bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of high-intensity interval training compared to moderate-intensity continuous training on maximal oxygen consumption and blood pressure in healthy men: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arboleda-Serna Víctor Hugo , Feito Yuri , Patiño-Villada Fredy Alonso , Vargas-Romero Astrid Viviana , Arango-Vélez Elkin Fernando
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Aerobic exercise generates increased cardiorespiratory fitness, which results in a protective factor for cardiovascular disease. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) might produce higher increases on cardiorespiratory fitness in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT); however, current evidence is not conclusive.Objective: To compare the effects of a low-volume HIIT and a MICT on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure during eight weeks in healthy men between 18 and 44 years of age.Materials and methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial. Forty-four volunteers were randomized to HIIT (n=22) or MICT (n=22). Both groups performed 24 sessions on a treadmill. The HIIT group completed 15 bouts of 30 seconds (90-95%, maximal heart rate, HRmax), while the MICT group completed 40 minutes of continuous exercise (65-75% HRmax). Results: Intra-group analysis showed an increase in VO2max of 3.5 ml/kg/min [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02 to 4.93; p=0.0001] in HIIT and 1.9 ml/kg/min (95% CI -0.98 to 4.82; p=0.18) in MICT. However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (1.01 ml/kg/min. 95% CI -2.16 to 4.18, p=0.52). MICT generated a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure compared to HIIT (median 8 mm Hg; p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for DBP.Conclusions: Results indicated no significant change in VO2max with a low-volume HIIT protocol versus MICT after 24 sessions. In contrast, MICT provided a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure compared to HIIT. The study is registered as a clinical trial via clinicaltrials.gov with identifier number: NCT02288403.
Extensive plastome reduction and loss of photosynthesis genes in Diphelypaea coccinea, a holoparasitic plant of the family Orobanchaceae
Authors: Gruzdev Eugeny V. , Kadnikov Vitaly V. , Beletsky Alexey V. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: October 2019

Background

Parasitic plants have the ability to obtain nutrients from their hosts and are less dependent on their own photosynthesis or completely lose this capacity. The reduction in plastid genome size and gene content in parasitic plants predominantly results from loss of photosynthetic genes. Plants from the family Orobanchaceae are used as models for studying plastid genome evolution in the transition from an autotrophic to parasitic lifestyle. Diphelypaea is a poorly studied genus of the Orobanchaceae, comprising two species of non-photosynthetic root holoparasites. In this study, we sequenced the plastid genome of Diphelypaea coccinea and compared it with other Orobanchaceae, to elucidate patterns of plastid genome evolution. In addition, we used plastid genome data to define the phylogenetic position of Diphelypaea spp.

Methods

The complete nucleotide sequence of the plastid genome of D. coccinea was obtained from total plant DNA, using pyrosequencing technology.

Results

The D. coccinea plastome is only 66,616 bp in length, and is highly rearranged; however, it retains a quadripartite structure. It contains only four rRNA genes, 25 tRNA genes and 25 protein-coding genes, being one of the most highly reduced plastomes among the parasitic Orobanchaceae. All genes related to photosynthesis, including the ATP synthase genes, had been lost, whereas most housekeeping genes remain intact. The plastome contains two divergent, but probably intact clpP genes. Intron loss had occurred in some protein-coding and tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis yielded a fully resolved tree for the Orobanchaceae, with Diphelypaea being a sister group to Orobanche sect. Orobanche.
Crop Residue Management in Small Holding Farming Sector of Bihar – Its Importance and Challenges
Authors: Saha Bholanath , Verma D. K. , Shamim Md. , Das Tanaya , Saha Sushanta , Om Hari , Jha V. B.
Published: October 2019

The current study paper investigates the importance and challenges of crop residue management in small holding farming sector of Bihar, India. The study covers the trends of crop system, crop cultivation patterns, after cultivation residue management systems applied, participation of small holding agriculture farms in crop residue management and challenges and future options for crop residue management including information needs. This study was focused on the management of crop residues because of their importance as ruminant livestock feeds and their role in natural resources management.
Crop Residue Management through Its Alternate Use: A Case Study in Koshi Zone of Bihar
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Singh Ashutosh , Pandey Amit Kumar , Chaudhary Anand , Ray Pankaj Kumar , Kumar Prem Chand , Singh Umesh
Published: October 2019

Biomass assessment study in Koshi zone of Bihar was carried out at regional Research Station, Agwanpur, Saharsa during 2015-2016. Study was focused only on ACZ-II in first phase. For the study of different fate of residues of crops in Zone-II of Bihar, it was concentrated in the districts of Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Khagaria, Araria and Kishanganj.  In first scenarios were feeding of livestock with dry biomass for 200 days in a year, it was observed that all the districts were deficient in providing biomass to live stock. However, in second scenario were feeding of livestock with dry biomass for 300 days in a year, all the district except Araria were deficit in providing biomass to livestock. There is no such problem arises for management of excess crop residue in these areas as these areas are already in deficit condition for biomass.
First Evidence of West Nile Virus in Hodeidah, Yemen: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics
Authors: Yusuf Qais , Al-Masrafi Isra'a , Al-Mahbashi Anas , Al-Areeqi Asma'a , Al-Kamarany Mohammed Amood , Khan Ali S.
Published: October 2019

Introduction: West Nile Virus (WNV) infection is an important arthropod-borne zoonosis viral disease. This virus is neglected in Yemen especially in Hodeidah.

Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to detect WNV infection, determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics within febrile patients in Hodeidah city and to determine some risk factors associated with WNV infection.

Materials and Methods: 136 febrile patients in a hospital base study were diagnosed in Center of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (CTMID), Authority of General Al-Thawara Hospital, Hodeidah, Yemen from January of 2017 to December of 2017. WNV infection was detected by enzyme linkage immune sorbent assay (ELISA) on serum samples.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that 5 cases (3.67%) were WNV – positive namely IgM that was detected in winter and spring seasons, the most prevalent antibodies of WNV were IgG namely 75 cases (55.14%). Most common symptoms were fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, arthralgia, myalgia and photophobia. The treatment based on the intravenous therapy (IV) with anti-pyritic, plasma in some cases and all cases were recovered while mortality rate was 00%.

Conclusion: WNV was detected in Hodeidah which placed in Tehama "western Yemen", as first time by our preliminary study that confirmed the evidence of WNV IgM and IG antibodies presence on 2017, in order to increase safety of diagnosis of febrile diseases, it is essential to continue surveillance of this emerging infection, suggesting that this emergence has been transported by migratory birds from wintering areas to Tehama region.
Evaluation of the Trend of CD4 Cell Count Over Time in Case of HIV/AIDS Patients under ART Follow-up
Authors: Gergiso Kabtamu Tolosie , Erango Markos Abiso
Published: October 2019

Background: Globally 36.7 million people living with HIV, 1.8 million new HIV infection, and 1 million AIDS-related deaths in 2016.Patient mortality was high during the ﬁrst 6 months after therapy for all patient subgroups and exceeded 40 per 100 patient years among patients who started treatment at low CD4 count. The aim this study was to evaluate the trend of CD4 cell count over time and to determine the progress of patient characteristics measured at baseline on CD4 cell count of HIV-infected patients who were under ART treatment in Arba Minch Hospital. 

Methods: This study was retrospective follow up study using data extracted from medical records, patient interviews, and laboratory work-up. The study was employed among 550 adult patients that were selected by simple random sampling. The continuous outcome variable CD4 cell count has measured at months 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24. Longitudinal data analysis were used because the set of measurements on one patient tend to be correlated, measurements on the same patient close in time tend to be more highly correlated than measurements far apart in time, and the variability of longitudinal data often changes with time and the data handled through linear mixed effect models.

Result: The ﬁtted result of the linear mixed model showed that linear visit time effect and the baseline characteristics education status, condom, tobacco, degree of Disclosure, and weight effects had signiﬁcant effect on CD4 measurements. Also, the interaction age with linear visit time effect had signiﬁcant effect on the evolution of CD4 cell count. However, no signiﬁcant difference between sex, WHO stage, and marital status groups.

Conclusion: This study ﬁnd that the CD4 cell count of HIV/AIDS patients is signiﬁcantly determined by the visit time, education status, condom, tobacco, degree of Disclosure, and weight effects of patients.
The Benefit of Utilizing Brain-Based Learning in Higher Education Online Environments
Authors: Winter Renee
Published: October 2019

Higher education has experienced a significant transformation from traditional face-to-face instruction to online instruction. The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to determine to what extent postsecondary online faculty utilized brain-based learning techniques as part of their academic practices in the online asynchronous learning environment and to assess differences in the use of these techniques between online full-time and online adjunct faculty employed by two public universities and one private university located in the Southwest region of the United States. The theoretical framework of Hart’s (1983) brain-based learning theory (BBLT) informed this study. The sample consisted of 539 accepted and completed surveys. The participants completed 55 questions based on brain-based learning. Quantitative data were collected using Klinek’s (2009) questionnaire about brain-based learning knowledge, beliefs, and practices. The data from the questionnaire measured the online faculty’s knowledge, beliefs, and practices of brain-based learning techniques. The data were analyzed using descriptive information about the sample computing frequencies of the variables. Cronbach’s alpha reliabilities were conducted to complete the descriptive statistics for the first research question. The statistical analysis used for research question two and three was Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) using a 2×2 factorial design to test the hypotheses. The researcher found that there was a significant difference between the BBLT practices of the online faculty from public (M = 3.45) and private universities (M = 3.28), F (1, 294) = 1.62, p = .004, ŋ2 = .044. The study revealed that there is a lack of knowledge about BBLT supporting the need for professional development and training.
PENANAMAN JIWA BIJAK MENGELOLA UANG PADA SISWA PAUD KELURAHAN SIWALANKERTO SURABAYA MELALUI KEGIATAN SERVICE LEARNING MATA KULIAH PERSONAL FINANCE
Authors: Linawati Nanik
Published: October 2019

