bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newton-type algorithms for inverse optimization: weighted bottleneck Hamming distance and $$\ell _\infty$$-norm objectives
Authors: Bérczi Kristóf , Mendoza-Cadena Lydia Mirabel , Varga Kitti
Published: January 2025

In inverse optimization problems, we are given a feasible solution to an underlying optimization problem, and the goal is to modify the problem parameters so that the given input solution becomes optimal. In the minimum-cost setting, the underlying optimization problem is endowed with a linear cost function, and the goal is to modify the costs by a small deviation vector so that the input solution becomes optimal. The difference between the new and the original cost functions can be measured in several ways. In this paper, we focus on two objectives: the weighted bottleneck Hamming distance and the weighted

$$\ell _{\infty }$$

ℓ
∞

-norm. We consider a general model in which the coordinates of the deviation vector are required to fall within given lower and upper bounds. For the weighted bottleneck Hamming distance objective, we present a simple, purely combinatorial algorithm that determines an optimal deviation vector in strongly polynomial time. For the weighted

$$\ell _{\infty }$$

ℓ
∞

-norm objective, we give a min-max characterization for the optimal solution, and provide a pseudo-polynomial algorithm for finding an optimal deviation vector that runs in strongly polynomial time in the case of unit weights. For both objectives, we assume that an algorithm with the same time complexity for solving the underlying combinatorial optimization problem is available.
The Implementation of Decision Aids During Medical Consultations for Lung Cancer Patients: A Focus Group Within I3LUNG Project
Authors: Sebri Valeria , Dorangricchia Patrizia , Monzani Dario , Marzorati Chiara , Grasso Roberto , Conti Lorenzo , Russo Giuseppe Lo , Provenzano Leonardo , Dumitrascu Andra Diana , Pravettoni Gabriella
Published: January 2025

Lung cancer patients generally receive several information regarding their illness characteristics and available intervention. Therefore, patients can experience confusion, leading to anxiety and distress that might damage the relationship with physicians and treatment adherence. Literature showed that implementing decision aid tools during consultation can promote patients’ knowledge and awareness about lung cancer and available oncological intervention, improving a shared decision-making process. However, not all lung cancer patients always appreciate decision aids’ implementation. The present qualitative study explored patients’ opinions and preferences regarding the implementation of decision aids during medical consultation. Twenty-two lung cancer patients who have already attended medical consultations for lung cancer voluntarily participated in four online focus groups carried out between January 2023 and December 2024. A thematic analysis with a bottom-up approach highlighted three main themes: the typology and number of information that patients would have received, the relevance of patient-and-doctor relationship, and the effects of providing additional decision-making tools on patients’ emotions and preferences. Findings showed controversial opinions among patients, highlighting the relevance of personalized intervention tailored to patients’ preferences. Practical implications are given.
Combining untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals principal differences between osteopenia, Osteoporosis and healthy controls
Authors: Tan Bing , Cheng Yan , Li Junfeng , Zheng Yuhao , Xiao Cong , Guo Haoning , Wang Bing , Ouyang Jianyuan , Wang Wenmin , Wang Jisheng
Published: January 2025

Background

Osteopenia (ON) and osteoporosis (OP) are highly prevalent among postmenopausal women and poses a challenge for early diagnosis. Therefore, identifying reliable biomarkers for early prediction using metabolomics is critically important.

Methods

Initially, non-targeted metabolomics was employed to identify differential metabolites in plasma samples from cohort 1, which included healthy controls (HC, n = 23), osteonecrosis (ON, n = 36), and osteoporosis (OP, n = 37). Subsequently, we performed targeted metabolomic validation of 37 amino acids and their derivatives in plasma samples from cohort 2, consisting of healthy controls (HC, n = 10), osteonecrosis (ON, n = 10), and osteoporosis (OP, n = 10).

Results

The non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in differential metabolites with the progression of the disease, showing abnormalities in lipid and organic acid metabolism in ON and OP patients. Several substances were found to correlate positively or negatively with bone mineral density (BMD), for example, N-undecanoylglycine, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylinositols exhibited positive correlations with BMD, while acetic acid, phenylalanine, taurine, inosine, and pyruvic acid showed negative correlations with BMD. Subsequently, targeted validation of 37 amino acids and their metabolites revealed six amino acids related to ON and OP.

Conclusion

Significant metabolomic features were identified between HC and patients with ON/OP, with multiple metabolites correlating positively or negatively with BMD. Integrating both targeted and non-targeted metabolomic results suggests that lipid, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism may represent important metabolomic characteristics of patients with OP, offering new insights into the development of metabolomic applications in OP.
Leaching of Colloidal Phosphorus from Organic Layers and Mineral Topsoils of German Beech Forests in Response to Drought and Nutrient Inputs
Authors: Missong Anna , Fetzer Jasmin , Bol Roland , Hagedorn Frank , Winkler Pauline , Wang Liming , Kaiser Klaus , Klumpp Erwin , Siemens Jan
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to clarify the relevance of colloidal phosphorus (Pcoll) to total P (TP) leaching and its link to dissolved organic P (DOP) leaching in forest topsoils under field conditions. Effects of heavy rainfall after a drought and the influence of P and N inputs to forest soils on Pcoll leaching from the topsoil were assessed to better understand the causes of Pcoll leaching.

