bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupling Aptamer‐based Protein Tagging with Metabolic Glycan Labeling for In Situ Visualization and Biological Function Study of Exosomal Protein‐Specific Glycosylation
Authors: Zhu Lin , Xu Yuanfeng , Wei Xinyu , Lin Haoting , Huang Mengjiao , Lin Bingqian , Song Yanling , Yang Chaoyong
Published: May 2021

Exosomal glycoproteins play important roles in many physiological and pathological functions. Herein, we developed a dual labeling strategy based on a protein‐specific aptamer tagging and metabolic glycan labeling for visualizing glycosylation of specific proteins on exosomes. The glycosylation of exosomal PD‐L1 (exoPD‐L1) was imaged in situ using intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent PD‐L1 aptamers bound on exoPD‐L1 and fluorescent tags on glycans introduced via metabolic glycan labeling. This method enables in situ visualization and biological function study of exosomal protein glycosylation. Exosomal PD‐L1 glycosylation was confirmed to be required in interaction with PD‐1 and participated in inhibiting of CD8+ T cell proliferation. This is an efficient and non‐destructive method to study the presence and function of exosomal protein‐specific glycosylation in situ, which provides a powerful tool for exosomal glycoproteomics research.
Coordination Polymer Glasses with Lava and Healing Ability for High‐Performance Gas Sieving
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Jiaming , Li Qingqing , Zhang Mengxi , Li Jiani , Sun Chao , Yuan Shuai , Feng Xiao , Wang Bo
Published: May 2021

Coordination polymer (CP) glasses offer a way to tackle the fabrication challenges encountered by inorganic porous membranes and show great potentials for size‐exclusive gas separation. However, their processability and performance still cannot simultaneously meet the requirements for high‐performance membrane separation. Herein, we have developed a series of CP glasses (M‐P‐dmbIm, M=Zn, Cd, Cu, and Mn), which possess low vitrification temperature as well as low viscosity (η) and lave capability above the transition temperatures. The derived glass (agM‐P‐dmbIm) membranes show outstanding performances for H2/CO2, H2/N2, and H2/CH4 separation, which all far surpass the Robeson upper bound and even rival against the best of the state‐of‐the‐art gas separation membranes. The low viscosities not only allow us to hot‐cast or hot‐press the CP glasses into thin membranes within 5 min without sacrificing their selectivity and permeability, but also endow the resulted glass membranes with healing ability.
Supramolecular Polymerization‐Induced Nanoassemblies for Self‐Augmented Cascade Chemotherapy and Chemodynamic Therapy of Tumor
Authors: Yang Kuikun , Yu Guocan , Yang Zhiqing , Yue Ludan , Zhang Xiangjun , Sun Chen , Wei Jianwen , Rao Lang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Wang Ruibing
Published: May 2021

The clinical application of chemodynamic therapy is impeded by the insufficient intracellular H2O2 level in tumor tissues. Herein, we developed a supramolecular nanoparticle via a simple one‐step supramolecular polymerization‐induced self‐assembly process using platinum (IV) complex‐modified β‐cyclodextrin‐ferrocene conjugates as supramolecular monomers. The supramolecular nanoparticles could dissociate rapidly upon exposure to endogenous H2O2 in the tumor and release hydroxyl radicals as well as platinum (IV) prodrugs in situ, which is reduced into cisplatin to significantly promote the generation of H2O2 in the tumor tissue. Thus, the supramolecular nanomedicine overcomes the limitation of conventional chemodynamic therapy via the self‐augmented cascade radical generation and drug release. In addition, dissociated supramolecular nanoparticles could be readily excreted from the body via renal clearance to effectively avoid systemic toxicity and ensure long term biocompatibility of the nanomedicine. This work may provide new insights on the design and development of novel supramolecular nanoassemblies for cascade chemo/chemodynamic therapy.
Using Light to Modify the Selectivity of Transition Metal Catalysed Transformations
Authors: Lunic Danijela , Bergamaschi Enrico , Teskey Christopher J.
Published: May 2021

Light has a remarkable and often unique ability to promote chemical reactions. In combination with transition metal catalysis, it offers exciting opportunities to modify catalyst function in a non‐invasive manner, most frequently being reported to switch on or accelerate reactions that do not occur in the dark. However, the ability to completely change reactivity or selectivity between two different reaction outcomes is considerably less common. In this Minireview we bring together examples of this concept and highlight their mechanistically distinct approaches. Our overview demonstrates how these non‐natural, photo‐switchable systems provide key fundamental mechanistic insights, enhancing our understanding and stimulating development of new catalytic activity, and how this might lead to tangible applications, impacting fields such as polymer chemistry.
Highly Controlled Janus Organic‐Inorganic Nanocomposite as a Versatile Photoacoustic Platform
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Li Zhan‐Wei , Wu Ying , Ge Xiaoguang , Su Lichao , Feng Hongjuan , Wu Zongsheng , Yang Huanghao , Song Jibin
Published: May 2021

