bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory of Shell Structures
Authors: Calladine C. R.
Published: February 2010

Shell structures form key components in a very wide range of engineering enterprise. The theory of shell structures is an old and large subject, with a huge literature. However, this book is not a compilation of results from the past. Instead, it is an attempt to bring the essence of the subject within the grasp of engineers. It tackles the fundamental question of how bending and stretching effects combine and interact in shell structures from a physical point of view; and it shows that this approach leads to an understanding of the structural mechanics of shells in general, and to useful results in particular problems. The first half of the book is concerned mainly with the basic ideas and equations of equilibrium, geometry and elasticity, and their combination in various useful ways. In particular, it includes a simple treatment of the geometry of general curved surfaces. The second half of the book first investigates the behaviour of various practical shell structures under static loading. Then there are chapters on the buckling of shells, on vibration, and on the application of plastic theory to analysis and design.
Mental Spaces
Authors: Fauconnier Gilles , Sweester Eve , Lakoff George
Published: February 2010

Mental Spaces is the classic introduction to the study of mental spaces and conceptual projection, as revealed through the structure and use of language. It examines in detail the dynamic construction of connected domains as discourse unfolds. The discovery of mental space organization has modified our conception of language and thought: powerful and uniform accounts of superficially disparate phenomena have become available in the areas of reference, presupposition projection, counterfactual and analogical reasoning, metaphor and metonymy, and time and aspect in discourse.
The present work lays the foundation for this research. It uncovers simple and general principles that lie behind the awesome complexity of everyday logic.
The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Healey Richard A.
Published: February 2010

This is one of the most important books on quantum mechanics to have appeared in recent years. It offers a dramatically new interpretation that resolves puzzles and paradoxes associated with the measurement problem and the behavior of coupled systems. A crucial feature of this interpretation is that a quantum mechanical measurement can be certain to have a particular outcome even when the observed system fails to have the property corresponding to that outcome just prior to the measurement interaction.
Principles of Optimal Design
Authors: Papalambros Panos Y. , Wilde Douglass J.
Published: February 2010

Principles of Optimal Design puts the concept of optimal design on a rigorous foundation and demonstrates the intimate relationship between the mathematical model that describes a design and the solution methods that optimize it. Since the first edition was published, computers have become ever more powerful, design engineers are tackling more complex systems, and the term optimization is now routinely used to denote a design process with increased speed and quality. This second edition takes account of these developments and brings the original text thoroughly up to date. The book now includes a discussion of trust region and convex approximation algorithms. A new chapter focuses on how to construct optimal design models. Three new case studies illustrate the creation of optimization models. The final chapter on optimization practice has been expanded to include computation of derivatives, interpretation of algorithmic results, and selection of algorithms and software. Both students and practising engineers will find this book a valuable resource for design project work.
Quantum Transport
Authors: Nazarov Yuli V. , Blanter Yaroslav M.
Published: February 2010

Quantum transport is a diverse field, sometimes combining seemingly contradicting concepts - quantum and classical, conduction and insulating - within a single nanodevice. Quantum transport is an essential and challenging part of nanoscience, and understanding its concepts and methods is vital to the successful fabrication of devices at the nanoscale. This textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of quantum transport. The authors present the comprehensive theoretical background, and explore the groundbreaking experiments that laid the foundations of the field. Ideal for graduate students, each section contains control questions and exercises to check readers' understanding of the topics covered. Its broad scope and in-depth analysis of selected topics will appeal to researchers and professionals working in nanoscience.
Screening the Los Angeles 'Riots'
Authors: Hunt Darnell M.
Published: February 2010

On April 29 1992, the 'worst riots of the century' (Los Angeles Times) erupted. Television news-workers tried frantically to keep up with what was happening on the streets while, around the city, nation and globe, viewers watched intently as leaders, participants and fires flashed across their television screens. Screening the Los Angeles 'Riots' zeros in on the first night of these events, exploring in detail the meanings one news organisation found in them, as well as those made by fifteen groups of viewers in the events' aftermath. Combining ethnographic and quasi-experimental methods, Darnell M. Hunt's account reveals how race shapes both television's construction of news and viewers' understandings of it. He engages with the long-standing debates about the power of television to shape our thoughts versus our ability to resist, and concludes with implications for progressive change.
Triangulated Categories in the Representation of Finite Dimensional Algebras
Authors: Happel Dieter
Published: February 2010

This book is an introduction to the use of triangulated categories in the study of representations of finite-dimensional algebras. In recent years representation theory has been an area of intense research and the author shows that derived categories of finite-dimensional algebras are a useful tool in studying tilting processes. Results on the structure of derived categories of hereditary algebras are used to investigate Dynkin algebras and interated tilted algebras. The author shows how triangulated categories arise naturally in the study of Frobenius categories. The study of trivial extension algebras and repetitive algebras is then developed using the triangulated structure on the stable category of the algebra's module category. With a comprehensive reference section, algebraists and research students in this field will find this an indispensable account of the theory of finite-dimensional algebras.
Voting for Policy, Not Parties
Authors: Kedar Orit
Published: February 2010

