bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the hydration of C3A in the presence of the potentially toxic element chromium–a route to remediation?
Authors: Rae Rebecca , Graham Margaret C. , Kirk Caroline A.
Published: October 2022

A calcium aluminate material has been successfully used to remove toxic hexavalent chromium from water. A thorough powder X-ray diffraction study was done to determine the composition of the products.
Association thermodynamic parameters for nano Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O with ligands at different temperatures
Authors: Sanad Sameh G. , Shebl Magdy
Published: October 2022

The relation between Λm and C1/2 for nano copper(ii) nitrate hemi pentahydrate in the presence of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol at 293.15 K.
Substrate-controlled C–H or C–C alkynylation of cyclopropanes: generation of aryl radical cations by direct light activation of hypervalent iodine reagents
Authors: Nguyen Tin V. T. , Wodrich Matthew D. , Waser Jerome
Published: October 2022

C–C or C–H alkynylation of aryl cyclopropanes was realized by direct activation of EBX reagents with visible light. Withorthomethyl groups on the benzene, C–H functionalization became favoured.
Reconciling the experimental and computational methanol electro-oxidation activityviapotential-dependent kinetic mechanism analysis
Authors: Liu Haijun , Sun Fengman , Chen Ming , Wang Haijiang
Published: October 2022

Based on the potential-dependent kinetic mechanism analysis, by the combination of the simulation at the metal–electrolyte interface and electrochemical catalytic activity, the experimental and computational MOR activity has been reconciled.
Microfluidic-based functional materials: new prospects for wound healing and beyond
Authors: Zhao Wenbin , Zhang Yage , Liu Lijun , Gao Yang , Sun Wentao , Sun Yong , Ma Qingming
Published: October 2022

Microfluidics has been applied to fabricate high-performance functional materials contributing to all physiological stages of wound healing. The advances of microfluidic-based functional materials for wound healing have been summarized.
A supramolecular organometallic drug complex with H2O2self-provision intensifying intracellular autocatalysis for chemodynamic therapy
Authors: Liu Chengfei , Li Muqiong , Liu Caiping , Qiu Shuai , Bai Yang , Fan Li , Tian Wei
Published: October 2022

A supramolecular organometallic drug complex (SOMDC) with H2O2self-provision was proposed to intensify the intracellular autocatalysis for enhancing the CDT effect.
High entropy induced structural stabilization, anisotropy transition and magnetization enhancement effect in La2Co17
Authors: Yin Linhan , Guo Yongquan , Guo Xinpeng
Published: October 2022

The high entropy design of the La site can stabilize the La2Co17 phase, and induces a magnetic anisotropy transition from the basal plane to the easy axis, and an enhancement of the magnetization.
Synthesis and optical properties of CsCu2Br3–Cu0 nanoheterojunctions
Authors: Ying Qifei , Hua Tingwei , Wang Yilin , Liu Xiangdong , Wei Yang , Li Hongbo , Huang Ling
Published: October 2022

During the synthesis of CsCu2Br3 quantum dots, the post-introduced Pb2+ is reduced by oleylamine to Pb0, which initiates the further reduction of Cu+ to Cu0, and the growth of Cu0 NPs finally leads to the formation of CsCu2Br3–Cu0 nanoheterojunctions.
Single-wall and graphene-modified multiwall wasp nest shaped Bi2Mo2O9 self-assembly for performance-enhanced asymmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Sthevan Kovil Pitchai Jesman , Dheivasigamani Thangaraju , Shunmughananthan Bagavathy , Arunagiri Ravikumar , Periyasamy Sivakumar
Published: October 2022

Graphene-modified multiwalled M-Bi2Mo2O9 was synthesised using the gel matrix method to enhance the performance of asymmetric supercapacitors.
Overexpression of RAB34 associates with tumor aggressiveness and immune infiltration in glioma
Authors: Hou Peng , Wan Quan , Wang Qing , Wu Xuechao , Lu Xiaojie
Published: October 2022

RAB34 (RAB34, member RAS oncogene family) is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and exhibits oncogenic properties. However, its function in glioma remains largely unclear. In the present study, we collected 697 RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and 325 RNA-seq data from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset. Bioinformatics and PCR analysis showed that RAB34 expression was positively related to the glioma tumor grade and predicted poor outcomes for glioma patients. Additionally, RAB34 expression was significantly up-regulated in classical and mesenchymal subtypes, and isolated diastolic hypertension wild-type gliomas. Moreover, RAB34 expression was remarkably correlated with inflammatory activities, immune infiltration, and immune checkpoints in glioma. In vitro experiments demonstrated that inhibition of RAB34 restrained the growth, migration, as well as invasion of glioma cells, and reversed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our findings established RAB34 as a novel progression-related biomarker and a possible immunotherapy target for glioma.
A novel comprehensive energy management model for multi‐microgrids considering ancillary services
Authors: Veisi Mehdi , Adabi Farid , Kavousi‐Fard Abdollah , Karimi Mazaher
Published: October 2022

