bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etude clinique et expérimentale des modifications des lipides plasmatiques induites par l'alcool
Authors: Jaillard J. , Sezille G. , Scherpereel Ph. , Fruchart J.C.
Published: November 2008

Experimental studies of alcohol influence on plasma lipids were performed in men and rabbits. Ethanol infusions induced hypertriglyceridemia in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with alcoholic hepatitis. No significant difference was found between the two groups of subjects. Comparative studies of triglyceride fatty acid composition obtained in the normal state and after ethanol infusion were performed in the rabbit after labelling of adipose tissue triglycerides with unusual fatty acids. The data obtained are consistant with an extra-hepatic origin of triglyceride fatty acids synthetised in the liver under ethanol influence.
The Influence of Dietary Sunflowerseed Oil and Hardened Coconut Oil on Intra-Arterial Occlusive Thrombosis in Rats
Authors: Hornstra G.
Published: November 2008

By inserting a polyethene, loop-shaped cannula in the aorta of rats, a platelet thrombus can be induced which, after some time (the obturation time, OT), blocks the aorta completely. When rats are fed diets containing increasing contents of sunflowerseed oil (SO), the OT increases SO-dose dependent. There is only a small increase in OT on feeding increasing amounts of hardened coconut oil (HCO). When in diets containing 60 cal% fat, the HCO is replaced by SO at various levels, there is a positive, significantly rectilinear relationship between OT and SO-dose. These results indicate that dietary SO and the linoleic acid fraction in particular, decreases the thrombotic properties of rat platelets, possibly by way of an increased biosynthesis of prostaglandin E1 – a highly potent inhibitor of thrombocyte adhesion and aggregation.
Plasma Lipids in Human Linoleic Acid Deficiency
Authors: Collins F.D. , Sinclair A.J. , Royle J.P. , Coats D.A. , Maynard A.T. , Leonard R.F.
Published: November 2008

A clinical case of linoleic acid deficiency has been investigated because of the unknown effect in an adult man. The patient had had all but 60 cm of his small intestine removed and was maintained solely by intravenous therapy for 100 days, without fat. At this stage there was no clinical evidence of malnutrition, but his serum phospholipids were found to contain 10% 5,8,11 eicosatrienoic acid and he developed a skin rash. A soybean fat emulsion containing 86 g/l of linoleic acid was given intravenously for 12 days, discontinued for 43 days and then resumed. During each period of fat administration (linoleic acid intake 22.8 g/day) the serum phospholipid content of eicosatrienoic acid fell and arachidonic acid rose. Simultaneously the serum triglycerides fell to normal, the proportions of the triglycerides carried by the lipoproteins (d < 1.006) rose to normal and the rash disappeared. A second case of linoleic acid deficiency, in this instance associated with severe malnutrition, was investigated and here also a high level of plasma triglycerides was mostly associated with lipoproteins with d < 1.006. In an attempt to estimate his minimal daily requirements, feeding 7.5 g/day of linoleic acid in this form did not eliminate the eicosatrienoic acid, but instead allowed a small increase. It is concluded that adult man requires at least 7.5 g/day of linoleic acid and that the proportion of the triglycerides carried by the very low density lipoproteins is lowered in the absence of linoleic acid.
Serum Glucose and Fructose Levels after Sucrose Meals in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Macdonald I. , Turner L.J.
Published: November 2008

Studies of the levels of serum fructose and glucose, after a sucrose meal, show that in patients with arterial disease the fructose level rises more than in the controls. The rise in the glucose level is similar in both groups.
Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity in the Plasma of Rats Fed Sucrose or Starch
Authors: Naismith D.J. , Khan N.A.
Published: November 2008

The substitution of sucrose for starch in the diet of the rat promotes a rise in the plasma cholesterol concentration which is largely confined to the esterified fraction. There is a concomitant rise in the activity of the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase which catalyses the esterification of free cholesterol in the plasma. This enzyme displays a marked specificity towards the cholesterol carried in the high-density lipoproteins. It is concluded that the increase in the capacity of the plasma to esterify cholesterol occurs in response to the increased throughput of cholesterol in the plasma which results from feeding a high-sucrose diet.
Single Cell Protein in Clinical Testing
Authors: Abrahamsson L. , Hambræus L. , Hofvander Y. , Vahlquist B.
Published: November 2008

A single cell protein preparation derived from cells grown on a chemically pure hydrocarbon fraction was given daily to 20 healthy adults during 6 weeks. Clinical observations showed little evidence that the daily intake of 20 g of the product (comprising 12-15% of the total nitrogen intake) caused any severe side effects. Dietary studies showed that the main problem of the product from the dietetic point of view was the taste, which needed further development. Biochemical investigations revealed a significant but transient increase of the serum uric acid level during the first 2 weeks. With respect to the serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) there was a moderate increase which, however, never surpassed the upper limit of the normal values.
Diets in Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Skála I. , Lamačová V.
Published: November 2008

Diets served in lactose intolerance were prepared hitherto by elimination of milk and milk products which is associated with a number of difficulties and dangers. The authors draw attention to the possibility to reduce these difficulties by a differentiated selection of foods as regards their different lactose and calcium content. They supposed that the basic solution of the problem would be to eliminate lactose from milk and milk products. For the preparation of a practically lactose-free diet they use the preparation Lida-Lac (Lidano, Denmark) which is powdered milk protein with trace amount of lactose only. The authors draw attention to the technological peculiarities when this preparation is used as a milk substitute.
Hydrogenated Marine Fat, Effect on Growth and Liver Weight in Young Rats given a High Fat, Low Protein Ration
Authors: Njaa L.R. , Brækkan O.R. , Lambertsen G. , Utne F.
Published: November 2008

