bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive/affective and somatic/affective symptoms of depression in patients with heart disease and their association with cardiovascular prognosis: a meta-analysis
Authors: de Miranda Azevedo R. , Roest A. M. , Hoen P. W. , de Jonge P.
Published: January 2014

Background

Several prospective longitudinal studies have suggested that somatic/affective depressive symptoms, but not cognitive/affective depressive symptoms, are related to prognosis in patients with heart disease, but findings have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of cognitive/affective and somatic/affective symptoms of depression with cardiovascular prognosis in patients with heart disease using a meta-analytic perspective.

Method

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and PsycInfo. Thirteen prospective studies on symptom dimensions of depression and cardiovascular prognosis fulfilled the inclusion criteria, providing data on a total of 11 128 subjects. The risk estimates for each dimension of depressive symptoms, demographic and methodological variables were extracted from the included articles.

Results

In least-adjusted analyses, both the somatic/affective [hazard ratio (HR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.41, p < 0.001] and cognitive/affective (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00–1.15, p = 0.05) dimensions of depressive symptoms were associated with cardiovascular prognosis. In fully adjusted analyses, somatic/affective symptoms were significantly associated with adverse prognosis (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10–1.29, p < 0.001) but cognitive/affective symptoms were not (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.97–1.12, p = 0.25). An increase of one standard deviation (±1 s.d.) in the scores of the somatic/affective dimension was associated with a 32% increased risk of adverse outcomes (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.17–1.48, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Somatic/affective depressive symptoms were more strongly and consistently associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with heart disease compared with cognitive/affective symptoms. Future research should focus on the mechanisms by which somatic/affective depressive symptoms may affect cardiovascular prognosis.
Procedural learning across modalities in French-speaking children with specific language impairment
Authors: GABRIEL AUDREY , MEULEMANS THIERRY , PARISSE CHRISTOPHE , MAILLART CHRISTELLE
Published: January 2014

It has been suggested that the language problems encountered in specific language impairment (SLI) arise from basal ganglia abnormalities that lead to impaired procedural memory. However, recent serial reaction time (SRT) studies did not reveal any differences between the SLI and typically developing (TD) groups on the measures of procedural memory linked to visual sequence learning. In this paper, 16 children with and without SLI were compared on two versions of SRT tasks: a visual task and an auditory one. The results showed that children with SLI were as fast as their TD peers in both modalities. All of the children obtained similar specific sequence learning indices, indicating that they were able to detect regularities in both modalities. Although children with SLI were as accurate as their TD peers for the visual SRT task, they made more errors than their TD peers in auditory SRT conditions. The results indicate that, in relation to procedural memory, the core of the impairment in SLI is not linked to difficulties in the detection of regularities. We argue that when children with SLI present some difficulties, the children's weaknesses might depend on the type of processing involved (e.g., tasks involving auditory sequences).
Labiatae of South-West Asia: diversity, distribution and endemism
Authors: Hedge I. C.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

The Labiatae of SW Asia arc analysed. There is a major development of the family in this area with c. 1100 species, much morphological diversity, many illuminating distribution patterns and very high endemism levels; species endemism averages over 70% in the medium-sized and large genera. Areas of high concentrations of endemic taxa are indicated. The very significant differences between the Labiate floras of Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan throw doubt on designating all the steppic part of the area as Irano-Turanian; there is a strong Mediterranean floristic connection throughout much of Turkey and little evidence of Irano-Turanian influence. There are numerous taxonomically very isolated genera and species; some of these genera have very restricted distributions, a few are almost cosmopolitan.
The subalpine thorn-cushion formations of western South-West Asia: ecology, structure and zonation
Authors: Kürschner Harald
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

The distribution and ecological characteristics of the thorn-cushion formations (Tragacanthic vegetation) in the western part of SW Asia are discussed. The typical structure of this formation is illustrated by 2 examples from the mountains of the Antilebanon. These show a clear zonation in relation to the growth form. This, and the available micro-climatological data, show that thorn-cushions reach their ecological optimum on windswept slopes and hill tops. This growth form is obviously an adaptation for sites exposed to strong winds. Taxa with this growth form have a competitive advantage in such habitats.
Bryophyte flora and vegetation of South-West Asia
Authors: Frey Wolfgang
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

176 liverwort species and 649 moss species are known from SW Asia; the total number of species in the different countries is indicated. Families of outstanding bryo-geographical interest or with endemic taxa are the Aytoniaceac, Frullaniaceae, Ricciaceae, Southbyaceae, Targioniaceae, Wiesnerellaceae, Grimmiaceae, Bryaceae, Fabroniaceae, Funariaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Pottiaceae and Splachnobryaceae.

