bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by baseline age in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 9 and 10 Japan trials
Authors: Yamada Yuichiro , Yabe Daisuke , Hertz Christin Løth , Horio Hiroshi , Nakamura Jiro , Nielsen Anne Møller , Seino Yutaka
Published: October 2021

A post‐hoc exploratory analysis of the PIONEER 9 and 10 trials evaluated the effect of baseline age (<65 and ≥65 years) on the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. In PIONEER 9 and 10, patients were randomized to once‐daily oral semaglutide (3, 7 or 14 mg) or a comparator (placebo or once‐daily subcutaneous liraglutide 0.9 mg [PIONEER 9]; once‐weekly subcutaneous dulaglutide 0.75 mg [PIONEER 10]) for 52 weeks, with 5 weeks’ follow‐up. In total, 701 patients were included (PIONEER 9: N = 243; PIONEER 10: N = 458). Glycaemic efficacy of oral semaglutide was similar in Japanese patients aged <65 years compared with those ≥65 years, and there did not appear to be a clear pattern between age subgroup and body weight changes. Across treatment arms, adverse events generally occurred in greater proportions of patients aged ≥65 versus <65 years. There was generally a higher rate of premature trial product discontinuation because of adverse events in the older age group. These results indicate that oral semaglutide is efficacious in Japanese patients irrespective of age.
From surplus fairness to prospect fairness: Why a deeply egalitarian social union is indispensable for a free Europe
Authors: Kollar Eszter
Published: October 2021

Which ideal of distributive justice is suitable for the European Union? Is surplus fairness, that is, distributing the surplus of European integration between the Member States, the most we can hope for? I argue that building on the normative commitment to freedom of movement, a deeper, more demanding, egalitarian conception can be defended, I call prospect fairness. I first argue that for cross‐border labour migration to result in a fair distribution of burdens and benefits for all, EU‐level institutions of background justice are necessary. I further argue that beyond the surplus of integration, the threefold social constitutedness of unequal contributive capacities of persons also requires moral assessment, which triggers the moral demand of prospect fairness between EU citizens and residents. I then elaborate on why prospect fairness is a more demanding and more inclusive egalitarian conception that should morally ground the idea of a European Social Union.
A phenomenological argument against instrumentalism
Authors: DaVia Carlo
Published: October 2021

Instrumentalism as a theory of practical reasoning has been both widely held and difficult to dethrone. The theory holds that good practical reasoning need only involve determining suitable means to pre‐determined ends. The theory is difficult to dethrone because critiques of it tend to specify aspects of reasoning that either do not seem practical, strictly speaking, or can be re‐described as a series of episodes of means‐end reasoning. Either way, instrumentalism dodges these criticisms raised against it. This paper presents a phenomenological argument that cannot be so dodged. The argument is this: practical reasoning is not merely instrumental because our considering an exemplary means to some end sometimes modifies our concept of that end within one and the same episode of practical deliberation. Such modification is possible because in any exercise of reason in which we apply a concept to a particular, the exemplarity of the particular can imbue our concept with new meaning. If exemplary means can modify our practical ends in this way, then instrumentalism is false.
Characterization of social behavior in the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus
Authors: Fricker Brandon A. , Seifert Ashley W. , Kelly Aubrey M.
Published: October 2021

While there are many species that are commonly used for the study of mammalian social behavior, there remains a need for lab‐suitable organisms that are appropriate for examining sociality specifically in non‐reproductive contexts (i.e., social behavior not in the context of mating or parenting). The spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus, is a cooperatively breeding rodent that lives in large groups and is a species that holds great potential for studying a wide range of social behaviors in reproductive and non‐reproductive contexts. Here, we characterize the basic social behaviors in male and female A. cahirinus to obtain a foundation for future study. We tested adult A. cahirinus in social approach, social preference, social interaction, social recognition, and group size preference paradigms. Regardless of sex, novelty, or familiarity, we found that both males and females rapidly approach conspecifics demonstrating high social boldness. Additionally, both sexes are significantly more prosocial than aggressive when freely interacting with conspecifics. However, we observed effects of sex on social preferences, such that males exhibit a preference to affiliate with same‐sex conspecifics, whereas females exhibit a preference for affiliating with opposite‐sex conspecifics. We discuss how this preference may relate to the cooperative breeding system of spiny mice. Lastly, both sexes show a robust preference for affiliating with large over small groups, indicating they may be an ideal species for the study of mammalian gregariousness. These data lay a basic foundation for future studies that seek to assess complex group dynamics and the mechanisms underlying reproductive and non‐reproductive social behaviors in a highly social mammal.
Fusobacterium necrophorum septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in an Australian Stockhorse mare
Authors: Lean N. E. , Young A. , Ahern B. J.
Published: October 2021

