bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient and Recycling Catalyst for the One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Substituted 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Boumoud Taoues , Boumoud Boudjemaa , Rhouati Salah , Belfaitah Ali , Debache Abdelmadjid , Mosset Paul
Published: March 2012

The Biginelli one‐pot three‐component cyclocondensation was applied in this work to prepare 3,4‐dihydropyrimidinone and its analogues using the first derivative of lead, Pb(NO3)2, as a recycling catalyst, from a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, β‐ketoesters and urea. The reaction was carried out in refluxing acetonitrile and afforded the target molecules in good to excellent yields. The method offers several advantages including high yields of the products, short reaction times and easy experimental workup procedure
Correlation Study on Physico‐Chemical Parameters and Quality Assessment of Kosi River Water, Uttarakhand
Authors: Bhandari Narendra Singh , Nayal Kapil
Published: March 2012

Present work deals with the assessment of physico‐chemical parameters of water samples of Kosi river at Kosi sampling station during 2004 and 2005 in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Statistical studies have been carried out by calculating correlation coefficients between different pairs of parameters and t‐ test applied for checking significance. The observed values of various physico‐chemical parameters of water samples were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. It is found that an appreciable significant positive correlation holds for chloride with pH, Mg, Na, hardness and total suspended solid; and sodium with hardness, EC and sulphate. A significant negative correlation was found between potassium with turbidity, Cl‐, EC and hardness. All the physicochemical parameters of Kosi water are within the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except turbidity and BOD which recorded a high value.
New Investigation of Millimeter‐Wave Rotational Spectrum of CCl3CN in Ground, v7 = 1 and v8 = 1 States
Authors: Motamedi Masoud , Zohrevand Tahere
Published: March 2012

The millimeter‐wave rotational spectra of the ground and excited vibrational states v7 =1 and v8 =1 of the symmetric top molecule, CCl3CN, have been analyzed again. The B0 = 1666.80894(13) MHz, DJ = 0.135023 (23) kHz, DJK = 0.60596 (45) kHz, HJ = ‐0.0192 (10) mHz, HJK = 1.188 (34) mHz and HKJ = ‐1.60 (21) mHz have been determined for ground state. The 𝓁 = ±1 series have been assigned and the rotational parameters including B7 =1667.96659(25) MHz, (q+t)7=1.58855(94) MHz for v7 =1 and B8 =1667.08204 (31) MHz, (q+t)8 = 1.6141(36) MHz for v8 = 1 states were determined accurately.
Physicochemical Analysis of Borewell Water Samples of Telungupalayam Area in Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Shyamala R. , Shanthi M. , Lalitha P.
Published: March 2012

The dyeing units at small scale levels in the textile city of Coimbatore are ever increasing. The effluents from dyeing units play a vital role in toxicating the groundwater quality. Hence the present study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical nature (parameters) of groundwater in Telungupalayam village in Coimbatore city by taking water samples from five different stations. Evaluation of physicochemical parameters was carried out. To assess the quality of groundwater, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as prescribed by different agencies. A systematic calculation was made to determine the correlation coefficient ‘r’ amongst the parameters and the significant values of the observed correlation coefficient between the parameters was worked out. Suitable suggestions were made to improve the quality of groundwater of Telungupalayam areas.
Tetrahydroxy Cyclic Urea‐Potent Inhibitor for HIV‐1 Protease Wild Type and Mutant Type—A Computational Design
Authors: Sree Kanth S. , Vijjulatha M.
Published: March 2012

A series of novel tetrahydroxy cyclic urea molecules as HIV‐1 protease inhibitors were designed using computational techniques. The designed molecules were compared with the known cyclic urea molecules by performing docking studies on six of wild type protein and three mutant protein varieties and calculating their ADME properties. A series of novel molecules were designed by substituting hydrogen at the P1/ P1′ positions with hydroxyl group increasing the bioavailability these had better ADME properties and binding affinity towards HIV‐1 protease. The biological activity of these inhibitors were predicted by a model equation generated by the regression analysis between biological activity (log 1/Ki) of known inhibitors and there combined docking scores from six of the wild type protein docking. The synthetic studies are in progress.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with O, N, and S Donor Ligands
Authors: Reddy Vidyavati , Patil Nirdosh , Angadi S. D.
Published: March 2012

The complexes of the type ML2 [where M = Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)] L = 1‐phenyl‐1‐ene‐3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐prop‐2‐ene with 3‐ substituted‐5‐mercapto‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles. Schiff base ligands have been prepared by reacting 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one and 3‐phenyl/pyridyl‐4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazoles in an alcoholic medium. The complexes are non‐electrolytes in DMF. The resulting complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, conductivity measurements and spectral studies. The Schiff base acts as a tridentate dibasic and coordinating through the deprotonated oxygen, thioenolic sulphur and azomethine nitrogen atoms. It is found that Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes exhibited octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activities of ligands and its complexes were screened by cup plate method.
Investigation of Electrochemical Behaviour of Quercetin on the Modified Electrode Surfaces with Procaine and Aminophenyl in Non‐Aquous Medium
Authors: Mulazimoglu Ibrahım Ender , Ozkan Erdal
Published: March 2012