Golden opportunity will not be repeated twice. This applies to the future development of early childhood education students (PAUD) who are at the Golden Period. During this learning period is very important, as it will also determine the direction of mental development of children at a next stage. Teach the wisdom to manage money through savings habits will become one of the pillars that sustain the child in the future when they are growing up. The involvement of higher education students in the activities of Service Learning is one of the precious moments for the students, because these activities give students the opportunity to share their knowledge and part of their funds to the community, especially the students of early childhood education (PAUD), learn to socialize with different strata of society, learn the meaning of dedication from Bunda PAUD who teach the children from low income family without expecting reward.
IbM PENGUATAN TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI KELOMPOK UMKM KERUPUK (KERUPUK BAWANG DAN BONGGOL PISANG) DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI
Authors: Dyah S. Herdiana , S. Endang
Published: October 2019

UMKM terbaik yang ada di Banyuwangi diantaranya adalah UMKM UD. Kalirejo yang menghasilkan kerupuk bawang, dan UMKM UD. Sri Mulyo yang merupakan UMKM pertama dan satu-satunya yang menghasilkan kerupuk bonggol pisang, kerupuk lidah buaya, dan kerupuk buah naga. Permasalahan pada kedua UMKM tersebut adalah masih rendahnya penerapan teknologi pengolahan pangan terutama pada proses pemotongan dan penghancuran bonggol pisang. Metode yang digunakan dalam program IbM ini adalah Pelatihan dan Pembinaan, transfer Inovasi Teknologi Tepat Guna, monitoring dan evaluasi (MonEv). Hasilnya terjadi peningkatan  kualitas produk (kerusakan kerupuk bawang dari 20 kg  per hari bisa diturunkan sampai 2 kg dan kerupuk bonggol pisang dari 12 kg menjadi 1 kg) dan kapasitas produksi Kerupuk bonggol pisang (dari 38 kg menjadi 48 kg), dan bawang (dari 80 kg menjadi 98 kg) pada  UMKM  dengan inovasi mesin pemotong kerupuk dengan penurunan kerusakan produksi kerupuk, dan mesin pencacah bonggol pisang dengan peningkatan kualitas hasil produksi kerupuk bonggol pisang. Dengan adanya pelatihan di bidang pengendalian kualitas produksi dan manajemen pengelolaan usaha dapat memperkaya wawasan dan menambah pengetahuan bagi pengusaha UMKM, sehingga dapat memberi nilai tambah untuk inovasi produk dari UMKM-UMKM tersebut.
PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN MELALUI PROGRAM EDUTAINMENT UNTUK RE-AKSESBILITAS INFORMASI BERBASIS TEKNOMEDIA PADA ORGANISASI PEREMPUAN GEREJA DI GKJW JAMBANGAN SURABAYA DAN WARU SIDOARJO)
Authors: Priyowidodo Gatut , D. Sari Yustisia , Inggrit I. Inri
Published: October 2019

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang bertemakan Pemberdayaan Perempuan  Melalui  Program Edutainment Untuk Re-Aksesbilitas Informasi Berbasis Teknomedia Pada Organisasi Perempuan Gereja (Pilot Project Information Literacy Di GKJW Jambangan Surabaya Dan Waru Sidoarjo ini adalah dalam rangka penerapan ipteks kepada masyarakat selaku stakeholder. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah Perempuan  di GKJW Jambangan Surabaya dan Waru Sidoarjo terbentuk ketrampilan melek informasi, mampu mengelola informasi yang ada serta memahami, memiliki dan memanfaatkan informasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah perempuan gerejawi yang terwadahi oleh Komisi Pembinaan Peranan Wanita (KPPW) di GKJW Jambangan Surabaya dan Waru Sidoarjo. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendidikan dan pelatihan program Edutainment  untuk aksesbilitas informasi berbasis teknomedia. Melalui kegiatan ini, para pengabdi masyarakat mencoba memperkenalkan penggunaan teknomedia berbasis android dengan menggunakan smartphone. Tahap pertama adalah melalui perkenalan alat yakni smartphone, dan selanjutnya pengenalan atau pengaplikasian sistem informasi melalui kuis tebak tokoh dengan cara men-download software aplikasi di smartphone yang berbasis android.
Uma visita aos conceitos de políticas culturais na América Latina
Authors: Rubim Albino
Published: October 2019

O texto propõe uma visitação crítica aos conceitos de políticas culturais elaborados na América Latina, desde os anos 80 do século XX, quando se inauguram tais estudos na região. A visitação crítica não busca chegar a um conceito canônico, mas pretende navegar nas trilhas possíveis dos conceitos existentes, tensionando-os a partir de contribuições teórico-analíticas que ensejem atualizações nos conceitos de políticas culturais.
Políticas Culturais dos Países do BRICS no período de 2003 a 2018: uma análise comparativa
Authors: Novais Bruno Do Vale
Published: October 2019

Para conhecer práticas de políticas culturais dos países do BRICS com vistas à comparação entre os Estados nacionais do grupo construiu-se, para esse trabalho, um mapeamento das ações culturais no período de 2003 a 2018 a fim de oferecer primórdio de indicadores de políticas culturais do BRICS e ter um corpus para intentar compreender similitudes e diferenças na atuação desse agrupamento no campo da cultura. Com base nessas informações levantadas e em revisão bibliográfica, percebeu-se que há possibilidades de construção de políticas culturais intra-BRICS, a partir de iniciativas realizadas e em andamento, as quais ajudarão no desenvolvimento da esfera de cultura nacional da África do Sul, Brasil, China, Índia e Rússia e no fortalecimento do multilateralismo nas relações internacionais da atualidade.

