bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scots Pine, Pales and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Wayne Co., OH, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A stand of Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1982, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as stump treatments to prevent colonization and survival of regeneration weevil larvae. Four 5-stump replicates were treated, using kerosene as the carrier in Hudson compression sprayers. Each stump received ca. 36 ml of finished material on 26 Apr. under sunny skies at 24°C with winds from 16 to 24 kph. The directed spray is not influenced by wind.
Green Ash, Chemical Control of Plant Bug, Wayne Co., OH. 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated for controlling a plant bug on 3 to 5 m tall green ash trees growing in a nursery. A KWH backpack mistblower operating a high rpm was used to apply ca. 700 ml of finished spray to each of four single-tree replicates per treatment on 2 Aug when the temperature was 24°C with sunny skies and 8 kph breeze. A D-Vac was used to sample treatment effectiveness on 5 Aug. Each trees was suctioned for 30 sec, after which contents of the collection net wer emptied into pre-labeled plastic bags. Samples were transported to the laboratory and placed in a freezer until insects were sorted and counted with the aid of a dissecting scope.
Fungus Gnat Control, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides, rates, and application methods were compared for control of fungus gnat larvae. Infested ‘Hershey’s Red’ azaleas growing in 2.8-liter plastic pots of an amended pine bark, peat moss, sandy loam medium, 10:2:1, vol/vol/vol, were selected for treatment. Plants were grown in a glass greenhouse under 47% shade. Treatments were replicated, randomized, and pots individually caged with paper cylinders covered with tulle to limit gnat movement. Control was determined by trapping emerging adults with Olsen Yellow Sticky Traps (3.5 by 4 cm).
Evaluation of Pesticides on Bermudagrass, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D. M.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were compared to a check for control of pests on bermudagrass during October at Yuma Valley Exp. St. The plots utilized were 20 by 20 ft and replicated four times (total of 1,600 sq ft = 0.037 acre). Sprays were applied 14 Oct. with a 1.5 gal hand sprayer equipped with a cone nozzle. The rate was 25 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2. Sampling was done 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT) based on 25 new sweeps per plot (25 x 4 = total of 100 net sweeps per treatment).
Clover Mite Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf, 1983
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Rodencal Jeff
Published: March 2022

The experimental site was a 5,000 ft2 Kentucky bluegrass residential lawn in Columbus, Ohio. Mowing height was ca. 2 in. with thatch depth ranging from 0 to 0.5 in. Approximately 1,000 ft of lawn was showing severe mite damage on 20 Apr. Pretreatment counts showed a clover mite population ranging from 600 to greater than 3000 ft2. The experimental design consisted of 10 treatments replicated four times on 4 by 5-ft plots arranged in an RCB design with 2-ft alleys between blocks. Treatments were applied on 22 Apr. using a CO2 pressurized sprayer with three 9520 nozzles mounted on a 5-ft aluminum boom, operating at 22 lb/in with a 4 gal/1,000 ft spray rate. Treatments were not watered in following application. Environmental conditions at application time were: sunny skies with an air temperature of 55°F; relative humidity, 30 to 50%; winds 0 to 3 mph; and moist soil conditions. No rainfall occurred 24 h before or after treatment. The experimental plots were evaluated 3 DAT by randomly taking five 4-sec vacuum samples (19.6 in2/sample) from each plot and counting the number of movable mites, and converted to mites/ft .
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Nine granular insecticide applications were tested for efficacy on a golf course fairway in Wayland, Mass. Materials were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. All applications were made in two (perpendicular) directions within each 3.05-m square plot. All tests were replicated five times in a RCB design. No water was applied to the plots, but ca. 4 cm of rain fell 12 to 24 h after application. All insecticides were applied 30 Aug. and plots were sampled 6 Oct. A 0.093-m2 section of sod, 7.5 cm deep, was removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Choke Cherry, Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Holmes, Co., OH; 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Akers R. C.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry (l-6m) growing along a secondary highway and supporting at least one active larval colony were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle at setting 3 applied 600 ml of spray in 30 sec. Small trees were thoroughly covered. Trees larger than 2 m were sprayed after tents and nearby leaves were sprayed to runoff. Four single-tree replicates were treated 17 May with temperatures of 16 to 18°C and wind calm to 16 kph. Caterpillars were 6-8 mm long when sprayed. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days later by counting the number of living larvae in 1 tent per treated tree.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemums Using Trigard and a Thermal Fogger, Calif., 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Ten standardized potted chrysanthemum plants, containing known numbers of second-instar leafminer larvae, were placed among chrysanthemums being grown for cut flowers in each of two greenhoses located in Orange County, Calif. The control greenhouse received an application of only the carrier solution, VKII, through the PulsFog (Dr. Stahl & Sohn GMBH, & Co., Uberlingen West Germany), whereas the other house received an application of Trigard plus the carrier solution. The applications were made between 6:00 and 6:15 p.m. on 28 Sep. The greenhouses remained tightly closed until 7:00 a.m. the following morning, to allow the fog to settle. At that time, the plants were removed from the greenhouse. Surviving larvae were allowed to emerge from the chrysanthemum leaves and pupate. All pupae were held for adult emergence.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Wayne, CO, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Calahan T. , Setlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied 13 July to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn. The lawn consisted of fine leafed fescue (100%). Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 0.5 gal water with a hand held sprinkling can. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 90°F; soil temperature, 70°F; soil type, sandy-loam; soil pH, 5.4; percent organic matter, 2.1; soil condition, dry; amount of thatch, 0.06 in.; and partly cloudy skies. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6-in. diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (20 Jul.). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10-min period (per location) was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 124 chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 13 Jul. before treatment.
Control of Citrus Whitefly on Gardenia, Ala., 1983
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Stephenson James C.
Published: March 2022