The “Northern”, Euxine-Hyrcanian, Afromontane and Circum-Tethyan elements and their characteristic taxa are discussed. Emphasis is given to the Circum-Tethyan element and its characteristic species; also to endemic taxa especially in the generaTortula, CrossidiumandTargionia. As in the phanerogams, the bryoflora of the arid parts of SW Asia includes a considerable percentage of endemic species. The published information on the bryophytic vegetation of SW Asia is summarised.
The hepatic flora of South-West Asia: a survey
Authors: Bischler H. , Jovet-Ast S.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

The hepatic flora of SW Asia strongly resembles that of the Mediterranean area; one notes only some Asiatic elements in the E and tropical African ones in the S. The only phytogeographical unit sufficiently well delimited at the level of hepatics corresponds to the Mesogean area, probably colonised, after the drying up of the Tethys, by species adapted to a dry climate and probably coming as much from the N as the S. This hepatic flora, unlike that of the phanerogams, is thus not diversified.
Weeds of South-West Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae
Authors: Rollins Reed C. , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Weeds strongly connect the present-day floras of N America and SW Asia because 85·2% of the Old World herbaceous weeds now present on the N American continent are also present in SW Asia. But surprisingly only 1·5% had their origin strictly in SW Asia. The Compositae (69), the Cruciferae (52), and Gramineae (71) far outrank any other family in the number of herbaceous weed species. Evidence from such genera of the Cruciferae asAlyxsumandBrasscasuggests that some of the more recently arrived weeds in the American west are pre-adapted to arid areas, for they have penetrated the open, undisturbed deserts in great numbers. This pre-adaptation may have taken place in SW Asia whence the species were probably introduced to America. Considering N America empty of Old World weeds before modern man arrived, could evidence be found that any assortative segregation has taken place here over time? This seems to have happened among the species ofCarduria, but not along geographic lines. Rather, they seem to have sorted away from each other on an ecological basis, perhaps because of pre-adaptation to different environmental circumstances.
Health Impact of the 2004 Andaman Nicobar Earthquake and Tsunami in Indonesia
Authors: Guha-Sapir Debarati , van Panhuis Willem Gijsbert
Published: January 2014

Background:

The human impact of the tsunami that occurred on 26 December 2004 was enormous, with Indonesia bearing a huge proportion of the losses. The aftermath brought predictions of communicable disease outbreaks and widespread fear of epidemics. However, evidence from previous disasters due to natural hazards does not support all of these predictions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the relative importance of infectious diseases and injuries as a consequence of a disaster due to natural hazards; and (2) identify key recommendations for the improvement of control and surveillance of these diseases during and after disasters.

Methods:

A team from the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters visited Jakarta and Banda Aceh from 11–23 January 2005, and collected data from the Central and Provincial Ministries of Health (MOH), the World Health Organization (WHO), and a field hospital from the International Committee of the Red Cross in Banda Aceh. The epidemiological profiles of diseases before and after the tsunami were compared. Cholera, tetanus, wounds and wound infections, acute respiratory infections, malaria, and dengue were included in this analysis.

Results:

Certain diseases (e.g., cholera, malaria, dengue) are not always an immediate priority post-disaster. Rates of disaster-related health conditions requiring emergency response fell by half, and became negligible around four weeks after the precipitating events. Some conditions, such as aspiration pneumonia and tetanus, which normally are rare, require special preparedness for emergency personnel. In addition, resistant and rare pathogens are associated with disasters due to natural hazards in the tropics and require specialized knowledge for the rapid and successful treatment of related infections.

Conclusions:

Within the first four weeks of a disaster, international humanitarian agencies in the health sector should start working with the MOH. The WHO surveillance system established immediately after the tsunami offers lessons for developing a prototype for future emergencies. Guidelines for tetanus and aspiration pneumonia should be included in disaster medicine handbooks, and humanitarian aid groups should be prepared to provide emergency obstetrics and post-natal services. Relief funding after naturally occurring disasters should consider funding sustainability. Donors should know when to stop providing emergency relief funds and transition to recovery/development strategies.
Effects of storage time and temperature on coagulation tests and factors in fresh plasma
Authors: Feng Limin , Zhao Ying , Zhao Hongcan , Shao Zhexin
Published: January 2014

Coagulation tests and factors measurements have been widely applied in clinical practice. Pre-analytical conditions are very important in laboratory assessment.Here,we aim to determine the effects of storage time and temperature on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fbg), prothrombin time (PT), the international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) and factor IX activity (FIX:C) in fresh plasma. Seventy-two blood samples were tested after storage for 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h at 25°C (room temperature) and 4°C (refrigeration) in two centers. The mean percentage change of greater than 10% and the numbers of samples with greater than 10% percentage changes more than 25% were used to determine clinically relevant difference. We demonstrated that samples for Fbg, PT/INR and TT could be safely stored for ≤24 h; FVIII:C for ≤2 h; FIX:C for ≤4 h both at 4°C and 25°C; and APTT for ≤12 h at 4°C and ≤8 h at 25°C.
Treatment of obesity with the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526
Authors: Baek So-Hyeon , Chung Hea-Jong , Lee Heui-Kwan , D'Souza Roshan , Jeon Youngju , Kim Hyeon-Jin , Kweon Soon-Jong , Hong Seong-Tshool
Published: January 2014

