bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Irradiation Not Only Induces Homing of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells at Exposed Sites but Promotes Their Widespread Engraftment to Multiple Organs: A Study of Their Quantitative Distribution After Irradiation Damage
Authors: François Sabine , Bensidhoum Morad , Mouiseddine Moubarak , Mazurier Christelle , Allenet Bénédicte , Semont Alexandra , Frick Johanna , Saché Amandine , Bouchet Sandrine , Thierry Dominique , Gourmelon Patrick , Gorin Norbert-Claude , Chapel Alain
Published: December 2005

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to migrate to various tissues. There is little information on the fate and potential therapeutic efficacy of the reinfusion of MSCs following total body irradiation (TBI). We addressed this question using human MSC (hMSCs) infused to nonobese diabetic/ severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice submitted to TBI. Further, we tested the impact of additional local irradiation (ALI) superimposed to TBI, as a model of accidental irradiation. NOD/SCID mice were transplanted with hM-SCs. Group 1 was not irradiated before receiving hMSC infusion. Group 2 received only TBI at a dose of 3.5 Gy, group 3 received local irradiation to the abdomen at a dose of 4.5 Gy in addition to TBI, and group 4 received local irradiation to the leg at 26.5 Gy in addition to TBI. Fifteen days after irradiation, quantitative and spatial distribution of the hMSCs were studied. Histological analysis of mouse tissues confirmed the presence of radio-induced lesions in the irradiated fields. Following their infusion into nonirradiated animals, hMSCs homed at a very low level to various tissues (lung, bone marrow, and muscles) and no significant engraftment was found in other organs. TBI induced an increase of engraftment levels of hMSCs in the brain, heart, bone marrow, and muscles. Abdominal irradiation (AI) as compared with leg irradiation (LI) increased hMSC engraftment in the exposed area (the gut, liver, and spleen). Hind LI as compared with AI increased hMSC engraftment in the exposed area (skin, quadriceps, and muscles). An increase of hMSC engraftment in organs outside the fields of the ALI was also observed. Conversely, following LI, hMSC engraftment was increased in the brain as compared with AI. This study shows that engraftment of hMSCs in NOD/ SCID mice with significantly increased in response to tissue injuries following TBI with or without ALI. ALI induced an increase of the level of engraftment at sites outside the local irradiation field, thus suggesting a distant (abscopal) effect of radiation damage. This work supports the use of MSCs to repair damaged normal tissues following accidental irradiation and possibly in patients submitted to radiotherapy.
Transmission of migration propensity increases genetic divergence between populations
Authors: Gagnon Alain , Toupance Bruno , Tremblay Marc , Beise Jan , Heyer Evelyne
Published: December 2005

The advent of molecular genetics has brought invaluable information, which is now routinely used by anthropologists in their attempt to reconstruct our demographic past. Since mitochondrial DNA loci are much more similar between populations than are Y‐chromosome loci, it is suggested that women had a much higher migration rate than men throughout history. Based on an examination of intergenerational migration patterns in three large demographic databases, we bring this inference into question. In some early Canadian settlements (St. Lawrence Valley and Saguenay), and in the former Krummhörn region of northwest Germany, men whose fathers were migrants were more likely to migrate, while the migration probability of women was largely independent of that of their mothers. As a result, men's movements were less effective in preventing genetic differentiation between populations than women's movements. In order to account for the impact of transmission, we propose a slight modification of Wright's island model. We also address the relevance of this model at the regional scale, and we discuss the supporting historical and anthropological literature. We conclude that the widespread patrilocal rules of postmarital residence have generated both a higher female migration rate and a patrilineal dependency in the propensity to migrate. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moisture absorption of filled silicone rubber under electrolyte
Authors: Dai Jianjun , Yao Xuefeng , Yeh H. Y. , Liang Xidong
Published: December 2005

Moisture absorptions of filled silicone rubber (SiR) under strong electrolyte have been investigated in the temperature range of 25–60°C by weight‐gain experiments. Tests were performed with the materials exposed to NaCl, HNO3 solution, and deionized water. The diffusion results have been analyzed in terms of the Fickian diffusion law. The apparent maximum moisture content and the apparent diffusion of filled SiR in different solutions were deduced. The influences of the solution concentration and temperature on the diffusion process of filled SiR were discussed, and the microphotos of the surface of the immersed specimens were taken and analyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Influence of the compounding route on the properties of polypropylene/nano‐CaCO3/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer tercomponent composites
Authors: Wang Xu , Sun Jian , Huang Rui
Published: December 2005