This article proposes a novel comprehensive multi‐layer power management system (PMS) along with its smart distribution network (SDN) constraints as bi‐level optimization to address the participation of multi‐microgrids (MMGs) in day‐ahead energy and ancillary services markets. In the first layer of the proposed model, optimal programming of MMG‐connected SDN is considered, in which Microgrids (MGs) participation in the markets is performed to bidirectionally coordinate sources and active loads along with the operator of MGs. In the second layer, the bidirectional coordination of operators of MGs and SDN, that is PMS, is executed in which energy loss, voltage security, and expected energy not‐supplied (EENS) are minimized as weighted sum functions. The problem of the difference between costs and revenues of MGs in markets is minimized subject to constraints of linearized AC‐power flow, reliability, security, and flexibility of the MGs. To obtain a single‐level model, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker method is applied, and a hybrid stochastic‐robust programming is implemented to model uncertainties associated with the load, renewable power, energy price, mobile storage energy demand, and network equipment accessibility. The contributions of this paper include the simultaneous modelling of several economic indicators, multi‐layer energy management modelling, and stochastic mixed modelling of uncertainties. The efficiency of this method is validated by simultaneously evaluating the optimum condition of technical and economic indices of several SDNs and MGs. Flexibility of 0.022 MW is obtained for the proposed scheme, which is close to zero (100% flexibility). The voltage security index is increased to 22 by the mentioned scheme, which is close to its normal value, that is, 24. The voltage deviation is below 0.07 p.u. Energy losses are reduced by about 30% compared with that in power flow studies, and the EENS reaches roughly 3 MWh, that is, close to zero (100% reliability).
Framework and operation of digital twin smart freeway
Authors: Fu Hui , Zhao Tuo , Chen Yanghang , Yao Yipeng , Leng Jiewu
Published: October 2022

Smart freeway is the newest form of next generation of freeway system which aims to achieve more sustainable objectives utilizing advanced information and communication technologies. Taking the advantages of digital twin on near‐real‐time interaction between the physical and cyber systems, the framework, operation, and enabled technologies of digital twin smart freeway (DTSF) are developed in this paper. A three‐layer conceptual framework is first discussed for understanding the fundamental structure, core components, and operation procedure of a DTSF system in the context of smart transportation. The key technologies of a DTSF system are also investigated, such as simulation modelling, big data analysis, intelligent prediction, and integrated freeway control. Moreover, a well‐designed case study based on Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) is provided to verify the efficiency of the proposed freeway control strategy by integrating perimeter control of upstream urban network and traffic regulation of freeway segments. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate integrated freeway control under the framework of digital twin.
Modelling and control strategy of a distributed small‐scale low‐temperature geothermal power generation system
Authors: Zhili Tan , Dongjiao Zhu , Yong Liu , Feng Yuan
Published: October 2022

At present, commercial geothermal power stations are mainly high‐temperature and medium‐temperature geothermal energy, while the large number of low‐temperature geothermal energy resources are rarely used for power generation applications. This paper proposes a new model for energy conversion in low‐temperature geothermal power systems. The basic structure and working principle of this new model are analysed, in detail, a low‐temperature geothermal model and a Stirling engine model for geothermal energy conversion are established, and the control strategies on the rotor and stator sides of the Stirling‐driven doubly‐fed generator are discussed. Finally, the simulation analysis is carried out, and its results show that the thermal conversion efficiency of Stirling’s engine can reach 38%, the output AC voltage of the power generation system reaches the set value 50Hz, 190V, and the DC bus voltage is constant at 300V, which verified the validity of the proposed power generation model and related control strategies. This system expands the range of available heat sources in geothermal power generation, makes geothermal power generation more flexible in terms of site selection, power generation capacity and control, and provides a new idea for geothermal power generation structure.
Spatial audio signal processing for binaural reproduction of recorded acoustic scenes – review and challenges
Authors: Rafaely Boaz , Tourbabin Vladimir , Habets Emanuel , Ben-Hur Zamir , Lee Hyunkook , Gamper Hannes , Arbel Lior , Birnie Lachlan , Abhayapala Thushara , Samarasinghe Prasanga
Published: October 2022

