private prosecution. The discretion involved in charging and plea-bargaining decisions exemplifies the power granted a civil law official to administer a common law jurisprudence. The value of a return to private prosecution as a control upon unfettered prosecutorial discretion is explored, as well as the suggestion of increased internal guidelines for the exercise of the prosecution function.
Monetary Policy Instrumentation and the Relationship of Central Banks and Governments
Authors: Woolley John T.
Published: October 2007

Despite the importance of monetary policy in economic management and the substantial stakes involved in monetary policy decisions, political scientists have almost entirely ignored important political questions involving both monetary policy and central banks. This article organizes in formation about central banks, the institutional focus of much of monetary policy, and central bankers. Two dimensions of monetary policy instrumentation, complexity and concentra tion, are defined and related to differences in the relations of central banks to governments and interest groups.
Macro Theoretical Approaches to Public Policy Analysis: The Fiscal Crisis of American Cities
Authors: Teune Henry
Published: October 2007

Most empirical research on the consequences of public policy follow a mirco, "historical," and incremental approach. Thus, the validity of the predictions have limited generality. A macro, theoretical, and structural approach is presented as an alternative. Such a reorientation to public policy analysis will not only provide understanding of the context of policy predictions, but also opportunities for test ing them both historically and comparatively. It would also bring together social science theory and policy research.

This approach is illustrated with three macro structural theories of the urban fiscal crisis in the U.S.—the conflict between political demand for welfare and capital for economic growth; the decline of the city as a political force in national politics of economic distribution; and the changing techno logical base of cities and their economic viability. Each of these theories provide for different interpretations and predic tions of policies that are likely to be effective in achieving collective goals.
Investigating Fourth Amendment Judicial Outcomes Across Contrasting Minority School Settings
Authors: Torres Mario S. , Callahan Jamie L.
Published: October 2007

This study explores the court system's treatment of students' Fourth Amendment rights in cases emerging from contrasting minority school settings and whether discrepancies exist in case outcomes between these extremes. From virtually every search and seizure case that occurred between the 1985 U.S. Supreme Court case in New Jersey v. T.L.O. and December 2003, data for each search and how it was administered were gathered and analyzed. Findings suggest discrepancies in the manner in which student searches are administratively justified and subsequently treated (e.g., school disciplinary infraction versus criminal violation) by school officials. Implications for leadership and the role of emotion in legal decision making are presented.
Characteristics of Adolescent Sierra Leonean Refugees in Public Schools in New York City
Authors: Davies Amy Z.
Published: October 2007

The tendency to view immigrant students as a monolithic group has masked the needs of specific groups of students. This study gives visibility to Sierra Leonean refugee students and indicates to policy makers, administrators, and teachers provisions that would facilitate the students' integration into the school system in the United States. The research questions are explored through interviews with teachers and students and observations at the school. The results indicate that a caring school environment is crucial for counteracting the traumatic effects of war, thus promoting learning, and that limited proficiency in English caused by interrupted schooling is the greatest barrier to integration.
Do Teachers Bully Students?
Authors: Whitted Kathryn S. , Dupper David R.
Published: October 2007

Students need a strong, positive relationship with caring adults in school. Although the vast majority of adults in authority interact respectfully with students, some adults physically and psychologically bully students. This article examines the extent to which 50 alternative education students reported being victimized by teachers or other adults during their school career. Of respondents, 86% reported at least one incident of adult physical maltreatment in school and 88% reported at least one incident of adult psychological maltreatment in school. Almost twice as many students reported that an adult, rather than a peer, was involved in their worst school experience (64.4%), with several students indicating that their worst school experience involved being physically mistreated by an adult; half reported being upset by the experience “a lot.” These findings indicate that students are being bullied by teachers to a surprising degree and in a wide range of destructive and harmful ways.
Institutional Pressures and Isomorphic Change
Authors: Carolan Brian V.
Published: October 2007

