bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum biochemistry and hematology values and hemoglobin electrophoresis in Persian squirrels (Sciurus anomalus)
Authors: Asadi Farzad , Rostami Amir , Asadian Peyman , Pourkabir Malihe
Published: March 2008

Background: Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters are important in the management of game species in Iran, such as Persian squirrels. Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish baseline serum chemistry and hematology values in Persian squirrels (Sciurus anomalus) and describe blood cell morphology and the electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 30 Persian squirrels (Sciurus anomalus) maintained in captivity in the Tehran Zoo. Blood was placed into EDTA and serum clot tubes and analyzed using standard manual hematology and biochemical techniques. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was done on cellulose acetate paper strips. Results: Minimum, maximum, and median values were obtained for 11 hematologic and 12 serum chemistry parameters. Hypersegmented neutrophils were observed frequently. We did not find basophils or band neutrophils. Hemoglobin electophoresis resulted in a band slightly anodal to that of human hemoglobin A. Conclusion: Biochemical and hematologic values in Persian squirrels were comparable to those of related species, and may be used as a standard profile for healthy Persian squirrels kept in captivity.
Teaching veterinary clinical pathology to undergraduate students: an integrated European project
Authors: Cerón José J , Braun Jean‐Pierre , Gaál Tibor , Godeau Jean‐Marie , Knottenbelt Clare M , Larkin Hugh A , Lubas George , Moritz Andreas , Papasouliotis Kostas , Sankari Satu M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Veterinary clinical pathology is a relatively new and emerging discipline in Europe that has gained momentum with the recent establishment of a specialty college. In this situation, veterinary faculties may face challenges in understanding and defining what clinical pathology is and how it can best be integrated into existing curricula. In addition, many schools in Europe may not yet have available a critical mass of suitably qualified faculty capable of teaching in all areas of clinical pathology. Objective: The main purpose of this report is to describe the goals, procedures adopted, teaching material produced, and proposed future activities of a major European initiative designed to develop a veterinary clinical pathology curriculum. Methods: Four working subgroups were formed to establish a list of course objectives and topics and prepare a series of lectures. These contents were reviewed and discussed several times at a series of general meetings. Results: An undergraduate course on veterinary clinical pathology was designed with course objectives, a list of topics and a CD‐ROM consisting of 24 lectures. Conclusions: The results of this project could be useful in the establishment or improvement of training programs in veterinary clinical pathology at the undergraduate level in Europe and in other places around the world. The provision of teaching resources for faculty could help to instill in veterinary students a strong understanding of the discipline and promote development of advanced training programs and career opportunities in clinical pathology in Europe.
Genetically determined susceptibility to mycobacterial infection
Authors: Patel S Y , Doffinger R , Barcenas-Morales G , Kumararatne D S
Published: March 2008

Individuals with impaired cell mediated immunity exhibit increased susceptibility to infections caused by poorly pathogenic mycobacteria (non-tuberculous mycobacteria and BCG), as well as salmonella species. However, these infections may also occur in a disseminated, fatal form, sometimes with a familial distribution, in the absence of any recognised primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Genetic analysis of affected families has defined mutations in seven different genes participating in the interleukin 12 (IL12) dependent, high output interferon γ (IFNγ) pathway. The first category of defect is mutations in the IFNγR1 or R2 genes, resulting in defective expression or function of the IFNγ receptor. The second category of mutations abrogates the cell surface expression IL12Rβ1gene, resulting in the inability to respond to IL12. The third category of defect is the inability to produce IL12, due to deletion within the gene coding for the inducible chain of IL12 (IL12-p40). Patients with X-linked recessive mutations of the gene encoding the NFκB essential modulator may also develop mycobacterial infections, although they usually have a more complex phenotype and are susceptible to a broad spectrum of pathogens. Mutations of the gene encoding the signal transducing molecule STAT1, which impairs the ability to respond to IFNγ, and mutations of the gene encoding TYK2 (which is associated with a failure to respond to IL12), are both rare genetic defects predisposing to mycobacterial infections. This review summarises the clinical spectrum seen in this group of patients and indicates a strategy for the identification of putative genetic defects in the type-1 cytokine pathway.
Thrombolysis or primary angioplasty? Reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction in the UK
Authors: Ratcliffe A T , Pepper C
Published: March 2008

Intravenous thrombolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are alternative treatment options for coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Recent trials and meta-analyses have produced increasing evidence that primary coronary intervention produces better long-term outcomes for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Most of these studies, however, were performed in US or European healthcare systems and may not be directly transferable to an NHS setting. The widespread introduction of primary PCI would have major implications for the organisation of healthcare provision within the UK. An alternative to PCI that may produce similar outcomes at a reduced cost might be early (pre-hospital) administration of thrombolysis. In an era of unprecedented financial attention, the importance of interventions that are simultaneously beneficial to the patient and economical to the NHS has never been more important. The evidence base for primary PCI and its possible use in the NHS are discussed.
Simultaneous presentation of coronary heart disease in identical twins
Authors: Turley A J , Chen V , Hall J A
Published: March 2008