Spatial audio has been studied for several decades, but has seen much renewed interest recently due to advances in both software and hardware for capture and playback, and the emergence of applications such as virtual reality and augmented reality. This renewed interest has led to the investment of increasing efforts in developing signal processing algorithms for spatial audio, both for capture and for playback. In particular, due to the popularity of headphones and earphones, many spatial audio signal processing methods have dealt with binaural reproduction based on headphone listening. Among these new developments, processing spatial audio signals recorded in real environments using microphone arrays plays an important role. Following this emerging activity, this paper aims to provide a scientific review of recent developments and an outlook for future challenges. This review also proposes a generalized framework for describing spatial audio signal processing for the binaural reproduction of recorded sound. This framework helps to understand the collective progress of the research community, and to identify gaps for future research. It is composed of five main blocks, namely: the acoustic scene, recording, processing, reproduction, and perception and evaluation. First, each block is briefly presented, and then, a comprehensive review of the processing block is provided. This includes topics from simple binaural recording to Ambisonics and perceptually motivated approaches, which focus on careful array configuration and design. Beamforming and parametric-based processing afford more flexible designs and shift the focus to processing and modeling of the sound field. Then, emerging machine- and deep-learning approaches, which take a further step towards flexibility in design, are described. Finally, specific methods for signal transformations such as rotation, translation and enhancement, enabling additional flexibility in reproduction and improvement in the quality of the binaural signal, are presented. The review concludes by highlighting directions for future research.
SARS-CoV-2-Infektion: Relevanz und Akzeptanz naturheilkundlicher Behandlungsverfahren
Authors: Helleiner Elke , Gündling Peter W.
Published: October 2022

Nachdem die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie Menschen und Gesundheitssysteme seit mehr als zwei Jahren beschäftigt und deren Behandlung bisher nicht zu den gewünschten Erfolgen führte, wurde eine Online-Studie zur Relevanz und Akzeptanz komplementärmedizinischer Behandlungsmethoden bei dieser Erkrankung durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass mehr als zwei Drittel der Studienteilnehmer komplementärmedizinisch behandelt wurden. Führend war hier die Einnahme von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln, gefolgt von Phytotherapeutika und homöopathischen Präparaten. Die generelle Behandlungszufriedenheit dieser Patienten war signifikant höher als die der konventionell Behandelten.
Aryl Annulation: A Powerful Simplifying Retrosynthetic Disconnection
Authors: Boger Dale L. , Gillard Rachel M. , Zhang Jiajun , Steel Richard , Wang Jocelyn , Strull Jessica L. , Cai Bin , Chakraborty Nilanjana
Published: October 2022

Retrosynthetic deconstruction of a core aromatic ring is an especially simplifying retrosynthetic step, reducing the complexity of the precursor synthetic target. Moreover, when implemented to provide a penultimate intermediate, it enables late-stage divergent aryl introductions, permitting deep-seated core aryl modifications ordinarily accessible only by independent synthesis. Herein, we highlight the use of a ketone carbonyl group as the functionality to direct such late-stage divergent aryl introductions onto a penultimate intermediate with a projected application in the total synthesis of vinblastine and its presently inaccessible analogues containing indole replacements. Although the studies highlight this presently unconventional strategy with an especially challenging target in mind, the increase in molecular complexity (intricacy) established by the synthetic implementation of the powerful retrosynthetic disconnection, the use of a ketone as the precursor enabling functionality, and with adoption of either conventional or new wave (hetero)aromatic annulations combine to define a general and powerful strategy suited for widespread implementation with near limitless scope in target diversification.
One-Pot Enol Silane Formation–Allylation of Ketones Promoted by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Downey C. Wade , Heafner Elizabeth D. , Lin Xuechun , Connors Alexa H. , Zhong Hanyu , Coyle R. Joseph , Liu Yiqi
Published: October 2022

Ketones and related substrate classes undergo enol silane formation in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and triethylamine, reaction conditions that also promote the in situ ionization of allyl propionates. When these two processes are performed in one pot, allylation of the ketone is observed in high yields. Aldehydes, esters, and thioesters also serve as enol silane precursors under these conditions. When unsymmetrical allyl cations are employed, regioselectivity depends upon the electronic and steric properties of the substituents.
An Alternative to the Arbuzov Reaction: Generation and Transformation of α-Dialkyl-Substituted Methylphosphonate Carbanions via an SET Reduction Process
Authors: Zhang Li , Fang Yewen , Shi Jianxun
Published: October 2022

With B-alkyl Suzuki cross-coupling as the strategy, 1-alkyl-substituted ethenylphosphonates could be efficiently accessed via palladium­-catalyzed reactions of α-phosphonovinyl tosylates with B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (B-alkyl-9-BBN). Using the α-alkylethenylphosphonates as radical acceptors, visible-light-driven photocatalytic Giese-type and cyclopropanation reactions based on reductive radical-polar crossover have been successfully developed. The redox-neutral photocatalysis serves as a viable strategy for the preparation of various 1,1-dialkyl-substituted methylphosphonates and 1-alkylcyclopropylphosphonates.
Alterations of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Children with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Zhao Zhengqin , Su Min , Wang Dong , Ye Jing , Wang Xiao-na
Published: October 2022

Background The aim of this article was to study the thyroid hormone levels in children with intellectual disabilities and determine the relationship between the thyroid hormone levels and intellectual disability.

