bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis of efficacy and safety of genotype‐guided versus standard of care treatment strategies in selecting antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Nazir Salik , Ahuja Keerat R. , Virk Hafeez U. H. , Elzanaty Ahmed , Waheed Tayyab A. , Changal Khalid H. , Wohlfarth Kevin , Lakhter Vladimir , Grande Robert D. , Eltahawy Ehab A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Previous studies have shown similar rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, treated with P2Y12 inhibitors based on genotype guidance compared to standard treatment. However, given lower than expected event rates, these studies were underpowered to assess hard outcomes. We sought to systematically analyze this evidence using pooled data from multiple studies.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for studies of ACS patients that underwent genotype‐guided treatment (GGT) with P2Y12 inhibitors versus standard of care treatment (SCT). Studies with a minimum follow‐up of 12 months were included. Rate of MACE (defined as a composite of cardiovascular [CV] mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], and nonfatal stroke) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were individual components of MI, CV mortality, ischemic stroke, stent thrombosis, and major bleeding. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and combined using random effects model meta‐analysis.

Results

A total of 4,095 patients (2007 in the GGT and 2088 in the SCT group were analyzed from three studies). Significantly lower odds of MACE (6.0 vs. 9.2%; OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50–0.80, p < .001, I2 = 0%) and MI (3.3 vs. 5.45%; OR: 0.63; CI 0.41–0.96; p = .03; I2 = 46%) were noted in the GGT group compared to SCT. No significant difference was noted with respect to CV and other secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

In patients with ACS, genotype‐guided initiation of P2Y12 inhibitors was associated with lower odds of MACE and similar bleeding risk in comparison to SCT.
Co‐immobilization and Colocalization of Multi‐Enzyme Systems for the Cell‐Free Biosynthesis of Aminoalcohols
Authors: Velasco‐Lozano Susana , Santiago‐Arcos Javier , Mayoral José A. , López‐Gallego Fernando
Published: April 2020

The manufacturing of aminoalcohols is an appealing transformation for industrial biocatalysis due to their high value as building blocks in synthetic chemistry. By co‐immobilizing dehydrogenases, ω‐transaminases and oxidases on porous carriers, we fabricated and characterized a multi‐functional heterogeneous biocatalyst that was further applied to the cell‐free biosynthesis of amines and aminoalcohols from alcohols and diols, respectively. This immobilized cascade integrates both redox cofactor and amine donor recycling systems into the amino alcohol biosynthesis. Spatial co‐localization of the multi‐enzyme system significantly increases the cofactor recycling efficiency, the system productivity and the product conversion. Using this multi‐functional heterogeneous biocatalyst, we achieved 80 % conversion of alcohols into amines and accessed a palette of up to 5 aminoalcohols starting from their corresponding diols in one‐pot. The results herein presented contribute to understanding the effects of the confinement of co‐immobilized enzymes on the cascade processes.
Cardiac evaluation of young athletes: Time for a risk‐based approach?
Authors: MacLachlan Hamish , Drezner Jonathan A.
Published: April 2020

Pre‐participation cardiovascular screening (PPCS) is recommended by several scientific and sporting organizations on the premise that early detection of cardiac disease provides a platform for individualized risk assessment and management; which has been proven to lower mortality rates for certain conditions associated with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). What constitutes the most effective strategy for PPCS of young athletes remains a topic of considerable debate. The addition of the electrocardiogram (ECG) to the medical history and physical examination undoubtedly enhances early detection of disease, which meets the primary objective of PPCS. The benefit of enhanced sensitivity must be carefully balanced against the risk of potential harm through increased false‐positive findings, costly downstream investigations, and unnecessary restriction/disqualification from competitive sports. To mitigate this risk, it is essential that ECG‐based PPCS programs are implemented by institutions with a strong infrastructure and by physicians appropriately trained in modern ECG standards with adequate cardiology resources to guide downstream investigations. While PPCS is compulsory for most competitive athletes, the current debate surrounding ECG‐based programs exists in a binary form; whereby ECG screening is mandated for all competitive athletes or none at all. This polarized approach fails to consider individualized patient risk and the available sports cardiology resources. The limitations of a uniform approach are highlighted by evolving data, which suggest that athletes display a differential risk profile for SCA/SCD, which is influenced by age, sex, ethnicity, sporting discipline, and standard of play. Evaluation of the etiology of SCA/SCD within high‐risk populations reveals a disproportionately higher prevalence of ECG‐detectable conditions. Selective ECG screening using a risk‐based approach may, therefore, offer a more cost‐effective and feasible approach to PPCS in the setting of limited sports cardiology resources, although this approach is not without important ethical considerations.
Cell‐Penetrating Peptides and Polymers for Improved Drug Delivery
Authors: Gui Lin , Zhang Xue‐Hao , Qiao Zeng‐Ying , Wang Hao
Published: April 2020