Hydrogenated marine fat and some other commercial fats were fed to young rats in a low protein diet at a level of about 50% of the calories. The diet was marginal in choline, α-tocopherol and linoleic acid. The experimental procedure involved littermate control and equalized feeding within litters. Rats given hydrogenated marine fat, as well as those given hydrogenated soya bean oil and hydrogenated rapeseed oil showed less weight gain than rats given lard and herring oil. When the conditions were not complicated by the occurrence of fatty livers, the rats given the hydrogenated fats showed a higher liver weight: final body weight ratio than the rats given the natural fats. Supplementing the hydrogenated marine fat with 2.5% sunflower seed oil improved its caloric efficiency. Additions of α-tocopherol were without any effect. There was a high degree of correlation between the growth efficiency of calories above basal needs and the liver weight: final body weight ratio.
Etude de l’épuration plasmatique des lipides chez les cirrhotiques
Authors: Guisard D. , Gonand J.P. , Laurent J. , Debry G.
Published: November 2008

Fifteen patients with untreated decomensated cirrhosis of the liver and 10 controls were subjected to lipid loading with a 10-percent emulsion of long-chain fatty acid triglycerides. During the test, serum levels of the different lipid fractions were studied. Clearance of the injected triglycerides takes place the more rapidly the more severe the cirrhosis is. This acceleration of clearance is due to malnutrition and the increase in lipoprotein lipase, which cannot be broken down physiologically by the cirrhotic liver. Alternatively, the rapid clearance may be explained by dilution of the lipids by ascitic fluid in the more severe cases of cirrhosis.
Effect of Factors Influencing the Reticuloendothelial System on the Turnover of the Rat Serum Cholesterol
Authors: Monnier G. , Jacotot B. , Beaumont J.L.
Published: November 2008

The role of the reticuloendothelial system on the uptake of the serum lipoproteins has been studied in rats fed with labelled cholesterol and maintained in isotopic steady state, or after stopping the labelled diet. The stimulation or the inhibition of the reticuloendothelial cells modifies the specific radioactivity of the serum cholesterol. The consequences of this reticuloendothelial cell activity in physiological conditions and severalpathological states is discussed.
Hepatic Lipogenesis in Acute Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Nitzan M.
Published: November 2008

To define more clearly the role of hepatic lipogenesis in the uremic hypertriglyceridemia, in vitro studies with rat liver slices have been conducted. Liver slices from fasted rats which had been nephrectomized 24 h before sacrifice, showed a significant increase in the incorporation of acetate-2–14C into triglycerides, when compared to both sham-operated and unoperated controls. The conversion of the label to cholesterol was substantially higher in the nephrectomized as well as in the sham-operated rats than in the unoperated controls. No significant difference was observed in the radioactivity of phospholipids or CO2between the 3 groups. The data are compatible with specific stimulating action of acute uremic syndrome upon hepatic triglyceride synthesis. On the other hand, the striking enhancement in hepatic cholesterogenesis was induced by the surgical stress as such.
The Concentrations of Fructose, Glucose and Lactate in the Splanchnic Blood Vessels of Rats Absorbing Fructose
Authors: Topping D.L. , Mayes P.A.
Published: November 2008

The concentrations of fructose, glucose and lactate were measured in the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein and systemic aorta of fed and fasting rats given a large meal of fructose by gastric intubation. The maximum concentration of fructose found in portal vein blood was within the range 20–40 mg/100 ml. The corresponding range in the systemic circulation was 2–6 mg/100 ml. A fractional hepatic fructose uptake of 54.9% and 71.5% was found in fed and fasting rats, respectively. Little fructose was removed by extrahepatic tissues. Fructose feeding lowered the concentration of glucose in the hepatic vein of fed animals but did not alter glucose concentrations in any other vessels sampled in fed or fasting rats. The absorption of fructose raised blood lactate concentrations in all vessels sampled of both fed and fasting animals. It is suggested that this effect is due to reduction in hepatic uptake of lactate. Fructose feeding did not increase lactate production by the intestine, neither was there any evidence of significant intestinal conversion of fructose to glucose.
Transport sanguin et mode d’action d’un médicament hypolipidémiant apparenté au Clofibrate: Le G P 45.699
Authors: Beaumont J.-L. , Dachet C. , Beaumont V. , Buxtorf J.-C.
Published: November 2008

