bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triamcinolone‐impregnated bioabsorbable middle meatus packing following endoscopic sinus surgery: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: McCormick Justin P. , Suh Jeffrey D. , Yang Hong‐Ho , Lee Jivianne T. , Wang Marilene B.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Topical steroids are a mainstay in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Multiple delivery methods of topical steroids following sinus surgery have been investigated. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effect of triamcinolone‐impregnated absorbable nasal packing on healing following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Methods

This is a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. A total of 22 subjects (14 without polyps and eight with polyps) were enrolled and were randomized to receive triamcinolone‐impregnated packing in one sinus cavity and normal saline‐soaked packing in the contralateral sinus cavity. Endoscopic evaluation was completed at the first two postoperative visits, and Lund–Kennedy (LK) endoscopic scores and perioperative sinus endoscopy (POSE) scores were calculated at each visit.

Results

The results of this study found no significant difference in the appearance of the sinuses at either postoperative visit. Mean LK scores for the triamcinolone and saline groups at the first and second postoperative visits were 2.09 ± 1.23 versus 2.18 ± 1.01 (p = 0.79) and 1.79 ± 1.08 versus 1.68 ± 1.16 (p = 0.77), respectively. POSE scores were 2.59 ± 1.71 versus 2.68 ± 1.62 (p = 0.86) and 1.74 ± 1.15 versus 1.95 ± 1.22 (p = 0.59).

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrated no significant difference in healing, crusting, polyps, edema, or secretions between the triamcinolone‐treated and non‐triamcinolone‐treated sinuses. There were no adverse effects from the use of triamcinolone‐impregnated absorbable packing. Further studies will be necessary to determine the impact of triamcinolone‐impregnated absorbable packing following ESS.
Organoplatinum(II) Cruciform: A Versatile Building Block to Fabricate 2D Microcrystals with Full‐Color and White Phosphorescence and Anisotropic Photon Transport
Authors: Xu Fa‐Feng , Zeng Wei , Sun Meng‐Jia , Gong Zhong‐Liang , Li Zhong‐Qiu , Zhao Yong Sheng , Yao Jiannian , Zhong Yu‐Wu
Published: January 2022

Conventional square‐planar platinum complexes typically form one‐dimensional assemblies as a result of unidirectional metallophilic and/or π⋅⋅⋅π intermolecular interactions. Organoplatinum(II) complexes with a cruciform shape are presented herein to construct two‐dimensional (2D) microcrystals with full‐color and white phosphorescence. These 2D crystals show unique monocomponent π⋅⋅⋅π stacking, from either the cyclometalating or noncyclometalating ligand, and the bicomponent alternate π⋅⋅⋅π stacking from both ligands along different facet directions. Anisotropic tri‐directional waveguiding is further implemented on a single hexagonal microcrystal. These results demonstrate the great capability of the organoplatinum(II) cruciform as a general platform to fabricate 2D phosphorescent micro‐/nanocrystals for advanced photonic applications.
Shifting language for shifting anatomy: Using inclusive anatomical language to support transgender and nonbinary identities
Authors: Easterling Lauren , Byram Jessica
Published: January 2022

While navigating a medical or surgical gender transition, transgender, and nonbinary people encounter anatomical language and concepts through their own informal research on the topics and directly through healthcare providers. Use of appropriate and inclusive language is important for affirming identities and can be fostered at any point during professional training through modeling of inclusive language and in the formal curriculum, including during anatomical education. In this article we discuss anatomical language and how it intersects with gender identity, first from the perspective of a transgender patient, then from the perspective of an anatomy educator. The patient shared how she benefited from informative resources, nongendered language, language tailored to her level of understanding, and providers not making generalizations about her based on her anatomy or sex assigned at birth. The educator shared her experience developing a primer on sex and gender that moved beyond a prescriptive binary and exposed students to language and concepts inclusive of diverse sexual and gender identities. Recommendations were made related to how to implement these lessons and better explore how transgender and nonbinary individuals experience anatomical language and the potential impact of language that is inclusive of gender‐diverse persons in anatomical education as part of health professions programs. While sound medicine, procedure, science, and experienced professional skill were necessary, an essential positive aspect of the medical and gender transitions discussed was an intentionality around language by providers—including anatomical language.
The Emerging Roles of Silver Nanoparticles to Target Viral Life Cycle and Detect Viral Pathogens
Authors: Ghosh Ujjyani , Sayef Ahammed Khondakar , Mishra Snehasis , Bhaumik Asim
Published: January 2022

