bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conselho editorial
Authors: Vaz Caroline De F�tima Matiello
Published: August 2018

Secretariado Executivo em Revist@

N� 14/2018

ISSN 1809-2802

Acesso: www.upf.br/seer

EDITORA

Josete Alzira Passamani Stocco

Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

EDITORA CIENT�FICA

Caroline de F�tima Matiello Vaz

Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

CONSELHO EDITORIAL

Aline Cantarotti, Universidade Estadual de Maring� � UEM, Paran�, Brasil

Cibele Barsalini Martins, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina � UFSC, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Cibelle da Silva Santiago, Universidade Federal da Para�ba � UFPB, Para�ba, Brasil

Chussy Karlla Souza Antunes, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco � UFPE, Pernambuco, Brasil

Daniela Giareta Durante, Universidade Federal do Cear� - UFC, Cear�, Brasil

Eduardo C�sar Pereira Souza, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul � UNICSUL, S�o Paulo, Brasil

Emili Barcellos Martins Santos, City University of Seattle, Seattle, Washington

Eliane Wamser, Universidade Regional de Blumenau � FURB, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Fernanda Cristina Sanches, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran� � UNIOESTE, Paran�, Brasil

Keila Raquel Wenningkamp, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran� � UNIOESTE, Paran�, Brasil

Maria do Carmo Assis Todorov, Universidade Nove de Julho � Uninove, S�o Paulo, Brasil

Maria Elisabete Mariano dos Santos, Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Maria Luzitana Concei��o dos Santos, Universidade Federal da Para�ba � UFPB, Para�ba, Brasil

Raul Vitor Oliveira Paes, Universidade Federal do Par� � UFPA, Par�, Brasil

Rodrigo M�ller, Universidade Tecnol�gica Federal do Paran� - UFTPR, Brasil

Rosimeri Ferraz Sabino, Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brasil
COMPETÊNCIA EM COMUNICAÇÃO E ESTRATÉGIAS DE ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM: PERCEPÇÃO DOS ESTUDANTES DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Dalcól Camila , Garanhani Mara Lúcia , Fonseca Lígia Fahl , Carvalho Brígida Gimenez
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: compreender as percepções dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre as estratégias de ensinoaprendizagempara o desenvolvimento da competência em comunicação, em um Currículo Integrado. Método: estudoqualitativo-compreensivo, do tipo estudo de caso, realizado com 55 estudantes do curso de graduação em enfermagemde uma universidade pública do sul do Brasil, em outubro de 2014 e agosto de 2015, por meio de 6 grupos focais,gravados, transcritos na íntegra e submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados foram discutidos de acordocom os pressupostos do Pensamento Complexo de Edgar Morin. Resultados: As estratégias que colaboraram com odesenvolvimento da comunicação foram as aulas teóricas, o tutorial, o seminário, a avaliação escrita, o portfólio, oestágio, as Práticas Interdisciplinares e Multiprofissional, o internato e o feedback. Conclusão: O currículo em estudofavoreceu o desenvolvimento da competência de comunicação por meio das metodologias ativas utilizadas e daestruturação modular.
USO DE MÉTODOS ANTICONCEPCIONAIS POR MULHERES ADOLESCENTES DE ESCOLA PÚBLICA
Authors: Ramos Larissa De Andrade Silva , Pereira Eliel Dos Santos , Lopes Kelvya Fernanda Almeida Lago , De Araujo Filho Augusto Cezar Antunes , Lopes Naiara Coelho
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: identificar o uso de métodos contraceptivos por adolescentes de uma escola pública do interiordo Maranhão. Método: estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritivo-exploratório, de corte transversal, realizadoentreos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2015, com adolescentes do ensino médio de uma escola publicado interiormaranhense. Foi realizada a análise estatística descritiva dos dados. Resultados: das adolescentes, 199 (88,1%) referirampossuir informações sobre métodos contraceptivos, que foram obtidas principalmente com as mães, por 139 (69,8%).Das jovens que possuíam informações, 184 (92,5%) relataram conhecer a camisinha masculina. Das adolescentes quejá tinham iniciado a vida sexual, algumas referiram não ter utilizado qualquer método, apesar das informações, e 59(76,6%) jovens relataram ter utilizado a camisinha masculina. Conclusão: há necessidade de desenvolver constantementeações de saúde, a fim de oportunizar que os adolescentes exerçam sua sexualidade de maneira mais segura, para evitarinfecções sexualmente transmissíveis e gravidez não planejada.
Phosphorus Fertilization Under Different Land Preparation Methods and Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) in Rainforest Zone of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ogeh Joseph Sunday , Oyibo Rukeme Orakpogbake
Published: August 2018