In this study, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical ımpedance spectroscopy have been used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone) on the procaine and aminophenyl modified electrode. The modification of procaine and aminophenyl binded electrode surface with quercetin was performed in +0,3/+2,8 V (for procaine) and +0,4/+1,5 V (for aminophenyl) potential range using 100 mV s-1 scanning rate having 10 cycle. A solution of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile was used as a non‐aquous solvent. For the modification process a solution of 1 mM quercetin in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate was used. In order to obtain these two surface, a solution of 1 mM procaine and 1 mM nitrophenyl diazonium salt in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate was used. By using these solutions bare glassy carbon electrode surface was modified. Nitrophenyl was reduced to amine group in 0.1 M HCl medium on the nitrophenyl modified glassy carbon elelctrode surface. Procaine modified glassy carbon electrode surface was quite electroactive. Although nitrophenyl modified glassy carbon elelctrode surface was electroinactive, it was activated by reducing nitro group into amine group. For the characterization of the modified surface 1 mM ferrocene in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate for cyclic voltammetry and 1 mM ferricyanide/ferrocyanide (1:1) mixture in 0,1 M KCl for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used.
QSAR Studies of 6‐Amino Uracil Base Analogues: A Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitor in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gupta Surya Prakash B. N. , Upmanyu Neeraj , Moorthy N. S. Hari Narayana , Bhattacharya S.
Published: March 2012

A novel series of 6‐amino uracil base analogue were synthesized. QSAR study was used to relate the selective nonsubstrate inhibitory activity of 6‐amino uracil base analogue with various physicochemical descriptors. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to find out the correlation between various physicochemical descriptors and biological activity of the compounds by using Openstat 2 version 6.5.1 and valstat statistical software. Out of the several equations developed, the best equation having the highest significance was selected for further study. The equation is able to explain 60% of total variance and are more than 95% significant as revealed by the F value.
Determination of Free Levels of Cinitipride in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Roy Shikha M. N. , Yetal Santos H. M. , Chavan Sangita V. , Pradhan Vara D. R. , Joshi Santosh S.
Published: March 2012

A rapid, sensitive and specific method to quantify cinitapride in human plasma using risperidone as the internal standard is described. Sample preparation involved simple solid phase extraction procedure. The extract was
analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry API‐4000 (LC‐MS/MS). Chromatography was performed isocratically on Thermo Hypurity C18 analytical column, (50 mm x
4.6 mm, 5 µm i.d.). The assay of cinitapride was linear calibration curve over the range 20.118 pg mL−1 to 2011.797 pg mL−1. Plasma concentrations of cinitapride were determined by LC‐MS/MS with a limit of quantification of 20.118 pg mL−1 that allowed an appropriate characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile of cinitapride at the therapeutic dose. The method was successfully applied to the bioequivalence study of cinitapride tablet (1.0 mg) administered as a single oral dose.
Synthesis and Study of Some Newer Analogues ofQuinolin‐8‐ol as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Hussain Sabir , Amir Mohammad
Published: March 2012

New series of 4‐(substituted phenyl)‐5‐[(quinolin‐8‐yloxy) methyl]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol (4a-c), N³‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐5‐[(quinolin‐8‐yloxy) methyl]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3,4‐diamine (5a-c) and N‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐5‐[(quinolin‐8‐yloxy) methyl]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐amine (6a-g) have been synthesized and the structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of IR, 1H NMR spectral data. In vitro antimicrobial activity (MIC activity) was evaluated and compared with standard drugs of loxacin and ketoconazole. Compounds 5a and 6e in the series have shown interesting antibacterial activity against both S. aureus (gram‐positive) and E. coli (gram‐negative) organisms. In this paper, we also describe studies leading to identification of antifungal agents. In the gratifying result, most of the compounds were found to have moderate antimicrobial activity.
Theoretical Study of Rotational Spectroscopy of Acetonitrile‐d3 in the Ground and Different Excited Vibrational States
Authors: Masoud Motamedi , Parinaz Moradi
Published: March 2012

The millimeter‐wave rotational spectra of the ground and excited vibrational states v8 = 1 and v8 = 2 of the symmetric top molecule CD3CN have been analyzed again. The l = ± 1 in v8 =1, l = 0 and l = ± 2 series in v8 = 2 states have been assigned respectively. The assignment and analysis of the measurements with a least – squares procedure have made it possible to obtain the rotational, quartic and sextic centrifugal distortion constants with more reliable and higher accuracy. Analysis of the v8 = 2 state gave the following rotational parameters: Aζ = 62218.96 MHz and xll = 87527.70 MHz. Investigation in v8 = 2 state indicates that l‐resonance is observed for this molecule around
.
Removal of Phenol and o‐Cresol by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon
Authors: Vasu A. Edwin
Published: March 2012