Along the line of recent vaccine advancements, new antiviral therapeutics are compelling to combat viral infection‐related public health crises. Several properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) such as low level of cytotoxicity, ease of tunability of the AgNPs in the ultra‐small nanoscale size and shape through different convenient bottom‐up chemistry approaches, high penetration of the composite with drug formulations into host cells has made AgNPs, a promising candidate for developing antivirals. In this review, we have highlighted the recent advancements in the AgNPs based nano‐formulations to target cellular mechanisms of viral propagation, immune modulation of the host, and the ability to synergistically enhance the activity of existing antiviral drugs. On the other hand, we have discussed the recent advancements on AgNPs based detection of viral pathogens from clinical samples using inherent physicochemical properties. This article will provide an overview of our current knowledge on AgNPs based formulations that has promising potential for developing a counteractive strategy against emerging and existing viruses.
Versatility of subtilisin: A review on structure, characteristics, and applications
Authors: Azrin Nur Aliyah Mohd , Ali Mohd Shukuri Mohamad , Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd , Oslan Siti Nurbaya , Noor Noor Dina Muhd
Published: January 2022

Due to its thermostability and high pH compatibility, subtilisin is most known for its role as an additive for detergents in which it is categorized as a serine protease according to MEROPS database. Subtilisin is typically isolated from various bacterial species of the Bacillus genus such as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and various other organisms. It is composed of 268–275 amino acid residues and is initially secreted in the precursor form, preprosubtilisin, which is composed of 29‐residues signal peptide, 77‐residues propeptide, and 275‐residues active subtilisin. Subtilisin is known for the presence of high and low affinity calcium binding sites in its structure. Native subtilisin has general properties of thermostability, tolerance to neutral to high pH, broad specificity, and calcium‐dependent stability, which contribute to the versatility of subtilisin applicability. Through protein engineering and immobilization technologies, many variants of subtilisin have been generated, which increase the applicability of subtilisin in various industries including detergent, food processing and packaging, synthesis of inhibitory peptides, therapeutic, and waste management applications.
New insights into the interplay between long non‐coding RNAs and RNA‐binding proteins in cancer
Authors: Yao Zi‐Ting , Yang Yan‐Ming , Sun Miao‐Miao , He Yan , Liao Long , Chen Kui‐Sheng , Li Bin
Published: January 2022

With the development of proteomics and epigenetics, a large number of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) have been discovered in recent years, and the interaction between long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and RBPs has also received increasing attention. It is extremely important to conduct in‐depth research on the lncRNA‐RBP interaction network, especially in the context of its role in the occurrence and development of cancer. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that lncRNA‐RBP interactions play a vital role in cancer progression; therefore, targeting these interactions could provide new insights for cancer drug discovery. In this review, we discussed how lncRNAs can interact with RBPs to regulate their localization, modification, stability, and activity and discussed the effects of RBPs on the stability, transport, transcription, and localization of lncRNAs. Moreover, we explored the regulation and influence of these interactions on lncRNAs, RBPs, and downstream pathways that are related to cancer development, such as N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification of lncRNAs. In addition, we discussed how the lncRNA‐RBP interaction network regulates cancer cell phenotypes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, drug resistance, immunity, tumor environment, and metabolism. Furthermore, we summarized the therapeutic strategies that target the lncRNA‐RBP interaction network. Although these treatments are still in the experimental stage and various theories and processes are still being studied, we believe that these strategies may provide new ideas for cancer treatment.
Teaching C++ programming using automated unit testing and test‐driven development—Design and efficacy study
Authors: Sheikh Waseem
Published: January 2022

The best practices of agile software development have had a significant positive impact on the quality of software and time‐to‐delivery. As a result, many leading software companies employ some form of agile software development practices. Some of the most important best practices of agile software development, which have received significant attention in recent years, are automated unit testing (AUT) and test‐driven development (TDD). Both of these practices work in conjunction to provide numerous benefits. AUT leads to reduced time to test, discover bugs, fix bugs, and implement new features; wider and measurable test coverage; reproducibility, reusability, consistency, and reliability of tests; improved accuracy, regression testing, parallel testing, faster feedback cycle, reduced cost, and higher team morale. The benefits of TDD include flexible and adaptive program design, cleaner interfaces, higher code quality, maintainability, extensibility, reliability, detailed evolving specification, reduced time on bug fixes and feature implementation, reliable refactoring, and code changes, reduced cost, reduced development time, and increased programmer productivity. Unfortunately, students in introductory programming courses are generally not introduced to AUT and TDD. This leads to the development of bad programming habits and practices which become harder to change later on. By introducing the students earlier to these industry‐standard best practices, not only the motivation and interest of students in this area can be increased but also their academic success and job marketability can be enhanced. This paper presents the detailed design and efficacy study of an introductory C++ programming course designed using the principles of AUT and TDD. The paper presents the pedagogical techniques employed to build industry‐proven agile software development practices in the students. As part of the paper, all the course material including the source code for the labs and the automated unit tests are being made available to encourage people to incorporate these best practices into their curricula.
Prevent violations and lawsuits regarding wage‐and‐hour requirements
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: January 2022

One common thread that runs through every athletics department is that the entire operation requires long and irregular hours, extending from the traditional workday into nights and weekends. The collective commitment of all employees to do their respective part enables the athletics department to accomplish its varied missions.
Charge Matters: Mutations in Omicron Variant Favor Binding to Cells
Authors: Nie Chuanxiong , Sahoo Anil Kumar , Netz Roland R. , Herrmann Andreas , Ballauff Matthias , Haag Rainer
Published: January 2022

