bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods of Modification and Semantics of Foreign Anthroponyms in Russian Internet Discourse (Example of Nomination of Members of British Royal Family)
Authors: Tregubova Y. A. , Lavrishcheva E. V.
Published: September 2021

The results of a study of the functioning peculiarities of modified foreign anthroponyms in the Russian-language Internet discourse is presented in the article. The main methods of word formation, the structure and semantics of foreign occasional anthroponyms in the Russian-language Internet discourse are considered. The relevance and novelty of the study is due to the choice of linguistic material, which were foreign-language anthroponyms in Russian, in particular, modified names of members of the British royal family. It is shown that these occasional nominations embody the emotional and evaluative attitude of Russian-speaking Internet users to members of the royal family. The results of a structural and comparative analysis of modified foreign anthroponyms used by Russian-speaking Internet users are presented. An attempt is made to show how the derivational means of the Russian language can reflect the subjective connotation of occasional derivatives. The main word-formation models in the field of occasional anthroponymy of the Russian language are revealed. It is concluded that the most productive way of modifying foreign anthroponyms in the Russian-language Internet discourse is suffixation. The semantics of the identified word-formation models is analyzed, their emotional-expressive function in the language is studied. The results of a statistical analysis of the use of the main methods of creating modified foreign anthroponyms in the Russian-language Internet discourse are presented.
Features of Adaptation of English Borrowings in Chinese (Using of Word ‘Hacker’)
Authors: Chen Xue
Published: September 2021

The peculiarities of adaptation of anglicisms in the Chinese language are considered. It is shown that the penetration of English linguistic units into the Chinese language is a modern trend, especially in the field of computer technology. It is noted that the morphemes of borrowed words, penetrating into the Chinese language, take part in word formation in the role of classifiers, becoming a constant component of a complex word, which ensures the productivity of a certain model in the Chinese language. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the semantic scope of the term hacker. It has been established that the word hacker has developed different meanings over the past decades. It is pointed out that as the role of the hacker in life changed, the word acquired new interpretations, from neutral ‘specialist’ to negative ‘miscreant’. It is shown that the most active way of borrowing anglicisms is transliteration: the word hacker functions in the Chinese language in the form of two hieroglyphs 黑客, where the second component is included in the “X + 客” model, according to which other neologisms are created. It was revealed that the model is the most productive for the formation of words with the meaning of a person engaged in a certain activity, which is largely due to the active use of the word hacker in the Chinese language.
Evenk Literature and Folklore in Transboundary Space (Russia — China): a Review of Modern Domestic and Foreign Studies
Authors: Voronchenko T. V. , Fyodorova E. V.
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to a review of scientific works and critical publications of domestic and foreign scientists in 2000—2021, which presents a modern view of the study of Evenk literature and folklore of Transbaikalia, the Amur Region and North China. The relevance of the topic of the scientific review is due to the increasing interest of the world community in the problems of preserving and developing the cultures of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the world in the late XX — early XXI centuries, in connection with which the consideration of the Evenk (Tungus) ethnoculture of various regions, including the transboundary (Russia-China), in the global scale requires special attention.  The authors turn to the identification of research strategies of representatives of scientific centers in Russia and countries of the world, taking into account the achievements in the field of Tungus studies of the XX century and the expansion of the problem field in the first decades of the XXI century. It is proved that in 2000—2021 the geography of publications of scientific works in this field on a global scale changes significantly: Russia, China, European countries, USA, Japan. A characteristic feature of modern research is an interdisciplinary focus. There is an increase in academic interest in the “Evenk phenomenon” in literature and an increase in the number of literary works.
Origin of Sovereignty and Boundaries of Royal Prerogative in Tory Political Controversy in Great Britain in Last Third of 18th Century
Authors: Klochkov V. V. , Nazarova V. S.
Published: September 2021

The discourse on the nature and boundaries of royal sovereignty, which unfolded with the coming to power of George III in Great Britain, is considered. The key features and changes in the constitutional views of the Tories that took shape in the 60—90s of the 18th century are examined in the article. The relevance of the study lies in determining the nature and role of the discourse under study in the formation of a new Tory identity, concentrating on the integral role of the monarch. The novelty of the research lies in the emphasis on the religious component of this discourse, as well as in the use of church sermons as a special kind of source. At the same time, some excerpts of sermons are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is emphasized that during the period under study, the Tory party did not have a political ideology, and the current policy was influenced by fears about the stability of the English constitution associated with the events in the North American colonies. The validity of the cautious approaches of the supporters of the critical direction in modern British historiography to the assessment of Tory identity in the last third of the 18th century is shown. The author’s assessment of how Toryism of the 60—90s of the 18th century reinterprets the experience of the “old Tories”, combining traditional respect for the royal prerogative with the recognition of the rights and privileges of parliament.
Housing Construction on Territory of Baikal-Amur Mainline Building-up in 1970s—1980s (Khabarovsk Region)
Authors: Peshkov D. A. , Fedirko O. P.
Published: September 2021