The influence of the compounding route of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM)/nano‐CaCO3 composites on their properties, including their mechanical properties, the dispersion degree of nano‐CaCO3, and the morphology of EPDM, was studied. The results showed that the toughness of the composites and the morphology of the EPDM particles were markedly influenced by the compounding route, whereas the dispersion degree of nano‐CaCO3 in the matrix was little influenced by the compounding route. The impact strength of composites prepared by one route was about 60 kJ/m2 with 20 wt % nano‐CaCO3. The results indicated that a sandbag of nano‐CaCO3 embedded in EPDM could effectively improve the toughness of the composites. A sandbag composed of EPDM and nano‐CaCO3 eliminated the deterioration effect of the nano‐CaCO3 agglomerate on the toughness of the composites, whereas the nano‐CaCO3 agglomerate separately dispersed in PP decreased the toughness of the tercomponent composite © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Ossification of the mouse metatarsal: Differentiation and proliferation in the presence/absence of a defined growth plate
Authors: Reno Philip L. , Mcburney Denise L. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Horton Walter E.
Published: December 2005

There is significant diversity in growth plate behavior among sites within an individual skeleton and between skeletons of different species. This variation within wild‐type animals is an underutilized resource for studying skeletal development. One bone that potentially exhibits the most diverse behavior is the metatarsal. While one end forms a growth plate with an epiphyseal secondary center of ossification as in other long bones, the opposite end undergoes direct ossification in a manner more similar to short bones. Although descriptions of human metatarsal/metacarpal ossification are available, a detailed comparative analysis has yet to be conducted in an animal model amenable to biomolecular analysis. Here we report an analysis of proximal and distal ossification in an age series of mouse metatarsals. Safranin O staining was used for qualitative and quantitative histology, and chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for type X collagen and proliferative cell nuclear antigen expression. We establish that, as in the human, both growth plate formation and direct ossification occur in the mouse metatarsal, with chondrocyte populations showing distinct differentiation patterns at opposite ends of the bone. In addition, growth plate formation is characterized by a peak of proliferation in reserve zone chondrocytes that distinguishes it from both established growth plates and direct ossification. Our analysis demonstrates that the mouse metatarsal is a productive model for investigating natural variation in ossification that can further understanding of vertebrate skeletal development and evolution. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial myology of the California newt, Taricha torosa
Authors: Walthall Julia C. , Ashley‐Ross Miriam A.
Published: December 2005

Salamanders are generally agreed to represent the primitive tetrapod body plan, as well as a postural analog for early tetrapods. Dissection and description of the muscles of the forelimb, trunk, and hindlimb of the California newt, Taricha torosa, were undertaken to provide baseline data on the locomotor structures in this species. Hypaxial trunk muscles are similar to those of other vertebrates. As in other salamanders, limb muscles show a simple parallel‐fibered architecture and often span multiple joints. Several differences in limb musculature were also noted. The extensor iliotibialis muscle possesses a single head in T. torosa, rather than the two heads common in larger salamander species. The ischioflexorius muscle, while divided into proximal and distal sections, is not distinct from the puboischiotibialis in its proximal portion. The femorofibularis is enlarged in this species; it is suggested that the femorofibularis and ischioflexorius muscles may be functionally analogous systems. Forelimb and hindlimb musculature show similar morphological patterns, particularly in distal limb segments, which may provide insight into the primitive arrangement of tetrapod limb muscles. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caterpillar Inc.'s Think Big program at Illinois Central College: Sustaining financial support through collaborative partnerships
Authors: Erwin John Stuart
Published: December 2005

This chapter describes the joint associate degree program between Illinois Central College and Caterpillar, Inc., and discusses how collaborative instructional programs can help sustain financial support for community colleges.
Using strategic planning to transform a budgeting process
Authors: Israel Cary A. , Kihl Brenda
Published: December 2005

This chapter describes a proactive, institutionwide budgeting process that is directly tied to a community college district's strategic plan in order to provide community college leaders with the information they need to make judgments about cutting or sustaining programs in difficult economic times.
Literature on fiscal support for community colleges
Authors: Palmer James C.
Published: December 2005

This chapter reviews recent literature on the external fiscal environment in which community colleges operate and on the ways community colleges adapt to changes in that environment.
Aortic counterpulsation: A review of the hemodynamic effects and indications for use
Authors: Santa‐Cruz Richard A. , Cohen Mauricio G. , Ohman E. Magnus
Published: December 2005

In the ever evolving field of cardiovascular medicine and coronary intervention, the intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mature technology, which still plays an important role. The balloon pump invasively supports patient hemodynamics by augmenting diastolic perfusion and increasing diastolic blood pressure, thereby increasing coronary perfusion and reducing afterload. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in a multitude of clinical situations, including acute coronary syndromes, high‐risk coronary interventions, cardiogenic shock, and cardiovascular surgery. The potential complications of aortic counterpulsation are serious, although much lower than once feared. With proper patient selection, insertion technique, and management, the IABP is a powerful tool to assist in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. This article will review the hemodynamics, indications, and complications associated with its use.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sirolimus PK trial: A pharmacokinetic study of the sirolimus‐eluting Bx Velocity stent in patients with de novo coronary lesions
Authors: Vetrovec George W. , Rizik David , Williard Clark , Snead David , Piotrovski Vladimir , Kopia Gregory
Published: December 2005

