bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYDROELECTRIC POWER AND SCENIC PROVISIONS OF THE 1950 NIAGARA TREATY1
Authors: Friesen B. F. , Day J. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An important international Niagara River management issue concerns allocation of the average 202,000 cubic feet per second river discharge for hydroelectric power and scenic purposes. Major water diversions from Niagara Falls are necessary for power production. Flow is allocated by the 1950 Niagara Treaty which is intended to maximize power benefits and preserve and enhance the scenic fals spectacle. This paper examines the extent to which the Treaty objectives have been achieved. Based on analyses of government documents, engineering data, and falls‐viewing patterns, it is concluded that the 1950 Treaty led to enhancement of the falls spectacle and increased power generation. But significant additional power diversions probably are attainable without adverse effect upon the existing falls spectacle. Reducing daytime summer Horseshoe Falls flow and scheduling spring and autumn flow according to viewing patterns are possible means of increasing power diversions. Existing generating facilities could use considerably more water and the value of additional Niagara hydroelectricity is very high in terms of generation‐cost savings over alternative power sources. Because of the cultural importance of the falls, Treaty modifications to permit increased power diversions are not recommended without prior public opinion sampling and on‐site viewing experiments. These findings highlight the need for more careful study before long‐term international agreements are concluded and illustrate the need for more flexible treaty arrangements to permit periodic adjustments for changing conditions.
PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATION ‐ DISCHARGE CYCLES IN MARSHES1
Authors: Spangler Fred I. , Fetter C. W. , Sloey William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Artificial and natural marshes were studied to determine changes in quality of polluted water passing through them. Phosphorus removal ranged from zero to 64%. Removals in the 35% range were common, however. Much of the phosphorus went into sediments and unharvestable plant parts. Harvesting vegetation removed 6% of the phosphorus put into the system. Accumulation of phosphorus during the growing season was about 20 g*m−2, much of which was flushed out after the onset of freezing weather. The amount of phosphorus flushed out can be prevented from entering a lake or stream by handling the marsh discharge in one of three ways; irrigate on land, lagoon to recycle later, treat conventionally if facilities are available.
MANAGEMENT OF FLOODING IN A FULLY‐DEVELOPED, LOW‐COST HOUSING NEIGHBORHOOD1
Authors: Novoa Jose I. , Halff Albert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Within the flood plain of the lower reach of Peaks Branch, a stream in east Dallas Texas, 500 buildings would be partially inundated by the 100‐year flood. The fully‐developed watershed and flood plain mainly accommodate low‐cost housing. Eight alternative flooding remedies, ranging from no action to stream channelization to complete redevelopment, are considered. The alternates are evaluated in terms of their relative safety, effects on neighborhoods, required relocations of families and businesses, initial costs, and maintenance costs. Creation of a stream‐side greenway, offering lakes and parks, is recommended. This plan best balances costs and required relocations with community benefits, including flood protection.
BACTERIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN STORMWATERS1
Authors: Davis E. M. , Casserly D. M. , Moore J. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data were developed within a three‐year period for indicator bacteria and three species of bacterial pathogens following rural storm event hydrographs. The first flush concept was confirmed in all hydrographs. Bacterial density peaking occurred at or before the hydrograph peaks. FC and FS values were higher in more developed areas than the primary rural test site and their numerical ratios followed similar trends. Chlorine demand of storm waters varied between 8 and 16 mg/l and, the ozone requirement was greater than 32 mg/l in the same waters. Aftergrowth of total coliform bacteria occurred following chlorine and ozone doses of 16 mg/l and 32 mg/l respectively. Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. all were reduced to near detectable limits by the disinfectants up to 8 days. Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated a propensity to restablish their populations. Multiple regression analysis of the bacterial groups and species in storm waters suggested the fecal streptococci to have been the most useful group in evaluating bacterial storm water quality, with staphylocci have been closely related insofar as their statistical significance was concerned.
RESERVOIR YIELD: AN IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER1
Authors: Eisel Leo M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Analysis of the storage‐yield relationship can be used to help resolve conflicts between environmental values and water resources development. New Melones Reservoir in northern California presents a classic example of such a conflict between preservation of white water for recreational purposes and development of the site for a major multi‐purpose reservoir. Analysis of the storage yield relationship for the proposed New Melones project indicates potential trade‐offs between white water preservation and reservoir yield.
