bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Corn Earworm on Sorghum, 1989
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: March 2022

Two carbamates and a pyrethroid insecticide were evaluated for CEW control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 18 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Insecticides were applied using a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer to the inner 6 sorghum rows through TX-6 hollow cone nozzels at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jul when the sorghum grain was in the soft-dough stage of development. Larval densities were determined by the "beat bucket" technique. A pre-treatment count of CEW larvae abundance was made the day before insecticides were applied. Post treatment counts of CEW densities were made on 10 Jul (3 DAT) and 14 Jul (7 DAT). The percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton formula. Grain yield data were collected from the middle 2 rows in each plot. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.
Control of Lepidoptera in Soybean, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in southern Mississippi in Stone County in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 10 Jul in 34-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 40 inches tall with partially closed canopy, and was 20% defoliated. Methyl parathion at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre had been applied 21 d pretreatment. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 1 Oct (1100-1300 h) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 75-82°F, with partly cloudy skies, and wind speed was 2-3 mph. Larvae were sampled 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval numbers in the check plots were used to estimate percent control, and the data were subjected to arcsin transformation for mean separation.
Control of Loopers, 1988
Authors: Johnson M. P. , Spurgeon D. W. , Studebaker G. E. , Mueller A. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Lafayette County, AR, with plants at growth stage R5 and 75-100% canopy closure. Plot size was 2 rows by 50 ft with a 40 inch row spacing. A cotton field was located immediately south of the test field. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 31 Aug with a Solo backpack sprayer equipped with an adjustable hollow cone nozzle delivering 15.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Looper larval numbers were determined by taking 3, 3 row-ft drop cloth samples/plot immediately before and 1 and 8 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Loopers on Soybeans, 1989
Authors: Mack T. P. , Buckelew L. D.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conven-tionally planted and tilled soybeans near Tallassee, AL. Thirteen treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 20-ft soybean alley. Treatments were applied in water on 13 Sep using a boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating one row. Three samples were taken from each plot 2 h before treatment and at 2, 5, and 7 DAT.
Soybean Looper Control with Foliar Insecticides on Soybean, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Perry C. E.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers and green cloverworms in soybean. Soybeans were planted on 22 May to 36 inch rows in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Southeastern Branch Station at Midville, Georgia. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 50 ft with 6-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 3 replications. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 23 Aug with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom, at 35 psi delivering 17.2 gal of formulation/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 5, 8, and 14-d after application by comparing the number of insect pests/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date.
Efficacy of Currently Labeled Soybean Insecticides Against Soybean Looper in Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Smith Randy , Layton Blake , Hamer Jim
Published: March 2022

Registered soybean insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against soybean loopers. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.4 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 40 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide by 40 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 4 and 7 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken around the periphery of the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 29.3/25 sweeps. No precipitation fell on the plots prior to the 7 d count.
Aerial Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S. , Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of 4th ratoon sugarcane in Cameron Co., near Bluetown, TX. The field was sectioned in plots consisting of 33 rows (60-inch centers) × 1530 ft, with the 11 treated rows in the center, and 11 buffer rows on either side. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was applied to the crop canopy on 55-ft swath widths (11 rows) at a rate of 5 gal finished formulation (material + water)/acre. Prespray counts of above-ground bored internodes and stalks containing infested leaf sheaths (25 stalks/plot) were made 16 May. Treatments were applied weekly beginning 18 May (26 May, 2 Jun, 9 Jun) after leaf sheath infestations exceeded 10% (action threshold) in the Azodrin 5-treated plots. Postspray sample counts of bored internodes (25 stalks/plot) were taken to evaluate injury levels.