Controlling the structural order of nanoparticles (NPs), morphology, and composition is of paramount significance in tailoring the physical properties of nanoassembly. However, the commonly reported symmetrical nanocomposites often suffer an interference or sacrifice of the photophysical properties of the original components. To address this challenge, we developed a novel type of organic‐inorganic Janus nanocomposite (JNCP) with an asymmetric architecture, offering unique features such as the precisely controlled localization of components, combined modular optical properties, and independent stimuli. As a proof of concept, JNCPs were prepared by incorporating two photoacoustic (PA) imaging agents, namely an organic semiconducting dye and responsive gold nanoparticles (AuNP) assembly in separate compartments of JNCP. Theoretical simulation results confirmed that the formation mechanism of JNCPs arises from the entropy equilibrium in the system. The AuNP assembly generated a PA images with the variation of pH, while the semiconducting molecule served as an internal PA standard agent, leading to ratiometric PA imaging of pH. JNCP based probe holds great potential for real‐time and accurate detection of diverse biological targets in living systems.
Constructing an Acidic Microenvironment by MoS2 in Heterogeneous Fenton Reaction for Pollutant Control
Authors: Yan Qingyun , Lian Cheng , Huang Kai , Liang Lihong , Yu Haoran , Yin Pengcheng , Zhang Jinlong , Xing Mingyang
Published: May 2021

Although Fenton or Fenton‐like reactions have been widely used in the environment, biology, life science, and other fields, the sharp decrease in their activity under macroneutral conditions is still a large problem. This study reports a MoS2 cocatalytic heterogeneous Fenton (CoFe2O4/MoS2) system capable of sustainably degrading organic pollutants, such as phenol, in a macroneutral buffer solution. An acidic microenvironment in the slipping plane of CoFe2O4 is successfully constructed by chemically bonding with MoS2. This microenvironment is not affected by the surrounding pH, which ensures the stable circulation of Fe3+/Fe2+ on the surface of CoFe2O4/MoS2 under neutral or even alkaline conditions. Additionally, CoFe2O4/MoS2 always exposes “fresh” active sites for the decomposition of H2O2 and the generation of 1O2, effectively inhibiting the production of iron sludge and enhancing the remediation of organic pollutants, even in actual wastewater. This work not only experimentally verifies the existence of an acidic microenvironment on the surface of heterogeneous catalysts for the first time, but also eliminates the pH limitation of the Fenton reaction for pollutant remediation, thereby expanding the applicability of Fenton technology.
Outer and inner mitochondrial membrane proteins TOMM40 and TIMM50 are intensively concentrated and localized at Purkinje and pyramidal neurons in the New Zealand white rabbit brain
Authors: Farouk Sameh M. , Abdellatif Ahmed M. , Metwally Elsayed
Published: May 2021

Mitochondria are involved in a variety of developmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases. The translocase complexes of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes (TOM and TIM) are protein complexes involved in transporting protein precursors across mitochondrial membranes. Although rabbits are important animal models for neurodegenerative diseases, the expression of TOM and TIM complexes has yet to be examined in the rabbit brain. In the present study, we quantitatively evaluated the protein expression of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) and inner mitochondrial membrane 50 (TIMM50) complexes, two of the TOM/TIM complexes, in the cerebral, cerebellar, and hippocampal cortices of the New Zealand white rabbit brain, using immunohistochemistry. Sections from brain specimens were initially stained for cytochrome c oxidase (COX), a well‐known mitochondrial marker, which was found to be homogeneously expressed in the cerebrum, but localized to the Purkinje and pyramidal neurons of the cerebellum and hippocampus, respectively. TOMM40 and TIMM50 proteins consistently revealed a similar expression pattern, although at different ratios. In the cerebrum, TOMM40 and TIMM50 immunoreactions were homogeneously distributed within the cytoplasm of various neurons. Meanwhile, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus displayed higher intensities in their cytoplasm. The specific cellular localization of TOMM40 and TIMM50 proteins in various regions of the rabbit brain suggests a distinct function of each protein in these regions. Further analysis will be required to evaluate the molecular functions of these proteins.
Integrative proteomics and metabolomics approach to elucidate the antimicrobial effect of simvastatin on Escherichia coli
Authors: Kocak Engin , Nemutlu Emirhan , Kır Sedef , Sagıroglu Meral , Özkul Ceren
Published: May 2021

Globally, simvastatin is one of the most commonly used statin drugs. Its antimicrobial properties have been investigated against various pathogens. However, its effect on biological processes in bacteria has been unclear. This study focused on altered biological and metabolic processes at protein and metabolite levels induced by simvastatin. MS‐based proteomics and metabolomics were used to investigate the altered proteins and metabolites between experimental groups. Proteomics results showed that simvastatin induced various antimicrobial targets such as chaperon protein DnaK and cell division protein FtsZ. Metabolomics results revealed phenotypic changes in cells under simvastatin stress. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics result indicated that various metabolic processes were altered to adapt to stress conditions. Energy metabolism (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc.), amino acid synthesis and ribosomal proteins, and purine and pyrimidine synthesis were induced by the effect of simvastatin. This study will contribute to the understanding of antimicrobial properties of statin drugs.
Investigation on physical properties of nanosized copper oxide (CuO) doped with cobalt (Co): A material for electronic device application
Authors: Maini Anil , Shah Mohammad Ashraf
Published: May 2021

