bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Notes on the Genus Masonaphis Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

Hille Ris Lambers (1939) erected the genus Masonaphis with Macrosiphum rhododendri Wilson, 1918, as typus generis. When I revised this genus (1958) there was no opportunity to examine authentic material of the genotype. Since then Dr. A. A. Granovsky, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, has kindly supplied to me cotype slide 2 of the species and cotype slide 5 to Miss L. M. Russell, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. I have examined and remounted both slides which were labelled: Macrosiphum rhododendri n. sp.; Newport, Oregon; June 15, 1915; Rhododendron californicum leaves; H. F. Wilson; 509 cotype. Slide 2 contained sexuales and an alate viviparous female; slide 5 contained alate males and an apterous and an alate viviparous female. In addition Miss Russell provided me with material containing all morphs collected in Washington, Oregon, and California.
Laboratory Evaluation of Resistance in Rutabaga Varieties to the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Swailes G. E.
Published: January 2010

Previous studies have shown that some varieties of rutabagas in the field have resistance to the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Swailes, 1959). It was evident that at least two factors were involved in resistance: (1) larvae encountered difficulties in initiating feeding and (2) larvae encountered resistance to growth. The latter factor was considered in the present study.
A Sampling Cage for Aquatic Insects
Authors: James H. G. , Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

Near Belleville, Ontario, it was necessary to take quantitative samples of predators in shallow pools in field studies of the natural control of mosquitoes. To expedite this work a light-weight sampling cage was constructed. Its description follows.

The cage (Fig. 1, top) consists of an enclosure (A) and two sorting trays (B and C). The enclosure, covering one-half square metre, is of four screened frames, each 12 inches high. Each frame is of aluminum extrusions (Higgins-Homeshield Limited, Toronto, Ontario) of the types shown in details F and G. The extended flange on extrusion G, used at the right-hand side of each frame, provides a means of overlapping and fastening at the comers of the enclosure. After the frames are fastened together to form a square, pointed angle-aluminum legs (D) 16 inches long are fastened to each inside corner. Small braces are alio fastened across each corner to hold the enclosure in shape.
Influence of Various Foods on Fecundity and Longevity of Adults of Scambus buolianae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Leius K.
Published: January 2010

The effects of fiood od the fecundity and longevity of the adults of hymenopterous parasites vary remarkably, not only between species that are host feeders and those that are not host feeders, but also within these groups. It is known, for example, that the females of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) develop only few eggs without feeding on body fluids of their host. In the present investigations it is shown that the females of Scambus buolianae (Htg.) are not able to deposit any eggs without first feeding on the tissues of their host. Such information is important for the successful establishment of newly-imported parasites.
Life History and Behaviour of the Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: January 2010

The armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), has been an important pest of grasses in North America for many years, largely in the eastern half of the Continent, from the more southerly regions of Canada to the southern United States. The larvae skeletonize rhe surface of the leaf blades or rhe inner surface of the sheaths during the early instars, and later feed from the margins of the leaves, consuming all the tissues. The inflorescence is seldom damaged unless leaf foliage is scarce but in some grasses, notably timothy, the green heads are often readily consumed by the older larvae even when foliage is abundant. Normally, populations of the armyworm are small, attracting little attention, but at irregular intervals of five to 20 years widespread outbreaks have occured simultaneously in Canada and the united States; eight such outbreaks have been recorded since 1860. In some of the intervening years smaller and more localized outbreaks have occurred. During the outbreak, damage to forage grasses and cereal crops has been so severe that the armyworm constitutes one of the most important insects attacking these crops. The latest great outbreak occurred on the North American Continent in 1954; this was preceded by a smaller but severe attack in 1953, largely in the central United States east of the Mississippi River. In Canada, in 1954, all the provinces from eastern Saskatchewan to Newfoundland were involved.
A 40-Cubic-Foot Air-Conditioned Cabinet
Authors: Jackson C.
Published: January 2010

Small, inexpensive air-conditioned cabinets that are easy to construct, maintain and adjust, are needed in many laboratories. Commercially available equipment is not specifically designed to maintain moderate and precise conditions for long periods.

