bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pre- and postpartum study of selected biochemical parameters in ewes for the early detection of pregnancy toxemia
Authors: ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) N. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S. , MINAS (Α. ΜΗΝΑΣ) A. , PAPASTERIADIS (ΑΧ. ΠΑΠΑΣΤΕΡΙΑΔΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

A field investigation on the incidence of subclinical ovine ketosis was performed in two large sheep flocks in an agricultural region of central Greece. Sixty - four animals were allocated in 2 study groups: group C, consisted of 29 non-pregnant females and group S of 35 end-term pregnant ewes. The trial lasted 6 weeks, including the immediate pre- and postpartal period. Blood samples were collected on weekly intervals and used for determining the concentrations of ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), glucose, total (TB) and conjugated (CB) bilirubin, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and γ-glutamyl transferase (yGT). All the animals remained clinically healthy throughout the trial and parturition was uneventful. Eighteen group S ewes (51.4%) delivered 1 lamb, 12 (34,3%) twins, 4 (11.4%) triplets and 1 (2.9%) 4 lambs. Although the overall evaluation of the biochemical analysis did not support the existence of subclinical ketosis, blood glucose remained significantly lower (P<0.05) in group S sheep, with its lowest value (2.3±0.34 mmol/1) recorded 1 week prior to parturition. Sporadic cases of subclinical hyperketonemia may occur, despite optimal flock management.
Non-thermal microwave effects on chicken foetuses during organogenesis
Authors: XENOS (Θ.Δ. ΞΕΝΟΣ) Th. D. , MAGRAS (Ι.Ν. ΜΑΓΡΑΣ) I. N.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this work is το investigate possible effects of pulse-modulated (PW) and non-modulated (CW) low power density microwave radiation on chicken foetuses during organogenesis. A total of 496 fertilised chicken eggs were used in this study; 380 of diem as experimental material and 116 as controls. The experimental eggs were exposed to a non-thermal power density of 8.8 uW/cm2 (SAR= 1.16 mW/Kg) radiation at 9.152 GHz, from the 3rd to the 10th day of incubation, continuously. 172 eggs were irradiated by CW whereas 208 eggs by PW. The controls were sham-exposed. The foetuses of the experimental eggs and of the controls were macro- and microscopically examined at the end of their incubation. In 62.78% of CW-irradiated, 47.12% of PWirradiated and only in 3.44% of the sham-exposed fetuses abnormalities (development retardation and severe malformations) and embryonic and foetal deaths (embryonic and foetal) were observed. The differences in the effects caused by CW and PW irradiation were statistically evaluated. These results support the aspect that very low power density microwaves applied to the chicken foetuses, in ovo during organogenesis, may cause abnormal development.
Influence of high ambient temperature on reproductive performance and physiology of rabbit does in a commercial rabbitry in Greece
Authors: XYLOURI-FRAGIADAKI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ-ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E. , GOLIDI (Ε. ΓΟΛΙΔΗ) E. , MENEGATOS (Ι. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΤΟΣ) I. , LUZI F.
Published: February 2018

The reproductive performance and physiological traits of intensively raised does were evaluated under farm conditions in Greece, during the hot (average farm temperature 19.5°C) and cold period (average farm temperature 12.4°C). The size of litter at birth (6.94 vs. 7.84 alive pups, P<0.001), the size of litter at weaning (5.95 vs. 7.06, P<0.001), the pre-weaning mortality rate (16.94% vs. 9.60%, P<0.001, the number of born dead (0.39 vs. 0.19, P<0.001) and the number of stillborn (0,05 vs 0,02 P<0.01) were significantly affected during the hot period, while litter weight and individual weight at birth did not seem to differ between hot and cold period (461 g vs. 466 g (P<0.05) and 68 vs. 65 g (P<0.05), respectively). Rectal temperature of does and respiration rate were higher in the hot period (39.09°C vs. 38.93°C (NS) and 128.08 respirations/min vs. 115.37 respirations/min; P<0.001). The effects of parity order and animals were also studied revealing that parity order influenced significantly total born, born alive, stillborn and weaned rabbits, litter weight and individual weight at birth, as well as the does' respiration rate. The interaction between parity and period was not significant for any of the recorded parameters. In conclusion, high ambient temperature impaired does' reproductive and physiological traits under those conditions, similar to most natural environmental conditions in Greece.
On farm Veterinary Management - Biosecurity measures for the production of high hygienic quality pork meat
Authors: KYRIAKIS (Σ. Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C. , ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) C. , TASSIS (Π.Δ. ΤΑΣΣΗΣ) P. D. , TZIKA (Ε.Δ. ΤΖΗΚΑ) E. D. , KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡHΤΑΣ) S. K , KYRIAKIS (Κ.Σ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) C. S. , LYMPEROPOULOS (Α.Γ. ΛΥΜΠΕΡΟΟΥΛΟΣ) A. G.
Published: February 2018