This study has reported about the preparation and characterization of Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles doped with Cobalt series at low temperature by Sol‐gel method. The characterization techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, defused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and DC measurement have been used to confirm its phase formation, that is, monoclinic, surface porous morphology, the redshift of Raman peaks confirms optical phonon confinement, whereas increasing bandgap signifies the quantum confinement effect. The semiconducting nature of samples has been observed by two probe method. Furthermore, the study has focused in detail on the effect of cobalt doping with varying concentrations by wt % on its structural, morphological, optical, and conductivity features.
Analysis Approaches to Identify Pharmacogenetic Associations With Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , Ramsey Laura B. , Gopalakrishnan Mathangi , Leeder J. Steven , Van Driest Sara L.
Published: May 2021

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) seeks to enable selection of the right dose of the right drug for each patient to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Most PGx focuses on pharmacokinetics (PKs), due to our relatively advanced understanding of the genes involved in PKs and the causative effects of variants in those genes. Genetic variants can also affect pharmacodynamics (PDs), but relatively few PGx‐PD associations have been identified. This is partially due to a more limited understanding of the relevant genes and the consequences of genetic variation, but is also due in part to the potential confounding of PK variability in assessments of clinical outcomes that have a contribution from both PKs and PDs. For example, it is challenging to confirm the effect of mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) genetic variation on opioid response due to the contribution of CYP2D6 genotype to bioactivation of some opioid drugs (i.e., codeine and tramadol). The objectives of this mini‐review are to describe several recent efforts to discover and validate PGx‐PD that disentangle the influence of PK variability and propose potential approaches that could be used in future PGx‐PD analyses. We use the effect of OPRM1 genetics on opioid response to illustrate how these analyses could be conducted and conclude by discussing how PGx‐PD could be translated into clinical practice to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Surface mapping demonstrates compatibility of implantable loop monitor with a continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device
Authors: Li Angela , Atteya Gourg , Vullaganti Sirish , Mitra Ramanak
Published: May 2021

Syncope in patients with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device may be associated with arrhythmia and difficult to determine without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. We present a patient with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device, no implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and recurrent syncope. An implantable loop recorder was successfully implanted with surface mapping without noise interference.
Paper‐based electrochemical sensor
Authors: Sun Yang , Jiang Qiao‐Yan , Chen Feng , Cao Yue
Published: May 2021

In order to further meet the requirements of testing applications in various fields, a simple, rapid, and low‐cost testing method is demanded for on‐site testing. Electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices (ePADs) have attracted wide attention in many practical applications due to their excellent performance. ePADs combine the benefits of easy‐to‐use, low‐cost, electrochemical sensitivity and selective detection, as well as the advanced nature of pumpless equipment. In this paper, the latest development and new trend of ePADs are reviewed. First, several preparation methods of ePADs are introduced. We then reviewed examples of their use in various fields, particularly in point‐of‐care testing. Finally, the research of ePADs is summarized and prospected.
Effect of frozen storage on the biochemical composition of five commercial freshwater fish species from River Nile, Sudan
Authors: Malik Inass A. , Elgasim Elgasim A. , Adiamo Oladipupo Q. , Ali Asmahan Azhari , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A.
Published: May 2021

Postharvest processing and preservation of fish have great influence on fish quality and consumption. Freshwater fish in Sudan are facing problems related to bad handling and improper storage which reduce their quality. This study investigated the changes in the chemical composition, mineral contents, pH and acid value during storage (−18°C) of five commercial fish species (Bagras bayad, Lates niloticus L., Mormyrus casahive L., Oreochromis nilotica L., and Synodrontis schall) from the River Nile coast of Sudan. The fish species are rich in protein (17.22%–23.60%) but have low fat and ash contents. Frozen storage of the fishes for 45 days reduces their protein contents while the fat and ash contents were increased (p ≤ .05). Potassium and iron are the predominant major and trace minerals and their values were increased with storage period. The pH range from 5.74 (O. niloticus) to 6.24 (B. bayad) while acid value range from 0.02 (M. casahive) to 0.12 (L. niloticus). Both pH and acid values increased with storage period. In conclusion, storage of these fish species for up to 45 days did not adversely affect their nutritional value.
Conversion of levulinic acid to valuable chemicals: a review
Authors: Xu Wen‐Ping , Chen Xue‐Fang , Guo Hai‐Jun , Li Hai‐Long , Zhang Hai‐Rong , Xiong Lian , Chen Xin‐De
Published: May 2021