Methods Participants included 60 children with intellectual disabilities (the study group) and 56 without (the control group). Nuclear medicine in vitro analysis techniques were used in this study. All the controls and patients underwent in vitro analysis, and their serum levels of thyroid hormone, including thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and free T3 (FT3), were tested.

Results The levels of FT4 were lower in the study group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The levels of FT3 were higher in the study group than in the control group (p = 0.003). The levels of TSH were higher in the study group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.363). The total T4 and total T3 levels were lower in the study group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.642, p = 0.124, respectively).

Conclusion The levels of thyroid hormones in the study group differed from the control group. The differences may not be clinically significant beyond their statistical significance. Thyroid hormone levels may affect intellectual disability in children.
Elective and Emergency Deep Brain Stimulation in Refractory Pediatric Monogenetic Movement Disorders Presenting with Dystonia: Current Practice Illustrated by Two Cases
Authors: Garofalo M. , Beudel M. , Dijk J.M. , Bonouvrié L.A. , Buizer A.I. , Geytenbeek J. , Prins R.H.N. , Schuurman P.R. , van de Pol L.A.
Published: October 2022

Background Dystonia is characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, leading to abnormal posturing and twisting movements. In pediatric patients, dystonia often negatively influences quality of life. Pharmacological treatment for dystonia is often inadequate and causes adverse effects. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) appears to be a valid therapeutic option for pharmacoresistant dystonia in children.

Methods To illustrate the current clinical practice, we hereby describe two pediatric cases of monogenetic movement disorders presenting with dystonia and treated with DBS. We provide a literature review of similar previously described cases and on different clinical aspects of DBS in pediatric dystonia.

Results The first patient, a 6-year-old girl with severe dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus due to an ADCY5 gene mutation, received DBS in an elective setting. The second patient, an 8-year-old boy with GNAO1-related dystonia and chorea, underwent emergency DBS due to a pharmacoresistant status dystonicus. A significant amelioration of motor symptoms (65% on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale) was observed postoperatively in the first patient and her personal therapeutic goals were achieved. DBS was previously reported in five patients with ADCY5-related movement disorders, of which three showed objective improvement. Emergency DBS in our second patient resulted in the successful termination of his GNAO1-related status dystonicus, this being the eighth case reported in the literature.

Conclusion DBS can be effective in monogenetic pediatric dystonia and should be considered early in the disease course. To better evaluate the effects of DBS on patients' functioning, patient-centered therapeutic goals should be discussed in a multidisciplinary approach.
Abnormal Spontaneous Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Fluctuations in Children with Focal Cortical Dysplasias: Initial Findings in Surgically Confirmed Cases
Authors: Dangouloff-Ros Volodia , Jansen Jacobus F.A. , de Jong Joost , Postma Alida A. , Hoeberigs Christianne , Fillon Ludovic , Boisgontier Jennifer , Roux Charles-Joris , Levy Raphael , Varlet Pascale , Blauwblomme Thomas , Eisermann Monika , Losito Emma , Bourgeois Marie , Chiron Catherine , Nabbout Rima , Boddaert Nathalie , Backes Walter
Published: October 2022

Background Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) are a frequent cause of drug-resistant epilepsy in children but are often undetected on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We aimed to measure and validate the variation of resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) metrics in surgically proven FCDs in children, to assess the potential yield for detecting and understanding these lesions.

Methods We prospectively included pediatric patients with surgically proven FCD with inconclusive structural MRI and healthy controls, who underwent a ten-minute rs-fMRI acquired at 3T. Rs-fMRI data was pre-processed and maps of values of regional homogeneity (ReHo), degree centrality (DC), amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) were calculated. The variations of BOLD metrics within the to-be-resected areas were analyzed visually, and quantitatively using lateralization indices. BOLD metrics variations were also analyzed in fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) hypometabolic areas.

Results We included 7 patients (range: 3–15 years) and 6 aged-matched controls (range: 6–17 years). ReHo lateralization indices were positive in the to-be-resected areas in 4/7 patients, and in 6/7 patients in the additional PET hypometabolic areas. These indices were significantly higher compared to controls in 3/7 and 4/7 patients, respectively. Visual analysis revealed a good spatial correlation between high ReHo areas and MRI structural abnormalities (when present) or PET hypometabolic areas. No consistent variation was seen using DC, ALFF, or fALFF.