At the beginning of the 21st century the greek pig industry has to face new challenges. Its frustrating position today is the result of lack of programming and clear targets, as a consequence of false decisions by almost all implicated authorities. Moreover, modern consumer's demand for high quality hygienically certified pork meat and the extremely competitive environment of the European Union necessitate the uptake of measures for the survival of the greek pig industry. It is essential to implement a legislatively consolidated on farm veterinary management programme in all greek industrial pig farms under full supervision and responsibility of the authorized veterinarian of every farm. As support to this programme, it is also important to follow the rules of a veterinary protection-biosecurity programme and to use an on farm HACCP compatible system. In this way it will be possible to produce high health status slaughter pigs. The on farm veterinary management programme will significantly contribute, in coordination with all the other responsible authorities (meat inspectors, public health veterinarians etc.), to the production of high quality hygienically certified pork meat, which is mostly preferred by Greek and European consumers. Furthermore, the implementation of an on farm veterinary management programme in all greek industrial pig farms will extensively assist to the improvement of the greek pig industry's competitiveness and productivity, the protection of public health and of the environment. If all responsible authorities take the appropriate actions, there will be an opportunity for the greek pig industry to survive under the current conditions. Finally, the consumer will see his demands for high quality hygienically certified pork meat to fulfilled after the application of all appropriate measures that will secure the production procedures of pork meat from «the stable to the table».
In vivo efficacy of lasalocid and pyrimethamine treatments against Anophryoides haemophila, a ciliate pathogen of American lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F. , CRIBB A. E. , CAWTHORN R. J. , MacMILLAN R. , BALDAS (Γ. ΜΠΑΛΝΤΑΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

Lasalocid and pyrimethamine was administered to American lobsters infected with A. haemophila. Lasalocid was found to be toxic and acute mortality was observed, when administered in vivo in both infected and uninfected lobsters. Pyrimethamine was found very efficient to treat these ciliates at repeated doses. The mortality was very low and the mean haemocyte counts remained higher than the uninfected control group. The drug seems to delay the appearance of the ciliates in the haemolymph and to lower the spread of these parasites in the epipodite and the hepatopancreas. In uninfected animals treated with this drug, haemocyte counts were similar to uninfected control group. Furthermore, no pathology was observed, when the drug was administered to uninfected lobsters. Since there is no effective treatment for the control of bumper car disease, on the basis of the results of the present study, we suggest that pyrimethamine is a good drug for the treatment of A. haemoplila infection in lobsters.
Hoof balance and dealing with the major problems in practice
Authors: DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ) N. , MOUSTARDAS (Ν. ΜΟΥΣΤΑΡΔΑΣ) N. , DESIRIS (Α. ΔΕΣΙΡΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

Hoof balance is one of the most important factors in the treatment of the lame horse. Quite often bad hoof conformation or poor hoof balance leads to or is closely connected to limb lameness. In this article some characteristic cases, in which the loss of hoof balance has led to lameness, are presented. Moreover the points which should characterize the balanced hoof after shoeing are presented. Finally, the corrective shoes that are most commonly used in practice are also presented.
Epidemiological investigation of avian influenza in regions of Northern Greece
Authors: PAPANIKOLAOU (I. ΠΑΠΑΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΥ) J. , KOUMBATI-ARTOPIOU (Μ. ΚΟΥΜΠΑΤΗ-ΑΡΤΟΠΟΙΟΥ) M.
Published: February 2018

The results of an avian influenza viruses surveillance program in chicken and turkey industrial flocks, as well as in some wild birds from regions of N. Greece during 1999-2000 are presented in this paper. For this purpose, avian influenza virus isolation was attempted by inoculation of samples from chickens and wild birds into embryonated chicken eggs. The samples originated from 35-60 week-old layers and breeders with mild respiratory signs and drop in egg production. 34 wild birds (sparrows, chaffinchs, gulls), that were brought dead to the laboratory of Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, were also examined in order to investigate the cause of their death. At the same time, 720 serum samples from 30 chicken and 6 turkey flocks were examined by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test. During the same period and in the framework of a surveillance program for avian influenza viruses in Greece, 2580 paired serum samples from chicks were tested by AGID test. Chicks were imported from Italy, where a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza was in progress during 1999-2000. All virus isolation attempts and serological tests were negative.
Reference values of 23 clinically important biochemical parameters in 107 normal pleasure horses residing in northern Greece
Authors: DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ) N. , MYLONAKIS (Μ. Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) N. , KOUTINAS (Χ.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) C. , FYTIANOU (Α. ΦΥΤΙΑΝΟΥ) A. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was το establish die reference values of die most useful biochemical parameters from a clinical ροίητ of view in pleasure horses kept in northern greek riding clubs. This biochemical profile included a total of 23 parameters such as Urtai proteins, albumins, globulins, the albumin/globulin ratio, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), gamma-glutamylotransferase (γ-GT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogonase (LDH), sorbitol dehydrogonase (SD), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg). A total of 107 horses, which had been considered clinically normal on historical, clinical and hematological grounds, were sampled. All the measurements were done in the blood serum, applying the relevant methods and reagents which are normally used in the Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, A.U.T.. Besides the establishment of the reference interval for each biochemical parameter, all the factors that may cause an abnormal increase or decrease are discussed accordingly.
Red eye
Authors: KOMNENOU (Α. ΚΟΜΝΗΝΟΥ) A. , DESSIRIS (Α. ΔΕΣΙΡΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

In this article "red eye" syndrome is presented. It is described how to distinguish among the various ocular and periocular anatomic structures that could be causing redness of the eye (history, ophthalmic examination, type of redness). The most common causes of red eye (conjunctivits, KCS, glaucoma, uveitis) are discussed in details and the appropriate therapeutic treatments are proposed as well.
The use of multiple ovulation, embryo cryopreservation and embryo transfer techniques to facilitate movement of genetic material between countries
Authors: STAMATARIS (Κ. ΣΤΑΜΑΤΑΡΗΣ) K. , DELIGIANNIS (Κ. ΔΕΛΗΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) K. , LAINAS (Θ. ΛΑΪΝΑΣ) T. , ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

