bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Productivity Dynamics of Manufacturing in Greece
Authors: Melachroinos Konstantinos A. , Spence Nigel
Published: March 2007

Although employment change captures only one dimension of spatially uneven industrial growth, geographers have often tended to treat it as almost the exclusive indicator of regional performance. As a result, it is not infrequently the case that this more or less sole focus on employment, although valuable in itself, produces an incomplete and sometimes some what distorted view of spatial economic change. The case of regional manufacturing restructuring in Greece during the 1970s and 1980s provides an example of the problems that over-concentration on employment can involve. By jointly examining the evolution of employment together with output, and the consequent labour productivity in the regions of Greece, the existence of two distinct geographies of uneven industrial expansion becomes apparent. The prefectures gaining most in terms of employment are not necessarily those gaining most in output. Although locally focused case-studies are probably what is required for a full understanding of the different facets of regional accumulation processes, the parallel examination of these three parameters provides a general idea of the possible different spatial outcomes of manufacturing expansion. It is this latter focus that is the purpose of this article.
Indigenous Social Psychology of Science for a Developing Society: An Empirical Justification
Authors: Kumar Neelam
Published: March 2007

The study begins with the question of whether there should be an indigenous social psychology of science for the developing world. In search of an answer, this study par ticularly explores whether the scientific values of Indian scientists are context bound or universal in nature. Using a psychometric approach, this study explores the nature of scientific values held by Indian scientists. To explore the structure of scientists' values, factor analysis was used. Results reveal replication of a few dimensions conceptualised in previous research in other cultural contexts and point towards the universal nature of research-related values. The results also show the similarities in terms of the nature in which scientific values relate to various research behaviours of scientists. The study further reveals that research-related values of scientists did not vary either with the biographical or the work context (that is, academic and national laboratory). Actually these varied with the various research activities. This provides additional validity of the universal nature of scientists' value system. Thus as far as the epistemological aspects of science are concerned, the need for a separate psychology related to science in develop ing countries does not seem desirable.
Phenomenon, Methodology and Interpretation in the Study of Meaning: American Women Constructing Themselves as Mothers and Career Workers
Authors: Crawford Valerie M. , Valsiner Jaan
Published: March 2007

This article provides a general overview of methodology as a cyclical process of conceptually integrating assumptions, theory, phenomenon, and methods with the goal of deriving data appropriate for the elaboration of the theory. Next it considers the role of the researcher's subjectivity in the methodology cycle, and issues of validity, meaning, and interpretation. Then, it approaches the issue of methodology by linking a particular conceptual framework, a cultural psychology, and a focal phenomenon, personal meaning construction, with a suit able method for its investigation, the reflective interview. Finally, it presents empirical material derived using the reflective interview as a data construction method in a study of personal meaning construction, conducted with upper-middle class, professional, U.S.- American women with young children. Analyses of this empirical material examine meaning construction processes as modes of "working through" cultural material to construct the personal.
Autonomy from Parents and Psychological Adjustment in an Interdependent Culture
Authors: Stewart Sunita Mahtani , Bond Michael Harris , Chan Wai , Zaman Riffat M. , Dar Rabiya , Anwar Muhammad
Published: March 2007

Psychological separation from parents is considered an important task in the development of the autonomous self. However, theorising about the importance of autonomy from parents for normal development has originated from individualistic cultures that socialise for independence. Urban, Pakistani middle-class, early and late adolescents completed measures related to behavioural autonomy (BA), emotional autonomy (EA) and detachment, and completed measures of psychological adjustment. Low detachment from parents and early BA in matters of personal choice is associated with good psychological adjustment. In contrast to the West where detachment is adaptive in families where parenting is not optimal, detach ment was not associated with good functioning even when parents are not perceived as sup portive. The pattern of findings complement those from the West, but also emphasise some important differences in the persistence of emotional interdependence across generations that distinguish this collective culture from individualistic western cultures.
Psychological Research in the Process of Social Change: A Contribution to Community Development
Authors: van Vlaenderen Hilde
Published: March 2007

Increasingly psychologists in developing countries are expressing dissatisfaction with traditional (Euro-centred) research. They argue for the contextualisation of psychological research within a people-centred development programme in the Third World. This shift in approach requires a new methodology, new research techniques, and a new type of relationship between the researcher and other participants in the research ef fort. This may originally create tensions between the traditionai requirements of scien tific rigour and the demands put on the research process by the involvement of local communities. Participatory research is suggested as an appropriate model for resolving these tensions in that it combines research, education and action and provides for alternative measures of validity.
Socialisation Antecedents of Allocation Rule Preferences in India
Authors: Krishnan Lila
Published: March 2007