Conclusion Resting-state fMRI metrics, noticeably increase in ReHo, may have potential to help detect MRI-negative FCDs in combination with other morphological and functional techniques, used in clinical practice and epilepsy-surgery screening.
Uncatalyzed Carbometallation Involving Group 13 Elements: Carboboration and Carboalumination of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Woerpel K. A. , Liu Yudong
Published: October 2022

Carbometallations of alkenes and alkynes are powerful carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions. The use of compounds containing bonds between carbon and group 13 elements, particularly boron and aluminum, are particularly attractive because of the versatility of subsequent transformations. Uncatalyzed carboboration and carboalumination represent less common classes of reactions. This Short Review discusses uncatalyzed carboboration and carboalumination reactions of alkenes and alkynes, including the reaction design and mechanisms.

1 Introduction

2 Uncatalyzed Carboboration of Alkenes

3 Uncatalyzed Carboboration of Alkynes

4 Uncatalyzed Carboalumination of Alkenes

5 Uncatalyzed Carboalumination of Alkynes

6 Conclusion
Tackling barriers to collective action for effective vaccination campaigns: rabies in rural Africa as an example
Authors: Lim Putthi Cheat , Lembo Tiziana , Hampson Katie , Changalucha Joel , Sambo Maganga , Ghosal Sayantan
Published: October 2022

Vaccine-based protection in populations that are vulnerable to infectious diseases represents a public good, whose successful attainment requires collective action. We investigated participation in mass domestic dog vaccination against dog-mediated human rabies endemic in Tanzania as a prototypical example of these issues. We employed advertising interventions, text messaging and/or engagement through community leaders, as well as operational adjustments to increase the saliency of rabies risks and reduce barriers to participation in vaccination campaigns. Neither advertising strategies were effective on their own, however, when taken together, the two advertising strategies substantially improved vaccination coverage. Operational interventions, such as increasing vaccination stations and extending time windows of delivery, greatly enhanced participation. Our experimental and theoretical findings highlight the importance of both salience and context: sparking successful collective action requires decision-making bodies to understand and respond to the challenges encountered by intended beneficiaries in their local contexts.
Productive effects of public spending, spillovers, and optimal matching grant rates
Authors: Ohsawa Toshikazu , Yang Tong
Published: October 2022

This study uses the model in which a central government gives a subsidy to the jurisdictions, and analyzes the optimal matching grant rate for local public spending that has characteristics of both public goods and public inputs. If the expenditures are public inputs, they raise the productivity of the jurisdiction which provides them. Their spillover effects to other regions are assumed to influence consumption and/or production. Contrary to this approach, traditional analyses of matching grants for public spending have only focused on public goods and consumption spillover. By considering these factors, this study obtains some intriguing results. The productive effect of public inputs on the optimal matching grant rate depends on whether the degree of the production spillover is higher than that of the consumption spillover.
Improved prediction scheme for ion heat turbulent transport
Authors: Nunami M. , Toda S. , Nakata M. , Sugama H.
Published: October 2022

A novel scheme to predict the turbulent transport of ion heat of magnetic confined plasmas is developed by combining mathematical optimization techniques employed in data analysis approaches and first-principle gyrokinetic simulations. Gyrokinetic simulation, as a first-principle approach, is a reliable way to predict turbulent transport. However, in terms of the flux-matching [Candy et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 060704 (2009)], quantitative transport estimates by gyrokinetic simulations incur extremely heavy computational costs. In order to reduce the costs of quantitative transport prediction based on the gyrokinetic simulations, we develop a scheme with the aid of a reduced transport model. In the scheme, optimization techniques are applied to find relevant input parameters for nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, which should be performed to obtain relevant transport fluxes and to optimize the reduced transport model for a target plasma. The developed scheme can reduce the numbers of the gyrokinetic simulations to perform the quantitative estimate of the turbulent transport levels and plasma profiles. Utilizing the scheme, the predictions for the turbulent transport can be realized by performing the first-principle simulations once for each radial position.
Thermal analysis of baffle jetting in fuel rod assembly
Authors: Ali Mohamed , Alkaabi Ahmed K. , Alameri Saeed A. , Afgan Imran
Published: October 2022

Baffle jetting plays a significant role when it comes to safe operation of nuclear power plants. The baffle jetting phenomenon is the generation of horizontal flow impingement on fuel/control rods during the outward flow of the primary coolant into a nuclear reactor. To understand the flow and heat transfer characteristics under the baffle jetting conditions, large eddy simulations (LES) of flow around a 6×6 fuel rod assembly were conducted. Three Reynolds numbers based on jet width and inlet velocity were considered 5010, 10 000, and 20 000. A temperature difference of 5°C between the inlet fluid and the heated rods was considered to analyze the heat transfer characteristics within the assembly under baffle jetting. Various flow parameters were computed such as pressure coefficients along different rods, mean and fluctuating forces, Strouhal number, local and averaged Nusselt numbers. LES results were validated against experimental measurements and other numerical data. It was observed that the effect of the baffle jet was more significant on the first stream-wise row of rods with the stagnation points at the lower part of these rods. Furthermore, the averaged Nusselt number was found to be higher on rods in the stream-wise direction of the jet, rather than at other locations.
Conduction in materials and devices: A universal expression for transport
Authors: Vercik A.
Published: October 2022