This paper describes the design and physical performance of a laboratory air-conditioned cabinet 40 cu. ft. in volume with a miniature air-conditioning system fitted to it. Air motion and distribution as well as temperature and humidity are precisely controlled. Temperature can be held at any desired level from 65 to 85 ± 0.5°F. and humidity from 45 to 85 per cent with accuracy of ± 1 per cent R.H. provided the ambient conditions are from 65 to 85°F. and 5 to 85 per cent R.H.
Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IX. Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

Pullus impexus (Muls.) is one of many species of predators that have been introduced into Eastern Canada since 1933 as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) Delucchi (1954) has published many details of the systematics, biology, and natural control of this species in Europe where he found it to be associated with all A. piceae infestations. According to Pschorn-Walcher and Zwölfer (1960), it is one of a group of predators that are usually associated with lower population densities of A. piceae and other related adelgids, rhan are Aphidoletes thompsoni Möhn and Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. Because it is common on adelgid infestations in Europe and because it can easily be reared en masse, large numbers have been released in North America. The purpose of the present paper is to bring together available information on releases, life-history and natural control, and control value of this species, obtained from studies carried out over the past nine years in New Brunswick.
Three New Species of Contarinia Rond. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Douglas-Fir Needles
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: January 2010

Felt (1940) mentioned a midge in Douglas-fir needles which he called Cecidomyia sp.; this reference was quoted by Barnes (1951). Denton (1954) reported that a midge, identified by the Division of Insect Identification, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine as Cecidomyia sp., occurred in needles of Douglas fir in northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northeastern Montana. In 1954 the author reared some adults which H. F. Barnes (in litt. 1957) referred to the genus Contarinia Rond. Unpublished records from 1935 to date indicate unidentified needle-inhabiting gall midges throughout most of the host range. Recently the author found indications of a species comples which were confirmed by further rearings of adults. This paper presents the description of three new species of Contarinia Rond., reared under similar conditions, from material obtained at Oyama, B.C.
Inducing Mating and Oviposition of the Warble Flies Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) (Diptera: Oestridae) in Captivity
Authors: Weintraub J.
Published: January 2010

Certain investigations of the cattle grubs Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) have been hampered by difficulties in inducing the flies to mate and oviposit in captivity. For example, Parish (1955, 1957) suggested that infesting cattle with standard numbers of grubs would facilitate properly controlled experiments with therapeutic agents, and hc attempted artificial insemination of the female flies toward this objective. In addition, procedures that would induce mating and oviposition in thc laboratory could be used to analyse the reproductive behavior of the flies and the characteiistics of the resulting cattle grub populations.
Life History of a Pine Sawfly,Neodiprionsp., at Willits, California (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Dahlsten D. L.
Published: January 2010

Neodiprionsawflies are economic pests in pine plantations in eastern and southern United States and eastern Canada. While not a serious problem in California at the present time, they will probably become so with the advent of more intensive forest management.

Little is known of the species present in California. The only specific study was that concerned with theNeodiprion abietiscomplex on white fir in 1952 (Struble, 1957). Miscellaneous data are available from the survey records of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley.
Breeding Behaviour and Oviposition in Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) and H. titia (Drury) (Odonata: Agriidae)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: January 2010

The objective of this study is to describe the copulatory and ovipositional behaviour of Hetaerina americana and H. titia, and to depict any differences in such behaviour as may exist between these two species. It is quite important in such studies to understand the mechanisms which assure conspecific mating. Both americana and titia are found breeding together on many of the streams of central Texas. Williamson (1906) pointed out that species in which the abdominal appendages were very similar often had sexually dimorphic and/or specifically distinct wing coloration, while species with clear wings had quite distinct abdominal appendages. These different wing patterns were suggested as functioning in species recognition for conspecific mating. Buchholtz (1951, 1955) experimentally verified that the females of Calopteryx splendens recognize and respond to males of their own species through a set of optical stimuli including the color pattern of the wing. Loibl (1958) and Krieger and Krieger-Lobl (1958) experimentally demonstrated that in Lestes dryas, L. sponsa, Ischnura elegans and I. pumila, all of which have clear, colorless wings, the species recognition factors are the shape of the abdominal appendages and body coloration. Williamson's early inferences appear to have been well documented.
Predators of Larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

In 1958, Pilophorus uhleri (Knight) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Vespula vulgaris (L.) and V. rufa consobrina (Sauss.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) were recorded for the first time as being not only active predators of Neodiprion swainei larvae, but also vectors of a virus disease affecting this sawfly (Smirnoff, 1959). The latter vespid was considered to be especially important. In the summer of 1959, in the same area (St. David de Falardeau, Lake St. John region, Que.), more insect species were identified, which preyed on the first- and second- instar larvae of N. swainei. Most active were Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) sp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and Crabro sp. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), while three species of Vespula were also observed: V. maculata (L.), V. arenaria (Fab.) and V. norwegica norvegicoides (Slad.) (Figs. 1-4). This completes the list of insects which have been observed to prey on swainei larvae. Data were also obtained on the period of greatest activity of each of these predators.
Catalogue of the Distribution and Ecological Relationships of North American Hydracarina
Authors: Crowell Robert M.
Published: January 2010