The objective of the study was to evaluate the use multiple ovulation and embryo transfer techniques in an indigenous Greek dairy breed of sheep. We stimulated selected donor ewes of the Karagouniko breed to produce large numbers of embryos after the induction of multiple ovulations by gonadotropin treatment (superovulatory response). A total of 50 Greek Karagouniko ewes were synchronised into oestrus using progestagen pessaries and superovulated for embryo transfer using ovine FSH. Six days following laparoscopic insemination with fresh semen ewes were flushed surgically and embryos collected. Subsequently, the embryo recovery, along with embryo cryopreservation, embryo survival and quality were assessed. The Karagouniko donor ewes achieved a mean ovulation rate of 11.9 (SE. 0.89). The ova Recovery rate was 80,9% and 87,6% of the ova recovered being fertilised. A total of 327 (77,5%) of the viable embryos were assessed as being of sufficient quality for cryopreservation. The embryos ranged from late morulae to expanded blastocyst and were frozen via a 3-step process in 1.5 M ethylene glycol following repeated washing and trypsination. Cryopreserved embryos were frozen and then transported to Scotland, UK. There, embryos were thawed rapidly and re-hydrated via a 2 step sucrose/ethylene glycol gradient. A total of 92.4% of embryos frozen remained suitable for transfer semi-surgically into synchronized Scottish Blackface ewes. 183 embryos were transferred in total with a 66.1% survival rate. The survival rate of frozen thawed blastocysts(75%) was significantly greater than (P<0.01) that for morulae (48%). It was concluded that MOET could be successfully applied in Greek dairy breeds of sheep as a means for genetic improvement. Frozenembryos could be a successful medium for the transportation of ovine genetic material from and to Greece, however, most likely the choice of embryonic stage for cryopreservation is crucial.
A study on the Porcine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (PRDC): Update review and proposed measures for its control.
Authors: GEORGAKIS (Α.Δ. ΓΕΩΡΓΑΚΗΣ) A. D. , BOURTZI-HATZOPOULOU (Ε. ΜΠΟΥΡΤΖΗ-ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) E. , KRITAS (Σ. Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) S. K. , BALKAMOS (Γ.Κ. ΜΠΑΛΚΑΜΟΣ) G. C. , KYRIAKIS (Σ.K. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C.
Published: February 2018

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) represents the major cause of economic loss for swine industry worldwide. It is a multifactorial syndrome with a wide variety in epidemiological features and clinical sings from farm to farm, depending on the prevalence of the responsible pathogens, the environmental conditions and the efficacy of the on-farm veterinary management. As a result, the identification of the pathogens involved is difficult to be established, along with the difficulty in applying an efficient control programme. Moreover, PRDC, is considered to be the most important cause of the extended use of antimicrobials in modern pig industry. Its control is based on the principles of the veterinary management applied from farm to farm, including the most appropriate hygienic, vaccination and metaphylaxis programmes. In this study, a review of the syndrome is presented (aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis) along with a short reference to its current status in Greece. Finally, essential measures for the greek pig industry and public health are suggested.
Relationship between selenium concentration in blood and liver of cattle.
Authors: CHRISTODOULOPOULOS (Γ. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. , ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) N. , KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) H. , PAPASTERIADIS (Α. ΠΑΠΑΣΤΕΡΙΑΔΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between total blood selenium concentration and liver tissue selenium concentration in cattle. Blood and liver samples were collected from 205 individuals brought to slaughter houses. The results had shown that there is a linear correlation between the concentration of selenium in total blood of cattle (X) and its concentration in the liver (Y). The linear regression equation was: Y=0.194+3.951± (0.265***) X (0.009 pg/ml < X < 0.219 pg/ml, 0.110 μg/g DM < Y < 1.512 μg/g DM) (r2=0.523, ***P<0.001, n=205).
Epidemiological investigation o„f Mycoplasmas, M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae and M. meleagridis i poultry flocks in Greece.
Authors: PAPANIKOLAOU (I.N. ΠΑΠΑΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΥ) J. N.
Published: February 2018

The results of an investigation for the detection of abs to Mg, Ms and Mm in poultry farms in different regions in Greece are presented. For this purpose during the years of 1997-2000,1449 serum samples were examined, from which 1296 were originated from 72 chicken flocks (27 broiler; 19 layer, 22 breeder and 4 back-yard poultry), 75 from 4 turkey flocks, 58 from 3 flocks of partriges and 20 from 1 ostrich flock. The method used was the R.S.A. test (as a screening test) in combination with HI test. The incidence of Ms for broilers, layers and breeders was over 3 1% of the examined flocks, while the Mg in all the commercial chicken flocks was 17-25%. In back - yard poultry the incidence of Ms was 75% and to Mg 50%. In turkeys and partriges the incidence of Ms was 50% and 66% of the flocks respectively, while the positive flocks for Mg was 25-33%. The turkeys were negative for abs to Mm. The ostrich flock was also negative for abs to Mg and Ms. The results of our investigation indicate that the incidence of mycoplasmas in poultry, especially to Ms, is high in Greece. As a conclusion for the eradication of mycoplasmosis, it is necessary for the poultry industry and for the country, to follow the instruction included in 90/539/EEC directive and to take strickt hygienic measures in order to eliminate the microorganisms from the poultry flocks.
Τα κυριότερα παρασιτικά νοσήματα των εκτρεφόμενων ελληνικών θαλάσσιων ψαριών
Authors: ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F.
Published: February 2018

