bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biographie medicale: Fossiles vivants et retour du sujet
Authors: Saudan Guy
Published: December 2020

Biography, long shunned in the universities, has taken a dazzling revenge since the early 1980s—against the “Annates”, to be sure, but also under the influence of “new history ”.

As regards the history of medicine, the situation remains ambiguous. Biography, marrying ethics and progress, has always enjoyed a special place in the hearts of traditionalists; the partisans of “problem history” consider the genre pre- or ahistoric.

However, for the last twenty years several authors, fascinated by the richness of individual destinies and anxious to transcend their irreducible singularities, have opened up new paths to reconciling the individual with anthropological and social history.
Un manuel empirique pour la formation des sages-femmes valaisannes
Authors: Youilloz Burnier M.-F.
Published: December 2020

In the beginning of the XIXth century, midwives from Valais were trained by physicians as well as by clergymen. In the present article, an unusual handbook on delivery is presented; it was written in 1827 by a parish priest. This original empirical manuscript was discovered in an agriculture book in the archives of the parish of Ayent. The text appears to be very representative of the clergymen’s concerns regarding midwives’ education. The characteristics of this empirical manual are the importance devoted to the new-born’s baptism, the omnipresence of death and finally the frequent use of wine in the composition of several medicines.
Zur Gründungsgeschichte der Schweizerischen Krebsliga (SKL)
Authors: Hächler Stefan
Published: December 2020

The Swiss Cancer League was founded in 1910 under the name of “Schweizerisches Komitee für Krebsforschung”. It was initiated by the first director of the Swiss Federal Health Office, Dr. Friedrich Schmid. Schmid received most impulses from the Genevan “Société de la lutte contre le cancer”, founded in 1907 in Geneva. Its mentor, Dr. Robert Odier, had struggled for federal support and for membership in the International Organisation for Cancer Research (founded in 1908 in Berlin). The main purpose of the “Schweizerisches Komitee für Krebsforschung” was to start a national cancer research program. For this reason, another society was founded, the «Schweizerische Vereinigung für Krebsforschung». It had to procure money and provide information of lay people and physicians as well. During and after World War I activities stagnated and reorganisation became necessary. Changes of personnel, new activities and topics and opening membership to non-medical persons initiated a new phase of modernization.
Praxis, Theorie und Wissenschaft im Selbstverständnis des städtischen Arztes Christoph Jacob Trew (1695-1769)
Authors: Schnalke Thomas
Published: December 2020

In addition to universities and courts, large towns were regarded as attractive locations for a successful career by physicians in the 18th century. This study reveals the spectrum of practical and scientific activities of a “physi- cus” like Christoph Jacob Trew (1695-1769) who lived in the German town of Nuremberg. Emphasis is put on his attitude towards the meaning of medical practice, theory, and science in his work. Letters and drafts which form the basis of this study prove their usefulness as sources for medico- historical studies on the professional world of practicing physicians in the 18th century.
Dortous de Mairan and Eighteenth Century "Systems Theory"
Authors: Hine Ellen McNiven
Published: December 2020

Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan (1678-1771) was accused by d'Alembert of attempting to rehabilitate abstract metaphysical systems. However, Mairan makes clear in his preface to the Dissertation sur la glace (1749) that he distinguishes between good and bad systems. In this he takes a position which differs little from that of Condillac, whom d’Alembert so much admired. An examination of his published works and unpublished correspondence corro-borates this and reveals a sophisticated and in some ways modern conception of scientific method. It seems likely that Mairan’s pronouncements on systems were received with suspicion because of his reputation as a stubborn Cartesian.
Impf-Alltag im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Steinmann Mathias
Published: December 2020

This study describes the vaccination practices in a rural area in Switzerland in the 19th century. Using reports of the vaccinating physicians and records of the local authorities a differentiated picture of the interests and behaviors of the involved social groups was obtained. Efforts at compulsory vaccination were counteracted by a variety of factors like shortage of vaccine, opposition by the people on the grounds of interference with private lives and mistrust in modern medicine and academically trained physicians, and even reservation by the vaccinating physicians themselves. Nevertheless, the practice of vaccination became a significant factor in the general process of me- dicalization, thus improving the position of the medical profession and fur-thering the public health movement by strengthening the bonds between me-dical knowledge and state power.
Le travail du pharmacien au début du XIXe siècle à travers une taxe de médicaments bernoise de 1815
Authors: Ledermann François
Published: December 2020

The Institute of the History of Medicine of Bern acquired in 1994 a list of prices for the deliveries of medicines to the hospital of Bern. In this document, its author, the pharmacist Rudrauff, describes the drugs that the apothecaries had to manufacture in the laboratories of their pharmacies. This allows a study of the pharmaceutical practice at the beginning of the last century.
Die Agonie des wundärztlichen Berufsstandes am Beispiel des Standespolitikers Arnold Schlegel (1850-1924)
Authors: Gross Dominik
Published: December 2020