Evidence is strengthening to suggest that the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 mutant Omicron, with its more than 60 mutations, will spread and dominate worldwide. Although the mutations in the spike protein are known, the molecular basis for why the additional mutations in the spike protein that have not previously occurred account for Omicron's higher infection potential, is not understood. We propose, based on chemical rational and molecular dynamics simulations, that the elevated occurrence of positively charged amino acids in certain domains of the spike protein (Delta: +4; Omicron: +5 vs. wild type) increases binding to cellular polyanionic receptors, such as heparan sulfate due to multivalent charge‐charge interactions. This observation is a starting point for targeted drug development.
Awake intubation with videolaryngoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscope
Authors: Utada Shusuke , Okano Hiromu , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Niida Shoko , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Suzuki Naoya , Otsuka Tsuyoshi , Furuya Ryosuke
Published: January 2022

By combining video laryngoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy, awake intubation can be performed more safely.
Perihepatic fluid collection with mobile echogenic foci
Authors: Hoshina Yoji , Miro Paulo
Published: January 2022

A history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and mobile echogenic foci identified on abdominal ultrasound may distinguish dropped gallstones complicated by abscess from other conditions that exhibit similar findings.
Cobalt‐Catalysed Reductive Etherification Using Phosphine Oxide Promoters under Hydroformylation Conditions
Authors: Delolo Fábio G. , Fessler Johannes , Neumann Helfried , Junge Kathrin , dos Santos Eduardo N. , Gusevskaya Elena V. , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2022

A phosphine‐oxide‐promoted, cobalt‐catalysed reductive etherification using syngas as a reductant is reported. This novel methodology was successfully used to prepare a broad range of unsymmetrical ethers from various aldehydes and alcohols containing diverse functional groups, and was scaled‐up to multigram scale under comparably mild conditions. Mechanistic experiments support an acetalization–hydrogenation sequence.
Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Characterization of the R3N+−C−H⋅⋅⋅X Interaction
Authors: Capilato Joseph N. , Harry Stefan A. , Siegler Maxime A. , Lectka Thomas
Published: January 2022

As appreciation for nonclassical hydrogen bonds has progressively increased, so have efforts to characterize these interesting interactions. Whereas several kinds of C−H hydrogen bonds have been well‐studied, much less is known about the R3N+−C−H⋅⋅⋅X variety. Herein, we present crystallographic and spectroscopic evidence for the existence of these interactions, with special relevance to Selectfluor chemistry. Of particular note is the propensity for Lewis bases to engage in nonclassical hydrogen bonding over halogen bonding with the electrophilic F atom of Selectfluor. Further, the first examples of 1H NMR experiments detailing R3N+−C−H⋅⋅⋅X (X=O, N) hydrogen bonds are described.
Sandstein – die versteinerte Zeit
Authors: Sicker Dieter
Published: January 2022

Reisen Sie gern? Oft hat man dabei unerwartete Erlebnisse, die irgendwie mit Chemie zu tun haben und chemisches Lehrbuchwissen wird ungeahnt erweitert. Es verknüpft sich mit Geschichte und Geschichten, unbekannten Anwendungen, praktischen Handgriffen und dem realen Leben anderer Menschen. Man staunt über etwas, in dem man gar nichts Staunenswertes vermutete. Über solche kleinen Wunder soll diese Serie berichten. Mehr als sonst wollen wir dazu Fotos benutzen. Diesmal geht es um Sand und geologische Zeiträume.
Early and late recurrent cardiovascular events among high‐risk patients with an acute coronary syndrome: Meta‐analysis of phase III studies and implications on trial design
Authors: Chi Gerald , Lee Jane J. , Kazmi Syed H. A. , Fitzgerald Clara , Memar Montazerin Sahar , Kalayci Arzu , Korjian Serge , Heise Mark , Deckelbaum Lawrence I. , Libby Peter , Bhatt Deepak L. , Gibson C. Michael
Published: January 2022

Background

Despite low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol‐lowering therapies and other standard‐of‐care therapy, there remains a substantial residual atherosclerotic risk among patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aims to estimate the risk of early and late recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and address its implications on trial design.

Methods

A literature search was performed to collect phase III interventional trials on high‐risk ACS patients. Pooled event rates at 90 and 360 days were estimated by fitting random‐effects models using the DerSimonian–Laird method. Under the assumption of a total sample size of 10,000 and 1:1 allocation at a one‐sided alpha of 0.025 using the log‐rank test, the relationship between power and relative risk reduction (RRR) or absolute risk reduction (ARR) was explored for early versus late MACE endpoint.

Results

Seven trials representing 82,727 recent ACS patients were analyzed. The pooled rates of recurrent MACE were 4.1% and 8.3% at 90 and 360 days. Approximately 49% of events occurred within the first 90 days. Based on the estimated risks at 90 and 360 days, to attain 90% statistical power, a lower magnitude of RRR is required for late MACE than early MACE (22% vs. 30%), whereas a lower magnitude of ARR is required for early MACE than late MACE (1.2% vs. 1.8%).

