bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A utopia urbana da cidade do futuro: solidária e sustentável?
Authors: Leal Suely
Published: July 2022

A crise financeira e a falência das políticas neoliberais se refletem sobre as cidades e reduzem a capacidade de investimento do Estado em políticas urbanas, fortalecendo o empreendedorismo urbano, e a ótica da escolha locacional de investimentos privados, criando um novo modelo de acumulação urbana nas cidades. Por sua vez, os espaços de democratização têm funcionado como elemento de mediação política, emergindo novas formas de gestão e governança urbana, centradas em parcerias público/privadas, fragilizando os mecanismos e espaços de planejamento democrático. A crise atual expressa dois movimentos antagônicos e contraditórios: i) a mundialização e globalização neoliberal, explicativa das transformações econômicas, sociais, culturais e políticas por que passam os Estados nacionais e as sociedades mundiais; ii) um movimento “contra a globalização”, que extrapola as fronteiras nacionais, percebido na presença de inúmeras redes e parcerias entre movimentos sociais, expressando-se em lutas e novas formas de organizações locais e nacionais. Considerando esses dois cenários, o artigo busca refletir sobre a utopia urbana de um futuro democrático e sustentável para as cidades, fundada em uma cidadania participativa ativa, socialmente solidária
Renda fundiária, ordenamento e perequação
Authors: Carvalho Jorge
Published: July 2022

O valor do solo (Renda Fundiária - RF) depende em grande parte do seu uso e da sua

expectativa de uso. O uso do solo está muito dependente das decisões tomadas no âmbito

do Ordenamento do Território (OT). O OT ignora, muitas vezes, a evolução da RF por ele próprio originada, para além de não equacionar e não dar resposta às contradições, no que ao uso do solo diz respeito, entre interesse coletivo e interesses individuais. Estas contradições, muito profundas, prejudicam a eficácia do OT, já que proprietários e promotores, de forma legal ou ilegal, procuram e não raro conseguem fazer vingar as suas pretensões fundiárias. Defende-se, neste artigo, a importância da Perequação para tornar

mais convergentes o interesse coletivo e os diversos interesses individuais e para melhorar o funcionamento do mercado fundiário. Perspetivam-se, ainda, arquiteturas perequativas de diversa abrangência geográfica, nomeadamente entre uso urbano e rural e entre os diversos

usos urbanos
Cambio social y conviencia en el espacio público de Barcelona
Authors: Valdivia Gutiérrez Blanca , Ciocoletto Adriana , Garcia-Almirall M. Pilar
Published: July 2022

En la última década, la llegada de importantes flujos de población inmigrante ha propiciado intensos cambios sociales y físicos en la configuración del territorio urbano de las ciudades catalanas y del resto del Estado. Estas transformaciones han originado continuos debates sobre la convivencia entre población autóctona e inmigrada en los espacios públicos.
La comunicación presentará parte de los resultados del proyecto “Inmigración, cohesión social y convivencia en el espacio público”. Uno de los objetivos de esta investigación es analizar el papel del espacio público como escenario de socialización y convivencia.
El ámbito de estudio han sido tres barrios de la provincia de Barcelona donde reside un alto porcentaje de población inmigrada y con diferentes características territoriales y urbanas.
Para realizar el diagnóstico se han utilizado metodologías cualitativas que permiten incorporar información no cuantificable y trabajar a una mayor escala de detalle.
El trabajo ha permitido determinar que la cohesión social no es una variable dicotómica sino que existe una progresión y existen diferentes grados de cohesión social. Una de las aportaciones de este trabajo es la elaboración de indicadores espaciales para medir el grado de cohesión social en los barrios según el nivel de interacción entre personas inmigrantes y autóctonas en los espacios públicos
Internet, World Wide Web e infraestrutura digital: empresas e "digitalidade" dos territórios em Portugal
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo , Gama Rui
Published: July 2022

Os territórios têm vindo a assumir novas competências no sentido de procurar responder aos desafios da sociedade do conhecimento e da aprendizagem, tendo as novas tecnologias e os fatores intangíveis um papel central na construção de vantagens competitivas dinâmicas e na qualificação dos territórios. A Internet é um instrumento privilegiado não só para a disseminação de informação e partilha de conhecimento, como para o estabelecimento de relações interativas, criando novas oportunidades para os agentes do sistema de conhecimento e inovação e para a base produtiva. As estratégias empresariais valorizam cada vez mais a economia digital e a utilização de novos instrumentos digitais. Para compreender a consolidação da plataforma digital em Portugal, valoriza-se a tradução no espaço dos sítios Internet. Deste modo, a partir da análise do reflexo dos sítios no território a que se encontram “ligados”, poder-se-á refletir sobre a configuração sectorial e territorial associada a estes sítios. A determinação de potenciais Web e a correlação com indicadores do contexto territorial das cidades e regiões traduzirá a dimensão digital e as potencialidades dos territórios, no quadro da nova economia digital e dos territórios do conhecimento, e, de forma mais ampla, da inteligência territorial
Experiencias turísticas asociadas al desplazamiento: el caso de Benidorm
Authors: Nolasco-Cirugeda Almudena , Serrano-Estrada Leticia , Martí-Ciriquián Pablo
Published: July 2022