The history of the construction of BAM settlements on the territory of the Khabarovsk region in 1974—1984 is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the experience of housing construction of the Soviet era in areas of new development, the use of which is possible for the development of modern programs of the Far East. Using materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Khabarovsk region, the authors analyzed the volumes of construction of housing and social infrastructure facilities, identified the main shortcomings and difficulties associated with this process, such as lagging behind the construction of housing, adjusting master plans. An attempt has been made to classify the BAM settlements of the Khabarovsk region, to determine the set of social infrastructure facilities in them. The novelty of the research is determined by the poor study of the history of BAM construction settlements on the territory of the Khabarovsk region and the introduction of new sources into scientific circulation. The authors come to the conclusion that the lack of housing and the poor development of social infrastructure in the BAM villages of the Khabarovsk region became one of the reasons for the outflow of BAM builders, which negatively affected the implementation of the government’s plans to settle the Far East and ensure the effective use of the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
Activities of Charitable Societies and Institutions in Nizhny Novgorod Province in Second Half of XIX — early XX Century
Authors: Tikhovodova A. V.
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the work of public charitable organizations and institutions in the Nizhny Novgorod province of the post-reform Russian Empire in various areas of the social sphere. The relevance of the study is due to the development of charitable activities in modern Russia, the need to get acquainted with the historical experience. A review of the activities of voluntary societies, both all-Russian, with branches in Nizhny Novgorod, and, in fact, regional, in the field of social security, health care and public education has been carried out. On the basis of the charters and reports of the companies, their goals, objectives, management structure, sources of funds, forms of assistance to those in need are considered. The author shows the possibilities of social self-organization in the conditions of autocracy, the nature and methods of cooperation between civil society and the authorities. The reasons for the development of charity in the Nizhny Novgorod province in the second half of the XIX century, the motives prompting various segments of the population to engage in it are revealed. The universalism of the work of organizations, in other words unification within the framework of one society of different areas of activity are emphasized in the article. The author comes to the conclusion that the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century was a period of activity of charitable societies and institutions, whose main obstacle in achieving their goals was a lack of funds.
Trening węchowy (rehabilitacja zmysłu węchu) u chorych po przebytym COVID-19
Authors: Rapiejko Piotr
Published: September 2021

Utrata węchu to częsty objaw towarzyszący zachorowaniu na COVID-19. Powrót prawidłowej funkcji węchu jest zwykle obserwowany w ciągu kilku tygodni od wyzdrowienia. Jednak u ok. 10% chorych dochodzi do trwałego lub przewlekłego zaburzenia zmysłu węchu, takiego jak osłabienie węchu (hiposmia) lub utrata węchu (anosmia). W pierwszym okresie terapii zaburzeń węchu, podobnie jak w przypadku zapalenia zatok przynosowych, są stosowane donosowe glikokortykosteroidy. Jeśli utrata węchu trwa dłużej niż 2 tygodnie, poza leczeniem farmakologicznym jest zalecany trening węchowy. Duża plastyczność neuronalna zmysłu węchu stwarza możliwości terapii za pomocą stymulacji zmysłu węchu poprzez codzienną ekspozycję na określone zapachy.
Analysis of shoreline changes along the coast of Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Jayakumar K.
Published: September 2021

Shoreline change is considered as one of the most dynamic process, which was mapped along the coast of Tiruvallur district by using topographic maps of 1976 and multi-temporal satellite images. The satellite images were pertaining to 1988, 1991, 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2016 which were used to extract the shorelines. It is important to map and monitor the HTL (High Tide line) at frequent time interval as it considered as shoreline, which was demarcated by using visual interpretation technique from satellite images and topographic maps. Followed by this, an overlay analysis was performed to calculate areas of erosion and accretion in the study area. The results revealed that the coast of Tiruvallur district lost 603 ha and gained 630 ha due to erosion and accretion respectively. It was confirmed after the ground truth survey carried out in the study area. The high accretion of 178 ha was found nearby Pulicat Lake and low accretion of 19 ha seen between Pulicat lake to Kattupali port. The high erosion area was found along the Pulicat lake, Kattupali and Ennore ports, and Ennore creek mouth and south of Ennore such as Periya Kuppam, Chinna Kuppam, Kasi Koil Kuppam, and Thyagarajapuram. It may be concluded that the main causes of coastal erosion and accretion in the study area are anthropogenic and natural factors, which alter the coastal environment.
STUDY THE BIOPOTENTIAL PARAMETER FOR DETECTION OF SEISMIC AND ENVIORNMENTAL CHANGES IN INDIAN REGION
Authors: Tiwari Rudraksh , Kushwah Vinod Kuumar
Published: September 2021

