bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on a soil-biota system: Role of earthworms and ryegrass
Authors: Feng Mingbao , He Qun , Shi Jiaqi , Qin Li , Zhang Xuesheng , Sun Ping , Wang Zunyao
Published: October 2015

In the present study, the toxic effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), an important brominated fire retardant, on soil was evaluated by amending with different concentrations (0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg dry wt) for 40 d. The activities of 3 soil enzymes (urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured as the principal assessment endpoints. Meanwhile, the effects of natural environmental factors, such as light conditions and soil biota, on BDE-209 intoxication were studied. For the latter, 30 earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi) with fully matured clitella or ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with fully matured leaves were exposed in soil amended with BDE-209. The activities of the soil enzymes were adversely affected by BDE-209, especially for the high-concentration treatments, with greater adverse effects in the dark than in the light. The presence of earthworms reduced toxicity to BDE-209, whereas ryegrass did not. The calculated integrated biomarker response index, which provides a general indicator of the health status of test species by combining different biomarker signals, further validated these findings. Moreover, the antioxidant status (oxidant–antioxidant balance) of these 2 biota was assessed. Results indicated that BDE-209 significantly affected the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and enhanced the levels of malondialdehyde in both species. The present study may facilitate a better understanding of the toxicity of BDE-209 toward the soil environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1349–1357. © 2015 SETAC
Regulation of astrocyte pathology by fluoxetine prevents the deterioration of Alzheimer phenotypes in an APP/PS1 mouse model
Authors: Qiao Jinping , Wang Junhui , Wang Hongxing , Zhang Yanbo , Zhu Shenghua , Adilijiang Abulimiti , Guo Huining , Zhang Ruiguo , Guo Wei , Luo Gang , Qiu Yiqing , Xu Haiyun , Kong Jiming , Huang Qingjun , Li Xin‐Min
Published: October 2015

Studies have implicated astrocytic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology and treatment of the disease is poorly characterized. Here, we identified astrocytes as independent key factors involved in several Alzheimer‐like phenotypes in an APP/PS1 mouse model, including amyloid pathology, altered neuronal and synaptic properties, and impaired cognition. In vitro astrocytes from APP/PS1 mice induced synaptotoxicity as well as reduced dendritic complexity and axonal branching of hippocampal neurons. These astrocytes produced high levels of soluble β‐amyloid (Aβ) which could be significantly inhibited by fluoxetine (FLX) via activating serotonin 5‐HT2 receptors. FLX could also protect hippocampal neurons against astrocyte‐induced neuronal damage in vitro. In the same APP/PS1 mice, FLX inhibited activation of astrocytes, lowered Aβ products, ameliorated neurotoxicity, and improved behavioral performance. These findings may provide a basis for the clinical application of FLX in patients, and may also lay the groundwork for exploration of other novel astrocyte‐based therapies of AD. GLIA 2016;64:240–254
Maintaining physical activity during head and neck cancer treatment: Results of a pilot controlled trial
Authors: Zhao Shuang G. , Alexander Neil B. , Djuric Zora , Zhou Jessica , Tao Yebin , Schipper Matthew , Feng Felix Y. , Eisbruch Avraham , Worden Francis P. , Strath Scott J. , Jolly Shruti
Published: October 2015

Background

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (concurrent CRT) to treat head and neck cancer is associated with significant reductions of weight, mobility, and quality of life (QOL). An intervention focusing on functional exercise may attenuate these losses.

Methods

We allocated patients to a 14‐week functional resistance and walking program designed to maintain physical activity during cancer treatment (MPACT group; n = 11), or to usual care (control group; n = 9). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, and 7 and 14 weeks.

Results

Compared to controls, the MPACT participants had attenuated decline or improvement in several strength, mobility, physical activity, diet, and QOL endpoints. These trends were statistically significant (p < .05) in knee strength, mental health, head and neck QOL, and barriers to exercise.

Conclusion

In this pilot study of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing concurrent CRT, MPACT training was feasible and maintained or improved function and QOL, thereby providing the basis for larger future interventions with longer follow‐up. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1086–E1096, 2016
Angiofibrolipoma of the larynx: Case report and literature review
Authors: Bochnia Marek , Grabowski Krzysztof , Zalewska Agata , Morawska–Kochman Monika
Published: October 2015

Background

Angiofibrolipomas are one of the rarest variants of lipomas. Laryngeal origin of lipomatous tumors is also very rare.

Methods

The nature and severity of symptoms depend on the location and the size of the laryngeal tumors. However, pedunculated of a 28‐cm long tumor with the point of origin on the left arytenoepiglottic fold reached down to the esophagus and. in spite of slight dysphagia. remained asymptomatic for many years. In this case, a narrowing of the digestive tract was masked by an adaptation to the presence of a slowly growing mass.

Results

After surgical removal of the tumor and 18‐month follow‐up, the patient remains asymptomatic. Nonetheless, taking into consideration a possibility of recurrence or malignance, a postoperative regular 5‐year follow‐up was recommended.