Effective delivery of biologically active compounds including peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids into cells is an obstacle in the drug research. The intracellular delivery of biological agents generally relies on the endocytosis pathway, causing them to be trapped in endosomes and lysosomes. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) have previously been shown to be a useful transport tool for delivering many kinds of goods into cells through cell membranes. The latest discovery of cell penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) with excellent cytosolic delivery efficiency represents a major breakthrough in this field. In this work, we will focus on the latest advances in biological applications of the CPPs and new opportunities opened up by the CPDs.
Enhancing Galvanic Replacement in Plasmonic Hollow Nanoparticles: Understanding the Role of the Speciation of Metal Ion Precursors
Authors: Richard‐Daniel Josée , Boudreau Denis
Published: April 2020

Hollow nanostructures offer great potential for plasmonic applications due to their strong and highly tunable localized surface plasmon resonance. The relationship between the plasmonic properties and geometry of hollow nanoparticles, such as core‐shell size ratio, concentricity of the cavity and porosity of the wall, is well documented. Nanoscale galvanic replacement provides a simple, versatile and powerful route for the preparation of such hollow structures. Here we demonstrate how the efficiency of reductant‐assisted galvanic replacement processes can be enhanced by controlling the degree of hydration and hydrolysis of the metal ion precursor using pH and pL as key control parameters (by analogy to pH, the letter p in the expression pL is used to indicate the decimal cologarithm associated with the concentration of the ligand L). Adjusting precursor speciation prior to the sacrificial template's hollowing process offers a new strategy to tune the morphology and optical properties of plasmonic hollow nanostructures.
Stripping and Plating a Magnesium Metal Anode in Bromide‐Based Non‐Nucleophilic Electrolytes
Authors: Dongmo Saustin , Zaubitzer Steve , Schüler Philipp , Krieck Sven , Jörissen Ludwig , Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens Margret , Westerhausen Matthias , Marinaro Mario
Published: April 2020

A non‐nucleophilic Hauser base hexamethyldisilazide (HMDS) magnesium electrolyte possesses inherent properties required for a magnesium–sulfur battery. However, the development of full cell batteries using HMDSCl‐based electrolytes is still hampered by a low coulombic efficiency. A new electrolyte formulation of non‐nucleophilic HMDS magnesium containing bromide as a halide instead of chloride was obtained through a simple and straightforward synthesis route. The electrochemistry of magnesium was investigated through plating and stripping in three different HMDSBr‐based electrolytes: Mg(HMDS)Br, Mg(HMDS)Br‐BEt3, and Mg(HMDS)Br‐AlEt3 dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The different magnesium species present in the electrolytes were determined using NMR. Weak electron‐withdrawing Lewis acids, BEt3 and AlEt3 were used intentionally and their impact was investigated. Contrary to expectation, the substitution of chloride by bromide does not drastically narrow the electrochemical stability window. HMDSBr‐based electrolytes demonstrated long‐term (1000 cycles) stable reversibility and highly efficient (≈99 %) magnesium plating/tripping without a high ratio of bromide compared with the MgHMDSCl‐based electrolytes. The aprotic electrolyte shows comparatively high anodic stability (≈2.4 V vs. Mg/Mg2+) and high ionic conductivity of 1.16 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Plating of magnesium with low overpotential (<188 mV) revealed a morphology dependence on the electrolyte type with a shiny metallic homogenous layer, suggesting a rational balance between the nucleation and growth process in HMDSBr‐based electrolytes.
Histological development and integration of the Zebrafish Weberian apparatus
Authors: Bird Nathan C. , Richardson Selena S. , Abels Jeremy R.
Published: April 2020

Background

The Weberian apparatus enhances hearing in otophysan fishes, including Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Several studies have examined aspects of morphological development of the Weberian apparatus and hearing ability in Zebrafish. A comprehensive developmental description including both hard and soft tissues is lacking. This information is critical for both interpretation of genetic developmental analyses and to better understand the role of morphogenesis and integration on changes in hearing ability.

Results

Histological development of hard and soft tissues of the Weberian apparatus, including ossicles, ear, swim bladder, and ligaments are described from early larval stages (3.8 mm notochord length) through adult. Results show a strong relationship in developmental timing and maturation across all regions. All required auditory elements are present and morphologically integrated early, by 6.5 mm SL. Dynamic ossification patterns and changes in shape continue throughout the examined developmental period.

Conclusions

This study provides the first comprehensive histological description of Weberian apparatus development in Zebrafish. Morphological integration was found early, before increases in hearing ability were detected in functional studies (>10 mm total length), suggesting morphological integration precedes functional integration. Further research is needed to examine the nature of the functional delay, and how maturation of the Weberian apparatus influences functionality.
Effects of captivity, diet, and relocation on the gut bacterial communities of white‐footed mice
Authors: van Leeuwen Pauline , Mykytczuk Nadia , Mastromonaco Gabriela F. , Schulte‐Hostedde Albrecht I.
Published: April 2020

