bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in deer diet and plant vulnerability to browsing among forests with different establishment years of sika deer
Authors: Sakata Yuzu , Shirahama Nami , Uechi Ayaka , Okano Kunihiro
Published: September 2021

Increased ungulate browsing alters the composition of plant communities and modifies forest ecosystems worldwide. Ungulates alter their diet following changes in availability of plant species; however, we know little about how browse selection and plant community composition change with different stages of deer establishment. Here, we provide insight into this area of study by combining multiple approaches: comparison of the understory plant community, analysis of records of browsing damage, and DNA barcoding of sika deer feces at 22 sites in forests in northern Japan varying in when deer were first established. The coverage of vegetation and number of plant species were only lower at sites where deer were present for more than 20 years, while the difference in plant coverage among deer establishment years varied among plant species. Deer diet differed across establishment years, but was more affected by the site, thereby indicating that food selection by deer could change over several years after deer establishment. Plant life form and plant architecture explained the difference in plant coverage across establishment years, but large variability was observed in deer diet within the two categories. Integrating these results, we categorized 98 plant taxa into six groups that differed in vulnerability to deer browsing (degree of damage and coverage). The different responses to browsing among plant species inferred from this study could be a first step in predicting the short- and long-term responses of forest plant communities to deer browsing.
Sinking Feed Efficiency in Growth Performance, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Yield of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Different Stocking Densities
Authors: Rahman Md. Hashibur , Islam Md. Nasirul
Published: September 2021

The efficiency of feed is considered as one of the most crucial factors that affects the growth performance, feed conversion ratio and yield as well. The study was aimed to compare the growth parameters of tilapia at different stocking densities to detect the efficiency of sinking feed assessing the growth trends at various sampling stages. To evaluate the comparative yield, the study was carried out in twelve concrete tanks under an outdoor laboratory shed. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry was released at the rate of 8 fry per tank as per the recommended stocking density of 320 fishes/decimal and 4 fry per tank equivalent to the stocking density of 160 fishes/decimal in intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture system, respectively. To evaluate the growth trends sinking feed was used for feeding the fish during the experimental period for T1 (Intensive) and T2 (Semi-intensive), respectively. The feed was supplied in each with three replications at the rate of 20%, 15%, and 10% of the body weight of fish, respectively. The daily ration of feed was delivered to fish dividing into two parts daily. Aeration facilities using air stone aerator were installed for 24 hours. To assume the consecutive growth trends, weight of fish was recorded in 3 days interval to have better understanding on the yield performance in relation to the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Water quality parameters i.e., temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) were recorded two times daily. The final weight gains of fish were 133.77±5.65 gm and 50.70±2.40 gm for T1 and T2, respectively. The mean percent weight gain of tilapia was higher in T1 (1127.25±0.00) than T2 (518.51±0.00 gm). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in T1 and T2 were 1.97±0.11 and 1.70±0.07, respectively. The specific growth rates (SGR) of tilapia in T1 4.90±3.03 and 4.78±3.83 considering the data at the beginning and the end of the production cycle, respectively. Higher total production was obtained in T1 (1070.19 gm) than T2 (610.00 gm) with 100% survival in both the treatments. The present study reveals that, the efficiency of sinking feed was higher in T1 than T2 and farmers might be suggested to practice tank-based intensive aquaculture system to get higher production in a short period of time.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Trichoderma spp. from Rhizosphere Soil and Their Antagonistic Activity against Fusarium spp.
Authors: Kumar Jaygendra , Kumar Mukesh , Tomar Akash , Vaishali . , Kumar Pushpendra , Chand Puran
Published: September 2021

Trichoderma species are well known for their biocontrol activity which colonize many soil and tuber-borne and foliage plant pathogens. In this study, 12 native isolates of Trichiderma spp were collected from various crop rhizosphere soil samples and characterized them phenotypically based on morphological and cultural features and genotypically based on sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-PCR amplification. The results obtained from phenotypic and genotypic observation revealed that isolates were belonged to five different species namely T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii and T. koningiopsis. All Trichoderma isolates produced ~600 bp amplicon and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates were grouped with respective species. Further, the antagonistic potential of all the isolates was evaluated against Fusarium spp. following in vitro dual culture method. The results showed that isolates of T. harzianum exhibited maximum growth inhibition activity. The highest rate of inhibition was recorded with T. harzianum isolate TBT6 (87.1%) followed by TBT7 (82.2%), while the least inhibition was observed in T. longibrachiatum isolate TBT10 (59.7%) after 7 days of incubation. The antagonistic T. harzianum isolate TBT6 can be used for development of Trichoderma based bio-formulation and served as bio-control agent against Fusaium spp. under field conditions.
An Overview in the Management of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Diseases: Review Article
Authors: Albaker Abdulmalik B. , Younis Saadah Abdulrahim , Hafiz Badr Eyad , Abuseer Hanan Osama , Bukhamseen Abrar Hasan , Al-Ghamdi Faisal Saeed A. , Albalawi Ibrahim Ahmed J. , Aljohani Yasir Salah Hamed , Alshehri Daher Mushref Daher , Alzahrani Fahad Ali Ahmed , Alamri Ayman Dhaifallah A. , Alsherbi Raghad Khalid
Published: September 2021