El término movilidad añade al de transporte de un nuevo significado, pues este incluye la
posibilidad de establecer relaciones y satisfacer necesidades enriqueciendo la forma tradicional
de entender la acción de desplazarse. Mejorar la experiencia de la movilidad supone, en
general, evitar la sensación de tiempo perdido durante el trayecto. Para ello existe la posibilidad
de, o bien, acortar el tiempo de desplazamiento, o bien, incluir actividades durante el mismo
que aporten la sensación de tiempo “vivido”, tiempo disfrutado.
El desarrollo de estas cuestiones en relación a la importancia de mejorar la experiencia en un
destino turístico pone de relieve el interés que puede tener el aproximarse al estudio de las
experiencias de movilidad de los turistas en el lugar de destino.
El objetivo de este estudio es el de analizar y debatir cuáles son las prácticas de movilidad
vinculadas a la experiencia turística de un destino de sol y playa, Benidorm, que combina su
atractivo natural con otras actividades propias del ocio. Concretamente, se trata de analizar
algunas cuestiones que definen los sistemas de movilidad utilizados en el entorno turístico
como son: los itinerarios, los modos de transporte y a qué espacios de particular atractivo están
asociados.
Por tanto, el estudio de las cualidades de las prácticas de movilidad asociadas a la experiencia
turística arroja datos de interés sobre las diferencias existentes entre los sistemas de movilidad
convencional y los propios asociados a una actividad particular como es el turismo en un
entorno de sol y playa.

The term mobility adds a new meaning to the definition of transport. It includes the possibility to
establish relationships and satisfy needs, uplifting the traditional understanding of the “moving
around the territory" action. In general, improving the experience of mobility means that the
sensation of wasted time during the journey can be avoided. To shorten the time spent during
the journey or to include activities on route, can contribute to the feeling of "well-spent" time,
enjoyed time. The approach to these issues in relation to enhance the touristic destination experience,
underscore the interest that the tourists mobility experience, at the destination place, could
have.
The aim of this study is to analyze and discuss the mobility practices linked to the improvement
of the touristic experience in a sun and beach destination, such as Benidorm, which combines
natural attraction with other leisure activities.
Specifically, this paper addresses some of the issues that define the mobility systems found
within the touristic environment. These include: itineraries, modes of transport and associated
places of particular attraction.
Therefore, the qualitative study of mobility practices associated to the touristic experience,
yields interesting facts about the differences between the conventional mobility systems and
those systems related to sun and beach touristic activities.
Geografia e storia nei territori sensibili: rischio, emergenza e memoria: prove di dialogo
Authors: Andreassi Fabio , Aristone Ottavia
Published: July 2022

Si vuole esplorare il significato nella pratica di alcune parole chiave quali cambiamento,
collasso, emergenza, memoria, rischio e la loro eventuale capacità di esplicitare i nessi tra
geografia e storia nei territori sensibili.
Per i sapere non esperti, la nozione di rischio diventa cangiante: declinata al passato in forma di
mitografia o respinta e scomoda declinazione del futuro, al presente tende a perdere un
significato proprio per scivolare nel campo semantico dell'emergenza. Questa coniugazione
produce azioni, nell'unità di spazio-temporale del disastro, che appartengono all'emergenza:
depotenziata di un passato irripetibile e di un futuro incerto, si configura quale potente veicolo
del potere, avendo liberato le decisioni dalle procedure necessarie per la verifica della
opportunità tecnica e del consenso consapevole. Nei "casi di emergenza" si riduce la relazione
decisionale con gli abitanti coinvolti; il coordinamento e la gestione assumono forme autoritative
e astratte, inconsapevoli della soglia di sopportabilità del rischio da parte delle popolazioni.
L'efficienza dell'intervento di prima istanza non corrisponde alla efficacia nella media durata
laddove l'azione pubblica non orienta le possibili scelte e non ne supporta i processi attuativi e
adattivi.

Our intention is to explore the practical meaning of certain key-words such as change, collapse,
emergency, memory and risk, and how they may explain the links between the geography and
history of sensitive areas.
For non-experts, the notion of risk is many-faceted: when declined in a past sense as a myth, or
a rejected, inconvenient declination of the future, in the present, it loses its intrinsic meaning
and comes to refer to an emergency.
This conjugation produces actions, within the space and time of the disaster, which are proper
to the emergency: its unrepeatable past weakened and with an uncertain future, it emerges as a
forceful vehicle of power, which takes all the decisions and enforces the procedures necessary
for assessing technical necessities and conscious consensus. In "cases of emergency", the inhabitants involved are deprived of their part in decision-making, while the management of the
emergency takes on an abstract and authoritarian form and seems unable to sense the
threshold of tolerance of risk of the population. The immediate intervention is seen to be
effective, but not in the mid-term, where public action does not take into account the possible
alternatives or sustain the local people in their attempt to adapt.
Sustainable cities
Authors: Echenique Marcial , Hargreaves Anthony , Mitchell Gordon
Published: July 2022