A commercial activated carbon was utilized for the adsorptive removal of phenol and o‐cresol from dilute aqueous solutions. Batch mode adsorption studies were performed by varying parameters such as concentration of phenol solution, time, pH and temperature. The well known Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich‐Peterson isotherm equations were applied for the equilibrium adsorption data and the various isotherm parameters were evaluated. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 0.7877 and 0.5936 mmole/g, respectively, for phenol and o‐cresol. Kinetic studies performed indicate that the sorption processes can be better represented by the pseudo‐second order kinetics. The processes were found to be endothermic and the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Desorption studies performed indicate that the sorbed phenol molecules can be desorbed with dil. HCl.
Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Catalyzed Oxidation of Tetraethylene Glycol by N‐Chlorosaccharin in Acidic Medium
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Sharma K. V. , Bhagwat V. W.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide catalyzed oxidation of tetraethylene glycol [2,2′‐(oxibis(ethylenoxy)diethanol)] by N‐chlorosaccharin in aqueous acetic acid medium in presence of perchloric acid have been investigated at 323K. The reaction is first order dependence on Nchlorosaccharin. The reaction rate follows first order kinetics with respect to [tetraethylene glycol] with excess concentration of other reactants. The miceller effect due to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, a cationic surfactant has been studied. The change in ionic strength shows negligible salt effect. The dielectric effect is found to be positive. Addition of one of the products (saccharin) retards the reaction rate. Activation parameters are calculated from the Arrhenious plot. A possible mechanism consistent with the experimental results has been proposed.
Ricinus Communis Pericarp Activated Carbon Used as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Ni(II) From Aqueous Solution
Authors: Madhavakrishnan S. , Manickavasagam K. , Rasappan K. , Shabudeen P. S. Syed , Venkatesh R. , Pattabhi S.
Published: March 2012

Activated carbon prepared from Ricinus communis Pericarp was used to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption. Batch mode adsorption experiments are carried out by varying contact time, metal‐ion concentration, carbon concentration and pH to assess kinetic and equilibrium parameters. The adsorption data were modeled by using both Langmuir and Freundlich classical adsorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity (Qo) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 31.15 mg/g of activated carbon at initial pH of 5.0±0.2 for the particle size 125‐250 µm.
Preparation and Analytical Properties of Amphoteric Chelating Resin
Authors: Shah Bhavna A. , Shah Ajay V. , Shah Pathik M.
Published: March 2012

The chelating ion exchange resin AFM was synthesized by condensation of anthranilic acid with formaldehyde and m‐cresol in DMF media at 100 oC ± 6°C. The identification of resin structure was performed by elemental and FTIR analysis. The thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), entropy (S*), enthalpy (H*) and free energy (G*) for thermal decomposition were calculated from thermal data. The morphology of AFM resin shows transition material between crystalline and amorphous phase. The rate of exchange was rapid. i.e. t1/2 < 22 min for Pb(II) and pH dependence of exchange of metal ions on the resin has been determined for several metal ions [Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II)]. Successive separations and recovery of some pair of metal ions [Pb(II)‐Cd(II), Pb(II)‐Zn(II) and Zn(II)‐ Cu(II)] have been performed by using distribution coefficient (Kd).
Microelement Contents of Locally Produced and Imported Wheat Grains in Yemen
Authors: AL-Gahri M. A. , Almussali M. S.
Published: March 2012

In the last few decades, wheat‐based products have received considerable attention in view of their potential role in transporting of microelements into the human diet. In Yemen, bread is the staple food, produced in different kinds from local and imported wheat. Most of it is not subjected to microelemental analysis. The objective of this study is to determine quantitatively the microelement such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Cd and Pb in samples of wheat grains produced locally from different cultivated regions in Yemen as well as those imported from USA and Austria. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for analysis. The results show that the contents of the microelements in the studied samples are generally within the permissible levels except cadmium. The samples collected from middle altitude and eastern plateau the cadmium is above the permissible level.
Effect of Temperature on Oscillatory Behaviour of the System Containing Isomers of Hydroxybenzoic Acid in Batch Reactor
Authors: Nath Masood A. , Ganaie Nadeem B. , Rastogi R. P. , Peerzada G. M.
Published: March 2012

In the present paper a thorough study of temperature dependence on oscillatory behaviour of the Belousov‐Zhabotinsky (BZ) system containing the isomers of hydroxybenzoic acids + BrO3-+ Mn(II) in aqueous acid medium (1.0 M H2SO4) at a fixed concentration of reacting species has been reported. On varying temperature, the oscillatory parameters like induction time, time period and number of oscillations show marked changes. These changes arise due to the position and number of hydroxyl groups in these isomers which affect the oscillations. Experimental observations have satisfactorily been explained by FKN mechanism and kinetic parameters. The oscillatory characteristics depend on the temperature dependence of the rate constant of the reaction controlling the inhibitory reaction steps (negative feedback)
Transition Metal Complexes of 1, 4(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl‐1‐yl) di‐imino azine: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies
Authors: Revanasiddappa M. , Suresh T. , Khasim Syed , Raghavendray S. C. , Basavaraja C. , Angadi S. D.
Published: March 2012