Conclusion

This case report illustrates the successful transoral resection of a polypoid‐shaped angiofibrolipoma of the larynx. An easy and safe endoscopic procedure seemed to be successful in the case described. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E81–E83, 2016
Integrin αvβ6 critically regulates hepatic progenitor cell function and promotes ductular reaction, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis
Authors: Peng Zhen‐Wei , Ikenaga Naoki , Liu Susan B. , Sverdlov Deanna Y. , Vaid Kahini A. , Dixit Richa , Weinreb Paul H. , Violette Shelia , Sheppard Dean , Schuppan Detlef , Popov Yury
Published: October 2015

Integrin αvβ6 is rapidly up‐regulated on cells of epithelial lineage during tissue injury, where one of its primary functions is activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). In human liver cirrhosis, αvβ6 is overexpressed by cells comprising the ductular reaction, and its inhibition suppresses experimental biliary fibrosis in rodents. Here, we show that αvβ6 is expressed on the actively proliferating subset of hepatic progenitor cells and is required for their progenitor function in vivo and in vitro through integrin αvβ6‐dependent TGFβ1 activation. Freshly isolated αvβ6+ liver cells demonstrate clonogenic potential and differentiate into cholangiocytes and functional hepatocytes in vitro, whereas colony formation by epithelial cell adhesion molecule‐positive progenitor cells is blocked by αvβ6‐neutralizing antibody and in integrin beta 6‐deficient cells. Inhibition of progenitors by anti‐αvβ6 antibody is recapitulated by TGFβ1 neutralization and rescued by addition of bioactive TGFβ1. Genetic disruption or selective targeting of αvβ6 with 3G9 antibody potently inhibits progenitor cell responses in mouse models of chronic biliary injury and protects from liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, two conditions clinically associated with exacerbated ductular reaction. Conclusion: These results suggest that αvβ6 is a promising target for chronic fibrotic liver diseases and associated cancers. (Hepatology 2016;63:217–232)
Guidance for Mutual Disposition of Chromophores for Singlet Fission
Authors: Havlas Zdenek , Michl Josef
Published: October 2015

The choice of chromophores and of their mutual geometrical arrangement for optimized singlet fission (SF) rates are considered. The electronic matrix element that enters the Fermi golden rule for the rate of SF is worked out algebraically for a simple model, but the density of states factor is not analyzed here. The model treats only the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals of the partners. It provides an approximate formula that requires only the knowledge of the expansion coefficients of these orbitals and of overlap integrals between atomic orbitals on the partners to obtain an estimate of the electronic matrix element. An illustrative application to a pair of ethylene molecules suggests that favored geometries will be those in which one of the AOs on the first ethylene overlaps with both AOs on the second ethylene, while the other AO on the first ethylene overlaps with at least one, and preferably both, AOs of the second ethylene as little as possible.
The importance of feeling sexually attractive: Can it predict an individual's experience of their sexuality and sexual relationships across gender and sexual orientation?
Authors: Amos Natalie , McCabe Marita
Published: October 2015

Limited research exists on the implications of feeling sexually attractive for various aspects of sexuality and sexual relationships. This article examined associations between self‐perceived sexual attractiveness and sexual esteem, sexual satisfaction and amount of sexual experience, among both men and women who identified as heterosexual (n = 1017), gay or lesbian (n = 1225) or bisexual (n = 651). Results of the study demonstrated that positive self‐perceptions of sexual attractiveness predicted greater sexual esteem, greater sexual satisfaction, a higher frequency of sexual activity with others and a larger number of sexual partners among both men and women who identified as heterosexual, gay, lesbian or bisexual. The findings suggest that feeling sexually attractive may have implications for how an individual experiences their sexuality and sexual relationships regardless of their gender or sexual orientation. The importance of considering an individual's self‐perceptions of sexual attractiveness when they present with concerns related to their sexual experiences or relationships, and the potential benefits of educational and therapeutic interventions designed to enhance self‐perceptions of sexual attractiveness are discussed.
Lewis Lung Cancer Cells Promote SIGNR1(CD209b)‐Mediated Macrophages Polarization Induced by IL‐4 to Facilitate Immune Evasion
Authors: Yan Xiaolong , Li Wenhai , Pan Lei , Fu Enqing , Xie Yonghong , Chen Min , Mu Deguang
Published: October 2015