This book proposes an institutionally embedded framework for analyzing voter choice. Voters, Orit Kedar argues, are concerned with policy, and therefore their vote reflects the path set by political institutions leading from votes to policy. Under this framework, the more institutional mechanisms facilitating post-electoral compromise are built into the political process (e.g., multi-party government), the more voters compensate for the dilution of their vote. This simple but overlooked principle allows Kedar to explain a broad array of seemingly unrelated electoral regularities and offer a unified framework of analysis, which she terms compensatory vote. Kedar develops the compensatory logic in three electoral arenas: parliamentary, presidential, and federal. Leveraging on institutional variation in the degree of power sharing, she analyzes voter choice, conducting an empirical analysis that brings together institutional and behavioral data in a broad cross section of elections in democracies.
Vantage
Authors: Ek J. A. van , Trim J. L. M.
Published: February 2010

This series of learning objectives offers all practitioners a description of the language needed to assure a learner's ability to deal with the challenges presented by everyday communication.
Stratifications and Mackey Functors II: Globally Defined Mackey Functors
Authors: Webb Peter
Published: February 2010

We describe structural properties of globally defined Mackey functors related to the stratification theory of algebras. We show that over a field of characteristic zero they form a highest weight category and we also determine precisely when this category is semisimple. This approach is used to show that the Cartan matrix is often symmetric and non-singular, and we are able to compute finite parts of it in some instances. We also develop a theory of vertices of globally defined Mackey functors in the spirit of group representation theory, as well as giving information about extensions between simple functors.
Application of a model to assess aflatoxin risk in peanuts
Authors: CHAUHAN Y. S. , WRIGHT G. C. , RACHAPUTI R. C. N. , HOLZWORTH D. , BROOME A. , KROSCH S. , ROBERTSON M. J.
Published: February 2010

When exposed to hot (22–35°C) and dry climatic conditions in the field during the final 4–6 weeks of pod filling, peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) can accumulate highly carcinogenic and immuno-suppressing aflatoxins. Forecasting of the risk posed by these conditions can assist in minimizing pre-harvest contamination. A model was therefore developed as part of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) peanut module, which calculated an aflatoxin risk index (ARI) using four temperature response functions when fractional available soil water was <0·20 and the crop was in the last 0·40 of the pod-filling phase. ARI explained 0·95 (P⩽0·05) of the variation in aflatoxin contamination, which varied from 0 toc. 800 μg/kg in 17 large-scale sowings in tropical and four sowings in sub-tropical environments carried out in Australia between 13 November and 16 December 2007. ARI also explained 0·96 (P⩽0·01) of the variation in the proportion of aflatoxin-contaminated loads (>15 μg/kg) of peanuts in the Kingaroy region of Australia during the period between the 1998/99 and 2007/08 seasons. Simulation of ARI using historical climatic data from 1890 to 2007 indicated a three-fold increase in its value since 1980 compared to the entire previous period. The increase was associated with increases in ambient temperature and decreases in rainfall. To facilitate routine monitoring of aflatoxin risk by growers in near real time, a web interface of the model was also developed. The ARI predicted using this interface for eight growers correlated significantly with the level of contamination in crops (r=0·95,P⩽0·01). These results suggest that ARI simulated by the model is a reliable indicator of aflatoxin contamination that can be used in aflatoxin research as well as a decision-support tool to monitor pre-harvest aflatoxin risk in peanuts.
Shear-layers in magnetohydrodynamic spherical Couette flow with conducting walls
Authors: SOWARD A. M. , DORMY E.
Published: February 2010

We consider the steady axisymmetric motion of an electrically conducting fluid contained within a spherical shell and permeated by a centred axial dipole magnetic field, which is strong as measured by the Hartmann number M. Slow axisymmetric motion is driven by rotating the inner boundary relative to the stationary outer boundary. For M ≫ 1, viscous effects are only important in Hartmann boundary layers adjacent to the inner and outer boundaries and a free shear-layer on the magnetic field line that is tangent to the outer boundary on the equatorial plane of symmetry. We measure the ability to leak electric current into the solid boundaries by the size of their relative conductance ɛ. Since the Hartmann layers are sustained by the electric current flow along them, the current inflow from the fluid mainstream needed to feed them increases in concert with the relative conductance, because of the increasing fraction ℒ of the current inflow leaked directly into the solids. Therefore the nature of the flow is sensitive to the relative sizes of ɛ−1 and M.