Obesity is the most prevalent disease in the world which poses a serious risk for various chronic diseases. However, currently there are not any therapeutic agents that reduce body weight without causing serious side effects. In order to prevent and/or treat obesity and related diseases through a nutraceutical approach, we created a resveratrol-enriched transgenic rice accumulating 1.4 μg/g of resveratrol in its grain, DJ-526. Feeding of mice with the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526 showed excellent anti-obesity effect with reduction of body weights and abdominal fat volumes compared to the control by 20.0% and 31.3%, respectively. Also, the consumption of the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ526 significantly improved the blood lipid profiles and glucose levels in the animal experiments. Our resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526 rice could provide both safe and convenient way for people with obesity and related diseases without major change of lifestyle or unwanted side effects from medication.
Amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide using a copper microelectrode
Authors: Dantas L. M. F. , Castro P. S. , Peña R. C. , Bertotti M.
Published: January 2014

The cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at copper microelectrodes was investigated in phosphate buffer solutions.
Colorimetric copper(ii) ion sensor based on the conformational change of peptide immobilized onto the surface of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Hongxia , Zhang Jiangjiang , Liu Xinjian , Gao Yanmin , Ye Zonghuang , Li Genxi
Published: January 2014

A highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor was developed for the determination of copper(ii) ions based on the conformational changes of Cu2+-binding peptides.
Rational design of sulfoxide–phosphine ligands for Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation reactions
Authors: Cheng Hong-Gang , Feng Bin , Chen Li-Yan , Guo Wei , Yu Xiao-Ye , Lu Liang-Qiu , Chen Jia-Rong , Xiao Wen-Jing
Published: January 2014

A new type of chiral sulfoxide–phosphine ligands have been developed by a rational combination of two privileged scaffolds and successfully applied to Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation reactions.
Tritium labeling of detonation nanodiamonds
Authors: Girard Hugues A. , El-Kharbachi Abdelouahab , Garcia-Argote Sébastien , Petit Tristan , Bergonzo Philippe , Rousseau Bernard , Arnault Jean-Charles
Published: January 2014

The radioactive labeling of detonation nanodiamonds was efficiently achieved using a tritium microwave plasma.
Polymorphic MnAs nanowires of a magnetic shape memory alloy
Authors: Echeverría-Arrondo C. , Pérez-Conde J. , Ayuela A.
Published: January 2014

We describe a magnetic shape memory alloy, in which it is the nanostructural confinement that influences both the crystal geometry and the electronic and magnetic properties.
Rate limiting interfacial hole transfer in Sb2S3 solid-state solar cells
Authors: Christians Jeffrey A. , Leighton David T. , Kamat Prashant V.
Published: January 2014

The hole diffusion coefficient and diffusion length in Sb2S3 is measured. Hole transfer from Sb2S3 to CuSCN is found to be predominately limited by transfer across the Sb2S3–CuSCN interface.
Anisotropic Janus Si nanopillar arrays as a microfluidic one-way valve for gas–liquid separation
Authors: Wang Tieqiang , Chen Hongxu , Liu Kun , Li Yang , Xue Peihong , Yu Ye , Wang Shuli , Zhang Junhu , Kumacheva Eugenia , Yang Bai
Published: January 2014

A one-way valve for microfluidic systems is fabricated based on Janus Si pillar arrays with outstanding anisotropic wettability. The one-way valve shows great ability to guide the fluid flow and to separate gas from liquid in microfluidic systems, which will be a competitive candidate for further improvement of microfluidic systems.
Monitoring of viscosity changes during free radical polymerization using fluorescence lifetime measurements
Authors: Nölle Jan Martin , Jüngst Christian , Zumbusch Andreas , Wöll Dominik
Published: January 2014

A molecular rotor with a fluorescence lifetime depending on the local viscosity of its surroundings has been successfully used as a probe to monitor local viscosity changes during the bulk radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
Comprehensive, quantitative bioprocess productivity monitoring using fluorescence EEM spectroscopy and chemometrics
Authors: Li Boyan , Shanahan Michael , Calvet Amandine , Leister Kirk J. , Ryder Alan G.
Published: January 2014

Using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and chemometric methods we demonstrate an effective and rapid method for quantitative monitoring of a mammalian cell culture based manufacturing process.
1.7/2.6 GHz high‐efficiency concurrent dual‐band power amplifier with dual‐band harmonic wave controlled transformer
Authors: Chen Peng , He Songbai , Wang Xianfei , Dai Zhijiang
Published: January 2014