The development of coronary artery disease involves a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors, with premature coronary artery disease having a strong genetic component. We present the case a pair of monozygotic identical twins presenting near simultaneously with coronary artery disease and identical atherosclerotic lesions despite significant differences in environmental risk factors and being divided geographically by 12 000 miles. This is of enormous importance and not merely curiosity value as it will have implications for the prevention of coronary artery disease, provide an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic strategies, and aid targeted primary prevention through family screening.
Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Central Ontario, Canada
Authors: Jeffries Dean S. , Kelso John R. M. , Morrison Ian K.
Published: March 2008

The Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) in central Ontario was selected for intensive research into the effects of the long-range transport of air pollutants (primarily acidic deposition) at a site on the Canadian Shield having both vulnerable terrain and an undisturbed Great Lakes forest type. The terrestrial and aquatic resources within the basin are representative of the surrounding region of Algoma, although for Ontario, it does have high relief (290 m) and high annual precipitation (>1200 mm). The TLW contains a chain of four lakes (five distinct lake basins) that range from 5.8 to 52.0 ha in area and 2.2 to 12.2 m in mean depth. The lakes are dimictic and, except for the deepest lake, experience dissolved oxygen depletion in undisturbed bottom waters. There is a gradient in the major ion composition of lakes within the TLW, the most dilute waters occurring at high elevations. Calcium levels increase from 55 to 138 μmol∙L−1 down the chain. Sulphate is the dominant lake water anion in the headwater lake, while alkalinity dominates in the lowest lake. Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient in these lakes; NO3-N levels are relatively high (7.9–16.4 μmol∙L−1) because the terrestrial basin exhibits low utilization of this nitrogen species. Seasonal and episodic variations in surface water composition can be large. The headwater lake contains no fish; however, fish communities in the lower three lakes (composed of 8-11 species) are typical of the Algoma region. The distribution of benthic organisms is primarily a function of lake depth and presence/absence of fish rather than variations in water chemistry. Zooplankton species composition is similar across all lakes, and cyanophytes are the dominant algae throughout. The forest is an uneven-aged, mature-to-overmature, old-growth tolerant hardwood stand. The principal tree species is sugar maple (90%) with lesser amounts of other hardwoods (9%, usually yellow birch) and various conifers (1%). Production is typical of forest at this northerly latitude (47°N). Foliar bioelement concentrations are generally similar to those observed at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire.
Acid Precipitation and Groundwater Chemistry at the Turkey Lakes Watershed
Authors: Craig D. , Johnston L. M.
Published: March 2008

To determine correctly the response of a basin to various acid loading events, the groundwater hydrology must be considered as a function of the basin stratigraphy and mineralogy. Groundwaters in the Turkey Lakes Watershed are well buffered and in general provide a reservoir of alkalinity for surface waters in the basin. The groundwater chemistry is dominated by the weathering of carbonates present in the tills. Groundwater can follow a variety of pathways through the subsurface. These pathways can have very different flow rates and groundwater chemistry. As a result of this the influence of groundwater on surface water is highly site specific.
Aluminum Contamination of Groundwater: Spring Melt in Chalk River and Turkey Lakes Watersheds — Preliminary Results
Authors: Chew Hemming , Johnston L. M. , Craig Doug , Inch Karen
Published: March 2008

Two watersheds with seasonal pH depressions in the groundwater exhibit high aluminum concentrations associated with these acidification events. The watersheds receive similar atmospheric loadings of H+ and SO42− but are covered by different surficial deposits. The aluminum is measured in four fractions by varying the pH and time conditions during analysis. The resulting classes calculated from these fractions are Class a, containing fast-reacting monomeric aluminum, predominantly inorganic Al3+ and hydroxy compounds; Class b, containing fast-reacting complex aluminum species, mainly inorganic F− complexes and simple organic complexes; Class c, containing slow-reacting amorphous and some polymeric aluminum species; and a class containing a residue of unknown aluminum species adding to the total acid-extractable aluminum. There are significant differences in the distribution of the various aluminum species between the two watersheds, both with depth and in the predominant class identified. The generally higher values measured at one watershed are consistent with the lower carbonate content of the overburden. In both locations it appears that the controlling factor is the pH of the groundwater, with all but Class c species increasing with decreasing pH. The difference between the distributions of aluminum species in groundwater and surface water is under investigation to determine the influence of groundwater-bourne aluminum on the surface water into which it flows.
Batch studies on septic tank effluent treatment using peat
Authors: Viraraghavan T. , Ayyaswami A.
Published: March 2008