The current work extends an earlier study of the case of a conducting inner boundary and an insulating outer boundary with conductance ɛo = 0 (Dormy, Jault & Soward, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 452, 2002, pp. 263–291) to other values of the outer boundary conductance. Firstly, analytic results are presented for the case of perfectly conducting inner and outer boundaries, which predict super-rotation rates Ωmax of order M1/2 in the free shear-layer. Successful comparisons are made with numerical results for both perfectly and finitely conducting boundaries. Secondly, in the case of a finitely conducting outer boundary our analytic results show that Ωmax is O(M1/2) for ɛo−1 ≪ 1 ≪ M3/4, O(ɛo2/3M1/2) for 1 ≪ ɛo−1 ≪ M3/4 and O(1) for 1 ≪ M3/4 ≪ ɛo−1. On increasing ɛo−1 from zero, substantial electric current leakage into the outer boundary, ℒo ≈ 1, occurs for ɛo−1 ≪ M3/4 with the shear-layer possessing the character appropriate to a perfectly conducting outer boundary. When ɛo−1 = O(M3/4) the current leakage is blocked near the equator, and the nature of the shear-layer changes. So, when M3/4 ≪ ɛo−1, the shear-layer has the character appropriate to an insulating outer boundary. More precisely, over the range M3/4 ≪ ɛo−1 ≪ M the blockage spreads outwards, reaching the pole when ɛo−1 = O(M). For M ≪ ɛo−1 current flow into the outer boundary is completely blocked, ℒo ≪ 1.
Indian Courts and International Law
Authors: HEGDE V. G.
Published: February 2010

The approach of Indian courts towards international law has been consistently evolving. Initially, the Indian constitutional framework provided a flexible basis for the application and use of international law, the reasons for which could be seen in the socio-political context of India as a developing country. India, for its part, continued to argue that it remained essentially at the periphery of the mainstream international law, as it had no role in formulating some of the basic principles of international law. For the Indian courts the first substantive encounter with international law emerges in the context of several territorial-related issues. The socio-political context forms the next phase, for the Indian courts to have recourse to diverse international legal norms relating to the environment and human rights and applying them as a persuasive tool. Later, the development context brings a complex array of commercial, environmental, and other related international legal norms into the Indian legal system. For Indian courts, in the present context, the correct sourcing and identification of international legal norms and their application remain a huge challenge. The majority of the legal systems of developing countries for varied historical reasons continue to treat international law as an exotic legal tool to be used sparingly, perhaps only to broaden the interpretation of or sustain a comparable domestic legal norm.
Unravelling the Confusion Concerning Successor Superior Responsibility in the ICTY Jurisprudence
Authors: SANDER BARRIE
Published: February 2010

The recent jurisprudence of the ICTY concerning the proper interpretation of the doctrine of superior responsibility under Article 7(3) of the ICTY Statute has been stifled by division and uncertainty. In particular, the question of the responsibility of successor superiors for crimes committed by their subordinates prior to taking command has led to a number of 3–2 majority decisions. This paper seeks to reconcile the divergent judicial opinions by moving away from a narrow analysis of successor superior responsibility, instead focusing on the determination of the underlying nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility. While a polarity of opinions also exists in relation to the nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility, this paper argues that the opinions can be reconciled by adopting a more principled approach to customary international law, an approach justified by the international criminal law context. Such an approach involves two elements: first, ensuring that a clear distinction is drawn between international humanitarian and international criminal legal concepts; and, second, the invocation of the principle of individual culpability as a standard against which the weight to be attributed to authorities evidencing custom ought to be assessed. A principled approach would enable the identification of the nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility while ensuring that the doctrine reinforces international criminal law principles rather than acts as an exception to them; in addition, by determining the nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility, the principled approach would unravel the confusion concerning successor superior responsibility in the ICTY jurisprudence.
Multiparty Democracy: International and European Human Rights Law Perspectives
Authors: VIDMAR JURE
Published: February 2010

Although multiparty elections are not explicitly required by international human rights instruments or the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), certain human rights provisions have been interpreted as leading to such a requirement. While a democratic interpretation of human rights law has been settled in the ECHR framework, it remains disputable at the universal level. Despite numerous references to democracy in the documents adopted in the UN framework in the post-Cold War era, this article argues that an explicit link between international human rights law and multiparty elections has yet to be established. On the other hand, such a link has been developed by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Multiparty elections are considered to be part of the European public order. Moreover, the ECtHR has shown that it understands democracy beyond the existence of electoral procedures. But the role and understanding of democracy within the ECHR cannot be universalized.
Hormonal nature of seed responses to fluctuating temperatures in Cynara cardunculus (L.)
Authors: Huarte H. Roberto , Benech-Arnold Roberto L.
Published: February 2010