Microbes can have important impacts on their host's survival. Captive breeding programs for endangered species include periods of captivity that can ultimately have an impact on reintroduction success. No study to date has investigated the impacts of captive diet on the gut microbiota during the relocation process of generalist species. This study simulated a captive breeding program with white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to describe the variability in gut microbial community structure and composition during captivity and relocation in their natural habitat, and compared it to wild individuals. Mice born in captivity were fed two different diets, a control with dry standardized pellets and a treatment with nonprocessed components that reflect a version of their wild diet that could be provided in captivity. The mice from the two groups were then relocated to their natural habitat. Relocated mice that had the treatment diet had more phylotypes in common with the wild‐host microbiota than mice under the control diet or mice kept in captivity. These results have broad implications for our understanding of microbial community dynamics and the effects of captivity on reintroduced animals, including the potential impact on the survival of endangered species. This study demonstrates that ex situ conservation actions should consider a more holistic perspective of an animal's biology including its microbes.
Impact of adjunctive tolvaptan on sympathetic activity in acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Tamaki Shunsuke , Yamada Takahisa , Morita Takashi , Furukawa Yoshio , Kawasaki Masato , Kikuchi Atsushi , Kawai Tsutomu , Seo Masahiro , Abe Makoto , Nakamura Jun , Yamamoto Kyoko , Kayama Kiyomi , Kawahira Masatsugu , Tanabe Kazuya , Ueda Kunpei , Kimura Takanari , Sakamoto Daisuke , Tamura Yuto , Fujita Takeshi , Fukunami Masatake
Published: April 2020

Aims

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is generally treated by decongestion using diuretic therapy. However, the use of loop diuretics is associated with increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA). We aimed to evaluate the effect of adjunctive tolvaptan therapy on CSNA in ADHF patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Methods and results

We enrolled 51 consecutive ADHF patients with LVEF ≥45%. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either tolvaptan add‐on (n = 25) or conventional diuretic therapy (n = 26). Cardiac iodine‐123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging was performed after stabilisation of heart failure symptoms, and the cardiac MIBG heart‐to‐mediastinum ratio (HMR) and washout rate (WR) were calculated. There were no significant differences in the body weight change and total urine volume during 2 days after randomisation or in the HMR on delayed image (HMR(d)) and WR between the tolvaptan and conventional groups. After stratification based on the median change in body weight, the patients with higher weight reduction had a significantly lower HMR(d) (P = 0.0128) and tended to have a higher WR (P = 0.0786) in the conventional group, whereas the cardiac MIBG imaging results were not influenced by body weight reduction in the tolvaptan group.

Conclusions

Adjunctive tolvaptan therapy may provide rapid decongestion without a harmful effect on CSNA in ADHF patients with preserved LVEF.
Composition‐Defined Bimetallic Mo‐Pt Sub‐Nanosized Particles
Authors: Wakizaka Masanori , Muramatsu Hisanori , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: April 2020

This report describes the first example of the generation of composition‐defined bimetallic Mo‐Pt sub‐nanosized particles. UV/Vis titration experiments were carried out in order to control the mole ratio of Mo and Pt using a phenylazomethine dendrimer as a molecular template. After supporting the assemblies onto the carbon support, reductive calcination under an atmosphere of H2 afforded the samples of sub‐nanosized particles supported on the carbon (Mo4Pt8 and Mo4Pt24). The Mo‐Pt particles with sub nano‐size were confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and the size distribution (Mo4Pt8: 0.9 ± 0.2 nm; Mo4Pt24: 1.0 ± 0.2 nm) and the Mo/Pt mole ratio (Mo4Pt8: 1/1.8 ± 0.2, Mo4Pt24: 1/5.2 ± 0.4) were revealed, respectively. Moreover, it was suggested that the interactions between Mo and Pt lead increase of a thermal stability of the Mo‐Pt sub‐nanosized particles.
Diorganotin Compounds Containing α‐Aminoacidato Schiff Base Ligands Derived from Functionalized 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐(aryldiazenyl)benzaldehyde. Syntheses, Structures and Sensing of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Basu Baul Tushar S. , Chaurasiya Anurag , Rabha Monosh , Khatua Snehadrinarayan , Lyčka Antonin , Schollmeyer Dieter , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: April 2020

Three novel bicycloazastannoxides, namely, [nBu2Sn(L1)] (1), [nBu2Sn(L2)] (2) and [Bz2Sn(L3)] (3) were synthesized in one pot procedures by reacting diorganotin(IV) precursors with a mixture composed of an α‐amino acid with either (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐((4‐nitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde or (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐(phenyldiazenyl)benzaldehyde. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveal that compound 1 is monomeric, compound 2 consists of both a monomer and a dimer, while compound 3 is a coordination polymer for which two modifications 3A and 3B were identified. The 119Sn NMR chemical shifts measured in CDCl3 solutions indicate five‐coordinate tin atoms for 1–3. Further, compounds 1 and 2 were found to be highly selective for sensing hydrogen sulfide in UV/Vis channel in CH3CN/H2O (9:1) media. The development of orange red color is likely the results of a Brønsted‐type acid‐base reaction of H2S with compounds 1 and 2, respectively, giving di‐n‐butyltin sulfide and the corresponding pro‐ligands H2L1 and H2L2, respectively. Theoretical calculations accompany the experimental work.
Brain‐responsive neurostimulation treatment in patients with GAD65 antibody–associated autoimmune mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Feyissa Anteneh M , Mirro Emily A. , Wabulya Angela , Tatum William O. , Wilmer‐Fierro Kaitlyn E. , Won Shin Hae
Published: April 2020