The space-charge-limited-current spectroscopy is a consolidated technique for studying electrical properties of materials and devices. In general, the conduction in the material can be expressed as a single scaling law, relating the current with voltage and gap (or sample thickness) with different values for the exponents. However, some aspects of this technique remain obscure, especially when dealing with very thin (few nanometer) gaps and solids. Beyond this, abrupt transitions between different transport regimes are observed, whereas unusual space-charge-limited current behaviors are expected in out of 2D plane of 2D-material-based heterostructures. Therefore, there is a need for a universal model to describe the current–voltage characteristic curves, including different conduction mechanisms as well as smooth transitions between them. This goal, pursued for decades without substantial success, is not achievable based on the mentioned simple scaling laws, requiring a new approach. In this work, we propose a universal model with the same underlying physics. A new function is considered which contains relevant information for transport and accounts for most of the fingerprints observed in experimental current–voltage curves of the most diverse set of physical systems, from materials to devices. This approach leads to the usual scaling laws for constant values of the transport function, whereas it is abandoned for the trap filling regime, although the same familiar higher slopes of current–voltage curves can be recovered. The model is used to fit the experimental curves of the most diverse materials and devices in order to show its applicability and accuracy.
Effect of aspect ratio on entrance length in rectangular minichannels with plenum
Authors: Lobo Oswald Jason , Chatterjee Dhiman
Published: October 2022

In the case of a long, straight rectangular channel, hydrodynamic development of flows is influenced by the growth of the boundary layer along the walls of the channel. Though such a geometry is well-studied in the literature, in reality, the flow often happens in channels with plenums on each end and is not studied extensively. This work addresses this gap. There is a sudden contraction from the plenum to the channel which causes the flow to separate at the entrance of the channel. Hence, the flow development is influenced not only by the boundary layer growth but also by recirculation and the presence of a continuous wall along one direction in the case of planar geometries. This causes the centerline velocity in the entrance region to overshoot the value at the fully developed region, which makes the conventional usage of 99% of the fully developed value difficult. Hence, an alternate method of defining entrance length, based on the slowest development across the channel cross section, is proposed. Based on this approach, the entrance length value shows a non-monotonic variation with the aspect ratio (AR)—its value reduces between 0.6 and 1.66; beyond 1.66, it increases up to 20 before becoming flat. The entrance length also shows a weak dependence on the Reynolds number for AR between 2 and 20. A new set of correlations of entrance and recirculation lengths are proposed.
Tunable magnetic anisotropy in SrMnO3/SrRuO3 bilayers studied by angle and temperature dependence of magneto-transport
Authors: Zhang P. , Das A. , van Rijn J. J. L. , Watson A. J. , Banerjee T.
Published: October 2022

Tunability of magnetic anisotropy in perovskite oxides, such as in SrRuO3, is commonly achieved by controlling the octahedral distortion through strain. Here, we demonstrate that differences in the oxygen vacancies at the heterointerface of SrMnO3/SrRuO3 can also strongly influence the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in SrRuO3 despite being fully strained by the underlying substrate. Modification of the spin–orbit coupling strength by altering the hybridization of Ru-4d and O-2p orbitals in SrRuO3 leads to a clear evolution of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy from multiaxial to strongly out-of-plane, as manifested in the magneto-transport studies. Our results provide an alternative design strategy for their incorporation in practical spintronic devices for memory and computing applications and operation by spin–transfer and spin–orbit torques.
Do Dog Behavioral Characteristics Predict the Quality of the Relationship between Dogs and Their Owners?
Authors: Hoffman Christy L. , Chen Pan , Serpell James A. , Jacobson Kristen C.
Published: October 2022

This paper explores whether dog behavioral characteristics predict the quality of the relationship between dogs and their owners (i.e., owner attachment to dog), and whether relations between dog behavior and owner attachment are moderated by demographic characteristics. In this study, N = 92 children and N = 60 adults from 60 dog-owning families completed questionnaires about their attachment to their pet dog, their level of responsibility for that dog, and their general attitudes toward pets. They also rated their dogs on observable behavioral characteristics. Individuals who held positive attitudes about pets and who provided much of their dog’s care reported stronger attachments to their dogs. The strength of owners’ attachments to their dogs was associated with dog trainability and separation problems. Relationships between owner attachment and both dog excitability and attention-seeking behavior were further moderated by demographic characteristics: for Caucasians but not for non-Caucasians, dog excitability was negatively associated with owner attachment to dog; and for adults, dog attention-seeking behavior was positively associated with owner attachment, but children tended to be highly attached to their dogs, regardless of their dogs’ attention-seeking behaviors. This study demonstrates that certain dog behavioral traits are indeed associated with the strength of owners’ attachments to their dogs.
Experimental Trial Demonstrates Positive Effects of Equine Facilitated Learning on Child Social Competence
Authors: Pendry Patricia , Roeter Stephanie
Published: October 2022