Levulinic acid (LA), a class of important chemical intermediates and new energy chemicals, has been considered one of the top‐12 platform compounds that can be converted from biomass resources. Substantial progress on the conversion of lignocellulose biomass to LA and the further conversion of LA to high value downstream chemicals have been achieved recently. This review summarizes the preparation and separation processes of LA firstly, and then, emphatically discusses the catalytic system for LA conversion to valuable downstream products, including levulinate esters, 2‐methyl tetrahydrofuran (MTHF), Gamma‐valerolactone (GVL), 5‐aminolevulinic acid (DALA), and diphenolic acid (DPA). An outlook is provided at the end of this paper to highlight the challenges and opportunities for the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulose biomass. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Application of 7N In as secondary cathode for the direct current‐glow discharge mass spectrometry analysis of solid, fused high‐purity quartz
Authors: Busam Jochen , Stokkan Gaute , Muggerud Astrid Marie F. , Di Sabatino Marisa
Published: May 2021

Direct current glow discharge mass spectrometry with an indium‐based secondary cathode technique is used to analyze solid, nonconducting, fused high‐purity quartz regarding metallic impurities of relevance to the solar industry. Details of the analytical routines are presented. In this work, the secondary cathode design and glow discharge conditions are optimized beyond the commonly applied practices. In addition, relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for these optimized conditions are established and compared to previously published results. The results indicate that the technique enables stable measurements with detection limits down to the part per billion (ppb) range.
A Multifaceted Approach to Measure Creativity across Cultures: The Role of the Centrality of Context in Divergent Thinking Tasks
Authors: Ivancovsky Tal , Shamay‐Tsoory Simone , Lee Joo , Morio Hiroaki , Kurman Jenny
Published: May 2021

Creativity is a multifaceted construct, yet traditionally measured as divergent thinking (DT) with originality as its main focus. As originality tends to be discouraged in East Asian cultures, this measurement discrepancy is especially problematic in cross‐cultural studies. Given cultural variations in the centrality of context, in the current study we added two context‐dependent dimensions to frequently used DT tasks: a holism dimension to Torrance repeated circles subscale and a usefulness dimension to the Alternates Uses Task (AUT). In Study 1, South Korean and Israeli students completed the Torrance subscale. As hypothesized, while Israelis evinced higher DT ability, Koreans demonstrated a holistic approach. In Study 2, Japanese and Israeli students completed the AUT. Once again, Israelis evinced higher DT ability. Although no significant difference was found on the usefulness dimension, within‐culture analysis indicated that relative to the DT dimensions (originality, flexibility, fluency), usefulness was the highest score among Japanese and the lowest among Israelis. Furthermore, in both studies the “Eastern” dimensions loaded on a separate factor than the DT dimensions, implying that they might represent distinct facets of creativity. We propose that adopting a multifaceted approach, offers a unique opportunity for understanding creativity in general and in a cross‐cultural context in particular.
Sleep time and duration are associated with periodontitis in a representative sample of Koreans
Authors: Han Dong‐Hun , Kim Mi‐Sun , Kim Seohee , Yoo Ji‐Won , Shen Jay J.
Published: May 2021

Background

So far, studies on the association between sleep and periodontitis have shown conflicting results. This study assessed the association among sleep duration, sleep time, and periodontitis among a nationally representative Korean population and the mediation effect of WBC.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII) collected from 2016 to 2018. With the screenings by age (45 to 64), edentate, and the adequacy of information provided, the analysis was confined to a selected group of respondents of 4407 with measurements for the sleep survey and periodontal health status out of total 24,269. Periodontitis was defined according to the World Health Organization's community periodontal index (CPI) code greater than or equal to three, and severe periodontitis was defined as CPI code 4. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between sleep and periodontitis controlling the confounding factors.

Results

Those who went to bed during the daytime were associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 2.07). In a combined sleep time and duration model, those who went to bed at night with a sleep duration of 9 hours or more were associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.77) and severe periodontitis (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.02‐3.45). WBC count had the highest impact on the association between sleep time and periodontitis.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that an extra‐long sleep duration and going to bed during the daytime are associated with periodontitis.
Attention‐based deep learning system for automated diagnoses of age‐related macular degeneration in optical coherence tomography images
Authors: Yan Yan , Jin Kai , Gao Zhiyuan , Huang Xiaoling , Wang Fanyi , Wang Yao , Ye Juan
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The progression of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is critical to treatment decisions in clinical practice. The disease can be classified into four categories namely, drusen, inactive choroidal neovascularization (CNV), active CNV, and normal, according to severity based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Interpreting numerous OCT images is still time‐consuming and labor‐intensive, especially for the detection of the CNV activity. To address this problem, we developed a deep learning (DL) system based on OCT images, with the assistance of an attention mechanism, to automatically diagnose AMD.

Methods

A public dataset (total 51,140 OCT images) and a private dataset (total 4951 OCT images) were utilized as a training dataset and a clinical validation dataset, respectively, to develop the DL model. A ResNet‐34 DL model, with convolutional block attention module (CBAM) block integrated into each unit, was pretrained on the public dataset first and then finetuned on our private dataset to automatically diagnose AMD and assist clinical decision‐making. GradCam, a visualization technique, was used to improve the interpretability of our model.

Results

The precision and recall of our model were, respectively, 84.3% and 87.3% for drusen, 81.2% and 80.0% for inactive CNV, 97.7% and 90.2% for active CNV, and 93.7% and 96.5% for normal. The area under the curve (AUC) corresponding to drusen, inactive CNV, active CNV, and normal for our model reached 0.9395, 0.9476, 0.9880, and 0.9925, respectively. The heatmaps indicated a high level of correspondence in the region of interest between our model and ophthalmologists on the diagnosis.