Methods

We carried out an irrigation experiment with zero-tension lysimeters collecting leachate from the organic forest floor layers and mineral topsoils of a sandy, low-P and a loamy, high-P soil.

Results

The contribution of Pcoll to TP concentrations was on average around 10±14% irrespective of sampling date, season and soil. The highest Pcoll concentrations were recorded upon irrigation after a summer dry period with the increase in concentrations being most pronounced for the 20–70 nm size fraction with low median C:P ratios (29 to 31) typical for microbial residues. Significant relationships between Pcoll and DOP concentrations suggested that 27% (low P soil) and 17% (high P soil) of DOP were of colloidal nature. Independent of the soil P stock, the addition of P and P + N affected neither Pcoll concentrations nor their share of TP significantly.

Conclusion

While Pcoll hardly affected the overall estimates of beech forest P budgets, it provides important further insights into processes governing the mobilization, transport, and cycling of P in forest ecosystems.
Mass extinctions and their rebounds: a macroevolutionary framework
Authors: Jablonski David , Edie Stewart M.
Published: January 2025

Mass extinctions are natural experiments on the short- and long-term consequences of pushing biotas past breaking points, often with lasting effects on the structure and function of biodiversity. General properties of mass extinctions—exceptionally severe, taxonomically broad, global losses of taxa—are starting to come into focus through comparisons among dimensions of biodiversity, including morphological, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Notably, functional diversity tends to persist despite severe losses of taxonomic diversity, whereas taxic and morphological losses may or may not be coupled. One of the biggest challenges in synthesizing and extracting general consequences of these events has been that they are often driven by multiple, interacting pressures, and the taxa and their traits vary among events, making it difficult to link single stressors to specific traits. Ongoing improvements in the taxonomic and stratigraphic resolution of these events for multiple clades will sharpen tests for selectivity and help to isolate hitchhiking effects, whereby organismal traits are carried by differential survival or extinction of taxa owing to other organismal or higher-level attributes, such as geographic-range size. Direct comparative analyses across multiple extinction events will also clarify the impacts of particular drivers on taxa, functional traits, and morphologies. It is not just the extinction filter that deserves attention, as the longer-term impact of extinctions derives in part from their ensuing rebounds. More work is needed to uncover the biotic and abiotic circumstances that spur some clades into re-diversification while relegating others to marginal shares of biodiversity. Combined insights from mass extinction filters and their rebounds bring a macroevolutionary view to approaching the biodiversity crisis in the Anthropocene, helping to pinpoint the clades, functional groups, and morphologies most vulnerable to extinction and failed rebounds.
From organisms to biodiversity: the ecology of the Ediacaran/Cambrian transition
Authors: Mitchell Emily G. , Pates Stephen
Published: January 2025

The Ediacaran/Cambrian transition (ECT; ~575–500 Ma) captures the early diversification of animals, including the oldest crown-group taxa of most major animal phyla alive today. Key to understanding the drivers underneath the ECT macroevolutionary patterns are the interactions of animals with one another and their environment, and how these interactions scale up to global diversity patterns. Understanding the ecology of ECT organisms is enabled by the abundance of Lagerstätten over this time period, with a relatively large proportion of soft-bodied organisms preserved, often within the communities in which they lived. Here, we review our understanding of organismal, community, and macroecology of the ECT, and how these different scales of ecological analyses relate to the macroevolutionary diversification patterns we see over this 75 Myr time period. Across all ecological scales, we find clear trends, starting with stochastic ecosystem dynamics dominated by generalist taxa in the first Ediacaran communities, to more structured, niche-driven specialist dynamics by Cambrian Epoch 2. These trends are reflected in organism functional morphology, the complexity and strength of organisms’ interactions within their communities, and large-scale metacommunity, biogeographic, and biodiversity patterns. Yet there is often a time delay between the origination of a new type of ecological interaction and when it is observed to impact the ecosystem as a whole. As such, while many modern ecological innovations were in place by the end of the Cambrian, the knock-on effects and complexity of these interactions continued to build up throughout the Phanerozoic, leading to the complex biosphere we have today.
Angle and Polarization Insensitive RCS Reduction Metasurface Based on Hybrid Mechanism of Polarization Conversion and Absorption
Authors: Zhao H. J. , Dai X. Y. , Chu H. , Zhu X. H. , Guo Y. X.
Published: January 2025