A 1.7/2.6 GHz high‐efficiency concurrent dual‐band power amplifier (DBPA) with a dual‐band harmonic wave controlled transformer is demonstrated. The proposed dual‐band transformer, which transfers the fundamental and the second harmonic impedances of each frequency, is directly transmission line implemented with the help of an optimisation algorithm. The measurement results show that the proposed DBPA has performances of 70 and 64% power added efficiency with an 11 dB gain and a 41 dBm output power at 1.7 and 2.6 GHz, respectively. Its average drain efficiency is more than 42% and the adjacent channel leakage ratios are lower than −46 dBc at both frequencies with the digital predistortion adjustment for a 5 MHz WCDMA signal input.
Facial expression recognition considering individual differences in facial structure and texture
Authors: Yi Jizheng , Mao Xia , Chen Lijiang , Xue Yuli , Compare Angelo
Published: January 2014

Facial expression recognition (FER) plays an important role in human–computer interaction. The recent years have witnessed an increasing trend of various approaches for the FER, but these approaches usually do not consider the effect of individual differences to the recognition result. When the face images change from neutral to a certain expression, the changing information constituted of the structural characteristics and the texture information can provide rich important clues not seen in either face image. Therefore it is believed to be of great importance for machine vision. This study proposes a novel FER algorithm by exploiting the structural characteristics and the texture information hiding in the image space. Firstly, the feature points are marked by an active appearance model. Secondly, three facial features, which are feature point distance ratio coefficient, connection angle ratio coefficient and skin deformation energy parameter, are proposed to eliminate the differences among the individuals. Finally, a radial basis function neural network is utilised as the classifier for the FER. Extensive experimental results on the Cohn–Kanade database and the Beihang University (BHU) facial expression database show the significant advantages of the proposed method over the existing ones.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a New ErIII Iodate
Authors: Pan Chun-Yang , Mai Hai-Deng , Chen Wu-Zhou , Zhao Feng-Hua , Yang Hong-Mei
Published: January 2014

A new iodate Er(IO3)3·2H2O was synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. The structure has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1 (No.2), a = 7.338(4) Å, b = 7.506(4) Å, c = 9.409(5) Å, α = 79.698(5)°, β = 85.245(4)°, γ = 71.934(4)°, V = 484.5(5) Å3, Z = 2. Some characterizations were performed such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis, luminescence spectroscopy, and magnetic property measurements. The overall framework of Er(IO3)3·2H2O is based on one-dimensional chains. The adjacent chains are further linked with each other by hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network. The luminescent and magnetic properties of Er(IO3)3·2H2O were studied.
C8H6 Thermal Chemistry. 7-Methylenecyclohepta-1,3,5-dienyne (Heptafulvyne) by Flash Vacuum Thermolysis–Matrix Isolation. Chemical Activation in the Rearrangements of Phenylenedicarbenes and of Benzocyclobutadiene to Phenylacetylene
Authors: Kuhn Arvid , Miura Daisuke , Tomioka Hideo , Wentrup Curt
Published: January 2014

Methylenecycloheptadienyne 11 (heptafulvyne) is obtained very cleanly by flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) of the diazobenzocyclobutene precursor 8 at 400°C followed by isolation as a neat solid at 77 K or in an Ar matrix at 7–10 K. Compound 11 is a yellow solid, stable till ~–100°C in the neat state. The diazo compound itself (2) is observable by IR spectroscopy following mild decomposition of the tosylhydrazone salt 1 at 115°C. FVT of 8 at 200°C also generates diazo compound 2 as observed by IR spectroscopy and on-line mass spectrometry. FVT of 8 at 600–800°C causes rearrangement of 11 to phenylacetylene 12 and benzocyclobutadiene 13. Mechanisms for the rearrangements are proposed. Facile rearrangement of benzocyclobutadiene to phenylacetylene is ascribed to chemical activation, which is also seen to be involved in the rearrangement of p-, m-, and o-phenylenebiscarbenes 25–27 to phenylacetylene 12.
PLC-mediated PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis regulates activation and inactivation of TRPC6/7 channels
Authors: Itsuki Kyohei , Imai Yuko , Hase Hideharu , Okamura Yasushi , Inoue Ryuji , Mori Masayuki X.
Published: January 2014