The synthesis and characterization of first row transition metal complexes of the 1, 4(2′‐hydroxyphenyl‐1‐yl) di‐imino azine {1,4(2′HPDA)} are reported. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic studies, IR, 1H NMR and UV‐visible studies. They have the stoichiometry of the type [M{1,4(2′HPDA)}2 2H2O ] and [M′L2] where M= Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and M′ = ZrO(II), VO(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the metal complexes has been investigated. Both ligand and complexes have shown good antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Vibrational and Quantum Chemical Study of Triphenylantimony(V)‐o‐salicylate
Authors: Hasan Tanveer , Singh P. K. , Raj P. , Singhal K. , Misra Neeraj
Published: March 2012

A complete normal coordinate analysis was performed by two different methods: a classical Wilson G‐F matrix method and the semi‐empirical molecular orbital PM3 method, for a five coordinate non rigid triphenyl antimony diester SbPh3(O2CR)2,[R=C6H4OH‐o], known to be a bioactive molecule. The study of vibrational spectra suggested that the title compound might have secondary bonding interaction between the central antimony atom and the carbonyl oxygen atoms. The atomic charge distribution, geometry optimization and thermochemistry, were also calculated by PM3 method, which help in finding the potential sites of the title compound.
Electrical Conductivity Studies on Co(II), Cu(II),Ni(II) and Cd(II) Complexes of Azines
Authors: Revanasiddappa M. , Khasim Syed , Raghavendra S. C. , Basavaraja C. , Suresh T. , D. Angadi S.
Published: March 2012

1‐Phenyl‐4‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl‐1‐yl)di‐imino azine, {1P‐4‐(2′ HPDA)} 1, 4(2′‐hydroxyphenyl‐1‐yl)di‐imino azine, {1, 4‐(2′ HPDA)} are derived from benzophenone hydrozone with different aldehydes in presence of few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid in alcoholic medium. Metal(II) complexes have been prepared by salts of CoCl2, CuCl2, NiCl2 and CdCl2 reacting with azine ligands dissolved in alcohol in the molar ratio of (1:2). The prepared complexes were characterized by using various physical methods viz. elemental, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, IR, NMR, XRD and UV‐Visible. Conductivity of the powder samples were measured by two probe method. Measured electrical conductivities of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) complexes of azines are reported in this paper. It is found that at room temperature these complexes show insulator behavior. At higher temperature conductivity increases linearly, showing semi conducting behavior.
A Simple and Rapid RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Nevirapine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Mohanraj Palaniappan , Sarkar Deb Kumar , Choudhury Tirthankar , Gauthaman Karunakaran
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of nevirapine in tablet dosage forms. Chromatography was carried on an ODS column using a mixture of methanol and water (89:11 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection at 284 nm. The retention time of the drug was 3.22 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 25‐200 mcg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.004 and 0.0121 mcg/mL respectively. The percentage assay of nevirapine was 99.52%. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, economical, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of nevirapine in bulk and tablet dosage forms.
Determination and Quantification of Phenytoin in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Roy S. M. N. , Yetal S. M. , Vaidya V. V. , Joshi S. S.
Published: March 2012

A rapid and simple high pressure liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometry detection was developed and validated for the determination of phenytoin in human plasma. Metaxalone was used as internal standard. The sample preparation involves a rapid and simple procedure based on liquid‐liquid extraction. Analysis was performed in less than 3.0 minutes in isocratic mode on a reversed phase C18 column (5μ; 50 × 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile‐buffer 2 mM ammonium acetate (80:20 v/v), pH of buffer adjusted to 3.4 using formic acid, at 0.4 mL min‐1 flow rate. The calibration curves were linear in the measured range between 101.2 ng mL-1 and 5060.0 ng mL-1. The validated lowest limit of quantification was 101.2 ng mL-1 for phenytoin. The mean relative recovery for drug and Internal standard was found to be 78.33% and 77.04%, respectively. The described method has the advantage of being rapid and easy and it could be applied in therapeutic monitoring of these drugs in human plasma.
Conductometric Study of Complex Formation Between Cu(II) Ion and 4‐Amino‐3‐ethyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐thione in Binary Ethanol / Water Mixtures
Authors: Hakimi Mohammad , Nezhadali Azizollah , Naemi Asghar
Published: March 2012

The stability constant, Kf, for the complexation of copper(II) ion with 4‐amino‐3‐ethyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐thione (AETT ) in 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 (v/v) % ethanol‐water mixtures were determined conductometrically at
different tempratures. Stability constant of resulting 1:1 complexes were being larger by increasing of temprature and ethanol percent. Stability constants of complexes vary inversly with dielectric constant of solvents. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation were determined from the temprature dependence of the formation constant. In all cases, the complexation were found to be enthalpy unstablized but entropy stablized. ΔG0 of the studied complexes were evaluated at 25°C using thermodynamic relations, the negative values of ΔG0 means that the complexation process is spantaneously.
Syntheses of 1, 2, 4 Triazole Derivatives and their Biological Activity
Authors: Havaldar Freddy H. , Patil Abhay R.
Published: March 2012