LANGUAGE CONSTRAINTS TO WATER RESOURCE UTILIZATION1
Authors: Jones R. Kent , Dale John T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Worldwide development of water resources and control of pollution would be improved by the ability for direct, multilateral communication between workers in the dozens of different language communities involved. Current language‐based problems which should be eliminated include (1) incomplete diffusion of scientific knowledge, (2) technical inbreeding, (3) unsatisfactory international conferences, (4) money wasted on translation, and (5) unstandardized technical terminology. General education in a common second language for international use can eliminate these conditions. Ethnic languages are not qualified for this purpose, because of their national biases and extreme learning difficulties. The Esperanto language is free of these limitations, and its application is recommended as a means for improving the overall performance of the industry.
FEASIBILITY OF INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER1
Authors: Aron Gert , White Elizabeth L. , Coelen Stephen P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Interbasin water transfer is one of the most controversial water‐resources‐planning topics. Local communities, particularly those from which the water is to be taken (donor regions), generate enough opposition to doom many projects to failure. The opposition often arises because planners have traditionally considered excess water a free commodity rather than a marketable resource. To make transfer schemes mutually acceptable to donor and recipient regions, visible benefits must be offered. Agreement must be made on an acceptable purchase price and/or on other benefits such as a substantial amount of low flow augmentation or possibly some degree of flood control on the donor source stream. The hydrologic and economic feasibility of water transfer from the East Susquehanna River basin to the Delaware Reservoir System for supplemental supply to the New York City area was investigated. Nine alternative schemes for diversions up to 400 cfs and compensations in the form of low flow augmentation and/or flood control were considered resulting in unit costs to the recipient region between $90 and $380/mg. If only the minimum state‐mandated flow is released to the Susquehanna River, the savings to the water recipients would be sufficient to pay a purchase price of about $21/mg, which would be equivalent to a total amount of $420,000/year for an average export of 100 cfs.
AN ARCHETYPAL LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR OPTIMAL INTERTEMPORAL ALLOCATION OF GROUNDWATR TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Weisz Reuben N. , Towle Charles L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the past, researchers have applied a variety of analytical techniques for maximizing the present value of a stock resource ‐ simulation, calculus of variations, stochastic dynamic programming, and optimal control theory. This paper presents a more operational approach ‐ linear programming. A simplified, broadly drawn example from Southwest agriculture is used for demonstrating the model's structure and output. The method is based on a set of state transformation operations that prevent the additivity assumption of linear programming from being violated.
THE EFFECTS OF MINE ACID ON THE POND RIVER WATERSHED IN WESTERN KENTUCKY1
Authors: Dyer Robert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) is formed by a chemical process that occurs in unreclaimed coal mines. The highly toxic acid then flows into the lower swamp areas where it causes considerable damage to the ecosystem. The major effect of the acid is the mass destruction of thousands of trees and various other phreatophytic plants. The contamination is so serious that most of the wildlife has migrated out of the affected area of the swamp in order to survive. Certain geological features such as coal bearing monadanocks make the area somewhat sensitive to mining activities and related geologic hazards. New methods of mine acid abatement make the concept of mass reclamation more realistic than at any time in the past. The constant annihilation of swamp life and processes emphasizes the urgent need for reclamation of the swamp.
RIVER‐QUALITY ASSESSMENTS1
Authors: Greeson Phillip E. , Velz Clarence J. , Rickert David A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In 1972, the U.S. Geological Survey began a pilot program of river‐quality assessments. The objectives of the program are (1) to define the character, interrelationships, and apparent causes of existing river‐quality problems, and (2) to devise and demonstrate the analytical approaches and the tools and methodologies needed for developing water‐quality information that will provide a sound technical basis for planners and managers to use in assessing river‐quality problems and evaluating management alternatives.

The most noteworthy finding of a pilot assessment of the Willamette River basin, Oregon, was that across‐the‐board advanced waste treatment was not the answer to the problem of meeting stringent water‐quality standards established for the river. The assessment also found that existing water‐quality data generally are inadequate for defining the critical cause‐effect relationships that control river‐quality problems and that intensive, synoptic surveys keyed to local problems and conditions would be required in most river basins to develop an adequate information base for managing important river‐quality problems. The study illustrated that rigid nationwide standards and regulations are likely to result in unneeded expenditures in some river basins and in undesirable quality in others.
ZOOPLANKTON AND DREDGING: RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES FROM A CRITICAL REVIEW1
Authors: Sullivan Barbara K. , Hancock Danil
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Studies on the responses of zooplankton to dredging are summarized and discussed. Design criteria for studies intended for impact assessment require careful consideration of sampling due to the highly variable spatial and temporal distributions of zooplankton. It is suggested that ocean dominated systems present different research requirements than those estuarine regions which have endemic zooplankton populations.
WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Ffolliott Peter F. , Thorud David B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Vegetation management aimed at increasing the amount of usable water yield from precipitation falling on upstream watersheds may be one alternative for supplementing water supplies. Indications are that water yields can be increased within a multiple‐use framework, which can benefit or at least be compatible with other natural resource objectives. Through changes in vegetation on a watershed, it is possible to reduce evaporation losses only slightly but significantly increase streamflow runoff. In an assessment of potentials for water yield improvement in Arizona, experimental studies on various vegetation zones are reviewed. Because of either limited acreage or limited rainfall, the alpine, grassland, aspen, and desert shrub vegetation zones are not realistic management areas for Arizona. Furthermore, manipulation of pinyon‐juniper woodlands does not appear promising at this time. Conversion of chaparral to grasses and forbs does appear to be a possible treatment for water yield improvement, as well as various silvicultural treatments of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests. Streamflow increases are given for experiments in chaparral, mixed conifer, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones. However, complete information on possible constraints for these zones is not currently available. Specific assessment of water yield management options for riparian vegetation is difficult to make, due to incomplete knowledge of water yield changes and other constraints for this vegetation zone. Prior to the final adoption of management practices, results of experimental work must be coupled with economic and social considerations.
A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM1
Authors: Huff F. A. , Changnon S. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An extensive research program in hydrometeorology was recently initiated in the Chicago region. Major objectives are to 1) develop a real‐time, prediction‐monitoring system for storm rainfall using a combination of weather radar and telemetered raingage data, 2) determine precipitation measurement requirements for hydrologic design, operation, and modeling purposes, 3) define the time‐space characteristics of heavy rainstorms in the Chicago urban area, and 4) establish methods for applying the Chicago findings in other cities. Basic components of the field measurement program are a network of over 300 recording raingages in 4000 mi2 in and around Chicago, plus two sophisticated weather radar systems for obtaining real‐time information on storm parameters pertinent to optimizing operation of urban water resources systems. The raingage networks are to be used to compile information relevant to both design and operational aspects of urban hydrology. Radars are to be used primarily in developing the real‐time operational techniques. Testing and evaluation of the real‐time operational system will be done in cooperation with the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago, operator of one of the most complex urban water control systems among major metropolitan areas.
ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE TIME SERIES COMPONENTS OF WATER CONSUMPTION DATA1
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi , Huang Wen‐yuan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Understanding the behavior of different time‐series components of water consumption data is essential for a more effective analysis of economic incentive effects of alternative policy measures and also closer integration of water supply and demand management. Additive and multiplicative models are used to analyze the trend (T), cyclical (C), seasonal (S) and irregular (I) components. The stepwise regression method was applied to 187 data points (January 1960 to July 1975), each representing average daily water consumption within the service area of the Honolulu Board of Water Supply. Although statistically similar results (R2 0.95 and 0.96 and respective corresponding F‐ratios 277 and 307) might suggest little difference in model performances, closer analysis of the results point to important multiplicative effects which should be taken into account in both short‐run and long‐run analyses.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS: AN APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Pomareda Carlos
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Economic analysis of irrigation production functions is discussed using linear programming. The method provides advantages over the partial one‐crop type of analyses because it captures intercrop tradeoffs in water and land use in response to economic policies or changes in water supply. A numerical example is used.
LINE SOURCE DISPERSION WITH APPLICATION TO MIXING IN RIVER CHANNELS1
Authors: Shen Hung Tao
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two‐dimensional solutions for transient dispersion of nonconservative dispersants in uniform flow resulting from a transverse line source of variable concentration are obtained using multiple integral transformations. In general, the solutions are in integral forms, which can be efficiently evaluated using Filon's quadratures. Examples are presented for cases of practical interest. Applicability of the solution for modeling dispersion in natural river channel where the distribution of flows across the channel are nonuniform is discussed.
MEASURING CONSUMER SURPLUS BENEFITS OF WATER SUPPLY EXTENSIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: For investments in water mains serving new households, consumer surplus benefits may far outweigh those measured by revenues recoupled from user fees. While consumer surplus might be capitalized in the value of sites with access to mains, empirical attempts to measure such capitalization have not proved inveriably successful. In this note an alternative technique based upon the direct estimation of the demand curve is applied. An analysis of Penang Island, Malaysia indicates that the consumer surplus benefits are one and one‐half times greater than the revenues recoupled through user fees. The applicability of this technique to cost‐benefit analysis of water supply investments is discussed.
ORDER CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN CATCHMENTS1
Authors: Grigg Neil S. , Sriburi Thavivongse
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Stream order systems provide useful classification methods according to the number of tributaries collected. In urban catchments, sewer line order is a concepot concept providing for the same type of classification. Horton's stream order system is used to classify sewers beginning with the smallest lines as first order to the largest main sewer which is sixth order for two catchments studied. Average tributary area, average length and number of lines are shown as functions of order. The bifurcation ratios are also presented. They can be used for finding the number of sewer lines in the next order. The number of first order lines depend on lot size and the bifurcation ratios vary widely.
PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ON LAKE EUTROPHICATION1
Authors: O'Hayre Arthur P. , Dowd John F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of changing nutrient inputs through land use management, waste water treatment, or effluent diversion are not clear, and managers are discovering that decisions which were effective in reversing eutrophication for one lake are often unsuccessful when applied to another. Simple empirical relationships are often used to predict the impact of management decisions. Errors in estimation could result in either substantial costs for overdesign or failure to meet desired eutrophication levels.

This paper presents and illustrates a methodology to evaluate the impact of land use and water resource management decisions on lake eutrophication. The problems of worth of additional information, and uncertainty of estimates were handled within a cost‐effectiveness framework. The probability of exceeding a critical level of eutrophication was considered as a measure of effectiveness. The cost criterion is the expected value of opportunity costs, costs of analysis and costs of additional information.

Uncertainty analysis techniques were used to estimate the effectiveness of various management alternatives. Bayesian methods can be utilized to determine the worth of additional information.

The methodology was applied to Beseck Lake, Connecticut, and the cost and effectiveness measures estimated for a number of land management alternatives. Worth of additional information was not determined in this initial effort in uncertainty analysis for lake eutrophication management.
A UNIFYING SET OF PROBABILITY TRANSFORMS FOR STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Snyder W.M. , Mills W.C. , Knisel W.G.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: An ordered set of probability sensity functions was derived form transforms of the normal distribution. Variate transforms are based on orders of exponentiation. The set of distributions includes the log‐normal. a partial basis for use of these functins in hydrology is demonstrated by establishing some required properties. A concept of mixed samples of zero and nonzero elements forming nonseparable sets of virtual and real elements is introduced to establish a physical lower limit of sampled diata independent of functional bounds.
THE USE OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE IN CHLOROPHYLL DETERMINATIONS1
Authors: Loum Bruce W. , Shoaf W. Thomas
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Chlorophyll analyses of both laboratory cultures and natural aquatic samples were unaffected by the use of magnesium carbonate. Equal volumes of the samples (at various pH values) were pipetted onto 0.45 micrometer filters with and without magnesium carbonate. Chlorophyll concentrations were determined for each filtered sample and those frozen for specified times. In all samples tested there was no difference either in the retention of algae or in the stability of chlorophyll over the time period and pH range tested.
RUNOFF POLLUTION FROM MULTIPLE FAMILY HOUSING1
Authors: Whipple William , Hunter Joseph V. , Yu Shaw L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, residential development in urbanizing areas is accomplished by large housing projects, composed of clusters of townhouses or garden partments. It is hypothesized that the runoff from such developments should carry more pollution than that from the same number of housing units on separate plots, because the runoff is conveyed directly to drainage channels rather than being drained across lawns and gardens, which may absorb part of the pollutants. In order to evaluate this effect, storm event data were obtained from a planned unit development near Hightstown, N. J., using samples taken every 10 minutes throughout the storm at two different storm sewers. Results show heavy metals pollution about what had been anticipated, in accordance with the hypothesis given above, and BOD ammonia and phosphates higher than predicted. The results are significant for areawide water quality planning in metropolitan areas, where projections of future pollution loadings depends upon the land use.
THE NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION REVISITED1
Authors: Schad Theodore M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In 1973 the National Water Commission concluded its five‐year study of national water policy by issuing a massive report containing over 200 recommendations for improvements in the way the Nation deals with its water resources. The Carter Administration is now engaged in another water policy review which incorporates many of the policies espoused by the National Water Commission. In this paper, presented at the 13th American Water Resources Conference in Tucson in November of 1977, the author describes the work of the National Water Commission and the actions taken on its recommendations.
WATER ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES IMPACTS OF REORGANIZATION1
Authors: Derrick Sewell W. R. , Barr Lorna R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water management in England and Wales has undergone a major transformation in the past three decades, and especially under the 1963 and 1973 legislation. It has witnessed a shift from local to national responsibility, an integration of functions, and a move towards the incorporation of economic principles into water policies. For some observers the new legislation appeared to be “pioneering” and “farsighted.” There is little doubt it has resulted in many beneficial changes. But not all the goals have been achieved. Modifications of the 1973 legislation are already in prospect.

This article reviews the progress to date and comments on the problems now to be faced.