Transient receptor potential classical (or canonical) (TRPC)3, TRPC6, and TRPC7 are a subfamily of TRPC channels activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) produced through the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) by phospholipase C (PLC). PI(4,5)P2 depletion by a heterologously expressed phosphatase inhibits TRPC3, TRPC6, and TRPC7 activity independently of DAG; however, the physiological role of PI(4,5)P2 reduction on channel activity remains unclear. We used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure PI(4,5)P2 or DAG dynamics concurrently with TRPC6 or TRPC7 currents after agonist stimulation of receptors that couple to Gq and thereby activate PLC. Measurements made at different levels of receptor activation revealed a correlation between the kinetics of PI(4,5)P2 reduction and those of receptor-operated TRPC6 and TRPC7 current activation and inactivation. In contrast, DAG production correlated with channel activation but not inactivation; moreover, the time course of channel inactivation was unchanged in protein kinase C–insensitive mutants. These results suggest that inactivation of receptor-operated TRPC currents is primarily mediated by the dissociation of PI(4,5)P2. We determined the functional dissociation constant of PI(4,5)P2 to TRPC channels using FRET of the PLCδ Pleckstrin homology domain (PHd), which binds PI(4,5)P2, and used this constant to fit our experimental data to a model in which channel gating is controlled by PI(4,5)P2 and DAG. This model predicted similar FRET dynamics of the PHd to measured FRET in either human embryonic kidney cells or smooth muscle cells, whereas a model lacking PI(4,5)P2 regulation failed to reproduce the experimental data, confirming the inhibitory role of PI(4,5)P2 depletion on TRPC currents. Our model also explains various PLC-dependent characteristics of channel activity, including limitation of maximum open probability, shortening of the peak time, and the bell-shaped response of total current. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate a fundamental role for PI(4,5)P2 in regulating TRPC6 and TRPC7 activity triggered by PLC-coupled receptor stimulation.
Evolutionary imprint of activation: The design principles of VSDs
Authors: Palovcak Eugene , Delemotte Lucie , Klein Michael L. , Carnevale Vincenzo
Published: January 2014

Voltage-sensor domains (VSDs) are modular biomolecular machines that transduce electrical signals in cells through a highly conserved activation mechanism. Here, we investigate sequence–function relationships in VSDs with approaches from information theory and probabilistic modeling. Specifically, we collect over 6,600 unique VSD sequences from diverse, long-diverged phylogenetic lineages and relate the statistical properties of this ensemble to functional constraints imposed by evolution. The VSD is a helical bundle with helices labeled S1–S4. Surrounding conserved VSD residues such as the countercharges and the S2 phenylalanine, we discover sparse networks of coevolving residues. Additional networks are found lining the VSD lumen, tuning the local hydrophilicity. Notably, state-dependent contacts and the absence of coevolution between S4 and the rest of the bundle are imprints of the activation mechanism on the VSD sequence ensemble. These design principles rationalize existing experimental results and generate testable hypotheses.
Kato’s inequality and form boundedness of Kato potentials on arbitrary Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Güneysu Batu
Published: January 2014

Let

M
M

be a Riemannian manifold and let

E
→
M

E\to M

be a Hermitian vector bundle with a Hermitian covariant derivative

∇
\nabla

. Furthermore, let

H
(
0
)

H(0)

denote the Friedrichs extension of

∇
∗

∇

/

2

\nabla ^*\nabla /2

and let

V
:
M
→

E
n
d

(
E
)

V:M\to \mathrm {End}(E)

be a potential. We prove that if

V
V

has a decomposition of the form

V
=

V
1

−

V
2

V=V_1-V_2

with

V
j

≥
0

V_j\geq 0

,

V
1

V_1

locally integrable and

|

V
2

|

\left | V_2 \right |

in the Kato class of

M
M

, then one can define the form sum

H
(
V
)
:=
H
(
0
)
∔
V

H(V):=H(0)\dotplus V

in

Γ

L

2

(
M
,
E
)

\Gamma _{\mathsf {L}^2}(M,E)

without any further assumptions on

M
M

. Applications to quantum physics are discussed.
Chow–Künneth decomposition for 3- and 4-folds fibred by varieties with trivial Chow group of zero-cycles
Authors: Vial Charles
Published: January 2014

Let

k
k

be a field, and let

Ω
\Omega

be a universal domain over

k
k

. Let

f
:
X
→
S

f:X \rightarrow S

be a dominant morphism defined over

k
k

from a smooth projective variety

X
X

to a smooth projective variety

S
S

of dimension

≤
2

\leq 2

such that the general fibre of

f
Ω

f_\Omega

has trivial Chow group of zero-cycles. For example,

X
X

could be the total space of a two-dimensional family of varieties whose general member is rationally connected. Suppose that

X
X

has dimension

≤
4

\leq 4

. Then we prove that

X
X

has a self-dual Murre decomposition, i.e., that

X
X

has a self-dual Chow-Künneth decomposition which satisfies Murre’s conjectures (B) and (D). Moreover, we prove that the motivic Lefschetz conjecture holds for

X
X

and hence so does the Lefschetz standard conjecture. We also give new examples of