The most important parasitic diseases observed in marine cultured fish in Greece during the period 1995-1999 are described and the aetiological agent, the diagnosis and treatment are summarized.
Pregnancy toxaemia of ewes. A literature review
Authors: PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) N. , BROZOS (Χ. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ) C. , FTHENAKIS (Γ. Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ) G. C. , KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

Pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder of ewes, occurring at the final stage of pregnancy. In this review article, the literature on the aetiology and the pathogenesis of the disease is reviewed, the clinical, laboratory and postmortem findings are described, the diagnosis is presented and the control of the disease is discussed.
Survey of carotenes and vitamin A concentrations in cattle to be slaughtered in Thessaloniki
Authors: CHRISTODOULOPOULOS (Γ. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. , ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) N. , KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) H. , PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) N. , PAPASTERIADIS (ΑΧ. ΠΑΠΑΣΤΕΡΙΑΔΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this survey was the study of vitamin A concentrations in cattle to be slaughtered in the area of Thessaloniki. For this purpose, research samples of blood and liver were collected from 165 cattle brought to different slaughter-houses of Thessaloniki, during the winter of the year 1998. Out of the 165 cattle to be slaughtered 76% presented lower than normal vitamin A in liver tissue (< 60 Mg/g W.M.), 14% had marginal (60-200 pg/g W.M.) and 10% normal concentration values (200-800 μg/g W.M.). It must be noted that, of the total 205 examined cattle 37% presented extremely deficient concentration of vitamin A in liver (< 14 μg/g W.M.), in these concentrations clinical signs of avitaminosis A are expected to appear. The statistic analysis of the research results show off that the liver and plasma concentrations of vitamin A were statistically significant lower in the fattening cattle (male and female) than in the adult reproductive cows. Statistically significant differences on liver and plasma vitamin A concentrations between male and female fattening cattle were not found. Statistically analysing this research it is confirmed for another time, that there is not closed linear relation between the vitamin A plasma concentrations and vitamin A liver concentrations. The linear regression equation that has been found between the vitamin A liver concentration (X) and the vitamin A plasma concentration (Y) is: Y=0,183+0,001 (±0,000***) X (***P<0,001, r2=0,130, 1,80 μg/g D.M.£X£350,08 μg/g D.M., 0,01 μg/ml£Y£3,28 μg/ml, n = 165). Closed linear regression was not found as well, between the vitamin A plasma concentrations and carotene plasma concentrations. The linear regression equation that has been found here between the vitamin A plasma concentration (X) and the carotene plasma concentrations (Y) is: Y=2,138+3,806 (±1,445*) X (*P<0,05, r2=0,057,0,01 μg/ml£Χ£3,28 μg/ml,0,00 μg/ml£Υ£23,36 μg/ml, n=165). The clinical signs that are described here for the animals with deficient levels of vitamin A (60 μg/g W.M. of liver) are limed to the following: poor performance, rough coat and ocular signs in the fattening cattle and infertility in the reproductive cows. Finally, in this research there is some evidence that the high carotene levels in reproductive cows (>4,8 μg/ml of plasma) for a long term may cause ovary dysfunction.
The main medical problems of ostriches
Authors: KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) S. K.
Published: February 2018

Ostrich raising became recently a novel and seemingly profitable type of farming in Greece, and many other European countries. This review presents several medical conditions that may be observed during veterinary practice in these farms, or that may be imported in Greece by newly bought reproductive stock. An attempt was made to present ostrich diseases according to the principally affected organic system (digestive, respiratory, nervous, myoskeletal, reproductive etc.).
Two new species of nasal mites of the genus Ptilonyssus (Rhinonyssidae) from sparrows from the Leningrad province, Russia
Authors: DIMOV I. , MIRONOV S.
Published: February 2018

Two new nasal mites of the genus Ptilonyssus Berlese and Trouessart, 1889 are described from sparrows of the genus Passer (Passeriformes: Ploceidae) found in the Leningrad province, Russia: Ptilonyssus degtiarevae, n. sp. from Passer domesticus (L.) and Ptilonyssus lovottiae n. sp. from Passer montanus (L.). Ptilonyssus degtiarevae, n. sp. belongs to the newly established orthonychus species complex, and Ptilonyssus lovottiae n. sp. is referred to the hirsti species complex. The species content of the hirsti complex0, originally defined by Fain and Bafort 1963 is enlarged comparing to the concept of previous researchers.
Εφαρμογές της υπερηχοτομογραφίας στα μηρυκαστικά (ΠΙ): μαστός και γεννητικό σύστημα αρσενικών ζώων - Βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση
Authors: LAZARIDIS (Λ.Ι. ΛΑΖΑΡΙΔΗΣ) L. J. , BROZOS (Χ.Ν. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ) C. N. , KIOSSIS (E.A. ΚΙΟΣΗΣ) E. A.
Published: February 2018