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65‐kilodalton isoform (GAD65) antibodies have been associated with multiple nonneurological and neurological syndromes including autoimmune epilepsy (AE). Although immunotherapy remains the cornerstone for the treatment of AE, those with GAD65 Ab‐associated AE (GAD65‐AE) remain refractory to immunotherapy and antiseizure medication (ASM). Outcomes of epilepsy surgery in this patient population have also been unsatisfactory. The role of neuromodulation therapy, particularly direct brain‐responsive neurostimulation therapy, has not been previously examined in GAD65‐AE. Here, we describe four consecutive patients with refractory GAD‐65‐associated temporal lobe epilepsy (GAD65‐TLE) receiving bilateral hippocampal RNS System treatment. The RNS System treatment was well tolerated and effective in this study cohort. Three patients had a >50% clinical seizure reduction, and one patient became clinically seizure‐free following resective surgery informed by the RNS System data with continued RNS System treatment. In all four of our patients, the long‐term ambulatory data provided by the RNS System allowed us to gain objective insights on electrographic seizure lateralization, patterns, and burden as well as guided immunotherapy and ASM optimization. Our results suggest the potential utility of the RNS System in the management of ASM intractable GAD65‐AE.
Determination of the key parameters of high‐position hard roofs for vertical‐well stratified fracturing to release strong ground pressure behavior in extra‐thick coal seam mining
Authors: Pan Chao , Xia Binwei , Yu Bin , Yu Peng , Luo Yafei , Gao Yugang
Published: April 2020

Traditional methods of controlling hard roofs have a limited scope of action and cannot effectively release the strong ground pressure behavior (SGPB) induced by high‐position hard roofs (HHRs) in extra‐thick coal seam mining (ETCSM). Thus, an innovative control technology of fracturing HHRs by vertical‐well stratified fracturing (VWSF) has been proposed. However, the key parameters of VWSF, namely fracturing horizon and fracturing thickness of HHRs, which have a significant influence on stope stability, remain uncertain. In this study, a mechanical model of the “coal wall–hydraulic support–gangue” support system is established by considering the effective loading acting on HHRs, through which modified expressions for the periodic breaking span and impact kinetic energy of the stope are deduced. Based on the self‐bearing of bulking rocks, the stability principle of the surrounding rock, and energy dissipation theories, the criteria for determining the fracturing horizon and thickness of the HHR are obtained. Next, a numerical model of ETCSM, which accounts for the supporting effect of gangue, is constructed in FLAC3D. The support load and energy released by stratum breakage are determined through modeling under various hard roof parameters, thus verifying the correctness of the determination criteria. The results show that the energy released by a hard roof, average support load, and critical support load are positively correlated with thickness, and first increase before declining with respect to an increase in the fracturing horizon. The key parameters for a real coal mine are obtained by theoretical calculations and numerical simulations. A field application demonstrates that the support load and advance roadway deformation can be decreased using the proposed parameterization. This provides theoretical support for determining the key parameters of HHRs for VWSF and facilitates the widespread application of VWSF technology in HHR control.
Quantum identity authentication protocol based on three‐photon quantum error avoidance code in edge computing
Authors: Qu Zhiguo , Liu Xinzhu , Wu Shengyao
Published: April 2020

Information security protection is always one of very significant and fundamental issues in edge computing, generally including cryptography, authentication, intrusion detection, privacy protection, and other technologies, and so forth. Quantum authentication is one of the latest extensions of authentication technology in quantum field. So far, most of the quantum identity authentication protocols proposed are based on noise‐free environments. However, due to the existence of quantum noise in quantum channels is inevitable, the noise immunity is very important to quantum identity authentication. In this article, a novel quantum identity authentication protocol based on three‐photon error avoidance code is proposed. In this protocol, quantum information is encoded on the noiseless subsystem, so the protocol can effectively resist on the interference of noise in the quantum channel to information transmission. The comprehensive analysis of antinoise performance and the security analysis on various eavesdropping attacks shows that the new protocol proposed in this article has not only good antinoise performance but also good security.
α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity of fragrant black rice (Thai coloured rice)
Authors: Sansenya Sompong , Nanok Kesinee
Published: April 2020

