bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative and identity construction: an analysis of the L2 Learning process
Authors: Andrade Luiz Antônio Caldeira
Published: April 2013

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) has been the focus of many linguists who have studied the process through varied perspectives, (e.g. Ellis, 1997; Lantolf, 2000; Gardner, 1968, to quote but a few) so that they may be able to interpret the way learners gather information regarding a second language process. However, such foci have been limited to cognitive processes and other factors (e.g. cultural, socio-cognitive) rather than placed on the learners' experiences themselves. In view of this, this paper investigates learners' experiences through the analysis of a group of self narratives recorded by the AMFALE (Aprendendo com memórias de falantes e de aprendizes de língua estrangeira)² project, while, at the same time, analyzes such autobiographies in the light of Leppänen and Kalaja's (2002) work on autobiographies as learners' identities constructions, based on Vladimir Propp's book Morphology of the Folktale (2000). The study is divided in two parts: the first one briefly reviews the process of identity construction and the importance of autobiographies as a means of expression of the self. Besides, it also focuses on the criteria set forth by Leppänen and Kalaja (2002) for the analysis of autobiographies, based on Vladimir Propp's book Morphology of the folktale (2000). The second part focuses on the analyses of AMFALE autobiographies as stated above.
Aspectos ecofisiológicos de Sinningia aghensis Chautems em condições de campo
Authors: Cuzzuol Geraldo Rogério Faustini , Clippel Joscineia Kelli
Published: April 2013

Foi investigado o efeito da sazonalidade na concentração de carboidratos dos tubérculos da rupestre S. aghensis bem como a alocação de biomassa e os teores dos pigmentos fotossintéticos. O amido variou entre 8% no verão a 80% da massa seca (MS) no inverno tendo sido correlacionado inversamente com a precipitação. O aumento do amido ocorreu em detrimento da concentração de sacarose e glicose bem como da alocação de biomassa para a parte aérea. A diminuição do amido na primavera foi associada com a fase de floração ocorrendo simultaneamente ao aumento da razão parte aérea:tubérculos e ao incremento de carotenóides. A manutenção da parte aérea no inverno aliada aos valores constantes do conteúdo relativo de água das folhas em todas as épocas do ano sugere a presença de importantes mecanismos fisiológicos com função de proteção contra as condições ambientais desfavoráveis como a restrição hídrica.
Uma nova espécie de Tibouchina Aubl. (Melastomataceae) e notas taxonômicas sobre o gênero no Estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Meyer Fabrício Schmitz , Guimarães Paulo José Fernandes , Goldenberg Renato
Published: April 2013

Neste trabalho são apresentados ajustes taxonômicos resultantes de um estudo sobre o gênero Tibouchina Aubl. no Estado do Paraná. É descrita uma nova espécie, Tibouchina saxicola F.S. Meyer, P.J.F. Guim. & R. Goldenb., da seção Pseudopterolepis Cogn., que aparentemente é endêmica do Parque Estadual do Cerrado, no município de Jaguariaíva. São também sinonimizadas duas espécies: Tibouchina catharinensis Brade sob T. dusenii Cogn., e Tibouchina marumbiensis Wurdack sob T. hatschbachii Wurdack.
Urticaceae Juss. do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Authors: Romaniuc Neto Sergio , Gaglioti André Luiz , Guido Bárbara Melissa de Oliveira
Published: April 2013

Urticaceae está representada por sete gêneros e 14 espécies na área do Parque. Destas, 11 são nativas e três cultivadas (Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaumin, Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd. e Boehmeria nivea Jacq.). Foram incluídos os gêneros Cecropia com três espécies e Coussapoa com uma espécie.
3D Facial Morphometry in Children with Oral Clefts
Authors: Bugaighis I. , Mattick C.R. , Tiddeman B. , Hobson R.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to characterize three-dimensional (3D) facial morphological variation of children with cleft lip and palate compared to an age- and sex-matched control group.

Design

Cross-sectional, case-controlled observational morphometric study.

Materials and Methods

Subjects were 103 children aged 8 to 12 years old with cleft lip and palate—40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus, 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 21 with isolated cleft palate (ICP)—and 80 sex- and age-matched control subjects. Subjects were scanned using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Thirty-nine landmarks were digitized for each scan, and the x, y, and z coordinates for each landmark were extracted. Linear and angular facial measurements were computed. Multivariate analysis of covariance was undertaken to detect significant differences in facial morphometry between the groups.

Results

Statistically significant differences ( P < .05) were observed between all groups. The greatest morphometrical impact was seen in those groups where both lip and palate were affected and repaired; the group with ICP was the most similar to the control subjects.