Cynara cardunculus (L.) seeds require incubation at fluctuating temperatures to terminate dormancy. In this study, we analysed the physiological mechanisms underlying such a requirement, focusing on the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA). As a conceptual framework, we considered the possibility that fluctuating temperatures and light trigger a similar set of hormonal processes after stimulus perception. To test this possibility, we (1) carried out hydrotime analysis of germination in seeds exposed to fluctuating temperatures (25/15°C) and constant temperature (20°C) with or without gibberellin (GA3) or red light; (2) determined the responses of seeds incubated at fluctuating or constant temperature to ABA, GA3, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, and paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis; and (3) determined the ABA content of seeds incubated at fluctuating or constant temperature. Incubation at 25/15°C or 20°C in the presence of GA3 reduced the mean base water potential [ψb(50)] of the population to a similar extent, compared to that observed with seeds incubated at 20°C without GA3. Irradiation with red light also reduced ψb(50) to a lesser extent than incubation in the presence of GA3. At all concentrations tested, exogenously applied GA3 did not promote germination of seeds incubated at 25/15°C. However, paclobutrazol inhibited germination, suggesting that fluctuating temperatures terminate dormancy through de novo GA biosynthesis. Fluctuating temperatures enhanced seed germination in the presence of ABA, but ABA content did not differ between seeds incubated at fluctuating and constant temperatures. This study provides clear evidence for the involvement of hormonal regulation in dormancy termination by fluctuating temperatures.
IT'S ONLY NATURAL: HUMANISM'S HIGHER PURPOSE
Authors: Shook John
Published: February 2010

It's only natural to wonder about the higher purposes in one's life. Religious people sometimes argue that because they discover and enjoy a higher purpose to life, then religious beliefs appear quite natural and reasonable. This argument can be turned around, to make humanism look unnatural and unreasonable, if humanism denies any higher purpose to life. Either way, humanism seems inhumanly cold towards the very notion of ‘higher purpose’, but is this matter really so clear-cut and simple? Religious humanists stand as counter examples to the notion that a religious life is incompatible with a humanistic philosophy. Secular humanists might be said to enjoy a spiritual aspect to their lives as well, if that aspect simply means devoted pursuit of higher purposes in this life. The confusions in these sorts of arguments probably originate in the ambiguous phrase, ‘a higher purpose to life’, which can be understood in several ways. If we discriminate between the more common meanings, and consider them separately, then any real disagreement between religion and humanism should begin to emerge. People can be heard to talk about ‘having a higher purpose in life’. Some say that they seek a ‘purpose higher than life’. Others talk about wanting a ‘higher purpose for life’. In which ways can humanism endorse such talk of a ‘higher purpose’?
THE EMPEROR'S INCOHERENT NEW CLOTHES – POINTING THE FINGER AT DAWKINS' ATHEISM
Authors: Williams Peter S.
Published: February 2010

With the publication of The God Delusion (Bantam, 2006) Richard Dawkins became enthroned as the unofficial ‘Emperor’ for a cadre of writers advancing a rhetorically robust form of anti-theism dubbed ‘The New Atheism’ by Wired Magazine contributing editor Gary Wolf. Many have cheered Dawkins and his court, seeing in their writings just what they long to see. For, after the fashion of the fairy-tale Emperor's fabled new clothes, the ‘new atheism’ has seen naturalism wrapping itself in a fake finery of counterfeit meaning and purpose.
LOCKE AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS
Authors: Moore Terence
Published: February 2010

The seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke, transported to the twenty-first century, has been discussing with Terence Moore, a twenty-first century student of language, questions concerning words, meanings and understanding. In this conversation Moore tackles Locke on the role he assigns to happiness in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
CAN THE USE OF ‘NANNY CAMS’ BE MORALLY JUSTIFIED?
Authors: Smith Renée
Published: February 2010

Parents concerned with what goes on when they leave their children at home under the care of someone else might wonder whether or not they should invest in video surveillance equipment. Such technology has become readily available and is relatively inexpensive, but is it morally permissible to use this sort of technology to monitor the care of one's children?
PROPOSAL FOR A MORAL ESPERANTO – AN OUTLINE OF UNIVERSAL SUBJECTIVISM
Authors: van den Berg Floris
Published: February 2010

How can people live together peacefully, especially in a multicultural, multi-religious society? We should find a minimum level of consensus which is needed to live peacefully together in an open (world) society and a moral language to communicate with each other. Dutch philosopher Paul Cliteur published his book Moral Esperanto (this book is in Dutch and has not yet been translated) in 2007 in which he argues that it is important that people can communicate with each other in a moral and political language which is in principle understandable to everybody; in contrast with religious discourse which only makes sense to believers. Cliteur makes the analogy of Esperanto, the artificial language proposed to be the lingua franca, and emphasizes the need for a universal moral language.
Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover
Authors: Calogovic J. , Albert C. , Arnold F. , Beer J. , Desorgher L. , Flueckiger E. O.
Published: February 2010

Currently a cosmic ray cloud connection (CRC) hypothesis is subject of an intense controversial debate. It postulates that galactic cosmic rays (GCR) intruding the Earth's atmosphere influence cloud cover. If correct it would have important consequences for our understanding of climate driving processes. Here we report on an alternative and stringent test of the CRC‐hypothesis by searching for a possible influence of sudden GCR decreases (so‐called Forbush decreases) on clouds. We find no response of global cloud cover to Forbush decreases at any altitude and latitude.
ELF/VLF wave generation via ionospheric HF heating: Experimental comparison of amplitude modulation, beam painting, and geometric modulation
Authors: Cohen M. B. , Inan U. S. , Gołkowski M. , McCarrick M. J.
Published: February 2010