The name of Arnold Schlegel stands for a dazzling and complex personality. After being apprenticed to a barber surgeon in Württemberg, he spent about four decades in Switzerland working as an innkeeper. Yet, Schlegel distinguished himself as one of the leading representatives of the last nonacademic surgeons in Württemberg. In contrast to most of his surgical colleagues, most of Schlegel's vocational activities are documented. This study is based on unpublished documents of different archives ofWürttemberg and Switzerland. The aim of the study is to illuminate the life of Arnold Schlegel and, in view of his policy, to illustrate the trying circumstances of contemporary barber surgery.
Le cancer est-il une maladie nouvelle?
Authors: Luthi François
Published: December 2020

Cancer is a particularly common disease in modern societies. Moreover, epidemiology considers it typical of contemporary pathology. Nevertheless, the abundant ancient literature - in the De Medicina by Celsus, among others - leads us to believe that numerous benign and malignant tumours were observed if not identified as such. Hence, it is possible that both the change in medical conceptualization and the real increase in the prevalence are responsible for the actual importance of cancer.
Der «Processus universalis» nach Michael Sendivogius
Authors: Gelius Rolf
Published: December 2020

The "Processus D. Michaelis Sendivogii super centrum universi, seu Sal centrale", printed by Johann Joachim Becher in his "Chymischer Glücks-Hafen" (1682), originated from a cryptic-alchemical recipe in Sendivogius' treatise "De Lapide Philosophorum" (1604). The further development of the initial procedure passed through an intermediate stage and culminated in an alchemical text which was composed before 1632, probably at the court of Moritz of Hessen-Kassel. On favourable reaction conditions this novel "Procèssus universalis" might yield coloured Ag/Au/Cl coordination compounds of the AgfAuCL] type.
Die Drehmaschinen in der Geschichte der Psychiatrie
Authors: Müller Christian
Published: December 2020

The history of the rotatory machine shows a distinct transformation during its short-lived use in psychiatric therapy from about 1806 to 1836. Initially a variety of hypotheses were offered to explain its mode of action. Gradually the use of the method became a plain disciplinary measure. The technical features of the machine also changed. The adherents of both psychic and somatic treatment in psychiatry did not object to the method. Obviously, as a result of Conolly's no-restraint the use of the machine fell into disrepute. The scant case histories suggest that the machine was mainly used as a means of intimidation and deterrent. It is worth to be remembered that humane physicians in the middle of the 20th century still used deterring methods such as the aversion treatment of alcoholics.
Water, Air and Light - Arnold Rikli (1823-1906)
Authors: Zupanič-Slavec Zvonka , Toplak Cirila
Published: December 2020

This article is a reminder of a famous Swiss healer, Arnold Rikli, who is also considered to be one of the pioneers of the modern health tourism in Slovenia. Rikli moved to the Alpine region of Lake Bled in 1855 to build a health resort after having established his own natural healing method based on the effects of light, air and water on the human body. His resort was visited by rich patients who were treated for numerous diseases under special, "revolutionary" conditions. The inhabitants of Bled and the official medicine strongly opposed Rikli's activities, also because of Rikli's particular character, but some of his practices are still relevant today.
Le rêve naturel: physiologie de l'onirisme au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Tavera Marie
Published: December 2020

To give back dreaming to reason, to remove from it "that which is marvellous, supernatural and often terrible for the common man who studies it seriously", that is the intention of Jérôme Richard and Samuel Formey, who were both contemporaries of the philosophers of the Age of the Enlightenment. Relying on the medical theories of the time as well as on the explanatory models of physiology and psychology, they try to demonstrate "the true cause of dreaming" and the natural character of the oneiric phenomenon. The transmission of sensations, the working of memory and the association of ideas, the nature and power of imagination, the predetermined or random character of dreams constitute the framework of the questions from which the explanation of "all this apparent confusion" is developed.
Der Jesuit Athanasius Kircher und sein Organum mathematicum
Authors: Daxecker Franz
Published: December 2020

P. Athanasius Kircher SJ (1602-1680) was a man of great erudition who carried out research in both the natural sciences and the humanities. He drew one of the first maps of the moon, performed microscopic studies of blood, worked on hieroglyphics and described China. He also invented the socalled Organum mathematicum. The device (located in Florence) has nine compartments containing wooden slats devoted to various mathematical subjects: arithmetic, geometry, fortifications, chronology, horography, astronomy, steganography (encryption) and music.
Une naissance monstrueuse au Moyen Age: le «frère de Salerne»
Authors: Ausécache Mireille
Published: December 2020