The literature on the Hydracarina, or water mites, especially on the North American fauna, is widely scattered in many journals. The papers of Koenike (1895 and 1912) and Wolcott (1898-1905) represent the earliest comprehensive works on American water mites. The papers of Marshall (1903-1946) list many species, but are not summarized. Mitchell (1954), whose check list represents the first modern attempt to examine the extent of work on North American water mites, lists 291 species which had been reported from this continent at that time. That paper is based primarily on those species in the collection of the Chicago Natural History Museum. Habeeb (1959) lists 446 species and subspecies, but in the absence of annotations some of the listings remain questionable.
A Note on Eurytoma calycis Bugbee (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) Occurring in Shoots of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana (Lamb.))
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Herdy H.
Published: January 2010

Members of the genus Eurytoma Illiger show a great diversity of feeding habits. There are approximately 90 species or subspecies listed in the synoptic catalogue of the Hymenoptera (Muesebeck et al., 1951) and the first supplement to this catalogue (Krombein et al., 1958), and about 40 per cent of these have been listed with entomophagous hosts. The habitats of another 28 species are listed as galls and the lack of information on their hosts is made clear by Bugbee (1951) who states, “It should be clearly understood that where hosts are given in this paper, all that is indicated is that the parasites were bred or emerged from that particular host gall.” Seven species are listed as phytophagous on seeds and berries and the remainder have no specified hosts.
A Cartographic History of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks and Aerial Forest Spraying in the Atlantic Region of North America, 1949–1959
Authors: Webb F. E. , Blais J. R. , Nash R. W.
Published: January 2010

The spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) is a forest pest in all Canadian Provinces and Territories, and in the northeastern, midwest, and northwestern Unired States. It is by iar the most destructive insect affeiting the extensive balsam fir-spruce forest types in Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, and Maine. Outbreaks of varying extent have been reported from these regions almost every year for the past half-century (deGryse, 1947). Periods in which outbreaks were particularly severe and widespread occurred from about 1909 to 1920 and in the 1940's and 1950's. In both periods, outbreaks showed a tendency to shift from west to east, intensifying first in parts of northern Ontario and Quebec and dying out in the Atlantic region south of the St. Lawrence River.
A Note on Temperature and Postdiapause Development of the Larch Sawfly and Its Parasite Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.)
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: January 2010

Some information of interest on the postdiapause development of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), and its tachinid parasite Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.) has been obtained in the course of laboratory rearings. Sawfly cocoons were placed in cold storage at 2 to 3°C. in September or October and held until the following year, usually late March, when they were incubated at 10 or 15°C. They were then held at constant temperatures until emergence was complete. Sawfly and parasite emergence was recorded daily.
An Experiment in Biological Control of Tetranychus telarius (L.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in a Greenhouse Using the Predacious Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), is a well known pest of many plants in greenhouses. It is notoriously difficult to conarol, especially when resistant populations develop, and usually requires frequent acaricidal treatment during the growing season. Biological control has sometimes been suggested in view of the success that was achieved by this method against other greenhouse pests and because the environment is controllable to some extent, but only a few attempts have been made.
Distribution of Cocoons of a Neodiprion Sawfly Under Open-grown Conditions
Authors: Stark R. W. , Dahlsten D. L.
Published: January 2010

The Neodiprion sawfly studied in this investigation is an undetermined species which attacks sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., in California. The conditions of the infested area were particularly suitable for an investigation of some of the basic factors affecting distribution of cocoons on the ground. The efforts of previous workers (Prebble, 1943; Ives and Turnock, 1959) were complicated by dense stand conditions and deep, variable pound cover. The sawfly discussed here was found in considerable numbers on an isolated, young sugar pine at Grass Valley, California. The tree was 19 feet high, 16 vears old, with s diameter of 5.5 inches. The infestation was presumed to be recent as no effect on diameter growth was found, even though the tree possessed only the current year's foliage. The ground cover was extremely sparse and the soil was a compacted, sandy-clay, typical of many foothill areas in California.
Parasites and Hyperparasites of the Satin Moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linnaeus, (Lymantriidae) in British Columbia
Authors: Lejeune R. R. , Silver G. T.
Published: January 2010

The satin moth, occurring widely throughout Europe and Asia as a defoliator of poplars and willows, was first found in North America near Boston, Mass., in 1920. It was first noted in the Maritime Provinces in 1930 (Reeks and Smith, 1956). During 1920 it was found in New Westminster, British Columbia, and in 1921 a larger infestation probably of several years' standing was discovered in Vancouver, which Glendenning (1932) believes to be the original point of introduction into British Columbia. In 1922 the insect was discovered at Bellingham, Washington, and it has since spread throughout western Washington and Oregon.
The Area of Discovery of Two Insect Parasites,Nasonia vitripennis(Walker) andTrichogramma evanescensWestwood, in an Artificial Environment
Authors: Edwards Roy L.
Published: January 2010

Two of the most important factors that contribute to the success of a parasite population are (1) the ability to find hosts and (2) the ability to oviposit in hosts when found. The theories of Thompson (1922, 1924), Nicholson (1933) and Nicholson and Bailey (1935), which have commanded attention in the field of population dynamics for a number of years, emphasized the importance of these factors in quite different ways.