Septic osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is rarely seen in equine medicine with few reported cases, and none reported involving Fusobacterium necrophorum. This report describes the diagnosis and successful treatment of septic osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in an 11‐year‐old Australian Stockhorse mare in Queensland, Australia.
Targeted inhibition of YAP/TAZ alters the biological behaviours of keloid fibroblasts
Authors: Gao Na , Lu Lulu , Ma Xiaolei , Liu Zhengyi , Yang Shuxia , Han Gangwen
Published: October 2021

Abnormal activation of fibroblasts plays a crucial role in keloid development. However, the mechanism of fibroblast activation remains to be determined. YAP/TAZ are key molecules in the Hippo signalling pathway that promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Here, we show that keloid fibroblasts have higher levels of YAP/TAZ mRNA and proteins on primary culture. Targeted knockdown of endogenous YAP or TAZ significantly inhibited cell proliferation, reduced cell migration, induced cell apoptosis and down‐regulated collagen1a1 production by keloid fibroblasts. Moreover, we demonstrate that verteporfin, an inhibitor of YAP/TAZ, has similar but stronger inhibitory effects on fibroblasts compared to YAP/TAZ knockdown. Our study provides evidence that YAP/TAZ may be involved in the pathogenesis of keloids. Targeted inhibition of YAP/TAZ could change the biological behaviours of fibroblasts and can potentially be used as therapy for keloids.
Parent immigration stress predicts youth externalizing behavior trajectories among Latino families in an emerging immigrant context
Authors: Cobb Cory L. , Martínez Charles R.
Published: October 2021

According to ecodevelopmental and social learning models, Latino immigrant parents experience considerable stress associated with the immigration process, and such immigration‐related stress is theorized to influence behavioral outcomes among their youth. Using a three‐year longitudinal design among 217 Latino immigrant families in western Oregon, we assessed whether parents’ (94% mothers, Mage = 36.2 years) experience of immigration‐related stress influenced the trajectory of their adolescents’ (43% female, Mage= 13.4 years) externalizing behaviors. Controlling for covariates (gender, acculturation, age at migration, and gender), results showed that youth exhibited a normative downward trajectory for externalizing behaviors, and parents’ experience of immigration stress significantly and negatively predicted this trajectory. Findings suggest that parents’ experience of immigration stress may disrupt a normative trajectory of declining externalizing behaviors among Latino immigrant adolescents.
Effects of psyllium and cellulose fibres on thermal, structural, and in vitro digestion behaviour of wheat starch
Authors: Atac Leyla Elif , Sensoy Ilkay
Published: October 2021

The study investigated the effects of adding different types of fibre (psyllium and cellulose) on in vitro digestion behaviour of wheat starch with its thermal and structural properties. Psyllium and cellulose fibres interfered with the wheat starch differently. Psyllium fibre hindered starch gelatinisation, restricted the loss of starch crystallinity, and decreased the accessibility of enzymes to starch. In contrast, cellulose fibre had no significant effect on gelatinisation and loss of crystallinity but limited the digestive enzyme mobility. The impact of psyllium was more pronounced than cellulose on reducing starch digestibility. Rapidly digestible starch fractions of the cooked starch reduced from between 57.90 ± 0.60–69.72 ± 0.46 (% in starch) to between 28.06 ± 0.36–46.34 ± 1.10 (% in starch) and 53.23 ± 0.36–66.71 ± 0.24 (% in starch) for psyllium and cellulose fibre, respectively. This information could be helpful to design foods containing starch with reduced digestibility for a healthy diet.
The effect of annealing on resistant starch content of different crop types: a systematic review and meta‐analysis study
Authors: Faridah Didah Nur , Anugerah Maria Putri , Hunaefi Dase , Afandi Frendy Ahmad , Jayanegara Anuraga
Published: October 2021

The growing demand for functional foods with a high resistant starch content (per cent RS) could be met by annealing starch modification. Through a meta‐analysis, this study sought to shed light on the effect of annealing on the resistant starch content of various crop types. Twenty‐one studies published between 2000 and 2020 were selected and eighty data points were extracted to be analysed using meta‐essential tools. Hedge’s d Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) was designated for the effect size approach. Resistant starch content was influenced by the botanical origin of the carbohydrate source and the annealing parameters such as moisture content, incubation time and temperature. According to a meta‐analysis of the data collected, the most significant increase in per cent RS is perceived on cereal (SMD: 7.58; 95% CI: 2.88–12.29; P = 0.001). Further analysis revealed that normal wheat had the highest significant per cent RS increase (SMD: 41.56; 95% CI: 19.52–63.61; P = 0.001). Annealing parameters resulted in significant %RS increase were moisture content of 80%, incubation time of 24 h and incubation temperature of 50–54 °C. These results were expected to provide data to optimise per cent RS increase through annealing efficiently.
Comparison in morphology, structure and functionality of curcumin‐loaded starch nanoparticles fabricated from short, medium and long chain‐length debranched cassava starches
Authors: Duyen Trinh Thi My , Phi Nguyen Thi Lan , Hung Pham Van
Published: October 2021