Gilles de Corbeil (XIIth century) reports the strange medical case of the “Salernitan brother”, a monster born together with a normal child.This disorder is said to be typical of Salernitan women. The phenomenon which is still commented on by physicians in the following centuries is rather difficult to explain for it seems to depend on both scholarly medicine and popular beliefs.
Ethischer Konflikt im Basler Frauenspital. Diakonissen nahmen Stellung zu Schwangerschaftsabbrüchen
Authors: Braunschweig Sabine
Published: December 2020

In the 1940s there occurred an ethical conflict in the Women’s Hospital of Basle. It arose in the context of a shortage of nurses, the introduction of the Swiss national criminal law, the change of the hospital director, the increase of abortion and the nursing ideal of obedience and serving. The conflict showed the social change towards measures of birth control such as abortion and sterilisation. Different political opinions and strong convictions clashed. The paper is focusing on denominationally affiliated nurses, the deaconesses of Riehen, who were standing between the religious conviction to protect unborn life and the professional principle of unconditional nursing. Finally they decided to leave the hospital.
Recherches sur l’auto-initiation de la Mort cellulaire à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Cherlonneix Laurent
Published: December 2020

At the end of the 19th century, research on cell Death in France and Germany was not simply forgotten by contemporary research but in this context it appears that the growing power of cell theory together with an ancient philosophical “superiority” of life over death hijacked more surely the attention of the discoverers – among whom Vogt – of self-initiation of cell Death than the contemporary forgetting of biologists of “programmed” cell Death along with their “incapacity” to read in German. So the work of the Pasteurian Metchnikoff on muscular phagocytosis anticipates on the one hand the equivocity of factors that are disclosed in the framework of recent research. But Metchnikoff did not take advantage of it for theoretical consequences of the duality – normal and pathological – of muscular phagocytosis because this was not his aim.The research by Noetzel in Halle on self-dismantling of tadpole tails during the development does not contradict this perspective. Self-initiation of cell Death towards the end of the 19th century deals with cellular and intracellular levels but it leads to observations done with the microscope and not to inferences at molecular level. The thinness of these older observations is not really contradicted or repeated by contemporary research. It designs a field of observations that has its autonomy in comparison with actual issues on cell Death. On the contrary, the Weismann–Goette debate is closer to today. Behind the opposition of organisms that would be immortals and organisms whose mortality would lie in the necessity to reproduce themselves with the intention to rejuvenate, appears a debate initiated at that time and which now comes to its maturity between Darwinians who support a secondary death and those who support a more equivocal conception where Life and Death associate in depth but still do not mix.
Scienziati e confini culturali. Termalismo in Savoia nell’opera di Joseph Daquin (1732–1815)
Authors: Carpanetto Dino
Published: December 2020

The essay sets out to explain the general orientation of the studies, the problems, the perspectives and the research that were done by Joseph Daquin (1732–1815), a physician born in Chambéry (Savoy, Kingdom of Sardinia). He had a secular education at the Faculty of Medicine of Turin, where he earned his degree under Ignazio Somis and Vitaliano Donati. The aim of this essay is to give a critical contribution to cultural history and examine the origins of thermalism with particular emphasis on therapy, physics experiments, and its relation to political and social structure. Daquin was a witness of the advancement of science beyond the boundaries of scientific Enlightenment. His overriding intellectual concern was with the meaning and impact of chemistry theories on medical practices. The author has published an interesting Analyse des eaux thermales d’Aix en Savoie (1773), a natural experimental history of mineral waters in Aix-les-Bains.
Une sanglante audace: les amputations du col de l’utérus au début du XIXe siècle en France
Authors: Carol Anne
Published: December 2020

During the 1820s and 1830s the number of uterus cervix amputations increases in France, becoming a speciality for some famous surgeons such as Jacques Lisfranc. Since the end of the 1820s, however, the operation is known as useless and dangerous by specialists, and censured in medical papers. Why did Lisfranc carry on operating? This paper tries to clear up the intricate reasons of this success and this passion, by exploring the scientific and technical context, but also the social and professional struggles in the rising art of 19th-century surgery. Thus, it attempts to understand how therapeutic choices or medical practices can be constructed.
Außer Konkurrenz? Strategien der Inanspruchnahme einer Südtiroler Landarztpraxis um 1890 bei Erkrankungen von Kindern
Authors: Unterkircher Alois
Published: December 2020

Who was responsible for the treatment of sick children in the countryside during the second half of the 19th century? This paper investigates the medical complaint accusing the rural population of only reluctantly bringing their sick offspring to academic physicians. The following analyses the role Franz v. Ottenthal (1818–1899), a ‘representative’ of a private rural medical practice, played in the specialised medical market attending to childhood diseases. An exemplary survey of Ottenthal’s medical records for patients from the age of one to 14 years throughout the 1890s has shown that children contributed a relevant percentage of the whole of the physician’s patient distri - bution. It may therefore be assumed that Ottenthal knew how to successfully merchandise his specific therapies. On the demand side, however, parents of sick children were not solely reliant upon this physician. Evidence from the medical records provides information as to when parents regarded medical self-help as no longer supporting the recovery of their children, the cures of lay healers failed, or cases when parents were not satisfied with the therapeutic treatments other physicians had to offer and therefore consulted Ottenthal.
Des prêtres-médecins en Russie
Authors: Berlan Hélène , Triaire Dominique
Published: December 2020

