bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considering the future of anthropogenic gas-phase organic compound emissions and the increasing influence of non-combustion sources on urban air quality
Authors: Khare Peeyush , Gentner Drew R.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Decades of policy in developed regions has successfully reduced total anthropogenic emissions of gas-phase organic compounds, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with an intentional, sustained focus on motor vehicles and other combustion-related sources. We examine potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation in our case study megacity (Los Angeles) and demonstrate that non-combustion-related sources now contribute a major fraction of SOA and ozone precursors. Thus, they warrant greater attention beyond indoor environments to resolve large uncertainties in their emissions, oxidation chemistry, and outdoor air quality impacts in cities worldwide. We constrain the magnitude and chemical composition of emissions via several bottom-up approaches using chemical analyses of products, emissions inventory assessments, theoretical calculations of emission timescales, and a survey of consumer product material safety datasheets. We demonstrate that the chemical composition of emissions from consumer products as well as commercial and industrial products, processes, and materials is diverse across and within source subcategories. This leads to wide ranges of SOA and ozone formation potentials that rival other prominent sources, such as motor vehicles. With emission timescales from minutes to years, emission rates and source profiles need to be included, updated, and/or validated in emissions inventories with expected regional and national variability. In particular, intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs) are key precursors to SOA, but are excluded or poorly represented in emissions inventories and exempt from emissions targets. We present an expanded framework for classifying VOC, IVOC, and SVOC emissions from this diverse array of sources that emphasizes a life cycle approach over longer timescales and three emission pathways that extend beyond the short-term evaporation of VOCs: (1) solvent evaporation, (2) solute off-gassing, and (3) volatilization of degradation by-products. Furthermore, we find that ambient SOA formed from these non-combustion-related emissions could be misattributed to fossil fuel combustion due to the isotopic signature of their petroleum-based feedstocks.
CCN measurements at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research Station during three austral summers
Authors: Herenz Paul , Wex Heike , Mangold Alexander , Laffineur Quentin , Gorodestkaya Irina V. , Fleming Zoë L. , Panagi Marios , Stratmann Frank
Published: April 2018