Thompson assumed that the parasites have no difficulty in finding their hosts but have a constant egg supply whereas Nicholson assumed that the egg supply is virtually unlimited but that the parasites have a fixed and limited searching ability which he called their ‘area of discovery’.
A New Genus and Species of Chalcid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: January 2010

In July, 1959 I reared a polyembryonic encyrtid from a species of Lithocolletis attacking Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh in the lake region around Ohio, Nova Scotia. It represents a species and genus new to science.

Gibberella, new genus

Type species: Gibberella scutellata Miller, new species.
The North American Species of the Family Opomyzidae (Diptera: Acalypterae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

The family Opomyzidae is composed of small (2.0 mm.-4.4 mm.), slender, usually brown or reddish flies; the wings have at least an apical spot and are usually more heavily marked. Several species of the genus Geomyza have the wings reduced and are nearly flightless. The few species whose larvae are known feed in grass stems. Some are of minor economic importance in Europe but none have been so reported in North America.
Life-History, Behaviour, and Ecology of the Clover Seed Midge,Dasyneura leguminicola(Lint.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: January 2010

The clover seed midge,Dasyneura leguminicola(Lint.), is one of the most important pests in red clbver seed fields in Ontario wherever the double-cut varieties are grown. The larvae feed within the clover florets, destroying the ovaries; if numerous, they prevent many fields from producing seed crops worth harvesting. In 1951 and 1952 and to a lesser degree in 1953, severe damage occurred in seed fields in eastern Ontario (Guppy, 1958); since then populations of the insect have gradually declined. British Columbia, Quebec, and New Brunswick are the only other provinces in Canada from which damage has been reported. However, the insect probably occurs wherever red clover is found in Canada.
Note on Effects of Some Minerals on Fecundity of Aptesis basizona (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

Aptesis basizona (Grav.), a hymenopterous parasite of Diprion pini (L.), D. similis (Htg.), Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), and other Diprionidae in Europe, was Propagated for several years at Belleville, Ont., for release in biological control programs (Green, 1938), and for use as an experimental insect. It was observed that oviposition was reduced by lack of food and by change of food from raisins to a mixture of sugars and ager (Finlayson and Green, 1940). Fecundity of the females was greater when adults were fed on fresh, unpasteurized honey than on raisins (Finlayson and Finlayson, 1957). Both raisins and honey contain protein, in the proportion of about 8:1 (Anon., l945), so that it is unlikely to be a factor in the difference. As sugar content of raisins is about 73 per cent (Sun Maid Raisin Growers of California, in litt.) and of honey about 79 per cent (Watt and Merrill, 1950), it appeared that mineral trace elements or vitamins in the food might be responsible for the difference in the oviposition. Both raisins and honey contain potassium, chlorine, sulphur, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, silica, iron, manganese, and copper, but the latter two are minor elements in raisins (Sun Maid Raisin Growers of California, in litt.; Apiculture Section, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, in litt.).
The GenusBolbomyiaLoew (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The genusBolbomyiaLoew, 1850, was erected on the basis of specimens in Austrian amber. No specific name was applied to the material.Bolbomyia nanaLoew was described in 1862 from a single female collected at Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The species has since been redescribed twice, asMisgomyia obscuraby Coquillett, and asPtiolina mitisby Curran, on the basis of eastern North American material.

A second species has recently been collected in western North America, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe this new species and redescribe the genus.
Notes on the Biology of Griselda radicana (Wlshm.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: January 2010

In the course of studles on different species of defoliators in field-spruce stands on the Gaspé coast of the Baie des Chaleurs, Griselda radicana (Wlshm.) occurred fairly commonly in such stands. Although the principal host tree of this insect is white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, records of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey show that it has been collected from black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., Colorado spruce, Picea pungens Engelm., and balsam fir, Abies halramea (L.) Mill. Although G. radicana is commonly found across Canada, there are no records that it has ever reached outbreak proportions. These investigations were undertaken since nothing was known on the life history and habits of this insect. The studies were carried out near New Richmond in the Gaspé Peninsula in the summer of 1959.
Note on the Effects of Food and Storage on the Specific Gravity, Osmotic Pressure, and Volume of Blood of Mature Larvae ofGalleria mellonellaL. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: House H. L. , Rollins Lois E.
Published: January 2010