Jean Pierre Frank offers in the early nineteenth century a revolution in medical Russian Empire. Indeed, Russia is in an emergency situation where the lack of practitioners is obvious. The imperial project is inspired by past practices in some European countries. Frank fits these transfers and implements a unique model where the priest-doctor stands out as the solution to overcome the lack of medicalization of the Empire. Even if the attempt was a failure, it remains that the proposals were part of Frank in both an ancient tradition that priests and physicians providing care for souls and bodies, but also showed that called his wishes the advent of “public health” in this country disinherited.
Gesundheit und Heil: Eine ideengeschichtliche Spurensuche zur Einordnung der Mazdaznan-Bewegung in ihren Entstehungskontext
Authors: Bigalke Bernadett
Published: December 2020

There are diverse religious groups which have developed special forms of “methodical lifestyle” (Max Weber). Projects of life reform and new religious movements around 1900 brought up specific ways of living and influenced one another in respect to ideas and practices. Using the example of the Mazdaznan-Movement some forms of interdependencies will be demonstrated. Since the group formed in the USA at the turn of the 20th century I will try to contextualize its central practices such as vegetarianism, intestinal care and breathing exercises within the specific context of American cultural and religious history.
Von Südtirol nach Württemberg. Die «Umsiedlung» Südtiroler Psychiatriepatienten im Rahmen des deutsch-italienischen Optionsvertrages ab 1939
Authors: Fiebrandt Maria , Rüdenburg Bodo , Müller Thomas
Published: December 2020

Object of this article is the procedure of the transport of South Tyrol patients to the South Wuerttemberg asylums Zwiefalten und Schussenried as well as to some extent to the former asylum of Weissenau near Ravensburg in 1940 and 1942. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics. The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the “Third Reich”, which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. By presenting the abuse of medical patients in the aim to solve the political problems having occurred after bio-political goals had been set into practice, this study offers new material to the history of National Socialist psychiatry, as well as to National Socialist Foreign Policy in the case of Italy.
L’«épidémiologie de la bottine» ou l’enquête médicale réinventée. Alice Hamilton et la médecine industrielle dans l’Amérique du premier XXe siècle
Authors: Rainhorn Judith
Published: December 2020

Dr. Alice Hamilton (1869–1970) was a pioneer in industrial medicine, a new discipline that emerged with a new interest in working conditions and occupational hazards within an era of unprecedented industrial growth. From various sources, including her reports after she visited Arizona copper belt in 1919, my paper emphasizes the innovation of Hamilton’s approach, “shoeleather epidemiology”. She went to the source of information in workshops, plants and construction sites, observed the very concrete part of industrial work, interviewed many stakeholders in and around the workplace, making a methodological toolbox for industrial surveys. Her method combined an old medical practice (the medical inquiry) and a new clinical field (the plant) and placed the worker as a patient in the core of the issue of occupational health and safety.
Un itinéraire de recherche sur l’histoire du corps
Authors: Vigarello Georges
Published: December 2020

As a pioneer of a new field of research, history of the body, Georges Vigarello goes back over his career as a historian, not so much in search of a hypothetical or ultimate unity of the body, but beyond the original dipersion is rather aiming at relating the existence of coherences and unified logics passing through different fields: the body as an object of thought, of representations and practices. In such a perspective, the history of the body sheds light on a specific era, underlines its culture, while indicating its possible homogeneity.
Débuts de l’institutionnalisation de la physiothérapie vaudoise: 1928–1945
Authors: Hasler Véronique
Published: December 2020

The institutionalization of physical therapy in Switzerland took place in the inter-war period. This article aims to relate the initiation of this process in the Canton of Vaud, as a specific example that will nevertheless be compared with the Swiss and international contexts. This story occurs around three major events between 1928 and 1945: the massage becomes a regulated profession, followed by the emergence of a professional association and a specialized school. The intention is first to identify the social actors, then the interests, issues, and interactions that have contributed to model the modern physical therapy. Finally, the techniques used by the masseurs – the first professional physical therapists – and their working environment are evoked.
Transformations des relations entre médecine et activités physiques du début du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle en France
Authors: Defrance Jacques , Brier Pascal , Boujjoufi Taieb El
Published: December 2020