Conclusions

The implementation of finetuning and attention mechanism improve the performance of our model in a distinct dataset. Our model successfully assisted in the diagnosis of AMD and achieved a detection precision and recall equal to those of ophthalmologists. The results of our study could contribute to the precise diagnosis of and decision‐making regarding AMD.
Rational design of bacterial cellulose‐based air filter with antibacterial activity for highly efficient particulate matters removal
Authors: Wu Aifang , Hu Xiaoming , Ao Haiyong , Chen Zejing , Chu Zhaomiao , Jiang Tao , Deng Xiaoyan , Wan Yizao
Published: May 2021

Multifunctional air filters with efficient particulate matters (PMs) removal, low respiratory resistance and prevention harmful substances are highly demanded. Bacterial cellulose (BC) air filter can capture PMs and separate them from the airflow; however, the dense network structure sacrifices the air permeability. Herein, we incorporated silver nanowires (AgNW) to BC filter through in‐situ cultivation method to prepare a new air filter. The addition of AgNW endows BC filter with antibacterial activity and increases the porosity and air permeability. Surprisingly, AgNW incorporation achieves high‐efficiency filtration through electrostatic adsorption. The filtration efficiency of the BC/AgNW composite filter paper for PM2.5 and PM10 is as high as 99.7% and 99.8%, respectively, that are on par with commonly used 3 M masks on the market. The pressure drop is 123 Pa, which can meet market demand with satisfaction. In addition, the tailor‐made BC/AgNW owns efficient antibacterial potency to keep the human body from infecting germs and other interferences. Overall, this work indicated that the versatile composite air filter paper is promising for various applications in the environmental field and the critical need for human health.
Dealing with the day‐to‐day: Harnessing school climate to address the effects of student victimization on academic performance
Authors: Cuellar Matthew J. , Coyle Samantha , Weinreb Karly S.
Published: May 2021

Research suggests that parents and principals perceive school shootings as one of the leading threats to school safety and among the most likely hazardous events that would affect safety at school. However, exposure to nonfatal victimization, such as fighting, threats, theft, vandalism, bullying, hate crimes, and gang activity, has become far more common in today's schools. Using data from students in eight schools across one urban school district in the northeast United States, this study examines within‐school differences in the relationships among student‐level indicators of victimization, school climate, and academic outcomes, with an exploratory focus on interactions of school climate with victimization in predicting different academic outcomes. Results suggest student victimization was negatively associated with school connectedness (Engagement). However, students who reported feeling more connected to their school had significantly higher attendance rates, reported less victimization, and improved academic performance. Results also indicated that students' connectedness impacted the relationship between victimization and academic performance; the association between victimization and academic performance was positive for students who felt less connected to their school, and negative for students who reported more connection to their school. Findings are discussed within the context of promoting student access to, and engagement in, targeted behavioral supports and interventions.
Metal adsorption properties of multi‐functional PAMAM dendrimer based gels
Authors: Baskın Dilgeş , Yılmaz Özge , Islam Muhammad Nazrul , Tülü Metin , Koyuncu İkbal , Eren Tarik
Published: May 2021

Metal adsorption studies are getting important and there are many functional adsorbents developed recently. Here, we report the synthesis of multifunctional PAMAM G2 (polyamidoamine) possessing methacryl, amine, hydroxyl and phosphonate groups used in free radical curing gel formulations. UV curable gel is conducted in the presence of acrylamide, bisacrylamide, and polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Adsorption study of the resulting novel sorbents (gels) are carried out with a series of metals. Through a comprehensive study, structure–property relationship of the series gels is conducted by using different amount of amine, hydroxyl, and/or phosphonate ester groups on the PAMAM G2. Selected metals are Cr3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Cd2+ within a series of hard, intermediate, and soft ionic species. Adsorption study is carried out in pure water environment at neutral pH. Metal ions removal percentages and adsorption capacities of gel adsorbents are calculated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. There is relationship between the overall functional groups presence in gel formulation and swelling densities for removing the metal ions. Introducing dendrimer into the gel formulation enhanced the metal ions adsorption against to Bare GEL formulation which do not possess dendrimer units. Consequently, the maximum removal efficiency has been obtained for Cr3+ and Fe3+.
Enhanced Photoresponse in GeSe‐Based Phototransistors by Ferroelectric Gating
Authors: Zhao Liangjie , Li Xu , Li Linglong , Wu Yaping , Chen Ting , Wu Zhiming , Kang Junyong
Published: May 2021

GeSe, a black phosphorus analogue, has great potential in the applications of optoelectronic devices due to its distinct optical properties and air stability. Developing techniques that can boost the photoresponsivity of GeSe‐based photodetectors is essential to promoting their practical applications. Herein, ferroelectric PbZrxTi1−xO3 (PZT) gating is introduced as an effective method to enhance the performance of GeSe‐based transistors. Comparative study on the performance of conventional Si/SiO2‐ and PZT‐gated GeSe phototransistors demonstrates a 3.1 times increase in photoresponsivity under zero gate voltage by ferroelectric gating. Furthermore, the PZT‐gated photodetector shows a rise time of 52 ms and a maximal external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 45% across the visible and near‐infrared range. These results indicate that ferroelectric gating is a promising methodology to enhance the performance of GeSe‐based photodetectors. This work paves a new pathway toward developing high‐performance photodetectors.
The socioeconomic burden of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Blokhuis Anna M. , Deenen Johanna C. W. , Voermans Nicol C. , van Engelen Baziel G. M. , Kievit Wietske , Groothuis Jan T.
Published: May 2021

Background

Promising genetic therapies are being investigated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). However, the current cost of illness is largely unknown.