This study was conducted to assess the systemic drug release and distribution of sirolimus‐eluting stents. Early results with sirolimus‐eluting stents have demonstrated a favorable outcome for reducing restenosis post coronary intervention. However, the clinical systemic pharmacokinetics of sirolimus released from these stents has not been investigated. Sirolimus‐eluting stents (150–178 mcg/18 mm stent) were implanted in 19 patients with coronary artery disease using standard techniques. Blood samples were obtained at multiple times to determine the kinetics of sirolimus release and elimination. Non‐compartmental analysis showed that the maximum blood concentration of sirolimus occurred between 3 and 4 hr after implantation, with a peak concentration of 0.57 ± 0.12 ng/mL (mean ± SD) and 1.05 ± 0.39 ng/mL in patients receiving one or two stents, respectively. Terminal‐phase elimination half‐life was independent of the number of stents and averaged at 213 hr, a value longer than that seen in patients following oral dosing. The apparent clearance was 1.46 ± 0.45 L/hr with an apparent volume of distribution in the terminal phase of 407 ± 111 L (data for both stent doses pooled). Minimal measurable blood levels were detectable at 7 days. Peak whole blood level following sirolimus stent implantation in humans is proportional to the number of stents implanted. The prolonged terminal half‐life may reflect kinetics of blood clearance combined with continued drug elution and secondary local tissue release. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Efficient Route to Chiral 1,3‐Disubstituted Ferrocenes: Application to the Syntheses of (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol
Authors: Ferber Benoît , Top Siden , Welter Richard , Jaouen Gérard
Published: December 2005

Starting from (2S,4S)‐2‐ferrocenyl‐4‐(methoxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxane (4), use of the stereogenic ortho‐directing menthyl para‐tolyl sulfoxide group, which occupies the 2′ position in the ferrocenyl ring and redirects subsequent lithiation to the 3′ position, allowed the synthesis of optically pure (Sp)‐1‐formyl‐3‐iodoferrocene (8), that was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Combination of this method with a protection–deprotection strategy, using trimethylsilyl as a temporary blocking group, yielded (Rp)‐1‐formyl‐3‐iodoferrocene (13). Separate Sonogashira coupling of each of the enantiomeric iodoformylferrocenes 8 and 13 with 17α‐ethynyl‐estradiol produced (Rp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol (14) and (Sp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol (15), respectively.
Mechanism and exo‐Regioselectivity of Organolanthanide‐Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization of 1,3‐Disubstituted Aminoallenes: A Computational Study
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: December 2005

The complete catalytic reaction course for the organolanthanide‐assisted intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization (IHC) of 4,5‐heptadien‐1‐ylamine by a prototypical [(η5‐Me5C5)2LuCH(SiMe3)2] precatalyst has been critically scrutinized by employing a reliable DFT method. A computationally verified mechanistic scenario for the IHC of 1,3‐disubstituted aminoallene substrates has been proposed that is consistent with the empirical rate law determined by experiment and accounts for crucial experimental observations. It involves kinetically rapid substrate association and dissociation equilibria, facile and reversible intramolecular allenic CC insertion into the LnN bond, and turnover‐limiting protonation of the azacycle's tether functionality, with the amine‐amidoalleneLn adduct complex representing the catalyst's resting state. This mechanistic scenario bears resemblance to the mechanism that has been recently proposed in a computational exploration of aminodiene IHC. The unique features of the IHC of the two substrate classes are discussed. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that control the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of aminoallene IHC have been elucidated. These achievements have provided a deeper insight into the catalytic structure–reactivity relationships in organolanthanide‐assisted cyclohydroamination of unsaturated CC functionalities.
Cover Picture: Ground‐State Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Switching Kinetics of Bistable [2]Rotaxanes Switched in Solution, Polymer Gels, and Molecular Electronic Devices (Chem. Eur. J. 1/2006)
Authors: Choi Jang Wook , Flood Amar H. , Steuerman David W. , Nygaard Sune , Braunschweig Adam B. , Moonen Nicolle N. P. , Laursen Bo W. , Luo Yi , DeIonno Erica , Peters Andrea J. , Jeppesen Jan O. , Xu Ke , Stoddart J. Fraser , Heath James R.
Published: December 2005

Switching—It Is Universal! Join the highway where, irrespective of the environment, be it solution, self‐assembled monolayers, polymer matrices, or molecular switch tunnel junctions—and independently of the bistable molecular switches, be they catenanes or rotaxanes—a single and generic switching mechanism is observed for all bistable mechanically interlocked molecules, as described by J. F. Stoddard, J. R. Heath, J. O. Jeppesen et al. on p. 261 ff. The cover picture is designed from a concept by Amar Flood enriched by Scott Vignon; the artwork for the front cover was produced by Anthony Pease [the cover artwork was produced using POVTree by Gena Obukhov (implementing TomTree by Tom Aust) and stsky.inc by Jaime Vives Piqueres].
Initial response to glucocorticoids
Authors: Mathew Beela S. , Carson Kathryn A. , Grossman Stuart A.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Known prognostic variables in patients with primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) include age, Karnofsky performance status, involvement of deep regions of the brain, intensity of blood–brain barrier disruption, and treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. PCNSL often responds transiently to glucocorticoids administered to control neurologic symptoms before radiation or chemotherapy. This retrospective chart review was designed to estimate the prognostic significance of a clinical or radiologic response to initial glucocorticoid therapy.