Batch studies were conducted to determine the efficiency of Saskatchewan horticultural peat to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphorus, nitrogen, and indicator microorganisms from septic tank effluent. Results of the studies showed that peat was effective in adsorbing 35–50% of dissolved BOD, COD, and organic carbon from the septic tank effluent and in removing indicator microorganisms to the extent of 45–70%. The studies showed that peat has the potential to be used as a medium for septic tank effluent treatment in areas with high water table and with bedrock at shallow depths. Because of leaching of pollutants from peat in the 2-h batch studies, it is necessary to conduct long-term column studies to observe the length of time up to which leaching continues and to evaluate the performance of a peat filtration system under dynamic conditions. Key words: batch studies, septic tank effluent, treatment, peat, adsorption isotherms, indicator microorganisms.
Effect of seed weight on height growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) seedlings in a nursery
Authors: Sorensen Frank C. , Campbell Robert K.
Published: March 2008

Different mean seed weights were produced within each of 10 young Douglas-fir trees by leaving some developing cones unbagged and enclosing others in Kraft paper bags for two different durations. On the average, 10 days in the bag increased filled-seed weight by about 1%. Unbagged cones and cones from the 117-day bagging duration were wind pollinated. Seeds from these cones were, therefore, of comparable genetic makeup and were used in further nursery growth tests. To eliminate the effect of germination rate or time, samples of filled seeds from each treatment on each parent tree were sown as germinant seedlings on one date. Cotyledon number was counted and 1st-year epicotyl lengths and 2nd-year total heights were measured on all seedlings. Seedling volumes were estimated by assuming diameters were proportional to heights. On the average, bagging cones for 117 days increased seed weight by 10.7%, 1st-year epicotyl length by 9.1%, and 2-year total height by 4.0%. All differences were statistically significant. Results were compared with other reports of the relations between seed weight and growth and reasons for inconsistencies were discussed. Size differences were projected to later ages with a growth model and practical implications of long-term seed effects on plant size, of increasing seed size through cultural techniques, and of grading seed lots by size were considered.
Physical and chemical treatments to improve laboratory germination of western white pine seeds
Authors: Pitel J. A. , Wang B. S. P.
Published: March 2008

Two seed lots of western white pine (Pinusmonticola Dougl.) were treated by various chemical and physical methods to increase their germination. For unstratified seeds, treatments by hydrogen peroxide, kinetin, and gibberellic acid, sulfuric acid, or clipping increased germination (33–53%) over that of the controls (7–16%). Lengthwise cutting of the seed coat and soaking in water or potassium nitrate (KNO3) were not as effective. Germination was fastest and greatest (74–83%) with a combined kinetin plus gibberellic acid treatment, followed by H2O2 and cold stratification for 42 days. A combination of clipping and cold stratification for 30–42 days also gave high germination (68–78%). Germination was better at a constant 18 or 20 °C under continuous light than under an alternating 20:30 °C (dark: light) temperature with an 8 h light: 16 h dark photoperiod.
A FORMULA FOR THE DELTA-UNKNOTTING NUMBERS OF KNOTS
Authors: LEE SANG YOUL , SEO MYOUNGSOO
Published: March 2008

Recently, we introduced a description of knots and links in S3 in terms of integral matrices. The purpose of this paper is to show that the delta-unknotting numbers of the knots described by integral matrices with nonzero even entries coincide with the absolute values of the second coefficients of the Conway polynomials of the knots, and give an explicit formula for determining the delta-unknotting numbers of such knots.
Uteroplacental insufficiency and reducing litter size alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in a sex-specific manner in the adult rat
Authors: Wadley Glenn D. , Siebel Andrew L. , Cooney Greg J. , McConell Glenn K. , Wlodek Mary E. , Owens Julie A.
Published: March 2008

Uteroplacental insufficiency has been shown to impair insulin action and glucose homeostasis in adult offspring and may act in part via altered mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid balance in skeletal muscle. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation to induce uteroplacental insufficiency in offspring (Restricted) or sham surgery was performed on day 18 of gestation in rats. To match the litter size of Restricted offspring, a separate cohort of sham litters had litter size reduced to five at birth (Reduced Litter), which also restricted postnatal growth. Remaining litters from sham mothers were unaltered (Control). Offspring were studied at 6 mo of age. In males, both Restricted and Reduced Litter offspring had reduced gastrocnemius PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA and protein, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) III mRNA ( P < 0.05), whereas only Restricted had reduced skeletal muscle COX IV mRNA and protein and glycogen ( P < 0.05), despite unaltered glucose tolerance, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and intramuscular triglycerides. In females, only gastrocnemius mtTFA mRNA was lower in Reduced Litter offspring ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, glucose tolerance was not altered in any female offspring, although HOMA and intramuscular triglycerides increased in Restricted offspring ( P < 0.05). It is concluded that restriction of growth due to uteroplacental insufficiency alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic characteristics, such as glycogen and lipid levels, in a sex-specific manner in the adult rat in the absence of impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, an adverse postnatal environment induced by reducing litter size also restricts growth and alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic characteristics in the adult rat.
Modulation of activity of gustatory neurons in the hamster parabrachial nuclei by electrical stimulation of the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
Authors: Mao Limin , Cho Young K. , Li Cheng-Shu
Published: March 2008