Objective

This study aimed at determining the socioeconomic burden of FSHD.

Methods

Adult patients with FSHD from the Dutch FSHD registry were invited to complete a questionnaire on medical consumption, work productivity and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) using the EQ-5D-5L.Associated costs were calculated from a societal perspective. A generalized linear model was fitted to the data to investigate whether level of mobility was related to annual costs of illness.

Results

172 patients with FSHD completed the questionnaire (response rate 65%).The per-patient annual direct medical costs of FSHD were estimated at €12,077, direct non-medical costs at €9179 and indirect costs at €5066, adding up to a total cost of illness of €26,322 per patient per year. The direct costs of illness were €21,256, approximately five times higher than the mean per-capita health expenditures in the Netherlands. Major cost-driving factors were formal home care and informal care. A decreased level of mobility was associated with higher direct costs of illness. HR-QoL was significantly reduced in patients with FSHD with a median health utility value of 0.63.

Conclusions

We show that FSHD is associated with substantial direct and indirect socioeconomic costs as well as a reduction in HR-QoL. These findings are important for health care decision makers and aids in allocation of research funds and evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of novel therapies.
Communicating future climate projections of precipitation change
Authors: Daron Joseph , Lorenz Susanne , Taylor Andrea , Dessai Suraje
Published: May 2021

Understanding how precipitation may change in the future is important for guiding climate change adaptation. Climate models are the primary tools for providing information on future precipitation change, though communicating and interpreting results of different model simulations is challenging. Using an online survey, completed by producers and users of climate model information, we compare and evaluate interpretations of different approaches used to summarise and visualise future climate projections. Results reveal large differences in interpretations of precipitation change arising from choices made in summarising and visualising the data. Respondents interpret significantly smaller ranges of future precipitation change when provided with the multi-model ensemble mean or percentile information, which are commonly used to summarise climate model projections, compared to information about the full ensemble. The ensemble mean is found to be particularly misleading, even when used with information to show model agreement in the sign of change. We conclude that these approaches can lead to distorted interpretations which may impact on adaptation policy and decision-making. To help improve the interpretation and use of climate projections in decision-making, regular testing of visualisations and sustained engagement with target audiences is required to determine the most effective and appropriate visualisation approaches.
Growth forms and life-history strategies predict the occurrence of aquatic macrophytes in relation to environmental factors in a shallow peat lake complex
Authors: Temmink Ralph J. M. , Dorenbosch Martijn , Lamers Leon P. M. , Smolders Alfons J. P. , Rip Winnie , Lengkeek Wouter , Didderen Karin , Fivash Gregory S. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van der Heide Tjisse
Published: May 2021

Aquatic ecosystems provide vital services, and macrophytes play a critical role in their functioning. Conceptual models indicate that in shallow lakes, plants with different growth strategies are expected to inhabit contrasting habitats. For shallow peat lakes, characterized by incohesive sediments, roles of growth forms, life-history strategies and environmental factors in determining the occurrence of aquatic vegetation remain unknown. In a field survey, we sampled 64 points in a peat lake complex and related macrophyte occurrence to growth forms (floating-leaved rooted and submerged), life-history strategies for overwintering (turions, seeds, rhizomes) and environmental factors (water depth, fetch, and porewater nutrients). Our survey showed that macrophyte occurrence relates to water depth, wind-fetch, and nutrients, and depends on growth form and life-history strategies. Specifically, rooted floating-leaved macrophytes occur at lower wind-fetch/shallower waters. Submerged macrophytes occur from low to greater wind-fetch/water depth, depending on life-history strategies; macrophytes with rhizomes occur at greater wind-fetch/depth relative to species that overwinter with seeds or turions. We conclude that growth form and life-history strategies for overwintering predict macrophytes occurrence regarding environmental factors in peat lakes. Therefore, we propose an adapted model for macrophyte occurrence for such lakes. Altogether, these results may aid in species-selection to revegetate peat lakes depending on its environment.
On the Construction of Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Estimating the Correlation Between Two Time Series Not Sampled on Identical Time Points
Authors: Trottini Mario , Vigo Isabel , Vargas-Alemañy Juan A. , García-García David , Fernández José
Published: May 2021