In research on insect immunity, bacterial antigens were injected intoGalleria mellonellaL. larvae (Stephens, 1959). It was suspected that the quality and quantity of the blood, or hemolymph, might differ if the larvae were obtained from different sources. This note reports the effects of food and storage on the specific gravity and osmotic pressure of the blood, and of storage on the blood volume.
Developmental Patterns of the Clear-Winged Grasshopper at Different Altitudes and in Different Years on a Sheep Range in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Handford R. H.
Published: January 2010

It has long been known that life events occur earlier at lower than at higher altitudes (Hopkins, 1918; Chapman, 1931; Uvarov, 1931). Treherne and Buckell (1924) refer specifically to the earlier appearance of the clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder), near Nicola Lake, B.C., (2020 ft.), as compared with its appearance at nearby but higher places such as Douglas Lake (2600 ft.) and in the areas between Minnie Lake and Aspen Grove “where the elevation at many points exceeds 3500 feet.” These references, and the possibility of using the knowledge to help determine dates when control operations may be necessary on various ranges in any one season, suggested the need for more precise measurements of the development of this major rangeland pest at different altitudes in different years.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XII. Second Supplement to VII. Effects on Beneficial Arthropods
Authors: MacPhee A. W. , Sanford K. H.
Published: January 2010

The design of orchard pest control programs that favor natural enemies is based partly on a knowledge of the toxicity of spray chemicals to beneficial arthropods. This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted during the past five years to determine toxicities, and it includes some previously published data (MacPhee and Sanford 1954 and 1956). Tests were discontinued after 1955 on the species Stethorus punctum (Lec.), Euderus spp., Scambus spp., and Trichograma minutum Riley and on the chemical formulations Aramite, Chlorocide, Erad, fixed nicotine, lime sulphur, Puratized Agricultural Spray, summer oil, and synthetic cryolite. Tests were initiated on the phytoseiids Typhlodromus finlandicus (Oudms.) and T. rhenanus (Oudms.), and the mirid Psallus sp., and also on the pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner preparation, demeton, Diazinon, dodine, Kelthane, Kepone, Rhothane, Sevin, Tedion, Trithion and zineb. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was previously reported as T. tiliae (Oudms.), a synonym, and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) is an authoritative identification of the species previously listed as Criocoris saliens (Reuter).
Biology of Cereal and Grass Aphids in Wisconsin (Homoptera)
Authors: Orlob G. B. , Medler J. T.
Published: January 2010

Research was conducted on the biology of cereal and grass aphids in the Madison area during 1957-59 in connection with epidemiological investigations of the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). It becomes of increasing importance to know more about these aphids as potential vectors of the virus. Information was needed on the taxonomy, biology and ecology of the vector population to better understand the complex interactions between vector and virus. Two methods were used to obtain data on the occurrence and abundance of aphids. The conventional method of studying aphid populations on host plants was supplemented with intensive research on air-borne aphids, using the yellow-pan water trap developed by Moericke (1951), and the wind trap described by Shands (1942). These traps are shown in Fig. 1. The species of aphids were identified according to keys of Palmer (1952). Names of genera as used in Europe have been indicated in parentheses. In the following report the various forms in the life cycle are referred to as fundatrices (on the winter host), fundatrigenae (produced by fundatrices, the alates of this generation migrate to summer hosts), virginoparae (both apterous and alate individuals on snmmer hosts), and gynoparae (alates migrate from summer hosts to winter hosts).
A Trap for Studying the Attacking Behaviour of Black Flies, Simulium arcticum Mall
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: January 2010

A study of the attacking behavior of Simulium arcticum Mall., an important pest of livestock in Saskatchewan, is required to guide livestock management practices during outbreaks. Such a study has been hampered by the lack of a convenient device for obtaining collections representative of attacking populations.
The Survival of Adults of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), Labelled with Radioactive Cobalt
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: January 2010

In studies of the behaviour of adults of the white pine weevil, it has been reported by Sullivan (1953) that the movenients of the beetles can be traced over long periods of time by means of Co60 tags attached to the elytra. Observations of the labelled insects over several months were feasible because of the long half-life and high specific activity of this isotope. Tags containing approximately 200 to 500 μc of radioactive cobalt did not have any appreciable effect on the survival of the insects over periods of one to two months, but records of the longevity of labelled insects revealed excessive mortality after several months. As field trials had indicated that the amount of isotope in the tags was in excess of that required for accurate detection of the insects, the work was continued in an effort to determine the effects of different quantities of the isotope on short-, and long-term survival.
Ten New Species of Fannia R.-D. (Diptera: Muscidae) from the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The following descriptions and notes are based on Palaearctic material of Fanniinae in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., and on Indian material in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa. One new species is described from Tunisia, one from India, two from Japan, and six from Szechuen province near the China-Tibet border in China. Special thanks are due Dr. R. H. Foote of the U.S. National Museum for making this material available to me.
Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Survival of Parasites in Stored Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Maybee G. E. , Wylie H. G.
Published: January 2010