A field experiment was conducted on an Arenic paleudult in the rainforest zone of Southern Nigeria to determine the response of an improved variety of peanut (Arachis hypogea L. var. Samnut 23) to phosphorus, under different land preparation methods. Selected land preparation methods were “slash and burn” (SB) and “slash and mulch” (SM), and the phosphate fertilizer rates were 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg P ha-1.  The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete by block design. Each land preparation was divided into plots. Macro- and micro nutrient contents of peanut plants were determined, and the growth and yield components were also assessed. Results showed that the pre planting soil analysis for the SB management had a pH of 5.77, N (1.8 gkg-1), P (2.05 mgkg-1) and K (0.11cmol (+) kg-1), while that of the SM had a pH of 5.95, N (0.9 g kg-1), P (0.86 mg kg-1) and K (0.07cmol(+)kg-1).  Plant height was not significantly different (pd” 0.05) in the land preparation methods, but leaf area was significantly different. However, plant height and leaf area responded better under the SB treatment with 90 kg P ha-1 rate of phosphorus fertilizer than the SM treatment under the same rate. Fresh pod weight of 908.6kg ha-1 and dry pod weight of 558.0kg ha-1 was obtained at 60 kg P ha-1 under the SB treatment and was significantly different from all other treatments including the SM. Significant differences were also observed in the nutrient concentrations of leaves and roots. Highest leaf phosphorus content (3.502 mg kg-1) was recorded at 90kg P ha-1 in the SM treatment while the highest nutrient content of P in the roots (0.272 mg kg-1) was recorded at 30 kg P ha-1 also in the SM treatment. However, the SB treatment recorded the highest peanut seed pods / shell at 60 kg P ha-1. Generally, phosphorus fertilization under the SB management practice gave better results than the SM management practice.Keywords: groundnut, land preparation, phosphorus fertilization, Slash and burn, slash and mulch    [How to Cite: Joseph SO and RO Oyibo. 2014. Phosphorus Fertilization Under Different Land Preparation Methods and Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) in Rainforest Zone of Southern Nigeria. J Trop Soils 19(1): 1-7. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.1.1]
Nascentes Urbanas de Goioerê: diagnóstico ambiental
Authors: Negri-Sakata Vania , Kimura Irene Yukiko
Published: August 2018

As nascentes urbanas tiveram seu ambiente ocupado ou degradado, devido ao advento do processo de urbanização no Brasil, sem considerar a sua importância para o abastecimento de água na superfície e no funcionamento do ciclo hidrológico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi diagnosticar a situação ambiental das nascentes urbanas de Goioerê, PR, verificando se o contexto ambiental condiz com a legislação em vigor. O estudo foi realizado por meio de levantamento de dados em órgãos públicos, pesquisas em livros, artigos e leis, e também visita in loco para observação e avaliação da condição de conservação das nascentes. Foram mapeadas e avaliadas nove nascentes, sendo que uma foi considerada em bom Grau de Preservação (GP), mas com ausência de vegetação necessária para estar em total conformidade com a legislação; as demais apresentavam diversos problemas que as impediam de ser classificada em melhores índices, três ficaram classificadas em GP regular, duas ruim e três péssimo. Portanto, conclui-se que essas nascentes urbanas estão sofrendo impactos ambientais de ordem antrópica e estão em desacordo com a legislação, necessitando de ações de preservação, que sejam efetivadas de forma contínua por meio da interação das entidades públicas e a população local.
Exploring the Undergraduate Students Perception on Translation - A Preliminary Step to Teach Translation in EFL Classes
Authors: Siregar Roswani
Published: August 2018

As we live in a world where English is a dominant language and the use of communication technology become part of our daily lives, we encounter many opportunities that deals with it. The studies on integration of translation-based learning activities in English as Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms is growing in recent years. But little known in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to explore the students perception on the current EFL learning in classroom, and their perception on translation as useful tools in language learning. The students perception is collected by online-questionnaire via Google Forms. The questionnaire comprises of ten questions that covers the students experiences in translation, learning methods, translation aid tools, preferred text materials, course length expection and willingness to attend the course. Based on data analysis result, the student perception and willingness to learn translation is determined. Student perception is crucial factor for teacher in helping the student to develop an effective learning and develop translation course design in university setting.
Comparison of Different Methods for Assessing Chlorophyll Content in Citrus
Authors: Ferreira Rivani Oliveira , Nascimento Marilza Neves do , Souza Luciano da Silva , Silveira Felipe Gomes Frederico da , Shibata Roberto Toyohiro
Published: August 2018