Conclusion

The initial 90‐day window after ACS represents a vulnerable period for recurrent events. From a trial design perspective, determining a clinically important benefit by RRR versus ARR may influence the decision between early and late MACE as the study endpoint.
Validation of the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire in Israel and Switzerland
Authors: Levin Yafit , Bachem Rahel , Hyland Philip , Karatzias Thanos , Shevlin Mark , Ben‐Ezra Menachem , Maercker Andreas
Published: January 2022

The ICD‐11 has introduced a new conceptualization of adjustment disorder (AjD) as a stress response syndrome with core symptoms of preoccupations and failure to adapt to the stressor. The current study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire (IADQ) in two culturally distinct samples from Israel and Switzerland. Two samples were recruited in Israel (N = 1142) and Switzerland (N = 699) during the initial stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a correlated two‐factor model provided an excellent fit to the Israeli and Swiss sample data. The IADQ scores correlated strongly with another measure of AjD symptoms and with symptoms of depression, anxiety, acute stress and negative emotions, whereas correlations with posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder and positive emotions were weaker. In the Swiss sample, 18.8% met diagnostic criteria for probable AjD and 10.2% in the Israeli sample. The current study provides the first evidence of the validity of the German and Hebrew versions of the IADQ and can be used for the screening of this debilitating condition.
Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Spectroscopy to Study Luminophores with Relevance for OLEDs
Authors: Vogt Matthias , Smolentsev Grigory
Published: January 2022

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are employed in innovative display technologies and have the potential to be used widely in large area lighting. Luminophores containing 4d or 5d metals are efficient in electro‐luminescent devices due to their phosphorescent properties but are scarce and expensive. Alternatives take advantage of temperature‐activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), e. g. in Cu(I) complexes. We show modern X‐ray spectroscopy methods exemplified on Ru, Ir and Cu‐based luminophores offering insight into the capabilities of such techniques to researchers from various fields. Knowledge of structural rearrangements in the excited state is crucial to understand non‐radiative energy losses and to develop efficient luminophores. Pump‐probe X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) gives information about the molecular structure in the excited state and the electronic structure. We show how this information can be complemented with X‐ray emission spectroscopy at X‐ray free‐electron lasers (XFEL) and discuss the potential of time‐resolved X‐ray excited optical luminescence (TR‐XEOL) to provide additional selectivity of XAS to luminescent sites.
Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution by Hexaniobate Nanosheets Grafted with Copper Nanoclusters
Authors: Nascimento Nunes Barbara , Bahnemann Detlef W. , Otavio T. Patrocinio Antonio
Published: January 2022

Hexaniobate nanosheets (K4−xHxNb6O17) were combined with Cu2+ ions by grafting, a green one‐step methodology. The resulted nanocomposite exhibits high surface area with most of the Cu2+ ions strongly connected to the hexaniobate layers as amorphous nanoclusters. Photocatalytic experiments evidence that the Cu‐grafted hexaniobate can act as an efficient photocatalyst for H2 evolution. The best performance for the Cu‐grafted hexaniobate was reached when the Cu concentration was 0.5 wt% (1.62±0.10 mmo g−1 h−1), whereas hexaniobate layers with 0.5 wt % photodeposited Pt exhibited a hydrogen evolution rate of 0.95±0.04 mmol h−1 g−1 under the same experimental conditions. Grafting leads to covalently bounded Cu species onto the hexaniobate surface, ensuring a strong electronic interaction. Detailed XPS and EPR studies evidence that the initial Cu2+ species are promptly reduced to Cu1+/Cu0 under illumination. The prominent performance of Cu‐grafted samples was related to the improved charge‐separation efficiency as shown by ns‐transient spectroscopy. Therefore, the present methodology offers a green option to produce efficient Earth‐abundant‐based photocatalysts for H2 evolution.
A novel asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system based on lifting wavelet transform for visible light communications
Authors: Avcı Büşra , Aykırı Gazihan , Savaşcıhabeş Asuman , Özen Ali
Published: January 2022

In multicarrier visible light communication (VLC) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has attracted a lot of attention due to its high data rate, simple equalization, and resistance to intersymbol interference (ISI). However, high peak‐to‐average‐power ratio (PAPR) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED) nonlinearity have important effects on the performance of indoor VLC‐OFDM systems. Asymmetrically clipped optical (ACO)‐OFDM is a technique that waste spectral efficiency to transmit a single pole frequency division multiplexed signal over a single pole channel. In this study, a new ACO‐OFDM method based on lifting wavelet transform (LWT)‐ACO‐OFDM is proposed to restore this spectral efficiency and increase the performance of the ACO‐OFDM system. The performance of the proposed method is verified by computer simulation studies over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and multipath optical channel for analytical and simulated bit error rate (BER) performance criterion. From the obtained simulation results, it is seen that the proposed method provides approximately 16‐dB SNR gain against the classic VLC‐OFDM, roughly 12‐dB Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) improvement versus the Direct Current (DC)‐biased optical (DCO)‐OFDM, and nearly 6‐dB SNR enhancement against ACO‐OFDM on the additive white Gaussian noise channel. It is observed from computer simulation results that similar SNR gains are obtained in multipath optical channels.
Should we hail the Red King? Evolutionary consequences of a mutualistic lifestyle in genomes of lichenized ascomycetes
Authors: Ametrano Claudio G. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Di Stefano Isabel , Sangvichien Ek , Muggia Lucia , Grewe Felix
Published: January 2022