Cocoons of winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), reared from larvae collected in Europe, were imported to obtain insect parasites for release in Canada. Normally the sequence of handling the host cocoons consisted of: summer storage (July to October); autumn storage (October to December) during which host emergence occurred; winter storage (January to May); and, finally, a period of incubation (May to June) to obtain in time for release against the larval stage of the host.
A Humidity Gradient Apparatus for Insects
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

Most of the relative humidity gradients used in ethological studies of insects are of the alternative type in which a choice between only two relative humidities is possible (Perttunen, 1953; Wigglesworth, 1941). Sometimes, during investigations of behaviour and distribution of insects, it may be desirable to know the humidity preferred when insects are exposed to an environment in which a number of different humidities prevail in a definite, specified range. In some cases both the range of humidities in a gradient and the values of the extreme humidities apparently affect the preference exhibited by certain arthropods (Perttunen, 1953; Bursell and Ewer, 1950; Lees, 1943). The circular apparatus described here allows the simultaneous production of two identical gradients, one in each half of the circle.
A Low Speed Wind Tunnel for Determining the Effects of Wind on Flight Activity of Insects
Authors: Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

A low speed wind tunnel was needed for work by Dr. J. Juillet at the Belleville Institute to determine the number and direction of insect flights in a given time at different wind speeds and hence to determine the influence of wind on flight activity. This paper describes a tunnel designed to produce wind speeds of up to 9 miles per hour with uniformity within ± 5 per cent.
Variation Between Samples of Immature Stages, and of Mortalities from Some Factors, of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on Sweet Corn in Quebec
Authors: Hudon M. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: January 2010

This is a report on a program to sample the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), with the object of obtaining reliable statistics for life tables (see e.g. Morris, 1955; LeRoux and Reimer, 1959).

Basic studies on factors determining abundance of the European corn borer are few, some of the most notable having been carried out by Barber (1926), Huber et al. (1928), Thompson and Parker (1928), Stirrett (1938), Vance (1943), Baker et al. (1949), Bigger and Petty (1953), Everett et al. (1958) and Chiang and Hodson (1959). None of these studies was a thorough study of mortality factors in development of the European corn borer from endemic to epidemic levels. A number of specific factors known to be important in the epidemiology of this species have been investigated by Arbuthnot (1949), Neiswander (1952), Goleman (1954), Chiang and Holdaway (1955), and Chiang (1959), and the application of biometric techniques to the sampling of corn borer populations has been studied by Beard (1943), McGuire (1954), and Bankcroft and Brindley (1956). None of the latter authors have, however, investigated sampling techniques relating to the development of life tables for this species.
Occurrence of the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) in Western Nova Scotia
Authors: Hall R. R. , McKiel J. A.
Published: January 2010

The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) is abundant in many localities throughout the coastal plains of eastern United States (Bequaert, 1946) and according to Lewis (1960) occurs in sparse numbers as far north as the Bangor area in Maine. In Canada, it is found from Saskatchewan to Nova Scotia (Gregson, 1956) but seemingly only in small numbers and in widely separated areas east of Manitoba. The published information on its occurrence in Nova Scotia is limited to a single record by Twinn (1944) who mentioned that male and female American dog ticks in “considerable numbers” were taken at the upper waters of the Sissiboo River in Digby County. Since its presence in western Nova Scotia in infestation numbers does not appear to be generally known outside that province, it is felt that a note on our observations on D. variabilis might be of interest.
Effects of Increasing the Nitrogen Level of Apple Leaves on Mite and Predator Populations
Authors: Lord F. T. , Stewart D. K. R.
Published: January 2010

Prior to 1950 the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, was a major pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, and brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., was practically non-existent. Lord (1949), showed that the sulphur fungicides, commonly in use up to that time, were detrimental to some of the predacious species and toxic to the brown mite. After 1950 red mite populations became negligible and, although the brown mites increased, they did not become sufficiently abundant to cause economic damage. This shift of population balance in Nova kotia orchards has been attributed to the gradual replacement of sulphur and other detrimental materials by pesticides less harmful to predators of the mites (Pickett 1953).
X-ray Detection of Douglas-fir Beetles Reared in Slabs
Authors: Johnson Norman E. , Molatore H. David
Published: January 2010