Conclusions

Significant differences were seen in 3D soft-tissue measurements, mainly in the nasolabial region, between the cleft groups where the lip is affected and the ICP and control groups.
A nested grid based computational fluid dynamics model to predict bridge pier scour
Authors: Baranya Sándor , Olsen Nils Reidar B. , Stoesser Thorsten , Sturm Terry W.
Published: April 2013

A three-dimensional numerical model that computes hydrodynamics and morphodynamics is applied to the problem of calculating local scour around cylinders. A nested grid approach is implemented in the numerical scheme in order to decrease the overall computational demand but at the same time allow for high spatial resolution around the cylinder to increase numerical accuracy there. The computational grid consists of two structured blocks – a coarse block that discretises the entire domain and a fine block that only discretises the area around the cylinders. A novel interpolation technique accomplishes communication between the two blocks. Sediment transport in the morphodynamic model is calculated with a bed load transport formula combined with the sediment continuity equation to reproduce the unsteady scour hole development while the flow field is recalculated at each time step. Experimental data of flow and the local clear-water scour around single and multiple circular cylinders in a laboratory channel with a movable bed are obtained and compared with the results of the model. Flow, the maximum scour hole depth and the general scour hole geometry are reproduced well in all cases. The time evolution of the scouring is also captured reasonably well.
Clinical profile of presumed and definitive ocular sarcoidosis
Authors: Jovanovic Svetlana , Zlatanovic Gordana , Jovanovic Zorica , Radotic Filip
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Sarcoidosis is an antigen-mediated disease of unknown cause
defined by granulomatous inflammation of different organs. Objective. The aim
of this study was to analyze the clinical picture in 26 patients with a
definitive and presumed ocular sarcoidosis. Methods. The following tests were
conducted: angiotensin-converting enzyme, tuberculin skin test, liver enzymes
and calcium in urine and serum. Enlarged hilar lymph glands were diagnosed
using X-ray tomography or computed tomography of the mediastinum. A biopsy of
lymph glands was performed either transbronchially or transmediastinally.
Ophthalmic examination included biomicroscopic examination, intraocular
pressure measurement, photofundus, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence
tomography and computerized perimetry. Results. The average follow-up period
of the disease was 6.1 years. The average age was 52.0 years. There were
62.5% female patients, with bilateral incidence of 69.2%. The clinical
picture included: panuveitis (in 30.8% of patients), anterior uveitis
(26.9%), posterior uveitis (26.9%), intermediate uveitis (7.7%) and vitritis
in (7.7%). The following complications were observed: cataract (in 34.6% of
patients), cystoid macular edema (23.1%), glaucoma (15.4%), macroaneurysms
(15.4%), neovascularization (7.7%) and band keratopathy (3.8%). There was a
statistically significant difference in the visual acuity (p=0.033) and
severity of clinical symptoms (p=0.02) between the groups of patients with
retinal vasculitis associated with ?candle-wax? phenomenon and the group of
patients with multiple chorioretinal lesions - ?white dot? syndrome.
Conclusion. To our consideration, the differences observed between the two
groups are the result of retinal vasculitis and subsequent macular edema,
which is significantly more frequent in the group with ?candle-wax?
phenomenon.
Etiology of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents
Authors: Mitrovic Katarina , Milenkovic Tatjana , Todorovic Sladjana , Vukovic Rade , Rakocevic Ivana , Zdravkovic Dragan
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) can be isolated or associated
with deficiency of other pituitary gland hormones. According to age at
diagnosis, causes of GHD are divided into congenital or acquired, and
according to etiology into recognized and unknown. Objective. We analyzed
etiology and prevalence of GHD, demographic data at birth, age, body height
(BH) and bone age at diagnosis as well as the frequency of other pituitary
hormone deficiencies. Methods. The study involved 164 patients (109 male).
The main criterion for the diagnosis of GHD was inadequate response of GH
after two stimulation tests. The patients were classified into three groups:
idiopathic, congenital and acquired GHD. Results. Idiopathic GHD was
confirmed in 57.9% of patients, congenital in 11.6% and acquired in 30.5%.
The mean age at diagnosis of GHD was 10.1?4.5 years. The patients with
congenital GHD had most severe growth retardation (-3.4?1.4 SDS), while the
patients with idiopathic GHD showed most prominent bone delay (-3.6?2.3 SDS).
The prevalence of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency was 56.1%, in the
group with congenital GHD 73.7%, acquired GHD 54.0% and idiopathic GHD 53.7%.
The frequency of thyrotropin deficiency ranged from 88.2-100%, of
adrenocorticotrophin 57.1-68.8% and of gonadotrophins deficiency 57.1- 63.0%,
while deficiency of antidiuretic hormone was 2.0-25.0%. Conclusion. Although
regular BH measurements enable early recognition of growth retardation,
patients? mean age and degree of growth retardation indicate that GHD is
still diagnosed relatively late. A high incidence of other pituitary hormone
deficiencies requires a detailed investigation of the etiology of disorders
and evaluation of all pituitary functions in each child with confirmed GHD.
Relationships between obesity, lipids and fasting glucose in the menopause
Authors: Simoncig-Netjasov Aleksandra , Vujovic Svetlana , Ivovic Miomira , Tancic-Gajic Milina , Marina Ljiljana , Barac Marija
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Menopause leads to the development of central adiposity, a more
atherogenic lipid profile and increased incidence of metabolic syndrome
independent of age and other factors. Objective. The aim of the study was to
investigate the relationships between anthropometric characteristics, sex
hormones, lipids and fasting glucose in menopausal women. Methods. The study
included 87 menopausal women, who where divided into groups according to two
criteria: BMI?26.7 kg/m2 and BMI?25 kg/m2. Anthropometric characteristics and
blood pressure were measured. Blood was taken at 08.00 h for fasting glucose,
triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B,
lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol,
progesterone, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Results.
Significant differences between groups were found for weight, BMI, waist,
hips circumference, waist/hip ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, Lp(a), FSH, LH, PRL (for systolic blood pressure p<0.05, for the
rest p<0.01) and fasting glucose (p<0.05). In obese and overweight women with
BMI?26.7kg/m2 significant negative correlations were found for FSH and
glucose, SHBG and LDL, SHBG and total cholesterol, SHBG and glucose, BMI and
HDL, WC and HDL. In obese and overweight women with BMI?25kg/m2 significant
negative correlations were found for BMI and HDL, waist circumference (WC)
and HDL, WHR and HDL, FSH and glucose, SHBG and glucose; significant positive
correlations were between BMI and glucose, WC and glucose and WHR with
triglycerides. Conclusion. Gaining weight and decreased SHBG are related to
dyslipidemia and increased fasting glucose confirming increased incidence of
metabolic abnormalities in the menopause.
Observational study in primary health care: Symptoms control of gastroesophageal reflux disease and influence on the quality of life
Authors: Krstic Miodrag , Damjanov Dragomir , Nagorni Aleksandar
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease in
primary care. The most effective medicamentous treatment is proton pump
inhibitors (PPI). Objective. Observational study conducted in 13 primary
health care centers from the whole Serbia with the aim to collect local
epidemiology data on GERD and to investigate the intensity and frequency of
disease symptoms and the quality of life of patients treated with proton pump
inhibitors by using a Patient?s Questionnaire. Methods. Adult GERD patients
treated with PPI were under follow-up for two months. The investigators
evaluated typical symptoms and gave global assessment of disease severity.
The patients filled-in the Patient?s Questionnaire on disease symptoms and
quality of life. At the study end, the investigators evaluated the importance
of the Patient?s Questionnaire in the management of these patients. Results.
The study included 828 patients (66.3% female) of mean age 54.8 years. The
most common life habits were coffee consumption (86.1%), exposure to stress
(81.7%), smoking (45.7%) and alcohol consumption (25%). With PPI therapy a
statistically significant reduction of typical GERD symptoms of any intensity
was detected as evaluated by the investigators (p<0,001), as well as the
reduction in the frequency of all symptoms and accompanying discomforts of
the quality of life, as estimated by the patients (p<0.001). In 92.2% of the
patients the investigators evaluated the Patient?s Questionnaire to be of
significant help. Conclusion. Primary health care physicians evaluated the
Patient?s Questionnaire as an important tool in the investigation of the
disease symptoms and the quality of life of patients with GERD. The intensity
and frequency of symptoms were reduced, and the quality of life of patients
with GERD was improved by therapy with PPI.
Balneological classification of mineral waters of Serbia
Authors: Krunic Olivera , Sorajic Stanko
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Balneological classification of the main occurrences and
deposits of mineral, thermal and thermomineral waters of Serbia is based on
the classification by V. V. Ivanov from 1977. This classification after
countless and numerous check-ups on the international level has been accepted
by the Commission for Mineral Waters of the International Association of
Hydrogeology (IAH). Objective. The main goal of this paper is to show the
complexity and mutual connections of all activities while distinguishing the
main links and regularities of legalities on the relation hydrogeological
environment and human health. Methods. As the basis of this study we used all
up-to-date long-term detailed geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical,
balneological and numerous other researches of multidisciplinary character
with their specific methods and research results, followed by their analysis
and synthesis. Results. From the review of up-to-date classifications, it is
evident that by their comparison common elements can be found, but not also
adequate application when forming classification schemes, which results in
the statement that there are only a few all-encompassing classifications that
reflect the conditions of formation, existence, renewal and flowing out of
mineral waters, which is the basis for the application in balneology. One
such classification is that by V.V.Ivanov that is usable and conforms to our
experiences and needs. Results of all previous detailed geological,
hydrogeological and numerous other studies with multidisciplinary character
represent the basis for these investigations. Conclusion. The suggested
classification is recommended for future application in balneological
sciences, because by the application of this classification all those
involved in the research and usage of mineral waters would represent and
treat them in a clear, distinct and unified manner based on scholarly
confirmed foundations.
Intraocular foreign body removal: Case report
Authors: Kovacevic Igor , Gakovic Aleksandar , Stefanovic Ivan , Djuric Smiljka , Davidovic Sofija , Bisevac Jovana
Published: April 2013