Generation of ELF/VLF radio waves (300 Hz to 10 kHz) is achievable via modulation of natural currents in the lower ionosphere with high‐power HF (2–10 MHz) heating. Recently, Cohen et al. (2008b) put forth an alternative to conventional amplitude HF power modulation, therein referred to as geometric modulation, in which the HF ionospheric heating beam is geometrically steered at the desired ELF/VLF frequency, and found 7–11 dB enhanced amplitudes, and ∼14 dB directional dependence for the thus generated ELF/VLF waves, compared to vertical amplitude modulation. In this paper, we quantitatively compare amplitude modulation, geometric modulation, and a previously proposed technique known as beam painting, wherein the HF beam is rapidly moved over a wide area during the on portion of amplitude modulation in order to create a larger heated region in the ionosphere. We experimentally analyze both the total generation and the directionality, i.e., the suitability of each technique to direct signals along a chosen azimuth. Among the three methods, geometric modulation is found to be uniquely well suited for both goals. We also conduct experiments to investigate two particular physical effects and their role in generation efficacy: that of heat‐cool duty cycle and the oblique angle of the HF heating beam. It is found that both duty cycle and the oblique angle of the beam have small but counteracting impacts, consistent with the notion that the primary physical process responsible for generation enhancement in geometric modulation is that of formation of an effective multielement phased array.
Ionosphere response to recurrent geomagnetic activity: Local time dependency
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Lei J. , Thayer J. P. , Forbes J. M.
Published: February 2010

Observations of global positioning system total electron content (TEC) and in situ electron densities at altitudes of ∼350–370 km from the CHAMP satellite are used to illustrate the local time and latitude dependence of 9 day periodicities in the ionosphere due to recurring high‐speed solar wind streams and geomagnetic activity during 2005. A local time dependence is found, with nighttime TEC oscillations concentrated at high latitudes and close to ±40% of background levels. The largest oscillations in daytime TEC occur at midlatitudes and are ±25% of background levels. Furthermore, the daytime response is generally symmetric about the geomagnetic equator with anticorrelation between high and low latitudes, whereas at night the high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere is generally in‐phase with low latitudes and anticorrelated with the high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere. A combination of enhanced equatorward neutral winds and changes in neutral composition are thought to be the primary mechanisms responsible for the observed ionospheric response. Although similar mechanisms are driving the response, the local time dependency arises because of the presence (lack) of photoionization during the daytime (nighttime). Similar trends are observed in CHAMP in situ electron densities; however, the oscillations at a near‐constant altitude are ∼10–15% larger than the TEC oscillations. Additionally, the CHAMP observations reveal possible variations in the strength of the equatorial ionization anomaly, indicating that disturbance dynamo electric fields may also contribute to the ionospheric response to recurrent geomagnetic activity. The results presented are the first to reveal the significant differences between the daytime and nighttime response of the ionosphere to periodic forcing from solar wind high‐speed streams.
Transient upwelling hot spots in the oligotrophic North Pacific
Authors: Calil P. H. R. , Richards K. J.
Published: February 2010

Vertical exchange between deep, nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐depleted surface waters controls the physical supply of nutrients into the euphotic zone in the oligotrophic waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Sea surface temperature and ocean color satellite images are used in this study to show that submesoscale chlorophyll patches are locally intensified. These patches are associated with surface temperature fronts and regions of strong stretching of the eddying flow. The latter are identified by calculating the finite‐size Lyapunov exponents of the geostrophic flow derived from the sea surface height field from altimetry. Surface frontogenesis and nonlinear Ekman pumping (NLEP) arise as natural candidates for the sporadic generation of large vertical velocities that could favor the formation of these features. A high‐resolution regional numerical model simulation confirms that large vertical velocities are indeed associated with strong density fronts and gradients of relative vorticity. Using the Q vector divergence as a proxy for frontogenetically generated vertical velocities yields good agreement with the model vertical velocities, particularly in regions where they are large. The pattern and magnitude of NLEP suggests that it is also contributing to the strong vertical motions, although NLEP and model vertical velocities are not necessarily in phase. Surface frontogenesis and NLEP provide a possible explanation for the episodic injection of nutrients at the submesoscale, which are then horizontally stirred and modulated by the unstable manifolds of the flow field. Given that these surface‐intensified processes would be biogeochemically more effective when the pycnocline is shallow, they could also serve as one possible explanation for the late summer chlorophyll blooms that are known to occur in the region.
Mudball: Surface dust and Snowball Earth deglaciation
Authors: Abbot Dorian S. , Pierrehumbert Raymond T.
Published: February 2010