Many urban school districts have recently implemented sweeping reforms that alter the ways in which educational services are administered. The environment in which these reforms are embedded is increasingly and more directly tied to core political institutions and business elites. Hence, as this dependence has grown, districts have become more likely to reflect the rational myths regarding the structure promoted by these proximate political institutions and business elites. Using a subset of the educational field in New York City, this article explores the process through which conformity to these pressures results in organizations changing structural arrangements to become isomorphic with institutionally prescribed expectations emanating from proximate organizations.
Carl Rogers and the CIA
Authors: Demanchick Stephen P. , Kirschenbaum Howard
Published: October 2007

Carl Rogers was a pioneer and leader in the humanistic psychology movement. Although his many professional activities and accomplishments are well known, the story of his association with the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology—a front organization for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—is barely known and has never been explored in any depth. This article attempts to tell that story in the context of America during the 1950s, Rogers's academic career, and the mission of the CIA.
Employers' Associations Developments
Authors: De Vyver Frank T.
Published: October 2007

A Financial Review report dated December 20, 1971, gave some indication of a coming change in the relations among the employer associations in Australia. According to this report, "In a move presaging tighter employer links on the industrial scene, the Associated Chambers of Manufactures and the Australian Council of Employers' Federations this week will merge their industrial departments." 1

Perhaps because neither of these organizations has been registered under the arbitration system there appears to have been little of the outcry against consolidation that greeted the announcement that three large metal trades unions were combining. Or perhaps the calmness with which the report was apparently greeted is because individual employers have shown a tendency to put self-interest first, thus announcements of co-operation may be followed by less "matiness" than found among trade union members.
Cost-benefit analysis of psychological therapy
Authors: Layard R. , Clark D. , Knapp M. , Mayraz G.
Published: October 2007

At present six million people are suffering from clinical depression or anxiety disorders, but only a quarter of them are in treatment. NICE Guidelines prescribe the offer of evidence-based psychological therapy, but they are not implemented, due to lack of therapists within the NHS. We therefore estimate the economic costs and benefits of providing psychological therapy to people not now in treatment. The cost to the governement would be fully covered by the savings in incapacity benefits and extra taxes that result from more people being able to work. On our estimates, the cost could be recovered within two years - and certainly within five. And the benefits to the whole economy are greater still. This is not because we expect the extra therapy to be targeted especially at people with problems about work. It is because the cost of the therapy is so small (£750 in total), the recovery rates are so high (50 per cent) and the cost of a person on IB is so large (£750 per month). These findings strongly reinforce the humanitatian case for implementing the NICE Guidelines. Current proposals for doing this would require some 8,000 extra psychological therapists withing the NHS over the six years.
New Device for Determining Wool Fineness
Authors: Hardy J.I.
Published: October 2007

Dr. Hardy is senior animal fibre technologist of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and is the author of the chapter on "Wool Fibre Research" in U. S. Institute's book Textile Research: A Survey of Progress. The novel device which he invented and is here described, was developed for wool, but seems equally well adapted to similar measurement of groups of other fibres.
The Relation of Orientation to Physical Properties of Cottons and Rayons
Authors: Morey D.R.
Published: October 2007

By using a spectrophotometer to indicate the polarization of fluorescent light from dyed fibres, it is possible to measure at one time the average orientation over hundreds of fibres, in contrast to the microscopic areas previously investigated.

Applying the method to cottons, a correlation is found between the observed orientation value and tensile strength. Results are more conclusive on rayons, and show a definite relation between orientation and physical properties when it is certain that orientation is the only quantity being varied. This relation is extremely sensitive to other variables, some of which are not easily recognized or isolated. Therefore great caution must attend any attempt to generalize the effect or role of orientation.

It is suggested that a process of orientation affects the physical properties not only through increasing the contact area between micelles, but also by rearranging and changing the potential energy of the more amorphous material between the regions of good regularity (micelles).