The changes in the magnetic flux generated (electric, magnetic and electromagnetic waves) on the surface of earth due to sudden changes is a matter of discussion. These emissions occur along the fault line generated due to geological and tectonic processes. When sudden changes occur in the environment due to seismic and atmospheric variations, these sensing was observed by creatures and human bodies because the animals and trees adopt the abnormal signals and change the behavior. We have analyzed the changing behavior of recorded signal by live sensors (i.e. banyan tree). So we use the deep rooted and long age’s banyan tree. Banyan tree (long ages) in which root has been working as a live sensor and record the geological and environmental changes. We record the low frequency signals which propagated through solar-terrestrial environment affect directly the root system of the banyan tree and changes has been observed by live sensors. Then, VLF signal ma(y propagate to the earth-ionosphere waveguide. We have also analyzed the different parameters of live cells which is inbuilt in latex of the tree, so we record the dielectric parameters of green stem latex and found some parameters i.e., dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss (ε’) of various trees to verify these natural hazards and found good correlation.  Therefore, we can say by regularly monitoring the bio-potential signal and dielectric properties of banyan tree we can able to find the precursory signature of seismic hazards and environmental changes.
Castells’s “Network Society Theory” to Human Geography —Analysis and Comparison Based on Chinese and Foreign Quotations
Authors: Tang Jia , Zhen Feng , Wang Xia
Published: September 2021

Based on 898 English documents and 363 Chinese documents citing the Rising of Network Society, it studied that the knowledge contribution of citation content analysis and citation context analysis methods, and the knowledge contribution of Chinese and foreign quotations to human geography. The study found that “mobile space” is the most quoted theoretical view in domestic and foreign literature, and the proportion of domestic research is significantly higher than foreign research; the focus of domestic and foreign research focuses on the external spatial form and its transformation, while foreign research pays more attention on the internal spatial dynamics of network society and three types of knowledge contributions, reflecting the influence of “network social theory” on human geography. Among them, critical references reveal the shortcomings of “network social theory” point out the abstraction of “spatial duality” the importance of local space, and the limitations of research data, methods, and time background, which provides new enlightenment for the future application and innovation of “network social theory” in the field of human geography.
Geologic and geomorphologic study of the Terra Murata and Centane-Panoramica sites (Island of Procida, Naples Bay, Southern Tyrrhenian sea) aimed at solving some applied geological and geotechnical problems
Authors: Aiello Gemma
Published: September 2021

A geologic and geomorphologic study aimed at solving some geological and geotechnical problems, regarding the massive seepage of meteoric waters in the coastal cliffs of the Island of Procida (Naples Bay, southern Italy), composed of both tuffs and loose pyroclastic deposits, has been carried out in the geosites of Terra Murata (Middle Ages village and coastal cliff towards the Corricella Bay) and Centane-Panoramica (coastal cliff facing on the Tyrrhenian sea). A detailed geologic and geomorphologic survey has allowed to suggest solutions to the applied geological and geotechnical problems related to the occurrence of massive seepages of waters at the physical interface between pyroclastic rocks and loose pyroclastic deposits, characterized by different density, permeability and porosity and also controlled by a dense network of fractures, involving the pyroclastic deposits cropping out in the selected areas. Field sampling and geotechnical laboratory analyses have been carried out to calculate the values of main geotechnical parameters of the yellow tuffs cropping out at the Terra Murata promontory. At the same time, a detailed monitoring of the seepages of waters has been carried out through a detailed geological survey of the tuff outcrops of the promontory. The obtained results have suggested a strong control from both the geomorphologic instability of the coastal cliff and tectonic setting. At the Centane-Panoramica geosite the geological survey, coupled with geotechnical analyses and standard penetrometric tests, has accordingly evidenced that the geomorphologic instability was mainly concentrated in the sectors of the tuff coastal cliffs facing seawards towards the Tyrrhenian sea.
Land Use Change Detection and Prediction Using Markov-CA and Publishing on the Web with Platform Map Server, Case Study: Qom Metropolis, Iran
Authors: Pirnazar Mojtaba , Haghighi Nasrin , Azhand Donya , Ostad-Ali-Askari Kaveh , Eslamian Saeid , R. Dalezios Nicolas , P. Singh Vijay
Published: September 2021