Introduction. An intraocular foreign body may traumatize the eye
mechanically, introduce infection or exert other toxic effects on the
intraocular structures. Removal of a metallic intraocular foreign bodies
(IOFB) use an internal (vitrectomy followed by forceps or internal magnet
use) or external approach (large electromagnet). Outline of Cases. A
51-year-old man sustained injury of the left eye by a metal foreign body. On
admission visual acuity was normal (VOS=1.0) and intraocular tension was
within normal limits (TOS=10 mmHg). Nasal scleral entry wound was noticed.
Ultrasound of the left eye was done, which confirmed existence of IOFB
laying nasally, next to the ciliary body. Extraction of IOFB with a big
electric magnet was done. Visual acuity on discharge was the same (VOS=1.0).
Another man, aged 30 years, came to the clinic after injury of the left eye
by a foreign body. On admission visual acuity was VOS=L+P+ (light and
projection), TOS=44 mmHg (higher), traumatic cataract, scleral entry wound,
corneal edema, existence of IOFB and initial endophtalmitis. Lensectomia and
vitrectomia via pars plana with IOFB extraction were done. Visual acuity on
discharge was VOS=5/60 with +6.50 Dsph = 0.3-0.4; TOS=17 mmHg. Conclusion.
Magnet removal is indicated in patients when IOFB is laying free in the
vitreous body or stopped near the entry wound during injury without other
complications. Internal approach - pars plana vitrectomy with forceps removal
is used when IOFB is stuck either on the peripheral or posterior part of the
retina or if there are some of aforementioned complications.
Infective endocarditis - maybe yes, maybe no: Case report
Authors: Ivanovic Branislava , Tadic Marijana , Orbovic Bojana , Petrovic Milan
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease which manifests
in different ways. Case Outline. We are presenting a female patient who was
suspected of IE based on the presence of fever, accelerated erythrocyte
sedimentation rate, increased levels of C-reactive protein and
echocardiographic findings of filamentous structures on the aortic valve
which were assumed to be vegetation. Because of the well-known fact that in
the pre-antibiotic era IE was almost always a fatal disease, empirical
antibiotic therapy was conducted despite the absence of clear criteria for IE
and it resulted in a satisfactory outcome. The course of the disease and the
persistence of echocardiographic findings with a completely competent aortic
valve, suggested us to consider the diagnosis of Lambl?s excrescences. There
was no indication for surgical treatment in our patient; so that in the
absence of pathological confirmation our diagnostic dilemma was left
unresolved. Conclusion. In patients with typical clinical features of IE and
filamentous structures on the cardiac valves that are completely competent,
Lambl?s excrescences should be kept in mind as a possible differential
diagnosis.
Novelties in gout
Authors: Radak-Perovic Marija , Zlatkovic-Svenda Mirjana
Published: April 2013