This article introduces the concept, theory, and design of an angle and polarization insensitive radar cross section (RCS) reduction metasurface, using a hybrid mechanism of polarization conversion and absorption. By introducing ladder‐ and rectangle‐shaped metallic patches in the vertical dimension of a 3‐D structure, polarization conversion rate (PCR) deterioration, brought by the increase of equivalent substrate thickness at oblique incidences, can be suppressed. Furthermore, lumped resistors are loaded at proper places in each polarization conversion cell, to achieve the power absorption while maintain the angular insensitivity of the PCR. With the above hybrid mechanism, a stable 10‐dB RCS reduction can be achieved regardless of the angle of incidence in a wide range and polarization directions. An equivalent circuit model is established for explaining the physical mechanism of the proposed metasurface. For validation, a prototype is fabricated and tested. Measurement results indicate that, for both monostatic RCS at the normal incidence and specular RCS of off‐normal incidences from 0° to 45°, a 10‐dB TE‐ and TM‐mode RCS reduction can be achieved in the entire X‐band (8–12 GHz) and Ku‐band (12–18 GHz).
Serum levels of Wnt5a in Egyptian women with obesity and their association with toll like receptor 2 Arg753Gln gene polymorphism in a pilot case control study of obesity as a state of metaflammation
Authors: Fouad Shaimaa H. , Eldeeb Mai , Baioumy Shereen A. , Taha Sara I. , Ibrahim Rehab Ali , Elgendy Aya , Omran Azza , Hamdy Marwa , Alharbi Raed A. , Sindi Abdulmajeed A. A. , Roman Sylvia W.
Published: January 2025

Female obesity is a worldwide health issue linked to chronic metabolic low-grade inflammation (metaflammation) causing multiple obesity-related co-morbid conditions. We aimed to assess the serum levels of wingless integration site family member 5 A (Wnt5a), leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as markers of obesity-associated metaflammation and investigate the association with toll-like receptors2 (TLR2) gene (Arg753Gln) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) among Egyptian females. The study included 60 females with obesity and 30 matched controls. Serum levels of Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α were assessed by ELISA, while TLR2 (Arg753Gln) genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP. Serum Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α showed significantly higher levels in females with obesity than controls and a significant increase with higher classes of obesity. They showed significant positive correlations with each other. Only TNF-α and leptin were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among the obesity group. According to TLR2 (Arg753Gln) SNP, the homozygous GG genotype was associated with elevated levels of Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α compared to the AA + GA model carriers. No significant differences were found in the distribution of TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs5743708) genotypes and alleles according to obesity or MetS, and the regression analysis showed no significant risk association. Serum Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α levels increase in women with obesity and the A allele of TLR2 (Arg753Gln) SNP could be protective against obesity-associated metaflammation.
A novel approach for managing the incisions of tibial plateau fractures with soft tissue swelling
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhao Yangyang , Liu Shuanggong , Yao Zihan , Jin Zikang , Ma Wanli
Published: January 2025

To investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of a novel approach to managing the incisions used to treat tibial plateau fractures (TPFs) with soft tissue swelling. We retrospectively enrolled 64 patients with TPFs who underwent surgery at the Second Hospital of Shandong University. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 32) underwent early surgery with the novel incision management technique, and Group B (n = 32) underwent conventional surgery after swelling reduction. The perioperative data of the two groups were compared, including the time from injury to surgery, one-stage operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of dressing changes, wound healing time, and hospitalization time. Preoperative and postoperative complications were assessed in both groups, and pain condition, degree of arthritis, limb function, imaging results, and quality of life were evaluated using validated scales. The time from injury to surgery, number of dressing changes, and hospitalization time in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in one-stage operation time, intraoperative blood loss, or wound healing time between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were fewer preoperative and postoperative complications in Group A than in Group B (P < 0.05). The VAS and WOMAC scores were reduced in both groups (P < 0.05); Group A had lower VAS scores two weeks after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in the WOMAC score between the groups. The modified Rasmussen functional and radiological scores were elevated in both groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the modified Rasmussen functional or radiological score at any of the time points (P > 0.05). In addition, the two groups did not differ in quality of life (P > 0.05). For patients with tibial plateau fractures without congestive blisters, open reduction and internal fixation at the early stage of swelling and wide-spacing interrupted suture and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) closure of the wound could help obtain excellent to good functional outcomes with fewer complications. This novel incision management approach and concept expands the surgical indications for these fractures.
Fabrication and mechanical properties of porous tantalum carbon composites by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Zhu Junyu , Li Wenting , Cai Hongzhong , Wang Xian , Wang Xingqiang , Zhu Wuxun , Wei Yan , Li Xuming , Zhao Xingdong , Zhang Guixue , Jiang Haohong
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the deposition of tantalum (Ta) coatings on carbon foams using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to enhance their compressive strength. Two types of open-cell carbon foams, CF-1 and CF-2, with different strut diameters, were examined. The morphology and uniformity of the coatings were characterized, and the effect of coating thickness on the compressive strength of the foams was systematically analyzed. An empirical model was proposed and successfully validated, showing that the compressive strength is proportional to the coating thickness and the square of the strut diameter. The experimental results demonstrate that considering mass transfer and reaction kinetics can significantly improve the uniformity of coatings on larger substrates. Furthermore, the Ta coatings significantly increased the compressive strength of the foams, with the relationship between compressive strength, coating thickness, and strut diameter being in good agreement with the predictions of the proposed model. The study highlights the potential of tailored metallic coatings to enhance the mechanical properties of porous materials while maintaining their lightweight characteristics, emphasizing the importance of optimizing coating parameters for large-scale applications.
Breed differences in olfactory performance of dogs
Authors: Salamon Attila , Miklósi Ádám , Zsiros László Róbert , Kovács Tímea , Kubinyi Enikő , Andics Attila , Gácsi Márta
Published: January 2025