To achieve sustainable development, detailed planning, control and management of land cover changes that occurs naturally or by human caused artificial factors, is essential. Urban managers and planners need a tool that represents them the information accurate, fast and in exact time. In this study, land use changes of 3 periods 1994-2002, 2002-2009, 2009-2015 and predictions of 2009, 2015 and 2023 were assessed. In this paper, Maximum Likelihood method was used to classify the images, so that after evaluation of accuracy, amount of overall accuracy for images of 2013 was 85.55 % and its Kappa coefficient was 80.03%. To predict land use changes, Markov-CA model was used that after assessing the accuracy, the amount of overall accuracy for 2009 was 82.57% and for 2015 was 93.865%. ThenWebGis application was designed via map server application and evoked shape files through map file and open layers to browser environment and for design of appearance of website Css, HTML and JavaScript languages were used. HTML is responsible for creating the foundation and overall structure of webpage but beautify and layout design is on Css.
Integrating optical and microwave satellite observations for high res-olution soil moisture estimate and applications in CONUS drought analyses
Authors: Sun Donglian , Li Yu , Zhan Xiwu , Yang Chaowei , Yang Ruixin
Published: September 2021

In this study, optical and microwave satellite observations are integrated to estimate soil moisture at the same spatial resolution as the optical sensors (5km here) and applied for drought analysis in the continental United States. A new refined model is proposed to include auxiliary data like soil texture, topography, surface types, accumulated precipitation, in addition to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) used in the traditional universal triangle method. It is found the new proposed soil moisture model using accumulated precipitation demonstrated close agreements with the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) spatial patterns. Currently, the USDM is providing a weekly map. Recently, “flash” drought concept appears. To obtain drought map on daily basis, LST is derived from microwave observations and downscaled to the same resolution as the thermal infrared LST product and used to fill the gaps due to clouds in optical LST data. With the integrated daily LST available under nearly all weather conditions, daily soil moisture can be estimated at relatively higher spatial resolution than those traditionally derived from passive microwave sensors, thus drought maps based on soil moisture anomalies can be obtained on daily basis and made the flash drought analysis and monitoring become possible.
Rinnenkarren systems and the development of their main channels
Authors: Veress Márton , Mitre Zoltán
Published: September 2021

In this study, the development of rinnenkarren systems is analyzed. During the field studies, 36 rinnenkarren systems were investigated. The width and depth were measured at every 10 cm on the main channels and then shape was calculated to these places (the quotient of channel width and depth). Water flow was performed on artificial rinnenkarren system. A relation was looked for between the density of tributary channels and the average shape of the main channel, between the distance of tributary channels from each other and the shape of a given place of the main channel. The density and total length of the tributary channels on the lower and upper sections of the main channels being narrow at their lower end (11 pieces) and being wide at their lower end (10 pieces) of the rinnenkarren systems were calculated as well as their average proportional distance from the lower end of the main channel. The number of channel hollows was determined on the lower and upper sections of these main channels. It can be stated that the average shape of the main channel calculated to its total length depends on the density of the tributary channels and on the distance of tributary channels from each other. The main channel shape is smaller if less water flows on the floor for a long time because of the small density of the tributary channels and the great distance between the tributary channels. In this case, the channel deepens, but it does not widen. The width of the main channel depends on the number and location of the rivulets developing on channel-free relief. The main channel becomes narrow towards its lower end if the tributary rivulets are denser and longer on the upper part of the main rivulet developing on the channel-free, plain terrain and their distance is larger compared to the lower end. The channel hollows develop mainly at those places where the later developing tributary channels are hanging above the floor of the main channel. Thus, the former ones are younger than the latter ones. It can be stated that the morphology of the main channels (shape, channel hollows, and width changes of the main channel) is determined by the tributary channels (their number, location and age).
Particularities of deformation processes solution with GIS application for mining landscape reclamation in East Slovakia
Authors: Vladimír SEDLÁK , Peter POLJAKOVIČ
Published: September 2021