G P 45.699 is a chemical hypolipidemic agent related to Clofibrate. The present study, achieved in man during a clinical assay, shows that the drug, after its intestinal absorption, is carried in blood by serum albumin, and also by low density lipoproteins, chiefly density 1.006–1.063 lipoproteins. In 4 normal subjects, the drug is found to be bound to albumin for 93–98%; to low density lipoproteins for only 2–6%. But when molecular weights are considered, the mole ratio of the drug per mole of albumin is less than 1, whereas per mole of lipoprotein it reaches 13 and even 25. Similar results were obtained in 4 hyperlipidemic subjects. This ability of low density lipoproteins to transport G P 45.699 in vivo was confirmed in vitro by the ability of purified β lipoproteins to bind the drug in saline. The presence of the drug on low density lipoproteins allows a new hypothesis concerning the hypolipidemic action of G P 45.699 and of related chemical compounds, Clofibrate being the best known. According to this hypothesis, the drug when binding with peptide B (apo-β-lipoprotein) within the mucosal cell, would reduce its ability to bind and transport triglycerides and cholesterol. A direct interaction between the drug and lipoproteins would fit better with its effects on lipidemia. Its interaction with albumin being responsible for some other effects, such an interference with several antivitamine-K anticoagulants.
Long-Term Dose-Response Effects of Vitamin E in Rats
Authors: Jager F.C.
Published: November 2008

In order to investigate whether and to what extent the spontaneous in vitro haemolysis test is an indicator of vitamin E nutriture, six groups of 8 male rats were kept for 22 months on diets containing 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 4.5, 8.5 or 16.5 mg D-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg food. The severity of myopathy in the leg muscles was correlated to the vitamin E content of the diet and to the percentage of in vitro haemolysis. More than 70% haemolysis appeared to indicate a state of vitamin E deficiency, associated with severe pathological changes in the skeletal muscles. Weight gain decrease and testis degeneration occurred only at the lowest dose of vitamin E. No relation existed between mortality and the doses of vitamin E given. Complete myolysis of a muscle cell was found to be preceded by a stage of swelling, in which a strong activity of lactic dehydrogenase was observed.
The Effect of a Sucrose-Enriched Diet on the Metabolism of Intravenously Administered Fructose in Baboons
Authors: Jourdan M.H.
Published: November 2008

There is a highly significant rise in the fasting serum glyceride concentrations of both male and female baboons in the first 3 weeks of consumption of a 75-ρercent by weight sucrose diet, reaching a peak between the 2nd and 4th weeks of the diet. Even at 10 weeks the mean values are higher than the pre-diet levels. There is no significant change in the fasting cholesterol or phospholipid concentrations. There is no detectable change in the overall rate of fructose metabolism when fructose is given intravenously at the end of the high sucrose diet as compared with before the diet. There is no significant change in the glyceride 14C-specific activity following intravenous injection of 14C-fructose at the end of the dietary period as compared with the beginning in either male or female baboons. This suggests that if there has been overall increase in the rate of glyceride synthesis this has not occurred solely as a result of a selective conversion of fructose to glyceride, but involves all glyceride precursor substances. The pattern of change in serum lipid and glucose concentrations following fructose injection is no different at the end of the dietary period compared with the beginning. There is a suggestion of increased glucose assimilation during the dietary period. It is concluded that the increase in incorporation into the serum glyceride of 14C-sucrose given orally at the end of a period of consuming 75% sucrose is primarily due to an increased rate of absorption of the products of sucrose hydrolysis rather than to any increase in the rate of metabolism of fructose.
Biological Evaluation of a Whey Protein Fraction, with Special Reference to its Use as a Phenylalanine-Low Protein Source in the Dietary Treatment of PKU
Authors: Forsum Elisabeth , Hambraeus L.
Published: November 2008

A biological evaluation of the nutritive value of a whey protein concentrate, as well as of a specific whey protein fraction low in phenylalanine and tyrosine, has been performed by means of an NPU assay. The nutritive values were found to be high, higher, in fact, than what could be expected from the theoretical calculations based on chemical analyses and calculation of chemical scores. The use of whey proteins, low in phenylalanine, in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria is proposed.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia and the Acid-Base Variations of Exercise
Authors: Andersen H.T. , Stavem P.
Published: November 2008

Two patients suffering from iron deficiency anaemia were given a standard exercise test of 500 kpm/min during 4 consecutive minutes before treatment was begun and after the anaemia had been corrected. The corresponding acid-base variations were more marked before iron therapy was started than afterwards. The conspicuous shifts in acid-base balance observed in anaemic patients performing muscular work reflect a certain degree of anaerobiosis. This anaerobic component of the energy metabolism disappears or becomes smaller when the blood transport capacity for oxygen is improved.
The Uptake of Ascorbic Acid by the Tissues of Ascorbic Acid-deficient Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Hurley R.J. , Jones P.R. , Hughes R.E.
Published: November 2008

The uptake of ascorbic acid by the organs of near-scorbutic guinea-pigs was examined. Tissue saturation was achieved in the liver, spleen, heart and adrenals 24 h after the administration of 1 % ascorbic acid in the drinking water; saturation of the eye lens, testes and brain was less rapid. A transient ‘supersaturation’ of 5 days’ duration occurred in the liver, spleen and heart. It is suggested that supersaturation, if it occurs in man, could effect a partial invalidation of the classical ‘saturation test’ for ascorbic acid insufficiency.
Hyperlipémies dépendantes de l’alcool
Authors: de Gennes J.L. , Thomopoulos P. , Truffert J. , deTregomain Labrousse
Published: November 2008