Abstract. For three austral summer seasons (2013–2016, each from December to February) aerosol particles arriving at the Belgian Antarctic research station Princess Elisabeth (PE), in Dronning Maud Land in East Antarctica were characterized in terms of number concentrations of total aerosol particles (NCN) and cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN), the particle number size distribution (PNSD), the aerosol particle hygroscopicity and the influence of the air mass origin on NCN and NCCN. In general NCN was found to range from 40 to 6700 cm−3 with a median of 333 cm−3, while NCCN was found to cover a range between less than 10 and 1300 cm−3 for supersaturations (SS) between 0.1 and 0.7 %. It is shown that the aerosol is Aitken mode dominated and is characterized by a significant amount of freshly, secondarily formed aerosol particles, with 94 % and 36 % of the aerosol particles are smaller than 90 nm and ≈ 35 nm, respectively. Measurements of the basic meteorological parameters as well as the history of the air masses arriving at the measurement station indicate that the station is influenced by both, continental air masses originating from the Antarctic inland ice sheet (continental events – CE) and marine air masses originating from the Southern Ocean (marine events – ME). CEs came along with rather constant NCN and NCCN values, which we denote to be Antarctic continental background concentrations. MEs however cause large fluctuations in NCN and NCCN caused by scavenging due to precipitation or new particle formation based on marine precursors. The application of Hysplit back trajectories in form of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis indicate, that the region of the Southern Ocean is a potential source of Aitken mode particles. For particles larger than ≈ 110 nm (CCN measured at SS of 0.1 %) the Antarctic ice shelf regions were found to be a potential source region, most likely due to the emission of sea salt aerosol particles, released from snow particles from surface snow layers by sublimation, e.g., during periods of high wind speed, leading to drifting or blowing snow. On the basis of the PNSDs and NCCN, the critical diameter for cloud droplet activation and the aerosol particle hygroscopicity parameter κ were determined to be 110 nm and 1, respectively, for a SS of 0.1 %. The region of the Antarctic inland plateau however was not found to feature a significant source region for CN and CCN measured at the PE station in austral summer.
Regional trends in the fractional solubility of Fe and other metals from North Atlantic aerosols (GEOTRACES cruises GA01 and GA03) following a two-stage leach
Authors: Shelley Rachel U. , Landing William M. , Ussher Simon J. , Planquette Helene , Sarthou Geraldine
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The fractional solubility of aerosol-derived trace elements deposited to the ocean surface is a key parameter of many marine biogeochemical models. Despite this, it is currently poorly constrained, in part due to the complex interplay between the various processes that govern the solubilisation of aerosol trace elements. In this study, we used a sequential two-stage leach to investigate the regional variability in fractional solubility of a suite of aerosol trace elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) from samples collected during three GEOTRACES cruises to the North Atlantic Ocean (GA01, GA03-2010, and GA03-2011). We present aerosol trace element solubility data from two sequential leaches that provide a solubility window, covering a conservative lower limit to an upper limit, the maximum potentially soluble fraction, and discuss why this upper limit of solubility could be used as a proxy for the bioavailable fraction in some regions. Regardless of the leaching solution used in this study (mild versus strong leach), the most heavily loaded samples generally had the lowest solubility. However, there were exceptions. Manganese fractional solubility was relatively uniform across the full range of atmospheric loading (32 ± 13 and 49 ± 13 % for ultra high-purity water and 25 % acetic acid leaches, respectively). This is consistent with other marine aerosol studies. Zinc and Cd fractional solubility also appeared to be independent of atmospheric loading. Although the average fractional solubilities of Zn and Cd (37 ± 28 and 55 ± 30 % for Zn and 39 ± 23 and 58 ± 26 % for Cd, for ultra high-purity water and 25 % acetic acid leaches, respectively) were similar to Mn, the range was greater, with several samples being 100 % soluble after the second leach. Finally, as the objective of this study was to investigate the regional variability in TE solubility, the samples were grouped according to air mass back trajectories (AMBTs). However, we conclude that AMBTs are not sufficiently discriminating to identify the aerosol sources or the potential effects of atmospheric processing on the physicochemical composition and solubility of the aerosols.
Large- to submesoscale surface circulation and its implications on biogeochemical/biological horizontal distributions during the OUTPACE cruise (southwest Pacific)
Authors: Rousselet Louise , de Verneil Alain , Doglioli Andrea M. , Petrenko Anne A. , Duhamel Solange , Maes Christophe , Blanke Bruno
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The patterns of the large-scale, meso- and submesoscale surface circulation
on biogeochemical and biological distributions are examined in the western
tropical South Pacific (WTSP) in the context of the OUTPACE cruise
(February–April 2015). Multi-disciplinary original in situ observations were
achieved along a zonal transect through the WTSP and their analysis was
coupled with satellite data. The use of Lagrangian diagnostics allows for the
identification of water mass pathways, mesoscale structures, and submesoscale
features such as fronts. In particular, we confirmed the existence of a
global wind-driven southward circulation of surface waters in the entire
WTSP, using a new high-resolution altimetry-derived product, validated by in
situ drifters, that includes cyclogeostrophy and Ekman components with
geostrophy. The mesoscale activity is shown to be responsible for
counter-intuitive water mass trajectories in two subregions: (i) the Coral
Sea, with surface exchanges between the North Vanuatu Jet and the North
Caledonian Jet, and (ii) around 170∘ W, with an eastward pathway,
whereas a westward general direction dominates. Fronts and small-scale
features, detected with finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs), are correlated
with 25 % of surface tracer gradients, which reveals the significance of
such structures in the generation of submesoscale surface gradients.
Additionally, two high-frequency sampling transects of biogeochemical
parameters and microorganism abundances demonstrate the influence of fronts
in controlling the spatial distribution of bacteria and phytoplankton, and as
a consequence the microbial community structure. All circulation scales play
an important role that has to be taken into account not only when analysing the data
from OUTPACE but also, more generally, for understanding the global distribution
of biogeochemical components.
Longitudinal contrast in Turbulence along a ∼ 19S section in the Pacific and its consequences on biogeochemical fluxes
Authors: Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale , Cuypers Yannis , Doglioli Andrea , Caffin Mathieu , Yohia Christophe , de Verneil Alain , Petrenko Anne , Lefèvre Dominique , Le Goff Hervé , Rougier Gilles , Picheral Marc , Moutin Thierry
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Microstructure measurements were performed along the OUTPACE longitudinal transect in the tropical Pacific (Moutin and Bonnet, 2015). Small-scale dynamics and three-dimensional turbulence in the first 800 m surface layer were characterized based on hydrographic and current measurements at fine scale and turbulence measurements at cm scale using a vertical microstructure profiler. The possible impact of turbulence on biogeochemical budgets in the surface layer was also addressed in this region of increasing oligotrophy to the East. The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, showed an interesting contrast along the longitudinal transect with higher turbulence level in the West, i.e. the Melanesian Archipelago, compared to the East, within the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The surface layer with enhanced turbulence decreased in vertical extent traveling eastward. This spatial pattern was correlated to the energy level of the internal wave field, higher in the West compared to the East. The difference in wave energy mostly resulted from enhanced wind power input into inertial motions in the West. Moreover, three long duration stations were sampled along the cruise transect, each over three inertial periods. The analysis from the western long duration station gave evidence of an energetic baroclinic near-inertial wave that was responsible for the enhanced ε. This was in strong contrast with the observations at the two eastern long duration stations where semi-diurnal internal tides dominate. Averaged nitrate turbulent diffusive fluxes were at least twice as large at the western station than at the two eastern stations due to the higher vertical diffusion coefficient. In the surface layer, above the nitracline, phosphate turbulent diffusive fluxes were significant except at the very eastern part of the transect. This input may have an important role in sustaining the development of N2-fixing organisms that were evidenced as the main primary contributors to the biological pump in the area. The time-space intermittency of mixing events, intrinsic to turbulence, was underlined but its consequences on micro-organisms would deserve a dedicated study.