The parvicellular part of the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPMpc) is positioned at the key site between the gustatory parabrachial nuclei (PbN) and the gustatory cortex for relaying and processing gustatory information via the thalamocortical pathway. Although neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies have provided information regarding the gustatory projection from PbN to VPMpc, the exact relationship between PbN and VPMpc, especially the efferent projection involving VPMpc to PbN, is obscure. Here we investigated the reciprocal connection between these two gustatory relays in urethane-anesthetized hamsters. We recorded from 114 taste-responsive neurons in the PbN and examined their responsiveness to electrical stimulation of the VPMpc bilaterally. Stimulation of either or both of the ipsilateral or contralateral VPMpc antidromically activated 109 gustatory PbN neurons. Seventy-two PbN neurons were antidromically activated after stimulation of both sides of the VPMpc, indicating that taste neurons in the PbN project heavily to the bilateral VPMpc. Stimulation of VPMpc also orthodromically activated 110 of PbN neurons, including 106 VPMpc projection neurons. Seventy-eight neurons were orthodromically activated bilaterally. Among orthodromic activations of the PbN cells, the inhibitory response was the dominant response; 106 cells were inhibited, including 10 neurons that were also excited contralaterally, indicating that taste neurons in the PbN are subject to strong inhibitory control from VPMpc. Moreover, stimulation of VPMpc altered taste responses of the neurons in the PbN, indicating that VPMpc modulates taste responses of PbN neurons. These results may provide functional insight of neural circuitry for taste processing and modulation involving these two nuclei.
Statin Therapy Alone and in Combination with an Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol O-Acyltransferase Inhibitor on Experimental Atherosclerosis
Authors: Worthley Stephen G. , Helft Gérard , Corti Roberto , Worthley Matthew I. , Chew Derek P. , Fayad Zahi A. , Zaman Azfar G. , Fallon John T. , Fuster Valentin , Badimon Juan J.
Published: March 2008

The ability to modify the enzymatic processes involved in promoting atherosclerotic plaque disruption and to serially monitor atherosclerotic evolution could provide novel information in the management of patients with atherosclerosis. We studied the effects of a statin (atorvastatin) and its combination with an acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor (avasimibe) on atherosclerotic regression and plaque stability as measured by matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 3 (MMP-1 and MMP-3) levels. Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits treated with atorvastatin alone experienced an attenuated increase in atherosclerotic burden versus controls as determined by MR imaging. The mean vessel wall area (VWA) prior to drug therapy was 5.57 ± 0.01 mm2. The VWA increased to 6.71 ± 0.03 and 7.16 ± 0.03 mm2, respectively, in atorvastatin-treated and control groups (p < 0.0001 for both). The combination of atorvastatin and avasimibe induced a significant regression of the previously established atherosclerotic lesions, with the VWA decreasing to 4.54 ± 0.04 mm2 (p = 0.009). Atorvastatin alone induced a nonsignificant reduction in the percent staining of MMP-1 in atherosclerotic lesions, but the combination treatment with avasimibe led to a significant reduction versus controls (p = 0.005). However, a reduction in MMP-3 staining was significant for rabbits treated with both atorvastatin alone (p = 0.007) and in combination with avasimibe (p = 0.04) versus controls. In this animal model, the addition of avasimibe to atorvastatin has beneficial effects on both atherosclerotic plaque regression and stabilization.
Platelet Activation and Red Blood Cell Phosphatidylserine Exposure Evaluated by Flow Cytometry in Patients with Behçet’s Disease: Are They Related to Thrombotic Events?
Authors: Martínez M. , Ricart J.M. , Ruiz-Aja S. , Rus A. , Todolí J. , Calvo J. , Vayá A.
Published: March 2008

Behçet’s disease (BD) is associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thromboses that are associated with morbidity and mortality increase, although the mechanisms are not well established. In the present study, we used whole blood cytometry to determine the exposure of CD62 on the surface of platelets and the expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of circulating red blood cells. Microparticle and microaggregate formation from platelets were also determined in a well-classified group of 72 patients (39 males, 33 females, aged 46.5 ± 12.5 years) with BD, in comparison with a well-matched control group of 72 healthy volunteers. Results showed no differences in the above-mentioned parameters when BD patients and controls were compared. However, when we compared BD patients with/without thrombosis using these parameters, there were significant differences between both groups. BD patients with previous thrombosis had a higher percentage of circulating CD62-positive platelets and a higher number of circulating microaggregates than those without thrombosis, suggesting that platelet activation may be involved in the development of thrombotic events in these patients.
Elevation of Activated Platelet-Dependent Chemokines and Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and High Levels of β-D-Glucan
Authors: Nomura S. , Iishii K. , Inami N. , Kimura E. , Urase F.
Published: March 2008