Tumor‐associated macrophages are a prominent component of lung cancer and contribute to tumor progression by facilitating the immune evasion of cancer cells. DC‐SIGN (CD209) assists in the immune evasion of a broad spectrum of pathogens and neoplasms by inhibiting the maturation of DCs and subsequent cytokines production. However, the expression of DC‐SIGN in macrophages and its role in mediating immune evasion in lung cancer and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Our study aimed to identify the immunosuppressive role of SIGNR1 in murine macrophage differentiation and lung cancer progression. We found that SIGNR1‐positive RAW264.7 macrophages were enriched in mixed cultures with Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC) (ratio of RAW 264.7 to LLC being 1:1) after stimulation with IL‐4. Moreover, LLC‐educated macrophages exhibited significantly higher levels of IL‐10 but lower IL‐12 in response to IL‐4 treatment as determined by RT‐PCR and ELISA. However, inhibition of SIGNR1 markedly hampered the production of IL‐10, indicating that SIGNR1 was indispensable for IL‐4+LLC induced macrophage polarization towards the M2 subtype. Furthermore, polarized M2 cells immersed in a tumor microenvironment promoted the migration of LLCs, as measured by transwell assays, but migration was suppressed after blockade of SIGNR1 using CD209b antibody. In addition, IL‐4+LLC‐educated macrophages reduced the proliferation of the activated T cells and reduced IFN‐γ‐mediated Th1 response in T cells, while SIGNR1 inhibition rescued Th1 cell functions. In conclusion, murine SIGNR1 expressed in LLC‐educated macrophages appears to mediate IL‐4‐induced RAW264.7 macrophage polarization and thus facilitate lung cancer evasion. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1158–1166, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vitro and In Vivo Anti‐Melanoma Effects of Pituranthos tortuosus Essential Oil Via Inhibition of FAK and Src Activities
Authors: Krifa Mounira , Meshri Salah Edin El , Bentouati Nawel , Pizzi Antonio , Sick Emilie , Chekir‐Ghedira Leila , Rondé Philippe
Published: October 2015

A large number of plants used in traditional medicines have been shown to possess antitumor activities. The aims of this study were to evaluate any anticancer effect of the essential oil (EO) extracted from P. tortuosus against B16F10 melanoma cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo. In vitro, EO was shown to induce apoptosis and to inhibit migration and invasion processes. Further investigation revealed that EO decreased focal adhesion and invadopodia formation which was accompanied by a drastic downregulation of FAK, Src, ERK, p130Cas and paxillin. Moreover, EO treatment decreased the expression level of p190RhoGAP, and Grb2, which impair cell migration and actin assembly. Mice bearing the melanoma cells were used to confirm any in vivo effectiveness of the EO as an anti‐tumor promoting agent. In mice dosed with 100 mg EO/kg/d (for 27 days), tumor weight was inhibited by 98% compared to that in mice that did not receive the product. In conclusion, these data suggested to us that an EO of P. tortuosus could evolve to be a potential medicinal resource for use in the treatment of cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1167–1175, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statins Modulate Cyclooxygenase‐2 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase‐1 in Human Hepatic Myofibroblasts
Authors: Mouawad Charbel A. , Mrad May F. , El‐Achkar Ghewa A. , Abdul‐Sater Ali , Nemer Georges M. , Creminon Christophe , Lotersztajn Sophie , Habib Aïda
Published: October 2015

Statins have been shown to exert anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrogenic properties in the liver. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying anti‐fibrogenic effects of statins in isolated hepatic myofibroblasts and focused on cyclooxyegnase‐2, a major anti‐proliferative pathway in these cells. We show that simvastatin and fluvastatin inhibit thymidine incorporation in hMF in a dose‐dependent manner. Pretreatment of cells with NS398, a COX‐2 inhibitor, partially blunted this effect. cAMP levels, essential to the inhibition of hMF proliferation, were increased by statins and inhibited by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Since statins modify prenylation of some important proteins in gene expression, we investigated the targets involved using selective inhibitors of prenyltransferases. Inhibition of geranylgeranylation resulted in the induction of COX‐2 and mPGES‐1. Using gel retardation assays, we further demonstrated that statins potentially activated the NFκB and CRE/E‐box binding for COX‐2 promoter and the binding of GC‐rich regions and GATA for mPGES‐1. Together these data demonstrate that statin limit hepatic myofibroblasts proliferation via a COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 dependent pathway. These data suggest that statin‐dependent increase of prostaglandin in hMF contributes to its anti‐fibrogenic effect. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1176–1186, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi‐continent study
Authors: Tyrovolas Stefanos , Koyanagi Ai , Olaya Beatriz , Ayuso‐Mateos Jose Luis , Miret Marta , Chatterji Somnath , Tobiasz‐Adamczyk Beata , Koskinen Seppo , Leonardi Matilde , Haro Josep Maria
Published: October 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with low skeletal muscle mass (SMM), sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity using nationally representative samples of people aged ≥65 years from diverse geographical regions of the world.

Methods

Data were available for 18 363 people aged ≥65 years who participated in the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe survey conducted in Finland, Poland, and Spain, and the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health survey conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, between 2007 and 2012. A skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was created to reflect SMM. SMM, SMI, and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated with specific indirect population formulas. These estimates were based on age, sex, weight, height, and race. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were defined with specific cut‐offs.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 12.6% (Poland) to 17.5% (India), and that of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 1.3% (India) to 11.0% (Spain). Higher %BF was associated with lower SMM in all countries, and with sarcopenia in five countries (p < 0.001). Compared to high levels of physical activity, low levels were related with higher odds for sarcopenia [OR 1.36 (95%CI 1.11–1.67)] and sarcopenic obesity [OR 1.80 (95%CI 1.23–2.64)] in the overall sample. Also, a dose‐dependent association between higher numbers of chronic diseases and sarcopenic obesity was observed.