Cyclisation of [4‐(4‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐4H‐quinazolin‐3‐yl)‐phenoxy]‐acetic acid‐N′‐(substituted phenyl)‐thiosemicarbazides with sodium metal in 99.0 % ethanol gave 3‐[4‐(4‐substituted phenyl‐5‐thioxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4 triazol‐3‐ylmethoxy)‐ phenyl]‐2‐phenyl‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one . The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectra. The compounds have also been screened for their biological activity.
Catalytic Effect of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on the Oxidation of Triethylene glycol by Chloramine‐T in Acidic Medium
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Sharma K. V. , Bhagwat V. W.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide catalyzed oxidation of triethylene glycol [2,2′‐ethylene diqxybis(ethanol)] by chloramine‐T in acidic acid medium have been investigated. The reaction is first order dependence on chloramine‐T and fractional order for triethylene glycol with excess concentration of other reactants. The catalytic effect due to cetyletrimethylammonium bromide has been studied. The small salt effect and increase in the reaction rate with increasing dielectric constant suggest the involvement of neutral molecule in the rate‐determining step. The addition of p‐toluene sulfonamide retards the reaction rate. The effect of chloride ion on the reaction also studied. The effect of temperature on the reaction has been investigated in the temperature range 313‐333K and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenious plot. A tentative mechanism consistent with the experimental results has been proposed.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Substituted Piperazinyl‐quinazolin‐3(4H)‐ones
Authors: Raghavendra N. M. , Thampi P. P. , Gurubasavarajaswamy P. M.
Published: March 2012

Several substituted‐quinazolin‐3(4H)‐ones were synthesized by condensation of 2‐chloro‐N‐(4‐oxo‐substituted‐quinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)‐acetamides with various substituted piperazines through single step reaction. Elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral data confirmed the structure of the newly synthesized compounds. Synthesized quinazolin‐4‐one derivatives were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by Benzimidazolium Fluorochromate
Authors: Dharmaraja J. , Krishnasamy K. , Shanmugam M.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) by benzimidazolium fluorochromate (BIFC) has been studied in 50% aqueous acetic acid medium at 308 K. The reaction is first order with respect to [oxidant] and [benzyl alcohol]. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The decrease in dielectric constant of the medium increases the rate of the reaction. Addition of sodium perchlorate increases the rate of the reaction appreciably. No polymerization with acrylonitrile. The reaction has been conducted at four different temperature and the activation parameters were calculated. From the observed kinetic results a suitable mechanism was proposed.
Column Extraction and Separation of Some Metal Ions by Diethylenetriamine Polysiloxane Immobilized Ligand System
Authors: El-Ashgar Nizam M.
Published: March 2012

An extraction chromatographic solid porous polysiloxane functionalized by chelating diethylenetriamine ligand of the general formula P‐(CH2)3‐NH(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2, (Where P represents [Si‐O]n siloxane network) has been evaluated for the separation of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The chromatographic parameters of the separation method have been optimized. The ligand system retained Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) effectively when used as a metal ion extractant by controlling the pH value. The ligand system also shows a good separation of a mixture of metal ions Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) when used as chromatographic stationary phase. The optimum separation pH values were 4.5, 4 for Co(II) and Ni(II) respectively, while a solution of 0.1 M HNO3 was used to elute Cu(II). Metal ions were also preconcentrated at pH 5.5. The chemisorbed metal ions were regenerated from the solid extractant using 0.5 M HCl.
A Preconcentration Procedure Using 1‐(2‐Pyridylazo)‐2‐napthol Anchored to Silica Nanoparticle for the Analysis of Cadmium in Different Samples
Authors: Kaur Anupreet , Gupta Usha
Published: March 2012

A new analytical method using 1‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐2‐naphthol modified SiO2 nanoparticles as solid‐phase extractant has been developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Cd(II) in different water samples. Conditions of the analysis such as preconcentration factor, effect of pH, sample volume, shaking time, elution conditions and effects of interfering ions for the recovery of analyte were investigated. The adsorption capacity of nanometer SiO2‐PAN was found to be 60.57 μmol/g at optimum pH and the detection limit (3σ) was 0.76 μg/L. The extractant showed rapid kinetic sorption. The adsorption equilibrium of Cd(II) on nanometer SiO2‐PAN was achieved just in 15 minutes. Adsorbed Cd(II) was easily eluted with 6 mL of 6 M hydrochloric acid. The maximum preconcentration factor was 50. The method was applied for the determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) in various synthetic samples and water samples.
Kinetic, Mechanistic, Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the Adsorption of Rhodamine B by Acid Activated Low Cost Carbon
Authors: Arivoli S. , Henkuzhali M.
Published: March 2012

A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing Rhodamine B (RDB). The parameters studied include agitation time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra‐particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 51.546, 47.236, 44.072 and 41.841 mg/g respectively at an initial pH of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. The temperature variation study showed that the Rhodamine B adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the Rhodamine B solutions. Almost 90% removal of Rhodamine B was observed at 60°C. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained, positive ΔH0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of dye in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of Rhodamine B on PSC involves physisorption mechanism.
Green Synthesis of Benzylated Aromatics Using Iron Loaded Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Preethi Muthuraj Esther Leena , Revathi Shanmugam , Sivakumar Thiripuranthagan
Published: March 2012