It is commonly asserted that so-called compact development is the urban form most able to
sustainably accommodate growth by reducing travel distances and conserving land, but credible
supportive evidence remains limited.
This study rigorously and realistically tested the relative performance of spatial options over the
next 30 years for three distinct kinds of English city regions. Statistical models first forecast the
behavior of people within interacting markets for land and transport. These outputs were then
fed to established simulation models to generate 26 indicators measuring the economic
efficiency, resource use, social and environmental impact of the spatial options. This permitted
an explicit comparison of the costs and benefits of compact against sprawling urban forms for
these regions.
While the prototypes - i.e. Compaction, Market led development (sprawl), Planned expansion
(edge expansion and/or new towns) - were indeed found to differ in their sustainability, no one
form was clearly superior. Rather the change to ‘white collar’ lifestyles and associated
population growth dominates the impacts on the natural environment and resources, far
overwhelming those attributable to spatial urban form.
L’informatizzazione e la divulgazione del Catasto Gregoriano e della cartografia storica di Roma
Authors: Cimino Antonio , De Marco Giuseppe , Magaudda Stefano
Published: July 2022

Il progetto d’informatizzazione del Catasto Gregoriano Urbano di Roma è stato avviato circa
dieci anni fa, grazie a un finanziamento della Fondazione Cariplo, ed è ora nella sua fase
conclusiva. Il progetto è stato realizzato dal Dipartimento di Studi Urbani dell’università di
Roma Tre, dall’Archivio di Stato di Roma, dalla Sovrintendenza Capitolina e dall’Archivio
Capitolino e l’attività di ricerca ha permesso di ricostruire l'immagine urbana ed archeologica
della Roma preunitaria e post-unitaria. Le mappe del Catasto Gregoriano e i relativi brogliardi
costituiscono la base del Sistema Informativo Geografico (GIS) al quale sono stati collegati altri
documenti cartografici e documentali: la pianta di Roma di G.B. Nolli del 1748; un consistente
numero di schede relative a documenti di archivio in materia di architettura urbana e
archeologia; documenti iconografici sulla architettura della città storica. Il progetto intende
conseguire un duplice obiettivo: realizzare un sistema informativo geografico in grado di
contenere, gestire e divulgare i dati sulla città storica provenienti da fonti diverse; creare uno
strumento web a carattere partecipativo e didattico destinato ad un’ampia platea di utenti e non
solo a ricercatori e studiosi del settore. La piattaforma web e la banca dati geografica sono state
integralmente realizzate con prodotti e software Open Source.

The digitization of the Gregorian Urban Cadastre of Rome (Catasto Gregoriano Urbano di
Roma) has started about ten years ago thanks to the funding by the Cariplo Foundation, and it
is now in its final stage. The project has been implemented by the Department of Urban Studies
of the “Roma Tre” University, the Archivio di Stato di Roma, the Sovrintendenza Capitolina and
the Archivio Capitolino. The research has allowed to reconstruct the archaeological and urban
image of Rome in the pre- and post-unification periods. The maps and registers of the
Gregorian Cadastre represent the basis of the Geographic Information System (GIS), which has
been linked to maps and documents from other sources: the 1748 map of Rome by G. B. Nolli,
a substantial number of datasheets from archive documents related to buildings and archeology, other iconographic documents concerning the architecture of the old town. The
project has a dual purpose: on the one hand, the implementation of a GIS able to store, manage
and disseminate data about the historic city from different sources; on the other, the activation
of a participatory and educational web tool open to a wide audience, not only to researchers
and scholars of this particular field. The web platform and the geographic database have been
fully implemented with Open Source products and software.
Paesaggi costieri modificati da mezzi nautici a fine vita
Authors: Maccarrone Maria
Published: July 2022

Guardare dei luoghi prodotti da eterogenee mescolanze di elementi di varia natura può attivare
dei processi trasformativi dei paesaggi in cui è possibile plasmare e riusare ciò che si trova. La
ricerca sui Beni galleggianti a fine del ciclo di vita nei paesaggi costieri indaga il fenomeno
dell’abbandono dei mezzi nautici alla fine del ciclo di vita come forma apparente che muta in
altra forma e il paesaggio contaminato come deposito dell’energia di una natura persistente.
Paesaggi fluviali, marittimi o lacustri accolgono l’azione umana per ciò che in essi lascia, vale a
dire resti di natanti arenati sulle coste o accatastati in luoghi di fortuna; stampi di costruzione
dismessi; relitti faticosamente censibili di imbarcazioni affondate per avaria o deliberatamente
inabissate in quanto ritenute desuete. L’insieme delle imbarcazioni alla fine del ciclo di vita
assume la forma di un patrimonio nautico dell'abbandono che occupa porzioni di litorali,
depaupera gli ecosistemi di terra e d'acqua e altera la percezione del paesaggio preesistente. Il
riconoscimento del fragile stato di quei particolari ambiti terrestri ed acquatici, vitali e limitati, è
fondamentale per la loro sopravvivenza, e non solo. Preludio per nuovi stadi evolutivi, i
paesaggi costieri contaminati si possono trasformare in metafore poetiche di un dialogo
rinnovato fra uomo e natura, luoghi d’innovazione e di possibilità in grado di autogenerarsi e
garantire nel tempo una fruibilità condivisa.