Coloured rice is the source of bioactive compounds related to medicinal treatment. This study aimed to investigate α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of purified coloured rice extract (Thai fragrant black rice). The results reveal that seven purified fractions; rice fractions 1‐7 (RF1‐RF7) contained several phytochemical compounds especially flavonoids, which were presented in all purified fractions. The percentage inhibition on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase of fractions RF1, RF2, RF4, RF5 and RF6 had higher potential than acarbose. RF4, RF5 and RF6 contained the highest inhibition potential, which further determined the IC50 values, kinetic analysis and antioxidant properties. The IC50 values of all three fractions indicated that the inhibition potential of purified fraction had higher potential than acarbose, and the highest inhibition potential for both enzymes was obtained from fraction RF5. The kinetic analysis of the three fractions indicated that they are against both enzymes' function in mixed‐type inhibition. Moreover, all three fractions also showed good antioxidant activity, and the highest potential was obtained from fraction RF6. This study presents the inhibition efficiency of fragrant black rice extract on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase enzymes. The inhibitory activity of rice extract on both enzymes had higher potent than commercial standard drug acarbose. Moreover, the rice extract also shown the high‐efficiency antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. We suggest the application of these results in the development of anti‐diabetes drug for pharmaceutical industry.
BIM‐Anwendungsfall (AwF) Abrechnung‐Vortrieb am Beispiel des Zentrums am Berg
Authors: Wenighofer Robert , Waldhart Johannes , Eder Nina , Zach Katharina
Published: April 2020

BIM modelling of infrastructure works is controlled by a global market consisting of few software suppliers and is contingent upon the functions provided by them. Customization options furnished by the software suppliers often enable enhancement of functions, which is essential for infrastructure BIM although not completely available. This enables improved interoperability of the software tools used in this area. IFC is most likely to become an established international format for data exchange with its constant but also intricate further development. However, in underground infrastructure construction, both international and national standards are used and the integration of the latter in IFC cannot be anticipated. Hence, the implementation of BIM has to apply national standards in the use cases of collaborative data exchange among the different disciplines in tunnelling. In this contribution, the use case of payment of excavation classes and its implementation in a BIM environment are addressed. It discusses the interoperable interlinkage of software tools commonly used in construction to generate consistent digital data transfer and it underscores the need for an interdisciplinary agreement to integrate national standards into adequate practice for the implementation of BIM.
Cascade degradation of organophosphorus pollutant by photoenzymatic integrated nanocatalyst
Authors: Jiang Yanjun , Guan Sumin , Zhang Ying , Liu Guanhua , Zheng Xiaobing , Gao Jing
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

As visible‐light photocatalytic semiconductors, BiOBr‐based catalysts have a promising application prospect for the degradation of dyes and pollutants in wastewater. Enzyme catalysis has become a promising technology in the degradation of organophosphorus pollutants due to excellent activity and specificity. Herein, a photoenzymatic integrated nanocatalyst of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) immobilized on BiOBr (OPH@BiOBr) was successfully synthesized for the cascade degradation of methyl parathion under visible light.

RESULTS

The obtained OPH@BiOBr could degrade methyl parathion into para‐nitrophenol (p‐NP) by hydrolyzing the PS bond using OPH, and then converting the produced p‐NP into a less toxic substance through photocatalysis of BiOBr. After 3 h of reaction, methyl parathion was degraded into hydroquinone and nearly 80% of the produced p‐NP was further degraded at the same time. The OPH@BiOBr nanocatalyst could be recycled five times and still retained 83% of its initial activity.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel photoenzymatic integrated nanocatalyst was developed for cascade degradation of methyl parathion under visible light. This represents the first attempt at eliminating pesticide residues by combining enzyme with photocatalyst through a cascade reaction. Considering the fact that wastewater may have pesticide residues, photoenzymatic integrated catalysts will be useful for the degradation of pollutants. The unique flower‐like structure of the nanocatalyst could not only improve photocatalytic activity but also protect enzyme molecules so as to complete the cascade degradation. In addition, with the development of enzyme engineering and photocatalysis, the integrated nanocatalysts that combine photocatalyst with enzyme will have more and more application in the fields of energy and the environment. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Forecasts of ENSO evolution using spatial–temporal projection model
Authors: Pan Xiao , Zhu Zhiwei , Li Tim
Published: April 2020

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction is one of the most debated and challenging tasks, whilst its real‐time operational prediction skill still has room for improvement. In this study, spatial–temporal projection model is applied to predict Niño3.4 index at lead time of one to six months. By regressing variable fields onto Niño3.4 index month by month, physical‐based predictability sources, that is, the mixed‐layer oceanic temperature, sea surface temperature, thermocline depth, and accumulated westerly‐wind‐events index over the specific regions are detected as the predictors. Based on the temporal evolution of coupled modes of predictors and Niño3.4 index, the Niño3.4 index from JAS (July, August, and September) to DJF (December, January, and February) can be predicted once a year. The model could nicely reproduce the evolution of Niño3.4 index from JAS to DJF. It also achieved high prediction skills for the year‐to‐year DJF Niño3.4 index, with a root‐mean‐square error of 0.46 in the training period (1950–2000) and 0.52 in the independent‐forecast period (2001–2016). Further investigation shows that the forecast is more reliable when the forecasted ENSO amplitude is much larger.
Covalently bonded aptamer‐functionalised magnetic mesoporous carbon for high‐efficiency chloramphenicol detection
Authors: Zhang Qianchun , Zhou Qingqing , Yang Lu , Wang Xingyi , Zheng Yuguo , Bao Linchun
Published: April 2020