The main advantage of ultrasonography for examination of the udder, the teats and the genital system of male ruminants is the ability for real time observation of the respective anatomical region, with no need of invasive procedures and with the benefit to image superficial and deeper anatomical structures. For the examination of these two systems, one can use linear array and sector scanner probes with frequencies 3.5-12.0 MHz for udder/teats and 5.0-7.5 MHz for the genital system of male ruminants. The method and the direction of the probe differ depending on the organ being examined and the image observed can differ depending on the organ and the presence of abnormalities. Main pathological conditions that can be diagnosed ultrasonographically are in the udder mastitis, haematomas and foreign bodies and in the teats stenosis, inflammatory lesions, milkstones or foreign bodies, haematomas and abscesses. Pathological conditions in the genitalia of male ruminants, including orchitis, testicular cysts, epididymitis, abscesses, haematomas and tumours, can also be diagnosed ultrasonographically.
To σύνδρομο της δερματίτιδας από λείξη των άκρων στο σκύλο
Authors: GIANNOULOPOULOS (Γ.Δ. ΓΙΑΝΝΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. D. , SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Δ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. N.
Published: February 2018

Canine acrai lick dermatitis is a complicated and challenging syndrome occurring in companion animal dermatology. Skin lesions are caused by intense and prolonged licking of a localized area, usually on the lower parts of the limbs that progressively may result in plaque or nodule formation with alopecia, erythema, hyperpigmentation, exudation,erosion and ulceration. Aerai lick dermatitis develops more often in male dogs of large breeds and has a multifactorial aetiology. The underlying causes may be broadly separated into organic (e.g., pruritic skin diseases, painful conditions) and psychogenic. The former subset includes mainly deep bacterial pyoderma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, foreign bodies, sensory neuropathies and painful bone and articular diseases. The psychogenic subset may be either a primary (e.g., the result of long-standing anxiety, boredom, attention-seeking or stereotypic behavior) or a psychosomatic behavioural abnormality.Regardless of the aetiology and the primary role it may play, the most common complication in the psychogenic aerai lick dermatitis is actually the deep bacterial pyoderma observed in the majority of the cases. Diagnosis of the disorder is reached after exclusion of similar-looking skin diseases, such as ringworm kerion, demodicosis, leishmaniosis, sterile granulomas and neoplasia. An extensive list of diagnostic tests is necessary to identify the underlying cause(s) and includes cytological examination, bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, histopathological examination, imaging of the affected area and hypoallergenic food trial. A prerequisite to diagnosing the psychogenic subset of the disease is to rule-out potential organic causes, coupled with persistence of skin licking, despite resolution of deep bacterial pyoderma.Regardless of the underlying cause, therapy should always include mechanical restrain, as well as the long-term topical and systemic use of antimicrobials that ideally should be selected based on the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Specific treatment in also warranted to resolve potential organic causes of the syndrome, whereas, management of its psychogenic subset should be based on avoidance of the causative and triggering factors, desensitization and counter conditioning, along with the administration of psychotropic medication. Alternative therapeutic modalities, considered supplementary or employed when everything else fails, may include topical glucocorticoids, dimethyl sulfoxide, capsaicin or tacrolimus, as well as cryosurgery, laser surgery, acupuncture or radiation therapy.
Endoscopic and histological findings in teats of dairy goats
Authors: KIOSSIS (Ε. ΚΙΟΣΣΗΣ) E. , BROZOS (Χ.Ν. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ) C. N. , PAPAIOANNOU (Ν. ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ) N. , TZANIDAKIS (Ν. ΤΖΑΝΙΔΑΚΗΣ) N. , BOSKOS (Κ. ΜΠΟΣΚΟΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

Objective of the study was to study the endoscopic examination of teats of dairy goats and to explore the nature and the prevalence of lesions therein. Potentially abnormal findings were further investigated with histological examination. The study was performed in 510 teats from dairy goats, which were collected from slaughterhouses. The endoscopic findings were correlated with those of the histological examination. Of  the total teats examined, 16% (82/510) had abnormal findingsat the area of teat cistern. The most common finding (66 teats) wast hickness and nodular proliferation of the teat cistern. Diaphragms at the teat cistern were also common (19 teats), while cysts and abnormal findings located at the area of teat cistern were noticed only in 5 and 4 teats, respectively. Variations in the colour of the mucosa of the teat cistern were noticed in 29 cases; in 7 cases teat cistern mucosa was red, in 14 yellow and in 8 red and yellow. Endoscopic examination appearsto be an effective technique that might potentially allow evaluation of teat abnormalities in living dairy goats.
Διροφιλαρίωση του σκύλου: παθογένεια και διάγνωση ενός πολυδιάστατου νοσήματος
Authors: SINANIS (Θ.Ν. ΣΙNΑΝΗΣ) T. N. , KOUTINAS (Χ.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) C. K. , DIAKOU (Α. ΔΙΑΚΟΥ) A. , PAPADOPOULOU (Π. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) P.
Published: February 2018

Canine heartworm disease (dirofilariosis) caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a parasitic disease frequently occurring in the para-Mediterranean countries. Global climate changes, animal transportation and inappropriate implementation of preventive measures in companion animals are some factors that have contributed to expansion of the disease in the last decades. Transmission of the parasite is carried out by mosquitoes, whilst the final hosts are members of the Canidae family or occasionally other animal species and humans. Apart from the endothelial lesions caused by the adult filariae, the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, through endotoxin production and production of specific IgG responses by the host against the bacterium’s surface proteins. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, dogs with the disease can be categorized into one of four clinical stages, ranging from asymptomatic to caval syndrome. Diagnosis of the disease can be reached after evaluation of clinical findings, in conjunction with paraclinical examinations, e.g., microfilarial and antigen testing, diagnostic imaging, haematological and blood biochemical examination.
First Report in the presence of Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Porcine Circo virus type 2 in Greece
Authors: KYRIAKIS (ΣΠ. Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C. , KENNEDY S. , SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ) K. , LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ) S. , MILIOTIS (Χ.Κ.ΜΗΛΙΩΤΗΣ) Ch. C. , BALKAMOS (Γ.Κ. ΜΠΑΛΚΑΜΟΣ) G. C. , PAPOUTSIS (Π.Α. ΠΑΠΟΥΤΣΗΣ) P. A.
Published: February 2018

Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) is a new infectious disease of pigs at nursery and growing phase of production. A new strain of porcine circovirus (PCV), PCV type 2, seems to be the cause. The aim of this study was to investigate whether outbreaks of disease with clinical signs similar to those of PMWS, observed in several farms in Greece, were associated to the presence of PCV2. To establish a diagnosis in two pig farms suspected of being positive to PMWS, ten affected pigs were euthanised. The clinical and post-mortem findings in these pigs were highly suggestive of PMWS. Histopathology has revealed interstitial pneumonia and infiltration of mononuclear cells in periportal areas of the liver and in mesenteric lymph nodes. According to previous studies these are characteristic lesions of PMWS. The final diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating antigens and nucleic acid in PCV2-affected tissues using immunohistochemistry and in situ-hybridisation methods.
A case of canine epitheliotropic lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
Authors: SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ. Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. N. , KOUTINAS (X.K. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) C. K. , KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of a dog with epitheliotropic lymphoma are presented. The dog (male, mongrel, 13-year old) was admitted to our Clinic with a 5-month history of non-pruritic skin lesions. At clinical examination a multifocal to diffuse exfoliative erythrodermia was the most striking finding. Diagnosis of epitheliotropic lymphoma was based on cutaneous histopathology, revealing a dense dermal and epidermal lymphocytic infiltration and Pautrie microabcess formation. Initial treatment with isotretinoin had a poor impact on skin lesions that progressed to the macular stage. On the contrary, combination chemotherapy with Lasparaginase and isotretinoin resulted in substantial improvement. The animal died, following a short period of depression and inappetance, 15 months after the first appearance of skin lesions and 10 months after diagnosis.
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pregnancy in the mare
Authors: YPSILANTIS (Π. ΥΨΗΛΑΝΤΗΣ) P.
Published: February 2018

The ultrasonographic examination of the uterus makes early pregnancy diagnosis in the mare possible by day 9 (day 0: day of ovulation). After a brief description of the examination procedure and a report on some anatomical and embryological features of the horse, the ultrasonographic findings at different stages of pregnancy, as well as those of twin pregnancy are described. Pregnancy findings are differentiated from pathological ones. Finally, the method is evaluated based on its advantages and disadvantages.
Comparison of the Vaginal Cytological and Microbiological Results in the Detection of Normal Microflora of Pregnant
Authors: ÖZDEMIR SALCI E. S. , GONCAGÜL G. , İPEK V.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to carry out a cytological and microbiological comparative investigation of vaginal microflora in pregnant ewes. The subjects for the study comprised of 39 healthy curly fleeced breed ewes (n=39), approximately 3 years old, at 2-4 months of pregnancy. Two vaginal samples were taken for cytological and microbiological examinations from each ewe in a sterile manner. Hemacolor® was used in cytological examination, while microbiological analysis were completed by conventional techniques. In cytological examination, slides were evaluated to detect lactobacilli, other bacteria, “clue cell” formation and presence of neutrophils. Microbiological investigation was carried out to detect possible pathogens. Cytological results compatible with bacterial vaginosis were obtained in 10 cases. Microbiologically, single type bacteria in 27 cases and more than one bacterium in 12 cases were isolated. The most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli. Comparing the cytological and microbiological results, 7 out of 27 cases were compatible with the bacterial vaginosis. In 3 cases of bacterial vaginosis non-pathogenic agents were revealed. In conclusion, it was proven that utilising the cytological examination provides more reliable results for detection of normal vaginal microflora of pregnant ewes.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Cyp19 and Myostatin Genes in Turkish Indigenous Sheep Breeds
Authors: AKIŞ I. , ESEN GÜRSEL F. , HACIHASANOĞLU ÇAKMAK N. , ATMACA G. , YARDIBI H. , ATEŞ A. , DURAK M. H. , ÖZTABAK K.
Published: February 2018

Growth and meat production traits are very important in sheep breeding. Cyp19 gene has a major role in reproductive activity and growth due to its function in estrogen synthesis. Another gene affecting growth traits is  Myostatin (MSTN) gene, which mainly regulates skeletal muscle growth. In this study allele frequencies of genetic polymorphism in Cyp19 and Myostatin genes were identified by PCR-RFLP method in five indigenous Turkish sheep breeds, Chiose, Imroz, Kivircik, Zom and Morkaraman. Digestion of Cyp19 gene with HaeIII only revealed uncut AA genotype and digestion of MSTN with DraI also revealed only uncut AA genotype. Both loci analyzed in this study were found to be monomorphic in five Turkish indigenous sheep breeds. These highly conserved parts of the two genes can be useful for molecular evolutionary studies in sheep. Further studies regarding association analysis of Cyp19 and MSTN in sheep should be conducted.
Rotavirus infections in domestic animals
Authors: CHATZOPOULOS (Δ.Χ. ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) D. C. , ATHANASIOU (Λ.Β. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΙΟΥ) L. V. , SPYROU (Β. ΣΠΥΡΟΥ) V. , FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ) G. C. , BILLINIS (Χ. ΜΠΙΛΛΙΝΗΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