Looking at places produced by heterogeneous mixtures is possible activate the transformative
processes of the landscapes where to reuse what you find. The research on "floating at the end
of the life cycle in coastal landscapes" explores the phenomenon of abandoned boat at the end
of life as a form apparent, and the polluted landscape as the storage of persistent nature.
Landscapes of river, sea or lake the accommodate human actions: the remains of boats
stranded on the coasts or stacked; molds abandoned; wrecks of sunken ships to deliberately
damage or sunken as they are considered obsolete. The set of vessels at the end of the life
cycle takes the form of a abandoned nautical heritage which occupies portions of the coasts,
depletes ecosystems of land and water and alters the perception of the landscape preexisting.
The recognition of the fragile state of those particular areas of land and water, vitals and limited,
it is essential for their survival, and more. Prelude to new developmental stages, the coastal
landscape hybridized can transformed into poetic metaphors of a renewed dialogue between
man and nature, place of innovation and opportunity that can self-generate and ensure the
usability.
Paesaggi in divenire: la territorialità attiva dei nuovi abitanti: il caso di Luogosanto in Alta Gallura
Authors: Lutzoni Leonardo
Published: July 2022

Il paesaggio urbano contemporaneo, governato dal movimento e dalla trasformazione, produce
disorientamento. La velocità delle reti assorda la città, lacera e segmenta la campagna e il
binomio oppositivo urbano/rurale non si presenta più in quanto tale. In diverse aree del nostro
paese, però, in particolare lì, dove la rete dei flussi e delle infrastrutture, del mercato e
dell'economia globale, che alterano la fisionomia locale della città e del territorio, si dirada, si
nascondono dei territori meno illuminati, spazi aperti, di rallentamento, di silenzio, di
sopravvivenza di campagna e agricoltura, di resistenza alla crescita lineare e senza senso
dell'urbanizzazione (Lanzani, 2011, pag. 20). Sono territori densi di natura e di storia nei quali si
stanno verificando fenomeni emergenti, indizi, che disegnano le traiettorie per una prospettiva
di cammino differente, ormai necessario, anche per la pianificazione urbanistica
contemporanea: nuove forme dell'abitare, dinamiche di insediamento neo rurali, nuove
economie legate alla terra, processi di riterritorializzazione, rielaborazione del rapporto tra uomo
e natura, una vera e propria svolta etico-culturale.
Partendo dalla consapevolezza di vivere ed agire in un delicato equilibrio “sistema-mondo” a cui
ogni realtà locale è connessa, nell’articolo si analizza il fenomeno dei nuovi abitanti a
Luogosanto, piccolo Comune dell’Alta Gallura, in Sardegna. Fenomeno che richiede
un'impostazione metodologica basata sull'osservazione attenta, infatti, si tratta, in buona
sostanza, di associare un’analisi più generale a un’indagine di dettaglio che può arrivare
addirittura alla ricerca della singola esperienza di vita, necessaria a tracciare le linee per il
progetto di territorio.
Il restauro per la valorizzazione di architetture e siti da conservare: studi per la fruizione del paesaggio culturale italiano: il caso di Ostia
Authors: Pugliano Antonio
Published: July 2022

La memoria riguarda un’iniziativa sviluppata nell’Università Roma Tre, con il MiBACSoprintendenza
Speciale ai Beni Archeologici di Roma e con l’Ordine degli Architetti di Roma.
L’iniziativa, sostenuta dal valente Soprintendente Anna Maria Moretti e dall’eccellente direttore
della Sede di Ostia, Angelo Pellegrino, mira alla costituzione di un sistema di azioni integrate di
ricerca e formazione per la documentazione, la conservazione e la gestione del contesto
ambientale, naturale e antropico, del territorio sud-occidentale di Roma, sino alla costa. Ivi si
indagano le peculiarità dei siti individuando e caratterizzando possibili attrattori materiali e
immateriali, da utilizzare come gli elementi eloquenti di una ricomposizione storica e
antropologica del territorio utile al turismo di qualità, chiamato a giocare il ruolo di motore di
crescita per l’economia locale.
Il suddetto sistema si fonda su attività conoscitive e progettuali svolte da archeologi e architetti,
assieme, nel contesto didattico del Laboratorio di Restauro 2M della Facoltà di Architettura
dell’Università Roma Tre. Il prodotto degli ultimi anni, tanto della didattica svolta soprattutto sul
campo, quanto della ricerca applicata, è un modello di piattaforma digitale attraverso la quale
sono state ordinate le informazioni necessarie alla pianificazione delle iniziative di tutela e alla
gestione della manutenzione, del restauro, della valorizzazione.
Patrimonio cultural y natural: procesos y dinámicas en la región turística de Puerto Vallarta
Authors: García Yerena María Luisa
Published: July 2022

La globalización de los mercados, la exigencia de mayor flexibilidad de los distintos procesos
urbanos territoriales, así como la sustentabilidad ambiental y sociocultural, se convierten en las
nuevas condiciones estructurales del desarrollo turístico. Esto obliga promover una mayor
competitividad entre los enclaves turísticos. En este contexto el patrimonio cultural y natural en
zonas turísticas se convierte en un valor añadido a la oferta del turismo de sol y playa. Puerto
Vallarta como polo turístico reconocido a nivel nacional e internacional, se encuentra así ante
un panorama de opciones y escenarios posibles. Panorama crucial para determinar y construir
las bases de su desarrollo, para tener vigencia y competitividad en el esquema de procesos
que establece el siglo XXI.