Sixty common gardenia plants, heavily infested with an overwintering population of citrus whitefly pupae were selected for treatment. Plants were 18 to 20 in. tall, growing in 1-gal plastic containers. Foliar applications of eight candidate insecticides were applied to runoff 24 Mar. using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer. The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, one plant constituting a replication. Efficacy was determined 7 Apr. by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them dead or alive.
Reduction of Aphid Damage to Honeysuckle, Neb., 1983
Authors: Jones J. Ackland
Published: March 2022

Three soil insecticides and six foliar sprays were evaluated in two separate trials for the reduction of witchesbrooms caused by aphid feeding. The trials were conducted on plants ca. 3 ft tall with a 2 1/2 to 3-ft crown. The plants were on 4-ft spacings, and treated and check plants were separated from each other by at least one plant. A randomized block design with five replications was used in both trials. Six shoots per plant were tagged before treatment. The shoots selected for Trial 1 had no visible symptoms of aphid damage while those selected for Trial 2 showed early symptoms of damage. The plants were mulched with 3 to 4 in. of wood chips. The mulch was removed to the drip line and soil treatments (ST) were applied by spreading the materials over the exposed soil. The Cygon was applied in 1 gal of water; the granules were broadcast. After application, the mulch was replaced. Foliar sprays were mixed at label rates and applied to runoff (RO) with a 2-gal compressed air sprayer. Trial 1 compared 4 soil treatments applied 22 Jun. Trial 2 compared a single application of three soil treatments and three applications of six foliar sprays. The soil treatments and the first foliar application were made 28 Jun. at an air temperature of 73°F. The second and third foliar sprays were applied 21 Jul. and 12 Aug. at air temperatures of 80 and 77°F, respectively. On 13 and 14 Oct., mean damage was determined by rating each of the tagged shoots on a 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage) scale.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

The influence of rate, formulation, and spreader-sticker on efficacy of Turcam in controlling black vine weevil adults was evaluated by spraying field plants to runoff and feeding treated foliage to weevils at specified intervals in the laboratory. Finished sprays were applied with a CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in2 with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle on 16 Aug. under sunny skies at 26 to 29°C and a slight breeze. Three plants 0.6 m tall were thoroughly sprayed with each treatment. Subsequently, 10- to 15-cm twigs were clipped from each treatment plant and placed individually in 9 by 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon mesh tops. Three cartons (= replicates) were used per treatment, each with five ovipositing weevils. Weevils had been collected from taxus at a nursery in Lake Co., held in a rearing room at 22°C and 90% RH, and fed fresh taxus foliate before caging with infested foliage. Weevil mortality was assessed 72 h after weevils were introduced to the cartons.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Container-Grown Azaleas, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity evaluations were made on plants grown and maintained by a cooperating grower in Montebello, Calif. The test was replicated three times with fifty 1-gal azaleas per replicate. The granular materials, Furadan 10G, Oftanol 5G, Bendiocarb 2G, and Dursban 2G, were broadcast on the soil of each pot and subsequently watered in. Soil drenches were applied to the soil of the containers for the Furadan 4F, Oftanol 2F, and Dycarb 76WP treatments. All materials were evaluated at 10.0 and 20.0 lb (AI)/acre and compared to an untreated check. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 4 weeks after treatment.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake County, Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides at three rates (20, 40, and 80 lb (AI)/acre), were evaluated for phytotoxicity on seven field-grown woody ornamental plants growing at a nursery in Lake Co. Granular insecticides were applied 14 Jul. by using a 2-ft-wide Gandy drop spreader along both sides of each row. Soil was tilled before and after treatments were applied.
Evaluation of Residual Spray Treatments with Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