Palavras-chave: Políticas culturais. BRICS. Relações Internacionais. Diplomacia Cultural
TV públicas da Rede DOCTVLatinoamérica: Reflexões sobre um campo híbrido
Authors: Magalhães Marize Torres
Published: October 2019

Este artigo tem como proposta evidenciar o campo das TVs públicas da Rede DOCTV Latinoamérica a partir de algumas observações sobre suas características e desafios neste espaço híbrido e subordinado às forças de mercado e de oligopólios de mídia. O objetivo é trazer uma reflexão sobre como as TVs públicas da Rede DOCTV Latinoamérica tenta se constituir enquanto um campo, apresentando fragilidades e desafios deste esforço. Para isso, recorremos à literatura teórica sobre hibridização de media em articulação com reflexões bourdieusianas, especificamente sobre a televisão. Também aproveitamos da literatura sobre Indústrias da Televisão Latinoamericana e TVs públicas na América Latina.
Gold‐ and Silver‐Coated Barium Titanate Nanocomposites as Probes for Two‐Photon Multimodal Microspectroscopy
Authors: Madzharova Fani , Nodar Álvaro , Živanović Vesna , Huang Michael R. S. , Koch Christoph T. , Esteban Rubén , Aizpurua Javier , Kneipp Janina
Published: October 2019

Improved multiphoton‐excited imaging and microspectroscopy require nanoprobes that can give different nonlinear optical signals. Here, composite nanostructures with a barium titanate core and a plasmonic moiety at their surface are synthesized and characterized. It is found that the core provides a high second‐order nonlinear susceptibility for sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging in living cells. As a second function in the two‐photon regime, the plasmonic part yields high local fields for resonant and nonresonant surface enhanced hyper Raman scattering (SEHRS). SEHRS complements the one‐photon surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra that are also enhanced by the plasmonic shells. Barium titanate silver core–shell (Ag@BaTiO3) composites are specifically suited for SEHRS and SHG excited at 1064 nm, while gold at barium titanate (Au@BaTiO3) nanoparticles can be useful in a combination of SHG and SERS at lower wavelengths, here at 785 nm and 850 nm. The theoretical models show that the optical properties of the BaTiO3 dielectric core depend on probing frequency, shape, size, and plasmonic properties of the surrounding gold nanoparticles so that they can be optimized for a particular type of experiment. These versatile, tunable probes give new opportunities for combined multiphoton probing of morphological structure and chemical properties of biosystems.
Impact of Resolution and Texture of Laser Scanning Generated Three‐Dimensional Models on Landmark Identification
Authors: Toneva Diana , Nikolova Silviya , Georgiev Ivan , Lazarov Nikolai
Published: October 2019

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the resolution and texture of three‐dimensional (3D) models created through laser scanning on the measurement error (ME) of craniometric landmarks. Ten skulls were scanned at five different resolutions, and the generated 3D models were exported with and without texture. The 3D coordinates of 28 landmarks were derived. Each landmark was picked five times by one observer. The ME of a definite landmark was calculated as an average of distances between the repeated placements of the landmark by the observer and the landmark centroid. One‐way analysis of variance was applied for detection of significant differences in the MEs between and within landmark types recorded at different resolutions. The MEs of landmark types in textured and nontextured models were compared by a paired test. Twelve linear measurements were calculated as interlandmark distances, and their values obtained on the models of different resolution were compared. The Frankfurt horizontal plane was constructed for each model and its deviation was calculated at different resolutions. Scan resolution impacted MEs of Type 1 and Type 2 landmarks but not the precision level of Type 3 landmarks. Texture most influenced the precise identification of Type 1 landmarks. The interlandmark distances between Type 2 landmarks were most consistent in their values, those between Type 1 landmarks showed deviations in low‐resolution models, and distances between Type 3 landmarks demonstrated various patterns of transition of the values throughout the resolutions. Altogether, the use of textured high‐resolution models would be preferable in morphometric studies. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1950–1965, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Randomized controlled trial of plain English and visual abstracts for disseminating surgical research via social media
Authors: Chapman S J , Grossman R C , FitzPatrick M E B , Brady R R W
Published: October 2019

Background

Patients are increasingly taking an active role in the design and delivery of surgical research. Public communication of results should also be encouraged, but this is often limited to non-expert commentary. This study assessed the role of plain English abstracts disseminated via social media in engaging patients and clinicians in the communication of surgical research.

Methods

A three-arm randomized controlled trial with crossover of two intervention arms was performed. Manuscripts accepted for publication in BJS were allocated to one of three arms and disseminated via Twitter: plain English abstracts, visual abstracts and standard tweets. The primary outcome was online engagement (a composite of tweets, replies and likes) by members of the public within 14 days. The secondary outcome was online engagement by healthcare professionals.