The degenerative disease of the intervertebral disc and back pain are chronic conditions that are caused by several factors and represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in everyday clinical practice. The study aims to summarize the updated evidence regards epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and management of degenerative disc diseases. The incidence of low back pain, which is the main symptom in Intervertebral Disc (IVD) disease, varies widely among different reports. It is the fifth most common cause for the visit to the doctor and affects 7.6 to 37% of patients. IVD degeneration is attributed to a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. DDD is a process that includes a progressive decrease in disk nutrient supply and changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, which weakens the tissue strength and alters the cell metabolism.Degenerative lumb disc disease patients typically present with mechanical lower back pain, which is worse on forward flexion and when carrying heavy load. The pain is relieved with rest. Diagnosis of DDD is done by various methods, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and provocative discography. These methods should be used in conjunction with the patient history, physical examination and specific biomarker to monitor the response to treatment. There are three major lines of management of DDD; Treatment Options for Relief of Pain in Conservative Therapy.Treatment with Aims of Restoration, Repair, and Regeneration of Intervertebral Disc Diseases: Molecular Therapy. Reconstructive Strategies: Percutaneous Intervertebral Disc Techniques. Definitive Treatment for Intervertebral Disc Diseases :( surgical management).
A Clinico-etiological Evaluation of Hirsutism Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Patel Sohan A. , Dave Jayant B. , Mehta Timir Y
Published: September 2021

Background: Hirsutism is a condition of excess hair growth in females in male-like distribution. It is seen in almost 5-10% of women. Women having hirsutism have a negative impact on quality of life.

Aim: All patients were subjected to ultrasound imaging (Sonography) and hormonal evaluation to establish possible causative factors.

Methods: A prospective and retrospective study of hirsutism patients, who were evaluated at Samarpan medical research organization, Modasa, Gujarat from 2016 to 2019.

Results: In this case series age and clinical presentation were studied in five female patients diagnosed with hirsutism. The patients age ranged from 16 to 22 years with a mean of 19.60 years. All these patients showed localized hair growth on the upper lip, chin, and cheek on the face. Ultrasound study revealed that one of the five patients had a right bulky ovary and four patients showed both ovaries with multiple follicles. In hormonal evaluation, in one of the three patients the LH: FSH ratio was found to be more than 3. Three out of the five patients showed elevated levels of 17-OHP and serum testosterone. Two out of the three patients showed an elevated level of serum insulin. The level of DHEAS, serum prolactin, serum cortisol, and serum TSH were found to be in a normal range.

Conclusion: Ultrasonographic (USG) study revealed a positive correlation between PCOS and Hirsutism patients. Hirsutism patients were found to have higher levels of 17-OHP, serum testosterone, serum insulin, and a higher ratio of LH: FSH, one or more at a time suggesting a strong correlation between elevated levels of these hormones and hirsutism. The present study could not establish any meaningful correlation between the level of DHEAS, serum prolactin, serum cortisol, and serum TSH.
OIL AND GOLD PRICE VOLATILITY ON INDONESIAN STOCK MARKET IN THE PERIOD OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Marwanti Maria Magdalena , Robiyanto Robiyanto
Published: September 2021

The study aimed to analyze the effects of oil and gold price volatility on stock returns in Indonesia by comparing the period before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study took secondary data from the daily closing prices of oil (Brent and WTI), gold, and JCI. The analysis technique used was GARCH (1,1). The study found that oil and gold price volatility did not affect stock returns in the two periods. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on financial markets had yielded uncertain results. This finding supported the concept of gold as a safe haven during the financial crisis. The limitations in the study were focusing on the Indonesian capital market, and future research can compare the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on developing countries with developed countries.
Participatory Video
Authors: Kindon Sara , Zonjić Maja
Published: September 2021