Conclusions

Physical activity and body composition changes such as high %BF are key factors for the prevention of sarcopenia syndrome.
Quantification of liver perfusion using multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling
Authors: Pan Xinlei , Qian Tianyi , Fernandez‐Seara Maria A. , Smith Robert X. , Li Kuncheng , Ying Kui , Sung Kyunghyun , Wang Danny J.J.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To develop a free‐breathing multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) technique for quantitative measurement of liver perfusion of the hepatic artery and portal vein, respectively.

Materials and Methods

A navigator‐gated pCASL sequence with balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) readout was developed and applied on five healthy young volunteers at 3T. Two labeling schemes were performed with the labeling plane applied on the descending aorta above the liver, and perpendicular to the portal vein before its entry to liver to label the hepatic artery and portal vein, respectively. For each labeling scheme, pCASL scans were performed at five or six postlabeling delays between 200 and 2000 msec or 2500 msec with an interval of 400 or 500 msec. Multidelay pCASL images were processed offline with nonrigid motion correction, outlier removal, and fitted for estimation of liver perfusion and transit time.

Results

Estimated liver perfusion of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein were 21.8 ± 1.9 and 95.1 ± 8.9 mL/100g/min, with the corresponding transit time of 1227.3 ± 355.5 and 667.2 ± 85.0 msec, respectively. The estimated liver perfusion and transit time without motion correction were less reliable with greater residual variance compared to those processed with motion correction (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The liver perfusion measurement using multidelay pCASL showed good correspondence with values noted in the literature. The capability to noninvasively and selectively label the hepatic artery and portal vein is a unique strength of pCASL as compared to other liver perfusion imaging techniques, such as computed tomography perfusion and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1046–1054.
Prediction of inflows into Lake Kariba using a combination of physical and empirical models
Authors: Muchuru Shepherd , Landman Willem A. , DeWitt David G.
Published: October 2015

Seasonal climate forecasts are operationally produced at various climate prediction centres around the world. However, these forecasts may not necessarily be appropriately integrated into application models in order to help with decision‐making processes. This study investigates the use of a combination of physical and empirical models to predict seasonal inflows into Lake Kariba in southern Africa. Two predictions systems are considered. The first uses antecedent seasonal rainfall totals over the upper Zambezi catchment as predictor in a statistical model for estimating seasonal inflows into Lake Kariba. The second and more sophisticated method uses predicted low‐level atmospheric circulation of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) downscaled to the inflows. Forecast verification results are presented for five run‐on 3‐month seasons; from September to June over an independent hindcast period of 14 years (1995/1996 to 2008/2009). Verification is conducted using the relative operating characteristic (ROC) and the reliability diagram. In addition to the presented verification statistics, the hindcasts are also evaluated in terms of their economic value as a usefulness indicator of forecast quality for bureaucrats and to the general public. The models in general perform best during the austral mid‐summer season of DJF (seasonal onset of inflows) and the autumn season of MAM (main inflow season). Moreover, the prediction system that uses the output of the CGCM is superior to the simple statistical approach. An additional forecast of a recent flooding event (2010/2011), which lies outside of the 14‐year verification window, is presented to demonstrate the forecast system's operational capability further during a season of high inflows that caused societal and infrastructure problems over the region.
Free‐space coupling of nanoantennas and whispering‐gallery microcavities with narrowed linewidth and enhanced sensitivity
Authors: Gu Fuxing , Zhang Li , Zhu Yingbin , Zeng Heping
Published: October 2015

Due to the broad scattering spectral profiles, localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of Pd nanoparticles have low resolution and limited sensitivity for hydrogen detection. In this work, we use a simple light‐irradiation method to demonstrate that free‐space light can be efficiently coupled into and from the microfiber whispering‐gallery modes (WGMs) by the Pd nanoantennas. The nanoantenna–microfiber cavity system provides strong intermodal coupling between LSPRs and WGMs, and induces significant modulation of the scattering spectra. A measured full width at half‐maximum of 3.2 nm at 622.7 nm is obtained, which is the narrowest in Pd nanoparticle‐based LSPR structures reported up to now. The ultranarrow resonances offer enhanced sensitivity to hydrogen gas detection with a figure of merit reaching ∼2.22. Other advantages of the Pd nanoantenna–microfiber cavity system including independence of precise alignment of excitation light, large tunability of the resonant wavelengths, easy and low‐cost fabrication of the system, have also been demonstrated.