The content of chlorophyll-Chl present in green vegetables is strongly associated with the momentary state of the plant photosynthesis. Conventionally, determination of chlorophyll is by extraction with organic solvents and determining a spectrophotometer, and this method expensive, laborious and moreover a destructive method. Thus, the use of portable equipment has been used instead, as they allow studies without destruction of leaf tissue and obtaining instantaneous measurements. Thus, the aim of correlating the chlorophyll results obtained in the laboratory with Falker Chlorophyll Index (FCI) obtained by the ClorofiLog in different citrus rootstocks, as well asits relationship to soil moisture content variation. Positive simple correlations (linear Pearson correlation) were obtained for chl a, b and total, with the lowest correlation values observed for chl β, which ranged from 0.470-788 among the analyzed rootstocks. The coefficients of determination for the three variables chl α, β and total α+β showed a better fit by the polynomial regression model in all analyzed rootstocks; in general, the best results were for chl α, ranging from 0.7093-0.8551. The results indicate the usefulness of the ChloroflLog apparatus in the indirect determination of chlorophyll content in citrus.
Biological Control of Leaf Spot and Growth Promotion of Eucalyptus Plants by Trichoderma spp.
Authors: Filho Magno Rodrigues Carvalho , Martins Irene , Silva Peixoto Gustavo Henrique , Muniz Paulo Henrique Pereira Costa , Costa Carvalho Daniel Diego , Mello Sueli Corrêa Marques de
Published: August 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of twelve Trichoderma isolates on eucalyptus leaf spot control induced by Cylindrocladium scoparium and determine the sporulation capacity of the isolates on two substrates (parboiled rice and millet) for selection of potential biocontrol and growth promoter agents, in eucalypt seedlings. In the in vitro experiments, volatile and non-volatile metabolites tests showed different levels of inhibition of the pathogen mycelial growth. In tests on detached leaves, it was observed suppression of disease symptoms with all Trichoderma strains in leaves inoculated with CEN494 isolate of the pathogen, whereas with isolate CEN517 did not found the same efficiency. Sporulation of Trichoderma was higher using parboiled rice as the substrate, compared to millet. In general terms, it was obtained 3.38 × 109 and 2.84 × 109 conidia/g for the two substrates, respectively. Some of these Trichoderma isolates may be used in development of biofungicides for biocontrol of leaf spot, especially CEN262, due to its suppressive effect on C. scoparium, high sporulation, growth promotion capacity and endophytic colonization in eucalyptus seedlings.
Helminth Parasite Communities of Two Scorpaena spp. (Scorpaenidae) From Reefs of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Montoya-Mendoza Jesús , Badillo-López Sandra Edith , Amaro-Espejo Isabel Araceli , Castañeda-Chávez María del Refugio , Lango-Reynoso Fabiola , Herrera-Martínez Ignacio
Published: August 2018

Scorpaena brasiliensis and S. plumieri are relevant fish species in reef systems, but little is known about their parasitic helminth communities and their structure. This paper describes such community in terms of species richness and diversity. A helminthological study was conducted on 33 specimens of S. brasiliensis and 36 S. plumieri, captured in the Pajaros and Cabezo Reefs, in the Veracruz Reef System National Park (VRSNP), Veracruz, Mexico. The helminth community structure was analyzed in both host species. A total of 10 parasitic species was registered in S. brasiliensis (5 digeneans, 1 cestode, 3 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan), while S. plumieri hosted 11 species (4 digeneans, 1 monogenean, 1 cestode, 4 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan), with 8 common species. The species with the highest prevalence were Pseudocapillaria (Icthyocapillaria) sp., with 18.2% and 19.4% in S. brasiliensis and S. plumieri, respectively. Component community richness for S. brasiliensis was S = 10, with Shannon index diversity value of H’ = 2.08. For S. plumieri, such values were of S = 11 and H’ = 1.91. Richness and diversity in the component and infracommunity levels for both hosts are lower than in other parasite communities of marine fishes in the southern Gulf of Mexico.
Vine Cuttings Technique for Evaluating the Reaction of Dioscorea rotundata Varieties to Root-Knot Nematodes
Authors: Omotayo Temitayo O. , Claudius-Cole Abiodun O. , Lopez-Montez Antonio
Published: August 2018

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) contribute to low productivity and post harvest losses of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata). This study evaluated yam cultivars for resistance to Meloidogyne spp. using plants generated from single node vine cuttings. Forty accessions of D. rotundata were selected for the study and laid out in a randomized complete block design with 10 plants per replicate, three replicates and two treatments (Meloidogyne-inoculated and uninoculated). Vines were planted in vertically hanging bags and inoculated four weeks after with 500 eggs of Meloidogyne spp. Plants were harvested sixteen weeks after inoculation and data were collected on weight of tubers, nematode populations in tubers and soil, and nematode damage to tubers. Vine survival was up to 60%, although inoculated vines had lower rates of survival. All the surviving vines produced tubers of various sizes which differed between the control inoculated tubers. Based on galling index (damage) and reproductive factor, five accessions were designated as resistant with the remaining accessions being susceptible. The use of vine-cuttings was found to be effective for screening yam varieties for resistance to Meloidogyne spp.
Uncertainty and Private Investment Decision in Malaysia
Authors: Chuah Lay Lian , Poon Wai Ching , Guru Balachandher Krishnan
Published: August 2018

This study examines the effects of uncertainty on irreversible aggregate investment using data from 1971-2010. Results provide evidence to support the argument that macroeconomic uncertainties are important in the forward-looking investment decision-making process. This study concludes that the demand and lagged demand uncertainties have a relatively stronger effect on investments compared with other macro uncertainties. The structure of the economy, the depth of the financial system, and the promotion of trade openness reduce the negative impact of uncertainties on investment. The study also finds the elasticity of the user cost of capital to be less than unity, indicating limited scope for governments to influence investment through tax incentives.
Estudos sobre poder, imaginação e historicidade dos anos 1970 e 1980: apontamentos para o debate atual
Authors: Marcelino Douglas Attila
Published: August 2018