The proliferation of video as a research and community development tool has raised questions about relationships of knowledge production, representation, and reception – specifically relationships between participation, technology, ethics, emotion, audience, and power. Seeking to enable empowerment through people's use of storytelling and representation through video, participatory video's emancipatory agenda has come under recent scrutiny. Researchers are exploring how the media logic of technologies shape, limit, and fix what can be represented and how processes of facilitation and group work constrain and enable different outcomes. However, indigenous media discourse, which acknowledges the highly charged intercultural dynamics and colonial continuities associated with the politics of seeing, remains overlooked in Western scholarship and international development practice. As the dissemination of participatory video products into online environments increases, more work is needed to consider the tensions between individual expression, collective action, and unequal access to digital spaces and video technologies. There is also a growing need to consider how participatory video constructs subjectivity and place through attention to institutional context, embodiment, materiality, and spatiality.
Geographies of Outer Space
Authors: Dunnett Oliver
Published: September 2021

Geographies of outer space consider how spatial concepts can inform understandings of the cosmic realm and its connections to humankind. Such connections are identified throughout the history of geography, expressed through themes of cosmic ascent in imaginative writing, as well as in the production of globes and atlases. The establishment of the modern discipline of geography in some cases was beneficial to understandings of other planets and the wider makeup of the cosmos. With the advent of rocketry in the twentieth century, new kinds of geographies of outer space have manifested, including imagery of the Earth from space, projections of national identity into outer space, and new understandings of other worlds, with implications for the future of humankind's relationship with the cosmos.
Adaptive neural tracking control for high angle of attack maneuver with average dwell time
Authors: Wu Dawei , Sun Yonghui , Yan Xiaohui
Published: September 2021

This article attempts to study the high angle of attack maneuver from the perspective of switched system control. In view of the complex aerodynamic characteristics, an improved longitudinal attitude motion model is presented, which is a switched stochastic nonstrict feedback nonlinear system with distributed delays. The significant design difficulty is the completely unknown diffusion and drift terms and distributed delays with all state variables. Based on a technical lemma and neural networks, an improved smooth state feedback control law for nonstrict feedback systems is proposed without any growth assumptions. To eliminate the influence of distributed delays, an improved Lyapunov–Krasovskii function is constructed, which skillfully removes the constraint of the upper bound of the delay change rate. Then, by combining the average dwell‐time scheme and stochastic backstepping technique, an adaptive neural network tracking control law is designed, which extends a newly proposed switched system stability condition to the stochastic switched system. Theoretical analysis and flight control simulation experiments are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Danger of recovery programs expiring shocks advocates in Rhode Island
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: September 2021

The nation's smallest state has acquired an outsized reputation over the years for innovative treatment and recovery responses to substance use crises, particularly in its ability to engage the underserved in nontraditional settings. That is why a scenario that has played out in Rhode Island over the summer, in which many program leaders have learned that expiring public funds for their initiatives are not expected to be replaced as of Oct. 1, has stunned members of the state's drug‐fighting community.
News organizations request marijuana treatment information
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2021

A patient in Pennsylvania, Tyler Cordeiro, was denied addiction treatment funding because he had a medical marijuana card, and died from an overdose a few weeks later. According to a report published by The Philadelphia Inquirer last week in partnership with PennLive/The Patriot‐News, TribLive/Pittsburgh Tribune‐Review and WITF Public Media, Pennsylvania, one of the few states to endorse marijuana as a treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), found that the state's Department of Health was refusing to say how many patients are using this treatment.
Failure Mechanisms in Flip‐Chip Bonding on Stretchable Printed Electronics
Authors: Behfar Mohammad H. , Khorramdel Behnam , Korhonen Arttu , Jansson Elina , Leinonen Aleksis , Tuomikoski Markus , Mäntysalo Matti
Published: September 2021

Accelerating progress in printed electronics technology transforms the future of the manufacturing process in industrial applications, consumer electronics, and healthcare products. However, real‐life applications demand for circuits and systems that are robust and can stay functional under strong and frequent mechanical deformations. Herein, both empirical and analytical approaches to gain insight on the reliability of ultrathin bare dies on soft and highly stretchable printed circuits are used. To this end, a set of conductive ink and adhesive variants are used to develop a stretchable wireless temperature logger as the test device. The electromechanical performance of the conductive inks is first verified through the screening tests and the most suitable candidates are selected to use with different anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) for chip bonding process. The performance of the test devices (per ink–adhesive combination) is tested through cyclic elongation of 60 samples to provide statistical results. Different failure modes are visualized through cross‐sectional images using broad ion beam (BIB) milling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings, herein, recognize pad delamination, air voids at the chip‐to‐substrate interface, stiffness of the conductive adhesives, and bonding parameters (pressure and temperature) as the key contributors to the contact failures in the chip assembly.
Community sharing: Contextualizing Western research notions of contamination within an Indigenous research paradigm
Authors: Allen Sarah , Held Suzanne , Milne‐Price Shauna , McCormick Alma , Feng Du , Inouye Jillian , Schure Mark , Castille Dottie , Howe Rae B. , Pitts Mikayla , Keene Shannen , Belone Lorenda , Wallerstein Nina
Published: September 2021