Results

Forty-one manuscripts were randomized to plain English abstracts (14), visual abstracts (14) and standard tweets (13). The number of public engagements was low, with a mean of 1·8 (range 0–8), 2·5 (0–11), and 1·2 (0–4) for plain English abstracts, visual abstracts and standard tweets respectively. The mean number of engagements by healthcare professionals was 29·4 (6–66), 45·3 (6–161) and 28·8 (10–52) respectively. Overall, visual abstracts attracted a significantly greater number of engagements than plain English ones (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Online, public engagement with surgical research was low. Overall engagement (predominantly from healthcare professionals) was enhanced by the use of visual abstracts.
Vermiform Appendix During the Repackaging Process from Umbilical Herniation to Fixation onto the Right Posterior Abdomen
Authors: Kim Ji H. , Jin Zhe W. , Shibata Shunichi , Murakami Gen , Hayashi Shogo , Rodríguez‐Vázquez José F.
Published: October 2019

The anatomical position of the vermiform appendix varies among adults, and these variations are responsible for differences in the symptoms of appendicitis. However, to date no study has examined how and when these variations occur during fetal development. The present study examined horizontal sections of 27 midterm fetuses (crown rump length [CRL] 38–97 mm, gestational age approximately 8–15 weeks). There were 10 fetuses (CRL 56 mm or more) in which the cecum and appendix were in a posterosuperior site near the right kidney (postmigration phase), and 12 fetuses (CRL 39–72 mm) in which the ileocecal junction and appendix remained on the visceral surface of the liver in the anterior or anterolateral abdominal cavity (migration phase, after physiological umbilical herniation). Analysis of the 12 fetuses in the migration phase indicated that the appendix extended inferiorly in eight fetuses and superiorly in four fetuses. Likewise, a “preileal” appendix (a morphology in which the distal part of the appendix was in front of the terminal ileum) was present in eight of these fetuses. Extension of the appendix superiorly or inferiorly during the migration phase seems unrelated to the topographical relationship of the appendix with the terminal ileum at the postmigration phase in fetuses and in adults. Conversely, it seems likely that a retroileal appendix leads to a coiled appendix behind the ileocecal junction. “Guidance” by the liver surface seemed to be important for posterior migration, which ended with the ascent of the liver. Clin. Anat., 33:667–677, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Acrylic‐Rubber‐Based Latex Binder to High‐Voltage Spinel Electrodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hitomi Shoichi , Kubota Kei , Horiba Tatsuo , Hida Kazuo , Matsuyama Takashi , Oji Hiroshi , Yasuno Satoshi , Komaba Shinichi
Published: October 2019

Acrylic rubber (AR) is studied as a new aqueous latex binder for a high‐voltage positive electrode material, spinel‐type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The electrode with AR and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a composite binder delivers a reversible capacity of 138 mAh g−1 at the first cycle and 128 mAh g−1 at 50th cycle in non‐aqueous Li cells within a voltage range of 3.0 to 5.0 V. As well as capacities higher than 120 mAh g−1, in the case of conventional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) binder, the AR/CMC electrode exhibits better cycle stability than that with PVdF. An initial coulombic efficiency of the AR/CMC electrode of 91 % is higher than 78 % for the styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/CMC electrode, because irreversible anodic oxidation of a C=C bond in the SBR molecule is avoided in the AR molecular structure. In addition, comprehensive analyses with AC impedance spectroscopy, cross‐sectional scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, as well as hard and soft X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal uniform dispersion of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles and acetylene black in the AR/CMC electrode and sufficient coverage of AR/CMC on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles due to good affinity of aqueous binder to them.
Transcriptome profiling of maternal stress‐induced wing dimorphism in pea aphids
Authors: Hu Lin , Gui Wanying , Chen Bing , Chen Li
Published: October 2019

Wing dimorphism, that is, wingless and winged forms, can be induced by maternal stress signals and is an adaptive response of aphids to environmental changes. Here, we investigated the ecological and molecular effects of three kinds of stress, namely crowding, predation, and aphid alarm pheromone, on wing dimorphism. These three stressors induced high proportion of up to 60% of winged morphs in offspring. Transcriptome analysis of stress‐treated female aphids revealed different changes in maternal gene expression induced by the three stressors. Crowding elicited widespread changes in the expression of genes involved in nutrient accumulation and energy mobilization. Distinct from crowding, predation caused dramatic expression changes in cuticle protein (CP) genes. Twenty‐three CP genes that belong to CP RR2 subfamily and are highly expressed in legs and embryos were greatly repressed by the presence of ladybird. By contrast, application of alarm pheromone, E‐β‐farnesene, caused slight changes in gene expression. The three factors shared a responsive gene, cuticle protein 43. This study reveals the adaptive response of aphids to environmental stresses and provides a rich resource on genome‐wide expression genes for exploring molecular mechanisms of ecological adaptation in aphids.