Tank Mix Combinations of Insecticides and A Herbicide Against Cutworms and Weeds on Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1988
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Each of the 6 insecticides and a herbicide, Devrinol, were applied in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seedlings after transplanting to determine their effectiveness against cutworms and weeds on flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted into a field of Fox loamy sand on 27 May. Plots were 76 × 14 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and consisted of 4 rows with 38 plants in each row. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) containing 3 tobacco seedlings were established in each plot. Ten fifth- and sixth-instar larvae were introduced in each subplot 2 h before treatment and then 5 DAT. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the cutworm larvae from escaping. The tank mixtures of each insecticide and Devrinol were applied in a 10-inch band over the row in each plot on 1 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 65-06 flat nozzles applying 11 gal/acre at 15 psi and 3.5 mph speed. Cutworm damaged plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted weekly after treatment for 4 wk and the number of weeds was counted 2 wk after treatment. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 d. Toxicity and residual activity of the treatments were evaluated by collecting random leaf samples at regular intervals from each plot. Samples were taken to the laboratory and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing insecticide-free sand and 10 fifth- to sixth-instar larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 5 d by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated check. The percentages of larval mortality in the subplots and laboratory tests were transformed into angular units, and square root transformation was used for the number of cutworm damaged plants before ANOVA. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Late Season Tobacco Budworm and Tobacco Hornworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Georgia, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. L.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA, on 29 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (36 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Nine insecticide treatments were applied on 18 Jul with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 22.2 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. Number of live budworms and hornworms per 5 plants was recorded 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. In addition, the number of homworm eggs per 5 plants were recorded 10 and 14 DAT.
Mid-Summer Mite Control on Apple, 1989
Authors: Maier Chris T.
Published: March 2022

Four miticides were compared for efficacy against ERM and for impact on mite predators inhabiting semidwarf 'Empire' trees at Guilford, Conn. Single-tree plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates/treatment. Omite, Kelthane, Carzol, Vendex, and water (control) were applied dilute to runoff on 11 Jul with a Solo Master 412 mistblower capable of delivering a maximum of 590 m3/h. The orchard was sprayed throughout the growing season, with Captan and Penncap M applied on 20 Jul and Captan and Benlate on 29 Jul. Densities of ERM and A. fallacis were measured prior to treatments on 10 Jul and after treatments on 14 Jul, 20 Jul, and 1 Aug by collecting single leaves randomly from 20 vigorously growing shoots/tree. Active stages were counted with a Zeiss stereoscope. Abundance of S. punctum was assessed by making 3-min counts of adults and pupae located around the periphery of trees.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Georgia, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Sumner S. M.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA, on 29 Mar. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were separated by single untreated border rows with the center row of each 3 row plot being sprayed. Blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys on each end. Nine insecticide treatments were applied on 16 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 22.2 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. Number of aphids, budworms, and hornworms per 7 plants were recorded 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid on Winter Wheat in the Fall, 1988
Authors: Pike K. S. , Allison D.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticides were evaluated for performance in controlling the named grain aphids, with applications made 4 Oct to soft white winter wheat (growth stage: 2-5 tiller) grown on the Washington State Univ., Irr. Agric. Res. & Ext. Center, Roza Farm, Prosser, WA. Treatments were applied using a CO2 plot sprayer (8001 nozzles with 100 mesh screen) mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage. Sprayer output was 19 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 4 × 15 ft (4 rows on 12 inch row spacing), replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted 2 Sep (seeding rate: 45 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 3, 8, and 17 DAT, based on aphids/tiller (20 tillers/plot) sampled at random, field-bagged, and subsequently transferred to a Berlese funnel to extract the aphids. Plots were harvested on 10-11 Aug using a Hege combine.
Late-Season Control of San Jose Scale with SN 85292 (Applaud), 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to SJS-infested 30-yr-old apple trees. Each treatment consisted of 3 single-tree replicates. SN 85292 was applied in 2 rates. Lorsban 50 WP was the standard. A single spray of each treatment was applied at the beginning of 2nd-generation crawler emergence. Newly settled scales were counted on the basal portion (20 cm) of water sprouts (15/tree; 45 treatment) growing from major scaffold limbs. One sample was taken on 14 Aug before treatment and one in mid-Oct after harvest. Settled scales were also counted on fruit (25/tree; 75/treatment) at harvest time.