The objectives of this study were to investigate morphology and characteristics of curcumin‐loaded starch nanoparticles (CSNPs) fabricated from short, medium and long chain‐length debranched cassava starch using a nanoprecipitation method. The CSNPs fabricated from the long, medium and short chain‐length debranched starch (L‐CSNP, M‐CSNP and S‐CSNP) had the particle size of 90.7, 104.1 and 153.5 nm, respectively, with the polydispersity index of less than 0.5. After loading, the curcumin was complexed with helices of linear branching molecules of the debranched starch through hydrogen bonding. The M‐CSNP exhibited the highest loading efficiency (66.44%), followed by the L‐CSNP (35.62%) and S‐CSNP (29.74%). The curcumin loaded in the CSNPs had higher solubility and stability under thermal and UV light treatments as compared to pure curcumin. The antioxidant capacity of curcumin in the CSNPs was retained as much as pure one, and the CSNPs showed a control release of curcumin in the gastric buffers.
Soy protein isolate: an overview on foaming properties and air–liquid interface
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Yang Xiaoqing , Swallah Mohammed Sharif , Fu Hongling , Ji Lei , Meng Xiangze , Yu Hansong , Lyu Bo
Published: October 2021

Soy protein isolate (SPI) is widely used as a foaming agent due to its rich nutritional value and low price. Foaming is one of the key processing characteristics in food processing and is generally used in foam‐type foods. It plays an essential role in the flavour quality and appearance characteristics of food. Generally speaking, the foaming activity and foaming stability of regular SPI are not sufficient enough to meet the needs of practical applications. There is an urgent need to solve this drawback and improve the status quo of the food processing industry. The current research on the foaming properties of SPI across the globe focuses on improving foaming characteristics through optimising influencing factors and the use of different modification methods. Hence, this review aims to sort out the scientific research on the foaming mechanism of SPI and summarises evaluation methods, influencing factors and modification methods to improve the foamability of SPI to explore more applications of SPI. It will provide a theoretical basis for the production of SPI natural green active agents with good performance.
A review on 3D printable food materials: types and development trends
Authors: Li Gaoshang , Hu Lingping , Liu Jialin , Huang Jiayin , Yuan Chunhong , Takaki Koichi , Hu Yaqin
Published: October 2021

3D printing, as an emerging intelligent additive manufacturing processing technology, has been widely used in materials, aerospace, construction, medicine and other fields. Moreover, 3D printing technology has gradually emerged in field of food processing because of its characteristics of moulding without moulds and saving materials. The materials properties have a great influence on 3D‐printed food, especially mechanical strength and viscosity which affect accuracy and moulding ability of printed food. Moreover, the combination of materials also could change viscosity and rheology of printable materials (protein, starch, fat and hydrogel) and enhance the printing effect of not‐easy‐printable materials (cellulose). Additionally, the mixing of functional compounds and printing materials had great potential which was beneficial to personally customise functional nutritious foods to meet different people. This manuscript lays a foundation for the development and application of 3D printing technology in food processing.
Reflex factor coagulation testing in patients with an unexplained prolonged aPTT: An institutional retrospective review
Authors: Mansory Eman M , Bahodi Fadi , Phua Chai W.
Published: October 2021

Background

We aim to determine the clinical utility of reflex coagulation investigations (RCI) for prolonged lupus insensitive activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at our institution.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all potential RCI (lupus insensitive aPTT of ≥32s) from April 2014 to June 2019. Our diagnostic algorithm requires completion of RCI only if samples had no interfering medications to explain a prolonged aPTT and were either from a preoperative sample or from a patient presenting with unexplained bleeding. Appropriate RCI samples undergo further investigations with one‐stage factor activity testing for factors 8(FVIII), 9(FIX), and 11(FXI) reflexively. Data were obtained through electronic medical records to capture clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, prophylactic hemostatic replacement, and bleeding outcomes.

Results

Three thousand and three hundreds seventeen samples from 2940 distinct patients were considered as potential RCI during the study period. 263/3317 (8%) samples had RCI completed. Of those, 55/263 (21%) had abnormal factor testing, with the majority from preoperative setting (43/55; 78%). 5/43 (12%) patients were referred to hematology for preoperative evaluation. 5/43 patients received preoperative hemostatic support. A total of 5 patients (5/43) developed postop bleeding. Six patients (6/55) had RCI for unexplained bleeding, and five patients (83%) had a newly identified clinically significant bleeding disorder.