An aluminum surface laminated to kraft paper cut into 1 ft2 sheets was fastened to masonite panels of the same size with double-stick tape. The aluminum surface was sprayed to the point of runoff with each of three concentrations of each insecticide tested. Each emulsion spray treatment was replicated three times for exposure to each species of laboratory-reared insect tested. After spraying with a small paint sprayer with pressure controlled at 20 lb/in2 panels were held 24 h before exposing the treated surfaces to insects. Mature larvae of the black carpet beetle, the warehouse beetle, and Troqoderma inclusum were held on treated surfaces for 24 h before they were moved to untreated containers with food; mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure. All adult beetles and moths were exposed to treated surfaces 4 h, then removed and held an additional 20 h before recording mortality of test insects. Twenty specimens of each species were exposed to aluminum surfaces of three treatment replicates. Beetles were kept on treated areas by enclosing them in fluon-painted 7.5-cm diam glass cylinders capped with a filter paper cover when needed to prevent escape by flying insects. Ventilated bags were formed from paper-backed aluminum with the treated surface inside to hold moths. All tests were made in a room maintained at 80°F and 50-60% RH. The only difference between procedures followed by Groups 1 and 2 was that work on Group 2 was done after Group 1 was completed.
Efficacy of Several Dust Formulations Against the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S.
Published: March 2022

Comparative laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative performance of Diatect 2D (0.2% pyrethrins, 1.0% PBO, 88.0% diatomaceous earth), Drione (1.0% pyrethrins, 10% PBO, 40% silica aerogel), and Ficam D (1.0% bendiocarb) as they relate to insecticidal efficacy against the German cockroach. Diatect was applied at the rate of 25 oz/1,000 ft2 (709 gm/92.9 m2). Ficam and Drione were applied at 55.5 oz/1,000 ft2 (1573 gm/92.9 m2). Bottoms of petri dishes (Kimble 23064, 100 by 15 mm) were lined with filter paper (Whatman 42, 9 cm). Filter paper was added to simulate the types of surfaces encountered in field situations. Each petri dish bottom received either 100 mg of Ficam or Drione or 55 mg of Diatect. Uncovered dishes were stored at room temperature until the time of their use. Adult German cockroaches were exposed to deposits aged 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. Lengths of exposure to treated surfaces were 30 sec, 5 min, 30 min, and 1, 4, 6, and 24 h, or until 100% mortality was expected. Insects were removed from the treated surface and placed in untreated holding jars for 48 h after exposure. Food and water were provided during the 48 h evaluation period. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h. Five replicates were used for each exposure period. Each replicate consisted of 10 cockroaches, 5 males, and 5 females. The average percent mortality for all replications was determined using Abbott’s formula.
Residual Qualities of ULV Applications of Sectrol for German Cockroach Control, 1982
Authors: Runstrom E. S. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Residual deposits of ULV applications of Sectrol (microencapsulated synergized pyrethrins, 0.11%), ULD BP300 (syngerized pyrethrins 3.0%) and D.D. V. P. FIVE (4.65%) were compared over a 1-month period to determine the contact time required to show German cockroach mortality. Treatments were conducted in a 76-m preparation room typical of a room encountered in a field ULV application. Sectrol was applied at 89 ml/28 m3 with ULD BP300 and D. D. V. P. .FIVE applied at 15 ml/28 m3. Residual efficacy was determined by positioning 6 masonite panels (929 cm2) on top of benches along either side of the room. After a 1 h shut down period, panels were transferred to the laboratory for aging. German cockroaches were exposed to panels aged 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1 and 2 months. Cockroaches (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to deposits for 60 sec, 30 min, 4 h or 24 h. Each of the three treatments was replicated three times and applied in a random order. Each exposure period was replicated three times, making a total of 432 observations.
Eartags for Control of Horn Flies After Two and Three Years Use, 1983
Authors: Combs Robert L.
Published: March 2022

In Mississippi, eartags impregnated with fenvalerate (Ectrin) were widely used for horn fly control in 1981 and 1982, and to a lesser extent in 1983. Horn fly control on some herds tagged for a second year was observed to be unsatisfactory in 1982. Permethrin (Atroban) tags were used throughout Mississippi in 1983. Eight cow-calf herds containing 25 to 100 head were used to evaluate the efficacy of eartags for horn fly control. In Oktibbeha Co., herd 1 was tagged with fenvalerate tags each season for 3 years; another herd (untagged) located nearby served as an untreated control. In Noxubee Co., herds 2 and 3 were tagged with fenvalerate tags for 2 years (1982 & 1983); herds 4, 5 and 6 were tagged with fenvalerate tags with 2 years (1981 and 1982) and with permethrin tags in 1983. A nearby untreated herd served as a control during this study. All animals were tagged according to label directions for horn fly control. Treatments were evaluted by comparing horn fly populations on treated (eartags) to untreated (no tags) herds. Evaluations were made by counting flies on 10 cows/herd. Percent control is defined as the difference between the treated counts and the untreated count, divided by the untreated count, multiplied by 100%.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Lone Star Tick, 1983
Authors: Hunt L. M.
Published: March 2022