Distributive justice has been examined in the context of reward or resource allocation and the research findings indicate that there are individual and cultural variations in what people consider fair or just. Issues related to the determinants of individual and cultural difference in the perception of justice are discussed. Earlier studies are discussed which have shown that allocation rule preferences are determined by personal, situational and resource char acteristics that reflect cultural influences. However, socialisation as a deter minant has not been theoretically or empirically studied. The socialisation antecedents for justice rule preferences are discussed with reference to the at titudes and values of both traditional and contemporary Indian society and with reference to child rearing practices. Indian studies of allocation rule pref erences are presented which indicate that the effect of pervasive cultural norms are moderated by situational and resource characteristics. It has been pointed out that socialisation and child rearing practices are not highlighted in tra ditional texts. Five cultural dimensions, namely, collectivism, power distance, traditionalism, agricultural economy and scarcity are discussed and the link ages between cultural dimensions, socialisation and allocation rule preference are presented.
Integrating Gender Concerns into Natural Resource Management
Authors: Thamizoli P.
Published: March 2007

The deep shift after the late 1970s in ways of thinking, seeing and acting led to the quest for small localised narratives, and participatory approaches committed to equity. This paper describes an attempt to integrate a participatory approach and gender concerns in problem anal ysis, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation in a project to conserve and manage the Pichavaram mangrove forests in Tamil Nadu. It also deals with the process of enhancing the equitable socioeconomic impacts of the intervention in the coastal villages, sensitising the forest officials, and developing their skills and those of the village community to facilitate women's participation at all levels. In the gender-sensitive micro-plan prepared to address the concerns identified through participatory rural appraisal, both men and women shared responsibilities: meeting government officials, legitimising their tribal identity, constructing and running an elementary school, and restoring and managing the mangroves. This process has enhanced the women's self-confidence, their capacity to save, and their control over income and mobility.
Women's Studies in the University
Authors: Bhagwat Vidyut
Published: March 2007

This paper charts the institutional history of the Centre for Women's Studies in Poona, which was established in 1987 by the University Grants Commission. It does so both from the macro perspective of the impact of changes in the policies of the state since the time of its establishment and from the perspective of the micro-politics of everyday life within the university system. The paper provides important glimpses of how a particular centre has been able to grow and survive in spite of severe problems and an uncertain future.
Manage the Self: The Indian Ethos of Management
Authors: Bhaya Hiten
Published: March 2007

This article offers both an incisive and exhaustive critique of the present degenerate state of values in society. The author asserts that while the capitalist system may solve the production problem, it can never usher in distributive justice through its reliance on market economy. The biblical sins and shada ripus will ensure that the values domain of distribution will remain uncharted. The article disabuses the reader of some of the misapprehensions regarding concepts like 'pure mind' and processes like 'mind-stilling exercise
Extraversion Strategies within a Peripheral Research Community: Nigerian Scientists' Responses to the State and Changing Patterns of International Science and Development Cooperation
Authors: Lebeau Yann
Published: March 2007

Labelled 'giant of Africa'in the 1970s on account of its promising human and natural resources, Nigeria entered in the early 1980s in an unprecedented period of recession following the domination of corruption over government operations, the fall of the oil market price and the introduction of a structural adjustment programme in 1986. Despite its potential wealth, Nigeria is ranked today as part of the world 's thirty least developed countries.

This has, of course, had severe repercussions on institutions of higher learnirg and the scientific community through the twin effects of the deterioration of working con ditions and that of the purchasing power of the academic staff. However, our study, based on visits in nine of the most prestigious research institutions and interviews with forty-five scientists working there, reveals that, contrary to all expectations, research has not died. It has, rather, been transformed in various ways along the survival strategies evolved by scientists and the needs of the international community.
Perceptions and Interpretations of Natural Disasters during the Transition from the East Roman to the Byzantine Empire
Authors: Meier Mischa
Published: March 2007

