bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Self-Reported Recycling Attitudes and Behaviors with Actual Behavior
Authors: Barker Kathleen , Fong Lynda , Grossman Samara , Quin Colin , Reid Rachel
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the congruence of 102 college students' self-reported paper-recycling behaviors and attitudes with actual behavior. The hypothesis that college students would report positive attitudes toward paper recycling and associated behaviors in a survey was supported. Unobtrusive observation, however, indicated that self-reports did not predict actual paper recycling for most respondents. Only 14 students who had previously reported prorecycling attitudes and behaviors were observed to recycle. The implications of the results for research on college students' recycling and conservation behavior are discussed.
Loneliness and Pet Ownership among Single Women
Authors: Zasloff R. Lee , Kidd Aline H.
Published: August 2011

Relationships among loneliness, pet ownership, and attachment were studied in a sample of 148 adult female students, 59 pet owners and 89 nonowners. No significant differences were found on the loneliness reported by pet owners and nonowners. A two by two analysis of variance showed that women living entirely alone were significantly more lonely than those living with pets only, with both other people and pets, and with other people but without pets. No associations were found between loneliness and pet attachment. Also, no significant differences were found in loneliness or pet attachment scores between dog and cat owners; however, women living only with a dog were significantly more attached to the dog than those living with both a dog and other people. Conversely, women living only with a cat were significantly less attached to the cat than those living with both a cat and other people. These findings indicate that having a pet can help to diminish feelings of loneliness, particularly for women living alone, and compensate for the absence of human companionship.
Interests and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Mathematics/Science-Based Career Choice
Authors: Borget Michele M. , Gilroy Faith D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship of 125 college women's mathematical self-efficacy and interest in mathematics/science-based careers to the consideration of pursuing such careers. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that interest alone was a significant predictor of career choice.
Assessment of Depression: Using the MMPI, Millon, and Millon-II
Authors: Wetzler Scott , Marlowe Douglas B. , Sanderson William C.
Published: August 2011

The analysis examined how the MMPI, original Millon, and Millon-II may be used for the assessment of clinical and personality characteristics of depressed patients. High-point code-type analysis of data from 133 depressed inpatients yielded seven MMPI personality profiles (incapacitated-depressive, intropunitive-depressive, caught psychopath, hysteroid-dysphoric, schizotypal-depressive, ruminative-depressive, and psychotic-depressive) and eight Millon personality profiles (avoidant-depressive, conforming-depressive, hostile-depressive, hysteroid-depressive, disenfranchised-depressive, guilty-depressive, passive aggressive-depressive, and anaclitic-depressive). These profiles reflect important similarities in the personalities of the tested depressed inpatients and differences among them as well. Our interpretive framework is speculative but offers a basis for clinical hypothesis generation.
Political Style and Military Expenditures
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 18 industrialized nations in 1960, dimensions of political style which predicted social welfare spending did not predict defense spending.
Stressful Events, Work-Family Conflict, Coping, Psychological Burnout, and Well-Being among Police Officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined a research model developed to understand work attitudes and emotional and physical well-being. Data were collected from 828 police officers (including 738 men and 62 women) using questionnaires completed anonymously. Five groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, stressful events, work-family conflict, coping responses, and psychological burnout components. Considerable support for the model was found. Work attitudes and psychological well-being were more strongly predicted than were physical health and lifestyle behaviors.
Assessment of Self-Esteem and Wellness in Health Promotion Professionals
Authors: Jones Jane P. , Frazier Scott E.
Published: August 2011

When researchers tested 90 wellness professionals attending the National Wellness Conference using the Adult Form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory and TestWell, participants scored above the norm on self-esteem and over-all wellness and on the subscales of Sexuality and Emotional Awareness, Safety, and Emotional Management. In addition, TestWell, a revised wellness inventory, showed internal reliability ( alpha) of .84.
Work Experiences and Work Outcomes: Agreement among Men and Women
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study examined agreement between 829 women and 766 men working in 22 offices in their reports of seven work-setting characteristics and six affective responses to their work and firm. Significant correlations were found on only three affective work responses suggesting little agreement between women and men in the same offices. Possible explanations for these findings are proposed.
Use of the Lollipop Test as a Predictor of California Achievement Test Scores in Kindergarten and Transitional First-Grade Status
Authors: Eno Larry , Woehlke Paula
Published: August 2011

The Lollipop Test was administered to 161 entering kindergarten students whose scores substantially predicted performance on the California Achievement Test and status as transitional first-grade students.
Open-Area Seclusion in the Long-Term Treatment of Aggressive and Disruptive Psychotic Patients, an Introduction to a Ward Procedure
Authors: Bjørkly Stål
Published: August 2011