Rotaviruses are major enteric pathogens of humans and a wide variety of animals. Rotavirus infections have a worldwide prevalence. The viral genome is composed of 11 double-stranded RNA segments with six structural and five or six non-structural proteins. Over 35,000 strains have been identified and classified into five main (A, B, C, D, E) and three additional tentative (F, G, H) serotype groups. A binary classification system has been proposed defining ‘G’ or ‘P’ types, with at least 27 G and 35 P genotypes reported thusfar. The virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral and oral routes. After attachment, entry into the host cells occurs through direct entry, fusion or endocytosis. Main mechanisms of Rotavirus-induced diarrhoea involve extensive enterocyte losses and nutrient disdigestion and malabsorption. Clinical features of Rotavirus infections range from asymptomatic infections to fulminant disease leading to rapid death.In calves, lambs and kids, piglets and foals, salient sign of the disease is diarrhoea; diarrhoeic faeces are white, yellow or, in severe cases, blood-tinted or frank haemorrhagic. In dogs and cats, the infection occurs usually as self-limiting diarrhoea. Avian Rotavirus infections are characterized by enteritis, growth depression and/or growth retardation. Definitive diagnosis of the infection can only be achieved by laboratory  tests, including electron microscopic examination, immunohistochemical examination, immunofluorescence, ELISA, latex agglutination and molecular techniques. There is no specific treatment against Rotavirus infections. Treatment is based in providing supportive care and managing clinical signs and potential complications. Effective vaccines, containing inactivated, recombinant or attenuated strains of the virus, are available. Challenge studies have shown the ease of the virus in cross-infecting various animal species; animal strains of the virus may cross species and infect humans. Due to the ability of the virus to overcome species barriers, animal strains may act as natural source of viral genomes, promoting mutations and creating new viral genotypes, whose virulence cannot be predictable.
Detection of Salmonella spp. from zoo animals in Iran, determination of serovars, antibiotic susceptibility and genotyping by RAPD-PCR
Authors: FASAEI B. N. , TAMAI I. A.
Published: February 2018

Salmonellosis is an important food-borne bacterial zoonotic disease that affects both people and animals. Contamination sources include direct or indirect animal contact. We determined and measured the risk of Salmonella infection from zoo animal to human contact by isolation of Salmonella serovars from zoo animals kept at Karaj zoo park, Iran. Salmonella was isolated from 21 (20%) of the 104 anal swap samples. From the 21 collected samples 4, 7 and 10 were originated from birds, mammals and reptiles, respectively. Serotyping detected nine different serotypes including Enteritidis (n=4), Seftenberg (n=1), Typhimurium (n=4), Virchow (3), Berkeley (n=1), Kingabwa (n=2), Newport (n=2), Marina (n=2) and Havana (n=1). All the isolates except one (serovar Marina subspecies Hautenae IV) were belonged to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica I. Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the most commonly detected serotypes. All the isolates tested, were resistant to one or more antibiotics and five isolates including the monkeys’ and long-eared owls’ isolates were multiresistant. RAPD profiles of each isolate produced with two different primers were identical. These finding shows highly contamination of zoo animals from Salmonella especially from the multiresistant isolates. All of the animals in the zoo, pet owners, veterinarians, zookeepers and visitors are at high risk of salmonellosis with reptiles being the most important source of infection.
Feline hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: KASABALIS (Δ. ΚΑΣΑΜΠΑΛΗΣ) D. , SOUBASIS (Ν. ΣΟΥΜΠΑΣΗΣ) N. , PETANIDES (ΠΕΤΑΝΙΔΗΣ Θ.Α.) T. A.
Published: February 2018

Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrinopathy in cats older than 8 years, with no sex or breed predisposition. Benign adenomas and adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid gland is observed in the majority of cases. Symptoms reflect the effect of thyroid hormone excess in various systems, with weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria-polydipsia, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal abnormalities being common clinical manifestations. On clinical examination, there is frequently prominent thyroid enlargement. Common laboratory abnormal findings include increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and alanino-aminotransferase, hyperphosphataemia, azotaemia and decreased concentration of ionized calcium and creatinine. Definite diagnosis of the disease is based on the demonstration of increased blood concentration of thyroid hormones.Measurement of thyroxine concentration, alone or in conjunction with concentration of free thyroxine, is usually sufficient to reach a diagnosis. When diagnosis is uncertain, thyroid stimulating hormone, scintigraphy and dynamic function tests can be used. The possibility of concurrent diseases (e.g., renal failure, diabetes mellitus) must be investigated, as their presence has implications on diagnosis and treatment. Medical therapy, thyroidectomy, radionine therapy and low iodine diet are also valid options for treatment. Each has advantages and disadvantages that a clinician must take into consideration before instigating treatment. Prognosis for hyperthyroidism is favourable if no severe disease exists concurrently.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from free range poultry or wild birds at the southern Caspian Sea coast of Iran
Authors: SEIFI S. , SHIRZAD M. R.
Published: February 2018