In order to understand the modes of cooperation that are practically working between two groups with uneven social status, physicians and physical educators, since the beginning of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, we consider the results of researches that have been realized since three decennials. The evolution of those relationships accomplishes itself while the definition of respective roles (physician hygienist, physical educator with sanitary conception) and the reciprocal adjustment of specialities are becoming more precise. The process is tight, and the adaptations of the respective tasks are continuously retranslated in terms of statuary dimensions and protection of respective jurisdictions of both groups in the process of professionalization.
Die Festrede auf August Bier als Problem. Arthur Israel (1883–1969) und seine Auseinander setzung mit der Berliner Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik
Authors: Witte Wilfried
Published: December 2020

Arthur Israel was associated with August Bier’s University Surgical Clinic in Berlin from 1910 to 1933, in the end as the head of the downgraded (out - patient) clinic. After he was forced out of his Berlin post, Israel was department head in the Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg until he emigrated to the U.S. in 1940, settling in New York. In 1960, he returned to Germany. Based on papers from Israel’s estate, the article describes his life stations and his struggle to cope with his time at the Berlin university clinic. The focus is on a meeting in Berlin in 1961. His departure from the usual practice of heaping praise on the clinic and its former head marks the beginning of a neverpublished critique of conditions in the clinic. The ambivalence reflected in his evaluation is in stark contrast to the traditional cultivation of “Bier’s School”.
The Body of the Soul. Lucretian Echoes in the Renaissance Theories on the Psychic Substance and its Organic Repartition
Authors: Tutrone Fabio
Published: December 2020

In the 16th and 17th centuries, when Aristotelianism still was the leading current of natural philosophy and atomistic theories began to arise, Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura stood out as an attractive and dangerous model. The present paper reassesses several relevant aspects of Lucretius’ materialistic psychology by focusing on the problem of the soul’s repartition through the limbs discussed in Book 3. A very successful Lucretian image serves as fil rouge throughout this survey: the description of a snake chopped up, with its pieces moving on the ground (Lucretius DRN 1969, 3.657–669). The paper’s first section sets the poet’s theory against the background of ancient psychology, pointing out its often neglected assimilation of Aristotelian elements. The second section highlights the influence of De Rerum Natura and its physiology of the soul on Bernardino Telesio, Agostino Doni and Francis Bacon, since all of these authors engage in an original recombination of mechanical and teleological explanations.
More Vesalian Second Thoughts. The Annotations to the Institutiones anatomicae secundum Galeni sententiam, 1538
Authors: Nutton Vivian
Published: December 2020

In 1538 Andreas Vesalius published his unauthorised revision of Guinther von Andernach’s little anatomical textbook, the Institutiones anatomicae. Immediately on publication he set to work on a further revision, making around 250 changes. This paper presents these changes for the first time, discussing them in the context of Vesalius as a reviser of his own work and as anatomist moving away from reliance on Galen towards the independence of the 1543 Fabrica. As well as simple proof corrections, the notes show corrections to Vesalius’ earlier anatomical observations as well as page references to passages in Galen discussed at greater length in the Fabrica.
Quand la médecine nous prend par les sentiments: Le magnétiseur amoureux de Charles de Villers
Authors: Moruno Dolores Martín
Published: December 2020

This article analyses the representation of affective phenomena brought into play in Charles de Villers’ Le magnétiseur amoureux (1787) as it helps to better understand the historical transition from the Galenic conception of the passions of the soul to the cerebral interpretation of emotions. While feelings became the condition of possibility in the occurrence of the therapy, passion is identified as the cause of the young woman’s illness, Caroline, who according to the interpretation proposed in this article, suffers from what was identified in the eighteenth century medical tradition as «love melancholy» or «hysteric affection», which were both pathologies that alluded to vapors in order to explain their symptoms. The analysis of the logic of feeling running across Villers’ novel impels us to interpret the magnetic fluid in terms of the sympathy created between the two main characters. The ambivalence expressed by Villers between the meaning of «love sentiment» and that of «love passion» allows us to finally understand the somnambulist therapy as erotic knowledge that implies a reflection on love codes in late eighteenth century France.
Du local au global: Les médecins militaires français, l’Algérie et les «maladies des pays chauds» (1830–1880)
Authors: Fredj Claire
Published: December 2020

Up to the 1860s, understanding of the disease consists first of a reflection on the ground and the situation of people on this place. This includes the writing of medical topographies and the development of a new science: medical geography. How could extra-European territories contribute to this knowledge and how this knowledge about tropics and their pathologies could contribute to the formation of an epidemiological reflection at a global level? This contribution tries to suggest the role of military doctors in this process, the importance of Algeria in this intellectual training and, finally, how this work on the «hot» countries contributed to the structuring of a professional identity.
Circulation of images and graphic practices in Renaissance natural history: the example of Conrad Gessner
Authors: Egmond Florike , Kusukawa Sachiko
Published: December 2020