Dynamic mercury methylation and demethylation in
oligotrophic marine water
Authors: Munson Kathleen M. , Lamborg Carl H. , Boiteau Rene M. , Saito Mak A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Monomethylmercury bioaccumulation in open ocean food webs depends on the net rate of inorganic mercury conversion to monomethylmercury in the water column. We measured significant methylation rates across large gradients in oxygen utilization in the oligotrophic central Pacific Ocean. Overall, methylation rates over 24 hour incubation periods were comparable to those previously published from Arctic and Mediterranean waters despite differences in productivity between these marine environments. In contrast to previous studies that have attributed Hg methylation to heterotrophic bacteria, we measured higher methylation rates in filtered water compared to unfiltered water. Furthermore, we observed enhanced demethylation of newly produced methylated mercury in incubations of unfiltered water relative to filtered water. The addition of station-specific bulk organic matter, a potential source of inorganic mercury substrate, did not stimulate sustained methylation, although transient enhancement of methylation occurred within 8 hours of addition. The addition of dissolved inorganic cobalt also produced dramatic, if transient increases in mercury methylation. Our results suggest important roles for non-cellular or extracellular methylation mechanisms and demethylation methylated mercury concentrations in marine oligotrophic waters. Methylation and demethylation occur dynamically in the open ocean water column, even in regions with low accumulation of methylated mercury.
Historical glacier outlines from digitized topographic maps of the Swiss Alps
Authors: Freudiger Daphné , Mennekes David , Seibert Jan , Weiler Markus
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Since the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850, the total glacier area of the central European Alps has considerably decreased. In order to understand the changes in glacier coverage at various scales and to model past and future streamflow accurately, long-term and large-scale datasets of glacier outlines are needed. To fill the gap between the morphologically reconstructed glacier outlines from the moraine extent corresponding to the time period around 1850 and the first complete dataset of glacier areas in the Swiss Alps from aerial photographs in 1973, glacier areas from 80 sheets of a historical topographic map (the Siegfried map) were manually digitized for the publication years 1878–1918 (further called first period, with most sheets being published around 1900) and 1917–1944 (further called second period, with most sheets being published around 1935). The accuracy of the digitized glacier areas was then assessed through a two-step validation process: the data were (1) visually and (2) quantitatively compared to glacier area datasets of the years 1850, 1973, 2003, and 2010, which were derived from different sources, at the large scale, basin scale, and locally. The validation showed that at least 70 % of the digitized glaciers were comparable to the outlines from the other datasets and were therefore plausible. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of the manual digitization was found to be less than 5 %. The presented datasets of glacier outlines for the first and second periods are a valuable source of information for long-term glacier mass balance or hydrological modelling in glacierized basins. The uncertainty of the historical topographic maps should be considered during the interpretation of the results. The datasets can be downloaded from the FreiDok plus data repository (https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15008, https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/15008).
Analyzing the future climate change of Upper Blue Nile River basin using statistical downscaling techniques
Authors: Fenta Mekonnen Dagnenet , Disse Markus
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Climate change is becoming one of the most threatening issues for
the world today in terms of its global context and its response to
environmental and socioeconomic drivers. However, large
uncertainties between different general circulation models (GCMs) and coarse
spatial resolutions make it difficult to use the outputs of GCMs directly,
especially for sustainable water management at regional scale, which
introduces the need for downscaling techniques using a multimodel approach.
This study aims (i) to evaluate the comparative performance of two widely
used statistical downscaling techniques, namely the Long Ashton Research
Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) and the Statistical Downscaling Model
(SDSM), and (ii) to downscale future climate scenarios of precipitation,
maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature
(Tmin) of the Upper Blue Nile River basin at finer spatial and
temporal scales to suit further hydrological impact studies. The calibration
and validation result illustrates that both downscaling techniques (LARS-WG
and SDSM) have shown comparable and good ability to simulate the current
local climate variables. Further quantitative and qualitative comparative
performance evaluation was done by equally weighted and varying weights of
statistical indexes for precipitation only. The evaluation result showed that
SDSM using the canESM2 CMIP5 GCM was able to reproduce more accurate
long-term mean monthly precipitation but LARS-WG performed best in capturing
the extreme events and distribution of daily
precipitation in the whole data range. Six selected multimodel CMIP3 GCMs, namely HadCM3, GFDL-CM2.1, ECHAM5-OM,
CCSM3, MRI-CGCM2.3.2 and CSIRO-MK3 GCMs, were used for downscaling climate
scenarios by the LARS-WG model. The result from the ensemble mean of the six GCM
showed an increasing trend for precipitation, Tmax and
Tmin. The relative change in precipitation ranged from 1.0 to
14.4 % while the change for mean annual Tmax may increase
from 0.4 to 4.3 ∘C and the change for mean annual Tmin
may increase from 0.3 to 4.1 ∘C. The individual result of the HadCM3 GCM
has a good agreement with the ensemble mean result. HadCM3 from
CMIP3 using A2a and B2a scenarios and canESM2 from CMIP5 GCMs under RCP2.6,
RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were downscaled by SDSM. The result from the two
GCMs under five different scenarios agrees with the increasing direction of three
climate variables (precipitation, Tmax and Tmin). The
relative change of the downscaled mean annual precipitation ranges from 2.1 to
43.8 % while the change for mean annual Tmax and
Tmin may increase in the range from 0.4 to 2.9 ∘C and
from 0.3 to 1.6 ∘C respectively.
Estimation of the Antarctic surface mass balance using MAR
(1979–2015) and identification of dominant processes
Authors: Agosta Cécile , Amory Charles , Kittel Christoph , Orsi Anais , Favier Vincent , Gallée Hubert , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , van Wessem Jan Melchior , Fettweis Xavier
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The Antarctic ice sheet mass balance is a major component of the sea level budget and results from the difference of two fluxes of a similar magnitude: ice flow discharging in the ocean and net snow accumulation on the ice sheet surface, i.e. the surface mass balance (SMB). Separately modelling ice dynamics and surface mass balance is the only way to project future trends. In addition, mass balance studies frequently use regional climate models (RCMs) outputs as an alternative to observed fields because SMB observations are particularly scarce on the ice sheet. Here we evaluate new simulations of the polar RCM MAR forced by three reanalyses, ERA-Interim, JRA-55 and MERRA2, for the period 1979–2015, and we compare our results to the last outputs of the RCM RACMO2 forced by ERA-Interim. We show that MAR and RACMO2 perform similarly well in simulating coast to plateau SMB gradients, and we find no significant differences in their simulated SMB when integrated over the ice sheet or its major basins. More importantly, we outline and quantify missing processes in both RCMs. Along stake transects, we show that both models accumulate too much snow on crests, and not enough snow in valleys, as a result of erosion-deposition processes not included in MAR, where the drifting snow module has been switched off, and probably underestimated in RACMO2 by a factor of three. As a consequence, the amount of drifting snow sublimating in the atmospheric boundary layer remains a potentially large mass sink needed to be better constrained. Moreover, MAR generally simulates larger SMB and snowfall amounts than RACMO2 inland, whereas snowfall rates are significantly lower in MAR than in RACMO2 at the ice sheet margins. This divergent behaviour at the margins results from differences in model parameterisations, as MAR explicitly advects precipitating particles through the atmospheric layers and sublimates snowflakes in the undersaturated katabatic layer, whereas in RACMO2 precipitation is added to the surface without advection through the atmosphere. Consequently, we corroborate a recent study concluding that sublimation of precipitation in the low-level atmospheric layers is a significant mass sink for the Antarctic SMB, as it may represent ∼ 240 ± 25 Gt yr-1 of difference in snowfall between RACMO2 and MAR for the period 1979–2015, which is 10 % of the simulated snowfall loaded on the ice sheet and more than twice the surface snow sublimation as currently simulated by MAR.
Summer Camp Youth Leadership Development: An Investigation of Adolescents’ Perceptions of Best Practices
Authors: Martin Katlyn
Published: April 2018