Most invasive fungal infections such as candidemia are frequent in patients with hematologic malignancies. We measured cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1, RANTES and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78), soluble molecules (sFas, sE-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and platelet activation markers (soluble CD40 ligand, sP-selectin and platelet-derived microparticles) in patients with hematologic malignancies under prophylactic treatment with an antifungal drug (fosfluconazole). We classified patients into 2 groups by the level of β-D-glucan. The level of C-reactive protein was higher in the high β-D-glucan group (>5 pg/ml) than in the low β-D-glucan group. However, there were no differences in the levels of other parameters (peripheral blood cells, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine). Patients in the high β-D-glucan group exhibited a significant elevation of several chemokines, soluble molecules and platelet activation markers compared with those in the low β-D-glucan group, but the levels of IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 and sFas did not differ significantly. The levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 increased significantly after 1 or 2 weeks on fosfluconazole in both groups. In contrast, the high β-D-glucan group exhibited a significant decrease in chemokines, soluble markers and platelet-derived microparticles compared with the low β-D-glucan group after treatment with fosfluconazole, although the patients in the low β-D-glucan group exhibited no significant changes. Furthermore, the levels of RANTES, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and sE-selectin correlated positively with platelet-derived microparticles in the high β-D-glucan group. These findings suggest that fungal infection may modulate the vascular events in which some platelet-related chemokines are involved.
Increased Platelet Cholesterol and Decreased Percentage Volume of Platelets as a Secondary Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ravindran Resmi , Krishnan Lissy K.
Published: March 2008

Platelet hyperactivity is likely to contribute to the progression of atherogenesis and organized thrombus formation on vascular surfaces. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the cholesterol content of platelets, on platelet responsiveness and other platelet indices using platelets from 5 groups of age-matched subjects (n = 30 each), which includes healthy controls. All groups except controls had a high plasma lipid profile. While subjects in group I had only hyperlipidemia, those in groups II and III had hyperlipidemia in conjunction with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, respectively. The fourth group consisted of patients with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD). The parameters studied include packed cell volume of platelets (platelet crit), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet cholesterol and platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen. All the patient groups showed increased platelet aggregation (p < 0.05) and low platelet crit compared with controls (p < 0.05). In addition, platelet cholesterol was increased in patients with coronary disease, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05) but not in patients with hypertension (p > 0.05); PDW was high only in CAD (p < 0.05). A higher PDW indicated a prothrombotic tendency in CAD patients. Our data suggest that hyperlipidemia increases the lipid content in platelets and enhances their reactivity. Hyperactive platelets with increased platelet cholesterol may contribute to accelerated atherogenesis associated with CAD.
Soluble Beta-Amyloid Leads to Mitochondrial Defects in Amyloid Precursor Protein and Tau Transgenic Mice
Authors: Eckert Anne , Hauptmann Susanne , Scherping Isabel , Rhein Virginie , Müller-Spahn Franz , Götz Jürgen , Müller Walter E.
Published: March 2008

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, where accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and oxidative stress seem to play central roles in the pathogenesis, by probably directly leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Objective: In order to study the in vivo effect of Aβ load during aging, we evaluated the mitochondrial function of brain cells from transgenic mice bearing either mutant amyloid precursor protein (tgAPP) or mutant amyloid precursor protein and mutant PS1 (tgAPP/PS1) as well as from nontransgenic wild-type littermates. tgAPP mice exhibit onset of Aβ plaques at an age of 6 months, but the intracellular soluble Aβ load is already increased at 3 months of age. In contrast, onset of Aβ plaques starts at an age of 3 months in tgAPP/PS1 mice. In addition, we investigated the effects of different Aβ preparations on mitochondrial function of brain cells from tau transgenic mice. Results: Of note, mitochondrial damage such as reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels can already be detected in the brains from these mice before the onset of plaques. In agreement with our findings in tgAPP mice, soluble Aβ induced mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells from tau transgenic mice. Conclusion: Our results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is exacerbated by the presence of soluble Aβ species as a very early event during pathogenesis.
Effects of Aging on Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Properties of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Sawada Makoto , Sawada Hirohide , Nagatsu Toshiharu
Published: March 2008

The inflammatory process in the brain, which is accompanied by changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins, along with the presence of activated microglia, has recently gained much attention in neurodegenerative diseases. Activated microglia produce either neuroprotective or neurotoxic factors. Many reports indicate that activated microglia promote degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). On the other hand, there are several lines of evidence that microglia also have a neuroprotective function. Microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide in the nigrostriatum of neonatal mice protect DA neurons against the PD-producing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), whereas activated microglia in aged mice promote DA cell death by MPTP. These results suggest that the function of activated microglia may change in vivo from neuroprotective to neurotoxic during aging as neurodegeneration progresses in the PD brain.
Intestinal Cholesterol Conversion in Adults and Elderly from Four Different European Countries
Authors: Norin Elisabeth
Published: March 2008