The authors report a study of 28 cases of hyperlipemia due to alcohol. Clinically, they emphasize the predominance of the male sex, the high incidence of digestive disturbances, weight loss and hepatomegaly and the rarity of cardiovascular involvement. From the biochemical point of view, the majority of cases present an endogenous hyperlipemia of the same type as that induced by carbohydrates. Attention is also drawn to the disturbed glucose balance and the frequent hyperuricemia. Moreover, demonstration of lipid anomalies in the relatives of 11 cases out of 15 suggests a genetic predisposition rather analogous to that in carbohydrate hyperlipemia. Treatment by simple withdrawal of alcohol is always effective, but very unreliably adhered to by these patients.
Body Composition and Nutrition of Adolescent Boys Training for Bicycle Racing
Authors: Berg K.
Published: November 2008

Body composition and nutrition of adolescent boys training for bicycle racing were studied with isotope dilution technique using 42K and tritium as tracers. Nutrition was investigated with a 24-hour recall and a diet history. The boys’ intake of energy and of essential nutrients was high. Their body height and weight were normal for age. Their mean body cell mass was 47%, total body water 69% and body fat 8% of body weight. Total body water, extracellular water, and body fat in relation to body cell mass gave mean ratios of 1.47, 0.69 and 0.19, respectively. These data were compared to those previously found for inactive children with inadequate nutrition suffering from cerebral palsy.
Effect of Prolonged Starvation and Subsequent Realimentation on Serum Proteins
Authors: Chandrasekharan N.
Published: November 2008

Electrophoretic fractionation of serum from rats starved for varying periods up to 16 days and subsequently rehabilitated was performed. There was a fall in the albumin, α- and β-globulin with no changes in the total protein and γ-globulin concentrations during starvation. During rehabilitation there was an initial fall in the total serum protein and γ-globulin, accompanied by an increase in the α- and β-globulin concentrations. The varying changes in serum protein concentrations cannot be entirely explained by alterations in plasma volume.
Etude de l’épuration plasmatique des lipides chez des sujets atteints de cirrhose hépatique d’origine éthylique avec ascite
Authors: Guisard D. , Bigard M.A. , Debry G.
Published: November 2008

Plasmatic clearance of exogenous lipids separated in a gradient of polyvinylpyrrolidone and post-heparinic activity of plasma have been investigated in 48 control-patients and in 43 alcoholic patients with liver cirrhosis, 15 of whom presented ascites. The acceleration of plasmatic clearance in the cirrhotics can be explained by the increase of post-heparinic activity in their plasma. It is even more enhanced in decompensated cirrhotics since the appearance in the ascitic fluid intravenously injected triglycerides has been demonstrated.
Metabolic Effects Following a Short and Medium Chain Triglycerides Load in Dogs
Authors: Bach A. , Guisard D. , Metais P. , Debry G.
Published: November 2008

5 dogs, starved for 14 h and anaesthetised, were given a infusion in the form of an emulsion prepared from 20% trinonanoate in 9°/00 NaCl containing 1% soya lecithins. The infusion of this fat causes an increase in triglycerides and plasma non-esterified fatty acids. The plasma ketone bodies increased by about 700% with an increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. At the same time a hyperinsulinemia and a hypoglycemia were observed. The oxidation of nonanoic acid leads to an increase in lactate, pyruvate and in the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the plasma.
Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid and Selenium on the Requirement of Vitamin E in Ducklings
Authors: Jager F.C.
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary linoleic acid and selenium on vitamin E requirement has been investigated. Groups of newly hatched, male Peking ducklings were kept for 4 weeks on diets containing increasing amounts of vitamin E (D α-tocopherol acetate). The dietary fat (35 cal%) consisted of lard (low linoleic acid content), tocopherol-free maize oil (high linoleic acid content) or natural maize oil. In addition to D α-tocopherol acetate, some groups received 0.1 mg selenium (Na2SeO3) per kg food. Vitamin E deficiency manifested itself by myopathy of all types of muscles. The skeletal muscles showed the typical hyaline degeneration. Necrocalcinosis was found in the muscular tissue of heart, gizzard and intestine. The lard diet needed 13.5 and the tocopherol-free maize oil diet 27 mg vitamin E/kg food to prevent myopathy; this is 86 and 172 mg D α-tocopherol per kg fat, respectively. For the natural maize oil, this requirement was amply covered by its own tocopherol content, while on lard diets all animals died within 3 weeks, showing severe myopathy when extra vitamin E had not been added. The increased vitamin E requirement of the animals on the tocopherol-free maize oil diet could be explained by their lower blood-tocopherol level, as compared with the lard group, at an equal dietary level of vitamin E. Selenium was found to be most effective in preventing myopathy (0.1 mg Se ≧ 20 mg D α-tocopherol acetate). The beneficial effect of selenium could not be explained by an increase of the plasma tocopherol level. Obviously, most animal fats are inadequate in vitamin E, whereas vegetable oils with a high linoleic acid content (sunflower, maize, safflower) must be considered as the natural sources of this vitamin. It is concluded, that a critical dietary E/PUFA ratio (intake of mg D •α-tocopherol, divided by the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in g) does not exist.
The Influence of Dietary Protein on Dietary Carbohydrate: Lipid Interrelationships
Authors: Coles Betty L. , Macdonald I.
Published: November 2008

After diets containing sucrose (7.5 g/kg body weight) with various proteins, the serum lipid changes were of a similar order except when an amino acid mixture replaced the protein. No significant changes in serum albumin concentration were found.
Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D on Fluoride Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Havivi E.
Published: November 2008