The clinical rationale and procedure of “open-area seclusion” as a treatment modality with psychotic patients is presented. This standard procedure was originally introduced as an alternative to arbitrary measures in response to aggressive and disruptive behavior. The seclusion area is locked, but the patient is never locked up alone in any single room. The method of open-area seclusion is composed of four overlapping phases: (1) assisting the patient to the seclusion area, (2) time for a “calming down” process, (3) debriefing, and (4) reintegration. Verbal confrontation is central in enhancing the secluded patient's reality-testing, for reinforcing responsibility for one's own behavior, and for encouraging alternative problem-solving. A step-by-step description of the procedure of open-area seclusion is presented and illustrated by a case history.
Improving Mental Fitness Reports of Candidates for Police Officer and Fire Fighter
Authors: Johnson Edward E.
Published: August 2011

On the basis of 18 years of experience on the Medical Review Panel of the New Jersey Department of Personnel, the author points out some shortcomings commonly observed in psychological/psychiatric evaluative reports on mental fitness of police officer and fire fighter candidates. Each shortcoming is noted under one of two headings, i.e., routine information or inferences.
Firo-B: The Power of Love and the Love of Power
Authors: Fisher S. G. , Macrosson W. D. K. , Walker C. A.
Published: August 2011

Factor analysis of FERO-B data obtained from new software product teams has led to a reformulation of Schutz's ideas on team compatibility. The concept of Group-Warmth as a derivative of the FERO-B Inclusion and Affection scales was developed and shown to be related to the commercial effectiveness of teams. In a like manner, the FIRO-B constructs of Control-Expressed and Control-Wanted were explored through concurrent factor analysis of 16 PF data. A new interpretation has been given to both FIRO-B Control scales, namely, Assertive-Impulsive.
The Child/Time Factor in Friendships of Men and Women in Similar Occupations
Authors: Ganiere Diane M. , Dinsmoore Christine , Silverman Ellen
Published: August 2011

To level the playing field when comparing men's and women's friends in number and closeness, a sample of men and women with approximately equal amounts of responsibility in the public sphere and equal amounts of private commitment in terms of dependent children was obtained. Survey responses from 59 men and 61 women as voluntary participants from similar occupational settings were grouped according to the presence or absence of dependent children. There were no significant differences between those with dependent, older, or no children when it came to numbers of friends, closeness to family, numbers of people who could be asked for help, or statements of concern involving achievement or relationships. Those with no dependent children did report spending significantly less time with their family and being significantly closer to their friends than those with dependent children. This latter observation parallels the one sex difference observed, that of women reporting their friends as closer.
The Behavioral Academic Self-Esteem Scale with Preschoolers
Authors: Beauchamp Karen D. F.
Published: August 2011

15 teachers completed the Behavioral Academic Self-Esteem Scale (α = .93) for 71 preschoolers. Teachers rated self-esteem positively. Three factors were identified, confident approach, adaptability to routines, and dealing with failure/frustration.
Comparison of GRIT versus GRIT/TIT-FOR-TAT
Authors: Betz Brian
Published: August 2011

120 subjects played a six-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game in which a simulated other employed either GRIT or GRIT/Tit-For-Tat with varying levels of communication. Analysis indicated that the addition of Tit-For-Tat to GRIT offers no advantages over the standard GRIT strategy.
An Investigation of the Importance of Domain-Specific Knowledge for Writing Proficiency
Authors: Evans Karen M. , Bart William M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between domain-specific knowledge and the development of writing skills. 70 undergraduate and postgraduate subjects enrolled in an introductory educational psychology course were assessed for content knowledge and also produced a writing sample evaluating an article in the discipline. For the entire sample, content knowledge and writing proficiency were not significantly correlated. Using the scores of one rater, the 10 most knowledgeable subjects had significantly greater writing competency scores than the 10 least knowledgeable subjects. Using the scores of the other rater, this difference did not occur. Explanations of these results are provided.
Roles of Hypomania and Intelligence in Antisocial Practices When Self-Esteem and Family Problems are Considered
Authors: Moriconi Donna M. , Martinez James C.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 71 nonpsychiatric adults, including 57 men and 14 women, completed the MMPI-2 and the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test. Preliminary support was found for the hypothesis that those who score high both on intelligence and hypomania would express the greatest tendency for antisocial behavior. However, this association occurred only when self-esteem and family problems were not controlled. Moreover, preliminary findings suggest that the interaction between intelligence and hypomania influences self-esteem which then determines antisocial behavior.
The Impostor Phenomenon in Adolescents
Authors: Lester David , Moderski Tara
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 233 high school students, the feeling that one is less competent than others believe one to be and a general tendency to cover up one's true self were associated with indices of psychological disturbance.
To Die with Your Boots on: A Comment
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