An improved method of rearing the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) was recently developed by using wax-coated slabs of Douglas-fir. To fully utilize this method, it was desirable to follow beetle development within the slabs without removing the bark. If this could be achieved it would oDen the door to manv advances in research. Several radiological techniques $ere considered and the x-ray appeared well adapted. The slabs were small enough to be moved to the x-ray machine and to fit on standardsize x-ray film. Also, x-ray units are readily available in hospitals and medical centres. Accordingly, tests were made of x-ray techniques for detecting Douglas-fir beetles in infested slabs of Douglas-fir.
The Effectiveness of Residues of Insecticides in Preventing Reinfestation of Apple Leaves by Apple Aphid, Aphis pomi DeG.: I. Diazinon, Trithion and Sevin
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Williams K.
Published: January 2010

The apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeG., has long been a problem in British Columbia orchards (13), but has become particularly serious in the last few years (14, 15). Infestations are common on both bearing and young trees. Aphids occur especially at the terminal parts of new growth, suckers and sprouts. They reproduce extremely rapidly and large numbers cause curling and deformatinn of leaves. Further, this distortion of the leaves then protects the aphid colonies from spray application to some extent, and in clumps of such leaves, unharmed survivors are often found after the most thorough spraying. However, even where efficient spray application has been made before the leaf-curling stage has been reached, reinfestation and recolonization, presumably from outside sources, is a common occurrence. A search for “persistent” aphicides, that would at the same time give control of other common orchard pests such as codling moth, has been in progress at this laboratory for some years and in particular, Diazinon (15), Trithion (14), and Sevin (6) have been studied.
Laboratory Studies on Mating and Oviposition of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Swailes G. E.
Published: January 2010

Reports in the literature on the activities of adults of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), are scanty, sometimes not in agreement with one another, and usually recorded in conjunction with observations on field ecology. Now that individual insects are being used in studies of resistance in rutabagas (Swailes, 1960) a more detailed account of activities after adult emergence is available. This paper deals with the pre-oviposition, mating, and oviposition 'behaviour of the females and mating behaviour of the males.
The Life History and Habits of a Midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Douglas-fir Cones
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: January 2010

A midge, Contarinia oregonensis, is one of a number of species of insects which causc seed losses in Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. In recent years it has been reported causing more damage than any other single species of Douglas-fir cone insect in western Washington (Johnson and Heikkkenen. 1958). This has been the situation on Vancouver Island also.

The species bas described by Foote (1956) from specimens taken in Oregon in 1916.
Control of Toadflax by Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.)(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Gymnaetron antirrhini (Payk.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada
Authors: Harris P.
Published: January 2010

The principal insects that attack toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) in Canada are Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.), a flower-eating nitidulid, and Gymnaetron antirrhini (Payk.), a seed-eating weevil. B. pulicarius was found in 1953 in all provinces of Canada but G. antirrhini was apparently absent from Saskatchewan and Alberta, the two provinces where the spread of toadflax was causing alarm. Thus the seriousness of the toadflax seemed to be related to the absence of G. antirrhini. In an artempt to correct this situation Smith (1959) collected 4,000 adult G. antirrhini and released them in mid-July, 1957, at Marsden, Saskatchewan, and Codesa, Alberta. However, it now appears that the rapid spread of toadflax occurred in the absence of B. pulicarius and that this beetle is more valuable than first thought. This paper discusses the role of B. pulicarius and the results of introducing G. antirrhini.
A Simple Device for Producing Harmonic Temperature Fluctuations
Authors: Pitman Gary B. , Ryan Roger B.
Published: January 2010

Most laboratory studies of insect development have been conducted under constant temperature conditions. Since constant temperatures are rarely encountered under natural conditions, results of such studies are limited in their application. It is desirable to compare the effects of fluctuating temperatures and constant temperatures on insect development. For this purpose, control devices which produce regular alternations of periodic constant temperatures or continuously varying temperatures of a predictable nature are needed.
A New Species of Eucordylea from Spruce (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: January 2010

During my recent studies on the lepidopterous miners in the needles of various conifers, I have found several undescribed species. One of them occurs near Ottawa, Ontario, and in Nova Scotia. It was also found in Quebec by Dr. J. M. McLeod and Mr. J. A. R. Ducharme, Forest Research Laboratory, Sillery, Quebec. I describe this species here, to enable those officers to report on the immature stages and life history in a companion paper that follows.
A Container for the Transport of Insect Cocoons or Pupae
Authors: Wearne G. R.
Published: January 2010

The methods of despatching insects from one country to another for biological control purposes have often left much to be desired. When insects are sent as pupae or cocoons, they are generally packed in damp wood-wool or sphagnum moss to absorb vibration, from which it is often difficult to remove either the insects or any undesirable fellow travellers.