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Corrosion product transformations in alkaline baths under pressure and high temperature: The sub‐critical stabilisation of marine iron artefacts stored under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Bayle M. , de Viviés P. , Memet J.‐B. , Foy E. , Dillmann P. , Neff D.
Published: October 2015

In the context of conservation of ferrous cultural heritage, dechlorination processes of archaeological iron artefacts are studied in subcritical conditions which consist of immerging an artefact inside an alkaline bath under pressure (30 bar) and temperature (160 °C). Submarine archaeological environments lead to the presence of chlorides inside the corrosion layers. After exposure to the atmosphere following excavation, initial corrosion phases evolve. Chlorides remain trapped inside the structure of corrosion products particularly during the crystallisation of akaganeite. Stabilisation treatment objectives are to remove chlorides from the corrosion layers and to obtain more stable phases. A Roman archaeological bar has been studied on cross‐section before and after treatment in sub‐critical conditions. Less stable phases, such as ferrihydrite and akaganeite, transformed into hematite. That was confirmed by the use of synthetic and pure phases treated in the same conditions. The presence of goethite before and after the treatment in the corrosion profile raises the question of its reactivity during dechlorination process. Akaganeite has been synthesised and compared to archaeological powder sampled on an artefact. The results highlight reactivity differences indicating that sub‐critical transformation processes are not only dependent on the nature of phases but also on intrinsic physical characteristics.
Resveratrol stimulates cyclic AMP response element mediated gene transcription
Authors: Thiel Gerald , Rössler Oliver G.
Published: October 2015

Scope

Many intracellular effects have been attributed to resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes and in other plants, including the direct regulation of transcription. Here, we have analyzed the impact of resveratrol on gene transcription regulated by the cyclic AMP response element (CRE).

Methods and results

Transcription of a chromatin‐embedded reporter gene with CREs in its regulatory region was significantly elevated in resveratrol‐treated 293 human embryonic kidney cells, hepatoma cells and neural stem cells. The CRE thus functions as resveratrol‐responsive element. The polyphenols quercetin and naringenin also stimulated CRE‐mediated gene transcription, but not in the range of resveratrol. The polyphenol curcumin, in contrast, had no effect upon CRE‐regulated transcription. In addition, resveratrol stimulation upregulated the transcriptional activation potentials of the CRE‐binding proteins (CREB) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2).

Conclusion

CREB exhibits cytoprotective activity by stimulating CRE‐regulated genes, while ATF2 has been identified as a tumor suppressor. The fact that resveratrol upregulates CRE‐mediated gene transcription and enhances the transcriptional activation potentials of CREB and ATF2 suggests that cytoprotective and tumor suppressive activities of resveratrol may rely—at least in part—on the stimulation of CREB‐ and ATF2‐controlled target genes.
Time‐step constraints in transient coupled finite element analysis
Authors: Cui W. , Gawecka K. A. , Taborda D. M. G. , Potts D. M. , Zdravković L.
Published: October 2015

In transient finite element analysis, reducing the time‐step size improves the accuracy of the solution. However, a lower bound to the time‐step size exists, below which the solution may exhibit spatial oscillations at the initial stages of the analysis. This numerical ‘shock’ problem may lead to accumulated errors in coupled analyses. To satisfy the non‐oscillatory criterion, a novel analytical approach is presented in this paper to obtain the time‐step constraints using the θ‐method for the transient coupled analysis, including both heat conduction–convection and coupled consolidation analyses. The expressions of the minimum time‐step size for heat conduction–convection problems with both linear and quadratic elements reduce to those applicable to heat conduction problems if the effect of heat convection is not taken into account. For coupled consolidation analysis, time‐step constraints are obtained for three different types of elements, and the one for composite elements matches that in the literature. Finally, recommendations on how to handle the numerical ‘shock’ issues are suggested. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Mountains ofIsrael’:Fijians’Judaic Origins and the Use of theOldTestament inHighlandVitiLevu
Authors: Jones Edwin
Published: October 2015

The suggestion that theiTaukei(indigenousFijians) are a lost tribe ofIsrael has gained currency amongMethodists in the interior ofVitiLevu, coexisting with a firm and widely held belief in the ancestors’ emergence from the mysticalNakauvadra hills. For the people ofNabobuco, theHebrewBible's depiction of the relationship betweenJehovah and theIsraelites also contains powerful analogies with contemporaryChristian experiences of collective sin and redemption. This paper discusses local genealogies and the use of theOldTestament to positNabobuco andIsrael's moral equivalence within theKingdom ofGod.
Evaluation of Kraft lignin as natural compatibilizer in wood flour/polypropylene composites
Authors: Luo Shupin , Cao Jinzhen , Sun Wenjing
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the effect of Kraft lignin as natural compatibilizer on the water absorption, thermal, mechanical, and interfacial properties of poplar wood flour (WF)/polypropylene (PP) composites. Varying contents (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 wt%) of lignin were added to WF and PP by direct mixing, then the composites were prepared by two‐screw extrusion and compression moulding. Results showed that lignin incorporation reduced the water absorption and postponed the thermal decomposition of the composites. Composites with lower lignin contents (0.5% and 1%) could get the optimal properties, and the excess lignin contents (4% and 8%) resulted in slight decrease in the mechanical properties. DMA and calculation of adhesion factor showed that the composites with 0.5% lignin had the best interaction between WF and PP. The morphologies of fractured surface also indicated improved interfacial adhesion between WF and PP from the addition of 0.5% and 1% lignin. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2387–2394, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electrochemical properties of a highly biocompatible chitosan polymer actuator based on a different nanocarbon/ionic liquid electrode
Authors: Zhao Gang , Sun Zhuangzhi , Wang Jing , Xu Yan , Li Lingli , Ge Yang
Published: October 2015