A novel aptamer‐modified magnetic mesoporous carbon was prepared to develop a specific and sensitive magnetic solid‐phase extraction method through combination with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis chloramphenicol in complex samples. More specifically, the chloramphenicol aptamer‐modified Mg/Al layered double hydroxide magnetic mesoporous carbon was employed as a novel magnetic solid‐phase extraction sorbent for analyte enrichment and sample clean‐up. The extraction solvent, extraction time, desorption solvent, and desorption time were investigated. It was found that the mesoporous structure and aptamer‐based affinity interactions resulted in acceptable selective recognition and a good chemical stability toward trace amounts of chloramphenicol. Upon combination with the ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry technique, a specific and sensitive recognition method was developed with a low limit of detection (0.94 pmol/L, S/N = 3) for chloramphenicol analysis. The developed method was successfully employed for the determination of chloramphenicol in complex serum, milk powders, fish and chicken samples, giving recoveries of 87.0‐107% with relative standard deviations of 3.1‐9.7%.
Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID‐19 Patients
Authors: Vaira Luigi A. , Salzano Giovanni , Deiana Giovanna , De Riu Giacomo
Published: April 2020

In a not negligible number of patients affected by COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019), especially if paucisymptomatic, anosmia and ageusia can represent the first or only symptomatology present. Laryngoscope, 130:1787–1787, 2020
Metabolomic‐Based Approach to Identify Biomarkers of Apple Intake
Authors: McNamara Aoife E. , Collins Cassandra , Harsha Pedapati S. C. Sri , González‐Peña Diana , Gibbons Helena , McNulty Breige A. , Nugent Anne P , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Brennan Lorraine
Published: April 2020

Scope

There is an increased interest in developing biomarkers of food intake to address some of the limitations associated with self‐reported data. The objective is to identify biomarkers of apple intake, examine dose–response relationships, and agreement with self‐reported data.

Methods and results

Metabolomic data from three studies are examined: an acute intervention, a short‐term intervention, and a free‐living cohort study. Fasting and postprandial urine samples are collected for analysis by 1H‐NMR and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Calibration curves are developed to determine apple intake and classify individuals into categories of intake. Multivariate analysis of data reveals that levels of multiple metabolites increase significantly post‐apple consumption, compared to the control food—broccoli. In the dose‐response study, urinary xylose, epicatechin sulfate, and 2,6‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1‐benzopyran increase as apple intake increases. Urinary xylose concentrations in a free‐living cohort perform poorly at an individual level but are capable of ranking individuals in categories of intake.

Conclusion

Urinary xylose exhibits a dose–response relationship with apple intake and performs well as a ranking biomarker in the population study. Other potential biomarkers are identified and future work will combine these with xylose in a biomarker panel which may allow for a more objective determination of individual intake.
Learning osteoarthritis imaging biomarkers from bone surface spherical encoding
Authors: Morales Martinez Alejandro , Caliva Francesco , Flament Io , Liu Felix , Lee Jinhee , Cao Peng , Shah Rutwik , Majumdar Sharmila , Pedoia Valentina
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To learn bone shape features from spherical bone map of knee MRI images using established convolutional neural networks (CNN) and use these features to diagnose and predict osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A bone segmentation model was trained on 25 manually annotated 3D MRI volumes to segment the femur, tibia, and patella from 47 078 3D MRI volumes. Each bone segmentation was converted to a 3D point cloud and transformed into spherical coordinates. Different fusion strategies were performed to merge spherical maps obtained by each bone. A total of 41 822 merged spherical maps with corresponding Kellgren‐Lawrence grades for radiographic OA were used to train a CNN classifier model to diagnose OA using bone shape learned features. Several OA Diagnosis models were tested and the weights for each trained model were transferred to the OA Incidence models. The OA incidence task consisted of predicting OA from a healthy scan within a range of eight time points, from 1 y to 8 y. The validation performance was compared and the test set performance was reported.

Results

The OA Diagnosis model had an area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) of 0.905 on the test set with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.815 and 0.839. The OA Incidence models had an AUC ranging from 0.841 to 0.646 on the test set for the range from 1 y to 8 y.

Conclusion

Bone shape was successfully used as a predictive imaging biomarker for OA. This approach is novel in the field of deep learning applications for musculoskeletal imaging and can be expanded to other OA biomarkers.
Venous cerebral blood volume mapping in the whole brain using venous‐spin‐labeled 3D turbo spin echo
Authors: Lee Hyunyeol , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Venous cerebral blood volume (CBVv) is a major contributor to BOLD contrast, and therefore is an important parameter for understanding the underlying mechanism. Here, we propose a velocity‐selective venous spin labeling (VS‐VSL)‐prepared 3D turbo spin echo pulse sequence for whole‐brain baseline CBVv mapping.