Two important issues characterize the design of bootstrap methods to construct confidence intervals for the correlation between two time series sampled (unevenly or evenly spaced) on different time points: (i) ordinary block bootstrap methods that produce bootstrap samples have been designed for time series that are coeval (i.e., sampled on identical time points) and must be adapted; (ii) the sample Pearson correlation coefficient cannot be readily applied, and the construction of the bootstrap confidence intervals must rely on alternative estimators that unfortunately do not have the same asymptotic properties. In this paper it is argued that existing proposals provide an unsatisfactory solution to issue (i) and ignore issue (ii). This results in procedures with poor coverage whose limitations and potential applications are not well understood. As a first step to address these issues, a modification of the bootstrap procedure underlying existing methods is proposed, and the asymptotic properties of the estimator of the correlation are investigated. It is established that the estimator converges to a weighted average of the cross-correlation function in a neighborhood of zero. This implies a change in perspective when interpreting the results of the confidence intervals based on this estimator. Specifically, it is argued that with the proposed modification of the bootstrap, the existing methods have the potential to provide a useful lower bound for the absolute correlation in the non-coeval case and, in some special cases, confidence intervals with approximately the correct coverage. The limitations and implications of the results presented are demonstrated with a simulation study. The extension of the proposed methodology to the problem of estimating the cross-correlation function is straightforward and is illustrated with a real data example. Related applications include the estimation of the autocorrelation function and the periodogram of a time series.
Stability of rigid body motion through an extended intermediate axis theorem: application to rockfall simulation
Authors: Leine Remco I. , Capobianco Giuseppe , Bartelt Perry , Christen Marc , Caviezel Andrin
Published: May 2021

The stability properties of a freely rotating rigid body are governed by the intermediate axis theorem, i.e., rotation around the major and minor principal axes is stable whereas rotation around the intermediate axis is unstable. The stability of the principal axes is of importance for the prediction of rockfall. Current numerical schemes for 3D rockfall simulation, however, are not able to correctly represent these stability properties. In this paper an extended intermediate axis theorem is presented, which not only involves the angular momentum equations but also the orientation of the body, and we prove the theorem using Lyapunov’s direct method. Based on the stability proof, we present a novel scheme which respects the stability properties of a freely rotating body and which can be incorporated in numerical schemes for the simulation of rigid bodies with frictional unilateral constraints. In particular, we show how this scheme is incorporated in an existing 3D rockfall simulation code. Simulations results reveal that the stability properties of rotating rocks play an essential role in the run-out length and lateral spreading of rocks.
The geometry of equations of motion: particles in equivalent universes
Authors: Honein Theresa E. , O’Reilly Oliver M.
Published: May 2021

The equations of motion for the simplest non-holonomically constrained system of particles are formulated using six methods: Newton–Euler, Lagrange, Maggi, Gibbs–Appell, Kane, and Boltzmann–Hamel. The challenging tasks of exploring and explaining the relationships and equivalences between these formulations is accomplished by constructing a single representative particle for the system of particles. The single particle is constrained to move on a configuration manifold. The explicit construction of sets of tangent vectors to the manifold and their relation to the forces acting on the single particle are used to provide several helpful geometric interpretations of the relationships between the formulations. These interpretations can also be extended to help understand the relationships between different formulations of the equations of motion for more complex systems, including systems of rigid bodies and particles.
Combined in vivo muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown measurement: a ‘Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM)’ approach
Authors: Cegielski Jessica , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Brook Matthew S. , Boereboom Catherine , Phillips Bethan E. , Gladman John F. R. , Smith Kenneth , Atherton Philip J.
Published: May 2021

Optimising approaches for measuring skeletal muscle mass and turnover that are widely applicable, minimally invasive and cost effective is crucial in furthering research into sarcopenia and cachexia. Traditional approaches for measurement of muscle protein turnover require infusion of expensive, sterile, isotopically labelled tracers which limits the applicability of these approaches in certain populations (e.g. clinical, frail elderly). To concurrently quantify skeletal muscle mass and muscle protein turnover i.e. muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), in elderly human volunteers using stable-isotope labelled tracers i.e. Methyl-[D3]-creatine (D3-Cr), deuterium oxide (D2O), and Methyl-[D3]-3-methylhistidine (D3-3MH), to measure muscle mass, MPS and MPB, respectively. We recruited 10 older males (71 ± 4 y, BMI: 25 ± 4 kg.m2, mean ± SD) into a 4-day study, with DXA and consumption of D2O and D3-Cr tracers on day 1. D3-3MH was consumed on day 3, 24 h prior to returning to the lab. From urine, saliva and blood samples, and a single muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis), we determined muscle mass, MPS and MPB. D3-Cr derived muscle mass was positively correlated to appendicular fat-free mass (AFFM) estimated by DXA (r = 0.69, P = 0.027). Rates of cumulative myofibrillar MPS over 3 days were 0.072%/h (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.081%/h). Whole-body MPB over 6 h was 0.052 (95% CI, 0.038 to 0.067). These rates were similar to previous literature. We demonstrate the potential for D3-Cr to be used alongside D2O and D3-3MH for concurrent measurement of muscle mass, MPS, and MPB using a minimally invasive design, applicable for clinical and frail populations.
Texture-Based Optimization of Crystal Plasticity Parameters: Application to Zinc and Its Alloy
Authors: Frydrych Karol , Jarzębska Anna , Virupakshi Saketh , Kowalczyk-Gajewska Katarzyna , Bieda Magdalena , Chulist Robert , Skorupska Monika , Schell Norbert , Sztwiertnia Krzysztof
Published: May 2021