Conrad Gessner’s Historia animalium is a compilation of information from a variety of sources: friends, correspondents, books, broadsides, drawings, as well as his own experience. The recent discovery of a cache of drawings at Amsterdam originally belonging to Gessner has added a new dimension for research into the role of images in Gessner’s study of nature. In this paper, we examine the drawings that were the basis of the images in the volume of fishes. We uncovered several cases where there were multiple copies of the same drawing of a fish (rather than multiple drawings of the same fish), which problematizes the notion of unique “original” copies and their copies. While we still know very little about the actual mechanism of, or people involved in, commissioning or generating copies of drawings, their very existence suggests that the images functioned as an important medium in the circulation of knowledge in the early modern period.
Langue de bois et vérités divines: pratiques de l’information à l’ère du paternalisme médical, Bruxelles, 1870–1930
Authors: Leclercq Valérie
Published: December 2020

Mostly based on Belgian and French-language source material (such as hospital archives, medical ethics, Catholic nursing manuals, etc.), this article sheds light on the way that information around serious illnesses was managed in the late 19th and early 20th century. It is suggested that information-giving practices were largely defined by the paternalistic nature of pre-mid-20th century medicine and although these practices aimed to the same objective, their content varied greatly according to the medical professionals or caregivers involved (doctors, catholic nurses, priests). The patients’ and their families’ reactions are examined as well. With the ambition to better flesh out the history of the therapeutic relationship, we argue that the interactions between patients and the various actors of the medical world were in continuity with the broader social dynamics of the time.
«L’affaire Chacornac», ascension et stigmatisation d’un astronome d’Etat
Authors: Fages Volny
Published: December 2020

This article traces the unusual astronomical career of Jean Chacornac (1823–1873) during the French Second Empire. This clerk in a bazaar in Marseille became in just a few years astronomer at the Paris imperial observatory, and was then brutally expelled from this prestigious institution. The « Chacornac affair », largely forgotten, was an asymmetric struggle between a self-taught astronomer and the most famous professional French astronomer of the time, Urbain Le Verrier. Through the study of this case, we want to shed a light on people and practices kept on the margins of science by the process of professionalization of astronomy. Although he was excluded from the institution, Chacornac tried to continue to be an astronomer, independently, «from below». But the construction of a new social identity for State astronomy, in particular by Le Verrier, was inseparable from the attribution of indelible social stigma, which made Chacornac an «obligatory amateur».
De l’amateurisme en géologie: la réception française de la théorie de la dérive des continents (1920–1950)
Authors: Vigouroux Philippe Le , Gohau Gabriel
Published: December 2020

At the beginning of the XXth century, Wegener proposed a theory – that of the roaming drift of the continents – unifying the rival theories of the Europeans and the Americans. As the work of a non-specialist who didn’t trouble himself with specific details, it raised numerous criticisms from specialists in various disciplines though others welcomed and supported it. Some even understood that despite its flaws, it started a new research program.

Paradoxically, as regards its simplicity, nonspecialists – engineers, popularizers, secondary school teachers and even believers in para-sciences – gave it a favorable reception. Being amateurs, they continued to endorse it when specialists abandoned it.
Anne Berman (1889–1979), une «simple secrétaire» du mouvement psychanalytique français?
Authors: Amouroux Rémy
Published: December 2020

This article is focused on the figure of personal secretary in the history of science with the example of Anne Berman (1889–1979) who was, between 1933 and 1962, the secretary for the psychoanalyst Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962). Berman was not a psychoanalyst and psychoanalytic historiography considers her as a minor figure. However, her career as a personal secretary and her role in the French psychoanalytic movement should be considered in conjunction with her involvement with the feminist movement. This pharmacist by training has indeed played a prominent role within the Soroptimist, which was a movement that championed the professional interest of women and prides female excellence. In the case of Berman, the status of personal secretary did not enable her to gain lasting recognition by psychoanalysts, but only a weak and fragile legitimacy.
Abuse of Rights in the Context of Corporate Nationality Planning
Authors: Wu Zongnan
Published: December 2020

Investment tribunals have applied the abuse of rights doctrine to distinguish between legitimate corporate nationality planning and objectionable manipulation of corporate nationality. This doctrine is further concretized into “the foreseeability test”, which examines whether there is a foreseeable dispute at the time of nationality planning. After revisiting related investment arbitral decisions and academic commentaries, this article argues that the abuse of rights doctrine is an appropriate tool for tribunals to combat abusive nationality planning. That said, it also identifies several unsettled issues under current case law and suggests corresponding solutions.
Comparative Analysis between the 2018 and 2004 Dutch Model Bilateral Investment Treaty Texts
Authors: Paschalidis Adam Marios , Lavranos Nikos
Published: December 2020

This article compares the recently published 2018 Dutch model bilateral investment treaty text (2018 Model bit) and the former 2004 version. The changes to the 2018 Model BIT reflect the reaction by European Union (EU) Member States to the increasing number of investor-state disputes against them, the general backlash against free trade agreements (FTA), and the CJEU’S decision in Achmea. Furthermore, the drafters of the new Dutch Model bit carefully took into consideration the framework of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the European Commission’s proposal for the establishment of an Investment Court System (ICS) as a substitute for the current investor-state dispute settlement system (ISDS). As a result, the 2018 text incorporates significantly stricter provisions than the ones of the former version.
The Future of Intra-EU Investment Arbitration: Intra-EU Investment Arbitration under the ECT post Achmea
Authors: Arif Sahra
Published: December 2020