METHODS

By using data from The Johns Hopkins Cancer Registry from January 1980 to June 2001, a total of 76 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐negative adults with newly diagnosed PCNSL were identified. Nineteen patients with uninformative medical records were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

The median survival of the remaining 57 patients was 11.8 months. The median survival for the 48 patients who had clinical response to initial steroid therapy was 17.9 months, and for nonresponders, it was 5.5 months (P= 0.05). The 16 patients with documented radiologic response had a median survival of 117.0 months compared with 5.5 months for nonresponders (P= 0.001). After adjusting for known prognostic factors (age and treatment), significant reduction in risk of death was noted in patients who had either clinical (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.99}) or radiologic response (HR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04–0.46) to glucocorticoids given before radiation or chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

This analysis suggests that initial response to treatment with glucocorticoids may be an important prognostic factor in patients with PCNSL. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Preferential production of the IL‐12(p40)/IL‐23(p19) heterodimer by dendritic cells from human newborns
Authors: Vanden Eijnden Serge , Goriely Stanislas , De Wit Dominique , Goldman Michel , Willems Fabienne
Published: December 2005

Human newborns present impaired T helper type 1 cell responses, associated with a defect in the synthesis of IL‐12 by dendritic cells (DC). IL‐23 is a heterodimeric cytokine structurally related to IL‐12, implicated in protective and autoimmune responses. We recently showed that upon activation neonatal T cells up‐regulate a functional IL‐23 receptor and that this cytokine polarizes the differentiation of naive T cells. We therefore investigated the capacity of neonatal DC to secrete IL‐23. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced the transcription of IL‐23(p19) mRNA in both adult and neonatal DC, in sharp contrast to the repressed IL‐12(p35) gene expression observed in neonatal cells. In comparison to adult DC, neonatal DC produced similar levels of IL‐23 protein, in reponse to Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2‐ and TLR‐3 ligands, and higher levels in response to TLR‐4‐ or TLR‐8 ligands. The same profile was observed in neonatal mononuclear cells. The supernatant of LPS‐stimulated DC induced the secretion of IL‐17 by polyclonally activated neonatal CD8+ T cells, confirming the IL‐23 bioactivity. Altogether, these observations strongly suggest that IL‐23 could play a role in the immune system of human newborns. In particular, a functional IL‐23/IL‐17 axis might compensate a suboptimal IL‐12/IFN‐γ pathway in early life.
Electronic Structure of Binary Phosphoric and Arsenic Triazides
Authors: Xiaoqing Zeng , Weigang Wang , Fengyi Liu , Maofa Ge , Zheng Sun , Dianxun Wang
Published: December 2005

Two highly explosive binary triazides of the group 15 elements P(N3)3 and As(N3)3 have been obtained in the gas phase through the heterogeneous reaction of PCl3 and AsCl3, respectively with AgN3 at room temperature. The electronic structures of both triazides have been characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy, combined with quantum chemical calculations. This represents the first electronic study of covalent triazides. The first experimental vertical ionization potentials for P(N3)3 and As(N3)3 are 9.74 and 9.98 eV, with the contribution primarily from the lone pairs of the azido moiety and the arsenic atom, respectively. The results indicate the relative “isolation” of azido moieties in triazides and less stability of these highly explosive compounds in comparison to monoazides and diazides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Novel Transition Metal–Fullerene Complexes Containing Di‐ and Tetraphosphane Ligands
Authors: Song Li‐Cheng , Su Fu‐Hai , Hu Qing‐Mei , Grigiotti Emanuela , Zanello Piero
Published: December 2005

This paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and some properties of transition metal–fullerene complexes containing trans‐1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethylene (dppet, trans‐Ph2PCH=CHPPh2) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)ethylene diamine (dppeda, [(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2]2), including [(η2‐C60M)(dppet)2] (M = Pt 1, Pd 2), [(η2‐C60M)(dppet)]2 (M = Pt 3, Pd 4), [(η2‐C60Pd)(η2‐C60Pt)(dppet)2](5), [(η2‐C60Pd)(η2‐C70Pd)(dppet)2] (6), [(η2‐C70Pd)(dppet)]2 (7), [(η2‐C60M)(dppeda)] (M = Pt 8, Pd 9), and [(η2‐C60M)2(dppeda)] (M = Pt 10, Pd 11). Interestingly, while complexes 1, 2, 8, and 9 are the first examples of metallacyclopropafullerene diphosphane ligands containing fullerene cores, complexes 3–7, 10, and 11 are the first group 10 metal‐containing, dumbbell‐shaped bisfullerenes. All the complexes 1–11 were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and, particularly for 4 and 5, by X‐ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry. Pathways for the formation of 1–11 are suggested. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Defining the moment of erosion: the principle of thermal consonance timing
Authors: Lawler D. M.
Published: December 2005