During the sixth century the relevance of natural disasters, well known phenomena in Antiquity, underwent a change. As common chronological systems had calculated the end of the world to come about around 500 AD, the long series of natural disasters which occurred from the beginning of the sixth century onwards was interpreted as a sign of that approaching end. In a context of strong eschatological expectations and together with the fact that the imminent end of the world did not take place, ongoing natural dis asters assumed important implications for the process of transition from the East Roman to the Byzantine Empire. Older, well known and widely disseminated chronological systems came to lose validity and new systems developed. In common perceptions, the powers of famous Holy Men had obviously failed as they were unable to prevent major disasters. Hence the search for new objects of worship: the rapid diffusion of the cults of Christ, the Virgin and of the saints. The worship of these intercessors was practised through images, marking the beginning of the famous Byzantine cult of icons. Gradually the functions of the Holy Men underwent a change: formerly intercessors with God, now they intervened between the emperor and his subjects as the emperor himsclf assumed an amplified religious aura in order to place himself above and beyond the new and severe Kaiserkritik, one more consequence of the natural disasters of the sixth century.
Rex scholaribus impendebant: The King's Image as Patron of Learning in Thirteenth Century French and Spanish Chronicles: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Rodriguez de la Peña Manuel Alejandro
Published: March 2007

Philip Augustus and St Louis' role in transforming Paris as the civitas scholarum of Western Christendom was praised by some French royal chroniclers as a conscious act for the sake of wisdom. In reality, the Capetian act to develop the University was a result of a difficult com promise between opposite interests. Other chroniclers were saying the same thing at the same time in the Spanish kingdom of Leon-Castile. We find this topos of the king as rex institutor scholarum in two of the most significant Spanish chronicles of this age, even as the implaus ibility of the rex litteratus' image forAlfonso VIII in these chronicles is patent. This picture of idealised wise kings concerned about education provides a good point of comparison between the images of kingship in French and Spanish chronicles written during the thirteenth century.
Political Judgement between Empirical Experience and Scholarly Tradition: Engelbert Kaempfer's Report on Persia (1684-85)
Authors: Brakensiek Stefan
Published: March 2007

The article attempts a reconstruction of the ways in which the pro duction of knowledge about Persia was organised by Engelbert Kaempfer in his writings. This late seventeenth century German traveller to Asia has been unfailingly commended for his critical empiricism. While this has been taken for granted in thefield of natural sciences—Kaempfer was a famous physician and botanist—it is more difficult, when searching for the foundations of his judgement about the political system of Persia, to distinguish between experience and scholarly tradition. The article provides a survey of the information Kaempfer had to rely upon. A comparison between these sources and the report itself gives us some insight into the processes through which the production of socio-political knowledge about an alien world took place and how the encounter with the alien exercised an influence on the political judgement of a seventeenth century explorer.
Evaluating Financing Options to Strengthen Ambulance Services
Authors: Bhat Ramesh
Published: March 2007

The provision of ambulance services in remote areas is an important policy inter vention to strengthen the referral system and improve the quality of emergency care. The financial requirements resulting out of capital costs and operating expenses are considerable. Given the financial constraints facing state govern ments in India, departments of health need to explore alternative options. In this article we discuss the options of owning, leasing or hiring of vehicles. We also examine that if the facility has to be self-sustaining, what should be the fees col lected from the users of these services. We also discuss policy implementation issues of protecting the poor from high financial burdens and suggest an overall cap on total charges and exempting indigent patients. The role of local govern ments such as panchayats in creating contingency funds to meet the needs of the poor and developing appropriate exemption policies is considered important to sustain these services. The approach suggested in this article is an illustrative one and results would change depending on what numbers are used in analysis. These numbers are also expected to change from situation to situation. The spreadsheet used in this analysis can be obtained from the author on request.
Utilisation of Reproductive and Child Health Care Services: Some Observations from Kerala
Authors: Dilip T.R.
Published: March 2007

The data from the National Family Health Survey is analysed to show how the same cohort of women utilises facilities in the private health care sector for deliv ery care services, sterilisation care and treatment of their children. The preference of public/private sector depends on nature of service in demand. The role of pri vate providers in health care was found to be limited in the case of family plan ning services, but almost 50 per cent availed delivery care services from the private sector. A majority of women were found to prefer treatment from the pri vate medical service providers if their children were suffering from fever or cough. Class differentials were severe, with the public sector being the major pro vider of RCH care services for the poorer sections of society. People with a higher potential to pay preferred the private sector irrespective of the nature of service they required.
HIV Vaccine Development in Asia
Authors: Excler Jean-Louis
Published: March 2007

HIV vaccine development in Asia was initiated eight years ago in Thailand and has since proven to be very active and successful. Thailand has played and is still playing a major role in leadership and has catalysed numerous initiatives with the constant support and active participation of the WHO-UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Inittative. Strong political commitment, willingness to streng hen national capacity building, and an open mind to international collaboration have been key elements of success.