Recent modeling results have raised doubts about the ability to deglaciate from a global glaciation at atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that are realistic for a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Here we argue that over the lifetime of a Snowball event, ice dynamics should lead to the development of a layer of continental and volcanic dust at the ice surface in the tropics that would significantly lower the tropical surface albedo and encourage deglaciation. This idea leads to the prediction that clay drapes found on top of Neoproterozoic glaciations should be thicker in tropical than extratropical regions. We test this idea by running the FOAM general circulation model (GCM) with an added tropical dust layer of different sizes and albedos and find that the tropical dust layer causes Snowball deglaciation at pCO2 = 0.01–0.1 bar in a reasonable regime of these parameters. We find similar, though more nuanced, results from a limited number of test cases using National Center for Atmospheric Research's CAM GCM.
Quantifying parameter sensitivity, interaction, and transferability in hydrologically enhanced versions of the Noah land surface model over transition zones during the warm season
Authors: Rosero Enrique , Yang Zong‐Liang , Wagener Thorsten , Gulden Lindsey E. , Yatheendradas Soni , Niu Guo‐Yue
Published: February 2010

We use sensitivity analysis to identify the parameters that are most responsible for controlling land surface model (LSM) simulations and to understand complex parameter interactions in three versions of the Noah LSM: the standard version (STD), a version enhanced with a simple groundwater module (GW), and version augmented by a dynamic phenology module (DV). We use warm season, high‐frequency, near‐surface states and turbulent fluxes collected over nine sites in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. We quantify changes in the pattern of sensitive parameters, the amount and nature of the interaction between parameters, and the covariance structure of the distribution of behavioral parameter sets. Using Sobol′'s total and first‐order sensitivity indexes, we show that few parameters directly control the variance of the model response. Significant parameter interaction occurs. Optimal parameter values differ between models, and the relationships between parameters also change. GW decreases unwarranted parameter interaction and appears to improve model realism, especially at wetter study sites. DV increases parameter interaction and decreases identifiability, implying it is overparameterized and/or underconstrained. At a wet site, GW has two functional modes: one that mimics STD and a second in which GW improves model function by decoupling direct evaporation and base flow. Unsupervised classification of the posterior distributions of behavioral parameter sets cannot group similar sites based solely on soil or vegetation type, helping to explain why transferability between sites and models is not straightforward. Our results suggest that the a priori assignment of parameters should also consider the climatic conditions of a study location.
Lifetime and longitudinal variability of equatorial Kelvin waves around the tropical tropopause region
Authors: Suzuki Junko , Shiotani Masato , Nishi Noriyuki
Published: February 2010

Using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40 year reanalysis data for zonal wind fields, we investigated the characteristic variability and mean lifecycle of Kelvin waves around the tropical tropopause layer and upper troposphere. The distributions of Kelvin wave activity, mean squared amplitude, and number of passing cases closely resemble each other. Kelvin wave disappearance locations relative to appearance longitudes were examined at 200 and 100 hPa. At 200 hPa Kelvin waves mostly appear in the western hemisphere. At 100 hPa the highest‐frequency region is centered in the eastern hemisphere. On average, eastward propagation extending over ∼80° in longitude occurs at both levels examined. Mean lifecycle and its relation to background conditions were analyzed with a composite method. In a typical example at 200 hPa, Kelvin waves appear over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, propagate eastward through westerly basic winds, decrease over South America, and then accelerate eastward. Their vertical structure has divergence in the upper and middle troposphere and weak convergence in the lower troposphere, tilting eastward with height. At 100 hPa, Kelvin waves typically propagate eastward in easterly basic winds and then decrease over a region between the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Kelvin wave signals continuing over South America suggest that some waves first recognized in the western hemisphere at 200 hPa propagate upward and eastward near South America, reaching 100 hPa in the eastern hemisphere. Temperature anomalies in both hemispheres show the boomerang‐like vertical structure while associated with eastward‐propagating convections, which suggests at least some waves are convectively coupled.
Evaluating CERES angular distribution models for snow using surface reflectance observations from the East Antarctic Plateau
Authors: Hudson Stephen R. , Kato Seiji , Warren Stephen G.
Published: February 2010

Clouds and the Earth's radiant energy system (CERES) is a satellite‐based remote sensing system designed to monitor the Earth's radiation budget. In this paper we examine uncertainties in the angular distribution models (ADMs) used by CERES over permanently snow covered surfaces with clear skies. These ADMs are a key part of the CERES data processing algorithms, used to convert the observed upwelling radiance to an estimate of the upwelling hemispheric flux. We model top‐of‐atmosphere anisotropic reflectance factors using an atmospheric radiative transfer model with a lower boundary condition based on extensive reflectance observations made at Dome C, Antarctica. The model results and subsequent analysis show that the CERES operational clear‐sky permanent‐snow ADMs are appropriate for use over Dome C, with differences of less than 5% between the model results and the ADMs at most geometries used by CERES operationally. We show that the uncertainty introduced into the flux estimates through the use of the modeled radiances used in the ADM development is small when the fluxes are averaged over time and space. Finally, we show that variations in the angular distribution of radiance at the top of the atmosphere due to atmospheric variability over permanently snow covered regions are in most cases unlikely to mask the real variations in flux caused by these atmospheric variations.
Impact of mesoscale vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the planetary boundary layer
Authors: Garcia‐Carreras Luis , Parker Douglas J. , Taylor Christopher M. , Reeves Claire E. , Murphy Jennifer G.
Published: February 2010