Báa nnilah is a chronic illness self‐management program designed by and for the Apsáalooke (Crow) community. Arising from a collaboration between an Indigenous nonprofit organization and a university‐based research team, Báa nnilah's development, implementation, and evaluation have been influenced by both Indigenous and Western research paradigms (WRPs). Báa nnilah was evaluated using a randomized wait‐list control group design. In a WRP, contamination, or intervention information shared by the intervention group with the control group, is actively discouraged as it makes ascertaining causality difficult, if not impossible. This approach is not consonant with Apsáalooke cultural values that include the encouragement of sharing helpful information with others, supporting an Indigenous research paradigm's (IRP) goal of benefiting the community. The purpose of this paper is to address contamination and sharing as an area of tension between WRP and IRP. We describe how the concepts of contamination and sharing within Báa nnilah's implementation and evaluation are interpreted differently when viewed from these contrasting paradigms, and set forth a call for greater exploration of Indigenous research approaches for developing, implementing, and evaluating intervention programs in Indigenous communities. (Improving Chronic Illness Management with the Apsáalooke Nation: The Báa nnilah Project.: NCT03036189), ClinicalTrials. gov: NCT03036189).
World Health Organization‐defined eosinophilic disorders: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Shomali William , Gotlib Jason
Published: September 2021

Disease Overview

The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of nonhematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with potential for end‐organ damage.

Diagnosis

Hypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109/L. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next generation sequencing gene assays, and flow immunophenotyping to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm.

Risk Stratification

Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2016 World Health Organization endorses a semi‐molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category “myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 or with PCM1‐JAK2”, and the myeloproliferative neoplasm subtype, “chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified” (CEL, NOS). Lymphocyte‐variant HE is an aberrant T‐cell clone‐driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Risk‐adapted Therapy

The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil‐mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (eg, < 1.5 × 109/L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close follow‐up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first‐line therapy for patients with lymphocyte‐variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon‐α have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid‐refractory cases of HES. Mepolizumab, an interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) antagonist monoclonal antibody, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with idiopathic HES. The use of the IL‐5 receptor antibody benralizumab, as well as other targeted therapies such as JAK2 and FGFR1 inhibitors, is under active investigation.
Mendelian disease research in the Plain populations of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Puffenberger Erik G.
Published: September 2021

Founder populations have long contributed to our knowledge of rare disease genes and phenotypes. From the pioneering work of Dr. Victor McKusick to today, research in these groups has shed light on rare recessive phenotypes, expanded the clinical spectrum of disease, and facilitated disease gene identification. Current clinical and research studies in these special groups augment the wealth of knowledge already gained, provide new insights into emerging problems such as variant interpretation and reduced penetrance, and contribute to the development of novel therapies for rare genetic diseases. Clinical developments over the past 30 years have altered the fundamental relationship with the Lancaster Plain communities: research has become more collaborative, and the knowledge imparted by these studies is now being harnessed to provide cutting‐edge translational medicine to the very community of vulnerable individuals who need it most.
Two cases of post‐traumatic inferior vena cava thrombosis
Authors: Minami Sakura , Suzuki Naoya , Okano Hiromu , Mishima Sena , Shimada Kosuke , Umeda Sayo , Michishita Takahiro , Hayakawa Sho , Otsuka Tsuyoshi , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Furuya Ryosuke
Published: September 2021

Background

Inferior vena cava thrombosis is a rare blunt abdominal trauma complication often associated with severe liver injury. We present two cases of inferior vena cava thrombosis due to mild liver injuries.

Case Presentation

Case 1 was a 25‐year‐old woman taking oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea who was injured in a motorcycle accident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed hepatic contusion of the sixth segment. At 1 week after the accident, inferior vena cava thrombosis was detected. Case 2 was a 58‐year‐old man injured in a motorcycle accident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, right hemothorax, and liver injury with hepatic contusion of the sixth segment. At 1 week after the accident, inferior vena cava thrombosis was observed.

Conclusion

Inferior vena cava thrombosis can occur following liver injury, regardless of damage severity. When there are thrombogenic factors and damage near the inferior vena cava, follow‐up examinations should be carried out.
Association between vasopressor use and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan
Authors: Hosomi Sanae , Sobue Tomotaka , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Hirayama Atsushi , Ogura Hiroshi , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: September 2021

Aim

Vasopressors are frequently incorporated into severe traumatic brain injury management algorithms. However, evidence regarding their clinical effectiveness is lacking. We undertook a nationwide retrospective cohort study to determine the association between vasopressor use and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Methods

Data were collected between January 2004 and December 2018 from the Japanese Trauma Data Bank, which includes data from 272 emergency hospitals in Japan. Adults aged 16 years and over with severe traumatic brain injury but without major extracranial injuries were examined. A severe traumatic brain injury was defined based on a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3–8 on admission. Multivariable analysis and propensity score matching were carried out. Statistical significance was assessed using 95% confidence intervals.