This qualitative study explored adolescent participants’ perceptions of the Leaders-in-Training (LIT) program at Waycross Camp, a residential summer camp. The main data set was collected through interviews with former LIT program participants. A constant comparison data analysis of LIT program feedback revealed four emergent themes: (a) bridging the gap, (b) giving permission to be human, (c) rolling up your sleeves, and (d) serving the greater good. Each theme yielded an outcome, including (a) community, (b) openness, (c) empowerment, and (d) character, respectively. Concepts depicted in relevant literature were synthesized with these four themes and outcomes, yielding (a) social relationships; (b) identity and self-image; (c) agency and engagement; and (d) spirituality, ethicality, and morality, respectively. Together, these themes, outcomes, and concepts were integrated to produce a camp-based model of youth leadership development that reflected participant feedback on the LIT program’s best practices. Implications for future practice are discussed.
Responsabilidad social empresarial en banca. Su aplicación al caso de la banca cooperativa
Authors: Sanchis Palacio Joan Ramón , Rodríguez Pérez Sergio
Published: April 2018

El concepto de RSE y las dimensiones que lo componen vienen determinados por las características particulares de las empresas en cada industria o sector económico en el que operan. Esto es así por cuanto la definición de la RSE y su aplicación está condicionada a la operatividad, medición e implantación en el contexto en el cual se lleva a cabo. Por este motivo, para analizar el comportamiento de la RSE en la banca cooperativa, que es el objetivo del presente trabajo, es importante realizar un estudio sobre las implicaciones y las particularidades de ésta en el sector bancario, es decir, en el conjunto de las denominadas entidades de crédito. Los bancos cooperativos, más conocidos en España como cooperativas de crédito, han desempeñado tradicionalmente una destacada labor en el campo de la RSE, por su carácter de banca de proximidad (arraigada al territorio) y de empresa cooperativa (enfocada a las personas y a la comunidad). Aunque su peso dentro del sector bancario ha sido poco significativo (entre el 7% y el 5% según depósitos y créditos respectivamente), han desempeñado una función clave en la financiación de la economía productiva, en especial en sectores con mayores dificultades de acceso al crédito como el sector rural y las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Por estos motivos se ha considerado oportuno analizar la aplicación de la RSE al caso concreto de este tipo de organizaciones. Se ha realizado un análisis cualitativo, con el propósito de destacar en qué términos concretos la banca en general y la banca cooperativa en particular enfocan su actividad económica a la RSE y cómo lo hacen.
Inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of raw and roasted Sesamum indicum L. seeds on key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase)
Authors: Talabi Justina , Adeyemi Sekinat , Awopetu Sefunmi , Ajiboye Basiru Olaitan , Ojo Oluwafemi Adeleke
Published: April 2018