HIV vaccine development in Thailand is not an isolated activity disconnected from HIV pre vention and care, two keystrategies implemented by the Royal Thai Government. The HIV Vac cine Development National Plan has been successful as part of a comprehensive National Plan for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care. Thai researchers are now on the frontline and acting as peer advisers on HIV prevention and care, including HIV vaccine development not only for South-East Asian but also for African countries.

India is newly involved in HIV vaccine development. National and international collaborative initiatives between the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the US Vaccine Trial Network with Johns Hopkins University (funded by the US National Institute of Health) and more recently the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative have been launched, although they are still at very early stages of development. The National AIDS Control Organisation and ICMR have expressed strong political willingness and long-term commitment to HIV vaccine development for India. Strengthening national capacity building and reinforcement of national infrastructures are, however, preliminary conditions for a successful Indian programme.
Learnings from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Implementation in a Bank
Authors: Gupta M.P. , Shukla Sonal
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to highlight the learnings from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) imple mentation in the banking sector. CRM systems are particularly relevant to Retail Financial Services companies, allowing much of the management of the customer relationship to be automated with the objective of maximizing the profitability of individual customer relationships whilst minimizing the cost of managing those relationships. The study is supported by a case study of CRM systems in a major Japanese Bank- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi and also a field survey of scenario in Indian banking sector. The various issues examined include organizational information, the CRM strategy, strategic changes resulting from CRM implementation, implementation priorities for the banks and the factors indicating the performance after CRM implementation. The study revealed that CRM is gradually picking up and is definitely considered as a viable proposition by banks in improving services to their customers. One of the major challenges experienced during implementing CRM is resistance to change. To get CRM to work, high commitment is required in those who are implementing it.
The Singapore Mobile Market: A Diagnostic Study
Authors: Gautam Vinayshil , Sinha Sanjay
Published: March 2007

The developed markets in the Asia-Pacific (as well as in the West) have seen unprecedented growth in the industry in just a few years. Though in general, Asia is clearly behind the advanced markets like the West and Japan, developed markets like Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, etc., are far ahead of developing markets in China, India and Indonesia. This paper attempts to reveal the key market drivers in one of the developed market of the Asia-Pacific-Singapore. Singapore is one of the most strategic markets in the Asia-Pacific, being a major telecom hub of the region with over 68 per cent mobile penetration and also rated as one of best telecom regimes in the region.
LIFE IN THE (MEDIATED) FAUST LANE
Authors: Jackson Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Narratives surrounding the career of former Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson offer a unique site for examining the political and discursive formation of national identity. Focusing on media discourses, this study examines the nature and extent to which a crisis of Canadian identity was constructed, negotiated and, at times, challenged in 1988. More specifically, the analysis (a) locates the discussion of national identity within what Hall identifies as the two dominant ways of conceptualizing identity within contemporary theorizing; (b) provides a context within which to situate the so-called crisis, including the prevailing political, economic and cultural state of the nation; and (c) traces the emerging discourses surrounding the affair to illustrate the various types of `national affective' responses, including oppositional reactions.
This Business of Internationalization: The Academic Experiences of 6 Asian MBA International Students at the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management
Authors: Thorstensson Liv
Published: March 2007

Conducted in the spring of 2000, this study looked at the academic experiences of 6 Asian international students at the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management (CSOM). The research employed the case study methodology, with interviews, a classroom observation, and situational recall questionnaires as methods of data collection. The findings indicated culture shock, language barriers, and education shock as variables affecting the adjustment of these students, and are congruent with previous studies in this area. Students desired more preparation for academic expectations as well as the social environment before and during their studies at CSOM. They also asserted the need for increased international interest at CSOM.
Evaluating the Tempus Programme: Higher Education Development in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Al Kehm Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article focused on a recent evaluation of the European TEMPUS programme and reflects upon dome structural, quantitative, and qualitative findings of the study. While the TEMPUS Programme can be characterized ad being very successful, the evaluation nevertheless unearthed a number of problems. The pure numbers and facts presented for the quantitative and structural development of higher education in Central and Eastern Europe are quite impressive. They are contrasted with an assessment of the administration of the Programme, ad well ad the quality of cooperation between Central and Eastern European partners and Western partners. In her conclusions the author point out a number of issues which should be taken into consideration for decisions about the future direction and profile of the TEMPUS Programme.
International Cooperation and Support of Higher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Benedek Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