3
3

-folds of general type which are Kimura finite dimensional, new examples of

4
4

-folds of general type having a self-dual Murre decomposition, as well as new examples of varieties with finite degree three unramified cohomology.
A Kinetic-Theory Description of Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter illustrates how the foundations of the fluid description are rooted in statistical mechanics and in kinetic theory. This approach, which is appropriate for those systems composed of a very large number of free particles and extending over a length-scale much larger than the inter-particles separation, is first presented in the Newtonian framework and then extended to the relativistic regime. A number of fundamental conceptual steps are taken and treated in detail: the introduction of a distribution function that depends on the positions and on the four-momentum of the constituent particles, the definition of the energy–momentum tensor as the second moment of the distribution function, the discussion of the relativistic Maxwell–Boltzmann equation with the corresponding H-theorem and transport equations. Finally, equations of state are described for all possible cases of relativistic or non-relativistic, degenerate or non-degenerate fluids.
Taking Form by Phase
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter takes as its starting point the conclusions of Chapter 9, according to which the best way to capture restrictions on the formation of complex words is by constraining the derivation itself, a conclusion that strongly suggests that the derivation must be by phase. Comparing the domain of spellout as articulated in Chapter 9 and the domain of Content matching (as likewise previously articulated), a specific proposal is made on the constraining of derivations by phase. Key claims and conclusions are: that Content matching is always optional; that Content may be matched on the basis of partially realized roots, but fully realized functional vocabulary; and that the domain of spellout, in contrast with the domain of Content matching, may extend beyond ExP-segments. The chapter, finally, brings together the various components of the grammar as they emerge from the model as a whole, including narrow syntax, formal semantics, spellout, and Content matching, proposing a model of utterances as conjunctions, in particular, of formal-semantic representations and Contented phonologically realized strings.
Music, Modernity, and God
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: January 2014

Current theological narrations of the story of modernity typically ignore music, despite its ubiquitous role in modern culture and the ways in which music has been intertwined with modernity’s ambivalent relation to the Christian concept of God. In conversation with musicologists and music theorists, this collection of essays aims to demonstrate that the practices of music and its discourses bear their own kind of witness to some of the pivotal theological currents and counter-currents that have shaped modernity—that music has been affected in distinctive ways by those currents, and in some cases may have contributed to forming them. In addition, it seeks to show that in some cases, music is capable of yielding highly effective means of addressing and moving beyond some of the more intractable theological aporias which modernity has bequeathed to us. Particular attention is given to the complex relations between music and language, and the ways in which theology, a discipline involving language at its heart, can come to terms with practices which are undeniably coherent and meaningful but which nonetheless operate in ways that in many respects are quite distinct from language.
Music and God-Talk (1): Mapping the Field
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: January 2014

In the preceding chapters, questions about language have never been far from view. Chapters 7 and 8 seek to elucidate a fruitful way of understanding the relation between music and language in the light of their complex interrelations in modernity. This chapter examines some of the ways in which the music–language relation has been theorized, especially in the last few hundred years, drawing on a critical examination of the work of Nicholas Cook. Cook outlines three models of multimedia: ‘conformance’, which supposes a direct correspondence between one medium and another; ‘contest’, which involves a contradiction between the media; and ‘complementation’, in which the media are seen as operating in discrete zones. While sympathetic to elements of all three, Cook advocates a metaphorical model in which the different attributes and capacities of each medium become ‘available’ to the other—a model carried forward in a modified form in Chapter 8.
Tonal word accents
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

This chapter lays out the basic information regarding the tonal accent distinction in Swedish. This lexical distinction is due to the presence of a lexical tone in some morphemes, especially in some very frequent syllabic suffixes. In intonation, the tonal cases come out as what is called accent 2. Accent 1 is fully made up of intonation tones. Beside the lexical accent 2 tones, there is a postlexical source for accent 2, namely in the context of two stresses (e.g. as in compounds). A few characteristic tonal contours are given in the chapter, to illustrate the way accents 1 and 2 come out in two intonational conditions: word accented and focus accented, where the latter is a higher prominence degree.
Intonation
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

The intonation of Swedish is understudied but has recently received increasing attention. In this chapter some of the recent findings are reported, together with a number of typical structures. The chapter tries to demonstrate the contribution of lexical and intonational tones, respectively, to the resulting output. There are two prominence levels, known as word accent and focus accent. In both of them accent 1 and accent 2 are distinct. in addition, there are boundary phenomena, such as a final L or H boundary tone, and an initiality accent. The chapter contains many panels demonstrating a variety of structures, such as narrow focus, plateau formation, word accent used in focus function, deaccenting, tonal assimilation, etc. At the end of the chapter the hierachical perspective on phrasing is commented on, where all elements are incorporated into maximal prosodic words.
Introduction: Where do our questions come from? Where do our answers go?
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This provides an introduction to the volume, with the author’s memories of her own musical education and excursions into philosophy. The author describes revisiting children’s invented notations, investigating the evolution of learning and the complexity of conceptual work involved in this pursuit.
The typology revisited
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