The influence of mining activity on the environment on the environment belongs to the most negative industrial influences. Mine subsidence on the surface can be a result of many deep underground mining activities. The present study offers the theory to the specific case of the deformation vectors solution in a case of disruption of the data homogeneity of the geodetic network structure in the monitoring station during periodical measurements in mine subsidence. The theory was developed for the mine subsidence at the abandoned magnesite mine of Košice-Bankov near the city of Košice in East Slovakia. The outputs from the deformation survey were implemented into geographical information system (GIS) applications to a process of gradual reclamation of whole mining landscape in the magnesite mine vicinity. After completion of the mining operations and liquidation of the mine company, it was necessary to determine the exact edges of the mine subsidence of Košice-Bankov with the zones of residual ground motion in order to implement a comprehensive reclamation of the devastated mining landscape. Requirement of knowledge about stability of the former mine subsidence was necessary for starting the reclamation work. Outputs from the present specific solutions of the deformation vectors confirmed the multi-year stability of the mine subsidence in the area of interest. Some numerical and graphical results from the deformation vectors survey in the abandoned magnesite mine of Košice-Bankov are presented. The obtained results were transformed into GIS for the needs of the municipality of Košice City to the implementation of the reclamation activities in the mining territory of Košice-Bankov.
Evaluating models and effective factors obtained from remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system(GIS) in the prediction of forest fire risk: A structured review
Authors: Karimi Akram , Abdollahi Sara , Ostad-Ali-Askari Kaveh , P. Singh Vijay , Eslamian Saeid , Heidarian Ali , Nekooei Mohsen , Gholami Hossein , Pazdar Sona
Published: September 2021

Fire, a phenomenon occurs in most parts of the world and causes severe financial losses, even, irreparable damages. Many parameters are involved in the occurrence of a fire; some of which are constant over time (at least in a fire cycle), but the others are dynamic and vary over time. Unlike the earthquake, the disturbance of fire depends on a set of physical, chemical, and biological relations. Monitoring the changes to predict the occurrence of fire is efficient in forest management. Method: In this research, the Persian and English databases were structurally searched using the keywords of fire risk modeling, fire risk, fire risk prediction, remote sensing and the reviewed papers that predicted the fire risk in the field of remote sensing and geographic information system were retrieved. Then, the modeling and zoning data of fire risk prediction were extracted and analyzed in a descriptive manner. Accordingly, the study was conducted in 1995-2017. Findings: Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) zoning method was more practical among the applied methods and the plant moisture stress measurement was the most efficient among the remote sensing indices. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicate that RS and GIS are effective tools in the study of fire risk prediction.
Associations of NLRP3 and CARD8 gene polymorphisms with alcohol dependence and commonly related psychiatric disorders: a preliminary study
Authors: Ilješ Anja Plemenitaš , Plesničar Blanka Kores , Dolžan Vita
Published: September 2021

We investigated two functional polymorphisms in NLRP3 inflammasome genes (NLRP3 rs35829419 and CARD8 rs2043211) and their association with alcohol dependence and related anxiety, depression, obsession-compulsion, or aggression in 88 hospitalised alcohol-dependent patients, 99 abstinent alcohol-dependent participants, and 94 controls, all male Caucasian. Alcohol dependence-related psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Zung Depression and Anxiety scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Brief Social Phobia Scale, Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. For genotyping we used the allele-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods. The three groups differed significantly in CARD8 rs2043211 distribution (P=0.049; chi-squared=9.557; df=4). The NLPR3 rs35829419 polymorphism was not significantly associated with alcohol dependence. In hospitalised alcohol-dependent patients the investigated polymorphisms were not associated with scores indicating alcohol consumption or comorbid symptoms. In abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects homozygotes for the polymorphic CARD8 allele presented with the highest scores on the Zung Anxiety Scale (p=0.048; df=2; F=3.140). Among controls, CARD8 genotype was associated with high scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (P=0.027; df=2; F=3.744). In conclusion, our results reveal that CARD8 rs2043211 may play some role in susceptibility to alcohol dependence, expression of anxiety symptoms in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects, and in obsessive compulsive drinking in healthy controls. However, further studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm these preliminary findings.
Radium interference during radon measurements in water: comparison of one- and two-phase liquid scintillation counting
Authors: Stojković Ivana , Todorović Nataša , Nikolov Jovana
Published: September 2021

Assessment of radiation exposure to drinking, surface, and groundwater and of the associated health risks calls for accurate and precise 226Ra and 222Rn measurements. One method that fits the bill is liquid scintillation counting (LSC), which allows measurements in one-phase (homogenous) or two-phase samples. The aim of our study was to compare the measurement efficiency with both variations in Niška Banja spa water, known for its elevated 222Rn content to get a better insight into the stability and behaviour of the samples and 226Ra interference in samples spiked with 226Ra with 222Rn measurement. 226Ra interference was more evident in homogenous, one-phase and much lower in two-phase samples. However, one-phase samples offer more accurate indirect 226Ra measurements. Water-immiscible cocktails (in two-phase samples) have shown a limited capacity for receiving 222Rn generated by Ra decay from the aqueous to organic phase when 222Rn/226Ra equilibrium is reached. We have also learned that samples with naturally high 222Rn content should not be spiked with 226Ra activities higher than the ones found in native samples and that calibration of two-phase samples can be rather challenging if measurements span over longer time. Further research would require much lower 226Ra activities for spiking to provide more practical answers to questions arising from the demonstrated phenomena.
The role of pumpkin pulp extract carotenoids against mycotoxin damage in the blood brain barrier in vitro
Authors: Alonso-Garrido Manuel , Pallarés Noelia , Font Guillermina , Tedeschi Paola , Manyes Lara , Lozano Manuel
Published: September 2021