In 1991, the population of Bosnia-Herzegovina (B-H) was about 4.4 million, of which 45.7% were ethnic Muslimo (Bosnicak/), 51.4% Serbs, and 17.5% Croats. As a result of the war, there were more than 2 million refugees and displaced persons, only 250,000 of which were able to return to their homes (about 550,000 people were killed and 240,000 wounded). The war was finally ended by NATO airstrikes and the Peace Agreement (negotiated in Day-ton, Ohio), which was signed on December 14, 1995 in Paris

Today, Bosnia and Herzegovina consits of two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, itself made up of ten cantons, along with the Republika Srpska. After elections on September 14, 1996, it wad not until January 1997 that the new Parliament finally met and the Government was formed. However, the> new government has very weak competencies, and answers to a presidency consisting of one representative from each of the three major ethnic groups, with a rotating chairmanship. To stabilize peace, an Implementation Force (IFOR), which, since December 1996 has been called the Stabilization Force (SFOR), was placed in B-H. Additionally, a civilian peace-implementation authority was created in the form of the "Office of the High Representative."

The overall reconstruction needs (costs) of B-H have been estimated to be more than US$500 million.
The Fulbright Program in the Global Knowledge Economy: The Nation's Neglected Comparative Advantage
Authors: Groennings Sven
Published: March 2007

The end of the Cold War has led to considerable retrenchment in aspects of American foreign affairs—virtually across the board. The assumption was that because the U.S. did not have some of these programs and activities before the Cold War surely it would need less of them after the Cold War. No threat, no need! Of course, the Cold War was not the conceptual framework for the Fulbright Program, but rather mutual understanding between the United States and other nations globally. The Cold War provided a competition of ideas. Its existence increased appropriations for the Fulbright Program.
The Fulbright Program, or the Surplus Value of Officially Organized Academic Exchange
Authors: Rupp Jan C.
Published: March 2007

This paper will argue that the Fulbright Program can only add something substantial to what academic exchange normally does when it explicitly goes political. The surplus or added value of official American Studies depends on the way it is organized and programmed, as a command economy or as a negotiation economy and political rather than cultural. The first part of the paper provides some information about the context, history, and method of the Fulbright Program. It states that the program is primarily oriented towards Europe in order to strengthen the Atlantic Alliance and to culturally legitimize America s leading role in the alliance. Proportionally, the Netherlands was one of the most important nations of the program, not just because of its high-standing technical and natural sciences in militarily-strategically significant areas such as nuclear physics, but also because of its mediating role in the world of foreign diplomacy and scholarship. The second part of the paper deals with the transformation of the Fulbright Program in the Netherlands between 1947-1997. It shows that the first period of this time fully emphasized the science of education, whereas the second period focused on political science and political history. From 1985 onwards, a culturalised and depoliticised American Studies discipline has been dominating the scene. Re-politicisation of the Fulbright program in co-ordinated projects is pleaded for
AN EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF EMBEDDEDNESS IN TRUST SITUATIONS
Authors: Buskens Vincent , Weesie Jeroen
Published: March 2007

This article describes a vignette experiment on the effects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between effects on trust of the past relation and the effects of the expected future relation between the buyer and the dealer. A buyer can learn about the trustworthiness of the dealer from past transactions of the dealer. Moreover, the buyer can control the dealer if the buyer and the dealer expect more transactions in the future, because the buyer may sanction the dealer if the dealer would act untrustworthy in the present transaction, for example, by refraining from future transactions. Temporal embeddedness facilitates learning and control through the bilateral relation of the buyer and the dealer, while network embeddedness facilitates learning and control through third parties. In the experiment, subjects are asked to compare different settings for buying a used car, while the relation between the buyer and dealer is varied in these settings. We conclude that both learning and control affect trust at the level of the dyad (temporal embeddedness) as well as at the group-level (network embeddedness).
LONG-TERM EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS BY CREDIBLE COMMITMENTS
Authors: Abraham Martin , Prosch Bernhard
Published: March 2007