Results

In total, 10,295 patients were eligible for analysis, with 654 included in the vasopressor group and 9,641 included in the nonvasopressor group. The proportion of deaths at hospital discharge was higher in the vasopressor group than in the nonvasopressor group (81.80% [535/654] versus 40.24% [3,880/9,641]). This finding was confirmed in a multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 5.37; 95% confidence interval, 4.23–6.81). Among propensity score‐matched patients adjusted for severity, the proportion of deaths at hospital discharge remained higher in the vasopressor group than in the nonvasopressor group (81.87% [533/651] versus 56.22% [366/651]) (odds ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval, 2.73–4.53).

Conclusion

The study results suggest that vasopressor use in patients with severe isolated traumatic brain injury is associated with a higher mortality at hospital discharge.
Biocatalytic, Intermolecular C−H Bond Functionalization for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Amides
Authors: Athavale Soumitra V. , Gao Shilong , Liu Zhen , Mallojjala Sharath Chandra , Hirschi Jennifer S. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: September 2021

Directed evolution of heme proteins has opened access to new‐to‐nature enzymatic activity that can be harnessed to tackle synthetic challenges. Among these, reactions resulting from active site iron‐nitrenoid intermediates present a powerful strategy to forge C−N bonds with high site‐ and stereoselectivity. Here we report a biocatalytic, intermolecular benzylic C−H amidation reaction operating at mild and scalable conditions. With hydroxamate esters as nitrene precursors, feedstock aromatic compounds can be converted to chiral amides with excellent enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) and high yields (up to 87 %). Kinetic and computational analysis of the enzymatic reaction reveals rate‐determining nitrenoid formation followed by stepwise hydrogen atom transfer‐mediated C−H functionalization.
Total Synthesis of Cochlearol B via Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition
Authors: Mashiko Tomoya , Shingai Yuta , Sakai Jun , Kamo Shogo , Adachi Shinya , Matsuzawa Akinobu , Sugita Kazuyuki
Published: September 2021

Herein, we describe the first total synthesis of cochlearol B, a meroterpenoid natural product featuring a 4/5/6/6/6‐fused pentacyclic structure. Key steps, oxidative cyclization and subsequent intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition, which constructed the pentacyclic structure in highly stereoselective manner, allowed efficient access to cochlearol B with the longest linear sequence of 16 steps, and in 9 % overall yield. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallographic analysis clearly confirmed the stereochemistry of cochlearol B.
Composition and physicochemical properties of Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense seeds and seed oils from Burkina Faso
Authors: Bougma Adjima , Sere Aminata , Bazie Bazoin Sylvain Raoul , Sangare Hassane , Ouilly Judicaël Thomas , Bassole Imael Henri Nestor
Published: September 2021

Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense are abundant unconventional seed oils of the African savannah. In this study, the proximate, mineral, amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions of the four seed oils were quantified, and the oxidative and physicochemical properties were investigated. The amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography respectively. Carbohydrates (57.35%–64.20%) followed by crude oils (20.07%–22.60%), proteins (11.95%–15.86%), and ashes (3.78%–6.19%) were the main constituents of the four seed species. The highest ash, crude fat, and protein contents were found in C. collinum, C. nigricans, and C. niorense, respectively. All four seed species were rich in Ca, K and Mg, and poor in methionine, cysteine, and lysine. The four seed oils had high saponification values (198.46–202.71 mgKOH/g), low acidity (1.12–2.26 mg of KOH/g of oil), and peroxide values (1.19–1.98 mEqO2/kg of oil). The seed oils of C. micranthum and C. collinum exhibited the highest thermal oxidative stability (8.10 and 9.79 h at 160°C). Oleic (40.49%–56.69%), palmitic (15.17%–24.27%) and linoleic (9.49%–14.50%) acids were the predominant fatty acids of the four seed oils. The results showed that the four seed species and seed oils had good chemical composition and physicochemical properties making them suitable for food and non‐food application.
A new species of Gerrhopilus (family: Gerrhopilidae), with comments on the taxonomic status of Gerrhopilus ater suturalis (Brongersma)
Authors: Wynn Addison H.
Published: September 2021

The genus Gerrhopilus is briefly reviewed with a reevaluation of Gerrhopilus ater suturalis and its elevation to full species. In addition, a new species from Sumatra is described based on a single specimen, one of the three species of Gerrhopilus having both an inferior preocular and inferior ocular, and further distinguishable by the supralabial overlap pattern.
Discrepancies in the German Pharmacopoeia procedure for quality control of Quillaja saponin extracts
Authors: Thalhamer Bernhard , Buchberger Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