The globalization of markets, the need for greater flexibility of the various urban-territorial
processes and environmental and socio-cultural sustainability, become the new structural
conditions of tourism development. This forces promote greater competition among tourist
spots. The cultural and natural heritage in tourist areas becomes an added value to the offer of
sun and beach tourism. . Puerto Vallarta as a tourist destination renowned national and
international, is thus confronted with an overview of options and scenarios. Panorama crucial to
identify and build the foundation of its development, to be effective and competitive in the
scheme of processes that establishes the XXI century
La protección de las construcciones de una huerta urbana en transformación: el catálogo de construcciones en suelo no urbano del municipio de Lleida
Authors: Paül i Agustí Daniel , Aguilar Ortiz Laura , Ganau Casas Joan
Published: July 2022

La consideración de los elementos que merecen una protección especial por parte de la
administración pública ha ido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo. De forma progresiva se ha
pasado de una visión basada en lo antiguo y monumental a una visión mucho más amplia. Este
cambio se ha integrado en los últimos años en los distintos elementos legales. El texto que se
presenta reflexiona sobre este hecho mediante el análisis del trabajo académico realizado para
la elaboración del “Catálogo de construcciones en suelo no urbano del municipio de Lleida”,
documento que formará parte de la revisión del Plan Urbanístico de la ciudad. El trabajo detalla
el estudio realizado para la propuesta del Catálogo. Se partirá de una presentación de los
elementos generales que establece la normativa urbanística de Cataluña. Posteriormente, se
presentará el trabajo de identificación de construcciones y los criterios fijados para delimitar las
construcciones que debían preservarse. Finalmente, se presentarán los principales rasgos de
las aproximadamente 150 construcciones para las cuales se propone su conservación como
elementos más significativos de un espacio que conserva más de 800 años de presencia
humana.

The consideration of the aspects that deserve special protection by the public administration
has been changing over time. Progressively it has change from an ancient and monumental idea to a much broader view. This change has arrived to the urban legislation in recent years.
The text presented reflects on this fact by analysing the academic work done for the
development of the "Catalogue of constructions in undeveloped land in the municipality of
Lleida". This document will be part of the review of the Urban Plan of the city. The paper
describes the study conducted for the proposed Catalogue. We will start by a presentation of
the general elements that set the planning regulations of Catalonia. Then we present the criteria
set for the buildings that should be preserved. Finally, we present the main features of the
approximately 150 buildings for which conservation is proposed as significant elements of a
space that preserves more than 800 years of human presence.
La territorializzazione spontanea del centro storico: il caso di Viterbo
Authors: Catini Raffaella
Published: July 2022

Lo studio qui proposto ha preso l’avvio da due eventi fondamentali per lo sviluppo urbanistico
della città di Viterbo, nessuno dei quali possiamo dire costituisca la conseguenza di una politica
urbana di indirizzo.
Il primo ha decretato, a partire dagli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, lo spopolamento e il
progressivo degrado del centro storico a seguito del vero e proprio esodo verso i nuovi
insediamenti di edilizia economica e popolare e soprattutto verso le innumerevoli ville, costruite
facendole passare per fabbricati rurali, nelle zone agricole a ridosso della città; il secondo,
tuttora in atto, registra una tendenza opposta in virtù dei mutamenti profondi occorsi nel tessuto
sociale e della mutata situazione economica.
Le scarse disponibilità economiche hanno reso infatti nuovamente appetibili, da parte di nuovi
fruitori con scarse possibilità economiche, i numerosi immobili del centro rimasti liberi e in
cattive condizioni di manutenzione, dapprima senza operare alcuna alterazione nel tessuto
edilizio esistente; quindi è iniziata un’operazione sistematica di portata ben diversa, mirata alla
trasformazione in unità abitative minime dei locali situati al livello stradale adibiti un tempo a
magazzini e cantine.
Esigenze differenti di persone differenti hanno indotto una nuova territorializzazione della città
storica. Resta da capire in che misura questo processo sia stato previsto o valutato, e se la
costituzione di un tessuto sociale così omogeneo nella struttura possa considerarsi
positivamente ai fini del riequilibrio socio-economico complessivo, di cui il problema edilizioabitativo
rappresenta solo uno degli aspetti