Young rats were maintained on 2 diets containing 14.2 and 1.2 g calcium/kg food, respectively. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups whose diets were supplemented with fluoride, vitamin D2, or both. Rats on low-calcium diets supplemented with fluoride decreased their food intake and the gain in body weight was smaller. The addition of vitamin D resulted in a body weight increase. The level of fluoride in the soft tissues of the rats kept on low-calcium diets was 2–3 times that of the corresponding tissues of the rats kept on high-calcium diets. The percent of retention of fluoride by low-calcium fed groups was 2–3 times the amount of fluoride than that of the high-calcium diet rats. Vitamin D increases fluoride retention irrespective of the calcium content of the diet. In the rats on the high-calcium diet, the effect of fluoride on weight gain is not significant.
Etude de l’influence des protéines texturées de soja sur le bilan azoté de l’homme
Authors: Poullain B. , Guisard D. , Debry G.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this work was to study the influence on nitrogen balance of the introduction of Textured vegetable protein (TVP) into a normal diet. Each subject’s diet was fixed according to his normal food habits. The amount of TVP consumed was 40 g dry weight, corresponding to 20 g protein. Under the experimental conditions, which approach those of the utilization of TVP in the daily diet, nitrogen balance did not differ significantly between the control week and the week with TVP, although 7 of 10 subjects had a higher nitrogen balance during the control week.
The Eccrine Sweat-Gland Function of Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Zazgornik J. , Irsigler K. , Kline E. , Kryspin-Exner K.
Published: November 2008

25 chronic alcoholics were submitted to a 45-min experiment in the hot chamber. The weight loss due to sweating averaged 0.77 ± 0.33 kg (1.02 ± 0.55% of body weight) and was significantly higher for the alcoholics than for the controls, 0.5 ± 0.2 kg (0.81 ± 0.15%). Before and after the experiment, the electrolyte excretion in sweat was compared to that in urine. The sodium concentration in sweat increased during the experiment in both groups; however, the sodium concentration decreased markedly in the urine after the experiment. In both alcoholics and controls, the potassium concentration in sweat decreased significantly, whereas concentration in the urine increased after the experiment. According to our results, the excretion of water and electrolytes in chronic alcoholics, when compared to controls, is characterized by increased sweat excretion and decreased sodium and potassium concentrations in urine before and after heat exposure. Regarding sweat gland and kidney function during thermal stress, alcoholics presented the same reaction type as controls.
The Effect of a ‘Sucrose-Free’ Diet on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Man
Authors: Fry A.J.
Published: November 2008

(1) 19 members of an Antarctic expedition were fed on a diet in which sucrose was replaced by glucose and calcium cyclamate for 14 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out whilst on this diet and for a comparable period of time when on the normal base diet. (2) Changes in body weight were small and not significant. (3) Although blood glucose levels were significantly lower 0.5 h after ingestion of the glucose load on the ‘sucrose-free’ diet towards the end of the diet period, compared with values obtained on the normal base diet, this change was reversed at 1 and 1.5 h after ingestion of the glucose load. (4) It is concluded that there is a small but significant change in glucose tolerance after nine weeks on a ‘sucrose-free’ diet.
Effects of Intermittent Feeding on Rat Adipose Tissue and Diaphragm Metabolism
Authors: Goldman J.K.
Published: November 2008

Effects of intermittent feeding were studied in rats fasted and fed for alternating 3-day periods. After 30 days, rats were sacrified and food intake, weight gain and carcass lipid measured. Fat pads and hemidiaphragms were incubated with U-14C-glucose or 1–14C-palmitate. Oxidation and incorporation into tissue lipids were analyzed. Compared to rats fed ad libitum, intermittently fed and fasted animals ate 50% less food, gained 75% less weight and had greater carcass lipid content per gram of weight. Glucose incorporation into lipid was increased in diaphragm and adipose tissue, but oxidation and incorporation into glycogen were increased only in the latter tissue. Palmitate oxidation was unchanged in either tissue, but incorporation into adipose tissue lipid fractions was increased. Conclusions are that intermittent feeding reduces caloric efficiency, stimulates lipogenesis and glucose oxidation, and results in a relative excess of body fat even in the presence of undernutrition.
In vivo Studies of the Metabolism of Mevalonic Acid in Nephrotic Rats
Authors: Edgren B. , Hellström K.
Published: November 2008

DL-Mevalonate-2–14C was injected intravenously to control and nephrotic rats. The predominant part of the radioactivity recovered after 90 min as nonsaponifiable lipids in the control rats was found in the kidneys. In agreement with previous studies, most of the label in the nonsaponifiable lipid fraction of the blood and liver was localized to material tentatively identified as C27 sterols (cholesterol), whereas more than 50% of such radioactivity in the kidneys appeared to be attached to labelled squalene and lanosterol. The total recovery of labelled nonsaponifiable lipids was higher in the nephrotic than in the control rats. The difference was mainly due to a 3–4-fold elevation of such material in the liver, whereas the recovery in the kidneys was essentially the same in both groups of animals. The distribution of radioactivity among squalene, lanosterol and C27 sterols was essentially normal in all tissues of the nephrotic rats studied. It appears that the increased incorporation of mevalonate into the lipids of the nephrotic animals reflected a hyperactive lipid synthesis in extrarenal tissues, rather than a deranged metabolism of circulating mevalonate due to the renal lesion.
The Incorporation of Fructose and Glucose, Given Intravenously, Into the Serum Lipids of Baboons
Authors: Jourdan M.H.
Published: November 2008