The anomalous behavior of the method with delustered rayons, and its behavior with different dyes, are discussed.
Tests for Mechanical Properties of Yarns * t
Authors: Scefer Herbert F.
Published: October 2007

Tests for mechanical properties of yarns, including breaking strength and elongation by four different methods, size, and twist are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the interpretation of the results obtained. The factors of speed, capacity, and rate of loading of the testing machine, yarn structure, and calibration of machines are briefly considered and the field of application and limitation of the tests are indicated. Brief references are made to miscellancous or special tests for diameter, lustre, coefficient of friction, repeated loading, resilience, and torque relaxation.
The Base-Combining Capacity of Wool
Authors: Harris Milton , Rutherford Henry A.
Published: October 2007

It is shown that the failure of wool to reach equilibrium with alkaline solutions under the conditions of titration experiments is due to the reaction of base with the disulfide groups of the cystine. The results indicate that the extent of this reaction can be determined. The data also afford confirmation of the earlier observation that the alkali degradation of the cystine in wool involves the loss of only one sulfur atom from each cystine residue.

The apparent base-combining capacity increases with increasing duration of contact of wool with alkali and with increasing temperature, but the intrinsic base-combining capacity, obtained by making corrections for the dissolved, protein and for the base bound by the sulfhydryl groups, becomes constant after approximately two hours. The most consistent data are obtained at a low temperature where, it appears, secondary reactions are greatly inhibited.

Determination of the amount of base absorbed from solutions of various concentrations indicates that a limiting amount of about 0.7 millimole per gram of wool is reached above concentrations of about 0.2 N sodium hydroxicte. Because of discrepancies in the data obtained at concentrations greater than 0.3 N, it is suggested that this value be considered for the present as tentative.
Specification of Uniform Color Tolerances for Textiles
Authors: Judd Deane B.
Published: October 2007

Work on methods of specifying uniform color tolerances for various materials has been going on at the National Bureau of Standards for several years. This paper describes the progress of this work, particularly as it relates to textile materials which offer special complications of their own.

A formula for the purpose of expressing the size of color differences is derived for observing conditions characteristic of the color inspection of textiles. This formula is based upon the standard observer recommended in 1931 by the International Commission on Illumination and upon a co-ordinate system (the uniform-chromaticity-scale system) intended to give , equal spacing for equally perceptible chromaticity differences. An instrument designed particularly for the measurement of small chromaticity differences is described, together with its calibration in terms of the uniform-chromaticity-scale system. The chromaticity differences between 15 representative pairs of dyed woolen textiles supplied by the duPont Technical Laboratory have been measured by means of this instrumecnt ; lightness differences for the 15 pairs were evaluated by measurements of luminous apparent reflectance with a photoelectric reflectometer, and the color-difference formula has been applied to combine the chromaticity and lightness differences to form computed values of the color difference. These computed differences are compared with those obtained at the duPont Technical Laboratory by direct visual estimate and with differences similarly obtained at the National Bureau of Standards. Results by the formula have also been compared with two other proposals (Nutting, Nickerson) for evaluation of color differences between textile samples. It is concluded that the present formula agrees with direct visual estimate for the samples tested except for certain deep reds and blues. Some of these deviations are irregular, and possible reasons for the failure of the formula to apply to these samples are discussed. A majority of them are regular, however, and suggest how the formula can be improved to make it sufficiently accurate for practical and convenient specification of color tolerances for these colors also.
Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects Related to Abuse Potential of a Unique Oral Osmotic‐Controlled Extended‐Release Methylphenidate Formulation in Humans
Authors: Parasrampuria Doll A. , Schoedel Kerr A. , Schuller Reinhard , Gu Joan , Ciccone Patrick , Silber Steve A. , Sellers Edwar M.
Published: October 2007