Syntheses of benzylated aromatics like diphenylmethane and its derivatives by the condensation of benzene or toluene or o‐xylene with benzylchloride or 4‐methylbenzylchloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of various iron loaded mesoporous solid acid catalysts such as Fe/Al‐MCM‐41 (Si/Al=25), Fe/Al‐MCM‐41 (Si/Al=50) and Fe/Al‐MCM‐41 (Si/Al=100) are reported.
Anti‐Nutritional Factors and Potassium Bromate Content in Bread and Flour Samples in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ekop A. S. , Obot I. B. , Ikpatt E. N.
Published: March 2012

The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti‐nutritional composition factors and potassium bromate content of some selected bread and flour samples in Uyo Metropolis. The result of the analysis shows that, though the concentration of phytic acid and tannins was high in both the bread and flour samples their concentrations did not exceed lethal doses. The potassium bromate content was minimal in all the bread and flour samples and within safe limits of residual bromide found in flour as specified by the US Food and Drug Administration. The concentrations of the anti‐nutritional factors in the bread and flour samples were partially different from each other when subjected to the students t‐test statistics.
A Selective Bioreduction of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions from Aquatic Environment by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rahatgaonkar A. M. , Mahore N. R.
Published: March 2012

The need to remove or recover metal ions from industrial wastewater has been established in financial as well as environmental terms. This need has been proved financially in terms of cost saving through metal reuse or sale and environmentally as heavy metal toxicity can affect organisms throughout the food chain, including humans. Bioremediation of heavy metal pollution remains a major challenge in environmental biotechnology. Current removal strategies are mainly based on bioreduction of Co++, Ni++, Cu++ and Cd++ to their metallic forms by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in buffered aqueous solution. The rate of biotransformation was significantly influenced by pH of aqueous solution, concentration of biomass and hardness of water. All reaction conditions were optimized and maximum reduction of Co++, Cd++, Ni++ and Cu++ were observed as 80%, 63%, 50%, and 44% respectively. Unreacted Co++, Cd++, Ni++metal ions were extracted by 8‐hydroxyquinoline and Cu++ by diethylthio carbamate in CHCl3 at different pH. Furthermore, the concentrations of unreacted metal ions were established spectrophotometrically.
Vermicomposting of Vegetable Wastes Using Cow Dung
Authors: Muthukumaravel K. , Amsath A. , Sukumaran M.
Published: March 2012

Municipal solid wastes are mainly from domestic and commercial areas containing recyclable toxic substances, compostable organic matter and others. With rapid increase in population, the generation of municipal solid wastes has increased several folds during last few years. Disposal of solid wastes can be done by methods like land filling, incineration, recycling, conversion into biogas, disposal into sea and composting. Vermicomposting is one of the recycling technologies which will improve the quality of the products. The present study aims to find out the possibility of utilization of vegetable wastes for vermiculture. Earthworm Megascolex mauritii cultured in plastic trays (45 x 30 x 30 cm) containing soil alone (control) (T1), soil + cow dung (T2), soil + vegetable waste (T3) and soil + vegetable waste + cow dung (T4) for 60 days. Nutrient values were determined from the compost and compared with that of the control. From these results, it was found that NPK values were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable waste with the use of cow dung.
A Convenient Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel α‐Aminophosphonic Acid Esters from Amino Acids/Esters (Kabachnik‐Fields Reaction)
Authors: Mohan CH. , Babu B. Hari , Raju C. Naga , Nagalakshmi R. Usha
Published: March 2012

Synthesis of novel α‐aminophosphonic acid esters (5a‐n) were achieved with high yields through one‐pot three component reaction process by Kabachnik‐Fields reaction. It involves the reaction among amino acids/esters, substituted aromatic aldehydes and dialkyl phosphites in absolute ethanol at reflux temperature. Their structures were established by elemental analysis IR, ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P NMR and mass spectral data. All the title compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity.
Synthesis, Physical Characterization and Biological Activity of Some Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Rajavel R. , Vadivu M. Senthil , Anitha C.
Published: March 2012

Structural modification of organic molecule has considerable biological relevance. Further, coordination of a biomolecules to the metal ions significantly alters the effectiveness of the biomolecules. In view of the antimicrobial activity ligand [bis‐(2‐aminobenzaldehyde)] malonoyl dihydrazone], metal complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and oxovanadium(IV) have been synthesized and found to be potential antimicrobial agents. An attempt is also made to correlate the biological activities with geometry of the complexes. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, spectra and cyclicvoltammetric measurements. The structural assessment of the complexes has been carried out based on electronic, infrared and molar conductivity values.
Effect of Withania Somnifera Root Powder on the Levels of Circulatory Lipid Peroxidation and Liver Marker Enzymes in Chronic Hyperammonemia
Authors: Harikrishnan B. , Subramanian P. , Subash S.
Published: March 2012

Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (Solanaceae), commonly called Ashwagandha (Sanskrit) is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant, which has been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments. We have investigated the influence of W.somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory ammonia, urea, lipid peroxidation products such as TBARS (thiobarbituric acid and reactive substances), HP (hydroperoxides) and liver marker enzymes such as AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), for its hepatoprotective effect in ammonium chloride induced hyperammonemia. Ammonium chloride treated rats showed a significant increase in the levels of circulatory ammonia, urea, AST, ALT, ALP, TBARS and HP. These changes were significantly decreased in rats treated with W.somnifera root powder and ammonium chloride. Our results indicate that W.somnifera offers hepatoprotection by influencing the levels of lipid peroxidation products and liver markers in experimental hyperammonemia and this could be due to (i) the presence of alkaloids, withanolids and flavonoids, (ii) normalizing the levels of urea and urea related compounds, (iii) its free radical scavenging property and (iv) its antioxidant property. The exact underlying mechanism is still unclear and further research needed.
Chemical Properties of Groundwater in Bhiloda Taluka Region, North Gujarat, India
Authors: Acharya G. D. , Hathi M. V. , Patel Asha D. , Parmar K. C.
Published: March 2012

Groundwater is one of the most useful water sources. Contamination of such water source is a big problem creating health hazards. In this present study we have collected groundwater samples from different places of Bhiloda taluka of Sabarkantha district (North Gujarat) India. These samples have been assessed on the basis of various qualitative parameters. The results of physico‐chemical study of water samples from 13 bore wells in Bhiloda taluka are presented. The water quality parameters such as; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), calcium and magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage ( SSP ) were estimated.
Analysis of Pressure‐Volume Relationship for Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Rai H. K. , Misra A. K. , Shukla S. P. , Pandey A. K.
Published: March 2012

Relationship between compression (V/V0) and pressure have been studied for five bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) viz. Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni9Be22.5C1, Zr48Nb8Cu12Fe8Be24, (Zr0.59Ti0.06Cu0.22Ni0.13)85.7Al14.3 and SiO2.TiO2 in the compression ranges of V/V0 =1.00 to V/V0 = 0.10. Six forms of equation of state reported in the literature have been used in the present study to calculate pressure corresponding to different values of compressions. The comparison of graph plotted between the logarithms of calculated value of pressure to logarithm of calculated value of compression (V/V0) reveals that the agreement of Brennan‐Stacey equation of state (EOS) and Poirier‐Tarantolla equation of state are not good. It has been found that the assumptions, on which these equations are based, do not satisfy well in case of given BMGs.
Isolation and Characterization of Process‐Related Impurity in Azoxystrobin
Authors: Hiriyanna S. G. , Basavaiah K. , Sreedhar K.
Published: March 2012

One unknown impurity in azoxystrobin bulk material at a level 0.15% was detected by a gradient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This impurity was isolated from a crude sample of azoxystrobin using reverse phase preparative LC. The impurity isolated by preparative LC was characterized by NMR, MS experimental data. Based on the results obtained from different spectroscopic experiments, these impurity was characterized as methyl 2‐(2‐ (6‐ (2‐cyanophenoxy)‐2‐((4‐(2‐cyanophenoxy)‐6‐ (2‐ (1, 3‐dimethoxy‐3‐oxoprop‐l‐en‐2‐yl)phenoxy) pyrimidin‐5‐yl) methyl)pyrimidin‐4‐yloxy)phenyl)‐3‐methoxyacrylate. Formation of this impurity is also discussed.
Syntheses and Characterization of Some Tetradentate Schiff‐Base Complexes and Their Heteroleptic Analogues
Authors: Osowole A. A.
Published: March 2012

VO(IV), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the asymmetric Schiff base [(HOC6H3(OCH3)C(C6H5):N(CH2CH2)N:C(CH3)CH:C(C6H5)OH)], and their heteroleptic analogues with triphenyl phosphine and 2,2’‐bipyridine have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, conductance, magnetic, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ligand is tetradentate coordinating via the imine N and enolic O atoms. The Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes adopt a four coordinate square planar geometry, the VO(IV) complex is five coordinate square‐pyramidal and the heteroleptic complexes are 6‐coordinate, octahedral. The assignment of geometry is collaborated by magnetic moments and electronic spectra measurements. The compounds are non‐electrolyte in nitromethane and are magnetically dilute.
Polarization Studies on Inhibitory Effect of Chromates and Dichromates on Corrosion of Tin Coated Steel in 0.5M Monochloroacetic Acid
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Parikh Kinnari H. , Kadia Mahesh V. , Thakkar Falguni D. , Patel Dhara D.
Published: March 2012

Chromates and Dichromates have been tested for its inhibitory effects towards tin coated steel in 0.5M monochloroacetic acid. The corrosion behaviour of potassium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate and ammonium dichromate was studied by polarization curves, Tafel parameters like Tafel slopes, extrapolation of cathodic Tafel line and intersection of cathodic and anodic line at open circuit potential in presence of inhibitors have been tabulated along with other electrochemical parameters and corrosion current have been calculated from Tafel lines. The efficiencies are calculated and compared reasonably well with those obtained from loss in weight data. All the inhibitors induce a significant increase of potential positive and direction accounts for cathodic polarization. The Icorr has also been calculated and that accounts well for cathodic reactions in presence of chromates and dichromates as inhibitors.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of 3‐[(2‐Hydroxy‐quinolin‐3‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐2‐phenyl‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one and its Metal(II) Complexes
Authors: Siddappa K. , Reddy Tukaram , Mallikarjun M. , Reddy C. V.
Published: March 2012