The Red Queen dynamic is often brought into play for antagonistic relationships. However, the coevolutionary effects of mutualistic interactions, which predict slower evolution for interacting organisms (Red King), have been investigated to a lesser extent. Lichens are a stable, mutualistic relationship of fungi and cyanobacteria and/or algae, which originated several times independently during the evolution of fungi. Therefore, they represent a suitable system to investigate the coevolutionary effect of mutualism on the fungal genome. We measured substitution rates and selective pressure of about 2000 protein‐coding genes (plus the rDNA region) in two different classes of Ascomycota, each consisting of closely related lineages of lichenized and non‐lichenized fungi. Our results show that independent lichenized clades are characterized by significantly slower rates for both synonymous and non‐synonymous substitutions. We hypothesize that this evolutionary pattern is connected to the lichen life cycle (longer generation time of lichenized fungi) rather than a result of different selection strengths, which is described as the main driver for the Red Kind dynamic. This first empirical evidence of slower evolution in lichens provides an important insight on how biotic cooperative interactions are able to shape the evolution of symbiotic organisms.
Dinitrogen Binding Relevant to FeMoco of Nitrogenase: Clear Visualization of σ‐Donation and π‐Backdonation from Deformation Electron Densities around Carbon/Silicon‐Iron Site
Authors: Devi Kavita , Gorantla Sai Manoj N. V. T. , Mondal Kartik Chandra
Published: January 2022

Dinitrogen (N2) binding and electron transfer reduction of N2 to ammonia (NH3) by the FeMoco cofactor of the nitrogenase enzyme are captivating. They are a part of the textbook for general chemistry. The nature of N2 bonding by reduced FeMoco is speculated based on the experimental evidence. The inorganic core MoFe7S9C1− possesses a Fe6(μ6‐C4−) unit. The mode of N2‐binding at one of the Fe‐centers of the elusive Fe6(μ6‐C4−) unit and the role of light element C4− is intriguing. In the past, the mode of N2‐binding and the kinetics of N2 reduction have been studied by spectroscopic and other tools. Herein, we report on the energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA‐NOCV) calculations/analyses to shed light on the deeper insight of the N2 binding and especially on the influence of the C‐atom of previously reported Fe‐complexes with an EP3 donor set (E=C, Si). The role of the C‐atom in the iron‐carbon site has been studied by elaboration with deformation electron densities. The intrinsic interaction energy of the bond between Fe and N2 and pairwise orbital interactions between them have been quantitatively estimated. The influence of σ‐donation of three phosphine ligands and their effects on the Fe−N2 bond have been thoroughly studied.
Predicting ion concentration polarization and analyte stacking/focusing at nanofluidic interfaces
Authors: Flores‐Galicia Fatima , Eden Alexander , Pallandre Antoine , Pennathur Sumita , Haghiri‐Gosnet Anne‐Marie
Published: January 2022

We report on the investigation of electropreconcentration phenomena in micro‐/nanofluidic devices integrating 100 μm long nanochannels using 2D COMSOL simulations based on the coupled Poisson–Nernst–Planck and Navier–Stokes system of equations. Our numerical model is used to demonstrate the influence of key governing parameters such as electrolyte concentration, surface charge density, and applied axial electric field on ion concentration polarization (ICP) dynamics in our system. Under sufficiently extreme surface‐charge‐governed transport conditions, ICP propagation is shown to enable various transient and stationary stacking and counter‐flow gradient focusing mechanisms of anionic analytes. We resolve these spatiotemporal dynamics of analytes and electrolyte ICP over disparate time and length scales, and confirm previous findings that the greatest enhancement is observed when a system is tuned for analyte focusing at the charge, excluding microchannel, nanochannel electrical double layer (EDL) interface. Moreover, we demonstrate that such tuning can readily be achieved by including additional nanochannels oriented parallel to the electric field between two microchannels, effectively increasing the overall perm‐selectivity and leading to enhanced focusing at the EDL interfaces. This approach shows promise in providing added control over the extent of ICP in electrokinetic systems, particularly under circumstances in which relatively weak ICP effects are observed using only a single channel.
Investigating protein translocation in the presence of an electrolyte concentration gradient across a solid‐state nanopore
Authors: Saharia Jugal , Bandara Y. M. Nuwan D. Y. , Kim Min Jun
Published: January 2022