Some years after constructing the typology of drawings, I had occasion to look back at the 186 drawings from which I had developed the typology. The framework for this analysis was stimulated by questions raised by Sidney Strauss, as editor of a volume titled U-Shaped Behavioral Growth. Strauss suggested that I look among the 186 drawings for possibly conflicting representations. These, he posited, might be seen as instances that could account for apparent dips in development and might also illuminate transitional behavior. Thus, with Strauss’s challenge, I went back into the data in search of new insight. Revisiting the data, I saw the prototypes as focused instances within a continuing generative process. In this new context, drawings that I had discounted, because they seemed “odd” and bothersome “hybrids”, instead came to illuminate and confirm the more distinct prototypes that made up the original typology. Indeed, it was only in this context that the significance of the hybrids became clear. The new analysis focused on another one of the six rhythms that the children were asked to clap and draw, because it seemed most effectively to differentiate among them.
Introduction: What develops in music development?
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter introduces Part II, expanding the field of interest, providing a broader and also more detailed framework for thinking about musical development. Asking what we take to be “progress” in musical development, there is primary focus on the tension between the permanence of the score and the perceived changeable meaning of entities it encodes. In turn, the chapter asks how “progress” is related to notions of musical complexity—in the unfolding of a developing composition, as well as in developing a “hearing” and a performance of it.
Restructuring conceptual intuitions through invented notations: From path making to map making
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter focuses on a single, closely worked out example in which one child (whom I shall call Brad) invents a series of notations, each one a significant transformation of the one before. The Introduction is followed in Part I by theoretical background, where I place the study in relation to relevant theoretical material and also describe the fundamental distinction between path maker and map maker. Part II includes a description of the tune-building task and includes comparisons between typical path makers and map makers both in the music domain and in large-scale space. Part III is the Story of Brad, beginning with descriptions of the environment in which the study took place. Part III is divided into five phases tracing Brad’s evolution from path making toward map making. Part IV summarizes and draws some implications for teaching and learning.
Developing musical structures: Going beyond the simples
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter traces the process through which two (imaginary) students develop their hearings of a brief Minuet by Beethoven. As the students’ hearings evolve, they come to hear the Minuet as a “developing musical structure.” At the same time, and through this process, the students are necessarily developing their own mental “musical structures.” And as the students learn, they come to hear the Minuet as “learning,” too.
Engaging complexity: Three hearings of a Beethoven Sonata movement
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

As the previous chapters have shown, and as experience tells us, individuals with no formal music instruction spontaneously invoke powerful organizing constraints guiding their apprehension of the familiar music of our culture. In the example that follows, the chapter introduces descriptions of hearings made by three students who are at differing stages in their musical experience. In doing so, we return to some of the questions that have motivated much of the work in preceding chapters.
Recapitulation and coda
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter proposes that we should notice, appreciate, and not be tempted to turn aside the organizing constraints that are naturally acquired through familiarity with the simples of our culture. It argues that if students are helped from the beginning to reflect on their hearings, including the conflicts that might emerge, they are more likely to build on, rather than forego, their ultimately powerful musical intuitions.
Qualitative Research on Islamic Nurture
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

This chapter introduces the qualitative research project, the methodological challenges faced and how the authors sought to overcome them. Sixty Muslim families were recruited in Cardiff, a city with a long-standing and ethnically diverse Muslim population. Interviews were conducted with both parents where possible and with all children aged twelve and under. Some children also completed oral and photographic diaries of a typical week in learning to be a Muslim and researchers conducted observation of formal educational settings. The methodological aspects around which the chapter is structured are as follows: the potential of a mixed-faith and mixed-ethnicity research team; recruitment of research participants; fieldwork conduct and rapport; and child-centred research methods.
Prologue
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: January 2014

This chapter presents the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, which holds that much of the explanatory role attributed to syntax in contemporary linguistics is properly the responsibility of semantics. The discussions cover two views on the relation between syntax and semantics; the mainstream syntactic structures compared with Simpler Syntax; application to Bare Argument Ellipsis; some other cases where Fregean compositionality does not hold; choosing between the two approaches; and rules of grammar as stored pieces of structure.
Markedness, antisymmetry, and complexity of constructions (2003)
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Nowak Andrzej
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the interactions between language change, language acquisition, markedness, and computational complexity of mappings between grammatical representations. It shows that markedness can produce ‘gaps’ in the distribution of combinations of linguistic features. Certain combinations will not occur, simply because there are competing combinations that are computationally less complex. One contributor to markedness in this sense is the degree of the transparency of the mapping between superficial syntactic structure and conceptual structure. The chapter develops a rough measure of complexity that takes into account the extent to which the syntactic structure involves stretching and twisting of the relations that hold in conceptual structure, and shows how it gives the right results in a number of specific cases.
Imperial Justice
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