Conclusion

Reflex coagulation investigations benefited patients presenting with unexplained bleeding as this expedited the diagnosis and management of clinically significant bleeding disorders. RCI for preoperative evaluation infrequently led to additional hemostatic support/referral to hematology. The lack of additional workup for an abnormal factor activity level suggests laboratory alert fatigue as a potential contributory factor.
Associations between acoustic features of maternal speech and infants’ emotion regulation following a social stressor
Authors: Kolacz Jacek , daSilva Elizabeth B. , Lewis Gregory F. , Bertenthal Bennett I. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: October 2021

Caregiver voices may provide cues to mobilize or calm infants. This study examined whether maternal prosody predicted changes in infants’ biobehavioral state after the still face, a stressor in which the mother withdraws and reinstates social engagement. Ninety‐four dyads participated in the study (infant age 4–8 months). Infants’ heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (measuring cardiac vagal tone) were derived from an electrocardiogram (ECG). Infants’ behavioral distress was measured by negative vocalizations, facial expressions, and gaze aversion. Mothers’ vocalizations were measured via a composite of spectral analysis and spectro‐temporal modulation using a two‐dimensional fast Fourier transformation of the audio spectrogram. High values on the maternal prosody composite were associated with decreases in infants’ heart rate (β = −.26, 95% CI: [−0.46, −0.05]) and behavioral distress (β = −.23, 95% CI: [−0.42, −0.03]), and increases in cardiac vagal tone in infants whose vagal tone was low during the stressor (1 SD below mean β = .39, 95% CI: [0.06, 0.73]). High infant heart rate predicted increases in the maternal prosody composite (β = .18, 95% CI: [0.03, 0.33]). These results suggest specific vocal acoustic features of speech that are relevant for regulating infants’ biobehavioral state and demonstrate mother–infant bi‐directional dynamics.
Fractal analysis of rat dermal tissue in the different injury states
Authors: Xu Haisong , Zhang Jingde , Jiang Yuzhi , Lu Shuliang , Niu Yiwen , Dong Jiaoyun , Jin Shuwen , Song Fei , Cao Xiaozan , Qing Chun , Tian Ming , Liu Yingkai
Published: October 2021

Scar formation and chronic ulcers can develop following a skin injury. They are the result of the over‐ or underproduction of collagen. It is very important to evaluate the quality and quantity of the collagen that is produced during wound healing, especially with respect to its structure, as these factors are very important to a complicated outcome. However, there is no standard way to quantitatively analyse dermal collagen. As prior work characterised some potentially fractal properties of collagen, it was hypothesised that collagen structure could be evaluated with fractal dimension analysis. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering technology (SAXS) was used to evaluate the dermis of rats exposed to graft harvest, burn, and diabetic pathologic states. It was found that almost all collagen structures could be quantitatively measured with fractal dimension analysis. Further, there were significant differences in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure of normal collagen versus that measured in pathologic tissues. There was a significant difference in the 3‐D structure of collagen at different stages of healing. The findings of this work suggest that fractal analysis is a good tool for wound healing analysis, and that quantitative collagen analysis is very useful for assessing the structure of dermal collagen.
Enhanced pressure‐driven force‐electric conversion effect for (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Xie Meng , Nie Hengchang , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: October 2021

The pressure‐driven force‐electric conversion materials with extremely rapid response time have been widely used in mining, defense, and energy areas. The discharge process by the force‐electric conversion effect in ferroelectrics is dominated by polar‐nonpolar phase transformation. In this work, (Pb0.985La0.01)(ZrxTi1‐x)O3(PLZT,x = 0.85–0.94) ceramics is designed by tunning Zr4+/Ti4+ratio and aliovalent La doping to achieve high remnant polarization (Pr) and excellent temperature stability. We focus on the pressure‐driven depolarization in PLZT ceramics, and their corresponding phase structure, ferroelectric properties, dielectric properties, and thermal depolarization. In PLZT (x = 0.93) ceramics, the original polarizationP0increases to 43.42 μC/cm2. The pressure‐driven depolarization releases 37.66 μC/cm2with the depolarization proportion of 86.73%, which is attributed to irreversible ferroelectric‐antiferroelectric phase transition. It also exhibits excellent temperature stability up to 120°C (> 36 μC/cm2). This work provides a high‐performance alternative to Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3and guidance for the development of pulse power energy conversion devices.
The effect of CaO on the physicochemical and biological properties of β‐SiAlON ceramics
Authors: Gao Jinxing , Ma Xin , Mu Jinghua , Xu Enxia , Zhang Can , Gao Lu , Ma Chengliang , Zhao Fei , Sun Xu , Zhang Liguo
Published: October 2021

To investigate the effects of CaO on the physicochemical and biological properties of β‐SiAlON, β‐SiAlON ceramics containing CaO were prepared using the direct nitriding method. The results of X‐ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that β‐SiAlON remained in the material phase because the addition of Ca did not result in the formation of Ca‐α‐SiAlON. However, CaO promoted the sintering of β‐SiAlON grains and significantly decreased porosity and increased bulk density and compressive strength. According to a chemical stability study, when β‐SiAlON ceramics powder was soaked in deionized water and a cell culture medium, it was noted to have negative electricity. A reaction occurred with the H+ and OH− ions in the deionized water, leading to the formation of surface structures, such as Si‐OH, Al‐OH, and N‐H. Moreover, the addition of CaO caused a different chemical reaction among ions or ion groups in the culture medium, and new chemical groups formed on the material surface that interacted with the culture medium, which resulted in an alteration of the zeta potential and surface chemical properties of β‐SiAlON. MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured on the surface of ceramics proved that the cells cannot adhere well to the surface of β‐SiAlON ceramics with CaO, although they could proliferate well around those with only β‐SiAlON. Therefore, the change in the surface chemical properties provides good anticell adhesion ability, which makes β‐SiAlON with CaO a biocompatible material that can be used to prevent contamination caused by cell adhesion, with possible applications in biosensors or biomedical equipment that must be used in sterile environments.
Using γ-ray irradiation and epiphytic microbiota inoculation to separate the effects of chemical and microbial factors on fermentation quality and bacterial community of ensiled Pennisetum giganteum
Authors: Zhao Jie , Yin Xuejing , Dong Zhihao , Wang Siran , Li Junfeng , Dong Dong , Shao Tao
Published: October 2021