Geomorphological process research demands quantitative information on erosion and deposition event timing and magnitude, in relation to fluctuations in the suspected driving forces. This paper establishes a new measurement principle – thermal consonance timing (TCT) – which delivers clearer, more continuous and quantitative information on erosion and deposition event magnitude, timing and frequency, to assist understanding of the controlling mechanisms. TCT is based on monitoring the switch from characteristically strong temperature gradients in sediment, to weaker gradients in air or water, which reveals the moment of erosion. The paper (1) derives the TCT principle from soil micrometeorological theory; (2) illustrates initial concept operationalization for field and laboratory use; (3) presents experimental data for simple soil erosion simulations; and (4) discusses initial application of TCT and perifluvial micrometeorology principles in the delivery of timing solutions for two bank erosion events on the River Wharfe, UK, in relation to the hydrograph.

River bank thermal regimes respond, as soil temperature and energy balance theory predicts, with strong horizontal thermal gradients (often >1 K cm−1 over 6·8 cm). TCT fixed the timing of two erosion events, the first during inundation, the second 19 h after the discharge peak and 13 h after re‐emergence from the flow. This provides rare confirmation of delayed bank retreat, quantifies the time‐lag involved, and suggests mass failure processes rather than fluid entrainment. Erosion events can be virtually instantaneous, implying ‘catastrophic retreat’ rather than ‘progressive entrainment’. Considerable potential exists to employ TCT approaches for: validating process models in several geomorphological contexts; assisting process identification and improving discrimination of competing hypotheses of process dominance through high‐resolution, simultaneous analysis of erosion and deposition events and driving forces; defining shifting erodibility and erosion thresholds; refining dynamic linkages in event‐based sediment budget investigations; and deriving closer approximations to ‘true’ erosion and deposition rates, especially in self‐concealing scour‐and‐fill systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The significance of vivianite in archaeological settings
Authors: McGowan1 Glenys , Prangnell Jonathan
Published: December 2005

Vivianite is a bluish mineral sometimes encountered in archaeological deposits. It is notable for its tendency to change color from white or grayish to blue on exposure to air. Vivianite requires specific conditions for its formation—sources of iron, phosphate, and water, as well as low levels of oxygen and sulfide. Microbial activity is also thought to play a part in vivianite formation. The majority of archaeological texts do not discuss vivianite to any great degree, preventing a more detailed interpretation of site conditions and features. Vivianite was found in 25 exhumed burials from the North Brisbane Burial Ground, Queensland, Australia. Research indicated that bone or tissue samples for DNA analysis are best taken from areas distant from vivianite encrustations and that presence of vivianite has implications for artifact conservation. Vivianite at the North Brisbane Burial Grounds helped protect some skeletal and dental elements, preserved the impressions of metal coffin lacing, and also corroborated the oral history of temporary waterlogging and acted as a measure of pollution levels across the site. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short contribution: Mapping quaternary deposits as a method for explaining the distribution of mesolithic sites in reclaimed landscapes: An example from Vålse Vig, southeast Denmark
Authors: Rømer Shaun , Breuning‐Madsen Henrik , Balstrøm Thomas , Jensen Anna‐Elisabeth
Published: December 2005

Archaeological sites dating to the Ertebolle period of the Mesolithic have been recorded below a thin layer of marine sands in a reclaimed bay on northern Falster Island in Denmark. The finds seemed randomly distributed throughout the bay; there was no obvious pattern related to the modern landscape. However, by coring through the veneer of marine sands and mapping the pattern of the underlying Late Quaternary deposits, the authors were able to reconstruct the Mesolithic landscape and thereby explain the distribution of archaeological sites. This approach allows archaeologists to focus subsurface exploration in geomorphic settings, such as former fjords and coastlines that have a high potential for yielding prehistoric sites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporally specific proliferation events are induced in the hippocampus following acute focal injury
Authors: Ernst Carl , Christie Brian R.
Published: December 2005

In models of global brain injury, such as stroke or epilepsy, a large increase in neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus (DG) days after the damage is induced. In contrast, more focal damage in the DG produces an increase in neurogenesis within 24 hr. To determine how cell proliferation and differentiation differs in the DG after acute injury in the DG, focal electrolytic lesions were made and mitotic activity was assessed at early (1 day) and late (5 day) time points. At the early time point, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells were diffusely spread throughout the extent of the hippocampus that was ipsilateral to the lesion. No significant increase in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG was observed. When BrdU was administered at the later time point, the number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ of the DG was significantly increased. This fourfold increase in BrdU+ cells also resulted in a significant increase in neurogenesis, as measured 6 weeks following BrdU administration. This increase in neurogenesis was not observed when BrdU was administered at the early time point. These results indicate that focal injury in the DG activates two temporally specific proliferation events and that enhanced neurogenesis is observed only following a latent period after the lesion is made. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyadipates used as plasticizers in food contact: Fraction below 1000 Da determined by size exclusion chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection and segmental response linearization or UV detection
Authors: Biedermann Maurus , Grob Koni
Published: December 2005