European Red Mite Control with Growth Regulators in Pears, 1989
Authors: Fouche F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Vogel G. B.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 20-yr-old 'Bartlett' pear trees in a commercial orchard near Walnut Grove, Calif. Fifteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with replications consisting of a single tree. Treatments were applied as a dilute spray in 400 gal of water with a handgun operating at 100 psi on 26 Jun and 300 psi on 29 Jul as ERM populations began to increase. There was one buffer tree between each experimental tree. The test trees and buffer trees were treated on 20 Jul with Sevin 80 S at 3.2 lb (AI)/ac for crop maintenance. Control was evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree and counting the active mite stages under magnification weekly from 19 Jun through 4 Sep.
Insect and Mite Control, 1989
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 33-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 370 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 2 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 11 Jun (first cover [IC]), 23 Jun (second cover [2C]), 9 Jul (third cover [3C]), 24 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 7 Aug (fifth cover [5C]), and 20 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), as noted in the table. The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb/100 gal) on 6 dates, Nova 40 W (1.5-2.0 oz) on 5 dates, and Captan 80 W (1.2 lb) on 2 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 'Red Delicious', 1 'McIntosh' and 1 'Cortland' cultivars. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 29 Aug, about 410 apples were picked from 4 trees of each treatment and examined on 9 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Early Jun was very wet, but late Jun and all of Jul were very dry. Summer temperatures were normal.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Raspberry, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each, replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. The number of aphids were counted on each of 5 canes per crown, 3 crowns for each plot. On 16 Jun, sprays were applied using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi as a dilute spray. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul, sprays were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre as a dilute spray. Treatments in parentheses were applied previously on 25 May.
Control of Green Scale in Coffee, 1988
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Yasuda George
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 4 insecticides was tested against GS at Kona, Hawaii. The sprays were applied on 20 Feb to individual trees until dripping with a hand-held bottle sprayer. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Scale densities were recorded from 4 young fully developed leaves near the terminal of each tree. The number of GS were counted for each sampled leaf. Data were analyzed using ANOVA.
Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1988
Authors: Victor French J. , Villarreal J.
Published: March 2022

Nomolt and Diaract, alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil, were compared to Agri-Mek + NR 440 oil and Vendex for efficacy against the citrus rust mite. Treatments were randomly assigned to 4-tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 15-yr-old grapefruit orchard on a 24 ft × 24 ft spacing. Each plot was buffered by an adjacent tree row on either side left unsprayed to minimize cross-contamination of treatments. Treatments were applied on 16 May and reapplied on 13 July using a Hardie Super 40 air blast sprayer with nozzeling, pressure (140 psi) and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At each sample date 20 fruit/replicate (5 fruit/tree) were randomly selected and examined in situ for CRM with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. CRM feeding damage (% russet) was assessed on fruit (rom test trees at harvest. Sixteen fruit were randomly selected from each tree (64/replicate) and rated for mite damage. Fruit with a 50% surface russet was downgraded and marketable as US #2 fresh or usable only for processing.
Citrus Rust Mite Summer Control, 1989
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Various petroleum oil sprays were applied to randomized 0.67 acre plots replicated 4 times. Trees were 30+ yr old and 20+ ft in height. Treatments were applied in various amounts of water (see table) with a Southwind pto airblast sprayer on 10-14 Jul. During the 3 d of application, temperatures ranged from a low of 80°F to a higher of 96°F. RH ranged from 54% to 79%. Winds during spraying were generally less than 5 mph. Rain fell during the night twice during this period. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 4 trees in each replicate for a total of 16 trees/treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined, averaged, and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Rust Mite Summer Control, 1989
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to randomized 2 acre plots. One 0.5 acre plot was left untreated. The trees were mostly 10 to 15-yr-old in the 6 to 8 ft height range with a few older 15 ft trees scattered throughout. Treatments were applied with 2 Durand-Wayland airblast sprayers equipped with sonar “Tree-See” nozzle controls on 26 Jul in 250 gal water/acre. Spray water pH was 7.6, each Kelthane treatment included 1 pt Triton 44M buffer, lowering final tank mix to pH 7.0. The Vendex 4L and 1 Ethion treatment included 4 lb cupric hydroxide/acre for greasy spot control. All other treatments included 10 gal FC-435-66 citrus spray oil for greasy spot control. At the beginning of the application, the temperature was 82°F, the RH 83% and the winds calm. By the end of the application, the temperature was 92°F. The RH was 68% and the winds were 0-3 mph. About 1 hr after the application was completed, a light shower passed over. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 plots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined, averaged, and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Rust Mite Summer Control, 1989
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to randomized 3 acre plots (air) and 2 acre plots (ground). The trees were 25+ yr-old and 12-15 ft tall. Aerial treatments were applied with AG CAT spray plane equipped with a micronair spray system boom and nozzles at 15 GPA. Flight path was above the tree row. Ground treatments were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer with sonar “Tree-See” sensors in 250 gal/acre. One half-acre plot was left unsprayed. During aerial applications, temperatures ranged from 74° to 81°F, RH was about 90%, and winds less than 2 mph. During ground applications, temperatures ranged from 75° to 89°F, RH went from 88% to 72%, and winds less than 4 mph. No rain occurred during or immediately after either application. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined, averaged, and recorded as one observation. All treatments including the untreated check received 2 lbs/A metallic copper for greasy spot control.