SELECTING RECONNAISSANCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODPLAIN SURVEYS1
Authors: Sollers Scott C. , Rango Albert , Henninger Donald L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Multispectral aircraft and satellite data over the West Branch of the Susquehanna River were analyzed to evaluate potential contributions of remote sensing to floodplain surveys. Multispectral digital classifications of land cover features indicative of floodplain areas were used by interpreters to locate various floodprone area boundaries. The boundaries thus obtained were found to be more striking and continuous in the Landsat data than in the low altitude aircraft data. The digital approach permitted satellite results to be displayed at 1:24,000 scale and aircraft results at even larger scales. Results indicate that remote sensing techniques can delineate floodprone areas more easily in agricultural and limited development areas than in areas covered by a heavy forest canopy. At this time it appears that the remote sensing data would be best used as a form of preliminary planning information or as an internal check on previous or ongoing floodplain studies. In addition, the remote sensing techniques can assist in effectively monitoring floodplain activities after a community enters into the National Flood Insurance Program.
MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF CYCLIC STORAGE OF WATER IN AQUIFER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Greydanus Herbert W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Most of California's precipitation falls at the wrong place in the wrong season in relation to the water needs. Redistribution and regulation are essential. Aquifer systems – groundwater basins – can provide a share of the future cyclic storage regulation. There are some differences in management concepts in using a full basin in comparison with a partially dewatered basin. Legal, water quality, and physical impacts on aquifer systems, including subsidence, are concerns. Storage may be for the benefit of overlying water users or for distant areas. Extraction during dry periods or recharge methods will require careful planning. Existing rights and uses and equitable treatment of all parties must be assured. Financial compensation may be involved. Changes in methods of operation or degree of self‐determination by affected water agencies will require committed watermanship to resolve. Legislation or amendments to organic acts may be needed but much can be accomplished within existing statutes. Environmental impacts which can be avoided by not using large surface storage sites are important. Energy for pumping will be a key consideration. About 40 percent of California is underlain by aquifer systems. This resource offers major potential in overcoming the maldistribution of natural water resources.
THE PREOPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF A WATER‐RESOURCES PROJECT ON PROPERTY PRICES1
Authors: Ricci Paolo F. , Laessig Robert E. , Glaser Edward R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Residential properties nearby a park‐lake system were studied, through time‐series, to detect possible changes in the land market during the period between announcement and completion of the impounding reservoir, 1962 to 1973. The time series identifies a period of increases in the values of properties which is concomitant with the announcement of the park‐lake. This is followed by a second period characterized by lower prices, which ends in 1970, as construction activities take place. During construction, from 1970 to 1973, property values were found to increase rapidly.
THE RANDOM COMPONENT IN STREAM MEANDERING1
Authors: Wallis Ian G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An experimental investigation of the random component in stream meandering is described. The results of sixty replicate experiments of meander initiation and development made using the same discharge, bed material and bed slope are described and analyzed. It is demonstrated that the commencement of meandering is a random process. The random component in meander behavior is indicated by the size of the coefficients of variation of meander amplitude and wavelength of 0.45 and 0.22, respectively. A simple model is put forward to explain the observed deterministic and random components of meander behavior.
COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD PLAIN STUDIES USING SPATIAL DATA MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Davis Darryl W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A pilot study undertaken to develop and test analytical methodologies for application in comprehensive flood plain information studies is described. The methodology permits and encourages comprehensive, systematic, practical assessments of present and alternative future basin‐wide development patterns as reflected by alternative land use patterns and physical works in terms of flood hazard, economic damage potential and selected environmental consequences. The analysis methodologies are centered about integrated use of computerized spatial, gridded geographic and resource data files. A family of special purpose utility computer programs access the data file and extract appropriate variables and interpret and format the data into specific analytical parameters that are subsequently formatted for input to traditional modeling computer programs. An example application to Trail Creek in Clarke County, Georgia, is described.
PREDICTING BASE FLOW USING HYDROGEOLOGIC PARAMETERS1
Authors: Naney James W. , DeCousey Donn G. , Barnes Bill B. , Gander Gene A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is presented for predicting base flow using easily measured, or estimated, hydrogeologic parameters. A mathematical model based upon the theory of subsurface flow to parallel drains is applied to a small watershed in Oklahoma. An example of model application is presented for a five‐year period of record from this small watershed. Three years of data are used to calibrate the model, and two years of data are used for model validation. Hydrographs of observed and predicted base flow are presented for the five‐year period of record.

We concluded from this limited application of the model, on a small watershed, that the modeling techniques discussed herein were valid and should be tested for longer time periods on a larger watershed to determine their general applicability.
ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL WASTEWATER DISINFECTANTS TO AQUATIC LIFE1
Authors: Ward Ronald W. , DeGraeve G. Michael
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the comparative acute toxicity of chlorine, bromine chloride and ozone in wastewater, and to determine any acute toxicity associated with chlorinated wastewater which had been dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. Toxicity tests were conducted with several species of cyprinids, salmonids and centrarchids, and the freshwater macroinvertebrate, Daphnia magna. Chlorinated effluent exhibited the greatest potential for residual toxicity of any disinfected stream tested. The reduced residual toxicity of chlorobrominated or ozonated effluent was largely the result of the more rapid dissipation of these disinfectants in wastewater. The acute residual toxicity of chlorinated effluent was eliminated by dechlorination with sulfur dioxide.
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST FLORIDA1
Authors: Qureshi Zia
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Of the 1,700 streams located in the state of Florida, the northwest area contains approximately 1,000 streams and three of the five largest rivers, namely the Apalachicola, the Choctawhatchee, and the Escambia. This 11,200 square‐mile area contains 11 drainage basins and receives an average annual rainfall which ranges from 53 inches in the east to 67 inches in the west. Basin water yields range from a high of 3,376 cfs (2,180 mgd) to a low of 672 cfs (434 mgd). Individual basin outflows range from a high of 25,743 cfs (16,630 mgd) to a low of 844 cfs (545 mgd). Approximately 67 percent of the total northwest Florida basin outflows to the Gulf of Mexico, or 36,805 cfs (23,766 mgd), are received in the form of surface water inflows from Alabama and Georgia. In the absence of any interstate mechanism for water management between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the basin outflow estimates presented in this paper depend greatly on the upstream usage in the neighboring states. The establishment of a tri‐state water management program could eliminate the uncertainty involved in predicting water availability in northwest Florida and ensure sufficient quantities of flows in the streams.
GENERATION OF DAILY PRECIPITATION OVER AN AREA1
Authors: Richardson Clarence
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A model was developed of the periodic‐stochastic structure of daily precipitation over an area. The model is based ona multivariate normal distribution. The square roots of daily precipitation at a point were found to approximate a sample from a univariate normal distribution that had been truncated at zero. The zero daily precipitation amounts were considered negative amounts of unknown quantity. The multivariate normal distribution was used to describe the variation of daily precipitation over an area. The periodic fluctuations of the model parameters were described with Fourier series. The model was tested using data from two areas of different precipitation characteristics. Data generated with the model contained many of the statistical characteristics observed in the historical data.
A NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR REAL‐TIME HOURLY RESERVOIR OPERATIONS1
Authors: Chu W. S. , Yeh W. W‐G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The optimization of real‐time operations for a single reservoir system is studied. The objective is to maximize the sum of hourly power generation over a period of one day subject to constraints of hourly power schedules, daily flow requirement for water supply and other purposes, and the limitations of the facilities. The problem has a nonlinear concave objective function with nonlinear concave and linear constraints. Nonlinear Duality Theorems and Lagrangian Procedures are applied to solve the problem where the minimization of the Lagrangian is carried out by a modified gradient projection technique along with an optimal stepsize determination routine. The dimension of the problem in terms of the number of variables and constraints is reduced by eliminating the 24 continuity equations with a special implicit routine. A numerical example is presented using data provided by the Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.
LAKE SHORE PROTECTION AGAINST WIND‐GENERATED WAVES1
Authors: Bhowmik Nani G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is reported for estimating the height of wind waves in any lake for a given wind condition. Maximum wind speeds from five climatological stations in and around Ilinois for the period of 1950–1972 were analyzed and the maximum wind speed for various durations and return periods were presented. Statistical analysis of wind wave data collected from Carlyle Lake indicated the Rayleigh distribution fitted the wave height distribution reasonably well and that the nondimensional energy spectra followed the (f/fm)‐5 rule in the equilibrium range of frequencies. From a consideration of various forces and physical properties of riprap particles and water, a relationship was developed to estimate the stable weight of riprap particles. A practical design criteria is proposed to stabilize lake shores against wind waves.
MUNICIPAL WATER CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Sharpe William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The municipal water conservation options available to meet the goals of a national water conservation policy are evaluated. Water conservation with water conservation devices is shown to offer many significant advantages over education and pricing and metering as a method of accomplishing water conservation goals. Current constraints on the use of water conservation devices are outlined, and their elimination is suggested if the nation's water conservation goals are to be met.
THE EFFECT OF SOME BASIC STATISTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL1
Authors: Drechsler Herbert D. , Nemetz Peter N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The hypothesis of this paper is that the frequently used regulatory practice which employs point estimates in water pollution control objectives, in combination with monitoring at infrequent intervals, is an inadequate scientific procedure for the measurement and control of pollution. The first part of this paper outlines the relevant sampling theory which applies to the measurement of effluent from industrial plants and describes the possible errors in sampling practice which currently affect the interpretation and enforcement of environmental standards. In the second part of the paper, the authors describe briefly the environmental significance of biological damage functions. In the final part of the paper, the authors recommend that existing pollution control regulations be restructured to be more efficient and effective in the protection of both corporate and social interests. By adopting two different approaches to regulation depending upon the nature of the appropriate damage functions and critical fish species, it is possible to reduce significantly the waste of resources.
CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN OF WASHINGTON AND OREGON: DYNAMICS AND IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Muckleston Keith W. , Highsmith Richard M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As of 1976 over 225,000 acres were being irrigated by center pivot units in a five‐county area of the Columbia Basin in Oregon and Washington. Most of the development took place since 1970. Dynamic application of center pivot technology altered the concept of irrigability in the study area, converting lands that were often rolling, sandy, and plagued by wind erosion from low grade grazing to productive irrigated units. This development was entirely by private enterprise, with large corporate farms accounting for much of the effort. Little prior comprehensive planning or coordination took place. When the circulation of water is altered on such a massive scale, however, unplanned impacts may be far reaching. In this case they include:1) acceleration of the shift to high cost thermoelectric generation, 2) alteration of state institutions designed to allocate water, and 3) possible significant alterations of the socioeconomic fabric of small rural service centers.
A PROPOSED METHOD OF EVALUATING FLOOD DAMAGES TO HISTORIC HOMES ‐ AN EXTERNALITY APPROACH1
Authors: Rodakowski Richard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Traditional procedures for evaluating flood damages to residential dwellings do not reflect intrinsic values when applied to historic homes. Such structures are worth more than that determined by using depth‐damage curves provided by insurance companies who assess damage values based upon current labor and material costs. The evaluation of the worth of a historic home and subsequent damages due to inundation can be regarded as a problem of externalities. An assessment technique reflecting historic amenities or what has been termed replication cost is proposed in this paper. Replication costs would have widespread use not only in solving flood dammage problems, but also in any study where historic entities are subject to damages from catastrophies such as hurricanes, soil and beach erosion, and increasing urbanization. If adopted as a technique, it would enhance and preserve the ever‐decreasing enclaves of historic homes and neighborhoods.
RADIUM ‐ 226 IN GROUND WATER OF WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA1
Authors: Kaufmann Robert F. , Bliss James D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Principal U.S. phosphate production is from central Florida where mining, processing, and waste disposal practices intimately associate the industry with water resouces. Available radium‐226 data from 1966 and from 1973–1976 in mined and unmined mincralized areas and nonmineralized areas in the primary study area in Polk, Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and De Soto counties were studied using log‐normal probability plots and nonparametric statistical tests for significant difference as functions of time, depth, and location. Plots of radium in the water table and Floridan aquifers for mineralized and nonmineralized areas indicate that neither phosphate mineralization nor the industry is a probable factor. For the Lower Floridan aquifer, three separate radium populations are indicated with geometric means of 0.7, 3, and 10 pCi/1. Geometric mean radium‐226 content of the water table aquifer is 0.17 pCi/1. Radium in the Floridan aquifer in Manatee and Sarasota Counties is elevated relative to that in the water table and in other areas of Florida. For Sarasota County, geometric mean radium content of the water table is 15 pCi/l versus 7.5 pCi/l in the Floridan. Potential sources include shallow phosphate sediments and monazite sands and possibly crystalline basement rocks or other strata unrelated to phosphatic zones of current economic interest.

The existing radium‐226 data base is rather marginal in terms of number and spatial distribution of analyses, particularly for the water table and Upper Floridan aquifer. Existing radium data do not substantiate widespread contamination of ground water as a result of the phosphate industry. However, local contamination associated with specific operations has occurred.
A MIXING MODEL FOR A SEPARATED MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEM1
Authors: Hsueh Shing‐Fu , Ahlert Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An input‐output method, using a network of ideal continuous stirred‐tank and plug‐flow tublar reactors, is adopted to analyze residence time distribution data for a separated mechanical aeration system. The usefulness of this modeling concept is enhanced by its simplicity, especially in the presence of a first‐order reaction. This facilitates use of the model format for wastewater quality prediction. Moreover, first‐order rate constants can also be estimated from the model, if conversions due to the reaction rate are available.