Este artigo analisa estudos sobre diferentes formas de historicidade publicados nos anos 1970 e 1980, indicando que o tema foi abordado, em casos importantes, como vinculado ao poder e ao imaginário. Problemas como o das ideologias, das utopias, do poder criador da imaginação e das formas do imaginário social foram abordados em obras de autores como Claude Lefort, Paul Ricoeur e Cornelius Castoriadis por meio de uma vinculação estreita com as formas de experimentação do tempo. O tratamento das distintas formas de historicidade, por Marshall Sahlins, pressupunha uma concepção holística e histórica das culturas marcadamente caracterizada pela atenção ao poder como elemento fundamental da vida em coletividade. A partir do exame dos pressupostos dessas abordagens, pretende-se estabelecer apontamentos preliminares que podem auxiliar na reflexão sobre os modos de tratamento das formas de historicidade em perspectiva histórica. São analisados, sobretudo, os pressupostos ontológicos e as concepções de sociedade ou cultura que caracterizaram esses estudos, contrapondo-os com formulações que têm importante repercussão na historiografia atualmente, como a categoria “regime de historicidade”. Palavras-chave: Temporalidade Histórica. Imaginação e Imaginário Social. Regimes de Historicidade. Ideologias e Utopias. Anos 1970 e 1980.
Collision and Collusion: Contrasting Representations of the Translator-Author Relationship in Two Contemporary Francophone Novels
Authors: Mével Pierre-Alexis , Cornelio Dawn M.
Published: August 2018

The article focuses on two novels (Brice Matthieussent’s 2009 Vengeance du traducteur and Jacques Poulin’s 2006 La Traduction est une histoire d’amour) which present apparently contradictory viewpoints on the role of the translator and translation through their distinctive use of both metaphors and meta-discourse on translation. Matthieussent’s novel is a revenge indeed, a postmodern tour de force where the notions of original, translation, source and target texts, author and translator, are blurred to the point of becoming irrelevant, shedding a whole new light on the concepts of faithfulness and creativity, and redefining typographical and cultural spaces. Presented as a translation by its narrator, Vengeance du traducteur is a discussion about translation, a metaphorical and symbolical deconstruction of the author-translator relationship, which creatively and cynically dissects power relations in the translation process, and questions the validity of the notions of author and translator, pointing out their absurdity. Poulin’s novel approaches the author-translator relationship more traditionally, portraying a young woman, Marine, the first-person narrator, planning to meet an author she admires, and become his translator. Though she is successful in this, few scenes focus on translation proper; instead the writer and translator must determine the owner of an abandoned kitten, using a cryptic note on its collar. They must find the right words to complete the clue, and also determine what these words truly mean. The cooperative, symbiotic connexion between the two outside their working relationship becomes a metaphor in itself for the process of translation; this in turn focuses a spotlight on the work of translating which is relegated to the background of this novel whose title announces it as central. Through careful dissection of all the novels’ elements, we will show how their mise-en-abîme of translating determines and undermines the perception and practice of literary translation.
Doping: A Key Enabler for Organic Transistors
Authors: Xu Yong , Sun Huabin , Liu Ao , Zhu Hui‐Hui , Li Wenwu , Lin Yen‐Fu , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: August 2018

Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are the central building blocks of organic electronics, but still suffer from low performance and manufacturing difficulties. This is due in part to the absence of doping, which is mostly excluded from OFET applications for the concern about uncontrollable dopant diffusion. Doping enabled the modern semiconductor industry to build essential components like Ohmic contacts and P–N junctions, empowering devices to function as designed. Recent breakthroughs in organic semiconductors and doping techniques demonstrated that doping can also be a key enabler for high‐performance OFETs. However, the knowledge of organic doping remains limited particularly for OFET use. Therefore, this review addresses OFET doping from a device perspective. The paper overviews doping basics and roles in advanced complementary technologies. These fundamentals help to understand why and how doping provides the desired transistor characteristics. Typical OFETs without doping are discussed, with consideration for operating principle and problems caused by the absence of doping. Achievements for channel, contact, and overall doping are also examined to clarify the corresponding doping roles. Finally, doping mechanisms, techniques, and dopants associated with OFET applications are reviewed. This paper promotes fundamental understanding of OFET doping for the development of high‐performance OFETs with doped components.
Base‐Promoted Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyrroles to 4‐Pyrrolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Huang Huabin , Hu Bing , Lai Yuanfa , Zou Zhongai , Lin Huixia , Xiao Yujuan , You Qihua , Shen Jinhai
Published: August 2018

A base‐promoted oxidative dearomatization of substituted pyrroles for the synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted 4‐pyrrolin‐2‐ones under mild reaction conditions is described. A cascade aerobic oxidation/semipinacol rearrangement reaction was involved, and the desired products bearing a quaternary carbon center were efficiently prepared using molecular oxygen (O2) as an ideal oxidant.