The Achmea judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) found that arbitration clauses in bilateral investment treaties (BITS) between Member States of the European Union are incompatible with European Union law. Following this, Member States attempted to invoke this judgment in relation to similar intra-EU arbitrations under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Tribunals established under the ECT have however generally rejected the applicability of the Achmea judgement. While the EU Commission and the majority of Member States concluded that this judgment also precludes intra-EU ect arbitrations, a few Member States held the opposite view. The future of intra-EU ECT arbitrations therefore seems fragile in the least. A closer analysis of the decisions of ECT Tribunals, and the relationship between obligations under European Union law and international law however argues that the future of such intra-EU ECT arbitrations is not as fragile as it may seem.
Commission v. Hungary (Case C-235/17): Some Reassurance for Investors on the Substantive Protections for Expropriation under EU Law
Authors: Grégoire Matthieu
Published: December 2020

The question of the degree of overlap between the substantive provisions generally found in investment treaties and EU law was left unanswered by Case C-284/16 Slowakische Republik v. Achmea B.V. From a practical perspective, investors are left in doubt: assuming that they cannot rely on a dispute resolution clause such as that at issue in Achmea, does EU law offer substantially identical protection? The recent decision of Case C-235/17 Commission v. Hungary may go some way towards reassuring investors EU law may provide materially similar protections to some of the substantive protections ordinarily found in bits. This note (I) provides a summary of the views of the Commission (and respondent Member States) on the issue of the overlap between substantive protections generally found in investment treaties and EU law, (II) considers the Opinion of Advocate General Wathelet on the same issue and (III) considers the decision of Commission v. Hungary.
Report of the 4th EFILA Annual Conference 2019
Authors: Dona José Rafael Mata
Published: December 2020

On 31 January 2019, Herbert Smith Freehills kindly hosted in London the 4th EFILA Annual Conference on the “European Union (EU) and the future of International Investment Law and Arbitration”. The EU’s external investment policy and its investment policy towards Asia featured as the topics of the first two panels, which were followed by a keynote speech on the construction of a Multilateral Investment Court (MIC). The conference’s last panel dealt with the EU’s energy investment policy. This report presents the most relevant developments behind the EU’s external investment policy until the end of January 2019, its implementation towards Asia and influence in new global trends in investor-State dispute settlement. Further, it confronts the arguments of followers and detractors of the idea of a permanent standing two-tier mechanism with full-time adjudicators, which is promoted by the EU as the only option that can successfully respond to all the problems and challenges of the current ad hoc system. Finally, it conveys both the EU’ and investors’ needs in the construction of new carbon-friendly infrastructure and their enquiries into the modernisation process of the Energy Charter Treaty.
Recalibrating the EU – International Arbitration Interface – 4th EFILA Annual Lecture 2018
Authors: Bermann George A.
Published: December 2020

It is no exaggeration to describe the relationship between the European Union and international arbitration as the most dramatic confrontation between two international legal regimes seen in a great many years. International law scholars commonly lament the ‘fragmentation’ of international law,1 i.e. the co-existence of multiple international legal regimes whose competences overlap and whose policies may differ, resulting in a degree of regulatory disorder. However, seldom do these regimes actually ‘collide’. By contrast, the two international regimes in which we are interested this evening – international arbitration and the European Union – may be described, without hyperbole, as on a collision course. Arguably, the collision has already occurred. The emergence of hostilities on this scale in recent years came about as something of a surprise to me. At Columbia and elsewhere, I have taught EU law and international arbitration law concurrently – in different courses, of course – for more decades than I care to count. Over that period, I have written and spoken about the EU and international arbitration as separate and distinct enterprises.2 Rarely did teaching, writing or speaking of one necessitate, or even prompt, discussion of the other.
The Promise of Artistic Research in the Asia Pacific
Authors: Butt Danny
Published: December 2020

Artistic research has sought to gain academic legitimacy through adapting to scientific methods, while also retaining the mandate of the humanities in the reproduction of culture. In both cases, Western epistemologies have structured what constitutes knowledge and how it is circulated and shared. The contemporary university is far more connected to its local environment, bringing the potential of engaging broad publics in the life of the institution. Innovation and experimentation with local artistic forms is one way that artistic research can powerfully animate the 21st century university mission in the Asia Pacific.
Roundtables on Performance Research, Developing Cultural Ecologies, and Artistic Research Networking in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Skar Lowell , Damrhung Pornrat
Published: December 2020