Aims

This study aimed to separate the effects of chemical and microbial factors on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of ensiled Pennisetum giganteum.

Methods and Results

Fresh P. giganteum of two vegetative stages (stage I, GI; stage II, GII) was treated as follows: GI epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GI (MICI), GII epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GI (MIICI), GI epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GII (MICII), and GII epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GII (MIICII). Triplicates per treatment were sampled after 30 days of ensiling for chemical and microbial analyses and high-throughput sequencing. Silages made from CII (MICII and MIICII) had higher lactic acid concentration and the ratio of lactic to acetic acid, and lower pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration than silages produced by CI (MICI and MIICI). Species differential analyses showed that the changes of chemical composition rather than epiphytic microbiota significantly affected the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Pantoea in P. giganteum silages.

Conclusion

These above results manifested that chemical composition was the main factor influencing the fermentation quality and bacterial community of P. giganteum silage in this study.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The obtained results may, therefore, be the first record to provide an in-depth understanding of the relative contributions of chemical and microbial parameters on fermentation quality and bacterial community, which is of great importance for modulating silage fermentation and improving silage quality.
What factors influence nursing home use of hospital avoidance programs? An interview study
Authors: Rayner Jo‐Anne , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre
Published: October 2021

Aims

To understand why some nursing homes use hospital avoidance programs more frequently than others.

Design

Two hospital avoidance programs, called residential‐in‐reach services in Victoria, Australia, were evaluated using a qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Between 2014 and 2018, 127 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with staff from nursing homes, general practitioners and staff from the residential‐in reach services. The interviews took an average of 45 min and transcripts were thematically analysed.

Results

Nursing home reliance on residential‐in‐reach services to manage deteriorating residents was evident in both evaluations. Irrespective of the model of service provision, reliance was associated with: the increased care needs of residents; difficulties accessing timely and appropriate medical care; and the reduced numbers of skilled registered nurses to assess and manage deteriorating residents.

Conclusion

The residential‐in‐reach services are highly regarded by nursing homes. However, some are reliant on these services to provide nursing assessment and management. Using residential‐in‐reach services to substitute for nursing care, deskills nurses and shifts the cost of providing care from the service provider to other agencies. To provide residents with quality nursing care, the number of skilled registered nurses able to work within their scope of practice needs to be increased in Australian nursing homes.

Impact

The findings highlight the challenges of providing care in older people living in aged care. Increasing the number of skilled registered nurses in Australian nursing homes, would support deteriorating residents to stay in familiar surroundings and reduce reliance on external services to provide nursing care.
Barriers and enablers to participating in regular screening programmes for women with cerebral palsy: A qualitative life course study
Authors: Shah Sonali , Taylor Julie , Bradbury‐Jones Caroline
Published: October 2021

Aims

To determine the barriers and enablers to regular, women‐oriented screening programmes for women with cerebral palsy (CP); and to discuss the participants’ suggestions for change.

Design

Qualitative life course approach.

Methods

Twenty‐five life course interviews were conducted with women in 2020 who identified as having a diagnosis of CP. Interviews were conducted in person or using electronic platforms. Framework analysis was used to interpret the data.

Findings

Access and utilization of regular screening programmes for women with CP across the life course are determined by multiple socioecological factors. Three themes are discussed focusing particularly on cervical and breast screening: 1. barriers, 2. enablers and 3. women's suggestions for change. Some women chose to opt out of sexual health checks for fear they would be too uncomfortable or the procedure would be too difficult. Practitioner attitudes towards disability in general, as well as the extent to which they understood the effects of CP for women, was highlighted as a barrier. Accessibility and adaptability of the environment also influenced women's uptake of screening.

Conclusion

Women with CP face many challenges to their sexual and reproductive healthcare. These can deter them from participating in regular women‐oriented screening programmes, which puts them at higher risk of preventable diseases. Understanding the lifelong effects of CP for women, and the interaction with their reproductive health could help to reduce unmet needs and increase participation in relevant screening across the life course.