Ionic actuators have attracted attention due to their remarking large strain under low‐voltage stimulation. Because the actuation performance is mainly dominated by the electrochemical and electromechanical processes of the electrode layer, the electrode materials and structure are crucial. In this manuscript, we report a highly biocompatible polymer actuator, which consists of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) film as double electrode layer and an electrolyte layer equipped with a chitosan polymer skeleton and an ionic liquid. The electrochemical properties of chitosan polymer actuator under various content of MCNTs were presented by SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and alternate current impedance. Results represented that MCNTs as a reinforcing agent in the chitosan polymer actuator strongly affected the electromechanical energy efficiency. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2395–2401, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimal first trimester preeclampsia prediction: a comparison of multimarker algorithm, risk profiles and their sequential application
Authors: Gabbay‐Benziv R. , Oliveira N. , Baschat A. A.
Published: October 2015

Objective

To compare performance of multimarker algorithm, risk profiles and their sequential application in prediction of preeclampsia and determining potential intervention targets.

Study Design

Maternal characteristics, ultrasound variables and serum biomarkers were collected prospectively at first trimester. Univariate analysis identified preeclampsia associated variables followed by logistic regression analysis to determine the prediction rule. Combined characteristics of the cardiovascular, metabolic and the personal risk factors were compared to the multimarker algorithm and the sequential application of both methods.

Results

Out of 2433 women, 108 developed preeclampsia (4.4%). Probability scores considering nulliparity, prior preeclampsia, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and placental growth factor had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.784 (95% CI = 0.721–0.847). While the multimarker algorithm had the lowest false negative rate, sequential application of cardiovascular and metabolic risk profiles in screen positives reduced false positives by 26% and identified blood pressure and metabolic risk in 49/54 (91%) women with subsequent preeclampsia as treatable risk factors.

Conclusion

Sequential application of a multimarker algorithm followed by determination of treatable risk factors in screen positive women is the optimal approach for first trimester preeclampsia prediction and identification of women that may benefit from targeted metabolic or cardiovascular treatment. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative safety of atypical antipsychotics and the risk of pneumonia in the elderly
Authors: Mehta Sandhya , Pulungan Zulkarnain , Jones Barton T. , Teigland Christie
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Previous studies have documented increased risk of pneumonia with antipsychotic use in the elderly; however, differential risk across individual atypical antipsychotics remains unaddressed. This study examines the effect of individual atypical antipsychotics on risk of pneumonia in elderly patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large claims database. The study population included new users of atypical antipsychotics (≥65 years). The multiple propensity‐score adjusted survival model was used to examine risk of pneumonia within a 1‐year follow‐up period.

Results

A total of 92 234 patients newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication were identified. Of these, 41 780 (45.30%) were quetiapine users, 31 048 (33.66%) risperidone users, 11 375 (12.33%) olanzapine users, 6790 (7.36%) aripiprazole users, and 1241 (1.35%) ziprasidone users. Within the 1‐year follow‐up period, 12 411 (13.46%) patients taking atypical antipsychotics had a diagnosis of pneumonia. The multiple propensity‐score‐adjusted survival model revealed increased risk of pneumonia with the use of risperidone (hazard ratios (HR) 1.14, 95%CI 1.10–1.18) and olanzapine (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.04–1.16) compared with the use of quetiapine.

Conclusion

This large population‐based study suggests that use of risperidone and olanzapine increases risk of pneumonia compared with use of quetiapine in elderly patients. This study provides new information on the comparative risk of pneumonia associated with different atypical antipsychotics in the elderly to support optimal treatment decisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the Initiating Capability of Detonators Containing TKX‐50, MAD‐X1, PETNC, DAAF, RDX, HMX or PETN as a Base Charge, by Underwater Explosion Test
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Witkowski Tomasz G. , Wilk Zenon , Hadzik Justyna
Published: October 2015