This was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, 5‐period crossover study in 49 healthy subjects with a history of light (occasional) recreational stimulant use, to evaluate the abuse‐related subjective effects of oral osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate with comparable doses of immediate‐release methylphenidate. Healthy subjects with a history of light recreational stimulant use were enrolled in the study if they demonstrated a positive response to a 20‐mg dose of d‐amphetamine and a negative placebo response. Enrolled subjects received single doses of placebo, 54 and 108 mg osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate, and 50 and 90 mg immediate‐release methylphenidate. For each treatment, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety were assessed for 24 hours. Subjective data were collected through standard questionnaires and visual analog scales for positive, stimulant, negative, and other effects. Immediate‐release and osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate produced expected plasma concentration‐time profiles of d‐methylphenidate. Both doses of immediate‐release methylphenidate (50 and 90 mg) produced statistically significantly higher subjective effects (eg, positive, stimulant) with respect to placebo for all measures. The higher osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate dose of 108 mg also produced statistically significant differences from placebo for most measures. However, the most commonly prescribed therapeutic dose of osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate (54 mg) did not produce significant differences from placebo for most measures. In addition, for comparable dose levels, osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate produced lower positive and stimulant subjective effects than immediate‐release methylphenidate, and low‐dose immediate‐release methylphenidate (50 mg) produced greater subjective effects than high‐dose osmotic‐controlled extended‐release methylphenidate, with many effects demonstrating statistically significant differences. These data support the hypothesis that a formulation can modulate abuse potential by controlling the rate and extent of drug delivery.
Involvement and Political Advertising Effect
Authors: Rothschild Michael L. , Ray Michael L.
Published: October 2007

Data from a laboratory experiment which examines the relationship among awareness, attitude formation, and intent to behave over several levels of election races and several levels of advertising show that behavior is easily influencable by a high repetition level of innocuous advertising in the lower-level election; this phenomenon does not hold in the higher-level races. Furthermore, the authors find that this change in behavior is accomplished without an accompanying shift in attitude. Finally, it is found that the shift occurs equally among those subjects who were evaluated as having high involvement with the political process and those evaluated as having low involvement.
Dyadic Perception of Communication Style
Authors: Norton Robert W. , Miller Larry D.
Published: October 2007

An experiment was designed to assess variations in perception of communication style by persons with differing Communication Style Measure (CSM) scores. Twenty-four dyads participated in an interpersonal encounter. Postinteraction data analysis indicates that subjects with low CSM scores do not report perceiving any appreciable difference between their communication style and that of subjects with high CSM scores. In contrast, subjects with high CSM scores report perceiving a significant difference. Clues about perceptual differences were investigated via step wise regression.
Differential Media Evaluation and Satisfaction With Election Results
Authors: Fulero Solomon M. , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: October 2007

The hypothesis that the media (radio, television, and newspaper) would be rated more positively by people who rated themselves as satisfied with the results of an election and who had received the news over one or more of the media was tested. A sample of 70 subjects was taken from people who had written a letter in support of a candidate to the Editor's Mailbox of the local newspaper. These subjects were called either before and after the election or after the election only, and asked questions about the election and the various media. Analysis of the data indicated that the hypothesis was supported. Those subjects who rated themselves as satisfied with the election results did rate the media more positively than subjects who rated themselves as dissatisfied. In addition, this was shown not to be due to perceived media influence on the election outcome.
Identifying and Testing Communication Opportunities
Authors: Pessemier Edgar A.
Published: October 2007

In developing an effective communication strategy, the sponsor of a good, service, or idea must make allowances for the differences in the characteristics of competing offerings and differences in the needs and perceptions of the individuals who buy and use these offerings. By aggregating individuals that display similar choice and use behavior, the procedures described here analyze groups whose members tend to share common perceptions of the relevant choice objects.