Impact

Knowledge of the challenges to regular screening programmes experienced by women with CP across the life course is crucial to provide appropriate preventative healthcare for women with CP across different stages of life. Elements of this knowledge could have benefits for the care of all disabled women.
Latent profile analysis on Korean nurses: Emotional labour strategies and well‐being
Authors: Park Chong‐chol , Cho Hunggu , Lee Dong‐gwi , Jeon Hyeonhui
Published: October 2021

Aims

To identify the unique profiles of emotional labour management strategies among Korean nurses in regards to the preferences of surface acting (affecting emotions required at the workplace) and deep acting (trying to genuinely experience emotions required at the workplace), a latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted. In addition, differences in psychological and occupational well‐being between the discovered profiles are examined.

Design

An exploratory, cross‐sectional LPA design was employed.

Methods

Nurses (N = 204) working in university hospitals in South Korea responded to the survey during November 2019. Participants completed the Emotional Labour Questionnaire, a portion of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short form and the Turnover Intentions Scale.

Results

As a result of LPA on nurses' surface acting and deep acting, five profiles were discovered: non‐actors, surface actors, moderators, regulators and high regulators. In addition, differences in emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and turnover intentions between profiles were examined. Profiles that used high levels of surface acting had high levels of emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions.

Conclusion

Nurses with characteristics of surface actors, high regulators profiles in emotional labour context are more prone to emotional exhaustion and turnover possibilities, compared with other profiles (non‐actors, moderators and regulators).

Impact

Insights from the current study are beneficial to hospitals in preventing potential emotional exhaustion and nurse turnover by responding to high‐risk profiles and customizing emotional labour management policies with regards to the different profiles of nurses' emotional labour.
Impact of vision and hearing impairments on risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Jung Younhea , Han Kyungdo , Lee Ji Min , Park Hye Yeon , Moon Jung Il
Published: October 2021

Aims/Introduction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of vision and hearing impairments on the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes using a nationwide longitudinal cohort.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 771,128 patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent the National Health Screening Program in 2009. We carried out Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and mortality in those with or without vision and hearing impairments. Subgroup analyses of patients stratified by age, sex and diabetic retinopathy were carried out.

Results

Diabetes patients with either vision or hearing impairment showed higher risk of MI, stroke or death compared with those without. Among the combinations of impairments, patients with both vision and hearing impairments had the highest risk for MI (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.362, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.252–1.481) and mortality (aHR 1.591, 95% CI 1.532–1.651). Those with only vision impairment showed higher risk of MI (aHR 1.324, 95% CI 1.275–1.375 and aHR 1.117, 95% CI 1.066–1.170, respectively), stroke (aHR 1.318, 95% CI 1.276–1.362 and aHR 1.134 95% CI 1.089–1.180, respectively) and mortality (aHR 1.417, 95% CI 1.390–1.446 and aHR 1.163, 95% CI 1.135–1.191, respectively) compared with those with only hearing impairment.

Conclusions

Vision and hearing impairments are independently important risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vision and hearing impairments synergistically increased the risk of MI and all‐cause deaths, but not stroke. In addition, in patients aged <65 years, the HR of vision impairment was higher than those with vision and hearing impairments.
Fasting plasma glucose level in the range of 90–99 mg/dL and the risk of the onset of type 2 diabetes: Population‐based Panasonic cohort study 2
Authors: Munekawa Chihiro , Okada Hiroshi , Hamaguchi Masahide , Habu Momoko , Kurogi Kazushiro , Murata Hiroaki , Ito Masato , Fukui Michiaki
Published: October 2021

Aim/Introduction

As the association between a fasting glucose concentration of 90–99 mg/dL and the onset of type 2 diabetes is still controversial, we aimed to assess it in 37,148 Japanese individuals with a normal plasma glucose concentration.

Materials and Methods

This long‐term retrospective cohort study included individuals having a medical checkup at Panasonic Corporation from 2008 to 2018. In total, 1,028 participants developed type 2 diabetes.

Results

Cox regression analyses revealed that the risk for the onset of diabetes increased by 9.0% per 1 mg/dL increase in fasting plasma glucose concentration in subjects with the concentration ranging from 90 to 99 mg/dL. Compared with individuals with a fasting glucose concentration of ≤89 mg/dL, the adjusted hazard ratios for developing diabetes were 1.53 (95% CI; 1.22–1.91), 1.76 (95% CI; 1.41–2.18), 1.89 (95% CI; 1.52–2.35), 3.17 (95% CI; 2.61–3.84), and 3.41 (95% CI; 2.79–4.15) at fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 90–91, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97, and 98–99 mg/dL, respectively. In populations with obesity, the adjusted hazards ratios for developing diabetes were 1.56 (95% CI; 1.15–2.09), 1.82 (95% CI; 1.37–2.40), 2.05 (95% CI; 1.55–2.69), 3.53 (95% CI; 2.79–4.46), and 3.28 (95% CI; 2.53–4.22) at fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 90–91, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97, and 98–99 mg/dL, respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the risk of type 2 diabetes among subjects having a fasting plasma glucose concentration of 90–99 mg/dL, is progressively higher with an increasing level of fasting plasma glucose concentration in a Japanese people.
Influence of drying temperature on quality attributes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Drying kinetics and modeling, rehydration, color, and antioxidant analysis
Authors: Kheto Ankan , Dhua Subhamoy , Nema Prabhat K. , Sharanagat Vijay Singh
Published: October 2021