(1) in both male and female baboons, the 14C specific activity in the serum glycerides is greater following the intravenous injection of about 10 Ci fructose-U-14Cthan after the same amount of radio-glucose. It is argued that this indicates a greater incorporation of 14C-fructose into serum glycerides. (2) The serum glucose concentrations of male baboons rise steadily over a 5-hour period following the injection of fructose. No such rise is found in the serum glucose concentrations of the female baboons. (3) The incorporation of 14C of fructose into serum glycerides is significantly greater in male baboons than in females. (4) After the intravenous injection of either glucose or fructose in both male and female baboons, there is a fall in serum glyceride concentration, reaching a nadir at 30 min following the injection.
Tocopherolemia in Healthy Human Adults
Authors: Gontzea I. , Nicolau Nadia
Published: November 2008

The serum tocopherol levels were determined in 923 workers (18–62 years of age) from the textile, chemical and metallurgical industries. Tocopherol levels varied between 0.20 and 1.86 mg/100 ml serum, the mean value being 0.77 ± 0.01 mg/100 ml; but in 148 subjects (16%), concentrations under 0.5 mg/100 ml were found. For women, the average was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that for men (0.75 ± 0.02, compared to 0.79 ± 0.01), and the prevalence of levels below 0.5 mg/l00 ml was greater (18.4%, compared to 12.6%). Independent of sex, the serum tocopherol level increased with age (from 0.59 ± 0.02 under 26 years to 0.87 ± 0.05 mg/l00 ml for the group over 55 years, p < 0.001). By grouping the persons according to the tocopherol levels (A = up to 0.5 mg/l00 ml; B = 0.51–1.0 and C = over 1.0 mg/l00 ml) and by calculating for each group the average values of the daily fat intake (supplied especially by sunflower oil), a relationship was found between the two series of values; but, overall, this did not reach statistical significance.
Iron Status of Anemic Rats Fed Iron-Fortified Cereal-Milk Diets
Authors: Anderson T.A. , Kim I. , Fomon S.J.
Published: November 2008

Regeneration of hemoglobin was studied in anemic rats fed a cereal-milk diet unfortified with iron or fortified with sodium iron pyrophosphate, reduced iron or ferrous sulfate. At the end of the 28-day period of iron repletion, mean body weight and mean concentration of hemoglobin were significantly greater for rats fed the diet fortified with ferrous sulfate than for rats in the other feeding groups. Rats fed the basal diet with no added iron (15 mg/kg of naturally occurring iron) had significantly lower hematocrits but not significantly different concentrations of hemoglobin than did the rats fed sodium iron pyrophosphate or reduced iron. Approximately 9% of the reduced iron, 10% of the sodium iron pyrophosphate, and 65% of the ferrous sulfate in the diet were incorporated into hemoglobin.
Complete Intravenous Nutrition
Authors: Wretlind A.
Published: November 2008

A large number of experimental and clinical investigations has shown that an adequate, complete intravenous (i.v.) nutrition can be provided by using an amino acid mixture, glucose or fructose, fat emulsions, electrolytes and vitamins. A brief summary of the various investigations of the necessary quantities of energy and nutrients has been given. Based on these studies, recommendations have been made for the supply of nutrients in complete i.v. nutrition, which will cover the requirements of a patient. In many cases it is difficult or even impossible to infuse the required amount of energy in the form of carbohydrate and alcohol. With fat emulsions, however, it is easy to supply the required amount of energy. An i.v. fat emulsion of choice should have the same properties as chylomicrons. Such fat emulsion seems to be metabolized in about the same way as the fat from the ordinary food. By a complete i.v. nutrition including fat emulsions it is possible to maintain a good nutritional status in most patients as well as to produce growth in infants for reasonably long periods of time in cases when oral feeding is impossible or inadequate. Adult patients have been kept in good nutritional condition for periods up to 7 months on complete or total i.v. feeding. By the use of an adequate complete i.v. nutrition the loss of body protein and body weight in the post-operative period can be reduced to a large extent in the adult patient. In neonates and infants it is possible not only to eliminate the loss of body protein and body weight in the post-operative period, but also to promote formation of new body protein and induce growth by i.v. feeding. A complete or total i.v. nutrition to be looked upon as an alternative to oral food intake should include about 40% of the energy supply as fat corresponding to the amount in the normal food. Up to 60–80% of the energy has been supplied as fat. Total i.v. nutrition with 40% of the energy intake in the form of fat has been maintained during the whole gestation period in dog. Six puppies with no anatomical abnormalities were delivered, three of them survived.
Clinical Aspects of Body Fluid Osmolality
Authors: Eklund J. , Granberg P.-O. , Hallberg D.
Published: November 2008

A survey is presented of osmolality and its significance in metabolic functions. The osmolality of the body fluids depends both on intake of food and water and on the excretion via the kidneys and sweat glands. The osmolality of the body fluids is regulated by hormonal factors, which can be divided into osmolality-increasing and osmolality-lowering hormones. Some example are given of clinical conditions attended with disturbances of osmolality, and the principles of treatment of such conditions are outlined.
The Nutrition of Patients with Extensive Burns
Authors: Liljedahl S.O. , Birke G.
Published: November 2008