Engorged females of Amblyomma americanum (L.), the lone star tick, that detached normally from cattle no more than 24 h earlier were used in dipping tests. Ticks wer washed, blotted dry, and sorted into groups of 8; each group was placed into an individual dipping cage. The cages were lowered into 50 ml of test material, while stirring slowly with a small magnetic bar, and the cages were agitated continually for 30 sec. The ticks were then removed from the cages and placed on blotters for air drying. Each tick was weighed, placed into a preweighed shell vial, and maintained at 26.5°C and >80% RH for oviposition. After oviposition, the spent females were removed and individual egg masses were weighed and returned to the incubator until percentage hatch could be estimated. The groups of eight engorged females that served as controls for each set of treatments received the same exposure as the treated ticks, but without the active ingredient. The candidate compounds were usually tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable contentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. If solubility was a problem, some compounds were formulated as 10 of 20% AI or diluted 1:1 vol/vol in N-methyl 1-2-pyrrolidone before the Triton X-100 and xylene were added. All formulations were mixed with water immediately before treatment. Candidate compounds were routinely tested at 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001% AI. Effectiveness was determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each group with that of its control group.
Evaluation of Demon 40WP as A Mound Drench for Control of Imported Fire Ants, 1983
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Kissam J. B.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of Demon 40WP (cypermethrin) as a mound drench for control of imported fire ants (IFA) was investigated in a cattle pasture in Allendale, S.C. Three blocks based on area of the pasture were set up; three circular areas (70-ft diam. were delineated within each block with the location of IFA mounds in each area being mapped. Five mounds were present in each circular area. Demon 40WP (0.1%), a standard Dursban 2E (0.5%) and a control drench of water were applied to mounds in a randomly chosen area within each block. Mounds were uncapped with a shovel and the treatment was poured down the center of the mound. One gal of material was applied to mounds 12 in. or less in diameter and 2 gal to those greater than 12 in. Control was assessed based on IFA activity with active mounds being those that exhibited ants coming to the surface when the mound was slightly prodded with a thin metal wire. Treatments were applied on 12 May.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, Peach Twig Borer, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Peach orchards ca. 2 miles apart were selected for these tests. They had been unsprayed for several years. Orchard #1 contained several peach varieties including Early Red Haven and Elberta. Orchard #2 contained predominantly J. H. Hale with some Elberta mixed in. Five single-tree replicates per treatment were used in a randomized block design. A single prebloom treatment was applied 31 Mar. All treatments were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal/acre) with handguns at 400 to 500 lb/in2. Efficacy evaluations for green peach aphid and peach twig borer were made 9 May and 21 Jun. Total number of aphid colonies and wilted terminals were counted per tree. Mite counts were made by collecting 25 leaves per tree in the field. Samples were returned to the laboratory, brushed and counted under a binocular microscope.
Insecticide Control of Cat-Facing Insects and Plum Curculio on Early and Late Ripening Peaches, 1979
Authors: Gentry C. Ralph
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in orchards at the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Res. Stn., Byron, Ga. Both a Maygold cultivar (ripening date 25 May) and a Dixiland cultivar (ripening date 10 Jul.) were selected for the test. The 4 year-old orchards were square, 0.8-ha blocks, which were planted in 6.1 by 6.1 m spacings, having 14 trees by 14 rows. The orchard was quartered into four plots (7 by 7 trees) and treatments were assigned to each plot randomly. Premeasured portions of the insecticides were added to 50 gal of water in an air-blast sprayer. Each tree (49 per plot) received ca. 1 gal of solution. Application dates for both orchards were as follows: 19 Mar., 2 Apr., 12 Apr., 24 Apr., 8 May, and additionally in the Dixiland orchard on 29 May, 12 Jun., and 26 Jun. The test plots also received a complete fungicide program utilizing both Benlate and Captan. Sampling for PC and CFI were taken from the nine center trees (3 by 3) in the 49 tree (7 by 7) treatment plots. Ten fruit per tree were removed periodically and examined for PC feeding and egg laying scars and CFI scars. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, one-way classification.
Peach, Insecticide Trials, 1980
Authors: Gentry C. Ralph
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in peach orchards at the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Res. Stn., Byron, Ga. The 5-year-old orchard was square, an 0.8-ha block, planted in 6.1 by 6.1m spacings, 14 trees by 14 rows. The orchards were quartered into four plots (7 by 7 trees) and treatments were assigned to each plot randomly. Pre-measured portions of the insecticides were added to 50 gal of water in an air-blast sprayer. Each tree (49 per plot) received ca. 1 gal of solution. Application dates were as follows: 19 Mar., 2 Apr., 12 Apr., 24 Apr., 8 May, 29 May, 12 June, and 26 Jun. The test plots also received a complete fungicide program utilizing both Benlate and Captan. Sampling for OFM, PC, and CFI were taken from the nine center trees (3 by 3) in the 49 tree (7 by 7) treatment plots. Ten fruit per tree were removed periodically and examined for PC feeding and egg laying scars and also, CFI scars. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, one-way classification.
Peach, Effects of Chemical Thinners on Pests, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell
Published: March 2022