GROUND WATER OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL, CANADA1
Authors: Grice R. H. , Eggboro M. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The geochemistry and nature of the flow of ground water not only control the supply potential but constitute clues to the whole geology of an area. A study has been made of the largest available assemblage of data from 161 wells for the Island of Montreal collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1951–53. Data indicated that the system is generally subartesian, flowing from the principal topographically high areas towards the shores of the Island. As the probable use is about 13% of the estimated recharge of 140 million liters per day, most wells could be supplied by local recharge. The study has confirmed the predominance of calcium bicarbonate ground water from the carbonate sequence. The waters appeared to be saturated with respect to CaCO3 in all but 10 wells. The presence of other types of waters suggests the effects of the igneous intrusions of the area, the post‐glacial marine submergence and the upward movement of waters from deep sources through fault and other structural zones. Confirmation of the significant variations in chemical composition in some neighboring wells indicated the future need for repetitive sampling from specific horizons for chemical and isotopic analyses.
STATE WATER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM IN ARIZONA1
Authors: Miller Ronald L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Arizona's water pollution control program is based on authorties of Arizona Revised Statutes and Public Law 92–500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The primary areas of this program are monitoring, facility inspections, plan review, planning, discharge permits and grants for the construction of publicly‐owned waste water treatment facilities. The discharge permit program deals with control of point‐source discharges and is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The planning and construction grants programs are administered by the State Water Quality Control Council and are implemented by the Bureau of Water Quality Control, which serves as staff to the Council. There are several challenges that face the State in this program. First is the adaptation of the “eastern law” to deal with Arizona's water quality problems. Second is to address problems caused by a long history of “laissez‐faire” environmental quality management. Third is a mutual cooperation and coordination among the many entities involved in water resources management. Areas of particular interest in the State's program is the process setting water quality standards and the involvement of people of diversified backgrounds in the field of areawide planning under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which is primarily concerned with non‐point sources of water pollution.
MICRO‐RELIEF SURFACE DEPRESSION STORAGE: CHANGES DURING RAINFALL EVENTS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO RAINFALL‐RUNOFF MODELS1
Authors: Mitchell J. Kent , Jones Benjamin A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Micro‐relief surface depression storage is one of the dynamic components of the rainfall‐runoff process. The quantification of the effect of rainfall intensity and duration on the micro‐relief was the subject of this study. Micro‐relief measurements were made on 88 soil bin samples before and after the application of simulated rainfdl events. The surface depression changes are described with empirical equations, using basic rainfall, surface hydrology, and soil parameters and their cross products as independent variables. A rainfall‐runoff model demonstrates the value of a dynamic description of the surface depression storage function.
RESPONSES OF HETEROTHROPHIC BACTERIAL POPULATIONS TO pH CHANGES IN COAL ASH EFFLUENT1
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Cherry D. S. , Singleton F. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Total culturable heterotrophic bacteria in a coal ash basin and drainage system were monitored over a period of two years. In the first year heavy (bottom) ash was sluiced to the basin resulting in a pH of 6.5. During the second year fly ash was precipitated and added to the sluice lowering the basin pH to 4.6. Sulfate concentrations during 1975 ranged from 16–73 ppm (mean 33) and in 1976 from 44–88 ppm (mean 72). Mean annual basin temperatures were 28.8 and 26.0 C, respectively. Approximately 1500 m in the receiving swamp below the basin, mean pH and temperature were 6.8 and 22.2 C for the first year, and 5.4 and 22.1 C for the second. Total culturable bacteria and diversity (colony types) were reduced at all sampling stations by 44 and 30 percent, respectively, whereas the percentage of the population comprised of chromagenic bacteria increased by 51 percent at the lower pH; Data indicated the pH had a greater effect than did water temperature when temperature was within the range of 15–25 C. The predominant genera within the system in the first year were Bacillus, Sarcina, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas. In the second year, at the lower pH, predominant genera were Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Chromobacterium, Bacillus, and Brevibacterium.
STREAMFLOW MODELING OF UPPER INDUS RIVER CATCHMENTS1
Authors: Selvalingam S. , Masood A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The streamflows of three tributaries, Siran, Haro, and Soan in the upper Indus River catchment in Pakistan were simulated using SSARR and Tank Models. Channel characteristics of the main Indus River were also determined using the two models. The basin characteristics were derived by trial and error method and were verified using the data for the period 1964–1970. Comparison of the two model performances showed that low flows were better reproduced by SSARR while the high flows were simulated with equal accuracy by both the models.
A PARTITIONING PROCEDURE FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODELS1
Authors: Rossman Lewis A. , Vanecek Frank T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An improved computational procedure for solving water quality management models containing interacting pollutants and control policies is presented. The method is developed with respect to the specific problem of minimizing the costs of basin‐wide thermal and organic pollution control to meet water quality standards. It views the problem in partitioned form where a master problem is used to find cooling levels for thermal polluters while subproblems determine optimal organic pollutant reductions for fixed cooling levels. A gradient based search procedure is used to solve the master problem. Computational results for several river systems are presented. Application of the method to other water quality management models is suggested.