Carl Zeiss, a famous German firm, was among the first companies to provide employee benefits. Its sole owner, a foundation known as the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, promised a century ago to fulfill almost revolutionary social-welfare obligations to company workers. Can this promise be explained within a model of rational behavior? Using game theory, the relationship between employer and employee can be reconstructed as a Prisoner's Dilemma, in which both sides are interested in future cooperation but have incentives to terminate the relationship opportunistically. One possible solution is the implementation of institutionalized self-commitments; that is, a pension fund and severance pay are `hostages' that serve as incentives. Analysis indicates that the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung can be seen as a historical example of a private-sector organization that committed itself to providing benefits to solve a basic cooperation problem. The foundation's statute provides incentives for the both employer and employees to establish a long-term employment relationship. In fact, this was exactly the intention of the founder, Ernst Abbe.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Torsvik Gaute
Published: March 2007

Social capital is a topical concept in economic development. The claim is that regional differences in economic success can be explained in terms of differences in various social variables, called social capital. This paper attempts to delineate the mechanisms that link social capital and economic development. I show that social capital can produce two kinds of trust, both of which can reduce transaction costs. It is important to keep these two sources of trust apart, since development policies utilizing social capital have different impacts, depending on the basis of trust.
On the Reliability of Trusting
Authors: James Harvey S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a model of trust in which a Principal chooses either to trust or monitor an Agent who, in turn, chooses either to honor or exploit that trust. The Principal's decision of whether to trust or monitor is based on the relative temptation an Agent faces to exploit the Principal's trust, which comprises two elements - the environmental incentives the Agent faces and the personal characteristics of the Agent. The model is used to develop a reliability condition that the Principal uses to assess the likelihood that trust placed in an Agent will be honored.
Should Social Scientists Care about Choice Anomalies?
Authors: FREY BRUNO S. , EICHENBERGER REINER
Published: March 2007

The behavioral anomalies found by experimental psychologists (Tversky, Kahneman, and others) relate to the individual level. They are often considered to be irrelevant by economists because competitive markets are assumed to eliminate them at the aggregate level. However, markets are only able to perform this role under very limited conditions that often do not obtain even in the near-perfect stock market. Moreover, democratic, bureaucratic, and bargaining processes may under different identifiable conditions weaken or strengthen the anomalies. At the aggregate level, institutions such as conventions and laws may arise to counteract anomalies.
Rhetoric of Reason, Rhetoric of Passion
Authors: RIEDER JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines dilemmas of language use and interpretation, both in scholarly and vernacular speech settings, that render instrumental and normative attributions of motives problematic. These problems derive from the ambiguous status of utterances. Morally expressive and instrumental rhetorics, as used by folk actors, each may confer benefits, generate expressive solidarity, or indicate moral ends. Decision heuristics that fail to take this performative complexity into account compromise the methodological adequacy of scholarly depictions of motives and increase the risk of interpretive errors. Theorists of rational choice may discount spoken and written language as a reliable estimator of motives, thereby missing the underlying normative ideals which such rhetorics presuppose, deny, or obscure. Normative theorists may engage in the equally context-denying procedure of taking moral professions at face value, thereby missing the utilities and functions realized by normative talk. To the extent that scholarly inferences about utterances are grounded meta-pragmatically rather than empirically on a case-by-case basis, normative and instrumental accounts of social action risk devolving into rhetorical performances which signal the membership of social scientists in their respective speech communities.
The Limits of Reciprocity
Authors: COLL JUAN CARLOS MARTINEZ , HIRSHLEIFER JACK
Published: March 2007

Besides meeting the Nash condition (Axelrod's so-called “collective stability”), an evolutionary equilibrium must be an attractor—either an evolutionary equilibrium point (EEP) or an evolutionary equilibrium region (EER). In this analysis of Prisoners' Dilemma and Chicken environments, the “archetype” strategies (COOPERATE and DEFECT in Prisoners' Dilemma and COWARD and DAREDEVIL in Chicken) were augmented by the “reactive” strategies TIT FOR TAT and BULLY—entering separately in 3 x 3 interactions and jointly in 4 x 4 interactions. An instant-response assumption was employed that stacked the deck somewhat in favor of TIT FOR TAT. Nevertheless, in no case was all-TIT FOR TAT ever an EEP, although some conditions generated a mixed EER with only “nice” behaviors represented. A credible model should imply an equilibrium in which both “mean” and “nice” behaviors are represented. Remarkably, none of the conditions postulated here led to such an outcome. This unsatisfying result suggests the importance of introducing a PUNISHER strategy as described elsewhere by the authors.
Comment on Jankowski's “Punishment in Iterated Chicken and Prisoner's Dilemma Games”
Authors: Banks Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

The forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
How “Rational” is the Choice of “Rational Choice”?
Authors: ESSER HARTMUT
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Rational Choice in Collective Protests
Authors: OBERSCHALL ANTHONY R.
Published: March 2007

A rational choice (RC) formulation of value-expectancy theory of participation in collective protests is described and applied to East German popular protests against the Communist regime in 1989. The heart of the RC model is a production function for collective good attainment, an assurance process that overcomes free rider tendencies and strategic interaction based on expectations.
How Intrinsic Motivation is Crowded out and in
Authors: FREY BRUNO S.
Published: March 2007

External interventions have a significant and systematic effect on preferences: Under specific conditions they crowd an individual's intrinsic motivation in or out. Rewards given or regulations applied by a principle are more likely to crowd out an agent's inner preference for a certain task. The more personal the relation between the two actors is, the more interesting the agent finds the task and the more extensive an agent's participation possibilities are. Empirical evidence supports the claim that, in many cases, agents, indeed, react to an external motivation by reducing their effort to fulfill a certain duty. This points to new limits of pricing as well as regulating, even though the price mechanism does not destroy intrinsic motivation to the same extent because it is less restrictive than regulation.
Group Size and One-Shot Collective Action
Authors: FRANZEN AXEL
Published: March 2007

Situations of collective actions have been modeled as iterated N- person Prisoner's Dilemma games or N- person Chicken games. Although there exists some experimental evidence with regard to the effects of group size in iterated dilemmas, very little attention has been given to one-shot social dilemmas. This article argues that some social dilemmas can be modeled as one-shot games. Furthermore, it discusses and provides experimental evidence on the effects of group size on cooperation in four different one-shot games. The results confirm the hypotheses that there are no group-size effects in the one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma and in the one-shot Chicken game. However, group size does have a negative effect on the cooperation rate in both the Volunteer's Dilemma and in the Assurance game.
Interpersonal Allocation Continuous with Intertemporal Allocation
Authors: Simon Julian L.
Published: March 2007

Gifts and bequests trouble economic theory. A solution is to deal similarly with distributions for consumption among (a) the current person, (b)future self-persons who are legally and physically the same individual who is allocating, and (c) other individuals at present and in the future. Instead of a one-dimensional maximizing entity, or even the two-dimensional individual who allocates intertemporally, this model envisages a three-dimensional surface, with an interpersonal "distance" dimension replacing the concept of altruism. A key assumption, as in Strotzian intertemporal allocations, is that the discount between the current conscious "person" and future "self-persons" within the same individual is greater than the discount between other equal-length forward periods within the same individual. Applying a conventional present-value framework to evaluate utility, as seen at various decision-making moments, then makes sense of the phenomena under discussion.
EDITOR'S NOTE
Authors: Brinton Mary C.
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comments section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
THE NORMATIVE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDARITY AND INEQUALITY
Authors: Ziegler Rolf
Published: March 2007

Needy people prefer receiving help in interpersonal relationships or being supported by a collective solidarity system. However, all actors would also prefer not to help or not to contribute. The dilemma is sharpened if there exists inequality of need or helping capacity among the actors. Using a dynamic selectionist model the evolutionary development of a pool of strategies is simulated for different scenarios with varying proportions of `poor' and `rich' people. A special strategy called `Hypocritical Cooperation', which deviates itself (if not threatened by sanctions) but acts to compel others to conform to solidarity norms, turns out to be very efficient and robust.
CHANGING TRAVEL-MODE CHOICE AS RATIONAL CHOICE:
Authors: Bamberg Sebastian , Schmidt Peter
Published: March 2007