Citrus Rust Mite Summer Control, 1989
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to randomized 2 acre plots. One 0.5 acre plot was left untreated. The trees were top worked Valencia mostly in the 5 to 7 ft height range with some in the 12-15 ft range. The temperature during spraying was from 79° to 87°F and the RH was 87% to 74%. The winds were less than 4 mph and there was no rain during or immediately after application. Treatments were applied with an Air-O-Fan pto airblast sprayer on 1 Aug in 250 gal/acre. The spray water pH was 8.3. All treatments included 2 lbs/A metallic copper for greasy spot control. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined, averaged, and recorded as one observation.
Timing Lorsban Applications for California Red Scale Control, 1988
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. V. , Aitken D. C. G. , Smith D.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 10 single-tree replicates and 7 treatments was conducted in a field of mature “Old Line Washington” navel orange trees in Field 63 at the University of California Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, California. Each experimental tree was surrounded on all 4 sides by untreated border trees. Trees were assigned to 10 blocks of 7 trees each based on their pre-treatment infestation level of CRS, so that the 7 trees within each block had similar pre-treatment infestations of CRS. Each of the 7 trees in each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Six treatments were different application dates for Lorsban 4E at a dilution of 3/4 pt/100 gal. It was our original intention to apply all treatments in an identical manner, but our spray rig broke down half way through the experiment, and we had to use an alternate spray rig which was probably less effective than the first rig for obtaining good spray coverage. For this reason, results were compared only among treatments that were applied with the same spray rig. Applications by spray rig #1 were made at 460°520 psi and ca. 17-18 gal/tree and were applied with hand-held spray guns from both ground and tower (ca. 15-20 ft up) positions. Applications by spray rig #2 were made at 470 psi at ca. 19 gal/tree and were applied by hand-held spray guns from the ground only. The seventh treatment was an untreated control. The level of infestation of red scale in the plots was assessed once pre-treatment (Mar-Apr) and twice post-treatment (Dec, Mar 1989). In all 3 evaluations, 75 twigs (ca. 1-2 yr old, ca. 9 inch long)/tree were examined in situ and scored for the presence/absence of live CRS (only adult females were counted in the post-treatment evaluations while any stage except first instar was counted in the pre-treatment evaluation). In both post-treatment evaluations, up to 100 fruit/tree (100 were not always available, averages were 75 and 87 fruit/tree in the first and second post-treatment counts, respectively), were scored in situ as being infested with 0, 1°10, or >10 live or dead CRS (any stage). Infested fruit were categorized into those with more or less than 10 CRS/fruit because fruit generally are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with approximately 10 or more scale. Also, both live and dead CRS are included in fruit evaluations because scaly fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether the scale are live or dead. Therefore, counts of live and dead CRS on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and downgraded while counts of live CRS on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth. During the 3.5 month period that encompassed all the application dates, red scale phenology was monitored weekly with pheromone traps and crawler traps.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1989
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

Three miticides were evaluated for control of the PLSM on pecan. The study was conducted at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, LA on 54 yr old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 blocks, with one tree/treatment/block. Pretreatment counts were made on 17 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 18 Aug using an FMC 957 CPD speed sprayer calibrated to deliver 32 gal of finished spray/tree (288 gal/acre). Posttreatment counts were made 7, 14, and 21 d after treatments were applied. Sampling consisted of counting the number of mites (adults plus larvae) and mite eggs on 10 pair of leaflets on each tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Spring Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 15 Apr into plots consisting of 2 single-row beds spaced 36 inch apart with each treated plot separated by an unplanted bed. Transplants were spaced 12 inches between plants within each row and fertilized at recommended levels and irrigated as needed through a trickle system. Insecticides were applied on 28 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 2 HC-12 nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 35 gal/acre at 2 mph using 57 psi. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by counting cabbage looper larvae and eggs, and diamondback moth larvae on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot. Counts were made 1 day before treatment and at 3, 7, 11 and 17 days after treatment (DAT).