Cognitive and affective data for these behavioral groups are used in a model that allows an analyst to predict changes in the share of choices which any specific communication strategy can achieve. By examining a range of possible communication strategies and accounting for all of the associated costs, the model will identify the most promising approach to improving the acceptance of a particular offering.
The Role of Theory in Uses and Gratifications Studies
Authors: Blumler Jay G.
Published: October 2007

Although the uses and gratifications approach lacks a single general theory, it is not inherently atheoretical, and the author suggests how progress can be made in dealing with four conceptual issues facing this tradition: the nature of the "active" audience; the role of gratification orientations in mediating effects; the social origins of media needs and uses; and the interest shared with students of popular culture in perceptions of and cognitions about mass media content formed by audience members.
Advocates of Law and Order
Authors: Steffensmeier Darrell J. , Steffensmeier Renee Hoffman
Published: October 2007

Data on citizen reactions to rigged shoplifting incidents were analyzed in a test of the hypothesis that attitudes toward law and order interact with offender attributes to produce disparities in reactions. Although an interaction effect is observed, its form varies from common conception. Citizens strongly favoring law and order responded more punitively to shoplifting but were less affected by the shoplifter's appearance (hippie versus straight) in their responses. Citizens less concerned about the maintenance of law and order were less punitive in their responses, but were influenced more by the shoplifter's appearance. Thus, our findings are the opposite of what generally is expected. It is concluded that advocates of law and order are hardly the villains of justice as commonly assumed. Rather, they may be among her (justice) better guardians.
Autonomic Reactions To Stress
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge L. , Dawkins Marva P. , Hokanson Jack E.
Published: October 2007

Among a relatively large sample of male, young adult prison inmates, four different therapy analogues, along with placebo and untreated controls, were compared as to their effects in reducing stress induced autonomic reactions. The only effective "treatment" proved to be one involving self-concept/ self-esteem enhancement. The results are discussed in relation to "the prison syndrome" and its relationship to postrelease adjustment.
Police Professionalism and Cynicism
Authors: Poole Eric D. , Regoli Robert M.
Published: October 2007

This article examines the impact of police commitment to major tenets of a professional ideology on cynicism. Based on data collected from questionnaire responses of 260 police officers from three medium-size police departments, the analysis reveals that two professionalism dimensions—sense of calling to the field and belief in autonomy—exert the greatest effect in reducing or minimizing feelings of cynicism. The findings further suggest that the police have a narrow view of professionalism which may serve to reinforce the insular nature of police subcultures.
Presumed Motive in the Male and Female Perception of Rape
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: October 2007

Sexual differences in rape stereotypes, the subjective impressions of rape generated by information and misinformation about the act, were investigated. College subjects were asked to provide impressions by means of ratings for seven characteristics: (1) age; (2) educational level of the rapist; (3) prior relationship between rapist and victim; (4) premeditation, (5) physical force; (6) psychological threat represented in the act; and (7) the aggressive or sexual motive underlying the rape. Males' spontaneous rape stereotypes appeared to place greater importance on an aggressive rather than a sexual motive; females did not differentiate based on motive. The characteristics of rape varied widely for both sexes depending on assumed motive. The stereotype of a sexually motivated rape was well organized for the female, but no organization was found when an aggressive motive was assumed. Males demonstrated some organization in either case. Implications of the stereotype findings for credibility of the woman's report of rape were discussed.
Training Correctional Volunteers for Group Discussions
Authors: Wormith J. Stephen
Published: October 2007

Sixty-three volunteers were assigned to one of four different institutional programs with fifty incarcerated correctional offenders (trained discussion, untrained discussion, a self-control program and recreation activity) or a delayed-treatment control group. Volunteers were rated on interpersonal skills and discussions were monitored. An attitude-personality test battery was administered in a pre-post design. Participant evaluations were found to be a complex function of the amount and kind of volunteer training, the type of program, the personality of the volunteer, and the personality of the client. Trained discussion group volunteers self-reported more tension, and less flexibility than untrained volunteers although the residents did not describe them as such. Volunteers in the self-control program reported more tension and less flexibility, approachability, and influence relative to the recreation volunteers. Residents rated the self-control volunteers higher in tension but also more approachable and more concrete. Residents expressed a greater appreciation of the noncriminally oriented volunteers. Training had a positive effect on the differential reinforcement of residents' pro- and antisocial statements. All program group volunteers increased on identification with criminal others as a function of their exposure to offenders. Recreation group volunteers also increased on empathy. Implications for volunteer and correctional counselor training are reviewed.
The Granting of Work Release
Authors: Knox William E. , Humphrey John A.
Published: October 2007