The growing healthy aging population in Europe is a heterogeneous group with varying nutritional needs, especially in association with problems like decreased sense of smell and taste, saliva production, chewing and swallowing problems besides all disease problems that put specific demands on the dietary intake and the role of the intestinal metabolism. To investigate this, one must clarify which functions are related to the host itself and which actions are related to the microflora. In short, the host’s side of the ecosystem can be defined as milieu interieur (MI), the non-host side as milieu exterieur (ME) and MI plus ME together as milieu total (MT). We have investigated the role of the intestinal flora and its functions in adults and elderly from different European countries and this publication is concentrated on the microbial conversion of intestinal cholesterol to coprostanol, aiming to investigate the hepatic-intestinal flora co-cross-talk.
Thanks to Body Exercise, Getting Mobile and Being Less Dependent
Authors: Wagner Karl-Heinz , Haber Paul , Elmadfa Ibrahim
Published: March 2008

The study was aimed at determining the influence of aerobic endurance exercise and the intake of a multivitamin beverage (MV) on institutionalized people in their 8th and 9th decades of life. The study comprised 4 groups: exercise + MV (n = 16 completer, age: 83 ± 8 years), exercise (n = 8, age: 82 ± 8 years), MV (n = 8, age: 83 ± 5 years), control (n = 7, age: 83 ± 5 years). The period of exercise, ‘aqua training’, lasted 17 weeks, two times a week for 25 min. During this period, 250 ml/day of a commercially available multivitamin drink was administered in two of the four groups. At the outset and after the intervention, status of lipophilic antioxidants, vitamin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol (total, LDL, HDL), triglycerides and uric acid was assessed. The influence on physical activity was evaluated via spiroergometry. The initial status of nutritive antioxidants was very satisfactory for this population group, only plasma β-carotene was borderline. Plasma levels of total-cholesterol (243 ± 42 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (161 ± 35 mg/dl) and uric acid (5.8 ± 1.4 mg/dl) were slightly above the reference value. Endurance exercise neither increased MDA nor decreased plasma antioxidants or changed plasma lipids. Moreover, plasma levels of β-carotene (all MV intervention) and cryptoxanthin (group: exercise + MV) increased after intervention (p < 0.05). Physical performance did not enhance, only in the group exercise + MV the respiratory ratio (p < 0.05) and lactate (p = 0.072) increased.
Food Frequency Index as a Measure of Diet Quality in Non-Frail Older Adults
Authors: Freisling Heinz , Elmadfa Ibrahim
Published: March 2008

Aims: The objective of the present work was to identify factors associated with diet quality in non-frail older adults measured with the Food Frequency Index (FFI). Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, data from a qualitative 28-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the FFI in a sample of 444 adults aged 55 years and older living in Vienna, Austria. Results: A higher FFI, indicating a favorable diet quality, was obtained for women as compared to men, younger and better-educated subjects (p for all < 0.01). Dietary supplement users (p = 0.04) and subjects being physically active (p < 0.01) showed significantly higher FFI scores. Eating difficulties (p = 0.04) and gastrointestinal problems (p = 0.03) were found to be risk factors for poor diet quality as measured with the FFI, whereas the number of prescribed daily medications was not associated with diet quality (p for trend = 0.77). Conclusions: Differences in diet quality are evident in subgroups of non-frail older adults living in Vienna as defined by societal factors, such as education, lifestyle-related factors, such as being physically active and health-related factors, such as oral health.
Nutritional Situation of the Elderly in the European Union: Data of the European Nutrition and Health Report (2004)
Authors: Fabian Elisabeth , Elmadfa Ibrahim
Published: March 2008

Background: The European Nutrition and Health Report contains data about the nutritional situation of elderly of 11 EU countries. Methods: The assessment of the energy and nutrient intake was performed using different methods: 24-hour recall, (semiquantitative) FFQ, 4/7-day-weighed record, personal interview, HBS. Results: Compared to adults of the same country, the energy intake of elderly was on average lower. In most EU countries, the mean proportion of protein intake was within the recommended range while the share of carbohydrates was considerable low. The mean fat intake was remarkably high, the dietary fatty acid pattern predominantly imbalanced and the intake of cholesterol exceeded 300 mg/day in most European elderly. The average intake of vitamin D and folic acid was clearly below 10 and 400 µg/day, respectively, in elderly of all countries. Sodium intake was quite high in several participating countries, whereas calcium intake remained below 800 mg/d in all investigated states. The supply of vitamin A/C, thiamine, niacin, cobalamin, and the elements: magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese could generally be regarded as sufficient. Only in some countries the intake of these nutrients had to be assessed as unsaturated. Conclusion: Data analysis showed that the proportions of macronutrient intake of European elderly are not balanced. Apart from vitamin D, calcium, folate, iodine, and sodium the mean intake of micronutrients could be regarded as acceptable.
Cognition in an Ever-Changing World: Climatic Variability Is Associated with Brain Size in Neotropical Parrots
Authors: Schuck-Paim Cynthia , Alonso Wladimir J. , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: March 2008