As recently suggested by Thorson, suicide, motor vehicle and accidental death rates were higher in the western, less dense states while homicide rates were higher in the southern states.
Personality Traits and Curricular Choices of Undergraduate Women in Home Economics
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: August 2011

296 undergraduate women in home economics were administered a biodata questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale-Short Form, and the California Psychological Inventory to determine whether there is a single “type” of home-economics major or whether students in various specializations in home economics differ from one another. Analysis indicated that majors varied on attitudes toward women's roles, two California Psychological Inventory factors (general adjustment and good impression; extraversion and social confidence or poise), and grades. Results can be interpreted in terms of theories of career choice which emphasize person-environment fit, implementation of self-concept, and other personality characteristics including gender-role attitudes.
A Multimodal Therapy Approach to Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Study
Authors: Proeve Michael
Published: August 2011

Agitated behaviour and poor coping skills in a patient with Borderline Personality Disorder who resided on a forensic psychiatry unit were treated using cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological interventions derived from a multimodal assessment. While a medication regime led to partial clinical improvement, the addition of interventions derived from the multimodal assessment over 9 wk. led to sufficient improvement in agitated behaviour, suicidal ideas and behaviour, and frequency of seclusions to allow transfer to the rehabilitation unit. Further supportive treatment led to continued improvement on these measures and to reduction in use of requested medication.
Perceptions of Career, Family, and Sex in Relationships
Authors: Higgins Mindi R. , Sutton Amy M. , Huss Matthew T. , Davis Stephen F.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses of 495 college students to a 28-item questionnaire showed sexual activity decreased with marriage and having children but was not associated with career plans.
On the Assessment of Self- and Object Representations from the Rorschach: A Review of the Research and Commentary
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

While the research on the use of the Rorschach to assess object relations has been comprehensively reviewed in 1990 by Fishier, Sperling, and Carr and by Stricker and Healey, the research on the use of the Rorschach to assess object representations has not. This was the purpose of this paper. Research on the structure and content of Rorschach-derived object representations were examined. This research indicates that severity of clinical manifestation of psychopathology is accompanied by severity of distortion in the structure of Rorschach percepts and their perceived malevolence. Issues raised by this research and the kinds of research still needed were discussed.
Self-Concept Correlates between At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Ninth-Grade Students
Authors: Jackson Mary H. , Reddick Kimberly B. , Dubes Richard G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether the Tennessee Self-concept Scales could be used to discriminate among 43 ninth-grade students who were designated as being at risk of dropping out of high school and 47 students who were thought to show probability of persisting. Scores on the scales were submitted to stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis. Scores on the Self-satisfaction Scale constituted a linear function that correctly classified 72.22% of the subjects. Further investigation confirmed a 13-item scale selected from the Tennessee Self-concept Scales correctly identified the classification of 76.67% of the students.
An Analysis of Change in Korean-American and Korean Students' Learning Styles
Authors: Hong Eunsook , Suh Bernadyn K.
Published: August 2011

Whether changes in children's learning styles can occur from cultural, social, and environmental changes within an ethnic group was investigated in 49 Korean-American (20 boys and 29 girls) and 146 Korean children (78 boys and 68 girls). Similarities as well as differences in learning styles were found between the two nationalities and between boys and girls in both groups. Those learning styles on which differences, e.g., mobility, structure, were significant might have been influenced by the social and environmental differences found between Korea and the United States. The pattern of preferred learning styles for Korean-American students tended to be similar to that reported for students in the United States, indicating that the Korean-American students had become acculturated and their learning styles became close to the learning-style pattern of students in the United States. The authors suspect that the development of learning styles is partly influenced by cultural and environmental forces.
Association of Alexithymia with Low Utilization and Perception on a Measure of Social Support in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Maeda Kunimi , Kubota Minoru , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of social support and alexithymia in 63 patients with end-stage renal failure on peritoneal dialysis. Scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale were significantly higher for the patient group than the control group. Social support was measured with the Stress and Coping Inventory. For scores on the Existence of social support there was no significant difference between the two groups; however, scores on the Utilization and Perception of social support were significantly lower for the patients than for the control group. The alexithymia scores were significantly and negatively correlated with the scores on the Utilization and Perception of social support Our findings suggest that patients with peritoneal dialysis score higher on a measure of alexithymia associated with low utilization and perception of social support.
Psychology among the Sciences: Comparisons of Numbers of Theories and Laws Cited in Textbooks
Authors: Roeckelein Jon E.
Published: August 2011