Although equine facilitated programs have gained in popularity over the last decade, virtually nothing is known about the causal effects of equine facilitated interventions on human development and wellbeing. To address this gap in the literature, researchers conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine if an 11-week equine facilitated learning program enhanced 5th-8th grade children’s social competence. Children were recruited for program participation through referral by school counselors and recruitment in schools and community agencies. Researchers then randomly assigned 64 physically and mentally able children to an experimental group or waitlisted control group. Children in the experimental group participated in an 11-week equine facilitated learning program designed to increase social competence through a series of once-weekly, 90-minute sessions of individual, team, and group-focused equine facilitated activities, whereas children in the control group did not until 16 weeks later. Parents of children in both groups provided ratings of child social competence at the beginning and again at the end of the 11-week program. Results indicated significant group differences in mean levels of child social competence at posttest (p = .020), suggesting a moderate positive effect of program participation (d = .61). Waitlisted children in the control group who completed the program at a later date demonstrated significantly higher posttest levels of social competence after program completion (p = .000), compared to their own pretest scores. Using a lagged dependent variable approach, program effects were robust (p = .026) when simultaneously considering children’s pretest levels of social competence, age, gender, and referral status.
Acculturation - Perceptions of breed differences in behavior of the dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Clarke Tracey , Cooper Jonathan , Mills Daniel
Published: October 2022

This study borrows the concept ofacculturationfrom Social Anthropology to explore human perception of breed behavior in domestic dogs. A core component of acculturation studies is thecontact hypothesis.This concept proposes that once culturally diverse individuals come into contact with each other and are able to develop an understanding of their differing cultures, prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination should be reduced resulting in more positive interactions in the future. Accordingly it is hypothesized that people with more limited contact with dogs will be more likely to accept breed stereotypes and less likely to recognize the significance of individual variation within breeds. Items within a survey were developed to investigate if personal perception of breed-typical behavior is associated with the informant’s experience with dogs. This was tested with reference to response to three statements premised on somatotyping assumptions (the tendency to link behavior with certain types of physical characteristic). The results were consistent with the prediction that level and quality of contact are major influences on the tendency to believe popular breed stereotypes, despite scientific evidence which challenges the justification for such generalizations. These results are of scientific, ethical, and practical significance since they suggest breed stereotyping in dogs is a similar phenomenon to the racial stereotyping of people.
Equine-Assisted Activities for Adolescents: Ethogram-based behavioral analysis of persistence during horse-related tasks and communication patterns with the horse
Authors: Hauge Hilde , Kvalem Ingela L. , Pedersen Ingeborg , Braastad Bjarne O.
Published: October 2022

Earlier studies have indicated that learning to handle a horse through tasks and activities can lead to a feeling of mastery which may have an impact on self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to examine how adolescents conducted horse-related tasks presented to them in an intervention in a farm environment, and whether there was a change during the intervention in persistence on tasks with the horse. Furthermore, we wanted to examine the behavior of the adolescents towards the horse and the response from the horse. Each participant was given an intervention once a week for approximately 16 weeks consisting of tasks with the horse, riding, grooming, and stable work. The sample presented in this study consisted of 29 participants who were successfully video-recorded in the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Petting the horse was the most frequent way of initiating contact with the horse, and the distributions of contact behaviors were the same at both time spots. The response of the horse was mainly neutral or positive. When participants did not succeed at their first attempt when trying to solve a horse-related task or an exercise during riding, their subsequent behavior was recorded as either trying again or not trying again. Early in the intervention, these two options were chosen with about the same frequency, while at the end of the intervention trying again was chosen significantly more often than not trying again. This was operationalized as an increase in persistence when having difficulties in solving tasks with the horse. The increased persistence late in the intervention in retrying tasks may indicate that the adolescents developed a feeling of mastery, which is an important factor in development of self-efficacy.
Obstacles and anticipated problems associated with acquiring assistance dogs, as expressed by Japanese people with physical disabilities
Authors: Yamamoto Mariko , Hart Lynette A. , Ohta Mitsuaki , Matsumoto Koji , Ohtani Nobuyo
Published: October 2022