Objective of this study was the investigation of antimicrobial resistance of 95 Escherichia coli strains from faecal samples of wild birds and free range poultry in Mazandaran province (southern Caspian Sea coast of Iran), which were isolated during the period May to December 2012. Isolation rate was 59% or 30% from samples of free range poultry or wild birds, respectively. All isolates from free range poultry were susceptible to amikacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, whereas all were resistant to carbenicillin and erythromycin. In strains from wild birds, most common resistance was detected to be to carbenicillin and tetracycline. Multi-drug resistance was evident in all isolates from free range poultry and in 26% of those from wild birds. It is postulated that that wild birds may be infected by antibiotic resistant strains of E. coli and may serve as reservoirs of such strains.
Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs
Authors: MOUZAKITIS (Η.Ν. ΜΟΥΖΑΚΙΤΗΣ) E. N. , KAZAKOS (Γ.Μ. ΚΑΖΑΚΟΣ) G. M. , PATSIKAS (Μ.Ν. ΠΑΤΣΙΚΑΣ) M. N. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S.
Published: February 2018

Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is the most common disease of the cervical spine in large and giant breed dogs. Its exact aetiology is not known and the relevant pathophysiology is not clear; two clinical entities are currently recognised: disc-associated and osseous-associated spinal cord compression. History and clinical signs are indicative of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although its neurologic manifestation can vary from cervical pain only to tetraparesis and respiratory compromise. Imaging of the spine is fundamental for definitive diagnosis and includes radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It is also the cornerstone of surgical planning. This is usually based on the subjective concept of dynamic or static compressive lesions. Among the advanced imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to myelography for diagnosis of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although, at present, these techniques can be considered complementary.Furthermore, attention is drawn to the false positive interpretations of magnetic resonance findings, which are related to clinically irrelevant spinal cord compression. Hence, the degree of agreement between neuroanatomic localization and neuroimaging is of the outmost importance. Conservative treatment consists of strict restriction of the animal and the use of steroid or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective of surgical treatment is to decompress the spinal cord. However, the decision-making process of surgical treatment is more complicated, because a large number of different surgical techniques have been proposed. Adjacent segment disease is a controversial complication of the surgical treatment of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and recently introduced motion-preserving techniques are targeted on reducing its occurrence. Significant prognostic information for focal parenchymal damage may derive from magnetic resonance imaging studies, but this remains to be further clarified.
Differential diagnosis of neurological diseases of small ruminants
Authors: GIADINIS (Ν.Δ. ΓΙΑΔΙΝΗΣ) N. D. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S. , FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ) G. C.
Published: February 2018

Objective of the present review is the description of diagnostic approach in neurological cases in small ruminants. To improve description purposes in the present paper, neurological disorders of small ruminants are classified as follows: (a) congenital neurological disorders (vitamin A deficiency, copper deficiency, disorders of viral aetiology [including border disease and Schmallenberg disease], disorders with a genetic background), (b) acquired neurological disorders with an acute course (acute coenurosis, Aujeszky’s disease, bacterial meningoencephalitis, botulism, copper deficiency, copper poisoning, disorders following injury, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, listeriosis, louping-ill, rare disorders of parasitic aetiology, pregnancy toxaemia, rabies, tetanus, tick paralysis, toxicoses, type D enterotoxaemia, vitamin B1 deficiency) and (c) acquired neurological disorders with a long-standing course (caprine arthritis-encephalitis, central nervous system abscesses, chronic coenurosis, neoplastic disorders, ovine lentiviral encephalomyelitis, scrapie).
Induction of oestrus in ewes of the rare Greek breeds Skopelos, Zakynthos, Kymi - Electrical resistance of cervical mucous
Authors: TSILIGIANNI (Θ. ΤΣΙΛΙΓΙΑΝΝΗ) T.
Published: February 2018

Objective of the study was the investigation of the response of Skopelos, Zakynthos and Kymi ewes to oestrus induction treatment. Furthermore, feasibility of measuring electrical resistance of cervical mucus for oestrus detection was examined. Oestrus was induced by intravaginal insertion of sponges impregnated with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 12 days [groups: Skopelos (n=17), Zakynthos (n=18), Kymi (n=22)], followed by intramuscular injection of 400 iu equine chorionic gonadotropins) at the time of withdrawal. Blood samples were collected 10 days before sponge insertion, at insertion and withdrawal and at oestrus for measurement of oestradiol 17-β and progesterone concentration. Electrical resistance of cervical mucus was measured after οestrus detection, then ewes were mated. Proportion of Zakynthos ewes (100%) in oestrus was greater than that of Kymi (64%) or Skopelos (78%) ewes. Pregnancy rate ranged from 50% (Kymi ewes) to 67% (Skopelos ewes). Electrical resistance of cervical mucus of ewes that conceived was significantly smaller than of those that did not. Based on results of progesterone blood concentration measurement 10 days before and at sponge insertion, only Kymi ewes were at full anoestrus, whilst Zakynthos and Skopelos ewes were in the breeding season. Progesterone blood concentration at sponge withdrawal and oestradiol 17-β blood concentration at oestrus were significantly greater in Zakynthos ewes that conceived compared to those in ewes that did not conceive. Furthermore, progesterone concentration at sponge insertion was significantly greater in all ewes that conceived compared to that in ewes that did not. There were significant differences in oestradiol-17β and progesterone blood concentrations among breeds and at the various time-points of blood collection. It is concluded that response of the above sheep breeds to oestrus induction was satisfactory. Hormonal status of ewes during sponge insertion is of importance for conception. Measurement of electrical resistance of cervical mucus could be useful for selection of ewes for mating, even if rams used to detect oestrous.