Methods

Unlike previous CBVv measurement techniques that exploit the interrelationship between BOLD signals and CBVv, in the proposed VS‐VSL technique both arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signals were suppressed before the VS pulse train for exclusive labeling of venous blood, while a single‐slab 3D turbo spin echo readout was used because of its relative immunity to magnetic field variations. Furthermore, two approximations were made to the VS‐VSL signal model for simplified derivation of CBVv. In vivo studies were performed at 3T field strength in 8 healthy subjects. The performance of the proposed VS‐VSL method in baseline CBVv estimation was first evaluated in comparison to the existing, hyperoxia‐based method. Then, data were also acquired using VS‐VSL under hypercapnic and hyperoxic gas breathing challenges for further validation of the technique.

Results

The proposed technique yielded physiologically plausible baseline CBVv values, and when compared with the hyperoxia‐based method, showed no statistical difference. Furthermore, data acquired using VS‐VSL yielded average CBVv of 2.89%/1.78%, 3.71%/2.29%, and 2.88%/1.76% for baseline, hypercapnia, and hyperoxia, respectively, in gray/white matter regions. As expected, hyperoxia had negligible effect (P > .8), whereas hypercapnia demonstrated vasodilation (P << .01).

Conclusion

Upon further validation of the quantification model, the method is expected to have merit for 3D CBVv measurements across the entire brain.
Consumer well‐being through engagement and innovation in higher education: A conceptual model and research propositions
Authors: Ogunmokun Oluwatobi A. , Unverdi‐Creig Gunce I. , Said Hamad , Avci Turgay , Eluwole Kayode K.
Published: April 2020

With globalization and the marketization of higher education, the relationship between higher education institutions (HEIs) and students is becoming more complex. As the cost of higher education increases, the expectations of students have not only changed dramatically but, combined with heightened competition in the market, it is clear that the balance of power has moved towards the students. Operating across this new landscape, HEIs are facing a different set of opportunities and challenges. In order to survive, differentiation through service innovation is imperative to achieving success in attracting and retaining students. While this has been voiced by a number of authors, until now, there is a paucity of empirical research examining the impact of service innovation in higher education on individual customer outcomes. This paper explores the links between service innovation and well‐being and the mediating roles of perceived service quality and customer engagement within the higher education context. The research is timely as previous studies have not taken into consideration the mediating roles of customer engagement between service innovation and customer well‐being. Yet, unless customers are engaged and participating in the service innovation process, or satisfied with the service innovation, the innovation may not lead to the desired customer outcomes. HEIs cannot afford to ignore the expectations of their primary customers (students). Hence, this conceptual paper seeks to develop a conceptual model of how service innovation leads to student/consumer well‐being and the mechanism through which perceived service quality and customer engagements affects this process.
Consolidation of Indian PSU banks and the way forward
Authors: Jasrotia Sahil Singh , Agarwal Tarun
Published: April 2020

The increasing non‐performing assets (NPAs) and to meet the higher funding needs, India witnessed the biggest consolidation in public sector banks. In India the surging NPAs is long witnessed concern and major economic reforms were initiated in Indian banking to curb the issue. The recent merger has brought in a major policy concern with this consolidation which is availability of loans to smaller businesses. The paper analyses the impact of banks consolidation on Indian economy by considering both positive as well as negative aspects of banks mergers. The paper also presents the history of Indian banking and recommending a way forward.
FHITlow/pHER2high signature in non‐small cell lung cancer is predictive of anti‐HER2 molecule efficacy
Authors: Da Silva Jordan , Jouida Amina , Ancel Julien , Dalstein Véronique , Routhier Julie , Delepine Gonzague , Cutrona Jérôme , Jonquet Antoine , Dewolf Maxime , Birembaut Philippe , Deslée Gaëtan , Polette Myriam , Nawrocki‐Raby Béatrice
Published: April 2020

Despite its efficacy in solid tumours, in particular HER2+ breast cancer, HER2‐targeted therapy has given rise to disappointing results in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With the aim of refining the target population for anti‐HER2 therapies in NSCLC, we investigated the relationships between HER2 and the tumour suppressor fragile histidine triad (FHIT) in lung tumour cells. First, we observed a negative correlation between FHIT expression and the activated form of HER2 (pHER2) in NSCLC samples and in lung tumour cell lines. Moreover, the silencing or overexpression of FHIT in lung cell lines led to an increase or decrease of HER2 activity, respectively. We also demonstrated that two anti‐HER2 drugs, irbinitinib and trastuzumab, restore a more epithelial phenotype and counteract cell invasiveness and growth of FHIT‐silenced tumour cell lines. Finally, we showed that the FHITlow/pHER2high phenotype predicts sensitivity to an anti‐HER2 therapy in primary tumour cells from NSCLC patients. Our results show that FHIT regulates the activity of HER2 in lung tumour cells and that FHIT‐inactivated tumour cells are sensitive to HER2 inhibitors. A new subclass of patients with NSCLC may be eligible for an anti‐HER2 therapy. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A behavioral economics‐based telehealth intervention to improve aspirin adherence following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Riegel Barbara , Stephens‐Shields Alisa , Jaskowiak‐Barr Anne , Daus Marguerite , Kimmel Stephen E.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

A significant number of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are nonadherent to aspirin after hospital discharge, with an associated increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy of a telehealth intervention based on behavioral economics to improve aspirin adherence following hospitalization for ACS.