Evolutionary algorithms have become an extensively used tool for identification of crystal plasticity parameters of hexagonal close packed metals and alloys. However, the fitness functions were usually built using the experimentally measured stress–strain curves. Here, the fitness function is built by means of numerical comparison of the simulated and experimental textures. Namely, the normalized texture difference index is minimized. The evolutionary algorithm with the newly developed fitness function is tested by performing crystal plasticity parameter optimization for both pure zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy. These materials are promising candidates for bioabsorbable implants due to good biocompatibility and optimal corrosion rate. Although their mechanical properties in the as-cast state do not fulfill the requirements, they can be increased by means of hydrostatic extrusion. The developed modeling approach enabled acquisition of the crystal plasticity parameters and analysis of the active deformation mechanisms in zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. It was shown that although slip systems are the main deformation carrier, compressive twinning plays an important role in texture evolution. However, the texture is also partially affected by dynamic recrystallization which is not considered within the developed framework.
Cardiac complications during the active phase of COVID-19: review of the current evidence
Authors: Ramadan Mohammad Said , Bertolino Lorenzo , Marrazzo Tommaso , Florio Maria Teresa , Durante-Mangoni Emanuele ,   The Monaldi Hospital Cardiovascular Infection Study Group, Durante-Mangoni Emanuele , Iossa Domenico , Bertolino Lorenzo , Ursi Maria Paola , D’Amico Fabiana , Karruli Arta , Ramadan Mohammad , Andini Roberto , Zampino Rosa , Bernardo Mariano , Ruocco Giuseppe , Dialetto Giovanni , Covino Franco Enrico , Manduca Sabrina , Corte Alessandro Della , De Feo Marisa , De Vivo Stefano , De Rimini Maria Luisa , Galdieri Nicola
Published: May 2021

Growing reports since the beginning of the pandemic and till date describe increased rates of cardiac complications (CC) in the active phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CC commonly observed include myocarditis/myocardial injury, arrhythmias and heart failure, with an incidence reaching about a quarter of hospitalized patients in some reports. The increased incidence of CC raise questions about the possible heightened susceptibility of patients with cardiac disease to develop severe COVID-19, and whether the virus itself is involved in the pathogenesis of CC. The wide array of CC seems to stem from multiple mechanisms, including the ability of the virus to directly enter cardiomyocytes, and to indirectly damage the heart through systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states, endothelial injury of the coronary arteries and hypoxemia. The induced CC seem to dramatically impact the prognosis of COVID-19, with some studies suggesting over 50% mortality rates with myocardial damage, up from ~ 5% overall mortality of COVID-19 alone. Thus, it is particularly important to investigate the relation between COVID-19 and heart disease, given the major effect on morbidity and mortality, aiming at early detection and improving patient care and outcomes. In this article, we review the growing body of published data on the topic to provide the reader with a comprehensive and robust description of the available evidence and its implication for clinical practice.
Tamoxifen and oxidative stress: an overlooked connection
Authors: Ahmed Nermin S. , Samec Marek , Liskova Alena , Kubatka Peter , Saso Luciano
Published: May 2021

Tamoxifen is the gold standard drug for the treatment of breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women. Its journey from a failing contraceptive to a blockbuster is an example of pharmaceutical innovation challenges. Tamoxifen has a wide range of pharmacological activities; a drug that was initially thought to work via a simple Estrogen receptor (ER) mechanism was proven to mediate its activity through several non-ER mechanisms. Here in we review the previous literature describing ER and non-ER targets of tamoxifen, we highlighted the overlooked connection between tamoxifen, tamoxifen apoptotic effects and oxidative stress.
Optimal parameters for fiber Bragg gratings for sensing applications: a spectral study
Authors: Shekar P. V. Raja , Latha D. Madhavi , Kumari Kusum , Pisipati V. G. K. M.
Published: May 2021

The spectral characteristics viz. reflectivity, bandwidth, and sidelobes’ intensity for uniform and apodized (Gaussian, hyperbolic tangent, apod1, sine, and raised sine) fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) were studied as a function of grating length and index modulation. The optimal grating length and index modulation to obtain maximum reflectivity and minimum sidelobes were determined, as needed for sensing applications. The impact of various apodization profiles on the spectral response has also been assessed. The results indicate that out of the apodization profiles considered for the study, sine, Gaussian, and raised sine profiles offer the desired output.

Article highlights

The reflectivity (of main peak) and sidelobes’ intensity increase with grating length and index modulation.

The bandwidth decreases with grating length and increases with index modulation.

The ideal grating length and index modulation were found to be 5 mm and 0.0008 respectively to obtain maximum reflectivity and minimum intensity for sidelobes.

Sine, Gaussian, and raised sine profiles are the best suitable apodization profiles among those considered.