Polyadipates might be a suitable replacement for conventional plasticizers in plastisols to produce lids for glass jars complying with legal limits for oily foods. For the characterization of polyadipates, the proportion of the material with a molecular mass below 1000 Da is important. Determination of the material <1000 Da is also important for checking compliance with the specific legal limit. The analytical problems and the sources of uncertainty are investigated. Even when calibrated with constituents of polyadipates, preseparation at 1000 Da is of limited accuracy, since stretched and cyclic components of the same molecular mass have different retention times; a compromise must be found. UV detection leaves substantial uncertainty as the response particularly of the <1000 Da components varies and tends to be below that of the higher molecular mass polyadipates. Evaporative light scattering detection has a nonlinear response for which a segmental correction (linearization of the integration raw data) is suggested: The raw data of the integration is linearized by an exponential function before the chromatogram is reconstructed.
Strategic managerial incentives under adverse selection
Authors: Cavagnac Michel
Published: December 2005

We extend the strategic contract model where the owner designs incentive schemes for her manager before the latter takes output decisions. Firstly, we introduce private knowledge regarding costs within each owner–manager pair. Under adverse selection, we show that delegation involves a trade‐off between strategic commitment and the cost of an extra informational rent linked to decentralization. Which policies will arise in equilibrium? We introduce in the game an initial stage where owners can simultaneously choose between control and delegation. We show that if decision variables are strategic substitutes, choosing output control through a quantity‐lump sum transfer contract is a dominating strategy. If decision variables are strategic complements, this policy is a dominated strategy. Further, two types of dominant‐strategies equilibrium may arise: in the first type, both principals use delegation; in the second one, both principals implement delegation for a low‐cost manager and output control for a high‐cost one. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthogonal tensor invariants and the analysis of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images
Authors: Ennis Daniel B. , Kindlmann Gordon
Published: December 2005

This paper outlines the mathematical development and application of two analytically orthogonal tensor invariants sets. Diffusion tensors can be mathematically decomposed into shape and orientation information, determined by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, respectively. The developments herein orthogonally decompose the tensor shape using a set of three orthogonal invariants that characterize the magnitude of isotropy, the magnitude of anisotropy, and the mode of anisotropy. The mode of anisotropy is useful for resolving whether a region of anisotropy is linear anisotropic, orthotropic, or planar anisotropic. Both tensor trace and fractional anisotropy are members of an orthogonal invariant set, but they do not belong to the same set. It is proven that tensor trace and fractional anisotropy are not mutually orthogonal measures of the diffusive process. The results are applied to the analysis and visualization of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images of the brain in a healthy volunteer. The theoretical developments provide a method for generating scalar maps of the diffusion tensor data, including novel fractional anisotropy maps that are color encoded for the mode of anisotropy and directionally encoded colormaps of only linearly anisotropic structures, rather than of high fractional anisotropy structures. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of gender differences in rat lens proteins using 2‐D‐DIGE
Authors: Guest Paul C. , Skynner Heather A. , Salim Kamran , Tattersall F. David , Knowles Michael R. , Atack John R.
Published: December 2005

The glass‐like transparency of the human eye lens is achieved by the tight packing of abundant crystallin proteins. However, the precise role of the accessory non‐crystallin proteins is not well understood. We have carried out 2‐DE mapping of these proteins in rat lens. This showed the presence of the high molecular weight filamentous structural proteins spectrin, filensin, tubulin, vimentin, actin and phakinin as well as several forms of potential crystallin oligomers comprised of αA, βB1, βA1 and βA4 chains. Other proteins that were present include, heat shock protein 71, WD repeat protein 1, and several enzymes including α‐enolase, pyruvate kinase, transketolase and aldose reductase. 2‐D‐DIGE analysis revealed several expression differences between the lens proteomes of male and female rats. Female rat lenses contained lower levels of aldose reductase, increased proteolyic fragments of the structural proteins filensin, vimentin and phakinin and higher levels of potential αA, βB1 and βA1 crystallin oligomers. Taken together these findings suggest that there are potential differences in oxidative stress regulation between male and female rat lenses, which may have implications on susceptibility to cataract formation. Future studies aimed at elucidating pre‐cataractic changes in the non‐crystallin proteins described here may facilitate identification of novel markers involved in cataractogenesis.
Phosphopeptide detection using automated online IMAC‐capillary LC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Wang Jinglan , Zhang Yangjun , Jiang Hong , Cai Yun , Qian Xiaohong
Published: December 2005