This study was focused on the effect of hot air drying temperatures (40, 50, and 60°C) on rehydration (25°C) behavior and quality attributes of green (G), red (R), and yellow (Y) color bell peppers (BP). Increase in drying temperature significantly (p < 0.05) improved the drying rate and the moisture diffusivity of BP. Drying temperature increased the rehydration‐ratio and higher rehydration was observed for freeze‐dried samples (−50°C). Two‐term exponential and first‐order kinetics models were found the most appropriate to explain the drying and rehydration kinetics, respectively. The variation in color parameters was correlated with the significant (p < 0.05) deviation in total chlorophylls (20.53–16.88 μg/g dry‐mass), red pigment (493.02–766.25 μg/g dry‐mass), and nonsignificant deviation in yellow pigment (203.6–202.77 μg/g dry‐mass) of respective BP during drying. Increasing drying temperature increased the phenolic and flavonoid contents, but decreased the free‐radical scavenging activity of the BP.

Practical Application

This study will add scientific data on comparative analysis of drying of red, yellow and green bell pepper with respect to different drying temperatures. Study will help to identify the best drying condition with respect to desired quality and color of bell pepper. Dried sample can be used in curry making, ready to eat products or seasoning without any seasonal barrier.
Laser light backscattering image to predict moisture content of mango slices with different ripeness during drying process
Authors: Bai Jun‐Wen , Zhang Lu , Cai Jian‐Rong , Wang Yu‐Chi , Tian Xiao‐Yu
Published: October 2021

Moisture content is an essential parameter in investigating the quality of agricultural products during drying. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of using laser light backscatter imaging (LLBI) to monitor the moisture content of mangoes at various stages of ripeness during drying. Backscattered images of mango slices were collected using laser diodes with different wavelengths (450, 520, and 635 nm) during drying. The effects of different drying temperatures (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) and maturity levels (Ripeness 1, Ripeness 2, Ripeness 3) on the moisture content of mango slices were studied, and the backscattered images of mango slices were analyzed by Gaussian amplitude function. The results showed that drying temperatures and stage of ripeness had a significant effect on the drying characteristics of mango (p < .05). Increasing the drying temperature led to a considerable reduction in the moisture ratio, and increasing the maturity resulted in a considerable decrease in the total drying time. Additionally, there were differences in the laser transmission properties of the materials with varying levels of moisture. Variations in the structure of the tissue during the drying process may result in different degrees of backscattering. The model for predicting moisture content at 635 nm was the most accurate, with the maximum determination coefficient R2 of 0.9247, and the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) at this time is 0.0771. Therefore, this study has shown that LLBI can better predict the moisture content of mangoes with different maturity during drying.

Practical Applications

Laser light backscatter imaging (LLBI) is widely used in agricultural products processing. Using LLBI to predict the moisture content of agricultural products during drying is a good method. It can predict the moisture content of agricultural products whose mature state is unknown, and at the same time express the physical characteristics of agricultural products and their interactions through mathematical models. Furthermore, this research provides ideas for the prediction of moisture content of other agricultural products and the improvement of the quality of dried agricultural products.
Comment on: The association between neurohormonal therapy and mortality in older adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Thomas Gwen , Thijs Abel , Muller Majon
Published: October 2021

See the Reply by Gilstrap et al. in this issue.
Reply to: Comment on: The association between neurohormonal therapy and mortality in older adults with HFrEF
Authors: Gilstrap Lauren , Austin Andrea M. , Gladders Barbara , Goyal Parag , O'Malley James , Barnato Amber , Tosteson Anna N. A. , Skinner Jonathan S.
Published: October 2021

This letter comments on the letter by Gwen Thomas et al. in this issue.
Current practices of family caregiver training during home health care: A qualitative study
Authors: Burgdorf Julia G. , Arbaje Alicia I. , Chase Jo‐Ana , Wolff Jennifer L.
Published: October 2021

Background

Home health clinicians report a need for family caregiver assistance during the majority of skilled home health care episodes. Since 2018, the Medicare Conditions of Participation has required home health agencies to provide training to family caregivers. However, little is known regarding current practices of family caregiver assessment and training during home health care.

Methods

Qualitative research relying on semistructured key informant interviews with registered nurses and physical therapists (n = 19), hereafter “clinicians,” from four home health agencies. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, then analyzed using directed content analysis to identify relevant themes and concepts.

Results

Three agencies were not‐for‐profit and one was for‐profit; three were urban and one was rural; two operated on a local scale, one on a regional scale, and one on a national scale. Key informants had an average of 9.3 years of experience in home health care and an average age of 45.0 years. Clinicians described a cyclic process of family caregiver training including four major phases: initial assessment, education, reassessment, and adjustment. Initial assessment was informal and holistic; education was delivered via demonstration and teach‐back; reassessment was used to evaluate caregiver progress and inform adjustments to the care plan. Clinicians noted that their perceptions regarding the success of family caregiver training efforts influenced decisions relating to clinical practice, including the number of visits provided and whether to discharge the patient.