Electrolyte chemistry plays an important role in the transport properties of analytes through nanopores. Here, we report the translocation properties of the protein human serum transferrin (hSTf) in asymmetric LiCl salt concentrations with either positive (Ctrans/Ccis < 1) or negative chemical gradients (Ctrans/Ccis > 1). The cis side concentration was fixed at 4 M for positive chemical gradients and at 0.5 M LiCl for negative chemical gradients, while the trans side concentration varied between 0.5 to 4 M which resulted in six different configurations, respectively, for both positive and negative gradient types. For positive chemical gradient conditions, translocations were observed in all six configurations for at least one voltage polarity whereas with negative gradient conditions, dead concentrations where no events at either polarity were observed. The flux of Li+ and Cl− ions and their resultant cation or anion enrichment zones, as well as the interplay of electrophoretic and electroosmotic transport directions, would determine whether hSTf can traverse across the pore.
Solvent Recyclable Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Rich Nanotubes with Embedded CoFe Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Oxygen‐Involving Reactions
Authors: Tang Jialun , Tian Shubo , Zhang Yangyang , Sun Kai , Xu Shuhui , Zhou Daojin , Sun Xiaoming
Published: January 2022

Polymerization followed by pyrolysis is an excellent method for synthesizing metal–nitrogen–carbon electrocatalysts, which have shown great potential in various application scenarios including water splitting, fuel cells, and metal–air batteries. However, the polymerization process usually uses a large amount of solvent that cannot be recycled, resulting in solvent waste, cost increase, and environmental pollution, which hinders its wide applications in industry. Inspired by the high polarity and polymerization of formamide (FA), CoFe nanoparticles on nitrogen–carbon nanotubes are synthesized by a FA‐sourced recycle strategy, in which the filtrate after one batch of synthesis will be used as solvent, carbon and nitrogen source for the next batch of synthesis, until the filtrate is consumed totally, verifying this procedure is a cost‐effective method and without any waste discharge. Besides, the catalysts prepared by each batch of recycle procedure exhibit outstanding and consistent oxygen reduction/evolution catalytic performance and satisfying cycle stability when used as an air electrode in a rechargeable zinc‐air battery. This work puts up a simple and clean method for the preparation of metal–nitrogen–carbon electrocatalysts for industrialized use.
A Nonflammable and Thermally Stable Polyethylene/Glass Fiber−Magnesium Hydroxide/Polyethylene Composite Separator with High Mechanical Strength and Electrolyte Retention to Enhance the Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Jiahui , Kang Tianxing , Cui Yan , Zhao Jingyang , Xue Jianjun , Xu Hanliang , Nan Junmin
Published: January 2022

To overcome the shortcomings in the thermal stability and electrolyte wettability when a commercial polyethylene (PE) separator is used alone, a PE/glass fiber (GF)−Mg(OH)2/PE composite (PGMP) separator is developed, and the electrochemical and safety performance of lithium‐ion batteries is effectively enhanced. The PGMP separator is prepared by soaking a mixed dispersion solution of polyacrylate and Mg(OH)2 into the GF fabric substrate and subsequently bonding the PE microporous film on both substrate sides. Compared with the PE separator, PGMP separator exhibits enhanced mechanical strength (≥250 MPa), ionic conductivity, and electrolyte wettability. Furthermore, there is almost no shrinkage when this PGMP is annealed at 350 °C for 30 min. The nail penetration, impact, overcharge, and adiabatic rate calorimeter tests of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite pouch cell with a nominal capacity of 2500 mAh show that the PGMP separator effectively improves the safety performance. The thermal runaway temperature of the pouch cells is increased from about 120 to 146 °C, and the electrolyte wettability ability of the PGMP separator gives the cell a capacity retention of 85% after 500 cycles at 1.0 C. Combined with the advantages, it is indicated that this PGMP separator has great potential in commercial applications.
A multicell structural battery composite laminate
Authors: Xu Johanna , Geng Zeyang , Johansen Marcus , Carlstedt David , Duan Shanghong , Thiringer Torbjörn , Liu Fang , Asp Leif E.
Published: January 2022

Multifunctional materials facilitate lightweight and slender structural solutions for numerous applications. In transportation, construction materials that can act as a battery, and store electrical energy, will contribute to realization of highly energy efficient vehicles and aircraft. Herein, a multicell structural battery composite laminate, with three state‐of‐the‐art structural battery composite cells connected in series is demonstrated. The experimental results show that the capacity of the structural battery composite cells is only moderately affected by tensile loading up to 0.36% strain. The multicell structural battery laminate is made embedding the three connected structural battery composite cells between carbon fiber/glass fiber composite face sheets. Electrochemical performance of the multicell structural battery is demonstrated experimentally. High charge transfer resistance for the pack as well as the individual cells is reported. Mechanical performance of the structural battery laminate is estimated by classical laminate theory. Computed engineering in‐plane moduli for the multicell structural battery laminate are on par with conventional glass fiber composite multiaxial laminates.