A comprehensive investigation to determine the initiation power of detonators containing as a base charge the novel explosives: dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide) – TKX‐50, dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolate‐1N‐oxide) – MAD‐X1, pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate – PETNC and 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan – DAAF in comparison with RDX, HMX and PETN was undertaken. In order to estimate the initiation power of the detonators, the underwater initiating capability test was used. The total energy as a sum of the primary shock wave energy and the bubble gas energy was determined for each of these explosives, by measuring the overpressure of the shock waves generated in water. Moreover, the complete synthesis for novel explosives is presented. The thermal behavior of the explosives was investigated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The gas phase absolute molar enthalpies at 298 K and 105 Pa were calculated theoretically using the modified complete basis set method (CBS‐4M; M referring to the use of minimal population localization) with the Gaussian 09 software. Gas phase standard molar enthalpies of formation (ΔHf°(g)) at 298 K were computed using the atomization energy method. Standard molar enthalpies of formation (▵H(s)°) were calculated using ΔHf°(g) and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation by applying Trouton’s rule. The Chapman‐Jouguet (CJ) characteristics based on calculated ▵H(s)° values were computed using the EXPLO5 V6.01 thermochemical computer code. For the calculations the theoretical maximum densities and densities obtained during the experiments presented in this work were used.
Enhanced magnetic coercivity and maximum energy product in double‐perovskite Y2CoMnO6single crystals
Authors: Choi H. Y. , Oh S. H. , Moon J. Y. , Kim M. K. , Oh D. G. , Lee N. , Choi Y. J.
Published: October 2015

We have investigated the influence of different annealing conditions on the magnetic properties on the single crystals of double‐perovskite Y2CoMnO6. The ferromagnetic moment along thec‐axis with the large magnetic coercivity and high squareness ratio was observed. Particularly, in the quenched specimen, the magnetic functionality has been greatly improved compared to that of the as‐grown crystal. The magnetic coercivity and maximum energy product have been increased by ∼120% and ∼50%, respectively, by comprising substantial disorders and defects. Our result renders an efficient route to improve the magnetic functionality in mixed‐valent magnets. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Silicon nitride/silicon oxide interlayers for solar cell passivating contacts based on PECVD amorphous silicon
Authors: Yan Di , Cuevas Andres , Wan Yimao , Bullock James
Published: October 2015

This Letter demonstrates improved passivating contacts for silicon solar cells consisting of doped silicon films together with tunnelling dielectric layers. An improvement is demonstrated by replacing the commonly used silicon oxide interfacial layer with a silicon nitride/silicon oxide double interfacial layer. The paper describes the optimization of such contacts, including doping of a PECVD intrinsic a‐Si:H film by means of a thermal POCl3 diffusion process and an exploration of the effect of the refractive index of the SiNx. The n+ silicon passivating contact with SiNx /SiOx double layer achieves a better result than a single SiNx or SiOx layer, giving a recombination current parameter of ∼7 fA/cm2 and a contact resistivity of ∼0.005 Ω cm2, respectively. These self‐passivating electron‐selective contacts open the way to high efficiency silicon solar cells. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics
Authors: Vishinkin Rotem , Haick Hossam
Published: October 2015

The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed‐side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so‐called “volatolomics”, namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial‐based solid‐state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial‐based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
Broadband, Spectrally Flat, Graphene‐based Terahertz Modulators
Authors: Shi Fenghua , Chen Yihang , Han Peng , Tassin Philippe
Published: October 2015

Advances in the efficient manipulation of terahertz waves are crucial for the further development of terahertz technology, promising applications in many diverse areas, such as biotechnology and spectroscopy, to name just a few. Due to its exceptional electronic and optical properties, graphene is a good candidate for terahertz electro‐absorption modulators. However, graphene‐based modulators demonstrated to date are limited in bandwidth due to Fabry–Perot oscillations in the modulators’ substrate. Here, a novel method is demonstrated to design electrically controlled graphene‐based modulators that can achieve broadband and spectrally flat modulation of terahertz beams. In our design, a graphene layer is sandwiched between a dielectric and a slightly doped substrate on a metal reflector. It is shown that the spectral dependence of the electric field intensity at the graphene layer can be dramatically modified by optimizing the structural parameters of the device. In this way, the electric field intensity can be spectrally flat and even compensate for the dispersion of the graphene conductivity, resulting in almost invariant absorption in a wide frequency range. Modulation depths up to 76% can be achieved within a fractional operational bandwidth of over 55%. It is expected that our modulator designs will enable the use of terahertz technology in applications requiring broadband operation.
Effect of Long‐Term Thermal Aging on Microstructure and High‐Temperature Strength of a 10% Cr Martensite Ferritic Steel
Authors: Gu Tao , Wang Mingjia , Xu Yuantao , Zhou Xuan , Zhao Hongchang , Chen Lei
Published: October 2015

The effect of long‐term thermal aging on microstructure and high‐temperature strength of a 10% Cr martensite ferritic steel is investigated. Comparison of the long‐term aging behavior at 700 °C with that at 650 °C reveals that the low angle boundary fraction increases and the coarsening of the M23C6 carbide accelerates at higher temperature, thereby the speed of subgrain growth increases. Additionally, elevated aging temperature suppressed nucleation of Laves phases and did not affect the K‐S orientation relationship between M23C6 carbides and ferrite matrix. The yield strength at 700 °C decreases, obviously, with increase of aging time at 700 °C, but its decline trend is not fully consistent with the change of the dislocation density, which confirms that loss of high‐temperature strength is not only due to decreasing of free dislocations. On the other hand, the variation on increasing of the subgrain width shows a similar abrupt trend to that on decreasing of the yield strength. It is suggested that for aged steel, subgrain coarsening is also an important factor for the deterioration of yield strength.
Mansfield Park by Jane Austen
Authors: Wirdnam Richard
Published: October 2015