Cabbage Pest Control in South Texas, Test 1, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was direct seeded to plots (2 beds wide, 40 ft long) on 8 Sep. Experimental design was a RCB with 11 treatments and 4 replicates. Applications of insecticides were made with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 60 psi, and with 2 TX4 hollow cone nozzles/bed with an output of 30 gal/acre. Applications were made on 21 and 28 Oct and 15 Nov. Surveys of DBM, CL and BAW larvae were made 3 DAT from 3 plants/plot. Ten BAW larvae from a lab culture were caged on 2 plants/plot in plots with all treatments except 1 and 9 on 28 Oct and surveyed for mortality on 31 Oct. Visual ratings of damaged cabbage heads were made on 18 Nov based on 10 plants/plot.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Hernandez J.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 1 Feb ‘89. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72 inch center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Applications were made on 3, 10, 16, 23, and 31 Mar and 11, 20, and 28 Apr using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. All treatments were applied in water. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, small, medium, and large larvae of beet armyworm (BAW), and small and large larvae of cabbage budworm (CBW) were recorded on 8 plants/replicate, on 7 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants/replicate using a scale from 1°6 (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined for each of 2 quality levels, ratings ⁤ 2 and ⁤ 3.
Reduction of Fruit Damage, 1989
Authors: Cartwright B. , Bolte John
Published: March 2022

Diazinon 14 G was tested at the rate of 28 lb/acre for preventing damage to cantaloupe fruit by cucumber beetle larvae. A single application of diazinon using electrically driven Gandy boxes was made on 21 Jun at the time plots were direct seeded. Granules were distributed in a 3 ft band over row centers on the soil surface and lightly incorporated with a heavy chain. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 3 ft apart planted on 12 ft centers, each 300 ft long using 2 replications. Efficacy was evaluated by checking 50 fruit/plot 1 wk prior to 1st harvest for damage by cucumber beetle larvae or the presence of larvae. Damage was categorized on a 1-5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight (1-3 feeding holes), 3 = moderate (4-8 feeding holes), 4 = heavy (8-12 feeding holes) and 5 = extremely heavy (>12 feeding holes). Because of postharvest rots associated with damaged melons, ratings of 2 or more are considered unmarketable. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with p = 0.05.