The aim of this paper is to reflect on two major trends concerning the urban development of the
city of Viterbo, neither of which appears to stem from a precise urban policy.
The first one was the depopulation and progressive decline of the ancient city centre caused by
the relocation of the inhabitants towards the new council housing settlements and especially
towards the countless new villas, originally intended as farm houses on agricultural land
adjacent to the city.
The second one, still ongoing, is an opposite trend, the result of profound changes in the social
fabric of the society and of the present economic stagnation. Many unoccupied and neglected
houses and flats in the city centre are appealing to people with limited financial means, in spite
of the lack of upgrading. In addition, basements and cellars are being converted into actual
housing units.
The needs of the abovementioned people have triggered a new territorialisation of the historic
centre. It is yet to be determined to what extent this phenomenon has been contemplated and understood, and whether the rise of such a uniform social fabric should be construed as positive
for the general socioeconomic balance, of which the housing issue is only one of the factors.
La red social: del Ágora al Whatsapp
Authors: Jimenez Vicario Pedro Miguel , Cirera Tortosa Amanda
Published: July 2022

En el Mediterráneo han coexistido dos importantes tradiciones urbanas, la ciudad clásica
grecolatina y la ciudad islámica. El modo de habitar la ciudad, el uso de los espacios públicos y
la naturaleza de las relaciones sociales difieren en ambos casos. El siglo XX ha supuesto un
cambio trascendental en la forma de interacción social en la ciudad. Gracias a los avances
tecnológicos, el espacio físico urbano convive ahora con un espacio virtual que nos permite
interaccionar de una forma hasta hace solo unas décadas desconocida. Del Ágora al Whatsapp
es la metáfora de la evolución de la red social tradicional de plazas y patios mediterráneos a la
comunicación basada en las nuevas aplicaciones sociales a través de internet y las nuevas
tecnologías. El resultado es el cambio de uso de los espacios físicos urbanos y su coexistencia
con un nuevo espacio de comunicación. Este nuevo fenómeno fue anticipado por el Futurismo
Italiano, Le Corbusier o Marshall McLuhan y su teoría de la aldea global

Two importants traditions have coexisted in the Mediterranean, classical city and islamic city.
The mode of live the city, the use of public spaces and the nature of social relations are different
in both cases. The twentieth century has meant an important change in the way of social
interaction in the city. Thanks to technological advances, the physical urban space coexists now
with a new virtual space. From Agora to Whatsapp means the evolution of communication in
mediterranean square and courtyard to communication based on a new social applications
trough Internet and new technologies. This new phenomenon was anticipated by Italian
Futurism, Le Corbusier or Marshall McLuhan and his theory of the global village.
Architecture of culture as a way to the revitalisation of cities of today: what can we learn from the Polish and Spanish experience?
Authors: Broniewicz Piotr
Published: July 2022

Once again the architecture of culture has begun to play a significant role in the structure of cities, redefining their space, creating their character, and shaping their modern face. This trend has become particularly evident in Europe after year 2000. Cultural objects have been en masse constructed both in big metropolitan areas, as well as in small towns.
Based on the observation and the analysis of architecture of music realisations, we can extrapolate conclusions which will allow to ascertain when these buildings became a functioning part of the urban structure. We also get the opportunity to learn from the mistakes: despite significant financial expenses, the architecture of culture has failed to meet users’ expectations, becoming a dead space in many cases.
The study of the presented examples forces us to discuss directions and purposefulness of investing in the architecture of culture. Introducing clear goals will provide guidance for creating the city of the future.
Where is the library?
Authors: Homiński Bartłomiej
Published: July 2022

Urban tissue is composed of public spaces and their complementary buildings, most of which form a background for the less numerous monumental structures. Their value and importance is derived from the part they play within the city (for instance that of a church, a museum, an opera, a train station, etc.), and which finds its confirmation in their distinct architectural form and deliberate placement in areas that are vital to the perception of the form of a city. The compatibility of these three components – those of status, distinct architectural form and deliberate placement – makes them important structures. Regardless of historical, political or economic circumstances, the form of important structures has always been an expression of the aspirations and capabilities of a given period. Over the centuries, libraries have been a part of this group of structures. Currently, due to the civilisational transformation tied to the advancement of information technologies, the status of libraries within cities is undergoing substantial changes. Their modern architectural form is changing as well. In many cases it no longer expresses such values as durability, stability and solemnity, which had defined library buildings over the centuries, providing them with a particular distinctness. Is the deliberate placement of libraries in areas that are important to the perception of the form of a city still important in the face of the changes that are affecting the other two components that have been previously mentioned? The paper includes one of the possible answers to the question: where is the library?
Historic town: idea and sense of identity
Authors: Kuśnierz Kazimierz , Kuśnierz-Krupa Dominika
Published: July 2022

This article addresses the problem of preserving the identity and historic cultural landscape in small towns in southern Poland. Nowadays, the unique character of those centers is frequently endangered by uncontrolled development and a drive towards modern architectonic and technological solutions. Inhabitants of these small towns, or centers currently reduced to the role of districts, do not always feel or understand the need for preserving the values of their little homelands, even though they bear evidence of a rich past and cultural potential. This work presents a few selected examples of small towns in southern Poland, some of which were degraded to the rank of districts at the beginning of the 20th century. Their landscape and cultural potential have been presented, and attention was drawn to the issue of protecting the historic heritage which has so far survived in the given area. Finally, the identity of selected towns and the sense of a struggle to maintain it have been addressed.
Contemporary European spirituality: new forms of sacred spaces
Authors: Malinowska-Petelenz Beata
Published: July 2022