The great charm, however, of English scenery is the moral feeling that seems to pervade it. It is associated in the mind with ideas of order, of quiet, of sober, well-established principles, of hoary usage, and reverend custom. Everything seems to be the growth of ages of regular and peaceful existence. The old church of remote architecture ... the parsonage, a quaint, irregular pile, partly antiquated, but repaired, and altered in the tastes of various ages and occupants ... the antique family mansion, standing apart in some little rural domain, but looking down with a protecting air on the surrounding scene; all these common features of English landscape evince a calm and settled security, and hereditary transmission of home-bred virtues and local attachments, that speak deeply and touchingly for the moral character of the nation.
Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare
Authors: Wine Martin
Published: October 2015

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Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Baas J. M. , Krens L. L. , ten Tije A. J. , Erdkamp F. , van Wezel T. , Morreau H. , Gelderblom H. , Guchelaar H. J.
Published: October 2015

Introduction Cetuximab is registered for use in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with RAS wild-type tumours only. Simvastatin blocks the mevalonate pathway and thereby interferes with the post-translational modification (prenylation) of KRAS. We hypothesize that the activitated KRAS pathway in KRAS mutant tumors can be inhibited by simvastatin rendering these tumors sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. Methods A Simon two-stage, single-arm, phase II study was performed to test the efficacy and safety of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in patients with a KRAS mutation in their CRC tumour who were previously treated with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan based regimens. The primary endpoint was to test the percentage of patients alive and free from progression 12.5 weeks after the first administration of cetuximab. Our hypothesis was that at least 40 % was free from progression, comparable to, though slightly lower than in KRAS wild-type patients. Results Four of 18 included patients (22.2 %) were free from progression at the primary endpoint time. The time to progression in these 4 patients ranged from 20.3 to 47 weeks. Conclusion Based on the current study we conclude that the theoretical concept of KRAS modulation with simvastatin was not applicable in the clinic, as we were not able to restore sensitivity to cetuximab in CRC patients harbouring a somatic KRAS mutation.
Disentangling the influence of local and landscape factors on alpha and beta diversities: opposite response of plants and ground‐dwelling arthropods in wet meadows
Authors: Lafage Denis , Maugenest Sébastien , Bouzillé Jan‐Bernard , Pétillon Julien
Published: October 2015

A large number of studies have tried to understand the determinants of local species richness, i.e. α‐diversity. Studies dealing with β‐diversity are considerably less numerous but their number has increased in the recent years. In this study, we assessed the relative importance of local and landscape (i.e. composition and connectivity) variables in explaining α‐ and β‐diversities (species turnover and nestedness) of three highly diverse groups, differing in mobility and dispersal: plants, spiders, and carabids. Sampling took place in 2013, using suction samplers for arthropods and phytosociological relevés for vegetation, in 77 hay meadows distributed along 200 km of the Loire Valley (France). We found plant α‐diversity to be driven by local factors, whereas spider and carabid α‐diversities were mostly determined by landscape factors (by composition and connectivity, respectively). Nestedness was negligible for the three groups. Plant β‐diversity was also mainly influenced by local factors, whereas spider β‐diversity was driven by landscape factors (composition and connectivity, equally). Surprisingly, carabid β‐diversity was mainly influenced by local factors and landscape connectivity. Despite these differences, plant, spider, and carabid β‐diversities were not different, suggesting comparable dispersal abilities and/or a low connectivity at large scale, which is in accordance with the high species turnover observed here. Managing biodiversity in meadows consequently necessitates acting at local and landscape scales, the first targeting plants and the second arthropods.
Simulated Ankle Equinus Affects Knee Kinematics during Gait
Authors: Drefus Lisa C. , Hafer Jocelyn F. , Scher David M.
Published: October 2015

Background

It is critical to distinguish gait compensations from true abnormalities when planning interventions to improve gait in individuals with neuromuscular disorders.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of isolated ankle equinus on knee kinematics during the initial contact phase of gait.

Methods

Ten healthy subjects (29 + 4.3 years) participated, and testing occurred in a motion analysis laboratory. This cross-sectional study investigated five gait conditions in each subject: shoe alone, shoe with unilateral ankle foot orthosis locked at neutral, 10°, 20°, and 30° of fixed ankle plantar flexion. Gait kinematics were recorded and calculated with 3D motion analysis. The difference between the shoe and each brace condition was analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. The primary outcome was knee flexion at initial contact.

Results

With greater than 10° simulated ankle equinus, the primary gait compensation pattern was increased knee flexion at initial contact. A significant degree of knee flexion occurred ranging from 7° to 22°.

Conclusion

Our data suggests that observed knee flexion at initial contact may be a compensation pattern in individuals with >10° ankle equinus. However, in individuals with ≤10° ankle equinus, observed knee flexion may represent a true gait deviation. This has clinical significance in the realm of cerebral palsy for treatment planning to improve gait.