Conclusions

Caregiver training is currently integrated into clinician workflows in home health care and helps determine visit intensity and discharge timing, but clinicians face a lack of structured assessment instruments or training materials. Efforts by policymakers and home health agencies to facilitate clinicians' training efforts could positively affect the cost and quality of Medicare‐funded home health care.
Neural network fast‐classifies biological images through features selecting to power automated microscopy
Authors: Balluet Maël , Sizaire Florian , El Habouz Youssef , Walter Thomas , Pont Jérémy , Giroux Baptiste , Bouchareb Otmane , Tramier Marc , Pecreaux Jacques
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence is nowadays used for cell detection and classification in optical microscopy during post‐acquisition analysis. The microscopes are now fully automated and next expected to be smart by making acquisition decisions based on the images. It calls for analysing them on the fly. Biology further imposes training on a reduced data set due to cost and time to prepare the samples and have the data sets annotated by experts. We propose a real‐time image processing compliant with these specifications by balancing accurate detection and execution performance. We characterised the images using a generic, high‐dimensional feature extractor. We then classified the images using machine learning to understand the contribution of each feature in decision and execution time. We found that the non‐linear‐classifier random forests outperformed Fisher's linear discriminant. More importantly, the most discriminant and time‐consuming features could be excluded without significant accuracy loss, offering a substantial gain in execution time. It suggests a feature‐group redundancy likely related to the biology of the observed cells. We offer a method to select fast and discriminant features. In our assay, a 79.6 2.4% accurate classification of a cell took 68.7 3.5 ms (mean SD, 5‐fold cross‐validation nested in 10 bootstrap repeats), corresponding to 14 cells per second, dispatched into eight phases of the cell cycle, using 12 feature groups and operating a consumer market ARM‐based embedded system. A simple neural network offered similar performances paving the way to faster training and classification, using parallel execution on a general‐purpose graphic processing unit. Finally, this strategy is also usable for deep neural networks paving the way to optimizing these algorithms for smart microscopy.
Glucocerebrosidase 1 and leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in Parkinson disease and interplay between the two genes
Authors: Lee Chiao‐Yin , Menozzi Elisa , Chau Kai‐Yin , Schapira Anthony H. V.
Published: October 2021

The glucocerebrosidase 1 gene (GBA1), bi‐allelic variants of which cause Gaucher disease (GD), encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and is a risk factor for Parkinson Disease (PD). GBA1 variants are linked to a reduction in GCase activity in the brain. Variants in Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), such as the gain‐of‐kinase‐function variant G2019S, cause the most common familial form of PD. In patients without GBA1 and LRRK2 mutations, GCase and LRRK2 activity are also altered, suggesting that these two genes are implicated in all forms of PD and that they may play a broader role in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we review the proposed roles of GBA1 and LRRK2 in PD, focussing on the endolysosomal pathway. In particular, we highlight the discovery of Ras‐related in brain (Rab) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as LRRK2 kinase substrates and explore the links between increased LRRK2 activity and Rab protein function, lysosomal dysfunction, alpha‐synuclein accumulation and GCase activity. We also discuss the discovery of RAB10 as a potential mediator of LRRK2 and GBA1 interaction in PD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings, including current approaches and future perspectives related to novel drugs targeting LRRK2 and GBA1.

image
Renewing an old interest: Pituitary folliculostellate cells
Authors: Le Tissier Paul R. , Mollard Patrice
Published: October 2021

Anterior pituitary folliculostellate (FS) cells, first described almost 50 years ago, have a wide range of functions with respect to supporting and coordinating endocrine cell function, in particular through paracrine and gap junction‐mediated signalling. Our previous studies identified the morphological organisation of FS cells, which mediates coordinated calcium activity throughout the homotypic FS network and allows signalling across the whole pituitary gland. It is also clear that FS cells can modify endocrine output and feedback on pituitary axes over a range of timescales. Recently, several studies have defined FS cells as a source of anterior pituitary endocrine cell renewal, which has resulted in a renaming of FS cells as “Sox2+ve stem cells”. Here, we highlight the broader potential of the FS cell population in fine‐tuning and coordinating pituitary axes function. In addition, we identify a need for: the definition of the possible subtypes of FS cell and their relationship with the stem cell population; the potential role of FS cells in pulsatile hormone secretion and coordination of heterotypic cell networks; and the roles that FS cells may play in both early‐life programming of pituitary axes and in memory, or anticipation, of demand. Further studies of FS cells may demonstrate the fundamental importance of this cell type and its potential as a therapeutic target to correct pituitary gland dysfunction, one of which is stem cell therapy. Clearly, a thorough understanding of all of these interactions and relationships of FS and endocrine cells is required whatever therapeutic use is suggested by their various roles.