Two potential thinning agents (ammonium nitrate and a surfactant X45) were applied to a peach block at Steeles Tavern using an airblast sprayer at 176 gal/acre. Each plot included three, eight-tree rows. Each row included two trees each of the cultivars Loring, Madison, Red Haven, and Sun High. Data were collected from the middle row of each plot. Damage by PC, TPB, and EU are combined under cat-facing. Cat-facing was evaluated on 20 Jun. by examining 50 fruit per tree. Mites were sampled using a leaf-brushing machine and 20-leaf samples. Treatments were applied on 21 Apr. (bloom). Guthion was applied to the block at shuck split and on 1 Jun., 14 Jun., and 27 Jun.
Late Season Insecticide Evaluations on Grapes, 1983
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Muza Andrew J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an established Concorn grape vineyard in North East, Pa. Plots consisted of three vines in a row replicated three times in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Sprays were applied on 10 Aug. and 2 Sept. using a 6-gal True-Test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in ca. 200 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at a rate of 2 oz per 100 gal in all treatments. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot. Grape berry moth and redbanded leafroller injury was evaluated on 30 Sept. by examining 50 clusters at random per plot.
Control of Flea Beetle on Grape, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to young grape vines to control a ilea beetle on the Yuma Mesa. It appears likely that this beetle moved in from the adjacent desert area where it was abundant and causing severe injury to Oenothera clavaeformis Torr. & Frem. Plots consisted of 20 ft of row and each treatment was replicated four times. Applications were made on 4 Apr. with a CO2 oackpack sprayer dispensing 40 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2 Counts were taken 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days following spray treatments.
Evaluation of Larvicides for Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were screened for efficacy against the larval stage of the grape berry moth. A 17-year-old experimental vineyard of French Hybrid grapes at Wooster, Ohio was used for the evaluation. Rows were 2.7 m on center with 2.7 m between vines within a row. Each treatment was applied to three adjacent vines; there were four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and a No. 13 core. Insecticidal applications were made on 15 July and 19 July at the rate of 250 liters of finished spray per ha. Ten clusters of grapes were taken at random on 3 Oct. from each replicate, and the numbers of stung berries were recorded.
Filbert Aphid Control on Filberts, Benton County, Oreg., 1983
Authors: Fisher Glenn , Calkin Jim
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design with five single-tree replications. Tree age was 8 years and spacing was 20 by 20 ft. The predominant variety was barcelona interplanted with Daviana pollinizers. To minimize drift, trees in alternate rows were used for treatment. No adjuvants were used. Treatments were applied via an Amerind McKissick sprayer by handgun using 2 gal of water per tree (ca. 218 gal/acre) on 13 Apr. The total numbers of aphids on five randomly selected three-leaf terminal shoots per tree were recorded.
Tests with San 547A and San 548A for Mite Control, 1983
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Treatments were randomized and replicated four times on single-tree plots in a 20-year-old grapefruit orchard (30 by 25 ft spacing). Treatments were made Sept. 9 using a PTO-driven Meyers Sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 125 gal/acre. Twelve fruits were selected at random in each treated tree, and utilizing a 10X handlens all CRM were counted in two, 1 cm2 lens fields per fruit. TCM were monitored by randomly collecting 12 leaves per treated tree, processing them through a mite brushing machine and counting all TCM motiles under a binocular microscope.
Citrus Red Mite Control, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.H.
Published: March 2022

Several numbered chemicals were evaluated at varying dosages for citrus red mite control of lemons in the Yuma Valley during Mar. and Apr. Single-tree plots were replicated four times for each of the treatments. The infestation on the new leaves (bright green) was moderate during Mar. and Apr. Approximately 200 gal/acre was applied on 23 Mar. with a John Bean Sprayer at 350 lb/in2. Each tree was throroughly sprayed (TO with ca. 3 gal per tree using a hand-gun. Field checks were made with the aid of a 20X magnifying lens recording all motile forms.
Citrus Thrips Control on Lemons, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.M.
Published: March 2022