This study uses aircraft observations over the Republic of Benin from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign to investigate the impact of vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamics within the planetary boundary layer, such as convection, transport, and mixing. Isoprene, a biogenic volatile organic compound emitted primarily by woody vegetation, was used as a tracer for transport to link the land surface to the boundary layer properties. Associated to planetary boundary layer (PBL) temperature gradients at vegetation boundaries, a persistent mesoscale organization of the winds which controlled patterns in the formation of cumulus congestus clouds was observed. A strong relationship among PBL temperatures, meridional wind velocity, isoprene concentrations, and fraction of forest or shrub cover was found, corroborating the land surface forcing of the observed dynamics. The observations show that the convergence zones tended to occur on the southern edge of warm surface and atmospheric anomalies. The northerly synoptic wind appears to have increased the coherency of the southerly part of the mesoscale flow and displaced the convergence zones southward. The relationships between the PBL potential temperatures and the meridional wind and isoprene concentrations were spatially coherent down to wavelengths of 10 and 8 km, respectively. A seasonal climatology of visible satellite data shows enhanced cloud cover in the afternoon over cropland, suggesting that the results presented are not limited to this case study but are of climatological significance in the region.
Potential cost savings from discharge allowance trading: A case study and implications for water quality trading
Authors: Sado Yukako , Boisvert Richard N. , Poe Gregory L.
Published: February 2010

Applying a trading ratio system similar to that proposed by Hung and Shaw (2005), we estimate the potential cost savings of a phosphorus emissions trading program that meets overall total maximum daily load allocations among 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Passaic River watershed (United States) to be a modest 2–3% relative to a no‐trade baseline. These results may be typical of those in relatively small watersheds such as the Passaic, where there are limited numbers of potential traders and relatively homogeneous abatement technologies across WWTPs. More substantial gains from trade may accrue to a concentrated group of WWTPs, suggesting that watershed managers should focus on a targeted set of traders within a watershed. Under certain conditions, additional gains may be achieved by aggregating WWTPs into zones within which there can be one‐to‐one allowance trading.
New paradigms in basophil development, regulation and function
Authors: Siracusa Mark C , Perrigoue Jacqueline G , Comeau Michael R , Artis David
Published: February 2010

Emerging evidence has shown that basophils perform essential, non‐redundant functions in multiple models of acute and chronic Th2 cytokine‐dependent immunity and inflammation. In particular, recent studies have shown that basophils are rapidly recruited to the lymph nodes, can function as antigen‐presenting cells and are critical for the induction of Th2 cell differentiation and the associated inflammatory responses after exposure to helminth parasites or allergens. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provide new insights into the pathways that control basophil development, regulation and effector function.
T‐cell polarization depends on concentration of the danger signal used to activate dendritic cells
Authors: Peters Marcus , Dudziak Karin , Stiehm Matthias , Bufe Albrecht
Published: February 2010

Although several studies have focused on allergic sensitization by dendritic cells, to date it is still open under which conditions these antigen‐presenting cells are able to induce an allergic immune response. Our study reveals that BMDCs pulsed with LPS‐free ovalbumine did not induce allergic disease. However, when BMDCs were activated with low‐dose LPS during pulsing with allergen, these cells expressed an inflammatory set of cytokines and co‐stimulatory molecules like CD86 and OX40L. Moreover, activated cells were able to prime mice for massive eosinophilic inflammation of the lung, airway hyper‐reactivity, IgE production and production of Th2 cytokines by lymphocytes. Blocking experiments showed that expression of OX40L is not involved in induction of Th2 response. Interestingly, BMDCs that were activated with high dose of LPS lose their Th2‐sensitizing capacity. Instead these cells induce a Th17 type immune response. We conclude that presentation of allergen by dendritic cells generated with GMCSF is not sufficient to lead to induction of allergic immune response. Further activation of BMDCs is required to prime mice for allergic immune response. In this study, we show that LPS is a suitable stimulus. However, when cells were activated with high dose LPS they tended to induce a Th17 response.
Calcineurin/Crz1 destabilizes Msn2 and Msn4 in the nucleus in response to Ca2+ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Takatsume Yoshifumi , Ohdate Takumi , Maeta Kazuhiro , Nomura Wataru , Izawa Shingo , Inoue Yoshiharu
Published: February 2010