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Carbon Dots as Multifunctional Phototheranostic Agents for Photoacoustic/Fluorescence Imaging and Photothermal/Photodynamic Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lan Minhuan , Guo Liang , Zhao Shaojing , Zhang Zhenyu , Jia Qingyan , Yan Li , Xia Jing , Zhang Hongyan , Wang Pengfei , Zhang Wenjun
Published: August 2018

Phototheranostics combines diagnosis and image‐guided therapy of disease using a single agent, which makes it a potential clinical approach for cancer treatment. However, as the core element of phototheranostics, most phototheranostic agents are activated by the UV–visible light, which falls outside of the phototherapy window and results in poor tissue penetration capability. Moreover, they are in general only capable of generating reactive oxygen species or heat. To integrate photodynamic and photothermal therapies into a single treatment modality is thus expected to broaden the applicability and improve the efficiency of this technique. In this work, carbon dots (CDs) with absorption range up to 1100 nm are synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of 1,3,6‐trinitropyrene and Na2SO3. The CDs could simultaneously present strong fluorescence and generate 1O2 through two‐photon excitation mechanism, and they also show outstanding photothermal conversion capability under irradiation by an 800 nm femtosecond pulsed laser. Moreover, the broad absorption spectrum of the CDs enable them to be used as an agent for photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the CDs have good biocompatibility and can serve as multifunctional phototheranostic agents for PA/fluorescence imaging, and photodynamic/photothermal synergistic cancer therapy using a single near‐infrared laser.
Ultrasound liver imaging reporting and data system®: Considerations for routine practice
Authors: Kutaiba Numan , Archard Robyn
Published: August 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing problem worldwide. In Australia, both the incidence and mortality of HCC have sharply increased over the last few decades. Unless detected in its early stage, prognosis of HCC is grim. Ultrasound represents the main screening tool for surveillance programmes worldwide and is recommended in the guidelines by all relevant bodies. The American College of Radiology introduced the first edition of Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (US LI‐RADS) in 2017 to propose an algorithm for reporting ultrasound studies performed in the setting of HCC screening and to provide technical recommendations. The algorithm has two components: detection scores and visualisation scores. More recently at our institution, we introduced a visualisation score to our routine work to assess visualisation of the liver. The score, which is applied by the sonographer performing the ultrasound study at the time of examination, comprises three categories that are not dissimilar to the score introduced by US LI‐RADS; adequate, adequate with limitations and inadequate. We believe that adopting a visualisation score is easy and important. It provides clinicians with information regarding the quality of the ultrasound study and the confidence in excluding HCC based on ultrasound alone. Attempts to improve ultrasound screening efficiency such as applying targeted liver ultrasounds and recording of a visualisation score are encouraged with the aim of improving patients’ outcomes.
Plasma Assisted Preparation of CoPt/SiO2 Fischer‐Tropsch Catalysts: A Comparison of the Precursor Pre‐Thermal Treated Temperatures
Authors: Liu Chen , Liu Hao , Wang Bo , Hong Jingping , Zhao Fuzhen , Sun Fenglou , Jin Shiwei , Liu Chengchao , Zhang Yuhua , Li Jinlin
Published: August 2018

A series of amorphous silica supported Co‐based catalysts were prepared using traditional incipient wetness impregnation methods followed by thermal treatment at different temperatures. Glow discharge plasma effects on cobalt species in the forms of cobalt nitrate, mixture of cobalt nitrate and Co3O4, and pure Co3O4 were compared and investigated by various characterizations and Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS) tests. Plasma enhancing metal dispersion effect was mostly happened during the decomposition of cobalt nitrate in plasma field; when cobalt species was already in the form of Co3O4, no apparent particle size change by plasma treatment was observed. Under the promotion of Pt, all the catalysts maintained at high reduction degree, thus the cobalt dispersion was almost linearly related to the number of active sites. The CoSi‐100D+P catalyst with both high cobalt dispersion and high cobalt reducibility, had the maximum number of active sites, and presented the highest FTS activity. Meanwhile, the product selectivity could also be affected by plasma treatment, hydrocarbons were shifted to lower carbon numbers. This effect could be observed even on the CoSi‐400C+P sample, in which the precursor was pre‐thermal treated at high temperature (400 °C), and cobalt species was already all transformed into Co3O4.
Effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) flour inclusion on the nutritional properties and consumer preference of fritters for improved household nutrition
Authors: Alamu Emmanuel Oladeji , Popoola Ibironke , Maziya‐Dixon Busie
Published: August 2018

Diets in populations of most developing countries are often deficient in protein, carbohydrates, and fat, leading to protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM). Diet‐based strategies are the most promising approach for a sustainable control of PEM. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soy flour inclusion on the nutritional properties, consumer preference, purchase intent, and willingness to pay for wheat‐based fritters. The proximate composition of both types of fritters was determined using standard methods, Consumer preference survey on organoleptic properties was carried out among 291 participants (93 men, 198 women) in Chipata, Katete, and Lundazi districts of Eastern Zambia. The soy‐fortified fritters had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of ash, fat, amylose, crude fiber, and protein than the unfortified fritters. Protein, crude fiber, amylose, and ash contents of soy‐fortified fritters were considerably increased by 55.5%, 18.9%, 98%, and 30.6%, respectively. The overall preference showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between unfortified and soy‐fortified fritters. A larger percentage of participants in Katete (38%) and Chipata (41%) preferred the soy‐fortified fritters to the nonfortified one. In addition, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was also observed for intention to purchase between both types of fritters across the three locations. In conclusion, incorporating 20% soybean flour into fritters, which showed better nutrients quality, could be used to alleviate PEM among fritters consuming populations of developing countries, particularly in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Methyl‐Substituted α‐Cyclodextrin as Affinity Material for Storage, Separation, and Detection of Trichlorofluoromethane
Authors: Ryvlin Dimitrij , Girschikofsky Maiko , Schollmeyer Dieter , Hellmann Ralf , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: August 2018