Research on the conditions favoring the evolution of complex cognition and its underlying neural structures has increasingly stressed the role of environmental variability. These studies suggest that the ability to learn, behave flexibly and innovate would be favored under unpredictable variations in the availability of resources, as it would enable organisms to adjust to novel conditions. Despite the growing number of studies based on the idea that larger-brained organisms would be better prepared to cope with environmental challenges, direct testing of the association between brain size and environmental variability per se remains scant. Here we focus on Neotropical parrots as our model group and test the hypothesis that if relatively larger brains were favored in climatically variable environments, larger-brained species should currently tolerate a higher degree of environmental uncertainty. Although we show that there are also other factors underlying the dynamics of brain size variation in this group, our results support the hypothesis that proportionally larger-brained species are more tolerant to climatic variability, both on a temporal and spatial scale. Additionally, they suggest that the differences in relative brain size among Neotropical parrots represent multiple, recent events in the evolutionary history of the group, and are particularly tied to an increased dependence on more open and climatically unstable habitats. As this is the first study to present evidence of the link between brain size and climatic variability in birds, our findings provide a step towards understanding the potential benefits underlying variation in brain size and the maintenance of highly enlarged brains in this and other groups.
Effect of Adenosine on Membrane Potential and Ca2+ in Juxtaglomerular Cells
Authors: Laske-Ernst Julia , Stehle Alexander , Vallon Volker , Quast Ulrich , Russ Ulrich
Published: March 2008

Background:Renin is mainly secreted from the juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) in the kidney situated in the afferent arteriole close to the vessel pole. Angiotensin II (ANG II) and adenosine inhibit renin secretion and synergistically constrict the afferent arteriole. ANG II depolarises JGC and increases the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i. The responses of JGC to adenosine are less known. Methods:Effects of adenosine on membrane potential and [Ca2+]i were studied in afferent arterioles from NaCl-depleted rats and mice. Result:Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR) by adenosine (10 µM) or cyclohexyladenosine (1 µM) increased the spiking frequency of JGC, slightly depolarised the cells and, in ≤50% of the cases, increased [Ca2+]i. These effects were much smaller than those of ANG II (3 nM). Simultaneous application of cyclohexyladenosine and ANG II gave only additive effects on [Ca2+]i; in addition, responses to ANG II in JGC from A1AR knockout mice were similar to those from control mice. Conclusion: The small changes in membrane potential and [Ca2+]i in response to A1AR stimulation as compared to those of ANG II may suggest that these 2 tissue hormones use different signal transduction mechanisms to affect JGC function, including the inhibition of renin release.
Cord Blood Prolidase Activity Correlates with Gestational Age and Birth Weight
Authors: Cıtak Kurt A. Nese , Ustundag Bilal , Akarsu Saadet , Kurt Abdullah , Yılmaz Erdal , Ocal Cesur , Aygun A. Denizmen
Published: March 2008

Background: Prolidase, a specific iminopeptidase involved in collagen turnover, is especially active in growing tissues. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between cord blood prolidase activity and both birth weight and gestational age. Methods: Cord blood was collected consecutively from 50 healthy newborns (35 term, 15 preterm). Prolidase activity was measured in the samples using standard methods. Results: Themean ± SD cord blood prolidase activity was 41.4 ± 6.9 U/l in term infants and 35.2 ± 8.0 U/l in preterm infants and these were significantly different (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations between cord blood prolidase and both birth weight (r = 0.533, p < 0.01) and gestational age (r = 0.806, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Cord blood prolidase activity may be a good indicator of fetal maturation and gestational age.
Survival in Alzheimer’s Disease Is Shorter in Women Carrying Heterozygosity at Codon 129 of the PRNP Gene and No APOE ε4 Allele
Authors: Giannattasio Claudia , Poleggi Anna , Puopolo Maria , Pocchiari Maurizio , Antuono Piero , Dal Forno Gloria , Wekstein David R. , Matera Maria G. , Seripa Davide , Acciarri Adele , Bizzarro Alessandra , Lauria Alessandra , Masullo Carlo
Published: March 2008

We assessed the role of the APOE genotype and prion protein polymorphism at codon 129 in predicting the clinical duration of 92 neuropathologically confirmed sporadic Alzheimer’s disease patients. Analyses of survival showed that the absence of the APOE Ε4 allele in heterozygous codon 129 PRNP carriers is a negative predictor of survival. When this subgroup of patients was stratified by sex, the effect of APOE was observed in women, but not in men.
Association between Physical Restraint and Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Hatta Kotaro , Shibata Nobuto , Ota Tsuneyoshi , Usui Chie , Ito Masanobu , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Arai Heii
Published: March 2008