Most studies on dogs’ olfactory performance focused only on some individuals pre-trained for a task or on specially selected/trained detection dogs. Here, using the Natural Detection Task (NDT) that does not require training, we assessed the effect of several potential factors on the performance of a large sample of dogs (N = 527/tested, 484/analysed). Olfactory success was associated with breeds, but breed groups (selected for olfaction, cooperation, or both) were proven non-relevant, suggesting that breed-specific traits are more influential than functional breed group characteristics. Border collies, selected for herding, reached higher success levels than golden retrievers, Hungarian/German vizslas and basset/bloodhounds, selected for hunting/olfaction tasks. Beagles found the hidden food quicker than border collies, basset/bloodhounds, golden retrievers, Labradors, and cocker spaniels. Dogs with higher Responsiveness to training personality scores were more successful, while higher training level linked to slower successful search. Activity/Excitability scores, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder scores, and owners’ rewarding style were not associated with performance. Overall, large within-breed/breed-group variabilities reflect complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors influencing performance. Given the complex nature of life-like detection tasks, the NDT may provide more information about dogs’ olfactory ability than on their potential effectiveness in detection work.
A novel overtone peak self-referencing fluorescent sensor based on a bipyridine-linked covalent organic framework for highly sensitive copper ion detection
Authors: Huang Tongfu , Xiong Wei , Liao Fusheng , Wei Guobing , Yin Zhaojiang , Fan Hao
Published: January 2025

This study presents a ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on TPE-Bpy-COF for Cu2+ detection. Its dual-emission mechanism and overtone peak reduce environmental interference, making it a promising tool for environmental monitoring.
Comparison of flavor components between normal and gas-producing wasabi based on HS-GC-IMS, HS-GC-MS and electronic sensory technology
Authors: Liu Xiao , Liu Ling-Xiao , Xu Qin-Guo , Hu Xiao-Jie , Liu Yun-Guo
Published: January 2025

Electronic nose analysis of normal and gas-producing wasabi samples. Electronic nose radar chart (a); PCA 2D diagram (b); PCA 3D diagram (c); LDA 2D diagram (d).
Neutral hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalysed by highly active terephthalate-based ionic liquids at low loadings
Authors: Martin Ian L. , Anderson Lee B. , McAdams Deirdre A. , Molloy Conall , Dunne Peter W. , Connon Stephen J.
Published: January 2025

A novel terephthalate-based ionic liquid catalyst is promotes highly efficient neutral hydrolysis of PET without attendant catalyst inactivation or product contamination.
Effects of ammonia on the microstructure and crystallinity of nickel-based carbonate materials
Authors: Lao Jing , Zhang Jiashen , Lu Yangcheng
Published: January 2025

The presence of ammonia is conducive to the transformation of carbonate particles from amorphous to hexagonal crystals.
Affinity descriptor of metal catalysts: concept, measurement and application of oxygen affinity in the catalytic transformation of oxygenates
Authors: Li Huixiang , Huang Zhipeng , Zhang Chaofeng , Wang Yehong , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Liang Changhui , Zhang Z. Conrad
Published: January 2025

This review highlights the fundamental principles, measurements and applications of affinity descriptors of metal catalysts in catalysis.
Catalytic H/D exchange of (hetero)arenes with early–late polyhydride heterobimetallic complexes: impact of transition metal pairs
Authors: Lachguar Abdelhak , Neumann Till , Pichugov Andrey V. , Jeanneau Erwann , Veyre Laurent , Thieuleux Chloé , Camp Clément
Published: January 2025

The H/D exchange catalytic activity in (hetero)arenes of monometallic Ir and Os polydrides is boosted when paired with hafnium in robust heterobimetallic complexes.
Mitochondria-localized dinuclear iridium(iii) complexes for two-photon photodynamic therapy
Authors: Tan Zanru , Feng Jiang , Liu Jiangping , Liu Taihong , Wu Huihui , Chao Hui
Published: January 2025

Mitochondria-localized dinuclear iridium(iii) complexes were developed for use in two-photon photodynamic therapy against melanoma.
Regulating interfacial kinetics boosts the durable A h-level zinc-ion batteries
Authors: Li Shenglong , Zhong Yunpeng , Huang Jiangtao , Lai Guojun , Li Le , Jiang Long , Xu Xieyu , Lu Bingan , Liu Yangyang , Zhou Jiang
Published: January 2025

By regulating interfacial kinetics, TG4/H2O co-solvent electrolyte promotes dense, dendrite-free Zn electrodeposition, reduces H2O-derived side reactions, and enhances cathode stability, enabling high reversibility and durability for Ah-level ZIBs.
Designing safer nanohybrids: stability and ecotoxicological assessment of graphene oxide–gold nanoparticle hybrids in embryonic zebrafish
Authors: Ibrahim Bashiru , Akere Taiwo Hassan , Dhumal Pankti , Valsami-Jones Eugenia , Chakraborty Swaroop
Published: January 2025

Stabilising graphene oxide with gold nanoparticles: enhancing suspension stability and reducing toxicity in environmental and biological media (schematic prepared using Biorender Software).
Lyophilized ash gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) juice alleviates diet-induced prediabetes in a rat model
Authors: Athira A. S. , Abhijith Balan , Sruthi P. K. , Ragavamenon Achuthan C. , Lankalapalli Ravi S. , Reshma M. V.
Published: January 2025