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds are nutritional food, but researches have limited knowledge about the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholinesterase activities of the seed. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory potential (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory property of aqueous extracts of raw and roasted sesame seeds. Antioxidant activities were analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging property, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging ability, iron chelating ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Anti-Alzheimer's potential was determined using acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition assay. The results showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in the roasted S. indicum sample with the values of 19.81mg/100g and 17.19 mg/100g respectively. The raw S. indicum sample showed higher antioxidant activity in DPPH, and iron chelation assays; while roasted S. indicum sample showed higher in the reducing power and ABTS scavenging activity. However, anticholinesterase activity was higher in the roasted S. indicum sample than in the raw S. indicum sample. The extracts inhibited α-amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (20 - 100 µg.mL-1). The raw sample (16.55 ±0.89%) had higher inhibitory α-amylase activity compared to the roasted sample (15.78 ±0.48%) at 100 µg.mL-1. Inhibition of α-glucosidase was higher in the roasted sample at 100 µg.mL-1 (19.40 ±0.26%) compared to the raw sample at the same concentration (3.65 ±0.52%). These findings suggest that S. indicum L. is not only nutritious but also showed potential pharmacological properties.
In vitro antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract from African black velvet tamarind (Dialium indium) pulp on type 2 diabetes linked enzymes
Authors: Afolabi Olakunle Bamikole , Oloyede Omotade Ibidun , Ojo Abiodun Ayodele , Onansanya Amos Adeyinka , Agunbiade Shadrach Oludare , Ajiboye Bashir Olaitan , Johnson Jonathan , Peters Omolara Abosede
Published: April 2018

The alarming rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally is bothersome and has drawn the search light of researchers on naturally endowed phytonutrients being an alternative in managing the menace. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate some antioxidant parameters embedded in the extract of Dialium indium (DI) fruit pulp and also, to elucidate its antidiabetic potentials through the inhibition of two key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes such as α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase. Hydro-ethanolic extract of DI fruit pulp was used for the antioxidants and enzyme inhibitory bioassays through various convectional antioxidant assay methods in vitro. In the results, total phenolic content of the extract had; 6.74 ±3.38 mg GAE.g-1, total flavonoid contents; 0.02 ±0.01 mg QE.g-1 and FRAP; 0.84  ±0.47 mg AAE.g-1 dried sample. Also, there was a marked significant (p <0.05) difference observed in the inhibition of α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase by the different concentrations of the extract used in concentration-dependent manner with their different EC50. The inhibition demonstrated against these two carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes possibly could be through the embedded antioxidant potentials of the fruit pulp and this if properly harnessed, it could be helpful in the management of type 2 diabetes.
A Route Less Traveled: Principals’ Perceptions of Alternative Licensed CTE Teachers
Authors: Bartholomew Scott R , Bullock Emma P. , Nadelson Louis S.
Published: April 2018

The shortage of teachers prepared to teach career and technical education (CTE) courses, or willing to work in certain locations (e.g. inner city, rural), has motivated the desire to explore solutions such as alternative routes to teacher licensure (ARL). Most ARL programs bypass colleges of education and provide a different approach to preparing individuals to teach, leaving many to wonder about the quality and knowledge of these teachers. Specific areas, such as CTE, have seen a large influx of ARL teachers in recent years. We sought to determine school principals’ perceptions of ARL CTE teachers. We found principal support for ARL teachers as well as perceptions of a lack of preparation and effectiveness when compared to traditionally-prepared teachers. We also found differences in perceptions of ARL teachers by the principals’ school level and school SES level.
Spiritual Practitioners, Storytelling Markets, and the Economics of Consolation in Wharton's Postwar Fiction
Authors: Toth Margaret A.
Published: April 2018