Objective: As animal models have suggested enhancement of xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity due to restraint stress, a case-control study was undertaken to investigate the effects of physical restraint on the development of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in a psychiatric intensive care unit. Method: Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between restrained patients (n = 106) and nonrestrained patients (n = 528) admitted to the psychiatric intensive care unit during a 4-year period from January 2003 to December 2006. Results: Rates of DILI differed significantly between restrained patients (8.5%) and nonrestrained patients (1.9%; odds ratio 4.81, p = 0.0016), although no initial differences were seen in medical and psychiatric conditions. No differences in mean number of drugs were identified. The rate of patients who received antipsychotics was higher in the restrained group than in the nonrestrained group, whereas the rate of patients who received antidepressants was higher in the nonrestrained group than in the restrained group. Conclusions: Despite methodological limitations imposed by the retrospective design, a conservative claim can be made that physical restraint might represent a risk for DILI. This observation deserves confirmation in a prospective study.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Spinal Cord in Children
Authors: Scarff Timothy B. , Reigel Donald H.
Published: March 2008

Spinal arterivenous malformations occur in the pediatric age range more commonly than previously acknowledged. An analysis of 64 cases with onset under 18 years of age demonstrates pain to be the most common first symptom. A long delay to diagnosis permits development of significant paresis or plegia in the majority. Correctly performed myelography (with supine views) provided the diagnosis in 60%. A radical microsurgical excision appears to offer the best long-term results.
Hydrocephalus and Achondroplasia
Authors: Pierre-Kahn A. , Hirsch J.F. , Renier D. , Metzger J. , Maroteaux P.
Published: March 2008

Two series of achondroplastic patients were studied. The first series included 5 patients referred to our neurosurgical department for macrocranium and/or mental retardation. The second series was composed of 20 patients arbitrarily chosen from a medical group. Macrocranium was observed in 60% of the patients and was related to hydrocephalus in all but 2 cases. Radiological studies demonstrated that the posterior fossa was deformed and narrowed in its 3 planes, while its volume was conserved because of an abnormal ascension of the tentorium. The conflict between normal brain development and the craniostenosis at the base of the skull is responsible for an upward tilt of the petrous pyramids, a lowering of the mastoid process, and the illusion of a basilar invagination. Ventriculographies, pneumoencephalographies and isotopic transits demonstrated normal CSF circulation. The study suggests that hydrocephalus is related to the stenosis of the sigmoid sinus at the level of narrowed jugular foramina with a resulting raise in intracranial venous pressure. The majority of patients with macrocranium stabilizes spontaneously. Thus, a surgical indication should be extremely limited.
Cloverleaf Skull Syndrome
Authors: Zuleta Arturo , Basauri Luciano
Published: March 2008

4 cases of cloverleaf skull syndrome are reported and analyzed after a brief review of the literature is presented. It is noted that reported cases of surgical management of this entity are extraordinarily rare. The rather characteristic displacement of intracranial contents suggests early onset of craniosynostosis (in intrauterine life) and that hydrocephalus is not an invariable complication present at the time of birth. Rather, it appears that the hydrocephalus is secondary to obliteration of the cortical subarachnoid spaces and the presence of a cranial ring. Total craniectomy proved to be a satisfactory treatment, one which was responsible for the reversal of hydrocephalus. Early detection and treatment of this rather rare malformation results in acceptable cosmetic and neurologic improvement.
Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Pediatric Spinal Dysraphism
Authors: Kuharik Michael A. , Edwards Mary K. , Grossman Charles B.
Published: March 2008

Magnetic resonance (MR) scans of 22 children with spinal dysraphism were reviewed. MR scans of the cervicothoracic spine in 12 cases revealed 10 Chiari II malformations, 1 Chiari III malformations, and 4 syringohydromyelias. Twelve MR scans of the lumbosacral region were performed demonstrating 11 tethered cords, 6 myelomeningoceles, 4 lipomyeloschises, 2 diastematomyelias, 2 syringohydromyelias, and 2 dermal sinus tracts. MR is effective in defining the relationship of the cerebellar tonsils and brainstem to the upper cervical spinal canal and in evaluating the extent ofsyringohydromyelia and the degree of cord expansion. The ability to image the spinal cord and associated paraspinal lesions directly in the sagittal and coronal planes with excellent tissue characterization allows MR to accurately diagnose and define the myriad abnormalities associated with pediatric dysraphism.
Computer-Assisted Stereotactic Biopsy of Intracranial Lesions in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Davis Dudley H. , Kelly Patrick J. , Marsh Richard , Kall Bruce A. , Goerss Stephan J.
Published: March 2008

A computer-assisted stereotactic biopsy technique has been used in 30 patients (ages 5 months to 16 years) with intracranial lesions (supratentorial in 23 and infratentorial in 7). The computer program integrates stereotactically gathered imaging data and permits preoperative planning of a biopsy trajectory. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in 27 cases. In 2 cases, therapeutic interventions – third ventriculostomy and cyst aspiration – were accomplished at the time of the biopsy. There were no major complications related to the procedure; however, 2 patients had transient neurologic deficits. Computer-assisted stereotactic biopsy is a valuable diagnostic procedure in the pediatric patient with an intracranial lesion.