The 20th century witnessed changes which altered radically the world hitherto functioning in the same way for centuries. The pluralist global culture is characterized by rapid and unpredictable changeability involving continuous challenging of traditional values. Architecture is no exception to this rule, including religious architecture, which best reflects the spirituality of its time. Revaluation which took place in the last century resulted in the need of a new interpretation of the concepts of the sacred and the profane, as they have lost their clarity and significance. In consequence of the conflict between the dogmatic understanding of stability on the one hand and the modern culture, science, thought and world interpretation as well as the pace and style of living on the other, the need has emerged to build new places of cult that embrace the Zeitgeist of today – stripped of almost all ideology, visually modest, devoid in their décor of intense expression or a large number of stimuli. There are also temples which invite into the same space people of different religions as well as people who are seeking faith or are doubtful, places focused on catering for spiritual or contemplation needs, but also offering intellectual rest.
Urban expansion and rural spatial chaos in the fringe area
Authors: Mełges Hubert
Published: July 2022

Due to the constant increase in human population, man, citizen of the planet Earth, faces many momentous questions and challenges. First of all, they concern problems of accommodation, sustenance, proper health care, education, leisure, transport, development of technical infrastructure, etc.
It seems, however, that the pace of progress and the accumulation of new challenges related to the needs of modernising and developing towns significantly exceed the existing capabilities of planning processes and work. Newer and newer investment projects always seem to be one step ahead of these possibilities.
It is also noted that despite the great progress of civilization, life in cities does not become easier, but, on the contrary, more and more difficult. Therefore, city dwellers either fully or partially run away from them, seeking an opportunity to live in hitherto rural areas close to nature. Above all a tempting target for city dwellers have become villages surrounding these cities. As a result of this complex process, the nearest villages become the suburbs of cities with detached houses, in a sense blocking the development of these cities. Thus, existing rural areas cease to be such areas, losing the title of host sites.
All of this is a kind of a trap as simultaneously these phenomena become unrestrained and generate spatial chaos. The more so that the chaos also affects interpersonal relationships, the quality of which is influenced by cultural differences as well as lifestyle. Nowadays the problem exists in most Polish cities, but observation in this article is limited to Cracow and Lesser Poland only.
Metropolis: which way to the future?
Authors: Podhalański Bogusław
Published: July 2022

There are two new persons born each and every second on Earth, persons that will need space to live, just as we do. Should we build new cities, then, without question? The “population of a single day” is going to require territory, which, according to today’s standards, equals the area of France or Ukraine (Zipser). Therefore villages, cities and especially metropolises require much more space for expansion. Things become problematic when metropolises are faced with a lack of space to expand Metropolises behave like cancerous tumors – they try to possess or occupy any urban structure within their reach, including agricultural lands and forests. Is it even possible to plan such a rapid growth? Certain cases point to the fact that it is indeed possible, while others – that it is not possible at all. Thus, we are faced with the question of what should we do when the development of metropolises outpaces even the fastest planning processes? In these cases, metropolitan authorities need to anticipate problems related to infrastructure, transportation, as well as unemployment and rising crime rates. The metropolitan way of life causes not only spatial, but also social problems as well. The subdivisions within the social structures of metropolises are transformed in accordance with the quality of their spatial structures and vice versa. The question as to who “owns” the public spaces of metropolises is more important than the real ownership of the land they are built upon. Public spaces become an expression of their respective metropolises through the image of their urban and architectural forms. The inhabitants and people “that are coming in” can only identify themselves with and respect the rules of the space that they live, work and relax in only under the condition of the existence of spatial order. Contrary to those metropolitan areas that have been abandoned or are underused, the social aspect of reusing land that has once been converted from an agricultural form of use, or any other for that matter, plays an important part in the appropriate creation of social and spatial balance in the development of public spaces, as well as modern metropolises, oriented towards innovative technologies.
Micro-spatial and urban ephemera: bottom-up and temporary initiatives in public space
Authors: Wantuch-Matla Dorota
Published: July 2022

The concept of adaptation currently seems to best embody the specific nature of contemporary transformations of urban structures within the context of concurrent changes generally taking place in civilization, economics, and society. Cities since their very beginnings have adapted and transformed their structures to the current needs and conditions of every era. Today however it is difficult to conceive of broad, all-inclusive improvement projects: the focus has shifted in the direction of creating strategies, laying out goals and their means of achievement, and then the flexible adaptation of said means to the dynamically changing conditions of cities. In the transformations of today's Western cities the voice of urban residents has become louder and louder over the years, and the practice of participation has been known for decades. This issue has only recently become publicized in Poland. The author of this article would like also to bring attention however to other types of citizen participation in the transformation of public spaces, a kind of micro-adaptation, actions by which people spontaneously on their own initiative have always adapted to and adapt to the space that surrounds them. The following article discusses selected Polish and foreign examples of grassroots movements in the process of the “production” and adaptation of urban space, in addition to diverse ephemera: spatial events initiated by bottom-up community users of public urban space. The author's contention is that in today's intensely expanding urban structures, which often tend to lose their human scale, an important aspect of the development of public space will not only be the voice of users, but also bottom-up micro adaptations and often temporary social-space interventions whose growth are a sign of our times.
Modern analysis and simulation tools and skills for the evaluation and design of urban projects
Authors: Markiewicz Przemysław
Published: July 2022