In this article, I look at how a particular type of fictional character that I refer to as a spiritual practitioner—a woman who presents herself as medium, clairvoyant, or spiritual guide and earns a living through that role—makes its way into Edith Wharton's postwar writing. In the first section of the article, I examine two works that suggest that issues of faith and power, both gendered and economic, are central to Wharton's postwar fiction: A Son at the Front and “The Looking Glass.” Here I interrogate what I call the economics of consolation in these narratives, analyzing the arrangements—both emotional and financial—that spring up between Wharton's spiritual practitioners and the clients who seek comfort from them. In the second section, I show that Wharton is attuned to the dangers of occult economics, a claim I build through a reading of Hudson River Bracketed. Wharton uses the spiritual practitioner Grandma Scrimser to offer a meta-commentary on the spiritually bankrupt postwar publishing industry. Wharton parallels Grandma's career as an artist of sorts with that of Vance Weston, the more obvious author in the novel. As such, she invites us to read spiritual work as an allegory for modern authorship and readership.
The Dark Side of the Moon: Edith Wharton's Fictional Treatment of Islam inIn Moroccoand “The Seed of the Faith”
Authors: Obeidat Marwan M. , al-Shalabi Nazmi
Published: April 2018

Edith Wharton's travel book In Morocco (1919) and short story “The Seed of the Faith” (1919) both resulted from her trip to Morocco in 1917. Yet ironically, the fictional short story may have come closer to the truth than the nonfictional travel book, which follows many of the orientalist patterns inherited from nineteenth-century travel writing to the Muslim east. The orientalism of In Morocco seems to hinge on Wharton's portrayal of Islam as a culture and a politics rather than as a religion, which leads to a fictionalized view. The short story, however, portrays the problematic nature of such views and their imposition on the Moroccan Muslims.
Religious Texts in Edith Wharton's Library
Authors: Liming Sheila
Published: April 2018

In many ways, the story of Edith Wharton's library starts with religion. Wharton received copies of religious texts—including The Book of Common Prayer and works like the Lutheran theologian Richard Rothe's Stille Stunden—as presents when she was a young girl, and these volumes formed the bedrock of a library collection that was fated to grow and expand over the years. This body of religious texts furthermore indicates how Wharton, as she matured, let curiosity guide her beyond the bounds of her Episcopalian upbringing. To her collection of sacred texts and books about Christianity, Wharton added volumes about religion in ancient Greece, the history of monastic orders like the Jesuits and the Franciscans, and “Mohammedanism,” better known as Islam.
Intervention effects in NPI licensing: A quantitative assessment of the scalar implicature explanation
Authors: Denić Milica , Chemla Emmanuel , Tieu Lyn
Published: April 2018

This paper reports on five experiments investigating intervention effects in negative polarity item (NPI) licensing. Such intervention effects involve the unexpected ungrammaticality of sentences that contain an intervener, such as a universal quantifier, in between the NPI and its licensor. For example, the licensing of the NPI any in the sentence *Monkey didn’t give every lion any chocolate is disrupted by intervention. Interveners also happen to be items that trigger scalar implicatures in environments in which NPIs are licensed (Chierchia 2004; 2013). A natural hypothesis, initially proposed in Chierchia (2004), is that there is a link between the two phenomena. In this paper, we investigate whether intervention effects arise when scalar implicatures are derived.
The pragmatics of descriptive and metalinguistic negation: experimental data from French
Authors: Blochowiak Joanna , Grisot Cristina
Published: April 2018