Chronic asymptomatic hyperuratemia (HUA), gout paroxysm in patients with
chronic hyperuratemia (HU) and normouricemic attacks of gouty arthritis are
well known, but poorly understood. A review of the current literature with
attempt of its explanation is presented. The natural course of gout is
associated with joint structure changes that may be evaluated by different
imaging techniques; comparative advantages and shortcomings of each technique
are presented. For almost over 50 years the market has not offered new drugs
for the control of HU and gout, while management of such patients was a
rather neglected field. Over the last five years an unpredictable number of
prospective clinical studies have been conducted involving the investigation
of the efficacy and safety of new drugs to control HU (febuxostat,
pegloticase). The return of pharmaceutical industry into the world of gout
has considerably changed the picture. New recommendations have been presented
on appropriate colchicine dose regime for acute gouty flares. Emerging
therapies, including pegloticase, uricosuric agent RDEA596 and the
interleukin -1 inhibitors have shown promises in early and late phase
clinical trials. Each of them deserves to be considered for implementation
and feasibility in clinical practice as well as outcome measures for clinical
trials. Another purpose of this review was to summarize new knowledge on
approved drugs to treat hyperuricemia, or the clinical manifestations of
gout. Results of several clinical trials provide new data on the efficacy and
safety of the approved urate lowering drugs (allopurinol and febuxostat).
Lifestyle and dietary recommendations for gout patients should take into
consideration overall health benefits and risks, since gout is often
associated with metabolic syndrome and an increased future risk of
cardiovascular disease and mortality. This review also summarizes the recent
data about lifestyle factors that influence serum uric acid levels and the
gout risk, and attempts to provide holistic recommendations, considering both
their impact on gout as well as on other health implications.
Sexual dimorphism and specificities of psychopharmacological treatment in women
Authors: Draganic-Gajic Saveta , Lecic-Tosevski Dusica , Pejovic-Milovancevic Milica , Popovic-Deusic Smiljka , Gajic Goran
Published: April 2013

The scope of gender related differences observed in mentally ill persons
provides a major source of inference about the role of gonadal steroids in
brain function and behavior. Reported gender dimorphism in psychiatry
includes the following: prevalence of certain mental disorders specific to
female gender, phenomenology and treatment characteristics, i.e. response to
the applied psychopharmacotherapy. Structural and functional relationship
between the hormonal system and central nervous system is closely correlated
with vulnerability to various psychopathological disturbances in biologically
different stages in women. It has been observed, for instance, that the
association of gonadal steroid activity with serotonin is relevant to mood
change in premenstrual and postpartum mood disturbances. Gender related
hormonal fluctuations may cause or be correlated with the development of
several gender-related psychopathological disturbances. The aim of this
article is to review the literature concerning gender-related specificities
of psychopharmacological treatment of some of the most important mental
disorders in women, such as affective disorder in menopause, premenstrual
syndrome and postpartum mood disorders.
Ethics and reproductive health: The issue of HPV vaccination
Authors: Matejic Bojana , Kesic Vesna
Published: April 2013