The process of granting work release is analyzed systematically and empirically. Administrative data on a 10% random sample of the incarcerated male North Carolina prisoners in November 1975 provided the basis for a path analysis. High custody grade was found to have a very strong direct path with the granting of work release, and marital status had a weaker path with it. Court recommendation had an indirect path to work release by positively affecting custody grade. Older prisoners and those with less serious crimes were more likely to receive court recommendations for the granting of work release. For short-term prisoners, strong direct paths between court recommendation and both work release status and custody grade were observed. Work release appears typically to be a sanction for successful performance in a long career in a prison system, and to be effected directly by court recommendation for some prisoners at time of sentencing.
Race and Class in Chinese Historiography
Authors: Fogel Joshua A.
Published: October 2007

When the Manchus came [to China] they killed our ancestors, violated our women, occupied the territory of Han race, made their vile, comtemptible race into a noble class, for generations enfeoffed kings and what's more sent some of their base race to be stationed in strategic spots in each of the provinces which they called garrisons, and they guarded us Han people as one would guard thieves—this was indeed despicable, and still they craved to be parasites! In addition the covetous and greedy officials they loosed upon us collect and levy [exhorbitant] taxes for them, and thus disappointment and sorrow is reaped; if what we have freely given them is not enough perhaps they will add a penalty or deprive us of our lives. Furthurmore, until now with the imperial principles in a state of anarchy, they only look after the foreigners, and give us up to the foreigners to act as third class slaves. In addition, as for our land, today one piece is severed and given away to this [foreign country]; tomorrow another piece will be cut off and given away to that [foreign country].... Therefore our revolution first must revenge our ancestors and secondly must be planned quickly in order to avoid the extinction of our decendants; how much more then is this a glorious and true cause?!
State Aids to Small Firms in the European Community
Authors: Bennett David C.
Published: October 2007

David Bennett is a non-practising barrister who, having previously been lecturer in European Community Law at the University of Liverpool, England, is now a director of Bennett Safetywear Limited, a company based in Liverpool and engaged in the manufacture and distribution of protective clothing in the United Kingdom and Europe. The deterioration in the economic situation witnessed throughout Western Europe over the last decade has exerted considerable pressure on national governments to increase the level of financial assistance provided to industry. One of the principal beneficiaries of this growth has been the small firm sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine this trend towards national support of small firms against the background of the European Community's competition policy. More specifically, it aims to assess the extent to which the Commission of the European Communities is prepared to treat the small firm sector as a special category in its application of Community rules on state aids to industry and to take over the responsibility of national governments in support of this important sector.
The Marketing/ Small Enterprise Paradox: A Research Agenda
Authors: Davis Charles D. , Hills Gerald E. , LaForge Raymond W.
Published: October 2007

Charles H. Davis is Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Citadel, USA. Dr. Davis is actively involved in various small business research efforts. Gerald E. Hills is Professor of Marketing and holder of the Denton Thorne Chair in Small Business Enterprise at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His research efforts have focused on new venture creation issues. Raymond W. LaForge is Associate Professor of Marketing at Oklahoma State University. Dr. LaForge has concentrated his attention toward investigating marketing strategy differences between small and large firms.

Research during the past decade has documented the important role of smaller firms in American society. Yet those in the marketing discipline have devoted little attention to the size of enterprise in various strategic marketing situations. The need to include small firms in marketing strategy research projects is discussed, and a number of specific propositions to guide initial small enterprise marketing strategy research efforts are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of problems and approaches relevant to performing small firm marketing strategy research.