Various experimental materials were evaluated in these trials including synthetic pyrethroids at different rates. All treatments were applied 27 Apr. to one-tree plots replicated four times. Approximately 3 gal per tree was applied with a hand-gun connected to a John Bean Sprayer (3 x 60 = 180 gal/acre) and 350 lb/in2. This amount of spray was a thorough coverage (TO. The thrips population was moderate but uniform throughout the test area. Thrips counts were made at 2, 6, 10, 16, and 21 days following treatments with the “black box” technique.
Bayberry Whitefly Control on Lemons, 1981
Authors: Walker G.P. , Carman G. E. , Pappas J. L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in Corona, Calif., and were three rows of trees; evaluations came from the middle row. Tree spacing was 20 by 20 ft. Experimental design was completely randomized. Treatments were evaluated by counting the percent of terminals infested with adults. All young terminals from each of eight trees per plot were examined. The average number of terminals per tree was 15, 20, 21, and 14 on 1, 8, 15, and 22 June, respectively.
Bayberry Whitefly Control on Lemons, 1982
Authors: Walker G.P. , Carman G.E. , Pappas J. L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in Irvin, Calif., and were three rows of trees; evaluations came from the middle row. Tree spacing was 14 by 22 ft. Experimental design was completely randomized. Each treatment was evaluated by counting the number of adult whiteflies (from on five terminals from each of eight trees per plot.) This test was split into two parts: (1) evaluation of several compounds for whitefly control (Table 1 and 2); evaluation of Pounce at different rates and with different additives (Table 2).
Mandarin, Citrus Red Mite Control (CRM) 1981
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Owari satsuma’ trees at Port Sulphur, LA. A randomized block design was used with four replicates per treatment and five trees per replicate. Treatments were applied with a FMC Speed Sprayer in June. Samples of 20 leaves per treatment were selected at random from the five tree plots at 1 and 5 weeks following spraying and counts of mites per leaf were obtained. Phosphoric acid (30%) was added to several treatments to reduce the pH of the spray solution and to determine whether it enhanced the effectiveness of the treatment to control citrus red mites.
Orange, Citrus Red Mite Control (CRM), 1981
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Washington Navel’ orange trees at Port Sulphur, La. A randomized block design was used with 4 blocks and 3 treatments of 16 trees per treatment. Temik was applied in March with a Gandy spreader as a 1.5 m band to each side of the treated rows and incorporated with a Howard Rotovator. Evaluation began in April by counting the number of mites present on 50 leaves selected at random on the trees in the treated area.
Texas Citrus Mite Control (TCM), 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated four times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Materials were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 10 gal per tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 16 May. Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were collected around the outer canopy of each sample tree. The number of living motile spider mites on each leaf was counted using a stereomicroscope in the laboratory. The count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Water pH was 7.5.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated five times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 40 lb/in2 (ca. 7 gal per tree), using a truck-mounted sprayer on May 26. Water pH was 6.9. Twenty fruit were examined after spraying. A 1-cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1983
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature Stuart pecan trees, approximately 60 ft. tall, in south Bossier City, Bossier Parish, La. A randomized block design composed of three blocks, with one tree per treatment, per block, was used. Nine treatments were evaluated. Insecticides were applied 17 Aug. with an FMC 957 speed sprayer, calibrated to deliver approximately 30 gal of finished material per tree. At the time of application the mean number of aphids per leaf exceeded the threshold of 10 aphids per leaf. Four hours after treatments were made 0.15 in. of rain fell, this was followed by another .1 in. of rain 24 h later. Sampling was conducted on 19 Aug. and consisted of counting the aphids on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Lima Beans, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Lima beans were planted in four-row plots, 35 ft long, on 29 Jun. 1983. Each two-row treatment plot was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spray treatments were applied on 24 and 30 Aug. and 6 Sept. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center two rows was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on Sept. 13 by harvesting 100 pods per treatment per replication and recording the percent pods with corn earworm injury.
Insect Control in Snap Beans, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , May A. , Pax R. , Otto M. E.
Published: March 2022

Beans were planted 7 July in 5 ft rows at the M.S.U. Horticultural Experimental Station in Sodus, Mich. (Berrien Co.). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications (= blocks) per treatment. Each plot was three rows wide (15 ft) and 15 ft long. Treatments were applied on 11, 18, 25, 31 Aug. and 6 Sept., with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre. Efficacy was determined by examining two leaves from the center of each plot for both leafhoppers and aphids. A 5 ft section from the center row of each plot was harvested and bean weight and percentage of insect-damaged beans were recorded.
High Diagnostic Yield of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Brush Cytology for Indeterminate Strictures
Authors: Nur Abdulsemed M , Salim Misbah , Boerner Scott , Li Suqing , Law Cindy C Y , Edwards Leanne , Ryan Kaitlin , James Paul D
Published: March 2022

Background

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) brush cytology is used frequently for sampling indeterminate biliary strictures. Studies have demonstrated that the diagnostic yield of brush cytology for malignant strictures is estimated to be 6%–70%. With improved diagnostic tools, sampling techniques and specimen processing, the yield of ERCP brush cytology may be higher. This study aimed to assess the yield of brush cytology and determine factors associated with a positive diagnosis.

Methods

This was a cohort study of patients who underwent ERCP brush cytology from October 2017 to May 2020. Patient demographics, clinical, procedural and pathological data were collected using chart review. Sampling data were captured up to 3 months post-index ERCP to capture repeat brushings, biopsies or surgical resections. Outcomes included the diagnostic yield, true/false positive values and true/false negative values of malignancy detection using ERCP brush cytology.