The phenomenon of descriptive and metalinguistic negation has been debated for a long time from a theoretical perspective. On the one hand, there are defenders of the ambiguist approach to negation, in which the descriptive negation basically serves to deny an utterance’s propositional content, and that this takes place by default (Horn 1985; 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989), while the metalinguistic negation surfaces only when the descriptive negation cannot be applied, and targets the non-truth-conditional contents of the utterance (e.g. implicatures, its register, its morphology or its phonology). Only the former is truth-functional, and the latter is claimed to be non-truth-functional as it does not operate on propositions. On the other hand, there are proponents of the non-ambiguist approach, who maintain that both types of negation are truth-functional since, in the case of metalinguistic negation, the process of pragmatic enrichment guarantees that the full proposition on which negation can operate will be reached (Carston 1996; 2002; Noh 1998; 2000; Moeschler 2010; 2013; 2017). Regarding processing, the ambiguist account predicts that it will take more time to treat metalinguistic negation because it always occurs as the second of two steps; in contrast, the non-ambiguist account makes no such prediction, since the interpretation of negation is contextually driven and the right context will issue the correct interpretation from the start. This paper will be devoted to the presentation of two self-paced reading experiments and of one offline elicitation experiment we carried out on French descriptive and metalinguistic negation. Our findings provide evidence in favor of the non-ambiguist approach.
Vox populi vox dei
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 74, 2000: 117-119
Las políticas económicas y sociales predominantes a nivel mundial y sus implicaciones científicas y tecnológicas
Authors: González Luis Armando , Vargas Marcel , Romano Luis
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 74, 2000: 185-232
Pluralismo, Estado de derecho y derechos humanos
Authors: Sandkuhler Hans Jorg
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 75, 2000: 305-316
Derechos humanos en las estructuras monetarias y políticas actuales
Authors: Hoffmann Johannes
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 75, 2000: 317-334
Los derechos humanos como desafío a la política
Authors: Bachmann Sybille
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 75, 2000: 335-343
Más allá de la globalización... Las mayorías populares, sujetos y no actores
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 76, 2000: 373-376
La dinámica salarios-productividad y el desarrollo económico en El Salvador
Authors: Montesino Castro Mario Salomón
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 76, 2000: 377-407
Un panorama de cien años de interpretación filosófica de Nietzsche
Authors: Frey Herbert
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 77, 2000: 569-593
Galeano E., Patas arriba. La escuela del mundo al revés ; Alvarenga, P., Cultura y ética de la violencia. El Salvador 1880-1932
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 77, 2000: 623-627
Dolarización: crónica de una medida dictatorial anunciada
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 78, 2000: 631-634
El laberinto económico mundial del nuevo-2000
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 78, 2000: 635-662
Cultura de élites y cultura popular en la época de la sociedad de masas (1930-1979)
Authors: Rodríguez Díaz Rafael
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 79, 2001: 89-98
Como vueltos a nacer: diario personal del terremoto en El Salvador
Authors: Ribera Ricardo
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 79, 2001: 99-106
Bates R.H., Política internacional y economía abierta. La economía política del comercio mundial del café
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 79, 2001: 112-113
Tensões e conflito de visões: a liberdade a partir dos clássicos ao conservadorismo de Scruton
Authors: Gomes Danilo Cortez
Published: April 2018

A complexidade que envolve a condição humana ultrapassa padrões e ideologias políticas que buscam enquadrar a sociedade numa uniformidade não condizente com a pluralidade típica das sociedades modernas, o que faz surgir continuamente tensões entre visões divergentes. Por isso, este ensaio teórico busca discutir as tensões no campo político-social no tocante à liberdade a partir de autores clássicos como Maquiavel, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau e Mill, bem como a abordagem conservadora de Roger Scruton. Nessa discussão, a liberdade se baseia num sentimento de responsabilidade que deve caracterizar o indivíduo racional, o qual enxerga a sociedade como um território comum em que suas escolhas afetam a si mesmo e os outros, mesmo ciente de que os conflitos e tensões, frutos das diferentes visões ali expostas, não serão extintos.
Colonização e qualidade democrática: apontamentos com base no Democracy Index
Authors: Costa Meinerz Zalamena Juliana
Published: April 2018

As principais potências europeias empreenderam um dos seus maiores feitos de engenharia social com os processos de colonização de territórios em vários continentes. Esses territórios deram origem a países com características específicas, mas com um ponto em comum: a herança deixada pelo colonizador. Este artigo pretende examinar, com base na classificação dos países conforme seu modelo de administração colonial — Indirect Rule ou Direct Rule — e no índice de democracia do jornal The Economist denominado “Democracy Index”, em que medida um dos poucos pontos que todos os países aqui considerados têm em comum (ou seja, a colonização) deixou legados na qualidade da sua atual democracia. Supomos que os países colonizados pela Inglaterra, com base no modelo de Indirect Rule, têm maior facilidade em desenvolver seus regimes democráticos, enquanto as ex-colônias de Direct Rule, modelo aplicado pelas demais potências, têm dificuldade em empreender a democracia.
Acordo internacional: a relação entre Legislativo e Executivo traduzida em números
Authors: Silva Ronaldo Quintanilha da , Reges Cleiton Paiva Cabral
Published: April 2018

Neste artigo, demonstrou-se a relação entre os poderes Executivo e Legislativo no processo de construção dos acordos internacionais. Assim, o ato nasce da cooperação homogênea entre os dois poderes, alicerçado no princípio da separação dos poderes. Em relação à peculiar tramitação legislativa dos tratados internacionais, estruturou-se uma base de dados com as mensagens enviadas, sobre a qual se aplicaram procedimentos para identificar o fluxo de tramitação, considerando-se “tempo”, “grupos temáticos”, “regime de tramitação” e “comissões”. Ao final, encontrou-se a média do tempo de tramitação dos acordos, inclusive retirando-se os outliers, e constatou-se, entre outras conclusões, que apenas trinta por cento dos acordos assinados são encaminhados para a apreciação do Congresso Nacional (Câmara dos Deputados e Senado Federal).
Addressing a global nursing perspective in an undergraduate nursing program: Student learning in clinical education
Authors: Kraft Mia , Nisell Margret
Published: April 2018