The study evaluated the prediabetic management potential and phytochemical composition of LAGJ. LAGJ administration in a HFD-prediabetic rat model resulted in a significant reduction in prediabetic conditions and reversed fatty liver.
Selective one-pot chemical recycling of PET waste to xylene monomers: insights into a Ru/TiO2 catalyst design and interfacial dynamics in a biphasic system
Authors: Murali Vishnu , Kim Hanbyeol , Kim Han Ung , Kim Jung Rae , Son Sang Hwan , Park Young-Kwon , Ha Jeong-Myeong , Jae Jungho
Published: January 2025

Selective depolymerization of PET into targeted xylene monomers was achieved through Ru/TiO2-mediated oil–water interfacial chemistry.
Promoting oxygen reduction reaction kinetics through manipulating electron redistribution in CoP/Cu3P@NC for aqueous/flexible Zn–air batteries
Authors: Wang Lixia , Huang Jiasui , Huang Jia , Yao Bowen , Zhou Aling , Huang Zhiyang , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Wang Bao , Yang Xiulin
Published: January 2025

Fluffy, porous CoP/Cu3P@NC was synthesized via MOF-assisted and gas-phase phosphorylation. The catalyst exhibits exceptional ORR and aqueous/flexible ZAB performance, owing to its optimized structure, high porosity and electrical conductivity.
A perspective on small molecules targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and their utility in cardiovascular diseases: exploring the structural insights for rational drug discovery and development
Authors: Bansal Nisha , Kathuria Deepika , Babu Arockia M. , Dhiman Sonia , Lakhanpal Sorabh , Prasad K. Nagendra , Kumar Roshan , Tyagi Yogita , Kumar Bhupinder , Singh Mahendra Pratap , Gaidhane Abhay M.
Published: January 2025

This review emphasizes the importance of integrating structural insights of current therapeutics with pharmacological tactics to accelerate development of new therapeutics targeting RAAS for improved and efficacious cardiovascular outcomes.
Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene/Cu-MOF composites for enhanced adsorption of methyl phenyl sulfide
Authors: Zhu Yanan , Yang Yongchang , Li Shiqiang , Zhu Chang , Qiu Zegang , Zhu Qianqian
Published: January 2025

Ti3C2Tx MXene/Cu-MOF composites with different MXene contents (3.3%, 6.7%, and 13.3%) were synthesized and showed the best equilibrium adsorption capacity of 87.4 mg g−1.
Minimally and non-invasive glucose monitoring: the road toward commercialization
Authors: Min Shunhua , Geng Haoyang , He Yuheng , Xu Tailin , Liu Qingzhou , Zhang Xueji
Published: January 2025

This review explores the evolution of glucose monitoring technologies, from invasive methods to non-invasive approaches, highlighting the advancements in glucose sensors, and discussing challenges and opportunities for future development.
Adsorption enhanced catalytic degradation of airborne formaldehyde in bifunctional composite materials
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Miao Wenjing , Xie Linhua , Li Bin , Wu Yufeng
Published: January 2025

This work focuses on the multistage synergistic degradation of HCHO in bifunctional composite materials from the perspective of adsorption enhanced catalytic degradation of HCHO.
Synthesis of a highly durable and efficient Ir-functionalized OAPS-GMA dendrimer for an all-pH hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Said Amir , Qian Binbin , Zhang Ruiqian , Yang Chunlei , Xu Ke , Chen Kunfeng , Xue Dongfeng
Published: January 2025

Ir-OAPS-GMA electrocatalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal route. The resulting Ir-OAPS-GMA demonstrated outstanding HER performance at universal pH and overall water splitting in 1 M KOH electrolyte used as cathode in a single-cell AEMWE system.
Deep Learning Accelerated High-throughput Screening of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Wenlin , Zou Yurong , Wang Xin , Chen Junxian , Xu Dingguo
Published: January 2025

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have aroused impressive interest owing to the advantages in flexibility, lightweight, non-toxicity, and transparency. However, it is not feasible to explore the gigantic chemical space purely...
Corn leaf disease recognition based on improved EfficientNet
Authors: Sun Xiaowei , Huo Hua
Published: January 2025

Maize leaf disease seriously affects maize yield, a maize leaf disease identification model with an improved lightweight network EfficientNet was proposed in this study. First, the model replaces the SENet module in the MBConv module with the CBAM module, so that the model not only focuses on the correlation between the channels but also adaptively learns the attentional weight of each spatial location. Furthermore, a multi‐scale feature fusion layer based on residual connection is introduced to extract more comprehensive and richer disease features at different scales. Finally, by introducing the double pooling method, the overall feature distribution is smoothed while highlighting the important disease features. After the three improvements, the model's recognition accuracy on the test set increased by 2.34%, 2.16%, and 0.97%, respectively, and the improved model achieved an average recognition accuracy of 98.32%, an average precision of 98.29%, and an average recall of 98.25%. The experimental results compared with other models show that the average recognition accuracy of the proposed model is 5.23%, 3.68%, 1.99%, 1.79%, and 3.2% higher than ResNet34, DenseNet121, MobileNet V2, SqueezeNet, and EfficientNet B0, respectively. Activation heat maps show that the improved model can effectively suppress background interference.
Blockchain Consensus Scheme Based on the Proof of Distributed Deep Learning Work
Authors: Zhi Hui , Wu HongCheng , Huang Yu , Tian ChangLin , Wang SuZhen
Published: January 2025