Methods

We enrolled 130 participants (c¯X = 58 ± 10.7 years of age, 38% female, 45% black) from two hospitals. Patients were eligible if they owned a smartphone and were admitted to the hospital for ACS, prescribed aspirin at discharge, and responsible for administering their own medications. Consenting participants were randomized to the intervention or usual care group. The intervention group was eligible to receive up to $50 per month if they took their medicine daily, with $2 per day deducted if a dose was missed. All participants received an electronic monitoring (EM) pill bottle containing a 90‐day supply of aspirin, which was used to measure adherence calculated as the proportion of prescribed drug taken using the EM device. Based on the skewness in the adherence distribution, quantile regression was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on median adherence over time.

Results

After 90 days, adherence fell in the control group but remained high in the intervention group (median adherence 81% vs 90%, P = .18). Rehospitalization was higher in the control group (24% vs 13%, P = .17).

Conclusion

A loss aversion behavioral economics‐based telehealth intervention is a promising approach to improving aspirin adherence following hospitalization for ACS.
Phase‐selective micro‐structural effects on rheological‐networks, segmental relaxation, and electrical conductivity behavior of melt‐mixed polyamide‐12/polypropylene‐multi walled carbon nanotubes ternary nanocomposites
Authors: Sethy Sucharita , Samantara Laxmi , Satapathy Bhabani K.
Published: April 2020

Morphological interpretations and their correlation with biphasic rheological networks and subsequent segmental relaxation, and electrical conductivity were comprehensively addressed for polyamide‐12/polypropylene‐multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (PA‐12/PP/MWNT) based ternary nanocomposites fabricated by melt mixing route. The partial migration of MWNT from PP to PA‐12 phase is evident from the spreading coefficient estimations based on interfacial dynamics and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Melt rheology measurements based on scaling parameters associated with various viscosity models such as, Cross model, Carreau‐Yasuda model, and Berzin model indicated systematic variation in network rigidity that is in tune with dispersion‐selective nano‐morphology of the nanocomposites. The phase inversion was attained for composition in the range of 50 to 60 wt% of PP‐MWNT content as indicated by Han plot and van‐Gurp Palmen plots which is in direct correspondence to dispersed‐phase‐volume‐fraction range of ~0.3‐0.36. Broadening of loss‐peaks vis‐a‐vis enhanced storage moduli in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) signifies the reduced mobility (of polyamide chains) and hence the enhanced stiffness. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites post‐annealing decreased at temperatures above 100°C demonstrating the temperature‐sensitive morphology disruption (of the conductive PP‐MWNT channels) in the nanocomposites.
Enhanced foamability of isotactic polypropylene/polypropylene‐grafted‐nanosilica nanocomposites in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Yuan Wenjing , Wang Feng , Gao Chong , Liu Peng , Ding Yanfen , Zhang Shimin , Yang Mingshu
Published: April 2020

Polypropylene‐grafted nanosilica (PP‐g‐SiO2) was prepared by us as a new modified nanosilica with long polymer chains and high grafting density. It was found that the addition of PP‐g‐SiO2 resulted in remarkable strain‐hardening behavior of PP. Herein, the foaming behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/PP‐g‐SiO2 nanocomposites was investigated by using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a blowing agent. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of PP‐g‐SiO2 could obviously enhance the foamability of iPP. In particular, the uniform cell distribution and smaller cell size could be obtained by 1 wt% particle loading, and 5 wt% particle content showed a wider foaming temperature range and higher cell density. The noticeable enhancement in the foamability of iPP was attributed to the reinforced melt strength, high melt elasticity and the increased heterogeneous nucleation caused by well dispersed and long polypropylene chains grafted SiO2. These findings provide new insights to improve the foaming ability of iPP with incorporation of modified nanoparticles.
Facilitators and barriers to African American high school students' self‐determination skill expression
Authors: Parker Janise S. , Amabile Avery , Oliver Emily , Garnes Jasmine , Sarathy Ashwini
Published: April 2020

We conducted four focus group interviews with 24 high school youth to examine facilitators and barriers to African American high school students' expression of various self‐determination skills (e.g., choice/decision making, self‐advocacy, goal setting, and attainment etc.). The majority of our research participants were African American, with one student identifying as multiracial (African American and White). Key findings revealed that personal (e.g., desire to graduate from school) and contextual factors (e.g., school counselor and teacher support) influenced the participants' expression of multiple self‐determination skills. We also found that some of the participants' motives for utilizing or not utilizing specific skills were influenced by what they perceived as racist, punitive, and restrictive school practices (e.g., teachers holding negative perceptions about African American students and school counselors restricting their access to advanced courses). Findings from this study support ongoing calls for educators to consider students' cultural backgrounds and lived experiences when promoting their expression of self‐determination skills.