The greatly increased energy requirements of patients with extensive burns may be reduced by: (1) treatment of the patient in a warm, dry environment; (2) use of homograft as a temporary dressing, and (3) supplementation of the oral diet by intravenous (i. v.) infusions of Intralipid and solutions of carbohydrates and amino acids. Three patients with very extensive burns treated according to these methods survived.
Balanced Intravenous Nutrition in Pediatric Surgery
Authors: Børresen H.C.
Published: November 2008

Our present routine program for postoperative intravenous (i.v.) feeding of infants is successful in the sense that it sustains normal growth in the postoperative period. The high amount of fat in the program (Intralipid ‘Vitrum’) facilitates the use of infusions in peripheral veins for prolonged periods of time, since the osmolarity due to carbohydrates can be kept within reasonable limits. There is, however, room for both practical and nutritional improvements in our program: Laborious mixing of different components prior to infusions are necessary because the commercial amino acid-carbohydrate solutions do not contain these major constituents and the necessary electrolytes in the right proportions. We thus have to add carbohydrates, potassium, phosphate, calcium, and occasionally magnesium. The present communication describes an attempt to improve the program from the point of view of amino acid composition by the introduction of the amino acid solution Vamin ‘Vitrum’. This is very rich in essential amino acids, and does contain cysteine-cystine. In these respects it is very similar to the composition of mother’s milk protein. The metabolic performance of the i.v. program based on Vamin and Intralipid ‘Vitrum’ was analyzed by the method of multiple simultaneous balance studies. The metabolic results were good, but not better than those obtained with our routine program. Thus the percentage of the infused nitrogen which was incorporated in new tissue protein, did not increase beyond the usual range i.e. around 55%. It remains to be investigated whether an increase of the caloric supply beyond 100 kcal/24 h will augment the nitrogen retention.
Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition Following Massive Intestinal Resection
Authors: Jacobson S.
Published: November 2008

The case report of a man aged 70 is used to illustrate the necessity of adequate, long-term, complete intravenous (i.v.) nutrition without oral feeding, in order to maintain body weight and a good nutritional condition without wasting diarrhoea after massive intestinal resection due to acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Complete i.v. feeding was performed for 69 days after the operation. The average daily intake during the second month was 3.58 1 water, 2,850 kcal, 70 g amino acids, 405 g carbohydrates, 100 g fat (Intralipid 20%) and all other required nutrients. He left the hospital 3 months after the operation in good condition.
Factors Affecting the Nitrogen Balance in Chronic Uremic Patients Receiving Essential Amino Acids Intravenously or by Mouth
Authors: Bergström J. , Fürst P. , Josephson B. , Norée L.-O.
Published: November 2008

A dietary regimen employing a protein-poor diet (2.7–3 g N/day) supplemented by essential amino acids, given intravenously or orally, changed the nitrogen balance in severe uremic patients from a negative to a positive one. The addition of histidine to the essential amino acids further improved the nitrogen balance. No difference in the nitrogen balance was observed when intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration were compared. 15N studies indicate that protein synthesis takes place preferably in the muscle cells when the amino acids are infused intravenously, whereas oral treatment resulted in preferential synthesis of plasma protein. Insufficient caloric intake, lack of non-essential nitrogen, potassium depletion, corticosteroid administration, infection or cardiac insufficiency have been found to cause a deterioration of the nitrogen balance and an increase of plasma urea or concentration. In preliminary studies, administration of human growth hormone (HGH) to uremic patients maintained on the protein-poor diet was found to further improve the nitrogen balance. In other preliminary experiments, administration of extra tryptophan with the diet amino acids to uremic patients was also found to improve the nitrogen balance.
Action de la trypsine et des inhibiteurs trypsiques sur la sécrétion pancréatique
Authors: Laporte J.-C. , Trémolières J.
Published: November 2008

Intraduodenal as well as intraperitoneal injection of trypsin or trypsin inhibitors to rats with pancreatic fistula markedly decreased or increased the enzymatic secretion of the pancreas and, in a less extent, fluid secretion. It was suggested that trypsin and trypsin inhibitors could act through blood pathways, after crossing the intestinal wall in the case of intraduodenal injection. Activity would be the fundamental state of the enzymatic secretion of the pancreas. This activity could be inhibited by blood trypsin, either secreted in the duodenum and having crossed the intestinal wall, or injected. This inhibition could be suppressed either by secreted trypsin inhibitors, like pancreozymin, or by injected ones.
Modification, sous l’effet de I’alcool, de l’épuration lipidique plasmatique après hyperlipémie induite par le repas gras ou les perfusions d’émulsions lipidiques, chez l’homme
Authors: Jaillard J. , Sezille G. , Fruchart J.C. , Dewailly P. , Scherpereel P. , Rault C.
Published: November 2008

The effects of alcohol on plasma lipids removal were studied in 16 control subjects by comparative measurements of turbidity and triglyceridemia. Alcolhol was administered intravenously for 3 h, either after fat meal or 2 h before artificial lipid emulsion infusion. Compared to the control study, alcohol determines a persistant elevation of induced hyperlipemia and was thought to decrease plasma lipids removal. In fact, rats epididymal fat pads lipoprotein lipase activity is decreased after alcohol intraperitoneal administration. Moreover, in man, the fractional removal constant following an intravenous fat tolerance test was slowed down after alcohol infusion. Both results agree with the decreased removal rate of fat emulsion particles and chylomicrons on account of alcohol.
Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency on some Enzymes Involved in Protein and Vitamin A Metabolism
Authors: Bondi A. , Dror Y. , Nir I. , Bruckental I. , Ascarelli I.
Published: November 2008