OPEN RESEARCH BADGES

This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.55b2b15.
Understanding reproductive allometry in turtles: A slippery “slope”
Authors: Iverson John B. , Lindeman Peter V. , Lovich Jeffrey E.
Published: October 2019

Measures of reproductive output in turtles are generally positively correlated with female body size. However, a full understanding of reproductive allometry in turtles requires logarithmic transformation of reproductive and body size variables prior to regression analyses. This allows for slope comparisons with expected linear or cubic relationships for linear to linear and linear to volumetric variables, respectively. We compiled scaling data using this approach from published and unpublished turtle studies (46 populations of 25 species from eight families) to quantify patterns among taxa. Our results suggest that for log–log comparisons of clutch size, egg width, egg mass, clutch mass, and pelvic aperture width to shell length, all scale hypoallometrically despite theoretical predictions of isometry. Clutch size generally scaled at ~1.7 to 2.0 (compared to an isometric expectation of 3.0), egg width at ~0.5 (compared to an expectation of 1.0), egg mass at ~1.1 to 1.3 (3.0), clutch mass at ~2.5 to 2.8 (3.0), and pelvic aperture width at 0.8–0.9 (1.0). We also found preliminary evidence that scaling may differ across years and clutches even in the same population, as well as across populations of the same species. Future investigators should aspire to collect data on all these reproductive parameters and to report log–log allometric analyses to test our preliminary conclusions regarding reproductive allometry in turtles.
3D aluminum/silver hierarchical nanostructure with large areas of dense hot spots for surface‐enhanced raman scattering
Authors: Zhao Nan , Li Hefu , Xie Yanru , Feng Zhenbao , Wang Zongliang , Yang Zhenshan , Yan Xunling , Wang Wenjun , Tian Cunwei , Yu Huishan
Published: October 2019

Plasmonic nanomaterials possessing large‐volume, high‐density hot spots with high field enhancement are highly desirable for ultrasensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing. However, many as‐prepared plasmonic nanomaterials are limited in available dense hot spots and in sample size, which greatly hinder their wide applications in SERS devices. Here, we develop a two‐step physical deposition protocol and successfully fabricate 3D hierarchical nanostructures with highly dense hot spots across a large scale (6 × 6 cm2). The nanopatterned aluminum film was first prepared by thermal evaporation process, which can provide 3D quasi‐periodic cloud‐like nanostructure arrays suitable for noble metal deposition; then a large number of silver nanoparticles with controllable shape and size were decorated onto the alumina layer surfaces by laser molecular beam epitaxy, which can realize large‐area accessible dense hot spots. The optimized 3D‐structured SERS substrate exhibits high‐quality detection performance with excellent reproducibility (13.1 and 17.1%), whose LOD of rhodamine 6G molecules was 10−9 M. Furthermore, the as‐prepared 3D aluminum/silver SERS substrate was applied in detection of melamine with the concentration down to 10−7 M and direct detection of melamine in infant formula solution with the concentration as low 10 mg/L. Such method to realize large‐area hierarchical nanostructures can greatly simplify the fabrication procedure for 3D SERS platforms, and should be of technological significance in mass production of SERS‐based sensors.
Identifying technology solutions to bring conservation into the innovation era
Authors: Iacona Gwenllian , Ramachandra Anurag , McGowan Jennifer , Davies Alasdair , Joppa Lucas , Koh Lian Pin , Fegraus Eric , Game Edward , Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Harcourt Rob , Indraswari Karlina , Lahoz‐Monfort José J , Oliver Jessica L , Possingham Hugh P , Ward Adrian , Watson David W , Watson James EM , Wintle Brendan A , Chadès Iadine
Published: October 2019

Innovation has the potential to enable conservation science and practice to keep pace with the escalating threats to global biodiversity, but this potential will only be realized if such innovations are designed and developed to fulfill specific needs and solve well‐defined conservation problems. We propose that business‐world strategies for assessing the practicality of innovation can be applied to assess the viability of innovations, such as new technology, for addressing biodiversity conservation challenges. Here, we outline a five‐step, “lean start‐up” based approach for considering conservation innovation from a business‐planning perspective. Then, using three prominent conservation initiatives – Marxan (software), Conservation Drones (technology support), and Mataki (wildlife‐tracking devices) – as case studies, we show how considering proposed initiatives from the perspective of a conceptual business model can support innovative technologies in achieving desired conservation outcomes.
Energy development reveals blind spots for ecosystem conservation in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth P , Osborne Tracey , Maldonado‐Ocampo Javier A , Mills‐Novoa Megan , Castello Leandro , Montoya Mariana , Encalada Andrea C , Jenkins Clinton N
Published: October 2019

Energy development – as manifested by the proliferation of hydroelectric dams and increased oil and gas exploration – is a driver of change in Amazonian ecosystems. However, prevailing approaches to Amazonian ecosystem conservation that focus on terrestrial protected areas and Indigenous territories do not offer sufficient insurance against the risks associated with energy development. Here, we explore three related areas of concern: the exclusion of subsurface rights on Indigenous lands; the absence of frameworks for freshwater ecosystem conservation; and downgrading, downsizing, degazettement (loss of protection), and reclassification of protected areas. We consider these issues from the perspectives of multiple countries across the Amazon Basin, and link them directly to energy development. Finally, we offer suggestions for addressing the challenges of energy development for Amazon ecosystem conservation through existing policies, new approaches, and international collaboration.
Adoption of AFS Standard Methods: The South Dakota Experience
Authors: Smith Bradley J , Blackwell Brian G
Published: October 2019