With the development of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology, the training of deep learning models needs large computing resources. Meanwhile, the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism in blockchain systems often leads to the wastage of computing resources. This article combines distributed deep learning (DDL) with blockchain technology and proposes a blockchain consensus scheme based on the proof of distributed deep learning work (BCDDL) to reduce the waste of computing resources in blockchain. BCDDL treats DDL training as a mining task and allocates different training data to different nodes based on their computing power to improve the utilization rate of computing resources. In order to balance the demand and supply of computing resources and incentivize nodes to participate in training tasks and consensus, a dynamic incentive mechanism based on task size and computing resources (DIM‐TSCR) is proposed. In addition, in order to reduce the impact of malicious nodes on the accuracy of the global model, a model aggregation algorithm based on training data size and model accuracy (MAA‐TM) is designed. Experiments demonstrate that BCDDL can significantly increase the utilization rate of computing resources and diminish the impact of malicious nodes on the accuracy of the global model.
The Impact of the Environmental Situation on the Landscapes of the Caspian Sea Coast's Azerbaijan
Authors: Humbatova Shafiqa , Abbasova Gunay , Humbatov Mahmud
Published: January 2025

Coastal transformation as a result of hydrodynamic factors and sea level changes has a significant impact on ecosystems, economic infrastructure and coastal population. [3] Rapid changes in the Caspian Sea level have created unstable conditions for the coastal environment since the 20th century. The aim of this study is to study the impact of pollution on the ecosystem, infrastructure of adjacent areas, natural tourism resources, people, landscape transformations of the Azerbaijani Caspian Sea coast, as well as to assess the magnitude of coastline displacement and morphological changes.
Feasibility of Hydrogen Energy for High-Power Aerospace Applications: A Comprehensive Assessment
Authors: Cai Zhenglin
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen energy offers a clean, versatile, and renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, playing a crucial role in global decarbonization efforts. This paper assesses the feasibility of hydrogen energy for high-power applications in aerospace, highlighting its potential to reduce environmental pollution and enhance the energy supply. The study evaluates hydrogen turbofan engines, hydrogen fuel cell powertrains, and hydrogen fuel cell electric fan engines, demonstrating improvements in range and load capacity compared to conventional fuels. Additionally, the technical viability of hydrogen storage and distribution infrastructure, such as cryogenic storage, lightweight tank materials, and hydrogen fuel cell technology, is explored. The analysis focuses on fuel efficiency gains, emission reductions, and the integration of hydrogen-powered aircraft into current systems. Considerations include structural design, aerodynamic characteristics, weight distribution, refueling infrastructure, and regulatory compliance. This comprehensive evaluation underscores the significant potential of hydrogen energy in advancing the aerospace industry and contributing to global Sustainable Development Goals.
Research on Current Solid Mass Energy Storage (SGES)
Authors: Su Yichen
Published: January 2025

With the increasing environmental challenge posed by fossil fuel combustion, there has been a significant effort to develop alternative energy sources. In addition, hydropower, once considered as a perfect solution, has recently faced the criticism of deteriorating downstream aquatic habitat. As a result, energy sources that are susceptible to the environment, such as wind or solar, have become some of the few available options. This is accompanied by a raised demand on reliable and efficient energy storage technology. This paper examines solid mass energy storage (SGES), a newly developed energy storage technology by converting excess electricity into gravitational potential energy. The paper also lists out some of its most popular variation and relevant quantitative analysis. With a simple and straightforward mechanism, SGES has the potential to be furtherly improved and popularized for a wider range of application. However, as a newly developed concept, there are very few applicated cases of SGES. This causes a shortage in operational data and analysis on aspects such as facility lifespan, giving out a future research direction in this field.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of unilocular radiolucent images of the jawbone: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Zaghden Olfa , Debré Timothé , Nguyen Thien Huong , Duong Lucas , Ferré François
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a recent and non-irradiating imaging technique allowing an optimal analysis of soft tissues. The goal of this review was to investigate the contribution of MRI in differentiating benign lesions of the jawbone presenting with the same appearance (radiolucent image) on panoramic radiograph, CT scan, or Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A literature review was performed on Medline and Embase. The MeSH keyword indexing language was used. The following keywords have been used. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) AND ((odontogenic tumors) OR (ameloblastoma) OR (Cementoma) OR (odontogenic cyst, calcifying) OR (odontogenic tumor, squamous) OR (Odontoma) OR (Odontogenic cysts) OR (Basal cell nevus syndrome) OR (dentigerous cyst) OR (Odontogenic cyst, Calcifying) OR (Periodontal cyst)). This review was completed by a manual search in the bibliography of the selected articles. Results: A total of 220 articles were identified. After applying the non-inclusion criteria, 35 articles were retained for reading. After reading, 24 articles were included in data synthesis. MRI sequences including T1 weighted (T1w), T2 weighted (T2w) postcontrast T1 weighted with fat saturation (T1wFS+C) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) may allow the operator to differentiate a cystic process from a tumor process. MRI can identify dentigerous cysts (DCs), inflammatory cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (OKs), or other unusual lesions, such as ameloblastoma (AB). A list of diagnostic criteria can therefore allow a more detailed analysis compared to CT or CBCT and establish a more accurate presumptive diagnosis. Discussion: MRI can allow a more precise orientation compared to CT scan analysis. The signal homogeneity on T1w and T2w, the postcontrast enhancement and the apparent diffusion coefficient are the three main parameters to be studied in order to make an accurate presumptive diagnosis. Conclusion: Based on this review, it can be concluded that the inclusion of MRI in the diagnosis process for unilocular radiolucent jaw lesions is beneficial for distinguishing between cystic and tumor process.
Real-time motion trajectory training and prediction using reservoir computing for intelligent sensing equipment
Authors: Mao Yuru , Jing Ning , Guo Yongjie
Published: January 2025