Objective: Although many educational student activities addressing global awareness are highlighted in the literature, the global nursing approach and how it is applied by students in clinical education is not widely described. After the implementation of a new global nursing curriculum, nursing students educated at The Swedish Red Cross University College are now engaged in counteracting inequalities in health. This paper aims to describe how nursing students apply the global nursing perspective during their clinical education.Methods: The study is based on students’ written individual reflective reports. The procedure for data analysis was inspired by a thematic and interpretive data synthesis. The four stages in Kolb’s learning cycle was used as a framework.Results: Four themes were identified: 1) Experiencing frailty, suffering and vulnerability; 2) Advocating quality of life and priorities in health; 3) Conceptualizing autonomy, involvement and participation; 4) Making a difference and acting with respect and an open mind.Conclusions: Consequently, students at the The Swedish Red Cross University College are confident in applying global nursing perspective in care actions. Nursing educators have a mutual responsibility to facilitate students’ knowledge transfers in global competencies and strategies to reduce the impact on the environment and on humans.
Impact of Cultural and Creative Industries on Regional Economic Development in China — A Spatial Econometric Approach
Authors: Wu Maoguo , Li Qingshu
Published: April 2018

In the 1990s, the United States and some developed European countries began to focus on developing some emerging industries, such as the cultural and creative industries, which developed effectively with traditional industries and achieved great economic benefits. With the worldwide economic integration, as a developing country, China has gradually realized the importance of emerging industries in the 21st century. Cultural and creative industries have also attracted more attention and achieved rapid development in the past few years. However, cultural and creative industries in China are still in the early stage of development. Industrial investment and related facilities have not yet formed the scale. Besides, relevant industrial policies are constantly changing. Meanwhile, the speed of cultural and creative industries’ development and their impact on the economy vary greatly in different regions of China due to factors like the scale of industry-related talents and the level of scientific research, resulting in uncoordinated development of technical layout and unbalanced economic development. Therefore, it is imperative to study the relation between cultural and creative industries and regional economic development.This paper selects data of 31 provinces from 2003 to 2013 and forms spatial panel data set. Four types of spatial econometric models are utilized to assess the impact of cultural and creative industries on regional economic development in China. Empirical results show that there is a strong spatial autocorrelation among different regions’ economic development in China. The development of cultural and creative industries can effectively promote the development of the regional economy in many aspects. In particular, the economy in the Center and the East is affected more significantly by the development of cultural and creative industries. Cultivation and inflows of cultural and creative talents, expenditure of scientific research, support of government and construction of related facilities are important factors of improving regional economy. For the West, the development of cultural and creative industries has a certain hindrance to the regional economy and some more effective ways should be raised to improve the region’s economy. Finally, according to the empirical result, this paper puts forward corresponding policy implications for different cultural and creative industries and the economy in different regions.
Salvia hispanica (chia) as a promising source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with antiatherogenic and cardioprotective properties
Authors: Karbowska Joanna , Kochan Zdzisław
Published: April 2018

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is native to Mesoamerica, today’s Mexico and Guatemala, where it has been cultivated since ancient times. Chia seed contains up to 18% α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3), which constitutes about 60% of total fatty acids, making S. hispanica one of the richest plant sources of this essential fatty acid. ALA, an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), serves as the precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), long-chain n-3 PUFAs that exert the antiatherogenic and cardioprotective effects. In humans, consumption of chia seeds leads to an increase in plasma ALA and EPA levels, and stimulates endogenous DHA synthesis. Among
the beneficial effects of chia seed supplementation is also a reduction in total cholesterol and
VLDL cholesterol with a concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic subjects,
a significant reduction in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in hypertensive individuals, an attenuation
of postprandial hyperglycemia, and a decrease in plasma levels of C-reactive protein
(CRP) – the marker of inflammation. In view of these findings, chia seeds can be considered
an important component of a cardioprotective diet.
ENTRE A INSERÇÃO E A INCLUSÃO DE MINORIAS NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES: Uma análise crítica sob o olhar de jovens trabalhadores
Authors: Franco David Silva , Magalhães Alex Fernandes , Paiva Kely Cesar Martins de , Saraiva Luiz Alex Silva
Published: April 2018

O discurso da gestão da diversidade surge nas organizações de trabalho propagando a postura socialmente responsável das empresas que promovem ações de inserção de minorias sociais, apresentadas como possibilidade de superação das desigualdades sociais do capitalismo. Todavia, notamos em diversas empresas não haver nada além do cumprimento de exigências legais, como as que determinam que empresas de médio e grande porte contratem jovens aprendizes. Esses jovens, inseridos em um contexto de vulnerabilidade social, por vezes incorporam a própria ideologia hegemônica que os subjuga enquanto minorias sociais. Partindo de uma perspectiva crítica, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar a percepção de jovens aprendizes quanto à inclusão de minorias sociais nas organizações de trabalho. A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e posterior análise de conteúdo, pudemos constatar que ainda há um longo caminho rumo à emancipação política, econômica e social dos sujeitos marginalizados por suas diferenças sociais.