Focusing on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the colonial regional Appeal Courts for West Africa and East Africa, it examines how judicial discourses of native difference and imperial universalism in local disputes influenced practices of power in colonial settings and shaped an evolving jurisprudence of Empire. Arguing that the Imperial Appeal Courts were key sites where colonial legal modernity was fashioned, the book examines the tensions that permeated the colonial legal system such as the difficulty of upholding basic standards of British justice while at the same time allowing for local customary divergence which was thought essential to achieving that justice. The modernizing mission of British justice could only truly be achieved through recognition of local exceptionality and difference. Natives who appealed to the Courts of Empire were entitled to the same standards of justice as their ‘civilized’ colonists, yet the boundaries of racial, ethnic, and cultural difference somehow had to be recognized and maintained in the adjudicatory process. Meeting these divergent goals required flexibility in colonial law-making as well as in the administration of justice. In the paradox of integration and differentiation, imperial power and local cultures were not always in conflict but were sometimes complementary and mutually reinforcing. The book draws attention not only to the role of Imperial Appeal Courts in the colonies but also to the reciprocal place of colonized peoples in shaping the processes and outcomes of imperial justice. A valuable addition to British colonial literature, this book places Africa in a central role, and examines the role of the African colonies in the shaping of British imperial jurisprudence.
Repugnant Customs and Alien Courts
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the ambivalent place of African customary law in the colonial legal system, the tensions arising from conflicting systems of laws and the role of the JCPC and the regional Courts of Appeal in interpreting and applying African customary laws. Focusing on debates over ‘native assessors’ in the colonial courts, native tribunals and the ‘doctrine of repugnancy’, it explores how the tension between imperial universalism and local exceptionalism played out in contested judicial discourse over the role of customary law in imperial justice. It investigates how Imperial Appeal Courts, in dealing with questions of African customary law sought to uphold two frequently conflicting agendas: maintaining fundamental principles of British justice thought to be crucial to legitimizing the Empire, while simultaneously accommodating African customary law considered indispensable to achieving imperial justice
The Bordeaux Trial
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: January 2014

This chapter analyses the trial of Oradour-sur-Glane, which opened before a military tribunal in Bordeaux in 1953. On 10 June 1944, a German column advanced towards the small village of Oradoursur-Glane in the south-west of France. The soldiers killed a total of 648 villagers, making it the worst massacre in occupied France, one of the worst in Western Europe and on a scale comparable to some of the most dramatic mass executions of the Eastern Front. While the trial was meant to condemn Nazi barbarity, it also ended up raising some difficult questions about France, Alsace, forced incorporation, duress, and justice between communities — all issues for which the Bordeaux tribunal turned out to be ill-equipped to address.
Justice for ‘Asian’ Victims
Authors: Morris Narrelle
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the Australian war crimes trials from 1945 to 1951. Specifically, it considers the odd Australian statutory jurisdiction based on classes of victims that enabled some Asian victims of Japanese war crimes to be dealt with in the trials; assesses their presence in the Rabaul trial series; and focuses on representations of Asians as witnesses in several notable trials held at Rabaul. Unlike the Tokyo Tribunal, the Rabaul trials cannot be criticized for seeking justice only for Caucasian victims of Japanese war crimes and for deliberately avoiding or otherwise neglecting the ‘hidden history’ of Asian victims.
Oedipus and Theseus at the Crossroads
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Chapter two examines Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus. In the first play, vulnerability to ignorance constitutes a danger to the community, as Oedipus’ self-assurance about his own righteousness contributes to his city’s and family’s downfall. Oedipus initially refuses to accommodate weakness and vulnerability to uncontrollable forces into his vision of human life, and his refusal has grave consequences for those whom he rules and those whom he loves. However, Theseus in Oedipus at Colonus suggests an alternative approach to vulnerability, as Theseus displays compassionate hospitality for the stranger. The figure of Oedipus as a xenos in Colonus reconciles the split between his identity as a polluted man and as a political protector. His incorporation and elevation to protector of Athens displays the Athenian ideal of the polis as the dwelling of all together (synoikismos), in which receptivity to the outsider and even to weakness becomes constitutive of the city’s good.
Politics of Security
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

This book focuses on a number of peace movements in Britain and West Germany from the end of Second World War in 1945 to the early 1970s in order to answer this question. Britons and West Germans had been fierce enemies in the Second World War, but after 1945 a substantial number of activists in both countries imagined themselves to be part of a common movement against nuclear armaments and for peace and security. Politics of Security tells the story of how people experienced the cold war as a war. It is about the impact of the cold war on political cultures. This crucial issue is often forgotten in historical memory. In particular, the book follows British and West German anti-nuclear weapons activists in their attempts to campaign for and create security after the destruction of the Second World War, and how their own version of security clashed with concepts advanced by their own governments. But the book also demonstrates how, as part of the protests against nuclear weapons, activists and their societies learned to live with the Bomb: the book recounts how activists first discovered the dangers of nuclear weapons, but how a different generation of activists came to focus on other issues as the Vietnam War became their primary concern. And it makes comprehensible how activists two societies who had fought each other fiercely in the battle of dictatorships and democracies of the Second World War could now come to see each other as part of a common campaign. Fundamentally, with its transnational approach, the book highlights how these two societies with very different experiences and memories of the cruelties and atrocities of the Second World War, drew on very similar arguments when they came to understand the cold war through the prism of the previous world war. The book is the first to capture in a transnational fashion what activists did on the marches and what it meant to them and to others. The book thus reminds us that threats are not merely out there, but that they need to be created in a political process that involves struggles for power and contestation.