This study focused on the evaluation of Quillaja saponin extracts with the additional quality designation DAB—which means the abbreviation of the German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch). This label suggests that Quillaja saponin extracts marked in this way are of pharmacopoeial quality and thus stand out from other Quillaja saponin extracts. The DAB ninth edition listed Quillaia saponin as a reagent. According to DAB, its quality must be checked by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and three closely spaced zones in a defined retention factor (Rf) interval specify the saponin reagent. All the Quillaja saponin extracts obtained from different manufacturers and labeled as DAB quality complied with the TLC test. However, the analysis with high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (HPLC–Q‐ToF–MS) clearly showed additionally an intense peak pattern of Madhuca saponins in all measured samples. The TLC test for Mahua seed cake, which is the press residue from Madhuca longifolia, surprisingly showed the same three closely spaced zones in the defined Rf interval. The three zones could be identified as Mi‐saponins from Madhuca after scraping and extracting them from the stationary phase of the TLC plate and subsequent measurement by HPLC–Q‐ToF–MS. Therefore, the specification of the saponin reagent in DAB characterizes erroneously Madhuca saponins that are not listed as a saponin plant source for the saponin reagent.
Tao brush endometrial cytology is a sensitive diagnostic tool for cancer and hyperplasia among women presenting to clinic with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: DeJong Stephanie R. , Bakkum‐Gamez Jamie N. , Clayton Amy C. , Henry Michael R. , Keeney Gary L. , Zhang Jun , Kroneman Trynda N. , Laughlin‐Tommaso Shannon K. , Ahlberg Lisa J. , VanOosten Ann L. , Weaver Amy L. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Kerr Sarah E.
Published: September 2021

Background

Abnormal uterine bleeding requires the investigation of the endometrium. Histology is typically used but there remains room for the improvement and use of cytology.

Methods

Women presenting for clinically indicated office endometrial biopsy were prospectively enrolled. Tao endometrial brushing and office endometrial biopsy were performed, and surgical procedure if clinically indicated. Tao brush cytology specimens were blindly reviewed by up to three pathologists, consensus obtained, and scored as: benign, atypical (favor benign), suspicious, positive for malignancy, or non‐diagnostic. Cytology and histology were compared to surgical pathology to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values to detect AH (atypical hyperplasia) or EC (endometrial cancer).

Results

Clinical indications of 197 enrolled patients included postmenopausal bleeding (90, 45.7%), abnormal uterine bleeding (94, 47.7%), and abnormal endometrium on ultrasound without bleeding (13, 6.6%). Of the 197 patients, 185 (93.9%) had cytology score consensus and a total of 196 (99.5%) had consensus regarding cytology positivity.

Surgical pathology diagnoses (N = 85) were 13 (15.3%) FIGO grade 1 or 2 EC, 3 (3.5%) AH, and 69 (81.2%) benign endometrium. Sensitivity and specificity to detect EC or AH were 93.7% and 100%, respectively, via endometrial biopsy; 87.5% and 63.8%, respectively, via endometrial cytology when scores of malignancy, suspicious, or atypical were considered positive.

Conclusions

In a high‐risk population, Tao brush endometrial cytology showed high sensitivity to detect AH and EC comparable to biopsy histology when considering scores of malignancy, suspicious, atypical, and non‐diagnostic. Revisiting the potential value of endometrial cytology in the contemporary era of endometrial diagnostic workup is warranted.
Navigating legal issues on the community college campus
Authors: Hutchens Neal H. , Burney Michelle
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this article is to elaborate on the ways that legal issues can play out for community colleges. The authors use one community college campus as an example to illustrate key points. This article is structured as a conversation, which follows a format commonly used in law review symposium issues. The two authors are a senior administrator at a community college and a legal scholar whose research focuses on legal issues in higher education. Policymakers routinely impose relatively uniform legal and regulatory obligations on college and universities, and community colleges must adhere to the same legal rules and standards as 4‐year institutions that are often larger or better resourced. Just as community colleges may have legal representation arrangements that are distinct from 4‐year institutions, we discuss how the legal needs of community colleges can differ from those at 4‐year universities.
Accreditation sanctions and community college enrollment
Authors: Burnett Christopher A.
Published: September 2021