Wireworm Control, Currituck County, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Pungo' potatoes were planted 4 Apr near Powells Point, N.C. Three row plots, 6.1 m long and 1.06 m apart were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied using shaker jars to broadcast the material or place it in the furrow before planting. DZN AG500 was applied over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a flat fan nozzle (80 04 E) operating at 40 psi to deliver 61.3 liter/ha. Broadcast materials were incorporated to a depth of 5 cm with a hand rake. Potatoes from the middle row of the plots were harvested 25 Jul, yields recorded, and the amount of wireworm-damaged tubers was recorded by weight and number of tubers. If at least 25 tubers were not found, potatoes from one of the other rows of a plot were harvested and evaluated.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Biological and Synthetic Insecticides, Pasquotank County, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Su perior' potatoes were planted near Weeksville, N.C. Single row plots, 6 . 1 B long with rows 1.06 m apart were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied using a COa pressurized sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X) operating at 60 psi to apply 119.2 liter/ha. Treatments were applied 16 May (all) and 24 May (M-One, Trident and Trident II). Visual estimates of foliar damage and/or insect counts were made 23 May and 1 Jun. Larvae were counted on 3 hills/plot. Small larvae were assumed to be 1st and 2nd instars, and large 3rd and 4th.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1990
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 17 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Potatoes were planted with 10 inch plant and 36 inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 11 May through 25 Jun. Ambush 2 EC [0.10 lb (AI) acre] was applied on treatments 1-6 and 19-23 on 11 May to control CPB adults.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in Southwest Florida, Fall 1988
Authors: Schuster David J. , Pitts Don J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 12 Sep, 15 inches apart on raised beds of Immokalee fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 6-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 30 Sep, 9, 18, 25 Oct, 10, 16, 25 Nov, 3, 7, 9, 15, 20 and 23 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 150 psi and treated all 3 rows simultaneously. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 3 sprays (2 nozzles/row), 65 gal/acre the fourth spray (4 nozzles) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). Each nozzle was fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. On 4 Nov, the treatments were applied with a hand held sprayer operated at 65-75 psi and 50 gal/acre. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 23 Nov, 16 and 27 Dec. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae were counted. A sample of about 25 lb of mature green fruit were harvested on 19 Dec. Fruit were exposed to about 100 ppm of ethylene at 70°F and 90% RH for 4-5 d. After about another week, fruit were rated 1-4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (Irr). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of the fruit.
Evaluation of the Insect Growth Regulator, Teflubenzuron, for Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 2, 11, 16, 23, 30 Oct, 6, 14, 20, 27 Nov and 4 Dec. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row and application pressure and by changing disks and cores. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 3 sprays (4 nozzles/row, 130 psi, D-4 disks, #25 cores), 85 gal/acre the next 3 sprays (6 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #25 cores), and 100 gpa for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #23 cores). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 10 stems from the middle row of each plot on 8 Nov and 7 Dec. The numbers of sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 8 Dec and the fruit counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags and the number of fruit exhibiting external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR) determined as the fruit ripened. This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri (Southern), 1989
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Arne C. N. , Becker S. A.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri Wurdack Farm located near Cook Station in Crawford county. Treatments were applied 20 Apr using tractor mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 16.5 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect collections were taken at pretreatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 11 inches tall at time of treatment. Rain fell on 3 d during the study and totaled 2.0 inches. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are used in the table.
Apple, Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 1 replicate of Golden Delicious' and 3 replicates of Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 25 ft and were 17 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun from a trailer-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 4.5 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca. 400 gal/acre). General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Captan), insecticides (Guthion and Lannate), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Bean Airblast Sprayer at 75 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/ treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator SP was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 50 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 50/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-50 (none to raised lenticels), 51-100 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 101- 150 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 151-200 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 201-250 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface). Russet values are as follows: Kelthane, 51; Vydate, 64; and Control, 25.
Stand Establishment Effects of Furadan, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 2.4 × 30.5 m (8 × 100 ft) were marked out in a recently prepared alfalfa seed bed in Freeville, NY. Furadan was sprayed and shallowly incorporated prior to planting. The seed bed was then planted with a Brillion seeder. Soils were gravel loam. Three treatments were replicated 6 times in a complete randomized block design. Rates of 13.5 kg seed/ha (12 lb/ acre), 20.25 kg seed/ha (18 lb/acre), and 13.5 kg seed/ha (12 lb/acre) + 1 lb actual rate of Furadan were tested to determine any advantage in the effect of Furadan on stand establishment. For annual grass control, 33.75 kg/ha (30 lb/acre) of Eptam 10 G was incorporated prior to planting, as was 1.175 liter/ha (1 pt/acre) of Poast. Butyrac 200 was incorporated prior to planting at a rate of 4.75 liter/ha (2 qt/acre) to control broadleaf weeds. A metal sampling ring was used to count the number of crowns/0.1 m2 on 30 Oct. Ten sample counts were taken in each plot.