A measure called “theories-to-laws ratio” (number of cited theories divided by number of cited laws in textbooks) was used to assess hypotheses concerning the concept of an “hierarchy of sciences” and psychology's place among the sciences. (1) The ratio will be well-balanced, i.e., show low values, for the “natural” sciences (physics, chemistry, biology) and be poorly balanced, i.e., show high values, for the “social” sciences (anthropology, sociology). (2) The theories-to-laws ratio of psychology will be closer to the mean of the “social” sciences than to the mean of the “natural” sciences. Analysis showed a 67% agreement between the present data and the predicted “hierarchy of sciences” relative ordering of the sciences so Hypotheses 1 and 2 were confirmed. Other quantitative measures, in addition to this ratio, might be developed to evaluate further psychology's place among the sciences.
Psychometric Assessment of Motives for Using Cocaine in Men with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Ward L. Charles , Kersh Brian C. , Shanks Debra
Published: August 2011

A 15-item self-report questionnaire from a previous study of social, coping, and enhancement motives for drinking was reworded to assess motives for using cocaine. Data from 121 cocaine users indicated satisfactory reliabilities for the 3 new 5-item scales, and the fit of a 3-factor structure in confirmatory factor analysis was comparable to that of the earlier study of drinking motives. Removal of 4 items substantially improved the fit to the 3-factor model without reducing reliabilities. Some evidence of validity was inferred from a correlation between reported use of cocaine for coping and a measure of general maladjustment.
Preliminary Comparison of Scores of Special Education and Regular Students on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children
Authors: Porrata Jose Luis
Published: August 2011

The scores were compared for 11 students from Special Education and 15 from the regular program on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children. Analysis showed that the students in Special Education obtained lower scores on Extraversion and higher ones on Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and the Lie Scale. An intervention to promote relaxation and improve self-esteem, communication, and cooperation of the students was proposed. The Special Education sample was small, so another study with a larger more representative sample was recommended.
Mothers' Trait Anxiety and Adaptation to an Infant Born Subsequent to the Loss of a Late Pregnancy
Authors: Agterberg G. , Wladimiroff J. W. , Hunfeld J. A. M. , Passchier J.
Published: August 2011

21 women with one infant each born subsequent to the loss of a late pregnancy were invited to complete the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and two Dutch mother-child adaptation scales one month after delivery. Scores on trait anxiety appeared to be significantly related to maladaptive behavior of the mother to her child in the first four weeks following the birth, suggesting that women with high anxiety and a past of lost pregnancy are at risk for the development of an unfavorable mother-child relation.
Influence of Raters' Self-Consciousness and Appraisal Purpose on Leniency and Accuracy of Performance Ratings
Authors: Jawahar I. M. , Stone Thomas H.
Published: August 2011

Effects of raters' self-consciousness and appraisal purpose on leniency and accuracy were examined in a factorially designed experiment. Following administration of the self-consciousness scale to 105 undergraduates, 46 subjects who scored as high-private and 59 subjects who scored as high-public evaluated subordinates for merit raise or training purpose from scenarios. When the appraisal purpose was merit raise, publicly self-conscious raters were more lenient and inaccurate than privately self-conscious raters, but ratings of the two groups did not differ when those ratings were obtained for training purposes.
Psychology of Computer Use: XLIII. Some Comments on ‘Addictive Use of the Internet’ by Young
Authors: Griffiths Mark
Published: August 2011

This paper adds further comments to a case description by Young on addictive use of the Internet. Brief comments relating to the Internet as a behaviourial addiction and the problem of to what users are actually addicted, are discussed.
Responses to Televised Depictions of Intimacy
Authors: Ingold Charles H.
Published: August 2011

A mail survey of 1119 persons chosen randomly from telephone directories showed that depictions of intimacy on television do not affect most viewers' decisions to watch or continue watching a program. No differences in viewing decisions were found between more and less educated respondents or between older and younger ones. Significantly more men than women reported they would continue watching the program and become more interested in the program when depictions of intimacy appeared.
Predicting Marital Satisfaction from Ideal and Actual Maternal Roles
Authors: Bollman Stephan R. , Schumm Walter R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Yoon Gyung Ja
Published: August 2011

This study analyzed marital satisfaction of husbands and wives as a function of the ideal and actual gender roles that they reported. As predicted, the interaction of ideal versus actual roles for wives as reported by the husbands was significant for both husbands and wives, but, contrary to our expectations, the interaction of wives' ideal and actual roles as reported by wives did not predict marital satisfaction for either set of spouses. The results agree, however, with previous research in which husbands' variables have been associated more strongly with marital outcomes than have wives' variables.
Differences in Lost Letter and Postal Card Returns from Cities and Smaller Urban Communities
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Welsh Raymond L. , Graves B. Sue , Sonn Miles B.
Published: August 2011