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Risk-Based Prioritization of Organic Chemicals and Locations of Ecological Concern in Sediment From Great Lakes Tributaries
Authors: Baldwin Austin K. , Corsi Steven R. , Stefaniak Owen M. , Loken Luke C. , Villeneuve Daniel L. , Ankley Gerald T. , Blackwell Brett R. , Lenaker Peter L. , Nott Michelle A. , Mills Marc A.
Published: January 2022

With improved analytical techniques, environmental monitoring studies are increasingly able to report the occurrence of tens or hundreds of chemicals per site, making it difficult to identify the most relevant chemicals from a biological standpoint. For the present study, organic chemical occurrence was examined, individually and as mixtures, in the context of potential biological effects. Sediment was collected at 71 Great Lakes (USA/Canada) tributary sites and analyzed for 87 chemicals. Multiple risk-based lines of evidence were used to prioritize chemicals and locations, including comparing sediment concentrations and estimated porewater concentrations with established whole-organism benchmarks (i.e., sediment and water quality criteria and screening values) and with high-throughput toxicity screening data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast database, estimating additive effects of chemical mixtures on common ToxCast endpoints, and estimating toxic equivalencies for mixtures of alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This multiple-lines-of-evidence approach enabled the screening of more chemicals, mitigated the uncertainties of individual approaches, and strengthened common conclusions. Collectively, at least one benchmark/screening value was exceeded for 54 of the 87 chemicals, with exceedances observed at all 71 of the monitoring sites. Chemicals with the greatest potential for biological effects, both individually and as mixture components, were bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, indole, carbazole, and several PAHs. Potential adverse outcomes based on ToxCast gene targets and putative adverse outcome pathways relevant to individual chemicals and chemical mixtures included tumors, skewed sex ratios, reproductive dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and early mortality, among others. The results provide a screening-level prioritization of chemicals with the greatest potential for adverse biological effects and an indication of sites where they are most likely to occur. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1016–1041. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Abstract

Relative priority for bioeffects due to organic chemical exposure in sediment from Great Lakes tributaries.
Low Formaldehyde Binders for Mineral Wool Insulation: A Review
Authors: Bennett Thomas M. , Allan John F. , Garden Jennifer A. , Shaver Michael P.
Published: January 2022

Insulating materials are ubiquitous in a built environment and play a critical role in reducing the energy consumed to maintain habitable indoor environments. Mineral wool insulation (MWI) products, including glass, stone, and slag variants, are the most widely used class of insulating materials in Europe and account for more than 50% of the total market by volume. MWI typically consists of two key components: a mesh of inorganic fibers that are several micrometers in diameter, and an organic thermosetting adhesive commonly referred to as the “binder.” Traditional phenol‐formaldehyde‐urea (PFU) binders used in the manufacture of MWI are increasingly being scrutinized for the formaldehyde released during their manufacture and service lifetime. The recent classification of formaldehyde as a carcinogen by various safety organizations has accelerated a paradigm shift within the industry toward alternative binder technologies that minimize or indeed eliminate formaldehyde emissions. This review examines more recent strategies for achieving low‐ or zero‐added formaldehyde binders for MWI, with a particular focus on the patent literature. The chemistry underpinning traditional PFU binders is presented and compared to new strategies involving scavenging molecules that decrease formaldehyde emissions, as well as zero‐added formaldehyde binder technologies such as polyester, Maillard, and epoxide thermosets.
Invasive hemodynamics are equivocal for functional outcomes after MitraClip
Authors: Power Juliette E. , Reiff Chris , Tsangaris Adamantios , Hall Alexandra , Raveendran Ganesh , Yannopoulos Demetris , Gurevich Sergey
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To evaluate invasive hemodynamics in assessing MC therapy success as well as evaluate its effectiveness as a predictor of functional outcomes.

Background

Mitral regurgitation grade is a poor predictor of functional outcomes after a MitraClip. There is a paucity of data on invasive hemodynamics as a predictor of outcomes.

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients underwent MC between 2015 and 2018 at the University of Minnesota Medical Center and were retrospectively analyzed. Invasive hemodynamics were performed before and after device deployment with transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 16. Student's t test was used for continuous variables and Pearson's chi‐squared test for categorical variables. Mann‐Whitney test was performed for continuous variables where data were not normally distributed. Logistic and linear regression were used to investigate relationships between variables and outcomes.

Results

A total of 69 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 83 (75‐87) years and 38 (55%) were male. Eighty‐one percentage had >/= NYHA III symptoms. Eighty‐seven percentage had severe MR. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 20 (15‐24). Overall, there was significant improvement in left atrial pressure including mean left atrial pressure index, MR, and NYHA class after MC (<.001). There was no significant association between invasive hemodynamics (including left atrial mean pressure index or its reduction rate) and functional outcomes (p = NS). MR grade was also not predictive of functional outcomes.

Conclusion

Left atrial pressure may not be a significant predictor of functional outcomes, and, in isolation, may not be an improvement over MR grade.
The influence of acute kidney disease on the clinical outcomes of patients who received cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin
Authors: Fernandes Alexandre Ricardo Da Silva , de Brito Germana Alves , Baptista Aline Lourenço , Andrade Luis André Silvestre , Imanishe Marina Harume , Pereira Benedito Jorge
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

Cisplatin (CDDP) is used as the first line of treatment for some tumors, but its use may be restricted due to its nephrotoxicity. Carboplatin (CARBO) and oxaliplatin (OXA) are less nephrotoxic alternatives to CDDP. This study has the objective to determine the incidence of acute kidney disease after chemotherapy with CDDP, CARBO, or OXA.