In western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, many people with disabilities benefit from the help their assistance dogs provide. In contrast, assistance dogs have not become widespread in Japan. This study explores the perspectives of Japanese people with disabilities, including the obstacles they have experienced when considering acquiring an assistance dog. A paper-based questionnaire was used to investigate the experiences of people with orthopedic, hearing, or visual disabilities. The results showed that a minority of participants with orthopedic (13.9%), hearing (31.6%), or visual (16.0%) disabilities hoped to live with an assistance dog. Younger people (18-59 years of age) hoped to have one more often than older people (over 60 years of age), which was related to their frequency of going out of the house. Younger people were more active in going outside regularly; older women were the least active. People with orthopedic disabilities were less active than those with other disabilities. Younger people were also more experienced in keeping dogs, and liked playing with them more. Younger women showed the greatest interest in living with an assistance dog, and older women the least interest; targeting information and encouragement to younger women may be most productive for placing dogs. Among people who did not hope to acquire an assistance dog, 6.1-11.6% of them felt sorry for dogs that are required to go through training, and 8.3-16.1% of them answered that they hated dogs. Our results indicated that Japanese are influenced by cultural, historical, and environmental contexts, and are not yet fully familiar with and accepting of the concepts of working dogs that are typical in the western countries. Most of the participants who hoped to live with an assistance dog had not actually applied for one. They gave the following reasons: there were inevitable negative aspects of living with dogs and sources of information, training systems, and policies by the governments and/or assistance dog organizations were cumbersome and inconvenient. The overall strategies to provide assistance dogs to people with disabilities need to be more accessible and accommodate the specific needs of the people who have disabilities.
A Therapist’s Guide to Treating Grief after the Loss of a Pet: A Three-Tier Model
Authors: Miller Tamara A. K. , Prout Maurice F. , Rourke Mary , Lefkowitz Carin , Boyer Bret
Published: October 2022

Grief after the death of a pet has been demonstrated to parallel grief after the death of a person, yet many people report feeling a lack of support from family, friends, and even therapy providers when experiencing pet bereavement (
Archer & Winchester, 1994
;
Chur-Hansen, 2010
;
Gosse & Barnes, 1994
;
Sharkin & Knox, 2003
;
Stewart, 1983
;
Wrobel & Dye, 2003
). This lack of perceived social support is characteristic of “disenfranchised grief,” which can result in situations where survivors do not believe they have a right to grieve (
Doka, 2002
). Furthermore, there is a scarcity of literature offering therapy providers information on how to best work with this subset of grievers. The findings of recent research regarding pet bereavement, grief patterns, and grief therapy were used to design a three-tier pet-bereavement program for therapists to use with individuals after the loss of a pet. The selected intervention offered in Tier Two presents Therapy After the Loss of a Pet (TALP), a six-session intervention which integrates cognitive behavioral therapy with psychoeducation, resilience work, and coping skills in order to support an adaptive grief experience for the specific nature of grief after the loss of a pet.
Empathy and Donation Behavior Toward Happy and Sad Chimpanzees
Authors: Telle Nils-Torge , Pfister Hans-Rüdiger
Published: October 2022

Past research indicates a moderate but robust relationship between human empathy and empathy toward animals. Further, it has been shown that human empathy is associated with more positive attitudes toward animals. What has not been researched, however, is human- and animal-directed empathy in combination with actual animal-directed helping behavior. Here, we report two studies with which we begin to fill this gap by assessing human trait and affective state empathy toward sad and happy chimpanzees and subsequent donations to a chimpanzee conservation project. Both studies involved between subject designs and college students samples, with study 1 (n = 405) having been an online study and study 2 (n = 121) having been conducted in a controlled laboratory environment. In study 1, we used a probabilistic donation measure, whereas in study 2, participants could actually donate some of their participation fee. Although our results show that neither human trait nor animal-directed state empathy predicted donation behavior, we found that moral attitudes as well as past donations were predictive of probabilistic donation behavior. Interestingly, happy and sad chimpanzees elicited equally high monetary donations. We discuss our results in light of the potentially different underlying mechanisms that trigger animal-directed helping behavior.
Assessing Attitudes Towards Animal Assisted Therapy among Students and Faculty in American Psychological Association Accredited Programs
Authors: Thew Kendra , Marco Lindsey , Erdman Phyllis , Idalia Caro Blanca
Published: October 2022

Research on animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is rapidly growing. However, there is little research on the attitudes and knowledge held by helping professionals regarding its practice, benefits, and limitations. The authors aim to understand how students and faculty members in the clinical and counseling psychology programs of the American Psychological Association (APA) perceive AAT and its role in psychological settings. Participants (n=267) were recruited from APA accredited clinical and counseling psychology programs to complete an online survey. Results revealed a majority of participants (41.2%) know very little about AAT, yet most (79.4%) view it as a legitimate adjunct to treatment. Further, 39% of participants reported being somewhat likely to very likely to practice AAT if properly trained. Additionally, participants reported viewing AAT as beneficial in expediting rapport and aiding in client retention. Participants reported that barriers to the practice of AAT include stigma from the psychological community, lack of empirical research, and training accessibility. The survey results suggest that access to training and empirical research may aid in the acceptance and growth of AAT.