Currently most of the growth of the human population takes place in the cities. Urban areas become more densely populated. Simultaneously cities are recognized as the leading producers of CO2 emissions. For these reasons, in the coming years, reducing energy use and mitigating air pollution in the cities will be critical.
For decades, urban planners have attempted to make cities more sustainable and energy efficient. However, understanding the complex interactions among all factors, the environment and urban microclimates on citywide scales is a complicated challenge.
Only in recent years development of computer programs in BIM standard have enabled comprehensive large-scale simulations and analyzes of urban environments.
3D-CAD software modeling tools includes an interactive virtual environment that examines the dynamic physical processes associated with energy use and pollutant dispersion in settings ranging from neighborhoods to cities and metropolitan areas.
Energy inventory in an urban scale, organized by the municipal authorities is nowadays the most justified. With the capabilities of modern software such task is feasible and economically viable. Inventory should based on simplified models of the buildings with the most important parameters such as:
- basic dimensions and volume of buildings
- description of thermal insulation of the building envelope
- surface and thermal properties of windows
- the source of heating and hot water
- the solution of ventilation system in the building
Functional urban areas as an essence of the contemporary city
Authors: Noworól Aleksander
Published: July 2022

The paper outlines challenges in the governance of functional urban areas, treated as a contemporary form/nature of the city. The institutional infrastructure of that governance consists in the co-existence of the formal/legal public authorities and hybrid partnerships, composed of public, private and non-governmental organizations. The spirit of the city is being the place of meeting other people and exchange of goods, assets, ideas and values. The city forms the background for the phenomena of human life and unusual events. The city treated as a functional urban zone is affronted with complex processes resulting from various types of flows in the spatial economy. Such phenomena as metropolization, suburbanization or urban sprawl demand new approaches to the governance and to the territorial management. Metropolitan governance is a result of tensions and fractures between various territorial actors. In the functional urban zone, one can observe many colliding or juxtaposing interventions, supported by different organizations, public or non-public entities, and – finally – by creative or influential individuals. That situation has a significant imprint on the spatial structure of the city and its surroundings. The main challenge is then the creation of arenas of dialogue, which become at least as important as formal, legal regulations. The adaptive governance, depicted by E. Ostrom, then gives the useful tools for hybrid partnerships, responsible for the management and the development of urban functional zones.
The correlation between the identity of city center streets and urban activation of cities: on the examples of Poznań and Warsaw
Authors: Regimowicz Natalia
Published: July 2022

In many Polish cities we see the disappearance of individual features of city center areas which give way to more typified and repeatable. Modern urban complexes - often impersonal spaces with no unique character do not encourage maintaining interpersonal relationships that are key for our society. The humanistic aspects of architecture are becoming more and more blurred – the metropolitan structures developed today say nothing about the identity of particular areas.
Visual features of buildings, if carefully selected, may be key in contributing to the urban activation of city centers. It’s the esthetics of the lower parts of the buildings that form spatial behavior of residents and shape emotional attitude towards the street. By understanding the pedestrians’ preferences in this matter, the overall satisfaction of using the streets may be improved while those factors that discourage the pedestrians from visiting the city center may be eliminated.
Many studies have shown that careful selection of visual features of shop windows is an effective way of creating the “atmosphere” of the street.
In the current plans for urban revitalization of city centers the aspect of visual quality of commercial premises is ignored or brushed aside. The confrontation of good practices employed in many European cities with the lack of effective control of the public areas in Poland indicates the source of the problem. There is an urgent need for developing official guides for shop window designs. Their aim would be to emphasize the unique identity of particular areas so that people can appreciate them more.
The real city - the mental city
Authors: Gibała-Kapecka Beata , Kapecki Tomasz
Published: July 2022

The search for relationships and dependencies between the real city and its mental image, may prove to be a key to understanding and reading the needs of the residents, primarily related to safety and comfort of living, as well as the location of places conducive to the development of social bonds. One of the important elements in the structure of a city is the public space. Reproduced on the mental maps, it is the most distinctive and recurring element in its image. Not adapted to new needs and neglected, it disintegrates the local community. Erased from memory, it leaves an empty space in the notional image of the city. Students from three Kraków-based universities have been dealing with the issue of the repair of public spaces (at the stage of creation of conceptual designs) for several years, forming interdisciplinary design teams made up of architects, interior designers, sociologists and aesthetes. Practical sociological studies are employed in order to create an image of the needs of the local inhabitants, which is then translated into design visions of various types of public spaces, conducive to the realization of their needs.