Standardization is a critical component of scientific inquiry, but has been difficult to implement for inland fisheries sampling in North America. In 2009, the American Fisheries Society (AFS) published Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes. Since publication, numerous management agencies have adopted AFS standard methods. However, few agencies have reported on the utility of AFS standard methods. Here we discuss the process of adopting AFS passive standard methods for sampling lakes and reservoirs in South Dakota during 2012–2017 by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. Adoption of AFS methods took 5 years and was pursued as a defensible way to standardize passive gears used to survey most game fish across management regions. Many of the advantages, and potential challenges were realized while adopting AFS gears and methods, which will be relevant to other resource management agencies and researchers.
Anchored retaining walls from the early 1980s in the Salzburg area
Authors: Sönser Sabrina , Treichl Hanspeter , Leitner Andreas
Published: October 2019

All retaining walls along highways have to be controlled and checked regularly. In the course of these checks, defects and a wide variety of failure mechanisms to anchors have been found throughout Austria over the past ten years. The following article discusses retaining walls with anchors of the type Permaflex in the area around Salzburg. Due to their construction, these have an increased susceptibility to corrosion. The two examples, a retaining wall at Egger and slope stabilisation of the Donnergraben bridge are in each case anchored, coupled plate elements made of reinforced concrete. In particular, the importance of both the installation of permanent monitoring as well as the availability of inventory documents in remediation planning is emphasized.
Brenner Base Tunnel exploratory tunnel Ahrental‐Pfons – interaction between tunnel boring machine and rock mass as well as measures to manage fault zones
Authors: Flora Matthias , Grüllich Sebastian , Töchterle Andreas , Schierl Heimo
Published: October 2019

Approx. 42 km of tunnel were excavated on the contract Tulfes‐Pfons H33, including a 15 km long section of the exploratory tunnel, which has been excavated since October 2015 with a gripper TBM from the Ahrental access tunnel southward into the district of Steinach. The interaction of the tunnel boring machine with the rock mass is discussed here as a back analysis of the mechanized tunnelling drive. This article does compare the forecast with the actual geological/geotechnical conditions, but only considers the conditions actually encountered. The back analysis takes place analogously to the principle of geotechnical planning according to the ÖGG (Austrian Society of Geomechanics) guideline, in which, starting from the rock mass structure and the rock mass types, the encountered tunnel face and intrados behaviour are observed and an estimation of the system behaviour is carried out. A description of the tunnelling technology concept completes this paper together with two case studies and the lessons learned.
Genome‐wide association study of INDELs identified four novel susceptibility loci associated with lung cancer risk
Authors: Dai Juncheng , Huang Mingtao , Amos Christopher I. , Hung Rayjean J. , Tardon Adonina , Andrew Angeline , Chen Chu , Christiani David C. , Albanes Demetrius , Rennert Gadi , Fan Jingyi , Goodman Gary , Liu Geoffrey , Field John K. , Grankvist Kjell , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Le Marchand Loic , Schabath Matthew B. , Johansson Mattias , Aldrich Melinda C. , Johansson Mikael , Caporaso Neil , Lazarus Philip , Lam Stephan , Bojesen Stig E. , Arnold Susanne , Landi Maria Teresa , Risch Angela , Wichmann H‐Erich , Bickeboller Heike , Brennan Paul , Shete Sanjay , Melander Olle , Brunnstrom Hans , Zienolddiny Shan , Woll Penella , Stevens Victoria , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbing
Published: October 2019

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 45 susceptibility loci associated with lung cancer. Only less than SNPs, small insertions and deletions (INDELs) are the second most abundant genetic polymorphisms in the human genome. INDELs are highly associated with multiple human diseases, including lung cancer. However, limited studies with large‐scale samples have been available to systematically evaluate the effects of INDELs on lung cancer risk. Here, we performed a large‐scale meta‐analysis to evaluate INDELs and their risk for lung cancer in 23,202 cases and 19,048 controls. Functional annotations were performed to further explore the potential function of lung cancer risk INDELs. Conditional analysis was used to clarify the relationship between INDELs and SNPs. Four new risk loci were identified in genome‐wide INDEL analysis (1p13.2: rs5777156, Insertion, OR = 0.92, p = 9.10 × 10−8; 4q28.2: rs58404727, Deletion, OR = 1.19, p = 5.25 × 10−7; 12p13.31: rs71450133, Deletion, OR = 1.09, p = 8.83 × 10−7; and 14q22.3: rs34057993, Deletion, OR = 0.90, p = 7.64 × 10−8). The eQTL analysis and functional annotation suggested that INDELs might affect lung cancer susceptibility by regulating the expression of target genes. After conducting conditional analysis on potential causal SNPs, the INDELs in the new loci were still nominally significant. Our findings indicate that INDELs could be potentially functional genetic variants for lung cancer risk. Further functional experiments are needed to better understand INDEL mechanisms in carcinogenesis.
Noniterative Doubles Corrections to the Random Phase and Higher Random Phase Approximations: Singlet and Triplet Excitation Energies
Authors: Haase Pi A. B. , Faber Rasmus , Provasi Patricio F. , Sauer Stephan P. A.
Published: October 2019