Two field studies comprised of two experiments each used “570 lost letters and 720 lost postal cards” to test the hypothesis that returns would be greater from smaller urban communities (population M = 63,997) than from cities (population M = 93,242) unless the addressee was affiliated with a socially or politically deviant group. The effect of deviance altered return rates but only in Study B's letter experiment. In Study A, the effects of location and political deviance on letter returns from cities were greater than those from smaller urban communities even when the person in need of help was affiliated with the highly deviant “Socialists. Militia, or Aryan-Front” conditions. Returned postal cards from dues were fewer than from smaller urban communities. Cost did not influence returns. In Study B, returned letters and postal cards from cities were fewer than from smaller urban communities even when the person was affiliated with the “Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual or Cross-dressing” addressee affiliations.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXI. Attitudes of Practitioners in Human Resource Management toward Information from Academic Research
Authors: Terpstra David E. , Rozell Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2011

This study identified three specific attitudes that underlie Human Resource Management practitioners' negative perceptions of information found in academic sources. Data were collected from 201 directors, and the analyses suggested that specific attitudes related to relevance, credibility, and valid bases of knowledge may contribute to their negative perceptions. Degree status and experience were significantly related to practitioners' attitudes. The three types of attitudes were significantly correlated with practitioners' frequency of use of academic sources. Three organizational variables (time constraints, budgetary constraints, and organization size) were also significantly related to the frequency of use of academic information sources. The findings and their possible implications are discussed.
Arcade Gambling: A Research Note
Authors: Griffiths Mark , Minton Clare
Published: August 2011

Preliminary observational data relating to slot machine gamblers in two amusement arcades were collected over 3 mo. in the winter in Plymouth (southwest England). Arcades were frequented largely by males most of whom appeared to be adolescent. Slot machine gambling seemed to be an essentially solitary activity even when people entered the arcades in groups.
The Internal Reliability of a General Mattering Scale in Homeless Men
Authors: DeForge Bruce R. , Barclay David M.
Published: August 2011

199 homeless men were administered the General Mattering Scale to assess their belief that they mattered to others in their community. Analysis indicated that homeless men felt that they were important to others, that others pay attention to them, that they would be missed by others if they went away, that people were interested in what they had to say, and that others depended on them. The General Mattering Scale displayed strong internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of .85).
Birth Order, Suicidal Preoccupation, and Scores Suggesting Manic-Depressive Tendencies
Authors: Bergman Kirsten J. , Carmel Lenore H. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a study of 196 college students, those with step- and half-siblings were more depressed than those with none. Birth order and number of sibling were not associated with scores suggesting manic-depressive or suicidal tendencies
Marital Status and Teachers' Job Satisfaction
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to examine teachers' marital status and their job satisfaction in Transkei secondary schools. The 58 married teachers experienced more job satisfaction than the 63 unmarried teachers. This was attributed to the general happiness and satisfaction associated with marriage and couples' sharing of work.
The Nature, Measurement, and Stability of Ethical Judgments in the Workplace
Authors: Robin Donald P. , Reidenbach R. Eric , Babin Barry J.
Published: August 2011

A basic interest in the Tightness and wrongness of actions predates philosophy, and the literature of organizational psychology indicates an increased interest in ethical and unethical decision-making in the workplace. Although several conceptual models of workplace ethical behavior have been offered, researchers have little guidance and few appropriate constructs for measuring a key component of these models. This paper focuses on the historical results of the Multidimensional Ethics Scale and construct of an ethical judgment and provides an exhaustive conceptual and empirical treatment of it. This analysis offers evidence for a three-dimensional structure underlying ethical judgments common to the workplace. The structure of the Multidimensional Ethics Scale is supported through an iterative approach which involves widely varying contexts and samples. Results have potential implications for developing theories of organizational ethics as well as for employees' psychological well-being.
General Well-Being and Academic Performance
Authors: Wheeler Robert J. , Magaletta Philip R.
Published: August 2011

A self-scoring version of the General Well-being Questionnaire, a measure of a comprehensive set of 32 factors that contribute to healthfulness, was used as a class exercise in discussing subtopics in health psychology. Scores for 37 women and 25 men were analyzed to estimate their relative association with final course grade. Six factors had significant correlations with grade, and three of the six significantly predicted final course grade with a multiple R of .522. The three predictors were Growth Environment, Effectence, and Medical Condition.
The Professional Self-Esteem of Physicians Scale, Structure, Properties, and the Relationship to Work Outcomes and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Carmel Sara
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a scale to measure the professional self-esteem of physicians. It describes the scale's theoretical basis, psychometric properties, and its value for explaining physicians' well-being. Statistical analyses, conducted on data from two independent studies of physicians in Israel ( ns = 214 and 122), indicate internal consistency and construct validity of the scale. Scores on professional self-esteem are associated positively with life satisfaction and work satisfaction and negatively with burnout. Scores also correlate significantly with global self-esteem and with anxiety. The professional self-esteem scale appears to be a useful tool for explaining professionals' work performance, work-related well-being, and general well-being.
Mean MMPI Profile of Referrals to a Shyness Clinic
Authors: Henderson Lynne
Published: August 2011