The severely ozone‐depleting trichlorofluoromethane is still appearing in several recycling processes or industrial applications. A simple and selective supramolecular complex formation of per‐methylated α‐cyclodextrin (1) with the highly volatile trichlorofluoromethane (2) is reported. This interaction moreover leads to thermally stable crystals. Per‐methylated α‐cyclodextrin is successfully exploited as a reversible and selective adsorption material for liquid and airborne trichlorofluoromethane as well as an affinity material for the chemical sensing and detection of this particular volatile organic component.
The Invisible Students: Service Excellence in the Second Year
Authors: Nelson Denise D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines areas in which institutions may be falling short of satisfying sophomores' expectations for the everyday interactions of life on campus. It provides recommendations for demonstrating institutional values in practical ways that express care for sophomores and interest in meeting their needs effectively.
Engaging Sophomores Through Curricular and Cocurricular Initiatives
Authors: Kranzow Jeannine , Foote Stephanie M.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides considerations for the development of sophomore‐specific initiatives and examines the types of campus involvement, including residence life experiences, that best support sophomore student engagement and success.
Analysis of readmissions after transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Parhar Harman S. , Gausden Elizabeth , Patel Jayendrakumar , Prisman Eitan , Anderson Donald W. , Durham J. Scott , Rush Barret
Published: August 2018

Background

As transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is being increasingly used to treat patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), there is an interest in determining contributors to readmission.

Methods

We conducted this retrospective multivariate analysis modeling 30‐day readmission using the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2012–2014).

Results

Of 950 patients, 117 (12.3%) were readmitted. Hemorrhage and diet/aspiration accounted for 32.5% and 19.7% of readmissions, respectively. Of those readmitted, 23.1% required operative bleeding control, 11.1% required transfusion, 1.7% required tracheostomy, and 18.8% required gastrostomies. Those readmitted were older (mean 63.2 years, SD 9.5 vs 60.9 mean years, SD 10.3) and had longer hospitalizations (mean 5.7 days, SD 6.8 vs mean 4.3 days, SD 4.1) and higher rates of aspiration/pneumonia (9.4% vs 2.4%, P < .01) on index admission. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that aspiration/pneumonia on index admission was independently associated with readmission (OR 3.128, 95% CI 1.178‐8.302).

Conclusions

Of the patients 12.3% were readmitted within 30 days with hemorrhage and diet complications as significant contributors.
Predictors of graft function after parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroid surgery
Authors: Zhang Deguang , Gao Li , He Gaofei , Chen Jian , Fang Liang
Published: August 2018

Background

The purpose of this study was to identify predictors associated with graft function after parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroid surgery.

Methods

One hundred fifty patients who underwent thyroid surgery with parathyroid autotransplantation were enrolled prospectively. During surgery, the misresected or devascularized parathyroid gland was autografted in the brachioradialis muscle of the forearm. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in both arms were measured regularly after surgery. Patient age, sex, extent of surgery, and postoperative serum calcium levels were recorded.

Results

Graft function was documented in 115 patients (76.7%). Univariate analysis revealed that graft function had a significant association with lower serum calcium level 1 day after surgery. The cutoff point was 2.11 mmol/L, which was confirmed by a receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Conclusion

Low serum calcium levels in the early postoperative period may stimulate a functional recovery in an autografted parathyroid gland. Therefore, a moderate calcium supplement strategy was recommended for patients who underwent parathyroid autotransplantation during the early stage after total thyroidectomy.
Hepatitis C Virus Manipulates Humans as its Favorite Host for a Long‐Term Relationship
Authors: Ray Ratna B. , Ray Ranjit
Published: August 2018

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection‐associated liver disease is a global health problem. HCV often causes silent disease, and eventually progresses to end‐stage liver disease. HCV infects hepatocytes; however, initial manifestation of liver disease is mostly displayed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), causing fibrosis/cirrhosis, and is believed to occur from inflammation in the liver. It remains unclear why HCV is not spontaneously cleared from infected liver in the majority of individuals and develops chronic infection with progressive liver disease. Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) show excellent results in controlling viremia, although beneficial consequence in advanced liver disease remains to be understood. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge that has contributed to our understanding of the role of HCV in inflammation, immune evasion, metabolic disorders, liver pathogeneses, and efforts in vaccine development.
Red muscle function and thermal acclimation to cold in rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Shuman Jacie L. , Coughlin David J.
Published: August 2018

Climate change affects the thermal environment of aquatic organisms. Changes in the thermal environment may affect muscle function in the eurythermal rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, and relatively more stenothermal rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Literature suggests that the trout will be more sensitive to changes in environmental temperature, as they experience a more limited range of environmental temperatures. To examine the effects of thermal environment on red muscle function, both the smelt and trout were thermally acclimated to either a warm (12–15°C) or cold (4–5°C) temperature, after which studies of swimming performance and muscle mechanics were performed. The data on swimming performance and maximum muscle shortening velocity in rainbow smelt were previously published. In both species, cold‐acclimated (CA) fish swam with a significantly faster maximum aerobic swimming speed than warm‐acclimated fish, when tested at a common temperature of 10°C. Similarly, CA smelt and trout had faster red muscle contraction kinetics. However, smelt displayed a greater shift in contractile properties, such as having a significant shift in maximum muscle shortening velocity that was not observed in trout. The smelt red muscle outperformed trout, with twitch and tetanic times of relaxation being significantly faster for CA smelt compared with CA trout, especially when contraction kinetics were tested at 2°C. The smelt shows a greater thermal acclimation response compared with trout, with more robust increases in maximum swimming speed and faster muscle contractile properties. These differences in acclimation response may contribute to understanding how smelt and trout cope with climate change.
Evaluation of oral microbial corrosion on the surface degradation of dental implant materials
Authors: Siddiqui Danyal A. , Guida Lidia , Sridhar Sathyanarayanan , Valderrama Pilar , Wilson Thomas G. , Rodrigues Danieli C.
Published: August 2018