The ethics of reproductive health covers a wide field of different issues,
from the ethical dimensions of assisted reproduction, life of newborns with
disabilities to the never-ending debate on the ethical aspects of abortion.
Furthermore, increasing attention is paid to the ethical dimensions of using
stem cells taken from human embryos, the creation of cloned embryos of
patients for possible self-healing, and the increasingly present issue of
reproductive cloning. Development of vaccines against human papillomavirus
(HPV) has introduced new ethical aspects related to reproductive health and
the need for a consensus of clinical and public-healthcare population. Today
immunization with HPV vaccine is a measure for the primary prevention of
cervical cancer and it provides effective protection against certain types of
viruses included in the vaccine. The most often mentioned issues of
discussions on ethical concerns about HPV vaccination are the recommended age
of girls who should be informed and vaccinated (12-14 years), attitudes and
fears of parents concerning discussion with their preadolescent daughters on
issues important for their future sexual behavior, dilemma on the vaccination
of boys and the role of the chosen pediatrician in providing information on
the vaccination. In Serbia, two HPV vaccines have been registered but the
vaccination is not compulsory. Up-till-now there has been no researches on
the attitudes of physicians and parents about HPV vaccination. Nevertheless,
it is very important to initiate education of general and medical public
about the fact that the availability of vaccine, even if we disregard all
aforementioned dilemmas, does not lead to the neglect of other preventive
strategies against cervical cancer, primarily screening. The National Program
for Cervical Cancer Prevention involves organized screening, i.e. regular
cytological examinations of the cervical smear of all women aged 25-69 years,
every three years, regardless of the vaccination status.
Visual Disability: Causes and Implications on Patients’ Daily Living
Authors: Ayanniyi Abdulkabir A , Fadamiro Christianah O , Olatunji Fatai O , Hassan Mustafa B , Adkoya Bola J , Owoeye Joshua F , Uyanne Isaac A
Published: April 2013

Objective: To determine the causes and implications of visual disability (VD) on patients’ daily living. Methods: A cross section survey of 130 visually disabled (vd) Nigerians on visually related basic life activities, psychology and emotion in 2008. Both structured interview and relevant clinical examination were conducted for the vd to gather the necessary information. Results: VD was due mainly to cataract (82, 63.1%) and glaucoma (29, 22.3%). At least 78% of the causes of the VD were avoidable (treatable, curable). VD reduced/eliminated available manpower/workforce and increased the number of dependants. The most severely affected activities included driving, reading, threading a needle, but most vd could still cope with feeding and wearing of clothes. The activities missed most by the participants were appreciation of the beauty of nature, people/object recognition and reading. There was an association between the activities missed most and the vd levels of education (P=0.001) but not with gender (P=0.406). Most participants (85%) expressed sadness over VD and reported sadness had an association with educational levels (P=0.042) but not with gender (P=0.167). Though (97.7%) thought life was meaningless due to VD, all (100%) had hope in regaining normal vision. Most participants (82.3%) expressed sadness over dependence on the sighted for basic visual demanding tasks. Conclusion: Both cataract and glaucoma are leading causes of visual disability. Visual Disability diminishes quality of daily living and has economic, psychosocial and emotional implications. Renewed efforts towards preventing avoidable blindness and rehabilitating irreversibly blind will reduce the burden of vd. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.6842   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 21-29
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of the Aqueous Root Extract of Triclisia dictyophylla
Authors: Ajugwo Anslem O , Ezimah Anthony C , Awah Francis M , Mounbegna Philippe E , Azikiwe Celestine C
Published: April 2013