Shyness occurs in over 48% of the population, becoming disabling in 13% or more. Clinical observation suggests that individuals seeking treatment for shyness are in significantly greater distress than the general population, showing greater depression, generalized anxiety, social avoidance, interpersonal sensitivity, and shame, than is indicated by earlier studies. We gave the MMPI to 25 men and 20 women referred for problems with shyness to assess our observations. Analysis confirmed the hypotheses. Men scored higher than women in a slightly different profile configuration.
On the Validity of the Perceived Understanding Instrument
Authors: Grice James W.
Published: August 2011

20 married couples completed the relationship version of the Perceived Understanding Instrument, four face-valid items written to assess perceived understanding, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Pearson correlations indicated that scores on the Perceived Understanding Instrument were as highly related to those on the four subscales of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale as to the sum of the four face-valid items. These findings suggest that the Perceived Understanding Instrument lacks discriminant validity and may be confounded with other factors such as relationship satisfaction. A more thorough review of its validity is thus needed.
Response to Biggs' Comments
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Webster Raymond E. , Bolen Larry M. , Rose Rebecca J.
Published: August 2011

While we found an error in our means for the achieving approach, other data regarded as unusual seem consistent with the literature in educational systems in USA.
Sex Differences in Pathological Gambling Using Gaming Machines
Authors: Ohtsuka Keis , Bruton Eric , Deluca Louisa , Borg Victoria
Published: August 2011

With recent introduction of poker machines in Australia, there have been claims of increases in the number of women with gambling-related problems. Research in the United States indicates, however, that men have a higher incidence of pathological gambling. The aims of this study were to ascertain among game machine users in a major city in Australia whether (a) more women than men exhibited symptoms of pathological gambling, (b) women reported higher guilt associated with their gambling, and (c) gamblers' self-assessment on several mood states was predictive of pathological gambling. A modified version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen was administered to 104 users of game machines (44 men, 60 women) sampled from patrons at gaming venues in Melbourne, Australia. Data indicated no significant sex difference in the proportion of pathological gamblers or in gambling-related guilt. Self-assessment of Happiness, Propensity for Boredom, and Loneliness, significantly predicted scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen, with Unhappiness a significant independent predictor of pathological gambling. This may suggest that gambling acts to fill a need in the lives of unhappy people or that individuals who lack control over their gambling report higher unhappiness. Further research is needed to discover this relationship.
Temporal Association of Substance Abuse and Self-Esteem
Authors: Hill Tina D. , Durm Mark W.
Published: August 2011

By an independent t test, mean scores on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for 17 patients who had just begun rehabilitation for substance abuse and 8 subjects who had been in the recovery program for 1 year or longer were statistically significantly different, the former group scoring lower.
Clinical Description of Children's Anxiety during the Gulf War
Authors: Al-Khawaja Jasem M. A.
Published: August 2011

Interviews were carried out with 322 children, ages 5 to 16 years, to examine the association of war experience and their anxiety. Body language was used as indicator of anxiety. Girls showed significantly more discrete body movements than boys.
Contrasting Trait Adjectives as Distinct Psychological Entities
Authors: Whitmeyer Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

It commonly is assumed that a positive instrumental value and its negative counterpart (antonym) constitute a single bipolar instrumental value. However, an alternative possibility, which has had Little testing, is that positive instrumental values and their negative counterparts (antonyms) may function as different psychological entities. To compare these alternatives the hypotheses that subjects will score the relative importance of many positive values differently from that of their negative antonyms and will rank positive values and their antonyms differently in importance were tested. Effects of 77 college students' desire for consistency and of ordering were controlled by comparing their scoring of both positive values and their antonyms at two different times at least four weeks apart. Results suggest that positive values and their antonyms may function as different psychological entities.
K-Tea Mathematics Scores of Learning Disabled Students in Resource and Inclusive Settings
Authors: Brasher Gail , Goldman Renitta , Sapp Gary L.
Published: August 2011