Three sessions of international and local participants from a July 2019 conference created active ecosystems which generated living examples of intercultural improvisation, performance research, cultural ecologies and artistic research in Thailand. Summarized and assessed in this article, these sessions revealed some of the first fruits of Thailand’s work in these areas through engagement with other practitioners in the region. Besides offering creative improvisation among Thai artists and artist-centered critical assessments of their work, the article captures active thinkers seeking to reimagine the “festival” format for performance research, and seeks for ways to continue future regional collaboration in artistic research. The article embodies the ecological aspects of live collective thinking in the arts.
On two enigmatic spiders (Araneae: Cybaeidae & Phrurolithidae) from the Russian Far East
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M. , OMELKO MIKHAIL M. , KOPONEN SEPPO
Published: December 2020

Cybaeota Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933, a genus previously known only in the Nearctic, has been found in the Maritime Province of Russia for the first time. It is represented by a new species, C. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀), which is close to the generotype, C. calcarata (Emerton, 1911). Additionally, a new species, Phrurolithus lindemanni sp. nov. (♀), is described from the Maritime Province as well. It has unusually light colouration in comparison to other congeners. Trans-Pacific disjunctive ranges on species, genus and family levels in arthropods are briefly discussed.
New species and records of thiodinines from North and South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae: Thiodinini)
Authors: BUSTAMANTE ABEL A. , RUIZ GUSTAVO R.S.
Published: December 2020

Five new species of thiodinines are described: Atomosphyrus wandae sp. nov. (♂, from state of Piauí, Brazil); Cyllodania marietae sp. nov. (♂♀, from Ecuador); Tartamura turbo sp. nov. (♂♀, from state of Pará, Brazil); Thiodina camilae sp. nov. (♂♀, from the Dominican Republic); and Thiodina tyrioni sp. nov. (♂♀, from Arizona, U.S.A.). New records of Thiodina firme Bustamante & Ruiz, 2017, Tartamura adfectuosa (Galiano, 1977), T. agatelin Bustamante & Ruiz, 2017 and T. huao Bustamante & Ruiz, 2017 are provided.
Relative Roles of Energy and Momentum Fluxes in the Tropical Response to Extratropical Thermal Forcing
Authors: Hwang Yen-Ting , Tseng Hung-Yi , Li Kuan-Chen , Kang Sarah M. , Chen Yung-Jen , Chiang John C. H.
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the transient responses of atmospheric energy and momentum fluxes to a time-invariant extratropical thermal heating in an atmospheric model coupled to an aquaplanet mixed layer ocean with the goal of understanding the mechanisms and time scales governing the extratropical-to-tropical connection. Two distinct stages are observed in the teleconnection: 1) A decrease in the meridional temperature gradient in midlatitudes leads to a rapid weakening of the eddy momentum flux and a slight reduction of the Hadley cell strength in the forced hemisphere. 2) The subtropical trades in the forced hemisphere decrease and reduce evaporation. The resulting change to sea surface temperature leads to the development of a cross-equatorial Hadley cell, and the intertropical convergence zone shifts to the warmer hemisphere. The Hadley cell weakening in the first stage is related to decreased eddy momentum flux divergence, and the response time scale is independent of the mixed layer depth. In contrast, the time taken for the development of the cross-equatorial cell in the latter stage increases as the mixed layer depth increases. Once developed, the deep tropical cross-equatorial cell response is an order of magnitude stronger than the initial subtropical response and dominates the anomalous circulation. The analysis combines the momentum and energetic perspectives on this extratropical-to-tropical teleconnection and moreover shows that the subtropical circulation changes associated with the momentum budget occur with a time scale that is distinct from the deep tropical response determined by the thermal inertia of the tropical ocean.
Parent and Teacher Ratings of Behavioral Executive Functioning for Students With Dyslexia
Authors: Morte-Soriano Manuel Ramón , Begeny John C. , Soriano-Ferrer Manuel
Published: December 2020

Research exploring behavioral ratings of executive functioning (EF) for children and adolescents with dyslexia is scarce, which limits researchers, clinicians, educators, and parents from understanding and best supporting these students at home and/or school. Using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) rating scale to measure participants’ EF behaviors in home and school settings, a primary objective of this study was to examine the EF of Spanish children and adolescents with dyslexia ( n = 78) and to compare their EF with typically developing (TD) peers ( n = 82). The study also sought to examine agreements and disagreements among teacher and parent raters. One key finding was that children and adolescents with dyslexia were rated by both parents and teachers as having more frequent cognitive, behavioral, and emotional EF difficulties in home and school compared with TD peers. However, teachers often reported greater severity of impairments than parents did across several EF domains, potentially suggesting a differential pattern of EF difficulties between home and school. Results are discussed in relation to multi-informant assessment practices for EF behaviors (e.g., there may be differential patterns of EF difficulties between home and school) and how the findings have implications for supporting children and adolescents with dyslexia.