Background

Titanium (Ti) dominates as the material of choice for dental implant systems. Recently, titanium‐zirconium alloy (TiZr) and zirconia (ZrO₂) have emerged as alternative materials due to higher mechanical strength and lower corrosion susceptibility. Oral pathogenic bacteria can colonize Ti surfaces, leading to surface degradation, which has yet to be investigated on TiZr and ZrO2. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro oral bacterial adhesion and subsequent surface degradation on commercial Ti, TiZr, and ZrO2 implants.

Methods

Ti, TiZr, and ZrO2 implants with sandblasted, acid‐etched (SLA) surfaces in addition to modified SLA‐treated (modSLA) Ti implants (n = 3) were immersed for 30 consecutive days in Streptococcus polyculture. Post‐immersion, adherent bacterial count was quantified. Optical microscopy was used to assess qualitative degradation and score Ti‐based implants based on degree of surface damage while electrochemical testing quantified corrosion behavior. Analysis of variance followed by post‐hoc Tukey test was used to statistically compare quantitative results (α = 0.05).

Results

Ti‐SLA, Ti‐modSLA, and TiZr‐SLA implants exhibited localized features characteristic of corrosion attack while ZrO2‐SLA implants experienced minimal changes in surface morphology as compared to non‐immersed control. Corrosion features were more numerous on Ti‐modSLA implants but smaller in size as compared with those on Ti‐SLA and TiZr‐SLA implants. No significant differences in corrosion resistance (polarization resistance and corrosion rate) were observed between Ti‐SLA, Ti‐modSLA, and TiZr‐SLA implants.

Conclusion

TiZr and ZrO2 dental implant surfaces were not more susceptible to colonization and surface degradation by oral Streptococcus species than commercially pure Ti implants.
What education policies and programmes affect learning and time in school in developing countries? A review of evaluations from 1990 to 2014
Authors: Damon Amy , Glewwe Paul , Wisniewski Suzanne , Sun Bixuan
Published: August 2018

In this paper we provide a rigorous review of evaluations of education programmes in developing countries. This review is organised to provide guidance to policy‐makers by identifying education interventions that are effective, sometimes effective, and not effective and by presenting some information on the cost effectiveness of different types of interventions. We distinguish between interventions' impacts on two types of outcomes: time in schools and learning as measured by test scores. Regarding children's time in school, we find that there are two effective, but admittedly relatively expensive, ways to increase enrolment and attendance: (1) Providing cash transfers conditional on attendance; and (2) Building new schools in communities where schools either do not exist or are far away. We have identified four interventions that have been shown to be effective at increasing test scores: (1) Merit‐based student scholarships; (2) Teaching at the right level; (3) Decreasing pupil–teacher ratios; and (4) Building new schools.
Enhanced Electrical Property of Compact TiO2 Layer via Platinum Doping for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Lu‐Lu , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Li Meng , Li Chun‐He , Fang Peng‐Fei , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: August 2018

The electron‐transporting layer (ETL) plays a critical role in improving the charge extraction and suppressing the carrier recombination in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Compact titanium dioxide (TiO2) film is a widely used as an ETL in conventional n‐i‐p PSCs. However, there is still much room for improvement in the electron mobility and reducing the oxygen vacancies of the compact TiO2 film. Herein, Pt‐doped TiO2 film with outstanding electron‐transporting property and complete coverage on the substrates is reported by the authors. Pt‐doping results in a tailed band level of TiO2, which could suppress the charge accumulation at the interface of TiO2‐Pt/perovskite. Consequently, TiO2‐Pt ETL based PSCs deliver a power conversion efficiency as high as 20.05% with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.15 V, a fill factor of 0.75, a short‐circuit current density of 23.83 mA cm−2 and remarkably alleviated hysteresis behavior.
Flexible and Biocompatibility Power Source for Electronics: A Cellulose Paper Based Hole‐Transport‐Materials‐Free Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Gao Chaomin , Yuan Shuai , Cui Kang , Qiu Zhiwen , Ge Shenguang , Cao Bingqiang , Yu Jinghua
Published: August 2018