Spotted Alfalfa Aphid Control in Alfalfa Hay, 1989
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Test plots for the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) were established near Buhl, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Five treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each individual treatment plot was 25 × 25 ft. Sprays were applied as a broadcast spray using a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzle type was X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. Pretreatment counts were made and treatments were applied on 1 Aug. The alfalfa was 6-8 inches high at the time of application. Sampling was conducted by taking five 180° sweeps/plot on each sampling date and counting the no. of SAA in the net.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. , McGahen J. , Hoffman L.
Published: March 2022

Sixteen corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa., during 1989. Four commercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 18 treatments was used (including 2 untreated). All insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow and as a T-band application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000R corn planter on 22 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row and in-furrow applications were directed into the row in front of the press wheel. The corn was planted on 22 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 12 Jun. On 19 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa six category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 20 Nov with yield (grain) measured from both rows of each plot. Grain weight was corrected to 15.5% moisture content for comparison.
Apple, Evaluation of RH-5992 on Stethorus Punctum, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (cv Yorking) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. Treatments were applied with a platform-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.2 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree. Date of application was 8 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of captan and calcium chloride, as well as 2 alternate-row applications of Guthion 35 WP and Lannate 1.8 L (0.35 and 0.225 lb (AI)/acre, respectively) were applied to all plots on 9 and 23 Aug. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees.
Black Cutworm Control by Rescue Sprays, 1990
Authors: Chaddha S. , Luedeman J. , Ostlie K.
Published: March 2022

Performance of liquid insecticides as rescue treatments against BCW was evaluated with artificial infestations at the Rosemount Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. Plots measured 4 rows (30-inch spacing) × 50 ft, were established in corn planted on 12 Jun. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. When corn reached about 2-leaf stage, a central portion of each plot (2 rows × 20 ft) was enclosed by an aluminum barrier buried 3-4 inches into the soil that projected 4 to 5 inches above soil level. Each plot was infested with a mixture of 40 third and fourth instar BCW larvae at dusk on 25 Jun. Before spraying, stand was counted in each plot and any plants with BCW feeding were marked with a painted stake to exclude them from the study. Liquid insecticides were then broadcast on 26 Jun a.m. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre through 8002 nozzles at 19-inch spacing. During application, air temperature averaged 78°F with winds still to 3 mph. After spring, plots were examined every 2-3 days for leaf feeding and cutting. Cut plants were marked with a plastic stake to avoid misses or recounts as undamaged plant on later visits. On 9 Jul (13 DAT), each plot was censused with the number of injured plants and cut plants recorded.
Miticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Posler S. C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. Prior to treatment, 2 plants in each of the 2 center rows of each plot were flagged. The natural field population of spider mites was very high and reasonably well distributed so no artificial infestation was necessary. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul by visually searching one-half of every other leaf (one-quarter plant) on the flagged plants for large (adult female) mites. All treatments were applied on 27 Jul, except for the experimental pesticidal soap which was applied on 31 Jul. Most of the treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-in drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 30 psi. Thio-Sul was applied with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre) using 3 Delavan 100/140, .75-inch rain drop nozzles. The experimental pesticidal soap used in this test was produced at Kansas State University. Counts were made on 2 and 15 Aug (6 and 19 DAT) by searching one-half of every other leaf on the flagged plants. Mite counts were converted to mites per plant for analyses and presentation. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the mean number of mites per plant among treatments using SAS Proc ANOVA and by comparing pretreatment means with posttreatment means using the Henderson and Tilton formula. The spider mite species composition which was present during the test was evaluated by collecting several mites from the flagged plants in each plot with a vacuum sampler and mounting them on glass slides for microscopic examination.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sand.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. At least 50% of the populations were western corn rootworm. Both experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Corn (Pioneer 3527) was planted no-till on 15 May using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications/treatment. On 25 Jun plants were counted at both locations. Root damage ratings were evaluated 23 Jul (Experiment A) and 24, 25 Jul (Experiment B), taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 9 Nov.