Results

A total of 126 patients underwent a brush cytology, 58% were male and 79% had a stricture in the extrahepatic region. Ninety-three patients were diagnosed with a malignancy, of which 78 had positive brush cytology results and 15 had a negative brush cytology result. The diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 84%, 83%, 97%, 99%, 68% and 87% respectively.

Conclusion

ERCP brush cytology performed using updated sampling technique is associated with high diagnostic yield. This allows for earlier malignancy diagnosis, timely treatment and decreased need for further investigation.
Retrospective Assessment of a National Reflex Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Program in South Africa Through Interlaboratory Comparison of Lateral Flow Assay Results
Authors: Blasich Nozuko P , Coetzee Lindi M , Sriruttan Charlotte , DeSanto Daniel , Greene Gregory S , Glencross Deborah K , Govender Nelesh P
Published: March 2022

Objective

Reflex cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening of blood specimens with a CD4 count of <100 cells/µL was performed at 45 South African CD4 laboratories using a lateral flow assay (LFA). Our objective was to evaluate the reliability of routine LFA results through comparative interlaboratory testing.

Methods

All CrAg-positive and a selected number of CrAg-negative samples from the CD4 laboratories were retested at paired microbiology laboratories using the same LFA. Samples with discordant results were tested at a reference laboratory, using the LFA (with CrAg titers).

Results

During interlaboratory testing, 12,502 samples were retested, with 93 (0.7%) discordant results and a between-laboratory agreement of 99.3% (Cohen’s kappa, 0.98). The proportion of retested samples with discordant results ranged from 0.17% to 5.31% per laboratory pair (median 0.28%), with 3 reporting >3% of results as discordant.

Conclusion

Routine CrAg screening results were reliable, with <1% of samples having discordant results, mainly due to interpretation and transcription errors.
Millisecond pulsar kicks cause difficulties in explaining the Galactic Centre gamma-ray excess
Authors: Boodram Oliver , Heinke Craig O
Published: March 2022

The unexplained excess gamma-ray emission from the Milky Way’s Galactic Centre has puzzled astronomers for nearly a decade. Two theories strive to explain the origin of this excess: self-annihilating dark matter particles or an unresolved population of radio millisecond pulsars. We examine the plausibility of a pulsar origin for the GeV excess using N-body simulations. We simulated millisecond pulsars in a realistic dynamical environment: (i) pulsars were born from the known stellar mass components of our Galaxy; (ii) pulsars were given natal velocity kicks as empirically observed from two different studies (or, for comparison, without kicks); (iii) pulsars were evolved in a Galactic gravitational potential consistent with observations. Multiple populations of pulsars (with different velocity kicks) were simulated over 1 Gyr. With final spatial distributions of pulsars, we constructed synthetic gamma-ray surface brightness profiles. From comparisons with published Fermi-LAT surface brightness profiles, our pulsar simulations cannot reproduce the concentrated emission in the central degrees of the Bulge, though models without natal velocity kicks approach the data. We considered additive combinations of our (primordial MSP) simulations with models where pulsars are deposited from destroyed globular clusters in the Bulge, and a simple model for pulsars produced in the nuclear star cluster. We can reasonably reproduce the measured central gamma-ray surface brightness distribution of Horiuchi and collaborators using several combinations of these models, but we cannot reproduce the measured distribution of Di Mauro with any combination of models. Our fits provide constraints on potential pathways to explain the gamma-ray excess using MSPs.
Populations of highly variable X-ray sources in theXMM–Newtonslew survey
Authors: Li Dongyue , Starling R L C , Saxton R D , Pan Hai-Wu , Yuan Weimin
Published: March 2022

We present the identifications of a flux-limited sample of highly variable X-ray sources on long time-scales from the second catalogue of the XMM–Newton SLew survey (XMMSL2). The carefully constructed sample, comprising 265 sources (2.5 per cent) selected from the XMMSL2 clean catalogue, displayed X-ray variability of a factor of more than 10 in 0.2–2 keV compared to the ROSAT All Sky Survey. Of the sample sources, 94.3 per cent are identified. The identification procedure follows a series of cross-matches with astronomical data bases and multiwavelength catalogues to refine the source position and identify counterparts to the X-ray sources. Assignment of source type utilizes a combination of indicators including counterparts offset, parallax measurement, spectral colours, X-ray luminosity, and light-curve behaviour. We identified 40 per cent of the variables with stars, 10 per cent with accreting binaries, and at least 30.4 per cent with active galactic nuclei. The rest of the variables are identified as galaxies. It is found that the mean effective temperatures of the highly variable stars are lower than those of less variable stars. Our sample of highly variable AGN tend to have lower black hole masses, redshifts, and marginally lower soft X-ray luminosities compared to the less variable ones, while no difference was found in the Eddington ratio distributions. Five flaring events are tidal disruption events published previously. This study has significantly increased the number of variable sources in XMMSL2 with identifications and provides greater insight on the nature of many o f the sources, enabling further studies of highly variable X-ray sources.
The Magellanic Edges Survey – III. Kinematics of the disturbed LMC outskirts
Authors: Cullinane L R , Mackey A D , Da Costa G S , Erkal D , Koposov S E , Belokurov V
Published: March 2022