Methods

A clinical study of a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent treatment with CDDP, CARBO, or OXA from January‐December 2016. Acute kidney Disease (AKD) was defined as elevated serum creatinine (sCR) levels before and up to 3 months after chemotherapy. Morbidities, type of tumor, and treatment data were recorded.

Results

A total of 212 patients aged 55.5 ± 14.0 years were evaluated. Among the comorbidities, 30% had arterial hypertension (AH) and 11% had diabetes, and 18% were treated with CDDP, 41% with CARBO, and 41% with OXA. There was no difference in sCR levels before and after chemotherapy regardless of the chemotherapy used. The prevalence of eGFRs <60 mL/min after chemotherapy was higher in patients with AH and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The incidence of post‐chemotherapy AKD was 7.0% (n = 13) and the mortality rate was 38.2%. Survival was lower in patients with AKD (P = .012).

Conclusions

There was a low incidence of AKD among the patients regardless of the chemotherapy used, but the patients with AKD had shorter survival. In addition, the reduction in eGFR after chemotherapy was greater in patients with AH and CVD.
Prevalence of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use in patients with hypertensive crisis
Authors: Jahangiri Soodeh , Mousavi Seyed Hamidreza , Hatamnejad Mohammad Reza , Salimi Maryam , Bazrafshan Hamed
Published: January 2022

Backgound

One of the known risk factors for hypertensive crisis (HTN‐C) is non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which their adverse effects can lead to end‐organ damage such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular issues.

Aims

Data on the correlation between NSAIDs and HTN‐C are limited. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NSAID use among patients with HTN‐C.

Materials & Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted among patients primarily diagnosed with HTN‐C referred to Alzahra hospital, Shiraz, Iran from April 2015 to April 2020. Demographic data, as well as information regarding the past medical and drug history and laboratory findings, were gathered retrospectively. The history of NSAID use was also asked specifically. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and the P‐value less than .05 was considered significant.

Results

A total of 257 patients with a mean age of 59.73 were enrolled in the study. Among them 62.6% were female and 137 patients (53.33%) used NSAIDs. Of all the patients 197 (76.7%), 71 (27.6%), and 46 (17.9%) suffered from concomitant hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and ischemic heart disease (IHD) respectively. A significant relation was found between having each of the comorbidities and NSAIDs use among HTN‐C patients (P‐value <.0001). NSAIDs use was also significantly higher in older age (P‐value <.0001) and female gender (P‐value <.02). A high rate of NSAID use was seen among HTN‐C patients with a positive significant correlation to concomitant diseases, older age, and female gender.

Conclusion

The Results of our study indicate that NSAIDs are frequently used among those with HTN‐C and considering the adverse effects of these medication our results further highlight the importance of monitoring and limiting NSAID use.
Kejimkujik calibrated catchments: A benchmark dataset for long‐term impacts of terrestrial and freshwater acidification
Authors: Sterling Shannon , Clair Thomas A. , Rotteveel Lobke , O'Driscoll Nelson , Houle Daniel , Halfyard Edmund , Keys Kevin
Published: January 2022

Delays in forest recovery from terrestrial acidification combined with climate change are leading Acadian Forest ecosystems into new territory. The Kejimkujik Calibrated Catchments (KCC) Study Program was established in and adjacent to Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site (KNP) in Southwest Nova Scotia (SWNS), Canada, in the late 1970s to study the impacts of acid precipitation on pristine and vulnerable ecosystems. The KCC now have one of the longest continuously monitored water chemistry records in North America, with data collection beginning in 1980. Its infrastructure includes three gauged streams with regular water chemistry sampling, 12 forest inventory plots, and an atmospheric deposition monitoring station. Recently, LiDAR data coverage was acquired for the study basins. Data collected at the KCC form part of the lake monitoring program of Environment and Climate Change Canada used in acidification, climate change, and mercury studies. Important characteristics of the KCC watersheds are their high sensitivity to acid deposition, high and increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels and lowland topography causing extensive wetlands. The KCC are also emerging as an important location for the study and protection of terrestrial and aquatic species‐at‐risk.
Some considerations for social cognition assessment in children
Authors: Pineda‐Alhucema Wilmar , Jiménez‐Figueroa Giomar
Published: January 2022

Social cognition is a very important group of neurocognitive processes involved especially in social functioning; currently, the amount of research on this topic is increasing and suggests some considerations about its assessment, particularly in the child population. This article presents some of these considerations focussed on the theoretical models, the type of instrument and some suggestions for the assessment processes. Specifically, four considerations are proposed: to be clear about the purpose of the assessment, to identify the domains of social cognition and the instruments to assess them, to consider the approach to the assessment and to analyse the role of the cultural and social context, all these keeping in mind the children's benefit.