Vitamin A deficiency caused increases in the activities of kidney arginase and liver xanthine oxidase in chicks; the changes were already apparent at 11 days of age. No changes were found in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, vitaminA palmitate hydrolase and vitamin A ester synthetase.
Utilization of Rapeseed Oils of High and Low Erucic Acid Contents
Authors: Vogtmann H. , Clandinin D.R. , Hardin R.T.
Published: November 2008

Two experiments with chicks were conducted in which the utilizations of regular rapeseed oil of Canadian type and rapeseed oils prepared from the Oro (Canbra oil) and Span (Span oil) varieties of rapeseed were compared against those of soybean oil and lard. The oils and fat were included at the 5-, 10- and 15-percent levels in starter rations that were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. In general, it was found that the digestibilities of total fatty acids in the rations increased with increasing amounts of oil or fat in the rations. At the 5-percent level of inclusion, digestibility was lowest for regular rapeseed oil (85.5%) followed by lard, Canbra oil, Span oil and highest for soybean oil (90.3%). The digestibility of soybean oil was highest at all levels of supplementation and was followed closely by Span oil with about 1% lower digestibility. The digestibilities of regular rapeseed oil and Canbra oil differed by only 0.9% when included in the ration at the 10-percent level and showed similar digestibilities when added to the ration at the 15-percent level. At the 10- and 15-percent levels of feeding both of these oils had lower digestibilities than Span oil. Gadoleic (C20:1) and erucic acids (C22:1) were well digested by the chickens receiving rations containing regular rapeseed oil. The digestibilities of these fatty acids increased with increasing amounts of oil in the rations only in the groups fed the rations supplemented with regular rapeseed oil. On the overall average, the digestibility of gadoleic acid varied between 86.8 (Canbra oil) and 90.0% (regular rapeseed oil) and of erucic acid between 84.4 (Canbra oil) and 89.9% (Span oil). Feeding regular rapeseed oil to chickens led to a decrease in body weight with increasing amounts of oil in the diet, whereas for lard the reverse was true. The decrease in body weight noted in the groups fed rations containing regular rapeseed oil was not associated
Influence d’une surcharge protidique sur l’équilibre glucidique dans le diabète instable
Authors: Mirouze J. , Collard F.
Published: November 2008

The authors analyze the effects of a protein overload prolonged over 3 days in 16 diabetics, 10 of whom were treated with three daily injections of standard insulin and 6 with a single injection of sustained-action insulin. The protein load appears to act as a hyperglycemic when taken at breakfast and at the evening meal. Following the noonday meal, however, it seems to have an antidiabeticeffect. It is possible that the difference in physical muscular activity after the midday andevening meal has an influence on the results.
The Effect of Various Fat-Enriched Diets on the Serum and Liver Lipids in Healthy and Alloxan-Diabetic Rats
Authors: Rudas Barbara , Plenk, jr. H. , Scheiber V.
Published: November 2008

The lipid concentrations in the serum and liver and the histopathological alterations of the liver have been investigated in both healthy and alloxan-diabetic rats kept for 6 weeks on experimental diets with different fat supplements.Serum total glycerol levels were elevated only in the 10 percent lard group of the healthy animals. In the diabetic animals, however, serum total glycerol was elevated in all fat-fed groups except in those which received cholesterol alone; the highest levels were found in the 10-percent lard group. Serum cholesterol concentrations were increased in all groups on experimental diets. The elevation was greater in the diabetic animals than in the normals, the increase being most pronounced in the cholesterol and lard groups. Hepatic total glycerol concentrations were elevated in all the fat-fed healthy animals. But only in those diabetic groups which received fat and cholesterol were the concentrations elevated; they were still lower than in the corresponding healthy groups. Hepatic cholesterol levels were also increased in all the fat-fed healthy rats but only in the diabetics kept on cholesterol-supplemented diets. The hepatic cholesterol values of those groups, however, were higher than in the corresponding non-diabetics. The histopathological changes of the liver corresponded to the biochemical data. Infiltration of lipids could be demonstrated first of all in the peripheral and intermediary zones of the hepatic lobules. Although cholesterol and cholesterol crystals in the healthy animals were found in the same areas as neutral fats, the liver in the diabetic animals characteristically displayed a separated localization of cholesterol and neutral fat deposits. Mainly in the cholesterol-fed groups there was evidence of fatty cirrhosis in its beginning stage. This was even more pronounced in the diabetic rats than in the non-diabetics.
Purine Ribonucleotide Catabolism: Clinical and Biochemical Significance
Authors: Fox Irving H.
Published: November 2008

Purine ribonucleotides are degraded to uric acid by a complexly regulated metabolic pathway. Abrupt lowering of intracellular ATP, a physiological inhibitor of this pathway at normal concentrations, precipitates a cascade of nucleotide catabolism. The clinical syndrome of accelerated purine ribonucleotides catabolism, as defined by hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria and elevated urinary oxypurines, has primary and secondary causes. Treatment of these disorders is in general directed toward reversal of the precipitating factors, inhibition of further nucleotide degradation, and stimulation of purine nucleotide and ATP formation. Careful clinical application of these principles seems indicated.