Real-time moving target trajectory prediction is highly valuable in applications such as automatic driving, target tracking, and motion prediction. This paper examines the projection of three-dimensional random motion of an object in space onto a sensing plane as an illustrative example. Historical running trajectory data are used to train a reserve network. The trained network model is subsequently used to predict future trajectories. In the experiment, a network model trained on 20 000 frames of random running trajectory data was used to predict trajectories for 1–20 future frames, and 5000 frames were used for testing. The results showed prediction errors for 80% of the predictions of less than 0.01%, 0.8%, and 4% for 1, 10, and 20 future frames, respectively.
Petawatt half-cycle zeptosecond pulse emission in coherent bremsstrahlung regime
Authors: Chen Ze , Wang Yunliang , Li Chengkai , Kang Youyou , Qin Lipan , Sun Meiqi , Yan Xueqing
Published: January 2025

Ultraintensity isolated zeptosecond pulses (ZPs) can be generated by an attosecond x-ray free-electron laser pulse normally incident on ultradense plasma slabs via the coherent bremsstrahlung (CB) regime in the transmission direction. In the unique CB regime, only one forwardly moving primary relativistic electron sheet (RES) contributes to the transmitted radiation, while the secondary RESs move in the reflection direction. The primary RES is accelerated to ultrarelativistic velocity with several multiple accelerations due to the charge compensation effect from the trajectory crossing between primary RES and secondary RES, then decelerated subsequently and eventually emits an ultraintensity isolated half-cycle ZP. The ZP has an intensity of ∼7.81×1022 W/cm2, and a duration of 650  zs, and a power of ∼2.45×1015 W that reaches the petawatt level. The x-ray laser pulse-driven petawatt ZP emission mechanism may open the intra-nuclear dynamics and the high-field QED in vacuum studies.
Highly accurate real-space electron densities with neural networks
Authors: Cheng Lixue , Szabó P. Bernát , Schätzle Zeno , Kooi Derk P. , Köhler Jonas , Giesbertz Klaas J. H. , Noé Frank , Hermann Jan , Gori-Giorgi Paola , Foster Adam
Published: January 2025

Variational ab initio methods in quantum chemistry stand out among other methods in providing direct access to the wave function. This allows, in principle, straightforward extraction of any other observable of interest, besides the energy, but, in practice, this extraction is often technically difficult and computationally impractical. Here, we consider the electron density as a central observable in quantum chemistry and introduce a novel method to obtain accurate densities from real-space many-electron wave functions by representing the density with a neural network that captures known asymptotic properties and is trained from the wave function by score matching and noise-contrastive estimation. We use variational quantum Monte Carlo with deep-learning Ansätze to obtain highly accurate wave functions free of basis set errors and from them, using our novel method, correspondingly accurate electron densities, which we demonstrate by calculating dipole moments, nuclear forces, contact densities, and other density-based properties.
Low-vibration cryogenic test facility for next generation of ground-based gravitational-wave observatories
Authors: Kapasi D. P. , McRae T. G. , Eichholz J. , Altin P. A. , McClelland D. E. , Slagmolen B. J. J.
Published: January 2025

We present the design and commissioning of a cryogenic low-vibration test facility that measures displacement noise from a gram-scale silicon cantilever at the level of 10−16m/Hz at 1 kHz. This sensitivity is necessary for future tests of thermal noise models on cross sections of silicon suspension samples proposed for future gravitational-wave detectors. A volume of ∼36 l is enclosed by radiation shields cooling an optical test cavity that is suspended from a multi-stage pendulum chain providing isolation from acoustic and environmental noise. This 3 kg test cavity housing a crystalline silicon cantilever is radiatively cooled to 123 K in 41 h and held at that temperature over many months with a relative temperature stability of ±1 mK. The facility housing the test cavity is sensitive to cavity length changes, which can resolve thermal fluctuations at the desired sensitivity. It is capable of interferometrically measuring temperature-dependent broadband displacement noise directly between 50 Hz and 10 kHz, where current and future ground-based gravitational wave observatories are the most sensitive. With a suitable cantilever design, the cryogenic facility we describe here will allow for the measurement of broadband thermal noise in crystalline silicon at 123 K. This will guide the design of suspensions in planned future cryogenic ground-based gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO Voyager and may have implications for suspensions in the Einstein Telescope. This facility is also suitable for the testing of new mirror coatings at cryogenic temperatures.
Controlled plasma-droplet interactions: Two-phase flow millifluidic system
Authors: Xu Han , Wei Zipeng , Quan Lei , Hu Yuwei , Qiao Meiteng , Shao Mingxu , Xie Kai
Published: January 2025