Triclisia dictyophylla have been used traditionally for the treatment of different ailments. The root was therefore subjected to phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial/antifungal activity against some hospital-strain disease causing microorganisms. Standard methods were used for the phytochemical screening. The extract was subjected to antimicrobial/antifungal activity using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The sensitivity pattern was compared to that of ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis revealed mostly alkaloids and protein while tannins, glycoside and saponin were revealed in trace (+) amounts. The extract showed a good antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sputum and on E. coli from both urine and sputum with no antifungal activity. The extract contains active components which could be harnessed for formulation of antibiotics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7846   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 15-20
Evaluation of Nitrate Reductase Assay for Rapid Detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Sah Ranjit Kumar , Bhatta DR , Ghimire GR , Kandel BP , Tiwari BR , Sherchand JB
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) urgently demands for simple,  rapid and inexpensive methods of its detection for the effective treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis,  particularly in low-income countries. Methodology: This prospective study was carried out at National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory  and South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre,  Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal, from November 2009 to May 2010 to evaluate nitrate reductase assay (NRA)  efficacy for rapid determination of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol susceptibility of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Results: A total of 113 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were tested for four first line antitubercular drugs  by nitrate reductase assay and were compared with standard proportion method. Results were available  in 7-14 days by NRA as compared to proportion method which generally takes 4-6 weeks. The sensitivity  and specificity of NRA were 98.1% and 100% for isoniazid, 95.1% and 98.6% for rifampicin, 91.4% and  94.9% for streptomycin, and 78.6% and 97.9% for ethambutol, respectively. Agreement between NRA  and proportion method were 99.1%, 97.3%, 93.8%, 95.6% for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and  ethambutol, respectively. Conclusion: NRA is easier, inexpensive and reliable method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterum  tuberculosis for isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most important drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis.  The reduction in susceptibility testing time, and higher sensitivity and specificity of NRA method is of  fundamental importance in detecting MDR-TB. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 5-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7971
Patient Characteristics Associated with Non-Adherence to Anti Tuberculosis Treatment in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayawardena KAS , Sarukkali C , De Alwis AKSB , Samaraweera S , Waidyaratne D , Nawaratne S , Perera R , Darmasiri R , Kariyawasam A , Illangakoon RASE , Wijesingha DNK , Karunadasa PM
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Sri Lanka had achieved a significant improvement in the tuberculosis control including a reduction of the default rate since introduction of the DOTS strategy to the National TB control Programme  in 1997. Patients’ adherence to anti TB treatment may be measured using either process oriented or outcome oriented definitions. Default rate is an outcome oriented definition that may be used as an indicator of poor patient adherence to anti TB treatment. One of the main obstacles in achieving the best  tuberculosis (TB) control is that patients do not complete full course of anti TB treatment. A prospective cohort study was carried out with the objective to identify patient characteristics that associate with defaulting anti tuberculosis treatment. Methodology: This was a prospective cohort study of new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered for treatment between 1.6.2008 and 31.8.2008 in seven districts in Sri Lanka. Data on the patient characteristics and the plan of management were collected at the beginning of the treatment using a pre tested structured questionnaire. During the follow up and at the end of the treatment, results of sputum microscopy and the treatment outcome were recorded. The patients who interrupted treatment for 2 months or more (defaulters) during the course of treatment were again investigated in the field. In the statistical analysis, patient characteristics of the defaulters were compared with the characteristics of patients who were cured. Results: There were 22 defaulters giving a default rate of 4.59%. Being a male, poor educational background, having a casual job, regular smoking, and regular alcohol use were significantly associated with defaulting treatment (p < 0.05). Sinhalese had lower default rate than other ethnic groups. At the field investigation, 43% of the defaulters were found not living in the addresses given to the treatment providers. Field investigators have further reported that financial reasons, substance abuse, feeling well, and lack of family support also as causes of defaulting treatment. Conclusion: Identification of risk factors by careful patient interview, early home visit, and monitoring of patient behaviour early in the course of treatment will help to predict whether adherence is likely to be a  problem. So that, the treatment provider will be able to arrange a flexible and patient centered approach to ensure maximum adherence. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 19-25 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7974
Excess of Plasma Cells with Pseudo-Gaucher Cells in a Case of Tuberculosis - A Case Report
Authors: Palta A , Dhiman P , Ram J
Published: April 2013

This report describes a case of 50 year old woman fever and bony pains with lytic lesion in skull. A polyclonal band was seen in γregion on serum electrophoresis. Bone marrow examination showed excess of plasma cells along with many Pseudo- Gaucher cells. The diagnosis of chronic inflammatory reaction was made. Although stain for AFB was negative, the patient responded to antitubercular treatment. The presence of pseudo-gaucher cells along with plasmacytosis is a rare finding in tuberculosis. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 30-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7976
Multisensor data and thermodynamic sea-ice model based sea-ice thickness chart with application to the Kara Sea, Arctic Russia
Authors: Similä M. , Mäkynen M. , Cheng B. , Rinne E.
Published: April 2013

We introduce a method to construct an ice thickness chart using two satellite datasets and a one-dimensional high-resolution thermodynamic snow and sea-ice model (HIGHTSI). Thin-ice thickness up to 40 cm is retrieved using MODIS ice surface temperature data. For thicker ice, thickness is retrieved from a combination of SAR image and background level ice thickness chart Hi provided by HIGHTSI. Because Hi is inherently static, we utilize passive microwave data based sea-ice concentration charts to introduce mesoscale ice dynamics into Hi. In order to create the thickness chart, the value of modified Hi is scaled by a factor which depends on the magnitude of backscattering coefficient σ0. The proposed method is effective in cold winter conditions. We calculated a series of ice thickness charts covering the Kara Sea, Arctic Russia, during winter 2008/09. The ice thickness charts were validated against Russian ice charts. Our method gave realistic results in the thickness range 30–120 cm and was uncertain for the detection of thinner-ice areas. Due to the limitations in our reference dataset, more validation work is needed to establish the accuracy in more detail. Our thickness charts can be used for operational purposes and in climate studies.
Use of a multilayer snow model to assess grazing conditions for reindeer
Authors: Vikhamar-Schuler D. , Hanssen-Bauer I. , Schuler T.V. , Mathiesen S.D. , Lehning M.
Published: April 2013