The relative effectiveness of mathematics instruction in resource rooms versus inclusive settings was examined with 30 boys in Grades 5 and 6 identified as learning disabled in mathematics. The boys were pretested at the beginning of the school year and posttested at the end. Treatment was 45 min. of daily instruction in mathematics provided by six teachers for one school year. K-TEA Mathematics Computation and Application scores, separately compared in 2 × 2 repeated measures analyses of variance, were not significantly different; however, a significant gain was noted across settings for K-TEA Mathematics Application scores.
Attitude toward Medication and Perceived Competence among Chronically Psychotic Patients
Authors: Todman McWelling , Gordon-Leeds Dee , Taylor Sterling
Published: August 2011

19 chronically psychotic outpatients who had consistently expressed doubt about their need for psychotropic medication provided significantly more inflated estimates of their performance on a problem-solving task than 18 subjects who had not expressed such skepticism. The findings are consistent with the view that the observed relationship between denial of deficits and noncompliance with treatment among psychotic individuals is a function of a broader pattern of self-deception.
Spearman's Footrule as a Measure of Agreement
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Spearman's footrule measure of the relationship between two sets of ranks is shown to be a chance-corrected measure of agreement. The footrule is generalized to include tied ranks and a comparison with Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient is provided. Procedures to determine the nonasymptotic probability of the footrule with tied ranks are presented.
Comparison of Written and Oral Responses for Scoring the Environmental Deprivation Scale
Authors: Witherspoon A. D. , Hitson Dana , Laprairie Carolyn , Rendon Crystal , Thompson Shannon , Long Carolyn K.
Published: August 2011

A 65-item questionnaire was developed and administered to 56 undergraduate students for the purpose of comparing written responses to the usual oral responses necessary for scoring the Environmental Deprivation Scale. Scores based on responses to the questionnaire correlated with those obtained from the standard interview procedure ( r = .78, p <.001). Percent agreement for two raters scoring the questionnaire was high ( r = .85, p <.001). Advantages of obtaining responses with the questionnaire are discussed.
Black South African Adolescents' Attitudes about Studying
Authors: Watson Mark B. , Stead Graham B.
Published: August 2011

Black South African high school students ( N = 523) were questioned about their attitudes and motivation towards studying. Analysis indicated that the students expressed negative attitudes toward studying and were concerned about failing. 34% indicated a lack of interest in most school subject matter.
Age Differences in WISC-III Subtests of Children Experiencing Academic Difficulties
Authors: Brazelton Elizabeth W. , McCraw Fred , Byrd P. Dianne , Byrd E. Keith
Published: August 2011

WISC-III subtest scores of 180 children referred because of academic difficulties were analyzed for differences based on age ( M = 9.6, SD = 2.1) and IQ. Rank-orders of all subtests indicated no significant correlations across the six age-IQ groups, suggesting that interpretation of changes in subtest rankings may require consideration of age and IQ, especially for such children. When data were organized into Acquired Knowledge, Spatial Ability, and speed-related task categories, analyses of variance showed a main effect for IQ. Furthermore, scores on Acquired Knowledge were associated with age at the lower category of IQ, whereas Spatial Ability and speed-related tasks were not related to age.
Perceptions of a Child as Witness: Effects of Leading Questions and the Type of Relationship between Child and Defendant
Authors: Kalra Bharti , Heath Wendy P.
Published: August 2011

The effects of type of questioning (leading or nonleading) and type of relationship between child and defendant (defendant is known, i.e., relative, or unknown, i.e., stranger) on mock jurors' perceptions of a child witness were investigated. 92 students read a transcript (a prosecutor questioning a child witness), then answered questions (each on an 11-point scale) regarding their perceptions of the child witness. When the questioning was nonleading (vs leading), the mock jurors judged the certainty of their verdict to be greater ( M = 8.1, SD = 1.9 M = 7.1, SD = 25, respectively) and the child witness to be more credible ( M = 9.0, SD = 1.7; M = 7.9, SD = 2.6, respectively) and honest ( M = 9.8, SD = 1.2; M = 8.7, SD = 2.4, respectively). The type of relationship between the defendant and the child witness did not affect perceptions of the child witness. Possible reasons and implications for the findings are discussed.
Locus of Control and College Students' Approaches to Learning: A Comment
Authors: Biggs John B.
Published: August 2011

Rose, Hall, Bolen, and Webster (1996) reported relationships among course grade, locus of control, students' approaches to learning, and other factors. Some of the relationships they report are as expected: for instance, absences from class correlate negatively with course grade, and internal locus of control correlates positively with GPA and course grade. The results for students' approaches to learning are puzzling, however. An inspection of the internal consistency of their data suggests that there may be some errors in the way the data have been collected, scored, or reported.
Can Scores on Alexithymia Distinguish Patients with Peptic Ulcer and Erosive Gastritis?
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Kikuchi Michiko , Kaji Norie , Yamasaki Katsuyuki
Published: August 2011