Some mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) can cross the blood brain barrier, which is why we tested the anti-inflammatory action of a pumpkin carotenoid extract (from the pulp) against these mycotoxins and their combinations (OTA+ZEA and OTA+ZEA+BEA) on a blood brain barrier model with co-cultured ECV304 and C6 cells using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The cells were added with mycotoxins at a concentration of 100 nmol/L per mycotoxin and pumpkin carotenoid extract at 500 nmol/L. For control we used only vehicle solvent (cell control) or vehicle solvent with pumpkin extract (extract control). After two hours of exposure, samples were analysed with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Metabolites were identified against the Metlin database. The proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolite eoxin (14,15-LTE4) showed lower abundance in ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA-treated cultures that also received the pumpkin extract than in cultures that were not treated with the extract. Another marker of inflammation, prostaglandin D2-glycerol ester, was only found in cultures treated with OTA+ZEA and BEA+OTA+ZEA but not in the ones that were also treated with the pumpkin extract. Furthermore, the concentration of the pumpkin extract metabolite dihydromorelloflavone significantly decreased in the presence of mycotoxins. In conclusion, the pumpkin extract showed protective activity against cellular inflammation triggered by mycotoxins thanks to the properties pertinent to flavonoids contained in the pulp.
Current theories of proper name and the concept of the proprial sphere of language
Authors: Harvalík Milan
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper is to draw attention to some current trends in the world, which researchers studying the theory of proper name and the concept of the proprial sphere of language deal with, and thus encourage their greater resonance in Slavic onomastic discourse. The works and concepts of Willy Van Langendonck, Richard Coates, Grant Smith, Kerstin Jonasson, Yolanda Guillermina López Franco, Klaas Willems, Ernst Hansack, Erika Windberger-Heidenkummer and Silvio Brendler are presented. The article thus follows on Blanár’s text Poznámky k onomastickým koncepciám [Notes on Onomastic Concepts] (Blanár, 2009a), in which the author gives an overview of several current onomastic theories.

Greater consideration of the findings of both the scholars mentioned in this paper and other representatives of theoretically oriented onomastics, general linguistics and philosophy of language can significantly stimulate the further development of Slavic onomastics and, at the same time, contribute to the elimination of some inappropriate approaches that are currently encountered and that are mentioned at the end of the article.
On the history of naming women in the Czech lands
Authors: Pleskalová Jana
Published: September 2021

The study follows the development of naming women with names used in public during the period before surnames were introduced by law (i.e. before 1786). The analysis of anthroponyms proved that naming women reflects their social status. Daughters were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their fathers, as well as wives and widows were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their husbands. Naming units of a descriptive nature have originated in this way, with a tendency towards simplification during further development, e.g., Anna manželka Matěje Jírova … Anna Matěje Jíry … Anna Jírova (these are several stages of naming a person referred to as “Ann, the wife of Matěj Jíra”). Wealthy widows or wives of a more prominent social status than their husbands had the same complementary anthroponyms as men (Anna mlynářka skalická – “Ann, the miller of Skalice”) and their children or husbands were often referred to in the way the particular women were, e.g., Martin Evka (derived from Eva), Ondřejovi, Kateřininému synu (“to Andrew, the son of Catherine”). These facts prove that the way of naming women with names used in public was primarily determined by their social status, rather than by the gender.
I originally wanted to write the title Brethren, but I wrote Brotherhood... Jirásek brotherhood impressions
Authors: Nábělková Mira
Published: September 2021

The study, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vincent Blanár, offers a comparative Czech-Slovak view of the lexeme brother (Czech bratr – Slovak brat) in its paradigmatic relations. The analysis is based on a specific textual basis, the novel Bratrstvo (Brotherhood) by the Czech writer Alois Jirásek. The starting point of the comparison is the Czech original and two Slovak translations of this literary text, which shows a remarkably wide range of semantic concretizations of the polysemic word brother. In the Czech-Slovak comparison, various morphosyntactic, lexical-semantic, derivational and collocational differences appear. In a comparative view, the sphere of addressing is particularly interesting.
Cardiovascular involvement in patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease
Authors: Li Chenze , Wang Dao Wen , Zhao Chunxia
Published: September 2021