High-density snow layers deteriorate grazing conditions for reindeer during winter. We compare two different methods for identifying past winters with difficult grazing conditions for reindeer in Kautokeino, northern Norway. A long-term climate analysis based on monthly values of precipitation and temperature (1900–2011) demonstrated that the reported winters were difficult to identify systematically. The processes leading to hard layers or ground-ice layers occur on daily, not monthly, timescales, and whether or not specific conditions are problematic depends on the development throughout the winter, not just on single values. To better analyse the weather conditions and development over time that favour the formation of high-density snow layers, we apply the multilayer model SNOWPACK over the period 1956–2010. We simulate the evolution of the snowpack by forcing the model with 6 hour interval meteorological data. The model output was analysed by summing up the vertical extent of the simulated high-density snow layers (>350 kg m–3) for each winter. These results were compared with historical records of difficult winter grazing conditions reported in the period 1956–2010. In particular, the heavy losses of reindeer during the catastrophic 1967/68 winter were caused by the occurrence of ground ice together with long snow-cover duration. This unfavourable coincidence is well reproduced by our model results, together with eight of the ten reported difficult winters.
Parameter uncertainty, refreezing and surface energy balance modelling at Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, 2004-08
Authors: Østby Torbjørn I. , Schuler Thomas V. , Hagen Jon Ove , Hock Regine , Reijmer Carleen H.
Published: April 2013

We apply a physically based coupled surface energy balance and snowpack model to a site close to the equilibrium line on Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, over the 2004-08 melt seasons, to explain contributions to the energy available for melting and to quantify the significance of refreezing. The model is forced using in situ meteorological measurements and precipitation downscaled from ERA-Interim reanalysis. Applying a Monte Carlo approach to determine the tunable parameters of the model, we estimate the uncertainty related to the choice of parameter values. Multiple criteria are evaluated to identify well-performing parameter combinations, evaluating the model performance with respect to longwave outgoing radiation, snow and ice temperatures and surface displacement. On average, over the investigated melt seasons (1 June to 15 September) net radiation and sensible heat contributed 90 ± 2% and 10 ± 2%, respectively, to the mean energy available for melting snow and ice. The energy consumed by subsurface heat exchange reduced runoff by 15±2% in 2004 and 49±3% in 2008. Refreezing of meltwater and rain was estimated to be 0.37 ± 0.04 m w.e. a-1 on average over the five seasons, which represents a considerable reduction of mass loss during summer. Our findings suggest that refreezing potentially exerts a decisive control on glacier mass balance in persistently snow- or firn-covered areas.
Comparing three different methods to model scenarios of future glacier change in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Linsbauer Andreas , Paul Frank , Machguth Horst , Haeberli Wilfried
Published: April 2013

Ongoing atmospheric warming causes rapid shrinking of glaciers in the European Alps, with a high chance of their near-complete disappearance by the end of the 21st century. Here we present a comparison of three independent approaches to model the possible evolution of the glaciers in the Swiss Alps over the 21st century. The models have different levels of complexity, work at a regional scale and are forced with three scenarios of temperature increase (low, moderate, high). The moderate climate scenario gives an increase in air temperature of ∼2°C and ∼4°C for the two scenario periods 2021-50 and 2070-99, respectively, resulting in an area loss of 60-80% by 2100. In reality, the shrinkage could be even faster, as the observed mean annual thickness loss is already stronger than the modelled one. The three approaches lead to rather similar results with respect to the overall long-term evolution. The choice of climate scenarios produces the largest spread (∼40%) in the final area loss, while the uncertainty in present-day ice-thickness estimation causes about half this spread.
Hyperclycemia, Young Age, Altered Sleep Habits: The Three Shifting Paradigms of Coronary Artery Disease Risk Stratification
Authors: Hasan Irtiza , Rashid Tasnuva , Tasnim Iffat , Rhaman Mir Masudur
Published: April 2013

The study was undertaken to estimate the risk factors age, gender, race, obesity (BMI), glycemic status (prediabetes, diabetes), exercise and psychosocial factors (sleep, sadness) related to coronary artery disease (CAD). The data set for this study is the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is a large scale, cross sectional, voluntary, household interview survey maintaining data on health status, health care access and progress towards achieving the national health objectives in the USA. A total of 26,965 (male/female =55.8/ 44.2%) subjects were included in the study. Of them, 79.9% were less than 65 years of age. Regarding obesity, overweight, obese and morbid obese were 34.8, 17.3 and 11.0%, respectively. Sadness of any degree was reported in 28%. Sleep duration was found <5h/d in 8.7% and > 9h/d in 9.7%. Heart disease was reported in 4.9%. About 10% were reported to have diabetes and 4.1% prediabetes. 40% of the respondents maintained exercise once per week and only 12.8% maintained 10 or more times per week. Logistic regression estimated that compared with the non-diabetics, the subjects with prediabetes (OR 3.27, 95% CI, 2.32-4.59) and diabetes (OR 6.44 95% CI, 5.21-7.96) had excess risk of CAD, more significant in the younger subjects (<65y) than in the older (>65y). The risk of CAD was found significant in both prediabetes (OR 2.47, 95% CI, 1.44-4.23) and diabetes (OR 3.03, 95% CI, 2.16-4.24) as compared with nondiabetic group who slept >9h a day. The subjects with prediabetes or diabetes had excess risk for CAD compared with the non-diabetic subjects, which was more marked in the younger people. Again, compared with the non-diabetic people, the subjects with prediabetes or diabetes, having less sleep or excess sleep, had excess risk for CAD. Further study may confirm our findings. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14727 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 39-45
A Rare Case of Intra-Osseous Meningioma of the Sphenoid Bone - A Case Report
Authors: Ferdousi Mahfuz Ara , Sharif Md Mofazzal , Bahar Hijbul , Mohiuiddin AS , Hossain ATM Mosharef , Banu Sultana Gulshana
Published: April 2013