In this paper we report the results of a regional intervention study aimed at changing students' choice of the means of transportation by introducing a reduced fare semester ticket. First, we discuss and expand the concept of theory driven evaluation and relate it to the rational-actor theory used. The empirical results show that reduced cost produced by the intervention has a significant effect on behaviour but that this effect is mediated by attitudes toward the behaviour (preferences) and by perceived restrictions. Furthermore, the social process inherent in the intervention (polling of all students and mass media reports) also seemed to produce changes in the subjective norms. By using a structural equation model with latent means for two panel waves we have explicitly modelled the postulated set of propositions consisting of the substantive theory, the measurement model, and the action theory underlying the intervention. The results furnish complex insights on how the intervention was mediated by the constructs of a rational-actor theory—the theory of planned behaviour. Besides the significance of the variability of the price of public transportation for this population, the structural equation model yields information about the way attitudes, norms, subjectively perceived restrictions, intentions and behaviour itself are influenced. Furthermore, we can evaluate the stability of the constructs over time, allowing for both random and non-random measurement error.
The Beliefs and Practices of Traditional Birth Attendants in the Manxili Area of KwaZulu, South Africa: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Selepe Hilda Lindiwe , Thomas Debera J.
Published: March 2007

The World Health Organization recommends that people be within an hour of the nearest health care facility. In the Manxili region of KwaZulu, South Africa, difficult terrain and tribal fighting make this nearly impossible for pregnant women. Therefore, traditional birth attendants provide much of the midwifery services in this area. They have no medical training, and their beliefs and practices are not well understood. This study, therefore, gathered data on the beliefs and practices of seven attendants, using a case study analysis. Beneficial as well as harmful customs were identified and suggestions made for education of the attendants.
Use of Selected Nursing Diagnoses: A Transcultural Comparison between Mexican and American Nurses
Authors: Kelley Jane , Frisch Noreen C.
Published: March 2007

While use of nursing diagnoses has increased both in the United States and abroad, there have been few reports on the use and applicability of the diagnostic categories across culturally distinct populations. The authors report a preliminary study which compared the use of selected diagnostic categories in an American group and a Mexican group of nurses. Data indicate that nurses did not demonstrate consistency with one another in use of diagnoses either within each group or between groups. The authors caution that further study and documentation of how diagnoses are understood and used by practitioners is needed before widespread international or transcultural usage in encouraged.
Panamanians’ Practices for Health Promotion and the Meaning of Respect Afforded them by Health Care Providers
Authors: Purnell Larry
Published: March 2007

This study describes and compares Panamanians’ and Panamanian Americans’ practices for health promotion and wellness, disease and illness prevention, and the meaning of respect afforded them by health care providers. Understanding a person’s beliefs and values when planning nursing and health care interventions helps the caregiver provide culturally acceptable care that improves clients’ satisfaction and health status. Culturally respectful, acceptable, and appropriate care conserves the utilization of human, material, and financial resources. This sample comprised 70 subjects: 50 in the Republic of Panama and 20 from the DelMarVa Peninsula in the United States. This study uses selected primary and secondary characteristics of culture and selected domains from the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence as guides for questionnaire development, data analysis, and discussion of the findings.
People with Disabilities—the Same, but Different: Implications for Health Care Practice
Authors: Treloar Linda L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the author’s experiences as a nurse and parent of a young adult with physical disabilities, the author had much to learn about the culture surrounding disability. The contemporary fiminority-groupfl model for disability replaces a medical model that views people with disabilities in need of remediation. Disability rights advocates often criticize health professionals, citing erroneous assumptions and failure to understand the perspectives of disabled persons. The author illustrates applications for clinical practice by health professionals with excerpts from a qualitative study that explored the spiritual experiences of adults with physical disabilities and family members as well as their responses to lived experience with disability.
Toward Theories about Criminal Justice
Authors: Gibbs Jack P.
Published: March 2007

Theories about criminal justice are needed because of the important social policy implications of this area of study. There are three major questions which must be addressed by theorists as part of the study of criminal justice: (1) what are the aims of criminal justice agents? (2) what is the efficacy of criminal justice? (3) what are the consequences of criminal justice? Theories which have been proposed to answer these questions are reviewed and possible policy implications of these theories are explored.
Criminal Justice Theory: Anarchy Reigns
Authors: Henderson Joel H. , Boostrom Ronald L.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops the argument that more emphasis should be placed on theory development and exposing students to theory within criminal justice studies programs as an important element of professional preparation for future criminal justice practitioners. Theory courses in criminal justice studies have often emphasized criminology theory to the exclusion of theory drawn from other areas which might be more appropriate to an understanding of criminal justice organizations, the development of law, concepts of justice, etc. The atheoretical policy orientation of criminal justice research has placed little emphasis on theory formulation and testing. In order to secure our place in the university community as a legitimate area of study for the future and to provide a body of knowledge appropriate for the practice of criminal justice, more attention to theory is in our best interest and in the interest of our students at this time.