The ideal insect container should be strong, light in weight, small enough for ease of handling, yet able to hold large numbers of individuals without excessive crowding.
Bionomics of the Maple Leaf Cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Fitch), (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae)
Authors: Ross D. A.
Published: January 2010

During the summers of 1948 and 1949 the writer investigated the biology of the maple leaf cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Fitch), near Merivale, Ontario. Various aspects of the bionomics of the stages of the maple leaf cutter are summarized in this paper. Unpublished material in the annual reports prepared by Mr. J. J. de Gryse were kindly made accessible; data are quoted from them and acknowledged herein. Sincere thanks are extended to Howard A. Tripp for his assistance in recording data during field investigations.
Results of the Royal Society Expedition to Southern Chile, 1958-59: Lygaeidae (Hemiptera), with the Description of a New Subfamily
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: January 2010

The Royal Society Expedition to southern Chile, 1958-59, was concerned with a study of the area known as Archiplata (Kuschel, 1960), the southwest part of South America which formed an isolated land mass in the Tertiary and which is the part of the Neotropical region showing affinities with New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the islands of the South Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and the Juan Fernandez Islands.
A Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its Parasites in Ontario
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

The European, or Essex skipper, Thymelicus (= Adopaea) lineola (Ochs.), was accidentally introduced into North America at London, Ontario, sometime before 1910 (Saunders, 1916). The history of its subsequent spread through southern Ontario and adjoining parts of Michigan and Ohio was reviewed by Pengelly (1961), who received the first report of extensive damage to hay and pasture crops by this insect in Ontario from the Markdale area of Grey County in 1956. A survey in 1958 (Pengelly, 1961) showed that the skipper “appeared to be present throughout the southern part of the province except for the Bruce peninsula and possibly the Windsor area. The northeasterly boundary appeared to he along a line from Midland, south around the west side of Lake Simcoe, east to Lindsay and south to Whitby.” The present author collected T. lineola larvae from the Belleville area for the first time in 1959.
Hybridization in Psorophora (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Horsfall William R. , Brust Reinhart A.
Published: January 2010

Hybridization has been studied in mosquitoes ever since caged colonies began to be maintained. Aedes particularly of the subgenus Stegomyia have been crossed variously at different times and by different observers. Anopheles species, particularly some of the subgenus Anopheles, have been hybridized with varying results. However techniques for inducing copulation developed in this laboratory (McDaniel and Horsfall, 1957) and used on Culiseta, Psorophora and many Aedes make possible combinations unlikely by chance in cages. Cage adaptation is not a prerequisite for success neither are precopulatory stimuli.
A Revision of the Platypalpus juvenis Complex in North America (Diptera: Empididae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The complex of species related to Platypalps juvenis Melander is typically northern and montane in distribution, and almost restricted to the Hudsonian and Canadian life zones. They occur from treeline in the Canadian Arctic south to the mountains of New Hampshire on the east, and the mountains of Oregon and Colorado on the west. In this paper, nineteen species are recognized in the complex, of which seven have been described previously.
Life History and Behaviour of the Raspberry Crown Borer Bembecia marginata (Harr.) (Lepidoptera: Aegerudae)
Authors: Raine J.
Published: January 2010

Bembecia marginata (Harr.), commonly called the raspberry crown borer, raspberry root borer, or blackberry crown borer, is native to North America. Harris (1839) first recorded it from New Hampshire as Trochilium marginata Harr. Edwards (1881) first named it Bembecia marginata (Harr.). Beutenmüller (1901) summarized its many synonyms.

With increased acreage of cultivated cane fruits in Canada this insect has become a serious agricultural pest. It does not occur in outbreaks, but builds up slowly over a period of years and gradually reduces the vigour and yield of plantings. Damage is caused by the larvae which undermine the new buds at the base of the plants in the spring and girdle the new canes during the summer. Especially affected are young plantings which produce only a few canes at first.
Polybutenes in Orchard Pest Control
Authors: Downing R. S.
Published: January 2010

In British Columbia the control of phytophagous mites, especially the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McG., is becoming increasingly difficult, mainly because of the mites' ability to develop resistance to most acaricides in a relatively short time (3). Because of this, methods of control other than strictly chemical are examined at every opportunity.
The Males of Dialictus laevissimus (Smith) and D. rohweri (Ellis) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E.
Published: January 2010

Proper association of males with females of the bee family Halictidae presents difficulties not found in most insect groups. In the north temperate zone males emerge in late summer, mate with the females and then die, only females surviving over winter. Collecting in spring and early summer therefore yields only females and only in the later collections do males appear.

Correct association between males and females may be secured by excavating burrows after males have emerged from the pupae, by collecting mating pairs or by making such extensive collections in a limited area that statistical evidence may be secured to support conclusions based on morphological features. This technique was used by the junior author in his original studies of Andrenidae and Halictidae (Atwood, 1933) but is by no means a universal practice. Consequently, many species names in the Halictidae are based on descriptions of one sex only while in other instances the association between male and female rests upon a very shaky foundation. This paper is designed to clarify the status of two species which are now in the above categories.