Flexible, biocompatible, and light‐weight power sources are urgently required due to their promising application in wearable electronics. Organic‐inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with their impressive efficiency and scalable processing capability have emerged as promising candidates for efficient and reliable power sources for wearable electronics. However, the progress in developing low‐cost and efficient flexible PSCs has been confined to Poly(ethylene terephthalate) or metal foil substrates and difficulty to design PSCs on other easily accessible low‐cost substrates such as cellulose paper. Herein, the authors report the hole transport material (HTM)‐free flexible PSCs fabricated on abundant, low‐cost, and biocompatible cellulose paper substrate for the first time. The highest PCE of 9.05% for the paper based flexible HTM‐free PSC is achieved and the device could maintain over 75% of its initial PCE after 1000 bending cycles, demonstrating good stability against bending deformation. Our findings provide an avenue to fabricate reliable power source for wearable electronics.
LINEAR VERSUS NONLINEAR ALLOCATION RULES IN RISK SHARING UNDER FINANCIAL FAIRNESS
Authors: Schumacher Johannes M.
Published: August 2018

In a risk exchange, participants trade a privately owned risk for a share in a pool. If participants agree on a valuation rule, it can be decided whether or not, according to the given rule, these trades take place at equal value. If equality of values holds for all participants, then the exchange is said to be “financially fair”. It has been shown by Bühlmann and Jewell (1979) that, under mild assumptions, the constraint of financial fairness singles out a unique solution among the set of all Pareto efficient risk exchanges. In this paper, we find that an analogous statement is true if we limit ourselves to linear exchanges. Conditions are provided for existence and uniqueness of linear sharing rules that are both financially fair and Pareto efficient among all linear sharing rules. The performance of the linear rule is compared to that of the general (nonlinear) rule in a number of specific cases.
Drag control in wall-bounded turbulent flows via spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing
Authors: Yao Jie , Chen Xi , Hussain Fazle
Published: August 2018

Drag control using a newly developed spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing (SOJF) method is studied via direct numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a turbulent channel flow (at the friction Reynolds numbers $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$ and 550). SOJF is characterized by three control parameters: the forcing amplitude $A^{+}$, the spanwise spacing $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{+}$ and the wall-jet height $y_{c}^{+}$ ($+$ indicates viscous scaling). At $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$, notable drag reduction is achieved for wide ranges of $A^{+}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{+}$ and $y_{c}^{+}$, with an optimal drag reduction of approximately 19 % found for $A^{+}\approx 0.015$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{+}\approx 1200$ and $y_{c}^{+}\approx 30$. The drag reduction results from mergers of numerous low-speed typical individual streaks together by the wall jets, so that the slope of the merged streak envelope and hence the streak strength are reduced below the critical values required for streak instability as well as for transient growth; consequently, the generation of drag inducing near-wall streamwise vortices is suppressed. Through analysis using the FIK identity (Fukagata et al. Phys. Fluids, vol. 14 (11), 2002, pp. L73–L76) in combination with the triple decomposition and the spanwise wavenumber spectrum of the Reynolds shear stress, we find that the control significantly decreases skin friction due to the small scale random turbulent structures (from 75 to 23 % for the optimal case), but injects a dominant contribution at the forcing scale (approximately 34 %). As $A^{+}$ or $y_{c}^{+}$ increases, the drag reduction degrades due to the downwash near the initiation of the forcing wall jet. The energy input required for the excitation is found to be small, yielding a 17 % net power saving for the optimal control case. To determine the $Re$ dependence of the drag reduction, the control strategy is further validated at a higher $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=550$. If the control parameters are kept the same as at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$ (i.e. $A^{+}\approx 0.015$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{+}\approx 1200$, $y_{c}^{+}\approx 30$), the drag reduction decreases to 10 %; however, interestingly, with modestly changed parameters ($A^{+}\approx 0.018$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{+}\approx 1700$, $y_{c}^{+}\approx 50$), drag reduction increases to about 15 %. This additional drag reduction results from the further suppression of turbulent structures in the buffer and log regions. This result, therefore, suggests prospects for drag reduction at even higher $Re$ via a proper choice of the SOJF parameters.
The management of laryngeal lipoid proteinosis
Authors: Ally M , Kinshuck A J , Sandison A , Sandhu G S
Published: August 2018

Background

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene. It is characterised by deposition of hyaline material in the skin and mucous membranes. This paper describes the management of two cases with laryngopharyngeal disease.

Methods

Two patients with a biopsy diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis were identified from the surgical pathology archive covering the period 2004–2016. Their notes were reviewed.

Results

An adult male and an adult female were identified. Both had dysphonia and laryngopharyngeal lesions. The patients underwent interval laser microlaryngoscopy to debulk disease but minimise mucosal injury and scarring, using a ‘pepper pot’ technique. Both had adequate symptom control.

Conclusion

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare genetic condition, which typically presents in infancy with dysphonia and subsequent skin involvement. Two cases are presented to demonstrate that laryngotracheal symptoms can be controlled with interval laser debulking and the ‘pepper pot’ technique without causing stenosis.
Implementing Interdisciplinary Curricula: Some Philosophical and Practical Remarks
Authors: Gombrich Carl
Published: August 2018

This paper looks in detail at the educational side of interdisciplinarity and recounts the philosophy and some practicalities of the implementation of University College London’s successful Bachelor of Arts and Sciences (BASc) degree. In particular, we consider ‘framing’ and ‘the ladder of abstraction’ as notions that are useful in the philosophy of education. It is hoped that some of the ideas, challenges and successes described here will be helpful to others wishing to implement interdisciplinary curricula in their own institutions.