This study examined alexithymic characteristics of 57 patients with peptic ulcer and 198 with erosive gastritis. The prevalence rate of alexithymia, as measured on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, was significantly higher for the peptic ulcer group (51%) than for the erosive gastrins group (21%). Scores of the Profile of Mood States were significantly higher for the peptic ulcer group than for the erosive gastritis group. The alexithymia scores were significantly correlated with the scores on the Profile of Mood States. However, discriminant analysis indicated that the alexithymia scores could account for significant additional variance beyond mood states as measured by the Profile of Mood States.
Parental Marital Status and Self-Esteem of Boys and Girls
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Giddens Angela , Blankenship Melissa
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to investigate the effects of parental marital status and sex on the self-esteem of children by assessing differences on mean self-esteem between boys and girls of divorced families as compared to boys and girls of intact families. The mean score on self-esteem of 54 children (27 boys, 27 girls) from divorced families was compared to that for 54 children (27 boys, 27 girls) from intact families using the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. Using factorial analysis, a statistically significant difference was found for sex but not for type of family or its interaction with sex.
Rorschach Cognitive Developmental Indices of Mentally Retarded Persons: A Comparison with Scores on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
Authors: Di Nuovo Santo F. , Colucci Gerardo , Pellicciotta Anna , Buono Serafino
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 55 mentally retarded subjects ( M age = 14 yr., 1 mo.) the relations between some perceptual and cognitive Rorschach indices, including the Becker's Genetic Level Score, and Wechsler Scale scores were studied. The mean Developmental Score did not increase across ages and was higher for girls than for boys, while Verbal and Performance IQs were lower for girls. The correlations confirm the hypothesis that for mentally retarded persons WISC-R scaled scores and Rorschach cognitive indices are different measures of intellective functioning. The findings are discussed with reference to the assessment and rehabilitation of retarded subjects.
Anger and Drug Addiction
Authors: De Mojá Carmelo A. , Spielberger Charles D.
Published: August 2011

Differences in the experience, expression, and control of anger were evaluated for young-adult drug addicts and a control group (matched in age, residence, and education) of nondrug users from Southern Italy. The Italian adaptation of Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) was administered with standard instructions to both groups. Drug abusers had significantly higher scores on the STAXI State and Trait scales, the Trait-Angry Temperament and Reaction sub-scales, and the Anger-Out and Total Anger Expression scales, and significantly lower scores on Anger-Control. These findings indicate that the drug abusers experienced anger more often than the nonusers, were more likely to express anger toward other persons or objects in the environment, and had less control of their angry feelings.
Cultural Effects: Attributions following Ruminations of Success and Failure
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , McGowan S. Jeffery , Omifade Ademola
Published: August 2011

Attributions of 93 native West-African and 63 African-American athletes following ruminations (conjuring thoughts about the past) of success and failure are juxtaposed. Related literature suggested that culture tended to exert a significant effect on attributions While successful outcomes were attributed similarly across African and American cultures amongst black athletes, attributions of failure varied significantly.
The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test as a Predictor of Grade Repetition and Academic Performance
Authors: Cadieux Alain , Boudreault Paul , Laberge Julie
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the predictive validity of the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test on repetition of a grade and academic performance. 261 children were tested at the end of kindergarten and followed for the next three years through the collection of data on academic performance from school reports and other information on repetition of a grade. Analysis indicated that the global score on the Otis-Lennon test is related ( r = −.30) to repetition of a grade and ( r = .50) to academic performance. Other factors such as age that may be related to repetition of grades and academic performance are discussed.
Organizational Tenure and Cultural Values: Does Familiarity Breed Contempt?
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship of organizational tenure and perceptions of cultural values among employees at four hierarchical levels in a single large professional services firm. Data were collected from 1608 women and men using anonymously completed questionnaires. Organizational tenure was related to perceptions of cultural values only among professional staff; professional staff having longer organizational tenure had more negative perceptions of cultural values.
Psychometric Properties of the Self-Perceived Stress in Retirement Scale
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F.
Published: August 2011

A 14-item self-report scale, Self-perceived Stress in Retirement Scale, was developed from retirees' lists of factors which caused them stress in everyday living, and then administered to 348 men and 385 women who had been retired from between six months to over five years. Analysis indicated that the scale showed satisfactory internal consistency, was sensitive to a range of scores representing participants' stress, correlated significantly with standardised measures of anxiety and depression, and showed a structure with three factors of missing work, personal health, and relationship issues. Suggestions for the use of the scale in further research are discussed.