Although methylglyoxal is derived from glycolysis, it has adverse effects on cellular function. Hence, the intrinsic role of methylglyoxal in vivo remains to be determined. Glyoxalase 1 is a pivotal enzyme in the metabolism of methylglyoxal in all types of organisms. To learn about the physiological roles of methylglyoxal, we have screened conditions that alter the expression of the gene encoding glyoxalase 1, GLO1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that the expression of GLO1 is induced following treatment with Ca2+ and is dependent on the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) Hog1 protein and the Msn2/Msn4 transcription factors. Intriguingly, the Ca2+-induced expression of GLO1 was enhanced in the presence of FK506, a potent inhibitor of calcineurin. Consequently, the Ca2+-induced expression of GLO1 in a mutant that is defective in calcineurin or Crz1, the sole transcription factor downstream of calcineurin, was much greater than that in the wild-type strain even without FK506. This phenomenon was dependent upon a cis-element, the STRE (stress-response element), in the promoter that is able to mediate the response to Ca2+ signalling together with Hog1 and Msn2/Msn4. The level of Ca2+-induced expression of GLO1 reached a maximum in cells overexpressing MSN2 even when FK506 was not present, whereas in cells overexpressing CRZ1 the level was greatly reduced and increased markedly when FK506 was present. We also found that the levels of Msn2 and Msn4 proteins in Ca2+-treated cells decreased gradually and that FK506 blocked the degradation of Msn2/Msn4. We propose that Crz1 destabilizes Msn2/Msn4 in the nuclei of cells in response to Ca2+ signalling.
Nonadditivity of Rényi entropy and Dvoretzky’s theorem
Authors: Aubrun Guillaume , Szarek Stanisław , Werner Elisabeth
Published: February 2010

The goal of this note is to show that the analysis of the minimum output p-Rényi entropy of a typical quantum channel essentially amounts to applying Milman’s version of Dvoretzky’s theorem about almost Euclidean sections of high-dimensional convex bodies. This conceptually simplifies the (nonconstructive) argument by Hayden–Winter, disproving the additivity conjecture for the minimal output p-Rényi entropy (for p>1).
q
-graded Heisenberg algebras and deformed supersymmetries
Authors: Ben Geloun Joseph , Hounkonnou Mahouton Norbert
Published: February 2010

The notion of q-grading on the enveloping algebra generated by products of q-deformed Heisenberg algebras is introduced for q complex number in the unit disk. Within this formulation, we consider the extension of the notion of supersymmetry in the enveloping algebra. We recover the ordinary Z2 grading or Grassmann parity for associative superalgebra and a modified version of the usual supersymmetry. As a specific problem, we focus on the interesting limit q→−1 for which the Arik and Coon deformation [J. Math. Phys. 17, 524 (1976)] of the Heisenberg algebra allows one to map fermionic modes to bosonic ones in a modified sense. Different algebraic consequences are discussed.
Interpolation schemes for peptide rearrangements
Authors: Bauer Marianne S. , Strodel Birgit , Fejer Szilard N. , Koslover Elena F. , Wales David J.
Published: February 2010

A variety of methods (in total seven) comprising different combinations of internal and Cartesian coordinates are tested for interpolation and alignment in connection attempts for polypeptide rearrangements. We consider Cartesian coordinates, the internal coordinates used in CHARMM, and natural internal coordinates, each of which has been interfaced to the OPTIM code and compared with the corresponding results for united-atom force fields. We show that aligning the methylene hydrogens to preserve the sign of a local dihedral angle, rather than minimizing a distance metric, provides significant improvements with respect to connection times and failures. We also demonstrate the superiority of natural coordinate methods in conjunction with internal alignment. Checking the potential energy of the interpolated structures can act as a criterion for the choice of the interpolation coordinate system, which reduces failures and connection times significantly.
Hamilton–Jacobi and quantum theory formulations of thermal-wave propagation under the dual-phase lagging model of heat conduction
Authors: Ordonez-Miranda J. , Zambrano-Arjona Miguel A. , Alvarado-Gil J. J.
Published: February 2010

Dual-phase lagging model is one of the most promising approaches to generalize the Fourier heat conduction equation, and it can be reduced in the appropriate limits to the hyperbolic Cattaneo–Vernotte and to the parabolic equations. In this paper it is shown that the Hamilton–Jacobi and quantum theory formulations that have been developed to study the thermal-wave propagation in the Fourier framework can be extended to include the more general approach based on dual-phase lagging. It is shown that the problem of solving the heat conduction equation can be treated as a thermal harmonic oscillator. In the classical approach a formulation in canonical variables is presented. This formalism is used to introduce a quantum mechanical approach from which the expectation values of observables such as the temperature and heat flux are obtained. These formalisms permit to use a methodology that could provide a deeper insight into the phenomena of heat transport at different time scales in media with inhomogeneous thermophysical properties.
Upper semicontinuity of pullback attractors for nonclassical diffusion equations
Authors: Wang Yonghai , Qin Yuming
Published: February 2010

Our aim in this paper is to study the long time behavior, in terms of upper semicontinuous property of pullback attractors, of nonclassical diffusion equations with nonautonomous perturbation. Specifically, we prove that, under some proper assumptions, the pullback attractor {Aε(t)}t∊R of Eq. (1) and the global attractor A of Eq. (1) with ε=0 satisfy limε→0+ distX(Aε(t),A)=0 for any t∊R.