Higher education in the United States is regulated by a triad of the federal government, state governments, and private accreditors. Rather than relying on bureaucrats to ensure quality, federal policy defers such assurance to accrediting agencies. This empowers accreditors to determine which colleges can access financial aid and establishes their accountability role as quality signal. This article examines the relationship between accreditation sanctions and community college enrollment. Results show enrollment declines the year after a sanction and demonstrate a relationship between enrollment and graduation, retention, and transfer rates as well as published tuition and fees. Administrators at community colleges, especially those concerned with enrollment, may benefit by ensuring appropriate resources are devoted to accreditation efforts. Building an understanding of accreditation within their communities may also help colleges maintain enrollment. Sanctioned institutions may benefit from proactively engaging with their community and students about the sanction and how it will be remedied.
Supporting LGBTQ students through precarity: Policies and practices for inclusion
Authors: Jaekel Katy S.
Published: September 2021

While limited, research centering LGBTQ students and experiences at the community college indicate students experience microaggressions, feelings of isolation, and a lack of curricular inclusivity at their community college institutions. With a lack of clarity around nondiscrimination policies at the federal level, coupled with a lack of nondiscrimination policies at the state level, institutions are often left without proper guidance regarding inclusive nondiscrimination policies for LGBTQ individuals. Given these constraints, it is critical community colleges explore how they can support LGBTQ students and provide them key resources. This article provides an overview of research on LGBTQ student experiences, resources, and promising practices within the community college context. In addition, this article will discuss the implications that federal and state policy has on the inclusion (and exclusion) of LGBTQ students, and finally discuss ways for community colleges to engage in inclusive practices. Focus on low‐cost/no‐cost practices is emphasized.
Tuition‐free promise programs: Implications and lessons learned
Authors: Billings Meredith S. , Gándara Denisa , Li Amy Y.
Published: September 2021

Promise programs are an increasing popular solution to improving college affordability, reducing educational inequities, and promoting economic development. Promise programs are distinct from other forms of financial aid because they emphasize residency in their eligibility criteria, where students must live and/or attend school in specific locations to be awarded the promise scholarship. In this chapter, we review extant literature on community college promise programs by discussing the prevalence of these programs, their variations in designs, and their funding sources. We also review studies on the effect of these programs on students and institutions. Based on our survey of the literature, we propose several practical recommendations for community college stakeholders that are aimed at improving student access and success.
Redo‐transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the supra‐annular, self‐expandable Evolut platform: Insights from the Transcatheter valve Therapy Registry
Authors: Attizzani Guilherme F. , Dallan Luis Augusto P. , Forrest John K. , Reardon Michael J. , Szeto Wilson Y. , Liu Fang , Pelletier Marc
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To assess the safety profile of redo‐TAVR procedures from patients in the transcatheter valve therapy (TVT) Registry.

Background

The use of transcatheter aortic valves (TAV) to treat previously implanted failing TAVS (TAV‐in‐TAV) has been an increasingly important topic as indications for TAVR move to younger and lower‐risk patients, but data on the safety and efficacy of redo‐TAVR is limited.

Methods

Patients undergoing redo‐TAVR procedures using the Evolut R, Evolut PRO or Evolut PRO+ valve in the TVT Registry between April 2015 and March 2020 were included. In‐hospital, 30‐day and 1‐year outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Redo‐TAVR was performed in 292 patients (213 patients received the Evolut R valve and 79 received the Evolut PRO or PRO+ valve). Device success was achieved in 94.5%. In‐hospital mortality was 2.1%, stroke occurred in 2.7%, and 77.2% of patients were discharged home. There were no cases of coronary compression/obstruction or myocardial infarction that occurred in index hospitalization. Mean gradient at 30‐days was 11.9 ± 6.9 mmHg, and 73.1% had none/trace total aortic regurgitation.

Conclusions

Results from the TVT Registry demonstrate good short‐term outcomes after redo‐TAVR with the supra‐annular, self‐expandable Evolut platform. Long‐term follow‐up is necessary to further expand understanding this complex scenario.
gem‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Fluoroalkenes as Mimics of Amide Derivatives or Phosphates: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Morand Solène , Jubault Philippe , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Couve‐Bonnaire Samuel
Published: September 2021

gem‐Heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes have received little attention despite their great potential in medicinal chemistry or in fine chemistry. Indeed, due to the electronic and steric similarity between the fluoroalkene moiety and the amide bond as well as the high strength of the carbon‐fluorine bond, these gem‐heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes could be envisioned as stable mimics of various important organic functions, such as phosphates, carbamates, S‐thiocarbamates and ureas. We present herein an overview describing the syntheses over the last decade of heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes in geminal position. This review will be divided into several sections covering each the common following heteroatom: oxygen‐, nitrogen‐, sulfur‐, phosphorus‐, boron‐ and silicon‐substituted fluoroalkenes.
Achieving Enhanced Photochromic Properties of Diarylethene through Host‐Guest Interaction in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Sun Dongdong , Wu Yong , Han Xie , Liu Simin
Published: September 2021