We explore the structural and kinematic properties of the outskirts of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using data from the Magellanic Edges Survey (MagES) and Gaia EDR3. Even at large galactocentric radii (8° < R < 11°), we find the north-eastern LMC disc is relatively unperturbed: its kinematics are consistent with a disc of inclination ∼36.5° and line-of-nodes position angle ∼145° east of north. In contrast, fields at similar radii in the southern and western disc are significantly perturbed from equilibrium, with non-zero radial and vertical velocities, and distances significantly in front of the disc plane implied by our north-eastern fields. We compare our observations to simple dynamical models of the Magellanic or Milky Way system which describe the LMC as a collection of tracer particles within a rigid potential, and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) as a rigid Hernquist potential. A possible SMC crossing of the LMC disc plane ∼400 Myr ago, in combination with the LMC’s infall to the Milky Way potential, can qualitatively explain many of the perturbations in the outer disc. Additionally, we find the claw-like and arm-like structures south of the LMC have similar metallicities to the outer LMC disc ([Fe/H] ∼ −1), and are likely comprised of perturbed LMC disc material. The claw-like substructure is particularly disturbed, with out-of-plane velocities >60 km s−1 and apparent counter-rotation relative to the LMC’s disc motion. More detailed N-body models are necessary to elucidate the origin of these southern features, potentially requiring repeated interactions with the SMC prior to ∼1 Gyr ago.
Lense–Thirring effect on accretion flow from counter-rotating tori
Authors: Pugliese D , Stuchlík Z
Published: March 2022

We study the accretion flow from a counter-rotating torus orbiting a central Kerr black hole (BH). We characterize the flow properties at the turning point of the accreting matter flow from the orbiting torus, defined by the condition uϕ = 0 on the flow toroidal velocity. The counter-rotating accretion flow and jet-like flow turning point location along BH rotational axis is given. Some properties of the counter-rotating flow thickness and counter-rotating tori energetics are studied. The maximum amount of matter swallowed by the BH from the counter-rotating tori is determined by the background properties. The fast spinning BH energetics depends mostly on BH spin rather than on the properties of the counter-rotating fluids or the tori masses. The turning point is located in a narrow orbital corona (spherical shell), for photons and matter flow constituents, surrounding the BH stationary limit (outer ergosurface), depending on the BH spin–mass ratio and the fluid initial momentum only. The turning corona for jet-like flow has larger thickness, it is separated from the torus flow turning corona and it is closer to the BH stationary limit. Turning points of matter accreting from torus and from jets are independent explicitly of the details of the accretion and tori model. The turning corona could be observable due to an increase of flow luminosity and temperature. The corona is larger on the BH equatorial plane, where it is the farthest from the central attractor, and narrower on the BH poles.
Unnecessary Routine Use of Mycobacterial Cultures in Patients With Periprosthetic Joint Infections
Authors: Golden Marjorie , Moffarah Anne Spichler , Kerantzas Christopher , Rubin Lee , O’Bryan Jane
Published: March 2022

Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate therapy of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Since mycobacterial PJI is rare, routine testing is inappropriate. We reviewed hip and knee PJI at our institution over 28 months. Mycobacterial cultures were routinely sent with rare positivity. Mycobacterial cultures should be sent only when there is clinical suspicion.
Contamination Rate of Cryopreserved Umbilical Cord Blood Is Inversely Correlated with Volume of Sample Collected and Is also Dependent on Delivery Mode
Authors: Reuther Susanne , Floegel Kathrin , Ceusters Gunther , Albertini Veronica , Baran Jakub , Dempke Wolfram
Published: March 2022

Cord blood (CB) collected at birth has become a valuable stem cell source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the collection of umbilical cord blood always bears a risk of microbiological contamination, both in vaginal birth and in cesarean section. A total of 10 054 umbilical cord stem cell samples were successfully cryopreserved between 2010 and 2020, of which 783 (8%) samples were tested positive for bacterial contamination. Umbilical CB with a volume of less than 60 mL showed a bacterial contamination rate of 12%, and above 60 mL volume a rate of 6% was found demonstrating an inverse relationship between sample volume and contamination rate (correlation coefficient r = −0.9). The contamination rate was associated with the mode of delivery and showed a significantly higher contamination rate of 9.7% when compared with cesarean deliveries (1.4%). The 10-year period consistently shows an average contamination rate between 4% and 6% per year. It is conceivable that the inverse relationship between volume and contamination rate might be related to thinner veins although no scientific evidence has been provided so far. The lower contamination rate in cesarean sections appears to be related to the sterile operating setting. Overall, the rate of bacterial contamination varies and depends on the type of birth, the way of delivery, and probably the experience of the staff.