2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It is characterized by substantial respiratory symptoms and complicated with widespread other organ injuries. Cardiovascular impairment is one of the notable extrapulmonary manifestations, in terms of the deterioration of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases and newly onset acute events. We hereby review the high-quality reports about cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 and summarize the main clinical characteristics of cardiac relevance for the all the first line clinical physicians. Additionally, the possible underlying mechanisms and the rationale for the application of specific medications, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and hydroxychloroquine are also discussed.
Review of English-Language Research on Iconography of Late Antique Judaism (20th – 21st centuries)
Authors: Grigoreva A. K.
Published: September 2021

The iconography of late antique Judaism became a research area in the second quarter of the 20th century. Before this time there was no such a large number of murals, mosaic pavements and other artworks available for examination. When scholars started considering monuments from late antique synagogues, they seek to find a relevant approach to studying the phenomenon of Jewish art in this period, its emergence and development. In the course of different periods in historiography of the subject various topics came to the forefront of research and became more important than the others. In the West this scientific area went through several stages in its development, while issues of iconography of late antique Judaism have not been on the agenda of the Russian-speaking scientific community till the present moment. This review of English-language major research seeks to compensate for the lack of a systematic view of the problem in Russian-language science, which is also touched upon in the present work. The subject of the present survey is historiography of Judaism iconography in the late antique period. The most cited English-language works on this subject are systematized in accordance with the periods of historiography and of the dominant direction of research. The review demonstrates three periods of historiography: early period with the stress on description; the second period with the question about existence and affiliation of Jewish art in late antiquity; and the latest period, observed in the present moment, that concentrates on systematic examination of art in general and some objects in particular. There are two main vectors of the study of the subject, which were formed by the end of the 20th century. The first is aimed at exploring symbols within the Jewish cultural paradigm without affecting the surrounding cultures. The second considers the symbols of Jewish iconography as included in the general cultural context of the regions of the Roman Empire, where worldviews were in constant interaction, and sometimes in opposition. Scientists have been developing both of these areas of research until present days. In the 21st century Jewish late antique iconography is an important area of research for Western science, which not only continues the development of problems indicated in the 20th century, but also formulates new ones, corresponding to modern trends in religious studies. The work shall attract the attention of readers to a significant number of little-known and highly specialized texts on the problem of the iconography of late antique Judaism.
Сlinical case of occurrence of myocardial infarction type 2 as a complication of new coronavirus infection
Authors: Oblavatckii D. V. , Boldueva S. A. , Alekseeva S. V. , Sushkova A. A. , Mikhailov R. R. , Vinichuk S. A.
Published: September 2021

As known, a new coronavirus infection that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome can proceed in severe forms and lead to various complications, including acute cardiovascular events. This article describes a clinical case of the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus infection. A peculiarity of this observation is the pathogenesis of the development of myocardial infarction, which is not directly related to atherothrombosis and differs from the classic type 1 myocardial infarction.
Tax Regimes in the USA: The Review and the Effect on Small Businesses
Authors: FILIN Sergei A. , CHAIKOVSKAYA Lyubov' A. , AITYMBETOVA Ainura N. , ZHUSSIPOVA El'mira E. , ISAEVA Gul'mira K.
Published: September 2021

Subject. The article discusses the development of small businesses in the USA though supporting measures.
Objectives. We suggest how small businesses should be supported and developed by analyzing the relevant practices in the USA. We also identify and analyze factors and conditions that contribute to the development of small businesses through supportive measures taken in the USA.
Methods. We use the methods of analysis, synthesis and logic research through the creative data approach.
Results. In this article we analyze the specifics of tax treatment of business and small business, first of all, in Foreign Trade Zones and in the USA as a whole. We reveal special tax regimes in the USA, referring to the business environment of SME in Russia just for the sake of comparison. Having analyzed relevant positive practices in the USA, we suggest how small businesses should be supported and developed in Russia, which is the novelty of this study.
Conclusions and Relevance. We conclude that the apparatus the USA uses to bring its small business sector to the international market and expand its operations, helps businessmen increase their profit and sales, get more free from seasonal fluctuations and turbulence in the domestic market and receive real financial aid. Supporting the small business, the State should prioritize ensuring sufficient jobs for the people, including the creation of additional ones.
Syndicated Lending: Law Enforcement and Legislative Refinements
Authors: BELOUSOV Andrei L.
Published: September 2021