IMAC has become a commonly used technique in phosphoprotein analysis because of its affinity for phosphopeptides. However, the commonly used strategy combining offline IMAC enrichment with desalting procedures prior to MS/MS makes this method laborious. Here we report the development of a robust and automatic IMAC‐capillary RP HPLC‐ESI MS/MS technology platform, by which all procedures needed in phosphopeptide analysis including IMAC enrichment, RP HPLC separation and nanospray MS/MS can be done automatically controlled by the MassLynx program. The platform was optimized by analyzing standard phosphopeptide, and was then applied to the identification of phosphorylation sites of recombinant human telomeric repeat binding factor 1 treated with kinase in vitro, and two phosphorylation sites are defined.
Proteomics‐based generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human liver mitochondrial proteins
Authors: Gao Jianen , Gao Yuan , Ju Yanfang , Yang Jinju , Wu Qiong , Zhang Jinchao , Du Xuemei , Wang Zhaoqing , Song Yingbo , Li Hui , Luo Xiaotong , Ren Feiyao , Li Jian , Chen Yong , Wang Lihong , Xu Han , Liu Xiaolan , Wang Jinlan , Zhang Yangjun , Cai Yun , Cui Yufang , Qian Xiaohong , He Fuchu , Li Ming , Sun Qi‐Hong
Published: December 2005

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have the potential to be a very powerful tool in proteomics research to determine protein expression, quantification, localization and modification, as well as protein‐protein interactions, especially when combined with microarray technology. Thus, a large amount of well‐characterized and highly qualified antibodies are needed in proteomics. Purified antigen, which is not always available, has proven to be one of the rate‐limiting steps in mAb large‐scale generation. Here we describe our strategies to establish a murine hybridoma cell bank for human liver mitochondria using unknown native proteins as the immunogens. The antibody‐recognized mitochondrial proteins were identified by MS following immunoprecipitation (IP), and by screening of human liver cDNA expression library. We found that the established antibodies reacted specifically with a number of important enzymes in mitochondria. The subcellular localization of these antigens in mitochondria was further confirmed by immunohistocytochemistry. A panel of antibodies was also tested for their ability to capture and deplete the targeting proteins and complexes from the total mitochondrial proteins. We believe these well‐characterized antibodies would be useful in various applications for Human Liver Proteome Project (HLPP) when the scale of this hybridoma cell bank is enlarged significantly in the near future.
Type II photoreaction of benzoyl‐ and (benzoylmethyl)cyclohexanones: cyclohexanone ring inversion and other factors determining their photoreactivities
Authors: Hasegawa Tadashi , Yang Yiming , Kikuchi Shuichi , Nakamura Takayuki , Maeda Yutaka
Published: December 2005

X‐ray crystallographic structure analysis showed that a molecule of 2‐benzoylcyclohexanone (2), which undergoes an efficient Type II reaction in solution but not in the crystalline state, is in a keto and chair form with an equatorial benzoyl group. Irradiation of 3‐benzoylcyclohexanone (3) gives 7‐phenylhepten‐4,7‐dione (4, 61%) and a mixture of cyclization products 5 (25%). High photoreactivity of 2 and 3 is caused by the efficient cyclohexanone ring inversion. Upon irradiation, 2‐(benzoylmethyl)cyclohexanone (6) gives acetophenone (7), 2‐cyclohexenone (8) and the cyclobutanol 9 in 59, 59 and 35% yield, respectively, and 1‐phenyl‐3‐propylpentan‐1,4‐dione (10) gives 7 and the cyclobutanol 11 in 73 and 4% yield, respectively. The quantum yields for the disappearance of 6 and 10 are 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. Irradiation of 2‐(benzoylmethyl)‐2‐ethoxycarbonylcyclohexanone (12) gives 7 and the cyclobutanol 13 in 46 and 51% yield, respectively. The quantum yield for the disappearance of 12 is 1.00, so that reverse hydrogen transfer is suppressed by intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the 1,4‐biradical intermediate. When 6 is irradiated on a dry silica gel surface, the Type II reaction occurs to give 7, 8 and 9 in 38, 38 and 43% yield, respectively. The cyclization in the photoreaction of (benzoylmethyl)cyclohexane also increases from 68% in benzene to 81% on a dry silica gel surface. Restriction of conformational change in the 1,4‐biradical is an important factor for the cyclization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations in α‐helical solvent‐exposed sites of eglin c have long‐range effects: Evidence from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Fetrow Jacquelyn S. , Knutson Stacy T. , Edgell Marshall Hall
Published: December 2005

Eglin c is a small protease inhibitor whose structural and thermodynamic properties have been well studied. Previous thermodynamic measurements on mutants at solvent‐accessible positions in the protein's helix have shown the unexpected result that the data could be best fit by the inclusion of residue‐ and position‐specific parameters to the model. To explore the origins of this surprising result, long molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent have been performed. These simulations indicate specific long‐range interactions between the solvent‐exposed residues in the eglin c α‐helix and binding loop, an unexpected observation for such a small protein. The residues involved in the interaction are on opposite sides of the protein, about 25 Å apart. Simulations of alanine substitutions at the solvent‐exposed helix positions, arginine 22, glutamic acid 23, threonine 26, and leucine 27, show both small and large perturbations of eglin c dynamics. Two mutations exhibit large impacts on the long‐range helix‐loop interactions. Previous stability measurements (Yi et al., Biochemistry 2003;42:7594–7603) had indicated that an alanine substitution at position 27 was less stabilizing than at other solvent‐exposed positions in the helix. The L27A mutation effects observed in these simulations suggest that the position‐dependent loss of stability measured in wet bench experiments is derived from changes in dynamics that involve long‐range interactions; thus, these simulations support the hypothesis that solvent‐exposed positions in helices are not always equivalent. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the quality of NMR structures by local density of protons
Authors: Ban Yih‐En Andrew , Rudolph Johannes , Zhou Pei , Edelsbrunner Herbert
Published: December 2005