A 42-year-old female patient presented with loss of vision and proptosis of her right eye. Computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed hyperostotic lesion involving the right sphenoid ridge, anterior clinoid process and roof and lateral wall of orbit with mass effect on the intraorbital contents. CT findings were suggestive of intra-osseous meningioma arising from right sphenoid bone. Later, MRI of the brain and orbit and histopathology of the lesion confirmed the case as an intra-osseous meningioma of the sphenoid bone. Though meningioma of tuberculum sella and primary calvarial meningioma were reported earlier, intraosseous meningioma of the sphenoid bone is rare. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14737 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 73-75
The Economic Impact of Starting, Stopping, and Restarting an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: A 14-Year Experience
Authors: Ullman Mary , Parlier Garry , Warren James , Mateo Noe , Harvey Craig , Sullivan Christopher , Bergsbaken Robert , Mitropoulos Isaac , Bosso John , Rotschafer John
Published: April 2013

Regions Hospital started a multidisciplinary antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) in 1998. The program effectively shut down from 2002–2004 as key personnel departed and was then restarted but without the dedicated pharmacist and infectious diseases physician. Purchasing data (in dollars or dollars/patient/day) unadjusted for inflation served as a surrogate marker of antibiotic consumption. These data were reviewed monthly, quarterly, and yearly along with antibiotic susceptibility patterns on a semi-annual basis. Segmented regression analysis was use to compare restricted antibiotic purchases for performance periods of 1998–2001 (construction), 2002–2004 (de-construction), and 2005–2011 (reconstruction). After 4 years (1998–2001) of operation, a number of key participants of the ASP departed. For the following three years (2002–2004) the intensity and focus of the program floundered. This trend was averted when the program was revitalized in early 2005. The construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of our ASP provided a unique opportunity to statistically examine the financial impact of our ASP or lack thereof in the same institution. We demonstrate a significant economic impact during ASP deconstruction and reconstruction.
Porous Polyimide Membranes Prepared by Wet Phase Inversion for Use in Low Dielectric Applications
Authors: Kim Soohyun , Jang Keon-Soo , Choi Hee-Dok , Choi Seung-Hoon , Kwon Seong-Ji , Kim Il-Doo , Lim Jung , Hong Jae-Min
Published: April 2013

A wet phase inversion process of polyamic acid (PAA) allowed fabrication of a porous membrane of polyimide (PI) with the combination of a low dielectric constant (1.7) and reasonable mechanical properties (Tensile strain: 8.04%, toughness: 3.4 MJ/m3, tensile stress: 39.17 MPa, and young modulus: 1.13 GPa), with further thermal imidization process of PAA. PAA was simply synthesized from purified pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4-oxydianiline (ODA) in two different reaction solvents such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), which produce Mw/PDI of 630,000/1.45 and 280,000/2.0, respectively. The porous PAA membrane was fabricated by the wet phase inversion process based on a solvent/non-solvent system via tailored composition between GBL and NMP. The porosity of PI, indicative of a low electric constant, decreased with increasing concentration of GBL, which was caused by sponge-like formation. However, due to interplay between the low electric constant (structural formation) and the mechanical properties, GBL was employed for further exploration, using toluene and acetone vs. DI-water as a coagulation media. Non-solvents influenced determination of the PAA membrane size and porosity. With this approach, insight into the interplay between dielectric properties and mechanical properties will inform a wide range of potential low-k material applications.
LILRA3 Is Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Risk in a Chinese Population
Authors: Jiao Yang , Wang Li , Gu Xin , Tao Sha , Tian Lu , Na Rong , Chen Zhuo , Kang Jian , Zheng Siqun , Xu Jianfeng , Sun Jielin , Qi Jun
Published: April 2013

A recent prostate cancer (PCa) genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified rs103294, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located on LILRA3, a key component in the regulation of inflammatory inhibition, to be significantly associated with PCa risk in a Chinese population. Because inflammation may be a common etiological risk factor between PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the current study was conducted to investigate the association of rs103294 with BPH risk. rs103294 was genotyped in a Chinese population of 426 BPH cases and 1,008 controls from Xinhua Hospital in Shanghai, China. Association between rs103294, BPH risk and clinicopathological traits were tested with adjustment for age. rs103294 was significantly associated with BPH risk with a p-value of 0.0067. Individuals with risk allele “C” had increased risk for BPH (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09–1.66). Stratified analysis revealed a stronger association risk for younger patients who are below 72 years old (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.16). Our study represents the first effort to demonstrate that LILRA3 gene is significantly associated with BPH risk in a Chinese population. Our results support a common role of inflammation in the development of PCa and BPH. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate our results.