Subject. This article focuses on the development of the syndicated lending institution as the respective legal framework emerges.
Objectives. The article aims to consider problems of the development of syndicated lending in Russia and describe the main areas for further changes in the legal regulation.
Methods. For the study, I used logical and structural analyses, and functional analysis system and legalistic approaches.
Results. The article describes the essence, features and legal regulation of syndicated lending, and evaluates enforcement practices based on the new syndicated loan law. It also formulates key issues and identifies further areas for changing the legal regulation of syndicated lending.
Conclusions. The development of syndicated lending can significantly support large and medium-sized businesses in terms of job preservation, tax revenue growth, and business competitiveness. The findings can contribute to the theory of syndicated lending in the Russian Federation, and practical activities to suggest possible legislative and regulatory improvements in this area.
Multipliers Based on Oil And Gas Production and Reserves as National Vertically Integrated Oil Companies’ Indicator of Lucrativeness for Investors. Part II
Authors: SHIMKO Oleg V.
Published: September 2021

Subject. The article investigates ratios of market capitalization to production and proven reserves held by 25 major public oil and gas corporations within 2008 through 2018.
Objectives. I trace key trends in ratios of market capitalization to production and proven reserves in major public oil and gas corporations. The article also determines what caused such transformation for the analyzable period and indicates whether such multipliers are applicable to business valuations in the oil and gas sector.
Methods. I use methods of comparative, financial and economic analysis, and summarize materials of financial statements.
Results. The analyzable multipliers were found to be applicable to business valuation of oil and gas corporations. If a company has oil refining and petrochemisry segments in its architecture, it will have a favorable effect on ratios. The company will also benefit if its profitability is higher than that of competitors. National companies and their indicators are seen to be influenced by the country factor, which should be taken into account for purposes of business valuation. Ratios depend on the availability of proven reserves. This aspect influences the multiplier of ratio of market capitalization to proven reserves. Therefore, it is advisable in case of similar proven reserves in comparable companies. Hence, it is more preferable to use the multiplier of the ratio of market capitalization to production.
Conclusions and Relevance. It is acceptable to use the multiplier with reference to the information on production even if the profitability goes down and the debt burden increases in the listed sector of the global oil and gas industry, while the ratio based on proven reserves is more reasonable as an auxiliary indicator. The findings can be used to appraise the possible value of oil and gas assets as part of the comparable approach. They can also underlie measures for raising the market capitalization of public oil and gas companies.
Sovereignization of the Russian economy
Authors: ZAKHAROV Valerii K.
Published: September 2021

Subject. The article addresses the strengthening of economic sovereignty as a pressing challenge of modern Russia.
Objectives. The aim is to consider the possibility of strengthening Russia's economic sovereignty by reconstructing the two-system harmony of its economy, which was completely destroyed in the 20th century.
Methods. I developed a conception about the order of human existence that enabled to lay a foundation for nomology, an explanatory-prognosticative science about the ordering of human being (intermediate between social philosophy and some social and humane sciences). According to the conception, which rests on works by K.R.E. Hartmann on social philosophy and by C.G. Jung on social psychology, the present and future of human being is organized (reproduced and renewed) by the reflection of all past being in the social historical memory, both conscious and subconscious. This conception allows to find some historically adjusted balance between subjective wishes and objective opportunities, when defensing Russia’s national interests.
Results. The paper considers deep psychosocial foundations of economic activity, proves that the society tends to harmony of egoism and altruism, shows that the sociopsychic two-code synthetical character of any activity of the society, as applied to the economic activity of an organized and managed society, generates a natural synthetization of planned and free market economic activity.
Conclusions. Economic sovereignty can be strengthened by recreating the two-system harmony of Russia’s economy. I substantiate the main economic and management measures to be taken to recreate the planned economic system in addition to the free market economic system.
Modeling the aggregate risk of common stockholder through the determined financial model
Authors: USHAKOVA Nadezhda V. , SABININA Anna L. , VASIN Aleksandr S. , GAIDARZHI Sergei I.
Published: September 2021

Subject. The article focuses on methods for modeling and quantifying the risk associated with common stockholders.
Objectives. We perform a critical analysis and study how the existing risk assessment methods can be modified. The article demonstrates strengths and advantages of the determined financial model.
Methods. The study is based on methods of the discourse analysis, mathematical statistics, financial modeling.
Results. If the entity receives payments out of net profit, we show the modified formula for assessing the aggregate leverage and suggest using the term financial leverage in Russian. The chi-squared comparison method reveals the need to respect aggregate leverage restrictions. We also present formulae for assessing its minimum and maximum. In this study, we provide a broader view of the financial mentality as a concept, quantify to what extent the decision-maker is prone to risk.
Conclusions and Relevance. The advisable aggregate leverage fits in the interval, which should be specifically assessed for each entity, and can be determined by official reporting data through the proposed formulae. Managing common stockholders’ risk pursues to maintain the aggregate leverage ratio within its maximum and minimum. This task can be solved by modifying the structure and ratio of fixed and variable costs.