The second‐order noniterative doubles‐corrected random phase approximation (RPA) method has been extended to triplet excitation energies and the doubles‐corrected higher RPA method as well as a shifted version for calculating singlet and triplet excitation energies are presented here for the first time. A benchmark set consisting of 20 molecules with a total of 117 singlet and 71 triplet excited states has been used to test the performance of the new methods by comparison with previous results obtained with the second‐order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) and the third order approximate coupled cluster singles, doubles and triples model CC3. In general, the second‐order doubles corrections to RPA and HRPA significantly reduce both the mean deviation as well as the standard deviation of the errors compared to the CC3 results. The accuracy of the new methods approaches the accuracy of the SOPPA method while using only 10–60% of the calculation time. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process expectations: Differences between therapists, patients, and lay individuals in their views of what works in psychotherapy
Authors: Tzur Bitan Dana , Abayed Shiran
Published: October 2019

Background

In this study, we aimed to assess the degree to which individuals with varying levels of psychotherapeutic experience have predisposed ideas regarding what works in psychotherapy.

Method

Therapists (n = 107), patients (n = 97), and lay individuals with no prior experience in psychotherapy (n = 160) reported their process expectations and ranked seven mechanisms of change in the order of their perceived importance.

Results

Therapists rated emotional processing and patient–therapist relations as higher in importance than did patients and lay individuals, but patients and lay individuals rated cognitive and emotional reconstruction higher than did therapists. Furthermore, therapists ranked the exploration of unconscious contents as most important, while patients and lay individuals ranked cognitive control to be the most important mechanism of change.

Conclusions

Therapists, patients, and lay individuals expect different mechanisms of change to take place in psychotherapy. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Exploiting silver trifluoromethanesulfonate as efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidine derivatives under different reaction environments
Authors: Roy Dipak Kumar , Tamuli Kashyap Jyoti , Bordoloi Manobjyoti
Published: October 2019

Different results were generated under different reaction conditions for the multicomponent reactions. Herein, an efficiently improved and mild protocol for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidine derivatives using cheap silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO3Ag) as reusable catalyst is explained. With conventional heating and microwave irradiation method, the synthesis of substituted 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐one and 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thione was achieved in different solvent environments like acetonitrile, water, and under solvent free neat condition. Moreover, the solvents (CH3CN and H2O) containing the CF3SO3Ag were reused for several times without loss of much catalytic activity after separation from the desired products. Thus, the method provides much improved and efficient alternative pathway to the original Biginelli reaction.
The LysR‐type transcriptional regulator STM0030 contributes to Salmonella Typhimurium growth in macrophages and virulence in mice
Authors: Zhang Huan , Song Xiaorui , Lv Runxia , Liu Xiaoqian , Wang Peisheng , Jiang Lingyan
Published: October 2019

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) is a major intracellular pathogen that infects humans and animals, and its survival and growth in macrophages is essential for its pathogenicity. More than 50 putative regulatory proteins are encoded by the S. Tm genome, but the functions of these regulatory proteins in mediating S. Tm pathogenicity are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological function of the STM0030 gene, which encodes a putative LysR‐type transcriptional regulator. We found that STM0030 is upregulated 2.8–5.7‐fold during S. Tm growth in macrophages. Further, mutating this gene decreased bacterial growth in macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice. RNA‐sequencing to investigate the regulatory function of STM0030 in S. Tm revealed that 447 genes were differentially expressed between the mutant and the wild‐type strains; 429 of these genes were downregulated, suggesting that STM0030 mainly acts as a transcriptional activator. Moreover, the expression of gluconate, maltose, and hexose‐p transport genes, as well as allantoin utilization genes were downregulated in the STM0030 mutant; this might be associated with the observed decrease in intracellular replication and pathogenicity of the mutant. Our findings suggest that STM0030 is a new pathogenicity‐associated regulatory protein that broadens our understanding of the virulence regulatory network of S. Tm.
Flood hazard risk forecasting index (FHRFI) for urban areas: The Hurricane Harvey case study
Authors: Jurlina Toni , Baugh Calum , Pappenberger Florian , Prudhomme Christel
Published: October 2019

Hurricane Harvey caused at least 70 confirmed deaths, with estimated losses in the Houston urban area of Texas reaching above US$150 billion, making it one of the costliest natural disasters ever in the United States. The study tests two types of forecast index to provide surface flooding (inundation) warning over the Houston area: a meteorological index based on a global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system, and a new combined meteorological and land surface index, the flood hazard risk forecasting index (FHRFI), where land surface is used to condition the meteorological forecast. Both indices use the total precipitation extreme forecast index (EFI) and shift of tails (SoT) products from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) medium‐range ensemble forecasting system (ENS). Forecasts at the medium range (3–14 days ahead) were assessed against 153 observed National Weather Service (NWS) urban flood reports over the Houston urban area between August 26 and 29, 2017. It is shown that the method provides skilful forecasts up to four days ahead using both approaches. Moreover, the FHRFI combined index has a hit ratio of up to 74% at 72 hr lead time, with a false‐alarm ratio of only 45%. This amounts to a statistically significant 20% increase in performance compared with the meteorological indices. This first study demonstrates the importance of including land‐surface information to improve the quality of the flood forecasts over meteorological indices only, and that skilful flood warning in urban areas can be obtained from the NWP using the FHRFI.