Evaluating the quality of experimentally determined protein structural models is an essential step toward identifying potential errors and guiding further structural refinement. Herein, we report the use of proton local density as a sensitive measure to assess the quality of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structures. Using 256 high‐resolution crystal structures with protons added and optimized, we show that the local density of different proton types display distinct distributions. These distributions can be characterized by statistical moments and are used to establish local density Z‐scores for evaluating both global and local packing for individual protons. Analysis of 546 crystal structures at various resolutions shows that the local density Z‐scores increase as the structural resolution decreases and correlate well with the ClashScore (Word et al. J Mol Biol 1999;285(4):1711–1733) generated by all atom contact analysis. Local density Z‐scores for NMR structures exhibit a significantly wider range of values than for X‐ray structures and demonstrate a combination of potentially problematic inflation and compression. Water‐refined NMR structures show improved packing quality. Our analysis of a high‐quality structural ensemble of ubiquitin refined against order parameters shows proton density distributions that correlate nearly perfectly with our standards derived from crystal structures, further validating our approach. We present an automated analysis and visualization tool for proton packing to evaluate the quality of NMR structures. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folding and amyloid‐fibril formation for a series of human stefins' chimeras: Any correlation?
Authors: Kenig Manca , Jenko‐Kokalj Saša , Tušek‐Žnidarič Magda , Pompe‐Novak Maruša , Gunčar Gregor , Turk Dušan , Waltho Jonathan P. , Staniforth Rosemarie A. , Avbelj Franc , Žerovnik Eva
Published: December 2005

To study the influence of whole secondary structure elements to the process of folding and amyloid‐fibril formation, chimeras of stefins have been prepared. GdnHCl denaturation curves and folding rates (chevron plots) have been analyzed based on a two‐state mechanism. The order of stability is: stefin A > aAbbbb > bAbbbb > stefin B = aBaaaa > bBaaaa, where the make up of chimeric proteins is designated by small letters representing the source of individual strands (a for stefin A, b for stefin B) and a capital letter representing the source of the helix (A for stefin A and B for stefin B). Only the fast folding reactions were included in the analysis and it has been found that stefin B folds the fastest (657 s−1). Similarly, fast folders are the chimeric proteins aBaaaa and bBaaaa, both of which contain the α‐helix of stefin B. Unfolding rates correlate very well with protein stability, with the slowest rate for the most stable protein, stefin A. Amyloid‐fibril growth was measured for each protein by monitoring thioflavin T fluorescence and was visualized using electron microscopy. The propensity to form amyloid‐fibrils is in the order: stefin B > bAbbbb > aAbbbb > bBaaaa > aBaaaa > stefin A. This order does not correlate with stability, or with the folding or unfolding rates. Instead, the propensity to fibrillize is related to selected parts of structure, such as the β‐sheet of stefin B, and can be predicted reasonably well by calculating the β‐strand propensity of the denatured states. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost‐effective connections
Authors: Steenhuis C M , Stark J W B , Gresnigt A M
Published: December 2005

This review highlights some of the recent developments in steel design and construction, and its associated research. In recent decades, labour costs have increased considerably while material costs have remained constant. Therefore, there is a tendency to simplify the most labour‐intensive parts of a steel structure: the connections, thus cutting labour costs. Simplifying the fabrication process is of considerably more importance than minimizing the use of materials. Research has been carried out to support the process of simplification. This review reports on some of the practical outcomes of this research. Special attention is given to fabrication and erection‐friendly connections, the application of preloaded fasteners, and unstiffened moment connections (including base plates). Finally, in the conclusions, the review identifies future research needs.
High strength steels
Authors: Gresnigt A M , Steenhuis C M
Published: December 2005

In recent decades, the ductility and weldability of structural steels has improved considerably. Also, the developments in modern welding technology have led to a decrease in the fabrication costs of steel structures, especially when higher strength steels are used. This has created new opportunities for more economical applications of steel in the construction industry. The choice of higher strength steels has become increasingly attractive, eg grade S355 (specified minimum yield strength 355 N/mm2) instead of S235 or S275, or grade S460 instead of S355.

This review surveys the possibilities for the cost‐effective application of high strength steels in buildings, bridges, cranes, etc. Some developments in research and drafting of codes are also highlighted.

The review focuses mainly on developments in Europe, but in other parts of the world, such as Japan and the USA, similar trends can be observed.