Diarylethene (DTE) has been widely used in fluorescence probes, molecular logic gates, optical data‐storage devices owing to the excellent photochromic property, while constructing high‐performance photochromic DTE in aqueous media remains a big challenge. Herein we present several host‐guest systems formed between cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n=7, 8, 10) and two water‐soluble DTE derivatives 1 and 2. It was found that host‐guest interactions not only affect the photophysical properties of photochromic guests, but also make great differences on the photoreaction process. Different host‐guest binding behaviors also lead to different effects on the photochromic properties of guests. In the presence of CB[n], both 1 and 2 showed enhanced emission and higher fluorescence quenching ratio at photostationary state. Besides, CB[10]⋅1 exhibited faster response rate in cyclization reaction and better photofatigue resistance than free 1 in aqueous solution, while the supramolecular assembly of (CB[8])n⋅(2)n showed slower response rate in both directions of the reversible photoreaction. Besides, the photofatigue resistance of 2 can be greatly improved through binding with CB[7]. Our results suggest that host‐guest interactions could be an efficient way to improve photochromic properties of DTE in aqueous solution.
Crystal Structure Dependent Dissolution of Non‐Cubic Au Crystallites in Aqua Regia
Authors: Sow Chaitali , Kulkarni Giridhar U.
Published: September 2021

Properties of metal crystallites are governed by their morphologies and inherent crystal structures. In this work, bipyramidal Au microcrystallites hosting non‐cubic lattices, body‐centered orthorhombic and tetragonal (together termed as bc(o,t)), are investigated for their stability in aqua regia. Specifically, microcrystallites comprising 92 % of bc(o,t) have been subjected to aqua regia of different concentrations and the changes in morphology and lattice phases have been monitored using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The dissolution process was found to be crystal structure dependent and begin at the bipyramidal tips enriched with fcc lattice while retaining the bc(o,t) rich body. Interestingly, with increasing the reaction times, the remaining core was found to be highly reluctant to dissolution and instead, transformed to tetragonal lattices which with increasing treatment, exhibited lattice parameters closer to that of fcc. The study reveals the presence of a bc(o,t)‐fcc core‐shell structure with the tips enriched with fcc.
Gene expression profiling by cDNA‐AFLP reveals potential candidate genes for imazapyr‐induced male sterility in sunflower
Authors: Loste Nicolás , Nestares Graciela M. , Felitti Silvina A. , Ochogavía Ana C.
Published: September 2021

Chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) is a valuable tool for hybrid breeding in crops. In this context, the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)‐inhibiting imazapyr has been proposed to induce male sterility in Imisun sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) when applied during early reproductive development in a two‐fold higher than recommended field dose. This study aimed to perform a comparative transcriptomic analysis to find out the molecular bases of the gametocidal effect of imazapyr on two Imisun genotypes differing in their herbicide resistance level: completely resistant and intermediate resistant. The CIMS of treated plants was confirmed at physiological and anatomical levels. A total of 948 differentially expressed transcript‐derived fragments (TDFs) were identified by complementary DNA amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (cDNA‐AFLP) analysis at the three most informative developmental stages of anther development. Several genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and stress, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and ATP‐binding cassette transporters, were identified in the completely resistant genotype. Interestingly, a group of genes, including protein kinases, sulfonylurea receptor 1, aspartic signal peptide‐peptidase, and specific membrane transporters, were recognized from the differential TDFs simultaneously detected in both genotypes. Some of these transcripts were validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in both genotypes. Therefore, these transcripts could be exclusively related to the CIMS in sunflower. Based on the results, we suggest a probable model of action for the gametocidal effect of imazapyr. Our research provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of male sterility induction in sunflower.
Understanding the Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Sulfur in Rechargeable Aluminum‐Sulfur Batteries with Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Bian Yinghui , Jiang Weichuan , Zhang Yonglei , Zhao Lishun , Wang Xiaohang , Lv Zichuan , Zhou Shuai , Han Yuqing , Chen Hui , Lin Meng‐Chang
Published: September 2021

Al‐based batteries are promising next‐generation rechargeable batteries owing to the abundance of raw materials and their high potential energy density. The Al−S system has attracted considerable attention because of its high energy density and low cost. However, its low discharge voltage plateau (0.6–1.2 V) hampers its practical application. Herein, eight ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents were studied as electrolyte candidates for an Al−S cell. This was the first study to demonstrate that an Al−S cell based on an AlCl3/acetamide electrolyte (1.3 molar ratio) showed high discharge voltage plateaus (1.65–1.95 V) and a charging cut‐off voltage of 2.5 V in Al−S cells. An Al−S cell of 0.33 mAh capacity with the AlCl3/acetamide electrolyte successfully lit up a red LED (forward voltage 1.6–2.0 V) for around 2 h. This work may help in promoting the development of high‐performance and low‐cost Al−S cells.