In this study, a well-defined and controlled plasma-droplet two-phase flow millifluidic system was developed. We established a detailed quantitative relationship among plasma discharge characteristics, flow dynamics, and the gas–liquid transport properties of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Under constant energy inputs, the gas–liquid contact area in the two-phase flow initially increases and subsequently decreases with rising liquid flow rates. Efficient gas–liquid transport results in a linear decrease in residual gaseous RONS and a corresponding linear increase in aqueous RONS, both of which align with changes in gas–liquid contact area. Notably, across various two-phase flow conditions, the combined values of residual gaseous RONS and liquid oxidation capacity consistently match the decreased plasma intensity due to droplet involvement in the discharge. The quantitative optimization of fluid characteristics and RONS transport within the two-phase flow millifluidic system significantly boosts the energy efficiency of Methyl Orange decolorization, far exceeding that of traditional methods.
Salt-ring in your pasta pan: Morphology of particle cloud deposit
Authors: Souzy Mathieu , Vovard Clément , Kant Pallav
Published: January 2025

When added to a pot of boiling pasta, a handful of salt grains can create a fascinating and varied pattern of deposits. In this study, we experimentally investigate this phenomenon by examining the deposits, focusing on the radial distribution of clusters of settling spherical particles in a quiescent viscous fluid at an intermediate Reynolds number. We demonstrate that the particle diameter d, the settling height H, and the injected particle volume Vinj all influence the particles' radial spread. Additionally, the injection method significantly impacts the deposit's final morphology. The resulting deposit structure emerges from the sedimentation history of the particle cloud, reflecting a complex interplay of various physical mechanisms.
Ultrahigh field-effect mobility of 147.5 cm2/Vs in ultrathin In2O3 transistors via passivating the surface of polycrystalline HfO2 gate dielectrics
Authors: Kim Taikyu , Ryu Seung Ho , Jeon Jihoon , Kim Taeseok , Baek In-Hwan , Kim Seong Keun
Published: January 2025

This study presents considerable improvements in the electrical characteristics of atomic-layer-deposited 3-nm-thick In2O3 thin-film transistors (TFTs), which were achieved by introducing a 2-nm-thick amorphous Al2O3 interfacial layer to passivate the surface of a polycrystalline HfO2 gate dielectric. The resulting devices exhibited exceptional electrical characteristics, including an ultrahigh field-effect mobility (μFE) of approximately 147.5 ± 16.6 cm2/V s, subthreshold swing of 103.7 ± 9.1 mV/dec, and threshold voltage (VTH) of 0.5 ± 0.1 V. These enhancement-mode devices represent increases of more than threefold in μFE compared to devices without an amorphous passivation layer. This is despite all the fabrication processes being identical, except for the introduction of the Al2O3 interfacial layer. This improvement can be primarily attributed to the reduced electron scattering through suppressed remote Coulomb interactions. Furthermore, the In2O3 TFTs exhibited enhanced operational stability, showing minimal VTH shifts of 0.15 and −0.01 V under positive and negative bias-stress conditions, respectively. The findings of this study emphasize the critical role of the surface passivation of polycrystalline HfO2 dielectrics in improving the electrical performance of ultrathin In2O3 TFTs.
Narrow-linewidth microcavity Brillouin laser based on pump-locked high-Q silica microsphere resonator
Authors: Mao Yuqin , Zhang Chaoze , Huang Ligang , Gao Lei , Li Yujia , Shi Leilei , Yin Guolu , Gong Chaoyang , Zhu Tao
Published: January 2025

Microcavity-based Brillouin lasers are promising high-performance light sources for integrating photonics and optoelectronics. One method to lock the pump light frequency is to utilize a complex system with optoelectronic feedback, which requires a high-cost narrow-linewidth pump laser and limits the application of microlasers in integrated optoelectronic systems. Another method reported recently is all-optical feedback to achieve the locking of microcavity laser. We propose to utilize Rayleigh scattering of microcavities to lock the frequency of the pump laser to the resonant frequency of the Brillouin laser microcavity with the all-optical method. While compressing the linewidth of the pump laser, it can greatly improve the long-term stability of the optically pumped microcavity Brillouin laser. In the experiment, the linewidth of the semiconductor pump laser is compressed from the MHz level to the kHz level. The microcavity Brillouin laser achieves an ultra-narrow intrinsic linewidth of 100 Hz, with an ultra-low frequency noise of 35 Hz2/Hz. The constructed microlaser obtains a locking time up to 1 h, which does not require any temperature control or vibration isolation of the laser system. This work demonstrated an optically pump-locked microcavity Brillouin laser, which provides a stable and reliable low-cost experimental platform for ultra-narrow-linewidth lasers, precision laser sensors, microwave-photonic signal synthesizer, and optomechanical systems.