A new complexes of the type ML2 and M′L [where M=Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) and M′= Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II)]. L = 3‐[(2‐hydroxy‐quinolin‐3‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐2‐phenyl‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one, (HQMAPQ) Schiff base have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, IR, 1H NMR, UV‐Visible and ESR data. The studies indicate the HQMAPQ acts as doubly monodentate bridge for metal(II) ions and form mononuclear complexes. The complexes Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes are found to be octahedral, where as Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes are four coordinated with tetrahedral geometry. The synthesized ligand and its metal(II) complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
3D QSAR Studies of DAMNI Analogs as Possible Non‐nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Ganguly S. , Gopalakrishnan V.
Published: March 2012

The non‐nucleoside inhibitors of HIV‐1‐reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) are an important class of drugs employed in antiviral therapy. Recently, a novel family of NNRTIs commonly referred to as 1‐[2‐diarylmethoxy] ethyl) 2‐methyl‐5‐nitroimidazoles (DAMNI) derivatives have been discovered. The 3D‐QSAR studies on DAMNI derivatives as NNRTIs was performed by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods to determine the factors required for the activity of these compounds. The global minimum energy conformer of the template molecule 15, the most active molecule of the series, was obtained by simulated annealing method and used to build the structures of the molecules in the dataset. The combination of steric and electrostatic fields in CoMSIA gave the best results with cross‐validated and conventional correlation coefficients of 0.654 and 0.928 respectively. The predictive ability of CoMFA and CoMSIA were determined using a test set of ten DAMNI derivatives giving predictive correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.98 respectively indicating good predictive power. Further, the robustness of the models was verified by bootstrapping analysis. The information obtained from CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D contour maps may be of utility in the design of more potent DAMNI analogs as NNRTIs in future.
A New Spectrophotometric Method for Hydrogen Sulphide Through Electrolytically Generated Mn(III) With O‐Tolidine
Authors: Suresha M. S. , Galil Mansour S. Abdul , Mahadevaiah  , Sathish M. A. , Kumar M. S. Yogendra , Nagendrappa G.
Published: March 2012

A simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydrogen sulphide is developed. The method is based on a redox reaction in that Mn(III) generated electrolytically is taken in excess, which is oxidizing a known but a less quantity of hydrogen sulphide and the unreacted oxidant will oxidize further o‐tolidine to produce an orange yellow quinonediimine absorbing cation (λ max. 455 nm). Therefore, in principle, the decrease in color intensity of the absorbing system is proportional to the concentration of hydrogen sulphide. The stoichiometry between Mn(III) and o‐tolidine and stability constant of the complex were determined by Job′s continuous method, the corresponding values were found to be 2:1 and 1.42X105 Lmol-1. The system was obeying Lambert‐Beer′s law in the range 0.2‐1.4 μg mL-1 of hydrogen sulphide. Molar absorptivity, correlation coefficient and Sandell′s sensitivity values were also calculated and found to be 4.2062X103 L mol-1 cm-1, 0.999 and 0.0012 μg cm-2 respectively. The method was employed for the determination of hydrogen sulphide in water samples. The results obtained were reproducible with acceptable standard deviation 0.01‐0.068 and relative standard deviation, less than 3.21%. For a comparison, hydrogen sulphide present in water samples were also determined separately following the methylene blue official method. The results of the proposed method compare well with the official method.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil From the Aerial Parts of Artemisia Herba
Authors: Nezhadali A. , Akbarpour M. , Shirvan B. Zarrabi
Published: March 2012

The aerial parts of the plant artemisia herba were collected in the May 2007 from Babaaman (North Khorassan Province of Iran). The plant was isolated by hydro distillation. A total of 61 constituents, representing more than 98% of the oil were identified by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main compounds, were alpha‐pinene (3.28%), champhene (4.8%), sabinen (5.18%), beta‐myrcene (3.04), cis,beta‐terpineol (11.31%), camphor (6.11%), 8‐hydroxylinalool (2.64%), L‐4‐terpineol ( 2.5%), alpha‐ therpineol (2.33%), myrtenol (3.27%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), alpha‐terpinol acetate (3.06%), germacrene (2.06%), davanone (8.49%), trans‐farnesol (4.27%), cis‐fernesol (2.07%) and 1,3,dicyclopentyl cyclopentane (2.29%). This herbal medicine traditionally uses as anti‐infectious, anti‐bacterial, emmenagogue, parasiticide, digestive and stomachic and gastric tonic in Iran.
Microwave Induced Synthesis and Anti bacterial Activity of Some 6‐(2‐Hyroxy phenyl)‐4‐(substituted phenyl) ‐3‐oxo‐2, 3, 4, 5‐ tetrahydro‐1H‐indazoles
Authors: Rao N. S. , Bajia B. , Srivastava Y. K. , Kumar Ravindra
Published: March 2012

The title compounds were synthesized by condensation of 2‐hydroxy chalcones with ethylacetoacetate to get intermediate 3,5‐diaryl‐6‐carbethoxy‐2‐cyclohexenone which were subsequently treated with hydrazine hydrate to afford the title compounds. All the transformation was carried out under microwave induced conditions. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity in vitro.